bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black on Both Sides
Authors: Snorton C. Riley
Published: September 2018

In Black on Both Sides, C. Riley Snorton identifies multiple intersections between blackness and transness from the mid-nineteenth century to present-day anti-black and anti-trans legislation and violence. Drawing on a deep and varied archive of materials, Snorton attends to how slavery and the production of racialized gender provided the foundations for an understanding of gender as mutable.
Repairing Bad Objects
Authors: Seitz David K.
Published: September 2018

The Introduction outlines the prospect of an “improper” queer citizenship. It points to a queer church (where queer damage is revisited) in a city hailed for its racial and sexual diversity as a key site for understanding how people affectively work through the contradictions of liberal citizenship.
Pastor–Diva–Citizen
Authors: Seitz David K.
Published: September 2018

Chapter Two evaluates the public ministry of longtime pastor Rev. Dr. Brent Hawkes, focusing on police brutality and the state funeral of beloved progressive politician Jack Layton. While Hawkes’ angry, radical days appear over, I argue against romanticizing the radical past – or getting too glum about the neoliberal present.
“Why Are You Doing This?”
Authors: Seitz David K.
Published: September 2018

Chapter Three maps out the stakes of desires for MCC Toronto and the UFMCC movement to go “global,” given Christianity’s colonial history. While an emphasis on “saving the world” threatens to repeat colonial missiology, a politics of affect focused on “saving ourselves,” I suggest might proffer a more radical alternative.
Being Together in Place
Authors: Larsen Soren C. , Johnson Jay T. , Wildcat Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

Being Together in Place explores the landscapes that convene Native and non-Native people into sustained and difficult negotiations over their radically different interests. Using ethnographic research and a geographic perspective, this book shows activists in three sites learning how to articulate and defend their intrinsic and life-supportive ways of being—particularly to those who are intent on damaging these places.
Sacred Ground
Authors: Larsen Soren C. , Johnson Jay T. , Wildcat Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

The ancestral cemeteries at the Cheslatta villages of Belhk’achek and Sdughachola performed a “sacred reversal” of their desecration by the aluminum company’s spillway, in the process renewing the people’s relationship with water, ancestors, the settler state, and potentially, the company.
Ceremony Is Protest, Protest Is Ceremony
Authors: Larsen Soren C. , Johnson Jay T. , Wildcat Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

At the Wakarusa Wetlands, decades of activism against a proposed four-lane trafficway, now under construction, have blurred the lines between ceremony and protest, turning one into the other in a political and spiritual intervention against the “transit” of the settler state across Indian land.
Systems of Art Historical and Philosophical Thought
Authors: Soussloff Catherine M.
Published: September 2018

The historio-critical situation for Foucault’s writings on painting, including a discussion of significant issues of translation and reception that impinge on the specific theoretical matters addressed by each of his texts about painting.
Code and Clay, Data and Dirt
Authors: Mattern Shannon
Published: September 2018

Offering powerful new ways of thinking about our cities, Shannon Mattern goes far beyond the historical concepts of origins, development, revolutions, and the accomplishments of an elite few. Her vivid prose leads readers through a historically and geographically broad range of stories and takes media archaeology to the city’s streets, revealing new ways to write our urban, media, and cultural histories.
Of Mud, Media, and the Metropolis
Authors: Mattern Shannon
Published: September 2018

“Of Mud, Media, and the Metropolis…,” examines the entwined histories of brick-making, mark-making, and city-building. I examine how urban surfaces have served as substrates for writing, from ancient epigraphy to contemporary graffiti; how written documents have been critical to our cities’ operations; and how our scripts’ formal properties are often reflected in urban form.
Speaking Stones
Authors: Mattern Shannon
Published: September 2018

“Speaking Stones: Voicing the City,” considers how the city itself functions as a sounding board, resonance chamber, and transmission medium for vocality: public address, interpersonal communication, and vocal expressions of affect. We consider ancient urban acoustics and the ongoing evolution of spatio-sonic politics related to such issues as the Muslim call to prayer and political protest.
Conclusion
Authors: Mattern Shannon
Published: September 2018

“Coding Urban Pasts and Futures,” uses the recent reconstruction of Palmyra’s destroyed Arch of Triumph as a case study to explore many themes that resonate throughout the book: the entangling of materialities, temporalities, and geographies; the cultural politics of media archaeology and archaeology-proper; and the potential implications of these past-oriented fields of exploration for our urban-media futures.
Voice and the Seamless Narrative of Knowledge
Authors: Sanders Joe Sutliff
Published: September 2018

Chapter two examines how the voice of a book—in its use of hedges and a visible author as well as its dramatization of debate between sources—can attempt to invite or close off critical engagement
The Empathy of Critical Engagement
Authors: Sanders Joe Sutliff
Published: September 2018

Chapter seven argues that emotional engagement can and has dovetailed with critical engagement. Here, I use feminist theory to index the link between emotion and intellect, between the passion of civic engagement and the objectivity of inquiry.
Critical Engagement’s Moral Imperative
Authors: Sanders Joe Sutliff
Published: September 2018

The Conclusion anticipates the argument that children are not capable of the critical engagement to which my theory argues that they are being invited. The final pages of Humble Truths offer evidence from across many countries and disciplines that children are more than capable of the kind of nuanced, careful engagement to which contemporary children’s nonfiction increasingly invites them. I end by pointing out how adults—authors, teachers, parents, scholars, and caregivers—can see to it that children’s books invite that sort of engagement, and I make an argument that we should.
The River Is in Us
Authors: Hoover Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Elizabeth Hoover takes us deep into Akwesasne—an indigenous community in upstate New York—the remarkable community that partnered with scientists and developed grassroots programs to fight the contamination of its lands and reclaim its health and culture. This moving book is essential reading for anyone interested in Native Americans, social justice, and the pollutants contaminating our food, water, and bodies.
Cinema’s Short-Term Tenancy
Authors: Rhodes John David
Published: September 2018

In this mostly theoretical discussion I discuss some examples of American feature filmmaking, including Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939), in order to establish the implicit problematic that race and the raced body are fundamentally bound up in the “spectacle of property,” even when no non-white bodies appear onscreen. Finally, as a means of testing some of these ideas through close formal and historical analysis, the second part of the chapter focuses in detail on a single film, D.W. Griffith’s The Lonely Villa (1909) and its representation of the house and its violation in the context of cinema’s emergence as a narrative representational medium and as an industry preoccupied by property rights
All Too Easy
Authors: Rhodes John David
Published: September 2018

Takes up the modernist house as it appears in films like A Star is Born (George Cukor, 1954), House (Charles and Ray Eames, 1955), and more recent films and moving image media such as The Anniversary Party (Alan Cumming and Jennifer Jason Leigh, 2001), A Single Man (Tom Ford, 2009), and Stephen Prina’sThe Way He Always Wanted It, II (2008). The chapter also considers a strange site of coincidence between modernist architecture and the movies: the house designed by Richard Neutra for the director Josef von Sternberg that then passed into the hands of Ayn Rand, who was also working in the film industry.
Introduction
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

Ports are vital links in the international transport system and, for an island nation such as Australia, assume a special importance as gateways to the rest of the world. The basic function of a port is to provide a link between land and sea transport and to furnish means by which transfers of freight and passengers between the two systems can be made efficiently. A port is...
The Birth of a Modern Port
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns the establishment and early development of the port, with particular focus on C.Y. O’Connor’s plan for the development of the inner harbour. Tull explores some of the early difficulties with the running of the port, particularly the problem of the rock blockage on the harbour that caused merchants to threaten to avoid Fremantle altogether.
The Establishment of the Fremantle Harbour Trust
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides details about the establishment of the Fremantle Harbour Trust - following the model established by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board of 1857 - and explores the Fremantle Harbour Trust Act of 1903. Tull establishes that a great deal of political interference remained prevalent throughout the port’s history, and also notes that the FHT were permitted to engage in cargo-handling, a unique benefit not permitted to other Australian ports. The impact of these circumstances is discussed in later chapters.
The Development of Trade at the Port of Fremantle
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the development of port activity to suit the flow of both passengers and cargo to Fremantle. The port trade reflected the growth of Western Australia’s economy during the early twentieth century. It demonstrates that the favourite location of the port and the good railway connections brought the port to the forefront of trade in the state.
The Shipping of Fremantle
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the development of port activity to suit the movement of ships. Over the course of the twentieth century the average vessel size grew from 5200 to 19,000 gross registered tons. The development in ship technology changed the nature, shape and weight of cargo and passenger ships significantly enough to require a vast restructuring of the port to include deep-water channels and berths - a costly endeavour.
A Century of Port Development, 1897 to 1997
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This chapter details the attempts to physically develop the port of Fremantle to keep up with the ever-evolving needs of the shipping industry. An Outer Harbour, following the half-decade old, solid plans of C. Y. O’Connor’s, was established in the 1950s. The harbour was also considerably deepened. An attempt at providing a dry dock, however, was unsuccessful. Tull concludes that these developments extended the capacity of the dock, possibly to levels unnecessary for their trade, at an expense that would later cause considerable financial problems in the 1980s.
Scottish Sailors
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the number of Scottish sailors in the seventeenth to eighteenth century, and addresses the growing shipping trade that called for a high demand of men. It presents the difficulties of working with estimations, or ‘guestimations’, and criticises the lack of statistical data available on Scottish sailors. The report also researches the social habits of sailors and reflects on their bad reputation in Scottish society.
Iceland
Authors: Thór J. Th.
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a brief survey of Icelandic vessels in the Middle Ages and discusses Iceland’s commercial links with Europe before 1800. It focuses on the role and employment of Icelandic sailors from 900-1800 and explores the relatively new establishment of the sailing profession. Also described in the chapter is the transitional period in the nineteenth century, in which a new class of Icelandic fishermen and sailors emerged. The report additionally contains the diaries of two seventeenth and eighteenth century Icelandic sailors in order to provide a well-rounded sense of the sailing occupation as a whole.
The International Labour Market for Seamen, 1600-1900: Norway and Norwegian Participation
Authors: Sætra Gustav
Published: September 2018

This chapter reports the growth of the Norwegian shipping trade in the period 1850-1880; an expansion that came as a result of a heightened demand for the exports of fish and timber from Norway to Western and Southern Europe. It provides a detailed history on Norwegian shipping trade, starting from the early days of expansion to Norway’s position as a leading whaling nation. The chapter provides statistical data in the form of numbers of recruitment, labour force, and wages, but notes that source material on Norwegian shipping data prior to 1800 is often scarce and unreliable. The report also outlines the significance of Norwegian presence in foreign fleets after 1850, and discusses the motive behind a seaman’s decision to emigrate. It notes that the Dutch fleet became a popular option for Norwegians, while seamen also flocked to the alternative fleets of Russia; Denmark; Sweden; Holland; France; Great Britain; North America; Argentina; Australia and South Africa.
Finnish Sailors, 1750-1870
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with an introduction to Finnish shipping prior to 1700, before discussing in detail its expansion in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and exploring the country’s integration into the international maritime world. The report includes estimations of numbers of crew and officers in the Finnish Merchant Marine during this era of growth and provides information on social structure, ages, wages and working conditions while addressing the difficulties in presenting complete and reliable data.
Danish Sailors, 1570-1870
Authors: Johansen Hans Chr.
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses Danish maritime history over 300 years, from 1570 to 1870. It reports ship and crew sizes in the Danish merchant marine, deep-sea fishery and whaling industries, and describes the voyage patterns of the merchant marine. While the article acknowledges the wealth of existing literature on shipping routes and cargoes, types of ships, and political aspects of Danish participation in international shipping, it also recognises that Danish sailors and their lives have been allotted little room in literature on Danish maritime history. Therefore, this article attempts to ask who the sailors were, and employs research into their nationality, ages, wages and range of experience. The chapter also looks at the role Danish sailors played in European and overseas maritime trade markets.
German Sailors, 1650-1900
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the German shipping industry during the years 1650–1900, and places focus on Hamburg’s merchant fleet in particular. It investigates the lives of the fleet’s sailors, including their origin; wages; group formations; and mobility between occupations, and provides details of recruitment policies and restrictions. The article also researches the involvement of German sailors within international fleets and discusses the strained relationship between Denmark and Hamburg that came as a result of limiting recruitment policies and the Danish King’s decision to forbid his subjects to enrol in fleets abroad.
The Labour Market for Sailors in France
Authors: Le Goff T.J.A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the growth in the French shipping and fishing industries between 1661 and 1789, and focuses in particular on the French seafaring population and role of naval conscription administration. It discusses the demand for labour during this period; the sources of labour supplying; dealing with the social and geographical origins of the seafarers; changes in wage rates and their relation to demand for seamen’s services; factors affecting the labour supply; links between wages and migrations; and the question of the outward migration of sailors from France, whilst emphasising the usefulness of centralised and uniform administrative documentation.
International Freight Markets in the 1830s and 1840s: The Experience of a Major Finnish Shipowner
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: September 2018

This chapter challenges the assumption that international freight markets were not possible until the advent of steam shipping and telegraph communication, instead arguing that much of the framework was developed during the age of sail. It accomplishes this by examining the everyday business practices of freight markers during the 1830s and 1840s, particularly the source material from the life and records of Finnish shipowner, Peter Malm Jr. The analysis of his records shows that shipping efficiency did improve during the period, through an increased speed of communication, integration of freight and commodity markets, and a decrease in time spent in docks (demonstrating an improvement in cargo handling). However, the author notes that Malm’s successes were typical or atypical, and may not be fully representative of the industry.
Competition or Co-operation in the Global Shipping Industry: The Origins and Impact of the Conference System for British Shipowners before 1914
Authors: Greenhill Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter assesses the role of conference system from its formation through to 1914. During the nineteenth century a sharp and persistent increase in competition between shipowners over trade and trade routes led to the need for conferences, with the intention of curbing rivalry and retaining customers. Robert G. Greenhill seeks to determine how successful these conferences were at meeting their goals, and finds that though results varied from location to location, overall the consensus amongst shipowners was that it was better for business to be involved in the conference system, rather than not be.
The Expansion of Japan's Shipping Interests before the Sino-Japanese War
Authors: Kunio Katayama
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that the expansion of a nation’s shipping industry, though often accompanied by imperialist activity, does not guarantee it. Katayama Kunio considers the role of commerce, rather than imperialism, to be the intrinsic link to shipping expansion, and uses the expansion of Japanese shipping before the 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese war as the core case study. Kunio studies the contextual background to Japan’s international shipping interests, including the history of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha company, the ambitions of Japanese Shipowners, the debates in Japanese parliament, and Japanese public opinion, to determine the motives that led Japan to enter into international shipping and trade.
The Global Fish Market: Internationalization and Globalization, 1880-1997
Authors: Holm Poul
Published: September 2018

This chapter attempts to determine how globalisation and internationalisation affected the fishing industry, and which members of the global market profited and which suffered due to these developments. The author considers the long-term trends in production and markets; trawling and transport revolutions; worldwide exploitation of fish stocks; territorialisation; and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), and the way these factors affected Eastern and Western nations differently.
The Consolidation of Bilbao as a Trade Centre in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Uriarte Aingeru Zabala
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents the efforts of the city of Bilbao, throughout the seventeenth century, to achieve and maintain the status of an international centre of transatlantic trade, amidst tension confrontations between foreign and native trade communities, shipmasters and merchant traders. It covers the development of the port; the activity of the Consular Tribunal; the negotiation of bills; coin and currency control; and improvements in competitiveness, to determine that Bilbao, in the second half of the seventeenth century, secured substantial international trade that carried over well into the eighteenth.
Gordon Jackson: An Appreciation
Authors: Fischer Lewis R. , Davies Peter N.
Published: September 2018

Englishmen like to tell visitors that if they are bored by the current vista, all they need do is travel a few miles to experience scenery that is totally different. This amazing variety is truly one of the joys of the British Isles.. Yet even by such lofty standards, Lincolnshire is an especially diverse unit. This is true in several ways. For starters, it is spatially one of the largest of the counties. It is also highly heterogeneous economically: part of it comprises rich agricultural lands, while other areas have given rise to mining, manufacturing and fishing industries. Indeed, some geographers have questioned whether Lincolnshire forms any kind of coherent whole. While travellers who visited the region between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century almost always commented on the diversity of topography and economy, most tended nonetheless to see a kind of unity in its people, who were most often described as “pious,” “industrious” and, most typically, “independent.” These attributes perfectly describe Gordon Jackson, Lincolnshire born and bred....
Australian Ports Since 1945
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the key developments in Australian ports since the end of the Second World War, as technological improvements to trade, shipping, and cargo-handling necessitated port modernisation. Discussing Australian ports collectively, Malcolm Tull examines The growth of port activity; technological change; port and city interactions; and microeconomic reform and the ports, to conclude that Australian ports, despite major renovations in the latter half of the twentieth century, have developed a reputation for efficiency and reliability, and that port management must improve in order for the country to keep up with the demands of a global shipping community.
Dubai: From Creek to Global Port City
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: September 2018

This essay is a case study of the development of the Port of Dubai, in particular the administrative actions that brought the port to prominence. It gauges the economic success of the port through analysis of topography; the location of the port in relation to the hinterland; commercial and naval routes; the port’s location within the region; policies and initiatives designed to further the interests of the port - such as shipping and seafaring; port autonomy; and the vision for the port’s future as anticipated by its rulers and elites. It considers oil and container shipping over the course of the study.
New York's German Suburb: The Creation of the Port of Bremerhaven, 1827-1918
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This essay considers the Port of Bremerhaven and the relationship between trade, the port, and town development from the pre-industrial period through to the second half of the nineteenth century. It explores the population shift in relation to industrialisation and shipping; a history of the construction of german river-based towns in the nineteenth century; trade with American merchants - train oil, cotton, tobacco, and rice; and a detailed history of the construction of the port of Bremerhaven. It concludes by asserting that the intended use of Bremerhaven was solely as an outport for Bremen, but that political, social, and economic circumstances allowed it to develop outside these parameters. It also states that post-war, Bremerhaven has struggled economically, even with the advent of container shipping.
Capital and Labour in the Port Town of Esbjerg, 1945-1999
Authors: Holm Poul
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the port town of Esbjerg, tracing its evolution from solely agricultural and fishing-related exports to a contemporary base for offshore development. Local capital, maritime labour, employment and population levels, job losses, and the repeated labour strikes throughout the 1970s and 1980s, are discussed in order to conclude that though the port suffered unrest, the discovery of North Sea oil and the profits from the fishing industry kept the port running.
Port Policies: Seaport Planning around the North Atlantic, 1850-1939
Authors: Fischer Lewis R.
Published: September 2018

This final essay explores the proposal of an integrated ports policy in the North Atlantic. It describes a proposed Canadian national ports policy, and attempts to explain why it never came to pass. It also looks to the developments of the rest of the North Atlantic in regard to ports policy, and asserts that in general, there has never been a true attempt to instate it. Author Lewis R. Fischer presents both sides of the argument for and against national ports policy, and concludes by suggesting that ports have traditionally been one of the most poorly governed sectors of the maritime economy, but that new ideas and new avenues of governance can significantly alter this.
Merchants and Mariners
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This book presents twelve essays by historian David M. Williams, in order to pay tribute to his career. The essays stretch from 1807 through to the end of the nineteenth century, and address both economic and social themes. Topics include maritime trade, deployment of merchant ships, the state regulations concerning shipping, shipwrecks and loss of life, passenger cargoes, slavery, cotton, timber and coffee trades, and the working conditions of seamen over the course of the century. The plight of the maritime labourer is at the core of this collection. The essays primarily focus on British shipping, and firmly places it within an international context. The book is introduced by Lars U. Scholl, followed by two tributes to Williams’ career, one by Peter N. Davies, the other by Lewis R. Fischer. Scholl concludes the volume with a thorough bibliography of Williams’ maritime writings: books, chapters, and articles.
The Shipping of the North Atlantic Cotton Trade in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Scholl Lars U. , Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This essay analyses the North Atlantic Cotton Trade through records of cotton arrivals at Liverpool, using two sets of data from 1830-1832 and 1853-1855. Using Customs Bills of Entry, Williams presents data of cotton receipts from the United States to Liverpool; quantities of bales exported; numbers of vessels; origin ports of vessels; distinguishes between regular and occasional cotton traders; arrivals at Liverpool by nationality; and vessel tonnage. He determines that the majority of vessels participated in the cotton trade seasonally, and suggests that the cotton trade was not self-contained, but part of a complex interrelationship within the North Atlantic trade system, encompassing commodity dealings, shipping employment levels, and the seasonal characteristics of cargo. The conclusion requests further scholarly research into the pattern of ship movements in the Atlantic. Two appendices provide more data, concerning arrival dates of regular traders in Liverpool, and the month of departure of cotton vessels from Southern states.
Merchanting in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Liverpool Timber Trade
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the timber trade of Liverpool, in attempt to rebalance the scholarly preoccupation with Liverpool’s cotton trade, and presented a more rounded picture of the port’s maritime activity during the first half of the nineteenth century. Williams determines that Liverpool was a the primary timber port of Britain, and that the timber trade grew to two and a half times its size between 1820 and 1850. He examines the characteristics of timber vessels and concludes that though vessels were simple to design, they were often kept in poor condition and were highly prone to shipwreck. He also considers it significant that unlike cotton traders, the majority of significant timber importers owned their own vessels, which increased their likelihood of wealth. An appendix presents a list of Liverpool’s twenty leading importer of timber, alongside their port of origin and other trades they participated in, in the years 1820, 1830, 1839, and 1850, respectively.
Customs Evasion, Colonial Preference and the British Tariff, 1829-1842
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines customs evasion and the indirect trade practises of Britain with regard to Baltic timber (imported via North America) and South American coffee. Williams argues that customs evasion fostered the championing of free trade principles in Britain, and that the reduction of customs duties on both Coffee and Timber was introduced by the government begrudgingly, as a direct result of the convoluted trade routes specifically designed to avoid the financial penalty.
Commercial Relationships
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning British Commercial Relationships throughout Maritime History
Coastal Planning, Recreation and Tourism
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Coastal Planning, Recreation, and Tourism, subdivided into Historical and Modern Studies.
Oil, Chiefly Offshore
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Oil, subdivided into Historical and Modern Studies, and exploring the topics as follows: Seabed Exploitation; Offshore Operations; the North Sea; and Other Locations.
Changes in Aleut Communities Following Russian Contact
Authors: Bruce Judith Ball
Published: September 2018

Judith Ball Bruce reconsiders the history of the Russian and Aleut maritime relationship as one of mutual respect and exchange of skillsets.
Five Years Before the Mast: Observations on the Conditions of Maritime Labour in Finland and Elsewhere
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjô
Published: September 2018

Yrjö Kaukianen explores the causes of the nineteenth century shift of power amongst seafarers from communal decision-making to the complete control of the master.
Expressions of Longing, Sources of Anxiety? The Significance of Contacts with Home for Finnish Sailors in London and Hull in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hinkkanen Merja-Liisa
Published: September 2018

Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen’s essay considers the significance of the concept of home for Finnish sailors in Britain in the late nineteenth century.
The Growth of Norwegian Shipbroking: The Practices of Fearnley and Eger as a Case Study, 1869-1914
Authors: Fischer Lewis R. , Nordvik Helge W.
Published: September 2018

Lewis R. Fischer and Helge W. Nordvik consider the development of shipbroking in late-nineteenth century Norway.
Economic Theory, Information and Management in Shipbroking: Fearnley and Eger as a Case Study, 1869-1972
Authors: Fischer Levis R. , Nordvik Helge W.
Published: September 2018

This essay strives to examine the definitions and conditions of economic theory and management, and directs its research to issues of management and information in a maritime enterprise. It is dedicated to the exploration of the shipbroking business and pays close attention to the Oslo shipbrokers, Fearnley and Eger, by investigating the way the pair’s successful firm handled information and analysis over the years 1869 to 1972.
Twentieth-Century Shipping Strategies: Broström and Transatlantic, Gothenburg's Leading Shipping Companies
Authors: Fritz Martin , Olsson Kent
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the Swedish shipping firms of Broström and Transatlantic, and examines how the two adapted to international economic developments. The essay provides insight into the transformation of shipping during the 20th Century.
Shipping and Trade of Chinese Junks in Southeast Asia, 1730-1830: A Survey
Authors: Ch'en Kuo-tung
Published: September 2018

This essay focuses primarily on Chinese junks and examines ownership, organisation, numbers, size, cost, manning, trade routes, goods and custom controls.
Maritime History in Australia
Authors: Tull Malcolm
Published: September 2018

This essay presents Australia as a maritime nation and explores the recent upsurge of public and academic interest in its maritime heritage. It covers a broad spectrum of maritime research, including sea transport; the sea as a power resource; scientific exploration; the sea in leisure and culture; maritime workers; naval history; maritime archaeology and maritime history.
The Enterprising Canadians: An Assessment of Canadian Maritime History since 1975
Authors: Fischer Lewis R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter surveys the trends and topics in literature surrounding Canadian naval history published in the past twenty years. Topics explored in the essay are merchant shipping; shipping companies; shipbuilding; ports; fishing; maritime labour; and naval history.
The Historiography of Maritime China since c. 1975
Authors: Lai Chi-Kong
Published: September 2018

This essay addresses Chinese maritime history and investigates a range of topics, including the international nature of research in Chinese maritime history; new archives and recent research in shipping and shipbuilding; maritime trade; ports and port cities; and maritime communities. It also focuses on Mitsubishi-Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) and China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, two major Chinese and Japanese merchant shipping companies and provides suggestions on future directions of maritime history in East Asia.
Ibero-American Maritime History: Recent Advances in Research, 1975-1994
Authors: Ortiz-Sotelo Jorge
Published: September 2018

This essay provides a complex review and analysis of existing work on Ibero-American naval, colonial, and independent maritime history. Countries discussed include Spain, Portugal, South America, and others across the Caribbean and Latin America.
Indian Maritime Historiography: West Coast Merchants in a Globalizing Economy
Authors: Dossal Mariam
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses existing literature concerning the Indian Ocean, and places specific focus on the role of merchants in the maritime economy on India’s West Coast. The essay provides insight into the ways workers contributed to the articulation of the region of India into the modern world system and makes a comment on globalisation and industrialisation in India since the sixteenth century.
The Ottoman Empire: Recent Research on Shipping and Shipbuilding in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Çizakça Murat
Published: September 2018

This essay discusses Ottoman maritime history, concentrating on the peak of the Ottoman Empire’s power at the end of the sixteenth century and analyses what measures were taken by the Empire in order to secure that level of control over the seas. The chapter also discusses the process of shipownership and shipbuilding, and discusses the ways that maritime trade is tied to the provision of food.
The Progress of Maritime History in Spain since 1975
Authors: Valdaliso Jesús M.
Published: September 2018

This essay provides a critical review of the historiography of Spanish maritime past and discusses Spanish shipping; shipbuilding; trade; trade routes; ports; fishing; fisheries and naval history. Close attention is paid to the differentiations between maritime history, nautical history and naval history, and the author provides a well-rounded insight into the recent works of Spanish maritime history, particularly those published since the 1980s, but also spotlights works from the nineteenth century.
The Historians and Maritime Labour, c. 1850-1930
Authors: Trainor Luke
Published: September 2018

The essay discusses maritime labour within the closely linked markets of Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. It focuses on the rights of labour workers and addresses the effect that unionism, trade, war and race had on maritime labour.
Norwegian Whaling in Newfoundland
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chelsey W.
Published: September 2018

This book is both a study of the wider presence of the whaling industry in Newfoundland and Labrador between 1898 and 1972, and a comprehensive case study of the ‘Ellefsen Papers’ and the Aquaforte whaling station. Aquaforte was the only entirely Norwegian-owned factory in Newfoundland at the turn of the century, and one of the only whaling companies to retain all company records, making it an invaluable resource for maritime historians. The archive consists of business transactions, operations details, personal letters, photographs, wage accounts, equipment lists, and product information. The journal introduces the Aquaforte station in the context of global whaling, then traces the business history of the Ellefsen family, and then covers in detail the short history of Aquaforte, from its inception in 1898 to its collapse in 1908 due to stock exploitation. A postscript details both the family’s return to Norway and the whaling cycles in Newfoundland and Labrador post-Aquaforte, between 1908 and 1972, when the Canadian government placed a moratorium on whaling. The book reproduces numerous maps, photographs, lists, and tables. It concludes with a bibliography and six appendices providing relevant whaling industry statistics.
The Beginning of Whaling at Aquaforte
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter follows the Ellefsen attempt to establish a whaling factory at Aquaforte. It includes a map of the Aquaforte harbour and a substantial amount of information about the Humber whaling vessel.
The Peak Whaling Season at Aquaforte, 1904
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

Chapter six is concerned with peak whaling season of 1904 and the subsequent effect on the local industry. It continues to detail the family history of the Ellefsens, and their expansion into lumber trade alongside whaling.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter considers the state of Newfoundland and Labrador Whaling from 1908 through to 1972, whilst also tracing the Ellefsens continuing involvement in whaling after their return to Norway, including their involvement in Japanese and South African whaling industries.
Tramp Shipping and Ownership
Authors: Craig Robin
Published: September 2018

This section is divided into two further segments. The first considers aspects of tramp-shipping and ownership. It introduces the tramp-shipping industry in general, and devotes equal attention to the three core trades associated with steamships - ore, cattle, and coal. Craig provides a history of each trade from the early 1800s onwards, summarising their individual significance to the tramp-shipping industry. He then details the challenges ship-builders and ship-owners faced in perfecting the industry and overcoming the host of hazards and challenges faced within international commerical shipping, and rounds out the segment with information pertaining to notable ship-owners and tramp-shipping businesses operating within the period. The second segment explores capital formation in shipping, and considers the difficulty of assessing pre-1786 shipping statistics, followed by an exploration of the methods that can be used to quantify capital for the large amount of maritime mercantile data that exists post 1786, after the implementation of the Navigation Act.
In Troubled Times
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This study provides a history of the Port of Liverpool between 1905 and 1938, during its decline. It is particularly interested in the history of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, Liverpool’s enormous and sole port authority. Adrian Jarvis contrasts the decision-making process of the Board with the financial history of the docks, in attempt to evaluate the Board successes and failures. The study accounts for and explores the factors which contributed to the decline of Liverpool’s shipping industry, with topics ranging from the growth of railways, the advances in shipping technology, the success of commercial liners, to the Great Depression and Great War. The study is complemented with an appendix exploring the efficiency of ports; a bibliography; a note on the sources; an index; and a conclusion that asserts the overall merit of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board when considering the tremendous and often unpredictable challenges the Board faced, such as wartime disruption.
Not Before Time: The Board Keeps its Promise
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board efforts to maintain the Port, which necessarily involved operating like a business. The chapter details various threats to the shipping industry in Liverpool, such as the predatory presence of the railways, which the Board combatted by turning their focus to coastline trade. It also evaluates the upgrades to Clarence and Central docks, and ultimately concludes that the Great Depression and the Great War were disastrous to Liverpool Shipping and that no action undertaken by the Board could have predicted.
Sources for the Maritime History of Greece (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century)
Authors: Pagratis Gerassimos D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter assesses the relatively unexplored sources concerning Greek commercial shipping prior to the mid-eighteenth century, in attempt to bridge the gap in information and data concerning Greek seamen. In addition to examining state archives and port registries, sources compiled include notarial deeds and social histories of Greece. Documents and archives relating to Venetian and Ottoman trade with Greece have also been included, to provide data absent from Greek records. The chapter concludes by suggesting more research and more cross-referencing with international records is necessary to further study the maritime history of Greece.
The “Relatives and Friends Effect:” Migration Networks of Transatlantic Migrants From the Late Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Steidl Annemarie
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the effectiveness of the network of relatives and friends in providing support and information to Austrian transatlantic migrants under the Habsburg Monarchy, in attempt to broaden the historical study of migrant networks. It claims that these networks determined migrant movement collectively rather than individually, and sprung up in order to minimise the risk to migrants crossing the Atlantic. It analyses passenger shipping records, particularly data relating to the ports of Bremen and Hamburg in 1910, in order to draw the conclusion that social networks of migration under the Habsburg Empire did not solely rely on family ties, but also the established conventions of the migration process and the social status of the migrants themselves. It calls for further research into the role of families in migrant networks.
Norwegian Shipping in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: September 2018

This essay analyses the success of the Norwegian fleet in the twentieth century. Stig Tenold demonstrates how Norwegian shipowners built on the experience and traditions of their forebears whilst exhibiting willingness to adapt to new conditions. Tenold confirms that maritime Norway managed to sustain a strong presence in international shipping, largely through their tramp fleet activities. However, he also notes that liner shipping did not bring the same levels of success for Norway as it did for other countries. He concludes with three reasons for Norway’s success to the present-day: the necessity of shipping for the Norwegian economy, which kept shipowners promoting national interests rather than investing abroad; the willingness to enter new markets; and the adherence to policy changes that enabled a combination of low-cost foreign labour and Norwegian maritime expertise.
The Greek Shipping Sector, c. 1850-2000
Authors: Harlaftis Gelina
Published: September 2018

This essay examines Greek Shipping since 1850 and documents the rise of the world’s largest fleet in the post-Second World War era. Gelina Harlaftis charts the development of unique business networks, skilful responses to opportunities, and technological transitions that enabled the enormous post-war success of Greek maritime merchants. Harlaftis examines this success in relation to the postwar foreign exchange crisis in Norway that led to a prohibition of Norwegian purchase of ships between 1948 and 1951 that removed Norway temporarily from the competition. Like Norway, Greek shipping found the majority of its success in tramp fleets; and also found success with oil tankers.
Network Structures, Processes and Dynamics: Inter-firm Cooperative Frameworks in the Shipping Industry
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: September 2018

This final essay examines the role of theory in understanding the decisions of shipowners. Gordon Boyce argues that network theory can generate a series of crucial questions and insights that maritime historians can utilise to better comprehend the industry. He draws examples from British shipowning to create a case for the implementation of the network theory across the academic field of maritime history.
Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway: Invisible Presences
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This book provides a synopsis and analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. In her close reading, Molly Hoff collects the literary fragments scattered in the novel and gathers them into a discussion of style, narrative and intertextual references. The author supplements her breakdown of individual lines and words in the novel with her own knowledge of the city of London and the idioms used by its residents, therefore providing a useful context on place and language. Hoff also draws on poetic convention from Classical and modern literature, including Greek myth and Alexandrian poetry, to supplement her discussion of the novel’s use of characterisation, recurring motifs and imagery. Hoff’s annotations are organised according to the novel’s twelve unnumbered ‘section’ breaks, indicated by Woolf with vertical spacing.
5.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses section five of Mrs. Dalloway, focusing closely on the novel’s parallels to Greek myth and legend, and stories of Homeric worlds. Touched upon in this discussion is an analysis of dreams and the significance of needlework and clothing, which is supported by references to Dante’s The Inferno, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Descartes’s theory of the Cartesian cogito.
10.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

Chapter ten begins with detailed annotations on the ways in which death is portrayed in the tenth section of Mrs. Dalloway. It provides a thorough analysis of the plot whilst foregrounding repeating motifs such as crossings, marriage and divorce. To support many of her arguments and interpretations, Hoff makes reference to Roman, Greek and Latin literature and also to the Trojan War.
8.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

Chapter eight follows the action that takes place in the eighth section of Mrs. Dalloway. In Hoff’s discussion of the plot she provides useful, factual context as well as her own personal interpretation of the novel which is greatly inspired by conventions of Roman and Greek myth. Also included in Hoff’s analysis is a broad understanding of ancient and modern literature which often provokes comparison to the whole of Woolf’s literary works. This chapter in particular focuses on the concept of rooms as a motif, and discusses the areas of Woolf’s writing that allude to the work of Socrates, Plato, Shakespeare and Dante.