bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Allwörden Reaction on Corona Treated Wool
Authors: Wakelyn P.J.
Published: March 2007

It has been shown by use of the Allwörden reaction that epicuticle of wool is still intact following corona discharge treatments in air and air/chlorine atmospheres in sliver form. The surface protein of keratin fibers after electrical dis charge treatments can, therefore, be isolated and investigated in a manner similar to that for virgin wool. That the Allwörden reaction depends on more than the conversion of cystine to cysteic acid in epicuticle is discussed. Corona treatment appears to be a method of increasing resistance to felting shrinkage without disrupting the epicuticle of a keratin fiber.
The Determination of Phosphorus in Fire-Resistant Textiles by Cool-Flame Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Elliott W.N. , Heathcote C. , Mostyn R.A.
Published: March 2007

The phosphorus content of fire-resistant textiles is determined by measurement of the emission intensity at 528 nm of the HPO molecular species, produced by aspiration of an aqueous sample extract into a cool hydrogen-nitrogen diffusion flame. In the case of durable flame-retardant agents, a preliminary fusion of the textile with potassium hydroxide is necessary, followed by an ion-exchange treatment of the extract; non-durable flame-retardants are determined directly, after water extraction of the material and ion-exchange separation.
The Effect of Wool on the Photolysis of a Model Stilbene Fluorescent Brightener
Authors: Seiber Rita P. , Needles Howard L.
Published: March 2007

The effect of suspended wool on the photodecomposition of a model fluorescent brightener, disodium 4,4'-diacetamido stilbene-2,2-disulfonate in aqueous solutions has been studied. Low concentrations of suspended wool increase the rate of brightener photodecomposition, whereas higher wool concentrations retard the rate of brightener decomposition. Photo-oxidation of the brightener in solution or on wool substrate gives the same major photocleavage product, sodium 5-acetamido-2-formylbenxenesutfonale.
Surface Modification of Wool and Other Fibrous Materials by 4-Vinylpyridine and Zinc Chloride1
Authors: Koenig N.H. , Friedman Mendel
Published: March 2007

Wool, cotton, polyester, and leather were durably modified by 4-vinylpyridine and zinc chloride applied in acetone. The pendant pyridine rings of the surface deposit, probably poly (4-vinylpyridine), may be free or coordinated through nitrogen with zinc, which may also be bonded to the substrate. Treated wool fabrics resist shrinkage when laundered.
Revolving Ring
Authors: Hakki M. , Singh Sawhney A.P. , Costales M.
Published: March 2007

A relatively simple but an effective mechanical device has been designed and developed which is capable of rotating the ring at any desired speed in the direction of the traveller. The comparative spinning tests on the conventional and revolving rings on the same conventional ring spinning frame have proved that the revolving ring is highly effective in reducing the end-breakages at high production rates. Besides increased production rates, the basic concept of revolving the ring has several added advantages, such as better yarn appearance, regularity and twist-distribution and longer life of the traveller.
Some. Structural and Physical Properties of Yarn Made on the Integrated Composite Spinning System
Authors: Nichols L.D. , Mohamed M.H. , Rochow T.G.
Published: March 2007

One of the recent systems of yarn production is the Bobtex Integrated Composite Spinning (ICS). The process which produces a composite yarn that utilizes a polymer substrate with a fibrous surface. The production of this system ranges between 165 and 330 yd/min. The yarn used in this investigation was a two-component yarn, one of the early structures developed, which was found to have some favorable characteristics as well as some drawbacks. Work is going on to extend the study to the newer developments which have led to the production of three-component yarns.

This paper presents a microscopical study of the yarn cross section which reveals the mechanism of binding the outer fibers to the polymer matrix. A small sample of woven fabric was microscopically analyzed and a cross section of the fabric is shown. Also, some of the physical properties were determined and the results are discussed.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Cotton Modified by N-Methylol Agents
Authors: Vail Sidney L.
Published: March 2007

The resistance to acidic hydrolysis of a large number of cellulose derivatives of mono- or polyfunctional N-methylol type agents, prepared under standardized pad-dry-cure conditions, is determined primarily by chemical factors, i.e., electronic effects of substituent groups on the intermediate carbonium-immonium ion. Agents used included formalde hyde and/or glyoxal adducts of ureas, melamines, carbamates, formamides, acetamides, hydrazides, pyrrolidones, and similar amides. Based on these and related experiments, it was concluded that most N-methylol and similar type agents reacted with cotton with little or no modification of their structure during the curing operation. Also, other reaction paths, which represent rearrangement, fragmentation (other than release of formaldehyde), or polymerization reactions, wetre generally limited. Further, crosslinking of cotton by formaldehyde was suppressed by the presence of amide type compounds and especially by the presence of reactive N-methylol agents. Numerous examples are provided to sub stantiate these general conclusions, to suggest limitations to these conclusions, and to show that chemical properties rather than physical properties determine the relative extent to which this type of finish is hydrolyzed.
Laundering Conditions for Improved Wash-and-Wear Appearance
Authors: Hjalmarsson Helge A. , Åsnes Harald
Published: March 2007

A method for creasing and measurement of crease recovery angles in water has been developed.

Creasing and crease recovery of fabrics of polyester, cotton, blends of polyester/cotton, acrylic, and nylon have been studied under conditions similar to those present in the washing process. The following parameters which influence wash wrinkling have been investigated: degree of swelling at the time of creasing, temperatures and times during creasing and crease recovery. The effects of these factors vary widely with the type of fiber material. The degree of swelling at the time of creasing affects the crease recovery angles of cotton. The temperature level and the duration of creasing and crease recovery are of great importance for polyester and acrylic materials.
Nature of the Powder-Like Deposit on the Spinning Frame from Chlorine-Corona Treated Wool
Authors: Wakelyn P.J. , Loewenschuss Hana
Published: March 2007

Wool sliver, that had undergone a corona discharge treatment in an air-chlorine atmosphere, deposited a white powder- like substance on the spinning frame. The deposit was shown by TLC and IR to be essentially protein, with a qualitative amino acid composition that suggested it originated from the wool surface (cuticle), and contained <5% lipid. The de posit contained only cysteic acid in addition to the normal amino acids. The chemical findings suggested that air-chtorine corona treatment only slightly chemically alters the surface of wool fiber. However, the scale edges of this wool in yam appeared worn and it did not normally give a positive Allwörden reaction; thus, air-chlorine-corona wool is more readily damaged by processing from sliver to yarn than untreated or air-corona wool. It is suggested that a systematic study of dyeing and finishing of air-chlorine-corona wool in fabric would be beneficial.
The Absorption of Liquids by Compressed Fiber Systems
Authors: Steiger Fred H. , Kapur Chandra
Published: March 2007

For maximum liquid-holding capacity, an uncompressed fibrous assembly requires wettable fibers of high wet modulus. Tests with rayons of various denier, state of finishing, and modulus indicate that, for compressed absorbents, it also is desirable to minimize the required compaction forces by reducing the dry modulus and resilience of the fibers. The use of wet crosslinked rayon, which has the requisite combination of wet and dry properties, leads to significant improve ments in absorbency.

The effect of increasing bulk density on the liquid capacity per unit weight and capacity per unit volume of absorbents is discussed, and a mechanistic description of the latter is presented.
Statistical Evaluation of Color-Eye Reflectance Measurements on Raw Cotton
Authors: Wyatt B.G.
Published: March 2007

A statistical evaluation was made of reflectance measurements obtained on raw cotton. A large variation was observed in unblended cotton samples either greige or dyed while slight blending reduced the variation, significantly. Instrument variation also calculated from part of the data gathered showed only slight (negligible) variation. Homogenization of samples prior to quantitative measurements was indicated and use of reflectance measurements from the wavelength of maximum absorbance seemed most sensitive to sample preparation changes.
Reactive Thin-Layer Chromatography for the Evaluation of Cotton Finishes
Authors: Moore D.R. , Babb R.M.
Published: March 2007

A technique of thin-layer chromatography is described wherein cellulose-reactive materials are cured on the cellulose adsorbent prior to development. The technique should prove useful as a rapid means of evaluating the reactivity or mechanism of action of cotton finishing agents.
The Tensile Fatigue Behavior of a Warp Yarn and its Influence on Weaving Performance
Authors: Picciotto Roberto , Hersh S.P.
Published: March 2007

The tensile fatigue of a 50-50 viscose-polyester warp yam subjected to cyclic loading has been studied. Yarn loading conditions were selected to closely simulate those occurring on the warp during weaving. By examining the lifetime statistics as a function of gauge length, the existence of a "weakest-link" effect was confirmed, since both the lifetime level and standard deviation decreased with about the 1.2 power of the specimen length. From these data, it was also concluded that the "independence assumption" is valid under certain conditions. The three-parameter Weibull dis tribution provides an excellent fit of the observations, while the normal, logarithmic-normal, and first asymptotic dis tributions fit only within the central region of the distributions. The parameters of the Weibull distribution for the fatigue data obtained at varying strain levels were determined using five different estimation techniques. Only one of the methods produced results which were physically plausible in every case. When using this method, the estimated minimum lifetime for samples strained 2.0% or higher was approximately zero, while a non-zero minimum lifetime was inferred for all cyclic strains below 2.0%. Empirical models relating each of the three parameters of the Weibull dis tribution to the cyclic strain level were developed. From these models, curves were obtained showing the relationships between probability of survival, strain amplitude, and cycles to failure. Over the range of conditions studied, it was not possible to observe an endurance limit (a strain below which a given fraction of the specimens can be expected to survive an indefinitely large number of cycles). An endurance limit was apparently being approached, however, when the cyclic strain amplitude was reduced below the elastic limit of the yarn. The results indicate that, in the case ex amined here, tensile fatigue is not an important cause of yarn failure during weaving.
The Coefficient of Energy Dissipation from Sheared Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Cheng C.C. , Duckett K.E.
Published: March 2007

An experimental evaluation of a theoretical derivation pertaining to fiber-to-fiber character is presented. A portion of the relationship is separated and is then defined as the coefficient of energy dissipation. This coefficient is then evaluated for a number of cotton varieties as well as for a number of synthetic staple fibrous materials. Comparisons are made between the samples tested. The polyester specimens evaluated by this technique have also been studied by others using a different approach to what appears to be a similar problem. Comparisons have been made.
Relation Between "Minority" Hooks and Neps in the Card Web
Authors: Simpson Jack
Published: March 2007

Schematic diagram of cylinder and doffer explains the relationship between the minority hooks and neps. The cylinder- to-doffer fiber transfer region is divided into two zones, upper and lower.
A Study of Natural Variability in Occurrence of Fabric Defects on Plain Looms
Authors: Mehta I.H. , Nanal S.Y.
Published: March 2007

Design experiments were used to study the variability of defects in loom shed under normal conditions. Defects were classified. Stricter supervision or incentives will work.
Studies in Accelerated Oxidation of Cellulose
Authors: Shenai V.A. , Prasad R.B.
Published: March 2007

Cobalt hydroxide was deposited in cotton yam, followed by treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution. The yam underwent accelerated oxidation in terms of oxygen consumption as well as chemical degradation of the fiber. The normal alkali scour-hypochlorite bleaching of cotton fabric containing traces of cobalt chloride may result in excessive chemical damage of the fibers.
Heating of a Thin Yarn on an Internally Heated Rotating Roll
Authors: Pai V.K. , Hyman D.
Published: March 2007

Heated, rotating rolls are commonly used for heat-treatment of fiber yarns. In such systems, the roll-surface tem perature is a critical process variable. In this paper, heat transfer from a rotating roll is analyzed, using the literature on heat transfer from rotating cylinders and disks. Equations are developed to relate the roll-surface temperature to other process variables. Comparison with some experimental measurements is also presented. These measurements show a significant nonuniformity of temperature on the roll surface.
Evaluation of Fiber Properties of Single Cotton Plants as Related to Yarn Strength
Authors: El-Hattab H.E. , El-Shaer M.H. , Samra A.M.
Published: March 2007

The present base of selecting single cotton plants in U.A.R. due to micronaire reading and Pressley index was evaluated. About 300 plants in each of Giza 68, Giza 67, and Giza 66 newly released cotton varieties were tested for fiber properties. Samples having the same fiber length, micronaire reading, and tenacity were blended together to form composite samples for spinning on the Shirley miniature plant. The Stelometer at 1/8-in. gauge length gave the highest r values with other properties and instruments. The same measure of tenacity gave the highest value of r with lea product. The positive cor relation coefficients between micronaire reading or tenacity and lea product were gradually increased towards longer fibered categories. This emphasized the role of fiber length in attaining stronger yarns from individuals of higher tenacity and/or micronaire reading.
Effects of Blends of Medium-Staple Low and High Micronaire Reading Cottons, Sliver Weight, and Carding Rate on Card Loading, Sliver Quality, and Processing Performance
Authors: Simpson Jack , Fiori Louis A. , Castillon Audrey V. , Little Herschel W.
Published: March 2007

This study determines the effect of such carding parameters as sliver weight, doffer speed, and carding rate on cylinder loading, card sliver quality, and waste removal on the processing performance of three blends composed of various per centages of low, average, and high micronaire reading cottons, blended to obtain a constant average micronaire reading of the mix.

Blend composition, sliver weight, and carding rate had no significant effect on yarn skein strength, uniformity, and elongation. High carding rates decreased long-term card-sliver variability and increased card sliver short-term varia bility; increased yarn imperfections appreciably and decreased yarn grade slightly. At high carding rates, a blend con taining 30% of low and 70% of high micronaire reading cottons resulted in a greater cylinder load and lower fiber transfer than the other two blends containing various percentages of average micronaire reading cotton. This blend also had higher fiber breakage at high carding rates and slightly higher end breakages in spinning.

Compared with light-weight card sliver, heavy card sliver increased cylinder load, majority hooks, yarn irregularity, and imperfections and decreased the cleaning efficiency of the card. More fibers and less actual waste were removed than when producing a light-weight card sliver.
Improved Isotope Tagging Detection Procedures for Synthetic Fibers Using the LEPD Detector
Authors: Weaver Jack N. , Manohar H.
Published: March 2007

A new type of nuclear detector known as a low-energy photon detector (LEPD) has been developed by the nuclear industry which will enable textile firms to optimize the technique of neutron activatior analysis as applied to the tagging of synthetic textile monofilaments with rare earths and other elements. The sensitivity and resolution of the LEPD shows that, under various parameters, europium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dyprosium, holmium, erbium, ytterbium, lutetium, and palladium all are excellent textile tagging possibilities.
The Pyrolysis of Cellulose at Rates Approaching Those in Burning
Authors: McCarter R.J.
Published: March 2007

The thermal decomposition of cellulose was studied by a new thermal method suited to the measurement of faster reaction rates and to the problem of detecting concurrent reactions.

The pyrolysis data for four types of relatively pure cellulose indicated successive supramolecular and molecular decom position steps, either of which may control the decomposition rate contingent upon the temperature history. The molecular decomposition step is interpreted as a first-order depolymerlzation reaction with an activation energy of 401/2 kcal/gmol.

The data for cellulose treated with retardant (1.5 wt% KHCO2) indicated two principal decomposition reactions. An initial lower-temperature reaction evolved principally H2O and CO2 from well-dried samples. The following main decomposition reaction exhibited the same kinetic parameters as the counterpart depotymerization step of the untreated cellulose, but evolved different vapor products.

Tests and analyses of these celluloses at transitional stages of decomposition are summarized. The implications of the data concerning the mechanism by which the retardant functions are discussed.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Ribnick Arthur S. , Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Rebenfeld Ludwig
Published: March 2007

In order to provide a rational basis upon which future developments in nonaqueous finishing and other processing of textile materials may be based, a basic study is being undertaken of the interactions between textile fibers and a wide spectrum of organic solvents. In this paper are reported the effects on mechanical properties of a polyester yam of 26 organic solvents differing widely in chemical and physical characteristics. The yams were conditioned in each solvent for 16 hr at 21°C and their load-extension behavior determined in the solvent. While many solvents were found to have only minor effects on the mechanical properties, several solvents caused major changes in the shape of the load- extension curve of the polyester yam. The active solvents caused a decrease in the initial modulus, a decrease in the yield stress, and an increase in extensibility. In several cases a significant plastic flow region could be noted. Dioxane, acetone, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, methylene chloride, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, acetonitrile, and di methylformamide (DMF) were among the most active solvents. These solvents also caused a major irreversible longi tudinal shrinkage of the yarn, and the mechanical properties of the yarn were only partially recovered after removal of the solvent and reconditioning to a standard condition.

The interactions between the solvents and the polyester yarn, as estimated by the decrease in the yarn elastic modulus, were correlated with the solubility parameter δ of the solvents. It was observed that maximum interactions take place with solvents whose solubility parameter approaches that of polyethylene terephthalate δ=10.7. There is some indica tion that these strongly interacting solvents fall into two groups: one with δ values ranging from 9 to 10, the other with δ values ranging from 11.5 to 13. It is suggested that these ranges may reflect specific solvent interactions with the aro matic and aliphatic segments of the polyester molecules.
The Distribution of Transverse Pressure in a Twisted Yarn Allowing for the Fiber Migration and Variation of Fiber Packing Density
Authors: Dogu Ismail
Published: March 2007

A review of the theoretical basis of fiber migration is presented. In this review, the fiber packing density is assumed to be a function of the radial distance from the yarn axis and defined as the number of fibers per unit area perpendicular to fiber axis. Two methods of the calculation of transverse pressure, including both the fiber migration and variability of fiber packing density, is shown.
Alteration of the Pore Structure of Cotton by the Wet-Fixation Durable-Press Process
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Martin Lawrence F. , Blouin Florine A. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the pore structure of cotton cellulose resulting from the steps of the wet-fixation process were assessed by measurement of moisture regain, water of imbibition, and dye sorption. These measurements reveal the relative propor tions of pore surfaces in the nonswollen state, the pore volumes in the swollen state, and the pore surfaces in the swollen state, respectively. The uniformity of deposition of the methylolated melamine resin was established by both light and scanning electron microscopy; the resin is deposited on fiber surfaces as well as in the internal pores of the fibers. The increases in pore surfaces and volumes in the fixation step, as well as the decreases effected by curing, were determined in relation to the structure of unmodified cotton and cotton treated by a pad-dry-cure process employing both "resin- forming" highly methylated hexamethylolmelamine and "crosslinking" dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea reagents.
A New Electrochemical Process for the Fabrication of Nonwoven Materials
Authors: Bankert R.D. , Battistelli E.A. , Reddy T.B.
Published: March 2007

A new process is described for the production of nonwoven material by electrophoretic deposition from a slurry of fibers and binders. Application of a dc voltage between a form electrode and a counter electrode immersed in the bath results in generation of ionic species at the electrode/solution interface which coagulate the binder and trap the fibers. Nonwoven material can be prepared from a variety of fibers. including cellulosic, rayon, and polyester fibers in lengths up to 1 in. Urethane and acrylic binders have been used successfully. The webs formed by this process are in the range of 10-30 mils thick and possess a unique structure resulting from a heterogeneous distribution of binder through the cross section. The mechanism by which deposition occurs is discussed. The influence of process variables such as deposition voltage, deposition time, and bath composition on the properties of the nonwoven material is described.
Friction and Lubrication of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Schick M.J.
Published: March 2007

The effect of guide temperature, loopsize, pretension, denier, and moisture regain of multifilament yarns on friction are presented. Heat stable lubricants show a continuous decrease in friction with increasing temperature, whereas volatile lubricants pass through a minimum in friction with increasing temperature. The increase in friction with increasing angle of contact, increasing pretension, increasing denier and increasing moisture regain is attributed to an increase in area of contact. In line with Part I, the data of the present paper support the contention that intermittent contacts between fiber and substrate exist in the boundary regions, whereas a continuous fluid film separates fiber from substrate in the hydrodynamic region.
Measurement of Changes in Thickness of Compressed Cotton Samples During Swelling
Authors: Porter Blanche R. , Esposito Charles R.
Published: March 2007

An apparatus is described for measurement of vertical dimension of cotton samples immersed in water, methanol, tiquid ammonia, and NaOH solution. Increase in thickness of cotton showed recovery from compression and swelling. The increases were automatically recorded as a function of time by a chart recorder.
Below-Break Tensile Behavior of Irradiated Nylon
Authors: Morton Margaret I.
Published: March 2007

The below-break tensile properties (tensile modulus, stress decay, and elastic recovery behavior) of carbon-are-irradiated nylon 66 and nylon 6 fibers were examined after extensions of 2 and 5% held for 0-15 min under both air-dry and wet conditions. In general, the moduli of fibers extended in air were increased in proportion to the exposure time. A non- ultraviolet-stabilized nylon 66 specimen, however, showed decreased moduli prior to the increases. In water, the modulus changes for the irradiated nylon 66 fibers were similar to, but smaller than those found in air; whereas those for the wet nylon 6 fibers were unchanged from the nonirradiated specimen. Changes in the stress decay of irradiated fibers extended in air were small and somewhat variable; whereas the stress decay of wet fibers increased as the radiation period was lengthened. After a 15-min holding period, the wet-fiber stress decay increases resulted in residual fiber-stress values similar to or marginally smaller than those inherent in the unmodified fiber. Elastic recovery behavior, exemplified by residual extension, was reduced after irradiation. The property changes were considered to be a manifestation of internal structure modifications resulting from interaction of the radiation with the fiber molecules.
Analysis of Transport Phenomena Associated with Convective Drying of a Textile Material
Authors: Cannon S.L. , Johnson R.F. , Meenaghan G.F.
Published: March 2007

The advent of forced convective heat-transfer units within the textile chemical-process industry has stimulated inquiry into interphase, multicomponent transport-phenomena associated with the coupled mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. The generalized partial differential equations for mass, momentum, and energy conservation are employed subject to the constraints of a film-theory transport model in order to predict the evaporative rate for a cotton/polyester fabric in a Benz jet injection heat-transfer unit operating under a typical set of conditions encountered in an industrial drying operation.
A Study of Some Factors Affecting the Photodegradation of Textile Yarns Part II: Nylon 66 and Polyethylene Terephthalate Yarns
Authors: Lock Leona M. , Frank Grace C.
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the effect of relative humidity, anatase titanium dioxide content, and uv-stabilizer on the photodegradation of nylon 66 and polyethyleneterephthalate yarns exposed to pyrex/clear glass filtered xenon-arc radia tion, at 20, 50, and 80% RH, in the Weather-Ometer, and to sunlight behind single, strength-window glass at approxi mately 20% RH. Analysis of loss of tensile properties has shown that a high relative humidity level in the Weather- Ometer has significantly accelerated photodegradation of both fibers. X-ray diffraction analysis, performed on several nylon yarns, has indicated a higher degree of crystalline perfection after irradiation at 80% RH, giving a possible ex planation for accelerated loss of tensile properties. Results of xenon arc and filtered sunlight irradiations at comparable RH levels (20%) have shown that a difference in RH does not contribute to the poor correlation found between Weather- Ometer and outdoor exposures. Titanium dioxide significantly accelerated photodegradation of nylon and was the main cause of breakdown of polyester exposed to filtered sunlight. Photosensitization of titanium dioxide was less apparent in the Weather-Ometer. The protective effect of the uv-stabilizer added to several nylon yarns was more apparent during outdoor exposure than during xenon-arc irradiation.
Contribution of Swelling to Wrinkle Recovery for Chemically Crosslinked Cellulosic Fabrics in the Swollen State
Authors: Ohe Hideo , Suzuki Yasuo , Taga Kiyoshi , Matsukawa Saburo
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the contribution of swelling to wrinkle recovery of cotton and polynosic fabrics immersed in water or aqueous alkaline solutions. Tests were made in the presence and absence of water or alkali sensitive links other than those produced by the two-step Poly-Set Process and formalin treatments.

Figures of DRWA and WRWA as well as WWRA and 3% alkali-WRA are used to clarify the swelling and scission tendencies inherent in the finishing systems. The relationship between WWRA and alkali-WRA without WWRA were studied. The reasons for the results of WWRA > alkali-WRA or alkali-WRA > WWRA are also discussed.
Some Comments About Predicting Fiber Response by Thermal and Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Anton Anthony
Published: March 2007

The effect of thermal energy on matrix mobility of oriented polyamide fibers can be determined by ATR infrared spec troscopy, broad-line nmr and DSC. A composite of these techniques are required for predicting the response of the polyamide fiber during dyeing and heat setting.
Jamming of Knitted Structures
Authors: Shanahan W.J. , Postle R.
Published: March 2007

The possibility of jamming in various types of weft knitted structures is examined. Results for jamming in plain- knitted fabrics are based on a theoretical analysis of the plain structure which has been published previously by the present authors. Also, consideration of the equilibrium force systems in 1 X 1 rib and other related fabric types, such as interlock, leads to conclusions concerning width jamming of these structures. This tends to confirm the validity of models of these structures in which such jamming is assumed to occur.
Three-Dimensional Geometry of Crimp
Authors: Brand R.H. , Scruby R.E.
Published: March 2007

Geometric torsion and curvature accurately describe three-dimensional forms of crimp. The usual parameters of crimp frequency and indices of amplitude or extensibility for idealized planar or helical crimp forms are expressible by specific relationships of geometric torsion and curvature. The more common, nonideal crimp forms are characterized by distribu tion statistics of these two fundamental parameters along the fiber. Mathematical techniques and analytical expressions were developed for describing crimp this way with data from an automatic crimp-measuring instrument and use of a digital computer. Examples are given from measurements made on several commercial man-made and natural fibers.
Reactions of Linear Polymers with Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Jellinek H.H.G.
Published: March 2007

Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in presence and absence of air, ozone, and near-uv radiation has been discussed. Random chain scission and crosslinks with respective groups take place and small molecular weight compounds are evolved. Degradation is sensitive to polymer and crystallinity, size, and size distribution.
Combined Effects of Gamma and Ultraviolet Radiation Plus Heat on Fibrous Polyamides
Authors: Hargreaves G. , Bowen J.H.
Published: March 2007

Several types of fibrous polyamides were exposed to gamma, ultraviolet (uv), and thermal radiation, singly and in combination, under controlled conditions. The unexposed and exposed specimens were examined by the techniques of solution viscosity, melting point, infrared (ir) spectra, uv absorption and light microscopy. Tensile strength was mea sured in some instances. The combined results give insight into the changes taking place as a result of irradiation. Most polyamides are degraded by long exposure to uv radiation. One was degraded by uv alone and not affected by gamma or heat alone. When exposed to gamma first followed by uv, the degradation was decreased. Simultaneous exposure to gamma and uv gave the same result.
Fabric Ignition
Authors: Wulff W. , Alkidas A. , Hess R.W. , Zuber N.
Published: March 2007

The burn injury hazard of fabrics has been conceptually related to laboratory test methods. The relation is to be de rived from the description of the relevant processes which lead to burn injury. Among these processes stand out the ig nition, the burn and the tissue denaturalization processes as predominately deterministic because of predictable fabric response.

Presented here are the results of an experimental and analytical investigation into the fabric ignition process. Thermo physical fabric properties relevant to the description of the ignition process have been presented. Fabric ignition times were measured under radiative heating. Modeling rules for the ignition process are presented.
Radiation Modification of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Nasr Hussein I.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the catalytic effect of grafted acids, in crosslinking reactions, as substitutes for conventional inor ganic ones.

Unsaturated mono- and/or di-carboxylic acids were radiation-grafted on cotton cellulose during crosslinking using multifunctional monomers. In a delayed heat cure, the grafted acids catalyzed the condensation of available cellulose hydroxyls with the methylol groups of grafted polymethylol acrylamide. This further crosslinking resulted in an addi tional improvement in wrinkle resistance with negligible loss in tensile strength. The catalytic effect of used acids was studied singly or/and combined.
The Iodometric Determination of P(III) in Flame Retardants for Cotton
Authors: Frank Arlen W. , Drake George L.
Published: March 2007

THP and THPC can be titrated quantitatively by 0.1 N iodine in weakly basic media such as pyridine, aqueous NaHCO3 or aqueous Na2HPO4. Aldehydes do not interfere. Titration in hydrochloric acid solution, as recommended in the literature, is possible only if the THP is aldehyde-free.

The stoichiometry of the disproportionation of THP in 6 N HCl to phosphine and THPC has been established by iodine titration. The disproportionation is repressed by acetone.
Photoinitiated Polymerization onto Cotton
Authors: Reine Alden H. , Portnoy Norman A. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: March 2007

Polymerizations of acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, methacrylamide, and N,1'-methylenebisacrylamide from water solutions with cotton were photoinitiated on exposure to near-uv light (3100-4100 Å, peak near 3500 Å). The rates of photopolymerization were as follows: diacetone acrylamide > acrylamide, methacrylamide > N,N-methylenebisacryla mide. Infrared spectra of the copolymer products showed increased carbonyl group absorption. The cotton—poly- (acrylamide) and cotton—poly (diacetone acrylamide) copolymer products were stable to solvent extraction and to acid hydrolysis, but only the.latter was stable to base hydrolysis. Differential dyeing indicated variation in the deposition of the photopolymers in the fabrics. Large increases were observed in the moisture regain of cotton—poty (N,N-methyl enebisacrylamide) and —poly (methacrylamide) fabric copolymers, as compared with cotton fabric controls.
Scoured Mohair Fiber Diameter by Air-Flow Testing
Authors: Ray H.D. , Keller H.R. , Lineberry C.T. , Pohle E.M.
Published: March 2007

The average fiber diameter of scoured mohair determined by a Port-Ar2 air-flow instrument was compared with that obtained by the short fiber measurement (microprojection) method. Samples from 52 lots of scoured mohair representing eight grades and ranging from 23.55 μ to 38.50 μ in average fiber diameter were tested. The over-all correlation coefficient between the average fiber diameter of the Port-Ar and the short fiber methods was r = + 0.98. However, when seg mented into groups ranging 4 μ in average fiber diameter, the correlation coefficients were: 23.1-27.0 μ, r = + 0.94; 27.1- 31.0 μ, r = + 0.94; 31.1-35.0 μ, r = + 0.85; and 35.1-39.0 μ, r = + 0.77.
Never-Dried Cotton Fibers
Authors: Williams J.L. , Ingram P. , Peterlin A. , Woods D.K.
Published: March 2007

The intrinsically high internal mobility found in cotton fibers in their botanical growth state can be preserved by preventing the irreversible hydrogen bonding that normally occurs during first drying. Water transport, morphological, and mechanical data are presented to illustrate two examples of the permanent fixation of never-dried cotton, which has been shown in an earlier publication to be highly crystalline. In one, an acidic solution of formaldehyde is suggested to cause intrafibrillar cross-linking; in another mutual irradiation with acrylamide is known to cause grafting to the cellulose molecule. Both treatments effectively block the hydrogen bonding reaction by attachment of foreign groups to the cellulose fibrils.
The Effect of Fabric Structure on the Properties of Two-Way Stretch Fabrics Made from Elastic Core-Spun Yarns of Cotton and Wool Blend
Authors: Sawhney A.P. Singh
Published: March 2007

Two-way stretch fabrics for apparel uses can be efficiently produced from natural fibers by using elastic core-spun yarns. The fabric structure influences stretch characteristics considerably. An open weave offers higher stretch than a close weave. The thread count distribution significantly varies fabric stretch. An increase in ends and/or picks per inch in the greige fabric reduces the stretch of the finished fabric.
Scanning Electron Microscope Investigation of Morphological Characteristics of Laboratory and Field Wear in Military Fabrics
Authors: Kirkwood Barbara Hodam
Published: March 2007

An investigation has been made with the scanning electron microscope of the morphological characteristics of three selected military fabrics which have undergone abrasive wear on four laboratory instruments (Accelerotor, Schiefer, Stoll Flex, and Taber abraders) and in field wear situations (Ft. Lee Wear Course and/or Viet Nam missions). Cotton broke down by fibrillating, but morphology of the fibrillar bundles varied with the abradant and the application of weight and/or tension. Wear of nylon fibers also caused some breakdown via fibrillation, but morphology seemed less affected by abradants. Morphology of fiber breakdown was influenced by weave type when wear was particularly directional, as in the Stoll Flex abrader. The presence of nylon in a 70/30 nylon/cotton blend had a range of influences upon the morphology and extent of damage to cotton, depending upon the abradant utilized. The analysis of the fabrics studied to date indicates that the Accelerotor best reproduced the morphology of field wear.
Determination of Cotton Fiber Maturity with the Micronaire Instrument Using Two Different Techniques
Authors: Seshan K.N. , Navkal Harirao , Sundaram V.
Published: March 2007

A new method involving trials on 40 grain and 50 grain samples has been proposed for the determination of fiber maturity using the Micronaire. Tests on 130 samples have revealed that this method is significantly correlated with fiber maturity determined by the standard caustic soda swelling technique and is as efficient as the spacer technique. Further, the theoretical basis for extending the use of Micronaire for determination of cotton fiber maturity is also discussed.
Measurement of Sliver Drafting Forces
Authors: Olsen J.S.
Published: March 2007

A staple draftometer is described using a "Hall Effect" wattmeter as the transducer for measuring dynamic forces in staple slivers during drafting. The procedure for calibration and use of the instrument is also given. A novel feature of the apparatus is the use of a decade resistance box to calibrate the desired full-scale force range. Drafting force was a hyperbolic function of draft ratio (beyond 1.5× draft), and the relationship between the two variables can be expressed in terms of a constant as shown by the following equation:

(Drafting Force) X (Draft Ratio) = K

Thus the drafting force curve in terms of draft ratios can be defined by a single numher.

An increase in crimp frequency (0-15 crimps per inch range) gave an exponential increase in sliver drafting force. Addition of luhricants such as Ucon® or silicone oils to clean T-54 Dacron® polyester fiber slivers produced a significant reduction in drafting force, most of which occurred during the addition of the first 0.1% lubricant. The absolute drafting force is governed by specific properties of the lubricant.
The Permanent Deformation of Mercerized Single Cotton Fibers after Tensile Loading and Compression
Authors: De Boer J.J.
Published: March 2007

The relation between permanent and imposed deformation for the compression side of mercerized cotton fiber can be obtained from measurements of the crease recovery angle of the fiber and comparable measurements of the permanent deformation after tensile loading.

A simplified model suffices to obtain an acceptable balance between exlrerimental accuracy and theoretical refinement. There appear to be large differences in permanent deformation dependent on the level of stretching after merrerization and the application of crosslinks in the fiber.
Interactions of Spin Finishes with Partially Oriented Poly ( ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers
Authors: Selivansky D. , Walsh W.K. , Frushour B.G.
Published: March 2007

A low temperature dyeing technique that was developed as a characterization method for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) partially oriented yarns revealed thermally activated interactions between the fibers and spin finishes containing pure or close derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) that bring about dye blocking. Similar effects were also exerted by these spin finishes on the critical dissolution times and amine etching resistance of the fibers. The PEG interaction with the fibers is most effective in the narrow molecular weight range of Mn= 500 ± 100 g/mol. Specific thermal (shrinkage, shrinkage stress relaxation) and other structural characterization techniques (WAXS, DSC, Raman, IR) indicated that the PEG interactions bring about higher degrees of intermolecular cohesion and order in the PET fibers. The PEG molecular weight dependence of the dyeblocking is rationalized in terms of the permeability and compatibility of PEG.
Variation of Water Vapor Resistance of Microporous and Hydrophilic Films with Relative Humidity
Authors: Farnworth B. , Lotens W.A. , Wittgen P.P.M.M.
Published: March 2007

A method is described for measuring the water vapor resistance of textiles under variable conditions of relative humidity (RH). It consists basically of varying the position of the sample in an air gap between a wet and a dry surface while keeping all other conditions constant. The resistance is determined by the rate of water loss from the apparatus and the temperature of the water. The results for microporous PTFE and polyurethane films show little variation with RH, but fabrics and films with hydrophilic coatings added show strong variations, the resistance increasing substan tially with decreasing RH.
Measuring Unevenness and Blend Ratio of Yarns with Microwave Resonators
Authors: Li Yonghua , Yan Hao Jing
Published: March 2007

To explore new methods for testing the irregularity of yams and the blend ratio of blended yarns, a microwave technique was chosen to investigate the role of polymer fibers in microwave resonating fields. This method determines the ratio of yams in a blended sample by ascertaining their longitudinal dielectric properties using a special cavity resonating in mode TM, and also measures the irregularity of the linear density of the yarns by the variation of the transverse dielectric properties of the samples with the cavity resonating in mode TE. A series of experiments was done on a computer- based system and the results are presented.
Photodegradation of CI Acid Orange 60 and CI Acid Green 25 in an Amide Environment
Authors: Freeman Harold S. , Sokolowska-Gajda Jolanta
Published: March 2007

Photodegradation, in solution and in nylon 66 fiber, of two automotive acid dyes (CI acid orange 60 and CI acid green 25) for nylon carpet has been investigated. Photofading in solution was done in dimethylformamide (DMF) with the aid of a 254-nm light source, and the work in nylon fiber used the xenon arc light of an Atlas CI 65 weatherometer. The results show that these dyes fade via a photoreduction process under both sets of conditions, and they suggest that DMF is a suitable model for nylon in characterizing the photodegradation of acid dyes. The structures of the degradation products of the two dyes were determined with the aid of fast atom bom bardment and desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry and by HPLC and TLC comparisons with authentic samples.
Effect of Perspiration on the Fine Structure of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Bhat N.V. , Dharmadhikari A.R. , Wani S.N. , Kulkarni S.D.
Published: March 2007

The effect of perspiration on the fine structure of cotton cellulose has been inves tigated. The degradation of fabrics by acidic perspiration proceeds initially at a slow rate, followed by a faster rate. Tensile strength decreases and yellowing increases. X- ray diffraction studies show that though the effect is mainly due to degradation of amorphous regions, the crystalline region is somewhat affected. Electron microscopical studies reveal the degradation and loosening of the microfibrills and development of cracks.
Properties of Fabrics Woven from Twistless Cotton Yarns Produced by Wrap Spinning
Authors: Ruppenicker G.F. , Harper R.J. , Sawhney A.P.S. , Robert K.Q.
Published: March 2007

We have determined the effects of structure on the strength properties of fabrics woven from twistless cotton yams. The twistless yams were prepared on a wrap spinning machine, which produces twistless staple fiber yams held together by a fine multifila ment wrap. The experimental yarns were spun with a water soluble polyvinyl alcohol wrap, which was removed during wet processing after the yams were woven into fabric as filling. Yams were produced from both normal and high strength cottons. Generally the results showed that for normal fabrics of average density, strength properties of the twistless-yam fabrics were comparable to those woven of ring spun yarns. Looser constructions of the twistless-yarn fabrics were weaker than comparable ring spun fabrics, however. The twistless-yarn fabrics had better flat abrasion resistance and lower air permeability. Fabrics produced from the high strength cotton were consistently stronger than those from the normal strength variety, regardless of yam type.
Microstructure of Fabrics Chemically Finished for Thermal Adaptability
Authors: Goynes W.R. , Vigo T.L. , Bruno J.S.
Published: March 2007

A new "comfort" property, a warming and cooling effect, has been designed into textile fabrics by finishing them with polyethylene glycol solutions. High polymer add ons result, changing the physical nature of the fabrics. Finished and unfinished cotton, cotton / polyester, and wool fabrics were compared using optical and electron micros copy techniques to determine changes brought about by the finish. Finish polymer was deposited heavily within yarns, forming a fiber-polymer matrix. Polymer was also distributed throughout the cotton fibers. The results of various finishing procedures were compared, and the effects of laundering through 50 cycles was studied.
Photofading of Azo Pyridone Dyes in Solution
Authors: Wang Ing Jing , Wang Ping Yueh
Published: March 2007

We report on the investigation and kinetic measurements of the photofading process of some o-, p-substituted azo pyridone dyes in formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N,N'-dimethylacetamide. The free energies of solvation of dyes in the three solvents have been calculated by measuring the distribution coefficients of the dyes between the amide solvent and n-hexane as the immiscible standard solvent. A fair linear correlation exists between the observed rate constant and the free energies of transfer, suggesting the possibility that the photofading rate increases with increasing solvation of dyes; moreover it is increased by two electron-withdrawing substituents.