bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Space Environment
Authors: Anderson Brian J , Mitchell Donald G
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a description of the phenomena in space that affect spacecraft and launch vehicles. The common impression is that space is empty and that the vacuum of space is the only engineering challenge to be met. Even though the gas density in space is orders of magnitude lower than that achieved in the best vacuum systems, the environment is not benign and spacecraft are exposed to a range of hazards including intense particle and electromagnetic radiation, dense plasma flows, highly reactive species, and variable neutral gas densities in low Earth orbit (LEO). Additionally, spacecraft communications and radio navigation must account for propagation of electromagnetic waves through the ionospheric plasma in the uppermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. We introduce here the basic concepts, equations, and references needed to identify the features of the space environment that must be considered for operations in Earth orbit. Interplanetary conditions involve some of the same phenomena and are also mentioned.
Spacecraft Thermal Control
Authors: Mehoke Douglas
Published: November 2023

The function of the thermal control subsystem in a space flight program is to control the temperatures of all the individual components throughout the entire mission including ground, launch, and flight operations. Temperature control is an important part of the operation of most spacecraft systems. Spacecraft thermal designs balance the benefit gained by having equipment operate in a specific temperature range with the resources required to keep the equipment in that range. This balancing of requirements and resources is accomplished through the generation of a specific mission concept with detailed thermal requirements. Thermal requirements are a consideration in the design of electronic components, scientific sensors, precise alignment-controlled structures, high power applications, and extreme environments. Typically, these requirements come in the form of temperature limits. Table 7.1 shows typical temperature limits for a variety of commonly used spacecraft components. Other thermal requirements that influence the design of a spacecraft are the external environments to which the craft is exposed, the power and mass constraints imposed by the system, and the limits imposed on thermal hardware options. Heritage and experience are important considerations for the use of any mission-critical hardware.
Spacecraft Configuration and Structural Design
Authors: Skullney W E
Published: November 2023

In considering missions of opportunity, very few investigators or program managers are interested in flying just the mechanical or structural system. The role of the mechanical system and structure is, however, an important one. The primary function of the structural subsystem is to provide the mechanical interface with the launch vehicle and structural support to all spacecraft subsystems. This structure must be sturdy enough to withstand the severe launch environment, yet have minimum mass and provide adequate protection of the sensitive payload so that the mission objectives can be successfully completed. Since many of the spacecraft subsystems may provide conflicting requirements, one of the primary tasks of the mechanical designer is to carefully coordinate inputs from each area and, after careful consideration, arrive at the most optimum configuration that will satisfy the mission requirements. In addition, the designer must package each subsystem’s hardware such that it fits into the launch vehicle envelope while allowing as much access as possible and providing the most optimum mass distribution.
Spacecraft Command and Telemetry
Authors: Moore Robert C
Published: November 2023

The command and telemetry systems of a spacecraft provide communication to and from the spacecraft. The command system is responsible for communication(s) from the ground to the spacecraft; the telemetry system is responsible for communication(s) from the spacecraft to the ground. Commands are sent to the spacecraft to tell it what we desire it to do; telemetry data are sent from the spacecraft to report back what it has measured and done, plus engineering status data that indicate the health and status of the spacecraft itself. It is common for spacecraft command and telemetry systems to process the command and telemetry data using custom, onboard, embedded microprocessors.
Spacecraft Integration and Test
Authors: Peterson Max R , Rodberg Elliot H
Published: November 2023

The design of a spacecraft is divided into several phases, as described in chapter 1: conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design, fabrication and assembly, and integration and test. This chapter will address the integration and test phase, which includes assembling the various mechanical, electrical, and thermal subsystems into an integrated spacecraft and performing tests on the integrated spacecraft to ensure that it will operate properly in the environment in which it must function. This process includes transport to a launch site where the spacecraft will be mated to the launch vehicle and again tested to ensure that all spacecraft systems are functioning correctly and that the spacecraft-launch vehicle combination is ready for launch.
“Expecting a Blessing of Unusual Magnitude”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

When the little-known Chicago evangelist D. L. Moody arrived in Liverpool, England, on June 17, 1873, the local press considered it less significant than the story of a ship’s captain who had been fired for assaulting a steward “over pastry improperly cooked.” When he left the same city two years and two months later after preaching all over England, Scotland, and Ireland, Moody was celebrated as God’s man for the Gilded Age, the greatest evangelist in the English-speaking world. When “arousing preachers” of other times had to be content “with apathy where they did not meet approbrium,” the circuit of Moody and his colaborers in the United Kingdom resembled “a triumphant tour.” Although the “round-shouldered, beetle-browed” former shoe salesman appeared “very much like other men,” editorial writers in city after city were constrained to admit that there was “no parallel in the religious history of Britain” to what Moody had done. Everywhere the press reported “a great anxiety to be present” at Moody’s overflow meetings, a widespread understanding that “we are passing through a marvelous experience”—one that in sheer numbers seemed to swamp the outpouring of religious conversion that had marked the Reformation.
“Sidewalks and Rooftops Are Black for Blocks Around”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

At five in the morning on Saturday, August 14, 1875, the New York Herald received word that the Steamship Spain, which had left Liverpool ro days earlier, had been seen off Sandy Hook near New York harbor. An hour later a Herald reporter saw the ship drop anchor opposite the Upper Quarantine Landing, her flag at half mast. The reporter at first feared that D. L. Moody “worn out by hard work might have given up the ghost.” Despite a more than two-year absence, he was “more the center of religious thought and expectation than any man in America.” That was why the reporter was so relieved to finally find the famed evangelist, under a great beaver hat, leaning out over the starboard side of the ship.

“Good morning, Mr. Moody,” the young man abruptly said, while awkwardly reaching for his notebook.

“Where did you come from?” Moody, weary from the rough sea voyage, wanted to know.
“From the Curbstone to the Ashpit, the Fix Is In”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

D. L. Moody was determined to shake Chicago to its sinful center, but first he took on an overly excited celebrant whoD wouldn’t let him finish. The Chicago Tribune reported many at the Christian convention were “shocked” when the 32-year-old Moody came down from his pulpit and “unceremoniously” hustled the poor man out. The episode was warily reported in 1869 by Chicago’s leading paper, the Tribune, as an admonition to a favorite son. The paper warned that Moody was too “impulsive and excitable” to be taken fully seriously. As a young colt he would have to be “brought to harness” if he expected to amount to much in the Lord’s work. The “fatherly advice” was from 46-year-old Joseph Medill, the editor and publisher of a paper that boasted “no superior in power and influence among Republican newspapers.” By r 869, the overly eager evangelist and the unctuous Presbyterian who had studied law and helped elect Lincoln had had a long and sometimes strained relationship. “Crazy Moody” had alienated Medill and other members of Chicago’s frontier press by barging into newspaper offices and demanding coverage of evangelistic efforts “to lift Chicago out of its darkness.”
The Beginning
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Shortly before D. L. Moody’s death, his longtime associate in evangelistic work, Ira Sankey, wrote in Success, for a generation who may not have heard the story, the tale of how the two had gotten their start. “We sailed in June 1873 to England,” he recalled. At Queens town they received word that “the two men who had invited us to England had died.” Moody was undeterred. When their ship arrived in Liverpool, Moody told his colleague in widely quoted words of faith that would often be repeated: “If the Lord opens a door to us, we will go in.” That night, as Sankey remembered the story, “Mr. Moody found an unopened letter among his papers.” It supposedly said: “If we ever came to England we would be welcome at York to speak at the YMCA.” It was the sign Moody sought. At once he told his favorite singer, “We will go to York.”
Job Hunting and the Path to Rome First Trip 1587
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1587, a young man of 23 arrived from Florence on his first trip to the Eternal City. His name was Galileo Galilei, and, in accor¬dance with an Italian custom of calling great men by their first name, we shall continue to refer to him as Galileo. In an age when class conscious¬ ness was on the rise in Italy, Galileo was proud of the fact that he descended from a noble family. Originally called Bonaiuti, they had exchanged that name for Galilei in the fourteenth century, although they kept their coat of arms unchanged, a red stepladder on a gold shield, forming a pictograph of the word buonaiuti, which literally means good help. The first Galileo Galilei, the older brother of the young Galileo’s great-grandfather, was a successful doctor and an influential professor at the University of Florence. He also held high office in the Republic and was elected gonfaloniere or chief magistrate in 1445.
Foul Weather in Raine Sixth Trip 13 February-6 July 1633
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano
Published: November 2023

On 21 February 1622, the Florentine printer Giovan Battista Landini heaved a sigh of relief and wrote to a correspondent in Bologna: “Praise be to God, today I finished Galileo’s book, which will be presented to the Grand Duke and the Princes tomorrow.” One thousand copies had been printed, a large run for the period, and it had taken Landini nine months to complete. As was frequently the case at the time, the title page was a cross between a summary and a publicity blurb, and it ran as follows on so many lines.
Proclaim Liberty Throughout All The Land
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Should prayer be allowed in public schools? Should biology be taught according to Darwin or to the book of Genesis? Why is polygamy against the law? These are just a few of the questions that touch our lives directly and emerge out of the separation of church and state. In this volume, one of the most distinguished scholars of American religious history traces the complicated relationship of church and state from the early colonial period, through the unique American experiment in religious liberty after the Revolution, to the ongoing debate over religious issues in our schools and communities. Edwin Gaustad relates entertaining and edifying accounts of headline-grabbing court trials involving polygamy, witchcraft, and church taxation. He quotes moving passages from the speeches and writings of American Presidents and Supreme Court justices to prove that, to paraphrase Michelangelo, ‘religious liberty is made up of a series of trifles, but religious liberty is no trifle’. General Editors: Jon Butler and Harry S. Stout, both at Yale University Religion in American Life explores the evolution, character, and dynamics of religion in America from 1500 to the present day. Written by distinguished religious historians, these books weave together the varying stories that compose the religious fabric of the United States, from Puritanism to alternative religious practices. Primary source material coupled with handsome illustrations and lucid text make these books essential in any exploration of Americas diverse nature. Each book includes a chronology, suggestions for further reading, and index.
Epilogue: The Supreme Court and the Road Ahead
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court is generally perceived as a relatively stable institition: that is, no elections every two or four years that bring in a flood of new faces, and no wholesale resignations are required when the political control of the White House or the Congress shifts. Each justice to this Court is appointed for life (barring any gross misconduct), and most justices serve far beyond such retirement milestones as age sixty-five or seventy. Moreover, the Court endeavors, not always successfully, to avoid the passionate partisanship more readily evident in the legislative and executive branches of government. During the Presidential State of the Union address, for example, the members of the Court attend as a group, fully robed and seated in a prominent position. Unlike the members of Congress, who usually interrupt the President’s speech with applause or even cheering, the justices maintain a sober demeanor throughout the President’s speech.

In hearing the cases that come before them, on the other hand, the justices are neither silent nor united. They question the lawyers who represent the opposing sides, sometimes sharply, and interrupt them as often as individual temperament dictates. The public is allowed to view this part of the proceedings.
Chronology Of Dio’s Life, Career, And Writings
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

Chronology Of Dio’s Life, Career, And Writings Cassius Dio1 born in Nicaea in Bithynia,2 son of M.? Cassius Apronianu (PIR2 C 485), Roman senator and consul3 in Rome by the accession of Commodus (ruled 180-31 Decem ber 192) (72.4.2-3) with his father, then legate of Cilicia (69.1.3; 72.7.2; cf.
Ultrasound Transducers
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

The history of transducer development for medical imaging and therapeutic applications is closely coupled with the invention of transduction mechanisms and the development of transducer materials. Six transduction mechanisms can be identified as originating in the 19th century: Electromagnetic: In the presence of a static or quasi-static magnetic field, a current flowing in a conducting wire or plane results in a Lorentz force. This causes a displacement of the conducting surface. The inverse effect corresponds to an emf being induced in a conducting wire or plane that moves in a static or quasi-static magnetic field. Faraday in the United Kingdom and Henry in the United States discovered this around the same time (1831). Both the normal and inverse effects were made use of by Alexander Graham Bell [1] and described in his celebrated paper of 1876 on “Researches in Telephony.” Electrostatic: A time-varying Coulomb force acting on a pair of conducting planes is produced by a time-varying electric field.
Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

In a paper given in 1842 before the Royal Bohemian Society of Learning, Christian Doppler (1803-1853) [1] proposed that when a wave source is moving with respect to an observer, the frequency perceived by the observer will differ from that transmitted by an amount proportional to the relative velocity and the transmitted frequency. A full account of this work was published in the society’s proceedings in the following year [2]. Three years later a young Dutch scientist confirmed the application of this theory to acoustic waves. As recounted by Jonkman [3], Buys-Ballot (1817-1890) arranged for a locomotive to transport brass horn players through a station where musicians recorded the change in pitch. Within the experimental errors, the results corresponded well with the predictions made by Doppler’s theory.
Parenting Expectations and Concerns of Fathers and Mothers of Newborn Infants
Authors: Fox Greer Litton , Bruce Carol , Combs-Orme Terri
Published: November 2023

As reflected in the small but rapidly growing professional literature on fathers’ roles in early infant development, recognition of the potential importance of fathers in caring for newborns is itself in its infancy. The nature of father involvement and its impact on child outcomes have dominated the attention of researchers (Lamb, 1997a). There is less evidence of focus on the motivations, values, and beliefs that lead men to construct their father role in various ways. Role theory would suggest that the expectations of significant others are of great importance in shaping the enactment of one’s role (LaRossa & Reitzes, 1993a).
From Grandparent to Caregiver: The Stress and Satisfaction of Raising Grandchildren
Authors: Waldrop Deborah P , Weber Joseph A
Published: November 2023

American society has witnessed growing numbers of middle-aged and older adults who have assumed the primary responsibility for raising their grandchildren (Fuller-Thompson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997; Lugaila, 1998; Roe & Minkler, 1999). Grandparents take on the caregiver role following a traumatic event or as the result of long-term problems that render their adult child unable to function as a parent. Grandparents act as parents temporarily in some families and permanently in others. They face both challenges and opportunities during these difficult times.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Near-Death Experiences
Authors: Greyson Bruce
Published: November 2023

More than half of all Americans are exposed to a life-threatening traumatic event at least once, and one-quarter of Americans more than once (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). Although there are many possible psychological and biological responses to traumatic events, almost half of those exposed to such events may develop the particular avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Kessler et al., 1995). Many of the symptoms of PTSD overlap with those of depressive and anxiety disorders. What distinguishes PTSD is a biphasic pattern of reliving the trauma through intrusive memories, alternating with avoidance of reminders and numbing (Davidson, 1997).
Cultural Determinants in the Treatment of Arab Americans: A Primer for Mainstream Therapists
Authors: Nobles Anna Y , Sciarra Daniel T
Published: November 2023

In the United States, 50% of the minority group members, compared to 30% of whites, terminate counseling after the first session (Sue & Sue, 1990). The difference is significant and due in part to minority clients’ negative experiences stemming from counselors’ lack of sensitivity to the client’s culture (Fukuyama, 1990; Gladding, 1992). However, with a burgeoning of multiculturalism—referred to as the “fourth force in counseling” (Pedersen, 1991)— awareness, knowledge, and skills are now acknowledged as the three broad areas in which competence is needed for working effectively across cultures (Sue et al., 1982; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1995).
Biracial Sensitive Practice: Expanding Social Services to an Invisible Population
Authors: Hall Ronald E
Published: November 2023

Social work practitioners are faced with the task of providing services to clients characterized as biracial. Biracial clients comprise a group they may have had little or no practice experience with as a separate entity. Although the literature acknowledges the existence of a biracial population, there has been minimal discussion of the significant differences and similarities indicative of biracial clients and how these difference and similarities might impact the provision of services. Instead, discussions regarding services tend to incorporate biracial clients into groups on the basis of skin color and/or racial criteria rendering them invisible. In the aftermath, practitioners ask: What are the comprehensive criteria for service delivery to biracial clients? In what ways are biracial clients diverse, and in what ways are they similar? Finally, what are the implications for biracial clients perceived as members of something other than their native group based on racial attributes? In the backdrop of these queries, biracial clients pose increasing challenges to social work practitioners.
Mental Health and Social Justice: Gender, Race, and Psychological Consequences of Unfairness
Authors: Sheppard Michael
Published: November 2023

On the face of it, social justice and mental health are strange bedfellows. Social justice is concerned, as its name would suggest with the “social.” Its focus is on the distribution of, in particular, material goods as between different groups. Mental health, or at least mental ill health, some conventional wisdom might suggest, is an individual issue. The state of mental ill health resides within the individual, and the proper focus of treatment is on the person with the mental illness. Some views from the antipsychiatric movement, which, however, tend to have rather less currency among the most influential circles than in the past, would indicate that mental ill health is less a property of the individual than of groups, which create rules whose transgression is labeled as mental illness.
The Use of Crisis Teams in Response to Violent or Critical Incidents in Schools
Authors: Fanolis Verba
Published: November 2023

Increased public awareness of violent incidents in America’s schools has prompted a call for school districts to prepare themselves for unthinkable events. School systems have developed an array of plans that include procedures to enhance the flow of communication, the installation of metal detectors or other security devices, and the formation of collaborative relationships between educational institutions and law enforcement agencies. This paper will first define the types of violent or critical incidents that may affect schools, and then discuss why schools must develop plans for responding to such events. Proactive responses include forming school crisis teams to plan interventions, developing action plans that make it possible to respond quickly and effectively to a variety of crisis situations, and establishing criteria for selecting team members.
George Bancroft
Authors: Scheleringer Arthur
Published: November 2023

Vaguely remembered today as the first consequential American historian-remembered but not read-George Bancroft was also in his own time a political boss, a cabinet officer, a diplomat, a presidential ghostwriter, a parlor radical, and a vivant. His grand achievement was his ten-volume History of the United States-an epic of democracy that vitally shaped Americas conception of itself. Based on diligent archival research, it was written, alas, in a rhetorical style that fatigues modern eyes and ears. An admirer of Andrew Jackson, Bancroft dispensed federal patronage in Massachusetts in the 183os. As secretary of the navy in the 1840s, he founded the Naval Academy at Annapolis and issued the orders in the Mexican War that led to the annexation of California. After Lincolns assassination, he was chosen to give the official eulogy before Congress. He was minister to Germany during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and his pro-Prussian sympathies prMokedVictor Hugo to write a scathing poem denouncing him.
Sterling A. Brown
Authors: Olds Sharon
Published: November 2023

Sterling A. Browns poems strike me as being among the most alive of American poems. His fwy holds steady and sings; his humor cuts true; his music compels, by its formal inevitabilities and its free-wheel improvisations. How many poems in English have the moral.force, the balance, the irony, the brilliant metric change of pace of “Old Lem”? And, with all their fierceness-clothed in it, and in their stringent,jlexible rhythms and harmonics-his poems embody so much love for courage, and for the sensual, and for human honor.
Handsome Lake
Authors: Mankiller Wilma
Published: November 2023

Handsome Lake, a Seneca chief and prophet known as the Peacemaker, brought a message of peace to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and helped the Haudenosauneefigure out a way to live with the new Americans. Handsome Lake said he had been visited by four spiritual messengers who gave him instructions on how the people were supposed to live- to be thankful and continue the thanksgiving ceremonies, to respect other humans and everything in the natural world, to honor the family and refrain from abuse of spouses, the children, or the elderly. Even into the twenty-first century, almost two hundred years after his death, the good words of Handsome Lake are still used extensively by the Haudenosaunee. andsome Lake, Seneca prophet, was born probably in what is now western New York State. He was the half brother of Cornplanter and the nephew of Guyasuta. Although he served as a warrior against the Cherokees in the 1760s and aided the British during the Revolution, he does not seem to have particularly distinguished himself. Apparently during the 1790s he received the title Handsome Lake (Ganeodiyo, the name traditionally borne by one of the sachems chosen to represent the Seneca at the national Iroquois council), and in that capacity he signed the treaty of Big Tree (1797), by which the Iroquois of New York were left with eleven reservations. The name used by Handsome Lake before acquiring his title is not known. In 1799 he was living an intemperate life in Cornplanter’s town on the Allegheny River in one of the Iroquois reservations.
Herman Haupt
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

Mr.Jerman Haupt, hardly a household name even to informed people (except Civil War historians), is one of the genuine giants in the history of American engineering and railroading. Perhaps his chief claim to fame was his eighteen-month stint as chief of construction and transportation on the US Military Railroads, 1862-1863. In this post he managed what became the largest railroad in the world at that time, consisting of the patchwork of captured southern railroads in conquered Confederate territory. Haupt transformed these lines into an efficient network of logistics and transportation that was an important factor in Union military success. A graduate of West Point (class of 1835), he spent most of his antebellum and postwar career as chief engineer for various railroads. In 1851 he wrote a treatise on bridge construction that became the Bible for such projects, and he superintended the drilling of the Hoosac Tunnel, inventing a new type of pneumatic drill in 1858 that vastly improved the safety and accuracy of tunneling. During the Civil War he developed techniques for the rebuilding of railroad bridges and trestles destroyed by the enemy that enabled the US Military Railroads to keep trains running over trestles that appeared to be, as Lincoln lightheartedly expressed, “nothing but bean-poles and corn-stalks.” Born in 18r7, Haupt lived a long and productive life, dying in 1905 of a heart attack suffered, appropriately enough, while he was riding a train in New Jersey.
DuBose Heyward
Authors: Sondheim Stephen
Published: November 2023

DuBose Heyward has gone largely unrecognized as the author of the finest set of lyrics in the history of the American musical theater-namely, those of Porgy and Bess. There are two reasons for this, and they are connected. First, he was primarily a poet and novelist, and his only song lyrics were those that he wrote for Porgy. Second, some of them were written in collaboration with Ira Gershwin, a full-time lyricist, whose reputation in the musical theater was firmly established be.fore the opera was written. But most of the lyrics in Porgy-and all of the distinguished ones-are byHeyward. I admire his theater songs for their deeply felt poetic style and their insight into character. It’s a pity he didn’t write any others. His work is sung, but he is unsung.
Henry Hornbostel
Authors: Graves Michael
Published: November 2023

Mr.Jenry Hornbostel was a Pittsburgh-based architect and Beaux- Arts exponent who has, unfairly, been little recognized outside his immediate circle, or beyond the time of his practice, which spanned the first four decades of the last century. Despite receiving an Honorable Mention in the prestigious Chicago Tribune Competition and being selected to design the Pennsylvania Pavilion for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, Hornbostel has remained an architect known chiefly to the cognoscenti. I first came upon his works at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, for whose new campus he had completed a master plan in1915, ultimately constructing only a few palazzo-like Florentine buildings of his total vision. To me, the quadrangle that Hornbostel was able to realize approaches in quality Thomas Jefferson s much lauded and appreciated designs for the University ofVirginia in Charlottesville.
Blind Lemon Jefferson
Authors: Swados Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

First of all, theres his name-Blind Lemon Jefferson. Growing up in Buffalo as I did, I’d never heard a name even close to “Blind Lemon Jefferson.” I loved saying it. The sound was so much like a lick on a fat blues guitar. And it also evoked the South and the history of old men scratching out improvised versions of songs passed on from man to woman to man.

I first heard Blind Lemon Jefferson when I was in college. My next-door neighbor had the odd Bennington-like major in Economics and The Blues. He played records all night long while tap-taptapping term papers on his portable. Blind Lemon Jefferson was the blues singer who opened up music and drums for me. There were hardly any studio recordings of him -just happenstance traces of an outdoor festival or a jam session on someone ‘.s porch.
Murray Kempton
Authors: Shapiro Walter
Published: November 2023

During the second half of the twentieth century, Murray Kempton gloriously championed two vital American traditions that were on a sad, seemingly inevitable, arc of decline-liberalism and the art of crafting a newspaper column on searing daily deadlines. The fate of liberalism left Kempton writing elegiacally about the inevitable ordeal of political losers from Adlai Stevenson and Hubert Humphrey at the top of the ticket to a rogues roster of nowforgotten New York politicos at the bottom. But it was the 700-word columns, written for tabloid newspapers that Kempton proudly boasted were not quite “respectable,” that were his shining epitaph.
Walter Lippmann
Authors: Roony Andy
Published: November 2023

My choice of an American, the memory of whose greatness is fading, is Walter Lippmann. He is called a journalist but there is no recognized profession for what he really was: Thinker. His book A Preface to Morals,published in 1929, is better than the Bible and easier to understand. Walter Lippmann, journalist and author, was born in New York City, the son of Jacob Lippmann, an investor, and Daisy Baum. Born into a family of wealth and leisure, Lippmann traveled yearly to Europe with his art-loving parents, attended private schools in New York City, and entered Harvard in the illustrious class of 1910. Among his classmates were Heywood Broun, T. S. Eliot, and John Reed, who hailed him, to no one’s surprise, as a future president of the United States. An idealistic young man, Lippmann worked with the poor of Boston, founded the student Socialist Club, and wrote for college journals pledged to social reform.
Fairfield Porter
Authors: Kramer Hilton
Published: November 2023

Fai,field Porter’s was one of the most unusual careers in the American art of his time, for it was a career haunted by a sense of belatedness. The advantages he enjoyed in his early life-an elite education in the best schools, European travel, a family that supported his vocation, and a wide acquaintanceship with men of talent and accomplishment in many fields-had the paradoxical effect of postponing the development of his own artistic gifts. When he first emerged as a painter whose work commanded attention and criticism in the 19Sos, he was a generation older than most of the painters he exhibited with at the TI’bor de Nagy Gallery in New York and the poets who then formed the principle circle of his admirers. Beyond that circle, he still found himself an odd man out on the art scene as a painter who was too traditional for the modernists and too modern for the traditionalists. It would be another twenty years before he began to receive the critical and public acclaim that were his due. Even as late as the 1970s, a curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art characterized his work as “too tame” to be of interest to the museum. It wasn’t until 1984, nearly a decade after hz’s death, that he began to attain the status of an American classic with a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, “Fai, field Porter (1907-1975): Realist Painter in an Age of Abstraction.” By that time, I had been writing about and praising Porter’s paintings for nearly a quarter of a century, mainly in the New York Times.
Sequoyah
Authors: Heat-Moon William Least
Published: November 2023

Sequoyah, although lackingaformal education, endowed his nation, the Cherokees, with an eighty-six-character alphabet

that allowed an entire people to become literate and record their history and culture in a way more lasting than the oral tradition.

The only individual, working alone, ever to invent and perfect an entire syllabary, one successfully adopted ya whole society, Sequoyah is so invisible today few people know that the largest tree in North America bears his name (in a variant spelling).

Sequoyah, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary, was born in the Cherokee town of Tuskegee in present-day eastern Tennessee, of uncertain parentage. He married Sally (maiden name unknown) in 1815, and they had four children. According to Emmet Starr’s History of the Cherokee Indians (1921), Sequoyah also married Utiyu at an unknown date; they had three children. Sometimes referred to as George Guess, or Gist, he was a silversmith by trade, but he had been a warrior. During the Creek War (1813-1814), he enlisted in Colonel Gideon Morgan’s Cherokee regiment and served three months.

Accounts of the inspiration for committing Cherokee to writing vary, but Sequoyah revealed to Samuel Lorenzo Knapp in 1827 that his interest stemmed from the capture of a white soldier in a late-eighteenth-century campaign. His war party discovered a letter in the soldier’s possession, and the warriors debated
1elvin B. Tolson
Authors: Dove Rita
Published: November 2023

Levin was born in the right place-the United States of America, grand melting pot and Democratic experiment-but at the wrong time: Melvin B. Tolson, black poet and.fiery intellectual, had the grave misfortune of publishing his seminal work-Harlem Gallery, Book I: The Curator-in Ig65, at the height of the Black Power movement. A book-length poem centered around the struggles of three artists and their snooty clientele, Harlem Gallery eschews the easy sentiment of unilateral ethnic identity and pride but instead seeks to examine the contradictions and glorious ambivalences that being human embodies per se. Divided into twenty-four sections corresponding to the letters in the Greek alphabet, Harlem Gallery contains allusions ranging from Vedic gods to Tintoretto and pre- Columbian pottery, as well as snippets in Latin and French. Spliced into this highly stylized ode are vignettes and dramatic monologues; the extravagant verbiage pays homage to a variety of dictions, with irony and pathos, slapstick and pontification maneuvering side-by-side. Such a complex poetic meditation was unlikely to be a hit in the American social climate of the midsixties, with. fires raging in Watts, students taking over university buildings, and long-haired youths sticking .flowers in the rifle barrels of the National Guard while the war inVietnam escalated and claimed more and more American lives. The country had no time for subtlety and was in no mood for irony; allegiance and moral rectitude were all too often a matter of black and white.
The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

As early as December 1930 Hoover claimed that “the major forces of the depression now lie outside of the United States.” His statement may at that moment have been overly self-protective and premature, but events soon gave the president’s words the chill ring of prophecy, as shock waves from the collapsing international economic system smote the United States with lethal wallop. Until early 1931, midway through his presidency, Hoover had been aggressive and self-confident, a frontline fighter taking vigorous offensive against the economic crises. Now international events remorselessly pushed him back onto the defensive. His overriding goals became damage control and even national economic self-preservation. In late 1931 he starkly announced: “We are now faced with the problem, not of saving Germany or Britain, but of saving ourselves.”

From the spring of 1931 onward, this became Hoover’s constant theme: that the calamity’s deepest sources originated beyond American shores. From this time, too, it began to be clear that this depression was not just another cyclic valley but a historic watershed, something vastly greater in scale and more portentous in its implications than anything that had gone before. An unprecedented event, it must have extraordinary causes. Hoover found them in the most momentous episode of the century.
The Ordeal of the American People
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

“What I want you to do,” said Harry Hopkins to Lorena Hickok in July 1933, “is to go out around the country and look this thing over. I don’t want statistics from you. I don’t want the social-worker angle. I just want your own reaction, as an ordinary citizen.

“Go talk with preachers and teachers, businessmen, workers, farmers. Go talk with the unemployed, those who are on relief and those who aren’t. And when you talk with them don’t ever forget that but for the grace of God you, I, any of our friends might be in their shoes. Tell me what you see and hear. All of it. Don’t ever pull your punches.”
Strike!
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Despite Roosevelt’s fulminations against business, and despite the fumbling performance of the NRA and AM, as early as 1935 the economy had begun to show at least modest signs of recovery. In the hollows of Appalachia, miners were retimbering coal shafts dank and rubbled from years of disuse. Workers oiled rusty spindles in long-shuttered textile mills from Massachusetts to the Carolinas. The clang of stamping presses and the buzz of machine tools split the stillness that had descended in 1929 over the great industrial belt between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes. Stevedores were once again winching cargoes onto the docks of Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay. Tugs taken out of mothballs nudged barge-rafts up the Mississippi from New Orleans. Along the Monongahela and the Allegheny, banked forge and foundry furnaces were coughing back to life. Haltingly, hopefully, America was going back to work.
Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

America’s war against Germany, like its war against Japan, began at sea. The Battle of the Atlantic, already two years old when the United States entered the war, was a contest for supremacy on the ocean highway across which all American supplies and troops must fiow to Europe. Everything depended on keeping that highway open. Dwight D. Eisen hower, newly promoted to brigadier general and freshly installed as chief of the army’s War Plans Division, submitted a penetrating assessment of the importance of the North Atlantic sea lanes to George Marshall on February 28, 1942. “Maximum safety of these lines of communication is a ‘must’ in our military effort, no matter what else we attempt to do,” Eisenhower emphasized. Shipping, he presciently added, “will remain the bottleneck of our effective effort,” a statement that echoed repeated pronouncements by both Churchill and Roosevelt that the struggle with Hitler would be won or lost at sea.
Individual Cities Miletus, Priene, Samos
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

During the half century since David Magic noted that the extant documents yield little information about “the details of government and the actual administration of public affairs in the Asian city-states during the Hellenistic period,” not only has the amount of evidence at our disposal increased substantially, but it also has become significantly better known and, on the whole, much more conveniently organized.1 Different Asian cities have left varying amounts of information, and principles of administration were not similar everywhere. One of the best ways to approach the development of Asian cities during the Hellenistic period is, therefore, to focus on those for which we have the most evidence.
The Language of Responsibilities
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

The Greeks did not use Latin in their daily lives. The majority of them did not know it. In Asian cities inscriptions in Latin were set up only by Romans or as copies of Roman documents that were relevant to the affairs of the city. In the provincial period, too, the administration of Asian cities was documented in Greek, and the same words continued to be used as before. It would be natural, therefore, to ask ourselves if the meanings of these words and the ways in which they were used remained the same or were transformed under the Romans.
The Status of City Officials
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

The revenues that city offices brought in were used to finance office functions. Any money left over could be spent in various ways, often for the embellishment of the city, together with the display of political loyalty. In Thyatira, Apollodotos, son of Menodotos, performed the generalship and supervised the building of a triple entrance and stoas and dwelling places therein, using the money left over from his office. The people of Metropolis dedicated two stoas to Emperor Tiberius using the money left over from the games of Augustus Caesar during the agonothesia of Philiskos, son of Philoxenos. Enaugelion, son of Metrodoros, the gymnasiarch “at his own expense” as well as the prytanis and agonothetes in Pergamum, dedicated a statue of Augustus using the money left over from a festival. Performing an office at one’s own expense and/or in such a way that money could be left over also characterized sacral offices. The priest Pausanias, from Tralles, dedicated an image of himself using the money that he had saved from expenses. Artemidoros, son ofDionysios, and Antigonos, son of Apollonios, made two fountains, either in Hierocaesarea or in Thyatira, using the money left over from the hieronomia. Non-archontes,such as secretaries and logistai, also had the right to dispose of revenues according to their own wishes.
Rome and New Municipal Functions
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

Most offices in the cities of Hellenistic Asia survi ed into the provincial period, serving as further evidence for continuity in local administration under the Romans. It is the appearance of new offices that is considered by many to be the most visible result of Roman influence on Greek cities.
An Anonymous Ancient Commentary on Ovid’s Metamorphoses?
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

When you were a boy, I think you read the commentaries of Asper on Vergil and Sallust, Vulcatius on the speeches of Cicero, Victorinus on his dialogues; my own teacher Donatus on Terence’s comedies and Vergil; and others on other works: Plautus, Lucretius, Flaccus, Persius and Lucan. Perhaps the most conspicuous omission from Jerome’s well-known list of ancient commentaries on the Latin Classics is Ovid. Naturally it would be unwise to assume the list comprehensive, but it is in fact a pretty good guide so long as we bear in mind that, though writing in 401, Jerome is referring to the period of his schooldays in the 350s. This would explain why he mentions Aelius Donatus rather than Servius (ca 420) on Vergil, and says nothing of commentaries on Statius and Juvenal, both of which probably date from the early fifth century. That the omission of Ovid, Juvenal, and Statius at any rate is not casual is suggested by the fact that, while Jerome quotes from or alludes to most of the writers on his list freely and often, only three allusions to Ovid have been found, four to Juvenal, and none at all to Statius. The equally well-read Augustine seems not have known either Ovid or Statius.
Manu’s Code Of Law
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Manu ’s Code of Law is one of the most important texts in the Sanskrit canon, indeed one of the most important surviving texts from any classical civilization. It paints an astoundingly detailed picture of ancient Indian life-covering everything from the constitution of the king ’s cabinet to the price of a ferry trip for a pregnant woman-and its doctrines have been central to Indian thought and practice for 2000 years. Despite its importance, however, until now no one has produced a critical edition of this text. As a result, for centuries scholars have been forced to accept clearly inferior editions of Sanskrit texts and to use those unreliable editions as the basis for constructing the history of classical India. In this volume, Patrick Olivelle has assembled the critical text of Manu, including a critical apparatus containing all the significant manuscript variants, along with a reliable and readable translation, copious explanatory notes, and a comprehensive introduction on the structure, content, and socio-political context of the treatise. The result is an outstanding scholarly achievement that will be an essential tool for any serious student of India.
Thework Of Redactors
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

After it leaves the hands of the author, every text assumes an independent life. This is especially true in the case of texts published before the advent of printing. These pre-modern texts continue their life as they are copied by hand, read, studied, interpreted, and commented on by succeeding generations of scribes, readers, and scholars. It is this after-life of a text that a critical edition uncovers through the collation of manuscripts and presents to the reader in its critical apparatus. This aspect of a critical edition is as important as its better known feature of attempting to reconstruct the text as composed by the author. Both these aspects-the original text and the after-life-laid out in the text and the critical apparatus of the edition presuppose that changes are introduced into the author’s text by those responsible for its after-life. Some of these changes are inadvertent, such as scribal errors and misreadings; others are deliberate, such as the different but equally cogent and intelligible readings found in different recensions and the additional verses found in numerous manuscripts.