bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Everolimus and Sunitinib Treatment in Pancreatic Metastatic Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumours Resistant to Prior Treatments
Authors: Angelousi Anna , Kamp Kimberly , Kaltsatou Maria , O'Toole Dermot , Kaltsas Gregory , de Herder Wouter
Published: January 2017

Objective: Alternating treatment with sunitinib and everolimus has been shown to be efficacious in renal cell carcinoma. However, no data currently exist for the role of alternate sequence administration of these agents in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs). Methods: Thirty-one patients were administered one compound and upon progression were switched to the other. All patients had grade 1 or 2 tumours and stage IV disease with similar metastatic load. The primary end point included estimation of the median overall progression-free survival (mPFS) along with each drug's mPFS as a first-line (mPFS1) and a second-line treatment (mPFS2); tolerability and serious adverse events were also evaluated. Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), 2-year mortality rate, and incidence of disease progression. Results: Overall, mPFS did not differ between the everolimus to sunitinib group (36.5 months) and the sunitinib to everolimus group (31.6 months) with a hazard ratio of 0.94 ([95% CI, 0.45-1.97], p = 0.7). Although mPFS1 after first-line everolimus was longer (16.3 months) compared to sunitinib (9 months), this was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Sequential second-line treatment showed no difference in the mPFS2 (p = 0.3). No difference in OS between the 2 groups was observed. Tolerability was better for everolimus compared to sunitinib. Conclusions: Treatment with sequential molecular target agents was well tolerated and associated with similar overall mPFS in both schemes of administration. Larger prospective studies are required to investigate the long-term efficacy and sequence of administration of alternate therapy with molecular targeting agents in metastatic pNETs and their effect on OS.
Use of Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Who Take Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Before Stroke
Authors: Xian Ying , Federspiel Jerome J. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Laskowitz Daniel T. , Schwamm Lee H. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Smith Eric E. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Peterson Eric D.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Intravenous rt-PA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) is effective in improving outcomes in ischemic stroke; however, there are few data on the use of rt-PA in patients who are receiving a non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC).

Methods:

Using data from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Registry, we examined the outcomes of use of thrombolytic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke who received anticoagulation with NOACs versus those on warfarin (international normalized ratio <1.7) or not on anticoagulation from 1289 registry hospitals between October 2012 and March 2015.

Results:

Of 42 887 patients with ischemic stroke treated with intravenous rt-PA within 4.5 hours, 251 were taking NOACs (dabigatran 87, rivaroxaban 129, and apixaban 35) before their stroke, 1500 were taking warfarin, and 41 136 were on neither. Patients on NOACs or warfarin were older, had more comorbid conditions, and experienced more severe strokes than did those who were not on anticoagulation (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 12, 13, and 9, respectively). Unadjusted rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the NOAC, warfarin, and none groups were 4.8%, 4.9%, and 3.9%, respectively (
P
=0.11). In comparison with those not on anticoagulation, the adjusted odds ratio for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage for those on NOACs was 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.51–1.65) and for those on warfarin the adjusted odds ratio was 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.10). There were also no significant differences in the risk for life-threatening/serious systemic hemorrhage, any rt-PA complication, in-hospital mortality, and modified Rankin Scale at discharge across 3 groups. Similar results were also found after propensity score matching.

Conclusions:

Although experience of using rt-PA in patients with ischemic stroke on a NOAC is limited, these preliminary observations suggest that rt-PA appears to be reasonably well tolerated without prohibitive risks for adverse events among selected NOAC-treated patients. Future studies should evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous rt-PA in patients with ischemic stroke who are taking NOACs.
Priest in the Inner City
Authors: Gainsborough Martin
Published: January 2017

The article considers the strengths and weaknesses of John Milbank’s ecclesiology by examining encounters the author has had as a Church of England priest working in the inner city. The analysis is further sharped by setting Milbank’s ecclesiology alongside Rowan Williams’s ideas about the Church and priestly ministry. The article argues that, while there is more to Milbank’s ecclesiology than some critics have allowed, his account can be usefully supplemented by close attention to the lived experience of the Church day by day. For a more rounded characterization of the Church as a distinctive human community, we need to look at the Church taken to its limits, sticking with situations of ‘dis-ease and conflict’, and not looking for ‘quick and false solutions’. These points can all be found in Williams’s ecclesiology.
Yves Congar at Vatican ii
Authors: Flynn Gabriel
Published: January 2017

Among the private diaries of Vatican ii, those of Yves M.J. Congar (1904–95) and Henri de Lubac (1896–1991) are undoubtedly the most important. The aim of this article is to assess the significance of Congar’s My Journal of the Council in order to draw attention to its significant influence in the on-going reception of the Vatican ii, and to the perennial challenge of reform in the Church. Congar was one of the most prominent of the ressourcement theologians, associated principally with the Jesuits of Lyon-Fourvière and the Dominicans of Le Saulchoir, Paris. Their influence pervaded French society and theology in the period 1930–1960, and beyond, and inspired a renaissance in Catholic thought. The article assesses Congar’s role in that renaissance, as well as his immense participation in the elaborate work of the Council, not least his involvement with the Belgian theologians with whom he formed a strategic liaison.
Nonconciliation in Peer Disagreement: Its Phenomenology and Its Rationality
Authors: Henderson David , Horgan Terence , Potrč Matjaž , Tierney Hannah
Published: January 2017

The authors argue in favor of the “nonconciliation” (or “steadfast”) position concerning the problem of peer disagreement. Throughout the paper they place heavy emphasis on matters of phenomenology—on how thingsseem epistemicallywith respect to the net import of one’s available evidence vis-à-vis the disputed claimp, and on how such phenomenology is affected by the awareness that an interlocutor whom one initially regards as an epistemic peer disagrees with oneself aboutp. Central to the argument is a nested goal/sub-goal hierarchy that the authors claim is inherent to the structure of epistemically responsible belief-formation: pursuing true beliefs by pursuing beliefs that are objectively likely given one’s total available evidence; pursuing this sub-goal by pursuing beliefs that are likely true (given that evidence) relative to one’s own deep epistemic sensibility; and pursuing this sub-sub-goal by forming beliefs in accordance with one’s own all-in,ultima facie, epistemic seemings.
Typification of names in the genus Camellia (Theaceae)
Authors: ZHAO DONGWEI , PARNELL JOHN A. N. , HODKINSON TREVOR R.
Published: January 2017

Nomenclatural types for 18 names actually belonging to the genus Camellia are designated here. The following names are lectotypified: Camellia caudata, C. indochinensis, Dankia langbianensis, Thea bachmaensis, T. brachystemon, T. confusa, T. connata, T. corallina, T. fleuryi, T. gaudichaudii, T. gilbertii, T. krempfii, T. laotica, T. nematodea, T. nervosa, T. pleurocarpa, T. taliensis and T. tonkinensis.
An analytical review of Halffter's Mexican transition zone, and its relevance for evolutionary biogeography, ecology and biogeographical regionalization
Authors: HALFFTER GONZALO , MORRONE JUAN J.
Published: January 2017

The Mexican transition zone (MTZ) is the complex area where the Neotropical and Nearctic biotas overlap, including south-western United States, Mexico and a large part of Central America extending to the Nicaraguan lowlands. In a strict sense, it corresponds to the mountain highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua. We review Halffter's theory explaining the biotic evolution of the MTZ, including the description and discussion of the distributional patterns and cenocrons recognized within it. Distributional patterns are generalizations that help analyse and compare distributions of different taxa. Cenocrons correspond to sets of taxa that share the same biogeographic history, constituting identifiable subsets within the transitional biota by their common biotic origin and evolutionary history. The heuristic value of distributional patterns and cenocrons lies in their application to formulate hypotheses on biotic assembly in the geographical-ecological space, to analyse the ecological response to anthropic impact, to analyse altitudinal patterns and to undertake time-slicing in cladistic biogeography. Three case studies are analysed with some detail: the Neotropical genus Canthon and the tribe Phanaeini and the Holarctic/Nearctic subfamily Geotrupinae. The Paleoamerican and Mexican Plateau cenocrons define the approximate boundaries of the MTZ, whereas the Mountain Mesoamerican, Nearctic and Typical Neotropical cenocrons correspond to the more conventional boundaries of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The biotic assembly of the MTZ is summarized into five stages: in the Jurassic-Cretaceous, the Paleoamerican cenocron (later diversified into five varieties) extended in Mexico; in the Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene, the Mexican Plateau cenocron dispersed from South America; in the Oligocene-Miocene, the Mountain Mesoamerican cenocron dispersed from the Central American Nucleus; in the Miocene-Pliocene, the Nearctic cenocron dispersed from northern North America; and in the Pleistocene, the Typical Neotropical cenocron dispersed from South America. Finally, we review the impact of Halffter's MTZ, with particular reference to dispersal, track, cladistic biogeographic, endemicity and phylogeographic analyses, as well as biogeographic regionalization.
Review of the genus Lanchnophorus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae) with description of three new species and other nomenclatural changes
Authors: KMENT PETR , CARAPEZZA ATTILIO , JINDRA ZDENĚK , KONDOROSY ELŐD
Published: January 2017

The generic name Lanchnophorus Reuter, 1887, deemed for a long time to be unavailable as incorrect original spelling of Lachnophorus (in fact Lachnophorus Distant, 1903 is an unjustified emendation of the former), is restored as a valid name of the genus. Lachnesthus Bergroth, 1915, syn. nov. (new name for the preoccupied Lachnophorus Distant, 1903) is considered junior synonym of Lanchnophorus. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Lanchnophorus flavus (Scudder, 1971) comb. nov. = Lachnesthus chinai Scudder, nomen nudum; Lanchnophorus guttulatus Reuter, 1887, comb. restit. = Lachnophorus albidomaculatus Distant, 1913, syn. nov. = Lachnesthus rodriguezensis China, 1925, syn. nov.; Lanchnophorus leucospilus (Walker, 1872) comb. nov.; Lanchnophorus merula (Distant, 1903) comb. nov.; and Lanchnophorus singalensis (Dohrn, 1860) comb. nov. Three new species are described: Lanchnophorus gaoqingae Kment & Jindra sp. nov. from China (Yunnan), Lanchnophorus seminitens Kment & Carapezza sp. nov. from Socotra Island (Yemen), and Lanchnophorus webbi Kondorosy sp. nov. from India: Tamil Nadu. Bibliographies and known distribution of all the included species are reviewed. The following new country and state records are provided: L. flavus from Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Niger, Zambia and Zimbabwe; L. leucospilus from China (Yunnan) and Laos, L. merula from India (Kerala/Tamil Nadu) and Thailand; L. singalensis from Angola, Benin, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, China (Hainan), Iran (Sistan and Ba-luchestan), Oman, Pakistan, India (Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan), Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand.
Taxonomic review of the katydid genus Alloteratura (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Meconematinae) with the description of one new species from Thailand
Authors: TAN MING KAI , ARTCHAWAKOM TAKSIN
Published: January 2017

Alloteratura Hebard, 1922 is a genus of katydid from the speciose Meconematinae, most easily characterised by maxillary palpi with extremely short apical segment. Currently, two subgenera exists: subgenus Alloteratura Hebard, 1922 (33 species) and Meconemopsis Karny, 1922 (11 species). In this taxonomic review, one new species of the subgenus Meconemopsis from Thailand is described: A. (M.) dawwruengi sp. nov. Illustrated keys to species for both subgenera are also presented here.
Integrative taxonomy reveals the first record and a new species for the previously monotypic genus Tethytimea (Tethyida: Tethyidae) in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: CRUZ-BARRAZA JOSÉ ANTONIO , VEGA CRISTINA , ÁVILA ENRIQUE , VÁZQUEZ-MALDONADO LAURA ELENA
Published: January 2017

The first record of the previous monotypic genus Tethytimea and the description of a new species from cryptic habitats of Gulf of Mexico are presented. Tethytimea carmelita sp. nov., is a red orange cushion shaped sponge (about 5 mm thick) with a tuberculate to granular surface. The spicular complement is formed by tylostyles (200–1120 µm length), smooth spheres (12.5–55 µm in diameter); megasters-spheroxyasters (12.5–90 µm in diameter); and micrasters in two categories: oxy-strongylasters (12.5–27.5 µm in diameter) and spherotylasters (2.5–25 µm in diameter). The new species differs from the only species known T. tylota (Hentschel, 1912) mainly by differences in the size and shape of spicules. T. tylota possesses tylostyles in two size categories; megasters include giant oxyspherasters up 250 µm and micrasters in a single category. Additionally, to the morphological characteristics, we integrated partial sequences of a large sub-unit ribosomal 28S rDNA gene region (D1–D2 domains), in order to establish the molecular taxonomic position of our new species (and genus). Tree topologies (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference) were congruent in phylogenetic hypothesis, retrieving the Order Tethyida as monophyletic. In this clade, the family Timeidae was separated from the other families Tethyidae + Hemiastrellidae. Inside this latter group and according to the taxonomic hypothesis based on morphology, Tethytimea carmelita sp. nov. was included in Tethyidae clade, together with a sequence of Tethya sp. (AY626300), forming a sister group with representatives of genera Xenospongia and Thectitethya. Our new species constitutes the second valid known species for the genus Tethytimea and the first record of genus for the Atlantic Ocean.
The first hydrophilous cave-dwelling millipede from Serbia—Typhloiulus balcanicus sp. nov. (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae)
Authors: ANTIĆ DRAGAN Ž. , DUDIĆ BORIS D. , GAJIĆ MIRJANA R. , LUČIĆ LUKA R.
Published: January 2017

As the fourth hydrophilous species of the genus Typhloiulus Latzel, 1884, the new species T. balcanicus Antić sp. nov. is described from two caves in the Stara Planina Mountains of Serbia. A brief discussion of the relationships between the new species and congeners with modified and unmodified mouthparts is presented, as well as short notes on the habitat of the new species and comments on other semiaquatic millipedes with modified mouthparts.
Estimating Vertical Motion Profile Top-Heaviness: Reanalysis Compared to Satellite-Based Observations and Stratiform Rain Fraction
Authors: Back Larissa E. , Hansen Zachary , Handlos Zachary
Published: January 2017

A method for representing geographic variability in vertical motion profile top-heaviness in reanalysis data is introduced. The results from this method are compared to a satellite-based method for estimating top-heaviness of vertical motion profiles over the oceans. The satellite-based method utilizes basis functions, idealized or from reanalysis, along with scatterometer wind convergence data and rainfall to estimate the top-heaviness of the vertical motion profile. Results from the two methods of estimating top-heaviness are significantly correlated. Both estimates of top-heaviness are compared to stratiform, shallow, and convective rain fraction. Findings show geographic variability in stratiform rain fraction is not well correlated with estimated profile top-heaviness. Shallow rain fraction is not variable enough to explain this finding. The results may be due to geographic variations in the shape of convective or stratiform heating profiles. An example is given of how variations in convective heating profiles could lead to a region with more stratiform rain having a more bottom-heavy profile.
Formation Mechanisms of the Pacific–North American Teleconnection with and without Its Canonical Tropical Convection Pattern
Authors: Dai Ying , Feldstein Steven B. , Tan Benkui , Lee Sukyoung
Published: January 2017

The mechanisms that drive the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern with and without its canonical tropical convection pattern are investigated with daily ERA-Interim and NOAA OLR data (the former pattern is referred to as the convective PNA, and the latter pattern is referred to as the nonconvective PNA). Both the convective and nonconvective positive PNA are found to be preceded by wave activity fluxes associated with a Eurasian wave train. These wave activity fluxes enter the central subtropical Pacific, a location that is favorable for barotropic wave amplification, just prior to the rapid growth of the PNA. The wave activity fluxes are stronger for the positive nonconvective PNA, suggesting that barotropic amplification plays a greater role in its development. The negative convective PNA is also preceded by a Eurasian wave train, whereas the negative nonconvective PNA grows from the North Pacific contribution to a circumglobal teleconnection pattern. Driving by high-frequency eddy vorticity fluxes is largest for the negative convective PNA, indicating that a positive feedback may be playing a more dominant role in its development.

The lifetimes of convective PNA events are found to be longer than those of nonconvective PNA events, with the former (latter) persisting for about three (two) weeks. Furthermore, the frequency of the positive (negative) convective PNA is about 40% (60%) greater than that of the positive (negative) nonconvective PNA.
Is the Influence of Stability on the Sea Surface Heat Flux Important?
Authors: Mahrt L. , Hristov Tihomir
Published: January 2017

Observations of the heat flux over the open sea and in the coastal zone are analyzed to reexamine the relation of the heat flux to the air–sea temperature difference and wind speed. The study begins by examining problems with different methods for estimating the air–sea temperature difference. The difference between the air and within-water temperature is found to be most suitable for one dataset, while the difference between the air and the radiometrically measured sea surface temperature must be used for the second dataset. On average, the heat flux is linearly proportional to the product of the air–sea temperature difference and wind speed corresponding to approximately constant transfer coefficient for heat CH. Deviations of the heat flux from this simple relationship were generally weakly related or unrelated to the surface bulk Richardson number Rb, even for the coastal zone site. Similar results are also found for the moisture flux. In contrast to the general success of constant transfer coefficient for heat, CH plotted directly as a function of Rb is systematically related to the square root of Rb. The role of the wind speed as a shared variable between CH and Rb also predicts such a square root dependence, suggesting that the relationship could be largely due to self-correlation, which is also supported by a nominal study of self-correlation. However, confident isolation of the influences of stability, self-correlation, uncertainties in the air–sea temperature difference, and other physics requires more extensive data.
Health Crisis in Developing Countries and Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: Post 2005
Authors: Katti Vijaya , Wadhwa Abhishek
Published: January 2017

The poor health care system in developing countries is a major problem in their development. The introduction of TRIPS compliant patent system in the WTO member countries has increased their problem by cutting down the sources of cheap generic drugs like in India. This paper analyzes various factors which affect accessibility and affordability of drugs in these countries. The paper also gives an overview of prevalent health care system in developing countries and impact of introduction of new patent system in India, which before 2005 supplied cheaper generic drugs to these countries. Also discussed is the possibility of Indian pharmaceutical companies in the WTO regime to still remain the source of cheaper drugs and be a part in development of drugs for neglected diseases.
Voltage Profile and Power Loss in a Uniform Distribution Feeder
Authors: Abdel-Salam T. S. , Hackam R. , Chikhani A. Y.
Published: January 2017

Voltage profile and power loss in a uniform distribution feeder

A teaching topic suitable for inclusion in a power systems course is described. The dependence of voltage profile and power loss reduction of a uniformly distributed feeder, on the parameters of (1) location of compensating capacitor, (2) rating of capacitor, (3) load level and (4) power factor is demonstrated.
The Homeless Mentally Ill: Myths and Realities
Authors: Hamid Walid Abdul , Wykes Til , Stansfeld Stephen
Published: January 2017

This literature review summarises the historical background of homelessness. It suggests that the current view of homeless people as chronic mentally ill is the latest phase in a series of the different ways in which society has perceived and labelled the homeless. We have argued that homelessness is a product of the lack of housing provision to the poorest section of society and that the psychiatric needs of many of the homeless might be a direct result of poverty and homelessness.

This review also highlights difficulties in interpreting data produced by surveys of homeless people. These difficulties include the multiple definitions of homelessness used and also the major methodological errors which limit the usefulness of their findings. In particular sampling methods used may have overestimated the more visible part of the homeless population, overestimating the levels of psychiatric morbidity.

Even if these limitations are ignored the data produced by these studies do not allow planning of effective mental health services for homeless people as their results depend mainly on diagnostic classification rather than disability or need. What is required is a study of needs where the appropriateness of particular services is defined, the sampling method is explicit and the definitions of homelessness are precise and consistent.
The Impact of Unemployment On Psychosomatic Symptoms and Mental Well-Being
Authors: Vnamäki Heimo , Koskela Kaj , Niskanen Leo
Published: January 2017

The relationship between psychosomatic symptoms and mental well-being among unemployed (N = 132) and employed (N = 187) personnel of two similar wood-processing factories was studied. Mental well-being was measured by means of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-score) and the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-score). The 13-item questionnaire assessing psychosomatic symptoms was used (PS-score). The 33 and 66 percentiles (tertiles) were formed on the basis of PS-score of the two groups separately. The highest PS-score percentile was compared with the combined first and second percentile. Higher PS-score implied impaired mental well-being especially in the unemployed but also in the control group. Insufficient social support and uncertainty about the future was associated with highest PS-score in the study group but not in the control group. High PS-score was associated with subjective mental problems in both groups. Impaired health and PS-score were associated in both groups.

Our results suggest that unemployment is a powerful external stress factor and that psychosomatic symptoms were associated with impaired mental well-being.
Severely and Persistently Mentally Ill Patients in Italy: an Overview of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Findings
Authors: Veltro F. , Magliano L. , Lobrace S. , Morosini P.L.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of epidemiological, clinical and psychosocial characteristics of patients needing long-term treatment. The data concerned the following aspects: prevalence and incidence from the five best-established Italian psychiatric case registers; needs for care; psychosocial and clinical outcome as assessed by means of follow-up studies; social disability and relatives' perceived burden. The one-year prevalence rate of "long-term users" is consistent in Northern Italy, higher in Middle Italy and lower in Southern Italy. The incidence rate was found to be around 4 per 100,000. Even in a community oriented mental health service, users' needs for care are only partially met. A good psychosocial outcome was found associated with the use of social and/or vocational skills training, while the average number of days per year of hospitalisation in a psychiatric department was found associated with poor outcome. A moderate degree of social disability was found among patients needing long-term treatment. The resulting family burden presented to a marked or very marked degree in more than 50% of the relatives.
Effects of Occupational Status On the Mental Health of Young Italian Men and Women. a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Crepet Paolo , Piazzi Andrea , Vetrone Guiseppe , Costa Massimo
Published: January 2017

The study was carried out on 548 subjects (307 women, 244 men) between the ages of 21 and 26, who had all obtained secondary school certificates. The survey was conducted in two contrasting areas, one showing a high rate of unemployment, the other a rate below the national average. The sample was divided into three groups according to occupational status: employed persons, students and persons seeking their first employment. The subjects were given five questionnaires: a demographic form, the General Health Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Our findings revealed that unemployed women experience greater psychological distress while men are more subject to marked depressive states. There were no significant differences between the two areas surveyed.
A Curved Beam Test Specimen for Determining the Interlaminar Tensile Strength of a Laminated Composite
Authors: Hiel Clement C. , Sumich Mark , Chappell David P.
Published: January 2017

A curved beam type of test specimen is evaluated for use in determining the through-the-thickness strength of laminated composites. Two variations of a curved beam specimen configuration (semicircular and elliptical) were tested to failure using static and fatigue loads. The static failure load for the semicircular specimens was found to be highly sensitive to flaw content, with the specimens falling into two distinct groups. This result supports the use of proof testing for structural validation. Static design allowables are derived based on the Weibull distribution. Fatigue data indicates no measured increase in specimen compliance prior to final fracture. All static and fatigue failures at room temperature dry conditions occurred catastrophically. The elliptical specimens demonstrated unusually high failure strengths indicating the presence of phenomena requiring further study. Results are also included for specimens exposed to a wet environment showing a matrix strength degradation due to moisture content. Further testing is underway to evaluate a fatigue methodology for matrix dominated failures based on residual static strength (wearout).
The Behavior of Delaminations in Composite Plates—Analytical and Experimental Results
Authors: Peck Scott O. , Springer George S.
Published: January 2017

The behavior of elliptical sublaminates created by delaminations in composite plates was investigated for plates subjected to in-plane compressive, shear, and thermal loads. The axes of the ellipse may be arbitrarily oriented with respect to the applied loads. A model was developed which provides the stresses, strains, and displacements of the sublaminate, and the loads applied to the plate at which the sublaminate buckles and at which it grows in size. A series of experiments was conducted on sandwich plates made of Fiberite T300/976 graphite-epoxy laminates bonded to an aluminum honeycomb core. Teflon film in either a circle or an ellipse was embedded in the laminate, simulating the presence of a delamination. Each plate was loaded in compression, and the load-strain history of the sublaminate, the sublaminate buckling load, and the sublaminate growth load were measured. The predictions of the model agreed reasonably well with the data.
An Analytical and Experimental Study of Strength and Failure Behavior of Plain Weave Composites
Authors: Ito Makoto , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: January 2017

This paper analyzes the strengxth and failure behavior of plain weave composites. First, the geometrical characteristics of yarn shape, laminate stacking configuration, fiber volume fraction, and yarn packing fraction are investigated using three-dimensional geometrical models. Based on the geometrical characteristics, iso-strain approach is developed to predict elastic properties, stress distributions, and strengths under tensile loading. The laminate stacking configuration and fabric waviness ratio have significant influence on the composite failure behavior. Specimens of iso-phase, out-of-phase and random-phase laminate composites are prepared. The mathematical models developed are evaluated by microscopic observation and tensile tests.
Evaluation of Microscopic Deformation in CFRP Laminates with Delamination by Micro-Grid Methods
Authors: Takeda Nobuo , Ogihara Shinji , Suzuki Satoshi , Kobayashi Akira
Published: January 2017

Micro-grid methods were applied to measure displacements in 90° ply in CFRP cross-ply laminates with only transverse cracks or with both transverse cracks and delaminations. The COD (crack opening displacement) of the transverse cracks were also measured. Micro-grids were printed on the specimen edge surfaces by using the photo-lithography technique. The displacement fields of the specimen edge surface obtained from the experiment were compared with McCartney's [1] and Lee et al.'s [2] analyses which predicted the displacement field of a cross-ply laminate with only transverse cracks. Furthermore these analyses were modified to consider the existence of delamination.
The Sexual Abuse of Children: Cases Submitted to a Police Laboratory and the Scientific Evidence
Authors: Davies Anne
Published: January 2017

This paper is based on a lecture given to an audience consisting mainly of social workers and paediatricians. The purpose of the talk was to explain the sort of evidence that could be provided by a forensic biologist in order to show that a child had been sexually assaulted, and to help identify the assailant.

The introduction to the talk was composed of a review of the types of cases involving the sexual abuse of children that have been dealt with by this laboratory during the last two years (1984–85). A description was then given of the various biological materials which, if found in appropriate places, can substantiate an allegation of sexual assault. A brief reference was made to the persistence of semen in the vagina, rectum and mouth, and to the blood group substances which occur in different body fluids.
Post-Traumatic Thrombosis of the Right Coronary Artery
Authors: Vanezis Peter
Published: January 2017

A case of traumatic thrombosis of the right coronary artery is reported following a fall from a height. Most documented cases have occurred in atherosclerotic vessels. Differentiation from non-traumatic occlusion with or without myocardial infarction may be extremely difficult particularly if there is a long period of survival following the injury.
Emotional Abuse of Children: A Psychologist's Contribution to Legal Establishment
Authors: Furnell James R. G.
Published: January 2017

With increasing frequency, agencies concerned with child care approach developmental psychologists for expertise in the detection of 'emotional abuse' of children; often, the initial intention is an expression of professional opinion in a legal setting. This paper examines, through examples from three clinical cases, the nature of retrospective and present evidence, and prognostic opinion, based on psychological methods that courts have indicated as acceptable in the establishment of 'emotional abuse'. The examples provided argue strongly for early involvement of a developmental psychologist in such cases on the initiative of legal or child care agencies.
The Use of Trachea Temperature as a Means of Determining the Post-Mortem Period
Authors: Nokes L. D. M. , Hicks B. , Knight B.
Published: January 2017

Presented in this paper are the initial results involving the use of trachea temperatures as a means of determining the post-mortem period. A simple mathematical model is developed based on the cooling curves of five corpses. Errors between actual and calculated post-mortem periods may be due to an initial temperature plateau or lack of knowledge of body temperature at time of death.
Suicide Trends in Singapore, 1975–84
Authors: Tan Clarence T. T.
Published: January 2017

Recent trends in the incidence and methodology of suicide in Singapore are presented and compared with a similar study done 20 years previously. The study covers a total of 2843 suicidal deaths reported to the coroner from 1975–84 that were investigated by the Government Department of Pathology. The results show that the crude suicide rate has been increasing since 1977 and that the rate was highest in elderly males. The three most popular methods of suicide employed were jumping from a height (58.4 per cent), hanging (25.6 per cent) and poisoning (10.2 per cent). Comparison of the results with the previous study carried out for 1955–64 showed a significant increase in the mean crude suicide rate which was almost exclusively contributed to by an increase in the rate for females. There was also a significant change in the popularity of methods of suicide employed.
Sudden Death in an Alcoholic with Intramyocardial Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Burns James , Hulewicz Bogdan
Published: January 2017

A case of sudden death in an alcoholic with intramyocardial small vessel disease is reported. The histological findings and their medicolegal significance are discussed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the importance of histological examination of the intramyocardial small vessels in alcoholic subjects dying suddenly and in whom no obvious satisfactory cause of death is found at necropsy.
Suicide by Drowning in Uusimaa Province in Southern Finland
Authors: Auer A
Published: January 2017

This study investigates drownings in Uusimaa province in Finland in order to form a picture of the people who end their lives in this way. The material consisted of 285 successive drownings, which were subject to autopsy at the Helsinki University Department of Forensic Medicine between 1978 and 1986 and for whom diatom analysis was carried out.

There were 51 definitive cases of suicide by drowning. For these, an analysis was made of age and sex distribution, alcohol and drugs, scene of the incident, significant diseases, social group, place of residence, information on suicide notes, previous suicide attempts, treatment for mental problems, depression preceding the suicide, talk of suicide and heavy use of alcohol. According to this material the typical Finnish drowning suicide is a man from 21 to 30 years old, who belongs to the lowest social group, is unmarried, and lives in Helsinki. He drowns sober during June in the shallow water off the coast of the Gulf of Finland, has previously attempted suicide, received treatment for mental problems, and has been depressed recently.
Standardizing the Technique of Measurement of the Collo-Diaphyseal Angle
Authors: Purkait R
Published: January 2017

Anatomically the female pelvis because of its reproductive function is broader than that of the male. The female, being genetically shorter than the male, has a shorter femur which, combined with the broad pelvis, results in a comparatively smaller collo-diaphyseal angle than the male. When relevant literature was reviewed mixed results were seen which appear to have been settled by this study. By the adoption of anatomical landmarks for measuring the angle as against the conventional methods this study guarantees comparable results.
Suicide Pact Survivors: Some Observations
Authors: Latha K S
Published: January 2017

Interviews with seven survivors of four suicide pact pairs are examined. In the majority of cases the instigator is more likely to be the male member of the pair. Absence of past suicidal behaviour, and some socio-cultural aspects surround the Indian pact member, in comparison with the West. The existing legal provisions relating to criminal liability for complicity in suicide of another person are summarized. The role and attitude of the Indian Penal Code in dealing with suicide pact survivors is discussed.
Carboxyhemoglobin Blood Concentrations in Suicides by Fire
Authors: Betz P , Roider G , Meyer L V , Drasch G , Eisenmenger W
Published: January 2017

A total of 21 suicides by fire (16 males and 5 females) were investigated. In at least 18 of the 21 cases, flammable liquids were used as accelerants leading to severe and extensive burns. The determination of carboxyhemoglobin concentrations revealed comparatively low levels of between 3 and 30 per cent in suicides committed in the open whereas four out of five deceased found dead in gutted cars showed carbon monoxide saturations ranging from 34 to 87 per cent. In 18 cases (86%) soot was detectable in the airways even in cases with slightly elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, indicating the importance of a careful examination of the airways at autopsy for the detection of vital signs.
Hospice Palliative Care Volunteers’ Experiences With Unusual End-of-Life Phenomena
Authors: Claxton-Oldfield Stephen , Dunnett Alexie
Published: January 2017

Forty-five Canadian hospice palliative care volunteers responded to a survey examining whether they had witnessed or been told about any unusual end-of-life phenomena (EOLP) in their work with dying patients and their families in the past year. The most commonly witnessed EOLP were patients talking to or reaching out their hands toward deceased relatives or friends (34%), occurrences of terminal lucidity (33%), and patients seemingly getting ready for a trip or journey (28%). At least a third of the volunteers indicated that a patient or a patient’s family member had told them about visions or dreams of deceased relatives or friends (47% and 44%, respectively), seeing beautiful places or colors or hearing wonderful music (38%), terminal lucidity (38%), and deathbed coincidences (33%). The majority of volunteers were accepting of spiritual explanations for EOLP and rejecting of scientific or medical ones. Ninety-six percent of the volunteers felt that information about EOLP should be included as part of their volunteer training.
Cultural Stigma Manifested in Official Suicide Death in South Korea
Authors: Im Jeong Soo , Park B. C. Ben , Ratcliff Kathryn Strother
Published: January 2017

This article examines the cultural sources of underreported suicide deaths in South Korea. It analyzes two sets of suicide data compiled by two different government agencies. Noting the considerable undercounting of suicide deaths compiled by the National Statistical Office, it explores how the underreporting is linked to the Confucian norm of familism. Despite an effort to improve the quality of official suicide data, a reform in the death system is needed in order to gather accurate data for a better understanding of the increased suicides as well as for the development of more effective suicide prevention and intervention strategies.
Comparison of Suicide Rates Among Asian Americans in 2000 and 2010
Authors: Kuroki Yusuke
Published: January 2017

This brief report used the mortality data to separately examine suicide rates of the six largest Asian American groups: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. In 2000, Japanese American men (13.8 per 100,000) showed significantly higher suicide rate than Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese American men (7.3, 4.0, and 6.1 per 100,000), whereas Chinese, Korean, and Japanese women (3.7, 3.9, and 4.3 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian women (1.2 per 100,000). In 2010, Korean and Japanese American men (19.9 and 15.7 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than men of other Asian groups. Korean and Japanese American women (8.1 and 5.0 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian and Filipino American women (1.5 and 1.8 per 100,000). The findings challenge the notion that Asian Americans are at low risk for suicide and underscore the importance of examining ethnic variation in suicide behaviors among Asian Americans.
Ways of Grieving Among Ojibwe Elders
Authors: Dennis Mary Kate , Washington Karla T.
Published: January 2017

Death, grief, and loss are common experiences for many individuals who identify as American Indian/Alaska Native, yet decidedly little is known about the lived experience of grieving in this population. To address this gap in the literature, researchers conducted a qualitative descriptive study exploring ways of grieving among 20 elders residing on a North American Ojibwe reservation. Findings derived via thematic analysis illustrate the variety of ways these elders respond to death: living through it, responding in Western or non-Traditional ways, drawing comfort from spirituality, and grieving as a community. Implications for culturally appropriate grief support for AI individuals and communities are provided.
Cocaine Markets and Drug Enforcement in Spain and the Netherlands
Authors: Ellis Thomas , Denney David , Nee Claire , Barberet Rosemary
Published: January 2017

This article summarises some key findings from a United Nations exploratory research study (Savona, Dom and Ellis, 1993; Ellis 1996). The complex cocaine-distributing processes in Spain and the Netherlands are outlined, followed by a discussion of the complexities of enforcement procedures to combat them. Finally, the article draws some tentative conclusions for policy makers relating to the convergences and differences in both cocaine markets and methods of enforcement in all three countries.
Bankers' Books Evidence Act: Its Abuse by the Nigerian Police
Authors: Chianu Emeka
Published: January 2017

In developing countries, it is particularly necessary to be vigilant about possible abuses of authority including abuse of police power. Individual victims are often fearful of punishment if they dare to complain, while illiteracy and poverty contribute to ignorance of legal rights (even assuming that effective legal remedies do actually exist). The Nigerian Police Force already faces widespread criticism for alleged abuses of power, which it should therefore do all it can to avoid: in this article its abuse of the Bankers Books Evidence Act 1879 (hereafter ‘Capital BBEA’ or ‘the Act’) is examined.1
Policing Diversity — Managing Complaints against the Police
Authors: Kennison Peter C
Published: January 2017

This study takes a critical perspective in examining public attitudes towards police stop-and-search powers and, more particularly, police misconduct. It shows how police accountability works through the formal and complex system of complaints against police. It shows a system designed to favour the police against the citizen. In the eyes of some citizens this has tended to reduce the legitimacy of the complaints process, which has led to its under use. Certain police practices and services appear to impact more on diverse sections of the public than it does on the white community. It shows how aberrant police behaviour exposes some of the sociological issues such as black over-representation in public dissatisfaction and complaint statistics. The research also highlights the hidden figure of police deviance and misconduct.

This study acknowledges future changes in complaints management proposed by the Home Secretary, David Blunkett MP. However, these proposals do not appear to go far enough. The complaints process is beset with a number of significant problems which include inaccessibility, complication and inequality. The study suggests, as the way forward, a model of ‘good practice’ using a pragmatic approach, which is customer-focused and overcomes many of the problems that allow for easy access, simplification and informality. The principle of civil libertarian ideals prevails, satisfying the legal notion, ‘justice must not only be done but must be seen to be done’.
Hardships of the Early Settlers in Western Australia
Authors: Treadgold C.
Published: January 2017

‘And whereas for the Ends of Justice and the Preservation of Peace I may hereafter see Occasion to nominate and to appoint a properly qualified Person to execute the Office of Sheriff of the Territory having under his Direction responsible Individuals filling the Offices of High Constable, Constables, Bailiffs and Surveyors of Highways. And whereas I may hereafter see occasion to issue a Commission to certain deserving Persons to proceed to the Cognizance of Offences against the Laws, to hear and determine Complaints of Injury: to commit Offenders for further Trial to the Custody of the Sheriff and to conduct Themselves in the Execution of their Office according to such Mode of Procedure as Justices of the Peace may lawfully adopt. I here command that due Obedience and Respect be shown to such Persons in their several Places of Jurisdiction.’
Children in Trouble
Authors: Neivens Peter
Published: January 2017

During May and June 1969 a special series of lectures on the new legislation on juvenile delinquency was arranged by the University of London. Of the 370 people who attended some 120 were police officers and the final lecture was given by Chief Supt. Neivens. The present article is based on his script.
Which-a-Way?
Authors: Elmes Frank
Published: January 2017

“I can only record that the R.U.C. again seemed pathetically thin on the ground and apparently unable to deal with marauding gangs - though they contained the main riots.”
Industrial Welfare
Authors: Smith C. R.
Published: January 2017

We are often enjoined to look outside the Service to see how other organizations tackle problems which are akin to our own. Inspector Smith, a Bramshill Scholar at the University of Birmingham since 1968, reading Social Studies, describes the welfare arrangements of a Midlands factory which he visited as part of his course.
The Exercise of Discretion in the Enforcement of Law
Authors: Clissitt A. F. C.
Published: January 2017

We congratulate Mr. Clissitt on winning The Queen's Gold Medal for the following essay.
Authority and Police Science
Authors: Banton Michael
Published: January 2017

The third of Professor Banton's articles on authority considers the relationship of authority to police science. It makes a powerful plea for more open and higher-level discussion of police affairs.