bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Development: A Progressive Step in use of Wild Nutraceuticals of Sakadi, Tehsil of Mahad, District- Raigad, India
Authors: Priya Pradip Kadam
Published: February 2023

This research is brought to you in focusing more on use of wild nutraceuticals for sustainable development in day-to-day human life. Research has been made on some wild plants found in Sakadi area in Raigad. This is a small step in making use of unknown plants and highlighting their benefits which plays a major role. There are many more unknown herbs on which research has to be made. This would contribute a lot in medicinal industry. We should turn towards nature more and more and not be dependent on artificial medicines. This would enhance ecological importance of country. Jobs would be generated there would be increase in tourism resulting in a country’s economic development.
Digitalization in the Indian Banking Sector During Covid-19
Authors: Dr. Niharika  , Dr. Shivam Dhawan
Published: February 2023

Driven by financial inclusion drive and 2020’s pandemic work-at home environment, the future of Indian Banking sector seems to bend its ways with disruptive changes from being a traditional product-based approach to more sustainable technology-based approach. Digital technology is changing the business model through innovative instruments, value creating opportunities and disruption of traditional system. Traditional banking system is also unlocking versatile opportunities, revolutionizing through computerized services, simplification of bank procedures and embracing e-banking for expansion of digital retail client base. The aim of the paper is to analyze the role and status of digitalization in the Indian Banking sector during Covid-19 pandemic. Further, study elucidated that the digitalization is a tool to render retail electronic payment services. Even during Covid-19 pandemic, it sustainably run the business channels. The disruptive growth and changes in digital banking have accelerated the innovative tools, new knowledge and work culture to vitalize in the competitive environment.
Role of the Libraries in Promoting Reading Culture Among Readers
Authors: Prof. Kamble Sudhakar S.  , Mr. Walkar S. K.
Published: February 2023

The role of the library in implementing various activities of the library in the development of reading culture has been elaborated. A library is a charitable institution. Reading culture develops through this medium. Reading broadens the reader's circle of knowledge and helps to shape one's personality. Furthermore, libraries fulfil the responsibility of reading culture by preserving and conserving reading material and making it available to future generations as cultural heritage. Therefore, the intention behind this writing is to make this subject easy to understand for book lovers and to create an appreciation for reading culture in the reader.
विपश्यना: एक विद्यार्थी सर्वांगीण विकास साधना
Authors: श्रीमती मनिषा संपत लावरे.
Published: February 2023

महाराष्ट्र शासन, विपष्यना संषोधन संस्था आणि विपष्यना केंद्राचा संयुक्त उपक्रम मित्र उपक्रम हा सध्या महाराष्ट्र स्तरावर शाळा, काॅलेज मध्ये सुरु असलेला उपक्रम आहे. मित्र उपक्रम ही विपष्यनेची पहिली पायरी आनापान साधना यावर आधारित आहे. विपष्यना ही भारतातील एक अत्यंत पुरातन ध्यान पध्दती आहे. सुमारे 2500 वर्षांपूर्वी भगवान गौतम बुध्दांनी लुप्त झालेल्या या विद्येचे पुनःसंषोधन करुन ती सर्वांसाठी उपलब्ध केली आहे. विपष्यना भगवान बुध्दांच्या षिकवणुकीचा सार आणि गाभा आहे. त्यांनी संषोधित केलेल्या सत्य आणि प्रज्ञेचा प्रत्यक्ष अनुभव या अभ्यासानेच घेतलेला आहे. म्हणूनच त्यांनी आपल्या षिकवणुकीत ध्यानावरच विषेष भर दिला आहे. विपष्यना ही ध्यान विधी अगदी सोपी, साधी आणि तितकीच अद्वितीय आहे. ती एक निखळ सुख आणि मनःशांती मिळवून देणारी तर्कसंगत अषी साधना आहे. या साधनेच्या अभ्यासाने स्वतःच्या शरीर व मनात खोलवर दडलेल्या समस्यांची उकल घेऊन त्या दूर होण्यास मदत होते. आपल्यामधील सुप्त शक्तींचा विकास होतो. त्या शक्तींचा उपयोग स्वतःच्या व इतरांच्या कल्याणासाठी करता येतो. या साधनेद्वारे केवळ शारीरिक समस्या दूर होतात असे नाही, तर जीवनात मोठा क्रांतिकारी मानसिक बदल सुद्धा घडून येतो. कोरोना सारख्या विषाणू वर मात करण्यासाठी कोरोना कालावधीत विपष्यना साधना खूप लाभदायक ठरली. विपष्यना साधक शारीरिक, मानसिक रित्या सक्षम राहिले. अषी ही साधना लहानपणापासूनच विदयाथ्र्यांना मिळाल्यास विद्याथ्र्यांच्या सर्वांगीण विकासासाठी प्रेरणादायी ठरेल.
Management , Business Strategies and Organisation of National and International Business
Authors: Miss. Ankita Naresh Pawar
Published: February 2023

This research aims to provide guidance to companies seeking to initiate a process of internationalization , discusses possible strategies and methodologies that can be followed to succeed in this process. It is based on a case study focused on Inditex group, although it is a descriptive research , tries to give a clear focus to consider , on proven theories supported in addition to the strategic and operational structure of our case study. Our main results conclude in determining a variant strategy for each company, but can come from the sane schema international diversification, which is crucial part of business development and its main strength should be good management skills. This paper is part of a review of the literature of international business and international management which attempts to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the two traditions and build conceptual bridges between them. The complementary strengths of the two traditions should enable international business theory to develop greater relevance without losing its rigorous grounding. Today, business is acknowledged to be international and there is a general expectation that this will continue for the foreseeable future. International business may be defined simply as business transactions that take place across national borders. This broad definition includes the very small firm that exports a small quantity to only one country, as well as the very large global firm with integrated operations and strategic alliances around the world . Within this broad array, distinctions are often made among different types of international firms, and these distinctions are helpful in understanding a firm’s strategy , organization , and functional decisions. (for example , its financial, administrative, marketing, human resource, or operations decisions). One distinction that can be helpful is the distinction between multi -domestic operations, with independent subsidiaries which act essentially as domestic firms, and global operations, with integrated subsidiaries which are closely related and interconnected. These may be thought of as the two ends of a continuum , with many possibilities in between . Firms are unlikely to be at one end of the continuum, though, as they often combine aspects of multi-domestic operations with aspects of global operations. European corporations, enmeshed in a symbiotic relationship with national banks and the state, have traditionally disdained the aggressive, profit-maximizing behaviour of their U.S. counterparts. But the pressures of globalization and economic integration are now compelling European corporations to manage with an American accent. The continent’s engagement with the global economy will be mediated in large measure by the capacity of European companies to adapt their strategies and structures to the modern world.
Fish Marketing System in Aurangabad District (Maharashtra)
Authors: Ajit Gedam  , Rajni S. Amrawkar  , Vasant K. Dongare
Published: February 2023

The present study was conducted in fish markets of Aurangabad district namely Chhavani Bazar and Mondhanaka Bazar during September 2022 to December 2022 in order to investigate the market development ,Equipment used by the sellers, species composition , demand of edible fishes, price structure and women participation. Chhavani Bazar is more developed as compared to Mondhanaka Bazar . Major carps dominated both the fish markets followed by exotic carps. Market facilities are more at Chhavani bazar were as the prices are more affordable at Mondhanaka Bazar than Chhavani Bazar.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF PROSECUTORS OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN UNDER DIGITAL INTEGRATION
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Valijonov Daler
Published: February 2023

The article focuses on the issues of international cooperation of the Prosecutors Office on provision of legal assistance in criminal matters. Besides that, the article is dedicated to the matters concerning the cooperation Prosecutors Office in terms of fighting against crime within the regional scope of international organizations. In particular, in this scientific research, proposals were made to improve the system of wanted persons, as well as the cancellation of biometric passports. The author’s comparative analysis on international conventions, declarations and legislation of foreign countries reflected the specifics of this article. Moreover, the relevance of the research topic is because the commission of such crimes is characterized by the use of modern technical means and high-tech facilities of air and land transport, a high transcontinental level of organization and real support of many, including illegal, financial sources. The predicted result of such activities was a significant increase in the number of serious crimes of a transnational nature. The lack of proper legal cooperation between states leads to the emergence and spread of dangerous practices when criminals, committing a crime in one state, illegally cross the borders of another in order to avoid the administration of justice and prosecution. The problem of disclosing, investigating and preventing such crimes within the framework of international cooperation in criminal matters is the most urgent today.
Strategies and prospects for the development of artificial intelligence in the world and in the Republic of Uzbekistan: a comparative analysis
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Bozarov Sardor
Published: February 2023

In this article, the author discusses the issue of the concept of artificial intelligence, strategies for its development in many foreign countries and Uzbekistan. In particular, the conceptual issues of the development of artificial intelligence are discussed by such global participants of artificial intelligence as the United States, China, the European Union, etc. After studying and analysing the steps of artificial intelligence the author came to conclusion that without a well-planned strategic plan, it is impossible to develop artificial intelligence in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, the first steps on the way of introducing artificial intelligence into all spheres and sectors of Uzbekistan are considered, in particular, industry, medicine, science, transport and communications, etc. Based on the analysis of many strategies and plans of the above states, as well as India, the UAE, Canada, Japan, the author presents his own vision and recommendations for the development of artificial intelligence systems in our country.
PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INVESTMENT RELATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   Legal Assistant “ROEDL AND PARTNER” LLC, Saidmavlonova Gulasalkhon
Published: February 2023

The article examines the issues of investments and investment legal relations, including their legal regulation, the legal basis for their attraction, which are important for the economic and social development of any developing country. Based on foreign experience in the legal regulation of investment relations, the author identifies a number of serious shortcomings and gaps in national legislation and gives brief recommendations for their elimination, since the study of investment legislation of other countries and trends is a direct way to identify gaps in national legislation.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROTECTION MECHANISMS FOR THE RIGHTS OF CREDITORS OF THE REORGANIZED LEGAL ENTITY
Authors:   Karakalpak State University, Kutlimuratov Farkhad
Published: February 2023

One of the main issues in the reorganization of legal entities is the protection of the rights and interests of its creditors. This is due to the fact that the reorganization of a legal entity mainly affects the interests of creditors and jeopardizes the exercise of their rights. For this reason, it is important to set clear deadlines for notifying the creditor before the reorganization process begins. In addition, it is necessary to reconsider the usual procedure for informing the creditor about these processes, to increase the creditor’s interest in informing about the beginning of the reorganization, and to introduce a public procedure for notifying. A legal entity that has been notified during the reorganization process can sue the legal entity to which it belongs and maintain a legal relationship with the reorganized legal entity. This is an important tool in the legislation to protect the rights of creditors.
Questions of the application of general methods of research of the principles of criminal law
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Toshpulatov Akrom
Published: February 2023

The article examines the issues of using general methods for studying the principles of criminal law. In particular, opinions are expressed on the study of the principles of criminal law using the methods of induction, hypothetical deduction and abduction. The author has developed proposals and recommendations for the wider use of general research methods in the field of criminal law, strengthening the methodological basis of the research.
THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF THE NORMS OF FOREIGN LAW AND REFERENCES TO FOREIGN LAW
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Joldasova Shakhnoza
Published: February 2023

In the regulation of international private-legal relations, including certain disputes, it is important to properly consider and apply the application of foreign law and reference to foreign law. This will be the basis for a correct, effective and fair settlement of the dispute. Therefore, it is especially important for law enforcement agencies, especially judges, to understand and comprehend the norms and concepts of foreign law and the concept and essence of reference to foreign law. On this basis, this article examines the norms of foreign law and the issues of reference to foreign law in relation to substantive and conflict-of-law regulation. In particular, the study shows that in order to ensure justice, full protection of the rights and legitimate interests of foreign citizens, it is important for the courts to apply foreign law correctly and reasonably, using references to foreign law through conflict of laws. The author concludes that the application of foreign law to a complex relationship with a foreign element allows this relationship to be integrated into a closer social and cultural environment in which its development takes place more naturally.
TECH LAW IN CENTRAL ASIA: APPROACH TO TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Authors:   University of  Chinese Academy, Younas Ammar , Sadikov Maksudboy ,   Tashkent state university of law
Published: February 2023

Scholars in Central Asia have long started exploring the nexus between law and technology. Contemporary Central Asian legal academia is producing research which stands at the junction of law, philosophy, and technology. Central Asia is comparatively not advanced in technology production and imports most the technologies from neighboring tech giants. These technologies are imported as a package along with the laws and regulations proposed by the technology manufacturing country. It has been observed that these regulations don’t correlate with the existing local and regional legal systems. To meet these demands, this article proposes a new discipline / branch of legal sciences named as “Central Asia Tech Law” to accommodate the technological progression of the 4th industrial revolution. This branch of law strives to promote globalized legal mechanisms to treat technology as per the demands of the Central Asian region and in line with the international norms and standardization. Another purpose of Central Asia Tech Law is to increase the interaction with regional social and applied scientists to set regional technological standards and preferences for Central Asia.
ABSENCE OF JURISDICTION AND CONSEQUENCES IN ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Bakhramova Mokhinur
Published: February 2023

The Arbitration Act 1996 states that a request for a stay must be conceded before the individual against whom the procedures were brought has made any move to respond substantively to the case and no sooner than after fitting technical advancements (assuming any) are made to recognize the lawful procedures. The ZPO provides that the challenge must arise prior to the start of the oral hearing on the matter of the dispute. When raising an issue with the courts of law, jurisdiction is of the utmost important for the assurance of whether the option to arbitrate may be postponed. Noncompliance may result in the court continuing to consider the subject of the dispute and, for the most part, make a choice that will exert jurisdiction upon the parties. Despite the fact that the arbitral tribunal may not be limited by the court’s choice, it is, on a basic level, necessary to contemplate upon a protest by one of the parties, regardless of whether the option to arbitrate has been postponed.
Legislative foundations of environmental policy of the state: system, classification and problems of codification
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Fayziev Shukhrat
Published: February 2023

This article examines the role and significance of legislative acts to ensure the environmental policy of the state. On the basis of scientific and legal judgments, the following main directions of the state environmental policy are substantiated: environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and ensuring the environmental safety of the population. The author pays special attention to the definition of such concepts as “environmental legislation”, “sources of environmental legislation”, “subject of environmental legislation. The paper analyzes the issues of systematization and classification of environmental legislation based on the specific features of environmental legislation, and also proposes a classification of environmental legal regulations in the field of ensuring the environmental policy of the state. The general and peculiarities of constitutional norms, laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, by-laws of state authorities and management, as well as principles and norms of international law in the field of ecology are analyzed. The role and significance of the codification of environmental legislation is analyzed, and conclusions on the development of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan are formulated.
IMPROVMENT OF ENSURING POST-PENITENTIARY ADAPTATION OF MINORS RELEASED FROM PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Salokhova Sarvinoz
Published: February 2023

In this article the author conducted the issues of the related to ensuring the post-penitentiary adaptation of minor convicts who have served a sentence of imprisonment and released from penitentiary institutions. In particular, the content and essence of the concept of post-penitentiary adaptation, the main goals and features of ensuring post-penitentiary adaptation of convicts released from penitentiary institutions are illuminated. Furthermore, the article analyzed the ongoing reforms in our country to ensure the social rehabilitation of convicts released from penitentiary institutions and also studied the theoretical views of scientists in this field, current problems of law enforcement practice. In additions, author conducted international legislation and the experience of advanced foreign countries in the field of criminal-execution punishments, such as the Russian Federation, Germany, Japan and Canada. As well as, offered on improvement of the acts regulating to ensuring post-penitentiary adaptation of minors released from penitentiary institutions in the field are provided.
Supplementation of infants with water
Authors: Киосов А.Ф. , Пищальников А.Ю.
Published: February 2023

В соответствии с современными рекомендациями здоровые дети на исключительно грудном вскармливании не нуждаются в рутинном введении дополнительной жидкости. Допаивание здоровых доношенных новорожденных может приводить к менее активному сосанию младенца, снижению лактации. Эксперты считают, что допаивание может быть опасно для детей из-за развития заболеваний, связанных с использованием некачественной воды. Однако существуют клинические ситуации, когда младенцам может потребоваться дополнительная жидкость. Допаивание младенца может быть показано при большой убыли массы тела, состояниях и заболеваниях с повышением температуры тела выше 38,0 °С, при обезвоживании, полицитемии, мочекислом инфаркте, использовании лучистого тепла и фототерапии. Дополнительное введение жидкости грудному ребенку может быть целесообразно при повышенной температуре воздуха и низкой влажности в помещении. Соблюдение питьевого режима важно у грудных детей с кишечными инфекциями, при избыточной массе тела и запорах. В каждом случае вопрос решается индивидуально с учетом веса ребенка, степени зрелости, соответствия антропометрии сроку гестации, наличия эксикоза и метаболических нарушений. Во всех случаях ребенку предлагается кипяченая вода. Ключевое слово – «предлагается». Если малыш охотно пьет, значит, он нуждается в дополнительной жидкости. Допаивание осуществляется из ложечки или шприца. Рекомендуемое количество питья за сутки соответствует объему одного кормления.

In accordance with modern recommendations, healthy exclusively breastfed children do not need routine administration of additional fluid. The addition of healthy full-term newborns can lead to less active sucking of the baby, a decrease in lactation. Experts believe that additional drinking can be dangerous for children due to the development of diseases associated with the use of low-quality water. However, there are clinical situations where infants may need additional fluid. Supplementation of an infant can be indicated with a large decrease in body weight, conditions and diseases with an increase in body temperature above 38.0 °C, with dehydration, polycythemia, uric acid infarction, the use of radiant heat and phototherapy. Additional liquid injection to an infant may be advisable at elevated air temperature and low humidity in the room. Compliance with the drinking regime is important in infants with intestinal infections, overweight and constipation. In each case, the issue is resolved individually and the weight of the child, the degree of maturity, the compliance of anthropometry with the gestation period, the presence of exicosis and metabolic disorders are taken into account. In all cases, the child is offered boiled water. The keyword is "suggested". If the baby is willing to drink, then it means he needs extra fluid. Additional soldering is carried out from a spoon or syringe. The recommended amount of drinking per day corresponds to the volume of one feeding.
Bivariate sea-ice assimilation for global ocean Analysis/Reanalysis
Authors: Cipollone Andrea , Banerjee Deep Sankar , Iovino Doroteaciro , Aydogdu Ali , Masina Simona
Published: February 2023

Abstract. In the last decade, various satellite missions have been monitoring the status of cryoshopere and its evolution over time. Beside sea-ice concentration data, available since the 80s, sea-ice thickness retrievals are now ready to be used in operational prediction and reanalysis systems. Nevertheless, a straightforward ingestion of multiple sea-ice characteristics in a multivariate framework is prevented by the highly non-gaussian distribution of such variables together with the low accuracy of thickness observations. This study describes an extension of OceanVar, a 3Dvar system routinely employed in the production of global/regional operational/reanalysis products, designed to include sea-ice variables. Those variables are treated through an anamorphosis operator that transforms sea-ice anomalies into gaussian control variables, the benefit brought by such transformation is described. Several sensitivity experiments are carried out using a suite of diverse datasets. The assimilation of the sole Cryosat-2 provides a good spatial representation of thickness distribution but still overestimates the total volume that requires the inclusion of SMOS data to be properly constrained. The intermittent availability of thickness data along the year, leads to potential discontinuities in the integrated quantities that requires a dedicated tuning. The use of merged L4 product CS2SMOS produces similar skill score when validated against independent mooring data, compared to the ingestion of L3 CryoSat-2 and L3 SMOS data. The new sea-ice module is meant to simplify the future coupling with ocean variables.
The Genesis of Oil in connection with a 1-layer Model of the Earth’s Crust
Authors: Galant Yuri
Published: February 2023

For the formation of oil (PG), a certain geological and geochemical environment of the Earth's Crust is necessary. Geologically, the current PG models are based on a 2-layer model of the Earth's Crust, consisting of Granite and Basalt layers. However, as the drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole (SG3) showed, there is no basalt layer on the continents. A model of a 1-layer Earth's Crust was compiled, consisting of a granite layer on the continents and a basalt layer in the Oceans:[1 layer  Мodel of the Earth's Crust Galant (MECG), ( AAPG, Athens 2007; EGU, Vienna 2013,2022;)] сonsist of separated layers of  Granite  and separated layers of  Basalt. This Model of the Earth's Crust Galant (MECG) fundamentally changes the geological and geochemical setting of the Earth's Crust and hence the PG processes. Basalts and Granites are antipodes and therefore fluids migrating from the mantle with the goal of generating oil passing through the Earth's Crust that does not have Basalts but has only Granites will behave differently - respectively. In connection with the change in the geological and geochemical situation, the parameters of the fluid migrating from the mantle will also change: the C-O-H ratio, reactions with the components of the layer, the supply and removal of components, the change in T, the intensity of degassing, the change in the fugacity of O, the depth of the depleted mantle, etc. Since the Kola on the Baltic Shield did not reveal the basalt layer and due to this, the depth [According based on 1 layer Model of the Earth's Crust Galant (MECG), ( AAPG Athens 2007, EGU Vienna 2013)] of the granite layer reaches the mantle deeply and the greater the thickness the thickness of the depleted mantle is greater, from this it can be assumed that the mantle gave up light hydrocarbon components concentrated in the upper horizons of the Lithosphere, and heavy hydrocarbon components still remained in the depleted mantle or are now slowly migrating upward into the granite layer. This may explain that granites contain more light hydrocarbons. Due to the change in the physical and chemical conditions of the Earth's Crust, the PG depth zone changes, expands or localizes, and the composition of the oil changes accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: In connection with the 1-layer model of the Earth's Crust, the energy-material exchange between the domains of the Earth, the Mantle and the Lithosphere changes. Characteristics of the parameters of physic-chemical conditions change. And also the tactics, strategy, philosophy of PG research should change, taking into account the new model of the Earth's Crust. 
A transparency fusion-based methodology for meteorological drought prediction
Authors: Zhang Huihui , Sauter Tobias , Loaiciga Hugo
Published: February 2023

Accurate prediction of drought is essential for assessing agricultural production, water resources management, and early risk warning. Various machine learning models have been developed to enhance the accuracy of drought prediction. However, most drought models do not account for data uncertainty. Novel approaches such as the stacking model consider the predictor uncertainty and include multi-source satellite-based products. Here, we develop and test a fusion-based ensemble stacking model that integrates extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forecast (RF), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) for drought modeling and prediction. Multi-source data, including meteorological, vegetation, anthropogenic, landcover, climate teleconnection patterns, and topological characteristics are incorporated in the proposed stacking model. The modeling framework forecast the one-month lead standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) on 12 month scale. In particular, data uncertainty is taken into account allowing for a rigorous model performance evaluation. The proposed method is applied and tested in the German federal states of Brandenburg, and Berlin. The results show that the ST model outperforms XGBboost, RF, and LightGBM, achieving an average coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.845 in each month of the year 2018. The spatial-temporal Moran’s I method indicates that the ST model captures non-stationarity in modeling the relationship between predictors and the meteorological drought index and outperforms the other three models. Counterfactual sensitivity analysis indicated that extreme precipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and precedent SPEI explain more than 80 % of the total variance of the prediction. Based on the accuracy and flexibility of the method, it seems to be a promising approach for predicting other environmental phenomena.
Effect of combining organic and chemical fertilizer plus water-saving system on greenhouse gas emissions, runoff, apple yield and quality in a hilly rainfed apple orchard
Authors: Zhang Binbin , Yan Sihui , Wu Shufang , Feng Hao , Meng Qingtao , Siddique Kadambot H.M.
Published: February 2023

Combining organic and inorganic fertilizers is critical for increasing yield, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving soil fertility. However, the effect of combined organic and inorganic fertilizers on GHG emissions in hilly apple orchards is not clear. Furthermore, studies on slope agriculture mostly ignore slope runoff. Hence, a two-year field experiment was conducted in the hilly apple orchard in north Shaanxi to explore the effects of orchard management practices on surface soil water and temperature, GHG emissions, runoff, apple yield, and fruit quality. Three management practices were implemented: (1) combined organic and chemical fertilizer plus water-saving (OCWS) system; (2) chemical fertilizer plus water-saving (CWS) system; (3) conventional practice plus chemical fertilizer without water-saving system (CC). The results showed that, relative to CWS and CC treatments, the OCWS treatment decreased the average surface soil temperature during the apple growing period by 5.54% and 4.54% and increased surface soil water by 8.39% and 10.42%, respectively. Seasonal variation in N2O, CO2, and CH4 followed similar trends across treatments, but the amplitude of change varied. Soil water and temperature affected GHG emissions. Cumulative N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions varied non-significantly among treatments. Furthermore, the OCWS treatment had a similar global warming potential (GWP) to the CC treatment. The OCWS treatment had a 39.33% lower greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) than the CC treatment. Averaged across two years, the OCWS and CWS treatments significantly reduced runoff by 49.18% and 43.90% and sediment yield by 72.13% and 68.65% compared to the CC treatment. Furthermore, precipitation had a significant positive correlation with runoff and erosive sediment. Averaged across two years, the OCWS treatment had the highest apple yield (37,550 kg hm–2), crop water production (CWP) (69.40 kg hm–2 mm–1), transverse diameter (84.27 mm), single fruit weight (261.49 g), vitamin C (29.45 mg kg–1), soluble solids (14.28%), soluble sugars (10.74%), and sugar: acid ratio (54.95). The OCWS treatment is an effective management practice for increasing apple yield, improving fruit quality, and reducing adverse environmental impacts on the Loess Plateau in northwest China.
A Simple Approach for Disentangling Vortical and Wavy Motions of Oceanic Flows
Authors: Liu Zhiyu , Wang Chuanyin , Lin Hongyang
Published: February 2023

A long-standing challenge in dynamical oceanography is to distinguish nonlinearly intermingled dynamical regimes of oceanic flows. Conventional approaches focus on time-scale or space-scale decomposition. Here, we pursue a dynamics-based decomposition, where a mean flow is introduced to extend the classic theory of wavy and vortical modes. Mainly based on relative magnitudes of the relative vorticity and the modified horizontal divergence in spectral space, the full flow is decomposed into wavy and vortical motions. The proposed approach proves simple and efficient, and can be used particularly for online disentangling vortical and wavy motions of the simulated flows by ever-popular tide-resolving high-resolution numerical models. This dynamical approach, combined with conventional time-scale- or space-scale-based approaches, paves the way for online mixing parameterizations using model simulated vortical (for isopycnal mixing) and wavy (for diapycnal mixing) motions, and for understanding of multi-regime and multi-scale interactions of oceanic flows.
Magnetotail plasmoid eruption: Interplay of instabilities and reconnection
Authors: Palmroth Minna ,   Team
Published: February 2023

Rapid plasma eruptions explosively release energy in the Earth’s magnetosphere, at the Sun, and solar system planets. At Earth, these eruptions, termed plasmoids, occur in the magnetospheric nightside, and are associated with the sudden brightening of the aurora. The chain of events leading to the plasmoid is one of the longest-standing unresolved questions in space physics. Two competing paradigms, based on magnetic reconnection or kinetic instabilities, are proposed to explain the course of events. We report results of a major technological achievement modelling the Earth’s magnetosphere at realistic scales, with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution, and resolving ion-kinetic physics, and thereby capturing physics essential to both paradigms. We show that both magnetic reconnection and kinetic instabilities are required to induce a global topological reconfiguration of the magnetotail, thereby combining the seemingly contradictory paradigms. Our results show that magnetic reconnection creates local plasmoids that are combined into a tail-wide structure by a current sheet disruption in the center tail. Large-scale current sheet flapping, caused by a drift kink instability and driven by reconnection-generated ions, leads to the current disruption. Our results help to understand plasma eruptions ubiquitous in space plasmas, guide spacecraft constellation mission design, and lead to improved understanding of space weather. We also contemplate the future direction of models within the solar system plasma physics and heliophysics discipline.
Seasonal enhanced melting under Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Zeising Ole , Eisen Olaf , Berger Sophie , Ershadi M. Reza , Drews Reinhard , Fromm Tanja , Hattermann Tore , Helm Veit , Neckel Niklas , Pattyn Frank , Steinhage Daniel
Published: February 2023

Ice–ocean interaction is crucial for the integrity of ice shelves and thus ice sheet stability. Warm ocean currents lead to enhanced basal melting of ice shelves, which is the dominant component of mass loss for the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Knowing the current melt rates and predicting those under future climate scenarios is thus of great importance. In the course of the ­MIMO-EIS (Monitoring melt where Ice Meets Ocean) Project, we deployed a continuously measuring ApRES (Autonomous phase-sensitive Radio-Echo Sounding) device in the center of Ekström Ice Shelf, recording an hourly time series since April 2020. The continuous time series reveals a seasonal onset of enhanced melt rates, abruptly increasing from <0.5 to 2 m/a in July/August. High melt rates with around weekly to bi-weekly fluctuations last until November/December. In addition, we performed annual point measurements to determine the spatial pattern of basal melt rates. The majority of these sites show yearly averaged melt rates of <0.5 m/a. These measurements allow the evaluation of future ocean-simulations and are in good agreement with satellite remote sensing estimates.
Hydro-mechanical modeling of swelling processes in clay–sulfate rocks: comparison of swelling laws
Authors: Taherdangkoo Reza , Mahfuzh Abdallah Najib , Butscher Christoph
Published: February 2023

Swelling of clay-sulfate rocks is a serious problem in geotechnical projects. In Staufen (a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany), the heave of the land surface occurred as a result of clay-sulfate rock swelling, triggered by water inflow in Triassic Grabfeld Formation (formerly Gipskeuper = “Gypsum Keuper”). Clay-sulfate swelling is controlled by clay swelling due to osmotic processes, combined with chemical swelling due to the transformation of anhydrite into gypsum, associated with a volume increase. Previous studies showed that hydro-mechanical (HM) models can be employed to determine the mechanical behavior of swelling rocks with an accuracy sufficient for planning remedial measures. In such models, a constitutive relation between swelling pressure (stress) and swelling deformation (strain) must be defined (“swelling law”). In the present study, we developed coupled HM models to reproduce the heave observed at the Staufen site. We implemented different swelling laws, namely linear, semi-logarithmic, and sigmoidal constitutive relations between stress and strain. We compared the model calculations with the measured long-term heave records at the study site. We then analyzed the errors associated with each modeling approach to evaluate its effectiveness. This contribution provides insights about the performance of three existing swelling laws to estimate the long-term mechanical behavior of clay-sulfate rocks.
Non-contact rock mass survey by means of airborne photogrammetry and Infrared Thermography
Authors: Mineo Simone , Caliò Davide , Pappalardo Giovanna
Published: February 2023

The application of non-contact technologies is herein presented as a test for a scientific procedure aimed at providing a technological solution for the rock mass survey in areas affected by poor logistics for field campaigns. Either high cliff sectors, or sub-vertical coastal cliffs or, more simply, areas that cannot be reached for a field rock mass survey, represent a challenge to retrieve geostructural data in the perspective of a geomechanical characterization or stability analysis. For this study, two technologies were coupled to achieve a reliable model of rock masses. In particular, applied technologies are the aerial photogrammetric survey by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the Infrared Thermography (IRT). The first represents a reference for applications aimed at rockfall stability studies, while the second is a relatively pioneering methodology exploiting the thermal radiation emitted by the rock mass and falling within the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A three-dimensional model of the surveyed rock masses was built starting from the definition of dense point clouds and related elaborations. Thanks to the preliminary georeferencing of the UAV survey, discontinuity spatial orientation could be extracted by employing different algorithms, thus achieving their dip-dip direction values to be plotted on stereograms and statistically grouped. IRT surveys allowed the study of the distribution of the surface temperatures along the framed rock face. This is linked both to the different rock mass conditions (wet or weathered rock, presence of vegetation) and to the main geomechanical features of discontinuities such as persistence and aperture. Based on IRT outcomes, the innovative geomechanical parameters of Thermal spacing and Thermal RQD (Rock Quality Designation) were estimated with the aim of finding a potential, non-contact, alternative to the conventional procedures for the evaluation of the loose rock volumes. By matching the information achieved by the two surveying methodologies, a geomechanical model of the remotely surveyed rock mass was achieved proving the good adherence of the remote data to reality. Such outcome represents the implementation of the scientific experience on a key geomechanical topic, as well as a step forward in the integration of methodologies based on different principles but well matching if focused on a common scope.
Analyzing Spatio-temporal variability of clouds over the Arabian Sea using ERA5 reanalysis dataset
Authors: Moher Jaswant , Pant Vimlesh , Dey Sagnik
Published: February 2023

Clouds cover 67% of the earth's surface hence they play an essential role in governing the energy balance of the earth. The combined effect of two properties, i.e., emissivity and albedo of clouds, defines the net radiative effect and their relative importance changes from day to night. In this study, we analyze four decades (1979-2018) of high-resolution (0.25°×0.25°) hourly cloud data from ECMWF fifth-generation reanalysis ERA5 dataset to study the long-term changes in Spatio-temporal variability of clouds over the Arabian Sea. The rationale behind choosing the ERA5 data is that, unlike any other climate variables, the long-term ground truth data for clouds do not exist, and satellite datasets have discrepancies. Ship-observation compiled Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud Reports Archive (EECRA) is a multidecadal data but has a coarse resolution (10°×10°) and suffers from human observational error. In this study, we used a combination of wind speed, air temperature, sea surface temperature (SST), and cloud cover data from ERA5  to explain the observed diurnal behavior and long-term changes in diurnal amplitude and local time of maximum clouds. The clouds over the Arabian Sea show two distinct diurnal peaks during June - August (JJA), but a single diurnal peak is found during the rest of the year. The seasonal and spatial variability in the diurnal behavior of clouds can be characterized in terms of the local thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea. The diurnal amplitude and local time of a maximum of low, mid, and high-level clouds have changed from 1979 to 2018, and the changes are spatially heterogeneous across all seasons. The diurnal amplitude of high-level clouds has increased through all seasons except during JJA. During the JJA season, the entire Arabian Sea shows a decrease in the diurnal amplitude of high-level clouds, with the largest decrease, observed in the eastern Arabian Sea along the west coast of India.
Quantifying 'effective' floods using large-sample geomorphology
Authors: Leenman Anya , Slater Louise , Dadson Simon , Wortmann Michel
Published: February 2023

Geomorphologists have long debated the relative importance of disturbance magnitude, duration and frequency in shaping landscapes; for channel change during single floods, it is thought that flood duration, rather than magnitude, matters most. However, studies of flood-induced channel change have often drawn upon small datasets. By using satellite data to track channel adjustment during floods, we can now query these classic hypotheses with large datasets, and we do so here by combining 7 years of Sentinel-2 images with daily flow data from laterally active rivers. Using Earth Engine, we apply automated algorithms to map river planforms and detect their lateral shifting, and we generate a large dataset to quantify channel change during ~1000 flood events in gauged rivers across New Zealand and the Americas. We draw upon this dataset to evaluate how characteristics of the flood hydrograph (including magnitude, duration, and integrated sediment transport) correlate with the degree of geomorphic change observed. Finally, we examine the potential of predictive models for geomorphic change during floods, and consider the variables that moderate this relation between flood character and geomorphic change.
Abiogenic aragonite crystal habit – Novel archive of precipitation environment?
Authors: Immenhauser Adrian , Zhong Yisi , Lokier Stephen W. , Hennhoefer Dominik , Pederson Chelsea L. , Mueller Mathias
Published: February 2023

Marine calcite cement's crystal habit is often considered a function of the fluid Mg/Ca ratio. In contrast, marine aragonite fabrics are commonly described as acicular (needle) cement with pointed terminations and width-to-length ratios in the order of 1:10. Similarly, botryoidal or spherulitic aragonite cements are well-known from Mesozoic (and older) reefal and slope depositional environments but are less common in Recent depositional environments. Here, we explore a wide range of abiogenic aragonite cement habits (morphologies) in caves and coastal marine depositional environments. We propose that the cement habit represents a novel (and underexplored) archive of diagenetic environment, fluid chemistry and precipitation kinetics. Based on SEM imaging, we find the often-described acicular and fibrous fabrics but also a plethora of less well-known morphotypes such as columnar (often pseudo-hexagonal prisms) and lath, tabular and sheet-like (prismatic single crystals) forms. Twinning of (flat) needle aragonite is observed and might point to precursor phases. Based on the data available, the common needle-type aragonite cement typifies normal marine diagenetic (porewater) environments. Increasingly complex habits (polysynthetic twins, flat needles, pseudo-prismatic and prismatic sheet-like) aragonite crystals) are present under increasing levels of restriction and precipitate from high-salinity porewaters. Intriguingly, pseudo-prismatic aragonite crystals are also present in meteoric, gravity-defying cave carbonates, specifically helictites. Aragonite cement habits are documented and placed into context with their depositional and diagenetic environment, and preliminary interpretations are presented.
Cyclogenesis in the tropical Atlantic: First scientific highlights from the Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions in West Africa (CADDIWA) field campaign
Authors: Flamant Cyrille ,   CADDIWA Team
Published: February 2023

During the boreal summer, mesoscale convective systems generated over West Africa propagate westward and interact with African easterly waves, and dust plumes transported from the Sahel and Sahara by the African Easterly Jet. Once off West Africa, the vortex in the wake of these mesoscale convective systems evolve in a complex environment sometimes leading to the development of tropical storms and hurricanes, especially in September when sea surface temperatures are high. Numerical weather predictions of cyclogenesis downstream of West Africa remains a key challenge due to the incomplete understanding of the clouds-atmospheric dynamics-dust interactions that limit predictability. The primary objective of the Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions in West Africa (CADDIWA) project is to improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the direct, semi-direct and indirect radiative effects of dust on the dynamics of tropical waves as well as the intensification of vortices in the wake of offshore mesoscale convective systems and their evolution into tropical storms over the North Atlantic. Airborne observations relevant to the assessment of such interactions (active remote sensing, in situ microphysics probes, among others) were made from 8 to 21 September 2021 in the tropical environment of Sal Island, Cape Verde. The environments of several tropical cyclones, including tropical storm Rose, were monitored and probed. The airborne measurements also serve the purpose of regional model evalution and the validation of space-borne wind, aerosol and cloud products pertaining to satellite missions of the European Space Agencies ESA and EUMETSAT (including the Aeolus, EarthCARE and IASI missions).