bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying Kraemer’s Q (Positive Sign Rate): Some Implications for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Study Results
Authors: Larner Andrew J.
Published: December 2019

Background/Aims: Sensitivity and specificity (Sens, Spec) are not invariant properties of diagnostic and screening tests, but vary in different patient samples. Kraemer [Evaluating medical tests. Objective and quantitative guidelines. 1992] used the level of test, Q, also known as “positive sign rate” (sum of true and false positives divided by sample size), to calculate quality sensitivity and specificity (QSN, QSP). These scaled indices may be more comparable across different patient samples, but have been little studied hitherto. Methods: The dataset of a pragmatic test accuracy study of the Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (MACE) was re-interrogated to calculate values of QSN and QSP and other paired and unitary test outcome measures based on them, and comparison was made with outcomes previously calculated by standard methods. Results: QSN and QSP values in this cohort (n = 755; overall prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment [MCI] 0.15 and 0.29, respectively) were inferior to Sens and Spec, as were all other outcome measures for MACE for the diagnosis of both dementia and MCI. QSN was relatively preserved, indicating the sensitivity of MACE. Conclusion: Indices of test outcome scaled according to Kraemer’s Q, the positive sign rate, are less impressive than outcomes calculated by standard methods. These discrepancies may have implications for test evaluation.
Disruption of Homeostasis Based on the Right and Left Hemisphere in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Authors: Jung Ye-Ha , Kim Hyeonjin , Lee Dasom , Lee Jae-Yeon , Lee Won Joon , Moon Jee Youn , Kim Yong Chul , Choi Soo-Hee , Kang Do-Hyung
Published: December 2019

Objective: Although the clinical features and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) have been studied in the peripheral and central nervous systems, few plausible pathological interactions are known among the metabolites in these systems. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate abnormal relationships and interactions between peripheral metabolites and central neurometabolites in patients with CRPS. Methods: Various metabolites and molecules were measured in the peripheral blood, and central neurometabolites in the right and left thalamus using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 12 patients with CRPS and 11 healthy controls. Interactions between peripheral metabolites in blood and central neurometabolites in the right and left thalamus were also investigated. Results: The interactions between peripheral and central metabolites were different in the right and left hemispheres of healthy subjects, suggesting the presence of right hemisphere-dependent energy homeostasis and left hemisphere-dependent acid-base homeostasis that enables effective functioning. The interactions between central and peripheral metabolites in CRPS patients were distinct from those in healthy individuals, supporting the possibility of abnormal interactions and disrupted homeostasis between peripheral and central metabolites, which may result from neuroinflammation and immune system dysfunction. Conclusion: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report describing abnormal metabolic dysfunction and disrupted homeostasis in interactions between metabolites of the peripheral and central nervous systems in CRPS. The approach used to uncover hidden pathophysiologies will improve understanding of how chronic pain can disrupt homeostasis in interactions between two systems and how alternative metabolites can be activated to recover and compensate for pathological dysfunctions in patients with CRPS.
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Induces Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Expression by Activating the Interferon Regulatory Factor 3
Authors: Liu Yang , Mo Chun-Fen , Luo Xing-Yan , Li Hua , Guo Hui-Jie , Sun Hai , Hu Song , Li Li-Mei , Wang Yan-Tang , Yang Shu-Xia , Chang Shan , Zou Qiang
Published: December 2019

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a sensor of endogenous cell necrosis during the process of acute inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and can negatively regulate the pathogenesis of inflammation. However, whether and how activation of TLR3 can regulate IL-1Ra expression has not been clarified. Here, we show that poly(I:C) induces IL-1Ra expression in primarily cultured human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and other types of cells. Induction of IL-1Ra by poly(I:C) was dependent on TLR3, but was independent of melanoma differentiation-­associated protein 5 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) directly binds to the IL-1Ra promoter and promotes IL-1Ra expression in response to poly(I:C) stimulation. Induction of IL-1Ra by poly(I:C) was abolished by the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling, attenuated by the inhibition of the PI3K-Akt signaling, enhanced by inhibition of the ERK1/2 or MSK1/2 activation, but was independent of the p38 MAPK signaling. Treatment with poly(I:C) or Sendai virus elevated the levels of serum IL-1Ra in wild-type, but not in TLR3–/– or IRF3–/– mice. Our findings may provide new insights into the intrinsic anti-inflammatory function of TLR3 and double-stranded RNA-induced IL-Ra expression by TLR3 and its regulation.
Calculating Observed-to-Expected Total Fetal Lung Volume in CDH Fetuses in Twin Gestation: Is There a Better Way?
Authors: Kim Aimee G. , Mon Rodrigo A. , Karmakar Monita , Kreutzman Jeannie , Ladino-Torres Maria , Treadwell Marjorie C. , Mychaliska George B. , Perrone Erin E.
Published: December 2019

Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a potentially lethal birth defect, and identifying prenatal predictors of outcome is important. Observed-to-expected total fetal lung volume (o/e TFLV) has been shown to be a predictor of severity and useful in risk stratification but is variable due to different TFLV formulas. Objectives: To calculate o/e TFLV for CDH patients part of a twin gestation using the unaffected sibling as an internal control and comparing these values to those calculated using published formulas for TFLV. Methods: Seven twin gestations with one fetus affected by CDH were identified between 2006 and 2017. The lung volume for each twin was calculated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and o/e TFLV was calculated using the unaffected twin’s TFLV. This percentage was then compared to the o/e TFLV calculated using published formulas. Results: Lung volumes in the unaffected twins were within normal ranges at the lower end of the spectrum. No single TFLV formula was found to correlate perfectly. Intraclass correlation coefficient estimate was most consistent for o/e TFLV calculated with the Meyers formula and supported by Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions: O/e TFLV measured in CDH/non-CDH twin gestations using the unaffected sibling demonstrated agreement with o/e TFLV calculated using the Meyers formula. We urge the fetal community to standardize the method, use, and interpretation of fetal MRI in the prenatal evaluation of CDH.
The Effect of Urine pH and Urinary Uric Acid Levels on the Development of Contrast Nephropathy
Authors: Aslan Gamze , Afsar Baris , Sag Alan A. , Camkiran Volkan , Erden Nihan , Yilmaz Sezen , Siriopol Dimitrie , Incir Said , You Zhiying , Garcia Miguel L. , Covic Adrian , Cherney David Z.I. , Johnson Richard J. , Kanbay Mehmet
Published: December 2019

Background: Hyperuricemia may cause acute kidney injury by activating inflammatory, pro-oxidative and vasoconstrictive pathways. In addition, radiocontrast causes an acute uricosuria, potentially leading to crystal formation. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of urine acidity and urine uric acid level on the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Methods: We enrolled 175 patients who underwent elective coronary angiography. CIN was defined as a >25% increase in the serum creatinine levels relative to basal values 48–72 h after contrast use. Prior to coronary angiography and 48–72 h later, serum uric acid, urea, creatinine, bicarbonate levels, and spot uric acid to creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured. Results: Of the 175 subjects included, 29 (16.6%) developed CIN. Those who developed CIN had a higher prevalence of diabetes, higher UACR (0.60 vs. 0.44, p = 0.014), higher contrast volume, and lower serum sodium level. With univariate analysis of a logistic regression model, the risk of CIN was found to be associated with diabetes (p = 0.0016, OR = 3.8 [95% CI: 1.7–8.7]), urine UACR (p = 0.0027, OR = 9.6 [95% CI: 2.2–42.2]), serum sodium (p = 0.0079, OR = 0.8 [95% CI: 0.77–0.96]), and contrast volume (p = 0.0385, OR = 1.8 [95% CI: 1.03–3.09]). In a multiple logistic regression model with stepwise method of selection, diabetes (p = 0.0120, OR = 3.2 [95% CI: 1.3–8.1]) and UACR (p = 0.0163, OR = 6.9 [95% CI: 1.4–33.4]) were the 2 risk factors finally identified. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that higher urine UACR is associated with the development of CIN in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography.
Targeted Searches of the Electronic Health Record and Genomics Identify an Etiology in Three Patients with Short Stature and High IGF-I Levels
Authors: Cabrera-Salcedo Catalina , Hawkes Colin P. , Tyzinski Leah , Andrew Melissa , Labilloy Guillaume , Campos Diego , Feld Amalia , Deodati Annalisa , Hwa Vivian , Hirschhorn Joel N. , Grimberg Adda , Dauber Andrew ,   the Genomics Research and Innovation Network
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Short stature is one of the most common reasons for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist and can result from many etiologies. However, many patients with short stature do not receive a definitive diagnosis. Objective: To ascertain whether integrating targeted bioinformatics searches of electronic health records (EHRs) combined with genomic studies could identify patients with previously undiagnosed rare genetic etiologies of short stature. We focused on a specific rare phenotypic subgroup: patients with short stature and elevated IGF-I levels. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional cohort study at three large academic pediatric healthcare networks. Eligible subjects included children with heights below –2 SD, IGF-I levels >90th percentile, and no known etiology for short stature. We performed a search of the EHRs to identify eligible patients. Patients were then recruited for phenotyping followed by exome sequencing and in vitro assays of IGF1R function. Results: A total of 234 patients were identified by the bioinformatics algorithm with 39 deemed eligible after manual review (17%). Of those, 9 were successfully recruited. A genetic etiology was identified in 3 of the 9 patients including 2 novel variants in IGF1R and a de novo variant in CHD2. In vitro studies supported the pathogenicity of the IGF1R variants. Conclusions: This study provides proof of principle that patients with rare phenotypic subgroups can be identified based on discrete data elements in the EHRs. Although limitations exist to fully automating this approach, these searches may help find patients with previously unidentified rare genetic disorders.
A Rare Case of Mosaic Unbalanced Non-Robertsonian Translocation Involving Chromosomes 15 and 22 with Congenital Abnormalities in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Atli Emine I. , Atli Engin , Yalcintepe Sinem , Gurkan Hakan
Published: December 2019

Balanced de novo non-robertsonian translocations (non-RTs), which involve acrocentric chromosomes, are rare findings in clinical cytogenetics and may be associated with an abnormal phenotype. These translocations, detected by conventional karyotyping, are found in approximately 1:1,000 neonates. In most of these cases, one of the parents carries the same translocation. In this study, we report a rare non-RT involving chromosomes 15 and 22 defined as 45,XX,-22,der(15;22)t(15;22)/46,XX,der(15)t(15;22),der(22). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a non-RT t(15;22) with these breakpoints.
Variation in Hepatitis C Virus Subtype Distribution during 20 Years in Venezuela
Authors: Loureiro Carmen L. , Jaspe Rossana C. , Pujol Flor H.
Published: December 2019

Objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem and a major cause of chronic hepatitis. This virus exhibits a great genetic variability, with 8 genotypes and numerous subtypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluctuations of HCV subtypes during 2 decades in Venezuela. Methods: HCV genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of the 5ʹ-noncoding region in 392 isolates circulating in patients attended during the years 2014–2015. HCV subtype assignment was confirmed in a subset of samples (n = 24) by partial sequencing of the NS5B region. The genotype distribution was compared with the one observed in a previous study of patients followed up during the years 1994–1996 and 2005–2006. Results: Some variation was observed in the HCV genotype distribution over these 20 years. HCV genotype 1b prevalence was reduced significantly from 1994–1995 to 2004–2005, as previously described, and then remained constant. During the last 10 years, a significant decrease of HCV subtype 2b (36/237 in 2005–2006 vs. 24/392 in 2014–2015, p < 0.001) was observed. Patients infected with HCV G2acj were significantly older than the ones infected with G1 (53 vs. 47 years, p = 0.004), and male sex was significantly more prevalent among G3a-infected patients compared to the other ones (71 vs. 47%, p = 0.047). Conclusions: Fluctuations in HCV subtype distribution have been observed over 2 decades in Venezuela. Different major mode of transmission and susceptibility to the available HCV treatment during each period might be playing a role in the observed fluctuations in HCV subtype distribution.
Rivaroxaban Reduces Arterial Thrombosis by Inhibition of FXa-Driven Platelet Activation via Protease Activated Receptor-1
Authors: Petzold Tobias , Thienel Manuela , Dannenberg Lisa , Mourikis Philipp , Helten Carolin , Ayhan Aysel , M’Pembele René , Achilles Alina , Trojovky Kajetan , Konsek Daniel , Zhang Zhe , Regenauer Ron , Pircher Joachim , Ehrlich Andreas , Lüsebrink Enzo , Nicolai Leo , Stocker Thomas J. , Brandl Richard , Röschenthaler Franz , Strecker Jan , Saleh Inas , Spannagl Michael , Mayr Christoph H. , Schiller Herbert B. , Jung Christian , Gerdes Norbert , Hoffmann Till , Levkau Bodo , Hohlfeld Thomas , Zeus Tobias , Schulz Christian , Kelm Malte , Polzin Amin
Published: December 2019

Rationale:

A reduced rate of myocardial infarction has been reported in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with FXa (factor Xa) inhibitors including rivaroxaban compared with vitamin K antagonists. At the same time, low-dose rivaroxaban has been shown to reduce mortality and atherothrombotic events in patients with coronary artery disease. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this reduction remain unknown.

Objective:

In this study, we hypothesized that rivaroxaban’s antithrombotic potential is linked to a hitherto unknown rivaroxaban effect that impacts on platelet reactivity and arterial thrombosis.

Methods and Results:

In this study, we identified FXa as potent, direct agonist of the PAR-1 (protease-activated receptor 1), leading to platelet activation and thrombus formation, which can be inhibited by rivaroxaban. We found that rivaroxaban reduced arterial thrombus stability in a mouse model of arterial thrombosis using intravital microscopy. For in vitro studies, atrial fibrillation patients on permanent rivaroxaban treatment for stroke prevention, respective controls, and patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation before and after first intake of rivaroxaban (time series analysis) were recruited. Platelet aggregation responses, as well as thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions on collagen and atherosclerotic plaque material, were attenuated by rivaroxaban. We show that rivaroxaban’s antiplatelet effect is plasma dependent but independent of thrombin and rivaroxaban’s anticoagulatory capacity.

Conclusions:

Here, we identified FXa as potent platelet agonist that acts through PAR-1. Therefore, rivaroxaban exerts an antiplatelet effect that together with its well-known potent anticoagulatory capacity might lead to reduced frequency of atherothrombotic events and improved outcome in patients.
Cilostazol Versus Aspirin in Ischemic Stroke Patients With High-Risk Cerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Kim Bum Joon , Kwon Sun U. , Park Joung-Ho , Kim Yong-Jae , Hong Keun-Sik , Wong Lawrence K.S. , Yu Sungwook , Hwang Yang-Ha , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Rha Jong-Ho , Heo Sung Hyuk , Ahn Seong Hwan , Seo Woo-Keun , Park Jong-Moo , Lee Ju-Hun , Kwon Jee-Hyun , Sohn Sung-Il , Jung Jin-Man , Navarro Jose C. , Kim Hahn Young , Kim Eung-Gyu , Kim Seongheon , Cha Jae-Kwan , Park Man-Seok , Nam Hyo Suk , Kang Dong-Wha ,   on behalf of the PICASSO Investigators
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose—

Although cilostazol has shown less hemorrhagic events than aspirin, only marginal difference was observed in hemorrhagic stroke events among patients at high risk for cerebral hemorrhage. To identify patients who would most benefit from cilostazol, this study analyzed interactions between treatment and subgroups of the PICASSO trial (Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Asian Ischemic Stroke Patients With High Risk of Cerebral Hemorrhage).

Methods—

Ischemic stroke patients with a previous intracerebral hemorrhage or multiple microbleeds were randomized to treatment with cilostazol or aspirin and followed up for a mean 1.8 years. Efficacy, defined as the composite of any stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death, and safety, defined as the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke, were analyzed in the 2 groups. Interactions between treatment and age, sex, presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, index of high-risk cerebral hemorrhage, and white matter lesion burden were analyzed for primary and key secondary outcomes. Changes in vital signs and laboratory results were compared in the 2 groups.

Results—

Among all 1534 patients enrolled, a significant interaction between treatment group and index of high risk for cerebral hemorrhage on hemorrhagic stroke (
P
for interaction, 0.03) was observed. Hemorrhagic stroke was less frequent in the cilostazol than in the aspirin group in patients with multiple microbleeds (1 versus 13 events; hazard ratio, 0.08 [95% CI, 0.01–0.61];
P
=0.01). A marginal interaction between treatment group and white matter change on any stroke (
P
for interaction, 0.08) was observed. Cilostazol reduced any stroke significantly in patients with mild (5 versus 16 events; hazard ratio, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.13–0.97];
P
=0.04)-to-moderate (16 versus 32 events; hazard ratio, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.29–0.92];
P
=0.03) white matter changes. Heart rate and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol level were significantly higher in the cilostazol group than in the aspirin group at follow-up.

Conclusions—

Cilostazol may be more beneficial for ischemic stroke patients with multiple cerebral microbleeds and before white matter changes are extensive.

Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01013532.
Higher Plaque Burden of Middle Cerebral Artery Is Associated With Recurrent Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ran Yuncai , Wang Yuting , Zhu Ming , Wu Xiao , Malhotra Ajay , Lei Xiaowen , Zhang Feifei , Wang Xiao , Xie Shanshan , Zhou Jian , Zhu Jinxia , Cheng Jingliang , Zhu Chengcheng
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose—

This study aims to investigate the association between the characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques of middle cerebral artery and recurrent ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging.

Methods—

One hundred and five patients with ischemic stroke attributed to middle cerebral artery plaque underwent high-resolution black-blood magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging. They were divided into group 1, with the first episode of acute stroke (imaging within 4 weeks of stroke, n=44); group 2, with recurrent acute stroke (n=29); and group 3, with chronic stroke (imaging after 3 months of stroke, n=32). Plaque characteristics including plaque area, plaque burden, contrast-enhancement ratio, eccentricity, and degree of stenosis were measured and compared across 3 groups. Association between plaque characteristics and recurrent strokes was investigated by multivariate analysis.

Results—

Plaque burden was significantly greater in recurrent stroke group than the other 2 groups (median: group 2, 82.7%, versus group 1, 76.3%, and group 3, 73.4%;
P
=0.001). Patients with acute stroke had higher enhancement ratio than patients with chronic stroke (median: group 1, 1.59, and group 2, 1.90, versus group 3, 1.33;
P
=0.014). Comparing to first-onset acute stroke patients, recurrent stroke patients were older, more likely with female sex and hypertension, and had higher plaque burden. After adjustment of clinical factors, plaque burden was the only independent imaging feature associated with recurrent stroke (odds ratio, 2.26, per 10% increase [95% CI, 1.03–4.96];
P
=0.042).

Conclusions—

Higher plaque burden of middle cerebral artery identified on magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging is independently associated with recurrent ischemic stroke.
Needless needle nuisances in Nepal
Authors: Atreya Alok , Nepal Samata
Published: December 2019

Pin-prick injuries which prove not to be infected may still cause fear and distress, but allow the victims, who are often young women, no opportunity for redress. These attacks are causing panic among the targeted population who fear AIDS.
Impact of Alexithymia on Organ Transplant Candidates’ Quality of Life: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Nonterah Camilla W. , Marek Ryan J. , Borckardt Jeffrey J. , Balliet Wendy E.
Published: December 2019

Solid organ transplant candidates who display alexithymia tend to report psychological distress with some displaying symptoms associated with depression which in turn has a negative impact on their quality of life. This study sought to examine the mediating role of depression on the relationship between alexithymia and physical and psychological quality of life. The sample comprised 707 patients who were under consideration for solid organ transplantation. Mediation models were used to examine the proposed hypotheses, specifically that alexithymia would predict quality of life, and that depression would mediate the relationship between alexithymia and physical and psychological quality of life. Findings revealed that alexithymia predicted both physical and psychological quality of life. Depression scores partially mediated the relationship between alexithymia and both physical and psychological quality of life. Transplant candidates with higher levels of alexithymia who report poor physical and psychological quality of life may be at increased risk for depression. Results highlight the need to assess alexithymia within this unique patient population, who may understate symptoms of depression due to attempts at positive impression management.
Book review: Anand Chakravarti, Is This ‘Azaadi’? Everyday Lives of Agricultural Labourers in a Bihar Village
Authors: Saxena K. B.
Published: December 2019

Anand Chakravarti, Is This ‘Azaadi’? Everyday Lives of Agricultural Labourers in a Bihar Village, Tulika Books, 2018, 280 pp., ₹750. Tulika Books, No 44 first floor, Shahpur Jat, New Delhi – 110049. ISBN 978-81-934015-3-8. Hardbound.
Book review: Ramchandra Pradhan (Ed. and Trans.), The Struggle of My Life: Autobiography of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
Authors: Pankaj Ashok
Published: December 2019

Ramchandra Pradhan (Ed. and Trans.), The Struggle of My Life: Autobiography of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018, 383 pp., ₹1,395, ISBN: 10: 01994803622.
Operator-based nonlinear free vibration control of a flexible plate with sudden perturbations
Authors: Jin Guang , Deng Mingcong
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a new nonlinear vibration control scheme using piezoelectric actuator is proposed for a flexible plate with a free vibration and sudden perturbations. First, the effect of hysteresis nonlinearity from the piezoelectric actuator is considered by Prandtl-Ishlinskii (P-I) hysteresis model. Simultaneously, a dynamic model of the flexible plate with piezoelectric actuator is considered. Then, based on the dynamic model of the flexible plate, operator-based controllers are designed to guarantee the robust stability of the nonlinear control system. In addition, for ensuring the desired vibration control performance of the flexible plate with a free vibration and sudden perturbations, operator-based compensation method is given by the proposed design scheme. In the designed compensator, the desired compensation performances of tracking and of perturbations are obtained by increasing the number of designed n-times feedback loops. Finally, both of numerical simulation and experimental result are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme.
Health Care Encounters of Pregnant and Postpartum Women with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Renbarger Kalyn M. , Shieh Carol , Moorman Meg , Latham-Mintus Kenzie , Draucker Claire
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this review is to describe how pregnant and postpartum women with substance use disorders (SUDs) experience health care encounters in prenatal care, labor and delivery, postpartum, and nursery/neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) settings. Findings from 23 qualitative studies on the topic were synthesized using a metasummary approach. The majority of the studies revealed that pregnant and postpartum women with SUDs tend to experience their health care encounters as conflictual, although some studies revealed that some women experience their health care encounters as supportive. The results of metasummary included a taxonomy of health care encounters. Five types of adverse encounters were identified: judgmental, disparaging, scrutinizing, disempowering, and deficient-care. Three types of beneficial encounters were identified: recovery-based, accepting, and effective-care. The findings suggest the importance of stigma awareness, therapeutic patient-provider communication, patient activation, and integrated care.
Biometric analysis of apical surgery-related anatomy of mandibular first molars: a cone-beam computed tomography study in a Mongoloid population
Authors: Wang Xue , Zhang Yuejiao , Li Xiaolan , Huang Zijing , Cui Minyi , Huang Zhuwei , Zhang Xiaolei , Hu Xiaoli
Published: December 2019

Objective

To evaluate the apical surgery-related anatomy of two-rooted and three-rooted mandibular first molars (MFMs) in a Mongoloid population.

Methods

A total of 502 cone-beam computed tomographic images were used to evaluate the root configuration, the distance from the buccal bone to each root, root dimensions, and the complete root resection distance at the resection level for roots of MFMs.

Results

The prevalence of two-rooted and three-rooted MFMs was 85.1% and 14.9%, respectively. At the resection level, the distance from the buccal bone to the mesial and distal roots of two-rooted MFMs was 2.24 and 3.15 mm, respectively, while the distance was 2.44, 2.01, and 8.55 mm for the mesial, distobuccal, and distolingual roots of three-rooted MFMs, respectively. The distance from the buccal bone to each root was longer in men than in women. The largest distance for complete root resection was detected for the distal root in two-rooted MFMs and for the distolingual root in three-rooted MFMs.

Conclusions

The prevalence of three-rooted MFMs is common in the Mongoloid population. The distance from the buccal bone to root apex differs according to root configurations and sex. Surgical access to the distolingual root is difficult because of the long access distance.
Humility and instruction in Zephaniah 3.1-7
Authors: Hays Nathan
Published: December 2019

The rapid and unmarked transition from the oracle against Assyria/Nineveh in Zephaniah 2.13-15 to the condemnation of Jerusalem in 3.1-7 rhetorically underscores the deep and troubling continuity between Jerusalem and Assyria/Nineveh. This article examines this continuity in light of two important elements of the book of Zephaniah: the depiction of Assyria (and those nations aligned with it) as prideful and the scribal character of 3.1-7. The finding is that Zeph. 3.1-7 presents Jerusalem and its leaders as paralleling the arrogant Assyrians and like-minded nations in a way that spurs Zephaniah’s exilic scribal audience to adopt a fundamental attitude of humility. Such humility accepts the authority of Yahwistic teachers and instructional texts in order to avoid future judgment against Jerusalem. In a scribal context, repudiating Assyrian-style pride may also entail rejecting education (putatively) aligned with Assyria/Babylon.
Fluorescently-labeled fremanezumab is distributed to sensory and autonomic ganglia and the dura but not to the brain of rats with uncompromised blood brain barrier
Authors: Noseda Rodrigo , Schain Aaron J , Melo-Carrillo Agustin , Tien Jason , Stratton Jennifer , Mai Fanny , Strassman Andrew M , Burstein Rami
Published: December 2019

Background

The presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptors in multiple brain areas and peripheral tissues previously implicated in migraine initiation and its many associated symptoms raises the possibility that humanized monoclonal anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies (CGRP-mAbs) can prevent migraine by modulating neuronal behavior inside and outside the brain. Critical to our ability to conduct a fair discussion over the mechanisms of action of CGRP-mAbs in migraine prevention is data generation that determines which of the many possible peripheral and central sites are accessible to these antibodies – a question raised frequently due to their large size.

Material and methods

Rats with uncompromised and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) were injected with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated fremanezumab (Frema594), sacrificed 4 h or 7 d later, and relevant tissues were examined for the presence of Frema594.

Results

In rats with uncompromised BBB, Frema594 was similarly observed at 4 h and 7 d in the dura, dural blood vessels, trigeminal ganglion, C2 dorsal root ganglion, the parasympathetic sphenopalatine ganglion and the sympathetic superior cervical ganglion but not in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus or cortex. In rats with compromised BBB, Frema594 was detected in the cortex (100 µm surrounding the compromised BBB site) 4 h but not 7 d after injections.

Discussion

Our inability to detect fluorescent (CGRP-mAbs) in the brain supports the conclusion that CGRP-mAbs prevent the headache phase of migraine by acting mostly, if not exclusively, outside the brain as the amount of CGRP-mAbs that enters the brain (if any) is too small to be physiologically meaningful.
Double purse-string around the inner cuff of the peritoneal catheter: A novel technique for an immediate initiation of continuous peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Scalamogna Antonio , Nardelli Luca , Zanoni Francesca , Messa Piergiorgio
Published: December 2019

International guidelines recommended a delayed start of peritoneal dialysis at least 2 weeks between catheter insertion and continuous peritoneal dialysis therapy initiation (break-in period). Up to now, the optimal duration of the break-in period is still unclear. The aim of our study was to evaluate in patients, with immediate initiation of continuous peritoneal dialysis, the efficacy of a double purse-string around the inner cuff in preventing mechanical and infectious complications either in semi-surgical or surgical catheter implantation. From January 2011 to December 2018, 135 peritoneal dialysis catheter insertions in 125 patients (90 men and 35 women, mean age 62.02 ± 16.7) were performed. Seventy-seven straight double-cuffed Tenckhoff catheters were implanted semi-surgically on midline under the umbilicus by a trocar, and 58 were surgically implanted through the rectus muscle. In all patients, continuous peritoneal dialysis was started immediately after catheter placement. Mechanical and infectious catheter-related complications during the first 3 months after initiation of continuous peritoneal dialysis were recorded. The overall incidence of leakages, catheter dislocations, peritonitis, and exit-site infections was 4/135 (2.96%), 2/135 (1.48%), 14/135 (10.3%), and 4/135 (2.96%), respectively. Regarding the incidence of catheter-related complications, no bleeding events, bowel perforations, or hernia formations were observed with either the semi-surgical or surgical technique. Double purse-string technique around the inner cuff allows an immediate start of continuous peritoneal dialysis both with semi-surgical and surgical catheter implantation. This technique is a safe and feasible approach in patients needing an urgent peritoneal dialysis.
Changing the Physical Activity Behavior of Adults With Fitness Trackers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lynch Chris , Bird Stephen , Lythgo Noel , Selva-Raj Isaac
Published: December 2019

Objective:

To examine whether a fitness tracker (FT) intervention changes physical activity (PA) behavior compared to a control condition or compared to an alternative intervention.

Data Source:

Searches between January 01, 2010, and January 01, 2019, were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO.

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:

Randomized clinical trials of adults using an FT to change PA behavior were included. Nonclinical trials, studies that included the delivery of structured exercise, and/or studies that only used the FT to assess PA were excluded.

Data Extraction:

Extracted features included characteristics of the study population, intervention components, PA outcomes, and results.

Data Synthesis:

Papers were pooled in a statistical meta-analysis using a fixed effects model. Where statistical pooling was not possible, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Findings were presented in a narrative form and tables.

Results:

Of 2076 articles found, 21 were included in the review. A small yet significant positive effect (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.17-0.32; P < .01; I2= 56.9%; P = .03) was found in step count for interventions compared to control. A small yet significant negative effect (SMD = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.20 to −0.02; P = .02; I2= 58.2%; P = 0.03) was found in moderate-to-vigorous PA for interventions compared to an alternative intervention.

Conclusion:

Trackers may enhance PA interventions, as a general positive effect is found in step count compared to a control. However, there is no evidence of a positive effect when interventions are compared to an alternative intervention. It is unknown whether results are due to other intervention components and/or clinical heterogeneity.
Googling Politics: Parties, Sources, and Issue Ownerships on Google in the 2017 German Federal Election Campaign
Authors: Unkel Julian , Haim Mario
Published: December 2019

Democratic election campaigns require informed citizens. Yet, while the Internet allows for broader information through greater media choices, algorithmic filters, such as search engines, threaten to unobtrusively shape individual information repertoires. The purpose of this article is to analyze what search results people encounter when they employ various information orientations, and how these results reflect people’s attributions of issue ownership. A multimethod approach was applied during the 2017 German Federal Election campaign. First, human search behavior depicting various information orientations was simulated using agent-based testing to derive real search results from Google Search, which were then manually coded to identify information sources and ascribe issue ownerships. Second, a survey asked participants about which issues they attribute to which party. We find that search results originated mainly from established news outlets and reflected existing power relations between political parties. However, issue-ownership attributions of the survey participants were reflected poorly in the search results. In total, the results indicate that the fear of algorithmic constraints in the context of online search might be overrated. Instead, our findings (1) suggest that political actors still fail to claim their core issues among political search results, (2) highlight that news media (and thus existing media biases) feature heavily among search results, and (3) call for more media literacy among search engine users.
Structure and properties of recycled bamboo fiber reinforced chemically functionalized ethylene propylene rubber composites
Authors: Dinesh  , Palsule Sanjay
Published: December 2019

Recycled bamboo fiber-reinforced chemically functionalized ethylene propylene rubber (R-BMBF/CF-EPR) composites have been developed by extrusion and injection molding by Palsule process without any fiber treatment and without compatibilizer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows good R-BMBF/CF-EPR interfacial adhesion in the composites, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirms that esterification and the hydrogen bonding between functional groups of CF-EPR and of R-BMBF impart this interfacial adhesion. Mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties and the effect of water absorption on tensile properties of the composites have been evaluated. Tensile properties of the 15/85, 25/75, and 35/65 R-BMBF/CF-EPR composites are higher than those of CF-EPR and increase with increasing R-BMBF in the composites. Storage modulus and loss modulus of the composites increase with increasing fiber contents in them but decrease with increasing temperature. Water-absorbed wet composites show thickness swelling and reduced tensile properties relative to the respective dry composites but higher tensile properties than the dry CF-EPR. Thermal stability and degradation of the composites is also reported.
“So Much for Protect and Serve”: Queer Male Survivors’ Perceptions of Negative Police Experiences
Authors: Meyer Doug
Published: December 2019

The author employs a critical queer criminology approach to examine the negative reporting experiences of queer men who have been sexually assaulted. Based on qualitative, in-depth interviews, findings reveal that queer men of color’s perceptions differed based on gender expression with those participants who did not describe themselves as feminine or gender-nonconforming expressing surprise that police officers had disparaged their sexuality. Moreover, White participants differed based on age, as younger White queer men expected the police to provide support, whereas their older counterparts were not surprised by the negative police response. These findings have implications for theorizing the intersections of gender and sexuality with race and age, given that results indicate younger White queer men may now increasingly perceive the police as providing protection. In contrast, gender-nonconforming queer men of color described continual profiling experiences based on their gender presentation and their racial identity.
Neighbors Helping Neighbors: A University and K-12 School Partnership
Authors: Cress Alissa , Desmet Ophélie Allyssa , Younker BeAnn
Published: December 2019

Partnerships between schools and universities can be beneficial for all parties involved, particularly when their interests and goals for the partnership overlap. The Gifted Education Research and Resource Institute (GER2I) and Tippecanoe School Corporation (TSC) formalized a collaborative effort to improve identification procedures for students with gifts and talents, provide high-quality professional development for teachers, create services and resources for families, and develop evidence-based practices through research opportunities for graduate students and faculty. Suggestions for practitioners and university partners are discussed, along with future directions for the existing partnership.
There’s an App for That, and I Made It
Authors: Siegle Del
Published: December 2019

The Thunkable online platform is an easy-to-use resource for creating apps for mobile devices. Computational thinking is at the heart of problem solving in computer science, and research suggests students’ computational thinking improves when they use simple block coding systems similar to the format used for Thunkable.
Neighbourhood environments and the risk of hospital admission for cardiometabolic and mental health comorbidities in multiple sclerosis: A population cohort analysis using linked administrative data
Authors: Crouse Dan Lawson , Foroughi Ismael , Gupta Neeru
Published: December 2019

This study exploits administrative data for neuroepidemiological research and examines associations between neighbourhood environments and risk of hospitalization among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in New Brunswick, Canada. We created a provincial database of MS patients by linking administrative health records with geographic-based characteristics of local communities. Using Cox models, we found the risk of admission for cardiometabolic complications was lower among residents of ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods (hazards ratio [HR]: 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60–0.95]); that for mental health disorders was higher in socioeconomically deprived (HR: 1.80 [95% CI: 1.06–3.05]) and residentially unstable (HR: 1.61 [95% CI: 1.05–2.46]) neighbourhoods. Results suggest that selected neighbourhood environments may be associated with differential hospital burden among MS patients.
Mortality and causes of death among people suspected of driving under the influence and testing positive for multiple substances
Authors: Karjalainen Karoliina , Haukka Jari , Kuussaari Kristiina , Hautala Sanna , Hakkarainen Pekka
Published: December 2019

Aims: Understanding the mortality of drug users using multiple substances is helpful in preventing the harmful effects of polydrug use. We examined overall and cause-specific mortality and differences in mortality based on social background among people suspected of driving under the influence and testing positive for multiple substances (DUIMS) compared with the general Finnish population. Methods: Register data from 785 DUIMS during 2003–2006 were studied, with a reference population ( n = 25,381) drawn from the general Finnish population. The effect of DUIMS on all-cause and cause-specific mortality was estimated using a Poisson regression model. Results: DUIMS had an increased risk of death compared with the general population (MRR 5.3, 95% CI 4.2–6.6). The most common causes of death in DUIMS were poisonings (37.9%) and suicides (13.6%), whereas in the reference population these were cardiovascular diseases (30.8%) and cancer (26.6%). The cause-specific risk of death among DUIMS was higher in all observed causes of death, except for cancer. The effect of DUIMS on mortality was modified by age, employment status and marital status; DUIMS was associated with an elevated risk of death especially in younger age groups and in singles. Conclusions: DUIMS indicates higher mortality, and DUIMS’ profiles in causes of death differ from the general population. Elevated risk for, for instance, suicidal, accidental and violent death among those using multiple substances highlights the need to also pay attention to causes of death other than poisoning/overdose.
In-class and after-class lecture note-taking strategies
Authors: Chen Pin-Hwa
Published: December 2019

There is a need to better understand note-taking in lectures. Specifically, how in-class and after-class note-taking strategies are used, whether the use of in-class and after-class note-taking strategies varies by gender, year of study and field of major/discipline and to explore the connection between the use of in-class note-taking strategies and after-class note-taking strategies. The study described in this article gathered data from 1072 undergraduate students. The results showed that during class, the most frequently employed strategy was key point selection, followed by comprehension-monitoring, organisation, copying and elaboration. After class, the strategy employed most frequently was elaboration, followed by organisation and help-seeking. It was revealed that females are more likely than males to employ copying, key point selection, organisation and comprehension-monitoring strategies during class as well as elaboration, organisation and help-seeking strategies after class. In addition, students majoring in humanities or social sciences are more likely than those majoring in the natural sciences to use key point selection strategy during class. Finally, students’ in-class note-taking strategies were correlated with their after-class note-taking strategies. Implications for practice are presented.
Child removal as the gateway to further adversity: Birth mother accounts of the immediate and enduring collateral consequences of child removal
Authors: Broadhurst Karen , Mason Claire
Published: December 2019

This article is focused on the immediate and enduring consequences of child removal, from the perspective of birth mothers. The article builds on the authors’ previous theoretical work on the collateral consequences of child removal and women’s vulnerability to repeat family court appearances. Interview data drawn from in-depth qualitative interviews with 72 birth mothers conducted in seven local authority areas are revisited to enable a focused analysis of the immediate and longer-term effects of child removal. Analysis was informed by phenomenology’s interest in collective accounts of experience and the pursuit of moderate generalisations. All the women participating in the study had experienced the repeat removal of their children through the family courts, or were involved in child protection proceedings concerning an unborn child, having previously lost a child from their care. Birth mothers recounted an immediate psychosocial crisis following child removal, but also the cumulative and enduring nature of problems. From women’s accounts, we have been able to deepen our understanding of the enormity of the recovery challenge for women with long-standing histories of disadvantage who hold fragile and restricted social statuses. Role loss and further exclusionary consequences of child removal were particularly pronounced, given women’s limited access to protective resources. A clear set of recommendations for services are set out in a final discussion. The scale of the difficulties women face needs to be recognised in services that aim to promote recovery, if women are to be helped to avoid recurrent family court proceedings.