bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of key phosphorylation sites in PTH1R that determine arrestin3 binding and fine-tune receptor signaling
Authors: Zindel Diana , Engel Sandra , Bottrill Andrew R. , Pin Jean-Philippe , Prézeau Laurent , Tobin Andrew B. , Bünemann Moritz , Krasel Cornelius , Butcher Adrian J.
Published: September 2016

The parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) is a member of family B of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), predominantly expressed in bone and kidney where it modulates extracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and bone turnover. It is well established that phosphorylation of GPCRs constitutes a key event in regulating receptor function by promoting arrestin recruitment and coupling to G-protein-independent signaling pathways. Mapping phosphorylation sites on PTH1R would provide insights into how phosphorylation at specific sites regulates cell signaling responses and also open the possibility of developing therapeutic agents that could target specific receptor functions. Here, we have used mass spectrometry to identify nine sites of phosphorylation in the C-terminal tail of PTH1R. Mutational analysis revealed identified two clusters of serine and threonine residues (Ser489–Ser495 and Ser501–Thr506) specifically responsible for the majority of PTH(1–34)-induced receptor phosphorylation. Mutation of these residues to alanine did not affect negatively on the ability of the receptor to couple to G-proteins or activate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to monitor PTH(1–34)-induced interaction of PTH1R with arrestin3, we show that the first cluster Ser489–Ser495 and the second cluster Ser501–Thr506 operated in concert to mediate both the efficacy and potency of ligand-induced arrestin3 recruitment. We further demonstrate that Ser503 and Thr504 in the second cluster are responsible for 70% of arrestin3 recruitment and are key determinants for interaction of arrestin with the receptor. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the pattern of C-terminal tail phosphorylation on PTH1R may determine the signaling outcome following receptor activation.
The Challenges of Dysphagia Management and Rehabilitation in Two Complex Cases Post Chemical Ingestion Injury
Authors: Rumbach Anna F. , Cremer Rebecca , Chatwood Astra , Fink Sari , Haider Sadaf , Yee Michelle
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Dysphagia is common sequelae of chemical ingestion injury, resulting from damage to critical swallowing structures. From a speech-language pathology perspective, this study outlines the physiological deficits in 2 individuals with severe injury (1 woman, acid; 1 man, alkali) and the pattern of dysphagia rehabilitation and recovery.

Method

A retrospective chart review of clinical and instrumental assessments was conducted to examine swallow characteristics and speech-language pathology management (compensatory and rehabilitation strategies) at multiple time points.

Results

Chemical ingestion injury resulted in severe pharyngeal dysphagia for both participants, warranting speech-language pathology management. Dysphagia was characterized by poor base of tongue mobility and reduced laryngeal excursion. Decreased airway patency and protection, secondary to mucosal sloughing, widespread edema, and structural deficits necessitated tracheostomy. Recovery was complicated by physical alterations of pharyngeal and laryngeal structures (e.g., interarytenoid adhesions) and esophageal strictures. Participant 1 was discharged (Day 135) consuming a texture-modified diet; Participant 2 remained nil by mouth (Day 329).

Conclusions

Dysphagia recovery subsequent to chemical ingestion is protracted and complex. Clinical outcomes may be improved through individualized and intensive rehabilitation by speech-language pathologists.
Compact dual‐band BPF with wide stopband using stub‐loaded spiral stepped‐impedance resonator
Authors: Singh V. , Killamsetty V.K. , Mukherjee B.
Published: September 2016

A compact dual‐band bandpass filter (BPF) with wide stopband performance using stub‐loaded spiral short‐circuit λ/4 stepped‐impedance resonator is proposed. Spiral configuration has been used for compactness of filter. Both passbands can be controlled individually by changing the geometric parameters of resonator. Multiple transmission zeros provide high selectivity to both passband and extend stopband up to 3 GHz. The filter has compact size of 0.06λg × 0.09λg. A dual‐band BPF has been designed and fabricated for terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) band and global system for mobile communication applications.
Extended formulation for unscented transform and its application as Monte Carlo alternative
Authors: de Medeiros J.E.G. , Haddad S.A.P. , de Menezes L.R.A.X.
Published: September 2016

A novel approach for the unscented transform calculation is detailed, showing a technique that can be used to obtain smoother estimates for probability functions based on Monte Carlo technique substitution. The method is computationally efficient for statistical moment estimation of nonlinear transformations and does not require full knowledge of the probability distribution of the random variables, being completely defined by its moments.
Printable ReRAM devices based on the non‐stoichiometric junction CuS/Cu2−xS
Authors: Congiu M. , Albano L.G.S. , Nunes‐Neto O. , Graeff C.F.O.
Published: September 2016

Hereby a novel thin film‐based configuration of redox resistive switching memory (ReRAM) based on cheap and abundant copper sulphide (CuS) is reported. The devices working mechanism is based on the junction of two layers of CuS stacked nanocrystal with different stoichiometry (CuS and Cu2−xS). CuS thin films were deposited using a fast, easy and low‐temperature drop‐casting technique. The devices shown memresistive characteristics, with well‐defined ON and OFF resistance states, inducible by voltage pulses. A polynomial model has been proposed to characterise the devices considering both space‐charge‐limited current and ionic diffusion.
Securing cognitive radio with a combined approach of beamforming and cooperative jamming
Authors: Liu Weigang , Sarkar Md. Zahurul Islam , Ratnarajah Tharmalingam , Du Huiqin
Published: September 2016

The authors consider secret communication through a relay‐assisted cognitive interference channel in which primary and secondary base stations (SBSs), respectively, communicate with the primary and secondary receivers (PU‐Rx and SU‐Rx) in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. An SBS is allowed to transmit simultaneously with the primary base station (PBS). They propose three cooperative jamming (CJ) schemes based on the available channel state information at the base stations and the relay. The proposed CJ schemes are designed to create additional interference in the direction of eavesdroppers without creating any interference to the PU‐Rx and the SU‐Rx. A combined approach of beamforming and zero‐forcing precoding is developed at the PBS, the SBS and the relay to cancel out jamming interference at the PU‐Rx and the SU‐Rx. The secrecy rate of SU‐Rx is calculated with the constraint of maintaining interference temperature at the PU‐Rx under a certain threshold. Compared with the direct transmission schemes that are available in the literature, the authors’ results show that the approach which combined beamforming and CJ significantly improves the secrecy rate of the cognitive interference channel.
Semi‐global consensus with position limited and rate disturbances via low gain feedback and integral sliding mode control
Authors: Yang Yucheng , Zhou Hongtao , Su Housheng , Zeng Wei
Published: September 2016

In this study, the authors investigate the semi‐global leader‐following consensus problem of multi‐agent systems in the presence of both position saturation and bounded rate disturbances. Each follower agent is described by a general linear dynamic with actuator position saturation and rate disturbances. Based on low‐gain feedback design technique and integral sliding mode, discontinuous and continuous control protocols are developed. It is established that semi‐global leader‐following consensus can be achieved under the assumptions that the system is asymptotically null controllable with bounded controls and the leader agent has a directed path to every follower agent. Simulations are presented to illustrate the results.
Relation between Ossicular Erosion and Destruction of Facial and Lateral Semicircular Canals in Chronic Otitis Media
Authors: Bulğurcu Suphi , Arslan İlker , Dikilitaş Bünyamin , Çukurova İbrahim
Published: September 2016

Introduction Chronic otitis media can cause multiple middle ear pathogeneses. The surgeon should be aware of relation between ossicular chain erosion and other destructions because of the possibility of complications.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the rates of ossicular erosion in cases of patients with and without facial nerve canal destruction, who had undergone mastoidectomy due to chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma.

Methods We retrospectively analyzed three hundred twenty-seven patients who had undergone tympanomastoidectomy between April 2008 and February 2014. We documented the types of mastoidectomy (canal wall up, canal wall down, and radical mastoidectomy), erosion of the malleus, incus and stapes, and the destruction of facial and lateral semi-circular canal.

Results Out of the 327 patients, 147 were women (44.95%) and 180 were men (55.04%) with a mean age 50.8 ± 13 years (range 8–72 years). 245 of the 327 patients (75.22%) had been operated with the diagnosis of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. FNCD was present in 62 of the 327 patients (18.96%) and 49 of these 62 (79.03%) patients had chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. The correlation between the presence of FNCD with LSCC destruction and stapes erosion in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma is statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion Although incus is the most common of destructed ossicles in chronic otitis media, facial canal destruction is more closely related to stapes erosion.
Poland Syndrome: Use of Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib System before Walking Age—A Case Report
Authors: Katsarov Atanas , Drebov Rosen S.
Published: September 2016

Aim To present a new therapy for Poland syndrome (PS) using a novel surgical approach: the vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) system.

Methods The VEPTR system rib-to-rib variant was used to enhance the chest wall and vertebral column support in a young patient before walking age.

Case Report We present a 12-month-old infant diagnosed with left-sided PS at the age of 6 months associated with missing ribs, scoliosis, and absence of the left pectoral muscles. Because of four missing ribs, paradoxical breathing was present. In addition, the left scapula was protruding into the chest due to the missing rib support. Scoliosis was caused by a left-sided nonsegmented bar of the thoracic spine.

Results We decided to use the VEPTR system before the patient reached walking age to prevent progression of column deformation and future pulmonary problems. To improve the spinal deformity, to stabilize the thorax, and to improve thoracic function, we performed the operation at 1 year of age. At 10-month follow-up, the patient was reevaluated. The construction was still stable and scoliosis had not deteriorated.

Conclusion The VEPTR system is a choice of treatment in young patients with PS to prevent late complications after a child reaches walking age.
Von den ersten Symptomen bis zur Behandlung einer Depression. Wann und bei wem suchen Menschen mit Depression Hilfe? Welche Rolle spielt Stigmatisierung?
Authors: Dietrich Sandra , Mergl Roland , Rummel-Kluge Christine
Published: September 2016

Ziel der Studie Erfassung des Zeitraums zwischen Auftreten erster Symptome und Inanspruchnahme einer Behandlung und Rolle der Stigmatisierung.

Methodik Befragung auf dem 2. Deutschen Patientenkongress Depression.

Ergebnisse Bei zwei Drittel der Betroffenen vergingen mehr als 3 Monate, bei etwa einem Viertel mehr als 3 Jahre zwischen Auftreten erster Symptome und Aufnahme einer Behandlung. Etwa zwei Drittel erhielten eine Diagnose zuerst von einem Facharzt. Häufigste Behandlungen waren Psychotherapie, Pharmakotherapie oder eine Kombination aus beiden.

Schlussfolgerung Eine Erklärung für eine verzögerte Inanspruchnahme einer Behandlung könnte die von Betroffenen wahrgenommene öffentliche Stigmatisierung sein.
Statin Intolerance in a Patient with Gilberts Syndrome and Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Jialal I. , Siegel D.
Published: September 2016

Background: Statin intolerance especially myalgias can be a serious problem. Whilst it is well know that drugs that compete for Cytochrome 450 system can result in myalgias there is sparse data on the role of glucuronidation of statins contributing to statin intolerance We report on a 60 year old male with Hypercholesterolemia (HC) who was referred for management of his HC since he had statin intolerance manifesting as myalgias and was shown to have Gilbert’s Syndrome.

Case Report: Investigation of this patient revealed he had Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia with a LDL-cholesterol of 189 mg/dl. He was also diagnosed with Gilbert’s Syndrome since he had elevated unconjugated bilirubin with no evidence of liver disease or hemolysis. The combination of Niacin, Cholestyramine and ezetimibe resulted in a successful decrease in his LDL-cholesterol to 114 mg/dl.

Discussion: We believe that his Gilberts Syndrome resulted in an impairment in glucuronidation of statin drugs resulting in an increase in free drug levels and myalgias. We caution that clinicians should consider this possibility when confronted with a patient with both isolated elevations of unconjugated bilirubin and increase LDL-cholesterol levels before commencing statin therapy.
Synthetic plasma edge diagnostics for EMC3-EIRENE, highlighted for Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Frerichs H. , Effenberg F. , Schmitz O. , Biedermann C. , Feng Y. , Jakubowski M. , König R. , Krychowiak M. , Lore J. , Niemann H. , Pedersen T. S. , Stephey L. , Wurden G. A.
Published: September 2016

Interpretation of spectroscopic measurements in the edge region of high-temperature plasmas can be a challenge since line of sight integration effects make direct interpretation in terms of quantitative, local emission strengths often impossible. The EMC3-EIRENE code—a 3D fluid edge plasma and kinetic neutral gas transport code—is a suitable tool for full 3D reconstruction of such signals. A versatile synthetic diagnostic module has been developed recently which allows the realistic 3D setup of various plasma edge diagnostics to be captured. We highlight these capabilities with two examples for Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X): a visible camera for the analysis of recycling, and a coherent-imaging system for velocity measurements.
A Particle X-ray Temporal Diagnostic (PXTD) for studies of kinetic, multi-ion effects, and ion-electron equilibration rates in Inertial Confinement Fusion plasmas at OMEGA (invited)
Authors: Sio H. , Frenje J. A. , Katz J. , Stoeckl C. , Weiner D. , Bedzyk M. , Glebov V. , Sorce C. , Gatu Johnson M. , Rinderknecht H. G. , Zylstra A. B. , Sangster T. C. , Regan S. P. , Kwan T. , Le A. , Simakov A. N. , Taitano W. T. , Chacòn L. , Keenan B. , Shah R. , Sutcliffe G. , Petrasso R. D.
Published: September 2016

A Particle X-ray Temporal Diagnostic (PXTD) has been implemented on OMEGA for simultaneous time-resolved measurements of several nuclear products as well as the x-ray continuum produced in High Energy Density Plasmas and Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions. The PXTD removes systematic timing uncertainties typically introduced by using multiple instruments, and it has been used to measure DD, DT, D3He, and T3He reaction histories and the emission history of the x-ray core continuum with relative timing uncertainties within ±10-20 ps. This enables, for the first time, accurate and simultaneous measurements of the x-ray emission histories, nuclear reaction histories, their time differences, and measurements of Ti(t) and Te(t) from which an assessment of multiple-ion-fluid effects, kinetic effects during the shock-burn phase, and ion-electron equilibration rates can be made.
The supersonic molecular beam injector as a reliable tool for plasma fueling and physics experiment on HL-2A
Authors: Chen C. Y. , Yu D. L. , Feng B. B. , Yao L. H. , Song X. M. , Zang L. G. , Gao X. Y. , Yang Q. W. , Duan X. R.
Published: September 2016

On HL-2A tokamak, supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) has been developed as a routine refueling method. The key components of the system are an electromagnetic valve and a conic nozzle. The valve and conic nozzle are assembled to compose the simplified Laval nozzle for generating the pulsed beam. The appurtenance of the system includes the cooling system serving the cooled SMBI generation and the in situ calibration component for quantitative injection. Compared with the conventional gas puffing, the SMBI features prompt response and larger fueling flux. These merits devote the SMBI a good fueling method, an excellent plasma density feedback control tool, and an edge localized mode mitigation resource.
Controlling the synchronization properties of two dipolarly coupled vortex based spin-torque nano-oscillators by the intermediate of a third one
Authors: Abreu Araujo Flavio , Grollier Julie
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we propose to control the strength of phase-locking between two dipolarly coupled vortex based spin-torque nano-oscillators by placing an intermediate oscillator between them. We show through micromagnetic simulations that the strength of phase-locking can be largely tuned by a slight variation of current in the intermediate oscillator. We develop simplified numerical simulations based on analytical expressions of the vortex core trajectories that will be useful for investigating large arrays of densely packed spin-torque oscillators interacting through their stray fields.
Systematic effects from an ambient-temperature, continuously rotating half-wave plate
Authors: Essinger-Hileman T. , Kusaka A. , Appel J. W. , Choi S. K. , Crowley K. , Ho S. P. , Jarosik N. , Page L. A. , Parker L. P. , Raghunathan S. , Simon S. M. , Staggs S. T. , Visnjic K.
Published: September 2016

We present an evaluation of systematic effects associated with a continuously rotating, ambient-temperature half-wave plate (HWP) based on two seasons of data from the Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS) experiment located in the Atacama Desert of Chile. The ABS experiment is a microwave telescope sensitive at 145 GHz. Here we present our in-field evaluation of celestial (Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) plus galactic foreground) temperature-to-polarization leakage. We decompose the leakage into scalar, dipole, and quadrupole leakage terms. We report a scalar leakage of ∼0.01%, consistent with model expectations and an order of magnitude smaller than other CMB experiments have been reported. No significant dipole or quadrupole terms are detected; we constrain each to be <0.07% (95% confidence), limited by statistical uncertainty in our measurement. Dipole and quadrupole leakage at this level lead to systematic error on r ≲ 0.01 before any mitigation due to scan cross-linking or boresight rotation. The measured scalar leakage and the theoretical level of dipole and quadrupole leakage produce systematic error of r < 0.001 for the ABS survey and focal-plane layout before any data correction such as so-called deprojection. This demonstrates that ABS achieves significant beam systematic error mitigation from its HWP and shows the promise of continuously rotating HWPs for future experiments.
Interaction of high-power microwave with air breakdown plasma at low pressure
Authors: Zhao Pengcheng , Guo Lixin , Shu Panpan
Published: September 2016

The high-power microwave breakdown at the low air pressure (about 0.01 atm) is simulated numerically using the one-dimensional model coupling Maxwell's equations with plasma fluid equations. The accuracy of the model is validated by comparing the breakdown prediction with the experimental data. We find that a diffuse plasma with a stationary front profile forms due to the large electron diffusion. Most of the incident wave energy is absorbed and reflected by the plasma when the plasma front achieves a stationary profile. The front propagation velocity remains almost unchanged with time and increases when the incident wave amplitude increases or the incident wave frequency decreases. With the incident wave frequency increasing, the maximum density of the stationary plasma front increases, while the ratio of the reflected wave power to the incident wave power remains almost unchanged. At a higher incident wave amplitude, the maximum density and reflectance become large.
Research on the effect of cathode plasma expansion on x-band relativistic backward wave oscillator using moving-boundary conformal PIC method
Authors: Chen Zaigao , Wang Jianguo , Wang Yue
Published: September 2016

The cathode plasma expansion has been widely investigated and is recognized as impedance collapse in a relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO). However, the process of formation and expansion of cathode plasma is very complicated, and the thickness of plasma is only several millimeters, so the simulation of cathode plasma requires high temporal and spatial resolutions. Only the scaled-down diode model and the thin gas layer model are considered in the previous hybrid simulation, and there are few numerical studies on the effect of cathode plasma expansion on the RBWO. In this paper, the moving-boundary conformal particle-in-cell method is proposed; the cathode plasma front is treated in this novel method as the actual cathode surface, and the explosive electron emission boundary moves as the expansion of cathode plasma. Moreover, in order to accurately simulate the electromagnetic field near the cathode surface, the conformal finite-difference time-domain method based on the enlarged cell technique is adopted. The numerical simulation indicates that the diode voltage decreases and the beam current increases as cathode plasma expands; when the cathode plasma velocity is 10 cm/μs, the pulse duration of the generated microwave decreases from 30 ns to 10 ns, the working frequency decreases from 9.83 GHz to 9.64 GHz, and the output power decreases 30% in the course of cathode plasma expansion.
Surface fractionation effects on slip of polydisperse polymer melts
Authors: Ebrahimi Marzieh , Ansari Mahmoud , Inn Yong W. , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G.
Published: September 2016

The slip behavior of several high-density polyethylenes with broad range of molecular weight (MW) including bimodals is studied as a function of molecular weight (MW) and its distribution. A formulation similar to the double reptation theory is used to predict the slip velocity of the studied polymers as a function of MWD coupled with a model of surface molecular weight fractionation. While surface fractionation has a minor effect on slip of narrow to moderate MWD polymers (particularly unimodal), its role is significant for broad bimodal MWD polymers. The entropy driven migration of short chains toward the die wall has a profound effect and should be considered in order to calculate the effective MWD on the boundary layer and thus the correct magnitude of wall slip.
Graphene rectenna for efficient energy harvesting at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Dragoman Mircea , Aldrigo Martino
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we propose a graphene rectenna that encompasses two distinct functions in a single device, namely, antenna and rectifier, which till now were two separate components. In this way, the rectenna realizes an efficient energy harvesting technique due to the absence of impedance mismatch between antenna and diode. In particular, we have obtained a maximum conversion efficiency of 58.43% at 897 GHz for the graphene rectenna on n-doped GaAs, which is a very good value, close to the performance of an RF harvesting system. A comparison with a classical metallic antenna with an HfO2-based metal-insulator-metal diode is also provided.
Effects of energetic particles on zonal flow generation by toroidal Alfvén eigenmode
Authors: Qiu Z. , Chen L. , Zonca F.
Published: September 2016

Generation of zonal flow (ZF) by energetic particle (EP) driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) is investigated using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory. It is found that nonlinear resonant EP contribution dominates over the usual Reynolds and Maxwell stresses due to thermal plasma nonlinear response. ZF can be forced driven in the linear growth stage of TAE, with the growth rate being twice the TAE growth rate. The ZF generation mechanism is shown to be related to polarization induced by resonant EP nonlinearity. The generated ZF has both the usual meso-scale and micro-scale radial structures. Possible consequences of this forced driven ZF on the nonlinear dynamics of TAE are also discussed.
The role of photoionization in negative corona discharge
Authors: Lu B. X. , Sun H. Y.
Published: September 2016

The effect of photoionization on the negative corona discharge was simulated based on the needle to plane air gaps. The Trichel pulse, pulse train, electron density and the distribution of electric field will be discussed in this manuscript. Effect of photoionization on the magnitude and interval of the first pulse will be discussed for different applied voltages. It is demonstrated that the peak of the first pulse current could be weakened by photoionization and a critical voltage of the first pulse interval influenced by photoionization was given.
Elucidating dz2 orbital selective catalytic activity in brownmillerite Ca2Mn2O5
Authors: Lu Yue , Lu Feng , Yang Zhi , Wu Jie , Yu Hongyun , Xie Xinjian , Xu Jianping , Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun , Xiong Ka , Liu Hui , Wang Wei-Hua , Zhao Jianzhou , Wang Weichao
Published: September 2016

3d-orbital filling in transition metal oxide is crucial to govern the catalytic activity in oxygen evolution reduction, nevertheless, it is not fundamentally accessible why specific orbital occupation produces a highest catalytic performance. Here, we utilize brownmillerite Ca2Mn2O5 to clarify the orbital selective catalytic behavior due to the crystal field splitting and on-site coulomb interactions. Within density functional theory plus dynamical mean field theory, Ca2Mn2O5 shows a paramagnetic Mott insulating behavior at room temperature, consistent with optical adsorption spectra and magnetic susceptibility. As the center of the dz2 orbital locates in the lower Hubbard sub-band, the unit occupation on dz2 orbital provides a moderate bonding with external O* species to cause a high catalytic activity of Ca2Mn2O5 with a square pyramid crystal field. Such concept of unit occupation of dz2 near Fermi level could be extended to other crystal fields for future design of oxide catalysts.
Development of the main olfactory system and main olfactory epithelium-dependent male mating behavior are altered in G
o
-deficient mice
Authors: Choi Jung-Mi , Kim Sung-Soo , Choi Chan-Il , Cha Hye Lim , Oh Huy-Hyen , Ghil Sungho , Lee Young-Don , Birnbaumer Lutz , Suh-Kim Haeyoung
Published: September 2016

Significance

Early studies indicated that two olfactory systems in mammals play distinct roles: The main olfactory system detects general odorants, and the accessory olfactory system detects pheromones. Using heterotrimeric G
o
protein-deficient mice, we show that pheromone detection by the main olfactory system is necessary for the initiation of mating behavior toward the opposite sex and that G
o
plays a key role in this process by regulating the development of the main olfactory epithelium and the differentiation of dopaminergic interneurons in the olfactory bulb. Our findings provide the basis for identifying pheromone receptors in the main olfactory system and for understanding the hyposmia found in Parkinson’s disease, in which the number of inhibitory dopaminergic interneurons is increased in the olfactory bulb.
Feasibility of Passive Integrated Transponder and Acoustic Tagging for Endangered Adult Delta Smelt
Authors: Wilder Richard M. , Hassrick Jason L. , Grimaldo Lenny F. , Greenwood Marin F. D. , Acuña Shawn , Burns Jillian M. , Maniscalco Donna M. , Crain Patrick K. , Hung Tien-Chieh
Published: September 2016

Conservation and recovery of endangered species requires timely and defensible data to predict their responses to management actions. In the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, the population of Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a species of management concern, has declined to a record low. Alternative research strategies are now sought to determine the efficacy of management actions. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of tagging cultured adult Delta Smelt as a potential surrogate for wild fish in field experiments. Preliminary experiments determined that anesthesia of Delta Smelt in 35 mg/L AQUI-S 20E for 4 min best facilitated tagging. The 28-d survival of Delta Smelt (n = 39) intracoelomically injected with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags (8.4 mm, 0.03 g) was high (95%) and did not differ from untagged control fish; tag retention was 97%. Survival of Delta Smelt with injected (n = 40) and surgically inserted (n = 40) dummy acoustic transmitters (15.0 mm, 0.22 g) was significantly lower than PIT-tagged and control fish, with only 60% surviving tag injection and 50% surviving surgical tag insertion. Surviving fish had high tag retention (injected: 95%; surgically inserted: 100%). Although not quantified, observational data suggested that the swimming ability of fish with acoustic tags was impaired. These results indicate that cultured Delta Smelt injected with PIT tags provide resource managers with a readily available wild surrogate to examine management actions in the delta. However, acoustic tags, which provide more detailed information on movement patterns, must be made smaller to reduce effects on survival before they can be used successfully in Delta Smelt. Logistic regression suggested that achievement of high survival (>90%) would require a tag mass: body mass ratio below 0.02.

Received January 27, 2016; accepted May 25, 2016 Published online September 13, 2016
Evaluating Management Regimes using Per-Recruit Models and Relative Stock Density for Mississippi's Spotted Seatrout
Authors: Dippold David A. , Leaf Robert T. , Peterson Mark S.
Published: September 2016

The Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus is the most popular target of recreational inshore fisheries in Mississippi coastal waters. The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) stock of Spotted Seatrout is composed of spatially distinct substocks, and each state imposes unique bag and size limits. In Mississippi, the stock is managed using minimum length limits and daily bag limits. We used two methods to evaluate the efficacy of length restrictions and fishing mortality (F) levels: (1) a per-recruit model simulation to evaluate the effects of proposed management actions on reproductive output and yield, and (2) an evaluation of how management regimes impact relative stock density (RSD). Relative stock density has been widely used as a management tool in recreational and generally freshwater fisheries but has not been widely employed in informing management of marine stocks. We used demographic information from fisheries-independent sampling and length-specific natural mortality estimates to construct both models. Our analysis suggested that decreased F, increased minimum length limits, and slot limits that include intermediate upper length limits could increase RSD measures for GOM Spotted Seatrout. We found that for all management regimes examined, local demographic properties of Spotted Seatrout may preclude large proportions of trophy-length (≥686 mm TL) individuals. Per-recruit modeling and RSD analysis are complementary approaches to inform management, as they consider spawning stock biomass, yield, and the maximization of angler satisfaction.

Received October 6, 2015; accepted June 8, 2016 Published online September 13, 2016
Simulation Modeling to Explore the Effects of Length-Based Harvest Regulations for Ictalurus Fisheries
Authors: Stewart David R. , Long James M. , Shoup Daniel E.
Published: September 2016

Management of Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus and Channel Catfish I. punctatus for trophy production has recently become more common. Typically, trophy management is attempted with length-based regulations that allow for the moderate harvest of small fish but restrict the harvest of larger fish. However, the specific regulations used vary considerably across populations, and no modeling efforts have evaluated their effectiveness. We used simulation modeling to compare total yield, trophy biomass (Btrophy), and sustainability (spawning potential ratio [SPR] > 0.30) of Blue Catfish and Channel Catfish populations under three scenarios: (1) current regulation (typically a length-based trophy regulation), (2) the best-performing minimum length regulation (MLRbest), and (3) the best-performing length-based trophy catfish regulation (LTRbest; “best performing” was defined as the regulation that maximized yield, Btrophy, and sustainability). The Btrophy produced did not differ among the three scenarios. For each fishery, the MLRbest and LTRbest produced greater yield (>22% more) than the current regulation and maintained sustainability at higher finite exploitation rates (>0.30) than the current regulation. The MLRbest and LTRbest produced similar yields and SPRs for Channel Catfish and similar yields for Blue Catfish; however, the MLRbest for Blue Catfish produced more resilient fisheries (higher SPR) than the LTRbest. Overall, the variation in yield, Btrophy, and SPR among populations was greater than the variation among regulations applied to any given population, suggesting that population-specific regulations may be preferable to regulations applied to geographic regions. We conclude that LTRs are useful for improving catfish yield and maintaining sustainability without overly restricting harvest but are not effective at increasing the Btrophy of catfish.

Received February 1, 2016; accepted June 16, 2016
Neutral recirculation—the key to control of divertor operation
Authors: Kukushkin A.S. , Pacher H.D.
Published: September 2016

Interaction of the plasma with neutral gas in the divertor affects virtually all aspects of divertor functionality (power loading of the targets, pumping and fuelling, sustaining the operational conditions of the core plasma). In the course of ITER design development, this interaction has been the subject of intense modelling analysis, supported by experiments on various tokamaks. Neutral gas puffing is found to be the most effective means of divertor control. The results of those studies are summarized and assessed in the paper.
Molecular dynamics simulations of ballistic He penetration into W fuzz
Authors: Klaver T.P.C. , Nordlund K. , Morgan T.W. , Westerhof E. , Thijsse B.J. , van de Sanden M.C.M.
Published: September 2016

Results are presented of large-scale Molecular Dynamics simulations of low-energy He bombardment of W nanorods, or so-called ‘fuzz’ structures. The goal of these simulations is to see if ballistic He penetration through W fuzz offers a more realistic scenario for how He moves through fuzz layers than He diffusion through fuzz nanorods. Instead of trying to grow a fuzz layer starting from a flat piece of bulk W, a new approach of creating a fully formed fuzz structure 0.43 µm thick out of ellipsoidal pieces of W is employed. Lack of detailed experimental knowledge of the 3D structure of fuzz is dealt with by simulating He bombardment on five different structures of 15 vol% W and determining the variation in He penetration for each case. The results show that by far the most important factor determining He penetration is the amount of open channels through which He ions can travel unimpeded. For a more or less even W density distribution He penetration into fuzz falls off exponentially with distance and can thus be described by a ‘half depth’. In a 15 vol% fuzz structure, the half depth can reach 0.18 µm. In the far sparser fuzz structures that were recently reported, the half depth might be 1 µm or more. This means that ballistic He penetration offers a more likely scenario than He diffusion through nanorods for how He moves through fuzz and may provide an adequate explanation for how He penetrates through the thickest fuzz layers reported so far. Furthermore, the exponential decrease in penetration with depth would follow a logarithmic dependence on fluence which is compatible with experiments. A comparison of these results and molecular dynamics calculations carried out in the recoil interaction approximation shows that results for W fuzz are qualitatively very different from conventional stopping power calculations on W with a similarly low but homogeneous density distribution.
The spatial distribution of extreme climate events, another climate inequity for the world’s most vulnerable people
Authors: Green Donna
Published: September 2016

Does the climate change signal emerge equally from internal climate variability across the globe? If not, are there particular locations where temperature extremes might disproportionately affect specific populations? The letter by Harrington et al (2016 Environ. Res. Lett.

11 055007) argues that people living in low latitude countries, which contain the majority of the world’s poorest people, are—and will continue to be—disproportionately affected by increases in temperature extremes. Due to differences in expertise of climate scientists, and climate impact and adaptation scientists, few climate extreme event analyses are spatially disaggregated and linked to local populations’ socio-economic characteristics. The research presented in this letter begins to bridge this gap by providing evidence of inequitable spatial impacts from climate extremes on the world’s poorest people.
The crystalline period of a height one 𝑝-adic dynamical system
Authors: Specter Joel
Published: September 2016

Letffbe a continuous ring endomorphism of\mathbf {Z}_p\lBrack x\rBrack /\mathbf {Z}_pof degreep.p.We prove that ifffacts on the tangent space at00by a uniformizer and commutes with an automorphism of infinite order, then it is necessarily an endomorphism of a formal group overZp.\mathbf {Z}_p.The proof relies on finding a stable embedding of\mathbf {Z}_p\lBrack x\rBrackin Fontaine’s crystalline period ring with the property thatffappears in the monoid of endomorphisms generated by the Galois group ofQp\mathbf {Q}_pand crystalline Frobenius. Our result verifies, overZp,\mathbf {Z}_p,the height one case of a conjecture by Lubin.
Moral Agents of Protection and Supplementary Responsibilities to Protect
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: September 2016

This chapter takes seriously the prevalent assumption that the responsibility to protect populations from mass atrocity represents a moral imperative. It highlights tensions between how R2P is articulated and arguments for its legitimate implementation. The chapter maintains that identifying a range of ‘moral agents of protection’ and ‘supplementary responsibilities to protect’ is fundamental to any attempt to realize R2P. It offers an account of the loci of moral responsibility implicit in prominent articulations of R2P that both supports and extends this argument. Taken to its logical conclusion, this account demands that hitherto unacknowledged moral agents of protection step in when the host state and the UN are unwilling or unable to act. The chapter examines which bodies can discharge this residual responsibility to protect and proposes that, in certain urgent circumstances, institutional agents have a shared responsibility to come together and act in concert, even without UN Security Council authorization.
R2P and International Law
Authors: Rodley Nigel S.
Published: September 2016

Reluctant for its first two decades to consider states’ human rights performance, the UN gradually developed an extensive network of machinery to examine human rights violations in some states and categories of violation in all states. Action was limited to investigation and condemnation. The overwhelming majority of states and commentators rejected the notion of ‘humanitarian intervention’ that had had some currency until the UN Charter’s proscription of the use of force by states. It took the UN sixty years to accept that the Security Council could and should take necessary coercive measures, including armed force, to confront the most extreme forms of human rights violation or atrocity such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. In doing so, it sanctified a new doctrine and codified its scope. Political and material realities seem to require sober expectations about the UN’s actual ability to protect populations from these atrocities.
How Well Does R2P Travel Beyond the West?
Authors: Mabera Faith , Spies Yolanda
Published: September 2016

R2P invokes the power-morality nexus in international relations and interrogates the rules of engagement that anchor international society. Conceptualization of R2P as a liberal Western construct can therefore be divisive, especially when operationalization of the norm—as happened during the 2011 intervention in Libya—feeds into a West-against-the-Rest narrative. This is unfortunate because the R2P doctrine has deep roots in the non-Western world—Africa in particular—and Global South perspectives continue to strengthen its conceptual development. Emerging powers challenge the status quo of structural power and their rhetoric on R2P often invokes mistrust of Western altruism in international politics. Their actions, on the other hand, prove that they are no less prone to realpolitik in the normative domain. State actors in the normative middle of international politics, including developed as well as developing countries, are well placed to bridge the West-versus-the-Rest schism and to provide leadership in the R2P discourse.
The Blurry Boundary between Peacebuilding and R2P
Authors: Paris Roland
Published: September 2016

Policy practitioners and scholars have tended to treat the responsibility to protect (R2P) and peacebuilding as separate domains. This chapter, in contrast, argues that these two domains are more closely connected than both the policy discourse and much of the academic literature would suggest. Peacebuilding appears to be an integral part of R2P, and peacebuilding strategies aimed at reducing the risks of conflict relapse are core strategies for preventing atrocity crimes. Further, the use of coercive military force to stop an imminent or actual atrocity crime creates its own requirement for post-crisis peacebuilding. Thus, closer analysis of the relationship between peacebuilding and R2P would benefit both practitioners and scholars.
The Genocide Convention and Cold War Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Dunne Tim , Staunton Eglantine
Published: September 2016

It is conventional in IR literature to observe a sharp break between the Cold War and post-Cold War phases in the evolution of human protection norms. The chapter revisits these arguments in conjunction with the cases of India in Pakistan, Vietnam in Cambodia, and Tanzania in Uganda, where unilateral interventions had humanitarian effects but neither humanitarian justifications nor external legitimation. The predominant view regarding these cases is correct; namely, no evidence can be found for the emergence of a norm of legitimate intervention for protection reasons (in the absence of host state consent). However, this perspective underestimates the extent to which there was a consolidation of norms regarding state responsibilities and how these influenced state practice during the post-1945 period. The end of the Cold War should be seen as less of a stark turning point in the history of responsible sovereignty than has previously been believed.
Darfur
Authors: Gifkins Jess
Published: September 2016

This chapter examines the application of R2P to Darfur by the UN Security Council. It outlines the Security Council’s engagement with Darfur prior to the 2005 agreement on R2P, and subsequent engagement with R2P in resolutions on Darfur. Drawing on original interview material, this chapter reveals the negotiations that led to the Security Council’s first application of R2P to a specific conflict. It argues that Darfur does not make a good ‘test case’ of R2P as the escalation and height of the Darfur conflict occurred prior to the international agreement on R2P in 2005. This means that the early warning and preventive components of R2P were not tested in the case of Darfur.
Syria
Authors: Momani Bessma , Hakak Tanzeel
Published: September 2016

This chapter examines the ongoing crisis in Syria as a critical case study for a nuanced understanding of the principle and doctrine of responsibility to protect (R2P). The chapter provides an outline of the background and timeline of the conflict, establishes the relevance and applicability of R2P in the case of the Syrian conflict, and finally, enumerates several pivotal explanations that underscore the lack of success in adopting R2P in Syria. Through this analysis, the authors highlight the complexity surrounding the application of R2P principles, especially in a case involving sensitive geopolitics and the presence of multiple actors with uniquely vested interests in the conflict.
R2P
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: September 2016

R2P was designed for pragmatists, not purists: to change state behaviour, not make new law or rewrite international relations theory. Since 2005 it has gathered momentum as a normative force, institutional catalyst, and framework for both preventive and reactive action. There are many grounds for optimism about its consolidation and further development in all these respects over the next decade and beyond: it is no longer possible for policy-makers to think and act as if mass atrocity crimes committed behind sovereign state borders are nobody else’s business. But, with dissension over the implementation of its Libyan intervention mandate in 2011 paralysing the Security Council’s subsequent response to atrocities in Syria, much remains to be done to recreate Council consensus over the hardest cases, those potentially requiring coercive military force. Some variation on the concept of ‘responsibility while protecting’, first advanced by Brazil in 2011, offers the most productive way forward.
The State, Development, and Humanitarianism
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: September 2016

This chapter outlines China’s major concerns during the various phases of R2P’s development and determines which of Beijing’s positions are most likely to influence its efforts to shape the future trajectory of R2P. First, it discusses R2P’s normative characteristics to demonstrate how these have facilitated the Chinese government’s ability to play a shaping role. Next, it illustrates China’s preferences in the definition and development of R2P, before explaining these preferences. The chapter’s main argument is that Beijing’s beliefs in the primacy of the state have led it to promote the notion that humanitarian outcomes and peaceful state–society relations are best realized through state-led economic development and especially through the building of a state’s infrastructural capacity. These beliefs are sufficiently strong to sustain an approach to R2P that will overwhelmingly focus attention on economic, longer-term forms of preventive action rather than on the building of human rights-related institutions.