bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halide Chemistry in Tin Perovskite Optoelectronics: Bottlenecks and Opportunities
Authors: Lanzetta Luis , Webb Thomas , Marin‐Beloqui Jose Manuel , Macdonald Thomas J. , Haque Saif A.
Published: November 2022

Tin halide perovskites (Sn HaPs) are the top lead‐free choice for perovskite optoelectronics, but the oxidation of perovskite Sn2+ to Sn4+ remains a key challenge. However, the role of inconspicuous chemical processes remains underexplored. Specifically, the halide component in Sn HaPs (typically iodide) has been shown to play a key role in dictating device performance and stability due to its high reactivity. Here we describe the impact of native halide chemistry on Sn HaPs. Specifically, molecular halogen formation in Sn HaPs and its influence on degradation is reviewed, emphasising the benefits of iodide substitution for improving stability. Next, the ecological impact of halide products of Sn HaP degradation and its mitigation are considered. The development of visible Sn HaP emitters via halide tuning is also summarised. Lastly, halide defect management and interfacial engineering for Sn HaP devices are discussed. These insights will inspire efficient and robust Sn HaP optoelectronics.
Surface Water as an Initial Proton Source for the Electrochemical CO Reduction Reaction on Copper Surfaces
Authors: Shao Feng , Xia Zhaoming , You Futian , Wong Jun Kit , Low Qi Hang , Xiao Hai , Yeo Boon Siang
Published: November 2022

We have employed in situ electrochemical shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the CO reduction reaction (CORR) on Cu single‐crystal surfaces under various conditions. Coadsorbed and structure‐/potential‐dependent surface species, including *CO, Cu−Oad, and Cu−OHad, were identified using electrochemical spectroscopy and isotope labeling. The relative abundance of *OH follows a “volcano” trend with applied potentials in aqueous solutions, which is yet absent in absolute alcoholic solutions. Combined with DFT calculations, we propose that the surface H2O can serve as a strong proton donor for the first protonation step in both the C1 and C2 pathways of CORR at various applied potentials in alkaline electrolytes, leaving adsorbed *OH on the surface. This work provides fresh insights into the initial protonation steps and identity of key interfacial intermediates formed during CORR on Cu surfaces.
Dual‐Function Presodiation with Sodium Diphenyl Ketone towards Ultra‐stable Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Fang Hengyi , Gao Suning , Ren Meng , Huang Yaohui , Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun , Li Fujun
Published: November 2022

Hard carbon (HC) is a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, yet still suffers from low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, sodium diphenyl ketone (Na‐DK) is applied to realize dual‐function presodiation for HC anodes. It compensates the irreversible Na uptake at the oxygen‐containing functional groups and reacts with carbon defects of five/seven‐membered rings for quasi‐metallic sodium in HC. The as‐formed sodium induces robust NaF‐rich SEI on HC in 1.0 M NaPF6in diglyme, favoring the interfacial reaction kinetics and stable Na+insertion and extraction. This renders the presodiated HC (pHC) with high ICE of ≈100 % and capacity retention of 82.4 % after 6800 cycles. It is demonstrated to couple with Na3V2(PO4)3cathodes in full cells to show high capacity retention of ≈100 % after 700 cycles. This work provides in‐depth understanding of chemical presodiation and a new strategy for highly stable sodium‐ion batteries.
Synthesis and Degradation of Vinyl Polymers with Evenly Distributed Thioacetal Bonds in Main Chains: Cationic DT Copolymerization of Vinyl Ethers and Cyclic Thioacetals
Authors: Uchiyama Mineto , Murakami Yukihiro , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami
Published: November 2022

We report a novel method to synthesize degradable poly(vinyl ether)s with cleavable thioacetal bonds periodically arranged in the main chains using controlled cationic copolymerization of vinyl ethers with a 7‐membered cyclic thioacetal (7‐CTA) via degenerative chain transfer (DT) to the internal thioacetal bonds. The thioacetal bonds, which are introduced into the main chain by cationic ring‐opening copolymerization of7‐CTAwith vinyl ethers, serve as in‐chain dormant species to allow homogeneous propagation of vinyl ethers for all internal segments to afford copolymers with controlled overall and segmental molecular weights. The obtained polymers can be degraded into low‐ and controlled‐molecular‐weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions via hydrolysis. Various vinyl ethers with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and functional pendants are available. Finally, one‐pot synthesis of multiblock copolymers and their degradation into diblock copolymers are also achieved.
Empowering Zn Electrode Current Capability Along Interfacial Stability by Optimizing Intrinsic Safe Organic Electrolytes
Authors: Ilyas Farva , Chen Jiahang , Zhang Yang , Lu Huichao , Huang Yudai , Ma Huiyang , Wang Jiulin
Published: November 2022

Metallic Zn is one of the most promising anodes, but its practical application has been hindered by dendritic growth and serious interfacial reactions in conventional electrolytes. Herein, ionic liquids are adopted to prepare intrinsically safe electrolytes via combining with TEP or TMP solvents. With this synergy effect, the blends of TEP/TMP with an IL fraction of ≈25 wt% are found to be promising electrolytes, with ionic conductivities comparable to those of standard phosphate‐based electrolytes while electrochemical stabilities are considerably improved; over 1000 h at 2.0 mA cm−2 and ≈350 h at 5.0 mA cm−2 with a large areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. The use of functionalized IL turns out to be a key factor in enhancing the Zn2+ transport due to the interaction of Zn2+ ions with IL‐zincophilic sites resulting in reduced interfacial resistance between the electrodes and electrolyte upon cycling leading to spongy‐like highly porous, homogeneous, and dendrite‐free zinc as an anode material.
Enabling Photo‐Crosslinking and Photo‐Sensitizing Properties for Synthetic Fluorescent Protein Chromophores
Authors: Feng Huan , Zhao Qun , Zhang Beirong , Hu Hang , Liu Meng , Wu Kaifeng , Li Xiaosong , Zhang Xin , Zhang Lihua , Liu Yu
Published: November 2022

Synthetic fluorescent protein chromophores have been reported for their singlet state fluorescence properties and applications in bioimaging, but rarely for the triplet state chemistries. Herein, we enabled their photo‐sensitizing and photo‐crosslinking properties through rational modulations. Extension of molecular conjugation and introduction of heavy atoms promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species. Unlike other photosensitizers, these chromophores selectively photo‐crosslinked aggregated proteins and uncovered the interactome profiles. We also exemplified their general applications in chromophore‐assisted light inactivation, photodynamic therapy and photo induced polymerization. Theoretical calculation, pathway analysis and transient absorption spectroscopy provided mechanistic insights for this triplet state chemistry. Overall, this work expands the function and application of synthetic fluorescent protein chromophores by enabling their triplet excited state properties.
Intimate Partner Violence in a Heterosexual Marriage: Case Study of a Korean Couple
Authors: Park Yangjin , Cho Sunghui , Park Tai‐Young
Published: November 2022

This study explores an abusive wife's symptoms and risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in a heterosexual relationship. A qualitative approach, using a conceptual cluster network, was used to analyse the family therapy case of a wife abusing her husband. Findings indicate that the wife's IPV‐related symptoms included victim mentality, despair, depression, insomnia, aggression, and the desire to divorce the husband. The wife's risk factors were present at the personal, family‐relational, and sociocultural levels. This study indicates that therapists counselling violent Korean couples may explore couples' communication styles, undifferentiation of self, transference, the culture of filial piety, and the influence of Confucian culture.
Physical properties and processing of Silphium integrifolium seeds to obtain oil and enriched protein meal
Authors: Evangelista Roque L. , Hojilla‐Evangelista Milagros P. , Cermak Steven C. , Van Tassel David L.
Published: November 2022

Silphium integrifolium Michx. (Silflower) has been a promising subject for domestication as a perennial oilseed crop. This work was carried out to investigate the seed processing aspect of this effort. Thousand seed weight, densities, and dimension of the seeds were evaluated, seed milling to obtain enriched kernel fraction was conducted, and initial characterization of the seed protein was performed. There was wide variation in flat seed length (11.5–20.8 mm), width (4.6–11.8 mm), and thickness (0.9–1.6 mm). The thousand seed weight was 23.8 g but the tapped bulk density was only 189.6 g/L due to the presence of wing around the seed's periphery. The kernel accounted for 56.1% of the seed weight and contained 31.0% oil. A kernel‐enriched fraction with 79.6% purity was obtained by roller‐milling, sifting, and air classification. Linoleic (62.3%) and oleic (19.6%) acids were the major fatty acids in the oil. The defatted enriched kernel fraction contained 63.41% crude protein. Globulin, glutelin, albumin, and prolamin accounted for 55.6%, 19.3%, 16.4%, and 8.7% of the soluble proteins, respectively. At an extraction pH of 9, protein solubility was 62%. Maximum solubility (70%) was obtained at pH 10 while minimum solubility of 9% occurred between pH 4 and 5.5. Aside from the oil, the dehulling of silflower seeds also produced a high‐protein defatted meal, which may be used as is or as a starting material for enriching the protein further into a protein isolate.
Potential of microalgae for phytoremediation of various wastewaters for nutrient removal and biodiesel production through nanocatalytic transesterification
Authors: Mittal Vaishali , Ghosh Uttam Kumar
Published: November 2022

Tetraselmis indica, a strain of microalgae, was cultivated in four distinct wastewaters in a photobioreactor of 1000 ml in a 16:8 light/dark period beneath the light intensity of 94.5 μmol m−2 s−1 for 14 days. The maximum biomass growth of 1125 mg/L was attained in the sewage wastewater (SWW). The T. indica eliminated the maximum pollution load from the primary wastewater of the paper mill (PWW), which was 94.95% nitrate, 96.625% phosphate, 99.5% ammonia, 72.8% COD, 94.14% BOD, and 98.9% TDS and heavy metals (94.84% Pb, 93.83% Mg, 99.78% Cu, 81.25% Mn, 94% Cd, 70.34% Zn, 99.84% Fe). The effectiveness of a lithium‐impregnated calcium oxide 1.75‐Li‐CaO nanocatalyst in the transesterification of microalgae was evaluated after growing an appropriate amount of microalgae on all four wastewaters. The nanocatalyst 1.75‐Li‐CaO was prepared by the wet impregnation method and characterized by various structural and spectral techniques. The scanning electron microscopy study shows the structure of nanocatalyst, which is in the shape of oval and hexagonal with a particle size of 20 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum confirms that the nanocatalyst contains necessary functional groups, which were visible at 1470 cm−1. Because of its highest basic strength, 1.75‐Li‐CaO exhibits the highest activity for trans‐esterifying microalgal oil. The FAME profile of PWW‐based microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification shows the existence of myristic acid (2.81%), stearic acid (5.28%), palmitic acid (38.74%), oleic acid (16.43%), linoleic acid (21.19%), and arachidic acid (5.85%). Thus, this research work validates that microalgae grown on SWW have the highest biomass output, and microalgae cultivated on PWW have the highest FAME yield when used to make biodiesel using nanocatalytic transesterification.
Preparation of multifunctional silicon‐phosphorus acrylate particles for the simultaneous improvement of the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of polylactic acid
Authors: Gao Xueyu , Yan Li , Sang Xiaoming
Published: November 2022

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable plastic that currently has limited application owing to its poor fire resistance and brittleness. Herein, a multifunctional silicon‐phosphorus acrylic resin(P/Si‐ACR) is designed to endow both flame retardancy and toughness to PLA. P/Si‐ACR is prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization with polysiloxane as the core layer and diethyl methylphosphonate acrylate and 9, 10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphophenanthrene‐10‐oxide acrylate as the shell materials. P/Si‐ACR has a particle size of approximately 200 nm and glass transition temperatures of −38 and 152°C for the core and shell layers, respectively. Addition of 7 wt% P/Si‐ACR to PLA increases the notched impact strength and elongation at break by 124% and 46%, respectively. This improved mechanical performance is due to the elasticity of silicone rubber and the promotion of crystallization by P/Si‐ACR. Combustion testing revealed that the limiting oxygen index increases from 19.1% to 22.5%, while the peak heat release rate decreases by 36%. This enhanced flame retardancy is due to the synergistic effect of phosphorus and silicon, with the former promoting graphitization and inhibiting the free radical degradation of PLA, and the latter stabilizing the char residue. Therefore, P/Si‐ACR is a promising multifunctional modifier that can achieve an optimal balance among flame retardancy, crystallization performance, and toughness in polymers.
J.D. Salinger and the moral wounds of war
Authors: Allen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

This paper examines Salinger's novel Catcher in the Rye for some insight into a soldier's psychological reactions to prolonged exposure to combat. Salinger was a heroic survivor of some of the worst battles on the Western Front, starting with landing on the beaches of Normandy and ending with the Nazi surrender. He is also an example of how the experience of war effects young men who fight in it. Salinger was very reluctant to talk about his wartime experiences except with others who shared the same experience, as is common among combat veterans. The author of this paper believes that clues to the impact of the war on Salinger can be found, in disguised form, in his writing, especially in Catcher, which Salinger worked on throughout the war, and for 6 years after it. This paper also looks at the nature of the “moral wound” now of much interest and where that wound may be located in the psyche.
Genicular Nerve Block for Pain Management in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Shanahan Ernst M. , Robinson Lucinda , Lyne Suellen , Woodman Richard , Cai Fin , Dissanayake Kokum , Paddick Kate , Cheung Giovanna , Voyvodic Frank
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of ultrasound‐guided genicular nerve block (GNB) for the management of knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

We performed a 12‐week parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled randomized trial of GNB. Within 2 weeks of randomization, patients with knee osteoarthritis in the active arm received 3 injections of 5.7 mg celestone chronodose (1 ml) and 0.5% bupivacaine (3 ml) to the inferomedial, superomedial, and superolateral genicular nerves; patients with knee osteoarthritis in the placebo arm received injections of normal saline. At baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12, patients recorded their pain and disability on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) (the primary outcome measure), the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and the Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain scale. Statistical significance was set at a 2‐sided Type I error of α = 0.0125 for comparisons at each of the 4 time points. We used a global perceived effect scale to measure patient satisfaction.

Results

The 59 patients (36 female, 23 male) who completed the trial had a mean ± SD age of 68.2 ± 8.6 years. Patients in the active group reported improvements in pain scores at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks with a diminution of the effect over time. VAS scores at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 in the active group (n = 31) versus placebo group (n = 28) were 6.2 versus 5.3 (P = 0.294), 2.7 versus 4.7 (P < 0.001), 3.2 versus 5.1 (P < 0.001), 3.9 versus 4.9 (P < 0.001), and 4.6 versus 5.1 (P = 0.055), respectively. Total WOMAC scores at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 in the active group versus the placebo group were 54.5 versus 48.1 (P = 0.177), 32.9 versus 44.4 (P < 0.001), 33.7 versus 45.8 (P < 0.001), 39.2 versus 44.8 (P = 0.001), and 42.65 versus 45.1 (P = 0.012), respectively.

Conclusion

GNB offers short‐term pain relief for knee osteoarthritis.
A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Phase III Extension Trial of the Long‐Term Safety and Tolerability of Anifrolumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Kalunian Kenneth C. , Furie Richard , Morand Eric F. , Bruce Ian N. , Manzi Susan , Tanaka Yoshiya , Winthrop Kevin , Hupka Ihor , Zhang Lijin (Jinny) , Werther Shanti , Abreu Gabriel , Hultquist Micki , Tummala Raj , Lindholm Catharina , Al‐Mossawi Hussein
Published: November 2022

Objective

To explore long‐term safety and tolerability of anifrolumab 300 mg compared with placebo in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who completed a Treatment of Uncontrolled Lupus via the Interferon Pathway (TULIP) trial and enrolled in the placebo‐controlled 3‐year long‐term extension (LTE) study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02794285).

Methods

In the blinded LTE study, patients continued anifrolumab 300 mg, switched from anifrolumab 150 mg to 300 mg, or were re‐randomized from placebo to receive either anifrolumab 300 mg or to continue placebo, administered every 4 weeks. Primary comparisons in the LTE study were between patients who received anifrolumab 300 mg or placebo throughout the TULIP and LTE studies. For rare safety events, comparisons included patients who received any anifrolumab dose during TULIP or LTE. When exposure differed, exposure‐adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs) per 100 patient‐years were calculated.

Results

In the LTE study, EAIRs of serious adverse events (SAEs) were 8.5 with anifrolumab compared with 11.2 with placebo; likewise, EAIRs of AEs leading to treatment discontinuation were 2.5 versus 3.2, respectively. EAIRs of non‐opportunistic serious infections were comparable between groups (3.7 with anifrolumab versus 3.6 with placebo). Exposure‐adjusted event rates of COVID‐related AEs, including asymptomatic infections, were 15.5 with anifrolumab compared with 9.8 with placebo. No COVID‐related AEs occurred in fully vaccinated individuals. EAIRs of malignancy and major acute cardiovascular events were low and comparable between groups. Anifrolumab was associated with lower cumulative glucocorticoid use and greater mean improvement in the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000, compared with placebo.

Conclusion

This LTE study represents the longest placebo‐controlled clinical trial performed in SLE to date. No new safety findings were identified in the LTE study, supporting the favorable benefit–risk profile of anifrolumab for patients with moderate‐to‐severe SLE receiving standard therapy.

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An enhanced two‐quantile Wilks methodology for engineering uncertainty analysis
Authors: van Dorp Johan René , Shittu Ekundayo , Rabiti Cristian
Published: November 2022

Complex computational engineering uncertainty analyses have become more prevalent. When input parameters of such engineering models are uncertain, the output metric's uncertainty distribution is of an unknown parametric form. Since Wilks' method, named after the seminal paper by SS Wilks in 1941 entitled “Determination of sample sizes for setting tolerance limits”, is a nonparametric statistical procedure, it has received renewed interest, in particular in nuclear and chemical safety engineering. Unfortunately, the prevailing Wilks' method applied relies on arbitrary specification of order statistics' ranks with undue influence on the sample size recommendations that follow. Herein, a novel modification of Wilks' method involving two quantiles is proposed resolving that arbitrary rank selection. Together with a confidence level to be exceeded, these quantiles uniquely determine the parameters of an order statistics' beta distribution which drive the selection of symmetric tolerance limits. The modified procedure is demonstrated in two illustrative engineering uncertainty analysis examples drawn from the nuclear and chemical engineering domains.
A list of guest‐star records in Korean history and their possible counterparts
Authors: Park Jaegeun , Jeon Junhyeok , An Hongjun
Published: November 2022

We report on guest‐star events recorded in Korean history in the period between A.D. 154 and 1807. We search five books, namely Joseonwangjosillok, Seungjeongwonilgi, Jeungbomoonheonbigo, Goryeosa, and Samguksagi for “guest star” and find 37 events. Seventeen of the guest stars are almost certainly comets as identified previously and are not astrophysical transient events of our interest; we list them for completeness but do not discuss them in detail. We review the historical recordings and the previous interpretations of the guest‐star events and scrutinize them in order to better identify the guest stars. We infer the positions of 11 events and compare them to astrophysical objects in up‐to‐date catalogues of possible remnants of transient events: supernova remnants, pulsars, magnetars, novae, and cataclysmic variables. We consider the positions and visibility of the astrophysical events, select possible counterparts, and present a list of them for the guest stars with an inferred position.
Influenza vaccination during pregnancy and risk of selected major structural congenital heart defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 2006–2011
Authors: Palmsten Kristin , Suhl Jonathan , Conway Kristin M. , Kharbanda Elyse O. , Scholz Thomas D. , Ailes Elizabeth C. , Cragan Janet D. , Nestoridi Eirini , Papadopoulos Eleni A. , Kerr Stephen M. , Young Sean G. , Olson Christine , Romitti Paul A. ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: November 2022

Background

Although results from studies of first‐trimester influenza vaccination and congenital heart defects (CHDs) have been reassuring, data are limited for specific CHDs.

Methods

We assessed associations between reported maternal influenza vaccination, 1 month before pregnancy (B1) through end of third pregnancy month (P3), and specific CHDs using data from a multisite, population‐based case–control study. Analysis included 2,982 case children diagnosed with a simple CHD (no other cardiac involvement with or without extracardiac defects) and 4,937 control children without a birth defect with estimated delivery dates during 2006–2011. For defects with ≥5 exposed case children, we used logistic regression to estimate propensity score‐adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for estimated delivery year and season; plurality; and maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, low folate intake, and smoking and alcohol use during B1P3.

Results

Overall, 124 (4.2%) simple CHD case mothers and 197 (4.0%) control mothers reported influenza vaccination from 1 month before through the third pregnancy month. The aOR for any simple CHD was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.76–1.23). Adjusted ORs for specific simple CHDs ranged from 0.62 for hypoplastic left heart syndrome to 2.34 for total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR). All adjusted CIs included the null except for TAPVR.

Conclusions

Although we cannot fully exclude that exposure misclassification may have masked risks for some CHDs, findings add to existing evidence supporting the safety of inactivated influenza vaccination during pregnancy. The TAPVR result may be due to chance, but it may help inform future studies.
Gestational exposure to triphenyl phosphate induces epigenetic modifications in C57Bl/6 fetal liver
Authors: Shafique Sidra , Wolpert Sydney H. , Philbrook Nicola A. , Winn Louise M.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a chemical flame retardant and plasticizer which is added to consumer and industrial products. The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis postulate that in utero exposures can have later‐in‐life effects on the developing fetus and can alter fetal gene expression. This study aimed to determine whether epigenetic modifications occurred following in utero TPHP exposure in mice and whether these changes were dose and/or sex‐dependent.

Methods

Pregnant C57Bl/6 mice were treated with 0, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg of TPHP on gestational days (GD) 8, 10, 12, and 14 via intraperitoneal injection and fetal livers were collected on GD 19. Changes in the levels of acetylation of H3 and H4, as well as methylation of H3K9 and global DNA methylation were assessed in the fetal livers by western blot.

Results

Results showed that there was a significant decrease in fetal DNA methylation following in utero exposure to 50 mg/kg TPHP compared to the control (0 mg/kg) independent of the sex of the fetus. While there were no significant alterations compared to controls in any histone modifications at any dose or sex following in utero TPHP exposure, we did note a decrease (t test, p = .025) in the levels of acetylated H3 in males versus females following a maternal dose of 25 mg/kg. The monomethylated H3K9 levels were also increased in females versus males following exposure to TPHP at 5 mg/kg (p = .018) and 25 mg/kg (p = .027) when analyzed via unpaired t tests, although not significantly different from controls.

Discussion

The results suggest that gestational TPHP exposure can induce epigenetic modifications in murine fetal tissue. Specifically, global DNA methylation levels were downregulated in response to TPHP. Additionally, males appear to be more sensitive to TPHP‐induced histone modifications than females. These data support the need for further studies investigating the impacts of gestational TPHP exposure on the developing fetus.
Prevalence of vascular disruption anomalies and association with young maternal age: A EUROCAT study to compare the United Kingdom with other European countries
Authors: Morris Joan K. , Wellesley Diana , Limb Elizabeth , Bergman Jorieke E. H. , Kinsner‐Ovaskainen Agnieszka , Addor Marie Claude , Broughan Jennifer M. , Cavero‐Carbonell Clara , Dias Carlos M. , Echevarría‐González‐de‐Garibay Luis‐Javier , Gatt Miriam , Haeusler Martin , Barisic Ingeborg , Klungsoyr Kari , Lelong Nathalie , Materna‐Kiryluk Anna , Neville Amanda , Nelen Vera , O'Mahony Mary T. , Perthus Isabelle , Pierini Anna , Rankin Judith , Rissmann Anke , Rouget Florence , Sayers Geraldine , Stevens Sarah , Tucker David , Garne Ester
Published: November 2022

Background

Younger mothers are at a greater risk of having a pregnancy with gastroschisis and the risk is higher in the United Kingdom than other European countries. Gastroschisis is thought to be a vascular disruption anomaly and the aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of other possible vascular disruption anomalies to determine whether both the younger maternal age and the UK associations also occur with these anomalies.

Methods

All pregnancies with anomalies considered potentially due to vascular disruption from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2017 from 26 European population‐based congenital anomaly registries who were members of EUROCAT were analyzed. Multilevel models were used to allow for differences between registries when analyzing associations with maternal age, year of birth and whether the registry was in the United Kingdom.

Results

There were 5,220 cases with potential vascular disruption anomalies, excluding chromosomal and genetic conditions, with a prevalence of 8.85 per 10,000 births in the United Kingdom and 5.44 in the other European countries. The prevalence per 10,000 births of gastroschisis (4.45 vs. 1.56) and congenital constriction bands (0.83 vs. 0.42) was significantly higher in the United Kingdom, even after adjusting for maternal age. However, transverse limb reduction defects had a similar prevalence (2.16 vs. 2.14 per 10,000). The expected increased prevalence in younger mothers was observed for vascular disruption anomalies overall and for the individual anomalies: gastroschisis and congenital constriction bands.

Conclusion

Vascular disruption anomalies that had an increased risk for younger mothers (such as gastroschisis) had a higher maternal age standardized prevalence in the United Kingdom, while vascular disruption anomalies with weaker associations with younger mothers (such as transverse limb reduction defects) did not have an increased prevalence in the United Kingdom, which may indicate a different etiology for these anomalies.
Plasmalogens and platelet‐activating factor roles in chronic inflammatory diseases
Authors: Tremblay Marie‐Ève , Almsherqi Zakaria A. , Deng Yuru
Published: November 2022

Fatty acids and phospholipid molecules are essential for determining the structure and function of cell membranes, and they hence participate in many biological processes. Platelet activating factor (PAF) and its precursor plasmalogen, which represent two subclasses of ether phospholipids, have attracted increasing research attention recently due to their association with multiple chronic inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. These pathophysiological conditions commonly involve inflammatory processes linked to an excess presence of PAF and/or decreased levels of plasmalogens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of plasmalogens in inflammation have remained largely elusive. While anti‐inflammatory responses most likely involve the plasmalogen signal pathway; pro‐inflammatory responses recruit arachidonic acid, a precursor of pro‐inflammatory lipid mediators which is released from membrane phospholipids, notably derived from the hydrolysis of plasmalogens. Plasmalogens per se are vital membrane phospholipids in humans. Changes in their homeostatic levels may alter cell membrane properties, thus affecting key signaling pathways that mediate inflammatory cascades and immune responses. The plasmalogen analogs of PAF are also potentially important, considering that anti‐PAF activity has strong anti‐inflammatory effects. Plasmalogen replacement therapy was further identified as a promising anti‐inflammatory strategy allowing for the relief of pathological hallmarks in patients affected by chronic diseases with an inflammatory component. The aim of this Short Review is to highlight the emerging roles and implications of plasmalogens in chronic inflammatory disorders, along with the promising outcomes of plasmalogen replacement therapy for the treatment of various PAF‐related chronic inflammatory pathologies.
Hierarchical dynamic regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced lutein biosynthesis
Authors: Bian Qi , Jiao Xue , Chen Ye , Yu Hongwei , Ye Lidan
Published: November 2022

Lutein, as a carotenoid with strong antioxidant capacity and an important component of macular pigment in the retina, has wide applications in pharmaceutical, food, feed, and cosmetics industries. Besides extraction from plant and algae, microbial fermentation using engineered cell factories to produce lutein has emerged as a promising route. However, intra‐pathway competition between the lycopene cyclases and the conflict between cell growth and production are two major challenges. In our previous study, de novo synthesis of lutein had been achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by dividing the pathway into two stages (δ‐carotene formation and conversion) using temperature as the input signal to realize sequential cyclation of lycopene. However, lutein production was limited to microgram level, which is still too low to meet industrial demand. In this study, a dual‐signal hierarchical dynamic regulation system was developed and applied to divide lutein biosynthesis into three stages in response to glucose concentration and culture temperature. By placing the genes involved in δ‐carotene formation under the glucose‐responsive ADH2 promoter and genes involved in the conversion of δ‐carotene to lutein under temperature‐responsive GAL promoters, the growth‐production conflict and intra‐pathway competition were simultaneously resolved. Meanwhile, the rate‐limiting lycopene ε‐cyclation and carotene hydroxylation reactions were improved by screening for lycopene ε‐cyclase with higher activity and fine tuning of the P450 enzymes and their redox partners. Finally, a lutein titer of 19.92 mg/L (4.53 mg/g DCW) was obtained in shake‐flask cultures using the engineered yeast strain YLutein‐3S‐6, which is the highest lutein titer ever reported in heterologous production systems.
Various synthetic approaches for [6,7,m]‐tricyclic compounds containing an oxygen‐bridged skeleton
Authors: Kang Juyeon , Oh Chang Ho
Published: November 2022

We report the synthesis of [6,7,5]‐tricyclic compounds containing an oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane system from 1,6‐enyne carbonyl. We also synthesized [6,7,6]‐tricyclic compound from 1,7‐enyne carbonyl through Au‐catalyzed cyclization. The synthesis of oxacyclic compounds using iodine or oxygen is environmentally friendly cyclization methods. Oxacyclic compounds are useful for synthesizing various diterpene alkaloids.
Director Resignation – What to Do When a Board Member Resigns?
Authors: McCallum Joan M.
Published: November 2022

Joan M. McCallum is senior counsel at Chamberlain Hrdlicka in Atlanta. In this article, she discusses critical considerations for the resignation of a board member, and offers insight into the proactive steps to help avoid unnecessary confusion, expense and risk exposure when a board member resigns.
Prevalence of and factors contributing to violent discipline in families and its association with violent discipline by teachers and peer violence
Authors: Masath Faustine Bwire , Nkuba Mabula , Hecker Tobias
Published: November 2022

Using a multi‐informant approach, we assessed 914 children (mean age = 12.58 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.43) and 893 caregivers (98.3 per cent female, mean age = 40.07 years, SD = 11.46) in Tanzania. Results showed that 93.3 per cent (n = 828/893) of caregivers reported using violent discipline, while 91.0 per cent (n = 832/914) of the children experienced it in their families. Further, 95.0 per cent (n = 868/914) and 93.7 per cent (n = 853/914) of students experienced violent discipline by teachers and peer violence at school, respectively. In a multilevel path model, children's mental health problems (standardised regression coefficient [β] = 0.192 [CI: 0.130, 0.255], p < 0.001) were associated with their experience of violent discipline in families. Caregivers' own childhood experience of violent discipline (𝛽 = 0.169 [CI: 0.105, 0.232], p < 0.001), their positive attitudes towards violent discipline (𝛽 = 0.228 [CI: 0.166, 0.290], p < 0.001) and mental health problems (𝛽 = 0.175 [CI: 0.113, 0.237], p < 0.001) were associated with their use of violent discipline. Violent discipline in families significantly correlated with violent discipline by teachers (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.413 [CI: 0.354, 0.472], p < 0.001) and peer violence (r = 0.354 [CI: 0.294, 0.415], p < 0.001) implying children's polyvictimisation.
Screening and Capability Assessment of Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Isodon excisoides by Ultrafiltration Coupled with UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS and Molecular Docking Technology
Authors: Jia Xinming , Sun Shilin , Zhang Qian , Wang Nan , Yang Mengxin , Jin Yiran , Du Yingfeng
Published: November 2022

Tyrosinase inhibitors can alleviate the harm to the liver caused by tyrosinase. How to effectively screen out natural tyrosinase inhibitors becomes a focus. In this study, Isodon excisoides was first extracted with the ultrasound optimized by response surface methodology. Then, a method combined ultrafiltration with ultra‐liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) was built to screen and identify tyrosinase inhibitors. The binding energies of active ingredients to tyrosinase were calculated by molecular docking. The reliability of the results was validated by the IC50 of enzyme inhibition assay. As a result, the binding energies of 7 components including excisanin B, lasiokaurin, rabdophyllin G, rabdoserrin B, rabdosin D, rabdosinate and weisiensin were lower than that of resveratrol. It was indicated that these components had high tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The IC50 values of lasiokaurin and excisanin B were 177 and 142 μmol/mL, which were less than that of resveratrol (183 μmol/mL). It showed that this way was simple, rapid, reliable and effective, which provided a new strategy to screen natural bioactive compounds from plants.
When a polyester mesh causes an enterocutaneous fistula, 30 years after its implantation
Authors: Mahjoubi Mohamed Farès , Essid Nada , Rezgui Bochra , Zran Mohamed , Haouet Karim , Ben Moussa Mounir
Published: November 2022

Digestive fistula on mesh is an exceptional and late complication of hernioplasty. The type of mesh and its position are often implicated in its occurrence. Clinical presentation is multiform. Morphological examinations are essential to confirm the diagnosis, and the curative treatment remains surgical.
Symptomatic hypoglycemia in a nondiabetic adult female recovering from mild COVID‐19 infection: A case report
Authors: Grover Jayant , Verma Vishesh , Menon Anil , Dorji Thinley
Published: November 2022

A 38‐year‐old lady, recently recovered from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and taking grape seed extract, suffered multiple episodes of severe postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. A careful evaluation ruled out the common etiologies of hypoglycemia and identified grape seed extract consumption as a possible cause. She recovered after stopping the nutritional supplements. In her, hypoglycemia could have resulted from transient beta cell dysfunction associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or proanthocyanidins in the grape seed extract.
A congenital wandering spleen with a large epithelial cyst: A case report
Authors: Lim Youhok , Leng Hour , Lee Chi Hoon , Chhun Vireak , Lee Young Don
Published: November 2022

We present a case of a 21‐year‐old female patient who had a wandering spleen with a large cyst. The celiotomy was performed under the impression of torsion of the wandering spleen and leakage from the splenic cyst. The total splenectomy was performed instead of cystectomy and splenopexy.
Cervical vagal schwannoma, a rare differential of a neck swelling: A case report
Authors: Prajapati Ramesh , Thapa Aakar , Yadav Jayant Kumar , Lama Manik , Shrestha Prakash , KC Ashmita , Gurung Pritam , Pant Basant
Published: November 2022

Cervical vagal schwannoma is a rare clinical entity that requires a different clinical approach than other neck swellings. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred initial diagnostic test. Complications may arise due to vagal stimulation in unsuspecting open biopsies. Surgical excision with perioperative vagal monitoring is recommended for the treatment of vagal schwannomas.
A novel WDR60 variant contributes to a late diagnosis of Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy in a Chinese patient: A case report
Authors: Zhao Xiangzhong , Sui Aihua , Cui Li , Liu Zhiying , Zhang Ruixiao , Han Yue , Shao Leping
Published: November 2022

We report a Chinese patient with JATD presenting a mild skeletal phenotype and with renal insufficiency as the initial symptom of the disease. A novel homozygous c.2789C>T (p.S930L) variant in the WDR60 gene was identified. Our report will help to improve awareness and diagnosability for this disease.
Distribution‐free predictive inference for partial least squares regression with applications to molecular descriptors datasets
Authors: Lin Youwu , Xu Congcong , Zhou Zhaojun , Shen Liang , Huang Shuai
Published: November 2022

In statistical modeling, partial least squares (PLS) regression is one of the most popular techniques for prediction problems. An important but often overlooked problem is that the estimation of prediction confidence intervals always contains an unobserved response value with a specified probability. Therefore, in the present work, we studied how to estimate prediction intervals in PLS regression without any distributional assumptions on data. First, a recently proposed method, jackknife+, is introduced to PLS regression for uncertainty quantification. Second, a novel approach is developed to construct distribution‐free prediction intervals. Finally, empirical studies on simulations and three real‐world datasets show that the proposed method has better coverage properties than other state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Roles that Organic Ammoniums Play on the Surface of the Perovskite Film: A Review
Authors: Liu Xiaotao , Qiao Yu , Guo Xin
Published: November 2022

The roles of organic ammonium salts (OASs) which are widely used for the surface treatment of the perovskite film, including formation of 2D perovskites, direct surface passiviation, and other effects, have been reviewed. The influencing factors for these roles of OASs are also discussed, which are important for improved efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. More information can be found in the Review article by X. Guo and co‐workers. (DOI:10.1002/chem.202203001)
Preparation of N‐2‐Nitrophenylsulfenyl Imino Peptides and Their Catalyst‐Controlled Diastereoselective Indolylation
Authors: Inokuma Tsubasa , Masui Kana , Fukuhara Koki , Yamada Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2022

N‐2‐Nitrophenylsulfenyl imino dipeptides bearing various functional groups were successfully prepared by MnO2‐mediated oxidation and then subjected to diastereoselective indolylation. Each diastereomer of the adduct was selectively obtained from the same substrates using the appropriate chiral phosphoric acid catalysts. These transformations would be useful for synthesizing non‐canonical amino acid‐containing peptides as novel drug candidates.
Imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPis): Catalyst Motifs with Unprecedented Reactivity and Selectivity
Authors: Cheng Jun Kee , Xiang Shao‐Hua , Tan Bin
Published: November 2022

The conceptually designed imidodiphosphorimidates (IDPis) have emerged as one of the most potent classes of chiral acid catalysts. They are characterized by enzyme‐like, highly confined active site and high acidity, which underlie their wide‐reaching applications as Brønsted acid catalysts and as precatalysts for silylium Lewis acids. Many carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bond formation reactions that were deemed intractable could now be attained with spectacular reactivity and selectivity. Substrates that are small, unbiased and/or possess insufficient reactivity such as simple alkenes could now be engaged. The high structural confinement is particularly invaluable to control stereo‐ and chemoselectivity. The well‐defined steric environment offers unique opportunity to control high‐energy but structurally unbiased cation intermediates such as the norbonyl cations. Beyond practical appeals such as good scalability as well as ease and modularity of preparation, the extremely low pre‐catalyst loadings required to achieve high turnover and stereoselectivity have also come to define a new frontier in organocatalysis.
PROTOCOL: The effectiveness, implementation and cost effectiveness of mentoring programmes in reducing anti‐social, violent and offending behaviour in children aged 17 years and below: A mixed method systematic review
Authors: Lakshminarayanan Monisha , Skinner Guy , Li Jing , Tolan Patrick , Du Bois David , White Howard
Published: November 2022

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The review will address the following research questions: What is the evidence on the effects of adult mentoring programmes in reducing anti‐social, violent and offending behaviour in children aged under 18 years? Are these effects sustained after the end of mentoring? Which aspects/features of adult mentoring programmes promote the reduction of anti‐social, violent and criminal behaviour in children aged under 18 years? What are the hindering factors/barriers that affect the successful implementation of adult mentoring programmes in children aged under 18 years? What are the supporting factors/facilitators that contribute to the successful implementation of adult mentoring programmes in children aged under 18 years? What is the evidence on programme costs and incremental cost effectiveness? (The incremental (or marginal cost) is the cost of providing the intervention over and above the cost of usual services).
From soup to nuts: Obesity impairs chemotherapy during early and late phases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment
Authors: Orgel Etan , Mittelman Steve D.
Published: November 2022

Obesity during chemotherapy is associated with increased relapse and worse survival from acute lymphoblastic leukemia—a finding now extended from the first to the final days of therapy. Patients with obesity constitute a group at higher risk for poorer outcomes who urgently require new interventions targeting the multiple underlying biologic and systematic mechanisms.
A noninterference trusted dual system security guarantee method based on secure memory
Authors: Hong Yu , Li Yi , Tan Haining
Published: November 2022

With the continuous maturity and development of single hardware security mechanism, it has been widely used in the field of information technology, but the single hardware mechanism has insufficient security guarantee in its own supporting drivers and other key programs. In response to this problem, this article proposes a trusted isolation model based on the noninterference theory and gives a formal proof. The realization is based on the trusted platform control module (TPCM) hardware mechanism by introducing a secure memory bar to provide a way to achieve a trusted dual‐system isolation guarantee. The hardware interface of secure memory module is consistent with that of ordinary memory module, which is widely used. It can improve the security guarantee ability of trusted computing platform, and has a good reference value for the design and application of trusted computing platform equipment.
Identifying the research priorities for schema therapy: A Delphi consensus study
Authors: Pilkington Pamela D. , Younan Rita , Karantzas Gery C.
Published: November 2022

Despite the popularity of schema therapy, there exist several important gaps in research on the schema therapy model and its effectiveness. The number of gaps makes it difficult to determine the research areas of the highest strategic priority to advance schema therapy. The objective of this study was to establish consensus among schema therapy clinicians and researchers on the priority areas for future schema therapy research. A panel of experts in schema therapy (43 clinicians and 13 researchers) participated in a Delphi consensus study. The research areas rated were developed by interviewing the founder of schema therapy, Jeffrey Young, conducting a focus group with the executive board of the International Society for Schema Therapy and screening recent reviews on schema therapy for recommendations for future research. The panel rated 81 research areas in terms of priority across three rounds. Nineteen research areas were rated by 75% of the panel as ‘Very high priority’ or ‘High priority’. These priorities reflected four broad themes: (1) schema therapy constructs and measures, (2) the theoretical assumptions underlying schema therapy, (3) schema therapy and theory in relation to different contexts and outcomes and (4) schema therapy effectiveness and mechanisms of change. The findings are important for establishing a clear research agenda for the future of schema therapy.
AAP calls for ‘harm reduction’ approach to firearm injuries and deaths
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2022

A policy statement released in early October by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) called on parents, clinicians, communities, and policymakers to adjust to an era of gun proliferation in the United States, with tragic consequences. In this article, we focus on what parents and families can do – which includes listening when their pediatricians give advice. Mental health providers can also provide similar advice.