bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reaction of Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine Derivatives with Pyrimidinoacetic Acid Esters and Lactones.
Authors: Filimonov Sergei I. , Filimonova Svetlana A. , Shashkov Alexander S. , Firgang Sergey I. , Stashina Galina A.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkylation of Pyrimidine Derivatives with Ethylene Chlorohydrin.
Authors: Krivonogov V. P. , Myshkin V. A. , Kozlova G. G. , Chernyshenko Yu. N. , Savlukov A. I. , Plechev V. V. , Ibatullina R. B. , Abdrakhmanov I. B. , Spirikhin L. V.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclotransformation of 6‐Cyanopyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazinium Salts.
Authors: Terenin V. I. , Ivanov A. S.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies of 4H‐3,1‐Benzoxazines. Part 14. Structure and Some Properties of 2‐[2‐Hydroxyphenyl(naphthyl)]‐1,2‐dihydro‐4H‐3,1‐benzoxazines.
Authors: Gromachevskaya E. V. , Kosulina T. P. , Borodavko A. A.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Eight‐, Nine‐, and Ten‐Membered, Nitrogen‐Containing Quinone‐Fused Heterocycles.
Authors: Yerushalmi Sarit , Lemcoff N. Gabriel , Bittner Shmuel
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thienopentathiepins and Pentathiepinofuran.
Authors: Amelichev Stanislav A. , Konstantinova Lidia S. , Rakitin Oleg A. , Rees Charles W.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
β‐Aminoethyltrifluoroborates: Efficient Aminoethylations via Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Vargas Fabricio
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Silafluorenes by Iridium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Silicon‐Bridged Diynes with Alkynes.
Authors: Matsuda Takanori , Kadowaki Sho , Goya Tsuyoshi , Murakami Masahiro
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Air‐Induced anti‐Markovnikov Addition of Secondary Phosphine Oxides and H‐Phosphinates to Alkenes.
Authors: Hirai Takayoshi , Han Li‐Biao
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silver(I) Triflate Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of N‐PMP Protected α‐Aminopropargylphosphonates from Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Dodda Rajasekhar , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multicomponent Reactions of Allenes, Diaryl Diselenides, and Nucleophiles in the Presence of Iodosobenzene Diacetate: Direct Synthesis of 3‐Functionalized‐2‐arylselenyl Substituted Allyl Derivatives.
Authors: Yu Lei , Chen Bo , Huang Xian
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Calostomal, a Polyene Pigment from the Gasteromycete Calostoma cinnabarinum (Boletales).
Authors: Gruber Gertraud , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stille Coupling Approaches for the Synthesis of 8‐Aryl Guanines.
Authors: Arsenyan Pavel , Ikaunieks Martins , Belyakov Sergey
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Marinomycins A‐C and of Their Monomeric Counterparts Monomarinomycin A and iso‐Monomarinomycin A.
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Nold Andrea L. , Milburn Robert R. , Schindler Corinna S. , Cole Kevin P. , Yamaguchi Junichiro
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gloriosaols A and B, Two Novel Phenolics from Yucca gloriosa: Structural Characterization and Configurational Assignment by a Combined NMR‐Quantum Mechanical Strategy.
Authors: Bassarello Carla , Bifulco Giuseppe , Montoro Paola , Skhitladze Alexandre , Kemertelidze Ether , Pizza Cosimo , Piacante Sonia
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Nitidanin and Novel Procedures for Determination of the Location of the Side Chains on 1,4‐Benzodioxane.
Authors: Kuboki Atsuhito , Yamamoto Toru , Taira Mamie , Arishige Tetsuya , Ohira Susumu
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies Toward Amphidinolide H1: Segment C14—C26.
Authors: Deng Lisheng , Ma Zhixiong , Zhang Yazhu , Zhao Gang
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ponapensin, a Cyclopenta[bc]benzopyran with Potent NF‐ϰB Inhibitory Activity from Aglaia ponapensis.
Authors: Salim Angela A. , Pawlus Alison D. , Chai Hee‐Byung , Farnsworth Norman R. , Kinghorn A. Douglas , Carcache‐Blanco Esperanza J.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Antifungal Flavonoid Glycoside from Vitex negundo.
Authors: Sathiamoorthy B. , Gupta Prasoon , Kumar Manmeet , Chaturvedi Ashok K. , Shukla P. K. , Maurya Rakesh
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Lewis Basic Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids by Monoquaternization of 1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO).
Authors: Wykes Angela , MacNeil Stephen L.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐Aminopyrimidines as Novel HIV‐1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Gadhachanda Venkat R. , Wu Baogen , Wang Zhiwei , Kuhen Kelli L. , Caldwell Jeremy , Zondler Helmut , Walter Harald , Havenhand Mark , He Yu
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Arylsulfonamides as a New Class of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Ligands: Identification of a Lead and Initial SAR Studies.
Authors: Lambeng N. , Lebon F. , Christophe B. , Burton M. , De Ryck M. , Quere L.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermodynamic Approach to Modern Alloy Design
Authors: Watson A. , Zabdyr L. A.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Oxide‐ and Zeolite‐Supported Catalysts from Organometallic Precursors
Authors: Gates Bruce C.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Deposition‐Precipitation Synthesis of Supported Metal Catalysts.
Authors: Louis Catherine
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Strong Electrostatic Adsorption of Metals onto Catalyst Supports.
Authors: Regalbuto John R.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sol‐Gel Synthesis of Supported Metals.
Authors: Heinrichs Benoit , Lambert Stephanie , Job Nathalie , Pirard Jean‐Paul
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amine‐Assisted Synthesis of Aluminum Oxide.
Authors: Kozlov Alexander I. , Kung Mayfair C. , Xue Wen‐Mei , Kung Harold H. , Yuan Shandong
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Flame Hydrolysis for Oxide Supports.
Authors: Kerner Dieter
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Chemical Characteristics of 2‐Substituted Thiazoline‐4,5‐diones
Authors: Nekrasov D. D. , Obukhova A. S.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Sulfur‐Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Pellisier Helene
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of Carboxylate‐Binding Mode on Metal Binding/Selectivity and Function in Proteins
Authors: Dudev Todor , Lim Carmay
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Saponins, Classification and Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom
Authors: Vincken Jean‐Paul , Heng Lynn , De Groot Aede De Groot Aede , Gruppen Harry
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Potential of Fluorine for Peptide and Protein Modification
Authors: Jaeckel Christian , Koksch Beate
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of New Fluorinated Peptidomimetics
Authors: Sani Monica , Molteni Marco , Bruche Luca , Volonterio Alessandro , Zanda Matteo
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Phosphorus‐Functionalized Alk‐1‐ynes
Authors: Pietrusiewicz K. M. , Stankevic M.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Unsaturated Amine and Ether Derivatives as a Gentle Route to Novel Heteroatom‐Containing Boronate Esters
Authors: Vogels Christopher M. , Westcott Stephen A.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Phosphorus‐Functionalized 1‐(Organochalcogeno)acetylenes
Authors: Murai T.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Nitrogen‐Functionalized 1‐Phosphorus‐Functionalized Alk‐1‐enes
Authors: Stankevic M. , Pietrusiewicz K. M.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Phosphorus‐Functionalized 1‐(Organosulfanyl)alk‐1‐enes
Authors: Romanski J. , Mloston G. , Pietrusiewicz K. M.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cycloadditions as a Method for Oligonucleotide Conjugation
Authors: Graham D. , Enright A.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Environments
Authors: McCollom Thomas M. , Seewald Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Developments in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle
Authors: Brandes Jay A. , Devol Allan H. , Deutsch Curtis
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Marine Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury
Authors: Fitzgerald William F. , Lamborg Carl. H. , Hammerschmidt Chad R.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Springs, Muscles, Rheostats, and Pressing Gyroscopes: From Review to Preview
Authors: Marsella Michael J. , Rahbarnia Shohreh , Wilmot Nathan
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pharmacy Student Clinical Training for the Study on the Efficacy of Hospital Infection Control
Authors: Ito Yuki
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Clinical Education Trial for Pharmaceutical Students — Medication Based Practice Clinical Care
Authors: Horikawa Tsuneki
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Ito Tadaaki , Uchida Yumiko , Tamura Hiromi , Hasebe Shinobu , Igarashi Masahiro , Hayashi Masahiro
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multiple‐Photon Transitions in EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kaelin Moritz , Fedin Matvey , Gromov Igor , Schweiger Arthur
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NMR in Magnetic Molecular Rings and Clusters
Authors: Borsa F. , Lascialfari A. , Furukawa Y.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hyvolution – Entwicklung eines zweistufigen Bioprozesses zur Produktion von Wasserstoff aus Biomasse
Authors: Modigell M. , Schumacher M. , Claassen P. A. M.
Published: April 2007

Wasserstoff wird aufgrund seines emissionsarmen Oxidationsprozesses als einer der möglichen Energieträger der Zukunft angesehen. Um eine nachhaltige Wirkung auf den Treibhauseffekt zu erzielen, muss aber auch der Energiebedarf des Produktionsprozesses möglichst gering gehalten werden. Das integrierte Projekt Hyvolution, das im 6. Forschungsrahmenprogramm unter dem Schwerpunkt nachhaltiger Energiesysteme der Europäischen Komission gefördert wird, hat es sich deshalb zum Ziel gemacht, einen zweistufigen Bioprozess zu entwickeln, der zukünftig in dezentralen Kleinanlagen Wasserstoff aus Biomasse freisetzt.
Simulation der Strömung in Fermentern von Biogasanlagen
Authors: Hennig T. , Grän‐Heedfeld J. , Deerberg G.
Published: April 2007

Für eine optimale Vergärung in Biogasfermentern ist die eingesetzte Rührwerkstechnik von entscheidender Bedeutung. Bewertungskriterien aus verfahrenstechnischer Sicht sind ihr Energieverbrauch sowie ihre Fähigkeit zur stofflichen und energetischen Homogenisierung des Fermenterinhalts. Mit Hilfe von Strömungssimulationsrechnungen (CFD) wird ein dreistufiges Zentralrührwerk auf Basis dieser Kriterien untersucht. Ausgehend von einem typischen Betriebszustand werden Betriebsparameter und Eigenschaften des Gärsubstrats innerhalb betriebsrelevanter Grenzen variiert, um die Auswirkungen auf den Leistungseintrag sowie auf Mischzeiten und Mischgüten abzuschätzen.
Szenarien für die Ethanolproduktion aus Lignocellulose‐Rohstoffen
Authors: Palatinus A. , Giovannini A. A. , Huber M. B.
Published: April 2007

Aufgrund der steigenden Rohstoffkosten für die Biokraftstoffproduktion und der günstigen steuerlichen Rahmenbedingungen ist die Erzeugung von Bioethanol aus lignocelluloser Biomasse eine wirtschaftlich interessante Option. Insbesondere die Ergänzung bestehender Bioethanolanlagen mit einer Lignoethanollinie als „Add‐On”︁ scheint aus heutiger Sicht vielversprechend. Aufgrund der bereits bestehenden Infrastruktur und der in vielen Fällen vorhandenen überschüssigen thermischen Energie sind die Investitions‐ und Betriebskosten für eine Lignoethanollinie vergleichsweise gering. Die Wertschöpfung der gesamten Produktionslinie kann dadurch signifikant erhöht werden. Gestaltet man den Add‐On‐Prozess in Form einer Bioraffinerie, können zusätzlich Wertstoffe gewonnen und so eine nachhaltige Kopplung von chemischer Industrie und Landwirtschaft erreicht werden. Durch die Kombination einer Bioethanolproduktion aus lignocelluloser Biomasse mit einer bestehenden Ethanolanlage, bei welcher thermische Überschussenergie für die Umsetzung von 8000 t Weizenstroh/Jahr zur Verfügung steht (als Referenz wurde eine Anlage aus Deutschland und Südeuropa verwendet), können Ethanolherstellungspreise zwischen 0,25 und 0,30 Euro/Liter erzielt werden.
Rohstoffwandel in der chemischen Industrie
Authors: Arndt J.‐D. , Freyer S. , Geier R. , Machhammer O. , Schwartze J. , Volland M. , Diercks R.
Published: April 2007

Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert stellten nachwachsende Rohstoffe die wesentliche Quelle für die Energieerzeugung und die stoffliche Nutzung dar. Mit der industriellen Revolution nahm die Nutzung von Kohle rasant zu und entwickelte sich rasch zu einer zentralen Rohstoffbasis für die chemische Industrie – vorrangig zur Erzeugung von Farbstoffen. Im vergangenen Jahrhundert hat sich bei den fossilen Energieträgern ein konsequenter Wandel von Kohle zu Erdöl und Erdgas vollzogen. Als Ursache für diesen Wandel sind Preisvorteile, einfachere Logistik sowie die vielseitige Verwendbarkeit von Öl und Gas zu nennen. In Anbetracht der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit und der Preisentwicklung von Erdöl und Erdgas stellt sich die Frage, wie sich die Rohstoffbasis in der chemischen Industrie in Zukunft entwickeln wird.
Erzeugung von Synthesegas aus biomassestämmigen Slurries im Flugstromvergaser
Authors: Santo U. , Kuhn D. , Wiemer H.‐J. , Pantouflas E. , Zarzalis N. , Seifert H. , Kolb T.
Published: April 2007

Die Vergasung von biomassestämmigen Slurries zur Erzeugung von Synthesegas ist ein wesentlicher Prozessschritt des am Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe entwickelten zweistufigen bioliq®‐Verfahrens. Die F&E‐Arbeiten an einem atmosphärischen Flugstromvergaser im Technikumsmaßstab konzentrieren sich auf den Einfluss der Brennstoffspezifikation und der Zerstäubungsgüte auf die Qualität des erzeugten Synthesegases und die Effizienz des Vergasungsprozesses, die z. B. durch den Kaltgaswirkungsgrad beschrieben wird.
Evaluation of methods for verifying the performance of color‐measuring instruments. Part II: Inter‐instrument reproducibility
Authors: Wyble David R. , Rich Danny C.
Published: April 2007

Part I described an experiment in which the repeatability of a number of common, commercially available spectrocolorimeters was compared using ASTM procedures. ASTM E2214‐02 Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color‐Measuring Instruments is intended to standardize the terminology and procedures used to evaluate color measuring instruments. In this article, we develop reproducibility results from a medium‐term study of 10 commercial spectrocolorimeters. The comparisons are presented so as to contrast between the traditional color difference based specifications found in the historical literature and in manufacturer's literature and the more complex multidimensional methods specified in E2214. Instrument to instrument contrasts are reported as well as tests of agreement across a set of instruments as a whole. The results confirm common understandings. Hemispherical diffuse instruments exhibit a higher level of inter‐instrument agreement than do bidirectional (45:0) instruments. The results also provide support for a surprising conclusion about the statistical significance of the minor differences in both inter‐instrument agreement and inter‐model agreement for a single manufacturer. Some speculations on the impact of these conclusions to the development of future comparisons of spectrocolorimeters are given. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 176–294, 2007
A comment about the chroma scale of Nayatani‐theoretical color order system
Authors: Sakai Hideki , Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: April 2007

Nayatani‐theoretical (NT) color order system is a Hue–Tone color order systems. It can be used for determining surface colors with the same Tone (equiperceived lightness and equiperceived chroma) irrespective of hues under reference illuminant. The fundamental structure of NT system uses Munsell attributes HV/C for the easiness of its use. Some deviations caused by the approximation on chroma scale are naturally expected in NT system, although the formula used for deriving equivalent lightness Veq has the same structure as that for deriving L*eq using the corresponding CIELUV formula. The present article discusses the degree of approximation, and confirms the goodness of approximation. NT system can be used as it is for the field of artistic color design (complete accuracy is not required). The corrections, however, should be introduced in NT system, when higher accuracy is required. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 230–233, 2007
Effects of luminance, wavelength and purity on the color attributes: Brief review with new data and perspectives
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W.
Published: April 2007

A color stimulus may be characterized by three psychophysical dimensions (luminance, dominant wavelength, and purity), whose corresponding color attributes are lightness, hue, and chroma/colorfulness. The 3 × 3 matrix gives nine basic effects of the psychophysical dimensions on the color attributes (e.g. the effect of luminance on hue), but there are 49 possible combinations as more complex effects (e.g. the effect of luminance on hue and chroma, i.e. on chromaticity). Researching and quantifying such effects enables modelling of the underlying neural mechanisms and of color appearance. Using a simple nomenclature to identify the effects (e.g. Ph denotes the effect of Purity on hue), this paper briefly reviews and interrelates 15 of the commonest effects, giving new data or new graphical perspectives to clarify or fill gaps in the literature. Contrast and no‐contrast effects (stimuli viewed simultaneously or singly, respectively) are differentiated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 208–222, 2007
Evaluation of methods for verifying the performance of color‐measuring instruments. Part I: Repeatability
Authors: Wyble David R. , Rich Danny C.
Published: April 2007

A recent ASTM specification (ASTM E2214‐02) was created to standardize the terminology and procedures used to evaluate color measuring instruments. This specification addresses the need for uniformity among the manufacturers of such instruments when quantifying the performance of their products. The scope of E2214 is necessarily large, covering the procedures required to compare instruments for a variety of metrics, all of which are important to their overall performance. In this work, we will focus on one aspect of the instrument evaluation: repeatability performance. We will present repeatability results from a long‐term study of twelve commercial spectrophotometers. Comparisons will be made between traditional color difference metrics and the more complex multidimensional methods specified in E2214. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 166–175, 2007
Knowledge acquisition and environmental commitment in SMEs
Authors: Roy Marie‐Josée , Thérin François
Published: April 2007

This article presents the results of an empirical study that investigated the relationship between a firm's knowledge acquisition activities and its environmental commitment. The study focuses on both regular knowledge acquisition activities and those specific to environmental issues. Statistical analyses of the data obtained from a sample of 136 Canadian manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) were conducted. Study results first revealed that regular knowledge acquisition activities and those specific to environmental issues are positively related to environmental commitment. Results also suggest that SMEs use different knowledge sources when acquiring environmental knowledge and that trade associations and suppliers play a significant role in this process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
CD4dimCD25bright Treg cell frequencies above a standardized gating threshold are similar in asthmatics and controls
Authors: Hoffmann Hans Jürgen , Malling Tine M. , Topcu Ayfer , Ryder Lars P. , Nielsen Kaspar R. , Varming Kim , Dahl Ronald , Omland Øyvind , Sigsgaard Torben
Published: April 2007

Background:

Thymus selected CD4+CD25bright natural regulatory Treg cells expressing FOXP3 may contribute to control of immune responses. No unique markers have been available to identify and characterize Treg. We present a gating strategy that allows enumeration of Treg on the basis of CD4 and CD25 and investigate whether asthmatics have fewer Treg than controls.

Methods:

Asthmatics and controls were selected from responses to a mailed questionnaire. CD25, CD4, HLA DR, and appropriate isotypes were recorded by flow cytometry.

Results:

The CD4 T cells expressing most CD25 are a separate population expressing FOXP3 and lower levels of CD4 and CD127. On a CD4 CD25 dot‐plot, the CD4 MFI of Treg for 152 participants was calculated to be 0.83 ± 0.043*MFI of CD25bright T‐cells. CD4dimCD25bright T cells in a rectangular gate with a CD4 MFI ≤ 0.9 (0.83 + [2*0.043])*MFI of CD25+ T cells were enumerated and shown to be similar for controls (median 8.34%) and asthmatics (median 10.1%). HLA DR expression on Treg correlated with CD25 expression.

Conclusions:

A standardized two color gating method defines Treg. It may be applied in most clinical scenarios and is useful for sorting viable Treg. Asthmatics and controls have similar numbers of Treg. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Effects of caspase inhibitors (z‐VAD‐fmk, z‐VDVAD‐fmk) on Nile Red fluorescence pattern in 7‐ketocholesterol‐treated cells: Investigation by flow cytometry and spectral imaging microscopy
Authors: Vejux Anne , Lizard Gérard , Tourneur Yves , Riedinger Jean‐Marc , Frouin Frédérique , Kahn Edmond
Published: April 2007

Background:

The 7‐ketocholesterol (7KC)‐induced cell death has some characteristics of apoptosis and is associated with polar lipid accumulation. So, we investigated the effects of the broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk and of the caspase‐2 inhibitor z‐VDVAD‐fmk on lipid profile evaluated by staining with Nile Red (NR).

Methods:

The 7KC‐treated human monocytic U937 cells were cultured in the absence or in the presence of the caspase inhibitors z‐VAD‐fmk or z‐VDVAD‐fmk. When staining with NR is performed, neutral and polar lipids have yellow and orange/red emission, respectively, and fluorescence was then analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) combined with subsequent image processing. The 3D‐image sequences were obtained by means of CLSM using spectral analysis, and were analyzed by the factor analysis of medical image sequences algorithm to differentiate spectra inside mixed fluorescence emission and get corresponding specific images.

Results:

By FCM, comparatively to untreated cells, higher percentages of red fluorescent cells were identified in 7KC‐treated cells. Factor curves and images reveal orange and red fluorescence emissions in 7KC‐treated cells and show yellow, orange, and red fluorescence emissions in 7KC‐treated cells cultured in the presence of z‐VAD‐fmk or z‐VDVAD‐fmk.

Conclusions:

Our data support that investigation by FCM and by spectral analysis in CLSM associated with subsequent image processing provides useful tools to determine the effect of caspase inhibitors on lipid content evaluated with NR. They also favor the hypothesis of relationships between caspase activity and polar lipid accumulation. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Mixed Titanium–Hafnium Chloridometallate Complexes
Authors: Robé Emmanuel , Maria Sébastien , Richard Philippe , Poli Rinaldo
Published: April 2007

The addition of either NEt3BzCl or [Ph3PNPPh3]Cl (1 equiv. chloride per metal) to a 1:1 mixture of HfCl4 and TiCl3 in SOCl2 results in Ti oxidation and leads to the corresponding salts of the [TiHfCl10]2– ion. A solution IR investigation in the ν(M–Cl) region indicates that this ion is in equilibrium with the homodimetallic [Ti2Cl10]2– and [Hf2Cl10]2– ions. An X‐ray study of the NEt3Bz+ salt reveals an edge‐sharing bioctahedral dianion sitting on a crystallographic inversion centre. The crystal is a solid solution of different species with compositional disorder at the metal site, each metal position having the occupancy Ti0.685Hf0.315. The M–M and M–Cl distances have intermediate values between those of the homodimetallic analogues. The results of DFT calculations rationalize the structural, energetic and M–Cl bonding differences. An electrochemical investigation, in comparison with that of [Ti2Cl10]2– and the parallel IR studies, provides further information on the solution equilibria. Adventitious hydrolysis during the crystallization of the [Ph3PNPPh3]+ salt affords crystals of [Ph3PNPPh3]2[Cl3Ti(μ‐O)HfCl5], whose dianion contains a tetrahedral TiIV centre and an octahedral HfIV centre bridged by an oxygen atom. A bond‐length analysis allows the description of this dianion as containing the hitherto unknown [Ti(O)Cl3]– complex, which acts as an oxygen‐based donor ligand to [HfCl5]–. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Coordination and Catalytic Utility of Novel Phosphanyl–ferrocenecarboxylic Ligands Combining Planar and Central Chirality
Authors: Lamač Martin , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: April 2007

The chiral ferrocene derivative (R,Rp)‐2‐[1‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ethyl]ferrocenecarboxylic acid (1) is prepared together with selected derivatives resulting from modification at the phosphane moiety [P‐oxide (5) and P‐sulfide (4)] and the carboxyl group {amides bearing benzyl (6) and (R)‐ or (S)‐1‐phenylethyl substituents [(R)‐7 and (S)‐7] at the amide nitrogen atom}. Acid 1 and amide 6 are studied as ligands in rhodium and palladium complexes. Bridge cleavage of the dimer [{Rh(μ‐Cl)Cl(η5‐C5Me5)}2] with 1 gives [RhCl2(η5‐C5Me5)(1‐κP)] (9) containing P‐monodentate 1, which undergoes smooth conversion to the (phosphanylalkyl)ferrocenecarboxylato complex [RhCl(η5‐C5Me5){Fe(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H3‐1‐CH(Me)PPh2‐2‐COO‐κ2O,P}] (10) upon treatment with silica gel or alumina. Yet another O,P‐chelate complex,[Rh{Fe(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H3‐1‐CH(Me)PPh2‐2‐COO‐κ2O,P}(CO)(PCy3)] (11; Cy = cyclohexyl) is obtained directly by an acid‐base reaction between the acetylacetonato complex [Rh(acac)(CO)(PCy3)] and 1. Amide 6 reacts with [{Pd(μ‐Cl)(η3‐C3H5)}2] to give the expected phosphane complex [PdCl(η3‐C3H5)(6‐κP)] (12), while the replacement of the cyclooctadiene (cod) ligand in [PdCl(Me)(cod)] affords the chelate complex [PdCl(Me)(6‐κ2O,P)] (13). All compounds are characterised by spectroscopic methods and the solid‐state structures of 5, 9, 11, 13, (R,Sp)‐2‐[1‐(diphenylphosphoryl)ethyl]‐1‐[N‐(R)‐(1‐phenylethyl)carbamoyl]ferrocene [(R)‐8; phosphane oxide from (R)‐7], and the synthetic precursors (R,Sp)‐1‐bromo‐2‐[1‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ethyl]ferrocene (2) and (R,Sp)‐1‐bromo‐2‐[1‐(diphenylthiophosphoryl)ethyl]ferrocene (3) determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The catalytic properties of 1 and the amides are probed in enanatioselective rhodium‐catalysed hydrogenation and palladium‐catalysed asymmetric allylic alkylation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine
Authors: Kennedy D. O. , Haskell C. F. , Mauri P. L. , Scholey A. B.
Published: April 2007

Recent data suggest that the complexation of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) with soy‐derived phospholipids enhances the bio‐availablity of GBE's active components. The current study therefore aimed to assess the comparative cognitive and mood effects of a low dose of GBE and products complexing the same extract with either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylcholine.

The study utilised a placebo‐controlled, multi‐dose, double‐blind, balanced‐crossover design. Twenty‐eight healthy young participants received 120 mg GBE, 120 mg GBE complexed with phosphatidylserine (Virtiva™), 120 mg GBE complexed with phosphatidylcholine and a matching placebo, on separate days 7 days apart. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery and Serial Subtraction tasks immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. The primary outcome measures were the four aspects of cognitive performance, which have previously been derived by factor analysis of CDR subtests. Levels of terpenoids (bilobalide, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B) were concomitantly assessed in plasma samples taken pre‐dose and at 3 and 6.5 h post‐dose.

In keeping with previous research utilising the same methodology, 120 mg of GBE was not associated with markedly improved performance on the primary outcomes. However, administration of GBE complexed with phosphatidylserine resulted both in improved secondary memory performance and significantly increased speed of memory task performance across all of the post‐dose testing sessions. Enhancement following GBE complexed with phosphatidylcholine was restricted to a modest improvement in secondary memory performance which was restricted to one post‐dose time point. All three treatments were associated with improved calmness. There were no significant differences in post‐dose levels of terpenoids between the Ginkgo containing treatments, although this latter finding may be attributable to methodological factors.

Complexation with phosphatidylserine appears to potentiate the cognitive effects associated with a low dose of GBE. Further research is required to identify whether this effect is due to the complexation of the extracts, their mere combination, or the separate psychopharmacological actions of the two extracts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aid and competition in procurement auctions: a case of highway projects
Authors: Iimi Atsushi
Published: April 2007

Auctions have been recognised as an important tool for improving economic efficiency. Aid‐related procurement systems are no exception to this. Strengthening competition at procurement auctions lowers contract prices and mitigates the heavy indebtedness of developing countries. Auctions are also instrumental in developing local business and fostering good governance. Using data on procurement auctions for Asian Development Bank‐assisted highway projects in China, the equilibrium bid function is estimated. The data indicate that two factors may exert different influences on the equilibrium bid. A common expectation that economies of scale in road construction could lower the average cost of constructing relatively long roads encourages firms to bid aggressively, independently of the degree of auction competition. On the other hand, a pro‐competitive effect would be observed only as the number of bidders exceeds eight. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The poverty transition: when, how and what next?
Authors: Mahadevan Renuka
Published: April 2007

This paper draws attention to an aspect of poverty reduction in rapidly developing economies that have enjoyed a sustained period of economic growth accompanied by a decline in absolute poverty. The paper sets out to show the following: First, growth that leaves income distribution unchanged necessarily involves the poor in its early stages. Second, as income grows and absolute poverty declines, and in the absence of distributional changes, the gap between absolute and relative poverty diminishes until it disappears at an identifiable transition point, after which the relationship between the two poverty types is reversed. Although this is examined in the specific context of the Malaysian economy, the analysis has much wider application and implications for poverty alleviation in particular, and policy development in general, as the latter will involve a more difficult balancing of growth and equity than in the past. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 14C‐labeled piperidines and application to synthesis of [14C]SCH 351125, a CCR5 receptor antagonist
Authors: Ren Sumei , McNamara Paul , Royster Pernilla , Lee Jae , Saluja Surinderjit S. , Koharski David , Hendershot Sharon , Truong Van
Published: April 2007

1‐Benzyl‐4‐hydroxy[2‐14C]piperidine, a useful intermediate in labeled compound synthesis, was prepared from [14C]formaldehyde in high yield. The distribution pattern of 14C in the product is consistent with a mechanism involving reversible iminium ion formation and rapid equilibration of the iminium ion through a cationic aza‐Cope rearrangement. These steps precede the rate‐determining intramolecular cyclization step. SCH 351125 is a potent, selective CCR5 receptor antagonist with potential as a treatment for HIV infection. [14C]SCH 351125, required for metabolism studies, was prepared from 1‐benzyl‐4‐hydroxy[2‐14C]piperidine in six steps. [14C]SCH 351125 is a mixture of four atropisomers. Preparation of [14C]SCH 351125 besylate salt of the desired atropisomer pair is also described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow cover variability in Poland in relation to the macro‐ and mesoscale atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century
Authors: Falarz Małgorzata
Published: April 2007

The main aim of the study is to investigate the atmospheric circulation impact on snow cover duration (SCD) and maximum seasonal depth of snow cover (MDS) in Poland in the twentieth century. The most important is to answer four questions: (1) which of the two, macro‐ or mesoscale atmospheric circulation, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes in Poland area? (2) which of the two, meridional (S–N/N–S) or zonal (W–E/E–W) advection, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes? (3) are the atmospheric circulation–snow cover relationships stable with time or did they change in circulation epochs? (4) does any strong relation exist between the snow cover in Poland and the atmospheric circulation enabling the possibility to forecast the nival conditions for the next winter season?

The principal results of the study are as follows: (1) the macroscale circulation connected to atmospheric patterns over the Atlantic Ocean impacts stronger on the SCD variability in Poland than the circulation patterns located directly over the Poland area; (2) during the period 1966/67–1995/96 the zonal circulation dominated over the meridional one in influencing the SCD variability and change (the exceptions were areas with the most intensive foehn effect); (3) the decreasing trend of the dependence strength of the SCD on the meridional circulation with respect to the increasing tendency for zonal circulation‐SCD impact was observed in the twentieth century; (4) the meridional circulation dominated over the zonal one in influencing the SCD till the 1930s of the twentieth century only (5) the snow cover in Poland is positively correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in October prior to the winter season.

The instability of the snow cover dependence on the atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century corresponds roughly to the circulation epochs and periods of intensity changes of the zonal/meridional advection over Europe. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A Degradable Hyperbranched Poly(ester amine) Based on Poloxamer Diacrylate and Polyethylenimine as a Gene Carrier
Authors: Kim Tae Hee , Cook Seung Eun , Arote Rohidas B. , Cho Myung‐Haing , Nah Jae Woon , Choi Yun Jaie , Cho Chong Su
Published: April 2007

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a well‐known cationic polymer which has high transfection efficiency due to its buffering effect. However, nondegradability, cytotoxicity, aggregation, and short‐circulation time in vivo still need to be overcome for a successful gene delivery. Degradable, hyperbranched poly(ester amine)s (PEAs) based on poloxamer diacrylate and low molecular weight branched PEI, were successfully synthesized and evaluated as a nonviral gene carrier. The PEAs were obtained in significant yields through Michael type addition reaction of diacrylate monomers and low molecular weight branched PEI. Analysis of degradation products by the reduction in molecular weight demonstrated that PEAs degrade in a controlled fashion. The PEA showed good DNA binding ability and the sizes of complexes under physiological condition were below 150 nm, implicating its potential for intracellular delivery. It showed lower cytotoxicity in three different cell lines (A549, 293T, and HepG2) compared with PEI 25K. PEAs showed much higher transfection efficiencies in three cell lines compared with PEI 25K and PEI 1.8K, and revealed little serum dependency in A549 cell line when the content of poloxamer in the PEA was increased up to 30%.

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Synthesis and Erosion Properties of PEG‐Containing Polyanhydrides
Authors: Hou Sijian , McCauley Laurie K. , Ma Peter X.
Published: April 2007

To tailor the erosion rate of polyanhydrides while retaining their surface erosion characteristics, new three‐component polyanhydrides of sebacic acid, 1,3‐bis(p‐carboxyphenoxy)propane and poly(ethylene glycol) were synthesized. The hydrophilicity of the polymer increased and its mechanical strength decreased with increasing PEG content. Correspondingly, the erosion rate increases with increasing PEG content, whereas it decreases with increasing specimen thickness. This indicates that the incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol) into traditional two‐component polyanhydrides retains their surface erosion properties while making the erosion rate tunable. The new polyanhydrides hold potential for drug delivery applications.

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Evaluation of Modified CMC and CMC‐PVA as Miscible Polymer Blend Membranes for Hepatocytes
Authors: Koç Aysel , Durkut Serap , Elçin A. Eser , Tan Erdal , Elçin Y. Murat
Published: April 2007

CMC and CMC‐PVA were blended either with type I collagen, BSA or CS to obtain biocompatible membranes for evaluation as potential hepatocyte culture substrates. Pure and modified forms of CMC showed distinct surface, mechanical, and cell attachment properties. While the hydrophilicity decreased, the mechanical stability and the porosity of CMC membranes increased after blending. Serum proteins were adsorbed by all types of membranes. Among eight membranes tested, collagen‐modified CMC was found to be a suitable membrane material for hepatocyte culture, in terms of mechanical and cell interaction properties.

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Human Hepatocyte Morphology and Functions in a Multibore Fiber Bioreactor
Authors: De Bartolo Loredana , Morelli Sabrina , Rende Maria , Campana Carla , Salerno Simona , Quintiero Nino , Drioli Enrico
Published: April 2007

The viability and liver specific functions of human hepatocytes in a multibore fiber bioreactor are reported. Human hepatocytes were cultured in the intraluminal compartment of the bioreactor. Human hepatocytes on the membranes maintained their round shape and showed focal adhesions as sites of interaction with the membrane surface. Cells in the bioreactor expressed liver specific functions, including synthetic and detoxification activity up to 14 d of culture. The results demonstrate that human hepatocytes cultured in the multibore fiber bioreactor are able to sustain the same in vivo liver functions in vitro.

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