bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GALL INDUCTION BY PEGOMYA CURTICORNIS (STEIN) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) WITHIN THE ROOTS OF SPURGES EUPHORBIA VIRGATA WALDST. AND KIT. AND E. ESULA L. (EUPHORBIACEAE)
Authors: Shorthouse Joseph D. , Gassmann Andre
Published: November 2009

The anthomyiid fly Pegomya curticornis (Stein), introduced into Alberta from Europe for the biocontrol of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), normally induces simple galls on subterranean stems. Here we describe the anatomy of galls collected in Europe that had been induced by P. curticornis on horizontal roots of spurges. Four mature galls were found on the roots of E. virgata Waldst. and Kit. and 10 on the roots of E. esula. Tissues of the root galls were composed of gall parenchyma that had proliferated from feeding sites near the outside edge of secondary xylem. It is assumed that some larvae inadvertently tunnel beyond the base of stems into the roots and that similar galls will form on Alberta spurges.
ADULT ECLOSION OF COQUILLETTIDIA PERTURBANS (WALKER) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN MINNESOTA
Authors: Batzer Darold P. , Ranta Scott R.
Published: November 2009

We monitored eclosion patterns of adult Coquillettidia perturbons (Walker) in the Minneapolis – St. Paul region of Minnesota directly using emergence traps (1983, 1984, and 1992), and indirectly using CO2-baited adult traps (1987–1992) and larval sampling (1988 and 1989). Most mosquitoes eclosed in a unimodal pulse during June although peak eclosion periods varied among years and sites. It required 26.6 ± 1.5 days for 90% of individual populations to eclose. Temporal abundances of host-seeking females also suggested unimodal eclosion with peaks typically occurring in June and July. Most larvae overwintered in the fourth instar and pupated in early summer, as expected from adult data. However, many larvae overwintered in the third instar and did not molt into the fourth until July, which was after most eclosion was completed. These individuals may eclose in autumn or may spend a second winter as larvae.
EFFECT OF TRAP SITE, TIME OF DAY, AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS ON ABUNDANCE OF HOST-SEEKING MAMMALOPHILIC BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Martin Francis R. , McCreadie J.W. , Colbo M.H.
Published: November 2009

Sweep-net and sticky-trap data were used to examine the influence of time of day (morning, afternoon, evening), trapping location (pasture, bog, fen, regrowth, and mature forest), and meteorological factors (wind, temperature, saturation deficit, and light) on adult female fly catch for three species (species complex) of black flies — Simulium truncatum/venustum complex, Prosimulium mixtum, and Stegopterna mutata (triploid). Wind speed, light, temperature, saturation deficit, and time of day were all shown to have a significant effect on mean catch, although effects varied among species. After accounting for weather and time, trap location was shown to have a significant effect on mean catch. The effect of site on the mean fly catch of S. truncatum/venustum complex varied with season (June to July), which may have resulted from a seasonal shift in sibling-species composition. Mean catches of P. mixtum and St. mutata were lowest in traps located in open habitats.
FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE INKORSCHELTELLUS GRACILIS(GROTE) (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE)
Authors: Kuenen L.P.S. , Wagner D.L. , Wallner W.E. , Cardé R.T.
Published: November 2009

In laboratory wind tunnel studies, quiescentKorscheltellus gracilis(Grote) females initiated wing fanning as light intensity was reduced to 25–11 lx at the end of a 16-h, 450-lx photophase. Males downwind of a wing-fanning female initiated wing fanning, rapid walking, or both, and upwind flight toward the female typically ensued shortly thereafter. Wing-fanning females whose abdomens had been removed, and excised hind wings of females evoked the same male responses, but females whose hind wings had been removed evoked no male response. The sex pheromone ofK.gracilisevidently is released from the female’s hind wings, a so far unique site of pheromone release in female Lepidoptera. The importance of this finding to understanding the mating system of hepialids and the ancestral form of pheromone release among the Lepidoptera is considered.
AN ACTION THRESHOLD FOR CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF CABBAGE IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Dornan Andrew P. , Stewart Jeff G. , Sears Mark K.
Published: November 2009

Action thresholds for imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), were evaluated on two cultivars of cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata (L.), in Prince Edward Island. Thresholds were tested on plots of mid-season cabbage, cv. Minicole, and late-season cabbage, cv. Lennox, both grown for fresh market in 1991 and 1992. Management of larval populations at a threshold of 0.25 Cabbage Looper Equivalents (CLE) per plant resulted in yields equal to those obtained with bi-weekly applications or grower treatments. Higher thresholds of 0.50 and 1.0 CLE per plant were not as useful and did’ not consistently result in yields greater than untreated plots. Use of the threshold of 0.25 CLE per plant reduced the number of applications of insecticides by 30% compared with spraying insecticide at bi-weekly intervals from heading to harvest, and 43% compared with management by the grower without regard to insect populations or growth stage of the crop.
DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS IN SOME TRUE BUGS (HEMIPTERA–HETEROPTERA). PART I. PENTATOMOIDEA
Authors: Javahery M.
Published: November 2009

Development of eggs of 35 species of Nearctic and Palearctic Pentatomoidea are described. Eggs are discussed in relation to the number of ovarioles of each species, characteristics of eggs, incubation time, diapause, embryonic development, embryonic orientation, hatch, and parasitism, and are classified into two groups in relation to then-form, position of egg-burster, and hatch. Emergence of first-instar larvae is described in representatives of five families.
RESPONSE OF THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE,DRYOCOETES CONFUSUSSWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO HOST TREES BAITED WITH ENANTIOSPECIFIC BLENDS OFEXO- ANDENDO-BREVICOMIN
Authors: Camacho Alejandro D. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

The response of the western balsam bark beetle,Dryocoetes confususSwaine, to subalpine firs,Abies lasiocarpa(Hook.) Nutt., baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin (EXOB) or 9:1 blends of EXOB andendo-brevicomin (ENDOB), in two chiral combinations: (+):(±) and (+):(+), was assessed in a heavily infested stand in British Columbia. Unbaited control trees were not attacked, and the proportion of mass-attacked baited trees was similar for all other treatments. However, trees baited with the (+):(+) blend had the highest number of attacks per square metre, and they were also surrounded by the most attacked trees. The (+):(±) blend was intermediate in attractancy, and (±)EXOB was the least attractive bait. Pheromone-based management ofD.confususinfestations may be more effective with the 9:1 blend of (+)EXOB:(+)ENDOB than with the previously used (±)EXOB baits.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON TIMEMA SPECIES
Authors: Vickery Vernon R.
Published: November 2009

In a recent revision of the genus Timema (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea) (Vickery 1993), an important reference inadvertently was omitted. It contained the following information on T. boharti Tinkham.

Rentz (1963) reported capturing a large series of T. boharti at Pinon Flats, Riverside County, California, during the latter part of April 1962. (The specimens were included in the revision of the genus.) The habitat is “xeric pinyon-juniper with chaparral intrusions”, at approximately 915 m. The series was taken at night. Rentz found mating pairs as well as last-instar numphs, some moulting. He noted that this species had previously been known only in a grey colour phase but there he found both greyish and green specimens with no intergrading. Mating pairs were segregated by colour. As noted in the revision (Vickery 1993), fading subsequent to death produced a brownish colour in all individuals so that detection of original colour is impossible.
AN ECONOMICAL CAGE FOR CONFINING AND COLLECTING EMERGING INSECTS AND THEIR PARASITES
Authors: Gray T.G. , Ibaraki A.I.
Published: November 2009

To study the development of stem- and branch-damaging insects and their parasites under near natural conditions it is useful to confine the insects on their host for close observations. The ideal cage should totally confine or exclude insects, allow easy addition or removal of insects, and not damage the plant. During recent studies our requirements necessitated caging 50 trees, which ranged in height from 3 to 7 m. Large whole-tree cages are costly, difficult to construct, and difficult to access repeatedly to sample insects for developmental studies. A more practical method is to cage the branch, stem, or leader to confine the attacking insects, then collect emerging parasites and young eclosing adults.
PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF EUSTILICUS SHARP (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: PAEDERINAE): RE-EVALUATION BASED UPON A NEW AND RELICT SPECIES FROM THE EDWARDS PLATEAU OF TEXAS
Authors: Frania Henry E.
Published: November 2009

Adults and larvae of Eustilicus relictus sp.nov. are described from the Edwards Plateau of Texas. The species is brachypterous and lives in deep leaf litter. Morphological characters of both stages indicate that E. relictus belongs in its own group and has a near-basal phylogenetic position in the genus. I infer that the group to which E. relictus belongs was in the United States before formation of the dry belt which currently separates mesic areas of the United States and Mexico. All other species of Eustilicus in the United States belong to younger groups that spread north from Mexico much later.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ABDOMINAL EVERSIBLE SACS OF FEMALEBEZZIA VARICOLOR(COQUILLETT) (CERATOPOGONIDAE: DIPTERA)
Authors: Borkent A. , Craig D.A.
Published: November 2009

Eversible sacs (= "scent organs" or "eversible tubes" or "eversible glands" of previous authors) are present in the abdomens of females of species ofStenoxenusCoquillett,ParyphoconusEnderlein,ClastrieromyiaSpinelli and Grogan,BezziaKieffer,PhaenobezziaHaeselbarth,AmeroheleaGrogan and Wirth,PachyheleaWirth, andPalpomyiaMeigen. InBezzia varicolor(Coquillett) they are attached by muscles to dorsal internal tergal apodemes. When retracted, the sacs lie along the length of the apodemes. Suggested functions of the eversible sacs have ranged from roles in mating, mimicry of adult mayfly cerci to enhance predation, to glandular. However, histological examination showed no evidence of glandular tissue associated with the sacs, so a glandular function is discounted. We suggest other possible functions.
WHO WAS HERSCHEL?
Authors: Madge R.B.
Published: November 2009

A brief biography of a little-known Hanoverian entomologist, Johann Dietrich Herschel (1755–1827), is given. The more important events of his life, his entomological interests, and his relationships to other entomologists are covered. Included is a table of the species of beetles known to have been described from his collection by several entomologists of the late-18th and early-19th centuries.
BEETLES THAT CANNOT BITE: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD OF ADULT RHYSODINES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE OR RHYSODIDAE)
Authors: Bell Ross T.
Published: November 2009

In Rhysodini the greatly enlarged mentum forms the entering edge as the beetle wedge-pushes its way through wood. The mandibles cannot bite either wood fibers or food items, but function as a cover for the other mouthparts. The palpi are completely retractile. Each maxilla bears two stylets, the galea and lacinia, and the ligula consists of two bilobed structures. These are apparently the sole feeding structures enabling the beetles to prey on the amoeboid stage of slime molds. The large internal cavity of the head is interpreted as a compromise between a greatly reduced head volume, resulting from reduced jaw musculature, and the need to retain the surface of a full-sized head as part of the wedge-pushing apparatus.
SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF DANCE FLY MATING SYSTEMS (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE; EMPIDINAE)
Authors: Cumming J.M.
Published: November 2009

Courtship displays of empidine dance flies (Diptera: Empididae), which include transfers of nuptial gifts during mating, are reviewed in light of sexual selection theory. Sex-role reversed courtship behavior, involving female swarming and male choice, appears to be correlated with certain female secondary sexual characters that are widespread throughout the Empidinae. The tendency to shift mate choice from females to males, and the apparent development of autogeny in many empidine species, are both hypothesized to have resulted from males monopolizing the proteinaceous food source of non-hunting females, through transfers of nuptial gifts of prey. The autogenous condition appears to have led to the ritualized presentation of various types of inedible nuptial gifts by males of several species, possibly including the development of secreted nuptial gifts, or balloons, as displays of male fitness.
EMERGENCE BEHAVIOUR, SEX RATIOS, AND THE TIMING OF ECLOSION IN PARAPEDIASIA TETERRELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Marshall Larry D.
Published: November 2009

Parapediasia teterrella Bleszynski adults eclose in New Mexico during the months of June, July, and August. Nightly emergence occurred within 40 min and this time period became earlier in the scotophase as the season progressed, particularly during July. The timing of this period does not seem to be related to either temperature or photoperiod.

Though males emerged before females on each night, sex ratios of emerging moths were consistently 1:1. Following a short sedentary period while their wings dried, the moths left the emergence site.
APPLICATION OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER EQUIVALENT MODEL TO LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF BRUSSELS SPROUTS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Dornan Andrew P. , Stewart Jeff G. , Sears Mark K.
Published: November 2009

An investigation into the use of thresholds based on Cabbage Looper Equivalents (CLE) was conducted on Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (L.), cv. Valiant, grown in Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. The CLE model was used to equate foliage consumption by larvae of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Management strategies included the following: (1) an untreated check; applications of insecticides after thresholds of (2) 1.0 CLE; (3) 0.50 CLE; or (4) 0.25 CLE per plant were exceeded; (5) bi-weekly applications of insecticides; and (6) applications of insecticides according to the grower’s spray schedule.In 1991, the imported cabbageworm was the most abundant species in the complex attacking the crop and high yields were obtained in all treatments. However, in 1992, the diamondback moth was the principal species and significantly reduced marketable yields in all treatments. Use of CLE as a model for threshold determination in the crop of Brussels sprouts underestimated the potential of the diamondback moth for damage and resulted in improper timing of applications of insecticide for adequate control of the diamondback moth.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF A COMMERCIAL FORMULATION OF FENOXYCARB AGAINST ADULT AND EGG STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Gordon Roger
Published: November 2009

Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of treating adult and egg stages of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), with Insegar, a water-based commercial formulation of the juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb, or with water (controls) at droplet sizes and densities comparable to what would be achieved through aerial spraying of field populations. When adult moths were sprayed with the juvenoid at dosages equivalent to 15.5, 155.4, and 310.8 g AI/ha, approximately 90% of the eggs that were subsequently oviposited failed to hatch. The efficacy of the compound (60% suppression of egg hatch) was not as high when the egg stages were sprayed directly at 15.5 and 155.4 g AI/ha. Insegar did not affect the egg productivity of the moths.
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON CHANGES IN MAIZE RESISTANCE AGAINST THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER)
Authors: Bergvinson D.J. , Larsen J.S. , Arnason J.T.
Published: November 2009

The herbivore-resistant synthetic maize BS9 (C4) was grown in three environments, namely, greenhouse with reduced UV light, greenhouse with supplemental UV light, and outside, and leaves at the three-, five-, seven-, nine-, and 10-leaf stages of development were fed to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Larvae preferred younger leaves, and leaves grown under reduced UV light, in spite of the high levels of the defence compound 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4 benzoxazin-3 (4H)-one (DIMBOA). The low level of feeding on leaves from plants grown outside was associated with increased toughness and increased photochemically derived phenolic dimers that cross-link hemicellulose. Tender young maize plants have a low level of cell wall phenolics and depend on a toxin (DIMBOA) for defence. In older plants, DIMBOA levels are low, leaves are tough, and resistance is largely structure-based.
FARMING AND GROUND BEETLES: EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICE ON POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Authors: Cárcamo Héctor A. , Niemalä Jari K. , Spence John R.
Published: November 2009

We studied the effects of agricultural practice on ground beetles, using pitfall traps in field plots and in an uncultivated meadow near Edmonton, Alberta. Ground beetle abundance and species richness were higher in plots operated under an organic farming regime than in those under a chemical regime, but neither crop type [barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), faba bean (Vicia fabaL.), barley-pea (Pisum sativumL.) intercrop] nor crop rotation had an effect. Reduced tillage did not significantly change overall carabid activity or species richness but species differed in their response to tillage treatments. The carabid assemblage from an uncultivated field differed conspicuously from assemblages in the crops and fescue. Carabid abundance was highest in the meadow and the fauna was dominated by the exotic speciesPterostichus melanariusIlliger. Effects of agronomic practice on carabid assemblages are complex, reflecting the interaction of biological traits of particular species and the combination of agronomic treatments applied.
IDENTIFICATION OF SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY, BEMISIA ARGENTIFOLII BELLOWS AND PERRING (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE), IN NOVA SCOTIA GREENHOUSES
Authors: Bergh J. Christopher , Perring Thomas M. , Le Blanc Jean-Pierre R.
Published: November 2009

In 1991, a whitefly infestation of unprecedented severity resulted in serious losses of a wide range of food and fiber crops across the southern United States (Perring et al. 1991). Initial indications were that the outbreak consisted of the “type B” or poinsettia strain of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). In Canada, B. tabaci was first collected from greenhouse poinsettias in 1988 (Broadbent et al. 1989) and was subsequently found in 18 of 3 1 Ontario greenhouses sampled.
THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS’ GENUSNEORYCTESARROW (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: DYNASTINAE)
Authors: Cook Joyce , Howden H.F. , Peck S.B.
Published: November 2009

The endemic Galápagos’ genusNeoryctesArrow has had a confused nomenclatorial and taxonomic history. Evaluation of morphological variation in the 41 specimens now available confirms the distinctiveness of the genus and establishes the existence of four species, each restricted to a single island. The original Darwin specimen, namedOryctes galapagoensisby G.R. Waterhouse in 1845, is shown to be from Isla Santiago. Two other names are valid:N.linelliMutchler for the population on San Cristobal andN.moretiDechambre for the one on Santa Cruz. The population on Floreana is named as a new species,N.williamsi.Neoryctesmost likely originated from a Pentodontini dynastine ancestor from lowland South or Central America. The ancestor first dispersed to Isla San Cristobal, one of the oldest islands. It is hypothesized that before hindwing reduction occurred, which is now characteristic of all members of the genus, individuals from San Cristobal spread to the other islands. Subsequently, possibly during periods of Pleistocene aridity, each population became restricted to its present range in the moist highland zone of an individual island.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OFSYMPIESIS MARYLANDENSISGIRAULT (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS INFESTED BY ITS HOST, THE APPLE BLOTCH LEAFMINER,PHYLLONORYCTER CRATAEGELLA(CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Maier Chris T. , Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: November 2009

The spatial distribution of the eulophidSympiesis marylandensisGirault was examined in Connecticut in October 1988 and 1989 by vacuum-sampling apple trees in three zones of two apple orchards infested by its gracillariid host, the apple blotch leafminer,Phyllonorycter crataegella(Clemens). The abundance of females ofS.marylandensisdecreased with increasing distance of the zone or the sampled apple tree from the forest. The abundance of males in different regions of the orchard was similar. In two of three samples, the density of mines of leafminers was significantly higher near the edge than in the center of orchards. Parasitization of leafminers of the second generation and the number of female parasitoids vacuum-sampled during the third generation did not have a similar distributional pattern. We suggest that the amount of parasitism byS.marylandensiswould be affected negatively by spraying trees at the border of orchards to kill immigrating pests.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER)(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ATTACKING POTATOES IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Dornan Andrew P. , Stewart Jeff G.
Published: November 2009

The population dynamics of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were documented on potatoes grown in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) from 1990 to 1992. By comparing degree-day accumulations above 10°C, both first occurrence and peak flights of male adults occurred earlier than elsewhere in North America. Because potatoes in P.E.I. are attacked earlier and over a longer period of time than potatoes grown in other regions, the insect is an important pest of potatoes in P.E.I. The correlation between peak numbers of male adults caught in pheromone traps and egg masses on potato plants was not significant (p = 0.22). However, the correlation between egg masses per potato stalk and larvae per potato stalk was significant (p = 0.003). Trapping adults and monitoring potato plants for the presence of egg masses during the period from 250 to 500 degree-days appears to be a reliable way to determine the presence of adults and the potential impact of larvae on yield of potatoes.
FECUNDITY OF LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G.H.
Published: November 2009

Egg-laying data are available for laboratory colonies of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Bariola 1969; Khattat and Stewart 1977; Fleischer and Gaylor 1988), but there is no information on egg-laying for females from field populations in Canada. This paper presents egg-laying data for field-collected, overwintered and first-generation females of L. lineolaris from southern Manitoba in 1990 through 1992.
PODISUS NIGRISPINUS (DALLAS) AND PODISUS SAGITTA (FABRICIUS) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE): CORRECTION OF A MISIDENTIFICATION
Authors: Clercq P. De , Degheele D.
Published: November 2009

De Clercq and Degheele (1990, 1992) described the morphology and bionomics of a predatory stink bug under the name of Podisus sagitta (Fabricius). The studies were based on a culture started from specimens originating from Surinam. Workers from the Agricultural University of Wageningen, The Netherlands, who provided us with the specimens, referred to the species by the name “Podisus sagittus (L.)”(Adidharma 1986), which we corrected to P. sagitta (Fabricius), the name mentioned by Van Duzee (1916). Subsequent to our studies, Thomas (1992) published an illustrated key to the New World species belonging to the pentatomid subfamily Asopinae, which, for the first time, enabled accurate identification of species.
NOTES ON MATERNAL CARE IN THE OVOVIVIPAROUS LEAF BEETLE GONIOCTENA JAPONICA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Kudo Shin-ichi , Ishibashi Eiji
Published: November 2009

Subsocial behaviour, defined as postovipositional parental behaviour that promotes the survival, growth, and development of offspring, has been reported in diverse orders in insects (Tallamy and Wood 1986). Especially in the order Coleoptera, more that 10 families include subsocial species (Hinton 1981; Brandmayr 1992). For chrysomelid beetles, with the exception of members belonging to the subfamily Cassidinae, such behaviour has been known previously in a few species (Windsor and Choe 1994).
REVISION OF THE COSTATE SPECIES OFALTICAMÜLLER OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: November 2009

Eight species and seven subspecies of costateAlticaare described and illustrated. Lectotypes are designated forAltica alniHarris,A.ambiensLeConte,A.prasinaLeConte,A.subplicataLeConte, andGraptodera plicipennisMannerheim. A neotype is designated forAltica bimarginataSay. Two subspecies are recognized forA.ambiens, three forA.bimarginata, and two forA.prasina.Graptodera plicipennisis removed from synonymy and given a new subspecific status underAltica bimarginata, andA.populiBrown is given a new subspecific status underA.prasina. Altica latiplicataBlake is placed in synonymy withA.ambiensLeConte.Altica bimarginata labradorensisLeSage is described as a new subspecies ofA.bimarginata. Keys are given for males and females, and data are provided on distribution, host plants, biology, parasites, predators, and economic importance of these species.
GUT PROTEINASE ACTIVITY IN INSECT PESTS OF CANOLA
Authors: Rymerson Robert T. , Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: November 2009

The digestive proteinases of three important pests of canola,Brassica napusL. andB.rapaL., in western Canada were characterized by assessing the proteolytic activity of homogenates of their midguts against azocasein or azoalbumin at various pH levels and in the presence of diagnostic proteinase inhibitors. The midgut of larvae of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurataWlk., had maximum proteolytic activity at pH 10.5 which was inhibited 45–60% by serine proteinase inhibitors such as the soybean trypsin inhibitor. The midgut of larvae of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostellaL., had maximum proteolytic activity at pH 10 which was inhibited 56–75% by serine proteinase inhibitors. The two lepidopterans thus use a serine-like proteinase in digestion. The midgut of adults of the flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferaeGoeze, exhibited maximum proteolytic activity at pH 5 which was inhibited 33–61% by specific cysteine proteinase inhibitors such as cystatin andtrans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino)-butane (E-64) and was activated strongly byL-cysteine. Aspartic proteinase inhibitors such as pepstatin A also decreased proteolytic activity by 21–50%. Serine proteinase inhibitors were without effect. Therefore,P.cruciferaeappears to use both cysteine- and aspartic-like proteinases in digestion. Cotyledons and first true leaves of canola,B.napuscv. Westar, contained inhibitory activity against serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteinases when tested against bovine trypsin, papain, or porcine pepsin, but the level of antiproteinase activity is insufficient to provide significant resistance against any of these pests.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ADULTS OF HYLOBIUS CONGENER DALLE TORRE, SHENKLING, AND MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) TO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Zervos S. , Finney-Crawley J.R.
Published: November 2009

Hylobius congener, the seedling debarking weevil, is a pest of newly planted coniferous seedlings in clearcut forest in the Maritime provinces (Magasi 1988). Adult weevils feed on the bark of the seedlings, which are often girdled and killed. Pendrel (1990, pers. comm.) investigated the insect's life history and behavior, and a number of cultural and chemical controls. He developed combinations of control methods to match the variety of site types and cultural practices found, but recognized a need for a method that would be suitable across a variety of conditions.
A REARING METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LARGE NUMBERS OF THE INSIDIOUS FLOWER BUG, ORIUS INSIDIOSUS (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Schmidt J.M. , Richards P.C. , Nadel H. , Ferguson G.
Published: November 2009

The western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergrande)] (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major pest of greenhouse crops (Broadbent et al. 1987; van der Veire and Degheele 1992; Chambers et al. 1993). Chemical control of F. occidentalis is difficult because of its cryptic behaviour and widespread resistance to insecticides (Immaraju et al. 1992). The insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), is widely promoted as an effective biological control agent for this pest (Chambers et al. 1993; van der Veire and Degheele 1992; Castane and Zalom 1994) and its use has increased steadily since their introduction in the late 1980s. When our project was initiated in 1989, O. insidiosus was a little known and largely unavailable biological control agent. Now there are several domestic and international commercial sources of Orius spp. and these predatory bugs have become a focus of research in Canada, the United States, and Europe. At first it was difficult and costly to maintain cultures of only 100 or 200 individuals but now we can rear 50000 — 100000 Orius per week for less than $0.03 (Canadian) each.
ORTHOSIA HIBISCI GUENÉE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): INDIGENOUS PARASITOIDS AND THE IMPACT OF EARINUS LIMITARUS (SAY) (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) ON ITS HOST FEEDING ACTIVITY
Authors: Cossentine J.E. , Jensen L.B.
Published: November 2009

A 3-year survey of apple and cherry orchards in the interior of British Columbia revealed that speckled green fruitworm, Orthosia hibisci, is the dominant fruitworm species in the south of the Okanagan Valley. Larvae of speckled green fruitworm collected from orchards that used no or minimal insecticides experienced 22.5–29.0% parasitism in 1988–1990. Earinus limitarus was responsible for 98.9% of the parasitism in the 3 years. Parasitoids of minor significance included a Meteorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Compsilura concinnata (Mg.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Data from laboratory trials indicated that feeding by O. hibisci in the fifth and sixth instars was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when larvae were parasitized by E. limitarus. Orthosia hibisci in the second through sixth instars in sleeve cages damaged developing apples in the field. Earinus limitarus appears able to reduce O. hibisci numbers for the following year as well as immediate host feeding damage in at least the last two instars.
BIOLOGY OF TRIARTHRIA SETIPENNIS (FALLÉN) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A NATIVE PARASITOID OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIG, FORFICULA AURICULARIA L. (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE), IN EUROPE
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrich
Published: November 2009

Triarthria setipennis is a tachinid parasitoid of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) and following introduction from Europe has become established in British Columbia and Newfoundland, where it provides low levels of control. Populations of T. setipennis were surveyed in central Europe during 1989–1991 and individual insects reared to identify available biotypes that may be more effective than biotypes already established in Canada. Additional information is provided on parasitoid biology; this could facilitate new introduction of T. setipennis which could be used to augment existing or introduced populations in Canada for the control of F. auricularia. Microclimatic conditions and sufficient territory space for pairs are important to elicit mating activity. Older males mated readily with newly emerged females. The gestation period of mated females is on average 19 days. Triarthria setipennis is ovolarviparous and lays its eggs close to potential hosts. Chemicals are involved in the host-finding and host-acceptance response of the females. Females lay on average 235 eggs. The oviposition period lasts 4–5 days. Once a first-instar larva contacted a host, it mounted it and tried to penetrate through the intersegmental skin between the head and thorax, or on the thorax or abdomen; this process takes less than 3 min. Only 16.7% of the parasitoids manage to penetrate the host successfully. The duration of larval development is variable, taking from 2 weeks to 2 months during June and July. Most pupae were obtained during August. Overwintering occurs in the pupal stage. In Germany and in the northwestern part of Switzerland there is one full and a partial second generation per year. The first generation of T. setipennis in southern Austria shows a long emergence period and the individuals differ markedly in colour. The highest rate of parasitism in the field was 46.9%.
FINE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE EGGS OF EPHORON ALBUM (SAY) AND EPHORON SHIGAE (TAKAHASHI) (EPHEMEROPTERA, POLYMITARCYIDAE)
Authors: Gaino Elda , Flannagan John
Published: November 2009

Eggs of Ephoron album and E. shigae were studied by scanning electron microscopy. They showed similar structure of both polar cap and micropyles, but had different chorionic patterns. Micropyles were of the tagenoform type and, whereas in most mayflies thev are equatorial or subequatorial, in these eggs they were located close to the apical pole. The chorion was smooth in E. album and had a large mesh reticulation in E. shigae. The effect of water in causing the cap to swell and expand was tested by fixing eggs of E. album at different lime intervals after their mechanical deposition in water. The polar cap was a composite apparatus, consisting of finger-like projections with slight terminal enlargements, which arose from a common hood. The latter was connected via a thread bundle to the chorionic surface. In turn, the thread bundle arose from a chorionic collar located immediately underneath the hood. Each finger-like projection was composed of a large number of thin threads packed together, each ending in a small terminal knob. The function of the polar cap was discussed in relation to egg–water interaction.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS FOR THE RED SUNFLOWER SEED WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTING OILSEED SUNFLOWER
Authors: Peng Chengwang , Brewer Gary J.
Published: November 2009

The control of the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, relies on the use of insecticides. An economic injury level is essential to the judicious deployment of insecticidal control. Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to quantify the weight loss and oil content loss of damaged kernels as a result of larval infestation and the relationship between the adult weevil population and the subsequent number of damaged achenes. We found that for each weevil sampled in plant stages R5.0–5.3, 26.88 damaged achenes resulted. Damaged kernels lost an average of 9.86 ± 2.36 mg (mean ± SD) per kernel, approximately equal to the amount consumed by a single larva. The oil content loss in damaged kernels was 3.34%. Economic injury levels were calculated as a function of the cost of controls, the market value, and the plant population density. Use of adult weevil counts when most plants in the fields are in plant stages R5.0–5.3 are recommended for calculating economic status.
ANT TRAFFIC ON DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES IN CONNECTICUT
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: November 2009

Forest ants in Connecticut, especially Formica neogagates Emery and F. subsericea Say (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), feed on first- to third-instar larvae of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), but mainly forage on the ground while most young caterpillars are in trees. It would be helpful to obtain information about the individual ants that do climb trees. Thus, numbers of ants climbing up and down different species of forest trees were determined. Numbers varied with both tree species and trunk diameter. Some oaks, plus hickories, tended to have the most ant traffic. These trees were also the most likely to have trunk diameters positively correlated with ant activity. Ants appeared to obtain honeydew or perhaps nectar from the trees, as the crop contents of some ants tested positive for sugar. A possible way to induce more ants to climb trees, and thus to attack caterpillars in trees more frequently, would be to increase numbers of honeydew-producing insects in trees. It should also be possible to encourage ants by spraying trees with sugar solutions or other materials.
FLY FAUNA OF BIRD NESTS IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN (DIPTERA)
Authors: Iwasa Mitsuhiro , Hori Koji , Aoki Noriyuki
Published: November 2009

The Diptera occurring in various kinds of bird nests were investigated in the Japanese island of Hokkaido from 1985 to 1989. A total of 4623 Diptera, consisting of 23 species of eight families (Anthomyiidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Heleomyzidae, Sphaeroceridae, Sepsidae, and Stratiomyiidae), was reared from 69 natural nests of 13 bird species of eight families (Strigidae, Picidae, Paridae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Ploceidae, Laniidae, and Columbidae). Of 23 species of flies reared, 12 were new records from bird nests. An ectoparasite of birds,Protocalliphora maruyamensisShinonaga and Kano, frequently emerged from the nests of hole-nesting birds of Paridae, Sturnidae, and Ploceidae, but it did not emerge from the nests of the hole-nesting birdsPicoides majorandP.minorof Picidae. The nests ofStreptopelia orientalisyielded the most species of flies (12).Myospila meditabunda(Fabricius) andMydaea urbana(Meigen), whose larvae are predacious, proved able to live in the bird nests. Among the scavengers,Potamia littoralis(R.-D.) was the most dominant and occurred in the nests of nine of 10 hole-nesting bird species. Sphaerocerid, sepsid, and stratiomid flies occurred in the nests ofS.orientalisin which large quantities of bird feces had accumulated. The factors concerning the occurrence of flies in the nests are discussed.
EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE): A FARM-SCALE STUDY IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Cárcamo Héctor A.
Published: November 2009

The effect of conservation and conventional tillage on carabid communities was compared using pitfall trapping in two commercial barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) fields located 4 km apart on similar soils. Carabid abundance was significantly higher under conventional tillage but abundances of individual species varied between the two fields.Agonum placidumSay and twoAmaraBonelli species were more abundant at the conventional tillage farm whereasPterostichus adstrictusEschscholtz and threeBembidionLatreille species were significantly more abundant at the reduced tillage farm. Slightly more carabid species were collected in this latter field and species diversity and evenness were significantly higher.
EVIDENCE FOR MATE CHOICE BY MALE BAGWORMS, OIKETICUS KIRBYI (GUILDING) (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Gries Gerhard , Rodriguez Rolbin
Published: November 2009

In field and cage experiments in a Costa Rican oil palm plantation, the largest, most fecund female bagworms, Oiketicus kirbyi, had the greatest mating success. Differential mating success of small and large females may be attributed to mate choice by males or to competition between protogynous females for access to males.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BARK WEEVILS IN THEPISSODES STROBISPECIES GROUP IN WESTERN CANADA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Langor David W. , Sperling Felix A.H.
Published: November 2009

Morphological, allozyme, and chromosomal characters and ecological traits have limited value for discriminating among four closely relatedPissodesspp. known from western Canada. We amplified a 1585-bp segment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including half of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and all of the tRNA leucine and COII genes, using the polymerase chain reaction, and studied mtDNA variation within and among all four species ofPissodeswith restriction enzymes. Twenty-four haplotypes were found among the 121 maternal lineages surveyed. Haplotype distributions suggest intermediate levels of gene flow for each species. Interspecific estimated sequence divergences ranged from 0 to 28.7%. Phylogenetic relationships among species were reconstructed usingP.affinisRandall as an outgroup.Pissodes terminalisHopping andP.nemorensisGermar were the most closely related species, and this clade was most closely related toP.strobi(Peck);P.schwarziHopkins branched off below these three. Restriction site variation is sufficient to discriminate unambiguously among most species. However,P.terminalisandP.nemorensishaplotypes were very similar, which may complicate discrimination between these two species, using mtDNA characters, where their ranges putatively overlap in Manitoba. A diagnostic protocol using three restriction enzymes,BclI,DraI, andHinfI, is recommended.
OCCURRENCE OF CHROMATOMYIA FUSCULA (ZETT.) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) IN CEREALS AND GRASSES IN QUEBEC
Authors: Andersen A. , McNeil J.N.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the leafminer Chromatomyia fuscula attack many wild and cultivated grass species, including cereals, in Europe (Spencer 1969, 1991; Griffiths 1980) and are considered a major pest in parts of Fennoscandia (Spencer 1973; Andersen 1989a). However, in North America this species has been reported only on non-cereal grasses (Spencer 1969, 1991; Griffiths 1980). Therefore in 1994 a survey was undertaken in the region around Quebec City to determine if C. fuscula was truly restricted to non-cereal grasses or if, as in Europe, it also attacked cereals.
EFFECTIVENESS OF GALL INDUCERS IN WEED BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Harris P. , Shorthouse J.D.
Published: November 2009

Gall inducers are favoured as biocontrol agents of weeds because they tend to have a narrow host range. Six insect and one nematode gall inducer used in Canada are described in terms of their biology, gall morphology, gall physiology, and effectiveness in weed control. The species differ in plant organ attacked, requirement for moisture, whether the galls are induced by secretions or by severing xylem, and effectiveness, which in part relates to the ability of the gall to import nutrients. The most powerful galls divert assimilates from other sinks via a gall’s vascular system joined to that of their host. One of our examples also has mechanisms to compensate for reduction of turgor during drought. Two of the gall inducers enhance their nutrient supply by severing xylem in a plant nutrient sink. One, in the short-term sink of a thistle capitulum, obtains about a quarter of its assimilates at the expense of other capitula. The other, in the long-term sink of a rosette root, approximately halves seed production. Hypotheses are presented to explain various aspects of gall development and function.
DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) IN SEED ORCHARDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Blatt Suzie E. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is considered to be an important cone and seed pest in seed orchards in British Columbia; however, no impact studies have been done in Canada. Surveys to determine the distribution of L. occidentalis were conducted over a 3-year period in three coastal seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and over a 2-year period in two seed orchards of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Leptoglossus occidentalis was found to distribute itself in patches, coinciding with a clonal preference. Seed losses were assessed for 2 years in the coastal Douglas-fir orchards and for 1 year in one lodgepole pine orchard. The percentages of partially filled seed that could have been caused by feeding of L. occidentalis or by a number of other factors were < 5% in coastal Douglas-fir for both 1992 and 1993 and ~14% in lodgepole pine in 1993. Apparently because populations of L. occidentalis were low, there was no correlation between the percentage of partially filled seed and number of insects per tree. Except in unusual circumstances, management measures in Canada are judged not to be necessary as populations of L. occidentalis are consistently below the calculated threshold levels required to cause ≥5% loss in seed production.
RESIDUAL TOXICITIES OF THREE INSECTICIDES TO FOUR SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) OF ARTHROPOD PREDATOR
Authors: Çilgi Tamer , Wratten Steve D. , Robertson Jacqueline L. , Turner David E. , Holland John M. , Frampton Geoff K.
Published: November 2009

In laboratory bioassays, four carabid species [Agonum dorsale (Pontoppidan), Bembidion lampros (Herbst), B. obtusum Serville, and Demetrias atricapillus (L.)] that are important predators of aphids in cereals in the United Kingdom were exposed to deposits of deltamethrin, dimethoate, or pirimicarb on glass for up to 72 h. We detected differences between compounds and species that are discussed in the context of exposure of these predators to insecticides in the field. We also describe problems involved in obtaining comparative toxicity data when dilutions of field application rates for target species are used in bioassays with nontarget species. Such problems add another dimension to risk assessment based on laboratory data.
DISTRIBUTION AND SAMPLING OF ROOT WEEVIL LARVAE IN YOUNG ORNAMENTAL CONIFER PLANTATIONS
Authors: Brandt J.P. , Smith S.M. , Hubbes M.
Published: November 2009

We determined the distribution of root weevil larvae feeding on the roots of young ornamental conifers in field studies using a new non-destructive sampling technique. Most root weevil larvae fed on the roots during summer, fall, and late spring with significantly more larvae found at 10 cm than at 20 and 30 cm and more at 20 cm than at 30 cm. Larvae moved down into the soil to overwinter and moved closer to the surface (<15 cm) in the spring. Soil samples predicted the population density of larvae under individual trees. Four samples (0.0076 m3), 9 cm in diameter by 30 cm long, taken equidistantly 20 cm from the tree stem provided the best estimate. The equation, T = 64.04 M, where T is the total number of larvae beneath a tree, and M is the mean number of root weevil larvae from four soil samples, described the linear relationship between the number of larvae in soil samples and the total population of larvae beneath a tree. Implications for the timing and location of sampling and control measures are discussed.
THE TACHINID TAXA OF LOUIS P. MESNIL, WITH NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE (INSECTA: DIPTERA)
Authors: O’Hara James E.
Published: November 2009

Louis Paul Mesnil (1904–1986) wrote more than 90 published articles on the Tachinidae between 1936 and 1980. He proposed, in those works, a total of 172 new genus-group names and 838 new species-group names. These genus-group and species-group names are listed here along with annotations and a complete record of Mesnil’s publications on the Tachinidae. Certain nomenclatural problems concerning the taxa of Mesnil are addressed, namely difficulties arising from the fascicle format of the series “Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region”, determination of the type status of primary types (syntypes vs. holotypes), improperly labeled types in collections, taxa described in cryptic fashion, type depositories not slated or since changed, and manuscript names in collections. The rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature are followed to standardize usage of Mesnil’s names.