bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Long-term Physical Health and Healthcare Utilization of Women Who Were Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: Sickel Amy E. , Noll Jennie G. , Moore Philip J. , Putnam Frank W. , Trickett Penelope K.
Published: April 2003

This article addresses the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and the long-term physical health and healthcare utilization of 148 female participants in an eight-year prospective study. Five factors of physical health emerged: General Health; Vegetative Health Symptoms; Colds and Flu; Gastrointestinal/Gynecological; and Healthcare Utilization. Abused females scored higher on the healthcare utilization and gastrointestinal/gynecological factors than comparison females. Abused females experiencing multiple perpetrators, violence, longer duration and older age at onset endorsed significantly more gastrointestinal/gynecological problems than did the other abused females and the comparison group. Findings suggest that: (1) sexual abuse affects long-term health outcomes and healthcare utilization; and (2) physical health sequelae of abuse may differentially affect females, depending upon the pattern of abuse characteristics.
Children’s Perspectives of Therapeutic Recreation: Data from the ‘Barretstown Studies’
Authors: Kiernan Gemma , Maclachlan Malcolm
Published: April 2003

Camps offering therapeutic recreation-based programmes seek to provide a positive experience for children with life-threatening illnesses, and their siblings. While such programmes are undoubtedly motivated by the best of intentions, there are very little data available on children’s own experiences in them. This article addresses this by investigating children’s experiences in The Barretstown Gang Camp in Ireland. A questionnaire was completed by 449 children from 15 European countries. Feedback was factor analysed to construct an empirical model of how liking for activities in the programme clustered. Eight distinct components were identified.. Results indicated that children’s level of liking for some components and whether they felt their friends would like to come to camp were influenced by their age, gender, nationality, level of understanding of explanations in camp and patient/sibling status. Children’s descriptions of their camp experience emphasized themes pertaining to fun, activities, scenic surroundings, staff and multiculturalism.
The Meaning of ‘Satisfaction’ for People with Dermatological Problems: Reassessing Approaches to Qualitative Health Psychology Research
Authors: Collins Karen , Nicolson Paula
Published: April 2003

A qualitative study was undertaken to explore descriptions of satisfaction with health care, with 30 dermatology patients. The relevance and usefulness of the approach chosen to analyse the data-interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was also retrospectively evaluated. The findings suggest that ‘satisfaction’ is a complex and fluid construct, which is defined, redefined and re-evaluated by participants throughout the interview process. IPA was useful in guiding the analysis. However, in order to build upon this approach, it is suggested that more attention be paid to the sequential nature of an individual account/interview, which might lead to a more informed understanding of the meaning of patient satisfaction.
How will Internet Use Affect the Patient? A Review of Computer Network and Closed Internet-based System Studies and the Implications in Understanding How the Use of the Internet Affects Patient Populations
Authors: Bauerle Bass Sarah
Published: April 2003

The widespread use of the Internet by patients is transforming the delivery of health information. Little research has been done, however, to assess the relationship between patients' use of online health resources and self efficacy, behavior or health status. To understand these effects and create a national research agenda, professionals should establish theoretically based studies. This article provides an overview of studies using computer networks and Internet-based closed systems in which a specific population has access to online health tools similar to those available on the Internet. These studies provide a microcosm of the effects Internet use may have on a patient's health-related behaviors. Three areas of proposed research will be explored: content research; process research; and outcomes research.
Health-related Support Groups on the Internet: Linking Empirical Findings to Social Support and Computer-mediated Communication Theory
Authors: Wright Kevin B. , Bell Sally B. , Wright Kevin B. , Bell Sally B.
Published: April 2003

This literature review of research on health-related computer-mediated support groups links features of these groups to existing theory from the areas of social support and computer-mediated communication research. The article exams computer-mediated support groups as weak tie networks, focuses on how these support groups facilitate participant similarity and empathic support and identifies changes in supportive communication due to characteristics of the medium.
Cultural Differences in Use of an Electronic Discussion Group
Authors: McTavish Fiona M. , Pingree Suzanne , Hawkins Robert , Gustafson David
Published: April 2003

This article describes how 121 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer used a computer mediated discussion group to cope with their diagnosis. These data are part of a larger data set from a randomized clinical trial assessing the impact of a computer-based system called CHESS (the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System) on health outcomes. The larger study found significant improvement in health outcomes for those in the experimental group (those receiving CHESS), especially for women of color. Since discussion group is by far the most heavily used service of CHESS, one might conclude that these benefits (both overall and greater for women of color) should be attributed to amount of discussion group use. This study looks at how women of color and Caucasian women used the CHESS discussion group over the period of the study. Content analysis of messages in the discussion group showed that women of color used the discussion group differently from Caucasian women—they used it less frequently but their messages were more focused on breast cancer, suggesting they used discussion group more instrumentally.
Integrating Usability Testing into the Development of a 5 a Day Nutrition Website for At-risk Populations in the American Southwest
Authors: Zimmerman Donald E. , Akerelrea Carol A. , Buller David B. , Hau Barbara , Leblanc Michelle
Published: April 2003

The following article documents an iterative, user-oriented process to develop a nutrition education website for a rural multicultural population. Study participants were purposefully recruited from a six-county region in Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico representing the range of ethnic backgrounds, demographics and computer experience of the site's target audience. Three studies are presented. Study one, using a card-sorting process produced a basic shallow and broad structure for the website. Study two, using verbal protocol analysis of the prototype website identified six recurring problems and Study three, using verbal protocol analysis of the nearly completed website identified nine recurring problems. The website was redesigned to eliminate the problems and recommendations were provided for training users.
Communities of Care and Caring: The Case of MSWatch.com®
Authors: Weis Robert , Stamm Keith , Smith Craig , Nilan Michael , Clark Fiona , Weis Joan , Kennedy Kate
Published: April 2003

Can a health-care website stimulate its members to become a `community of care and caring', facilitating both medical `information' and personal `support'? This study of MSWatch.com provides conceptual distinctions about `ties' to a `community' and raises questions about communications designed to serve patients with Multiple Sclerosis. An online survey of members of the website shows that members tend to: (1) make use of both its health-care information (care) and support (caring) functions, especially the former; (2) evaluate the website more highly overall if they make use of both information and support; (3) use the website the most during early stages of the disease; and (4) enhance their ties to the virtual community through using communication information and support.
Teaching Brief Interventions for Smoking Cessation via an Interactive Computer-based Tutorial
Authors: Carpenter Kelly M. , Watson Jennifer M. , Raffety Brian , Chabal Charles
Published: April 2003

Many current smokers do not plan on quitting any time soon. For these smokers, the immediate treatment goal is not a quit attempt, but an increase in readiness to stop smoking. In the present study we developed an interactive multimedia simulation and tutoring environment that teaches healthcare professionals to provide brief motivational interviewing-based smoking cessation interventions tailored to the patient's current readiness to change. This tutorial utilizes a cognitive science-derived learning approach that provides tailored feedback and lessons based on learners' pre-existing knowledge, is highly interactive and allows learners to practice skills in simulated clinical situations. Results from two pilot studies indicate that healthcare professionals and students found the software easy and enjoyable to use and successfully learned MI-based strategies for smoking cessation.
An Interactive Computer Tutorial to Teach Pain Assessment
Authors: Mar Corinne M. , Chabal Charles , Anderson Ruth A. , Vore Amy E.
Published: April 2003

Under-treated pain is a significant problem. Health care institutions are under increasing pressure from patients and accreditation bodies to improve staff training in pain management. Pain assessment, a necessary pre-cursor to good pain management, is a complex multi-step process requiring sophisticated understanding and superior communication skills. This article describes the development and usability testing of an interactive, Internet-deliverable, multimedia tutorial to teach best practice pain assessment. The software platform allowed non-programmers to create multimedia tutorials and included the capability to simulate role-plays. The tutorial was designed to actively engage and respond to the learner and to include skills practice. Twenty-five nurses took the tutorial and rated it positively on a usability questionnaire in terms of ease-of-use and learning method.
Effects of a Fingerprint Reader on Survey Responses of Primary Care Patients
Authors: Sciamanna Christopher N. , Clark Melissa A.
Published: April 2003

Given the potential of patients using computer programs in health care settings, we studied the effect of a fingerprint reader on responses to a computerized health screener. We randomized 76 primary care patients into two conditions: (1) fingerprint reader prior to screener; and (2) control condition. Overall, the reader was well accepted and those who used it had more positive attitudes toward using it than those who did not. The fingerprint reader had a positive effect on reporting low fruit and vegetable intake and poorer health status, but no effect on reporting physical inactivity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake or being overweight.
Towards a Critical Health Psychology Practice
Authors: Prilleltensky Isaac , Prilleltensky Ora
Published: April 2003

The field of critical psychology is exerting an influence in the way various sub-disciplines within psychology operate. In this article we use a critical psychology framework to review the field of health psychology. Through the use of values, assumptions and practices we review progress in health psychology and offer recommendations for aligning contemporary practices with current thinking in critical psychology. We discuss typical expectations, critical formulations and critical practice for interventions with individuals, groups and communities along these dimensions.
Birth Control Conspiracy Beliefs, Perceived Discrimination, and Contraception among African Americans: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Thorburn Bird Sheryl , Bogart Laura M.
Published: April 2003

We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey to explore the relationship of birth control conspiracy beliefs and perceived discrimination to contraceptive attitudes and behavior among a sample of African Americans (aged 18—45) in the USA ( N = 71). Results indicated that a large percentage of respondents perceived discrimination targeted at African American women and endorsed birth control conspiracy beliefs, and that a significant proportion of female respondents perceived discrimination when getting family planning or contraceptive services. Stronger conspiracy beliefs and greater perceived discrimination were associated with negative attitudes toward contraceptive methods, particularly birth control pills, and with contraceptive behavior and intentions. Our findings suggest that conspiracy beliefs and perceived discrimination may play an important role in African Americans' attitudes toward and use of contraceptive methods.
Excess in the City?
Authors: Eaton Natasha
Published: April 2003

This article examines the role of imported prints in early colonial Calcutta. It explores the critical entanglements of this art of mechanical reproduction within the cosmopolitics of imperialism. Questioning the 18th-century ‘consumer revolution’ and contemporary ‘actor network theory’, it asks whether either help us to comprehend fully these picture-human relations. In time of economic boom and recession within this early East India Company state, art was valued not so much as an inalienable possession but for its seemingly contradictory status as both quasi-fetish and as an aesthetic of the ephemeral. Patriotic yet disposable, such pictures participated within a visual labyrinth driven by lotteries and gambling, theft and debt. Using Indo-Muslim and British attitudes towards the colonial art market, this article exposes the centrality of chance and luxury for a creole heterotopia that ultimately hinged on a tense ambivalence.
Remembering Psychiatry’s Past
Authors: Coleborne Catharine
Published: April 2003

This article explores the historical meanings of a collection of psychiatric objects on display at the Porirua Hospital Museum, at Porirua, near Wellington, in New Zealand. Founded in 1987 to celebrate the original asylum’s centenary, the museum commemorates the history of the institution. Its curators are former psychiatric nursing staff. Visitors to the museum include educators, researchers and members of the psychiatric community. This article asks why some people have preserved the ‘relics’ of past psychiatry. Such collections and museum exhibitions raise fascinating questions about the 20th-century experience of psychiatric institutions, and the role of the museum collection in people’s lives. In talking about why and how former staff have struggled to preserve their private memories through collections of physical objects, and by interpreting history inside the space of the museum, the article suggests that historians can make a new contribution to the understandings of psychiatric institutions in histories of 20th-century psychiatry.
What’s wrong with the sociology of punishment?
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: April 2003

The sociology of punishment is seen through the work of David Garland (2001) as contributing useful insights, but less than it might because of its focus on societal choices of whether and how to punish instead of on choices of whether to regulate by punishment or by a range of other important strategies. A problem in Garland’s genealogical method is that branches of the genealogy are sawn off—the branches where the chosen instruments of regulation decentre punishment. This blinds us to the hybridity of predominantly punitive regulation of crime in the streets that is reshaped by more risk-preventive and restorative technologies of regulation for crime in the suites, and vice versa.
A crying shame
Authors: De Haan Willem , Vos Jaco
Published: April 2003

The rational choice perspective explains all forms of crime by viewing offenders as reasoning criminals. In this article, we take this approach to task by trying out its heuristic potential. More specifically, we look at how well it works for one special type of crime, i.e. street robbery. On the basis of a detailed analysis of offender accounts we argue that rational choice theory fails adequately to conceptualize some of the essential aspects of this form of criminal behaviour: impulsiveness, expressivity, moral ambiguity and shame. We argue that adequate explanation and understanding of criminality requires taking more seriously the affective aspects of criminal behaviour and the normative meanings that perpetrators attribute to their own behaviour before, during and after the crime.
Gangs and Social Change
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-JANKOWSKI MARTÍN
Published: April 2003

Extant literature on the subject has usually defined gangs as loose associations of individuals engaged in some type of delinquent or criminal activity. Yet researchers have failed to sociologically differentiate gangs from other types of collective behavior. In contrast, this article understands gangs as organizations influenced by the social structure of the urban areas in which they operate. Concentrating on gangs in the US context, the article summarizes both common features and different forms gangs have assumed over five historical eras, arguing that gangs respond to rather than create significant social changes.
Rehabilitating Leviathan
Authors: HALL STEVE , WINLOW SIMON
Published: April 2003

This article argues that some currently influential liberal-culturalist discourses tend to underplay the direct link between violent street crime, economic marginalization and the more ruthless adaptive aspects of advanced capitalist culture. In doing so they consistently reify the state, misconstrue its social role and represent its decline as a fait accompli. There is also a tendency to misrepresent the relative and moderate success in reducing street violence that it once achieved by using its political mandate to help maintain underlying economic stability above the required threshold. Underneath these discourses is a tacit political endorsement of the global neo-liberal project that is revealed by their collusion in the political neutralization of populations and the delegitimization of the potentially democratic state and its vital role in socio-economic stabilization and violence reduction.
Social Inequality and Strategies for Getting Medical Care in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Rusinova Nina L. , Brown Julie V.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the relationship between social status and medical help-seeking strategies in St. Petersburg, Russia. Analysis of in-depth interviews with a cross-section of the population revealed that access to and use of medical care varied greatly across the urban social structure. Those in the highest social strata used their knowledge and connections to gain access to the best care. Their social position and understanding of the system also privileged them in interactions with physicians, enabling them to take greater advantage of ‘free’ services. Even with similar levels of material well-being, people with less education received poorer health care. Lacking confidence in their ability to assess quality and reluctant to consider options outside the impoverished, inefficient state medical system, they bore the brunt of its inadequacies. This reinforced a long-standing, culturally based predisposition to delay treatment until health problems had become more difficult and costly to manage.
Discourse Communities and the Discourse of Experience
Authors: Little Miles , Jordens Christopher F.C. , Sayers Emma-Jane
Published: April 2003

Discourse communities are groups of people who share common ideologies, and common ways of speaking about things. They can be sharply or loosely defined. We are each members of multiple discourse communities. Discourse can colonize the members of discourse communities, taking over domains of thought by means of ideology.

The development of new discourse communities can serve positive ends, but discourse communities create risks as well. In our own work on the narratives of people with interests in health care, for example, we find that patients speak of their illness experiences as victims of circumstance; policy makers construct adverse experiences and challenges as opportunities to be taken; health care workers speak from a mixed perspective, seeing themselves as both victims and opportunists depending on context. To be trapped within the discourse of a particular community is to put at risk the ability to communicate across discourses. Membership of a discourse community can impair the habit of critique, and deny opportunities for heteroglossic discourse. Privileging critique as a mode of discourse perhaps might define the ethical community, suggesting that ethical community may be an antidote to the constraining effects of conventional discourse community.
You Never Stop Being a Doctor: The Stories of Russian Immigrant Physicians Who Converted to Physiotherapy
Authors: Remennick Larissa , Shakhar Gila
Published: April 2003

This article is based on 28 in-depth interviews with Russian immigrant physicians (11 men and 17 women, age range 30–53) who decided not to seek Israeli medical license and converted to physiotherapy. This research was theoretically informed by the literature on physicians’ professional commitment. It explored the case of conversion from a perceived higher to lower status health care occupation and the ensuing changes in former doctors’ professional self-image, relations with the patients and colleagues, and adjustment to the new work role. Informants were recruited among the graduates of the retraining courses sponsored in the mid-1990s by the Israeli Ministry of Health in order to provide jobs for immigrant doctors and to fill in existing vacancies in physiotherapy. The stories of former MDs–novice physiotherapists indicate that most are well adjusted to their new role, maintain positive professional self-image, and are satisfied with the terms of their employment. At the same time, most informants admitted that their mode of thinking and relation to patients remained those of physicians rather than paramedics. Some informants gave medical advice to the patients (especially to their co-ethnics) when asked and discussed treatment options with physicians whenever the work context allowed. Ostensibly good readjustment of this group may reflect the interplay of their actual success in the new role, reluctance to disclose problems in the interview, and self-selection of this group (i.e. doctors who were ready to trade their higher status for pragmatic work benefits). We conclude that complete occupational make-over of immigrant physicians is hardly possible; their professional socialization leaves deep imprint on the mindset and conduct, regardless of subsequent career change.
Reconceptualizing ‘Inappropriateness’: Researching Multiple Moral Positions in Demand for Primary Healthcare
Authors: Ehrich Kathryn
Published: April 2003

In a recently completed study of the management of ‘out-ofhours’ primary healthcare for children and ways in which judgements are made about legitimate access, the construct of ‘inappropriate demand’ is investigated. This seemingly intractable health care issue has not been resolved by research that rests on a one-sided conceptualization of the ‘problem’.

In practice, ‘demand’ arises within complex processes of interaction between people taking a range of moral positions in particular contexts. This is illustrated with interpretations of some ethnographic material from the study. An argument is made for an alternative research approach to such contentious issues that acknowledges multiple and latent moral orientations, and reveals moral judgements in scientific guise.
In Pursuit of the Study of Pleasure: Implications for Health Research and Practice
Authors: Coveney John , Bunton Robin
Published: April 2003

Many public health interventions attempt to promote health and well-being while simultaneously engaging with or negating pleasure-seeking activities. Yet the examination of pleasure is under-researched, especially within health and health-related areas. We examine pleasure as both an innate drive and a socially constructed phenomenon. Using the development of religious ideas in western cultures, we identify four forms of pleasure: carnal pleasure, disciplined pleasure, ascetic pleasure and ecstatic pleasure. These pleasures dramatically affect the construction of social and cultural identities. Moreover, they influence approaches to our understandings of health in general and interventions to public health in particular. The pursuit of the study of pleasure opens up a number of worthwhile areas for cross-disciplinary discussion and study.
Patient School as a Way of Creating Meaning in a Contested Illness: The Case of CFS
Authors: Bülow Pia H. , Hydén Lars-Christer
Published: April 2003

Creating meaning in a situation of contested illness like Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is an interactive process. As an example of how meaning is created, a CFS patient school organized by a hospital clinic in Sweden is discussed. This school can be seen as both a school and a medically oriented activity. The presence of different frameworks provides an opportunity to use different perspectives to understand CFS. It makes it possible for the participating men and women to regard the illness both from the outside as a social object, from the inside through personal experiences and to put the diagnosis and suffering in a larger ‘sickness’ perspective. Consequently, a number of different interpretations are brought up and used to create meaning in a situation of illness. The patients/students are thus learning discursively to manage the illness at the same time as they examine different ways to interpret their experiences through this discursive activity.
Training Programme for Parents of Teenagers: Active Parental Participation in Development and Implementation
Authors: Hallberg Ann-Christine , Håkansson Anders
Published: April 2003

In Sweden, all new parents should be offered parental training, but up until now, the programmes have been provided only within maternity and child healthcare, and they have been initiated and planned by central public authorities. We describe the process whereby a training programme for parents of teenagers was developed, in co-operation with the parents themselves, and we report the results of a brief questionnaire survey to the participating parents. A ‘parents’ school’ was planned by 36 parents and a project leader, and between 14 and 26 parents participated in four planning meetings. Four lecture evenings, including group discussions, were arranged, a total of 105 parents registered their interest in participating, and between 50 and 70 attended each lecture. The majority of the parents reported being basically satisfied, feeling that they had acquired knowledge and insights about the teenage phase, and they wanted the ‘parents’ school’ to continue.
‘A 2-Year-Old Goes to Hospital’: A 50th Anniversary Reappraisal of the Impact of James Robertson‘s Film
Authors: Lindsay Bruce
Published: April 2003

James Robertson’s film, ‘A 2-year-old Goes to Hospital’, premiered in November 1952, is seen as a seminal influence on the development of hospital care for children. Its importance is amplified by a belief that Robertson’s work represented a wholly new perspective on such care, challenging an orthodoxy that had remained unchanged over the previous 100 years and that completely excluded parents from hospital wards. In this article I support the importance of Robertson’s film, but challenge the belief that its content was a radical departure from contemporary thinking. I argue instead that the film’s importance lies in the way that it communicated ideas to professionals and parents, and discuss the development of changes in thinking about the care of hospitalized children that had begun some years before ‘A 2-year-old Goes to Hospital’ was released.
Computer-Taught Coping Techniques for Venepuncture: Preliminary Findings from Usability Testing with Children, Parents and Staff
Authors: Franck Linda S. , Jones Mark
Published: April 2003

Teaching cognitive and behavioural coping techniques can reduce children’s pain and distress during medical procedures. However, these simple techniques are often not taught to children due to lack of staff time, training and teaching aids. We developed a computer-based self-administered programme (CTCT) to teach coping skills to school-aged children in the waiting room prior to venepuncture. All children had topical local anaesthetic and parents were present. Children reported only mild pain anddistress from venepuncture and seven children used techniques learned from the CTCT programme. Previous pain coping influenced behavioural distress during venepuncture. Ten children reported that they would use CTCT again. Nine parents stated they would recommend their child use CTCT in future. All staff responded favourably to the use of CTCT for children prior to venepuncture. Our preliminary findings demonstrate that the coping techniques can be taught using a computer game format and that children, parents and staff found the method acceptable.
A fascinating spectacle of inconsistencies
Authors: Marschik Matthias
Published: April 2003

Much has been written about the `production' of sexuality in Nazi Germany; the specific ways of constructing male heroes and frail (but also strong) women coming together in a cold and distant way in the service of eugenics and a new society. Thus it was a national and political concept of sexuality in the narrow sense whereby sexuality was inextricably linked with the benefit of `Volk, Reich und Vaterland'. But an analysis of private photographs and the `unpolitical' sections of the newspapers of the period reveals elements of love and eroticism which indicate that, even in the Nazi context, the notion of an essential sexuality can be questioned. This article, on the one hand, discusses sexuality in the Nazi era from official and private photographs and, on the other hand, makes observations about the actuality of the Nazi concept even in (post)modern societies. The aim of the article is to look at a specific aspect of normality to obtain a more precise understanding of the Nazi era.
Native birth
Authors: Davidson Joanna
Published: April 2003

Focusing on examples from Guinea-Bissau, this article examines recent attention to birthplace as constitutive of national identity in West African postcolonial politics. The author explores the logic of native birth as a marker of authenticity and legitimacy, particularly in light of scholarship on modernity and postcolonialism. Several explanations from various disciplinary perspectives are offered to examine why the ideological trope of identity as birthplace has potential popular purchase.
`A Good Body'
Authors: Thornham Sue
Published: April 2003

The figure of the embodied speaker has been central within feminist media and cultural studies and has been central theoretically to questions of how, when and where women can speak with authority. It has also been central to the feminist study of film and television representations in which women have been seen as simultaneously absent as subjects of discourse and overpresent as bodies/images. This article traces the connections between these issues and asks how we should view the recent emergence of the female professor investigator as a hero of popular film and television. It argues that these lecturer detectives are both figures of anxiety — embodying concerns about a perceived feminization of the public sphere — and transgressive figures. In their troubling and embarrassing tendency to evade containment and to speak from a position of embodied difference, they also offer an alter ego for the feminist academic.
Shared Information, Cognitive Load, and Group Memory
Authors: Tindale R. Scott , Sheffey Susan
Published: April 2003

One of the key findings concerning how groups process information is the ‘common knowledge effect’—information shared by many group members plays a larger role in group process and performance than unshared information. However, in an information rich environment, assigning all information to all members may overload each member’s cognitive capabilities. Thus, the question addressed here is how to optimally assign information to group members. Following a model proposed by Zajonc and Smoke (1959), we assessed the effects of information assignment redundancy and group interaction on group memory performance. Participants in five-person groups either received a full list of consonant-verb-consonant non-word trigrams to memorize, or a partial list with each trigram distributed to two group members. Groups recalled the trigrams as either coacting or interacting groups. In terms of correct recall, coacting groups outperformed interacting groups, and partial redundancy produced better recall than total redundancy. However, intrusion errors were greatly reduced by group interaction and/or a reduction in the cognitive load on the individual group members (i.e. partial redundancy). Groups in the partial redundancy condition tended to perform near optimal levels. Implications for future research on information distribution in groups are discussed.
Evidence of Prejudice-Related Conflict and Associated Affect Beyond the College Setting
Authors: Voils Corrine I. , Ashburn-Nardo Leslie , Monteith Margo J.
Published: April 2003

Previous research has shown that many college students are prone to prejudice-related discrepancies (i.e. their responses to stereotyped group members are more prejudiced than their personal standards suggest is appropriate), and they feel guilty as a result. Although there are reasons to suspect that this prejudice with compunction may be observed only among college students, the present findings suggest that this is not the case. White participants varying in educational attainment (from completed grade school or less to completed graduate school), age, and income completed prejudice, discrepancy, and affect measures. Replicating findings obtained with college participants, participants reported having discrepancies, and low-prejudice participants felt guilty as a result of detecting their discrepancies. The results generalized across all levels of education, age, and income. Implications for the potential success of prejudice reduction strategies are discussed.
Goal Setting and Negotiation Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zetik Deborah C. , Stuhlmacher Alice F.
Published: April 2003

We review, through meta-analysis, the effects of goals and goal attributes on the outcomes received by negotiators. Despite a long-standing interest in aspirations and goals in negotiation, researchers have not fully integrated aspiration theory and goal setting theory in group activities such as negotiation. Results of 22 research reports indicated that negotiators who held optimal (i.e. specific and challenging) goals consistently achieved higher profits than negotiators with suboptimal or no goals. Goal difficulty had a strong, positive influence on profit outcomes. More difficult goals led to higher outcomes than less difficult goals. The effect of goals was stronger in the cases where (a) the negotiator’s opponent did not have a strong goal, (b) there were rewards for performance, (c) negotiations were not face-to-face, and (d) the negotiator had task experience. Also, as predicted by goal setting theory, no effect was found for participation in goal setting. Additionally, it is proposed that the interactive and interdependent nature of the negotiation task provides grounds for further development of goal setting and aspiration theory.
Supporting Employee Participation: Attitudes and Perceptions in Trainees, Employees and Teams
Authors: Langan-Fox Janice , Code Sharon , Gray Rachel , Langfield-Smith Kim
Published: April 2003

Research in employee participation has tended to focus on participation outcomes rather than the process of successful implementation, and to evaluate program success in terms of (a) employee attitudes (e.g. satisfaction) post-participation and (b) productivity or effectiveness. We argue that such approaches ignore the process component of successful implementation such as the long-term maintenance of interest in and support for participation among employees. A second problem is that although some research confronts this issue, the factors that moderate attitudes and perceptions of participation have not been examined in detail, nor acknowledged in current models of participation. Two projects are reported. The first examined the effect of seniority and training experience on personal support for participation, perceptions of program reputation and outcomes, and perceived organizational support for participation. Shop floor workers reported less personal support for employee participation and perceived less organizational support for participation than did special function workers and managers. Trainees held more positive perceptions of program outcomes, and they also reported more personal support for employee participation than did trained or untrained employees (regardless of seniority), although they perceived less organizational support for participation. The second study explored goal commitment in employee participation teams on the shop floor. Both prior team experience and task type predicted (perceived) status and influence within the team, which in turn predicted goal commitment. Teamwork training predicted perceived value of external relations, which in turn predicted goal commitment. Results are discussed in terms of implications for successful program implementation.
Representations and Preferences of Responses to Housing and Employment Discrimination
Authors: Lalonde Richard N. , Stroink Mirella L. , Aleem Muhammad R.
Published: April 2003

In two studies, the behavioral preferences of majority (White) and visible minority (non-White) individuals in response to a hypothetical situation of discrimination were examined. In addition, the characteristics and dimensions perceived to relate to these behaviors were also examined. In the first study, 120 primarily White undergraduate students first rated the likelihood of engaging in each of 14 behaviors in response to a situation of discrimination, and then rated each behavior on a number of attributes representing key dimensions of behavior identified in intergroup theories (individual-collective; active-passive; non-normative-normative) and phenomenological studies on the experience of discrimination (e.g. risk). A multimode factor analysis of the behaviors and attributes provided a three-component solution. While the dimensions underlying these components reflected dimensions of behavior identified by intergroup theorists, they were also qualitatively different from them. Further analysis revealed that behaviors associated with higher preference ratings were perceived as more normative, preparatory, and low in cost and risk. The behavioral preferences, and the dimensions underlying these preferences were replicated in a second study, which comprised 70 Black and South Asian participants. The patterns of results were similar for the White and non-White participants, although these two groups did differ in their endorsement and ratings of some of the behaviors.
Intergroup Comparisons within the Context of Nested Self-Categorizations: Effects of Regional and National Comparisons on the Acceptance of the European Union
Authors: Riketta Michael
Published: April 2003

The effects of intergroup comparisons on the acceptance (i.e. identification with and evaluation) of a superordinate group were examined. Sardinian students were assigned to four conditions, in which either regional and national comparisons within the European Union (EU), national comparisons across the EU border, or interpersonal comparisons were induced. As predicted, EU acceptance was lower after intergroup than interpersonal comparisons. Only little support was found for the prediction that EU acceptance was lower after within-EU than border-crossing comparisons. Moreover, correlational results pointed to the mediating role of perceived intergroup distinctiveness. Implications for research are discussed.
Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Lee Matthew R.
Published: April 2003

In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects’ prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favorably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects’ level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgments.
Distributive Justice in Common-Bond and Common-Identity Groups
Authors: Utz Sonja , Sassenberg Kai
Published: April 2003

Two experiments tested whether common-bond groups (attachment based on interpersonal bonds between the members) and common-identity groups (attachment based on attraction to the group as a whole; Prentice, Miller, & Lightdale, 1994) make different fairness judgments. Overall, the use of the equality heuristic (Messick, 1993) was expected. Moreover, based on social identity theory, we predicted that members of common-bond groups show an egocentric bias, whereas members of common-identity groups forgo their individual goals for the group goal. In both experiments, positive and negative outcomes were distributed. Experiment 1 manipulated the degree of involvement, Experiment 2 varied responsibility for the outcome. Results of both studies supported the hypothesis, thus emphasizing the importance of the distinction between common-bond and common-identity groups.
Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and the Future
Authors: Dovidio John F. , Gaertner Samuel L. , Kawakami Kerry
Published: April 2003

The Contact Hypothesis has long been considered one of psychology’s most effective strategies for improving intergroup relations. In this article, we review the history of the development of the Contact Hypothesis, and then we examine recent developments in this area. Specifically, we consider the conditions that are required for successful contact to occur (e.g. cooperation), investigate basic psychological processes that may mediate the consequent reductions in bias (e.g. decreased intergroup anxiety, increased common group representations), and explore factors that can facilitate the generalization of the benefits of intergroup contact in terms of more positive attitudes toward the outgroup as a whole (e.g. increased group salience). We conclude by outlining the contents of the contributions to this Special Issue on Intergroup Contact, highlighting common themes, and identifying findings that suggest directions for future research.
Meso-level Reasons for Racism and Xenophobia
Authors: Rydgren Jens
Published: April 2003

Increases in popular xenophobia and racism in a society may (partly) have meso-level reasons. The presence of a xenophobic Radical Right Populist (RRP) party may cause increases in racism and xenophobia because (a) it has an influence on other political actors; and (b) because it has an influence on people's frame of thought. I will identify and discuss various mechanisms that will be put against two empirical cases, France and Sweden. Both have witnessed the emergence of RRP parties during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. However, although they pursued similar xenophobic programmes and used similar anti-immigration frames, only the emergence of the Front National resulted in a dramatic increase in manifest, politicized xenophobia, whereas the emergence of New Democracy had no such effect. Some important factors behind these diverging effects will be elaborated and discussed in this article.
Sociology, Eurocentrism and Postcolonial Theory
Authors: McLennan Gregor
Published: April 2003

Postcolonial theory, particularly in its poststructuralist variant, presents important challenges to sociology's self-image, and open debate on these attempts to `unsettle' the modernist, Westernized disciplines is both conceptually and politically interesting. However, the postcolonial unsettling of sociology has to be actively extracted and reconstructed from the key texts of postcolonial theory - it is not transparently available as such - and this is the first main goal of the article. Particular attention is paid to the framings of these issues by Stuart Hall, Homi Bhahba and Robert Young. Second, the article offers the elements of a counter-critique, pointing out where the anti-sociological impulses of postcolonialism are exaggerated or unfounded, and also indicating serious internal problems for postcolonial theory when it is pitched as a direct and superior alternative to the modernist sociological `imaginary'. The continuing centrality (and difficulty) of questions on the nature of and purpose of explanatory social theory and postcolonial cultural studies are discussed.
Reflections on Seven Ways of Creating Power
Authors: Haugaard Mark
Published: April 2003

In this article it is argued that social power can be created based upon either the reproduction of social order or coercively but that in complex societies the former is the more important. Building upon the ideas of a number of authors - including Arendt, Parsons, Barnes, Bachrach and Baratz, Lukes, Giddens, Foucault and Clegg - a typology of seven forms of power creation is developed in a manner which allows for diverse phenomena from previously divergent perspectives to be woven together into a theoretical whole which renders them commensurable. At the foundational level, social order presupposes the recreation of shared meanings which enable actors to act in collaboration in a way which they could not otherwise do. This observation is used as the basic premise from which to re-examine the reproduction of social order and the relationship between power, structure and knowledge. Among other things, this allows the author to render Lukes' `false consciousness' argument commensurable with Foucault's power/knowledge hypothesis.
Too close to see: men, women, and webcams
Authors: White Michele
Published: April 2003

Internet studies researchers should consider how internet spectators are addressed and encouraged to engage. In this article, I offer some basic comments about internet spectatorship and present a detailed analysis of the ways in which spectatorship operates in the women’s webcam form. Webcam spectators may have less control than they expect because women webcam operators exert authority and achieve agency through their visibility. Feminist considerations of spectatorship and the gaze offer important methods for considering these representations, and suggest how viewing positions are being revised. Spectators are in a position that has been associated with women and is believed to be undesirable because of their nearness to the computer screen. The cultural and technological reconceptualization of spectatorship and the particular aspects of women’s webcams offer some unique opportunities to intervene in the ways that looking at and categorizing bodies produces gender and sexual difference.