bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDI KOMPARASI METODE IQRO� DAN METODE SEPULUH JAM BELAJAR MEMBACA ALQURAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BACA TULIS ALQURAN
Authors: Aristyasari Yunita Furi , Azhar Chusnul
Published: May 2021

Reading the Qur'an properly is an obligation for a Muslim. Therefore, every Muslim needs guidance in reading the Qur'an from an early age. However, reality shows that not a few adults are not able to read the Qur'an in accordance with the rules of recitation. In an effort to improve the ability to read and write al-Qur'an, the Institute for Islamic Studies and Practicing has used several methods, namely the Iqro method and the ten-hour of reading Qur�an learning method. This study aims to: first, determine the effectiveness of the Iqro and the ten-hour of reading Qur�an learning method on the reading and writing Qur�an ability of Faculty of Engineering students. Second, the difference in the influence of the two methods on the reading and writing Qur�an ability of Faculty of Engineering students. This study uses a quantitative approach with a different test technique using the Mann-Whitney test because the normality test shows abnormal data. The results showed that H1 was accepted, namely the Iqro method and the ten-hour reading Qur�an learning method significantly in improving the literacy skills of Faculty of Engineering students Muhammadiyah University, Yogyakarta. A comparison test between the two methods also shows that H1 is accepted, which is the ten-hour reading Qur�an learning method more significantly in improving the ability of reading and writing the Qur'an.�Keywords: Iqro� method, Ten-hour of reading Qur�an learning method, reading and writing Qur�an learning
Tembok Benteng Kotagede (Baluwarti) Yogyakarta Berangsur-Angsur Musnah!
Authors: Riyanto Sugeng
Published: May 2021

Sebagai warisan budaya, Kotagede di Yogyakarta yang dibangun pada abad XVI dalam batas tertentu berada pada kerangka konflik. Sebuah kenyataan memang, bahwa baluwarti sebagai batas fisik kota dan bagian paling penting pada masanya berangsur-angsur musnah. Di sisi lain, perkembangan disiplin arkeologi sebenamya sudah menempatkan persoalan semacarn ini sebagai bagian kajiannya. Dalam hal ini konteks politik dan publikjuga ditempatkan sebagai pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder) atas warisan budaya, dan bukan melulu berorientasi pada konteks akademik. Kerangka teoritik, filosofik, dan historic barangkali memang diperlukan untuk melihat bagaimana tembok benteng Kotagede berangsur-angsur musnah.
Perspektif Ekonomi Politik Pengembangan Pariwisata Candi Prambanan
Authors: Widodo Sambung
Published: May 2021

Sungguh sangat menarik mencermati perjalanan Candi Prambanan sebagai sebuah warisan budaya, yang pada awalnya dikelola sebagai suatu hobby dan kecintaan terhadap karya seni yang monumental, hingga saat ini sebagai suatu warisan budaya dunia yang dimanfaatkan sebagai produk/atraksi industri pariwisata. Menarik karena perj alanannya menggambarkan dinamika yang mencerminkan kompleksitas permasalahan kepariwisataan, baik menyangkut aspek sosial, budaya, ekonomi, dan ekologi.
Peran Dan Pentingnya Fosil Bagi Ilmu Pengetahuan
Authors: Widianto Harry
Published: May 2021

Salah satu persepsi masyarakat luas mengenai pengertian sebuah fosil dalam kehidupan sehari-hari -antara lain- adalah barang-barang kuna ataupun purbakala. Benak masyarakat luas lebih mudah mengkaitkan pengertian fosil dengan sesuatu yang antik dan berkonteks masa lalu. Sebagian dari persepsi tersebut benar, akan tetapi sesungguhnya sebuah fosil mempunyai pengertian yang lebih luas dan lebih spesifik. Oleh karena itu, persepsi masyarakat tentang fosil di atas baru merupakan pengertian awal -sebagian dari keseluruhan pengertian-yang masih jauh dari pengertian sebuah fosil yang sebenarnya, sehingga masih harus dilengkapi dengan pengertian-pengertian yang lebih sempurna. Dalam konteks tersebut di atas, tulisan ini akan mencoba memberikan beberapa pemahaman mengenai fosil dan seluk-beluknya, sehingga dapat dihindari persepsi masyarakat tentang pengertian fosil yang kurang pas.
Membidik Siswa Mengenal Arkeologi
Authors: Lelono Hari
Published: May 2021

Era reformasi dunia politik telah bergulir dan masih dalam proses permbelajaran bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia untuk mencari format ideal bagi pelaksana pembangunan nasional. Bentuk, format ideal masih sebatas uji coba dan cita-cita yang belum tahu kapan akan berakhimya. Dalam menggali identitasnya tersebut, suatu pertanyaan menarik, tetapi sudah cukup usang adalah, "mengapa"? hal tersebut terus-menerus menjadi polemik kepentingan individual, kelompok, agama dan kesukuan. Carut marut tersebut semestinya diakhiri untuk menciptakan Indonesia yang damai dan memiliki jatidiri sebagai dasar berkepribadian Indonesia dengan ciri khas kemajemukan (kebhinekaan).
Peranan Komunitas Berbudaya Toraja Sebagai Penyangga Kedatuan Luwu
Authors: Nur Muhammad
Published: May 2021

Dalam historiografi lokal, Luwu merupakan salah satu kerajaan yang telah mendapat perhatian cukup besar dibandingkan dengan kerajaan lain. Bila kita harus menyimpulkan beberapa bacaan tentang Kedatuan Luwu, kalimat yang tepat adalah Kerajaan Luwu merupakan kerajaan yang patut_diperhitungkan dalam historiografi Nusantara, paling tidak pada abad ke-14, mendahului kerajaan Gowa di pesisir barat Sulawesi Selatan. Meskipun kita sudah sampai pada kesimpulan tersebut tanpa pemah mendapat bantahan secara berarti, bukan berarti bahwa perspektif yang selama· ini dipakai untuk meneropong Luwu tidak memiliki kelemahan.
Dimorfisme Seksual Dalam Karakteristik Epigenetis Upper Viscerocranium Dari Sampel Tengkorak Manusia Gilimanuk (Bali)
Authors: Suriyanto Rusyad Adi
Published: May 2021

Relevansi praktis penelitian ini adalah memudahkan kita untuk mampu mengenali atau membedakan upper viscerocranium laki-laki dan perempuan dengan metode kualitatif, khususnya dari sisa-sisa manusia paleoantropologis dan arkeologis yang lebih sering ditemukan dalam keadaan fraktur, rapuh dan kurang terpelihara. Penelitian terhadap sampel tengkorak Gilimanuk menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik epigenetis ukuran (kedalaman) foramen palatinum, derajat ekspresi torus palatinus, derajat ekspresi torus maxillae, kekuatan projeksi tuberculwn marginale dan ukuran (kedalaman) foramen zygomaticofasiale dapat membantu penentuan seks individunya, dengan tanpa mengabaikan faktor ras, perubahan umur dan lingkungannya.
Menjelang Masuknya Islam Di Ujung Timur Pulau Jawa
Authors: Masyhudi Nfn.
Published: May 2021

Data arkeologi mengenai perkembangan Islam di daerah Banyuwangi sampai saat ini masih sangat sedikit yang diperoleh. Dan dari data arkeologi yang minim ini menunjukkan tidak adanya kesesuaian waktu dengan kronologi sejarah perkembangan Islam di wilayah Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Terkait dengan hal tersebut masih diperlukan penelitian atau kajian akademis di bidang arkeologi guna mendukung maupun mencari kebenaran sejarah perkembangan Islam di daerah Banyuwangi, dan secara umum untuk kepentingan membentuk maupun memperkuat jati diri bangsa.
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat pada Pelestarian Situs Bangkai Kapal "USS Liberty", Tulamben, Bali
Authors: Noerwidi Sofwan
Published: May 2021

Indonesia sebagai negara maritim terbesar di dunia, diperkirakan memiliki 3000 situs yang mengandung sumberdaya arkeologi bawah air. Namun sayangnya, potensi yang besar tersebut belum dikelola (penelitian dan pelestariannya) dengan optimal. Berbagai konflik kepentingan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya arkeologi bawah air menimbulkan pemikiran baru dalam visi pelestarian. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan pendekatan alternatif yang lebih dapat mengakomodasi berbagai kepentingan masyarakat lokal. Salah satu model pendekatan yang berorientasi pada masyarakat lokal adalah model pemberdayaan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan masyarakat local sekitar situs arkeologis dapat diwujudkan dalam tiga aspek pemberdayaan, yaitu: pemberdayaan dalam bidang a) sosial-budaya, b) politik, dan c) ekonomi.
Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Situs Permukiman Lingkungan Danau Di Jawa Timur: Satu Upaya Menjalin Kemitraan Dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Arkeologi
Authors: Kasnowihardjo Gunadi
Published: May 2021

Kejelian para arkeolog dalam menangani hasil penelitiannya sangat menentukan akan dampak yang akan dirasakan oleh masyarakat luas. Hal inilah yang selama ini belum banyak terfikirkan oleh sebagian dari para ahli arkeologi kita. Kebanyakan hasil penelitian arkeologi berakhir pada Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi (LPA) ataupun Berita Penelitian Arkeologi (BPA) yang hanya terbatas dibaca oleh para pemerhati arkeologi termasuk mahasiswa jurusan Arkeologi atau sejarah yang memerlukan untuk kepentingan akademis. Dengan berupaya menjalin kemitraan dan kerjasama dengan berbagai sector dan kepentingan, mudah-mudahan jangkauan, pemikiran dan pertimbangan dalam menentukan model penelitian arkeologi akan dapat lebih meluas dan lebih membumi.
Perpustakaan Digital Sebagai Media Publikasi Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi
Authors: Priswanto Hery
Published: May 2021

Dalam rangka mewujudkan perpustakaan sebagai Information Resources Center, Perpustakaan Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta dengan koleksi yang telah dimilikinya mulai untuk berbenah dengan berbagai upaya untuk mewujudkan perpustakaan digital dengan berbasis web. Yang diharapkan menjadi salah satu media publikasi dan informasi dokumentasi penelitian arkeologi yang telah dihasilkan Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta kepada masyarakat.
Organisasi Kemiliteran Pada Masa Pengaruh Islam Dan Kolonial Di Jawa
Authors: Abbas Novida
Published: May 2021

Sejumlah tinggalan arkeologi militer, yang ditemukan di berbagai tempat di Indonesia, baik berupa tinggalan monumental seperti berbagai benteng lokal maupun kolonial dan juga tinggalan non-monumental seperti persenjataan, mencerminkan adanya konstelasi politik, sosial dan ekonomi yang melatari berdirinya tinggalan tersebut. Secara kronologis, meski pun tidak harus linier urutannya, tinggalan arkeologi militer berupa benteng kolonial berawal dari upaya untuk mengamankan kegiatan ekonomi dengan menancapkan tempat-bertumpu (beachhead) di tempat-tempat yang strategis sebelum kemudian berevolusi secara alami menjadi perangkat keras untuk menunjukkan peran politik kolonialnya. Sementara itu (atau sebaliknya), pendirian tienteng-benteng lokal atau non-kolonial lebih merupakan sebuah respons untuk mengimbangi perkembangan dan penyebaran benteng-benteng kolonial di masa lalu yang dianggap mengancam kekuasaan raja-raja lokal.
Presente, pasado y futuro de los materiales. Señal de la innovación para el desarrollo
Authors: Rada Geraldine , Titiosky Valeria , Cuevas Alicia , Corvalán Rubén
Published: May 2021

Históricamente, el desarrollo y evolución de las sociedades ha estado relacionada con la capacidad de sus miembros para producir y conformar los materiales necesarios para satisfacer sus necesidades. En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un recorrido por las diferentes etapas por las que ha transitado la cultura humana y como ha contribuido en su desarrollo los elementos naturales y artificiales que los rodean; éstos son los materiales, con los que han conformado sus herramientas, su hábitat y sus relaciones con la naturaleza y sus congéneres. En la época actual conocer dichos materiales cobra particular importancia en cuanto a preservar y reconstruir la relación (en muchos casos dañada) con la naturaleza.
La vegetación reófila del nordeste argentino. Los efectos de la represa de Yacyretá (Argentina y Paraguay) sobre comunidades reófilas
Authors: Fontana José Luis
Published: May 2021

La construcción de la represa de Yacyretá (Argentina y Paraguay) produjo efectos sobre la vegetación reófila propia de los saltos y correderas de ese sector del Río Paraná. Colecciones y estudios previos a la construcción y relevamientos posteriores, permitieron comparar el estado de situación de la vegetación reófila en un antes y un después. Las obras afectaron de manera diferente a las comunidades de reófitos; algunas especies desaparecieron del lugar como Mourera aspera; otras como Wettsteiniola apipensis, una especie endémica, probablemente se haya extinguido; el matorral de Phyllanthus sellowianus (“sarandí”) redujo considerablemente su extensión al eliminarse saltos y correderas. Sobre otros reófitos no hay información previa, y fueron encontrados recién luego de la construcción, como Podostemum rutifolium y Marathrum azarensis, especies que seguramente ya existían antes de la intervención del lugar, por lo que no se puede saber cómo reaccionaron frente a las modificaciones del cauce del río.
Programmering i svensk skolmatematik
Authors: Kilhamn Cecilia , Rolandsson Lennart , Bråting Kajsa
Published: May 2021

När programmering skulle inkorporeras i skolans arbete valde Sverige i sin läroplansrevidering 2017 att skriva in det i matematikämnet, med stark koppling till algebra. Samtliga matematiklärare ställdes då inför utmaningen att undervisa i programmering. Vi undersöker här resultatet av 32 lärargruppers gemensamma arbete med att planera och genomföra lektioner i programmering i matematik i grundskolan. För att få insikt i hur lärare tolkar uppdraget och transponerar läroplananes beskrivning av programmering till klassrumspraktiken analyserar vi det matematiska innehållet i dessa lektioner samt vilken syn på relationen mellan matematik och programmering som framträder i lärarnas beskrivning av syfte, lärandemål, aktivitet och reflektion.  Vi finner att programmeringsaktiviteter i 1/3 av lektionerna inte kopplas till något traditionellt matematiskt innehåll. I övriga lektioner är det främst aritmetik eller geometri som utgör det matematiska innehållet. Få explicita kopplingar görs till algebra förutom till begreppet variabler, men då är det främst variabler inom programmering som avses. I materialet framträder fyra olika relationer mellan matematik och programmering: 1) enbart programmering; 2) matematik som en kontext för programmering; 3) programmering som ett verktyg för att effektivisera beräkningar; 4) programmering som ett verktyg för att utforska matematik. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till matematikämnets syfte och innehåll i den svenska läroplanen.

In English

When incorporating programming in the school curricula, Sweden decided to integrate it with mathematics, and specifically within the core content of algebra. As a result, all mathematics teachers at all levels were faced with the challenge of teaching programming. In this study we analyse documentation from 32 lessons studies where groups pf teachers have planned, conducted, and revised lessons on programming within the school subject mathematics. To gain insight into how the teachers interpret the new task and thus contribute to the transposition of knowledge from the curriculum level to the classroom level, we analyse the mathematical content in these lessons and the relations between mathematics and programming that emerge in the way the teachers describe the aim, the activites and the learning outcomes of the lessons. We find that 1/3 of the lessons do not connect to any traditional mathematics content, and the rest of the lessons mostly focus on arithmetic or geometry. Few explicit connectiions are made to algebra, execpt for the variable concept, but when variables are treated the focus is on variables in the programming sense rather than algebra. Four different relationships between mathematics and programming emerge in the data: 1) programming without connecting to mathematics; 2) mathematics as a context for programming, 3) programming as a tool for efficient calculations; 4) programming as a tool for exploring mathematics. The results are discussed relation to the transposition of knowledge of mathematics as a school subject.
tugas resume hukum tata negara
Authors: pratama Audi
Published: May 2021

Pengertian hukum tatanegara-Menurut apeldornHukum tatanegara merupakan orang-orang yang memegang jabatan pemerintahan danbatas-batas kekuasaannya.hukum tatanegara diistilahkan hukum tatanegara dalam artisemit adalah untuk membedakan dengan hukum negarandalam arti luas,yang meliputihukum administrasi negara dan hukum tatanegara itu sendiri.-menurut logemannDalam bukunya “over de theory van een saatsrecht”dan”het staatsrecht van indonesia”Logemen mengatakan:hukum tatanegara adalah hukum yang mengatur organisasi negara-menurut Maurice du vergerHukum hukum tatanegara adalah salah satu cabang dari hukum publik yang mengaturorganisasi dan fungsi-fungsi politik suatu lembaga –organisasi dan fungsi politik lembaganegara.-menurut prof.anhocieztHukum tatanegara adalah peraturan-peraturan hukum yang dimana pejabat pemerintahandan kekuasaannya yang memiliki wewenang,batasan-batasan tersendiri untuk mengaturalat-alat perlengkapan negara(yang mengatur segala aspek kehidupan individu-individuyang terdiri sejumlah orang yang berada pada negara.-Menurut Kusumadi PudjosewojoHukum Tata Negara adalah hukum yang mengatur bentuk negara (kesatuan atau federal),dan bentuk pemerintahan (kerajaan atau republik), yang menunjukan masyarakat Hukumyang atasan maupunyang bawahan, beserta tingkatan-tingkatannya (hierarchie), yangselanjutnya mengesahkan wilayah dan lingkungan rakyat dari masyarakat-masyarakathukum itu dan akhirnya menunjukan alat-alat perlengkapan (yang memegang kekuasaanpenguasa) dari masyarakat hukum itu,beserta susunan (terdiri dari seorang atau sejumlahorang), wewenang, tingkatan imbang dari dan antara alat perlengkapan itu.-Menurut J.R. StellingaHukum Tata Negara adalah hukum yang mengatur wewenang dan kewajiban-keawajibanalat-alat perlengkapan Negara, mengatur hak, dan kewajiban warga.Hubungan hukum tatanegar dengan ilmu lainnya1. Hubungan hukum tatanegara dengan ilmu negaraKedua bidang ilmu tersebut, Hukum Tata Negara dan Ilmu Negara mempunyai hubunganyang sangat dekat, dimana Ilmu Negara memberikan dasar-dasar teoritis kepada HukumTata Negara, sedangkan Hukum Tata Negara merupakan konkretisasi dari teori-teori IlmuNegara.Ilmu Negara mempelajari :• negara dalam pengertian yang abstrak, maksudnya adalah tidak terikat oleh waktu dantempat.• konsep-konsep dan teori-teori mengenai negara serta hakekat negara.Hukum Tata Negara mempelajari :• negara dalam pengertian yang konkret, maksudnya adalah negara yang terikat waktu dantempat.• negara dari segi struktur.• hukum positif yang berlaku dalam suatu negara.Ilmu negara adalah dasar dalam penyelenggaraan praktek ketatanegaraan yang diaturdalam Hukum Tata Negara.
Erzhanova Zhanna Borisovna. (2021). IS IT SO IMPORTANT TO HAVE RP PRONUNCIATION?// FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (ICFARS) April 2021, Berlin - Germany: collection of scientific papers / OEAPS OU.; editorial board: Flora Bertrand (editor-in-chief) [and others]. - Tallinn, Estonia: OEAPS OU., 2021. S. 37-39.
Authors: Erzhanova Zhanna Borisovna
Published: May 2021

The standard language of a country is the language in which television and radio broadcasts are conducted and periodicals are published that are available throughout the country. This is the literary norm that we adhere to in an official setting. In the UK, this rule also exists. It is called Received Pronunciation, and it is what students who dream of speaking “British English” sigh for. RP is an accent, not a dialect, so you can really master it yourself. But is it necessary? And where did that accent come from anyway?
Affective partisan polarization and moral dilemmas during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Stoetzer Lukas , Munzert Simon , Lowe Will , Çalı Başak , Gohdes Anita , Helbling Marc , Maxwell Rahsaan , Traunmueller Richard
Published: May 2021

Recent scholarship on affective polarization documents partisan animosity that extends to people's everyday lives. But does partisan dislike go so far as to deny fundamental rights to political opponents? We study this question through a moral dilemma that gained worldwide notoriety during the COVID-19 pandemic: triage decisions on the allocation of intensive medical care. Using a conjoint experiment in Brazil, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United States, we study the influence of patients' partisanship in addition to commonly discussed factors determining access to intensive medical care. We find that while participants' choices are consistent with a utilitarian heuristic, revealed partisanship is a robust decision criterion across most countries. Supporters of left or right political camps are more likely to withhold support from partisan opponents, with right-party supporters being more strongly penalized. Our findings offer new comparative evidence on affective polarization in non-political contexts.
Serikbayeva Ulzhamilya Bibatyrovna, & Erzhanova Zhanna Borisovna. (2021). TRANSLATION RESEARCH METHODS AND TYPES// FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (ICFARS) April 2021, Berlin - Germany: collection of scientific papers / OEAPS OU.; editorial board: Flora Bertrand (editor-in-chief) [and others]. - Tallinn, Estonia: OEAPS OU., 2021. S. 26-29.
Authors: Serikbayeva Ulzhamilya Bibatyrovna , Erzhanova Zhanna Borisovna
Published: May 2021

The science of translation deals with the study of objective reality, a special type of speech activity, the results of which, as well as its determining factors, are available for observation and analysis. Translation is a means to provide an opportunity for communication (communication) between people speaking different languages. Therefore, for the theory of translation, the data of communicative linguistics about the features of the process of speech communication, the specifics of direct and indirect speech acts, about the relationship between the expressed and the implied meaning in the utterance and the text, the influence of the context and the situation of communication on the understanding of the text, and others are of particular importance. factors that determine the communicative behavior of a person.
On the time series length for an accurate fractal analysis in network systems
Authors: Millán Ginno
Published: May 2021

It is well-known that fractal signals appear in many fields of science. LAN and WWW traces, wireless traffic, VBR resources, etc. are among the ones with this behavior in computer networks traffic flows. An important question in these applications is how long a measured trace should be to obtain reliable estimates of de Hurst index (H). This paper addresses this question by first providing a thorough study of estimator for short series based on the behavior of bias, standard deviation ( ), Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), and convergence when using Gaussian H-Self-Similar with Stationary Increments signals (H-sssi signals). Results show that Whittle-type estimators behave the best when estimating H for short signals. Based on the results, empirically derived the minimum trace length for the estimators is proposed. Finally for testing the results, the application of estimators to real traces is accomplished. Immediate applications from this can be found in the real-time estimation of H which is useful in agent-based control of Quality of Service (QoS) parameters in the high-speed computer network traffic flows.
Equidae from the Baynunah Formation
Authors: Bernor Raymond L. , Beech Mark , Bibi Faysal
Published: May 2021

We report 87 specimens of hipparionine horse from the Baynunah Formation, United Arab Emirates. The dominate species is referred to “Hipparion” abudhabiense. “Hipparion” abudhabiense is represented by mandibles, mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth and a variety of postcranial bones, some of which are complete. Baynunah Formation early wear cheek teeth suggest that “Hipparion” abudhabiense was higher crowned than Central European Hippotherium primigenium with a maximum crown height of 60-65 mm. AUH 270, the type mandible is characterized as having a short, broad symphysis with horizontally aligned incisors. While the previous view was that this mandible suggested an evolutionary relationship with Greek Hipparion dietrichi, a fragmentary but otherwise elongate metacarpal III (AUH 1499) exhibits a close similarity to Akkasdagi (7.1 Ma) and Calta (4.0 Ma) “Plesiohipparion” cf. longipes. There is a rare, smaller species of hipparion that compares favorably in its size and morphology to Greek and Iranian members of the Cremohipparion matthewi-nikosi lineage. The Baynunah hipparion fauna supports a correlation of ca. 7 Ma, and a potential biogeographic affinity with Greece, Turkey, Iran and possibly Northern Kazakhstan.
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Baynunah Formation
Authors: schuster Mathieu
Published: May 2021

The Baynunah Formation (8–6 Ma) outcrops along the western coast of Abu Dhabi Emirate and has produced the only known late Miocene continental vertebrate fauna from the Arabian Peninsula. This chapter presents an overview of the geology of this formation with a focus on its stratigraphy and sedimentology. Remains of vertebrates are mainly found in the lower to middle part of this formation, which is dominated by fluvial deposits and associated paleosols containing rhizoliths and insect nests. Whitish carbonate beds occur towards the top of the formation, and preserve numerous trackways of large mammals (proboscideans and ungulates). Photographs in this chapter provide a comprehensive illustration of the most remarkable aspects of the Baynunah Formation, from outcrop conditions down to depositional structures.
Experiment-based calibration in psychology: optimal design considerations
Authors: Bach Dominik R
Published: May 2021

Accurate measurement of a latent variable requires maximising the correlation between true scores and measured scores. Classical psychometric indices such as convergent/discriminant validity and reliability are practically difficult to apply. To overcome this challenge, experiment-based calibration has recently been suggested as a complementary framework. In this approach, a calibration experiment is performed to impact the latent variable in question. The a priori predicted true scores, termed standard scores, can then serve as criterion. Their correlation with measured scores, termed retrodictive validity, is used to compare measurement methods. It has been shown that under plausible assumptions, increasing retrodictive validity is guaranteed to increase measurement accuracy (i.e., combined trueness and precision. Since calibration experiments will be performed in finite samples, it is desirable to design them in a way that minimises the sample variance of retrodictive validity estimators. This is the topic of the current note. For arbitrary distributions of standard, true, and measured scores, I analytically derive the asymptotic variance of the sample estimator of retrodictive validity. I analyse qualitatively how different distribution features impact on estimator variance. Then, I numerically simulate asymptotic and finite-sample estimator variance for various distributions with combinations of feature values. I find that it is preferable to use uniformly distributed (if possible discrete) experimental treatments for calibration. Secondly, inverse sigmoid systematic aberration has a large impact on estimator variance. Finally, reducing imprecision aberration decreases estimator variance in many but not all scenarios. In all of these scenarios, sample size linearly relates to estimator variance. From these findings, I derive recommendations for the design and for resource investment in calibration experiments.
The effect of dose on resistance exercise therapies for tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Swinton Paul , Shim Joanna , Pavlova Anastasia , Moss Rachel , MacLean Colin , Brandie David , Mitchell Laura , Greig Leon , Parkinson Eva , Morrissey Dylan , alexander lyndsay , Cooper Kay
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of resistance exercise dose across multiple common tendinopathies (rotator cuff, lateral elbow, patellar or Achilles) where the frequency, volume and intensity can be accurately quantified. By combining a large data set with contemporary meta-analysis and meta-regression approaches (including relevant covariates within models), the present systematic review will attempt to explore statistical heterogeneity and better assess potential dose-response relationships that may exist. Where placebo and no-treatment arms are included, these studies will be used to reduce heterogeneity and provide sensitivity analyses to support or refute analyses with larger, but more complex data.
Empirically derived guidelines for interpreting the effectiveness of exercise therapy for tendinopathies: A protocol
Authors: Swinton Paul , Shim Joanna , Pavlova Anastasia , Moss Rachel , MacLean Colin , Brandie David , Mitchell Laura , Greig Leon , Parkinson Eva , Morrissey Dylan , alexander lyndsay , Cooper Kay
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to perform a large synthesis of the available research investigating exercise therapy for tendinopathies, creating empirically derived thresholds to benchmark interventions and explore potential differences across tendinopathy types and outcome domains.
Racial Passing in Toni Morrison's Novel God Help the Child
Authors: Gurung Gol Man
Published: May 2021

This paper examines the racial passing in Toni Morrison's God Help the Child. The core concern of this paper is to observe the stories of five characters who turn to be narrator themselves. Their stories revolve around the process of veiling and unveiling their racial identity. Sweetness herself is a daughter of black parents but she considers herself as white because she got lighter skin which gives her confidence to reject her own daughter, Bride who is very black including these kinds of stories regarding racial minority and color as a sense of insecurity. Morrison gives pictorial view of the modern American society. This shows that race is not a fixed category and the people of one race can behave and perform like the people of another race and pose as who actually are not. Blacks may pass as White and White may pass as Blacks and it shows that one can pass as White even though she is Black. It challenges the fixity of race as a category and reveals its fluidity.
Economic Impact of COVID-19 on High School Teachers; An Assessment of Teachers on Private High School from the Kathmandu Metropolitan, Nepal
Authors: Devkota Nanu Maya
Published: May 2021

The private sector education improving the overall education system has created a large employment opportunity for educated manpower of secondary-level education in Nepal. But unfortunately, there is almost no provision of economic, social, and employment-wise security and insurance for this human resources. Hence, this group of manpower gets heavily quivered by external natural and social factors like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Being bound within Kathmandu metropolitan, this research has aimed to study the effect of COVID-19 on employment, income, and savings of the teachers involved in private high school (grade 11 and 12). This situation has arisen from the fact that many intuitions have been fully or partially shut down due to the global pandemic.  

This study is quantitative research based on primary data. For this, the purposive sampling technique is used. This study computes the data through the questionnaire and the direct interview taken by 50 samples.

Using paired t-test, a significant difference has been observed in the employment, income, and savings of the teachers, pre and during COVID backed and further evaluated by other descriptive statistics. The percentage change in meaningful employment, mean income and mean savings has been observed as 69.25%, 40.50%, and 86.95% respectively through the analysis of data.

On evaluating the economic condition of teachers of private institutions, although it has been acceptable in sound environmental conditions, in extreme conditions like COVID-19, their economic condition is highly likely to get deteriorated. This deterioration is backed by the observation of this research and is highly significant.

This research helps to forecast and manage the possible economic fluctuation of teachers, that may arise during a crisis like COVID-19. Furthermore, this research also implicates the government and concerned institutions to derive policies such as social security funds and other schemes for teachers to fortify their economic condition during abnormal situations.
रणहार उपन्यासमा ऐतिहासिकता
Authors: Neupane Bishnu
Published: May 2021

प्रस्तुत लेखमा ‘रणहार’ उपन्यासमा ऐतिहासिकतासम्बन्धी विमर्श गरिएको छ । ऐतिहासिक उपन्यासलेखन सत्ताइतिहासको वर्णन गर्दै वि.सं. १८९० तिर ‘त्रिरत्नसौन्दर्यगाथा’ हुँदै टुकराज पद्मराज मिश्रका ‘रजबन्धकी’ (१९९६) र ‘रामकृष्ण कुँवर राणा’ (१९९९) बाट आरम्भ भएको हो । त्यसपछि डायमनशमशेर राणाका वसन्ती (२००६), सेतो बाघ (२०३०) हुँदै विकसित भएको नेपाली ऐतिहासिक उपन्यास लेखन परम्परा वि.सं. २०७५ सालमा प्रकाशित ‘रणहार’ उपन्याससम्म आइपुग्दा निकै समृद्ध र परिपक्क हुनपुगेको छ । ‘रणहार’ उपन्यास ऐतिहासिक उपन्यास श्रृङ्खलाको एक महत्वपूर्ण कृति बन्न पुगेको छ । यस उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत कथानक, कथावस्तुमा संलग्न रहेका सहभागीहरू र कथावस्तुका घटनाहरू घटेका स्थान, काल र वातावरण इतिहास संवद्ध छन् । पृथ्वीनारायण शाहको विशाल नेपालको परिकल्पनाअनुरूप नेपाल एकीकरणको अभियानमा गोरखाली फौजले भक्तपुर आक्रमणको तयारी र त्यसमा प्राप्त गरेको सफलताको विषय नै यस उपन्यासको मूल कथ्य हो । प्रस्तुत कृतिपरक अनुसन्धानमूलक लेखमा यस उपन्यासका ऐतिहासिक तथ्यहरूलाई कृतिगत साक्ष्यका आधारमा विषयको विवेचना गरिएको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानमा ढाँचामा आधारित प्रस्तुत लेखमा पुस्तकालय अध्ययनकार्यका आधारमा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतसामग्री सङ्कलन गरी यिनैको अध्ययन, पुनरावलोकन, विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षीकरण गरिएको छ । यस उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत ऐतिहासिकता सम्बन्धित पक्षहरूको मात्र विवेचना गरिनु यस लेखको सीमा हो । प्रस्तुत कृतिले इतिहास प्रसिद्ध विषयवस्तु, इतिहास प्रसिद्ध पात्र र ऐतिहासिक परिवेश (देश, काल र वातावरण) प्रस्तुत गरेको छ । उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत कथावस्तु, पात्र र परिवेशमार्फत उपन्यासलाई ऐतिहासिक उपन्यासका रूपमा द¥याउनु प्रस्तुत लेखको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
Przyjęcie do wykonania kary orzeczonej przez sądy państwa obcego a prawo łaski
Authors: Krawczyk Przemysław
Published: May 2021

In this paper the author considers the connotations between the presidential pardon applied under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the judgments of foreign courts sensu largo. This article deals with issues that are on the borderline between constitutional law, criminal law (substantive and procedural) and international law, both public and criminal. The analysis of literature and jurisprudence in this respect allows the author to conclude that the right of grace is significantly limited by international law, due to the international agreements and art. 9 of the Polish Constitution. The author argues that the acceptance of a punishment to be enforced (ordered by a foreign court) excludes the possibility of applying presidential law of clemency to the perpetrator, unless an international agreement (or custom) provides otherwise.
Teknologi Penampung dan Penjernihan Air Sungai di Dukuh Basan Kulon, Kabupaten Sragen
Authors: PRASETYO ARI , Harsito Catur , Abdillah Hamid , Hadi Syamsul
Published: May 2021

Basan Kulon, Desa Sambi Kecamatan Sambirejo, Kabupaten Sragen merupakan daerah dengan predikat zona merah tentang kesejahteraan masyarakatnya. Dusun ini terletak Di kaki gunung Lawu sehingga secara geografis terletak di dataran tinggi dan perbukitan. Wilayah ini tidak dilalui jalur PUAM Pemerintah, sehingga untuk mendapatkan air bersih harus mengandalkan air sungai yang dialirkan menggunakan pipa PVC dengan jarak 5 km dari dukuh tersebut. Pada saat musim kemarau warga kesulitan mencari air karena sungainya kering, sedangkan saat musim penghujan air sungai menjadi keruh kerena telah terkontaminasi dengan air hujan. Kondisi ini telah terulang terus menerus setiap tahun dan belum ada solusi. Bak penampung akan berfungsi untuk media penampungan sementara saat musim penghujan sehingga air menjadi tidak keruh dan pada musim kemarau dapat menjadikan tampungan dengan kapasitas besar, baik air cadangan dari sungai ataupun bantuan/swadaya pembelian air melalui tangki dari pemda sehingga masyarakat dapat mengalirkan air setiap saat. Dengan peningkatan kualitas air bersih yang digunakan oleh warga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan taraf kesehatan dan menjadikan lingkungan Dusun Basan Kulon lebih produktif.
A zodiac of studies on complex systems
Authors: Robledo A. , Camacho-Vidales L. J.
Published: May 2021

We offer a brief description of a set of interrelated research lines on the physics of complex systems developed under a unifying methodology grown out from nonlinear dynamics of low dimensionality. The research lines were, and are, developed over a two-decade period (tacitly or not) under a simplifying assumption (and a posteriori corroboration) of a drastic reduction of degrees of freedom. The studies are conveniently grouped into twelve units, and these in turn into four groups, as in a zodiac. The studies in the first group, named Sensitivities, Glasses and Localizations, have in common a clear-cut original opening in the sense that, to our knowledge, the main tenet or result is not found elsewhere. Those in the second group, named Sums, Rankings and Fluctuations, have as a starting point previous stimulating studies or ideas that we followed up but then we converted into separate approaches. The subjects in the third group, named Networks, Measures and Games, involve preset work programs to be followed but ended up within unanticipated, perhaps deeper, grounds. The topics in the final fourth group, named Partitions, Diagonals and Windows, occurred, or are taking place, as specific technical goals that have become after belated realizations to be possible contributions towards the answer of fundamental quests. We discuss connections underlying different aspects of these investigations. Nonlinear dynamics
Stroboscopic observation of a random walker
Authors: Mansilla R.
Published: May 2021

The patterns of motion of mobile agents have received recently wide attention in the literature. There is a number of recent studies centered around the motion behavior of many agents ranging from albatrosses to human beings. Special attention has been given to the covered distances statistical distributions. In some cases, due to the lack of accurate data about the motion of the agents it has been necessary to plan very clever experiments to obtain them.  These experiments try to infer the statistical properties of the agents' real motion from the observed positions in consecutive time intervals.  The length of the time intervals are random variables taking their values from a previously known statistical distribution or from a distribution deduced from empirical data. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that for a Gaussian Random Walker it is, in general, impossible to recover the real motion patterns distribution from the stroboscopic observation of the agents unless the length of the intervals between two consecutive measurements are equal. Moreover, it is also shown that the distances distribution strongly depends on the agents' observation time intervals. These claims are sustained by numerical experiments.
Tip optical fiber refractive index sensor based on a thin copper film
Authors: Lopez-Dieguez Y. , Estudillo-Ayala J. M. , Jáuregui Vázquez D. , Herrera-Piad L. A. , Martín-Vela J. A. , Sierra-Hernandez J. M. , Hernandez-Garcia J. C. , Bianchetti M. , Avazpour M. , Rojas-Laguna R.
Published: May 2021

We report a refractive index tip fiber optic sensor based on a modal interferometer coated with a thin copper film. This device can be used for solute concentration in aqueous mixture measurement. The copper film increases the device reflectivity and, as a result, increases the multimodal interference pattern visibility. To validate the sensor device, different water-glycerol weight concentrations were used in the range from 0 to 45 Glycerol %. The recorded spectral responses show a redshifting, and a sensitivity of 19 pm / (Glycerol % by weight) from 0 to 18 % and 4.7 pm / (Glycerol % by weight) from 18 to 45 % was achieved. Besides, using a phase analysis we calculated a sensitivity of -15 rad/RIU.
Fiber laser refractometer operating in the 2 μm spectral region based on the MMI effect
Authors: Gaspar-Ramirez O. , Álvarez-Tamayo R. I. , Prieto-Cortés P. , Durán-Sánchez M.
Published: May 2021

We experimentally demonstrate a fiber laser refractometer based on the use of a multimode interference (MMI) fiber structure. The MMI filter is constructed with an uncladded fiber segment which acts as sensing element to determine the refractive index (RI) of liquid solutions. The laser emission, generated at the 2 μm waveband, is wavelength shifted in linear proportion to the RI of the liquid. The proposed fiber laser refractometer exhibits high sensibility of 937.81 nm/RIU.
Genital self-mutilation or similar suicide in a schizophrenic, the second attempt was dramatic
Authors:   Department of Urology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Casablanca, Morocco, Youssef Ghannam , Saleh Nedjim Abdelkerim , Mostapha Abdi El
Published: May 2021

Genital auto-mutilation is a urological emergency rarely encountered in practice. It constitutes a drama by its manner of occurrence and clinical presentation. In case of heavy bleeding, a state of hemorrhagic shock may occur and require resuscitation. the treatment is based on surgery and psychiatric advice. a regular follow-up with an attentive intention is needed to avoid the recurrency. We are reporting a 29-year-old patient followed for schizophrenia with poor compliance who is attempting genital auto-mutilation for the second time. The first attempt resulted in shallow wounds, but the second attempt was dramatic: it resulted in genital amputation. Keywords: Penis, external genital organs, mutilation, amputation, schizophrenia
EVOLUÇÃO DAS PERSPECTIVAS TEÓRICAS DO MARKETING E A ABORDAGEM DO MARKETING ESTRATÉGICO
Authors: Leite Amanda Regina , Sgarbossa Maira
Published: May 2021

O marketing associa-se aos conceitos de criatividade e inovação para o alcançar as metas focadas em estratégia de sobrevivência, de antecipação de necessidades do mercado e na pesquisa de novas tecnologias para produtos e serviços. Para compreender melhor o Marketing, assim como a sua crescente importância dentro das organizações, esta pesquisa apresenta uma sintetização de seu desenvolvimento histórico, desde a época em que ainda não era considerada uma área específica do conhecimento, até os dias de hoje. Contudo, este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução das perspectivas do marketing e a abordagem do marketing estratégico. Dessa forma, apresenta-se o início da história do Marketing, onde se identificam as primeiras atividades desenvolvidas, antes somente uma questão de mercado. Mostra-se a relação da orientação para o mercado, às trocas transacionais e a emergência do marketing de relacionamento a partir das atividades diferenciadas. Ainda se apresenta a abordagem do marketing estratégico, por ser fundamental nas organizações. Por fim, são apresentadas as limitações e algumas sugestões de estudos futuros e contribuições de estudos dentro da área do marketing.
Outcomes of Patients with Multiple Myeloma in Middle Euphrates Region of Iraq: Data from Developing Country
Authors: Mjali Ahmed , Jawad Safaa Ayad , Abbas Nareen Tawfeeq
Published: May 2021

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cells neoplasm characterized by plasma cells clonal proliferation. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate incidence, prevalence and pattern of multiple myeloma (MM) in Middle Euphrates region of Iraq. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive conducted at Al-Hussein center in Karbala province of Iraq between February 2012 and February 2020. Results: A total of 78 patients with MM were included in this study, median age at presentation was 59.8 years, M:F ratio was 0.85:1. The most frequent presenting complain was bony lesions in 87.18% of patients, IgG was the most frequent paraprotient in 61.53% and VRD was the most common used protocol in 37.18% . Survival rate was higher in younger & female patients, while there was no correlation between myeloma defining events and early death in our study. Conclusion: MM presenting age in our region was close to other parts of Iraq and neighboring countries but younger than western countries with female predominance. Giving that the majority of the patients presented with advance stage disease, therefore raising awareness of early symptoms is recommended for early diagnosis and proper management.
Minimally Invasive Short-Segment Anteroposterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Osteoporotic Fractures with Canal Compromise: A Prospective Study with a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up
Authors: Alhashash Mohamed , Shousha Mootaz
Published: May 2021

Study Design: A prospective study with a minimum follow-up of 24 months.Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the results of minimally invasive anteroposterior surgery for osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) associated with bony spinal canal compromise in elderly patients.Overview of Literature: There is a recent increase in the incidence of osteoporosis with OVFs, causing an increasing burden on medical systems.Methods: The study included 47 patients, of whom 45 completed a minimum of 24-month follow-up. The inclusion criteria were OVF types 3 and 4 according to the osteoporotic fracture classification in patients aged ≥65 years with bony stenosis. The surgical management consisted of anterior corpectomy and decompression using a thoracoscopic or mini-laparotomy approach, together with posterior percutaneous cement-augmented short-segment fixation. Self-reported outcome measures included Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) in the preoperative phase and regular follow-up at a minimum of 24 months. Radiological measures included segmental lordosis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for osteoporosis assessment, and radiological fracture healing.Results: There were 33 patients with lumbar fracture and 12 patients with thoracic fracture. Thirteen patients had preoperative neurological deficits. The mean age was 77.4±8.3 years. The mean preoperative VAS score was 8.12±1.5, and the mean ODI score was 24.4±8.2. The mean preoperative sagittal Cobb angle was 6.3°±4.2° kyphosis. The mean operative time was 220.3±55.5 minutes, with a mean blood loss of 360.75±200.6 mL. After a mean follow-up of 32.6±6.4 months, the mean VAS significantly improved to 2.3, and the ODI to 12. Only three patients still had a partial neurological deficit. The mean final sagittal Cobb angle was significantly better, with 12.5°±4.3° of lordosis.Conclusions: Short-segment percutaneous fixation with cement augmentation combined with minimally invasive anterior decompression and corpectomy is a less invasive and safe approach in elderly patients with OVF and canal compromise.
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN SECONDARY-SCHOOL EFL STUDENTS IN SERBIA
Authors: Bodrič Radmila
Published: May 2021

Language competence alone is not sufficient for successful intercultural encounters and communication in diverse cultural contexts. These also require intercultural communicative competence, which represents a synergy of positive intercultural attitudes, knowledge and skills. Developing intercultural competences is a lifelong process and its intensity and dynamics are subject to constant change, as is the case with cultures themselves. The aim of contemporary intercultural education is to build an intercultural identity, namely a person’s critical intercultural awareness, sensitivity and intercultural resourcefulness. Intercultural education is based on the fundamental tenets of human dignity and equality, the capacity to comprehend, accept and to respect cultural differences. The aim of this paper is to determine whether (and to what extent) secondary-school EFL students in Serbia possess intercultural competences and sensitivity, as well as whether there are significant differences in intercultural competences depending on gender and the length of learning English. A quantitative study has been carried out with the use of a questionnaire as a research instrument. The results of the study have shown that the students possess developed intercultural competences, sensitivity and awareness of the fact that accepting cultural differences is a prerequisite for establishing successful intercultural links. Research of this type is significant because the students’ intercultural perspective is an important factor in determining the direction taken by their lives, work and further specialisation in a multicultural society.