bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not Just an Offender, But a Person
Authors: Szifris Kirstine
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the content of the philosophical conversations in Grendon. Through the participants own words, the chapter describes the importance of abstract conversation, not linked to offence or offending behaviour. Here, the distinction between therapy and education come to bear. The research shows that opportunity to engage with each other as human beings, as opposed to prisoners or offenders, was of particular importance to this group. The chapter concludes with a discussion of community, identity, and self-understanding.
Radical (Im)materialism
Authors: Bloom Peter , Jones Owain Smolović , Woodcock Jamie
Published: January 2022

This chapter explored the (im)material dimensions of mobile power, viral hegemony, and guerrilla democracy. To do so it drew upon theories of “new materialism” but ultimately expanded upon them so as to better account the immaterial and political aspects of social ordering. It introduced, for this reason, a novel concept of “(im)materialism” which highlighted the immaterial necessity to continually and dynamically “materialize” and “rematerialize” the social. Significantly, this is not to assume in the slightest that humans are “in control” or the complete “shapers” of their material realities – whether in the virtual or physical realms. Rather, it stresses how these material encounters are manifestations of mobile power and viral hegemony, whereby they must constantly adapt existing materials and their various concrete affordances to meet the demands of infectious discourses. Likewise, this dynamic process of (im)material socialisation can also lend itself to political interventions whereby an existent order is not just “rematerialised” but “resituated”. A core theme of this book is that this radical (im)materialism can be best expressed through a democratic guerrilla politics.
The Future of Feminism and Sex Work Activism in New Zealand
Authors: Showden Carisa R
Published: January 2022

The chapter works to unpack the specificity in New Zealand feminisms, noting how contemporary feminisms here respond to a decriminalized sex work regime, a specific history of colonialism and its effects, the contributions of the New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective to shaping state and grassroots feminisms, the country’s size and location, and the sometimes uneasy interplay between mana wāhine Māori and Pākehā (European settler) feminist praxis. Today mana wāhine Māori, ‘state feminism’ and ‘Pākehā feminism’ are well-positioned to generate an intersectional approach to sex work politics, though this intersectional potential is yet to be fully realised. This is due in part to the individualized nature of some feminist movements at the expense of a materialist feminist lens focused on macro- and meso-level forces that structure social reproduction. In short, decriminalisation changed the discourse around sex work without producing the necessary attendant structural challenge to gender as a material and social formation. What is needed is a feminist praxis that is simultaneously anti-poverty, anti-racism, and pro-sexual egalitarianism.
Developing Policy Support For Care-sharing: And Its Limitations
Authors: Brooks Rachel , Hodkinson Paul
Published: January 2022

Providing a substantive examination of the context in which unusually care-centred fathers operate, this chapter focuses on developments in family policy that relate to fatherly caregiving. It first considers the enduring relevance of national policies in a world where supranational bodies and various globalising pressures increasingly exert influence. It then moves on to consider the key lessons can be learnt from legislation that has been introduced in countries other than the UK with the aim of facilitating greater involvement by fathers in the lives of their children. The chapter then provides a detailed analysis of UK family policy, with a specific focus on how it has addressed fathers, over the last fifty years. The authors maintain that while we have seen considerable policy activity in this area, and a significant shift away from the strongly maternalist orientation of policy evident in the late 20th century, UK policy remains some distance away from promoting a universal caregiver model. Finally, the chapter suggests that policy is not always translated into behaviour on-the-ground in a straightforward manner – and considers various ways in which government initiatives can be mediated by policies, practices and cultures in the workplace, and also by wider societal- and individual-level norms.
How Cultural Heritage can Contribute to Community Development and Wellbeing
Authors: Wallace Claire , Beel David
Published: January 2022

The chapter examines how cultural heritage has helped to create resilient rural communities in Scotland - Portsoy and the Isle of Lewis. A particular focus is the digitisation of this heritage. There is no one model of how cultural heritage can be used just as there is no one form of digital communications and different communities approach their heritage in different ways. We analyse important factors such as local ownership and control of heritage and its repercussions for the wellbeing of the communities. Given the isolation of rural communities, digital communications are particularly important for linking communities with the outside world and community members with each other. We illustrate how cultural heritage provides a sense of identity as well as economic benefits through tourism. In particular, the chapter examines the challenges of community-based research into wellbeing and how best to theorise quality of life in different community settings.
‘Show Me What Makes You Happy at Work’: Visualizing Happiness in the Workplace
Authors: Suojanen Ilona
Published: January 2022

How can we capture happiness to analyse the complex experience in order to really understand the phenomena? This chapter discusses the benefits and challenges of visualizing happiness, based on research on workplace happiness among young professionals. It explains how photos and narratives together can create a synergy which can inform our understandings of happiness and fill the gaps left by quantitative methods, hence providing new insights into happiness. Visual approaches can also be a useful method to capture and reflect on a range of emotions such as safety, fear and trust.
Police and the Visual
Authors: McClanahan Bill
Published: January 2022

This final thematic chapter traces the outlines of a theoretical visual criminology of police and police power. Describing the role of police images in media and visual culture, the chapter takes up body-worn cameras, police mugshots, and the always-lurking cultural figures of police and police violence. The chapter concludes with some notes on the ways that the image and the power of the visual have also been turned against police, and the ways that an imaginary of police abolition might be nurtured through visual challenges to police power.
Wilful Resignations: Women, Labour and Life in Urban India
Authors: Islam Asiya
Published: January 2022

Why do young women in New Delhi, India wilfully leave service employment even though their incomes are important for the sustenance of their families? This chapter seeks to answer this question based on long-term ethnographic research with lower middle-class women. It argues that that service employment is just one of many strategies that women invest in to secure their lives. In particular, women tend to leave low-paid and insecure service employment in instances where this employment is seen to represent a threat to their respectability. Young women switch from one activity to another in search for stability and security, combining employment, education, skills training, with domestic, care, and status-production work. Together these activities ensure the reproduction of life, underlining the importance of non-income generating activities and aspirations in shaping experiences of ‘ordinary work’.
Going Gojek, or Staying Ojek? Competing Visions of Work and Economy in Jakarta’s Motorbike Taxi Industry
Authors: von Vacano Mechthild
Published: January 2022

Until recently Indonesia’s motorbike taxi industry resembled a textbook example of the ‘informal sector’—a well-established though legally unrecognised mode of urban transport. However, the arrival of Gojek, a digital ride-hailing platform, in 2016 appeared set to revolutionize the industry with the full force of platform capitalism. The platform’s business model challenged the territorial-distributive principles of the established system of local taxi ranks, while creating a new group of digital drivers which were legally self-employed, though de facto dependent on the algorithmic programming of the platform. Through a comparative case study of conventional (ojek) and platform based (Gojek) taxi drivers in Jakarta, this chapter study points to the structural and economic diversity of work outside the wage. Informed by a deconstructive reading of the in/formality paradigm, it expands the analytical focus from the structural conditions of work to the underlying modes of social and economic organisation, and the often subtle values these modes enact.
Extra-ordinary: Crisis, Charity and Care in London’s World without Work
Authors: Vicol Dora-Olivia
Published: January 2022

This chapter draws on research conducted with migrant workers and charity advisers during the Covid-19 pandemic, to explore the extra-ordinariness of a world without work. Focused on London, the chapter shows how migrants who found themselves plunged into unemployment by the pandemic – and excluded from the government's wage-centric aid package – came to rely upon charity advisers for information and care. The chapter argues that on one level, the work of charity was one of bureaucratic and technological translation, as advisers needed to make migrants legible to the state, before they could access any state support. On another level however, the work of charity was also an attempt to build hope and community around the shared experience of (im)mobility outside the wage.
Comparing Regional Organizations
Authors: Panke Diana , Stapel Sören , Starkmann Anna
Published: January 2022

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and particularities of regional organizations across Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe since 1945. The authors analyze the membership dynamics and policy scopes of 76 organizations, and compare their opportunities and challenges in regional governance. They consider organizations’ competencies in eleven different policy areas, including trade, security and environment, and trace patterns in their development. For those with interests in comparative regionalism, international relations, political science and international law, this is an essential companion to some of the world’s most significant organizations.
Outsourcing in the UK
Authors: Morphet Janice
Published: January 2022

This book analyses the role and use of outsourcing within the UK public sector since the mid-1970s. The book examines the many drivers for the use of outsourcing in the public sector, including international agreements, new public management, performativity and austerity. It also takes in to account the role and failures of the private sector and its response to the opening up of public sector competition. By investigating the way that outsourcing has been used in different service sectors and across scales, the book illustrates the impact it has had on ideology, policy narratives and public expectations in the present.
Competition in Utilities
Authors: Morphet Janice
Published: January 2022

This chapter talks about the change in attitude towards the retention of the UK economy and international discussions about the role of the private sector in running public business. It refers to the monetary theorists and newly established think tanks in the UK that influenced the Conservative Party thought about the future economic policy. It also explores how the development of influences on the Conservative Party was a prelude to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Tokyo Round which started in 1973. The chapter elaborates how the changes to the Conservative Party did not resonate with the Prime Minister, Edward Heath, who was primarily focused on the UK's entry to the EU and the consequent institutional reforms associated with it. It points out how Heath's focus allowed those in the Conservative Party to consider how monetarist approaches could be harnessed and developed in the future in the UK.
Creating the Public Services Market
Authors: Morphet Janice
Published: January 2022

This chapter features the key challenge for the central government in implementing the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to liberalise public services, which was to find a way of market making. It stresses the difficulties in opening public services to competition where there had been no private sector engagement before. It also discusses the introduction of change and the potential for opening internal processes to competition, which meant that private sector contractors would have to be attracted to establishing a capability to bid for the work. The chapter refers to the transfer of skills between the public and private sectors, such as human resources, although there continued to be differences in the cultural context of the public sector. It looks at the challenges faced by public bodies as they defined their activities, attributed costs, and were managed.
Liberalising Health Services and Functions
Authors: Morphet Janice
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes health services in the UK, which have always been provided through a mixed market model. It explains how public health had become the responsibility of local authorities by 2012. It also refers to the establishment of Public Health England (PHE) as an agency in April 2013 that had the executive responsibilities for health protection through the management of its laboratories and research. The chapter highlights the application of the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Single European Market (SEM) within the health and social care sector. It recounts early approaches to the implementation of a private finance initiative (PFI) for the provision of hospitals and the general practitioner (GP) model that included privatisation.
Identity in the Shadow of a Giant
Authors: Gartner Scott , Huang Chin-Hao , Li Yitan , James Patrick
Published: January 2022

This book investigates the implications of the global ascent of China on cross-Strait relations and the identity of Taiwan as a democratic state. Examining an array of factors that affect identity formation, the book considers the influence of the rapid military and economic rise of China on Taiwan's identity. The ensuing assessment offers valuable insights into which policies have the best chance of resulting in peaceful relations and prosperity across the Taiwan Strait and builds a new theory of identity at elite and mass levels. It also possesses implications for the US-led world order and today's most critical great power competition.
Taiwan in Historical Perspective
Authors: Gartner Scott Sigmund , Huang Chin-Hao , Li Yitan , James Patrick
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a historical review that focuses on Taiwanese identity, the rise of China, cross-Strait relations and the role of the United States within the sub-region of Northeast Asia. It begins with the account of prehistoric times, but its main emphasis is on the era from the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 onward. The chapter then proceeds from early history to the arrival of the Japanese in 1895. It covers the era of Japanese rule from 1895 to 1945, the initial decades of Nationalist rule, the Taiwanese economic miracle when identity-related developments appear, and the key interactions involving the Democratic Progressive Party in power vis-à-vis the United States and PRC in the new millennium. The chapter sums up the history of Taiwan to provide a context for examination of academic literature, along with results from elite interviews and opinion surveys.
Understanding Participation as a Response to Democratic Deficits
Authors: Ryan Matt
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains why democratic innovations like participatory budgeting have emerged as a response to democratic deficits. It outlines the theoretical background and history which explains democratic innovation, and explains some key drivers of democratic reform. It makes the case for comparison to better help us to explain democratic innovation.
Introduction – Policy Formulation: A Political Perspective
Authors: Zittoun Philippe , Fischer Frank , Zahariadis Nikolaos
Published: January 2022

The introduction takes up the neglected political dimension of policy solution formulation to show that this stage is often political and prone to conflict. Putting aside the idea that a policy solution is expected to be an objective and neutral instrument, we point to a policy formulation process that works as a filtering system in which policymakers, supported by a specific configuration of key political players, attempt to argumentatively advance their proposals while seeking to defeat the alternatives. We elaborate on three such filters: the role of social and political meanings, the dynamics of discursive coalition formation and the political and institutional arenas within which the policy solutions are shaped, discussed and selected.
Policy Solution Ownership: Road-Space Re-Allocation as a New Approach to Urban Mobility
Authors: Halpern Charlotte
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyses the emergence, the construction and the trajectory of road space reallocation as a policy solution to urban mobility challenges. It argues that policy solution ownership has been established through the continued efforts made by a coalition of policy entrepreneurs to transform a policy solution fitted for all seasons into an easily transferable set of standardized tools and techniques aimed at shifting the attention away from car use reduction in the name of fairness and modernity. This chapter contributes to the book’s main argument in three ways. First, it examines how and by whom policy solution ownership is built and contributes to redefining the boundaries of the problem at stake. Second, drawing on the notions of problematization and interessement, it contributes to the understanding of how policy solution ownership opens new opportunities for urban elites to challenge existing urban governance arrangements and promote their own political agenda. Three, it discusses the role of framing in shaping the subsequent trajectory of this policy solution in two urban governance contexts, namely Lisbon (Portugal) and Malmö (Sweden).
High-Profile Shootings, the Media, and Police Legitimacy
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Crichlow Vaughn J. , Fallik Seth W.
Published: January 2022

In order to understand attitudes toward police in the post-Ferguson era, in this chapter we discuss the rubric of procedural justice and police legitimacy perceptions. We then explore the historical roots of police-community conflict and the ongoing confidence gap in attitudes toward police, and conclude by discussing the impact of Black Lives Matter (BLM) and digital media in general as a tool for collective action and empowerment.
An Optimum Labour Area?
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a new approach to integrating labour markets. It takes the literature on Optimum Currency Areas (OCAs) as its point of departure and considers what an optimum market would look like from the perspective of labour (as opposed to capital). Such an approach would prioritize local macroeconomic stabilization to create strong local labour markets, in response to democratic pressures. An Optimum Labour Area (OLA) is one where workers are not forced to migrate in search of employment, but still enjoy the freedom to do so.
From the Beginning
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

From the beginning, European policymakers have recognized that market integration can undermine the policy autonomy of member states and the relative power of labour. For this reason, it was important to balance the need for democratic accountability and macroeconomic stabilization against the promised efficiency gains from market integration. In the immediate post-war period, policymakers agreed to limit the nature of market integration to ensure that elected officials would have the tools they needed to stabilize their local labour markets. This chapter examines three early and influential debates to show us how policymakers in the 1950s faced the same trade-off that we face today (local democratic accountability vs overall efficiency) – but prioritized very differently.
Unrecognized and Unrepresented States
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the position of unrecognized and unrepresented states in the international community. The international community is unable to develop a consistent approach on which states ‘deserve’ recognition and which do not; the act of recognition, after all, remains primarily political, not legal. To address such inconsistencies, which have considerable consequences for the development of parliamentary diplomacy in unrecognized and unrepresented states, the chapter makes an overview of their experience with (non-)recognition. For operational reasons, these have been classified into two broad categories: contested states and states with limited recognition. Furthermore, these two broader categories of states have been further divided into two sub-groups: states that have been created as a result of secession, which tends to be viewed by the international community as particularly problematic, because it violates international law and, consequently, disrupts the international political stability; and states that have been established in the process of decolonization, during which they face various challenges that affect their statehood as well as their participation and representation in international relations.
Barriers Surrounding Taiwan’s Parliamentary Diplomacy
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses factors that have an impact on the capacity of members of the Legislative Yuan (LY) to act internationally and in this way contribute to parliamentary diplomacy of Taiwan. It finds that, at international level, there is no doubt that the People's Republic of China's (PRC's) One China principle and the insistence on the 1992 Consensus are the biggest hurdles LY members face as they try to participate in international (parliamentary) relations. From the perspective of the PRC, the tightness of the grip on Taiwan depends on whether Chinese Taipei accepts that the unification with Taiwan is the only option acceptable for the PRC. Everything is negotiable, Beijing says, if Taipei takes the road to unification. On the other hand, as long as the government in Taipei does not accept that and is unwilling to talk to the PRC, Beijing says, everything is possible, even taking Taiwan by force. This ominous communication from Beijing, which has intensified at the time of writing this study, is just one of the many manifestations of the ‘China factor’.
Beyond Popeye’s and KFC: The Whitewashing of Southern Food Restaurants
Authors: Byrd Kaitland M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks into the racial and ethnic communities across the South that are responsible for infusing Southern foodways with their individual ethnic foodways. From the Lumbee tribe in North Carolina to the Chinese groceries in Mississippi and the Latino population in Memphis, these groups have each left their mark on the food traditions of the South, yet are often absent from discussions of traditional Southern food. This chapter focuses on how these communities have navigated the balance between producing traditional foods all while coping with the inequality and discrimination that continues to impact these communities today. This chapter showcases how racial and ethnic minorities are integral to Southern foodways and its history, not outliers to it.
Spending in an Austere Era
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an economic background for fiscal adjustments and drivers of spending in an austere time. It begins with national snapshots of each country's fiscal–financial condition when the 2008 crisis first hit, weaving in, where appropriate, an historical overview. The analysis includes assessment of factors such as domestic economic imbalances, financial and housing bubbles, and exposure to international economic downturn. It also delineates national and cross-national banking-sector dynamics as identified in measures like stimulus and guarantees (credit underwriting, insurance support, and the like); bailouts (asset taking, nationalization); write-offs and taxpayer-borne risks; partnerships and privatization; and international pressures (from supranational institutions and investors). These varied responses involved mobilizing, creating or reconfiguring public sector institutions, insulating the banking sector from a crisis of its own making, and blaming the state for debt and deficits that will be used to insinuate public sector culpability.
Responding to Money Laundering across Europe: What We Know and What We Risk
Authors: Wingerde Karin van , Merz Anna
Published: January 2022

European and global financial institutions appear to be increasingly involved in and punished for facilitating money laundering. The need to respond to these cases effectively has been a priority for national, supranational and international organisations for many years now. Despite several attempts to harmonize enforcement in Europe, previous research indicates that the interpretation, implementation, and enforcement of AML/CTF regulation across EU Member States differ significantly. This essay maps similarities and differences in responses to money laundering cases against banks in Europe for 47 cases between January 2015 and January 2020. While most cases still result in regulatory sanctions, a trend towards a more stringent and aggressive enforcement paradigm is seen. Reflecting on implications for the effectiveness and legitimacy of anti-money laundering efforts in the global financial system, the essay argues to be mindful of the adverse effects of such an aggressive approach for the legitimacy of the global AML regime.
Food Production Harms in the European Context: The EU as an Enabler or a Solution?
Authors: Gladkova Ekaterina
Published: January 2022

The essay analyses food production harms in the European context. It poses the question of whether the EU may be an enabler of food production harms or serves to address them. The essay uses Northern Ireland as a case study of farming industrialisation to demonstrate how the EU’s regulated market model can create asymmetries, biased interests, and conditions for harm.
Introduction: Marital Problems
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the book. It explores how English marriage law has failed to keep up with trends concerning adult intimate relationships. It introduces the two main problems of unregistered religious marriages and non-religious marriages. It then provides an overview of the structure of the book.
Religion and Opposite-Sex Marriage
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins the discussion of the current position on how adult intimate relationships are governed by the law of England and Wales with particular reference to how it affects religion. It examines the legal regulation of opposite sex marriage, placing the current law as found in the Marriage Act 1949 within its historical context to explore why the Church of England has been placed in a special legal position and why the current position of other religious weddings is often misunderstood. Given these misunderstandings, this chapter will begin with a discussion of the current law before placing this within its historical context.
Reforming Weddings Law
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to the question of reform, proposing specific reform proposals showing in detail how the consolidation, simplification and modernisation of the law on intimate adult relationships should be achieved. These will rest on two points of principle. The first is that the legal redress should be provided to those in unregistered religious marriages where the failure to comply with registration requirements is unwitting or is not truly voluntary by one of the parties. The second is that non-religious ceremonies and ceremonies conducted by independent celebrants should be legally binding.
Reforming Cohabitation Rights
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to the book’s sixth reform proposal and this is in many ways the most important one. The introduction of the kind of cohabitation rights found in other jurisdictions would do much to alleviate the problem of unregistered religious marriages. This chapter explores how cohabitation rights on relationship breakdown would provide a remedy to those who are in unregistered religious marriages where the decision not to enter into a legal marriage has not been entered into voluntarily or where the relationship has changed over time so that one party has become reliant on the other or have suffered a detriment as a result of the relationship.
Australia’s Geopolitics and the South China Sea
Authors: Buszynski Leszek
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at Australia's geopolitical concern, which has been the security of the northern approaches that is stressed by a series of defence white papers. It mentions the Australian governments' emphasis on the importance of a “rules-based order” in the Indo-Pacific and how they are disturbed by the Chinese activities in the South China Sea (SCS) that undermine this order and create uncertainty to Australia's north. It also cites Australia's dilemma in dealing with the issue since China is its major trade partner and has contributed to Australia's economic growth. The chapter discusses how China's SCS activities have quickened Australia's understanding of its geopolitical predicament and have compelled it to adjust to an uncertain security environment, which the country has avoided for too long. It reviews China's behaviour in the SCS dispute as acting against everything that Australia's Defence and Foreign Affairs Departments have been promoting within the region.
The People Speak: The Importance of Black Arts Movements
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the unique vantage point that black arts movements presents when exploring the racialization of crime and criminal justice systems. Black Arts Movements (BAM) through activism and art, created new cultural institutions and conveyed messages of black pride, whilst at the same time reflecting on the impact of racism on black people expressed art and literature.
Staging the Truth: Black Theatre and the Politics of Black Criminality
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

Black theatre was, and still is, a powerful force within the wider theatre landscape overall. However, it is in the use of ‘applied theatre’ that had significant impact on the plight of black offenders, the communities they came from, and the victims they have affected. Whereas black theatre, historically, has created a space for the victims of white oppression in relation to in healing, exploring black victimhood, naming and claiming embodied racialized spaces, applied theatre for black offenders has contributed towards some of their rehabilitative trajectories.
Of Mules and Men: Oral Storytelling and the Racialization of Crime
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

Folktales, storytelling, and oral history are not unique to black culture. However, the importance of locating the black storytelling tradition when within the racialization of crime and criminal justice can provide an importance legacy for future generations about the past ways that academics and historians have fallen short when looking at the racialization of crime and criminal justice.
Towards a Black Arts Infused Criminology
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

This bringing together of the symbiosis of black art and black criminology, may generate a black arts infused criminology that may provide a new platform to make the black contribution to criminology that is currently rendered invisible, to the fore. The need to transcend the confines of the ‘ivory tower’ demands qualitative researchers to heed this ‘call to arms’ for those of us who believe in the polyphonic relationship between critical inquiries, ‘social justice’ and ‘race and the racialization of crime’.
Recruitment
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the procedure of selecting participants to DMPs. It underlines the importance of a representative sample in order to guarantee diversity of opinions and participants. In comparison with other possible methods – election through voting, a corporatist system where the participants are appointed by civil society organisations and other interest groups, and self-selection where all interested people can take part – random selection is the best way of guaranteeing the necessary diversity in a DMP. The chapter highlights key aspects in the implementation of random sampling, whether pure or stratified, and the strategies that can make a DMP sample as representative as possible.
Outputs
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the outputs of DMPs: both the conclusions that mini-publics reach and the ways in which these are presented to wider audiences. It also investigates how these outputs are developed and how much meaning should be attached to them. There are substantial variations across DMPs on these matters. Nevertheless, all mini-publics present the considered judgments of their participants on the matters before them, and many also provide valuable insights into the reasoning underlying these judgments. There is good reason to think that those conclusions are meaningful and therefore deserve to be taken seriously by decision-makers further down the policy-making process.
Legitimacy of Deliberative Mini-Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the bases of deliberative mini-publics’ (DMPs) internal and external legitimacy and discusses how their outputs can influence collective decision-making. It addresses some of the most contentious issues in the field of democratic innovations today including: To what extent should deliberative mini-publics shape decision-making? Should DMPs be empowered to make binding decisions? Are they better off taking an advisory role? What is the basis of DMPs’ legitimacy in the first place?
Fromm’s Political Activism in the 1960s
Authors: McLaughlin Neil
Published: January 2022

Most of the public sociology literature is about what public sociologists write and sometimes it addresses the policy work they do but far too little of the research addresses the actual political work activism that scholars do. This chapter lays out the story of Fromm anti-war, Socialist Party of America, human rights and Democratic Party campaigning he did in the 1960s and discusses three of his books that helped create the social movements of the New Left era (May Man Prevail? Marx’s Concept of Man, and The Revolution of Hope).
Travel in Art and Literature
Authors: Kuznets Alison , Niblett Matthew
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the links between travel and artistic endeavours. It shows that travel dominates our language through metaphor and idioms, thus shaping our way of thinking. It then explores the myriad links between creativity and travel. It discusses how travel has influenced artistic trends and tastes, and shaped literary forms such as the novel. It also explores how travel helps inspire creativity, giving the artist or writer a mental freedom and new perspectives. Conversely, artistic works have inspired many others to travel: to follow in the footsteps of the artists and see places depicted for themselves. Finally, the chapter looks at how and why travel is such a central motif within our stories, art and literature. We see how nearly all forms of literature, and many other art forms, explore themes of identity, freedom, suffering, empathy and psychological development through the theme of travel.
Ideas and Interests in British Economic Policy1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay explores the interaction between ideas and interests in understanding the Keynesian and Thatcher eras. It uses three accounts of what is most important in shaping public policy; general doctrines about the nature of society and the role of government, such as Dicey’s contrast between individualism and collectivism; economic interests; and historical and institutional contexts. The role of thinktanks, expertise, and the competitive democratic process in developing the role of general doctrines and the climate of ideas are discussed, and are contrasted with interest accounts which rely on theoretical insights into the structure of classes or the structure of collective action or the structure of public choice. Both approaches are vulnerable to a critique employing historical methods to reconstruct the actual contexts in which public policy is made.
The Quest for a Great Labour Party1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay examines the political strategy and ruling ideas of the British Labour party through an assessment of David Marquand’s biography of Ramsay Macdonald and his analysis of the progressive dilemma which Macdonald’s life illustrates. It explores Macdonald’s attempt to create a Great Labour Party modelled on the Great Liberal Party of the nineteenth century. This was a party which had national and cross-class appeal uniting many sections of society, including intellectuals, behind a progressive alternative. The critics of Macdonald argued that class interest and class struggle should be the basis of Labour politics. Macdonald started a profound debate over the purpose and strategy of Labour which has recurred in every period of the party’s history.
The Drifter’s Escape1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay examines the conceptions of politics and the political in the song lyrics of Bob Dylan. Dylan’s view of politics and the political world is complex and many-sided but generally bleak, summed up in the lines ‘power and greed and corruptible seed seem to be all that there is’. The essay traces different aspects of his view of politics through the many references to politics which appear in his songs, which reveal the deployment of some persistent themes, particularly alienation, and his view that the political world is an alienated world. This is explored through Dylan’s sense of a coming apocalypse (particularly in his religious period), his imagining of the political world as a prison, a graveyard, and an insanity factory, and his sense that the only way to survive is to become an outlaw.
Epilogue: The Western Ideology Revisited
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

An important aspect of politics and of the study of politics is how agendas are set and issues framed. What seems vitally important at one particular time can be of no interest at another. Politics and the study of politics are both subject to fashion, both in the issues that seem important and in the languages and conceptual frameworks we use to discuss them. We spend most of our lives immersed in our own times and it is very hard to stand outside them and look at them objectively, very hard to understand which of all the trends are likely to be the decisive ones, which of the many forks in the road will be the one taken. One of the features of the human condition which Hayek described so well is the limited knowledge we possess....
The European Disunion1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay explores the British debate on Europe following the rejection of the constitutional treaty in 2005. It examines the conflict between the intergovernmental and supranational conceptions of the EU, various scenarios that have been proposed for how the EU might now develop, and different overlapping images of Europe which have defined the European debate. The essay argues that the British remained strongly attached to an intergovernmental conception of the EU and rejected any further pooling of sovereignty, while being strongly attached to the virtues of a liberal world order, requiring constant subordination of national sovereignty to achieve it, and that refounding of the European Union on Euro-sceptic principles might be a necessary precondition for further advance towards integration.
Thatcherism and Conservative Politics1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay examines the drama and turbulence of the first two years of the Thatcher Government. It discusses the novelty of the Thatcher project in the history of British Conservatism, and the precariousness of the Conservatives’ position after they returned to government in 1979. It examines the obstacles Thatcher faced in maintaining her electoral support in the face of an economic slump and the imposition of unpopular policies, the similarities and the differences between Thatcher and her predecessor, Edward Heath, the relationship of Thatcherism to traditional Conservatism, the rise and different components of the new right in the party, and the difficulties facing the Government in delivering its radical agenda.
Is There Such a Thing as a Confucianist Chinese Foreign Policy? A Case Study of the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Futák-Campbell Beatrix , Wang Jue
Published: January 2022

As the largest emerging power of the international regime, China actively pursues opportunities for outward economic expansion. In doing so, the Chinese leadership is in favour of using classic Confucian concepts to explain the underlying motivations and approaches of China’s economic expansion. They differ largely from the traditional western International Relations (IR) interpretation of the Chinese foreign policy. Hereby, this research explores the Confucian revival in the Chinese leadership discourses in the context of Asian values. It aims to answer the question: how are Confucian ideas utilized for creating new meaning for Chinese foreign policy. We begin by considering how Confucianism fits into the current debates on universal norms and particularly Asian norms and values, engaging with the discussions about Globalizing the study of Regionalism and IR. Secondly, we reflect on the ways in which Confucianism has evolved over time and maintained its relevance for Chinese contemporary political thought. Finally, we contextualise the Confucian references of Xi Jinping’s administration by locating them within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has come to define Xi’s presidency.
Social Goals in EU Regional Development Policy
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 sets the stage by describing the multi-stage and multi-level process of disbursing EU regional spending. The chapter analyses how and to what extent social goals have been integrated into EU regional policy historically, and in what context. It considers EU regional policy reform from a historical perspective, and specifically analyses EU regional funding programmes and the amounts of funding allocated to social goals over time. It finds that social goals have been increasingly mainstreamed into the EU’s regulatory framework for regional spending and to a lesser extent in regional funding practices. However, the EU’s social investment portfolio has remained largely unchanged since the late 1990s. Moreover, social investments have remained at about a fifth of the EU regional policy budget.
Patterns of Regional Well-Being
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the data collection strategy and operationalization of regional well-being put in place for this research. The novel dataset used in this book collates annual observations at the regional level for the period 1994–2013, the end of the most recent EU multi-annual funding period for which payment data are available. Well-being indicators capture patterns of employment, unemployment, youth inactivity, health, poverty, and income inequality for 189 regions in 16 EU member states. The descriptive mapping of regional well-being since the early 1990s yields two main findings. First, richer regions tend to perform better on all well-being indicators but are nonetheless plagued by consistently higher levels of poverty. Second, levels of poverty and income inequality have not significantly declined since the 1990s in either rich or poor regions. This poverty and inequality standstill calls into question the usefulness of the concept of regional development as ‘economic and employment growth’, which is central to EU regional spending.
Regional Well-Being, Inclusive Growth and EU Legitimacy
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarizes the book’s major findings and considers the broader implications of the EU’s mixed performance on well-being for the future of inclusive growth and legitimacy in the EU. In common with all types of political institutions, the EU is more likely to solve problems if it enjoys legitimacy. As previous literature has firmly established, however, the EU’s is being increasingly critically discussed and we are witnessing a nationalistic backlash against European integration, which is particularly rooted in the social groups of those who perceive themselves to be “left behind”. The findings of this book suggest that reforming EU regional spending to buttress regional well-being should be part and parcel of work to counteract adverse spending effects on well-being, and to strengthen citizens’ beliefs in the legitimacy of the EU. The book closes by sketching some avenues for future research.
Courageous: Dare to Go In, Dare to Get Out, Dare to Stay Out
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains why strategists must be courageous: in spite of imperfect information and the consequences of failure, they must dare to act, or not to act, as their interests demand. Military intervention, that is making war, is the most sensitive decision that a state can make. Although Russia is prone to use force, it dare not confront the growing presence of China in its near abroad. China remains reluctant to use force outside its territory. The US and the EU cloak all interventions in the protection of human rights and democracy (“humanitarian intervention”); a sincere assessment of the interests at stake may limit their “interventionism”.
The Man and the Scooter: How the Low-Income Worker Helps Save a Locked-Down City
Authors: Qamhaieh Abdellatif
Published: January 2022

This chapter studies migrant delivery workers in Dubai, who are predominantly male and from the Indian subcontinent, performing tasks that others do not want to do. It mentions how the delivery workers put their own health at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to make a living and keep much-needed supplies delivered to more affluent residents who were able to remain at home. It also argues that the pandemic magnified existing socio-economic divides and put them on full display, noting vulnerable migrant-laborers had no option but to continue working at a time of great uncertainty. The chapter sheds some light on migration and urban inequality in the Gulf. It highlights the added pressures of the pandemic as it disproportionately impacts the lower-income segments within Dubai.