bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Unique Harmonization Approach to the Construction of a Database Assessing Prenatal Consumption of Total Flavonoids and Flavonoid Classes in U.S. Multiethnic Pregnant Women
Authors: Ganguri Harish B , Brunst Kelly , Wright Rosalind J , Kannan Srimathi
Published: November 2023

Flavonoids with established antioxidant activities and anti‐inflammatory effects may influence epigenetic mechanisms which may have implications for fetal development. Data on flavonoid intakes in pregnant women are sparse. Utilizing the (2014) Expanded USDA Flavonoids Database, and based on PRISM (Programming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms), a prospective multiethnic pregnancy cohort (n= 492; 36% White, 26% Blacks, 30% Hispanic, 8% other/mixed), total flavonoid intakes and specific sub‐classes were ascertained using Block98 FFQ. In addition, two 24‐hr dietary recalls (24hrDR) with the USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method (AMPM) were collected. A Block98 FFQ tailored flavonoid database was constructed quantifying six classes (anthocyanidins, flavan‐3‐ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones) in fresh fruits and vegetables, and juices. Specifically, appropriate data (food/beverage item, description, processing) were retrieved from 24hrDR (n=42×2 days). Multiple foods within single line items on the FFQ were disaggregated, study‐specific food item weights were generated, matched to the item description in the recall, and supplemented with FNDDS population weights, literature values and market research data. Appropriate nutrient databank (NDB) codes were assigned, analytical values for corresponding food items were extracted from the USDA Database, and the PRISM database with total flavonoids and the six classes was finalized for validation, and modeling and applications assessing maternal and child health endpoints. We constructed a unique culturally relevant flavonoids database by harmonizing with study‐population‐specific weights as compared to general‐population‐weighting in other studies, thereby enabling the use of this database in epidemiological studies examining health outcomes in diverse multi‐ethnic prenatal populations.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under Grant R21ES021318‐02; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute under Grant R01HL095606‐04.
Vitamin D Status and Obesity in Kuwaiti Children: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Al‐Lahou Badreya , Al‐Zenki Sameer , Booth Sarah , Jamil Kazi , Al‐Hamad Nawal , Ausman Lynne , Zhang Fang Fang
Published: November 2023

Background

Previous studies suggest a potential link between vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity. Children in Kuwait are experiencing a rapid increase in obesity rate. Vitamin D status has not been investigated at the national level in Kuwaiti children. The objective of this study was to provide the first‐line evidence on vitamin D status in a nationally representative sample of Kuwaiti children and its association with weight status.

Methods

Data collected from 461 children aged 5 to 19 year‐old in the first National Nutrition Survey of the State of Kuwait 2008–2009 were examined. Fasting serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was determined by immunoassay. Children's weight and height were measured in survey clinics. Associations between vitamin D status and prevalence of obesity were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, total caloric intake, physical activity, and season of blood draw. Sampling weights were adjusted in all analyses.

Results

Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 33.8 (SE=1.2) nmol/L. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D<30 nmol/L] and insufficiency (25(OH)D= 30–49.9 nmol/L) were 42.1% and 45.2%, respectively. Girls had a significantly lower serum 25(OH)D concentration than boys (30.9 vs. 36.0 nmol/L, p <0.01). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was positively associated with family income and physical activity, and negatively associated with age (all P values <0.05). More than one‐third of the children were overweight (BMI=85–94.9th percentile) (15.9%) or obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) (22.4%). Compared to children with adequate vitamin D status, those with vitamin D insufficiency (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 0.72–2.74) or deficiency (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 0.73–3.54) had a higher prevalence of being overweight/obese but associations were not statistically significance.

Conclusions

Kuwaiti children experience a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. The findings reinforce the need of identifying practical ways to improve vitamin D status in Kuwaiti children.
I'll Take that To‐Go: Eating On‐the‐Run in College Freshmen
Authors: Mayra Selicia , van Woerden Irene , Bruening Meg
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE

To assess, based on gender, the prevalence of eating on‐the‐run and its relationship to eating behaviors, and weight status among college freshmen attending a large, public university in the Southwest region of the U.S.

METHODS

College freshmen (n=1078; 64% female; 52% non‐white) residing in campus dormitories completed a cross‐sectional survey during the fall semester of 2015 as part of SPARC (Social impact of Physical Activity and nutRition in College), a larger, longitudinal study. Mixed effects logistic regression models examined the relationship between gender and eating on‐the‐run, and eating on‐the‐run and eating behaviors and weight status, adjusting for sociodemographics, and clustering of students within dorms. Interactions by gender were assessed.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of eating‐on‐the run was 44%. In general, females were more likely than males to report eating on‐the‐run (51% vs. 33%, respectively; p<0.001). In unadjusted models, students who ate on‐the‐run were significantly less likely to eat at on‐campus dining halls, eat breakfast or evening meals, and were significantly more likely to spend less time over breakfast and lunch (p<0.05). In adjusted models, eating‐on‐the‐run was significantly associated with less time spent at over breakfast (OR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.5–0.8), and lunch (OR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–1.0), and lower odds of eating an evening meal regularly (OR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9). Overweight/obese weight status was not significantly associated with eating on‐the‐run. For breakfast and fast food consumption, we observed a significant interaction between gender and a tendency to eat on‐the‐run (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Almost half of the college freshmen in this sample reported eating on‐the‐run, and differences were observed by gender. Gender‐specific strategies are needed to better understand how a tendency to eat on‐the‐run can influence energy imbalance in this population. Longitudinal research is needed to understand how eating on‐the‐run may impact eating behaviors and weight over time.

Support or Funding Information

The Social impact of Physical Activity and nutRition in College study (project number: 1DP5OD017910‐01; PI: Bruening) was funded by the Office of the Director and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research of NIH. Content expressed herein are the sole responsibility of the authors, and may not reflect official views held by the NIH.
Association of Single Serving Frozen Meals with Energy Intakes at Meals and for the Entire Day in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2001–2012
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , Agarwal Sanjiv , Riemers Kristin J
Published: November 2023

The efficacy of portion‐controlled single serving meals for weight reduction has been demonstrated repeatedly. Most studies have focused on meals specifically designed for weight reduction, which consumers might identify as “diet meals.” We hypothesize that the energy reduction benefit of single serving meals extends beyond meals targeting weight loss to include most single serving frozen meals (SSFM) consumed by U.S. adults. To explore this hypothesis, the association of SSFM consumption with energy intake was examined in adults (19+ yrs; n=29,684) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2012. SSFM consumers were defined as those consuming any SSFM (n=409) during the first dietary recall. Additionally, a subgroup (SSFM75) was defined as those consuming SSFM at <75th percentile for calories, <443 kcal (n=294). This subgroup represents SSFM that would be most useful for energy reduction through meal replacement by excluding those meals specifically developed for those with hearty appetites seeking large portion size. Non‐consumers were defined as those not consuming any SSFM, and a subset of non‐consumers were defined as those who consumed dinner at home (DAH), to reduce confounding by restaurant meals. Regression analyses were performed and adjusted means ± standard errors were determined with covariates: age, gender, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, physical activity level, smoking status, and alcohol intake using sample weights and assigning P<0.05 as significant. SSFM consumers and the SSFM75 subgroup were more likely to be older, female, non‐Hispanic White, and less likely to be Mexican American. Dinner was the most popular meal time occasion for SSFM consumption (about 60% intake). SSFM consumers consumed similar daily calories (−41 kcal/d, P=0.3471) and the SSFM75 consumed 161 kcal/d less (P=0.0013) than non‐consumers. When compared to non‐consumers‐DAH, these relationships remained (SSFM consumers −42 kcal, P=0.3410 and SSFM75 −162 kcal, P=0.0014). When meal occasions were examined, the lunch meal energy intake of SSFM consumers showed no difference (−17 kcal, P=0.5614), but lunch energy was significantly lower for SSFM75 (−105 kcal, P=0.0028) compared to non‐consumers. Moreover, dinner energy for both SSFM and SSFM75 consumers was lower than that of non‐consumers (−102 kcal, P=0.0011 and −198 kcal, P<0.0001, respectively). The results suggest that SSFM, especially those that contain less than 450 calories, are associated with reduced daily energy intake. The impact of SSFM may be greatest when replacing the dinner meal. Commercially available SSFM offer an underutilized resource to help consumers lower their energy intake to achieve and maintain healthy weight.

Support or Funding Information

Support provided by ConAgra Foods.
Tryptophan intake and its relationship to depression and sleep outcomes in the US adults
Authors: Agarwal Sanjiv , Lieberman Harris R , Fulgoni Victor L
Published: November 2023

Tryptophan is an indispensable amino acid which serves as a precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin and other molecules of functional significance including niacin and melatonin; and is believed to participate in regulation of circadian rhythms. Intake of tryptophan, and its relationships with behavioral and sleep outcomes was examined in a representative sample of US adult population (N = 29,687; age 19 years and older) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012. Tryptophan intakes were estimated by obtaining amino acid data from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference data files. Individual usual intake (habitual intake) of tryptophan was determined using the National Cancer Institute method for estimating intake of a single dietary component. Sleep and depression related outcomes were assessed using questionnaires. For depression, a nine‐item validated screening instrument assessing symptoms of depression, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9), was administered. Data were adjusted for demographic factors and protein intake, and P‐value for trend (P < 0.05) was determined across deciles of intake. Mean individual usual intake of tryptophan was 826 ± 3 mg/d (977 ± 6 mg/d for male and 679 ± 4 mg/d for female) among US adults (age 19 years and older); several fold higher than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 4 mg/kg/d for adults (~280 mg/d for a 70 kg adult). Usual intake of tryptophan was inversely associated with self‐reported level of depression measured by raw PHQ‐9 score (0–27; β = −0.099; P = 0.0017) and by computed level (1=no depression; 5=severe depression; β = −0.018; P = 0.0029). Tryptophan intake was positively associated with self‐reported sleep duration (β = 0.024; P=0.0184). In conclusion tryptophan intake has small but significant positive effects on self‐reported level of depression and sleep in adults. Views expressed here are those of the authors and do not reflect official policy of the US Army, Department of Defense, or US Government.

Support or Funding Information

DoD/MRMC
Implementing a nutrition education program for obesity prevention among Mexican children
Authors: González Daniela Guadalupe , Grijalva María Isabel , Bon Karla Alejandra , Alvarado Sandra Patricia , León Michael Alejandra , Cota Alejandra , Laprada Alva Nidia , Portillo Gloria Elena , Contreras Alma Delia , Ortega María Isabel
Published: November 2023

Interventions aimed to obesity prevention entail elements of environmental, behavioral, cultural, social and economic change, and have proven to be successful when they are guided by theoretical models, are community‐based and are planned considering context‐related mediators.

Objective

To design and implement a nutrition education program (PREN) based on a public health approach that involves parents, teachers and school environment.

Methods

We designed the PREN using the Socio‐Ecological conceptual framework and the methodological guide of Precede‐Proceed. We conducted group discussion sessions with parents, teachers and preschool and school age children in 17 public schools from Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; through an educational and organizational diagnosis we have determined those mediators for diet and physical activity conducive to obesity prevention in school and home environments.

Results

Our analysis suggested that the mediators that would have greater impact on diet and physical activity, and greater feasibility of change were: information of food portions (adequate to children's age, size and physical activity), low‐cost healthy diet alternatives, and adequate periods for healthy snacks. Regarding physical activity, the challenges were: organizing family time for physical activity, the relevance of physical activity on children's health and identifying physical activity options at home, at school and at sports centers close to their neighborhood. Puppet theater and group dynamics were the modes of program delivery among children, teachers and parents; reinforcing workshops included activities at school and home

Conclusion

A community program for nutrition education based on local mediators for diet and physical activity, will have better impact and less barriers among children and families from public Mexican schools.

Support or Funding Information

Sistema para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia DIF Sonora
Are Sleep Behaviors Associated with Cognitive Functioning and Dietary Risk in Preschoolers?
Authors: Tande Desiree L , Kehn Andre , Whigham Leah , Roemmich James
Published: November 2023

The aims of this study were to identify the relationship of sleep hygiene and preschool children's 1) dietary risk, 2) cognitive functioning, and 3) BMI status. Guardians of preschoolers (n= 45) were recruited to participate in a cross‐sectional study to assess sleep hygiene (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire), dietary risk (NutriSTEP), and cognitive functioning (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Preschool Version). Child height and weight were measured using a stadiometer and digital scale and guardians completed diet, sleep, and cognitive functioning surveys. Correlations were used to test the study aims. Sleep hygiene was related to flexibility index (r= 0.317, p= .039), emergent metacognition index (r= 0.494, p= 0.001), global executive composite (r= 0.455, p= .002), and dietary risk (r= 0.322, p= 0.031) but not BMI z‐score. These results suggest child sleep hygiene characteristics may be related to child cognitive functioning and dietary risk but not BMI in preschoolers. The relationship between sleep hygiene and dietary risk were moderated by child cognitive function. Future studies exploring the relationship between sleep and diet should consider the measure of cognitive functioning, as this may influence the relationship between the variables and study conclusions.

Support or Funding Information

This project was supported by the University of North Dakota.
Exploration of Food Preferences among Three Generations of Japanese‐Americans Living in the Seattle Area
Authors: Kobayashi‐Wagner Reiko Margarete , Sasagawa Masa , Frasieur Amy , Kazaks Alexandra , Manio Chris
Published: November 2023

Objective(s

Inter‐generational differences within Japanese‐American populations may be seen in food preferences. Nikkei Manor (NM) Assisted Living facility was established in Seattle, Washington by Nikkei Concerns (NC), non‐profit organization, to accommodate culturally‐sensitive issues that may arise between traditional long‐term care and the Japanese culture. Dietary preference is a major factor that affects quality of life in seniors. A survey was developed and administered via interview to investigate possible similarities and differences between food preferences among Japanese‐Americans in assisted living settings and those of different generations living in the Seattle area. A secondary goal of this study was to define and discover potential relationships between food preference and customer food acceptance and satisfaction in assisted living facilities as well as home‐health services.

Methods

An ethnographical qualitative study design was used. A Japanese‐specific Food Preference Survey was developed and a convenience sample of approximately 50 participants, 18 years or older and affiliated with NC in Seattle, WA were interviewed. Participants were NM residents, family of residents, NC staff/volunteers, community members/donors, or participants of Kokoro Kai adult day program. The survey‐assisted interviews were voice‐recorded using the Voice Memo App for iPhone. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim in Microsoft Word and quantitative/demographical data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel and SPSS spreadsheets using descriptive statistics and chi‐square analysis.

Results

A total of 36 participants were interviewed. It was found that (a) those that were interviewed fell in the 71–99 age range (n= 19; 52.8%), (b) were female (n= 26; 72.2%), (c) were either second‐generation or third‐generation Japanese‐American (Nisei, Sansei, n= 22; 61.1%), and (d) born in the United States (n= 26; 61.1%). Those who spoke little to no Japanese were born in the United States as well (n= 21; 58.3%). Of the new first generation, second generation and third generation (n= 27), all but one preferred either the Asian cuisine or both Asian and Western cuisine. All interviewees identified themselves as “health‐conscious” and preserving tradition and culture (n=33; 91.7%) was a strong influencer of food choices.

Conclusion

Based on the responses about relationships between food preferences, health and cultural issues, this study can help meal programs offered by NC tailor dining experiences to match the needs and desires of customers by increasing Asian‐based meals, adapting recipes to make them “healthier,” and by keeping Japanese food‐culture traditions alive. Future studies should focus on exploring food preferences of younger generations and newly‐arrived Japanese‐Americans including the geographical location of family ancestry in Japan.

Support or Funding Information

Bastyr University Center for Student Research
Efficacy of Furosap, a novel Trigonella foenum‐graecum seed extract, in Enhancing Healthy Testosterone Level and Improving Sperm Profile in Male Volunteers
Authors: Swaroop Anand , BAGCHI DEBASIS , Bagchi Manashi , Preuss Harry G , Kumar Pawan
Published: November 2023

Furosap, an innovative 20% protodioscin‐enriched extract derived from Trigonella foenum‐graecum seeds, was developed in our laboratory, which effectively increased testosterone levels, sperm profile, mental alertness, mood and libido in male volunteers. This one‐arm, open‐labelled study was conducted in 50 male volunteers (age: 35 to 65 years) over a period of 12 weeks to determine the efficacy of Furosap (500 mg/day/subject). The present study examined the testosterone levels, sperm profile, sperm morphology, libido and erectile dysfunction, mood and mental alertness and broad spectrum safety parameters. Free testosterone levels were improved up to 46% in 90% of the study population. 85.4% of the study population showed improvements in sperm counts. Sperm morphology improved in 14.6% of volunteers. Majority of the subjects enrolled in the study demonstrated improvements in mental alertness and mood. Furthermore, libido was significantly improved. Extensive safety parameter evaluation including extensive blood chemistry data exhibited no significant changes in serum lipid function, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL levels, hemogram (CBC), hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Overall, the results demonstrate that Furosap, enriched in 20% protodioscin, is safe and effective in attenuating testosterone levels, sperm profile, mental alertness and overall performance in human subjects.

Support or Funding Information

Cepham Inc, Piscataway, NJ, USA
Calcium Intake Trend Over Time
Authors: Fieselmann Krista , Shapses Sue A
Published: November 2023

Context

Adequate calcium (Ca) intake is important to reduce the risk of bone loss and fractures. However, side effects of excess Ca intake have been reported, including kidney stones and most recently the possibility of cardiovascular events that has been reported since 2010. We hypothesized that negative messages regarding high Ca consumption may have influenced the trends in calcium intake and retrospectively examined a relatively homogenous population of women who participated in our studies over a 15 year period of time.

Objective

To determine trends in Ca consumption (from diet and supplementation combined) from 2000 to 2015 in post‐menopausal women from the OWLE dataset (NIH‐AG12161).

Design

We performed a cross sectional analysis on 278 overweight or obese (BMI 29.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2, 58 ± 6 years) post‐menopausal women to asses levels of Ca intake over time. Available data was pooled in a three year increments, 2000 – 2002, 2006–2008, 2009 – 2011, and 2012–2015. We collected 3 days of diet records and/or a validated Ca questionnaire to asses Ca intake from food and supplements.

Results

Ca consumption was significantly higher during 2009–2011 compared to 2000–2002 (p < 0.05). In contrast, Ca intake was lower during 2012 – 2015 averaging 850 ± 249 mg/d compared to the previous decade, and equivalent to 71 ± 23% of the Recommended Daily Allowance. These data remain significant when controlled for age and BMI.

Conclusion

These results suggest that trends in Ca consumption vary over the past 15 years, indicating a rise in intake over the first decade followed by a decreased consumption in recent years. Factors leading to this trend for low Ca intake are not clear from this dataset, but should be examined further and are a concern considering the risk of fractures in this population.
Studies of properties of unbound 25‐OH‐Vitamin D
Authors: Liu Yuguan , Handelman Garry
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTION

Studies using filters for the separation of non‐bound 25‐OH‐vitamin D (25HD), and measurements by commercial ELISA kits, suggest the existence of a physiologically important unbound fraction. Accurate measurement of weakly‐bound, highly hydrophobic ligands in aqueous environment is a major challenge. We sought to confirm earlier reports suggesting that an unbound fraction of 25HD in normal plasma can be measured by standard chemical procedures.

MATERIAL & METHODS

Normal human plasma was centrifuged through various filters with nominal 30K pore sizes; the presence of 25HD in the filtrate was determined by using a Diels‐Alder derivatization reagent (Amplifex, from AB‐Sciex) followed by analysis on LC/MS‐MS, with a lower detection limit of approximately 0.5 pg. In parallel experiments, we also sought to determine the limit of aqueous solubility of 25HD in distilled water and in blood bank saline (BBS).

RESULTS

When 1 ml of plasma with 25HD over the range of 20–40 ng/ml was centrifuged with CentriFree 30K MWCO filters, there were no detectable analytes in the filtrate. This could be interpreted as the total amount of 25HD that could pass through the filter is less than 0.5 pg/ml, in contrast to the previously reported 10–20 pg/mL. When 25HD stock material (dissolved in ethanol) was diluted 1/10,000 with distilled water or BBS, the detectable amount of 25HD in multiple aliquots were highly variable (10% CV), and well below anticipated quantity of a true homogenous solution (30%). Increasing the ethanol concentration to 1% resulted in a solution whose properties approached classical solubility behavior, but this strategy for dissolving 25HD cannot be taken as demonstrating physiological validity.

DISCUSSION

The inability for 25HD to form a true homogenous solution in aqueous environments severely hinders studies of protein binding. This data suggests that the amount of 25HD from plasma that can pass through 30k MWCO filters is below 0.5 pg/mL, which is a much smaller fraction of unbound 25HD than previously reported using filtration studies. Furthermore, this study also suggests that the behavior of highly hydrophobic compounds, such as 25HD, cannot be modeled under the free hormone hypothesis; the behavior of population of 25HD that are not tightly bound to vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) may require different models of protein‐protein interactions.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by a graduate fellowship from University of Massachusetts Lowell to Yuguan Liu
Individual Development Plans: Determining Your Strengths, Identifying Areas For Improvement, And Initiating Conversations About Your Career
Authors: Seger Yvette R
Published: November 2023

Individual Development Plans (IDPs) are tools to assist in the establishment of career goals and identification of professional development needs to achieve those goals. IDPs are also intended to facilitate discussions between mentors and mentees about career goals, professional planning, and skills development. In October 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) implemented a policy based on the 2012 recommendations proposed by the Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group Report of the Advisory Committee to the Director encouraging use of IDPs by graduate students and postdoctoral trainees and requiring reporting of this information in research progress reports. This presentation will highlight the benefits for IDP use for individual trainees, faculty members, and training program administrators, with specific emphasis on how trainees can use the information from their IDP to initiate thoughtful discussions about different career paths.
Effect of an Optimized Cracker on Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses in Healthy Individuals: a Double‐blind, Randomized, Cross‐over Trial
Authors: Wolever Thomas MS , Jenkins Alexandra L , Ezatagha Adish , Campbell Janice , Johnson Jodee , Nisbet Mark , Chu YiFang , Pelkman Christine
Published: November 2023

Background

Consumers are increasingly interested in snacks that supply energy over an extended period of time, potentially in the form of carbohydrates. Foods containing slowly released carbohydrates generally elicit attenuated postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses. A variety of ingredients and processing and formulation techniques were screened and applied to develop an optimized active cracker containing carbohydrates that were slowly digested in‐vitro, including a whole‐grain composite ingredient comprised of a hydrocolloid co‐processed with high‐amylose maize flour. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the active cracker, with a significantly lower ratio of rapidly available glucose to slowly available glucose in‐vitro, would elicit lower blood glucose and insulin responses than a control cracker in human subjects.

Methods

Healthy men and women (n=25) were studied on 2 separate days using a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over design. After 2 fasting finger‐prick blood samples were taken, subjects consumed 1 serving (56g) of the Active or Control Cracker and further blood samples were obtained over 4hr for serum glucose and insulin analysis. The 56g serving of Active (Control) Cracker, respectively, contained: protein, 3.9 (5.3)g; fat, 6.6 (6.5)g; carbohydrate, 42.4 (40.7)g; and fiber, 11.6 (1.7)g.

Results

Compared to the Control cracker, the Active cracker elicited a 36±3% lower glucose peak rise (1.59±0.09 vs 2.64±0.21 mmol/L, p<0.00001) and a 35±7% lower insulin peak rise (17.4±2.3 vs 31.9±4.6 uU/mL, p=0.00005). The glucose and insulin AUCs from 0–2 hr after the Active cracker were 36±4% (85±7 vs 146±15 mmol×h/L, p<0.05) and 39±10% 0.87±0.14 vs 1.79±0.33 mU×min/mL, p<0.05), respectively, lower than those after the Control cracker. The glucose AUC from 2–4hr after the Active cracker was significantly higher than Control (22.1±5.1 vs 12.9±3.6 mmol×h/L, p<0.05), whereas insulin AUC over 2–4hr was significantly less after the Active cracker compared to Control (0.15±0.05 vs 0.30±0.01 mU×min/mL, p<0.05).

Conclusions

The results support the hypothesis that the carbohydrates in the Active cracker are digested and absorbed more slowly in‐vivo than those in the Control, as predicted by the in‐vitro glucose release profile.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by PepsiCo and Ingredion, Inc.
Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa among College Students Based on Bratman's Test and Associated Tendencies
Authors: Morris Michelle Neyman , Bundros Joanna , Clifford Dawn , Silliman Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Disordered eating is prevalent among college student populations, and Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is being explored as a new type of eating disorder. There is currently no standardized ON diagnostic tool, and the majority of ON research has been conducted among European populations. The present study explored the Bratman Orthorexia Test (BOT) for ON diagnosis, and its relationship to validated tools for assessing disordered eating, body dysmorphic, and obsessive‐compulsive tendencies among college students attending a western university. A convenience sample of 448 college students with a mean age of 22 years was recruited to complete an online survey that included the BOT, Eating Attitudes Test‐26 (EAT‐26), Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, Revised (OCI‐R) and demographics. Spearman correlation, Mann‐Whitney U, Kruskal‐Wallis, chi‐square, and multiple linear regressions were used for analyses. The average BOT score of 4.71 was near the “health fanatic” range, with Hispanic/Latino subjects and overweight/obese students having significantly higher median BOT scores. Gender, age, and college major were not significantly associated with BOT score. Significant positive correlations were observed between total BOT and EAT‐26 scores (r=.47, p<0.01), BOT and BDDQ scores (r=.25, p<0.01), and BOT and OCI‐R scores (r=.19, p<0.01). ON tendencies may exist among college students and Hispanic/Latino and overweight/obese students may be at increased risk. Further research is needed to determine ON risk factors among diverse student populations in order to inform prevention and treatment approaches on college campuses.
Protein Level and Source in a Meal Influences Voluntary Intake of a Subsequent Meal
Authors: Murray Coleman , Fecych Mariel , Markus Edward , Oberlin Douglas , Porcelli Vincent , Beverly Joseph L.
Published: November 2023

Chronic effects of dietary protein level and source on food intake have been extensively studied; however, there is little information on the acute effect of dietary protein level and source on intake of a subsequent meal. The objective of the presented studies was to evaluate the effect of a single meal differing in protein level and source on subsequent intake.

Male Spraque‐Dawley rats (150–200 g) were adapted to a feeding schedule consisting of a breakfast‐like 30 min meal (20% of daily calories provided 60 min into the dark period) and a 5hr period of ad libitum access to rodent chow at the end of the dark period. The breakfast meal was randomly changed daily between ground rodent chow or purified diets containing casein (Cas), wheat gluten (WG), or egg white (EW) protein at 20% or 35% of calories. On test days, ground rodent chow was made available 60 min after the breakfast meal. The amount of rodent chow consumed over the next 90 min was measured as an index of the satiating effect of the breakfast. Each rat received at least 4 test diets with 1–3 day intervals between test days. Results from rats not consuming at least 75% of breakfast were removed from analysis. Results were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey's post‐hoc analysis.

There were no differences in the amount of diet consumed during the breakfast meal, nor were there differences in the total calories consumed during the entire 24 hr period on test days (between diets or vs non‐test days). There was a significant effect of protein source (p<0.01) and interaction between protein source and protein level (p<0.05) on the size of the rodent chow test meal. There was no difference (p=0.55) in intake during the test meal following a breakfast meal containing either 20% or 35% Cas. Intake during test meal was 26% higher following 35% WG (p=0.04; vs 20% WG) and was 28% lower following 35% EW (p=0,02; vs 20% EW). There was no effect of protein source on intakes of the test meal when the 20% protein diets were fed (p=0.62).

These data support a difference between protein sources in their apparent satiating effect on a subsequent meal when fed to rats at 35% of calories. When fed at 35% of calories, the three protein sources produced different effects on the size of a subsequent rodent chow meal: EW reduced, Cas did not change, and WG increased intake when compared to diets containing 20% of the same protein source. The duration of the effect did not last through the 5 hr ad libitum period, as total caloric intake on test days was not affected by diet fed at the breakfast meal. As the diets were provided only at the breakfast meal and were randomly assigned each day, the differences on subsequent intake is an acute response to the protein source. The availability of three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets that produce different effects on size of a subsequent meal will aid the study on dietary protein and satiety.
Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Stearidonic Acid through Suppression of NFκB Activation in RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: NOH SEUNGWOO , SUNG JEEHYE , JEON JIYOUNG , LEE JAEMIN , LEE JUNSOO
Published: November 2023

Inflammation is a crucial body defense mechanism against stimuli such as pathogen invasion or endotoxin exposure. However, excessive or aberrant inflammatory responses contribute to the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and Alzhehimer's disease. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) have been found to possess beneficial effects in cardioprotection, anti‐inflammation, vascular disease prevention, metastatic breast cancer incidence reduction, possible type 2 diabetes therapy, and multiple sclerosis. Stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n‐3) is one of omega‐3 fatty acids and found in variable amounts in several species including algae, fungi and animal tissues, but the seeds of some plant families seem to be better sources of SDA, especially Echium (Boraginaceae) species. To our knowledge, anti‐inflammatory effect of SDA has not yet been reported. In this study, we demonstrated that SDA exert anti‐inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by the suppression of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation. SDA significantly inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, leading to the suppression of iNOS‐derived nitric oxide (NO) production. These inhibitory effects of SDA were accompanied by decreases in LPS‐induced translocation of NFκB. The results indicate that SDA was a potent inhibitor of NO and iNOS expression in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. These findings indicate that SDA are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Seafood Intake of Americans and Meeting Omega‐3 Consumption Recommendations
Authors: Bird Julia K , McBurney Michael I
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Americans are advised to consume about 8 ounces of a variety of seafood per week to provide at least 250 mg per day omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DHA) for cardiovascular health. However, it is not known to what extent this recommendation is followed or whether it is effective in helping individuals to meet omega‐3 recommendations.

Methods

Using data from NHANES 2009–2012 we calculated total mean EPA+DHA intakes based on 2 days’ dietary recall and total episodes of consumption of seafood containing >850 mg DHA+EPA per 4 oz serving (mussels, oysters, tuna, mackerel, salmon, sardines, trout). Analyses were weighted to be representative of the US non‐institutionalized, civilian population, and variance estimates take account of the complex survey design. All analyses were performed with SAS version 9.3.

Results

Dietary intake data was available for 15,313 participants. Mean EPA+DHA consumption from food was 84.3 mg per day, 44.1 mg in children aged <18, and 97.1 mg in adults aged 19+. Men had higher intakes than women (96.7 vs 72.6 mg, p<0.05), people with at least some tertiary education had higher intakes than high school graduates (107 mg vs. 75.1 mg, p<0.05), and individuals from higher income households had a greater intake than lower income households (PIR>3.5, 99.4 mg; 3.5>PIR>1.85, 75.0 mg, PIR<1.85, 73.8 mg; p<0.05). There were no significant differences found between major racial/ethnic groups, or pregnancy status in women of childbearing potential.

22.2% of the US population consumed no fish, 61.3% consumed fish but not enough to meet omega‐3 intake recommendations, and 16.6% consumed at least four servings of fish containing more than 850 mg EPA+DHA in the past 30 days. EPA+DHA intakes were highest for participants consuming at least four servings of high omega‐3 seafood in the past 30 days (154 mg) vs. any other seafood consumption (84.9 mg) or fish non‐consumers (30.7 mg).

7.5% of the population met recommendations for omega‐3 consumption >250 mg per day. The proportion meeting recommendations tended to increase by age categories. Less than 1% of fish non‐consumers met omega‐3 recommendations from food compared to 7.2% of seafood consumers and 18% of consumers of at least one serving of high omega‐3 seafood per week.

Conclusions

Few Americans meet EPA+DHA intake recommendations from food. The consumption of seafood, particularly seafood containing high levels of EPA+DHA, make an important contribution to intakes of long chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Support or Funding Information

DSM Nutritional Products is a global supplier of vitamins, nutritional lipids and other nutritional ingredients including long chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Changes in intestinal microbiome after supplementation of Chardonnay grape seed flour in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Kim Hyunsook , Kim Dong Hyun , Seo Kunho , Arvik Torey , Bartley Glenn E , Yokoyama Wallace
Published: November 2023

To determine how flavonoid‐rich wine grape seed flour modulates intestinal microbiota and enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese mice, diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice were fed a HF diet supplemented with either 10% partially defatted Chardonnay grape seed flours (ChrSd) or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, control) for 4 weeks. Metagenomics data from the feces of the mice using a next generation sequencing showed dynamic changes in microbiome regulating diet‐induced obesity, polyphenol conversion, bile acid and hepatic lipid metabolism and butyrate production. The 2‐h insulin and glucose areas under the curve were lowered by ChrSd indicating that ChrSd enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose metabolism. ChrSd intake also reduced body weight gain, liver and adipose tissue weight despite a significant increase in food intake. In conclusion, Chardonnay grape seed flour ameliorates the effects of a HF diet on insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation and glucose production, and weight gain possibly via modulation of intestinal microbiota in DIO mice.
The potential malignancy metabolic effects of folate and choline malnutrition in a mouse model of colitis‐associated cancer metastasis
Authors: Lan Wen‐Yu , Chi Hong‐Jun Yu , Liew Yih‐Fong , Huang Rwei‐Fen S.
Published: November 2023

Aims of the study were to investigate the potential malignancy metabolic effects of folate and choline malnutrition in a mouse model of colitis‐associated cancer metastasis. C57BL/6 mice at 6 weeks were divided into 4 groups fed with the control diet (C), low folate diet (LF), low folate/low choline diet (LFLC) and folate‐supplemented diet (FS) for 3 months. Mice were treated 1.5% DSS in water and peritoneal injection of AOM and Lewis lung carcinoma stem‐like cells to establish colitis‐associated colorectal cancer metastasis model. The data revealed that LF and LFLC, but not FS diets aggravated diseases activity index (DAI) of the controls at the early colitis stage. Pathological data showed that LF and FS diets induced more severe invasive and metastasis colonic tumors than the control and LFLC diets. As compared with the controls, metastasis spleen tumor numbers and multiplicity rate were higher in the LF group. The LFLC and FS groups had significantly higher rate of carrying large metastasis tumors on spleen. Multiplicity rate of metastasis liver tumors were higher in the LFLC and FS group. The folate and choline‐malnutrition diets differentially modulated metabolic and inflammatory‐associated cancer stem cells signaling networks such as IL6, Sonic hedgehog, Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, Foxo, ALDH, mTOR and Warburg metabolic regulatory factors in metastasis tumor, primary colonic tumors and paired non‐tumor tissues. Our findings suggest that folate and choline malnutrition elicited skewed metabolic‐associated malignancy microenvironment for invasive and metastasis tumor development possibly through regulations of cancer stem cell signaling network.
Impact of Exercise and Exercise + Weight Loss on Markers of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Older Overweight and Obese African American Adults
Authors: Olender Sarah , Tussing‐Humphreys Lisa , Castellanos Karla , Schiffer Linda , Fitzgibbon Marian , Hughes Susan , Fantuzzi Giamila , Braunschweig Carol
Published: November 2023

Markers of inflammation and angiogenesis are upregulated in sedentary obese adults with research suggesting that both processes can negatively influence the development of cancer. Conceivably, modulating inflammation and angiogenesis through weight loss (WL) and increased physical activity could prevent or slow the development of cancer. The aim of this ancillary study was to examine the impact of an 8‐week exercise (E) and E+WL intervention on markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in older overweight and obese AA adults enrolled in the NIH Fit & Strong! Plus trial. Fasting blood levels of the inflammatory biomarkers C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and the angiogenic markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and osteopontin were assessed at baseline and post‐intervention. Anthropometric and survey data was also obtained. Generalized estimating equations controlling for age, baseline BMI, and gender were used to assess mean post‐intervention change in the biomarkers. 72 subjects were randomized to E+WL and 83 to the E only group. Subjects were predominately female (88%), with a mean age of 67 years old and baseline BMI of 33.8 kg/m2. Albeit modest, subjects in the E+WL group lost a greater % of their baseline body weight post‐intervention vs. the E only group (−1.8% vs. −0.2%; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the inflammatory or angiogenic markers between the groups post‐intervention. A significant decrease in TNF‐α was observed in the E group only. VEGF was significantly lower post‐intervention in both groups compared to baseline. Post‐intervention changes in markers of inflammation and angiogenesis were minimal in older overweight and obese AA adults following an 8 week E or E+WL intervention. Modest weight loss, short intervention duration, and relatively low intensity physical activities may have impeded our ability to observe significant changes in the majority of markers. The relevance of these interventions for cancer risk reduction deserves further study.

Support or Funding Information

American Cancer Society Illinois Division #261775; NIH NIA #R01AG039374
Content of Benzo[a]pyrene or Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine in Foods: Challenges to Assessing Exposure
Authors: Weatherford Charli A , Van Elswyk Mary E , Kuratko Connye , McNeill Shalene
Published: November 2023

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromaticamines (HAAs) are high risk compounds associated with human cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP) is one of the most commonly reported PAHs. HAAs and PAHs are found in foods as the result of exposure to smoke and/or flame during processing or cooking. Assessing dietary exposure of these compounds is important, particularly given a recent evaluation indicating a potential cancer risk with increased levels of red and processed meat intake, although mechanistic evidence is lacking. The goal of the present study was to use a systematic approach to evaluate and summarize quantitative reports of BaP and HAA content in the current food supply. A search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify studies published ≥ 2000 that measured BaP and/or HAA in meats and other foods formed during cooking. Studies published in or after 2000 were selected as they more likely reflect newer analytical methods and an analysis of foods consistent with today's lower fat and lower sodium food supply. Included studies were limited in scope, with only two laboratories providing data on a comprehensive list of foods, with large variation between laboratories. Results showed, with the exception offish, pan and deep fried meats do not contain significant amounts of BaP and that exposure to flame and smoke increases the BaP content of many foods, not just red and processed meat. Terminology used for cooking methods varied geographically and among researchers. The experimental cooking methods in study designs may not represent typical in‐home preparation making practical recommendations from laboratory experiments difficult. In addition, a continuous updating of nutrient databases is needed to reflect advancements indetection equipment and methodology and changes in the food supply. Exposure assessment is further confounded by varying methodologies to estimate food intakes. While current intakes of lean red meat in the U.S. are consistent with Dietary Guidelines, the intake assessed by disappearance data is over‐inflated. Disappearance data is often used to estimate food intakes in countries where nutrition surveys are lacking. Combining over‐estimates of food intake with limited and outdated estimates of BaP and HAA content in foods limits meaningful exposure assessments. These limitations also call into question there levance of observational studies relating dietary BaP or HAA exposure as a strong mechanism associated with cancer risk. There is a need to update dietary PAH and HAA databases, through an assessment of the current food supply and typical in‐home preparation methods, using recent methodology, in order to better evaluate exposure to BaP and HCAs from red and processed meat, as well as other foods.

Support or Funding Information

Support from the Beef Checkoff