bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of leadership development on GP mental health commissioning
Authors: Dickerson Emma , Fenge Lee-Ann , Rosenorn-Lanng Emily
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the learning needs of general practitioners (GPs) involved in commissioning mental health provision in England, and offer an evaluation of a leadership and commissioning skills development programme for Mental Health Commissioners.

Design/methodology/approach

Retrospective mixed method, including online mixed method survey, rating participants’ knowledge, skills, abilities, semi-structured telephone interviews and third-party questionnaires were used. Results were analysed for significant differences using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. Open-ended responses and interview transcripts were analysed thematically.

Findings

Indicative results showed that participants perceived significant impacts in ability across eight key question groups evaluated. Differences were found between the perceived and observed impact in relation to technical areas covered within the programme which were perceived as the highest scoring impacts by participants.

Research limitations/implications

The indicative results show a positive impact on practice has been both perceived and observed. Findings illustrate the value of this development programme on both the personal development of GP Mental Health Commissioners and commissioning practice. Although the findings of this evaluation increase understanding in relation to an important and topical area, larger scale, prospective evaluations are required. Impact evaluations could be embedded within future programmes to encourage higher participant and third-party engagement. Future evaluations would benefit from collection and analysis of attendance data. Further research could involve patient, service user and carer perspectives on mental health commissioning.

Originality value

Results of this evaluation could inform the development of future learning programmes for mental health commissioners as part of a national approach to improve mental health provision.
Development and preparation of oxide mixture-based pigments for anticorrosion paints
Authors: Benda Petr , Kalendová Andréa
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The aim of the work is to develop an anticorrosion pigment based on an oxide mixture with lamellar particles. The pigments are prepared from lamellar zinc, zinc oxide and magnetite by calcination. An alkaline earth carbonate is added when embedding a third cation in the lattice of the ferrite that forms the envelope of the lamellar zinc. The properties of the pigments are tested both in the powdered state and when embedded in an epoxy-ester system using different pigment volume concentrations (PVC).

Design/methodology/approach

The properties of paints containing synthesised oxide mixture-based pigments at various volume concentrations and with the Q factor – Q = PVC/CPVC = 0.65 – were examined (where CPVC is critical pigment volume concentration). A series of isometric ferrite pigments were also synthesised for a comparison. Paints of both types with PVC = 10, 15 and 20 per cent were formulated. Steel panels coated with the paints were subjected to corrosion and mechanical tests.

Findings

The oxide mixtures with lamellar particles were subjected to particle size analysis and found to make up a broad distribution curve. Electron microscopy photographs confirmed that the oxide mixture pigments contained lamellar particles with a surface layer. A high anticorrosion effect was achieved owing to the combination of different oxide types.

Research limitations/implications

The properties of the oxide mixtures with lamellar particles are described. Their particle distribution curves can be obtained by particle size analysis methods with a view to obtaining additional information on the status and properties of the pigment particles that may be useful in the development of better paints/coating materials.

Practical implications

Oxide mixtures with lamellar particles can be used in paints protecting construction steel.

Originality/value

The composition of the prepared oxide mixture-based pigments is novel. Each oxide acts by its own anticorrosion mechanism and the final beneficial effect is due to their concerted action.
Facile photoluminescent spheres: methodology, structure and properties
Authors: Zhu R.D. , Wang Y.H. , Wang N.G. , Zhang L.N. , Lu A. , Wang M.J. , Liu X.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce a novel approach to the fabrication of photoluminescent materials by coating rare earth aluminate luminescent materials on metallic substrates and a readily manufacturable light source with robust structure in the form of photoluminescent sphere (APS).

Design/methodology/approach

The clean and dried stainless steel sphere was sprayed with UH 2593, a white undercoat, the luminescent coating and the weather resistance coating in chronological order.

Findings

After adhered onto the stainless steel sphere, the peaks corresponding to the N-H stretching vibrations were changed. The intensity of free N-H stretching at 3,536 cm−1 dramatically decreased and the peak of hydrogen-bonded N-H stretching of PU moved to lower wavenumbers. The red shift of the infrared bands of functional groups was attributed to the strengthened hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding interactions between the stainless steel substrates and the polyurethane coating endowed the APS with excellent adhesive property and also promoted the evenly distribution of the photoluminescent particles in the polymer coating matrix.

Practical implications

This approach can be applicable in the fabrication of the photoluminescent materials. The APS can be used as signs and guiding post in remote areas without sufficient electricity supply and in the seas and rivers with complicated hydrological conditions.

Originality/value

This approach has provided a method to produce tough and durable luminescent signs for remote areas and dangerous seas and explained the functional mechanism of the combined application of metallic materials and non-metallic materials.
Fire influences the structure of plant–bee networks
Authors: Peralta Guadalupe , Stevani Erica L. , Chacoff Natacha P. , Dorado Jimena , Vázquez Diego P.
Published: July 2017

Fire represents a frequent disturbance in many ecosystems, which can affect plant–pollinator assemblages and hence the services they provide. Furthermore, fire events could affect the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks, modifying the structure and function of communities.

Some pollinators, such as wood‐nesting bees, may be particularly affected by fire events due to damage to the nesting material and its long regeneration time. However, it remains unclear whether fire influences the structure of bee–plant interactions.

Here, we used quantitative plant–wood‐nesting bee interaction networks sampled across four different post‐fire age categories (from freshly‐burnt to unburnt sites) in an arid ecosystem to test whether the abundance of wood‐nesting bees, the breadth of resource use and the plant–bee community structure change along a post‐fire age gradient.

We demonstrate that freshly‐burnt sites present higher abundances of generalist than specialist wood‐nesting bees and that this translates into lower network modularity than that of sites with greater post‐fire ages. Bees do not seem to change their feeding behaviour across the post‐fire age gradient despite changes in floral resource availability.

Despite the effects of fire on plant–bee interaction network structure, these mutualistic networks seem to be able to recover a few years after the fire event. This result suggests that these interactions might be highly resilient to this type of disturbance.
Designed habitat heterogeneity on green roofs increases seedling survival but not plant species diversity
Authors: Walker Emily A. , Lundholm Jeremy T.
Published: July 2017

Urban areas benefit from the ecosystem services provided by low input green roofs. However, limited substrate depth on these green roofs creates challenging conditions for plant establishment and survival, leading to industry reliance on non‐native succulents.

Through a green roof and glasshouse study, we assessed the impact of simple design modifications to the green roof surface, including redistribution of substrate and addition of logs and pebble piles, on both substrate temperature and moisture content. We added seeds of 26 native species and quantified seedling density, species richness and composition over a single growing season. Overall effects of microsite heterogeneity on species diversity were assessed using species accumulation curves.

The modifications altered substrate temperature and moisture. Deep substrate (10–12 cm) and the presence of surface features reduced the temperature by 14.6°C and, while surface features had mixed effects on substrate moisture on the green roof, pebble piles slowed moisture loss during a 6‐week drought in the glasshouse.

Following drought conditions, seedling density and species richness were greatest, relative to seeded controls, where substrate was deep on the green roof and where pebbles were present in glasshouse modules, despite high mortality overall. Design modifications did not result in differentiation of seedling communities among different microsite types. Species accumulation curves showed no difference in species richness between aggregates of modified vs. unaltered microsites.

Synthesis and applications. Redistribution of green roof substrate and the addition of logs and pebble piles altered microsite conditions and created habitat heterogeneity on a green roof. These design modifications represent a minimalist strategy to ameliorate growing conditions, improve seedling survival and decrease species loss on shallow substrate green roofs.
(Pro)renin receptor activation increases profibrotic markers and fibroblast‐like phenotype through MAPK‐dependent ROS formation in mouse renal collecting duct cells
Authors: Gonzalez Alexis A , Zamora Leonardo , Reyes‐Martinez Cristian , Salinas‐Parra Nicolas , Roldan Nicole , Cuevas Catherina A , Figueroa Stefanny , Gonzalez‐Vergara Alex , Prieto Minolfa C
Published: July 2017

Recent studies suggested that activation of the PRR upregulates profibrotic markers through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; however, the exact mechanisms have not been investigated in CD cells. We hypothesized that activation of the PRR increases the expression of profibrotic markers through MAPK‐dependent ROS formation in CD cells. Mouse renal CD cell line (M‐1) was treated with recombinant prorenin plus ROS or MAPK inhibitors and PRR‐shRNA to evaluate their effect on the expression of profibrotic markers. PRR immunostaining revealed plasma membrane and intracellular localization. Recombinant prorenin increases ROS formation (6.0 ± 0.5 vs 3.9 ± 0.1 nmol/L DCF/μg total protein, P < .05) and expression of profibrotic markers CTGF (149 ± 12%, P < .05), α‐SMA (160 ± 20%, P < .05), and PAI‐I (153 ± 13%, P < .05) at 10−8 mol/L. Recombinant prorenin‐induced phospho ERK 1/2 (p44 and p42) at 10−8 and 10−6 mol/L after 20 minutes. Prorenin‐dependent ROS formation and augmentation of profibrotic factors were blunted by ROS scavengers (trolox, p‐coumaric acid, ascorbic acid), the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and PRR transfections with PRR‐shRNA. No effects were observed in the presence of antioxidants alone. Prorenin‐induced upregulation of collagen I and fibronectin was blunted by ROS scavenging or MEK inhibition independently. PRR‐shRNA partially prevented this induction. After 24 hours prorenin treatment M‐1 cells undergo to epithelial–mesenchymal transition phenotype, however MEK inhibitor PD98059 and PRR knockdown prevented this effect. These results suggest that PRR might have a significant role in tubular damage during conditions of high prorenin‐renin secretion in the CD.
Mapping medical marijuana: state laws regulating patients, product safety, supply chains and dispensaries, 2017
Authors: Klieger Sarah B. , Gutman Abraham , Allen Leslie , Pacula Rosalie Liccardo , Ibrahim Jennifer K. , Burris Scott
Published: July 2017

Aims

(1) To describe open source legal data sets, created for research use, that capture the key provisions of US state medical marijuana laws. The data document how state lawmakers have regulated a medicine that remains, under federal law, a Schedule I illegal drug with no legitimate medical use. (2) To demonstrate the variability that exists across states in rules governing patient access, product safety and dispensary practice.

Methods

Two legal researchers collected and coded state laws governing marijuana patients, product safety and dispensaries in effect on 1 February 2017, creating three empirical legal data sets. We used summary tables to identify the variation in specific statutory provisions specified in each state's medical marijuana law as it existed on 1 February 2017. We compared aspects of these laws to the traditional Federal approach to regulating medicine. Full data sets, codebooks and protocols are available through the Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System (http://www.pdaps.org/; Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6qv5CZNaZ on 2 June 2017).

Results

Twenty‐eight states (including the District of Columbia) have authorized medical marijuana. Twenty‐seven specify qualifying diseases, which differ across states. All states protect patient privacy; only 14 protect patients against discrimination. Eighteen states have mandatory product safety testing before any sale. While the majority have package/label regulations, states have a wide range of specific requirements. Most regulate dispensaries (25 states), with considerable variation in specific provisions such as permitted product supply sources number of dispensaries per state and restricting proximity to various types of location.

Conclusions

The federal ban in the United States on marijuana has resulted in a patchwork of regulatory strategies that are not uniformly consistent with the approach usually taken by the Federal government and whose effectiveness remains unknown.
Is a large family a protective factor against behavioural and emotional problems at the age of 8 years?
Authors: Taanila A , Ebeling H , Kotimaa A , Moilanen I , Järvelin M-R
Published: July 2017

Aim: To study the prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among children from different family types, sibship size and birth order. Methods: A prospective birth cohort (n = 9357) study where parents filled in two questionnaires and teachers assessed children's behaviour using the Rutter scale (RB2). Results: 14.3% scored above the cut‐off point (RB2 ≥ 9) indicating probable psychiatric disturbance, boys more often than girls (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.3–3.0). Behavioural problems (9.2%) were more common than emotional ones (4.1%). Boys living in families other than two‐parent families were at risk for probable psychiatric disturbance, and a corresponding risk was observed for girls living in single‐parent or always one‐parent families. Other than two‐parent family was also a risk for behavioural problems; for boys adjusted odds ratios ranged significantly from 1.8 to 2.4 and for girls from 2.0 to 3.7. “Only children” had the highest prevalence of behavioural problems, while children in very large families had the lowest. Living in a very large family was a protective factor against behavioural problems among boys but not among girls. Eldest children were at lower risk of behavioural problems than the other children. The single‐parent and always one‐parent family was associated with higher risk of emotional problems among girls.

Conclusion: Children's psychiatric problems are manifested at school mostly as behavioural problems. A two‐parent family and being the oldest in the sibling series seem to be protective factors. Very large family size, if not connected to social disadvantages, does not seem to be a risk factor for children's behaviour.
3 Inclusive Communities In The Titicaca Basin During The Early Horizon
Authors: Juengst Sara L.
Published: July 2017

“Community” is an important analytical lens for investigating the emergence of social hierarchy and shared religious tradition. Burials from the Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia dating to the Early Horizon (800 B.C.E.–C.E. 200) provide an opportunity to investigate how socio‐economic changes may have impacted and been structured by existing community structures. Specifically, I use biodistance and strontium isotope analyses to identify kinship and migrant relationships for individuals buried at temple and non‐temple sites on the Copacabana Peninsula. I find that despite an emerging ritual tradition and change in subsistence strategy, individuals were likely not creating social hierarchies, but instead, structuring communities around ancestry and extended kin networks.
5 Defining Community in the Upper Belize River Valley during the Late Classic Period: A Micro‐regional Bioarchaeological Approach
Authors: Novotny Anna C.
Published: July 2017

For the ancient Maya, mortuary practices offer crucial insight into how communities created and reproduced themselves. For example, most individuals local to the Belize River Valley are interred in a prone position, with head to the south. My research questions whether other rituals involving the deceased body, including body positioning and interaction with human remains through tomb re‐entry (i.e., skull removal, interment of multiple individuals in one grave), could indicate affiliation to local or imagined communities. Comparing two Belize River Valley sites, Chan and Zubin, I found similar types of interaction that may indicate participation in a regional imagined community.
Population pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Chotsiri Palang , Wattanakul Thanaporn , Hoglund Richard M. , Hanboonkunupakarn Borimas , Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Blessborn Daniel , Jittamala Podjanee , White Nicholas J. , Day Nicholas P.J. , Tarning Joel
Published: July 2017

Aims

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and piperaquine, potential drug–drug interactions with concomitant primaquine treatment, and piperaquine effects on the electrocardiogram in healthy volunteers.

Methods

The population pharmacokinetic properties of DHA and piperaquine were assessed in 16 healthy Thai adults using an open‐label, randomized, crossover study. Drug concentration–time data and electrocardiographic measurements were evaluated with nonlinear mixed‐effects modelling.

Results

The developed models described DHA and piperaquine population pharmacokinetics accurately. Concomitant treatment with primaquine did not affect the pharmacokinetic properties of DHA or piperaquine. A linear pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model described satisfactorily the relationship between the individually corrected QT intervals and piperaquine concentrations; the population mean QT interval increased by 4.17 ms per 100 ng ml–1 increase in piperaquine plasma concentration. Simulations from the final model showed that monthly and bimonthly mass drug administration in healthy subjects would result in median maximum QT interval prolongations of 18.9 ms and 16.8 ms, respectively, and would be very unlikely to result in prolongation of more than 50 ms. A single low dose of primaquine can be added safely to the existing DHA–piperaquine treatment in areas of multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Conclusions

Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation in healthy adult volunteers suggested that therapeutic doses of DHA–piperaquine in the prevention or treatment of P. falciparum malaria are unlikely to be associated with dangerous QT prolongation.
The impact of epigenomic next‐generation sequencing approaches on our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Schang A.‐L. , Sabéran‐Djoneidi D. , Mezger V.
Published: July 2017

Patients suffering from psychiatric disorders have a life span burden, which represents an enormous human, family, social, and economical cost. Several concepts have revolutionized our way of appraising neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs). They result from a combination of genetic factors and environmental insults, and their etiology finds roots in the neurodevelopmental period. As epigenetic mechanisms tightly control brain development, exposure to adverse conditions disturbing the epigenetic landscape of the fetal brain increases the risk of developing NPDs, due to the persistence of abnormal epigenetic signatures, at distance from the initial stimulus. Here, we review these concepts and discuss recent results based on next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approaches that have shed light on the mechanisms that underlie the emergence of NPDs, highlighting the importance of epigenetic phenomena. Because epigenetic mechanisms are potentially reversible, unraveling the epigenetic contribution to the etiology of NPDs is key to the design of future therapeutic strategies. Early diagnosis of patients prone to NPDs for early intervention represents a challenge that waits for biomarkers of vulnerability, and could be decisive for improving the outcome and prognosis of “at‐risk” patients.
Matrin3 binds directly to intronic pyrimidine‐rich sequences and controls alternative splicing
Authors: Uemura Yuri , Oshima Takuya , Yamamoto Munetaka , Reyes Charles Jourdan , Costa Cruz Pedro Henrique , Shibuya Toshiharu , Kawahara Yukio
Published: July 2017

Matrin3 is an RNA‐binding protein that is localized in the nuclear matrix. Although various roles in RNA metabolism have been reported for Matrin3, in vivo target RNAs to which Matrin3 binds directly have not been investigated comprehensively so far. Here, we show that Matrin3 binds predominantly to intronic regions of pre‐mRNAs. Photoactivatable Ribonucleoside‐Enhanced Cross‐linking and Immunoprecipitation (PAR‐CLIP) analysis using human neuronal cells showed that Matrin3 recognized pyrimidine‐rich sequences as binding motifs, including the polypyrimidine tract, a splicing regulatory element. Splicing‐sensitive microarray analysis showed that depletion of Matrin3 preferentially increased the inclusion of cassette exons that were adjacent to introns that contained Matrin3‐binding sites. We further found that although most of the genes targeted by polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) were also bound by Matrin3, Matrin3 could control alternative splicing in a PTBP1‐independent manner, at least in part. These findings suggest that Matrin3 is a splicing regulator that targets intronic pyrimidine‐rich sequences.
Validation of the short version of Korean functional Health Literacy Test
Authors: Kim Su Hyun
Published: July 2017

Aim

The aim of this study is to validate a short version of the Korean functional Health Literacy Test.

Background

Development of a brief and valid health literacy assessment tool, with an optimal cut‐off value, is essential to identify individuals with low health literacy in the Korean‐speaking population.

Design

This is a psychometric validation study of the instrument.

Methods

Item response analysis using 2‐parameter logistic estimates was used for item reduction. The short form of the Korean functional Health Literacy Test was validated among 170 nursing students and 129 older adults in Korea. Data were collected from December 2015 to February 2016. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to classify health literacy level with the cut‐off value.

Results

Item difficulty parameters of the short form of the Korean functional Health Literacy Test ranged from −1.33 to −0.35; item discrimination ranged from 1.91 to 4.47. Significant differences of the test score were shown between nursing students and older adults. The cut‐off value of 6 out of 8 on the short form of the Korean functional Health Literacy Test showed a sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.65.

Conclusion

The short form of the Korean functional Health Literacy Test is a valid tool with sufficient diagnostic accuracy to assess health literacy in the Korean‐speaking population.
Overactive bladder is a negative predictor of achieving continence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Yamada Yuta , Fujimura Tetsuya , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Sugihara Toru , Miyazaki Hideyo , Nakagawa Tohru , Kume Haruki , Igawa Yasuhiko , Homma Yukio
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To investigate predictors of continence outcomes after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.

Methods

Clinical records of 272 patients who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy were investigated. Preoperative Overactive Bladder Symptom Score, International Prostate Symptom Score and clinicopathological factors were investigated, and relationships between factors and recovery of continence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy were assessed. The presence of overactive bladder was defined as having urgency for more than once a week and having ≥3 points according to the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score.

Results

Age (≤66 years) was significantly associated with continence within 6 months after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (P = 0.033). The absence of overactive bladder and lower Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (<3) were significantly associated with recovery of continence within 12 months after surgery (both variables P = 0.009). In terms of achieving recovery of continence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy, Kaplan–Meier curves showed earlier recovery in “age ≤66 years,” “prostate weight ≤40 g” and “overactive bladder symptom score <3” (P = 0.0072, 0.0172 and 0.0140, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of overactive bladder was an independent negative predictor for recovery of continence within 12 months after surgery (P = 0.019).

Conclusions

The presence of baseline overactive bladder seems to represent an independent negative predictor for recovery of continence at 12 months after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.
Association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and peripheral artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zou Yaowu , Li Xinde , Wang Can , Wang Jing , Wang Fei , Ma Lidan , You Wenjun , Li Changgui
Published: July 2017

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the risk of coronary heart diseases; however, the relationship between NAFLD and peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated.

Aim

To investigate the association between NAFLD and PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We carried out a cross‐sectional study on 2646 type 2 diabetes patients ≥ 40 years. All patients provided fasting blood samples and underwent a liver ultrasonography and ankle‐brachial index (ABI) test. PAD was defined as an ABI <0.9. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the odds ratio (OR) for PAD associated with NAFLD.

Results

Our analyses showed that patients with NAFLD had a significantly higher prevalence of PAD compared with those without NAFLD (12.8% vs 7.8%). NAFLD was associated with a 75% (OR 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35–2.28) increased risk of PAD after adjustment for demographic factors. Addition of various metabolic risk factors as confounders attenuated the association (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.12–2.00). Further adjustment for C‐reactive protein led the association to be marginally significant (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.99–1.80). Analyses stratified by gender suggested the association was much stronger among women than among men.

Conclusion

Type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD had a higher prevalence of PAD, and this association was partly, but not entirely, explained by metabolic risk factors and inflammation.
Insularity effects on the assemblage of the blood parasite community of the birds from the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Loiseau Claire , Melo Martim , Lobato Elisa , Beadell Jon S. , Fleischer Robert C. , Reis Sandra , Doutrelant Claire , Covas Rita
Published: July 2017

Aim

Lower species diversity, increased population densities and ecological niche enlargement are common characteristics of island faunas. However, it remains to be determined if they extend to the parasite community. We tested if Haemosporidia parasite pressure varies between islands and the mainland with two different levels of analysis: (1) at the host community level and (2) with paired‐species comparisons between islands and the mainland.

Location

Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.

Methods

We used molecular‐based methods to identify avian Haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) to describe their diversity, prevalence, host specificity and their phylogenetic relationships in five islands of the Gulf of Guinea and in nearby mainland areas.

Results

We found reduced Haemosporidia diversity on islands for Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, but not for Plasmodium. In addition, lower parasite prevalence on islands was found using a paired‐species approach. Although the mean host specificity of the parasite community on islands did not differ from the mainland, we found a very distinct parasite species assemblage on the islands, which was composed of both the most generalist and the most specialist lineages.

Main conclusions

This study supports the hypothesis that parasite pressure is reduced on islands. Colonization is made by generalists with high host switching capacities, with some subsequently evolving into highly specialized parasites. This suggests that “taxon cycle” dynamics may explain the assemblage of insular parasite communities.
Involvement of insulin resistance in normoglycaemic obese patients with periodontitis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Martinez‐Herrera Mayte , Silvestre Francisco Javier , Silvestre‐Rangil Javier , Bañuls Celia , Rocha Milagros , Hernández‐Mijares Antonio
Published: July 2017

Aim

We explored the association between obesity and periodontitis with the aim of determining the possible role of insulin resistance (IR) in this relationship.

Materials and Methods

A total of 212 subjects—110 obese and 102 lean individuals—were evaluated for periodontal disease and divided according to IR: a lean group without IR (LWIR), an obese group without IR (OWIR), and an obese group with IR (OIR). Anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and periodontal parameters were evaluated.

Results

Periodontitis was more prevalent in obese (80.9%) than in lean subjects (41.2%), with the former group showing a risk of periodontitis sixfold that of the latter. Obese subjects as a whole displayed higher diastolic blood pressure, TNFα and hsCRP and lower HDL cholesterol than lean subjects. OIR had higher systolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, HOMA‐IR, A1c, triglycerides and number of teeth with PD ≥ 4 mm than OWIR, while other periodontal variables remained unaltered. The multivariable regression model showed that probing depth, bleeding on probing and HOMA‐IR were independent predictors of number of teeth with PD ≥ 4 mm.

Conclusion

Our data support an association between obesity and periodontitis, and point to a central role of IR. Periodontitis tends to be more extensive in obese patients with IR.
Visualization of the tentorial innervation of human dura mater
Authors: Lee Shin‐Hyo , Shin Kang‐Jae , Koh Ki‐Seok , Song Wu‐Chul
Published: July 2017

Posterior projections of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic nerve) are distributed in the tentorium cerebelli as recurrent meningeal branches. We investigated the morphological tentorial distribution of the ophthalmic nerve. Fifty‐two sides of the tentorium cerebelli and adjacent dura mater obtained from 29 human specimens were stained using Sihler's method to examine the nerve fibres in the dural sheets. The innervation patterns of the tentorium cerebelli were classified into the following four types according to their distributions: Type 1, where nerve fibres projected to both the straight and transverse sinuses; Type 2, where nerve fibres projected only to the transverse sinus and lateral convexity; Type 3, where nerve fibres projected medially only to the straight sinus and the posterior part of the falx cerebri; and Type 4, where the nerve fibres terminated within the tentorium cerebelli. Images of the tentorium cerebelli were superimposed to identify areas of dense innervation. The incidence rates of Types 1–4 were 71.2% (n = 37), 21.2% (n = 11), 3.8% (n = 2) and 3.8% (n = 2), respectively. More branches of nerve fibres traversed towards the transverse sinus posterolaterally than towards the straight sinus medially. The space between the anterior half of the straight sinus and the medial tentorial notch can be considered a safe surgical area where innervation is scarce. The posterior part of the falx cerebri was innervated by the ophthalmic nerve that traversed to the straight sinus. The parietal branches of the middle meningeal artery in the lateral convexity that were projected orthogonally by the ophthalmic nerve traversed the transverse sinus, implicating their vulnerability and possible sensitivity under physiological or neurosurgical conditions. This study has revealed the macroscopic tentorial innervation of the dura mater in humans, which could be useful information for both neurosurgeons and neurologists.
Super‐resolution imaging of subcortical white matter using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and super‐resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI)
Authors: Hainsworth A. H. , Lee S. , Foot P. , Patel A. , Poon W. W. , Knight A. E.
Published: July 2017

Aims

The spatial resolution of light microscopy is limited by the wavelength of visible light (the ‘diffraction limit’, approximately 250 nm). Resolution of sub‐cellular structures, smaller than this limit, is possible with super resolution methods such as stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and super‐resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). We aimed to resolve subcellular structures (axons, myelin sheaths and astrocytic processes) within intact white matter, using STORM and SOFI.

Methods

Standard cryostat‐cut sections of subcortical white matter from donated human brain tissue and from adult rat and mouse brain were labelled, using standard immunohistochemical markers (neurofilament‐H, myelin‐associated glycoprotein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP). Image sequences were processed for STORM (effective pixel size 8–32 nm) and for SOFI (effective pixel size 80 nm).

Results

In human, rat and mouse, subcortical white matter high‐quality images for axonal neurofilaments, myelin sheaths and filamentous astrocytic processes were obtained. In quantitative measurements, STORM consistently underestimated width of axons and astrocyte processes (compared with electron microscopy measurements). SOFI provided more accurate width measurements, though with somewhat lower spatial resolution than STORM.

Conclusions

Super resolution imaging of intact cryo‐cut human brain tissue is feasible. For quantitation, STORM can under‐estimate diameters of thin fluorescent objects. SOFI is more robust. The greatest limitation for super‐resolution imaging in brain sections is imposed by sample preparation. We anticipate that improved strategies to reduce autofluorescence and to enhance fluorophore performance will enable rapid expansion of this approach.
Yea, Nay, and Everything in Between: Disparities within the Academic Ombuds Field
Authors: Tompkins Byer Tessa
Published: July 2017

Few colleges and universities have chosen to establish ombuds offices, and the profession itself has remained relatively obscure. Although organizations have established different types of ombuds offices, the International Ombudsman Association (IOA) defines an organizational ombuds office as a neutral, informal, independent, and confidential office that allays and prevents conflict within the organization and brings systemic concerns to the attention of the organization for resolution. Ombuds office professionals work with individuals to inform them of their options and help them express their concerns in challenging conflict situations. But they also work at the systemic level to alert leaders to important institutional trends and patterns that they would be less likely to perceive on their own.

In this article, I examine several stark discrepancies within the academic ombuds profession that may contribute to the relative invisibility of the field itself. While organizational ombudspeople who belong to the IOA unite under the IOA's standards of practice in theory, in practice they diverge in several areas, including the nature of their positions, hiring practices, the level of informality in their practice, their degree of isolation or integration within their institutions, how they cultivate relationships on campus, and how essential they consider ombuds offices to be for the effective functioning of the university.

They often also fundamentally disagree about such areas as:

• the terminology that defines the job — practitioners disagree about the usefulness of the terms “ombuds” and “ombudspeople,” for example;

• the role of neutrality and the challenge of maintaining it;

• the value of IOA certification;

• the most appropriate methods for evaluating the effectiveness of an ombuds office; and

• how ombuds make recommendations for institutional improvement.

The ombuds profession in general — and academic ombuds professionals in particular — need not necessarily resolve all practice discrepancies in order to thrive, but I argue that open acknowledgement of existing discrepancies can help the profession more effectively promote itself and present a more consistent image to the world.
CustomNegotiations.org: A Free Resource for Creating Custom Negotiation Simulations
Authors: Eisenkraft Noah
Published: July 2017

Negotiation role‐playing simulations are among the most effective and widely used methods for teaching and conducting research on negotiations. Teachers and researchers can either license a published, “off‐the‐shelf” simulation or write their own custom “bespoke” simulation. Off‐the‐shelf simulations are usually high‐quality, include teaching materials, and are typically priced affordably, whereas bespoke simulations are fully customizable and ensure that participants will face a novel challenge. In this article, I introduce a third option: CustomNegotiations.org, a free resource for creating custom negotiation simulations that have the benefits of both off‐the‐shelf and bespoke simulations. I describe this resource and preview how negotiation instructors can use it to customize simulations for their own classes. I also discuss possible future directions for this kind of platform.
You deplete me: Impacts of providing positive and negative event support on self‐control
Authors: GOSNELL COURTNEY L. , GABLE SHELLY L.
Published: July 2017

We examined how providing social support may reduce self‐control. Participants who reported greater effectiveness concerns and emotion regulation while providing daily support showed greater behavioral and subjective depletion; moreover, supporting partners' negative events tended to involve greater concerns and emotion regulation than partners' positive events (Study 1). It was the act of providing support (and not just listening to events) that led to depletion (Study 2), and manipulating individuals to have greater concerns about support effectiveness caused them to show less self‐control (Study 3). Overall, the results suggest that support provision can reduce self‐control in a variety of ways (influencing persistence, focus, and feelings of exhaustion), particularly when there are concerns about effectiveness and the need to regulate emotions.
Contextual Ranking by Passive Safety of Generational Classes of Light Vehicles
Authors: Ouni Z. , Denis C. , Chauvel C. , Chambaz A.
Published: July 2017

Each year, the Bulletin d’Analyse des Accidents Corporels (BAAC) data set gathers descriptions of traffic accidents on French public roads involving one or several light vehicles and injuring at least one of the passengers. Each light vehicle can be associated with its ‘generational class’ (GC), a raw description of the vehicle including its date of design, date of entry into service and size class. In two given contexts of accident, two light vehicles with two different GCs do not necessarily offer the same level of safety to their passengers. The objective of this study is to assess to what extent more recent generations of light vehicles are safer than older vehicles on the basis of the BAAC data set. We rely on ‘scoring’: we look for a score function that associates any context of accident and any GC with a real number in such a way that, the smaller is this number, the safer is the GC in the given context. A better score function is learned from the BAAC data set by cross-validation, under the form of an optimal convex combination of score functions produced by a library of ranking algorithms by scoring. An oracle inequality illustrates the performances of the resulting meta-algorithm. We implement it, apply it and show some results.
Integrative taxonomy versus taxonomic authority without peer review: the case of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Tephritidae)
Authors: SCHUTZE MARK K. , BOURTZIS KOSTAS , CAMERON STEPHEN L. , CLARKE ANTHONY R. , DE MEYER MARC , HEE ALVIN K. W. , HENDRICHS JORGE , KROSCH MATTHEW N. , MWATAWALA MAULID
Published: July 2017

1. Major global horticultural and food security tephritid fruit fly pests, Bactrocera papayae (papaya fruit fly) and B. invadens (invasive fruit fly), were synonymised with B. dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) by Schutze et al. (2015a) based on extensive integrative taxonomic evidence from multiple sources. This synonymy was peer reviewed by eight independent experts.

2. Drew & Romig (2016) withdrew B. papayae and B. invadens from synonymy based on opinion drawn primarily from disparate geographical distribution, morphological, and host use information. This reversal was not subjected to peer review.

3. We consider the withdrawal from synonymy as invalid due to significant errors and misrepresentations of the literature provided in the arguments of Drew & Romig (2016) that we propose would not have withstood peer scrutiny.

4. This case reflects a broader issue of individual taxonomic authorities using opinion to challenge extensive evidence generated via scientific hypothesis‐testing methods by discipline specialists.

5. We recommend that taxonomic acts not subjected to peer review, especially of pest species, be actively discouraged by the broader scientific and regulatory community.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Striga hermonthica populations from Kenya and Nigeria
Authors: Unachukwu N N , Menkir A , Rabbi I Y , Oluoch M , Muranaka S , Elzein A , Odhiambo G , Farombi E O , Gedil M
Published: July 2017

Striga hermonthica is a parasitic weed that poses a serious threat to the production of economically important cereals in sub‐Saharan Africa. The existence of genetic diversity within and between S. hermonthica populations presents a challenge to the successful development and deployment of effective control technologies against this parasitic weed. Understanding the extent of diversity between S. hermonthica populations will facilitate the design and deployment of effective control technologies against the parasite. In the present study, S. hermonthica plants collected from different locations and host crops in Kenya and Nigeria were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Statistically significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.15, P = 0.001) was uncovered between populations collected from the two countries. Also, the populations collected in Nigeria formed three distinct subgroups. Unique loci undergoing selection were observed between the Kenyan and Nigerian populations and among the three subgroups found in Nigeria. Striga hermonthica populations parasitising rice in Kenya appeared to be genetically distinct from those parasitising maize and sorghum. The presence of distinct populations in East and West Africa and in different regions in Nigeria highlights the importance of developing and testing Striga control technologies in multiple locations, including locations representing the geographic regions in Nigeria where genetically distinct subpopulations of the parasite were found. Efforts should also be made to develop relevant control technologies for areas infested with ‘rice‐specific’ Striga spp. populations in Kenya.
Álvaro Mutis, poeta insular: su poesía en la tradición colombiana
Authors: Robledo Cadavid Juan Felipe
Published: July 2017

Este artículo busca ubicar la poesía de Álvaro Mutis dentro de los movimientos poéticos colombianos. Partiendo de un recorrido por las diferentes generaciones poéticas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, se trata de identificar los legados que han dejado la mayor impronta en su poesía. De especial importancia es la discusión sobre su lenguaje poético innovador en contraste con las posturas políticas conservadoras que recorren su obra y pensamiento, lo que lo convierte en un autor insular en el panorama de la historia de la literatura en Colombia.
Modeling Wheelchair-Users Undergoing Vibrations
Authors: Brown Korkut , Flashner Henryk , McNitt-Gray Jill , Requejo Philip
Published: July 2017

A procedure for modeling wheelchair-users undergoing vibrations was developed. Experimental data acquired with a wheelchair simulator were used to develop a model of a seated wheelchair user. Maximum likelihood estimation procedure was used to determine the model complexity required to characterize wheelchair-user's response. It was determined that a two segment rotational link model is adequate for characterization of vibratory response. The parameters of the proposed model were identified using the experimental data and verified using additional experimental results. The proposed approach can be used to develop subject-specific design criteria for wheelchair seating and suspension.
Combined Bone Ingrowth and Remodeling Around Uncemented Acetabular Component: A Multiscale Mechanobiology-Based Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Mukherjee Kaushik , Gupta Sanjay
Published: July 2017

Bone ingrowth and remodeling are two different evolutionary processes which might occur simultaneously. Both these processes are influenced by local mechanical stimulus. However, a combined study on bone ingrowth and remodeling has rarely been performed. This study is aimed at understanding the relationship between bone ingrowth and adaptation and their combined influence on fixation of the acetabular component. Based on three-dimensional (3D) macroscale finite element (FE) model of implanted pelvis and microscale FE model of implant–bone interface, a multiscale framework has been developed. The numerical prediction of peri-acetabular bone adaptation was based on a strain-energy density-based formulation. Bone ingrowth in the microscale models was simulated using the mechanoregulatory algorithm. An increase in bone strains near the acetabular rim was observed in the implanted pelvis model, whereas the central part of the acetabulum was observed to be stress shielded. Consequently, progressive bone apposition near the acetabular rim and resorption near the central region were observed. Bone remodeling caused a gradual increase in the implant–bone relative displacements. Evolutionary bone ingrowth was observed around the entire acetabular component. Poor bone ingrowth of 3–5% was predicted around the centro-inferio and inferio-posterio-superio-peripheral regions owing to higher implant–bone relative displacements, whereas the anterio-inferior and centro-superior regions exhibited improved bone ingrowth of 35–55% due to moderate implant–bone relative displacement. For an uncemented acetabular CoCrMo component, bone ingrowth had hardly any effect on bone remodeling; however, bone remodeling had considerable influence on bone ingrowth.