bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it feasible to measure intra-abdominal pressure using a balloon-tipped rectal catheter? Results of a validation study
Authors: Staelens Anneleen S. , Heymans Ann , Christiaens Sigrid , Van Regenmortel Niels , Gyselaers Wilfried , Malbrain Manu L. N. G.
Published: July 2022

The gold standard to measure intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is intra-vesical measurement via the urinary bladder. However, this technique is restricted in ambulatory settings because of the risk of iatrogenic urinary tract infections. Rectal IAP measurements (IAPrect) may overcome these limitations, but requires validation. This validation study compares the IAPrect technique against gold standard intra-vesical IAP measurements (IAPves). IAPrect using an air-filled balloon catheter and IAPves using Foley Manometer Low Volume were measured simultaneously in sedated and ventilated patients. Measurements were performed twice in different positions (supine and HOB 45° elevated head of bed) and with an external abdominal pressure belt. Sixteen patients were included. Seven were not eligible for analysis due to unreliable IAPrect values. IAPrect was significantly higher than IAPves for all body positions (p < 0.01) and the correlation between IAPves and IAPrect was poor and not significant in each position (p ≥ 0.25, R2 < 0.6, Lin’s CCC < 0.8, bias − 8.1 mmHg and precision of 5.6 mmHg with large limits of agreement between − 19 to 2.9 mmHg, high percentage error 67.3%, and low concordance 86.2%). Repeatability of IAPrect was not reliable (R = 0.539, p = 0.315). For both techniques, measurements with the external abdominal pressure belt were significantly higher compared to those without (p < 0.03). IAPrect has important shortcomings making IAP estimation using a rectal catheter unfeasible because the numbers cannot be trusted nor validated.
From Mock-Up to Module: Development Practice between Planning and Prototype
Authors: Desai Deval , Lang Andrew
Published: July 2022

In her article from 2019, Fleur Johns describes a change: from a style of development work marked by a propensity for ‘planning’, to one marked by a propensity for ‘prototyping’. Our project in this paper is to propose a modest shift in perspective. Where Johns traces a transition from old to new styles, we emphasise the enduring links between planning and prototyping, such that both styles are best understood through their ongoing relationships and entanglements. Returning to Pulse Lab Jakarta (PLJ), the site of Johns’ initial inquiry, we offer a reinterpretation of what might be novel about PLJ for development practice. Our claim is that to understand the particular intervention that PLJ represents, and the new modes of practice it produces, it may be helpful to understand PLJ's work in the manner of a ‘modular’ attachment to existing development apparatuses, that combines big data analytics with design thinking. We then develop some reflections and speculations on the forms and novelty of PLJ in light of our redescription of its work in the language of modularity.
Moments of the Ruin Time in a Lévy Risk Model
Authors: Strietzel Philipp Lukas , Behme Anita
Published: July 2022

We derive formulas for the moments of the ruin time in a Lévy risk model and use these to determine the asymptotic behavior of the moments of the ruin time as the initial capital tends to infinity. In the special case of the perturbed Cramér-Lundberg model with phase-type or even exponentially distributed claims, we explicitly compute the first two moments of the ruin time. All our considerations distinguish between the profitable and the unprofitable setting.
Prescribing at 95 years of age: cross-sectional findings from the Newcastle 85+ study
Authors: Davies Laurie E. , Kingston Andrew , Todd Adam , Hanratty Barbara
Published: July 2022

Background

Previous research has examined prescribing amongst 85-year-olds in English primary care, but less is known about prescribing amongst 95-year-olds in spite of population ageing.

Aim

We describe the most commonly prescribed medicines in a cohort of 95-year-olds, using 10-year follow-up data from the Newcastle 85+ Study (n = 90).

Method

A total of 1040 participants were recruited to the Newcastle 85+ Study through general practices at 85-years of age, and 90 surviving participants were re-contacted and assessed at 95-years of age. Prescribed medications from general practice medical records were examined through cross-tabulations and classified as preventative or for symptom control based on their customary usage.

Results

Preventative medications with unclear evidence of benefit such as statins (36.7%), aspirin (21.1%) and bisphosphonates (18.9%) were frequently prescribed.

Conclusion

Future research in a larger clinical dataset could investigate this preliminary trend, which suggests that benefit/risk information for preventive medication, and evidence for deprescribing, is needed in the very old.
Effect of prescribed burning on the small-scale spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial biomass in Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica forests of China
Authors: Dou Xu , Yu Hongzhou , Wang Jianyu , Li Fei , Liu Qi , Sun Long , Hu Tongxin
Published: July 2022

Prescribed burning can alter soil microbial activity and spatially redistribute soil nutrient elements. However, no systematic, in-depth studies have investigated the impact of prescribed burning on the spatial patterns of soil microbial biomass in temperate forest ecosystems in Northeast China. The present study investigated the impacts of prescribed burning on the small-scale spatial heterogeneity of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in the upper (0–10 cm) and lower (10–20 cm) soil layers in Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica forests and explored the factors that influence spatial variations of these variables after prescribed burning. Our results showed that, MBC declined by approximately 30% in the 10–20 cm soil layer in the Q. mongolica forest, where there were no significant effects on the soil MBC and MBN contents of the P. koraiensis forest (p > 0.05) after prescribed burning. Compared to the MBC of the Q. mongolica forest before the prescribed burn, MBC spatial dependence in the upper and lower soil layers was approximately 7% and 2% higher, respectively. After the prescribed burn, MBN spatial dependence in the upper and lower soil layers in the P. koraiensis forest was approximately 1% and 13% lower, respectively, than that before the burn, and the MBC spatial variability in the 0–10 cm soil layer in the two forest types was explained by the soil moisture content (SMC), whereas the MBN spatial variability in the 0–10 cm soil layer in the two forests was explained by the soil pH and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N), respectively. In the lower soil layer (10–20 cm) of the Q. mongolica forest, elevation and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) were the main factors affecting the spatial variability of MBC and MBN, respectively. In the 10–20 cm soil layer of the P. koraiensis forest, NO3–-N and slope were the main factors affecting the spatial variability of MBC and MBN, respectively, after the burn. The spatial distributions of MBC and MBN in the two forests were largely structured with higher spatial autocorrelation (relative structural variance C/[C0 + C] > 0.75). However, the factors influencing the spatial variability of MBC and MBN in the two forest types were not consistent between the upper and lower soil layers with prescribed burning. These findings have important implications for developing sustainable management and conservation policies for forest ecosystems.
Restoration of coastal ecosystems as an approach to the integrated mangrove ecosystem management and mitigation and adaptation to climate changes in north coast of East Java
Authors: Rudianto Rudianto , Darmawan Very , Isdianto Andik , Bintoro Gatut
Published: July 2022

Climate change is very basic and appears on earth. Climate change has become an issue that must be faced by humans today and in the future. One of the impacts of climate change can be found in coastal areas. Tsunamis and tidal floods repeatedly occur in coastal areas. One of the efforts to overcome sea level rise that causes tsunamis, erosion, and tidal flooding is mangrove forests. This study aims to determine public awareness of the occurrence of tidal flooding and tsunami and to find an easy and inexpensive way to overcome it. This research is integrated using the partial least square (PLS) approach and the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) approach to mangrove forests. The results showed that the awareness and assessment of the community to carry out mangrove forest restoration to overcome disasters caused by climate change must be managed and handled with a co-management approach..
Motivational states in an undergraduate mathematics course: relations between facets of individual interest, task values, basic needs, and effort
Authors: Rach Stefanie
Published: July 2022

According to situated expectancy-value models, motivational variables play an important role in students’ engagement in academic mathematics courses and achievement. However, for academic mathematical learning, only a few studies provide information regarding the fluctuation of task values on different occasions (situation-specificity, state) and the extent to which task values depend on individual characteristics (personal-specificity, trait). Thus, answering these questions provides information about the extent to which adequate situational characteristics, such as relevance interventions, can influence students’ motivation to engage in the learning process. To contribute to this discussion of the situation- and personal-specificity of task values, I surveyed 181 undergraduate students attending an advanced mathematics course. These students reported on their task values and effort three times in four different lessons during a course in linear algebra. I focused on the following three questions: (1) situation-specificity: to what extent do task values fluctuate between situations (and between persons)? (2) predictions of task values: to what extent do personal characteristics and situational perceptions predict task values? (3) predictions of effort: to what extent do personal characteristics and situational perceptions predict effort? These questions were answered by applying linear mixed models. The analysis results indicate that task values fluctuate only slightly in different situations and are strongly predicted by individual characteristics, such as interest in university mathematics, and task values predict effort. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Efficacy and safety of talazoparib in Japanese patients with germline BRCA-mutated locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: results of the phase 1 dose-expansion study
Authors: Kotani Haruru , Masuda Norikazu , Yamashita Toshinari , Naito Yoichi , Taira Tetsuhiko , Inoue Kenichi , Takahashi Masato , Yonemori Kan , Toyoizumi Shigeyuki , Mori Yuko , Nagasawa Takashi , Hori Natsuki , Iwata Hiroji
Published: July 2022

Background

Talazoparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of patients with germline BRCA1/2 (gBRCA1/2)-mutated HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. This two-part study, a recently published dose-escalation part followed by the dose-expansion part reported here, evaluated the efficacy and safety of talazoparib in Japanese patients with gBRCA1/2-mutated advanced breast cancer.

Methods

In this open-label, multicenter phase 1 study (NCT03343054), the primary endpoint of the dose-expansion part was confirmed objective response rate (ORR), determined by investigator assessment (RECIST 1.1). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety, and pharmacokinetics. Patients received the recommended phase 2 dose (1 mg/day; 0.75 mg/day moderate renal impairment).

Results

Nineteen Japanese patients with gBRCA1/2-mutated locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer were enrolled. Confirmed ORR was 57.9% (11/19; 90% confidence interval [CI] 36.8–77.0). Stable disease was observed in 36.8% (7/19) of patients. Per investigator assessment, median PFS was 7.2 months (95% CI 4.1–not estimable) and 12-month OS rate was 84.7% (90% CI 57.5–95.1). Median OS was not reached; 17/19 patients were alive and censored at 12 months. All patients experienced treatment-related adverse events (AEs); the majority were hematologic. The most common treatment-related AE was anemia (68.4%; [13/19]). Grade 3/4 treatment-related AEs were observed in 52.6% (10/19) of patients. During the safety period, there were no grade 5 treatment-emergent AEs, treatment-related serious AEs, or deaths.

Conclusions

In Japanese patients with gBRCA mutations and locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, talazoparib monotherapy was generally well tolerated and resulted in clinically meaningful ORRs.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier

NCT03343054.
The Devonian-Carboniferous transition at Borkewehr near Wocklum (northern Rhenish Massif, Germany) – a potential GSSP section
Authors: Hartenfels Sven , Becker Ralph Thomas , Herbig Hans-Georg , Qie Wenkun , Kumpan Tomáš , De Vleeschouwer David , Weyer Dieter , Kalvoda Jiří
Published: July 2022

The Borkewehr section near Balve at the southeastern end of the Remscheid-Altena Anticline is currently the best and most complete Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) succession of the Rhenish Massif, Germany. Based on a multidisciplinary approach, focusing on refined conodont and ammonoid biostratigraphy, microfacies analyses, sequence stratigraphy, carbon isotopes (Corgand Ccarb), trace element geochemistry, including REE data, and cyclostratigraphy, the section is proposed as a candidate for the new basal Carboniferous GSSP. The succession represents a pelagic “seamount” setting. It spans the upper Famennian to lower Viséan, with a condensed development of most Rhenish lithostratigraphic units and sedimentary sequences. It is the type-section of the oxic and strongly cyclic, fossiliferous Wocklum Limestone and of important uppermost Famennian and basal Carboniferous index species. The First Appearance Datum (FAD) ofProtognathodus kockelis.str., in a phylogenetic succession from the ancestralPr. semikockelin. sp., is proposed as future GSSP level. This FAD is sandwiched between many other marker levels for global correlation. Below are, from base to top, the transgressive base of the at least partly anoxic Hangenberg Black Shale (base Lower Hangenberg Crisis Interval), the Hangenberg Regression (onset of siltstones of the basal Middle Crisis Interval), the level of maximum regression, indicated by maximum Zr/Al values, and the initial transgression of the basal Upper Crisis Interval, marked by the re-onset of carbonate deposition. Above follow the locally cryptogenic FAD ofSiphonodella (Eosiphonodella) sulcatas.l. at the base of the post-Crisis Interval (Hangenberg Limestone), associated with a conodont biofacies shift, the FAD ofSi. (Eo.) bransoni, and, much higher, the sharp Lower Alum Shale Event at the base of the classical middle Tournaisian. The significance of the section is greatly enlarged by its precise correlation with numerous other Rhenish DCB sections that provide important additional data on faunas, geochemistry, geochronological ages, and magnetic susceptibility. The new Borkewehr data suggest changes of weathering intensity, based on Rb/K and K/Al trends, and Milankovitch cyclicity associated with the climate changes of the Hangenberg Crisis. The local conodont extinction rate at the top of the Wocklum Limestone lies at 57 % while there are no survivors in ammonoids, trilobites, or deep-water corals. Positive carbon isotopic shifts of carbonate in the Upper Crisis Interval and of Corgin the Middle Crisis Interval are decoupled, which suggests complex underlying processes that are not yet understood.
From lunar regolith to oxygen and structural materials: an integrated conceptual design
Authors: Radl Alexandra , Milicevic Neumann Ksenija , Wotruba Hermann , Clausen Elisabeth , Friedrich Bernd
Published: July 2022

To enable a long-term presence of humans in space, it is essential to use extraterrestrial raw materials to reduce the need for transporting resources or produced materials from Earth. In recent years, a lot of research has been conducted on different ISRU processes, such as regolith excavation, mineral processing and the extraction of oxygen using metallurgical processes. However, it is not sufficient to just focus on a single process but also to focus on how the different processes interact. Therefore, RWTH Aachen’s Integrated Conceptual Design presents a novel concept for the production of oxygen and high-quality metal materials. To meet the challenges of mining in space, selective mining is used to provide the best possible blend based on the original material of the deposit. This process is followed by mineral processing to provide a high-quality ilmenite-rich concentrate, the input material for metallurgical processes. Using the novel MOSARI technique, consisting of molten salt electrolysis and metallothermic reduction, oxygen and metal materials can be recovered. Furthermore, this represents a zero-waste approach for the complete utilization of the material.
Interactive visual facets to support fluid exploratory search
Authors: He Chen , Micallef Luana , Serim Barış , Vuong Tung , Ruotsalo Tuukka , Jacucci Giulio
Published: July 2022

Exploratory search starts with ill-defined goals and involves browsing, learning, and formulating new targets for search. To fluidly support such dynamic search behaviours, we focus on devising interactive visual facets (IVF), visualising information facets to support user comprehension and control of the information space. We reviewed existing faceted search interfaces and derived two design requirements (DR) that have not been fully addressed to support fluid interactions in exploratory search. We then exemplified the requirements through devising an IVF tool, which coordinates a linear and a categorical facet representing the distribution and summarisation of items, respectively, and providing context for faceted exploration (DR1). To support rapid transitions between search criteria (DR2), the tool introduces a novel design concept of using facets to select items without filtering the item space. Particularly, we propose a filter-swipe technique that enables users to drag a categorical facet value sequentially over linear facet bars to view the items in the intersection of the two facets along with the categorical facet dynamically summarising the items in the intersection. Three applications with various datasets demonstrate how the features support information discovery with ease. A comparison with a baseline system provided evidence that the task performance of the IVF tool was comparable to the typical query search interface. Another study of 11 participants with realistic email search tasks shows that dynamic suggestions through the timeline navigation can help discover useful suggestions for search; the novel design concept was favoured over using facet values as filters. Based on these practices, we derive IVF design implications for fluid, exploratory searches.

Graphical abstract
Development of a mobile health infrastructure for non-communicable diseases using design science research method: a case study
Authors: Sumarsono Surahyo , Sakkinah Intan Sulistyaningrum , Permanasari Adhistya Erna , Pranggono Bernardi
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we share our experience in designing and developing a mobile health (mHealth) infrastructure for non-communicable diseases (NCD) in rural areas in Indonesia called NusaHealth. The NusaHealth project builds a digital healthcare infrastructure involving universities, healthcare providers, and communities in an mHealth approach that puts patients at the center of health care. The Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) framework was adopted in designing the mHealth application. The infrastructure to connect the mobile device network with the hospital information system was also developed. Our finding indicates that designing and developing an mHealth solution for rural areas in developing countries needs comprehensive approach and the implementation process should involve related partners and stakeholders. The NusaHealth was implemented in rural areas in Yogyakarta province in Indonesia. While Yogyakarta province successfully implemented the NusaHealth in rural areas, different activities need to be conducted to enhance community health by developing a formal mHealth system supported by local health district offices’ policies and regulations.
Diversification rates in Tardigrada indicate a decreasing tempo of lineage splitting regardless of reproductive mode
Authors: Stec Daniel , Cancellario Tommaso , Fontaneto Diego
Published: July 2022

Understanding the dynamics of speciation and extinction events is one of the most interesting subjects in evolutionary biology that relates to all life forms, even the smallest ones. Tardigrades are microscopic invertebrates that attracted public and scientific attention mostly due to their ability to enter into the diapause stage called cryptobiosis and in such stage resist extremely harsh environmental conditions. However, although recent research solved a considerable number of phylogenetic uncertainties and further uncovered physiological mechanisms of cryptobiosis, not much attention is given to the evolutionary forces shaping tardigrade diversity. Here, we investigated the effect of reproductive mode on diversification rates in tardigrades using three groups: macrobiotids, echiniscids and milnesids, which represent low, moderate and high levels of parthenogenesis, respectively. Our results showed a decreasing tempo of diversification events for each of the studied groups without any differences that could be ascribed to reproductive mode. We discussed the observed lack of effect in tardigrades acknowledging deficiencies in available data sets and encouraging further studies to understand whether our results can be considered reliable.
The Early Childhood Signs of Autism in Females: a Systematic Review
Authors: Chellew Tayla , Barbaro Josephine , Freeman Nerelie C.
Published: July 2022

Compared to males, females are at a much greater likelihood of receiving a later diagnosis of autism, which impacts their opportunity to receive early support. To assist with early identification, this systematic literature review aimed to ascertain whether females differ from males in the early childhood signs of autism. The small number of heterogeneous studies made it difficult to draw conclusions, although it appears that females and males under 6 years of age are more similar than different in terms of their expression of autistic behaviours. Given the discrepant sex/gender ratio in autism, these findings highlight the importance of exploring whether there are different and/or specific, not yet identified, early signs of autism in females and males.
A sulfonated modification of PEEK for ultralow friction
Authors: Yuan Shihua , Zhang Chenhui
Published: July 2022

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a widely used material for friction pairs due to its excellent mechanical strength, good wear resistance, and chemical inertness. However, some modifications are necessary when PEEK is used as a water-lubricated friction pair. In this study, a novel sulfonation method was developed to design a water-lubricated friction pair with ultralow friction, good wear resistance, and high loading capacity. PEEK powders were sulfonated using ClSO3H and sintered to form bulk plastic. The sulfonated PEEK (SPEEK) plastic exhibited good tribological properties. At a low sliding speed, the friction coefficient was smaller than 0.02 when a 3 wt% NaCl solution was used as the lubricant. The order of magnitude of the wear rate was as low as 10−8 mm3/(N·m). The mechanism of friction reduction was mainly hydration lubrication. The negatively charged −SO3− groups on the friction pair can adsorb hydrated Na+ cations by electrostatic interactions. These hydrated Na+ cations have a high load capacity and low shearing resistance. The ultralow wear mechanism observed in this study is possibly due to ultralow friction properties of the friction pairs prepared through the proposed sulfonation and thermoforming procedures.
Development of the Flourishing Classroom System Observation Framework and Rubric: a Delphi Study
Authors: Allison Laura , Kern Margaret L. , Jarden Aaron , Waters Lea
Published: July 2022

This paper describes the development of the Flourishing Classroom System Observation Framework and Rubric, which provides a framework and practical approach to defining and describing multiple interconnected observable characteristics of a classroom system that individually and together can be targeted to cultivate collective flourishing within schools. Beginning with a working theoretical model based on existing literature, a three-round Delphi study was used to develop the framework and related rubric. In round 1, 35 experts answered open-ended questions regarding observable behaviours of collective wellbeing in the classroom. Analysis of responses resulted in a framework with five dimensions, each with three sub-dimensions. In round 2, 23 experts sorted and categorised statements that potentially described each of the 15 sub-dimensions. Analyses created definitions of each sub-dimension and statements describing how they manifest for teachers, students, and the class, along with a description of the learning environment for each dimension. In round 3, 18 experts reviewed the definitions and descriptions, resulting in a final 15-dimension framework with a related rubric of 45 descriptive statements. The resulting framework and rubric provide an organising structure to identify observable system elements that shape a flourishing classroom culture.
Trochanteric Nails for the Reduction of Intertrochanteric Fractures: A Biomechanical Analysis Based on Finite Element Analysis and DIC System
Authors: Tsai Ming-Tzu , Lee Cheng-Hung , Chen Kun-Hui , Yen Yu-Chun , Wang Chun-Hsiang , Wang Shun-Ping , Su Kuo-Chih
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Intertrochanteric fractures are common among femoral fractures in the elderly population. The trochanteric nail is a standard internal fixator used in treating femoral intertrochanteric fractures. The technique of femoral fracture reduction affects the postoperative outcome. Here, we applied finite element analysis (FEA) to study mechanical effects of different reduction approaches using the trochanteric nail in treating both stable and unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

Methods

We combined FEA and in vitro experiments using a digital imaging correlation (DIC) technique to study effects of different alignment conditions after treating 4 cases of intertrochanteric fractures using the trochanteric nail system. A downward force of 2250 N was applied to the femoral head, and the distal end of the femur was fixed. The observed indicators were the femur displacement, together with the stress on the femur and trochanteric nail system. In addition, the displacement distribution was analyzed using DIC.

Results

In the case of space reduction, the force was transmitted by the trochanteric nail system, resulting in greater stress imposed on the femur or the trochanteric nail system. In the case of closed reduction, the stress was much smaller. In the case of unstable fracture reduction, closed reduction was associated with a smaller contact area at the fracture site, resulting in greater stress on both trochanter and the trochanteric nail system.

Conclusion

When the trochanteric nail system was used for fixation, the fracture site was well aligned, reducing the stress on the femur or the trochanteric nail.
Review on volumetric energy density: influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Buhairi Minhalina Ahmad , Foudzi Farhana Mohd , Jamhari Fathin Iliana , Sulong Abu Bakar , Radzuan Nabilah Afiqah Mohd , Muhamad Norhamidi , Mohamed Intan Fadhlina , Azman Abdul Hadi , Harun Wan Sharuzi Wan , Al-Furjan M S H
Published: July 2022

Various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters must be considered as they can independently affect the properties of end-product. However, many studies simply examine one or two LPBF process parameters. Laser power, scan speed, scan spacing, and layer height are the four primary LPBF process parameters that contribute to volumetric energy density (VED) used in LPBF. VED is often used as an optimization metric for LPBF process parameters, because it takes all four major parameters into consideration. Thus, this paper focuses on the effect of VED on the morphology and properties of part, and also discusses on the interrelationship between all four parameters. Common range used for each parameter is 70–400 W for laser power, 70–1800 mm/s for scan speed, 50–140 µm for scan spacing, and 20–50 µm for layer height. It can be seen as the VED increased, the microstructure of as-built titanium alloy Ti6Al4V components exhibited smaller α’ martensite size and larger columnar β grain. High VED can also reduce porosity and defect formation, which will help in increasing part density. The lowest surface roughness reported for LPBF Ti6Al4V is 4.91 µm. Meanwhile, the maximum microhardness obtained is 443 HV and the highest tensile strength achieved is 1400 MPa. The VED used for studies that obtained these results are in the range of 55–65 J/mm3. Thus, it can be concluded that the most suitable VED for LPBF printing of Ti6Al4V is around 55–65 J/mm3.
Local SIML estimation of some Brownian and jump functionals under market micro-structure noise
Authors: Kunitomo Naoto , Sato Seisho
Published: July 2022

This paper is a contribution to a special issue on Data Science: Present and Future, because the main topic has been and will be in an active area of contemporary data science. High-frequency financial data are commonly available by now. To estimate Brownian and jump functionals from high-frequency financial data under market micro-structure noise, we introduce a new local estimation method of the integrated volatility and higher order variation of Ito’s semi-martingale processes. Although extending the realized volatility (RV) estimation to the general diffusion-jump processes without micro-market noise is straightforward, estimating Brownian and jump functionals in the presence of micro-market noise may not be easy. In this study, we develop the local SIML (LSIML) method, which is an extension of the separating information maximum likelihood (SIML) method proposed by Kunitomo et al. (Separating information maximum likelihood method for high-frequency financial data, 2018) and Kunitomo and Kurisu (Jpn J Stat Data Sci (JJSD) 4(1):601–641, 2021). The new LSIML method is simple, and the LSIML estimator has some desirable asymptotic properties and reasonable finite sample properties.
Adolescence and the development of social behaviour in giraffes
Authors: Muller Zoe , Cuthill Innes C. , Harris Stephen
Published: July 2022

All mammals experience different life stages as they develop, each of which is characterised by particular physical and behavioural changes. Despite the emergence of sophisticated behaviour analysis techniques, the ways in which social behaviour varies by life stage, and how this is influenced by an individual’s sex, is relatively understudied in most social mammals other than primates and elephants. Understanding the social requirements of mammals should be a central and critical component to their conservation, captive management and welfare. Here, we apply social network analysis techniques to understand how social behaviour differs with life stage in the giraffe, a gregarious fission–fusion mammal. We studied two wild populations of giraffes in Kenya and found that adolescents have significantly stronger associations with adolescents of their own sex first and foremost, then adults of their own sex. Other associations were significantly lower than would be expected, or non-significant. Our results suggest that adolescence in both male and female giraffes shares similar features to adolescence in other social mammal species. We discuss how the application of such knowledge might improve the management and welfare of captive giraffes.
The Simple Usefulness of the Secchi Disk
Authors: Reid Miriam
Published: July 2022

A centuries-old sailor’s hack enters the ecologist’s toolkit.
Galaxy Mapper Tracks Asteroids Closer to Home
Authors: Japelj Jure
Published: July 2022

The Gaia mission’s asteroid survey will help dig deeper into the solar system’s rocky history.
The Career Issue: OK, But Explain “Anything”
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: July 2022

Our second annual Career Issue examines how an education in the Earth and space sciences can lead to a multitude of rewarding paths.
Dysfunction of histone demethylase IBM1 inArabidopsiscauses autoimmunity and reshapes the root microbiome
Authors: Lv Suhui , Yang Yu , Yu Gang , Peng Li , Zheng Shuai , Singh Sunil Kumar , Vílchez Juan Ignacio , Kaushal Richa , Zi Hailing , Yi Dian , Wang Yuhua , Luo Shaofan , Wu Xiaoxuan , Zuo Ziwei , Huang Weichang , Liu Renyi , Du Jiamu , Macho Alberto P , Tang Kai , Zhang Huiming
Published: July 2022

Root microbiota is important for plant growth and fitness. Little is known about whether and how the assembly of root microbiota may be controlled by epigenetic regulation, which is crucial for gene transcription and genome stability. Here we show that dysfunction of the histone demethylase IBM1 (INCREASE IN BONSAI METHYLATION 1) in Arabidopsis thaliana substantially reshaped the root microbiota, with the majority of the significant amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) being decreased. Transcriptome analyses of plants grown in soil and in sterile growth medium jointly disclosed salicylic acid (SA)-mediated autoimmunity and production of the defense metabolite camalexin in the ibm1 mutants. Analyses of genome-wide histone modifications and DNA methylation highlighted epigenetic modifications permissive for transcription at several important defense regulators. Consistently, ibm1 mutants showed increased resistance to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 with stronger immune responses. In addition, ibm1 showed substantially impaired plant growth promotion in response to beneficial bacteria; the impairment was partially mimicked by exogenous application of SA to wild-type plants, and by a null mutation of AGP19 that is important for cell expansion and that is repressed with DNA hypermethylation in ibm1. IBM1-dependent epigenetic regulation imposes strong and broad impacts on plant-microbe interactions and thereby shapes the assembly of root microbiota.
1,2-Amino oxygenation of alkenes with hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Liu Shengzhang , Wang Shengchun , Wang Pengjie , Huang Zhiliang , Wang Tao , Lei Aiwen
Published: July 2022

1,2-Amino oxygenation of alkenes has emerged as one of the most straightforward synthetic methods to produce β-amino alcohols, which are important organic building blocks. Thus, a practical synthetic strategy for 1,2-amino oxygenation is highly desirable. Here, we reported an electro-oxidative intermolecular 1,2-amino oxygenation of alkenes with hydrogen evolution, removing the requirement of extra-oxidant. Using commercial oxygen and nitrogen sources as starting materials, this method provides a cheap, scalable, and efficient route to a set of valuable β-amino alcohol derivatives. Moreover, the merit of this protocol has been exhibited by its broad substrate scope and good application in continuous-flow reactors. Furthermore, this method can be extended to other amino-functionalization of alkenes, thereby showing the potential to inspire advances in applications of electro-induced N-centered radicals (NCRs).
Cholesterol sulfate alleviates ulcerative colitis by promoting cholesterol biosynthesis in colonic epithelial cells
Authors: Xu Dongke , Ma Ruijun , Ju Yi , Song Xiaowei , Niu Baolin , Hong Wenting , Wang Rong , Yang Qin , Zhao Zhi , Zhang Yuchen , Zheng Yufan , Bai Qianming , Lv Mingfang , Sun Ning , Li Xiaobo
Published: July 2022

Cholesterol sulfate, produced by hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2B1 (SULT2B1), is highly abundant in the intestine. Herein, we study the functional role and underlying intestinal epithelial repair mechanisms of cholesterol sulfate in ulcerative colitis. The levels of cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate, as well as the expression of Sult2b1 and genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, are significantly higher in inflamed tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis than in intestinal mucosa from healthy controls. Cholesterol sulfate in the gut and circulation is mainly catalyzed by intestinal epithelial SULT2B1. Specific deletion of the Sult2b1 gene in the intestinal epithelial cells aggravates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis; however, dietary supplementation with cholesterol sulfate ameliorates this effect in acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice. Cholesterol sulfate promotes cholesterol biosynthesis by binding to Niemann-Pick type C2 protein and activating sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 in colonic epithelial cells, thereby alleviates ulcerative colitis. In conclusion, cholesterol sulfate contributes to the healing of the mucosal barrier and exhibits therapeutic efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice.
Maladaptive positive feedback production of ChREBPβ underlies glucotoxic β-cell failure
Authors: Katz Liora S. , Brill Gabriel , Zhang Pili , Kumar Anil , Baumel-Alterzon Sharon , Honig Lee B. , Gómez-Banoy Nicolás , Karakose Esra , Tanase Marius , Doridot Ludivine , Alvarsson Alexandra , Davenport Bennett , Wang Peng , Lambertini Luca , Stanley Sarah A. , Homann Dirk , Stewart Andrew F. , Lo James C. , Herman Mark A. , Garcia-Ocaña Adolfo , Scott Donald K.
Published: July 2022

Preservation and expansion of β-cell mass is a therapeutic goal for diabetes. Here we show that the hyperactive isoform of carbohydrate response-element binding protein (ChREBPβ) is a nuclear effector of hyperglycemic stress occurring in β-cells in response to prolonged glucose exposure, high-fat diet, and diabetes. We show that transient positive feedback induction of ChREBPβ is necessary for adaptive β-cell expansion in response to metabolic challenges. Conversely, chronic excessive β-cell-specific overexpression of ChREBPβ results in loss of β-cell identity, apoptosis, loss of β-cell mass, and diabetes. Furthermore, β-cell “glucolipotoxicity” can be prevented by deletion of ChREBPβ. Moreover, ChREBPβ-mediated cell death is mitigated by overexpression of the alternate CHREBP gene product, ChREBPα, or by activation of the antioxidant Nrf2 pathway in rodent and human β-cells. We conclude that ChREBPβ, whether adaptive or maladaptive, is an important determinant of β-cell fate and a potential target for the preservation of β-cell mass in diabetes.
RNA-binding protein RBM3 intrinsically suppresses lung innate lymphoid cell activation and inflammation partially through CysLT1R
Authors: Badrani Jana H. , Strohm Allyssa N. , Lacasa Lee , Civello Blake , Cavagnero Kellen , Haung Yung-An , Amadeo Michael , Naji Luay H. , Lund Sean J. , Leng Anthea , Kim Hyojoung , Baum Rachel E. , Khorram Naseem , Mondal Monalisa , Seumois Grégory , Pilotte Julie , Vanderklish Peter W. , McGee Heather M. , Doherty Taylor A.
Published: July 2022

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) promote lung inflammation in asthma through cytokine production. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical post-transcriptional regulators, although less is known about RBPs in ILC biology. Here, we demonstrate that RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3) is highly expressed in lung ILCs and is further induced by alarmins TSLP and IL-33. Rbm3−/− and Rbm3−/−Rag2−/− mice exposed to asthma-associated Alternaria allergen develop enhanced eosinophilic lung inflammation and ILC activation. IL-33 stimulation studies in vivo and in vitro show that RBM3 suppressed lung ILC responses. Further, Rbm3−/− ILCs from bone marrow chimeric mice display increased ILC cytokine production suggesting an ILC-intrinsic suppressive function of RBM3. RNA-sequencing of Rbm3−/− lung ILCs demonstrates increased expression of type 2/17 cytokines and cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor (CysLT1R). Finally, Rbm3−/−Cyslt1r−/− mice show dependence on CysLT1R for accumulation of ST2+IL-17+ ILCs. Thus, RBM3 intrinsically regulates lung ILCs during allergen-induced type 2 inflammation that is partially dependent on CysLT1R.
Leveraging antigenic seniority for maternal vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
Authors: Nelson Ashley N. , Dennis Maria , Mangold Jesse F. , Li Katherine , Saha Pooja T. , Cronin Kenneth , Cross Kaitlyn A. , Kumar Amit , Mangan Riley J. , Shaw George M. , Bar Katharine J. , Haynes Barton , Moody Anthony M. , Munir Alam S. , Pollara Justin , Hudgens Michael G. , Van Rompay Koen K. A. , De Paris Kristina , Permar Sallie R.
Published: July 2022

The development of a maternal HIV vaccine to synergize with current antiretroviral drug prophylaxis can overcome implementation challenges and further reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Both the epitope-specificity and autologous neutralization capacity of maternal HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies have been implicated in decreased risk of MTCT of HIV. Our goal was to determine if heterologous HIV Env immunization of SHIV.C.CH505-infected, ART-suppressed female rhesus macaques (RMs) could boost autologous Env-specific antibodies. SHIV.C.CH505-infected female RMs (n = 12), began a daily ART regimen at 12 weeks post-infection (wpi), which was continued for 12 weeks. Starting 2 weeks after ART initiation, RMs received 3 monthly immunizations with HIV b.63521/1086.C gp120 or placebo (n = 6/group) vaccine with adjuvant STR8S-C. Compared to the placebo-immunized animals, Env-vaccinated, SHIV-infected RMs exhibited enhanced IgG binding, avidity, and ADCC responses against the vaccine immunogens and the autologous SHIV.C.CH505 Env. Notably, the Env-specific memory B cells elicited by heterologous vaccination were dominated by cells that recognized the SHIV.C.CH505 Env, the antigen of primary exposure. Thus, vaccination of SHIV-infected, ART-suppressed RMs with heterologous HIV Envs can augment multiple components of the antibody response against the Env antigen of primary exposure, suggesting antigenic seniority. Our results suggest that a universal maternal HIV vaccination regimen can be developed to leverage antigenic seniority in targeting the maternal autologous virus pool.
Utility-driven assessment of anonymized data via clustering
Authors: Ferrão Maria Eugénia , Prata Paula , Fazendeiro Paulo
Published: July 2022

In this study, clustering is conceived as an auxiliary tool to identify groups of special interest. This approach was applied to a real dataset concerning an entire Portuguese cohort of higher education Law students. Several anonymized clustering scenarios were compared against the original cluster solution. The clustering techniques were explored as data utility models in the context of data anonymization, using k-anonymity and (ε, δ﻿)-differential as privacy models. The purpose was to assess anonymized data utility by standard metrics, by the characteristics of the groups obtained, and the relative risk (a relevant metric in social sciences research). For a matter of self-containment, we present an overview of anonymization and clustering methods. We used a partitional clustering algorithm and analyzed several clustering validity indices to understand to what extent the data structure is preserved, or not, after data anonymization. The results suggest that for low dimensionality/cardinality datasets the anonymization procedure easily jeopardizes the clustering endeavor. In addition, there is evidence that relevant field-of-study estimates obtained from anonymized data are biased.
Country-level fire perimeter datasets (2001–2021)
Authors: Mahood Adam L. , Lindrooth Estelle J. , Cook Maxwell C. , Balch Jennifer K.
Published: July 2022

Fire activity is changing across many areas of the globe. Understanding how social and ecological systems respond to fire is an important topic for the coming century. But many countries do not have accessible fire history data. There are several satellite-based products available as gridded data, but these can be difficult to access and use, and require significant computational resources and time to convert into a usable product for a specific area of interest. We developed an open source software package called Fire Event Delineation for python (FIREDpy) which automatically downloads and processes all of the source files for an area of interest from the MODIS burned area product, and runs a spatiotemporal flooding algorithm that converts those hundreds of grids into a single fire perimeter shapefile. Here we present a collection of fire event perimeter datasets for every country on the globe that we created using the FIREDpy software. We will continue to improve the efficiency and flexibility of the underlying algorithm, and intend to update these datasets annually.
Using metabarcoding and droplet digital PCR to investigate drivers of historical shifts in cyanobacteria from six contrasting lakes
Authors: Picard Maïlys , Pochon Xavier , Atalah Javier , Pearman John K. , Rees Andrew , Howarth Jamie D. , Moy Christopher M. , Vandergoes Marcus J. , Hawes Ian , Khan Samiullah , Wood Susanna A.
Published: July 2022

The frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms is increasing worldwide. Multiple factors are implicated, most of which are anthropogenic. New Zealand provides a useful location to study the impacts of human settlement on lake ecosystems. The first humans (Polynesians) arrived about 750 years ago. Following their settlement, there were marked landscape modifications which intensified after European settlement about 150 years ago. The aims of this study were to reconstruct cyanobacterial communities in six lakes over the last 1000 years and explore key drivers of change. Cyanobacterial environmental DNA was extracted from sediment cores and analysed using metabarcoding and droplet digital PCR. Cyanobacteria, including potentially toxic or bloom forming species, were already present in these lakes prior to human arrival, however their overall abundance was low. Total cyanobacteria abundance and richness increased in all lakes after European settlement but was very pronounced in four lakes, where bloom-forming taxa became dominant. These shifts occurred concomitant with land-use change. The catchment of one deteriorated lake is only moderately modified, thus the introduction of non-native fish is posited as the key factor driving this change. The paleolimnological approach used in this study has enabled new insights into timing and potential causes of changes in cyanobacterial communities.
Intravital 3D visualization and segmentation of murine neural networks at micron resolution
Authors: Lautman Ziv , Winetraub Yonatan , Blacher Eran , Yu Caroline , Terem Itamar , Chibukhchyan Adelaida , Marshel James H. , de la Zerda Adam
Published: July 2022

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows label-free, micron-scale 3D imaging of biological tissues’ fine structures with significant depth and large field-of-view. Here we introduce a novel OCT-based neuroimaging setting, accompanied by a feature segmentation algorithm, which enables rapid, accurate, and high-resolution in vivo imaging of 700 μm depth across the mouse cortex. Using a commercial OCT device, we demonstrate 3D reconstruction of microarchitectural elements through a cortical column. Our system is sensitive to structural and cellular changes at micron-scale resolution in vivo, such as those from injury or disease. Therefore, it can serve as a tool to visualize and quantify spatiotemporal brain elasticity patterns. This highly transformative and versatile platform allows accurate investigation of brain cellular architectural changes by quantifying features such as brain cell bodies’ density, volume, and average distance to the nearest cell. Hence, it may assist in longitudinal studies of microstructural tissue alteration in aging, injury, or disease in a living rodent brain.