bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity analysis of data-related factors controlling AVA simultaneous inversion of partially stacked seismic amplitude data: Application to deepwater hydrocarbon reservoirs in the central Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Contreras Arturo , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Fasnacht Tim
Published: January 2007

We consider the inversion of synthetic and recorded seismic amplitude variation with angle AVA data to appraise the influence of several data-related factors that control the vertical resolution and accuracy of the estimated spatial distributions of elastic properties. We use measurements acquired in deepwater hydrocarbon reservoirs in the central Gulf of Mexico to generate synthetic seismic amplitude data and evaluate inversion results with both synthetic and recorded seismic amplitudes. Detailed sensitivity analysis of synthetic amplitude data indicates that, even in the most ideal scenario (perfectly migrated data, isotropic media, noise-free seismic amplitude data, sufficient far-angle coverage, and accurate estimates of angle-dependent wavelets and low-frequency components), input elastic models are not reconstructedaccurately by the inversion of synthetic seismic amplitudes. We attribute this result to the relatively low vertical resolution of the seismic amplitude data. P-wave impedance is the most accurate of the inverted properties, followed by S-impedance and bulk density. Additionally, sufficient far-angle coverage is crucial for the accurate estimation of 1D distributions of S-impedance and bulk density. We show that time alignment of partial-angle stacks for correcting residual NMO effects improves the vertical resolution of the estimated spatial distributions of elastic parameters and consistently decreases the data misfit. Finally, we found that the accuracy of the inverted distributions of elastic parameters is improved substantially by (1) increasing the preserved AVA information via multiple single-angle stacks, (2) correcting the P-wave velocity field used for calculating angles in partial-angle stacking, and (3) excluding far-angle data with low signal-to-noise ratios.
Fracture-porosity inversion from P-wave AVOA data along 2D seismic lines: An example from the Austin Chalk of southeast Texas
Authors: Al-Shuhail Abdullatif A.
Published: January 2007

Vertical aligned fractures can significantly enhance the horizontal permeability of a tight reservoir. Therefore, it is important to know the fracture porosity and direction in order to develop the reservoir efficiently. P-wave AVOA (amplitude variation with offset and azimuth) can be used to determine these fracture parameters. In this study, I present a method for inverting the fracture porosity from 2D P-wave seismic data. The method is based on a modeling result that shows that the anisotropic AVO (amplitude variation with offset) gradient is negative and linearly dependent on the fracture porosity in a gas-saturated reservoir, whereas the gradient is positive and linearly dependent on the fracture porosity in a liquid-saturated reservoir. This assumption is accurate as long as the crack aspect ratio is less than 0.1 and the ratio of the P-wave velocity to the S-wave velocity is greater than 1.8 — two conditions that are satisfied in most naturally fractured reservoirs. The inversion then uses the fracture strike, the crack aspect ratio, and the ratio of the P-wave velocity to the S-wave velocity to invert the fracture porosity from the anisotropic AVO gradient after inferring the fluid type from the sign of the anisotropic AVO gradient. When I applied this method to a seismic line from the oil-saturated zone of the fractured Austin Chalk of southeast Texas, I found that the inversion gave a median fracture porosity of 0.21%, which is within the fracture-porosity range commonly measured in cores from the Austin Chalk.
Dip correction for coherence-based time migration velocity analysis
Authors: Schleicher Jörg , Biloti Ricardo
Published: January 2007

Migration velocity analysis (MVA) is a seismic processing step that aims to translate residual moveout in an image gather after migration with an erroneous velocity model into velocity updates. An analysis of the position of a reflection event in an image gather after migration with an incorrect velocity allows us to extend the original coherence-based MVA approach to dipping reflectors. The extended MVA technique includes the reflector dip which is treated as an additional search parameter that is to be detected together with the velocity updating factor. Both parameters are searched for simultaneously by the application of two-parameter search techniques. The search consists of determining trial curves as a function of the search parameters and stacking the migrated data along these curves. The highest coherence determines the best-fitting curve and thus the optimal parameter pair. A numerical example demonstrates that the additional search parameter improves the quality of the velocity updates, thus requiring less iterations in the MVA.
Supramolecular photochemistry in zeolites: From catalysts to sunscreens
Authors: Chrétien Michelle N.
Published: January 2007

Zeolites are nanoporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials comprised of a series of strictly uniform channels and cavities repeating along the tri-directional structure of the lattice. Over the last 30 years, researchers have increasingly recognized the desirable properties of these materials as hosts for photochemical reactions. This review will endeavor to draw attention to the properties of zeolite materials that make them appealing substrates for hosting guest molecules during photochemical reactions. An overview of some classical examples in zeolite host-guest photochemistry will be presented along with a brief description of a new use for zeolite materials as protective encapsulators.
Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences Part XX. Properties and units in clinical and environmental human toxicology (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Duffus John , Bruunshuus Ivan , Cornelis Rita , Dybkær René , Nordberg Monica , Kuelpmann Wolf
Published: January 2007

This document describes the introduction of the concept of property in the field of clinical and environmental human toxicology for the presentation of results of clinical laboratory investigations. It follows the IFCC-IUPAC systematic terminological rules and attempts to create a common base for communication between the clinical chemist, the medical practitioner, the human toxicologist, and the environmental toxicologist.

The term designating a substance being a toxicant may be an international nonproprietary name (INN), a generic name, a registered trade name, a fantasy name, or other. This causes difficulties in the transmission of requests and reports on properties involving substances in biological fluids and environmental media to and from laboratories, to the end user, and in the collating of this information from different sources.

The document comprises a list of properties of human and environmental systems involving toxicants for use in transmitting medical laboratory data. The document recommends terms based on the format developed by the IFCC and IUPAC to facilitate interaction between disciplines and unambiguous interpretation of data, e.g., for purposes of risk interpretation. Systematic terms are presented together with a code (identified by the letters NPU) for each.

The complete CNPU Database may be found at http://dior.imt.liu.se/cnpu/info.htm.
On the images of modular and geometric three-dimensional Galois representations
Authors: Dieulefait Luis , Vila Núria
Published: January 2007

We study compatible families of three-dimensional Galois representations constructed in the étale cohomology of a smooth projective variety. We prove a theorem asserting that the residual images will be generically large if certain easy-to-check conditions are satisfied. We only consider representations with coefficients in an imaginary quadratic field. For primes inert in this field, the residual representations (when irreducible) are unitary. We apply our result to an example constructed by van Geemen and Top, obtaining a family of special linear groups and one of special unitary groups as Galois groups over [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]. We also consider the case of cohomological modular forms for a congruence subgroup of SL [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /]. Assuming Clozel's conjecture stating that a geometric family of three-dimensional Galois representations can be attached to them, we verify for three examples the conditions guaranteeing generically large images and explicitly bound the finite set of primes with non-maximal image. We also discuss what intrinsic conditions a modular form should verify to guarantee that the images of the attached Galois representations will be generically large.
Diffeomorphism type of the Berger space SO (5)/SO (3)
Authors: Goette Sebastian , Kitchloo Nitu , Shankar Krishnan
Published: January 2007

We compute the Eells-Kuiper invariant of the Berger manifold SO (5)/SO (3) and determine that it is diffeomorphic to the total space of an S 3 -bundle over S 4 . This answers a question raised by K. Grove and W. Ziller.
The dynamics near quasi-parabolic fixed points of holomorphic diffeomorphisms in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]
Authors: Bracci Filippo , Molino Laura
Published: January 2007

Let F be a germ of holomorphic diffeomorphism of [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] fixing O and such that dF O has eigenvalues 1 and e iθ with | e iθ | = 1 and e iθ ≠ 1. Introducing suitable normal forms for F we define an invariant, v ( F ) ≥ 2, and a generic condition, that of being dynamically separating . In the case F is dynamically separating, we prove that there exist v ( F )-1 parabolic curves for F at O tangent to the eigenspace of 1.
Strichartz inequalities and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds
Authors: Burq N. , Gérard P. , Tzvetkov N.
Published: January 2007

We prove Strichartz estimates with fractional loss of derivatives for the Schrödinger equation on any Riemannian compact manifold. As a consequence we infer low regularity local well-posedness results in any dimension, as well as global existence results for the Cauchy problem of nonlinear Schrödinger equations on surfaces in the case of defocusing polynomial nonlinearities, and on three-manifolds in the case of cubic defocusing nonlinearities. We also discuss the optimality of these Strichartz estimates on spheres.
Singular maximal functions and Radon transforms near L 1
Authors: Seeger Andreas , Tao Terence , Wright James
Published: January 2007

We show that some singular maximal functions and singular Radon transforms satisfy a weak type L log log L inequality. Examples include the maximal function and Hilbert transform associated to averages along a parabola. The weak type inequality yields pointwise convergence results for functions which are locally in L log log L .
Decomposition of the diagonal and eigenvalues of Frobenius for Fano hypersurfaces
Authors: Bloch Spencer , Esnault Hélène , Levine Marc
Published: January 2007

Let X ⊂ [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] be a possibly singular hypersurface of degree d ≤ n , defined over a finite field [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /]. We show that the diagonal, suitably interpreted, is decomposable. This gives a proof that the eigenvalues of the Frobenius action on its ℓ-adic cohomology H i ([inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /]), for ℓ ≠ char([inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /]), are divisible by q , without using the result on the existence of rational points by Ax and Katz.
The equivalence problem and rigidity for hypersurfaces embedded into hyperquadrics
Authors: Ebenfelt Peter , Huang Xiaojun , Zaitsev Dmitri
Published: January 2007

We consider the class of Levi nondegenerate hypersurfaces M in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] that admit a local (CR transversal) embedding, near a point p ε M , into a standard nondegenerate hyperquadric in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] with codimension k := N - n small compared to the CR dimension n of M . We show that, for hypersurfaces in this class, there is a normal form (which is closely related to the embedding) such that any local equivalence between two hypersurfaces in normal form must be an automorphism of the associated tangent hyperquadric. We also show that if the signature of M and that of the standard hyperquadric in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /] are the same, then the embedding is rigid in the sense that any other embedding must be the original embedding composed with an automorphism of the quadric.
Scattering theory of discrete (pseudo) Laplacians on a Weyl chamber
Authors: van Diejen J. F.
Published: January 2007

To a crystallographic root system we associate a system of multivariate orthogonal polynomials diagonalizing an integrable system of discrete pseudo Laplacians on the Weyl chamber. We develop the time-dependent scattering theory for these discrete pseudo Laplacians and determine the corresponding wave operators and scattering operators in closed form. As an application, we describe the scattering behavior of certain hyperbolic Ruijsenaars-Schneider type lattice Calogero-Moser models associated with the Macdonald polynomials.
Manifolds with lower Ricci and L 1 -Sectional curvature control
Authors: Sprouse Chadwick
Published: January 2007

Suppose that a sequence of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature ≥ - k 2 converges to a Gromov-Hausdorff limit X . We show that if the amount of sectional curvature below K of the limiting manifolds approaches 0 in a suitable L 1 -sense, then X is an Alexandrov space of curvature ≥ K . As applications we present several generalizations of classical theorems.
Stars in the Fasti : Ideler (1825) and Ovid's Astronomy Revisited
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: January 2007

Using astronomy software, this article provides a
systematic re-examination of the astronomical references in Ovid's
Fasti and reviews the previous authority on the question, Ideler
(1825). The review finds that most (three out of four) of the more than
fifty astronomical references in the poem are accurate and reflects
on the negative reception of Ovid's handling of astronomy in light of
these findings.
Myth, Ritual, and Authorial Control in Herodotus' Story of Cleobis and Biton ( Hist. 1.31)
Authors: Chiasson Charles C
Published: January 2007

I argue that Herodotus consciously and cunningly incorporates elements of myth and initiatory ritual into his story of Cleobis and Biton. The brothers' "blessed" death takes place in the context of an Argive initiatory festival, at the unintentional bidding of their mother, who thus embodies the link between maternity and mortality attested in early Greek hexameter poetry. The posthumous dedication by their fellow citizens of statues of the brothers at Delphi signifies both an honorary initiation into the class of adult male warriors and a mitigation of mortality (another fundamental concern of early Greek myth).
Collaborative Music in the Performance of the Balinese Shadow Theater
Authors: Sedana I Nyoman
Published: January 2007

This essay deals with the musical collaboration between dalang (puppeteer) and penabuh (musicians) in the performance of the Balinese shadow puppet theatre wayang kulit , perhaps the most demanding of Bali's rich performing arts. The multi-faceted skills of the dalang include a command of music, singing, improvisation, and percussive accompaniment, manipulation of the figures, ritual understanding, comic wit, and narrative insight. Without the support of the skillful musicians, however, the puppeteer's presentation could not be realized. How the dalang cues and collaborates with the musicians is central to the success of the show. This article will both share the musical features of performance and discuss the cueing that facilitates communication between puppeteer and musicians.

The music of the wayang kulit falls into three major types. The first group consists of songs where both the puppeteer and the musicians are constrained by the preset structure of a performance. These songs will be termed "structural" for the purposes of this paper. The second group is dictated by the way the dalang chooses to present his story, and these songs I will call "dramatic." The final group will be designated "ritual," as the pieces are used in the ritual practice of creating holy water. The performers communicate with each other somewhat differently in each of these performances elements, and the contrast between the puppeteer-musician relationship during structural versus dramatic pieces, or during dramatic versus ritual songs, helps us to understand how dramatic tension is built and resolved musically in this important theatre.
Tacitus' Dialogus As Literary History
Authors: Levene D. S
Published: January 2007

The paper examines the conceptions of literary history found
in Tacitus' Dialogus. It argues that the speeches in the work,
despite being directly at variance with one another in other respects,
develop between them with increasing sophistication a single account of
literary history, with a complex interrelation of aesthetic and political
factors. However, when one seeks to slot the Dialogus itself
into that account, one finds that the form in which the work is written
appears to challenge the very analysis that it has developed. The paper
concludes by looking at the implications of this for the interpretationof
the Dialogus.
Heraclitus' Quarrel with Polymathy and Historie
Authors: Granger Herbert
Published: January 2007

Heraclitus' attitude towards polymathy (B40) and inquiry or historiê (B129) is controversial, although most scholars believe that he was a practicing histôr who thought that polymathy was a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for "understanding." Through a study of historiê and polymathy as practiced by those whom Heraclitus explicitly attacks, and by other practitioners of the sixth and fifth centuries, this paper argues that the Histores were dependent upon polymathy, and that since Heraclitus believes that polymathy is an impediment to understanding, he would not count himself among the polymaths and histores.
A House in the Nation's Attic
Authors: Greenfield Briann G
Published: January 2007

This review essay examines the exhibition Within These Walls. . . , a permanent exhibit, which opened May 16, 2001 at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center. The exhibit's primary artifact is a Georgian-style house once located at Sixteen Elm Street in Ipswich, Massachusetts. In interpreting the house, the exhibit focuses on five families who resided in the house and whose stories span 200 years of American history from colonial settlement and revolution, through abolition, immigration, and World War II. With its practice of social history, Within These Walls. . . represents a radical reinterpretation of Sixteen Elm Street, a building which first came to the Smithsonian in 1963 and was used to illustrate the transfer of building technology and craft practices from England to America. As an example of how museums can reinterpret their collections, Within These Walls . . . provides an inspirational model, demonstrating that old objects have new stories to tell.
Troubling Our Heads about Ichabod: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," Classic American Literature, and the Sexual Politics of Homosocial Brotherhood
Authors: Greven David
Published: January 2007

Troubling Our Heads About Ichabod: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," Classic American Literature, and the Sexual Politics of Homosocial Brotherhood offers a close reading of Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" that considers its treatment of the figure of the solitary Ichabod in light of recent treatments of the story as representative of powerful bonds between men. This essay considers Irving's construction of Woman as an uncannily mysterious force that traps Ichabod Crane into compulsory heterosexuality; it also considers the ways in which the story pits isolate, inviolate manhood against fraternity. In addition, the recent film version of Irving's story and two other film adaptations of classic American literature are treated in order to broaden and support the central claim that a highly diversified and ongoing fetishization of fraternity dominates American thought. Given the commonplace nature of the critical position that reproductive heterosexualityÑwhen considered as, in Michael Warner's view, " repronarrative"Ñis a compulsory demand of capitalist citizenship, one might also imagine that, with their widely documented sheer social pervasiveness, same-sex intimacies would now be taken as a given in studies of the nineteenth century. Surprisingly, however, a diverse array of critics, commentators, and theorists continue to treat nineteenth century (and current forms of) homosociality as transgressive. Despite the multiple critiques from feminist and queer scholars, fraternalist fantasies continue to proliferate not only in treatments of nineteenth century American literature but also in certain men's studies and queer theory texts, which would otherwise certainly seem like unlikely allies. Hollywood film adaptations of classic American literature also reinforce fraternalist biases. This essay primarily critiques the willingness in literary criticism, men's studies, queer theory, and mainstream film to celebrate homoaffectional bonds at the expense of ignoring the evidence of the compulsory nature of homosocial ties, the recurring literary interest in treating the homosocial as a field of competitive cruelty, and the abject status of the isolate outsider who has not been assimilated into male collectives.
Edward Said and American Studies
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: January 2007

Edward Said contributed to American Studies as a critical theorist who stressed comparative and interdisciplinary methods, as a cultural critic who challenged the U.S. as a traditional and neo-imperialist power, and as a public intellectual who represented the historical diversity of the Arab world in response to Orientalist caricatures. He wrote about such important U.S. artists and intellectuals as Herman Melville, Henry James, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, and R.P. Blackmur. He understood and challenged American exceptionalism, especially as it structured U.S. perspectives on other peoples and societies. Educated in the traditions of modernist cosmopolitanism and transnationalism, Said is often identified as the "founder" of postcolonial studies, especially by his most committed critics. In fact, many of the political aims and methodological assumptions of postcolonial studies differ from Said's theory and practice. Respecting Edward Said for his great accomplishments as a scholar, teacher, and public intellectual, we should also question the culture of intellectual celebrity and genius with which he is identified. In some respects, his reputation is a very American phenomenon we need to criticize if we are to achieve a more collaborative understanding of the United States in its global interactions and realize our responsibilities as cultural critics.
Early American Nations as Imagined Communities
Authors: White Ed
Published: January 2007

Despite the enormous influence of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities on the study of early American nationalism, there have been few careful assessments of its historical or theoretical arguments. The schema of the "Creole Pioneers" section rests on a conflation of the American Revolution with the Latin American revolutions of a generation later, with a misleading caricature of print culture to the north. Theoretically, Anderson's insights about colonial seriality are drastically exaggerated. A more accurate account of American nationalism can be traced through the nation concept's development in the discourse on Native Americans; ethnographies famously developed a discourse of the nation as Other. The shift to the modern nation concept resulted from practical and conceptual attempts to master Indian nations, in land speculation and in the writing of imperiographies. This conflicted lineage resulted in a revolution committed at times to the nation, at others to the continent.
Between "Crockery-dom" and Barnum: Boston's Chinese Museum, 1845-47
Authors: Zboray Ronald J , Zboray Mary Saracino
Published: January 2007

This essay considers the relativistic ethnographic possibilities offered by Boston's Chinese Museum (1845-1857) within its local cultural milieu and international political context. Impelled by the diplomatic milestone of the Treaty of Wanghsia (1844), the museum in its inception and layout argued for improved relations, based upon mutual understanding, between Americans and the Chinese, in the name of trade. The argument unfolded in a larger discursive environment in which civilization and savagery were dichotomized, but this was complicated by a centuries-old, self-conscious Chinese civilization ambiguously positioned between these opposite poles. The museum's setting at Marlboro' Hall, so intimately associated with reform movements and especially Garrisonian abolitionism, contributed another strain of meaning, inviting visitors to radicalize their visualization of the Chinese racial Other beyond the fragmentary knowledge available through, on the one hand, the fantasy-laden "crockery-dom" represented in pictorial porcelain and other imports, and, on the other, the not always flattering Celestial Empire delineated in the period's several popular books by Westerners. Furthermore, this new construction of ethnographic knowledge about the Chinese Other had to counter omnipresent simplications of the exotic, sensationalized, and ultimately Barnum-ized Oriental. The visual discipline of the museum's devolutionary interior organization from Imperial court life to common people's everyday culture, along with the richly contextualizing catalogue and, above all, the two dignified Cantonese "ethnographic informants," encouraged a museum experience that blended the recognition of cultural difference with the celebration of human commonality. The fragility of that blend would be underscored when the museum ultimately fell into P.T. Barnum's hands where, absent the informants, crass commercialization of the exotic reigned in an ethnocentric manner that would characterize Sino-American intercultural relations for the rest of the century and beyond.
Following in the Footsteps of Lucullus? Tacitus's Characterisation of Corbulo
Authors: Ash Rhiannon
Published: January 2007

An examination of how Tacitus responds to representations of Nero's commander, Corbulo, probably idealised posthumously as a hero under the Flavian dynasty. Since Tacitus knew that his readers would have certain expectations about Corbulo's presentation in the Annals, he creates instead a problematised portrait of the general, which highlights the perpetual tensions in the imperial power structure between centre and periphery (and between image and reality). The paper suggests, using comparisons drawn primarily from Plutarch, that Tacitus shows Corbulo repeatedly replaying significant moments from the career of the republican general, Lucullus, and that Corbulo's standing as a general suffers as a result. Yet there is more at stake here than the reputation of an individual commander. This nexus of connections between Corbulo and Lucullus, highlighted by Tacitus, must prompt readers to make comparisons: in the end, Corbulo cannot really emulate Lucullus, because the worlds in which the two men operate have changed so much.
Survival and Memory in the Agricola
Authors: Haynes Holly
Published: January 2007

Haynes analyses how Tacitus responds to the problems of speaking, writing, and remembering after a period of terror, comparing this response with modern parallels, such as the psychological aftermath of Pinochet's regime in Chile. In particular, the paper considers what the figure of Agricola as constructed by Tacitus might represent for the survivors of Domitian (and what that literary construction can tell us about Tacitus's own guilty feelings). The memorable description of those who outlived that emperor as nostri supersites, "survivors of ourselves" (Agricola 3.2), suggests that tyranny (even after it has gone) generates a kind of death, even for those who did not actually lose their lives. In this context, Tacitus's Agricola can be read as an assertion of self, or a self-representation, after a time when terror has almost erased the possibility of speaking about oneself or anything else. Yet this is still a cautious work, even a paradoxical one: rather than writing about Domitian himself, Tacitus instead chooses as a subject his father-in-law, who represents the victims of the Domitianic era without actually having been murdered. Even Agricola himself is an ambiguous figure, whose virtues are advertised by sententiae that leave the reader on the ropes. In the end, Agricola occupies a dual role in the text that bears his name: he serves to exemplify both the best one can do under a tyrant and the worst that such a "best" represents. Thus Agricola is used to articulate Tacitus's morally ambivalent feelings about his own conduct under Domitian. The paper concludes that what was good about Agricola will be remembered because Tacitus wrote about it, but shows how the price of writing was the difficult plumbing of his own tortured past.
Shadows and Assassinations: Forms of Time in Tacitus and Appian
Authors: Pagan Victoria Emma
Published: January 2007

This paper considers the challenges involved for historians in negotiating the temporal gap between a violent event, such as an assassination, and their own subsequent representation of this moment. If the assassination of a central protagonist is inevitable, what techniques can a historian use to maintain a sense of moral complexity and to sustain an audience's interest? Analysis of specific case studies, Tacitus's account of Galba's assassination in A.D. 69 (Histories 1.36-43) and Appian's narrative of Julius Caesar's murder in 44 B.C. (Civil Wars 2.111-17), demonstrates how historians deploy a range of creative rhetorical techniques to maintain tension. The paper argues that, while the trope of foreshadowing has its place in such narratives, the devices of "sideshadowing" and "backshadowing" also have the potential to add complexities, generate suspense, and point up moralism.
Cosmologies in Collision: Pentecostal Conversion and Christian Cults in Asmara
Authors: Kileyesus Abbebe
Published: January 2007

This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the popularity of Pentecostalism and the formation of religious identity in an Eritrean city. Examining the penetration of Pentecostal Protestantism into longstanding Christian churches in Asmara during a time of rapid socioeconomic change in Eritrea, it looks at how Pentecostalism discontinues its relation with the past, conceptualizes the present, and generates an autonomous image of itself in the highly competitive religious marketplace of an Eritrean urban space. The article discusses how and why this movement increasingly favors Bible reading and networks of religious meetings as the principal mediums of transmission of its teachings and the expansion of its denomination, breaking deliberately from traditional Christian churches and using local forces and resources.
Colonial Legacies and Postcolonial Authoritarianism in Tanzania: Connects and Disconnects
Authors: Schneider Leander
Published: January 2007

Through an examination of the Tanzanian experience, this article takes up a challenge forcefully posed by Mahmood Mamdani'sCitizen and Subjectto examine connections between late colonial and postindependence state power on the African continent. The discussion is critical of Mamdani's argument that postindependence authoritarianism in Africa can be understood as an institutional legacy of late colonialism. However, connections to colonial times did exist in the frames of legitimation that underpinned the frequently authoritarian actions of the postindependence Tanzanian state. One such connection was the persistent paternalism vis-à-vis their “subjects” that characterized the political imagination of state elites; another was the fact that “the colonial past” served as an important reference point in the construction of a deeply Manichean discourse and practice of politics after independence.
The Fielding H. Garrison Lecture : Medicine and the Renaissance World of Learning
Authors: Siraisi Nancy G
Published: January 2007

This article considers aspects of the relation of medicine
with other learned disciplines during the sixteenth century and presents
some examples of the contribution of medical authors of that period to
such diverse fields as natural philosophy, physiognomy, alchemy, travel
writing, the art of memory, and the study of antiquities.
Henry Sigerist and the History of Medicine in Latin America: His Correspondence with Juan R. Beltran
Authors: Asua Miguel de
Published: January 2007

During the years of World War II, the American Association for the History of Medicine fostered a Pan-American policy aimed at establishing relationships with Latin American historians of medicine. Juan R. Beltr�n, professor of history of medicine at the University of Buenos Aires, also pursued an energetic program of academic diplomacy. The correspondence between Henry Sigerist and Beltr�n makes manifest that by 1941 good channels of communication were established between Baltimore and Buenos Aires, but the friendly links did not last long. The motives for this can be found in the competing aims of the AAHM and Beltr�n, and the pattern of international relationships during the war years.
Restructuring Isolation: Hospital Architecture, Medicine, and Disease Prevention
Authors: Kisacky Jeanne Susan
Published: January 2007

This paper examines changing strategies of isolation in the New York Hospital between 1771 and 1930 by correlating the facilities available for isolation with changing reactions to internal disease incidence, changing medical rules and regulations, and shifting ward categories. To prevent internal "epidemics" of telltale diseases such as erysipelas, pyemia, and "hospital gangrene," what (or who) was isolated from what, and how that isolation was achieved, altered drastically. Traditional strategies of increasing the air space and flow around each patient gave way to Florence Nightingale's sanitary nursing, Joseph Lister's antisepsis, Joseph Grancher's barrier system of nursing, D. L. Richardson's aseptic nursing, and Charles Chapin's advocacy of individual cubicles. The larger social and medical transformations of the hospital colored all of these shifts. But the changing isolation strategies also reveal a transformation of the underlying understanding of the role that hospital architecture played in disease incidence.
The Drug Industry and Clinical Research in Interwar America: Three Types of Physician Collaborator
Authors: Rasmussen Nicolas
Published: January 2007

This essay describes collaborations between American pharmaceutical companies and clinical investigators, mainly in academic medical centers and other research institutions, during the interwar period. I argue that efforts on the part of early twentieth-century "scientific medicine" reformers to impose higher standards on the testing and promotion of pharmaceuticals led both to the intended disciplining of the drug industry and also, as a reciprocal but unintended consequence, to a deep involvement with industry among medical scientists. Three basic patterns of collaboration between clinical trialists and sponsoring drugs firms are described. These patterns may help illuminate the mutual accommodation between ethical drug firms and academic clinical researchers (and institutions) that still prevails today.
Popular Autobiography as Historiography: The Reality Effect of Frank McCourt's Angela's Ashes
Authors: Mitchell James B
Published: January 2007

Many memoirs, in addition to participating in the discursive community of life writing, also partake in the narrative conventions of historiography and fiction, frequently employing what Roland Barthes calls a "reality effect" to infuse their stories with a sense of verisimilitude. This essay explores the cultural phenomenon that is Angela's Ashes, reading Frank McCourt's memoir against the grain of Carolyn Kay Steedman's Landscape for a Good Woman. I am primarily concerned with two lines of inquiry regarding Angela's Ashes: why is this book of history-as-memory so popular-that is, what does its raging popularity reveal about the society that consumes and champions it; and what kind of historiographical practices does the book engage in to achieve its aims of representing itself as an authentic, "true" history?
The Influence and Treatment of Autobiography in Confessional Art: Observations on Tracey Emin's Feature Film Top Spot
Authors: Fanthome Christine
Published: January 2007

This article explores the influence and treatment of autobiography in Tracey Emin's confessional feature film Top Spot. Drawing primarily on observations by Michel Foucault, Susanna Egan, and Anthony Giddens, the essay comments on the inherent appeal of confessional art, and questions why it appears to be especially relevant within today's society.
The Personal Cinema of Maya Deren: Meshes of the Afternoon and Its Critical Reception in the History of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Geller Theresa L
Published: January 2007

Maya Deren's role within the history of the avant-garde is irreducibly tied to the reception of her groundbreaking film, Meshes of the Afternoon. In its avant-garde aesthetics, Meshes challenges the psychic structures of gendered subjectivity. By examining how the film's critique reflected Deren's position as a woman filmmaker, Meshes emerges as a significant work of feminist cinematic autobiography.
To Act or to Perform: Distinguishing Filmic Autobiography
Authors: Gernalzick Nadja
Published: January 2007

This article traces pivotal developments in the history of first-person filmic narration and subjective camera technique as the principal elements of filmic autobiography. Theoretical approaches to defining filmic autobiography, and critical distinctions between autobiographical fiction film and filmic autobiography are developed with reference to films by Robert Montgomery, Jim McBride, and Jean-Luc Godard.
The Mandatory Proxy
Authors: Mathews Peter
Published: January 2007

This article explores how Jean-Luc Godard's film Vivre sa Vie (1962) sets about deconstructing—rather than reproducing—the autobiographical act within cinema. Central to Godard's exercise is the decision to cast Anna Karina, his wife at the time, as the lead actress. Godard repeatedly demonstrates that the cinematic image functions as an opaque screen, a "mandatory proxy," between actor and viewer that renders a truly authentic autobiography impossible.
Removing the Experience: Simulacrum as an Autobiographical Act in American Splendor
Authors: Sperb Jason
Published: January 2007

This article articulates how American Splendor's filmmakers deploy postmodernity and the seemingly antithetical logic of the simulacrum as the central means of documenting the real-life experiences of Harvey Pekar. Paradoxically, the film also attempts to reveal how these experiences necessarily continue to exist outside the simulacrum, in an affective realm.
Pax Britannica or Pax Indigena ? Planter Nova Scotia (1760-1782) and Competing Strategies of Pacification
Authors: Reid John G.
Published: January 2007

With regard to Planter Nova Scotia (1760­82), historians have frequently been content to assume that, following the defeat of the French at Louisbourg in 1758, Aboriginal relations had little further significance for the non-Native settlement history of that part of northeastern North America. This essay argues that such a view is mistaken and offers a reexamination of certain key elements of the evidence on the Aboriginal role vis-à-vis New England and the British imperial authorities in Nova Scotia. Far from accomplishing a pacification of Nova Scotia under British rule, the events of the 1750s and early 1760s ­ the expulsion of the Acadians, the British military victories of 1758–60, and the treaties of 1760–61 ­ set the stage for a ten-year era during which Aboriginal and British pacification strategies competed, followed by a partial reconciliation, which was finally swept away by the Loyalist migration. These developments highlight the importance of recognizing eighteenth-century Nova Scotia as contested territory, with Aboriginal history retaining crucial importance far beyond the chronological point at which the region has been conventionally seen as a colonial entity and Aboriginal inhabitants as peripheral figures. More generally, this study contributes to the breakdown of the long-established consensus that the eighteenth century in northeastern North America represented the latter part of a 'colonial period,' and that the American Revolution then established a new and dramatic demarcation between British North America and the United States. Rather, a more complex series of patterns can be identified, in which the history of colonial settlement is just one part of a historiographical triumvirate along with imperial history and Aboriginal history.
'Taken on the Spot': The Visual Appropriation of New France for the Global British Landscape
Authors: Crowley John E.
Published: January 2007

Until the arrival of topographic landscape artists with British forces in the 1750s, European representations of North American landscapes usually depended on artists' imaginations, with deliberately schematic and symbolic results. During the British invasion, occupation, and colonization of New France, artists appropriated the conquests visually with topographic renderings of the empire's new landscapes. Post-conquest representations of New France were part of the creation of a global British landscape, with Canada as a distinctive part. Colonial landscapes claiming topographical accuracy became frequent at the same time that Britain extended its imperial interests by conquests and accessions on a global scale - in Canada, the trans-Appalachian West, India, and the Pacific. Evidence from prints, drawings, maps, charts, and fiction show how the sublime aspects of Canada's scenery confirmed the grandeur of the imperial project against New France, while the picturesque landscapes of towns, farms, and shorelines promised an easily governed population readily subject to British improvements.

Jusqu'� l'arriv�e des paysagistes topographiques dans les forces britanniques au cours des ann�es 1750, la repr�sentation du paysage nord-am�ricain par les Europ�ens reposait le plus souvent sur la capacit� imaginative de l'artiste, ce qui donnait des r�sultats d�lib�r�ment sch�matiques et symboliques. Durant l'invasion, l'occupation et la colonisation de la Nouvelle-France par les Britanniques, les artistes proc�d�rent � une appropriation visuelle des territoires conquis en peignant la topographie des nouveaux paysages de l'empire. Les repr�sentations de la Nouvelle-France d'apr�s la conqu�te faisaient partie de la cr�ation d'un paysage britannique global, dont le Canada constituait une partie caract�ristique. Les paysages coloniaux se r�clamant d'une topographie exacte firent de fr�quentes apparitions au m�me moment o� la Grande-Bretagne �tendait son empire gr�ce � des conqu�tes et des rattachements men�s � l'�chelle mondiale - Canada, Ouest transappalachien, Inde et Pacifique. Les gravures, dessins, cartes terrestres et marines ainsi que les ouvrages de fiction d�montrent comment le c�t� sublime du paysage canadien venait confirmer la grandeur du projet imp�rial face � la Nouvelle-France, alors que les vues pittoresques des villages, des fermes et des c�tes offraient la promesse d'une population facile � gouverner, pr�te � accepter les am�nagements propos�s par les Britanniques.
'Curative' and 'Custodial': Benefits of Patient Treatment at the Asylum for the Insane, Kingston, 1878-1906
Authors: Terbenche Danielle
Published: January 2007

Nineteenth-century asylums have generally been portrayed negatively for their inability to offer a beneficial therapy program for patients. Identifying numerous contributing factors, historians have suggested that the practised 'moral treatment' therapy ultimately failed because it did not decrease numbers of custodial patients. Using the files of women patients admitted to the Asylum for the Insane in Kingston, Ontario, between 1878 and 1884, this paper offers an alternative view, demonstrating the successes of the treatment program for women suffering from milder forms of mental illness. It also questions the role of custodial care, suggesting that asylums also offered chronic patients a safe and compassionate alternative when all other options had been exhausted.

Les asiles du dix-neuvi�me si�cle ont �t�, en g�n�ral, d�peints n�gativement en raison de leur incapacit� d'offrir un programme th�rapeutique b�n�fique � leurs patients. Les historiens, apr�s avoir identifi� plusieurs facteurs, ont laiss� entendre que la th�rapie appliqu�e du � traitement moral � a �chou� en fin de compte, car elle n'a pas diminu� le nombre de patients en milieu surveill�. En s'appuyant sur les dossiers des patientes admises � l'Asile d'ali�n�s de Kingston (Ontario), entre 1878 et 1884, cet article offre un point de vue alternatif, d�montrant le succ�s du programme de traitement pour femmes souffrant d'une forme plus b�nigne de maladie mentale. Il met �galement en question le r�le des soins en milieu surveill�, en donnant � penser que les asiles offraient aux patientes chroniques une alternative s�curitaire et compatissante lorsque toutes les autres options avaient �t� �puis�es.
The Grasshopper Shrine at Cold Spring, Minnesota: Religion and Market Capitalism among German-American Catholics
Authors: Gross Stephen John
Published: January 2007

This essay provides a peculiarly Catholic slant to a long-running debate in American history over the role of religion in the transition to rural capitalism. The author investigates the construction of a small votive chapel outside the village of Cold Spring, Minnesota, ostensibly built to secure relief from the locust plagues of the 1870's, and argues that the shrine in reality had less to do with insect pests and more to do with the community's need to assert traditional, pre-capitalist values in the face of growing prosperity and rapidly changing market conditions. He maintains further that the ritual language expressed in the chapel's dedication evoked an intensely communalist ethic, based on shared striving, sharing, and reciprocity, that was jeopardized by the transition to more commercialized agriculture.
Topsy and Topsy-Turvy Jo: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and/in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Louisa May Alcott's Jo March may possess a previously unforeseen literary connection: with Topsy from Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Little Women's topsy-turvy white tomboy possesses an array of physical, psychological and especially behavioral traits that echo and even reflect Stowe's unruly black character Topsy.
Alcott's Freaking of Boyhood: The Perplex of Gender and Disability in Under the Lilacs
Authors: McElaney Hugh
Published: January 2007

The author looks beneath the innocent veneer of one of Louisa May Alcott's lesser-known works for children and discovers a different kind of "poisoned sugarplum" than those penned by Jo March and A. M. Barnard, one in which the construction and staging of male disability becomes a critically informing impulse.
Dissemination of International Humanitarian Law in the People's Republic of China
Authors: O'Brien Roderick
Published: January 2007

The focus of international humanitarian law is the protection of the victims of armed conflict. China has actively begun to accede to international instruments which regulate it, adopt domestic legislation which implements it and take steps to disseminate it.