bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplementing corn or corn-barley diets with an E. coli derived phytase decreases total and soluble P output by weanling and growing pigs
Authors: Beaulieu A. D. , Bedford M. R. , Patience J. F.
Published: April 2011

The efficacy of an E. coli derived phytase on phosphorus (P) digestibility and excretion, on the form of the P excreted, and the optimal dietary calcium (Ca):P ratio was examined. In exp. 1, 63 barrows (40.4 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to receive one of 21 treatments arranged as a 3 × 7 factorial. Treatments consisted of three Ca levels (0.50, 0.60 and 0.70%) and seven phytase treatments [0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 FTU kg-1 of an E. coli-derived phytase and 500 FTU kg-1 of an A. niger phytase added to a P deficient (0.37% P) diet or 0 FTU phytase kg-1 added to a P adequate (0.53% P) diet]. In exp. 2, 144 pigs (6.52 ± 0.75 kg), received a P adequate (0.60% P) diet or a P deficient (0.44% P) diet supplemented with 0, 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 FTU phytase kg-1 for a 28-d trial. A subset of 36 barrows was then fed the same diets in a balance trial. In exp. 3, 36 barrows (7.1 ± 0.75 kg) were assigned to one of six treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial (0 or 500 FTU of phytase kg-1; 1.0, 1.6 or 2.2 Ca:P ratio). In exp. 1, P digestibility improved from 21 to 54% with increasing phytase (quadratic; P < 0.05). Supplementing the diet with 500 FTU phytase kg-1 decreased the output of total and soluble P by 25% in exp. 2 and to a similar extent in exp. 3 at the lowest Ca:P ratio (P < 0.05). The effect of phytase on total P digestibility was mitigated as the dietary Ca:P ratio increased in exp. 3. Supplementation of swine diets with an E. coli derived phytase decreases output of total and soluble forms of P, but this effect is reduced at high dietary Ca:P ratios. Key words: Swine, E. coli phytase, phosphorus, soluble phosphorus
Effect of dietary leucine and lysine levels on intramuscular fat content in finishing pigs
Authors: Hyun Y. , Kim J. D. , Ellis M. , Peterson B. A. , Baker D. H. , McKeith F. K.
Published: April 2011

Feeding high leucine levels (2.0 and 3.0% total dietary leucine) to finishing pigs (73 to 127 kg liveweight) increased the intra muscular fat content of the longissimus muscle in pigs fed diets with low lysine levels (0.5% total dietary lysine) but not in animals fed high lysine levels (0.7 %). Key words: Lysine, leucine, growth performance, carcass and meat quality
Effects of essential oils and their components on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation
Authors: Benchaar C. , Chaves A. V. , Fraser G. R. , Beauchemin K. A. , McAllister T. A.
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of essential oils (EO) and essential oil compounds (EOC) on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Treatments were: control (no additive), cinnamon leaf oil (400 mg L-1), clove leaf oil (200 mg L-1), sweet orange oil (200 mg L-1), oregano oil (200 mg L-1), thyme oil (200 mg L-1), carvacrol (400 mg L-1), cinnamaldehyde (400 mg L-1), eugenol (800 mg L-1), and thymol (400 mg L-1). Treatments were evaluated using in vitro 24-h batch culture of rumen fluid with a 51:49 forage:concentrate dairy ration [16.7% crude protein (CP), 34.4% neutral detergent fibre (NDF)]. Incubations were conducted in triplicate with gas production (GP) measured at 0, 2, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h, while pH, ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acid (VFA), in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) digestibilities were determined after 24 h of incubation. Among the EO and EOC evaluated, only the phenolic compounds, carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol affected ruminal fermentation, relative to the control. Carvacrol (400 mg L-1) and eugenol (800 mg L-1) increased pH and molar proportion of butyrate, and decreased molar proportion of propionate, IVDMD, IVNDFD, and GP. At the concentration of 200 mg L-1, thymol increased final pH, a nd reduced molar proportion of propionate, IVNDFD, and GP. None of the EO or EOC affected NH3 concentration, suggesting that at the doses tested in this study, protein degradation was not affected by EO and EOC. This study showed that among the EO and EOC investigated only phenolics exhibited antimicrobial activity as exemplified by reduced diet fermentability and a shift in VFA profile from less propionate towards more butyrate. These changes in fermentation may not be nutritionally beneficial to dairy cattle. The present study suggests that the types and concentrations of EO and EOC employed to alter ruminal fermentation must be carefully defined before their widespread use in ruminant nutrition can be recommended. Key words: Essential oil, ruminal fermentation, in vitro batch culture, dairy cattle
Escherichia coli O157:H7-secreted cytotoxins are toxic to enterocytes and increase Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization of jejunum and descending colon in cattle
Authors: Baines Danica , Masson Luke , McAllister Tim
Published: April 2011

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7-secreted cytotoxins are toxic to target cells and enhance colonization of intestinal tissues in disease-susceptible animals. It is unclear what role, if any, EHEC O157:H7-secreted cytotoxins play in the colonization of intestinal tissues of healthy reservoir animals. We previously reported that EHEC O157:H7 colonization sites were associated with focal hemorrhages in the jejunum and descending colon of persistent shedding cattle, suggesting a potential role for cytotoxins in EHEC O157:H7 colonization. We have used a traditional EHEC O157:H7 IVOC adherence assay and a novel lawn assay to examine the role of EHEC O157:H7-secreted cytotoxins in EHEC O157:H7 strain colonization of the jejunum and descending colon of non-persistent and persistent shedding cattle. Four EHEC O157:H7 strains that were previously reported to differentially colonize cattle produced cytotoxins that were differentially active against epithelial cells from the jejunum and descending colon. There was a relationship between EHEC O157:H7-secreted cytotoxin activity and strain adherence for epithelial cells from the jejunum and descending colon of cattle. There was also a greater susceptibility of epithelial cells from the jejunum and descending colon to EHEC O157:H7-secreted cytotoxins of persistent shedding cattle compared with non-persistent shedding cattle. Addition of the most active secreted cytotoxins from EHEC O157:H7 R318N to the IVOC adherence assays significantly increased the adhere nce of the most (R318N) and least (H4420N) virulent EHEC O157:H7 strain to intestinal tissues. The current study supports a role for EHEC O157:H7-secreted cytotoxins in enhancing EHEC O157:H7 colonization of intestinal tissues of cattle. Key words: Escherichia coli O157:H7, cattle, intestine, cytotoxins, colonization
Effects of essential oils on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria
Authors: Chaves A. V. , He M. L. , Yang W. Z. , Hristov A. N. , McAllister T. A. , Benchaar C.
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of three essential oils (EO) [cinnamon leaf (250 mg L-1), garlic oil (100 and 250 mg L-1), and juniper berry oil (20 mg L-1)] and two EO compounds (EOC) [anethol (20 mg L-1) and p-cymene (20 mg L-1)] on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria. Concentrations of total VFA were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. With the exception of cinnamon and garlic oils, which reduced (P < 0.05) the proportion of propionate, the other EO and EOC had no effect on the proportions of individual VFA, compared with the control. Proteolytic activity of ruminal bacteria was unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatments; however, bacterial deaminative activity and NH3 concentration were increased (P < 0.05) by the addition of EO (except for cinnamon leaf oil and garlic oil at 250 mg L-1) and EOC. Except for anethol, methanogenic activity of ruminal bacteria was reduced (P < 0.05) by EO and EOC, which was reflected by a marked decrease in methane concentration. This study shows that at the concentrations evaluated, anethol, garlic oil (100 mg L-1), juniper berry oil, and p-cymene may not be beneficial to improve efficiency of N utilization in ruminants because they enhance deaminative activity, while cinnamon and garlic oil (250 mg L-1) could be good alternatives to antibiotics because they reduce methanogenic activity of ruminal bacteria. Key words: Essential oil, proteolysis, deamination, methanogenesis, in vitro
Chemical composition and ruminal degradability of grain pearl millet grown in southwestern Quebec
Authors: Mustafa Arif F , Seguin Philippe , Bélair Guy , Kumar Anand
Published: April 2011

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradabilities of grain of five hybrids of pearl millet grown in southwestern Quebec. Hybrids were selected because they were poor hosts of the widely prevalent root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans). Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin were similar for all hybrids. However, acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher for CGPMH-1 than CGPMH-7 and CGPMH-38 and was higher for CGPMH-11 and CGPMH-20 than CGPMH-7. Starch content was higher for CGPMH-7 (668 g kg-1 DM) than the other hybrids (average 635 g kg-1 DM). Crude protein (CP) was lower for CGPMH-7 (141 g kg-1 DM) than the other hybrids (average 181 g kg-1 DM). Fatty acid content was higher for CGPMH -11 and CGPMH-20 than CGPMH-38. Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in all hybrids and was lower for CGPMH-38 than the other hybrids. Ruminal dry matter degradability was similar for all hybrids (average 69.5%). However, ruminal CP and starch degradabilities were higher for CGPMH-1 and CGPMH-20 than CGPMH-11 and CGPMH-38. It was concluded that grain concentrations of CP, ADF, and starch, and ruminal CP and starch degradabilities of pearl millet varied among hybrid. Key words: Chemical composition, Pearl millet, Ruminal degradability
The behaviour of early-weaned piglets following transport: Effect of season and weaning weight
Authors: Wamnes S. , Lewis N. J. , Berry R. J.
Published: April 2011

Two groups of 48 Cotswold piglets were weaned at 17 ± 1 d of age and assigned to road or simulated transport during summer or winter. Following transport (0, 6, 12 or 24 h), piglets were grouped by weaning weight (light, medium and heavy) in pens of four. Piglet behaviour was recorded on days 1–4, 7 and 14 after weaning and transport. As transport duration increased, drinking behaviour increased (P < 0.05). Control (0 h) piglets fed less (1.5%) than transported piglets (3.1%) during the first 3 d in housing. Significant differences were observed on days 2 and 3 only (P < 0.02). Across season and transport treatment, heavy piglets spent more time fighting (P < 0.005) during the first day in housing, and less time feeding (P < 0.05) during the first 3 d in housing compared with light and medium piglets. During the first 3 d in weanling pens, piglets spent less time feeding following road transport (2.4%) than following simulated transport (2.9%, P < 0.05). Piglets transported by road also spent more time engaged in oral/nasal behaviour during the first 3 d in housing compared with simulated transport groups, although this reached significance on day 3 only (P < 0.05). These results suggest that transport of early-weaned piglets may exacerbate the stress of weaning through additional stress related to factors associated with truck movement, such as noise and vibration, and by imposing an increased risk of dehydration following long journeys (> 12 h). Key words: Early weaning, transport, pigs, behaviour, season
Growth performance and spleen and bursa weight of broilers fed yeast beta-glucan
Authors: Rathgeber B. M. , Budgell K. L. , MacIsaac J. L. , Mirza M. A. , Doncaster K. L.
Published: April 2011

This study evaluated the efficacy of a yeast beta-glucan product (YBG) as a growth-promoting feed ingredient for broilers. Two trials were conducted with day-old chicks assigned to 24 pens (38 birds/pen) and one of three diets: no growth promotant, virginiamycin, or YBG. On days 14 and 38, two birds per pen were euthanized and the spleen and bursa of Fabricius were removed. In the first trial, body weights of birds from each treatment were the same until 38 d, when control birds were smaller (P < 0.05). In the second trial, 38-d body weights were the same for all treatments. A third trial was conducted with half the number of pens per treatment. In the third trial, controls were smaller than YBG at 38 d, but not smaller than virginiamycin. Feed conversion was not affected by diet in trials 2 and 3 but for trial 1 the control birds had poorer conversion than virginiamycin (P < 0.05), but not worse than YBG. Spleen weights were not different between treatment groups. Bursa weights decreased with age for all treatments in trials 2 and 3, but not in trial 1 for controls. These results indicate that YBG is as effective as virginiamycin in promoting growth of broiler chickens. Key words: Broiler chicken, antibiotic, yeast, beta-glucan, growth promotion
Temporal changes in milk conjugated linoleic acidfor cows fed a pasture- or conserved-forages-based diet and supplemented with fish oil and sunflower oil
Authors: Felton D. O. , Ibrahim S. A. , AbuGhazaleh A. A.
Published: April 2011

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of forage source on the temporal changes in milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Fourteen Holstein cows were divided into two groups. One group (LOT) was fed a corn silage-alfalfa hay mix ad libitum, while the other group (PAS) grazed on alfalfa-grass pasture. Additionally, both groups were fed 8.2 kg d-1 grain supplement containing 650 g of oil composed of fish oil and sunflower oil (1:4). The concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat of both diets reached maximum levels on day 3 of oil supplementation, declined during day 6, and then remained constant during the reminder of the experiment. Milk vaccenic acid (VA) and trans-10 C18:1 reached their maximum concentrations on days 3 and 6, respectively, of oil supplementation with both diets. In conclusion, the decline in milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA over time was not affected by forage source and may have resulted from an increase in formation of trans-10 C18:1 and C18:0 at the expenses of VA. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, milk, forage, fish oil, sunflower oil
Insulin induced lipogenesis and enhanced mRNA level of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c in primary porcine adipocyte
Authors: Li Y. , Yang G. S.
Published: April 2011

Little is known about the development and metabolism of the pig adipocyte, and even less is known about regulation of lipogenesis in the pig adipocyte. The objective of this study was to test the effects of insulin on the morphology of cells, the content of triacylglycerols (TG), the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and the mRNA level of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in porcine adipocytes in vitro. Morphologically, larger lipid droplets appeared in the presence of insulin for 48 h. Insulin-induced lipogenesis of primary porcine adipocytes was correlated with the TG content and FAS activity. There was a significant difference in the TG content and FAS activity between the insulin-treated cells and the control cells (P < 0.05); insulin increased the content of TG and FAS activity in a dose-dependent manner and the maximum activity occurred at 150 nmol L-1. The TG content and FAS activity were increased in a dose-dependent manner and maximal values were obtained when adipocytes were incubated with 150 nmol L-1 insulin. The mRNA levels of SREBP-1c were also increased by insulin. In summary, lipogenesis of porcine adipocyte could be induced by insulin in a dose-dependent manner and the induced hypertrophy of porcine adipocytes partially due to the increase of TG content, FAS activity and SREBP-1c mRNA level. Key words: Lipogenesis, porcine, adipocyte, insulin, SREBP-1c
Effect of α-tocopherol on in vitro maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes
Authors: Marques A. , Santos P. , Antunes G. , Chaveiro A. , Moreira da Silva F.
Published: April 2011

This study determined: the effects of α-tocopherol on apoptotic and necrotic levels of cumulus cells after in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes; whether exposure to α-tocopherol facilitates the development of bovine enclosed oocytes to metaphase II; and the effects of this antioxidant on apoptotic and necrotic levels of granulosa cells cultured in vitro. In conclusion, supplementation with α-tocopherol on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes has a detrimental effect on the ability of oocytes to reach metaphase II, increasing the number of apoptotic and necrotic cumulus cells of bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COC). This antioxidant showed a slight improvement in the viability of cultured granulosa cells at a concentration of 100 µM. Key words: Bovine, oocyte maturation in vitro, antioxidant, α-tocopherol
Triticale as a replacement for wheat in diets for weaned pigs
Authors: Beltranena E. , Salmon D. F. , Goonewardene L. A. , Zijlstra R. T.
Published: April 2011

The nutritional value of triticale for weaned pigs is poorly characterized. Six mash diets containing either 66.5% one of two wheat samples or one of four winter or spring triticale cultivars were fed to 72 pens of weaned pigs for 28 d. Average daily feed intake and gain did not differ between pigs fed wheat and triticale diets (P > 0.05). Replacing wheat with triticale increased feed efficiency by 0.02 for spring triticale and 0.03 for winter triticale (P < 0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy was 1.2, 2.5, and 1.0% higher, respectively, for the triticale diets than the wheat diets (P < 0.05). The nutritional value of the four triticale samples was 1.5% higher for energy than the two wheat samples included in western Canada diets for weaned pigs. Key words: Digestibility, growth, triticale, weaned pig, wheat
Effect of feeding a processed barley/canola meal pellet on performance and carcass quality of feedlot steers
Authors: Williams L. M. , Block H. C. , Christensen D. A. , Racz V. , Ataku K. , Wildeman B. , McKinnon J. J.
Published: April 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding a processed barley/canola meal pellet on feedlot performance and carcass quality of feedlot steers. Cross-bred steers (N = 350) weighing 285 ± 22kg were assigned to 1 of 12 pens and fed either pelleted (PB) or rolled (RB) barley as the concentrate. During backgrounding, cattle were fed a diet that contained 41% PB or RB based-concentrate (DM basis), which consisted of 85% barley and 15% canola meal. During finishing the diet contained 86% concentrate (DM basis), which consisted of 94% pelleted or rolled barley and 6% canola meal. Data collection included daily pen feed intake, individual body weights, ultrasound backfat (USBF) and longissimus dorsi (USLD) area measurements. Carcass data included weight, dressing percentage, marbling and liver abscess scores. Carcass fat, lean and bone percentage, fat color, and l. dorsi intramuscular fat content and fatty acid profile were determined on eight-bone rib samples from 20 randomly selected steers from each treatment. Steers fed the PB had similar ADG during backgrounding (1.29 vs. 1.23 kg d-1; P = 0.30); however, during finishing (1.80 vs. 2.00 kg d-1; P < 0.01) and for the total trial (1.60 vs. 1.70 kg d-1; P < 0.01), daily gains were greater for cattle fed RB. As a result, cattle fed PB were on feed for 10 d longer (P = 0.01) than RB fed cattle. DMI was lower (P < 0.01) for cattle fed PB throughout the trial. Feed conversion (kg feed:kg gain) was superior for the group fed the PB during finishing (6.03 vs. 6.21; P = 0.01) and the total trial (6.27 vs. 6.64; P < 0.01). Both diets produced similar carcasses, but inter-muscular fat percentage was higher (P = 0.03) for the RB group (60.0 vs. 57.4%). Minor differences in fatty acid profile were noted with PB fed steers having higher (P < 0.01) levels of C17:0, C18:3n-3 and C20:4n-6. Results from this study indicate that PB can be used effectively in growing programs, however, further research is required to better manage feeding of PB products to avoid DMI reductions most likely due to sub-acute rumen acidosis. Key words: Cattle, processed barley, performance, carcass quality and composition
Rate and time of fertilizer nitrogen application on yield, protein and apparent efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen use of spring wheat
Authors: Zebarth B. J. , Botha E. J. , Rees H.
Published: April 2011

Use of an in-season measurement of crop nitrogen (N) status to optimize fertilizer N management has been proposed as a means of optimizing yield of spring wheat while minimizing environmental N losses. This study determined the effect of the rate and time of fertilizer N application on the grain yield, grain protein, and apparent recovery of fertilizer N in grain and in the above-ground plant for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2001–2003, and evaluated the use of a SPAD-502 meter to measure crop N status in spring wheat. Sixteen N fertility treatments were used, including application of different rates of fertilizer N (0–160 kg N ha-1) applied pre-seeding (ZGS 0), at tillering (ZGS 21) and at shooting (ZGS 32) as ammonium nitrate. Split N application provided no benefit in terms of grain yield or apparent recovery of fertilizer N. Application of fertilizer N at ZGS 32 reduced crop yield and apparent recovery of fertilizer N compared with N application at ZGS 0. Application of fertilizer N at ZGS 21 reduced yield and apparent recovery of fertilizer N in grain in 2 of 3 yr, but had no effect on apparent recovery of fertilizer N in the above-ground plant. Delayed fertilizer N application generally increased grain protein. Fertilizer N can be applied at ZGS 21 as required to optimize grain yield provided at least some fertilizer N is applied prior to seeding; however, crop N status cannot reliably be assessed at this time using a SPAD-502 meter. Crop N status can be assessed at ZGS 32 using a SPAD-502 meter; however, fertilizer N application at this time primarily influences grain protein rather than grain yield. These results highlight the need for a means of predicting soil N mineralization potential in order to optimize grain yield in humid environments where carry-over of soil nitrate from the previous growing season is limited. Key words: Triticum aestivum; N mineralization; soil N supply; SPAD-502 meter, leaf chlorophyll index
AC Glengarry soybean
Authors: Cober E. R. , Voldeng H. D. , Frégeau-Reid J. A. , Guillemette R. J. D.
Published: April 2011

AC Glengarry is a 2600 heat unit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with good yield potential. AC Glengarry has lower seed oil linolenic acid content than previously registered soybean cultivars such as Maple Glen. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description
Weed, disease and grain yield effects of cultivar mixtures in organically managed spring wheat
Authors: Pridham J. C. , Entz M. H. , Martin R. C. , Hucl P. J.
Published: April 2011

Two heritage wheat cultivars, Red Fife and Marquis, along with two modern wheat cultivars, 5602HR and AC Barrie, were assessed in organically managed monocultures and mixtures to discern if mixtures provided a benefit to grain yield and disease and weed suppression in Manitoba over 3 site-years. 5602HR was the highest yielding sole cultivar, while Marquis and AC Barrie were the lowest yielding sole cultivars. Red Fife yielded similar to the modern cultivar 5602HR in several cases. Cultivar mixtures did not provide a yield advantage but did stabilize yields of mixtures containing disease susceptible cultivars. Key words: Cultivar mixtures, heritage cultivar, yield stability
Assessing the energy potential of agricultural bioenergy pathways for Canada
Authors: Main M. , Joseph A. , Zhang Y. , MacLean H. L.
Published: April 2011

We assessed agricultural bioenergy pathways using existing and newly developed life cycle energy analyses so as to compare the potential of these pathways to replace fossil fuel in Canada. Energy gains after subtracting life cycle fossil energy inputs (Eg) and the ratio of fuel energy to life cycle fossil energy input (ER) were calculated. Results varied widely, reflecting differences in regional yields and study assumptions. Grasses and coppiced willow processed to electricity and heat exhibited Egs of 29–117 GJ ha-1 yr-1 and ERs of 4-17. These crops processed to lignocellulosic ethanol showed Egs of 22–114 GJ ha-1 yr-1 and ERs of 5–13. Grain ethanol and oilseed biodiesel showed Egs from -15 to 32 GJ ha-1 yr-1 and ERs from 0.8 to 3.7. Assuming 20% of Canada’s cleared agricultural land could be dedicated to annual biofuel crops, grain ethanol or oilseed biodiesel could displace up to 10 or 50%, respectively, of national road gasoline or diesel demand. If instead 40% of cleared agricultural land could be dedicated to perennials, the feedstocks could displace up to 52% of road gasoline demand if proc essed to lignocellulosic ethanol or 100% of utilities’and industries’fossil fuel demand for electricity and steam production. Our analyses showed that a goal of fossil fuel displacement favors the production of perennial crops for electricity and heating. Key words: Biomass, life cycles, oilseed, grain, grass, coppice
Weed control, environmental impact and profitability of reduced rates of imazethapyr in combination with dimethenamid in dry beans
Authors: Soltani N. , Van Eerd L. L. , Vyn R. J. , Shropshire C. , Sikkema P. H.
Published: April 2011

Field experiments were conducted from 2003 to 2005 in Ontario to determine if reduced rates of imazethapyr (< 75 g a.i. ha-1) tank-mixed with dimethenamid applied preemergence (PRE) can be used as a feasible weed management strategy for broad-spectrum weed control in white and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There was no injury in white or kidney bean with the imazethapyr plus dimethenamid tank-mix treatments evaluated. The rate of imazethapyr required to provide adequate control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.], lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) tended to be reduced when tankmixed with dimethenamid at 1000 g ha-1. There was no adverse effect on the yield of white and kidney beans at the highest rate (75 g a.i. ha-1) of imazethapyr evaluated. Although both herbicides are considered reduced risk, the environmental impact of imazethapyr (75 g a.i. ha-1) was seven times less than that of dimethenamid (1000 g a.i. ha-1). The addition of reduced rates of imazethapyr to dimethenamid did not significantly increase environmental impact (EI) vs. dimethenamid alone. Profit margins were greater when dimethenamid was tank-mixed with imazethapyr than for applications of imazethapyr alone. Across all treatments, profit margins were maximized at an imazethapyr rate of 60 g a.i. ha-1 for white bean and an imazethapyr rate of between 60 and 75 g a.i. ha-1 for kidney bean. However, the profit-maximizing rates of imazethapyr tended to be higher for treatments without dimethenamid than for treatments where dimethenamid was tank-mixed with imazethapyr. Key words: Dimethenamid, environmental impact quotient (EIQ), imazethapyr, Montcalm, OAC Thunder, Phaseolus vulgaris L., profit margin
Acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) in Alberta
Authors: Beckie H. J. , Hall L. M. , Tardif F. J. , Séguin-Swartz G.
Published: April 2011

Two stinkweed populations from southern and central Alberta were not controlled by acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in 2000. This study reports on their cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, molecular basis of resistance, and inheritance of resistance. Both putative herbicide-resistant biotypes responded similarly to increasing doses of the herbicides. The biotypes were highly resistant to ethametsulfuron and exhibited a low level of resistance to metsulfuron and imazethapyr. However, both biotypes were not resistant to florasulam, a triazolopyrimidine ALS inhibitor, or sulfometuron, a non-selective sulfonylurea ALS inhibitor. The cross-resistance pattern was consistent with the confirmed target-site mutation. Sequence analysis of the ALS gene detected a Pro197Leu mutation in both biotypes. Similar to many other ALS inhibitor-resistant weed biotypes, resistance was conferred by a single dominant gene. This study confirms the first global occurrence of herbicide resistance in this species. Key words: ALS-inhibitor resistance, ALS sequence, herbicide resistance, target-site mutation
Hybrid and population density affect yield and quality of silage maize in central Alberta
Authors: Stanton D. , Grombacher A. W. , Pinnisch R. , Mason H. , Spaner D.
Published: April 2011

Four maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids planted at varying plant densities were evaluated for their yield, maturity, and quality across environments in north central Alberta. Given the balance of yield and quality, very early maturing hybrids [2000 corn heat units (CHU)] planted at ~100 000 plants ha-1 are recommended for north central Alberta. Key words: Corn; Zea mays L.; northern latitudes; corn heat units
Effect of cover crop seeding rate and date on cool period soil erosion control in potato production in PEI, Canada
Authors: Edwards Linnell , Burney Jack
Published: April 2011

A cool-period field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rate and date of seeding winter rye on soil erosion amounts at varying slopes. The lower seeding rate (provincially recommended) was ineffective in reducing sediment loss at any slope. The higher seeding rate showed overall superiority but only on the basis of the earliest (provincially recommended) seeding date. Key words: Rye cover (winter), potato production (intensive), crop rotation, erosion (water), erosion (snowmelt)
Assessing the potential of Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera as a new cadmium hyperaccumulator grown in hydroponics
Authors: Kashem Md Abul , Singh Bal Ram , Kubota Hiroshi , Nagashima Reiko Sugawara , Kitajima Nobuyuki , Kondo Toshihito , Kawai Shigenao
Published: April 2011

Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera is a plant recently found in the heavy metal contaminated areas of Japan, and it contained a significant amount of Cd in its shoots. In this study, the potential of A. halleri ssp. gemmifera to accumulate Cd was investigated using hydroponics. The plants were grown for 21 d after Cd (control, 10, 100 and 400 µM) treatment. No reduction in shoot and root dry weight (DW) was observed when plants were grown in a nutrient solution containing up to 400 µM Cd. Cadmium concentrations in the plant parts increased significantly with Cd application rates, and reached a maximum of about 5641, 6643 and 15 967 µg g-1 in the leaves, stems and roots, respectively, at 400 µM Cd in the nutrient solution. Similarly, maximum Cd accumulation (dry weight × concentration) of 17.7 and 10.8 mg plant-1 in the shoots and roots, respectively, was obtained at 400 µM Cd. The ratio of shoot Cd/root Cd decreased with increasing rates of Cd supply from 1.8 at 10 µ M to 0.40 at 400 µM. Cadmium translocation from root to shoot ranged from 61 to 89% of the total Cd, showing a very high mobility of Cd in plants. The outcomes of this study and the field and greenhouse data previously reported confirm that this plant is a suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Furthermore, the concentration of Cd measured in the shoot indicates that A. halleri ssp. gemmifera could be considered a new potential Cd hyperaccumulator plant species. Key words: Cadmium, hyperaccumulator, hydroponics, phytoremediation, tolerance
Effect of selenium fertilizer source and rate on grain yield and selenium and cadmium concentration of durum wheat
Authors: Grant Cynthia A , Buckley Wayne T , Wu Ronggui
Published: April 2011

Field studies were conducted for 3 yr at two locations in Manitoba, Canada, to evaluate the effect of various sources and rates of Se fertilizer on crop growth and the Se and Cd concentrations of durum wheat. Selenium concentration in durum wheat grown without Se application ranged from 195 to 532 µg kg-1 over the 6 site-years. Selenium seed coating, “Selcote” commercial granular fertilizer, and a foliar spray of sodium selenate solution applied at Feekes stage 5 all increased Se concentration in durum wheat grain at all locations, without negative effects on crop stand, biomass yield or grain yield. Regardless of treatment, Cd concentration in the grain was generally below proposed regulatory limits. Application of Se did not reduce Cd concentration in the grain, regardless of Se source. Selenium fertilization can be used to increase Se concentration of durum wheat, but is not an effective means of reducing the grain Cd concentration. Key words: Selcote, sodium selenate, seed-coating, selenium, cadmium
Kanata hard white spring wheat
Authors: Humphreys D G , Townley-Smith T. F. , Czarnecki E. , Lukow O. M. , Fofana B. , Gilbert J. , McCallum B. , Fetch T. , Menzies J.
Published: April 2011

Kanata is an early-maturing hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that meets the end-use quality and kernel visual distinguish ability specifications of the Canada Western Hard White Spring wheat class. Kanata was evaluated in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Test (1998–2000), and was found to be adapted to the wheat-growing regions of the Canadian prairies, particularly the shorter season areas. Kanata yielded less than check cultivars AC Majestic, AC Barrie, Harvest, and McKenzie but had similar grain yield compared with Neepawa and Roblin. In the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Test, Kanata was resistant to the prevalent races of leaf rust, moderately resistant to stem rust, loose smut, and common root rot. Kanata is similar to Neepawa in its reaction to Fusarium head blight. End-use quality tests indicated that Kanata had similar grain and flour protein content as other check cultivars but had 1% less protein content compared to Roblin. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Canada Western Hard White, hard white spring wheat, cultivar description, yield, disease resistance
Energy balances of biodiesel production from soybean and canola in Canada
Authors: Smith Elwin G , Janzen H. H. , Newlands Nathaniel K
Published: April 2011

Biodiesel is currently produced in Canada mostly from recycled oils and animal fats. If biodiesel is to supply 5% of diesel usage, a government objective, first-time vegetable, likely from canola and soybean, oil will also be required to provide adequate feedstocks. In this review, we estimate the life cycle energy balances for biodiesel produced from soybean and canola oil under Canadian conditions. The three broad areas of energy inputs were crop production, oil extraction, and transesterification of the vegetable oil into biodiesel. Per unit seed yield, farm production energy inputs for canola were about three times higher than for soybean, mostly because of higher nitrogen fertilizer requirements for canola. Energy required for processing and oil extraction, per unit oil, was higher for soybean. Energy allocation for co-products was allocated using a system expansion approach. Protein meal was assigned about 12% of the energy expended for canola to grow the crop and extract the oil, and about 37% for soybean. Glycerine produced during the transesterification process was allocated energy on a weight basis (11.4%). The ratio of biodiesel energy produced per energy input ranged from 2.08 t o 2.41. The energy ratio was similar for soybean and canola:soybean required less energy inputs, but also produced less oil than canola, for a given weight of seed. Key words: Biodiesel, energy, life cycle analysis, soybean, canola
Sensitivity of field populations of Ascochyta rabiei to chlorothalonil, mancozeb and pyraclostrobin fungicides and effect of strobilurin fungicides on the progress of ascochyta blight of chickpea
Authors: Chang K. F. , Ahmed H. U. , Hwang S. F. , Gossen B. D. , Strelkov S. E. , Blade S. F. , Turnbull G. D.
Published: April 2011

Chickpea production faces a major challenge from ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei), a devastating disease that can cause total crop loss. To assess the effect of repeated fungicide application on disease progress, strobilurin fungicides, primarily alternating pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin treatments, were applied up to five times per year in each of 2 yr. A single application or two early applications reduced blight severity. A third application resulted in additional benefits in 1 of 2 yr, but additional applications did not reduce severity further. To monitor for fungicide tolerance in populations of A. rabiei, 66 single- spore isolates were collected and grown on growth media amended with chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or pyraclostrobin. Insensitivity to one or more of the fungicides was detected in 49 (74%) of the isolates. Based on the effect on conidial germination, insensitivity to pyraclostrobin or chlorothalonil was observed in 26 of 37 isolates (70%). Repeated fungicide application may be selecting for insensitive isolates of the pathogen; fungicide application should be combined with cultural measures to control ascochyta blight. Key words: Fungicide insensitivity, Ascochyta rabiei
Genetic diversity of the invasive plant Coreopsis grandiflora at different altitudes in Laoshan Mountain, China
Authors: Liang Yu , Liu Jian , Zhang Shu Ping , Wang Shu Jun , Guo Wei Hua , Wang Ren Qing
Published: April 2011

In order to understand the relationship between genetic diversity and the invasiveness of exotic plants, genetic diversity was studied in the invasive plant Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. at different altitudes in Laoshan Mountain, Northern China. Coreopsis grandiflora has produced a great deal of damage in Laoshan Mountain. Its genetic diversity was examined using 16 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers, and 125 bands were collected from all individuals. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci (P%) was 39.54%, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci (P%) was 86.40%. The mean Shannon's Information index (H0) was 0.2326 and the mean Nei's genetic diversity (H) was 0.1596. These results indicated a comparatively high genetic diversity in C. grandiflora in Laoshan Mountain. The genetic differentiation among populations (GST) was 0.3948, indicating that most genetic diversity occurs within populations. On the whole, the abundance and the genetic diversity of C. grandiflora decreased with increasing altitude. The high genetic diversity may be related to the invasion of C. grandiflora in Laoshan Mountain. Key words: Biological invasions, Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg., genetic distance, genetic diversity, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), sexual reproduction, Shannons information index
A simplified procedure for verifying and identifying potato cultivars using multiplex PCR
Authors: Li Xiu-Qing , Haroon Muhammad , Coleman Shirlyn E , Sullivan Andrew , Singh Mathuresh , Ward Len , De Boer Solke H , Zhang Tieling , Donnelly Danielle J
Published: April 2011

Correct identification of potato cultivars and selections is essential to a large and diverse user group. This group includes curators of germplasm repositories, breeders and other researchers, certification program officials, commercial growers, processing industry managers and for some cultivars, the public. Agencies involved in cultivar registration and plant breeders' rights (or patenting) also have a vested interest in correct identification. DNA fingerprinting is an important tool that can be used to describe new or existing cultivars, verify cultivar identity, and resolve cultivar mixtures. Gel-based fingerprints are usually preferred because they are visual and within the technical capacity of most molecular laboratories. In this study, a multiplex PCR protocol "Multiplex SUP" and an improved version "Multiplex SUPN" were developed using four primer pairs (STEM0014 and genes of starch synthase, patatin, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase). The agarose-gel-based Multiplex SUP was successfully used in identifying cultivars from blind samples in a collaborating laboratory, and in pilot tests to verify the identity of introduced cultivars for seed potato production. The Multiplex SUPN, using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with GelRed or ethidium-bromide staining, generated more than 38 polymorphic markers among the potato cultivars tested. The method distinguished 116 cultivars that included many of the public potato cultivars registered in Canada and several protected cultivars that were fingerprinted with permission. The Multiplex SUPN-PAGE method is user friendly and effective, and is recommended for routine potato cultivar verification and identification. Key words: cultivar identification, database development, DNA fingerprinting, GelRed staining, genotyping, polymorphism, Solanum tuberosum L.
Root fluorescent compounds from soybean controlled by the Fr loci
Authors: Gijzen Mark , Chapman Ralph , Ross Loretta M. , Starratt Alvin N.
Published: April 2011

Soybean root fluorescence in ultraviolet light is controlled by the Fr loci. Extracts from fluorescent roots of soybean contain three closely related fluorescent compounds that are greatly reduced in extracts from non-fluorescent roots. Root fluorescence is due to their presence, regardless of the Frlocus that conditions this trait. Key words: Coumarin, genetic locus, glycoside, fluorescence, roots, soybean
The decline in hay yields: A Saskatchewan perspective
Authors: Jefferson P. G. , Selles F.
Published: April 2011

Yield data collected by Statistics Canada show that annual hay yields have been declining in several Canadian provinces including Saskatchewan for the past 31 yr. Data from Saskatchewan provincial statistics on Beef Cow number, Area Harvested for Hay, Value of Land and Buildings, and Fertilizer Price Index were used to examine the relationships between hay yield and these variables. Weather from 16 sites across Saskatchewan’s agricultural region for the April, May, and June (AMJ) period was also examined from 1973 to 2003. Precipitation during AMJ was positively correlated to hay yield, but the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures (Δtemperature) was negatively correlated. Fertilizer Price Index was negatively correlated to hay yield, suggesting that producers are reducing fertilizer input to this crop resulting in lower yields. Step-wise regression analysis suggested that fertilizer cost was the most important variable, which explained 38% of the variation in hay yield. When fertilizer price was combined with Δtemperature, the Value of Land and Buildings and AMJ precipitation, 65% of the variation in Saskatchewan hay yield could be explained. Examination of census data on tame forage and tame pasture acres by district did not support the hypothes is that more hay has been seeded in lower yield regions of the Province. We speculate that climate change is negatively affecting Saskatchewan’s ability to produce hay, particularly since low inputs of fertilizer and infrequent stand rejuvenation are commonly practiced on forage crops. This problem needs more in-depth analysis to confirm the cause(s) of this decline and avoid a future scenario where low hay yields make ruminant livestock production economically unsustainable in Western Canada. Key words: Forage yield, precipitation, temperature, fertilizer
Insecticidal control of late-season plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) infestations in Manitoba has no effect on alfalfa seed quantity and quality
Authors: Mostafa Ayman M , Holliday N. J.
Published: April 2011

In Manitoba, plant bugs (Lygus spp. and Adelphocoris spp.) can be numerous in seed alfalfa crops in late August and September and are often the target of insecticide applications. From 2002 to 2004 in field plots in commercial fields, one or two insecticide applications in late August and September were made to reduce plant bug numbers relative to those in untreated check plots. Despite significant reductions in plant bug numbers in sweep net samples in sprayed plots, there were no significant effects of treatments on total seed yield per unit area, seed weight, percentage germination or percentage of hard seed. Relative to the check plots, reductions in plant bug numbers in insecticide-treated plots were not associated with increases in seed yield. Also, seed yield increases in insecticide-treated plots were not correlated with numbers of plant bugs immediately before insecticide application, and so it was not possible to estimate an economic injury level. The practice of applying an insecticide in August to control late-season plant bugs is economically unjustified within the range of plant bug numbers encountered in this study. Key words: Plant bugs, alfalfa seed, Lygus, Adelphocoris, economic impact
A COMPARISON OF ETHEPHON ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH CCC OR DPC APPLIED TO SPRING BARLEY
Authors: CALDWELL C. D. , NORRIE J. , MELLISH D. R.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were conducted to determine the relative efficacy of ethephon, alone and in combination with chlormequat chloride (CCC) or mepiquat chloride (DPC), in reducing barley height and lodging in order to protect potential yield. The effects of timing and cultivar of barley were investigated. The results depended on both cultivar and year, indicating that both genetic and environmental factors are important. For Leger barley, application of ethephon between Zadoks Growth Stage (ZGS) 37 and 45 was effective in reducing plant height and lodging; CCC and DPC had no positive or negative effect when added to ethephon. CCC and DPC appeared to enhance the effects of ethephon on lodging control of Micmac barley especially when applied at ZGS 45. Rodeo barley showed the only detrimental effects to grain yield. Ethephon alone applied at ZGS 37 in 1986 caused significant yield loss. CCC or DPC reduced the detrimental effect of the ethephon by acting as apparent antagonists to its effects on this cultivar.Key words: Ethephon, CCC, DPC, lodging, barley
EFFECTS OF CHROMOSOME 7D OF Triticum aestivum ’CANTHATCH’ AND OF FOUR VARIETIES OF Triticum tauschii ON MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY
Authors: PENNER G. A. , LARTER E. N. , KERBER E. R. , LUKOW O. M.
Published: April 2011

Chromosome 7D of Triticum aestivum ’Canthatch’ was examined for its effects on milling and baking quality by investigating three aneuploid lines of this cultivar—one ditelosomic for 7DS, one ditelosomic for 7DL and one nullisomic for 7D. Also, the effects on milling and baking quality of chromosome 7D and of the complete D genome from the Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (2n = 14 = DD) varieties RL5003, typica, anathera and strangulata were examined using disomic substitutions and synthetic hexaploids (2n = 42 = AABBDD). The long arm of Canthatch chromosome 7D had positive effects on seed size, test weight and flour quality. With respect to milling and baking quality, chromosome 7D of Triticum tauschii fully compensated for 7D Canthatch.Key words: Triticum aestivum, Triticum tauschii, baking quality, aneuploid, chromosome substitution