bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Building Materials for the Prevention of Corrosion
Authors: Lampo Richard , Napier Thomas , Schneider Richard
Published: March 2009

Billions of dollars are spent each year in the construction, operation, and maintenance of
military facilities. Directives have come from the highest Commands to make our military installations
more “sustainable.” Sustainable facilities can equate to reduced wastes (use of products with a
recycled content), extended service life (more durable, reduced degradation), operational cost savings
(more efficient energy usage), reduced costs for initial installation, reduced lifecycle costs, and
increased quality of life. Many sustainable building products and systems are now available that can be
used in place of the more traditional material systems but which are more resistant to corrosion and
materials degradation than the traditional materials for the same applications. Yet the use of these
sustainable alternative materials is limited typically because to the lack of awareness of their
availability and/or knowledge of the potential benefits that they might offer. This paper describes some
of these available sustainable materials and material systems and the potential cost savings and
increased operational reliability they can offer in applications ranging from barracks and office space
for the soldier in garrison to bridges and lines of communication in theater.
Properties of Silica Glass Doped with Titanium Oxide
Authors: Pukh V. , Baikova L. , Kireenko M. , Tikhonova L.
Published: March 2009

The features of anomalous behavior of silica glass doped with titanium oxide are
discussed. The low thermal expansion of silica glass is considered on the base of the idea about
polymorphous transformations in meta-stable glass structures. The analogy of these transformations
to structural transitions of martensite type in metallic alloys is assumed. The effect of TiO2-doping
on the structure and the intrinsic strength of silica glass fibers is studied. The structural (intrinsic)
strength has been found to decrease by about 15% compared to that of non-doped silica glass. This
decrease of strength is assumed to be accounted for the incorporation of a part of titanium ions into
glass structure with six-fold coordination resulting in weakening the connectivity of a glass anionic
network.
Raman Spectroscopic and DTA Studies of TeO2-ZnO-Na2O Tellurite Glasses
Authors: Shen Shao Xiong , Jha Animesh
Published: March 2009

The ternary tellurite glass structure (TeO2-ZnO-Na2O) was analysed using the Raman
spectroscopy in the range of 300-1000 cm-1. The influence of the concentration of alkali ion oxide
on the structural change of tellurite glasses was discussed. It is evident that the network of structural
units changes significantly with TeO2:Na2O ratio, which then influences the glass thermal
properties. Glass density, molar volume, glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature
and viscosity have been measured and calculated. These results provide clear evidence and
explanation of the glass structural change.
Study of Lithium-Lead Phosphate and Borophosphate Glasses
Authors: Mošner Petr , Koudelka Ladislav , Jirák Josef , Vlček Miroslav
Published: March 2009

Lithium-lead phosphate and borophosphate glasses were studied in compositional series
of xLi2O-(50-x)PbO-50P2O5, xLi2O-(50-x)PbO-10B2O3-40P2O5 and xLi2O-(50-x)PbO-20B2O3-
30P2O5. All glasses crystallize on heating within the range of 400-610oC. Their glass transition
temperature decreases with increasing Li2O content in the region of x = 0-30 mol% Li2O and then
slowly increases in all series of glasses reflecting thus changes in the bond strength of the glass
structural network. Density, molar volume and chemical durability of the glasses decrease with
increasing Li2O content. The 31P MAS NMR and Raman spectra show that at all glass series with
the replacement of PbO by Li2O the ratio of Q2/Q1 units, present in the structure, slightly increase.
The 11B MAS NMR spectra of glasses with 10 mol% B2O3 reveal the presence of only BO4 units in
the glass structure, whereas the spectra of the glasses with 20 mol% B2O3 reveal also the presence
of small amount of BO3 units.
Biomedical Thermodynamics and Implantology Aspects of Biocompatible Glass-Ceramics and Otherwise Modified Inorganic Materials and Surfaces
Authors: Šesták J. , Strnad Z. , Strnad J. , Holeček Miroslav , Koga N.
Published: March 2009

Some historical and recent attitudes aimed to bioactive inorganic materials are reviewed.
The theory of bridging and non-bridging oxygen is reconsidered as well as the acid and alkali
treatment of titanium surface necessary to achieve a good osteointegration. Some theoretical models
to characterize mechanical properties are also reviewed.
Sulfur Functioning during Glass Melting
Authors: Arkosiová Miroslava , Kloužek Jaroslav , Nĕmec Lubomír
Published: March 2009

The impact of sulphur compounds on the sand dissolution process and foaming was
investigated in the model soda-lime-silica glass with additions of carbon and sulphate in molar
ratios 0-6. The aim of the work was to test the mentioned fining combination for the role of
chemical accelerator of glass melting. The sulfate with carbon proved acceleration of the sand
dissolution at 1300°C but the results at lower temperatures were less convincing. The volume
foaming was observed and evaluated in slightly reduced and reduced glasses at 1300-1400°C. The
bubble nucleation, rapid growth and foam formation on the glass level in contact with water vapour
atmosphere was attributed to chemical reaction between water vapour and sulphur compounds in
the melt.
CO2 Neutral Glass Manufacturing? – A Study of the Possibilities
Authors: Jonson Bo , Zethræus Björn , Beerkens Ruud , Lankhorst Adriaan
Published: March 2009

The technological needs to achieve CO2 neutrality during glass manufacturing have been
investigated by theoretical calculations on energy balances and experimental investigations on batch
reactivity and fining efficiency. The concept is based on the assumption of utilization of woody bio
fuel combustion directly over the batch blanket and glass melt bath for heating the glass furnace.
Energy balance calculations were made for a “hot top”, 50 tonnes per day continuous furnace.
Furthermore, elimination of the chemically bound CO2 in the glass batch has been considered by
investigating the possible substitution of the batch carbonates by other compounds not bearing
chemically bound CO2. Compounds not emitting oxides of carbon, nitrogen or sulphur were
considered as candidate batch components. Studies on the effect of batch melting and fining indicate
a beneficial effect on energy efficiency and melting rate when using carbonate substitutes. It is
concluded that the combustion concept is theoretically fully possible for glass tank application. The
substitution of batch carbonates by non carbon compounds is questionable from an environmental
point view since the alternatives are expected to be synthesized by routes emitting CO2.
Nitrogen and Argon in Borosilicate Glass: Solubility, Diffusivity, Residual Gas Concentration and Behaviour of Bubbles in Glass Melts, Containing Both Gases
Authors: Köpsel Detlef , Booβ Markus , Opyd M. , Aigner Maria Louisa
Published: March 2009

Diffusivities of nitrogen and argon in a borosilicate glass were determined with two different
methods: (1) from gas exchange experiments between molten glass and bubbles containing nitrogen
and argon, and (2) from solution rates of nitrogen and argon in glass during saturation experiments.
Between 1200°C and 1580°C the diffusion coefficients of nitrogen and argon yielded the following
equations: 




− = −
RT
s m DN
134900
exp 10 22 . 1 ] / [ 6 . 2
2 and 




− = −
RT
s m DAr
125300
exp 10 08 . 1 ] / [ 6 . 2 ,
with R=8.314 J/(mol.K). The solubilities and residual gas concentration in the glass which are
necessary for the calculation of the diffusivities were determined with the high temperature vacuum
extraction method.
Structural Models of Selenite Glasses Containing Ag+ and Cu2+ Ions
Authors: Bachvarova-Nedelcheva Albena , Iordanova Reni , Dimitriev Yanko B.
Published: March 2009

Selenite glasses are a new class of amorphous materials which are interesting mainly
from a scientific point of view and they are not yet fully examined. Selenite glasses containing other
non-traditional glass formers (TeO2, V2O5 and MoO3) as well as network modifiers (Ag+, Cu2+,
Zn2+, etc.) were obtained. The aim of the present study is to explain the glass formation ability in
selenite systems with the participation of modifiers (Ag+ and Cu2+) and MoO3.
Identification of Rayleigh-Bénard Convection on Physical Model of Electric Furnace
Authors: Lisý Antonín , Smrček Josef
Published: March 2009

The released electric energy in the melting tank, the distribution of temperatures in the
glass melt and by them generated the flow influences a quality of the manufactured glass melt
especially their homogeneity. Between those places where the energy releases and where the energy
consumes generates natural convection, called Rayleigh-Bénard convection. This type of the
convective flow is forming by the volumetric releasing of energy and this flow is also present in
electric glass melting furnaces. In the melting tank of the furnace is released energy transported to
colder areas for heating and melting of the batch. Experiments on the physical model were carried
out with cooling the surface and heating the room below it. The temperature gradient area rises in
the horizontal layer below the batch. From this layer the cooler blobs divide off and fall. Theirs
velocities are depended on RaI
0,33 and it is less than the dependence of the flow velocity measured
by Dubois and Bergé with RaI
0,50. The results of the electric energy releasing in the physical model
of the melting furnace showed that with decreasing depth of the tank is forming more smaller cells
of Rayleigh-Bénard convective flow and also by them is reducing ability of the blobs flow
generating.
Glass Decoration Elements – History and Technology
Authors: Greiner-Wronowa E.
Published: March 2009

Glass decoration elements have been known for centuries.
Many of them are preserved in a good shape. Actually the glass production development was started
from tiny pieces called glass beads.
Some of these products belong to very important historical objects which undergoing conservator
activity to preserve our cultural heritage. To realize such enterprise very detailed research should be
done.
This paper is about testing of different glass decoration elements which belong to historical objects,
in order to get information about their history and technology production.
This research was carried out on small pieces of glass borrowed from historical objects in
partnership between AGH - Technical University of Science and Technology and four different
conservator groups.
Testing made use of non-destructive techniques, like: EDS, FTIR, AFM.
Problem of Determination of Optimal Supports Position for Jumbo Flat Glass with Free Edges
Authors: Salač Petr , Horák Marcel
Published: March 2009

Recent trends in architecture are characterized with wide applications of laminated glass
plates in facing systems of high-rise buildings, where the plates are oriented in both vertical and
horizontal planes.
This paper deals with mathematical description of optimization problem for location of finite
number of rigid supports horizontally placed on jumbo flat glass plate with free edges. Associated
state problem corresponding to Kirchhoff’s hypothesis of plate theory is solved. Further the
optimization problem for finding location of the finite number of rigid supports, with respect to the
condition for minimal deflection of the plate in the sense of 1 C -norm, is solved.
Theoretical results are used in numerical simulation by the finite element method (FEM). It
allows us to reduce the computation time for solution of real projects.
Further application of such results is for example in the area of automatic handling in the flat
glass production in the case of engineering design for location of vacuum gripping heads
components of handling devices.
Reduction of Gaseous Boron Compounds in the Waste Gas of Glass Melting Furnaces
Authors: Gitzhofer K.
Published: March 2009

For boron containing glasses, you have to consider a gaseous fraction in the exhaust gas besides the
particulate boron compounds. Within the framework of a research project finished in the year 2005
investigations into the emission of particulate and gaseous boron compounds were carried out on
18 glass melting furnaces with boron containing batch. The plants are different with regard to the
molten glasses, furnace type, type of firing as well as downstream emission control technologies.
The precipitation of particulate boron compounds is unproblematic. The precipitation of gaseous
boron compounds is clearly more difficult and further measures have to be taken in respect of the
effective precipitation. In a current follow up project, especially the reduction potential of gaseous
boron compounds is investigated through the installation of a high temperature sorption stage
(injection of fine-ground glass raw materials into the exhaust gas flow behind the superstructure at
exhaust gas temperatures of 1400 °C) and/or the injection of alkaline solutions into the waste gas at
lower temperatures.
Investigations in the exhaust gas of E-glass melters were carried out successfully. Reduction rates
of more than 95 % could be proved for gaseous boron compounds. The activities are supported by
thermo-chemical calculations in the run up and during the measurements.
Condensation during Flue Gas Cleaning
Authors: Neumann A. , Wilsmann W. , Conradt Reinhard
Published: March 2009

Nowadays, it is an operational routine to clean the flue gases from glass furnaces to
remove noxious air pollutant substances. The established processes are highly effective, however
there are failures caused by the condensation of aggressive fluxes inside the large and expensive flue
gas filters. To this day, the process control of the flue gas purification equipment is based on
empirical data and on experience. Currently available data do not allow to base process design and
control on a solid thermodynamic and kinetic foundation. It is the aim of this work to find out under
which conditions condensation really takes place. Therefore, first results of collected kinetic data on
the condensation from the system Na2O-H2O-SO2-O2-CO2 are shown to estimate the dew points of
liquid and solid condensates as a function of flue gas composition and temperature. The
measurements are performed in a self-constructed condensation tube. Investigations are particularly
focused on the formation of pyrosulfates and bisulfates.
Glazes Using E-Glass Fibers Waste
Authors: Dima Vasilica , Volceanov Adrian , Eftimie Mihai , Petrescu Adriana , Ionescu Maria , Ziman Nicolae , Volceanov Eniko
Published: March 2009

The main purpose of the paper is to present results of experiments concerning E-glass
fibers waste with a content of 7% B2O3 for obtaining glazes for tableware ceramics, as well as to
study the consequences upon fabrication technology.
The results are encouraging and make possible the use of E-glass fibers waste for preparation
of vitreous glazes.
A Study of the Industrial Waste Incorporating in Glass
Authors: Ursu Luminita Daniela , Diaconu Adriana , Sava Bogdan Alexandru , Boroica Lucica , Mitiu Ileana , Rosu Elisabeta , Radu Dorel , Dinulescu M. , Eftimie Mihai
Published: March 2009

The paper presents a study of the industrial waste incorporating in glass in order to obtain
decorative colored glasses. The influence of iron and chromium oxides from waste amount is
discussed. The samples properties such as density, thermal expansion coefficient and viscosity are
investigated. Including different oxides of heavy metals (obtained from sludge that contains
chromium and iron) into the vitreous system leads to the obtaining of several decorative glasses.
Their colour varies widely, to the added quantity and the atmosphere of the work place.
Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses from Gel Hybrid Structures
Authors: Ivanova Y.Y. , Vueva Y.E.
Published: March 2009

Multicomponent (Ti, Zr, Al, B) silicon oxycarbide glasses and nanocomposite materials
were derived after pyrolysis of gel hybrid structures in N2 atmosphere. MTES
(methyltriethoxysilane) and PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) were used as precursors for introducing
“organic” SiO2. Transformation of the hybrid structure into oxycarbide was followed by SEM,
FTIR, 29Si CP MAS NMR, BET analysis. Silicon oxycarbide structure is strongly influenced from
the concentration and nature of modifying metal atom.
Modeling and Analysis of Compressive Properties of Porous NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Li Qiang , Sun Xu Dong , Yu Jing Yuan , Liu Zhi Gang , Duan Kai
Published: March 2009

Artificial neural network (ANN) is an intriguing data processing technique. Over the last
decade, it was applied widely in the chemistry field, but there were few applications in the porous
NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA). In this paper, 32 sets of samples from thermal explosion
experiments were used to build a three-layer BP (back propagation) neural network model. According
to the registered BP model, the effect of process parameters including heating rate ( ), green density
( ) and particle size of Ti ( d ) on compressive properties of reacted products including ultimate
compressive strength (
v
D
σ ) and ultimate compressive strain (ε ) was analyzed. The predicted results
agree with the actual data within reasonable experimental error, which shows that the BP model is a
practically very useful tool in the properties analysis and process parameters design of the porous
NiTi SMA prepared by thermal explosion method.
A Preliminary Evaluation on the Fracture Toughness of Heat Treated Aluminium High Pressure Diecastings
Authors: Lumley Roger N.
Published: March 2009

Until recently, the solution heat treatment of conventional aluminum high pressure die
cast (HPDC) parts has been considered impractical because the high temperatures involved cause
surface blistering and dimensional instability. Now, a new heat treatment procedure has been
developed by the CSIRO Light Metals Flagship in Australia which avoids these problems and, in
many cases, allows tensile properties such as 0.2% proof stress to be doubled with little change to
ductility. This development has the potential to reduce costs by allowing existing HPDC parts to be
re-designed to use less metal and still achieve performance requirements.
One issue, however, is the possibility that heat treating die castings to increase tensile properties
may have an adverse effect on fracture toughness. This paper reports preliminary results of Kahntype
tear tests conducted to assess the fracture resistance of as-cast and heat treated HPDCs.
Studies of the alloys A360, A380 and C380 have shown that T4 and underaged (UA) T6 tempers
produce an optimal combination of fracture resistance and tear strength. Furthermore, the fracture
properties compare well with permanent mold and sand cast aluminium alloys that have similar
tensile properties.
Deformation of Monocrystalline Silicon under Nanoscratching
Authors: Wu Y.Q. , Huang Han , Zou Jin
Published: March 2009

In this work, deformation of monocrystalline silicon (Si) under nanoscratching was
investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that no fracture
occurred during nanoscratching with loads ranging from 1 to 6 mN. The damaged regions induced
by nanoscratching included an amorphous Si region and a damaged crystalline Si region. Detailed
TEM analyses revealed that at the lowest load of 1 mN no dislocation was observed in the damaged
crystalline region, and only stacking faults were observed at the boundary between the damaged
crystalline Si and amorphous Si. Dislocations started to nucleate along (111) planes and penetrated
into the bulk Si when the normal load was increased to 2 mN and above. Defects perpendicular to
the scratched surface were initiated when the load was greater than 4 mN. The density of
dislocations also increased rapidly with the increase of the applied load.
A Practical Approach for Evaluation of Thermal Shock SIF's in Flexibly Restrained Edge-Cracked Plates
Authors: Fillery B.P. , Hu Xiao Zhi , Fisher Gordon
Published: March 2009

A practical method to evaluate the thermal shock stress intensity factors (TS-SIF`s)
associated with a flexibly restrained edge-cracked plate (FRECP) is outlined. It is assumed that the
edge crack can be represented with a spring couple, and the deformations of the edge-cracked plate
are consistent with Euler-Bernoulli deformation theory. It is then demonstrated how a compliance
analysis of this simplified representation can be used with a finite element analysis of equivalent
crack free plates to evaluate to TS-SIF`s associated with a FRECP. The accuracy of this method is
shown to be excellent by comparing it against a direct fracture mechanic finite element analysis.
This method is therefore advantageous to a fracture mechanic finite element analysis as it does not
require an explicit analysis of a FRECP.
Discontinuous Growth Mechanisms of Mode II Crack under High-Speed Impact Conditions
Authors: Ma Wei
Published: March 2009

A recoverable plate impact testing technology has been used for studying the growth
mechanisms of mode II crack. The results show that interactions of microcracks ahead of a crack tip
cause the crack growth unsteadily. Failure mode transitions of materials were observed. Based on the
observations, a discontinuous crack growth model was established. Analysis shows that the shear
crack grows unsteady as the growth speed is between the Rayleigh wave speed cR and the shear wave
speed cs; however, when the growth speed approaches 2cs, the crack grows steadily. The transient
microcrack growth makes the main crack speed to jump from subsonic to intersonic and the steady
growth of all the sub-cracks leads the main crack to grow stably at an intersonic speed.
The Frequency Effects on Fatigue Threshold of PVC-M and PVC-U in Air and Water Medium
Authors: Samat N. , Whittle Alan , Hoffman Mark
Published: March 2009

The cyclic fatigue threshold value (Kth) of PVC materials with (PVC-M) and without
(PVC-U) impact modifier was determined and compared in air and water environments. The PVCM
specimens contain 6 pphr of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) impact modifier. The testing was
undertaken at a stress ratio of R=0.1 and fatigue threshold was evaluated at 3 different frequencies:
1Hz, 7Hz and 20Hz. Frequency noticeably affected the fatigue threshold value; regardless of the
testing environment; at low frequency the fatigue threshold of PVC-M was below PVC-U, however,
this difference gradually decreased with increasing frequency as Kth of PVC-M increased but Kth
of PVC-U remained constant. This trend was accelerated in water where a higher of fatigue
threshold, Kth, was also observed. A lower fatigue threshold of PVC-M than PVC-U is associated
with the presence of CPE particles. The absorption of water into the PVC matrix was evident with
the formation of nodular structures observed on the fracture surface. The presence of the nodular
structures (at regions close to the threshold) has retarded the fibrillation of crazes, which then
blunted the crack propagation.
An Evaluation of the Effective Block Approach for Predicting Crack Growth under an Untested Spectrum Using P-3C and F-111 Test Data
Authors: Wallbrink Chris , Hu Wei Ping
Published: March 2009

Recently an effective block approach has been proposed to address the experimentally
observed high growth rates of fatigue cracks at the critical locations on F/A-18 airframes. This
approach treats a spectrum block as one equivalent constant amplitude cycle. Hence, the crack
growth rate may be represented by a Paris-type equation, with the model parameters dependent on
the load spectrum. This approach has been applied to the F/A-18 crack growth analysis, with good
correlation to experimental data. In this paper, we summarise recent evaluation work of the
approach using experimental data obtained under P-3C and F-111 spectra. An improved method for
transferring the model parameters from a tested spectrum to an untested spectrum, suggested by the
first author of the current paper, has been evaluated in comparison to the original procedure
proposed. The soundness of relying on third-party tools based on constant amplitude model for the
prediction of relative severity of spectra is also discussed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of
the effective block approach are highlighted.
Size Effect of Concrete in Uniaxial Tension
Authors: Akita Hiroshi , Alterman Dariusz , Koide Hideo
Published: March 2009

In order to investigate the size effect of concrete, four sizes of rectangular prisms were tested
in uniaxial tension. The cross sections of the prisms were 50x100mm, 100x100mm, 200x100mm and
400x100mm. The concrete was an ordinary one with the compressive strength of 34 MPa and the
maximum aggregate size of 20mm. Notches were applied on four side faces and secondary flexure
was completely eliminated during the test in order to obtain the exact nominal tensile strength. The
size effect was analyzed by four factors, namely tensile strength, fracture energy, critical crack
opening displacement and tension softening curves. Clear size dependence was observed in critical
crack opening displacement and initial convexity of tension softening curves, and a slight size
dependence was observed in tensile strength. On the other hand, size effect was unclear in fracture
energy and other part of tension softening curves because of their scatters.
Probabilistic Impact Fractures of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers
Authors: Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Remennikov Alex M.
Published: March 2009

Cracks in railway prestressed concrete sleepers are often caused by the infrequent but
high magnitude impact forces. These impact forces are attributed to the wheel or rail abnormalities,
e.g. wheel flat, corrugation, dipped joint, etc. The emphasis of this paper is placed on the
corresponding fractures of railway prestressed concrete sleepers in track systems under the
probabilistic impact loadings. The statistical data of impact loadings in Central Queensland have
been obtained through the collaborative project under the research framework of the Australian
Cooperative Research Centre for Railway Engineering and Technologies. It is found that for the
heavy haul railway network, the track structures, especially the concrete sleepers, may experience
the impact loading from 400kN up to 800kN. The corresponding probabilities of such load
occurrences are ranging from one in twenty years to one in thousands of years. It is very important
for the design and maintenance perspectives to investigate the impact behaviour of concrete sleepers
under the impact loadings. This paper presents the impact fractures of railway prestressed concrete
sleepers under the single impact loading associated with the probability of occurrence in the soft
track environment. Visual interfacial cracks have been evaluated for the crack length and width
along the sleepers in relation to the probability of load occurrence.
Fabrication of Transparent YAG Ceramics from Co-Precipitation Synthesized Nanopowders
Authors: Lv Guang Zhe , Li Xiao Dong , Huo Di , Sun Xu Dong , Chen Shao Wei , Tsai Chi Tay , Liu Yinong , Duan Kai
Published: March 2009

YAG nanopowders were synthesized by a co-precipitation method using ammonium
hydrocarbonate and ammonia water as the precipitants respectively. The influences of precipitants
on chemical compositions, phase transformation and sinterability of the prepared powders, and
transmittance of the vacuum-sintered YAG ceramics were studied. The sinterability of powders
synthesized using ammonium hydrocarbonate as precipitant is better than that with ammonia water.
Pure YAG phase can be obtained by calcining the hydrate precursor at 1200°C, while some impurity
phases exist when calcining the carbonate precursor at the same temperature. Transparent YAG
ceramics were fabricated by vacuum sintering at 1700°C for 5 h using the YAG nanopowders, and
their in-line transmittance is about 60% in the visible light range.
Prediction of Tension Softening Curve in Concrete Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Alterman Dariusz , Akita Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

Knowledge of the tension softening process of concrete is essential to understand fracture
mechanism, further to analyze fracture behaviour, and further to evaluate properties of concrete. For
the last eight years, many different tests on uniaxial tension with elimination of secondary flexure
were performed in Tohoku Institute of Technology. The paper is dedicated to predict tension
softening curve of concrete by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on experimental data of
five different mixtures of concrete (including High Performance Concrete). It is an advantage to
predict a proper tension softening curve without performing uniaxial tension tests. Several artificial
neural networks with different architectures (with various hidden neurons and layers) were studied
using software - Statistica Neural Network. In order to evaluate the prediction accuracy, tension
softening curve and other fracture parameters were predicted for each mix from the other four mixes
and compared with the omitted data of the relevant mix. High accuracy was obtained in the all
predicted tension softening curves and the fracture parameters were also well predicted.
Observation on Pattern Competition and Selection of Strain Localization in Rocks under Uniaxial Compression
Authors: Hao Sheng Wang , Sun Ju
Published: March 2009

Pattern competition and selection of strain localization were observed in rocks under
uniaxial compression. The localization may be the trigger mechanism and an effective precursor of
eventual rupture in brittle media. It is found that usually two high strain zones form before the
eventual rupture. The rapidly increasing strain and strain rate within one of the high strain zones
will lead to the eventual rupture of the specimen, and in the meantime, the strain and strain rate in
the other high strain zone decrease rapidly. The digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) was
used to measure the surface deformation fields.
Failure Process Analysis of Cement under Explosive Loading with a Generalized Driven Nonlinear Threshold Model
Authors: Wang Hai Ying , Liu Yong , Hao Sheng Wang , Bai Yi Long
Published: March 2009

The microstructural heterogeneity and stress fluctuation play important roles in the
failure process of brittle materials. In this paper, a generalized driven nonlinear threshold model
with stress fluctuation is presented to study the effects of microstructural heterogeneity on continuum
damage evolution. As an illustration, the failure process of cement material under explosive
loading is analyzed using the model. The result agrees well with the experimental one, which
proves the efficiency of the model.
A Combined Ultrasonic Wave Nondestructive Testing Technique for Defect Detection in Concrete
Authors: Gao Bai Feng , Li Hui Jian , Zhang Li Xin
Published: March 2009

We describe the design and construction about the Ultrasonic method to determine the
defects in concrete structure. The wave velocity and its energy are different when it transfers in the
concrete material with various defects. The defects can then be detected according to the relative
wave velocity and energy variations in concrete material. In the present paper, two methods contain
both the wavelet analysis and the nerve network used to determine the relative wave energy change
in concrete, and then we will evaluate the defects in material by energy change. The result shows
that the present method can give an accurate measurement for the defects in concrete structure.
Influence of Compressive Pressure, Vacuum Pressure, and Holding Temperature Applied during Autoclave Curing on the Microstructure of Unidirectional CFRP Composites
Authors: Sudarisman Sudarisman , Davies Ian J.
Published: March 2009

The microstructure (i.e., fibre volume fraction, void content, and fibre misalignment) of
unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites was optimised by controlling
several parameters during manufacture, namely: (i) compressive pressure (0.25~1.25 MPa, in steps
of 0.25 MPa), (ii) vacuum pressure (−0.15, −0.20, −0.30, −0.45, and −0.65 MPa), and (iii) holding
temperature (100~140 oC, in steps of 10 oC), applied during autoclave curing with the holding time
being 30 minutes for all specimens. Optical micrographs captured from cross-sectional, through-the
thickness areas, and in-plane areas of the resulting composites were evaluated and analysed in order
to describe their microstructural characteristics.
Studies on the Properties and Structure of Pulse Electrodeposited Ni-W-P Series Multi-Composite Coatings
Authors: Guo Zhong Cheng , Zhu Xiao Yun , Xu Rui Dong
Published: March 2009

The hardness, wear rates, phase structure and morphologies of DC(direct current) and
PC(pulse current )electrodeposited Ni-W-P-SiC, RE-Ni-W-P-SiC, RE-Ni-W-P-SiC-MoS2 and RENi-
W-P-SiC-PTFE composite coatings are studied. The results indicate that the hardness of pulse
composite coatings is higher than that of DC composite coatings, but the hardness of RE-Ni-W-PSiC-
PTFE composite coating is lower. The hardness of the four kinds of composite coatings
increases with the rise of heat treatment temperature and reaches the highest value at 400°C,
thereafter, the hardness begins to decrease. The hardness of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coating is
the highest when duty cycle is at 0.6 and 0.8 and pulse frequency is at 50Hz and the hardness of
RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings at 0.8 is higher than that at 0.6; the wear rates of Ni-W-P-SiC,
RE-Ni-W-P-SiC, and RE-Ni-W-P-SiC-PTFE pulse composite coatings are lower than that of DC
composite coatings and the wear rates of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC-MoS2 and RE-Ni-W-P-SiC-PTFE
composite coatings are the lowest. Ni-W-P-SiC and RE-Ni-W-P-SiC pulse composite coatings are
amorphous, and RE-Ni-W-P-SiC-MoS2 pulse composite coating is mixture, but the RE-Ni-W-PSiC-
PTFE composite coating is crystal as–deposited. The crystalline grain size of PC composite
coatings is smaller than that of DC composite coatings, and the addition of rare earth into the
coatings can make crystalline grains become fine, all kinds of grains in the coatings distribute
equably and there are not cracks on the surface and in the sections.
Study on Interlaminar Shear and Damage Behavior of Carbon Fiber Composites with Short Fiber Interleaves: 2. Micro-Mechanical Simulation
Authors: Zhao Li Jun , Zhang Feng Peng , Hu Xiao Zhi , Huang Bao Zong
Published: March 2009

A micro-mechanical model and simulation for the damage behavior of short fiber
interleaves (SFIs) were developed based on Mori-Tanaka method and an equivalent approach to
interface debonding (Fitoussi etc 1990). The damage evolution and the stress-strain relation of SFIs
have been predicted in the cases of interlaminar shear, out-of and in-plane tension, respectively. The
simulation indicates that the damage always starts from the interface debonding of fibers
perpendicular to load and the matrix cracking in the direction parallel to fibers, and then rapidly
spreads to more fibers during loading. The strength and the ultimate strain in out-of-plane tension
are much lower than that in interlaminar shear and in-pane tension. The strength and failure
probability of interface bonding are the most considerable factors to affect the damage and failure of
SFIs. The comparison of the simulation with the interlaminar shear test shows a good agreement.
Electrochemical Properties of Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2 Composite Coatings
Authors: Guo Zhong Cheng , Zhu Xiao Yun , Huang Hui
Published: March 2009

Effects of the concentrations of solid particles in the bath and plating conditions on
chemical components and polarization curves of oxygen separating out were studied by use of
PARSTAT2263 electrochemistry testing instrument made by Research Center of Princeton and
EPMA-1600 electron probe X-ray diffraction. And the results show that kinetic parameters of
oxygen evolution of the obtained Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2 composite electrode materials are a=771mV,
b=140mV, i0=3.11×10-6A·cm-2, and oxygen overvoltage is η=1009mV. The contents of WC and
ZrO2 particles in the Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2 composite coating are 10.02wt% and 3.55wt% respectively
when plating conditions are as follows: WC:50g/L,ZrO2:40g/L, bath temperature: 20°C, electric
current density: 1.5A/dm2, plating time: 2h.
Dimensional Variations of General Curved Composite Parts
Authors: Dong Chen Song
Published: March 2009

With the increasing demands of energy efficiency and environment protection, composite
materials have become an important alternative for traditional materials. Composite materials offer
many advantages over traditional materials including: low density, high strength, high stiffness to
weight ratio, excellent durability, and design flexibility. Despite all these advantages, composite
materials have not been as widely used as expected because of the complexity and cost of the
manufacturing process. One of the main causes is associated with poor dimensional control. General
curved composite parts are often used as the structural components in the composite industry. Due
to the anisotropic material nature, process-induced dimensional variations make it difficult for tighttolerance
control and limit the use of composites.
This research aims to develop a practical approach for the design of general curved composite
parts and assembly. First, the closed-form solution for the process-induced dimensional variations,
which is commonly called spring-in, was derived. For a general curved composite part, a Structural
Tree Method (STM) was developed to divide the curve into a number of pieces and calculate the
dimensional variations sequentially. This method can be also applied to an assembly of composite
parts. The approach was validated through a case study. The method presented in this paper
provides a convenient and practical tool for the dimensional and tolerance analysis in the early
design stage of general curved composite parts and assembly, which is extremely useful for the
realization of affordable tight tolerance composites. It also provides the foundation of Integrated
Product/Process Development (IPPD) and Design for Manufacturing/Assembly (DFM/DFA) for
composites.
Process and Properties of Pulse Electrodeposited RE-Ni-W-P-SiC Composite Coatings
Authors: Zhu Xiao Yun , Guo Zhong Cheng
Published: March 2009

Process and properties of pulse electrodeposited RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings
were studied. The results show that the deposited rate by pulse current is larger than that by direct
current; the deposited coatings by pulse current are better than that by direct current in corrosion
resistance and microhardness. And the corrosion resistance of the coatings with pulse current is
better than that of stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti). The duty ratio and the pulse frequency in the
process of electrodeposition have a large influence on the deposition rate, the composition and the
properties of coatings. SEM measurement shows that the crystals with pulse current are smaller and
the surface is smoother than that by direct current. It is beneficial to make crystalline grain finer by
mixing rare earth.
Fabrication and Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Ti Network Composites
Authors: Xiu Zhi Meng , Liu Yi , Li Ji Guang , Huo Di , Li Xiao Dong , Sun Xu Dong , Duan Kai , Hu Xiao Zhi
Published: March 2009

Hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was synthesized by a sol-gel method with Ca(OH)2 and
H3PO4 as reactants. The HA granules were then coated with TiH2 powder using a mechanical
mixing method. The HA-TiH2 material system produced HA-Ti composites after hot-pressing at
1050°C. The HA-Ti composites are mainly composed of HA and Ti, with small amounts of Ca2P2O7
and Ca3(PO4)2 phases. Fracture toughness and bending strength are 2.4 MPa·m1/2 and 54.3 MPa,
respectively for the HA-20vol%Ti composite, higher than those of the pure HA ceramic. The
improvement in properties is because of the unique 3D network structure of Ti, which is an ideal
reinforcement structure for the weak and brittle HA. According to ISO/TR 7405-1984, hemolysis
test was performed to evaluate the blood compatibility of the material. The results show that the
hemolysis rate of the HA-20vol%Ti composite is 0.56%. Relative growth rates (RGR) of L-929
cells soaked after 6 days in the HA-20vol%Ti group, pure Ti group, black group and pure Pb group
were 132%, 100%, 90% and 6% respectively, while the level of cytotoxicity was grade 0 in HA-Ti
composite group. These results imply that the HA-20vol%Ti composite has good biocompatibility
and bioactivity.
Test Methods to Assess Transverse Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking
Authors: Law M. , Nolan D.
Published: March 2009

Hydrogen cracking in steel weldments can drastically reduce the toughness and ductility
of welds in steel structures. Unfortunately, the development of the hydrogen economy will also see
materials being increasingly exposed to hydrogen, in processes such as during hydrogen production
and transportation. Thus, test methods are required which allow for a reproducible assessment of
hydrogen embrittlement in weld material. In this article, rectangular test specimens made from weld
bead on plate samples were subject to 4-point bend testing to investigate the relationship between
applied stress, hydrogen content and embrittlement. This test concentrates the stresses in the weld
bead, thus reducing the effects of premature HAZ cracking and enabling failure to develop in the
weld metal, and showed good reproducibility. This test may form the basis for an industry test.
Another test method is described using an un-machined weld bead on plate. A method of
calculating the stresses and strains in this specimen in 4-point bending was developed.
Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Cross Rolled AZ31 Mg Sheet
Authors: Kim Dae Guen , Son Hyeon Taek , Lee Jae Seol
Published: March 2009

The aims of this study are to investigate the microstructure evolution of AZ31 Mg alloys
with normal rolling and cross rolling as the large strain hot rolling affects microstructure, texture
and mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloys. In the microstructures of as-rolled both samples,
twins are clearly apparent, small and recrystallized grains are visible along some grain boundary
and twinned regions. The Lankford values of large strain cross rolled sample obviously demonstrate
the higher average r-value and lower planar anisotropy value. The press formability of cross rolled
Mg alloy might be improved due to control of texture and grain size by severe deformation.
Secondary Buckling and Progressive Failure Analysis of Tailored Composite Panels in Thin-Walled Box-Shape Composite Beams under Bending and Torsion
Authors: Liu Jun , Huang Bao Zong , Li Ge Lan
Published: March 2009

The postbuckling behavior and progressive failure of thin-walled box-shape composite
beams (BSCBs) have been studied using a simplified composite panel model. It is shown that the
carrying capacity of BSCBs under bending and torsion mainly depends on the postbuckling and
progressive failure of panels. It is often necessary to identify and follow secondary buckling of
tailored panels for correct estimation of carrying capacity. The failure process of stiffened
composite panels is simulated in following path. The criterion of local failure in flange of stiffeners
is applied to predict the ultimate failure of stiffened composite panels and thin-walled BSCBs. The
comparison of the modeling and test shows that the prediction of BSCBs failure is satisfactory.
Simulation of Contact Pressure in Sheet Metal Trimming/ Blanking Process
Authors: Rafiee Reza , Rolfe Bernard F. , Yan Wen Yi
Published: March 2009

In the car body stamping process, trim/blank die cutting edges are subjected to very high
tribological loads that result in loss of tool material from both the punch and die cutting edges.
According to Archard’s wear model, normal contact force and sliding distance directly affects the
wear. Therefore, knowledge of the acting forces on local contact areas has a pivotal role towards the
prediction of tool wear. This paper presents a finite element modelling approach to determining the
contact pressure distribution on the tool cutting edges during a trimming/blanking process.
Characteristic areas on sheared edge profile, variation of punch force and high contact pressures
affected areas have also been analysed.
Nonlinear Characteristic of Two-Span Dissymmetric Elastic Supported Rotor System with Crack and Rub-Impact Faults
Authors: Yuan Hui Qun , Li Dong
Published: March 2009

A new twenty-freedom non-linear dynamic model for two-span dissymmetric elastic
rotor system was established by considering the crack fault, rub-impact fault and oil film force. The
complex motion characteristics of this system were numerically studied and the effect of different
parameters on the system is investigated. Moreover, the both cases with and without crack fault
were discussed in detail. The results indicate that the system has obvious single-period,
period-doubling bifurcation and chaos phenomena. There are marked influences of the crack faults
on the nonlinear characteristics of the system, especially under some the rotating speed. The case
considering crack faults has different chaos region from the case without crack fault. The chaos
phenomenon appears at lower rotating speed, and when the chaos comes again, the corresponding
rotating speed extends backwards. Synchronously, the influence of crack fault increases along with
the depth of crack. The results may provide theoretical references for rotor fault diagnosis.
Coating/Substrate Modulus Mismatches and Margin Geometry Effects on Contact Damage in Curved Brittle Coating Systems
Authors: Qasim Tarek
Published: March 2009

The effects of coating/substrate modulus mismatch and margin geometry on contact
damage in bi-layer systems were investigated. Following an earlier study, convex specimens having
curvature of 12 mm inner coating diameter and 1mm thick brittle layer on a polymeric and dental
composite support bases were produced. Sample coating geometry at the margins was varied by
grinding the edge of the glass shells in various shapes. The specimens were tested by applying
single cycle load at the specimen’s axis of symmetry using flat indenter of low elastic modulus. The
effects of margin geometry and support layer modulus on radial crack initiation and damage
evolution was examined, with particular attention paid to the relevance of such damage to lifetimelimiting
failures of all- ceramic dental crowns. Finite element modeling was used to evaluate stress
distribution in the glass coating. Experimental trends interrupted with peak maximum principal
stresses at the margins. The results of this study illustrate that the fracture behaviour of brittle
layered structures is not dominated by certain variables. It is demonstrated that critical loads for
initiation of radial cracks are sensitive to support layer modulus as well as margin geometry.
Support layer modulus plays an important role in crack propagation and subsequent damage
patterns, especially at specimen side walls.