bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Activated Charcoal for Hemoperfusion in Dutch Rabbits
Authors: Galloway E. J. , Liu C. T.
Published: February 2025

Techniques for a hemoperfusion system with activated charcoal have been developed for studying circulatory detoxification in Dutch rabbits. During a period of 8 hours of hemoperfusion, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, rbc fragility, plasma protein concentration, plasma osmolality, leukocyte and platelet counts, and rectal temperature did not show significant changes as compared with prehemoperfusion (base-line) values. All 5 tested rabbits survived after prolonged hemoperfusion, indicating that the present system is safe for use in rabbits.
Measurement of Red Blood Cell Volume, Plasma Volume, and Total Blood Volume in Baboons
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Lindberg J. R. , Contreras T. J. , Pivacek L. E. , Austin R. M. , Valeri D. A. , Gray A. , Emerson C. P.
Published: February 2025

Red blood cell volume was measured directly in baboons by infusion of 51Cr-labeled autologous rbc, and was indirectly estimated from the plasma volume measured with 125I-labeled albumin and the total body hematocrit. The total body hematocrit was calculated from the peripheral venous hematocrit multiplied by a correction factor; for nonanemic baboons the correction factor was 0.87, and for anemic baboons, 0.75. Within 2 weeks after the phlebotomy (150 ml of blood), the baboon's rbc volume was restored to normal. Posttransfusion survival of baboon rbc can be measured accurately in nonanemic baboons; the preserved rbc can be labeled with 51Cr and the rbc volume of the baboon can be measured indirectly from the plasma volume measured with 125I-labeled albumin and the total body hematocrit.
Pharmacokinetics of Oxfendazole in Sheep
Authors: Marriner Susan E. , Bogan James A.
Published: February 2025

Pharmacokinetics of oxfendazole and its sulfone metabolite were determined in 6 sheep. Oxfendazole achieved mean peak plasma concentrations of 0.76 μg/ml at 30 hours after oral administration of oxfendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight), and concentrations were detectable for up to 7 days after administration. Mean peak abomasal concentrations of 3.55 μg/ml occurred 20 hours after administration and were detectable up to 9 days after administration. Concentrations of sulfone in plasma and abomasal fluid were generally lower than were those of oxfendazole.
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria Associated with Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Koehne Guy , Maddux Roxanna , Britt Jenks
Published: February 2025

During a 14-month study of bovine mastitic milk, 69 of 2,035 milk samples contained acid-fast bacilli. These isolates were Nocardia asteroides, Mycobacterium fortuitum, M vaccae, M flavescens, and mycobacteria belonging to Runyon Group IV. These organisms were isolated from cows with clinical mastitis.
Pilot Trials on the Treatment of Dermatobia hominis Infections in Cattle with Closantel
Authors: Chaia Geraldo , Chiari Lourenco , Silva Dalva Candido da , Guerrero Jorge
Published: February 2025

The therapeutic and prophylactic activities of closantel given to calves inoculated with larvae of Dermatobia hominis were studied. Calves (n = 9 principals, plus 3 nontreated controls) were given closantel at different dosages (8 to 12.5 mg/kg) and schedules of treatment. The largest dosage of closantel (12.5 mg/kg) had the most efficacious therapeutic activity (97.3%). Prophylactic activity was also seen in calves given the drug before they were experimentally inoculated.
Characterization of Bovine Cells, Supporting in Vitro Growth of Virulent and Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus
Authors: Metzler Alfred E. , Higgins Robert J. , Krakowka Steven , Koestner Adalbert
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A proliferative cell (pc), appearing in long-term in vitro cultures of bovine peripheral blood macrophages, was shown to support growth of virulent and attenuated canine distemper virus. To evaluate the origin of these cells, several characteristics were examined. Eventual overgrowth of macrophages with pc occurred in 10 of 26 culture attempts. These cells were maintained in vitro for several months and survived 20 to 25 passages. Morphologic, functional, and growth characteristics indicated that, although the cells were of mesenchymal origin, they did not possess characteristics of macrophages. The pc had features that related them to fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.
Indirect Hemolysis Test in the Serodiagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis
Authors: Nicoletti Paul , Carlsen William B.
Published: February 2025

An indirect hemolysis (ihl) test was compared with 4 other serologic procedures in sensitivity and specificity, using bacteriologic findings from cattle in Brucella-infected herds. The test was more sensitive than the complement-fixation and tube agglutination tests, was similar to the Rivanol test, and was slightly inferior to the card test. It was more specific than the Rivanol, card, and tube agglutination tests, but had less specificity than the complement-fixation test. Results of all procedures were affected in varying degrees by the method of vaccination and time period of sample collections after vaccination.

Twenty vaccinated Brucella-free adult cattle were also studied, using the ihl and other tests. Only a few cattle that were previously vaccinated had reactions to the ihl test.
Comparative Toxicity of Feeding Dried Urban Sludge and an Equivalent Amount of Cadmium to Swine
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T. , Popp James A.
Published: February 2025

Three rations, an 18.71% protein swine starter diet (control), a basal diet containing 83 μg of Cd/g of diet, or a basal diet containing 50% Chicago sewage sludge (CSS) providing 83 μg Cd/g of diet, were given to weanling pigs for 9 weeks. Depressed growth occurred in both groups given Cd-treated diets in comparison with growth in pigs fed the control ration.

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia occurred in the group given the Cd-supplemented diet, but there were no significant differences in the hematologic values between pigs in the control and CSS-supplemented diets.

Toxicosis probably resulted from combining CSS as 50% of the diet due to a deficiency of available protein or other essential nutrients or from the accumulation of hazardous chemical residues including Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, or Zn. An increased amount of Fe in the CSS-treated ration apparently protected the pigs against the microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
Induced Lymphocytic Thyroiditis in Dogs: Effect of Intrathyroidal Injection of Thyroid Autoantibodies
Authors: Gosselin Sylvie J. , Capen Charles C. , Martin Sharron L. , Krakowka Steven
Published: February 2025

Multifocal infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages were present in the thyroid glands of dogs 1 month after an intrathyroidal injection (0.5 ml) of canine serum containing thyroglobulin autoantibodies. The development of thyroiditis was associated with a gradual increase in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. There was no alteration in circulating thyroid hormone values or thyroglobulin autoantibody titer for 1 month. Control dogs given a similar volume of canine serum without thyroglobulin antibodies did not have an inflammatory reaction in the thyroid gland, and the phytomitogen responses of lymphocytes did not change, compared with base-line values. An intrathyroidal injection of canine thyroglobulin autoantibodies induced lesions similar to naturally occurring lymphocytic thyroiditis in dogs, indicating that thyroid autoantibodies have an important role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated thyroiditis.
Evaluation of the Structural and Functional Changes in the Lymphoid Organs of Boran Cattle Infected with Trypanosoma vivax
Authors: Masake R. A. , Morrison W. I
Published: February 2025

Experimental infection of Boran cattle with Trypanosoma vivax resulted in fluctuating parasitemia detectable in peripheral blood which, as the infection progressed, diminished to undetectable levels. In animals necropsied during the initial stages of the infection, trypanosomes were detected in lymph and in the sinuses of the lymph nodes.

The lymph nodes and spleen exhibited marked proliferative response which was maximal in animals killed on days 10 and 17 of infection. The response was characterized by an increase in the size and activity of the germinal centers accompanied by increased numbers of large proliferating lymphocytes in the medullary cords and peripheral part of the paracortex of the lymph nodes and in the periarteriolar regions and peripheral follicular areas of the spleen. This was associated with the production of large numbers of plasma cells which were present in the red pulp of the spleen, in the medullary cords of the lymph nodes, and focally in the peripheral paracortical areas of the lymph nodes. By immunofluorescence, many of these plasma cells were found to contain immunoglobulin (Ig) M. There was also increased number of follicles which exhibited granular deposits of IgM and reduction in the areas containing small lymphocytes bearing IgM, During the remainder of the infection and paralleling the decrease in parasitemia, there was gradual reduction in the reactivity of the lymphoid organs.

Accompanying the initial proliferative response was a marked increase in plasma concentration of IgM; this decreased to base line during the 3rd week of the infection. The response to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide of leukocytes obtained from peripheral blood lymph nodes and spleen at intervals during the infection was not significantly different from controls.
Certain Aspects of the Biology and Life Cycle of Heterobilharzia americana in East Central Texas
Authors: Goff W. L. , Ronald N. C.
Published: February 2025

The life cycle of Heterobilharzia americana was determined for subsequent studies of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and immune response in infected dogs. The snail Lymnaea cubensis was susceptible to infection, but Pseudosuccinea columella collected from east central Texas was not. Cercariae emerged from the snails at night. White mice and dogs were exposed to the cercariae and patent infections were produced in both mammalian hosts.
Intrauterine Transmission of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus
Authors: Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. , Jackson T. A.
Published: February 2025

Ovine fetuses, newborn lambs, and ovine colostrum were examined for ovine progressive pneumonia virus. The lambs and colostrum were also examined for specific antibody. Virus was isolated from 1 fetus, from 2 newborn lambs, and from most samples of colostrum. The fetus was about 100 days old and was carried by a seronegative ewe in contact with seropositive sheep. Both newborn lambs were carried by seropositive ewes. One lamb was dead at birth; the other lamb was normal and had not nursed. Antibody specific for the virus was present in the colostrum of 12 of 14 seropositive ewes and in the serum of 8 of 11 lambs that had nursed seropositive ewes, but not in the serum of lambs that had not nursed.
Serum Lipid-Associated Sialic Acid Values in Horses with Neoplasms
Authors: Kloppel Thomas M. , Richardson Ralph C. , Traver Douglas S. , Morré D. James
Published: February 2025

Serum concentrations of lipid-associated sialic acid (lasa) were determined in 53 horses (10 with neoplasms, 22 with other disorders, and 21 clinically normal controls). An increase in lasa > 2 sd above the average value in controls was found in 7 of 10 horses with neoplasms, compared with only 2 of 22 horses with other disorders. In 1 horse, lasa values decreased to within control values after surgical removal of a squamous cell carcinoma.
Serum Amylase and Lipase Activities in the Diagnosis of Pancreatitis in Dogs
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Farver Thomas , Kaneko J. J.
Published: February 2025

To determine the usefulness of information provided by measurement of serum amylase activity in the evaluation of dogs for pancreatitis, the relationship of amylase activity to lipase activity in 713 paired serum samples was investigated by statistical analysis. Little change in mean amylase concentration was found until lipase values exceeded 800 U/L. The ranges of amylase activity (mean ± 2 sd) were essentially the same for dogs with no pancreatitis (0 to 100 U of lipase activity/L) as for dogs with a high probability for the disease (700 to 799 U of lipase activity/L), 0 to 4,029 U/L and 857 to 4,869 U/L, respectively.

Pathologic findings from biopsy and necropsy reports from 92 dogs for which serum lipase determinations were done indicated that serum lipase increased not only with pancreatitis, but also with other medical problems, such as renal and hepatic disease.

It was concluded that determination of serum amylase activity without knowledge of serum lipase activity was of little value to diagnose pancreatitis. High amylase activity was not specific for pancreatitis and low amylase activity could not rule out the disease. The results of this study also showed that low serum lipase values almost always eliminated the possibility of pancreatitis and that high values were often, but not always, diagnostic for pancreatitis.
Antibody Kinetics in Response to Vaccination Against Babesia bovis
Authors: James Mark A. , Kuttler Kenneth L. , Levy Michael G. , Ristic Miodrag
Published: February 2025

The kinetics of specific indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test titers and total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM values were determined in cattle vaccinated with culture-derived soluble Babesia organisms. Nineteen days after challenge exposure (postinoculation day 67), vaccinated cattle had a strong anamnestic response and mean ifa titers reached 1:48,710. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations were increased after vaccination and after challenge exposure. A nonspecific suppression of total IgG (controls) and IgM (vaccinated animals and controls) values also was observed, the depression coinciding with the period of peak parasitemia.
Use of Ducks as a Model To Study the Effect of Antibiotics in Feed on the Fecal Shedding of Salmonella
Authors: Latour L. B. , Barnum D. A.
Published: February 2025

An experimental and statistical model was developed to study the effect of antibiotics in feed on the fecal shedding of Salmonella. The model design consisted of 3 groups of 4 to 10 experimentally infected ducks each; group 1 was given no medication, group 2 was given a small dose of antibiotic, and group 3 was given a large dose of antibiotic as feed supplement for growth promotion. The test for the null hypothesis and Fisher's exact test were used for evaluating the significance of the results on each sampling day and for the experimental totals.

Experimental results of the model showed that, whereas oxytetracycline (otc) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the duration of shedding of otc-sensitive Salmonella, it significantly increased the duration of shedding of orc-resistant Salmonella. Evaluation of zinc bacitracin by this model indicated that zinc bacitracin either produced a moderate increase in the duration of fecal shedding or failed to alter the duration of fecal shedding of Salmonella. Seemingly, it is necessary to select a sensitive and a resistant Salmonella strain to evaluate the effects of antibiotics in feed.
Distribution of Oxytetracycline in the Genital Tract of Cows
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Ott R. S. , Koritz G. D. , Lock T. F. , Bevill R. F. , Shawley R. V. , Gustafsson B. K. , Davis L. E.
Published: February 2025

Pharmacokinetic parameters of the disposition of oxytetracycline (otc) were investigated in healthy cycling dairy cows after a single iv dose of 22 mg/kg of body weight. The biological half-life of otc was 6.5 hours.

These data were used to predict an iv priming dose and a rate of constant iv infusion of otc sufficient to approach steady-state equilibrium of the drug between a plasma concentration of approximately 5 μg/ml and a uterine tissue concentration. After 8 hours’ constant iv infusion, the mean plasma concentration of otc was 4.86 ± 0.68 μg/ml and the mean uterine tissue concentration of otc was 4.50 ± 0.45 μg/ml. The mean ratio of plasma-to-uterine tissue otc concentrations was 1.08.

Computer-simulated iv multiple doses of otc at 11 mg/kg every 12 hours and 11 mg/kg every 24 hours suggested that the former dosage regimen could provide uterine tissue concentrations > 5 μg/ml during the dosage interval, whereas the latter could provide such concentrations for only the first 12 hours of a 24-hour dosage interval.
Properties of Cell Wall Antigens of Virulent Brucella canis and a Less Mucoid Variant of Reduced Pathogenicity
Authors: Zoha Steven J. , Carmichael Leland E.
Published: February 2025

Properties of cell wall antigenic extracts of 2 Brucella canis strains (wild type, M+; and a less mucoid variant, M−) were compared. Cell wall antigens of each strain were extracted by 2 different methods and compared with respect to their serologic, chromatographic, and surface properties. In addition, selected enzymes were used to compare antigen sensitivity to degradation.

Analysis of extracted antigens was done by gel immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Two cell wall antigens (2-R and 3-R) were present in extracts of wild type (M+) B canis that had been treated with hot (65 C) phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss). Three cell wall antigens (2-S, 3A-S, 3B-S) were revealed in saline extracts of the M− variant. Hot (100 C) 1% sodium deoxycholate extracted an additional antigen (1-R or 1-S) from cells (M+ or M−, respectively) which had previously been treated with hot pbss.

Certain properties of the B canis antigen extracts were examined by ion exchange chromatography, agarose gel chromatography, affinity chromatography, and enzyme degradation. Hydrophobic properties of the cell wall antigens were examined by their behavior in divalent cation, polyethylene glycol, and acid solutions. The antigens of B canis (M+) cells extracted with hot pbss were smaller in size, had a lower net negative charge, and were more hydrophobic than those of the M− cells.
Efficacy of a nonviable culture-derived Babesia bovis vaccine
Authors: Kuttler K. L. , Levy M. G. , James M. A. , Ristic M.
Published: February 2025

Tissue culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis antigens were combined with a saponin adjuvant and used to vaccinate 3 adult cows and 8 yearling heifers. Each animal was vaccinated twice at a 3-week interval between vaccinations. Two adult cattle were premunized with an attenuated B bovis. All vaccinated cattle and premunized cattle along with 3 nonvaccinated adult cattle and 8 nonvaccinated yearling heifers were challenge exposed 4 weeks after the 2nd vaccine dose by the im inoculation of an estimated 1 × 108 virulent B bovis organisms. Both vaccinated and nonvaccinated controls responded to challenge exposure, whereas the premunized cattle were refractory to challenge exposure. Those cattle given the adjuvant-vaccine showed a significantly milder clinical response to infection. Death occurred in 2 of the 3 adult controls and 2 of the 8 yearling controls. Death losses or severe reactions were not seen among the vaccinated cattle.

Vaccinated animals, before challenge exposure, failed to respond serologically to the complement-fixation test even though specific antibodies to B bovis antigens were detected with the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The apparent absence of isoimmunizing antigens and the ability to serologically distinguish vaccinated animals from infected animals are additional attributes which contribute to the potential usefulness of this vaccine.
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in equids: Reference physiologic values
Authors: Braun J. P. , Bardies J. , Thouvenot J. P. , Benard P. , Rico A. G.
Published: February 2025

γ-Glutamyltransferase reference values in 277 clinically healthy equids indicated a log-gaussian distribution with an upper limit of physiologic values at 24 U/L. Reference values were about 2 U/L lower in males than in females and geldings, and values were slightly higher in horses used for racing than in horses used for riding, draft horses, and ponies. Age, pregnancy, and season of the year seemed to have no or minor effect on serum γ glutamyltransferase values.
Chemotaxis of radiolabeled equine neutrophils
Authors: Camp C. J. , Leid R. Wes
Published: February 2025

A method for the isolation of equine neutrophils was developed using metrizamide cushions. A purity of > 95% was routinely obtained with > 90% viability. These cells were radiolabeled and tested for their chemotactic response in Boyden chambers to zymosan-activated equine serum, the partially purified equine complement component C5a, and formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine. The time and ionic requirements for chemotaxis of radiolabeled equine neutrophils were investigated and maximal movement was observed at 2 hours’ incubation and 1.0 mM Ca and 0.5 mM Mg. Dinitrophenol in a concentration range of 10−2 to 10−6 M also inhibited cell movement. A Zigmond-Hirsch checkerboard assay demonstrated the pronounced chemotactic activity of zymosan-activated equine serum and the partially purified equine C5a. The equine neutrophil did not respond to formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine.
Ampicillin in mares: A comparison of intramuscular sodium ampicillin or sodium ampicillin-ampicillin trihydrate injection
Authors: Traver Douglas S. , Riviere J. Edmond
Published: February 2025

A cross-over experiment was used to compare serum ampicillin concentrations in mares. Six mares and 2 dose regimens were used. Four of 6 mares were in midterm of gestation; the remaining 2 were not pregnant. Ampicillin was injected im and was administered every 12 hours for 3 doses. Dose regimens compared were sodium ampicillin (22 mg/kg) given alone, or sodium ampicillin (11 mg/kg) and ampicillin trihydrate (11 mg/kg) given concurrently. Blood samples were collected over 12 hours after the 1st and 3rd injections. Serum ampicillin concentrations were determined by bioassay. Peak mean serum ampicillin concentration occurred 0.5 hour after injection. Serum ampicillin concentrations after sodium ampicillin injection (22 mg/kg) were significantly higher than concentrations after the concurrent-dose regimen, for up to 4 hours (P < 0.05). Concentrations between 4 and 12 hours were not significantly different. Concentrations in both groups between 8 and 12 hours after injections were done were < 2 μg/mL The halflives of ampicillin in serum was 2.06 hours with the dosing with sodium ampicillin and 3.33 hours with the concurrent dosing of sodium ampicillin and ampicillin trihydrate.

Peak serum ampicillin concentrations following sodium ampicillin injection were between 5.53 and 26.59 μg/ml. Great variation was noted between animals; however, little variation was noted within the individual. Peak serum concentrations following repeated doses within a given mare were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration of the pregnant mares (8.75 μg/ml) was lower than that of nonpregnant mares (21.57 μg/ml).
Effects of dexamethasone on endotoxin shock in the anesthetized pony: Hematologic, blood gas, and coagulation changes
Authors: Frauenfelder H. C. , Fessler J. F. , Moore A. B. , Bottoms G. D. , Boon G. D.
Published: February 2025

The effects of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg of body weight) on hematologic, blood gas, and blood coagulation values in anesthetized ponies during endotoxin-induced shock were evaluated. Fifteen ponies were assigned to 3 groups of 5 ponies each: group 1, anesthetized nontreated and dexamethasone-treated controls; group 2, endotoxin, nontreated; group 3, endotoxin, dexamethasone treated.

The hematologic changes in this endotoxin shock model included leukopenia and hemoconcentration. Significant hematologic effects were not seen in ponies after administration of dexamethasone. However, dexamethasone treatment resulted in an increased trend in total wbc counts and neutrophils. The blood gas changes reflected a respiratory component resulting from anesthesia and a greater metabolic component from the endotoxemia. The plasma lactate increase was significantly (P < 0.05) less in ponies treated with dexamethasone, compared with plasma lactate in nontreated ponies. During endotoxin shock, the changes observed in the blood coagulation values included a significant (P < 0.05) prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time and an insignificant prolongation of the prothrombin time. Dexamethasone treatment prevented prolongation of thrombin time and permitted only a mild prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time.

Seemingly, corticosteroids are useful in the treatment of clinical endotoxin shock in horses as indicated by their desirable effects on total wbc, neutrophils, cellular metabolism, and blood coagulation.
Role of the rat in the transmission of porcine parvovirus
Authors: Cutler R. , Molitor T. W. , Sauber T. E. , Leman A. D.
Published: February 2025

Rats experimentally inoculated with porcine parvovirus (ppv) shed virus in excreta from 3 to 21 days. Rats inoculated subcutaneously with ppv responded serologically with hemagglutination-inhibition titers (512-1,024). The ppv antigen was readily detected in lung and spleen 2 and 3 days after rats were inoculated and in liver and intestine, 4 days. The rats remained clinically healthy. Rats given ppv orally or in drinking water either with ppv-infected cell culture fluid or swine fetal homogenate failed to respond serologically to ppv, the exception being 2 of 4 rats exposed to swine fetal homogenate over a 5-day span.

Pigs exposed to ppv-contaminated rat excreta, either by direct oral dosing or by contaminating the feed, failed to seroconvert. Pigs given (im) ppv which had been isolated on cell culture from rat excreta did seroconvert.

Results of these experiments indicated that rats became infected with ppv, but did so after systemic challenge exposure or prolonged oral exposure to highly infective swine fetal homogenate. Insufficient virus was shed by rats to cause susceptible pigs to seroconvert upon oral feeding— thus indicating that a minimal dose is necessary to ensure oral challenge.

In a preliminary experiment, seronegative pigs given different doses of ppv orally showed a gradient level of serologic response and different rates of shedding.
Rapid and accurate direct injection chromatographic method for measuring volatile anesthetics in whole blood of dogs
Authors: Fleming John T. , Pedersoli W. M.
Published: February 2025

A modified rapid, accurate, and relatively simple gas chromatographic procedure was used for the analysis of a single hydrocarbon volatile anesthetic agent in whole arterial blood of dogs. Lengthy extraction procedures and laborious chromatographic separations were avoided. The glassware required was inexpensive and readily available, as were rubber and rubber-laminated Teflon septa which were excellent for making air-tight seals.

Variations in blood pH, lipid content, protein concentration, hematocrit, and other components of whole blood will influence the solubility of the anesthetics. However, the procedure described in the present report was corrected for those factors by constructing standard curves with blood from each experimental dog.

The arterial concentration of methoxyflurane (mtf) in 25 dogs was determined at 60 and 120 minutes of surgical anesthesia. Arterial concentrations of mtf at 60 minutes of anesthesia ranged from 7.29 to 41.7 mg/dl of blood, and at 120 minutes, the range was from 9.02 to 55. There was no significant difference in arterial blood concentrations of mtf (P > 0.05) at 60 and 120 minutes of anesthesia.
Sensory nerve conduction velocity of cutaneous afferents of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the dog: Reference values
Authors: Redding R. W. , Ingram J. T. , Colter S. B.
Published: February 2025

The mean conduction velocities of the compound action potentials of sensory axons of the cutaneous branches of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the healthy dog were determined by cutaneous stimulation and recorded by averaged evoked response technique. Locations for both stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Mean conduction velocities were: radial nerve = 65.1 ± 6.2; ulnar nerve = 69.4 ± 6.9; peroneal nerve = 64.4 ± 5.25; and tibial nerve = 63.4 ± 5.3 m/s ± sd.
Effect of human interferon on vesicular stomatitis virus released from bovine embryonic kidney cells
Authors: Harrell Sharon A. , Maheshwari R. K. , Mohanty S. B. , Friedman R. M.
Published: February 2025

Human lymphoblastoid interferon (ifn) had an antiviral activity in bovine embryonic kidney cells that resulted in the release of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) particles with decreased infectivity. The inhibition was dose dependent and the cells were highly sensitive to human ifn. Examination of the proteins of vsv released from bovine cells after ifn treatment showed a reduction in the glycoprotein. Electron microscopic studies revealed a large number of vsv particles with characteristic spike-like surface projections released from nontreated cells. There was a reduction in the number of mature virions produced in ifn-treated cells and the virions lacked the characteristic surface projections.
Antibody, immune complexes, and complement activity fluctuations in kittens with experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Jacobse-Geels Helen E. L. , Daha Mohamed R. , Horzinek Marian C.
Published: February 2025

Humoral changes were studied in 6 specific-pathogen-free kittens during experimental infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus. Although the incubation period and the duration of the disease differed widely, a similar pattern of rectal temperatures, serum complement values, circulating immune complexes, and antibody titers was found for all kittens during the last 15 to 20 days of life. Antibody formation started 8 to 13 days before death and was accompanied by the appearance of circulating immune complexes with subsequent increased concentrations of complement followed by complement depletion. The data are discussed as evidence for an immune complex pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis.
Cardiodynamics in the rhesus macaque during dissociative anesthesia
Authors: Booker J. Lee , Erickson Howard H. , Fitzpatrick Edward L.
Published: February 2025

Effects of dissociative anesthesia on cardiovascular dynamics and respiration were investigated in rhesus macaques to determine its use in nonhuman primates for restraint and minor surgical procedures. Respiration was spontaneous, and premedicants or anesthetic adjuvants were not used. Two doses of the anesthetic were administered (im): 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg. Depressant effects were observed in all variables initially; some cardiovascular variables eventually exceeded preinjection values after the higher (3.0 mg/kg) dose level. At a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, significant depression in myocardial contractility persisted for 20 minutes, and at 3.0 mg/kg for 50 minutes. Stroke volume was minimally affected initially, although significant increases occurred at 40 and 50 minutes after the 3.0 mg/ kg injections. Heart rate was depressed by 5% and 7% in the animals given the small and large doses. Values were within control levels by 90 minutes after the anesthetic was injected, except respiratory rate and body temperature, We conclude that the dissociative anesthetic used produces neither marked nor prolonged cardiovascular effects. Since cardiovascular effects are absent by 90 minutes after the anesthetic was injected, dissociative anesthesia is a desirable technique for minor surgical procedures and restraint, especially before physiologic studies.
Number and distribution of IgM cells and IgA cells in colonic tissue of conditioned sex and breed-matched dogs
Authors: Willard M. D. , Williams J. F. , Stowe H. D. , Kutil C.
Published: February 2025

Colonic tissue from 3 male and 3 female Beagle dogs was stained for immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM cells. The colonic mucosa was divided vertically into 3 zones with an ocular reticule. The mean numbers of IgA and IgM cells and the mean percentages of the total number of the IgA or IgM cells were determined for each zone. (A comparison of IgM cell counts obtained by 2 investigators gave evidence that the results were consistent between different counters.)

Comparison of the data from males with data from females showed that there was no difference for IgM cells, but that young, male dogs had more IgA cells that did old, female dogs in that portion of the colonic mucosa that was closest to the colonic lumen. The number and pattern of IgA cells were similar to those found in a previous study of IgA cells which used male, mixed-breed dogs, ie, there were fewer IgA cells in the lamina propria closest to the colonic lumen than in the deeper lamina propria. The distribution of IgM cells showed a similar nonunifonn trend. Finally, there were fewer IgM cells than IgA cells in the deeper lamina propria; however, the percentages of the total number of IgA and IgM cells found in each zone were equivalent.
Nephelometric determination of serum amylase and lipase in naturally occurring azotemia in the dog
Authors: Wagner A. E. , Macy D. W.
Published: February 2025

Serum amylase and lipase were measured in 32 healthy dogs and in 55 dogs with serum urea nitrogen values > 40 mg/dl, using a nephelometric analyzer (Coleman analyzer model 91). Mean serum amylase and lipase values in normal dogs were 1,085.48 units and 3.98 units, respectively. In dogs with azotemia, the mean serum amylase and lipase values were 1,822.79 units and 12.57 units, respectively. Serum urea nitrogen values could not be correlated with amylase or lipase values.
Experimental transplacental infection of pregnant dogs with canine herpesvirus
Authors: Hashimoto A. , Hirai K. , Yamaguchi T. , Fujimoto Y.
Published: February 2025

Fetal infection was established in 28 of 33 pups obtained from 7 pregnant dogs (47th to 53rd day of gestation) inoculated iv with canine herpesvirus (chv). The pathogenesis of transplacental chv infection was investigated by using pathologic examination, immunofluorescence microscopy, and viral assay. Infection with the virus was recognized in 13 of 18 neonatal pups obtained from 4 bitches by spontaneous delivery at full term. Eleven pups died within a week of birth and all had characteristic lesions of chv infection. Thirteen live-born and 2 stillborn pups derived from 3 bitches by cesarean section died within 9 days of birth. Characteristic lesions of chv infection were observed in various organs, such as liver, spleen, kidney, and lung. Fourteen of the fetal placentas had variable degree of necrotizing lesions. The lesions were characterized by degenerative changes and focal necrosis in the placental labyrinth. Lesions were present in the walls of allantoic blood vessels. Intranuclear inclusions were evident in degenerating trophoblast cells and in the cells of maternal and fetal blood vessels. Infective virus and viral antigen were detected in the various organs of pups and in the trophoblastic cells of junctional zone. Virus also was found in the walls of maternal and fetal blood vessels of the placental tissues. The results strongly indicated that transplacental transmission of chv may occur in pregnant dogs at a late stage of gestation.
Ovine blood chemistry values measured during ammonia toxicosis
Authors: Roller M. H. , Riedemann G. S. , Romkema G. E. , Swanson R. N.
Published: February 2025

Venous blood values were determined on 19 Southdown sheep (9 adult ewes and 10 wether lambs). Principal sheep were given 12.5 ml of 3.3M urea solution/kg of body weight, which produced acute ammonia toxicosis. Whole blood ammonium-nitrogen was determined by ion exchange; venous blood gases and pH were measured with a pH blood gas analyzer; and 23 serum chemical analyses were obtained with a sequential multiple autoanalyzer computer.

Analysis of variance for the data revealed significant changes for 20 values. The values are presented and discussed with regard to those that changed beyond acceptable limits (whole blood ammonium-nitrogen, venous blood pH, serum glucose, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum creatine kinase, serum urea nitrogen, serum inorganic phosphorus, serum sodium, and serum potassium), those that changed within acceptable limits (PvO2, PvCO2, serum triglycerides, serum free fatty acids, plasma volatile fatty acids, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio, serum uric acid, serum cholesterol, serum low-density lipoproteins, serum calcium, serum iron, and serum chloride), and those with no change (total and direct serum bilirubin and albumin-globulin ratio). Metabolic consequences of ammonia toxicosis are considered with regard to energy, lipid, protein, and acid-base and electrolyte balances. Blood values having possible laboratory diagnostic value and considerations for therapeutic adjustment are discussed.
Effect of febantel against Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis infections in dogs
Authors: Corwin R. M. , McCurdy H. D. , Pratt S. E.
Published: February 2025

Febantel was administered as a 3.4% paste to 45 dogs infected with 1 or more nematode species, which included Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis. Dosage levels of 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 consecutive days for a total of 15, 30, or 45 mg/kg were administered. At 15 mg/kg, all dogs were completely cleared of all nematode and cestode infections, including A caninum, T vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia sp, and Dipylidium caninum, except for 1 Physaloptera sp adult. The 2 other dosage levels produced somewhat lower efficacy, with the 5 mg/kg being the least effective.

The paste appeared palatable to the dogs and there were no apparent adverse effects.
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing
Authors: Raphel Corinne F. , Soma Lawrence R.
Published: February 2025

Thoroughbred horses (n = 191) were examined with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope within 2 hours of racing on a dirt track; 147 (75.4%) had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (eiph), and 13 (9.0%) had blood at the nostrils. Of 107 Thoroughbreds examined within the same period after breezing, 41 (38.3%) had evidence of eiph. One horse (2.4%) of this group had blood at the nostrils. Statistical analysis of frequency data showed that a relationship existed between eiph and the horse’s age or distance raced or breezed. Relationship did not exist between eiph and sex or finishing position.

Thoroughbreds were also examined endoscopically after steeplechase, flat turf, and timber races; 67.7% (21/31), 14.3% (2/14), and 66.6% (2/3) of the horses in such races were eiph-positive, respectively; and 14.3% (3/21), 0% (0/2), and 100% (2/2) of these eiph-positive horses had blood at the nostrils.

Of 32 breezing Thoroughbreds in a 3rd survey, 21 (65.6%) were eiph-positive. None bled from the nostrils. Endoscopic findings of eiph are repeatable in the horses, indicating that bleeding is not a random event.
Effect of vagotomy on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange in the neonatal calf
Authors: Slocombe R. F , Robinson N. E. , Derksen F. J.
Published: February 2025

The effect of vagotomy on the mechanical and gas exchange properties of the respiratory system was determined in 7 healthy, anesthetized neonatal Holstein calves. A pressure-compensated volume displacement plethysmograph measured the quasi-static pressure-volume (pv) characteristics of the lungs and thoracic cage. Functional residual capacity (frc) was determined by He equilibration. Lung and chest wall compliances per kilogram of body weight were 2.25 ± 0.19 ml/cm of H2O/kg and 8.85 ± 2.44 ml/cm of H2O/kg, respectively. Total lung capacity (tlc) averaged 78.3 ± 13 ml/kg and frc was 51 ± 5% of tlc. The lung pv curve deviated from single exponential behavior below 75% of tlc, indicating airway closure at large lung volumes. Residual volume, which averaged 28.1 ± 6.0% of tlc, appeared to be determined by airway closure because the thoracic cage was compliant between frc and residual volume.

Vagotomy had no effect on the lung and thoracic cage pv curves, lung volumes, or the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, but it decreased pulmonary resistance and increased respiratory system conductance and the dead space/tidal volume ratio, indicating dilation of large conducting airways. The calf appears similar to other neonates, in that the thoracic cage is compliant and airway closure occurs at large lung volumes. Both of these factors may predispose the calf to atelectasis.
Acute toxicosis of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by pyrolysis products from heated polytetrafluoroethylene: Microscopic study
Authors: Wells R. E. , Slocombe R. F.
Published: February 2025

An ultrastructural study was performed on the respiratory system of budgerigars (including 6 controls) which were acutely affected by inhalation of toxic fumes from heated polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe pyrolysis products) or had survived fro 24 hours after a sublethal exposure. The controls were exposed to fumes from heated plan aluminum (ie, not coated with ptfe). The microanatomy of lungs of the controls was described and compared with that of lungs of the birds exposed to ptfe pyrolysates. The ptfe pyrolysates caused extensive, severe necrotizing and hemorrhagic pneumonitis. These lesions were associated with amorphous elongate conglomerates of particles which were similar to those isolated on membrane filters from fumes generated from heated ptfe—this supporting the hypothesis that the toxic principle in ptfe pyrolysates is at least, in part, related to generated particulates.
Effect of oxytocin and its long-acting analog on milk let-down and intramammary pressure in healthy lactating sows
Authors: Cort N. , Einarsson S. , Åström G.
Published: February 2025

Ten healthy lactating sows were given single iv injections of 5 to 10 IU of oxytocin and single iv or im injections of 0.2 to 0.6 mg of deamino-1-monocarba-(2-O-methyltyrosine)-oxytocin [d(COMOT)]. Studies were done with d(COMOT) concerning the dose-response relationship, the influence of the lactation stage on the duration of the milk let-down effect, and the difference between the iv and im injections. The mean duration of response was 14 minutes for oxytocin and 6.2 hours for d(COMOT). Intramammary pressure was also measured in 3 sows, using 10 IU of oxytocin iv or 0.6 mg of d(COMOT) iv. Oxytocin resulted in a strong initial increase of the intramammary pressure for about 7 minutes. The d(COMOT) caused the same initial response, followed by secondary oscillations lasting for at least 4 hours.
Experimental Sarcocystis suicanis infections: Disease in growing pigs
Authors: Barrows Paul L. , Prestwood Annie K. , Green Craig E.
Published: February 2025

Four groups of 6 pigs each were given 5 × 105 to 3 × 106 sporocysts of a Georgia isolate of Sarcocystis suicanis. Only the 6 pigs given 3 × 106 sporocysts became acutely ill at postinoculation days (pid) 12 to 15, and 3 of the 6 died at pid 14 or 15. Clinical signs included purpura of the skin of the ear, snout, and buttocks and dyspnea, muscle tremors, and severe locomotor difficulties. Clinical abnormalities were accompanied by laboratory findings of pyrexia, severe anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megathrombocytosis, prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, and hypofibrinogenemia. Seemingly, excessive intravascular coagulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease in swine. Pigs given 5 × 105 to 1 × 106 sporocysts did not exhibit clinical signs; however, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were demonstrated in the pigs at all dosage levels. Growth rates were impaired in surviving pigs.

Second-generation schizonts containing merozoites were found in vascular endothelium of pigs dying on pid 14 or 15. Nonsuppurative myocarditis and hepatitis were present. Numerous developing cysts were in the musculature of pigs enthanatized on pig 35 to 52. Cyst dissolution and resorption occurred concomitantly, indicating that swine may be able to clear the infection.
Association between route of inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and site of recrudescence after dexamethasone treatment
Authors: Rossi Charles R. , Kiesel George K. , Rumph Paul F.
Published: February 2025

Four calves latently infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) were used to compare the ease of isolation of virus from neuronal ganglia and from mucosal surfaces. Two calves were slaughtered, and neuronal ganglia (cranial cervical, trigeminal, and 3rd and 4th sacral) were cocultivated on bovine fetal kidney cells. Virus was not isolated. Two calves given dexamethasone for 4 days were slaughtered on the 5th day. Virus was not isolated from cocultivated or macerated neuronal ganglia, but virus was isolated from nasal secretions taken from both calves on the day of slaughter. Eleven calves were inoculated with ibrv via different routes and were treated with dexamethasone 3 to 4 months after inoculation. Virus was isolated from the nasal cavities, but not the vaginas of 6 heifers inoculated intranasally, and was isolated from the vaginas, but not the nasal cavities of 2 heifers inoculated intravaginally. Of 3 calves inoculated iv, virus was isolated from the nasal cavities of 3, from the oropharynxes of 2, and from the prepuce of 1.
Ivermectin: Activity against larval Strongylus vulgaris and adult Trichostrongylus axei in experimental infections in ponies
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C.
Published: February 2025

Activity of ivermectin, administered im at the dosage rate of 200 μg/kg of body weight, was evaluated in controlled tests against migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris and adult Trichostrongylus axei in experimental infections in 6 ponies raised wormfree. Ponies were given 2,190 or 2,400 infective 3rd-stage larvae of S vulgaris at 7 days before treatment and 22,000 or 22,750 infective 3rd-stage larvae of T axei at 42 or 45 days before treatment. Three ponies were given ivermectin plus vehicle, and 3 ponies were given the vehicle only; the ponies were euthanatized 7 or 9 days after treatment.

At necropsy, 4th-stage S vulgaris larvae were not recovered from visceral arteries of the 3 ivermectin plus vehicle-treated ponies, but 21 to 40 larvae were recovered from each of the 3 vehicle-treated ponies. Also at necropsy, adult T axei (140 specimens) were recovered from only 1 of the 3 ivermectin plus vehicle-treated ponies, but 4,610 to 6,410 specimens were found in each of the 3 vehicle-treated ponies. Toxicosis was not observed after treatment.
Border disease: Tissue culture studies of the virus in sheep
Authors: Potts Barbara J. , Johnson Kenneth P. , Osburn Bennie I.
Published: February 2025

A California strain of border disease (bd) virus was isolated from the cns and spleen of an infected lamb and was propagated without cytopathic effect in 2 tissue culture systems. Viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells by immunofluorescence. The growth curve of this bd virus in primary sheep choroid plexus cells revealed a latent period of 12 hours and peak viral production by 36 hours after inoculation. The growth curve in porcine kidney cells (PK-15) demonstrated a latent period of 8 hours and peak viral production by 54 hours after inoculation.

The primary sheep choroid plexus cell tissue culture isolate of bd virus was then used to develop hyperimmune sera in 2 adult sheep. Neutralizing antibody was not detected until 43 days after primary inoculation when a slow antibody increase occurred in both sheep.