bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SLC26A9 stimulates CFTR expression and function in human bronchial cell lines
Authors: Avella Martine , Loriol Céline , Boulukos Kim , Borgese Franck , Ehrenfeld Jordi
Published: July 2010

We investigated the possible functional‐ and physical protein‐interactions between two airway Cl− channels, SLC26A9 and CFTR. Bronchial CFBE41o‐ cell lines expressing CFTRWT or CFTRΔF508 were transduced with SLC26A9. Immunoblots identified a migrating band corresponding to SLC26A9 present in whole‐cell lysates as on apical membrane of cells grown on polarized filters. CFTR levels were increased by the presence of SLC26A9 in both CFTRWT and CFTRΔF508 cell lines. In CFBE41o‐ cells and CFBE41o‐/CFTRWT cells transduced with SLC26A9, currents associated to the protein expression were not detected. However, the forskolin (FK)‐stimulated currents were enhanced in SLC26A9‐transduced cells compared to control cells. Therefore, the presence of SLC26A9 resulted in an increase in CFTR activity (same % of CFTR(inh)‐172 or GlyH‐101 inhibition in both groups). In CFBE41o‐/CFTRΔF508 cells transduced with SLC26A9 (at 27°C), a current associated to the protein expression was also lacking. FK‐stimulated currents and level of CFTR(inh)‐172 inhibition were not different in both groups. The presence of SLC26A9 in Xenopus oocytes expressing CFTR also enhanced the FK‐stimulated currents as compared to oocytes expressing CFTR alone. This stimulation was mostly linked to CFTR. An enhancement of FK‐stimulated currents was not found in oocytes co‐expressing SLC26A9 and CFTRΔF508. In conclusion, in both protein expression systems used, SLC26A9 stimulates CFTR activity but not that of CFTRΔF508. Our co‐immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate a physical interaction between both anion channels. We propose as an alternative hypothesis (not exclusive) to the known SLC26A9‐STAS domain/CFTR interaction, that SLC26A9 favors the biogenesis and/or stabilization of CFTR, leading to stimulated currents. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 212–223, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Snapping biceps femoris tendon: A dynamic real‐time sonographic evaluation
Authors: Guillin Raphaël , Mendoza‐Ruiz Juan J. , Moser Thomas , Ropars Mickaël , Duvauferrier Régis , Cardinal Etienne
Published: July 2010

Snapping of the distal arms of the biceps femoris tendon may explain pain and discomfort at the lateral aspect of the knee. We report two cases in which dynamic sonography was able to confirm the diagnosis and document which of the main arms was involved in the process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 38:435–437, 2010
In vivo comparison of microcirculation and histomorphology of two different flap donor sites
Authors: Altintas Ahmet Ali , Stasch Tilman , Oezcelik Arzu , Altintas Mehmet Ali
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

In soft tissue reconstruction surgery using free flaps, different donor sites from various anatomical regions should be considered. Local microperfusion and histomorphology at these donor sites are often neglected during planning and operation of free tissue transfers. The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the microperfusion and, simultaneously, the tissue morphology of two potential free fasciocutaneous flap donor sites on the upper and lower extremity.

METHODS:

In 23 healthy nonsmoking individuals (aged 30 ± 8.4 years), potential free‐flap donor sites for the radial forearm flap (RFF) and the anterolateral thigh flap (ALTF) were investigated using high‐resolution in vivo Reflectance‐Mode‐Confocal‐Microscopy (Vivascope 1500, Lucid, Rochester, NY). The following parameters were evaluated: quantitative blood‐cell flow; density of functional dermal capillaries; minimal epidermal thickness, and viable thickness of the epidermis.

RESULTS:

The quantitative blood‐cell flow was higher in the RFF donor site (62 ± 3.1 cells/min) compared with the ALTF donor site (51 ± 2.4 cells/min,P< 0.05). The density of functional dermal capillaries at the RFF donor site was higher than at the ALTF donor site (38 ± 3 vs. 22 ± 2.2 capillaries/mm2,P< 0.05). The minimal epidermal thickness was thinner at the RFF donor site compared with the ALTF donor site (44 ± 2.9 vs. 55 ± 3.8 μm,P< 0.05). The viable thickness of the epidermis of the RFF region was thinner compared with the region of the ALTF (31 ± 2.1 vs. 42 ± 2.7 μm,P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

For the first time, significant differences in the in vivo microperfusion and histomorphology could be shown when comparing two different free‐flap donor sites. The correlation to flap failure needs to be substantiated in further systematic trials. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate quadrupole MS peak reconstruction in optimized gas‐flow comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography
Authors: Tranchida Peter Quinto , Purcaro Giorgia , Sciarrone Danilo , Dugo Paola , Dugo Giovanni , Mondello Luigi
Published: July 2010

In the present research, a split‐flow comprehensive 2‐D GC‐quadrupole MS (qMS) method was developed using: a primary apolar 30 m×0.25 mm id×0.25 μm df capillary linked, via a T‐union, to a secondary polar 1.0 m×0.05 mm id×0.05 μm df capillary and to a 0.10 m×0.05 mm id×0.05 μm df uncoated column segment. The GC×GC‐qMS instrument was equipped with two GC ovens and a loop‐type modulator. The polar column was connected to the MS, whereas the uncoated column directed most of the first‐dimension effluent to waste and enabled the generation of optimum gas velocities in both dimensions, namely circa 20 and 80 cm/s in the first and second dimensions, respectively. The rapid‐scanning qMS was operated at a scan speed of 10 000 amu/s, a 25‐Hz data acquisition frequency (scan time+interscan time: 40 ms), and with a normal GC mass range (m/z 40–360). Chromatography bands at the second‐dimension outlet were never less than 360 ms wide (6σ), enabling the acquisition of at least 10 spectra/peak.
Electromechanical modulation of catabolic and anabolic pathways in chronically inactive, but neurally intact, muscles
Authors: Kim Jung A. , Roy Roland R. , Kim Soo J. , Zhong Hui , Haddad Fadia , Baldwin Kenneth M. , Edgerton V. Reggie
Published: July 2010

The extent and mechanisms by which neural input regulates skeletal muscle mass remain largely unknown. Adult spinal cord isolated (SI) rats were implanted unilaterally with a microstimulator, whereas the contralateral limb served as SI control (SI‐C). A 100‐HZ, 1‐s stimulus was delivered every 30 s for 5 min, followed by a 5‐min rest. This was repeated six times consecutively (SI‐Stim1) or with a 9‐h interval after the third bout (SI‐Stim2) for 30 days (1 min of daily activity). SI‐Stim1 and SI‐Stim2 paradigms attenuated plantaris atrophy by 20% and 38%, respectively, whereas only SI‐Stim2 blunted soleus atrophy (24%) relative to SI‐C. Muscle mass changes occurred independent of the IGF‐1/PI3K/Akt pathway. No relationships between SI or electromechanical stimulation and expression of several atrophy markers were observed. These data suggest that regulatory mechanisms for maintaining muscle mass previously shown in acute states of atrophy differ substantially from those observed in chronic states. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Simultaneous milling and coating of inorganic particulates with polymeric coating materials using a fluid energy mill
Authors: Zhang Qi , Wang Peng , Teng Shuli , Qian Zheng , Zhu Linjie , Gogos Costas G.
Published: July 2010

A fluid energy–based method and apparatus was used to simultaneously mill and coat coarse particles with the presence of various coating materials, including: three micron‐sized particles—carnauba wax, polyethylene (PE), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles, and one type of nanoparticle, PTFE. The coating performance of polymeric materials and their effect on the breakage of the coarse particles were studied. The Young's modulus of the coating materials and the materials' size ratio were found to be critical in controlling the coating quality. The polymeric coating, working as a lubricant and cushion layer, absorbs part of the high kinetic energy and results in the larger particle size of fluid energy mill–ground product. Experimental and simulation results suggest that side‐sweep attrition plays a role in breakage of core particles. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improvement in multi‐crystalline silicon solar cell efficiency via addition of luminescent material to EVA encapsulation layer
Authors: Klampaftis E. , Richards B. S.
Published: July 2010

This paper shows that an enhancement in the performance of commercial screen‐printed multi‐crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules can be achieved via luminescent down‐shifting of the incident light. Using fluorescent organic dyes dissolved in the pre‐existing poly‐ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulation layer, an increase in the short‐wavelength external quantum efficiency of over 10% absolute, which results in 0.18% absolute higher efficiency, is reported. This approach offers the opportunity for prompt application at production scale, since it neither requires any modification to the module manufacturing process nor does it add to the cost of power generation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality disorder: incidence, co‐morbid disorders and cost within a northern mental health trust
Authors: Corulla William J.
Published: July 2010

This study had five aims: (1) to ascertain the numbers of persons with personality disorder admitted to adult acute psychiatric wards (AAPWs) between 2004 and 2009 throughout a Mental Health NHS Trust; (2) to ascertain the number of referrals to community services of persons with personality disorder; (3) to uncover the number of persons with personality disorder having co‐morbid disorders; (4) to see if the results obtained are in keeping with previous research and national statistics; and (5) to briefly uncover the cost of these admissions both locally and nationally. A survey was conducted throughout a Northern Mental Health Trust which found that 271 persons with personality disorder have been admitted to AAPWs from 2004 to 2009 throughout this Trust. Ninety‐six persons having a secondary diagnosis of personality disorder were also found. One hundred ninety‐four persons with personality disorder having a co‐morbid disorder were found. Examination of national statistics from the Hospital Episodes Statistics web site from 2002 through 2008 found 993 admissions for persons with personality disorder throughout the Trust. Questions are raised about treatment outcomes in relation to multiple and short‐term admissions. Questions concerning the training and knowledge among mental health professionals were also explored. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolomics for bioactivity assessment of natural products
Authors: Yuliana Nancy Dewi , Khatib Alfi , Choi Young Hae , Verpoorte Robert
Published: July 2010

Natural products historically have been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery, based on their capability to create unique and diverse chemical structures. However, it is also true that the vast number of metabolites typically present in natural products and their huge dynamic range results in the loss of many possibly bioactive natural compounds, becoming an inextricable obstacle for drug development. Recently, new strategies which favour a holistic approach as opposed to the traditional reductionist methods used previously, have been introduced with the purpose of overcoming the bottlenecks in natural product research. This approach is based on the application of new technologies, including metabolomics, for example. Metabolomics allows a systematic study of a complex mixture such as a phytochemical preparation, which can be linked to observations obtained through biological testing systems without the need for isolating active principles. This may put drug discovery from natural products back in the limelight again. In this review paper, the description of some examples of successful metabolomics applications in several important fields related to drug discovery from natural sources aims at raising the potential of metabolomics in reducing the gap between natural products (NP) and modern drug discovery demand. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From molecules to meteorology via turbulent scale invariance
Authors: Tuck A. F.
Published: July 2010

This review attempts to interpret the generalized scale invariance observed in common atmospheric variables—wind, temperature, humidity, ozone and some trace species—in terms of the computed emergence of ring currents (vortices) in simulations of populations of Maxwellian molecules subject to an anisotropy in the form of a flux. The data are taken from ‘horizontal’ tracks of research aircraft and from ‘vertical’ trajectories of research dropsondes. It is argued that any attempt to represent the energy distribution in the atmosphere quantitatively must have a proper basis in molecular physics, a prerequisite to accommodate the observed long‐tailed velocity probability distributions and the implied effects on radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, turbulent structure and the definition of temperature itself. The relationship between fluctuations and dissipation is discussed in a framework of non‐equilibrium statistical mechanics, and a link between maximization of entropy production and scale invariance is hypothesized. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of improving representation of horizontal and vertical cloud structure on the Earth's global radiation budget. Part II: The global effects
Authors: Shonk Jonathan K. P. , Hogan Robin J.
Published: July 2010

Reliably representing both horizontal cloud inhomogeneity and vertical cloud overlap is fundamentally important for the radiation budget of a general circulation model. Here, we build on the work of Part I of this two‐part paper by applying a pair of parametrizations that account for horizontal inhomogeneity and vertical overlap to global re‐analysis data. These are applied both together and separately in an attempt to quantify the effects of poor representation of the two components on radiation budget.

Horizontal inhomogeneity is accounted for using the ‘Tripleclouds’ scheme, which uses two regions of cloud in each layer of a gridbox as opposed to one; vertical overlap is accounted for using ‘exponential‐random’ overlap, which aligns vertically continuous cloud according to a decorrelation height. These are applied to a sample of scenes from a year of ERA‐40 data. The largest radiative effect of horizontal inhomogeneity is found to be in areas of marine stratocumulus; the effect of vertical overlap is found to be fairly uniform, but with larger individual short‐wave and long‐wave effects in areas of deep, tropical convection. The combined effect of the two parametrizations is found to reduce the magnitude of the net top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) cloud radiative forcing by 2.25 W m−2, with shifts of up to 10 W m−2in areas of marine stratocumulus.

The effects on radiation budget of the uncertainty in our parametrizations is also investigated. It is found that the uncertainty in the impact of horizontal inhomogeneity is of order±60%, while the uncertainty in the impact of vertical overlap is much smaller. This suggests an insensitivity of the radiation budget to the exact nature of the global decorrelation height distribution derived in Part I. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of improving representation of horizontal and vertical cloud structure on the Earth's global radiation budget. Part I: Review and parametrization
Authors: Shonk Jonathan K. P. , Hogan Robin J. , Edwards John M. , Mace Gerald G.
Published: July 2010

A poor representation of cloud structure in a general circulation model (GCM) is widely recognised as a potential source of error in the radiation budget. Here, we develop a new way of representing both horizontal and vertical cloud structure in a radiation scheme. This combines the ‘Tripleclouds’ parametrization, which introduces inhomogeneity by using two cloudy regions in each layer as opposed to one, each with different water content values, with ‘exponential‐random’ overlap, in which clouds in adjacent layers are not overlapped maximally, but according to a vertical decorrelation scale. This paper, Part I of two, aims to parametrize the two effects such that they can be used in a GCM. To achieve this, we first review a number of studies for a globally applicable value of fractional standard deviation of water content for use in Tripleclouds. We obtain a value of 0.75 ± 0.18 from a variety of different types of observations, with no apparent dependence on cloud type or gridbox size. Then, through a second short review, we create a parametrization of decorrelation scale for use in exponential‐random overlap, which varies the scale linearly with latitude from 2.9 km at the Equator to 0.4 km at the poles. When applied to radar data, both components are found to have radiative impacts capable of offsetting biases caused by cloud misrepresentation. Part II of this paper implements Tripleclouds and exponential‐random overlap into a radiation code and examines both their individual and combined impacts on the global radiation budget using re‐analysis data. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright
A new equitable score suitable for verifying precipitation in numerical weather prediction
Authors: Rodwell Mark J. , Richardson David S. , Hewson Tim D. , Haiden Thomas
Published: July 2010

A new equitable score is developed for monitoring precipitation forecasts and for guiding forecast system development. To accommodate the difficult distribution of precipitation, the score measures the error in ‘probability space’ through use of the climatological cumulative distribution function. For sufficiently skilful forecasting systems, the new score is less sensitive to sampling uncertainty than other established scores. It is therefore called here the ‘Stable Equitable Error in Probability Space’ (SEEPS). Weather is partitioned into three categories: ‘dry’, ‘light precipitation’ and ‘heavy precipitation’. SEEPS adapts to the climate of the region in question so that it assesses the salient aspects of the local weather, encouraging ‘refinement’ and discouraging ‘hedging’. To permit continuous monitoring of a system with resolution increasing in time, forecasts are verified against point observations. With some careful choices, observation error and lack of representativeness of model grid‐box averages are found to have relatively little impact. SEEPS can identify key forecasting errors including the overprediction of drizzle, failure to predict heavy large‐scale precipitation and incorrectly locating convective cells. Area averages are calculated taking into account the observation density. A gain of ∼2 days, at lead times of 3–9 days, over the last 14 years is found in extratropical scores of forecasts made at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This gain is due to system improvements, not the increased amount of data assimilated. SEEPS may also be applicable for verifying other quantities that suffer from difficult spatio‐temporal distributions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Prospects for immunisation against Marburg and Ebola viruses
Authors: Geisbert Thomas W. , Bausch Daniel G. , Feldmann Heinz
Published: July 2010

For more than 30 years the filoviruses, Marburg virus and Ebola virus, have been associated with periodic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever that produce severe and often fatal disease. The filoviruses are endemic primarily in resource‐poor regions in Central Africa and are also potential agents of bioterrorism. Although no vaccines or antiviral drugs for Marburg or Ebola are currently available, remarkable progress has been made over the last decade in developing candidate preventive vaccines against filoviruses in nonhuman primate models. Due to the generally remote locations of filovirus outbreaks, a single‐injection vaccine is desirable. Among the prospective vaccines that have shown efficacy in nonhuman primate models of filoviral hemorrhagic fever, two candidates, one based on a replication‐defective adenovirus serotype 5 and the other on a recombinant VSV (rVSV), were shown to provide complete protection to nonhuman primates when administered as a single injection. The rVSV‐based vaccine has also shown utility when administered for postexposure prophylaxis against filovirus infections. A VSV‐based Ebola vaccine was recently used to manage a potential laboratory exposure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model checking with bounded context switching
Authors: Holzmann Gerard J. , Florian Mihai
Published: July 2010

We discuss the implementation of a bounded context switching algorithm in the Spin model checker. The algorithm allows us to find counter-examples that are often simpler to understand, and that may be more likely to occur in practice. We discuss extensions of the algorithm that allow us to use this new algorithm in combination with most other search modes supported in Spin, including partial order reduction and bitstate hashing. We show that, other than often assumed, the enforcement of a bounded context switching discipline does not decrease but increases the complexity of the model checking procedure. We discuss the performance of the algorithm on a range of applications.
The mediating role of physical self‐concept on relations between biological maturity status and physical activity in adolescent females
Authors: Cumming Sean P. , Standage Martyn , Loney Tom , Gammon Catherine , Neville Helen , Sherar Lauren B. , Malina Robert M.
Published: July 2010

The current study examined the mediating role of physical self‐concept on relations between biological maturity status and self‐reported physical activity in adolescent British females. Biological maturity status, physical self‐concept and physical activity were assessed in 407 female British year 7–9 pupils (M age = 13.2 years, SD = 1.0). Participants completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (Kowalski, Crocker, & Donen, 2004) and the Children and Youth Physical Self‐Perceptions Profile (Whitehead, 1995). Percentage of predicted adult height attained at measurement was used as an estimate of biological maturity status. Structural equation modelling using maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrapping procedures revealed that perceptions of sports competence, body attractiveness and physical self‐worth mediated an inverse relation between maturity status and physical activity. The results provide partial support for Petersen and Taylor’s (1980) Mediated Effects Model of Psychological and Behavioural Adaptation to Puberty within the context of physical activity.
Multimodal therapeutic assessment of peripheral nerve stimulation in neuropathic pain: Five case reports with a 20‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kupersl Ron , Van Laerel Koen , Van Calenberghl Frank , Gybelsl Jan , Dupontl Patrick , Baeckl Annelies , Plaghkil Leon
Published: July 2010

Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve lesion is highly resistant to conventional pain treatments but may respond well to direct electrical peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). In the 1980 s, we treated a series of 11 peripheral neuropathic pain patients with PNS. A first outcome assessment, conducted after a 52‐month follow‐up, revealed that the majority of the patients were significantly improved. Here, we present the results of a second and more comprehensive follow‐up, conducted after more than 20 years of PNS usage. Of the six patients still using PNS, five participated in a multimodality assessment of the long‐term efficacy of PNS. Home evaluations showed reduced pain ratings and improved quality‐of‐life during active periods of stimulation. Quantitative sensory testing confirmed the neuropathic character of the pain complaints. PNS had no significant overall effect on tactile detection, cool, warmth, cold pain and heat pain thresholds. Laser‐evoked potentials showed an enlarged N2–P2 complex during active PNS. Positron Emission Tomography revealed that PNS decreased activation in the pain matrix at rest and during thermal stimulation. PNS led to increased blood flow not only in primary somatosensory cortex, but also in anterior cingulate and insular cortices, suggesting that besides activation of the dorsal column lemniscal system, other mechanisms may play a role in its analgesic effects. These data show that PNS can provide truly long‐term pain relief in carefully selected patients and they provide some objective quantitative data in support of this. They encourage the planning of future prospective studies in a larger cohort of patients.
Serum protein electrophoresis in 155 cats
Authors: Taylor Samantha S. , Tappin Simon W. , Dodkin Steve J. , Papasouliotis Kostas , Casamian-Sorrosal Domingo , Tasker Séverine
Published: July 2010

All serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) results obtained between 2002 and 2009 from clinical cases presented to the University of Bristol Feline Centre were examined retrospectively. One hundred and fifty-five results met the inclusion criteria. Signalment and final diagnoses were obtained from the case records. Clinical cases were classified as having normal or abnormal SPE results by comparison to reference intervals for SPE created using 77 clinically normal cats. Abnormal results were then further divided according to the specific SPE abnormality. Cases were also categorised, according to the final diagnosis, using the DAMNITV classification system. Of the 155 cases, 136 (87.7%) had abnormal SPE results, most commonly due to a polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. A monoclonal gammopathy occurred in four cats; one with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one with lymphoma and two cases of splenic plasmacytoma (one suspected, one confirmed). The most common DAMNITV classification associated with SPE abnormalities was infectious/inflammatory disease (80/136; 58.8%), including 39 cats diagnosed with FIP.
Paleoproterozoic basaltoids in the North Baikal volcanoplutonic belt of the Siberian craton: age and petrogenesis
Authors: Shokhonova M.N. , Donskaya T.V. , Gladkochub D.P. , Mazukabzov A.M. , Paderin I.P.
Published: July 2010

The oldest igneous rocks in the Paleoproterozoic (~1.88–1.85 Ga) North Baikal postcollisional volcanoplutonic belt of the Siberian craton are the basaltoids of the Malaya Kosa Formation (Akitkan Group). The youngest are the composite (dolerite–rhyolite) and doleritic dikes cutting the granitoids of the Irel’ complex and the felsic volcanic rocks of the Khibelen Formation (Akitkan Group). The position of Malaya Kosa basaltoids in the Akitkan Group section and published geochronological data on the felsic volcanic rocks overlying Malaya Kosa rocks suggest that their age is ~1878 Ma. The rhyolites from the center of a composite dike were dated by the U–Pb zircon method at 1844 ± 11 Ma, and the dolerites in the dikes are assumed to be coeval with them. Malaya Kosa basaltoids correspond to high-Mg tholeiites and calc-alkaline andesites, whereas the dolerites in the dikes correspond to high-Fe tholeiites. Geochemically, these basaltoids and dolerites are both similar and different. As compared with the dolerites, the basaltoids are poorer in TiO2 (an average of 0.89 vs. 1.94 wt.%), Fe2O3* (9.54 vs. 14.71 wt.%), and P2O5 (0.25 vs. 0.41 wt.%). However, these rocks are both poor in Nb but rich in Th and LREE, εNd(T) being negative. According to petrographic and geochemical data, they derived from compositionally different sources. It is assumed that the basaltoids originated from subduction-enriched lithospheric mantle, whereas the dolerites originated from refractory lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subduction fluids. The isotopic and geochemical features of mafic rocks in the North Baikal belt are well explained by their formation during crustal extension which followed subduction and collision in the region. The early stages of postcollisional extension evidenced the melting of subduction-enriched lithospheric mantle with the formation of parent melts for Malaya Kosa basaltoids. At the final stages of the formation of the North Baikal belt, during the maximum crustal extension, Fe-enriched melts rose to the surface and generated the dolerites of the dikes.
The history of the Karagas Supergroup evolution in the Biryusa region: synthesis of paleomagnetic and sedimentological data
Authors: Metelkin D.V. , Blagovidov V.V. , Kazansky A.Yu.
Published: July 2010

We summarize the results of paleomagnetic and sedimentological studies of the Neoproterozoic rhythmic terrigenous-carbonate rock unit in the Karagas Supergroup, which were carried out in the middle reaches of the Biryusa and Uda Rivers. The paleomagnetic data are presented along with a detailed description of the studied sections and the specific sedimentological characteristics of the studied deposits. The new data refine the position of Late Precambrian paleomagnetic poles in Siberia and mark the paleogeographic and facies features of the rock unit formation. They also show that the rock unit was deposited much more rapidly than it was supposed earlier, in the environment of shallow-water sea basin on the margin of the Siberian continent. The origin and evolution of the Karagas sedimentary basin was governed by both global and regional tectonic factors. We suppose that the onset of the basin can be linked to a tectonic event, namely, the opening of ocean in southern Siberia during the break-up of Rodinia. Regional tectonic processes controlled the position of the Karagas sedimentary basin and its evolution. The position of the mean paleomagnetic pole (Plat = 3.9°, Plong = 292.3°, A95 = 7.1°) confirms the corresponding interval of the Neoproterozoic trend of APWP in Siberia and proves the near-equatorial position of the continent in Karagas time.
Prostaglandin E2 production in synovial tissue and acute postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy
Authors: Solheim Nina , Halvorsen Bente , Rosseland Leiv Arne , Stubhaug Audun
Published: July 2010

Postsurgical inflammation leads to sensitisation of “sleeping” nociceptors, which enhance pain perception and induce hyperalgesia. Prostaglandin E2 plays a central role in this process. Synovial microdialysis technique allows analyses of biological markers of local inflammation simultaneous with a close follow up of the patient’s pain experience. Tissue injury (or surgery) initiates liberation of inflammatory mediators and hyperalgesic substances. This project is translational and aims at exploring the relationship between perceived acute postoperative pain and inflammation. Microdialysis of synovial tissue and pain score after arthroscopy is of special interest to study since the natural pain course and the local inflammation can be observed in patients with no analgesic therapy.

Methods

This is a clinical observational study of local inflammatory mediators and perceived pain in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy in general anesthesia with propofol, remifentanil and fentanyl. Microdialysis of the synovial membrane was performed in all patients every 20 min for 140 min postoperatively (seven samples). At the same intervals PGE2 was measured and correlated with patients report of pain intensity on a 0–100mm visual analogue scale (VAS).

Results

Five patients (1 female, 4 male) who did not receive any non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs or paracetamol were included. The pain intensity was 1–34mmVAS and the PGE2 levels were from 293 pg/ml to 5818 pg/ml. Maximum pain score (mean 23 and SD 12mm VAS) and PGE2 levels (mean 2026 pg/ml and SD 1380 pg/ml) occurred about 40 min after surgery. Correlation analysis shows a significant correlation (R = 0.48, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

This pilot study indicates a positive correlation between postoperatively perceived pain and local PGE2 concentration.
Pigs in pain—Porcine behavioural responses towards mechanical nociceptive stimulation directed at the hind legs
Authors: Herskin Mette S. , Rasmussen Julie S.
Published: July 2010

Objectives

In recent years, pigs are used increasingly for biomedical translational research and often considered superior to rodent models. However, only very few pain assays for quantification of behavioural nociceptive responses are available for pigs. This experiment is part of a larger project aiming at developing pain assays for pigs, and the present aim was to examine behavioural responses towards mechanical cutaneous stimulation applied to the caudal part of the metatarsus on the hind legs of pigs using an IITC Electronic von Frey Anesthesiometer.

Methods

Nine slaughter pigs (bodyweight 54 ± 0.7 kg) were subjected to handheld nociceptive mechanical stimulation using the electronic von Frey anesthesiometer (max 1000 g). The animals were kept in one group and tested while slightly fixated in a testroom, to which they had been habituated. Each nociceptive test consisted of 4 single stimulations.

Results

The animals responded behaviourally after single stimulations of 12–1000 g (8% censored) and had a mean threshold for leg movements of 540 ± 85 g. Neither the type of behavioural responses (four categories from slight leg movements to kicking) nor the mechanical threshold was affected by successive stimulations (517 ± 126, 413 ± 84, 598 ± 97 and 499 ± 122 g, for first to fourth stimulation, respectively) or differed between right and left leg (522 ± 86 g vs. 492 ± 64 g, respectively). No correlations between mechanical thresholds and behavioural responses were found.

Conclusion

The results show that pigs respond behaviourally to mechanical von Frey stimulation directed at the hind legs, and suggest that responses were not affected by successive stimulations.
Bose-Einstein Condensation of Excitons and Biexcitons
Authors: Moskalenko S. A. , Snoke D. W.
Published: July 2010

Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons is a unique effect in which the electronic states of a solid can self-organize to acquire quantum phase coherence. The phenomenon is closely linked to Bose-Einstein condensation in other systems such as liquid helium and laser-cooled atomic gases. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive survey of this field, covering theoretical aspects as well as recent experimental work. After setting out the relevant basic physics of excitons, the authors discuss exciton-phonon interactions as well as the behaviour of biexcitons. They cover exciton phase transitions and give particular attention to nonlinear optical effects including the optical Stark effect and chaos in excitonic systems. The thermodynamics of equilibrium, quasi-equilibrium, and nonequilibrium systems are examined in detail. The authors interweave theoretical and experimental results throughout the book, and it will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in semiconductor and superconductor physics, quantum optics, and atomic physics.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: July 2010

Fluid dynamics is fundamental to our understanding of the atmosphere and oceans. Although many of the same principles of fluid dynamics apply to both the atmosphere and oceans, textbooks tend to concentrate on the atmosphere, the ocean, or the theory of geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD). This textbook provides a comprehensive unified treatment of atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics. The book introduces the fundamentals of geophysical fluid dynamics, including rotation and stratification, vorticity and potential vorticity, and scaling and approximations. It discusses baroclinic and barotropic instabilities, wave-mean flow interactions and turbulence, and the general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. Student problems and exercises are included at the end of each chapter. Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation will be an invaluable graduate textbook on advanced courses in GFD, meteorology, atmospheric science and oceanography, and an excellent review volume for researchers. Additional resources are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521849692.
The Frequency shift of an extraordinary (X) wave propagating through plasma
Authors: SHAHRASSAI L. , KHOSRAVI H. , SOBHANIAN S.
Published: July 2010

The frequency shift is obtained for an extraordinary electromagnetic wave propagating through plasma as function of an external magnetic field. A linear theory is used here to calculate the frequency shift, and the numerical results are given for typical laboratory fusion plasma. A limit case where the wave is propagating through rarefied plasma in the presence of some weak magnetic field is also studied. Estimation is given on the basis of some simplifying approximation for the frequency upshift of a type III radio bursts interacting with the Earth's magnetosphere.
Retinal input to efferent target amacrine cells in the avian retina
Authors: LINDSTROM SARAH H. , AZIZI NASON , WELLER CYNTHIA , WILSON MARTIN
Published: July 2010

The bird visual system includes a substantial projection, of unknown function, from a midbrain nucleus to the contralateral retina. Every centrifugal, or efferent, neuron originating in the midbrain nucleus makes synaptic contact with the soma of a single unique amacrine cell, the target cell (TC). By labeling efferent neurons in the midbrain, we have been able to identify their terminals in retinal slices and make patch-clamp recordings from TCs. TCs generate Na+-based action potentials (APs) triggered by spontaneous EPSPs originating from multiple classes of presynaptic neurons. Exogenously applied glutamate elicited inward currents having the mixed pharmacology of NMDA, kainate, and inward rectifying AMPA receptors. Exogenously applied GABA elicited currents entirely suppressed by GABAzine and therefore mediated by GABAAreceptors. Immunohistochemistry showed the vesicular glutamate transporter, vGluT2, to be present in the characteristic synaptic boutons of efferent terminals, whereas the GABA synthetic enzyme, GAD, was present in much smaller processes of intrinsic retinal neurons. Extracellular recording showed that exogenously applied GABA was directly excitatory to TCs and, consistent with this, NKCC, the Cl−transporter often associated with excitatory GABAergic synapses, was identified in TCs by antibody staining. The presence of excitatory retinal input to TCs implies that TCs are not merely slaves to their midbrain input; instead, their output reflects local retinal activity and descending input from the midbrain.
Nitrous oxide fluxes in the central and eastern South Pacific
Authors: Charpentier José , Farías Laura , Pizarro Oscar
Published: July 2010

N2O air‐sea fluxes were continuously measured on a transect crossing the Subtropical South Pacific Gyre (SPG) from its central part toward its coastal boundary (associated with coastal upwelling off central Chile) during the BIOSOPE cruise (austral spring, 2004). Continuous N2O air‐sea fluxes in the central part of the SPG (132° to 114°W) were slightly negative (−0.48 ± 0.44 μmol m−2 day−1), whereas in its eastern part (114°W to 81°W), they were slightly positive (0.41 ± 0.34 μmol m−2 day−1), reaching up to 18 μmol m−2 day−1 in the coastal area (130 km from the coast). The transition between oceanic and coastal conditions was characterized by an abrupt increase in N2O emissions from 80°W eastward and was associated with an increase of surface Chl‐a contents. This trend corresponded to the change in trophic status from very oligotrophic to eutrophic. The outward (through the air‐sea interface) and inward (through the pycnocline) N2O fluxes of the surface layer (SL) were also determined at three representative stations, taking into account turbulent diffusion and vertical advection. The N2O released into the atmosphere from the eastern part of the SPG came largely (70–80%) from the N2O produced in the SL (2.0 × 10−3μmol m−3 day−1). In the coastal area, N2O production in the SL reached up to 1.16 μmol m−3 day−1, and 28% of the N2O released into the atmosphere was upwelled though the pycnocline by Ekman transport. The annual N2O emissions estimated for the eastern South Pacific reach 50 Gg of N2O, confirming the importance of this region for global emissions and reaffirming coastal upwelling centers as areas of strong production and outgassing.
Seismic structure of an oceanic core complex at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 22°19′N
Authors: Dannowski Anke , Grevemeyer Ingo , Ranero Cesar R. , Ceuleneer Georges , Maia Marcia , Morgan Jason Phipps , Gente Pascal
Published: July 2010

We present results from a seismic refraction and wide‐angle experiment surveying an oceanic core complex on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 22°19′N. Oceanic core complexes are settings where petrological sampling found exposed lower crustal and upper mantle rocks, exhumed by asymmetric crustal accretion involving detachment faulting at magmatically starved ridge sections. Tomographic inversion of our seismic data yielded lateral variations of P wave velocity within the upper 3 to 4 km of the lithosphere across the median valley. A joint modeling procedure of seismic P wave travel times and marine gravity field data was used to constrain crustal thickness variations and the structure of the uppermost mantle. A gradual increase of seismic velocities from the median valley to the east is connected to aging of the oceanic crust, while a rapid change of seismic velocities at the western ridge flank indicates profound differences in lithology between conjugated ridge flanks, caused by un‐roofing lower crust rocks. Under the core complex crust is approximately 40% thinner than in the median valley and under the conjugated eastern flank. Clear PmP reflections turning under the western ridge flank suggest the creation of a Moho boundary and hence continuous magmatic accretion during core complex formation.
Barotropic instability in the West Spitsbergen Current
Authors: Teigen S. H. , Nilsen F. , Gjevik B.
Published: July 2010

Barotropic instability in the shoreward branch of the West Spitsbergen Current is investigated on the basis of data from an array of current meter moorings along 78.83°N, across the upper continental slope and shelf break west of Svalbard. The slowly varying background current profile is modeled as an along‐slope, asymmetric jet anchored to the shelf break. Numerical linear stability analyses are performed on the idealized current profile and topography, revealing the characteristic period, wavelength, and growth rate of unstable vorticity waves. Detailed analysis of the ambient current profile in 2007–2008 shows that unstable conditions are present during ∼40% of the 10 month measurement record, depending on the localization, width, and amplitude of the current jet. The resulting vorticity waves are localized at the shelf break and are able to exchange water masses across the oceanic Arctic front. Typical wavelengths and periods are 20–40 km and 40–70 h, respectively. Wavelet, coherence, and complex demodulation analyses of the current meter data confirm that transient signals of similar periodicity as predicted by the stability analysis exist in the data record, prominently during the winter and spring months. Estimates of the heat loss contribution from isopycnal diffusion reach 1.4 TW during the time intervals when unstable vorticity waves are active at the shelf break, implying that the dynamics of the West Spitsbergen Current play a significant role in the cooling process of the Atlantic water on the way to the Arctic Ocean. This cooling corresponds to an along‐shelf cooling rate of −0.08°C per 100 km.
On cross‐shore migration and equilibrium states of nearshore sandbars
Authors: Pape L. , Plant N. G. , Ruessink B. G.
Published: July 2010

The location of submerged sandbars in the nearshore zone changes over time in response to variability in wave conditions. Here, cross‐shore sandbar migration is studied with an empirical model consisting of a differential equation relating cross‐shore sandbar migration to wave forcing. Model parameters are fitted to data sets containing multiple years of daily‐observed positions of five sandbars at three field sites. From the fitted model parameters we determine the cross‐shore location of zero‐migration (equilibrium location), the stability of this equilibrium, and the rate (response time) at which a sandbar migrates toward or away from the equilibrium location. We find that for breaking waves a sandbar moves toward a stable, wave‐height‐dependent equilibrium location. For non‐ to slightly‐breaking waves, however, a sandbar moves away from the equilibrium location, implying that the beach profile evolves toward a state without submerged sandbars. The response times can differ up to a factor three for different sandbars at a particular field site, and a factor ten between sandbars at different sites. For breaking waves, response times are found to decrease with increasing wave height from months to days, while for non‐ to slightly‐breaking waves response times exceed several months. In general, response times remain larger than the timescale of variability in wave climate (several days), implying that sandbars spend most of their lifetime out of equilibrium with the wave forcing. The model is able to hindcast the relevant features of cross‐shore sandbar migration on timescales of days to several years, and outperforms a baseline prediction of no change for all sandbars. When the equilibrium location is reached by both the hindcasted and actual sandbar, the hindcast error depends on the accuracy of the predicted equilibrium location only, and no longer on the history of accumulated errors. As a result, sandbars that occasionally reach their equilibrium location can accurately be predicted from the wave forcings over their entire lifespan. However, it is difficult to predict the exact rate of the yearly to interannual trends that are observed at two field sites, because the sandbars at these sites never reach the offshore‐located equilibrium states associated with high waves.
The role of poleward energy transport in Arctic temperature evolution
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Yi , Fyfe John C. , Flato Gregory M.
Published: July 2010

The observed evolution of Arctic troposphere temperature is the combined effect of many processes including the poleward transport of atmospheric energy. In this study we quantify the relationship between poleward energy transport and decadal temperature variations in the Arctic free‐troposphere. Time series of Arctic free‐troposphere mean temperature show a decade of maximal cooling centered in the late eighties, followed by a decade of pronounced warming centered in the late nineties. We show that about 25% of the decadal cooling trend can be ascribed to decreasing poleward energy transport into the Arctic, and about 50% of the decadal warming trend was due to increasing poleward energy transport. These changes were reflected throughout the free‐troposphere, were associated with changing intensity of the polar meridional circulation cell, and were dominant in the autumn and winter seasons. By contrast, the last decade has been fairly neutral in terms of temperature and energy transport change.
A new perspective on the longitudinal variability of the semidiurnal tide
Authors: Hibbins R. E. , Marsh O. J. , McDonald A. J. , Jarvis M. J.
Published: July 2010

The longitudinal variability of the semidiurnal tide in the Antarctic upper mesosphere is investigated by comparison of observations from two radars at approximately opposite sides of Antarctica. Under the assumption that the tide is composed of an S = 2 (migrating) and S = 1 (westward‐propagating, non‐migrating) component only, the relative phases of the components are shown to vary with season such that the waves are typically in constructive interference during the winter (summer) months at longitudes around 0°E (180°E). We show that this has profound effects on the seasonal behaviour of the semidiurnal tide around 78°S dependent on the longitude, and that no single‐station observations at this latitude can be considered representative of a “zonal mean”. The superposition of these two waves is used to interpret differences in previously‐published ground‐based climatologies of the tide.