bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correction of insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal after pancreatic islet transplantation: preliminary results
Authors: Hirsch D. , Odorico J. , Radke N. , Hanson M. , Danobeitia J. S. , Hullett D. , Alejandro R. , Ricordi C. , Fernandez L. A.
Published: July 2010

Aims: Pancreatic islet transplantation (PIT) represents a potential curative treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, but only 10–15% of patients remain insulin independent 5 years post‐transplant. It is not known whether intrinsic insulin resistance exacerbated by immunosuppression plays a pivotal role in low graft survival. The study objective was to understand the changes in insulin resistance, glucose effectiveness (Sg) and free fatty acid dynamics (FFAd) before and after PIT.

Methods: Insulin sensitivity index (Si), Sg and FFAd were measured before and after PIT in 10 lean patients, 8 of whom reached insulin independence. Modified Bergman minimal model of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed pretransplant and at 12 months post‐transplant. Nine non‐diabetic control (NDC) subjects matched by age, gender and BMI were used.

Results: Pretransplant Si and Sg were 3.5 ± 0.8 × 10−5/min/(pmol/l) and 0.74 ± 0.24 × 10−2/min, respectively. Si was significantly lower than matched NDCs [10.8 ± 0.6 × 10−5/min/(pmol/l), p < 0.004]; Sg did not reach statistical significance (1.27 ± 0.22 × 10−2/min, p = 0.25). Compared to pretransplant values, mean post‐transplant Si and Sg were 9.6 ± 1.3 × 10−5/min/(pmol/l)and 1.28 ± 0.22 ×10−2/min, respectively, indicating significant improvement for Si but not Sg (p = 0.008and p = 0.06). Twelve‐month post‐PIT compared to NDC values were not significantly different (p = 0.58 and 0.97, respectively). In addition, fractional disposal rate for FFA which directly depends on the endogenous insulin release (10–20 min) nearly normalized after PIT (p = 0.06).

Conclusion: These preliminary findings demonstrate that PIT can restore glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity and partially correct glucose effectiveness and FFAd.
The Licensing of Barbers in the USA
Authors: Timmons Edward J. , Thornton Robert J.
Published: July 2010

Barbering is one of the earliest professions to be licensed in the USA. This article discusses the origins of barber licensing, as well as its current status and scope, and then estimates the effects that such licensing has had on barbers' earnings. To estimate these effects we use micro‐level data from the 2000 US Census along with several measures of the strictness of state licensing of barbers. Our results suggest that certain licensing provisions may have increased barber earnings by between 11 and 22 per cent. The magnitude of our estimates is somewhat higher than those found in studies examining the effects of licensing in similar professions.
NORWEGIAN WAGE CURVES
Authors: Johansen Kåre
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The paper presents empirical evidence on wage formation in Norway using annual time series data for manufacturing industry. First, we show that long‐run effects on consumer prices and taxes depend strongly on the exact definition of the empirical variables. Using the implicit factor income deflator, the wedge between consumer's and producer's real wages is insignificant. Second, our results indicate that there is a long‐run tradeoff between the wage level and the unemployment ratio and the Phillips curve specification is firmly rejected. Third, the paper presents empirical evidence in favour of a strongly non‐linear wage curve. Fourth, our results support the long‐term unemployment hypothesis, as increased proportion of long‐term unemployment shifts the wage curve outwards and to the right.
PRACTITIONERS CORNER A POSITIVE SEMI‐DEFINITE COVARIANCE MATRIX FOR HAUSMAN SPECIFICATION TESTS OF CONDITIONAL AND MARGINAL DENSITIES
Authors: Ai Chunrong
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

When the joint density of data can be factorized into a conditional and marginal densities, Hausman test can be used for diagnosing misspecifications of these densities. However, since common covariance estimates of the difference of the two estimators used in Hausman test need not be positive semi‐definite in finite samples, the test statistic may be negative. This paper presents a simple and consistent covariance matrix which is positive semi‐definite in any finite sample.
SPECIFICATION TESTS FOR THE COMPETING RISKS DURATION MODEL: AN APPLICATION TO UNEMPLOYMENT DURATION AND SECTORAL MOVEMENT
Authors: Pudney Stephen , Thomas Jonathan
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTS

This study develops three specification tests for the competing risks duration model. They include a general test for misspecification and specific tests for heterogeneity and defective risk distributions. The last two tests involves null hypotheses located on the boundary of the parameter space, and we consider alternative formulations of the score test to take account of this. The tests are applied to models of unemployment duration in which displaced job seekers may become re‐employed in the pre‐unemployment industry or switch industries.
THE RETURNS TO ENDOGENOUS HUMAN CAPITAL IN PAKISTAN'S RURAL WAGE LABOUR MARKET
Authors: Alderman Harold , Behrman Jere R. , Ross David R. , Sabot Richard
Published: July 2010

This paper estimates the private returns to human capital in Pakistani rural labour markets. The rich data used permit inclusion of several dimensions of human capital and control for endogeneity resulting from investment in human capital. The results suggest that, without data on determinants of human capital, it would not be possible to disentangle the separate effect of each dimension of human capital on wage differentials nor to distinguish human capital explanations for wage differentials from signalling and credentialist models. With control for endogeneity of human capital and selectivity into wage employment, cognitive achievement, but not schooling attainment separate from cognitive achievement nor long‐run health status, affects wage differentials.
HOW DOES FEMALE EDUCATION AFFECT FERTLITY? A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR THE CÔTE D'IVOIRE†
Authors: Appleton Simon
Published: July 2010

A structural model relating fertility to its proximate is estimated for the Côte d'Ivoire. The assumption of exogeneity of the proximate determinants is rejected and shown to understate their influence. The model allows identification of the means through which female education affects fertility. Secondary schooling is found to have particularly strong effects, raising the age of cohabitation and reducing the duration of breastfeeding. The two transmission mechanisms are offsetting since delayed cohabitation limits fertility whilst shortened breast‐feeding increases it for older women. However, the impact via age at cohabitation dominates, except amongst the older cohorts.
Nevirapine‐associated hepatotoxicity was not predicted by CD4 count ≥250 cells/μL among women in Zambia, Thailand and Kenya
Authors: Peters PJ , Stringer J , McConnell MS , Kiarie J , Ratanasuwan W , Intalapaporn P , Potter D , Mutsotso W , Zulu I , Borkowf CB , Bolu O , Brooks JT , Weidle PJ
Published: July 2010

Objective
The aim of the study was to determine risk factors for developing severe hepatotoxicity (grade 3 or 4 hepatotoxicity) and rash‐associated hepatotoxicity (rash with ≥grade 2 hepatotoxicity) among women initiating nevirapine‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods
The Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Response Study was a prospective cohort study carried out in Zambia, Thailand and Kenya. Between May 2005 and January 2007, we enrolled antiretroviral‐naïve HIV‐infected women initiating nevirapine‐based ART. At enrolment and at weeks 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24, participants had serum alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) measured and were evaluated clinically for hepatitis and rash.

Results
Nevirapine‐based ART was initiated in 820 women and baseline ALT or AST results were abnormal (≥grade 1) in 113 (14%) women. After initiating nevirapine‐based ART, severe hepatotoxicity occurred in 41 (5%) women and rash‐associated hepatotoxicity occurred in 27 (3%) women. In a multivariate logistic regression model, severe hepatotoxicity and rash‐associated hepatotoxicity were both associated with baseline abnormal (≥grade 1) ALT or AST results, but not with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥250 cells/μL. Three participants (0.4%) died with symptoms suggestive of fatal hepatotoxicity; all three women had baseline CD4 count <100 cells/μL and were receiving anti‐tuberculosis therapy.

Conclusion
Among women taking nevirapine‐based ART, severe hepatotoxicity and rash‐associated hepatotoxicity were predicted by abnormal baseline ALT or AST results, but not by a CD4 count ≥250 cells/μL. In resource‐limited settings where transaminase testing is available, testing should focus on early time‐points and on women with abnormal baseline ALT or AST results.
Successful control of methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusoutbreak at a university department of dermatology
Authors: Gilomen S , Ruef C , Held L , Cathomas A , French LE , Hafner J
Published: July 2010

Background Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is one of the leading strains among multiresistant hospital microflora. In 2003, we noted an increase in the number of MRSA strain 35 among patients at the University of Zurich, Department of Dermatology. At the end of 2003, we implemented additional policies in hospital hygiene, which significantly decreased the number of MRSA infections.

Methods This is a retrospective study on 65 consecutive patients at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, in whom MRSA contamination was newly diagnosed during the period of 2003–2008. All isolated strains were genotyped. We implemented additional policies as strict hand hygiene and avoidance of sharing the same ointment pots or tubes amongst patients. As soon as the skin disease was healed, decolonization of MRSA was undertaken by a 5‐day topical treatment.

Results Of the 65 MRSA patients, 19 (29%) patients carried a genotypical strain (MRSA 35) that was identified to be specific for the Department of Dermatology. Three health care workers (HCWs) were tested positive. The outlined measures reduced the incidence of new transmissions of this specific strain MRSA 35 significantly (P = 0.001) with a complete disappearance of new transmissions of MRSA 35 in the year 2008. Of the 65 patients, 15 (23%) patients became long‐term carriers, among all (15/15; 100%) had persisting active skin lesions.

Conclusions Strict hand hygiene and avoidance of sharing ointments among patients were highly effective measures in controlling an outbreak of MRSA. Complete of near‐to‐complete remission of the underlying dermatoses, skin lesions or chronic wounds, is a prerequisite for complete decolonization of MRSA carriers.
BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: Population expansion in an invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum: a test of the channelled diffusion model
Authors: Miller Nathaniel P. , Matlack Glenn R.
Published: July 2010

Aim  The greatest biodiversity impact of non‐native plant species is caused by rapid expansion of colonist populations. Unfortunately, invasion has rarely been documented in real time at a population scale, and demographic mechanisms of invasion remain unclear. Our goal is to describe real‐time expansion of populations, using channelled diffusion as a null model.

Location  The study examined three populations of the invasive annual grass Microstegium vimineum in mature second‐growth forests of south‐eastern Ohio and nearby West Virginia, USA.

Methods  Distributions were recorded in belt transects perpendicular to population edges over a period of 3 years. A second group of belt transects documented spread along five types of potential movement corridor. Observed changes in distribution were compared with predictions from a diffusion model. A seed‐sowing experiment tested seed availability, microsite quality and proximity to potential movement corridors as factors controlling population spread.

Results  Population boundaries showed little change over the study period. Colonization was limited by propagule availability over distances as little as 0.25 m, and to a lesser extent by litter cover. Populations did not advance along several potential movement corridors including unpaved roads, off‐road vehicle trails and footpaths. Advance was observed along deer trails and stream courses but did not conform to the wave‐form distribution predicted by diffusion theory. During the study, seeds were moved out of experimental plots by sheet flow and minor flooding events along small streams.

Main conclusion  At a population level, invasion is driven by processes that are episodic in time and non‐random in space – probably a common condition in non‐native plant species. Spatially realistic models are likely to be more useful than diffusive models in managing invasions at these scales.
Global energy dilemmas: a geographical perspective
Authors: BRADSHAW MICHAEL J
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the relationship between global energy security and climate change policy. There are growing concerns about the sustainability of the future supply of hydrocarbons. The energy system is the single largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, therefore it is no surprise that decarbonising the supply of energy services is a key element of climate change policy. The central proposition of this paper is that the world faces a global energy dilemma: can we have secure, reliable and affordable supplies of energy and, at the same time, manage the transition to a low‐carbon energy system? The paper is divided into five sections. The first section considers the contemporary challenges to global energy security, focusing on the possibility that in the future oil production might not be able to meet demand. The second section considers how the perils of climate change are forcing us to rethink the very meaning of energy security such that a low‐carbon energy revolution is now called for. The third section explains that while the developed world is largely responsible for the anthropogenic carbon emissions currently in the atmosphere, a global shift in energy demand is underway and over the next 20 years it is the developing world that will contribute an ever‐increasing share of global emissions. The fourth section introduces the notion of the global energy dilemma nexus to explain how the processes of globalisation are the driving force behind this global shift in energy demand and carbon emissions. The final section explains how the global energy dilemma nexus plays itself out in different ways across the globe. The conclusions suggest that human geography can make a significant contribution to social science research on energy security and climate change.
Comparison of cord blood thawing methods on cell recovery, potency, and infusion
Authors: Regan Donna M. , Wofford Jonathan D. , Wall Donna A.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) products have traditionally been thawed using a washing method intended to stabilize the cells, reduce dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) toxicity, and remove potentially ABO‐incompatible red blood cell (RBC) stroma and plasma. Concerns with this approach include loss of total nucleated cells (TNCs), bag breakage during centrifugation, and poor reproducibility by transplant centers unfamiliar with this technique. We rationalized that a simple 1:1 dilution without centrifugation would stabilize the product and reduce the DMSO concentration by 50%, allowing for a controlled thaw in the laboratory without the risks of cell loss.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared the traditional wash method with albumin reconstitution (dilution) and thaw only (no dilution or wash), assessing measurements of viability, TNC, CD34, and colony‐forming cell (CFC) recovery post‐thaw. Ten cryopreserved UCB products were thawed, split equally into three parts, and treated using each method. Product stability was measured at multiple time intervals up to 48 hours post‐thaw.

RESULTS: Throughout the entire evaluation, traditional wash and dilution methods performed equally well with no significant differences observed in 7‐aminoactinomycin viability, TNC, CD34, or CFC recovery. For 163 patients in which diluted products were administered, there were no serious adverse effects at infusion and similar time to engraftment was observed when compared to historical experiences with traditional wash and direct infusion.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that removing DMSO, RBC stroma, and plasma post‐thaw using a wash method is not necessary when UCB products are RBC and plasma reduced before cryopreservation.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Size‐Dependent Properties of Multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite Crystallites
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Kajiyoshi Koji
Published: July 2010

A facile hydrothermal synthesis route was utilized to fabricate phase‐pure BiFeO3 (BFO) crystallites. Effects of the initial potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration, starting materials, reaction temperature, and duration time on the crystallinity and morphologies of BFO were systematically investigated. Results show that the particle size of BFO increases with the increasing concentration of KOH, and a slight decrease of the molar ratio of Bi to Fe efficiently prohibits the presence of the secondary phase. In addition, the results of Raman measurement show that the intensity of the first normal A1 mode peak at 137.5 cm−1 decreases with the decreasing particle size. The Néel temperature, TN, decreases from 378.2° to 365.8°C as the average particle size of BFO powders decreases from 569 to 56 nm. The decrease in TN of BFO powders could be related to the decrease in spontaneous polarization and the number of antiferromagnetic interactions with decreasing particle size. The decrease of Curie temperature, TC, is attributed to the decreasing rhombohedral distortion of the unit cell with the decreasing crystallite size in BFO powders. Furthermore, the magnetic response of the BFO increases with the decreasing particle size, which is associated with the enhanced contribution of uncompensated spins at the particle surface to the overall magnetization with the increasing surface‐to‐volume ratio.
International Voices in the Field
Authors: Rothstein Fran
Published: July 2010

“Drug Use and Abuse: A View from the Other Side,” by Patricia Tovar

Fran Rothstein is contributing editor of the Commission on World Anthropologies column in Anthropology News.
Accumulation of Explosives in Hair—Part II: Factors Affecting Sorption*
Authors: Oxley Jimmie C. , Smith James L. , Kirschenbaum Louis J. , Marimganti Suvarna
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  This study examines the sorption of eight explosives (2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene [TNT]; pentaerythritol tetranitrate [PETN]; hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐s‐triazine [RDX]; diacetone diperoxide [DADP]; triacetone triperoxide [TATP]; ethylene glycol [EGDN], nitroglycerin [NG]; and 2,4‐dinitrotoluene [DNT]) to human hair. The study uses only cut hair, which is exposed to explosive vapor. The vapor transfer studies reported herein indicated that hair did not reach saturation even after 2.5 years of exposure to TNT. While previous studies showed black hair sorbed more explosive than blond or brown, this study reports that red hair sorption is similar to black, while grey hairs, exposed along with black hair from the same individual, sorbed significantly less explosive than the same individual’s black hairs. In a study using only black hair, a slight racial bias was observed with sorption greater for Mongoloid hair as compared to Caucasian or Negroid. Only for Mongoloid hairs were enough samples studied to examine for a gender bias, but one was not observed. There was much variability in results in all categories (hair color, race, and gender) that trends were established only in general terms. Hair at different ages was tested for a few individuals. Detailed studies focused on the sorption of TATP and TNT as these appear to be sorbed most differently—TATP mainly on the hair surface and TNT both on the surface and in the cortex. The uptake of high vapor pressure explosives (e.g., TATP) and moderate vapor pressure explosives (e.g., TNT) by hair was rapid and could be detected within about 1 h of exposure. Both explosives were readily sorbed by pure melanin.
Effect of erythropoietin administration on mammal aerobic power
Authors: Ekblom B. , Berglund B.
Published: July 2010

The effects of subcutaneous injections of human erythropoietin (rhEpo) on the circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise were studied in healthy male subjects (n=15). Hemoglobin concentration [Hb] increased from 152 g · l−1to 169 g · l−1and in parallel maximal aerobic power (Vo2max) increased from 4.52 to 4.88 l · min−1. There were no significant changes in heart rate, ventilation and blood lactate concentration during the exhausting run. Compared with infusion of red blood cells, there was no significant difference in the increase in Vo2maxper gram increase in [Hb]. Systolic blood pressure at 200 W increased from before rhEpo treatment to afterwards. It was concluded that slow (rhEpo treatment) and acute (red blood cell reinfusion) increase of [Hb] resulted in similar increase in Vo2max.
Bone scintigraphy in patients suspected of having meniscus tears
Authors: Lohmann M. , Kanstrup I.‐L. , Gerquary I. , Tollund C.
Published: July 2010

The sensitivity and specificity of bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of meniscus tears was investigated in a prospective study of 44 younger patients referred for arthroscopy with a suspected meniscus tear. We found a sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.76 for pure meniscus pathology; thus, the test cannot so far be recommended as a routine in evaluating meniscus pathology. However, the test was highly sensitive if used to divide the patients into 2 groups: a potential surgery‐demanding group with meniscus pathology, osteochondritis, degenerative joint disease or rotational instability, and a group with synovitis, hot patella or a healthy knee where surgery (arthroscopy) could be avoided. The accuracy in this division was 0.92. We find the test valuable if used this way.
Physical exercise modulates the cellular immune system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Lyngberg K. , Tvede N. , Halkjær‐Kristensen J. , Andersen V. , Pedersen B. K.
Published: July 2010

The recent findings that bicycle exercise training may reduce the number of swollen joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stimulated us to examine the possibility that this was mediated through exercise‐induced immunomodulation. The effect of a single bout of physical exercise on blood mononuclear subsets, proliferative responses and natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined. Six patients with moderately active RA for 20 years exercised for 27 min on a bicycle, the work intensity being estimated at 68% of max V̇O2max. Blood samples were collected before and during the last minutes of exercise, as well as 2 h afterwards. During bicycle exercise the proportion of T cells (DC3+ cells) declined, mainly because of a fall in T helper cells (DC4+ cells). The proportion of NK cells (CD16+ cells) increased during work, but reverted afterwards. The monocytes (CD14+ cells) did not change; B cells (CD20+ cells) declined slightly during exercise and reverted later. No change in PHA‐, PPD‐ and Unstimulated BMNC proliferation occurred during exercise. Two hours after exercise, PPD‐ and IL‐2‐induced proliferation increased significantly, except for the PHA‐stimulated response. The NK cell activity increased only significantly during exercise when the cells were preincubated with indomethacin, and returned to normal 2 h afterwards. This shows that brief, moderate exercise by patients with RA alters the composition of blood mononuclear cell subsets and cell functions. The clinical significance of this immunomodulation remains to be elucidated.
Iron status in elite skiers
Authors: Hemmingsson P. , Bauer M. , Birgegård G.
Published: July 2010

The iron status of 54 male and 30 female elite skiers (biathlon, alpine and cross‐country skiers) was studied during snow training and compared with that of relevant control groups. There was no significant difference between skiers and controls in mean Hb, serum ferritin, total iron‐binding capacity, frequency of iron deficiency or anemia. Iron deficiency was found in 4 women (1 of whom was anemic) and 1 man, all in the cross‐country group. The urinary iron concentration, investigated 1 day after hard cross‐country training in 29 skiers, did not differ from that of a control group. In a separate study, 13 cross‐country skiers were followed with repeated tests during a whole year. No change was seen in their iron status. Our results show that the iron status of both endurance and alpine skiers is comparable to that of a normal population and that there is no need for routine iron supplementation.
Glenoid labrum tears in nondislocated shoulders
Authors: Mortensen J. S. , Kalms S. B.
Published: July 2010

This study describes the existence of glenoid labrum tears in 8 patients without a history of dislocation, but with distortion or blunt trauma of the shoulder. The clinical relevance of the findings in each case is described through presentation of symptoms, arthroscopic findings, treatment and end results. The value of arthroscopy in shoulder diagnosis is emphasized.
Response of hamstring muscles to a perturbation in people with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: McNair P. J. , Wood G. A. , Marshall R. N. , Strauss G.
Published: July 2010

A number of strength parameters were investigated in a group of subjects with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency; The response of subjects' hamstring muscles to a perturbation on an isokinetic dynamometer was fractionated into the premotor and motor times. Rate of force development in the 75 ms following the perturbation was also measured. The functional ability of the subjects was examined using the Noyes knee rating system. The results showed that the motor time was significantly correlated with the rate of force development and functional ability of the subjects. The ratio of hamstring to quadriceps torque recorded at peak and 30° flexion during isokinetic muscle work at 180°/s was also investigated. No significant relationship was observed between these ratios and functional ability. These findings indicate that factors other than peak hamstring muscle torque may be important to the level of functional ability attained by people with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.
Downhill skiing injuries and their cost at a Finnish skiing area
Authors: Asikainen P. , Lüthje P. , Järvinen M. , Avikainen V. , Koskinen I.
Published: July 2010

During the 1987–1990 ski seasons. 325 consecutive patients sustained downhill skiing injuries at a skiing area in central Finland. The calculated injury rate was 0.94 per 1000 skier‐days (0.9%) and 0.56 per 1000 skiers (0.06%). Forty‐one percent of the injuries were located in the lower limbs and 37% in the upper limbs. Sprain was the most common type of injury (34%), followed by fractures (22%) and contusions (17%). Only 7% of the patients needed surgery. The estimated mean cost of medical treatment and sick leave was FIM 5500 (USD 1400) per patient.
Common peroneal nerve palsy after a closed knee injury in a gymnast
Authors: Bak K.
Published: July 2010

We report a knee injury with an uncommon complication in a gymnast that led to permanent injury.
Physical activity, musculoskeletal pain and personality among employees of a prison and of a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Augestad L. B. , Levander S.
Published: July 2010

The relationship between personality traits, habitual physical activity and musculoskeletal pain among employees of a psychiatric maximum security hospital and of a state penitentiary were analyzed using data from a compound self‐report questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised items from the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Epa), the Örebro questionnaire for musculoskeletal pain (ÖQ) and items concerning physical activity. A total of 122 (85%) employees filled in the questionnaire. There were no differences in physical activity, body mass index (BMI) or pain between the psychiatric hospital and prison employees. There was no association between physical activity and musculoskeletal pain. At the aggregate level, physical activity was positively associated with indices of extraversion and negatively with indices of anxiety. A discriminant analysis suggested that subjects with low back pain had an increased frequency of sick leave, more cervical as well as hip pa a higher BMI and higher scores in indices of social conformity.
Periosteal transplantation in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans
Authors: Jensen L. J. , Bach K. L.
Published: July 2010

Osteochondritis dissecans in the femoral condyle of the knee in 3 patients was treated with periosteal transplantation. The cavities were curetted to cancellous bone and a tibial periosteal graft was lined to the excavation and fixed with human tissue glue (Tisseel R). By clinical and radiographic follow‐up, we find this modality of treatment as a hopeful prospect in severe cases, though a demarcation of indication is still a challenge for investigation.
Do contusions in judo induce haematuria?
Authors: Niskanen R. , Talja M.
Published: July 2010

Sports haematuria is a well recognized phenomenon whose mechanisms have also been well established. In this study, judo practitioners carried out a quite strenuous throwing exercise, each judoka executed 80–100 falls. There was no haematuria in any of the 39 judokas, whether the 4.5‐cm‐thick judo mats were placed on a wooden floor or on a concrete one. The occurrence of haematuria must always be taken seriously and as an abnormal phenomenon on an individual level.
Influence of electrical stimulation on dynamic forces of the arm flexors in strength‐trained and untrained men
Authors: Hortobágyl T. , Lambert N. J.
Published: July 2010

We examined the influence of activation and strength‐training history on the force‐velocity relationship. Over 4 days, maximal isometric (MVC) and concentric and eccentric constant angle isokinetic forces at 6 velocities were measured in the arm flexors of 6 strength‐trained men and 6 untrained men under voluntary condition and with electromyostimulation (EMS) (2.5 kHz sine wave, 50 burst · s−1, 50% duty cycle) superimposed on the voluntary muscle actions. Trained men were 31% stronger than untrained controls. Voluntary concentric forces decreased with increasing velocities and were less than MVC in both groups. Voluntary eccentric forces exceeded MVC only in the trained men. Untrained men tolerated 21.9 mA and trained men 31.3 mA of EMS current, yet tetanic forces were similar: 92.5 N versus 96.0 N. These data suggest that, independent of training status, percutaneous EMS inhibits voluntary forces of the arm flexors. Modifications of the EMS parameters may be necessary to allow for the more complete study of the influence of training history on muscle mechanics and the neural regulation of force production.
Clinical significance of altered gastrocnemius muscle coordination in anterior cruciate ligament‐deficient knees
Authors: Kaalund S. , Lass R. , Le Fevre S. , Sinkjær T. , Arendt‐Nlelsen L. , Slmonsen O.
Published: July 2010

In a study of conservatively treated patients with isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures, 7 patients with good or excellent results (Lysholm score > 84) and 7 patients with poor results (Lysholm score < 64) were compared considering muscle coordination, which was assessed by means of electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the thigh muscles and the medial head of gastrocnemius and heel contact recordings while the patient walked on a treadmill at different gradients. The results of this study revealed that significant differences were seen only in the medial gastrocnemius. An earlier onset, an earlier peak, a longer activation of EMG and a greater normalized root mean square amplitude, correlating with muscular tension, were seen in the medial gastrocnemius of the patients with good or excellent Lysholm score. This study is the first to investigate and demonstrate EMG differences between ACL‐deficient patients with good and poor functional results. Furthermore, it reveals that the strength and coordination of the gastrocnemius might be of importance and should be considered in the search for optimal training programmes.
Bilateral rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii
Authors: Nafel A. , Andersen K.
Published: July 2010

We report a case of bilateral simultaneous rupture of the distal tendon of die biceps brachii muscle. A 56‐year‐old yachtsman had a double‐sided rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii On die left side die biceps tendon was sutured to me fascia of me brachialis muscle 3 months after me injury. On me right side, 3 months later, the procedure was supplemented with tendon transplantation with anatomical reinsertion. The operative treatment was followed by immobilization and rehabilitation. After 6 months die transplantation failed, and bilaterally me range of motion of the elbow including forearm rotation was normalized, the power of flexion was slightly reduced and me power of supination was markedly reduced. Two years after surgery, me flexion power was normalized, the patient was satisfied with the results and he was still a yachtsman.
Epidemiology of alpine skiing injuries in lowlanders
Authors: Winge S. , Jørgensen U. , Nielsen A. L.
Published: July 2010

During one alpine skiing season injuries were registered prospectively among 951 Danish alpine skiers. The injury incidence was 19.4 injuries per 1000 skiing days, or 3.4 injuries per 1000 skiing hours. The incidence of injuries treated by a doctor was 5.9 injuries per 1000 skiing days, which is 2–5 times higher than previously reported. Lower extremity doctor‐treated injuries comprised 65% of the total and upper extremity doctor‐treated injuries 25% ‐ a distribution seen 25 years ago in alpine skiing countries. Only 18% of the thumb injuries were seen by a doctor. Neither age, preholiday training, self‐rated skiing ability, ski school attendance during the week nor the use of rented versus owned equipment significantly influenced the risk of injury.
Motivational differences among talented teenage athletes: the significance of gender, type of sport and level of excellence
Authors: Braathen E. T. , Svebak S.
Published: July 2010

A range of motivational characteristics were studied in a sample of 228 males and 124 females (age: 15–16 years) recruited from the most promising performers of different sports, mainly in western Norway. They all completed the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (competitiveness, win and goal orientation), the short Sensation Seeking Scale, the Life Orientation Test (optimism), a new scale on Social Reactivity (reactive and proactive negativism) and questions on the importance of friendship among sport performers and of being the best. Differences of motivational styles were tested between males and females, performers of endurance, explosive and team sports and moderately versus highly successful performers. The males scored significantly higher on competitiveness, win and goal orientation, sensation seeking and so‐called reactive negativism, but scored significantly lower than females on the importance of friendship. More complex group differences were also significant. One example is the relatively high mean score for proactive negativism in males performing explosive sports and the low mean in females of team sports. Our findings indicate a role for gender, type of sport, and level of excellence in motivational differences among these promising athletes. The prospective significance of motivational differences for future success in sport competitions will be tested in a follow‐up study.
Capillarity of elite cross‐country skiers: a lectin (Ulex europaeus I) marker
Authors: Parsons D. , McIntyre K , Schulz W. , Stray‐Gundersen J.
Published: July 2010

Capillary morphometrics in human skeletal muscle has been limited by technical problems in visualization. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for identifying capillary endothelium at the light level of resolution and to reassess the skeletal muscle capillarity in trained and untrained subjects. A lectin system of biotinylated Ulex europaeus I (UEA‐I), a vascular endothelial marker, provided a stain dense enough for direct computer‐aided image analysis. A morphometric comparison was made between Andersen's periodic acid‐Schiff and the UEA‐I capillary stains on tissue sections of human skeletal muscle. When identical fibers from adjacent sections were compared, the capillary density was 6% and cap fiber was 9% greater using the lectin method. Biopsies from 17 cross‐country skiers were compared with those of 8 age‐matched sedentary controls. The capillary density in the triceps muscle for the skiers was 536.1 ± 33.1 compared with 296 ± 17.7 for the controls. Longitudinal profiles that appear in skeletal muscle cross‐sections suggest a more isotropic (random orientation) configuration of the capillary bed than proposed by the Krogh model. There were 50.6% more longitudinal profiles in the trained samples. The UEA‐I lectin appears to be a valid and potentially useful marker for computerized image analysis of non‐pathological vascular endothelium, and the differences in capillarity between trained and untrained individuals may be greater than previously reported.
Comparing ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy in evaluating an experimentally induced muscular hematoma
Authors: Thorsson O. , Leander P. , Lilja B. , Nilsson P. , Obrant K. J. , Westlin N.
Published: July 2010

A standardized trauma was inflicted to the lateral side of the calf muscle of 12 New Zealand rabbits, creating a muscle hematoma without external bleeding. The acute hematoma was evaluated within 3 h with radionuclide imaging of red blood cells labelled with 99mTc pertechnetate, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results were compared with the total volume of the hematomas as calculated from histological preparations of each injured muscle. Scintigraphy and T2‐weighted MRI accurately detected all hematomas but the calculated volume did not significantly correlate with histology. T1‐weighted MRI did not detect the hematomas. Ultrasonography detected all hematomas and also accurately evaluated the volume. In conclusion, scintigraphy, MR imaging and ultrasonography are all sensitive enough to detect an acute muscle injury, but in this investigation only ultrasonography accurately quantified the volume of the hematoma.
University basketball injuries: a five‐year study of women's and men's varsity teams
Authors: Hippe M. , Flint A. , Lee R. K.
Published: July 2010

On the basis of case records, the injuries of a female and a male university basketball team were examined over a 5‐year period. The female team had more clinic visits, physiotherapy and rechecks. Men sustained more new injuries. The body part most frequently injured on both teams was the foot/ankle, followed by the knee. Women had more injuries and rechecks of the knee than men, while foot/ankle injuries required more rechecks among men. It is suggested that women had more rechecks due to more severe injuries, greater anxiety and greater acceptance of rechecks offered. Possible explanations for the greater number of new injuries in men could be greater body mass, a higher degree of contact and lesser flexibility.
Ischial apophysiolysis: a case report and a short review
Authors: Bak K. , Hölmich P.
Published: July 2010

A case of an apophysiolysis of the ischial tuberosity in a 13‐year‐old female recreational iceskater is described. Despite slight dislocation, the patient developed hyperplastic callus and signs of fibrous healing after 13 months. She was, however, only bothered by this to a minor degree after prolonged sitting. The injury mechanism and possible predisposing factors as well as the controversies in the literature about treating this condition are discussed. The condition may be overlooked in several instances. We suggest that a pelvic X‐ray examination be performed in people from the age of 12 to 25 with a history of gradual pain around the ischial tuberosity after vigorous activities in sports implying repetitive stretching of the hamstrings or after an acute injury from a momentary stretching of the hamstrings with tenderness on palpation of the ischial tuberosity. Treatment depends on the degree of dislocation and on the functional requirements of the patient.
Avulsion fracture of the medial humerus epicondyle in young wrestlers
Authors: Haugegaard M. , Rasmussen S. W. , Jensen P.
Published: July 2010

We report 2 cases of an avulsion fracture of the medial humerus epicondyle in teenage wrestlers. Two youngsters (13 and 14 years of age) who both competed in the Danish national championship in wrestling avulsed their medial humerus epicondyle. Both were operated on, and the medial humerus epicondyle was reinserted and fixed. The postoperative results were good, as both patients achieved a normal range of motion. To prevent injuries, we recommended that children who begin to wrestle be taught correct falling techniques. Open reduction and internal fixation of the avulsed medial humerus epicondyle is mandatory to guarantee a good final result without permanent disability, and the early and correct diagnosis k therefore of importance.
The physical activity of healthy and chronically ill adults in Finland at work, at leisure and during commuting
Authors: Mälklä E. , Impivaara O. , Heliövaara M. , Maatela J.
Published: July 2010

The present study was conducted as part of the Mini‐Finland Health Survey, a comprehensive evaluation of the population's health. The sample was representative of the Finnish population aged 30 or over and consisted of 8000 people from 40 localities all over Finland. Both medical and physical activity interviews were used in this study. Total physical activity and physical activity in spare time decreased with age, but physical activity at work was highest in the 45‐ to 54‐year‐old age cohort. Total physical activity as well as physical activity at work and during spare time were higher in men than in women. The majority of people physically active at work were inhabitants of rural areas, whereas the majority of those physically active in their spare time were living in urban areas. Skiing was the most popular exercise among both sexes. People who reported having mental problems were the most passive in their spare time.
Baseline anthropometry, flexibility and strength characteristics and future low‐back pain in adolescent athletes and nonathletes
Authors: Kujala U. M. , Taimela S. , Salminen J. J. , Oksanen A.
Published: July 2010

Factors associated with low‐back pain were sought by examining physical activity, low‐back pain reports and physical measurements in 86 athletes and 33 nonathletes, a total of 119 adolescents (52 boys and 67 girls). The athletic boys participated in team sports (19 in soccer and 17 in ice hockey) and the athletic girls in individual sports or dance (14 in gymnastics, 17 in figure skating, and 19 in ballet). All subjects answered a questionnaire on physical activity and pain history at the beginning of the study and at the 1‐year follow‐up. At the beginning of the study, the subjects also participated in quantitative measurements of anthropometry, flexibility (joint hypermobility and muscular tightness), and strength. In multivariate analysis, decreased lumbar flexion and hip flexor tightness at the baseline were predictive of low‐back pain among boys during the follow‐up. Among girls higher than average body weight at the baseline and low‐back pain during the 12 months preceding the baseline measurements were predictive of low‐back pain during the follow‐up. However, the differences between the groups with and without low‐back pain were small compared with the differences between different physical activity groups. In conclusion, attention should be focused on low‐back pain, which accumulates in adolescent athletes participating in individual sports, such as figure skating and gymnastics. Our results suggest that flexibility and strength measurements are weak predictors in determining athletes at high risk.
Trends in the use of time for physical activity in Finland and other countries
Authors: Herva H. , Vuolle P.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe the changes in the use of time for physical activity among 10‐ to 64‐year‐olds in Finland in the 1980s and between different seasons in 1987–1988. Additionally, some results of international comparative studies on the use of time for physical activity have been included. The data for the Finnish population was based on two time‐use studies conducted in 1979 and 1987–1988 in Finland. The method used for the data collection was a time‐budget diary in which the respondents registered their use of time on different activities during the day nationwide. The results indicate that women's time use for physical activity as a mean value per day increased by 12.5%, whereas men's total use of time for these activities remained unchanged. The seasonal comparison showed that the least time for physical activity is used in winter, when the time used for watching television and for passive leisure are at their highest.
Ankle arthroscopy
Authors: Sandmeier R. H. , Renström P. A. F. H.
Published: July 2010

Ankle arthroscopy is an increasingly useful technique for dealing with a wide range of ankle pathology. Improvements in technique and instrumentation are expanding the range of diagnostic and therapeutic indications for arthroscopy of the ankle. Indications include removal of loose bodies, debridement and drilling of osteochondral defects, relief of anterior tibiotalar impingement, lysis of adhesions and arthrodesis. Reconstruction of lateral ankle instability is currently investigational but may some day be a common procedure. A review of ankle arthroscopy, as well as the currently accepted indications, is presented with a brief review of the literature. The techniques for the most common indications are described. The complications and indications for referral are discussed.
Arthroscopy of the shoulder
Authors: Altchek D. W.
Published: July 2010

Arthroscopy of the shoulder has developed during the last decade to play a major role in diagnoses and treatment of a variety of shoulder disorders. In most incidences, arthroscopy is required at the time of shoulder surgery to refine the final diagnosis. In over 75% of the cases are arthroscopic methods used for surgical repair of the shoulder pathology. This article describes the indications for surgery as well as the techniques to treat rotator cuff disease label injuries, etc. with the arthroscope. The arthroscopic techniques dealing with subacromial decompression and instability is described.
Fibre characteristics and enzyme levels of arm and leg muscles in elite cross‐country skiers
Authors: Mygind E.
Published: July 2010

Performance tests and measurements of maximal aerobic capacity were performed during the competition period in elite cross‐country skiers. Muscle biopsies were taken in the middle of January. Histochemical fibre typing, determination of fibre areas and number of capillaries as well as assays for citrate synthetase (CS), 3‐hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHtot and LDH1–2) were performed on biopsies from the triceps brachii (TRI) and vastus lateralis muscles (VAS). The relative percentage of slow‐twitch fibres was 51.3 and 68.6 in TRI and VAS, respectively. The FTa fibre area in TRI was significantly larger than in VAS. No differences were found in the number of capillaries per fibre in TRI (2.7) and VAS (2.5). The number of capillaries per area was significantly lower in TRI (373) as compared to VAS (422). The LDHtot enzyme level was significantly higher in TRI than VAS, while the oxidative enzyme activities (CS and HAD) were significantly lower in TRI as compared with VAS. From all independent variables, only the maximal aerobic power was related significantly to performance time. The difference in maximal aerobic power between the skiers could explain 45% of the total variance in performance.