bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the Field of Medical Biochemistry in Serbia
Authors: Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: May 2011

Education and Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the Field of Medical Biochemistry in Serbia

Medical biochemistry is the usual name for clinical biochemistry or clinical chemistry in Serbia, and medical biochemist is the official name for the clinical chemist (or clinical biochemist). This is the largest sub-discipline of the laboratory medicine in Serbia. It includes all aspects of clinical chemistry, and also laboratory hematology with coagulation, immunology, etc. Medical biochemistry laboratories in Serbia and medical biochemists as a profession are part of Health Care System and their activities are regulated through: the Health Care Law and rules issued by the Chamber of Medical Biochemists of Serbia. The first continuous and organized education for Medical Biochemists (Clinical Chemists) in Serbia dates from 1945, when the Department of Medical Biochemistry was established at the Pharmaceutical Faculty in Belgrade. In 1987 at the same Faculty a five years undergraduate branch was established, educating Medical Biochemists under a special program. Since school-year 2006/2007 the new five year undergraduate (according to Bologna Declaration) and postgraduate program of four-year specialization according to EC4 European Syllabus for Post-Gradate Training in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine has been established. The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health accredits the programs. There are four requirements for practicing medical biochemistry in the Health Care System: University Diploma of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Study of Medical Biochemistry), successful completion of the profession exam at the Ministry of Health after completion of one additional year of obligatory practical training in the medical biochemistry laboratories, membership in the Serbian Chamber of Medical Biochemists and licence for skilled work issued by the Serbian Chamber of Medical Biochemists. The process of recognition of a foreign higher education document for field of medical biochemistry is initiated on request by Candidate. The process of recognition of foreign higher education documents is performed by the University. In the process of recognition in Serbia national legislations are applied as well as international legal documents of varying legal importance.
Lean Six Sigma Sample Analysis Process in a Microbiology Laboratory
Authors: Stoiljković Vojislav , Trajković Jasmina , Stoiljković Bratislav
Published: May 2011

Lean Six Sigma Sample Analysis Process in a Microbiology Laboratory

Faced with shrinking budgets, growing volumes, and personnel shortages, clinical laboratories are increasingly moving to automation to maximize output and efficiency. The best tool for improvement is the Lean Six Sigma concept. The concept reaps the full benefits of automation. A Lean process in a laboratory is focused on testing products and materials to deliver results in the most efficient way in terms of cost, speed, or both. The goal of a Lean laboratory is to use less effort, less resources and less time to test incoming samples. On the other hand, the Six Sigma concept provides process workflow and products/services without defects. The Lean Six Sigma approach analyzes laboratory workflow to help identify inefficiencies and uncover opportunities to free capacity, reduce turnaround time and lower costs. The assessment examines the end-to-end process looking closely at workflow as well as overall laboratory efficiency. The proven techniques of Lean and Six Sigma enhance productivity in the laboratory environment and ensure the best outcomes. This article analyzes a particular process, defines the approach, and gives a review of results obtained by deployment of the Lean Six Sigma concept. The article discusses a sample analysis process in a microbiology laboratory. A traditional process that applies standard analysis methods has a number of non-value-added activities, takes too much time, and has opportunities for defects. By mapping an existing process using a SIPOC model, 12 activities were identified. With the use of Lean tools four non-value-adding activities, which are not needed if a new system is used, were identified. Six activities had opportunities for improvement in terms of significant reduction in process time, and saving resources. Only two activities in the existing traditional process, with the use of standard analysis methods were optimally solved, and this did not require redesign or removal. The application of Lean Six Sigma concepts and automated analysis systems on a new process led to only nine activities in the process that now takes much less time and uses less resources. This article presents a description of the main principles, practices, and methods used in Lean and Six Sigma. The Lean tools particularly discussed here are 5s and spaghetti diagram. For Six Sigma, DMAIC methodology is used, and a review of applied quality tools for certain process improvement phases is given.
Social Cooperatives' Ways of Operation Activity in Poland — Some Features of Theory and Practice
Authors: Duraj Jan
Published: May 2011

The social cooperative is one the newest organizational-legal forms of social enterprise. Its growth is caused by many determinants. One of them is the necessity of the prevention of social exclusion. Social cooperatives’ exceptionality is reflected in simultaneous realization of economic and social purposes but social goals owns the preference character. The paper is composed of three parts. Its first part contains deliberations about the concept itself and objectives of the social cooperative. They are presented against a wider background of human and social capital creation by enterprises. The second part deals with social and economic characteristics of the social cooperative. Finally, the third part contains fragmentary findings of empirical studies focused on the operation of social cooperatives in Poland. These findings cannot be treated, however, as sufficient to consider them a satisfactory recapitulation, and for this reason they should be treated as a preliminary diagnosis of analyzed problems accompanying the operation of social cooperatives in Poland.
Biology of generative reproduction of Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. from King George Island, South Shetland Islands
Authors: Giełwanowska Irena , Bochenek Anna , Gojło Ewa , Görecki Ryszard , Kellmann Wioleta , Pastorczyk Marta , Szczuka Ewa
Published: May 2011

Biology of generative reproduction of Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. from King George Island, South Shetland Islands

Our macroscopic observations and microscopic studies conducted by means of a light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) concerning the re-production biology of Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae) growing in natural conditions in the Antarctic and in a greenhouse in Olsztyn (northern Poland) showed that this plant develops two types of bisexual flowers: opening, chasmogamous flowers and closed, cleistogamous ones. Cleistogamy was caused by a low temperature, high air humidity and strong wind. A small number of microspores differentiated in the microsporangia of C. quitensis, which is typical of cleistogamous species. Microsporocytes, and later microspores, formed very thick callose walls. More than twenty spheroidal, polypantoporate pollen grains differentiated in the microsporangium. They germinated on the surface of receptive cells on the dry stigma of the gynoecium or inside the microsporangium. A monosporic embryo sac of the Polygonum type differentiated in the crassinucellar ovule. During this differentiation the nucellus tissue formed and stored reserve materials. In the development of generative cells, a male germ unit (MGU) with differentiated sperm cells was observed. The smaller cell contained mainly mitochondria, and the bigger one plastids. In the process of fertilization in C. quitensis only one nucleus of the sperm cell, without cytoplasm fragments, entered the egg cell, and the proembryo developed according to the Caryophyllad type. Almost all C. quitensis ovules developed and formed perispermic seeds with a completely differentiated embryo both under natural conditions in the Antarctic and in a green-house in Olsztyn.
Neither the Internist Nor the Internet: Use of and Trust in Health Information Sources by People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Maguire Paul A. , Reay Rebecca E. , Looi Jeffrey C.L. , Cubis Jeff , Byrne Gerard J. , Raphael Beverley
Published: May 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore health information sources accessed by people with schizophrenia and the level of trust invested in them.

Method: A cross-sectional survey was performed comparing the responses of 71 adults with schizophrenia (recruited from both community and inpatient settings) with 238 general practice attendees on their use of television, radio, the Internet, newspapers, magazines, family and friends, and doctor to obtain information on health matters, and their levels of trust in these sources.

Results: People with schizophrenia most commonly reported using a doctor, family and friends, and television to obtain information on health matters. However, compared with general practice attendees, they gained less health information from doctors and the Internet, and had less trust in doctors. Within-group analysis revealed that in people with schizophrenia: living alone increased the likelihood of obtaining health information from television; a higher level of education increased the odds of trusting the Internet as a health information source; a higher estimated household income was associated with an increased likelihood of trusting newspapers; and women with schizophrenia were considerably more likely than men with schizophrenia to trust family and friends as providers of health information. For both groups, there were significant positive correlations between the amount of health information obtained from a given information source and the level of trust invested in it.

Conclusions: There are significant differences in the reported utilization and trust of health information sources between people with schizophrenia and attendees at general practice settings. Those with schizophrenia are less likely to trust and obtain information from a doctor, and less likely to access the Internet. Further research is required to explore this disparity. This is critical given the high rates of comorbid physical illness and reduced longevity in people suffering from schizophrenia.
Three Approaches to Dance History: A Review Article
Authors: Kant Marion
Published: May 2011

These three books have little in common; that they make an appearance in one review is pure coincidence. Lynn Garafola employs analytical dance historical methods with an acute sense of the implications of theoretical frameworks, Ivor Guest provides an example of empiricist scholarship as does Marina Grut. The latter believes in history as an accumulation of rich documentation that is self-selecting (through time) and self-evident as well as self-explanatory (through its written content). Guest focuses on an institution that came to represent an era of dance whereas Grut writes about an institution that happened to represent a national empire.
Linear Trimeric Hafnium Clusters in Hf0.86(1)I3
Authors: Beekhuizen Jan , Mudring Anja-Verena , Meyer Gerd
Published: May 2011

The reduction of hafnium tetraiodide, HfI4, with aluminum at 600 °C or 850 °C in the presence of a NaI flux resulted in black single crystals of Hf0.86(1)I3. This composition corresponds well to the upper end of the non-stoichiometry range 0.89 ≤ x ≤ 1.00 previously reported for HfxI3. The crystal structure (a = 1250.3(2), c = 1999.6(3) pm, R-3m, Z = 18) is made up of hexagonal closest packed layers of iodide ions. One third of the octahedral holes would be filled as in TiI3 or ZrI3 if it were Hf1.00I3. In Hf0.86(1)I3, one out of six octahedral holes along [001] are, however, only occupied by 16%. In contrast to TiI3-I and ZrI3, one striking structural feature is in the formation of linear hafnium trimers with identical Hf―Hf distances of 318.3(2) pm rather than the formation of dimers. These may be associated with Hf―Hf bonding although only 2.64 electrons are available for one Hf5.16I18 column.
Quantitative Analysis of Tremors in Welders
Authors: Sanchez-Ramos Juan , Reimer Dacy , Zesiewicz Theresa , Sullivan Kelly , Nausieda Paul A.
Published: May 2011

Background: Workers chronically exposed to manganese in welding fumes may develop an extra-pyramidal syndrome with postural and action tremors. Objectives: To determine the utility of tremor analysis in distinguishing tremors among workers exposed to welding fumes, patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease (IPD) and Essential Tremor (ET). Methods: Retrospective study of recorded tremor in subjects from academic Movement Disorders Clinics and Welders. Quantitative tremor analysis was performed and associated with clinical status. Results: Postural tremor intensity was increased in Welders and ET and was associated with visibly greater amplitude of tremor with arms extended. Mean center frequencies (Cf) of welders and patients with ET were significantly higher than the mean Cf of PD subjects. Although both the welders and the ET group exhibited a higher Cf with arms extended, welders could be distinguished from the ET subjects by a significantly lower Cf of the rest tremor than that measured in ET subjects. Conclusions: In the context of an appropriate exposure history and neurological examination, tremor analysis may be useful in the diagnosis of manganese-related extra-pyramidal manifestations.
Knockdown of Akt Sensitizes Osteosarcoma Cells to Apoptosis Induced by Cisplatin Treatment
Authors: Zhang Guoyou , Li Ming , Zhu Xiaodong , Bai Yushu , Yang Changwei
Published: May 2011

Akt plays an important role in the inhibition of apoptosis induced by chemotherapy and other stimuli. We therefore investigated if knockdown of Akt2 promoted drug-induced apoptosis in cultured osteosarcoma cells in vitro. SAOS-2 cells were transfected with Akt2 siRNA. The sensitivity of the transformed cell line to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin was assessed. Reduced expression of Akt2 did not directly inhibit the growth rate of the transfected cells; however, it significantly increased their sensitivity to cisplatin. Knockdown of Akt2, together with cisplatin treatment, promoted the expression of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). It is possible that the augmentation of cisplatin cytotoxicity may be mediated by PUMA activation. The results of this study suggest that knockdown of Akt2 expression may have therapeutic applications in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma.
Ultra Low-Power Algorithm Design for Implantable Devices: Application to Epilepsy Prostheses
Authors: Raghunathan Shriram , Gupta Sumeet K. , Markandeya Himanshu S. , Irazoqui Pedro P. , Roy Kaushik
Published: May 2011

Low-power circuit design techniques have enabled the possibility of integrating signal processing and feature extraction algorithms on-board implantable medical devices, eliminating the need for wireless transfer of data outside the patient. Feature extraction algorithms also serve as valuable tools for modern-day artificial prostheses, made possible by implantable brain-computer-interface systems. This paper intends to review the challenges in designing feature extraction blocks for implantable devices, with specific focus on developing efficacious but computationally efficient algorithms to detect seizures. Common seizure detection features used to construct algorithms are evaluated and algorithmic, mathematical as well as circuit-level design techniques are suggested to effectively translate the algorithms into hardware implementations on low-power platforms.
Bioactivity of Benthic and Picoplanktonic Estuarine Cyanobacteria on Growth of Photoautotrophs: Inhibition versus Stimulation
Authors: Lopes Viviana R. , Vasconcelos Vitor M.
Published: May 2011

Understanding potential biochemical interactions and effects among cyanobacteria and other organisms is one of the main keys to a better knowledge of microbial population structuring and dynamics. In this study, the effects of cyanobacteria from benthos and plankton of estuaries on other cyanobacteria and green algae growth were evaluated. To understand how the estuarine cyanobacteria might influence the dynamics of phytoplankton, experiments were carried out with the freshwater species Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella sp., and the marine Synechocystis salina and Nannochloropsis sp. exposed to aqueous and organic (70% methanol) crude extracts of cyanobacteria for 96 h. The most pronounced effect observed was the growth stimulation. Growth inhibition was also observed for S. salina and M. aeruginosa target-species at the highest and lowest concentrations of cyanobacterial extracts. The methanolic crude extract of Phormidium cf. chalybeum LEGE06078 was effective against S. salina growth in a concentration-dependent manner after 96 h-exposure. All of the cyanobacterial isolates showed some bioactivity on the target-species growth, i.e., inhibitory or stimulating effects. These results indicate that the analyzed cyanobacterial isolates can potentially contribute to blooms’ proliferation of other cyanobacteria and to the abnormal growth of green algae disturbing the dynamic of estuarine phytoplankton communities. Since estuaries are transitional ecosystems, the benthic and picoplanktonic estuarine cyanobacteria can change both freshwater and marine phytoplankton succession, competition and bloom formation. Furthermore, a potential biotechnological application of these isolates as a tool to control cyanobacteria and microalgae proliferation can be feasible. This work is the first on the subject of growth responses of photoautotrophs to cyanobacteria from Atlantic estuarine environments.
Astragaloside IV Improves Metabolic Syndrome and Endothelium Dysfunction in Fructose-Fed Rats
Authors: Zhang Ning , Wang Xu-Hui , Mao Shi-Long , Zhao Feng
Published: May 2011

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in modern society and the condition is proving to be a common precursor of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether astragaloside IV, a major active constituent of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge., is able to prevent the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in fructose-fed rats. Rats were fed with 10% fructose in their drinking water for 8 weeks. From the beginning of week 5, two groups of fructose-fed rats were treated with 0.5 or 2 mg/kg, i.p., astragaloside IV. Another group of fructose-fed rats, injected with the same volume of vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO) from week 5, served as the control group. At the end of the treatment period, blood pressure, blood glucose, glucose tolerance, blood insulin and lipids were determined. In addition, in vitro experiments were conducted at the end of the eight week treatment period to evaluate endothelium-dependent aortic vasorelaxation, as well as myocardial and aortic tissue levels of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) and cGMP. Fructose-fed rats developed clustering signs of metabolic syndrome, such as increased bodyweight, mild hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Administration of astragaloside IV reduced blood pressure and triglyceride levels in fructose-fed rats and high dose of astragaloside IV also improved glucose tolerance and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The astragaloside IV-induced improvement in vasorelaxation was associated with increased levels of aortic NOx and cGMP and was abrogated by blockade of nitric oxide synthase with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). On the basis of its favourable effects on lipid metabolism, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and the nitric oxide–cGMP-related pathway, astragaloside IV may be useful in ameliorating food-induced metabolic syndrome.
Synthesis of a Novel Benzoyl Adenosine Analog Containing a 1, 4-Dioxane Sugar Analog and the Synthesis of a Corresponding Uracil Adenine Dinucleotide
Authors: Yu Qiang , Carlsen Per
Published: May 2011

Adenosine analogs in which the sugar unit was replaced by a 1,4-dioxane sugar equivalent, were prepared by coupling the 1,4-dioxane sugar analog as its anomeric acetates, with N6-benzoyl protected adenine. The 1,4-dioxane system was obtained in an enantioselective synthesis from (R,R)-dimethyl tartrate. Using standard phosphorimidite methodology, the adenine analog was further reacted with a 1,4-dioxane uridine analog to give the corresponding, protected dinucleotide, set-up for further condensation into larger oligonucleotides.
Comparison of Grid-Based and Segment-Based Estimation of Forest Attributes Using Airborne Laser Scanning and Digital Aerial Imagery
Authors: Tuominen Sakari , Haapanen Reija
Published: May 2011

Forest management planning in Finland is currently adopting a new-generation forest inventory method, which is based on interpretation of airborne laser scanning data and digital aerial images. The inventory method is based on a systematic grid, where the grid elements serve as inventory units, for which the laser and aerial image data are extracted and the forest variables estimated. As an alternative or a complement to the grid elements, image segments can be used as inventory units. The image segments are particularly useful as the basis for generation of the silvicultural treatment and cutting units since their boundaries should follow the actual stand borders, whereas when using grid elements it is typical that some of them cover parts of several forest stands. The proportion of the so-called mixed cells depends on the size of the grid elements and the average size and shape of the stands. In this study, we carried out automatic segmentation of two study areas on the basis of laser and aerial image data with a view to delineating micro-stands that are homogeneous in relation to their forest attributes. Further, we extracted laser and aerial image features for both systematic grid elements and segments. For both units, the feature set used for estimating the forest attributes was selected by means of a genetic algorithm. Of the features selected, the majority (61–79%) were based on the airborne laser scanning data. Despite the theoretical advantages of the image segments, the laser and aerial features extracted from grid elements seem to work better than features extracted from image segments in estimation of forest attributes. We conclude that estimation should be carried out at grid level with an area-specific combination of features and estimates for image segments to be derived on the basis of the grid-level estimates.
Retrieval of the Extreme Values under Deadline Constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Baek Seung Jun , Yu Xiaohan , Lee Kyogu , Kim Hyunhak
Published: May 2011

We consider a problem of retrieving the extreme value among sensed data under deadline constraints in wireless sensor networks with potential applications to alarm systems. The sensed data is mapped to a score which we adopt as a unified measure of the relative urgency of the data. The objective is to retrieve the data with the maximum score. We propose fully distributed schemes for contention based medium access and data combining. The proposed medium access scheme uses a randomized back-off which is controlled based on the score of the data to be transmitted. Data combining techniques are proposed to further suppress unnecessary traffic and reduce contention. The key observation is that one should aggressively prioritize packets with high score, up to an extent that does not incur excessive contention in channel access. Designed to capture such aspect, the proposed scheme is shown to substantially decrease the latency of the retrieval.
Inhibition of the Unfolded Protein Response by Ricin A-Chain Enhances Its Cytotoxicity in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Wang Chao-Ting , Jetzt Amanda E. , Cheng Ju-Shun , Cohick Wendie S.
Published: May 2011

Ricin is a highly toxic type II ribosome-inactivating protein that has potential as a biochemical weapon and as the toxic component of immunotoxins. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a survival response that helps cells to recover from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Failure to recover from ER stress leads to apoptosis. In yeast, ricin-A-chain (RTA), the enzymatic component of ricin, inhibits UPR. Our goals were to determine if RTA inhibits UPR in two epithelial cell lines and if this affects RTA cytotoxicity. RTA alone did not induce UPR. However, RTA inhibited both phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and splicing of X-box binding protein1 mRNA by the UPR-inducing agent tunicamycin (Tm). The ability of dithiothreitol (DTT) to activate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), a component of the PERK pathway, was also inhibited by RTA. Treatment with RTA in combination with Tm or DTT inhibited protein synthesis more than either agent did alone in one cell line, while caspase cleavage was enhanced by the treatment combination in both cell lines. These data indicate that RTA is more cytotoxic when UPR is inhibited. This ability to inhibit UPR may enhance the potential of RTA as a therapeutic immunotoxin in solid tumors.
Historical Legacies, Information and Contemporary Water Science and Management
Authors: Bain Daniel J. , Arrigo Jennifer A. S. , Green Mark B. , Pellerin Brian A. , Vörösmarty Charles J.
Published: May 2011

Hydrologic science has largely built its understanding of the hydrologic cycle using contemporary data sources (i.e., last 100 years). However, as we try to meet water demand over the next 100 years at scales from local to global, we need to expand our scope and embrace other data that address human activities and the alteration of hydrologic systems. For example, the accumulation of human impacts on water systems requires exploration of incompletely documented eras. When examining these historical periods, basic questions relevant to modern systems arise: (1) How is better information incorporated into water management strategies? (2) Does any point in the past (e.g., colonial/pre-European conditions in North America) provide a suitable restoration target? and (3) How can understanding legacies improve our ability to plan for future conditions? Beginning to answer these questions indicates the vital need to incorporate disparate data and less accepted methods to meet looming water management challenges.
En relisant Une journée d'Ivan Denissovitch trente ans après
Authors: Sémon Marie
Published: May 2011

Перечитывая повесть Солженицына

Один день Ивана Денисовича тридцать лет спустя

Восприятие художественного произведения со временем меняется. М. В. Семон в своей краткой статье «Перечитывая повесть Солженицына Один день Ивана Денисовича тридцать лет спустя» напоминает, что на Западе эта вещь произвела прежде всего политический шок, от которого затмевались ее художественные качества и философское значение. Кроме того, в 1962 году западный читатель, владеющий русским языком, едва ли был знаком с чудовищными идиолектами, возникшими от столь же чудовищной для него, ужасающей реальности концлагерей, которые использует писатель в своем рассказе. Эта «фантастичность» языка, как и того, что он описывает, со временем стерлась и превратилась в особый литературный жанр — в сказку, где зло и добро, уродство и красота борются, где человек становится волком или богатырем. М. В. Семон пытается показать художественные качества этой жестокой и прекрасной сказки. Она изучает в ней и своеобразную музыку, в которой слышится голос глубинной России, и прекрасные, постоянно меняющиеся освещения, на которых основывается структура этой поэтической прозы. А, главное, автор статьи выявляет духовное значение этой художественной символики. Гармония и свет, преображающие всю повесть о том, как человек среди страшных испытаний становится человеком, происходят от тех, кто смотрит на этот изуродованный «мир Божий», т.е. от праведников. Русскость рассказа углубляется до размеров универсального. Он тем самым становится шедевром. Тут, поистине, красота, во всех значениях этого понятия, побеждает — и «спасает мир».
La poésie d'Antun Branko Šimić et l'introduction de l'espace du corps dans la poésie croate
Authors: Kozul Mladen
Published: May 2011

The poetry A. B. Šimić : the bringing of the body into croatian literature

The modernity of Croatian literature at the beginning of the twentieth century, wrongly interpreted as the sign of a favorable cultural context, coincides, on the contrary, with tragic lifes of many, often most brilliant authors. Their modernity arises from the contradictory and multifaceted relations between their texts and social and historical context of their writing.

Dead at the age of 27, A. B. Šimić, an exceptional poet, displaces the decomposition of his own body by turning it into the principle of textual organisations of the poem. Starting from 1917, the body becomes a thematic obsession of his poetry. Gradually, and through systematic use of blank verse, Šimić abandons the traditional metrical scheme and represente the decomposition of the body by particular graphie disposition of his verse: the theme of the decomposing body organises the body of the poem. The form of the poem becomes the embodiment of poetic principles.

The white of the page, which corrodes the graphie form of the poem, includes the paratext into the significance of the poem and provides it with the circumstantial meaning. Since the decomposition of the body is represented in his later poetry (1920-1925) in relation to social misery, Šimić is the first Croatian poet to in-corporate social and political criticism into the organisation of the poetic text itself.
Xlebnikov et l'imaginisme
Authors: Lanne Jean-Claude
Published: May 2011

B. Хлебников и имажинизм

Короткое стихотворение Хлебникова Москва колымага..., написанное в апреле 1920 г., вскоре после шутовского церемониала, во время которого поэт был торжественно «возведен на престол» председателя земного шара С. Есениным и А. Мариенгофом, служит отправной точкой для анализа взаимосвязей между творчеством Хлебникова в 1918-1920 годах и поэтикой школы, провозглашавшей господство образа — имажинизма. Это стихотворение — не столько отзыв на конкретное обстоятельство шутовского посвящения, сколько попытка ввести в поэтику футуристов принципы школы имажинистов, прибегнув к пародии. Так, Хлебникову удается создать поразительный синтез своего собственного метафоризма и имажинизма «глашатаев» образа. Благодаря театральному эффекту введения имен собственных и густой сети звуковых и семантических ассоциаций, стихотворение Хлебникова оголяет и остраняет приемы мастерства имажинистов. Однако пародия настолько удачна, что возникает вопрос о возможном сходстве между техникой поэта-будетлянина и техникой двух защитников образа. Действительно, задолго до встречи в Харькове, Хлебников разработал свою собственную, впрочем весьма сложную, теорию поэтического образа и им были уже написаны произведения, где образ развивался в соответствии со своей внутренней динамикой, создавая тем самым тот «верлибр образа», к которому так стремились сами имажинисты. Итак, органическое развитие его поэтической системы должно было привести Хлебникова к созданию формы образа, способной соперничать с освобожденным и «суверенным» образом имажинистов. Об этом замечательном, но смущающем соединении двух независимых поэтических миров свидетельствует, по-своему, небольшое стихотворение Москвы колымага. . .
S. Esenin dans les travaux de l'Opojaz, avec en annexe : extraits du journal de B. Èjxenbaum concernant S. Esenin (1925-1927)
Authors: Depretto Catherine
Published: May 2011

С. Есенин и опоязовская критика

В статье рассматривается отношение к Есенину в литературной критике опоя- зовцев. С одной стороны, творчество Есенина интересно для них как иллюстрация проблемы «литературной личности». С другой стороны, они видят в его стихах воплощение «новой элегии», которая противостоит «новой оде» Маяковского. Наконец Есенин, видимо, — не просто научная тема для опоязовцев. Его судьба задевает в них что-то сугубо личное, о чем свидетельствуют некоторые документы.
Французские литературные источники Черного человека С. A. Eсенина
Authors: Šubnikova-Guseva N. I.
Published: May 2011

Les sources françaises du poème de Esenin l'Homme noir

Les réminiscences des Nuits de Musset, et particulièrement de la Nuit de décembre dans le poème de Esenin l'Homme noir, les parallèles biographiques et littéraires entre Esenin et Musset permettent de considérer l'œuvre et la figure de Musset comme l'une des sources du poème. Mais les motifs et les images de la Nuit de décembre reçoivent chez Esenin une interprétation profondément différente et tout à fait individuelle.
«Подпольные» элементы в Москве-Петушках Венедикта Ерофеева
Authors: Martin David
Published: May 2011

Éléments «souterrains dans Moskva-Petuški de Venedikt Erofeev

Cette étude a pour but de présenter une interprétation globale de Moskva-Petuški de V. Erofeev (1973), par contraste avec les études critiques déjà existantes qui se sont concentrées sur l'identification des nombreuses allusions littéraires et culturelles qui s'y trouvent.

Le héros-narrateur de Erofeev, qui rejette l'Europe occidentale et est rejeté par elle, est un étranger à la société symbolisée par le Kremilin où, ivre, seul, il s'endort dans l'entrée d'une maison, est expulsé d'un restaurant et crache sur les marches de la promotion sociale. Son expérience et son jugement des deux principaux systèmes politiques européens du XXe siècle reflètent les idées qui sous-tendent non seulement les descriptions de Paris et de Londres que donne Dostoevskij dans Zimnie zametki о letnix vpečatlenijax (1864), mais aussi la critique de la théorie sociale présentée par « l'homme du souterrain » dans Zapiski iz podpoľja (1864).

La contradiction apparente dans l'hostilité manifestée par Dostoevskij envers le capitalisme et le socialisme s'explique par son refus de l'éthique athée qu'ils ont en commun, et tout le monde sait que, dans Zapiski iz podpoľja il avait voulu démontrer « la nécessité de la foi et du Christ », ce qu'il n'a pas accompli, surtout en raison de l'intervention du censeur. Toutefois, tandis que le « héros souterrain » de Dostoevskij méprise les affaires du monde pour ne rien faire de plus noble que de boire du thé, le Venička ď Erofeev les rejette pour boire énormément de vodka et se vouer à la contemplation philosophique de la crise de hoquet que cela lui donne : le fait que l'homme qui hoqueté n'est pas capable de prédire le moment où il va hoqueter de nouveau prouve la nécessité de l'humilité et de la foi dans la Providence divine. Ainsi Erofeev mène à terme la structure philosophique initiée par Dostoevskij cent ans plus tôt.
L'écriture de l'utopie russe dans les années dix et vingt : prose ou poésie ?
Authors: Niqueux Michel
Published: May 2011

Язык русской в 10 и 20-е годы: проза или поэзия?

«Утопия всегда статична, утопия — всегда описание» (Замятин, «Генеалогическое дерево Уэллса», 1921-1922). В начале XX века фабула утопий осложняется (главным образом благодаря любовной интриге), и проза часто уступает место стихотворному языку или поэтической прозе. На ряде примеров (анархические утопии братьев Гординых 1917-1919 гг., утопические отрывки в прозе и поэзии «крестьянских поэтов», Мы Замятина и др.) можно установить, что существует взаимосвязь между языком утопии и ее сущностью. Поэтизация утопии означает переход от нарративного и рационалистического описания идеального общества (или рационалистической критики утопии, как например, антиутопия М. Козырева Ленинград) к идиллии, к мифу, к личной мечте.
Poésie de vie et de mort : Marina Cvetaeva célèbre Majakovskij
Authors: Lossky Véronique
Published: May 2011

Поэзия жизни и смерти Марина Цветаева воспевает Маяковского

В статье речь идет не о взаимоотношениях обоих поэтов и не о возможных влияниях одного на другую. Рассматривается стихотворение Цветаевой 1921 года, а также цикл Маяковскому 1930 года. Под видом некролога, автор воспевает любимого поэта в излюбленной форме реквиема. В стилистическом аспекте, обычная у Цветаевой парономастическая форма выражения здесь дублируется усиленным употреблением оксиморона. Богоборчество Маяковского стоит в центре внимания автора. Но основная тема цикла — смерть и преодоление смерти, благодаря слову, причитания или песни. Поэтому здесь, через слова-действия, происходит слияние двух: Поэта живого с Поэтом убитым, в любви, оплакивании и молитве одной за другого.
И. Н. Заволоко — подвижник старообрядчества в Латвии
Authors: Mekšs Èduard
Published: May 2011

I. N. Zavoloko, champion de la Vielle Foi en Lettonie

L'article présente un portrait biographique de I. N. Zavoloko (1897-1984), fondateur dans les années vingt du Cercle des zélateurs du passé russe, rédacteur en chef de la revue Rodnaja starina (1928-1933), éminent paléographe ayant révélé au monde scientifique une copie du Dit de la ruine de la terre russe et des manuscrits autographes des Vies d'Avvakum et d'Épiphane. On découvre le large diapason des intérêts culturologiques et scientifiques de Zavoloko, et son rôle éducatif parmi les Russes établis de longue date dans les pays Baltes.
Petruška, spectacle populaire de marionnettes
Authors: Nekrylova Anna F.
Published: May 2011

Русский народный кукольный театр Петрушка

В статье речь идет о популярном в дореволюционной России кукольном представлении — народной уличной комедии с главным героем — Петрушкой.

Традиционный перчаточный театр — своеобразное явление, возникшее на определенном этапе развития культуры; как явление, обладающее собственной структурой, художественным языком; развивающееся по своим внутренним законам и функционирующее как сложная система, типологически отличная от привычной нам профессиональной культуры нового времени. Фольклорная петрушечная комедия в определенном смысле слова есть продукт мифологического сознания, что раскрытие ее глубинной семантики возможно только при включении комедии в сложный универсум народных представлений и идеалов, т.е. в широкий контекст фольклорной культуры, где архаика — вечное и продуктивное начало, где новые смыслы возникают не на почве отрицания и полного разрушения старого мировоззрения, а в результате развития, преемственности древних представлений.
À propos de quelques effets sonores et rythmiques dans la prose tolstoïenne
Authors: Sémon Marie
Published: May 2011

О нескольких звуковых и ритмических эффектах в прoзе Льва Толстого

В своей статье — на столь обширную тему — Мари Семон выбрала лишь несколько примеров фонических и ритмических эффектов. Начиная с комического, гротескного, анализ обращается к пародийному, затем к трагическому; от звуков, выражающих тоску и ужас к темпу успокоения. Далее подчеркивается соотношение между звуком и образом: то образ порождает «музыку», то, наоборот, музыка оживляет пейзаж, сливается с ним. Кончается разбор текстов эффектом поэтического «изумления» (Казаки, . . .), тут проза граничит с поэзией. Самыми разнообразными звуковыми и ритмическими приемами прозаик переступает границу нормативной прозы и сообщает слову необычайную динамику. «Слово собака не кусается» — , замечает Вильям Джемс. Зато у Толстого оно подчас приобретает столь сильный реализм, что может и «кусаться». М. С. подчеркивает противоречие между яростными высказываниями Толстого против Шекспира (см. О Шекспире и о драме) — да и других поэтов — за то, что у него «мысли зарождаются. . . из созвучия слов», за то, что он «балуется словами», тогда как сам он, хоть и не «балуется словами», придает звукам важнейшее и богатейшее значение, как видно из этой статьи. Это противоречие, по мнению М. С, объясняется тем, что Толстой упрекает Шекспира в отсутствии реализма. Он же, именно звуковыми приемами, пытается достичь беспредельного реализма. Слово само по себе слишком абстрактно. Он считает необходимым сообщить своему сенсуализму звуковую конкретность, превзойти словесную реальность, придать Глаголу плоть и дух, а порой преобразить прозу музыкой. Недаром, прослушав прелюды Шопена, Толстой воскликнул: «Вот как надо писать рассказы!» Музыка — самое чувственное искусство и вместе с тем самое одухотворенное. В ней нуждается глубочайший реализм Толстого, чтобы в слове выразить и сенсуализм и одухотворенность.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Rhododendron ferrugineum (Ericaceae) using pyrosequencing technology
Authors: Delmas Chloé E. L. , Lhuillier Emeline , Pornon André , Escaravage Nathalie
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Rhododendron ferrugineum (Ericaceae) to evaluate genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and mating system of this self‐compatible species.

• Methods and Results: The new‐generation 454 FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology was used to isolate 102 novel microsatellite loci. Two multiplex PCR sets were optimized to genotype nine polymorphic microsatellite loci. The level of genetic diversity was assessed in two populations from the Pyrenees (France). The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 1.5 to 7. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.76 and from 0.03 to 0.66, respectively. Cross‐species amplification was successful for 13 other Rhododendron species and two additional genera of Ericaceae, with an average of seven pairs of primers amplifying per species.

• Conclusions: These markers will facilitate further studies on the evolutionary history of the large Ericaceae family and Rhododendron in particular.
Asymmetric synthesis of tertiary thiols and thioethers
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , MacLellan Paul
Published: May 2011

Enantiomerically pure tertiary thiols provide a major synthetic challenge, and despite the importance of chiral sulfur-containing compounds in biological and medicinal chemistry, surprisingly few effective methods are suitable for the asymmetric synthesis of tertiary thiols. This review details the most practical of the methods available.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF SUSPENDED FLEXIBLE STEEL BUNKERS
Authors: Gudonis Eugenijus
Published: May 2011

The article analyzes present flexible steel bunkers and those with the bounded bending tightness behavior of symmetrical and asymmetrical load. The paper presents stress distribution of two variations in structures and focuses on a comparative analysis of the contour of their stress and deformation. The design principles of bunkers having bounded bending tightness are discussed by the author.
A STUDY ON THE RESETTLEMENT OF STUDENTS REGARDING AN EXAMPLE OF KIEV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (KNUAC)
Authors: Berlog Aleksandras , Reitsen Jevgenijus
Published: May 2011

The article analyzes a pattern of student resettlement on the basis of timing while getting from home to the University using different kinds of transport.
THREE COMPONENT FUEL MIXTURE CONTAINING DIESEL–BIODIESEL–PROPANOL APLICATION IN THE DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: Matijošius Jonas , Mažeika Marius , Rimkus Alfredas
Published: May 2011

The article analyses three-component fuel consisting of diesel–biodiesel–propanol mixture used in the diesel engine. The choice of fuel combinations was as follows: 20% of diesel, 70% of biodiesel (RME basis) and 10% of propanol while the second mixture contained 20% of diesel, 60% of biodiesel (RME basis) and 20% of propanol. Test results show that the mixture having more propanol has better emission rates in about 20%; however, the maximum load value of the mixture is 4% less.
COMPARISONAL ANALYSIS OF MANUEVERING AND BRAKING
Authors: Žukas Artūras , Zaranka Jurijus , Kemzūraitė Kristina
Published: May 2011

This article covers the possibility of avoiding a traffic accident considering a car driver who is fallen in a dangerous situation. In such a case, the driver can choose one of the following ways: hard braking or one of the types of maneuvering, including turning off, turning with straightening or changing a line regarding road surface type (dry asphalt, wet asphalt or snowy asphalt). The article also proposes formulas for calculating road distance the car travels till dead stop. Moreover, the tables display theoretical values taking into account various car speeds and road surfaces. The pictures help with determining the most suitable type of action in light of road and weather conditions as well as car speed. The pictures clearly show the dependence of road length on movement speed. At the end of the article, conclusions are proposed.
RESEARCH ON THE PROBLEM OF SPUR GEAR TEETH CONTACT IN THE CAR GEAR BOX
Authors: Skrickij Viktor
Published: May 2011

The article presents research on the problem of two gear contact in the car gearbox. Contact stiffness is evaluated for the whole period of mesh. Also, contact stresses are evaluated in the contact place. The presented method can be used for calculating spur gear.
THE USE OF ELECTRIC POWER IN A LIGHT AIRCRAFT
Authors: Merkys Bronius
Published: May 2011

The article analyzes a possibility of using electric engines and electric power accumulators in very light and ultra light airplanes, considering the achieved electric power keeping level and predictions of development. First of all, the mass of the engine and accumulator is evaluated. At a later stage, it is compared with the mass of the gas engine and fuel. The last step is to find criterions allowing making a decision on how to choose a powerhouse.
Long-Term Remission of Recurrent Herpes Labialis following Topical Imiquimod Application on Distant Healthy Skin: A Clinical and Immunological Study
Authors: Tsambaos Dionysios , Rodi Maria , Pasmatzi Efi , Monastirli Alexandra , Papadaki Helen , Mouzaki Athanasia
Published: May 2011

Background

Given the limitations of current antiviral therapies, safer and more effective approaches to the management of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) are needed.

Methods

A patient with a 23-year history of RHL and 14 healthy individuals were studied. The patient applied imiquimod to distant healthy skin for 3 weeks. Peripheral blood (PB) samples were collected from the patient during treatment and 21 months after its discontinuation; samples were collected from the controls once. The distribution of lymphocyte populations in PB were analysed by flow cytometry and PB cytokine levels were measured using cytometric bead arrays.

Results

The patient showed long-term remission of the disorder subsequent to a 3-week imiquimod application to distant healthy skin. Imiquimod treatment induced the activation and proliferation of T-helper and cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells and T-regulatory cells. In addition, there was a very strong transient increase of T-helper 1 cells (resulting in interferon-γ secretion) and type 1 (pro- inflammatory) polarization of the immune response accompanied by a sustainable interferon-α production. At follow-up 21 months after treatment cessation, with the patient remaining relapse-free, the patient had control levels of all cytokines, increased levels of activated cytotoxic T-cells, continuous production of new T-helper cells and B-cells and near-to-normal levels of T-regulatory cells.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that topical application of imiquimod to healthy skin is capable of causing systemic immunomodulation. This treatment might represent a new and effective alternative to established therapeutic and prophylactic regimens for RHL.
Les cercles de réflexion (think tanks) conservateurs et la réforme éducative aux États-Unis
Authors: Souyri Émilie
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’auteur montre le rôle essentiel dans l’orientation des réformes éducatives aux États-Unis, que jouent les cercles de réflexion. Depuis la présidence de Reagan, le consensus progressiste qui dominait dans les années 1960 a été peu à peu remis en cause par un réseau de cercles conservateurs ouvrant la voie à une nouvelle hégémonie culturelle dominée par l’application des principes du marché libre aux écoles publiques et par une responsabilisation toujours accrue des individus face aux institutions. Tout en reprenant le discours progressiste d’aide aux élèves défavorisés, les cercles conservateurs sont parvenus à battre en brèche le soutien aux programmes de discrimination positive et à diffuser une pédagogie centrée sur un régime disciplinaire strict.