bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Forlorn Hope
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

For all that it is usually considered an unspeakable atrocity, cannibalism has a long and rich history. People have eaten people for thousands of years and for countless reasons: to appease gods, to honor ancestors or shame enemies, to cure disease, perhaps even to set a hospitable table for guests. Some stories may be exaggerated or even false; many of the more grisly versions were reported by European explorers eager to paint the natives as bloodthirsty savages in need of Christian salvation. But modern evidence suggests that at least some accounts are indisputably true. Archaeologists have found human remains showing the apparent signs of butchery or cooking, and a few years ago scientists studying a Colorado site used by the ancient Anasazi reported that they had found fossilized human fecal matter containing digested human tissue. Somebody, for some reason, was eaten.
Taking the Field
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

As Margret Reed and her children fought for their lives, her husband was involved in a more literal fight. By the time James Reed arrived in California, the United States and Mexico were at war. Beginning in the 1820s, American settlers hungry for cheap land poured into Texas, which was then a part of Mexico. The Mexican government, eager for growth in what had been a dusty backwater, welcomed the influx, but in time tension developed. The Americans chafed under Mexican laws that required Catholicism and prohibited slavery, provisos often ignored by the Protestant, slaveholding settlers. In turn, Mexican officials resented the truculent independence of the newcomers, who soon outnumbered the Mexicans. In 1830 the Mexican government prohibited further American settlement, angering the Americans who were already there. By mid-decade, the Americans were in revolt, and in 1836 they defeated the Mexican army at San Jacinto and won their independence.
Freedom, Culture, and Religion
Authors: Levine Lawrence W
Published: November 2023

Shortly before Lee’s surrender, slaves on an Alabama plantation gathered in their church to sing of “good old Daniel” who had been cast in the lion’s den but was “Safe now in the promised land,” and assured themselves that “By and by we’ll go home to meet him./ Way over in the promised land.” The passion and certainty of their refrain filled a white auditor with a sense of foreboding: “I ... seemed to see the mantle of our lost cause descending.” The South’s lost cause was the fulfillment of a prophecy the slaves had been singing of for more than half a century. After the northern conquest of Richmond, Virginia, slaves crowded the streets running, leaping, singing: “Slavery chain done broke at last; slavery chain done broke at last-I’s goin’ to praise God till I die.” In Petersburg, Virginia, Annie Harris and her fellow slaves danced around a barn fire singing: A Scottish visitor to the South was struck by the freedmen’s “devoutness and recognition of God’s hand in everything.” “Lincoln died for we, Christ died for we,” a Sea Islander told Laura Towne, “and me believe him de same mans.” “God said de plantations would grow up and de hoot owls would have ‘em and dey is doin’ it. Growin’ up into wilderness,” Alice Sewell exclaimed. “God planned dem slave prayers to free us like he did de Israelites, and dey did.” Mingo White echoed these beliefs: “The children of Israel was in bondage one time, and God sent Moses to ‘liver them. Well, I s’pose that God sent Abe Lincoln to ‘liver us.” The precedent of the Hebrew Children had not been false; the Lord had not reneged on His promise.
Introduction
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

In late august 1864 the conservative, antiwar wing of the Democratic Party was at the height of its influence. The Peace Democrats, also known as Copperheads, were so powerful that their strength nearly matched that of the War Democrats, who supported Abraham Lincoln’s war policies. The growing authority of the Copperheads within the Democratic Party was most apparent at the national convention, which was held that year at the end of the month in Chicago. The peace men gained control of the committee responsible for writing the party platform, and the final document, which laid out the Democrats’ philosophy for the coming presidential contest, amounted to a Copperhead manifesto. The conservatives’ clout was also evident in the makeup of the ticket. A War Democrat, General George B. McClellan, occupied the top spot, but his running mate was an Ohio congressman who was one of the country’s most outspoken and notorious antiwar men.
In the Shadows
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

It was still dark the morning of April 12, 1861, when Confederate shells started to burst over Fort Sumter. The assault was the culmination of a three-and-a-half-month standoff between the federal government and the Confederates, who regarded the Union presence in the mouth of Charleston Harbor to be an affront to them and their recently declared independence. President Abraham Lincoln, who had inherited the situation from his predecessor James Buchanan, was determined not to give up the island fortress. Neither would he be the first to open fire on Americans, seceded though they might be. But by April the newly inaugurated president had to make a decision. The men at Fort Sumter were running short on food and supplies. Having informed the rebels of his plan, Lincoln ordered ships bearing supplies to sail to Charleston. This humanitarian mission, as Lincoln called it, sparked the bloodiest war in American history. The rebels opened fire before the supply ships ever arrived. The 4:30 A.M. attack was a spectacle that drew Charlestonians out of their beds and up to their rooftops or to the Battery to watch. After holding off the Southerners for thirty-three hours, the commander of the garrison, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered. The Civil War, which claimed at least 620,000 lives, began with a battle in which neither side lost a single man.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

Success did not last for the Union armies, and with failure came demoralization. For the first time, Northerners were confronted in the late spring and summer of 1862 with the notion that this could be a long, bloody war. Military losses blunted the patriotic fervor that had characterized 1861, and the government had an increasingly difficult time meeting its need for soldiers. Officials turned to a proto-conscription, which also gave them a bureaucracy with which to pursue opponents of the war more effectively. Arrests rose dramatically as a result, giving the Peace Democrats their first truly substantive issue to exploit. More were soon to come. Around the same time that the draft was established, Lincoln was crafting his Emancipation Proclamation as a way to strike at slavery, the soft belly of the Confederacy. As far as the Copperheads were concerned, this act confirmed everything they had been saying since the beginning of the conflict about emancipation being the true objective of the Republicans in this war. The failures of armies in the summer of 1862 gave Copperheads a new strength, but it was the Emancipation Proclamation that gave them their voice.
The Battle Behind the Lines
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

The enrollment act changed the nature of dissent in the North. Until the law passed, armed opposition to the war was scattered and generally weak. Earlier objections to government power most often took the form of speech targeting such abstract ideals as liberty, rights, and the meaning of republicanism. Emancipation was a more direct threat, but protest tended to be limited to the working classes, who feared for their jobs, and to people who had never had moral qualms about slavery. Conscription, with its potential to touch every white male citizen between twenty and forty five, was different. The states had been responsible for all the earlier efforts to raise men, including figuring out how to meet the quotas that the Militia Act had laid out. Under the Enrollment Act, the draft was a national effort operated by the federal government, which was willing to bring its resources to bear to enforce it. As a result, the year following the adoption of the Enrollment Act was the most chaotic of the war, at least on the home front. The year broke down into three phases. The first was the most deadly, when resistance to the draft resulted in insurrection in some Northern communities, including the Union’s largest metropolis, New York City. In the second phase, resistance moved from the streets to the political arena. Here the Copperheads were turned back, but despite their trouncing at the polls, Lincoln continued to experience political problems—mostly from within his own party. By the time strife took hold of the upper levels of the Republican Party, the rest of the country had entered a third phase. Having had time to reflect on the previous summer’s victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, many Northerners were confident that the spring of 1864 would be the last of the war.
Defeated
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

The election results made it clear that Northerners were in a fighting mood, and peace men responded by falling silent. Some of the most extreme continued to berate the administration loudly, and several editors who had been deeply critical did little more than tone down their rhetoric. But most of the nation’s leading Copperhead politicians simply faded into the background. The silence of the peace wing fell even more deeply when William Tecumseh Sherman marched through Georgia and then the Carolinas, endeavors that more than ever indicated the war was nearly over. The most obvious change took place at the community level, where the Peace Democrats who had so frightened their neighbors over the previous three and a half years suddenly went mute on the subject of politics. The Copperheads had nearly disappeared from the scene by the time Lincoln was assassinated, when suspicions about their involvement in the plot briefly rose. Despite their relative quiet in the months since the election, the Copperheads had been neither forgotten nor forgiven for their actions.
The Clinical Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

Rachel was referred to me after the birth of her third son. She had received a narcotic for pain during the delivery, and after the delivery she seemed odd. Although she could handle the baby just fine, she was emotionally guarded with the nurses to the point that they became worried about her mental status, and she told her obstetrician that she was feeling very anxious in the hospital. She was 28 years old and had not had any previous history of psychiatric difficulty. Her obstetrician called me to say that she thought Rachel “might be getting squirrelly.” We agreed that I would see her the next morning.
The Neurobiology of Sensory Gating Deficits
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

The concept of sensory gating that we introduced in the last chapter is well suited to bridge basic neurobiology and the human mental dysfunction that results in schizophrenia. This chapter assumes that you have no background in how the nervous system is organized or how it functions, but that you are curious about how schizophrenia might arise from the dysfunction of nerve cells. Brain biology is not simple, and therefore a somewhat lengthy description follows with the goal of allowing you to learn enough about nerve cells and their circuits to then understand how psychosis might arise from their dysfunction.
Paranoid Conviction
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

Psychosis is more than the jumble of sensory experience created by sensory gating deficits. Psychotic thoughts and experiences become a mantra of conviction by which persons with schizophrenia lead their life. Human beings have an innate ability and desire to create a story when faced with terrifying or even potentially terrifying information. In the case of schizophrenia, the story is generally paranoid—that is, it makes the terror part of a larger, not a smaller evil. The creation of the story is not comforting in the usual sense, because it makes the situation worse, not better. This aspect of creative ability would therefore appear to have evolved as part of our brain’s function for defensive purposes.
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

One might suppose that the treatment of schizophrenia arises from a fundamental understanding of its neurobiology and its psychology. However, the treatments, both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic, were not developed in this way. For many illnesses, treatments were discovered by observation of unintended therapeutic effects of medications given to patients for entirely different purposes. These medications themselves then become insights into the pathophysiology of the illness. We learned in the first chapter that such serendipitous observation of the effects of chlorpromazine led to its introduction into clinical practice and to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
Developmental Course of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

The treatments discussed up to this point, both those in current use and those in experimental investigation, have been directed at the neurobiology and psychology of schizophrenia in adulthood, when the illness most commonly appears. The results have transformed the lives of people like Rachel and Paul, but these effects lead to rehabilitation, rather than prevention or cure. Although everyone’s life has limitless possibilities, including the lives of Rachel and Paul, there do seem to be aspects of their disability for which they can compensate, but never fully overcome. The abnormalities in the brains of people with schizophrenia, although subtle, are likely the result of developmental effects of genetic variants, including those in CHRNA7, that had many of their most profound effects when the nerve cells of the brain and their connections developed much earlier in life, long before the onset of illness.
Seize The Dance!
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

Pygmy music has captivated students and scholars of anthropology and music for decades if not centuries, but until now this aspect of their culture has never been described in a work that is at once vividly engaging, intellectually rigorous, and self-consciously aware of the ironies of representation. Seize the Dance! is an ethnomusical study focused on the music and dance of BaAka forest people, who live in the Lobaye region of the Central African Republic. Based on ethnographic research that Michelle Kisliuk conducted from 1986 through 1995, this book describes BaAka songs, drum rhythms, and dance movements--along with their contexts of social interaction--in an elegant narrative that is enhanced by many photographs, musical illustrations, and field recordings on a companion website.
Yodeling For Alternatives An Introduction
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

This is a study of the singing, dancing, and everyday lives of BaAka pygmies in southwestern Centrafrique-and a narrative carved from the circumstances of my research time. At the heart of my initial interest in this topic was the incomparable sound of pygmy singing. Before ever going to Centrafrique I heard recordings and read descriptions like this one by Simha Arom:

Part of what attracted me to study among African pygmies was the very suggestion that the structure and performance style of pygmy singing might be consistent with an overall egalitarian lifestyle. But as I read about pygmies and their music, I wondered to what extent real people embody the images that scholars, artists, and journalists enthusiastically claim they do. The idea that African pygmies represent the “noble savage”-but also the “primitive” and usually the “disappearing”-is remarkably tenacious, and an issue I address within this book (chapters 7 and 8 especially). A seductive vision of pygmy song as an emblem for utopian human potentials as well as for quintessential origins surfaces repeatedly in both popular and scholarly literature. The brilliant aesthetician Robert Farris Thompson, for example, maintains that the sound of pygmy yodeling carries into African American aesthetics, and he grasps that notion as an evocative device:
Washington Allston: An American Romantic Tradition
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

In 1859, in his preface to The Marble Faun, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: “No author without a trial can conceive of the difficulty of writing a romance about a country where there is no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery, no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity, in broad and simple daylight, as is happily the case with my dear native land.” Years later, the nineteenth-century critic Sarah Tytler wrote of Washington Allston (1779–1843) that he “shared with the writers, Hawthorne and Wendell Holmes, not merely the love of the supernatural, but the predilection for what is abnormal and weird, which strikes us dwellers in the mother country as something in itself abnormal, when it springs up in the sons of a fresh young world, but which is notably the reaction from the very fresh materialism of their surroundings.”
George Caleb Bingham: Missouri Classicism
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

I had myself called with the four-o’clock watch, mornings, for one cannot see too many summer sunrises on the Mississippi. They are enchanting. First, there is the eloquence of silence; for a deep hush broods everywhere. Next, there is the haunting sense of loneliness, isolation, remoteness from worry and bustle of the world. The dawn creeps in stealthily; the solid walls of black forest soften to gray, and vast stretches of the river open up and reveal them- selves; the water is glass-smooth, gives off spectral little wreaths of white mist, there is not the faintest breath of wind, nor stir of leaf; the tranquillity is profound and infinitely satisfying. When the light has become a little stronger, you have one of the fairest and softest pictures imaginable. You have the intense green of the massed and crowded foliage near by; you see it paling shade by shade in front of you; upon the next projecting cape, a mile off or more, the tint has lightened to the tender young green of spring; the cape beyond that one has almost lost color, and the furthest one, miles away under the horizon, sleeps upon the water a mere dim vapor, and hardly separable from the sky above it and about it. And all this stretch of river is a mirror, and you have the shadowy reflections of the leafage and the curving shores and the receding capes pictured in it.
Winslow Homer: Concept And Percept
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

Mr. Homer goes in, as the phrase is, for perfect realism, and cares not a jot for such fantastic hairsplitting as the distinction between beauty and ugliness. He is a genuine painter; that is, to see, and to reproduce what he sees, is his only care He not only has no imagination, but he contrives to elevate this rather blighting negative into a blooming and honorable positive. He is al- most barbarously simple, and to our eye, he is horribly ugly; but there is nevertheless something one likes about him. What is it? For ourselves, it is not his subjects. We frankly confess that we detest his subjects—his barren plank fences, his glaring, bold, blue skies, his big, dreary, vacant lots of meadows, his freckled, straight-haired Yankee urchins, his flat-breasted maidens, suggestive of a dish of rural doughnuts and pie. He has chosen the least pictorial features of the least pictorial range of scenery and civilization; he has resolutely treated them as if they were pictorial, as if they were every inch as good as Capri or Tangiers; and to reward his audacity, he has incontestably succeeded.
Epilogue: The Twentieth Century
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

It seems obvious from the foregoing chapters that America brought into the twentieth century an art that exhibited specific tendencies and continuities. From the limners on, American artists had held, in one way or another, to the adamant control of idea. Enlisting measure, mechanics, and technology as aids toward a certainty that was often as ideal as it was real, American artists guarded the unbroken integrity of the objects or things of this world, which became, very often, vessels or carriers of metaphysical meaning. Tempered by the dual planar inclinations of a continuing folk tradition and a classic mensuration, matter, in American nineteenth-century art, was often stable, fixed, weighted, the pictorial parallel of an age still dominated by Newtonian physics. Dissolution of matter, when it occurred, was rarely scientific or analytical, but emotive and lyrical, becoming part of a quietistic tradition and reaching through memory to another area of Mind. Through it all, the thing dominated, amounting, in fact, to a preoccupation with things, amplified by concerns with light, space, weather, and time that were often additional routes to the character of an environment shaped by things, as well as extensions from the world at large to the thing.
Killer Apes, Cannibals, and Coprolites: Projecting Mayhem onto the Past
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

In my youth, I heard my father tell a story that my grandfather had related to him about the leading nineteenth-century pathologist Rudolf Virchow. I later discovered that my grandfather had written the story down: [Robert] Koch wanted to demonstrate the tubercle bacillus to Virchow and invited him to his laboratory. When Virchow refused to go, Uulius] Cohnheim urged him to do so, telling him it was his duty to see the demonstration. Finally, he succeeded in gaining Virchow’s consent. Consent it was, too, for Virchow felt it was real condescension on his part to honor one of whose work he did not approve, one whom in derision he called “the boy from the country.”
The Earliest Evidence of War
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

In Demonic Males, Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson attempt to convince their readers that human and chimpanzee violence stem directly from an ancestral ape common to both species. They propose that human males are violent by temperament and that modern humans are “the dazed survivors of a continuous, 5-million year habit of lethal aggression.” Later they suggest, “This notion of the violent male seems reasonable to anyone familiar with crime statistics, and explains why we can’t find paradise on earth.” Wrangham and Peterson are linking two propositions. The first proposition, that human males engage in severe physical aggression on the average more than do human females, is supported by much evidence, including crime statistics from diverse countries.
Seeking Justice: The Quest for Fairness
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social life, but clearly violence is not the only option for dealing with conflict. Disputants can simply avoid each other, tolerate difficult situations, or negotiate mutually acceptable solutions. Other people very often become involved as mediators and arbitrators, judges and juries, or advisors and therapists. Although the violence of homicide, feud, and war grab our attention, an examination of cross-cultural data reveals that people usually deal with conflicts without using any violence at all. Humans have a tremendous capacity for getting along with each other peacefully, preventing physical aggression, limiting the scope and spread of violence when it does break out, and restoring peace following violence.
Man the Warrior: Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

What do the following descriptions of hunter-gatherer aggression have in common? In the Handbook of South American Indians under the heading “Warfare/’ Junius Bird writes of the Alacaluf: Crude spears, arrows, and clubs painted red were stuck into the ground around a roughly carved figure of wood as a declaration of war or as a warning of attack. A man once stole another man’s wife. The husband tried to get her back by force, but was beaten off by his competitor.
Setting the Record Straight
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

Why do variations of the “man the warrior” perspective pop up faster than mushrooms after a good rain? Today, of course, we humans live in largely closed, socially bounded, territorial groups called countries. We all know that territorial integrity is paramount in our current world. We also know that relations between countries are sometimes hostile and that wars are always raging somewhere. With hardly an exception, nations have armaments, a military, and “prudently” prepare for the “next war.” We identify ourselves as Mexicans, Finns, Americans, and so on. We wave literal and figurative flags, we are proud, and we set ourselves apart from people of other nations. Furthermore, many of us come to suspect.
“No Affront to the British Flag”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

On November 9, 1861, while Du Pont was writing Fox that his success at Port Royal was “more complete and more brilliant than I ever could have believed,” the twelve-gun sloop-of-war San Jacinto was cruising slowly in the Old Bahama Channel, off the north coast of Cuba, where the deep water south of the Great Bahama Bank narrowed to a width of less than fifteen miles. Named for the battle that had secured the independence of Texas in 1836, the San Jacinto was a fifteen-year-old screw steamer that had been ordered to take part in Du Pont’s attack on Port Royal.
“It Strikes Me There’s Something in It”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

In The Fall of 1861, long before the capture of New Orleans or Memphis, and even before the resolution of the Trent affair, a visitor named Cornelius Bushnell showed up at the White House bearing a letter of introduction from Seward. In those simpler times, it was possible for visitors simply to present themselves and have a reasonable expectation that they would get in to see the president. A note from Seward, however, was a golden ticket, and Bushnell was immediately ushered into Lincoln’s office.
“We Cannot Escape History”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

Lincoln Returned To Washington on May 13. The New York Times reporter observed that the president was “in high spirits, and greatly refreshed and invigorated by his sojourn to the seat of war.” That same reporter also noted that “in the new character of General and Commander he has added immensely to his popularity.” Lincoln’s high spirits were soon depressed by news that in his absence Major General David Hunter, commanding the Department of the South, had declared martial law in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida—the three states within his command—and, further, that Hunter had announced that all persons “heretofore held as slaves” in those states were now “forever free.”
“Thank God That I Have Lived to See This”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

Stanton Was Wrong about the navy having no more work to do. To be sure, the Alabama had been sunk and the Florida taken, but the Shenandoah was still at sea, burning its destructive way through America’s Pacific whaling fleet. In fact, the Shenandoah never would be caught, and turned up eventually in Liverpool seven months after the war ended. As for the blockade, with the fall of the Wilmington forts, all the major rebel ports were now closed, but a score or more of enemy gunboats remained in commission, none of them more important than the eleven ships—including three ironclads—of the James River Squadron near Richmond.
Guitars, the Bass, and an Introduction to Harmony
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

It’s time to add pitch instruments, the carriers of melody and harmony, to the rhythmic foundation we’ve built in chapter 1. In chapter 2, we’ll concentrate on guitars of all types, their amplification, and the wide variety of guitar effects produced by electronic circuits and performance techniques. Although the guitar is no doubt the most familiar of all rock instruments, and the most played by amateur and pro alike, we’ll begin our investigation with the bass. As do the drums with rhythm, the bass defines a song’s underlying harmonic structure. So we’ll cover the basic aspects of harmony as we examine both the acoustic upright string bass and the electric bass guitar.
Chord Construction
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

It is through harmonic relationships that musical material most effectively points toward goals or digresses from them, follows expected norms or shocks the listener, and expressively supports the melody. Whereas rhythmic propulsion drives the listener’s body to dancing synchronization, and the singer’s melody and the words it carries reach the listener’s consciousness, a song’s harmonic relations touch or inspire the heart and soul only in mysterious, unseen ways. And so, the topic of harmony might seem at first a bit more abstract than music’s other aspects, with their more direct appeal. But it is this mysterious, intangible allure that makes an understanding of harmony’s hidden nature so enticing and rewarding. And the sometimes intricate, sometimes bold nature of harmony is so centrally important, it is usually the only aspect of music that is notated in any way by rock composers and pop singer-songwriters, who often write some references to the chord changes along with their lyrics. But even most pop and rock musicians, particularly those guitarists who begin learning their craft with left-hand chord patterns, don’t have a complete conscious understanding of how chords relate to each other, and are not aware of the vast materials available in this area. To the uninitiated, or even to the professional writer about popular music who comes to this book thinking that harmony is a concept confined to the employment of backing singers, this chapter will no doubt present manifold unexpected complexities. But it contains everything necessary to build a com-prehensive and fully detailed understanding of its topic, and a careful digestion of its contents—whether or not one plays an instrument, composes, sings, or simply listens—will add immeasurably to the experience of this music.
Harmony in Minor and Other Nonmajor Modes
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

Nearly every harmonic and contrapuntal relationship discussed thus far in our examination of harmony has been illustrated with examples in the major mode. This is because the major mode is the fundamental backdrop for, and the normal context of, popular music of the 1950s and ‘60s. Throughout the era, however, as seen in chapter 7, the minor mode also appeared with some regularity, and later in this period rock music developed a dependency upon the minor-pentatonic mode. In addition, five other scales that had been described as early as the ninth century, the medieval modes, have varied degrees of relevance for the songs we’re studying. All of these collections have been treated already in our chapter on melodic organization, but they also have important implications for the nature of harmonic relationships in pop and rock music. In particular, as degrees change in relation to each other among the various scales, chords take on differing characteristic sets of qualities in the different modes. All of these collections but the minor-pentatonic are considered diatonic modes, each comprising seven different scale degrees within the octave, all degrees a second apart from each of their neighbors.
Chromatic Harmony
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

It will be recalled that roots descending in fifths create the most compellingly directed harmonic motion. Normally, as these roots progress through the diatonic degrees of a major key, a variety of major and minor triads results. The progression, ii—V—I, for instance, has a minor triad followed by two major triads. When seventh chords descend by fifths, there is even more variety in the qualities of the chords in relation to one another. However, all of these chord qualities are adjustable through the chromatic alterations of tones that can make any minor triad into a major one by raising the third of the chord by a minor second. Chromatic inflection, which often leads to unusual chords that may substitute for more basic ones, often works to emphasize a diatonic pitch, such as when 4 (perhaps as third of a major II appearing in place of the diatonic ii) lends added weight to 5 (root of the ensuing V chord). (Listen to Web audio example 11.01.) Through chromatic alteration, one might build a progression of all-major triads or all major-minor seventh chords in descending fifths, as with VIm7—IIm7—Vm7—I. (Listen to Web audio example 11.02.)
Musical Time: Rhythm, Meter, and Tempo
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

“It’s got a good beat—you can dance to it!” This was for a long time seemingly the first, foremost, and perhaps only consideration useful in judging the value of a pop song, if the frequency with which the phrase was uttered in late-1950s and early-1960s amateur record reviewing (a regular feature in television shows such as American Bandstand [U.S.] and Juke Box Jury [U.K.]) is any indication. “Beat” here most likely refers to a repeated rhythmic pattern in a particular meter at a certain tempo; the terminology may be universally abused by rock fans, but the most direct appeal of so many favorite songs is correctly understood by them as being related to their rhythmic properties. It is the goal of this chapter to clarify just what makes that “beat,” and many other rhythmic events and relationships, so infectious, driving, and danceable. We’ll see how various rhythmic patterns, heard against an unchanging grid of beats grouped into regular meters that proceed at a tempo that’s fast, slow, or in between, can mark time at the surface level of a song. At deeper levels, we’ll judge how many bars make a phrase, and how phrases of various lengths group together to make sections of various lengths, all producing rhythms against longer time spans. Each in their own way, these and other considerations (At what rates do chords change? What proportions relate one section of a song to the Whole? what position does a song take within the album that contains it?) concern the articulation of time in music. But we’ll also come to appreciate that this is all that rhythm can accomplish, and that the world of pitch is crucial for bringing individuality to every song. Who, for instance, has ever noticed that the melodies sung in Cat Stevens’s “Morning Has Broken” and John Denver’s “Annie’s Song” are practically identical in surface rhythm, meter, and tempo? The differences in pitch construction between the two songs are great enough to keep the rhythmic similarities from rising to most listeners’ awareness. Add to this the fact that scale degrees—whether expressed in melodic or harmonic domains—carry differing accentual weights, as do changes in dynamic stress, instrumentation, and other textural markers, and as do changes in perceptions of formal function, and rhythm can be a far more nuanced domain than one that simply permits dancing to a repetitive beat.
African Town
Authors: A.Diouf Sylviane
Published: November 2023

Once They Realized That Emigration was not in the foreseeable future and that a second generation was growing up in America, the Africans put together another plan. The first priority, they determined, was to give a formal structure to the community. From the days in the barracoon, on the Clotilda, and in the canebrakes, they had made their decisions as best they could, probably by consensus. But since they were going to stay in Mobile they decided they needed a leader. There was no pretending from anyone to be a former chief or king. When someone from a royal family lived on a plantation, everyone knew it; there were pointed questions, and no one could fake it. Like examples throughout the Americas show, if there had been royals among them, they would have been served, helped, and treated with respect and deference, irrespective of their enslaved status. Because no one was from royal ancestry, no one could become the king of Mobile’s African community. They were ordinary people—not slaves, as they had pointedly reminded themselves and others—and royalty evidently still held too much meaning for them to “demean” it by proclaiming one of them a king. In addition, they had been told that royalty did not exist in America. It may have been a factor in their decision, but if so, a minor one. It was already more than enough that their own traditions prevented them from usurping a title. Over the years, though, a myth about how the settlement was governed developed among outsiders. In the old days, the story went, “most of them looked up to one woman, said to have been the wife of a chief, as a kind of queen or head-woman.”The queen version made the settlement appear more exotic, more primitive, more interesting in a paternalistic kind of way, but it was inaccurate.
The Indugio
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

court musicia ns in centra l europe wrote several major treatises during the 1750s and early 1760s. Those of Repel (1752, 1755, 1757, 1765) are still significant for their descriptions of compositional practice.1 The flute treatise of Quants (1752), the keyboard treatises of C. P. E. Bach (1753, 1762), and the violin treatise of Leopold Mozart (1756) are important for detailing performance practice.2 And the thoroughbass treatise of Johann Friedrich Daubed (1756) is valuable as a sign that gallant simplifications of musical syntax had begun to influence conceptions of the tonal system.3 Dauber’s General-Bass in dray Accordion [Thoroughbass in Three Chords] drew attention, as Rameau had earlier in France (1722), to the central roles of three distinct sonorities: a 6/5 chord above @ in the bass, a seventh chord above ®, and a simple triad above CD. Though Daube oversimplified galant practice for his readership of amateur musicians, as we saw in chapter 11, it is nevertheless true that one can produce a typical galant cadence using only these three sonorities:
The Child Mozart
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

the earliest compositions of Wolfgang A m a dues Moa rt (1756–1791) reflect both the private and the public faces of the Mozart family. Some of them resemble individual leaves in a childhood album—an internal family record of the boy’s musical growth, complete with music-grammatical errors and awkward expressions. Others suggest the transcription of a studied musical performance—a written documentation of the boy’s precocity and professionalism intended to impress potential patrons or sponsors. All of them were produced under the careful eye and ear of his father, an esteemed court musician in his own right. These early manuscripts are in the father’s hand because Wolfgang, like a child in any language, learned to “speak” before he learned to write. That is, he learned to recognize and replicate phrases of adult music before he learned musical notation. The possibility of a kind of dual authorship of father and son cannot therefore be fully excluded. Moreover, Mozart’s first published
Significance Of Dna Sequence Changes For Diagnosis And Therapy
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

As information on genomic sequences increases and opens the way for analyses to determine the role of DNA sequence changes in determining phe- notypic variation and disease, it becomes increasingly important to revisit and expand concepts regarding the functional significance of specific sequence changes. DNA sequence changes include nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Simple mutations involve a single nucleotide. Copy errors during DNA replication may lead to mutation; such copy errors are, however, minimized by the proofreading capacity of DNA polymerase. More complex changes involve the exchanges between alleles at homologous loci or exchanges between nonallelic sequences (Strachan and Read 2004).
Practical Aspects of Being Deaf
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1, we touched on the kinds of adjustments that may be necessary for parents of deaf children. If we really want to understand the development of deaf children, however, we need a feeling for the worlds they grow up in and the various factors that shape their futures. Before considering the details of deaf children’s early development within either hearing or deaf families, it will be helpful to consider some of the practical aspects of being deaf.
Language Development
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

The basic question of this chapter is, “How do deaf children learn language?” or perhaps more specifically, “Do deaf children acquire language in the same ways as hearing children?” In order to answer either question, we have to look at both how children go about learning language and exactly what it is that they learn that allows them to communicate with others —that is, what they have to know in order to be able to use the language. As a starting point, let us consider the very beginnings of communication, when a child’s spoken, signed, or gestural productions first begin to have what I call “communicative consequences” for mothers and fathers. This is the point, during the first year of life, when both deaf and hearing children are beginning to make regular vocal sounds and are using simple gestures.
Deaf Children to Deaf Adults
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

Chapters 1 and 4 explored the beginnings of social development in deaf children during the first months of life. The focus there was primarily on the early interactions between infants and their parents, which also were shown to have a role as a foundation for later social development. The present chapter moves beyond early childhoodand the influences of particular individuals to consider the ways in which deaf children develop socially and emotionally as they pass through the school years and into adulthood. In this context, we can look at the influences of early social interactions on later social behavior, but we also have to consider the skills and preferences that children acquire during the early years —characteristics that help to make up their personalities. Throughout the chapter it will be useful to keep in mind that we are discussing general observations and broad but imprecise statements about social-emotional development and other kinds of psychological functioning. Not all deaf children will fit these stereotypes and they are not meant to be prescriptive for any particular child or family. Similarly, because children and families vary widely, the rules, customs, and behaviors learned in the home will not always apply to social situations outside of the home, and those learned in the immediate neighborhood may not apply at school. This situation may be even more true for deaf children.
“Help Us Tell The Truth About Vietnam”: POW/MIA Politics and the End of the American War
Authors: Allen Michael J
Published: November 2023

On 27 November 1965, the National Liberation Front (NLF) announced the release of Sergeants George Smith and Claude McClure in “response to the friendly sentiments of the American people against the war in South Vietnam,” specifically the March on Washington for Peace in Vietnam to take place later that day. “With [the] sympathy and support of all strata of American people and progressive people the world over,” NLF chair Nguyen Huu Tho proclaimed in the radio announcement of their release, “we are sure to realize our just goal and win complete victory.” With high hopes for the “brilliant success” of the March for Peace, Tho sent Smith and McClure across the border and into Cambodia, ending their two-year ordeal as prisoners of war. Upon reaching the capital city of Phnom Penh, the returnees were greeted by a cable from the antiwar group Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), telling them that “millions of Americans support you. Help us tell the truth about Vietnam.”
Conceptualizing Radicalism in U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Walters Ronald G
Published: November 2023

“Why bother studying radicals?” a recalcitrant student once asked, adding, “They always lose, anyway.” One answer comes from a frequently seen bumper sticker: “Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History.” Nineteenth-century American radical women refused to be well-behaved, made history, and did not always lose. They are also among the most fascinating people of the period. For example, just juxtapose President Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886), a machine politician, and his contemporary, Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927), whose views on sexuality were so extreme that a critic dubbed her “Mrs. Satan.”
The Atlantic Ocean And Its Contemporary Meanings, 1492–1808
Authors: Chaplin Joyce E
Published: November 2023

Those who study Atlantic history are familiar with the criticism that their topic is an ex post facto concept, convenient for scholars today yet meaning- less for people in the past. Critics of Atlantic history have also claimed that the field is little more than a new form of imperial history, a way to revive analysis of the top-down creation of modern empires in the Americas, a creation in which European-derived elites held pride of place. These criticisms are not without merit, but they themselves simplify the history of the Atlantic. In fact, the concept of “Atlantic” was a meaningful one for many of the people who lived around that ocean from the year 1492, when Columbus crossed the Atlantic, to 1808 and the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade in the United States and Britain. “Atlantic” was an actors’ category, meaning one that historical actors themselves used to interpret the ocean as a specific, physical place. And it was not a top-down concept but a meaningful category even for the people at the lower levels of the societies that emerged in the post-Columbian world, especially for the sailors who had the strongest connection to the ocean.
The Portuguese Atlantic, 1415–1808
Authors: Russell-Wood A J R
Published: November 2023

In 1415 Prince Henry, “The Navigator,” participated in the capture of the Muslim city of Ceuta in Morocco, marking the beginning of a formal Portuguese presence outside continental Europe. In 1822 Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. In the intervening centuries, Portuguese navigators sailed as far north as the Arctic Circle and west of Greenland and the Labrador Sea, and pioneered southeast and southwest passages from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, respectively. The Portuguese Crown claimed sovereignty over Atlantic archipelagoes and the territories bordering the Atlantic in continental Africa and South America. Merchants created networks of trade as far north as the Baltic and as far south as Benguela and RÍo de la Plata. Portuguese settled islands and continents bordering the Atlantic and established towns, cities, and institutions. Portuguese became the most widely spoken European language in the Atlantic sphere. By exposing them to Christianity and slavery, Portuguese transformed the lives of millions of Amerindians and Africans.
The French Atlantic
Authors: Dubois Laurent
Published: November 2023

In July 1967, French President Charles de Gaulle boarded the Colbert and set out across the Atlantic to Canada. In Montreal, he was greeted by crowds of well-wishers who occasionally sang the Marseillaise, and in a public speech he shouted, “Vive le Québec Libre!”—”Long live Free Qué- bec!” After a brief moment of stunned silence, the crowd, 15,000 strong, exploded into applause: De Gaulle had just shouted the slogan of the movement for Québecois sovereignty. The Canadian government was furious, but one of De Gaulle’s advisers complimented him by saying, “My general, you have paid the debt owed by Louis XV.” In embracing the aspirations of the Québecois, according to this interpretation, De Gaulle had made up for the abandonment of their ancestors two centuries earlier. Quebec nationalists have, since then, used their history of participation in the French Empire as the foundation for their contemporary demands for cultural and political autonomy, notably by changing the province’s slogan to “Je me souviens”—”I remember.”