bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental influence and obesity prevention in pre‐schoolers: a systematic review of interventions
Authors: Skouteris H. , McCabe M. , Swinburn B. , Newgreen V. , Sacher P. , Chadwick P.
Published: May 2010

Obesity is difficult to reverse in older children and adults and calls have been made to implement obesity prevention strategies during the formative pre‐school years. Childhood obesity experts suggest that prevention of overweight in the pre‐school years should focus on parents, because parental beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and behaviours appear to contribute to children's development of excessive weight gain. While evidence suggests that parental variables may be instrumental in the development of obesity, there has been no systematic evaluation of whether intervening to change such variables will positively influence the development of excess adiposity during the pre‐school years. This paper is a conceptual and methodological review of the literature on the parental variables targeted in interventions designed to modify risk factors for obesity by promoting healthy eating and/or physical activity and/or reducing sedentary behaviours in families of children aged 2–6 years. There were significant methodological limitations of existing studies and the scientific study of this area is in its infancy. However, the results suggest that the modification of parental variables known to be associated with obesity‐promoting behaviours in pre‐school children may show promise as an obesity prevention strategy; further research is needed.
HARD PATERNALISM, FAIRNESS AND CLINICAL RESEARCH: WHY NOT?
Authors: EDWARDS SARAH J.L. , WILSON JAMES
Published: May 2010

Jansen and Wall suggest a new way of defending hard paternalism in clinical research. They argue that non‐therapeutic research exposing people to more than minimal risk should be banned on egalitarian grounds: in preventing poor decision‐makers from making bad decisions, we will promote equality of welfare. We argue that their proposal is flawed for four reasons.

First, the idea of poor decision‐makers is much more problematic than Jansen and Wall allow. Second, pace Jansen and Wall, it may be practicable for regulators to uncover the values that a potential research participant holds when agreeing to enter a research project, so their claim that we must ban such research projects for all if we are to ban them for poor decision‐makers looks to be unmotivated. Third, there seem to be cases where the liberty to enter the sort of research project Jansen and Wall discuss is morally weighty, and arguably should outweigh concerns of egalitarian distribution. Fourth, banning certain types of research, which seem on the face of it to offer an unfavourable risk‐benefit ratio, would have unwelcome consequences for all clinical research, which Jansen and Wall do not recognize.
Hope‐in‐the‐Wall? A digital promise for free learning
Authors: Arora Payal
Published: May 2010

Hole‐in‐the‐Wall as a concept has attracted worldwide attention. It involves providing unconditional access to computer‐equipped kiosks in playgrounds and out‐of‐school settings, children taking ownership of their learning and learning driven by the children's natural curiosity. It is posited that this approach, which is being used in India, Cambodia and several countries in Africa, can pave the way for a new education paradigm and be the key to providing literacy and basic education and bridging the digital divide in remote and disadvantaged regions. This paper seeks to establish why two such open access, self‐directed and collaborative learning systems failed to take root in the Central Himalaya communities of Almora and Hawalbagh. The purpose of this study is not to deny the achievements and potential of such an approach in other settings, but to examine the tenets and sustainability of such initiatives. It is argued that there is a need to distinguish between Hole‐in‐the‐Wall as an idea and as an institution and to reflect on the key suppositions on how unsupervised access, informal, public, self‐guided and collaborative work can help in children's learning.
Circulating cytokines and growth factors in professional soccer players: correlation with in vitro‐induced motor neuron death
Authors: De Paola M. , Visconti L. , Vianello E. , Mattana F. , Banfi G. , Corsi M. M. , Beghi E. , Mennini T.
Published: May 2010

Background:  Professional soccer players are susceptible to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Strenuous physical activity has been associated with persistent inflammatory conditions and elevation of systemic cytokine levels, which could contribute to the vulnerability of these athletes. To investigate changes induced by playing soccer in the systemic profiles of growth factors and of the principal cytokines involved in the inflammatory response, we compared the serum concentrations of these factors in Italian professional soccer players and sedentary subjects. We also investigated the effects of the sera on primary cultured motor neurons in relation to their cytokine and growth factor content.

Methods:  Serum concentrations of cytokines and growth factors were measured by a biochip array analyzer. Neurotoxicity of sera was assessed by immunocytochemical assays in primary motor neuron cultures from mouse embryos.

Results:  Circulating levels of interleukin‐8, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐4 were lower in soccer players than controls. However, the viability of primary cultured mouse motor neurons treated with sera from the two groups did not differ significantly. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) independently emerged as a systemic protective factor for motor neurons.

Conclusions:  We found significant alterations in circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines in Italian professional soccer players, showing an unbalanced inflammatory condition in these subjects. VEGF was a protective serum factor affecting motor neuron survival.
A comparison of the moment arms of pelvic limb muscles in horses bred for acceleration (Quarter Horse) and endurance (Arab)
Authors: Crook T. C. , Cruickshank S. E. , McGowan C. M. , Stubbs N. , Wilson A. M. , Hodson‐Tole E. , Payne R. C.
Published: May 2010

Selective breeding for performance has resulted in distinct breeds of horse, such as the Quarter Horse (bred for acceleration) and the Arab (bred for endurance). Rapid acceleration, seen during Quarter Horse racing, requires fast powerful muscular contraction and the generation of large joint torques, particularly by the hind limb muscles. This study compared hind limb moment arm lengths in the Quarter Horse and Arab. We hypothesized that Quarter Horse hind limb extensor muscles would have longer moment arms when compared to the Arab, conferring a greater potential for torque generation at the hip, stifle and tarsus during limb extension. Six Quarter Horse and six Arab hind limbs were dissected to determine muscle moment arm lengths for the following muscles: gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius (medialis and lateralis) and tibialis cranialis. The moment arms of biceps femoris (acting at the hip) and gastrocnemius lateralis (acting at the stifle) were significantly longer in the Quarter Horse, although the length of the remaining muscle moment arms were similar in both breeds of horse. All the Quarter Horse muscles were capable of generating greater muscle moments owing to their greater physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) and therefore greater isometric force potential, which suggests that PCSA is a better determinant of muscle torque than moment arm length in these two breeds of horse. With the exception of gastrocnemius and tibialis cranialis, the observed muscle fascicle length to moment arm ratio (MFL : MA ratio) was greater for the Arab horse muscles. It appears that the Arab muscles have the potential to operate at slower velocities of contraction and hence generate greater force outputs when compared to the Quarter Horse muscles working over a similar range of joint motion; this would indicate that Arab hind limb muscles are optimized to function at maximum economy rather than maximum power output.
Does prevention of intraperitoneal spillage when removing a dermoid cyst prevent granulomatous peritonitis?
Authors: Kondo W , Bourdel N , Cotte B , Tran X , Botchorishvili R , Jardon K , Rabischong B , Pouly JL , Mage G , Canis M
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Kondo W, Bourdel N, Cotte B, Tran X, Botchorishvili R, Jardon K, Rabischong B, Pouly J, Mage G, Canis M. Does prevention of intraperitoneal spillage when removing a dermoid cyst prevent granulomatous peritonitis? BJOG 2010;117:1027–1030.

In this retrospective study of 314 patients undergoing surgery for ovarian dermoid cysts, conducted over a 20‐year period, we evaluated the impact of the routine use of laparoscopic surgery without recourse to laparotomy to retrieve the specimen, using an endoscopic retrieval bag placed under the cyst to prevent intraperitoneal spillage of cyst contents, and subsequent postoperative granulomatous peritonitis. Accidental cyst rupture was more frequent when a total laparoscopic approach was used (26/174 or 15% versus 39/140 or 28%; P = 0.005), but there were no cases of intraperitoneal spillage when an endoscopic bag was used. Two cases of granulomatous peritonitis developed out of 26 women with intraperitoneal spillage of cyst contents (8%). We conclude that the risk of granulomatous peritonitis can be minimised by undertaking laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts with the routine intraoperative use of an endoscopic retrieval bag to prevent intraperitoneal spillage of cyst contents.
Biogeochemical cycling and microbial diversity in the thrombolitic microbialites of Highborne Cay, Bahamas
Authors: MYSHRALL K. L. , MOBBERLEY J. M. , GREEN S. J. , VISSCHER P. T. , HAVEMANN S. A. , REID R. P. , FOSTER J. S.
Published: May 2010

Thrombolites are unlaminated carbonate build‐ups that are formed via the metabolic activities of complex microbial mat communities. The thrombolitic mats of Highborne Cay, Bahamas develop in close proximity (1–2 m) to accreting laminated stromatolites, providing an ideal opportunity for biogeochemical and molecular comparisons of these two distinctive microbialite ecosystems. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the biogeochemical activities and microbial diversity of the Highborne Cay thrombolitic mats. Morphological and molecular analyses reveal two dominant mat types associated with the thrombolite deposits, both of which are dominated by bacteria from the taxa Cyanobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. Diel cycling of dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured in all thrombolitic mat types. DO production varied between thrombolitic types and one morphotype, referred to in this study as ‘button mats’, produced the highest levels among all mat types, including the adjacent stromatolites. Characterization of thrombolite bacterial communities revealed a high bacterial diversity, roughly equivalent to that of the nearby stromatolites, and a low eukaryotic diversity. Extensive phylogenetic overlap between thrombolitic and stromatolitic microbial communities was observed, although thrombolite‐specific cyanobacterial populations were detected. In particular, the button mats were dominated by a calcified, filamentous cyanobacterium identified via morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Dichothrix sp. The distinctive microbial communities and chemical cycling patterns within the thrombolitic mats provide novel insight into the biogeochemical processes related to the lithifying mats in this system, and provide data relevant to understanding microbially induced carbonate biomineralization.
Comparing muscle temperature during static and dynamic squatting with and without whole‐body vibration
Authors: Cochrane D.J. , Stannard S.R. , Firth E.C. , Rittweger J.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of shallow dynamic squatting (DS) versus static squatting (SS) with or without concurrent side‐to‐side alternating whole‐body vibration (WBV) on vastus lateralis temperature and cardiovascular stress as indicated by heart rate (HR). Ten participants (five men, five women) participated in four interventions [DS with WBV (DS+), DS without WBV (DS−), SS with WBV (SS+), SS without WBV (SS−)] 48 h apart, in a randomized order. The interventions were preceded by a ∼20‐min rest period, consisted of 10 mins with or without WBV (26 or 0 Hz) with SS (40° of knee flexion) or DS (55° of knee flexion, at a cadence of 50 bpm) where SS+ and DS− were metabolically matched. Muscle (Tm), core (Tc), skin temperature (Tsk), HR and VO2 were recorded during each intervention. For Tm, there was a time (P<0·01) and WBV (P<0·01) effect but no squat effect was evident, and there was time ×WBV interaction effect (P<0·01). In all four interventions, the work load was too low to cause cardiovascular stress. Instead normal, moderate physiological effects of exercise on autonomic control were observed as indicated by HR; there were no significant increases in Tsk or Tc. There appears to be no benefit in performing an unloaded, shallow DS+ at a tempo of 50 bpm as Tm, HR, VO2 are likely to be increased by the same amount and rate without WBV. However, combining SS with WBV could be advantageous to rapidly increasing soft tissue temperature prior to performing rehabilitation exercises when dynamic exercise cannot be performed.
Non‐invasive measurement of cardiac output by Finometer in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Kaltoft N. , Hobolth L. , Møller S.
Published: May 2010

The Finometer measures haemodynamic parameters including cardiac output (CO) using non‐invasive volume‐clamp techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Finometer in hyperdynamic cirrhotic patients using an invasive indicator dilution technique as control. CO was measured in twenty‐three patients referred for invasive measurements of the hepatic venous pressure gradient on suspicion of cirrhosis. Invasive measurements of CO were performed using indicator dilution technique (COI) and simultaneous measurements of CO were recorded with the Finometer (COF). In six patients, measurements of CO were performed with invasive technique and the Finometer both before and after β‐blockade using 80 mg of propranolol and the changes in CO (ΔCOI and ΔCOF respectively) were calculated to evaluate the Finometers ability to detect relative changes in CO. Mean COI was 6·1 ± 1·6 [3·9;9·7] l min−1 (mean ± SD [range]) compared to mean COF of 7·2 ± 2·3 [3·1;11·9] l min−1. There was a mean difference between COF and COI of 1·0 ± 1·8 [−2·1;4·0] l min−1 and 95% confidence interval of [0·2;1·8], P<0·001. In patients with measurements before and after β‐blockade, mean ΔCOI was 1·6 ± 1·4 [−0·1;3·3] l min−1 compared to mean ΔCOF of 1·9 ± 1·3 [0·4;3·8] l min−1. Mean difference between ΔCOF and ΔCOI was 0·3 ± 0·3 [−0·2;0·7] l min−1 with a 95% confidence interval of [−0·1;0·6], P = 0·11. Compared with invasive measurements, the Finometer can be used to measure changes in CO, whereas absolute measurements are associated with higher variation in patients with cirrhosis. The Finometer seems useful for repeated determinations such as in studies of effect of pharmacotherapy.
MOSAIC GLASS FROM ST PETER'S, ROME: MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES AND RAW MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN LATE 16TH‐CENTURY ITALIAN OPAQUE GLASS
Authors: ARLETTI ROSSELLA , VEZZALINI GIOVANNA , FIORI CESARE , VANDINI MARIANGELA
Published: May 2010

A recent restoration of late 16th‐century mosaics in one of the vaults beneath the dome of St Peter's Basilica in Rome allowed sampling and analysis of a group of glass tesserae. The aim of this work is the characterization of opaque coloured glasses possibly produced in Rome. The characteristics of the glass from St Peter's were compared with those of Venetian and Tuscan production, in order to assess possible common origins. Chemical analysis of 30 samples was carried out by electron microprobe, while the nature and morphology of opacifiers were determined by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Almost all the opaque samples were characterized by the presence of SnO2 crystals. In addition, depending on the colour of the glass, other crystalline phases were identified: lead‐tin oxide (PbSnO3) in yellow glass, cuprite (Cu2O) in orange glass and two calcium‐tin silicates with different stoichiometry (CaSnSiO5 and Ca3SnSi2O9) in the green‐yellow variety. A frame of reference for identifying raw materials and glass‐making techniques is provided by textual sources, here examined in comparison with the compositional characteristics of the tesserae from St Peter's.
Novel noninvasive identification of biomarkers by analytical profiling of chronic wounds using volatile organic compounds
Authors: Thomas Alexis N. , Riazanskaia Svetlana , Cheung William , Xu Yun , Goodacre Royston , Thomas C. L. Paul , Baguneid Mohamed S. , Bayat Ardeshir
Published: May 2010

A complex profile of volatile organic compounds (“VOC”s) emanates from human skin, which is altered by changes in the body's metabolic or hormonal state, the external environment, and the bacterial species colonizing the skin surface. The aim of this study was to compare VOC profiles sampled from chronic leg wounds with those from asymptomatic skin. Five participants with chronic arterial leg ulcers were selected. VOC samples were obtained using polydimethylsilicone membranes (“skin‐patch method”) and analyzed by gas chromatography‐ion trap mass spectrometry. Resultant data were analyzed using multivariate analysis and mass spectral matches were compared against the National Institute of Standards and Technology database. Principal component analysis showed differences in profiles obtained from healthy skin and boundary areas and between profiles from healthy skin and lesion samples (p<0.05). Partial least squares for discriminant analysis gave an average prediction accuracy of 73.3% (p<0.05). Mass spectral matching (verified against microbial swab results) identified unique VOCs associated with each sample area, wound bacterial colonization, and ingested medications. This study showcases a reproducible, robust, noninvasive methodology that is applicable in a clinical setting and may offer a new, hitherto unexplored, class of biochemical markers underpinning the metabolism of chronic wounds.
Inferring the ancestral function of the posterior Hox gene within the bilateria: controlling the maintenance of reproductive structures, the musculature and the nervous system in the acoel flatworm Isodiametra pulchra
Authors: Moreno Eduardo , De Mulder Katrien , Salvenmoser Willi , Ladurner Peter , Martínez Pedro
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
Molecular phylogenies place the acoel flatworms as the sister‐group to the remaining Bilateria, a position that should prove very valuable when trying to understand the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. A major feature characterizing Bilateria is the presence of two, orthogonal, body axis. In this article we aim at tackling the problem of how the bilaterian anterior–posterior (AP) axis is organized, and how this axis have been established over evolutionary time. To this purpose we have studied the role of some key regulatory genes involved in the control of the AP axis, the Hox family of transcription factors. All acoels studied to date contain a minimal complement of three Hox genes that are all expressed in nested domains along this major axis, providing the oldest evidence for a “Hox vectorial system” working in Bilateria. However, this proposition is not based in the analysis of Hox functions. Here we document the specific roles of one posterior Hox gene, IpHoxPost, in the postembryonic development of the acoel Isodiametra pulchra. The analysis has been done using RNA interference technologies, for the first time in acoels, and we demonstrate that the functions of this gene are restricted to the posterior region of the animal, within the muscular and neural tissues. We conclude, therefore, that the posterior Hox genes were used to specify and maintain defined anatomical regions within the AP axis of animals since the beginning of bilaterian evolution.
Catching the phylogenic history through the ontogenic hourglass: a phylogenomic analysis ofDrosophilabody segmentation genes
Authors: Yassin Amir , Lienau E. Kurt , Narechania Apurva , DeSalle Rob
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYThe phylogenetic information content of different developmental stages is a long‐standing issue in the study of development and evolution. We performed phylogenetic analyses of 51 body segmentation genes in 12 species ofDrosophilain order to investigate the impact of the mode of evolution of development on phylogeny inference. Previous studies of these genes inDrosophilausing pairwise phenetic comparisons at the species group level revealed the presence of an “hourglass model” (HG), wherein mid‐embryonic stages are the most evolutionarily constrained. We utilized two character‐based approaches: taxonomic congruence using the relative consensus fork index (RCFI), in which phylogenies are inferred from each gene separately and compared with a total evidence tree (TET), and partitioned simultaneous analysis using several indices such as branch support (BS) and localized incongruence length difference (LILD) test. We also proposed a new index, the recapitulatory index (R), which divides the number of synapomorphies on the total number of informative characters in a data set. Polynomial adjustment of both BS and R indices showed strong support for the hourglass model regardless of the taxonomic level (species subgroup vs. subgenera), showing less phylogenetic information content for mid‐developmental stages (mainly the zygotic segment polarity stage). Significant LILD scores were randomly distributed among developmental stages revealing the absence of differential selective constraints, but were significantly related to chromosomal location showing physical (linkage) impact on phylogenetic incongruence. RCFI was the most sensitive measure to taxonomic level, having a convex parabola at the species subgroup level in support of the hourglass model and a concave parabola at the subgeneric level in support of the adaptive penetrance model. This time‐dependent discrepancy of best fit developmental model parallels previous conflicting results from the vertebrates. Because of the quasi‐phenetic nature of this index, we argue that the discrepancy is due to the evolutionary rate heterogeneity of developmental genes rather than to fundamental differences among organisms. We suggest that simultaneous character‐based analyses give better macroevolutionary support to the hourglass model of the developmental constraints on genome evolution than pairwise phenetic comparisons.
Fetal Atrioventricular Block and Postpartum Augmentative QT Prolongation in a Patient With Long‐QT Syndrome With KCNQ1 Mutation
Authors: FURUSHIMA HIROSHI , CHINUSHI MASAOMI , SATO AKINORI , AIZAWA YOSHIFUSA , KIKUCHI AKIRA , TAKAKUWA KOICHI , TANAKA KENICHI
Published: May 2010

2:1 AV Block in KCNQ1.  The case of a 32‐year‐old pregnant woman, who had had several syncopal episodes during swimming and running at 9 and 10 years of age and whose fetus had 2:1 AV block, is presented. The mother and baby had the same heterozygous single nucleotide substitution in KCNQ1 at T587M. After 27 weeks of gestation, the fetal 2:1 AV block disappeared, and 1:1 AV conduction resumed, with a fetal heart rate of 110–120 beats/min. The maternal electrocardiogram revealed a normal QTc interval (433 ms) without ST‐T abnormalities at gestational week 23, but the QTc was 490 and 531 ms at 1 and 2 months postpartum, with biphasic T waves in leads V2 and V3. This case is the first report of fetal 2:1 AV block with KCNQ1 mutation (T587M) and unmasked maternal QT prolongation in the postpartum period. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1170‐1173)
Clarithromycin‐induced hypomania in a child – a case report
Authors: Baranowski W. J.
Published: May 2010

Baranowski WJ. Clarithromycin‐induced hypomania in a child – a case report.

Objective:  We report here a child developing hypomania while treated with clarithromycin.

Method:  Case report.

Results:  A 3‐year‐old boy was treated for pneumonia with oral clarithromycin in monotherapy. The boy became somewhat hyperactive and irritable after the second dose. After the third dose he presented with psychomotor agitation, pressured speech, irritability, aggressive behaviour and insomnia. The antibiotic was identified as the only possible cause of the described clinical picture and was discontinued immediately. The hypomanic symptoms subsided gradually over 36 h.

Conclusion:  Commonly‐used medications can produce uncommon adverse reactions. Clinicians, especially general practitioners, pediatricians, as well as child and adolescent psychiatrists ought to be aware of such a possibility when evaluating a child with suddenly changed behaviour.
Low‐temperature particulate calcium phosphates for bone regeneration
Authors: Araújo M. V. F. , Mendes V. C. , Chattopadhyay P. , Davies J. E.
Published: May 2010

Background: Low‐temperature synthesized calcium phosphates are produced by mixing calcium phosphate powders in an aqueous solution resulting in a precipitated phase. These compounds can be formulated in several forms (e.g. injectable cements and implantable blocks), and are commonly used as bone substitutes and drug delivery systems for the treatment of bone defects. As bone substitutes, calcium phosphates in general offer the advantages of being biocompatible and osteoconductive.

Aims: The present work employed a machine‐based process to derive a reproducible preparation method for low‐temperature calcium phosphate particulate (LTCP). The in vivo outcomes of LTCP were compared with those of three commercially available bone substitutes by histomorphometric measurements of bone formation and material degradation in a rat femur implantation model.

Materials & Methods: Specifically, LTCP, anorganic bovine bone (AB), bioactive glass (BG), and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) were implanted in defects created in the distal aspect of rat femora. Reparative bone and particulate volumes of these biomaterials were evaluated post‐operatively using micro‐computed tomography and histological analyses at 3, 6, 12, and 16 weeks.

Results & Discussion: Results showed that, despite invoking bone formation, AB, BG, and DBM were found un‐resorbed in situ at 16 weeks. Conversely, LTCP showed an early increase in bone formation as well as clear evidence of complete degradation and reparative bone remodelling, resulting in the total reconstitution of the marrow cavity and marrow tissue.

Conclusion: LTCP promoted increased early bone formation, associated with an improved degradation rate, compared with the other three bone‐substitute biomaterials tested.

To cite this article:
 Araújo MVF, Mendes VC, Chattopadhyay P, Davies JE. Low‐temperature particulate calcium phosphates for bone regeneration. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 632–641.
Generalized eruptive xanthoma with prominent deposition of naked chylomicrons: evidence for chylomicrons as the origin of urate‐like crystals
Authors: Bito Toshinori , Kawakami Chika , Shimajiri Shouhei , Tokura Yoshiki
Published: May 2010

Eruptive xanthoma is defined by the combination of its clinical and histopathological features. While a nodular dermal infiltrate rich in foamy macrophages and associated with extracellular lipid deposition is typical of eruptive xanthoma, some microscopical variability can be seen. Herein, we report an unusual case of eruptive xanthoma exhibiting triglyceride deposition in a peculiar configuration. A biopsy from a papular lesion showed prominent deposition of crystalline material, surrounded by many foamy histiocytes, in the upper and middle dermis. Such material has been previously termed ‘urate‐like crystals'. An immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to lipoprotein suggested that the substance is composed of chylomicrons. This observation suggests that naked chylomicrons may be deposited in the dermis of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.

Bito T, Kawakami C, Shimajiri S, Tokura Y. Generalized eruptive xanthoma with prominent deposition of naked chylomicrons: evidence for chylomicrons as the origin of urate‐like crystals.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)
Authors: Jønsson Knud A. , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Moyle Robert G. , Irestedt Martin , Christidis Les , Norman Janette A. , Fjeldså Jon
Published: May 2010

Understanding oscine passerine dispersal patterns out of their Australian area of origin is hampered by a paucity of robust phylogenies. We constructed a molecular phylogeny of the oscine family, Oriolidae, which is distributed from Australia through to the Old World. We used the phylogeny to assess direction and timing of dispersal and whether dispersal can be linked with the well‐documented movements of geological terranes in the Indonesian Archipelago. We sampled 29 of 33 species of Oriolidae from fresh tissue and from toe pads from museum specimens, and examined two nuclear introns and two mitochondrial genes. Model‐based phylogenetic analyses yielded strong support for clades that generally mirrored classical systematics. Biogeographical analyses and divergence time estimates demonstrated that the family originated in the Australo‐Papuan region from where it dispersed first to Asia and then onwards to Africa and the Philippines before back‐colonising Asia and the Indonesian archipelago. Thus, contrary to several other avian families in the region, Oriolidae represents a sequential dispersal pattern from Australia to Africa via Asia. However, it is noteworthy that the Pacific islands and archipelagos remain uncolonised and that members inhabiting Wallacea are recent colonisers suggesting that Oriolidae are poorly adapted to island life.
Developmental changes in cellular and extracellular structural macromolecules in the secondary palate and in the nasal cavity of the mouse
Authors: Vaziri Sani Forugh , Kaartinen Vesa , El Shahawy Maha , Linde Anders , Gritli‐Linde Amel
Published: May 2010

Vaziri Sani F, Kaartinen V, El Shahawy M, Linde A, Gritli‐Linde A. Developmental changes in cellular and extracellular structural macromolecules in the secondary palate and nasal cavity of the mouse. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 221–236. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to analyse the hitherto largely unknown expression patterns of some specific cellular and extracellular molecules during palate and nasal cavity development. We showed that epithelia of the developing palate and the vomerine epithelium express similar sets of structural proteins. With the exception of keratin 15, which becomes barely detectable in the elevated palatal shelves, nearly all of these proteins become upregulated at the presumptive areas of fusion and in the adhering epithelia of the palate and nasal septum. In vivo and in vitro analyses indicated that reduction in the amount of keratin 15 protein is independent of Tgfβ–Alk5 signalling. Foxa1 expression also highlighted the regionalization of the palatal and nasal epithelia. Owing to the lack of reliable markers of the palatal periderm, the fate of peridermal cells has been controversial. We identified LewisX/stage‐specific embryonic antigen‐1 as a specific peridermal marker, and showed that numerous peridermal cells remain trapped in the medial epithelial seam (MES). The fate of these cells is probably apoptosis together with the rest of the MES cells, as we provided strong evidence for this event. Heparan sulphate, chondroitin‐6‐sulphate, and versican displayed dynamically changing distribution patterns. The hitherto‐unknown innervation pattern of the developing palate was revealed. These findings may be of value for unravelling the pathogenesis of palatal clefting.
Possible predictors of discontinuation of specialized dental treatment among children and adolescents with dental behaviour management problems
Authors: Gustafsson Annika , Broberg Anders G. , Bodin Lennart , Berggren Ulf , Arnrup Kristina
Published: May 2010

Gustafsson A, Broberg AG, Bodin L, Berggren U, Arnrup K. Possible predictors of discontinuation of specialized dental treatment among children and adolescents with dental behaviour management problems. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 270–277. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

This study aimed to identify potential predictors of non‐attendance among children and adolescents with dental behaviour management problems (DBMP). A group of 179 patients, 7.5–19 yr of age, was grouped into 56 ‘non‐attenders’ (discontinued treatment, missed appointments, or ≥ 20% cancellations) and 123 ‘attenders’. In addition to data from an introductory interview and dental recordings, baseline data from psychometric measures of fear and other personal and parental characteristics were included in logistic regression analyses and tree‐based modelling. The non‐attenders had higher scores on impulsivity and sociability and lower socio‐economic status (SES) than the attenders, and they lived more often in single‐parent families. Logistic regression analyses and tree‐based modelling point to SES and parental anxiety as important predictors for non‐attendance within this group of children and adolescents. To predict, and possibly to prevent, non‐attendance among children and adolescents referred for specialized dental care because of DBMP, we must consider their lives and family situations as well as their personal characteristics and oral health status. Further research should focus on whether the observed associations between non‐attendance and factors such as personal characteristics, family and psychosocial factors, and previous dental experiences, also hold for those who remain in regular dental care.
The effect of ageing on the elastic modulus and degree of conversion of two multistep adhesive systems
Authors: Marchesi Giulio , Navarra Chiara O. , Cadenaro Milena , Carrilho Marcela R. , Codan Barbara , Sergo Valter , Di Lenarda Roberto , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: May 2010

Marchesi G, Navarra CO, Cadenaro M, Carrilho MR, Codan B, Sergo V, Di Lenarda R, Breschi L. The effect of ageing on the elastic modulus and degree of conversion of two multistep adhesive systems. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 304–310. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

During the curing reaction, the monomers of dentine bonding systems should cross‐link sufficiently to strengthen an adhesive so that it is clinically reliable. This study evaluated how different storage conditions (air vs. water storage) affect the elastic modulus (E‐modulus) and degree of conversion (DC) of a three‐step etch‐and‐rinse adhesive and a two‐step self‐etch adhesive. The biaxial flexural test and Raman microscopy were performed on resin disks made from the bonding agents Adper Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose (SBMP; 3M ESPE) and Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB; Kuraray). The measurements were repeated after storage in either air or water for 15 and 30 min and for 1, 24, and 72 h. At time 0, the E‐modulus was not affected by the adhesive system, whilst the degree of cure of CPB was higher than that of SBMP. Air storage increased the E‐modulus at each ageing interval. Storage in water increased the E‐modulus until it reached a maximum at 24 h, after which it decreased significantly at 72 h. No linear correlation between the percentage DC and E‐modulus of the two adhesives was found when stored in water. The results of this study indicate that the mechanical properties and polymerization kinetics of SBMP and CPB are affected by storage time and medium.
Knowledge of emergency management of avulsed teeth: a survey of dentists in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhao Yanxiang , Gong Yi
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  Objectives:  There is a high frequency of dental trauma cases in China, where tooth avulsion is one of the most serious scenarios. The knowledge of how to take care of an avulsion is of great importance to the outcome of such an injury. This knowledge among dentists in Beijing, China has never been tested before. The purpose of this study was to evaluate professional experience and knowledge of emergency management of dentists working in urban and suburban areas of Beijing, China.

Material and Methods:  A two‐part questionnaire was distributed to 175 urban and 99 suburban dentists in Beijing. The first part contained personal and professional information of the participating dentists. The second part evaluated dentists’ knowledge about the emergency management of avulsed teeth. Data were entered into a SPSS database and analyzed using the chi‐square test and Fisher’s exact test for each question.

Results:  All dentists had a college or above degree. Almost five times as many urban dentists compared to suburban dentists presented with a Master or PhD degree. The knowledge levels of the participants presenting with correct answer in the respective knowledge areas were; storage medium (15.8%) intra‐canal medication (45.0%), type of splint (45.1%) and splinting period (10.2%). Significantly more urban dentists (50.6%) compared to suburban dentists (34.8%) (P = 0.016), used calcium hydroxide paste as an intracanal medicament, and significantly more urban dentists (51.3%) than suburban dentists (34.1%) chosed a flexible splint (P = 0.008).

Conclusion:  The results revealed an uneven pattern of knowledge between urban and suburban dentists regarding the emergency management of avulsed teeth. The study highlighted Chinese dentists’ need for continuing education in order to improve current knowledge in emergency management of avulsed teeth.
Dental injuries among children and adolescents aged 1–15 years attending to public hospital in Temuco, Chile
Authors: Díaz Jaime A. , Bustos Luís , Brandt Andrea C. , Fernández Belén E.
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  A cross‐sectional study was carried out in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 1–15 years that sought dental emergency attention to the Regional Hospital between 2004 and 2007 in Temuco, Chile. The purpose of this study was to identify the aetiology, types of traumatic dental injuries in primary and permanent dentitions, sex and age distributions, accident location; and time elapsed before emergency treatment in children and adolescents. The sample consisted of 359 patients with 145 primary teeth and 525 permanent teeth affected by dental trauma. The results showed a 2:1 male:female ratio distribution (242/117) with a mean age of 8.4 years. The 7‐ to 12‐year‐old group had the highest frequency of dental injuries (66.6%). Unspecific accidental falls were the main cause of injury to primary and permanent dentition (51.8%), followed by striking teeth against objects (15.6%) and bike accidents (13.9%). In primary dentition the most common diagnosis were subluxation (38.6%) and avulsion (16.6%), whereas in permanent dentition was uncomplicated crown fracture (32.9%). A high proportion of the patients received their first emergency attention 24 h after the accident (32.6%). This study revealed a high frequency (37.9%) in 1–15 aged population that sought emergency attention by dental trauma in the period of time study. A large proportion of children with dental trauma received delayed first emergency care, even 24 h after the accident. Considering the high frequency of traumatic dental injuries in 1–15 aged population and the high percentage of delayed emergency attention is necessary to develop effective educational campaigns in regard to causes, prevention and emergency management of traumatic dental injuries, especially in deprived areas. In conclusion, traumatic dental injury may be considered as a serious dental public health problem especially in children of deprived areas.
Trauma‐induced dentigerous cyst involving an inverted impacted mesiodens: case report
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Garg Shalini , Singh Gundeep , Swami Shveta
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  There have been only a small number of studies on the association of dentigerous cysts with supernumerary teeth. The purpose of this article was to report the case of a dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted inverted mesiodens that developed secondary to trauma to its predecessor, a non‐vital permanent maxillary central incisor. As a consequence of trauma, the central incisor’s root development was prematurely arrested and the open apex lay close to the follicle of the underlying inverted mesiodens. The negligent attitude of both the child and parent in seeking dental treatment was a contributing factor. The case was further complicated by impaction of the adjacent permanent central incisor due to the presence of another unerupted but normally oriented mesiodens. Occlusal and Intraoral periapical radiographs revealed a well‐defined radiolucent area surrounding the inverted mesiodens. Microscopic examination revealed a cystic cavity that was lined by 2–3 cell thick non‐keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resembling reduced enamel epithelium. Dentigerous cysts associated with impacted permanent teeth are not uncommon but the cysts which are induced by trauma are uncommon. Development of trauma‐induced dentigerous cyst around an inverted impacted mesiodens associated with the periapical area of a traumatized, non‐vital, immature permanent central incisor is a rare occurrence.
Prevalence of dental trauma in Pan American Games athletes
Authors: Andrade Rafaela Amarante , Evans Patricia Louise Scabell , Almeida Anne Louise Scabell , Silva Juliana de Jesus Rodrigues da , Guedes Aurelino Machado Lima , Guedes Fábio Ribeiro , Ranalli Dennis N. , Modesto Adriana , Tinoco Eduardo Muniz Barretto
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  The aim of this cross‐sectional epidemiological survey was to assess the prevalence of dental trauma in athletes representing 42 countries competing at the most recent Pan American Games (XV Pan Am) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in July of 2007, and to determine prior use and type of mouthguard among this group of athletes. The examiners participated in standardization and calibration training sessions before the field phase began. Invitations were sent to >5500 participating athletes competing in 41 sports and to the Medical Committee of the Pan American Sports Organization before and during the XV PAN. A convenience sample of 409 athletes was recruited. After signing an informed consent, all athletes answered a questionnaire. Data were collected at the clinical examination and recorded on a specific trauma form. The mean age of the athletes was 24.4 ± 5.3 years. Males comprised 55% of the sample; females 45%. The prevalence of dental trauma among the athletes was 49.6% (n = 203) with no gender‐based differences. Most of these injuries (63.6%) were related to activities during training or competition. Sports with the highest injury prevalence were wrestling (83.3%), boxing (73.7%), basketball (70.6%) and karate (60%). The most common injury was enamel fracture (39.8%); root fracture was the least common (0.4%). The teeth most affected were the maxillary permanent central incisors (n = 113), followed by the mandibular central incisors (n = 19). Based on the results of this study, nearly one‐half of the subjects had experienced previous dental trauma; the majority related to sports activities. Furthermore, only 17% of the athletes reported prior mouthguard use; the most frequent mouthguards reported were boil‐and‐bite. These results suggest the importance of enhanced educational efforts and the use of properly fitted mouthguards to reduce dental trauma among athletes in international sports competition, especially in sports where mouthguards are not mandatory.
Effect of temperature and storage media on human periodontal ligament fibroblast viability
Authors: Souza Beatriz Dulcineia Mendes , Lückemeyer Débora Denardin , Felippe Wilson Tadeu , Simões Cláudia Maria Oliveira , Felippe Mara Cristina Santos
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  Many solutions have been examined as possible storage media for avulsed teeth. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of several storage media to preserve cultured periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) under different temperatures. The media tested were: sterile Hank’s balanced salt solution (sHBSS), non‐sterile HBSS (nHBSS), skimmed milk, Save‐A‐Tooth®, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) and water (negative control). MEM at 37°C was used as positive control. PDLF were obtained from explants of extracted healthy human teeth. Plates containing confluent PDLF were soaked in the various media for 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h at 37°C and 20°C. After incubation, viability of the cells was determined using the tetrazolium salt‐based colorimetric (MTT) assay and the Trypan Blue exclusion test after 6, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation at 20°C. The results were analyzed statistically using Kruskal–Wallis, Scheffé and Mann–Whitney (α = 5%) tests. Results from the MTT assay at 37°C and 20°C showed that skimmed milk was the best storage medium for up to 24 and 48 h, respectively, followed by nHBSS and sHBSS. Results from the Trypan Blue exclusion test showed that the best storage media were milk, sHBSS and nHBSS, with no statistical differences, for any time period. The Save‐A‐Tooth® had a detrimental effect on cells after 24 h. The influence of temperature on the effectiveness of the storage media tested showed at 20°C a decreasing order of efficacy as follows: milk > sHBSS and nHBSS > MEM > Save‐A‐Tooth® > water while at 37°C it was: MEM > nHBSS > milk > sHBSS > Save‐A‐Tooth® > water. In conclusion, incubation temperature altered the effectiveness of the storage media and skimmed milk at 20°C was better than HBSS in maintaining PDLF viability.
Miniscrew‐anchored alveolar distraction for the treatment of the ankylosed maxillary central incisor
Authors: Im Jae‐Jung , Kye Min‐Kyung , Hwang Kyung‐Gyun , Park Chang‐Joo
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  This report presents the case of a 20‐year‐old female patient exhibiting an infraoccluded ankylosed maxillary central incisor that was avulsed and replanted after traumatic injury during childhood. To reposition the osseous and gingival margins of the ankylosed tooth to an ideal level, a new alveolar distraction device that uses anchoring miniscrews with a single tooth dento‐osseous osteotomy was fabricated and the ankylosed tooth was successfully treated with exceptional patient compliance.