bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Process and terminology in mammal carcass reduction
Authors: O'Connor T. P.
Published: June 2005

A simple process‐functional model is developed to explore some of the main stages in the utilization of a mammal carcass by people aiming to maximize the use of the carcass. The model predicts the potential deposition of many different and distinctive bone assemblages, some of which would be archaeologically recoverable. Explicit terminology is needed in order to distinguish assemblages of waste material from the intended product of a particular process, and to distinguish between assemblages characterized by depletion of certain elements and those in which parts of the carcass have been supplemented.
Metapodial asymmetry in draft cattle
Authors: Bartosiewicz L. , Van Neer W. , Lentacker A.
Published: June 2005

Traction work by oxen has been well documented in various pictorial and written sources throughout human history. Analysis of metapodial dimensions has been carried out with the aim of quantifying asymmetry related to sexual dimorphism, body size and possibly heavy duty traction work. A modern reference sample of 103 animals from Hungary and Rumania has been used for this purpose. Bone measurements were correlated with bone density and morphological characteristics in order to make the results applicable for the identification of remains from draft cattle in archaeozoological assemblages. Asymmetry is more pronounced in the thoracic extremity and metacarpals of older or heavier animals, sometimes showing excessive widening of the third, medial ray within the fused bone. Relative broadening is also intensive in the distal end of medial metatarsals of cows and oxen. The bone mineral content of the medial carpal region attains mature density first. The weight of phalanges increases for a longer time in the laterally located toes.
Bone preservation, decay and its related conditions in ancient human bones from Kuwait
Authors: Maat George J. R.
Published: June 2005

By means of scanning electron microscopy, four out of a series of twelve inhumations from the Hellenistic Period were examined for traces of the decay process. The changes represented the result of erosion and biological decomposition of human bones on a small island in the northern part of the Persian Gulf over a period of ca. 2200 years. Special emphasis was given to bone preservation and blood cell survival, and to bone changes due to physicochemical erosion and fungus, bacterium, insect and plant‐root activity. Related soil and climatic conditions were taken into consideration. The observations should be evaluated to understand the unusual state of preservation of the bones and to avoid possible misinterpretation of pseudo‐pathological bone changes as ante‐mortem pathology.
Asymmetry and activity‐related change in the male humerus
Authors: Stirland A. J.
Published: June 2005

Some previous studies of activity‐related change in the human skeleton have been of doubtful validity because specific changes have been related to particular tasks. Claims to establish such relationships have often concentrated on the development of entheses. Such work is marred by the incorrect assumption that muscles work in isolation in the performance of a single activity. In addition, normal skeletal asymmetry is often ignored, as is age and sex.

In the present work, paired humeri of males from two medieval British sites, Norwich and Henry VIII's flagship, the Mary Rose, were compared using a series of measurements. Comparison of left and right sides demonstrated that humeral asymmetry decreases with age. Comparison of the sites showed that the Norwich males were more asymmetric than those from the Mary Rose. All asymmetries exhibited a right‐sided dominance. The majority of the species is right‐handed: the Norwich males followed this trend. The general lack of asymmetry in the Mary Rose males suggests that they were using their arms more equally. When left and right sides were compared directly, a new measurement of the greater tubercle (where three muscles insert) and measurement of the diameter of the head demonstrated that the Mary Rose males had significantly larger dimensions of the left shoulder than the Norwich males. These results extend earlier work, which had suggested a correlation between the use of heavy medieval longbows and os acromiale. Statistical comparison of the sites demonstrated that such work can indicate patterns of activity but not individual occupations.
The effect of cremation on the study of trace elements
Authors: Subira M. E. , Malgosa A.
Published: June 2005

Cremation was a frequent practice during the Bronze and Iron Ages in Europe. The destruction caused by this rite has meant that there are few anthropological studies of this period and that the amount of information that has been obtained is limited. Most studies deal with the number of individuals and the temperature of cremation. At present, however, studies are under way to determine the possibility of carrying out analyses of trace elements on cremated individuals in order to determine their diet. The present study, carried out at a necropolis with two kinds of burial (S'Illot des Porros, Mallorca, Iron Age), presents new data regarding the diagenetic effects differentiating cremated from buried bones. The levels of Sr, Ca, Ba, Zn, Cu and Mg in the spongy and cortical tissue of 197 femurs are analysed. The results obtained at this necropolis demonstrate that only the levels of calcium and magnesium in the cortical tissue of cremated bones increase, so diagenesis acts in the same way in cremated and non‐cremated bones in this necropolis.
The first archaeological example of Freiberg's infraction
Authors: Anderson T. , Carter A. R.
Published: June 2005

Freiberg described a condition in which collapse of the juvenile second metatarsal head gave rise to localized pain and swelling.1 This eponymous disease is traditionally classed as one of the osteochondroses, a group of disparate lesions that typically manifest as destruction of an immature epiphysis. A medieval second metatarsal is presented, which by osteological and radiological examination is diagnostic of Freiberg's infraction. This is the first reported archaeological example of the condition.
Daily growth increments on fish otoliths as seasonality indicators on archaeological sites: The Tilapia from late palaeolithic Makhadma in Egypt
Authors: Van Neer Wim , Augustynen Silvia , Linkowski Thomasz
Published: June 2005

Daily growth increments in fish otoliths have been demonstrated for the first time on Quaternary sagittae from a late palaeolithic site in Egypt and they have allowed us to establish the season of fishing. Transverse sections of tilapia sagittae studied under light‐microscope demonstrate that recrystallization during diagenesis renders the majority of the margins unreadable. The well‐preserved otoliths, however, all have widely spaced outer growth lines, indicating that the fish died during a period of fast growth which coincides with the flood season. Moreover, counting the daily increments showed that late palaeolithic man captured the animals on the floodplain of the Nile after the maximum of the flood, when residual pools were present.
A longitudinal study of tooth growth in a single individual based on long‐ and short‐period incremental markings in dentine and enamel
Authors: Dean M. C. , Beynon A. D. , Reid D. J. , Whittaker D. K.
Published: June 2005

Ground sections of teeth from a single individual revealed approximately 30 fluorescent lines in the dentine resulting from successive courses of tetracycline antibiotics given over a period of approximately 12 years. In addition, many teeth showed long‐period incremental markings in the dentine. Short‐period daily cross‐striations in the enamel were used to calculate the periodicity of the long‐period incremental lines in both enamel and dentine. The incremental markings in the dentine were then used to calibrate the time of administration of each of the courses of tetracycline antibiotics. Enlarged micrographs of the teeth, constructed using fluorescence microscopy, were used to measure the increase in height of different teeth throughout the growth period on each occasion the tetracycline antibiotics were given. The times of initial mineralization of the teeth and the duration of crown formation were also determined for each tooth section. Line plots of tooth height against age were computed and used to calculate the rate of increase in tooth height during crown and root formation for one example of each tooth type. Initial rates of increase in height during enamel apposition and coronal dentine formation were fast, between 10 μm and 14 μm per day. During the latter phase of crown formation and during early root formation, tooth height increased at a slower rate of between 4 μm and 6 μm per day. Rates of increase in tooth height then rose to between 13 μm and 26 μm per day during the second half of root formation before falling off to a rate of approximately 4 μm per day during root completion (as the root apex formed). The times of initial crown mineralization and the total crown formation times estimated in this individual were all within the range known for modern humans but there was comparatively early mineralization of the third permanent molar. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies on human dental development.
The effect of variation in methodology on the outcome of osteoarthritic studies
Authors: Bridges Patricia S.
Published: June 2005

There is a great deal of variability in how osteoarthritis is scored and analysed. This paper compares several commonly used techniques of data presentation and analysis, using a prehistorical skeletal sample from the southeastern USA. It finds that these methodologies result in greatly different outcomes, not only in the overall frequencies of lesions, but also in the statistical findings and in which joints apparently have the most arthritis. It is unlikely that a consensus will quickly develop on how to deal with osteoarthritic lesions, owing to widespread disagreements on even such basics as scoring. In the interim, the best way to ensure comparability of studies is to present the most complete and least manipulated data possible, along with easy‐to‐interpret summary scores.
Variation in cross‐striation number between striae in an archaeological population
Authors: Huda Tushar F. J. , Bowman J. E.
Published: June 2005

The observed variation in the number of cross‐striations between Striae of Retzius in a sample of teeth from juveniles buried in the crypts of a London City church is presented. Estimates of intra‐and inter‐observer error in making such cross‐striation counts are discussed, together with implications for the estimation of age from perikymata counts on the tooth surface.
Age at death estimates for the protohistoric Arikara using molar attrition rates: A new quantification method
Authors: Dreier Frederick G.
Published: June 2005

Dental attrition is positively related to ageing and has often been used to determine age at death of animals and prehistoric/historic humans. A newly designed molar‐attrition‐scoring standard was applied to a protohistoric skeletal sample, the Arikara (N = 143) from the North American Plains. Several criteria are used in producing a molar tooth crown wear (MTCW) score. These include: (i) the size of enamel wear facets, (ii) the amount of dentine and secondary dentine exposure, (iii) the height of the tooth, (iv) the enamel rim thickness, and (v) the amount of pulp‐cavity exposure in the advanced stages. Age‐at‐death estimates were generated from ordinary least‐squares (OLS) analysis, with estimated age regressed independently on the total molar attrition score (TMAS), mean molar‐1 tooth crown wear (ȲM1TCW), mean molar‐2 tooth crown wear (ȲM2TCW), and mean molar‐3 tooth crown wear (ȲM3TCW). In all analyses (with the exception of the third molar), the coefficient of determination (r2) revealed a strong relationship between molar attrition and age. Multiple‐regression analysis revealed a significant sex difference in molar‐attrition rates. Besides intercept and slope differences, the female scatter showed greater molar attrition variation than the male scatter. There was no statistical difference between mean upper molar attrition score (UMAS) and lower molar attrition score (LMAS). There was no significant difference in molar attrition rates by side, and side by molar tooth.
Cranial suture closure and its implications for age estimation
Authors: Key Catherine A. , Aiello Leslie C. , Molleson Theya
Published: June 2005

Three age estimation techniques using ectocranial and/or endocranial suture closure are tested on a sample of known age from Spitalfields, London in order to determine the value of cranial suture closure as an indicator of age at death. The three techniques are those proposed by Acsádi and Nemeskéri, Meindl and Lovejoy and Perizonius. Results indicate that the Acsádi and Nemeskéri technique, which is based on endocranial sutures, can be used to distinguish young and middle‐aged individuals in the Spitalfields sample but gives no information for crania over the age of 50 years. Age estimation using the Meindl and Lovejoy and Perizonius (Old system) techniques, which use ectocranial sutures, was found to be subject to a number of complicating factors, of which sexual dimorphism in the rate and pattern of closure is the most significant. A method of estimating age at death based on both endocranial and ectocranial suture closure is developed on the basis of the Spitalfields sample. The technique attempts to overcome some of the problems associated with both intra‐ and interpopulation variation in cranial suture closure. For a truly accurate age‐estimation technique based on cranial suture closure we would need to know more about the causes and functions of suture closure in human populations.
Dental disease evidence for agricultural intensification in the Nubian C‐Group
Authors: Beckett Sean , Lovell Nancy C.
Published: June 2005

The results of this study reveal significantly greater frequencies of caries, periapical abscesses and ante‐mortem tooth loss in the Lower Nubian C‐Group (ca. 2000–1500 BC) compared with the preceding Classic/Terminal A‐Group (ca. 3100–2500 BC). More severe tooth wear in the C‐Group, which traditionally would be interpreted as consistent with a hunting‐gathering subsistence base, can instead be attributed to grit in the diet resulting from the processing of agricultural produce with sandstone and quartzite mortars and grinding stones, and perhaps also to the intentional addition of grit to grain in order to facilitate grinding. The results of this study, when evaluated in the context of complementary archaeological and osteological evidence, indicate that both groups practised a mixed economy but that the C‐Group relied more heavily on cereal cultivation.
Lithopedion as an archaic occurrence
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Rothschild Christine , Bement Leland C.
Published: June 2005

Identification of a 3100‐year‐BP lithopedion in the Archaic Southwest antedates its first clinical notation by 2100 years. It was only the ‘autopsy’ of time (excavation of the site) that allowed its presence to be brought to light.
Standardization of long bone growth in children
Authors: Sciulli Paul W.
Published: June 2005

Diaphyseal lengths of long bones of juveniles from five prehistoric Native American populations were collected in order to test the hypothesis of equivalence of relative lengths of all long bones.

Results indicate that the relative lengths of all long bones are not equivalent and that the long bones of the Native Americans exhibit a consistent, significant sequence from relatively most affected (relatively smallest) to relatively least affected (relatively longest): femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, ulna and radius. This sequence can be explained if it is assumed that the most rapidly growing long bones are the most greatly affected by nutritional and disease stress.
Dental root dentine translucency used in age determination of medieval Norwegians from Trondheim
Authors: Beyer‐Olsen Eva Margrete Stermer , Bang Gisle , Sellevold Berit J.
Published: June 2005

A pilot study on eight skulls from the churchyard of St Olav's church in Trondheim, excavated in 1988–1989, was carried out to compare age determined by root dentine translucency with the age assessed by a physical anthropologist. The difference in mean age between the two methods was not significant (p = 0.06).

Age determinations based on root dentine translucency were then performed on removable teeth from the adults among the 248 skeletons found in the same churchyard, excavated in 1984–1985. A comparison between the ages determined using root dentine translucency and the ages previously determined by the direct inspection method was performed. A significant systematic difference was seen between the two methods (p = 0.000). The root dentine translucency method gave an age range for the cohort excavated in 1984–1985 between 30 and 72 years, whereas the direct inspection method gave a range between 15 and 63 years. Because evaluation of many criteria are required to achieve reasonably accurate estimates of age in connection with the direct inspection method, expertise in skeletal biology is necessary.

The method of measuring root dentine translucency as a tool in archaeological and anthropological work and fieldwork and in forensic science seems to have advantages because the method can be used without previous extensive training.
Microscopic age determination of human skeletons including an unknown but calculable variable
Authors: Wallin Johan A. , Tkocz Izabella , Kristensen Gustav
Published: June 2005

Histomorphometric semi‐automatic image analysis of cross‐sections of 101 femoral diaphyseal bone sections were performed to reconsider to what degree osteon remodelling in the outer cortex is affected by age. The data were analysed statistically using the generalized least squares method. The model estimation, which includes the covariance matrix of four single equation residuals, improves the accuracy of age determination. The standard deviation, however, of age prediction remains 12.58 years. An experimental split of the data was made in order to demonstrate that the use of subgroups gives a false impression of higher precision of age determination. The present study demonstrates that determination of age at death through microscopic bone morphometry is considerably less precise than generally stated in the literature.
Age estimation from the pars basilaris of the fetal and juvenile occipital bone
Authors: Scheuer Louise , MacLaughlin‐Black Sue
Published: June 2005

The pars basilaris of the human occipital bone is reported to be of considerable value for age estimation in juvenile skeletal remains between early fetal periods and 6 years of age, when it fuses to the remainder of the bone. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between various dimensions of the pars basilaris, and assess their reliability for accurate age estimation. The results confirm the usefulness of the bone in this respect and they are discussed in the light of differential growth of the pars basilaris, and in the increase in dimensions of the boundaries of the foramen magnum.
Volume density of South American camelid skeletal parts
Authors: Elkin Dolores C.
Published: June 2005

This paper provides a set of volume density values for skeletal parts of lama (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Camelidae). The method by which these values were obtained is described and compared with published data of densitometries made on cervids, showing a high positive correlation between the bone densities of the two artiodactyls. The camelid bone density data are used to discuss the interpretation of skeletal patterning in an Andean archaeofaunal assemblage.
Of mice and sparrows: Commensal faunas from the Iberian iron age in the duero valley (central spain)
Authors: Muñiz Arturo Morales , Pecharroman Manuel Angel Cereijo , Carrasquilla Francisco Hernández , von Lettow‐Vorbeck Corina Liesau
Published: June 2005

This paper aims to emphasize the importance of imported commensal faunas in archaeological contexts by reporting on the earliest known house sparrows and house mice from the Iberian peninsula. The finds, which date to the Iron Age of a hinterland area of the peninsula, have been identified on the basis of osteomorphological and osteometrical criteria, which are specified in the text in order to demonstrate the reliability of the identification. The temporal and geographical coincidence of these remains in the two sites analysed with those of donkey and, secondarily, chicken remains and faunal remains of littoral origin, lends support to the hypothesis that these animals arrived with the earliest trans‐Mediterranean colonizers to the southern shores of the Iberian peninsula and spread involuntarily thereafter as ‘side‐products’ of the Phoenician commercial routes throughout the Iberian hinterland.
Sex identification from the distal fibula
Authors: Sacragi Akihiko , Ikeda Toshiko
Published: June 2005

This study was designed to determine whether the fibula, which is one of the least studied long bones, can provide reliable information for sexing of human bones, provided that one condition is satisfied, namely, its distal end is available for measurement. The materials consisted of the dried fibulae of 71 Japanese males and 35 females whose names, ages and sex were known. The distal end of the fibula was measured with respect to five novel dimensions that are closely related to the soft tissues that had been attached to the bone surface. Highly significant sex differences were found when all parameters examined were considered together. The differences for separate items were not, however, sufficient for sex discrimination. Discriminant analysis was performed using the five parameters and yielded the correct sex with 90. 6 per cent accuracy for the entire group of specimens. This degree of accuracy suggests the utility of the present method for sexing human bones, in particular, in osteoarchaeological situations.
Extreme osteoporosis in a sixth century skeleton from the Negev desert
Authors: Foldes A. Joseph , Moscovici Anka , Popovtzer Mordecai M. , Mogle Paul , Urman Daniel , Zias Joe
Published: June 2005

Osteoporosis was probably rare in ancient times due to the short life expectancy. An extremely osteopaenic skeleton of an adult female who lived in the Negev Desert c. AD 500 was studied using radiology, bone densitometry and histomorphometry. Possible aetiologic factors are discussed, with special emphasis on calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency, because nutritional deficiency has been described in Bedouin women who retain traditional dietary habits resembling those prevalent in the Negev region in antiquity.
The first archaeological case of Madelung's deformity?
Authors: Anderson T. , Carter A. R.
Published: June 2005

An elderly male medieval skeleton excavated from St Gregory's Priory presented with unilateral Madelung's deformity. The right radius and ulna were shortened due to premature fusion of the distal growth plate. The radius displayed lateral and dorsal bowing and the ulna was dislocated posteriorly. Pronation and supination was not possible and the available hand bones presented with disuse atrophy. Degenerative changes had reduced the mobility of the elbow joint and marked cubitus valgus was demonstrated. The unilateral presentation, shortening of the ulna and atrophy of the hand bones and the sex of the skeleton suggest a post‐traumatic rather than an idiopathic form of Madelung's deformity. As far as we are aware this is the first archaeological example of this condition.
Secular decline in cranioskeletal size over two millennia of interior central California prehistory: Relation to calcium deficit in the reconstructed diet and demographic stress
Authors: Ivanhoe Francis
Published: June 2005

An osteometric study of residual rickets (RR) skeletal plasticity has been made of a time‐ordered sequence of fifteen series of adult skeleton sets (n=359) from the Great Valley of central California (GV), spanning the three archaeological horizons of California Indian prehistory in this region: Early (EH), Middle (MH) and Late (LH). By least‐squares linear regression analysis, a clear and continuous downward trend obtained in cranioskeletal size in both sexes, proceeding from EH to LH in the GV sequence,pari passuwith a steady upward trend in the RR‐15 score. To ascertain if dietary calcium deficit (CADEF), a known cause of active rickets, can explain the observed secular increase in RR, the aboriginal diet was reconstructed by the diet grid method: CADEF was found to rise from borderline in the EH, to moderate in the MH, to severe in the LH, as the subsistence base shifted gradually away from hunted prey, and storable seed foods—mainly leached acorn meal—became the dominant source of energy. Further regression analysis has shown that the secular upward trend in CADEF is highly correlated with the temporal clines of the GV sequence, directly with the RR‐15 score, and inversely with cranioskeletal size: in round numbers, one grade of CADEF brings about a loss of 120 cm3or 4 per cent in partial skeleton volume. Two biocultural influences—demographic stress (DS) in females, and the less common ‘male nutritional advantage interaction co‐factor’ (MNAIC)—modulate the primary bone antitrophic CADEF effect: DS enhancing, MNAIC ameliorating.
Neolithic case of metastasizing carcinoma: Multiple approaches to differential diagnosis
Authors: de la Rúa C. , Baraybar J. P. , Etxeberria F.
Published: June 2005

The remains of the fragmented skeleton of a mature male individual from a Neolithic mass burial (ca. 5000 years BP) are presented. The lesions consist of osteoblastic proliferation and replacement of previously normal haematopoietic tissue. The most affected area seems to have been the iliac blade. So‐called ‘seeding’ of tumour tissue has been found in different loci in the femoral neck, sacrum, L4 and scapula. Differential diagnosis points to metastatic carcinoma, most likely from the prostrate gland. In order to support the observations, radiological and histological analyses have been performed. Trace element analyses of tumour and control samples have shown the limited contribution of these data to ascertain the aetiology of secondary neoplasias in buried material.
Analyses of measurements taken from adult femurs of a British population
Authors: Porter Alan M. W.
Published: June 2005

The femur remains an important bone in palaeoanthropology and this paper reports various analyses of measurements taken from long‐cassette radiographs of adult femurs of a reference population from the south of England (n=81, males 33, females 48). Discriminant analysis confirmed that the male femur is usually larger than the female femur, and that a femur may be sexed with some confidence. Discriminant scores have been derived to permit estimates to be made, from the whole or a part of a femur, of the probability of the male gender. Outcomes from a principal component analysis suggest: that the female proximal femur is a morphological unit; that neck length and shaft length are dissociated and there is no common factor representing linearity; and that the male bicondylar width is anomalous, a finding that is confirmed by other analyses. An estimate of the robusticity of the complete female, but not male, bone may sometimes be made from a proximal fragment. The robusticity of the complete bone may be made confidently from the shaft for both genders. The two width variables relating to a distal fragment cannot be used to predict the robusticity of the complete bone for either gender. A method of defining the position of the waist in terms of displacement in deciles down the shaft is described. The position of the waist seems to have a bimodal distribution. The positive association between age and distal displacement may be due to remoulding of the shaft with age or to a cohort (generational) effect. There is a weak correlation between a small neck–shaft angle and the distal displacement of the waist, two archaic phenotypic traits. Ten statements in the literature relating to the femur have been examined and tested; six are confirmed and four are unconfirmed, and it is suggested that there is a need for further studies relating to the morphology of the femur.
Activity‐induced musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and subsistence strategy changes among ancient Hudson Bay Eskimos
Authors: Hawkey Diane E. , Merbs Charles F.
Published: June 2005

Although archaeological evidence may express the results of several seasons of activity, the human skeleton, when correlated with archaeological and ethnographic data, provides information concerning daily activities performed throughout an individual's lifetime. Studies in occupational and sports medicine, along with electromyographic analysis of movement, have shown that different activities place different amounts of stress on human bone. In the present study, analysis of upper extremity musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) has been used to clarify habitual activity patterns of two ancient Thule Eskimo groups from northwest Hudson Bay, Canada. Distinct pattern differences in muscle use occurred between Thule adult males and females and suggest possible gender‐specific activity patterns that are not always discernible from the archaeological record alone. Temporal applications of the MSM data for Early and Late Period Thule support McCartney's theory of a substantial change in subsistence strategies through time, particularly among the adult males.
The patho‐epidemiology of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the female breast
Authors: Cook Martin G. , Rohan Thomas E.
Published: June 2005

Benign breast disease is associated with increased risk of subsequent breast cancer, especially when there is evidence of epithelial proliferation. There is no standard terminology for benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED), and this hinders direct comparisons between the various studies which have examined their pathology and their relationship to breast cancer. The present paper reviews previous classification schemes for BPED, and proposes an alternative system in which epitheliosis and blunt duct adenosis are the major features, the degree and pattern of the hyperplasias being graded separately. Adoption of this or a similar system as a standard should facilitate future comparative studies of these conditions. As BPED are apparently pre‐malignant conditions, an understanding of their aetiology is important because it may help to elucidate the aetiology of breast carcinoma, and to open up avenues for its prevention. If BPED are precursors to breast carcinoma, then risk factors for BPED should also be risk factors for breast carcinoma. To date, in epidemiological studies of BPED, such concordance has not been demonstrated, as consistent risk factors for the BPED have not yet emerged. This may have resulted, at least in part, from differences in the histological categories included in the various studies. Therefore, collaboration between epidemiologists and pathologists may facilitate progress towards an understanding of BPED.
An immunohistological study of factor VIII related antigen and kaposi's sarcoma using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Millard Peter R. , Heryet Andrew R.
Published: June 2005

Immunohistochemical techniques have been used to demonstrate Factor VIII related antigen (FVIIIRA) in endothelial cells and to study a variety of tumours including Kaposi's sarcoma. Conflicting reports on the presence of this antigen within the spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma have been made. These differences may be due to variations in techniques, in the immunoreagents used and in the method of fixation and handling of the specimen. A major factor may also be the lack of a uniform interpretation of positive peroxidase labelling. This study was confined to paraffin‐embedded tissues and compared the results and distribution of FVIIIRA labelling in Kaposi's sarcoma using two commercially available polyclonal antibodies and three monoclonal antibodies. The effects of predigesting the sections with trypsin and protease were also evaluated. Positive labelling of tumour spindle cells was accepted only when it matched that seen in labelled endothelial cells. The polyclonal antibodies provided satisfactory localization of FVIIIRA and gave positive results more frequently than the monoclonal antibodies both with and without enzyme digestion. Endothelial labelling was evident in vessels both within and around the tumour but none was seen in the tumour spindle cells. Most previous studies gave no definition of positive labelling but spindle cells were reported as labelled. However, in those few reports where a definition was given the findings are analogous to those in this report, demonstrating the importance of defining positive labelling.
Adrenal corticomedullary hyperplasia in hypobaric hypoxia
Authors: Gosney J. R.
Published: June 2005

Continuous exposure of adult male Wistar albino rats to a barometric pressure of 380 mm Hg (equivalent to an altitude of 5500 m) for 28 days causes a marked increase in adrenal gland weight due to hyperplasia of both adrenal cortex and medulla. The size of the cortical and medullary components of the gland relative to each other is unaffected; in both hypoxic and control animals the cortex occupies approximately 85 per cent of the overall volume of the gland. Cortical hyperplasia is consistent with the elevated levels of ACTH which have previously been shown to occur during hypoxia. Medullary hyperplasia under such conditions presumably reflects a continuing increased requirement for catecholamines in an hypoxic environment. The morphology of these adrenal medullae bears a striking structural resemblance to some phaeochromocytomata. Adrenal medullary hyperplasia does not appear to have been described previously under such conditions and may be an important effect of prolonged severe hypoxia.
Immunohistochemistry of soft tissue tumours: A review
Authors: Du Boulay Clair E. H.
Published: June 2005

The diagnosis and classification of soft tissue sarcomas can pose difficult problems for the histopathologist. Many sarcomas are too poorly differentiated to exhibit morphological features specific enough to define their histogenesis. Using the immunoperoxidase technique with commercially available antisera as a routine adjunct to other diagnostic aids, it is possible to arrive at more accurate diagnoses on which treatment protocols can be based. In addition a better understanding of mesenchymal neoplasms and their origins can be obtained by functional immunohistochemical studies.
Histiocytic lymphoma: A report of a case with an unusual phenotype
Authors: Salisbury Jonathan R. , Ramsay Alan D. , Isaacson Peter G.
Published: June 2005

A 41‐year‐old female underwent a supraclavicular lymph node biopsy. Light microscopy showed a tumour with morphology suggestive of a malignant lymphoma arising from interdigitating reticulum cells (IDRC). Immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry revealed the tumour cells not only to possess differentiation markers found on IDRCs but also markers characteristic of monocyte derived histiocytes. The implications of a neoplasm expressing this unusual phenotype are discussed in relation to the origin of histiocytes and their subsets.
Ulex europeus I—peroxidase as a marker of vascular endothelium: Its application in routine histopathology
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

Peroxidase‐labelled Ulex europeus I lectin has been applied to a series of routinely fixed and processed vascular lesions to assess its value in the identification of endothelium. A group of breast carcinomas previously examined for binding of the lectin to the tumour have been re‐assessed for evaluation of the use of Ulex europeus I in the determination of vascular invasion. There was consistent binding to normal vascular endothelium but this could be variable, there being stronger reactivity in small vessels of some tissues. All benign lesions stained showed clear definition of vascular channels but angiosarcomas were much less consistent in their staining reaction and the peroxidase‐labelled lectin was considered to be a less satisfactory marker. Lymphatic endothelium was always negative; this proved to be a useful feature in differentiating between blood vessel and lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma. Ulex europeus I‐peroxidase could certainly have a role in routine histopathology in this area.
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia identified as lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Authors: Herbert Amanda , Walters M. T. , Cawley M. I. D. , Godfrey R. C.
Published: June 2005

The widespread interstitial pulmonary infiltration in two patients, showing the clinical, radiological and histological features of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), has been characterized by histological and immunological criteria as malignant lymphoma of follicle centre cell (FCC) origin with plasmacytic differentiation. One patient also had malignant lymphoma of the parotid glands which had been present for many years and was previously considered benign (benign lymphoepithelial lesion). The other patient had a long history of Sjögrens syndrome. The lymphomas in these patients are presented as typical examples of malignant lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue.
Immunocytochemical identification of cell types in pleomorphic adenoma, with particular reference to myoepithelial cells
Authors: Palmer Richard M. , Lucas Raleigh B. , Knight Jennifer , Gusterson Barry
Published: June 2005

An immunocytochemical study was carried out on normal salivary gland tissue and ten salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas. Antibodies to myosin were used to stain myoepithelial cells. Duct cells were stained using an antibody to total keratin and a subpopulation of basal duct cells with an antibody to 45/46K keratins. Basement membranes were stained with anti‐type IV collagen. The results demonstrated that myoepithelial cells are relatively rare in the majority of pleomorphic adenomas and that many of the cells which have been classically described as myoepithelial in routine histological preparations do not clearly show this type of differentiation. However, the tumours presented a spectrum of differentiation patterns from those that were mainly ductal to the rare tumour which was largely myoepithelial. It is further suggested that the 45/46K keratin antibody is capable of identifying a subpopulation of cells which could possibly be important in the histogenesis of this tumour.
The response of small blood vessels in rat skin and skeletal muscle to repeated application of histamine: A chemical, topographical and electron microscopic study
Authors: Jones Gayle M. , Hurley John V.
Published: June 2005

Quantitative studies of increased vascular permeability, employing vascular labelling with colloidal carbon and measurement of the rate of escape of intravascular 99Tc labelled antimony sulphide (Sb2S3) colloid, show that local injection of histamine into the skin or cremaster muscle of rats reduces for a period of 6–8 h the leakage induced by a second injection of histamine into the same site Electron microscope studies employing multiple marker particles show that individual blood vessels are able to respond to two successive applications of histamine, and that the dimished leakage seen after the second injection is due to a reduced response of individual vessels and not to leakage from vessels unaffected by the first injection. Prior administration of bradykinin does not reduce the response to local injection of histamine into rat skin. The result suggest that sustained release of histamine is unlikely to be important in the production of prolonged increase in vascular permeability in acute inflammation. Bradykinin may be involved in such response but the findings provide no evidence for its participation.
Lipid in the human gallbladder mucosa. A histochemical study by light and electron microscopy
Authors: English Martin , Hopwood David
Published: June 2005

The distribution of lipids in the epithelium of 70 gallbladders removed for cholecystitis was investigated histochemically. Lipid was demonstrated in 68 gallbladders—cholesterol and its esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids. Neutral lipid was found at the bases of epithelial cells in 90 per cent and at the apex in 10 per cent of the gallbladders. Phospholipid was shown at the apex of epithelial cells in 64 per cent of the gallbladders. Electron microscopy in 12 specimens revealed cholesterol in and between the epithelial cells and in the underlying connective tissue.
Concomitant immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin and collagen in schistosome granulomata
Authors: Al Adnani M. S.
Published: June 2005

Affinity purified antibodies to human collagen type I and III and antihuman fibronectin, were employed immuno‐histochemically on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded human tissue containing schistosome granulomata. The distribution of the three connective tissue proteins was studied in 45 biopsies in which there was Schistosoma haematobium (30) and Schistosoma mansoni (15) infestation. The granulomata were divided into early, intermediate and late according to the proportion of inflammatory cell types and the degree of fibrous tissue deposition. Only fibronectin was detected in the early granuloma where macrophages are the main cell type. In the intermediate granuloma both fibronectin and collagen type III were localized along reticulin positive fibres; spindle cells, (presumptive fibroblasts) and macrophages were the cell types present at this stage. Collagen type I was mainly localized in the late granuloma. Hyalinized connective tissue was negative for the three proteins. The loose connective tissue and walls of blood vessels were constantly stained for fibronectin and collagen type III in normal areas distant from granulomata. These results raise the possibility of using localization of fibronectin and collagen as a means to stage the duration of chronic fibrotic diseases.
Lectin binding and steroid receptors in human breast carcinomas
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. , Hawkins R. A. , Miller W. R.
Published: June 2005

A series of breast carcinomas of known steroid receptor status have been examined for evidence of binding of the lectins peanut agglutinin, soy bean agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. Correlations were found between oestrogen receptor status and reactivity of carcinomas to peanut agglutinin and soy bean agglutinin but these were not absolute. Wheat germ agglutinin binding was unrelated to the presence of oestrogen receptors. No relationship was evident between progestogen receptors and the binding of any lectin. It therefore seems unlikely that lectin histochemistry can replace steroid receptors as markers of hormone dependence in breast carcinomas.
Fine structural changes in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and asbestosis
Authors: Corrin B. , Dewar A. , Rodriguez‐Roisin R. , Turner‐Warwick M.
Published: June 2005

Lung biopsies from 17 patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis of a cellular rather than fibrotic pattern were examined by transmission electron microscopy in the hope that such cases would show features of pathogenetic significance. Further selection was made by choosing minimally affected areas. There was no ultrastructural evidence of immune complex deposition but alveolar epithelial and capillary damage was frequently found (17 and 14 of the 17 cases respectively). Alveolar epithelial injury consisted of patchy necrosis and regenerative hyperplasia. Alveolar capillary injury consisted of cytoplasmic swelling and basement membrane thickening and reduplication. Many of these features have not been emphasized in previous reports and their prominence in early stages of the disease suggest that they may have pathogenetic significance, possible mechanisms of which are discussed. Similar findings identified during the course of this study in 8 asbestos workers suggest that similar pathogenetic mechanisms may operate in asbestosis.
Morphometric analysis of gastric dysplasia
Authors: Jarvis L. R. , Whitehead R.
Published: June 2005

The grading of gastric epithelial dysplasia has been studied by means of computer aided morphometry. Measurements of histological features were made on segments of epithelium from 38 selected cases of dysplasia graded by subjective assessment. The measurements were statistically compared with the subjective scores using discriminant analysis. The measurements were found to provide significant discrimination between all groups. Nuclear size proved to be the main discriminating variable. Prediction of the likely group membership of individual cases was possible using classification equations derived from the discriminant analysis. Classification of the original data set revealed prediction errors which suggested a bias against diagnosis of dysplasia. As a result of this study reliable, repeatable and objective gradings of gastric epithelial dysplasia can be obtained by inexperienced persons with an accuracy approaching that of a skilled pathologist.
An immunohistological study of giant‐cell tumour of bone: Evidence for an osteoclast origin of the giant cells
Authors: Athanasou N. A. , Bliss E. , Gatter K. C. , Heryet A. , Woods C. G. , McGee J. O'D.
Published: June 2005

Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against a variety of lymphoid and non‐lymphoid antigens the immuno‐histological staining pattern of giant cells from a case of giant‐cell tumour of bone has been compared with that of osteoclasts from the developing ends of fetal long bones. Only EBM‐11, an antibody reacting with a wide spectrum of macrophages, stained both osteoclasts and giant cells; stromal cells and osteoblasts did not react. This indicates that osteoclasts and giant cells are phenotypically and presumably functionally similar. It is argued that the osteoclasts and the tumour‐derived giant cells in bone are derived from a similar mononuclear precursor.
The use of the lectin Ulex europeus to study epithelial cell differentiation in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic oral white lesions
Authors: Prime Stephen S. , Rosser Tracy J. , Malamos Dimitris , Shepherd Jonathan P. , Scully Crispian
Published: June 2005

Ulex europeus (Ulex 1) has been used to study the expression of cell surface α‐L‐fucose on oral epithelial cells of normal human mucosa, white lesions and carcinomas. In normal tissue and in 11 of 12 specimens of non‐specific keratoses (leukoplakia), Ulex 1 stained epithelial spinous cells only. In 16 specimens of oral lichen planus, Ulex 1 labelled spinous epithelial cells, and in 12 there was also staining of the basal epithelial cells. Two specimens of white sponge naevus showed a total absence of epithelial staining with Ulex 1. Squamous carcinomas showed a loss of staining in the invading epithelial islands in six of eight specimens, but normal labelling of the surfaces of spinous cells at sites distant from the areas of epithelial invasion. When the severity of epithelial dysplasia, as assessed by the index of epithelial atypia, was compared with the pattern of staining of Ulex 1 in normal mucosa and white lesions there was no correlation. The results show that failure of Ulex 1 to stain cell surface carbohydrates may not be attributable to malignant transformation. The staining of cells not normally stained may be related to hitherto masked residues revealed by cell damage or altered differentiation.
Histological changes associated with ageing of the human carotid body
Authors: Hurst Gerard , Heath Donald , Smith Paul
Published: June 2005

A qualitative and quantitative histological study was made of the carotid bodies obtained at necropsy from 47 subjects ranging in age from 14 to 100 years. With increasing age there is a loss of more than a third of the amount of glomic tissue with a diminution in the size of the lobules. In young people the basic histological pattern of clusters, composed of cores of chief cells with surrounding rims of sustentacular cells, has commonly superimposed on it prominence of the dark variant of chief cells. In middle‐aged subjects there is proliferation of sustentacular cells which appear to merge imperceptibly into fibrosis of the lobules and becomes associated with diffuse or focal infiltrates of lymphocytes.