bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis and pulmonary infection: A case–control study
Authors: Si Xiaoyan , Zheng Xueqing , Tian Xinlun , Wang Hanping , Xu Yan , Zhao Jing , Chen Minjiang , Zhong Wei , Wang Mengzhao , Zhang Li , Zhang Xiaotong
Published: June 2023

Background

The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a breakthrough in the field of cancer therapy. However, ICIs may cause immune‐related adverse reactions, including checkpoint inhibitor‐related pneumonitis (CIP). The aim of this study was to investigate cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with CIP compared with patients with pulmonary infection and patients with cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 34 cytokine levels and T cell subsets in BALF supernatant samples from ICI‐treated patients with CIP (n = 13), pulmonary infection (n = 10), and progressive cancer (n = 12). Cytokine levels and T cell subsets were compared among the three groups of patients.

Results

We observed significantly higher levels of IFN‐γ‐induced protein 10(IP‐10) (p = 0.002), and percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells (p = 0.020) in BALF of patients with CIP compared with the other two groups. However, we found significantly lower levels of interleukin‐21 (p = 0.008) in BALF of patients with progressive disease compared with the other two groups.

Conclusions

Cytokine profile and character of cell subsets in BALF was helpful for the differential diagnosis of CIP. IP‐10 may play an important role in pathophysiology for CIP and also be a potential therapeutic target.
Selecting patients for early interdisciplinary rehabilitation during neurointensive care after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Alvsåker Kristin , Hanoa Rolf , Olasveengen Theresa M.
Published: June 2023

Background

Early interdisciplinary rehabilitation (EIR) in neurointensive care is a limited resource reserved for patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) believed to profit from treatment. We evaluated how key parameters related to injury severity and patient characteristics were predictive of receiving EIR, and whether these parameters changed over time.

Methods

Among 1003 adult patients with moderate to severe TBI admitted over 72 h to neurointensive care unit during four time periods between 2005 and 2020, EIR was given to 578 and standard care to 425 patients. Ten selection criteria thought to best represent injury severity and patient benefit were evaluated (Glasgow Coma Scale, Head Abbreviated Injury Scale, New‐Injury‐Severity‐Scale, intracranial pressure monitoring, neurosurgery, age, employment, Charlson Comorbidity Index, severe psychiatric disease, and chronic substance abuse).

Results

In multivariate regression analysis, patients who were employed (adjOR 1.99 [95% CI 1.41, 2.80]), had no/mild comorbidity (adjOR 3.15 [95% CI 1.72, 5.79]), needed neurosurgery, had increasing injury severity and were admitted by increasing time period were more likely to receive EIR, whereas receiving EIR was less likely with increasing age (adjOR 0.97 [95% CI 0.96, 0.98]) and chronic substance abuse. Overall predictive ability of the model was 71%. Median age and comorbidity increased while employment decreased from 2005 to 2020, indicating patient selection became less restrictive with time.

Conclusion

Injury severity and need for neurosurgery remain important predictors for receiving EIR, but the importance of age, employment, and comorbidity have changed over time. Moderate prediction accuracy using current clinical criteria suggest unrecognized factors are important for patient selection.
Endothelial cell telomere dysfunction induces senescence and results in vascular and metabolic impairments
Authors: Bloom Samuel I. , Liu Yu , Tucker Jordan R. , Islam Md Torikul , Machin Daniel R. , Abdeahad Hossein , Thomas Tyler G. , Bramwell R. Colton , Lesniewski Lisa A. , Donato Anthony J.
Published: June 2023

In advanced age, increases in oxidative stress and inflammation impair endothelial function, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One plausible source of this oxidative stress and inflammation is an increase in the abundance of senescent endothelial cells. Cellular senescence is a cell cycle arrest that occurs in response to various damaging stimuli. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that advanced age results in endothelial cell telomere dysfunction that induces senescence. In both human and mouse endothelial cells, advanced age resulted in an increased abundance of dysfunctional telomeres, characterized by activation of DNA damage signaling at telomeric DNA. To test whether this results in senescence, we selectively reduced the telomere shelterin protein telomere repeat binding factor 2 (Trf2) from endothelial cells of young mice. Trf2 reduction increased endothelial cell telomere dysfunction and resulted in cellular senescence. Furthermore, induction of endothelial cell telomere dysfunction increased inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress, resulting in impairments in endothelial function. Finally, we demonstrate that endothelial cell telomere dysfunction‐induced senescence impairs glucose tolerance. This likely occurs through increases in inflammatory signaling in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as reductions in microvascular density and vasodilation to metabolic stimuli. Cumulatively, the findings of the present study identify age‐related telomere dysfunction as a mechanism that leads to endothelial cell senescence. Furthermore, these data provide compelling evidence that senescent endothelial cells contribute to age‐related increases in oxidative stress and inflammation that impair arterial and metabolic function.
Activation of trace amine‐associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) transiently reduces alcohol drinking in socially housed mice
Authors: Frycz Bartosz Adam , Nowicka Klaudia , Konopka Anna , Hoener Marius Christian , Bulska Ewa , Kaczmarek Leszek , Stefaniuk Marzena
Published: June 2023

Alcohol dependence is characterized by the abnormal release of dopamine in the brain reward‐related areas. Trace amine‐associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein‐coupled receptor that negatively regulates dopamine neurotransmission and thus is a promising target in the treatment of drug addiction. However, the role of TAAR1 in the regulation of alcohol abuse remains understudied. Here, we assessed the effect of TAAR1 activation on alcohol drinking behaviours of C57Bl/6J female mice housed in IntelliCages. The animals were administered with either vehicle or TAAR1 full selective agonist, RO5256390, and tested for alcohol consumption, alcohol preference and motivation for alcohol seeking. We found that mice with the highest preference for alcohol (high drinkers) in the RO5256390 group consumed less alcohol and had lower alcohol preference in comparison with high drinkers in the vehicle group, during 20 h of free alcohol access (FAA). We also found decreased alcohol consumption and alcohol preference comparing all animals in the RO5256390 to all animals in the vehicle group, during 20 h of FAA performed after the abstinence. These effects of RO5256390 lasted for the first 24 h after administration that roughly corresponded to the compound level in the brain, measured by mass spectrometry. Finally, we found that administration of RO5256390 may attenuate motivation for alcohol seeking. Taken together, our findings reveal that activation of TAAR1 may transiently reduce alcohol drinking; thus, TAAR1 is a promising target for the treatment of alcohol abuse and relapse.
Exploration for native parasitoids of Asian longhorned beetle in China as prospective biological control agents
Authors: Wei Ke , Li Fei , Tang Yan‐Long , Cao Liang‐Ming , Yang Zhong‐Qi , Gould Juli R. , Wang Xiao‐Yi , Wang Xingeng
Published: June 2023

Native to China and the Korean Peninsula, the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a high‐risk invasive pest of hardwood trees.

To explore the potential of biological control of ALB in the United States, we conducted surveys of ALB parasitoids using sentinel logs in five geographical regions (Beijing, Gansu, Guizhou, Shanghai, and Yunnan) in China from 2019 to 2022.

Seven hymenopteran larval parasitoid species, Bracon planitibiae Yang, Eurytoma chinensis Yang, Heydenia sp., Oxysychus glabripennis Yang, Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu, Spathius anoplophorae Yang, and Zolotarewskya anoplophorae Yang, were collected in Beijing. Four, three and two of these species were also found in Shanghai, Guizhou, and Yunnan, respectively. No parasitoid was found in Gansu.

Mean parasitism rates by all parasitoid species were 3.6%–15.8% in Beijing, 1.4%–16.4% in Guizhou, 1.6%–7.1% in Shanghai, and 5.8% in Yunnan.

Spathius anoplophorae and O. glabripennis were the two most dominant parasitoids collected consistently in the four different regions and may be considered as prospective agents for biological control introduction against ALB in the United States.

We discuss some underlying ecological mechanisms that might contribute to the rarity of egg parasitoids and future opportunities and challenges for biological control of ALB.
Gender pay gaps in economics: A deeper look at institutional factors
Authors: Kim MinSub , Chen Joyce J. , Weinberg Bruce A.
Published: June 2023

Using rich data on graduate tenure‐track faculty, we explore the gender pay gap in academic departments of economics and agricultural/applied economics and the differences between them. We find that the gender pay gaps in economics and agricultural/applied economics are 8.3% and 4.1%, respectively, controlling for faculty rank, experience, and university affiliation. The gender pay gap increases with rank and varies across institutions. Productivity is an important determinant of wages but it explains little of the gender pay gap. While the lower unexplained gap in agricultural/applied economics is laudable, a greater share of women who are assistant and associate professors is part of the explanation. Given institutional differences, we explore the extent to which institutional factors—differences in the returns to observed characteristics, such as rank; unobserved characteristics; and institutional differences in pay levels—contribute to the gender pay gap.
The psychometric properties of the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS‐6) and its associations with well‐being indicators in Hong Kong older adults
Authors: Chan Stephen Cheong Yu , Wong Chi Chung , Huang Qi Lu , Fung Cheuk Ki
Published: June 2023

Objective

Social networks play a vital role in facilitating late‐life health and well‐being. The current research sought to examine the psychometric properties of the abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS‐6) among community‐dwelling Hong Kong Chinese older adults and to explore the association between social network and well‐being indicators such as life satisfaction, functional social support, loneliness and anxiety.

Methods

We administered the LSNS‐6 scale to 324 older adults (mean = 71.70, SD = 8.58, range: 58–95). We performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the construct validity. Cronbach's alpha was chosen for internal consistency estimation. Correlational analysis was performed between LSNS‐6 scale and other measures to ascertain the convergent validity.

Results

The two‐factor model of LSNS‐6 indicated an adequate fit. The goodness‐of‐fit index values for the model were χ2/df = 2.61, CFI = 0.98, RSMEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.05. The internal consistency of the scale was α = 0.75. It also demonstrated good construct validity in measuring the social network and acceptable convergent validity to other measures.

Conclusions

The LSNS‐6, according to current findings, can be a valid reference to the social network of Hong Kong older adults, enabling researchers and clinicians to investigate and develop further corresponding remedies for those in need.
Hyperestrogenism is associated with sexual function impairment in men—findings from a cross‐sectional, real‐life study
Authors: Belladelli Federico , Boeri Luca , Fallara Giuseppe , Pozzi Edoardo , Corsini Christian , Cilio Simone , Capogrosso Paolo , D'Arma Alessia , Eisenberg Michael L. , Montorsi Francesco , Salonia Andrea
Published: June 2023

Background

Hyperestrogenism is believed to be harmful to male sexuality. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and the impact of hyperestrogenism on sexual functioning in a cohort of men seeking medical attention for new‐onset erectile dysfunction.

Materials and methods

Data from 547 men seeking first medical help for new‐onset erectile dysfunction at a single andrology center were analyzed. Patients were assessed with a thorough medical and sexual history. Comorbidities were scored with the Charlson comorbidity index. All patients completed the International index of erectile function; the International index of erectile function‐erectile function domain was categorized according to Cappelleri's criteria. Circulating hormones were measured in every patient. Hyperestrogenism was defined as estradiol levels >42.6 pg/mL (Tan et al., 2015). Descriptive statistics and logistic/linear regression models tested the association between hyperestrogenism and International index of erectile function domains score.

Results

Overall, 96 (17.6%) participants had serum estrogen levels suggestive of hyperestrogenism. Men with hyperestrogenism were older (median [interquartile range]: 46 [35–59] vs. 44 [31–56] years; p < 0.001), had a higher rate of comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index ≥1: 26.0% vs. 7.4%; p < 0.001), and higher serum total testosterone values (5.4 [5.2–8.0] vs. 4.3 [4.1–5.7] ng/mL; p = 0.01) than those with normal estradiol values. A higher prevalence of severe erectile dysfunction (135 [29.9%] vs. 47 [48.9%] men; p = 0.01) and of hypogonadism (22 [4.8%] vs. 6 [6.3%] men; p = 0.004) were found in men with hyperestrogenism. Serum estradiol levels were positively correlated with total testosterone levels (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) but negatively correlated with International index of erectile function‐orgasmic function (β = –0.24, p = 0.002) and International index of erectile function‐erectile function scores (β = –0.03, p < 0.001). When International index of erectile function scores was used to stratify erectile dysfunction patients, hyperestrogenism (odds ratio 2.44, p = 0.02) was associated with severe erectile dysfunction.

Conclusions

One out of five men seeking first medical help for erectile dysfunction showed elevated serum estradiol values suggestive of hyperestrogenism. Hyperestrogenism was associated with health‐significant comorbidities, orgasmic function impairment, and erectile dysfunction severity.
Prospective cohort study of high‐volume transanal irrigation in patients with constipation and/or faecal incontinence
Authors: Vollebregt Paul F. , Dekker Lisette , Han‐Geurts Ingrid J. M. , Felt‐Bersma Richelle J. F.
Published: June 2023

Aim

The aim of this work was to determine the clinical efficacy of high‐volume transanal irrigation (TAI) in patients with constipation and/or faecal incontinence using validated symptom and quality of life questionnaires.

Method

This was a prospective cohort study of 114 consecutive patients with constipation and/or faecal incontinence (Rome IV defined) who started TAI. A comprehensive questionnaire was completed at baseline and 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks’ follow‐up. The primary objective was significant symptom reduction [≥30%; Cleveland Clinic Constipation Score (CCCS) and St Marks Incontinence Score (SMIS)] in those who continued TAI at 52 weeks. Secondary objectives were (1) continuation rates of TAI, (2) effect on quality of life (QoL) and (3) identification of predictors for continuation.

Results

A total of 59 (51.8%) patients with constipation, 26 (22.8%) with faecal incontinence and 29 (25.4%) with coexistent symptoms were included. At 52 weeks, 41 (36.0%) patients continued TAI, 63 (55.2%) stopped and 10 (8.8%) patients were lost to follow‐up. In those who continued TAI at 52 weeks (n = 41), no reduction of constipation symptoms was observed. Median Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life scores decreased on most domains, indicating QoL improvement. Reduction of faecal incontinence occurred in 5/9 (55.6%) patients with faecal incontinence and in 3/10 (30.0%) patients with coexistent symptoms. The median SMIS per‐individual decreased in patients with coexistent symptoms (2; interquartile range 0–4; p = 0.023). Median Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scores increased in most domains, indicating improved QoL. No clinical characteristics predicted continuation.

Conclusion

One‐third (n = 41) of patients continued TAI at 52 weeks. In those who continued TAI at 52 weeks, symptoms of faecal incontinence (SMIS) were reduced but not constipation (CCCS). QoL related to both constipation and faecal incontinence improved. No clinical characteristics predicted continuation.
Social networks of solitary carnivores: The case of endangered tigers and insights on their conservation
Authors: Carter Neil H. , Wilson Evan C. , Gurung Bhim
Published: June 2023

Solitary carnivores are an ecologically important taxa and at a high risk of extinction worldwide. Interactions between conspecifics can influence fitness outcomes and may help these animals cope with environmental and anthropogenic disturbances. However, the structure and maintenance of these interactions in solitary carnivore species is underexplored. In this research, we leveraged existing camera trap data on tigers (Panthera tigris)—a globally endangered and solitary carnivore species—in Nepal's Chitwan National Park to examine for the first time their social networks over 8 years (2008–2017). These networks assume that the co‐occurrence at camera trap locations represents an association between conspecifics. We found that tiger networks were fickle, remaining stable for about 3 years before dissolving. We also found that males were more likely than females to form bridges between other tigers, and resident tigers were more central in the networks than nonresidents. In addition, interactions between two animals were more frequent if they were of the opposite sex or were both residents. These insights have implications on disease transmission, population dynamics, and human‐wildlife conflict. Combined with camera trap monitoring programs, collecting data on the conspecific interactions of solitary carnivores can advance our knowledge of animal ecology and improve conservation planning.
Translation of the efficacy of antibody–drug conjugates from preclinical to clinical using a semimechanistic PK/PD model: A case study with RC88
Authors: Li Qiaoning , Wang Ling , Zhang Jinfeng , Zhao Guorui , Liu Zhihao , Ma Xinting , Jiang Jing
Published: June 2023

Three semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, Simeoni, Jumbe, and Hybrid, were used for the efficacy translation of RC88 from preclinical to clinical. RC88 is a mesothelin‐targeting antibody–drug conjugate for malignant solid tumor. In the preclinical study, the relationship between PKs and PDs was determined using the xenograft mouse model derived from ovarian cancer and lung cancer cell lines. A secondary parameter representing the efficacy index of the drug, termed as tumor static concentration (TSC), was calculated using the three semimechanistic PK/PD models. A mechanism‐based target‐mediated drug disposition model was used to predict the human PKs. TSC from mice and predicted human PK were integrated to predict human efficacy dose. Results showed that 2 cell lines were sensitive to drugs, and the predicted efficacy dose was between 0.82 and 1.96 mg/kg q1w.
Analysis of a large cohort of pancreatic cancer transcriptomic profiles to reveal the strongest prognostic factors
Authors: Posta Máté , Győrffy Balázs
Published: June 2023

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths. In order to develop appropriate therapeutic and prognostic tools, a comprehensive mapping of the tumor's molecular abnormalities is essential. Here, our aim was to integrate available transcriptomic data to uncover genes whose elevated expression is simultaneously linked to cancer pathogenesis and inferior survival. A comprehensive search was performed in GEO to identify clinical studies with transcriptome‐level gene expression data of pancreatic carcinoma with overall survival data and normal pancreatic tissues. After quantile normalization, the entire database was used to identify genes with altered expression. Cox proportional hazard regression was employed to uncover genes most strongly correlated with survival with a Bonferroni correctedp < 0.01. Perturbed biological processes and molecular pathways were identified to enable the understanding of underlying processes. A total of 16 available datasets were combined. The aggregated database comprised data of 1640 samples for 20,443 genes. When comparing with normal pancreatic tissues, a total of 2612 upregulated and 1977 downregulated genes were uncovered in pancreatic carcinoma. Among these, we found 24 genes with higher expression which significantly correlated with overall survival length also. The most significant genes were ANXA8, FAM83A, KRT6A, MET, MUC16, NT5E, and SLC2A1. These genes remained significant after a multivariate analysis also including grade and stage. Here, we assembled a large‐scale database of pancreatic carcinoma samples and used this cohort to identify carcinoma‐specific genes linked to altered survival outcomes. As our analysis focused on genes with higher expression, these could serve as future therapy targets.
Characterization by X‐ray μCT of the air‐filled porosity of an agricultural soil at different matric potentials
Authors: Smet Sarah , Plougonven Erwan , Léonard Angélique , Degré Aurore
Published: June 2023

To describe various important soil processes like the release of greenhouse gases or the proliferation of microorganisms, it is necessary to assess quantitatively how the geometry and in particular the connectivity of the air‐filled pore space of a soil evolves as it is progressively dried. The availability of X‐ray computed microtomography (μCT) images of soil samples now allows this information to be obtained directly, without having to rely on the interpretation of macroscopic measurements using capillary theory, as used to be the case. In this general context, we present different methods to describe quantitatively the configuration of the air‐filled pore space in 3D μCT images of 20 separate samples of a loamy soil equilibrated at different matric potentials. Even though measures using μCT on such multi‐scale materials strongly depend on image resolution, our results show that in general, soil samples most often behave as expected, for example, connectivity increases with higher negative matric potential, while tortuosity decreases. However, simple correlations could not be found between the evolution of quantitative descriptors of the pore space at the different matric potentials and routinely measured macroscopic soil parameters. A statistical analysis of all soil samples concurrently confirmed this lack of correspondence.
Perceptions of support trickle down: Effects on energetic resources via psychological empowerment
Authors: Rofcanin Yasin , Wang Siqi , Heras Mireia Las , Taser Didem , Bosch Maria Jose , Fındıklı Mine Afacan , Vallina Andres Salas
Published: June 2023

Supervisor perceptions of support are key, as they can influence their subordinates' perceptions of support and well‐being. Using a weekly diary data set of subordinates and their supervisors in Chile, we tested a trickle‐down effect of perceived supervisor support across three hierarchical levels: upper managers, supervisors, and non‐managerial employees. Drawing on the conservation of resources (COR) and social exchange theories as well as crossover research, we find that our model is largely supported. The findings revealed that supervisors' perceived support from managers (PMS) relates to subordinates' perceptions of support from their own supervisors (PSS). In turn, subordinates' PSS is positively associated with their emotional resource possession and sleep quality. Beyond these relationships, subordinates' psychological empowerment mediates the positive relationships between subordinates' PSS and their emotional resources as well as sleep quality. These findings suggest that supervisors who feel supported reciprocate with the more supportive treatment of subordinates, which likely enhances psychological empowerment, in turn driving the accumulation of emotional and physical resources.
Divergent in situ expression of IL‐31 and IL‐31RA between bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Ergun Ecem Zeliha , Aoki Rui , Horváth Orsolya N. , Hartmann Daniela , Satoh Takashi K. , Calabrese Laura , Aksu Ayşe Esra Koku , Gürel Mehmet Salih , Manav Vildan , Flaig Michael J. , Sárdy Miklós , Ruzicka Thomas , French Lars E. , Bağcı Işın Sinem
Published: June 2023

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are two major autoimmune blistering skin diseases. Unlike PV, BP is accompanied by intense pruritus, suggesting possible involvement of the pruritogenic cytokine IL‐31. However, the underlying mechanisms of the clinical difference between BP and PV in terms of pruritus are not fully understood. To compare the expression levels of IL‐31 and its receptor IL‐31RA in the lesional skin, including peripheral nerves in BP and PV patients, immunohistochemical staining for IL‐31 and IL‐31RA was performed in skin samples of BP and PV patients and healthy controls (HC). The IL‐31RA‐expressing area in epidermis and peripheral nerves was analysed using ImageJ and the percentage of positive cells for IL‐31/IL‐31RA in dermal infiltrating cells was manually quantified. Quantitative analyses revealed that IL‐31/IL‐31RA expressions in the epidermis and dermal infiltrate were significantly increased in BP compared to PV and HC. The difference between BP and PV became more obvious when advanced bullous lesions were compared. Peripheral nerves in BP lesions presented significantly higher IL‐31RA expression compared to PV lesions. In conclusion, we found significantly augmented expressions of IL‐31/IL‐31RA in BP lesions, including peripheral nerves, in comparison to PV. These results suggest a possible contribution of IL‐31/IL‐31RA signalling to the difference between BP and PV in the facilitation of pruritus and local skin inflammation, raising the possibility of therapeutic targeting of the IL‐31/IL‐31RA pathway in BP patients.
Prospects for the future of pink salmon in three oceans: From the native Pacific to the novel Arctic and Atlantic
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Berntsen Henrik H. , Garseth Åse Helen , Hinch Scott G. , Hindar Kjetil , Ugedal Ola , Utne Kjell R. , Vollset Knut Wiik , Whoriskey Frederick G. , Thorstad Eva B.
Published: June 2023

While populations of other migratory salmonids suffer in the Anthropocene, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscaSalmonidae) are thriving, and their distribution is expanding both within their natural range and in the Atlantic and Arctic following introduction of the species to the White Sea in the 1950s. Pink salmon are now rapidly spreading in Europe and even across the ocean to North America. Large numbers of pink salmon breed in Norwegian rivers and small numbers of individuals have been captured throughout the North Atlantic since 2017. Although little is known about the biology and ecology of the pink salmon in its novel distribution, the impacts of the species' introduction are potentially highly significant for native species and watershed productivity. Contrasts between pink salmon in the native and extended ranges will be key to navigating management strategies for Atlantic nations where the pink salmon is entrenching itself among the fish fauna, posing potential threats to native fish communities. One key conclusion of this paper is that the species' heritable traits are rapidly selected and drive local adaptation and evolution. Within the Atlantic region, this may facilitate further establishment and spread. The invasion of pink salmon in the Atlantic basin is ultimately a massive ecological experiment and one of the first examples of a major faunal change in the North Atlantic Ocean that is already undergoing rapid changes due to other anthropogenic stressors. New research is urgently needed to understand the role and potential future impacts of pink salmon in Atlantic ecosystems.
Evidence for density‐dependent effects on body composition of a large omnivore in a changing Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Corradini Andrea , Haroldson Mark A. , Cagnacci Francesca , Costello Cecily M. , Bjornlie Daniel D. , Thompson Daniel J. , Nicholson Jeremy M. , Gunther Kerry A. , Wilmot Katharine R. , van Manen Frank T.
Published: June 2023

Understanding the density‐dependent processes that drive population demography in a changing world is critical in ecology, yet measuring performance–density relationships in long‐lived mammalian species demands long‐term data, limiting scientists' ability to observe such mechanisms. We tested performance–density relationships for an opportunistic omnivore, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, with estimates of body composition (lean body mass and percent body fat) serving as indicators of individual performance over two decades (2000–2020) during which time pronounced environmental changes have occurred. Several high‐calorie foods for grizzly bears have mostly declined in recent decades (e.g., whitebark pine [Pinus albicaulis, Engelm, 1863]), while increasing human impacts from recreation, development, and long‐term shifts in temperatures and precipitation are altering the ecosystem. We hypothesized that individual lean body mass declines as population density increases (H1), and that this effect would be more pronounced among growing individuals (H2). We also hypothesized that omnivory helps grizzly bears buffer energy intake from changing foods, with body fat levels being independent from population density and environmental changes (H3). Our analyses showed that individual lean body mass was negatively related to population density, particularly among growing‐age females, supporting H1 and partially H2. In contrast, population density or sex had little effect on body fat levels and rate of accumulation, indicating that sufficient food resources were available on the landscape to accommodate successful use of shifting food sources, supporting H3. Our results offer important insights into ecological feedback mechanisms driving individual performances within a population undergoing demographic and ecosystem‐level changes. However, synergistic effects of continued climate change and increased human impacts could lead to more extreme changes in food availability and affect observed population resilience mechanisms. Our findings underscore the importance of long‐term studies in protected areas when investigating complex ecological relationships in an increasingly anthropogenic world.
The benefits, challenges, and best practice for patient and public involvement in evidence synthesis: A systematic review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Agyei‐Manu Eldad , Atkins Nadege , Lee Bohee , Rostron Jasmin , Dozier Marshall , Smith Maureen , McQuillan Ruth
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Despite the growing evidence on patient and public involvement (PPI) in health research, little emphasis has been placed on understanding its quality and appropriateness to evidence synthesis (ES) and systematic reviews (SR). This study aimed to synthesise qualitative evidence on the benefits, challenges, and best practices for PPI in ES/SR projects from the perspectives of patients/public and researchers.

Methods

We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Cochrane Library and CINAHL Plus. We also searched relevant grey literature and conducted hand‐searching to identify qualitative studies which report the benefits and challenges of PPI in individual ES/SR projects. Studies were independently screened by two reviewers for inclusion and appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Qualitative Tool. Included studies were synthesised narratively using thematic synthesis.

Results

The literature search retrieved 9923 articles, of which eight studies were included in this review. Five themes on benefits emerged: two from patients'/public's perspective—gaining knowledge, and empowerment; and three from researchers' perspective—enhancing relevance, improving quality, and enhancing dissemination of findings. Six themes on challenges were identified: three from patients'/public's perspective—poor communication, time and low self‐esteem; and three from researchers' perspective—balancing inputs and managing relations, time, and resources and training. Concerning recommendations for best practice, four themes emerged: provision of sufficient time and resources, developing a clear recruitment plan, provision of sufficient training and support, and the need to foster positive working relationships.

Conclusion

Highlighting the benefits and challenges of PPI in ES/SR projects from different stakeholder perspectives is essential to understand the process and contextual factors and facilitate meaningful PPI in ES/SR projects. Future research should focus on the utilisation of existing frameworks (e.g., Authors and Consumers Together Impacting on eVidencE [ACTIVE] framework) by researchers to help describe and/or report the best approaches and methods for involving patients/public in ES/SRs projects.

Patient and Public Contribution

This review received great contributions from a recognised PPI partner, the Chair of the Cochrane Consumer Network Executive, to inform the final stage of the review (i.e., interpretation, publication and dissemination of findings). The PPI partner has been included as an author of this review.
Levels and influencing factors of mental workload among intensive care unit nurses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Teng Mei , Yuan Zhongqing , He Hong , Wang Jialin
Published: June 2023

Aim

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the levels and influencing factors of mental workload in intensive care unit nurses.

Background

Intensive care unit nurses have a high mental workload level. To our knowledge, no meta‐analytic research investigating the levels of mental workload in intensive care unit nurses and related factors has yet been performed.

Design

This article is a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

Eleven electronic databases were searched from the database setup dates until 31 December 2022. The research team independently conducted study selection, quality assessments, data extractions and analysis of all included studies. The PRISMA guideline was used to guide reportage of the systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Results

Seventeen studies were included. In these studies, the pooled mean score of mental workload was 68.07 (95%CI:64.39–71.75). Furthermore, subgroup analyses indicated that intensive care unit nurses' mental workload differed significantly by countries, sample size and publication year. The mental workload influential factors considered were demographic, work‐related and psychological factors.

Conclusion

Hospital administrators should develop interventions to reduce mental workload to enhance the mental health of intensive care unit nurses and nursing care quality. Hospital managers should pay attention to the mental health of nurses and guide them to correctly relieve occupational stress and reduce mental workload.
Fabrication and characterizations of Eu2+‐Dy3+ co‐doped SrAl2O4 ceramics with persistent luminescence
Authors: Li Tingsong , Liu Qiang , Zhu Danyang , Chen Penghui , Jing Yanqiu , Wu Junlin , Chen Haohong , Hreniak Dariusz , Nikl Martin , Li Jiang
Published: June 2023

(Sr0.97Eu0.01Dy0.02)Al2O4 persistent luminescence (PersL) ceramics were fabricated by solid‐state reactive sintering in vacuum combined with hot isostatic pressing (HIP) using H3BO3 as a sintering additive. The phase composition, microstructure, luminescence properties, trap state, and PersL performance of HIP post‐treated (Sr0.97Eu0.01Dy0.02)Al2O4 PersL ceramics were discussed. For the (Sr0.97Eu0.01Dy0.02)Al2O4 PersL ceramics after HIP post‐treatment, the initial luminescence intensity of the ceramics reached over 6400 mcd/m2 with simulated daylight irradiation of 1000 lx for 5 min, and the persistent emission decay time > 17 h. This is much better than the SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ PersL powders and the other luminescent ceramics. In addition, this method is a solid‐state reactive sintering method for synthesizing ceramics, which has the advantages of low cost and simple operation, and is suitable for large‐scale, high‐volume industrial production.
Anti‐fibrotic effect of ciglitazone in HRV‐induced airway remodelling cell model
Authors: Wieczfinska Joanna , Pawliczak Rafal
Published: June 2023

Fibrosis is an important phenomenon as it can occur early in the pathogenesis of asthma; it may be associated with disease severity and resistance to therapy. There is a strong evidence that infection caused by human rhinovirus (HRV) contributes to remodelling process, but there is lack of studies clearly explaining this pathway. Synthetic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) γ presents immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory features. In this study, we examined immunomodulatory properties of ciglitazone – PPAR‐γ agonist, in development and modulation of airway remodelling. Epithelial cells (NHBE) and two lines of fibroblasts (WI‐38, HFL1) were stimulated with ciglitazone and rhinovirus. The expression of genes related to airway remodelling process were analysed in the cells; moreover NF‐κB, c‐Myc and STAT3 were silenced in order to estimate potential pathways involved. Ciglitazone decreased mRNA expression of MMP‐9 and TGF‐β. It also modified the expression of α‐SMA and collagen after rhinovirus infection. Transcription factors knockdown altered the levels of expression. The results suggest possible anti‐fibrotic activity of PPAR‐γ agonist in human airway cells. Ciglitazone has been shown to be dependent on NF‐κB‐ and STAT3‐related pathways, thus, the PPAR‐γ agonist may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of airway remodelling in asthma.
Patterns of maladaptive exercise behavior from ages 14–24 in a longitudinal cohort
Authors: Schaumberg Katherine , Bulik Cynthia M. , Micali Nadia
Published: June 2023

Background

Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and are associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. The current study clarifies processes that influence exercise‐related risk in adolescence and young adulthood, including the frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experiencing negative consequences of this behavior.

Method

Participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) reported on eating disorder cognitions at age 14, and exercise behavior at ages 14, 16, 18, and 24 years old. Analyses examined rates of transition between the categories of ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss’, ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’, and ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time, identified overall trends in endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise, and clarified predictors of these behaviors.

Results

Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over time in both males and females. Those in the ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’ category were more likely than those in the ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss Category’ to transition to ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time. Body mass index (Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex.

Conclusions

Results support re‐framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high‐risk individuals.
Characterizing IT asset disposition flows for the circular economy: A case study on export for reuse from Ireland
Authors: McMahon Kathleen , Uchendu Chidinma , Fitzpatrick Colin
Published: June 2023

Understanding flows of resource‐rich electrical and electronic equipment throughout its life cycle is increasingly important in the development of global circular economies, reflected by heavy legislative focuses on waste prevention and resource use efficiency. This research facilitates broader material flow analysis by characterizing flows of professional IT equipment within the Republic of Ireland, emphasizing the flow of legal exports for the purposes of refurbishment and reuse. The analysis of transboundary movement of non‐waste used equipment contributes to a less often measured, but influential, facet of material flows. Eight key exporters of used equipment, comprising original equipment manufacturers, information technology asset disposition companies, and waste treatment facilities, were interviewed to characterize the sector, map the flow of materials, and identify gaps in existing reporting. Interviewed organizations declared exports of used equipment by category using a voluntary declaration form. Two key flows were identified representing currently unreported and unmeasured flows of non‐waste professional equipment. A total of 441,261 units of equipment were declared to be exported for reuse from the Republic of Ireland through these previously unmeasured flows in 2019. Product keys developed by United Nations University were used to estimate the weight of total units exported as approximately 576 metric tons, amounting to an additional approximately 9% of the weight of IT equipment collected in the Republic of Ireland in 2018, or 0.1 kg per inhabitant. These quantifications of IT equipment exported for reuse will be a key component of future material flow analyses in the development of a circular economy.
Assessment of left ventricular structure and function in preeclampsia subtypes by multimodal echocardiography
Authors: Jiang Lan , Liang Weixiang , Xie Renjie , Fang Xiaobo , Liu Dandan , Zhang Mengkai , Shi Changzheng
Published: June 2023

Aim

To explore left ventricular structural/functional abnormalities in preeclampsia patients by using multimodal echocardiography and to analyze the cardiac impact in preeclampsia subtypes.

Methods

A total of 103 individuals, including 64 preeclampsia patients and 39 healthy pregnant women were recruited for this study from 2019 to 2021. There were 34 patients with preeclampsia with severe features (SPE) patients and 30 with preeclampsia with nonsevere features (NSPE), including 9 with early‐onset NSPE (EO‐NSPE) patients, 27 early‐onset SPE (EO‐SPE) patients, 21 later‐onset NSPE (LO‐NSPE), and 7 with later‐onset SPE (LO‐SPE). All patients underwent multimodal echocardiography before treatment, including two‐dimensional, Doppler, and speckle‐tracking echocardiography, to evaluate left ventricular structure/function. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance across groups.

Results

EO‐SPE patients showed decreased left ventricular ejection fractions, peak longitudinal systolic strain at apical four‐chambers, peak circumferential, and radial systolic strain at the apical and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), and increased mitral regurgitation compared to other preeclampsia patients. Compared to LO‐NSPE and EO‐SPE patients, LO‐SPE patients showed increased left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7 and early diastolic left ventricular diastolic filling/mitral annular velocity, and decreased MAPSE and early/late diastolic mitral annular velocity.

Conclusion

EO‐SPE patients were characterized by left ventricular injury and systolic function reduced. LO‐SPE patients were characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced diastolic function. Multimodal echocardiography can detect myocardial injury in PE patients at an early stage.
Sex Differences in the Relationship Between Asthma and Bullying Victimization Among High School Students in the United States
Authors: Pudasainee‐Kapri Sangita , Pontes Nancy M. H. , Pontes Manuel C. F.
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND

Children with asthma are often marginalized at school, including bullying victimization. The purpose of this study is to estimate the association between asthma and school or electronic bullying victimization among US high school students, and test whether the association varies significantly by sex.

METHODS

Pooled data from five waves of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 73,074) were used. Additive interactions were estimated in R software as per STROBE guidelines.

RESULTS

Asthma increases the risk of bullying victimization among female and male adolescents. The risk of school bullying was significantly greater among female students with asthma (7.3%) compared to males (4.0%, p = .002). Similarly, the increased risk for electronic bullying victimization associated with asthma was significantly greater among female (7.2%) than among male students (3.4%, p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted educational interventions to decrease bullying victimization among adolescents with asthma are needed to mitigate its negative impacts.
Rate and determinants of antiviral treatment initiation for patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Mutimer David , Elsharkawy Ahmed , Hathorn Emma , Arunkumar Selvi
Published: June 2023

Most clinic attenders with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are serum HBeAg‐negative, and a minority will require suppressive antiviral treatment. Expert guidelines propose schedules for the monitoring of untreated patients, but the recommended frequency of patient review does not reflect recognised demographic determinants of HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis. Also, the impact of patient ethnicity on risk has not been defined. The aim of our study was to determine the rates and determinants of antiviral treatment initiation in a large multi‐ethnic cohort of CHB patients attending a single centre. We undertook a retrospective study using entirely electronic sources of patient information. Treatment initiation dates were identified from electronic pharmacy records. Crude and time‐dependent statistical analyses were undertaken to identify rate and risk factors for treatment initiation. Treatment was initiated for 232/1256 (18.5%) patients with rates of 23.2% and 33.2% at 5 and 10 years. An increased risk of treatment was associated with male sex (RR 1.803), older age at presentation (RR 1.027 per year increase) and with non‐Black ethnicity (RR 1.654). Patient sex, baseline age and ethnicity also determined risk for treatment in the subset of patients with normal serum ALT and low HBV DNA at baseline, though overall treatment rate in this group was low (only 2% per annum). Thus, patient demographics permit risk stratification for treatment initiation and could determine to a significant extent the frequency of review required for untreated HBeAg‐negative patients. Black ethnicity is associated with a significant reduction in risk of treatment initiation.