bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black shale deposition during Toarcian super-greenhouse driven by sea level
Authors: Hermoso M. , Minoletti F. , Pellenard P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. One of the most elusive aspects of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE) is the paradox between carbon isotopes that indicate intense global primary productivity and organic carbon burial at a global scale, and the delayed expression of anoxia in Europe. During the earliest Toarcian, no black shales were deposited in the European epicontinental seaways, and most organic carbon enrichment of the sediments postdated the end of the overarching positive trend in the carbon isotopes that characterises the T-OAE. In the present study, we have attempted to establish a sequence stratigraphic framework for Early Toarcian deposits recovered from a core drilled in the Paris Basin using a combination of mineralogical (quartz and clay relative abundance) and geochemical (Si, Zr, Ti and Al) measurements. Combined with the evolution in redox sensitive elements (Fe, V and Mo), the data suggest that expression of anoxia was hampered in European epicontinental seas during most of the T-OAE (defined by the positive carbon isotope trend) due to insufficient water depth that prevented stratification of the water column. Only the first stratigraphic occurrence of black shales in Europe corresponds to the "global" event. This interval is characterised by >10% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content that contains relatively low concentration of molybdenum compared to subsequent black shale horizons. Additionally, this first black shale occurrence is coeval with the record of the major negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE), likely corresponding to a period of transient greenhouse intensification likely due to massive injection of carbon into the atmosphere–ocean system. As a response to enhanced weathering and riverine run-off, increased fresh water supply to the basin may have promoted the development of full anoxic conditions through haline stratification of the water column. In contrast, post T-OAE black shales during the serpentinum and bifrons Zones were restricted to epicontinental seas (higher Mo to TOC ratios) during a period of relative high sea level, and carbon isotopes returning to pre-T-OAE values. Comparing palaeoredox proxies with the inferred sequence stratigraphy for Sancerre suggests that episodes of short-term organic carbon enrichment were primarily driven by third-order sea level changes. These black shales exhibit remarkably well-expressed higher-frequency cyclicities in the oxygen availability in the water column whose nature has still to be determined through cyclostratigraphic analysis.
Experimental study of source of background noise in muon radiography using emulsion film detectors
Authors: Nishiyama R. , Miyamoto S. , Naganawa N.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We study the source of background noise in cosmic-ray muon radiography (muography) using emulsion film detectors. We claim that muography detectors should have a momentum separation function to reduce systematic errors due to non-signal particles with momenta less than 2 GeV c−1. The origin of noise is expected to be electromagnetic components of air-showers or cosmic-ray muons scattered in topographic material. As a demonstration, we construct two types of detectors with different momentum thresholds and perform test measurements of an actual geoscientific target. The analysis of emulsion data is explained in detail, including film inefficiency compensation and momentum selection by applying an upper bound to the chi-square distribution to the data.
Analysis of groundwater drought building on the standardised precipitation index approach
Authors: Bloomfield J. P. , Marchant B. P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A new index for standardising groundwater level time series and characterising groundwater droughts, the Standardised Groundwater level Index (SGI), is described. The SGI builds on the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) to account for differences in the form and characteristics of groundwater level and precipitation time series. The SGI is estimated using a non-parametric normal scores transform of groundwater level data for each calendar month. These monthly estimates are then merged to form a continuous index. The SGI has been calculated for 14 relatively long, up to 103 yr, groundwater level hydrographs from a variety of aquifers and compared with SPI for the same sites. The relationship between SGI and SPI is site specific and the SPI accumulation period which leads to the strongest correlation between SGI and SPI, qmax, varies between sites. However, there is a consistent positive linear correlation between a measure of the range of significant autocorrelation in the SGI series, mmax, and qmax across all sites. Given this correlation between SGI mmax and SPI qmax, and given that periods of low values of SGI can be shown to coincide with previously independently documented droughts, SGI is taken to be a robust and meaningful index of groundwater drought. The maximum length of groundwater droughts defined by SGI is an increasing function of mmax, meaning that relatively long groundwater droughts are generally more prevalent at sites where SGI has a relatively long autocorrelation range. Based on correlations between mmax, average unsaturated zone thickness and aquifer hydraulic diffusivity, the source of autocorrelation in SGI is inferred to be dependent on dominant aquifer flow and storage characteristics. For fractured aquifers, such as the Cretaceous Chalk, autocorrelation in SGI is inferred to be primarily related to autocorrelation in the recharge time series, while in granular aquifers, such as the Permo–Triassic sandstones, autocorrelation in SGI is inferred to be primarily a function of intrinsic saturated flow and storage properties of aquifer. These results highlight the need to take into account the hydrogeological context of groundwater monitoring sites when designing and interpreting data from groundwater drought monitoring networks.
Assessing the hydrologic restoration of an urbanized area via an integrated distributed hydrological model
Authors: Trinh D. H. , Chui T. F. M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Green structures (e.g. green roof and bio-retention systems) are adopted to mitigate the hydrological impacts of urbanization. However, our current understanding of urbanization impacts are often process-specific (e.g. peak flow or storm recession), and our characterizations of green structures are often on a local scale. This study uses an integrated distributed hydrological model, Mike SHE, to evaluate the urbanization impacts on both overall water balance and water regime, and also the effectiveness of green structures at a catchment level. Three simulations are carried out for a highly urbanized catchment in the tropics, representing pre-urbanized, urbanized and restored conditions. Urbanization transforms vegetated areas into impervious surfaces, resulting in 20 and 66% reductions in infiltration and base flow respectively, and 60 to 100% increase in peak outlet discharge. Green roofs delay the peak outlet discharge by 2 h and reduce the magnitude by 50%. Bio-retention systems mitigate the peak discharge by 50% and also enhance infiltration by 30%. The combination of green roofs and bio-retention systems even reduces the peak discharge to the pre-urbanized level. The simulation results obtained are independent of field data, enabling a generic model for understanding hydrological changes during the different phases of urbanization. This will benefit catchment-level planning of green structures in other urban areas.
Technical Note: Glacial influence in tropical mountain hydrosystems evidenced by the diurnal cycle in water levels
Authors: Cauvy-Fraunié S. , Condom T. , Rabatel A. , Villacis M. , Jacobsen D. , Dangles O.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Worldwide, the rapid shrinking of glaciers in response to ongoing climate change is modifying the glacial meltwater contribution to hydrosystems in glacierized catchments. Determining the influence of glacial runoff to streams is therefore of critical importance to evaluate potential impact of glacier retreat on water quality and aquatic biota. This task has challenged both glacier hydrologists and ecologists over the last 20 yr due to both structural and functional complexity of the glacier–stream system interface. Here we propose quantifying the diurnal cycle amplitude of the streamflow to determine the glacial influence in glacierized catchments. We performed water-level measurements using water pressure loggers over 10 months at 30 min time steps in 15 stream sites in 2 glacier-fed catchments in the Ecuadorian Andes (> 4000 m a.s.l.) where no perennial snow cover is observed outside the glaciers. For each stream site, we performed wavelet analyses on water-level time series, determined the scale-averaged wavelet power spectrum at 24 h scale and defined three metrics, namely the power, frequency and temporal clustering of the diurnal flow variation. The three metrics were then compared to the percentage of the glacier cover in the catchments, a metric of glacial influence widely used in the literature. As expected, we found that the diurnal variation power of glacier-fed streams decreased downstream with the addition of non-glacial tributaries. We also found that the diurnal variation power and the percentage of the glacier cover in the catchment were significantly positively correlated. Furthermore, we found that our method permits the detection of glacial signal in supposedly non-glacial sites, thereby revealing glacial meltwater resurgence. While we specifically focused on the tropical Andes in this paper, our approach to determine glacial influence may have potential applications in temperate and arctic glacierized catchments. The measure of diurnal water amplitude therefore appears as a powerful and cost-effective tool to understand the hydrological links between glaciers and hydrosystems better and assess the consequences of rapid glacier shrinking.
Regionalization of the Hargreaves coefficient to estimate long-term reference evapotranspiration series in SE Spain
Authors: Maestre-Valero J. F. , Martínez-Alvarez V. , González-Real M. M.
Published: December 2013

This study employs a methodological approach for estimating long-term series of monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from historical data. To carry it out a regionally calibrated version of the Hargreaves equation was applied at old ordinary weather stations which only provide data of air temperature and precipitation. The proposed approach was based on the analysis of: (1) the Hargreaves coefficient obtained by local calibration from data of 66 modern automatic weather stations; (2) the regional characterization of the spatial variability of that coefficient by means of a “regional function”; and (3) the final application of this function to the old ordinary weather stations. This approach was assessed under the semiarid conditions of the Segura River Basin (south-eastern Spain) by comparing ETo estimates against those obtained with the Penman-Monteith method, which was used as reference. Spatial variability of the Hargreaves coefficient was well correlated with the annual and monthly means of daily temperature range, so they were selected as explanatory variables for the regionalization of the Hargreaves coefficient following two approaches: a global regional function and monthly regional functions. The regionally calibrated version of the Hargreaves equation by monthly functions clearly improved the performance of its original parameterization (average relative error decreased from 19.8% to 10.1%) although, as expected, estimates were not as good as those obtained with the local calibration (average relative error=7.7%).
Effect of weeding management on the performance of local maize populations
Authors: Peña-Asin J. , Costar A. , Alvarez A.
Published: December 2013

One of the most important stress factors in maize (Zea mays L.) fields is weed competition, which reduces the crop yield. Weeds chiefly interfere with maize and establish considerable competition for light, water and nutrients. To avoid these harmful effects, there are different agronomic measures and factors among which, the most relevant are the interactions between crop and weed, weed management practices and type of germplasm. This study attempts to evaluate maize germplasm for tolerance to weed competition in order to achieve competitive ability and suitability for farming. Ten genotypes of maize, classified into two groups, i.e. improved populations and traditional cultivars, were grown under four types of weed management practices (mechanical harrowing control, chemical control, combination of harrowing and chemical control and untreated control as check) for three years (from 2009 to 2011) in Zaragoza (Spain). We found that the effect of weed management practices was not significantly different, whereas the genotype effect was highly significant, with genotype EZS34 (mean yield of 7.7 Mg ha-1) showing the highest yield. Other traits, such as earliness, displayed a good behaviour under weed competition. On the other hand, harrowing management proved to be the most effective method of weed control although it did not show a significant response. The best results are associated with some maize genotypes that have a specific adaptation to local conditions, according to their genetic background.
Response of vetch, lentil, chickpea and red pea to pre- or post-emergence applied herbicides
Authors: Vasilakoglou I. , Vlachostergios D. , Dhima K. , Lithourgidis A.
Published: December 2013

Broad-leaved weeds constitute a serious problem in the production of winter legumes, but few selective herbicides controlling these weeds have been registered in Europe. Four field experiments were conducted in 2009/10 and repeated in 2010/11 in Greece to study the response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) to several rates of the herbicides pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine and flumioxazin applied pre-emergence, as well as imazamox applied post-emergence. Phytotoxicity, crop height, total weight and seed yield were evaluated during the experiments. The results of this study suggest that common vetch, lentil, chickpea and red pea differed in their responses to the herbicides tested. Pendimethalin at 1.30 kg ha-1, S-metolachlor at 0.96 kg ha-1 and flumioxazine at 0.11 kg ha-1 used as pre-emergence applied herbicides provided the least phytotoxicity to legumes. Pendimethalin at 1.98 kg ha-1 and both rates of S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine provided the greatest common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control. Imazamox at 0.03 to 0.04 kg ha-1 could also be used as early post-emergence applied herbicide in common vetch and red pea without any significant detrimental effect.
Seasonal characteristics of CO2 fluxes in a rain-fed wheat field ecosystem at the Loess Plateau
Authors: Guo Q. , Li W. W. , Liu D. D. , Wu W. , Liu Y. , Wen X. X. , Liao Y. C.
Published: December 2013

This study investigated the dynamics of CO2 flux in a rain-fed wheat field ecosystem using an eddy covariance technique during the 2011 to 2012 wheat-growing season at the Loess Plateau, China. Results showed that the daily CO2 flux was closely related to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), growth stage, soil temperature and rainfall. The average CO2 flux at different growth stages followed the order jointing and booting > erecting > reviving > heading > wintering > seeding and tillering > grain filling > ripening. The first four stages were carbon sinks, whereas the last four stages were carbon sources. The relationship between nighttime CO2 flux and air temperature was significant and fitted the index model (y=aebt). The relationship between daytime CO2 flux and PAR was also significant and fitted the quadratic model (y=ax2+bx+c). Moreover, daytime CO2 flux was significantly correlated with air temperature and PAR at the erecting, jointing and booting, and heading stages. Nighttime CO2 flux was also significantly correlated with soil temperature at 5 cm depth at the heading as well as jointing and booting stages. The carbon budget in the rain-fed wheat ecosystem was -401 g C m-2 yr-1, which was higher than those in other wheat ecosystems. This study implies that the ability of carbon-sequestration in different wheat field ecosystems may respond differently to climate and environment change.
A new mechanised cultural practice to reduce Ceratitis capitata Wied. populations in area-wide IPM
Authors: Chueca P. , Garcerá C. , Urbaneja A. , Molto E.
Published: December 2013

The Mediterranean fruit fly (or medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), affects most of the fruit species grown in temperate and tropical climate regions, causing significant economic damage. One of the classical cultural strategies against this pest is to gather and bury the remaining fruit after harvest, but this is economically unfeasible today. Wood shredders already available in current Spanish groves can be used to grind or crush fruits laying on the soil as an alternative to this practice and to the use of pesticides in area-wide integrated pest management (IPM). With the purpose of evaluating this alternative, the initial step of this study was to perform laboratory tests to assess the efficacy of crushing and grinding as a method for controlling medflies. The results showed that grinding was 78% effective against larval stages, while crushing resulted in a 17% efficacy, leading us to choose the first alternative. As a second step, the operational parameters (type of cutting tool, shaft rotation speed and tractor speed) of the wood shredders were adjusted to efficiently carry out this practice under field conditions. Finally, the effect of the mechanised grinding of fallen fruit on C. capitata populations was evaluated for two consecutive years in commercial citrus orchards. The results showed a significant 27-46% reduction in C. capitata populations the following spring, thus demonstrating that the newly proposed mechanised alternative can be included in the current area-wide IPM of the pest in Spain.
Direct oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents
Authors: Spannagl M. , Sibbing D.
Published: December 2013

Oral anticoagulants and platelet receptor blockers are widely used in clinical practice with the aim of reducing the risk of thrombotic complications in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Their regular intake and adequate antithrombotic action is vital and this is way numerous assays have been developed for laboratory testing and monitoring of these agents. Available assays can be stratified into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assays. Such assays are increasingly used in clinical routine and their daily use is triggered by the advent of the novel direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) as an alternative for vitamin K antagonist (VKA) treatment, which are dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban, and by the advent of prasugrel or ticagrelor as an alternative for clopidogrel with regard to platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibition.

In this review the most important and most commonly used laboratory assays are summarized as well as their clinical implications with the focus on DOACs as an alternative for VKAs and the different P2Y12 receptor blockers for ant-iplatelet treatment.
The Rhetorics of Interpretation and Źižek's Approach to Film
Authors: Slugan Mario
Published: December 2013

In this article I argue for criteria in evaluating the persuasiveness of interpretative work: propositional factuality, argumentative validity and conceptual coherence. With the above criteria in mind I analyze Slavoj Źižek's work on film—overall rhetorical strategy employed, film theories supported and interpretative work undertaken. I demonstrate that Źižek's film theory is plagued by hasty generalizations and inaccurate formal analyses which make it fail to compete with its main rival—cognitivism. I point to the conceptual incoherence of the key philosophical term Źižek near-ubiquitously resorts to in his interpretative work—the Real. Finally, the identification of repetition as a key rhetorical strategy allows me to dismiss numerous interpretative and theoretical claims Źižek bases on a limited set of fixed examples by demonstrating that their descriptions are factually incorrect.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Assessing Access to Civil Justice in Russia
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: December 2013

Kathryn Hendley argues that easy access to the civil courts in Russia is a deliberate policy choice aimed at countering the popular image of courts as hopelessly corrupt and incompetent that is propagated by the media. Judicial officials present judges as heroically struggling to cope with the deluge of cases in a timely fashion. Relying on field work and analysis of caseload data, Hendley shows that the burden on trial-level Russian judges has been exaggerated for effect. She documents the procedural mechanisms available to facilitate rapid turnaround of simple cases. She argues that the flood of cases could easily be stanched by increasing filing fees, but that judicial officials cling to the open door policy as a way of proving the value of the courts. Rather than discouraging the demand for courts, they prefer to tinker with the supply side of the equation.
Adapting the Therapeutic Discourse to Post-Soviet Media Culture: The Case ofModnyi Prigovor
Authors: Lerner Julia , Zbenovich Claudia
Published: December 2013

In this article we present a close reading of the discursive media transformation generated by “Fashion Verdict”—a makeover reality show broadcast on Russian TV. Our analysis reveals that the adopted genre of therapeutic culture constitutes a new mode of talk about personal experience in the post-Soviet media, a mode based on pop-psychological assumptions and linked to the discursive practice of psychotherapy. However, we show that in post-Soviet popular culture the global therapeutic talking culture encounters powerful cultural counterparts. Apart from psychotherapy, the TV courtroom transformation works by shifting three other discursive frames of articulation of individual and personal life: communist Comrades' Court, soviet Kitchen Talk, and glamorous Fashion Show. Combining an anthropological approach with conversational and frame analysis, we decipher how the familiar discursive forms of talking about personal life domesticate the therapeutic discourse in the Russian communicative culture: they pave the way for its acceptance and concomitantly contest and possibly undermine the ideas that the therapeutic culture brings in.
Evidence-Based Guideline Update: Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Morris George L. , Gloss David , Buchhalter Jeffrey , Mack Kenneth J. , Nickels Katherine , Harden Cynthia
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence since the 1999 assessment regarding efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy, currently approved as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in patients >12 years. METHODS: We reviewed the literature and identified relevant published studies. We classified these studies according to the American Academy of Neurology evidence-based methodology. RESULTS: VNS is associated with a >50% seizure reduction in 55% (95% confidence interval [CI] 50%–59%) of 470 children with partial or generalized epilepsy (13 Class III studies). VNS is associated with a >50% seizure reduction in 55% (95% CI 46%–64%) of 113 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) (4 Class III studies). VNS is associated with an increase in ≥50% seizure frequency reduction rates of ~7% from 1 to 5 years postim-plantation (2 Class III studies). VNS is associated with a significant improvement in standard mood scales in 31 adults with epilepsy (2 Class III studies). Infection risk at the VNS implantation site in children is increased relative to that in adults (odds ratio 3.4, 95% CI 1.0–11.2). VNS is possibly effective for seizures (both partial and generalized) in children, for LGS-associated seizures, and for mood problems in adults with epilepsy. VNS may have improved efficacy over time. RECOMMENDATIONS: VNS may be considered for seizures in children, for LGS-associated seizures, and for improving mood in adults with epilepsy (Level C). VNS may be considered to have improved efficacy over time (Level C). Children should be carefully monitored for site infection after VNS implantation. Neurology® 2013;81:1–7
The Impact of Open-Ended Tasks
Authors: Varygiannes Dorothy
Published: December 2013

This department publishes brief news articles, announcements, and guest editorials on current mathematics education issues that stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint. This month's guest editorial provides the platform for individuals to reflect on the positive impact that open-ended tasks can play in the teaching and learning of early mathematics. Classroom examples of open-ended expectations establish the immediate tie to fostering both 21st century skills and the Common Core State initiatives.
Helping Young Children See Math in Play
Authors: Parks Amy Noelle , Blom Diana Chang
Published: December 2013

Capitalize on opportunities for mathematical concepts to emerge in common preschool contexts, such as doll corners and block centers.
Expansive Generation of Functional Airway Epithelium From Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: McIntyre Brendan A.S. , Alev Cantas , Mechael Rami , Salci Kyle R. , Lee Jung Bok , Fiebig-Comyn Aline , Guezguez Borhane , Wu Yuping , Sheng Guojun , Bhatia Mickie
Published: December 2013

Production of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived lung progenitors has broad applicability for drug screening and cell therapy; however, this is complicated by limitations in demarcating phenotypic changes with functional validation of airway cell types. In this paper, we reveal the potential of hESCs to produce multipotent lung progenitors using a combined growth factor and physical culture approach, guided by the use of novel markers LIFRα and NRP1. Lung specification of hESCs was achieved by priming differentiation via matrix-specific support, followed by air-liquid interface to allow generation of lung progenitors capable of in vitro maturation into airway epithelial cell types, resulting in functional characteristics such as secretion of pulmonary surfactant, ciliation, polarization, and acquisition of innate immune activity. This approach provided a robust expansion of lung progenitors, allowing in vivo assessment, which demonstrated that only fully differentiated hESC-derived airway cells were retained in the distal airway, where they aided in physiological recovery in immunocompromised mice receiving airway injury. Our study provides a basis for translational applications of hESCs for lung diseases.
NSAID and other analgesic use by endurance runners during training, competition and recovery
Authors: Joslin J , Lloyd JB , Kotlyar T , Wojcik SM
Published: December 2013

Background. An increasing popularity of ultra-endurance events coupled with excessive or inappropriate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use during such events could pose considerable potential risks to runners’ health.Objective. To evaluate the incidence of NSAID and other analgesic use in distance runners during training, competition and recovery.Methods. We performed an observational cross-sectional study at the Desert Race Across the Sand race (Colorado to Utah, USA) in June 2011 and the Empire State Marathon half-marathon, and relay races in Syracuse, NY, October 2011. A total of 27 ultramarathon runners and 46 marathon, half-marathon and marathon relay runners participated in the study. Surveys were distributed to runners during race registration. Self-reported use of common analgesic medications during training, racing and recovery was assessed.Results. Among all runners at all stages, NSAIDs were the most commonly used analgesic medication. NSAID use by ultramarathon runners compared with all other runners was similar during training (59% and 63%, respectively; χ2=0.008; p=0.93) and recovery (59% and 61%, respectively; χ2=0.007; p=0.93). However, ultramarathon runners were more likely than all other runners to use NSAIDs during the race (70% and 26%, respectively; χ2=11.76; p=0.0006).Conclusion. Despite undesirable side-effects associated with the use of NSAIDs, there was a high prevalence of use in all runners, particularly during training and recovery. NSAID use during the race was significantly greater in ultramarathon runners. Medical staff at endurance events need to be aware of, and prepared for potential complications related to the high use of NSAIDs in runners. Future efforts should focus on teaching runners about the undesirable effects of medication and emphasising alternatives to pain medication.
Physiotherapists’ knowledge of pain: A cross-sectional correlational study of members of the South African Sports and Orthopaedic Manipulative Special Interest Groups
Authors: Clenzos N , Naidoo N , Parker R
Published: December 2013

Background. Pain is the most common complaint for which patients seek the help of a physiotherapist. Furthermore, pain has been identified as the fifth vital sign, indicating the attention with which physiotherapists should be assessing pain. Previous studies have found deficits in pain knowledge among healthcare providers. Poor knowledge about pain is recognised to lead to poor assessment ability, and subsequently, to poor pain management.Objective. To investigate the pain knowledge of sports and orthopaedic manipulative physiotherapists in South Africa (SA).Methods. Data were collected online by means of a demographic questionnaire and Unruh’s Revised Pain Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire (RPKAQ). Participants were members of the Sports Physiotherapy Group and Orthopaedic Manipulative Physiotherapy Group of the South African Society of Physiotherapy.Results. The mean score for the RPKAQ was 65.5% (standard deviation (SD) ±8.6). Only 14.45% of the physiotherapists scored ≥75%. Lowest scores were obtained for the ‘assessment and measurement of pain’ (47.6%; SD ±15.6) and ‘developmental changes in pain perception’ (58.7%; SD ±20.8) sections of the RPKAQ, while the highest mean score was obtained for the ‘physiological basis of pain’ section (76.8%; SD±14.6). Gender, ethnicity (defined by home language), academic training and clinical experience did not contribute significantly to overall pain knowledge.Conclusion. There is an inadequate level of pain knowledge among members of the sports and orthopaedic manipulative physiotherapy groups in SA, particularly in the areas of the assessment and measurement of pain, and developmental changes in pain perception.
La contribution des religieux à la connaissance des savoirs populaires en Bretagne
Authors: Postic Fañch
Published: December 2013

Aux xviie et xviiie siècles les missionnaires Le Nobletz et Maunoir mentionnent des pratiques « superstitieuses », les dictionnaires de Le Pelletier et de Rostrenen contiennent quelques informations, mais il faut attendre la fin du xviiie siècle et le chanoine Mahé, admirateur de MacPherson, pour parler de collecte. À la suite du Barzaz-Breiz (1839), les prêtres chercheront surtout à enrichir le répertoire de chants populaires par des compositions nouvelles, tel Mgr Le Joubioux qui influence une « école vannetaise » à laquelle on doit d’importantes collectes après 1880 (abbés Buléon, Cadic, Guillevic, Le Goff…). Face aux lois sur l’enseignement, sur la séparation de l’Église et de l’État, la culture populaire et la langue leur sont d’abord des moyens d’apostolat, comme pour l’abbé Perrot en Léon. Ils participent peu au mouvement folkloriste de la fin du xixe siècle et du début du xxe, à l’exception de François Duine qui collabore à des revues savantes comme, plus tard, le chanoine Pérennès, dans un entre-deux-guerres où les collectes connaissent un net ralentissement et où la participation de l’abbé Falc’hun à la mission de folklore musical de 1939 demeure sans lendemain. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les religieux ne semblent guère concernés par un mouvement de collecte d’où – c’est à souligner – les religieuses sont singulièrement absentes !
Félix-Antoine Savard au Québec et en Acadie
Authors: Du Berger Jean
Published: December 2013

De nos jours, le nom de l’abbé Félix-Antoine Savard (1895-1982) évoque surtout son oeuvre littéraire comme Menaud maître-draveur, L’Abatis ou Le Barachois. À son sujet, Le Petit Robert est laconique : « Prélat et écrivain canadien, d’expression française » (Le Petit Robert 2). Pourtant, avec son collègue et ami, Luc Lacourcière, n’a-t-il pas participé à la fondation des Archives de folklore de l’Université Laval ? Par ailleurs, n’a-t-il pas collaboré aux enquêtes folkloriques au Québec et en Acadie comme en témoigne la référence « Collection Lacourcière-Savard » accompagnant de nombreux documents sonores. Félix-Antoine Savard était-il un folkloriste ? Quel rôle fut le sien dans la collecte où figure son nom ? Quel but comptait-il atteindre en se rendant dans le pays des conteurs et conteuses, des chanteurs et chanteuses ?
Catherine Jolicoeur, fille de Marie de l’Assomption
Authors: Labelle Ronald
Published: December 2013

En tant que spécialiste du légendaire acadien, soeur Catherine Jolicoeur a joué un rôle de premier plan dans le développement de la recherche ethnologique au Canada français à partir de la fin des années 1960 jusqu’aux années 1980, par son travail de terrain, sa participation à des sociétés savantes et son implication dans les grands travaux de classification des légendes. Cette communication présentera le parcours singulier de Catherine Jolicoeur en tant qu’ethnologue rattachée à une congrégation religieuse.
L’apport des religieux dans la propagation des récits régionalistes
Authors: Boivin Aurélien
Published: December 2013

Cette communication tente de montrer le rôle des religieux et l’influence qu’ils ont exercée dans la propagation du mouvement régionaliste ou terroiriste québécois dans le premier tiers du xxe siècle. Ces religieux ont été d’ardents défenseurs des valeurs traditionnelles alors que s’amorçait au Québec ce qui deviendra, dans les années 1940, une ère dite de modernité. La communication examine aussi l’impact de ces auteurs sur divers concours qui ont rejoint une foule de participants, mais aussi un très grand nombre de lecteurs et lectrices, tels, par exemple, les concours de la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal, dans les années 1910 et 1920. Plusieurs de ces religieux ont été des chefs de file du mouvement, tels l’abbé Lionel Groulx (Les Rapaillages), les frères Marie-Victorin (Récits laurentiens), Noël Gosselin (Les choses qui s’en vont), etc. Ils ont été dans leur milieu des propagateurs des valeurs que défendent les textes régionalistes et ont poussé plusieurs auteurs à participer à ce mouvement. En ce sens, ils ont été des collecteurs importants de la tradition.
Clercs et sciences humaines dans les conflits pastoraux du catholicisme français (1945-1978)
Authors: Tranvouez Yvon
Published: December 2013

On se propose de rappeler l’utilisation explicite de la sociologie comme justification de la pastorale d’Action catholique et le recours implicite à l’ethnologie comme défense de la religion populaire marginalisée par la généralisation de cette pastorale. On essaiera notamment de mettre en évidence la disproportion des forces, entre une armée de clercs sociologues, mise en branle par le chanoine Boulard à partir des années 1940, et un commando dissident de clercs ethnologues, activé par le père Bonnet dans les années 1970.
Les Amérindiens du Canada vus par les missionnaires oblats bretons (fin xixe-début xxe siècle)
Authors: Gicquel Samuel
Published: December 2013

Entre 1800 et 1940, 661 prêtres et religieux quittèrent leur Bretagne natale pour le Canada, afin d’évangéliser les Indiens qu’ils appelaient alors « sauvages ». Leurs témoignages et leurs travaux, qui précèdent parfois la venue des premiers ethnologues, sont une source remarquable sur la vie et les coutumes des autochtones. De la simple peinture de moeurs teintée d’exotisme aux savantes études ethnologiques ou linguistiques, la collecte de matière indienne revêt des formes très diverses. La plupart de ces documents ont toutefois un point commun : celui d’avoir été rédigé dans une optique apologétique et missionnaire. Leur lecture et leur analyse permet ainsi de mieux connaître la culture des populations autochtones, mais aussi celle des missionnaires et de leurs lecteurs européens.
Ethnographie au Canada français : l’absence de prêtres collecteurs dans l’Ouest canadien
Authors: Sarny Dominique
Published: December 2013

Les curés colonisateurs ont dominé dans l’Ouest, plus que les collecteurs auprès des populations canadiennes-françaises et immigrantes, si jamais ils ont existé. Ainsi, les prêtres collecteurs se retrouvent essentiellement, sinon exclusivement, chez les oblats auprès des populations autochtones. « Nous étions trop occupés à survivre pour s’occuper de notre culture », affirme Irène Thomas, l’une de nos informatrices de la Saskatchewan. Peut-on formuler une hypothèse pour expliquer ce manquement ?
Aeroacoustics of volcanic jets: Acoustic power estimation and jet velocity dependence
Authors: Matoza Robin S. , Fee David , Neilsen Tracianne B. , Gee Kent L. , Ogden Darcy E.
Published: December 2013

A fundamental goal of volcano acoustics is to relate observed infrasonic signals to the eruptive processes generating them. A link between acoustic power and volcanic gas exit velocity V was proposed by Woulff and McGetchin (1976) based upon the prevailing jet noise theory at the time (acoustic analogy theory). We reexamine this approach in the context of the current understanding of jet noise, using data from a laboratory jet, a full‐scale military jet aircraft, and a full‐scale rocket motor. Accurate estimates of require good spatial sampling of jet noise directionality; this is not usually possible in volcano acoustic field experiments. Typical volcano acoustic data better represent point measurements of acoustic intensity at a particular angle θ from the jet axis rather than . For pure air jet flows, velocity‐scaling laws currently proposed for acoustic intensity differ from those for acoustic power and are of the form , where c is the ambient sound speed and nθ varies nonlinearly from ∼5 to 10 as a function of temperature ratio and angle θ. Volcanic jet flows are more complex than the pure air laboratory case, which suggests that we do not currently know how the exponent nθ varies for a volcanic jet flow. This indicates that the formulation of Woulff and McGetchin (1976) can lead to large errors when inferring eruption parameters from acoustic data and thus requires modification. Quantitative integration of field, numerical, and laboratory studies within a modern aeroacoustics framework will lead to a more accurate relationship between volcanic infrasound and eruption parameters.
Probing the precipitation life cycle by iterative rain cell tracking
Authors: Moseley Christopher , Berg Peter , Haerter Jan O.
Published: December 2013

Monitoring the life cycle of convective rain cells requires a Lagrangian viewpoint where the observer moves with the dominant background flow. To adopt such a moving reference frame, we design, validate, and apply a simple rain cell tracking method—which we term iterative rain cell tracking (IRT)—for spatio‐temporal precipitation data. IRT iteratively identifies the formation and dissipation of rain cells and determines the large‐scale flow. The iteration is repeated until reaching convergence. As validated using reanalysis wind speeds, repeated iterations lead to substantially increased agreement of the background flow field and an increased number of complete tracks. Our method is thereby able to monitor the growth and intensity profiles of rain cells and is applied to a high‐resolution (5 min and 1×1 km2) data set of radar‐derived rainfall intensities over Germany. We then combine this data set with surface temperature observations and synoptic observations to group tracks according to convective and stratiform conditions. Convective tracks show clear life cycles in intensity, with peaks shifted off‐center toward the beginning of the track, whereas stratiform tracks have comparatively featureless intensity profiles. Our results show that the convective life cycle can lead to convection‐dominating precipitation extremes at short time scales, while track‐mean intensities may vary much less between the two types. The observed features become more pronounced as surface temperature increases, and in the case of convection even exceeded the rates expected from the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation.
Photography and Optical Enhancement of Physical Evidence
Authors: Porter Glenn
Published: December 2013

Photographic and optical enhancement of physical evidence is an important function in criminalistics and provides nondestructive methods of improving the visualization of forensic evidence. The key concepts and techniques involving optical, photographic, and digital imaging techniques are examined in this section. Essential foundation principle required in quality forensic photography such as maintaining the dimensional integrity of evidence and the representation of scale are discussed. Attributes for optical enhancement including the relationship between the spectral distribution of the light source, the spectral properties of the specimen, and spectral sensitivity of the recording media are explained and provide a theoretical basis. Optical enhancement techniques such as absorption, reflection, transmission, and photoluminescence modes are discussed with samples illustrating those optical effects. Digital imaging enhancement techniques to increase the contrast and the modification of color using Adobe Photoshop™ are explained.
Bright Blue and White Electrophosphorescent Triarylboryl‐Functionalized C^N‐Chelate Pt(II) Compounds: Impact of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds and Ancillary Ligands
Authors: Wang Xiang , Chang Yi‐Lu , Lu Jia‐Sheng , Zhang T. , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Wang Suning
Published: December 2013

New blue and blue‐green phosphorescent C^N chelate Pt(II) compounds that contain a dimesitylboryl‐functionalized phenyl‐1,2,3‐triazole ligand (Bptrz) are synthesized. The influence of three different ancillary ligands, namely acetylacetonato (acac), picolinate (pic) and pyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazolyl (pytrz), on phosphorescence quantum efficiency and excimer emission is examined. Pt(II) compounds with a p‐Bptrz ligand consistently emit a blue‐green color with an emission wavelength = 490–500 nm while those with a m‐Bptrz ligand emit a blue color with λem = 450–460 nm and a quantum efficiency as high as 0.97. In addition to the blue monomer emission peak, Pt(m‐Bptrz)(pytrz) compounds display an excimer emission peak at ∼550 nm in a solid matrix whose intensity is dependent on the substituent group on pytrz and the doping concentration. As a result of the monomer and excimer emission, bright white phosphorescence is observed for several members of Pt(m‐Bptrz)(pytrz) compounds. Intramolecular CH···N hydrogen bonds are found to play an important role in the high stability and high phosphorescent quantum efficiency of Pt(m‐Bptrz)(pytrz) compounds. Single‐dopant blue and white electrophosphorescent devices using Pt(m‐Bptrz)(CF3‐pytrz‐Me) or Pt(m‐Bptrz)(t‐Bu‐pytrz‐Me) as the emitter are successfully fabricated. White electroluminesence devices with external quantum efficiency of 15.6% and CIE (xy) of 0.31, 0.44 are achieved.
Complete Demonstration of the Valence Electronic Structure Inside a Practical Organic Solar Cell Probed by Low Energy Photoemission
Authors: Nakayama Yasuo , Nguyen Thanh Luan , Ozawa Yusuke , Machida Shin'ichi , Sato Tomoya , Tokairin Hiroshi , Noguchi Yutaka , Ishii Hisao
Published: December 2013

The complete electronic structure inside a practical organic photovoltaic (OPV) device consisting of a trilayer structure of copper‐phthalocyanine (CuPc), fullerene (C60), and bathocuproine (BCP) is demonstrated using low‐energy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (LE‐UPS) and photoelectron yield spectroscopy (PYS). The molecular orbital energy alignment and electrostatic potential distribution throughout the entire device is illustrated based on the LE‐UPS results. A favorable potential gradient to carry the photogenerated holes and electrons is manifested to be built spontaneously in the CuPc and BCP layers, respectively. Furthermore, the ultrahigh sensitivity measurements of LE‐UPS clearly unveil the distributions of faint density‐of‐states in the energy‐gap region in the organic films. Substantially barrierless contacts to both electrodes are fulfilled by the existence of these gap states. The electronic structure under simulated sunlight illumination is examined for the purpose of elucidating the electronic structures inside the working devices in the open‐circuit condition. These results indicate experimentally the electronic functionalities of each organic material, in particular of the BCP buffer layer, on the cell efficiency.
Mutation analysis of a cohort of US patients with hemophilia B
Authors: Li Tengguo , Miller Connie H. , Driggers Jennifer , Payne Amanda B. , Ellingsen Dorothy , Hooper W. Craig
Published: December 2013

Hemophilia B (HB) is a disorder resulting from genetic mutations in the Factor 9 gene (F9). Genotyping of HB patients is important for genetic counseling and patient management. Here we report a study of mutations identified in a large sample of HB patients in the US. Patients were enrolled through an inhibitor surveillance study at 17 hemophilia treatment centers. A total of 87 unique mutations were identified from 225 of the 226 patients, including deletions, insertions, and point mutations. Point mutations were distributed throughout the F9 gene and were found in 86% of the patients. Of these mutations, 24 were recurrent in the population, and 3 of them (c.316G>A, c.1025C>T, and c.1328T>A) accounted for 84 patients (37.1%). Haplotype analysis revealed that the high recurrence arose from a founder effect. The severity of HB was found to correlate with the type of mutation. Inhibitors developed only in severe cases with large deletions and nonsense mutations. None of the mild or moderate patients developed inhibitors. Our results provide a resource describing F9 mutations in US HB patients and confirm previous findings that patients bearing large deletions and nonsense mutations are at high risk of developing inhibitors. Am. J. Hematol. 89:375–379, 2014. Published 2013.