bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive neurologic dysfunctions 20 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Authors: Tardieu Marc , Lacroix Catherine , Neven Bénédicte , Bordigoni Pierre , Basile Geneviève de Saint , Blanche Stéphane , Fischer Alain
Published: March 2005

Three patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation between the ages of 2 years 9 months and 7 years. The outcome was uneventful, with sustained mixed chimerism. No subsequent recurrent infections or hemophagocytic syndrome were observed. At the age of 22 to 24 years, these 3 patients developed a neurologic deficit combining difficulty walking, loss of balance, and tremor. Neurologic evaluation demonstrated cerebellar ataxia and signs of peripheral neuropathy. Moderate axon loss and rarefaction of large myelinated fibers were observed on semithin sections of peripheral nerve. Cerebellar atrophy was detected by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in 2 patients. We also reviewed the very long-term outcome of the other 11 patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome who had received bone marrow transplants at our center since 1981. All displayed neurologic deficits or low cognitive abilities.
Accelerated probabilistic inference of RNA structure evolution
Authors: Holmes Ian
Published: March 2005

Background

Pairwise stochastic context-free grammars (Pair SCFGs) are powerful tools for evolutionary analysis of RNA, including simultaneous RNA sequence alignment and secondary structure prediction, but the associated algorithms are intensive in both CPU and memory usage. The same problem is faced by other RNA alignment-and-folding algorithms based on Sankoff's 1985 algorithm. It is therefore desirable to constrain such algorithms, by pre-processing the sequences and using this first pass to limit the range of structures and/or alignments that can be considered.

Results

We demonstrate how flexible classes of constraint can be imposed, greatly reducing the computational costs while maintaining a high quality of structural homology prediction. Any score-attributed context-free grammar (e.g. energy-based scoring schemes, or conditionally normalized Pair SCFGs) is amenable to this treatment. It is now possible to combine independent structural and alignment constraints of unprecedented general flexibility in Pair SCFG alignment algorithms. We outline several applications to the bioinformatics of RNA sequence and structure, including Waterman-Eggert N-best alignments and progressive multiple alignment. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm on test examples from the RFAM database.

Conclusion

A program, Stemloc, that implements these algorithms for efficient RNA sequence alignment and structure prediction is available under the GNU General Public License.
Compliance and toxicity of adjuvant CMF in elderly breast cancer patients: a single-center experience
Authors: De Maio Ermelinda , Gravina Adriano , Pacilio Carmen , Amabile Gerardo , Labonia Vincenzo , Landi Gabriella , Nuzzo Francesco , Rossi Emanuela , D'Aiuto Giuseppe , Capasso Immacolata , Rinaldo Massimo , Morrica Brunello , Elmo Massimo , Di Maio Massimo , Perrone Francesco , de Matteis Andrea
Published: March 2005

Background

Few data are available on compliance and safety of adjuvant chemotherapy when indicated in elderly breast cancer patients; CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil) can be reasonably considered the most widely accepted standard of treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed compliance and safety of adjuvant CMF in patients older than 60. The treatment was indicated if patients had no severe comorbidity, a high-risk of recurrence, and were younger than 75. Toxicity was coded by NCI-CTC. Toxicity and compliance were compared between two age subgroups (<65, ≥ 65) by Fisher exact test and exact Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Results

From March 1991 to March 2002, 180 patients were identified, 100 older than 60 and younger than 65, and 80 aged 65 or older. Febrile neutropenia was more frequent among older patients (p = 0.05). Leukopenia, neutropenia, nausea, cardiac toxicity and thrombophlebitis tended to be more frequent or severe among elderlies, while mucositis tended to be more evident among younger patients, all not significantly. Almost one half (47%) of the older patients receiving concomitant radiotherapy experienced grade 3–4 haematological toxicity. Compliance was similar in the two groups, with 6 cycles administered in 86% and 79%, day-8 chemotherapy omitted at least once in 36% and 39%, dose reduction in 27% and 38%, prolonged treatment duration (≥ 29 weeks) in 10% and 11% and need of G-CSF in 9% and 18%, among younger and older patients, respectively.

Conclusion

Our data show that, in a highly selected population of patients 65 or more years old, CMF is as feasible as in patients older than 60 and younger than 65, but with a relevant burden of toxicity. We suggest that prospective trials in elderly patients testing less toxic treatment schemes are mandatory before indicating adjuvant chemotherapy to all elderly patients with significant risk of breast cancer recurrence.
Casodex treatment induces hypoxia-related gene expression in the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model
Authors: Rothermund Christy A , Gopalakrishnan Velliyur K , Eudy James D , Vishwanatha Jamboor K
Published: March 2005

Background

The changes in gene expression profile as prostate cancer progresses from an androgen-dependent disease to an androgen-independent disease are still largely unknown.

Methods

We examined the gene expression profile in the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model during chronic treatment with Casodex using cDNA microarrays consisting of 2305 randomly chosen genes.

Results

Our studies revealed a representative collection of genes whose expression was differentially regulated in LNCaP cells upon treatment with Casodex. A set of 15 genes were shown to be highly expressed in Casodex-treated LNCaP cells compared to the reference sample. This set of highly expressed genes represents a signature collection unique to prostate cancer since their expression was significantly greater than that of the collective pool of ten cancer cell lines of the reference sample. The highly expressed signature collection included the hypoxia-related genes membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), cyclin G2, and Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa (BNIP3). Given the roles of these genes in angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis, we further analyzed their expression and concluded that these genes may be involved in the molecular changes that lead to androgen-independence in prostate cancer.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that one of the mechanisms of Casodex action in prostate cancer cells is induction of hypoxic gene expression.
Acne and smoking: is there a relationship?
Authors: Firooz Alireza , Sarhangnejad Reza , Davoudi Seyyed Massoud , Nassiri-Kashani Mansour
Published: March 2005

Background

There are contradictory reports on the relationship between acne vulgaris and cigarette smoking. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between acne and cigarette smoking in a case-control study.

Methods

A questionnaire on smoking habits was offered to 350 patients with acne vulgaris and 350 patients suffering from skin diseases other than acne, aged 15 – 40 years, attending in a skin clinic in Tehran, Iran. The patients completed the questionnaires anonymously in the waiting room.

Results

Two hundred and ninety-three patients with acne (response rate 83.7 %) and 301 patients with other skin diseases (response rate 86.0 %) completed the questionnaires. Twelve acne patients (4.1 %) and 27 control patients (9.0 %) were current smokers (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence limits 0.22 – 0.87, p < 0.05). But after adjustment for sex, this difference was not significant (odds ratio: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.30–1.26, p > 0.05, Mantel-Haenszel test).

Conclusion

An association between acne and cigarette smoking was not found in this study.
A topological model of biofeedback based on catecholamine interactions
Authors: Basak Tapas K , Halder Suman , Kumar Madona , Sharma Renu , Midya Bijoylaxmi
Published: March 2005

Background

The present paper describes a topological model of biofeedback. This model incorporates input from a sensory organ and a transduction phase mediated through catecholamine production in the feedback path. The transduction phase comprises both conservative and dissipative systems, from which the appropriate output is combined in a closed loop.

Results

The model has been simulated in MATLAB 6.0 R12 in order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the complex biofeedback phenomena concomitant with the transduction phases associated with migraine and with psychosomatic diseases involving digestive disorders.

Conclusion

The complexity of the biological system influences the transduction phase and nature of the system response, which is consequent on the activation of smooth muscles by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation.
Effect of risedronate on joint structure and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: results of the BRISK randomized, controlled trial [ISRCTN01928173]
Authors: Spector Tim D , Conaghan Philip G , Buckland-Wright J Christopher , Garnero Patrick , Cline Gary A , Beary John F , Valent David J , Meyer Joan M
Published: March 2005

To determine the efficacy and safety of risedronate in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), the British study of risedronate in structure and symptoms of knee OA (BRISK), a 1-year prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, enrolled patients (40–80 years of age) with mild to moderate OA of the medial compartment of the knee. The primary aims were to detect differences in symptoms and function. Patients were randomized to once-daily risedronate (5 mg or 15 mg) or placebo. Radiographs were taken at baseline and 1 year for assessment of joint-space width using a standardized radiographic method with fluoroscopic positioning of the joint. Pain, function, and stiffness were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) OA index. The patient global assessment and use of walking aids were measured and bone and cartilage markers were assessed. The intention-to-treat population consisted of 284 patients. Those receiving risedronate at 15 mg showed improvement of the WOMAC index, particularly of physical function, significant improvement of the patient global assessment (P < 0.001), and decreased use of walking aids relative to patients receiving the placebo (P = 0.009). A trend towards attenuation of joint-space narrowing was observed in the group receiving 15 mg risedronate. Eight percent (n = 7) of patients receiving placebo and 4% (n = 4) of patients receiving 5 mg risedronate exhibited detectable progression of disease (joint-space width ≥ 25% or ≥ 0.75 mm) versus 1% (n = 1) of patients receiving 15 mg risedronate (P = 0.067). Risedronate (15 mg) significantly reduced markers of cartilage degradation and bone resorption. Both doses of risedronate were well tolerated. In this study, clear trends towards improvement were observed in both joint structure and symptoms in patients with primary knee OA treated with risedronate.
Increased level of phosphorylated akt measured by chemiluminescence-linked immunosorbent assay is a predictor of poor prognosis in primary breast cancer overexpressing ErbB-2
Authors: Cicenas Jonas , Urban Patrick , Vuaroqueaux Vincent , Labuhn Martin , Küng Willy , Wight Edward , Mayhew Mark , Eppenberger Urs , Eppenberger-Castori Serenella
Published: March 2005

Introduction

Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 kinases are downstream components of phosphoinositol 3-kinase derived signals from receptor tyrosine kinases, which influence cell growth, proliferation and survival. Akt2 overexpression and amplification have been described in breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. The present study was designed to investigate the prognostic significance of activated Akt in primary breast cancer and its association with other tumour biomarkers.

Methods

Using a two-site chemiluminescence-linked immunosorbent assay, we measured the quantitative expression levels of total phosphorylated (P-S473) Akt (Akt1/Akt2/Akt3) on cytosol fractions obtained from fresh frozen tissue samples of 156 primary breast cancer patients.

Results

Akt phosphorylation was not associated with nodal status or ErbB-2 protein expression levels. High levels of phosphorylated Akt correlated (P < 0.01) with poor prognosis, and the significance of this correlation increased (P < 0.001) in the subset of patients with ErbB-2 overexpressing tumours. In addition, phosphorylated Akt was found to be associated with mRNA expression levels of several proliferation markers (e.g. thymidylate synthase), measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that, in breast cancer patients, Akt activation is associated with tumour proliferation and poor prognosis, particularly in the subset of patients with ErbB2-overexpressing tumours.
Quantitative genomics of starvation stress resistance in Drosophila
Authors: Harbison Susan T , Chang Sherman , Kamdar Kim P , Mackay Trudy FC
Published: March 2005

Background

A major challenge of modern biology is to understand the networks of interacting genes regulating complex traits, and the subset of these genes that affect naturally occurring quantitative genetic variation. Previously, we used P-element mutagenesis and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in Drosophila to identify candidate genes affecting resistance to starvation stress, and variation in resistance to starvation stress between the Oregon-R (Ore) and 2b strains. Here, we tested the efficacy of whole-genome transcriptional profiling for identifying genes affecting starvation stress resistance.

Results

We evaluated whole-genome transcript abundance for males and females of Ore, 2b, and four recombinant inbred lines derived from them, under control and starved conditions. There were significant differences in transcript abundance between the sexes for nearly 50% of the genome, while the transcriptional response to starvation stress involved approximately 25% of the genome. Nearly 50% of P-element insertions in 160 genes with altered transcript abundance during starvation stress had mutational effects on starvation tolerance. Approximately 5% of the genome exhibited genetic variation in transcript abundance, which was largely attributable to regulation by unlinked genes. Genes exhibiting variation in transcript abundance among lines did not cluster within starvation resistance QTLs, and none of the candidate genes affecting variation in starvation resistance between Ore and 2b exhibited significant differences in transcript abundance between lines.

Conclusions

Expression profiling is a powerful method for identifying networks of pleiotropic genes regulating complex traits, but the relationship between variation in transcript abundance among lines used to map QTLs and genes affecting variation in quantitative traits is complicated.
Haemoglobin A1c: Evaluation of three point of care analysers for use in a paediatric diabetes clinic
Authors: Greaves Ronda F , Northfield Jo-Ann T , Cameron Fergus J
Published: March 2005

Background: The measurement of haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is generally deemed unsuitable for point of care testing (POCT) due to its complexity and extended turnaround times (TAT). The aim of this project was to evaluate two new HPLC instruments, the Bio-Rad D10 and the Primus PDQ, as POCT instruments compared with Bayer's DCA2000 HbA1c immunoassay analyser in our paediatric diabetes clinic.

Methods: A total of 228 samples were analysed, of which 160 analyses were performed in our paediatric diabetes clinic. HbA1c results were compared by the Passing-Bablok agreement test, the Bland-Altman difference analysis, within- and between-run imprecision, and TAT.

Results: : The agreement test and difference analysis showed a correlation of r2=0.96 and a mean HbA1c difference of <0.1% between the three analysers. The PDQ and the D10 achieved the within-run target coefficient of variation (CV) of <2% at an HbA1c of 7.5%. Between-run imprecision at an HbA1c of 10.8% produced CV of 3.5%, 2.4% and 1.6% for the D10, DCA2000 and PDQ, respectively. TAT studies confirmed that the PDQ was substantially faster than the DCA2000 and D10.

Conclusions: The PDQ had the shortest TAT, afforded random access and exhibited acceptable imprecision, and hence is the preferred instrument for our POCT environment.
Direct phonoplasty under local anaesthetic
Authors: Montgomery P , Sharma A , Qayyum A , Mierzwa K
Published: March 2005

Objective: A new technique of direct phonoplasty under local anaesthetic is described.

Background: Vocal-fold medialization is an accepted method to improve voice in patients with a paralysed vocal fold. Various materials have been used to inject into the paralysed vocal fold, resulting in medialization of the fold and improved phonation. The two established methods are direct injection under general anaesthetic and transcutaneous injection under local anaesthetic; both have advantages and disadvantages.

Method: A Pentax 80K series flexible endoscope is used to directly inject collagen into the paralysed vocal fold via a reusable 23G endoscopic needle under local anaesthetic.

Conclusion: New technology and innovation have allowed development of the new technique of direct phonoplasty under local anaesthetic. This combines the advantages of transcutaneous injection under local anaesthetic and direct injection under general anaesthetic, without their disadvantages.
Systemic cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide and procollagen I C-terminal extension peptide as markers of bone turnover after total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Savarino L. , Granchi D. , Cenni E. , Baldini N. , Greco M. , Giunti A.
Published: March 2005

There is no diagnostic, non-invasive method for the early detection of loosening after total hip arthroplasty. In a pilot study, we have analysed two serum markers of bone remodelling, procollagen I C-terminal extension peptide (PICP) and cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide (NTx), as well as the diagnostic performance of NTx for the assessment of osteolysis. We recruited 21 patients with loosening (group I), 18 with a well-fixed prosthesis (group II) and 17 at the time of primary arthroplasty for osteoarthritis (OA) (group III). Internal normal reference ranges were obtained from 30 healthy subjects (group IV).

The serum PICP level was found to be significantly lower in patients with OA and those with loosening, when compared with those with stable implants, while the NTx level was significantly increased only in the group with loosening, suggesting that collagen degradation depended on the altered bone turnover induced by the implant. This hypothesis was reinforced by the finding that the values in the pre-surgery patients and stable subjects were comparable with the reference range of younger healthy subjects.

A high specificity and positive predictive value for NTx provided good diagnostic evidence of agreement between the test and the clinical and radiological evaluations. The NTx level could be used to indicate stability of the implant. However, further prospective, larger studies are necessary.
The Bryan cervical disc prosthesis as an alternative to arthrodesis in the treatment of cervical spondylosis
Authors: Lafuente J. , Casey A. T. H. , Petzold A. , Brew S.
Published: March 2005

We present data relating to the Bryan disc arthroplasty for the treatment of cervical spondylosis in 46 patients.

Patients with either radiculopathy or myelopathy had a cervical discectomy followed by implantation of a cervical disc prosthesis. Patients were reviewed at six weeks, six months and one year and assessment included three outcome measures, a visual analogue scale (VAS), the short form 36 (SF-36) and the neck disability index (NDI). The results were categorised according to a modification of Odom’s criteria. Radiological evaluation, by an independent radiologist, sought evidence of movement, stability and subsidence of the prosthesis.

A highly significant difference was found for all three outcome measurements, comparing the pre-operative with the post-operative values: VAS (Z = 6.42, p < 0.0001), SF-36 (mental component) (Z = −5.02, p < 0.0001), SF-36 (physical component) (Z = −5.00, p < 0.0001) and NDI (Z = 7.03, p < 0.0001). The Bryan cervical disc prosthesis seems reliable and safe in the treatment of patients with cervical spondylosis.
Ankle fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jones K. B. , Maiers-Yelden K. A. , Marsh J. L. , Zimmerman M. B. , Estin M. , Saltzman C. L.
Published: March 2005

Diabetes mellitus is considered an indicator of poor prognosis for acute ankle fractures, but this risk may be specific to an identifiable subpopulation. We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients with both diabetes mellitus and an acute, closed, rotational ankle fracture. Patients were individually matched to controls by age, gender, fracture type, and surgical vs non-surgical treatment. Outcomes were major complications during the first six months of treatment. We contrasted secondarily 21 diabetic patients with and 21 without diabetic comorbidities. Diabetic patients and controls did not differ significantly in total complication rates. More diabetic patients required long-term bracing. Diabetic patients without comorbidities had complication rates equal to their controls. Diabetic patients with comorbidities had complications at a higher rate (ten patients; 47%) than matched controls (three patients; 14%, p = 0.034). A history of Charcot neuroarthropathy led to the highest rates of complication. An increased risk of complications in diabetic patients with closed rotational fractures of the ankle are specific to a subpopulation with identifiable related comorbidities.
Dynamic Properties of Geosynthetic Interfaces
Authors: Kim J , Riemer M , Bray JD
Published: March 2005

An experimental study of geosynthetics was carried out on a shaking table to investigate the relationship between dynamic friction resistances and shear displacement rate and to examine other frictional characteristics of geosynthetic interfaces. A cyclic, displacement rate-controlled experimental setup was developed. The subsequent multiple rate tests showed that interfaces that involve geotextiles have unique shearing characteristics that can be differentiated from the interfaces not involving geotextiles. It was found that shear strengths of geosynthetic interfaces tend to increase with increasing displacement rate for combinations of geosynthetics that involve geotextiles; whereas, shear strengths of interfaces not involving geotextiles do not.
Mini Compaction Test Apparatus for Fine Grained Soils
Authors: Sridharan A , Sivapullaiah PV
Published: March 2005

The standard and modified Proctor compaction tests are devised to establish dry unit weight-water content relationships for a soil under controlled conditions, such as compactive effort, water content, etc. This paper presents a mini compaction apparatus primarily for use in fine grained soils, which requires only about 1/10th volume of soil needed for the standard and modified Proctor test. Additionally, the time and effort involved in carrying out the compaction test is much less. Also, the compacted soil sample, after trimming, can be used for strength tests.
Cultural logics of belonging and movement Transnationalism, naturalization, and U.S. immigration politics
Authors: Coutin Susan Bibler
Published: March 2005

In the United States, unprecedented high numbers of naturalization applicants, the adoption of restrictive immigration policies, changing demographics, and the 1996 presidential election coalesced in the mid‐1990s to make naturalization simultaneously a high priority and problematic. Salvadorans who had immigrated during the 1980s and who were still struggling for the opportunity to naturalize were caught up in these dynamics. A juxtaposition of their struggles against exclusion and of naturalization ceremonies' rhetoric of inclusion elucidates complex and paradoxical connections between naturalization and transnationalism.
Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth‐Century Benin
Authors: Saul Mahir
Published: March 2005

Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth‐ Century Benin. Paula Girshick Ben‐Amos. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 177 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change
Authors: Schildkrout Enid
Published: March 2005

Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change. Chris Gosden and Chantal Knowles. Oxford: Berg, 2001. xxi. 234 pages, illustrations, appendix, bibliography, index.
Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro‐Cuban Santería
Authors: Bilby Kenneth
Published: March 2005

Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro‐Cuban Santería. Katherine Hagedorn. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. viii. 296 pp., figures, CD, glossary, discography, filmography, references, index.
The Map Expansion Obtained With Recombinant Inbred Strains and Intermated Recombinant Inbred Populations for Finite Generation Designs
Authors: Teuscher F , Guiard V , Rudolph P E , Brockmann G A
Published: March 2005

The generation of special crosses between different inbred lines such as recombinant inbred strains (RIS) and intermated recombinant inbred populations (IRIP) is being used to improve the power of QTL detection techniques, in particular fine mapping. These approaches acknowledge the fact that recombination of linked loci increases with every generation, caused by the accumulation of crossovers appearing between the loci at each meiosis. This leads to an expansion of the map distance between the loci. While the amount of the map expansion of RIS and IRIP is known for infinite inbred generations, it is not known for finite numbers of generations. This gap was closed here. Since the recursive evaluation of the map expansion factors turned out to be complex, a useful approximation was derived.
Elephants and Human Color-Blind Deuteranopes Have Identical Sets of Visual PigmentsSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY686752, AY686753, AY686754.
Authors: Yokoyama Shozo , Takenaka Naomi , Agnew Dalen W , Shoshani Jeheskel
Published: March 2005

Being the largest land mammals, elephants have very few natural enemies and are active during both day and night. Compared with those of diurnal and nocturnal animals, the eyes of elephants and other arrhythmic species, such as many ungulates and large carnivores, must function in both the bright light of day and dim light of night. Despite their fundamental importance, the roles of photosensitive molecules, visual pigments, in arrhythmic vision are not well understood. Here we report that elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) use RH1, SWS1, and LWS pigments, which are maximally sensitive to 496, 419, and 552 nm, respectively. These light sensitivities are virtually identical to those of certain “color-blind” people who lack MWS pigments, which are maximally sensitive to 530 nm. During the day, therefore, elephants seem to have the dichromatic color vision of deuteranopes. During the night, however, they are likely to use RH1 and SWS1 pigments and detect light at 420–490 nm.
Archaisation, Modernisation and Reference in the Translation of Older Texts
Authors: Jones Francis R. , Turner Allan
Published: March 2005

This article, based on a survey of scholarship and world-wide-web 'metatexts' (reviews, translators' guidelines, etc.), discusses the options open to translators when translating older literary and religious texts. It is argued that different decisions along a scale ranging from 'hyperarchaisation' to 'violent modernisation' give different deictic signals, which point the reader to different aspects of the temporal and cultural relationship between source and target text. Translators' decisions and readers' interpretations are mediated by cognitive factors: translators may be more or less skilled in producing certain target-text styles or conveying certain signals, and readers more or less able or willing to process certain styles. They are also mediated by translational and literary norms, though these may vary across time, between cultures and between interest-groups. In the recent English-reading world, the interaction of pre-modern, modernist and post-modern norms can give different attitudes towards the use of modernising and archaising techniques: archaisation in poetry translation, for example, tends to be seen as hackneyed 'Victorian' translationese rather than as signalling the source text's specific historicity, whereas archaisation in religious translation can be seen as integrating the text into a liturgical tradition.
The Translation of English Dialectal Dramatic Dialogue into Arabic
Authors: Al-Rubai'i Alya' , Al-Ani Aseel
Published: March 2005

Dramatic dialogue usually serves a number of purposes such as developing the plot, and presenting the characters and providing information about them. Although it is impossible for a play to present life as it is in reality, playwrights usually resort to the use of dialects within dramatic dialogues to portray a real piece of life, reflecting a character's social status, educational background, and/or regional origins. But too much closeness to actual speech may result in a dialogue that would seem dull and uninteresting. This is why playwrights attempt to achieve a balance between some features of actual speech and the employment of literary dialogue. This paper proposes a new procedure by which problems of translating dialects as a whole might be considered. The problems include identifying the source text's dialect, which in turn includes the difficulty of delimiting dialect boundaries, the translator's limited knowledge, and intelligibility; and prejudiced attitudes. The study discusses previous attempts at engaging with the issue of translating dialects, viz., those by Catford (1965), and Hatim and Mason (1990), pinpointing their strengths and limitations. It then discusses three strategies for translating English dialectal dramatic dialogue into Arabic. These are: translating the English dialect into Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic, translating the English dialect into an equivalent Arabic dialect and translating the English dialect into an “intermediary” Arabic dialect.
A potenciális talajsavanyúság vizsgálata automatikus mérőrendszerrel
Authors: Rékási Márk , Czinkota Imre , Czanik Péter
Published: March 2005

A talajok állandó pH-értéken történo (pH-sztat) titrálása során felszabadítható aciditás vizsgálatára egy új mérorendszert fejlesztettünk ki, mely azon alapul, hogy számítógép és aktív visszacsatolás révén lúg adagolásával tartjuk állandó értéken a talajszuszpenzió pH-ját. A mérés során az adagolt lúg mennyisége és ido adatpárokból két elsorendu kinetikai függvény összegeként írtuk le a savanyító ionok deszorpciójának idofüggését. A kapott függvény extrapolációjával kiszámítottuk a végtelen idore extrapolált, adott pH-értéknél maximális savanyúság értékeket.  A kapott adatokat a klasszikus módszerrel mért vizsgálati eredményekkel összevetve megállapítottuk, hogy az egyszeri extrakció során felszabadítható aciditást igen nagy statisztikai valószínuséggel a gyorsabb deszorpciós folyamat határozza meg, de a teljes folyamat egyensúlyi értékei a Kappen módszerével mért aciditás kétszeresét is elérik. Ennek okát keresve kimutattuk, hogy az aciditás növekedése egyre nagyobb reakció félidot, vagyis egyre lassabb reakciót eredményez, azaz a növekvo aciditással a talajalkotók nehezebben hozzáférheto részén is megkötodnek savanyúságot okozó ionok.  Azt találtuk, hogy a talaj humusztartalmának növekedése és kisebb mértékben a leiszapolható rész mennyisége teheto felelossé a deszorpció lassulásáért. A kísérletek eredményei megerosítik, hogy a humuszanyagok makromolekulái, illetve az agyagfrakció belso kötohelyei miatt kialakuló megnövekedett diffúziós úthossz teheto leginkább felelossé a deszorpciós sebesség csökkenéséért. A függvénybol egy órás extrakcióra számított értékeket is összevetettük az egyszeri Ca-acetát extrakció aciditásértékeivel. Azt találtuk, hogy az egy óra alatt az állandó pH-n deszorbeálódó savanyúság 2,5 cmol H+/kg y1-értéknél több savanyúsággal rendelkezo talajok esetében kb. másfélszerese az azonos ido alatt kalcium-acetáttal eltávolítottnak, a különbség a növekvo aciditással egyre növekszik.
Az olaszperje (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) tápelemfelvételének vizsgálata mutrágyázási tartamkísérletben
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: March 2005

Löszön kialakult karbonátos csernozjom vályogtalajon, egy mutrágyázási tartamkísérlet 27. évében vizsgáltuk az eltéro N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a spenót (Matador) fejlodésére, gyomosodására, föld feletti termésére, oxálsavtartalmára, ásványi összetételére és elemfelvételére. A termohely talaja a szántott rétegben mintegy 3% humuszt, 5% CaCO3-ot és 20-22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben eredetileg közepesen, P és Zn elemekben gyengén ellátottnak minosült. A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést ×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13-15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. A spenót 3 hónapos tenyészideje alatt mindösszesen 83 mm csapadékot kapott. Fobb eredményeink: - A föld feletti hajtás/torózsa friss tömege betakarításkor 7-15 t/ha, a légszáraz anyag hozama 1,7-3,6 t/ha között változott az N×K-ellátottsági szintek függvényében. Maximális termést a 100 kg N/ha/év trágyázás adta a 200 mg/kg körüli AL-oldható K2O-ellátottságú kezelésekben. A 200 és 300 kg N/ha/év adagok már nem növelték a levéltermést, csak a levelek NO3-N koncentrációját, fogyasztásra alkalmatlan terméket eloidézve. A káliummal és nitrogénnel jól ellátott parcellákon a hajtás több vizet tartalmazott és jobban ellenállt az aszálynak. A talaj növekvo P-kínálata csak a kezdeti fejlodést, kelést serkentette, a betakarításkori termést nem befolyásolta a termohely gyenge P-ellátottsága ellenére. - Az oxálsav mennyisége 3,3%-ról 1,3%-ra süllyedt az együttes PK-trá-gyázás eredményeképpen a vizsgált légszáraz levelekben. A levelek átlagosan 20% légszáraz anyagot tartalmaztak. A K-trágyázás kedvezo hatása részben a termésnöveléssel kiváltott hígulási effektusra vezetheto vissza.  - Az uralkodó Amaranthus blitoides gyomfaj elofordulását/borítottságát a P-trágyázás 10-12-szeresére növelte, míg a K-trágyázás 30%-kal mérsékelte május elején. A N túlsúlya ekkor szintén az AMA BL gyomborítottságot mozdította elo. - A talaj növekvo N- és P-kínálatával általában emelkedett a hajtás fobb makro-, ill. mérséklodött a mikroelemeknek koncentrációja. A K-trágyázás a nátrium kivételével általában csökkentette az egyéb fémek, kationok beépülését.  - Az 1 t légszáraz föld feletti hajtás képzodéséhez kerekítve és átlagosan 37 kg N, 27 kg K (32 kg K2O), 31 kg Ca (43 kg CaO), 15 kg Mg (25 kg MgO), 4 kg S, 2,5 kg P (6 kg P2O5), 1,4 kg Fe, 1,2 kg Al és Na, 321 g Mn, 75 g Sr, 44 g B, 18 g Zn, 14 g Ba és 6 g Cu elemet igényelt a spenót. A kiugróan nagy Ca és Mg fajlagos elemfelvétel részben az aszályos idojárással, kis terméssel, gyors elöregedéssel és a meszes termohellyel lehet összefüggésben.
A narratív perspektíva hatása az elbeszélő személy észlelésére
Authors: Pólya Tibor
Published: March 2005

A szociálismegismerés-kutatás számos mentális funkció (például gondolkodás, érzelem, motiváció) vizsgálatában alkalmazza a narratív megközelítést, ugyanakkor a narratív struktúra sajátos jellemzőinek szerepe kevés figyelmet kap. Ebben a tanulmányban a narratív perspektíva szerepét vizsgálom. Meghatározom a narratív perspektíva fogalmát és három variációját is (visszatekintő, újraátélő és átélő narratív perspektíva). A narratív perspektíva szerepét tárgyaló narratológiai és diszkurzív elemzések, illetve pszichológiai vizsgálatok áttekintése után hipotéziseket fogalmazok meg a narratív perspektíva és az elbeszélő személy aktuális állapotának minősége (koherenciája, érzelmi intenzitása és a múltbeli tapasztalatok újraszerkesztése) közötti összefüggésről. A hipotéziseket személypercepciós vizsgálatban teszteltem. A résztvevők (26 pszichoterapeuta és 61 laikus) olyan rövid élettörténeti narratívumok elbeszélőit jellemezték, akik identitásuk szempontjából fontos életeseményeket idéztek fel. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a narratív perspektívának jelentős hatása van az elbeszélő személy észlelésére. A visszatekintő narratív perspektívájú elbeszélő személy koherensebb, szociálisan értékesebb, illetve kevésbé impulzív és szorongó, mint az ugyanazon eseményt újraátélő vagy átélő narratív perspektívával elbeszélő személy. Az összefüggés azt a következtetést támogatja, amely szerint a narratív perspektíva részt vesz a felidézett tapasztalatok érzelmi regulációjában.
A kutyaelme működésének vizsgálata: lehetőségek és korlátok
Authors: Topál József , Miklósi Ádám , Mányik Richárd
Published: March 2005

Az utóbbi években több vizsgálat eredménye is valószínűsítette azt a hipotézist, hogy az emberi környezethez való alkalmazkodás (domesztikáció) során a kutya speciális viselkedésevolúción ment keresztül. Többen felvetették, hogy mivel az ember és a kutya evolúciós léptékben is számottevő ideje közös adaptációs feltételekkel szembesül, ez olyan konvergens evolúciós folyamatokhoz vezethetett, melyek a két fajban hasonló jellemvonások - viselkedési analógiák - kialakulását eredményezték. Véleményünk szerint e hipotézis új lehetőséget jelent az emberi viselkedési mechanizmusok megértését célzó összehasonlító vizsgálatok számára.  A kutya és ember között feltételezett viselkedésevolúciós konvergenciák feltárására kutatócsoportunk olyan, egyetlen kutya (Filip) bevonásával végzett vizsgálatsorozatot indított, mely mélyebb betekintést enged a kutyaelme működésének sajátosságaiba. E kutatás alapvetően arra kérdésre irányul, hogy az emberrel való társas érintkezés követelménye hogyan befolyásolta azokat a kognitív struktúrákat, melyek a kommunikáció, a szociális tanulás és az elmeolvasás képességeiben nyilvánulnak meg. Kísérletes vizsgálataink paradigmatikus eleme, hogy Filip viselkedését természetes környezetében (otthon), a családtagokkal való interakció hétköznapi helyzeteiben figyeljük meg. Bár e longitudinális vizsgálat egyes eredményei korábban már publikálásra kerültek (Miklósi, Topál, 2001), az alábbiakban Filip elmeolvasási képességeit illetően közlünk részleteket. Kísérletünkben - mely egy korábbi emberszabású vizsgálat (Gomez, Teixidor, 1992) megismétlése volt - azt vizsgáltuk, hogy képes-e a kutya felismerni és saját viselkedésének kialakításakor számításba venni má­sok ismereti állapotát. Eredményeink szerint Filip képes volt kommunikációs viselkedését egy problémamegoldási helyzetben oly módon alakítani, hogy az meglepően jól illeszkedett a feladat megoldásában neki segítséget nyújtó ember szituációval kapcsolatos ismereteihez. Hangsúlyozzuk azonban, hogy e kifinomultan szabályozott viselkedés pontos mechanizmusa távolról sem tisztázott, s ami a kutya tényleges elmeolvasási képességeit illeti, különböző alternatív magyarázatok jöhetnek szóba.
Methods to Produce Brain Hyperthermia
Authors: Sharma Hari Shanker
Published: March 2005

With the increase in global warming, the problems of hyperthermia have recently attracted world‐wide medical attention. Deaths due to heat‐related illnesses that have occurred in many human populations in recent years are now recognized as a great social and medical problem. Interestingly, the detailed mechanisms of hyperthermia and probable therapeutic measures have still not been worked out. Thus, good experimental models to simulate hyperthermia under clinical conditions are needed to expand our knowledge in the field and to develop suitable therapeutic strategies in the future. This unit describes an animal model to induce hyperthermia that is comparable to the clinical situation. The model will be useful for studying the effects of heat‐related illnesses on various organs and systems. Because hyperthermia is associated with brain dysfunction, methods to assess some crucial parameters of brain injury, such as breakdown of the blood‐brain barrier and brain edema formation, are also described.
Immune Cell Phenotyping Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Oughton Julie A. , Kerkvliet Nancy I.
Published: March 2005

Immunophenotyping of lymphoid tissues, particularly spleen and thymus, has been used in the field of immunotoxicology for many years as part of a tiered screening approach for detecting immunotoxicity following chemical exposure. This unit describes basic procedures for direct and indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining of surface proteins on lymphoid cells from tissues or blood. Protocols for resolution of dead cells and for fixation of cells are also included. In addition, information on antibody selection and titration, fluorochrome choices, isotype controls, compensation, standardization of flow cytometric analysis, data analysis, and statistical issues is presented.
Spectroscopic Methods for the Determination of Protein Interactions
Authors: Groemping Yvonne , Hellmann Nadja
Published: March 2005

This unit provides guidelines on how to use steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy for the quantification of protein‐protein interactions. The fluorescence of a protein is characterized by its excitation and emission spectra, quantum yield, and anisotropy. These parameters can change upon interaction with another protein and can be used to measure the extent of complex formation. The source of fluorescence can be an intrinsic fluorophore, such as tryptophan or tyrosine; a covalently attached fluorescent dye; or a fluorescent binding partner, such as a nucleotide or cofactor, that interacts specifically with the complex. Protocols are provided in this unit for determining affinity constants and stoichiometry values for protein‐protein interactions using equilibrium titration experiments. In addition, fluorescent labeling of proteins is discussed, and an introduction to data analysis is provided. Most of the topics addressed in this unit can easily be applied to other spectroscopic methods or to the analysis of protein‐ligand interactions.
Protein Microarrays
Authors: Kramer Stefan , Joos Thomas O. , Templin Markus F.
Published: March 2005

With the introduction of DNA microarrays as novel analytical tools, the determination of thousands of binding events in one reaction became possible. The developed technology platforms are not limited to nucleic acids, and, in principle, every ligand‐binding assay that works on solid phase can be miniaturized and brought into an array format. This unit explains how protein microarrays can be generated using equipment originally designed for DNA microarrays and how multiplexed assays for the quantification of proteins are set up. A protocol that describes a parallelized system for detecting autoantibodies in human serum is included as an example, and it is shown how existing sandwich immunoassays can be miniaturized and performed in array format. The unit also provides some theoretical background and commentary on the problems associated with this still‐novel technology.
Mapping of a new form of pure autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia (SPG28)
Authors: Bouslam Naima , Benomar Ali , Azzedine Hamid , Bouhouche Ahmed , Namekawa Michito , Klebe Stephan , Charon Céline , Durr Alexandra , Ruberg Merle , Brice Alexis , Yahyaoui Mohamed , Stevanin Giovanni
Published: March 2005

Pure hereditary spastic paraplegias are characterized by isolated and progressive spasticity in the lower limbs. We mapped the spastic paraplegia 28 (SPG28) locus to chromosome 14q21.3‐q22.3 in a Moroccan family with autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. Affected patients experienced development of progressive spastic gait during childhood and required help walking in their early 40s. Nine additional hereditary spastic paraplegia families were not linked to this locus, demonstrating further genetic heterogeneity. No mutations were found in exons of GCH1 and SPG3A, two genes from the candidate region involved in movement disorders. Ann Neurol 2005;57:567–571
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup cluster UKJT reduces the risk of PD
Authors: Pyle Angela , Foltynie Thomas , Tiangyou Watcharee , Lambert Claire , Keers Sharon M. , Allcock Liesl M. , Davison Jill , Lewis Simon J. , Perry Robert H. , Barker Roger , Burn David J. , Chinnery Patrick F.
Published: March 2005

There is increasing evidence that genetic variants of mitochondrial DNA have an important role in the cause of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. We determined the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of 455 Parkinson's disease cases, 185 Alzheimer's disease cases, and 447 healthy English control subjects. The UKJT haplogroup cluster was associated with a 22% reduction in population‐attributable risk for Parkinson's disease. There was no association between individual haplogroups or the UKJT cluster and Alzheimer's disease, confirming that the association with Parkinson's disease was disease specific and not a general effect seen in all neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol 2005;57:564–567
Giant SCA8 alleles in nine children whose mother has two moderately large ones
Authors: Corral Jordi , Genís David , Banchs Isabel , San Nicolás Hector , Armstrong Judith , Volpini Víctor
Published: March 2005

We report here a family in which each of nine children has inherited giant SCA8 CTG expansions from a homozygous mother who has two moderately large SCA8 CTG alleles. In contrast, three homozygous male individuals and a case of coexistence of two expansions of the FRDA gene and one of SCA8, all of them with moderately large alleles, have transmitted their respective SCA8 expanded alleles with minor changes, as usually occurs in heterozygous male transmissions. Ann Neurol 2005;57:549–553
Distinguishing the four genetic causes of jouberts syndrome–related disorders
Authors: Valente Enza Maria , Marsh Sarah E. , Castori Marco , Dixon‐Salazar Tracy , Bertini Enrico , Al‐Gazali Lihadh , Messer Jean , Barbot Clara , Woods C. Geoffrey , Boltshauser Eugen , Al‐Tawari Asma A. , Salpietro Carmelo D. , Kayserili Hulya , Sztriha László , Gribaa Moez , Koenig Michel , Dallapiccola Bruno , Gleeson Joseph G.
Published: March 2005

Jouberts syndrome–related disorders are a group of recessively inherited conditions showing cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and the molar tooth sign of the midbrain–hindbrain junction. Recent analyses have suggested at least three loci, JBTS1 (9q34.3), ‐2 (11p11.2‐q12.3), and ‐3 (6q23), but the phenotypic spectrum associated with each locus has not been delineated. In addition, deletions of theNPHP1gene, usually responsible for isolated juvenile nephronophthisis, are occasionally encountered among Jouberts syndrome–related disorder patients. Here, we describe four novel families showing evidence of linkage to two of these loci, provide a 3.6Mb refinement of the JBTS2 locus, and perform a detailed comparison of all linked families identified so far, to define the clinical and radiographical hallmarks for each genetic condition. We find that JBTS1 and ‐3 primarily show features restricted to the central nervous system, with JBTS1 showing largely pure cerebellar and midbrain–hindbrain junction involvement, and JBTS3 displaying cerebellar, midbrain–hindbrain junction, and cerebral cortical features, most notably polymicrogyria. Conversely, JBTS2 is associated with multiorgan involvement of kidney, retina, and liver, in addition to the central nervous system features, and results in extreme phenotypic variability. This provides a useful framework for genetic testing strategies and prediction of which patients are most likely to experience development of systemic complications. Ann Neurol 2005;57:513–519