bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Passion of Anne Hutchinson
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J.
Published: June 2021

Anne Hutchinson remains an iconic figure in early American history and women’s history. More than a hundred years of scholarship on Puritans and New England colonization have positioned the controversy surrounding her as a critical moment during the first decade of Massachusetts’s settlement, although the importance of Hutchinson herself (rather than her male opponents and supporters) and the actual nature of her challenge have been matters of intense debate. While most articles and books emphasize the theological and political battles among men, women’s historians have turned to Hutchinson, but as emblematic of the status and limitations surrounding women. This project approaches Hutchinson from a position informed by intellectual and women’s history, pushing into the intricate, competing, but sometimes complementary cultural systems of Puritan spirituality and gender ideology. The book examines Puritanism and its practitioners over the long term, from its mid-sixteenth-century origins through and beyond the establishment of the New England colonies to the English Civil War and the fragmentation of English Puritanism in the 1660s. Through Anne Hutchinson, her predecessors, and her followers, the book explores the relationship between gender as a cultural system in flux and the radical religious community that inspired the colonization of New England. Puritanism was, perhaps, a religious system that provided strategies and justifications for controlling women. Yet the religious radicalism, ideology, and practices also attracted and empowered powerful women who actively supported the clergy, flourished spiritually, connected with God experientially, and came to lead as advisers, prophets, and preachers. Anne Hutchinson marks the power and promise of such charisma.
Prologue
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter chronicles Anne Hutchinson’s Boston career: her arrival, family’s status, her rise to prominence, and her fall. The chapter establishes her charismatic leadership, accompanied by the growing divisions in the church and colony, ending with her trials and final excommunication. The narrative focuses upon Hutchinson with references to her family and the Hutchinsonian disciples as needed to connect developments. Although this first chapter is primarily descriptive, it incorporates a detailed, critical analysis of the General Court and church trial transcripts, comparing these texts with the account provided by Governor John Winthrop. The analysis challenges common historians’ misreading of the evidence and poses questions to be considered in the remaining chapters.
Mediation—Its Forms and Functions
Authors: Fuller Lon L.
Published: June 2021

This article examines the forms and functions of mediation. Mediation is commonly directed, not toward achieving conformity to norms, but toward the creation of the relevant norms themselves. It may be suggested that mediation is always, in any event, directed toward bringing about a more harmonious relationship between the parties. However, mediation can also be directed, not toward cementing a relationship, but toward terminating it. The article then looks at the negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement. The central quality of mediation is its capacity to reorient the parties toward each other, not by imposing rules on them, but by helping them to achieve a new and shared perception of their relationship, a perception that will redirect their attitudes and dispositions toward one another.
Understanding Mediators’ Orientations, Strategies, and Techniques
Authors: Riskin Leonard L.
Published: June 2021

This article presents a system for categorizing and understanding approaches to mediation. This system describes mediations by reference to two related characteristics, each of which appears along a continuum. One continuum measures the scope of the problem or problems that the mediation seeks to address or resolve. The second continuum measures the strategies and techniques that the mediator employs in attempting to address or resolve the problems that comprise the subject matter of the mediation. At one end of this continuum are strategies and techniques that evaluate issues important to the dispute or transaction. At the other end of the continuum are beliefs and behaviors that facilitate the parties’ negotiation. The article then looks at the potential advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches to mediation.
Conclusion
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

In the final chapter and general conclusion of the book, Mapes demonstrates the global spread of elite authenticity across so-called light and thick communities. She briefly analyzes additional data from outside New York, including food texts from Australia, Germany, and England. Ultimately, Mapes explains how the generative workings of reflexivity within neoliberal societies have pushed forward the tendency to deny elite status, and instead to claim distinction based on individual work ethic and meritocratic reward. Thus, the discourse of elite authenticity is a means of detecting—and, indeed, reflexively coming to terms with—the pervasive trend in society to ignore implicit claims to eliteness and status in favor of performed (and learned) egalitarianism.
Conclusion
Authors: Boulding Carew , Holzner Claudio A.
Published: June 2021

The concluding chapter considers the implications of the book’s findings for the health and stability of democracy in the region and for future research. Democracy is not strong unless the voices of all people are heard and considered equally by those in power. Political equality obviously affects representation and accountability, and also impacts public policies that are likely to be more responsive to the needs of all citizens where the poor are politically active. The chapter reflects on the limitations of socioeconomic status (SES) and resource-based theories of political participation that emphasize individual-level factors and attitudes and advocates for more comparative analyses of political behavior that takes institutional factors seriously in explaining who participates and in which political activities.
Assessment and Goal Setting
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

The first step of the change model is to identify the problem, need, challenge, or opportunity. Common examples are changes in priorities of the organization’s funders, expectations to use a particular evidence-based practice, or a need to develop an information system that can use performance-based contracting. The second step, identifying the desired future state—the change goal—must ensure that the future state will adequately address the identified problems or challenges. Assessing the present has several dimensions. Assessment of context of the change might involve revisiting the agency’s strategic plan in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Assessing the change content might involve deeper problem analysis. Assessing change process includes examining the change readiness and capacities (e.g., the change’s fit with agency mission, staff feelings of self efficacy) of the change leader, staff, and the organization as a whole. These may need to be addressed before continuing.
Launching the Change Initiative
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

The first implementation step is to determine an overall change strategy (empirical-rational, normative-reeducative, or power-coercive). Broadly and fully communicating the need and desirability of the change is necessary for staff to see the relevance of the change goal. This can include data from the earlier assessment of the problem and how achievement of the change goal will lead to a better future for the organization. Change leaders might show how the change is compatible with the organization’s mission, vision, and values. Change leaders cannot “overcommunicate” regarding the need for change. Creating a sense of urgency needs to be framed from the employees’ perspectives: how the change will address a real problem and what bad outcomes are likely if the problem is not addressed. Communicating the change vision involves referring to the new ideal future of the organization and also outlining the basics of the change process to be used.
Change Models for Human Service Organizations
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Organizational change models designed for human service organizations include the ARC model, the sanctuary model, getting to outcomes, and design team. Their use might require assistance from expert consultants. Each includes high participation of staff members, using structured systems and processes to identify opportunities to improve operations in a program or in administrative operations, followed by analysis and brainstorming to generate improvement ideas. Innovation and intrapraneurship are concepts that have been adapted from the for-profit sector for application in the human services. Innovation can be defined as a process, method, product, or outcome that is new and creates an improvement. Intrapraneurship is the use of entrepreneurial principles within an organization to solve problems or improve operations. Cutback management is not specifically identified as a change model, but is a process for changing organizations by addressing funding cuts, through methods ranging from efficiency improvements to, ideally, finding new revenue sources.
From The Silver Triangle to The Music Man
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 uses a wealth of newly uncovered archival material to show the long gestation of the script of The Music Man from 1951 to 1957. Of note, it shows Willson’s interest in writing a musical about disability, as well as his struggles to create a convincing romantic plot. The first draft script is described and analyzed in detail, to highlight how different it was from the Broadway version. Various other topics and characters are examined; for example, the chapter looks at how the character of Marian was related to the Shinns in some drafts, while Eulalie’s character was substantially toned down, having been the villain in some early versions. The chapter also sheds light on the vital role played by Franklin Lacey as co-book writer: late in the day, Lacey became involved and substantially tightened the book. The chapter also briefly outlines other aspects of the show’s genesis.
Composing the Score for a Musical about Music
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: June 2021

Chapter 3 uses both Willson’s published comments about his philosophy of writing musicals and his previously unseen archive of music manuscripts to chart the development of the score of The Music Man. There are particular case studies on “Marian the Librarian” and “My White Knight,” revealing in detail how Willson crafted his musical numbers. Many of the songs dropped from the score, and their impact on the narrative of the show, are also discussed at length.
Becoming Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

Chapter One is an historical introduction to the country, analyzing the major events that led to the formation of the modern Saudi state in 1932. It focuses on key moments before and since its founding which have helped to shape present-day Saudi Arabia.
The Son King and the ‘Man of the Palace’
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the events surrounding and leading up to the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi by operatives of the Saudi regime in the country’s consulate in Istanbul. It explains the killing of Khashoggi—an insider who knew too much—as a function of the new repression in Saudi Arabia. The chapter examines Khashoggi’s transformation from a regime propagandist to a persona non grata, explaining this change with reference to the abrupt rise of Crown Prince Muhammad ibn Salman and the shift in Saudi politics that it brought about.
From Muhammad to Sulha
Authors: Roth Daniel
Published: June 2021

This chapter establishes the theoretical lens through which the case studies of third-party peacemakers in Judaism can be analyzed. The chapter begins by reviewing the study of religion and peacebuilding in general, and Judaism and conflict resolution in particular. Examples are provided of research conducted in religious peacebuilding and paradigmatic peacemakers in other religious traditions, such as the prophet Muhammad in Islam. In the second part of the chapter, the literature relating to traditional cultural models of conflict resolution and peacemaking is surveyed, focusing on the traditional Arab-Islamic process of sulha and how it compares to modern-Western models of conflict resolution and reconciliation.
Rodfei Shalom, Metavkhei Shalom, Pashranim, and Nikhbadim
Authors: Roth Daniel
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines historical accounts and stories of non-rabbinic Jewish lay leaders who served as third-party peacemakers within their communities as found in medieval and early modern rabbinic literature. As opposed to the rabbis of whom the identities of almost all were known, lay leaders who served as third-party peacemakers are almost entirely anonymous. They were, however, often referred to with quasi-titles to signify their role as third-party peacemakers. The chapter is therefore divided into four primary sections based on these various titles used to refer to lay peacemakers. The chapter also includes a discussion on the imperative in Jewish law and tradition of lay people to serve as third-party peacemakers or mediators.
Partition, Migration, and ‘Sons of the Soil’
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

This chapter chronicles the emergence of a ‘sons of the soil’ movement following the tumultuous events of partition. Partition massively altered the demography of Sindh, with the exodus of Hindus and arrival of Muslim migrants (Muhajirs) from India. The Muhajirs quickly dominated the urban centers, administration and economy of Sindh. This period also saw the beginning of Sindh’s struggle for autonomy as the Centre separated Karachi from Sindh and later merged Sindh with One Unit—the new mega-province that incorporated the whole of West Pakistan. The removal of Sindhi language from public life in the province exacerbated Sindhi feelings of alienation. These developments led to the ‘sons of the soil’ movement of G. M. Syed, which adopted various strategies to resist the hegemony of the Centre.
Sindhi Nationalists
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the narrative of the three icons of Sindhi nationalism—G. M. Syed, Ibrahim Joyo and Shaikh Ayaz—and analyzes the separatist Sindhudesh detour as a sign of intra-ethnic outbidding between Syed and Bhutto. The chapter profiles the post-Syed landscape of Sindhi nationalism by focusing on the various nationalist parties led by Rasul Baksh Palijo, Qadir Magsi and others, and on issues such as the Kalabagh Dam, the NFC Award and the Eighteenth Amendment. The chapter sheds light on everyday nationalism as expressed through intellectual activities, musical sessions, anniversaries of the nationalist heroes, and meetings around Sufi shrines.
Happiness
Authors: Wright Samuel
Published: June 2021

Chapter 3 argues that the conception of the self (ātman) that Sanskrit logicians attribute to humans corresponds to how they give emotional meaning to place. First, it examines their argument—that emotions are particular to humans and do not occur in divine beings—in relation to arguments in Bengali Vaishnavism, where emotion is understood to be that which allows one to connect to the divine. Second, it examines a number of temple inscriptions that illustrate how emotions are used by those who participate in Bengali Vaishnavism. Then, it contrasts these inscriptions with colophons from the texts of Sanskrit logicians that exhibit a different emotion connected to logic. The chapter offers a comparative study that showcases competing notions of space in seventeenth-century Bengal.
Afterword
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

In the afterword, the author offers a personal account of how, when and where he, as a schoolboy, first became aware of the plight of African migrant mineworkers and how the experience followed him into young adulthood. It offers an understanding of why he came to write the book about the Night Trains.
Introduction to Roman Contract Law
Authors: Frier Bruce W.
Published: June 2021

The Introduction surveys the development of Roman contract law through the Edict of the Urban Praetor and the writings of the Roman jurists. Emphasis is particularly on three concepts central to the overall architecture of Roman contract law: consensus (agreement); bona fides (good faith); and, to a more limited extent, causa (cause or reason for contracting). The law of contracts is placed in the more general framework of obligation and debt. This rich intellectual heritage relates directly to the character of the Roman economy as it developed from the archaic period to the Empire. Finally, the introduction discusses late imperial handling of Roman contract law.
Sale
Authors: Frier Bruce W.
Published: June 2021

This chapter, the longest in the Casebook, explores the critically important contract of purchase and sale (emptio venditio): its formation and requirements, the problem of mistake, the interpretation of sales agreements, the execution by seller and buyer, risk, liabilities for default, and warranties of title and against defects. The law of sale is intricate and is richly developed by the jurists, often with the aim of preventing buyers from being deceived or at least not fully satisfied with their purchases. Roman law does not distinguish strongly between sale of movables and immovable, but does recognize that some types of property (called res mancipi) may require a special procedure for transferring ownership.
A Constitutional Dictatorship
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines state repression and the discourse that served as its justification. It discusses the prime minister’s modus operandi of making democracy dependent on discipline and deeming any dissent to be anti-national. In 1971, she used a campaign slogan Garibi Hatao (Get Rid of Poverty) to justify the imposition of the state of emergency, claiming it was necessary to improve the lives of the poor. On the back of the 1971 election victory, laws such as the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), the Defence of India Act (DIR) and the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) were used to suppress all forms of dissent. The media was also censored and categorised by the government as either friendly, neutral or hostile. Linz’s typology is used in this chapter to describe the regime as a constitutional dictatorship. The chapter further states that the Emergency in India was not an anomaly as far as world history is concerned: many of India’s neighbours also drifted towards authoritarian rule. This is explained by the common problems they faced, including high unemployment; foreign dependence; growing rural–urban, regional and class divisions; and an incomplete demographic transition.
Subverting Institutions Remnants of Democracy
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter highlights the peculiar phenomenon of both the judiciary and the parliament at least formally and legally being allowed to continue functioning under the Emergency. It analyses the manner in which institutions—in particular the Lok Sabha—gave India a façade of parliamentarism while lawmakers were imprisoned. This fiction of remaining within the confines of legality was maintained by the regime despite the fact that judges had lost much of their independence at the hands of the executive. In fact, this gave both the judiciary and the parliament some room to function. However, this was not the case when it came to public sector undertakings, especially for the Reserve Bank of India and the banking sector. These institutions were completely controlled by the state and dependent on its whims. They were subject to nepotism and used to settle personal scores.
Mobilization for gender equality in Pakistan and the role of international human rights
Authors: de Búrca Gráinne
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the struggle for women’s rights and gender equality in Pakistan in recent decades through the lens of the experimentalist account of human rights. It describes the work of women’s groups and other activists in Pakistan to advance the rights of women in a highly patriarchal political and social system, and their engagement over time with international human rights law and institutions as part of those efforts, in particular the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Activists have drawn on the support of transnational networks and have used international human rights institutions, including CEDAW as well as the Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council, to increase pressure on governmental and other domestic actors to introduce change. Despite the huge scale of the social and political obstacles facing their efforts at reform, many significant changes have been introduced as a consequence of domestic mobilization and engagement. The chapter outlines some of these contested legal and political processes over time and the reforms that have gradually been brought about, as well as the limitations they have confronted.
Cloud Technologies and Services
Authors: Kuan Hon W , Millard Christopher , Singh Jatinder
Published: June 2021

This chapter defines what cloud computing is. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has set out a commonly used definition of cloud computing. Under this definition, a 'computing capacity' will qualify as a 'cloud service' if it has the following five characteristics: on-demand self-service; broad network access; resource pooling; rapid elasticity; and measured service. In terms of business models, cloud computing resources are typically offered 'as a Service'. Traditionally, cloud computing services were typically described as falling into one or more of the following three service categories or models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The chapter then looks at the key concepts of the cloud supply chain.
Regulation of International Data Transfers in Clouds
Authors: Wuermeling Ulrich , Oldani Isabella
Published: June 2021

This chapter studies the regulation of international data transfers in clouds. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) stipulates that any transfer of personal data from the European Union (EU) (as well as other European Economic Area (EEA) countries) to a third country or an international organisation is subject to restrictions to ensure that the level of protection provided by the GDPR is not undermined. The GDPR requires either adequate protection or appropriate safeguards for transfers of personal data to third countries. When assessing a data transfer to a third country, a number of factors must be considered. First, it is necessary to establish whether the processing of personal data falls within the scope of the GDPR. Second, the GDPR may apply either to the cloud provider or its customer, or to both. Third, it is necessary to establish when a 'transfer' of personal data from an EU Member State to a third country is taking place and how the protection of the data can be ensured. Fourth, in some circumstances, there may be an exception to the requirement to ensure continued protection following a data transfer.
Facilitating Competition in the Cloud
Authors: Gleeson Niamh , Walden Ian
Published: June 2021

This chapter studies the application of competition law to the provision of cloud computing services. Competition law is understood as a set of rules enforced by competition authorities that are intended to protect the process of competition and enhance consumer welfare. These rules may allow intervention in the market when competition is distorted, but also have a primary precautionary purpose which intends to prevent the act or conduct of undertakings from resulting in competition being distorted and ensure healthy competition in the market. Although cloud computing is global, the chapter focuses mainly on developments within the EU, but where relevant, refers to academic commentary relevant to cloud from a US antitrust law perspective. The application of traditional competition law to the provision of cloud computing services has been slow. Competition in markets has often also been facilitated by alternative 'regulatory' mechanisms, some of which may help ensure competition in the provision of cloud computing services. The chapter examines two such mechanisms: public procurement rules and data portability requirements.
Knowledge and True Belief in the Meno
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: June 2021

Plato’s Meno is often thought to say that knowledge (epistêmê) is true belief (doxa) plus something, where the ‘something’ is often thought to be justification. However, it has also been argued that the Meno doesn’t take knowledge to be a species of, or even to imply, true belief. There is also dispute as to whether epistêmê is knowledge; according to one view, it is understanding instead. The chapter argues that, according to the Meno, epistêmê is a species of true belief: one has epistêmê that p when one has the true belief that p and can explain why p is so. The chapter also argues that this is an account of knowledge, one that is not vulnerable to Gettier-style counterexamples. It also asks whether the Meno holds that knowledge must be based on knowledge and, if it does, whether its account of knowledge is circular. It also suggests that the dialogue rejects the so-called Two Worlds Theory, according to which one can’t know and believe the same things.
Aristotle’s Two Worlds: Knowledge and Belief in Posterior Analytics 1.33
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores Posterior Analytics 1.33, asking whether it advocates some version of a Two Worlds Theory. It also compares Aristotle’s attitude to the Two Worlds Theory with Plato’s in Republic 5–7. The chapter discusses different versions of the Two Worlds Theory, distinguishing a theory about propositions from one about objects, and distinguishing a strong from a weak theory. The chapter argues that Aristotle is committed to a Weak Two Worlds Theory for Objects and, on the most plausible reading, some version of a Strong Two Worlds Theory for Propositions. This contrast with Plato, who rejects both a Weak and a Strong Two Worlds Theory for both Objects and Propositions,
Responses to Offensive Speech
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses whether there is a non-religious justification for limiting religiously offensive speech. The most commonly used argument is that the right to freedom of religion includes a more specific right to be protected from offence to one’s religious sensibilities. If this is correct, it provides a non-religious reason for censorship: even those who are hostile to religion can accept that religious freedom is an important right and that the government is justified in giving effect to rights. The European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly upheld restrictions on expression which insults religious feelings, reasoning that religious freedom, as guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, protects the religious sensibilities of believers from offence. I suggest that this interpretation is mistaken. After exploring how rights give rise to claims, I argue that there is no right-based claim to be protected from the unpleasant feelings caused by religious insults. Therefore, it is unpersuasive to describe cases of religious offence as involving the conflict of two fundamental rights—speech and religion—which require a balancing exercise to decide which one will prevail each time.
Religious Speech in Public Discourse
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas
Published: June 2021

The thesis that the government is justified in restricting insults to religious feelings implies a broader view about the place of religious speech in public discourse, and about the nature of public discourse itself. The implication is that it should be possible to be critical or negative about religion provided that this is expressed in a moderate and respectful manner, but the speaker who disregards norms of civility can be legitimately silenced by the state. This means that public discourse is seen as a highly regulated space for orderly discussion, with the role of the regulator played by the government. The chapter argues that there are good reasons to adopt a different view of public discourse and think of it as the safe space for an open deliberative process where all citizens have an equal claim to speak even if what they say is abusive or offensive if judged by the prevailing civility standards. This is a necessary condition for allowing a society to reflect upon its values, and change. Further, this understanding of public discourse grounds two important limitations on governmental power to regulate speech. First, the procedure and agenda of public debate are not neutral, value-free issues situated outside public discourse and reserved for the government. Rather, they are substantive questions, part of the debate itself, and subject to constant reinterpretation. Secondly, free speech includes, and the legal right to freedom of expression ought to protect, both the substance and the manner in which an opinion is expressed.
Critical phenomena: General considerations. Mean-field theory (MFT)
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

This chapter is devoted to a brief review of general properties of phase transitions in macroscopic physics and, in particular in lattice models. Some of these lattice models actually appear as lattice regularizations of Euclidean (imaginary time) quantum physics theory (QFT). Most of the transitions considered in this work have the following character: spins on the lattice, or macroscopic particles in the continuum, interact through short-range forces, assumed, for simplicity, to decay exponentially. For simple systems, it is possible to find a local observable, called order parameter, whose expectation values depend on the phase in the several phase region, for example, the spin in ferromagnetic systems. In the disordered phase, the connected two-point function decreases exponentially at large distance, at a rate characterized by the correlation length (the inverse of the smallest physical mass in particle physics). In continuous transitions, the correlation length diverges at the critical temperature. Within the mean-field approximation (consistent with Landau's theory of critical phenomena), it can be shown that the singular behaviour of thermodynamic quantities at the critical temperature is universal. These properties can also be reproduced by calculating correlation functions with a perturbed Gaussian measure. It is then shown that the leading corrections to the mean-field approximation, in Ising-like systems, diverge at the critical temperature for dimensions smaller than or equal to $4$.
Non-Abelian gauge theories: Introduction
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

To be able to describe the other fundamental interactions, beyond quantum electrodynamics (QED), weak and strong interactions, it is necessary to generalize the concept of gauge symmetry to non-Abelian groups. Therefore, in this chapter, a quantum field theory (QFT)-invariant under local, that is, space-time-dependent, transformations of matrix representations of a general compact Lie groups are constructed. Inspired by the Abelian example, the geometric concept of parallel transport is introduced, a concept discussed more extensively later in the framework of Riemannian manifolds. All the required mathematical quantities for gauge theories then appear naturally. Gauge theories are quantized in the temporal gauge. The equivalence with covariant gauges is then established. Some formal properties of the quantized theory, like the Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) symmetry, are derived. Feynman rules of perturbation theory are derived, the regularization of perturbation theory is discussed, a somewhat non-trivial problem. Some general properties of the non-Abelian Higgs mechanism are described.
Critical dynamics and renormalization group (RG)
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

Time evolution, near a phase transition in the critical domain of critical systems not far from equilibrium, using a Langevin-type evolution is studied. Typical quantities of interest are relaxation rates towards equilibrium, time-dependent correlation functions and transport coefficients. The main motivation for such a study is that, in systems in which the dynamics is local (on short time-scales, a modification of a dynamic variable has an influence only locally in space) when the correlation length becomes large, a large time-scale emerges, which characterizes the rate of time evolution. This phenomenon called critical slowing down leads to universal behaviour and scaling laws for time-dependent quantities. In contrast with the situation in static critical phenomena, there is no clean and systematic derivation of the dynamical equations governing the time evolution in the critical domain, because often the time evolution is influenced by conservation laws involving the order parameter, or other variables like energy, momentum, angular momentum, currents and so on. Indeed, the equilibrium distribution does not determine the driving force in the Langevin equation, but only the dissipative couplings are generated by the derivative of the equilibrium Hamiltonian, and directly related to the static properties. The purely dissipative Langevin equation specifically discussed, corresponding to static models like the f4 field theory and two-dimensional models. Renormalization group (RG) equations are derived, and dynamical scaling relations established.
Critical exponents and equation of state from series summation
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

Universal quantities near the phase transition of O(N) symmetric vector models, can be determined, in the framework of the (f2 )2 field theory, and the corresponding renormalization group (RG), in the form of perturbative series. The O(N) symmetric field theories describe, in particular for N = 0, the universal properties of the statistics of long polymers, for N = 1, the liquid–vapour transition, for N = 2, superfluid helium transition, and so on. Universal quantities have been calculated within two different schemes, the Wilson-Fisher ϵ = 4 − d expansion, and perturbative expansion at fixed dimensions 2 and 3 (as suggested by Parisi). In both cases, the series are divergent, and the expansion parameters are not small. In fixed dimensions smaller than 4, the series are proven to be Borel summable. For the ϵ expansion, there are reasons that the property is equally true, but a proof is lacking. With this assumption, in both cases, although the series are divergent, they define unique functions. Since the expansion parameters are not small, summation methods are then required to determine these functions. A specific summation method, based on a parametric Borel transformation and mapping, in which the knowledge of the large order behaviour has been incorporated, has been successfully applied to the series, and has led to a precise evaluation of critical exponents and other universal quantities.
Materials (III)
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z. , Ovchinnikov Sergei G. , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on organic and nanoscale superconducting systems. The tetramethyl-tetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) and ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (ET) organic families, along with the fullerides, are described. Special attention is paid to graphene-like structures, which are examples of two-dimensional systems. As for nanoscale systems, small-scale nanoscale structures are introduced and the pairing in aromatic molecules, like coronene, is discussed. The presence of the energy shell in some nanoclusters makes the pairing of electrons with opposite projections of orbital momenta perfectly realistic. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally for some aluminium clusters with a Tc on the order of 120 K. The nano-based tunnelling networks can transfer a macroscopic dissipationless current. Interface superconductivity is discussed, with a special focus on the FeSe/SrTiO3 system. The dream of room temperature superconductivity, envisioned shortly after the discovery of the phenomenon, has become perfectly realistic. This final chapter on materials describes various paths towards to this goal.
Who Should Get What, How, and Why?
Authors: Hickey Sam , Seekings Jeremy
Published: June 2021

The proliferation of social cash transfers (SCTs) across much of sub-Saharan Africa since the mid-2000s resulted from interactions between international organizations and national governments. In this chapter we employ Tania Li’s framework on how development ideas travel to understand the political economic context for the rising enthusiasm for transfers amongst international organizations, the ideational contestation over these, and the strategies of governmentality deployed to ‘render technical’ problems of poverty and vulnerability. We show how international organizations developed diverse approaches to transfers in terms of who should get what, how, and why. Through a close analysis of the UK’s Department for International Development, we show that this process of policy transfer was often approached in explicitly political terms. An ideological convergence between transnational actors and African elites around a particularly liberal perspective on poverty helps explain the relatively parsimonious forms that SCTs have taken in sub-Saharan Africa to date.
Claiming Jurisdiction
Authors: Tapscott Rebecca
Published: June 2021

This chapter studies how Uganda’s vigilantes seek—and fail—to consolidate authority over local communities. In contrast to scholarship that depicts the ambiguous space between state and society as a fertile environment for the emergence of new public authorities like vigilantes, this chapter shows how state actors’ unpredictable assertions and denials of authority make jurisdictions fluid, forestalling the emergence of new public authorities. Jurisdictional fluidity is reflected in routine inconsistency about what places, times, people, and activities fall under the authority of a given actor. The space between state and society is fragile and inhospitable to the emergence of new authorities. Local vigilante groups seek to consolidate power by adopting symbols and practices of state authority. A case study of the rise and fall of one vigilante group highlights how fluid state jurisdictional claims destabilize the political playing field for those seeking to consolidate power autonomously from the state.
Introduction
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: June 2021

The role of communications in human affairs is discussed. An early way of communications is writing on the wall as mentioned in the biblical Book of Daniel, presented in Rembrandt’s interpretation. It is emphasized how expensive communications to places far away was even a century ago and how cheap it is now. Cost of a telephone call to America then and now are compared. It is claimed that the book is suitable for the interested layman; at the same time, there is a lot of information for those who are interested in the history of communications technology.
The Mechanical Telegraph
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: June 2021

wThe mechanical telegraph was born toward the last years of the French Revolution aiming to help the military effort. It consisted of wooden beams displayed in various configurations on the top of towers, able to code arbitrary messages. The code was read by telescope from the next tower. It became operational in 1794 and worked until the 1850s. The network criss-crossed France but was also extended to Antwerp, Venice, Milan, Amsterdam, and Madrid. At its peak it had 5000 km of line and 534 stations. There were also mechanical telegraphs in Britain and in many Continental countries. Its memory still lingers on in geographical names like Telegraph Hill.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: June 2021

The claims of artificial intelligence are criticized. Most of the claims are regarded as hype or simple examples of automation. The progress of machines in playing games and beating world champions is described, but the artificial intelligence is still thought not to represent human intelligence. It is concluded that the programs are intelligent but not the machines. A 1921 play by Capek coining the word and introducing the modern interpretation of robots is analysed. Examples of robots and of virtual assistants in service at the moment are provided. The future of driverless cars is discussed, and it is concluded that fully autonomous cars are still many decades, rather than years, away.
Artistic Distance and The Language of Oppression
Authors: Bugan Carmen
Published: June 2021

Writing is an emotional process and it works when it makes us feel, both as writers and readers: it has the power to move—movere. Yet a certain emotional distance is necessary when one writes poetry with the language of oppression, especially when one has been the victim, and offers a historical as well as an artistic testimony. What kind of liberties can one take with the material? What constitutes appropriate artistic utterance when one navigates the territories of poetry about the hard truths? Translating screams of pain and anger into poetic expression, which shows the effect of oppression on the inner landscape of feeling, is what poetry offers as an art. But writing that courts the sympathy of the reader gratuitously, arouses anger, sermonizes, or is imbued with a sense of self-pity, represents a failure of the art. The healing aspects of writing (not only in terms of healing the writer, but also in terms of healing the language itself) form a significant part of this chapter.
Growthy Tones in Personal Narratives
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

Tone in a personal narrative conveys the narrator’s degrees of satisfaction and positive and negative affectivity in an event. As distinct from theme and structure, narrative tone uniquely conveys how well an event turns out (i.e., hedonic value fulfillment) but not why that event is important or valued (i.e., value orientation, which only theme conveys). A story’s tone can change. Affective changes for the better are called positive affective sequences. Examples include gain, redemption (change from bad to good), recovery (changes for the worse and then back to baseline), and hedonic self-improvement (positive change in self-concept). Importantly, positive affective sequences do not convey growth. Without associated themes of growth, tones convey only hedonic gain, not eudaimonic growth. Hence, positive affective sequences are growthy. That said, growthy tones are key features of a transformative self. The relation between positive affective sequences and well-being depends on the type of event.
Transformative Traits, Motives, and Experiences
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the largely non-narrative personality characteristics and life conditions of the person who has a transformative self. The broad personality traits that relate to various kinds of growth stories include open-mindedness almost always, extraversion often, consciousness and agreeableness sometimes, calmness less frequently, and honesty/humility probably. As for non-narrative motives, growth motivation is quintessential for the person who has a transformative self. Like growth themes, growth motivation comes in reflective and experiential forms, and their functioning varies by culture. The chapter then explores growth-oriented values and motives in relation to moral reasoning and political orientation. Next, transformative emotions and experiences, such as compassion, gratitude, flow, savoring, and mindfulness, are discussed. Importantly, narrative themes of growth predict separate measures of well-being and wisdom, even when controlling for non-narrative traits and growth motivation.
Transformative Self-Regulation and the Quiet Ego
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines how the transformative self facilitates long-term self-regulation. Most research on self-regulation targets the immediate moment (referred to here as micro self-regulation) or personal events that last weeks or months (meso self-regulation). In contrast, the transformative self functions as a tool for macro self-regulation in one’s attempt to shape one’s life over time (for which evolving life stories are especially well suited). Hedonic, transformative self-regulation comes in the forms of realistic optimism, self-improvement motivation, cybernetic feedback motives, intentional self-development, and the flexible pursuit of goals. Eudaimonic, transformative self-regulation is especially helpful for adaptation to life’s difficulties and is found in dual-process models of adaptation to loss and potential trauma. These dual processes aim to regulate and balance both affect and meaning-making. The quiet ego represents a synthesis of these forms of self-regulation, balancing detached awareness (e.g., mindfulness), inclusive identity (e.g., interdependence, compassion), perspective-taking (e.g., value perspectivity), and growth-mindedness.
The Aging, Transformative Self
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

The transformative self is not just for the young. This chapter focuses on the aging self and how the person who has a transformative self interprets growth throughout the adult years. The chapter starts by debunking the popular belief—in both popular culture and academic psychology, despite the research evidence—that growth is just for the young. Research shows that older adults hold at least as many growth-oriented concerns as decline-oriented concerns, both in their memories and in their goals. However, growth is not a Pollyanna concept; eudaimonic growth is not easy. The chapter shows what young growth versus mature growth sounds like in personal narratives. Young and mature growth are examined in terms of concerns for self-identity, relational intimacy, and generative concern for future generations—and then in relation to well-being and wisdom.
The Dark Side of the Transformative Self
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

The pursuit of growth has a dark side. The person who has a transformative self can too easily strive for growth in ways that are paradoxically counter to eudaimonic growth and that are harmful to the self and others. This chapter explores the dark side of the transformative self in four forms. First, perfectionism in its maladaptive forms involves impossible or otherwise unchecked ideals for perfection. Second, eudaimonic materialism values moral virtue and wisdom but veers toward moralism and intellectual self-adulation. Third, “wanting it all” aims for a well-rounded life but can manifest as a problem of overcommitment, for which cultural master narratives of success place women at particular risk. Fourth, in contrast, a never-ending search for meaning, or “ceaseless seeking,” involves an unrelenting pursuit of an idealistically true self or meaning in life and can manifest as a problem of undercommitment.