bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does selection on horn length of males and females differ in protected and hunted populations of a weakly dimorphic ungulate?
Authors: Corlatti Luca , Storch Ilse , Filli Flurin , Anderwald Pia
Published: April 2017

Weaponry in ungulates may be costly to grow and maintain, and different selective pressures in males and females may lead to sex‐biased natural survival. Sexual differences in the relationship between weapon growth and survival may increase under anthropogenic selection through culling, for example because of trophy hunting. Selection on weaponry growth under different scenarios has been largely investigated in males of highly dimorphic ungulates, for which survival costs (either natural or hunting related) are thought to be greatest. Little is known, however, about the survival costs of weaponry in males and females of weakly dimorphic species. We collected information on horn length and age at death/shooting of 407 chamois Rupicapra rupicapra in a protected population and in two hunted populations with different hunting regimes, to explore sexual differences in the selection on early horn growth under contrasting selective pressures. We also investigated the variation of horn growth and body mass in yearling males (n = 688) and females (n = 539) culled in one of the hunted populations over 14 years. The relationship between horn growth and survival showed remarkable sexual differences under different evolutionary scenarios. Within the protected population, under natural selection, we found no significant trade‐off in either males or females. Under anthropogenic pressure, selection on early horn growth of culled individuals showed diametrically opposed sex‐biased patterns, depending on the culling regime and hunters’ preferences. Despite the selective bias between males and females in one of the hunted populations, we did not detect significant sex‐specific differences in the long‐term pattern of early growth. The relationship between early horn growth and natural survival in either sex might suggest stabilizing selection on horn size in chamois. Selection through culling can be strongly sex‐biased also in weakly dimorphic species, depending on hunters’ preferences and hunting regulations, and long‐term data are needed to reveal potential undesirable evolutionary consequences.
Worst Case Prediction‐Based Differential Evolution for Multi‐Noisy‐Hard‐Objective Optimization Problems
Authors: TAGAWA KIYOHARU , HARADA SHOICHI
Published: April 2017

A new multiobjective optimization problem in presence of noise is formulated and called multi‐noisy‐hard‐objective optimization problem (MNHOP). Since considering the worst case performance is important in many real‐world optimization problems, each solution of MNHOP is evaluated based on the upper bounds of noisy objective functions’ values predicted statistically from multiple samples. Then an Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm (EMOA) based on Differential Evolution is applied to MNHOP. Three sample saving techniques, namely U‐cut, C‐cut, and resampling, are proposed and introduced into the EMOA for allocating its computing budget only to promising solutions. Finally, the effects of those techniques are examined through numerical experiments.
Decision Support Method with AHP According to Similar Preference
Authors: YUMOTO MASAKI
Published: April 2017

In the decision support method with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), each evaluation criteria are evaluated for target objective, and each alternative is evaluated for each evaluation criteria. This method recommends alternatives to the user according to the total degree of weight, which is calculated from these two kinds of evaluation values. If the target user does not know all alternatives, AHP needs to use the average value of other evaluators’ evaluation in usual decision support method. However, this method does not reflect target user's preference, and the result does not satisfy the user in many cases. This paper proposes a decision support method with AHP according to similar preference. The proposal method searches the set of alternatives evaluation by others, which is nearest to evaluation by target user in the evaluation distance between alternatives. Evaluation distance is calculated using the value of an evaluation level. The shorter distance the set of alternatives is, the more appropriate alternatives user finds in this method. In practical experiment, the proposal method recommended more satisfied alternatives than the usual method, in which the evaluation value of alternatives is the average value among other evaluators.
A conditional probability index to quantify the amplitude and the direction of spatiotemporal changes in communities
Authors: Sylvain Jean‐Daniel , Drolet Guillaume , Thiffault Nelson , Beguin Julien , Hébert François
Published: April 2017

Monitoring and mapping species diversity using indicators can allow the detection of changes in communities. Conclusions regarding these changes greatly depend on the choice of indicator. Here, we propose a new metric, the distance biochange index (DBCI), that enables the characterization and quantification of both the level and direction of change in biological communities relative to a given reference state. The proposed metric uses conditional probabilities to assess the probability of observing a complete change in a given community and can be decomposed into four conditional probabilities of change: no change, complete change in species composition only, complete change in species richness only, and complete change in both species composition and richness. In this study, we compared the properties of DBCI and BCI, a similarity version of DBCI, with those of other widely used indices. We also proposed a new approach, based on the use of partial derivatives, to assess the sensitivity of six similarity indices over a wide range of contrasting scenarios of change. Finally, we extended the application of DBCI to a simulated case study of the predicted evolution of suitable habitats for 20 species under climate change. Results from this simulation demonstrated that DBCI provides an accurate assessment of the level and direction of change. Results also show that DBCI can be used to reflect the effect of ecological gradients on species composition and species richness in biological communities.
Stability Analysis for Grid‐Connected LCL‐Type Inverter with Digital Control
Authors: KATO TOSHIJI , INOUE KAORU , AKIYAMA YUSUKE , OHASHI KOKI
Published: April 2017

A grid‐connected inverter is indispensable for photovoltaic power generation and smart grid systems, and it must be designed for stable operation. The impedance method based on the Nyquist criterion is often utilized to analyze the stability of grid‐connected inverter systems. The impedance method is based on the eigenvalues of the product of the inverter output admittance and the line impedance matrices in the frequency domain. However, the frequency characteristics have so far been derived only for inverters with analog control systems. A new frequency analysis method for inverters with digital control systems is proposed in this paper. First, a stability analysis example for a three‐phase LCL‐type inverter controlled digitally is shown and the results are compared and validated with those by simulation using a Saber simulator. Finally, they are also compared and validated with experimental results digitally controlled by a DSP‐based system.
Demonstration of Capacitive‐Coupled Power Extraction MHD Generator
Authors: TAKAYANAGI SHO , TAKAHASHI KAZUMASA , SASAKI TORU , KIKUCHI TAKASHI , HARADA NOBUHIRO
Published: April 2017

A capacitive‐coupled power extraction (CCPE) MHD generator was proposed to prevent electrode damages. In this study, we demonstrated the CCPE MHD generator driven by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The result shows that the electron temperature and the electron number density of the ICP are 69,600 K (6 eV) and 1016 1/m3, respectively. The output voltage of MHD generator using the ICP was followed the theory at DC MHD generation. To demonstrate the CCPE MHD generator, the alternating magnetic field was applied to the ICP. The output voltage from the CCPE MHD generator is observed at the load resistance. The output voltage evolution obtained by experimental results is similar to that estimated by the equivalent circuit model.
HB2: The effects of polarizing legislation on recruitment practices
Authors: Parks Rodney , Parrish Jesse
Published: April 2017

In response to a Charlotte, North Carolina, transgender nondiscrimination ordinance, state lawmakers drafted what is now famously known as House Bill 2. Charlotte's ordinance required businesses and other public facilities to allow transgender individuals to use the bathroom of their choice, and House Bill 2 effectively overturned it by prohibiting local governments from imposing inclusion‐oriented requirements on businesses. The bill also mandates that in public buildings, transgender individuals must use the bathroom that corresponds to the sex on their birth certificate, even if it contradicts their identity expression or how they present themselves.
Adopt strategies for listening actively
Authors: Zachary Lois J. , Fischler Lory A.
Published: April 2017

The material on this page is excerpted from Starting Strong: A Mentoring Fable. The authors explain strategies for active listening in a mentoring situation. Their advice could also apply to many other situations where listening is critical.
Build a strong relationship with high school students for success
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2017

Between the years 2009 and 2014, the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff faced a sharp decline in enrollment, losing 1,012 students. In July 2014, Linda A. Okiror, Ph.D., was named vice chancellor of enrollment management and student success. Okiror shared some of the measures that UAPB put into place to combat the decline, as well as her own experience piloting a high school transition program that has grown to be a wildly successful part of the enrollment landscape at UAPB.
Atmospheric chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate and ionic perfluoroalkyl acids in 2006 to 2014 in Dalian, China
Authors: Liu Wei , Qin Hui , Li Jingwen , Zhang Qian , Zhang Huanhuan , Wang Zaoshi , He Xin
Published: April 2017

Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA; trade name F-53B) is an alternative product for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) used in metal plating; little is known about its levels in the environment and its risks. To our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first report of Cl-PFESA in the atmosphere. In 2006 to 2014, C8 Cl-PFESA, along with ionic perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), was detected in atmospheric particulate matter in Dalian, China. Concentrations of C8 Cl-PFESA increased from 140 pg/m3 in 2007 to 722 pg/m3 in 2014. Levels of 11 (total) ionic PFAAs increased in 2006 to 2008 and decreased afterward, with a range of 35.7 to 860 pg/m3. The PFAAs in the particulate matter were dominated by perfluorocarboxylates, with perfluorooctanoate detected at the highest concentration at a mean level of 71.7 pg/m3, followed by perfluoroheptanoate and perfluorohexanoate. Perfluorosulfonates were detected at lower levels, with mean concentrations of PFOS, perfluorobutanesulfonate, and perfluorohexane sulfonate of 5.73, 1.64, and 1.24 pg/m3, respectively. Back-trajectory analysis suggested that the air mass approaching Dalian during the sampling originated from the northwest, where fluorochemical industry parks and metal plating industries are densely located. No significant correlation was observed between Cl-PFESA and the ionic PFAAs. The relatively high Cl-PFESA concentrations suggested that it possibly contributed largely to the previously reported exposure to undefined organic fluorine compounds, for which further research on emission and environmental risks is needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2581–2586. © 2017 SETAC.
Energy and Environmental Policy in the Trump Era
Authors: Lesser Jonathan A.
Published: April 2017

Although it's still the early days for the new administration, significant course changes from the Obama administration are on the horizon. For the more environmentally zealous, these changes may signal the end of days, but from this economist's standpoint, federal energy and environmental policy desperately need an injection of reality. Alas, several states—California and New York, especially—seem more desirous than ever to jump off their respective green cliffs. But at least the rest of the country will not have to jump after them.
A discrete‐choice model for large heterogeneous panels with interactive fixed effects with an application to the determinants of corporate bond issuance
Authors: Boneva Lena , Linton Oliver
Published: April 2017

What is the effect of funding costs on the conditional probability of issuing a corporate bond? We study this question in a novel dataset covering 5610 issuances by US firms over the period from 1990 to 2014. Identification of this effect is complicated because of unobserved, common shocks such as the global financial crisis. To account for these shocks, we extend the common correlated effects estimator to settings where outcomes are discrete. Both the asymptotic properties and the small‐sample behavior of this estimator are documented. We find that for non‐financial firms yields are negatively related to bond issuance but that the effect is larger in the pre‐crisis period.
Speckle variance optical coherence tomography of blood flow in the beating mouse embryonic heart
Authors: Grishina Olga A. , Wang Shang , Larina Irina V.
Published: April 2017

Efficient separation of blood and cardiac wall in the beating embryonic heart is essential and critical for experiment‐based computational modelling and analysis of early‐stage cardiac biomechanics. Although speckle variance optical coherence tomography (SV‐OCT) relying on calculation of intensity variance over consecutively acquired frames is a powerful approach for segmentation of fluid flow from static tissue, application of this method in the beating embryonic heart remains challenging because moving structures generate SV signal indistinguishable from the blood. Here, we demonstrate a modified four‐dimensional SV‐OCT approach that effectively separates the blood flow from the dynamic heart wall in the beating mouse embryonic heart. The method takes advantage of the periodic motion of the cardiac wall and is based on calculation of the SV signal over the frames corresponding to the same phase of the heartbeat cycle. Through comparison with Doppler OCT imaging, we validate this speckle‐based approach and show advantages in its insensitiveness to the flow direction and velocity as well as reduced influence from the heart wall movement. This approach has a potential in variety of applications relying on visualization and segmentation of blood flow in periodically moving structures, such as mechanical simulation studies and finite element modelling. Picture: Four‐dimensional speckle variance OCT imaging shows the blood flow inside the beating heart of an E8.5 mouse embryo.
Interphotoreceptor matrix based biomaterial: Impact on human retinal progenitor cell attachment and differentiation
Authors: Kundu Joydip , Michaelson Andrew , Baranov Petr , Chiumiento Marco , Nigl Tom , Young Michael J. , Carrier Rebecca L.
Published: April 2017

While cell transplantation therapies show great promise as treatments for retinal degeneration, the challenge of low cell survival upon transplantation motivates exploration of materials that may serve as cell delivery vehicles and promote survival and differentiation. In this study, we explored the native matrix that surrounds the outer segments of photoreceptors and promotes their homeostasis, interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), as a substrate for human retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs). Bovine IPM was characterized to determine its structure and biochemical composition, and processed to develop substrates for cells. Cell viability, morphology, proliferation and expression of photoreceptors marker genes were studied on IPM‐based substrates in vitro. We explored different preparations of IPM as a scaffold. Lectin staining revealed that a distinct honeycomb structure of native IPM is lost during centrifugation to prepare a more concentrated suspension of matrix. Biochemical analysis of bovine IPM indicated presence of glycosaminoglycans and proteins. IPM mediated hRPC attachment and spreading with no signs of cytotoxicity. Cells proliferated more on native IPM substrates compared to IPM that was centrifuged to create a concentrated suspension. Cells cultured on IPM substrates expressed markers of photoreceptors: rhodopsin, NRL and ROM1. Together this data supports further exploration of IPM as a tool for retinal tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 891–899, 2018.
Double Hydroamination of Alkyne via PTC and Microwave‐activated Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine in an Aqueous Media
Authors: Waseem Malik A. , Lone Ali Mohd , Ibad Farah , Ibad Afshan , Yadav Vijay B. , Ansari Khursheed , Shairjogrey Bashir Ahamad , Watal Geeta , Siddiqui I. R.
Published: April 2017

A novel facile and diastereoselective synthesis of imidazopyridine with high atom economy in water as a green solvent under synergic effect of microwave activation and phase transfer catalysis from readily available 2‐aminopyridine and electrophilic alkyne, dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate has been developed. The strategy of the protocol involves heterocyclisation via double hydroamination of dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate in biphasic system catalyzed by benzyltriethylammonium bromide activated by microwave irradiation. The transformation proceeded smoothly and quantitatively at an ambient temperature. The reaction sequence of the protocol was also proved by electrochemical synthesis of imidazopyridine using same starting materials under similar reaction conditions.
Neurosurgical laser ablation and MR thermometry: Risks of multisite workflow pattern
Authors: Larson Paul S. , Vadivelu Sudhakar , Azmi‐Ghadimi Hooman , Nichols Amy , Fauerbach Loretta , Johnson Helen Boehm
Published: April 2017

Neurosurgical laser ablation is a relatively new but rapidly growing application of stereotactic neurosurgery that allows neurosurgeons to treat many previously untreatable conditions with the added benefit of shorter hospitalizations and recovery times. The vast majority of these procedures, however, are performed using a multisite workflow pattern involving transport of the patient between the operating room (OR), the computed tomography (CT) suite, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suite, often necessitating patient transfer through public pathways and requiring multiple trips if laser fiber placement is not accurate. There are significant risks posed to the patient with this practice and no existing guidelines addressing it. This article serves to identify those risks and present recommendations for safety optimization and risk reduction for those health care facilities using a multisite workflow pattern.
The “6 A's”: A risk manager's guide to emergency cesarean delivery
Authors: Veltman Larry
Published: April 2017

The allegation of delay in performing an emergency cesarean delivery is common in litigation involving neurological injury to newborns. Analyzing the actual performance of an emergency cesarean involves multiple steps, individuals, and systemic processes that need coordination for appropriate action when necessary. This article gives risk managers a systematic way to evaluate a given perinatal unit's approach to the ability to perform an emergency cesarean through evaluating the 6 “A”s: Assess, Alert, Align, Assemble, Act, and Analyze. Each of these elements is discussed based on current evidence. A checklist that may be useful in the evaluation of the elements of performance of emergency cesarean delivery is provided.
Effect of high‐fat diet and growth stage on the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota in healthy bovine livestock
Authors: Jiao Shengyin , Cao Hui , Dai Yue , Wu Junhui , Lv Jia , Du Renjia , Han Bei
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the composition of bacteria in the bovine rectum and their functions during growth, in relation to different diets. Fecal samples were collected from 6‐, 12‐, 18‐ and 24‐month cattle fed high‐fat diet, and healthy female parents fed regular diet. Total DNA was amplified (V3–V4 of 16S rRNA) and submitted to barcode‐DNA pyrosequencing. Intestinal microbiota profiles and functions were then analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 114 512 operational taxonomic units were detected from the 1 802 243 sequences obtained. In 6‐month‐old and female parent groups, the top three abundant phyla were Bacteroidetes (37.6%, 32.2%), Firmicutes (34.4%, 48.2%) and Proteobacteria (9.1%, 6.3%); in the 12‐, 18‐ and 24‐month groups, they were Proteobacteria (45.5%, 47.1%, 38.8%), Firmicutes (27.4%, 22.2%, 20.1%) and Bacteroidetes (14.9%, 19.4%, 17.7%), respectively. Paludibacter and Desulfopila in abundance showed negative (P < 0.001) and positive (P < 0.05) correlation, respectively, to cattle weight gain through metagenomic functional prediction of methane, cysteine and methionine metabolism. Meanwhile, cofactor/vitamin and amino acid metabolic processes were significantly higher in bacteria from the regular diet group than high‐fat diet groups, with markedly lower cellular processes and signaling, and reduced glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The 6‐month cattle and female parents shared similar intestinal bacteria; the community structure of fecal microbiota was significantly affected by high‐fat diet in older cattle. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Semi‐end‐to‐end esophagojejunostomy after laparoscopy‐assisted total gastrectomy better reduces stricture and leakage than the conventional end‐to‐side procedure: A retrospective study
Authors: Duan Wei , Liu Kaijun , Fu Xiaolong , Shen Xuqi , Chen Jun , Su Chongyu , Yu Peiwu , Zhao Yongliang
Published: April 2017

Background and Objective

Laparoscopy‐assisted total gastrectomy (LATG) has not gained popularity due to the technical difficulty of esophagojejunostomy (EJ) and the high incidence of EJ‐related complications. Herein, we compared two types of EJ for Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction to determine whether semi‐end‐to‐end (SETE) EJ is more convenient than the end‐to‐side (ETS) procedure and is capable of reducing stricture and leakage.

Methods

A total of 268 patients who underwent LATG with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction were included in this study. Two types of EJ were applied for LATG: conventional ETS EJ and SETE EJ. The surgical outcomes and postoperative complications were compared.

Results

The mean reconstruction time in the SETE group was shorter than that in the ETS group (41.6 ± 8.0 min vs 51.3 ± 9.2 min, P = 0.000). The incidences of total EJ‐related complications, EJ leakage, and EJ stricture in the SETE group and ETS group were 1.1% (1/92) and 10.2% (18/176), 1.1% (1/92) and 4.0% (7/176), and 0 and 6.2% (11/176), respectively. The incidence of total EJ‐related complications in the SETE group was lower than that of the ETS group (P = 0.006), and the incidence of EJ stricture in the SETE group was lower than that of the ETS group (P = 0.034).

Conclusions

SETE EJ is more convenient than the conventional ETS procedure and is associated with a shorter reconstruction time and a lower incidence of EJ stricture and leakage.
Ultrasonic modulation of tissue optical properties in ex vivo porcine skin to improve transmitted transdermal laser intensity
Authors: Whiteside Paul J.D. , Qian Chenxi , Golda Nicholas , Hunt Heather K.
Published: April 2017

Background and Objective

Applications of light‐based energy devices involving optical targets within the dermis frequently experience negative side‐effects resultant from surface scattering and excess optical absorption by epidermal melanin. As a broadband optical absorber, melanin decreases the efficacy of light‐based treatments throughout the ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared spectra while also generating additional heat within the surface tissue that can lead to inflammation or tissue damage. Consequently, procedures may be performed using greater energy densities to ensure that the target receives a clinically relevant dose of light; however, such practices are limited, as doing so tends to exacerbate the detrimental complications resulting from melanin absorption of treatment light. The technique presented herein represents an alternative method of operation aimed at increasing epidermal energy fluence while mitigating excess absorption by unintended chromophores. The approach involves the application of continuously pulsed ultrasound to modulate the tissue's optical properties and thereby improve light transmission through the epidermis.

Materials and Methods

To demonstrate the change in optical properties, pulsed light at a wavelength of 532 nm from a Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser was transmitted into 4 mm thick samples of porcine skin, comprised of both epidermal and dermal tissue. The light was transmitted using an optical waveguide, which allowed for an ultrasonic transducer to be incorporated for simultaneous paraxial pulsation in parallel with laser operation. Light transmitted through the tissue was measured by a photodiode attached to an integrating sphere.

Results

Increasing the driving voltage of ultrasonic pulsation resulted in an increase in mean transmitted optical power of up to a factor of 1.742 ± 0.0526 times the control, wherein no ultrasound was applied, after which the optical power increase plateaued to an average amplification factor of 1.733 ± 0.549 times the control.

Conclusions

The increase implies a reduction in light either back‐scattered or absorbed within the tissue, which would allow for a greater proportion of incident energy to be delivered to the clinical target, thereby improving procedural efficacy and potentially reducing the severity of detrimental side‐effects. Apparatus Lasers Surg. Med. 49:666–674, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiovascular risk management in rheumatoid arthritis: A large gap to close
Authors: Ladak Karim , Hashim Jomana , Clifford‐Rashotte Matthew , Tandon Vikas , Matsos Mark , Patel Ameen
Published: April 2017

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) portends significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We therefore determined how often rheumatologists screened for and managed cardiovascular risk factors in RA patients, and the barriers to doing so.

Methods

We examined 300 patient charts from 10 university‐affiliated rheumatology practices, to ascertain if they had been screened, treated and/or referred over a 3‐year period. We subsequently distributed a national survey to Canadian rheumatologists to elucidate challenges in performing optimal cardiovascular risk modification.

Results

Most patients were screened for hypertension. Forty‐one per cent were found to be hypertensive; however, the majority of these patients were neither treated nor referred to another provider for management. A small minority of patients were screened for diabetes and/or hyperlipidaemia, and these were usually not addressed if abnormal. Men were referred more frequently than women. Consistent with these findings, the majority of rheumatologists from the national survey felt that they did not manage cardiovascular risk adequately; 79.4% cited a lack of time as a major barrier, and 82.5% felt that it should be managed by the primary care provider.

Conclusion

There is marked underdiagnosis and undertreatment of cardiac risk in RA. Several major barriers exist, including lack of time. Most rheumatologists feel that this aspect of care is the responsibility of primary care physicians.
Morbidity and mortality after treatment of Ewing sarcoma: A single‐institution experience
Authors: Friedman Danielle Novetsky , Chastain Katherine , Chou Joanne F. , Moskowitz Chaya S. , Adsuar Roberto , Wexler Leonard H. , Chou Alexander J. , DeRosa Amelia , Candela Joanne , Magnan Heather , Pun Shawn , Kahan Tamara , Wolden Suzanne L. , Meyers Paul A. , Oeffinger Kevin C.
Published: April 2017

Background

Children, adolescents, and young adults treated for Ewing sarcoma (ES) are at risk for disease‐related and treatment‐related complications. We aimed to describe early and late overall mortality, cause‐specific mortality, and key adverse health outcomes in a large, single‐institutional cohort of patients with ES.

Methods

Patients with ES diagnosed at age less than 40 years and treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering between 1974 and 2012 were included. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods. Cox proportional hazards were used to examine the association of clinical and pathologic variables with overall survival. Cause‐specific mortality was evaluated with the cumulative incidence function accounting for competing risks.

Results

Three hundred patients with ES (60.3% male; median age at diagnosis: 16.8 years [range: 0.3–39]; 30.0% with metastatic disease at diagnosis) were followed for a median of 7.8 years (range: 0.2–37). Five‐year overall survival was 65.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 59.8–71.1%) for the entire cohort; 78.6% for those with localized disease; 40.1% for those with isolated pulmonary metastases; and 28.1% for those with extrapulmonary metastases. In multivariable analysis, older age at diagnosis, minority race/ethnicity, and metastatic disease at diagnosis were associated with inferior survival. Ten‐year cumulative incidence of relapse/progression was 40.1%, with eight late relapses occurring at a median of 6.3 years after diagnosis (range: 5–14). Seventeen patients developed subsequent neoplasms (treatment‐related myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia = 9; solid tumors = 6; nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC] = 4). Excluding NMSC and melanoma in situ, the cumulative incidence of subsequent malignant neoplasms at 25 years was 15% (95% CI, 4.8–25.1%).

Conclusion

Patients with ES are at high risk for relapse/progression and second cancers.
Healthcare utilization and spending by children with cancer on Medicaid
Authors: Mueller Emily L. , Hall Matt , Berry Jay G. , Carroll Aaron E. , Macy Michelle L.
Published: April 2017

Background

Children with cancer are a unique patient population with high resource, complex healthcare needs. Understanding their healthcare utilization could highlight areas for care optimization.

Procedure

We performed a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis of the 2014 Truven Marketscan Medicaid Database to explore clinical attributes, utilization, and spending among children with cancer who were Medicaid enrollees. Eligible patients included children (ages 0–18 years) with cancer (Clinical Risk Group 8). Healthcare utilization and spending (per member per month, PMPM) were assessed overall and across specific healthcare services.

Results

Children with cancer (n = 5,405) represent less than 1% of the 1,516,457 children with medical complexity in the dataset. Children with cancer had high services use: laboratory/radiographic testing (93.0%), outpatient specialty care (83.4%), outpatient therapy/treatment (53.4%), emergency department (43.7%), hospitalization (31.5%), home healthcare (9.5%). PMPM spending for children with cancer was $3,706 overall and $2,323 for hospital care.

Conclusion

Children with cancer have high healthcare resource use and spending. Differences in geographic distribution of services for children with cancer and the trajectory of spending over the course of therapy are areas for future investigation aimed at lowering costs of care without compromising on health outcomes.
Exponentially weighted moving average control charts based on the moving average statistic and lnS2 for monitoring a Weibull process with subgroups
Authors: Wang Fu‐Kwun , Cheng Xiao‐Bin
Published: April 2017

In this paper, we propose 2 new exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts based on the moving average (MA) statistic and lnS2 to monitor the process mean and variability of a Weibull process with subgroups. The inverse error function is used to transform the Weibull‐distributed data to a standard normal distribution. The Markov chain approach is used to derive the average run length (ARL). Subsequently, the performances of the proposed charts with other existing control charts are provided. The comparison shows that the EWMA‐MA outperforms the
and EWMA‐
control charts for monitoring the process mean of ARL values. The comparison also shows that the EWMA‐lnS2 outperforms the S2 and S2‐MA control charts for monitoring the process variability of ARL value. Two examples are used to illustrate the application of the proposed control charts.
Effect of the Terminal Ligands of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Model Complexes on Proton Reduction Properties and Catalytic Hydroxylation of Benzene
Authors: Zhang Xia , Zhang Tianyong , Li Bin , Zhang Guanghui , Hai Li , Ma Xiaoyuan , Wu Wubin , Jiang Shuang
Published: April 2017

Two new [FeFe]‐hydrogenase model complexes (μ‐dmedt)Fe2(CO)5[2‐fluoropyridine] 2; dmedt=SCH(CH3)CH(CH3)S]2 and (μ‐dmedt)Fe2(CO)5[3‐fluoropyridine] 3 were synthesized. The electrocatalytic property and benzene hydroxylation reactivity were investigated. Complex 2 produces hydrogen at an overpotential 130 mV lower than complex 3. The results showed that complex 2 have the better phenol yield (12.9 %) than complex 3 (10.6 %). The electrochemical test demonstrated that the structure of complex 2 is more stable than complex 3 in CH3CN solution. Although complexes 2 and 3 have the similar electron density with the Fe−Fe bond, but the different position of the F atom on the pyridine ring has a great influence on the stability. The [FeFe]‐hydrogenase model complexes with 2‐fluoropyridine ligand has better structure stability and higher catalytic activity.
Cu‐Doped Carbon Dots with Highly Ordered Alignment in Anisotropic Nano‐Space for Improving the Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Xue Ning , Kong Xianggui , Song Bochuan , Bai Liqian , Zhao Yufei , Lu Chao , Shi Wenying
Published: April 2017

Extensive research is directed to further prolong the lifetime of charge carriers and to increase the rate of electron transfer for nano‐photoactive catalysts. Especially, spin‐dependent electron‐hole recombination process has gained much attention. However, the direct effect of spin degree on photo‐catalysis performance is largely unexplored, which hinders the advancement of nano‐catalyst design. Here, a model catalyst system is constructed by combing Cu2+, carbon dots (CDs), and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in order to address the above problems. The results from experimental and theoretical calculations show that: 1) the confined nano‐interlayer of anisotropic LDHs provides Cu‐CDs with highly aligned dipoles and enhanced spin‐orbit coupling, which leads to the forbidden radiative recombination and prolonged exciton lifetime; 2) LDHs as nano‐reactors provide a confined microenvironment for catalysis reaction, which shortens the electron transfer pathway and reduces the exciton loss. Based on these improved properties, the photocatalytic efficiency of Cu‐CDs‐LDHs in photo‐oxidation reaction of 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethylpyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylateis (1,4‐DHP) is 1.54 times higher than pure CDs.
Modeling of Austenite Decomposition during Continuous Cooling Process in Heat Treatment of Hypoeutectoid Steel with Cellular Automaton Method
Authors: Su Bin , Ma Qingxian , Han Zhiqiang
Published: April 2017

The austenite decomposition during continuous cooling process in heat treatment of hypoeutectoid steel is studied with experimental method and numerical simulation. To investigate the phase transformation, quenching experiments are conducted and the microstructure evolution is investigated through metallographic examination. Dilatometric experiments are conducted as well and the experimental results are employed to analyze the phase transformation process during austenite decomposition. Subsequent studies of austenite decomposition in the steel are conducted using a numerical model based on cellular automaton (CA) method. In the simulation, the transformation of austenite into ferrite and pearlite is simulated, and the growth kinetics and average grain size of ferrite as well as the average interlamellar spacing of pearlite were obtained. The simulation results of the effects of cooling rate on the average grain size of ferrite and interlamellar spacing of pearlite agree well with the experimental results. Finally, integrated with a previously developed model for the austenization in heating process of heat treatment, the present model shows a capacity to investigate the effect of the prior austenite grain size on the final microstructure formed at the end of austenite decomposition.
Transanal Endoscopic Operation Versus Conventional Transanal Excision for Rectal Tumors: Case‐Matched Study with Propensity Score Matching
Authors: Han Jeonghee , Noh Gyoung Tae , Cheong Chinock , Cho Min Soo , Hur Hyuk , Min Byung Soh , Lee Kang Young , Kim Nam Kyu
Published: April 2017

Backgrounds

Although transanal endoscopic surgery is practiced worldwide, there is no consensus on comparative outcomes between transanal endoscopic operation (TEO) and transanal excision (TAE). In this study, we reviewed our experiences with these techniques and compared patients who underwent TEO and TAE using propensity score matching (PSM).

Methods

A total of 207 patients underwent local rectal tumor excision between January 2008 and November 2015. To overcome selection bias, we used PSM to achieve a one‐to‐one TEO: TAE ratio. We included baseline characteristics, age, sex, surgeon, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, tumor location (clockwise direction), involved circumference quadrants, tumor size, and pathology.

Results

After PSM, 72 patients were included in each group. The tumor distance from the anal verge was higher in the TEO group (8.0 [5–10] vs. TAE: 4.0 [3–5], p < 0.001). Complication rates did not differ between the groups (TEO: 8.3% vs. TAE: 11.1%, p = 0.39). TEO was associated with a shorter hospital stay (3.01 vs. 4.68 days, p = 0.001), higher negative margin rate (95.8 vs. 86.1%, p = 0.039), and non‐fragmented specimen rate vs. TAE (98.6 vs. 90.3%, p = 0.029).

Conclusions

TEO was more beneficial for patients with higher rectal tumors. Regardless of tumor location, involved circumference quadrants, and tumor size, TEO may more effectively achieve negative resection margins and non‐fragmented specimens. Consequently, although local excision method according to tumor distance may be important, TEO will become the standard for rectal tumors.
High diluted and dynamised follicle stimulating hormone modulates steroid production in isolated porcine preantral follicles cultured in vitro
Authors: de Lima Laritza F , Rubessa Marcello , Rocha Rebeca MP , Winters Rebecca , Milner Derek J , Campello Claudio C , Figueiredo José R , Wheeler Matthew B
Published: April 2017

Objective:
This study investigated the effect of two different follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) preparations (diluted/dynamised and diluted) on the in vitro development and steroid production (estradiol, progesterone and testosterone) of isolated porcine preantral follicle after in vitro culture.

Methods:
Secondary follicles were cultured in Alpha Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM+) supplemented with grain ethanol (AL – 0.2%, v/v), diluted/dynamised FSH (rFSH 6cH – 0.05 fg/mL) or diluted-only FSH (1.5 ng/mL) for 4 days. Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of follicular growth, morphology and hormone production.

Results:
The percentage of follicular integrity and extrusion were not affected by the treatments after culture. For all treatments, follicular diameter increased significantly from Day 0 to Day 4. On Day 2 of culture, the estradiol production was significantly higher in AL and diluted-only FSH treatments compared with diluted/dynamised FSH. However, diluted/dynamised FSH showed a significantly higher progesterone production on Day 2. Only on Day 4, the testosterone production was higher in the AL than diluted-only FSH treatments, but similar to diluted/dynamised FSH treatment. Except for diluted/dynamised FSH treatment, progesterone production increased (P < 0.05) from Day 2 to Day 4; only for AL treatment, a significant increase of testosterone production was observed during culture.

Conclusion:
Compared to control the diluted/dynamised FSH addition increased progesterone production but decreased the estradiol production after in vitro culture of isolated porcine preantral follicles. Taken together the results suggest that at least for progesterone production the mechanism of action of diluted/dynamised FSH differs from its vehicle.
Classical Field Theory
Authors: Franklin Joel
Published: April 2017

Classical field theory, which concerns the generation and interaction of fields, is a logical precursor to quantum field theory, and can be used to describe phenomena such as gravity and electromagnetism. Written for advanced undergraduates, and appropriate for graduate level classes, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to field theories, with a focus on their relativistic structural elements. Such structural notions enable a deeper understanding of Maxwell's equations, which lie at the heart of electromagnetism, and can also be applied to modern variants such as Chern–Simons and Born–Infeld. The structure of field theories and their physical predictions are illustrated with compelling examples, making this book perfect as a text in a dedicated field theory course, for self-study, or as a reference for those interested in classical field theory, advanced electromagnetism, or general relativity. Demonstrating a modern approach to model building, this text is also ideal for students of theoretical physics.
Analysis of aircraft ground traffic flow and gate utilisation using a hybrid dynamic gate and taxiway assignment algorithm
Authors: Guclu Orhan Ertugrul , Cetek Cem
Published: April 2017

The rapid increase in the demand for air transportation over the last four decades has led to serious capacity problems for both the airside and landside components of major airports. The efficient management of existing airside resources seems to be the most effective and practical approach to overcome these capacity and traffic flow problems. Although integrated management of aircraft parking position assignments and ground movement planning processes are vital for the effective use of resources and for efficient operations, the current practice is that these processes are handled separately by different agents. This study proposes a hybrid dynamic system, an integrated methodology of taxi path and gate assignment using a knowledge-based decision-making approach to model effectively time-variant and realistic operational features of aircraft gate management and route planning. The model assigns the most suitable parking positions with minimum taxi time and taxi delay among a reduced solution set, satisfying pre-defined decision criteria as well as monitoring ground movements and, if necessary, reassigning new taxi paths and parking positions in real time. Both the proposed integrated methodology and the separate gate assignment and ground management operations currently in use were implemented, analysed and compared in a fast-time simulation model of Istanbul Ataturk Airport (LTBA). The hybrid dynamic assignment model provided significant improvements in taxi times, ground delays and gate utilisation.
Toward a Global System of Human Mobility: Three
Thoughts
Authors: Aleinikoff T. Alexander
Published: April 2017

Migration is already a significant global phenomenon, and it is likely to become
more so. According to a recent World Bank
report, there are two hundred million international migrants. The
study reports that “migration pressures” will continue “for
the foreseeable future.” It will take “decades” to close
income gaps between developed and developing countries; in 2015, the ratio
between the average income of the high-income countries and that of the
low-income countries stood at 70:1. A “well-documented demographic
divergence” will add further pressure: “Population aging will
produce large labor-market imbalances and fiscal pressures in high-income
countries as the tax base narrows and the cost of caring for the old
surges.” This increase in demand will complement an increase in supply.
“If current fertility and national employment rates remain as they are in
the developing world,” the Bank reports, by 2050 “nearly 900
million [will be] in search of work.” Climate change and disasters will
have a more modest impact on the international level, although “increased
drought and desertification, rising sea levels, repeated crop failures, and more
intense and frequent storms are likely to increase internal
migration.” And these numbers—measuring persons outside their home
country for more than a year—do not include hundreds of millions of
persons who cross international borders for shorter periods of time: tourists,
students, temporary workers, business persons, asylum-seekers.
Analyzing geospatial variation in articulation rate using crowdsourced speech data
Authors: Leemann Adrian
Published: April 2017

Most recent studies on the geographical distribution of acoustic features analyze comparatively few speakers and localities, both of which may be unrepresentative of the diversity found in larger or more spatially fragmented populations. In the present study we introduce a new paradigm that enables the crowdsourcing of acoustic features through smartphone devices. We usedDialäkt Äpp, a free iOS app that allows users to record themselves, to crowdsource audio data. Nearly 3,000 speakers from 452 localities in German-speaking Switzerland provided recordings; we measured articulation rates for these speakers using a metric based on duration intervals between consecutive vowel onsets. Results revealed distinct regional differences in articulation rate between major dialect regions and individual localities. The specification of 452 localities enabled analyses at an unprecedented spatial resolution. Results further revealed a robust effect of gender, with women articulating significantly more slowly than men. Both the geographical patterns and the effect of gender found in this study corroborate similar findings on Swiss German previously reported in a very limited set of localities, thus verifying the validity of the crowdsourcing framework. Given the application of this new framework, a large bulk of the discussion is devoted to discussing methodological caveats.
Cosmogenic nuclide age estimate for Laurentide Ice Sheet recession from the terminal moraine, New Jersey, USA, and constraints on latest Pleistocene ice sheet history
Authors: Corbett Lee B. , Bierman Paul R. , Stone Byron D. , Caffee Marc W. , Larsen Patrick L.
Published: April 2017

The time at which the Laurentide Ice Sheet reached its maximum extent and subsequently retreated from its terminal moraine in New Jersey has been constrained by bracketing radiocarbon ages on preglacial and postglacial sediments. Here, we present measurements of in situ produced10Be and26Al in 16 quartz-bearing samples collected from bedrock outcrops and glacial erratics just north of the terminal moraine in north-central New Jersey; as such, our ages represent a minimum limit on the timing of ice recession from the moraine. The data set includes field and laboratory replicates, as well as replication of the entire data set five years after initial measurement. We find that recession of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the terminal moraine in New Jersey began before 25.2±2.1 ka (10Be, n=16, average, 1 standard deviation). This cosmogenic nuclide exposure age is consistent with existing limiting radiocarbon ages in the study area and cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages from the terminal moraine on Martha’s Vineyard ~300 km to the northeast. The age we propose for Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat from the New Jersey terminal position is broadly consistent with regional and global climate records of the last glacial maximum termination and records of fluvial incision.