bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speech Acts and Cross-Cultural Pragmatics
Authors: Bauler Clara
Published: April 2022

Linguistically diverse learners tend to first relate the pragmatic ability they already possess in their first or more dominant language (L1) to act in the L2; as a result, miscommunication and misunderstandings are frequent and common. Teachers can help learners develop awareness about L2 pragmatic norms by making visible how speech acts are performed in the L2 community of speakers while providing opportunities to engage in role-playing or real interactions involving the accomplishment of selected speech acts. This chapter offers an overview of the importance of context in cross-cultural interactions, a brief survey of the theories of speech acts, and concrete pedagogical ideas for teachers to develop linguistically diverse learners' pragmatic awareness and ability while celebrating and promoting linguistic and cultural diversity.
The Medical Interpreter Mediation Role
Authors: T. de V. Souza Izabel E.
Published: April 2022

While it is claimed that the role of medical interpreters is constantly changing, perhaps it is the understanding of their role that is evolving. The aim of this chapter is to provide an initial exploration of the contextualized issues and challenges related to interpreting therapeutic communication. The qualitative data analysis of nine specialist certified medical interpreters showcase some of the therapeutic factors that influenced their approach and practice. In addition to the interlinguistic and intercultural communicative goals, interpreters utilized their interpersonal, communication, and mediation skills to meet several therapeutic objectives. Interpreters described mediating therapeutic interaction and intervention, playing a therapeutic mediation role in addition to well-known linguistic and cultural mediation roles. Interpreters described their preoccupation and engagement in the therapeutic process, suggesting specialist medical interpreters play an important role in the therapeutic process.
Linguistic Elements as Tools for the Analysis of Media Narratives
Authors: Horbacauskiene Jolita
Published: April 2022

A close linguistic analysis of media discourse might provoke and provide useful information regarding the power of media itself and the way people construct meanings. The present study seeks to explore how social problems are reflected in media texts. The representation of social problems—crime, poverty, migrant crisis, as well as minority groups—contains linguistic elements which are aimed at constructing certain images of these issues. Figurative linguistic elements are used to enhance the reliability of the story, to appeal to the readers' emotions, and to manage the story and the sequence of the events which are being represented. A proper use of language in the representations social problems could be considered as an effective tool to keep readers interested in the story and transform it into one that is engaging and reliable at the same time.
Professional Support Networks in TESOL
Authors: Otcu-Grillman Bahar , Miller JungKang
Published: April 2022

This chapter investigates professional development for ESOL teachers and shows the importance of building systems of support for teachers through professional support networks and sociolinguistic perspectives. It aims to raise awareness about existing professional networks for the education of bilingual educators and ESOL teachers in NY. It introduces some initiatives at a NY college that address such challenges and make NYS's various professional networks accessible to candidates. The chapter suggests that it is important for college educators and teacher trainers to get the teacher-in-training more involved in working with professionals. Growing the professional network in multimodal ways would help create a sense of community and belonging in the profession of teaching ESOL students.
Phonetic Fossilization
Authors: Rahal Aicha
Published: April 2022

Fossilization is a common linguistic phenomenon among learners. It presents an obstacle that hinders the process of learning and prevents learners from acquiring the target language. The present chapter explores this phenomenon. It gives an overview of the theory of interlanguage and the concept of fossilization. The chapter presents the history of pronunciation teaching. It also reviews a previous study on pronunciation problems and fossilized errors that face learners of English as a second or a foreign language. The present chapter also raises an important question. It attempts to show the matter behind this linguistic phenomenon. There seems to be different views. Some researchers claim that phonetic fossilization is a matter of intelligibility. Other researchers state that achieving perfection in pronunciation is preferable. Another trend of researchers assumes that fossilization cannot be applied to the multilingual context.
Female Writings in Times of Crisis
Authors: Al-Doghmi Nancy , Salah Reema
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents a critical study of female writing practices in response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in contrasting cultures, ethnicities, social classes, and educational levels. It studies 10 personal narratives by Arab and American women responding to the global coronavirus crisis in writing. The authors' responses vary and their narratives of crisis, whether short stories, personal essays, or testimonies, represent the heterogeneity of each woman's life experience. The study examines women's gendered reactions in these narratives as presenting a new kind of subjectivity that women adopt to respond to life crises, to overcome pain, to express emotions, to create meaning, and to build communications and coalitions. Writing becomes an instrumental voice for these women to self-discovery, healing, and empowerment. By adopting a transnational literary feminist theoretical approach as well as a sociolinguistic one, the study explores a complex relationship between crisis, gender, and writing that reveals how female subjects use the narrative form in times of crisis.
Phonological Awareness and Literacy in L2
Authors: Kkese Elena Theodosis
Published: April 2022

Phonological awareness is the conscious awareness that oral language can be subdivided into subcomponents, including words, syllables, rhymes, and sounds. Its importance has been identified in the development of children's literacy in L1, especially in terms of spelling, writing, and reading. Phonological awareness is of special importance for L2 acquisition as well, suggesting a strong correlation between this metalinguistic proficiency and literacy. This chapter examines this relation in young adults who are already literate in the L1 by providing an overview of the understudied area of L2 phonological awareness and its connection to spoken and written literacy. It is argued that phonological awareness influences spoken and written literacy skills given that L2 English users transfer L1 phonological awareness skills to the target language. In this context, the author suggests that instruction should be provided in the form of short, fun activities matching the interests of the young L2 adults.
Emotional Intelligence and Empathic Linguistic Power in Times of Crisis
Authors: Hancı-Azizoglu Eda Başak
Published: April 2022

The human experience in times of crisis is a determinative indicator for the future wellbeing of generations. The lack of empathy and inactive emotional intelligence through all forms of linguistic conduct cause miscommunication and misconduct, which severely underestimates the intellectual potential of human beings. In a world of diversity, emotional intelligence and empathic linguistic power are crucial indicators of civilization and enlightenment. Given a richer understanding of the relationship between empathy and emotional intelligence from a sociolinguistic perspective, this study discusses the significance of including emotional intelligence and empathy in educational and intellectual programs. This study is the framework through which the empathic linguistic power within a society could be a determining power for crisis management and wellbeing at times of turmoil.
Segnalazioni faunistiche italiane
Authors: V.V. A.A.
Published: April 2022

629 - Boudinotiana notha (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera geometridae)

630 - Coenonympha dorus (esper, 1782) (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEDIATRIC COVID-19 IN THE TERTIARY CARE SYSTEM IN THAILAND: COMPARATIVE DELTA AND PRE-DELTA ERA
Authors: Satdhabudha Araya , Chaiyakulsil Chanapai , Sritipsukho Paskorn , Sinlapamongkolkul Phakatip , Chaumrattanakul Utairat , Tangsathapornpong Auchara , Bunjoungmanee Pornumpa , Thaweekula Patcharapa , Kwankuac Amolchaya , Pharadornuwata Onsuthi , Lokanuwatsatiena Tananya , Tantiyavarongd Pichaya , Pranudomrata Pakarat , Mingmalairake Chatchai
Published: April 2022

Background: Few studies had focused on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) during Delta and pre-Delta eras in Asia, despite it being a pandemic.

Objective: To study the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of three waves of pediatric COVID-19 infections in a tertiary-care setting in Thailand.

Methods: This retrospective study reviewed all PCR-confirmed pediatric (0-18 years of age) COVID-19 infections between January 13th, 2020 and October 31st, 2021, in a tertiary care system, Thailand.

Results: There were 1,019 patients, aged 0.02 - 18 years, median age of 9.2 years, with no gender differences. Asymptomatic cases accounted for 35.7%, of which 18.9% had abnormal chest X-ray findings. The majority of cases were classified as having mild clinical symptoms, with only 0.8 and 0.4% developing severe and critical illness, respectively. There were no deaths. The Delta dominant group appeared more transmissible, but we did not see any difference in disease severity. Upper respiratory tract symptoms were predominant, while few cases had lower respiratory signs. The sensitivity and specificity of dyspnea symptoms to predict pneumonia (abnormal chest X-ray) were 14% and 95%, respectively, with a likelihood ratio 3.37. The overall prognosis was good, with only 0.01 % needing respiratory equipment. All cases showed clinical improvement with a decent recovery.

Conclusion: Pediatric COVID-19 during Delta era appeared generally more transmissible but benign. One-fifth of cases had pneumonia, but few cases needed respiratory support. Prevention remains important for disease control.

Keywords: Pediatric, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Delta, Epidemiology
Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 in Patients with and without Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Huang Ping , Zhao Xiaoqin , Sun Yi , Wang Xinlei , Ouyang Rong , Jiang Yanqiu , Zhang Xiaoquan , Hu Renyue , Tang Zhuqi , Gu Yunjuan
Published: April 2022

Background: Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been demonstrated to be a predictor of early diabetic nephropathy. However, little is known about the relationship between FABP4 and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study explored the value of FABP4 as a biomarker of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: A total of 238 subjects were enrolled, including 20 healthy controls and 218 T2DM patients. Serum FABP4 levels were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The grade of DR was determined using fundus fluorescence angiography. Based on the international classification of DR, all T2DM patients were classified into the following three subgroups: non-DR group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the correlation between FABP4 levels and DR severity.Results: FABP4 correlated positively with DR severity (r=0.225, P=0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic potential of FABP4 in identifying DR, with an area under the curve of 0.624 (37% sensitivity, 83.6% specificity) and an optimum cut-off value of 76.4 μg/L. Multivariate logistic regression model including FABP4 as a categorized binary variable using the cut-off value of 76.4 μg/L showed that the concentration of FABP4 above the cut-off value increased the risk of NPDR (odds ratio [OR], 3.231; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.574 to 6.632; P=0.001) and PDR (OR, 3.689; 95% CI, 1.306 to 10.424; P=0.014).Conclusion: FABP4 may be used as a serum biomarker for the diagnosis of DR.
Higher Muscle Mass Protects Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus from Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Shin Yujin , Moon Joon Ho , Oh Tae Jung , Ahn Chang Ho , Moon Jae Hoon , Choi Sung Hee , Jang Hak Chul
Published: April 2022

Background: We evaluated whether postpartum muscle mass affects the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korean women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods: A total of 305 women with GDM (mean age, 34.9 years) was prospectively evaluated for incident prediabetes and T2DM from 2 months after delivery and annually thereafter. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis at the initial postpartum visit, and ASM, either divided by body mass index (BMI) or squared height, and the absolute ASM were used as muscle mass indices. The risk of incident prediabetes and T2DM was assessed according to tertiles of these indices using a logistic regression model.Results: After a mean follow-up duration of 3.3 years, the highest ASM/BMI tertile group had a 61% lower risk of incident prediabetes and T2DM compared to the lowest tertile group, and this remained significant after we adjusted for covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.92; P=0.032). Equivalent findings were observed in normal weight women (BMI <23 kg/m2), but this association was not significant for overweight women (BMI ≥23 kg/m2). Absolute ASM or ASM/height2 was not associated with the risk of postpartum T2DM.Conclusion: A higher muscle mass, as defined by the ASM/BMI index, was associated with a lower risk of postpartum prediabetes and T2DM in Korean women with GDM.
A novel endodontic extractor needle for separated instrument retrieval
Authors: Al Shehadat Saaid , Murray Colin Alexander , Yadadi Sunaina Shetty
Published: April 2022

A novel needle that can be used to retrieve endodontic separated instruments (SIs) from the root canal of a tooth is described in this article. The needle tip is fabricated with a thermomechanically treated NiTi alloy exhibiting both shape memory and super-elasticity. The alloy demonstrates martensitic phase at certain low temperatures (25°C or less) and austenitic phase at certain slightly higher temperatures (35°C or more). These properties facilitate the needle to be straight at room temperature but incorporate a specific snakelike shape when inserted in the root canal of the tooth from which the endodontic SI is to be removed. The suggested lengths for the needles are 21, 25, and 31 mm with five different sizes of the lumina (the internal diameter is 0.25, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, or 1 mm). The wall thickness of the needle is 0.20 for the last 3 mm of the needle then gradually increases to 0.35 for the coronal aspects. The design of this needle has the US patent application number US 2020/0129268 A1, April 30, 2020.
Attitude of complete denture wearers to denture maintenance and recall visits
Authors: Akinboboye Bolanle Oyeyemi , Adenuga-Taiwo Olugbenga Adetokunbo , Ikusika Oluwafeyisayo Adetokunbo , Dosunmu Oluwole O.
Published: April 2022

Background:

The demand for complete dentures will persist due to population growth and people living longer. The study assessed denture hygiene and maintenance practices over a period of 10 years.

Methods:

This was a 10-year prospective study of individuals rehabilitated with complete dentures. Data on socio-demographics, reasons for denture demand, and causes of tooth loss were retrieved before denture prescription. Data regarding denture maintenance practices, frequency and rationale for recall visits, quality of health, and patients’ perceived overall satisfaction were recorded after dentures had been in use by the participants. Data were collected over the course of review appointments and were retrieved using structured questionnaires based on the American College of Prosthodontists denture care and maintenance guidelines and the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance indicator. Retrieved data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. Level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results:

Forty patients with a mean age of 69.5 ± 16.7 years were enrolled in the study. About 63.2% were male, and many (57.9%) were without co-morbidities. Most (68.4%) had dentures replacing both arches. At recall, 15.8% reported brushing dentures with toothpaste and 34.2% slept with dentures. There was a low (25%) compliance with recall appointments. This was mainly (73.3%) due to lack of motivation. Most (68.4%) of participants were satisfied with their dentures.

Conclusion:

The adherence to denture hygiene guidance within the limit of this study among complete denture wearers was found to be good but there was poor adherence to the denture maintenance regime.
Stage Migration in Head-and-Neck Cancers due to Extranodal Extension
Authors: Joseph Deepa , Pandey Laxman , Pasricha Rajesh , Raut Sagar , Yanpothung Yanthan , Ibrahim Ajas , Gupta Manoj
Published: April 2022

Background:

Extranodal extension (ENE) has been included as a factor for the staging of head-and-neck cancer (HNC) considering its prognostic value.

Aim:

The present study aimed to find out the percentage of patients with HNC getting upstaged because of ENE and their treatment outcome.

Patients and Methods:

A retrospective analysis of all patients with HNC registered in the Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India, between January 2018 and January 2019. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) criteria were used for defining clinical and radiological ENE. The site, subsite, stage and presence of ENE were documented. The clinical outcome of all these patients was collected and analysed.

Results:

A total of 562 patients were registered with HNC. Among them 45 patients were identified to have ENE (8%). The majority of the cases were oral cavity (44.4%) and oropharyngeal tumours (26.8%). Thirty-three patients had clinically documented ENE and 11 were radiological and one patient had pathological ENE. Among those who got upstaged to N3b disease due to ENE, 29 patients (64.4%) had N2 disease as per the 7th edition AJCC. When stage grouping was considered, 28 patients (62.2%) who got upstaged had stage Isovaleric acidaemia (IVA) disease as per the AJCC 7th Edition. Twelve patients were treated with radical intent and 16 received palliative treatment and rest did not complete the treatment or defaulted. Overall, the outcomes of these patients remained poor.

Conclusion:

A significant proportion of HNC patients got upstaged when ENE was included in the staging. Patients with ENE had a poor prognosis irrespective of the treatment modality.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: Khanikar Duncan , Shah Sandip , Garg Akanksha , Patel Kinnari , Shah Kamlesh , Raj Aishwarya , Panchal Harsha , Patel Apurva , Parikh Sonia
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND:

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired hematological disorder characterized by episodic intravascular hemolysis. Despite newer therapies such as eculizumab, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

An observational analytical retrospective study was conducted comprising eight PNH patients who had undergone HSCT at our center. From January 2014 to December 2020, we performed HSCT in 8 PNH patients, 5 female and 3 male, with median age of 32 years (range: 15–38 years).

RESULTS:

Seven patients had pancytopenia, associated with marrow hypocellularity. One patient presented with a thrombotic episode. Seven had matched sibling donor (MSD) transplant and one underwent haploidentical transplant. The median time from diagnosis to transplant was 7 months (range: 1–38 months). All received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC): Flu-Bu-Cy-A TG for MSD transplants and Flu-A TG-Post Cy in haploidentical transplants. Median CD34+ stem cell dose was 5.5 × 106/kg (range 3.4–5.8 × 106/kg). All had successful engraftment. Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) Grade I–III occurred in six patients. Chronic GVHD occurred in two patients. One patient succumbed to Grade III liver GVHD. Rest seven patients are alive till date and transfusion independent. The overall survival was 87.5% at a median of 26 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

HSCT is the only curative therapy for PNH. With the use of RIC, the outcomes of PNH patients can be improved. The incidence of GVHD is high with RIC regimens but can be managed with prompt immunosuppression.
A Rare Clinical Presentation of Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Parameswaran Prashanth , Vallathol Dilip Harindran , Warrier Narayanankutty , Kutty Sajna V.
Published: April 2022

Hodgkin's disease or Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a hematolymphoid neoplasm of B-cell lineage that has unique histologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features. The occurrence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and neurological symptoms is rare in this disease. We present a case report of a 40-year-old woman who presented to our outpatient department with HLH and cerebellar signs. On further investigations, she was found to have classical HL. Her clinical condition improved with one cycle chemotherapy and steroids and she is on follow-up. This case indicates that a strong index of clinical suspicion is key to diagnose HLH and neurological symptoms (probably paraneoplastic) in HL. The cornerstone of management is identifying and treating the underlying cause.
Do Mock Medical Licensure Exams Improve Performance of Graduates? Experience from a Saudi Medical College
Authors: Al-Sheikh Mona Hmoud , Albaker Waleed , Ayub Muhammed Zeeshan
Published: April 2022

Background:

All medical graduates in Saudi Arabia are required to pass a Saudi Medical Licensure Exam (SMLE) to be able to practice and/or enroll in postgraduate training. Mock exams are a useful preparatory tool, but no study from Saudi Arabia has assessed its impact on performance in the actual licensure examinations.

Objectives:

To evaluate the impact of a series of mock SMLEs with immediate personalized feedback on graduate scores and their performance in the actual SMLE.

Methods:

This retrospective study included medical students who graduated in the 2019-20 academic year from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, and undertook mock SMLE exams offered in August 2020. Three mock exams were constructed using the SMLE blueprint and were offered to graduates 1 week apart. Immediately after each exam, a personalized learning outcomes achievement report was sent to each graduate. Exam reliability was measured by the Kuder–Richardson formula, and were 87%, 94%, and 96% for the first, second, and third exam, respectively.

Results:

A total of 71, 70, and 61 students completed the first, second, and third exams, respectively. Across the three mock exams, the mean (±SD) score showed an increasing trend, from 87.6 (±33.4; range: 28–191) in the first test to 93.5 (±45.6, range 15–204) in the second and 96 (±42.6; range: 25–203) in the third. Forty graduates completed all three mock exams; of these, the scores of 25 (62.5%) students significantly improved in both the second and third exams compared to the prior test (P = 0.002). A nonsignificant positive correlation was found between the average mock and the actual SMLE scores for whom data were available (r = 0.29; P = 0.27).

Conclusion:

The performance of graduates improved in subsequent mock exams, and there was a nonsignificant positive correlation between the mock and actual SMLE exam results. This study presents the usefulness of using mock exams as a preparatory tool for licensure examinations in Saudi Arabia.
The Culture of Bullying in Medical Training Must Stop
Authors: DCruz Migita Michael
Published: April 2022

Among the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics professions, medical training continues to carry remnants of the medieval concept of apprenticeship. A lingering hangover of apprenticeship in medicine is the culture of teaching through shame, embarrassment, and humiliation that has persisted over the years. Estimates of the prevalence of bullying in medicine vary from as little as 13% to as high as 81%, with considerable reason to suspect under-reporting. The consequences of bullying approximate that of abuse in early childhood and are often long-lasting. Burnout, a decline in performance as a resident doctor, and depression are commonly reported consequences of bullying and abuse on medical students. Only a minority of medical students ever report abuse due to trust deficit and fear of retribution. Most medical program directors appear to be unaware of the scope and extent of abuse occurring under their watch. Most victims of bullying appear to become bullies themselves, perpetuating the bully-victim cycle of abuse. Traditional power hierarchies play a role in bullying in the medical profession, as in other professions. The cost of bullying and abuse to the health and welfare of medical students is considerable. There is a strong case to be made for compassion in medicine and for bringing back humanity into the medical humanities. Medical training must not a barrier to medical learning. The safety of survivors of abuse must also be addressed while reporting to protect them from repercussions. We must work to make training spaces safe for medical students.
Phenotypic Characterization of Campylobacter Species from Ruminants Slaughtered at Major Abattoirs in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors:   Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, Akeem Ahmed
Published: April 2022

Campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastro-enteritis worldwide. This study determined the phenotypic characteristics of Campylobacter from ruminants slaugh-tered in two major abattoirs in Ilorin metropolis of Kwara state, Nigeria. In total, 350 fecal samples were collected from beef cattle (n = 200) and goat (n = 150). Campylobacter was isolated and phenotypically characterized using standard bacteriological methods. Seventy (20%) of the samples were positive for Campylobacter. The isolation rate of Campylobacter from female animals (11.71%) was higher than that of males (8.28%), albeit there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Similarly, the rate of isolation of Campylobacter from bovine (12.86%) was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) from that of caprine (7.14%) species. Only five (7.14%) of the total isolates were Campylobacter jejuni. All isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and pan-susceptible to gentamicin, but there were different rates of antimicrobial resistance to other tested antibiotics. There was also high rate of resistance to cefotaxime (83%) and ampicillin (76%), and 53% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistance phenotypes. The study established 20% Campylobacter contamination of ruminants slaughtered in the two major abattoirs in Ilorin, and most of the isolates were multidrug resistant. Further study is recommended to molecularly characterize the spe-cies of Campylobacter circulating in the study area.
A Review of Salmonella Prevalence and Salmonellosis Burden in the Caribbean Community Member Countries
Authors:   Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA, Chaves Byron
Published: April 2022

Salmonella is thought to be a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries. These countries have limited resources that may hinder national efforts to ensure food safety. Therefore, CARICOM countries strive to mitigate the risk of foodborne illness through collaborative regional efforts and enhanced legislation. However, the lack of epidemiological infrastructure, low literacy and/or awareness levels of food handlers, and lack of regulatory enforcement contribute to the widespread emergence of Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens. Processing and sale of cooked food in substandard conditions, as well as on-farm contamination, are among the contributory factors responsible for foodborne illnesses. The first step toward implementing public health measures targeting the food supply is to contextualize the issue and determine the magnitude of the problem. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review article is to summarize the prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella and the burden of foodborne salmonellosis in CARICOM states. We present a critical synopsis of Salmonella transmission throughout the food chain in CARICOM countries, including poultry meat and egg products, ready-to-eat foods, and street vendors. Additionally, we include information on the epidemiological burden of salmonellosis in the region, focusing on the effect on tourism and current management strategies for risk mitigation.
association of intravenous antispasmodics (hyoscine-N butyl bromide) injection with obstetric lacerations at vaginal delivery
Authors: Adıyeke Mehmet , Yıldırım Karaca Suna
Published: April 2022

Aim: To study whether hyoscine-N butyl bromide injection affects the incidence of obstetric lacerations at vaginal birth.

Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study consists of 15806 term pregnant women who undergone vaginal delivery, in Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir between January 2018 and December 2020. Patients who received intravenous injection of Hyoscine-N-butylbromide during the active period of labor were compared with those who did not in terms of the incidence of obstetric laceration.

Results: The data of a total of 9216 deliveries meeting the study criteria were analyzed. Hyoscine-N-butylbromide was used in 4014 of these deliveries(HBD), and it was not used in 5202 of these deliveries. In both primigravid and multigravid patients in the HBD group, the first stage of delivery was found to be shorter than in patients who did not receive spasmolytics(p <0.001).There was no difference between the groups in terms of the second stage of labor. Intravenous injection of Hyoscine-N-butylbromide in the active phase of labor significantly reduced 1st and 2nd degree obstetric lacerations in primigravid patients, but had no effect on 3rd and 4th degree obstetric lacerations.

Conclusion: Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide shortens the active phase of labor and reduces minor obstetric lacerations in primigravid women.
Koklear İmplant Tanı Testleri ve Sağlık Uygulama Tebliği
Authors: Alkaya Esat
Published: April 2022

İşitme kaybı prelingual dönemde ortaya çıkabileceği gibi perilingual veya postlingual dönemde de oluşabilmektedir. Özellikle prelingual ve perilingual dönemde ortaya çıkan işitme kayıpları çocukların konuşma ve dil gelişimini ciddi oranda etkileyerek, sosyal-bilişsel gelişimi ve akademik başarısında önemli olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır.

İşitme kaybının ortaya çıkardığı olumsuz etkileri ortadan kaldırabilmek için erken dönemde tanılanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ülkemizde “Türkiye Ulusal İşitme Tarama Programı (İTP)” yürütülmekte, bu sayede konjenital işitme kayıpları tespit edilmekte ve uygun tedavi seçenekleri belirlenerek takiplerinin yapılması sağlanmaktadır.

İşitme kaybı tedavi seçeneklerinden bir tanesi de son yıllarda ülkemizde uygulaması artan koklear implantasyondur.

Koklear implantasyon, işitme cihazı ile amplifikasyonun yetersiz kaldığı ileri ve çok ileri derece sensörinöral tip işitme kayıplarında, işitsel performansı artırmanın tek güvenilir ve en etkili seçeneği olmaya devam etmektedir.

Koklear implantasyon süreci, işitsel performansı artırmak ve konuşma-dil gelişimini kazandırmak için hem cerrahi bir prosedür hem de önemli bir terapi ve takip gerektiren ekip işidir. Bu amaçla uygun adayın belirlenmesi multidisipliner bir yaklaşım gerektirmektedir. Adaylar için dünya genelinde bilimsel olarak kabul görmüş kriterler mevcuttur. Değerlendirme ve uygulamalar alanında uzmanlaşmış kişiler tarafından yapılarak adayın bu kriterler açısından
uygun olup olmadığı belirlenir. Ülkemizde bu kriterler ile ilgili bilgiler “Sağlık Uygulama Tebliği”nde yer almaktadır ve ihtiyaç halinde güncellenmektedir. SUT’ta yer alan kriterleri karşılayan adayların koklear implant uygulama bedelleri
“Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu(SGK)” tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Adayın, odyolojik açıdan uygunluğunun belirlenmesinde objektif ve subjektif yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle pediatrik grupta uygulanan testlerin “Cross check” prensibine dayanması yani yapılan subjektif testlerin mutlaka objektif değerlendirmelerle desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. Hiçbir odyolojik test bataryası tek başına tanı koymada yeterli değildir.
Adayın diğer alanlar açısından da değerlendirmesi yapılarak, uygun olan adayın koklear implant süreci başlatılmalıdır.
It Is All in Their Positioning: Academic Women’s Silence in Iran
Authors: Lotfi Dehkharghani Leila , Menzies Jane , Suri Harsh , Maharati Yaghoob
Published: April 2022

From a gender perspective, Iran is an unequal country, ranking 150 out of 156 in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Survey. We examine women’s silence in an academic setting in Iran using positioning theory to understand discursive practices that contribute to women’s silence. We argue that women’s silence in Iran is regularly reinforced with storylines that impact upon, and constrain, women’s sense of self on an interpersonal and individual level. These storylines emanate from the macro, meso and organizational environments. We provide recommendations to local and international organizations operating in Iran that are conducive for creating new storylines to reduce women’s silence.
Ujednačavanje položaja insolventnih pravnih i fizičkih lica uvođenjem ličnog bankrota
Authors:   Faculty of Law, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Kozar Vladimir
Published: April 2022

The paper analyzes the similarities and differences between the position of insolvent companies and other legal entities in relation to the regime applicable to natural persons who are unable to pay their obligations. In our positive law, bankruptcy can only be initiated and enforced against companies and other legal entities, and personal bankruptcy against a natural person, entrepreneur or farmer is not possible. The humanization of the position of individuals' debtors outside bankruptcy proceedings is accomplished by prescribing a series of safeguards and mechanisms, such as temporary postponement of enforcement, or the prohibition of execution on the sole property owned by the natural person debtor to settle a disproportionately smaller amount of claims. The paper analyzes the need for additional protection of this category of debtors, prescribing the institute of individual bankruptcy, the essence of which is reprogramming and partial debt discharge, as well as avoiding the seizure of personal property in the process of enforcement. The idea of personal bankruptcy, which should be morally and socially acceptable, is to give the indebted citizen a fresh financial start by relieving them of all remaining debts after the end of the bankruptcy, during which the commissioner supervises part of their obligations being settled. The author compared the position of insolvent legal entities with the situation of indebted natural persons, concluding that many institutes and legal consequences of bankruptcy proceedings, such as prohibition of individual execution, termination of interest calculation and reorganization, enable a better position for legal entities, concluding that such benefits should also be afforded to individuals.
Los primeros 60 días: crónica del derrame de petróleo en la Refinería La Pampilla del litoral marino peruano
Authors: Pulido-Capurro Víctor , Arana-Bustamante César , Olivera-Carhuaz Edith , Gómez-Gonzales Walter
Published: April 2022

Objetivo. Efectuar una primera aproximación alaño ambiental producido en el periodo comprendido entre el 15 de enero y el 15 de marzo, por el derrame de petróleo en la Refinería La Pampilla en las costas del litoral marino, Perú. Método. La investigación se basa en el análisis documental y su orientación es empírica, exploratoria, vinculada a fenómenos reales y de carácter predictivo. Comprendió el periodo entre el 15 de enero y el 15 de marzo del año 2022. Se utilizaron fuentes primarias y la búsqueda de la información tuvo como eje tres aspectos relevantes: la descripción detallada de los hechos, las causas y de los efectos del derrame y la reacción de las instituciones responsables de salvaguardar la conservación del mar peruano y su biodiversidad. Resultados. El 15 de enero de 2022, a las 17:18 horas, se produjo un derrame de petróleo en la zona litoral marina de la Refinería La Pampilla. Las operaciones de desembarco de petróleo estuvieron a cargo de la multinacional petroquímica española Repsol y varios factores indican que hubo negligencia de esta empresa; incluso se descubrió alto grado de corrosión en las tuberías de transporte de petróleo. El MINAM confirma que fueron 11 900 barriles. El derrame produjo consecuencias nefastas para la biodiversidad de esta zona y muchas especies probablemente llegaron a sus límites mínimos poblacionales. Conclusión. La responsabilidad de la gravedad del desastre ambiental ocurrido por efecto del derrame de petróleo, el 15 de enero, apunta directamente a la empresa Repsol. La reacción gubernamental ante la gravedad del daño ambiental fue tardía. A 60 días del derrame, se estima que más de 500 especies marinas fueron afectadas.
A LOT OF CRITICISM: SUGGESTOPEDIA
Authors: Baxodirova Nilufar
Published: April 2022

Suggestopedia, one of the humanistic approaches was created within the 1970s by the Bulgarian teacher Georgi Lozanov. It is based on the thought that individuals, as they get older, inhibit their learning to comply with the social standards, and in arrange to reactivate the capabilities they utilized as children, instructors ought to utilize the control of proposal. This paper presents theoretical components, key highlights and the utilize of this strategy in the classroom. The conclusion is that, despite being a part of bothers, suggestopedia has components that can be utilized effectively to educate talking for youthful learners.
LA PARTICULARITÉ DE L’APPRENTISSAGE À DISTANCE DU FRANÇAIS UTILISANT DES TECHNOLOGIES INNOVANTES
Authors: Abdunazarova Dilnoza
Published: April 2022

The articles discuss a number of applications based on modern technology that can be utilized to enhance foreign language learning in an online setting. Several applications, as well as their functions are outlined, and this information is accompanied by exemplifying concrete ways of using them in a distance classroom context.
FRANSUZ VA O‘ZBEK TILLARIDA HARAKAT KONSEPTI TAHLILI
Authors: Umarova Obidaxon
Published: April 2022

Данная статья посвящена анализу понятия действия в узбекском и французском языках, которое наглядно объясняет глаголы действия в узбекском и французском языках.
YANGI TA’LIM TIZIMIDA MADANIYATLARARO MULOQOTNI TADQIQI
Authors: Sodikov Dilshodbek Qobilovich
Published: April 2022

Maqola madaniyatlararo muloqot muammosiga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, u turli tillarda so'zlashadigan turli madaniyat vakillari o'rtasidagi muloqot sifatida tushuniladi. Zamonaviy ta'limning maqsadlaridan biri madaniyatlararo kompetentsiyani shakllantirish ekanligi e’tirof etilganligidir.
LES TYPES DE GRAMMAIRE
Authors: E.Miyassarov, F.Chinibekova
Published: April 2022

L'esprit multiple dans la définition de la grammaire engendre, comme nous l'avons dit auparavant, une typologie pouvant définir d'un côté le statut même de la grammaire dans l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues, d'un autre côté pouvant tracer la relation existante entre les trois pôles d'apprentissage.
ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯНИНГ НАЗАРИЙ ТАДҚИҚИ
Authors: Джалилова Дилфуза
Published: April 2022

Мазкур мақолада тилшуносликнинг бир бўлими фразеологияга бағишланган бўлиб, унда турли давр жаҳон тилшунос олимларининг ушбу термин тўгрисида билдирган назарий фикрлари ҳамда, уларнинг йиллар давомида бойитилиб келинганлиги хусусида фикр юритилади.
KORONAVIRUS PANDEMIYASI DAVRIDA ZAMONAVIY NEMIS TILIDAGI LEKSIK O’ZGARISHLAR
Authors: Sabirova Shaxlo
Published: April 2022

Пандемия коронавируса затронула все сферы жизни общества, в том числе и язык. Данная статья посвящена исследованию лексических изменений, произошедших в современном немецком языке под влиянием пандемии коронавируса. Цель данной работы - проиллюстрировать феномен неологизма в области лексики коронавируса и показать его структурное разнообразие. Анализируется этимологические, словообразовательные, семантические и лексические особенности новых слов, связанных с темой пандемии коронавируса.
ИМЕНА ЭМОЦИЙ В РУССКОМ И УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Authors: Рахимова Гулфия
Published: April 2022

Статья посвящена теме эмоций и их выражению во французском и русском языках. Автор останавливается на тесной связи чувств с духовными и культурными потребностями общества. Выделены отличительные черты эмоций как интенсивность, ограниченная продолжительность, полярность и другие. Приведены различные подходы к классификации эмоций, а также приведены лексемы, связанные с вербализацией эмоций и чувств. Одним из аспектов исследования колористической лексики является изучение эмотивного восприятия различных цветов носителями разных языков, а также гендерные аспекты данной проблематики.
ОʻZBEK XАLQ ERTАKLАRINING FRАNSUZ TILI TАRJIMАSIDА MILLIYLIKNING BERILISHI
Authors: Jоʻrаyevа M , Mаtyаkubоv О
Published: April 2022

В данной статье освещается важность сохранения национального колорита в процессе перевода сказок, а также методы и проблемы перевода национальных слов. На примерах анализируются и сравниваются особенности перевода двух несравнимых языков - узбекского и французского.
Motivation and Perception of Parental Support: A Study with Young Athletes of Individual and Team Sports (Motivación y Percepción del Apoyo de los Padres: Un Estudio con Jóvenes Atletas de Deportes Individuales y de Equipo)
Authors: Moraes Mayra Grava
Published: April 2022

Parental support in relation to their children's sporting trajectory guides sporting development. This study aimed to analyze the perception of athletes about their parents' involvement and motivational orientation in relation to their participation in sports. A total of 319 athletes, aged between 7 and 18 years (13.3±2.73), from different sports, participated in the research. The instruments Parental Involvement Sport Questionnaire (PISQ) and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) were used. The results show that the athletes perceive parental participation most strongly in the dimension Directive Behavior (3.17±1.54). Active Involvement showed a mean score of (3.80±1.52), demonstrating that the participants consider their parents to "almost never" participate actively in the sports context. The data suggest that in team sports there is a greater perception of parental control over sporting behavior (p=0.015). Parental participation in team sports proved to be more active when compared to individual sports (p<0.001). In conclusion, the research points to the importance and influence that parental support, as well as the motivational guidance profile of athletes can have, in the segment, continuity, physical and emotional development, and even performance in sport. 
Resumen. El apoyo de los padres en relación con la trayectoria deportiva de sus hijos orienta el desarrollo deportivo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la percepción de los deportistas sobre la implicación y orientación motivacional de sus padres en relación a su participación en el deporte. Participaron de la investigación un total de 319 atletas, con edades entre 7 y 18 años (13,3±2,73), de diferentes deportes. Se utilizaron los instrumentos Parental Involvement Sport Questionnaire (PISQ) y Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Los resultados muestran que los deportistas perciben con mayor fuerza la participación de los padres en la dimensión Comportamiento directivo (3,17±1,54). La Participación Activa mostró una puntuación media de (3,80±1,52), demostrando que los participantes consideran que sus padres "casi nunca" participan activamente en el contexto deportivo. Los datos sugieren que en los deportes de equipo existe una mayor percepción de control parental sobre el comportamiento deportivo (p=0,015). La participación de los padres en deportes de equipo demostró ser más activa en comparación con los deportes individuales (p<0,001). En conclusión, la investigación apunta para la importancia e influencia que el apoyo de los padres, así como el perfil de orientación motivacional de los deportistas pueden tener, en el segmento, la continuidad, el desarrollo físico y emocional, e incluso el rendimiento deportivo.
Assessment of the environmental sustainability of agricultural landscapes in the city of Maikop and the Maikop district of the Republic of Adygea
Authors: Mamsirov N. I.
Published: April 2022

The main goal of the research is to develop a system of agro-ecological land zoning to improve the adaptive landscape system of land management and land use, based on the analysis of long-term data in agricultural production for farms of various forms of ownership in the city of Maikop and the Maikop region, and the project of basic elements of the ALSLM of the Republic of Adygea. To achieve this goal, materials have been collected on the structure of sown areas of farms, gross harvests of crop products, the livestock industry, the use of chemicals, land management and nature management. The article analyzes the geomorphological features, agro-climatic, hydrological resources and parameters, soil-forming and underlying rocks, soil cover and vegetation of the landscapes of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. A comparative assessment of the quality of lands in farms has been carried out, soil bonitet scores calculated for fertility and favorable factors in the system of environmental monitoring. Technological properties of agricultural lands have been assessed. Five nature management territorial complexes (NMTCs) have been identified and maps of the main landscapes have been compiled. The degree of their correspondence to agricultural activities has been revealed on the basis of the analysis of the agro-ecological potential of landscapes. The factors limiting their placement in specific areas of the foothill zone of the Republic and the reasons that reduce their productivity and product quality have been established. In general, according to the principle of economic feasibility, the considered territories of the city of Maikop and the Maikop district of the Republic of Adygea, which are included in the zone of intensive agriculture, are quite suitable for growing both grain crops and for the development of vegetable growing, horticulture (traditional and intensive), viticulture.