bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Mechanical Heterogeneity in Canine Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Kaczka David W. , Hager David N. , Hawley Monica L. , Simon Brett A.
Published: July 2005

Background

The heterogeneous pattern of acute lung injury (ALI) predisposes patients to ventilator-associated lung injury. Currently, there is no simple technique that can reliably quantify lung heterogeneity during the dynamic conditions of mechanical ventilation. Such a technique may be of use in optimizing mechanical ventilatory parameters such as rate, tidal volume, or positive end-expiratory pressure.

Methods

To determine the impact of heterogeneity on respiratory mechanics, the authors measured respiratory impedance (Zrs), expressed as respiratory resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers), in 11 anesthetized dogs from 0.078 to 8.9 Hz using broadband pressure and flow excitations under baseline conditions and after ALI produced by infusion of 0.08 ml/kg oleic acid into the right atrium. Data were obtained at mean airway pressures (Pao) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O. The Zrs spectra were fit by various models of the respiratory system incorporating different distributions of parallel viscoelastic tissue properties.

Results

Under baseline conditions, both Rrs and Ers exhibited dependence on oscillation frequency, reflecting viscoelastic behavior. The Ers demonstrated significant dependence on Pao. After ALI, both the level and frequency dependence of Rrs and Ers increased, as well as the apparent heterogeneity of tissue properties. Both Rrs and Ers as well as heterogeneity decreased with increasing Pao, approaching baseline levels at the highest levels of Pao.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that Zrs can provide specific information regarding the mechanical heterogeneity of injured lungs at different levels of Pao. Moderate increases in Pao seem to be beneficial in ALI by reducing heterogeneity and recruiting lung units. These noninvasive measurements of lung heterogeneity may ultimately allow for the development of better ventilation protocols that optimize regional lung mechanics in patients with ALI.
Propofol Increases Contractility during α1a-Adrenoreceptor Activation in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Gable Brad D. , Shiga Toshiya , Murray Paul A. , Damron Derek S.
Published: July 2005

Background

The objective of this study was to identify the extent to which propofol alters intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), myofilament Ca sensitivity, and contraction of individual cardiomyocytes during activation of alpha1a adrenoreceptors and to determine the cellular mechanism of action.

Methods

Freshly isolated ventricular myocytes were obtained from adult rat hearts. Myocyte shortening and [Ca2+]i were simultaneously monitored in individual cardiomyocytes exposed to phenylephrine after treatment with chloroethylclonidine (alpha1b-adrenoreceptor antagonist) and BMY 7378 (alpha1d-adrenoreceptor antagonist). Data are reported as mean +/- SD.

Results

Phenylephrine increased myocyte shortening by 124 +/- 9% (P = 0.002), whereas peak [Ca2+]i only increased by 8 +/- 3% (P = 0.110). Inhibition of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C attenuated the phenylephrine-induced increase in shortening by 84 +/- 11% (P = 0.004) and 15 +/- 6% (P = 0.010), respectively. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho kinase attenuated the phenylephrine-induced increase in shortening by 17 +/- 8% (P = 0.010) and 74 +/- 13% (P = 0.006), respectively. In the presence of phenylephrine, propofol increased shortening by 40 +/- 6% (P = 0.002), with no concomitant increase in [Ca2+]i. PKC inhibition prevented the propofol-induced increase in shortening. Selective inhibition of PKCalpha, PKCdelta, PKCepsilon, and PKCzeta reduced the propofol-induced increase in shortening by 12 +/- 5% (P = 0.011), 36 +/- 8% (P = 0.001), 32 +/- 9% (P = 0.007), and 19 +/- 5% (P = 0.008), respectively. Na+ - H+ exchange inhibition reduced the propofol-induced increase in shortening by 56 +/- 7% (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Activation of alpha1a adrenoreceptors increases cardiomyocyte shortening primarily via a phospholipase A2-dependent, Rho kinase-dependent increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Propofol further increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and shortening via a PKC-dependent pathway and an increase in Na+ - H+ exchange activity.
Distinct Membrane Effects of Spinal Nerve Ligation on Injured and Adjacent Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Rats
Authors: Sapunar Damir , Ljubkovic Marko , Lirk Philipp , McCallum J Bruce , Hogan Quinn H.
Published: July 2005

Background

Painful peripheral nerve injury results in disordered sensory neuron function that contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. However, the relative roles of neurons with transected axons versus intact adjacent neurons have not been resolved. An essential first step is identification of electrophysiologic changes in these two neuronal populations after partial nerve damage.

Methods

Twenty days after spinal nerve ligation (SNL), intracellular recordings were obtained from axotomized fifth lumbar (L5) dorsal root ganglion neurons and adjacent, intact L4 neurons, as well as from control neurons and others subjected to sham-SNL surgery.

Results

Pronounced electrophysiologic changes were seen only in L5 neurons after SNL. Both Aalpha/beta and Adelta neuron types showed increased action potential duration, decreased afterhyperpolarization amplitude and duration, and decreased current threshold for action potential initiation. Aalpha/beta neurons showed resting membrane potential depolarization, and increased repetitive firing during sustained depolarization developed in Adelta neurons. The afterhyperpolarization duration in neurons with C fibers shortened after axotomy. In contrast to the axotomized L5 neurons, neighboring L4 neurons showed no changes in action potential duration, afterhyperpolarization dimensions, or excitability after SNL. Depolarization rate (dV/dt) increased after SNL in L4 Aalpha/beta and Adelta neurons but decreased in L5 neurons. Time-dependent rectification during hyperpolarizing current injection (sag) was greater after SNL in Aalpha/beta L4 neurons compared with L5. Sham-SNL surgery produced only a decreased input resistance in Aalpha/beta neurons and a decreased conduction velocity in medium-sized cells. In the L5 ganglion after axotomy, a novel set of neurons, consisting of 24% of the myelinated population, exhibited long action potential durations despite myelinated neuron conduction velocities, particularly depolarized resting membrane potential, low depolarization rate, and absence of sag.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that nerve injury-induced electrical instability is restricted to axotomized neurons and is absent in adjacent intact neurons.
Effects of Pain and Audiovisual Stimulation on the Opioid-induced Depression of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
Authors: Karan Suzanne , Voter William , Palmer Linda , Ward Denham S.
Published: July 2005

Background

Normoxic and hypoxic ventilation are influenced by chemoreceptor and nonchemoreceptor drives. Although inhalational anesthetics blunt hypoxic ventilation, this effect is reversed by audiovisual stimulation but not by pain. Opioids reduce both normoxic and hypoxic ventilation, but their interaction with pain and audiovisual stimulation has not been fully reported.

Methods

Isocapnic, acute hypoxic ventilatory responses (AHRs) were measured in 11 volunteers. AHR and normoxic ventilation were measured under the following conditions: (1) eyes closed, no audio stimulation (low wakefulness); (2) low wakefulness conditions plus painful thermal stimulation; and (3) playing a computer game (high wakefulness), each with and without remifentanil infusion.

Results

The average (+/- sd) remifentanil dose was 0.035 +/- 0.012 microg x kg x min(-1). Both normoxic and hypoxic ventilation were significantly reduced by the remifentanil infusion under all three conditions. The AHR values under low wakefulness conditions were 0.33 +/- 0.19 and 0.89 +/- 0.49 l x min(-1) x sat(-1) with and without remifentanil, respectively (P < 0.05). High wakefulness significantly increased AHR with and without remifentanil, whereas low wakefulness with pain did not. However, high wakefulness with remifentanil did not increase the AHR back to what was observed during low wakefulness without remifentanil.

Conclusions

The computer game was a more potent stimulus than pain in countering the depressant effect of remifentanil on AHR. Although the effect of high wakefulness was more attenuated than was previously observed with respect to inhalational anesthetics, the significance of these findings is underlined by the more clinically relevant scenario of what is experienced in the face of opioid administration.
Deliberate Perioperative Systems Design Improves Operating Room Throughput
Authors: Sandberg Warren S. , Daily Bethany , Egan Marie , Stahl James E. , Goldman Julian M. , Wiklund Richard A. , Rattner David
Published: July 2005

Background

New operating room (OR) design focuses more on the surgical environment than on the process of care. The authors sought to improve OR throughput and reduce time per case by goal-directed design of a demonstration OR and the perioperative processes occurring within and around it.

Methods

The authors constructed a three-room suite including an OR, an induction room, and an early recovery area. Traditionally sequential activities were run in parallel, and nonsurgical activities were moved from the OR to the supporting spaces. The new workflow was supported by additional anesthesia and nursing personnel. The authors used a retrospective, case- and surgeon-matched design to compare the throughput, cost, and revenue performance of the new OR to traditional ORs.

Results

For surgeons performing the same case mix in both environments, the new OR processed more cases per day than traditional ORs and used less time per case. Throughput improvement came from superior nonoperative performance. Nonoperative Time was reduced from 67 min (95% confidence interval, 64-70 min) to 38 min (95% confidence interval, 35-40 min) in the new OR. All components of Nonoperative Time were meaningfully reduced. Operative Time decreased by approximately 5%. Hospital and anesthesia costs per case increased, but the increased throughput offset costs and the global net margin was unchanged.

Conclusions

Deliberate OR and perioperative process redesign improved throughput. Performance improvement derived from relocating and reorganizing nonoperative activities. Better OR throughput entailed additional costs but allowed additional patients to be accommodated in the OR while generating revenue that balanced these additional costs.
Predicting Difficult Intubation in Apparently Normal Patients
Authors: Shiga Toshiya , Wajima Zen’ichiro , Inoue Tetsuo , Sakamoto Atsuhiro
Published: July 2005

The objective of this study was to systematically determine the diagnostic accuracy of bedside tests for predicting difficult intubation in patients with no airway pathology. Thirty-five studies (50,760 patients) were selected from electronic databases. The overall incidence of difficult intubation was 5.8% (95% confidence interval, 4.5-7.5%). Screening tests included the Mallampati oropharyngeal classification, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, mouth opening, and Wilson risk score. Each test yielded poor to moderate sensitivity (20-62%) and moderate to fair specificity (82-97%). The most useful bedside test for prediction was found to be a combination of the Mallampati classification and thyromental distance (positive likelihood ratio, 9.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.1-31.9). Currently available screening tests for difficult intubation have only poor to moderate discriminative power when used alone. Combinations of tests add some incremental diagnostic value in comparison to the value of each test alone. The clinical value of bedside screening tests for predicting difficult intubation remains limited.
Prospects and pitfalls in whole genome association studies
Authors: Lawrence Robert W , Evans David M , Cardon Lon R
Published: July 2005

Recent large-scale studies of common genetic variation throughout the human genome are making it feasible to conduct whole genome studies of genotype–phenotype associations. Such studies have the potential to uncover novel contributors to common complex traits and thus lead to insights into the aetiology of multifactorial phenotypes. Despite this promise, it is important to recognize that the availability of genetic markers and the ability to assay them at realistic cost does not guarantee success of this approach. There are a number of practical issues that require close attention, some forms of allelic architecture are not readily amenable to the association approach with even the most rigorous design, and doubtless new hurdles will emerge as the studies begin. Here we discuss the promise and current challenges of the whole genome approach, and raise some issues to consider in interpreting the results of the first whole genome studies.
Splitting the Baby: An Empirical Test of Rules of Thumb in Regulatory Price Setting
Authors: Randolph Beard T. , Ford George S.
Published: July 2005

This article provides an empirical evaluation of a recent and important exercise in regulatory price setting in the United States. The 1996 Telecommunications Act required incumbent local phone companies to sell components of their network to rival firms at regulated prices, and the prices for these ‘unbundled network elements’ were based primarily on independent estimates of forward‐looking economic costs. Our econometric analysis reveals that, while cost is a primary determinant of element prices, the prices also reflect foregone retail profits for incumbent firms. Statistical tests suggest that ‘splitting the baby’ is an accurate positivist description of public agency behavior.
Is Neoclassical Economics still Entrepreneurless?
Authors: Bianchi Milo , Henrekson Magnus
Published: July 2005

The paper reviews and evaluates some recent contributions on modeling entrepreneurship within a neoclassical framework, analyzing how, and to what extent, the fundamental ingredients suggested in the social science literature were captured. It is shown how these approaches are important in stressing the main elements of a complex picture, without being able to fully describe it. Each modeling attempt focuses only on one specific feature of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial function, broadly perceived, eludes analytical tractability. As a consequence, the models can be useful in analyzing the effect of entrepreneurial behavior at an aggregate level, but not at explaining individual choices. From these observations, it is highlighted how a simplistic interpretation of the existing mainstream approaches incorporating entrepreneurship runs the risk of leading to distortionary policy interventions.
Measuring Knowledge Stocks: A Process of Creative Destruction
Authors: Bitzer Jürgen
Published: July 2005

This paper proposes a new method for constructing R&D capital stocks developed to avoid the common assumption of a constant rate of knowledge depreciation, which implies wear and tear of knowledge. The method models the development of R&D capital stocks as a process of creative destruction linking the depreciation of knowledge to the emergence of new knowledge. A first empirical assessment of the new method – measuring the influence of R&D capital stocks on production in the manufacturing sectors of 12 OECD countries – produces plausible and robust results.
Is Science A Case of Wasteful Competition?
Authors: Van Dalen Hendrik P. , Klamer Arjo
Published: July 2005

Science is a winner‐take‐all profession in which only a few contributions get excessive attention and the large majority of papers receive scant or no attention. This so‐called ‘waste’, together with all the competitive strategies of scientists seeking attention, is part and parcel of every creative profession and not a worrisome fact, as the price society pays for human ingenuity is extremely small: 0.0006 percent of world income goes into the publication of scientific research. The more worrisome features of competition in academic economics do not reveal themselves through ordinary citation or publication statistics or competitive attention seeking strategies, like starting fads and networking. Badly designed uses of market principles, in which citations and publications have become the sole measuring rod of scientific ‘productivity’, deserve more attention instead of the excessive focus on being uncited. To detect the real story of scientific progress, or to judge academic work, ‘reality economics’ or ‘learning by asking and watching’ should complement citation and publication statistics.
Stellar photometry and astrometry with discrete point spread functions
Authors: Mighell Kenneth J.
Published: July 2005

The key features of the matphot algorithm for precise and accurate stellar photometry and astrometry using discrete point spread functions (PSFs) are described. A discrete PSF is a sampled version of a continuous PSF, which describes the two-dimensional probability distribution of photons from a point source (star) just above the detector. The shape information about the photon scattering pattern of a discrete PSF is typically encoded using a numerical table (matrix) or an FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) image file. Discrete PSFs are shifted within an observational model using a 21-pixel-wide damped sinc function, and position-partial derivatives are computed using a five-point numerical differentiation formula. Precise and accurate stellar photometry and astrometry are achieved with undersampled CCD (charge-coupled device) observations by using supersampled discrete PSFs that are sampled two, three or more times more finely than the observational data. The precision and accuracy of the matphot algorithm is demonstrated by using the c-language mpd code to analyse simulated CCD stellar observations; measured performance is compared with a theoretical performance model. Detailed analysis of simulated Next Generation Space Telescope observations demonstrate that millipixel relative astrometry and mmag photometric precision is achievable with complicated space-based discrete PSFs.
Early discontinuation of steroids is safe and effective in pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Oberholzer José , John Eunice , Lumpaopong Adisorn , Testa Giuliano , Sankary Howard N. , Briars Leslie , Kraft Kerri A. , Knight Peter S. , Verghese Priya , Benedetti Enrico
Published: July 2005

Abstract: In pediatric kidney transplantation, steroid induced growth retardation and cushingoid features are of particular concern. In children, gradual steroid withdrawal late after kidney transplantation increases the risk of rejection. In this pilot study, we investigated the outcome of pediatric renal transplantation with an early steroid withdrawal protocol. This is a retrospective case‐control study of pediatric renal transplants with age‐matched historical control. Groups were comparable in terms of HLA matching, donor type and graft ischemia time. In the steroid withdrawal group (SWG, n = 13), induction therapy included mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and a 5‐day course of steroids with Thymoglobulin in 11 and basiliximab in two other patients. In the steroid group (SG, n = 13), in addition to steroids, four patients were given basiliximab, eight were given Thymoglobulin, and one OKT3. Maintenance therapy included tacrolimus (SWG n = 11, SG n = 3) or cyclosporine (SWG n = 2, SG n = 10). Azathioprine was given to all the patients in the SG, except the last two patients of this series who were prescribed MMF. MMF was given to all in the SWG. Patient and graft survival rates were 100% in both groups. In the SWG, no acute rejection episode was detected. In the steroid group, three patients (25%) presented with an acute rejection episode. All but one patient in either group showed immediate graft function. Patients in the steroid‐withdrawal group exhibited a significantly higher creatinine clearance at 6 and 12 months post‐transplant (95.8 ± 23.3 vs. 71.3 ± 21.9, p = 0.03; and 91.3 ± 21.6 vs. 69.6 ± 28.6, p = 0.04). In the SWG delta BMI was significantly lower and delta height Z score was significantly higher, and we observed significantly less hyperlipidemia, body disfigurement, and need for anti‐hypertensive medication. Early steroid withdrawal in pediatric renal transplant recipients is efficacious and safe and does not increase risk of rejection, preserving optimal growth and renal function, and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
Cardiac tamponade in a pediatric renal transplant recipient on sirolimus therapy
Authors: Truong Uyen , Moon‐Grady Anita J. , Butani Lavjay
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Because of its lack of nephrotoxicity, the use of sirolimus, as an immunosuppressive agent, has increased considerably in solid‐organ transplant (Tx) recipients. With its increased use, Tx professionals are encountering a variety of previously unreported side‐effects such as angioedema and interstitial pneumonitis. We describe here the case of a pediatric renal Tx recipient who, while receiving sirolimus, developed a large pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis. An extensive workup for an infectious etiology was performed; the only positive result was isolation of adenovirus type 2 from the patient's stool specimen. Following sirolimus dose reduction this child's effusion stabilized and has not recurred. The purpose of this report is to advise health‐care professionals caring for Tx recipients about this potentially life‐threatening complication associated with sirolimus. The role of adenovirus, if any, in contributing to the development of our patient's pericardial effusion is discussed herein.
Sirolimus in pediatric patients: Results in the first 6 months post‐renal transplant
Authors: Hymes Leonard C. , Warshaw Barry L.
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  We report our experience with sirolimus in children during the first 6 months after renal transplantation. From July 2000 to January 2004, 66 children received 33 deceased donor and 33 living donor transplants. Maintenance immunosuppression included sirolimus 3 mg/m2 in addition to prednisone and tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Patient survival was 100% and graft survival was 65 of 66. Seven children experienced acute rejection episodes. All were reversible with increased doses of corticosteroid. One case of graft failure was caused by ischemic renal injury. Adverse events included Epstein–Barr viremia (8 patients) with three cases of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), cytomegalovirus viremia (4 patients), poor wound healing (4 patients), pneumonitis (3 patients), nephrotic syndrome (3 patients), perinephric abscess (1 patient) and insulin‐dependant diabetes (2 patients). Sirolimus was discontinued in 13 children for adverse events predominantly for wound dehiscence and pneumonitis. Cholesterol levels >200 mg/dL were observed in 33 children. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <140 000) was not observed. We concluded that early outcomes with sirolimus were acceptable with 98% graft survival and 11% incidence of acute rejection. Medication was discontinued in 20% for adverse events which included poor wound healing and non‐infectious pneumonitis. Infections with cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus, and PTLD were also significant early complications. Therefore, a sirolimus‐based regimen that is combined with both an interleukin‐2 receptor antibody and a calcineurin inhibitor may be excessive immunosuppression for pediatric renal transplant recipients.
Infectious risk in pediatric organ transplant recipients: Is it increased with the new immunosuppressive agents?
Authors: Renoult Edith , Buteau Chantal , Lamarre Valérie , Turgeon Nathalie , Tapiero Bruce
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  The risk of infection in pediatric organ transplant recipients is determined by several factors, including age, the types of organ transplanted and the immunosuppressive treatment which has dramatically changed over the past 10 yr. Little information has been reported regarding the infectious complications related to the current immunosuppressive protocols used in these children. This paper reviews (i) the immunosuppressive agents, focusing on their mechanisms of action and on the new regimens, (ii) the infections related to excessive immunosuppression and also anti‐infectious properties or infectious adverse reactions associated with specific immunosuppressive agents. With the new immunosuppressive protocols, the advances in immunologic monitoring, microbiological diagnosis, anti‐infectious prophylactic and preemptive treatments, strategies to minimize the risk of infection related to the immunosuppressive therapy are proposed.
Post‐transplantation growth among pediatric recipients of liver transplantation
Authors: Evans Idris V.R. , Belle Steven H. , Wei Yuling , Penovich Carol , Ruppert Kris , Detre Katherine M. ,   for the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – Liver Transplantation Database
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Improving a patient's quality‐of‐life (QOL) post‐liver transplantation is of great importance. An aspect of improved QOL is the restoration of normal growth patterns in pediatric patients. To describe the post‐transplantation growth patterns of 72 children included in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – Liver Transplantation Database (NIDDK‐LTD), multilevel models were used, according to which children who waited more than a year for transplantation were smaller, compared with age and sex matched peers, at transplantation than children who waited less than a year while children who were growth retarded at transplantation experienced a larger yearly comparison height increase than children who were not growth retarded. The analysis also showed that boys older than 2 yr and younger than 13 yr at transplantation and girls older than 2 yr and younger than 11 yr at transplantation were significantly less growth retarded at transplantation than boys and girls under the age of 2 yr at transplantation.
Effect of age on lipid profiles in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Armstrong Aimee K. , Goldberg Caren S. , Crowley Dennis C. , Wei Wei , Gajarski Robert J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  This study's objectives were to determine if pediatric orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients over all ages develop hyperlipidemia and, secondarily, to identify the effects of immunosuppressive agents and statins on lipid profiles in these patients. Retrospective chart review was performed for pediatric patients transplanted between January 1987 and June 2002. Of the 100 OHTs performed, 50 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and were grouped by age at OHT as follows: group 1 (n = 16): 0–4 yr; group 2 (n = 10): 5–9 yr; group 3 (n = 15): 10–14 yr; group 4 (n = 9): 15–18 yr. There were 2789 lipid levels recorded, and each patient had an average of 14 post‐OHT lipoprotein panels measured. Post‐OHT total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly greater than those of the general population for the entire follow‐up period in all age groups, except for LDL levels in group 2. Cyclosporin level and prednisone dose were positively associated with total cholesterol and LDL levels (p < 0.03). Statins significantly decreased total cholesterol and LDL levels (p < 0.001). Hyperlipidemia affects OHT patients of all ages. Even the youngest patients may benefit from immunosuppression using an alternative to cyclosporin, such as tacrolimus, and steroid‐free regimens, which may improve lipid profiles. Once safety and efficacy data are available, all age groups may benefit from statins.
Hydrological and watershed characteristics of the El‐Kabir River, North Lebanon
Authors: Shaban Amin , Khawlie Mohamad , Abdallah Chadi , Awad Mohamad
Published: July 2005

The El‐Kabir River watershed is the largest in western Lebanon and is shared between Lebanon and Syria. The river forms most of the northern boundary of Lebanon with Syria, being characterized by water flow throughout the year. The characteristics of the river and its variable hydrologic properties are the result of abrupt changes in land physiography. Until recently, data on Lebanese rivers was inadequate, especially for rivers shared with other countries. The El‐Kabir River watershed typifies this situation, particularly when the river has undergone many changes, including water pollution and declining discharge because of changing climate and increased pollution. This study was implemented in the context of a large investigation of the watershed which was funded by the International Development Research Council, Canada, for the purpose of improving the baseline data and knowledge required to effectively manage this important resource. Within the water cycle, ≈ 250 × 106 m3 of precipitation falls on the Lebanese side. Of this volume, ≈ 50% is lost as evaporation and transpiration, while 5–50% of the remainder infiltrates to ground water, with the residual becoming land run‐off. An obvious decline of ≈ 40% of the total river discharge of the river has occurred over the last 50 years. It can be explained by climate change and by water extraction associated with dramatic increases in population and associated land uses. The hydraulic configuration and characteristics of the river have two major orientations; namely, NE–SW and E–W. These orientations are the product of geological structure and lithologies. Furthermore, each has different hydrologic properties related to watershed size, elevation, slope, catchment shape and orientation, although both orientations are directly inter‐related.
Phosphorus and nitrogen in the waters of the El‐Kabir River watershed in Syria and Lebanon
Authors: Hassan Siba , Thomas Richard L. , Shaban Amin , Kawass Issam , Khawlie Mohamad
Published: July 2005

In order to assess the quality of the waters of the El‐Kabir River, which forms the border between Lebanon and Syria, water samples were collected for phosphorus (P) and nitrogen analyses at 39 sample stations in the river watershed (18 in Syria, 21 in Lebanon). These samples were collected on the main stem and three major tributaries (Nahr al‐Arous and Nahr Nasrive in Syria, Chadra River in Lebanon). Three major springs also were sampled. The sampling was carried out in September 2001, and January, April and August 2002. Nutrient analyses were carried out on samples taken in September 2001, January and April 2002 in Syria, and in September 2001 and August 2002 in Lebanon. The P concentrations were extremely high throughout the watershed, as were the ammonia‐nitrogen and nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations, indicating extensive pollution. Although the nitrite‐nitrogen concentration was relatively low, it is at the upper end of what might be considered normal, thereby perhaps being indicative of some anthropogenic sources. The spring waters were found to be polluted by nutrients. The nutrient sources contributing to the river pollution were mainly from piped, direct sewage discharges from the many settlements throughout the basin. These were supplemented by diffuse sources directly from agricultural fertilizer use and from the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes into the river and on the stream banks and lands adjacent to the roads of the watershed.
Value to the Owner: A Review and Critique
Authors: ASHTON R. K.
Published: July 2005

This paper examines the conceptual basis underlying the concept of value to the owner and the contributions to the debate by Solomons (1966) and Baxter (1971, 1975). It is argued that the concept is deficient in a number of respects and it is therefore not surprising that it has been rejected by businessmen. The paper argues that the concept is an unnecessary appendage to the case for reporting some form of replacement cost information. The paper then examines the merits and more general limitations of replacement cost data.
Some History of the Debate on Educational Policy of Accountants in Australia
Authors: MARSH J. A. , HENNING G. R.
Published: July 2005

The Australian professional accounting bodies developed their present educational policies during the period prior to 1964 when two major reports were issued. This paper traces the development of those educational policies, but particularly the crystallization of the philosophy underlying the decision of the Australian Society of Accountants to adopt degree level entry in 1965. The Institute of Chartered Accountants followed suit some years later. This signalled the end of the traditional system of part‐time technical training associated with work experience, and established full degree‐level education as a pre‐requisite for professional accountants.
A Medieval Controversy About Profit and Loss Allocations
Authors: CALLEN JEFFREY L.
Published: July 2005

This paper analyses a controversy between Maimonides and Rabbi Abraham Ben David of Posquierres over the allocation of partnership profits and losses in the absence of a partnership contract. The Maimonidean allocation system depends upon whether the partnership is formed for business or non‐business (consumption) activities. The controversy concerns the notion of indivisibilities in partnership capital. This early debate is analysed in light of the modern—including game‐theoretic—cost allocation literature.
Auditory–visual intermodal matching of small numerosities in 6‐month‐old infants
Authors: Kobayashi Tessei , Hiraki Kazuo , Hasegawa Toshikazu
Published: July 2005

Recent studies have reported that preverbal infants are able to discriminate between numerosities of sets presented within a particular modality. There is still debate, however, over whether they are able to perform intermodal numerosity matching, i.e. to relate numerosities of sets presented with different sensory modalities. The present study investigated auditory–visual intermodal matching of small numerosities in infancy by using a violation‐of‐expectation paradigm. After being familiarized with events of a few objects impacting a surface successively, 6‐month‐old infants were alternatively presented with two and three tones while the movement of each object remained hidden behind an opaque screen. The screen was then removed to reveal either two or three objects. Results showed that the infants looked significantly longer at the numerically nonequivalent events (the three‐tone/two‐object and the two‐tone/three‐object events) than at the numerically equivalent events (the two‐tone/two‐object and the three‐tone/three‐object events) irrespective of the rate or duration of auditory tones presented. These findings suggest that infants are capable of performing intermodal matching of small numerosities and that they might possess abstract representations of numerosity beyond sensory modalities.
Issue definition, political discourse and the politics of nationality reform in France and Germany
Authors: HANSEN RANDALL , KOEHLER JOBST
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This article examines reforms to citizenship, a highly politicized issue, in France and Germany in the 1990s. It begins with the fact that, against a dominant strain of scholarly thought emphasizing path dependence and policy continuity, nationality law was reformed four times in the two countries. Taking this puzzling outcome as its starting point, the article attempts to account for the evolution of nationality law in the two countries. The argument has three components. First, following a now‐established line of research, we argue that the terms of political debate have sharply narrowed since the Second World War. Appeals to ethnic bases of identity, national hierarchies and racial homogeneity, easy and natural before 1945, are now politically unacceptable. Second, this narrowing of the terms of discourse has not eliminated political debate over concepts of nationality, belonging and integration, but rather shifted it to a narrower sphere. In other words, political actors express their support for integration (as demanded by political necessity), but seek to redefine integration in a manner that continues to serve exclusionary ends. Third, the eventual policy outcome in citizenship reform reflects in large measure the definition that emerges triumphant from this battle over discourse. The article ends with a reflection on the broader role of argument, language and strategy in the study of comparative politics.
The effect of socioeconomic factors on voter turnout in Finland: A register‐based study of 2.9 million voters
Authors: MARTIKAINEN PEKKA , MARTIKAINEN TUOMO , WASS HANNA
Published: July 2005

Abstract.  We examine the association of four socioeconomic factors with turnout in Finland in three age groups. The analyses are based on individual‐level register data from electoral wards from the parliamentary elections of 1999 linked to population registration data on personal characteristics covering the whole 25 to 69 year‐old Finnish electorate. The results show that income and housing tenure are more important determinants of turnout among older voters than among younger voters, whereas education has a dominant role in determining young people's turnout. Moreover, class has maintained its discriminatory power in determining turnout in all age groups even though working‐class under‐representation in participation can be partly attributable to previously obtained educational attainment. Furthermore, the lower turnout of younger voters remains unexplained even if socioeconomic factors are held constant. Lower turnout among lower social classes and among the young will affect the legitimacy of the prevalent model of party democracy.
Government‐opposition dynamics in the European Union: The Santer Commission resignation crisis
Authors: RINGE NILS
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This article seeks to shed light on the sources of government‐opposition dynamics in the European Union (EU). It considers the ideological left‐right divide and the sovereignty‐integration dimension as potential sources of a government‐opposition cleavage in the EU, as well as a ‘representation dimension’. The empirical evaluation of these propositions is based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the political crisis leading to the collective resignation of the Santer Commission. The article finds that government‐opposition dynamics in the EU are related to the sovereignty‐integration dimension of EU politics and to representation in EU executive institutions, rather than a left‐right divide. Both political beliefs and opportunistic motivations determine government‐support and opposition in the EU.
The role of agency in cleavage formation
Authors: ENYEDI ZSOLT
Published: July 2005

Abstract.  Through the analysis of Hungarian politics, this article demonstrates how parties become embedded in the social, cognitive and emotive structures of societies. The role of agency in cleavage formation is addressed, with a special emphasis on the mechanism through which political parties structure their environments. Next to the popularization of conflict perceptions and the consolidation of camp identities, the development of a more elaborate and segmented organizational structure is identified as an integral part of the process of cleavage formation. Such a structure enables parties to forge coalitions among previously separate social groupings and combine group interests into packages large enough to overcome institutional thresholds of power. The findings indicate that parties are potentially able to cross cleavage lines, re‐structure relations within the party system and create new associations between party preferences, socio‐structural categories and attitudes. Furthermore, parties seem to be able to alter the relationships between psychologically rooted attitudes and social categories. The study also shows, however, that deep‐seated socio‐cultural divides limit the power of agency even in new democracies.
Prime ministers’ identity in semi‐presidential regimes: Constitutional norms and cabinet formation outcomes
Authors: PROTSYK OLEH
Published: July 2005

Abstract.  This article examines how presidential involvement in the cabinet formation process affects cabinet formation outcomes in the semi‐presidential regimes of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It analyzes whether the formal distribution of appointment‐dismissal powers allows for the development of useful indicators for predicting a prime minister's location on the continuum between the ideal points of the president and the legislature. First, to derive theoretical expectations about a prime minister's identity in the different types of semi‐presidential regimes, the article discusses constitutional variation in the formal distribution of cabinet appointment‐dismissal powers across semi‐presidential constitutions. Second, the empirical outcomes of cabinet formation are then compared with the theoretical predictions. Empirical tests, while providing substantial support for the hypothesized effect of variation in cabinet appointment‐dismissal powers, indicate the importance of other variables. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the character of the party system and the nature of the electoral cycle also have a systematic effect on cabinet formation outcomes.
Expression of Scavenger Receptor CD36 in Chronic Renal Failure Patients
Authors: Chmielewski Michal , Bryl Ewa , Marzec Lukasz , Aleksandrowicz Ewa , Witkowski Jacek M. , Rutkowski Boleslaw
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) are at increased risk of atherosclerosis development. One of the major steps in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is formation of foam cells. Scavenger receptor CD36 is among the major receptors for oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and therefore it plays a crucial role in foam cell formation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of CD36 on blood monocytes of CRF patients.

Methods:  Expression of CD36 on blood monocytes of CRF patients treated with hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), those not yet on dialysis (predialysis), and controls was assessed with the use of flow cytometry. Additionally, the major lipid peroxidation markers, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4‐hydroxyalkenals (HAE), were measured. Further, impact of treatment with HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) on CD36 expression in CRF patients was evaluated.

Results:  Expression of monocyte CD36, measured as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was significantly higher in HD and PD patients, when compared to controls without renal insufficiency (respectively: 1011 ± 288 and 1000 ± 309 vs. 710 ± 313; P < 0.01 for both groups). This was not the case in predialysis group (828 ± 363 vs. 710 ± 313). Higher concentrations of lipid peroxidation indicators, MDA and HAE were observed in all three subgroups of CRF patients (2.1 ± 0.51, 2.02 ± 0.27, and 1.81 ± 0.53 µm in HD, PD, and predialysis group, respectively, vs. 1.13 ± 0.59 µm in controls; P < 0.01). Patients treated with statins showed significantly lower CD36 expression than patients without statin therapy.

Conclusions:  The present study, for the first time, demonstrates increased expression of CD36 scavenger receptor in CRF patients. This may be a possible risk factor for accelerated atherogenesis observed in this group of patients.
Computational Fluid Dynamics of Gap Flow in a Biocentrifugal Blood Pump
Authors: Chua Leok Poh , Song Guoliang , Yu Simon Ching Man , Lim Tau Meng
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  The centrifugal blood pump with a magnetically suspended impeller has shown its superiority as compared to other artificial heart pumps. However, there is still insufficient understanding of fluid mechanics related issues in the clearance gap. The design nature of the pump requires sufficient washout in the clearance between the impeller and the stationary pump housing inner surface. In this study, numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the flow fields in the gap of the Kyoto‐NTN centrifugal blood pump. The flow patterns in the gap region of the blood pump were presented and regions of high and low velocity were identified. It was found that the radial velocity of the blood in the gap was closely related to the pressure distribution at the exit of the impeller, both the highest pressure gradient and the highest radial velocity in the gap occurred at an angular position of 170°. The mass flow rate in the gap was estimated to be 25.2% of the pump outflow, which is close to the measurement results of a five times enlarged test pump. The wall shear stresses on the gap surface were found to be over 21 Pa and below 300 Pa, which is correspondingly higher than the threshold of thrombi formation and is lower than the shearing threshold of red blood cells. Comparison of the 1 : 1 simulation model with the measurement results on a five times enlarged test pump indicates that there are some differences in the resulting radial velocity distributions in the gap and thus the washout mechanism. Two symmetrical high washout regions at both the cutwater and splitter plate were observed in the simulation instead of a single washout region at the splitter plate found in the experimental study. This may be due to the scaling effect of the enlarged test pump; also the medium used in the experiment is different from the simulation.
Ascending Aorta Outflow Graft Location and Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Provide Optimal Hemodynamic Support in an Adult Mock Circulation
Authors: Litwak Kenneth N. , Koenig Steven C. , Cheng Rolando C. , Giridharan Guruprasad A. , Gillars Kevin J. , Pantalos George M.
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Although continuous flow (CF) and pulsatile flow (PF) ventricular assist devices (VADs) are being clinically used, their effects on aortic blood flow, as a measure of overall blood distribution, remain unclear. In acute VAD support animal experiments, our group has described a zone of turbulent mixing in the aortic arch. The objective of this study was to confirm this finding in the controlled setting of an adult mock circulation, simulating ventricular pathophysiologic states (normal and failing ventricle). CF and PF flow VADs were connected to ventricular apical inflow and ascending aorta (AA) or descending aorta (DA) outflow cannulae. Cardiovascular pressure and flow waveforms were recorded at varying levels of VAD bypass resulting in four test conditions: (i) CF‐AA; (ii) CF‐DA; (iii) PF‐AA; and (iv) PF‐DA. Confirming the animal data, no differences in mean aortic flow between CF and PF VADs were found, and significantly lower mean aortic arch flow with DA cannulation was noted. Mean aortic root flow decreased with increasing VAD bypass flow. As in the animal studies, despite similar mean flow rates, significant differences in waveform morphology were observed for AA and DA outflow graft locations and varying levels of VAD bypass. At 100% VAD support in the failing heart, PF restored waveform pulsatility to normal baseline while CF resulted in little pulsatility. These results confirm our earlier findings in the animal model, suggesting that outflow graft location may have a significant effect on aortic blood flow distribution. The long‐term implications of these findings are being examined in ongoing studies.