bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular mucosal homeostasis of teleost fish provides insight into the coevolution between microbiome and mucosal immunity
Authors: Kong Weiguang , Cheng Gaofeng , Cao Jiafeng , Yu Jiaqian , Wang Xinyou , Xu Zhen
Published: January 2024

Background

The visual organ plays a crucial role in sensing environmental information. However, its mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to selective pressures from aquatic or airborne pathogens and microbial communities. Although few studies have characterized the conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in the ocular mucosa (OM) of birds and mammals, little is known regarding the evolutionary origins and functions of immune defense and microbiota homeostasis of the OM in the early vertebrates.

Results

Our study characterized the structure of the OM microbial ecosystem in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and confirmed for the first time the presence of a diffuse mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in fish OM. Moreover, the microbial communities residing on the ocular mucosal surface contribute to shaping its immune environment. Interestingly, following IHNV infection, we observed robust immune responses, significant tissue damage, and microbial dysbiosis in the trout OM, particularly in the fornix conjunctiva (FC), which is characterized by the increase of pathobionts and a reduction of beneficial taxa in the relative abundance in OM. Critically, we identified a significant correlation between viral-induced immune responses and microbiome homeostasis in the OM, underscoring its key role in mucosal immunity and microbiota homeostasis.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that immune defense and microbiota homeostasis in OM occurred concurrently in early vertebrate species, shedding light on the coevolution between microbiota and mucosal immunity.
Gct-TTE: graph convolutional transformer for travel time estimation
Authors: Mashurov Vladimir , Chopuryan Vaagn , Porvatov Vadim , Ivanov Arseny , Semenova Natalia
Published: January 2024

This paper introduces a new transformer-based model for the problem of travel time estimation. The key feature of the proposed GCT-TTE architecture is the utilization of different data modalities capturing different properties of an input path. Along with the extensive study regarding the model configuration, we implemented and evaluated a sufficient number of actual baselines for path-aware and path-blind settings. The conducted computational experiments have confirmed the viability of our pipeline, which outperformed state-of-the-art models on both considered datasets. Additionally, GCT-TTE was deployed as a web service accessible for further experiments with user-defined routes.
Peak Week Carbohydrate Manipulation Practices in Physique Athletes: A Narrative Review
Authors: Homer Kai A. , Cross Matt R. , Helms Eric R.
Published: January 2024

Background

Physique athletes are ranked by a panel of judges against the judging criteria of the corresponding division. To enhance on-stage presentation and performance, competitors in certain categories (i.e. bodybuilding and classic physique) achieve extreme muscle size and definition aided by implementing acute “peaking protocols” in the days before competition. Such practices can involve manipulating nutrition and training variables to increase intramuscular glycogen and water while minimising the thickness of the subcutaneous layer. Carbohydrate manipulation is a prevalent strategy utilised to plausibly induce muscle glycogen supercompensation and subsequently increase muscle size. The relationship between carbohydrate intake and muscle glycogen saturation was first examined in endurance event performance and similar strategies have been adopted by physique athletes despite the distinct physiological dissimilarities and aims between the sports.

Objectives

The aim of this narrative review is to (1) critically examine and appraise the existing scientific literature relating to carbohydrate manipulation practices in physique athletes prior to competition; (2) identify research gaps and provide direction for future studies; and (3) provide broad practical applications based on the findings and physiological reasoning for coaches and competitors.

Findings

The findings of this review indicate that carbohydrate manipulation practices are prevalent amongst physique athletes despite a paucity of experimental evidence demonstrating the efficacy of such strategies on physique performance. Competitors have also been observed to manipulate water and electrolytes in conjunction with carbohydrate predicated on speculative physiological mechanisms which may be detrimental for performance.

Conclusions

Further experimental evidence which closely replicates the nutritional and training practices of physique athletes during peak week is required to make conclusions on the efficacy of carbohydrate manipulation strategies. Quasi-experimental designs may be a feasible alternative to randomised controlled trials to examine such strategies due to the difficulty in recruiting the population of interest. Finally, we recommend that coaches and competitors manipulate as few variables as possible, and experiment with different magnitudes of carbohydrate loads in advance of competition if implementing a peaking strategy.
Umbilical outpouchings in Danish piglets and weaners: prevalence and clinical characteristics—a cross-sectional study at herd level
Authors: Hansen Marie-Louise , Jensen Tina Birk , Kristensen Charlotte Sonne , Larsen Inge , Pedersen Ken Steen
Published: January 2024

Background

Umbilical outpouchings (UO) in pigs present a welfare concern because of ulceration risk and complications. Danish legislation requires pigs with larger UOs to be housed in sick pens with soft bedding, and some UO pigs might not be suited for transport. Because of this, many UO pigs are euthanized, adding to the costs of pig production. The true prevalence of UO is unknown as no scientific reports with randomly sampled herds exist. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of UO in Danish piglets and weaners and describe their clinical characteristics: size, texture, reducibility, and occurrence of ulcers. Lastly, risk factors for the occurrence of ulcers on UOs were investigated.

Results

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 Danish conventional herds, with at least 800 weaned pigs and 200 sows. The herds were selected randomly from the Danish Husbandry Register and visited once between September 2020 and May 2021. Piglets were examined during their last week in the farrowing unit, and weaners were examined between weeks three and eight after weaning. The abdominal area was palpated on all pigs, and all irregularities were recorded; the results presented are umbilical outpouchings measuring at least 2 × 2 cm. The within-herd prevalence of piglets with UO averaged 4.2% with a range from 0.8 to 13.6% between herds. The within-herd prevalence of weaners with UO averaged 2.9%, ranging from 1.0 to 5.3% between herds. Approximately 80% of the UOs were classified as small or medium (< 7 cm piglets/ < 11cm weaners). Large outpouchings had significantly higher odds of ulcer occurrence (OR = 9.9, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

UOs are common in Denmark, with a prevalence of 2.9% in weaners and an estimated annual production of 32 million Danish pigs almost a million pigs are affected yearly. Most of these pigs will have a small or medium UO. If the pigs have large UOs the odds of ulcer occurrence increase significantly. Numerous of these pigs are wasted, challenging sustainability and economy. UOs might also affect the welfare of the pigs. More research is therefore needed, especially in the prevention of UOs.
Association between preoperative frailty and surgical Apgar score in abdominal cancer surgery: a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study
Authors: Hirai Sayaka , Ida Mitsuru , Kinugasa Yuki , Kawaguchi Masahiko
Published: January 2024

Introduction

The surgical Apgar score is useful for predicting postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, its applicability in frail patients with minimal hemodynamic variation remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between frailty and surgical Apgar score.

Methods

This secondary analysis included 210 patients ≥ 65 years of age undergoing elective major abdominal surgery for cancer. Frailty was assessed using the Fried Frailty Phenotype Questionnaire and defined as a total score of ≥ 3. The surgical Apgar score (range, 0−10; including mean blood pressure, heart rate, and blood loss volume) was compared between patients with or without frailty using the Mann–Whitney U test. Postoperative severe complications and length of postoperative stay were compared between patients with surgical Apgar scores ≤ 7 and > 7.

Results

Among the included patients, 45 were classified as frail. The median [1st quartile, 3rd quartile] surgical Apgar scores in patients with and without frailty were 7.0 [7.0, 8.0] and 8.0 [7.0, 8.0], respectively (P = 0.03). Patients with surgical Apgar score ≤7 had a higher incidence of serious postoperative complications (P = 0.03) and longer hospital stays (P < 0.001) compared with patients with surgical Apgar score >7.

Conclusion

Frail patients have lower SAS, and patients with lower SAS have higher postoperative complication rates and longer hospital stays in patients who underwent cancer surgery.
Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Alterations in Hepatic FA Profile Associated With MASLD Stage in Patients With Obesity
Authors: Núñez-Sánchez María Ángeles , Martínez-Sánchez María Antonia , Martínez-Montoro José Ignacio , Balaguer-Román Andrés , Murcia-García Elena , Fernández-Ruiz Virginia Esperanza , Ferrer-Gómez Mercedes , Martínez-Cáceres Carlos Manuel , Sledzinski Tomasz , Frutos María Dolores , Hernández-Morante Juan José , Fernández-García José Carlos , Queipo-Ortuño María Isabel , Ruiz-Alcaraz Antonio José , Mika Adriana , Ramos-Molina Bruno
Published: January 2024

Context

Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is characterized by the intracellular lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Excess caloric intake and high-fat diets are considered to significantly contribute to MASLD development.

Objective

To evaluate the hepatic and serum fatty acid (FA) composition in patients with different stages of MASLD, and their relationship with FA dietary intake and MASLD-related risk factors.

Methods

This was a case–control study in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery at a university hospital between January 2020 and December 2021. Participants were distributed in 3 groups: no MASLD (n = 26), steatotic liver disease (n = 33), and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (n = 32). Hepatic and serum FA levels were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nutritional status was evaluated using validated food frequency questionnaires. The hepatic expression of genes involved in FA metabolism was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The hepatic, but not serum, FA profiles were significantly altered in patients with MASLD compared with those without MASLD. No differences were observed in FA intake between the groups. Levels of C16:0, C18:1, and the C18:1/C18:0 ratio were higher, while C18:0 levels and C18:0/C16:0 ratio were lower in patients with MASLD, being significantly different between the 3 groups. Hepatic FA levels and ratios correlated with histopathological diagnosis and other MASLD-related parameters. The expression of genes involved in the FA metabolism was upregulated in patients with MASLD.

Conclusion

Alterations in hepatic FA levels in MASLD patients were due to enhancement of de novo lipogenesis in the liver.
An evaluation of the `Philosophy for Children' programme
Authors: Βεντίστα Ουρανία-Μαρία
Published: January 2024

Η ‘Φιλοσοφία για Παιδιά’ είναι μία σχολική παρέμβαση η οποία εφαρμόζεται σε περισσότερες από 60 χώρες. Αυτή η διδακτορική διατριβή εξετάζει τα δεδομένα σχετικά με την αποτελεσματικότητα του προγράμματος και κατά πόσο αναπτύσσει τις δεξιότητες των μαθητών/μαθητριών. Τρεις διαφορετικές μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις χρησιμοποιήθηκαν: Α) Μια συστηματική βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση των δεδομένων που έχουν δημοσιευθεί τα τελευταία 40 χρόνια. Β) Μια έρευνα με ημι-πειραματικό σχεδιασμό με μαθητές Πέμπτης τάξης δημοτικού σε 17 δημοτικά σχολεία της Αγγλίας (547 στην πειραματική ομάδα και 270 στην ομάδα ελέγχου). Η διάρκεια της παρέμβασης ήταν μία σχολική χρονιά και αξιολογήσεις κριτικής σκέψης και δημιουργικότητας δόθηκαν στην αρχή και στο τέλος της χρονιάς. Γ) Ανάλυση δευτερογενών δεδομένων από το Υπουργείο Παιδείας (της Αγγλίας) όλων των μαθητών/μαθητριών που φοιτούσαν σε σχολεία στη χώρα, προκειμένου να εξεταστεί ο μακροπρόθεσμος αντίκτυπος του προγράμματος στην ανάγνωση, γραφή και μαθηματικά. Τα αποτελέσματα από 34 δημοτικά σχολεία στην Αγγλία που εφάρμοζαν επί 4 συνεχή έτη το πρόγραμμα (2011-2015) συγκρίθηκαν με δεδομένα από 14.791 δημοτικά σχολεία της χώρας. Επίσης, έγινε και ιδιαίτερη ανάλυση για μαθητές/μαθήτριες που λάμβαναν δωρεάν γεύματα. Τα αποτελέσματα της βιβλιογραφικής ανασκόπησης έδειξαν ότι γενικά η φιλοσοφία για παιδιά έχει θετικό αντίκτυπο σε κάποιες δεξιότητες κριτικής σκέψης, στις γλωσσικές δεξιότητες και κάποιες κοινωνικο-συναισθηματικές δεξιότητες. Όμως, τα στοιχεία από την ημι-πειραματική έρευνα δε βρήκαν θετικό αντίκτυπο στην κριτική σκέψη και στη δημιουργικότητα των μαθητών. Η ανάλυση των δευτερογενών δεδομένων έδειξε ότι οι μαθητές/μαθήτριες που λάμβαναν δωρεάν γεύματα είχαν μεγαλύτερη πρόοδο στην ανάγνωση και γραφή μετά από μακροπρόθεσμη εφαρμογή του προγράμματος στο δημοτικό σχολείο. Συγκεντρώνοντας όλα αυτά τα ερευνητικά δεδομένα, η έρευνα αυτή συμπέρανε ότι η Φιλοσοφία για Παιδιά πρέπει να εφαρμόζεται στο δημοτικό σχολείο. Το πρόγραμμα, όμως, απαιτεί κάποιες προσαρμογές στην εφαρμογή, προκειμένου να αναπτύσσει πιο αποτελεσματικά τις ικανότητες σκέψης των μαθητών/μαθητριών.
Przysposobienie wojskowe w polskich szkołach w latach 1918–1939
Authors: Ciosek Ireneusz
Published: January 2024

Na początku lat 20. XX wieku koła rządowe II Rzeczypospolitej w trosce o bezpieczeństwo państwa i przysposobienie obywateli do jego obrony postanowiły zorganizować w szkołach średnich tzw. hufce szkolne. Zrzeszały one chłopców klas starszych, którzy pod doświadczonym kierownictwem mieli przechodzić szkolenie rekruckie lub podoficerskie. Podsumowaniem szkolenia był egzamin, którego wynik miał wpływ na dalszą służbę wojskową absolwenta. W planach przysposobienia wojskowego w szkołach średnich uwzględniono również dziewczęta. Celem żeńskich hufców szkolnych było przygotowanie dziewcząt do pełnienia w razie wojny pomocniczej służby wojskowej w dziedzinie sanitarnej, oświatowej, gospodarczej, kancelaryjnej i łączności. Na równi z wyszkoleniem wojskowym postawiono wychowanie fizyczne. Uczestnictwo w żeńskich hufcach, podobnie jak w męskich, na terenie szkoły było dobrowolne. Warunkiem przyjęcia do hufca było ukończenie 16 lat i dobry stan zdrowia zaświadczony przez lekarza.
Jóźwiak Sławomir and Szweda Adam. Dwór wielkich mistrzów zakonu krzyżackiego w Malborku. Siedziba i świeckie otoczenie średniowiecznego władcy zakonnego. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2022
Authors: Czwojdrak Bożena
Published: January 2024

375 pp. ISBN: 978-83-231-4632-2. eISBN: 978-83-231-4632-2.
An introduction to autism
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: January 2024

This series of articles will explore the neurodivergent condition of autism from a range of different perspectives. This opening article will set the scene for the series and will explore the meanings of the word ‘autism’ and what the issues are that this series will highlight and explore.
The elements of care, part 1: the 6 Cs
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: January 2024

This article is the first in series that will focus on the 12 activities of living ( Roper et al, 1990 ). As healthcare assistants and assistant practitioners (HCAs and APs), understanding the essential elements of care is the foundation for practice, shaping how patients and families are offered care and support. This article discusses the 6 Cs and the elements of nursing. An introduction to the Roper, Logan and Tierney model of care is also provided.
Designing, creating, nurturing: Making space for young minds to explore
Authors: Raher Alex
Published: January 2024

Following some recent nursery renovation projects, Alex Raher, director of Delve Architects, discusses the thinking behind some of the design decisions to maximise the potential of each space. He also addresses some of the current issues affecting nursery expansion and renovation.
Tracing Friedrich Froebel's visit to Switzerland and his revolutionary ideas
Authors: Willis Richard
Published: January 2024

Richard Willis, visiting professor at the University of South Wales, traces Froebel's visit to Switzerland between 1831 and 1836 where his educational ideas and theories developed, and discusses their impact on early years education today.
Children in Northern Ireland need play more than ever
Authors: Walsh Glenda
Published: January 2024

Dr Glenda Walsh, head of Early Years Education and assistant director of the Centre for Research in Educational Underachievement at Stranmillis University College, outlines the many benefits play brings and argues that young children should be encouraged to play more.
Beyond story time: Inspiring imaginations with books and play
Authors: Mackridge Michele
Published: January 2024

Books are undisputedly one of the key invitations for initiating child-led play experiences at Hinxton Crocus Early Years Centre. From classics like Owl Babies by Martin Waddell to more modern offerings like Tom Percival's bestselling Perfectly Norman, all books at the nursery offer opportunities and experiences for play in so many varied ways.
Gender, germs, and governors: political masculinities and leadership in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sperling Valerie , Boatright Robert G.
Published: January 2024

This article describes how the concept of political masculinities helps explain public responses to US governors’ COVID-19 policies. We draw upon governors’ approval ratings, using a paired comparison of similar states with male and female governors, illustrating these findings with examples of citizens’ opinions on governors’ performance from local newspapers and social media. While the approval ratings data suggest citizens made few gender-based distinctions when appraising their governors’ performance, our media analysis shows citizens used gendered language to describe their governors’ leadership skills, evaluating governors during COVID-19 on stereotypically masculine traits. Also, regarding the “male-as-protector” element of normative political masculinity, both the approval ratings and local media data show that citizens held male—but not female—governors responsible for increased COVID-19 rates. These findings suggest that US citizens continued to regard their male and female governors through the lens of traditional (normative) political masculinities during the pandemic’s first year.
Is the Window of Learning Only Cracked Open? Parents’ Perspectives on Virtual Learning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
Authors: Alford Andrea D. , Bencak Jamie M. , Tucker Erich A. , Williams Douglas C. , Courson Frances F. , Buchanan Beverly J. , Greene Ashley N. , Clark M. Diane
Published: January 2024

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, parents quickly assumed the role of teachers to support their children’s learning at home. Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students often rely on additional accommodations to access their education. The authors investigated the perspectives of 40 parents of K–12 DHH students on the use of virtual learning during the pandemic. An electronic survey was distributed through Qualtrics to gain an understanding of the new learning environment of remote instruction. The participants’ responses revealed that they felt that challenges occurred in the areas of time management, language access, technology, motivation, and children’s ability to function independently. The respondents were almost evenly split between satisfaction and dissatisfaction with their child’s overall educational experience during the pandemic. The results indicated that degree of access significantly influenced the children’s experiences of education in virtual learning settings.
Universal Design for Learning Supports Distance Learning for Deaf Students
Authors: Taylor Katie , Yuknis Christina
Published: January 2024

Abstract: When the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020, teachers around the United States shifted to distance learning practically overnight. In both general education and special education, many teachers did not have tools or strategies in place to provide deaf students with accessible lessons and support. Teachers needed to change their materials quickly and clearly in order to meet the needs of all their students in the new distance format. The unique needs of deaf and hard of hearing students meant that unique accommodations and solutions needed to be considered and used for the distance learning formats. In the present article, we provide an overview of the challenges schools faced in the quick move to distance learning, present the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and give some examples of ways in which UDL can benefit students who are deaf in distance learning.
Reflections From the Pandemic: Lessons Learned
Authors: Probert Blake , Neild Raschelle , Graham Patrick
Published: January 2024

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many children experienced multiple challenges while transitioning from traditional to online schooling. Teachers, administrators, and parents were expected to work together to provide students an optimal educational experience through those turbulent times. This experience generated new insights into how to teach deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students and assess their knowledge. New tools were invented and used during the pandemic, and though teachers and students are slowly returning to traditional learning environments, educators now know that alternative forms of teaching and learning exist. We acknowledge the ways teachers, administrators, and parents can innovate and bring new knowledge to the table. The present article introduces an American Annals of the Deaf Special Issue that offers further research and discussion in the event that another, comparable challenge occurs. Multiple issues must be considered in DHH education, from academic rigor to social-emotional wellness.
A Self-Interested Reader? Foucault and Imperial Greek Technical Texts
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: January 2024

Abstract: This article examines Foucault's Le Souci de soi : while purporting to be a work on sexuality, it is also about the formation of the self and the relationship of subjectivity with claims to truth. I argue that Foucault's use of imperial Greek medical and technical texts connected the ancient world to his own background in the history of medicine and psychoanalysis. By reading medical and technical texts both on sexuality and on selfhood, Foucault examined not just what philosophy dictated about these topics but how its ideologies of sexuality and self were—in practice—translated into adjacent fields of knowledge.
Elephants, Christians, and Pagans in the History of Sexuality
Authors: Clements Niki Kasumi
Published: January 2024

Abstract: In this article, I argue that Foucault's archives at the Bibliothèque nationale de France require that we re-evaluate the development of his tournant antique . Between 1976 and 1984, Foucault does not orchestrate a turn to ancient Greek and Roman ethics in a departure from his analysis of modern sexuality in the 1976 History of Sexuality , volume 1, as volumes 2 and 3 as published suggest. Instead, it is through his redrafting of volume 2 that he moves from early modern to late ancient Christians, to Greco-Roman philosophers, to ancient Greek philosophers. Tracing Foucault's use of the "moral of the elephant" both before and after his January 1981 Collège de France course provides a way to better understand how Foucault shifts and constructs his History of Sexuality series over his last decade.
The Power of Oedipus: Michel Foucault with Hannah Arendt
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: January 2024

Abstract: It has become increasingly common to draw connections between Michel Foucault and Hannah Arendt: there are strong continuities between their respective theories of power, and Foucault and Arendt share an account of modernity and of the entry of biological life into the political sphere. Both thinkers are also immersed in the texts of antiquity and place an analysis of the ancient world at the heart of their thinking about the modern condition. This article explores how their different accounts of Oedipus as a political figure reveal their preoccupations with questions of power and political subjectivity.
Littoral Piracy in Colonial Nigeria: The Lagos Lagoon in The Interwar Years
Authors: Olukoju Ayodeji
Published: January 2024

Abstract: The antiquity of piracy in Nigeria's coastal waters has been traced to the precolonial period, especially the nineteenth century. However, the period of British colonial rule, specifically, the interwar years, has been neglected in the literature. This paper examines piracy on the Lagos Lagoon during the interwar years in the framework of concurrent concepts of piracy. It contributes to the literature on piracy by reclassifying piratical acts in association with specific water bodies. Hence, this case study of "littoral piracy" is situated in the geography, population movements, economic activities, and colonial policing in the Lagos Lagoon system. Several incidents reported between 1918 and 1937 highlight the incidence of piracy, the attendant human and material toll, the consequent police operations, and judicial adjudication of these incidents. The paper demonstrates how littoral piracy evolved as organized (state-backed) and haphazard (freelance) enterprises in changing contexts of contested and uncontested hegemonies during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Expansive Energy: An Alternative Portrait of Denis Diderot
Authors: Gumbrecht Hans Ulrich
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Historians of the Enlightenment are stymied by Denis Diderot's cloven polymathy. An insoluble dilemma arises between, on one hand, the amazing range of interests attested in his roles as both editor and contributor for the Encyclopédie and, on the other hand, his incorrigible dilettantism, in the centrifugal and often inconclusive pursuit of whatever topic came his way. We will do better to relinquish synthesis and highlight instead the multiplicity and versatility of Diderot's productive exuberance as such. We can then see how, rather than build arguments, he metabolized ideas into designs exhibiting a constantly increasing complexity that matched his inexhaustible energy. We can also appreciate his lifelong habit of writing in response to outside, and more or less random, prompts and assignments. An accidental polymath, Diderot preferred the pursuit of a train of thought over disciplined conclusiveness: witness his preference for dialogue over more integrative forms driven by argumentative power. A stranger to disciplinary methodology, he would nowadays be a journalist, not an academic.
The Peculiar Illumination of the Polymathic Mind: Mary Somerville, William Whewell, and the Disciplinary Formation of the Sciences
Authors: Neeley Kathryn A.
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Mary Somerville (1780-1872) and William Whewell (1794-1866) both contributed to the disciplinary formation of the sciences in Great Britain in the nineteenth century: she as a synthesizer who connected the various branches of knowledge in the emerging physical sciences, and he as the first person who used the history of all branches of science to define what distinguished scientific knowledge from other kinds. Both published bodies of scholarly work whose volume and breadth astounded their contemporaries and seem almost unimaginable today. Neither is included in standard histories of science because neither made the kind of original discovery around which those histories are organized. They become much easier to comprehend in the context of polymathy, which recognizes discerning and illuminating coherence in large bodies of knowledge as an exceptional but essential creative act. Their writings reveal the adeptness of the polymathic mind in framing large bodies of knowledge through two rhetorical moves: (1) association, which connects the subject with commonly held assumptions and values and draws on aesthetic traditions that have emotional resonance; and (2) orientation, which provides organizing ideas and conceptual frameworks that establish the coherence of the subject matter and guide the reader through the text. The distinctively anti-disciplinary approach of Somerville and the fluid nature of the disciplinary categories Whewell used to organize his history suggest that the world of knowledge, including science, has never been divided into the territorial disciplinary structures that dominate higher education. Like polymaths collectively, Somerville and Whewell are apparent anomalies whose very existence challenges our notions about the role and value of specialization.
"A Living Growth": Rabindranath Tagore and Polymathy
Authors: Alam Fakrul
Published: January 2024

Abstract: This paper looks at Rabindranath Tagore, the great Indian writer, as a polymath, a man crossing literary, artistic, intellectual, linguistic and civilizational borders of all kinds, and as someone whose imagination was always in flight. It sees him as someone who, time and again, kept trying his hand at all sorts of things, despite the difficulties he faced and the challenges ahead of him. He thus worked also as a reform-oriented educator and as someone committed to educational and agricultural ventures. The paper also notes the polymathic travails Tagore occasionally encountered and the indiscretions that sometimes resulted from his scanting of borders. It traces the main features of his polymathic voyaging from his youth to the final months of his life and stresses the growth and vitality of his imaginings.
Sons and Mothers: or, The Polymath and the Philologist
Authors: Emre Merve
Published: January 2024

Abstract: "Unsociable individual, male, polymathic, 47, desires correspondence with an intelligent, thoughtful, feminine (not feminist) woman." — New York Review of Books , May 26, 1994
Mama Possum
Authors: Jennings John
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Recalling a traumatic memory was John Jennings's first foray into what he would later call the ethnogothic . Jennings uses making practices and art to create dark spaces that offer not fear or dread but sanctuary until viewers can truly deal with the monsters that attack their psyches. The monster is a portent of danger, a warning that one has transgressed, and an urging to atone for sins, all key aspects of the gothic. The ethnogothic incorporates these characteristics of the gothic but addresses the specific concerns of the racially oppressed, describing how various modes of violence imprint themselves upon the spirits of Black and Brown people. The ethnogothic offers a space to place trauma, name it, and then let it go so that one can move on to a better future.
Edgeworth's Romantic Realism: Fact, Belinda , Imagination
Authors: Crocker Nate
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Maria Edgeworth's Belinda (1800) has long been understood as the author's most straightforwardly "realist" novel. This article troubles that assumption by returning to the author's deep familiarity with Enlightenment moral philosophy, particularly Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and, in turn, uncovering the novel's strange admixture of Enlightenment rationality and Romantic intuitiveness—a mode of "Romantic realism" that champions fact-based induction, on the one hand, and, on the other, remains supple to epistemological challenges posed against that model by poets (and plagiarizers) such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge with his theory of imagination's " esemplastic power ."
From "Puppets" to "People's Liberators": The Manchukuo Military and Its Participation in the Chinese Civil War, 1945–1948
Authors: Yannan Deng
Published: January 2024

Abstract: The Manchukuo military, the collaborationist armed forces of the Japanese client state, was formally disbanded with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. The looming Chinese Civil War, however, provided the former collaborators with a second chance to end up on a winning side and avoid the often dire fate awaiting other former collaborators with the Axis powers. This article examines the collapse of the Manchukuo military and its aftermath, the maneuverings of the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party to win the support of Manchukuo units, the experience of former Manchukuo troops in the Chinese Civil War, their impact on the war, and the ways in which many of them created postwar narratives of redemption through service to the people's cause.
Core-shell diamond-graphene needles with silicon-vacancy color centers
Authors: Quarshie Mariam , Malykhin Sergei , Kuzhir Polina
Published: January 2024

Color centers in diamond nanostructures open new horizons in biomedicine offering a biocompatible material platform for sensing temperature, pH, and magnetic field. Covering of the color centers enriched diamonds with graphene shell can essentially extend their application potential. Specifically, under irradiation with ultrashort laser pulses, the highly absorptive graphene shell can be used for excitation of a shock acoustic wave capable of cancer cell destruction or could lead to drug photoactivation through the Joule heating. We expect that being nanometrically thin, graphene shells do not suppress the photoluminescence (PL) of the diamond color center allowing synergetic exploitation of both the shell for cell treatment by light absorption and color center sensing. In this letter we demonstrate that Single Crystal Diamond Needles (SCDNs) can be gently covered with graphene shell through vacuum annealing at 900 °C for 30 mins, keeping the response of silicon-vacancy (SiV-) centers.
Cluster Sampling and Scalable Bayesian Optimization with Constraints for Negative Tone Development Resist Model Calibration
Authors: Ma Le , Ma Xing , Hao Shaogang , Dong Lisong , Wei Yayi , Tian Zhengguo
Published: January 2024

As the semiconductor technology node continues to shrink, achieving smaller critical dimension in lithography becomes increasingly challenging. Negative tone development (NTD) process is widely employed in advanced node due to their large process window. However, the unique characteristics of NTD, such as shrinkage effect, make the NTD resist model calibration more complex. Gradient descent (GD) and heuristic methods have been applied for calibration of NTD resist model. Nevertheless, these methods depend on initial parameter selection and tend to fall into local optima, resulting in poor accuracy of the NTD model and massive computational time. In this paper, we propose cluster sampling and scalable Bayesian optimization (BO) with constraints method for NTD resist model calibration. This approach utilizes cluster sampling strategy to enhance the capability for global initial sampling and employs scalable BO with constraints for global optimization of high-dimensional parameter space. With this approach, the calibration accuracy is significantly enhanced in comparison with results from GD and heuristic methods, and the computational efficiency is substantially improved compared with GD. By gearing up cluster sampling strategy and scalable BO with constraints, this method offers a new and efficient resist model calibration.
If only we could, Call the Midwife! Gender, class and the hegemonic power of television costume
Authors: Betts Liza
Published: January 2024

The starting point for this article was a chance encounter with an episode of the BBC’s Call the Midwife (‘Episode 12.7’ 2023) whilst visiting my elderly mother on a Sunday evening. The brutal and graphic portrayal of women’s health issues and abject poverty in Poplar, East London during the latter part of the 1960s elicited feelings of warmth and nostalgia in my mother, not anger or frustration at the lack of progress for working-class women like her with regard to some of the issues represented, this was difficult for me to understand. Indeed, as recently as August 2022, the UK government published data that confirmed that there remains a gender gap in healthcare; the 51 per cent of the UK population that is female will spend a significant portion of their life in poor health compared to men, and this is further compounded for those women that live in poverty. What is it about this text that produces a form of soporific nostalgia that seems to dissolve feminist recognition that women’s health is still an issue, thereby nullifying the drive for change? This article suggests that the reasons for such reactions are symbolized through and within the costuming. The language of clothing employed, particularly the use of print and colour saturation work to render the clothing items as meaningless within the text, actually negating the power of the narrative in relation to the intersection of gender and social class. The costumes do however produce a different type of meaning at the margins of the text that articulate not only the production team’s creativity but also their subjective understanding about class dressing that, it is argued, is in part responsible for producing the gendered form of alienation embodied by my mother and others like her. This article employs critical theory across cultural studies, sociology, film studies and the philosophy of language as a useful and emerging cross disciplinary framework to examine costume and costume drama. Applying theories that may appear disconnected to costuming is a means by which to suggest that the shift in perceptions of working class sexuality and relationships experienced by the working class during the 1950s and 1960s and represented within Call the Midwife via the costuming has had far reaching effects on gendered class identity and consequently on contesting the negative material effects of the current UK class system including the issue of women’s health.
Position Paper: Overview of Workplace Bullying in Higher Educational Organizations
Authors: Gangola Saurabh , joshi Samiksha
Published: January 2024

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has severely affected the whole world. It has overshadowed all the developmental activities across different countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected global economy and has threatened health security of people worldwide. This pandemic have affected environment dynamically. Decrease in economic activities, travelling, transport and traffic restrictions all over the world have led to decreased emissions of greenhouse gases and drop in air and water pollution observed universally. Also more than 40 % of downfall is observed in NO2 concentration in Asia and Europe as compared to 2019. Reduced pollution had a good effect on freshwater aquatic life. The reduction in worldwide aircraft flight directly impact on forecast and decreases 65% of weather prediction. Snow fall was observed even in a summer in India. This pandemic has had a long-term impact, affecting all aspects of human life and halting all developmental processes. Combating the COVID-19 pandemic is currently at the top of the global agenda. Quarantine measures opted for safety of the public have positively affected the environment. Although it has downturned the economic growth drastically, it has also contributed in lowering the pollution. If there is a silver lining to this horrible situation, it may be that it has given us a whiff of the air we will breathe in a low-carbon future.
Some Regulation Mechanisms of Candidate Genes for Human Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Esmael Abdu , Sisay Tesfaye
Published: January 2024

Cardiovascular disease is actually a major cause of mortality, illness and hospitalization worldwide. Several risk factors have been identified that are strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Public prevention strategies have relied predominately on managing environmental factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease, such as obesity, smoking and lack of exercise. The understanding of the role of genetics in cardiovascular disease development has become much more important to link genetics with the onset of disease and response to therapy. This seeks to examine how genes can predispose individuals to cardiovascular disease and how this knowledge might be applied to more comprehensive preventive strategies in the future. In addition, the review explores possibilities for genetics in cardiovascular disease treatment, particularly through the use of identified driver genes and gene therapy. To fully understand the biological implications of these associations, there is a need to relate them to the exquisite, multilayered regulation of protein expression and regulatory elements, mutation, microRNAs and epigenetics. Understanding how the information contained in the DNA relates to the operation of these regulatory layers will allow us not only to better predict the development of cardiovascular disease but also to develop more effective therapies.
A Cross Section Survey Assessment Study on the Knowledge and Practice of Periodic Medical Check up among the Saudi population
Authors: Maqbul Muazzam Sheriff , Alghamdi Rawabi Dafallah , Bakhsh Lama Waleed , Almashjari Nadya Awad , Alanazi Shamukh Hamid , bahshwan Amjad Abdulqader , Khan Aejaz Abdullatif , Iqubal S.M. Shakeel , Ikbal Abdul Rahman
Published: January 2024

In Saudi Arabia most of the individuals give very little attention to issues like health or no priority to medical checkup. This investigation was carried out to measure knowledge, practice of periodic medical checkup in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia people. A cross-sectional investigation was conducted among 1015 participants. A structured interviewer administered an online questionnaire were distribute by social media and whatsApp. We collected data and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Association between categorical variables were explored using bar chart and tables, Level of significance was set at 5%. The main age of the respondents was 21-30 years, 78.4% were females and 64.2% were married. About 42.1% have ever heard of periodic medical check-up , 57% of those who haven’t ever heard of periodic medical checkup and only 21.9% among those who had ever done it had frequent medical check-up and 78.1% didn’t do it. Attempt is required in ensuring that periodic medical check-up is urged. There is a need to study the factors associated with the uptake of medical check-up among the study population and effort should be made by health agencies to educate traders on the various types of medical check-up, their indications and benefits as well as its practice encouraged.
Delayed Vision Loss Post Assault-Induced Zygomatic Fracture Repair in a Patient with an Ipsilateral Anterior Clinoid Process Pneumatization, A Case Report
Authors: Gutierrez Elleny M. , Shaukat Bilal A. , Langford Marlyn P. , Brinkley John J , Byrd William A.
Published: January 2024

A 27-year-old male presented one week after surgical repair of his fractured left zygomatic arch, 5 weeks post-assault, complaining of persistent blurred vision in the left eye and worsening migraine headaches. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) revealed no intra-orbital pathologies or optic neuropathy but demonstrated a clearly delineated air-filled space of the left anterior clinoid process (ACP). No vision threatening pathologies were identified and surgical treatment was not recommended. His blurred vision remained at 6-month follow up. We report a case of delayed vision loss and headache post zygomatic fracture repair surgery in patient with a confirmed ipsilateral ACP pneumatization.
Production of dried tomato powder with a high concentration of functional components and nutrients
Authors: Nishizono Masayo , Castro Issasi Cinthya Soreli , N. Agutaya Jonas Karl Christopher , Sasaki Mitsuru , Mizukami Hiroyuki
Published: January 2024

The use of conventional drying methods for dehydrating vegetables and fruits with high sugar, amino acid, and moisture content is not feasible. Under extreme conditions, drying reduces the amount of functional ingredients present in these vegetables and fruits. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for powdered tomatoes because of their nutritional and functional components. This study aimed to evaluate tomato drying under normal pressure and low-temperature conditions, to efficiently reduce water content without compromising on product quality. A convection dryer, most widely used in food factories, was used in this study. This equipment uses a low temperature zone not normally used for drying, and processes the raw material to increase the drying area for rapid drying. The proposed method was validated by comparing the moisture and functional component contents, and the antioxidant activity of the dried product with those of the dried product obtained via freeze-drying. The results suggest that the proposed low-temperature drying method can produce functional dried food at food processing sites faster than using freeze-drying, with a residual rate of functional ingredients exceeding 90 %. Thus, low-temperature drying can be used as a simple and cost-effective method for the production of uniform dry tomato powder.
Culture of Cyclops for Use the First Intermediate Host in Experimental life Cycle of SpirometraSpecies
Authors: Kavana Nicholas Jairo
Published: January 2024

Background
In natural conditions Cyclops are the first intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Spirometra species. In this paper we describe simple method of culturing Copepod of the genus Cyclops for use the first intermediate host in experimental life cycle of Spirometra species.

Methods
Paramecium was first cultured to be used as food for Cyclops. Sample of water was collected from a pond within Sokoine University. About 100 ml of water and pre-boiled wheat grains were transferred in a Petri dish and kept under laboratory conditions for 7 days, a swarm of Paramecium was formed. An adult female egg sacked Cyclops from a natural water pond in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania was added in a new Petri dish containing tap water, 0.3 ml of Paramecium suspension and 4 pre-boiled wheat grains. The mixture was kept under laboratory conditions temperature 26-29⁰C and observed daily.

Results
Eggs from the single Cyclops hatched to nauplius. The average time of developing to nauplius I was 1.2 days, nauplius I to copepodite I was 6.9 days, and copepodite I to adult female Cyclops was 26.3 days. The average measurements of naupliusI were 120.2µm length and 80.0µm width while the adult female was 846.3µm length and 284.6µm width. The adult female produced 1 to 8 broods (mean 4.3). The life span of Cyclops averaged 43.1 days.

Conclusion
The Cyclops cultured in the laboratory were fed Paramecium and used as first intermediate host in the experimental life cycle of Tanzanian Spirometra species.
Assessment of the Factors that Contribute for the Cause of Asthma Disease in Ambo Town
Authors: Bekele Damtew , Atsbeha Aschalew
Published: January 2024

Asthma is a chronic disease of airways; that is widely characterized by an increased responsiveness to a large variety of stimuli, airway inflammation and obstruction. It is the most common respiratory disorder disease in developed and developing countries. The study was aimed to assess the factors that contribute for the cause of asthma disease in Ambo town and cross-sectional survey was conducted to gather information from March to April 2022. 30 respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique for interview and data collections. According to the study the more affected age group were 22-32(53%) and the major risk factor for the disease was air pollution (53%). The pollution is due to domestic wastes that are discharged to the environment. Therefore, the government and extension health workers should aware the community about the risk factors of asthma and proper waste disposal mechanisms.