bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instructional quality in nursing vocational education and training
Authors: Anselmann Veronika , Roggenstein Jennifer , Thudium Leonie
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Instructional quality refers to classroom management, personal learning support and cognitive activation.

Methods

This study was conducted in nurses’ vocational education and training (VET). We asked nursing students (N = 496) to estimate instructional quality of their classes (n = 52). Furthermore, we asked teachers (N = 52) to describe the learning objectives they aimed to achieve. We used online and paper- pencil questionnaires with validated scales to measure classroom management, personal learning support, and cognitive activation, and connectivity. For analyzing our data, we used descriptive statistics and Anova with Bonferroni and Turkey’ post hoc tests. We also used structuring qualitative content analysis to teachers’ descriptions of learning goals.

Results

Our results indicate that nursing students estimated the instructional quality of their classes quite high. When teacher aimed on achieving higher levels of learning objectives classroom management and personal learning support were estimated significantly different.

Discussion

In VET it is important to coordinate the content, the way of instruction, and the way learners are supported in the learning process to achieve high instructional quality.
In-depth analysis of the safety of CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors
Authors: Dong Jiayi , Wu Jiexiong , Jin Ye , Zheng Zhu , Su Ting , Shao Lijuan , Bei Jiaxin , Chen Size
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the rapid progress in oncology, immunology, and molecular biology has dramatically advanced cancer immunotherapy, particularly CAR-T cell therapy. This innovative approach involves engineering a patient’s T cells to express receptors that specifically target tumor antigens, enhancing their ability to identify and eliminate cancer cells. However, the effectiveness of CAR-T therapy in solid tumors is often hampered by the challenging tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex TME includes dense stroma that obstructs T cell infiltration, abnormal blood vessel structures leading to hypoxia, and an acidic pH, all of which hinder CAR-T cell function. Additionally, the presence of immunosuppressive factors in the TME reduces the efficacy of CAR-T cells, making successful targeting of tumors more difficult. The safety of CAR-T therapy has gained interest, especially CAR-T therapy has shown considerable effectiveness in various cancers, with notable results in multiple myeloma and hepatocellular carcinoma, among others. Nonetheless, CAR-T cell therapy is associated with several adverse reactions primarily driven by heightened levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These reactions include cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity (CANS), and organ toxicity, often leading to serious complications. CRS, characterized by systemic inflammation due to cytokine release, can escalate to severe organ dysfunction. It typically occurs within the first week post-infusion, correlating with CAR-T cell expansion and often presents with fever and hypotension. Meanwhile, CANS encompasses neurological issues ranging from mild symptoms to severe seizures, possibly exacerbated by CRS. Organ toxicity can also arise from CAR-T therapy, with potential damage affecting the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, liver, and lungs, often tied to shared antigens found in both tumor and healthy tissues. Moreover, long-term effects like cytokine-associated hematotoxicity (CAHT) and secondary malignancies represent significant concerns that could affect the patient’s quality of life post-treatment. The long-term adverse effects and challenges in treating solid tumors underscore the need for ongoing research. Strategies to improve CAR-T cell efficacy, minimize adverse reactions, and enhance patient safety are critical. Future explorations could include designing CAR-T cells to better navigate the TME, identifying specific target antigen profiles to minimize off-target damage, and developing adjunct therapies to mitigate cytokine-related toxicity. Continued monitoring for long-term effects will also be paramount in improving patient outcomes and maintaining their quality of life. Overall, while CAR-T therapy holds great promise, it must be administered with careful consideration of potential side effects and rigorous management strategies to ensure patient safety and treatment efficacy.
Malaria “chemoprevention and vaccination strategies” for children living in endemic areas of Africa: a review
Authors: Nambatya Winnie , Ocan Moses , Robberstad Bjarne , Achan Jane , Idro Richard
Published: February 2025

There has been significant progress in malaria prevention over the past 20 years, but the impact of current interventions may have peaked and in moderate to high malaria transmission areas, the earlier gains either have since stalled or reversed. Newer and more innovative strategies are urgently needed. These may include different chemoprevention strategies, vaccines, and injectable forms of long-acting antimalarial drugs used in combination with other interventions. In this paper, we describe the different chemoprevention strategies; their efficacy, cost-effectiveness, uptake, potential impact, and contextual factors that may impact implementation. We also assess their effectiveness in reducing the malaria burden and emerging concerns with uptake, drug resistance, stock-outs, funding, and equity and suggestions to improve application.
Pentraxin-3 as a poor marker of fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease among older adults: findings from the PolSenior2 substudy
Authors: Owczarek Aleksander Jerzy , Musialik Joanna , Stefański Adrian , Mossakowska Małgorzata , Zięba Katarzyna , Więcek Andrzej , Chudek Jerzy , Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Magdalena
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The study aimed to assess the relationship between plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX-3) levels and the potential diagnosis of fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in older adults. This was assessed using the Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), and Hepamet fibrosis score (HFS).

Materials and methods

The subanalysis included 2,397 older adults (aged 60 years and older) from the population-based PolSenior2 study, all of whom had risk factors for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and underwent PTX-3 assessment. The participants were divided into two subgroups according to the FIB-4 values (≤2.67 and > 2.67), three subgroups according to the NFS values (< −1.455, −1.455, and 0.675, and > 0.675), and three subgroups according to the HFS values (< 0.12, 0.12 and 0.47 and > 0.47).

Results

The empirical cutoff points for PTX-3 levels as a potential marker of liver fibrosis were assessed separately for women and men. In women, the cutoff points for PTX-3 levels based on ROC curve analyses ranged from 1.96 to 2.30 ng/mL (an AUC ranging from 0.596 to 0.643, sensitivity between 39.1 and 61.7%, and specificity between 56.1 and 79.6%). In men, a significant cutoff point was established for FIB-4 (an AUC of 0.549, sensitivity of 39.4%, and specificity of 69.6%). Overall, the accuracy was poor.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that plasma PTX-3 levels are not sensitive enough to be used as a non-specific marker of liver fibrosis in older adults.
CO2 capture from indoor air for human comfort and sequestration or reuse: a promising step toward sustainable CO2 removal
Authors: Maity Krishnendu , Bhadirke Shreyash D. , Wijewardane Samantha , Goswami D. Yogi
Published: February 2025

Concentration of CO2 in an indoor environment can be four to five times higher than the outdoor air. This higher indoor concentration of CO2 reduces the work efficiency of individuals working indoors and negatively impacts human health. However, the elevated concentration also makes it easier to capture CO2 from indoor air. This study examines the performance of monoethanolamine (MEA) and L-arginine (Arg) solutions for indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) capture through experimental screening. Key parameters evaluated include CO2 absorption and desorption capacity, absorption kinetics, and the impact on relative humidity (RH) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations. Two solvent formulations were employed in this study: one utilizing pure water as the solvent and the other incorporating a water-glycol mixture. The aqueous Arg solution demonstrated minimal to no detectable increase in VOC levels and exhibited lower evaporation rates than the benchmark aqueous MEA solution. Microwave (MW) heating was utilized to facilitate rapid CO2 desorption from saturated solutions. The regeneration efficiency, solvent loss, and energy consumption were found to be dependent on the MW desorption time. Optimizing the desorption resulted in faster and almost complete regeneration, minimized solvent loss, and reduced overall energy consumption. The incorporation of glycol minimized evaporation during absorption, decreased the likelihood of complete drying during desorption, and improved solution regeneration. Cyclic absorption-desorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the long-term stability and kinetic performance of the solutions. While the aqueous MEA solution experienced significantly larger declines of 54.3% in CO2 absorption capacity and 34.24% in absorption kinetics, the water-PG-based Arg solution demonstrated promising performance, with a smaller reduction of 31.24% in CO2 absorption and a 2.13% decrease in kinetics after ten cycles. Additionally, the water-PG-based Arg solution resulted in lower volatile organic compound (VOC) levels and provided more effective control over relative humidity. These findings underscore the potential of the water-PG-based Arg solution for cyclic CO2 absorption and microwave-assisted regeneration processes.
The unmet needs in management, the treatment gap and the burden of migraine in Greece: a Delphi consensus and focus group study from patients’ perspective
Authors: Vikelis Michail , Kourlaba Georgia , Barba Lia , Bilias Konstantinos , Barbalia Elena , Solakidi Argyro , Trafalis Dimitrios , Lioliou Katerina , Zyga Sofia , Karapanayiotides Theodoros , Mitsikostas Dimos-Dimitrios
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Migraine is a chronic, debilitating neurological disease affecting more than 1 billion patients, worldwide. Even though migraines are not life-threatening, they have profound effects on individuals, families, and society.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe patients’ perspectives on socioeconomic and humanistic burden of migraine, as well as the unmet medical needs in the clinical management of migraine, in Greece.

Methods

A mixed study design of a Delphi panel and a focus group was conducted, in which 16 and 9 episodic migraine patients from the two Greek migraine patient associations participated, respectively. A structured questionnaire of 45 statements regarding burden of disease diagnosis, treatment and unmet needs was used to collect data at Delphi consensus panel. An open and balanced discussion with all participants took place, under the co-ordination of one moderator during the focus group. At each round of the Delphi panel, the percentage of participants who responded “Agree/Strongly Agree,” “Disagree/Strongly disagree” and “Neither Agree nor Disagree” was calculated. The consensus threshold was set at 70% of responses. A thematic analysis was performed for the focus group.

Results

Consensus was achieved on 34 out of 45 statements. Thematic analysis revealed that patients face severe problems at work due to a lack of understanding and awareness of migraine burden from colleagues and employees, they are forced to modify their daily activities to avoid migraine attacks, and they experience prolonged diagnostic and treatment journey since they visit different medical specialties until they find the one who will be able to effectively help them manage their migraine. Additionally, they expressed concerns regarding the management of their disease due to patient-physician communication gap, dissatisfaction with traditional oral preventive therapies and lack of therapeutic options for older ages and in case of existence of specific comorbidities.

Conclusion

Participants agreed that Migraine has a multifaceted impact on several aspects of patients’ lives. Patient-centered care, better training for healthcare providers, targeted therapies, and improved communication tools emerged as key factors in addressing the unmet medical needs of migraine sufferers.
Ferroptosis, pathogenesis and therapy in AS co-depression disease
Authors: Zhao Yulong , Ren Peng , Luo Qiang , Li Xue , Cheng Xinyi , Wen Youliang , Wu Xiaoyun , Zhou Junjie
Published: February 2025

Atherosclerosis (AS)-related cardiovascular disease and depression are often comorbid, with patients with cardiovascular disease facing an increased risk of depression, which worsens AS. Both diseases are characterized by oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorders. Ferroptosis, a form of cell death characterized by iron overload and harmful lipid peroxide accumulation, is found in various diseases, including AS and depression. Consistent with the iron deposition and lipid peroxidation (LPO) that characterize the ferroptosis mechanism, disturbances in iron and lipid metabolism are also crucial pathogenic mechanisms in AS and depression. The comorbid mechanisms are complex, posing challenges for clinical treatment. Chinese herbs hold significant potential owing to their multi-target pharmacological effects. Therefore, this review aims to investigate iron overload, LPO, and ferroptosis across various cell types, the shared pathogenesis of AS and depression with ferroptosis, and research on Chinese herbal medicine targeting ferroptosis in the treatment of anti-AS co-depression. This provides a comprehensive understanding of AS co-depression disease from the perspective of ferroptosis.
Structural analysis and treatment of acute liver injury of polysaccharides from the Radix Actinidiae Chinensis
Authors: Ding Zhongpeng , Ying Qianyi , Lei Jing , Zhang Ningchen , Xia Yu , Du Yilin , Xu Beihua , Shi Senlin
Published: February 2025

Objective

To investigate the therapeutic effects of the PRAC on acute liver injury and its potential as an ingredient in drugs and nutraceuticals.

Methods

Microwave-assisted extraction technology combined with Box-Behnken model combined with the three kinds of artificial neural networks was used to optimize PRAC extraction process. Characterize the structure and composition of PRAC. In order to prevent PRAC from being degraded by the gastrointestinal environment, PRAC-loaded liposomes were fabricated. The efficacy of PRAC-loaded liposomes was evaluated by three acute liver injury animal models prepared according to different mechanisms.

Results

The best yield of PRAC was 4.49%, and the purity reached up to 86.53% by optimizing the microwave parameters using Box-Behnken model combined with the three kinds of artificial neural networks. PRAC was characterized as a galactan having a backbone consisting predominately of →4)-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-D-Glcp-(1→ with a molecular weight of 12.713 kDa. The PRAC-loaded liposome obtained had a size about 340 nm with a polydispersity index 0.234. The entrapment efficiency was 70.12% and the drug loading was 1.24%. Liposomes can be fully released in the gastrointestinal environment within 12 h and have long-term stability at 4°C. The therapeutic effect of PRAC liposomes on acute liver injury was confirmed by three animal models of acute liver injury.

Conclusion

PRAC is a potential drug for the treatment of acute liver injury.
In silico oncology: a mechanistic multiscale model of clinical prostate cancer response to external radiation therapy as the core of a digital (virtual) twin. Sensitivity analysis and a clinical adaptation approach
Authors: Stamatakos Georgios , Kolokotroni Eleni , Panagiotidou Foteini , Tsampa Stamatia , Kyroudis Christos , Spohn Simon , Grosu Anca-Ligia , Baltas Dimos , Zamboglou Constantinos , Sachpazidis Ilias
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent diagnosed malignancy in male patients in Europe and radiation therapy (RT) is a main treatment option. However, current RT concepts for PCa have an imminent need to be rectified in order to modify the radiotherapeutic strategy by considering (i) the personal PCa biology in terms of radio resistance and (ii) the individual preferences of each patient.

Methods

To this end, a mechanistic multiscale model of prostate tumor response to external radiotherapeutic schemes, based on a discrete entity and discrete event simulation approach has been developed. Following technical verification, an adaptation to clinical data approach is delineated. Multiscale data has been provided by the University of Freiburg. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed.

Results

The impact of model parameters such as cell cycle duration, dormant phase duration, apoptosis rate of living and progenitor cells, fraction of dormant stem and progenitor cells that reenter cell cycle, number of mitoses performed by progenitor cells before becoming differentiated, fraction of stem cells that perform symmetric division, fraction of cells entering the dormant phase following mitosis, alpha and beta parameters of the linear-quadratic model and oxygen enhancement ratio has been studied. The model has been shown to be particularly sensitive to the apoptosis rate of living stem and progenitor cells, the fraction of dormant stem and progenitor cells that reenter cell cycle, the fraction of stem cells that perform symmetric division and the fraction of cells entering the dormant phase following mitosis. A qualitative agreement of the model behavior with experimental and clinical knowledge has set the basis for the next steps towards its thorough clinical validation and its eventual certification and clinical translation. The paper showcases the feasibility, the fundamental design and the qualitative behavior of the model in the context of in silico experimentation.

Discussion

Further data is being collected in order to enhance the model parametrization and conduct extensive clinical validation. The envisaged digital twin or OncoSimulator, a concept and technologically integrated system that our team has previously developed for other cancer types, is expected to support both patient personalized treatment and in silico clinical trials.
Size and site matter: the influence of corpus callosum subregional lesions on the magnitude of cross-education of strength
Authors: Morrone Marco , Martinez Gianluca , Achene Antonio , Scaglione Mariano , Masala Salvatore , Manca Andrea , Deriu Franca
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Cross-education is an established yet not fully understood phenomenon involving interhemispheric processes within the corpus callosum (CC) that result in strength gains in the untraining limb following training of the contralateral homologous muscles. There is a substantial lack of cross-education studies employing lesional models. This study employed the model of multiple sclerosis, a condition typically featuring demyelinating callosal lesions, to pinpoint CC subregions that mediate cross-education, potentially fostering the mechanistic understanding of the interlimb transfer.

Methods

Nine individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (median Expanded Disability Status Scale: 3.5) and focal CC lesions underwent a 6-week, high-intensity isokinetic training program (≥80% maximal effort at 10°/s) targeting their stronger ankle dorsiflexors. Sagittal FLAIR MRI scans were segmented into five CC subregions (CC1–CC5), with lesion volumes quantified for each subregion. Strength (peak concentric torque at 10°/s) was measured bilaterally before (PRE) and after (POST) training to determine cross-education, defined as the percentage increase in torque of the untrained, weaker limb. Correlations between lesion volumes in CC subregions and cross-education were analyzed.

Results

Both the trained (+21.5 ± 15.8%, p = 0.002) and untrained (+35.2 ± 24.9%, p = 0.003) limbs demonstrated post-training strength gains, reducing but not eliminating inter-limb asymmetry. Lesions specifically in the rostral body (CC2) correlated with reduced cross-education magnitude (rs = −0.670, p = 0.048) and smaller improvements in strength asymmetry (rs = 0.809, p = 0.008). No associations were detected in other CC subregions.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the pivotal role of specific CC subregions, particularly the rostral body, in mediating cross-education of strength. These findings advance our understanding of CC role in the interhemispheric dynamics underpinning cross-education. Routine MRI can identify patients without CC2 lesions who may benefit from cross-education, providing a practical approach to improving muscle strength when weaker muscles cannot be directly trained.

Clinical Trial Registration

ClinicaTrials.Gov, identifier NCT02010398
Provenance differences and factors influencing transpiration of Cunninghamia lanceolata in a common garden experiment
Authors: Xu Tingyu , Niu Xiang , Wang Bing
Published: February 2025

Tree transpiration is a key component of forest evapotranspiration, and sap flow monitoring is the primary way to study tree canopy transpiration and water consumption. However, provenance differences in transpiration and the unique responses to environmental factors are not well understood. We measured the sap flow and calculated the canopy evapotranspiration (Ec) of 15 Chinese fir provenances from five provinces in a common garden and monitored soil moisture and meteorological variables between September 2020 and September 2022. Mean daily Ec of the provenances from Guangxi (GX), Sichuan (SC), Anhui (AH), Yunan (YN), and Zhejiang (ZJ) were 1.31 ± 0.99 g·d−1, 1.59 ± 1.18 g·d−1, 1.62 ± 1.43 g·d−1, 1.41 ± 1.01 g·d−1, and 1.48 ± 1.13 g·d−1 during the study period, respectively. The mean daily Ec of Guangxi, Sichuan, Anhui, Yunan, and Zhejiang provenances exhibited significant differences (p <0.01). Overall, the Ec of these provenances was high from June to August. Soil moisture had different effects on the Ec of the provenances. The provenances from Zhejiang, Sichuan, and Anhui showed higher Ec values when REW <0.4 than REW≥0.4 conditions, but the Ec of Guangxi and Yunnan provenances showed no significant differences under the two conditions. When the soil was relatively moist, Ec of the provenances was mainly influenced by Rs and VPD. When the soil was relatively dry, the main influencing factors were the Ta and VPD. Overall, our findings revealed different provenance-specific responses of Ec to biophysical factors, providing valuable insights for the selection of superior provenances of Chinese fir from the perspective of water use in the context of a changing climate.
Analysis of fruit thinning effect and underlying mechanism using metamitron on ‘Gala’ apples
Authors: Chen Ru , Nie Peixian , Wang Laiping , Wang Guiping , Zhang Chunxiang , Zhao Xianyan , Xue Xiaomin
Published: February 2025

To address the problems of artificial apple thinning, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inefficient, this study examined the fruit thinning effect and mechanism of spraying metamitron at the young fruit stage on Gala apples grown on dwarfing inter-stocks. The results showed that spraying 500mg·L-1metamitron twice, at 3 mm and 9 mm fruit diameters, significantly reduced the fruit setting rate of inflorescences and flowers, thereby increasing the single fruit ratio. The photosynthetic parameter (Pn) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qP, and NPQ) were significantly inhibited by the treatment, resulting in a noticeable decrease in soluble sugar content. The treatment significantly increased abscisic acid (ABA) content and decreased the (Z+GA3+IAA)/ABA ratio. These results suggest that metamitron effectively thins apple fruit, with its mechanism likely related to damage to the leaf PSII reaction center structure, obstruction of photosynthetic electron transfer, insufficient soluble carbohydrate supply due to reduced photosynthetic rate, increased ABA content, and decreased auxin hormone/ABA ratio.
Pulley ring suture increases shoulder stability after biceps tendon transposition
Authors: Zhang Duzheng , Wu Jiezhou , Zhang Liyun , Chen Qiyun , Wang Chao , Cai Ming , Cong Ruijun
Published: February 2025

Objective

Modified double-row biceps tenodesis (MDBT) has been proved to be effective in treating slap injuries, but the impact of closing the rotator cuff gap remained postoperatively (the Pulley ring repair) on the long-term shoulder function and stability has not been conclusively investigated.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 157 patients with isolated unilateral type II SLAP lesions treated with MDBT from January 2019 to January 2023. 77 patients were without the Pulley ring repair (group A) and the remaining 80 patients were with the Pulley ring repair (group B). T-test, Anova, and chi-square analyses were used to compare the two groups for any statistical differences in the 37 variables. Lasso regression was used to screen and analyze the variables, assess risk, and construct a predictive assessment model.

Results

There were significant differences between the two groups at 1 year in ASES and UCLA score (p < 0.01). Risk factors screened by LASSO regression were five including Grouping information, Mean T value of bone mineral density, and 3 Months post operation's UCLA score. These statistically significant variables and their coefficients were used to build a generalized linear equation and selected to build the final model including Grouping information (OR:1.61E + 01;95% CI:5.8854–52.5200), Mean T value of bone mineral density (OR:6.95E + 00;95% CI:2.4695–25.6797) and 3 Months post operation UCLA score (OR:1.77E + 00;95% CI:1.4810–2.2539).

Conclusions

Compared with the traditional MDBT, the modified MDBT is more effective in improving the long-term function of the glenohumeral joint and better restoring the biological state of the glenohumeral joint.
How to choose rib resection in minimally invasive lateral approach thoracolumbar junction corpectomy: radiographic analysis and case illustrations
Authors: Liu Fengyu , Gu Zhenfang , Sun Xianze , Meng Xianzhong
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The thoracolumbar junction (T10-L2) is a common site for spinal disorders such as fractures, tumors, and infections. Thoracolumbar vertebral corpectomy can be performed through the extracoelomic spaces approach (retropleural, retroperitoneal, and retrodiaphragmatic). The standard for selecting rib resection has not been described. We explored the criteria for rib resection in minimally invasive lateral approach thoracolumbar corpectomy through radiographic analysis and case illustrations.

Methods

We proposed the criteria for rib excision after reviewing the three-dimensional CT imaging of 300 patients' ribs. The vertebral body is divided obliquely into four zones. Ribs need to be removed when they overlap zones II and III, but not when they overlap zones I and IV. Surgery was performed according to this criteria to verify the feasibility of this criteria.

Results

From January 2024 to October 2024, 19 patients experienced minimally invasive lateral approach thoracolumbar corpectomy. Sixteen patients needed rib resection (the ninth rib resection: 4, the 10th rib resection: 12). Three patients did not require rib resection but underwent vertebra corpectomy through the intercostal. Two patients had pleural tear and were repaired during surgery. The VAS reduced from 8.9 ± 1.1 preoperatively to 1.2 ± 0.9 at final follow-up (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This may be an appropriate criterion for determining rib resection in minimally invasive lateral approach thoracolumbar corpectomy. The vertebral body is divided obliquely into four zones. Ribs need to be removed when they overlap zones II and III, but not when they overlap zones I and IV.
Dog agility tunnel risks for incidents
Authors: Ford Dianne P. , Cullen Kimberley L. , Stickney Kathryn , Sharman Murray , Cullen John D.
Published: February 2025

Background

Flexible tunnels are the second most common obstacle on all dog agility courses, surpassed only by jumps. There has been a lot of debate and concern regarding risk factors associated with slips, falls and delayed exits (unseen slips, missteps, trips, falls). However, only one study was found which focused on the tunnel-related injuries, and it relied on handler reporting and did not consider base rates of the risk factors. As such, it is currently unknown which risk factors are statistically predictive of incidents. This study addresses this gap.

Methods

Observational data from local, regional, national and international agility competitions (between June 30, 2023, to September 22, 2024) were collected from various agility organizations and countries by a team of researchers who are also judges and/or coaches within the sport. Tunnel, equipment, competition and course attributes, ground type and conditions along with tunnel incidents (slips, falls, and delayed exits) were recorded. Correlation, regression analyses, and chi-squared tests of independence were conducted to identify the relevant factors associated with incident rates.

Results

The data included 563 tunnels (75.0% were incident free), with 30,418 tunnel performance observations (1.552% were incidents). The identified factors associated with incidents include tunnel characteristics (equipment specifications, shape on course), type and density of fixtures, course design (shape in design, angle of approach), ground and conditions. Their association with incident occurrence will be further detailed below.

Discussion

Several previously assumed risk factors were relevant; however, some were not supported, and additional new factors were identified. Implications for future research and for organizations, judges, trial hosts, and competitors are discussed.
Shear Stress Distribution of the Separation Region on a Plate in Supersonic Jet Flow
Authors: Jiao Yun , Li Weijun , Ji Yu , Hou Puchen , Yuan Ye , Xue Longsheng , Cheng Keming , Wang Chengpeng
Published: February 2025

An experimental study is conducted on the surface shear stress vector distribution on a plate in a supersonic jet flow, with a focus on the separation region. The shear-sensitive liquid crystal coating (SSLCC) technique is employed for the flow visualization and measurement, which is based on the shear stress distribution, and the flow pattern on the plate is captured. The results demonstrate that the nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) is the main inducement to flow evolution, and a high NPR causes a separation region on the plate, where the adverse flow is challenging to the SSLCC technique. Therefore, an improved measurement method for the SSLCC is proposed to successfully obtain the wall shear stress distribution inside the separation and reattachment area. The flow structures on the plate, including the separation and reattachment positions and vortex and adverse flows, are accurately captured in detail, which indicates that this method is practical for measuring the wall shear stress in separated flow.
Comparative Techno-Economic and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Semi-Extensive and Intensive Beef Farming
Authors: Frascarelli Angelo , Ciliberti Stefano , Lilli Sofia Maria , Pascolini Paolo , Orlando Jacopo Gabriele , Tiradritti Margherita
Published: February 2025

The environmental impact of beef cattle production varies significantly across farming systems, influenced by factors like feed, management practices, and land use. By applying the LCA perspective with “from cradle to farm gate” boundaries and using the CAP’2ER® tool, this study evaluates the carbon footprint of two farming models in Italy: a semi-extensive cow-calf beef production and an intensive farm for calf fattening. The carbon footprint was calculated using two functional units: kilograms of live meat gross production (LMGP), and a monetary unit. The first model showed a lower carbon footprint, with 13.4 kg CO2eq/kg LMGP and 1.96 kg CO2eq/EUR, compared to the second one 19.2 kg CO2eq/kg LMGP and 5.20 kg CO2eq/EUR. The use of monetary value as a functional unit is rarely explored in the literature, since most studies have focused on weight-based metrics, favoring intensive systems with longer lifecycles compared to extensive farming. Furthermore, contrary to findings in the literature for semi-extensive systems like adaptive multi-paddock grazing, the tool used for the calculation did not detect any carbon sequestration. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into diverse functional units to assess the environmental and economic performance of farming systems. Expanding this approach could inform policies and consumer decisions, promoting sustainable beef production aligned with climate goals and the European Green Deal agenda.
Quantitative Detection of Water Content of Winter Jujubes Based on Spectral Morphological Features
Authors: Di Yabei , Luo Huaping , Liu Hongyang , Liu Huaiyu , Kang Lei , Tong Yuesen
Published: February 2025

The spectral information extracted from hyperspectral images is characterized by redundancy and complexity, while the spectral morphological features extracted from the spectral information help to simplify the data and provide rich information about the material composition. This study is based on using spectral morphological features to quantitatively detect the water content of winter jujubes, and it extends the research scope to the composite effect of spectral morphological features on the basis of previous research. Firstly, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out on different characteristic bands. Secondly, the multiple regression terms with high significance levels were used as the characteristic variables to be fused with the extracted characteristic wavelength variables for the data fusion. Finally, a partial least squares model was established for the water content of the winter jujubes. The results of the study show that a quantitative relationship can be established between the spectral morphology characteristics and the water content of winter jujubes. The coefficients of determination of the regression equations under the characteristic bands with center wavelengths of 1024 nm, 1146 nm, 1348 nm, and 1405 nm were 0.8449, 0.7944, 0.7479, and 0.9477, respectively. After fusing the spectral morphological features, the partial least squares modeling effects were all improved. The optimal model was the fusion model at a center wavelength of 1146 nm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9942 for the calibration set and 0.8698 for the prediction set. The overall results showed that the wave valley is more reflective of the fruit quality, and the morphological characteristics of the wave valley are more suitable than those of the wave peak for the quantitative detection of the moisture content of winter jujubes.
The Effects of Nitrogen Reduction and Sheep Manure Incorporation on the Soil Characteristics and Microbial Community of Korla Fragrant Pear Orchards
Authors: Xie Wenge , Shen Xing , Li Wei , Yan Linsen , Li Jie , Ding Bangxin , Chai Zhongping
Published: February 2025

Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer affects the sustainable development of the Korla fragrant pear orchard. Semi-decomposed sheep manure is favored because of its advantages of being pollution-free, containing more microorganisms, and being friendly to soil. However, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer combined with sheep manure on soil nutrient cycling and microbial community in pear orchards are still unclear. This study involved a two-year field experiment to investigate fertilization’s effects on the 0–20 cm soil layer of 10–12-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees at maturity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of reducing nitrogen fertilizer combined with sheep manure on soil fertility and microbial community in Korla fragrant pear orchard. The treatments of no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), conventional fertilization (N), 20% reduction in nitrogen based on conventional fertilization (N2), a combination of 20% nitrogen reduction with sheep manure F1 (22,500 kg·hm−2), and 20% nitrogen reduction with sheep manure F2 (33,750 kg·hm−2) formed the experimental treatment of nitrogen reduction with sheep manure, denoted as N2F1 and N2F2. The results showed that nitrogen application increased soil physicochemical indicators but decreased soil pH and bacterial community richness and diversity. After nitrogen reduction, soil total nitrogen (TN), alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), bacterial community richness, fungal community evenness, and diversity were inhibited, but bacterial community diversity was increased. Nitrogen reduction combined with sheep manure treatment increased the content of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−–N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N), soil organic matter (SOM), pH, microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), and SMBN and increased the evenness and diversity of the bacterial community but inhibited the richness of the bacterial community. Among them, N2F2 treatment had the best effect on SMBC and SMBN. Soil pH, NO3−–N, and SOM were the primary environmental variables influencing bacterial and fungal community levels. The application of nitrogen significantly influenced pear orchard yields, but the yield of pears treated showed no significant variation with nitrogen reduction and nitrogen reduction combined with sheep manure based on complete nitrogen application. In summary, 20% nitrogen reduction (300 kg·hm−2) combined with 22,500–33,750 kg·hm−2 sheep manure better promotes the stability and health of soil microbial communities, and the use of organic fertilizer represents the most efficient approach to quickly enhancing soil fertility and the variation of microbial communities. These findings are highly relevant when improving land productivity, ensuring food security, and promoting environmental sustainability in fruit tree farming.
Nay to Prey: Challenging the View of Horses as a “Prey” Species
Authors: Steklis Netzin G. , Peñaherrera-Aguirre Mateo , Steklis Horst Dieter
Published: February 2025

This paper challenges the prevalent characterization of domesticated horses as prey species that inherently view humans as predators. Drawing on evolutionary, ethological, and cognitive evidence, we propose the “mutualistic coevolution hypothesis”, which posits that horses and humans have evolved a partnership marked by cooperation rather than fear. We critically assess the “prey hypothesis”, emphasizing a predator–prey model, which dominates equine training and the literature, and we argue that it inadequately explains horses’ morphology, behaviors, and cognitive capacities. Comparative studies on horses’ socio-cognitive skills suggest that domestication has fostered emotional, behavioral, and cognitive adaptations supporting a human–horse bond. This review examines evidence from archaeological findings and experimental research on horses’ responsiveness to human gestures, emotions, and social cues, underscoring their complex cognition and capacity for collaboration. Furthermore, morphological and behavioral analyses reveal inconsistencies in using orbital orientation or predation-related traits as evidence for categorizing horses as prey species. By emphasizing the coevolutionary dynamics underlying human–horse interactions, we advocate for replacing traditional training models centered on fear and submission with approaches that leverage horses’ mutualistic and social nature. This perspective offers insights for enhancing horse welfare and improving human–equine relationships.
Determination of Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Scores for Plant Proteins and Skim Milk Powder Measured in Pigs
Authors: Oh Junghyun , Park Noa , Kim Beob Gyun
Published: February 2025

The objective was to determine the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of food sources using the pig model and in vitro procedures. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in white rice, wheat, pea protein concentrate (PPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), and skim milk powder (SMP) were determined in pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 28.4 kg (standard deviation = 4.0) equipped with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design with six diets and five periods. Five experimental diets contained each ingredient as the only source of AA. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to measure the basal endogenous losses of AA for the calculation of the SID of AA. The in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of crude protein (CP) in the five food sources was also determined using the conventional flask procedure and the multi-sample simultaneous in vitro procedure employing the DaisyII incubator. The DIAAS values for white rice were 42, 50, and 60 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. For wheat, the DIAAS values were 46, 56, and 66, respectively. The DIAAS values for PPC were 47, 58, and 69 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. For SPI, the values were 61, 74, and 87, respectively. The DIAAS for SMP were 82, 112, and 131 for infants, children, and adults respectively. The IVID of CP in SMP was greater (p < 0.05) than that in other sources. The DIAAS calculated based on IVID of CP were similar to those determined based on the SID of AA in pigs. In conclusion, white rice, wheat, pea protein concentrate, and soy protein isolate were observed to have DIAAS values less than 100, indicating that these ingredients need to be combined with other protein sources to meet the indispensable AA requirements. Skim milk powder had a DIAAS greater than 100 for children and adults.
Preventive Activity of an Arginine-Based Surfactant on the Formation of Mixed Biofilms of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans and Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli on Central Venous Catheters
Authors: Pérez Lourdes , da Silva Cecília Rocha , do Amaral Valente Sá Lívia Gurgel , Neto João Batista de Andrade , Cabral Vitória Pessoa de Farias , Rodrigues Daniel Sampaio , Moreira Lara Elloyse Almeida , Silveira Maria Janielly Castelo Branco , Ferreira Thais Lima , da Silva Anderson Ramos , Cavalcanti Bruno Coêlho , Ricardo Nágila Maria Pontes Silva , Rodrigues Francisco Alessandro Marinho , Júnior Hélio Vitoriano Nobre
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Mixed bloodstream infections associated with central venous catheter (CVC) use are a growing problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of a cationic arginine-based gemini surfactant, C9(LA)2, against mixed biofilms of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, and the preventive effect of this surfactant impregnated in CVCs on the formation of inter-kingdom biofilms. Methods: Broth microdilution assays were performed along with evaluation of the effect against mixed biofilms in formation. The impregnation of CVCs with the surfactant and with a hydrogel containing the cationic surfactant was investigated to assess their potential to prevent the formation of mixed biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also utilized. Results: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for resistant C. albicans ranged from 4–5.3 µg/mL, while for E. coli, the MICs varied from 85.3 to 298.7 µg/mL. Fungicidal and bactericidal action patterns were obtained. In mixed biofilm formation in 96-well plates, there was a significant reduction in the colony-forming unit (CFU) count. The impregnation of the CVC with C9(LA)2 alone resulted in a biofilm reduction of 62% versus C. albicans and 48.7% against E. coli in terms of CFUs. When the CVC was impregnated with the surfactant hydrogel, the effect was improved with an inhibition of 71.7% for C. albicans and 86.7% for E. coli. The images obtained by SEM corroborated the results. Conclusions: C9(LA)2 has potential for use in CVC impregnation to prevent the formation of mixed biofilms of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and ESBL-producing E. coli.
Electrical Property Measurement on Antistatic Coating During Aging Process
Authors: Džmura Jaroslav , Petráš Jaroslav , Guzanová Anna , Kalendová Andrea
Published: February 2025

This paper deals with one of the methods for protecting against an electrostatic charge by using a conductive coating. We focus on methyl-silicone resin with the addition of a conductive polymer. The individual electrical parameters of these coatings are studied because these parameters determine the ability of charge leakage. The purpose of this study was to find out if the coating would change its electrical parameters after some time and if the antistatic protection purpose of the coating would deteriorate. We used the dielectric spectroscopy method for the measurements. This method was chosen because conductive polymers are basically semiconductors, and the insulation parameters were measured by this method. After aging, another set of measurements was made, and the results were compared. We found that the electrical parameters of the antistatic coating were considerably changed by the aging process. The reliability of antistatic paints was proven in these experiments. The paints presented had high values of conductivity in general, and after our experiments, the most reliable conductive paintings appeared to be the ones with the PANI polymer. For reliable electrostatic charge elimination on non-conductive surfaces, the BISIL paint proved to be the best choice. Our experiments also proved the influence of the underlying surface material on the electrical parameters of the paintings. Furthermore, we proved that the aging process influenced the loss factor of the paintings.
Pulsed Electric Fields as an Infrared–Convective Drying Pretreatment: Effect on Drying Course, Color, and Chemical Properties of Apple Tissue
Authors: Skarżyńska Aleksandra , Gondek Ewa , Nowacka Małgorzata , Wiktor Artur
Published: February 2025

In this research, the impact of the pulsed electric fields (PEF) pretreatment on the infrared–convective drying (IR-CD) of apples and selected quality indicators (antioxidant capacity, color, and total phenolic content) of dried apples was evaluated. PEF pretreatment was carried out at the following parameters: electric field strength of 1 kV/cm, specific energy inputs of 1, 3.5, and 6 kJ/kg. Moreover, variable IR-CD process parameters were also assessed (peak wavelength of 1.2 µm, distance between the infrared lamps and the apple slices of 10, 20, and 30 cm). PEF pretreatment, by disintegrating apple cells, reduced the drying time of that fruit by 11–20%. The IR-CD of apples was the most effective at the shortest distance (10 cm) between the infrared source and the apple slices; it was associated with the intense heating of its surface. PEF-pretreated samples exhibited lower retention of antioxidants and were darker and redder than untreated ones. PEF could increase the activity of enzymes responsible for oxidizing phenolic compounds to brown pigments. The use of a medium distance (20 cm) during IR-CD promoted the highest retention of antioxidant compounds (relatively prompt drying with moderate heating of the sample surface).