bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhythms of the brain: An examination of mixed mode oscillation approaches to the analysis of neurophysiological data
Authors: Erchova Irina , McGonigle David J.
Published: March 2008

In the nervous system many behaviorally relevant dynamical processes are characterized by episodes of complex oscillatory states, whose periodicity may be expressed over multiple temporal and spatial scales. In at least some of these instances the variability in oscillatory amplitude and frequency can be explained in terms of deterministic dynamics, rather than being purely noise-driven. Recently interest has increased in studying the application of mixed-mode oscillations (MMOs) to neurophysiological data. MMOs are complex periodic waveforms where each period is comprised of several maxima and minima of different amplitudes. While MMOs might be expected to occur in brain kinetics, only a few examples have been identified thus far. In this article, we review recent theoretical and experimental findings on brain oscillatory rhythms in relation to MMOs, focusing on examples at the single neuron level but also briefly touching on possible instances of the phenomenon across local and global brain networks.
Dynamics of the second-order nonlinearity induced in Suprasil glass thermally poled with continuous and alternating fields
Authors: Kudlinski A. , Martinelli G. , Quiquempois Y.
Published: March 2008

We report results of thermal poling experiments performed with continuous and alternating electric fields in Suprasil glass. Firstly, the second-order nonlinearity induced with a continuous voltage is fully characterized, and the nonlinear region is found to extend to almost 80μm under the anode surface. Then, we focus our study on experiments realized with a square alternating poling field. For particular frequencies in the millihertz regime, we found a 30 times increase of the generated second harmonic signal. The nonlinear layer created under these conditions is completely characterized and a χ(2) value of 0.3pm∕V is reached for the first time in a Suprasil glass. This χ(2) coefficient is one order of magnitude greater than best results reported so far in Suprasil glasses.
Magnetoelectric effect from mechanically mediated torsional magnetic force effect in NdFeB magnets and shear piezoelectric effect in 0.7Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Wang Yaojin , Or Siu Wing , Chan Helen Lai Wa , Zhao Xiangyong , Luo Haosu
Published: March 2008

We experimentally and theoretically report the magnetoelectric effect in a composite made by sandwiching one shear mode 0.7PbMg1∕3Nb2∕3O3–0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) piezoelectric single crystal plate between two longitudinally magnetized NdFeB permanent magnet bars along the length direction of the PMN-PT plate. The magnetoelectric effect originates from the mechanically mediated product effect of the torsional magnetic force effect in the NdFeB bars and the shear piezoelectric effect in the PMN-PT plate. The composite exhibits a magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of ∼32.7mV∕cmOe with a flat frequency response in the measured range of 0.1–30kHz. The induced magnetoelectric voltage shows a good linear relationship to the applied ac magnetic field with amplitude varying from 10−7to10−3T. Other distinct features include no need to have a magnetostrictive phase, low Joule heating loss, and high scale-down capability. These suggest promising applications of the torsional-shear mode composite in power-free magnetic field sensors.
Electronic Grüneisen parameter and thermal expansion in ferromagnetic transition metal
Authors: Wang Xuan , Nie Shouhua , Li Junjie , Clinite Richard , Wartenbe Mark , Martin Marcia , Liang Wenxi , Cao Jianming
Published: March 2008

We report the measurement of the electronic Grüneisen parameter γe of the ferromagnetic transition metal nickel. In this measurement, the electronic thermal expansion was differentiated from other thermal contributions by simultaneously monitoring the laser-induced ultrafast stress and structural dynamics in the time domain using femtosecond electron diffraction. This method overcomes the restriction of traditional low temperature methods and offers a unique path to study electronic thermal expansion in magnetic metals. The result indicates that the local magnetic moment, which persists in the paramagnetic state of nickel, does not significantly contribute to the thermal expansion.
Raman spectroscopy and dielectric Studies of multiple phase transitions in ZnO:Ni
Authors: Yadav Harish Kumar , Sreenivas K. , Gupta Vinay , Scott J. F. , Katiyar R. S.
Published: March 2008

We present Raman and dielectric data on Ni-doped ZnO (Zn1−xNixO) ceramics as a function of Ni concentration (x=0.03, 0.06, and 0.10) and temperature. A mode (around 130cm−1) is identified as TA(M) [J. M. Calleja and M. Cardona, Phys. Rev. B 16, 3753 (1977)] and appears due to an antiferromagnetic phase transition at low temperatures (100K) via the spin-orbit mechanism [P. Moch and C. Dugautier, Phys. Lett. A 43, 169 (1973)]. A strong dielectric anomaly occurs at around 430–460K, depending on Ni concentration, and is due to extrinsic electret effects (Ni ionic conduction) and not to a ferroelectric phase transition.
Introduction to Focus Issue: Mixed Mode Oscillations: Experiment, Computation, and Analysis
Authors: Brøns Morten , Kaper Tasso J. , Rotstein Horacio G.
Published: March 2008

Mixed mode oscillations (MMOs) occur when a dynamical system switches between fast and slow motion and small and large amplitude. MMOs appear in a variety of systems in nature, and may be simple or complex. This focus issue presents a series of articles on theoretical, numerical, and experimental aspects of MMOs. The applications cover physical, chemical, and biological systems.
Magnetoelectric effects in bilayers of lead zirconate titanate and single crystal hexaferrites
Authors: Mathe V. L. , Srinivasan G. , Balbashov A. M.
Published: March 2008

Magnetostrictive-piezoelectric heterostructures show strong magnetoelectric (ME) interactions that are mediated by mechanical forces. The effect, in general, vanishes when magnetostriction saturates at high bias magnetic fields (H). Here, we report strong ME effects for H as high as 18kOe in bilayers of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and single-crystal hexagonal M-, Y-, or Z-type ferrites. Studies on Sr–Al–M, Zn2Y, or Co2Z and PZT show the weakest coupling in bilayers with M ferrites and the strongest coupling for samples with Zn2Y. In bilayers with Sr–Al–M, ME coefficients increase with increasing Al substitution. Theoretical estimates of ME voltage coefficients are in good agreement with the data.
Microtubule curvatures under perpendicular electric forces reveal a low persistence length
Authors: Van den Heuvel M. G. L. , de Graaff M. P. , Dekker C.
Published: March 2008

The mechanics of microtubules, cylindrical protein filaments that constitute the cytoskeleton, have been well characterized on long length scales. Here, we investigate the persistence length of short (≈0.1 μm) ends of microtubules by measuring the trajectories of kinesin-propelled microtubules under perpendicular electric forces. We relate the measured trajectory curvatures to the biased thermal fluctuations of the leading microtubule end, and upon including all electrohydrodynamic forces, we find that the persistence length of the microtubule ends is only 0.08 ± 0.02 mm. This is significantly shorter than the well established value of ≈4–8 mm that is measured for long microtubules. Our data are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions that microtubules mechanically behave as a loose assembly of independent protofilaments on these short length scales.
Homozygous deletion of glycogen synthase kinase 3β bypasses senescence allowing Ras transformation of primary murine fibroblasts
Authors: Liu Shuying , Fang Xianjun , Hall Hassan , Yu Shuangxing , Smith Debra , Lu Zhimin , Fang Dexing , Liu Jinsong , Stephens L. Clifton , Woodgett James R. , Mills Gordon B.
Published: March 2008

In primary mammalian cells, expression of oncogenes such as activated
Ras
induces premature senescence rather than transformation. We show that homozygous deletion of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β (GSK3β
−/−
) bypasses senescence induced by mutant Ras
V12
allowing primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) as well as immortalized MEFs to exhibit a transformed phenotype
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Both catalytic activity and Axin-binding of GSK3β are required to optimally suppress Ras transformation. The expression of Ras
V12
in GSK3β
−/−
, but not in GSK3β
+/+
MEFs results in translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus with concomitant up-regulation of cyclin D1. siRNA-mediated knockdown of β-catenin decreases both cyclin D1 expression and anchorage-independent growth of transformed cells indicating a causal role for β-catenin. Thus Ras
V12
and the lack of GSK3β act in concert to activate the β-catenin pathway, which may underlie the bypass of senescence and tumorigenic transformation by Ras.
SGX393 inhibits the CML mutant Bcr-Abl
T315I
and preempts
in vitro
resistance when combined with nilotinib or dasatinib
Authors: O'Hare Thomas , Eide Christopher A. , Tyner Jeffrey W. , Corbin Amie S. , Wong Matthew J. , Buchanan Sean , Holme Kevin , Jessen Katayoun A. , Tang Crystal , Lewis Hal A. , Romero Richard D. , Burley Stephen K. , Deininger Michael W.
Published: March 2008

Imatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl, the oncogenic tyrosine kinase that causes chronic myeloid leukemia. The second-line inhibitors nilotinib and dasatinib are effective in patients with imatinib resistance resulting from Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations. Bcr-Abl
T315I
, however, is resistant to all Abl kinase inhibitors in clinical use and is emerging as the most frequent cause of salvage therapy failure. SGX393 is a potent inhibitor of native and T315I-mutant Bcr-Abl kinase that blocks the growth of leukemia cell lines and primary hematopoietic cells expressing Bcr-Abl
T315I
, with minimal toxicity against Bcr-Abl-negative cell lines or normal bone marrow. A screen for Bcr-Abl mutants emerging in the presence of SGX393 revealed concentration-dependent reduction in the number and range of mutations. Combining SGX393 with nilotinib or dasatinib preempted emergence of resistant subclones, including Bcr-Abl
T315I
. These findings suggest that combination of a T315I inhibitor with the current clinically used inhibitors may be useful for reduction of Bcr-Abl mutants in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia.
Targeted gene knockout in mammalian cells by using engineered zinc-finger nucleases
Authors: Santiago Yolanda , Chan Edmond , Liu Pei-Qi , Orlando Salvatore , Zhang Lin , Urnov Fyodor D. , Holmes Michael C. , Guschin Dmitry , Waite Adam , Miller Jeffrey C. , Rebar Edward J. , Gregory Philip D. , Klug Aaron , Collingwood Trevor N.
Published: March 2008

Gene knockout is the most powerful tool for determining gene function or permanently modifying the phenotypic characteristics of a cell. Existing methods for gene disruption are limited by their efficiency, time to completion, and/or the potential for confounding off-target effects. Here, we demonstrate a rapid single-step approach to targeted gene knockout in mammalian cells, using engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). ZFNs can be designed to target a chosen locus with high specificity. Upon transient expression of these nucleases the target gene is first cleaved by the ZFNs and then repaired by a natural—but imperfect—DNA repair process, nonhomologous end joining. This often results in the generation of mutant (null) alleles. As proof of concept for this approach we designed ZFNs to target the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. We observed biallelic gene disruption at frequencies >1%, thus obviating the need for selection markers. Three new genetically distinct
DHFR
−/−
cell lines were generated. Each new line exhibited growth and functional properties consistent with the specific knockout of the DHFR gene. Importantly, target gene disruption is complete within 2–3 days of transient ZFN delivery, thus enabling the isolation of the resultant
DHFR
−/−
cell lines within 1 month. These data demonstrate further the utility of ZFNs for rapid mammalian cell line engineering and establish a new method for gene knockout with application to reverse genetics, functional genomics, drug discovery, and therapeutic recombinant protein production.
Defective p53 engagement after the induction of DNA damage in cells deficient in topoisomerase 3β
Authors: Mohanty Subhasis , Town Terrence , Yagi Tomohito , Scheidig Christina , Kwan Kelvin Y. , Allore Heather G. , Flavell Richard A. , Shaw Albert C.
Published: March 2008

The type IA topoisomerases have been implicated in the repair of dsDNA breaks by homologous recombination and in the resolution of stalled or damaged DNA replication forks; thus, these proteins play important roles in the maintenance of genomic stability. We studied the functions of one of the two mammalian type IA enzymes, Top3β, using murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from
top3
β
−/−
embryos.
top3
β
−/−
MEFs proliferated more slowly than
TOP3
β
+/+
control MEFs, demonstrated increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing and UV radiation, and had increased DNA double-strand breaks as manifested by increased γ-H2-AX phosphorylation. However, incomplete enforcement of the G
1
–S cell cycle checkpoint was observed in
top3
β
−/−
MEFs. Notably, ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated (ATM)/ATM and Rad3-related (ATR)-dependent substrate phosphorylation after UV-B and ionizing radiation was impaired in
top3
β
−/−
versus
TOP3
β
+/+
control MEFs, and impaired up-regulation of total and Ser-18-phosphorylated p53 was observed in
top3
β
−/−
cells. Taken together, these results suggest an unanticipated role for Top3β beyond DNA repair in the activation of cellular responses to DNA damage.
MKP-1 inhibits high NaCl-induced activation of p38 but does not inhibit the activation of TonEBP/OREBP: Opposite roles of p38α and p38δ
Authors: Zhou Xiaoming , Ferraris Joan D. , Dmitrieva Natalia I. , Liu Yusen , Burg Maurice B.
Published: March 2008

High NaCl rapidly activates p38 MAPK by phosphorylating it, the phosphorylation presumably being regulated by a balance of kinases and phosphatases. Kinases are known, but the phosphatases are uncertain. Our initial purpose was to identify the phosphatases. We find that in HEK293 cells transient overexpression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a dual-specificity phosphatase, inhibits high NaCl-induced phosphorylation of p38, and that overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of MKP-1 does the opposite. High NaCl lowers MKP-1 activity by increasing reactive oxygen species, which directly inhibit MKP-1, and by reducing binding of MKP-1 to p38. Because inhibition of p38 is reported to reduce hypertonicity-induced activation of the osmoprotective transcription factor, TonEBP/OREBP, we anticipated that MKP-1 expression might also. However, overexpression of MKP-1 has no significant effect on Ton EBP/OREBP activity. This paradox is explained by opposing effects of p38α and p38δ, both of which are activated by high NaCl and inhibited by MKP-1. Thus, we find that overexpression of p38α increases high NaCl-induced TonEBP/OREBP activity, but overexpression of p38δ reduces it. Also, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p38δ enhances the activation of TonEBP/OREBP. We conclude that high NaCl inhibits MKP-1, which contributes to the activation of p38. However, opposing actions of p38α and p38δ negate any effect on TonEBP/OREBP activity. Thus, activation of p38 isoforms by hypertonicity does not contribute to activation of TonEBP/OREBP because of opposing effects of p38α and p38δ, and effects of inhibitors of p38 depend on which isoform is affected, which can be misleading.
The Signaling Adaptor Protein CD3ζ Is a Negative Regulator of Dendrite Development in Young Neurons
Authors: Baudouin Stéphane J. , Angibaud Julie , Loussouarn Gildas , Bonnamain Virginie , Matsuura Akihiro , Kinebuchi Miyuki , Naveilhan Philippe , Boudin Hélène
Published: March 2008

A novel idea is emergxsing that a large molecular repertoire is common to the nervous and immune systems, which might reflect the existence of novel neuronal functions for immune molecules in the brain. Here, we show that the transmembrane adaptor signaling protein CD3ζ, first described in the immune system, has a previously uncharacterized role in regulating neuronal development. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of the rat brain and cultured neurons showed that CD3ζ is mainly expressed in neurons. Distribution of CD3ζ in developing cultured hippocampal neurons, as determined by immunofluorescence, indicates that CD3ζ is preferentially associated with the somatodendritic compartment as soon as the dendrites initiate their differentiation. At this stage, CD3ζ was selectively concentrated at dendritic filopodia and growth cones, actin-rich structures involved in neurite growth and patterning. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CD3ζ in cultured neurons or overexpression of a loss-of-function CD3ζ mutant lacking the tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) increased dendritic arborization. Conversely, activation of endogenous CD3ζ by a CD3ζ antibody reduced the size of the dendritic arbor. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel role for CD3ζ in the nervous system, suggesting its contribution to dendrite development through ITAM-based mechanisms.
Spliceosomal Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles Repeatedly Cycle through Cajal Bodies
Authors: Staněk David , Přidalová-Hnilicová Jarmila , Novotný Ivan , Huranová Martina , Blažíková Michaela , Wen Xin , Sapra Aparna K. , Neugebauer Karla M.
Published: March 2008

The Cajal body (CB) is a nuclear structure closely associated with import and biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). Here, we tested whether CBs also contain mature snRNPs and whether CB integrity depends on the ongoing snRNP splicing cycle. Sm proteins tagged with photoactivatable and color-maturing variants of fluorescent proteins were used to monitor snRNP behavior in living cells over time; mature snRNPs accumulated in CBs, traveled from one CB to another, and they were not preferentially replaced by newly imported snRNPs. To test whether CB integrity depends on the snRNP splicing cycle, two human orthologues of yeast proteins involved in distinct steps in spliceosome disassembly after splicing, hPrp22 and hNtr1, were depleted by small interfering RNA treatment. Surprisingly, depletion of either protein led to the accumulation of U4/U6 snRNPs in CBs, suggesting that reassembly of the U4/U6·U5 tri-snRNP was delayed. Accordingly, a relative decrease in U5 snRNPs compared with U4/U6 snRNPs was observed in CBs, as well as in nuclear extracts of treated cells. Together, the data show that particular phases of the spliceosome cycle are compartmentalized in living cells, with reassembly of the tri-snRNP occurring in CBs.
Ear1p and Ssh4p Are New Adaptors of the Ubiquitin Ligase Rsp5p for Cargo Ubiquitylation and Sorting at Multivesicular Bodies
Authors: Léon Sébastien , Erpapazoglou Zoi , Haguenauer-Tsapis Rosine
Published: March 2008

The ubiquitylation of membrane proteins destined for the vacuole/lysosome is essential for their recognition by the endosomal sorting machinery and their internalization into vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In yeast, this process requires Rsp5p, an essential ubiquitin ligase of the Nedd4 family. We describe here two redundant proteins, Ear1p and Ssh4p, required for the vacuolar targeting of several cargoes originating from the Golgi or the plasma membrane. Ear1p is an endosomal protein that interacts with Rsp5p through its PPxY motifs, and it is required for the ubiquitylation of selected cargoes before their MVB sorting. In-frame fusion of cargo to ubiquitin overcomes the need for Ear1p/Ssh4p, confirming a role for these proteins in cargo ubiquitylation. Interestingly, Ear1p is itself ubiquitylated by Rsp5p and targeted to the vacuole. Finally, Ear1p overexpression leads to Rsp5p accumulation at endosomes, interfering with some of its functions in trafficking. Therefore, Ear1p/Ssh4p recruit Rsp5p and assist it in its function at MVBs by directing the ubiquitylation of specific cargoes.
Colombia: Structural Adjustment, Macroeconomics and Equity
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio , Tovar Camilo
Published: March 2008

This chapter analyzes the link between structural adjustment, macroeconomic performance, and social indicators in Colombia. The first two sections briefly overview structural reforms, the evolution of macroeconomic policy, and their outcomes. The third takes a look at the labor market, and the fourth considers the evolution of social policy and major indicators of living conditions. The fifth analyzes in greater detail the evolution of poverty and income distribution. Finally, the sixth draws some conclusions.
Exploring the Psychology of Interest
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: March 2008

Psychologists have always been intrigued in interest, and modern research on interest can be found in nearly every area of the field: researchers studying emotions, cognition, development, education, aesthetics, personality, motivation, and vocations have developed intriguing ideas about what interest is and how it works. This book presents an integrated picture of how interest has been studied in all of the wide-ranging areas of psychology. Using modern theories of cognition and emotion as an integrative framework, it examines the nature of interest, what makes things interesting, the role of interest in personality, and the development of people's idiosyncratic interests, hobbies, and avocations. The examination reveals deep similarities between seemingly different fields of psychology and illustrates the profound importance of interest, curiosity, and intrinsic motivation for understanding why people do what they do. A comprehensive work devoted to interest, this book reviews the history of psychological thought on interest, presents classic and modern research, and suggests fruitful directions for future work.
Interest and Learning
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: March 2008

Psychology's oldest writings about interest come from the field of education. This chapter reviews research on how interest affects learning, with an emphasis on reading and text processing. Interest promotes comprehension and memory for several reasons: interest increases attention to a text; interest makes people process a text more deeply; and interest promotes good meta-cognitive strategies. The chapter then turns to controversial research on seductive details. First suggested by John Dewey, seductive details are interesting but unimportant text elements that presumably impair comprehension. The evidence for a detrimental effect of seductive details, however, is inconsistent and overstated. Finally, the chapter considers the features of a text that make it interesting (such as coherence, concreteness, vividness, and ease of comprehension), and it points out that the appraisal model of interest (developed in Chapter 2) is a useful framework for explaining text-based interest.
Comparing Models of Interest
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: March 2008

This chapter examines the distinction between interest and interests in light of other theories. One class of models (associated with Hidi, Renninger, and Krapp) distinguishes between situational interest, individual interest, and actualized interest. Another model distinguishes between emotional interest and cognitive interest. Based on a critical review of these models, the simple distinction between interest and interests appears to be a strong alternative model. The chapter then examines whether interest is merely the same thing as attention or importance, and whether interest and curiosity are different constructs. Finally, the chapter considers the complex relationships between interest and concepts of intrinsic motivation, with an emphasis on self-determination theory (associated with Deci and Ryan). Taken together, this book's model of interest and interests is a simple way of organizing the psychology of interest.
The Evolution of Crustacean Mating Systems
Authors: Shuster Stephen M.
Published: March 2008

A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral studies, and using crustaceans as specific examples, this chapter shows how the magnitude of the sex difference in fitness variance can be used to classify the mating systems of any sexual species. Differences between the sexes in the opportunity for selection is influenced by the spatial and temporal aggregation of matings, variation in female life history, male and female reproductive behavior, and by various forms of run-away selection processes. An empirical framework is introduced for the study of crustacean and other mating systems that emphasizes the measurement of selective forces responsible for the evolution of male-female differences. This approach is easier to test and interpret than current frameworks emphasizing optimality or parental investment theory.
The Neural Basis of Communication in Crustaceans
Authors: Herberholz Jens
Published: March 2008

Crustaceans are used as model systems for studying behavioral and physiological processes common to many animals. Crustaceans are especially attractive to neuroethologists since most of their behavioral repertoire is controlled by a nervous system of relatively low complexity readily accessible for a variety of experimental techniques. Many basic neural mechanisms were first discovered in crustacean preparations and have then been generalized to many other organisms. In several taxa of social crustaceans, communication signals of different modalities are exchanged between conspecifics. Incoming signals are received, relayed, and sometimes integrated by the peripheral nervous system. The underlying mechanisms have been intensively studied and are reasonably well understood. Presently, the experimental transition from research on the peripheral nervous system to the central brain areas of higher order processing has begun. This will significantly improve our understanding of how signals are integrated into adaptive behavioral responses, thus illustrating how nervous systems shape communication.
Chemical Communication and Social Behavior of the LobsterHomarus americanusand Other Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Atema Jelle , Steinbach Molly A.
Published: March 2008

The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is presented as a model organism of chemical communication in decapod crustaceans. Lobsters use chemical signals to form and maintain dominance hierarchies, to choose and locate mates, to determine reproductive receptivity, to recognize individual conspecifics, and perhaps to regulate their molt cycles. The chemical signals are carried primarily but not completely in the urine, and are dispersed into the environment by animal-generated currents. The chemical identity of the signals and their use under field conditions is little known. Many decapod crustaceans use chemical signals for purposes similar to those of H. americanus. The chemicals used by decapods to communicate sex, receptivity, dominance, etc., are likely to bear similarities between species. Advances made in pheromone identification will be of great consequence in understanding crustacean chemical communication, just as has been the case in insects.
Social Behavior of Parent–Offspring Groups in Crustaceans
Authors: Thiel Martin
Published: March 2008

Extended parental care is found among diverse crustacean species from aquatic and terrestrial environments, and in most cases care is provided exclusively by the females. The observations reviewed herein demonstrate that family members show specific social behaviors (defense, shepherding, grooming, food-sharing) while cohabiting. Advanced social behavior, where parents and offspring cooperate, have only been reported from snapping shrimp, bromeliad crabs, and desert isopods, all of which inhabit long-lived family dwellings. Prolonged cohabitation of parents and sexually maturing offspring is rare among crustaceans, most likely because resources become limiting, are difficult to replenish, and because family members are unable to defend stable dwellings. The presence of a stable dwelling and central place behavior around this dwelling may have been important steps during social evolution. Extended parental care, iteroparous reproduction, and possession of an effective defense mechanism seem to be crucial preadaptations for the evolution of eusocial behavior in crustaceans.
Sociobiology of Terrestrial Isopods
Authors: Linsenmair Karl Eduard
Published: March 2008

Isopods are the only crustacean taxon with many truly terrestrial species, including desert inhabitants. These species show a highly developed social behavior that is crucial for survival under the harsh conditions in desert environments. The desert-living Hemilepistus spp. depend on burrows that are costly to produce, can only be dug anew in spring, and have to be continuously defended against competitors. This is achieved by division of labor between the sexually and socially monogamous pair partners, and later with the progeny's participation. Using a comparative approach, this chapter draws inferences about the probable evolutionary route to the strict monogamous mating system found in one of the best studied and highly social species, H. reaumuri. It concludes that the narrow temporal window during which the extremely valuable family burrow can be constructed has resulted in the sophisticated social behavior found in this semelparous oniscoid isopod.
Ecology and Evolution of Eusociality in Sponge-Dwelling Shrimp
Authors: Duffy J. Emmett
Published: March 2008

Sponge-dwelling Synalpheus shrimp comprises a clade of ~30 species that range from socially monogamous pairs to eusocial colonies of hundreds of individuals. Eusocial colonies have evolved at least three times independently within Synalpheus, and contain multiple cohabiting generations, with one or a few breeders of each sex, and non-breeders that defend the colony from intruders. Comparison of sponge-dwelling shrimp with other animal taxa reveals several shared characteristics of life history and ecology suggested to promote cooperative breeding and eusociality in insects and vertebrates: (i) direct development resulting in limited dispersal and kin association; (ii) specialization on a valuable, self-contained, and long-lived resource; (iii) strong competition for the host resource; and (iv) possession of a weapon (the snapping claw) effective in monopolizing it. Coincidence of these characteristics is rare within Crustacea and may explain why Synalpheus includes the only known eusocial marine animals.
Comparative Evolutionary Ecology of Social and Sexual Systems
Authors: Crespi Bernard J.
Published: March 2008

The two great divides of evolutionary ecology — conceptual and taxonomic — must be crossed for the study of mating systems and social systems to reach maturity. Conceptual unification should hinge on recognition that both sex and sociality involve conflict between mutually dependent parties over limiting resources, and yield complex mixtures of cooperation and conflict over different prezygotic and postzygotic processes. In general, it should be expected that ecological “harshness” and resource limitation select for increased within-group cooperation in the evolution of sociality, and between-sex cooperation in the evolution of mating systems. Such cooperation is, however, coupled with enhanced between-group conflict in sociality, or within-sex conflict in mating systems. Taxonomic and phylogenetic divides create opportunities for recognizing convergences. Groups such as the Crustacea are highly diverse yet understudied compared to vertebrates and insects, and as such they provide especially high returns on research investment.
The Basics of Liquidation
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin
Published: March 2008

This chapter discusses general liquidation principles and strategies to provide the reader with an overview of the procedure for liquidation under Chapters 7 and 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. The central focus is on the roles of the players in the liquidation process including the bankruptcy judge, the debtor in possession, the United States Trustee, the secured creditors, and the Creditors' Committee, which represents unsecured creditors such as indenture trustees, bondholders, landlords, trade vendors, and employees.
Conclusion:Life Style?
Authors: Heyes Cressida J.
Published: March 2008

Scholars influenced by Michel Foucault need to say more about how care of the self emerges intersubjectively, and how it can be a set of practices that includes an understanding of responsibility and ethical commitment to embodied others. Furthermore, Foucault's work is devoid of programmatic political theory for a number of reasons, but there is a need for careful articulation of political projects that challenge docility and make creative, joyful living more possible. Not without reservations, we might follow a philosophical tradition that labels this undertaking “style”. If feminist commentators are sometimes too pessimistic about women's agency in the face of normalization, the heroic discourse of style risks being too self-satisfied to notice that many of the strategies it implies are out of reach for ordinary mortals, and may lead enthusiastic converts into novel forms of conformity. The challenge that remains is to articulate a somaesthetics within which abject bodies can articulate their own style without falling back on the voluntarism that is so often complicit with their very abjection.
Natural Speech
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter introduces the concept of integrated speech production and perception, and the roles of speaker and listener. Production is for perception, i.e., the speech waveform triggers perceptions in the mind of the listener. The relationship between biological responses to external events and cognitive interpretation of the internal reaction to events is described. The biological and cognitive contributions to expressive and emotive speech are presented, including an evaluation of current lines of research.
Speech Synthesis
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter discusses modern speech synthesis techniques, including the choice of basic building blocks in traditional and more recent systems. The chapter concludes with discussions on unravelling the limitations and complexities of synthesis techniques, as well as the adequacy of synthesis for testing theories of human speech production, particularly in the area of modelling expressive content.
Recent Developments in Synthesis Models
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of current synthesis systems and the current paradigm for research in the area. Expression is highlighted as important in contributing to the naturalness of synthetic speech, as well as its general acceptance. An important research area concerns providing the synthesizer with listener feedback during ‘conversation’ between machine and human user — a largely neglected area in the development of synthesis. The theoretical concept of ‘ for perception’ and its synthesis is discussed.
The Biology and Psychology Perspectives
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter outlines some accounts of the biological and cognitive systems which characterize the source of the emotive content of speech, followed by a general description of the biological substrate, cognitive sourcing, and the link between biological and cognitive accounts. The function of emotion, the parameterization of emotion, and the problems of labelling emotion categories are developed.
The Linguistics, Phonology, and Phonetics Perspective
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter introduces some aspects of linguistics that may be helpful in labelling emotive content of speech. The following questions are asked: Are speech and emotion separate events or does speech occur within the context of emotion? Is a uniqueness hypothesis more useful than a modulation hypothesis? How context sensitive is expressive content? What might be the function of prosodic patterns in triggering perception of expressive and emotive content? What are some acoustic correlates of speech production and perception? Can linguistics and phonetics theory and models provide useful descriptive labels for characterizing expression in speech?
The Influence of Emotion Studies
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter suggests that core studies of emotion can contribute importantly to speech models. Inadequacies of current speech models are pointed out and the usefulness of an integrated physical cognitive model is presented. A suitable model of emotion that can be tightly correlated with a speech model is proposed, and the resulting speech model can incorporate emotive content. The advantages of building the model of speech with expressive and emotive content are presented, as well as the case for building the model in computational terms; computational adequacy is highlighted.
All Speech is Expression-Based
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine
Published: March 2008

This chapter discusses neutral speech and expressive speech. A model is presented which proposes that all speech is expressive, and that speaking occurs within an expression wrapper. Neutral speech is a type of speaking which has the expressive content set to ‘neutral’, i.e., the parameters of expressive speech are set to near zero. The concept of an expression envelop is explained — a message is modulated onto a prosodic carrier. The possibility of relating emotion expression to the acoustic waveform is presented.
The trade of live crustaceans in Portugal: space for technological improvements
Authors: Barrento Sara , Marques António , Pedro Sónia , Vaz-Pires Paulo , Nunes Maria Leonor
Published: March 2008

Barrento, S., Marques, A., Pedro, S., Vaz-Pires, P., and Nunes, M. L. 2008. The trade of live crustaceans in Portugal: space for technological improvements. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 551–559. In Portuguese coastal areas, crabs and lobsters maintained alive until prepared for the table are commercially and economically very important. The trade in live crustaceans, mostly imported animals, is an interlinked and complex chain, from fishing, collection, holding facilities, and transportation, to the end-consumer, the various facilities playing a key role. Along the chain, animals can be affected by several stressors, inducing high mortality with consequent economic loss, and contributing to unsustainable exploitation of the resource. A survey was developed to characterize storage, transportation, and handling issues affecting various crustaceans at Portuguese holding facilities. In all, 22 facilities were identified and categorized by activity and water supply system. Despite the wide variation in their infrastructure, there were no major differences in mortality rate of crustaceans between importers, wholesalers, and exclusively retailers. At all facilities, Necora puber, Cancer pagurus, and Carcinus maenas had higher rates of mortality and shorter duration of captivity than Maja spp., Homarus sp., Panulirus regius, or Palinurus sp. Overall, the main problems identified were technical issues related to careless handling, high animal density, and the varying physiological needs of each species.
Fiber Separated from Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Feedstock for Ethanol Production
Authors: Srinivasan Radhakrishnan , Dien Bruce S. , Rausch Kent D. , Tumbleson M. E. , Singh Vijay
Published: March 2008

In the dry‐grind process, corn starch is converted into sugars that are fermented into ethanol. The remaining corn components (protein, fiber, fat, and ash) form a coproduct, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). In a previous study, the combination of sieving and elutriation (air classification), known as the elusieve process, was effective in separating fiber from DDGS. In this study, elusieve fiber was evaluated for ethanol production and results were compared with those reported in other studies for fiber from different corn processing techniques. Fiber samples were pretreated using acid hydrolysis followed by enzymatic treatment. The hydrolyzate was fermented using Escherichia coli FBR5 strain. Efficiency of ethanol production from elusieve fiber was 89–91%, similar to that for pericarp fiber from wet‐milling and quick fiber processes (86–90%). Ethanol yields from elusieve fiber were 0.23–0.25 L/kg (0.027–0.030 gal/lb); similar to ethanol yields from wet‐milling pericarp fiber and quick fiber. Fermentations were completed within 50 hr. Elusieve fiber conversion could result in 1.2–2.7% increase in ethanol production from dry‐grind plants. It could be economically feasible to use elusieve fiber along with other feedstock in a plant producing ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks. Due to the small scale of operation and the stage of technology development for cellulosic conversion to ethanol, implementation of elusieve fiber conversion to ethanol within a dry‐grind plant may not be currently economically feasible.
Relationship Between Single Wheat Kernel Particle‐Size Distribution and Perten SKCS 4100 Hardness Index
Authors: Pearson T. , Wilson J. , Gwirtz J. , Maghirang E. , Dowell F. , McCluskey P. , Bean S.
Published: March 2008

The Perten Single Kernel Characterization system is the current reference method for determination of single wheat kernel texture. However, the SKCS 4100 calibration method is based on bulk samples. The objective of this research was to develop a single‐kernel hardness reference based on single‐kernel particle‐size distributions (PSD). A total of 473 kernels, drawn from eight different classes, was studied. Material from single kernels that had been crushed on the SKCS 4100 system was collected, milled, then the PSD of each ground single kernel was measured. Wheat kernels from soft and hard classes with similar SKCS hardness indices (HI 40–60) typically had a PSD that was expected from their genetic class. That is, soft kernels tended to have more particles at <21 μm than hard kernels after milling. As such, a combination of HI and PSD gives better discrimination between genetically hard and soft classes than either parameter measured independently. Additionally, the use of SKCS‐predicted PSD, combined with other low level SKCS parameters, appears to reduce classification errors into genetic hardness classes by ≈50% over what is currently accomplished with HI alone.
Influence of Yearly Variability of Agricultural Products on Calibration Process: A Triticale Example
Authors: Igne B. , Gibson L. R. , Rippke G. R. , Hurburgh C. R.
Published: March 2008

Many elements can influence the calibration process for near‐infrared spectroscopy: variability within the population of interest, environmental effects, hardware instability, and others. This study evaluated two techniques to develop prediction models for triticale grain moisture and protein. The spectral addition strategy added new samples to the calibration set year after year. The spectral adaptation strategy selected only the spectral variability needed to successfully apply the model to new material. Triticale was a good study material because it was undergoing genetic change through the study period and is very responsive to climate variability. The two calibration techniques were significantly different from each other in terms of precision and accuracy. Spectral adaptation was the best technique with a relative predictive determinant (RPD) of 4.33 and a bias of 0.17% versus RPD of 3.50 and a bias of –0.52% for spectral addition. These results are contradictory to common practices that tend to add to the calibration set a maximum variability over as much time as possible. For highly variable matrixes, a constant adaptation rather than expansion of the calibration pool may be more appropriate.
Comparison of Amylose Determination Methods and the Development of a Dual Wavelength Iodine Binding Technique
Authors: Zhu Thianming , Jackson David S. , Wehling Randy L. , Geera Bhima
Published: March 2008

It has long been recognized that limitations exist in the analytical methodology for amylose determination. This study was conducted to evaluate various amylose determination methods. Purified amylose and amylopectin fractions were obtained from corn, rice, wheat, and potato and then mixed in proportion to make 10, 20, 30, 50, and 80% amylose content starch samples for each source. These samples, considered amylose standards, were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), and iodine binding procedures to generate standard curves for each of the methods. A single DSC standard equation for cereal starches was developed. The standard curve of potato starch was significantly different. Amylose standard curves prepared using the iodine binding method were also similar for the cereal starches, but different for potato starch. An iodine binding procedure using wavelengths at 620 nm and 510 nm increased the precision of the method. When HPSEC was used to determine % amylose, calculations based on dividing the injected starch mass by amylose peak mass, rather than calculations based on the apparent amylose/amylopectin ratio, decreased the inaccuracies associated with sample dispersion and made the generation of a cereal amylose standard curve possible. Amylose contents of pure starch, starch mixtures from different sources with different amylose ranges, and tortillas were measured using DSC, HPSEC, iodine binding, and the Megazyme amylose/amylopectin kit. All the methods were reproducible (±3.0%). Amylose contents measured by these methods were significantly different (P < 0.05). Amylose measurements using iodine binding, DSC, and Megazyme procedures were highly correlated (correlation coefficient >0.95). DSC and traditional iodine binding procedures likely overestimated true amylose contents as residual butanol in the amylose standards caused interference. The modified two‐wavelength iodine binding procedure seemed to be the most precise and generally applicable method. Each amylose determination method has its benefits and limitations.
Preparation of Rice Endosperm Protein Isolate by Alkali Extraction
Authors: Paraman Ilankovan , Hettiarachchy N. S. , Schaefer Christian
Published: March 2008

Rice endosperm extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimum alkali extraction conditions were pH 11.0 at 40°C for 3 hr with 8:1 solvent‐to‐solid ratio. The maximum protein yield was 43.1% at these conditions. As the extraction pH was increased from 9.0 to 12.0, protein extractability and content increased but the solubility and emulsifying properties of the extracted protein decreased. The extracted protein was recovered by either isoelectric precipitation (IEP) or ultrafiltration (UF). Ultrafiltering the supernatant with a 5‐kDa hollow fiber membrane concentrated the protein from 1.8 to 16% (dry basis) and the resulting solution was spray‐dried to produce a protein concentrate (RPUF) with 71% protein. Although RPIEP contained higher protein (86%) than RPUF (71%), RPUF showed higher solubility and emulsifying properties. The solubility of RPUF was higher (37%) than RPIEP (15%). RPUF also demonstrated higher emulsion activity (0.414) and stability (22.4 min) compared with the emulsion activity (0.282) and stability (15.5 min) of RPIEP. Higher solubility and the soluble nonprotein components of RPUF contributed to higher emulsifying properties than RPIEP. The UF provided milder extraction conditions with improved emulsifying properties than conventional IEP.