bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring timescales of predictability in species distributions
Authors: Brodie Stephanie , Abrahms Briana , Bograd Steven J. , Carroll Gemma , Hazen Elliott L. , Muhling Barbara A. , Pozo Buil Mercedes , Smith James A. , Welch Heather , Jacox Michael G.
Published: March 2021

Accurate forecasts of how animals respond to climate‐driven environmental change are needed to prepare for future redistributions, however, it is unclear which temporal scales of environmental variability give rise to predictability of species distributions. We examined the temporal scales of environmental variability that best predicted spatial abundance of a marine predator, swordfish Xiphias gladius, in the California Current. To understand which temporal scales of environmental variability provide biological predictability, we decomposed physical variables into three components: a monthly climatology (long‐term average), a low frequency component representing interannual variability, and a high frequency (sub‐annual) component that captures ephemeral features. We then assessed each component's contribution to predictive skill for spatially‐explicit swordfish catch. The monthly climatology was the primary source of predictability in swordfish spatial catch, reflecting the spatial distribution associated with seasonal movements in this region. Importantly, we found that the low frequency component (capturing interannual variability) provided significant skill in predicting anomalous swordfish distribution and catch, which the monthly climatology cannot. The addition of the high frequency component added only minor improvement in predictability. By examining models' ability to predict species distribution anomalies, we assess the models in a way that is consistent with the goal of distribution forecasts – to predict deviations of species distributions from their average historical locations. The critical importance of low frequency climate variability in describing anomalous swordfish distributions and catch matches the target timescales of physical climate forecasts, suggesting potential for skillful ecological forecasts of swordfish distributions across short (seasonal) and long (climate) timescales. Understanding sources of prediction skill for species environmental responses gives confidence in our ability to accurately predict species distributions and abundance, and to know which responses are likely less predictable, under future climate change. This is important as climate change continues to cause an unprecedented redistribution of life on Earth.
Kant, Frege, and the normativity of logic:MacFarlane's argument for common ground
Authors: Nunez Tyke
Published: March 2021

According to what used to be the standard view (Poincaré, Wang, etc.), although Frege endorses, and Kant denies, the claim that arithmetic is reducible to logic, there is not a substantive disagreement between them because their conceptions of logic are too different. In his “Frege, Kant, and the Logic in Logicism,” John MacFarlane aims to establish that Frege and Kant do share enough of a conception of logic for this to be a substantive, judicable dispute. MacFarlane maintains that for both Frege and Kant, the fundamental defining characteristic of logic is “that it provides norms for thoughtas such” (MacFarlane, 2002, p.57). I defend the standard view. I show that MacFarlane's argument rests on conflating the way that pure general logic is normative as a canon and as a propaedeutic, and that once these are distinguished the argument is blocked.
Risk of requiring a wheelchair in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Data from the ORATORIO trial and the MSBase registry
Authors: Butzkueven Helmut , Spelman Tim , Horakova Dana , Hughes Stella , Solaro Claudio , Izquierdo Guillermo , Kubala Havrdová Eva , Grand'Maison Francois , Prat Alexandre , Girard Marc , Hupperts Raymond , Onofrj Marco , Lugaresi Alessandra , Taylor Bruce ,   the MSBase Study Group, Giovannoni Gavin , Kappos Ludwig , Hauser Stephen L. , Montalban Xavier , Craveiro Licinio , Freitas Rita , Model Fabian , Overell James , Muros‐Le Rouzic Erwan , Sauter Annette , Wang Qing , Wormser David , Wolinsky Jerry S.
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose

Reaching Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≥7.0 represents the requirement for a wheelchair. Here we (i) assess the effect of ocrelizumab on time to EDSS ≥7.0 over the ORATORIO (NCT01194570) double‐blind and extended controlled periods (DBP+ECP), (ii) quantify likely long‐term benefits by extrapolating results, and (iii) assess the plausibility of extrapolations using an independent real‐world cohort (MSBase registry; ACTRN12605000455662).

Methods

Post hoc analyses assessing time to 24‐week confirmed EDSS ≥7.0 in two cohorts of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (baseline EDSS 3.0–6.5) were investigated in ORATORIO and MSBase.

Results

In the ORATORIO DBP+ECP, ocrelizumab reduced the risk of 24‐week confirmed EDSS ≥7.0 (hazard ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31–0.92; p = 0.022). Extrapolated median time to 24‐week confirmed EDSS ≥7.0 was 12.1 and 19.2 years for placebo and ocrelizumab, respectively (7.1‐year delay [95% CI: −4.3 to 18.4]). In MSBase, the median time to 24‐week confirmed EDSS ≥7.0 was 12.4 years.

Conclusions

Compared with placebo, ocrelizumab significantly delayed time to 24‐week confirmed wheelchair requirement in ORATORIO. The plausibility of the extrapolated median time to reach this milestone in the placebo group was supported by observed real‐world data from MSBase. Extrapolated benefits for ocrelizumab over placebo could represent a truly meaningful delay in loss of ambulation and independence.
The effect of surface pre‐reacted glass‐ionomer filler eluate on dental pulp cells and mineral deposition on dentin: In vitro study
Authors: Nishimaki Mayuri , Nassar Mohannad , Tamura Yukihiko , Hiraishi Noriko , Dargham Ahmad , Nikaido Toru , Tagami Junji
Published: March 2021

The effects of surface pre‐reacted glass‐ionomer (S‐PRG) filler on pulpal cells and on the composition of dentinal deposits were investigated. Proliferation (CCK‐8), cytotoxicity (LDH), and differentiation activity (ALP) tests, along with cell morphology observations, were conducted at 6 and 24 h after treatment of pulpal cells with different S‐PRG filler eluate concentrations. Dentinal surfaces were immersed in deionized water or S‐PRG filler eluate followed by immersion in deionized water or simulated body fluid and observed under scanning electron microscope and elemental analysis using energy dispersive x‐ray spectrometer. At 24 h, there were significant differences in CCK‐8 and ALP activity values between the groups in a concentration‐dependent manner. LDH test data were not significantly different among the groups. Cell morphology was not altered at either exposure time. However, decreased cellular density was observed with the highest eluate concentration. Crystalline deposits and occluded dentinal tubules were observed in samples immersed in S‐PRG filler with a later immersion in simulated body fluid, which also showed higher concentrations of certain ions compared to surfaces that were not initially treated with S‐PRG filler. The lowest two eluate concentrations did not show significant toxicity. S‐PRG enhanced the effect of simulated body fluid in the formation of mineral deposits.
Effects of global warming on species with temperature‐dependent sex determination: Bridging the gap between empirical research and management
Authors: Lockley Emma C. , Eizaguirre Christophe
Published: March 2021

Global warming could threaten over 400 species with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) worldwide, including all species of sea turtle. During embryonic development, rising temperatures might lead to the overproduction of one sex and, in turn, could bias populations’ sex ratios to an extent that threatens their persistence. If climate change predictions are correct, and biased sex ratios reduce population viability, species with TSD may go rapidly extinct unless adaptive mechanisms, whether behavioural, physiological or molecular, exist to buffer these temperature‐driven effects. Here, we summarize the discovery of the TSD phenomenon and its still elusive evolutionary significance. We then review the molecular pathways underpinning TSD in model species, along with the hormonal mechanisms that interact with temperatures to determine an individual's sex. To illustrate evolutionary mechanisms that can affect sex determination, we focus on sea turtle biology, discussing both the adaptive potential of this threatened TSD taxon, and the risks associated with conservation mismanagement.
A Systematic Review of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Han Sohyun C. , Baucom Brian , Timmons Adela C. , Margolin Gayla
Published: March 2021

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of the parasympathetic nervous system, has recently gained attention as a physiological component of regulatory processes, social connectedness, and health. Within the context of romantic relationships, studies have operationalized and conceptualized RSA in disparate ways, obscuring a clear pattern of findings. This systematic review synthesizes the rapidly developing literature and clarifies the role of RSA in romantic relationships. We evaluate support for three conceptual hypotheses: (1) resting baseline RSA is associated with better quality relationships; (2) phasic RSA is reflective of changes in threat and connection during couple interactions; and (3) physiological linkage in RSA between romantic partners relates to positive or negative relationship functioning depending on the nature of the linkage (e.g., in‐phase vs. antiphase). We identified 26 empirical studies that tested associations between RSA and an index of romantic relationships (i.e., relationship satisfaction). Our findings show that higher RSA is not uniformly “good” for relationships. Higher resting baseline RSA was contemporaneously associated with better quality relationships, yet higher baseline RSA was also unexpectedly associated with relationship violence. Short‐term decreases in RSA were found during relationship conflict, though the opposite—phasic increases in RSA during positive romantic partner interactions—was not found due to mixed empirical support. As expected, evidence for RSA linkage was found, though the connection between linkage and relationship functioning depends on the context in which it was measured. We discuss methodological limitations and directions for future research.
Stress granules: regulators or by‐products?
Authors: Mateju Daniel , Chao Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2021

Cells have to deal with conditions that can cause damage to biomolecules and eventually cell death. To protect against these adverse conditions and promote recovery, cells undergo dramatic changes upon exposure to stress. This involves activation of signaling pathways, cell cycle arrest, translational reprogramming, and reorganization of the cytoplasm. Notably, many stress conditions cause a global inhibition of mRNA translation accompanied by the formation of cytoplasmic condensates called stress granules (SGs), which sequester mRNA together with RNA‐binding proteins, translation initiation factors, and other components. SGs are highly conserved in eukaryotes, suggesting that they perform an important function during the stress response. Over the years, many different roles have been assigned to SGs, including translational control, mRNA storage, regulation of mRNA decay, antiviral innate immune response, and modulation of signaling pathways. Most of our understanding, however, has been deduced from correlative data based upon the composition of SGs and only recently have technological innovations allowed hypotheses for SG function to be directly tested. Here, we discuss these challenges and explore the evidence related to the function of SGs.
The inter‐annual fishing variability in Octopus insularis (Leite & Haimovici 2008) as a result of oceanographic factors
Authors: Lopes Priscila F. M. , Andrade Lorena C. A. , Pennino Maria Grazia , Leite Tatiana S.
Published: March 2021

Octopus insularis, despite being widely fished from Brazil to Mexico, has only recently been described as a different species from the sympatric Octopus vulgaris complex in the tropical Atlantic, where its occurrence is determined by different environmental factors. Using a 10‐year time series from Brazil, we modeled how topographic aspects and oceanographic variables affected the landings of O. insularis. For that we used a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) technique and residual autocovariate‐boosted regression trees (RAC‐BRTs). In addition to the octopus landing per unit effort (LPUE) being driven by the seafloor structure, we also observed that it was directly related to the temperature and inversely related to chlorophyll. Higher LPUEs were observed in warmer years. Although the relationship between LPUE and chlorophyll or temperature has not yet been explained under laboratorial conditions, the higher catches observed at higher temperatures may be both a result of the local fishing dynamics and a warning toward the possibility of future niche expansion, due to climate change. If the latter is confirmed, octopus fisheries in parts of the South Atlantic would need to adapt to a smaller, and thus cheaper, body‐sized species.
Temporal variations in hatch date and early survival of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in response to environmental factors in the central Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Authors: Fujita Tatsunori , Yamamoto Masayuki , Kono Naoaki , Tomiyama Takeshi , Sugimatsu Koichi , Yoneda Michio
Published: March 2021

Reproductive success can be influenced by the match or mismatch between the spawning season and optimal environmental conditions for larval survival. However, it is challenging to understand how temporal factors affect population dynamics. In the central Seto Inland Sea, Hiuchi‐nada, western Japan, the recruitment of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) has markedly decreased in the last decade. To explore the causes of this decline, egg survey and commercial catch data from 1994 to 2019 (26 years) between April and August were used to examine egg production, hatch date, and early survival in relation to environmental factors. Otolith microstructure analysis indicated that most landed larval and juvenile fish (recruits) hatched in May and June. Egg and recruit abundances were negatively correlated over the study period. The survival indices from hatching to recruitment were higher in waters at 16–24°C in a given season until the mid‐2000s. Thereafter, they decreased over the studied temperature range and remained relatively low over the last five years. The copepod nauplii densities from 2015 to 2019 were significantly higher than those from 2002 to 2005 due possibly to the effect of increasing temperature, but the ratio of copepod nauplii density to larval density in May and June from 2015 to 2019 was approximately 34% and 66% of those from 2002 to 2005, respectively. These findings and the hydrodynamic features of these waters suggest that the recent decline in recruit abundance is partly due to a decrease in larval survival in response to increasing intracohort competition for prey in early‐life stages.
The subversive potential of witchcraft: A reflection on Federici's Self‐reproducing movements
Authors: Daskalaki Maria
Published: March 2021

This is a theoretical contribution that draws on the work of Silvia Federici, and particularly her book, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the body and primitive accumulation to discuss crises, struggles over social reproduction, and feminist activist organizing. We refer to incidents of women's organizing namely the Parisian pétroleuses (the female supporters of the Paris Commune), the Kurdish Women's Movement in Rojava, the Urban Land committees in Venezuela, and the 21st century witch‐hunting in Africa, and discuss colonial and patriarchal strategies of exploitation and feminist resistance across different space‐times. We then suggest that the struggles over social reproduction are intertwined with resistances that enable women to participate in communities that re‐embed them in the spheres of feminist activism. The article concludes that the crises, including the gendered effects of the Covid‐19 pandemic, should be discussed in relation to our capacity to organize in ways that nurture values of cooperation, equality, solidarity, and care, and eliminate unjust access to rights driven by patriarchal and statist repressive modes of social organization.
PROTECT VIII kids extension study: Long‐term safety and efficacy of BAY 94‐9027 (damoctocog alfa pegol) in children with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Mancuso Maria Elisa , Biss Tina , Fischer Kathelijn , Maas Enriquez Monika , Steele MacGregor , Wang Maria , Tseneklidou‐Stoeter Despina , Ahuja Sanjay , Kenet Gili
Published: March 2021

Introduction

BAY 94‐9027 (damoctocog alfa pegol; an extended half‐life PEGylated recombinant factor VIII [FVIII]) demonstrated efficacy and safety in previously treated paediatric patients (PTPs) aged <12 years with severe haemophilia A in the PROTECT VIII Kids study (NCT01775618).

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term safety of BAY 94‐9027 in PTPs aged <12 years at enrolment.

Methods

In the PROTECT VIII Kids study, boys <12 years with severe haemophilia A were enrolled in two age cohorts (6–<12 years and <6 years) and treated prophylactically twice weekly, every 5 days or every 7 days, with BAY 94‐9027 for ≥50 exposure days (EDs). Patients who had completed ≥50 EDs and ≥6 months in the main study or 12‐week safety expansion study were eligible to participate in the extension. Primary safety variable was frequency of inhibitor development; main efficacy variable was annualised bleeding rate (ABR).

Results

Of 73 PTPs from the main/expansion studies, 59 (81%) entered the extension phase for a median (range) duration of 5.0 (0.4–5.9) years. Overall, 39 patients completed ≥5 years of treatment. No patients developed FVIII inhibitors/anti‐PEG antibodies, and two patients aged <6 years discontinued. Median ABR for total bleeds was 1.5 (<6 years) and 1.9 (6–<12 years). Total ABR improved in the extension vs. the main study. In the last 12 months of treatment, median spontaneous ABR was 0.0 in both age groups.

Conclusions

BAY 94‐9027 showed long‐term safety and efficacy for the prevention and treatment of bleeds in younger and older paediatric patients with severe haemophilia A.
The effect of cultural and psychological characteristics on the purchase behavior and satisfaction of electric vehicles: A comparative study of US and China
Authors: Song Mee Ryoung , Chu Wujin , Im Meeja
Published: March 2021

This is a viewpoint paper that compares the psychological and behavioral characteristics of electric vehicle (EV) owners in the United States and China. EV is viewed as the dominant next wave of automotive technology and this research is a cross‐cultural study of the two most important automotive markets in the world. In particular, this study surveyed actual EV users in the United States and China, and compared their psychological and behavioral characteristics. The study also shows that motivation for EV usage, reasons for purchase, and satisfaction are different across the two countries. US owners showed a higher propensity to innovate and greater knowledge of EVs than Chinese owners. Even though there was no difference between the two groups in terms of environmental concern, Chinese owners cited reputation and signaling social responsibility as being important considerations in their purchase of an EV, while US owners cited technological innovativeness, driving pleasure, and lower maintenance cost. Satisfaction with EV ownership was affected by economic benefit and environmental concern in China and innovation in the United States. This study shows how culture and stage of motorization are reflected in consumer behavior and satisfaction regarding EVs. EV manufacturers need to be aware of these differences when targeting the two markets.
Spatial Regression With Partial Differential Equation Regularisation
Authors: Sangalli Laura M.
Published: March 2021

This work gives an overview of an innovative class of methods for the analysis of spatial and of functional data observed over complicated two‐dimensional domains. This class is based on regression with regularising terms involving partial differential equations. The associated estimation problems are solved resorting to advanced numerical analysis techniques. The synergical interplay of approaches from statistics, applied mathematics and engineering endows the methods with important advantages with respect to the available techniques, and makes them able to accurately deal with data structures for which the classical techniques are unfit. Spatial regression with differential regularisation is illustrated via applications to the analysis of eco‐colour doppler measurements of blood‐flow velocity, and to functional magnetic resonance imaging signals associated with neural connectivity in the cerebral cortex.
Making the world a better place with fintech research
Authors: Lagna Andrea , Ravishankar M. N.
Published: March 2021

Financial technology (fintech) is seen as possessing significant potential to provide the poor access to financial services and help them escape the clutches of poverty. Surprisingly, Information Systems (IS) research has engaged little with fintech's promise of fostering financial inclusion for the poor. In the spirit of ‘making a better world with ICTs’, conducting ‘responsible IS research for a better world’ and ‘understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research’, we advance a framework for guiding IS research on fintech‐led financial inclusion. Drawing on the IS literature and Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) scholarship, we extrapolate five areas of research that can better illuminate fintech's contributions to financial inclusion: (a) business strategies for fintech‐led financial inclusion; (b) digital artifacts of fintech‐led financial inclusion; (c) business environment of fintech‐led financial inclusion; (d) microfoundations of fintech for financial inclusion; (e) developmental impacts of fintech. We conclude with a discussion of how the five areas offer opportunities for impactful research on fintech and the promise of building a financially inclusive society.
Effects of composition and phase relations on mechanical properties and crystallization of silicate glasses
Authors: Kilinc Erhan , Bell Anthony M. T. , Bingham Paul A. , Hand Russell J.
Published: March 2021

Crystallization, mechanical properties, and workability are all important for the commercialization and optimization of silicate glass compositions. However, the inter‐relations of these properties as a function of glass composition have received little investigation. Soda‐lime‐silica glasses with Na2O‐MgO‐CaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 compositions relevant to commercial glass manufacture were experimentally studied and multiple liquidus temperature and viscosity models were used to complement the experimental results. Liquidus temperatures of the fabricated glasses were measured by the temperature gradient technique, and Rietveld refinements were applied to X‐Ray powder diffraction (XRD) data for devitrified glasses, enabling quantitative determination of the crystalline and amorphous fractions and the nature of the crystals. Structural properties were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Acoustic echography, micro‐Vicker's indentation, and single‐edge‐notched bend testing methods were used to measure Young's moduli, hardness, and fracture toughness, respectively. It is shown that it is possible to design lower‐melting soda‐lime‐silica glass compositions without compromising their mechanical and crystallization properties. Unlike Young's modulus, brittleness is highly responsive to the composition in soda‐lime‐silica glasses, and notably low brittleness values can be obtained in glasses with compositions in the wollastonite primary phase field: an effect that is more pronounced in the silica primary phase field. The measured bulk crystal fractions of the glasses subjected to devitrification at the lowest possible industrial conditioning temperatures indicate that soda‐lime‐silica glass melts can be conditioned close to their liquidus temperatures within the compositional ranges of the primary phase fields of cristobalite, wollastonite, or their combinations.
Static postural balance between male athletes with intellectual disabilities and their sedentary peers: A comparative study
Authors: Jouira Ghada , Srihi Selim , Kachouri Hiba , Ben Waer Fatma , Rebai Haithem , Sahli Sonia
Published: March 2021

Background

Previous reports showed that athletes without disabilities have better postural skills than their sedentary peers. This finding has not been elucidated in athletes with intellectual disabilities despite their decreased postural balance. This study aims to investigate static postural balance in track and field athletes with intellectual disabilities compared to their sedentary peers.

Methods

Eighteen track and field athletes with intellectual disabilities (23.5 ± 4.52 years) and 18 sedentary peers (20.3 ± 3.4 years) participated in this study. A stabilometric platform was used to assess static postural balance in bipedal and unipedal stances with open (OE) and closed (CE) eyes.

Results

In OE, the result showed significantly better static postural balance (CoPVm: p < .001; CoParea: p < .001) in athletes compared to the sedentary ones in both stances. In CE, this difference was not observed in the unipedal stance.

Conclusion

Track and field experience may improve static postural balance in athletes with intellectual disabilities, mainly when visual input is available.
Present in the western European Alps but absent in the eastern part: Can habitat availability explain the differences in red‐billed chough occurrence?
Authors: Braunisch Veronika , Vignali Sergio , Oggier Pierre‐Alain , Arlettaz Raphaël
Published: March 2021

The absence of a species in apparently suitable regions is often attributed to habitat deterioration, which, according to the IUCN‐guidelines, would preclude reintroduction unless the habitat is sufficiently restored. The crux is therefore to determine species' key habitat requisites and to localize potentially restorable sites based on the habitat selection of thriving populations in similar environments. The distribution of the red‐billed choughPyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxin the Alpine arch is currently restricted to its western side. The eastern Alps have only been occupied sporadically during past centuries, which triggered a discussion around reintroduction. The fact that the last confirmed pairs bred at middle elevation, in derelict buildings instead of alpine cliffs, suggested a lack of habitat suitability in the uplands. To test this hypothesis, we modelled seasonal foraging habitat (during winter, breeding and dispersal) and nest site‐selection in the western Swiss Alps using long‐term observation data together with a wide palette of environmental predictors. The models were extrapolated to eastern Switzerland to estimate the quality and extent of the available habitat. Both foraging and nesting habitats were predicted with a high level of accuracy (AUC > 0.8). Despite variation between seasons, south‐exposed dry meadows and extensively‐grazed pastures were always preferred as foraging habitat, while forested and snow‐covered areas were avoided. Availability of, and distance to suitable foraging habitats were the main determinants of nest‐site selection, probably reflecting strong energetic constraints during reproduction. However, the extrapolation to eastern Switzerland revealed an even higher overall amount and relative percentage of all habitat types. One explanation could be that our predictors were too coarse to encapsulate qualitative, structural or compositional differences of the grasslands. However, the results could also point to an alternative hypothesis, namely that post‐glacial recolonization patterns, in particular the absence of nearby source populations, precluded the occupation of the eastern Alps.
Urban links to molt schedule, body condition and carotenoid‐based coloration in the house finch Haemorhous mexicanus
Authors: Hutton Pierce , McKenna Jennifer , McGraw Kevin J.
Published: March 2021

Animals in urban environments are exposed to novel conditions, such as habitat and dietary alterations, and night‐time light pollution, that can shift the timing and expression of life‐history traits. Birds are popular urban‐ecological study subjects, and in these feathered animals regular plumage molt is a critical process for maintenance of feather quality and their associated functions (e.g. thermoregulation, aerodynamics and communicative coloration). We hypothesized that environmental changes associated with urbanization might affect the timing and progression of molt. As molt is energetically and nutritionally costly, we also tested whether putative urban–rural molt differences might be explained by indirect effects of urban environments on aspects of health (i.e. body condition, sexually selected plumage color). We tracked body molt intensity during molt onset, peak and completion in both sexes of urban and rural house finches Haemorhous mexicanus, and related this to body condition and sexually selected carotenoid‐based plumage coloration. We found that urban birds began molting earlier, peaked at a lower molt intensity and ended molt later than rural conspecifics. We also find that both body condition and plumage hue in males explain variation in body molt intensity differently for urban and rural populations at various points during the molting period. Overall, we demonstrate that songbird molt patterns and the development of carotenoid‐based sexual ornaments can be altered in urban environments, and that rapid urbanization may have broader implications for molt dynamics, annual life‐history traits and sexual selection.
The relationship between niche breadth and range size of beech (Fagus) species worldwide
Authors: Cai Qiong , Welk Erik , Ji Chengjun , Fang Wenjing , Sabatini Francesco M. , Zhu Jianxiao , Zhu Jiangling , Tang Zhiyao , Attorre Fabio , Campos Juan A. , Čarni Andraž , Chytrý Milan , Çoban Süleyman , Dengler Jürgen , Dolezal Jiri , Field Richard , Frink József P. , Gholizadeh Hamid , Indreica Adrian , Jandt Ute , Karger Dirk N. , Lenoir Jonathan , Peet Robert K. , Pielech Remigiusz , De Sanctis Michele , Schrodt Franziska , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Tang Cindy Q. , Tsiripidis Ioannis , Willner Wolfgang , Yasuhiro Kubota , Fang Jingyun , Bruelheide Helge
Published: March 2021

Aim

This work explores whether the commonly observed positive range size–niche breadth relationship exists for Fagus, one of the most dominant and widespread broad‐leaved deciduous tree genera in temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we ask whether the 10 extant Fagus species’ niche breadths and climatic tolerances are under phylogenetic control.

Location

Northern Hemisphere temperate forests.

Taxon

Fagus L.

Methods

Combining the global vegetation database sPlot with Chinese vegetation data, we extracted 107,758 relevés containing Fagus species. We estimated biotic and climatic niche breadths per species using plot‐based co‐occurrence data and a resource‐based approach, respectively. We examined the relationships of these estimates with range size and tested for their phylogenetic signal, prior to which a Random Forest (RF) analysis was applied to test which climatic properties are most conserved across the Fagus species.

Results

Neither biotic niche breadth nor climatic niche breadth was correlated with range size, and the two niche breadths were incongruent as well. Notably, the widespread North American F. grandifolia had a distinctly smaller biotic niche breadth than the Chinese Fagus species (F. engleriana, F. hayatae, F. longipetiolata and F. lucida) with restricted distributions in isolated mountains. The RF analysis revealed that cold tolerance did not differ among the 10 species, and thus may represent an ancestral, fixed trait. In addition, neither biotic nor climatic niche breadths are under phylogenetic control.

Main Conclusions

We interpret the lack of a general positive range size–niche breadth relationship within the genus Fagus as a result of the widespread distribution, high among‐region variation in available niche space, landscape heterogeneity and Quaternary history. The results hold when estimating niche sizes either by fine‐scale co‐occurrence data or coarse‐scale climate data, suggesting a mechanistic link between factors operating across spatial scales. Besides, there was no evidence for diverging ecological specialization within the genus Fagus.
Combined management of esophagopericardial fistula sustained after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Dhaliwal Karanpreet K. , Pawa Rishi , Lata Adrian L.
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective treatment modality for atrial fibrillation (AF); however, serious complications can occur. We present the case of a highly morbid consequence, the esophagopericardial fistula (EPF).

Case: A hemodynamically unstable patient with a history of AF and recent RFA presented with chest pain and was found to have pneumopericardium and pericardial effusion. The patient went to the operating room emergently for combined management with surgical pericardial window and endoscopic stent placement.

Conclusion: EPF must be on the differential diagnosis while evaluating patients who develop constitutional symptoms or sudden onset chest pain days or weeks after catheter ablation for AF. Early detection followed by aggressive management with a combined surgical and endoscopic approach may be considered for successful treatment of this type of postablation esophageal perforation if an atrioesophageal fistula is effectively ruled out.
Comparison of acute and long‐term outcomes of Evolution® and TightRail™ mechanical dilator sheaths during transvenous lead extraction
Authors: Bahadır Nihan , Canpolat Ugur , Kaya Ergun B. , Sahiner Mehmet L. , Ateş Ahmet H. , Yorgun Hikmet , Aytemir Kudret
Published: March 2021

Background

Powered transvenous lead extraction (TLE) tools are commonly required to remove the leads with long implant duration due to fibrotic adhesions. However, comparative data are lacking among different types of TLE tools.

Aim

To compare the efficacy and safety of two different rotational mechanical dilator sheaths in retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent TLE.

Methods and Results

A total of 566 lead extractions from 302 patients using TightRail™ (333 lead extractions from 169 patients) and Evolution® (233 lead extractions from 133 patients) mechanical dilator sheaths were performed between July 2009 and June 2018. Acute and long‐term outcomes of study groups were compared. There is no statistically significant difference between Evolution® and TightRail™ groups in procedural success (93.9% vs. 94%), clinical success (99.2% vs. 98%), and major complications (3.8% vs. 1.2%), respectively (p > .05). In multivariate regression analysis, lead dwell time, the number of extracted leads, and baseline leukocyte count were found as independent predictors of procedural success (p < .05). During the median follow‐up of 36.6 (0.2–118) months, all‐cause mortality was observed in 73 patients (25.6% in the Evolution® vs. 23.1 in the TightRail™ group, p > .05). Chronic renal disease, heart failure, and coagulopathy were shown as independent predictors of all‐cause mortality in multivariate regression analysis (p < .05).

Conclusion

TLE using TightRail™ or Evoluation® mechanical dilator sheaths was a safe and effective therapeutic option. Both mechanical dilator sheaths showed similar efficacy, safety, and all‐cause mortality at acute and long‐term follow‐up of patients who underwent TLE.
ARL4C might serve as a prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target for gastric cancer: bioinformatics analyses and biological experiments
Authors: Xie Ning , Bai Yunfan , Qiao Lu , Bai Yuru , Wu Jian , Li Yan , Jiang Mingzuo , Xu Bing , Ni Zhen , Yuan Ting , Shi Yongquan , Wu Kaichun , Xu Feng , Wang Jinhai , Dong Lei , Liu Na
Published: March 2021

The ADP‐ribosylation factor‐like proteins (ARLs) have been proved to regulate the malignant phenotypes of several cancers. However, the exact role of ARLs in gastric cancer (GC) remains elusive. In this study, we systematically investigate the expression status, interactive relations, potential pathways, genetic variations and clinical values of ARLs in GC. We find that ARLs are significantly dysregulated in GC and involved in various cancer‐related pathways. Subsequently, machine learning models identify ARL4C as one of the two most significant clinical indicators among ARLs for GC. Furthermore, ARL4C silencing remarkably inhibits the growth and metastasis of GC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, enrichment analysis indicates that ARL4C is highly correlated with TGF‐β1 signalling. Correspondingly, TGF‐β1 treatment dramatically increases ARL4C expression and ARL4C knockdown inhibits the phosphorylation level of Smads, downstream factors of TGF‐β1. Meanwhile, the coexpression of ARL4C and TGF‐β1 worsens the prognosis of GC patients. Our work comprehensively demonstrates the crucial role of ARLs in the carcinogenesis of GC and the specific mechanisms underlying the GC‐promoting effects of TGF‐β1. More importantly, we uncover the great promise of ARL4C‐targeted therapy in improving the efficacy of TGF‐β1 inhibitors for GC patients.
Effect of pressure homogenization and modified starch on the viscosity of ketchup: Experimental and modeling
Authors: Baeghbali Saeed , Shahriari Shahla , Pazuki Gholamreza
Published: March 2021

The simultaneous determination of the suitable level of homogenization pressure and modified starch is an important issue, which affects the quality of the industrial ketchup. In this study, ketchup was produced at different pressures of homogenization (0, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 MPa) and different weight percentages of modified starch (0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1 g/100 g). The viscosity of ketchup was measured at different temperatures. The results showed that the selected ketchup, which contains 1 g/100 g of modified starch and homogenized at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 14 MPa, has the optimum viscosity and consistency. After that, to evaluate the effect of homogenization on the physical properties of selected ketchup, additional tests such as the dynamic dispersion scale, the optical microscopy and the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer were done. The results indicated a smaller particle size, a more uniform, and a continuous structure of selected ketchup compared with the control sample. Consequently, several different rheological models were investigated for evaluating the rheological behavior of selected ketchup. The statistical measures indicated that the Cross model could predict the rheological behavior of selected ketchup well (R2 = 0.998).

Practical Applications

Viscosity and syneresis can have strong effects on ketchup quality. Also, reliable rheological data are necessary for designing and optimization of ketchup processing equipment such as pumps, piping, heat exchangers, evaporators, sterilizers, filters, and mixers. In this research, the simultaneous effect of the modified starch and pressure homogenization on the rheological data of ketchup was evaluated. The purpose of this study is to help the ketchup industry by determining the optimum level of homogenization pressure and the optimal dose of modified starch when used simultaneously. Paying attention to this subject is vital for loss prevention in the process and machine depreciation. Furthermore, the rheological behavior which is important during storage, processing, and the transport of ketchup in the industry is determined.
Diagnostic biomarkers from proteomic characterization of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with brain malignancies
Authors: Schmid Dominic , Warnken Uwe , Latzer Pauline , Hoffmann Dirk C. , Roth Judith , Kutschmann Stefanie , Jaschonek Hannah , Rübmann Petra , Foltyn Martha , Vollmuth Philipp , Winkler Frank , Seliger Corinna , Felix Marius , Sahm Felix , Haas Jürgen , Reuss David , Bendszus Martin , Wildemann Brigitte , von Deimling Andreas , Wick Wolfgang , Kessler Tobias
Published: March 2021

Recent technological advances in molecular diagnostics through liquid biopsies hold the promise to repetitively monitor tumor evolution and treatment response of brain malignancies without the need of invasive surgical tissue accrual. Here, we implemented a mass spectrometry‐based protein analysis pipeline which identified hundreds of proteins in 251 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with four types of brain malignancies (glioblastoma, lymphoma, brain metastasis, and leptomeningeal disease [LMD]) and from healthy individuals with a focus on glioblastoma in a retrospective and confirmatory prospective observational study. CSF proteome deregulation via disruption of the blood brain barrier appeared to be largely conserved across brain tumor entities. CSF analysis of glioblastoma patients identified two proteomic clusters that correlated with tumor size and patient survival. By integrating CSF data with proteomic analyses of matching glioblastoma tumor tissue and primary glioblastoma cells, we identified potential CSF biomarkers for glioblastoma, in particular chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Key findings were validated in a prospective cohort consisting of 35 glioma patients. Finally, in LMD patients who frequently undergo repeated CSF work‐up, we explored our proteomic pipeline as a mean to profile consecutive CSF samples. Therefore, proteomic analysis of CSF in brain malignancies has the potential to reveal biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy monitoring.

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Anatomic, computed tomographic, and ultrasonographic assessment of the lymph nodes in presumed healthy adult cats: The head, neck, thorax, and forelimb
Authors: Tobón Restrepo Mauricio , Espada Yvonne , Aguilar Adrià , Moll Xavier , Novellas Rosa
Published: March 2021

Assessment of the lymph nodes is key in staging cancer patients. Descriptions of normal features of the feline lymph nodes using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) are limited. A prospective anatomic and comparative imaging study was performed. The frequency of identification and the size of the lymph nodes during gross pathology from 6 feline cadavers were compared to the images of lymph nodes from 30 presumed healthy adult cats obtained by CT and US. Measurements (length, width, and height) were compared among techniques. The CT and US features of the identified lymph nodes were also recorded. The frequency of identification of the lymph centers varied among techniques and individually. The mandibular lymph nodes were identified in 100% of the cadavers and in 100% of the healthy cats using CT and US. The medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes were identified in 100% of the cats using CT and US. The deep cervical lymph nodes were not visualized in the cadavers. The cranial mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were not visualized using US. Lymph nodes showed a higher length on CT and higher width on US. The height was the most statistically significant variable measurement among techniques. On CT, lymph nodes were most frequently isoattenuating or slightly hypoattenuating to surrounding musculature, with homogeneous contrast enhancement. On US, most lymph nodes were isoechoic or hypoechoic to surrounding fat tissue. The lymph nodes were most frequently elongated or rounded.
Plasma cholesterol levels and short‐term adaptations of metabolism and milk production during feed restriction in early lactating dairy cows on pasture
Authors: Gross Josef J. , Schwinn Ann‐Catherine , Müller Esther , Münger Andreas , Dohme‐Meier Frigga , Bruckmaier Rupert M.
Published: March 2021

Low plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentrations are characteristic during the negative energy balance in early lactating dairy cows. The objective was to investigate short‐term effects of different TC concentrations during an aggravated energy deficiency through a 1‐week concentrate withdrawal on adaptations of metabolism and milk production. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 15) were investigated during 3 week beginning at 24 ± 7 DIM (mean ± SD). Cows were kept on pasture and received additional concentrate in experimental week 1 and 3, while in week 2, concentrate was withdrawn. Blood was sampled once and milk twice daily. Based on their average TC concentration during week 1 (prior to concentrate withdrawal), cows were retrospectively assigned into a high (H‐Chol; n = 8, TC ≥ 3.36 mmol/L) and a low TC groups (L‐Chol; n = 7, TC < 3.36 mmol/L). Concentrations of phospholipids and lipoproteins were higher in H‐Chol compared to L‐Chol throughout the study (p < 0.05). During concentrate withdrawal, milk yield, glucose and insulin concentrations decreased similarly in both groups, while milk fat, milk acetone and plasma BHB were higher in H‐Chol compared to L‐Chol (p < 0.05). Compared to initial values, plasma NEFA, TAG and VLDL increased in both groups within 2 days after concentrate withdrawal (p < 0.05). Concentrations of NEFA during week 2 were greater in L‐Chol compared to H‐Chol (p < 0.05). Despite reintroduction of concentrate, milk yield in H‐Chol remained lower for two more days compared to week 1 (p < .05), whereas milk yield recovered immediately in L‐Chol. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase was higher in H‐Chol compared to L‐Chol in week 2 (p < 0.05). Greater plasma TC concentrations were associated with a reduced increase of NEFA. Further research is warranted if TC concentrations are related to adipose tissue mobilization and fatty acid turnover.
Associations between biochemical parameters and referral centre in pet rabbits with urolithiasis
Authors: Wong A. D. , Gardhouse S. , Rooney T. , Beaufrère H. , Eshar D.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To determine the association between signalment, selected haematologic and biochemical parameters and referral centre in pet rabbits with imaging evidence of urolithiasis presented to two veterinary teaching hospitals in North America.

Materials and Methods

The medical record database of two veterinary teaching hospitals was searched from 2009 to 2019 for records of pet rabbits that received both imaging studies and plasma biochemistry profiles. Information regarding signalment, bodyweight, packed cell volume, total solids, and plasma biochemistry profiles was obtained. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify statistically significant parameters associated with imaging evidence of urolithiasis.

Results

Of the 324 examined rabbits, 33 (10.2%) had confirmed evidence of urolithiasis on imaging. Increasing plasma calcium and sodium concentrations and referral centre were significantly associated with the presence of urolithiasis on the univariable logistic regression model. However, only plasma calcium concentration and the referral centre demonstrated significant associations on the multivariable logistic regression model.

Clinical Significance

Results indicate that urolithiasis in pet rabbits that receive imaging is associated with mildly increasing plasma calcium concentration and referral centre. The association with referral centre may indicate there are geographic influences on urolithiasis or on imaging. However, the identified associations have low predictive value for the diagnosis of urolithiasis, indicating the need for additional diagnostic modalities.