bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a brief climatic event on zooplankton community structure and distribution in Arcachon Bay (France)
Authors: Vincent Dorothée , Luczak Christophe , Sautour Benoît
Published: April 2019

Short-term changes in zooplankton community structure and distribution in relation to changes in hydrological features were studied during summer in two distinct areas of Arcachon Bay (France) from July to September 1986. One sampling site was chosen in the northern part of the bay, influenced by oceanic inputs, and the other one in the south-eastern part of the bay, close to an estuarine zone, influenced by the River Leyre's inputs. Three different zooplankton assemblages were identified according to a temperature–salinity gradient: (i) an estuarine assemblage dominated by Acartia bifilosa and Acartia tonsa; (ii) an autochthonous assemblage composed of Acartia discaudata; and (iii) a coastal neritic one composed of Paracalanus parvus, Oncaea venusta and Penilia avirostris. All these latter assemblages remained stable during most part of the study period. However, a brief climatic event (storm event) occurred in mid-August and gave rise to a sharp decrease in temperatures along with significant changes in zooplankton structure and distributions in the bay. The estuarine community vanished and was replaced by the autochthonous community. In the northern part of the bay, the coastal neritic community succeeded the previously observed autochthonous community.  The effect of this brief climatic event was durable since recovery time lasted two weeks with regard to hydrological features and zooplankton communities. In addition, the climatic event also had ecological consequences since it permitted spreading of planktonic organisms from small-localized areas throughout the bay.
Revision of the isopod crustacean genus Campecopea (Flabellifera: Sphaeromatidae) with discussion of the phylogenetic significance of dorsal processes
Authors: Bruce Niel L. , Holdich David M.
Published: April 2019

The sphaeromatid crustacean isopod genus Campecopea is revised, a new diagnosis given and the genus Anoplocopea Racovitza, 1907, is placed in synonymy; the type species Campecopea hirsuta is redescribed and Campecopea lusitanica comb. nov. is recorded from the Canary Islands and Azores. The four species of Campecopea differ from each other principally in the presence or absence of a prominent posteriorly directed dorsal process on the male pereonite 6, the ornamentation of the posterior pereonites, the shape of the uropods and also the fine details of the dactylus accessory spine (smooth or serrate).  The phylogenetic significance of dorsal process is re-evaluated here, and the character discussed in relation to Campecopea, Dynoides and Clianella, and several other sphaeromatid genera. It is regarded that the interpretation of this character as being of intrinsic generic merit has resulted in the over splitting of several genera and also the creation of paraphyletic genera. It is suggested that reappraisal of sphaeromatid generic characters in cladistic terms is a necessary first step in terms of establishing the monophyly of many sphaeromatid genera.
Fecundity of Liocarcinus depurator (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, north-west Spain)
Authors: Muiño Ramón
Published: April 2019

The fecundity of Liocarcinus depurator (Decapoda: Brachyura) in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, north-west Spain) and the reasons why it fluctuates were analysed, comparing the results with data available from other geographical areas. The incubation of L. depurator eggs in the Ría de Arousa generally takes place between January and September, although ovigerous females can be found all year round. The number of eggs per brood in L. depurator varied considerably in the Ría de Arousa and ranged from 5265 (carapace width (CW=31·3 mm, stage III) to 203,724 (CW=44·6 mm, stage I). The allometric equations adjusted to fit each egg development stage indicated that there was a strong positive correlation between female body size and the number of eggs the animal is able to bear. Female body size, measured as the carapace width, was the main factor causing variability in the fecundity of L. depurator. The second most important cause of variability in the development stages of the eggs was the number of eggs per brood, which may be due to the gradual loss of eggs that occurred during the incubation of these eggs in the female abdomen. Temporal changes constituted another significant factor in the variability of the fecundity of L. depurator. The allometric equations (log F=log a+b×log CW) fitted to each month and development stage I presented changes in the slope which point to the existence of a temporal evolution in the number of eggs. In the Ría de Arousa and for all the development stages, L. depurator was found to have a significant negative correlation between the number of eggs per clutch and egg volume. Egg volume also correlated negatively with the size of the female in stages I of the egg development. The degree of correlation between the volume and number of eggs was greater than the correlation between volume and size. The main cause of the variability in the egg volume of L. depurator in the Ría de Arousa may be attributed to the development stage (ANCOVA, P<0·001).
PERSONS, SOCIAL AGENCY, AND CONSTITUTION
Authors: Wilson Robert A.
Published: April 2019

The constitution view of persons, according to which a person is
constituted by a body, has both interesting extensions as well as
limitations. Here I shall leave discussion of the limitations for another
time and concentrate on several extensions. The chief extensions of the
constitution view that I shall explore here concern the implications of
combining it with ontological pluralism, and applications of it (or
something like it) to thinking about various forms of social agency.
SELF-CONCEPTION AND PERSONAL IDENTITY: REVISITING PARFIT AND LEWIS
WITH AN EYE ON THE GRIP OF THE UNITY REACTION
Authors: Belzer Marvin
Published: April 2019

Derek Parfit's “reductionist” account of personal
identity (including the rejection of anything like a soul) is coupled with
the rejection of a commonsensical intuition of essential self-unity, as in
his defense of the counter-intuitive claim that “identity does not
matter.” His argument for this claim is based on reflection on the
possibility of personal fission. To the contrary, Simon Blackburn claims
that the “unity reaction” to fission has an absolute grip on
practical reasoning. Now David Lewis denied Parfit's claim that
reductionism contravenes common sense, so I revisit the debate between
Parfit and Lewis, showing why Parfit wins it. Is reductionism about
persons then inherently at odds with the unity reaction? Not necessarily;
David Velleman presents a reductionist theory according to which fission
does not conflict with the unity reaction. Nonetheless, relying on the
distinction between person level descriptions of first-person states and
the first-person perspective itself, I argue that Velleman's theory
does not eliminate fission-based conflict with the unity reaction.
“THE THING I AM”: PERSONAL IDENTITY IN AQUINAS AND
SHAKESPEARE
Authors: Finnis John
Published: April 2019

The four kinds of explanation identified by Aquinas at the beginning
of his commentary on Aristotle's Ethics are deployed to show
that the identity of the human person is sui generis and mysterious, even
though each of its elements is more or less readily accessible to our
understanding. The essay attends particularly to the explorations by
Aquinas and, with different techniques, by Shakespeare of the experience
and understanding of (a) one's lasting presence to oneself as one and
the same bodily and mental self, and (b) one's self-shaping by
one's free choices, especially of commitments. Shakespeare further
explores these, quite deliberately, through displays of mistaken identity
and humiliating deflations of the personas one constructs for life in
society.
MORAL STATUS AND PERSONAL IDENTITY: CLONES, EMBRYOS, AND FUTURE
GENERATIONS
Authors: Kamm F. M.
Published: April 2019

In the first part of this article, I argue that even those entities
that in their own right and for their own sake give us reason not to
destroy them and to help them are sometimes substitutable for the good of
other entities. In so arguing, I consider the idea of being valuable as an
end in virtue of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. I also conclude that
entities that have claims to things and against others are especially
nonsubstitutable. In the second part, I argue that cloning poses no threat
to the nonsubstitutability of these entities (and in this sense, to the
dignity of persons). I also consider the relation between cloning and
(what I called) holistic identity, and between the latter and genetic
identity. In the concluding part of the article, I try to distinguish
cases where identity over time and so-called person-affecting acts have
and do not have greater moral significance than nonidentity over time and
nonperson-affecting acts. I try to apply my results to cases involving
embryos, future generations, and to the so-called Non-Identity
Problem.
Cost-effectiveness of nutritional counseling for obese patients and patients at risk of ischemic heart disease
Authors: Olsen Jens , Willaing Ingrid , Ladelund Steen , Jørgensen Torben , Gundgaard Jens , Sørensen Jan
Published: April 2019

Objectives:Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and prevention and treatment in primary care can reduce these risks. The objective of this cost-effectiveness analysis was to compare the costs and effects (in terms of life years gained) of providing nutritional counseling by a general practitioner (GP) or a dietician.

Methods:A total of 60 GPs, who accepted to participate, were randomized either to give nutritional counseling or to refer patients to a dietician for counseling. The life years gained was estimated using a Cox regression model. Costs were estimated on the basis of registered use of time (dieticians) or agreed salaries (GPs).

Results:The effect of nutritional counseling comparing GPs and dieticians is greatest when counseling is performed by a GP—0.0919 years versus 0.0274 years. These effects appear to be moderate, but they are significant. It is also proven that the GP group was the most cost-effective—the cost of gaining 1 extra life year was estimated to be 8,213 DKK compared with the dietician group, for which the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated to be 59,987 DKK.

Conclusions:The effects were moderate, but other studies of other patient groups and interventions report effects within the same magnitude. The GP group was the most cost-effective, but it must be concluded that both counseling strategies were relatively cost-effective. Even though the cost of gaining an extra life year was estimated to be 59,987 DKK in the dietician group, this might be an acceptable price.
Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: Consensus on Health Economic Criteria
Authors: Evers Silvia , Goossens Mariëlle , de Vet Henrica , van Tulder Maurits , Ament André
Published: April 2019

Objectives:The aim of the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria (CHEC) project is to develop a criteria list for assessment of the methodological quality of economic evaluations in systematic reviews. The criteria list resulting from this CHEC project should be regarded as a minimum standard.

Methods:The criteria list has been developed using a Delphi method. Three Delphi rounds were needed to reach consensus. Twenty-three international experts participated in the Delphi panel.

Results:The Delphi panel achieved consensus over a generic core set of items for the quality assessment of economic evaluations. Each item of the CHEC-list was formulated as a question that can be answered by yes or no. To standardize the interpretation of the list and facilitate its use, the project team also provided an operationalization of the criteria list items.

Conclusions:There was consensus among a group of international experts regarding a core set of items that can be used to assess the quality of economic evaluations in systematic reviews. Using this checklist will make future systematic reviews of economic evaluations more transparent, informative, and comparable. Consequently, researchers and policy-makers might use these systematic reviews more easily. The CHEC-list can be downloaded freely fromhttp://www.beoz.unimaas.nl/chec/.
Dickens's Gamers: Social Thinking in Victorian Gaming and Social Systems
Authors: Bellows Alyssa
Published: April 2019

In 1905Lasker's Chess Magazinepublished a nostalgic reflection on “Charles Dickens as a Chess Player.” Dickens's “old time friend,” Miss Tregear, recalled often playing whist and chess with the competitive novelist: “He was always annoyed when she beat him, and invariably wanted to play another game.” One night, “at midnight,” they reached a draw and Miss Tregear remembers Dickens soliloquizing, “somewhat resignedly,” that the results were just: “Man and woman represent an equation after all. … Intellectual affection is the only lasting love. Love that has a game of chess in it can checkmate any man and solve the problem of life” (12). One “peculiarity” marked Dickens as a chess player: “He always wanted Miss Tregear to play first. He followed all her play and accepted all her variations. ‘It was just so,’ she said, ‘in all his novels. He lets a character lead, and then he simply follows it. … He never created a character’” (12).
Cognitive functioning in individuals with “benign”
essential tremor
Authors: LACRITZ LAURA H. , JR. RICHARD DEWEY , GILLER, COLE , CULLUM C. MUNRO
Published: April 2019

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common type of movement
disorder, although its etiology and neurophysiological substrates
remain unclear. While thought to be a benign condition, it has
yet to be studied from a neuropsychological perspective. We
examined the neurocognitive functioning of 13 nondemented subjects
with severe ET, including aspects of memory, cognitive flexibility,
and attention. Results revealed that 12/13 subjects
demonstrated impairment on 1 or more cognitive measures in
comparison with published normative data. The pattern of findings
was suggestive of relative dysfunction of frontal-mediated
processes not unlike that seen in Parkinson's disease.
These deficits were found in subjects irrespective of the presence
of cognitive complaints, depression, or the existence of other
potential neurocognitive risk factors. These findings suggest
that mild cognitive deficits are not uncommon in association
with severe ET and may be related to subcortical systems.
(JINS, 2002, 8, 125–129.)
Omega-3 and vitamin E co-supplementation can improve antioxidant markers in obese/overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Sadeghi Fatemeh , Alavi-Naeini Amirmansour , Mardanian Farahnaz , Ghazvini Mohammad Reza , Mahaki Behzad
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most important factors in female infertility. Oxidative stress is likely to contribute to increased insulin and androgen production in the ovaries, as well as probably impairing follicle production. Aims: This study aims to determine the complementary effects of omega-3 and vitamin E supplements on certain oxidative stress indices in obese and overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed on polycystic ovary syndrome subjects with BMI > 25. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either 2 g of omega-3 plus 400 IU of vitamin E, or a placebo, for 8 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the study, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione levels, catalase activity, malondialdehyde concentrations, as well as dietary intake and physical activity were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: 32 patients in the intervention group and 30 patients in the placebo group completed the study. Co-supplementation of omega-3 and vitamin E significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (mg/dl) (1.15 ± 0.93 vs −0.6 ± 0.72; P < 0.001), catalase activity (IU/L) (1.19 ± 1.06 vs 0.12 ± 0.36; P < 0.001) and glutathione levels (μmol/L) (1.5 ± 1.06 vs 0.23 ± 1.43; P = 0.028). Additionally, a significant reduction of malondialdehyde levels (nmol/L) (−0.34 ± 0.32 vs 0.57 ± 2.20; P = 0.008) was observed, in comparison with placebo. Conclusion: Co-supplementation with omega-3 and vitamin E had beneficial effect on total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde concentrations, glutathione levels and catalase activity.
Coupling and Decoupling of Soil Carbon and Nutrient Cycles Across an Aridity Gradient in the Drylands of Northern China: Evidence From Ecoenzymatic Stoichiometry
Authors: Feng Jiao , Wei Kai , Chen Zhenhua , Lü Xiaotao , Tian Jihui , Wang Chao , Chen Lijun
Published: April 2019

Drylands are characterized by stressful conditions with the limitation of both carbon (C) and nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Biological C, N, and P releases from soil organic matter by enzymes are essential components for biogeochemical cycles and are sensitive to the climate in drylands. However, how the ecoenzymatic C:N:P stoichiometry responds to environmental factors (i.e., climatic and edaphic factors) over broad geographical scales remains largely unclear. We examined the patterns of ecoenzymatic C:N:P ratios across a 3,700‐km aridity gradient (0.43 < aridity < 0.97) in northern China. In wetter sites (aridity < 0.70), the relative C:N:P acquisition ratios via enzymes remained relatively constant with increasing aridity. In contrast, in drier sites (aridity > 0.70), the enzymatic C:nutrient (N and P) ratios declined as the aridity increased, while the enzymatic P:N ratios were mostly lower than those in the wetter sites. In drier sites with low C availability, the increasing carbon use efficiency and the increasing proportion of C converted to biomass (than the proportion of respiration) contributed to the declines of the enzymatic C:nutrient ratios as the aridity increased. The overall lower enzymatic P:N ratios were related to the higher soil P availability compared with N availability (higher organic P and lower soil NH4+:available P ratios) in drier sites. Overall, our findings indicate that intrinsic linkages of biological C, N, and P acquisitions and cycles were broken at the aridity threshold of 0.70, with higher acquisition efforts for N and P (particularly for N) with increasing aridity in drier sites with aridity > 0.70.
Upper Crustal Weak Zone in Central Tibet: An Implication From Three‐Dimensional Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Tomography Results
Authors: Zhou Beibei , Liang Xiaofeng , Lin Guoqing , Tian Xiaobo , Zhu Gaohua , Mechie James , Teng Jiwen
Published: April 2019

A series of conjugate strike‐slip faults is the most prominent geologic feature in central Tibet and is considered to accommodate east‐west extension and coeval north‐south contraction. The development mechanism of the conjugate strike‐slip fault system is under debate because of unclear crustal physical properties and compositional variations. P and S wave arrivals from 414 local earthquakes recorded by the temporary Seismic Array Integrated Detection for a Window of Indian Continental Head array and the permanent China National Seismic Network were used for the velocity tomography, with additional P and S wave arrivals from 12 shots of the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya III reflection/refraction profile. The local earthquakes were simultaneously relocated with the updated velocity models. We also inverted for a three‐dimensional upper crustal Qp model with the same earthquake data set. The Vp structure near the surface shows that low‐Vp anomalies generally correspond to sedimentary basins and high‐Vp anomalies are related to exhumed metamorphic blocks in the study area. Relatively low Vp/Vs ratios in the upper crust indicate widely distributed quartz‐rich rocks. The low‐Vp zone from 0‐ to 10‐km depth (resolving depth limit) is spatially correlated with the Bangong‐Nujiang suture, possibly reflecting the compositional difference along the ophiolitic mélange belt accompanied by twin volcanic arcs from a double‐sided subduction. This interpretation is supported by relatively heterogeneous Qp values. This low‐velocity zone also implies relatively uniform stress and continuous deformation in the upper crust of central Tibet. The relatively weak materials in at least the upper crust would result in strain concentration and help the development of the conjugate strike‐slip fault system along the Bangong‐Nujiang suture.
Generation of Archaean TTG Gneisses Through Amphibole‐Dominated Fractionation
Authors: Liou Peng , Guo Jinghui
Published: April 2019

The early continental crust is characterized by the tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite gneisses (TTG) of Archaean terrains. There is a consensus that TTGs were formed by partial melting of hydrated mafic rocks. High‐pressure melts tend to be more trondhjemitic with higher Sr/Y ratios due to the presence of garnet and absence of plagioclase, whereas low‐pressure melts are more tonalitic with relatively lower Sr/Y ratios. Here we present a geochemical study of diorites, TTGs, and hornblendites from Eastern Hebei, North China Craton. Geochemical analyses show that dioritic parental magmas may evolve to tonalites and trondhjemites through a maximum of 27% fractional crystallization of amphibole and apatite. We also identified the cumulate apatite‐bearing hornblendite, a predicted solid fractionate and chemical complement to the TTGs. Mixing of the trondhjemite and the hornblendite can generate similar chemical compositions to the diorites in this region. The mixing trends are consistent with those predicted for fractional crystallization. Based on these analyses, we conclude that these trondhjemites and tonalites can be formed by fractional crystallization of amphiboles and accessory minerals from the calc‐alkaline diorites. Partial melting is not a unique solution to the problem of how to form the Archean TTG gneisses and how to make an Archean continent. Thick crust or lithosphere (in the garnet stability field) is also not a unique requirement. Amphibole fractionation may also cause an abrupt increase of Eu/Eu* of Archean granitoids at 3.2–3.0 Ga, which may be linked to a transition period in tectonic style at ~3 Ga in Earth's evolution.
Exploring a Variable‐Resolution Approach for Simulating Regional Climate Over the Tibetan Plateau Using VR‐CESM
Authors: Rahimi Stefan R. , Wu Chenglai , Liu Xiaohong , Brown Hunter
Published: April 2019

This study implements a variable resolution version of Community Earth Systems Model (VR‐CESM; regionally refined at 1/8° resolution) to assess the improvement in simulating the seasonal climate across the Tibetan Plateau (TP) at higher horizontal resolutions compared to its uniform (UN) 1° counterpart (UN‐CESM). The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, run at 12‐km horizontal grid spacing, is compared to both CESM simulations. VR‐CESM and WRF are more comparable to satellite and surface‐based observations than UN‐CESM in simulating summertime (June to August) temperature across the TP and TP foothills, respectively. WRF and VR‐CESM also more accurately simulate precipitation than UN‐CESM across the region due to more accurate terrain treatment. The number of days in which effective (>2.5 mm/day) and heavy (>25 mm/day) precipitation events are generally better captured in VR‐CESM compared to UN‐CESM and WRF. Finally, snow cover fraction in VR‐CESM is better simulated for all months compared to UN‐CESM, with the largest improvements simulated from June to August, while WRF performs even better than VR‐CESM in simulating snow cover fraction. The improvements in simulated temperature, precipitation, and snow cover are due to WRF and VR‐CESM's ability to resolve more complex topographic features rather than time step differences between the UN‐CESM and VR‐CESM experiments. While it is fairly intuitive that improved topography accuracy should bring forth more accurate simulated meteorology, this evaluation suggests that VR‐CESM is competitive or may even be preferred over regional climate models (such as WRF) when examining internal and external climate variability, as it bypasses several drawbacks associated with regional climate models.
Spatio‐temporally Resolved Methane Fluxes From the Los Angeles Megacity
Authors: Yadav Vineet , Duren Riley , Mueller Kim , Verhulst Kristal R. , Nehrkorn Thomas , Kim Jooil , Weiss Ray F. , Keeling Ralph , Sander Stanley , Fischer Marc L. , Newman Sally , Falk Matthias , Kuwayama Toshihiro , Hopkins Francesca , Rafiq Talha , Whetstone James , Miller Charles
Published: April 2019

We combine sustained observations from a network of atmospheric monitoring stations with inverse modeling to uniquely obtain spatiotemporal (3‐km, 4‐day) estimates of methane emissions from the Los Angeles megacity and the broader South Coast Air Basin for 2015–2016. Our inversions use customized and validated high‐fidelity meteorological output from Weather Research Forecasting and Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian model for South Coast Air Basin and innovatively employ a model resolution matrix‐based metric to disentangle the spatiotemporal information content of observations as manifested through estimated fluxes. We partially track and constrain fluxes from the Aliso Canyon natural gas leak and detect closure of the Puente Hills landfill, with no prior information. Our annually aggregated fluxes and their uncertainty excluding the Aliso Canyon leak period lie within the uncertainty bounds of the fluxes reported by the previous studies. Spatially, major sources of CH4 emissions in the basin were correlated with CH4‐emitting infrastructure. Temporally, our findings show large seasonal variations in CH4 fluxes with significantly higher fluxes in winter in comparison to summer months, which is consistent with natural gas demand and anticorrelated with air temperature. Overall, this is the first study that utilizes inversions to detect both enhancement (Aliso Canyon leak) and reduction (Puente Hills) in CH4 fluxes due to the unintended events and policy decisions and thereby demonstrates the utility of inverse modeling for identifying variations in fluxes at fine spatiotemporal resolution.
The Impact of Human‐Induced Climate Change on Regional Drought in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Marthews T. R. , Jones R. G. , Dadson S. J. , Otto F. E. L. , Mitchell D. , Guillod B. P. , Allen M. R.
Published: April 2019

A severe drought hit the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) in 2014, but it remains unclear whether this extreme event was attributable to anthropogenic climate change or part of longer‐term natural cycles. Precipitation patterns are known to be changing across the GHA, but trajectories in land surface variables are much less well known. We simulated the GHA land surface environment to assess the balance between natural cycles and human‐induced climate change. Using a new form of event attribution study where we focused on both climate variables and also directly simulated land surface variables, we combined publicly volunteered distributed computing with land surface simulations to quantify land surface responses. Uncertainty was quantified both for climate model and land surface model outputs. We identified two distinct “drought trajectories” in the GHA bimodal seasonality area during the March–May (Long Rains season) of 2014. Human‐induced climate change may have resulted in regions from Lake Nalubaale (Lake Victoria) to Northern Kenya receiving less precipitation in this season and having up to 20% higher probability of drought‐level evapotranspiration rates (increasing drought). In contrast, the simulated anthropogenic climate change signal for this season induced somewhat wetter conditions and up to 20% lower probability of drought‐level evapotranspiration in Eastern Ethiopia, Southern Somalia, and coastal Kenya (decreasing drought). Uncertainties in our modeling system varied by region and variable of focus, but broadly we found that land surface simulation uncertainty neither added significantly to climate model uncertainty nor significantly reduced it.
Seasonal Sources of Whole‐Lake CH4 and CO2 Emissions From Interior Alaskan Thermokarst Lakes
Authors: Elder C. D. , Schweiger M. , Lam B. , Crook E. D. , Xu X. , Walker J. , Walter Anthony K. M. , Czimczik C. I.
Published: April 2019

The lakes that form via ice‐rich permafrost thaw emit CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere from previously frozen ancient permafrost sources. Despite this potential to positively feedback to climate change, lake carbon emission sources are not well understood on whole‐lake scales, complicating upscaling. In this study, we used observations of radiocarbon (14C) and stable carbon (13C) isotopes in the summer and winter dissolved CH4 and CO2 pools, ebullition‐CH4, and multiple independent mass balance approaches to characterize whole‐lake emission sources and apportion annual emission pathways. Observations focused on five lakes with variable thermokarst in interior Alaska. The 14C age of discrete ebullition‐CH4 seeps ranged from 395 ± 15 to 28,240 ± 150 YBP across all study lakes; however, dissolved 14CH4 was younger than 4,730 YBP. In the primary study lake, Goldstream L., the integrated whole‐lake 14C age of ebullition‐CH4, as determined by three different approaches, ranged from 3,290 to 6,740 YBP. A new dissolved‐14C‐CH4‐based approach to estimating ebullition 14C age and flux showed close agreement to previous ice‐bubble surveys and bubble‐trap flux estimates. Differences in open water versus ice‐covered dissolved gas concentrations and their 14C and 13C isotopes revealed the influence of winter ice trapping and forcing ebullition‐CH4 into the underlying water column, where it comprised 50% of the total dissolved CH4 pool by the end of winter. Across the study lakes, we found a relationship between the whole‐lake 14C age of dissolved CH4 and CO2 and the extent of active thermokarst, representing a positive feedback system that is sensitive to climate warming.
Comparison With Global Soil Radiocarbon Observations Indicates Needed Carbon Cycle Improvements in the E3SM Land Model
Authors: Chen Jinsong , Zhu Qing , Riley William J. , He Yujie , Randerson James T. , Trumbore Susan
Published: April 2019

We evaluated global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and turnover time predictions from a global land model (ELMv1‐ECA) integrated in an Earth System Model (E3SM) by comparing them with observed soil bulk and Δ14C values around the world. We analyzed observed and simulated SOC stocks and Δ14C values using machine learning methods at the Earth System Model grid cell scale (~200 km). In grid cells with sufficient observations, the model provided reasonable estimates of soil carbon stocks across soil depth and Δ14C values near the surface but underestimated Δ14C at depth. Among many explanatory variables, soil albedo index, soil order, plant function type, air temperature, and SOC content were major factors affecting predicted SOC Δ14C values. The influences of soil albedo index, soil order, and air temperature were primarily important in the shallow subsurface (≤30 cm). We also performed sensitivity studies using different vertical root distributions and decomposition turnover times and compared to observed SOC stock and Δ14C profiles. The analyses support the role of vegetation in affecting soil carbon turnover, particularly in deep soil, possibly through supplying fresh carbon and degrading physical‐chemical protection of SOC via root activities. Allowing for grid cell‐specific rooting and decomposition rates substantially reduced discrepancies between observed and predicted Δ14C values and SOC content. Our results highlight the need for more explicit representation of roots, microbes, and soil physical protection in land models.
Time Scale Decomposition of Climate and Correction of Variability Using Synthetic Samples of Stable Distributions
Authors: Gomez‐Garcia M. , Matsumura A. , Ogawada D. , Takahashi K.
Published: April 2019

The bias correction of the General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs has become a routine step that is taken in climate change impact assessments. To responsibly support the decision‐making processes, the climate‐modeling community has been debating about the conceptual requirements that bias‐correction methods should fulfill. Bearing in mind these requirements, we propose to decompose atmospheric variables into three temporal elements that represent the climate mean state, the interannual variability, and the daily variability. This decomposition is aimed at correcting the biases at one time scale without affecting the simulated climate (mean state) trend or the distributional properties at other time scales. The novelty of the proposed approach is, nevertheless, marked by the adjustment of interannual and daily variability that is made by replacing the GCM‐simulated data with synthetic samples drawn from Stable Distributions (SDs) that are fitted to the observed variability. The replacement prevents the transfer of the sampling variability of the calibration period and gives the corrected data the distributional properties of the observed climate. The employment of SDs was motivated by the fact that the climate‐change‐induced changes in the scale, the symmetry, and the frequency of extremes can be measured and applied to the SDs of the observed data. We correct the biases in the GCM‐simulated temperature and precipitation over northern South America using our proposed approach and two other existing ones. Our proposed method is capable of not only preserving the simulated climate trends but also reproducing the observed extremes as well as a more flexible method based on nonparametric distributions.
A Mechanistic Model for Relative Permeability of Gas and Water Flow in Hydrate‐Bearing Porous Media With Capillarity
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Mahabadi Nariman , Myshakin Evgeniy M. , Seol Yongkoo
Published: April 2019

Lack of mechanistic models to describe petrophysical properties of mobile phases in gas hydrate‐bearing sediments is one of the key challenges in accurately predicting gas production. The major drawback of empirical models that are used to fit a relative permeability curve for mobile phases in gas hydrate‐bearing sediments is that they are based on experimental data, which are limited, and not able to account for hydrate morphology in pore space. This study proposes a relative permeability model that is mechanistic in nature and developed to account capillarity by building on the original nonempirical relative permeability model that assumes negligible capillary pressure. The proposed model implicitly accounts for capillarity with the help of four empirical parameters (two for each mobile phase) that incorporate each mobile phase pressure. It is shown that the proposed model provides an improved match to relative permeability data (derived from pore‐scale simulation of gas hydrate‐bearing sediments) than nonempirical relative permeability by accounting for the effect of capillary pressure. Additionally, unlike fully empirical models that can predict relative permeabilities reliably only at gas hydrate saturations for which experimental data are available, the proposed model only requires fitting the empirical parameters once with experimental data at any single gas hydrate saturation and then it can then be used to predict relative permeability at any gas hydrate saturation. The mechanistic nature of the proposed model allows studying relative permeability of hydrate‐bearing sediments as a function of hydrate morphology and wettability (fluid phase distribution) besides other physical parameters of the model (e.g., porosity, gas, and water residual saturation). Based on the sensitivity analysis of different hydrate morphologies on gas/water relative permeability, it is found that gas relative permeability is sensitive to hydrate morphologies, while water relative permeability shows little dependency on hydrate localization in pore space.
Improving the Spectral Analysis of Hydrological Signals to Efficiently Constrain Watershed Properties
Authors: Schuite J. , Flipo N. , Massei N. , Rivière A. , Baratelli F.
Published: April 2019

The footprint of catchment properties on water flow is reflected into hydrological signals, such as stream discharge. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to constrain catchment properties from the spectral analysis of hydrological signals but only when an appropriate transfer function (TF) is used for interpretation. We show that the appropriate theoretical TF, newly derived, is the only one to robustly describe a large diversity of experimental TFs that could be encountered in nature, because it entails the role of diffuse overflow and flow through the vadose zone, which have never been considered in spectral approaches before. The properties that may be estimated are the characteristic time scales of transfer in each compartment (surface, vadose zone, and aquifer) and the flow partitioning between surface and subsurface. We validate our approach by comparing the new and previous theoretical TFs to experimental TFs generated by a physically based distributed hydrological model, for a wide range of properties. The results confirm that without the use of the new TF, the interpretation of observed spectra may often lead to severe misestimations of catchment properties. The potential of the new TF to constrain catchment characteristics is exemplified by analyzing real hydrological signals from two watersheds with distinct behaviors. We finally discuss the broad implications of our findings and how they may contribute to a variety of topics in hydrology, thereby opening the way to a more widespread and robust use of spectral analysis to describe hydrosystems from effective rainfall, river discharge, and piezometric data.
Precariously Balanced Rocks Reveal Earthquake History in Israel
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: April 2019

Using the prevalence of unstable rock formations in Israel’s Negev Desert, researchers determined that historical earthquakes in the region were weaker than previously thought.
Bortezomib-inducible long non-coding RNA myocardial infarction associated transcript is an oncogene in multiple myeloma that suppresses miR-29b
Authors: Fu Yunfeng , Liu Xiao , Zhang Fangrong , Jiang Siyi , Liu Jing , Luo Yanwei
Published: April 2019

Clinical outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have almost doubled the overall survival over the last decade owing to the use of proteasome inhibitor such as bortezomib (BTZ). However, some patients with MM develop primary resistance to BTZ, whereas others develop resistance after treatment. In this study, we investigated relationships between BTZ resistance and dysfunction of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in patients with MM. Bone marrow samples were collected from patients with MM and healthy donors for lncRNA microarray and survival analyses. To investigate functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated BTZ resistance in MM, we performed CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry analyses, dual luciferase report gene assays, and RNA pulldown assays with samples from nude mice carrying tumor xenografts and in clinical samples. Differentially expressed lncRNA myocardial infarction associated transcripts (MIAT) were highly expressed in patients with MM compared with healthy controls, and were predictive of poor survival outcomes. Moreover, MIAT expression was significantly increased in BTZ-resistant patients with MM compared with newly diagnosed patients with MM, and was identified as a BTZ-inducible lncRNA. Specifically, BTZ upregulated MIAT expression through increased stat1 phosphorylation. Silencing of MIAT inhibited MM cell growth and sensitized MM cells to BTZ by negatively regulating miR-29b. Our data demonstrated the utility of MIAT as a tool for overcoming BTZ resistance in patients with MM.
Measurement of carrier lifetime in micron-scaled materials using resonant microwave circuits
Authors: Dev Sukrith , Wang Yinan , Kim Kyounghwan , Zamiri Marziyeh , Kadlec Clark , Goldflam Michael , Hawkins Samuel , Shaner Eric , Kim Jin , Krishna Sanjay , Allen Monica , Allen Jeffery , Tutuc Emanuel , Wasserman Daniel
Published: April 2019

The measurement of minority carrier lifetimes is vital to determining the material quality and operational bandwidth of a broad range of optoelectronic devices. Typically, these measurements are made by recording the temporal decay of a carrier-concentration-dependent material property following pulsed optical excitation. Such approaches require some combination of efficient emission from the material under test, specialized collection optics, large sample areas, spatially uniform excitation, and/or the fabrication of ohmic contacts, depending on the technique used. In contrast, here we introduce a technique that provides electrical readout of minority carrier lifetimes using a passive microwave resonator circuit. We demonstrate >105 improvement in sensitivity, compared with traditional photoemission decay experiments and the ability to measure carrier dynamics in micron-scale volumes, much smaller than is possible with other techniques. The approach presented is applicable to a wide range of 2D, micro-, or nano-scaled materials, as well as weak emitters or non-radiative materials.
Phospho serine and threonine analysis of normal and mutated granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptors
Authors: Dwivedi Pankaj , Muench David E. , Wagner Michael , Azam Mohammad , Grimes H. Leighton , Greis Kenneth D.
Published: April 2019

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) plays an important role in the production of neutrophil granulocytes. Mutated G-CSFRs have been directly associated with two distinct malignant phenotypes in patients, e.g. acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL). However, the signaling mechanism of the mutated G-CSFRs is not well understood. Here, we present a comprehensive SILAC-based quantitative phosphoserine and phosphothreonine dataset of the normal and mutated G-CSFRs signaling using the BaF3 cell-line-based in vitro model system. High pH reversed phase concatenation and Titanium Dioxide Spin Tip column were utilized to increase the dynamic range and detection of the phosphoproteome of G-CSFRs. The dataset was further analyzed using several computational tools to validate the quality of the dataset. Overall, this dataset is the first global phosphoproteomics analysis of both normal and disease-associated-mutant G-CSFRs. We anticipate that this dataset will have a strong potential to decipher the phospho-signaling differences between the normal and malignant G-CSFR biology with therapeutic implications. The phosphoproteomic dataset is available via the PRIDE partner repository.
Author Correction: Ultra-broad Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation in Single, Bi and Tri Layer Graphene Nano-Plasmonic waveguides pumping at Low Input Peak Powers
Authors: Bobba Swetha S. , Agrawal Arti
Published: April 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
The effect of autophagy on the survival and invasive activity of Eimeria tenella sporozoites
Authors: Qi Nanshan , Liao Shenquan , Abuzeid Asmaa M. I. , Li Juan , Wu Caiyan , Lv Minna , Lin Xuhui , Hu Junjing , Yu Linzeng , Xiao Wenwan , Sun Mingfei , Li Guoqing
Published: April 2019

Autophagy is a cellular process that is vital for the maintenance of homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. Currently, autophagy-related genes (atgs) in the Eimeria tenella genome database have been reported, but very little is known about the effects of autophagy on the survival and invasive activity of this protozoan. In this study, we investigated the autophagy in E. tenella sporozoites under starvation and autophagy-modulators treatments and evaluated the autophagy influence on cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, the survival rate and the invasive activity of the sporozoites. The results showed that the autophagy could be induced in the sporozoites by starvation or inducer rapamycin (RP), but it could be inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment. The sporozoites after starvation and RP-treatment displayed punctate signals of EtATG8 and formed autophagosomes. The survival rate of the sporozoites under starvation was significantly lower than that in the control group, whereas the ATP levels in sporozoite were far greater than those in the control. The quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that the invasive activity of the sporozoites was up- and down-regulated by RP and 3-MA induction, respectively. Our results indicate that autophagy has effects on the survival and invasive activity of E. tenella sporozoites, which may provide new insights into anti-coccidial drugs.
GAS2-like 1 coordinates cell division through its association with end-binding proteins
Authors: Nazgiewicz Alicja , Atherton Paul , Ballestrem Christoph
Published: April 2019

Cell division involves the tightly coordinated rearrangement of actin and microtubules (MTs). We have previously shown that a member of the family of growth arrest-specific 2-like proteins, GAS2-like 1 (G2L1) regulates actin-MT crosstalk through its associations with plus-end microtubule tip-binding (EB) proteins. Here we show that G2L1 is involved in the regulation of cell division. We show that the depletion of G2L1 results in a reduction in the number of cells undergoing cell division and a significant proportion of those cells that do divide are either multinucleated, display deformed nuclei, or undergo cell division at a much slower rate. Exogenous expression of G2L1 mutants revealed that the association of G2L1 with EB1 is critical for regulated cell division and blocking this interaction inhibits cell division as observed in cells lacking G2L1. Taken together, our data suggest that G2L1 controls the precise regulation and successful progression of cell division through its binding to EB-proteins.
Affinity separation and subsequent terminal differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells using the human transferrin receptor (CD71) as a capture target
Authors: Lyons Veronica J. , Pappas Dimitri
Published: April 2019

The microfluidic detection of myeloblasts in bloodviathe human transferrin receptor (CD71) can serve as a diagnostic marker for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Metal–acid nanoplate-supported ultrafine Ru nanoclusters for efficient catalytic fractionation of lignin into aromatic alcohols
Authors: Ullah Naseeb , Odda Atheer Hameid , Liang Kuang , Kombo Miza Ali , Sahar Shafaq , Ma Liu-Bo , Fang Xiao-Xiang , Xu An-Wu
Published: April 2019

A novel metal–acid strategy that affords dual functionalities in the one-pot fractionation of lignin to phenolic compounds with excellent selectivity.
Fluorescence enhancement novel green analytical method for paraquat herbicide quantification based on immobilization on clay
Authors: Dominguez Marina A. , Insausti Matías , Ilari Romina , Zanini Graciela P.
Published: April 2019

Fluorescence emission enhancement by adsorption as a promising tool for the development of future green sensors.
Catalytic hydrazine disproportionation mediated by a thiolate-bridged VFe complex
Authors: Gu Nina X. , Ung Gaël , Peters Jonas C.
Published: April 2019

A heterobimetallic VFe complex is demonstrated to catalyse hydrazine disproportionation with yields of up to 1073 equivalents of NH3per catalyst, comparable to the highest turnover known for any molecular catalyst.
Supramolecular catalytic synthesis of a novel bis(salicylaldehyde hydrazone) ligand for ratiometric recognition of AT-DNA
Authors: Shu Zhengning , Chen Yan , Yu Hui , Liao Xiaoyu , Liu Chuanfeng , Tang Haodong , Li Sicong , Yang Peng
Published: April 2019

A bis-hydrazone compound (2) was synthesized via supramolecular catalysis under physiological conditions and its AT-DNA ratiometric sensing properties were identified.
Stable Sn2+ doped FAPbI3 nanocrystals for near-infrared LEDs
Authors: Begum Raihana , Chin Xin Yu , Li Mingjie , Damodaran Bahulayan , Sum Tze Chien , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Mathews Nripan
Published: April 2019

This communication reports Sn2+ doping to stabilize the α-perovskite phase of FAPbI3 NCs and their application in NIR-LEDs with EQE ∼ 1.7%.