bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence Characteristics of Electronic Payment Platform Service on User Behavior
Authors: Wang Shuli , Kim Ha-Kyun
Published: January 2024

Abstract: In recent years, mobile payment has gained widespread popularity and has become the main payment method for many consumers in China. With the increase in user scale and usage frequency, the scale of mobile payment transactions will continue to grow in the future. This study aimed at investigating the impact of electronic payment platform service characteristics on customer usage intentions in a user-centered study in China. This study made use of SPSS 22.0 handles basic statistics, while the statistical tool Smart PLS 3.0 handles hypothesis testing. A survey of 70 people who used electronic payment platforms was conducted. Results of the study revealed that between electronic payment platform service characteristics, convenience, security, reliability, and reactivity. The impact on customer usage intention and usage behavior is as follows: characteristics, convenience, security, reliability, and reactivity of electronic payment platform services. The results of the survey showed that users' attitudes towards usage and user behavior had a positive impact.
Effect of AI
Authors: Kim Geunhye , Park Kyudong
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is considered a vital factor that will fundamentally alter the cybersecurity environment. AI technology is progressing much faster than expected, and AI-based security services are being introduced into the global security market on a daily basis. However, how AI can contribute to the cybersecurity field and what changes it will bring remain unknown. Nonetheless, cybersecurity is not merely a technical issue but also a process for dealing with regulations, policies, and security risks; therefore, the introduction of AI technology introduction can make a fundamental difference in cybersecurity policy as a whole. This study primarily aims to better understand the concept and characteristics of AI from the cybersecurity perspective and identify its future implications on cybersecurity environment at the national policy level. This study predicts what modifications will be made to national cybersecurity strategies (NCSS) when machine learning (ML) is introduced and implemented. It also provides a basic policy recommendation that offers potential responses to these changes. The study first describes the emergence of AI in the cybersecurity field and explains AI-ML technical services and AI security policy elements. Second, through NCSS material analysis, this study categorizes NCSS into 11 categories and selects the critical functions of each dimension. Finally, it predicts the changes that will occur when AI is introduced within the selected NCSS category. It also introduces the priorities and considerations required for these changes.
Mechanical Alloying Synthesis of AB3 Zirconium Substituted Intermetallic
Authors: Jaafar Hassen , Slama Chiheb , Sahli Ines , Mokhtar Férid , Abdellaoui Mohieddine
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Several ternary RareEarth-Magnesium-Nickel intermetallics (RE-Mg-Ni) emerged in last decade for their specific hydrogen storage capability. Nickel is now considered among strategic metals with recurrent rising price, Magnesium although its good gravimetric facility suffers from frequent oxidation or irreversible poisoning. Zirconium alloys are recognized for their improved anti-corrosion properties with enhanced wear resistance for high temperature machinability in industrial applications or energy research purposes. We proposed in this paper double substitution possibility replacing Magnesium and reducing Nickel charge. We developed new generation of quaternary Zirconium-AB3 intermetallic LaZr2Ni5Al4 using mechanical alloying method. Two binary raw materials are involved in this alloying reaction, the first is LaNi5 and the second is ZrAl2 (Laves phase C14) and both precursors are achieved quasi-quantitively using high frequency induction melting. The final target AB3 compound crystallizes in Trigonal system with space group R-3m (166) and following experimental conditions (Fritsch P7, Ω = 450 rpm) an acceptable synthesis yield (>80%) is obtained starting from 20 hours mechanical alloying. Rietveld refinement is performed to have real matrix parameters and AB3 powder surface is analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy.
Optimisation of Parameters for Metal Part Cutting on a CNC Plasma Cutting Machine
Authors: Cajner Hrvoje , Križanić Vid , Opetuk Tihomir , Trstenjak Maja
Published: January 2024

Abstract: This paper refers to the topic of determining the kerf value and axis accuracy of a CNC plasma cutter for the cutting of 2, 4 and 6 mm thick plates of construction steel, aluminum and stainless steel. After the thorough description of the researched materials, a detailed experiment plan was created in the Design-Expert software package. After cutting the test samples the data were measured. Upon completion of the cutting, all test samples were measured, and the data regarding their dimensional deviations on x and y-axis and bore diameter deviations was tabularly shown and analysed with the Design – Expert software. Statistical analysis of the measured data was made so that the optimal kerf values and the equations which describe dimensional deviations for each material and thickness could be made, based on the dimensional deviation of the test samples. Along with the kerf values, analysis has also given insight in the accuracy of the x and y-axis of the machine. Finally, an algorithm for optimizing multiple criteria was utilized to determine the ideal kerf value for each material and thickness. The objective was to identify the precise kerf value that results in the highest possible accuracy for the dimensions of the workpiece in both the x and y directions, as well as for the bore diameter.
Comparison of Maximum Peak Pressures of Free Underwater Explosion by Numerical Modeling and Empirical Expressions
Authors: Durdov Toma , Varevac Damir
Published: January 2024

Abstract: The article compares the results of empirical expressions for the maximum peak pressures of an underwater explosion and numerical models made in hydrocode software LS-DYNA. Spherical charge of 136.08 kg TNT explosive was chosen and observed distance was up to 15 m. An overview of empirical expressions is given and the results according to several authors are compared. The Cole expression was chosen as a reference for comparison. For the purpose of the numerical modelling, the influence of the size of the finite elements of the explosive, the size and shape of the volume of water and the size of the finite elements of water was examined. The size of the finite elements of the medium (water) was shown to be the most significant parameter that affects the magnitude of the pressure results, and recommendations for modelling were given.
Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with biologics on the spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield in the Lower Volga region of Russia
Authors: IVANCHENKO TATYANA , BOLDYREV VASILIY
Published: January 2024

The biologization of crop production involves reducing the use of synthetic organic pesticides in the production cycle of harvesting, increasing the use of biological methods of plant protection that solve the problems of environmental pollution and agricultural products. The basis for the biologization of plant protection systems is the wider use of biological products that make it possible to obtain environmentally friendly, economically sound yields of major agricultural crops. In this regard, studies were conducted in the arid zone of the Lower Volga region, Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Russia from 2018 to 2020 to study the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment with chemical, biological protectants and physiologically active substances as well as an economic assessment of the impact of this agricultural to increase the yield of spring barley. The objects of research in field experiments were chemical seed protectant (Inshur Perform, CS), biological fungicide (BSKa-3), and organic fertilizers (Fertigrain Start, BP and potassium humate, BP). The maximum values for such indicators as field germination – 86%, plant survival for harvesting – 61%, productive bushiness – 1.04% were recorded in the variant of the use of biological preparations. There was also the highest number of grains in the ear – 14.5 pcs., the mass of 1000 seeds – 32.1 g. In comparison with the yield with the variants without treatment (control) and with the use of only chemical preparations, the yield in the variant with the use of biological preparations was, respectively, 25.7% more.
Bullying Memberikan Dampak Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa Sma Negeri 3 Padang Panjang
Authors: Perdamaian Bara , Marheni Eddy , Donie Donie , Yenes Ronni
Published: January 2024

Bullying seringkali memberikan efek yang serius terhadap peserta didik. Seperti mengucilkan diri sendiri dari dunia luar, tidak percaya diri dan merasa depresi hingga dapat juga bunuh diri. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dampak bullying terhadap motivasi belajar siswa di SMA Negeri 3 Padang Panjang. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi dan wawancara, sedangkan dokumentasi berupa foto yang diambil saat melakukan wawancara. Teknik Analisis data penelitian menggunakan teknik atau model Miles yaitu, “data Reduction, data Display dan Conclusion Drawing/ Verification”. Dari hasil dari penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa bentuk bullying yang dialami subjek di sekolah ada tiga jenis bentuk bullying yaitu bullying fisik, verbal, dan psikologis. Selain itu, Faktor yang menyebabkan siswa mengalami tindakan bullying yaitu dikarenakan adanya siswa yang mempunyai fisik kecil dan lemah, siswa yang kurang percaya diri, susah menyesuaikan dengan lingkungan, dan dianggap tidak menarik di lingkungan usia remaja. Serta pelaku merasa memiliki kekuasaan dan merasa ingin diakui dikalangan mereka. Dan bullying di sekolah mempunyai dampak ke motivasi belajar yang dapat menghambat perkembangan siswa di sekolah, korban bullying merasa takut lalu menarik diri dari teman-teman di kelas nya, menjadi pasif dan merasa kurang fokus mengikuti kegiatan belajar mengajar di kelas. tak jarang juga korban merasa malas untuk datang kesekolah karena takut dengan tindakan pembullyan oleh teman mereka. Maka dari orang tua, pihak sekolah maupun guru BK perlu melakukan perhatian dan tindakan agar Bulliying yang terjadi di SMA Negeri 3 Padang Panjang tidak terjadi lagi.

Kata Kunci: Bullying, Motivasi, Belajar
Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Lari 60 Meter Menggunakan Aplikasi PPT
Authors: Dianah Dianah , Rury Rizhardi  , Kurnia Maya
Published: January 2024

Permasalahan dalam peneliti ini adalah kurangnya pemahaman siswa MTs Tasihiliya Ogan Ilir terhadap pembelajaran lari 60 meter.Â  Maka dari itu penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model lari 60 meter melalaui multimedia aplikasi PPT (power Point) pada siswa MTs Tasihliya. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode R&D, Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah Validasi.
Selanjutnya produk diuji cobakan kepada siswa MTs Tasihliya melalui uji coba sekala kecil, sekala besar, dan produk akhir. Subjek uji coba produk adalah anggota siswa Mts Tasihliya.
Adapun data hasil materi dari aspek kualitas materi mendapatkan nilai 90% dengan kategori â€œsangat validâ€ dan aspek isi mendapatkan nilai 90% dengan kategori â€œsangat valid. Data validasi ahli media dari aspek tampilan mendapatkan nilai 91,8% dengan kategori â€œSangat Validâ€™dan aspek pemrograman mendapatkan nilai 90% dengan kategori â€œSangat Validâ€. Untuk uji coba lapangan aspek tampilan mendapatkan nilai â€œ91,6% dengan kategori â€œSangat Baikâ€, aspek isi mendapatkan nilai 91,8% dengan kategori â€œSangat Baikâ€ dan aspek latihan mendapatkan nilai 91,7% dengan kategori â€œSangat Baikâ€. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk multimedia lari 60 meter yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti layak digunakan untuk siswa MTs Tasihliya Ogan Ilir.
PERBAIKAN KEKERASAN DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO LOGAM KUNINGAN SEBAGAI BAHAN PROPELLER DENGAN METODE SHOT PEENING
Authors: Margono Margono , Pasmawati Yanti , Atmoko Nugroho Tri , Yaqin Rizqi Ilmal , Priyambodo Bambang Hari
Published: January 2024

Brass metal is widely used as a supporting equipment material, one of which is a propeller. The propeller itself is one component of the boat that rotates and produces thrust energy. The continuous use of propellers results in degradation or a decrease in quality and service life. The degradation of the propeller is affected by the hardness, toughness, and corrosion resistance of the working environment. To improve the quality of the propeller, shot peening treatment was carried out on its surface. Shot peening is a continuous shooting process with fine particles in the form of steel balls on the surface of the object. Shot peening can increase the density of the microstructure and produce compressive residual stress which causes the surface hardness to also increase. Shot peening is carried out with variations in duration of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes, 100 mm shooting range, and 7 Bar firing pressure. The steel ball particles used have a hardness of 40-50 HRC and a diameter of 5 mm. The results of the hardness test showed an increase in the surface hardness of the spesimens for a duration of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes, respectively 189, 294, 302, 324, 330, dan 341 HV. The microstructure of the spesimen after shot peening looks tighter and denser. The highest hardness value is 341 HV or an increase of 80% compared to raw material.
Transnational Crime and EU Law: Towards Global Action against Cross-Borders Threats to Common Security, Rule of Law and Human Rights
Authors: Oriolo Anna
Published: January 2024

Moving from the analysis of transnational criminal law as the legal framework to counter cross-border crimes, this article focuses on “the new dimension” of EU criminal competence, that is no longer restricted to Member States’ legislative harmonization and judicial cooperation within the Union, leading to serious rule of law and human rights deficits.
Di tutela, immondizia e nomadismo. Riflessioni a margine di una sorveglianza archeologica in corso d’opera.
Authors: Dell’Era Francesca
Published: January 2024

Alla fine di novembre del 2020 si dava inizio ad una sorveglianza archeologica in corso d’opera nel quartiere Collatino a Roma (Italia), in un terreno tra via Grotta di Gregna e via Collatina. Si effettuavano scavi di controllo in corrispondenza di ciascuno dei 14 punti in cui veniva realizzato un sondaggio di monitoraggio dello stato d’inquinamento del terreno causato dalla perdita del serbatoio di un punto vendita di carburante. Non saranno i dettagli tecnici o i risultati scaturiti dagli scavi archeologici ad essere oggetto di queste righe, ma le riflessioni scaturite da un evento accaduto nel corso della loro realizzazione. Tra la vegetazione di quest’area rimasta verde, riparate alla vista si nascondevano poche baracche di un piccolo insediamento spontaneo di Rom, vicini silenziosi del nostro lavoro con cui non avevamo tuttavia nessun contatto. Un ‘insediamento informale’, non gestito dalle istituzioni comunali, costituito da abitazioni autocostruite, prive di servizi e con condizioni igienico-sanitarie presumibilmente critiche. Tutte le fotografie sono state scattate dall’autrice.
Archaeology and Comics
Authors: Barletta Emiliano , Lo Manto Alessio
Published: January 2024

When considering comics, our initial association tends to be with content tailored for a younger audience. Indeed, within the general publishing industry, the predominant perception aligns comics with a children-oriented paradigm. Nevertheless, over recent decades, comics, particularly in the guise of graphic journalism, have rightfully earned their place as a tool for disseminating information and scientific knowledge. Through a unique fusion of images, artwork, narrative voices, and dialogues, the conventional comic book has transcended mere fantasy storytelling, evolving into a sophisticated form of illustrated reportage.

In the forthcoming pages, Emiliano Barletta and Alessio Lo Manto illuminate the vast potential inherent in the language of comic books for communicating scientific archaeology to an adult audience beyond the professional sphere. How might this expressive medium reshape both the perception and substance of our discipline? Can it foster a more inclusive and thus socially relevant dimension within archaeology? Perhaps, as readers of Ex Novo delve into these pages, they will sense our shared viewpoint… Enjoy the read!
Palaeo-landscape feature identification: a FOSS cloud- based Python approach through Google Earth Engine (GEE)
Authors: Domingo-Ribas Guillem , Brandolini Filippo
Published: January 2024

Landscapes are the result of complex long-term interactions between natural and cultural forces, hence requiring techniques that enhance past landscape mapping and sustainable development perspectives.This paper presents a FOSS cloud-based protocol that employs Sentinel-2 imagery in GEE to identify palaeo-landscape features. Developed in Google Colab, the procedure is tested in the Po Plain riverscape (Italy), and it can be easily adapted and replicated for any area of the world.
Combination of standardised methods to create a detailed source-based reconstruction of the Tepidarium at L’Alcudia de Elche, Alicante, Spain
Authors: Gonzalez-Esteban Cristina
Published: January 2024

This study proposes a combined method for Virtual Archaeological Reconstructions (Extended Matrix, Reconstructive Units and Evidence Graphic Scale) to ease understanding, recording and display of archaeology. It aims to create new questions and challenges to increase knowledge. The Tepidarium project at L’Alcudia de Elche, Spain, showed the need to reduce duplicity and quicken the workflow; however, it increases the possibility of comparative studies due to similar results in other projects.
Peri-lesion regions in differentiating suspicious breast calcification-only lesions specifically on contrast enhanced mammography
Authors: Cao Kun , Gao Fei , Long Rong , Zhang Fan-Dong , Huang Chen-Cui , Cao Min , Yu Yi-Zhou , Sun Ying-Shi
Published: January 2024

PURPOSE:

The explore the added value of peri-calcification regions on contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions presenting as only calcification on routine mammogram.

METHODS:

Patients who underwent CEM because of suspicious calcification-only lesions were included. The test set included patients between March 2017 and March 2019, while the validation set was collected between April 2019 and October 2019. The calcifications were automatically detected and grouped by a machine learning-based computer-aided system. In addition to extracting radiomic features on both low-energy (LE) and recombined (RC) images from the calcification areas, the peri-calcification regions, which is generated by extending the annotation margin radially with gradients from 1 mm to 9 mm, were attempted. Machine learning (ML) models were built to classify calcifications into malignant and benign groups. The diagnostic matrices were also evaluated by combing ML models with subjective reading.

RESULTS:

Models for LE (significant features: wavelet-LLL_glcm_Imc2_MLO; wavelet-HLL_firstorder_Entropy_MLO; wavelet-LHH_glcm_DifferenceVariance_CC; wavelet-HLL_glcm_SumEntropy_MLO;wavelet-HLH_glrlm_ShortRunLowGray LevelEmphasis_MLO; original_firstorder_Entropy_MLO; original_shape_Elongation_MLO) and RC (significant features: wavelet-HLH_glszm_GrayLevelNonUniformityNormalized_MLO; wavelet-LLH_firstorder_10Percentile_CC; original_firstorder_Maximum_MLO; wavelet-HHH_glcm_Autocorrelation_MLO; original_shape_Elongation_MLO; wavelet-LHL_glszm_GrayLevelNonUniformityNormalized_MLO; wavelet-LLH_firstorder_RootMeanSquared_MLO) images were set up with 7 features. Areas under the curve (AUCs) of RC models are significantly better than those of LE models with compact and expanded boundary (RC v.s. LE, compact: 0.81 v.s. 0.73, p < 0.05; expanded: 0.89 v.s. 0.81, p < 0.05) and RC models with 3 mm boundary extension yielded the best performance compared to those with other sizes (AUC = 0.89). Combining with radiologists’ reading, the 3mm-boundary RC model achieved a sensitivity of 0.871 and negative predictive value of 0.937 with similar accuracy of 0.843 in predicting malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS:

The machine learning model integrating intra- and peri-calcification regions on CEM has the potential to aid radiologists’ performance in predicting malignancy of suspicious breast calcifications.
Will to Power: The Utility of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Moral Philosophy for Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Du Plessis Guy
Published: January 2024

This article explores the utility of Nietzsche’s ethical thought for philosophical counselling. Central to the philosophical counseling process is philosophical counsellors applying the work of philosophers to inspire, educate, and guide their counselees in dealing with life problems. For example, Logic-Based Therapy (LBT), a method of philosophical counselling developed by Elliot Cohen, provides a rational framework for confronting problems of living, where the counselor helps the counselee find an uplifting philosophy that promotes a guiding virtue that acts as an antidote to unrealistic and often self-defeating conclusions derived from irrational premises. I present the argument that Nietzsche’s moral philosophy, and more specifically his analysis of suffering, is one such uplifting philosophy which can be of utility to philosophical counselors to help their counselees with confronting problems of living. According to Bernard Reginster, suffering forms the bedrock of Nietzsche's life-affirming concept of the will to power. Nietzsche’s notion of the will to power radically alters our conception and significance of suffering – and that the will to power is best understood as man’s desire for the activity of overcoming resistance. Nietzsche's analysis implies that the fundamental human impulse is not to avoid suffering, but instead to will nothing less than suffering itself. To find meaning in suffering is tantamount to affirming life itself.
Heat wave and cardiovascular death in July 2022
Authors: Berrazueta Fernández J.R.
Published: January 2024

Climate Change is causing temperature rises above the usual limits in many locations. When temperature increases are above the 95th percentile for more than 48 hours, we have a heat wave. Elevation of body temperature conditions a series of internal responses, with the release of mediators and changes in vascular tone. This leads to an inadequate distribution of blood flow that eventually may lead to myocardial ischemia and various cardiovascular disorders, with a noticeable increase in deaths from this cause.
Application of a nonparametric technique for testing the hypothesis of independence of random variables in conditions of a large volume of statistical data
Authors: Lapko A. V. , Lapko V. A. , Bakhtina A. V.
Published: January 2024

The problem of testing the hypothesis about the independence of random variables in conditions of large volumes of statistical data is considered. The results of solving the problem are necessary when estimating probability densities of random variables and synthesizing information processing algorithms. A nonparametric technique is proposed for testing the hypothesis about the independence of random variables in a sample containing a large amount of statistical data. The technique is based on compression of the initial statistical information by decomposition of the range of values of random variables. The generated data array consists of the centers of sampling intervals and the corresponding frequencies of observations from the original sample. The information obtained is used in the construction of a nonparametric pattern recognition algorithm corresponding to the maximum likelihood criterion. The evaluation of the distribution laws in classes is carried out under the assumption of independence and dependence of the compared random variables. When restoring the laws of distribution of random variables in classes, regression estimates of probability densities are used. Under these conditions, estimates of the probabilities of pattern recognition errors in classes are calculated. According to their minimum value, a decision is made on the independence or dependence of random variables. The technique was applied in the analysis of remote sensing data of forest areas, linear and nonlinear dependencies between pairs of spectral characteristics of the objects of study were determined.

Keywords:
Risk-oriented approach in the problems of modeling of metrological support of the measuring instrument fleet
Authors: Khramenkov V. N. , Khayrullin R. Z.
Published: January 2024

The methods of management of metrological support of the measuring instrument fleet are considered. The modern situation is described, when the fleet of measuring instruments is heterogeneous and includes both obsolete samples of measuring instruments with a long service life and significant operating time, and the newest, high-tech samples of measuring instruments. At the same time the proportions between the mentioned groups of measuring instruments change over time, as the ageing of measuring instruments and their transition from one group to another takes place. Also the measurement instrument park is renewed as a result of purchases of new and modernization of existing samples. The heterogeneity of the measuring instrument park leads to the necessity of development and application of new methods of management of metrological support of the measuring instrument park, including the use of mathematical modeling. One of the promising methods of metrological management of the measuring instrument fleet based on the risk-oriented approach is proposed. The probability of finding a randomly selected sample of measuring instruments from the measurement instrument park at an arbitrary moment of time in the state of unreadiness for intended use is used as a risk indicator for the measuring instrument park. In accordance with the risk-oriented approach the measuring instrument park is divided into risk classes. The algorithm of assigning measuring instruments to different risk classes is developed, based on solving a series of optimization problems of the fleet operation taking into account the processes of aging and renewal of the fleet of measuring instruments. The results of application of the risk-oriented approach in the problem of modeling of metrological support of heterogeneous fleet of measuring instruments including both modern and obsolete samples with different metrological characteristics, MTBF and lifetime are presented. It is shown that by dividing all samples of measuring instruments into risk classes and carrying out verifications with their close to optimal periodicity and with their tolerance for controlled parameters in each risk class it is possible to minimize the total average risk for the fleet of measuring instruments and at the same time to achieve resource saving.
Method of liquid consumption measuring in nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers
Authors: Davydov Vadim V. , Gol’dberg A. A. , Dudkin V. I. , Davydov R. V.
Published: January 2024

The need to expand the functionality of systems for monitoring the parameters of the flow of liquid media is substantiated. The advantages of using meters based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance to control the parameters of the flow of liquid media are noted. Let us consider the problems that arise during the operation of nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers operating in two measurement modes (pulse and with periodic modulation of the magnetic field in the nuclear magnetic resonance signal recording system - modulation technique). It is noted that the main problem in the operation of these devices is associated with an increase in the error in measuring liquid flow or the termination of its measurement process with rapid changes in liquid flow. The use of a magnetic tag mode, which allows us to solve this problem, significantly limits the possibilities of using nuclear magnetic resonance flowmeters-relaxometers when used to monitor the parameters of other liquids or with a large increase in the temperature of the flowing medium. A method for creating a magnetic mark at the noise level for measuring liquid flow is proposed. In the method, changing the composition of the flowing medium (including the liquid itself) does not have a significant effect on the formation of a magnetic mark at the noise level in a strong inhomogeneous magnetic field. The results of experimental studies of the nutation line from changes in magnetic field inhomogeneity are presented. A mathematical model has been developed based on the modified Bloch equations and relationships between the magnetic field parameters have been established to implement the magnetic mark mode in the nuclear magnetic resonance signal with magnetization inversion at the noise level. The use of a method makes it possible to make the influence of rapid changes in the value of liquid flow (by a factor of 10 or more) on the flow measurement error insignificant.
Primary standard for complex units of permittivity at frequency range 0.1–178.4 GHz GET 110-2023
Authors: Egorov V. N. , Tokareva E. Yu. , Prokop’eva E. K. , Malay I. M. , Tuyen Le Quang
Published: January 2024

The article is dedicated to research in the fi eld of measuring the dielectric parameters of materials. The aim of the research is to study promising methods for measuring the complex dielectric permittivity of weakly absorbing materials in the decimeter wavelength range, as well as the non-resonant method for measuring the dielectric parameters of materials with high dielectric losses. In order to achieve the set goal of improving the state primary standard of complex dielectric permittivity in the frequency range from 1 to 178.4 GHz, tasks were set to expand the frequency range to 0.1 GHz and the range of reproducible values of the dielectric loss tangent to 10–1. As a result of the improvement, new equipment was introduced into the composition of the standard, and new measurement methods were developed. To measure the complex dielectric permittivity of weakly absorbing materials in the decimeter wavelength range, a resonant measurement method in a coaxial resonator with a shortening capacitive gap and a measurement method in a bulk H011-resonator with dielectric fi lling were developed. To measure elevated dielectric losses up to 10–2–10–1, a measurement method using a non-resonant measuring transducer based on a shielded dielectric waveguide with a measured dielectric sample as such a waveguide has been developed. The developed methods are applied in the Primary standard of complex dielectric permittivity in the frequency range from 0.1 to 178.4 GHz, GET 110-2023. The frequency range of the standard is 0.1–178.4 GHz, the range of reproducible values of relative dielectric permittivity is 1.2–500, dielectric loss tangent 10–8–10–1. The scope of application of GET 110-2023 is metrological support of dielectric control in production of radio frequency cables, telecommunication equipment, electronic components, etc.
Determination of the code reliability of digital angle converters
Authors: Pavlov P. A.
Published: January 2024

To measure the angular motion parameters of various kinds of objects, digital angle converters are widely used, which differ in the output electrical interface using a parallel or serial method of code transmission. Currently, there is no single approach to the metrological assessment of the accuracy characteristics of these digital angle converters. Such an integral assessment can be the code reliability of the converter, which characterizes the probability that the value of the measured angle corresponds to the calculated quantum, the code of which is read. Now there is an analytical method for calculating the code reliability used for digital angle converters with parallel code transmission. The article proposes an algebraic method for calculating the code reliability. Unlike the analytical method, it lacks the disadvantages of approximating the error histogram of the digital angle converters by random variable distribution functions. The conducted studies have shown that the algebraic method of calculating the code reliability can be used for the digital angle converters, with parallel and serial code transmission. It is shown that in order to fi nd the unevenness of the angular scale of the digital angle converters using a dynamic goniometer with an incremental angle sensor, it is necessary to center the array of measured error values. The results obtained can be used in measuring technology and metrology for digital angle converters calibration. They are of interest to specialists working in the fi eld of metrology of angular measurements, measuring equipment, digital angle converters manufacturers.
Automated system for measuring electrophysical parameters of semiconductor structures
Authors: Pecherskaya E. A. , Karpanin O. V. , Tuzova D. E. , Nelyutskov M. A. , Antipenko V. V.
Published: January 2024

сThe article is devoted to the development of an automated information and measurement system for measuring the voltfarad characteristics of semiconductor structures, including structures based on transparent conductive coatings. The structure of the information-measuring system is proposed, the results of functional and metrological analysis of the measurement channel of complex conductivity are presented. In particular, as a result of functional analysis, the functions of converting complex conductivity into a digital code proportional to the capacitive component and the active component of conductivity are obtained. In the process of metrological analysis, a metrological structural model of the complex conductivity measurement channel has been compiled, which, unlike the functional model, takes into account additive, multiplicative errors of the links, as well as the quantization error of the analog-to-digital converter. Expressions are obtained for the real functions of converting complex conductivity into a digital code proportional to the capacitive and active component of conductivity, taking into account the instrumental errors of the links that make up the measuring channel. Metrological analysis makes it possible to solve both the direct problem of calculating the instrumental error of the measuring channel according to the known nominal parameters and errors of its constituent links, and the inverse problem, which consists in assigning requirements to the metrological characteristics of the links in the measuring channels to ensure the required value of the maximum measurement error. In particular, based on the metrological analysis performed, it was found that the limits of the permissible relative error of capacitance and conductivity measurements do not exceed ±3 %, which is confi rmed experimentally. The developed automated information and measurement system allows not only to measure the volt-farad characteristics of the studied semiconductor structures, but also to process measurements in order to determine the electrophysical parameters by an indirect method.
State primary special standard of the unit of heat quantity in the fi eld of solution and reaction calorimetry GET 133-2023
Authors: Mishina K. A. , Korchagina E. N. , Kazartsev Ia. V.
Published: January 2024

The article shows the need to develop methods and tools for realization and transferring a unit of heat quantity in the fi eld of measuring small thermal effects of physical and chemical interactions  by the method of isothermal titration calorimetry. The relevance of the work is due to the wide application of measuring instruments implementing this method and the lack of standardized metrological procedures and tools. To solve the problem of ensuring unity and traceability of measurements in this fi eld, VNIIM calorimetry laboratory conducted research to expand the functional and measuring capabilities of the State primary special standard of the unit of heat quantity in the fi eld of solution and reaction calorimetry GET 133-2012. In the course of work a reference titration microcalorimeter MKT was developed, investigated, and included in the GET 133-2012. Microcalorimeter MKT was designed to realize, store, and transfer a unit of heat quantity in the fi eld of measuring small thermal effects in liquid media. As a result of microcalorimeter studies, the capability of realizing and transferring a unit of heat quantity in a new range was confi rmed: from 100 to 5000 μJ with an expanded uncertainty from 1.2 to 8.6 %. The improved GET 133-2012 with an updated composition and new metrological characteristics was approved as the State primary special standard of the unit of heat quantity in the fi eld of solution and reaction calorimetry GET 133-2023. This lays the foundations for the creation of new metrological tools and procedures for transferring the unit of heat quantity in the fi eld of solution and reaction calorimetry.
Expanding the dynamic range of a measuring system that implements the phase triangulation method
Authors: Dvoynishnikov S. V. , Bakakin G. V. , Zuev V. O. , Kashkarova M. V. , Pavlov V. A.
Published: January 2024

The article is devoted to the development of phase triangulation and structured illumination methods for measuring the geometry of objects with arbitrary light-scattering surface properties. A method for expanding the dynamic range of a measuring system that implements the phase triangulation method is proposed. The method is based on automatic adjustment of the exposure time of the photodetector, excessive collection of experimental data, and complex regression analysis. The results of experimental studies of the effectiveness of the proposed method for expanding the dynamic range of the measuring system are presented. It is shown that the classical approach to image interpretation using a photodetector with a fi xed exposure duration almost always leads to a high level of error over the entire range of light-scattering properties of the surface. For low exposure values, there is an increase in the measurement error in the region of the dark surface, since the signal level there turns out to be signifi cantly weaker than for the bright regions of the measured surface. For large exposure values, an increase in the error is observed when measuring the bright area of the measured surface, since the signal is outside the dynamic range of the photodetector. The proposed method of image interpretation with an extended range of the measuring system demonstrates an error level less than or comparable to the results of image interpretation with a fi xed exposure for all measured light-scattering properties of the surface. 

The proposed method makes it possible to perform automated measurements without additional optimization of the photodetector parameters for the light-scattering properties of the surface of the measured object.
Correlation-spectral method for measuring the parameters of the microrelief of precision surfaces of industrial products
Authors: Abramov A. D.
Published: January 2024

The article considers a method for measurement the parameters of the microrelief of the surface of machine parts by optoelectronic and computer means, as an integral part of the technological process of manufacturing machine parts with precision surfaces. The method is based on computer processing of images of the studied microreliefs, considered as a set of realizations of a stationary random process. The number of realizations of the random process is assumed to be equal to the number of lines in the analyzed microrelief image. The microrelief image is considered as a matrix of random numbers. For this matrix, mathematical expectations, variances, standard deviations, correlation moments and the normalized autocorrelation coeffi cient of honey are calculated for the columns of the matrix. To conduct research on the proposed method, an optical-electronic complex was used, consisting of an instrumental microscope with a video camera and a computer for digital processing of the obtained images of the microrelief of reference samples with different roughness. The surface roughness Ra was estimated by standard methods on a profi lometer and ranged from 0.025 μm to 0.13 μm. When developing software for correlation-spectral image processing, OpenCV tools and the C++ language were used. According to the research results, it was found that the nature of the correlation functions is largely determined by the parameters of the studied microreliefs. To identify the studied microreliefs, we determined the analytical dependences of the arithmetic mean deviation of the microrelief surface profi le both on the average value of the variable component of the autocorrelation function and on the values of its spectral density. It has been established that for measuring the Ra microrelief by optoelectronic means, the most promising is the use of the spectral density of its autocorrelation function, calculated from its halftone image. The results of determining the parameters of the microrelief of the surfaces of the raceways of the inner rings of instrument bearings are presented.
Practical aspects of application of artifi cial intelligence in metrology
Authors: Kuzin A. Yu. , Kroshkin A. N. , Isaev L. K. , Bulygin F. V. , Voytko V. D.
Published: January 2024

Artifi cial intelligence as one of the main elements of digital transformation and promising directions of its application in metrology are considered. The main attention is paid to the application of artifi cial neural networks as a part of measuring instruments and measurement systems for obtaining measurement results in cases when the measurement function is unknown, not suffi ciently defi ned or too complicated for algorithmic formalization. More often in practice we meet problems with partially uncertain function, when in addition to the deterministic basis there is an additional unknown component that has a signifi cant impact on the measurement result. A simulation experiment was conducted to solve such a measurement problem using a neural network model. In the experiment, a measurement function with a linear deterministic basis and an additional nonlinear component of about 10 % of the relative standard deviation, that was implied by the unknown when the model was created, was used. The results of the experiment confi rmed the practical possibility and high effi ciency of using artifi cial neural networks to solve such measurement problems. The neural network model in the conditions of a noisy training sample, corresponding to real measurement conditions, almost completely restored the measurement function despite the fact that a linear neural network model was used, and the additional component of the measurement function was nonlinear. In this particular experiment, due to the use of neural network, the accuracy of measurements was improved by about an order of magnitude. Access to the machine code implementing this simulation experiment is provided.
Precision black body model at a temperature of 200–450 K:metrological ensurance for optical-electronic equipment for remote sensing of the Earth in the infrared range of the spectrum
Authors: Dovgilov N. L. , Morozova S. P. , Alekseev S. V. , Dunaev A. Yu. , Gavrilov V. R. , Dmitriev I. Yu. , Linskyi P. M. , Vasiliev V. N.
Published: January 2024

The issues of radiometric calibration of optical-electronic equipment for remote sensing of the Earth in a wide range of spectral radiance have been studied. An alternative method for transmitting a spectral radiance unit from a reference source at the phase transition temperature of pure metals to optical-electronic equipment for remote sensing of the Earth in the infrared wavelength range above 2.5 μm is presented. The method is based on the stepwise transfer of a spectral radiance unit from a reference source through a precision model of a black body with a high level of emissivity and a wide temperature range identical to the temperature range of a wide-aperture black body model with a range of spectral radiance required for calibrating optical-electronic equipment for remote sensing of the Earth. A precision black body model PMBB-60m with an output aperture with a diameter of 30 mm was developed, studied and calibrated in the temperature range of 200–450 K. The calculated value of the effective emissivity of PMBB-60m with coating of the cavity by Aeroglaze Z306 paint is 0.9997. The composition and design of PMBB-60m are described. PMBB-60m can operate both in vacuum conditions and in conditions of inert gas or atmospheric pressure. The metrological characteristics of PMBB-60m , obtained by transferring a temperature unit from the State Standard of the zero digit of a temperature unit in the range from 0 to 3000 °C using a comparator, based on a precision pyrometer TRT II (Heitronics Infrarot Messtechnik GmbH, Germany) are presented. The correction to the PMBB-60m temperature readings in the temperature range of 223.15–450.15 K did not exceed 39 mK according to the results of calibration in the temperature range of 223.15–450.15 K. The results of calculating the expanded uncertainty in the temperature range of 223.15–450.15 K did not exceed 1 K. The values of instability of temperature maintenance PMBB-60m, measured in steps of 10 s for 15 minutes, did not exceed 15 mK in the considered temperature range. The results of calculation of the spectral effective emissivity of PMBB-60m, carried out using the STEEP3 program, are presented.
Plasmon modes in bilayer graphene at finite temperature
Authors: Nguyen Van Men
Published: January 2024

New material technology is always one of the areas attracting a lot of attention from scientists over the world. In recent years, material scientists have been paid a large amount of interest in graphene because this material has unique properties and application abilities in lots of technological fields. Collective excitations (or plasmon dispersions) in graphene show that this material can be applied in plasmonic devices with potential properties and less energy consumption, compared to recent materials. This paper calculates collective excitations in bilayer graphene, taking into account the effects of temperature within the random-phase approximation. The results demonstrate that in the nearby Dirac points region (small wave vectors), as temperature increases from zero, plasmon frequency decreases slightly and then increases significantly. With the larger wave vectors, the plasmon frequency behaves as an increasing function of temperature. Numerical calculations present that the contribution of the carrier density to plasmon frequency in the system noticeably decreases as taking into account the temperature effects. Collective excitations in bilayer graphene depend strongly on temperature, therefore this factor should not be neglected in calculations to improve the model and to make a better agreement with experimental results.
Comparative Study of Internet Accessing Households in Urban and Rural Areas Before the Pandemic During the Pandemic
Authors: Nayahita Aditya
Published: January 2024

This research aims to review household internet use, especially before and during the pandemic. In addition, this research tests and provides evidence that internet use in urban and rural areas still experiences differences in users. Data was taken from the Central Statistics Agency in 2019-2021 for all provinces in Indonesia except DKI. The analysis tools in this research are the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests. The test results show differences in users between urban and rural areas. Apart from that, there are also differences in internet users based on changes in time over three years. The conclusion is that internet use in Indonesia is increasing daily, but there are still differences in users in urban and rural areas.