bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commercial microwave link networks for rainfall observation: Assessment of the current status and future challenges
Authors: Chwala Christian , Kunstmann Harald
Published: February 2019

Accurate observation of the high spatio‐temporal variability of rainfall is crucial for hydrometeorological applications. However, the existing observations from rain gauges and weather radars have individual shortcomings that can introduce considerable errors and uncertainties. A fairly new technique to get additional rainfall information is the usage of the country‐wide commercial microwave link (CML) networks for rainfall estimation by exploiting the measurements of rain‐induced attenuation along these CMLs. This technique has seen an increasing number of applications during the last years. Different methods have been developed to process the noisy raw data and to derive rainfall fields. It has been shown that CMLs can provide important line‐integrated rainfall information that complements pointwise rain gauge and spatial radar observations. There exist several limitations, though. Robustly dealing with the erratic fluctuations of the CML raw data is a challenge, in particular with the growing number of CMLs. How to correctly compensate for the biases from the effect of wet antenna attenuation for different CMLs also remains a crucial research question. Progress is additionally hampered by the lack of method intercomparisons, which in turn is hampered by restricted data sharing. Hence, collaboration is key for further advancements, also with regard to extended interaction with the CML network operators, which is a prerequisite to achieve increased data availability. In regions where rain gauges and weather radars are available, CMLs are a welcome complement. But in developing countries, which are characterized by weak technical infrastructure and which often suffer from water stress, additional rainfall information is a necessity. CMLs could play a crucial role in this respect.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Science of Water > Methods
The Cold War and Third World revolution
Authors: Hager Robert P.
Published: February 2019

Much of the Cold War took place in the Third World. The three works authored by Gregg A. Brazinsky, Winning the Third World: Sino-American Rivalry During the Cold War; Jeffry James Byrne, Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order; and Jeremy Friedman, Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World, are reviewed here and they provide historical details. A consistent theme that emerges is the importance of ideological factors in driving the events are discussed. It is also clear that the Third World states were not passive objects of pressure from great powers but had agendas of their own. These books provide useful material for theorists of international relations and policy makers.
Surveillance of antibiotic sensitivity pattern in chronic suppurative otitis media of an Indian teaching hospital
Authors: Chandra Sahu Mahesh , Swain Santosh Kumar
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common problem in worldwide and untreated CSOM leads to fatal complications like facial nerve paralysis, lateral sinus thrombosis, labyrinthitis, meningitis and brain abscess in developing country like India.

Objective

To isolate causative bacteria and antibiotic sensitivity pattern for CSOM and to know the prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) and Metallobetalactamases (MBL) in CSOM patients.

Methods

A total of 500 ear swabs of clinical suspected CSOM patients were cultured on specific cultured medium and identified the bacteria with conventional methods. Then all the identified bacteria were subjected with specific antibiotics by the Kirby–Bauer's method to know the resistance pattern of antibiotics. ESBL and MBL strains were detected by double disc diffusion test.

Results

A total of 384 bacteria were isolated from 500 CSOM patients, among them 86 P. aeruginosa (22.40%), 112 Staphylococcus aureus (29.17%), 53 A. baumannii (13.80%), 32 E. aerogenes (18%), 26 C. freundii (6.77%), 24 K. oxytoca (6.25%), 23 P. vulgaris (5.99%), 18 K. pneumoniae (4.69%) and 10 P. mirabilis (2.60%) identified with conventional methods. From antibiotic disc diffusion methods 74.22% ESBL strains and 9.90% MBL strains were documented. Multidrug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa (86/384,22.40%) were more prevalent than those of S. aureus (112/384,29.17%) and other bacteria in ear discharges. Imipenem and vancomicin could control to gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria respectively.

Conclusion

Continuous and periodic evaluation of microbiological profile and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacterial is essential for optimum management of CSOM patients.
SWAN/SOHO Lyman‐α Mapping: The Hydrogen Geocorona Extends Well Beyond the Moon
Authors: Baliukin I. I. , Bertaux J.‐L. , Quémerais E. , Izmodenov V. V. , Schmidt W.
Published: February 2019

The Earth's hydrogen exosphere Lyman‐α radiation was mapped with the Solar Wind Anisotropies/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SWAN/SOHO) instrument in January 1996, 1997, and 1998 (low solar activity). The use of a hydrogen absorption cell allowed to disentangle the interplanetary emission from the geocoronal one and to assign the absorbed signal almost entirely to the geocorona. The geocorona was found to extend at least up to 100 Earth radii (RE) with an intensity of 5 Rayleigh, an unprecedented distance well exceeding the recent results of Lyman Alpha Imaging Camera (LAICA) imager (∼50 RE), and encompassing the orbit of the Moon (∼60 RE). We developed a numerical kinetic model of the hydrogen atoms distribution in the exosphere, which includes the solar Lyman‐α radiation pressure and the ionization. The radiation pressure compresses the H exosphere on the dayside, producing a bulge of H density between 3 and 20 RE, which fits observed intensities very well. The SWAN Lyman‐α distribution of intensity was compared both to LAICA (2015) and to Orbiting Geophysical Observatory number 5 (1968) measurements. Integrated H densities of SWAN at a tangent distance of 7 RE are larger than LAICA/Orbiting Geophysical Observatory number 5 by factors 1.1–2.5, while we should expect a stronger effect of the radiation pressure at solar max. We discuss the possible role of H atoms in satellite orbits to explain this apparent contradiction. An onion‐peeling technique is used to retrieve hydrogen number density in the exosphere for the three SWAN observations. They show an excess of density versus models at large distances, which is likely due to nonthermal atoms (not in the model).
The Formation of Double‐Diffusive Layers in a Weakly Turbulent Environment
Authors: Shibley N. C. , Timmermans M.‐L.
Published: February 2019

Double‐diffusive stratification in the ocean is characterized by staircase structures consisting of mixed layers separated by high‐gradient interfaces in temperature and salinity. These double‐diffusive layers, which flux heat vertically, are observed over a vast region of the Arctic Ocean at the top boundary of the relatively warm and salty Atlantic water layer. In one formalism for the origin of double‐diffusive layers, staircase formation arises when a heat source is applied at the base of water that is stably stratified in salinity. This framework is extended to consider the effect of intermittent shear‐driven turbulence on diffusive‐convective staircase formation. One‐dimensional numerical model results indicate that there is a critical level of intermittent turbulence above which a staircase cannot form. This is framed in terms of a critical diffusivity ratio (ratio of effective salinity diffusivity to effective thermal diffusivity) that cannot be exceeded for a staircase to persist. This critical ratio is not a universal constant but rather differs for each staircase. Model results further indicate that layer thicknesses decrease with height in a staircase, with the variation in thickness over a staircase being more pronounced in the presence of intermittent turbulence. Finally, results suggest that increased diffusivity ratios lead to decreased heat fluxes across interfaces; if a staircase is subject to intermittent turbulence levels (below the critical level), vertical heat fluxes will be smaller than in the absence of shear‐driven turbulence. Findings are related to double‐diffusive staircases, and associated heat fluxes, in the weakly turbulent Arctic Ocean.
Structure, Transport, and Seasonality of the Atlantic Water Boundary Current North of Svalbard: Results From a Yearlong Mooring Array
Authors: Pérez‐Hernández M. Dolores , Pickart Robert S. , Torres Daniel J. , Bahr Frank , Sundfjord Arild , Ingvaldsen Randi , Renner Angelika H. H. , Beszczynska‐Möller Agnieska , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Pavlov Vladimir
Published: February 2019

The characteristics and seasonality of the Svalbard branch of the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current in the Eurasian Basin are investigated using data from a six‐mooring array deployed near 30°E between September 2012 and September 2013. The instrument coverage extended to 1,200‐m depth and approximately 50 km offshore of the shelf break, which laterally bracketed the flow. Averaged over the year, the transport of the current over this depth range was 3.96 ± 0.32 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3/s). The transport within the AW layer was 2.08 ± 0.24 Sv. The current was typically subsurface intensified, and its dominant variability was associated with pulsing rather than meandering. From late summer to early winter the AW was warmest and saltiest, and its eastward transport was strongest (2.44 ± 0.12 Sv), while from midspring to midsummer the AW was coldest and freshest and its transport was weakest (1.10 ± 0.06 Sv). Deep mixed layers developed through the winter, extending to 400‐ to 500‐m depth in early spring until the pack ice encroached the area from the north shutting off the air‐sea buoyancy forcing. This vertical mixing modified a significant portion of the AW layer, suggesting that, as the ice cover continues to decrease in the southern Eurasian Basin, the AW will be more extensively transformed via local ventilation.
Flow Extremes as Spatiotemporal Control Points on River Solute Fluxes and Metabolism
Authors: Hensley Robert T. , Kirk Lily , Spangler Margaret , Gooseff Michael N. , Cohen Matthew J.
Published: February 2019

Floods are dominant controls on export of solutes from catchments. In contrast, low‐flow periods such as droughts are potentially dominant control points for biogeochemical processing, enhancing spatiotemporal variation in solute concentrations, stream metabolism, and nutrient uptake. Using complementary time series (i.e., an Eulerian reference frame) and longitudinal profiling (i.e., a Lagrangian reference frame), we investigated hydrologic controls on temporal and spatial variation in solute flux and metabolism in the Lower Santa Fe River (FL, USA), where highly colored surface water mixes with exceptionally clear groundwater from springs. Gage measurements suggest groundwater inputs ranged from <1% (during extreme floods) to 86% (during extreme drought) of total discharge (Q). Mass transport of most solutes was dominated by high‐Q periods. Most solute C‐Q relationships exhibited statistically significant slope breakpoints near the transition between surface and groundwater dominance. In particular, parameters controlling water column light attenuation were chemostatic above median Q but markedly reduced at low Q. As a result, river metabolism and assimilatory nitrate (NO3−) uptake were consistently suppressed at high Q and enhanced at low Q, with greater variability in response to drivers other than water column light transmittance. Spatial variation in solute concentrations was also enhanced at low Q, induced by discrete groundwater inflow and biogeochemical processing along the reach. Contrasting reference frames yielded corroborative evidence for transport dominance at high Q, which damps spatiotemporal heterogeneity. In contrast, low‐Q periods enable localized mixing controls on solute concentrations and high rates of metabolism and nutrient processing that increase spatiotemporal variability.
When Floods Cross Borders, Satellite Data Can Help
Authors: Hossain Faisal , Bonnema Matthew , Biswas Nishan , Ahmad Shahryar , Duong Bui , Luong Nguyen
Published: February 2019

With so many eyes in the sky, residents living downstream from dams now have many ways to see—and prepare for—potential dangers.
Can We Predict River Flows from Just a Few Observations?
Authors: Lyon Steve , Mansanarez Valentin , Westerberg Ida
Published: February 2019

Improving Discharge Data for Water Resources Management—Hydraulic Modelling as a Tool for Rapid Rating Curve Estimation; Stockholm, Sweden, 8 November 2018
Leading Societies Come Together to Address Harassment in STEMM
Authors: Speiser Joshua
Published: February 2019

AGU and other leaders in the science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) community will work to advance professional and ethical conduct across their fields.
Structural and magnetic investigations of a binuclear coordination compound of dysprosium(iii) dinitrobenzoate
Authors: Sran Balkaran Singh , Gonzalez Jessica Flores , Montigaud Vincent , Le Guennic Boris , Pointillart Fabrice , Cador Olivier , Hundal Geeta
Published: February 2019

Dysprosium(iii) dinitrobenzonate as a new single molecule magnet.
Si photocathode with Ag-supported dendritic Cu catalyst for CO2reduction
Authors: Gurudayal Gurudayal , Beeman Jeffrey W. , Bullock James , Wang Hao , Eichhorn Johanna , Towle Clarissa , Javey Ali , Toma Francesca M. , Mathews Nripan , Ager Joel W.
Published: February 2019

Solar-driven photocathode converts carbon dioxide to C2and C3products.
Energy-level engineering of the electron transporting layer for improving open-circuit voltage in dye and perovskite-based solar cells
Authors: Shin Seong Sik , Suk Jae Ho , Kang Bong Joo , Yin Wenping , Lee Seon Joo , Noh Jun Hong , Ahn Tae Kyu , Rotermund Fabian , Cho In Sun , Seok Sang Il
Published: February 2019

BaSnO3 is designed as an electron transport layer of high-efficiency perovskite and dye-sensitized solar cells by fine-tuning energy levels through substitution of specific amounts of Sr ions.
A plasmon modulated photothermoelectric photodetector in silicon nanostripes
Authors: Liu Weikang , Wang Wenqiang , Guan Zhiqiang , Xu Hongxing
Published: February 2019

We report a plasmon modulated silicon nanostripe PTE detector with an open-circuit photovoltage responsivity of ∼82 mV μW−1.
Investigation of high contrast and reversible luminescence thermochromism of the quantum confined Cs4PbBr6 perovskite solid
Authors: Choi Jin Woo , Cho Namchul , Woo Hee Chul , Oh Byeong M. , Almutlaq Jawaher , Bakr Osman M. , Kim Sung-Hoon , Lee Chang-Lyoul , Kim Jong H.
Published: February 2019

High contrast and reversible luminescence thermochromism behavior of the Cs4PbBr6 perovskite in the solid state is demonstrated and its origin is systemically investigated.
Directed synthesis of SnO2@BiVO4/Co-Pi photoanode for highly efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting and urea oxidation
Authors: Liu Jingchao , Li Jianming , Shao Mingfei , Wei Min
Published: February 2019

The uniform SnO2@BiVO4/Co-Pi photoanode has been designed and fabricated with much enhanced performance for both photoelectrochemical water splitting and urea oxidation.
Simultaneous performance and stability improvement of polymer:fullerene solar cells by doping with piperazine
Authors: Yan Lingpeng , Wang Yaling , Wei Junfeng , Ji Guoqi , Gu Huimin , Li Zerui , Zhang Jianqi , Luo Qun , Wang Zhongqiang , Liu Xuguang , Xu Bingshe , Wei Zhixiang , Ma Chang-Qi
Published: February 2019

Intermolecular electron transfer between piperazine and PC61BM leading to a simultaneous performance and stability improvement.
Bulk growth and an efficient mid-IR laser of high-quality Er:YSGG crystals
Authors: Hu Qiangqiang , Nie Hongkun , Mu Wenxiang , Yin Yanru , Zhang Jian , Zhang Baitao , He Jingliang , Jia Zhitai , Tao Xutang
Published: February 2019

This work reports on the growth of the high quality large size Er:YSGG crystals and their highly efficient 2.8 nm laser.
Thiosquaramide-catalysed asymmetric double Michael addition of 2-(3H)-furanones to nitroolefines
Authors: Yang Mengchen , Chen Chen , Yi Xing , Li Yuan , Wu Xiaoqin , Li Qingshan , Ban Shurong
Published: February 2019

2,2,4-Trisubstituted butenolides bearing a quaternary stereogenic center were smoothly constructed with excellent stereoselectivities under mild conditions.
Increasing the optical response of TiO2 and extending it into the visible region through surface activation with highly stable Cu5 clusters
Authors: Pilar de Lara-Castells María , Hauser Andreas W. , Ramallo-López José M. , Buceta David , Giovanetti Lisandro J. , López-Quintela M. Arturo , Requejo Félix G.
Published: February 2019

The photoabsorption of TiO2 in the UV gets enhanced and extended to the visible region by decoration with highly stable Cu5 clusters.
New near-infrared JHKs light-curve templates for RR Lyrae variables
Authors: Braga V. F. , Stetson P. B. , Bono G. , Dall’Ora M. , Ferraro I. , Fiorentino G. , Iannicola G. , Inno L. , Marengo M. , Neeley J. , Beaton R. L. , Buonanno R. , Calamida A. , Contreras Ramos R. , Chaboyer B. , Fabrizio M. , Freedman W. L. , Gilligan C. K. , Johnston K. V. , Lub J. , Madore B. F. , Magurno D. , Marconi M. , Marinoni S. , Marrese P. M. , Mateo M. , Matsunaga N. , Minniti D. , Monson A. J. , Monelli M. , Nonino M. , Persson S. E. , Pietrinferni A. , Sneden C. , Storm J. , Walker A. R. , Valenti E. , Zoccali M.
Published: February 2019

We provide homogeneous optical (UBVRI) and near-infrared (NIR, JHK) time series photometry for 254 cluster (ω Cen, M 4) and field RR Lyrae (RRL) variables. We ended up with more than 551 000 measurements, of which only 9% are literature data. For 94 fundamental (RRab) and 51 first overtones (RRc) we provide a complete optical/NIR characterization (mean magnitudes, luminosity amplitudes, epoch of the anchor point). The NIR light curves of these variables were adopted to provide new light-curve templates for both RRc and RRab variables. The templates for the J and the H bands are newly introduced, together with the use of the pulsation period to discriminate among the different RRab templates. To overcome subtle uncertainties in the fit of secondary features of the light curves we provide two independent sets of analytical functions (Fourier and periodic Gaussian series). The new templates were validated by using 26 ω Cen and Bulge RRLs. We find that the difference between the measured mean magnitude along the light curve and the mean magnitude estimated by using the template on a single randomly extracted phase point is better than 0.01 mag (σ = 0.04 mag). We also validated the template on variables for which at least three phase points were available, but without information on the phase of the anchor point. We find that the accuracy of the mean magnitudes is also ∼0.01 mag (σ = 0.04 mag). The new templates were applied to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) globular cluster Reticulum and by using literature data and predicted PLZ relations we find true distance moduli μ = 18.47 ± 0.10 (rand.) ± 0.03 (syst.) mag (J) and 18.49 ± 0.09 ± 0.05 mag (K). We also used literature optical and mid-infrared data and we found a mean μ of 18.47 ± 0.02 ± 0.06 mag, suggesting that Reticulum is ∼1 kpc closer than the LMC.
Rehabilitation seltener Erkrankungen: Kleingefäßvaskulitis
Authors: Gehlen Martin , Schwarz-Eywill Michael , Sabrina Sabrina
Published: February 2019

Vaskulitiden sind selten, verlaufen jedoch potenziell lebensbedrohlich. Im Gegensatz zu anderen rheumatischen Erkrankungen konnte in den letzten 10 Jahren zwar die Mortalität gesenkt werden, nicht jedoch die Zahl der Erwerbsminderungsrenten und Arbeitsunfähigkeitstage. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist, einen Überblick über die Krankheitsmanifestationen, die sozialmedizinische Bedeutung und die Therapie im Rahmen der Rehabilitation zu geben.
Brazilian Scale of Hearing and Language Development: Normality Curve for Infants and Children from 0 to 24 Months Old with Normal Hearing
Authors: Moretti Claudia , Ribas Angela , Guarinello Ana , Rosa Marine , Riesemberg Renato , Vassoler Trissia , Sypczuk Giselle , Martins Jackeline
Published: February 2019

Introduction Cochlear implants are currently the most effective technological resource to facilitate access to the hearing world for deaf people. Their use, especially when implanted early in children, reduces the impact of deafness on hearing as well as on the development of spoken language.

Objective To validate the first part of the Brazilian Scale of Hearing and Language Development (EDAL-1, in the Portuguese acronym) and to establish the normal curve in infants and children aged between 0 and 24 months old with normal hearing.

Method This is an experimental study of a descriptive nature, conducted with 92 infants and children with normal hearing. Every infant/child was evaluated audiologically, and the EDAL-1 was applied to their parents. The responses were categorized by applying the EDAL-1 every 3 months for each child.

Results The EDAL-1 was shown to be easily applied by the researcher and easily understood by the parents. It was possible to classify the sample every 3 months and describe the results. The average of the responses found in terms of scores for each age category shows an increasing scale following the evolution of the chronological age: 3 months—34.23 points; 6 months—54.68 points; 9 months—73 points; 12 months—82.5 points; 15 months—87 points; 18 months—91 points; 21 months—92.5 points, and 24 months—95.83 points.

Conclusion The normal curve for EDAL-1 was successfully established. The averages can be considered as the standard protocol for normality, serving as a reference for comparison with other populations.
Rotura del tendón del pectoral mayor: técnica de reparación abierta durante periodo agudo
Authors: Morán Córdova Nicolás , Laso Errázuriz José , Arias Acuña Valentina , Melean Quiroga Patricio
Published: February 2019

La rotura del tendón del pectoral mayor es considerada una lesión infrecuente en lo descrito en la literatura, pero esa lesión ha tenido un aumento exponencial en sus reportes a partir de los años 90. A continuación, presentamos la resolución quirúrgica de una rotura completa del tendón del pectoral mayor mediante una técnica simple y reproducible en un hombre de 34 años, sometido a una alta demanda física diaria. Tenemos ya publicado diferentes técnicas de reparación en periodo agudo como reconstrucción en lesiones crónicas. Nosotros presentamos una técnica de reparación para rotura aguda que consiste en la reinserción mediante anclas de titanio en su huella insercional mediante una configuración de suturas que forma un constructo estable y resistente, que permita al paciente rehabilitarse en forma precoz y satisfactoria para intentar volver al mismo nivel de actividad pre lesional. Con eso, aportamos al especialista una manera sencilla de enfrentarse y planificar la reparación de ese tipo de lesiones infrecuentes que no siempre estamos acostumbrados a resolver.
Endovascular Repair of Aortic Arch Aneurysm with Surgeon-Modified Fenestrated Stent Graft
Authors: Manunga Jesse
Published: February 2019

The authors describe a technique of treating patients with aortic arch aneurysm using surgeon-modified fenestrated stent graft (SMFSG). The technique is demonstrated in a 80-year-old patient whose aneurysm was successfully excluded with a SMFSG using Cook Alpha thoracic stent graft. The device was deployed, removed from its delivery system, and a fenestration created before being mounted back on the delivery system and constrained. It was transitioned through a series of sheaths before being introduced into its original sheath. The device was implanted via a common femoral artery access site; fenestration cannulated from the left brachial artery and bridged with a stent graft.
Increasing the Chances of Natural Conception: Opinion Statement from the the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations - FEBRASGO - Committee of Gynecological Endocrinology
Authors: de Carvalho Bruno Ramalho , Barcelos Ionara Diniz Evangelista Santos , de Medeiros Sebastião Freitas , Benetti-Pinto Cristina Laguna , Yela Daniela Angerame , Nácul Andrea Prestes , Maciel Gustavo Arantes Rosa , Júnior José Maria Soares , Rosa e Silva Ana Carolina Japur de Sá , Costa Laura Olinda Bregieiro Fernandes
Published: February 2019

Considering that myths and misconceptions regarding natural procreation spread rapidly in the era of easy access to information and to social networks, adequate counseling about natural fertility and spontaneous conception should be encouraged in any kind of health assistance. Despite the fact that there is no strong-powered evidence about any of the aspects related to natural fertility, literature on how to increase the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy is available. In the present article, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO, in the Portuguese acronym) Committee on Endocrine Gynecology provides suggestions to optimize counseling for non-infertile people attempting spontaneous conception.
The Who, What, and Where of Primary TKAs: An Analysis of HCUP Data from 2009 to 2015
Authors: Gwam Chukwuweike , Rosas Samuel , Sullivan Rashad , Luo T. David , Emory Cynthia L. , Plate Johannes F.
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to assess (1) temporal trends, (2) primary indication, (3) patient-level demographics (age, race, gender, health status, and median income quartile), and (4) region and hospital type for all patients receiving primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between 2009 and the third quarter of 2015. The National Inpatient Sample Database (NIS) was used to identify all patients who underwent a TKA between 2009 and the third quarter of 2015. Regression analysis was utilized to assess trends. Chi-square analysis was used to explore categorical variables whereas Kruskal–Wallis test was used to explore nonparametric continuous variables. TKA utilization increased between 2009 and 2015 with the highest volume occurring during the fall. Primary osteoarthritis was the primary indication in 98% of cases. There was an increase in minority representation among recipients. Black TKA recipients were younger and had lower median age-adjusted Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI). Black recipients were most likely to be of the lowest 25% of median income than any other races. The Midwest demonstrated the greatest increase in TKAs performed per 100,000 between 2009 and 2014. Case volumes shifted to urban teaching hospitals between 2009 and 2014. There were differences in age of presentation, preoperative morbidity, and income status among races. Furthermore, our findings revealed a more rapid growth in TKA procedures per 100,000 in the Midwest, in addition to volume shifts toward urban teaching hospitals. Future studies are needed to update our findings as well as explore trends in racial disparities for primary TKA recipients.
Imaging, Surgical, and Pathology Findings of a Myxoid Aortic Sarcoma: When Distal Embolization Uncovers a Bigger Problem
Authors: Calcaterra Domenico , Rosati Carlo , Renfro Leslie , Vardas Panayotis
Published: February 2019

Aortic sarcomas are a very rare condition typically characterized by a deceiving presentation. Making a correct diagnosis is based on the application of an algorithm which allows to identify the primary disease site and to obtain a tissue diagnosis. Surgical aortic resection with adjuvant therapy offers the best palliation, particularly in cases of well-differentiated tumors with no evidence of diffuse metastatic spread.
Evaluation of BioFoam for Anastomotic Bleeding in Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Alfieri Ottavio
Published: February 2019

Background Hemostatic agents are increasingly used as an adjunct to standard methods of controlling anastomotic bleeding in surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and effectiveness of BioFoam Surgical Matrix used as an adjunct for anastomotic hemostasis following cardiovascular surgery.

Methods A prospective, multicenter, single arm study was conducted with 75 subjects treated with BioFoam following a total of 105 elective cardiovascular surgical procedures. Time to hemostasis was recorded following a single application of BioFoam in 74 subjects. Safety evaluations included intraoperative administration of a blood product, requirement for alternative means to achieve hemostasis, and the incidence of reoperation for bleeding.

Results Hemostasis within 3 minutes was achieved in 62 (84%) of the 74 subjects and within 10 minutes in 69 (93%) of these subjects. BioFoam was well tolerated. Twelve (16%) of the 75 enrolled subjects each experienced one adverse event, and 13 serious adverse events were reported in 10 (13.3%) of the subjects. None of the adverse events was considered by the Investigators to be related to BioFoam. Blood products were administered to 14 (18.6%) of the 75 subjects, banked autologous blood was given to 5 (6.6%) subjects, and 57 (75.7%) subjects required only a cell saver. Four (5.3%) of the 75 subjects required reoperation for bleeding within 24 hours of surgery. There were no observations of bleeding in any subject at discharge and no reoperation for bleeding following discharge. The mean operation time was 218.2 (±72.2) minutes.

Conclusions This study demonstrates the effectiveness of BioFoam Surgical Matrix when used as an adjunct for anastomotic hemostasis following a broad range of cardiovascular surgical procedures. The safety outcomes were within the normal limits for the types of procedures performed.
Relationship of Handedness with Second to Fourth Digit (2D: 4D) Ratio and its Role in Sexual Dimorphism in Tibeto-Nepalese and Indo-Nepalese Adult Population of the Dharan Municipality, Sunsari District of Eastern Nepal: An Anthropometric Study
Authors: Shah Sandip , Koirala Sarun , Khanal Laxman
Published: February 2019

Introduction The importance of handedness lies in its relationship with the lateralization of the brain function, especially of language. The aim of the present study was to provide an authentic database on right and left second to fourth digit (2D:4D) ratios in 2 different ethnic groups of a particular age and gender, and to study its correlation with handedness and sexual dimorphism.

Materials and Methods The present study was conducted among 400 Tibeto-Nepalese (TN) subjects (200 of each gender) and 400 Indo-Nepalese (IN) subjects (200 of each gender) aged ≥ 18 years old. The values for the 2D:4D ratio were calculated for both hands. Hand preference was established according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, and five hand preference determination groups were constituted after the calculation of the laterality score. The results were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results The mean value of right sided 2D:4D ratio of TN female was higher as compared to IN female; and for left sided 2D:4D ratio, the value was lower in TN female as compared to IN female. When the values of the 2D:4D ratios were assessed by gender, the values were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), whereas when they were assessed by ethnicity, only the right hand 2D:4D ratio was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion When the relationships between the laterality score and the 2D:4D ratios were examined, the values were found to be statistically significant in both ethnic groups only on the left side. The 2D:4D ratio shows significant ethnic and population differences in the present study.
Endocannabinoid Signalling in Atherosclerosis and Related Metabolic Complications
Authors: Guillamat-Prats Raquel , Rami Martina , Herzig Stephan , Steffens Sabine
Published: February 2019

Endocannabinoids are a group of arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators binding to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. An overactivity of the endocannabinoid system plays a pathophysiological role in the development of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, elevated circulating endocannabinoid levels are also prevalent in atherosclerosis. The pathophysiological increase of endocannabinoid levels is due to an altered expression of endocannabinoid synthesizing and degrading enzymes induced by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines or lipids. Emerging experimental evidence suggests that enhanced endocannabinoid signalling affects atherosclerosis via multiple effects, including a modulation of vascular inflammation, leukocyte recruitment, macrophage cholesterol metabolism and consequently atherosclerotic plaque stability. In addition, recent findings in various metabolic disease models highlight the relevance of peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors in adipose tissue, liver and pancreas, which crucially regulate lipid and glucose metabolism as well as macrophage properties in these organs. This suggests that targeting the endocannabinoid system in the vasculature and peripheral organs might have a therapeutic potential for atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular inflammation and improving metabolic risk factors. This review will provide a brief update on the effects of endocannabinoid signalling in atherosclerosis and related metabolic complications.
Benign Bone Tumors about the Hip
Authors: Patel Jay , Gianakos Arianna , Miller Justin , Hoskins Tyler , Wittig James
Published: February 2019

Hip pain can often be a challenging patient complaint with a complicated differential diagnosis, in part because there are numerous etiologies of both primary and referred hip pain. It is critical that clinicians be able to properly diagnose and treat these etiologies. Here, the authors present the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of various benign bone tumors around the hip to help clinicians accurately identify these conditions.
Benign Tumor-Like Conditions of the Hip
Authors: Patel Jay , Miller Justin , Gianakos Arianna , Mazzei Christopher , Wittig James
Published: February 2019

There are numerous benign tumor-like conditions that can affect the hip, both in a systemic and a local manner. Oftentimes, tumor-like conditions are overlooked or omitted from the differential diagnosis. This can lead to a delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. As clinicians, it is important to be able to properly diagnose and treat these conditions in a timely fashion. Here, the authors present the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of various benign tumor-like conditions to help clinicians identify and treat these conditions.
Imageless Navigation Accurately Measures Component Orientation during Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Comparison with Postoperative Radiographs
Authors: Paprosky Wayne , Muir Jeffrey , Sostak Jennifer
Published: February 2019

Accurate placement of acetabular components during total hip arthroplasty (THA) is paramount in ensuring long-term stability. Current methods for monitoring cup position and leg length intraoperatively are lacking due to susceptibility to inaccuracy or prohibitive cost. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an imageless surgical navigation tool to accurately measure acetabular cup inclination and leg length differential during THA. The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent primary or revision THA (posterolateral approach) at their facility with the assistance of computer-assisted navigation between February 2016 and March 2017. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were analyzed for leg length discrepancies and acetabular cup inclination. Radiographic values were compared with intraoperative values provided by the surgical navigation tool. The mean difference between inclination as measured from radiographs (44.4 ± 5.9 degrees) and navigation (43.0 ± 4.4 degrees) was −1.4 ± 4.6 degrees (mean absolute difference: 3.8 ± 2.8 degrees). Seventy-seven percent (48/62) of navigation measurements were within 5 degrees of radiographs. The mean difference between radiographic (7.39 ± 5.67 mm) and navigation (7.44 ± 4.81 mm) measurements of leg length differential was 0.29 ± 4.20 mm (mean absolute difference: 3.20 ± 2.69 mm). Navigation tool measurements were within 5 mm of radiographic values in 85% (39/46) of cases. At 90 days, idiopathic dislocation requiring revision surgery occurred in one patient (1.2%) with one additional patient (1.2%) requiring revision surgery due to a traumatic injury (fall). Computer-assisted navigation provided accurate intraoperative data regarding inclination and changes in leg length and was associated with a low rate of dislocation and revision surgery at 90-day follow-up.
E-protein regulatory network links TCR signaling to effector Treg cell differentiation
Authors: Han Xiaojuan , Huang Huarong , Gao Ping , Zhang Qi , Liu Xinyuan , Jia Baoqian , Strober Warren , Hou Baidong , Zhou Xuyu , Gao George Fu , Zhang Fuping
Published: February 2019

Significance

Effector Treg cells comprise the subset of the Treg cell population that exhibits enhanced regulatory function. Whereas the induction and maintenance of this subset are known to depend on TCR signaling, the underlying molecular mechanisms downstream of such signaling and the contributions of individual TCR-dependent genes to effector Treg cell generation are still poorly understood. In the studies described here differentiated Treg cells in which E-protein (E2A/HEB) expression has been deleted were utilized to demonstrate that E proteins are transcriptional suppressors of a large number of genes associated with effector Treg cell differentiation, localization, function, and proliferation. Thus, this finding indicates that continuous TCR signals modulating E-protein activity is a major mechanism underlying Treg cell acquisition of effector functions.
Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning
Authors: Künzel Sören R. , Sekhon Jasjeet S. , Bickel Peter J. , Yu Bin
Published: February 2019

Significance

Estimating and analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects is timely, yet challenging. We introduce a unifying framework for many conditional average treatment effect estimators, and we propose a metalearner, the X-learner, which can adapt to structural properties, such as the smoothness and sparsity of the underlying treatment effect. We present its favorable properties, using theory and simulations. We apply it, using random forests, to two field experiments in political science, where it is shown to be easy to use and to produce results that are interpretable.
Single-molecule excitation–emission spectroscopy
Authors: Thyrhaug Erling , Krause Stefan , Perri Antonio , Cerullo Giulio , Polli Dario , Vosch Tom , Hauer Jürgen
Published: February 2019

Significance

The most popular methods of single-molecule detection are based on fixed-wavelength excitation of individual molecules combined with dispersed detection of emission. While these methods are well established, they mainly provide information on the excited-state environment of the fluorophore. Here, we introduce an approach capable of simultaneously acquiring the full information, involving both ground- and excited states, by recording a 2D excitation versus emission map for single molecules by use of a birefringent interferometer. We interpret the results in terms of optical lineshape theory. The presented approach is easily implementable and applicable to a wide range of scientific problems, ranging from spectroscopy of supramolecular biological complexes to materials science.
Pivotal role for α
V
integrins in sustained Tfh support of the germinal center response for long-lived plasma cell generation
Authors: Schrock Dillon C. , Leddon Scott A. , Hughson Angela , Miller Jim , Lacy-Hulbert Adam , Fowell Deborah J.
Published: February 2019

Significance

The hallmark of protective immunity to infection and vaccination is the generation of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) secreting high-affinity antibodies. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) must be retained within specialized germinal center (GC) structures to provide essential help to B cells for LLPC generation. How such Tfh GC accumulation is sustained is unclear. We identify an ECM:α
V
integrin axis in the control of the GC reaction. In the absence of T cell α
V
integrins, Tfh are generated and can support early B cell responses but fail to accumulate within the GC, resulting in a striking absence of LLPCs. Targeting α
V
integrins may enable novel therapeutic control of Tfh GC numbers to boost immunity or mitigate Ab-mediated autoimmune pathology.
TRPM7 is the central gatekeeper of intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival
Authors: Mittermeier Lorenz , Demirkhanyan Lusine , Stadlbauer Benjamin , Breit Andreas , Recordati Camilla , Hilgendorff Anne , Matsushita Masayuki , Braun Attila , Simmons David G. , Zakharian Eleonora , Gudermann Thomas , Chubanov Vladimir
Published: February 2019

Zn
2+
, Mg
2+
, and Ca
2+
are essential minerals required for a plethora of metabolic processes and signaling pathways. Different categories of cation-selective channels and transporters are therefore required to tightly control the cellular levels of individual metals in a cell-specific manner. However, the mechanisms responsible for the organismal balance of these essential minerals are poorly understood. Herein, we identify a central and indispensable role of the channel-kinase TRPM7 for organismal mineral homeostasis. The function of TRPM7 was assessed by single-channel analysis of TRPM7, phenotyping of TRPM7-deficient cells in conjunction with metabolic profiling of mice carrying kidney- and intestine-restricted null mutations in
Trpm7
and animals with a global “kinase-dead” point mutation in the gene. The TRPM7 channel reconstituted in lipid bilayers displayed a similar permeability to Zn
2+
and Mg
2+
. Consistently, we found that endogenous TRPM7 regulates the total content of Zn
2+
and Mg
2+
in cultured cells. Unexpectedly, genetic inactivation of intestinal rather than kidney TRPM7 caused profound deficiencies specifically of Zn
2+
, Mg
2+
, and Ca
2+
at the organismal level, a scenario incompatible with early postnatal growth and survival. In contrast, global ablation of TRPM7 kinase activity did not affect mineral homeostasis, reinforcing the importance of the channel activity of TRPM7. Finally, dietary Zn
2+
and Mg
2+
fortifications significantly extended the survival of offspring lacking intestinal TRPM7. Hence, the organismal balance of divalent cations critically relies on one common gatekeeper, the intestinal TRPM7 channel.
PGC1A regulates the IRS1:IRS2 ratio during fasting to influence hepatic metabolism downstream of insulin
Authors: Besse-Patin Aurèle , Jeromson Stewart , Levesque-Damphousse Philipa , Secco Blandine , Laplante Mathieu , Estall Jennifer L.
Published: February 2019

Significance

The liver plays crucial roles in the control of glucose homeostasis during the fast-feeding cycle. It responds to insulin and glucagon to either store or provide glucose to other organs. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Associations have been made between low hepatic levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1A) and hepatic insulin resistance, but underlying mechanisms are elusive. We show that PGC1A controls the hepatic ratio of Insulin Receptor Substrates 1 (IRS1) and IRS2 expression, crucial for defining the precise insulin signal in hepatocytes to respond to fasting and feeding. Importantly, PGC1A is key for insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production.
Probing the link between residual entropy and viscosity of molecular fluids and model potentials
Authors: Bell Ian H.
Published: February 2019

Significance

We confirm, based on a large database of experimental measurements, Rosenfeld’s hypothesis from 1977 that the viscosity (a transport property) and the residual entropy (a thermodynamic property) are intimately connected in dense fluid phases. This study also provides a means to estimate viscosity with knowledge of only thermodynamic property information or to characterize a fluid’s full liquid viscosity surface based upon a very small number of high-accuracy experimental measurements.
Reactive oxygen species modulate macrophage immunosuppressive phenotype through the up-regulation of PD-L1
Authors: Roux Cecilia , Jafari Soode Moghadas , Shinde Rahul , Duncan Gordon , Cescon David W. , Silvester Jennifer , Chu Mandy F. , Hodgson Kelsey , Berger Thorsten , Wakeham Andrew , Palomero Luis , Garcia-Valero Mar , Pujana Miguel A. , Mak Tak W. , McGaha Tracy L. , Cappello Paola , Gorrini Chiara
Published: February 2019

Significance

Immunotherapies targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have recently been combined with standard chemotherapy to potentiate the treatment of solid tumors, including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been directly linked to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Here we report that ROS induced either by chemotherapy (paclitaxel) or antioxidant depletion induce PD-L1 expression in macrophages. PD-L1 positive macrophages have immune-suppressive and angiogenic properties that interfere with the efficacy of paclitaxel in vivo. Indeed, PD-L1 blockade reverts this effect and synergizes with paclitaxel to reduce tumor growth. Our work reveals a pathway that further supports the importance of combining taxane and PD-L1 inhibitors as promising anticancer strategy in TNBC.
Effects of post-deposition heat treatment on microstructures of GTA-additive manufactured 2219-Al
Authors: Cai Xiaoyu , Dong Bolun , Bai Jiuyang , Lin Sanbao , Fan Chenglei , Yang Chunli
Published: February 2019

Several 2219-Al parts were produced by GTA (Gas Tungsten Arc) additive manufacturing, then an exceptional heat treatment characterised by long solution time was proposed and carried out to improve their microstructures and mechanical properties. Results show that, for the macroscopic features, the regional-division and layered-division features are eliminated after the heat treatment. For the microstructures, grain morphologies remain almost the same after the heat treatment, but the sizes and distributions of both eutectics and particles change significantly. The net-like and bulk-like eutectics are dissolved into point-like structures, while uniformly distributed θ′ – particles precipitate out. For the hardness, the heat treatment brings about significant precipitation strengthening, leading to a 97% increase of the Vickers hardness of GTA-additive manufactured 2219-Al.
Microstructure and properties of WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y2O3 addition on titanium alloy by laser cladding
Authors: Wang Kaiming , Du Dong , Liu Guan , Chang Baohua , Hong Yuxiang
Published: February 2019

In this study, WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y2O3 addition were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium substrate by laser cladding. The phases, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, microhardness tester and wear tester. The results showed that good metallurgical bonding was achieved between the composite coatings and substrate. The phases mainly were γ-Ni, TiC, TiB2, Ni3B, M23C6 and WC. Most of the WC was dissolved in small pieces of WC during the laser cladding process. The microhardness of the composite coatings was about 3 times that of the titanium substrate and the wear resistance of the composite coatings had a significant increase.