bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Autoradiographic Study of Plasma Cell and Lymphocyte Survival in Rat Popliteal Lymph Nodes
Authors: Miller John J.
Published: January 2023

Using tritiated thymidine as a cell label, the rate of disappearance of plasma cells from stimulated and unstimulated popliteal lymph nodes was followed for a period of 6 months in rats. In stimulated lymph nodes there was a rapid early decrease in plasma cell numbers, but a small percentage of labeled plasma cells persisted through the 6-month time point. In the unstimulated nodes, fewer plasma cells were initially labeled, but some of these also persisted throughout the span of the experiment. These cells could not have been formed from any other cell type during the course of the experiment, with the exception of direct transformation of small lymphocytes, because precursor and intermediate types of cells were not sufficiently highly labeled after the first 3 weeks. Some long-lived plasma cells contain, and probably produce, antibody for at least 3 months, the longest time point tested. Small lymphocytes also persisted within the popliteal nodes throughout the time of the experiment in both stimulated and unstimulated rats. The possibility that this fact may be important in secondary immunologic reactions is discussed. The use of the footpad as the injection site for tritiated thymidine gave a degree of localization of label in the popliteal lymph node cells that allowed some observations on the migration of cells from these nodes. In this respect small lymphocytes were found to migrate to the submucosa of the ileum, and in lesser numbers to the spleen and thymus and probably the mesenteric lymph node. Throughout the course of the experiment, only two labeled plasma cells were found outside the popliteal nodes, both in the submucosa of the ileum.
The Production and Transfer of Immune Reactions to Bovine Serum Albumin in Isogenic and Allogeneic Mice
Authors: Vredevoe Donna L.
Published: January 2023

Arthus skin reactions with variable delayed induration were produced in mice sensitized to bovine serum albumin and skin tested several times with antigen. This indurated reaction could not be transferred, in the absence of serum antibodies, with sensitized lymphoid cells. Mild Arthus reactivity could be transferred with serum from sensitized donors. The failure to transfer the indurated component of the skin reaction, similar to delayed-type hypersensitivity described in the guinea pig, was regarded as evidence that this induration was a manifestation of a severe Arthus reaction. The indurated skin reaction was termed a “delayed component of the Arthus skin reaction.”
Standardization of Poliomyelitis Immune Globulin
Authors: Uhlendorf B. William , Brown Eva R. , Fabisch Phyllis H. , Hottle George A.
Published: January 2023

Poliovirus antibody content of 275 samples of human γ-globulin have been determined in Rhesus kidney or in HEp-2 cell cultures by the metabolic inhibition test, in comparison with a reference globulin preparation. Globulins prepared from placental extracts showed, on the average, higher antibody content for each of the three types of poliovirus than globulins prepared from venous blood. The potencies of the globulin preparations varied up to 100-fold, indicating the need for careful standardization of each lot and establishment of minimum potency levels. The technique for the potency test is described.
A Serum Inhibitor in Animal and Human Sera of Bovine Enteroviruses
Authors: Klein Morton , Deforest Adamadia
Published: January 2023

The presence of a serum factor having in vitro activity against bovine enteroviruses was found to be associated with rapid elimination of inhibitor susceptible viruses from the blood stream of the rabbit. However, attempts to establish a protective role for the inhibitor were unsuccessful. The significance of nonantibody inhibitors in resistance to viral infections is discussed.
Growth of Virulent and Attenuated Ectromelia Virus in Cultured Macrophages from Normal and Ectromelia-Immune Mice
Authors: Roberts J. A.
Published: January 2023

Growth of ectromelia virus in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages is described. Macrophages in vitro are more susceptible to infection by a virulent than by an attenuated strain of ectromelia virus.

Macrophages from susceptible and resistant strains of mouse are equally susceptible to infection in vitro with virulent ectromelia virus.

Macrophages from immune mice are more readily infected than are normal macrophages. This effect is attributed to the greater phagocytic activity of the macrophages from immune mice.

Even in the presence of immune serum, macrophages from immune mice are more readily infected than are macrophages from normal mice.
Multiplication of Poliovirus Type I in Preparations of Human Leukocytes and Its Inhibition by Interferon
Authors: Gresser I. , Chany C.
Published: January 2023

A virulent and an attenuated strain of poliovirus type I multiplied in preparations of washed human leukocytes obtained from normal blood donors. In recently established preparations after inoculation of 102 to 103 TCID50 of poliovirus, no significant viral increase was observed until the 3rd or 4th day, and maximal titers of 106.5 to 107 TCID50/ml were not attained until the 7th or 8th day. Virus added on the 3rd or 4th day after preparation resulted in multiplication without this initial long lag period. The concentration of leukocytes in the suspensions appeared to influence viral multiplication, with the optimal range between 3 and 8 million cells/ml. Only a small proportion of the cells in these preparations appeared to be infected and to support growth of poliovirus. Multiplication of poliovirus in leukocytic suspensions was inhibited by preparations of interferon at high dilutions.
Studies on “Cross-Reacting” Isoagglutinins
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: January 2023

The cross-reacting antibody of “immune” group O human sera is present in both the 7 S and 19 S components of the γ-globulins and in the “intermediate” (11 S) components of at least some group O immune sera. Dual specificity of individual molecules of antibody appears to be excluded as the cause of the serologic cross-reactivity. Although cross-reacting antibody and anti-AP antibody are both present in group O “immune” sera, they are not identical, as is shown by the absorption and elution studies described in this report.
Immunoglobulins of the Germfree Guinea Pig
Authors: Sell Stewart
Published: January 2023

Determinations of the total serum γ-globulin by a number of immunochemical techniques confirms that the non-germfree guinea pig has up to 6 times more γ-globulin than the germfree guinea pig. A similar relationship exists between the serum 7 S γ2-globulins and 19 S γ-macroglobulins of germfree and non-germfree guinea pigs. However, the serum 7 S γ1-globulins do not conform to this pattern. One group of germfree guinea pigs has approximately one half the serum γ1-globulin of the non-germfree animals, but a second group of germfree guinea pigs has approximately twice as much γ1-globulin as the non-germfree animals.

The published determinations of γ-globulin in the sera of the guinea pig and other species reared germfree have been reviewed. The differences between the serum γ-globulin concentrations of germfree and normal animals are better demonstrated by the use of quantitative techniques sensitive and accurate at low serum γ-globulin levels and specific for γ-globulin. Quantitative precipitation gave accurate results at both low and normal serum levels. Hemagglutination inhibition and simple gel diffusion gave accurate values at low serum γ-globulin levels, but gave higher values than quantitative precipitin and paper electrophoresis at normal levels. Results obtained by double-diffusion-in-agar were generally not in close agreement with those obtained by other methods. In general, electrophoretic methods were relatively inaccurate and nonspecific for quantitation of low levels, when compared to the quantitative immunochemical methods, but were accurate at normal levels.
The Blood Forming Tissues and Blood of the Newborn Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana)
Authors: Rowlands David T. , La Via Mariano F. , Block Matthew H.
Published: January 2023

The capacity of the fetal opossum to respond to antigenic stimulation by flagellar antigen of S. typhosa O 901 has been studied. Twenty-six litters (107 experimental animals) distributed widely in terms of development were utilized.

It was observed that prior to 8 days of life there was no measurable antibody production. During this time lymphocytes were accumulating in the thymus and lymph nodes.

After 8 days there was regular production of recognizable quantities of antibody with the exception of day 20. After this time antibodies appeared in the serum in increased amounts.

The development of the opossum as it relates to the appearance of immunologic responsiveness is discussed.
The Role of the Mast Cell in Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Einbinder Julia M. , Walzer Richard A. , Nelson Carl T.
Published: January 2023

Those organs showing the greater number of mast cells are not necessarily the ones showing the greater pathologic changes induced by anaphylaxis. Changes in mast cell number, morphology or products did not appear to be related to the anaphylactic phenomena. Serotonin and histamine, derived from sources other than the mast cell, are not likely to be the only mediating substances in mouse anaphylaxis. The formation of thrombi increased during anaphylaxis. Mice pretreated with anticoagulants show no significant differences in fatality from untreated mice, although treated animals had fewer thrombi. These thrombi are not antigen-antibody precipitates.
Immunologic Status of Thymectomized Adult Rats
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Wilkes Barbara
Published: January 2023

Immunologic function of thymectomized adult rats has been assessed by determining the antibody response to bovine serum albumin and sheep cells, the delayed skin reaction to bovine serum albumin and tubercle bacilli, and the peripheral lymphocyte count. Only minimal immunologic impairment was observed in rats thymectomized as adults as long as a year after operation, and similar minimal impairment was observed after sublethal (430 r) irradiation of these animals. Lethal irradiation and bone marrow restoration of the unoperated adult resulted in a moderate depression of antibody formation, delayed hypersensitivity and peripheral lymphocyte count. However, depression of these parameters was much more marked in the thymectomized adult rat after lethal irradiation, indicating that immunologic function of the thymus persists into maturity.
Salt Requirement for Precipitation of Chicken Antisera in Agar Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Weiner L. M. , Macko I. , Poulik E. , Goodman M.
Published: January 2023

A method was described for agar immuno-electrophoresis with chicken antisera which separated the step of electrophoresis from that of immunodiffusion. The effect of NaCl concentration on precipitin line formation in the immunodiffusion step was investigated. It was found that 8 to 13% NaCl was needed in the agar gel for maximal precipitin line formation when chicken antibodies to human serum protein antigens were employed.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Vitro
Authors: David John R. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L.
Published: January 2023

Evidence has been presented which demonstrates in an in vitro system the importance of carrier protein specificity in the inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells from animals immunized with hapten-protein conjugates. In contrast, serum antibodies from the same animals were shown to react to the hapten regardless of the carrier protein, illustrating a different specificity.
Immunization Against Rift Valley Fever Virus
Authors: Randall Raymond , Binn L. N. , Harrison V. R.
Published: January 2023

Lyophilization of formalin-inactivated Rift Valley fever virus vaccine, prepared in African green monkey kidney cell cultures, was successfully accomplished by the addition of 2% U.S.P. human serum albumin (HSA). The choice of HSA as an additive was made because it is non-allergenic for man and is not known to contain infectious hepatitis virus.

Laboratory data have shown that the lyophilized vaccine containing 2% HSA is highly resistant to thermal deterioration and extremely stable in its immunogenic potency. These characteristics make stockpiling and shipment of the vaccine unrefrigerated entirely feasible, and permit the use of this product as a reference vaccine.
Immune Bactericidal Activity of Complement
Authors: Rother Klaus , Rother Ursula , Petersen Kurt Friedrich , Gemsa Diethard , Mitze Frank
Published: January 2023

The mechanism of rabbit serum bactericidal action on S. typhi 0 901 sensitized with immune antibody has been studied. The bactericidal reaction was separated into three subsequent intermediate reaction steps. An intermediate phase sensitive to MgNa2EDTA and to Na3·HEDTA is followed by a phase sensitive to Na3HEDTA alone. A third phase is reactive in the presence of both MgNa2EDTA and Na3·HEDTA and was identified as the reaction of C′3, as defined in the hemolytic system.

All details of the bactericidal reaction tested follow the rules derived for C′ in studies on the hemolytic system. The laws valid for C′ in immune hemolysis seem to apply also for serum bactericidal action on sensitized S. typhi.
Reciprocal Competition of a Variety of Antigens in the Suppression of Immunologic Reactivity
Authors: Miller Joshua , Martinez Carlos , Good Robert A.
Published: January 2023

Reciprocal competition occurred when C3H and DBA/2 mice were stimulated, within a 6-hr period, with five strong antigens: Brucella abortus, hemocyanin, T2 bacteriophage, typhoidparatyphoid vaccine, and Type II pneumococcal polysaccharide. Antibody levels in the multiply stimulated animals were lower than those of animals stimulated with single antigens. Administration of syngeneic lymphoid cells before multiple stimulation increased antibody levels while administration of allogeneic cells reduced them. The immunologic competence of spleen cells of mice stimulated with the five strong antigens was assessed in the graft-host interactions assay and in the Simonsen graft vs host assay. The findings suggest that the reactivity of the cells in both models is reduced by the prior multiple stimulation of the donor.
Serologic and Skin-Test Response after Q Fever Vaccination by the Intracutaneous Route
Authors: Bell J. Frederick , Luoto Lauri , Casey Mary , Lackman David B.
Published: January 2023

Results of intracutaneous injection of Q fever vaccine in man were compared with results previously obtained by subcutaneous injection. Antibody response was related to the number of doses of vaccine given but was more delayed and lower in titer than that obtained after subcutaneous injection. However, as measured by the radioisotope-precipitation test, a significant level of antibodies was attained in all groups in 40 weeks. Results of prevaccination skin tests were used as criteria for safety of vaccination. There was slow development of the skin-test reaction, and some tests which were negative 48 hr after injection were positive in 7 days. Volunteers with strong reactions were not vaccinated, but some persons with minimal reactions were vaccinated. There were no significant differences in antibody development in the skin-test weakly positive and skin-test negative vaccinated groups. The apparent absence of anamnestic antibody response cast doubt upon the significance of the minimal skin-test reactions. Eighty per cent of volunteers became skin-test positive after vaccination. Skin-test reactivity reached a maximum long after maximum antibody response as measured by the capillary-agglutination test. One reaction severe enough to be unpleasant but not disabling in any sense occurred unpredictably (Fig. 1). Other, minor, reactions resulting in obvious skin blemishes of long duration occurred more frequently. Those reactions as well as the more delayed and lower antibody response, make the intracutaneous route an undesirable one for injection of Q fever vaccine.
Allotypic Specificities in Four Strains of Inbred Mice as Revealed by Reciprocal Immunizations
Authors: Gengozian N. , Doria G.
Published: January 2023

Reciprocal immunizations among four strains of inbred mice with their respective γ-globulin protein (in antigen-antibody complexes) was performed to determine allotypic specificity. In agreement with the reports of others, the isoprecipitin responses showed that strains A/Rl, C3H/R1 and DBA/Rl could be classified as having the γ-globulin allotype MuAsa1; and strain C57Bl/Rl, allotype MuAsa2. A new allotype, common to strains A/R1 and C3H/R1 but absent from strains DBA/R1 and C57B1/R1, was found and has tentatively been classified as MuAsb1. The results of isoimmunization and heteroimmunization with murine antigen-antibody complexes revealed more than one serum protein to participate in the in vitro antigen-antibody reaction. Discussion is given on the technical procedures of isoimmunization, and on the methods of assaying isoprecipitin response, particularly the value and limitations of the tannic acid hemagglutination test for allotypic differentiation.
Concerning the Familial Occurrence of Immediate Wheal Reactions Caused by Antigenic Stimuli
Authors: Kuhns William J.
Published: January 2023

Schick tests and immunization with a single uniform dose of fluid diphtheria toxoid were carried out in two groups of persons who had not knowingly been exposed to toxoid during the preceding 5 years: a) 57 individuals with a personal or familial history of allergy, and b) 91 persons with no history of allergy. In confirmation of earlier results, it was found that immediate wheal reactions, when present, occurred in Schick negative persons but not in Schick positive persons. A history of allergy was found to be of significance in the occurrence of wheal reactions which developed in Schick negative subjects in response to toxoid.

Most skin reactions were mild to moderate and were unaccompanied by reagins in the circulating blood.

In confirmation of other workers, the present study indicated that personal and family histories of allergic diseases occur more frequently together than a family history in the absence of personal involvement, or a personal history in the absence of familial disease.
In Vitro Passive Sensitization of Chopped Guinea Pig Lung by Guinea Pig 7S Antibodies
Authors: Baker Alan R. , Bloch Kurt J. , Austen K. Frank
Published: January 2023

Guinea pig 7S γ-1, but not γ-2, antibodies directed against the same antigenic determinant sensitized chopped guinea pig lung tissue for antigen-induced release of histamine. Thus, in vitro experiments confirm previous in vivo findings that guinea pig 7S γ-1, but not γ-2, antibodies sensitize the guinea pig for passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis. Succinate or maleate markedly enhanced antigen-induced release of histamine from tissue passively sensitized in vitro with γ-1 antibodies. Maximum enhancement was achieved by simultaneous addition of antigen and succinate. Succinate did not enhance hemolysis produced by γ-2 anti-hapten antibodies and complement, nor did it enhance lysis of sheep erythrocytes sensitized with guinea pig anti-sheep erythrocyte antisera.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley , Rosenblum Daniel , Chatman Donald
Published: January 2023

A detailed study of the inhibition of the first component of human complement (C′1) by polyinosinic acid (poly I) has been presented. Less than 1 × 10-3 µmole poly I/ml will inhibit C′1 hemolytic activity in the liquid phase or attached to sensitized erythrocytes (EAC′1). Poly I incorporated into a double-stranded helix with polyadenylic acid does not inhibit C′1. Study of the effect of poly I on the isolated subcomponents of C′1 (C′1q, C′1r, C′1s) shows that poly I selectively inhibits C′1q. The inhibition of C′1 and C′1q by poly I is, to a variable extent, reversible by the subsequent addition of poly A. Of other synthetic polyribonucleotides only polyriboguanylic acid and mixed copolymers of inosinic and uridylic acids, or guanylic and uridylic acids having greater than 80% inosinic or guanylic acid content, display any Anti-C′1 activity.
The Loss of Antibody Titer Following Labeling by Tritium Gas Exposure
Authors: Schlegel David E.
Published: January 2023

The sites of virus accumulation and synthesis in plant cells have been studied by immunofluorescence techniques (1, 2). The usefulness of this approach is limited by the relatively large amounts of fluorescent antibody required for visible fluorescence. It seemed possible that a much greater sensitivity could be obtained with tritium-labeled antiserum and autoradiographic techniques. Lysozyme and ribonuclease have both been labeled by exposure to tritium gas and found to be enzymatically active (3, 4). Thus it appeared reasonable that tritium-labeled antibodies could be prepared in this way.

Anti-rabbit goat globulin (Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, Md.) was used since high titer preparations are readily available. The globulin was frozen-dried and the labeling was carried out by New England Nuclear Corporation according to the method of Wilzbach (5). For a preliminary experiment, a sample of goat globulin was exposed to tritium gas at 0°C for 10 days.
Rate Studies in Immune Hemagglutination
Authors: Ming Tau Kuang , Severson Charles , Goodman Harold S.
Published: January 2023

The immune agglutination of red cells was examined on the basis of rates. It was shown that the rate of red cell aggregation can be determined from the free cell concentration with a model B Coulter Counter. The rate of this reaction was shown to be dependent on antibody concentration, cell concentration, temperature and speed of mechanical mixing. Sensitization and aggregation were shown to occur as consecutive reactions.

The relationship of the rate of red cell aggregation to temperature was examined in terms of the Arrhenius equation. This relationship (slope of Arrhenius plot) was independent of speed of mechanical mixing and antiserum concentration. It was also shown that the rate-temperature relationship varied between antisera with the same blood group specificity.
Studies of Rubella
Authors: Parkman P. D. , Mundon F. K. , McCown J. M. , Buescher E. L.
Published: January 2023

Neutralizing antibody to rubella virus was measured in tissue culture by a constant virusvarying serum test. Careful control of virus dose was the most important factor for obtaining reproducible results. Antibody titers were increased by diluting sera with unheated antibody-free rabbit serum; this enhancing effect was abolished by heating. With the standard test, rubella virus strains were shown to be antigenically similar, and different from several other human viruses. The test reliably differentiated between antibody positive and negative sera, and with comparable virus doses showed reproducibility of antibody titer similar to other neutralization tests. The immune status of military recruits was correctly predicted by presence or absence of antibody. Antibody appearance after clinical or subclinical infection was prompt and persisted for years.
Immunogenicity and Specificity of Collagen
Authors: Steffen Carl , Timpl Rupert , Wolff Ivar
Published: January 2023

Acid-soluble collagen (procollagen), collagen treated with hydroxylamine (“hydroxam-collagen”) and parent gelatine of calf origin, both from skin and joint capsule-periarticular connective tissue, were used to immunize rabbits. These preparations and similar ones prepared from rabbits were used to test the resultant antisera in passive hemagglutination, along with ovalbumin and bovine γ-globulin as specificity controls. The various preparations were examined for their content of hydroxyproline, tyrosine, hexoses, uronic acid and nitrogen.

Procollagen induced mainly the formation of species-specific collagen antibodies, reacting also with hydroxam-collagen and parent gelatine of the same species.

Hydroxam-collagen induced the formation of antibodies with a new specificity, that against a collagen preparation after hydroxylamine treatment. Hyperimmune sera reacted only with “hydroxam”-collagens. Early immune sera, however, showed cross-reactions with parent gelatine.

Parent gelatine induced formation of antibodies against collagen preparations and their derivatives, having no species specificity and showing a broad spectrum of reactivity with gelatine and collagens. Used in serologic testing, however, parent gelatine also displayed properties of species specificity.

No differences in specificity were found between preparations made from skin and from joint capsule-periarticular connective tissue.

Hemagglutination-inhibition experiments were performed in addition. The results confirmed the observations made in direct hemagglutination: Hemagglutinating systems of anti-procollagen sera and calf-collagen preparations were inhibited only by species-specific (calf) parent gelatine and hydroxam-collagen. Hemagglutinating systems of early anti-hydroxam-collagen sera and hydroxamcollagen were inhibited significantly by hydroxam-collagen, less distinctly by parent gelatine. Identical systems prepared with hyperimmune sera, however, were inhibited only by hydroxam-collagen. Hemagglutinating systems of anti-parent gelatine sera and parent gelatine or hydroxam collagen of different origin were inhibited by all collagen preparations or collagen derivatives independently of their species or tissue origin.

The results obtained are discussed in view of our present knowledge about the structure of collagen or its derivatives.
Influence of Ionic Strength on the Reaction between Anti-D and D Positive Red Cells
Authors: Atchley William A. , Bhagavan N. V. , Masouredis S. P.
Published: January 2023

Both the rate and quantity of iodine labeled anti-D bound to D positive red cells were enhanced significantly when the ionic strength at the time of reaction was reduced by substituting iso-osmotic aqueous solutions of glycine, EACA, sucrose, lactose and glucose for 0.15 M, pH 6.5 phosphate buffer. An almost 4-fold increase in uptake of anti-D to untreated red cells and an approximately 2-fold increase in antibody uptake to papain-modified cells occurred when the ionic strength was reduced from 0.26 to 0.07. The antibody nature of the additional protein bound to the red cell at low ionic strength was supported by the recovery of the additional cell bound radioactivity in the stroma, by quantitative absorption studies, by the reactivity of the additional cell bound radioactivity in the antiglobulin reaction and by the failure to obtain a significant increase in binding of radioactivity to D negative cells under comparable conditions of ionic strength. The enhancement of anti-D uptake to D positive red cells observed following enzyme modification was not additive to that observed when the ionic strength was reduced, indicating that both effects probably act via a common mechanism.
Cytopathic Effect of Simian Virus 40 on Primary Cell Cultures of Rhesus Monkey Kidney
Authors: Easton John M.
Published: January 2023

It was found that SV-40 grows progressively to high titers in cultures of rhesus monkey kidney, and destroys the cell monolayers. This process takes several weeks. Incubation at reduced temperature (26 to 28°C) slows viral multiplication and consequent cell destruction. Electron microscopic observations indicate that the intranuclear development of SV-40 does not differ significantly from its development in cells in which it exerts a more rapid and distinctive cytopathic effect.
Immunochemical Studies on Polysaccharides of Yeasts
Authors: Hasenclever H. F. , Mitchell William O.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative precipitin reactions have shown that: Antiserum to C. albicans Group B reacted strongly (80 to 120% of the homologous reaction) with polysaccharides from C. albicans group A, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, H. capsulata and T. pinus; mannans from S. cerevisiae and S. pini precipitated approximately 55% of the antibody; and polysaccharides from H. minuta, H. holstii and C. laurentii var. flavescens less than 10%.Antiserum to C. stellatoidea reacted strongly with C. albicans group B and C. tropicalis mannans (80 to 100%); polysaccharides from C. albicans group A, S. cerevisiae, and H. minuta precipitated 36 to 44% of the antibody; S. pini and H. capsulata, 18% of the antibody; and those from C. laurentii var. flavescens, H. holstii and T. pinus, less than 10%.C. tropicalis antiserum reacted strongly with C. albicans group A and B (91 to 103%); phosphomannan from H. capsulata removed 74% of the antibody; mannan from S. pini, 45%, and all other polysaccharides, less than 10%.

Double diffusion reactions in agar showed that all Candida mannans and C. albicans group B or C. stellatoidea antisera produced precipitin lines that fused. Using C. tropicalis antiserum, spur formation was observed between the homologous and group B and C. stellatoidea mannans. Of the other polysaccharides that formed precipitates in agar, all showed spur formation with the homologous mannan.
Effect of 5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine on the Pathogenesis of Columbia-SK Virus in Mice
Authors: Force Elizabeth E. , Stewart Richard C.
Published: January 2023

5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUDR) at 150 and 75 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously 1 hr before and 1, 24 and 28 hr after infection, significantly (P = < 0.01) protected mice infected intraperitoneally with 5 LD50 but not greater doses of Columbia-SK virus. IUDR did not appear to inhibit virus multiplication in the brain. The 48-hr delay in virus infiltration of the brain of mice treated with IUDR (150 mg/kg) is believed to play a role in protection. The absence of detectable virus in the leukocytes during the first 48 hr of infection might account for the delay.

Experimental attempts to define the relationship of the circulating leukocyte to protection are discussed.
Guinea Pig β1C-Globulin: Its Relationship to the Third Component of Complement and Its Alteration Following Interaction with Immune Complexes
Authors: Linscott William D. , Cochrane Charles G.
Published: January 2023

Antibody was readily produced in rabbits against the β1C-globulin of fresh guinea pig serum. This β1C-globulin was founded by absorption studies to be antigenically and functionally related to the C′3c component of complement. Upon aging or treatment with immune complexes or zymosan, the β1C-globulin in whole serum was converted to β1A-globulin, a more slowly migrating protein in electrophoresis. The β1C-β1A-globulins of the mouse, rat and guinea pig were found to behave similarly in this regard. Fluorescent antibody to guinea pig β1C demonstrated the presence of this component in Arthus reactions (including reactions in B10-D2 old line mice that are deficient in one of the C′3 group of components), and with antigen-antibody complexes that had been deposited in vessel walls from the circulation.

Guinea pig β1C-globulin was converted to an electrophoretically slower β1A form, by sheep erythrocytes sensitized by antibody and the first, fourth and second components of guinea pig complement (EAC′1a,4,2a). The inactivation of C′3c in the fluid phase and conversion to β1A appeared to be separable events. The conversion process was completely inhibited by 0.02 M benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAMe) or 0.002 M p-toluene sulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe), and partially inhibited at 0°C or by 0.02 M diisopropylfluorophosphate. Conversion appeared not to require activated first component of complement, or the C′3b component, but occurred only in the presence of activated second component. The data do not allow a clear determination of what substance directly mediates conversion. Of note, immune-adherence activity was found in the absence of detectable conversion.

Conversion of β1C-globulin to the β1A form during the aging of whole serum did not occur in the absence of divalent cations. The data suggest that the aging process may be mediated by a substance which accumulates slowly in the serum, and which interacts with complement in a manner similar to that observed with antigen-antibody complexes.
Organ-Specific Antigens of Liver, Testicle and Pituitary
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Tuggac Z. Maide , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Fractions of bovine liver, testicle and anterior pituitary obtained by extraction at 100°C followed by ethanol precipitation were used as immunizing and in vitro antigens. By the use of rabbit immune sera, organ-specific antigens were demonstrated in these three organs.

Liver- and testicle-specific antigens each gave one precipitation line, whereas two precipitation lines were formed with the preparation of anterior pituitary.

Liver and testicle antigens were serologically unrelated, and neither of them was related to previously described organ-specific antigens of adrenal and brain which were encountered in similarly prepared organ fractions.

Antisera to anterior pituitary combined with antigenic preparations of posterior pituitary, although this reaction was considerably weaker than the homologous reaction with the anterior pituitary antigen.

Antisera to anterior pituitary cross-reacted with an adrenal preparation; the reaction pattern indicated that one of the two thermostable antigens characteristic for pituitary is shared by adrenal.
Antigens of Bacteriophage øX174
Authors: Rolfe Ursula , Sinsheimer Robert L.
Published: January 2023

Anti-øX serum contains precipitating antibodies specific for three antigenic sites in the virus. One of these sites is not accessible in whole virus, but is exposed in heated virus and in the related 70 S particle.

Inactivating antibody, which blocks viral adsorption, is produced by immunization with intact virus, heated virus and the 70 S component. Inactivation by antibody is a first order process. The combination of antigen with antibody is partially reversible.
Rejection of Allogeneic Skin Grafts and Production of Specific Hemagglutinins by Nonirradiated and Irradiated Mice Sensitized by Various Means
Authors: Tyan Marvin L.
Published: January 2023

Studies are presented which demonstrate in irradiated and nonirradiated mice that, of the methods used, sensitization with a skin graft or with dissociated cells incorporated in complete adjuvant induces the most vigorous, persistent and radioresistant homograft sensitivity and secondary hemagglutinin response.
Evaluation of Electronic Measurements of Hemagglutination for Quantitative Studies
Authors: Gibbs Mary B.
Published: January 2023

The results of an extensive study of the use of total particle measurements obtained by an electronic cell counter for quantitative hemagglutination purposes are presented. Total particle data were shown to yield nonlinear log probit and logit log assay curves. The free cell to total particle relationship was shown to differ with the avidity of the serum and the strength of the antigen on the red cell within a system, and with the pattern of aggregation among blood group systems. It is therefore doubtful that total particle measurements have any useful application in quantitative hemagglutination assay systems.
Studies of Parainfluenza Viruses
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Chang P. W. , Cuadrado R. R. , Isacson P.
Published: January 2023

Homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses were demonstrated in rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, chickens and monkeys following immunization with DA or other parainfluenza viruses. The extent of heterotypic antibody responses was found to be dependent on the degree of susceptibility of a specific host to the virus used, and the presence or absence of preexisting parainfluenzal antibodies. Heterotypic rises were interpreted as recall reactions or anamnestic responses based upon previous experience with a specific virus in a susceptible host. Cross-protection among DA and other parainfluenza viruses could not be demonstrated in vivo. The distinct antigenic properties of DA virus illustrated the probable existence of a fifth parainfluenza virus type.
Antiglobulins in Normal Serum
Authors: Watson R. Glenn , Mims Grover R.
Published: January 2023

Sera obtained from dogs, guinea pigs, swine, squirrel monkeys, sheep and turkeys were examined for the presence and amount of three “antiglobulins”: a) a heat-labile latex-fixation factor, b) a heat-labile latex-fixation-inhibitor and c) a heat-stable Waaler-Rose factor.

Heat-labile latex-fixation factors and heat-stable Waaler-Rose factors were found in all of the sera tested. The rapidity of inactivation of the heat-labile latex-fixation factor at 56°C was found to be characteristic of the species. Heat-labile latex-fixation-inhibitors were found in the sera of dogs, swine, monkeys and guinea pigs, but not in the sera of sheep or turkeys. A fourth “antiglobulin,” “a heat-stable latex-fixation factor,” was found in the sera of 5 out of 12 dogs and 10 out of 12 swine.

At present the origin and significance of these apparently normal serum factors are unknown.
Electrophoretic and Immunoelectrophoretic Characterization of Soluble Cellular Proteins in Rat Liver Cell Sap
Authors: Hase Tatsuo , Mahin Dorsey T.
Published: January 2023

Soluble protein composition of the cytoplasmic sap of the hepatic cells in rats was analyzed by electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic techniques. The electrophoretic pattern of hepatic cytoplasmic sap at a particular time of day was relatively constant if daily activity of rats was regulated. The majority of cytoplasmic sap proteins in rat liver differed from serum proteins in electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic properties. Cytoplasmic sap proteins proper could be grouped into at least six components having discrete electrophoretic and antigenic properties. From the findings, it is suggested that intracellular colloidal osmotic pressure is maintained primarily by proteins that differ from those found in body fluid. Almost complete absence of serum proteins in the hepatic cells also indicates that serum proteins leave cells rapidly after synthesis.
In Vitro Damage of Rabbit Platelets by an Unrelated Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Gocke D. J.
Published: January 2023

The characteristics of the plasma factors required for passive platelet damage induced by an antigen-antibody system in which the antigen is not an integral part of the platelet have been studied in an in vitro system consisting of a standardized suspension of washed rabbit platelets, autologous plasma, rabbit anti-protein antibody and the corresponding antigen. The release of histamine served as an indication of platelet damage. Pseudo- and euglobulin fractions of rabbit plasma prepared by dialysis against distilled water at acid pH are unable to support the platelet-damaging reaction alone, but the activity is restored when the fractions are combined. Treatment of the plasma with zymosan and NH4OH abolishes activity, as does the presence of salicylaldoxime in the reaction mixture. When incubated with whole rabbit plasma at 0°C for 10 min, a preformed immune precipitate acquires an enhanced ability to release histamine from platelets in the presence of additional plasma, in comparison with the same amount of an untreated precipitate. The uptake of this enhancing activity is blocked by the presence of EDTA, and a guinea pig antibody prepared against such a treated precipitate inhibits both histamine release from platelets and immune hemolysis by rabbit complement. It is suggested that these findings are entirely consistent with the known behavior of hemolytic complement and would be compatible with the participation of the complement system in passive damage of platelets by an unrelated antigen-antibody reaction.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies of the D (Rho) Antigen in Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Myhre Byron A. , Steane Edwin A.
Published: January 2023

It is known that immunologic response can be specifically altered in birds and mammals during the fetal and newborn periods by exposure to foreign antigens or by transplantation of living cells. The effect of isoantibodies passively transferred to the fetus on the development of the fetus' own antigens does not appear to have been investigated. The D antigen of the erythrocytes of infants who had recovered from erythroblastosis fetalis due to anti-D was used as the experimental model to explore this possibility. The quantitative hemagglutination techniques used by Wurmser and Filitti-Wurmser (1), Wilkie and Becker (2) and Goodman (3) were modified to make the observations. This article describes the methods that were adapted for the quantitative hemagglutination assay of the D antigen by papainized erythrocytes with incomplete anti-D antibodies. The results of studying the D antigens of the erythrocytes of 49 members of 12 families selected because they contained children who had recovered from mild or severe erythroblastosis fetalis are presented.
Studies on the Terminal Steps of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor
Published: January 2023

Lysis of E* requires at least three separate reactions. Evidence is presented that the first step in the sequence of reactions is a temperature-dependent activation that takes place in the presence of 0.09 M ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA). The activation is followed by two steps that are relatively temperature-independent. The first of these can be blocked by 0.09 M EDTA, and the second can be blocked by 25% bovine plasma albumin.
Hemagglutination Reactions of Human Erythrocytes Conjugated Covalently with Dinitrophenyl Groups
Authors: Bullock Ward E. , Kantor Fred S.
Published: January 2023

A hemagglutination system has been described which employs direct coupling of 1,3-difluoro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNFB) to the red cell surface, obviating the need for a protein carrier of the hapten, which is required in passive hemagglutination systems now commonly being used. The system is suitable for detection of anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies and cross-reacting antipicryl antibodies; it is equal in sensitivity to the method of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and is simple in execution. Under certain conditions of time and hapten-coupling concentration, FDNFB-coupled erythrocytes were found to be most sensitive for detection of homologous and cross-reacting anti-picryl antibody of both rabbit and guinea pig origins. The stability of the hapten-erythrocyte bond was not disturbed by extensive dialysis of the cells. Picryl chloride and DNCB could not be coupled to red cells successfully, presumably because of a lower order of reactivity of these compounds.
The Immunologic Status of the Host and Pyelonephritis: A Study of Retrograde Escherichia Coli Urinary Infection in Rats
Authors: Arana Jose A. , Kozij Vera M. , Jackson George Gee
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusion

Retrograde infection of the urinary tract with a strain of Escherichia coli O22 K-negative was given to prevaccinated and to nonvaccinated rats. Rats with healed prior infection were rechallenged. Repeated retrograde infusions were given some animals to provide antigen in the renal pelvis in order to test the hypothesis that “sterile” inflammation observed in pyelonephritis might be caused by an antigen-antibody reaction; also, repeated infection stressed the protection afforded by serum antibody against the development of pyelonephritis. Renal lesions were caused by bacterial growth in the kidney pelvis and medulla. Serum antibody always tended to be protective as shown by the presence of fewer positive cultures from the kidney and less frequent and less severe gross and microscopic lesions. A decrease in the serum antibody titer was regularly observed 4 to 8 months after vaccination. Infection and bacterial lesions in the kidney increased during this time. Rats with healed prior infection but no circulating antibody were just as susceptible as control animals to an initial rechallenge, but were protected relative to controls if repeated challenges were given. Serum antibody did not prevent retrograde infection of the medulla, especially with repeated challenges, and did not cure established medullary infection. Late lesions were poorly correlated with the serum antibody titer. No adverse effect from anti-bacterial antibody was shown.
The Immunoglobulins of Mice
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Barth Werner F. , Fahey John L.
Published: January 2023

Skin sensitizing capacities of five groups of mouse immunoglobulin were investigated.

Mouse 7 S γ2-globulins were capable of sensitizing guinea pig (heterologous) skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. No heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activity was present, however, in the 7 S γ1-globulin, β2A-globulin or γ1-macroglobulin classes.

The heterologous skin sensitizing ability of the 7 S γ2-globulins was further investigated by examining two subclasses, 7 S γ2a-globulin and 7 S γ2b-globulin, with the aid of purified mouse myeloma proteins. Heterologous skin sensitizing activity was identified in the γ2a-globulin but not in the γ2b-globulin subclass. The presence or absence of heterologous skin sensitizing activity within the 7 S γ2-globulin class correlated with the presence or absence of allotypic isoantigens and with specific antigenic determinants detected by rabbit antiserum.
Absence of an Antigenic Component of Complement in NZB Mice
Authors: Norins Leslie C.
Published: January 2023

Mice of the NZB strain, which develop spontaneous autoimmune disease, have been found to lack the complement antigen Hc1 and functional complement. They readily form antibodies to this antigen when immunized with sera from normal strains of mice. The other NZ mouse strains tested, NZW, NZY and NZCW, possess the Hc1 antigen, as do hybrids of NZB with C3H and NZW. The presence of complement may be associated with the florid kidney lesions described for NZB/NZW hybrids.
I. Reverse Anaphylactic Reactions in Guinea Pig Ileum Strips Passively Sensitized in Vitro with Various Albumin Antigens
Authors: Liacopoulos-Briot M. , Halpern B. N. , Perramant M. F. , Liacopoulos P.
Published: January 2023

Reverse passive anaphylactic reactions were induced in guinea pig ileum strips sensitized in vitro with various albumin antigens. Guinea pigs from strains highly susceptible to direct anaphylaxis regularly gave reverse anaphylactic reactions. However, with use of a method of sensitization in a low ionic strength medium (isotonic buffered glucose (IBG) solution), reverse anaphylactic reactions could also be regularly induced in ileum strips of guinea pigs from various strains less susceptible to direct anaphylaxis.

Whatever may be the sensitizing medium (Tyrode's or IBG solution), reverse anaphylactic reactions are governed by the same quantitative conditions as the direct reactions, namely, a) the antigen concentration in the sensitizing medium, b) the length of incubation time with antigen and c) the amount of antibody used to elicit reverse anaphylactic contraction.

In contrast to γ-globulins, ovalbumin was found to be readily washed out of the sensitized ileum strips. Washing of ovalbumin-sensitized ileum strips for 10 to 20 min is sufficient for “desensitization.”

As in direct passive anaphylaxis, only antibodies originating from certain species are capable of eliciting reverse anaphylactic reactions: horse antibody was not capable of producing anaphylactic contraction in conditions where rabbit antibodies were active.

Nonspecific γ-globulins, when mixed with rabbit antibody for challenge, inhibited the reverse anaphylactic contraction of ileum strips sensitized with ovalbumin.

The evidence concerning the correspondence of this reversed procedure with the reversed reaction at the tissular level and the theoretical implications of the reported findings are discussed.