bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries by in situ transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Wang Hong , Liu Fang , Yu Ruohan , Wu Jinsong
Published: February 2022

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium ion batteries (PIBs) have caught numerous attention due to the low cost and abundant availability of sodium and potassium. However, their power density, cycling stability and safety need further improvement for practical applications. Investigations on the reaction mechanisms and structural degradation when cycling are of great importance. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most significant techniques to understand and monitor electrochemical processes at an atomic scale with real‐time imaging. In this review, the current progress in unraveling reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs via in situ TEM is summarized. First, the importance of in situ TEM is highlighted. Then, based on the three types of electrochemical reaction, i.e., intercalation reaction, conversion reaction and alloying reaction, the structural evolution and reaction kinetics at atomic resolution, and their relation to the electrochemical performance of electrode materials are reviewed and described in detail. Finally, future directions of in situ TEM for SIBs and PIBs are proposed. Therefore, the in‐depth understanding revealed by in situ TEM will give an instructive guide in rational design of electrode materials for high performance electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.
Modest agreement between magnetic resonance and pathological tumor regression after neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer in the real world
Authors: Achilli Pietro , Magistro Carmelo , Abd El Aziz Mohamed A. , Calini Giacomo , Bertoglio Camillo L. , Ferrari Giovanni , Mari Giulio , Maggioni Dario , Peros Georgios , Tamburello Sara , Coppola Elisabetta , Spinelli Antonino , Grass Fabian , Martin David , Hahnloser Dieter , Salvatori Andrea , De Simoni Silvia , Sheedy Shannon P. , Fletcher Joel G. , Larson David W.
Published: February 2022

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used for preoperative tumor staging and to assess response to therapy in rectal cancer patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of MRI based restaging after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in predicting pathologic response. This multicenter cohort study included adult patients with histologically confirmed locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant CRT followed by curative intent elective surgery between January 2014 and December 2019 at four academic high‐volume institutions. Magnetic resonance tumor regression grade (mrTRG) and pathologic tumor regression grade (pTRG) were reviewed and compared for all the patients. The agreement between radiologist and pathologist was assessed with the weighted k test. Risk factors for poor agreement were investigated using logistic regression. A total of 309 patients were included. Modest agreement was found between mrTRG and pTRG when regression was classified according to standard five‐tier systems (k = 0.386). When only two categories were considered for each regression system, (pTRG 0‐3 vs pTRG 4; mrTRG 2‐5 vs mrTRG 1) an accuracy of 78% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73‐0.83) was found between radiologic and pathologic assessment with a k value of 0.185. The logistic regression model revealed that “T3 greater than 5 mm extent” was the only variable significantly impacting on disagreement (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.15‐0.68, P = .0034). Modest agreement exists between mrTRG and pTRG. The chances of appropriate assessment of the regression grade after neoadjuvant CRT appear to be higher in case of a T3 tumor with at least 5 mm extension in the mesorectal fat at the pretreatment MRI.
Replication of a skills assessment for auditory–visual conditional discrimination training
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Bergmann Samantha , Cordeiro Maria Clara , Bamond Meredith , Isenhower Robert W. , Fiske Kate E.
Published: February 2022

Auditory–visual conditional discrimination training (e.g., receptive identification training, listener responses; AVCD) is ubiquitous in early intervention and special education programs. Nevertheless, some learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) do not appear to benefit from this training despite use of empirically validated treatments. To prevent exposure to extended training that does not lead to learning, a skills assessment that measures skills related to AVCD training will be useful for educators and practitioners. The current study replicated the skills assessment developed and evaluated by Kodak et al. (2015) with 8 participants with ASD who received behavior analytic intervention that included at least 1 goal related to AVCD training. Two of the 8 participants mastered all skills included in the assessment except scanning. In addition, 5 participants' responding failed to reach mastery during subsequent exposure to AVCD training, which further demonstrated the predictive utility of the skills assessment.
Hemoglobin–albumin clusters as an artificial O2 carrier: Physicochemical properties and resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in rats
Authors: Okamoto Wataru , Hasegawa Mai , Usui Tomone , Kashima Tomonori , Sakata Sho , Hamano Tatsuhiko , Onozawa Hiroto , Hashimoto Ryo , Iwazaki Masayuki , Kohno Mitsutomo , Komatsu Teruyuki
Published: February 2022

A bovine hemoglobin (HbBv) or human adult hemoglobin (HbA) wrapped covalently by human serum albumins (HSAs), hemoglobin–albumin clusters (HbBv–HSA3 and HbA–HSA3), are artificial O2 carriers used as a red blood cell substitute. This article describes the physicochemical properties of the HbBv–HSA3 and HbA–HSA3 solutions, and their abilities to restore the systemic condition after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in anesthetized rats. The HbBv–HSA3 and HbA–HSA3, which have high colloid osmotic activity, showed equivalent solution characteristics and O2 binding parameters. Shock was induced by 50% blood withdrawal. Rats exhibited hypotension and significant metabolic acidosis. After 15 min, the rats were administered shed autologous blood (SAB), HbBv–HSA3, HbA–HSA3, or Ringer's lactate (RL) solution. Survival rates, circulation parameters, hematological parameters, and blood gas parameters were monitored during the hemorrhagic shock and for 6 h after administration. All rats in the SAB, HbBv–HSA3, and HbA–HSA3 groups survived for 6 h. The HbBv–HSA3 and HbA–HSA3 groups restored mean arterial pressure after the resuscitation. No remarkable difference was observed in the time courses of blood gas parameters in any resuscitated group except for the RL group. Serum biochemical tests showed increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the HbBv–HSA3 and HbA–HSA3 groups compared to the SAB group. Therefore, we observed other rats awakened after resuscitation with HbA–HSA3 for 7 days. The blood cell count, AST, and ALT recovered to the baseline values by 7 days. All the results implied that HbBv–HSA3 and HbA–HSA3 clusters provide restoration from hemorrhagic shock as an alternative material for SAB transfusion.
The efficacy and optimal matching of an Internet‐based acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for depressive symptoms among university students: A randomized controlled trial in China
Authors: Zhao Chunxiao , Wampold Bruce E. , Ren Zhihong , Zhang Lin , Jiang Guangrong
Published: February 2022

Objective

The present study tested the efficacy of an unguided internet‐based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (iACT) program for depression, and identified the psychological characteristics of participants who benefitted the most from the program.

Method

Undergraduate students with mild to severe symptoms of depression were randomized to the iACT group (n = 95) or the waiting‐list group (WLC group;n = 87). Depressive symptoms and positive mental health were assessed at baseline (T0), at the end of the 6‐week program (T1), and at a 3‐month follow‐up (T2).

Results

Compared with the WLC group, the iACT group showed significantly more improvement in depressive symptoms (d = 1.27) and positive mental health (d = 0.59), both atT1andT2. Latent Profile Analysis identified three classes of participants: Sensitive‐to‐Relationship, Low‐Reactive‐Depression, and Endogenous‐Depression group. In general, the treatment was particularly suitable for the Sensitive‐to‐Relationship class.

Conclusion

The iACT was effective in treating the depressive symptoms of undergraduates, especially suitable for the clients with high baseline depression, high externality, high resistance, and high sensitivity to relationships.
Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning of the stimulus effects of nicotine enhances later nicotine self‐administration
Authors: Barrett Scott T. , Flynn Allissa T. , Huynh Y. Wendy , Bevins Rick A.
Published: February 2022

Nicotine produces robust stimulus effects that can be conditioned to exert stimulus control over behavior through associative learning. Additionally, nicotine has weak reinforcing effects that are inconsistent with its prevalence of use and the tenacity of nicotine dependence. The present study investigated whether conditioned associations to the nicotine drug stimulus may confer additional reinforcing strength to nicotine that thereby increase its use liability, and presents a new methodological approach to investigating the interaction between the stimulus effects and reinforcing effects of drugs. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into groups receiving intravenous infusions of either 0.03 mg/kg nicotine or 0.9% saline that were either Paired (30 s delayed) or explicitly Unpaired (4 to 6 min delayed) with sucrose deliveries over 24 daily conditioning sessions. Thereafter, recessed nosepoke response devices were installed in the chambers and infusions of their assigned drug solutions were contingently available according to a progressive ratio schedule. Rats in the Paired Nicotine condition acquired the nosepoke response, expressed active nosepoke discrimination, and self‐administered significantly more infusions than rats in any of the other groups. These results demonstrate that the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine can form Pavlovian associations with reinforcing events that alter its reinforcement efficacy.
Simple grinding for the synthesis of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric pyridinium salts and its photophysical studies
Authors: Manikandan Chitrarasu , Govindaraj Senthilnathan , Ganesan Kilivelu
Published: February 2022

Synthesis of water‐soluble‐substituted pyridinium cation which is attached with base sensitive fluorophore peripheral units with different inorganic counter anions under conventional/silica‐supported Muffle furnace methods. Solvent‐free synthetic approach has more merits than the conventional method, such as non‐toxic, shorter reaction time, easy workup procedure without purification process, and higher yields. Ultraviolet–visible spectra were recorded in neutral, acidic, and alkaline medium; it showed greater red shift in alkaline medium compared with neutral and acidic pH medium.
Predictors of mortality among adolescents and young adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Amour Maryam A. , Shayo Grace A. , Matee Mecky M. , Machumi Lameck , Rugarabamu Angelica , Aris Eric A. , Sunguya Bruno F. , Mugusi Ferdinand M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Global AIDS‐related deaths have declined by only 10% among adolescents since its peak in 2003. This is disproportionately low compared to a decline of 74% among children aged 0–9 years old. We determined the magnitude of, and predictors of mortality among adolescents and young adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among adolescents (aged 10–19) and young adults (aged 20–24) living with HIV and enrolled in care and treatment centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between January 2015 and December 2019. Data were analysed using STATA version 16. Cumulative hazard curves were used to estimate and illustrate 1‐year mortality. Predictors for mortality were assessed by the Fine and Gray competing risk regression model. Sub‐hazard ratios (SHR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were then reported.

Results

A total of 15,874 young people living with HIV were included: 4916 (31.3%) were adolescents and 10,913 (68.7%) were young adults. A total of 3843 (77.5%) adolescents and 9517 (87.2%) young adults were female. Deaths occurred in 2.3% (114/4961) of adolescents and 1.2% (135/10,913) of young adults (p < 0.001). Over a follow‐up of 9292 person‐years, the mortality rate was 3.8 per 100 person years [95% CI 3.2–4.6/100 person‐years] among adolescents and 2.1 per 100 person‐years among young adults [95% CI 1.8–2.5/100 person‐years]. Independent predictors of mortality among adolescents were male sex (adjusted (SHR) aSHR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.3–2.8), CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (aSHR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.0) and attending a private health facility (aSHR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.5). Predictors of mortality among young adults were CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (aSHR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.7–4.5), being underweight (aSHR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–3.3) and using nevirapine‐based therapy (aHR = 8.3, 95% CI: 3.5–19.5).

Conclusions

The mortality rate for persons living with HIV and on ART in Tanzania was significantly higher in adolescents than young adults. Age‐ and sex‐specific risk factors identify targets for intervention to reduce mortality among affected adolescents and young adults.
“Who am I going to stay with? Who will accept me?”: family‐level domains influencing HIV care engagement among disengaged adolescents in Kenya
Authors: Myers Courtney , Apondi Edith , Toromo Judith J. , Omollo Mark , Bakari Salim , Aluoch Josephine , Sang Festus , Njoroge Tabitha , Morris Zariel , Kantor Rami , Braitstein Paula , Nyandiko Winstone M. , Wools‐Kaloustian Kara , Elul Batya , Vreeman Rachel C. , Enane Leslie A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV, ages 10–19) have developmentally specific needs in care, and have lower retention compared to other age groups. Family‐level contexts may be critical to adolescent HIV outcomes, but have often been overlooked. We investigated family‐level factors underlying disengagement and supporting re‐engagement among adolescents disengaged from HIV care.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were performed with 42 disengaged ALHIV, 32 of their caregivers and 28 healthcare workers (HCW) in the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) program in western Kenya, from 2018 to 2020. Disengaged ALHIV had ≥1 visit within the 18 months prior to data collection at one of two sites and nonattendance ≥60 days following their last scheduled appointment. HCW were recruited from 10 clinics. Transcripts were analysed through thematic analysis. A conceptual model for family‐level domains influencing adolescent HIV care engagement was developed from these themes.

Results

Family‐level factors emerged as central to disengagement. ALHIV‐particularly those orphaned by the loss of one or both parents‐experienced challenges when new caregivers or unstable living situations limited support for HIV care. These challenges were compounded by anticipated stigma; resultant non‐disclosure of HIV status to household members; enacted stigma in the household, with overwhelming effects on adolescents; or experiences of multiple forms of trauma, which undermined HIV care engagement. Some caregivers lacked finances or social support to facilitate care. Others did not feel equipped to support adolescent engagement or adherence. Regarding facilitators to re‐engagement, participants described roles for household disclosure; and solidarity from caregivers, especially those also living with HIV. Family‐level domains influencing HIV care engagement were conceptualized as follows: (1) adolescent living situation and contexts; (2) household material resources or poverty; (3) caregiver capacities and skills to support adolescent HIV care; and (4) HIV stigma or solidarity at the household level.

Conclusions

Family‐level factors are integral to retention in care for ALHIV. The conceptual model developed in this study for family‐level influences on care engagement may inform holistic approaches to promote healthy outcomes for ALHIV. Developmentally appropriate interventions targeting household relationships, disclosure, HIV stigma reduction, HIV care skills and resources, and economic empowerment may promote adolescent engagement in HIV care.
Time‐Resolved Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging of Paraspinal Muscles
Authors: Miyazaki Mitsue , Yamamoto Asako , Malis Vadim , Statum Sheronda , Chung Christine B. , Sozanski Jesse , Bae Won C.
Published: February 2022

Background

While evaluation of blood perfusion in lumbar paraspinal muscles is of interest in low back pain, it has not been performed using noncontrast magnetic resonance (MR) techniques.

Purpose

To introduce a novel application of a time‐resolved, noncontrast MR perfusion technique for paraspinal muscles and demonstrate effect of exercise on perfusion parameters.

Study Type

Longitudinal.

Subjects

Six healthy subjects (27–48 years old, two females) and two subjects with acute low back pain (46 and 65 years old females, one with diabetes/obesity).

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T, MR perfusion sequence.

Assessment

Lumbar spines of healthy subjects were imaged axially at L3 level with a tag‐on and tag‐off alternating inversion recovery arterial spin labeling technique that suppresses background signal and acquires signal increase ratio (SIR) from the in‐flow blood at varying inversion times (TI) from 0.12 seconds to 3.5 seconds. SIR vs. TI data were fit to determine the perfusion metrics of peak height (PH), time to peak (TTP), mean transit time, apparent muscle blood volume (MBV), and apparent muscle blood flow (MBF) in iliocostal, longissimus, and multifidus. Imaging was repeated immediately after healthy subjects performed a 20‐minute walk, to determine the effect of exercise.

Statistical Tests

Repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

SIR vs. TI data showed well‐defined leading and trailing edges, with sharply increasing SIR to TI of approximately 500 msec subsiding quickly to near zero around TI of 1500 msec. After exercise, the mean SIR at every TI increased markedly, resulting in significantly higher PH, MBV, and MBF (each P < 0.001 and F > 28.9), and a lower TTP (P < 0.05, F = 4.5), regardless of the muscle. MBF increased 2‐ to 2.5‐fold after exercise, similar to the expected increase in cardiac output, given the intensity of the exercise.

Data Conclusions

Feasibility of an MR perfusion technique for muscle perfusion imaging was demonstrated, successfully detecting significantly increased perfusion after exercise.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy Stage

1
Antibacterial mechanism of ultrasound combined with sodium hypochlorite and their application in pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis)
Authors: Zhang Lihui , Zhang Min , Mujumdar Arun S. , Liu Kun
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

In order to prolong the storage and inhibit microorganisms of pakchoi, the antibacterial activity and mechanism of ultrasound combined with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO‐US), the efficiency of NaClO‐US in reducing Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as preserving quality of pakchoi were investigated.

RESULTS

Ultrasound treatment could significantly reduce the usage of NaClO solution from 800 ppm to 500 ppm. NaClO‐US decreased the counts of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, which disrupted the bacterial cell membrane with cytoplasmic leakage. In addition, NaClO‐US significantly increased cell membrane permeability, while cell membrane integrity decreased, the secondary structure of bacterial proteins showed several obvious changes, such as the increase of random coil content, as well as the decrease of α‐helix content. The bacterial counts, E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa population in pakchoi treated with NaClO‐US reduced by 1.89, 1.40, 1.60, 1.72 log CFU g−1, respectively compared to control sample after storage for 15 days. NaClO‐US resulted in minimum chlorophyll depletion, flavor and sensory deterioration.

CONCLUSION

NaClO‐US solution treatment inhibited microorganisms and prolonged storage of pakchoi. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae co‐fermentation on the structure and flavor of wheat noodles
Authors: Ge Zhenzhen , Wang Weijing , Xu Mingyue , Gao Shanshan , Zhao Yuxiang , Wei Xiaopeng , Zhao Guangyuan , Zong Wei
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Although traditional fermented noodles possess high eating quality, it is difficult to realize large‐scale industrialization as a result of the complexity of spontaneous fermentation. In present study, commercial Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were applied in the preparation of fermented noodles.

RESULTS

The changes in the structural characteristics and aroma components of noodles after fermentation were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), low‐field magenetic resonance imaging, electronic nose, and simultaneous distillation and extraction/gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis. SEM images revealed that co‐fermentation of the L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae for 10–40 min enhanced the continuity of the gluten network and promoted the formation of pores. FTIR spectra analysis showed that the co‐fermentation increased significantly (P < 0.05) the proportion of α‐helices of noodles gluten protein, enhancing the orderliness of the molecular structure of protein. After fermentation for 10–40 min, the signal density of hydrogen protons increased from the surface to the core, indicating that the water in the noodles migrated inward during a short fermentation process. The results of multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the main aroma differences between unfermented and fermented noodles were mainly in hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and inorganic sulfides. GC‐MS analysis indicated that the main volatile compounds detected were 2, 4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, bis (2‐ethylhexyl) adipate, butyl acetate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl terephthalate, bis (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, pentanol and 2‐pentylfuran, etc.

CONCLUSION

Co‐fermentation with L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae improved the structure of gluten network and imparted more desirable volatile components to wheat noodles. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Acidolysis of phospholipids with medium‐chain fatty acids over M‐SBA‐15 (M = Zn, Al) silicas as efficient solid catalysts
Authors: Cheng Ke , Zhang Jianghua , Yang Shasha , Yin Fawen , Li Zixuan , Wang Ting , Zhou Dayong
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Efficient and sustainable production of structured phospholipids (SPLs) enriched in medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in a heterogeneous manner is crucial for their potential applications in functional foods and drugs. Herein, for the first time, Zn‐ and Al‐incorporated SBA‐15 silicas were prepared by the coprecipitation method and further researched for catalytic synthesis of MCFA‐enriched SPLs through acidolysis reaction of natural phospholipids with capric or caprylic acid.

RESULTS

The as‐prepared Zn‐ and Al‐incorporated SBA‐15 samples exhibited superior catalytic activities under mild experimental conditions (50 °C, 6 h) to commercial homogeneous Lewis acids and benchmark enzymes. Correspondingly, the capric acid and caprylic acid incorporations were respectively achieved up to ~40.25 ± 0.40% (or 35.08 ± 0.09%) and 37.26 ± 0.38% (or 33.02 ± 0.13%) for Zn‐ (or Al‐) incorporated SBA‐15 catalyst. Moreover, various methods such as scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and pyridine–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the two catalysts in order to elucidate the possible structure–performance relationship. Accordingly, the above‐mentioned satisfactory results are most probably due to the well‐ordered mesostructures and large amounts of active Lewis acid sites existing in the investigated materials. Noticeably, the two catalysts featured good separation and excellent recyclability as well.

CONCLUSION

The Zn‐ and Al‐incorporated SBA‐15 catalysts studied in this work might shed light on novel, sustainable and economic alternatives for effective SPL production to diminish the applications of conventional homogeneous catalysts and biocatalysts in food industries. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Does generational thinking create differences in knowledge sharing andICTpreferences?
Authors: Bidian Catalin , Evans M. Max , Frissen Ilja
Published: February 2022

Organizational strategies around employee retirement are often cast in generational terms (i.e., as knowledge transferred between older and younger generations). Within this context, research suggests generational differences in knowledge sharing preferences and in supporting information and communication technology (ICT) preferences. At the same time, others argue that the concept of generations is a myth, or a stereotype‐driven perception. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to examine whether there are generational differences in knowledge sharing and ICT preferences and (2) to examine whether perceptions of younger and older generations' preferences match their actual preferences. Data were collected from 138 survey participants (Baby Boomers, Generation Xers, and Millennials) and analyzed using ANOVAs, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Additionally, 13 interviews were conducted with Baby Boomers and analyzed using content and narrative analyses. Findings showed no reliable differences between the three generations' preferences for knowledge sharing modalities (i.e., in writing and verbally) and methods (i.e., in person and through various ICTs). The most preferred methods were email, in‐person, telephony, and instant messaging. Most interestingly, while all generations had an accurate perception of Millennials' sharing preferences, they all demonstrated a distorted perception of Baby Boomers' preferences. Moreover, the broader the generation gap, the greater the discrepancy in perception. These findings support the postulation that generational differences may be a matter of perception rather than actuality. The most significant implication for research and practice is to retire generational thinking and to propose several alternative organizational strategies in managing knowledge continuity.
Second‐order differential equations for the power converters dynamical performance analysis
Authors: Amoroso Eleonora , Bonanno Gabriele , D'Aguí Giuseppina , De Caro Salvatore , Foti Salvatore , O'Regan Donal , Testa Antonio
Published: February 2022

The paper is devoted to the study of a second‐order differential equation of type Sturm‐Liouville with coefficients sign changing, and the existence of one positive solution is obtained by requiring a specific growth of the nonlinearity. In particular, this study is useful in the analysis of the dynamical performance of a class of power converter.
Stability of fractional order of time nonlinear fractional diffusion equation with Riemann–Liouville derivative
Authors: Long Le Dinh , Binh Ho Duy , Kumar Devendra , Luc Nguyen Hoang , Can Nguyen Huu
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we investigate an equation of nonlinear fractional diffusion with the derivative of Riemann–Liouville. Firstly, we determine the global existence and uniqueness of the mild solution. Next, under some assumptions on the input data, we discuss continuity with regard to the fractional derivative order for the time. Our key idea is to combine the theories Mittag–Leffler functions and Banach fixed‐point theorem. Finally, we present some examples to test the proposed theory.
Statistical inverse estimation of source terms in the Helmholtz equation
Authors: Wang Xuemei , Dou Fangfang
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study source identification for Helmholtz equation by using statistical inversion method. The approximate solutions are obtained from samples measured on the random boundary of the radiated electric field. Error estimates of exact solutions and their approximations are proven, and the validity of the methods is verified by numerical experiments.
A linear wide‐angle scanning phased array based on pattern reconfigurable elements
Authors: Du Yu , Li Jian‐Ying , Li Dong , Zhang Ling‐Kai , Shu Wen‐Juan
Published: February 2022

A wide‐angle scanning phased array based on pattern reconfigurable elements is proposed. There are seven metallic cylinders arranged on both sides of each unit separately to improve the isolation. The design of metallic cavities instead of a ground plate and cooperating with cylinders ingeniously solved the inconvenience of DC bias supply, significantly reducing the size of the antenna element and the entire system, and also the coupling between elements. The 3 dB beamwidth of the joint pattern generated by the pattern reconfigurable technology covers 217° in H‐plane at 5GHz. The phased array can scan from −75° to 75° in H‐plane, with gain fluctuation within 1 dB. The phased array processes a high‐aperture efficiency of 75.76%. The measured results of the phased array prototype agree with the simulation.
Adaptive carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer: Organ‐sparing potential and target coverage
Authors: Jia Shubing , Chen Jian , Ma Ningyi , Zhao Jingfang , Mao Jingfang , Jiang Guoliang , Lu Jiade , Wu Kailiang
Published: February 2022

Background

The dose distribution of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (LANSCLC) is highly sensitive to anatomical changes.

Purpose

To demonstrate the dosimetric benefits of adaptive CIRT for LANSCLC and compare the differences between patients with and without adaptive plans based on dosimetry and clinical effect factors.

Materials and methods

Of the 98 patients with LANSCLC receiving CIRT, 31 patients underwent replanning following re‐evaluations that revealed changes that would have compromised the dose coverage of the target volume or violated dose constraints. Dosimetric parameters and clinical factors were compared between patients with and without adaptive plans. Multivariate analysis identified factors influencing the adaptive planning.

Results

The median number of fractions delivered using adaptive plans was eight (range: 2‐18). Adaptive plans ensured target coverage, and the maximum spinal cord dose was significantly decreased (p = 0.02). The median reduction in the maximum spinal cord dose was 10.4 Gy (relative biological effectiveness). Patients with adaptive plans had larger tumor volumes (p < 0.001); the median initial internal gross tumor volumes (iGTVs) of patients with adaptive and nonadaptive plans were 125.9 and 49.79 cm3, respectively. Tumor volumes of patients with adaptive plans were altered to a greater extent (p < 0.001); the median absolute percentage of volume changes in patients in the adaptive and in nonadaptive groups were 20.76% and 3.63%, respectively, while the median movements of iGTV centers were 5.75 and 2.44 mm, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the iGTV volume change and iGTV center movements were significantly different between the groups.

Conclusions

An adaptive plan can effectively ensure target area coverage and protect normal tissues, especially in patients with large tumor volumes and substantial changes. iGTV volume changes and iGTV center movements are the main factors influencing adaptive planning. Weekly simulation computed tomography scans are necessary for treatment evaluation in patients with LANSCLC treated with CIRT.
Can bronchoscopically implanted anchored electromagnetic transponders be used to monitor tumor position and lung inflation during deep inspiration breath‐hold lung radiotherapy?
Authors: Harris Wendy , Yorke Ellen , Li Henry , Czmielewski Christian , Chawla Mohit , Lee Robert P. , Hotca‐Cho Alexandra , McKnight Dominique , Rimner Andreas , Lovelock D. Michael
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of using bronchoscopically implanted anchored electromagnetic transponders (EMTs) as surrogates for 1) tumor position and 2) repeatability of lung inflation during deep‐inspiration breath‐hold (DIBH) lung radiotherapy.

Methods

Forty‐one patients treated with either hypofractionated (HF) or conventional (CF) lung radiotherapy on an IRB‐approved prospective protocol using coached DIBH were evaluated for this study. Three anchored EMTs were bronchoscopically implanted into small airways near or within the tumor. DIBH treatment was gated by tracking the EMT positions. Breath‐hold cone‐beam‐CTs (CBCTs) were acquired prior to every HF treatment or weekly for CF patients. Retrospectively, rigid registrations between each CBCT and the breath‐hold planning CT were performed to match to 1) spine, 2) EMTs and 3) tumor. Absolute differences in registration between EMTs and spine were analyzed to determine surrogacy of EMTs for lung inflation. Differences in registration between EMTs and the tumor were analyzed to determine surrogacy of EMTs for tumor position. The stability of the EMTs was evaluated by analyzing the difference between inter‐EMT displacements recorded at treatment from that of the plan for the CF patients, as well as the geometric residual (GR) recorded at the time of treatment.

Results

A total of 219 CBCTs were analyzed. The average differences between EMT centroid and spine registration among all CBCTs were 0.45±0.42 cm, 0.29±0.28 cm, and 0.18±0.15 cm in superior‐inferior (SI), anterior‐posterior (AP) and lateral directions, respectively. Only 59% of CBCTs had differences in registration < 0.5 cm for EMT centroid compared to spine, indicating that lung inflation is not reproducible from simulation to treatment. The average differences between EMT centroid and tumor registration among all CBCTs were 0.13±0.13 cm, 0.14±0.13 cm and 0.12±0.12 cm in SI, AP and lateral directions, respectively. Ninety‐five percent of CBCTs resulted in a < 0.5 cm change between EMT centroid and tumor registration, indicating that EMT positions correspond well with tumor position during treatments. Six out of the seven recorded CF patients had average differences in inter‐EMT displacements ≤0.26 cm and average GR ≤0.22 cm, indicating that the EMTs are stable throughout treatment.

Conclusions

Bronchoscopically implanted anchored EMTs are good surrogates for tumor position and are reliable for maintaining tumor position when tracked during DIBH treatment, as long as the tumor size and shape are stable. Large differences in registration between EMTs and spine for many treatments suggest that lung inflation achieved at simulation is often not reproduced.
Recent progress in electron–phonon interaction of two‐dimensional materials
Authors: Bai Zhiying , He Dawei , Fu Shaohua , Miao Qing , Liu Shuangyan , Huang Mohan , Zhao Kun , Wang Yongsheng , Zhang Xiaoxian
Published: February 2022

The coupling between electrons and phonons is ubiquitous in condensed matter physics. In recent years, with the rise of two dimensional (2D) materials, electron–phonon interaction exhibits unique characteristics compared with their three‐dimensional counterparts. In this paper, research progress of electron–phonon interaction in 2D materials is briefly reviewed, mainly focus on thermoelectric device, conventional superconductor, field effect transistor, and photoelectric device. Firstly, electron–phonon interaction on thermoelectric application of 2D materials is concluded according to recent reports, and strategies to increase figure of merit are discussed. Next, strong electron–phonon coupling strength is essential for increasing transition temperature of superconductors. Conversely, electron–phonon interaction inhibits the carrier mobility for transport process. By summarizing research works in the past years, its role on the performance of 2D materials‐based field effect transistors is fully evaluated. Furthermore, the influences of electron–phonon interaction on light–matter interaction in 2D materials are briefly overviewed. Finally, some outlooks in the field are prospected. In a word, understanding electron–phonon interaction in 2D materials establishes strategically important directions for manipulating physical properties and optimizing device design.
The effect of biofeedback treatment for children with non‐neurogenic voiding dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qi Wenqiang , Zhou Yongheng , Zhong Minglei , Lv Guangda , Li Rongyang , Wang Wenfu , Li Yan , Shi Benkang , Guo Hu , Zhang Qiujie
Published: February 2022

Background

Children's non‐neurogenic voiding dysfunction (NVD) is a syndrome characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs) because of the inability to relax the external sphincter. Patients with NVD always suffer from urinary tract infections (UTI), incontinence, constipation. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of biofeedback treatment for children's NVD.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library database were searched for all relevant studies. Two independent reviewers decided whether to include the study, conducted quality evaluation, and extracted article data. A random‐effects model was used to calculate overall effect sizes. Risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) served as the summary statistics for meta‐analysis. And sensitivity analysis was subsequently performed.

Results

Fifteen studies and 1274 patients were included in the systemic review, seven RCTs and 539 patients were included in meta‐analysis. Meta‐analysis showed efficacy of biofeedback treatment in following aspects, (1) relieving UTI (RR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.64), (2) reducing PVR (MD: 9.51, 95% CI: 2.03 to 16.98), (3) increasing maximum urine flow rate (MD: 4.28, 95% CI: 2.14 to 6.42) and average urine flow rate (MD: 1.49, 95% CI: 0.53 to 2.46), (4) relieving constipation (RR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.26)，(5) improving abnormal voiding pattern (RR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.36) and abnormal EMG during voiding (RR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.91). The improvement of UTI symptoms, maximum urine flow rate and average urine flow rate took a longer time (12 months). In terms of daytime incontinence (RR: 1.20, 95% CI [0.96, 1.50], p = 0.11), nighttime incontinence (RR: 1.20, 95% CI [0.62, 2.32], p = 0.58), no significant difference was found between biofeedback treatment and standard urotherapy. The qualitative analysis showed that biofeedback treatment was beneficial for NVD.

Conclusion

Compared with standard urotherapy, biofeedback treatment is effective for some symptoms, such as UTI and constipation, and can improve some uroflowmetric parameters, such as PVR. Biofeedback treatment seems to have a better long‐term effect.
A numerical method based on hybrid orthonormal Bernstein and improved block‐pulse functions for solving Volterra–Fredholm integral equations
Authors: Ramadan Mohamed A. , Osheba Heba S. , Hadhoud Adel R.
Published: February 2022

This paper deals with the numerical solution of the integral equations of linear second kind Volterra–Fredholm. These integral equations are commonly used in engineering and mathematical physics to solve many of the problems. A hybrid of Bernstein and improved block‐pulse functions method is introduced and used where the key point is to transform linear second‐type Volterra–Fredholm integral equations into an algebraic equation structure that can be solved using classical methods. Numeric examples are given which demonstrate the related features of the process.
Allometry of Mexican hogfish (Bodianus diplotaenia) for predicting the body length of individuals from two pre‐Columbian sites in the Pearl Island archipelago (Panama)
Authors: Martínez‐Polanco María Fernanda , Béarez Philippe , Jiménez‐Acosta Máximo , Cooke Richard G.
Published: February 2022

The Mexican hogfish (Osteichthyes: Labridae, Bodianus diplotaenia Gill, 1862) is widely distributed throughout the tropical eastern Pacific from the Gulf of California to northern Peru, including all oceanic islands. Artisanal fishers occasionally capture it today and its remains are recovered at pre‐Columbian dwelling sites along the Pacific Coast of America. This paper addresses the advantages of using allometry to estimate size ranges of Mexican hogfish in pre‐Hispanic archeological samples from two ancient settlements in the Pearl Island archipelago of Panama: (1) Playa Don Bernardo (PdB), a preceramic site (6.2–5.6 kya), and (2) Bayoneta Island (BY‐10), a ceramic site (~1 kya). For creating the allometric model, a modern collection composed of 39 individuals covering a wide range of sizes and weights was used. All individuals have complete information about their total length (TL) and standard length (SL), which were recorded in millimeters (mm), and their total fresh weight (W) in grams (g). The TL of the sample ranged between 265 and 750 mm, and the SL between 210 and 487 mm. The W ranged between 273 and 3450 g. The most frequent bones (11) and otoliths were selected and 29 measurements were taken. The total length–weight relationship was W = 2E−05 TL3.0857 with R2 = 0.984. In general, it was observed that the relationships between the TL and the bone measurements had a strong correlation (R2 > 0.95). At PdB, the mean reconstructed length was 289.6 mm (TL), and at BY‐10, it was 283.6 mm (TL). The study of the archeological samples of B. diplotaenia could be used as a point of reference in modern ecological studies and fisheries management particularly in the Pearl Island archipelago.
Filtering‐based multi‐innovation recursive identification methods for input nonlinear systems with piecewise‐linear nonlinearity based on the optimization criterion
Authors: Fan Yamin , Liu Ximei
Published: February 2022

Piecewise‐linear nonlinearity is an effective representation for hard nonlinearities such as saturation, dead zone, and backlash, which can be also used as a general tool for approximating nonlinear characteristics. For the input piecewise‐linear output‐error autoregressive systems, we develop a parametric expression of the piecewise‐linear nonlinearity through a switching function and position functions, and derive the identification model of the system by using the key item separation. Based on the optimization criterion, an auxiliary model‐based multi‐innovation recursive generalized least‐squares algorithm is deduced for estimating the unknown parameters according to the obtained model. Since the system is disturbed by colored noise, we introduce the data filtering technique from a view point of improving the parameter estimation accuracy. The filtering identification model of the system is derived and a filtering‐based multi‐innovation recursive generalized least‐squares algorithm is proposed. The simulation example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and shows that the filtering‐based multi‐innovation recursive generalized least‐squares algorithm has better identification performance.
The bactericidal effect of oral care using matching transformation system: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Urakawa Ryuta , Shibata Takekatsu , Kimura Tomomasa , Gojo Nao , Sogou Motofumi , Takamori Kiyoto , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Konishi Kiyoshi , Sakai Takayoshi
Published: February 2022

Aim

Matching transformation system (MA‐T) is an on‐demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution that realizes excellent safety with various antimicrobial activities even under abundant organic compound. By using MA‐T in human oral care, we examined its effectiveness against bacteria causing oral infections such as periodontal disease and dental caries.

Materials and Methods

The participants of the 75th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Stomatological Society held on May 13 and 14, 2021, were enrolled in this study. Saliva samples were collected on the first day after normal oral care and on the second day after oral care with MA‐T. The total number of bacteria and the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were compared for the two samples on Days 1 and 2.

Results

Twenty‐two subjects met the study criteria. The total bacterial count and the number of T. forsythia on Day 2 were significantly lower than those on Day 1 (p = 0.000177 and p = 0.0186, respectively). The numbers of T. denticola and S. mutans tended to decrease, although not significantly (p = 0.100 and p = 0.251, respectively). Statistical analysis was not performed for P. gingivalis and C. albicans because of sample size.

Conclusion

MA‐T is putatively effective for oral hygiene. MA‐T oral care reduces bacteria that cause periodontal disease and dental caries compared with regular oral care. The results of this study suggest that MA‐T, a new disinfectant, can be applied to oral care and may reduce periodontal disease, dental caries, and other oral infections.
Chemical peptide macrolactonization via intramolecular S‐to‐S‐to‐O acyl transfer
Authors: Nagano Masanobu , Huang Yichao , Obexer Richard , Suga Hiroaki
Published: February 2022

Cyclic depsipeptides (CDPs) are a family of macrocyclic peptides containing an ester bond(s), generally found as secondary metabolites with bioactivities. Despite the interest of CDPs in drug development, de novo discovery of bioactive CDPs from artificial libraries had been yet challenging due to the lack of their efficient chemical preparation. Our recent report involving ribosomal synthesis of CDPs by means of genetic code reprogramming and S‐to‐O acyl shift chemistry has provided a unique approach for the preparation of CDP libraries and significant potentials that enable for screening of target‐binding species using an in vitro display system. However, even if the selection of binding‐active CDPs were successfully executed, it is unavoidable to chemically prepare a sufficient amount of CDPs for downstream bioassays. Prior to the selection, therefore, it is crucial for us to establish a synthetic methodology of various CDPs using standard solid‐phase chemical synthesis and the S‐to‐O acyl shift as the same key chemistry. Here we report a method of chemical macrolactonization via the S‐to‐S‐to‐O acyl shift, affording CDPs in high yields (~91%). This work links the ribosomal synthesis of CDPs to the chemical synthesis of their active species available from campaigns of the affinity‐based selection, enabling downstream bioassays.
On the chances and challenges of combining electron‐collecting nPOLO and hole‐collecting Al‐p+ contacts in highly efficient p‐type c‐Si solar cells
Authors: Peibst Robby , Haase Felix , Min Byungsul , Hollemann Christina , Brendemühl Till , Bothe Karsten , Brendel Rolf
Published: February 2022

ISFH is following a distinct cell development roadmap, which comprises—as a short‐term concept—the combination of an n‐type doped electron‐collecting poly‐Si on oxide (POLO) junction with an Al‐alloyed p+ junction for hole collection. This combination can be integrated either in front‐ and back‐contacted back junction cells (POLO‐BJ) or in interdigitated back‐contacted cells (POLO‐IBC). Here, we present recent progress with these two cell concepts. We report on a certified M2‐sized 22.9% efficient POLO‐BJ cell with a temperature coefficient TCη of only −(0.3 ± 0.02) %rel/K and a certified 23.7% (4 cm2 d.a.) efficient POLO‐IBC cell. We discuss various specific conceptual aspects of this technology and present a simulation‐based sensitivity analysis for quantities related to the quality of the hole‐collecting alloyed Al‐p+ junction which are subject to continuous improvement and thus hard to predict exactly. We report that the measured pseudo fill factor values decrease more due to metallization than would be expected from recombination in the metallized regions with an ideality factor of one only. The gap to pseudo fill factor values that are theoretically achievable at the respective open‐circuit voltages is 1.1%abs (Ga‐doped wafer) for POLO‐IBC and 1.4%abs (B‐doped wafer) to 2%abs (Ga‐doped wafer) for POLO‐BJ. With an embedded blocking layer for Ag crystallites in the poly‐Si, we present a concept to reduce this gap.