bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein adsorption and separation with monomodal and multimodal anion exchange chromatography resins. Part II. Mechanisms of protein aggregation on the chromatographic surface
Authors: Roberts Joey A. , Carta Giorgio
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Proteins on chromatographic surfaces can undergo conformational changes, leading to aggregate formation. Such effects have been reported previously for hydrophobic interaction and cation exchange chromatography. In Part I of this work, we examined protein adsorption behavior on monomodal (Nuvia HP‐Q) and multimodal anion exchangers (Nuvia aPrime and Capto Adhere), observing that aggregates are also formed on these multimodal resins. In this work we examine the underlying mechanisms and the conditions that affect aggregate formation.

RESULTS

Incubating the multimodal anion exchangers with pure bovine serum albumin monomer at low ionic strength results in the formation of dimer and higher‐order oligomers (up to hexamers) to an extent that depends on the incubation time. The percentage of total protein initially bound that is desorbed decreased from >85% with a 5 min incubation to <40% with 24 h incubation at pH 7.0, indicating that additional irreversibly bound species are formed on the resin surface. Load buffers leading to stronger binding (higher pH and/or lower salt) and higher temperatures (32 °C) result in more extensive aggregation. Minimal aggregation occurs, instead, for Nuvia HP‐Q.

CONCLUSION

BSA oligomers are formed directly on the surface of the multimodal resins studied and are eluted as discrete species at increasing salt concentrations. Aggregate formation is promoted by the ligand hydrophobicity and affects the separation of monomer–dimer mixtures by frontal chromatography, as the ability of the dimer in the feed to displace the adsorbed protein is impaired by gradual conversion of the monomer to stronger bound species. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Priorities for health and wellbeing for older people with and without HIV in Uganda: a qualitative methods study
Authors: Reynolds Zahra , Gilbert Rebecca , Sentongo Ruth , Meyer Ana‐Claire , Saylor Deanna , Okello Samson , Nakasujja Noeline , Greene Meredith , Seeley Janet , Tsai Alexander C. , Asiimwe Stephen , Quach Lien , Olivieri‐Mui Brianne , Siedner Mark J.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

With improved HIV treatment availability in sub‐Saharan Africa, the population of older people with HIV (PWH) is growing. In this qualitative study, we intended to understand (1) the lived experiences of ageing people in rural Uganda, with and without HIV, (2) their fears and health priorities as they grow older.

Methods

We conducted 36 semi‐structured interviews with individuals with and without HIV in Mbarara, Uganda from October 2019 to February 2020. Interview guide topics included priorities in older age, physical functioning in daily activities, social functioning, HIV‐related stigma and the impact of multimorbidity on health and independence. Interviews were conducted in Runyankole, transcribed, translated and inductively coded thematically by two researchers with tests for inter‐coder reliability.

Results

The respondents were purposively sampled to be evenly divided by sex and HIV serostatus. The median age of respondents was 57 (49–73). Two‐thirds were married or cohabitating, 94% had biological children and 75% cited farming as their primary livelihood. Overall, PWH considered themselves as healthy or healthier than people without HIV (PWOH). PWH rarely considered their HIV status a barrier to a healthy life, but some reported a constant sense of anxiety as it relates to their long‐term health. Irrespective of HIV status, nearly all respondents noted concerns about memory loss, physical pain, reductions in energy and the effect of these changes on their ability to complete physical tasks like small‐scale farming, and activities of daily living important to the quality of life, such as participating in community groups. Increasing reliance on others for social, physical and financial support was also a common theme. The most prevalent health concern among participants involved the threat of non‐communicable diseases and perceptions that physical functioning may diminish.

Conclusions

In rural Uganda, we found that PWH consider themselves to be healthy and do not anticipate a different ageing experience from PWOH. Common priorities shared by both groups included the desire for physical and financial independence, health maintenance and social support for daily functioning and social needs. Entities supporting geriatric care in Uganda would benefit from attention to concerns about functional limitations and reported needs as people age with and without HIV.
The politics of gifts and reciprocity in South–South Cooperation: The case of India's Covid‐19 diplomacy
Authors: Venkatachalam Meera , Nielsen Kenneth Bo , Modi Renu
Published: September 2022

Development economists have often argued that South–South flows of capital and aid are devoid of the conditionalities and hierarchies that define North–South flows of the same. Maussians and neo‐Maussians maintain that gifting—which allows for the ethos of reciprocity—leads to the formation of more equal international partnerships. This article focusses on India's development diplomacy. We unpack Indian cultural notions of ‘gifting’, which do not allow for imaginings of reciprocity, and show how ‘the gift’ has been strategically employed by Indian actors as a tool of state‐making to forge relations of hierarchy and dependence globally.
Severe loss of appetite and refusal to eat as severe side effect of glycerol phenylbutyrate
Authors: Grünert Sarah Catharina , Schumann Anke , Spiekerkoetter Ute
Published: September 2022

Glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB) is an ammonia scavenger drug commonly used in the therapy of patients with urea cycle defects. Reported side effects include body odor, abdominal pain, nausea, burning sensation in mouth, vomiting, and heartburn. We report on a 3‐year‐old late diagnosed female patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency that experienced severe loss of appetite under treatment with GBP. Due to catabolism (calory intake about 400 kcal/day) and the associated risk of metabolic decompensation, GBP treatment was discontinued. Her appetite and eating behavior normalized within 1 day after discontinuation of GBP and switch to sodium benzoate. Our case demonstrates that GBP can cause severe loss of appetite that may put patients at risk of metabolic decompensation and require discontinuation of therapy.
End‐user understanding of qualitative comparative analysis used within evidence synthesis: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Kahwati Leila C. , Kelly Bridget J. , Johnson Mihaela , Clark Rachel T. , Viswanathan Meera
Published: September 2022

Background

Enhanced uptake of systematic reviews that use qualitative comparative analyses (QCA) requires knowing how end‐users interpret such findings. The study purpose was to identify effective approaches to communicating results from a QCA within a systematic review.

Methods

Sequential exploratory mixed methods design; thematic analysis of interviews with 11 end‐users followed by a randomized experiment with 254 participants that provided QCA results for a hypothetical review presented through three formats (text, table, and figure). A survey administered after the experiment assessed subjective and objective comprehension of QCA results.

Results

Interview themes included use of jargon; appropriate use of appendices, tables, figures; and integration of QCA results within the systematic review. In the experiment, we observed a significant difference (p = 0.035) in subjective comprehension across the three presentation formats. Participants randomized to the figure and text formats scored higher compared to the table. No significant differences were observed for objective comprehension overall (p = 0.11). However, for parameter interpretation (a unique component of QCA results), scores among participants that received the figure format were significantly higher than scores for participants who received the text (p = 0.001) or table (p = 0.004). No significant differences (p = 0.09) were observed in objective comprehension for configuration interpretation.

Conclusions

End‐users of systematic reviews saw value in the use of QCA, but unfamiliar methods and terminology were barriers to full understanding of the findings. When presenting results, a figure format appears to be superior to text or table formats based on measures of subjective comprehension and some measures of objective comprehension.
Gauging Stakeholder Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Gender‐Affirming Voice Care
Authors: Millman Noah , Timmons Sund Lauren , Johns Michael , Elliott Ayana , Silverstein Einav , Bensoussan Yael
Published: September 2022

Background

As the main objective outcome measure used in gender‐affirming voice care (GAVC), fundamental frequency (f0) often fails to accurately reflect patient perceptions of their voice. Our team developed an artificial intelligence (AI) program that provides an alternative objective outcome measure that has the potential to more accurately align with patient perceptions.

Objective

To gauge stakeholder receptivity to the use of AI in GAVC before employing a novel outcome measure in transgender and nonbinary communities.

Methods

This prospective qualitative study used online focus groups composed of speech‐language pathologists (SLPs), transgender men (TGM), transgender women (TGW), and nonbinary (NB) individuals. Participant age, race, gender, and geographic location were recorded. Each cohort participated in a series of two focus group sessions. The first session focused on participant experiences in GAVC, whereas the second ascertained participant perspectives on the use of AI in GAVC. Transcripts of each discussion were coded using Nvivo to perform inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Seven SLPs, seven TGW, three TGM, and two NB individuals (mean [range] age, 35.5 [26–48] years) participated. Transgender and nonbinary participants were generally amenable to the technology, whereas SLPs were more hesitant about its use. Positive findings included appreciation for AI as an objective outcome measure and enthusiasm for its potential to longitudinally track progress. Hesitations concerned the actionability of using the AI and unease about the black box nature of the AI's analysis.

Conclusion

Transgender and NB individuals were receptive to the use of AI technology in GAVC, whereas SLPs were more apprehensive about using AI.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 133:1698–1705, 2023
California governor vetoes bill extending foster care services beyond age 21
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: September 2022

Strongly supported California legislation that would have extended assistance to a vulnerable population of young people exiting the foster care system will not be implemented, following a veto last month by Gov. Gavin Newsom.
Grants support CBHCs, schools' partnership youth BH care pilot
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: September 2022

Providing comprehensive behavioral health (BH) urgent care to children and adolescents in Massachusetts is the crux of a new initiative that involves the collaboration among five community BH centers (CBHCs) and several school partners. The centers have been awarded nearly $500,000 in grants by the Massachusetts Association for Mental Health (MAMH) and Mass General Brigham to implement this new partnership‐based BH urgent care model for K‐12 students.
Gradient estimate for the minimizers in Musielak–Orlicz–Sobolev space
Authors: Liu Duchao , Yao Jinghua , Wang Beibei , Yang Sibei
Published: September 2022

Under appropriate assumptions on the
‐function, the
estimate for the gradient of the minimizers of a class of energy functional in Musielak–Orlicz–Sobolev space
is presented by using Calderón–Zygmund decomposition. The theory unifies gradient estimates in some fully nonlinear variational problems.
Ist Geruchsverlust heilbar?
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: September 2022

Covid‐19 führt bei vielen Erkrankten zu vorübergehendem oder gar lang anhaltendem Verlust des Geruchssinns (Anosmie). Damit rückt die Pandemie ein lange vernachlässigtes Gesundheitsproblem ins Rampenlicht – und weckt Hoffnung auf Fortschritt bei der Behandlung.
Regionales Stipendiat:innentreffen 2022 des VCI/FCI in Mainz
Authors: Quraishi Elisabeth , Thömmes Anna‐Lena
Published: September 2022

Im August trafen sich 16 vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (FCI) geförderte Stipendiat:innen aus der Region an der Universität Mainz, um sich über ihre Forschung auszutauschen. Den Stipendiat:innentag hatte Christoph Kerzig organisiert, der seit 2020 als Junior‐Professor mit einem Liebig‐Stipendium des FCI/VCI an der Uni Mainz mit seiner Gruppe zu Photochemie forscht.
Magnetic manipulation of discontinuous ferromagnetic fibers in viscous fluids: Dynamics of single fiber alignment
Authors: De Schryver Cédric , Vanoost Dries , Buffel Bart , Pissoort Davy , Desplentere Frederik
Published: September 2022

The method of fiber morphology manipulation using magnetic field interaction is proposed for single discontinuous steel fibers dispersed in viscous fluids and subjected to low magnetic fields. The goal of this study was to investigate the fiber behavior under different test conditions. The effects of the fluid viscosity, the fiber aspect ratio and the strength of the magnetic field on the dynamics of fiber alignment were analyzed. In‐plane magnetic alignment tests with a single fiber were carried out to avoid fiber‐fiber interactions and fiber clustering. Based on the experimental results, a model to predict ferromagnetic fiber alignment caused by a static unidirectional magnetic field was provided. Existing models focus on the different torques occurring in the realignment process. The presented model is based on single‐term exponential equations and considers all previously mentioned variables. It is shown that a good agreement between experimental data and fiber realignment predictions for single fibers is achieved.
Variable rate air‐assisted spray based on real‐time disease spot identification
Authors: Zhang Jinhui , Yin Hao , Zhou Liangfu , Gu Chao , Qiu Wei , Lv Xiaolan , Sun Hao , Yu Hongfeng , Zhang Zhengwei
Published: September 2022

Background

Currently, the variable‐rate application (VA) of agrochemicals on fruit trees is based on canopy volume and biomass. The canopy volume has a significant relationship with disease resistance and degree of disease incidence. Therefore, this study proposes a VA method that uses deep convolutional neural networks for real‐time recognition of disease spots on pear trees. Furthermore, it specifies the limitations and application scenarios of the disease spot recognition. Field performance tests were conducted to verify the performance of the proposed VA system.

Results

The results showed a mean average precision, precision, and recall of 87.42%, 83.76%, and 87.23%, respectively. The spot recognition rate was 81.3% when the canopy sampling distance, spot diameter, and canopy porosity were 1.2 m, 4–8 mm, and 55.76%, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed VA system saved 51.9% spray volume compared to conventional methods while ensuring quality.

Conclusion

Compared to the traditional constant rate model, the proposed VA technology based on real‐time disease spot identification can reduce spraying in nondiseased areas, thereby abandoning the previous saturation application practice and significantly reducing pesticide use. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Generic substitution of antidepressants
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: September 2022

The high cost of brand‐name medications contributes significantly to the utilization of generic versions of drugs in place of their brand‐name counterparts. Since generic and brand‐name medications share the identical chemical entity, it is generally anticipated by insurance payors, providers, and patients that the efficacy and side effect profiles of the two will be very similar. The Food and Drug Administration requires evidence of bioequivalence, showing similar concentration‐time profiles within acceptable predetermined limits, as the primary determinant for decision making in approving generic drugs.
Integrated availability importance measure analysis for multi‐state manufacturing system based on proportional hazards model
Authors: Gu Dongwei , Jia Ligang , Zhong Yuhong
Published: September 2022

Availability is a comprehensive reflection of the overall performance for a manufacturing system, so it is necessary to evaluate the impact of component changes on the availability of a manufacturing system. However, most of the existing importance measures are based on reliability change or state degradation to measure the relative importance of components, which cannot be comprehensively analyzed for multi‐state manufacturing systems. The availability of a multi‐state manufacturing system is influenced by time and state. Therefore, considering the synergistic effect of time and state, this paper proposes an Integrated Availability Importance Measure (IAIM) based on proportional hazards model combining with component state probability and state transition rate. This measure fully examines the time parameters, state parameters and maintenance impact of multi‐state systems, and can comprehensively evaluate the relative importance of multi‐state coherent system components, provide theoretical basis for further developing the availability maintenance strategy, and indicate the improvement direction for further improving the reliability of multi‐state manufacturing systems. A numerical example is given to prove its feasibility, and the influence of related parameters is investigated by sensitivity analysis. Finally, a real‐world case study is used to illustrate its applicability.
Pneumonia caused by toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Doyle Dominic , Long Amy , Murphy Desmond M.
Published: September 2022

A well‐functioning 68 year old gentleman presented to our hospital with a macular rash 2 weeks after starting a course of Ciprofloxacin. There was rapid progression of skin involvement including the mucosa, complicated by pancytopaenia. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) was suspected and the patient was administered intravenous immunoglobulins and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. TEN was confirmed on skin biopsy and a lymphocyte transformation test demonstrated sensitisation to Ciprofloxacin. The patient developed multifocal pulmonary infiltrates with evidence of pulmonary involvement and probable pneumonia after 1 week and was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. He also became dysphagic and suffered recurrent aspiration pneumonias. Follow up studies revealed fixed airways obstruction and features of bronchiolitis on computed tomography. This case highlights pulmonary involvement which can become a chronic complication of TEN, itself precipitated by the rare drug cause of Ciprofloxacin.
Huge racemose hemangioma of the bronchial artery with arterial supply via the right coronary artery and left internal thoracic artery
Authors: Horie Rikako , Sekiya Kensuke , Funada Junichi
Published: September 2022

A 79‐year‐old male with bronchiectasis was referred to our clinic because of mild chest tightness on exertion. He had no history of hemoptysis. An electrocardiogram showed ST segment depression in leads V5‐6. Multi‐detector contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed no significant stenosis in either coronary artery; however, a huge racemose hemangioma of the bronchial artery (RHBA) was detected. In addition, arterial supply to the RHBA via the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was suspected. Adenosine‐loading myocardial scintigraphy images revealed segmental hypo‐perfusion in the left ventricular inferior wall. Selective bronchial artery angiography revealed the huge RHBA. In addition, both the RCA and LITA provided arterial supply to the RHBA. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first to show multiple arterial supply resulting in a huge RHBA.
Thymoquinone induces apoptosis in temozolomide‐resistant glioblastoma cells via the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway
Authors: Mai Ai , Ye Shu‐Wen , Tu Jia‐Yu , Gao Jun , Kang Zhan‐Fang , Yao Qian‐Ming , Ting Wei‐Jen
Published: September 2022

Temozolomide (TMZ) can cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and deliver methyl groups to the purine (guanine) bases of DNA, leading to mispairing during DNA replication and subsequent cell death. However, increased expression of the repair enzyme methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), which removes methyl groups from purine bases, counteracts methylation by TMZ. We evaluated the anticancer potential of thymoquinone (TQ), a hydrophobic flavonoid that inhibits resistance and induces apoptosis in various cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments showed that compared with the Hs683 and M059J cell lines, U251 cells were more sensitive to TMZ. Compared to U251 cells, U251R cells, a TMZ drug‐resistant strain established in this study, are characterized by increased expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (p‐ERK) and MGMT. TQ treatments induced apoptosis in all cell lines. The p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal pathway was mainly activated in U251 and U251R cells; however, p‐ERK and MGMT upregulation could not suppress TQ effects. Furthermore, si‐p38 pretreatment of U251R cells in TQ treatments inhibited cell apoptosis. We speculate that TQ contributed to the phosphorylation and activation of p38, but not of ERK‐induced apoptosis (irrespective of TMZ resistance). In vivo, U251R‐derived tumors subcutaneously inoculated in nude mice exhibited significant tumor volume reduction after TQ or TQ + TMZ cotreatments. High‐performance liquid chromatography assay confirmed the presence of TQ in murine brain tissues. Our findings demonstrate that TQ can effectively cross the BBB and function alone or in combination with TMZ to treat glioblastoma.
Oesophageal pneumatosis: computed tomographic characteristics in three dogs (2018–2021)
Authors: Orts‐Porcar Marc , Ororbia Alejandro , Fina Caroline , Herrería‐Bustillo Vicente José , Gómez‐Martín Noemi , Barreiro‐Vázquez José Daniel , González‐Rellán Sonia , Anselmi Carlo
Published: September 2022

Background

Oesophageal pneumatosis (OP) is defined as the presence of gas within the oesophageal wall. The description of this condition in veterinary medicine is currently lacking. The pathogenesis of alimentary tract pneumatosis remains unclear. Current literature describes that access of gas into the oesophageal wall may occur by one or a combination of the following mechanisms: mucosal disruption, increased intra or extra‐luminal pressure or dissection of gas from an extra‐oesophageal source.

Objectives

The aim of this multi‐centric case series was to describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of OP in dogs.

Methods

Three adult dogs were included. One dog presented with gastrointestinal signs and general malaise while the other two presented with spontaneous facial and cervical subcutaneous emphysema.

Results

CT revealed different degrees of intramural gas along the oesophageal wall in all cases. The first dog was diagnosed with emphysematous gastritis based on the presence of gastric pneumatosis paired with compatible clinicopathological and endoscopic findings. This dog was successfully treated with antibiotics. The remaining two dogs were diagnosed with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and required no surgical or medical treatment.

Conclusions

In all cases with OP, there was concurrent gastric pneumatosis. Gas extensively and circumferentially distributed with a banded shape along the oesophageal wall was present in patients with presumed mural gas dissection because of pneumomediastinum. Conversely, a focal and mild amount of mural gas with a tubular shape was identified in the distal segment of the oesophagus in the patient with emphysematous gastritis.
A comprehensive review and characterization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma clinical trials
Authors: Xu Katherine , De Ravin Emma , Suresh Neeraj , Brody Robert M. , Rajasekaran Karthik
Published: September 2022

Objective

Although standard of care for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is chemoradiotherapy, there remains no consensus on management of recurrent or metastatic disease. We characterized recent clinical trials on NPC to assess trends in NPC treatment and establish promising areas for future research.

Study Design

Retrospective database study.

Setting

ClinicalTrials.gov database.

Methods

Retrospective review of all NPC trials from November 1999 to June 2021. For each study, the following variables were extracted: study characteristics, intervention, outcome measures, and inclusion criteria. Secondary searches via PubMed and Google scholar determined trial publication status.

Results

A total of 448 clinical trials were identified: 72 (16%) observational and 376 (84%) interventional, of which there were 30 (8%) Phase I, 183 (49%) Phase II, 86 Phase III (23%), and 5 (1%) Phase IV trials. Fifty‐four percent of trials included only primary NPC while 111 (25%) exclusively studied recurrent cancers. The most common interventions were cisplatin (n = 64) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (n = 54); there were 38 trials involving PD‐1 monoclonal antibodies. Thirty‐four studies examined quality of life measures, including xerostomia and mucositis. Of the completed studies, 53.2% have published manuscripts. Poor patient accrual was the most common reason for premature study termination.

Conclusions

Novel immunotherapies have been increasingly incorporated into NPC studies in recent years, however, chemotherapy and radiation, despite their numerous side effects, are still widely used due to their clinical effectiveness. Future trials are warranted to determine the optimal therapeutic regimens to decrease relapse rates and side effects.
Resilience for All or for Some? Reflections Through the Lens of Urban Political Ecology
Authors: March Hug , Swyngedouw Erik
Published: September 2022

In this first chapter of the book, we develop a critical perspective of urban resilience through the lens of urban political ecology, with an eye towards charting a trajectory that may open new political possibilities. The chapter is divided into five parts. The first part demonstrates how the urban and the urbanisation process implies an uneven distribution of risks and vulnerabilities. In the second part, we shall explore how the notion of resilience should be understood as a scientific concept dressed in an ideological mask that has begun to be problematised by critical scholars. In the third part, we discuss how political ecology may contribute to the emerging critique of urban resilience, and in the fourth part, we develop how urban resilience operates as an immuno-biopolitical fantasy. The final section explores ways through which the urban socio-ecological condition can be repoliticised, opening new possibilities for a more democratic and progressive urban resilience decision-making. By doing so, we suggest a research agenda for transformative, more democratic, emancipatory, and socially grounded forms of urban resilience.
Learning from the Military
Authors: Laroche Hervé , Reuzeau Florence
Published: September 2022

Moving from the military to civilian organisations, this chapter discusses the key points of Gérard de Boisboissel’s contribution about the impact of autonomous systems on safety issues. We comment on these points from two angles: (1) human–system interaction and (2) organisational reliability. Stressing differences in context and in resulting implications, we strongly recommend that the upcoming invasion of work organisations by autonomous systems should be viewed (also) through the lens of the social sciences.
Summary and Reflections for Learning Technology and CCI Research
Authors: Giannakos Michail
Published: September 2022

In this chapter we present a summary of the book, and discuss how the book can support learning technology and CCI researchers. Moreover, we provide some concluding remarks and thoughts for the future of learning technology and CCI research.
Einleitung
Authors: Lohmann Marco-Thejesh
Published: September 2022

Ideologie-basierte Gewalttaten, etwa in Form terroristischer Anschläge oder gewaltsamer Hasskriminalität, und ihre Folgen stellen eine massive Bedrohung für ein friedliches Zusammenleben in Europa dar. Insbesondere der Anstieg des islamistischen Terrorismus in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten, mit dem 11. September 2001 als Auftakt, hat deutlich vor Augen geführt, welche gravierenden Konsequenzen hieraus sowohl für das Sicherheitsempfinden innerhalb der Bevölkerung als auch die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen in einer Gesellschaft erwachsen können. Eine adäquate Erklärung solcher Gewalthandlungen, die auch in der Lage ist zur Verhinderung dieser Taten beizutragen, ist daher dringend geboten. Bisherige wissenschaftliche Erklärungsansätze offenbaren jedoch unterschiedliche Versäumnisse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll aus diesem Grund ein neues Erklärungsmodell entwickelt werden, das einerseits verständlich machen kann, wie und warum Menschen sich radikalisieren, und andererseits begründen kann, unter welchen Bedingungen radikalisierte Personen zu Gewalttätern werden. Neben der Modellentwicklung erfolgt im Rahmen der Arbeit auch eine empirische Überprüfung der formulierten Annahmen zu den Tatbedingungen. Dies geschieht am Beispiel islamistischer Gewaltstraftaten in Westeuropa, die zwischen 2000 und 2013 begangen wurden bzw. realisiert werden sollten.
Herausforderungen für eine Theorie zur Erklärung ideologie-basierter Gewalt
Authors: Lohmann Marco-Thejesh
Published: September 2022

Theorien und Erklärungsmodelle, die die Begehung islamistischer Gewalthandlungen in Westeuropa begründen wollen, stehen vor einer Reihe von Herausforderungen, die u. a. auch mit den besonderen Merkmalen des Gegenstandsbereiches zusammenhängen. Zudem müssen sie bestimmte Anforderungen erfüllen, wenn sie die Begehung dieser Taten adäquat erklären wollen. Diese Herausforderungen und Anforderungen sollen in diesem Kapitel dargelegt werden.
Theoretischer Rahmen
Authors: Lohmann Marco-Thejesh
Published: September 2022

In diesem Kapitel erfolgt die Entwicklung des Erklärungsmodells, das sich um die Frage dreht, warum Menschen lebensbedrohliche, islamistische Gewalttaten in Westeuropa verüben. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage legt das Modell in einem ersten Schritt dar, was eine hohe Bereitschaft zur Begehung solcher Taten begründet und wie diese Gewaltbereitschaft entsteht. In diesem Zusammenhang wird u.a. beschrieben, warum islamistische Ideologien so anziehend auf einige Menschen wirken und unter welchen Bedingungen sich solche potentiell empfänglichen Personen radikalisieren oder auch nicht radikalisieren. In einem zweiten Schritt wird veranschaulicht, wann eine hohe Gewaltbereitschaft in einer tatsächlichen Gewalttat in Westeuropa gipfelt.
$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 conformal dualities from unoriented chiral quivers
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Bianchi Massimo , Fazzi Marco , Mancani Salvo , Riccioni Fabio , Rota Simone
Published: September 2022

Abstract

We study various orientifold projections of 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 toric gauge theories, associated with CY singularities known as La,b,a/ℤ2, with a + b even. We obtain superconformal chiral theories that have the same central charge, anomalies and superconformal index, whereas they were different before the orientifold. Some of these projections are implemented by a novel type of orientifold without fixed loci, known as glide orientifold. We claim that these theories flow to the same conformal manifold, and they are connected by quadratic exactly marginal deformations. The latter can be written in terms of conjugate pairs of bifundamental fields of R-charge one, generalizing previous results for unoriented non-chiral theories.
From Deutsche Zeitschrift to International Journal of Legal Medicine—100 years of legal medicine through the lens of journal articles
Authors: Wirth Ingo , Fracasso Tony , Pfeiffer Heidi , Schmeling Andreas
Published: September 2022

From its launc
h in 1922 to the end of the Second World War, the Deutsche Zeitschrift für die gesamte gerichtliche Medizin spanned 38 volumes. The 1762 papers contained in those volumes reflect contemporary interests and include many papers from peripheral fields and non-medico-legal disciplines. Publications concerned with issues outside core legal medicine fields in particular allow two distinct tendencies in the development of German institutes of legal medicine to be discerned. Firstly, there is a focus on the psychological and psychiatric aspects of the discipline. Secondly, there is tendency towards a scientific-criminalistic outlook. The fatal consequences of the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 did not spare the sciences. For legal medicine, a discipline with close links to the state, it is unsurprising that fundamental changes to the political system had a significant impact on subject matter. Leaving aside articles notable principally for their ideological content, our analysis of the 38 volumes shows that the papers examined contain new insights into many subjects, some of which are still valid today.
Automatic detection of crohn disease in wireless capsule endoscopic images using a deep convolutional neural network
Authors: Marin-Santos Diego , Contreras-Fernandez Juan A. , Perez-Borrero Isaac , Pallares-Manrique Hector , Gegundez-Arias Manuel E.
Published: September 2022

The diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD) in the small bowel is generally performed by observing a very large number of images captured by capsule endoscopy (CE). This diagnostic technique entails a heavy workload for the specialists in terms of time spent reviewing the images. This paper presents a convolutional neural network capable of classifying the CE images to identify those ones affected by lesions indicative of the disease. The architecture of the proposed network was custom designed to solve this image classification problem. This allowed different design decisions to be made with the aim of improving its performance in terms of accuracy and processing speed compared to other state-of-the-art deep-learning-based reference architectures. The experimentation was carried out on a set of 15,972 images extracted from 31 CE videos of patients affected by CD, 7,986 of which showed lesions associated with the disease. The training, validation/selection and evaluation of the network was performed on 70%, 10% and 20% of the total images, respectively. The ROC curve obtained on the test image set has an area greater than 0.997, with points in a 95-99% sensitivity range associated with specificities of 99-96%. These figures are higher than those achieved by EfficientNet-B5, VGG-16, Xception or ResNet networks which also require an average processing time per image significantly higher than the one needed in the proposed architecture. Therefore, the network outlined in this paper is proving to be sufficiently promising to be considered for integration into tools used by specialists in their diagnosis of CD. In the sample of images analysed, the network was able to detect 99% of the images with lesions, filtering out for specialist review 96% of those with no signs of disease.
Iron overload impairs renal function and is associated with vascular calcification in rat aorta
Authors: Song Yanqiu , Yang Ning , Si Hailong , Liu Ting , Wang Hongyu , Geng Hua , Qin Qin , Guo Zhigang
Published: September 2022

Vascular calcification (VC) has been associated with a risk of cardiovascular diseases. Iron may play a critical role in progressive VC. Therefore, we investigated the effects of iron overload on the aorta of rats. A rat model of iron overload was established by intraperitoneal injection of Iron-Dextran. The levels of iron, calcium, and ALP activity were detected. Von Kossa staining and Perl’s staining were conducted. The expression of iron metabolism-related and calcification related factors were examined in the aortic tissue of rats. The results showed serum and aortic tissue iron were increased induced by iron overload and excessive iron induced hepatic and renal damage. In iron overload rats, the expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and hepcidin were higher, but ferroportin1 (FPN1) was lower. Von Kossa staining demonstrated calcium deposition in the aorta of iron overload rats. The calcium content and ALP activity in serum and aortic tissue were increased and iron level in aortic tissue highly correlated with calcium content and ALP activity. The expressions of the osteogenic markers were increased while a decrease of Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the aortic tissue of iron overload rats. IL-24 was increased during the calcification process induced by iron. Overall, we demonstrated excessive iron accumulation in the aortic tissue and induced organs damage. The iron metabolism-related factors were significantly changed during iron overload. Moreover, we found that iron overload leads to calcium deposition in aorta, playing a key role in the pathological process of VC by mediating osteoblast differentiation factors.
Fish community structure varies by location and presence of artificial islands: a case study in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario
Authors: Maynard Dugan , Boston Christine M. , Midwood Jonathan D.
Published: September 2022

Artificial islands and reefs have been used in the Laurentian Great Lakes for over 40 years as a means of improving aquatic habitat; but research on their efficacy has primarily focused on their ability to increase the abundance of specific sportfish, top predators, or other keystone species. To understand the importance of islands in structuring the whole fish community, we took a holistic approach and analysed the effect of islands, location, and the interaction effect between the two in structuring fish communities in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario using a 30-year electrofishing dataset. The effect of islands varied by location within the harbour, with some species showing a preference for islands in some locations while avoiding them in others. Island communities also tended to have significantly different species compositions, with higher index of biotic integrity scores and species richness, greater numbers of pollution intolerant fishes, centrarchids, and fewer generalist species. However, these results paled in comparison to the level of inter-annual variation in the fish community of the harbour, which has changed markedly over the 30-year time span. Taken together, our results highlight that while island creation can influence the fish community, the type and magnitude of effect will vary based on their distance to other suitable habitats (i.e., location within the system) and the design of the island itself. Further, the noted inter-annual variability emphasizes the importance of considering long time scales (> 10–20 years) when exploring fish community responses to habitat creation. Collectively, these results will help the design of more effective management strategies for restoring fish communities.
Encouraging Drawing in Research with Children on Marine Environments: Methodological and Epistemological Considerations
Authors: Fache Elodie , Sabinot Catherine , Pauwels Simonne , Riera Léa , Breckwoldt Annette , David Gilbert , Matairakula Ulamila , Carrière Stéphanie M.
Published: September 2022

As part of an interdisciplinary research project on South Pacific fisheries, we recognized children as one of the relevant categories of stakeholders whose perspectives on fishing and fisheries management need to be considered. We used drawings to explore how, in Fiji and New Caledonia, children perceive their marine environment, including the fishing practices and the connections between these and local ways of ‘being-in-the-world.’ Our methodology involved drawing workshops in local schools, followed by short interviews with the participants. This methodological paper aims to identify the advantages and limitations of this drawing-based approach to research with children compared to conventional ethnographic and ethnoecological methods. Therefore, it focuses primarily on how this approach was designed and implemented and on the epistemological discussions it generated, especially concerning children’s involvement in the study and the use of drawing as a research tool.
Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of fucoidan extract from Lessonia trabeculata in alloxan-induced diabetes rats
Authors: Loayza-Gutiérrez Lillyan Teresa , Apumayta-Suárez Eder Valdir , Abdala Roberto , Aguilar-Mendoza Luis Ángel , Chávez-Pérez Jorge Antonio , Decara Juan
Published: September 2022

The objective of this research was to evaluate a nutritional strategy based on the consumption of a fucoidan extract from brown algaeLessonia trabeculatato control oxidative stress in experimental alloxan-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats. Over 30 days, 75, 100, and 125 mg kg−1of body weight of fucoidan doses were administered and both positive and negative control (n = 5 per group). Serum, liver, pancreas, and kidney biochemical indicators of oxidative stress improvement were evaluated. Measures included lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and antioxidant activity by assessment of free radical scavenging power and histopathological changes. The results showed an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes while reducing oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation index) in serum (p ≤ 0.05) and tissues (p ≤ 0.05). Further, no liver necrosis was observed in treated groups, unlike the Type 1 diabetes positive control group that presented mild necrosis and moderate congestion. In the pancreas, treated rats presented mild oedema, while the positive control group showed moderate oedema. A significant protective effect against oxidative stress caused by alloxan-induced diabetes was found in this model, therefore it can be concluded that fucoidan extracted from theLessonia trabeculataalgae could be considered a good functional compound for the control of oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Because diabetes is such a widespread public health issue, developing fucoidan-based products could be a natural way to improve patients' quality of life.
Do not judge a business idea by its cover: The relation between topics in business ideas and incorporation probability
Authors: Birkholz Jessica
Published: September 2022

It is of key importance to identify the degree of novelty and probability of incorporation of business ideas in an early stage, so that targeted support of these different types of entrepreneurship is possible. Selection of business ideas for investments and support programs rely on quantitative and qualitative metrics. The qualitative assessment, however, is biased by subjective impressions and experiences of the decision-maker. Therefore, this paper examines the narrative of business idea descriptions to improve the identification of the degree of novelty and to enhance the estimation of the incorporation probability by advancing the objectivity of qualitative metrics. The paper aims to answer two questions: (1) Are there differences in topic prevalences in novel and non-novel business ideas?, and (2) Does the composition of topics related to a business idea influence its incorporation probability? Structural topic modelling and classification tree analysis are applied on business idea descriptions from a competition in Bremen, Germany, from 2003 until 2019. The results show that business idea descriptions are a rich source of information to identify novel and non-novel business ideas with higher incorporation prospects.
Williamson on conditionals and testimony
Authors: Krzyżanowska Karolina , Douven Igor
Published: September 2022

In Suppose and Tell, Williamson makes a new case for the material conditional account. He tries to explain away apparently countervailing data by arguing that these have been misinterpreted because researchers have overlooked the role of heuristics in the processing of conditionals. Cases involving the receipt of apparently conflicting conditionals play an important dialectical role in Williamson’s book: they are supposed to provide evidence for the material conditional account as well as for the defeasibility of a key procedure underlying our everyday assessments of conditionals. We argue that they can serve neither of these purposes and that Williamson overestimates the reach of heuristics. We specifically challenge Williamson’s assumption that, in the kind of cases centrally at issue in his book, the recipient of conflicting conditionals will typically accept those at face value, even granting Williamson that conditionals can be freely passed among speakers under normal conditions of testimony.
Methodik und Interpretation vergleichender Krankenkassendatenstudien: methodische Grundlagen (Teil 1)
Authors: Wilke Thomas , Mueller Sabrina , Ghiani Marco , Maywald Ulf
Published: September 2022

Hintergrund

Vergleichende Krankenkassendatenstudien können wichtige Evidenz zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Therapien in der Versorgungspraxis generieren. Ihre Interpretation ist jedoch angesichts methodischer Unsicherheiten herausfordernd.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, wesentliche methodische Elemente einer vergleichenden Krankenkassendatenstudie darzustellen und – in einem speziellen zweiten Beitrag – deren Einfluss exemplarisch an einem Beispiel zu erläutern.

Material und Methoden

Methodische Optionen für vergleichende Krankenkassendatenstudien wurden auf Basis einer Analyse existierender Guidelines zu Versorgungsforschungs- und Routinedatenanalysen abgeleitet und systematisiert.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt 7 methodische Dimensionen, die den Charakter einer vergleichenden Krankenkassendatenstudie bestimmen, wurden identifiziert: (1) grundlegendes Studiendesign, (2) Identifikation der Studienpopulation und der Vergleichsgruppe, (3) Bestimmung Indexdatum, (4) Definition Beobachtungsperiode inklusive Censoring, (5) Adjustierung Baseline-Charakteristika, (6) Auswahl interessierender Outcomes sowie (7) Definition Maßzahlen des Vergleichs und deren Analyse.

Schlussfolgerungen

Publikationen zu vergleichenden Krankenkassendatenstudien sollten transparent die getroffenen Annahmen darstellen und begründen, warum entsprechende Entscheidungen in den relevanten 7 Dimensionen getroffen wurden.
Non-glomerular Tip Lesion Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis as a Negative Predictor in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: Wang Hui , Wan Cheng , Jiang Man , Zhang Chun
Published: September 2022

Objective

To assess the significance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) variants on clinicopathological characteristics and short-term outcomes in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) patients.

Methods

The clinicopathological data of 146 IMN patients diagnosed between December 2016 and March 2019 in our center were collected and analyzed. These patients were divided into the pure IMN group, IMN with glomerular tip lesion (GTL) group, and IMN with non-GTL FSGS group.

Results

The IMN with non-GTL FSGS and IMN with GTL groups both had higher proportions of patients with hypertension, lower serum albumin, and severe proteinuria, while the IMN with non-GTL FSGS group additionally showed higher blood pressure and serum cholesterol, and lower serum IgG than the IMN group (all P<0.05). As for pathology, the IMN with non-GTL FSGS group had higher proportions of patients with acute tubular injury and moderate to severe chronic injuries than the IMN group (all P<0.05). In the IMN, IMN with GTL, and IMN with non-GTL FSGS groups, the overall one-year remission rates were 81.6%, 76%, and 58.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the IMN with non-GTL FSGS group showed the lowest cumulative incidence to reach remission within one year. Multivariate Cox logistic analysis demonstrated that higher level of serum anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor antibody and the existence of non-GTL FSGS lesion were independent predictors for no remission in IMN patients.

Conclusion

The non-GTL FSGS lesion was a novel negative predictor in IMN and should be taken into account in the management of IMN.