bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HEAT AND MOISTURE TREATMENTS ON MYROSINASE ACTIVITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTED CRAMBE SEED MEAL
Authors: Korsrud G. O. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Solvent-extracted crambe meal, uncooked, dry-heated, autoclaved or steam-stripped, was fed as 0, 5 or 10% of the diet to weanling mice. Ground rapeseed (1% of the diet) was fed in a cross-treatment as a source of myrosinase.Uncooked crambe meal significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes and gains. Heating by any method tested resulted in significant improvement, but feeding value remained below that of the casein-soybean protein control diet. The addition of the myrosinase source had little effect.In a second experiment, ground seed of crambe, rape and camelina (Crambe abyssinica Hochst., Brassica napus L. and Camelina sativa Crantz) were compared as myrosinase sources when incorporated 1:4 into cooked crambe meal and allowed to react overnight at room temperature with 0 or 30% moisture in the mixture. After this enzyme treatment, half of each mixture was autoclaved to destroy myrosinase prior to ration mixing and feeding.Appreciable hydrolysis of thioglucosides occurred in vitro at 30% moisture, resulting in marked growth depression. The feeding of active myrosinase similarly depressed animal responses, apparently through in vivo thioglucoside hydrolysis. All sources of enzyme were effective.The failure to obtain more enzyme response in the first experiment was attributed to lower enzyme concentration and inferior enzyme-substrate proximity during the time when conditions were otherwise appropriate for thioglucoside hydrolysis.
THE FEEDING VALUE OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTED CAMELINA MEAL EFFECTS OF LEVELS FED, HEAT TREATMENTS AND FLAVOR SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: Korsrud G. O. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Camelina seed was ground, solvent-extracted, and fed at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of the diet to weanling mice. Licorice (0 and 0.025%) was tested as a cross-treatment to modify flavor. Levels up to 10% resulted in no adverse effects on growth of mice but each increase in level beyond 10% resulted m a significant (P <.05) reduction in gains and feed intakes. Licorice was ineffective.In a second experiment 20 to 22% of camelina meal was fed m all diets. Raw meal was compared with dry-heated meal (12 hours, 135 °C), autoclaved meal (15 min, 1.2 kg/cm2), steam-stripped (2 hours, 110 °C) and a casein–methionine–supplemented control diet. In each case, four myrosinase-source supplements were added: nil, crambe seed, rapeseed, and camelina seed (Crambe abyssinica Hochst., Brassica napus L., and Cameline sativa Crantz).Destruction of myrosinase by any method of heating resulted in significantly better feeding value of camelina meal, but steam stripping was superior to dry heating or autoclaving.It was concluded that camelina meal is probably superior to rapeseed and crambe meals, in that more than 10% of raw meal is tolerated in the diet before growth depression occurs. Near maximum growth was obtained with myrosinase-free diets containing about 20% meal. Growth depression that occurred at the higher levels of intake exceeded that which could be accounted for by the content of volatile isothiocyanates.
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZED GRASS HAYS BY WETHERS
Authors: Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

Conventional digestion experiments were conducted with wethers to determine the effects of varying nitrogen fertilizer application rates to grass on the intake and digestibility of mature grass hays.Nitrogen fertilizer rates had little effect on dry matter intake.The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased and that of dry matter and nitrogen-free extract decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates.The mean dry matter intake was greater (P < 0.01) per unit body weight and less (P < 0.01) per unit metabolic body size (wt. 0.75) than that previously reported for concurrent digestion experiments with steer calves fed these forages. The apparent digestibility of the dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract was less (P < 0.01) in wethers than in steers. There were no significant interactions of species × nitrogen rates for intake and nutrient digestibility.
ADVANCE NOTE ON THE HATCHABILITY OF CHICKEN EGGS STORED SMALL END UP
Authors: Phoudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIVE MERIT OF SIB VERSUS OWN PERFORMANCE IN SELECTION FOR LEAN MEAT PRODUCTION IN SWINE
Authors: Martin A. H. , Fredeen H. T.
Published: March 2010

The relative selection efficiency (RSE) of direct selection for a trait of basic interest and indirect selection on an alternate trait was examined with consideration given to several population sizes, selection intensities and genetic parameters. Slaughter of litter samples resulting in a reduction of the population available for selection was associated with the direct but not the indirect selection procedure. Values of RSE increased with increasing values of the genetic correlation, but for any given value of the genetic correlation, RSE was inversely related to the heritability of the basic trait. Population size was important only for herds comprising fewer than 10 breeding females.Using predicted percent yield of lean cuts, (A), as the trait for direct selection with [Formula: see text] of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 and the live back fat probe, (B), as the trait for indirect selection, with [Formula: see text] and assuming a genetic correlaton between A and B of 0.6, it was demonstrated that, respectively 38, 19 and 9% faster genetic gains in the basic trait accrued from indirect as compared with direct selection. It is suggested that the inherent reduction in population size, coupled with other practical aspects associated with carcass testing, might make the indirect selection method preferable even when RSE is less than unity.
STUDIES ON RUMEN COLIFORM ORGANISMS: I. INCIDENCE, ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Krishnamurti C. R. , McElroy L. W.
Published: March 2010

Bacterial counts on the rumen fluid of two cows fed alfalfa hay revealed the presence of coliform organisms in a concentration in excess of 2% of the total microbial population. When grain was included in the ration of one of the cows, the viable coliform count was of the order of 2.3 × 109 per ml as compared to a maximum of 4 × 108 per ml when hay alone was fed. However, total microscopic counts were also higher when grain was fed, so that the ratio of viable coliform counts to total microscopic counts was not changed. Diurnal variations were observed in viable coliform counts; the numbers increased immediately after feeding and fell off gradually to the prefeeding level after 10 hours. A culture of a coliform organism was isolated from a 10−8 dilution of rumen fluid from a cow fed alfalfa hay. Based on morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics, the organism was identified as Escherichia coli type I, and designated E. coli 64. Under aerobic conditions, E. coli 64 entered the exponential phase of growth after 4 hours of incubation with glucose or lactate as substrates and after 5–6 hours when incubated with acetate or glycollate. Under anaerobic conditions, slow growth occurred when the organism was incubated with glucose or lactate, but no growth was observed with acetate or glycollate as substrates.
ESTIMATES OF GENETIC CORRELATIONS AMONG CERTAIN CARCASS AND PERFORMANCE TRAITS IN SWINE
Authors: Roy G. L. , Boylan W. J. , Seale M. E.
Published: March 2010

Data from a swine breed development project provided estimates of the genetic correlation among six performance and carcass traits. The data from the new breed, called Managra, were obtained over a 7-year period. Most genetic relationships examined were such that selection for improvement of one trait would yield a favorable improvement in another. Both carcass backfat and live backfat probe were found to be negatively correlated with area of loin eye and length of carcass. A positive genetic correlation was found between post-weaning daily gain and loin eye area. A high positive genetic correlation was found between birth weight and loin eye area. An unfavorable association involved a positive genetic correlation between birth weight and backfat.Correction factors for effect of carcass weight on the magnitude of carcass trait measurements and differences in means between sexes were obtained.Heritability of the traits was estimated by paternal half-sib correlation. The estimates for carcass traits were moderately high and agree well with most other estimates reported in the literature.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN NORTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Jenkins K. J.
Published: March 2010

Fall calves from beef cows fed dystrophy-producing hay were found susceptible to the development of muscular dystrophy at an early age when exposed to severe outwintering conditions. Histopathological examination revealed granular discoid and hyaline degeneration of skeletal muscles in all the dystrophic calves and in two of the animals, hyaline degeneration of the heart was observed. All the affected calves died before 14 days of age. No appreciable rise in serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase values were found for dystrophic calves, evidently due to the extreme rapidity in which myopathy developed and subsequent death ensued.Spring calves from dams fed dystrophy-producing hay during the winter developed myopathy after their release to pasture. A markedly higher incidence of dystrophy occurred in calves which had been reared outside and allowed normal exercise in comparison to calves which had been confined indoors, suggesting that the pasture effect is not related to an increase in physical activity or alteration of climate.Electrocardiography was found to be a useful tool for diagnosis of the cardiac myopathy frequently observed in dystrophic calves. Electrocardiograms of affected calves showed widening of the QT interval, and non-isoelectric ST and whipped T-wave configurations.
EFFECT OF VARIETY OF ENSILED CORN AND HAY SUPPLEMENTATION ON MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: Logan V. S. , Fisher L. J. , Hayden P. S.
Published: March 2010

Vacuum silages made from Pioneer 383 and Pride 5 corn were fed with concentrate and with and without hay to lactating dairy cows. Yields per hectare in terms of dry matter were 8,850 kg for Pioneer 383 and 8,350 kg for Pride 5. Intake of silage dry matter was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Pride 5 (11.4 kg/day) than for Pioneer 383 (9.8 kg/day), and significantly lower (P < 0.05) for both silages when hay was fed (11.4 kg/day versus 9.7 kg/day). Fat-corrected milk production was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Pride 5 (17.0 kg/day) than for Pioneer 383 silage (15.8 kg/day), and significantly higher (P < 0.05) when hay was fed, than without hay supplementation (167 kg/day versus 16.0 kg/day). Utilization of silage dry matter in terms of fat-corrected milk production per hectare was 10,486 kg for Pride 5 corn silage and 11,176 kg for Pioneer 383 corn silage.
FIELD PEAS AS A MAJOR DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE FOR THE GROWING CHICK AND LAYING HEN WITH EMPHASIS ON HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEAM PELLETING AS A PRACTICAL MEANS OF IMPROVING NUTRITIONAL VALUE
Authors: Moran Jr. E. T. , Summers J. D. , Jones G. E.
Published: March 2010

Ontario-grown field peas were fed to chicks (1–3 weeks of age) as the sole source of protein (20%) in semi-purified diets with and without supplemental essential-amino acids calculated to be deficient. Chick growth and feed-efficiency values indicated that methionine was deficient while cystine and tryptophan were adequate. Autoclaving the whole pea (15 min, 121 °C) substantially improved the gain: feed ratio while, in most cases, not affecting growth. Net protein values essentially paralleled the aforementioned parameters except in the case of tryptophan, which would seem to have been marginal in quantity for the chick. Determination of metabolizable energy (ME) with the adult rooster revealed large increases with either autoclaving or high-temperature steam pelleting (90 °C) of the meal. Dry heating of the whole pea in an oven at 121 °C for 45 min caused a reduction in ME.When peas constituted a major source of dietary protein in practical diets calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, prepelleting of the meal was necessary to achieve broiler chick growth and feed efficiency comparable with those observed with a control corn–soy ration. Contrary to this finding, pelleting of peas was not necessary for optimal performance of laying hens offered diets comprising 15 or 30% pea meal; however, heat-pressure treatment was a prerequisite for optimal feed utilization.
DIETARY RAPESEED MEAL FOR SWINE REPRODUCTION
Authors: Schuld F. W. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four sows (six littermate groups of four sows each) from 29 to 106 kg liveweight were fed either 0 or 8% solvent-extracted rapeseed meal, substituted on an isonitrogenous basis for soybean meal and wheat. The two groups were then subdivided to receive either 0 or 8% rapeseed meal in their diets through two complete reproductive cycles.Average daily gain of gilts fed rapeseed meal was lower throughout the growing period but was significantly depressed only from 90 to 106 kg liveweight. Number of services to conception, gestation weight gains, gestation length and lactation weight losses were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. In the first reproductive cycle, sows fed rapeseed meal during the growing period farrowed only 0.2 pigs less per litter than those fed the diet containing soybean meal, but weaned 2.5 pigs less which resulted in a reduced litter weaning weight.During the second reproductive cycle, treatment during growth had no significant influence on performance of the sows or litters. Sows fed rapeseed meal during gestation and lactation performed as well during both reproductive cycles as those fed the soybean meal diet. The results indicate that levels of 8% rapeseed meal should not be fed to growing gilts that are to be saved for reproduction.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN QUALITY IN WHEAT BY-PRODUCTS: DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN AND ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS BY THE RAT
Authors: Olsen E. M. , Slinger S. J. , Summers J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted with rats to evaluate the protein quality of a series of wheat by-products, which served as the sole source of protein in diets calculated to contain 10% protein. Digestibility of nitrogen and percentage absorption of amino acids were compared with weight gain, feed efficiency and net protein utilization (NPU) as criteria. Percentage absorption of different amino acids was found to vary considerably in the same protein. Of the essential amino acids, lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine had the lowest percentage absorption in all of the products tested. The results indicate that the amount of amino acids absorbed, as measured by the excretion method, may be a more satisfactory measure of protein quality than total amino acid content.
BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT BY-PRODUCTS
Authors: Olsen E. M. , Slinger S. J. , Summers J. D.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were carried out to test the accuracy of using amino acid analyses and percentage absorption data of wheat by-products to calculate the amount of amino acid supplementation required to meet the total requirements of the rat, when bran, shorts or middlings were used as the only source of protein in the diet. A soybean meal diet supplemented with methionine was used as a control. Each diet was fed ad libitum to four rats, housed in individual cages, for a 7-day period. Weight gain, feed efficiency and net protein utilization (NPU) were used as criteria of the adequacy of the diets. Rats fed the supplemented shorts and middlings diets showed as good growth, feed efficiency and NPU values as those on the soybean meal diet. Weight gain and NPU were somewhat lower on the supplemented bran diet. These results may be partly explained on the basis of the lower content of total digestible nitrogen and the higher fiber content of the bran diet. Omission of any of the essential amino acids from the amino acid supplement calculated to be required in the bran diet caused a marked decrease in growth and feed efficiency.
MODIFICATION OF METHODS FOR GROWING, AND MEASURING PROTEIN NITROGEN SYNTHESIS BY, WASHED CELLS OF RUMINAL CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA
Authors: Elliot J. I. , McElroy W.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND PROCESSING OF DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF HOLSTEIN STEERS
Authors: Christensen D. A. , Duck B. A. , Nicholson H. H.
Published: March 2010

Feeding trials involving a total of 78 Holstein steers and utilizing barley diets were conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E and trace minerals, hay, diethylstilbestrol, and physical form of the barley on rate of gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics.In the first trial, a basal diet containing 13.2% crude protein was used. Inclusion of a vitamin E, manganese, zinc, copper and sulfur supplement, 10% hay, or urea in the pelleted diets, or implantation with 9 mg of diethylstilbestrol at the initial weight of 92 kg did not improve rate of gain or dressing percent (P < 0.05). The inclusion of 10% hay reduced feed efficiency (P < 0.05).In the second trial in which dry-rolled, steam-rolled, dry-rolled and pelleted, and steam-rolled and pelleted barley diets were fed, the dry-rolled diet gave slower gains than the diets containing steam-rolled barley or steam-rolled, pelleted barley (P < 0.05). Implanting steers fed the steam-rolled, pelleted diet with 24 mg of diethylstilbestrol at 240 kg liveweight increased rate of gain over other treatments (P < 0.05). Treatments did not affect feed efficiency. Dressing percent was increased in steers fed steam-rolled barley in comparison with those fed dry-rolled barley.
EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS HORMONES ON THE PRODUCTION OF BEEF FROM HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN STEERS AND BULLS REARED FROM BIRTH TO 475 KILOGRAMS ON ALL-CONCENTRATE RATION
Authors: Forrest R. J.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-six Holstein-Friesian bull calves reared to 475 kg liveweight grew more rapidly and were more efficient but showed less response to hormone implants than did a comparable group of 36 steers. Bulls had heavier heads and hides, lighter hindquarters, more cooler shrink, and less abdominal and rib fat than did steers. Hormone treatment increased hide weight and rib moisture in steers but decreased these characteristics in bulls. Bulls had heavier livers than steers and hormone treatment increased liver weight in steers.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Baker R. D. , Coggins E. G.
Published: March 2010

Fifty Aberdeen Angus cows were group-fed 1 kg of meal containing 10 mg of 6-chloro-Δ6-17 acetoxyprogesterone (CAP) per female per day for 14 days, followed by 1 kg of meal containing 5 mg of CAP per female per day for 4 days. Twenty-five cows were injected with 1,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 48 hr after the last CAP feeding. The cows injected with HCG were artificially inseminated 12–24 hr after the injection. Non-injected cows were inseminated approximately 12 hr after the onset of standing heat. CAP was successful in suppressing estrus in 47 (94%) of the cows during the feeding period. Seven of the 20 non-injected cows which showed heat conceived to the first post-treatment service. Six of the 15 HCG-injected cows which showed heat and four of the 10 HCG-injected cows which did not show heat conceived to the first post-treatment service. Of the 27 cows which showed a second post-treatment estrus and were inseminated, 13 cows conceived, giving a total of 30 cows conceiving to the artificial insemination services. The HCG injection had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the incidence of estrus or conception; however, it did eliminate the problem of detecting estrus and significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the time required for restraining and inseminating the cows.
COMPARISON BETWEEN RATIONS OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN: ENERGY RATIO FOR LAMBS WEANED AT THREE OR AT FIFTEEN DAYS OF AGE
Authors: Brisson G. J. , Lemay J. P.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four lambs, 32 weaned at 3 to 5 days of age and 32 at 15 days of age, were fed milk substitutes up to a liveweight of 25 kg. Half of each group received a ration with a protein:calorie ratio of 38.9 (ration A) and the other half a ration with a ratio of 34.5 (ration B). The gross energy of ration A was 4.7 kcal/g and that of ration B, 5.3 kcal/g. Average daily gain to 8 weeks of age was 238 and 253 g for the lambs fed rations A and B, respectively. Feed consumption was slightly higher for the lambs fed ration A. Dressing-out percentage was 52 for the lambs fed ration A and 56 for those fed ration B. The lambs weaned at 15 days had higher dressing-out percentages (P < 0.05). The percentage of carcasses which graded A was 33% for ration B and only 15% for ration A.
UTILIZATION OF FAT BY YOUNG PIGS: FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF INGESTA IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND APPARENT AND CORRECTED DIGESTIBILITIES OF CORN OIL, LARD AND TALLOW
Authors: Carlson W. E. , Bayley H. S.
Published: March 2010

Young pigs of 13 to 22 days of age, weaned at 7 days, were used to determine the digestibilities of corn oil, lard and tallow; the mean corrected digestibilities were 86, 81 and 56%, respectively. At 22 days of age, the animals were slaughtered and the fatty acid composition of samples from the contents of six different regions of the digestive system were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The contents of the digestive systems of a conventional and a germfree pig which had been receiving the same diet were also examined. The low digestibility of stearic acid and the high digestibilty of oleic and linoleic acids appeared to be a result of microfloral activity rather than a direct result of the pig’s ability to absorb these fatty acids.
SOME ASPECTS OF SELENIUM METABOLISM IN NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC SHEEP
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Jenkins K. J. , Carson R. B. , MacKay R. R.
Published: March 2010

For two consecutive years, ewes were fed a selenium-deficient hay obtained from an area of northern Ontario where numerous losses of calves and lambs have occurred in the past from nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD). During the first year, only 8 of 113 lambs from the selenium-depleted ewes were affected by the disorder. This is in marked contrast to previous findings that myopathy was readily produced in first-generation beef calves from dams fed low-selenium hay harvested in the same area. A high incidence and severity of muscle degeneration occurred in 4-month-old lambs born in the second year, accompanied by very low tissue selenium levels in both the ewes and lambs. Supplementation of the ewes’ diet with selenium and vitamin E during gestation was only partially effective in preventing NMD in the lambs. The selenium levels in the tissues of lambs from ewes fed dystrophogenic hay were considerably lower than in lambs born from ewes fed a hay which contained an adequate concentration of selenium. In electrocardiographic measurements, the ECG time intervals indicated no significant differences between lambs with histologically confirmed lesions and unaffected animals.Tissue distribution and excretion of selenium were studied in selenium-depleted sheep killed at various time intervals after the administration of a single oral dose of H275SeO3. Selenium was rapidly incorporated into the tissues, highest concentrations occurring in the kidneys, liver and adrenals. The element was found to be very rapidly eliminated from ewes, with over 80% of the dose excreted in the feces within 3 days and additional excretion via the urine over a subsequent 10-day period. Selenium absorbed by the ewe was found to be effectively passed on to the developing fetus. The results indicated that NMD may have developed slowly in lambs because they have a very low selenium requirement.Selenium, but not vitamin E administration, significantly elevated the blood selenium concentration of wethers fed a low-selenium, -vitamin E purified diet.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF THE FEEDING VALUE OF HAY
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Myhr P. I. , Lodge R. W. , Kilcher M. R.
Published: March 2010

A system for rating the quality of hay by sight, touch and smell was designed and tested. Seven sensory criteria were defined and rated independently on a scale from one to nine in direct relation to their assumed nutritional merit. Hays of different quality were obtained from four grasses and two alfalfas, each harvested at six maturity stages. Each hay was rated independently by five judges. The ratings did not differ (P < 0.05) between judges, but significant differences and interactions occurred between crops, maturity stages, and sensory criteria.Each hay was fed to sheep, and its nutritional value was determined as the voluntary consumption of digestible organic matter (grams consumed daily per kg of metabolic size—weight0.75). The correlation between voluntary consumption and the ratings of the sensory criteria in each hay was generally significant (P < 0.01) for composition, growth stage, color and texture, but not for freshness, odor and cleanness. The three last criteria varied little in the hays studied; therefore, it could not be concluded that they were unimportant in sensory evaluation of hay in general.The variability in voluntary intake "accounted for" by ratings of the seven sensory criteria ranged from 59 to 90% in the different kinds of hay, and 65% when the hays were pooled. When the hays were rated by composition and color only, these criteria "accounted for" 48 to 77% of the variability in intake, but only 38% when the hays were pooled. Coefficients of variation from regression for the pooled ratings were 23% for the seven sensory criteria, 30% for composition and color alone, and 38% from the mean for all seven criteria.
EFFECT OF GROUP FEEDING OF DIHYDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETOPHENIDE IN COMBINATION WITH AN INJECTION OF ESTRADIOL VALERATE AND MELENGESTROL ACETATE ON OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN BEEF HEIFERS
Authors: Tripathi V. N. , Howell W. E.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted with 36 yearling beef heifers to determine the effect of orally administered progestagens on the incidence and size of detectable ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (DHPA) was fed at an average level of 75 mg/head/day for 9 days, each heifer being injected intramuscularly with 5 mg estradiol valerate (EV) 24 hours after the first feeding. To a second group, melengestrol acetate (MGA) was fed at an average level of 0.45 mg/head/day for 18 days. While there was a decrease in the incidence of detectable follicles during DHPA + EV treatment, there was no significant reduction in the incidence of detectable corpora lutea. During MGA treatment, the incidence of detectable follicles increased, while the incidence of detectable corpora lutea decreased. Five of 12 heifers ovulated during DHPA + EV treatment, whereas ovulation was completely suppressed during MGA administration.
THE PROBLEM OF SEX TAINT IN PORK IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BOARS AND BARROWS: A REVIEW
Authors: Martin A. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF PACKING ORIENTATION, DAILY POSITIONAL CHANGE AND VIBRATION ON THE HATCHABILITY OF CHICKEN EGGS STORED UP TO FOUR WEEKS
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

When eggs were held in the small-end-up pack position without turning, their hatchability was equal to or better than that of eggs packed small-end-down. When eggs were stored in the small-end-up position for 2 to 4 weeks, it was, not beneficial to turn them daily as had been previously demonstrated to be advantageous for eggs stored small-end-down. Thus, the inconvenience and expense of daily turning can be avoided without loss.Evidence is also provided that hatchability was equally good whether eggs were stored on their sides and turned through 180° daily or stored small-end-up without positional change.The daily moderate vibration of eggs, during storage, had no detrimental effect on hatchability whether eggs were stored small-end-up or small-end-down. Preliminary evidence is presented which indicates that pre-incubation orientation of the egg in the small-end-up position is associated with a more centralized yolk position at setting time and the maintenance of the blastoderm location in the equatorial region of the egg.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS. STUDIES ON SOLUBLE PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS IN BLOATING AND NONBLOATING FORAGES
Authors: McArthur J. M. , Miltimore J. E.
Published: March 2010

The soluble proteins in five bloating and six nonbloating forages were separated chromatographically on agar gel columns and 18S protein, the agent causing bloat, was determined in column effluents. Bloating forages contained approximately one-third of total proteins in the form of 18S; nonbloating forages one-sixth or less. Total protein was highest in bloating forages. Nucleic acid content of the two types of forages was not significantly different. Production of nonbloating forage mixtures by mixing forages of high and low 18S protein is discussed.
THE VALUE OF RAPESEED MEAL FOR GROWING PULLETS AND LAYING HENS
Authors: Summers J. D. , Bayley H. S. , Pepper W. F. , Slinger S. J.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the value of rapeseed meal in poultry diets. In the first experiment when rapeseed meal replaced all of the supplemental soybean protein in a corn, soya-type pullet growing diet, weight gain was significantly reduced as compared with the corn, soya control diet. The difference, however, was small and may well have been due to amino acid imbalance. In the second experiment rapeseed meal effectively replaced soybean meal in a laying hen diet when fed in a phase-feeding program. For the overall test, the only difference in the phase-fed groups compared with birds fed the higher protein soybean meal control diet was a significantly lower weight gain from the diet where rapeseed meal replaced all of the soybean meal protein, and a decrease in average egg weight from the diet where rapeseed meal replaced half of the soybean meal protein.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY AND FINENESS OF SUBSTRATE GRIND AS AN INDICATOR OF VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF HAY BY SHEEP
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Hay of two alfalfa varieties and four grass species harvested at six maturity stages each was fed to sheep. Voluntary intakes were measured in grams of dry matter daily per kg of metabolic size. Samples were ground coarsely and finely and digested in vitro. Fine grinding did not increase the digestibility of immature hay, but with advancing maturity the fine substrate was progressively more digestible than the coarse. This difference was inversely related (P < 0.05) to voluntary feed intake. The regression of voluntary intake of dry matter (g/day/kg0.75 body weight) on the difference of in vitro digestibility of organic matter in finely and coarsely ground substrate was −2.32 g in the alfalfa hay and −4.18 g in the grass hay. The coefficient of variation from regression was 14% in the alfalfa and 17% in the grass hays. Fine grinding had a greater effect on the in vitro digestibility of organic matter than of dry matter. This resulted in a higher significance of the relationship of intake with the effect of grinding on the digestibility of organic matter than on that of dry matter.
EFFECT OF COLD STRESSING CHICKEN EMBRYOS ON HATCHABILITY AND POST-HATCHING BODY WEIGHT
Authors: Buckland R. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
CHANGES IN PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF EWE’S MILK THROUGHOUT LACTATION
Authors: Bouchard R. , Brisson G. J.
Published: March 2010

Seven ewes were milked weekly for a period of 12 weeks following parturition. Milk proteins were partitioned and changes in the concentration of each fraction were determined. Casein and non-protein nitrogen fractions increased during the first week while β-lactoglobulin, globulins and proteose-peptones decreased and α-lactalbumin remained unchanged. Following the first week of lactation, casein remained constant, β-lactoglobulin and non-protein nitrogen increased while globulins, proteose-peptones and α-lactalbumin decreased slowly until the end of the lactation period studied. Albumins and globulins constituted 15.0% of total nitrogen. Casein was equivalent to 75.2% of total nitrogen and crude proteins to 27.7% of the milk dry matter.
A COMPARISON OF THE BETA BACKSCATTER AND QUASI-STATIC COMPRESSION METHODS OF MEASURING EGGSHELL STRENGTH
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Hunt J. R. , James Paul E.
Published: March 2010

The beta backscatter technique can be used td predict eggshell thickness, but with less accuracy than obtained from the specific gravity of the egg. Beta backscatter measurements can account for 40% of the variation in shell thickness but only 20% of the variation in fracture force.
REDUCED FORMATION OF SILICEOUS URINARY CALCULI IN CATTLE GIVEN EXCESS WATER
Authors: Bailey C. B.
Published: March 2010

For 40 weeks, 20 male calves were given fixed amounts of prairie hay and water in amounts estimated to equal their requirement. Another 20 calves were given the same amount of hay but 40% more water. The extra water was mixed with milk and readily consumed, or was administered by stomach tube. The concentration of silicic acid in the urine and the amounts of calculi in the bladders and kidneys of the calves given extra water were less than in those of calves given normal amounts of water. These results support the conclusion that the concentration of silicic acid in urine is an important factor in, the formation of siliceous calculi.
ENZYMIC DEGRADATION OF WHEAT BRAN TO IMPROVE ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUE FOR MONOGASTRICS
Authors: Neudoerffer T. S. , Smith R. E.
Published: March 2010

The enzymic degradation of wheat bran using cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes from a number of sources was investigated. Two enzyme combinations were found to be effective for the chemical alteration of wheat bran. Crude enzyme preparation from the fungus T. viride in combination with a commercial proteinase brought about a 32% reducing sugar accumulation, a 36% loss of holocellulose, a 40% loss of α-cellulose and a, 54% solubilization of protein. Crude enzyme preparation from the fungus M. verrucaria in combination with a commercial proteinase gave rise to a 27% reducing sugar accumulation, a 39% loss of holocellulose, a 22% loss of α-cellulose and 50% solubilization of protein. The nutritional value for the rat of wheat bran modified by either enzyme combination was significantly improved. Apparent protein digestibility was improved significantly. Preliminary experiments indicate that the modification of wheat bran increases the metabolizable energy.
EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE ON COPPER TOXICITY IN EARLY-WEANED PIGS
Authors: Parris E. C. Clyde , McDonald Bruce E.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two 3-week-old pigs (16 males and 16 females) were used to study the effect of major dietary protein source on toxicity to high levels of supplemental copper. Fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) diets containing 0, 250, 500 or 750 ppm added Cu were fed for 6 weeks. Additions of 500 and 750 ppm Cu to the FM diet depressed (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake, whereas similar additions to the SBM diet had no appreciable effect. Tissue, especially liver and kidney, and serum Cu levels increased with level of added dietary Cu, irrespective of dietary protein source. Cu concentrations tended to be slightly higher for pigs fed the Cu-supplemented FM diets than for those fed the Cu-supplemented SBM diets but, unlike weight gain, there were no pronounced protein source × dietary Cu level interactions for tissue or serum Cu concentrations. Serum Cu levels tended to increase with length of time the pigs were on experiment, especially for animals fed the diets containing 500 and 750 ppm added Cu. Serum aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (SGOT) activity appeared to be unrelated to dietary treatment. No gross pathological changes were found in the tissues of animals slaughtered at the conclusion of the experiment.
INBREEDING AND RELATIONSHIP FOR THREE BREEDS OF PIGS IN CANADA
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Stothart J. G. , Hickman C. G.
Published: March 2010

Pedigree sampling techniques were used to study inbreeding and relationship within the Berkshire, Yorkshire and Tamworth breeds in Canada. The pedigrees sampled were from Volume 71 of the Canadian Swine Breeders Herdbook published in 1963.The Berkshire is the oldest established breed in Canada, but in terms of genetic relationships it is the youngest of the three breeds studied. Only two of the important ancestors of the breed predate 1939. A high proportion of the inbreeding present in the breed has also occurred since that date, and the major importations of breeding stock have taken place since 1948.The Yorkshire, established in 1889, 13 years after the Berkshire, has been markedly less dependent on importations. Inbreeding has progressed at a reasonably steady rate since 1920 and birth dates of important common ancestors of the breed are distributed reasonably uniformly over the period from 1900 to 1940. These two breeds have the same inbreeding (7.0%), but, because of the difference in effective genetic age, inbreeding in the Berkshire has progressed at approximately double the rate per generation observed for Yorkshires. Inbreeding of the Tamworth has progressed at a rate comparable with the Berkshires. In terms of generations, however, the breed is of essentially the same age as the Yorkshire and total inbreeding is approximately double that for the Yorkshire and Berkshire breeds.
GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY CALVES FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS, SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Milk replacers containing zero (all-milk) or 70% of the total protein from a soybean protein concentrate (soy-milk), with or without methionine supplementation, were fed to Holstein calves. Bull calves digested 91 and 89% of the dry matter (P < 0.05), and 87 and 82% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01) supplied by the all-milk and soy-milk replacers, respectively. Nitrogen retention averaged 41% of that consumed, with no difference due to protein source. DL-methionine (0.1% of the dry replacer) did not increase calf growth or nitrogen retention. Heifer calves fed whole milk, the all-milk replacer or soy-milk replacer plus methionine, and hay and concentrates, gained 496, 550 and 526 g/day, respectively, to weaning at 7 weeks of age (treatment means not significantly different at P < 0.05). Weight gains for these three groups of heifers from 7 to 15 weeks of age were 723, 650 and 599 g/day (significant difference between whole milk and soy-milk at P < 0.05), respectively. It was concluded that the soybean protein concentrate could supply a major portion of the protein in milk replacers for rearing dairy calves.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF HOLSTEIN, SHORTHORN × HOLSTEIN AND SHORTHORN CALVES FOR VEAL
Authors: Jordan W. A. , Lister E. E. , Logan V. S. , Carman G. M. , Miles V.
Published: March 2010

During three consecutive seasons 129 bull calves, consisting of 45 Holstein, 45 Shorthorn × Holstein (Crossbred) and 39 Shorthorn, were pail fed whole milk, plus a limited quantify of meal ration after the first 3 weeks until marketed at approximately 95 kg liveweight. Holsteins reached market weight at an average of 57 days, a shorter period than for either Crossbreds or Shorthorns. This was due to a combination of Holsteins’ higher initial weight and average daily gain.Carcass grade favored Shorthorns over Holsteins, with Crossbreds intermediate. There was little difference in dressing percentage among breeds. Shorthorns produced more boned loin, rib, shoulder round, sirloin, and fat trim and had a larger eye of lean area than Holsteins but less cutlets, leg bottom, rump and bones. Results from the higher grade of carcasses produced by Shorthorns must be weighed against Holsteins’ greater daily gain, shorter time on feed and less total milk required to reach market. In nearly all aspects, Crossbreds were intermediate.
IN VITRO INHIBITION OF SUCCINATE AND PYRUVATE OXIDATION BY ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF GRASSES, LEGUMES AND DYSTROPHOGENIC FORAGES
Authors: Cheeke P. R. , Oldfield J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN EVALUATION OF FIELD PEAS AS A PROTEIN AND ENERGY SOURCE FOR SWINE RATIONS
Authors: BELL J. M. , WILSON A. G.
Published: March 2010

Field peas of cull grade replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the soybean meal-flshmeal component of a swine grower ration without detriment to rate of growth, feed utilization or carcass quality. Methionine supplementation proved unnecessary. When cull peas replaced 10, 20, 30 or 40% of the barley in the ration, pig performance was also maintained. The digestibility of protein and energy in cull peas was 87 and 81% and of good (4CW) peas was 83 and 86%, respectively.The monetary values of cull and 4CW peas when incorporated into swine grower rations at various levels were determined in two different market situations by use of the parametric linear programming technique. Up to 25% peas entered least-cost formulas involving a 17% maximum level of crude protein in the ration. When pea prices equalled corn or barley prices in the respective markets, 12 to 20% peas were indicated in the ration formulas.
PREDICTION OF LEAN YIELD OF BEEF CARCASSES
Authors: MARTIN A. H. , FREDEEN H. T. , WEISS G. M. , NEWMAN J. A.
Published: March 2010

Detailed carcass cut-out data were obtained over two years on 149 Shorthorn bulls slaughtered at approximately 14 months of age. Carcass yield was measured on a closely trimmed basis, bone-in and boneless, and finally on a boneless-defatted basis. Simple carcass measurements were used singly and in multiple regression to predict lean meat content. Significantly larger average loin eye area measurements and smaller average rib fat measurements were obtained at the 12th–13th rib face than at the 11th–12th rib face [Formula: see text]. Fat measurements taken at the 12th–13th rib were more highly related to lean yield at all levels of trim than were fat measurements taken at the 11th–12th rib. Two intrascope measurements of the subcutaneous fat taken on unribbed carcasses and used in multiple regression had predictive value equivalent to the sum of three rib fat measurements at the 12th–13th rib. Rib fat measurements plus loin eye area provided equations which predicted carcass yield with good precision. Inclusion of carcass weight in the equation improved precision slightly. Inclusion of kidney fat percent was of no value. Maximum precision was achieved by including the variable trimmed round percent. A number of simple and multiple regression equations are presented and comparisons made with prediction equations developed elsewhere. Implications regarding beef carcass grading and beef sire testing programs are discussed.
BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF CAFFEINE IN PIGS
Authors: CUNNINGHAM H. M.
Published: March 2010

Five experiments were conducted with growing pigs to determine the biological half-life of caffeine after injection or various periods of ingestion. Peak plasma caffeine levels were reached within 5 hr after a single oral dose and 2 hr after intramuscular injection, and then declined with a biological half-life of about 12 hr. The caffeine content of tissues was approximately proportional to their water content and 6% of orally administered caffeine was excreted in the urine. Upon continuous ingestion of caffeine, peak plasma levels were reached within 2 days, indicating that accumulation was quite limited. When 1.5 g of caffeine per kg of feed was fed from weaning to market weight, the withdrawal of caffeine 2 days prior to slaughter was sufficient time to insure that caffeine levels in the liver, muscle, kidney and backfat were below 1 μg/g.
INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETARY COPPER ON COPPER CONCENTRATION OF PIG BLOOD, SELECTED TISSUES AND DIGESTIVE TRACT CONTENTS
Authors: DROULISCOS N. J. , BOWLAND J. P. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four pigs received barley-based diets with either fishmeal or soybean meal as supplemental protein and either 0 or 250 ppm supplemental Cu. Supplemental Cu increased rate of gain for fishmeal-supplemented pigs but not for soybean meal-supplemented pigs.Cu concentration of intestinal tissue (wet basis) from the duodenum, two sections of jejunum, the ileum and colon averaged 17 ppm and of intestinal contents averaged 28 ppm when either protein supplement without Cu was fed. Addition of Cu to the diets increased concentration of Cu in both intestinal tissue (average 104 ppm) and contents (average 253 ppm), but source of protein did not influence the increase. The liver (wet basis) averaged 29 ppm Cu for unsupplemented pigs fed either protein supplement, 166 ppm for Cu-supplemented pigs fed soybean meal and 329 ppm for Cu-supplemented pigs fed fish-meal. Cu levels in portal blood plasma averaged 21 μg/100 ml and were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment, sex or weight. Cu in systemic blood plasma averaged 110 μg/100 ml. Unsaturated fatty acids were increased in the backfat of pigs receiving the fishmeal-supplemented diet with Cu.Weight at slaughter (50, 70 or 90 kg) influenced Cu concentration only in contents of the colon and in the liver. Gilts did not differ from barrows in Cu concentration in tissues or intestinal contents. The results suggest that the intestinal mucosa has a major influence on the control of systemic Cu levels.
TRACER STUDIES OF UREA RECYCLING EN SHEEP
Authors: FORD A. L. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

The urea transferred from the plasma to the digestive tract of fed sheep was measured employing 14C-urea as a tracer, after establishing metabolic steady state. Plasma urea concentrations were adjusted by intravenous infusion of unlabelled urea. Recycled urea, within the physiological range of plasma urea concentrations, fitted a linear function of plasma concentration. Recycling, in this study, of urea in different animals and for different rations, followed the relationship: [Formula: see text], SE = 2.27, r = 0.85, where [Formula: see text] urea recycled per day and X = plasma urea concentration (up to 45 mg/100 ml).A regression equation, incorporating data from other studies, that could be used for the general prediction of urea recycling in sheep from the plasma urea concentration, was presented. The ration did not appear to influence significantly urea recycling aside from its effects on the plasma urea concentration.
EFFECT OF DIETS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY WEANED HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CALVES
Authors: MILLIGAN J. D. , GRIEVE C. M.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted with Holstein-Friesian calves to study the effects of diets and early weaning on body growth and development of rumen function. In the first experiment, calves fed restricted levels of milk replacer and a simple calf meal grew as fast to 120 days of age as calves fed high levels of milk replacer or a complex calf meal. When calves were fed a high-energy milk replacer and weaned at 3 weeks of age, feed consumption and growth rate to 120 days of age was comparable with that of calves fed a low-energy milk replacer and weaned at 4 weeks of age. There were no differences in digestibility of the simple and complex calf meals. Apparent coefficients of digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy increased slightly between the 5th and 9th weeks; nitrogen retention increased from 14.9 to 29.9%. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) averaged 10.3 and 10.0 mmoles/100 ml rumen fluid at 5 and 9 weeks, respectively, and there were no significant changes in proportions of VFA.In the second experiment, there was no difference in feed consumption or growth rate when calves were fed the simple and complex calf meals in pelleted form.In the third experiment, concentrations of total VFA increased from 2.3 to 12.6 mmoles/100 ml rumen fluid between 6 and 37 days of age. The proportion of acetate decreased from 71.6% at 6 days to 42.9% at 37 days, while molar proportions of propionate and butyrate increased from 19.7 and 4.5% to 37.5 and 12.0%, respectively, for the same period of time. Rumen pH declined as the concentration of volatile fatty acids increased. Blood glucose levels increased from 6 to 55 days of age.