bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Handedness: The Influence of Learning
Authors: Perelle Ira B. , Ehrman Lee , Manowitz J. W.
Published: September 2011

55 subjects were divided by writing-hand preference and further divided into control and experimental conditions. All subjects were administered a manipulative skill at pretest, counterbalanced for starting hand. Experimental subjects were given 5 practice sessions, and then all subjects were administered a posttest. Posttest scores of both hands of experimental subjects indicated significant improvement as a result of practice, with the nonpreferred hand showing no significant difference from the preferred hand. These findings were related to the etiology of handedness which is hypothesized to involve two factors, one verbal and dichotomous, the other nonverbal and continuous.
Relationship between Preference for a Type of Sport and Two Aspects of Personality: Social Alienation and Self-Esteem
Authors: De Man Anton F. , Blais Ghyslaine
Published: September 2011

96 casual sport participants took part in a study investigating the relationship between sport-preference and social alienation and between sport-preference and self-esteem. 32 subjects were primarily involved in individual sports, 32 in team-of-two sports, and 32 in larger team sports. Males and females were equally represented in each group. Preference for team sports was related to lower levels of social alienation in male and female participants. Higher levels of self-esteem were found among males involved in individual sports and females participating in team sports.
Effects of Viewing Distance and Visual Angle on Metameric Matches
Authors: MacDonald Ranald R. , Pratt Francis , Beattie Martin E.
Published: September 2011

A metameric matching task was used to study the effect of viewing distance and visual angle on the appearance of bichromatic stimuli. Increasing the viewing distance resulted in a shift towards the longer wavelength component. Effects of visual angle were also found.
Functional Asymmetry in the Chimpanzee
Authors: Muncer S. J.
Published: September 2011

Consistency of conjugate lateral eye movements is demonstrated by one 5-yr.-old chimpanzee, Jane, but not by Fanny a chimpanzee of approximately 4 ½ yr. Jane displayed right-sided eye movements on both language problems, including those considered to be spatial, and also during play periods. Some implications of this research are discussed.
Performance of Forensic Patients on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique: A Normative Study
Authors: Mullen James M. , Reinehr Robert C. , Swartz Jon D.
Published: September 2011

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique was administered to all 269 adult males admitted as forensic patients in the state of Texas during a 12-mo. period. Normative data presented suggest that these forensic patients differ from other criterion groups in their responses to this psychometrically rigorous projective technique. Factor analysis of the scores indicated a factorial structure similar to that reported for several of the Holtzman standardization samples but with at least one factor which seems to be unique to these forensic patients.
Comparison of the Standard and Computerized Versions of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test
Authors: Rock Daniel L. , Nolen Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Computerized psychological assessment is potentially a viable alternative to the traditional method of examiner based assessment. 15 children, 4 females and 11 males, ranging in age from 7 to 14 yr., were administered a computerized version of the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices test. The necessary software for computerizing this test was developed and programmed for use with an Apple II Plus microcomputer. Scores obtained from the computerized and traditional versions of the Raven's test were compared on total mean score, correlation with the WISC-R, Raven's subscale intercorrelations, and Raven's total mean score composition. In general, results indicate that the two versions of the Raven's Matrices do not statistically significantly differ on the dimensions tested in the present study. The relatively small number of subjects and the lack of rigorous experimental control limit generalization of the results. Continued research into the use of computerized psychological assessment is warranted.
Effects of Reward on Creativity in College Students of Two Levels of Ability
Authors: Moran James D. , Liou Ellen Y. Y.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of reward on the creativity of 80 college students. Subjects at two levels of cognitive ability were assigned to either a rewarded or nonrewarded condition for group administration of two subtests of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Figural Form B). Differences were obtained as a function of reward, task, and subject variables. On the Picture Completion task, the nonrewarded group performed better than the rewarded group, especially on the flexibility measure. On the Circles task, reward led to a decrement in performance for students of high ability but facilitated the performance of students low in ability. The findings suggest that tangible incentives may have a detrimental effect on creativity in certain contexts.
Comparison of Slosson and McCarthy Scales for Minority Pre-School Children
Authors: Bondy Andrew S. , Norcross John C. , Sheslow David , Constantino Robert
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made between the Slosson Intelligence Test and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities for 44 minority preschool children. The mean Slosson score was 13.8 points higher than the mean McCarthy score and the correlation between scores on the two tests was .81. One source of this discrepancy in means may be the heavy reliance the Slosson has upon the 1960 Stanford-Binet. The potential effects of inflated Slosson scores relative to McCarthy scores for screening purposes are discussed.
Longitudinal Study of Reading Scores of the Stanford Achievement Test
Authors: Suddick David E. , Bowen Charles L.
Published: September 2011

A 2. 5-yr. longitudinal study of the reading scales of the Stanford Achievement Test confirmed the redundancy in its subtests. Strong and stable test-retest reliability coefficients were evident and supported the use of the Stanford total reading scale for longitudinal evaluations.
Reaction Time and Psychophysiological Activity
Authors: Sersen Eugene A. , Clausen Johs. , Lidsky Arnold
Published: September 2011

Disjunctive reaction times (RT) involving two interstimulus intervals were obtained from 10 subjects during 4 sessions while recording heart period, skin conductance, and EEG. Multiple regression analysis indicated complex relationships between RT and skin conductance and heart period which varied with session level. The relationship of RT and skin conductance was predominantly linear but positive when level of skin conductance was low and negative when high. Heart period showed a predominantly curvilinear trend which also varied with level during the session. Fastest RTs tended to occur with long heart periods in short heart period sessions and vice versa. Fast RTs were also accompanied by relatively low EEG power before and after stimulation and by higher EEG frequency after the stimulus. The pattern of findings did not fully accord with the expectations of activation theory, and the proportion of RT variance accounted for was small. It is suggested that activation may vary to maintain a constant level of motor performance Faster RT may occur under relaxed conditions and high arousal, and concentrated attentiveness may be an attempt to compensate for boredom or distraction.
Effects of Social Reinforcement on Motor Performance of Trainable Retarded Students on Speed and Persistence Tasks
Authors: Heitman Robert J. , Justen Joseph E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of social reinforcement on two motor tasks by 40 retarded subjects with high and low MAs were investigated. Ages ranged from 10 to 18 yr., M = 14.46 yr. Mean IQ was 46.82; mental age for the high subjects was 8.09 yr., for the low 5.45 yr. Significant main effects for social reinforcement were found for the persistence measure but none for the speed measure. The effectiveness of praise on retarded subjects' performance is related to the type of motor task used.
Figure-Background Perception and Cerebral Dominance: Hypothesized Integrated Process of Hemispheric Specialization
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Ceridono Davide , Cei Alberto , Bergerone Chiara
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was that the two hemispheres have different functions in normal vision, the dominant one analyzes the “figure” and the non-dominant the “background.” The investigation examined responses of 41 female psychology students. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis.
Hand Test Norms for Disruptive Black Adolescent Males
Authors: Mc Giboney Garry Wade , Huey Wayne Cowan
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test (Wagner, 1962), 10 cards which portray hands in different positions, was administered individually to each of 51 black adolescent males of low socio-economic status. They had been referred for chronic disruptiveness in the classroom. Interscorer reliability was .88. The Acting-out Ratio exceeded high school norms. The Interpersonal-Environmental Response Ratio was significantly imbalanced toward the Interpersonal. Possible use of this ratio as a predictor of overt behavior should be studied.
Methodological Ambiguities of the Projective Technique: An Overview and Attempt to Clarify
Authors: Veiel H. , Coles E. M.
Published: September 2011

Common definitions of projective tests are examined and shown to be imprecise. A distinction is made between projective tests and the projective technique. It is argued that the unique formal feature of the projective technique is its particular scoring process: response categories are intensionally defined and comprise infinite sets of responses. Although two groups of projective tests are differentiated, a continuity from ‘psychometric’ to projective tests is argued. Statistical implications are also discussed.
College Students' Attitudes toward Mathematics
Authors: Lin Yi-Guang
Published: September 2011

Three samples of college students in mathematics ( n = 292), psychology ( n = 66), and other fields ( n = 76) chose two out of 14 statements concerning mathematics and mathematicians to indicate their attitudes toward mathematics. Three items describing mathematics as good mental exercise and valuable mental training were selected by more than 55% of the students in all three samples. The over-all similarity in attitudes toward mathematics among the three samples is quite high. These results suggest that mathematics is highly valued by these college students.
Children's Categorical Representation of Oblique Orientation
Authors: Scher Anat , Olson David R.
Published: September 2011

20 7-yr.-old children were given a memory task in which they were asked to compare successively presented oblique lines. The lines varied in respect to (1) their position within a square display and (2) their relation to the diagonal axis of the display. Children's performance suggests a categorical spatial representation system in which stimuli are encoded in terms of position and axis features. In comparing the orientation of two oblique lines, children match these coded categorical features (e.g., on axis vs off axis) and respond by the simple response rule: if a match say “same;” if a mismatch say “different,” so, children's recognition of oblique lines is often in error.
Some Distinctive Characteristics of High-Achieving Irish Apprentices
Authors: Moran Aidan P.
Published: September 2011

There is currently an upsurge of interest among Irish school leavers in craft apprenticeship training. This study sought to explore the distinctive characteristics of high-achieving apprentices from a representative national sample ( N = 433) spanning 13 trades. The criteria of performance comprised measures of theory attainment (Cr1), practical proficiency (Cr2), and composite success (Cr3) in training. “High achievers” (defined as those scoring in the top-third of the criterion distribution) on Cr1 and Cr3 tended to be significantly more intelligent, more verbally gifted, more numerate, and more achievement-motivated than were their low-achieving colleagues (defined as those scoring in the bottom-third of the criterion distribution). No significant differences emerged when the construct profiles of equivalently defined groups on Cr2 were compared.
Tactile Discrimination of Direction of Lines in Relation to Hemispheric Specialization
Authors: Brizzolara Daniela , De Nobili Gianni L. , Ferretti Giovanni
Published: September 2011

The role of the right hemisphere in a task of haptic discrimination of line orientation was studied in 16 children aged 7–6 and 16 adults aged 25 yr. The exploratory movements were limited to hand and wrist, since it has been shown that distal movements are mediated by the contralateral hemisphere. A comparison of the performance of the two hands shows a clear superiority of the left hand and inferred right hemisphere in both children and adults. An especial emphasis in the discussion is given to the role of the experimental procedure in enhancing the effect of the hemispheric functional asymmetries.
Note on the EEG Orienting Response in Children
Authors: Bryan Janice Westlund
Published: September 2011

Time durations of “alpha bursts” and of “alpha blocking” (no-alpha) intervals, which was the index of the orienting response, were measured by the EEG for 61 children, ages 5–6 and 9–10 yr. Three conditions were examined: (1) eyes closed in the dark (EC), (2) eyes open in the dark (EO), and (3) feedback visual stimulation (VS). Alpha durations were progressively briefer, while no-alpha durations were progressively longer, from EC to EO to VS. Older children had longer no-alpha durations. The differences among the three conditions were greater for older than for younger children with regard to no-alpha durations. The results suggest that the alpha-blocking response is changing between the ages of 5 and 10 yr.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in Children
Authors: Lewandowski Lawrence
Published: September 2011

A sample of 48 boys was divided into four separate age groups and then presented with a variety of hemispheric specialization tasks. Asymmetries were demonstrated on manual, visual, and auditory tasks, however, the degree of these asymmetries did not change across age groups. The findings suggest that hemispheric specialization as measured by dichotic listening and visual half-field tasks is not likely to change significantly with increased age. In addition, there appears to be a dissociation between visual and auditory perceptual asymmetries.
Self- and External Reinforcement in Production of Questions
Authors: Dukes Lenell
Published: September 2011

Self-reinforcement by 74 children of age 5 yr. for asking questions in a small group with one trainer, then in a large group with another person showed the self-reinforcing children had learned to ask questions but the behavior did not transfer to the new situation.
Spontaneous EEG Correlates of Intellectual Functioning in Talented and Handicapped Adolescents
Authors: Fischer Donald G. , Hunt Dennis , Randhawa Bikkar S.
Published: September 2011

EEG correlates of intellectual functioning were investigated in 35 academically talented and 20 academically handicapped adolescents. EEG data from Ertl's Brainwave Analyzer were factor-analyzed and factor scores entered into regression equations predicting four primary mental abilities, verbal, numerical, reasoning, spatial, and two sequential tests of educational progress, reading and mathematics. Analysis indicated that (1) frequency ratio, with relatively greater left-hemisphere activity was the most important EEG variable related to mental functioning in the talented group; (2) while EEG period and alpha ratio were the two most important EEG variables related to intellectual functioning in the mentally handicapped group; (3) hemispheric symmetry was of some importance for both groups, with greater symmetry being associated with superior performance. Contrary to Ertl's neural efficiency theory, (1) neural information transfer rate was significantly positively (not negatively as predicted) related to intellectual performance (for the handicapped group only), and (2) alpha was significantly related to intellectual functioning (for the handicapped group only). Further research is needed to extend and confirm the above findings dealing with persons scoring in the normal IQ range and during mentally active as well as resting conditions.
Somatotype Characteristics of International Orienteers
Authors: Barrell G. V. , Cooper P. J.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of the somatotypes of male and female international orienteers showed a marked similarity between sexes. A comparison of international orienteers with other international athletes in terms of somatotype and size indicated that male orienteers were very similar to 800/1500-metre men runners and the female orienteers to 400/800-metre women runners.
Pursuit Meter II, a Computer-Based Device for Testing Pursuit-Tracking Performance
Authors: Ferslew Kenneth E. , Manno Joseph E. , Manno Barbara R. , Vekovius W. Allen , Hubbard James M. , Bairnsfather Lee E.
Published: September 2011

The Pursuit Meter II, a microcomputer-based device developed for the quantitative determination of human pursuit-tracking performance, is described. Computer-generated moving patterns are displayed on a high resolution color video monitor. For the subject the task is to attempt to superimpose a red line presented on the screen, the vertical location of which he controls with a steering device, over a blue line the computer generates as the problem. Both lines, each composed of 279 segments, are generated at the same rate, left to right on the monitor. The individual differences between the subject's response and the problem are summed and stored by the computer as an error score which correlates inversely to the subject's ability to perform the task. Three Pursuit Meter II problems were presented to 26 male college students. Our data demonstrated that different levels of performance to the problems resulted and that the Pursuit Meter II can be used to quantify human pursuit-tracking performance.
Relationships between Commonly Employed Strength Measures
Authors: Kleinman Matthew
Published: September 2011

27 male college students were tested on two measures each of static, abdominal, and dynamic strength. The correlations for each pair of measures were .97, .92, and .79. The magnitude of these coefficients was attributed to nonspecific factors present during the initial stages of skill acquisition.
Dimensions Underlying Rating Responses to 50 Randomly Selected Emotional Words: A Systematic Replication with Naive Subjects
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

A systematic replication employed 14 naive subjects in the semantic rating of 50 affective words. Mean ratings from two groups correlated very strongly, e.g., .95, .93, with those previously produced by experienced subjects, and factor analyses of naive ratings validated the importance (80% of total variance) of Pleasure and Arousal as dimensions of affect. A third “ghost” (9% of total variance) factor was shown to be less predictive as well as less stable
Anxiety and Speech Production: Some Support for the Inverted U-Shaped Function
Authors: Evans Philip D. , Coonick Heather
Published: September 2011

36 subjects were videorecorded while interacting dyadically with an exotic harmless snake. Tapes were analyzed to give both measures of contact with the snake and speech production for each member of the dyads. From previous research, it was assumed that initiating contact with the snake would create some anxiety even among those subjects who acknowledged no self-reported fear of snakes prior to the experiment. Predicted greater variability in speech-production scores was found for the high snake-contact group compared to the low-contact group when scores were split about the median on contact and the variances compared. It is argued that the result is consistent with an inverted-U relationship between anxiety and speech production.
Dimensions of Affect as Predictors of Free Classification of Affective Words
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

20 subjects were provided with a set of 50 affective words and instructed to group or classify these in any way they wished. A highly successful prediction of subjects' classifications, achieved via discriminant analyses, was based on the affective dimensions of Pleasure and Arousal and on 9 additional semantic ratings available for each word. The unstructured nature of the task is interpreted as lending extremely strong support to the validity of the dimensions and ratings.
Relationships between Level I and Level II Abilities and Problem Solving
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

Investigated the relationship between Jensen's Level I-Level II mental abilities and how they correlate with problem solving. The Davis distinction between Type “O” and Type “C” tasks served as the model of problem solving. 110 college students served as subjects. The WAIS Digit Span subtest and Raven's Progressive Matrix Test were used to assess Level I and Level II abilities, respectively. A concept-identification task was selected to measure Type “O” problem solving and the WAIS Arithmetic subtest was chosen as the Type “C” problem. The Pearson correlation between Level I and Level II abilities of .07 was nonsignificant whereas all correlations between intelligence and problem-solving tasks proved to be significant. However, Level II correlated significantly higher with success at Type “O” problem solving than did Level I; no differences were found between Level I and Level II abilities and Type “C” problem solving. The results do not support Jensen's “twisted pear” hypothesis concerning the relationship between Level I-Level II abilities. Hypotheses concerning level of intelligence and problem solving were partially confirmed.
A Logic for Stepwise Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Thompson Bruce
Published: September 2011

Virtually all parametric statistical procedures have been shown to be special cases of canonical correlation analysis, and canonical correlation analysis has been shown to be a useful research methodology, particularly when augmented by the calculation of canonical structure and index coefficients. This article proposes a logic for conducting stepwise canonical correlation analyses, based upon evaluation of canonical communality coefficients. The procedure is a direct analogue of stepwise multiple regression.
Young Children's Perception of “Real” and “Pretend” on Television
Authors: Skeen Patsy , Brown Mac H. , Osborn D. Keith
Published: September 2011

The Degree of Perceived Reality Scale was administered to 22 4- and 22 5-yr.-old children in a day-care center. The degree of reality perception of cartoon and human-fantasy televised episodes was measured. Five-yr.-olds had a more mature reality perception of both cartoon and human fantasy televised episodes than did 4-yr.-olds. Only 5-yr.-olds had a more mature reality perception of cartoon than of televised episodes of human fantasy.
Developmental Changes in Letter Recognition as Affected by Parafoveal Noise
Authors: Hatae Tereza Iochico , Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2011

The effect of parafoveal noise information on a Hirakana target-recognition task was investigated with 10 good and 10 poor readers in first and second grades ( ns = 20 per grade). A differential effect of parafoveal noise produced a longer or shorter variation in RT depending on the kind of surrounding material. This suggests that the filtering mechanism whereby unnecessary information is avoided becomes more efficient from the first to the second grade of school attendance.
Women's Type A/B Behavior Patterns and Fear of Success
Authors: Loewenstine Harold V. , Paludi Michele A.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between Type A/B behavior patterns and motive of success avoidance in women. Results showed that Type B women have a fear-of-success orientation. They are concerned with antagonizing others as a result of succeeding. These women may be realistically appraising achievement situations, especially the physical and emotional costs at which success achieved through competition is gained.
Relationship between Frontalis Muscle Tension and Digital Skin Temperature during EMG Biofeedback
Authors: Cinciripini Paul M.
Published: September 2011

The current study examined the relationship between frontalis EMG and digital skin temperature during EMG biofeedback. 63 subjects participated in 8 40-min. sessions involving a 10-min. adaptation, baseline, feedback, and postfeedback period. The results showed significant reductions in EMG and increases in skin temperature between feedback and baseline periods. Multiple regression analysis showed that baseline EMG levels were the best predictors of skin temperature changes and characterized the relationship between the variables by an over-all negative correlation of .32.
Identification of Speakers' Occupations
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Thompson Jeanne N. , Kimmel Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

To determine if listeners can accurately identify speakers' occupations from recorded speech samples, 32 listeners judged the recordings of 14 speakers. For all but 2 speakers, listeners' correct judgments did not exceed chance-guessing levels. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Effect of Movement and Vision on Visual-Motor Adjustment to Optical Rearrangement
Authors: Gallahue David L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of three conditions of movement (active, passive, and eye movement only) combined with two conditions of vision (sight and no sight of the body) on visual-motor adjustment to a familiar but optically rearranged environment. A total of 175 male college students were subjects. Each subject wore a pair of 25-diopter prism glasses while performing one of seven possible tasks. Visual-motor adjustment was measured by means of a mirror-box test administered prior to, and immediately following, performance of a 15-min. treatment session. Analysis of covariance indicated significant main effects for vision and a significant interaction between conditions of movement and vision. The actively moving subjects with sight of their bodies made significantly greater visual-motor adjustment to the optically rearranged environment than those in any of the other conditions investigated. The fact that non-moving subjects made small but significant adjustment was unexpected and remains unexplained.
Parents' and Day-Care Teachers' Perceptions of Young Children's Skills
Authors: Totta Anna Rose , Crase Sedahlia Jasper
Published: September 2011

This study investigated how accurately parents and day-care teachers perceive young children's fine motor, gross motor, and language skills. Subjects were 30 preschool-age children, 30 mothers or primary caregivers, 16 fathers, and 30 day-care center teachers. Children's skills were measured by their performance on 21 items near their age levels on the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Parents' and teachers' perceptions, measured by their judgments as to whether they thought the child was capable of performing the 21 skills, were scored as underestimates, hits, or overestimates. Paired t tests comparing mothers', fathers', and teachers' responses yielded no differences between groups except mothers overestimated children's gross motor skills and teachers underestimated children's fine motor skills more than fathers. Correlations confirmed the lack of differences.
Middle-Aged, Non-Elite Marathon Runners: A Profile
Authors: Summers Jeffery J. , Sargent Greg I. , Levey Amanda J. , Murray Kevin D.
Published: September 2011

A survey of 363 middle-aged non-elite runners who were attempting a first marathon was conducted to assess their reasons for attempting a marathon, the perceived outcomes from running a marathon, and their experiences while running. While most runners began running to improve physical fitness, personal challenge was the main reason for attempting a marathon. Running the marathon was a very positive experience producing feelings of deep personal awareness and satisfaction. Information was obtained relating to the concept of “positive addiction” and the cognitive strategies employed while running.
A Clinically Useful Polling Technique for Assessing Susceptibility to Motion Sickness
Authors: Mirabile Charles S. , Ford Martin R.
Published: September 2011

Susceptibility to motion sickness is a powerful index of individual differences and can be assessed in large populations without a test of performance. Although all questionnaire techniques introduce some error, we have demonstrated that a simple set of questions can lead to a five-point rating system with adequate validity and reliability. Our observations may be useful to any investigator interested in individual differences and have been extremely effective in sorting out behavioral trends in large samples of patients.
The Oblique Effect: A New Slant on Things
Authors: Williams Leonard J.
Published: September 2011

In a classification task that required 9 undergraduates to make speeded decisions about the orientation of foveally and peripherally presented single lines, no evidence was found for an ‘oblique effect.' This supports the recent suggestion by Essock that the oblique effect is difficult to demonstrate in tasks involving stimulus encodings and memory, e.g., a classification task.
Cardinal Equivalence of Small Number in Young Children
Authors: Kingma J. , Roelinga U.
Published: September 2011

525 kindergarten and Grade 1 primary school children were given three types of equivalent cardination tasks in which the influence of the use of different stimulus configurations was assessed. The tasks were linear, linear-nonlinear, and nonlinear configurations, with a further differentiation in density in the linear-nonlinear tasks. Number reproduction tasks and evoked correspondence tasks were administered and the data compared with those on the linear cardination tasks. Nonlinear tasks were not more difficult than the linear ones and did not support Siegel's 1972 finding. If the elements in the sets of the cardination tasks were spaced apart, performance on the three tasks did not differ significantly. However, the density manipulation produced strong effects. The tasks, in which the elements were spaced closely together, were more difficult than those with elements spaced farther apart. This result does not confirm the work of Gelman and Gallistel and also not Brainerd's statement that the majority of children will judge a more dense set to contain more elements. This is a note-worthy result, because redundant, non-numerical cues (like target area, background area, and brightness) were eliminated in these equivalent-cardination tasks and only the density manipulation could be effective. Number reproduction and evoked correspondence tasks proved easier than the linear cardination tasks, perhaps because in these tasks the use of the one-to-one correspondence was evoked as a strategy to solve the tasks, whereas in the linear cardination tasks no attention was paid to the one-to-one correspondence in the instruction. Implications for understanding the cardination concept development are discussed.
Effect of a Weight-Training Program on the Self-Concepts of College Males
Authors: Tucker Larry A.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a weight-training program on the self-concepts of 105 college males and whether or not success in the lifting program affected self-concepts. Subjects were randomly selected by a duster-sampling strategy, divided by self-selection into an experimental and a control group, and assessed on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. The weight-training program required two intense 50-min. total-body workouts per week for 16 wk. Significant differences between groups were found on five of the nine self-concept measures including the Total Positive score; this supported the hypothesis that regular weight-training positively influences self-concept. The experimental group also showed significant improvement from pre- to posttest on eight of the nine self-concept indices, yet control subjects displayed no significant changes on any of the measures. Level of success in the lifting program was not determined to be a significant moderator variable.
Sex Differences in Critical Flicker Frequency
Authors: Ginsburg N. , Jurenovskis M. , Jamieson J.
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 101 subjects 42 men showed significantly higher CFFs than 59 women. This is contrary to the prediction of Broverman, et al. and differs from the results of Misiak, who reported no sex difference. The findings were discussed in relation to the organizational hypothesis of Phoenix, et al.
Tactile Sensitivity to Two Types of Stimulation: Continuous and Discrete Shifting of a Point Stimulus
Authors: Shimizu Yutaka , Wake Tenji
Published: September 2011

Tactile sensitivity to shifts of a point stimulus was determined at the forehead for spatially filled (continuous) and spatially separated (discrete) stimulation. The minimal limen was between 12 and 30 mm/sec. for continuous stimulation and at a 200-msec. interstimulus interval for discrete stimulation. The continuous thresholds were always lower than the discrete thresholds at the examined time rates. Furthermore, the continuous thresholds were slightly higher for oblique directions than for both vertical and horizontal directions, while the discrete thresholds were quite low for both vertical and horizontal directions.
Information Transmission of Initial vs Later Between-Point Nonverbal Behaviors in Tennis
Authors: Whittaker-Bleuler Sharon A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the portion of the “between-point” (from the end of one point to the beginning of the next) behavioral episode that provided most information in the detection of winning and losing behavior. Experienced Canadian (40 males and 40 females) adult tennis playing volunteers viewed either the first half (Tape X) or last half (Tape Y) of the “between-point” episodes on videotape. They were requested to respond as to whether the sender of the message (3 high ranking male and 3 similarly skilled female Canadian players) had won or lost the point immediately preceding the behavior viewed. No sex differences were found when considering the tapes separately or when considering male and female players who appeared on the tapes separately. Detection ability especially of losing behavior and particularly for males was significantly better on Tape X (first half of the episodes) than on Tape Y (second half of the episodes). The relevant behaviors, particularly those indicating losing, occurred in the first portion of the tape, suggesting that the players exhibiting the behavior suppressed the display of losing behavior.
Role of the Frontal Lobes on an Attention Task: A Signal Detection Analysis
Authors: Salmaso Dario , Denes Gianfranco
Published: September 2011

Sensitivity and criterion were studied on an attention task requiring detection of new stimuli for a group of 20 patients with unilateral hemispheric damage restricted to the anterior or posterior areas. Patients performed a simple attention task, in which the presence of a novel stimulus had to be detected against the repetition of the same stimulus repeated. Only the site of the lesion (anterior vs posterior damage) influenced the performance of the task. In fact, frontal patients had both lower capacity to discriminate between signals and nonsignals and lower confidence in their responses.
Comparison of Two Screening Tests: Gesell Developmental Test and Meeting Street School Screening Test
Authors: Dukes Lenell , Buttery Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Pearson product-moment correlations were computed for selected subtests of The Gesell Developmental Test and The Meeting Street School Screening Test. The selected subtests are moderately correlated, suggesting that either test might be used in a battery.
Detection of Deception: Consistency in Responding and Personality
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Haward Lionel R. C.
Published: September 2011

This paper investigated the relationship between consistently good responding on three guilty-knowledge card tasks and personality. Consistently good responders (8 normals and 7 personality-disordered subjects) had significantly higher Arrow-Dot Ego control scores and were more introverted than the remaining 81 subjects.
Distance Cues and Depth Avoidance on the Visual Cliff
Authors: Morrison Perry R.
Published: September 2011

The study tested the hypothesis that depth avoidance in chicks is a specific case of general aversion to far patterns. Using a modified visual cliff, 192 male chicks less than 24 hr. old were on one side presented vertical patterns at varying distances from the centerboard and on the other side either a shallow or deep pattern. Control data indicated that, when two vertical patterns are presented on an opaque surface, chicks will descend to the nearer pattern and that this is motivated by aversion to the far pattern rather than attraction to the near one. Further data showed, however, that when a vertical pattern appeared at varying distances on one side of the centerboard and either a shallow or deep pattern appeared on the other, chicks avoided the side with depth at all distances of the vertical pattern. Depth avoidance in chicks then is not mediated by distance cues. While these may influence descent from a centerboard to an opaque surface, avoidance of depth overrides them on the visual cliff.
Comparison of Educationally Handicapped Students' Scores on the Revised Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and Bender-Gestalt
Authors: Breen Michael J.
Published: September 2011

32 elementary-aged boys enrolled in a program for the emotionally disturbed were administered the Revised Beery and Bender-Gestalt. A significant correlation of .73 was found between Beery and Bender age-equivalent scores. A t test for correlated data indicated mean scores did not differ significantly from one another, but scores were quite varied. The implications of such variability are discussed.
Achievement in Reading, Verbal Language, Listening Comprehension and Locus of Control of Adult Illiterates in a Volunteer Tutorial Project
Authors: Gold Patricia Cohen , Horn Pamela L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effectiveness of specific psychoeducational tutoring methods on achievement in reading, verbal language, listening comprehension, and locus of control. Subjects were 76 youths and adults reading below fifth grade who volunteered to participate in an adult tutorial project. After the assessment of entry level achievement, subjects were tutored for 34 hr. by trained volunteers. Comparison of pretest and posttest scores with a control group that received no tutoring indicated that subjects made significant improvement in both general reading and discrete reading subskills. As gains in verbal language, listening comprehension, and locus of control were non-significant, further research is needed over a longer period of time or employing other standardized measures. Results support the use of well-trained volunteers in ameliorating problems of adult illiteracy.
Performance on the Motor Scale of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities as Related to Home Environment and Neonatal Reflexes
Authors: La Veck Beverly , Hammond Mary A.
Published: September 2011

Total motor and cognitive-motor performance at age 4 was related to home environment but not to neonatal reflexes. Large muscle skill was unrelated to environment but did relate to neonatal reflexes among girls.
Neuropsychological Assessment after Lead Poisoning without Encephalopathy
Authors: Sachs Henrietta K. , Krall Vita , Drayton Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

100 subjects who were lead poisoned in early childhood and treated before the onset of encephalopathy were given neuropsychological tests, along with 28 unaffected siblings. No difference was found in the results for the two cohorts on the battery of tests administered.
An Eye-Pouch Effect in Choice of “Smile” Pictures
Authors: Kirkland John , Wright Patricia
Published: September 2011

80 female shoppers were asked to choose from a single pair of full-face photographs the one showing greater “smile genuineness.” Four different people were pictured, two males and two females. Within each gender group one person displayed an “upper smile” (where teeth were visible), the other a “smile” (teeth were not visible). The only difference between pair members was “eye pouch” presence or absence. Pouches were removed artistically from one picture of each pair. Regardless of smile-type, eye-pouch presence favoured selection of female pictures, as well as of male and female pictures in a combined analysis. However, for male-face pictures a significant difference (binomial) occurred only for “upper smiles.” Over-all, few viewers identified the critical difference when asked to explain their choice; only 20% mentioned the eyes.
Bender-Gestalt Performance of Sierra Leone, West African Children from Four Sub-Cultures
Authors: Karr Sharon K.
Published: September 2011

The quality of the Bender-Gestalt performance of 72 normal class-six Sierra Leone, West African children, representing four sub-cultures with varying degrees of modernization, was investigated. The quality of the Bender reproductions of the most modernized sub-culture was significantly higher than that of the remaining three sub-cultures. Over-all, boys' Bender performances were of significantly higher quality than the girls' Bender performances. The interaction of gender and sub-culture was significant only for the two village sub-cultures, insofar as the girls produced poorer quality protocols than did the boys. This result parallels the gender division of labor in adulthood in village life.
Comparison of the Bender-Gestalt and Revised Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration
Authors: Armstrong Barbara B. , Knopf Karen F.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt and the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration were administered to two groups of 40 children each, ages 7 through 10 yr. Developmental age scores (Koppitz scoring) and age equivalents (Revised Beery manual) were obtained. Children screened for learning disabilities were selected for one group and children enrolled in regular classrooms were selected for another group. The correlation of .74 between the Bender and Beery test scores was high and statistically significant for the learning-disabled group. The correlation of .36 was low though statistically significant for the regular students, which suggests the groups performed differently on the tests. A significant mean difference of 9 mo. was noted between the Bender and Beery scores.
Repetition of Tones in Vocal Music
Authors: Wiegersma S. , Van Den Brink W. A. J. M.
Published: September 2011

Three categories of vocal music—children's songs, popular, and classic—were analyzed to study repetition of tones. It appeared that the repetition of tones is a function of recency. Results can be explained by an hypothesis of availability.
Effects of Contextual Interference on the Memory of Older Females Differing in Levels of Physical Activity
Authors: Del Rey Patricia
Published: September 2011

The acquisition and retention effects of contextual interference on a coincidence anticipation task over long retention intervals were investigated on older females (54 to 83 yr.) differing in levels of physical activity. Half of the subjects were regular participants in an exercise program for older adults. The other half did not participate in the program and through a self-report instrument indicated minimal involvement in physical activities. Active subjects recalled the tasks after 10 min. better than the less active subjects, but no differences were found at the longer intervals (1 wk. or 40 days). A significant interaction occurred between activity level and contextual interference in retention supporting Battig's (1979) views on memory. High contextual interference facilitated retention for active subjects. Responding to variable input over trials (high contextual interference) is considered by Battig to induce multiple and variable processing strategies which would facilitate retention. These results support a relationship between levels of activity and cognitive functioning of aged subjects.
Achievement Motivation and Sex-Role Orientation of High School Female Track and Field Athletes versus Nonathletes
Authors: Henschen K. P. , Edwards S. W. , Mathinos L.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the differences between female high school track and field athletes ( n = 67) and nonathletes ( n = 67) on level of achievement motivation on Mehrabian's Scale of Achieving Tendency and for sex-role orientation on the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Differences in achievement motivation between the athletes and nonathletes and among the four groups representing sex-role orientation were assessed by a 2 × 4 analysis of variance. Relationships among the dependent variables, namely, achievement motivation and scores on feminine, masculine, and androgynous scales of Bern's inventory were calculated using Pearson coefficients. Female athletes exhibited significantly higher achievement motivation than did the nonathletic girls. Also, high achievement motivation was related to androgynous and masculine sex roles, while low achievement motivation was associated with feminine and undifferentiated sex-role orientations.
Short-Term Retention of Temporal Auditory Information
Authors: Guay Michel
Published: September 2011

To determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques, auditory durations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. were estimated by 30 subjects by reproduction. Five levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 30-sec. rest, 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 0 bit per response, 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 1 bit per response, and 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 2 bits per response. Variable error evaluated effects of forgetting. When subjects hold durations of 8, 16, and 32 sec. in memory for a 30-sec. rest or 30-sec. interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately. The variabilities between the 30-sec. rest and the 30-sec. interpolated activity retention intervals were similar. Two explanations for the presence of an interaction between duration and retention interval under the variable error were suggested. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Immediate reproduction of the retention interval had less mean constant error than 30-sec. rest retention under the 8-, 16-, and 32-sec. durations. That particular result was explained in perceptual terms.
Extension of the Use of Measures of Cognitive Style to Moderately-Severely Retarded Trainees in a Field Setting
Authors: Gow Lyn , Ward James
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the feasibility of using measures of cognitive tempo with 66 institutionalized moderately-severely retarded adolescents and adults in the field settings of three Activity Centres—one rural and two urban. The Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Porteus Maze Tests could, with characteristic modifications, be administered to this type of population, the typical response being slow and error-prone. Either one or both could contribute usefully to the prediction of work performance in the groups concerned, but would have little to offer over and above conventional individual tests of general intelligence.