bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversidade da ictiofauna do Alto Rio Paraná: composição atual e perspectivas futuras
Authors: Langeani Francisco , Castro Ricardo Macedo Corrêa e , Oyakawa Osvaldo Takeshi , Shibatta Oscar Akio , Pavanelli Carla Simone , Casatti Lilian
Published: March 2008

É apresentada uma síntese sobre os peixes do Alto Paraná, com base em dados de coleções, dados de literatura e novas coletas. Trezentas e dez espécies, de 11 ordens e 38 famílias, são referidas para a drenagem, aumentando significativamente números anteriores. Dentre as espécies da área, 236 (76,1%) são autóctones, 67 (21,6%) alóctones e sete (2,3%) exóticas. As principais causas de ocorrência de espécies não nativas (alóctones e exóticas) foram a dispersão a partir do baixo Paraná, após a construção do Reservatório de Itaipu e o escape de pisciculturas. A maior parte das espécies referidas (65%) tem porte pequeno, sendo menor que 21 cm de comprimento; dentre essas, a maioria ocorre apenas em riachos e cabeceiras. Apesar da ictiofauna do Alto Paraná ser uma das melhor conhecidas e mais estudadas, o número de espécies descritas ou referidas para a área tem crescido exponencialmente, o que indica que a riqueza apresentada está longe de representar a realidade. De fato, várias novas espécies têm sido descritas nos últimos anos e cerca de 50 novas espécies, já reconhecidas, estão em fase de descrição. A melhoria no conhecimento sobre a ictiofauna do Alto Paraná é proporcional ao número de pesquisadores envolvidos em estudos na bacia e reflete, de modo inequívoco, iniciativas recentes que têm estimulado e incrementado pesquisas taxonômicas, facilitado o acesso ao material depositado em coleções científicas e aumentado as coletas em áreas e ambientes pouco amostrados. Entretanto, mantido o ritmo de descrições de novas espécies ocorrido até agora nessa última década, as 50 novas espécies já reconhecidas estariam descritas apenas dentro de dez anos, um tempo demasiadamente longo. Por essa razão é muito importante que a comunidade científica e os órgãos de fomento encontrem e viabilizem iniciativas de modo a aumentar esse ritmo de descrições de novos táxons e disponibilizar esses novos nomes mais rapidamente.
Efeito do vento sobre a atividade de vôo de Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903) (Apidae, Meliponini)
Authors: Hilário Sergio Dias , Ribeiro Márcia de Fátima , Imperatriz-Fonseca Vera Lucia
Published: March 2008

Através de um sistema automatizado, a atividade do vôo de forrageiras de quatro colônias de Plebeia remota foi registrada, simultaneamente, de dezembro de 1998 a dezembro de 1999. A grande quantidade de dados obtidos permitiu uma análise quantitativa e sazonal do efeito da velocidade e direção do vento sobre a atividade de vôo. Nas quatro estações, a menor atividade de vôo de Plebeia remota ocorreu quando não houve vento ou quando a velocidade média do vento esteve abaixo de 0,5 m/s. Os picos de atividade de vôo ocorreram em velocidades de vento maiores e variaram segundo as estações e as colônias. No verão, os picos de atividade de vôo estiveram entre 3,5 e 5,5 m/s de velocidade, no outono, na classe 4,0-4,5 m/s, e na primavera entre 4,5 e 6,0 m/s. Entretanto, no inverno, houve clara restrição da atividade externa sob velocidades de vento superiores a 5,5 m/s. As forrageiras de P. remota orientaram preferencialmente seus vôos para certas direções de vento. Exceto no verão, as direções predominantes de vôo foram similares entre as quatro colônias. Estas direções também coincidiram com a posição dos recursos florais mais utilizados pelas colônias. Quando as forrageiras tinham que sair da colônia com vento contra, se registrou menor atividade de vôo.
Composição e diversidade de répteis Squamata na região sul do Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, Brasil Central
Authors: Recoder Renato , Nogueira Cristiano
Published: March 2008

Neste estudo são apresentados os resultados de amostragem de Squamata do Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, MG, na área nuclear do Cerrado brasileiro, através de metodologia padronizada. A riqueza, diversidade e distribuição das espécies são comentadas e comparadas com os resultados em outras regiões do Cerrado. A fauna de Squamata na região inclui pelo menos 50 espécies, dentre as quais 25 lagartos, três anfisbenas e 22 serpentes, distribuídas em 12 famílias: Polychrotidae (1), Tropiduridae (3), Scincidae (4), Teiidae (3), Gymnophthalmidae (6), Anguidae (1), Amphisbaenidae (3), Anomalepididae (1), Leptotyphlopidae (1), Boidae (2), Colubridae (16) e Viperidae (2). A riqueza registrada e estimada indica que a região pode figurar entre as mais ricas em todo o Cerrado. As espécies de Squamata parecem possuir preferências previsíveis sobre os diferentes hábitats disponíveis, e admite-se a grande influência de fatores histórico-filogenéticos na distribuição espacial das espécies. A fisionomia do carrasco destacou-se por abrigar duas espécies restritas à região, Stenocercus quinarius e Psilophthalmus sp., sendo promissora para novos estudos. Os ambientes abertos, especialmente as fisionomias savânicas típicas do Cerrado, apresentaram maior riqueza, em concordância com outros locais estudados, e com implicações diretas na conservação da diversidade biológica do Cerrado.
Contribuição para o conhecimento de Chytridiomycota da "Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba", Santo André, SP, Brasil
Authors: Pires-Zottarelli Carmen Lidia Amorim , Gomes Alexandra Lenk
Published: March 2008

Estudo da diversidade de quitridiomicetos de solo e água, na "Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba", resultou no isolamento de 29 espécies, com três Blastocladiales, 23 Chytridiales, uma Monoblepharidales e duas Spizellomycetales. Dos táxons isolados, 69% são citados pela primeira vez para a Reserva, 14% para o estado de São Paulo, e 7% para o país. É a primeira menção de Rhizophydium condylosum Karling no Brasil.
Arctiidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) da Estação Biológica de Boracéia (Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brasil)
Authors: Ferro Viviane Gianluppi , Diniz Ivone Rezende
Published: March 2008

Uma lista das espécies de mariposas Arctiidae com registro de ocorrência para a Estação Biológica de Boracéia (EBB) é apresentada. Esta listagem foi obtida através da observação de material depositado em quatro coleções científicas brasileiras. Um total de 237 espécies foi registrado. A EBB está entre as localidades mais ricas em espécies de Arctiidae do Brasil.
Chave de identificação dos Ctenophora da costa brasileira
Authors: Oliveira Otto Müller Patrão de , Mianzan Hermes , Migotto Alvaro Esteves , Marques Antonio Carlos
Published: March 2008

Embora abundantes e importantes ecologicamente no meio marinho, os ctenóforos do litoral brasileiro têm sido pouco estudados. O presente estudo tem por objetivo prover informações para auxiliar na identificação desses organismos. Para tal, são descritos métodos de fixação e documentação fotográfica dos ctenóforos. A terminologia referente ao grupo, em língua portuguesa, é apresentada na forma de um glossário. Além disso, as características que distinguem as treze espécies registradas para águas brasileiras são organizadas em uma chave de identificação. A complementação da identificação pode ser feita pela literatura indicada para cada espécie.
Variações na coloração de iraras (Eira barbara Linnaeus, 1758 - Carnivora, Mustelidae) da Reserva Biológica Estadual do Sassafrás, Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil
Authors: Tortato Fernando Rodrigo , Althoff Sérgio Luiz
Published: March 2008

Iraras apresentam variações de coloração por toda sua área de distribuição, sendo o objetivo deste estudo contribuir para o conhecimento destas variações. Na Reserva Biológica Estadual do Sassafrás, Santa Catarina, Brasil, foram obtidos 21 registros fotográficos de iraras, abrangendo diferentes colorações de pelagem. Duas classes de coloração foram observadas entre os indivíduos fotografados: corpo escuro com cabeça e pescoço cinzas e corpo, cabeça e pescoço branco-amarelados. A freqüência dos registros não variou significativamente entre as duas classes de coloração, indicando que a coloração de pelagem branco-amarelada é comum para esta população local.
O primeiro registro de Sinningia gigantifolia Chautems (Gesneriaceae) no estado de São Paulo
Authors: Arzolla Frederico Alexandre Roccia Dal Pozzo , Paula Gláucia Cortez Ramos de , Chautems Alain Philippe , Shepherd George John
Published: March 2008

Sinningia gigantifolia Chautems é uma espécie rupícola restrita à Serra da Mantiqueira e partes altas da Serra do Mar, que ocorre principalmente em formações florestais. O presente trabalho apresenta o primeiro registro desta espécie para o Estado de São Paulo, na Serra do Baú, em São Bento do Sapucaí. Uma descrição completa da espécie, uma análise da sua distribuição e uma alteração na chave de identificação do gênero Sinningia da Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo são fornecidas.
The programme of flood defence works, Humber estuary
Authors: Rowland A. , Trim L. , Ash J.
Published: March 2008

In the Humber estuary approximately 235 km of flood defences protect a tidal floodplain of about 90 000 ha, containing the homes of more than 300 000 people and assets valued at more than £7 billion including the conurbations of Hull, Grimsby, Cleethorpes, Immingham and Goole and extensive areas of highly productive farmland. With a projected expenditure of £500 million over 50 years, there was a need to propose a prioritised programme of works for the 50-year period and to develop proposals in sufficient detail to get approvals for the first five-year programme of works. This paper describes the phased approach that was adopted and the methodology used to establish the extent and timing of works needed. Following prioritisation of the works and preparation of a preliminary programme of works, more detailed assessment of the works identified in the first 15 years was undertaken, including environmental assessments and economic analysis. The paper concludes with a brief description of the works proposed in the first five years of the strategy period.
Hypsometry of estuaries, creeks and breached sea wall sites
Authors: Townend I. H.
Published: March 2008

The way in which the plan area of a drainage basin varies with elevation, is known as the hypsometry and is a useful way of capturing key elements of the geomorphological form. Variations in this form can alter the way the tide propagates and change the ebb and flood properties of the tide. The hypsometry can be particularly relevant where a sea wall is to be breached to create new mudflat and saltmarsh within a managed re-alignment site. A number of parametric relationships are examined and used to fit data obtained from bathymetry and topography for a range of estuaries, creeks and breached sea wall sites. These results are used as the basis for a method to characterise the hypsometry of inlets and breached sea wall sites. This is particularly useful for the design of breaches in managed re-alignment sites because the hypsometry has a major influence on the rate of infilling and hence the size of breach required to avoid scour problems. It also provides an indication of the likely habitat composition of the site ranging from mudflat to saltmarsh to supra-tidal.
Talk about Text during Independent Writing: What Teacher—Student Interaction Suggests for How We Understand Students' Competence
Authors: Davidson Christina
Published: March 2008

Talk between students and their teachers is central to learning at school, yet students' competence is often understood as the outcome of instructional talk rather than essential to successful participation in instructional talk. Curriculum frameworks used to attribute students with levels of competence reflect these understandings. This article employs Conversation Analysis to consider student—teacher interaction during an independent writing lesson. Discussion of their interaction establishes the link between the student's taken-for-granted knowledge of teacher talk and the teacher's instruction. The finding suggests the importance of locating students' competence within the context of instructional talk between teachers and students.
The Child Care Trilemma: How Moral Orientations Influence the Field
Authors: Lash Martha , McMullen Mary
Published: March 2008

The achievement of quality, affordability and availability — what has been called the ‘trilemma’ of child care — continues to pose relevant, moral challenges for administrators, teachers and parents. These three dimensions of the trilemma are directly related to questions of moral significance related to how the US child care structure affects the families, teachers, and administrators who are intimately involved in the care and education of children. An examination of the trilemma is made to clarify mutually dependent dimensions of this complex system and the inherent moral confounds that accentuate the intra- and interrelated flowing moral tensions. The moral orientations of justice and care are reviewed, not to the exclusion of one another, but to characterize each orientation, the tension between them, and the possibility of moral pluralism. The moral orientations of justice, care and moral pluralism are used as lenses through which to view the perspectives of the three study participants (i.e. a parent, teacher, and administrator) and their exploration, advocacy, and decision making on issues they find salient within the child care trilemma. The perspectives and insights shared by the participants in this study contribute to our understanding about the thinking, decision making and action that surround this inherent moral complexity of the trilemma.
Understanding the Desirability of English Language Education in Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Chao-Ling
Published: March 2008

The popularity and desirability of English language education has become somewhat unbeatable in Taiwan. This article seeks to understand the multiple threads of reasoning systems that come together to constitute and sustain the desirability of English learning. It conceptualizes that language education is more than teaching and learning a new/foreign language. Language is intertwined with the sphere of culture. Thus, it is hoped to encourage an alternative perspective for rethinking English language education in Taiwan.
Recurrent Nested Stromal Epithelial Tumor of the Liver with Extrahepatic Metastasis: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Brodsky Sergey V. , Sandoval Claudio , Sharma Ninu , Yusuf Yasmin , Facciuto Marcelo E. , Humphrey Marissa , Yeh Y. Albert , Braun Alex , Melamed Myron , Finegold Milton J.
Published: March 2008

Nested stromal epithelial tumor is a recently described primary neoplasm of the liver. This tumor is characterized by well-demarcated nests of spindle and epithelioid cells with occasional calcification and bone formation. An association between these tumors and Cushing syndrome has been described. Herein we report a case of a recurrent nested stromal epithelial tumor of the liver in a 17-year-old female with aggressive clinical behavior and an extrahepatic lymph node metastasis. Also, we provide the first detailed clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic comparison of the original and recurrent tumors. Initially, the patient presented with Cushingoid symptoms and epigastric pain, radiating to her back. A computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a large lesion in the liver. After a partial hepatectomy, the Cushingoid features were resolved. A year later, a CT scan revealed multiple lesions within the liver, and positron emission tomographic/CT imaging showed a hypermetabolic lymph node. The patient underwent a cadaveric liver transplant. Histologically, both the original and recurrent tumors had similar characteristics, with different immunoreactivity, correlating with the absence of systemic hormonal symptoms. Electron microscopy of the original neoplasm revealed an abundance of rough cytoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. No evidence of endocrine differentiation was found. Cytogenetics of the primary tumor was complex with an abnormal hypotriploid karyotype. Our data indicate that patients with nested stromal epithelial tumor of the liver must be carefully followed with imaging to detect hepatic recurrence and extrahepatic metastases.
Iron porphyrins-catalysed oxidation of α-alkyl substituted mono and dimethoxylated benzyl alcohols
Authors: Fabbri Claudia , Aurisicchio Claudia , Lanzalunga Osvaldo
Published: March 2008

The mechanisms of oxidation of a series of a-alkyl substituted mono and dimethoxylated benzyl alcohols catalysed by mesotetrakis(4-N-methylpyridynium)porphyrin iron (III) chloride (FeTMPyPCl) and meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin iron (III) chloride (FeTSPPCl) in aqueous solution with KHSO5 as oxygen atom donor and by meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin iron (III) chloride (FeTPFPPCl) in dichloromethane employing iodosylbenzene as oxidant have been investigated. In the highly polar aqueous medium an electron transfer mechanism is operating. With FeTMPyPCl, which is a much more efficient catalyst than FeTSPPCl due to the presence of stronger electron withdrawing substituents, formation of side-chain oxidation products accompanies generation of nuclear oxidation products. In the low polar solvent dichloromethane, two competing mechanism have been suggested: hydrogen atom transfer and formation of a complex between the active species iron-oxo porphyrin radical cation and the substrate.
Azabrendanes V. Synthesis and reactions of stereoisomeric exo- and endo-5-aminomethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-based ureas
Authors: Kasyan Lilija , Kasyan Andrey , Tarabara Igor , Okovytyy Sergiy , Golodayeva Elena , Tokar Andrey , Podolyan Yevgeniy
Published: March 2008

A number of stereoisomeric ureas (N-[aryl(benzyl, or cycloalkyl)carbamoyl]-exo(endo)-5-aminomethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enes) have been synthesized from bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-exo(endo)-5-carbonitrile by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride and subsequent reaction of the resulting amines with aryl (benzyl, or cycloalkyl) isocyanates. Regioselective alkylation of stereoisomeric ureas has been performed with benzyl chloride under liquid/solid phase-transfer catalysis. The outcome of the reactions of ureas with peroxy acids is dependent upon the orientation of substituents in the bicyclic fragment. Exo-isomeric ureas are transformed into corresponding epoxy-derivatives, while reactions of the endo-isomers are accompanied by intramolecular cyclization, resulting in the formation of azatricyclononane derivatives. Quantum-chemical calculations have established a decisive role for additional hydrogen bonding in the stabilization of transition states in these heterocyclization reactions of ureas. The structures and stereochemical homogeneity of the products have been confirmed by the analysis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra and correlation spectroscopy. The mechanism of the intramolecular heterocyclization reaction of ureas and carboxamide of endo-5-aminomethyl-exo-2,3-epoxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptane series has been studied at the BHandHLYP/6-31G(d) level of theory.
Kinetics and mechanism of the C-S coupling reactions of aryl Grignard reagents with aryl arenesulfonates
Authors: Erdik Ender , Eroğlu Fatma
Published: March 2008

The kinetics of the C-S coupling of arylmagnesium bromides with phenyl tosylate has been studied in THF: toluene at 90°C. The reaction is first order in Grignard reagent and first order in phenyl tosylate. Kinetic data, Hammett relationship and activation parameters are consistent with a nucleophilic addition mechanism involving rate determining attack of carbanion to sulfonyl group followed by a fast phenoxide group leaving.
Issue of the spherically symmetric static vacuum metric in the relativistic theory of gravity
Authors: Kalashnikov Vladimir
Published: March 2008

The spherically symmetric vacuum metric in the relativistic theory of gravity is analyzed numerically. It is found that there is no deviation of the numerical solution from that of general relativity except in the near-horizon range. The solution obtained has the well-established analytical asymptotics for both the near-and far-horizon limits. It satisfies the causality principle and does not impose a lower limit on the graviton mass.
A diffusion Monte Carlo study of small para-hydrogen clusters
Authors: Guardiola Rafael , Navarro Jesús
Published: March 2008

An improved Monte Carlo diffusion model is used to calculate the ground state energies and chemical potentials of parahydrogen clusters of three to forty molecules, using two different p-H2-p-H2 interactions. The improvement is due to three-body correlations in the importance sampling, to the time step adjustment and to a better estimation of statistical errors. In contrast to path-integral Monte Carlo results, this method predicts no magic clusters other than that with thirteen molecules.
Photochromism and magneto-optic response of ZnO:Mn semiconductor quantum dots fabricated by microemulsion route
Authors: Misra Nirmal , Roy Mohendra , Mohanta Dambarudhar , Baruah Kishor , Choudhury Amarjyoti
Published: March 2008

ZnO:Mn semiconductor quantum dots were prepared by solution casting led microemulsion route. Quantum dots of average size ∼2 nm were noticed in transmission electron micrographs. The present work highlights colour change phenomena (photochromic effect) of quantum dots while subjected to photon illumination. The magneto-optic measurements e.g. magnetic field (H) vs angle of rotation (θ) show step like behavior and is ascribed to the quantum confinement effect of diluted magnetic ZnO:Mn nanostructures. Further, underlying mechanism responsible for exhibiting photochromism and magneto-optic effects are also discussed.
Transplacental needle passage and other risk‐factors associated with second trimester amniocentesis
Authors: Marthin Tove , Liedgren Sigrun , Hammar Mats
Published: March 2008

Objective. To assess the obstetric outcome of all pregnancies undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis over a 10 year period at one center and the risk‐factors for pregnancy loss associated to the procedure.

Material arid method. All 2083 pregnancies with known pregnancy outcome and second trimester amniocentesis were included. Risk‐factors for pregnancy loss were analysed by using patients' charts and a special record from the amniocentesis.

Results. The over‐all risk of pregnancy loss after second trimester amniocentesis was 1.3% (28/2083). There was a slight but nonsignificant relationship between the degree of experience of the gynecologist and risk for pregnancy loss. A more experienced operator used significantly fewer needle insertions (p<0.001). Multiple needle insertions were also associated with a slight, albeit nonsignificant, increase in incidence in fetal loss (3.8% after three or more insertions vs. 1.2% after one insertion, NS). No difference in spontaneous abortion incidence was found in patients having an anterior versus a posterior placenta, nor did transplacental needle passage increase the risk for pregnancy loss. Comparison between use of real‐time ultrasonic guidance at the amniocentesis and static ultrasonography immediately prior to the procedure did not reveal any differences in the incidence in spontaneous abortion.

Conclusion. Second trimester amniocentesis seems to be a safe method for prenatal diagnosis. The risk for pregnancy loss was low (1.3%) and was only slightly and nonsignificantly affected by the operator's experience and multiple needle insertions. Transplacental needle passage did not affect the risk of pregnancy loss.
Concentration of anti‐D antibodies in Rh(D) alloimmunized pregnant women, as a predictor of anemia and/or hyperbilirubinemia in their newborn infants
Authors: Gottvall Tomas , Hllden Jan‐Olof
Published: March 2008

Objectives. To define a simple, safe and reliable program for the monitoring of anti‐D alloimmunized pregnancies by analysis of the covariation between antenatal values of the titer and the concentration of anti‐D antibodies in maternal serum, the AOD450 nm in amniotic fluid samples, and the levels of B‐hemoglobin and S‐bilirubin in the newborns at birth.

Subjects. Ninety‐three Rh(D) negative women with anti‐D antibody titers ≥ 16 who, after the completed 34th gestational week, gave birth to Rh(D) positive babies with a positive direct antiglobulin test.

Methods. The titers and the concentrations of anti‐D antibodies in maternal serum were determined by standard procedures every second week from the 25th week of gestation. In 47 of the 93 women, ΔOD450 nm in amniotic fluid was determined at least once. All antenatal values used in the study were determined within 14 days before delivery.

Results and conclusion. Maternal serum antibody titers ≤32 or ≥1000 could in themselves well predict unaffected and affected newborns. Antibody titers between 64 and 512 could not accurately predict newborns with or without hemolytic disease. As a complementary monitoring test, determination of the ΔOD450 nm was found to be less accurate when compared to determination of the concentration of anti‐D antibodies.

In order to monitor Rh(D) alloimmunized pregnancies, determination of the concentration of anti‐D antibodies may possibly replace determination of ΔOD450 nm.
Sick leave and social benefits during pregnancy – a Swedish – Norwegian comparison
Authors: Sydsjö Adam , Sydsjö Gunilla , Kjessler Berndt
Published: March 2008

Background. To analyze the correlation between sickness absence, working conditions, pregnancy outcomes and pregnancy associated social benefits in two urban pregnant populations in Sweden and Norway with different social benefit systems.

Methods. Relevant information on 1649 delivered women was manually extracted by the authors from the antenatal care and delivery records as well as from the personal social security files kept in the Värnamo and Hamar communities, and then computerized in a depersonalized form.

Results. The reproductive histories and the pregnancy outcomes appeared clinically similar in the two samples. Swedish pregnant women were significantly more often employed outside home (84 vs. 69 per cent). The types of occupations held were similar in Värnamo and Hamar. Swedish pregnant women were significantly more sick‐listed during pregnancy than Norwegian women (64 vs. 32 per cent) and with a longer average duration of the sick‐leave spells (61 days vs. 44 days). The sick‐leave rate among Swedish employed pregnant women was 75 per cent as compared to 48 per cent in Norway. The differences appeared most evident in younger pregnant women (<25 years). The Swedish sick‐leave rates were higher within all four occupational subgroups studied. During the observation period the pregnancy associated social benefits were significantly more generous in Sweden.

Conclusions. Sickness absence during pregnancy does not seem to covariate in a simple way with ill health, working conditions or the amount of social benefits available. The increased sick‐leave rates in Sweden may possibly be accounted for by a changing attitude towards pregnancy and its natural consequences, especially among younger women.
The clinical outcome in pregnancies of grand grand multiparous women
Authors: Juntunen Kaisa , Kirkinen Pertti , Kauppila Antti
Published: March 2008

Objective. To longitudinally evaluate maternal and neonatal complications with relation to birth order, with specific emphasis on grand grand multiparity (at least 10th para).

Methods. The maternal and neonatal outcome of 1200 pregnancies/deliveries in 96 grand grand multiparas was longitudinally investigated in 4 stages of the mothers' life: the primi‐paras, the multiparas (2nd‐5th paras), the grand multiparas (6th‐9th paras) and the grand grand multiparas stage.

Results. The frequency of hypertension, diabetes, placental complications, operative interventions at delivery, macrosomic infants, chromosomal abbreviations and fetal/neonatal anomalies increased with increasing birth order, being at a maximum in grand grand multiparas. The preterm delivery and perinatal mortality rate did not differ between the 3 groups of multiparas. Perinatal outcome was good in each group.

Conclusions. Grand grand multiparity carries the risk of hypertensive and diabetic complications, which, in turn, often lead to induced or operative deliveries and placental complications. However, grand grand multiparity is not a major problem in societies with a good maternal health care system.
The effect of a normal vaginal delivery on anal function
Authors: Rieger Nicholas , Schloithe Ann , Saccone Gino , Wattchow David
Published: March 2008

Background. To determine the effect of an uncomplicated vaginal delivery on anal sphincter function in primiparous women.

Methods. In a prospective study, anal manometry was performed prenatally and at 4‐6 weeks postnatally in 18 primiparous women (11 undergoing vaginal delivery; seven having Cesarean section). No patient had any evidence of anal sphincter damage after delivery as determined by anal ultrasound and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency.

Results. Vaginal delivery was associated with a significant reduction in the squeeze pressure (SP: prenatal 269 cm H2O vs postnatal 204 cm H2O; p=0.004) but not the resting pressure (RP: prenatal 96 cm H2O vs postnatal 86 cm H2O; p=0.075). Cesarean section was not associated with any significant change in anal pressures.

Conclusion. A normal vaginal delivery with no evidence of sphincter injury was associated with a significant effect on anal function when measured 4‐6 weeks postnatally.
Transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial cytology sampled by Gynoscann and histology obtained by Uterine Explora Curette compared to the histology of the uterine specimen: A prospective study in pre‐ and postmenopausal women undergoing elective hysterectomy
Authors: Kufahl Jan , Pedersen Ivan , Eriksen Poul Sindberg , Helkjær Poul Erik , Larsen Lise Grupe , Jensen Karen Linnert , de Nully Pia , Philipsen Torben , Wåhlin Anne
Published: March 2008

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of transvaginal ultrasound measurement of endometrial thickness, cytology obtained by Gynoscannr`, and histology of the endometrium sampled by Uterine Explora Curetter` compared with histology of the uterine specimen as the gold standard.

Methods. Consecutive patients admitted for hysterectomy had transvaginal ultrasound, sampling by Gynoscannr`, and Uterine Explora Curetter` done just before surgery, after informed consent.

Results. A total of 181 women entered the study. Sixteen had endometrial cancer, seven had atypical hyperplasia and nine had complex hyperplasia. A total of 168 patients had a transvaginal ultrasound done. At a cutoff limit of 4mm (endometrial thickness of 4mm or less indicating normal endometrium), the sensitivity was 90.3%, the specificity 24.8%, the positive predictive value 21.4% and the negative predictive value 91.9%. One endometrial cancer, one atypical and one complex hyperplasia were missed. The Gynoscannr` method showed a sensitivity of 62.5%, a specificity of 94.0%, a positive predictive value of 69.0% and a negative predictive value of 92.1%. Two cancers, three atypical and six complex hyperplasia were missed. The Uterine Explora Curetter` showed a sensitivity of 90.6%, a specificity of 100.0%, a positive predictive value of 100.0% and a negative predictive value of 98.0%. One endometrial cancer and two complex hyperplasia were missed.

Conclusion. Transvaginal ultrasound is a reliable method in excluding endometrial pathology. The Uterine Explora Curetter` was superior to Gynoscannr` in diagnosing neoplasia of the endometrium. It was found to have the same diagnostic accuracy as conventional dilatation and curettage.
Sonographic findings in a case report of benign leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata
Authors: Guariglia Lorenzo , Conte Massimo
Published: March 2008

Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare, normally benign, condition usually diagnosed in women of reproductive age. The disease consists of multiple subperitoneal smooth muscle nodules scattered all over the abdominopelvic viscera and peritoneum. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is uncertain. Since cases of spontaneous regression (1) or recurrence (2) as well as rare cases of malignant degeneration (3, 4) have been reported in the literature, management is still controversial.
Elevated levels of serum lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype are not related to pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Leerink Casper B. , de Vries Cynthia V. S. , Van der Klis Fiona R. M.
Published: March 2008

background. Pre‐eclampsia might result from a less effective invasion of trophoblast cells in the myometrium, caused by attenuated immunosuppression in the spiral arteries, resulting from inhibition of plasmin‐mediated activation of transforming growth factor‐β‐like substances. In vitro evidence indicates that lipoprotein(a) is capable of inhibiting plasmin‐mediated activation of transforming growth factor‐β. Thus, high plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) might result in increased incidence of preeclampsia.

Methods. The patient group consisted of 39 patients with a history of pre‐eclampsia in a previous pregnancy: Forty‐seven women without pre‐eclampsia in their history and matched for age were the control group. All participants gave their informed consent. In both the patient and control group blood pressure, CRP, urinalysis, cholesterol, HDL‐cholesteroI, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a) level and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype were determined.

Results. None of the participants had elevated CRP levels, excluding acute phase related elevations of lipoprotein(a). Proteinuria was present in 33% of patients and in 11% of controls (p=0.01). However, no relation was observed between proteinuria and Lp(a) level. Median Lipoprotein(a) levels in both groups were equal (300 mg/1 vs. 275 mg/1; p=0.48), as well as the apo(a) phenotype distribution in both groups.

Conclusions. Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype do not contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia.
Maternal mortality in rural Zambia
Authors: Vork Fred C. , Kyanamina Simasiku , van Roosmalen Jos
Published: March 2008

Objective. To assess maternal mortality.

Design. Sisterhood method survey and hospital data.

Setting. Communities in Kalabo District, a very remote rural area in western Zambia; Kalabo District Hospital.

Results. The number of respondents in the sisterhood method survey was 1,978. The estimated maternal mortality ratio derived from this survey was 1,238 per 100,000 live births. The hospital study involved 2,474 deliveries of 2,374 live babies. The official number of maternal deaths was 13. Further investigation of files revealed an additional 15 maternal deaths, bringing the institutional maternal mortality rate from 548 to 1,179 per 100,000 live births. The major causes of direct maternal deaths were obstructed labor and sepsis. In 71% of all cases substandard care factors contributed.

Conclusions. Maternal mortality in rural Zambia is among the highest as reported in the world. Official hospital data tend to underestimate maternal mortality in the community due to underreporting. The sisterhood method survey is an efficient indirect method to assess maternal mortality in rural areas of developing countries.
Evidence that women with a history of cesarean section can deliver twins safely
Authors: Odeh Marwan , Tarazova Lidiya , Wolfson Margareth , Oettinger Moshe
Published: March 2008

Objective. To determine whether a trial of labor is safe in twin pregnancies after one previous cesarean section.

Study design. Retrospective analysis of all cases of multiple pregnancies after cesarean section during the years 1970‐1993, including twin gestations after one cesarean section.

Results. Forty‐six cases of multiple gestations were found, 36 of which were eligible for the study presented herein. Fifteen women (41.7%) were denied trial of labor. Twenty‐one women (58.3%) were allowed trial of labor, 17 (80.9%) of whom were delivered vaginally and four (19.1%) by a repeated cesarean section. The group of trial of labor was compared to the group of elective cesarean section. Hospitalization period was 4.4±1.9 days and 8.0±2.6 days in the trial of labor group and elective cesarean section group, respectively (p<0.01). Blood transfusions required were 9.5% and 26.6% in both groups, respectively (NS). Puerperial infections were 9.5% in the trial of labor group, compared to 46.6% in the elective cesarean section group (NS). No scar dehiscence occurred in either groups. There were no statistically significant differences in age, parity, gestational age at delivery, mean newborn weight, Apgar score at one and five minutes, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission and mean Neonatal Intensive Care Unit stay.

Conclusions. Vaginal delivery in twin gestation after one previous cesarean section may be considered in appropriate cases. A large multicentral randomized prospective study may further confirm this conclusion.
How effectively do copper intrauterine devices prevent ectopic pregnancy?
Authors: Skjeldestad Finn Egil
Published: March 2008

Objective. To assess the risk of ectopic pregnancy when using copper intrauterine devices relative to non‐use of coniraception and female sterilization.

Design. Case‐control study.

Material and methods. All cases diagnosed with a histologically verified extrauterine pregnancy and who became spontaneously pregnant in one Norwegian county from January 1, 1987 through to December 31, 1990 were eligible. Non‐pregnant control women were chosen at random from the Norwegian Population Registry. Eligible for study were sexually active women, from 20 to 39 years of age, and who defined themselves as fecund. Included in the final analyses were 168 cases and 1,169 controls, who had all been previously pregnant. Statistical methods. Chi square test and unconditional logistic regression.

Results. Compared with non‐users of contraception, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) among current users of copper intrauterine devices was 0.09 (95% confidence intervals (CI); 0.06 0.13). Compared with women who were sterilized, the aOR of having an ectopic pregnancy among current copper IUD users was 1.6 (95% CI; 0.7‐3.5).

Conclusion. Relative to non‐users of contraception, current copper IUD users had a 91% (95% CI; 87‐94%) protection against ectopic pregnancy, while compared with women who had had a tubal sterilization, current copper IUD users had a 60% non‐significant increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Age‐period‐cohort analysis of cervical cancer mortality in Taiwan, 1974‐1992
Authors: Wang Pair Dong , Lin Ruey S.
Published: March 2008

Objectives. To develop a hypothesis about the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer from a descriptive analysis.

Methods. The mortality data of cervical cancer were analyzed over the period from 1974 to 1992 among Taiwanese women using a log‐linear Poisson model modified from the method of Osmond and Gardner to examine the effects of age, calendar period of death, and birth cohort on cervical cancer mortality.

Results. This age‐period‐cohort model provides a summary guide for interpretation of cancer mortality trends. According to this model, age was found to be the strongest factor predicting cervical cancer mortality. Women in 50‐54 age group have 89.3‐fold risk of cervical cancer compared to those in the 30‐34 age group. The cohort effect is also of particular interest because the generation at greatest risk for cervical cancer is the one born between 1893 and 1938, and a dramatically declining trend is observed thereafter for 1938‐1963 birth cohort. Interest has emerged about the increasing trend in recent cohorts (after 1963 birth cohort). However calendar time only has a slight effect in the APC analysis. The model also identified a possible role of female sex hormones as the age effect, promiscuous sexual activity as the period effect (promoter) and the change in reproductive behavior as the cohort effect (initiator).

Conclusions. These results may help to develop a hypothesis of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer in Taiwan.
Chronobiologic Considerations in Pharmacologic and Toxicologic Studies: Fact or Fancy
Authors: Nair V. , Chedid A.
Published: March 2008

Previous studies showing circadian variation in pharmacologic response to drugs in man and experimental animals have been reviewed. The chronobiologic response is discussed in terms of the pharmacologic factors that determine drug action. The importance of internal markers in chronopharmacologic studies is emphasized and is illustrated by our studies with the antihypersive drugs. Identification of chronobiologic variations in the therapeutic and toxic response to drugs, when present, along with an understanding of their mechanisms, would permit the design of optimal therapeutic regimens for these drugs.
Chronopharmacology of β-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Drugs: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies in Rats
Authors: Lemmer B. , Bathe K. , Lang P. H. , Neumann G. , Winkler H.
Published: March 2008

Specific and nonspecific effects and the pharmacokinetic behavior of β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs of different Iipophilicity (atenolol, bupranolol, carazolol, metoprolol, ox-prenolol, practolol, propranolol, sotalol) were investigated in L-D-synchronized male rats as a function of treatment time. The studies revealed that pharmacodynamic effects on heart rate, cardiac noradrenaline turnover, and motor activity as well as pharmacokinetic parameters of racemic mixtures of β-receptor blockers display temporal variations with more pronounced pharmacological effects and shorter elimination half-lives in the dark span. Studies with the isomers of bupranolol and practolol indicate no stereospecificity in the central depressant effect; the kinetic behavior of, for example, propranolol, however, exhibits stereospecificity. The results demonstrate the importance of circadian rhythms in modifying the effects and kinetics of drugs. These findings may have therapeutic implication in human subjects.
Tissue Distribution, Elimination, and Metabolism of O-Ethyl O-4-Nitrophenyl Phenylphosphonothioate in Hens Following Daily Dermal Doses
Authors: Abou-Donia Mohamed B. , Abdel-Kader Hassan M. , Abou-Donia Sherif A.
Published: March 2008

The absorption, distribution, elimination, and metabolism of the insecticide O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothionate (EPN) were studied in the hen. A daily dermal dose of 0.5 mg/kg (0.56 μCi/dose) of [14C]EPN (O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl [14C] phenylphosphonothioate) was applied for 10 consecutive days to hens. Three treated hens were killed at each of the following time intervals: 1,5,10, and 15 days after the administration of the last dose. A total of 65% of the cumulative dose was excreted in the combined urinary and fecal excrement 15 days after the last dose. Small amounts of radioactivity were deposited in the egg yolk (0.8%) and the egg albumen (0.3%). No 14C02 was detected in the expired air. Radioactivity in the tissues reached a peak of 12% of the total administered dose one day after the last dose; 14C decreased to 1.5% of the total dose (12% of the peak value) 15 days after the administration of the last. dose. The concentration of radioactivity was highest in the liver, followed by the kidney, gall bladder, bile, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, and skin. Relatively low concentrations of 14C were detected in the central and peripheral nervous tissues. O-Ethyl phenylphosphonic acid (EPPA) was identified as the major urinary-fecal metabolite followed by phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) and O-ethyl phenylphosphonothioic acid (EPPTA). EPN accounted for most of the radioactivity in tissues except in the liver. In this tissue most of the radioactivity was identified as EPPA, EPPTA, and PPA.
Toxicological Assessment of Zeolites
Authors: Thomas John A. , Ballantyne Bryan
Published: March 2008

The zeolites, sometimes referred to as molecular sieves, are a large group of natural and synthetic materials. Their composition may consist of an aluminosilicate framework containing alkali or alkaline earth cations. Zeolites exhibit fibrous, cuboidal, or other crystalline morphologies. Often considered nuisance dusts, these materials may evoke pulmonary changes leading to irritation of the respiratory tract. Pulmonary inflammatory responses, particularly those caused by natural occurring zeolites, can lead to fibrosis and even mesotheliomas. Synthetic zeolite structures, usually cuboidal, produce irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes, but there is no evidence of significant pathologic changes in the lungs. Few nonpulmonary toxicologic changes are produced by either the natural or synthetic zeolites.
Harmonization of Drug Safety Guidelines: A Perspective from the Pharmaceuticals Industry
Authors: Diener Robert M.
Published: March 2008

The Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA) have taken a leading role in the current harmonization efforts, which also include issues on quality assurance and clinical efficacy, although these subjects will not be addressed here. Important preclinical testing issues were identified by industry and regulatory expert working groups in Europe, Japan, and the United States. The most critical issues were then selected, and regulatory agencies in each country were encouraged to address the possible resolution of national differences. The issues under discussion include acceptable requirements for single-dose testing in rodents and nonrodents; clarification of no-effect, delayed-effect, and toxic-effect dose levels in repeated-dose toxicity studies; 6-versus 12-month requirements for chronic toxicity studies; clarification and harmonization of requirements for developmental toxicity studies; standards/issues for biotechnology safety studies; and the timing of toxicity studies versus the conduct of clinical trials. Final resolutions and agency positions were presented during the First International Conference on Harmonization held November 5–7 in Brussels, Belgium.
Harmonization of Reproductive Guidelines: Perspective from the International Federation of Teratology Societies
Authors: Christian Mildred S.
Published: March 2008

The International Federation of Teratology Societies (IFTS) consists of the Australian, European, Japanese, and American Teratology Societies. A Committee on International Regulation was designated to interact with the European Economic Community (EEC) on development of the document “Guideline on Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products (Draft 11).” Professor Rolf Bass (BGA) coordinated input from multiple international regulatory agencies and professional organizations. The 1991 IFTS Scientific Program held in June 1991, was designated as a focus for distribution and discussion. Presentations were given by representatives of EEC; FDA; academia; and American, Japanese, and European pharmaceutical industries. Key points in the proposed draft are: (1) flexibility in protocol designs based on scientific justification; (2) mutual acceptance of scientifically justified protocol designs; (3) use of pharmacokinetic data to justify dose selection; and (4) potential protocol designs including: (a) a multigeneration design (agents of low toxicity); (b) the Japanese Segment I combined with EEC Segments II and III; and (c) current EEC, Japanese or U.S. guidelines. Behavioral evaluations may be included in a multigeneration test, a combined Segments II and III test, or in separate Segment II and III tests. Potential reduction of the male exposure period depends upon the design selected. The male Segment I exposure period may be shortened to two weeks, if subchronic data identify no adverse effects on the testes (histopathology) or sperm parameters (motility, morphology, concentration). The need to use noninvestigator-biased automated behavioral tests of learning and memory and elimination of physical landmark tests was emphasized.