bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisionary Narratives
Authors: Hachad Naïma
Published: May 2020

Revisionary Narratives examines the historical and formal evolutions of Moroccan women’s auto/biography in the last four decades, particularly its conflation with testimony and its expansion beyond literary texts. It analyzes auto/biographical and testimonial acts in Arabic, colloquial Moroccan Darija, French, and English in the fields of prison narratives, visual arts, theater performance, and digital media, situating them within specific sociopolitical and cultural contexts of production and consumption. Part One begins by tracing the rise of a feminist consciousness in prison narratives produced and/or published in the late 1970s through the 2000s. Part Two moves to analyzing the ubiquity of auto/biography and testimony in the arts as well as contemporary sociopolitical activism. The focus throughout the various case studies is women’s engagement with patriarchal and (neo)imperial norms and practices as they relate to their experiences of political violence, activism, migration, and displacement. To understand why and how women collapse the boundaries between autobiography, biography, testimony, and sociopolitical commentary, the book employs a broad, transdisciplinary, montage approach that combines theories on gender and autobiography and takes into account postcolonial, postmodern, transnational, transglobal and translocal perspectives.
Nan Goldin
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: May 2020

Focusing on two projects first mounted in Paris, an installation about Goldin’s sister Barbara, Sisters, Saints and Sibyls and a projection and grid pictures inspired by images in the Louvre Museum, Scopophilia, this chapter looks at the melancholy and sensuality of the European phase of Goldin’s work. It looks in particular at her attention to women (cisgender and occasionally trans). She moves from images of prostration, lying down to die on railway tracks, being struck down by piercing grief, being tied down in a hospital bed, to images of radiant beauty, exposure, and female eroticism. Through the expansive range of feelings conjured by her photographs, Goldin vindicates female pleasure in looking, and further explores the contestatory power in images of indolence, languishing, and inactivity. The chapter engages closely with Goldin’s statements about her art. It offers, like the book as a whole, an exultant apprehension of new engagements with intimacy and eroticism, and new visions of a feminist, resistant passivity.
India Song
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: May 2020

In Duras’s film India Song (1975) there is a scene showing Anne-Marie Stretter (Delphine Seyrig) in black satin reclining, her torso bare. Light touches her skin and its surface is iridescent. The infinite softness of the breast, like a hothouse flower, its moisture as Seyrig sweats, dissolve feeling, disarm. The breast’s fragility in the night air, its sensitivity, are apparent as Duras films breath, breathing. The shot gathers meanings about those liminal states between waking and sleeping, the agony and horror of a colonial world....
Introduction Transatlantic Studies: Staking Out the Field
Authors: Enjuto-Rangel Cecilia , Faber Sebastiaan , García-Caro Pedro , Newcomb Robert Patrick
Published: May 2020

Transatlantic Studies seeks to provoke a discussion and a reconfiguration of area studies. Within departments of Spanish, Portuguese, Latin American Studies, and Iberian Studies, the Transatlantic approach critically engages the concepts of national cultures and postcolonial relations among Spain, Portugal and their former colonies in the Americas and Africa. Like its objects of study, Transatlantic Studies transgresses national boundaries instead of assuming the nation-state as a sort of epistemic building-block. But it attempts to do so without dehistoricizing the texts and other cultural products it brings under analysis. The thirty-five essays comprised in this volume are geared toward an audience of undergraduate and graduate students, as well as faculty colleagues who teach transatlantically oriented courses. They encompass nearly every decade in the last two centuries: from the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula in the spring of 1808 and the subsequent movements of Latin American independence, through the transatlantic avant-garde, to current migration movements between Latin America, Africa, and the former Iberian metropoles. While each essay addresses a specific topic, our contributors also open up new questions for discussion and research, point to further readings, and suggest specific primary sources that can be used in the classroom.
Between Empires: Spanish Immigrants in the United States (1868–1945)
Authors: Fernández James D.
Published: May 2020

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, tens of thousands of Spanish peasants, seamen, and workers emigrated to the United States, and settled in an archipelago of tight-knit enclaves that dotted the entire country from Barre, Vermont to Monterey, California, and from Boise, Idaho, to Tampa, Florida. Neither friars nor conquistadors, those tens of thousands of immigrants from Spain who ended up in the United States represent just a tiny percentage of the millions of Spaniards who, in those same years, crossed the Atlantic, most with the goal of settling in various points of the Spanish-speaking Americas. Herein lies one of the best-kept demographic secrets of the American hemisphere: the massive presence of Spaniards in the Americas –South, Central and North– is largely a post-imperial phenomenon. For every Spanish friar or explorer from Spain’s Age of Empire who is commemorated by a statue or a street name in the United States, there would arrive, during the Age of Immigration, thousands of Spanish seamen, nannies, cigar-makers, canners, miners, shopkeepers, sheepherders and steelworkers. But because their stories do not easily fit into any conventional national narrative in either country, these working-class Spaniards are, for the most part, absent from standard historical accounts of both Spanish emigration and US immigration. They are, as it were, invisible immigrants.
“Africa begins in …”: Donato Ndongo Bidyogo’s and Francisco Zamora Loboch’s Transatlantic Cartographies
Authors: Bermúdez Silvia
Published: May 2020

This essay takes as point of departure the well-known expression “Africa begins in the Pyrenees,” to evaluate the ways in which two postcolonial authors from Equatorial Guinea, Francisco Zamora Loboch (1948) and Donato Ndongo Bidyogo (1950) express the double consciousness that molds the writing of those living in exile in Spain, displaced by brutal dictatorships. Particular attention is paid to the transatlantic cartographies delineated by Donato Ndongo’s El metro (2007) [The subway], as it dramatizes the negotiation of Africanness in the city of Madrid, an emblem of present-day Fortress Europe. In Francisco Zamora’s case, the essay Cómo ser negro y no morir en Aravaca (1994) [How to be Black and not die in Aravaca] and his 2009 novel Conspiración en el Green (el informe Abayak [Conspiracy in the green (The Abayak report)] demarcate the transatlantic cartographies questioning Spanish social and cultural practices that legitimize violence against Blacks.
Alfonso Reyes, Hispanist Praxis, and the Critique of Transatlantic Reason
Authors: Sánchez-Prado Ignacio M.
Published: May 2020

Mexican writer and intellectual Alfonso Reyes has historically enjoyed a strong reputation as a Hispanist. He was one of the first Latin American intellectuals to engage Spain in the 20th century, becoming close to figures such as José Ortega y Gasset in the 1920, as well as a privileged reader of Góngora in the Spanish American context. Later on, Reyes was a crucial figure in allowing the Spanish Exile in Mexico to integrate to the tissue of Mexico’s cultural field. The affinities that Reyes had with his Spanish counterparts have obscured the fact that, alongside his Hispanism, he also was a strong critic of the idea of Spain as the center of Spanish-language culture and the false symmetry between Spain and Latin America as equal parts of an equation. Using his highly critical Vísperas de España as a departing point, the proposed paper will argue that Reyes was in fact “Provincializing Spain”, to borrow Dipesh Chakrabarty’s expression, that is challenging the status of Spain as the Transatlantic metropolis and questioning the supposed spiritual unity between Spain and Latin America posed by intellectuals at the time.
Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo: The Colonial Matrix and the Latin American Literatures
Authors: Cortez Enrique E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo’s literary history, which describes the literatures of Latin America as an extension of Spain. Menéndez Pelayo proposed, in the Antología de poetas hispano-americanos, a narrative that was primarily aimed to recover the literary production of the colonial times. This recovery was not only limited to archival research, but also included the symbolic redistribution of the Spanish cultural capital, assigning texts to the new Latin American literatures that had previously been exclusive parts of the Spanish literature. The consequence was a broadening of Latin American literary canons to embrace the colonial tradition as a foundational moment in their cultural production. But what did Latin Americans have to gain by embracing a cultural discourse like Menéndez Pelayo’s, not without colonial anxieties? Alongside Spanish efforts to achieve cultural hegemony over the new national realities of Latin America, we also find a local quest, one that attempted to formulate a foundational discourse for the cultural production of each of the young countries. Through Hispanism the Creole elites renewed their arguments to establish their own national hegemony against the less Hispanicized sectors of the population.
Border Blurs
Authors: Thomas Greg
Published: May 2020

This book presents the first in-depth account of the relationship between English and Scottish poets and the international concrete poetry movement of the 1950s-70s. Concrete poetry was a literary and artistic style which reactivated early-twentieth-century modernist impulses towards the merging of artistic media while simultaneously speaking to a gamut of contemporary contexts, from post-1945 social reconstruction to cybernetics, mass media, and the sixties counter-culture. The terms of its development in England and Scotland also suggest new ways of mapping ongoing complexities in the relationship between those two national cultures, and of tracing broader sociological and cultural trends in Britain during the 1960s-70s. Focusing especially on the work of Ian Hamilton Finlay, Edwin Morgan, Dom Sylvester Houédard, and Bob Cobbing, Border Blurs is based on new and extensive archival and primary research. It fills a gap in contemporary understandings of a significant literary and artistic genre which has been largely overlooked by literary critics. It also sheds new light on the development of British and Scottish literature during the late twentieth century, on the emergence of intermedia art, and on the development of modernism beyond its early-twentieth-century, urban Western networks.
Off-Concrete
Authors: Thomas Greg
Published: May 2020

The Glaswegian poet Edwin Morgan coined the term ‘off-concrete’ to describe one of his own concrete poems. In this chapter, the term is used to characterise his overall approach to the style, which expressed both a keen enthusiasm for the classical concrete poetry of the 1950s-60s and a pronounced scepticism regarding its formal and ideological limits. One of many styles with which Morgan experimented during the 1950s-70s – also including beat and sci-fi poetry – concrete poetry was a means both of expressing his opposition to the parochialism of Scottish literary modernist culture and of redefining that culture as internationalist and technologically oriented. At the same time, Morgan’s incorporation of narrative voices and specific thematic scenarios into the concrete poem – ranging from outer space to the animal kingdom, and periodically expressing Scottish-nationalist and anti-colonialist politics – reflects his desire to extend and subvert the grammars of concrete poetry. This dialectical movement propelled his concrete practice forwards from 1962 until around the close of the 1960s, by which time his engagement with the style was waning. However, by the 1970s, a new variant of concrete poetry, more responsive to sound poetry and new Scottish poetry in dialect, had begun to animate Morgan’s practice.
Introduction
Authors: Doyle David M. , O’Callaghan Liam
Published: May 2020

This chapter opens with a micro-history of the murder of Ellen O’Sullivan by David O’Shea in rural Cork in 1931; this case study is used to introduce some of the key themes of the book, particularly around the social history of capital punishment in Ireland. The chapter then outlines the history of capital punishment in Ireland in the nineteenth century before analysing, in detail, the executions carried out during the revolutionary period and the civil war, and the attendant legal proceedings. Political crime and emergency legislation would remain key themes in the history of capital punishment after independence. The chapter then outlines the legal and technical procedures associated with the death penalty in independent Ireland. This key contextual material sets the scene for the remainder of the book.
Women and the Death Penalty
Authors: Doyle David M. , O’Callaghan Liam
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the fate of women sentenced to death in independent Ireland. The majority of the women sentenced to death had killed babies and the judiciary and politicians instinctively looked upon them with pity. Death sentences in such cases were quickly commuted until 1949 when new legislation created the offence of infanticide which was dealt with much more leniently. A smaller number of women were convicted of killing adults and, as this chapter argues, their culpability was usually called into question by the patriarchal judicial and political establishment. In particular decision-makers deployed discourses around morality, sanity and social circumstances to make sense of the actions of this group of women, most of whom were impoverished and socially powerless. Thus with one notable exception – Annie Walsh, who was executed in 1926 – governments were minded to draw back from executing women and closely controlled their lives post-reprieve.
Psychiatry, Criminal Responsibility and the Tempering of Punishment
Authors: Doyle David M. , O’Callaghan Liam
Published: May 2020

This chapter, concerned mainly with the period between the last execution in Ireland in 1954 and the partial abolition of the death penalty in 1964, examines why hanging fell into disuse in this period. The chapter focuses on one phenomenon in particular: the development in Ireland and beyond of new ideas around criminal responsibility and psychiatry. The arrival, in Irish courtrooms, of the forensic psychiatrist meant that new expertise was brought to bear on judging the sanity otherwise of the accused. This, among other factors, led to an increase in the number of reprieves and called into question the desirability of mandatory death sentences. It was clear that the M’Naghten rules were now dated and that some murderers were of ‘diminished responsibility’ – a term given statutory definition in Britain. In Ireland, by the early 1960s, the commutation of death sentences was now routine and the way was clear for partial abolition of the death penalty.
The Place of Home Rulers in Memoir, Commemoration and Public Discourse, 1922–5
Authors: O'Donoghue Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the place of the Irish Party in the public memory as well as the views of grassroots supporters in the state up to the formation of the Irish National League in 1926. There is detailed analysis of how the Irish Party and its leaders were remembered, including debate concerning how those from home rule backgrounds commemorated Ireland’s part in the First World War. However, pointing out that Great War commemorations extended beyond merely gatherings of former Irish Party followers, this chapter interrogates the phenomenon of Redmondite commemorations. This chapter argues that these events demonstrated a clear reservoir of support for John Redmond and the Irish Party in a state where it has previously been suggested that the former leader had been forgotten. This chapter also considers the extant networks of Irish Party supporters which persisted into the Free State such as the Ancient Order of Hibernians and the National Club.
‘Why Not Study History!’ Remembering Parnell’s Party v. Remembering Redmond’s Party
Authors: O'Donoghue Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on commemoration and public debates on the Irish Party’s place in history, problematizing the notion that the Irish Party was forgotten in ‘de Valera’s Ireland’. It assesses contemporary historiography, literature, theatre, film and commemoration to ascertain a variety of views on the Irish Party in this period. While the success of chiefly localised memorials to the Redmonds and others are analysed, there is particular focus on the celebrations of Charles Stewart Parnell and Michael Davitt. Examining the commemorative events held for Parnell and Davitt in 1941 and 1946, this chapter demonstrates that the neglect in this period related to the latter day party led by Redmond which could not be separated from the First World War, the Rising and its defeat by Sinn Féin while Parnell’s movement could be subsumed into a nationalist narrative that culminated in the Irish revolution.
Postcolonial sabotage and ethnographic recovery in Jamaica Kincaid’s The Autobiography of My Mother
Authors: Adair Gigi
Published: May 2020

This chapter is the first of two on recent novels which rewrite and write back to key texts of anthropology. It first examines the way Kincaid’s 1996 novel conceptualizes postcolonial kinship and its understanding of the destruction, perversion and exploitation of intimate bonds by colonial rule. It then turns to the novel’s engagement with the tradition of ethnographic travel writing on the Caribbean, particularly that of Froude and Lévi-Strauss, to argue that the novel demonstrates the strategic use of a discourse of failure. By embracing, rather than rejecting, colonial accusations of civilizational lack in the Caribbean, the novel is able to effectively reflect back and thereby sabotage such imperialist ideologies. Nonetheless, the limits of this strategy of become clear in the novel’s imagination of the figure of Xuela’s Carib mother. Here, the novel’s embrace of a discourse of failure echoes, rather than undermines, colonial and anthropological accounts of Caribbean indigenous groups and their supposedly inevitable demise, and thus it also partly reproduces the ethnographic gaze.
Shattering the flow of history: Dionne Brand’s At the Full and Change of the Moon
Authors: Adair Gigi
Published: May 2020

In contrast to Levy, Dionne Brand’s novel represents a more radical postcolonial intervention in historiography. It demands a reassessment of the meaning of history and kinship, and their relationship to each other, in Black Atlantic contexts, suggesting that the experiences of slavery and the afterlife of slavery require and create alternative modes of relationality and subjectivity. Both normative kinship and history prove elusive and desirable, yet limiting and oppressive. National histories and colonial historiography are revealed as profoundly heteronormative, and it becomes clear that the diasporic lives of the novel's characters are queered by their displacement from national heteronormativity - yet queer does not necessarily mean liberating. Narrating these experience demands a similarly fractured, non-linear mode of writing, in which history and present subjectivities are generated in interaction with one another.
‘Les hommes et les femmes, c’est vraiment pas pareil’ (‘Men and women just aren’t the same’)
Authors: Holmes Diana
Published: May 2020

Annie Leclerc’s writing, most famously the iconic 1974 text Parole de femme, speaks with lyricism and humour for the différencialiste (difference) current of French women’s writing – the current that has been widely identified outside France with ‘French Feminism’. At the time of its initial publication, the book created intense controversy within the French feminist movement: it was the object of a searing critique by materialist feminist Christine Delphy in the pages of Les Temps modernes, and led to Leclerc’s expulsion from the circle around Simone de Beauvoir.When Leclerc died in 2006, her friend and fellow author Nancy Huston wrote an essay on her work, Passions d’Annie Leclerc (2007), that is at once a tribute, a biographical sketch and a meditation on female friendship. The two writers, of slightly different generations (Leclerc b. 1940, Huston 1953) shared a feminism committed– sometimes disturbingly –to the notion of gender difference and hence to some degree sceptical of the Beauvoirian, constructivist model. Analysing Leclerc’s influential text through the lens of Huston’s contemporary essay, this chapterdiscusses the ‘difference’ strand in French feminism, in the 1970s and now, and its relationship to the innovatively hybrid form of Huston’s memorial essay.
Dieudonné: from anti-racist activism to allegations of anti-Semitism
Authors: Ervine Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter will show that career trajectory of Dieudonné raises many important questions about the limits of freedom expression and the extent to which it is possible to police offensive humour. Despite being associated with anti-racist movements in the 1990s, he has more recently come to be associated with the far right at a time when his stage shows and public declarations have become ever more controversial. Indeed, he has been convicted of inciting racial hatred following both performances and public declarations in which he has made anti-Semitic comments. This chapter will argue that the way in which Dieudonné foregrounds many of his stage shows by alluding to controversies in which he has been involved makes it increasingly difficult to separate Dieudonné the on-stage comedian and Dieudonné the polemicist.
Introduction
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces key concepts that help theorize the modern fantastic and its relationship to tabletop role-playing games (TRPGs). In particular, it provides a foundation so that the analysis of the individual case studies is clear. It uses literary studies and modern studies to read core TRPG gametexts, such as those of Dungeons and Dragons or Warhammer 40k. It also focuses on how fantastic space emerges during gameplay. Key also is how humanism and posthumanism can be rethought through a focus on what this books considers to be ‘realized worlds’. These are spaces of enchantment that occur at the intersection of the analog and digital, two elements critical in a process of posthumanization, or a way to rethink the discourses of trans-and-posthumanism.
Criminal Minds
Authors: Ascari Maurizio
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an archaeology of the ‘psycho-thriller’, which emerged as a named, self-identifying genre in the postwar period and was popularized by the films of Alfred Hitchcock, most notably Psycho (1960). Scholars have pointed out links back to American noir of the 1930s and 1940s, but Ascari goes further by presenting a full prehistory of the genre, arguing that it has roots in late-eighteenth- and nineteenth-century theories of the conflicted, often irrational mind. Beginning with William Godwin’s psychological philosophy, including its application in the novel Caleb Williams (1794), and ending with novels and films inspired by Freudian psychoanalysis, Ascari not only uncovers an alternative history of the genre that crosses boundaries between genres and media, but also articulates a theory of genre predicated on hybridization and mobility rather than outlived notions of origin, stasis and purity.
Introduction
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

‘On my knees I beg you to turn away from the paths of violence and to return to the ways of peace’. Pope John Paul II, an iconic opponent of Soviet-led communism, made this futile appeal in September 1979 to the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and other paramilitary organisations involved in the Northern Ireland Troubles....
The KGB and Ireland
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

A potential espionage threat to Britain from Dublin-based Soviet agents arose as the establishment of Irish-Soviet relations became a probability. This chapter examines perceptions of the communist-influenced Official republican movement as the Troubles escalated in 1971-2, with officials expressing fears for the stability of the Dublin government – the ‘Irish Cuba’. British and American officials used a Cold War prism here. The Russians could be expected to exploit the northern crisis, the American ambassador warned, using the Official movement as their ‘natural vehicle’. Following Bloody Sunday, when British paratroopers killed thirteen unarmed civilians, the British prime minister, Ted Heath, warned Dublin that the Soviets would cause as much trouble as they could, using the Official IRA as a proxy. The Irish revolutionary left too used a Cold War lens when opposing Ireland’s membership of the European Economic Community (EEC): it would lock Ireland into a NATO-dominated bloc.
Soviet Policies in Dáil Éireann
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

Ronald Reagan’s visit to Ireland in 1984 proved controversial, owing to the unpopularity of his Central American policy. Having dropped ‘Sinn Féin’ from its title, the WP opposed the visit and faced criticism from the three main parties in the Irish state for being ‘anti-American’ and ‘silent’ on Russian interference in Afghanistan and Poland. The taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald said the WP lacked ‘credibility’ because of its ‘selective pro-Soviet stand’. No longer seen as a subversive threat in the 1980s, it supported Charles Haughey’s minority government. This chapter will highlight Cold War perceptions of the WP’s relationship with the Soviets and its links with Iraq and North Korea. Over the course of the decade, a small party, seen to have good electoral prospects in the south, advanced the Soviets’ agenda in an EC member-state.
Fairy-Tale Bodies: Prostheses and Narrative Perspective in Dinah Mulock Craik’s The Little Lame Prince
Authors: Hingston Kylee-Anne
Published: May 2020

As a literary fairy tale, Dinah Mulock Craik’s The Little Lame Prince and His Travelling Cloak: A Parable for Young and Old (1874) employs a fantasy setting and magical circumstances to depict the moral, psychological, and physical development of its hero, Prince Dolor. The hybrid story combines fairy tale, Bildungsroman, and parable, defies conventional narrative closure, and produces incongruous understandings of disability. The story’s narrative trajectory moves towards closure, first reinforcing Dolor’s physical deviance and the eradicating it through magical prosthetic gifts; as such, the outer structure creates a story of disability as abnormal, restricting, and in need of compensation if not cure. However, by making readers aware first of the narrator’s physical limitations and of their own roles as spectators, and then by focalizing through the disabled hero while he is a spectator, The Little Lame Prince undermines its earlier use of Dolor as a sentimental spectacle. Moreover, moments in which readers focalize with Dolor through his magical prostheses reveal the limitations of all bodies and speculate on the beauty and infinite variety of physical difference. These colliding views of disability in The Little Lame Prince exhibit the complex, shifting role of the body in Victorian thought.
Mysterious Bodies: Solving and De-Solving Disability in the Fin-de-Siècle Mystery
Authors: Hingston Kylee-Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that disability becomes fully specimen in the fin-de-siècle mystery, which grants authority to the professional discourses of medicine, science, and law. Comparing Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) to Doyle’s ‘The Adventure of the Crooked Man’ (1893), the chapter illuminates the interplay between scientific discourse and narrative structure in fin-de-siècle mysteries, revealing the ambiguity with which late Victorians understood and criminalized disability. Despite Jekyll and Hyde’s modern Gothic, open narrative structure, the novella confirms the conservative disability stereotypes associated with late Victorian criminology and physiognomy, which placed anxieties of cultural deviance upon the disabled mind and body. In contrast, despite the conservative drive towards closure typical of detective fiction, ‘The Crooked Man’ undermines those stereotypes and the supposed criminality of the disabled body. However, when either narrative focalizes through characters with freakish bodies, that focalization troubles the professional authority of scientific discourse and denies the possibility of controlling deviance or separating it from imagined normalcy.
Introduction
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

This chapter situates the activities of the West Africa squadron within several interconnected themes and contexts relating to the impact of the Britain’s Abolition Act of 1807. Britain’s abolitionist cause was regarded as an indicator of the national character, dedicated to morality, humanitarianism and freedom, and naval suppression fitted neatly into this narrative. The role of the Royal Navy in enforcing the 1807 Act transformed notions of British identity and evolving ideas of imperialism on the international stage. This chapter positions the book within the existing literature on the nineteenth-century campaign against the transatlantic slave trade, the role of the Royal Navy in the post-Napoleonic Wars period, and the British role in Africa more widely.
Encounters with Africa
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines cultural encounters between British naval officers and West African peoples, and the role of racial attitudes and identity therein. It looks at the persistence or mutability of value sets taken out to Africa, and the resulting dialogues on race, ethnicity, identity and benevolence within the naval community. To an extent, naval officers perceived West Africans through the lens of metropolitan attitudes and many observations subscribed to common racial prejudices; yet others were more considered, born of experience, interaction and affiliation. This chapter examines officers’ encounters with the ‘exotic’ African women they met on their travels and their engagement with African cultures. As the century progressed, increasing contact with African peoples contributed to a shift in racial attitudes, fuelled by new scientific theories and the proliferation of printed material about race.
Officers’ contributions to Britain’s anti-slavery culture
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines officers’ contributions to the metropolitan discourses about slavery and abolition taking place in Britain in the early to mid-nineteenth century. Furthering the theme of naval officers playing an important part in the social and cultural history of the West African campaign, it uncovers connections between the Royal Navy and domestic anti-slavery networks, and the extent to which abolitionist societies and interest groups operating in Britain during the first half of the nineteenth century forged relationships with naval officers in the field. Officers contributed to this ever-evolving anti-slavery culture: through support of societies and by providing key testimonies and evidence about the unrelenting transatlantic slave trade. Their representations of the slave trade were used to champion the abolitionist cause, as well as the role of the Royal Navy, in parliament, the press and other public arenas.
Conclusion
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

The final chapter assesses the cultural and political significance of the West Africa squadron and the work of the naval officers involved in its operation, looking at the wider implications of the question of ‘success’ in discussions about the impact of the squadron both at the time of its operation and since. It examines the shifts and changes that took place during the sixty years of the squadron’s operation, including: perceptions of the slave trade and the best methods of suppressing it; the position of the Royal Navy in Britain’s imperial ambitions; and racial and cultural attitudes of Britons towards Africans and ‘others’. This chapter discusses the ways in which notions of duty and professionalism had changed, and how what it meant to be a Royal Navy officer in 1870 had altered as compared to 1807. It asserts the individuality and independence of naval officers, and their engagement with themes of anti-slavery, empire and identity.
Introduction: Modernity Johnson?
Authors: Lee Anthony W.
Published: May 2020

The traditional view of Samuel Johnson has been that of a quaintly nostalgic figure redolent of days long past, or that of a narrowly bigoted High Anglican Tory, insular and xenophobic, resistant to innovation and experimentation. Many mid-twentieth-century scholars and critics worked indefatigably to undermine the simplicity of the stereotype; in the process, they have enriched our understanding of this complex human being and inexhaustibly fecund writer....
“Saint Samuel of Fleet Street”
Authors: Lee Anthony W.
Published: May 2020

Both Samuel Johnson and Virginia Woolf excelled in several genres—fiction, essay-writing, journals and diaries, biography, and criticism—and both held common attitudes toward a number of important topics. Furthermore, Woolf’s writings betray an admiration for and attraction to Johnson, as is suggested in the title of the chapter, “‘Saint Samuel of Fleet Street’: Johnson and Woolf,” which contrasts and compares a number of topics linking the two. The chapter then looks more closely at two particular genres, literary criticism and biography, and concludes with a meditation upon Johnson and Woolf’s intertextual engagements.
“Intellectually ‘Fuori del Mondo’”
Authors: Moffett Joe
Published: May 2020

In “Intellectually ‘Fuori del Mondo’”: Pound’s Johnson,” Joe Moffett observes that, despite Ezra Pound’s repugnant anti-Semitism and questionable support for the Mussolini regime, he continues to be viewed as one of the Modernism’s most influential artists. In works such as The Spirit of Romance, The Guide to Kulchur, and ABC of Reading, Pound argued for the literature and ideas he felt were most vital for preservation and study. Among these great works and writers stands Samuel Johnson. Pound praises Johnson as “admirable because he will not lick boots, but intellectually ‘fuori del mondo,’ living in the seventeenth century, so far as Europe is concerned.” The chapter explores the connection between these two writers, with special attention paid to direct citations of Johnson in Pound’s poetry and prose.
Johnson and Borges
Authors: Clingham Greg
Published: May 2020

Greg Clingham’s “Johnson and Borges—Some Reflections” considers whether (and how) Johnson’s cultural value changes when he is placed in relation to Jorge Luis Borges, the great modern fantasist, conversationalist, essayist, poet, and director of the National Library of Argentina. It explores Borges’ life-long love of and imaginative engagement with Johnson found not only in his literary and cultural criticism, but also in fifty-five years of recorded conversations with his Argentine colleague and friend Adolfo Bioy Cesares and others, such as Willis Barnstone, and in the fact that Borges and Bioy translated the Lives of the Poets into Spanish (a work, lamentably, that was never published). Clingham argues that Borges saw in Johnson not the embodiment of enlightenment hegemony, and thus a figure to be spurned or patronized, but (along with Shakespeare) the quintessential writer of the English language, and a radiant image of the blind modern writer’s own magical poetic and expansive self.
Typology and Milton’s Masterplot
Authors: Hushagen Sam
Published: May 2020

“In Paradise Lost the typological view of history yields progressive politics.” Drawing on theorists of typology ranging from Coleridge to Auerbach, to Gordon Teskey and Jacques Monod, Hushagen finds Miltonic typology to be “historical and teleonomic rather than transcendent or anagogic: his figures exhibit ‘a purpose or project’ but without a final cause or ultimate fulfillment that would supersede them.”
Learning, Love, and the Freedom of the Double Bind
Authors: Campbell Gardner
Published: May 2020

Viewing the poem through the lens of the cultural anthropologist Gregory Bateson’s double bind theory, Campbell argues that some of the poem’s “odd or striking moments” produce the “paradoxical effect of a meta-liberation into a fuller awareness of the dissociative elements within the very discipline of freedom itself.” Campbell concludes that “perhaps God’s creation, like the poet’s, inextricably involves the strict necessity of appointed bounds and ordained freedom, without which the meaning of love, the most vital, disconjunctive, and transcontextual creation of all, cannot emerge into experience.”
Raphael’s Peroratio in Paradise Lost Balancing Rhetorical Passion in Virgil and Paul
Authors: Held Joshua R.
Published: May 2020

Quintilian, Aristotle, and Cicero all comment on the peroration as an appropriate place to appeal most strongly to the passions or emotions of an audience. Mercury’s peroration in book 4 of the Aeneid, which chiefly excites the passion of fear, and Paul’s in Ephesians, which chiefly emphasizes fortitude and steadfastness, as well as Paul’s peroration in 1 Corinthians, with its emphasis on love, all serve Milton as models for Raphael’s concluding speech to Adam in book 8. Raphael’s peroration “brings together the wisdom of classical rhetorical scholarship, classical epic, and the Christian scriptures to help Adam maintain the perfect pre-fall balance of ‘passions.’”
Political Diplomacy, Personal Conviction, and the Fraught Nature of Milton’s Letters of State
Authors: Jones Edward
Published: May 2020

Discusses the considerable challenges facing the editors of the letters of state for the Clarendon Complete Works. These include the difficulty of ascertaining the degree of Milton’s authorship of state letters which were subject to revision by other agents of the Commonwealth, a problem only partially remedied by scholars’ ability to distinguish Milton’s Latin from that of other government employees. The discovery of additional manuscript collections unknown to earlier editors provides additional challenges, as does the fact that the final published versions of the letters often revise and alter Milton’s Latin. It is dangerous to assume that Milton’s own political convictions are substantially reflected in the state letters
Galaxy Cluster Contribution to the Diffuse Extragalactic Ultraviolet Background
Authors: Welch Brian , McCandliss Stephan , Coe Dan
Published: May 2020

The diffuse ultraviolet background radiation has been mapped over most of the sky with 2′ resolution using data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer survey. We utilize this map to study the correlation between the UV background and clusters of galaxies discovered via the Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect in the Planck survey. We use only high Galactic latitude (

) galaxy clusters to avoid contamination by Galactic foregrounds, and we only analyze clusters with a measured redshift. This leaves us with a sample of 142 clusters over the redshift range of 0.02 ≤ z ≤ 0.72, which we further subdivide into four redshift bins. In analyzing our stacked samples binned by redshift, we find evidence for a central excess of UV background light compared to local backgrounds for clusters with z < 0.3. We then stacked these z < 0.3 clusters to find a statistically significant excess of 12 ± 2.3 photon cm−2 s−1 sr−1 Å−1  over the median of ∼380 photon cm−2 s−1 sr−1 Å−1  measured around random blank fields. We measure the stacked radial profile of these clusters, and find that the excess UV radiation decays to the level of the background at a radius of ∼1 Mpc, roughly consistent with the maximum radial extent of the clusters. Analysis of possible physical processes contributing to the excess UV brightness indicates that non-thermal emission from relativistic electrons in the intracluster medium and faint, unresolved UV emission from cluster member galaxies and intracluster light are likely the dominant contributors.
The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay for RR Lyrae Stars (BRAVA-RR) DR2: A Bimodal Bulge?
Authors: Kunder Andrea , Pérez-Villegas Angeles , Rich R. Michael , Ogata Jonathan , Murari Emma , Boren Emilie , Johnson Christian I. , Nataf David , Walker Alistair , Bono Giuseppe , Koch Andreas , De Propris Roberto , Storm Jesper , Wojno Jennifer
Published: May 2020

The radial velocities of 2768 fundamental-mode RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) toward the southern Galactic bulge are presented, spanning the southern bulge from −8° < l < + 8° and −3° < b  < −6°. Distances derived from the pulsation properties of the RRLs are combined with Gaia proper motions to give constraints on the orbital motions of 1389 RRLs. The majority (∼75%) of the bulge RRLs have orbits consistent with these stars being permanently bound to <3.5 kpc from the Galactic Center, similar to the bar. However, unlike the bulge giants, the RRLs exhibit slower rotation and a higher velocity dispersion. The higher velocity dispersion arises almost exclusively from halo interlopers passing through the inner Galaxy. We present 82 stars with space velocities ≳500 km s−1 and find that the majority of these high-velocity stars are halo interlopers; it is unclear if a subsample of these stars with similar space velocities has a common origin. Once the 25% of the sample represented by halo interlopers is cleaned, we can clearly discern two populations of bulge RRLs in the inner Galaxy. The first population of RRLs is not as tightly bound to the Galaxy (but is still confined to the inner ∼3.5 kpc) and is both spatially and kinematically consistent with the barred bulge. The second population is more centrally concentrated and does not trace the bar. One possible interpretation is that this population was born prior to bar formation, as their spatial location, kinematics, and pulsation properties suggest, possibly from an accretion event at high redshift.
Magnetic Field Geometry and Composition Variation in Slow Solar Winds: The Case of Sulfur
Authors: Kuroda Natsuha , Laming J. Martin
Published: May 2020

We present an examination of the first ionization potential (FIP) fractionation scenario, invoking the ponderomotive force in the chromosphere and its implications for the source(s) of slow-speed solar winds by using observations from The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). Following a recent conjecture that the abundance enhancements of intermediate FIP elements, S, P, and C, in slow solar winds can be explained by the release of plasma fractionated on open fields, though from regions of stronger magnetic field than usually associated with fast solar wind source regions, we identify a period in 2008 containing four solar rotation cycles that show repeated pattern of sulfur abundance enhancement corresponding to a decrease in solar wind speed. We identify the source regions of these slow winds in global magnetic field models, and find that they lie at the boundaries between a coronal hole and its adjacent active region, with origins in both closed and open initial field configurations. Based on magnetic field extrapolations, we model the fractionation and compare our results with element abundances measured by ACE to estimate the solar wind contributions from open and closed fields, and to highlight potentially useful directions for further work.
The Parameter-free Finger-of-God Model and Its Application to 21 cm Intensity Mapping
Authors: Zhang Jiajun , Costa André A. , Wang Bin , He Jian-hua , Luo Yu , Yang Xiaohu
Published: May 2020

Using the galaxy catalog built from ELUCID N-body simulation and the semianalytical galaxy formation model, we have built a mock H i intensity mapping map. We have implemented the Finger-of-God (FoG) effect in the map by considering the galaxy H i gas velocity dispersion. By comparing the H i power spectrum in redshift space with a measurement from the IllustrisTNG simulation, we have found that the FoG effect can explain the discrepancy between current mock maps built from the N-body simulation and the IllustrisTNG simulation. Then we built a parameter-free FoG model and a shot-noise model to calculate the H i power spectrum. We found that our model can accurately fit both the monopole and quadrupole moments of the H i matter power spectrum. Our approach to building the mock H i intensity map and the parameter-free FoG model will be useful for upcoming 21 cm intensity mapping experiments, such as CHIME, Tianlai, BINGO, FAST, and SKA. It is also vital for studying nonlinear effects in 21 cm intensity mapping.
A New Method to Measure Hubble Parameter H(z) Using Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Wu Q. , Yu H. , Wang F. Y.
Published: May 2020

The Hubble parameter H(z) is directly related to the expansion of our universe. It can be used to study dark energy and constrain cosmology models. In this paper, we propose that H(z) can be measured using fast radio bursts (FRBs) with redshift measurements. We use dispersion measures contributed by the intergalactic medium, which is related to H(z), to measure the Hubble parameter. We find that 500 mocked FRBs with dispersion measures and redshift information can accurately measure Hubble parameters using Monte Carlo simulation. The maximum deviation of H(z) from the standard ΛCDM model is about 6% at redshift z = 2.4. We also test our method using Monte Carlo simulation. A Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test is used to check the simulation. The p-value of the K-S test is 0.23, which confirms internal consistency of the simulation. In the future, more localizations of FRBs make it an attractive cosmological probe.
Simulating Solar Flare Irradiance with Multithreaded Models of Flare Arcades
Authors: Reep Jeffrey W. , Warren Harry P. , Moore Christopher S. , Suarez Crisel , Hayes Laura A.
Published: May 2020

Understanding how energy is released in flares is one of the central problems of solar and stellar astrophysics. Observations of high-temperature flare plasma hold many potential clues as to the nature of this energy release. It is clear, however, that flares are not composed of a few impulsively heated loops, but are the result of heating on many small-scale threads that are energized over time, making it difficult to compare observations and numerical simulations in detail. Several previous studies have shown that it is possible to reproduce some aspects of the observed emission by considering the flare as a sequence of independently heated loops, but these studies generally focus on small-scale features while ignoring the global features of the flare. In this paper, we develop a multithreaded model that encompasses the time-varying geometry and heating rate for a series of successively heated loops composing an arcade. To validate, we compare with spectral observations of five flares made with the MinXSS CubeSat, as well as light curves measured with GOES/XRS and SDO/AIA. We show that this model can successfully reproduce the light curves and quasi-periodic pulsations in GOES/XRS, the soft X-ray spectra seen with MinXSS, and the light curves in various AIA passbands. The AIA light curves are most consistent with long-duration heating, but elemental abundances cannot be constrained with the model. Finally, we show how this model can be used to extrapolate to spectra of extreme events that can predict irradiance across a wide wavelength range, including unobserved wavelengths.