bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hormone replacement therapy in BRCA mutation carriers and risk of ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Huber D. , Seitz S. , Kast K. , Emons G. , Ortmann O.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

BRCA mutation carriers have an increased risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. Risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRBSO) is associated with a decrease in risk for tubal and ovarian cancer. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer risk in the general population. This review analyses the published data on HRT and risk of cancer in BRCA mutation carriers with and without RRBSO.

Methods

We included all relevant articles published in English from 1995 to October 2020. Sources were identified through a search on PubMed and Cochrane Library.

Results

We included one case–control and one retrospective cohort study on ovarian and one case–control study on endometrial cancer risk and HRT in BRCA mutation carriers. Regarding breast cancer risk, one case–control study on BRCA mutation carriers with and without RRBSO and one case–control study, one Markov chain decision model, two prospective cohort studies, and one metaanalysis on carriers after RRBSO were included. For ovarian cancer, results were ambiguous. For breast cancer, most studies did not find an adverse effect associated with HRT. However, some of the studies found a risk modification associated with different formulations and duration of use.

Conclusion

Although data are limited, HRT does not seem to have a relevant effect on cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers. RRBSO should not be postponed to avoid subsequent HRT in this population. Adequate HRT after RRBSO should be offered to avoid chronic diseases resulting from low estrogen levels. However, further data on the safety of different formulations are needed.
Deutungen: eine qualitative Studie unmittelbarer Patientenreaktionen
Authors: Firmansyah Dennis , Mergel Kai , Benecke Cord , Huber Dorothea , Grimm Imke , Klug Günther , Henkel Miriam
Published: April 2021

Klassische psychoanalytische Deutungen stießen in den letzten Jahren vermehrt auf Kritik: Demnach würden diese Deutungen der therapeutischen Beziehung schaden, Blockaden auslösen und mit einer problematischen therapeutischen Haltung einhergehen. Anhand der Tonbandaufnahmen von 35 psychoanalytischen Sitzungen im mittleren Behandlungsverlauf, die im Rahmen der Münchner Psychotherapiestudie aufgezeichnet wurden, wurden 23 klassische Deutungen in 16 Sitzungen identifiziert und die Reaktionen der Patientinnen und Patienten darauf mittels der Grounded-Theory-Methode analysiert. Die Reaktionen wurden in sieben Kategorien zusammengefasst, von denen zwei als unerwünscht gelten können (z. B. „Rückzug“ oder „Konfrontation“). Die Mehrzahl der Reaktionen der Patientinnen und Patienten auf klassische Deutungen fiel allerdings in Kategorien, die als fruchtbar angesehen werden, z. B. „kognitive Erkenntnis“ oder „emotionale Resonanz“. Demnach kann die teils heftige Kritik an klassischen Deutungen in unserer Studie nicht bestätigt werden.
Peridynamic analysis of dynamic fracture: influence of peridynamic horizon, dimensionality and specimen size
Authors: Butt Sahir N. , Meschke Günther
Published: April 2021

In peridynamic models for fracture, the dissipated fracture energy is regularized over a non-local region denoted as the peridynamic horizon. This paper investigates the influence of this parameter on the dynamic fracture process in brittle solids, using two as well as three dimensional simulations of dynamic fracture propagation in a notched plate for two loading cases. The predicted crack speed for the various scenarios of the initially stored energy, also known as the velocity toughening behavior as well as characteristics of the crack surface topology obtained in different crack propagation regimes in 3D computational simulations are compared with the experimentally observed crack velocity and fracture surfaces for Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) specimens. In addition, we investigate the influence of the specimen size on the dynamic fracture process using two dimensional peridynamic simulations. The fracture strengths and the velocity toughening relationship obtained from different specimen sizes are compared with the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) size effect relationship and with results from experiments, respectively.
Szenariobasierte Analyse der Kurzschlussströme im deutschen Niederspannungsnetz unter Verwendung der CIGRE-Referenznetze
Authors: Plenz Maik , Grumm Florian , Meyer Marc Florian , Boden Scott , Schulz Detlef , Lehmann Kathrin
Published: April 2021

Die fortlaufenden, regulatorischen Eingriffe der Bundesregierung im Bereich erneuerbarer Energien führen zu einem hohen Anteil an Windkraft und Photovoltaikanlagen im elektrischen Energieversorgungssystem. Neben einer bevorzugten Einspeisung der erneuerbaren Energien erfolgt aktuell und zukünftig ein Rückbau oder die Stilllegung konventioneller Kraftwerke, wie Atom- und Kohlekraftwerke. Als quantitativer Bewertungsparameter zur Abschätzung der potenziellen Konsequenzen wird die Kurzschlussimpedanz verwendet, die aus den Kurzschlussströmen ableitbar ist. Die Kurzschlussimpedanz dient beispielsweise zur Bewertung der Aufnahmekapazität der Netzanschlusspunkte, der Sicherstellung der Versorgungsqualität und der Reduktion der Netzrückwirkungen. Die Impedanz eines Netzverknüpfungspunktes einer Anlage berechnet sich aus Netzkurzschlussleistung und der Netznennspannung. Somit ist die Netzkurzschlussleistung ein wesentlicher Parameter der Netzbewertung, der sich durch die Energiewende verändert. Betrachtet wird in diesem Beitrag der Anfangs-Kurzschlusswechselstrom, der die Grundlage für die rechnerische Größe der Netzkurzschlussleistung ist.

Dieser Beitrag analysiert den Einfluss der Veränderung der Kurzschlussströme auf die Niederspannung (NS) unter Verwendung von Referenznetzen der Nieder- und Mittelspannungsebene (MS), szenariobasierten Simulationen und vereinfachten Modellen für erneuerbare Energieanlagen.

Gleichzeitig werden bisherige Forschungsergebnisse auf Tendenzen untersucht, die die Veränderungen der Kurzschlussströme und den Einfluss von EE-Anlagen analysieren. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationen zeigen, dass die Kurzschlussströme trotz der Abschaltung von Großkraftwerken, die bisher durch Synchrongeneratoren den größten Anteil am Netzkurzschlussstrom lieferten, nicht in relevantem Maße abnehmen.
Recall, perceptions and determinants of receiving physical activity advice amongst cancer survivors: a mixed-methods survey
Authors: Orange Samuel T. , Gilbert Stephen E. , Brown Morven C. , Saxton John M.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

This study explored cancer survivors’ views and experiences of receiving physical activity advice post-diagnosis. We also determined the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the recall of physical activity advice and whether receiving advice was associated with meeting physical activity guidelines.

Methods

An anonymised, mixed-methods, 27-item survey was distributed to cancer survivors via online cancer communities in the UK.

Results

Of the 242 respondents, 52% recalled receiving physical activity advice. Of those who recalled receiving advice, only 30% received guidance on type of physical activity and 14% were referred to another source of information or exercise specialist. Advice was most often given after treatment cessation, with only 19% of respondents receiving advice during active treatment. Most respondents (56%) expressed a need for further information. There was no evidence of associations between sociodemographic characteristics and recall of physical activity advice. However, cancer survivors who perceived the physical activity advice they received as being appropriate (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.4–10.7) and those with a higher level of education (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.8–5.8) were more likely to meet aerobic exercise guidelines. Females were less likely to meet resistance exercise guidelines than males (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21–0.90).

Conclusion

There is scope to improve the provision of physical activity advice in cancer care by providing advice in a timely manner after diagnosis, referring patients to a suitable exercise or rehabilitation specialist when indicated, and using a tailored approach to ensure the advice is appropriate for specific sociodemographic groups.
Compaction control on diagenesis and reservoir quality development in red bed sandstones: a case study of Permian Rotliegend sandstones
Authors: Monsees Alexander C. , Busch Benjamin , Hilgers Christoph
Published: April 2021

Authigenic minerals formed during diagenesis in conjunction with compaction by burial have long been known to lead to porosity-loss of sandstones, and a subsequent deterioration in reservoir quality. The diagenetic impact on reservoir quality and permeability heterogeneity measured horizontal and vertical to bedding was characterized in three fluvio-eolian Lower Permian Rotliegend outcrops from the Flechtingen High, the northern Hesse Basin (both Germany) and the Vale of Eden (UK) using point-counting, polarized light-microscopy, helium pycnometry and permeability measurements. Results show significant porosity (10 to 35%) and permeability (0.01 to 10,000 mD) ranges largely independent of depositional environment. The major control on reservoir quality in Cornberg Sandstones are dolomite and siderite cementation in conjunction with illitization and illite and kaolinite cementation, leading together with quartz cementation to a mostly cemented IGV and poorest reservoir quality (avg. horizontal permeability: 0.96 mD). Flechtingen Sandstones are most intensely compacted due to the lack of significant early diagenetic cement phases and continuous illitic grain-to-grain coatings, which inhibited intense quartz cementation but enhanced chemical compaction at quartz grain contacts, resulting in intermediate reservoir quality (avg. horizontal permeability: 34.9 mD). Penrith Sandstones lack significant authigenic phases besides quartz due to carbonate dissolution during uplift. They show the least amount of detrital feldspars and clay minerals, leading to no major reservoir quality reduction by burial diagenetic clay mineral alterations, resulting in the highest reservoir quality (avg. horizontal permeability: 5900 mD). Additional results highlight higher horizontal to vertical permeability ratios kh/kv in less homogeneous sandstones of < 10 mD of 10, and in more homogenous, higher permeable sandstones > 1000 mD of 1. Although detrital and authigenic sample compositions vary throughout the studied areas, the general effect of grain coatings coverages on syntaxial cement inhibition and chemical compaction can be delineated. This study increases the understanding of porosity reduction in sandstones, as it confirms the necessity to differentiate between the illitic grain-to-grain coatings and illitic grain-to-IGV coatings. As a result, the enhancing effect of illite on chemical compaction on quartz grain-grain boundaries can be better constrained, as well as the effect of grain coatings on quartz cementation. This is relevant for reservoir quality and risk assessment in hydrocarbon and geothermal plays as well as in storage.
Peritoneal flap hernioplasty for repair of incisional hernias after orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Nielsen M. F. , de Beaux A. , Stutchfield B. , Kung J. , Wigmore S. J. , Tulloh B.
Published: April 2021

Background

Repair of incisional hernias following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a surgical challenge due to concurrent midline and transverse abdominal wall defects in the context of lifelong immunosuppression. The peritoneal flap hernioplasty addresses this problem by using flaps of the hernial sac to bridge the fascial gap and isolate the mesh from both the intraperitoneal contents and the subcutaneous space, exploiting the retro-rectus space medially and the avascular plane between the internal and external oblique muscles laterally. We report our short and long-term results of 26 consecutive liver transplant cases with incisional hernias undergoing repair with the peritoneal flap technique.

Methods

Post-OLT patients undergoing elective peritoneal flap hernioplasty for incisional hernias from Jan 1, 2010–Nov 1, 2017 were identified from the Lothian Surgical Audit system (LSA), a prospectively-maintained computer database of all surgical procedures in the Edinburgh region of south-east Scotland. Patient demographics and clinical data were obtained from the hospital case-notes. Follow-up data were obtained in Feb 2020.

Results

A total of 517 liver transplantations were performed during the inclusion period. Twenty-six of these (18 males, 69%) developed an incisional hernia and underwent a peritoneal flap repair. Median mesh size (Optilene Elastic, 48 g/m2, BBraun) was 900 cm2 (range 225–1500 cm2). The median time to repair following OLT was 33 months (range 12–70 months). Median follow-up was 54 months (range 24–115 months) and median postoperative stay was 5 days (range 3–11 days). Altogether, three patients (12%) presented with postoperative complications: 1 with hematoma (4%) and two with chronic pain (8%). No episodes of infection or symptomatic seroma were recorded. No recurrence was recorded within the follow-up period.

Conclusion

Repair of incisional hernias in patients following liver transplantation with the Peritoneal Flap Hernioplasty is a safe procedure associated with few complications and a very low recurrence rate. We propose this technique for the reconstruction of incisional hernias following liver transplantation.
Reconstruction of traumatic and non-traumatic lower extremity defects with local or free flaps
Authors: Györi Eva , Fast Anna , Resch Annika , Rath Thomas , Radtke Christine
Published: April 2021

Background

Despite continuous surgical advances, reconstruction of complex lower extremity wounds remains challenging. The indication of local flaps or microsurgical free tissue transfer depends on the anatomical location and size of the defect, as well as the comorbidities and general condition of the patient. In this study, local and free flap reconstruction of distal lower extremity defects was assessed, and postoperative complications and limb salvage were analyzed.

Methods

A total of 34 patients were included in this retrospective study. Distal lower extremity defects were of traumatic (29%) and non-traumatic (71%) etiologies. Patient characteristics, flap selection, postoperative complications, and limb preservation within the first 12 months were assessed and compared by reconstructive treatment concept. Statistical analysis included parametric and non-parametric tests. The two-sided alpha was set at 5% for all statistical tests.

Results

While 21 patients were treated with local flaps, 13 patients underwent microsurgical free flap reconstruction. The most common comorbidities were peripheral vascular disease and diabetes. Local flaps included the gastrocnemius muscle flap, soleus flap, sural flap, and plantaris medialis flap. The most commonly used free flaps for soft tissue reconstruction were latissimus dorsi and gracilis muscle flaps. The overall lower extremity preservation rate was 94.1%. There was one case of below-knee amputation 1 month after free flap reconstruction, and one case of first-ray amputation of the foot after local flap coverage.

Conclusion

Reconstruction of lower extremity defects can be achieved by local or free flap reconstruction. Flap selection is influenced by anatomical location, defect size, and patient factors.
HIV-Related Stigma Research as a Priority at the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Greenwood Gregory L. , Wilson Amber , Bansal Geetha P. , Barnhart Christopher , Barr Elizabeth , Berzon Rick , Boyce Cheryl Anne , Elwood William , Gamble-George Joyonna , Glenshaw Mary , Henry Rebecca , Iida Hiroko , Jenkins Richard A. , Lee Sonia , Malekzadeh Arianne , Morris Kathryn , Perrin Peter , Rice Elise , Sufian Meryl , Weatherspoon Darien , Whitaker Miya , Williams Makeda , Zwerski Sheryl , Gaist Paul
Published: April 2021

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognizes that, despite HIV scientific advances, stigma and discrimination continue to be critical barriers to the uptake of evidence-based HIV interventions. Achieving the Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America (EHE) goals will require eliminating HIV-related stigma. NIH has a significant history of supporting HIV stigma research across its Institutes, Centers, and Offices (ICOs) as a research priority. This article provides an overview of NIH HIV stigma research efforts. Each ICO articulates how their mission shapes their interest in HIV stigma research and provides a summary of ICO-relevant scientific findings. Research gaps and/or future opportunities are identified throughout, with key research themes and approaches noted. Taken together, the collective actions on the part of the NIH, in tandem with a whole of government and whole of society approach, will contribute to achieving EHE’s milestones.
Hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose and all-cellulose composite films using deep eutectic solvent as a reaction medium
Authors: Lakovaara Matias , Sirviö Juho Antti , Ismail Mostafa Y. , Liimatainen Henrikki , Sliz Rafal
Published: April 2021

In this work, deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on imidazole and triethylmethylammonium chloride was used as a reaction medium for the esterification of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and all-cellulose composite (ACC) films with n-octylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) to obtain high strength and sustainable films with increased hydrophobicity. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to prove the success of the modification. The mechanical strength of the modified films was analyzed in dry, humid, and wet conditions, and the hydrophobicity of the films was indicated in terms of contact angle measurements. In addition, water absorption and transparency of the films were characterized. The modification was proven to be simple and fast, and mild conditions of 80 °C reaction temperature and 1 h reaction time were used. DES/OSA- modified CNF film exhibited better mechanical properties in dry, humid, and wet conditions compared to reference CNF film, and DES/OSA-modified ACC film displayed notable higher mechanical properties in wet state compared to that of reference CNF film (31 MPa tensile strength and 6.1% strain at break vs. 18 MPa and 2.2%, respectively). These improvements were partly attributed to higher contact angles of modified films (ACC-DES/OSA 60° and CNF-DES/OSA 51°) compared to CNF film (37°).

Graphic abstract
Cancellation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves with surface heating
Authors: Brennan Georgia S. , Gajjar Jitesh S. B. , Hewitt Richard E.
Published: April 2021

Two-dimensional boundary layer flows in quiet disturbance environments are known to become unstable to Tollmien–Schlichting waves. The experimental work of Liepmann et al. (J Fluid Mech 118:187–200, 1982), Liepmann and Nosenchuck (J Fluid Mech 118:201–204, 1982) showed how it is possible to control and reduce unstable Tollmien–Schlichting wave amplitudes using unsteady surface heating. We consider the problem of an oncoming planar compressible subsonic boundary layer flow with a three-dimensional vibrator mounted on a flat plate, and with surface heating present. It is shown using asymptotic methods based on triple-deck theory that it is possible to choose an unsteady surface heating distribution to cancel out the response due to the vibrator. An approximation based on the exact formula is used successfully in numerical computations to confirm the findings. The results presented here are a generalisation of the analogous results for the two-dimensional problem in Brennan et al. (J Fluid Mech 909:A16-1, 2020).
Bulging initiation and propagation in fiber-reinforced swellable Mooney–Rivlin membranes
Authors: Topol Heiko , Al-Chlaihawi Murtadha J. , Demirkoparan Hasan , Merodio José
Published: April 2021

This article considers a thin-walled hollow cylinder, which is composed of a fibrous and swellable hyperelastic material. The fibers are arranged in two families and they are taken to be parallel within each fiber family. The two fiber families are also assumed to be mechanically equivalent and symmetrically disposed in the ground substance material. At each instant of the homogeneous swelling, the material is taken to be incompressible. This article studies the interplay of swelling, fiber orientation, and the mechanical properties of the constituents on the initiation as well as on the axial propagation of bulging.
Gelatin Beads/Hemp Hurd as pH Sensitive Devices for Delivery of Eugenol as Green Pesticide
Authors: Viscusi Gianluca , Gorrasi Giuliana
Published: April 2021

In this paper gelatin beads reinforced with natural hemp hurd have been produced as pH sensitive devices for the release of eugenol, as green pesticide. The composites beads, with a mean diameter of about 1 mm, were obtained by polymer droplet gelation in sunflower oil. Thermal properties were evaluated showing no noticeable difference after the introduction of hemp hurd. Barrier properties demonstrated an improvement of hydrophobization. The introduction of 5% w/w of hemp hurd led to a reduction of sorption coefficient of about 85% compared to unloaded gelatin beads. Besides, the diffusion coefficient decreased, introducing 5% w/w of hemp hurd, from 8.91 × 10−7 to 0.77 × 10−7cm2/s. Swelling and dissolution phenomena of gelatin beads were studied as function of pH. The swelling of gelatin beads raised as pH increased up to 2.3 g/g, 9.1 g/g and 27.33 g/g at pH 3, 7 and 12, respectively. The dissolution rate changed from 0.034 at pH 3 to 0.077 h−1at pH 12. Release kinetics of eugenol at different pH conditions were studied. The released eugenol after 24 h is 98%, 91%, 81 and 63% w/w (pH 3), 87%, 62%, 37 and 32 wt% (pH 7) and 81%, 68%, 60 and 52 wt% (pH 12) for unloaded gelatin beads and gelatin beads with 1%, 3 and 5% of hemp hurd, respectively. The eugenol release behavior was demonstrated to be highly sensitive to the pH release medium, which allows to tune such devices as green pesticide release systems in soils with different level of acidity/basicity.
Physicochemical Properties and Solubility of Hydrochloride Mucolytic Agents
Authors: Pobudkowska Aneta , Śliwińska Agnieszka , Nosol Kamil
Published: April 2021

Two widely used active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB·HCl) and bromhexine hydrochloride (BMH·HCl), belong to the expectorant and mucokinetic group of drugs. Their applications are found in the treatment of the upper respiratory tract and bronchopulmonary diseases. The compounds have similar chemical structures, but are different enough to distinguish their physicochemical properties. To understand better the bioavailability of the drugs a series of experiments was performed to establish significant parameters. With differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the temperature and the enthalpy of fusion were determined with no observed polymorphic transformations. The phase diagrams for binary systems {active agent (1) + solvent (2)} were determined with three solvents: 1-octanol, water and ethanol, to describe phase equilibria by correlation with the local composition models: Wilson, UNIQUAC and NRTL. Finally, the Bates–Schwarzenbach method was used to establish the ionization constants of AMB·HCl and BMH·HCl at two temperatures: room temperature 298.2 K and human body temperature 310.2 K. Our study can give an insight into further drug delivery system design and help to create more effective drug application forms.
Psychologists’ Perspectives on the Psychological Suffering of Refugee Patients in Brazil
Authors: Duden Gesa Solveig , de Smet Sofie , Martins-Borges Lucienne
Published: April 2021

Worldwide there are 79.5 million displaced people, many of which face war, violence, tragic flights and struggles in host countries. Research shows augmented prevalence rates of mental disorders among refugees internationally, but little is known about refugee mental health in Latin American countries. Furthermore, only a few studies have taken into consideration the knowledge of clinical psychologists who treat refugee patients. The present study examines the experiences of 32 psychologists in Brazil regarding their refugee patients’ psychological suffering and mental disorders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in various locations in Brazil and analysed following a consensual qualitative research approach. Four clusters of refugee patients’ suffering were synthesised: post-migration stressors, traumatic experiences, flight as life rupture, and the current situation in the country of origin. The most frequently described conditions in patients were anxiety and depression. However, the results also show that the use of manuals for the classification of mental disorders is contested among psychologists in Brazil. Most psychologists stressed patients’ socio-political suffering and saw patients’ symptoms as normal reactions to their experiences. There is a need to acknowledge the socio-political suffering of refugees in Brazil and foster their mental health by tackling current post-migration stressors such as discrimination.
On the swimming strategies to escape a rip current: a mathematical approach
Authors: Withers Archie , Maldonado Sergio
Published: April 2021

Rip currents represent significant hazards to swimmers all around the world. The danger arises when a misinformed swimmer uses an inadequate strategy to escape the rip, such as fighting the current directly. This can lead to fatigue, panic, and in some cases drowning. There exists a range of strategies put forward by experts (both lifeguards and scientists) to escape rip currents. However, these recommendations are based on a limited number of scientific studies and there is still much discrepancy surrounding the best strategy to escape a rip. Thus, here we present a simple, physics-based theoretical model aimed at assessing different escape strategies in terms of their associated ‘energetic cost’ (in work and power) for any given rip current and swimmer’s proficiency level. Many combinations of swimmers and rips are considered, including both idealised and a realistic rip current. Our quantitative results back the common knowledge that swimming against the rip (which is strongly discouraged by lifeguards) is almost universally the worst possible strategy, especially when compared against strategies favoured by experts, such as floating with the current before attempting to swim back to the shore. For a realistic rip, our results suggest that swimming directly against the rip can require several times more power from the swimmer than other strategies advised by lifeguards, thus lending further scientific support to experts’ recommendations. This study may help promote education around the dangers posed by rip currents and how best to address them.
Health state utilities associated with treatment process for oral and injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Matza Louis S. , Cutts Katelyn N. , Stewart Katie D. , Norrbacka Kirsi , García-Pérez Luis-Emilio , Boye Kristina S.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Previous research suggests that treatment process can have an influence on patient preference and health state utilities. This study examined preferences and estimated utilities for treatment processes of two daily oral treatment regimens and two weekly injectable regimens for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

Participants with T2D in the UK reported preferences and valued four health state vignettes in time trade-off utility interviews. The vignettes had identical descriptions of T2D but differed in treatment process: (1) daily simple oral treatment (tablets without administration requirements), (2) daily oral semaglutide (with administration requirements per product label), (3) weekly dulaglutide injection, (4) weekly semaglutide injection.

Results

Interviews were completed by 201 participants (52.7% male; mean age = 58.7). Preferences between treatment processes varied widely. Mean utilities were 0.890 for simple oral, 0.880 for oral semaglutide, 0.878 for dulaglutide injection, and 0.859 for semaglutide injection (with higher scores indicating greater preference). All pairwise comparisons found statistically significant differences between utilities (p < 0.01), except the comparison between oral semaglutide and the dulaglutide injection (p = 0.49).

Conclusions

Results suggest that routes of administration cannot be compared using only the simplest descriptions (e.g., oral versus injectable). Dose frequency and specific details of the treatment process administration had an impact on patient preference and health state utilities. The utilities estimated in this study may be useful in cost-utility models comparing these treatments for T2D. Results also suggest that it may be helpful to consider patient preferences for treatment process when selecting medications for patients in clinical settings.
A Comparison of Experimental Procedures for the Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Probe the Surface Morphology of an Alumina-Supported Palladium Catalyst
Authors: McCullagh A. M. , Warringham R. , Morisse C. G. A. , Gilpin L. F. , Brennan C. , Mitchell C. J. , Lennon D.
Published: April 2021

Structure/function relationships in heterogeneous catalysis play an important role in catalyst design strategies. The combination of chemisorption of suitable probe molecules alongside application of infrared spectroscopy is an established technique for providing information on the metal crystallite morphology of supported metal catalysts. Following a review of key literature on this topic, a variety of experimental arrangements that may be adopted for this task are examined. Specifically, the adsorption of CO over a 5wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst is investigated using transmission and diffuse reflectance sampling options and two research grade spectrometers. Although comparable spectra are obtained on all the platforms examined, differences are noted. In particular, temperature-programmed IR spectroscopy on one platform enables resolution of two features assigned to linear CO bound to the Pd particles. The relevance of this sub-division of terminal sites with respect to selective hydrogenation reactions is briefly considered.
Analytical Description of the Criterion for the Columnar-To-Equiaxed Transition During Laser Beam Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Böhm Constantin , Hagenlocher Christian , Wagner Jonas , Graf Thomas , Weihe Stefan
Published: April 2021

An equiaxed grain structure in a laser welded seam is beneficial. In current literature the material and process perspective are addressed separately. This paper combined the material and process perspective in one analytical expression in order to access a deeper understanding of the key parameters for an equiaxed solidification during laser beam welding. For this, the steady state model of Hunt for growth of equiaxed dendritic grains was combined with heat conduction calculations and nucleation theory. The derived analytical expression identified the minimum values of the welding parameters required for the growth of equiaxed dendritic grains and describe their interaction with the metallurgically given nucleation density. The theoretically derived analytical description agrees well with experimental results obtained with two different batches of EN AW-6016 over a wide-range of laser welding parameters. The analytical description summarizes the effects of nucleation processes, local solidification conditions and the influence of process parameters on the growth of equiaxed dendritic grains. Furthermore, the equation identifies the key alloy properties, which influence the required process parameter for an equiaxed solidification. For the first time, the full range of phenomena, including metallurgical and thermal effects, was merged in one analytical expression.
Characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoflowers synthesized using Bridelia retusa leaf extract
Authors: Vinayagam Ramesh , Pai Shraddha , Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan , Pugazhendhi Arivalagan , Selvaraj Raja
Published: April 2021

In the current work, the leaf extract of Bridelia retusa was used for the first time to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). A zinc nanoparticle-specific 364-nm peak was discerned via UV–Vis studies with a typical bandgap energy of 3.41 eV. FE-SEM micrographs revealed flower-shaped structure of the ZnONPs. EDS analysis corroborated the presence of zinc and oxygen. XRD spectrum established the wurtzite structure, sized at 11.06 nm. The mesoporous texture (4.89 nm) of the nanoparticles was deduced from BET analysis, proving a higher specific surface area than commercial ZnONPs. FTIR spectroscopy resulted in absorption bands typical for ZnONPs. Within a span of 165 min, under solar irradiation, the ZnONPs facilitated the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye upto 94.74%. Exhibiting pseudo-first-order kinetics, the process had a degradation constant of 0.0109 min−1. It was concluded that numerous factors led to the high degradation efficiency. High values of bandgap energy and specific surface area, along with the mesoporous and crystalline nature of the ZnONPs led to the observed effect. The ZnONPs were also stabilized by the phytochemicals in the B. retusa leaves. The study is thus able to successfully demonstrate the huge potential in the field of environmental nanoremediation. The viability of using ZnONPs as solar photocatalysts for treating dye-laden industrial wastewater was thus attested.
Generational Change in Religion and Religious Practice: A Review Essay
Authors: Wittberg Patricia
Published: April 2021

Background

Numerous studies have been done of the religious affiliations, beliefs, and practices of the Millennial generation (North Americans born between 1980 and 1995). Many of these studies assume that their findings will be useful to denominations and congregations wishing to attract more young people. But at least one influential social theory would imply the opposite: that religious decline is inevitable as societies modernize and secularize.

Purpose

The current essay suggests a useful addition to the religious decline theory, the work of Karl Mannheim and his followers on the sociology of generations, and applies it to the major studies of generational change and continuity in religious practice among young adults in present-day North America.

Methods

In total, 35 academic books, 43 articles in refereed journals, and 22 denominational research reports are included in the analysis. Only works studying the religious beliefs, practices, and affiliations of the Millennial generation in the United States and Canada, and based on data collected through approved social science research methods are included.

Results

The essay first summarizes the findings of the studies, noting similarities and differences in religious decline across the various social locations of race, gender, and country. Next, it summarizes the causes that the various studies have postulated for this decline, relating them to Mannheim's argument that the “fresh encounter” with one's childhood religious worldview which occurs in young adulthood is a key determinant of whether a person accepts or rejects his/her childhood religious socialization. A final section evaluates the effectiveness of the suggestions that some of the studies make for stemming or reversing religious decline in young adulthood, in the light of Mannheim's theory.

Conclusions and Implications

A key determinant of religious affiliation, belief, and practice in adulthood is the fresh encounter that young adults have with the culture and worldview transmitted to them in childhood. The lifecycle stage of emerging adulthood poses a challenge to denominations and congregations since it is often the age group that is least connected with organized religion. The essay concludes with suggestions for further research.
Arbeitsbezogener Stress und Geschlechtsidentität
Authors: Wacker E. , Fischer A. , Schorlemmer J.
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund

Die steigende Prävalenz psychischer Erkrankungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten wird u. a. in Verbindung mit erhöhtem beruflichem Stress gesehen. Dabei zeigen Untersuchungen stets höhere Werte für Stress und Burnout bei Frauen als bei Männern, das biologische Geschlecht trägt jedoch nur wenig zur Varianzaufklärung der Werte bei. Die geplante Studie soll einen Beitrag zur Ursachenforschung leisten.

Fragestellung

Es werden die Effekte der Person-Umwelt-Passung in Feminität und Maskulinität auf subjektive Burnout-Werte, psychosomatische Beschwerden, Steroidwerte in Haarproben als biologische Langzeitstress-Marker sowie auf Arbeitsengagement unter Berücksichtigung von Arbeitsplatzbedingungen untersucht. Im Beitrag wird die geplante Untersuchung vorgestellt.

Material und Methoden

Für die Studie werden 411 Beschäftigte eines medizinischen Dienstleistungsunternehmens zur Befragung eingeladen und können Haarproben für eine Steroid-Analyse abgeben. Durch Selbstauskunftsskalen werden individuelle und arbeitsplatzbezogene Feminitäts- und Maskulinitätswerte, Arbeitsplatzbedingungen, Burnout-Symptome, psychosomatische Beschwerden und Arbeitsengagement erfasst. Die Operationalisierung der Person-Umwelt-Passung erfolgt durch die Subtraktion der Feminitäts- und Maskulinitätswerte des Arbeitsumfeldes von den entsprechenden individuellen Werten. In den Haarproben werden mittels Flüssigkeitschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (LC-MS/MS) die Werte für Cortisol, Cortison, Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA), Testosteron und Progesteron ermittelt.

Ziele

Die Effekte der Feminität und Maskulinität als arbeitsplatzbezogene Person-Umwelt-Passung sollen als Prädiktoren für arbeitsbezogenen Stress untersucht werden, um zu überprüfen, ob diese sinnvollere Erklärungen als Geschlechtsgruppen-Erfassung bieten.
Strongly Coupled 2D Transition Metal Chalcogenide-MXene-Carbonaceous Nanoribbon Heterostructures with Ultrafast Ion Transport for Boosting Sodium/Potassium Ions Storage
Authors: Cao Junming , Li Junzhi , Li Dongdong , Yuan Zeyu , Zhang Yuming , Shulga Valerii , Sun Ziqi , Han Wei
Published: April 2021

Combining with the advantages of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, MXenes have shown great potential in next generation rechargeable batteries. Similar with other 2D materials, MXenes generally suffer severe self-agglomeration, low capacity, and unsatisfied durability, particularly for larger sodium/potassium ions, compromising their practical values. In this work, a novel ternary heterostructure self-assembled from transition metal selenides (MSe, M = Cu, Ni, and Co), MXene nanosheets and N-rich carbonaceous nanoribbons (CNRibs) with ultrafast ion transport properties is designed for sluggish sodium-ion (SIB) and potassium-ion (PIB) batteries. Benefiting from the diverse chemical characteristics, the positively charged MSe anchored onto the electronegative hydroxy (–OH) functionalized MXene surfaces through electrostatic adsorption, while the fungal-derived CNRibs bonded with the other side of MXene through amino bridging and hydrogen bonds. This unique MXene-based heterostructure prevents the restacking of 2D materials, increases the intrinsic conductivity, and most importantly, provides ultrafast interfacial ion transport pathways and extra surficial and interfacial storage sites, and thus, boosts the high-rate storage performances in SIB and PIB applications. Both the quantitatively kinetic analysis and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the interfacial ion transport is several orders higher than that of the pristine MXenes, which delivered much enhanced Na+ (536.3 mAh g−1@ 0.1 A g−1) and K+ (305.6 mAh g−1@ 1.0 A g−1 ) storage capabilities and excellent long-term cycling stability. Therefore, this work provides new insights into 2D materials engineering and low-cost, but kinetically sluggish post-Li batteries.
Was Adam Smith an evolutionary economist?: Smith’s study of botany and Charles Darwin’s theory of morality
Authors: Taka Tetsuo
Published: April 2021

This paper aims to extend and provide a new understanding of Adam Smith’s thoughts by focusing on some revisions in the 4th edition of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith 1774), “the nutritional value theory of corn” in the Wealth of Nations, and then comparing Smith’s discourses on the formation of morality with C. Darwin’s. Smith’s understanding of human nature extended and deepened with the study of botany and other sciences at Kirkcaldy after spending 2 years in France as Duke Buccleugh’s tutor. He began to understand human nature not only as a composite of self-love and benevolence, but also of instinctual and experiential knowledge. Thus, Smith’s system transitioned to an evolutionary one, and he became an unconscious forerunner of the Darwinian theory of morality formation.
Method, Material, and Machine: A Review for the Surgeon Using Three-Dimensional Printing for Accelerated Device Production
Authors: Xun Helen , Clarke Scott , Baker Nusaiba , Shallal Christopher , Lee Erica , Fadavi Darya , Wong Alison , Brandacher Gerald , Kang Sung Hoon , Sacks Justin M.
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND:

Physicians are at the forefront of identifying innovative targets to address current medical needs. 3D printing technology has emerged as a state-of-the-art method of prototyping medical devices or producing patient-specific models that is more cost-efficient, with faster turnaround time, in comparison to traditional prototype manufacturing. However, initiating 3D printing projects can be daunting due to the engineering learning curve, including the number of methodologies, variables, and techniques for printing from which to choose. To help address these challenges, we sought to create a guide for physicians interested in venturing into 3D printing.

STUDY DESIGN:

All commercially available, plug-and-play, material and stereolithography printers costing less than $15,000 were identified via web search. Companies were contacted to obtain quotes and information sheets for all printer models. The qualifying printers' manufacturer specification sheets were reviewed, and pertinent variables were extracted.

RESULTS:

We reviewed 309 commercially available printers and materials and identified 118 printers appropriate for clinicians desiring plug-and-play models for accelerated device production. We synthesized this information into a decision-making tool to choose the appropriate parameters based on project goals.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is a growing clinical need for medical devices to reduce costs of care and increase access to personalized treatments; however, the learning curve may be daunting for surgeons. In this review paper, we introduce the “3Ms of 3D printing” for medical professionals and provide tools and data sheets for selection of commercially available, affordable, plug-and-play 3D printers appropriate for surgeons interested in innovation.
Increased Use of Prehospital Tourniquet and Patient Survival: Los Angeles Countywide Study
Authors: Henry Reynold , Matsushima Kazuhide , Ghafil Cameron , Henry Rachel N. , Theeuwen Hailey , Golden Adam C. , Abramson Tiffany M. , Inaba Kenji
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND:

Recent trends in prehospital tourniquet use remain underreported. In addition, the impact of prehospital tourniquet use on patient survival has not been evaluated in a population-level study. We hypothesized that prehospital tourniquets were used more frequently in Los Angeles County and their use was associated with improved patient survival.

STUDY DESIGN:

This is a retrospective cohort study using a database maintained by the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency. We included patients who sustained extremity vascular injuries between October 2015 and July 2019. Patients were divided into the following study groups: prehospital tourniquet and no-tourniquet group. Our primary end point was in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes included 4- and 24-hour transfusion requirements and delayed amputation.

RESULTS:

A total of 944 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of those, 97 patients (10.3%) had prehospital tourniquets placed. The rate of tourniquet use increased linearly throughout our study period (goodness of fit, p = 0.014). In multivariable analysis, prehospital tourniquet use was significantly associated with improved mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.32; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.85; p = 0.032). Similarly, transfusion requirements were significantly lower within 4 hours (regression coefficient –547.76; 95% CI, –762.73 to –283.49; p < 0.001) and 24 hours (regression coefficient –1,389.82; 95% CI, –1,824.88 to –920.97; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in delayed amputation rates (adjusted odds ratio 1.07; 95% CI, 0.21 to 10.88; p < 0.097).

CONCLUSIONS:

Prehospital tourniquet use has been on the rise in Los Angeles County. Our results suggest that the use of prehospital tourniquets for extremity vascular injuries is associated with improved patient survival and decreased blood transfusion requirements, without an increase in delayed amputations.
What's right and wrong with facial recognition
Authors: Porter Tony
Published: April 2021

In this BTT interview Tony Porter, the UK Government's former Surveillance Camera ‘Czar’, reveals what he has learned about the accuracy and bias of facial recognition, its use by the police, and how to ensure the technology can be a force for good.
Everyday biometrics: can face replace fingerprint recognition?
Authors: Lunter Jan
Published: April 2021

The adoption of facial recognition technology (FRT) across industry sectors has accelerated over the past 12-18 months, both as a result of technological innovation and pandemic-induced needs.
Viewpoint: Hetero-ontologies and taxonomies in the wild
Authors: Drucker Johanna
Published: April 2021

An optimistic spirit of progressive pluralism accompanied early digital work in the arts and humanities. The singular “universe” of knowledge would be amplified into a “multiverse” through faceted approaches embodying varied cultural—and even individual–viewpoints. Precisely how this utopian ideal was to be realized—through customized search or fluid ontologies or other semantic web technology—was not clear. But the motivations combined creative impulses for decolonizing and diversifying information systems.
The outcome of olfactory impairment in patients with otherwise paucisymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 during the pandemic
Authors: Jalessi M , Bagheri S H , Azad Z , Firouzabadi F D , Amini E , Alizadeh R , Chaibakhsh S , Ghalehbaghi B , Hopkins C , Farhadi M
Published: April 2021

Objective

This study aimed to measure the duration and recovery rate of olfactory loss in patients complaining of recent smell loss as their prominent symptom during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak.

Method

This was a prospective telephone follow-up observational study of 243 participants who completed an online survey that started on 12 March 2020.

Results

After a mean of 5.5 months from the loss of smell onset, 98.3 per cent of participants reported improvement with a 71.2 per cent complete recovery rate after a median of 21 days. The chance of complete recovery significantly decreased after 131 days from the onset of loss of smell (100 per cent sensitive and 97.7 per cent specific). Younger age and isolated smell loss were associated with a rapid recovery, whereas accompanying rhinological and gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with longer loss of smell duration.

Conclusion

Smell loss, occurring as a prominent symptom during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, showed a favourable outcome. However, after 5.5 months from the onset, around 10 per cent of participants still complained of moderate or severe hyposmia.