bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic Fiber-Formation Research
Authors: Spain R.G. , Picklesimer L.G.
Published: March 2007

Fibers have been prepared and characterized from high-temperature capability poly mers which include the poly (benzimidazoles), poly (oxadiazoles), poly (thiadiazoles), poly (triazoles), and poly (thiazoles).

The poly (benzimidazoles) and poly (thiazoles) are formed by condensation reactions and are spun directly to fibers. The poly(triazoles), poly (oxadiazoles), and poly- (thiadiazoles) are all obtained by cyclization reactions of precursor polyhydrazides.

Poly( m,p-phenylene)-4-phenyltriazole was obtained from poly( m,p-phenylene) hydra zide by cyclodchydration with polyphosphoric acid, in the presence of aniline, and was spun from formic acid.

Due to the insolubility of the oxadiazoles and thiadiazoles, they were spun as the precursor polyhydrazide and poly(oxathiahydrazide), respectively, followed by thermal conversion to the final form.

The effect of spinning parameters on the properties of the fibers has also been investigated. Particular emphasis was directed toward the evaluation of fibers at elevated temperatures.
Photochemical Deterioration of Flame-Retarded Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Day M. , Wiles D.M.
Published: March 2007

A series of fla me-retared poly ester fabrics were irradiated in a xenon-arc Weather-Ometer and the changesa in limiting oxygen index, tensile properties, and degree of yellowing were measured. The role of the elemental flame retardants bromine and phosphorus in these photochemical degradation processes was evaluated. The principal problems arising from the photochemical deterioration processes appear to be the discoloration reactions which occur and the loss of tensile strength, especially when bromine is present in the fabric as a flame retardant. In comparison to the loss in physical properties, the increase in the ignitability of the fabrics on irradiation is relatively insignificant. to the loss in
Implications of Monosaccharides in Sticky-Cotton Processing
Authors: Roberts C.W. , Cheung P.S.R. , Perkins H.H.
Published: March 2007

The gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the water-surfactant soluble components and or natural contaminants on cotton fibers was refined and made quantitative by use of an internal standard. The effects of fiber maturity and growing and harvesting conditions on the distribution of monosaccharides support the concept that "stickiness" is directly related to reducing-sugar concentration. Field weathering and accompany ing bacterial or fungal attack of cotton were related to lower malic acid content and presence of significant amounts of arabitol and mannitol. The presence of arabitol and mannitol is apparently directly related to microbiological activity and may be of diagnostic value in detecting damaged cot tons.
Chromic Acid Etching of Polypropylene Filaments
Authors: Garton A. , Carlsson D.J. , Whes D.M.
Published: March 2007

Chromic acid etching is shown to effectively remove successive layers of polypropylene filaments and render the interior morphology accessible to electron microscopic examination. Using this technique a range of as spun, hot-drawn, and deformed filaments has been examined. Current theories of semicrystalline polymer morphology have usually been derived from observations on carefully prepared thin films or single crystals. The morphological detail exposed by etching confirms the existence of similar structures in the textile filaments examined. The factor limiting the efficiency of the etch process appears to be the ease of penetration of the etchant into the filament. When the structure is opened up by fibrillation or voiding, the rate of etching increases dramatically. Little difference is observed in etch rates for unvoided samples, between unaligned and highly-oriented structures.
The Effect of Phenylbenzotriazole Derivatives on the Photoyellowing of Wool
Authors: Waters Peter J. , Evans Neil A.
Published: March 2007

The effects of a range of water-soluble 2 arylbenzotriazoles on the photoyellowing rate of bleached wool have been investigated. Variation in substitution pattern in the 2 aryl ring yielded vastly different effects. Some retardation of photoyellowing is observed with derivatives containing a hydroxyl group ortho to the benzotriazole ring, whereas the rate is accelerated by derivatives devoid of such a suhstituent or with an amino group in this position.
Translation of Strength from Single Yarn to Two-Fold Yarn and from Multiple Strands to Fabric with Polyester, Cotton, and Polyester/Cotton Blends
Authors: Ravindranathan A.V. , Balasubramaman N.
Published: March 2007

Factors affecting translation of strength from single yarn to doubled yarn and from multiple strand to fabric have been investigated with polyester, cotton, and polyester/cotton blends. The effect of intimacy of mixing and blend variation on these aspects was also investigated by comparing blends made at drawframe and ringframe.

The variability in strength and elongation is more marked with blends than in cotton, and hence the strength reduction with increase of specimen length and the losses from single strand to multiple strand are more prominent with the former. At the same time, strength improvements from doubling and from fabric assistance due to interiacement of threads are more pronounced in such material than in cotton. Between the two blends, the drawframe blend is superior to the ring frame blend in the single-yarn stage. After doubling, the difference in strength diminishes and even vanishes at the short specimen length. Once again, the drawframe blend is found to be superior to the ringframe blend in the multiple strand test, but the difference vanishes after the material is woven into a fabric.

The inferior strength in the ringframe blend in the single-yarn and multiple strand arises because of higher variability in this material, but this deficiency is made up by doubling and interlacement of threads, and as a result the ringframe blend becomes comparable to the drawframe blend in the doubled-yarn and fabric stage.
Micro Determination of a Low Degree of Stearoyl Substitution in Partially-Stearoylated Cotton Fabric
Authors: Schwartz Daniel , Silbert Leonard , Serota Samuel
Published: March 2007

A rapid, direct, sensitive method of analysis of cellulose esters of long-chain fatty acids has been developed. The method consists of saponification with propanolic potassium hydroxide, neutralization by passage through a microcolumn contain ing an acid-coated solid support, and glc analysis of the liberated fatty acids. The method affords determination of the stearic constituent as low as one mg stearoyl group per gram of cloth.
Electron Beam-Induced Graft Polymerization of an Oligomeric Vinyl Phosphonate on Wool
Authors: Needles Howard L.
Published: March 2007

Electron beam-induced graft polymerization of the oligomeric vinyl phosphonate, Fyrol 76, and/or comonomers on wool substrate was studied using 0.5 to 10 Mrad irradiation doses. Polymerization was retarded by the presence of oxygen and moisture, and in all experiments the rate of polymerization slowed above 2 Mrad dose. Increasing concen trations of Fyrol and hydrogen donors on the wool minimized the effect of oxygen on polymerization. Comonomers had little effect on grafting of Fyrol but did decrease the degree of flame retardancy achieved compared to grafting of Fyrol alone. Wool with uptakes of greater than 5% polymerized Fyrol exhibited improved flame-retardant properties without significant loss in physical and esthetic properties.
Real-Time Fault Detection on Textiles Using Opto-electronic Processing
Authors: Ribolzi S. , Mercklé J. , Gresser J. , Exbrayat P.E.
Published: March 2007

This work is concerned with the study of an automatic fault detection system for textiles. Opto-electronic data processing makes it possible to detect and characterize faults. The method is based on textile surface analysis by Fourier transform. In the first phase of this project, we present a theoretical study of the principles of optical fault detection. Modeling of a textile sample makes it possible to examine the influence of several parameters in the diffraction spectrum when faults appear. In the second phase, an experimental analysis of this diffraction spectrum by means of a photovoltaic cell matrix presents the parameters that distinguish the normal situation (i.e., when there are no faults) from the degraded situation (when there are defects). These pa rameters are exploited by an analog data processing unit in order to perform real-time fault detection and localization. This system also makes it possible to evaluate the number of yarns per unit length and is an original method for measuring the diameter of yarns in real time as well. From the results, a set of specifications has been established in order to build a dedicated sensor. Experiments on different textiles using a prototype of this sensor running on a cloth inspecting table reveal the efficiency of the detection process.
Cotton Nonwovens as Oil Spill Cleanup Sorbents
Authors: Choi Hyung-Min , Kwon Hyo-Jung , Moreau Jerry P.
Published: March 2007

We examined partial or complete replacement of synthetic sorbents by cotton- containing nonwovens for use in oil spill cleanup. The results indicate that with light crude oil, oil sorption capacities of the needlepunched cotton-containing sorbents were slightly greater than those of sorbents made from 100% polypropylene fibers. If necessary, a small portion of polypropylene fiber could be incorporated into nonwovens to increase mechanical strength properties and to maintain fabric integrity. The cotton- containing sorbents were reusable after a simple mechanical compression to remove oil. They also floated in an artificial seawater bath for a long period of time. We found that oil sorption of cotton fiber was controlled by adsorption on the fiber surface and capillary action through its lumen. Contrarily, the main mechanism for polypropylene was through capillary bridges between fibers. Detailed evaluation using an environ mental scanning electron microscope confirmed this mechanism. Individual bundles of both cotton and polypropylene fibers sorbed more oil than did the needlepunched nonwoven fabrics prepared from the respective fibers. In addition, sorption decreased as needling density increased. This study provides preliminary data for investigating other cotton nonwoven constructions with improved oil sorption properties.
A Critical Evaluation of the Relationships Between Arealometer Instrument Values and Cotton Fiber Perimeter
Authors: Montalvo Joseph G. , Vinyard Bryan T.
Published: March 2007

Arealometer instrument values are computer simulated to study the error in the calculated fiber perimeter P due to instrumental errors. (This airflow device senses the fiber's specific surface at two different specimen compressions; P and wall thickness t are computed from the readings.) Systematic changes over time in instrument values from designated true values are classified into thirteen nontrivial combinations. Each combination results in different P values and, consequently, a unique drift or error in P. Simulations of 50,000 Arealometer observations using actual standard deviation data from a control cotton are also run. These simulations show that random variations in instrument values over time are, in effect, an unordered sequence of the nontrivial combinations. Also, a mean taken from only two to six Arealometer observations— the accepted practice—does not adequately characterize a cotton sample. Fundamental relationships are probed with partial and total derivatives of Arealometer functions. There is more variability in the calculated P than in the t value. The total differential dP accurately measures the error in P, given the error in the instrument values.
Dyeing Properties of Wool Treated with Low-Temperature Plasma Under Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Wakida Tomiji , Tokino Seiji , Shouhua Niu  , Lee Muncheul , Uchiyama Hiroshi , Kaneko Masami
Published: March 2007

Merino wool top was treated with low-temperature plasmas of helium/ argon and acetone/argon under atmospheric pressure for 30 seconds and then dyed with two leveling-type acid dyes, CI acid orange 7 and CI acid red 18, and two milling-type acid dyes, CI acid blue 113 and CI acid blue 83. Dyeing rate and saturation dye exhaustion increased with the atmospheric low-temperature plasma treatments as with the dyeing of wools pretreated with low-temperature plasma by glow discharge of O2 and CF4. In particular, helium/ argon plasma was much more effective than acetone / argon plasma at improving dyeing properties, except for CI acid blue 113.
Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Fibers: Effect of Flash Heating on Endotoxin Content, Fiber Physical Properties, and Processability
Authors: Rousselle Marie-Alice , Domelsmith Linda N.
Published: March 2007

Raw cotton fiber was heated by three processes ( metal plates, forced draft laboratory oven, and gas-fired pilot plant dryer) to compare their effect on endotoxin content of the fiber. To achieve about 90% reduction in endotoxin content, it was necessary to treat the cotton between the metal plates for 120 seconds at 215°C (419°F), in the forced draft oven for 60 seconds at 250°C (482°F), or in the pilot plant dryer for 15- 20 seconds at 250°-255°C (500°F). Fabric could be knit from heated cotton despite reductions in fiber bundle tenacity and elongation and yarn tenacity caused by the heat treatment. Heat-induced discoloration could be eliminated by a desize / scour / bleach treatment of fabric knit from heated cotton.
Purchase Situation Modeling
Authors: Bell Russell A. , Morey Richard C.
Published: March 2007

This article develops and demonstrates a model to examine the trade-offs that corporate travel managers make when evaluating hotel properties for inclusion in their corporation's approved hotel directory. Results indicate that these travel managers are willing to pay increased room rates to obtain certain additional features for their travelers. These find ings provide guidance for hotel marketing strategists and for travel managers who are developing their own hotel selection programs.
Migration and Islamic reform in a port town of western India
Authors: Simpson Edward
Published: March 2007

This article explores some of the social consequences of migration for a port town in western India. The town has a long history of immigration and emigration, and in the first part of this article it is suggested that the origins of migrants arriving in the town in ancient times have formed the basis for ordering social hierarchy among local Muslims. In modern times the town's fleet takes a large number of men overseas each year to the ports of the Gulf. The second part of the article is concerned with looking at the ways in which the fruits of such migrations are integrated into local society when the ships return during the monsoon. Exchanges of gifts, ideas, and social and religious practices are described as ways of articulating a profound conflict between the ancient immigrants and the new returning emigrants. While this conflict is most obviously between rival versions of Islamic orthodoxy, I argue that such orthodoxies are primarily expressions of the types of migration, travel and economy that form and sustain them.
Caste panchayats and the policing of marriage in Haryana: Enforcing kinship and territorial exogamy
Authors: Chowdhry Prem
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the phenomenon of bitterly contested marriages in Haryana which breach the principles of village and clan exogamy, and analyses the issues thrown up by such marriages. Based on recent case studies, it examines the social factors operating behind the intervention of the caste panchayat—an extra-judicial body—and the success and limitations of this intervention in resolving such issues. The analysis highlights fluctuations in the status of different clans, and the contemporary multi-directional pulls within a caste, with different groups either claiming a higher or equal status, or attempting to maintain their status against challenges and erosions effected by other clan groups within the caste fold. The issue of contentious marriages reflects the degree of internal strife, conflict and cleavage in contemporary rural society in Haryana, underlining the way in which a combination of forces are using traditional tools for traditional as well as modern political purposes.
Trends in Occupational Differentiation by Sex
Authors: Williams Gregory
Published: March 2007

When Gross (1968) employed two measures of occupational differentiation by sex, he found little or no decline in differentiation over the period 1900-1960. However, the type of data he used and the statistical characteristics of his differentiation measures make these findings questionable. A replication using comparable census data produces contrary findings. When comparable occupations are employed and when occupational size is controlled, a modest decline in occupational differentiation by sex is noted over 1900-1960. Serious questions are raised, however, regarding the adequacy of measures of differentiation to analyze occupational differentiation over time.
The Relationship between Perceived Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction among Occupational Status Groups
Authors: Voydanoff Patricia
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the relationship between perceived job characteristics and job satisfaction among a national probability sample of 1,533 workers in five occupational-status groups. Multiple regression analyses determine the relative importance of several perceived job characteristics in relation to job satisfaction among workers in different occupational groups. Self-expression, role strain, and financial rewards-promotion are related to job satisfaction in all occupational groups although their relative importance varies among groups. The results indicate that both intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics contribute to overall job satisfaction.
The Structure-Property Relationship of a New Series of Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Blaich C.F.
Published: March 2007

The effect of variation of prepolymer backbone, curative structure variation, and curative ratios upon the physical char acteristics of cured urethane elastomers was reviewed in depth. These parameters suggest the need for thorough review of the overall system to be used in the design for parts for commercial use.
Radiation Curable Coatings on Plastics
Authors: Labana S.S. , McLaughlin E.O.
Published: March 2007

Variables affecting the properties of electron beam cured acrylic and polyester coatings have been studied. The concentration of double bonds in unsaturated polymer, glass transition temperature of the coating and the choice of vinyl monomers for viscosity adjustment determine the solvent resistance and hardness of the coating. Electron beam cured coatings show excellent adhesion on ABS and untreated polypropylene. That the electron beam curing of paint on automotive plastic components is a suitable industrial process is indicated by recently announced Ford Production facility.
Silane Effects and Machine Processing in Reinforced High Modulus Rim Urethane Composites
Authors: Schwarz E.G. , Critchfield F.E. , Tackett L.P. , Tarin P.M.
Published: March 2007

The demand of fuel economy for reduced motor vehicle weight has led to widespread interest in high modulus reaction injection molded urethane (RIM) for automotive exterior parts as well as for many non-automotive applications. Reinforcing fibers and fillers, combined with the versitility of urethane chemistry, are important parameters for achieving composites with stiffness and toughness while reducing coef ficients of thermal expansion.
Carbon Monoxide Evolution From Elastomers
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Carbon monoxide evolution was determined for a wide variety of solid and cellular elastomers, pyrolyzed at rising temperature from 200 to 800°C and at a fixed temperature of 800°C. The yield of carbon monoxide was influenced by chemi cal composition and heating rate.
Polyurethane Emulsion for Protective Coating of Glass Bottles
Authors: Kawabata Toshihiko , Asai Kiyotsugu , Ich Ryoji
Published: March 2007

A coating system for glass bottles with a poly urethane emulsion has newly been put to practical use, and the feature thereof, a process for the preparation of the polyurethane emulsion and the gist of bottle coating process will hereinafter be reported. This system made it possible to produce a returnable coated bottle with an excellent appearance and durability.
Fire Resistance of Polystyrenes and a Post Fabrication Crosslinking Method
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Salyer Ival O.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the comparative fire resistance of amorphous, crystalline, and crosslinked polystyrenes. The lat ter was found to be the slowest in burning rate and does not drip flaming residue while burning. We suggest that the advantages of these characteristics of crosslinked polystyrenes should be studied further.

One method used to crosslink polystyrene was through grafting with vinyltriethoxysilane. After the material had been fabricated as a thermoplastic into final form, it was crosslinked by treatment with hot water or steam. In addition to reducing the property to drip while burning, the post-crosslinking process also enhanced thermal form stability at elevated temperature. Other styrenic polymers such as ABS and high-impact polystyrene might be im proved in the same way.
Enhanced Toughness Through Urethane Thickened Smc
Authors: Hurst Antony T. , Smith Stewart A. , Reitz James A.
Published: March 2007

Glass content, in all modes of stress application, is the most powerful of factors in the improvement of all aspects of SMC behavior. Proper selection of resin/glass-type combinations for maximum compatibil ity is a major formulation concern. The improvements due to thickening by in-situ formed urethane of ITP resins are demonstrated.
Rim Catalysis and Coating Interaction
Authors: Galla E.A. , Mascioli R.L. , Bechara I.S.
Published: March 2007

Use of urethane RIM has grown to where more than onethird of cars produced in the United States have RIM front or rear fascias. DABCO catalyst has played an important role in the growth of RIM and will continue to do so in the future because of its unique advantages. Improved flowability, reduction in air entrapment, and proper green strength to allow parts to be demolded with the flash still intact and without part tearing or deformation are all key factors which contribute to efficient processability. DABCO catalyst and tin co-catalyzed RIM parts with DABCO levels as high as 0.5 php (100% active) are being produced today and are successfully coated with commercially available high solids coatings (e.g., Durethane 300) color plus clear, and water based coatings.

With PPG's experimental High Solids Durethane Elastomeric Enamel, (higher solids level than Durethane 300) DABCO catalyst can be used in urethane formulations at up to .15 php (100% active) without any adverse effects on the coating. Additional reactive amine catalysts, such as DABCO T, can be added at levels of 0.5 php and greater as a co-catalyst with DABCO catalyst and tin, again without adverse effects on the High Solids coating. RIM parts catalyzed with DABCO catalyst levels greater than 0.15 php were successfully coated in our studies by either subjecting the part to a high temperature water rinse after the normal washing cycle (effective up to 0.3 php DABCO catalyst) or by adding a small amount of add to the primer. For processors who desire DABCO levels up to 1.0 php, RIM parts can be successfully coated with the experimental higher solids coating by the addi tion of an additive to the RIM formulation. The additive was mixed into the reactants which did not interfere with rates of reaction or demold times of the finished part. During the post cure heat cycle the additive reacts with the amine thereby preventing the amine from interfering with the acid catalysis of the paint curing cycle.
The Effect of Monohydroxy Polyether Polyols On the Processing, Reactivity, and Physical Properties Performance of Flexible Slabstock Foam Systems
Authors: Arceneaux J.H. , Van Den Engh M.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on work which shows that as the level of monohydroxy polyether polyol was increased from 0.01 to 0.09 meq/gram, foam physical properties are not adversely affected. At levels of monohydroxy polyether polyol greater than 0.09 meq/gram, the loadbearing values show a significant downward trend.
Roofing Technology: Development and Transfer To Developing Nations
Authors: Usmani A.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes composition and process ing of several building (specifically roofing) materials that utilize major percentages of bagasse filler. The products that we developed are: Bagasse-Phenolic (BP), Bagasse-Rubber (BR), Bagasse-Thermoplastics (BT), Oriented Bagasse- Phenolic (OP), Random Bagasse-Phenolic (RP), Bagasse- In-Situ Generated Resin (BI), and Clay-Phenolic (CP). These products were specifically developed for the developing na tions of the world but can be economically manufactured in the developed countries.
Structural Material Selection for the General Motors' Experimental Truck Cab
Authors: Reitz James A. , Howatineck Fred J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the utility of SMC in structural grade applications, more particularly, in GM truck cabs. The material chosen by GM was fiber glass reinforced, calcium carbonate filled commercially available SMC resin. Field tests to date on completely assembled truck cabs have been favorable. Based on the observed property retention of the resin with respect to temperature variation and cyclic loading, as well as resistance to stress crazing, the establish ment of structural grade SMC as a thoroughly effective substitute for metals is fully expected when all testing is com pleted.
Thermoplastic Elastomers — Overview and Trends
Authors: Walker Benjamin M.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the current general business slump, TPEs have continued to maintain a healthy rate of growth. Their increasing volume has been due to inroads in existing application areas heretofore served by more expen sive materials, and to new applications made possible by uni que combinations of properties not attainable with previous materials.
The Influence of the Molecular Weight of Polycarbonate on Chemical Compatibility
Authors: Licata Mark , Glogovsy Todd , Donatelli Tom
Published: March 2007

These experiments resulted from a program to reduce variability in compatibility testing of polycarbonate. This variability must be reduced to improve the level of confidence in compatibility data on which OEM's depend for application development. Our data show the chemical resistance of poly carbonate is dependent on the:
Mold Filling of Long-Fiber Reinforced RIM Materials
Authors: Begemann M. , Menges G. , Michaeli W.
Published: March 2007

Part production with reactive matrix materials and long-fibre reinforcement is known up to now for processes like long-fibre winding, tape- laying and laminates (GRP, CRP). Working with polymeric matrix materials is known in the area of glass-mat reinforced thermoplastics (GMT). The disadvan tage of the first named technologies are their long cycle times for part produc tion. The other process deals with problems like impregnation, high pressures for pressing and forming of the sheet and high temperatures to melt the ther moplastic material as a consequence of the high melt viscosity.
Preparation of Specialty Elastomers by Continuous Reaction in a Cavity Transfer Mixer
Authors: Scott K.W. , Wall R.R. , Willoughby B.G.
Published: March 2007

The application of post-polymerisation modification provides op portunities to change the performance profile of established polymers and thus generate new types of specialty product. Such operations are typically carried out in a batch; however, there is increasing interest in the possibilities and flex ibility of an operation that may be offered by reactive processing. Such flexibil ity includes continuous production and just-in-time technologies; this paper reports on trials with the cavity transfer mixer (CTM) as a polymer modifica tion reactor.

The paper considers the basic design of the CTM and its potential advantages as a reactor; it describes an experimental arrangement for practical trials. This arrangement employs an extruder and a plunger pump both feeding an inde pendently driven 25 mm diameter CTM. The operation of this equipment is il lustrated with respect to the manufacture of established polymers and also to the opportunities for producing new types of material. The former case is covered by the maleation of EPR whilst the latter is illustrated by the produc tion of an organometallic rubber, in this example by the derivation of XNBR.

For both these products, brief characterisation details are supplied and aspects of their potential utility are considered.
Comparison of the Dynamic Properties of Solid Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Kogelnik H.-J. , Huang H.H. , Barnes M. , Meichsner R.
Published: March 2007

Standard elastomeric formulations are based on three compo nents :

a) diisocyanates such as TDI, MDI and NDI

b) polyols with an ester, ether, and/or carbonate backbone

c) chain extenders that are reactive glycols or aromatic diamines

Such standard formulations were subjected to dynamic tests to determine their relative load bearing capacities (constant load testing methods were gen erally used). These results could be correlated to a certain extent with rou tinely measured mechanical properties.

The behavior of materials chain extended with aromatic diamines (polyurea urethanes) was somewhat different from the glycol-extended systems. The poly urea urethanes have a high softening temperature, show little thermoplasticity and a relatively high set after testing. Glycol-extended systems showed rela tively little set after deformation, but the softening temperature of such elas tomers are relatively low.

Although the investigated system could be manufactured in a wide hardness range, the optimal dynamic properties were usually found only in a very nar row hardness range. The optimal results were obtained with NDI as diiso cyanate and 1,4-butanediol as extender.
Pyridazine Derivatives as Antioxidants in Natural Rubber
Authors: Ismail M.N. , Younan A.F. , Yehia A.A.
Published: March 2007

Two pyridazine derivatives were prepared by the reaction of ani line and β-napthylamine with 3,6-dichloropyridazine. The prepared compounds were evaluated as antioxidants in natural rubber mixes. The rheometric char acteristics of the compounded rubber and the physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizates were determined.

It was found that the cure rate index, tensile strength, and modulus increase while the equilibrium swelling decreases; i.e., these compounds behave as secondary accelerators.

The rubber vulcanizates were subjected to thermal oxidative ageing at 90 ° C for time periods up to seven days. It has been found that pyridazine derivatives can protect natural rubber vulcanizates against oxidative deterioration.
Advances in NDI Elastomer Chemistry
Authors: Prolingheuer E.C. , Barnes J.M. , Kopp R. , Von Seggern E.
Published: March 2007

Since its first commercial use in the early fifties naph thalene-1,5-diisocyanate (NDI) has been used almost exclusively in combina tion with polyadipate diols. The corresponding prepolymers crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol give solid NDI elastomers; crosslinking with water results in microcellular elastomers.

NDI/ester elastomers are known for high performance and long service life in particularly demanding dynamic applications. Although polyadipate soft seg ments are the preferred building blocks to ensure high structural strength of polyurethane elastomers, their sensitivity towards hydrolysis and microbical attack demands the addition of special additives for some applications.

The combination of NDI with alternative polyols, such as polytetramethy leneglycol (PTMEG), hexylene adipate, and ether carbonates alleviates these problems and expands the usage area of NDI elastomers. Of particular interest is a dihexylene carbonate that combines the property advantages of an ester backbone with the hydrolysis resistance of a polyether polyol. In this paper we discuss the results of static and dynamic tests designed to compare the proper ties of NDI elastomers having different soft segment contents.

An interesting approach to the utilization of naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate for low hardness solid elastomers is crosslinking with water. Although these
Secondary Aliphatic Polyether Amines for Polyurea RIM Systems
Authors: Maletzko C. , Becker J. , Schmidt H.U. , Matzke G.
Published: March 2007

The excellent mechanical properties and high productivity of polyurea RIM systems allow for a broad variety of applications in the automo tive industry. Due to their high reactivity, however, these systems can lead to problems concerning the filling of large and complicated molds.

Some years ago BASF/Elastogran introduced new polyurea/amide RIM systems (ELASTOLIT® R 4500 RIM series) based on polyether ketimines, which have reduced reactivity in comparison to polyethers with aliphatic pri mary amino end groups. This paper reports on research work for the new ELASTOLIT® R 4500/IF (Improved Flowability) RIM systems which are based on polyethers with secondary amino end groups. While mechanical properties remain at the level known from the polyurea RIM systems, the flowability and processability are superior even when compared to the polyether ketimine systems.
Dynamic Vulcanization of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer/Nitrile Rubber Alloys: II. Rheology, Morphology and Properties
Authors: Cai F. , Isayev A.I.
Published: March 2007

The rheological, mechanical, morphological characteristics, and aging resistance in hot oil of thermoplastic elastomer based on multi-block thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (CPET)/nitrile rubber (NBR) have been in vestigated. The nitrile rubber is dynamically vulcanized during blending with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer. The etching technique was explored to conduct the SEM studies. The prepared thermoplastic elastomers possess ex cellent mechanical properties and good oil resistance.
Studies on Thermal Degradation Behaviour of EVA/LDPE Blend
Authors: Ray I. , Roy S. , Chaki T.K. , Khastgir D.
Published: March 2007

Degradation of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA; 28% VA content), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and their blends has been studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). Pure EVA and its blends show a two stage decomposition, where the first stage is ascribed to the acetic acid elimination, i.e., the weight loss is proportional to the amount of acetate group present in the system. The second stage of decomposition is due to main chain scission when blends exhibit better thermal stability compared to pure polymers. The activation energy ( Ea) of second stage decomposition is calculated according to Freeman and Carroll's method. The maximum Ea is observed for pure EVA. The experimental Ea values of the blends are much greater than the theoretically calculated values based on the law of additivity. Among different blends maximum thermal stability is observed for the 50:50 EVA/LDPE system. Infrared spectrophotometry has been used to investigate about the possible reason behind the higher thermal stability of the blends compared to pure components. The effect of crosslinking and two different at mospheres, namely nitrogen and air, on thermal degradation have also been studied.
Physico-Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Filled with Egyptian Kaolin
Authors: Helaly F.M. , El-Sawy S.M. , Abdel-Ghaffar M.A.
Published: March 2007

Styrene butadiene rubber formulations utilizing Egyptian Kaolin as a filler, were evaluated against a commercial imported Kaolin sample.
Parole Interviews of Sex Offenders
Authors: RADELET MICHAEL L. , ROBERTS LEIGH M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the role of impression management in parole interviews and the question of how parole boards interpret what they see as managed impressions. Observations were made of 166 male sex offenders in 236 parole interviews, and detailed interviews were conducted with parole board members. The results indicate that although parole board members believe impression management occurs in all parole interviews, the issue of the veracity of the candidates in presenting themselves rarely arises. Instead, the candidate's self-presentation is most often interpreted as a reflection of his self-conception, which may or may not correspond with the board's construction of the candidate's “true” self. Furthermore, rather than routinely dismissing impression management as a deceptive camouflage that obstructs accurate appraisals of the candidate's future behavior, in some cases the board sees the ability to develop competent impression management skills as a positive asset to have in adjusting to the outside community, and therefore actually encourages some candidates to develop their impression management skills further.
“Slinging Weed”
Authors: FIELDS ALLEN B.
Published: March 2007

Much of the information on low-level drug dealers comes from studies conducted during the 1960s focused almost exclusively on young Anglos and university settings. This field study examines the activities and social organization of young males who openly sell marijuana on street corners of a predominantly low income, Black community in northwest California.
Police Accounts of Normal Force
Authors: HUNT JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This research explores how police themselves classify and evaluate acts of force as either legal, normal or excessive. It begins by examining how rookie police learn on the street to use and account for force in a manner that contradicts what they were taught at the academy. It then considers “normal force” and the accounting processes whereby police judge when and how much force is appropriate in specific situations and incidents. It concludes with a discussion of excessive force and peer reactions to those who use it frequently. The study is based on approximately one and one-half years of field work in a major urban police department in the United States.
Reading Matthew 3-4: Jesus—Sage, Seer, Sophia, Son of God
Authors: Wainwright Elaine M.
Published: March 2007

Using a socio-rhetorical method of reading in conjunction with a feminist perspec tive on difference, this article suggests a variety of ways in which different commu nities of reception may have heard and understood Matthew 3-4. Particular atten tion is given to the characterization of Jesus within these chapters, not as isolated individual but as character within a narrative that may have been received from different genre perspectives. As a result, a variety of metaphors may have emerged in the interpretation of the Jesus of the gospel as either explicit in the text or from the narrative construction of character.
Enlightenment, Establishment and the Word
Authors: Houlden J.L.
Published: March 2007

There is cause for concern for the future of New Testament studies, in particular in the UK, in relation to (a) theology as a whole, (b) the churches and (c) the univer sity system in general. A perhaps surprisingly large proportion (some 20%) of the teachers employed in Theology and Religious Studies departments of British uni versities and other comparable publicly funded institutions have New Testament as their subject. No other subject is so big. The situation is not without odd features. The strength of New Testament studies coincides with its almost fastidious with drawal from wider theological or religious connections, yet it is surely these con nections, taking various forms, which largely account for the subject's predomi nance. Equally strange is the recent official endorsement by the Roman Catholic Church of the range of methods now used in biblical studies, both historical and literary, when it coincides with a widespread tendency in many Protestant circles to reject the Enlightenment's legacy of primacy for historical enquiry in favour of revived doctrinal orthodoxy. Indeed some elements in New Testament scholarship have embraced this standpoint, often streamlining the New Testament writings to accord with later doctrinal norms. This movement accords ill with the official reli gious neutrality of university departments, which is accentuated by the tendency to locate them in schools of humanities. At the same time, the links between such departments and the churches have become tenuous, and even the elementary insights of New Testament studies find little currency in church decision-making. There is a need to work for new styles of relationship between New Testament studies and both theology in general and the churches (as a natural constituency), in ways that accept honestly the achievements and valid perspectives of the academic discipline.
The Promise of the'Seed' in the New Testament and the Targumim
Authors: Wilcox Max
Published: March 2007

Certain NT passages link the promises of 'seed' made to Abraham and David and apply them to the Messiah. This step, however, seems to have been taken already in Jewish thought and exegesis. The term 'seed', usually interpreted in the Targumim and Rabbinic sources generally as a collective, meaning 'sons' (and hence, 'sons of Israel'), can also have an 'individual' meaning, e.g., Isaac, Solomon, Seth. The 'seed of Abraham', interpreted midrashically as the 'seed of David' and hence as the Messiah, is seen as foreshadowed in the promise to Eve (Gen. iii. 15; cf. Gen. iv. 25). In Luke- Acts and Paul this promise is 'actualised' in the person of Jesus because of his 'being raised up' in the Resurrection- event.
The Activity of John the Baptist's Expected Figure At the Threshing Floor (Matthew 3.12 = Luke 3.17)
Authors: Webb Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The picture of John the Baptist's expected figure at the threshing floor does not portray winnowing, as often thought. Rather, winnowing has already taken place, and the expected figure is poised to clean the threshing floor by taking the already separated wheat and chaff to their respective ends. Thus, it is not the expected figure whose ministry separates 'wheat' from 'chaff', but rather John's ministry and people's response to it which accomplishes the separation of the 'repentant' from the 'unrepentant'. It is the expected figure who finalizes the separation by taking these two groups to their respective ends, whether blessing or judgment. In this interpretation the ministries of John and the expected figure closely parallel their portrayal in Mt. 3.11 = Lk. 3.16, though there the imagery used is baptism. It also supports interpreting πνεύμα in Mt. 3.11 = Lk. 3.16 as 'spirit' rather than 'wind'.
The Pragmatics of Politeness and Pauline Epistolography: a Case Study of the Letter To Philemon
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: March 2007

Through a case study analysis of Paul's letter to Philemon using the framework of Geoffrey Leech's interpersonal rhetoric, this paper suggests that the techniques of modern linguistic pragmatics—in particular politeness theory-constitute a valuable approach to the Pauline writings by directing attention to the ways in which the relationship between the author and his addressees have affected the linguistic expression of ideas. The paper demonstrates that in Philemon considerations of politeness have significantly affected the way in which Paul makes his request. It is suggested that the analysis of other epistles by this method may pay important dividends for exegesis.
Spirit and Power in Luke-Acts: a Response To Max Turner
Authors: Menzies Robert P.
Published: March 2007

Luke's perspective is shaped by the Jewish conception of the Spirit as the source of prophetic inspiration. Thus, Luke distances the Spirit from direct or exclusive association with miraculous activity outside the realm of inspired speech or special revelation (i.e. miracles of healing, exorcism, feats of strength). Although a few intertestamental texts link the Spirit with miracles of this kind, these texts simply replicate OT traditions. The literature displays a general reluctance to associate the Spirit with miraculous deeds. Luke displays a similar tendency: while he frequently presents the Spirit as the exclusive source of prophetic activity, he never does so with reference to miracles; and whenever a combination of prophetic and miraculous activity is in view, he is unwilling simply to cite πνευμα as the source, but feels compelled to qualify the term with the addition of δυναμις.
Amplification Techniques in 1 John: the Interaction of Rhetorical Style and Invention
Authors: Watson Duane F.
Published: March 2007

This study demonstrates that the repetitive and emphatic nature of 1 John is explained by the author's use of recognized techniques of amplification common to Graeco- Roman rhetoric as a major part of his inventional strategy. Part 1 defines ampli fication and describes specific techniques used in 1 John. Among others, these include strong words, augmentation, comparison, accumulation, expolitio, reflexio, regressio, conduplicatio and distributio. Part 2 explains the author's use of ampli fication in the context of the rhetorical species of the letter. The repetitive and amplified nature of 1 John is an integral part of the author's use of epideictic rhetoric to increase his audience's adherence to the traditional truths of the Johannine Community in the face of secessionist challenges. Amplification clarifies the author's themes and topics, as well as the distinctions between Johannine tradition and its aberrant forms.
Identifying the Faithful Sayings in the Pastoral Epistles
Authors: Campbell R. Alastair
Published: March 2007

It has long been a matter of dispute whether the formula πίστός ό λόγος introduces or follows the words to which it refers, and therefore which sayings are in fact 'faithful'. This article presents form-critical arguments to show that the formula always introduces its saying. In some cases this involves re-identifying the saying itself, and in particular it is argued that 1 Tim. 3.16 is a faithful saying that has been separated from its formula because of the way in which the letter has been composed. In origin the sayings are catechetical maxims formulated by Paul's successors to encapsulate his teaching.
'That We Might Not Crave Evil' the Structure and Argument of 1 Corinthians 10.1-13
Authors: Collier Gary D.
Published: March 2007

The separate studies of Wayne Meeks and Lawrence Wills have brought the form, structure and function of 1 Cor. 10.1-13 to the forefront of interest on this text and provide an excellent base for re-examination. Meeks's view that the pericope is an exposition of Exod. 32.6 is challenged and modified. The pericope is found here to be a midrashic exposition of Num. I 1 in the tradition of Pss. 78 and 106, using Exod. 32.6 as an exegetical device to 'open up' Num. 11. Furthermore, in its context, 10.1-13 is a focused argument against Corinthian wilfulness (craving) to participate in idolatrous practices, even at the expense of others. The pericope functions in context according to its central structure and argument and is not somehow bent unnaturally into service. Even so, it is a tightly argued, self-contained unit, and may have been originally pre-1 Corinthian or even pre-Christian.