bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significant contribution of HONO to secondary
pollutants during a severe winter pollution event in
southern China
Authors: Fu Xiao , Wang Tao , Zhang Li , Li Qinyi , Wang Zhe , Xia Men , Yun Hui , Wang Weihao , Yu Chuan , Yue Dingli , Zhou Yan , Zheng Junyun , Han Rui
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) can strongly affect atmospheric photochemistry in polluted regions through the production of hydroxyl radical (OH). In January 2017, a severe pollution episode occurred in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China, with maximum hourly PM2.5, ozone and HONO levels reaching 400 µg/m3, 150 ppb, and 8 ppb, respectively, at a suburban site. The present study investigated the sources/processes generating such high HONO concentrations and the role of HONO chemistry in this severe winter episode. Four recently reported HONO sources were added to the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, including RH-dependent and light-enhancing effects on heterogeneous reactions, photolysis of particulate nitrate in the atmosphere, and photolysis of HNO3 and nitrate on surfaces. The revised model reproduced the observed HONO and significantly improved its performance for O3 and PM2.5. The model simulations showed that the heterogeneous generation on surfaces (with RH and light effects) was the largest contributor (72 %) to the predicted HONO concentrations, with the RH-enhancing effects more significant at nighttime and the light-enhancing effects more important in the daytime. The photolysis of total nitrate in the atmosphere and deposited on surfaces was the dominant HONO source during noon and afternoon, contributing above 50 % of the simulated HONO. The HONO photolysis was the dominant contributor to HOX production in this episode. With all HONO sources, the daytime average O3 at Heshan site was increased by 24 ppb (or 70 %), compared to the simulation results without any HONO sources. Moreover, the simulated mean concentrations of TNO3 (HNO3 + fine particle NO3−) at Heshan site, which was the key species for this haze formation, increased by about 17 µg/m3 (67 %) due to the HONO chemistry, and the peak enhancement reached 55 µg/m3. This study highlights the key role of HONO chemistry in the formation of winter haze in a subtropical environment.
Laboratory study of the heterogeneous ice nucleation on black carbon containing aerosol
Authors: Nichman Leonid , Wolf Martin , Davidovits Paul , Onasch Timothy B. , Zhang Yue , Worsnop Doug R. , Bhandari Janarjan , Mazzoleni Claudio , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles are generated in the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and biofuels. These airborne particles affect air quality, human health, and climate. At present, the climate effects of BC particles are not well understood. Their role in cloud formation is obscured by their chemical and physical variability, and by the internal mixing states of these particles with other compounds. The current study focuses on laboratory measurements of the effectiveness of BC-containing aerosol in the formation of ice crystals in cirrus clouds. Ice nucleation in field studies is often difficult to interpret. Nonetheless, most field studies seem to suggest that BC particles are not efficient ice nuclei (IN). On the other hand, laboratory measurements show that in some cases, BC particles can be highly active IN. By working with well-characterized BC-containing particles, our aim is to systematically establish the factors that govern the IN activity of BC. We examine ice nucleation on BC-containing particles under cirrus cloud conditions, commonly understood to be deposition mode ice nucleation. We study a series of well-characterized commercial carbon black particles with varying morphologies and surface chemistries, as well as ethylene flame-generated combustion soot. The carbon black particles used in this study are proxies for atmospherically relevant BC aerosols. These samples were characterized by electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and optical scattering measurements. Ice nucleation activity was systematically examined in the temperature range from 217–235 K, using a SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN) instrument, which is a continuous flow diffusion chamber coupled with instrumentation to measure light scattering and polarization. To study the effect of coatings on IN, the BC-containing particles were coated with organic acids found in the atmosphere, namely, stearic acid, cis-pinonic acid, and oxalic acid. The results show significant variations in ice nucleation activity as a function of size, morphology and surface chemistry of the BC-containing particles. The measured IN activity dependence on temperature and the physicochemical properties of the BC-containing particles are consistent with an ice nucleation mechanism of pore condensation followed by freezing. Coatings and surface oxidation modify the initial ice nucleation ability of BC-containing aerosol. Depending on the BC material and the coating, both inhibition and enhancement in IN activity were observed. Our measurements at low temperatures complement published data, and highlight the capability of some BC particles to nucleate ice under low supersaturation conditions. These results are expected to help refine theories relating to soot IN activation in the atmosphere.
Remote Sensing of Cloud Droplet Radius Profiles using solar
reflectance from cloud sides. Part I: Retrieval development and
characterization
Authors: Ewald Florian , Zinner Tobias , Kölling Tobias , Mayer Bernhard
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Convective clouds play an essential role for Earth's climate as well as for regional weather events since they have a large influence on the radiation budget and the water cycle. In particular, cloud albedo and the formation of precipitation are influenced by aerosol particles within clouds. In order to improve the understanding of processes from aerosol activation, over cloud droplet growth to changes in cloud radiative properties, remote sensing techniques become more and more important. While passive retrievals for spaceborne observations have become sophisticated and commonplace to infer cloud optical thickness and droplet size from cloud tops, profiles of droplet size have remained largely uncharted territory for passive remote sensing. In principle they could be derived from observations of cloud sides, but faced with with the small-scale structure of cloud sides, classical passive remote sensing techniques are rendered inappropriate. In this work the feasibility is demonstrated to gain new insights into the vertical evolution of cloud droplet effective radius by using reflected solar radiation from cloud sides. Central aspect of this work on its path to a working cloud side retrieval is the analysis of the impact unknown cloud surface geometry has on effective radius retrievals. Using extensive 3D radiative transfer calculations on the basis of realistic droplet size resolving cloud simulations, the sensitivity of reflected solar radiation to cloud droplet size is examined. Sensitivity is enhanced by considering the pixel surrounding to resolve ambiguities caused by illumination and cloud geometry. Based on these findings, a statistical approach is used to provide an effective radius retrieval. An in-depth sensitivity study of the presented approach on the basis of a wide range of radiative transfer test cases demonstrates the feasibility to retrieve cloud particle size profiles from cloud sides.
First in situ estimations of small phytoplankton carbon and nitrogen uptake rates in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas
Authors: Bhavya P. Sadanandan , Lee Jang Han , Lee Ho Won , Kang Jae Joong , Lee Jae Hyung , Lee Dabin , An So Hyun , Stockwell Dean A. , Whitledge Terry E. , Lee Sang Heon
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Carbon and nitrogen uptake rates by small phytoplankton (0.7–5 µm)
in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas in the Arctic Ocean were
quantified using in situ isotope labeling experiments; this research, which
was novel and part of the NABOS (Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational
System) program, took place from 21 August to 22 September 2013. The
depth-integrated carbon (C), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium
(NH4+) uptake rates by small phytoplankton ranged from 0.54 to
15.96 mg C m−2 h−1, 0.05 to 1.02 mg C m−2 h−1,
and 0.11 to 3.73 mg N m−2 h−1, respectively. The contributions
of small phytoplankton towards the total C, NO3-, and
NH4+ varied from 25 % to 89 %, 31 % to 89 %, and
28 % to 91 %, respectively. The turnover times for NO3-
and NH4+ by small phytoplankton found in the present study
indicate the longer residence times (years) of the nutrients in the deeper
waters, particularly for NO3-. Additionally, the relatively
higher C and N uptake rates by small phytoplankton obtained in the present
study from locations with less sea ice concentration indicate the possibility
that small phytoplankton thrive under the retreat of sea ice as a result of
warming conditions. The high contributions of small phytoplankton to the
total C and N uptake rates suggest the capability of small autotrophs to
withstand the adverse hydrographic conditions introduced by climate change.
Quantifying Global N2O Emissions from Natural Ecosystem Soils Using Trait-Based Biogeochemistry Models
Authors: Yu Tong , Zhuang Qianlai
Published: September 2018

Abstract. A group of soil microbes plays an important role in nitrogen cycling and N2O emissions from natural ecosystem soils. We developed a trait-based biogeochemical model based on an extant process-based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), by incorporating the detailed microbial physiological processes of nitrification. The effect of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was considered in modeling nitrification. The microbial traits including microbial biomass and density were explicitly considered. In addition, nitrogen cycling was coupled with carbon dynamics based on stoichiometry theory between carbon and nitrogen. The model was parameterized using observational data and then applied to quantifying global N2O emissions from global terrestrial ecosystem soils from 1990 to 2000. Our estimates of 8.7 ± 1.6 Tg N yr−1 generally agreed with previous estimates during the study period. Tropical forests are a major emitter, accounting for 42 % of the global emissions. The model was more sensitive to temperature and precipitation, and less sensitive to soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents. Compared to the model without considering the detailed microbial activities, the new model shows more variations in response to seasonal changes in climate. Our study suggests that further information on microbial diversity and eco-physiology features is needed. The more specific guilds and their traits shall be considered in future soil N2O emission quantifications.
Assessment of food trade impacts on water, food, and land security in the MENA region
Authors: Lee Sang-Hyun , Mohtar Rabi H. , Yoo Seung-Hwan
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the largest water deficit in the world. It also has the least food self-sufficiency. Increasing food imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water savings and hence to increased water security. However, increased domestic food production is a better way to achieve food security, even if irrigation demands increase in accordance to projected climate changes. Accordingly, the trade-off between food security and the savings of water and land through food trade is considered as a significant factor for resource management, especially in the MENA. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of food trade on food security and water-land savings in the MENA region. We concluded that the MENA region saved significant amounts of national water and land based on the import of four major crops, namely, barley, maize, rice, and wheat, within the period from 2000 to 2012, even if the food self-sufficiency is still at a low level. For example, Egypt imported 8.3 million ton/year of wheat that led to 7.5 billion m3 of irrigation water and 1.3 million ha of land savings. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers to the trade of water embedded in food products and analyzed the structure of VWT in the MENA region using degree and eigenvector centralities. The study revealed that the MENA region focused more on increasing the volume of virtual water imported during the period 2006–2012, yet little attention was paid on the expansion of connections with country exporters based on the VWT network analysis.
Cascade processes in rapidly rotating turbulence
Authors: Reshetnyak Maxim , Pokhotelov Oleg
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The process of the kinetic energy and kinetic helicity transfer over the spectrum in an incompressible, rapidly rotating turbulent flow is considered. An analogue of the Fjortoft theorem for 3D rapidly rotating turbulence is proposed. It is shown that, similar to 2D turbulence, there are two cascades simultaneously: the inverse cascade of the kinetic energy and the direct cascade of the kinetic helicity, which in the case of 2D turbulence corresponds to the cascade of enstrophy. The proposed scenario is in agreement with our earlier calculations, some recent numerical simulations, and physical experiment on rotating turbulence.
The influence of detachment strength on the evolving deformational energy budget of physical accretionary prisms
Authors: McBeck Jessica , Cooke Michele , Souloumiac Pauline , Maillot Bertrand , Mary Baptiste
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Tracking the evolution of the deformational energy budget within accretionary systems provides insight into the driving mechanisms that control fault development. To quantify the impact of these mechanisms on overall system efficiency, we estimate energy budget components as the first thrust fault pair develops in dry sand accretion experiments. We track energy budget components in experiments that include and exclude a basal layer of glass beads in order to investigate the influence of detachment strength on work partitioning. We use the measurements of normal force exerted on the backwall to estimate external work, and measurements of strain observed on the sides of the sandpacks to estimate the internal work, frictional work and work against gravity done within increments of each experiment. Thrust fault development reduces the incremental external work and incremental internal work, and increases the incremental frictional work and incremental gravitational work. The faults that develop within higher friction detachment experiments produce greater frictional work than the faults in experiments with glass bead detachments because the slip distribution along the detachments remain the same while the effective friction coefficient of the detachment differs between the experiments. The imbalance of the cumulative work budget suggests that additional deformational processes that are not fully captured in our measurements of the energy budget, such as acoustic energy, consume work within the deforming wedge.
Achieving Ake: Defendants Deserve the Constitutional Right to Independent Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Marinucci Alexandra
Published: September 2018

Achieving Ake: Defendants Deserve the Constitutional Right to Independent Mental Health Professionals
A parent’s perspective of the bidirectional impact of mental illness in families
Authors: Naughton Michael Frederick , Maybery Darryl , Goodyear Melinda
Published: September 2018

Objective: Recent research has found over 70% of children attending a mental health service also have a parent with a mental illness. Research on the impact of mental illness in families focuses primarily on how parental mental illness impacts on children. What is not understood is the experience of parents and children where both have a mental illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of parents where both a child and a parent have a mental illness.Methods: Thirty-seven parents were interviewed using a narrative design to determine their personal and family experiences. Interviews were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis with a number of themes highlighted.Results: Themes particular to this family type were: impact of parental mental illness; specific strategies; bidirectional impacts of mental illness; and intergenerational factors. Also raised were supports parents would have liked. From the narrative of these parents the challenges of families, where both a parent and a child have a mental illness, are highlighted.Conclusions: It is from these interviews, that awareness of clinicians can be raised, and more effective, well-thought-out interventions put in place. Interventions that take account of the bidirectional influences of mental illness will be more successful in meeting the needs of all members of a family. People do not operate in isolation and providing a family focused approach is an essential first step in helping people manage where mental illness is a prevalent factor for different family members.
Financial Services Privatisation: Two Case Studies
Authors: Consiglio John A.
Published: September 2018

How Romania’s, and Estonia’s, financial services sectors moved towards, and through, their respective privatisation processes provides sharply contrasting scenarios. For a long time Romania’s following up of a promise made to the International Monetary Fund was simply an unimpressive record of dithering. By contrast, Estonia’s performance was a generally positive account, one which was based on norms and structures which were often comparable to those in advanced industrial countries. This paper examines in detail these two national experiences.
Writing Human Rights
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: September 2018

Human rights are usually understood to be that which Americans deliver unto others elsewhere, with little direct meaning for U.S. legal discourse, domestic political struggle, or American literary and cultural studies back at home. Writing Human Rights instead proposes human rights as a method for reading “minor literatures,” or fiction authored by contemporary U.S. writers of color from the closing years of the Cold War to the early years of the U.S. war on terror. It takes as its premise that—unlike a benevolent humanitarianism, which views its objects as pure victims—human rights provide deeply meaningful modes of ethical imagining for political subjects. By engaging the ethical deliberations that these minor literatures stage, Writing Human Rights explores the conditions under which new norms, more capacious formulations of rights, and alternative kinds of political community emerge. Beginning with writers such as Toni Morrison and ending with Aimee Phan, each chapter pairs works of minor literature with one human rights text, considering the specific principles that have been articulated as rights in international conventions and treaties. It offers close readings of the transnational political subjects and communities conceived in minor literature as they bear upon the legal texts and aspirational ideals of human rights, and vice-versa. Affiliating the “minor” subjects of American literary studies with decolonization, socialist, and other political struggles in the global south, this book illuminates a human rights critique of idealized American rights, freedoms, and good life that have been made global by the twenty-first century.
"I have never worked with victims so victimized": Political trauma and the challenges of psychosocial interventions in Ecuador
Authors: Donoso Gina
Published: September 2018

This contribution aims at investigating critically how and to what extent psychosocial interventions are key elements of comprehensive subjective recovery from political trauma. The paper is based on the analysed data collected during a research project in Ecuador from eighteen in-depth interviews with clinical and social psychologists who had direct and indirect work experience with political trauma survivors, and thirty-seven survivors who were invited to participate in focus groups sessions based on a voluntary basis. The analysis questions which elements psychotherapy and other forms of reparative processes should take into account to address victims of political trauma in an effective and sensitive practice. The study´s main conclusions are that trauma survivors are affected by secondary victimization and their comprehensive recovery is drastically diminished because of: (1) lack of awareness of the need of political trauma approaches; (2) psychosocial reductionisms on the interconnection between the subjective and the political; and (3) psychologisation of political issues.
Effects of income and residential area on survival of patients with head and neck cancers following radiotherapy: working age individuals in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Yu Cheng , Tang Pei Ling , Chu Chi Hsiang , Kuo Tsu Jen
Published: September 2018

Objectives

The five-year survival rate of head and neck cancer (HNC) after radiotherapy (RT) varies widely from 35% to 89%. Many studies have addressed the effect of socioeconomic status and urban dwelling on the survival of HNC, but a limited number of studies have focused on the survival rate of HNC patients after RT.

Materials and methods

During the period of 2000–2013, 40,985 working age individuals (20 < age < 65 years) with HNC patients treated with RT were included in this study from a registry of patients with catastrophic illnesses maintained by the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).

Results

The cumulative survival rate of HNC following RT in Taiwan was 53.2% (mean follow-up period, 3.75 ± 3.31 years). The combined effects of income and geographic effect on cumulative survival rates were as follows: high income group > medium income group > low income group and northern > central > southern > eastern Taiwan. Patients with moderate income levels had a 36.9% higher risk of mortality as compared with patients with high income levels (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.369; p < 0.001). Patients with low income levels had a 51.4% greater risk of mortality than patients with high income levels (HR = 1.514, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In Taiwan, income and residential area significantly affected the survival rate of HNC patients receiving RT. The highest income level group had the best survival rate, regardless of the geographic area. The difference in survival between the low and high income groups was still pronounced in more deprived areas.
Sowing the Seeds of Change: Equitable Food Initiative Through the Lens of Vygotsky's Cultural–Historical Development Theory
Authors: Scully‐Russ Ellen , Boyle Kevin
Published: September 2018

Through the lens of Vygotsky's Cultural–Historical Development Theory, the Equitable Food Initiative (EFI) moves traditional informal workplace theories into the cultural, intersubjective realm.
Incidental Learning as an Enacted Encounter with Materiality
Authors: Justice Sean , Yorks Lyle
Published: September 2018

This chapter adopts an enactivist framework to analyze the incidental and informal learning of a middle‐school teacher.
Low Persistence Rates in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Triple Therapy and Adverse Drug Events Associated With Sulfasalazine
Authors: Erhardt Daniel P. , Cannon Grant W. , Teng Chia‐Chen , Mikuls Ted R. , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Sauer Brian C.
Published: September 2018

Objective

Combination treatments for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) alone include the addition of a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) or the addition of sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine to MTX (triple therapy). We compared persistence and adherence rates between these 2 combination therapies in US veterans and report the reasons for discontinuation of combination treatment in these groups.

Methods

Using Veteran's Affairs clinical and administrative data from 2006 to 2012, veterans with RA escalating treatment from MTX to MTX‐TNFi or triple therapy were examined for a 12‐month period after combination initiation. Persistence was defined as treatment without a ≥90‐day gap in therapy. Adherence was calculated using the proportion of days covered ≥80% at 12 months. Matching weights–adjusted models were applied to more closely mimic randomization in this study. The reasons that patients discontinued their combination regimens were identified by chart abstraction.

Results

Full persistence at 1 year was 45% in the MTX‐TNFi patients (n = 2,125) and 18% in the triple therapy patients (n = 171) (P < 0.001). Adherence was higher for the MTX‐TNFi group (26%) than the triple therapy group (11%) (P < 0.0001). The triple therapy group was associated with significantly more treatment discontinuation, which was most often due to adverse drug events from SSZ.

Conclusion

Differences in persistence and adherence between the MTX‐TNFi and triple therapy groups appear to be primarily related to adverse drug events that were most often attributed to SSZ.
Turning Your Educational Work Into Scholarship
Authors: Santen Sally A. , Peterson William , Wolff Margaret
Published: September 2018

This educational download will help readers turn their work into scholarship with 5 straight forward tips. When doing educational work‐ask questions. Be sure to have a strong educational foundation for teaching, assessment, and evaluation. Work in teams. Use colleagues to help promote educational work. And finally, manage the work flow to ensure completion.
Current status of laparoscopic total gastrectomy
Authors: Kawaguchi Yoshihiko , Shiraishi Kensuke , Akaike Hidenori , Ichikawa Daisuke
Published: September 2018

In this article, the current state of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) was reviewed, focusing on lymph node dissection and reconstruction. Lymph node dissection in LTG is technically similar to that in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer; however, LTG for advanced gastric cancer requires extended lymph node dissections including splenic hilar lymph nodes. Although a recent randomized controlled trial clearly indicated no survival benefit in prophylactic splenectomy for lymph node dissection at the splenic hilum, some patients may receive prognostic benefit from adequate splenic hilar lymph node dissection. Considering reconstruction, there are two major esophagojejunostomy (EJS) techniques, using a circular stapler (CS) or using a linear stapler (LS). A few studies have shown that the LS method has fewer complications; however, almost all studies have reported that morbidity (such as anastomotic leakage and stricture) is not significantly different for the two methods. As for CS, we grouped various studies addressing complications in LTG into categories according to the insertion procedure of the anvil and the insertion site in the abdominal wall for the CS. We compared the rate of complications, particularly for leakage and stricture. The rate of anastomotic leakage and stricture was the lowest when inserting the CS from the upper left abdomen and was significantly the highest when inserting the CS from the midline umbilical. Scrupulous attention to EJS techniques is required by surgeons with a clear understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each anastomotic device and approach.
Enzymatic Adaptation of Podospora anserina to Different Plant Biomass Provides Leads to Optimized Commercial Enzyme Cocktails
Authors: Benocci Tiziano , Daly Paul , Aguilar‐Pontes Maria Victoria , Lail Kathleen , Wang Mei , Lipzen Anna , Ng Vivian , Grigoriev Igor V. , de Vries Ronald P.
Published: September 2018

As a late colonizer of herbivore dung, Podospora anserina has evolved an enzymatic machinery to degrade the more recalcitrant fraction of plant biomass, suggesting a great potential for biotechnology applications. The authors investigated its transcriptome during growth on two industrial feedstocks, soybean hulls (SBH) and corn stover (CS). Initially, CS and SBH results in the expression of hemicellulolytic and amylolytic genes, respectively, while at later time points a more diverse gene set is induced, especially for SBH. Substrate adaptation is also observed for carbon catabolism. Overall, SBH resulted in a larger diversity of expressed genes, confirming previous proteomics studies. The results not only provide an in depth view on the transcriptomic adaptation of P. anserina to substrate composition, but also point out strategies to improve saccharification of plant biomass at the industrial level.
An Aurora kinase inhibitor, AMG900, inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation by disrupting mitotic progression
Authors: Ryu Jaewook , Pyo Jaehyuk , Lee Chang‐Woo , Kim Ja‐Eun
Published: September 2018

The Aurora kinase family of serine/threonine protein kinases comprises Aurora A, B, and C and plays an important role in mitotic progression. Several inhibitors of Aurora kinase have been developed as anti‐cancer therapeutics. Here, we examined the effects of a pan‐Aurora kinase inhibitor, AMG900, against glioblastoma cells. AMG900 inhibited proliferation of A172, U‐87MG, and U‐118MG glioblastoma cells by upregulating p53 and p21 and subsequently inducing cell cycle arrest and senescence. Abnormal cell cycle progression was triggered by dysregulated mitosis. Mitosis was prolonged due to a defect in mitotic spindle assembly. Despite the presence of an unattached kinetochore, BubR1, a component of the spindle assembly checkpoint, was not recruited. In addition, Aurora B was not recruited to central spindle at anaphase. Abnormal mitotic progression resulted in accumulation of multinuclei and micronuclei, a type of chromosome missegregation, and ultimately inhibited cell survival. Therefore, the data suggest that AMG900‐mediated inhibition of Aurora kinase is a potential anti‐cancer therapy for glioblastoma.
Understand consent to sexual activity and the role of alcohol
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2018

FAIRFAX, Va. — When you're investigating an alleged sexual assault, determining whether consent was given is a critical factor in the outcome of the investigation. But the alleged perpetrator's version of events might be very different from the complainant's. What constitutes consent and how does alcohol consumption factor into whether a person can legally give consent? Ann Todd from D. Stafford & Associates explained the legal and practical issues associated with consent at a session at the College and University Police and Investigators Conference.
Be ready when you're off duty to respond to an active shooter incident
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2018

FAIRFAX, Va. — Are you mentally and physically ready to address an active shooter situation — even if it occurs while you're not at work? Michael Howell, an officer with the Kansas City, Kansas, Police Department was shopping at Costco on his day off when an armed gunman threatened to shoot shoppers.
A Novel Turn‐on Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Phosphate Ion in Living Cell
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Si , Liu Changhui , He Guowen , Peng Tianying
Published: September 2018

A novel fluorescent probe was synthesized and studied. Fluorescent probe 1 undergoes a unique Pi induced hydrolytic reaction in DMSO‐ HEPES at physiological pH that produces a colorimetric change associated with a 76 nm red‐shift in the UV‐vis absorption maximum and up to a 210‐fold enhancement in the fluorescence intensity. It has successfully been used to stain and record microscopy images of HeLa cells. Moreover, the mechanistic proposal that these spectroscopic changes are associated with the reaction of Pi and probe 1 to form 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole gains support from the results of mass spectrometry studied.
Stereodivergent Synthesis of α‐Aminomethyl Cinnamyl Ethers via Photoredox‐Catalyzed Radical Relay Reaction
Authors: An Xiao‐De , Zhang Hao , Xu Qing , Yu Lei , Yu Shouyun
Published: September 2018

A photocatalytic multi‐component radical relay reaction has been developed for the stereodivergent synthesis of both stereoisomers of α‐aminomethyl cinnamyl ethers. The radical relay reaction of hydroxylamine derivatives, enol ethers and alkenyl boronic acids in DMSO under white LEDs could lead to E‐isomers of α‐aminomethyl cinnamyl ethers. The E‐isomers could subsequently isomerize to less thermodynamically stable Z‐isomers under blue LEDs using toluene as the co‐solvent in a one‐pot manner.
Experimentieren mit Gefahrstoffen und Experimentalkompetenz – Eine fachdidaktische Stellungnahme
Authors: Friedrich Jens
Published: September 2018

Das Experimentieren mit Chemikalien mit hohem Gefahrenpotential wie z. B. Brom wird in fachdidaktischen Kreisen immer wieder kontrovers diskutiert. Schnell ist man dann mit der Forderung bei der Hand, diese Chemikalien gänzlich aus dem Schulunterricht zu verbannen und stattdessen lieber Filme zu den entsprechenden Experimenten zu zeigen. In diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, warum ein experimentelles Arbeiten mit Chemikalien wie dem Brom weiterhin im Chemieunterricht stattfinden muss.
Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates From Underutilized Plant Oils by Cupriavidus necator
Authors: Zainab‐L Idris , Uyama Hiroshi , Li Cong , Shen Yehua , Sudesh Kumar
Published: September 2018

Utilization of neglected oils for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production will provide vast arrays of carbon substrates, lower its production cost, and boost global PHA production. The scope of this study is to evaluate the potential of desert date oil, bitter apple oil, African elemi oil, and Amygdalus pedunculata oil from Africa and some parts of Asia as novel carbon sources for PHA production. The desert date kernels and bitter apple seeds contain up to 45.5 and 53.2% of oil‐based on dry weight. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) results showed the presence of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic (C18:2) acids as the major fatty acids constituting 97–99% of the total fatty acids. Both strains of Cupriavidus necator H16 and Re2058/pCB113 utilizes the oils effectively as carbon sources for poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate), P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) production, respectively. A maximum cell dry weight (CDW) of 8–9 g/L−1 (C. necator H16) and 6–8 g L−1 (Re2058/pCB113) at a C/N ratio between 24 and 36 was achieved from shake flask cultures. The oils are suitable for the biosynthesis of high concentration of P(3HB) (6 g L−1) and P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) (5 g L−1) with 31 mol% 3HHx. Gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis of the PHAs revealed high PHA molecular weights (Mw) of 510 000–630 000 for copolymer and 1 580 000–2 400 000 Da for homo‐polymer. This study shows that the underutilized oils are potential feedstock to produce PHA that can substitute palm oil.
An irregular sampler
Authors: Hoch Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2018

The historical evolution of sparse sampling methods in multidimensional NMR is important for understanding them in the context of developments outside of NMR. This brief, anecdotal history provides context, but also points to potential sources of insights into sparse sampling that have yet to be utilized in NMR. Advances in sparse sampling for multidimensional NMR represent a confluence of many disparate threads.
An overview of Internet of Things (IoT): Architectural aspects, challenges, and protocols
Authors: Gupta B.B. , Quamara Megha
Published: September 2018

Understanding of any computing environment requires familiarity with its underlying technologies. Internet of Things (IoT), being a new era of computing in the digital world, aims for the development of large number of smart devices that would support a variety of applications and services. These devices are resource‐constrained, and the services they would provide are going to impose specific requirements, among which security is the most prominent one. Therefore, in order to comprehend and conform these requirements, there is a need to illuminate the underlying architecture of IoT and its associated elements. This comprehensive survey focuses on the security architecture of IoT and provides a detailed taxonomy of major challenges associated with the field and the key technologies, including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), that are enabling factors in the development of IoT. The paper also discusses some of the protocols suitable for IoT infrastructure and open source tools and platforms for its development. Finally, a brief outline of major open issues, along with their potential solutions and future research directions, is given.
Treating a Child With Mental Illness
Authors: Ito Shinya
Published: September 2018

Drug treatment of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with stimulants, such as methylphenidate, has been widespread across the developed countries and is also becoming common in adults. However, this seemingly effective treatment is not without controversy on the evidence that supports their use. In addition, disparities in the frequency of its use across the world are tremendous. Although stimulants are one of the standard therapies for ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) lacks such a drug treatment. Focusing on neurogenetic conditions with defined genetic abnormalities, which have ASD as a co‐existing symptom, a search for a druggable target of ASD continues.
Hard switching‐based hybrid RF/VLC system and its performance evaluation
Authors: Gupta Akash , Garg Parul , Sharma Nikhil
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we investigate the performance of hard switching‐based radio frequency/visible light communication (RF/VLC) downlink system, for indoor wireless communication system. The proposed system exploits the advantages of VLC and RF system, ie, high data rate transmission by VLC and pervasive coverage by RF. The indoor RF link is considered to be Nakagami‐m fading channel while the VLC links are subjected to statistical channel model based on the uniformly distributed end user position. In this paper, we study the performance of hybrid RF/VLC system in terms of outage probability, average bit error rate, ergodic capacity, packet error rate, and throughput. Furthermore, we compare the results of proposed RF/VLC system with stand‐alone VLC system to prove its effectiveness. The results prove that, for lower values of average signal‐to‐noise ratio, the proposed system outperforms the stand‐alone VLC system.
NIR spectroscopy applied to the determination of 2‐phenylethanol and l‐phenylalanine concentrations in culture medium of Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Quintelas Cristina , Braga Adelaide , Mesquita Daniela P , Amaral Antonio L , Ferreira Eugenio C , Belo Isabel
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

This work aims at developing a method, based on near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, to quantify 2‐phenylethanol (2‐PE) and l‐phenylalanine (l‐Phe) concentrations during its microbial production by Yarrowia lipolytica. For this purpose, 197 samples obtained from different batch cultures were analyzed using Fourier transform (FT)‐NIR transmission spectroscopy in the range of 200–14 000 cm−1.

RESULTS

A principal components analysis was performed for cluster identification and outlier removal. A partial least squares regression was next applied to develop the calibration models, by an iterative method. The predictive ability of the models was confirmed by an external validation procedure with an independent sample set. The obtained results could be considered promising, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.92 for l‐Phe and 0.95 for 2‐PE, and residual prediction deviation above 3, for the ensemble data.

CONCLUSION

The described methodology, using NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics, can be seen as a promising fast tool to determine both studied flavor compounds during biotechnological processes as an alternative to chromatographic methods. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of percutaneous MR‐guided ablation of small (≤12 mm) hepatic malignancies
Authors: Weiss Jakob , Hoffmann Rüdiger , Rempp Hansjoerg , Keβler David‐Emanuel , Pereira Philippe L. , Nikolaou Konstantin , Clasen Stephan
Published: September 2018

Background

Percutaneous tumor ablation is commonly performed using computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US) guidance, although reliable visualization of the target tumor may be challenging. MRI guidance provides more reliable visualization of target tumors and allows for real‐time imaging and multiplanar capabilities, making it the modality of choice, in particular if lesions are small.

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility, technical success, and safety of percutaneous MR‐guided ablation (RFA n = 27 / MWA n = 16) of small (≤12 mm) hepatic malignancies.

Study Type

Retrospective case study.

Population

In all, 45 patients (age: 61.1 ± 11.8) with hepatic malignancies and a lesion diameter of ≤12 mm scheduled for percutaneous MR‐guided tumor ablation based on a tumor board decision were included.

Field Strength

A 1.5T MR system was used for planning, targeting, and monitoring.

Assessment

Feasibility assessment included the detection of the target tumor, tumor delineation during MR‐fluoroscopy guided targeting, and the number of attempts needed for precise applicator placement. Technical success was defined as successful performance of the procedure including a safety margin of 5 mm. Safety evaluation was based on procedure‐related complications.

Statistical Test

Frequency.

Results

Tumor ablation (mean diameter 9.0 ± 2.1 mm) was successfully completed in 43/45 patients. Planning imaging was conducted without a contrast agent in 79% (n = 37). In 64% (n = 30), the target tumors were visible with MR‐fluoroscopy. In six patients (13%), planning imaging revealed new, unexpected small lesions, which were either treated in the same session (n = 4) or changed therapy management (n = 2) due to diffuse tumor progress. Postprocedural imaging revealed a technical success of 100% (43/43), with no major complications. During follow‐up, no local tumor progression was observed (mean follow‐up 24.7 ± 14.0 months) although 28% (12) patients developed new hepatic lesions distant to the ablation zone. No major complications were observed.

Data Conclusion

MR‐guided ablation is a feasible approach for an effective and safe treatment of small hepatic malignancies.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 4

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:374–381.
Non‐destructive classification of apple bruising time based on visible and near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Pan Xuyang , Sun Laijun , Li Yingsong , Che Wenkai , Ji Yamin , Li Jinlong , Li Jie , Xie Xu , Xu Yuantong
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Bruising time of apple is one of the most important factors for internal quality assessment. The present study aimed to establish a non‐destructive method for the classification of apple bruising time using visible and near‐infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging. In this study, VNIR hyperspectral images were obtained and analyzed at seven bruising periods. Moreover, regions of interest (ROIs) were chosen to construct the bruised region classification model, and spectra of bruised regions were collected and resampled based on four different methods. Subsequently, machine learning algorithms were employed and used for dealing with the time classification model of apples. In order to reduce data redundancy and improve the accuracy of the classification model, a tree‐based assembling learning model was used to select feature wavelengths, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to improve the discernibility of data.

RESULTS

The results revealed that the random forest (RF) model can precisely locate bruised regions, while the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) model can validly classify apple bruising times with 70.59% accuracy. Data of 128 wavebands were compressed to 13 wavebands, providing a high accuracy of 92.86%.

CONCLUSION

The results prove that the hyperspectral technique can be used for predicting apple bruising time, which will help to assess the internal quality and safety of apples. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Evolutionary Photonics for Renewable Energy, Nanomedicine, and Advanced Material Engineering
Authors: Favraud Gael , Gongora Juan Sebastian Totero , Fratalocchi Andrea
Published: September 2018

Taking inspiration from complex natural phenomena such as chaos and unpredictability, as well as highly optimized organisms constituted by multitudes of interacting cells, evolutionary photonics aims at developing new sustainable technologies for renewable energy production, bioimaging, and scalable materials with advanced optical functionalities. These photonics systems integrate complex dielectric and/or metallic units into large networks of heterogeneous elements, which are entirely controlled by acting on the interactions among the different units that compose the network. This Review presents a selection of recent results in this research field, discussing advantages, challenges and perspectives of this technology in addressing global challenges in several scientific areas, ranging from broadband light energy harvesting, to scalable clean water production, early‐stage cancer detection, sensing, artificial intelligence, invisible structures, and to large‐scale optical materials with programmable functionality and robust structural coloration.
Effect of natural curcuminoids‐intercalated layered double hydroxide nanohybrid against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis: A bactericidal, antibiofilm, and mechanistic study
Authors: Gayani Buddhika , Dilhari Ayomi , Wijesinghe Gayan Kanchana , Kumarage Sajeewani , Abayaweera Gayani , Samarakoon Sameera R. , Perera Inoka C. , Kottegoda Nilwala , Weerasekera Manjula M.
Published: September 2018

The study aimed to determine the antibacterial/antibiofilm effect and mechanism of interaction of curcuminoids‐intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (curcuminoids‐LDH) against three different bacteria. Antimicrobial effect of curcuminoids‐LDH nanohybrid was investigated against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis (for both standard strains and clinical isolates), using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of planktonic bacteria were determined using the broth microdilution method. MIC of biofilms (MBIC50) and killing time for 48 hr matured biofilms were determined by MTT (3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine pre‐ and postexposure architecture of biofilms. The mechanism of the antibiofilm activity of curcuminoids‐LDH was determined using UV‐visible spectroscopy. All tested bacteria had given a zone of inhibition in the presence of curcuminoids‐LDH. The MIC values were 0.200 g/ml for P. aeruginosa, 0.025 g/ml for S. aureus, and 0.100 g/ml for E. faecalis. The 48 hr matured biofilms were reduced by curcuminoids‐LDH with an MBIC50 of 0.100 g/ml. The minimum time to achieve MBIC50 was 3 hr, and the reduction was constant until 48 hr. SEM images showed a significant reduction of biofilm cell density and exopolymer matrics for all biofilms in the presence of curcuminoids‐LDH. UV‐visible studies revealed the antibiofilm activity of curcuminoids‐LDH as due to the auto‐oxidation of curcuminoids. The oxidation products are more limited in both product concentration per unit time and the variety of products, compared to pure curcuminoids, resulting in sharper UV‐visible peaks than in the case of the latter. Curcuminoids‐LDH has a potential antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis. An antibiofilm activity has been achieved within 3 hr of the treatment. Curcuminoids released from the LDH showed the antibacterial activity due to oxidation products interfering with bacterial cell functions, and also encapsulation in the LDH causes curcuminoids to exhibit the activity in a persistent manner compared to pure curcuminoids.