bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast and Slow Response of the Accommodation System in Young and Incipient-Presbyope Adults During Sustained Reading Task
Authors: Safarian Baloujeh Ebrahim , Queirós António , Navarro Rafael , González-Méijome José Manuel
Published: February 2025

Objectives: To investigate the dynamics of accommodation during and immediately after a sustained reading task on a digital device across various age groups under monocular and binocular conditions. Methods: Seventeen subjects were selected and divided into three age groups: young adults (n = 4, age: 21.3 ± 3.2 years), adults (n = 4, age: 34 ± 3.56 years), and incipient presbyopes (n = 9, age: 45 ± 3.61 years). Dynamic accommodation and disaccommodation were objectively measured using the WAM-5500 open-view autorefractor during 2 min of distance fixation (Maltese cross at 6 m), 5 min of sustained near reading on a teleprompter app at the nearest readable distance, and 2 min of distance vision. Six sequential temporal landmarks were identified. Quantitative metrics for accommodation lag (AL), slope of slow accommodation (SSA), slope of slow disaccommodation (SSD), peak velocity of accommodation (PVA) and peak velocity of disaccommodation (PVD) were obtained as absolute values of spherical equivalent refractive (SER) change. Results: SSA, SSD, and AL were significantly and positively correlated with age (ρ = 0.75, 0.73, 0.51, respectively; p ≤ 0.038). For subjects under 45 years of age SSA and SSD increased quadratically with age, while for those above 45 years, both SSA and SSD decreased linearly. Linear regression of PVA and PVD with age indicated that the disaccommodation mechanism is faster than accommodation (slope = –0.15 and –0.23, respectively). PVA was significantly faster under monocular than binocular conditions (p = 0.124). Conclusions: Incipient presbyopes demonstrate a complex response in both accommodation and disaccommodation. The accommodation system responds quickly, but there is also a slower response that can provide up to an additional 1D of accommodative response during sustained near reading tasks. It is hypothesized that the crystalline lens exhibits hysteresis in returning to its unaccommodated state, due to its viscoelastic properties, which means it takes time to relax.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Adverse Cardiac Events and All-Cause Mortality
Authors: Rohan Thomas Z. , Hafer Ramsay , Duong Teresa , Dasgupta Rishob , Yang Sherry
Published: February 2025

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) has been previously associated with greater rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) compared to the general population. This study aims to better elucidate the association between HS, MACEs, and other cardiovascular diseases. Methods: We utilized TriNetX, a global database of electronic health records, to conduct a retrospective cohort study. HS patients were matched on demographic and cardiovascular disease risk factors to both healthy and psoriasis groups as controls. Results: After adjusting for cardiovascular disease risk factors, HS patients had a relative risk (RR) (95% CI) of 2.06 (1.83–2.32) for myocardial infarction, 1.62 (1.44–1.82) for ischemic stroke, 2.21 (2.04–2.40) for heart failure, 1.95 (1.84–2.07) for MACEs, and 2.57 (2.34–2.83) for all-cause mortality compared to healthy controls. When comparing HS patients to matched psoriasis controls, HS patients had an RR of 1.31 (1.17–1.47) for myocardial infarction, 1.04 (0.93–1.16) for ischemic stroke, 1.24 (1.15–1.34) for heart failure, 1.16 (1.09–1.22) for MACEs, and 1.38 (1.27–1.5) for all-cause mortality. Herein, we demonstrate that patients with HS have increased rates of all cardiovascular diseases investigated when compared to healthy and psoriasis controls, even after adjusting for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential benefit in screening for and managing modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in HS patients.
Reviewing the Genetic and Molecular Foundations of Congenital Spinal Deformities: Implications for Classification and Diagnosis
Authors: Samarkhanova Diana , Zhabagin Maxat , Nadirov Nurbek
Published: February 2025

Congenital spinal deformities (CSDs) are rare but severe conditions caused by abnormalities in vertebral development during embryogenesis. These deformities, including scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, significantly impair patients’ quality of life and present challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This review integrates genetic, molecular, and developmental insights to provide a comprehensive framework for classifying and understanding CSDs. Traditional classification systems based on morphological criteria, such as failures in vertebral formation, segmentation, or mixed defects, are evaluated alongside newer molecular-genetic approaches. Advances in genetic technologies, including whole-exome sequencing, have identified critical genes and pathways involved in somitogenesis and sclerotome differentiation, such as TBX6, DLL3, and PAX1, as well as key signaling pathways like Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, BMP, and TGF-β. These pathways regulate vertebral development, and their disruption leads to skeletal abnormalities. The review highlights the potential of molecular classifications based on genetic mutations and developmental stage-specific defects to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies. Early diagnosis using non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and emerging tools like CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing offer promising but ethically complex avenues for intervention. Limitations in current classifications and the need for further research into epigenetic and environmental factors are discussed. This study underscores the importance of integrating molecular genetics into clinical practice to improve outcomes for patients with CSDs.
Physeal-Sparing Soft Tissue Realignment in Pediatric Patellofemoral Instability Patients: A Review of Treatment Options and Outcomes
Authors: Zirbes Christian F. , Henriquez Alyssa , Amanah Alaowei , Therien Aaron D. , Perez-Espina Sebastian , Dorrestein Emilie , Zheng Diana , Lilly Jason , Luo Emily J. , Fox Michael A. , Lau Brian C.
Published: February 2025

Patellofemoral instability is a common condition in children, with an annual incidence of approximately 50 cases per 100,000 children. Instability of the patella involves a number of structures, such as the medial patellofemoral ligament and the vastus medialis obliquus, which can be used for patellar realignment in soft tissue, physeal-sparing procedures. In this rapid review, we aim to review the surgical interventions, post-operative outcomes, and associated surgical complications of global soft tissue procedures in the management of patellofemoral instability. A search of the Medline database was conducted to identify studies evaluating the treatment and outcomes of global treatment of pediatric patellofemoral instability. The included studies analyzed the surgical management of patellofemoral instability in pediatric patients, utilizing soft tissue global procedures and reported functional outcomes, return to sport or play, and post-operative complications. A total of eight studies were included, comprising a cohort of 270 pediatric and adolescent patients and 334 knees. The average patient age was 10.6 years, with 60.4% (163/270) patients being female, and the mean follow-up duration was 58.4 months. Of the eight studies, two examined the three-in-one procedure, three examined the four-in-one procedure, one examined a combination of medial and lateral release, and two examined the Galeazzi procedure. This review underscores the variety of global physeal-sparing surgical procedures available for treating patellofemoral instability. While outcomes are generally favorable, with high rates of return to sport, recurrent residual instability and recurrent dislocation remain significant challenges, with residual instability affecting nearly half of patients. Future research should focus on exploring long-term outcomes, optimizing patient selection, and identifying the causes of recurrent instability to further enhance patient outcomes and reduce complication rates.
A Retrospective Analysis on the Influence of Gender in the Presentation and Outcomes of Surgical Thromboembolectomy for Treatment of Acute Lower Limb Ischemia
Authors: Casagrande Antonio , Moretti Giulia , Grando Beatrice , Calvagna Cristiano , Badalamenti Giovanni , Griselli Filippo , Loggiacco Antonino , Lepidi Sandro , D’Oria Mario
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: We aim to quantify the effect of sex upon the presentation of acute lower limb ischemia (ALI) and the outcomes after surgical thromboembolectomy with a Fogarty catheter. Methods: This was a monocentric retrospective observational study of ALI treated by a Fogarty catheter. Demographics, comorbidities, and clinical characteristics were analyzed. The logistic regressions were used to estimate mortality and secondary outcomes. Results: Over 8 years, 193 patients (79 males and 114 females) underwent Fogarty catheter thromboembolectomy to treat acute lower limb ischemia. Females were older (74.5 for females vs. 82.5 for males) and more affected by congestive heart failure (27% vs. 8%; p = 0.001) and atrial fibrillation (68% vs. 37%; p = <0.001) than the male counterparts. Regarding etiology (p < 0.001), a cardiac embolism (males: 35%; females: 67%) and aortic thrombosis (males: 1%; females: 8%) were more associated with the female gender in the development of acute lower limb ischemia, while vascular bypass/endograft failure (males: 20%; females: 7%) and iatrogenic complications (males: 13%; females: 1%) were more associated with the male gender. After 30 days from surgery, 19% of men and 32% of women had died. Males had higher rates of loss of vascular patency (males: 25%; females: 9%; p = 0.002) and vascular reintervention (males: 20%; females: 8%; p = 0.012). After 90 days from surgery, 23% of men and 41% of women had died. If women had higher mortality (males: 23%; females: 41%; p = 0.008), men had higher rates of loss of vascular patency (males: 27%; females: 12%; p = 0.011) and vascular reintervention (males: 23%; females: 9%; p = 0.007). Conclusions: Older females with atrial fibrillation and/or chronic heart failure are at high risk for ALI. Regarding the thromboembolectomy with a Fogarty catheter, male sex appears to be a risk factor (OR: 2.2, CI: 1.08–4.56) for loss of primary patency, major amputation, and new vascular surgery. A further prospective analysis is warranted to understand the impact of sex in the presentation of acute lower limb ischemia (ALI) and the outcome after surgical thromboembolectomy.
Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Pancreatic Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Hayat Umar , Croce Phillip S. , Saadeh Aseel , Desai Karna , Appiah John , Khan Sidrah , Khan Yakub I. , Kumar Kishore , Hanif Ahmad
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its global burden has increased significantly over the past few years. The incidence of pancreatic cancer has also increased in the United States, and most of this increase is attributed to the population’s aging process in addition to the rise in the prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol intake. Most patients with pancreatic cancer present with advanced unresectable or metastatic disease. Only a few patients present at an early stage with localized disease, and a multidisciplinary approach is required to maximize survival and outcomes. The surgical approach is an option for localized disease, and surgery’s safety and efficacy have also been improved in recent years due to the increasing use of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Moreover, systematic chemotherapy has also been used and has had a significant impact on survival. More recently, neoadjuvant therapy has been used for pancreatic cancer along with radiation therapy, optimizing survival among those patients. Targeted therapies have been introduced based on genetic testing in metastatic pancreatic cancer and have shown promising results. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted agents such as PARP inhibitors and vaccines have emerged with optimal results in terms of survival. To conclude, pancreatic cancer is considered a disease with poor long-term survival; however, recent developments in pharmacotherapy have changed its treatment and have improved outcomes with improved survival. Our review summarizes ongoing therapeutic options for local and metastatic pancreatic cancer. It also summarizes new state-of-the-art therapies that have emerged or are in trials, which can change the pancreatic cancer treatment perspective.
Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped Phallus impudicus
Authors: He Hong , Fan Shuya , Hu Gan , Wang Beibei , Liu Dayu , Wang Xinhui , Wang Jinqiu , Geng Fang
Published: February 2025

Phallus impudicus is a fungus used as a medicine and nutrient-rich food. However, the shelf life of mature Phallus impudicus is only a few hours. Therefore, research on its preservation technology is essential for improving its economic value. This study investigated the effects of hexanal concentrations (25–100 μL/L) and treatment time (4–8 h) on the inhibition of peach-shaped Phallus impudicus (CK) maturation and found that the maturation rate was 25% under optimal conditions of 25 μL/L hexanal treatment for 6 h. Quantitative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses were conducted among CK, mature Phallus impudicus (M-P), and hexanal-treated peach-shaped Phallus impudicus (H-P-P). In total, 2933 and 2746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 156 and 111 differentially abundant lipids (DALs) were identified in CK vs. H-P-P and M-P vs. H-P-P, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that hexanal treatment inhibited phospholipase D gene expression and reduced phosphatidic acid abundance, thereby inhibiting the activation of the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and the signal amplification of the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These blocked signal transductions inhibited the gene expression of most β-glucanases, chitinases and chitin synthases, further affecting cell wall reconstruction. Moreover, hexanal treatment enhanced membrane stability by reducing the monogalactosyl diglyceride/digalactosyl diacylglycerol ratio and increasing the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio. This study contributed to the development of hexanal treatment as a postharvest preservation technology for Phallus impudicus.
Evaluation of the Effects of Epicoccum nigrum on the Olive Fungal Pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Colletotrichum acutatum by 1H NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling
Authors: Angilè Federica , Riolo Mario , Cacciola Santa Olga , Fanizzi Francesco Paolo , Santilli Elena
Published: February 2025

Olive trees are a cornerstone of Mediterranean agriculture but face significant threats from diseases such as Verticillium wilt and olive anthracnose. These diseases, caused by Verticillium dahliae and Colletotrichum spp., respectively, result in significant economic losses and degrade olive oil quality. While traditional chemical treatments present environmental risk, sustainable alternatives such as biological control agents (BCAs) are gaining attention. Epicoccum nigrum, an antagonistic fungus, has shown potential as a BCA due to its production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. This study aimed to observe whether E. nigrum has an antagonistic ability against V. dahliae and C. acutatum, and to elucidate the metabolic interactions between these fungi using NMR-based metabolomics. E. nigrum showed inhibitory effects on the growth of C. acutatum and V. dahlia of 44.97% and 38.73% respectively. Metabolomic profiling revealed distinct biochemical responses in E. nigrum, V. dahliae, and C. acutatum under mono- and dual-culture. Multivariate statistical analysis highlighted the metabolic shifts in mycelia and identified the primary metabolites, such as glutamine, 4-aminobutyrate, and phenylalanine that are involved in adaption for survival in stress conditions such as the presence of a competitor. The results could be important for a better understanding of the primary fungal metabolism, which is still poorly characterized. Further investigation is needed, but these results suggest that E. nigrum could serve as a BCA, offering a more sustainable approach to managing olive diseases.
Resolution of Symptoms of Suspected Nonatypical Endometrial Hyperplasia Using Herbal Medicine Modified Sihogyeji-Tang Monotherapy: A Case Report with Ultrasound Monitoring
Authors: Cho Eunbyul , Kim Pyung-Wha , Kim Cheol-Hyun , Yang Changsop , Roh Stella
Published: February 2025

This case report presents the therapeutic effects of herbal medicine modified Sihogyeji-tang monotherapy for suspected nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH), documented through transabdominal ultrasonography monitoring and clinical symptom assessment. A 38-year-old woman presented with hypomenorrhea and ovulation-related pain, headache, body aches, and nausea since April 2023. The patient was clinically assessed as having nonatypical EH based on the ultrasound findings and clinical symptoms. She was treated with modified Sihogyeji-tang twice daily from 3 June 2023 to 29 December 2023. Treatment outcomes were evaluated using regular transabdominal ultrasonography measurements of endometrial thickness and changes in menstrual patterns, including cycle length and blood volume. Menstrual symptoms showed notable improvements: severe ovulation pain decreased from NRS 7–8 to 0, menstrual volume increased from 2 to 3 medium pads to 4 to 5 large pads per day during peak flow, and menstrual duration normalized from 4 to 6 days. Symptoms associated with ovulation and menstruation, headache, chills, and nausea resolved. At the 3-month follow-up visit after 7 months of herbal medicine treatment, endometrial thickness measured during the secretory phase had normalized to 1.40 cm (normal range: 0.7–1.4 cm). The coexisting uterine myoma remained stable throughout the treatment and follow-up. No adverse events were reported during the entire course of treatment. This case demonstrated that modified Sihogyeji-tang alone may effectively improve suspected nonatypical EH and its associated symptoms. Improvement was objectively assessed using ultrasound measurements and was sustained over a 9-month follow-up.
Association Between Prostate Cancer Detection Rate and Year of Prostate Biopsy
Authors: Uhm Young Jun , Bang Woojin , Chung Jae Hoon , Oh Cheol Young , Kim Hwanik , Cho Jin Seon
Published: February 2025

As the prostate cancer (PCa) detection rate in South Korea is increasing year by year, authors investigated whether there was a plausible relationship between the year the prostate biopsy (PBx) was performed and the PCa detection rate. The medical records of 1628 patients who underwent PBx between 2008 and 2022, for each even-numbered year, were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was the PCa detection rate, and the secondary outcome was to determine whether the PCa detection rate was significantly associated with the year of PBx and other clinical factors. When comparing baseline clinical factors among PBx patients by year, there were significant differences in age at the time of PBx (p = 0.017) and the number of PBx cores (p < 0.001). PCa detection rates ranged from 24.8% to 48.9% and were significantly positively correlated with the year of PBx (R2 = 0.885, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis according to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (≤10, over 10 to 20, >20 ng/mL) showed detection rates of 13.5–40.9%, 29.2–62.2%, and 73.3–92.6%, respectively (p < 0.001–0.021). Subgroup analysis according to the International Society of Urological Pathology grade group (ISUP GG) (1, 2–3, 4–5) showed that the PCa detection rate increased significantly over time in two subgroups (2–3: 4.8→16.7%, 4–5: 10.4→18.9%, all p = 0.002) except in the ISUP GG 1 subgroup. The PCa detection rate tends to increase with each successive biennial year of PBx. This increasing trend seems to be particularly pronounced in patients with relatively older age, higher PSA, and higher ISUP GG.
Recent Progress in Diatom Research in the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Liu Hui , Wu Xiangqun , Chen Xu
Published: February 2025

Diatoms have been widely used for aquatic environment assessment. However, the progress of diatom research is uneven in different regions of the world. This study gathered both Chinese and English articles on diatom research in the Yangtze River Basin in order to explore recent progress in this field. Using the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases, we gathered 419 articles (1995–2024) on diatom research in the Yangtze River Basin. There is a substantial increase in the number of articles since 2000. Since the mid-1990s, a total of 63 new diatom species have been identified in this region. Based on limnological investigations of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin, diatom-based conductivity and total phosphorus (TP) transfer functions have been developed for quantitative reconstruction of past conductivity and TP in the water column. The results revealed a recent shift in thematic focus from eutrophication to biodiversity dynamics, the ecosystem regime shift, and ecohydrological change. Although diatom research in the Yangtze River Basin has achieved fruitful outputs, further studies are urgently needed to explore diatom biodiversity and the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems in this rapidly-developing region. The results can improve our understanding of diatom research progress and hence provide important clues for further studies.
Defining the Critical Role of LRP4 in Neuromuscular Junctions and Bone Signaling
Authors: Binienda Talya , DeMartini Anna , Bullock Whitney
Published: February 2025

In this review paper, we will evaluate LRP4, a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, and its many roles involving myasthenia gravis (MG), Wnt signaling, bone formation and craniofacial development. In MG, LRP4 is critical to the formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the key function is to allow for controlled muscle contraction. LRP4 works in combination with agrin and MuSK to form the functional complex. In Wnt signaling, LRP4 was recently identified as a critical player in the pathway for both bone and tooth development and function. Its ability to act as an inhibitor sheds new light on bone formation and resorption. LRP4 binds sclerostin to LRP5 and LRP6, facilitating inhibitory effects important for bone homeostasis and remodeling. In this review paper, we will summarize the known roles of LRP4 as well as explore future directions for research surrounding LRP4 functionality.
Combining Sensor Fusion and a Machine Learning Framework for Accurate Tool Wear Prediction During Machining
Authors: Kotha Amarnath Swathi , Inturi Vamsi , Rajasekharan Sabareesh Geetha , Priyadarshini Amrita
Published: February 2025

Effective cutting tool condition monitoring (TCM) is critical for achieving precision, cost efficiency, and minimizing unplanned downtime. This study proposes a sophisticated sensor fusion framework for accurate tool fault prediction during machining. Experimental data were collected while turning AISI 410-grade steel bars with uncoated carbide inserts under dry-cutting conditions. Force and vibration signals were captured across five tool health states (one healthy and four faulty) using a sensor network and data acquisition systems. The raw signals were decomposed using discrete wavelet transform, and key statistical features were extracted. Three distinct input datasets are constructed: Dataset I comprises statistical parameters extracted exclusively from the force signals, Dataset II consists of statistical parameters derived from the vibration signals, and Dataset III integrates the individual statistical parameters from both force and vibration signals through feature-level fusion. These datasets are then utilized for training ML classifiers (Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Naive Bayes) to perform feature learning and subsequent classification. Among the considered classifiers, the RF classifier yielded better classification accuracies of 96% and 97% while discriminating among the tool health scenarios through dataset I and II. Also, the RF and SVM classifiers achieved a classification accuracy of 98% and 88% in distinguishing tool health scenarios for dataset III. This method demonstrates exceptional suitability for real-time, in situ fault diagnostics and provides a strong foundation for developing online TCM systems, advancing the objectives of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing.
Risk Factors and Hospitalizations Associated with Pediatric Adenovirus and Rotavirus Infections in Northern Lebanon
Authors: Khalife Sara , Osman Marwan , Moubayed Sara , Kassem Issmat I. , El Safadi Dima
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a scarcity of data on AGE in North Lebanon, a region profoundly affected by the Syrian refugee crisis and water sanitation issues. This study examines the prevalence, risk factors, and seasonal variations in adenovirus and rotavirus infections in children with AGE in North Lebanon. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to August 2023 on 400 children (1 month to 5 years old) with AGE that were admitted to pediatric departments of three private hospitals in North Lebanon. Stool samples were collected and tested using chromatographic immunoassays. Comprehensive demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results: Rotavirus was the most frequent viral agent (28%), followed by adenovirus (12.3%) and mixed infections (5.5%). Rotavirus vaccination demonstrated a significant protective effect, and lower infection rates were associated with breastfeeding and consumption of bottled water (p < 0.001). Higher infection rates correlated with lower levels of maternal education and household incomes (p < 0.001). Malnutrition significantly increased susceptibility to rotavirus infections (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study emphasized the urgent need for targeted public health interventions in North Lebanon to mitigate the burden of rotavirus and adenovirus-induced acute gastroenteritis among children.
A Meta-Analysis to Assess the Probable Association of Hypertension During Pregnancy and Placenta Accreta
Authors: Imam Mohamed S. , Meshari Abdularhman Alnaim Dina , Khalid Abdullah Alaraifi Renad , Salah Saleh Alabduljabbar Juman , Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhamed Alanoud , Mohammed Fayadh Alansari Asalah , Ali Alqarni Raghad Abdullah , Fahad Saleh Alotaibi Shouq , Zuwayyid Aali Alsufyani Dimah , Mohammed Abdullah Alzaidi Rana , Ali Hussain Mathkoor Shahad , Hameed Hamde Alotaibi Rawabi , Abdelrahim Mohamed E. A. , Mohamed Basma M. E.
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the probable association of hypertension during pregnancy and placenta accreta (PA). Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted up to November 2024, resulting in the identification of 10 studies encompassing 128,589 pregnant women. They reported associations between the possible impacts of hypertension during pregnancy and PA. The odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), was computed to evaluate the possible association of hypertension during pregnancy and PA, utilizing a dichotomous approach with either a random or fixed-effect model. Results: No significant difference was found between hypertension during pregnancy and control (no hypertension during pregnancy) in the occurrence of PA (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.52–1.04, p = 0.08). Also, no significant difference was found between pregnant women with PA and control (no PA) in the occurrence of hypertension (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61–2.19, p = 0.66). Conclusions: Hypertension during pregnancy has no impact on the occurrence of PA, and vice versa. More research is desired to approve these outcomes.
Radiological and Clinical Outcome Differences Between Standard and Short Stem in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ciuffreda Mauro , Lentini Antongiulio , Papalia Giuseppe Francesco , Grasso Domenico , Za Pierangelo , Papalia Rocco , Rizzello Giacomo
Published: February 2025

Background: In recent years, the use of short cementless humeral components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has increased. This systematic review aimed to compare the radiological and clinical outcomes of uncemented RTSA using short versus standard humeral stems and assess the impact of these radiological changes on clinical outcomes. Methods: A systematic electronic search was performed by two independent reviewers using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases on 10 December 2024. Inclusion criteria involved studies that assessed the radiological and clinical outcomes and overall complication rates of cementless RTSA with short or standard stems in patients with osteoarthritis, cuff tear arthropathy, post-traumatic, and rheumatoid arthritis with a follow-up of at least 1 year. The following data were extracted: radiological parameters of stems including implant subsidence, humeral loosening, and humeral osteolysis and clinical outcomes as Visual Analog Scale pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Constant Score and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score. Results: A total of 13 studies including 1485 shoulders in 1460 patients were analyzed with a median age at surgery of 74.5 years. The short stem group recorded worse radiological outcomes examined such as humeral loosening, lucencies around the implants, and osteolysis. No significant differences were observed in the clinical outcomes and overall complications between the two types of stems. Conclusions: Both short and standard stems are valid options in cementless RTSA. Minimal differences in radiological outcomes were found in favor of RTSA implanted with short stems, while postoperative clinical outcomes were similar between the two types of implants.
Weld Bead Shape and Formation Prediction for Robotic MIG Welding Process Using Numerical Calculation
Authors: Yao Ping , Huang Yunyi , He Riheng , Huang Junxi , Chen Meiyi , Yu Wenxiao , Zhou Kang
Published: February 2025

To optimize the robotic MIG welding process for joining 316 L stainless steel sheets and to clearly understand the process, a new numerical model for a combined heat source, based on a Gaussian surface and Gaussian cylinder, was developed using ANSYS software. After confirming the proper welding parameter combination for producing a weld bead with a good appearance, the model could be developed using the parameter combination. The influence of four parameters—effective heat delivery radius, the depth and heat distribution coefficients of the Gaussian surface, and the Gaussian cylinder heat source effects on the bead width and penetration—was explored using the model, and then a general and convenient method was proposed to effectively and reasonably set the parameters of the combined heat source. Finally, the numerical calculation results for the shape of the fusion line of the weld bead section could be obtained under different input powers and different welding speeds. The numerical calculation results had small errors compared to the experiments results. Hence, this model could realize temperature field simulation and weld bead formation prediction. This work can be used to accurately and effectively predict the robotic MIG welding process in the academic research and supply references for actual production.
Non-Uniform Thermal Transfer of Molten Steel and Its Effect on Inclusion Particles Removal Behavior in Continuous Casting Tundish
Authors: Zhang Zhixiao , Qu Tianpeng , Wang Deyong , Li Xianglong , Fan Lei , Zhou Xingzhi
Published: February 2025

The temperature gradient inside a tundish leads to the uneven density distribution of molten steel, resulting in thermal buoyancy, which has a significant impact on the motion of inclusion particles. Based on practice data and necessary assumptions, a three-dimensional model of a tundish considering non-uniform thermal transfer was established. The flow and temperature distribution were studied, and the changes in inclusion removal rate were compared with different casting speeds and temperature reduction rates using computational fluid dynamics simulation. It was observed that, when the inlet temperature is higher, the molten steel floats up under the action of thermal buoyancy, which can form a horizontal stream behind the weir. While the inlet temperature is lower, the horizontal stream cannot be maintained, resulting in a decrease in the removal rate of inclusions. Increasing the casting speed will increase the velocity of the molten steel in the tundish, make it easier to shorten the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet, and reduce the removal rate of inclusions. When formulating production processes, the impact of thermal buoyancy on the flow field should be taken into account.
Numerical Simulation of the Hot Isostatic Pressing Densification Behavior of Ti6Al4V Powder for a Thin-Walled Tubular Component with Non-Axisymmetric Inner Ribs
Authors: Jiang Yanqing , Geng Lin , Zhang Guofeng
Published: February 2025

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology is an efficient near-net-shape forming method to prepare complex-shaped structural components. However, for non-axisymmetric components with a complex shape, the powder flow and densification behaviors during HIP are still not clear, leading to a need for lots of experiments to optimize the process parameters. In the current work, a typical aerospace thin-walled tubular component with non-axisymmetric inner ribs was selected as the research object, and its instantaneous powder flow and relative density during the whole HIP process were investigated by a numerical simulation method, focusing on the influence of HIP process conditions on powder densification. The simulation results indicate that the upper end of the Ti6Al4V thin-walled tubular part is preferentially densified, and the lowest densification is observed at the inner rib of the cylinder wall. Moreover, the effect on densification of each HIP condition, including sintering temperature (900–970 °C), pressure (120–180 MPa), and holding time (3–4 h), was evaluated separately. The HIP sintering temperature contributes the most to the improvement of densification, followed by the pressure, while the holding time contributes the least. Investigating HIP densification behavior is beneficial to the structural and process optimization of metal near-net-shape forming applications.
Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviors of Fiber-Laser-Welded QP980-QP1180 Steels
Authors: Çelik Hafize , Saray Onur
Published: February 2025

Advanced high-strength steels are considered the first choice when manufacturing lighter vehicles. Quench-partitioning (QP) steels are good candidates that fulfill manufacturing and performance requirements with their outstanding strength and formability. Laser welding offers a productive solution to the challenges of liquid metal embrittlement due to a low heat input and higher welding efficiency. This study investigated the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of dissimilar laser-welded joints between QP980 and QP1180 steels. The microstructure of the joint mainly consisted of martensite phase in the fusion zone (FZ) and super-critical heat-affected zone (HAZ). In the mid and sub-critical HAZ, the microstructure consisted of tempered martensite along with ferrite and retained austenite on both sides. Due to these microstructural evolutions, FZ and HAZ are strengthened, and thus, laser welds can be achieved without the formation of a visible soft zone. Fracture of the joints occurred in softer base metal (BM) with ductile characteristics without any considerable strength loss. However, the ductility of the joints was lower than that of BMs because of deformation localization due to microstructure, yield strength, and thickness variations in the tensile and Erichsen test specimens. These results show that laser welding can be considered an effective alternative for joining QP steels.
Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of High-Strength and -Toughness Ti55531 Titanium Alloy
Authors: Yang Yucheng , Deng Tongsheng , Liu Zhi , Liu Hai , Yuan Yupeng , Chen Wei
Published: February 2025

In this paper, constant strain rate compression was carried out by means of an MMS-100 thermal/force simulation tester in a temperature range of 790~940 °C, with a strain rate of 0.01–1 s−1 and a compression volume of 60%. A linear regression method was used to fit the relationship between strain stress, strain rate, and deformation temperature, and the Arrhenius-type constitutive equation of Ti55531 titanium alloy was established; the heat deformation activation energy of Ti55531 titanium alloy was obtained as 211,747.5 kJ·mol−1. A thermal processing map of Ti55531 alloy was established. EBSD results show that after hot compression, the recrystallization volume fraction greatly increased. The original sample recrystallization volume fraction was 23.2%. Under a deformation temperature of 850 degrees Celsius and deformation rate of 0.01, the recrystallization volume fraction rose to 38.5%; after the annealing process, the recrystallization volume fraction further increased to 72.6%. Under the deformation temperature of the thermal compression process, the higher the deformation rate, the larger its recrystallization volume fraction. After annealing, the recrystallization volume fraction further increased. This study can provide a reference and theoretical guidance for the development and optimization of the thermal processing process of Ti55531 titanium alloy.
Toxic Effects of Exposure to Phthalates on Cardiac Injury Biomarkers: Evidence from NHANES 1999–2004
Authors: Li He , Bu Jifan , Xing Weilong
Published: February 2025

Background: Humans are consistently and increasingly exposed to phthalate products, but the effect of the combined exposure to phthalates on myocardial injury remains largely unexplored. The present study aimed to explore the effect of the combined exposure to phthalates on myocardial injury. Methods: A total of 1237 male adults (aged ≥20) without coronary artery disease (CAD) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1999–2004 were included in the current study. Multiple linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and a weighted quantile sum (WQS) model were employed to examine the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with two cardiac injury biomarkers, including troponin T (TNT) and troponin I, using four highly sensitive assays (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany; and Ortho, Raritan, NJ, USA) (TNIA, TNIS, TNIO). Results: According to the linear regression analysis, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP, a metabolite of di-n-octyl phthalate) was found to be positively associated with serum TNT; a positive association was found between mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP, a metabolite of di-isobutyl phthalate) and TNIA, as well as MiBP and TNIS. Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP, a metabolite of butyl benzyl phthalate) and MCPP were positively associated with serum TNIO. The BKMR analyses showed a positive overall relationship of serum TNT, TNIA, TNIS, and TNIO with increased concentrations of phthalate metabolites. The WQS model showed MCPP and MBzP were the top two contributors to being an increased risk for elevated TNT levels. MCPP and mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP, a metabolite of diethyl phthalate) were identified as the leading contributors to increased TNIA and TNIS. MCPP and MBzP were the dominant contributors to elevated TNIO. Conclusions: As a combined mixture, phthalate metabolites were positively associated with serum TNT and TNI among adults without CAD, indicating the potential toxic effect of phthalate exposure on cardiac injury.
Optimized Phase-Generated Carrier Demodulation Algorithm for Membrane-Free Fabry-Pérot Acoustic Sensor with High Sensitivity
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhao Xinyu , Zheng Yongqiu , Cui Juan , Zhao Dongqing , Zheng Zhixuan , Cao Yan , Xue Chenyang
Published: February 2025

Demodulation of fiber optic Fabry–Pérot (F-P) acoustic sensors with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range continues to pose significant challenges. In this paper, we propose an advanced phase-generated carrier (PGC) demodulation algorithm, applied innovatively to membrane-free F-P acoustic sensors operating under high sound pressure. The algorithm optimizes acoustic demodulation results by adjusting the mixing phase delay, achieving the best signal to noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) and total harmonic distortion (THD) (<1%). Additionally, by introducing the cosine component of the acoustic signal obtained directly after filtering the interference signal, into the demodulation algorithm process, the sensitivity of the sensor at high sound pressure is significantly improved. The experimental results show that the ameliorated algorithm obtains a demodulation sensitivity of 34.95 μrad/Pa and a THD of 0.87%, both of which are superior to traditional PGC demodulation algorithms under the same experimental conditions. At the same time, the minimum detectable sound pressure of 129.73 mPa/Hz1/2 was obtained, and the sound pressure tested in the experiment at a frequency of 1 kHz was as high as 3169.78 Pa (164 dB). With the proposed algorithm, the flatness of the frequency response is ±0.82 dB from 100 Hz to 33 kHz, and a dynamic range of up to 102.6 dB was obtained, making it relevant in the field of aerospace acoustic measurements.
Research Progress on Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Modules
Authors: Liu Peisheng , Deng Yaohui
Published: February 2025

With the rapid advancement of social productivity and technological innovation, the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) has emerged as a cornerstone in modern power electronic devices [...]
Organ-on-a-Chip Applications in Microfluidic Platforms
Authors: An Ling , Liu Yi , Liu Yaling
Published: February 2025

Microfluidic technology plays a crucial role in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems by replicating human physiological processes and disease states, significantly advancing biomedical research and drug discovery. This article reviews the design and fabrication processes of microfluidic devices. It also explores how these technologies are integrated into OoC platforms to simulate human physiological environments, highlighting key principles, technological advances, and diverse applications. Through case studies involving the simulation of multiple organs such as the heart, liver, and lungs, the article evaluates the impact of OoC systems’ integrated microfluidic technology on drug screening, toxicity assessment, and personalized medicine. In addition, this article considers technical challenges, ethical issues, and future directions, and looks ahead to further optimizing the functionality and biomimetic precision of OoCs through innovation, emphasizing its critical role in promoting personalized medicine and precision treatment strategies.
Revealing the Existence of Diverse Strategies for Phosphorus Solubilization and Acquisition in Plant-Growth Promoting Streptomyces misionensis SwB1
Authors: Chen Yunzhu , Gao Zhuangzhuang , Yang Yan , Liu Qiang , Jiang Lijuan , Chen Jingzhen , Zhou Xiao , Zhang Luhong , Ji Yuena , Tu Jia , Xiao Zhihong , Li Peiwang , Li Changzhu
Published: February 2025

Phosphorus deficiency poses a significant challenge to plant growth and development, particularly in red soil. To alleviate this limitation, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) play a crucial role by converting insoluble phosphates present in the soil into soluble forms that are accessible to plants. Cornus wilsoniana Wangerin is a representative oil crop cultivated in red soil, holding a prominent position within China’s forestry economic system. Consequently, it is essential to develop highly stable microbial phosphorus enhancement strategies to manage agricultural phosphorus in red soil regions, thereby maintaining the available phosphorus content necessary for the production of C. wilsoniana. In this study, the application of Streptomyces misionensis SwB1 bacterial suspension to the rhizosphere of C. wilsoniana significantly increased the content of various phosphorus fractions (H2O-P, NaHCO3-P, NaOH-P, HCl-P) in red soil, with NaHCO3-P content increasing by 4.97 times and NaOH-P content by 3.87 times. Additionally, the genome of S. misionensis SwB1 contains 25 phosphorus-solubilizing genes, 13 nitrogen-fixing genes, 17 siderophore production genes, and 11 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production genes, indicating its potential for enhancing nutrient availability. Comparative genomic analysis of 15 strains belonging to five species of Streptomyces revealed that S. misionensis SwB1 possesses an extensive genetic repertoire and complete gene clusters associated with phosphorus solubilization. Furthermore, five phosphorus solubilization pathways of S. misionensis SwB1 were summarized: the Pst system, Pit system, siderophore transport, phosphatase synthesis, and organic acid synthesis. Ultimately, the inoculation of S. misionensis SwB1 significantly enhanced the growth and biomass accumulation of C. wilsoniana at the seedling stage, evidenced by an increase in fresh weight by 81.44%, a rise in net photosynthetic rate by 18.51%, and a surge in the number of root tips by 36.24%. Taken together, our findings support a sophisticated multi-pathway bacteria phosphorus solubilization approach and identified a highly efficient phosphorus-solubilizing strain, S. misionensis SwB1, which has the potential to become a microbial fertilizer.
Construction and Effect Analysis of a Mixed Actinomycete Flora for Straw Returning to Albic Soil in Northeast China
Authors: Gong Xiujie , Yu Yang , Lv Guoyi , Hao Yubo , Wang Lingli , Ma Juntao , Jiang Yubo , Zou Jiahe , Li Jingyang , Wang Qiuju
Published: February 2025

This research targets straw return in Farm 852’s albic soil, China. The soil is nutrient-poor with few microbes and slow straw decomposition. Through fixed-point sampling and bacterial screening, an actinomycete consortium consisting of four strains was assembled, and two of them were identified as new actinomycetes. After 7 days of fermentation, the lignocellulose degradation rates of this consortium outstripped those of single strains, with cellulose degraded at 69.07%, hemicellulose at 64.98%, and lignin at 68.95%. FTIR, XRD, and SEM verified the damage inflicted on the straw structure. Lab simulations found group D (with the consortium) had a higher straw weight loss rate than group C (with commercialized microbial agents) and controls. The compound actinomycetes stepped up the bacterial abundance with the passage of time. In contrast, their effect on fungal abundance was hardly noticeable, but they had markedly ameliorated the soil fertility. These findings prove that the microbial consortium effectively accelerates straw decomposition and boosts soil microbe abundance and fertility in albic soil. It shows great potential for straw return and provides a microbial solution for this field.