bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENERAPAN PROGRAM LINIER MENGGUNAKAN METODE DUAL SIMPLEKS DAN METODE QUICK SIMPLEKS UNTUK MEMINIMUMKAN BIAYA (STUDI KASUS: KELOMPOK WANITA TANI (KWT) SENTOSA SANTUL)
Authors: Safitri Elfira - , Basriati Sri , Andiani Elvina
Published: July 2021

The Sentosa  Santul Women Farmers Group (KWT) is a group of women farmers in Dusun Santul, Kampar Utara District an is engaged in the field of food crops is chili. The Sentosa Santul Women Farmers group (KWT) uses 4 types of fertilizers for chili plant fertilization, namely hydro complex fertilizer, phonska, NPK Zamrud and goat manure.The KWT wants the minimum fertilizer cost but the nutrients in the plants are met. The method used in this research is the dual simplex method and the quick simplex method. The purpose of this study is to determine the minimum costs that must be incurred by the Womens Farmer Group (KWT) for fertilization using the dual simplex method and the quick simplex method to obtain an optimum and feasible solution. For the dual simplex method, the optimum and feasible solution were obtained using the Gauss Jordanelimination. While the quick simplex method, the solution is illustrated using a matrix to reduce the number of iterations needed to achieve the optimal solution. Based on the research result, it is found that the quick simplex method is more efficient than the dual simplex method. This can be seen from the number of iterations carried out. Dual simplex method iteration there are two iterations and quick simplex one iteration. The dual simplex method and the quick simplex method produce the same value.
The Stigma of COVID-19 on the Workers of PT. Pertamina EP Asset 5 Sangatta Field
Authors: Permana Lies , Rahmatullah Kukuh , Hasmawati Hasmawati , Wiranto Agus
Published: July 2021

Background: COVID-19 in Indonesia spreads very quickly, including in-company areas or workplaces.  Workplace clusters are the most common cluster at East Kalimantan.  As a region with many workplaces, both offices and industries, East Kalimantan is bound to have a large number of office clusters.  Moreover, most of the workers in East Kalimantan are migrants from outside the region, which causes the spread of the coronavirus to the workplace even more widely. This also happened to PT.  Pertamina EP Asset 5 Sangatta Field, where some of the workers are workers from outside the East Kutai area.  With the presence of several workers who have tested positive for COVID-19, it is a frightening thing for others, especially other workers. Negative stigma may occur among workers in this company.Method: The research design used in this study is cross-sectional since this study wants to know the knowledge and attitudes towards the stigma of COVID-19, which is measured at the same time. This research was conducted from November - December 2020. The population in this study were all workers who worked at PT Pertamina EP Sangatta Field, in total of 238 people.Results: It shows that attitude relates to stigma COVID-19 among workers (P-Value = <0.001), although knowledge has nothing to do with stigma. The importance of accurate information is expected to reduce stigma in society. Discrimination and fear regarding COVID-19 must be minimized in order to gain acceptance by the community.
Micromorphological variations of trichomes in the genus Ocimum L.
Authors: Sanoj E , Deepa P
Published: July 2021

Ocimum L. is an attractive fragrant ornamental plant with medicinal aromatic compounds. The study using digital microscopy revealed the distinct epidermal trichome morphology in five species of Ocimum including O. americanum L., O. basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. kilimandscharicum Gurke and O. tenuiflorum L. A distinguished variation in size, shape, type and abundance of trichomes on leaves and stem of all species are described and photographed. Both glandular and non-glandular trichomes scrutinized in all the species in which glandular type comprised capitate and peltate trichomes. On the stem, the longest glandular capitate trichome (GCT) and non-glandular trichome (NGT) were observed in O. tenuiflorum while O. basilicum possessed longest glandular peltate trichome (GPT). In case of foliar trichomes, the longest GCT observed on leaves of O. americanum; and O. basilicum showed the longest GPT and NGT. In the species, the septate or aseptate NGT possessed uni, bi or multicellular base with acute or broad apex. A distinguished variation in the number of cells in stalk and head of GT was observed in the study. Presence of silica bodies in peltate trichome of O. kilimandscharicum was noticed as the characteristic feature. Among the five species, the trichomes were abundant in O. kilimandscharicum; while O. basilicum showed sparse distribution. Trichomes with disrupted cells were also noted in O. americanum. Due to the presence of specific trichome characteristics, the efficient taxonomic key is prepared to identify the taxa at species level.
Whole-genome sequencing of three local rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in Vietnam
Authors: Huynh Ky , Quoc Giang Van , Thanh Tung Nguyen Chau , Loc Hien Nguyen , Thanh Vo Cong
Published: July 2021

Recently, a new technology, Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been launched and providing whole-genome sequences that helps identify molecular markers across the genome. DNA markers such as single nucleotides and insertion – deletion (InDel) polymorphisms were widely used for plant breeding particularly to distinguish important traits in rice. These PCR-based markers can be used for the precision detection of polymorphisms. Moreover, PCR-based approaches are simple and effective methods for dealing with the issue of fraudulent labeling and adulteration in the global rice industry. In this study, three local varieties of Oryza sativa L. in Vietnam were sequenced with up to ten times genome depth and at least four times coverage (~83%) using the Illumina HiSeq2000™ system, with an average of 6.5 GB clean data per sample, generated after filtering low-quality data. The data was approximately mapped up to 95% to the reference genome IRGSP 1.0. The results obtained from this study will contribute to a wide range of valuable information for further investigation into this germplasm.
Effect of physical and chemical treatments on breaking the seed dormancy of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.
Authors: Jaya Rathi J , Sasirekha R , Ranjith Kumar R
Published: July 2021

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae was used for the present study. It is a prickly shrub widely distributed all over the world. Keeping the economic and social medicinal uses of C. bonduc seeds are being used widely in Folk, Ayurvedha, Siddha, Unani medicines to treat skin disease, eyesores, cancer, asthma, tuberculorosis, fever, toothaches etc. The aim of this study is to determine the requirements for breaking seed dormancy and germination of C. bonduc. The germination is prevented due to hard seed coat. C. bonduc seeds were experimented with various physical and chemical treatments to break the dormancy. The seeds were subjected to various treatments like mechanical scarification, dry heat method, light, hot water, acid scarification, inorganic compounds, plant growth regulators etc. The seeds treatment with mechanical scarification at 50, 40 and 30 seconds showed 100%, 80% and 10% of germination, whereas no changes was observed in dry heat. White light treatment showed 100% germination at 48 hrs, whereas darkness and red light showed least germination of about 10%. The hot-water treatment showed 100% germination. In chemical treatments, concentrated sulphuric acid scarification showed highest germination percentage, whereas lowest germination was found in nitric acid. Among the plant growth regulators, Gibberellic acid showed 100% germination whereas 2-isopentyl adenine showed least germination of 10% at 50 ppm. Results of this study prove that mechanical scarification was the most effective treatment to overcome dormancy of seeds in C. bonduc.
Development and acceptability of mead wine with calamansi fruit flavor
Authors: Baua Mary Ann I
Published: July 2021

The study discusses the development and acceptability of Mead wine with Calamansi fruit flavor. Mead can have a wide range of flavors depending on the source of the honey, added substances counting natural product and flavors, the yeast utilized amid maturation and the maturing method. In this study, the researcher used calamansi fruit as its flavour since there is a rich cultivation and plantation of calamansi fruit in the locale of the study. Thirty individuals assessed the mead wine with calamansi fruit flavour in terms of appearance, aroma, flavour and texture. The research has used various statistical treatments such as Mean and T-test in evaluating the obtained data. It was found out that the mean wine with calamansi fruit flavor had an alcohol content of 12%. Furthermore, the respondents extremely like the mead wine with calamansi flavour because of its appearance and aroma which obtained the highest appraisal of the respondents based on their sensory evaluation. The study uncovered that calamansi fruit flavour has the potential to be utilized as an ingredient for mead wine production. Moreover, amid the appraisal of the respondents, the aroma, flavour, appearance and texture of the produced mead wine with calamansi fruit flavour was essentially influenced. Generally, the taster respondents have extremely liked the mead wine with calamansi fruit flavour. Therefore, it is a highly appropriate commodity in the community and can be a potential income source and generating enterprise.
Genotypic screening of wheat and their physiological responses under lead toxicity
Authors: Rahman Md Mostafizur , Mintu Md Ruhul Amin , Kabir Ahmad Humayan , Alam Md Firoz
Published: July 2021

Lead (Pb) is the second most harmful heavy metal contaminant in the environment and toxic for plant growth and development. Therefore, the identification and selection of plant genotypes tolerant to Pb stress are of great significance. In this study, twenty-six wheat lines (Triticum aestivum) were screened for Pb tolerance based on their morpho-physiological variations at the seedling stage with a rapid hydroponic technique using lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) at two concentrations (500 ?M and 1 mM) along with control. Wheat genotypes showed distinct variations in plant height, plant biomass and chlorophyll concentration in response to different concentrations of Pb. Considering all parameters, Akbar was found most tolerant (T) with minimum RS (2.97) to Pb stress, followed by BARI Gom-31 (3.45), Barkat (3.54) and Sufi (3.65), while BARI Gom-26 (10.14) was most sensitive (S) followed by Khude Gom (9.69), BARI Gom-30 (8.79), LalGom (8.76) and BARI Gom-32 respectively. More scores were seen in the remaining genotypes and were graded as moderately tolerant/resistant (MT) to Pb stress. Results showed that the resistant line had less damage to root and shoot characteristics along with chlorophyll score, thereby providing a hint about the Pb tolerance capacity of wheat genotypes at the seedling stage. Furthermore, findings indicate that Pb susceptibility in wheat is predominantly associated with a decrease in the Pb components of the root and shoot. We suggest Akbar as an elite genotype to cultivate or use in downstream studies on the basis of our findings to ensure an improved crop production relative to other varieties evaluated. These findings provide the necessary background for Pb cleansing and Pb-free wheat development for environment and health safety.
Evaluation of vitamin C of ethno-wild edible plants in Northeast India
Authors: Nakhuru Khonamai Sewa , Lokho Adani , Barman Mridusmita , Das Jayshree , Dwivedi Sanjai Kumar
Published: July 2021

Ethnobotany deals with the usage of plants by different ethnic communities throughout the world for various purposes such as food, shelter, clothing, medicine, tools etc. North East India region is a part of eastern Himalayas with rich plant diversity. About 250 ethnic tribes inhabit the region with diverse cultures and traditional practices. Most of the ethnic communities in the region depend on natural resources directly for their daily needs and wild edible plants are one of them as they live in the vicinity of forests. This study deals with 20 wild edible plants, traditionally used by indigenous people. 18 genera belonging to 15 families with 3 species represented by family Lamiaceae. Different parts of plants are traditionally consumed as vegetables, of which 19 species represented with leaves as edible part. Berry, petiole and rootstalk constitute other edible parts. Most of the plant species were found to be rich source of vitamin C. Vitamin C content ranges from 6.24±0.34 mg to 79.91±1.52 mg/100 g fresh weight and maximum was recorded in Alocasia indica (leaves) and Oxalis corniculata and the least in Tamarindus indica. The findings indicated that these ethno-botanicals can be grown in homestead as sources of vitamin C in regular diet.
Study of antibacterial, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic potential of the cell extracts of endophytic fungi and bacteria isolated from Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schuman
Authors: Gowthami G A , Das Subhankar , Karthik Yalpi , Manjula I K
Published: July 2021

Endophytes contribute to the synthesis of significant metabolites in symbiotic association with their host plants. On considering the medicinal importance of the prominent tree species Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schuman, the study was conducted to isolate and identify the endophytic bacteria and fungi for their bioactivity. The isolation of endophytic bacteria and fungi were performed by surface sterilisation of the stem and leaf samples of P. longifolia. The obtained bacterial and fungal endophytic isolates were maintained in nutrient agar and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media and were examined for colony morphology and microscopic appearances with varied biochemical characterisations. Furthermore, both the fungal and bacterial isolates were subjected to solvent extractions to evaluate antibacterial activity. Also, anti-proliferative effects due to apoptotic induction by the endophytic fungal extracts were checked against proliferative yeast cells. Moreover, endophytic bacteria belonging to Enterococcaceae had shown antibacterial activity against Salmonella species. In the present study, fungal species belonging to Cladosporium predominantly found to inhabit as endophytic fungi in the plant samples. Also, this particular fungus among other selected endophytic fungi attributed to causing effective anti-proliferative activity. The endophytic bacteria belonging to Enterococcus and Micrococcus genera showed significant antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 23564).
Opisać nieprzedstawione. Malarstwo holenderskie w antyobrazach Miodraga Pavlovicia
Authors: Nowak-Bajcar Sylwia
Published: July 2021

W twórczości zmarłego w 2014 roku poety serbskiego Miodraga Pavlovicia refleksja nad sztuką wiąże się z zagadnieniem związków przeszłości i współczesności oraz rolą, jaką odgrywa w niej wschodnia i zachodnia tradycja kulturowa jako element budowy tożsamości (losów) Bałkanów. Wkraczając w obszar niemal całkowicie pomijany przez interpretatorów dzieł wybitnego twórcy, Miodraga Pavlovicia, określanego przez krytyków mianem „eliotowskiej figury” literatury serbskiej, przedstawiam przyczyny jego zainteresowania pracami siedemnastowiecznego malarstwa holenderskiego, wyjaśniam strategie ich przekładów na język poezji oraz omawiam zagadnienie obecności (śladów) człowieka w dziele sztuki. Kluczem interpretacyjnym tego badawczego przedsięwzięcia jest wykorzystywane przez serbskiego poetę pojęcie antyobrazu, będące wyrazem wymierzonej w dogmatyzm estetyki oporu opartej na przekonaniu, że sztuka stanowi narzędzie umożliwiające człowiekowi samopoznanie.
Od inter- do trans-: ciemne źródła sztuki Erny Rosenstein
Authors: Tomczok Marta
Published: July 2021

W artykule przebadano operacyjność pojęcia przekładu intersemiotycznego w poezji pozagładowej Erny Rosenstein. Wzięto pod uwagę zarówno semiotyczny rodowód pojęcia, jak i jego podatność na uzupełnienia, modyfikacje i redefinicje. Ostatecznie w oparciu o teorię macierzy Brachy L. Ettinger zaproponowano zastąpienie przekładu intersemiotycznego kategorią transkryptum. Okazało się ono konceptem jak gdyby zaprojektowanym „oddolnie” przez sztukę i poezję ocalałej z Zagłady Rosenstein, dobrze oddającym ich wspólne związki, interferencje, wpływy. Do analizy wykorzystano wiersze i rysunki tuszem zawarte w książce poetyckiej Wszystkie ścieżki z 1978 roku oraz inne rysunki opublikowane w monografii Doroty Jareckiej i Barbary Piwowarskiej Erna Rosenstein. Mogę powtarzać tylko nieświadome / I can repeat only unconsciously (2014). Analiza ujawniła, że źródłem wielu dzieł artystki jest zapamiętany obraz śmierci rodziców zamordowanych przez szmalcownika w 1942 roku. Okazało się także, że artystka szuka sposobności, aby jednocześnie go ukryć i pokazać, w związku z czym na poziomie filozoficznym sięga po rozwiązania przypominające wspomniany koncept Ettinger, a na poziomie formalnym tworzy anamorfozy.
Wizualizacja litanii w poezji konkretnej: Gomringer, Jandl, Bocian
Authors: Sadowski Witold
Published: July 2021

W artykule przywołane zostają dzieła poezji konkretnej w języku polskim i niemieckim, które spełniają jednocześnie dwa kryteria: 1) łączą sztukę słowa i sztukę obrazu oraz 2) ze względu na sposób operowania powtarzalnością dają się rozpatrywać jako litanie. Pada pytanie, czy w tych utworach respektowana jest ta sama wizja czasoprzestrzeni, jaka obowiązywała w litaniach średniowiecznych. Analiza relacji intersemiotycznych między językowym i wizualnym aspektem badanych dzieł wskazuje na zasadniczą różnicę między polską i niemieckojęzyczną poezją konkretną w zakresie dostępu do gatunkowego obrazu świata litanii.
Impact of Accelerators, as Education & Training Programs, on Female Entrepreneurs
Authors: Dams Carolina , Sarria Allende Virginia , Cornejo Magdalena , Pasquini Ricardo A. , Robiolo Gabriela
Published: July 2021

Given the importance of entrepreneurship for economic development through social and economic transformation, entrepreneurship education and training (EET) is growing throughout the world. The research on EET is also expanding and there is a need to better understand the impact of EET on business performance and its differential effect in men and women. Accelerators are entrepreneurship EET programs. Based on human capital theory, the paper uses Accelerators to assess the impact of EET programs on startup business performance. Given that female entrepreneurs’ human capital attributes are different from those of men and that the various components of Accelerator programs have been found to produce a differential effect on women, the paper proposes that Accelerators have the potential to produce a more pronounced positive effect in startups founded by female founders. We test this conjecture by exploring the impact of Accelerators in startup fundraising, in which female entrepreneurs face a significant gap. Our results confirm that female entrepreneurs who go through Accelerators increase their chances of receiving Venture Capital financing and that the marginal effect is larger for female than for male entrepreneurs.
Special action on high quality development of renewable energy in Northeast China: market implementation initiatives and suggestions
Authors: Huang Chenyang , Zhang Xiaotian , Yu Jun , Wei Jianfeng
Published: July 2021

China has set a new goal of reaching carbon peak by 2030 and becoming carbon neutralization by 2060. To achieve this goal as well as provide a strong and reliable energy supply for comprehensive revitalization of Northeast China, special action is planning by Northeast China power grid (NCPG). Current situation of renewable energy in NCPG is introduced at first. As the primary method for renewable energy accommodation in Northeast China, the existing rules of ancillary services (AS) market are then analyzed. However, considering the rapid growth of renewable energy installed capacity, the existing market has some limitations. In this paper, we take the structural reform on generation side as thread and market demand as guidance. Initiatives and suggestions for high quality development of renewable energy in Northeast China are then proposed for each implementation stage. Through the improving of market rules, expansion of market scale and cultivation of new market entities, NCPG may realize full consumption of the generated renewable energy. The transition from generation side upgrade to the aggregation of source and storage and finally to the cooperation of source-grid-load-storage will be facilitated and accelerated.
Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark exhibited antimalarial activity by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay
Authors: Tumewu Lidya , Wardana Fendi Yoga , Ilmi Hilkatul , Permanasari Adita Ayu , Hafid Achmad Fuad , Widyawaruyanti Aty
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The antimalarial drug resistance is an obstacle in the effort to overcome malaria. The new alternative antimalarial drug became in great attention of urgent need. Current antimalarial drugs were derived from plants. Therefore, the plant is considering a potential source of new drugs. Cratoxylum sumatranum belongs to the Hypericaceae family contain xanthones and phenolic compounds, which was reported for their antimalarial activities. This study aims to determine the antimalarial activities of C. sumatranum extracts and fractions.

Methods

Cratoxylum
 sumatranum stem bark (BP14-SB) collected from Balikpapan Botanical Garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was extracted gradually with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. All extracts were tested against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and followed by IC50 determination. The most active extract was further separated and tested for their antimalarial activities.

Results

The results showed that dichloromethane stem bark extract (BP14-SB-D) had the strongest inhibition of parasite growth with the IC50 value of 0.44 ± 0.05 μg/mL and moderately toxic with the CC50 value of 29.09 ± 0.05 μg/mL. Further fractionation of BP14-SB-D by open column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane–ethyl acetate obtained 12 fractions. LDH assay for these 12 fractions of BP14-SB-D showed that Fraction-6 (IC50 value of 0.19 ± 0.03 μg/mL) was performed the strongest inhibition of parasite growth, compared to other fractions. TLC identification showed that BP14-SB-D contains xanthone.

Conclusions

The dichloromethane extract of C. sumatranum stem bark (BP14-SB-D) and Fraction-6 from this extract exhibited antimalarial activity and the potential to be developed an antimalarial substance.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of extract and fractions from the root of Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Bth.ex Kurz
Authors: Suciati  , Poerwantoro Debora , Widyawaruyanti Aty , Ingkaninan Kornkanok
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease characterized by confusion, behavior changes, decline in memory and cognitive skills. One of the strategies in the treatment of AD is to use acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. The current study aims to determine the AChE inhibitory activities of the extract and fractions of the root of Rauvolfia serpentina.

Methods

Extraction was carried out by maceration method using ethanol, followed by liquid–liquid partition using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Further fractionation was conducted by using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). The AChE inhibitory assays were performed by using Ellmann’s method. Phytochemical screening was carried out by TLC method.

Results

The ethanolic extract of R. serpentina showed inhibition against AChE enzyme with an IC50 value of 7.46 μg/mL. The extract and fractions showed higher inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) compared to AChE. Amongst three fractions obtained, the n-butanol fraction showed the strongest inhibition with an IC50 value of 5.99 μg/mL against AChE. VLC fractionation of the n-butanol fraction yielded 13 subfractions (VLC 1–VLC 13). Four out of 13 subfractions gave more than 80% inhibition against AChE, namely subfractions 4–7, with IC50 values ranging from 4.87 to 47.22 μg/mL. The phytochemical screening of these subfractions suggested the presence of alkaloids.

Conclusions

The ethanolic extract, as well as fractions of R. serpentina root, are potential for AChE inhibitor. The alkaloid compound may be responsible for this activity.
Screening of anti-HIV activities in ethanol extract and fractions from Ficus fistulosa leaves
Authors: Khairunisa Siti Qamariyah , Indriati Dwi Wahyu , Tumewu Lidya , Widyawaruyanti Aty , Nasronudin Nasronudin
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered as a major immunosuppressive disease linked to malignancies and other opportunistic infections. Recently, the high prevalence of HIV drug-resistant strains required a high demand for novel antiviral drug development, especially in herbal medicine approaches. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of Ficus fistulosa leaves can inhibit HIV replication in ethanol extract form as well as its fractions using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents.

Methods

F. fistulosa leaves were extracted using ethanol as a solvent and further gradually fractionated in chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents. The targeted persistently infected virus (MT4/HIV) cell lines were cocultured with ethanol extract and fractions at different time points. The syncytium formation and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the potential antiviral activity of F. fistulosa leaves.

Results

One of the four tested extract/fractions showed antiviral activity against HIV. The ethanol extract showed weak inhibition with a high level of toxicity (IC50 = 8.96 μg/mL, CC50 ≥50 μg/mL, and SI = 5.58). Meanwhile, chloroform fraction effectively inhibited the MT4/HIV cell proliferation while keeping the toxicity to a minimal level (IC50 = 3.27 μg/mL, CC50 = 29.30 μg/mL, and SI = 8.96). In contrast of ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction showed no anti HIV activity with a high level of toxicity (CC50 ≥50 μg/mL) and low SI value (>2.17 μg/mL and >0.97 μg/mL).

Conclusions

Chloroform fraction of F. fistulosa leaves showed effectively as anti-viral activity against MT4/HIV cells.
The effects of quercetin on nicotine-induced reward effects in mice
Authors: Rahmadi Mahardian , Suasana Dian , Lailis Silvy Restuning , Ratri Dinda Monika Nusantara , Ardianto Chrismawan
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Tobacco smoking remains the primary cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in the world. The complexity of the nicotine dependency process included the withdrawal effect that triggers recurrence being the main problem. Quercetin, known as an antioxidant, binds free radicals and modulates endogenous antioxidants through Nrf2 activations is expected as a potential agent to reduce the risk of nicotine dependence. This research aims to evaluate quercetin’s effects on reducing the risk of nicotine addiction.

Methods

Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) with a biased design was used to evaluate nicotine’s reward effects in male Balb/C mice. Preconditioning test was performed on day 1; conditioning test was done twice daily on day 2–4 by administering quercetin (i.p.) 50 mg/kg along with nicotine (s.c.) 0.5 mg/kg or Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) (s.c.) contained nicotine 0.5 mg/kg; and postconditioning test was performed on day 5 continue with extinction test on day 6, 8, 10, 12, and reinstatement test on day 13. The duration spent in each compartment was recorded and analyzed.

Results

Nicotine 0.5 mg/kg and CSE 0.5 mg/kg significantly induced reward effects (p<0.05). There was no decrease of reward effect during the extinction-reinstatement stage of the postconditioning phase (p>0.05), while quercetin 50 mg/kg both induced along with nicotine or CSE was able to inhibit the reward effect of nicotine (p>0.05).

Conclusions

Quercetin reduced the risk of nicotine dependence and has a potential effect to use as a therapy for nicotine dependence, especially as a preventive agent.
AST/ALT levels, MDA, and liver histopathology of Echinometra mathaei ethanol extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Kresnamurti Angelica , Rakhma Dita Nurlita , Damayanti Amitasari , Santoso Septiyan Dwi , Restryarto Enggar , Hadinata Wifqi , Hamid Iwan Sahrial
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Echinometra mathaei was known to have potential antioxidant activities because it contains of polyhydroxy-naphthoquinone (echinochrome and spinochromes). The antioxidant properties contributed to the hepatoprotective effect by binding to free radicals compound that causes oxidative stress and necrosis in the hepatocytes. The research aimed to determine the hepatorepair effects of the E. mathaei ethanol extract on high-dose paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats.

Methods

This research used a true experimental method. Thirty white male rats were divided into sixth groups, i.e., normal control group, group II–VI was induced paracetamol 2,000 mg/kg BW for three days. After paracetamol-induced, group III–VI was treated with curcumin 800 mg/kg BW, E. mathaei extract 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg BW for seven days. The hepatorepair parameter was obtained from AST/ALT, MDA tissue levels, and the number of hepatocyte necrosis cells. The data results were analyzed using the ANOVA test, followed by the LSD test to determine the difference between each treatment.

Results

The results showed that E. mathaei significantly (p<0.05) decreased the AST levels, MDA levels and the number of hepatocyte necrosis cells at a dose of 800 mg/kg BW per orally treatment.

Conclusions

The E. mathaei ethanol extract repaired the hepatic damage induced by paracetamol.
The effect of various high-fat diet on liver histology in the development of NAFLD models in mice
Authors: Rahmadi Mahardian , Nurhan Ahmad Dzulfikri , Pratiwi Eka Dewi , Prameswari Devita Ardina , Panggono Sisca Melani , Nisak Khoirotin , Khotib Junaidi
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is exceptionally common around the world. The development of NAFLD is increasing rapidly in the world, along with changes in lifestyle. Excess lipid intake is one of the risk factors for NAFLD. The NAFLD model is induced by a high-fat diet contains SFA, MUFA, and ῳ-6 PUFA. This study aims to assess the effect of high-fat diet variation on liver histology in developing NAFLD models in mice.

Methods

Thirty-six male mice (Balb/c) were divided into six groups fed a high-fat diet containing beef tallow 60%, beef tallow 45%, vegetable ghee, animal ghee + corn oil, vegetable ghee + corn oil for 28 days and compared to a control group fed a chow diet. All of the mice were fed with a high-fat diet in the form of pellets ad libitum for 28 days. Bodyweight and food intake were measured every day. At the last day of treatment, animals were sacrificed and the Liver were taken for histological analysis.

Results

This study showed that NAFLD model development was achieved in all group mice fed a high-fat diet with different degrees of NAFLD. Beef tallow 60% had the worst liver histology.

Conclusions

Thus, based on this study, we found that high-fat diet variations influenced the development of NAFLD models in mice, particularly concerning liver histology.
Analysis of HMGB-1 level before and after providing atorvastatin standard therapy in coronary artery disease patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus compared to without type-2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Handayani Widya , Suharjono  , Yogiarto Mohammad
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the main causes of death from cardiovascular disease, because heart attacks result in atherosclerosis which causes narrowing of the arteries. Atorvastatin has a pleiotropic effect as anti-inflammatory through one of the target levels of High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB-1). This prospective observational study aimed to analyze the effect of atorvastatin on serum HMGB-1 levels in CAD.

Methods

Samples were collected from prospective observation pre–post study in May–July 2018 with consecutive sampling method. Serum HMGB-1 levels were measured in patients with CAD who were given atorvastatin for CAD with type-2 diabetes mellitus compared without type-2 diabetes mellitus in a patient ward. Blood was collected on admission day and before the patient left the hospital. After centrifugation, serum samples were stored at −80 °C before measurement. We used an ELISA kit (IBL International) to determine HMGB-1 concentrations. This research protocol has been approved by the Ethical Committee of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya.

Results

We enrolled 38 patients and divided them into two groups which 19 patients on CAD with type-2 diabetes mellitus and 19 patients without diabetes mellitus. Serum HMGB-1 levels in CAD with type-2 diabetes mellitus were increased significantly (p = 0.049) and not significantly decreased in CAD without type-2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.480). The HMGB-1 level was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.210).

Conclusions

HMGB-1 levels after providing atorvastatin in CAD with type-2 diabetes mellitus increased significantly, meanwhile, in CAD without type-2 diabetes mellitus did not decrease significantly. The HMGB-1 level was not significantly different between the two groups. Longer time and more point for the collected sample needed for further research.
Adverse drug reaction and its management in tuberculosis patients with multidrug resistance: a retrospective study
Authors: Nilamsari Wenny Putri , Rizqi Muhammad Fajar , Regina Natasya Olga , Wulaningrum Prastuti Asta , Fatmawati Umi
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study was conducted to assess adverse drug reactions and their management in MDR-TB patients. Indonesia is the fifth highest country with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) high burden around the world. The number of MDR-TB patients in Indonesia is increasing every year, but the data regarding ADRs are still limited. Therefore, more data on their characteristics and their management is very valuable for clinicians and pharmacists.

Methods

The study is a descriptive study, using retrospective data of MDR-TB patients who completed therapy from January 1st, 2015 to December 31st, 2015 at the Tuberculosis Outpatient unit at the Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital Indonesia. Each adverse effect was judged with standards of the clinic and was documented in patients’ medical records.

Results

There were 40 patients included in this study. During therapy, 70% of patients developed at least one adverse drug reaction. The five most prevalent adverse effects found in this study were hyperuricemia (52.5%) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances (40%), ototoxicity (37.5%), hypokalemia (27.5%), and athralgia (12.5%). Managements that were undertaken to overcome the adverse drug reactions were adding symptomatic drugs and/or modifying the treatment regimen.

Conclusions

Because of the small samples we cannot attain a general conclusion. However, the result of this study is very imperative as this data gives us insight regarding adverse effects in MDR-TB patients in Indonesia.
Correlation between the exposure time to mobile devices and the prevalence of evaporative dry eyes as one of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome among Senior High School students in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Loebis Rozalina , Subakti Zulkarnain Bambang , Zahra Nadhifa
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a group of various eye and vision-related problems from prolonged use of mobile devices. Symptoms include dry eyes, blurred vision, eye strain, headache, and also neck and shoulder pain. This study was carried out to analyze the correlation between the exposure time of High Energy Visible (HEV) from mobile devices’ use and the prevalence of evaporative dry eyes in young age.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional study was done using quota sampling method for 100 High School students. Data collection was performed using questionnaire to identify daily use of mobile devices (hours) and duration for using mobile devices (years). A classification was determined as mild, moderate, and heavy HEV exposure. Evaporative dry eyes were diagnosed using tear break-up time test (TBUT) of less than 10 s for both eyes.

Results

Ninety-four students participated in this study. A total of 82 students (87.2%) experienced evaporative dry eyes. There were 11 students (11.7%) who had dry eyes with mild exposure, 18 students (19.1%) had dry eyes with moderate exposure, and 53 students (56.4%) had dry eyes with heavy exposure. A chi square analysis showed all HEV exposures have similar risk to the prevalence of dry eyes among High School students (p<0.05).

Conclusions

The risk of developing evaporative dry eyes, as one of the symptoms of CVS in young age with normal tear production, could be induced even with minimal exposure to mobile devices.
Role of Centella asiatica and ceramide in skin barrier improvement: a double blind clinical trial of Indonesian batik workers
Authors: Anggraeni Sylvia , Umborowati Menul Ayu , Damayanti Damayanti , Endaryanto Anang , Prakoeswa Cita Rosita Sigit
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Batik dyes contain irritant chemicals that increase the risk of skin barrier disruption. This study aims to determine the effect of Centella asiatica and ceramide in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration of the stratum corneum and skin acidity (pH).

Methods

This was a double blind clinical trial of 30 Indonesian batik workers who suffered from skin dryness, but had no clinical manifestation of contact dermatitis. Subjects were given cream containing C. asiatica or ceramide that formulated and randomly labeled by manufacturer (PT Paragon Technology and Innovation). Both subjects and researchers were blinded to the type of the cream. Cream was applied to the hands and arms twice a day. Biological function of the skin (TEWL, stratum corneum hydration level, and skin acidity) was examined by Cutometer dual MP-580. Baseline was recorded in the first examination, followed by second and third examinations at two and four weeks after treatment.

Results

After four weeks treatment, there were significant improvement of C. asiatica application in evaluation of corneometer palmar (p=0.007; CI 95%), corneometer dorsum (p=0.001; CI 95%), and skin acidity dorsum (p=0.017; CI 95%). Ceramide application also gave significant improvement of corneometer palmar (0.038; CI 95%), skin acidity palmar (p=0.001; CI 95%), TEWL dorsum (p=0.023; CI 95%), corneometer dorsum (p=0.002; CI 95%) and skin acidity dorsum (p=0.011; CI 95%). There were no significant differences of C. asiatica effectiveness compared to ceramide in skin barrier improvement.

Conclusions

C. asiatica and ceramide can improve skin barrier hydration in order to prevent the risk of contact dermatitis in batik workers.
In vitro and in silico analysis of phytochemical compounds of 96% ethanol extract of semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) leaves as a bone formation agent
Authors: Aditama Agnis P.R. , Ma’arif Burhan , Laswati Hening , Agil Mangestuti
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance in the rate of bone resorption and bone formation due to a decrease in estrogen. Phytoestrogens are plant compounds with structures and functions similar to estrogen. Phytoestrogens that bind to estrogen receptors in bone cells are able to modulate bone formation. Semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) is a plant that contains phytoestrogens. The purpose of this study was to observe the expression of osteocalcin and predict the content of extract phytoestrogens through a computer simulation study to study the bone formation activity of the 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves on hFOB 1.19 cells.

Methods

hFOB 1.19 cells were cultured in 24-well microplates, and 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata Presl. leaves was added at 62.5, 125 and 250 ppm. The expression of osteocalcin was analyzed using CLSM immunocytochemistry. Using PyRx 0.8 software and 1ERE protein for molecular docking, the compound was analyzed by computer.

Results

The 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata Presl. leaves can increase the expression of osteocalcin, the optimal dose is 125 ppm, and p<0.05 is 881.658 AU. In silico study was obtained six compounds that showed similar activity 17β-estradiol as ER-β agonists.

Conclusions

The 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata Presl. leaves contain six compounds that are thought to be phytoestrogens and ER-β agonists, and play a role in increasing bone formation activity and have the potential to be used as an oral drug.
The crystal structure of 1,8-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)naphthalene-2,7-diyl dibenzoate, C40H28O8
Authors: Kobayashi Miyuki , Iida Kikuko , Iitsuka Hiroaki , Li Kun , Yonezawa Noriyuki , Okamoto Akiko
Published: July 2021

C40H28O8, orthorhombic, Pna21 (no. 33), a = 27.0291(4) Å, b = 14.5593(2) Å, c = 7.95172(10) Å, V = 3129.20(7) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0276, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0690, T = 193 K.
Anthraquinonoid pigments
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian
Published: July 2021

Colorants based on the anthraquinone structure are categorized as a subclass of carbonyl colorants. Anthraquinone textile dyes rank second in importance to azo dyes, especially within the vat dye application class. Vat dyes became of interest to the pigment industry because of their insolubility. This insolubility and generally excellent fastness properties inspired investigations into the selection of suitable established anthraquinonoid vat dyes for use as pigments after conversion to a physical form that is appropriate for their applications. Originally this proved difficult, but was eventually achieved following the development of appropriate conditioning after treatment processes. The structural chemistry of the various types of anthraquinonoid pigments in relation to their technical and coloristic performance is discussed. The chapter concludes with an illustrated description of the main synthetic routes and finally with a description of the principal applications of the individual commercial products. Anthraquinonoid pigments are generally regarded as high-performance products, suitable for highly demanding applications, although they tend to be expensive.
Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review
Authors: Othman Nur Hidayati , Kabay Nalan , Guler Enver
Published: July 2021

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
Metabolomics and metabolites in ischemic stroke
Authors: Chumachenko Maria S. , Waseem Tatsiana V. , Fedorovich Sergei V.
Published: July 2021

Stroke is a major reason for disability and the second highest cause of death in the world. When a patient is admitted to a hospital, it is necessary to identify the type of stroke, and the likelihood for development of a recurrent stroke, vascular dementia, and depression. These factors could be determined using different biomarkers. Metabolomics is a very promising strategy for identification of biomarkers. The advantage of metabolomics, in contrast to other analytical techniques, resides in providing low molecular weight metabolite profiles, rather than individual molecule profiles. Technically, this approach is based on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, variations in metabolite concentrations during brain ischemia could alter the principal neuronal functions. Different markers associated with ischemic stroke in the brain have been identified including those contributing to risk, acute onset, and severity of this pathology. In the brain, experimental studies using the ischemia/reperfusion model (IRI) have shown an impaired energy and amino acid metabolism and confirmed their principal roles. Literature data provide a good basis for identifying markers of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke and understanding metabolic mechanisms of these diseases. This opens an avenue for the successful use of identified markers along with metabolomics technologies to develop fast and reliable diagnostic tools for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
ÇEMEN OTU TOHUMUNDAN FENOLİK BİLEŞENLERİN EKSTRAKSİYONU İÇİN OPTİMİZASYON ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: DAŞTAN Sedanur , TÜRKER İzzet , İŞLEROĞLU Hilal
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmada, çemen otu (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) tohumundan saf su kullanılarak farklı sıcaklıklarda mekanik karıştırma ile fenolik ekstraktlar elde edilmiştir. Ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde (TFM), toplam flavonoid (TFL) ve antioksidan kapasiteleri (AK) üzerine ekstraksiyon sıcaklığı (30-80°C), ekstraksiyon süresi (10-120 dakika) ve karıştırma hızının (3600-20000 rpm) etkileri incelenmiştir. TFM, TFL ve AK’nin en yüksek değerlere ulaşabilmesi için optimum işlem koşulları Merkezi Kompozit Tasarım kullanılarak ‘desirability’ fonksiyonu yaklaşımı ile belirlenmiştir. Optimizasyon sonuçlarına göre, 45°C ekstraksiyon sıcaklığı, 65 dakika ekstraksiyon süresi ve 20000 rpm karıştırma hızında ekstraktların TFM içeriği 137.37±1.87 mg gallik asit/g kuru örnek, TFL içeriği 86.96±1.44 mg kuersetin/g kuru örnek ve AK’si 18.11±0.55 mM Trolox/g kuru örnek olarak belirlenmiştir. Çemen otu tohumu ekstraktlarının, yüksek fenolik madde içeriği ve antioksidan kapasitesi ile farklı gıda formülasyonlarında kullanım potansiyeline sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Cryptocurrency: problematic aspects of legal regulation
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Russia, Tsindeliani Imeda
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of the cryptocurrency as an object of financial and legal regulation from the point of view of Russian legislation. It includes the analysis of the qualification of the cryptocurrency described as money, electronic money, foreign currency, other property, as well as the possibility of assigning crypto-loans to obligations rights. The conclusion is made about the possibility of treating cryptocurrency as private money on a par with national currencies.