bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remaining childless: examining the different patterns of expectations that lead to a childless life for men
Authors: Verweij Renske M. , Keizer Renske
Published: March 2023

Early life fertility expectations fail to explain why a substantial proportion of men remain childless. To understand which roads lead to childlessness, it is important to investigate the patterning of fertility expectations across men’s life courses. Therefore, the current study focuses on pathways into childlessness for men, by differentiating groups based on whether, and if so when, changes in fertility expectations occurred. In addition, we examine how these patterns of fertility expectations were linked to men’s labour force participation (LFP) and marital relationships. We use data from the American National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and applied sequence, clustering, and multinomial logistic regression methods to analyze stability and change in childless men’s life course between the ages of 22 and 47 (N = 679). Based on their patterns of fertility expectations, we identified four groups of childless men. (1) Early switchers (29%), (2) mid-thirty switchers (29%), (3) late or never switchers (25%), and men with unstable expectations (18%). Early switchers often got married early, while late or never switchers were more likely those who got married at a later age. In contrast, interrupted LFP was only weakly related to patterns of fertility expectations. Our longitudinal focus revealed, firstly, that different roads of fertility expectations lead to childlessness for men. Second, changes in men’s partnership status often precede changes in their fertility expectations. This study is the first to use a prospective design to investigate childless men’s complete reproductive history, revealing that different trajectories of fertility expectations lead to childlessness.
Technology and Culture in Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Fitzenreiter Martin
Published: March 2023

The inherent paradox of Egyptology is that the objective of its study – people living in Egypt in Pharaonic times – are never the direct object of its studies. Egyptology, as well as archaeology in general, approach ancient lives through material (and sometimes immaterial) remains. This Element explores how, through the interplay of things and people – of non-human actants and human actors – Pharaonic material culture is shaped. In turn, it asks how, through this interplay, Pharaonic culture as an epistemic entity is created: an epistemic entity which conserves and transmits even the lives and deaths of ancient people. Drawing upon aspects of Actor Network Theory, this Element introduces an approach to see technique as the interaction of people and things, and technology as the reflection of these networks of entanglement.
Machine Learning for Experiments in the Social Sciences
Authors: Green Jon , White, II Mark H.
Published: March 2023

Causal inference and machine learning are typically introduced in the social sciences separately as theoretically distinct methodological traditions. However, applications of machine learning in causal inference are increasingly prevalent. This Element provides theoretical and practical introductions to machine learning for social scientists interested in applying such methods to experimental data. We show how machine learning can be useful for conducting robust causal inference and provide a theoretical foundation researchers can use to understand and apply new methods in this rapidly developing field. We then demonstrate two specific methods – the prediction rule ensemble and the causal random forest – for characterizing treatment effect heterogeneity in survey experiments and testing the extent to which such heterogeneity is robust to out-of-sample prediction. We conclude by discussing limitations and tradeoffs of such methods, while directing readers to additional related methods available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
The role of macroalgal habitats as ocean acidification refugia within coastal seascapes
Authors: Edworthy Carla , Steyn Paul-Pierre , James Nicola C.
Published: March 2023

Ocean acidification (OA) refers to a global decline in the average pH of seawater driven by the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Marine macroalgae, while affected by this pH change, are also able to modify seawater pH through their own interaction with inorganic carbon in the carbonate system. Through this action, macroalgae-dominated habitats are potential refugia from OA for associated marine species. This review summarises the most prominent literature on the role of macroalgae in OA mitigation and the potential of macroalgal habitats to serve as OA refugia. It includes a brief overview of macroalgal distribution in an effort to illustrate where such refugia might be most prevalent. Macroalgae influence seawater carbonate chemistry through the absorption of CO2 and HCO3− during photosynthesis, raising surrounding seawater pH in the process. This transient effect on seawater chemistry could provide some respite from the negative effects of OA for many marine species. This refuge role varies over a range of scales along with macroalgal architecture, which varies in size from low-growing turfs to large canopy-forming stands. The associated pH changes can range over various temporal (daily and seasonal) and spatial (from centimetre to kilometre) scales. Areas of high macroalgal biomass are likely to play an important role as significant OA refugia. Such communities are distributed widely throughout the globe. Large brown macroalgae (Laminariales) dominated communities are common in temperate regions, while members of the Fucales are responsible for substantial macroalgal stands in warmer tropical regions. These marine fields and forests have great potential to serve as localised refuges from OA. While more work needs to be done to clarify the effect of macroalgal communities on seawater pH on a large scale, such refuge areas could become important considerations for the management of marine resources and in protected area selection.
Trust toward humans and trust toward artificial intelligence are not associated: Initial insights from self-report and neurostructural brain imaging
Authors: Montag Christian , Klugah-Brown Benjamin , Zhou Xinqi , Wernicke Jennifer , Liu Congcong , Kou Juan , Chen Yuanshu , Haas Brian W. , Becker Benjamin
Published: March 2023

The present study examines whether self-reported trust in humans and self-reported trust in [(different) products with built-in] artificial intelligence (AI) are associated with one another and with brain structure. We sampled 90 healthy participants who provided self-reported trust in humans and AI and underwent brain structural magnetic resonance imaging assessment. We found that trust in humans, as measured by the trust facet of the personality inventory NEO-PI-R, and trust in AI products, as measured by items assessing attitudes toward AI and by a composite score based on items assessing trust toward products with in-built AI, were not significantly correlated. We also used a concomitant dimensional neuroimaging approach employing a data-driven source-based morphometry (SBM) analysis of gray-matter-density to investigate neurostructural associations with each trust domain. We found that trust in humans was negatively (and significantly) correlated with an SBM component encompassing striato-thalamic and prefrontal regions. We did not observe significant brain structural association with trust in AI. The present findings provide evidence that trust in humans and trust in AI seem to be dissociable constructs. While the personal disposition to trust in humans might be “hardwired” to the brain’s neurostructural architecture (at least from an individual differences perspective), a corresponding significant link for the disposition to trust AI was not observed. These findings represent an initial step toward elucidating how different forms of trust might be processed on the behavioral and brain level.
Heritability of temperature-mediated flower size plasticity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Andreou Gregory M. , Messer Michaela , Tong Hao , Nikoloski Zoran , Laitinen Roosa A. E.
Published: March 2023

Phenotypic plasticity is a heritable trait that provides sessile organisms a strategy to rapidly mitigate negative effects of environmental change. Yet, we have little understanding of the mode of inheritance and genetic architecture of plasticity in different focal traits relevant to agricultural applications. This study builds on our recent discovery of genes controlling temperature-mediated flower size plasticity in Arabidopsis thaliana and focuses on dissecting the mode of inheritance and combining ability of plasticity in the context of plant breeding. We created a full diallel cross using 12 A. thaliana accessions displaying different temperature-mediated flower size plasticities, scored as the fold change between two temperatures. Griffing’s analysis of variance in flower size plasticity indicated that non-additive genetic action shapes this trait and pointed at challenges and opportunities when breeding for reduced plasticity. Our findings provide an outlook of flower size plasticity that is important for developing resilient crops for future climates.
The requirements and the effects of impairments
Authors: Jones R. E.
Published: March 2023

Great interest is being generated in direct broadcasting from space. In the future, several satellites will give individual users who are suitably equipped the option to select from over 40 programme channels. This paper is intended to outline the general system characteristics and requirements and considers the practicalities of siting and setting up a small receive-only terminal. Possible impairments resulting in signal degradation are described.
Reception problems and options
Authors: Hastings J. F. C.
Published: March 2023

Let us now consider the apparatus needed for satellite reception. First of all, we must decide what signals we want to receive. If we are content with the ‘normal’ signals, that is to say the signals intended for reception in a particular country, then a parabolic antenna of 0·7-0·9 m is required. This can be fixed, since only one satellite position is involved and the receiver need only cover half of the 800 MHz band. The 1977 plan has been so arranged that certain transmissions from neighbouring countries with similar cultures and languages can also be received by the same set-up but a larger antenna. I have called these adjacent transmissions, and examples are the UK and Ireland, Germany and Austria, and so on.
Advanced propulsion controls — a total system view
Authors: Young P. H.
Published: March 2023

As in many other branches of engineering, progress in propulsion controls has, for the past 30 years, meant the increasing application of electronics.

Throughout this period, the whole Aero-Engine Industry has used electronics to perform various limiting functions, particularly in the form of jet-pipe temperature limiters. However, Rolls-Royce and the British Controls Industry are undoubtedly the pioneers in the radical application of electronic technology to the control of aero gas turbines. World-wide, there are still only two aero engines in civil operation today with ‘Full-Authority’ electronic controls. They are:

The Rolls-Royce Proteus turboprop which has accumulated seven million hours in the Britannia since its entry into service in 1957. Its pre-transistor Ultra system still uses magnetic amplifiers and has achieved a very high reliability indeed, (in-flight shut-down rate = four per million engine hours).
Military potential of TiltRotor aircraft
Authors: Thomason Tommy
Published: March 2023

The TiltRotor concept combines the wing of an aircraft with the rotors of a helicopter. The result is a VTOL aircraft which is fuel-efficient in both cruise and hover. It can be thought of as a turboprop aircraft which can take off and land vertically, but it is also an advanced rotorcraft which has twice the speed and range of present-day helicopters.

When presented with yet another VTOL aircraft proposition, many people are quick to look for its shortcomings. The most obvious is the empty weight penalty. As an aircraft, the TiltRotor is burdened with a helicopter’s transmission, rotor, and controls. As a helicopter, the TiltRotor carries along an aircraft wing and controls, with a small hover efficiency penalty imposed by the high disc loading.
An evaluation of the Nimrod Maritime Crew Trainer — a case study
Authors: Parfitt A. G.
Published: March 2023

The need for hard data regarding the contribution made by flight simulators during aircrew training has been widely recognised by many authors, including Caro, Rolfe and Roscoe, and many complementary strategies or experimental paradigms for obtaining such data have been advanced, ranging from the conduct of carefully structured and controlled experimental studies to the collation of data obtained during on-going training programmes.

Within the military context at least two current developments point towards the need for additional data regarding the effectiveness of flight simulators. The first is the increasing potential of complex full mission capable simulators, where developments particularly in the visual area, are extending the ability of simulators to replicate the most demanding segments of fast-jet combat missions including low level tactical manoeuvring and target acquisition and weapon delivery.
A training module for flight simulator instructors in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Skellern I. , Easby M.
Published: March 2023

The phrase ‘Zero-Right Time’ was very much in everyone's mind at the last symposium held here earlier this year. Since the Edwin Link trainer in 1929 the technology of flight training devices has relentlessly progressed towards achieving this ultimate in pilot training. The flight training devices in current use in the civil and military spheres are extremely sophisticated and complex; to the layman they are little short of magical. However, during the past 50 years one aspect of flying training through simulation appears to have been overlooked; namely, the training of instructors to make the most effective use of these complicated devices.
The airport operators’ view
Authors: Bowers C. J.
Published: March 2023

I am most grateful to the Air Transport Group for inviting me to contribute to this Symposium. I shall try to analyse the way in which the airports play their part in the Industry and assess the extent to which they understand the airlines’ financial problems and attempt to contribute to their solution. I shall endeavour to give my answer to a number of relevant questions and will expect you to make your own comments and arrive at your own conclusions.
The role of the local planning authority
Authors: Wade A.J.R.
Published: March 2023

This paper is presented in relation to a medium sized coastal town in an English shire county.

The statutory functions of local planning authorities in England and Wales were consolidated in the Town & Country Planning Act, 1971 as amended by the Act of 1972. The general planning controls which are embodied in current legislation provide a framework for the submission of planning applications and their determination by local authorities.

Local Planning Authorities, and particularly District Councils, are empowered to determine a wide range of formal applications which relate to land within their own boundaries. The boundary of most coastal authorities stops at low water although there are exceptions, particularly in tidal estuaries.
Heavy gas mixtures for wind tunnel use
Authors: Al-Ani S. K. J. , Johnson E. A.
Published: March 2023

The advantages of using heavy gases in wind tunnels—reduced power consumption and scale size — have been appreciated for some time. To be sure of correct scaling of the results from such a tunnel, the working fluid should have a specific-heat-ratio γ equal to that of air (γ = 1·4); such a fluid can be obtained as a mixture of a monatomic gas with a polyatomic one. Here, general principles for choosing such a mixture are discussed, and estimates are given for the savings in size and scale which may be expected (compared to a conventional tunnel), following earlier work of Chapman.
MIL-STD-1553B data bus and the RAE flight evaluation programme
Authors: Moir I.
Published: March 2023

Digital data transmission techniques enable various elements within a system to communicate in an efficient manner. Multiplexing techniques permit this data to be transferred rapidly, accurately and reliably, without the constraints imposed by conventional wiring systems which employ heavy and costly cable runs and expensive connectors. In today’s cost conscious aviation world, both military and civil users are anxious to capitalise upon savings in cost and weight while gaining substantial benefits in terms of performance and reliability.

Smiths Industries has been involved for over a decade in the application of multiplexed data transmission systems. The military Tornado serial data transmission system and the civil ARINC data transmission systems are areas where specific expertise has been established. More recently the weapon systems unit of the company’s Cheltenham Division together with Micro Circuit Engineering, an SI subsidiary, has established a world lead in the development and the application of the widely accepted data bus standard, MIL-STD-1553B.
Understanding and countering the swirl in S-ducts: tests on the sensitivity of swirl to fences
Authors: Seddon J.
Published: March 2023

Wind tunnel tests have been made on the effect of bottom wall and sidewall fences of various sizes and combinations in reducing the swirl of an S-duct at high angle of attack. It is shown that large reductions can be made: in some cases the swirl is eliminated or even reversed. Fences of modest size can be chosen to combine a large swirl reduction with an improvement of the total pressure distortion at high incidence and only a small effect on mean pressure recovery at low incidence. Some further observations are made on the nature of the general swirl phenomenon.
Air armaments — are we on target?
Authors: Fenby R. G.
Published: March 2023

The surprising sequence of recent world political events and changes of government attitude have focused attention on our current state of armaments, readiness, and future intention in the fields of national and NATO defence. This affords an ideal opportunity for a discussion on that vital part of our national capability, the conventional armament of our aircraft. While this is a field which may not always receive the attention applied to other, more technologically glamorous areas, it is one which is playing a progressively greater role in the current and future defence scenario. Developments along this route have changed particularly rapidly during the past few years, and seem set to do so for a decade to come.
Communications to RPVs
Authors: Gibbs S. E. , Dunsmore M. R. B.
Published: March 2023

This paper will consider the various types of data links to Remotely Piloted Vehicles. The factors affecting their design will be explained and the important parameters and problems highlighted.

The actual and potential roles for RPVs are well established, whether they be military or civil surveillance, or crop spraying. The information to be transferred between the ground terminal and the RPV or between RPV and RPV will depend largely upon the type of mission. This will impose the biggest constraint on the link design.
Analysis of high technology collaboration
Authors: Farrar D. J. , Balthazor L. R.
Published: March 2023

In the current issue of Jane's All the World's Aircraft, J. W. R. Taylor states that ‘It would be pleasing to see in the development of programmes like Airbus and Tornado the seeds of increasingly successful European collaboration in the aerospace business … ‘

The Management Studies Group of the Royal Aeronautical Society have, for many years, been concerned with improving the effectiveness of the aerospace industry, and saw in European collaboration great opportunities as well as problems to be overcome. It was felt that the time was right for a review which could indicate the way forward, and identify the best growing conditions for the seeds of successful European collaboration.

This paper was commissioned by the Management Studies Group to review published papers for quantitative data in order to help set the scene for the talks and discussion to follow.
Optimal flight paths for winged, supersonic
flight vehicles — extension to the case where thrust can be vectored
Authors: Large E.
Published: March 2023

The theory of optimal flight paths goes back to 1951, when Tsien and Evans found the optimal thrust program for a vertically ascending sounding rocket. Hibbs, in 1952, solved the problem of the optimal burning program for horizontal flight of a winged, rocket propelled vehicle. Miele has carried out much work in this field, mostly using*the assumption of constant thrust, and working without the aid of a digital computer, (which is necessary to achieve results). Reference 3 gives a summary of early work in this field.

Recently, the problem of optimal climb paths of a ballistic rocket, away from the vertical, has been shown in Ref. 4 to have a simple analytic solution. The problem of a winged supersonic rocket missile, assuming the thrust acts along flight path, has been solved in Ref. 5.
On upstream influence in shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction
Authors: Dolling D. S.
Published: March 2023

In shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction, upstream influence is defined as the distance from the inviscid shock wave to where the incoming boundary layer is first disturbed. The latter position is generally taken as being where the mean wall pressure first increases above the undisturbed value. Wall pressure fluctuation measurements in two Mach 3, high Reynolds number interactions have shown that unsteadiness of the separation shock wave structure results in the instantaneous upstream influence varying over a range of values. Upstream influence as defined above is actually the maximum of this range and, at this distance upstream of the shock wave, the probability of finding the flow disturbed is correspondingly low. The minimum value of the range is the distance from the inviscid shock wave to where the incoming flow is always disturbed. In all of the cases studied the latter station was found to be just upstream of the separation point.
Impact of airline network on the global importation risk of mpox, 2022
Authors: Kinoshita Ryo , Sassa Miho , Otake Shogo , Yoshimatsu Fumi , Shi Shoi , Ueno Ryo , Suzuki Motoi , Yoneoka Daisuke
Published: March 2023

From 1 January 2022 to 4 September 2022, a total of 53 996 mpox cases were confirmed globally. Cases are predominantly concentrated in Europe and the Americas, while other regions are also continuously observing imported cases. This study aimed to estimate the potential global risk of mpox importation and consider hypothetical scenarios of travel restrictions by varying passenger volumes (PVs) via airline travel network. PV data for the airline network, and the time of first confirmed mpox case for a total of 1680 airports in 176 countries (and territories) were extracted from publicly available data sources. A survival analysis technique in which the hazard function was a function of effective distance was utilised to estimate the importation risk. The arrival time ranged from 9 to 48 days since the first case was identified in the UK on 6 May 2022. The estimated risk of importation showed that regardless of the geographic region, most locations will have an intensified importation risk by 31 December 2022. Travel restrictions scenarios had a minor impact on the global airline importation risk against mpox, highlighting the importance to enhance local capacities for the identification of mpox and to be prepared to carry out contact tracing and isolation.
Crowdsourced Data Highlight Precipitation Phase Partitioning Variability in Rain‐Snow Transition Zone
Authors: Jennings Keith S. , Arienzo Monica M. , Collins Meghan , Hatchett Benjamin J. , Nolin Anne W. , Aggett Graeme
Published: March 2023

To increase the number of direct observations of rain and snow, we started a citizen science project that crowdsources precipitation phase reports from volunteers using a smartphone app. We focused on the Lake Tahoe region of California and Nevada, USA which forms part of the rain‐snow transition zone, an area where both solid and liquid precipitation occur in winter months. In two study years, we received 2,495 reports, of which 2,248 (90.1%) passed our quality control checks. Snow was the most frequent phase (64.0%), followed by rain (21.0%) and mixed precipitation (15.0%). We compared these values to estimates from 14 common precipitation phase partitioning methods that use near‐surface meteorology as well as to two remote sensing products from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). We found the meteorology‐based methods tended to underestimate snowfall on average (60.9%) with a sizable standard deviation of 18%. The Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM level 3 probabilityLiquidPrecipitation product also underestimated snowfall (57.5%) relative to the crowdsourced data, while the Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar level 2A phaseNearSurface product had little spatiotemporal overlap with the observations. We also found slight differences in the rain‐snow line elevations measured by a freezing‐level radar versus those estimated from the crowdsourced data, with the former being 165 m lower than the latter on average. These findings underscore the importance of collecting ground‐truth observations of precipitation phase in the rain‐snow transition zone. We hope future studies will consider the use of crowdsourced data for improved insights into and better representation of hydrometeorological processes.
Temporal, Spatial, and Velocity‐Space Variations of Electron Phase Space Density Measurements at the Magnetopause
Authors: Shuster J. R. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Bessho N. , Sharma A. S. , Dorelli J. C. , Uritsky V. , Schwartz S. J. , Cassak P. A. , Denton R. E. , Chen L.‐J. , Gurram H. , Ng J. , Burch J. , Webster J. , Torbert R. , Paterson W. R. , Schiff C. , Viñas A. F. , Avanov L. A. , Stawarz J. , Li T. C. , Liu Y.‐H. , Argall M. R. , Afshari A. , Payne D. S. , Farrugia C. J. , Verniero J. , Wilder F. , Genestreti K. , da Silva D. E.
Published: March 2023

Temporal, spatial, and velocity‐space variations of electron phase space density are measured observationally and compared for the first time using the four magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at Earth's magnetopause. Equipped with these unprecedented spatiotemporal measurements offered by the MMS tetrahedron, we compute each term of the electron Vlasov equation that governs the evolution of collisionless plasmas found throughout the universe. We demonstrate how to use single spacecraft measurements to improve the resolution of the electron pressure gradient that supports nonideal parallel electric fields, and we develop a model to intuit the types of kinetic velocity‐space signatures that are observed in the Vlasov equation terms. Furthermore, we discuss how the gradient in velocity‐space sheds light on plasma energy conversion mechanisms and wave‐particle interactions that occur in fundamental physical processes such as magnetic reconnection and turbulence.
A Multi‐Satellite Case Study of Low‐Energy H+ Asymmetric Field‐Aligned Distributions Observed by MMS in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Kim M. J. , Goldstein J. , Fuselier S. A. , Glocer A. , Burch J. L.
Published: March 2023

Field‐aligned distributions of H+ with energy less than 100 eV in the magnetosphere originate from the ionosphere through ionospheric outflow. Recently, a statistical interhemispheric asymmetry in this ion outflow was reported. In this study, we investigate a case study of asymmetric field‐aligned distributions (E < 100 eV) resulting from asymmetric outflow observed on 13 August 2019 by the Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer onboard the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. During the reported event, the average phase space density in the parallel direction (pitch angle < 45°) is about 4.7 times higher than in the anti‐parallel direction (pitch angle > 135°), indicating greater outflow from the southern hemisphere. In this event, electron precipitation fluxes are also asymmetric between hemispheres, with more electrons traveling to the southern hemisphere than to the northern hemisphere. Global MHD simulation results (SWMF/BAT‐S‐RUS available from the CCMC) confirm that several ionospheric parameters (joule heating, convection velocities, and energy fluxes of precipitating electrons) are more enhanced in the southern hemisphere. We suggest that these interhemispheric asymmetries might cause a stronger outflow from the southern hemisphere than from the northern hemisphere, to produce the observed asymmetric field‐aligned distributions for the low‐energy H+.
Mesoscale Circulation Controls Chlorophyll Concentrations in the East Australian Current Separation Zone
Authors: Malan Neil , Roughan Moninya , Hemming Michael , Schaeffer Amandine
Published: March 2023

Understanding the distribution of chlorophyll on the continental shelves adjacent to western boundary currents is important, both from an ecosystem perspective, as well as for their role as a net sink of atmospheric CO2. However, in‐situ observations of chlorophyll in these dynamic regions are rare. Here, using more than a decade of underwater glider observations from 29 deployments in the East Australian Current (EAC) system, we examine the effect of the mesoscale western boundary current (WBC) circulation on chlorophyll distribution across the shelf. The extensive hydrographic dataset reveals that the mode of boundary current separation has a strong persistent spatial influence on both the stratification and chlorophyll distribution on the shelf between 31.5° and 34°S, a productive area adjacent to the EAC separation zone. We identify that subsurface chlorophyll maxima are common, and their depth and strength is dictated by the offshore mesoscale circulation associated with the WBC separation. The vertical chlorophyll distribution is modulated by the combination of the seasonal cycle and the sporadic influence of mesoscale eddies associated with WBC jet separation. Of the three dominant WBC separation scenarios, eddy dipoles result in shelf waters that are on average more stratified, have higher chlorophyll values, and a deeper chlorophyll maximum compared to other circulation modes. These results suggest that it is necessary to consider the influence of WBC dynamics on chlorophyll concentrations for accurate estimates of atmospheric CO2 uptake.
Projected West Antarctic Ocean Warming Caused by an Expansion of the Ross Gyre
Authors: Gómez‐Valdivia Felipe , Holland Paul R. , Siahaan Antony , Dutrieux Pierre , Young Emma
Published: March 2023

We use United Kingdom Earth System Model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 to analyze the Ross Gyre (RG) dynamics during the historical 1850–2014 period and under two contrasting future climate‐change scenarios. The modeled RG is relatively stable, with an extent and strength that agree with observations. The projections exhibit an eastward gyre expansion into the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas that starts during the 2040s. The associated cyclonic ocean circulation enhances the onshore transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water into the inner regional shelf, a regime change that increases the local subsurface shelf temperatures by up to 1.2°C and is independent of future forcing scenario. The RG expansion is generated by a regional ocean surface stress curl intensification associated with anthropogenic sea ice loss. If realised in reality, such a warming would strongly influence the future stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers a non-autonomous Tbx1-dependent genetic program controlling cardiac neural crest cell development
Authors: De Bono Christopher , Liu Yang , Ferrena Alexander , Valentine Aneesa , Zheng Deyou , Morrow Bernice E.
Published: March 2023

Disruption of cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) results in congenital heart disease, yet we do not understand the cell fate dynamics as these cells differentiate to vascular smooth muscle cells. Here we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of NCCs from the pharyngeal apparatus with the heart in control mouse embryos and when Tbx1, the gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is inactivated. We uncover three dynamic transitions of pharyngeal NCCs expressing Tbx2 and Tbx3 through differentiated CNCCs expressing cardiac transcription factors with smooth muscle genes. These transitions are altered non-autonomously by loss of Tbx1. Further, inactivation of Tbx2 and Tbx3 in early CNCCs results in aortic arch branching defects due to failed smooth muscle differentiation. Loss of Tbx1 interrupts mesoderm to CNCC cell-cell communication with upregulation and premature activation of BMP signaling and reduced MAPK signaling, as well as alteration of other signaling, and failed dynamic transitions of CNCCs leading to disruption of aortic arch artery formation and cardiac outflow tract septation.
A self-adaptive hardware with resistive switching synapses for experience-based neurocomputing
Authors: Bianchi S. , Muñoz-Martin I. , Covi E. , Bricalli A. , Piccolboni G. , Regev A. , Molas G. , Nodin J. F. , Andrieu F. , Ielmini D.
Published: March 2023

Neurobiological systems continually interact with the surrounding environment to refine their behaviour toward the best possible reward. Achieving such learning by experience is one of the main challenges of artificial intelligence, but currently it is hindered by the lack of hardware capable of plastic adaptation. Here, we propose a bio-inspired recurrent neural network, mastered by a digital system on chip with resistive-switching synaptic arrays of memory devices, which exploits homeostatic Hebbian learning for improved efficiency. All the results are discussed experimentally and theoretically, proposing a conceptual framework for benchmarking the main outcomes in terms of accuracy and resilience. To test the proposed architecture for reinforcement learning tasks, we study the autonomous exploration of continually evolving environments and verify the results for the Mars rover navigation. We also show that, compared to conventional deep learning techniques, our in-memory hardware has the potential to achieve a significant boost in speed and power-saving.
Benchmarking integration of single-cell differential expression
Authors: Nguyen Hai C. T. , Baik Bukyung , Yoon Sora , Park Taesung , Nam Dougu
Published: March 2023

Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing data between different samples has been a major challenge for analyzing cell populations. However, strategies to integrate differential expression analysis of single-cell data remain underinvestigated. Here, we benchmark 46 workflows for differential expression analysis of single-cell data with multiple batches. We show that batch effects, sequencing depth and data sparsity substantially impact their performances. Notably, we find that the use of batch-corrected data rarely improves the analysis for sparse data, whereas batch covariate modeling improves the analysis for substantial batch effects. We show that for low depth data, single-cell techniques based on zero-inflation model deteriorate the performance, whereas the analysis of uncorrected data using limmatrend, Wilcoxon test and fixed effects model performs well. We suggest several high-performance methods under different conditions based on various simulation and real data analyses. Additionally, we demonstrate that differential expression analysis for a specific cell type outperforms that of large-scale bulk sample data in prioritizing disease-related genes.
Clinical and genetic associations of deep learning-derived cardiac magnetic resonance-based left ventricular mass
Authors: Khurshid Shaan , Lazarte Julieta , Pirruccello James P. , Weng Lu-Chen , Choi Seung Hoan , Hall Amelia W. , Wang Xin , Friedman Samuel F. , Nauffal Victor , Biddinger Kiran J. , Aragam Krishna G. , Batra Puneet , Ho Jennifer E. , Philippakis Anthony A. , Ellinor Patrick T. , Lubitz Steven A.
Published: March 2023

Left ventricular mass is a risk marker for cardiovascular events, and may indicate an underlying cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance is the gold-standard for left ventricular mass estimation, but is challenging to obtain at scale. Here, we use deep learning to enable genome-wide association study of cardiac magnetic resonance-derived left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area within 43,230 UK Biobank participants. We identify 12 genome-wide associations (1 known at TTN and 11 novel for left ventricular mass), implicating genes previously associated with cardiac contractility and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance-derived indexed left ventricular mass is associated with incident dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implant. An indexed left ventricular mass polygenic risk score ≥90th percentile is also associated with incident implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implant in separate UK Biobank (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.05-1.44) and Mass General Brigham (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.12-2.74) samples. Here, we perform a genome-wide association study of cardiac magnetic resonance-derived indexed left ventricular mass to identify 11 novel variants and demonstrate that cardiac magnetic resonance-derived and genetically predicted indexed left ventricular mass are associated with incident cardiomyopathy.
High production of furfural by flash pyrolysis of C6 sugars and lignocellulose by Pd-PdO/ZnSO4 catalyst
Authors: Zhou Qiaoqiao , Gu Jinxing , Wang Jingwei , De Girolamo Anthony , Yang Sasha , Zhang Lian
Published: March 2023

Furfural (C5H4O2) is an important platform chemical for the synthesis of next-generation bio-fuels. Herein, we report a novel and reusable heterogeneous catalyst, Pd-PdO/ZnSO4 with 1.1 mol% palladium (Pd), for the production of furfural by flash pyrolysis of lignocelluloses at 400 °C. For both dry and wet C6 cellulose and its monomers, the furfural yields reach 74–82 mol%, relative to 96 mol% from C5 xylan and 23–33 wt% from sugarcane bagasse and corncob. The catalyst has a well-defined structure and bifunctional property, comprising a ZnSO4 support for the dehydration and isomerization of glucose, and a local core-shell configuration for metallic Pd0 encapsulated by an oxide (PdO) layer. The PdO layer is active for the Grob fragmentation of formaldehyde (HCHO) from glucose, which is subsequently in-situ steam reformed into syn-gas (i.e. H2 and CO), whereas the Pd0 core is active in promoting the last dehydration step for the formation of furfural.
Heat transfer analysis of fractional model of couple stress Casson tri-hybrid nanofluid using dissimilar shape nanoparticles in blood with biomedical applications
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Di Persio Luca , Kumam Poom , Watthayu Wiboonsak , Akgül Ali
Published: March 2023

During last decades the research of nanofluid is of great interest all over the World, particularly because of its thermal applications in engineering, and biological sciences. Although nanofluid performance is well appreciate and showed good results in the heat transport phenomena, to further improve conventional base fluids thermal performance an increasing number of researchers have started considering structured nanoparticles suspension in one base fluid. As to make an example, when considering the suspension of three different nanoparticles in a single base fluid we have the so called “ternary hybrid nanofluid”. In the present study three different shaped nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in blood. In particular, the three different shaped nanoparticles are spherical shaped ferric oxide$$\text{Fe}_{3} \text{O}_{4}$$Fe3O4, platelet shaped zinc$$\left( \text{Zn} \right)$$Zn, and cylindrical shaped gold$$\left( \text{Au} \right)$$Au, which are considered in blood base fluid because of related advance pharmaceutical applications. Accordingly, we focused our attention on the sharp evaluation of heat transfer for the unsteady couple stress Casson tri-hybrid nanofluid flow in channel. In particular, we formulated the problem via momentum and energy equations in terms of partial differential equations equipped with realistic physical initial and boundary conditions. Moreover, we transformed classical model into their fractional counterparts by applying the Atangana–Baleanu time-fractional operator. Solutions to velocity and temperature equations have been obtained by using both the Laplace and the Fourier transforms, while the effect of physical parameters on velocity and temperature profiles, have been graphically analyzed exploiting MATHCAD. In particular, latter study clearly shows that for higher values of volume fraction$$\phi_{hnf}$$ϕhnfof the nanoparticles the fluid velocity declines, while the temperature rises for the higher values of volume fraction$$\phi_{hnf}$$ϕhnfof the nanoparticles. Using blood-based ternary hybrid nanofluid enhances the rate of heat transfer up-to 8.05%, spherical shaped$$\text{Fe}_{3} \text{O}_{4}$$Fe3O4enhances up-to 4.63%, platelet shaped$$\left( \text{Zn} \right)$$Znnanoparticles enhances up-to 8.984% and cylindrical shaped gold$$\left( \text{Au} \right)$$Aunanoparticles enhances up-to 10.407%.
Thermal tolerances of Popenaias popeii (Texas hornshell) and its host fish from the Rio Grande Basin, Texas
Authors: Rangaswami Xenia L. , Goldsmith Amanda M. , Khan Jennifer M. , Robertson Clinton R. , Lopez Roel R. , Randklev Charles R.
Published: March 2023

Freshwater mussels are particularly sensitive to hydrologic changes, including streamflow and temperature, resulting in global decline. The Devils River in south-central Texas harbors the endangered freshwater mussel Popenaias popeii (Unionidae; Texas hornshell). There is concern that water withdrawals from the underlying aquifer may be negatively impacting this species. To assess this risk, we evaluated upper thermal tolerances (LT05 and LT50) of larvae (glochidia) and juveniles from two sites. After being acclimated to 27 °C, glochidia were subjected to five experimental temperatures (30, 32, 34, 36, and 38 °C) and non-acclimated control (20 °C) for 12-h and 24-h while juveniles were subjected to three experimental temperatures (30, 32, and 36 °C) and non-acclimated control (20 °C) for 96-h. We overlaid tolerance estimates against in situ water temperature and discharge data to evaluate thermal exceedances. Additionally, we reviewed upper thermal tolerances of P. popeii’s presumed host fish (Carpiodes carpio, Cyprinellas lutrensis, and Moxostoma congestum) and their congeners. Stream temperatures only occasionally exceeded mussel LT05/50 and fish CLMax/LTMax, likely due to the Devils River’s large spring input, highlighting the importance of protecting spring flows. We provide a practical framework for assessing hydrological needs of aquatic ectotherms, including the parasite-host relationship, which can be used to optimize environmental management.
Expression of olfactory receptor genes in non-olfactory tissues in the developing and adult zebrafish
Authors: Jundi Dania , Coutanceau Jean-Pierre , Bullier Erika , Imarraine Soumaiya , Fajloun Ziad , Hong Elim
Published: March 2023

Since the discovery of olfactory receptor (OR) genes, their expression in non-olfactory tissues have been reported in rodents and humans. For example, mouse OR23 (mOR23) is expressed in sperm and muscle cells and has been proposed to play a role in chemotaxis and muscle migration, respectively. In addition, mouse mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons express various ORs, which respond to corresponding ligands. As the OR genes comprise the largest multigene family of G protein-coupled receptors in vertebrates (over 400 genes in human and 1000 in rodents), it has been difficult to categorize the extent of their diverse expression in non-olfactory tissues making it challenging to ascertain their function. The zebrafish genome contains significantly fewer OR genes at around 140 genes, and their expression pattern can be easily analyzed by carrying out whole mount in situ hybridization (ISH) assay in larvae. In this study, we found that 31 out of 36 OR genes, including or104-2, or108-1, or111-1, or125-4, or128-1, or128-5, 133-4, or133-7, or137-3 are expressed in various tissues, including the trunk, pharynx, pancreas and brain in the larvae. In addition, some OR genes are expressed in distinct brain regions such as the hypothalamus and the habenula in a dynamic temporal pattern between larvae, juvenile and adult zebrafish. We further confirmed that OR genes are expressed in non-olfactory tissues by RT-PCR in larvae and adults. These results indicate tight regulation of OR gene expression in the brain in a spatial and temporal manner and that the expression of OR genes in non-olfactory tissues are conserved in vertebrates. This study provides a framework to start investigating the function of ORs in the zebrafish brain.
The IgV domain of the poliovirus receptor alone is immunosuppressive and binds to its receptors with comparable affinity
Authors: Saha Shrayasee , Sparkes Amanda , Matus Esther I. , Lee Peter , Gariépy Jean
Published: March 2023

PVR (poliovirus receptor) functions as a ligand that signals through TIGIT and CD96 to induce suppression of T-cell and NK-cell responses. Alternatively, PVR binds to CD226, resulting in a co-stimulatory signal. To date, TIGIT antibody antagonists have been developed to restore immune functions and allow PVR to signal though CD226 in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Due to PVR receptor heterogeneity, agonizing either of these pathways with a recombinant form of the PVR extracellular domain represents a therapeutic strategy for either immunosuppression or activation. Here, we developed a minimal murine PVR-Fc fusion construct, consisting of only the IgV domain of PVR (vdPVR-Fc), and assessed its ability to dampen inflammatory responses in a murine model of psoriasis. vdPVR-Fc and PVR-Fc containing the full-length extracellular domain bound to TIGIT, CD96 and CD226 with similar low nanomolar affinities as defined by surface plasmon resonance. vdPVR-Fc was also able to suppress the in-vitro proliferation of murine CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in mixed splenocyte cultures. Importantly, vdPVR-Fc delayed the onset, and reduced inflammatory responses (scaling and thickness) in a murine model of psoriasis. Collectively, our results suggest that the minimal IgV domain of PVR is sufficient to dampen immune responses in-vitro and attenuate symptoms of psoriasis in-vivo.