bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Beban Kerja Kognitif Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama pada Tugas Aritmetika Mental
Authors: Rifa Firdah Awanis  , Siti Khabibah  , Elly Matul Imah
Published: March 2024

This study aims to describe the cognitive workload of students on mental arithmetic tasks. This study is a qualitative descriptive research. Data collection was conducted on students of Class VIII-C SMPN 1 Situbondo consisting of 32 students and taken 10 students as research subjects. Data collection techniques of this study were mental arithmetic tasks, NASA-TLX questionnaires, and interviews. The data collection instruments used were mental arithmetic task questions, NASA-TLX questionnaire rating sheets, and interview guidelines. 10 research subjects were selected based on the cognitive workload and mental arithmetic of students. The results of this study showed that 6.25% were in the category of very low cognitive workload, 12.5% were in the category of low cognitive workload, 25% were in the category of moderate cognitive workload, 43.75% were in the category of high cognitive workload, and 12.5% were in the category of very high cognitive workload. Subjects with very low cognitive workload did not experience stress or difficulty when solving mental arithmetic tasks. Subjects with low cognitive workload did not experience stress or difficulty when solving mental arithmetic tasks. Subjects with moderate cognitive workload experience slight difficulties when solving mental arithmetic tasks. Subjects with a high cognitive workload experience stress to the point of making the subject feel irritated when solving mental arithmetic tasks. Subjects with very high cognitive workload experienced stress to the point of making the subject feel irritated when solving mental arithmetic tasks.
Implementasi Modul Fisika Virtual Berbantuan Game untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa di MA Kota Madiun
Authors: Purwandari Purwandari
Published: March 2024

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi modul fisika virtual berbantuan game dalam prosses pembelajaran pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Modul fisika virtual berbantuan game diterapkan dalam proses pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta sehingga akan mempengaruhi peningkatan pada hasil belajar siswa. One grup pre-test post-test adalah metode penelitian yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. One group pre-test post-test adalah kegiatan penelitian yang memberikan tes awal (pre-test) sebelum diberikan perlakuan, lalu setelah diberikan perlakuan barulah memberikan tes akhir (post-test).  25 siswa dari kelas XI IPA 3 MAN 2 Madiun akan terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Hasil respon siswa setelah diterapkannya modul fisika virtual berbantuan game menunjukkan 78,16 keterangan baik. Selain itu modul fisika virtual berbantuan game ini dinyatakan ole kelima validator dengan hasil CVR sebesar 1 dengan kategori sangat layak. Nilai N-Gain rata-rata untuk tingkat hasil belajar siswa sebesar 0,88 dengan kategori tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil data penelitian tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa modul fisika virtual berbantuan game mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
Analisis Literasi Multimodal Buku Cerita Anak Bergambar Sebagai Upaya Pemilihan Bahan Ajar Membaca Permulaan Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Indah Nurmahanani
Published: March 2024

Illustrated children's story books are a construction of the world, a perspective that is the result of processing and reading by the creator of the book on other texts he consumes. Picture story books are a medium to offer a view of how the world should be seen and understood. In relation to picture story books, children who are the readers of the stories conveyed in this book will very likely have views of the world around them as views offered by picture story books. Therefore, children and parents should be equipped with the ability to read critically the message conveyed by this picture story book. They must have abilities that allow them not only to be able to critically read narrative texts but also understand how to read pictures, as a mode that appears with verbal texts in storybooks. Multimodal literacy is defined as the knowledge and skills that children must possess, especially, in critically reading verbal texts and especially visual texts. Through this multimodal literacy analysis, it is hoped that we can interpret the messages conveyed by picture story books for elementary school students
Evaluasi Kesiapan Pendidik dalam Implementasi Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5)
Authors: Igant Erisza Maudyna  , Erny Roesminingsih  , Karwanto
Published: March 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesiapan pendidik di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman dalam mengimplementasikan Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian evaluatif dengan model evaluasi CIPP yang dikembangkan oleh Stufflebeam. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis Miles and Huberman. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara pada delapan pendidik kelompok B di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman, 75% pendidik belum mengetahui adanya Model Kompetensi Guru terbaru dari Perdirjen GTK No. 6565/B/GT/2020.  Sedangkan, pada hasil observasi pendidik di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman, rata-rata pendidik berada pada jenjang kompetensi berkembang dan cakap. Secara umum, tingkat kesiapan guru dalam mengimplementasikan P5 di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman sudah baik.
Urgensi Guru BK Dalam Meningkatkan Rasa Hormat Siswa Kepada Tenaga Kependidikan di SMP Negeri 3 Tanjungpura
Authors: Al Ghafar Jalaluddin Rasyid , Ahmad Syarqawi
Published: March 2024

Guru bimbingan konseling berperan sebagai konselor siswa yang berpartisipasi dalam membantu memahami setiap siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui urgensi guru BK dalam meningkatkan rasa hormat siswa terhadap tenaga kependidikan di SMP Negeri 3 Tanjungpura dan membantu guru BK dalam menghadapi siswa yang tidak memiliki rasa hormat kepada tenaga pendidiknya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data yang diperoleh bersumber dari guru BK, kepala sekolah, dan siswa dan data berupa catatan atau laporan yang telah tersusun rapi dalam arsip mengenai sikap hormat para siswa di sekolah. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi yang kemudian akan dipaparkan dalam penulisan singkat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasa hormat siswa di SMP Negeri 3 Tanjungpura masih terbilang tinggi terlihat dari mereka yang memberikan salam setiap berpapasan dengan tenaga kependidikan dan guru BK.
Pengembangan Kreativitas Sebagai Pembentukan Karakter Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Palupi Diana Indah , Rahmani Emma , Yusnita Erlin , Gustina Hera , Pertiwi Hikmah , Chalid Nurbani
Published: March 2024

Mayesty (1990) states that creativity is a way of thinking and acting or creating something original and valuable/useful for that person and others. Creativity according to Santrock (2002) is the ability to think about things in new and unusual ways and give birth to a unique solution to the problems encountered. In line with what was stated by Gallagher (in Munandar, 1999) revealed that creativity is related to the ability to create, organize, find a new form and or to produce something through imaginative skills, this means that creativity is related to the experience of expressing and actualizing individual identity in the form of integrated in relationship with oneself, with nature and with others. Creativity is a product of ideas or solutions that are new and useful. According to Munandar (2002) one of the benefits of creativity is that it can improve the quality of life and solve problems from various points of view, therefore creativity is important to be honed from an early age, so that it becomes an inherent character in children. In relation to the formation of the character of early childhood, we can see together that the character of the Indonesian nation has deviated a lot from norms, both legal norms, social norms, and even religious norms. People today are experiencing a crisis that has such a great impact on civilization, namely the crisis of character. Seeing this fact, the initial foundation for the realization of a character that fits the profile of Pancasila must be developed from an early age. Through the development of creativity, it is hoped that the formation of character in children can be done from an early age. Character education was chosen as an effort to realize the character formation of students or the nation's generation of noble character. This study uses a qualitative research type with reference to descriptive analysis from various relevant sources as well as a study of research results that raise the theme of the relationship between creativity development in developing the character of early childhood. The type of study used is literature study by collecting information from books, journals, discussion of articles and others. From the results of this study, it is known that the development of creativity in early childhood has a very good impact on the character development process.
“Music kept us alive”
Authors: Jurková Zuzana
Published: March 2024

A characteristic feature of post-authoritarian societies (such as the Czech Republic after 1989) is social consolidation, in which a re-construction of collective memory plays an important role. Usually, memories of minorities that have been temporarily silenced are reshaped. While in some cases minorities find their own autonomous voice (e.g. Roma in the CR), in other cases the minority “story” becomes part of the “story” of the majority. This is the case for the recollections of the concentration camp Terezín (Theresienstadt) 1942–45, where Czechoslovak Jews organized a rich cultural and musical life. In the words of one of the survivors – “Music kept us alive”. The article examines the transformation of the “Terezín phenomenon” (primarily its musical life and music production) from an important component of minority musical remembrance to a part of the majority narrative.
Aquiles en el exilio. Lectura comparada del libro 9 de la Ilíada y el poema anglosajón “The Wanderer”
Authors: Bertolin Cebrian Reyes
Published: March 2024

El presente trabajo ofrece una lectura complementaria del libro 9 de la Ilíada y del poema anglosajón “The Wanderer”. Está lectura se basa principalmente en que ambos protagonistas se describen a sí mismos como vagabundos, puesto que no tienen señor al que servir. El vocabulario del dolor mental o espiritual y las metáforas del clima para describir la turbulencia interior son otros puntos de contacto entre ambas obras. Además, destaca el hecho que durante la separación del grupo el protagonista puede expresar libremente sus sentimientos, mientras que la pertenencia al grupo puede implicar no verbalizarlos.
The Catasterism of Diogenes the Cynic in an Epigram by Ausonius
Authors: Di Serio Chiara
Published: March 2024

In the collection of Ausonius’ Epigrams by Green (1999), three are dedicated to Diogenes the Cynic. One of them (ep. 54) constitutes an epitaph for the philosopher’s tomb, and is composed as a paraphrase of an epigram from the Anthologia Palatina (7, 64). Moreover, a rare tradition on Diogenes’ catasterism appears in this text: here, in fact, we read that the philosopher is placed in heaven by the star of Leo as the guard dog of the heroine Erigone. Therefore, this research starts with an analysis of the transition from the Greek to Ausonius’ Latin version, and then the investigation of the issue of Diogenes’ catasterism is developed, by examining the broader context of Graeco-Roman sources on related topics.
Francisco Javier Casinos Mora, Derecho privado romano, Madrid, Dykinson, 2022 (2ª edición). [ISBN: 978-84-1122-592-2]
Authors: Coronel Ramos Marco Antonio
Published: March 2024

Francisco Javier Casinos Mora (2022): Derecho privado romano. Madrid, Dykinson. 2ª edición. ISBN: 978-84-1122-592-2.
A stable microtubule bundle formed through an orchestrated multistep process controls quiescence exit
Authors: Laporte Damien , Massoni-Laporte Aurelie , Lefranc Charles , Dompierre Jim , Mauboules David , Nsamba Emmanuel T , Royou Anne , Gal Lihi , Schuldiner Maya , Gupta Mohan L , Sagot Isabelle
Published: March 2024

Cells fine-tune microtubule assembly in both space and time to give rise to distinct edifices with specific cellular functions. In proliferating cells, microtubules are highly dynamics, and proliferation cessation often leads to their stabilization. One of the most stable microtubule structures identified to date is the nuclear bundle assembled in quiescent yeast. In this article, we characterize the original multistep process driving the assembly of this structure. This Aurora B-dependent mechanism follows a precise temporality that relies on the sequential actions of kinesin-14, kinesin-5, and involves both microtubule–kinetochore and kinetochore–kinetochore interactions. Upon quiescence exit, the microtubule bundle is disassembled via a cooperative process involving kinesin-8 and its full disassembly is required prior to cells re-entry into proliferation. Overall, our study provides the first description, at the molecular scale, of the entire life cycle of a stable microtubule structure in vivo and sheds light on its physiological function.
A novel MARV glycoprotein-specific antibody with potentials of broad-spectrum neutralization to filovirus
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Zhang Min , Wu Haiyan , Wang Xinwei , Zheng Hang , Feng Junjuan , Wang Jing , Luo Longlong , Xiao He , Qiao Chunxia , Li Xinying , Zheng Yuanqiang , Huang Weijin , Wang Youchun , Wang Yi , Shi Yanchun , Feng Jiannan , Chen Guojiang
Published: March 2024

Marburg virus (MARV) is one of the filovirus species that cause deadly hemorrhagic fever in humans, with mortality rates up to 90%. Neutralizing antibodies represent ideal candidates to prevent or treat virus disease. However, no antibody has been approved for MARV treatment to date. In this study, we identified a novel human antibody named AF-03 that targeted MARV glycoprotein (GP). AF-03 possessed a high binding affinity to MARV GP and showed neutralizing and protective activities against the pseudotyped MARV in vitro and in vivo. Epitope identification, including molecular docking and experiment-based analysis of mutated species, revealed that AF-03 recognized the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) binding domain within GP1. Interestingly, we found the neutralizing activity of AF-03 to pseudotyped Ebola viruses (EBOV, SUDV, and BDBV) harboring cleaved GP instead of full-length GP. Furthermore, NPC2-fused AF-03 exhibited neutralizing activity to several filovirus species and EBOV mutants via binding to CI-MPR. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that AF-03 represents a promising therapeutic cargo for filovirus-caused disease.
Fossil hominin ulnae and the forelimb ofParanthropus
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Brown Cassandra C. , McHenry Lindsay J.
Published: June 2007

The discovery ofPanin the Middle Pleistocene deposits of the Kapthurin Formation of the Tugen Hills (McBrearty and Jablonski: Nature 437 (2005) 105–108) inspires new interest in the search for other chimpanzee fossils in the East African Rift Valley. Craniodental evidence of an eastward excursion of chimpanzee populations in the Plio‐Pleistocene goes undetected in other hominin sites, but one enigmatic postcranial fossil, the Olduvai Hominid 36 ulna, has many chimp‐like features. Analyses by Aiello et al. (Aiello et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 109 (1999) 89–110) reveal that it is similar to extantPanin some respects, but it also has unique traits not seen in other hominoid species. They refer it toParanthropus boisei. In this study, we reassess the affinities of OH 36 using a different data set that includes more recently discovered hominin fossils including those attributed toParanthropus. Despite its superficial resemblance to modernPan, our results agree with those of Aiello et al. (Aiello et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 109 (1999) 89–110) that OH 36 is distinctly different from modern chimpanzees. By default, it is reasonable to assign this specimen toP. boisei, but it is not at all similar to other ulnae referred to this genus. Ulnae attributed toParanthropusfrom South Africa, Kenya, and Ethiopia are morphologically more heterogeneous than those within species of large‐bodied Hominoidea. Although there are many apparent shared derived traits justifying a monophyleticParanthropusclade, most if not all of these traits are related to a single functional complex (hypermastication) that may have evolved in parallel and thereby constituting a paraphyletic group of species. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platyrrhine dental eruption sequences
Authors: Henderson Emily
Published: June 2007

To determine dental eruption sequences of extant platyrrhines, 367 mandibles and maxillae of informative juvenile specimens from all 16 genera were scored for presence of permanent teeth including three intermediate eruption stages following Harvati (Am J Phys Anthropol 112 (2000) 69–85). The timing of molar eruption relative to that of the anterior dentition is variable in platyrrhines. Aotus is precocious, with all molars erupting in succession before replacement of any deciduous teeth, while Cebus is delayed in M2‐3 eruption relative to I1‐2. Callitrichines have a distinct tendency toward delayed canine and premolar development. Platyrrhine eruption sequences presented here show some evidence of conformity to Schultz's Rule, with relatively early replacement of deciduous dentition in “slower”‐growing animals. The relationship of dental eruption sequences to degree of folivory, body mass, brain mass, and dietary quality is also examined. The early eruption of molars relative to anterior teeth in Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao, in comparison to genera such as Ateles, Lagothrix, and Alouatta, showing relatively later eruption of the molars, appears to be consistent with current phylogenetic hypotheses. Schultz (Am J Phys Anthropol 19 (1935) 489–581) postulated early relative molar eruption as the primitive dental eruption schedule for primates. The extremely early molar eruption of Aotus versus Callicebus (where both incisors erupt before M2 and M3, with M3 usually last) may lend support to the status of Aotus as a basal taxon. The early relative molar eruption of the fossil platyrrhine species Branisella boliviana is also consistent with this hypothesis (Takai et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 111 (2000) 263–281). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
KWOC indexes and vocabulary comparisons of summaries of LC and DC classification schedules
Authors: Auld Larry
Published: June 2007

KWOC indexes based on summaries of the Library of Congress and Dewey Decimal classification schedules were prepared and the keyword vocabularies assembled in a side‐by‐side comparison. The indexes and the vocabulary comparison are briefly described and evaluated; significant differences in vocabulary are observed. The project serves as a demonstration of one method of examining editorial bias.
Comparison of document data bases
Authors: Schipma Peter B. , Williams Martha E. , Shafton Allan L.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the content and format of seven machine‐readable bibliographic data bases: Chemical Abstracts Service Condensates, Chemical and Biological Activities, and Polymer Science and Technology, Biosciences Information Service's BA Previews including Biological Abstracts and BioResearch Index, Institute for Science Information Source Tape, and Engineering Index COMPENDEX.

Selected issue test tapes of each data base were printed and checked for the types of data that were contained in the issue and the methods in which the data were formatted. This paper compares the physical formats of the tapes and describes the varied treatments given to such data elements as authors, titles, abstracts, etc. Comparison of data bases requires common use of terms. All terms are defined at the beginning of the paper.

The authors found great discrepancies in the presentation of essentially similar bibliographic data, and they offer some suggestions for mitigating the discrepancies by use of standards.
An experiment to study the use of boolean not logic to improve the precision of selective dissemination of information
Authors: Scheffler Frederic , March Jacqueline , Bernados John
Published: June 2007

After one year's operation of a Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) program for personnel of the Air Force Materials Laboratory, the program was evaluated by personal interview. Although most people were receiving pertinent abstracts, they were also receiving many nonpertinent abstracts. The exposure to periodic distributions of abstracts permitted the recipients to identify factors causing nonpertinent retrievals. In an experiment, the profiles were modified by applying Boolean NOT logic to terms identified as causing non‐pertinent retrievals. The uniqueness of the approach is the systematic application of the Boolean NOT to profiles after the SDI users had examined all abstracts from the original profiles and rejected nonpertinent returns. Retrieval results obtained by both the original and modified profile strategies for the same document base were compared. The SDI users assessed the relevance of the documents retrieved under both conditions. Precision was markedly improved by the modified strategies, although some loss of relevant documents also occurred. A follow‐up study indicated greater user satisfaction with modified profiles; fewer nonpertinent abstracts were being received, yet the number of pertinent retrievals did not appear to be diminished. The careful use of the Boolean NOT technique applied to SDI profiles to improve precision was thus substantiated.
What information dissemination studies imply concerning the design of on‐line reference retrieval systems
Authors: Back Harry B.
Published: June 2007

The use of an on‐line computer system for locating bibliographic citations has been hailed as an important innovation for coping with the “information explosion.” However, on‐line reference retrieval is only one element in a large social system of information dissemination. To have a widespread impact, an on‐line system must compete successfully with a multitude of other sources of references. This paper reviews studies of information dissemination as a basis for determining how on‐line retrieval can best compete. It recommends the functional groups for whom an on‐line system should be designed initially, and suggests the uses for which the system should be designed and the forms of written media that should be included in the system's initial data base. Finally, it presents criteria the system should satisfy to be as widely used and as comprehensive as other reference retrieval methods.
Interactive search of bibliographic data bases in an academic environment
Authors: Borman Lorraine , Mittman Benjamin
Published: June 2007

A surprising difference is found in the acceptance of on‐line bibliographic search between university research workers and students in the classroom. The typical research worker, even after careful preparation and individual help, abandons the on‐line system in favor of more traditional searching techniques. The student and the seminar participant, on the other hand, take to this new tool with enthusiasm and profit. Bibliographic data bases in physics, astronomy and urban systems are available to users through on‐line access to the Remote Information Query System (RIQS). Examples of introductory on‐line sessions are presented and a report of one of the professors participating is included.
The dissemination of task and socioemotional information in an international community of scientists
Authors: Zaltman Gerald , Köhler Barbara Marie
Published: June 2007

This study concerns the dissemination of task and socioemotional information among a sample of 977 theoretical high energy physicists working in thirty‐five countries. The impact of geopolitical boundaries on the flow of information between discussion partners and on the acknowledgment of information pioneers is analyzed. While three general geopolitical subs‐systems are discernable in the sample, the general finding is that task and socioemotional information flowed relatively freely across geopolitical boundaries. The flow of task related information is selected for greater depth of analysis and the investigation proceeds to focus on the diffusion of research specialties (regarded as innovations) in the international scientific community. Adoption and diffusion curves for each specialty were obtained and diffusion gaps between the United States, Europe, and Japan are noted. Research specialties tended to flow faster from Japan to the United States and Europe than vice versa and faster from the United States to Europe than from Europe to the United States.
On the economics of information
Authors: Kochen M.
Published: June 2007

On November 11, 1971, the Special Interest Group of the American Society for Information Science on Behavioral and Social Sciences held a panel discussion a t the annual meeting in Denver. The audience found the ideas generated of sufficient importance to request that the highlights be published and disseminated to policy makers and other key people. In this paper, Robin Crickman' has summarized the statements of the five panelists. The primary message from these and other comments made during the panel discussion was the need to probe more deeply into the utility of knowledge for decision‐making, to shift priorities toward making data more usable to policy‐makers than to collectors and disseminators.
Teaching abstracting and indexing
Authors: Flood Barbara
Published: June 2007

Preparing decision makers for the future is discussed in terms of a three pronged approach to the teaching of document surrogation: knowledge about, skills in, and management of. The management prong should include the habit of using the data from the present situation to make decisions about future change.
Managing an uncontrolled vocabulary ex post facto
Authors: Lefever Maureen , Freedman Barbara , Schultz Louise
Published: June 2007

Initiated as an experiment, supported by the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the operational retrospective retrieval service offered by BIOSIS, now in its eighth year, exploits a file created essentially without vocabulary control. The file comprises some 40 million index access points to 1.87 million references in research biology announced in Biological Abstracts and BioResearch Index since September 1959. A pragmatic program of file building criteria has been pursued, originally with modest support from the Office of Science Information Service of the National Science Foundation, which has provided improved retrieval and an annual summary of the vocabulary of the literature available to anyone interested (1).
From multidisciplinary to interdisciplinary research: Effects of information systems on formal organizations
Authors: Studer Paul A.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this work is to help build a bridge between total overviews of the field of information science on the one hand, and empirical research on the other. This is done by building a model for linking multi‐disciplinary approaches into a relevant and effective whole, and for deriving testable propositions from this new framework.

Both the method followed in building this model and the method of presenting it, consist of working out an example—a sample area of research interest. The example is the field of research into the effects of rationalized information systems on the functioning of formal organizations. The disciplines involved in the analysis are organization theory (itself a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary area), general systems theory, cybernetics, some areas of information science and of the behavior sciences.

The example first shows theoretical trends in the discipline of primary relevance—organization theory—being analyzed. A search for relevant analogies, theoretical and empirical terms, and testable propositions is then made in the disciplines listed above. This investigation yields a conceptual framework for empirical analysis which benefits from the contributions of all these disciplines, taking into account systemic characteristics such as the levels of organization of the system to be researched and a modified set of related propositions about relevant behavioral (personal and organizational) processes.

A general method for interdisciplinary analysis of other problem areas is seen as being implicit in the specific example offered.
On‐line serials control system in a large biomedical library part II. Evaluation of retrieval features
Authors: Fayollat James
Published: June 2007

The on‐line serials control system in use at UCLA Biomedical Library utilizes an inverted file for its primary retrieval technique. The correct title is reached with a single entry about 80% of the time by using an average of three title words. A detailed profile of title structure and search scheme is given. The major determinants of the scheme are evaluated on a performance and cost basis.
Double hashing
Authors: Bookstein Abraham
Published: June 2007

This paper generalizes the direct‐chaining technique of hash coding in a manner that is useful for storing records on the basis of non‐unique search keys. Such a capability is of particular interest for library automation and information retrieval. Two hash functions are used instead of one, and to take advantage of the information contained in both, a tree structure is substituted for a linear chain. As developed here, this technique can also be used, with improved efficiency, for storing records with unique keys. To represent both environments, two specific models are defined, analyzed, and compared to conventional methods.
A statistical decision model for periodical selection for a specialized information center
Authors: Dym Eleanor D. , Shirey Donald L.
Published: June 2007

An experiment is described which attempts to define a quantitative methodology for the identification and evaluation of journal publications to be acquired for a specialized collection. In previous acquisition procedures, the subjective opinion of one or more persons has, sometimes idiosyncratically, determined the material available to the user. In an attempt to identify and recommend all possibly relevant periodical titles containing toxicological‐biological information, a statistical decision model that permits an objective approach was designed and employed.

A list of yes/no criteria questions was developed with the advice of a “subject‐oriented” Advisory Committee. A training technique was developed in an attempt to assure uniformity in interpretation, and a quality control check was imposed to determine consistency of judgment.

The design, implementation, and quality control testing of the model have indicated that the technique has value, but requires individual handling and refinement in the developmental stage.
Text searching retrieval of answer‐sentences and other answer‐passages
Authors: O'Connor John
Published: June 2007

Some new text searching retrieval techniques are described which retrieve not documents but sentences from documents and sometimes (on occasions determined by the computer) multi‐sentence sequences. Since the goal of the techniques is retrieval of answer‐providing documents, “answer‐passages” are retrieved. An “answer‐passage” is a passage which is either answer‐providing or “answer‐indicative,” i.e., it permits inferring that the document containing it is answer‐provding. In most cases answer‐sentences, i.e., single‐sentence answer‐passages, are retrieved. This has great advantages for screening retrieval output.

Two new automatic procedures for measuring closeness of relation between clue words in a sentence are described. One approximates syntactic closeness by counting the number of intervening “syntactic joints” (roughly speaking, prepositions, conjunctions and punctuation marks) between successive clue words. The other measure uses word proximity in a new way. The two measures perform about equally well.

The computer uses “enclosure” and “connector words” for determining when a multi‐sentence passage should be retrieved. However, no procedure was found in this study for retrieving multi‐paragraph answer‐passages, which were the only answer‐passages occurring in 6% of the papers.

In a test of the techniques they failed to retrieve two answer‐providing documents (7% of those to be retrieved) because of one multi‐paragraph answer‐passage and one complete failure of clue word selection. For the other answer‐providing documents they retrieved at all recall levels with greater precision than SMART, which has produced the best previously reported recall‐precision results.

The retrieval questions (mostly from real users) and documents used in this study were from the field of information science. The results of the study are surprisingly good for retrieval in such a “soft science,” and it is reasonable to hope that in less “soft” sciences and technologies the techniques described will work even better. On this basis a dissemination and retrieval system of the near future is predicted.
“Lotka's law in the humanities?”
Authors: Murphy Larry J.
Published: June 2007

It is stressed that Lotka's Law was originally only applicable in physical science, specifically chemistry and physics. The more recent general application of Lotka's Law in non‐physical science, without appropriate new tests of validity, is bemoaned. A recent test in the humanities is discussed, showing that Lotka's Law does apply reasonably in that speciality. A plea is made for more “spot checks” of so called general “Laws,” which were determined using specific subject samples—not only for Lotka's Law, which is used here as an example, but in all such “laws” applied in information science, in general.
Informal communication of scientific information
Authors: Korfhage Robert R.
Published: June 2007

A re‐examination of data used in a study of informal communication among sleep researchers raises some interesting questions on the definition of communication and its relationship to research productivity. This paper presents results of this re‐examination and suggests directions for future investigations.
The environment of classification Part II: How we classify
Authors: Jones Kevin P.
Published: June 2007

Several taxonomic philosophers have postulated that classification consists of the three elements: distinction, grouping and hierarchy. Each of these elements is analyzed in turn and it is shown that there is a vast difference between the philosophical base, where distinctions can be distinct, and what might be termed “everyday experience”.

Subsequently, the triadic basis of classification is aligned with the well‐known Ogden and Richards semantic triangle and it is shown that both follow the same form. This demonstrates that models of classification cannot be developed from a binary base. An attempt is also made to inject some balance into considerations of conception which tend to dominate many analyses of bibliographical classification.
Bibliographic data base usage in a large technical community
Authors: Hawkins Donald T.
Published: June 2007

A survey of the bibliographic data bases used in satisfying some of the information requests received by the Bell Laboratories literature searching service was made. Fifty‐eight information sources were used 305 times; four major sources accounted for 155 (51%) of the uses. Approximately half of the literature searches performed used only one data base; about 70% used either one or two. Machine searching is growing and is becoming more effective.
Determination of satisfactory scale for data processing facilities
Authors: Solomon Susan L.
Published: June 2007

The economic theory of optimal scale may be applied to service organizations with stochastic volumes, such as the data processing installation of a firm, as well as to production facilities with deterministic volumes. The objective of such analysis is to ascertain which systems are most flexible in processing wide ranges of volumes efficiently and to postulate a general shape for the cost function of similar facilities, if possible. The more flexible the data processing system, the better it is able to cope with fluctuations in transaction volume over time and the less the need for extensive pre‐installation systems study. A simulation model of the job environment of three common EDP systems provides information on the shape of their cost functions in the neighborhood of optimality.
The role of automatic indexing in access control: A modular view
Authors: Rex Hartson H.
Published: June 2007

Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it. And in such indexes, although small pricks to their subsequent volumes, there is seen the baby figure of the giant mass of things to come.

Samuel Johnson, April 18, 1775, from Boswell's Life of Johnson, published 1791.
Design equations for retrieval systems based on the swets model
Authors: Heine M. H.
Published: June 2007

Swets's theory of information retrieval allows the threads of document weighting formulae, probabilistic measures of effectiveness, and management theory to be woven into a coherent pattern. Benefits of the theory are the beginnings of a quantitative description of retrieval languages, a clear distinction between retrieval `systems' and `language', a recognition that retrieval performance can be tailored to suit individual needs in a systematic way, and confirmation that question Generality is a pivotal feature of the retrieval process. The hypotheses involved are still in need of rigorous experimental testing.
A clustering algorithm based on user queries
Authors: Yu Clement T.
Published: June 2007

A clustering algorithm which is tree‐like in structure, and is based on user queries, is presented. It is compared to Bonner's Method, Rocchio's Method, Dattola's Method and the Single Link Method in three different aspects, namely system effectiveness, system efficiency and the time required for clustering. Experimental results using the Cranfield 424 collection indicate that the proposed method is superior to the other methods.
An experiment in dialectic information systems
Authors: Nelson John A. , Mitroff Ian I.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes an experiment concerned with the investigation of presentation formats for Dialectic Information Systems (DIS). DIS are information systems which generate information for a decision maker by means of intense conflict between proponents of two radically opposing positions, theories, points of view, etc. In a DIS, information is generated through the confrontation between “data” and the world‐views (Weltanschauungen) of opposing experts. The particular DIS experiment under discussion investigates the effects of explicit DIS training on an individual's world‐view. The perception of drama and emotion, the structure of syntehsizing contexts, and the ability to “think” dialectically are also discussed as important features of the particular experiment.
Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Jørgensen Henning , Kristensen Jan Bach , Felby Claus
Published: June 2007

The economic dependency on fossil fuels and the resulting effects on climate and environment have put tremendous focus on utilizing fermentable sugars from lignocellulose, the largest known renewable carbohydrate source. The fermentable sugars in lignocellulose are derived from cellulose and hemicelluloses but these are not readily accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis and require a pretreatment, which causes an extensive modification of the lignocellulosic structure. A number of pretreatment technologies are under development and being tested in pilot scale. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose carbohydrates into fermentable sugars requires a number of different cellulases and hemicellulases. The hydrolysis of cellulose is a sequential breakdown of the linear glucose chains, whereas hemicellulases must be capable of hydrolysing branched chains containing different sugars and functional groups. The technology for pretreatment and hydrolysis has been developed to an extent that is close to a commercially viable level. It has become possible to process lignocellulose at high substrate levels and the enzyme performance has been improved. Also the cost of enzymes has been reduced. Still a number of technical and scientific issues within pretreatment and hydrolysis remain to be solved. However, significant improvements in yield and cost reductions are expected, thus making large‐scale fermentation of lignocellulosic substrates possible. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Time‐resolved NMR studies of RNA folding
Authors: Fürtig Boris , Buck Janina , Manoharan Vijayalaxmi , Bermel Wolfgang , Jäschke Andres , Wenter Philipp , Pitsch Stefan , Schwalbe Harald
Published: June 2007

The application of real‐time NMR experiments to the study of RNA folding, as reviewed in this article, is relatively new. For many RNA folding events, current investigations suggest that the time scales are in the second to minute regime. In addition, the initial investigations suggest that different folding rates are observed for one structural transition may be due to the hierarchical folding units of RNA. Many of the experiments developed in the field of NMR of protein folding cannot directly be transferred to RNA: hydrogen exchange experiments outside the spectrometer cannot be applied since the intrinsic exchange rates are too fast in RNA, relaxation dispersion experiments on the other require faster structural transitions than those observed in RNA. On the other hand, information derived from time‐resolved NMR experiments, namely the acquisition of native chemical shifts, can be readily interpreted in light of formation of a single long‐range hydrogen bonding interaction. Together with mutational data that can readily be obtained for RNA and new ligation technologies that enhance site resolution even further, time‐resolved NMR may become a powerful tool to decipher RNA folding. Such understanding will be of importance to understand the functions of coding and non‐coding RNAs in cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 360–383, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Review NMR studies of RNA dynamics and structural plasticity using NMR residual dipolar couplings
Authors: Getz Melissa , Sun Xiaoyan , Casiano‐Negroni Anette , Zhang Qi , Al‐Hashimi Hashim M.
Published: June 2007

An increasing number of RNAs are being discovered that perform their functions by undergoing large changes in conformation in response to a variety of cellular signals, including recognition of proteins and small molecular targets, changes in temperature, and RNA synthesis itself. The measurement of NMR residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in partially aligned systems is providing new insights into the structural plasticity of RNA through combined characterization of large‐amplitude collective helix motions and local flexibility in noncanonical regions over a wide window of biologically relevant timescales (<milliseconds). Here, we review RDC methodology for studying RNA structural dynamics and survey what has been learnt thus far from application of these methods. Future methodological challenges are also identified. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 384–402, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Die partielle Birch‐Reduktion von 1‐Benzyl‐isochinolin‐Derivaten
Authors: Grewe Rudolf , Fischer Hermann , Friedrichsen Willy
Published: June 2007

Die Verbindung 1, das salzartige Primärprodukt einer Bischler‐Napieralsky‐Synthese, läßt sich in einem Schritt in 75‐proz. Ausbeute zur sekundären Phenolbase 4 reduzieren. Von hier aus sind zahlreiche 1‐substituierte Hydroisochinolon‐Derivate zugänglich.
Darstellung von Carbonsäureestern mittels O‐Alkyl‐N.N′‐dicyclohexyl‐isoharnstoffen
Authors: Vowinkel Erich
Published: June 2007

O‐Alkyl‐N.N′‐dicyclohexyl‐isoharnstoffe reagieren mit Carbonsäuren zu Carbonsäureestern. Bei Phenolcarbonsäuren kann neben der Veresterung auch eine Alkylierung der phenolischen OH‐Gruppe eintreten. Ungeschützte Alkohol‐ und Aminogruppen stören den Reaktionsablauf nicht.
Eine einfache Benzo[a]chinolizin‐Synthese. Zugleich eine Modellreaktion für die Alkaloid‐Biogenese?
Authors: Teuber Hans‐J. , Laudien Dieter
Published: June 2007

3.4‐Dihydroxy‐phenäthylamin reagiert im Gegensatz zu anderen primären aliphatischen Aminen mit Acetessigaldehyd nicht nur zum entsprechenden 2‐Methyl‐5‐acetyl‐pyridiniumsalz (1), sondern außerdem unter dehydrierender Verknüpfung von Benzol‐ und Pyridinring zu einem 6.7‐Dihydro‐benzo[a]chinoliziniumsalz (2), dessen Methyl‐ und Acetyl‐Seitenkette sich in „natürlicher”︁ Stellung befinden. Der vollaromatische Ring C von 2 läßt sich mit Natriumborhydrid hydrieren (8, 11), Ring B mit Tetrachlor‐o‐benzochinon dehydrieren (13, 14), die Acetyl‐Seitenkette in eine Äthylgruppe umwandeln (9, 10); mit Allylbromid werden insgesamt vier Allylreste eingeführt. – Fragen des Reaktionsverlaufs, der Spektren sowie der Verwandtschaft zu Alkaloiden werden erörtert.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, CXX. Umsetzungen reaktionsfähiger Acetylenverbindungen mit Schwefelverbindungen
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Bresinsky Eberhard
Published: June 2007

Ausgehend von Acetylencarbonylverbindungen werden einige disubstituierte Thiophen‐Derivate (1–3) dargestellt. Weiterhin wird die Reaktion von Polyinen mit Natriumdisulfid untersucht. Als Hauptprodukte erhält man Dithiacyclopenten‐Derivate (8, 15–17). Die Eigenschaften dieser Substanzklasse werden diskutiert.
Diaziridine, VIII. Diaziridin‐Hydrazon‐Umlagerung bei acylierten Diaziridinen
Authors: Schmitz Ernst , Habisch Dieter , Gründemann Christel
Published: June 2007

3‐Substituierte Diaziridine geben Acylierungsprodukte, die noch den Dreiring enthalten (1a–d, 5). Alkalische Hydrolyse liefert die Diaziridine zurück. 1.2‐Dibenzoyl‐diaziridine (1a–c) lagern sich unter milden Bedingungen in β.β‐Dibenzoyl‐hydrazone (2a–c) um.
Über das Verhalten zweizähliger Phosphine und Arsine gegenüber Rhodium‐ und Iridiumcarbonylchlorid
Authors: Hieber Walter , Kummer Rudolf
Published: June 2007

Dimeres Rhodiumdicarbonylchlorid und polymers Iridiumtricarbonylchlorid reagieren mit Kaliumdiphenylphosphid unter KCI‐Abspaltung und Bildung von Carbonylkomplexen mit μ‐Phosphido‐Brücken. [(CO)2RhPR2]n und [(OC)3IrPR2]2 (R = C6H5). Die Einwirkung von Tetraphenyldiphosphin und ‐diarsin, R2EER2(E = p, As), auf [Rh(CO)2CI]2 führt über instabile Komplexe CI(OC)Rh(E2R4)2 zu dimeren Verbindungen vom Typ [CI(OC)RhER2]2, von denen die cis‐trans‐Isomeren isoliert werden können. Auch die entsprechenden Iridiumverbindungen wurden über den Pyridinkomplex CI(OC)2Irpyr erhalten.

Alkylendiphosphine liefern mit [Rh(CO)2CI]2und CI(OC)2Ir pyr zunächst ohne CO‐Abspaltung zweikernige, instabile Komplexe vom Typ CI(OC)2MeR2P ‐ [CH2]N ‐ PR2Me(CO)2CI(Me = Rh, IR; R = C6H5;n = 1 und 2). Mit einem überschuß der Phosphine entstehen die Neutralkomplexe CI(OC)Rh(R2P)2C2H4 und [CI(OC)Rh(R2P)2 CH2]n sowie die kationischen Komplexe [Rh {R2P)2C2H4)}2]X und [OCIr{(R2P)2CH2}2]X (X = Cl, PF6).
Zur Synthese des Glucagons, XI. Darstellung der Sequenz 16–23
Authors: Wünsch Erich , Wendlberger Gerhard
Published: June 2007

Die Synthese vonO‐tert.‐Butyl‐L‐seryl‐L‐arginyl(hydrobromid)‐L‐arginyl(hydrobromid)‐L‐alanyl‐L‐glutaminyl‐L‐asparagyl(β‐tert.‐butylester)‐L‐phenylalanyl‐L‐valin‐tert.‐butylester, einer carboxylgeschützten Teilsequenz16–23, des Glucagons, wird beschrieben.