bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression Patterns in a Congenital Neurocristic Hamartoma With Multiple Proliferative Nodules
Authors: Terry Jefferson
Published: November 2024

Cutaneous neurocristic hamartoma (CNH) is a rare lesion composed of neural crest derivatives, thought to arise from aberrant migration and differentiation of neural crest cells. Recognition of CNH may be difficult, as they may resemble giant congenital nevus, and development of proliferative nodules (PNs) may raise concern for malignant transformation. Assessment of gene expression in CNH and PNs derived from CNH may offer insight into pathogenesis and suggest clinically useful biomarkers to identify these entities. This study investigates gene expression patterns in a congenital CNH and three separate PNs derived from that CNH with giant congenital nevus and malignant melanoma as comparator groups. Comparison of PN to CNH demonstrates downregulation of WIF1, which encodes as a tumor suppressor, and loss of WIF1 expression might explain the progression from CNH to PN. Comparison of gene expression in PN and CNH with giant congenital nevus and malignant melanoma shows relative overexpression of IGF2 and H19 in CNH and PN, suggesting that abnormal imprinting and IGF2 overexpression may have integral functions in the foundation of CNH.
Navigating the Diagnostic Challenges in Lymph Node Cytology: The Case of Reactive Hyperplasia
Authors: Vigliar Elena , Acanfora Gennaro , Buono Mauro , Bellevicine Claudio , Picardi Marco , Troncone Giancarlo
Published: November 2024

Fine needle cytology (FNC) is a pivotal diagnostic tool for distinguishing between benign and malignant lymphadenopathies mainly because of its minimal invasiveness, cost‐effectiveness and accuracy. A major requirement for maximising diagnostic accuracy is proper sample management of aspirated cellular material. In this diagnostic process, the morphological evaluation of adequate smears is paramount, guiding cytopathologists in the selection of appropriate ancillary tests through the recognition of cell size and patterns of distribution. Here, we describe a peculiar ‘concentric ovals distribution pattern’, frequently observed in the FNC of benign reactive lymph nodes, which may represent an aid in the cytological diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia.
Navigating the healthcare system as an adult with cerebral palsy: A call for change
Authors: Kim Sarah
Published: November 2024

This commentary is on the original article by Sarmiento et al. on pages 99–110 of this issue.
Type 1 Diabetes in care homes: A practical guide on management
Authors: Sinclair A. J. , Bellary S. , Middleton A. , Morris A. , Walker R. , Winkley Bryant K. , Dashora U. , Karamat M. , Rayner J. , Tomlinson S. , Maltese G.
Published: November 2024

The primary purpose of the original NAPCHD project was to develop a national Strategic Document of Diabetes Care for Care Homes which has now been completed and well received as a worthwhile, sustainable, and effective guidance for delivering quality diabetes care in the UK. A Working Group of NAPCHD was established to produce a Position Statement on type 1 diabetes in care homes since this area was recommended as a topic to further develop. There are currently limited data on the prevalence and clinical outcomes associated with type 1 diabetes in care homes and management policies have been non‐existent in the UK. Communication among all key stakeholders involved in direct care of residents with type 1 diabetes is generally fragmented and lacks coordination. This is compounded by a slowly growing utilisation of diabetes technology and the absence of a standard/agreed community‐based model of interdisciplinary collaboration. The Rationale and Objectives were defined prior to commencing the work and a work plan with individual tasks was initially set out. After multiple correspondences and Team calls over a period of 9 months, the Group successfully generated a first draft in October 2023. This draft was then finalised the following month and circulated among stakeholders for feedback. Nine chapters have been provided including minimum standards of diabetes care, insulin regimens, avoiding hospitalisation and discharge planning. A scheme for a community‐based model of care for type 1 diabetes has been included. Eight key messages were developed. In addition, an Appendix has been created which includes key assessments such as nutritional assessment, detection of frailty, sick day rules and foot risk stratification (available online).
Follow‐Up Study of Percutaneous Intramyocardial Septal Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy With HFpEF
Authors: Wang Chang , Guo Weitao , Duan Huican , Qin Junchang , Wang Fangming , He Tianyu , Gao Lu , Han Zhengyang , Zhang Ruifang , Wu Lina
Published: November 2024

Background

The study aimed to evaluate the changes of left ventricular diastolic function and the improvement of clinical symptoms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) after percutaneous intramyocardial septal radiofrequency ablation (PIMSRA).

Methods

This study enrolled 31 adult HCM patients with HFpEF who underwent PIMSRA treatment. Electrocardiogram, imaging, and blood biochemical examinations were performed on these patients during a 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

Compared with the baseline, at 6 months after PIMSRA, patients showed significant reductions in peak left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradients (resting gradient: from a mean of 83.24 to 23.40 mmHg, p < 0.001; postexercise gradient: from a mean of 109.70 to 33.39 mmHg, p< 0.001). The interventricular septal thickness reduced from a mean of 22.90 to 17.48 mm, p < 0.001. The E/e’ decreased from a median of 18.67 to 11.54, p < 0.001. The 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) increased from a mean of 359.03 to 435.81 m, p < 0.001. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score (KCCQ OS) increased from a mean of 57.57 to 71.93, p < 0.001. The number of HFpEF patients diagnosed according to the European Society of Cardiology's Heart Failure Association HFA‐PEFF score decreased from 31 to 23. None of the patients had new‐onset bundle branch block or complete heart block after PIMSRA.

Conclusion

PIMSRA is a safe and effective treatment. It can improve left ventricular diastolic function and quality of life in HCM patients.
In Situ Videography Quantifies Temporal and Spatial Variation in Prey Consumption and Energy Intake by Stream‐Dwelling Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus)
Authors: Stephenson Zane C. , Keeley Ernest R.
Published: November 2024

In stream ecosystems, invertebrates are a principal source of prey for many fishes, but their abundance as a food source depends on the predator's ability to exploit them in time and space. Although salmonid fishes are commonly thought of as daytime drift‐feeding predators of invertebrates in streams, they exhibit great flexibility in foraging behaviour and may also consume prey from the benthos and at night. Char species, (Salvelinus sp.), in particular, may be better adapted to forage under low light conditions due to greater scotopic sensitivity than other salmonids. In this study, we used in situ or in place videography to quantify the foraging behaviour of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and determine when and where they capture prey. We found that bull trout were primarily daytime predators of invertebrates drifting in the water column, and that they rarely captured prey from the benthos or foraged at night. We did observe size‐related differences and seasonal declines in foraging rate from summer to fall months. A modelled estimate of energy intake indicates that daytime drift‐feeding by small size classes of bull trout was above that needed for a maximum daily ration under a range of assumptions about prey size and prey retention rates. Energy intake rates for larger fish were more dependent on assumptions of preferred prey size and prey retention rates. Our data indicate that daytime measures of invertebrate drift abundance and size are the most inclusive measure of food abundance for stream‐dwelling bull trout.
Quantitative characterization of bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil using physical models
Authors: Lei Haimei , Bao Nisha , Peng Sihan , Yang Xiaoyan , Lu Zhiwei
Published: November 2024

The non‐Lambertian surface features varying particle size and discrete distribution, resulting in reflectance to be unevenly distributed in different directions. Mine soil with a high content of coarse particles and non‐uniform particle distribution exhibits significant non‐Lambertian properties on its surface. Consequently, not only vertical observation of the reflectance spectra but also multi‐angle reflectance spectra are related to the physical and chemical properties (e.g. soil organic carbon, moisture content and particle size) of mine soil. Understanding the bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil with various particle sizes is essential for accurately estimating soil properties using spectroscopy. Current estimations of soil properties using spectroscopy mainly focus on vertical observations, overlooking the bidirectional reflectance characteristics. This study reports the bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil with various particle sizes. Furthermore, the performance of different bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models in simulating the bidirectional reflectance of mine soil with various particle sizes was evaluated. Soil samples from three typical mine areas were collected and sieved into seven particle sizes ranging from 25 to 3500 μm. The bidirectional reflectance in the Vis–NIR wavelength region was measured in a laboratory using the Northeastern University bidirectional reflectance measurement system. The performance of five BRDF models (isotropic multiple scattering approximation, anisotropic multiple scattering approximation, H2008, H2012 and SOILSPECT) in modelling the bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil with different particle sizes was compared. Sobol's sensitivity indices were used to quantify the contributions of the parameters in the BRDF models. The results showed that (1) small mine soil particles (25 μm) exhibited greater reflectance than large particles (3500 μm). Large particles (3500 μm) exhibited backward scattering, whereas small particles (25 μm) exhibited extremely forward scattering characteristics because of the high silicon dioxide content; (2) the SOILSPECT model outperformed the other BRDF models in simulating the bidirectional reflectance of mine soil and had the smallest root mean square error (0.004–0.04); (3) the single‐scattering albedo (ɷ) parameter had the greatest contribution in the SOILSPECT model. Four parameters in the phase function (b, b′, c and c′) effectively indicated the scattering behaviour of mine soil with different particle sizes. These findings improve our understanding of the scattering characteristics of mine soil with various particle sizes and can be used to improve the accuracy of extracting particle size and other soil properties from mine soil.
Prolonged use of chlormadinone acetate and risk of intracranial meningioma: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Roland Noémie , Nguyen Pierre , Neumann Anke , Hoisnard Léa , Passeri Thibault , Duranteau Lise , Coste Joël , Froelich Sébastien , Zureik Mahmoud , Weill Alain
Published: November 2024

Background and Purpose

Chlormadinone acetate (CMA) is a synthetic progestin for which cases of intracranial meningioma have been reported following prolonged exposure.

Method

An observational cohort study was conducted based on the French national health data system. Women aged 10‐70 years and who started CMA between 2007 and 2017 were included. Participants were considered to be exposed if they had received a cumulative dose >360 mg of CMA during the first 6 months and very slightly exposed (control group) when they had received a cumulative dose ≤360 mg. The outcome was surgery or radiotherapy for one or more intracranial meningioma(s). Poisson models assessed the relative risk (RR) of meningioma.

Results

In total, 828,499 women were included: 469,976 in the exposed group (mean age 39.1 years, SD 10.1) and 358,523 in the control group (38.3 years, SD 11.0). Surgery or radiotherapy for intracranial meningioma between 2007 and 2017 was recorded for 164 and 104 women in the exposed and control groups, respectively. The incidence of meningioma was 18.5 and 6.8 per 100,000 person‐years for the exposed and control groups respectively (crude RR = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1–3.5; age‐adjusted RR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.4–4.0). Meningioma incidence reached almost 47 cases/100,000 person‐years in the most exposed group (>8.64 g), giving an age‐adjusted RR of 6.9, 95% CI 5.1–9.2, relative to the control group.

Conclusions

A strong dose–effect relationship was observed between prolonged use of CMA and risk of meningiomas. As with other progestogens, meningiomas associated with CMA are more likely to be found at the base of the skull.
Histopathological substrate of increased T2 signal in the anterior temporal lobe white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Wainberg Ricardo C. , Martins William Alves , de Oliveira Francine H. , Paglioli Eliseu , Paganin Ricardo , Soder Ricardo , Paglioli Rafael , Frigeri Thomas M. , Baldisseroto Matteo , Palmini André
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study was undertaken to analyze the histology underlying increased T2 signal intensity (iT2SI) in anterior temporal lobe white matter (aTLWM) epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis (TLE/HS).

Methods

Twenty‐three patients were included: 16 with increased T2 signal in the aTLWM and seven with HS only. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent across two neuroradiologists (kappa = .89, p < .001). Quantification of neuronal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vacuolization in the white matter of temporal lobe specimens was performed by immunohistochemistry (neuronal nuclear antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein, oligodendrocyte transcription factor, and basic myelin protein, respectively). Surgical specimens from TLE/HS patients with and without iT2SI in the aTLWM were compared. Samples of aTLWM were divided into three groups, according to MRI features: G1 = samples of iT2SI, G2 = samples with normal T2 signal intensity from patients without white matter imaging abnormalities, and G3 = samples with normal T2 signal intensity adjacent to areas with iT2SI.

Results

Patients with increased T2 signal had a significantly younger age at epilepsy onset (p < .035). Histological analysis revealed a higher percentage of vacuolar area in these patients (p < .004) along with a lower number of ectopic neurons (p = .042). No significant differences were found in astrocyte or oligodendrocyte counts among groups.

Significance

A higher proportion of vacuoles in regions with iT2SI may be the histopathologic substrate of this signal alteration in the white matter of the temporal lobe in patients with TLE/HS. This method of quantifying vacuoles using digital image analysis proved reliable and cost‐effective.
Brand capital and corporate investment efficiency
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Li Kevin , Li Tongxia , Zhang Weining
Published: November 2024

Using a sample of US firms from 1975 to 2021, we show that brand capital improves investment efficiency, which is robust to various measures of brand capital and investment efficiency. To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we exploit the passage of the Federal Trademark Dilution Act as an exogenous shock to brand capital and find that it strengthens the positive effect of brand capital. Our cross‐sectional analyses show that this positive relationship is more pronounced for firms with greater financial constraints and higher information asymmetry. These results suggest that brand capital reduces over‐ and under‐investment through alleviating financial constraints and information asymmetry.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patients With Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Demographics, Comorbidities and Healthcare Outcomes
Authors: Kodali Nilesh , Terrany Audrey , Kumar Keshav D. , Chambers Shae , Amara Shivkar , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: November 2024

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is the most common neurocutaneous disorder in the United States. Due to a nonfunctional mutation in the NF1 gene, the disorder may initially present with café‐au‐lait spots and later numerous neurofibromas across the body. Epilepsy is a rare comorbidity of NF1, with an incidence of just 4%–7%. While abnormal electroencephalograms have been seen in up to 25% of NF1 patients, very few studies have investigated the association between epilepsy and the NF1 patient profile. This study was aimed at evaluating the associations between epilepsy and demographics, comorbidities and healthcare outcomes in NF1 patients. The 2017 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was retrospectively queried for patients with NF1 using ICD‐10 PCS codes. Chi‐square tests were used in univariable analysis to compare patients within this cohort with and without epilepsy. Regression analysis was used in multivariable analysis to identify comorbidities that were predictors of epilepsy and the effect of comorbidities on outcomes. 4635 patients with NF1 were identified, of which 655 (14.1%) had epilepsy and 3980 (85.9%) did not. The NF1 patient population with epilepsy was largely comprised of White males of lower household income in larger urban/teaching hospitals and who used Medicare or Medicaid. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that malignant brain neoplasms, paralytic ileus, scoliosis, pregnancy complications, paralysis, other neurological disorders, metastatic cancer, coagulopathy, drug abuse and hypertension were predictors of developing epilepsy in NF1 patients. Additionally, epilepsy in NF1 patients was associated with a shorter length of stay, lower total charges and fewer total procedures.
A New Enzyme for Biodiesel Production and Food Applications: Lipase of Bacillus megateriumF25 Isolated From an Aquatic Insect Rhantus suturalis
Authors: Karaman Fatima , Incekara Umit , Arslan Nazli Pinar , Albayrak Seyda , Ortucu Serkan , Taskin Mesut
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to isolate, purify, and characterize a lipase from the gut symbiont Bacillus megaterium F25 (GenBank accession: MF597792) of the aquatic insect Rhantus suturalis, with a focus on its potential applications in biodiesel and food industries. Under optimized culture conditions, B. megaterium F25 could produce 583 U/L of lipase in shaking flask culture. The purified lipase (PL) exhibited a specific activity with 113.89 U/mg, and its molecular weight was determined as 34 kDa. The activity of PL was enhanced by methanol, ethanol, Tween‐80, Triton X‐100, Ca2+, and Mg2+, while β‐mercaptoethanol, EDTA, SDS, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+ were inhibitory. PL showed optimal activity and stability at neutral and slightly acidic pHs, as well as in a temperature range of 20°C–30°C. PL displayed strong hydrolytic activity toward plant oils and animal fats, indicating its potency for both the food industry and the remediation of oil‐contaminated environments. When tested as a catalyst, PL provided biodiesel production with a transesterification yield of 86.8% under optimized conditions (36 h reaction time, 4 mL enzyme solution, 30°C, pH 7.0, and waste cooking oil:methanol ratio of 10 mL/40 mL). This is the first report on the lipase‐producing potential of gut microbial symbionts of aquatic insects. Furthermore, B. megaterium lipase was tested for the first time as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production.
GGR Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis [Chapter 13] Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Harmon Russell S. , Senesi Giorgio S.
Published: November 2024

This chapter (Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)) is a contribution to the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis – an online textbook that is a fully revised and updated edition of A Handbook of Silicate Rock Analysis (P. J. Potts, 1987, Blackie, Glasgow).

Chapter 13 (from Section 3 of the handbook dealing with microbeam techniques) provides first a history of the development of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, and of the LIBS process, followed by an examination of the fundamental principles of LIBS and its instrumentation. Discussion is then provided on the preparation of sample material, LIBS matrix effects and signal processing. Different modes of compositional analysis that can be tackled by LIBS are described, including quantitative measurement (covering isotope measurements), compositional mapping, depth profiling and the determination of physical properties of geological materials. The recent tandem coupling of LIBS with laser ablation ICP‐MS instrumentation is explored. Finally, a suite of examples of LIBS analyses of silicate rocks and minerals is provided, demonstrating the utility of this measurement principle in rapid compositional assessment, detailed petrological studies and microgeochemical mapping.
Efficacy and safety of prostatic urethral lift according to preoperative urinary retention and prostate volume: A Japanese real‐world multicenter data
Authors: Anan Go , Minami Hidero , Fujishima Yosuke , Kaga Kanya
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Prostatic urethral lift (PUL) for benign prostatic hyperplasia has recently been initiated in Asia; therefore, few studies with real‐world data have been reported. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of PUL using Japanese real‐world multicenter data.

Methods

Indications for PUL were based on relevant guidelines in Japan. The preoperative patient status, postoperative progress at 1 and 3 months, and perioperative complications were evaluated. Also, we compared preoperative urinary retention and nonurinary retention patients, and prostate volumes <30, 30 to <50, and ≥50 mL.

Results

A total of 160 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 75 years and the mean prostate volume was 44 mL. The International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life score, maximum flow rate, and postvoid residual volume significantly improved 1 and 3 months postoperatively compared to preoperatively. The catheter‐free rates in the preoperative urinary retention group were 58.1%, 72.1%, 83.7%, and 88.4% on postoperative days 1, 7, 30, and 90, respectively. The catheter‐free rates in the nonurinary retention group were 94.9%, 98.3%, and 100% on postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, respectively. The group with a prostate volume ≥50 mL had a longer operation time and used significantly more implants; however, no difference was observed in the postoperative urinary status among the three groups.

Conclusions

PUL can be considered a safe and effective procedure for both preoperative urinary retention and nonurinary retention patients with prostate volumes <100 mL in older patients with comorbidities.
Uptake of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone agonists for prevention of premature ovarian insufficiency in women undergoing chemotherapy: an Australian single‐centre study
Authors: Martin Felicity C. , Phillips Kelly‐Anne , Lee Nora , Paul Dimity , Price Sarah , Rozen Genia , Stern Catharyn , Xie Jing (Sophia) , Cui Wanda
Published: November 2024

Background

Treatment‐related premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) can result in early‐onset menopause and infertility.

Aims

To assess the prevalence of goserelin use for POI prevention in women with cancer since it was listed by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in 2018 for this indication.

Methods

This retrospective study included women aged 18–45 years who received curative‐intent alkylating chemotherapy for a malignancy between August 2020 and December 2022 at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. The co‐primary end‐points were (i) documentation of a discussion with the patient regarding goserelin for POI prevention and (ii) prescription of goserelin for POI prevention prior to chemotherapy commencement.

Results

Sixty‐six patients were eligible. Fifty patients (76%) had a documented discussion regarding goserelin for POI prevention and 53 patients (80%) were prescribed goserelin for POI prevention. Nulliparous women were more likely to have a discussion regarding goserelin (P = 0.004). Younger women, nulliparous women and those referred to a fertility service were more likely to have been prescribed goserelin for POI prevention (P = 0.003, P = 0.001 and P = 0.002 respectively). Twenty‐one of 53 patients (40%) who received goserelin had the first dose administered ≥7 days before chemotherapy commencement.

Conclusion

One‐quarter of eligible patients did not have a documented discussion regarding goserelin, despite the negative consequences of POI. Efforts are needed to increase the discussion and use of goserelin in all premenopausal women regardless of their fertility interests and to ensure timely administration in those who choose to receive it.
Nucleic acid sensing in the central nervous system: Implications for neural circuit development, function, and degeneration
Authors: Stillman Jacob M. , Kiniwa Tsuyoshi , Schafer Dorothy P.
Published: November 2024

Nucleic acids are a critical trigger for the innate immune response to infection, wherein pathogen‐derived RNA and DNA are sensed by nucleic acid sensing receptors. This subsequently drives the production of type I interferon and other inflammatory cytokines to combat infection. While the system is designed such that these receptors should specifically recognize pathogen‐derived nucleic acids, it is now clear that self‐derived RNA and DNA can also stimulate these receptors to cause aberrant inflammation and autoimmune disease. Intriguingly, similar pathways are now emerging in the central nervous system in neurons and glial cells. As in the periphery, these signaling pathways are active in neurons and glia to present the spread of pathogens in the CNS. They further appear to be active even under steady conditions to regulate neuronal development and function, and they can become activated aberrantly during disease to propagate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we review the emerging new roles for nucleic acid sensing mechanisms in the CNS and raise open questions that we are poised to explore in the future.
Significance of the local largest bipolar voltage for the optimized ablation strategy using very high‐power short duration mode
Authors: Takigawa Masateru , Miyazaki Shinsuke , Yamamoto Tasuku , Martin Claire A. , Nozaki Sayumi , Yamaguchi Junji , Kawamura Iwanari , Ikenouchi Takashi , Negishi Miho , Goto Kentaro , Shigeta Takatoshi , Nishimura Takuro , Takamiya Tomomasa , Tao Susumu , Goya Masahiko , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Very high‐power short‐duration (vHPSD) ablation creates shallower lesions, potentially reducing efficacy. This study aims to identify factors leading to insufficient lesions during pulmonary vein antral isolation (PVAI) with vHPSD‐ablation and to develop an optimized PVAI strategy using this technology.

Methods

PVAI was performed on 41 atrial fibrillation patients using vHPSD‐ablation (90 W/4 s). Lesion parameters were recorded and analyzed to identify predictors of insufficient lesions. An optimized PVAI strategy, based on these predictors, was tested in subsequent 42 patients.

Results

In total, 3099 RF‐applications, including 103(3.3%) insufficient lesions, were analyzed. First‐pass PVAI was achieved in 19/40(47.5%) right PVs and 24/41(58.5%) left PVs. Multivariate analysis identified significant predictors of insufficient lesions: local largest bipolar voltage (Bi‐V), average contact force, baseline impedance, impedance drop, temperature rise, inter‐lesion distance (ILD), and anatomical location (carina or not). An ILD:4‐6 mm increased the risk of insufficient lesions 2.2‐fold, and lesions at the carina increased it 3.6‐fold for both ILD < 4 mm and ILD:4‐6 mm. Local largest Bi‐V was the strongest predictor for insufficient lesions. The optimized PVAI approach, utilizing vHPSD‐ablation with an ILD < 4 mm in non‐carinal areas with Bi‐V < 4 mV, and high‐power ablation‐index guided ablation (HPAI, 50 W, ablation‐index:450–550) in remaining areas, achieved first‐pass PVAI in 92.7% of right PVs and 88.1% of left PVs, using vHPSD‐ablation in approximately 65% of total RF‐applications. The optimized PVAI achieved significantly higher first‐pass PVI rate (p < .0001) with shorter ablation time (p = .04).

Conclusion

Appropriate use of vHPSD and HPAI, based on local largest Bi‐V and anatomical information, may achieve high first‐pass PVAI rates in shorter ablation time with minimal energy delivery.
Medical Lysenkoism
Authors: Baker Steven K.
Published: November 2024

Medicine is a compound field composed of science and art. The (necessary) degree to which the latter is involved opens medicine, in particular, to the introduction of ideas which do not, by their very nature, submit to confirmation or confutation as do the various methods of traditional science. This paper explores several ways in which a Lysenkoistic ideology can be interjected into medicine changing the manner in which it interacts with both patients and society. Simply, when ideology supersedes evidence the edifice of Western Medicine comes under direct threat. The exploration of this emerging ideological transition in medicine, and science more broadly, is of critical importance to determine the most salutary path forward.
Characterisation of a Mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida and the Development of a PCR to Differentiate Atypical and Typical Strains
Authors: Wilson Teresa , Green Mark , Dunn Vivianne , Cummins David , Neave Matthew
Published: November 2024

This study describes the identification and characterisation of a new mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida strain, named HMes1 isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Tasmania. Isolates were identified as Aeromonas salmonicida through phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic characterisation. After characterisation, the diagnostic phenotypic identification system MicroSys A24 was updated and a new multiplex conventional PCR was developed to enable rapid and inexpensive identification of atypical A. salmonicida, and exclusion of the exotic strain, A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida.
Are Boards Sensitive to CEO Masculinity? The Effect of CEO Facial and Vocal Masculinity on CEO Dismissal
Authors: Mount Matthew P. , Sharpe Wen Hua , Lai Karen M. Y. , Gul Ferdinand A.
Published: November 2024

Drawing on evolutionary psychology theorizing, this paper examines how chief executive officer (CEO) facial and vocal masculinity – as evolved biases shaping peoples' perceptions of an individual's leadership ability – influence boards' dismissal decisions. Specifically, we theorize that boards are likely to perceive CEO facial and vocal masculinity as costly to the firm, as they signal aggression, dominance, and risk‐taking – traits that are only valued in the narrow context of conflict. Based on this reasoning, we argue that CEO facial and vocal masculinity will be positively related to CEO dismissal. Further, we develop contingency arguments which suggest that CEO facial and vocal masculinity will interact with analysts' evaluation of firm performance to jointly influence CEO dismissal. We test and find support for our predictions using a panel dataset of CEOs from S&P 1500 firms.
Use of toe systolic blood pressures and toe brachial pressure indices in people receiving dialysis: A scoping review
Authors: Carle Rachel , Tehan Peta E. , Stewart Sarah , Carroll Matthew R.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Current guidelines for noninvasive lower limb vascular testing specify a preference for toe brachial pressure measurement to aid in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease populations with high suspicion of peripheral vessel calcification, such as those with kidney failure with replacement therapy.

Objectives

The aim was to identify the current literature on toe systolic blood pressure and toe brachial pressure index for individuals with kidney failure who are receiving replacement therapy.

Design

A scoping review.

Methods

MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched between July 15 and July 30, 2023. The scoping review followed the Arksey and O'Malley framework, with data reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses extension for scoping reviews.

Results

Sixteen studies were included in the review. There was limited data examining the significance of toe systolic blood pressure and toe brachial pressure index during a dialysis session. There were differences in the normative values for toe brachial pressure index values used in the studies and limited reporting on the measurement protocols used to determine toe systolic blood pressure and toe brachial pressure index.

Conclusion

The review found limited data examining the clinical utility of toe systolic blood pressure and toe brachial pressure index in populations receiving dialysis. The use of toe systolic blood pressure and toe‐brachial index to identify peripheral artery disease in this population is important. However, there is limited evidence and conflicting information on measurement protocols, reliability, diagnostic accuracy, and prognostic capacity.
Carrots and Sticks: Collaboration of Taxation and Subsidies in Contests
Authors: Minchuk Yizhaq , Sela Aner
Published: November 2024

We study all‐pay auctions under incomplete information in which the designer can impose taxes or subsidies, and his expected payoff is the contestants' expected total effort minus the cost of subsidies, or, alternatively, plus the tax payment. When contestants have linear effort cost functions, we show that taxing the winner's payoff is profitable for the contest designer, and particularly more profitable than the same model with no taxation or the same model with contestants' effort taxation. When the contestants' effort cost functions are convex and the taxation rate is relatively low, we show that the designer should tax the winner's payoff while subsidizing all of the other contestants' effort costs. As a result, contest organizers should think about combining taxation and subsidies in their contests because they complement rather than substitute each other.
Updated Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Hepatitis B—World Health Organization 2024 Compared With China 2022 HBV Guidelines
Authors: Wong Grace Lai‐Hung
Published: November 2024

The year 2024 is the year of new clinical practice and management guidelines for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. World Health Organization (WHO) published the updated HBV guidelines in March 2024. In contrast, two key international societies for liver diseases, including the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), are currently in the process of updating their clinical practice guidelines for HBV. In 2022, China published their HBV guidelines, regarded as one of the most uncompromising ones as the threshold to start antiviral treatment is set at detectable HBV DNA above 10–20 IU/mL. In this chapter, the latest developments in the HBV guidelines with a specific focus on the Chinese & WHO guidelines are discussed. Specifically, the pros and cons of lowering treatment thresholds and the benefits of treating more people to avoid the complications of chronic hepatitis B, specifically HCC, are reviewed.
Peer Interaction Dynamics and Second Language Learning Trajectories During Study Abroad: A Longitudinal Investigation Using Dynamic Computational Social Network Analysis
Authors: Paradowski Michał B. , Whitby Nicole , Czuba Michał , Bródka Piotr
Published: November 2024

Using computational Social Network Analysis (SNA), this longitudinal study investigates the development of the interaction network and its influence on the second language (L2) gains of a complete cohort of 41 U.S. sojourners enrolled in a 3‐month intensive study‐abroad Arabic program in Jordan. Unlike extant research, our study focuses on students’ interactions with alma mater classmates, reconstructing their complete network, tracing the impact of individual students’ positions in the social graph using centrality metrics, and incorporating a developmental perspective with three measurement points. Objective proficiency gains were influenced by predeparture proficiency (negatively), multilingualism, perceived integration of the peer learner group (negatively), and the number of fellow learners speaking to the student. Analyses reveal relatively stable same‐gender cliques, but with changes in the patterns and strength of interaction. We also discuss interesting divergent trajectories of centrality metrics, L2 use, and progress; predictors of self‐perceived progress across skills; and the interplay of context and gender.
Canned complementary porridges for infants and young children (6–23 months) based on African indigenous crops; nutritional content, consistency, sensory, and affordability compared to traditional porridges based on maize and finger millet
Authors: Løvdal Trond , Skaret Josefine , Drobac Gorana , Okole Blessed , Sone Izumi , Rosa‐Sibakov Natalia , Varela Paula
Published: November 2024

Child malnutrition is a major health problem in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Complementary foods made from African indigenous and locally available raw materials are often low in protein and nutrients. It is, therefore, important to supply complementary foods that are nutritious and affordable, and with an acceptable consistency and taste. The objective of this study was to develop, on a pilot scale, food‐to‐food fortified, convenient, canned complementary porridges based on blends of African indigenous crops, i.e., orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) flour, and leguminous (i.e., cowpea, and Bambara groundnut) and cereal flours (i.e., teff, finger millet, maize, and amaranth), and milk powder. Plant‐based, African complementary foods are often lacking in vitamin A, zinc, iron, and energy. Porridge with OFSP on a 32% dry weight (dw) basis achieved recommended levels of vitamin A (530 µg per 100 g dw). Satisfactory energy (431 Kcal per 100 g dw) was obtained by supplementation of vegetable oil. A nutritious, low‐cost porridge (costing 0.15 € per 100 g can) that fulfills consistency constraints was obtained by including supplements of zinc and iron salts as ingredients. The solids content and thus protein/energy could be significantly increased using protein fractionated or germinated cowpea flours without compromising on viscosity. The sensory profile was characterised by more intense vegetable, leguminous, and malty flavours as compared to traditional reference porridges.
Quantification of persistent organic pollutants in breastmilk and estimated infant intake, Norway
Authors: Nermo Kristina R. , Lyche Jan L. , Haddad‐Weiser Gabrielle , Aarsland Tonje E. , Kaldenbach Siri , Solvik Beate , Polder Anuschka , Strand Tor A. , Bakken Kjersti S.
Published: November 2024

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are environmental contaminants that can accumulate in human tissues and pose potential health risks. Despite global efforts to reduce their prevalence, follow‐up studies are needed to see if the measures are successful. Since most infants in Norway are breastfed for the first 6 months of life, monitoring POP contamination in breastmilk is important for children's health and development. This study aims to evaluate the current levels of various POPs in women's breastmilk in Innlandet County, Norway. A cross‐sectional study was conducted measuring concentrations of 35 different POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (ChlDs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), Mirex, and brominated flame retardants in 120 breastmilk samples. The study analysed the impact of maternal age, parity, pre‐pregnancy BMI, and infant age on POPs levels and compared the estimated daily intake per body weight of infants to existing health guidelines. The detected percentages for PCBs were 100%, for DDTs 98.3%, and for ChlDs 98.3%. The highest median concentration was found for ΣPCBs (26.9 ng/g lw). Maternal age, parity, and infant age were significant determinants of POP concentrations. Most infants exceeded the health‐based guidance values for ΣPCB, and 6.4% percent did so for ΣHCHs. Despite lower POPs concentrations in breastmilk than in earlier studies, many breastfed infants are still exposed to levels exceeding health‐based guidance values. Although the study's design had limitations, the study provides updated population‐based data on POPs in breastmilk. Continued monitoring and research are necessary to understand and mitigate potential health risks associated with POPs.
Hemoglobin level and common mental disorder among school adolescent girls in Central Ethiopia: Structural Equation Model
Authors: Kedir Shemsu , Abate Kalkidan Hassen , Mohammed Bekri , Mosa Behre Dari , Wabe Yasin Awol , Reshid Kalid Sherefa , Petros Legese , Jemal Musa , Ademe Beyene Wondafrash
Published: November 2024

The prevalence of common mental disorder (CMD) and anemia is observed to be on the rise over time, adversely affecting the health and overall quality of life among adolescents. Extensive literature corroborates the significant impact of anemia on cognitive development, intelligence and developmental milestones. Nevertheless, the linkage between hemoglobin level and CMD emerging during adolescence remains relatively unexplored. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the association between hemoglobin level and CMD as well as the mediating factor among school adolescent girls residing in Central Ethiopia. A cross‐sectional study design was conducted among adolescent girls attending schools in Silti Woreda, Central Ethiopia, comprising a total sample size of 516 individuals during the period from October 2–20, 2023. Hemoglobin level was adjusted for altitude, while CMD was evaluated utilising the summation score of a 20‐item Self‐Reporting Questionnaire. Data were analysed through fitting Structural Equation Model and the maximum likelihood estimation method. Goodness of fit was assessed using the χ2The ‐test statistic, Comparative Fit Index, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Standardised Root Mean Square Residual, Non‐Normed Fit Index, Pclose and coefficient of determination (R2). The prevalence of CMD was 22.3% (95% CI: 18.6%–25.8%). Hemoglobin level (UTE = −0.73, CI: −0.93, −0.53) and experience of morbidity symptoms (UTE = 1.05; CI: 0.74, 1.38) were significantly associated with CMD. Furthermore, hemoglobin level is significantly influenced by morbidity frequency symptoms (UDE = −0.63, CI = −0.77, −0.49) and animal source food (ASF) (UDE = 0.09, CI = 0.01, 0.17). Hemoglobin level has been identified as a significant mediator of the experience of morbidity symptoms and ASF on CMD. However, household food insecurity and wealth index had no significant association with CMD. A significant proportion of adolescent girls face CMD, often linked to a lower hemoglobin level. Having a significant association with CMD, the hemoglobin level is found to mediate a significant effect of morbidity symptom experience and ASF on CMD. Hence, addressing early infection prevention, promoting ASF and treating anemia are promptly needed.
“Poison may lurk at the bottom”: The ruin of Jacob Vaark and paradise already lost in Toni Morrison's A Mercy
Authors: Hillier Russell M.
Published: November 2024

The essay advances a sustained close reading of perhaps the most complete representation of a white male character in Toni Morrison's oeuvre, Jacob Vaark, the Anglo‐Dutch settler portrayed in her ninth novel, A Mercy (2008). Interpretations that comprehend Vaark's conduct as illustrating a fall from grace, whether that falling off is construed as rapid or gradual, overlook the various textual clues that Vaark's ethical standards have eroded even before he steps into the narrative and is confronted with material temptations. Vaark is a man already selfish, covetous, lascivious, hypocritical, and unexpectedly and chillingly indifferent to the misery of others. Hilary Mantel has complained of Morrison's portrait of Vaark that, “Having created him carefully, Morrison sweeps him out of the story”; rather, Morrison's novel provides the reader with a forceful, disturbing, and resonant figure who casts a long shadow over the other characters throughout the narrative. Through Vaark's corruption, Morrison unmasks an American project that is neither experimental nor instinct with promise or possibility, but tainted ab ovo and vitiated from before the beginning.
HyProCure for Flatfoot Deformity: A Clinical Characteristics Analysis in China
Authors: Fu Shaoling , Wu Chenglin , Wang Cheng , Wang Jiazheng , Shi Zhongmin
Published: November 2024

Background

Flatfoot is a common foot disorder involving progressive foot deformity of the three‐dimensional structures of the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. Currently, Chinese surgeons and patients favor subtalar arthroereisis (SA) due to its minimally invasive and low‐damage characteristics. HyProCure device is widely used. However, there is limited analysis of large sample sizes. This study utilized statistical evaluation with a large sample size to analyze clinical characteristics trends of SA for flatfoot, including baseline indicators, selection of HyProCure size and surgical strategy, complications, and implant removal. This study will enhance the understanding of SA in China.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 732 patients (1008 ft) who underwent SA from June 2015 to June 2023, with 509 pediatric and adolescent patients (772 ft) and 223 adult patients (236 ft). Based on the patient's age, patients aged ≤ 18 were included in the children and adolescent group, while adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) patients aged > 18 were included in the adult group. General data was collected, including patient sex, age, side, body mass index (BMI), surgery date, HyproCure size, and surgical data, and trends were analyzed. Postoperative complications and HyProCure removal were collected as outcome measures during follow‐up.

Results

The age of patients treated with SA was gradually getting younger, with male patients predominating, mainly concentrated in the 11–14 age group. HyProCure 7 has the highest usage rate. In the children and adolescent group, 288 ft (37.31%) only underwent SA. In the adult group, 18 ft (7.63%) only underwent SA. Complications include sinus tarsi pain, peroneal spasms, achilles tendon tension, and muscle strength decline. The complication rate in the children and adolescent group was 5.05%, while in the adult group it was 28.81%. Overall, it was 10.62%. The removal rate of HyProCure in the children and adolescent group is 1.04%, in the adult group is 15.25%, and overall is 4.37%.

Conclusions

The trend in flatfoot treated with SA was towards children and adolescent male patients, and sinus tarsi pain was the most common complication after SA. The complication rate and removal rate in the children and adolescent group were lower than those in the adult group. HyProCure can be removed without additional adverse effects.