bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probability and dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T
Published: November 2023

The multiplication and addition principles Many of the applications in the later chapters require the use of some basic concepts of probability, particularly the multiplicationprinciple and conditional probability. In this Chapter we introduce those concepts from probability that are needed for these later applications. Readers that are familiar with some of these concepts may skip parts of this chapter. In this chapter, we are going to learn some methods for counting the number of ways of performing a given task, and use these techniques to compute the probability of certain events occurring. This knowledge will then be combined with dynamical systems to study applications. Our approach is fairly standard. Suppose we have some task to perform such as picking several books from a bookshelf or choosing a group of people at a meeting to form a committee. Our aim in this section is to count the number of ways this task can be performed. For example, if a bookshelf contains five hooks and we wish to pick one of them, there are five possible outcomes. If we have three people, Tom, Dick, and Harry, at our meeting, there are three ways in which we can choose a committee of two of them, specifically, Tom and Dick, Tom and Harry, or Dick and Harry.
Higher-order linear dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T
Published: November 2023

An introduction to second-order linear equations In example 4.2 we considered a dynamical system that models the amount of pollution in two of the Great Lakes. Specifically, letting a(n) and b(n) be the amount of pollution in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, respectively, in year n, we developed the equations
Dynamical systems of several equations
Authors: Sandefur James T
Published: November 2023

In section 5.10, we developed a model for population growth in which the population was divided into three age groups. With a(n), b(n), and c(n) representing the first, second, and third age groups, respectively, in time period n, we derived the following dynamical system of three equations: In this chapter we will learn how to use matrix algebra to study dynamical systems of several such as this one.
Delusions, Action, and Insight
Authors: Buchanan Alec , Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

Do psychotic patients act on their delusions? Not in the opinion of Bleuler (1924):

They really do nothing to attain their goal; the emperor and the pope help to manure the fields; the queen of heaven irons the patients’ shirts or besmears herself and the table with saliva. (p. 392)

Bleuler’s contemporaries shared his view (Kant, 1927; Jaspers, 1963). Since then, those writers who have not ignored the issue have argued that delusional action is rare (Anderson & Trethowan, 1973; Fish, 1974; Merskey, 1980; Slater & Roth, 1969). We are unaware of any major text or paper suggesting that acting on delusions is a common occurrence.

There are few data to support this conclusion, however, and some suggestions that it may not be correct. In a study of pretrial prisoners, Taylor ( 1985) noted associations between delusions and violent offending and between violent behavior and the presence of passivity experiences. In Gibbens’ (1958) review of 115 cases of homicide admitted to New Jersey State Hospital, one third of insane murderers had well-structured delusional motives for their crimes. And Lanzkron (1963) reported that 40% of insane homicide occurred “as offspring of a delusional system.”
Dynamical Systems
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

When scientists and engineers create models of the world, they use dynamical systems, and with these systems they predict how certain aspects of the world change. Their mathematical models allow them to see into the future and into the past. The (planar) pendulum is a simple example to keep in mind as a physical system whose states and evolution can be modeled. The position of the pendulum bob is described by an angle and its velocity by the rate of change of the angle. These two quantities form the state of the pendulum system. As the pendulum moves, its state changes. The “state” of a system collects exactly the information needed to deter mine its evolution. A “metric” is used to determine the distance between states. It is natural to assume that close initial states determine similar evolutions of the system at least over some appropriate period of time. The reader who is not familiar with the topology of metric spaces should read Appendix A in con junction with this chapter since we consistently use metric spaces to model states of systems.
Hyperbolic Fixed Points
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

A local analysis of orbits near fixed points of smooth maps is the primary focus of this chapter. The sets of points which converge to hyperbolic fixed points are called stable manifolds. They are shown to be Euclidian spaces nonlinearly imbedded in the given state space. Near a hyperbolic fixed point, the orbit structures of a map and its linear approximation are the same up to a homeomorphic change of coordinates.
Invariant Measures
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

A measure is a generalization of what we mean by area in the plane and volume in three dimensions. A measure assigns a “size” to a set. Thus, for example, the measure of disjoint sets should be the sum of the measures of each. It turns out that there are some sets so “bad” that they cannot be assigned a measure in a natural way. The collection of “‘good” sets forms what is called a sigma algebra and a measure assigns a nonnegative number to each set in the sigma algebra. Measure and integration theory are standard topics taught in first-year graduate mathematics courses in analysis. Some definitions that are needed in the next section are given below for reference. The reader who is not familiar with measure theory may just skip this section and keep in mind that good sets in a Euclidian space are approximated by disjoint unions of generalized boxes, and that the volume of a box is the product of the lengths of its edges.
Biotic Feedbacks from the Warming of the Earth
Authors: Woodwell George M
Published: November 2023

The data from the Vostok Core (Barnola et al. 1987; Lorius et al. 1990; Raynaud et al. 1993) show that during the cycles of warming and cooling of the past 160,000 years temperature, CO2 concentrations, and methane concentrations have marched together. The data do not reveal cause and effect, but they do indicate that the overall pattern of climatic change recorded in that period was dominated by a positive feedback: a warming was associated with an increase in CO2 and CH4 levels in the atmosphere, and a cooling, whatever the initial cause, was correlated with a removal of CO2 and CH4 from the atmosphere. During the cooling phases the temperature changes led the changes in the concentrations of gases.
Methane Output from Natural and Quasinatural Sources: A Review of the Potential for Change and for Biotic and Abiotic Feedbacks
Authors: Nisbet E G , Ingham B
Published: November 2023

Methane output from “natural” sources has changed rapidly in the recent geological past, is changing at present under human influence, and may change further as the earth warms. Unfortunately, the causes, feedback processes, and extent of geological changes are still only poorly understood, the relative strengths of modem sources of CRi remain controversial, and prediction is virtually impossible. One of the most difficult problems is in linking accurate but very imprecise, qualitative, and often anecdotal field biogeochemical observations with precise but not necessarily accurate quantitative synthetic models.
Perturbations to the Biospheric Carbon Cycle: Uncertainties in the Estimates
Authors: Fung Inez
Published: November 2023

Renewed focus on the contemporary CO2 budget, especially on the partitioning of the anthropogenic CO2 sink between land and sea, has greatly expanded our understanding of both terrestrial and oceanic carbon dynamics. Nevertheless, many uncertainties remain about the processes that maintain the present-day carbon balance and about how those processes may change in the future. In this chapter, I briefly review estimates of biospheric carbon fluxes derived from atmospheric observations and models, as well as the processes that may be responsible.
Daily and Within-Day Event Measurement
Authors: Eckenrode John , Bolger Niall
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review methods that assess stressful experiences at the daily level, primarily through self-reports using some form of daily diary or record. Although other forms of self-recording devices are available to measure bodily states, such as blood pressure (see Chapter 10), these techniques are less relevant to the assessment of exposure to stressors or the cognitive or behavioral responses to stress and, as such, will not be emphasized here.
In the Service of His Country
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

By The Spring of 1775, with the relationship between Britain and her American colonies rapidly worsening and war seeming ever more likely, most Philadelphians, regardless of age or condition, sensed something was in the air. James Forten was no exception. A lively and inquisitive child, he ranged about the city and the adjoining district of Southwark in search of work, pausing to watch the ship traffic on the Delaware, picking up scraps of conversation, and glancing at anything—newspapers, pamphlets, or handbills—that came his way. He was proud of his hook-learning, anxious to put it to good use, and ready to show it off whenever the chance arose.

That he read anything he could get his hands on is obvious. His prose style as an adult, his love of the written word, and his experiments in honing language to move his audiences all testify to that. He took his words from two main sources, the King James Bible and the great political theorists of the Revolution. So much for the adult James Forten. What the child James made of what he read is another matter.
Death of a Patriarch
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

In The Last few years of his life James Forten confronted a series of crises that tested his religious faith, his confidence in the power of reform to regenerate America, and his hopes for his community. He faced personal tragedies and business difficulties. He fought unsuccessfully against legal assaults on the rights of men and women of color, and he agonized over bitter divisions among old allies. He saw his long-cherished beliefs assailed, and even occasionally found himself the target of veiled criticism from within the African-American community. Through it all he struggled for a sense of inner calm, reconciling himself to those things he could not change, offering advice even when he feared it would not be heeded, and accepting debilitating illness and death with a dignity that drew admiration from friend and foe alike.
The Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Relating Political and Social Concepts to Structural Change
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

Before the GG can be fully understood and assessed, its origins must be contrasted to what it has become during the quarter of a century required for its completion. The GG’s program, the scope of its theoretical concerns, its periodization, and its foci cannot be understood in isolation from its original setting both in German history and historiography. Yet, as I seek to establish in this chapter, there are good reasons for believing that the GG is most no table, not so much for the initial programmatic statements and metatheory of its editors, as for its substantive findings derived from the detailed analysis of a corpus of materials not previously put to such uses. Indeed the perspectives of the principal editors themselves changed during the strenuous process of completing this lexicon, as they applied to their own work the standards they were setting for other contributors. The project took on a life of its own as it grew from the original plan for short histories of concepts within a single book to its ultimate format of eight volumes, with more than seven thousand pages of text, as well as a separate index volume.
“By the Sufferance of Wise Men”: A Call for a History of Political and Social Concepts in English
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

In this concluding chapter, I state the case for a project comparable to the GG, Handbuch, and HWP, but focused upon the history of political and social concepts in English-speaking societies. Admittedly, there already exist many competing conceptions of how to write intellectual history in general, and the histories of political and social thought in particular. But as has been remarked earlier, the issue is not whether conceptual history ought to supersede all other methods in these subjects. Here pluralism is desirable and necessary. The interest of political and social thought is heightened when considered from different angles of vision.
Introduction
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

Some Trees And Birds Are Made For Each other. Take for example the white bark pine, a timberline tree that graces the moraines and ridgetops of the northern Rockies and Sierra Nevada-Cascades system (Plate I.1). This lovely five-needled pine, long-lived and rugged though it is, cannot reproduce without the help of Clark’s Nutcracker. And the nutcracker, though it captures insects in the summer and steals an occasional bit of carrion, cannot raise its young in these alpine habitats without feeding them the nutritious seeds of the white bark pine. Between them, these dwellers of the high mountains provide for each others’ posterity, which leads biologists to label their relationship symbiotic, or mutualistic. But there is more to it than that, because in playing out their roles these partners change the landscape. The environment they create provides life’s necessities to many other plants and animals. Working in concert, Clark’s Nutcracker and the white bark pine build ecosystems.
The Genus of Pines
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

Alapp Reindeer Herdsman Approaching Rovaniemi. A Oaxacan campesino piling firewood sticks on his burro. A turpentiner from the Landes of Gascony, an Evenki truck driver, an Alabama short-order cook. A vintner of Ravenna, a Harbin dentist, Scottish harpers playing old ballads in a minor key. A seemingly diverse lot with little in common to bind them? Perhaps. Yet all were probably raised, if not in the shadow, then at least within resin-scent or pollen-flight of the trees we call pines. The baobab may have been, as Peter Matthiessen would have it, the tree where man was born; but it was at the foot of the pine tree that man came of age.
Who Needs Clark:’s Nutcracker?
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

By The Late 1970S It Was Clear That Several pines in the Old and New Worlds owed at least some of their regeneration to corvids. A long tradition of such observations could be found in ornithological reports from the Alps and Siberia that acknowledged the Eurasian Nutcracker’s role as an establisher of stone pine seedlings by virtue of germination in seed caches. European investigators, for example, had described the European Nutcracker as “an essential help in reforestation,” without which stone pine regeneration is “scarcely conceivable.” Similar findings were beginning to appear from western North America.
Deviations
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

Biologists Are Often Perceived As People who give complex answers to simple questions. But biology is almost never simple. Take for example the preference of Clark’s Nutcracker for large, wingless pine seeds. At first glance, the preference makes perfect sense: large seeds have more nutrition and energy resources than smaller ones, and if all other things are equal, the bird increases its for aging efficiency by harvesting fewer and larger seeds. Wingless seeds should also be a wiser choice than winged ones. For one thing, a winged seed is unlikely to stay put when the cone opens, but will soon flutter to the ground. A wingless seed, on the other hand, is far more likely to remain in the cone where the nutcracker can find it. And before a winged seed is ingested, the wing must be removed. On the whole, this simple pattern is observed, but there are exceptions. It has already been mentioned that Clark’s Nutcrackers feed on the winged but relatively large seeds of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines, and those of Douglas-fir. But Diana Tomback once saw these corvids taking seeds from lodgepole pine cones, and lodgepole pine seeds are among the smallest in the genus, as well as being winged. A lodgepole seed may have only one-fiftieth the heft of a whitebark pine seed.
Is the Keystone Slipping?
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

Conservation Biologists Have In Recent years adopted the concept of the “keystone mutualist” to call attention to interdependence among the plants and animals of an ecosystem. A keystone mutualist is so closely involved with other organisms that if it becomes extinct, or even seriously depleted, the effects will ramify throughout the ecosystem. Norman Myers has probably expressed this concept most starkly: If a keystone mutualist is eliminated as a result of human disturbance of forest ecosystems, the extinction of several other species will follow inevitably.
Explanation in Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 presented seven questions about explanation in psychology, questions about how cognitive science can contribute to the understanding of mind. Here they are again in summary form:

(1) What is the nature of psychological explanation?

(2) What is the relation between “commonsense” psychological explanations (as in folk psychology) and their scientific counterparts?

(3) If the relation in question 2 is ill-defined, can one demarcate more satisfactorily the field of scientific explanation of mind?
Genetically Coded Functions: The Importance of Definitions
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry
Published: November 2023

There are many metaphors for evolution. Darwin saw it as a branching bush, and the bush metaphor has enthralled evolutionists ever since. It seems a precise metaphor. Nevertheless, no metaphor is absolutely precise. All metaphors somehow constrict the phenomenon they attempt to illustrate. The branching bush is no different, it is just more subtle. The constriction is felt in economics. To the economist, evolution as a branching bush implies nothing for the cost-benefit analysis of development projects in the trop­ ics.1 And the bush is not alone. Other fundamental terms in biology also imply nothing. In this chapter, I will introduce a term that obviates cost­ benefit analysis and enables discussion of a market for the products of evolution. In the next chapter, the economic rationale for creating this market will be elaborated. But before racing ahead, I must first explain the terminology of biology and how that terminology fails economists.
The Rationale, Design, And Implementation Of The Gargantuan Database
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry
Published: November 2023

Delineation of land is the creation of titles. Most of the dry surface of the Earth is delineated to some degree. The exact degree is predictable by a simple criterion of property-rights analysis: if the benefits are greater than the costs, then the land is delineated and a boundary emerges. The effect of delineation is a reduction in negotiation costs. Uncertain boundaries dampen the incentives to invest in land potentially under dispute. In such cases, ownership over the value added to the land may some day have to be negotiated. For example, no homeowner should enclose his yard without first surveying the property. On a grander scale, no government should permit land improvements near a border if the border itself is in dispute.1 One way to lower the negotiation costs of ownership is to use simple signals to delineate the land. The rivers of the United States are a good example. They separate the United States from other nations, states from states, cities from cities, and even boroughs within cities from other boroughs. For example, the Rio Grande separates the United States from Mexico; the Mississippi River separates all the states to its east from all the states to its west; the Delaware River separates Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from Camden, New Jersey; and the East River separates the borough of Manhattan from the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn in New York City.2 Habitats also have their boundaries. Sometimes the boundaries are visible barriers like oceans, mountains, and deserts. But usually the boundaries are less visible.
Subcortical Speech and Language Syndromes
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

The aphasic syndromes outlined in Chapters 8 and 9 have been discussed in the literature for over a century. Each syndrome represents a well-established clinical entity but, as every clinician realizes, many real-world aphasic disturbances can not be clearly classified within one of the established symptom clusters. One long standing explanation for nonclassic aphasia cases simply rejected language localization schemes (Schuell, Jenkins, and Jimenez-Pabon, 1964; Wepman and Jones, 1964); another recognized that brain pathology produces many disorders in addition to language impairment and attempted to explain variations in language dis order symptom complexes through the nonlanguage effects of the associated lesions (Brown, 1968).

At least since the days of Wernicke, investigators who are sophisticated in neuroanatomical localization have accepted that aphasia can represent the product of damage to neural networks made up of both cortical and subcortical structures; but only in recent years has it been realized that language impairment could result from noncortical pathology—an entirely subcortical aphasia. Technological ad vances, particularly the use of CT and MR imaging have permitted far better delineation of subcortical pathology than was previously available. The previously hypothesized effects of subcortical damage on language have been rethought, and aphasic syndromes resulting from subcortical damage alone have been proposed (Crosson, 1985; Wallesch, 1985).
Alexia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Alexia refers to an acquired disturbance in reading, adequately defined as loss or impairment of the ability to comprehend written or printed language caused by brain damage.

One key consideration in defining alexia concerns the concept of loss. As defined above, alexia is limited to situations in which the ability to read was present and then was lost after brain damage; it is an acquired illiteracy. Many contemporary aphasiologists use the term alexia to designate all acquired reading impairments, but others reserve it for a total loss of reading ability, applying dyslexia to the more common condition of partially impaired reading comprehension. While this distinction is rational, it is a source of confusion as dyslexia is used by many investigators (pediatricians, psychologists, educators) to designate a form of abnormal language development, an inherent inability to acquire reading skills (Critchley, 1985). Dyslexia was formally defined in 1_968 by a committee of the World Federation of Neurology as “a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. It is dependent on fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin.”
1952: The Election of a Popular Hero
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

In June 1950, the first armed confrontation of the Cold War began as North Korean troops crossed the thirty-eighth parallel dividing North and South Korea. The UN condemned the move and called on its members to help South Korea. Although an international contingent of troops was assembled under U.S. command, the majority of those sent came from the United States. As 1950 inoved into ‘51 and ‘52, and the Korean War, with its attendant cost in American lives, showed little prospect of ending soon, the mood of the nation soured.

Things at home were not going smoothly for the Truman Administration either. Wisconsin Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy was engaged in his own little war, a well-publicized search for Communists in government, and a Senate investigation into activities of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation revealed that members of the corporation had sub­ mitted to pressures from Democratic politicians in making loans. “Korea, Communism, and Corruption” were the millstones the Republicans were prepared to hang around Harry S. Truman’s neck in the primaries and general election of 1952, were he to run for a second complete term of office.
1956: The Reelection of a Popular Hero
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

By the end of Eisenhower’s first term, K1,C2 had been eliminated as potential issues. The war in Korea was over. Eisenhower’s cabinet, staff, associates, and administration were untarnished by scandal. And thirtysix days of televised hearings had discredited the Red-baiter, Joseph McCarthy, who had offended many civil libertarians.

The biggest national trauma of Eisenhower’s first term was his heart attack on September 24, 1955. Many speculated that he would not seek a second term, but on February 29, 1956, Eisenhower announced that he would run again. Again Richard Nixon was his running mate. In his acceptance speech, Eisenhower reminded the nation of the peace, prosperity, and progress it had enjoyed under his leadership; he promised to be guided in his second term as he had in his first by long-range principles, not short-range expediency.
1960: Competence, Catholicity, and the Candidates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the story of how a millionaire senator from Massachusetts with an undistinguished record in the Congress effectively neutralized his opponent’s eight years of experience as vice-president and in the process established that he too understood what peace demanded. This chapter describes the campaign in which Catholicity was removed from the list of characteristics disqualifying one to serve as president of the U.S. Finally, it is the tale of how, until it was too late, Richard Nixon cast his own campaign in the image of Eisenhower’s past campaigns while failing to invite Ike to perform the role that might have ensured a Republican victory in 1960.

Say the word “president” and each of us conjures up an image. Until 1960, conventional wisdom had it that a president was tall, middle-aged, heterosexual, Caucasian, Protestant, and male. So, for example, labor informed Alben Barkley in 1952 that at 74 he was “too old”; Shirley Chisholm learned in 1972 that “The Presidency is for white males.”
1964: Goldwater vs. Goldwater
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

If ever there was a campaign in which one candidate sought to win the election while the other was more interested in winning the point, the 1964 presidential race between Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater was that contest. The Republican nominee’s emergence out of the right wing of his party is less significant than that his final position was no further to the center by the election’s end. Indeed, in what was one of the strangest campaigns in modern American history, Barry Goldwater attempted, in the two short months from Labor Day to November 4, to move the vast majority in the middle to where he stood rather than attempting to present his philosophy in terms palatable to the moderate middle.

Well before the serious campaign season had begun, turbulence both at home and abroad engulfed the country. Domestically, conflicts over civil rights had reached a series of flash points over the past year; abroad, the U.S. was championing a succession of unstable governments in South Vietnam while gradually escalating toward full-scale war.
Introduction
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

To the great trading nation, to the great manufacturing nation, no progress which any portion of the human race can make in knowledge, in taste for the convenience of life, or in the wealth by which those conveniences are produced, can be a matter of indifference. It is scarcely possible to calculate the benefits which we might derive from the diffusion of European civilization among the vast population of the East.
Competition, Culture, and the Economy
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

“At times like this we naturally think about reinforcing the barricades to hold back the invader. But purely defensive measures might well make us even weaker. In trying to understand why this is so, we stumble across the key element. This war-and it is a war-is being fought not with dollars, or oil, or steel, or even with modern machines.
Capital Versus the Regions
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

In the panegyrics celebrating Japanese postwar economic development in the West little attention was given to social cost, to the impacts of rapid growth on the environment in which Japanese live. There is also a tendency to see patterns of cooperation as going back centuries, providing a picture that elides the existence of contradictions and conflict. Examining the regional dimensions of postwar economic development gives pause to the easy characterizations of Japan’s role in the world economy and offers comparisons and contrasts with other national experiences of regional policy. This chapter tells the story of this relationship between industrial and regional development stressing the manner in which sacrifice and rewards have been distributed in spatial and class-distinct ways. The policymaking actors-politicians and bureaucrats, local residents and construction companies-are engaged in an elaborate, manysided process that decides the spatial distribution of costs and benefits and the pattern of spatial growth to be encouraged. The range of discourse is from the scandal-ridden world of national politics to the statesmanlike realm of national urban and regional policy.
Heritable Variability and Variable Heritability in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill , Gottesman Irving I
Published: November 2023

Genes are among the acknowledged potential risk factors relevant to developmental psychopathology. In the areas of developmental psychopathology related to antisocial behavior, the roles of genetics are complex and controversial. The reader’s receptivity to the notion that genetic and other biological factors must be given their due as credible risk factors for various problematic outcomes in adolescence and adulthood involving antisocial behaviors will probably depend upon the reader’s professional discipline and past exposure to purveyors of this idea.
A Model of NeurobiologyEnvironment Interaction in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Depue Richard A , Collins Paul F , Luciana Monica
Published: November 2023

Although our research background is in psychopathology and, more recently, in the neurobiology of personality (Depue & Collins, in press; Depue, Luciana, Arbisi, Collins, & Leon, 1994; Luciana, Depue, Arbisi, & Leon, 1992) and its implications for personality disorders and for psychopathology (Depue & Collins, in press; Depue & Luciana, in press; Depue & Zald, 1993), we have only recently become interested in developmental psychopathology per se (Collins & Depue, 1992). Our novice status in the area may represent a deficit and a benefit simultaneously. On the negative side, we are no doubt less aware of the complexities and literature in the area of developmental psychopathology than other colleagues contributing to this volume.
Computers And Memory
Authors: Larrabee Glenn J , Crook Thomas H
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the use of computers in the neuropsychological evaluation and rehabilitation of memory disorders. We first consider general issues related to the use of computers in neuropsychology and then briefly discuss issues relevant specifically to memory assessment. Next we review various applications of computerized memory testing. Finally, we discuss the use of computers in memory rehabilitation and include specific examples.
Neuropsychological Characteristics of Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Brandt Jason , Butters Nelson
Published: November 2023

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive disease of the brain that causes movement abnormalities (especially chorea and dystonia), cognitive deterioration, and affective disturbances. Symptoms typically begin around age 40, with wide variation (Bell, 1934; Heathfield and McKenzie, 1971; Folstein et al., 1987). As in many other neurodegenerative disorders, early onset of HD is associated with more severe disease and a more rapid course. Onset of the disease in childhood is marked by akinesia, rigidity, severe intellectual impairment, and shorter survival (Merritt et al., 1969; Conneally, 1984; Bryois, 1989). Late-onset disease usually presents with severe chorea but milder cognitive impairment, and has a more gradual decline (Myers et al., 1985, 1991). Symptoms of HD progress relentlessly, with patients becoming severely demented, motorically dilapidated, unable to care for themselves, and eventually bedridden. There is no cure for the illness, and the only treatments currently available are either purely palliative or purely experimental. Death occurs an average of 15 to 17 years after disease onset (Folstein, 1989). Huntington’s disease causes untold suffering for those afflicted and their loved ones.
The Neuropsychological Correlates of Acute and Chronic Hypoxemia
Authors: Rourke Sean B , Adams Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

The adult human brain-though it accounts for only 2% of a person’s total body weightconsumes approximately 20% to 25% of the total amount of oxygen inspired (Schneck, 1993). Whereas other organs and tissues in the human body can withstand deprivations of oxygen for extended periods of time, even subtle deviations in the oxygen supply to the brain can result in significant and enduring neurobehavioral sequelae. A complete deprivation of oxygen (i.e., anoxia) can occur following a cardiac arrest (Parkin et al., 1987; Bigler and Alfano, 1988; Schneck, 1993), cerebral vascular accident (Brown et al., 1986; Bornstein and Brown, 1991; Schneck, 1993), botched suicide by attempted hanging (Mosko et al., 1989; Medalia et al., 1991; Markowitsch, 1992), or toxic gas exposure (Bryer et al., 1988; Vieregge et al., 1989; Messier and Myers, 1991). If the anoxia continues for more than a few minutes, an anoxic/ischemic encephalopathy will likely ensue, frequently involving both neuropsychological impairments and neuroradiological abnormalities. Equally salient neurobehavioral effects may also occur, however, when the brain is supplied with a physiologically inadequate amount of oxygen (i.e., hypoxemia) over an extended period of time.
Neuropsychological Findings in HIV Infection and AIDS
Authors: Kelly Mark D , Grant Igor , Heaton Robert K , Marcotte Thomas D , Group The Hnrc
Published: November 2023

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a clinical syndrome that results from the progressive destruction of cellular immune function, was first described in 1981. The primary etiology of AIDS is infection with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The hallmark of HIV-1 infection is the progressive depletion of CD4+ helper T cells, which are extensively • involved in . coordinating the body’s immune response (Nair and Schwartz, 1994). Moreover, HIV commonly invades the central nervous system and is causally linked to a variety of neurological and neuropathological disorders (McArthur, 1994; Wiley and Achim, 1994; Wiley et al., 1994). The most severe manifestation of HIV infection in the brain is HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). This infrequent neurobehavioral disorder is characterized by moderate to severe cognitive and psychomotor slowing, impaired concentration and attention, memory disturbances, and often motor incoordination and weakness (Navia et al., 1986a, b; Price and Brew, 1988; Kaemingk and Kaszniak, 1989).
The Phylogenetic Content of Avian Courtship Display and Song Evolution
Authors: Irwin Rebecca E
Published: November 2023

The stereotyped movements and vocalizations given by birds during courtship and aggressive interactions are traits that historically were thought to reflect phylogeny (e.g., Lorenz 1941, van Tets 1965) but which are currently only rarely studied phylogenetically. In this Chapter, my goal is to review those studies that allow evaluation of the phylogenetic content of visual displays and songs given during courtship and aggression. I review some of the more extensive studies of display phylogeny done by early ethologists, as well as the few more recent studies.
Piecewise-Linear Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Computing the crossover amounts to solving the Nyquist equation f(p) = 0 + jO. Assuming this equation is defined over the polyhedron D × Ω, the natural approach to implement an ad hoc solution in the realm of finite computation is to map the vertex set {ai} of the domain D × Ω to the complex plane, ai↦ bi= f (ai), and then work with the piecewise-linear extension of the vertex transformation ai↦bi. A typical feature of the resulting map is that the image of a simplex is a convex polygon, so that this piecewise-linear extension is not, in general, simplicial. However, an attractive feature of the piecewise-linear extension is that computation of the approximate crossover can be formulated as a linear program. Next, since the piecewise-linear extension lacks simplicial property, the standard fixup would be to compute a simplicial approximation to the piecewise-linear map. However, a conceptually more elegant approach is to make the piecewise-linear extension itself simplicial relative to refined subdivisions of both D × Ω and N. The reward is that crossover computation on a simplicial piecewise-linear map amounts to pure combinatorics, and the need for a linear program is obviated. It follows that, in a certain sense, simplicial approximation and linear programming are equivalent.
Spectral Sequence Of Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Spectral sequences provide a formalization of a fairly general successive approximation procedure to compute (co)homology groups. Spectral sequences also appear in a variety of algebraic problems. Indeed, many computational algebra problems are homology computations in disguise; for example, the algebraic system theory problem of computing the strongly reachable subspace can be recast as a homology computation and the corresponding spectral sequence appears to be the well-known geometric subspace recursion or, equivalently, Silverman’s dual structure algorithm (see [Kitapci, Jonckheere, and Silverman 1986]).
Homotopy Groups And Sequences
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we “officially” start the homotopy theory of robust stabilization. “Officially” because the concept of homotopy has already pervaded the previous parts, and in particular because semisimplicial bundles and fibrations are traditionally considered to be part of homotopy theory. However, serious homotopy theory starts with the concept of homotopy groups, which are introduced in this chapter. Homotopy groups provide yet another algebraic picture of topological spaces, in addition to (co)homology groups. Probably the most important motivation for homotopy groups in robust stability is that they provide the natural value groups for the obstructions to extending the Nyquist map to higher-and-higher-dimensional skeleta of the polyhedron of uncertainty. Homotopy groups also yield exact sequences that play a role similar to homology exact sequences. In particular, in this chapter, we derive an exact homotopy sequence linking the homotopy groups of the uncertainty, the crossover, and the template of a robust stability problem.
Singularity Over Compact Differentiable Uncertainty Manifolds
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we begin investigating the differential topology of robust stability—that is, we exploit differentiability of both the manifold of uncertainty and the Nyquist map, for the class of problems they are indeed differentiable. In the previous parts, except possibly for Chapter 19, the uncertainty was assumed to be nothing more than a topological space and the Nyquist map was just continuous. With this minimum structure, the “algebraic” aspects of the topology of the problem dominate. Now, we are adding a differentiable component, resulting in the “differential topology” of robust stability.
Geometry Of Crossover
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In Parts I and II, the computation of the homology of the crossover was purely combinatorial-numeric. To be more specific, such computation presupposes the existence of a triangulation of D ×Ω as well as a test to chase those simplexes that contain some piece of crossover. From the way these simplexes are assembled, it is possible to compute the homology of the crossover without the need to “visualize” the situation; see [Donald and Chang 1991].
Therapeutic Alliance: Microanalysis of Shame & the Social Bond
Authors: Scheff Thomas J
Published: November 2023

The concept of the therapeutic alliance is crucially important in the theory and practice of psychotherapy, but it has never been clearly defined. This issue is part of a much broader problem, the nature of social relationships in general. The idea of relationships between persons is so primitive and fundamental that it goes without saying, both in ordinary and in technical discourse. In this chapter I propose a model of the social bond, and a way of determining the momentary state of the bond, through microanalysis of verbatim discourse.
Cognitive and Affective Components of Hypochondriacal Concerns
Authors: Stretton Martha S , Salovey Peter
Published: November 2023

Hypochondriasis is a disorder that interests professionals in both physical and mental health care settings. For the medical professional, the anxious, symptomatic patient who presents repeatedly without objective signs of illness can test the limits of tolerance and clinical compassion. Similarly, the psychotherapist may find the rigidity and persistence of the hypochondriacal patient’s apparently irrational and exaggerated health concerns a daunting challenge to any sense of therapeutic efficacy.
Flat Affect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Neale John M , Blanchard Jack J , Kerr Sandra , Kring Ann M , Smith & David A
Published: November 2023

Although regarded by Bleuler (1950) as a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia, until recently flat affect, a lack of overt emotional expressivity, was not a prominent part of the diagnosis of schizophrenia because it was believed that it could not be rated reliably. In the last decade, however, reliable rating scales have appeared and an accumulation of evidence has supported Bleuler’s position on the relative importance of flat affect in schizophrenia.
Emotions, Diagnoses, and Ego Defense: A Psychoevolutionary Perspective
Authors: Plutchik Robert
Published: November 2023

The psychoevolutionary theory of emotions has been described in a number of previous publications (Plutchik, 1980a, 19806, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994a). The focus of the present chapter is on some implications of the theory for an understanding of psychopathology-more specifically, the contributions the theory makes to an understanding of clinical test development, personality disorders, and the nature of ego defenses are discussed.
Contemporary Marxist Currents
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Marxism after Marx is replete with lively disagreements and creative tension. Neo-Marxists contend among themselves, as well as with post-Marxists and non-Marxists, on many questions: the formation of “late capitalism,” the possibilities of economic development in the periphery of the world-economy, the nature of the state, to name but a few. Of the many strands of thought, two that have been especially influential in recent IPE theory are the worldsystems perspective, here represented by the writing of Christopher ChaseDunn, and the Gramscian view of Robert Cox.
Rational Choice Analysis
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Rational choice IPE extends the logic and analytic techniques of neoclassical economics to the study of political questions. It is, therefore, rooted in the liberal tradition. Although much rational choice analysis is consistent with its liberal heritage, in recent years it has been employed to bolster some neomercantilist and Marxist arguments. This crossover is but one example of the eclecticism common to contemporary IPE theory. The two excerpts offered here fall within the purview of liberalism, but they provide a good overview of the rudiments of rational choice analysis and the prospects it offers for broader theoretical synthesis.
Postmodern isms
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Postmodern, a term fraught with ambiguity, can refer to a historical moment as well as a theoretical perspective. Its time is the present, beginning, perhaps in the 1960s, with the transformation of economic organization away from the highly centralized, hyperstandardized mass production regime of Fordist capitalism-and its cultural correlates of linear progress, absolute truths, and rational planning-toward new forms of globally dispersed, decentralized, flexible accumulation and new frontiers of commodification, which bring in their wake cultural fragmentation, incoherence, chaos. To accept this historical process as “postmodern,” however, is not necessarily to assume a postmodern theoretical position, a stance that explores, and often celebrates, the uncertainties of the age and the impossibilities of universal explanation.
Fundamental Issues And Perspectives In The Development Of Action
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I examine the balance between self-organization and interaction, because these two processes are central to a theory that explains the development of action systems. The issues central to this discussion include: (1) the relation between spontaneous activity (synonymous with self organization and order) and regulation, (2) the regulatory roles of perceptual input, (3) the nesting of local cycles of activity within more macroscopic temporal cyles, and (4) the emergence of novel forms, or innovations. After examining each of these issues we turn to several developmental perspectives as background for the developmental model offered here. Before addressing developmental concerns, I turn to a broader issue in the “motor coptrol” literature-namely, the distinction between “motor” and “action.”
Ecological Foundations
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C
Published: November 2023

At the heart of Gibson’s v1s1on of ecological reality is the idea that the fundamental unit of analysis for studying the regulatory function of perception in the organization of action is the relation between animal and environment. To know something about one requires an understanding of the other. In his three books, Gibson (1950, 1966, 1979) was primarily concerned with (1) describing the energy flow that bathes our planet and the patterning of that energy flow by the terrestrial media, substances, and surfaces, and (2) describing functionally specific perceptual systems (e.g., for seeing, listening, etc.) evolved as a consequence of using the same kinds of patterning (e.g., gradients) of different kinds of energy (e.g., electromagnetic, gravitational, etc.).