bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extreme warming, photic zone euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain; connecting marginal marine biotic signals, nutrient cycling and ocean deoxygenation
Authors: Sluijs A. , van Roij L. , Harrington G. J. , Schouten S. , Sessa J. A. , LeVay L. J. , Reichart G.-J. , Slomp C. P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) was a ~200 kyr episode of global warming, associated with massive injections of 13C-depleted carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system. Although climate change during the PETM is relatively well constrained, effects on marine oxygen and nutrient cycling remain largely unclear. We identify the PETM in a sediment core from the US margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Biomarker-based paleotemperature proxies (MBT/CBT and TEX86) indicate that continental air and sea surface temperatures warmed from 27–29 °C to ~35 °C, although variations in the relative abundances of terrestrial and marine biomarkers may have influenced the record. Vegetation changes as recorded from pollen assemblages supports profound warming. Lithology, relative abundances of terrestrial vs. marine palynomorphs as well as dinoflagellate cyst and biomarker assemblages indicate sea level rise during the PETM, consistent with previously recognized eustatic rise. The recognition of a maximum flooding surface during the PETM changes regional sequence stratigraphic interpretations, which allows us to exclude the previously posed hypothesis that a nearby fossil found in PETM-deposits represents the first North American primate. Within the PETM we record the biomarker isorenieratane, diagnostic of euxinic photic zone conditions. A global data compilation indicates that deoxygenation occurred in large regions of the global ocean in response to warming, hydrological change, and carbon cycle feedbacks, particularly along continental margins, analogous to modern trends. Seafloor deoxygenation and widespread anoxia likely caused phosphorus regeneration from suboxic and anoxic sediments. We argue that this fuelled shelf eutrophication, as widely recorded from microfossil studies, increasing organic carbon burial along continental margins as a negative feedback to carbon input and global warming. If properly quantified with future work, the PETM offers the opportunity to assess the biogeochemical effects of enhanced phosphorus regeneration, as well as the time-scales on which this feedback operates in view of modern and future ocean deoxygenation.
A major change in North Atlantic deep water circulation during the Early Pleistocene transition 1.6 million years ago
Authors: Khélifi N. , Frank M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The global ocean-climate system has been highly sensitive to the formation and advection of deep water in the North Atlantic but its evolution over the Pliocene–Pleistocene global cooling is not fully understood. In particular, changes in the sources and mixing of prevailing deep waters are not well constrained. Here we present new records of the bottom-water radiogenic neodymium isotope (ϵNd) variability obtained from three DSDP/ODP sites at water depths between 2100 and 5000 m in the Northeast Atlantic to reconstruct changes in deep water circulation over the past 4 million years. Prior to 1.6 million years ago (Ma), we find ϵNd values primarily oscillating between −9 and −11 at all sites, consistent with enhanced vertical mixing of water masses. At 1.6 Ma, the ϵNd signatures synchronously shifted to less radiogenic values around −12 at different water depths and water mass signatures gradually became more distinct. Since then values and amplitudes of "glacial/interglacial" ϵNd oscillations have been similar to the Late Quaternary at each site. This change 1.6 Ma reflects a major reorganization of deep water circulation in the Northeast Atlantic towards a more stratified water column with distinct water masses accompanying the enhanced response of climate to the Earth's obliquity forcing during the Early Pleistocene transition.
The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest
Authors: Keller-Rudek H. , Moortgat G. K. , Sander R. , Sörensen R.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We present the MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules, which is a large collection of absorption cross sections and quantum yields in the ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS) wavelength region for gaseous molecules and radicals primarily of atmospheric interest. The data files contain results of individual measurements, covering research of almost a whole century. To compare and visualize the data sets, multicoloured graphical representations have been created. The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas is available on the Internet at http://www.uv-vis-spectral-atlas-mainz.org. It now appears with improved browse and search options, based on new database software. In addition to the Web pages, which are continuously updated, a frozen version of the data is available under the doi:10.5281/zenodo.6951.
Soil, snow, weather, and sub-surface storage data from a mountain catchment in the rain–snow transition zone
Authors: Kormos P. R. , Marks D. , Williams C. J. , Marshall H. P. , Aishlin P. , Chandler D. G. , McNamara J. P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A comprehensive hydroclimatic data set is presented for the 2011 water year to improve understanding of hydrologic processes in the rain-snow transition zone. This type of dataset is extremely rare in scientific literature because of the quality and quantity of soil depth, soil texture, soil moisture, and soil temperature data. Standard meteorological and snow cover data for the entire 2011 water year are included, which include several rain-on-snow events. Surface soil textures and soil depths from 57 points are presented as well as soil texture profiles from 14 points. Meteorological data include continuous hourly shielded, unshielded, and wind corrected precipitation, wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, and incoming solar and thermal radiation data. Sub-surface data included are hourly soil moisture data from multiple depths from 7 soil profiles within the catchment, and soil temperatures from multiple depths from 2 soil profiles. Hydrologic response data include hourly stream discharge from the catchment outlet weir, continuous snow depths from one location, intermittent snow depths from 5 locations, and snow depth and density data from ten weekly snow surveys. Though it represents only a single water year, the presentation of both above and below ground hydrologic condition makes it one of the most detailed and complete hydro-climatic datasets from the climatically sensitive rain-snow transition zone for a wide range of modeling and descriptive studies. Data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.819837.
GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects
Authors: Endrizzi S. , Gruber S. , Dall'Amico M. , Rigon R.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. GEOtop is a small-scale grid-based simulator that represents the heat and water budgets at and below the soil surface. It represents the energy exchange with the atmosphere, considering the radiative and turbulent fluxes, and describes the three-dimensional subsurface water flow. Furthermore, it reproduces the highly non-linear interaction of the water and energy balance during soil freezing and thawing, and describes the temporal evolution of water and energy budgets in the snow cover and their effect on soil temperature. Here, we describe the core components of GEOtop 2.0 and demonstrate its functioning. Based on a synthetic simulation, we show that the interaction of processes represented in GEOtop 2.0 can result in phenomena that are significant and relevant for applications involving permafrost and seasonally-frozen soils, both in high altitude and latitude regions.
Reconstructing the duty of water: a study of emergent norms in socio-hydrology
Authors: Jr. Wescoat J. L.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This paper assesses the changing norms of water use known as the duty of water. It is a case study in historical socio-hydrology, or more precisely the history of socio-hydrologic ideas, a line of research that is useful for interpreting and anticipating changing social values with respect to water. The duty of water is currently defined as the amount of water reasonably required to irrigate a substantial crop with careful management and without waste on a given tract of land. The historical section of the paper traces this concept back to late 18th century analysis of steam engine efficiencies for mine dewatering in Britain. A half-century later, British irrigation engineers fundamentally altered the concept of duty to plan large-scale canal irrigation systems in northern India at an average duty of 218 acres per cubic foot per second (cfs). They justified this extensive irrigation standard (i.e., low water application rate over large areas) with a suite of social values that linked famine prevention with revenue generation and territorial control. The duty of water concept in this context articulated a form of political power, as did related irrigation engineering concepts such as "command" and "regime". Several decades later irrigation engineers in the western US adapted the duty of water concept to a different socio-hydrologic system and norms, using it to establish minimum standards for private water rights appropriation (e.g., only 40 to 80 acres per cfs). While both concepts of duty addressed socio-economic values associated with irrigation, the western US linked duty with justifications for, and limits of, water ownership. The final sections show that while the duty of water concept has been eclipsed in practice by other measures, standards, and values of water use efficiency, it has continuing relevance for examining ethical duties and for anticipating, if not predicting, emerging social values with respect to water.
Trends and future challenges of water resources in the Tigris–Euphrates Rivers basin in Iraq
Authors: Issa I. E. , Al-Ansari N. A. , Sherwany G. , Knutsson S.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Iraq is one of the riparian countries within basins of Tigris–Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East region. The region is currently facing water shortage problems due to the increase of the demand and climate changes. In the present study, average monthly water flow measurements for 15 stream flow gaging stations within basins of these rivers in Iraq with population growth rate data in some of its part were used to evaluate the reality of the current situation and future challenges of water availability and demand in Iraq. The results showed that Iraq receives annually 70.29 km3 of water 45.4 and 25.52 km3 from River Tigris and Euphrates respectively. An amount of 18.04 km3 is supplied by its tributaries inside Iraq. The whole amount of water in the Euphrates Rivers comes outside the Iraqi borders. Annual decrease of the water inflow is 0.1335 km3 yr−1 for Tigris and 0.245 km3 yr−1 for Euphrates. This implies the annual percentage reduction of inflow rates for the two rivers is 0.294 and 0.960% respectively. Iraq consumes annually 88.89% (63.05 km3) of incoming water from the two rivers, where about 60.43 and 39.57% are from Rivers Tigris and Euphrates respectively. Water demand increases annually by 0.896 km3; of which 0.5271 and 0.475 km3 within Tigris and Euphrates basins respectively. The average water demand in 2020 will increase to 42.844 km3 yr−1 for Tigris basin and for Euphrates 29.225 km3 yr−1 (total 72.069 km3 yr−1), while water availability will decrease to 63.46 km3 yr−1. This means that the overall water shortage will be restricted to 8.61 km3.
Separating precipitation and evapotranspiration from noise – a new filter routine for high resolution lysimeter data
Authors: Peters A. , Nehls T. , Schonsky H. , Wessolek G.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Weighing lysimeters yield the most precise and realistic measures for evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), which are of great importance for many questions regarding soil and atmospheric sciences. An increase or a decrease of the system mass (lysimeter plus seepage) indicate P or ET. These real mass changes of the lysimeter system have to be separated from measurement noise (e.g. caused by wind). The typical way to filter noisy lysimeter data is (i) to introduce a smoothing routine, like a moving average with a certain averaging window w, and then (ii) to apply a certain threshold value δ, accounting for measurement accuracy, separating significant from insignificant weight changes. Thus, two filter parameters are used, namely w and δ. Especially the time variable noise due to wind and strong signals due to heavy precipitation pose challenges for such noise reduction algorithms. If w is too small, data noise might be interpreted as real system changes. If w is too wide, small weight changes in short time intervals might be disregarded. The same applies to too small or too large values for δ. Application of constant w and δ lead either to unnecessary losses of accuracy or to faulty data due to noise. The aim of this paper is to solve that problem with a new filter routine, which is appropriate for any event, ranging from smooth evaporation to strong wind and heavy precipitation. Therefore, the new routine uses adaptive w and δ in dependence on signal strength and noise (AWAT – Adaptive Window and Adaptive Threshold filter). The AWAT filter, a moving average filter and the Savitzky–Golay filter with constant w and δ were applied to real lysimeter data comprising the above mentioned events. The AWAT filter was the only filter which could handle the data of all events very well. A sensitivity study shows that the magnitude of the maximum threshold value has practically no influence on the results, so that only the maximum window width must be predefined by the user.
Development of streamflow drought severity- and magnitude-duration-frequency curves using the threshold level method
Authors: Sung J. H. , Chung E.-S. , Lee K. S.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This study developed a comprehensive method to quantify streamflow drought severity and magnitude based on a traditional frequency analysis. Two types of curve were developed: the streamflow drought severity-duration-frequency (SDF) curve and the streamflow drought magnitude-duration-frequency (MDF) curve (e.g., a rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curve). Severity was represented as the total water deficit volume for the specific drought duration, and magnitude was defined as the daily average water deficit. The variable threshold level method was introduced to set the target instream flow requirement, which can significantly affect the streamflow drought severity and magnitude. The four threshold levels utilized were fixed, monthly, daily, and desired yield for water use. The threshold levels for the desired yield differed considerably from the other levels and represented more realistic conditions because real water demands were considered. The streamflow drought severities and magnitudes from the four threshold methods could be derived at any frequency and duration from the generated SDF and MDF curves. These SDF and MDF curves are useful in designing water resources systems for streamflow drought and water supply management.
Decay of a long-term monitored glacier: Careser Glacier (Ortles-Cevedale, European Alps)
Authors: Carturan L. , Baroni C. , Becker M. , Bellin A. , Cainelli O. , Carton A. , Casarotto C. , Dalla Fontana G. , Godio A. , Martinelli T. , Salvatore M. C. , Seppi R.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The continuation of valuable, long-term glacier observation series is threatened by the accelerated mass loss which currently affects a large portion of so-called "benchmark" glaciers. In this work we present the evolution of the Careser Glacier, from the beginning of systematic observation at the end of the 19th century to its current condition in 2012. In addition to having one of the longest and richest observation records among the Italian glaciers, Careser is unique in the Italian Alps for its 46 yr mass balance series that started in 1967. In the present study, variations in the length, area and volume of the glacier since 1897 are examined, updating and validating the series of direct mass balance observations and adding to the mass balance record into the past using the geodetic method. The glacier is currently strongly out of balance and in rapid decay; its average mass loss rate over the last 3 decades was 1.5 m water equivalent per year, increasing to 2.0 m water equivalent per year in the last decade. Although these rates are not representative at a regional scale, year-to-year variations in mass balance show an unexpected increase in correlation with other glaciers in the Alps, during the last 3 decades. If mass loss continues at this pace, the glacier will disappear within a few decades, putting an end to this unique observation series.
F8 genetic analysis strategies when standard approaches fail
Authors: Pezeshkpoor B. , Pavlova A. , Oldenburg J. , El-Maarri O.
Published: December 2013

Haemophilia A is a common X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in F8 leading to deficiency or dysfunction of coagulant factor VIII (FVIII). Despite tremendous improvements in mutation screening methods, in a small group of patients with FVIII deficiency suffering from haemophilia A, no DNA change can be found. In these patients, analysis reveals no causal mutations even after sequencing the whole coding region of F8 including the flanking splice sites, as well as the promoter and the 3’ untranslated region (UTR). After excluding the mutations mimicking the haemophilia A phenotype in interacting partners of the FVIII protein affecting the half life and transport of the protein, mutations or rearrangements in non-coding regions of F8 have to be considered responsible for the haemophilia A phenotype.

In this review, we present the experiences with molecular diagnosis of such cases and approaches to be applied for mutation negative patients.
Sobre a presença de plumsteadiella Le Roux no Grupo Tubarão, Subgrupo Itararé, estado de São Paulo
Authors: Mezzalira Sérgio
Published: December 2013

Um novo vegetal - Plumsteadiella sarapuiensis sp. n. - é descrito no Grupo Tubarão, Subgrupo Itararé, e encontrado em testemunhos de sondagem do poço n.º 2-IG, em Sarapui, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Assemelha-se à P. elegans Le Roux, de Vereeniging, África do Sul, e à P. apedicellata Millan, de Santa Catarina, Brasil (Formação Rio Bonito, Subgrupo Guatá, Grupo Tubarão). A sua posição sistemática continua indefinida e discute-se a sua cronoestratigrafia no Subgrupo Itararé do Estado de São Paulo.
Accompagnement citoyen personnalisé en intégration communautaire : un défi pour la santé mentale ?
Authors: Therriault Pierre-Yves , Lefebvre Hélène , Guindon Andréanne , Levert Marie-Josée , Briand Catherine
Published: December 2013

L’accompagnement personnalisé d’intégration communautaire (APIC) offre un soutien aux personnes ayant un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) qui vivent des difficultés d’intégration sociale. Dans ce programme, l’accompagnateur citoyen rencontre une personne trois heures par semaine pendant un an afin de la soutenir dans la réalisation de ses projets et activités. Ce rôle confronte les accompagnateurs citoyens à de nombreux défis qui peuvent entraîner des risques pour leur santé mentale. Cet article fait part des représentations de la pratique de l’accompagnement citoyen selon la perspective des accompagnateurs citoyens. Les résultats permettent de dégager cinq principes qui délimitent et définissent cette pratique : 1) trouver la « bonne distance » dans la relation avec l’accompagné ; 2) considérer l’ensemble des acteurs dans le processus ; 3) mettre la personne et ses désirs au coeur de la pratique ; 4) accepter de ne pas tout savoir ; et enfin, 5) s’engager tout en acceptant la possibilité d’être transformé.
Cooccurrence des croyances religieuses, superstitieuses et de type délirant
Authors: Prévost Marie , Debruille Jacques Bruno
Published: December 2013

Il existe peu de données expérimentales faisant le lien entre les croyances religieuses, superstitieuses et de type délirant, malgré que ces croyances aient un point commun : le fait qu’elles reposent sur peu ou pas de preuves. Ceci suggère qu’elles pourraient partager un mécanisme cognitif commun et donc être observées chez les mêmes individus. Pour tester cette dernière hypothèse, nous avons fait remplir des questionnaires d’idées de type délirant, de religiosité, et de superstition à 95 participants sans antécédents psychiatriques. Globalement, les croyances superstitieuses corrèlent positivement avec les croyances religieuses et les idées de type délirant et tendent donc à apparaître chez les mêmes individus. Cependant, les idées de type délirant ne sont que partiellement liées aux croyances religieuses. La relation entre les idées de type délirant et la religiosité demeure ambiguë.
Development of a Smoke Visualisation System for Wind Tunnel Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Trinder Martin , Jabbal Mark
Published: December 2013

The design, build and test of a smoke visualisation system for a vertical wind tunnel at Brunel University are described. The smoke visualisation system utilised a fog machine for smoke generation and required the design and manufacture of a smoke rake to produce smoke lines inside the wind tunnel test section. The application of these smoke lines over several test objects, including wing sections and bluff body shapes, demonstrated the functionality of the smoke system in producing high-quality visualisations. The facility has proven to be an economic addition in supporting other research projects and is anticipated to be a valuable ‘hands on’ addition to existing aerospace laboratory teaching.
ABC transporter functions as a pacemaker for sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles
Authors: Strauss Anja S , Peters Sven , Boland Wilhelm , Burse Antje
Published: December 2013

Plant-herbivore interactions dominate the planet’s terrestrial ecology. When it comes to host–plant specialization, insects are among the most versatile evolutionary innovators, able to disarm multiple chemical plant defenses. Sequestration is a widespread strategy to detoxify noxious metabolites, frequently for the insect’s own benefit against predation. In this study, we describe the broad-spectrum ATP-binding cassette transporter CpMRP of the poplar leaf beetle, Chrysomela populi as the first candidate involved in the sequestration of phytochemicals in insects. CpMRP acts in the defensive glands of the larvae as a pacemaker for the irreversible shuttling of pre-selected metabolites from the hemolymph into defensive secretions. Silencing CpMRP in vivo creates a defenseless phenotype, indicating its role in the secretion process is crucial. In the defensive glands of related leaf beetle species, we identified sequences similar to CpMRP and assume therefore that exocrine gland-based defensive strategies, evolved by these insects to repel their enemies, rely on ABC transporters as a key element.
Cytoplasmic translocation of the retinoblastoma protein disrupts sarcomeric organization
Authors: Araki Keigo , Kawauchi Keiko , Hirata Hiroaki , Yamamoto Mie , Taya Yoichi
Published: December 2013

Skeletal muscle degeneration is a complication arising from a variety of chronic diseases including advanced cancer. Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α plays a pivotal role in mediating cancer-related skeletal muscle degeneration. Here, we show a novel function for retinoblastoma protein (Rb), where Rb causes sarcomeric disorganization. In human skeletal muscle myotubes (HSMMs), up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and concomitant phosphorylation of Rb was induced by TNF-α treatment, resulting in the translocation of phosphorylated Rb to the cytoplasm. Moreover, induced expression of the nuclear exporting signal (NES)-fused form of Rb caused disruption of sarcomeric organization. We identified mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDia1), a potent actin nucleation factor, as a binding partner of cytoplasmic Rb and found that mDia1 helps maintain the structural integrity of the sarcomere. These results reveal a novel non-nuclear function for Rb and suggest a potential mechanism of TNF-α-induced disruption of sarcomeric organization.
Mechanism of chiral proofreading during translation of the genetic code
Authors: Ahmad Sadeem , Routh Satya Brata , Kamarthapu Venu , Chalissery Jisha , Muthukumar Sowndarya , Hussain Tanweer , Kruparani Shobha P , Deshmukh Mandar V , Sankaranarayanan Rajan
Published: December 2013

The biological macromolecular world is homochiral and effective enforcement and perpetuation of this homochirality is essential for cell survival. In this study, we present the mechanistic basis of a configuration-specific enzyme that selectively removes D-amino acids erroneously coupled to tRNAs. The crystal structure of dimeric D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase (DTD) from Plasmodium falciparum in complex with a substrate-mimicking analog shows how it uses an invariant ‘cross-subunit’ Gly-cisPro dipeptide to capture the chiral centre of incoming D-aminoacyl-tRNA. While no protein residues are directly involved in catalysis, the unique side chain-independent mode of substrate recognition provides a clear explanation for DTD’s ability to act on multiple D-amino acids. The strict chiral specificity elegantly explains how the enriched cellular pool of L-aminoacyl-tRNAs escapes this proofreading step. The study thus provides insights into a fundamental enantioselection process and elucidates a chiral enforcement mechanism with a crucial role in preventing D-amino acid infiltration during the evolution of translational apparatus.
Hdac6 regulates Tip60-p400 function in stem cells
Authors: Chen Poshen B , Hung Jui-Hung , Hickman Taylor L , Coles Andrew H , Carey James F , Weng Zhiping , Chu Feixia , Fazzio Thomas G
Published: December 2013

In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase activates genes required for proliferation and silences genes that promote differentiation. Here we show that the class II histone deacetylase Hdac6 co-purifies with Tip60-p400 complex from ESCs. Hdac6 is necessary for regulation of most Tip60-p400 target genes, particularly those repressed by the complex. Unlike differentiated cells, where Hdac6 is mainly cytoplasmic, Hdac6 is largely nuclear in ESCs, neural stem cells (NSCs), and some cancer cell lines, and interacts with Tip60-p400 in each. Hdac6 localizes to promoters bound by Tip60-p400 in ESCs, binding downstream of transcription start sites. Surprisingly, Hdac6 does not appear to deacetylate histones, but rather is required for Tip60-p400 binding to many of its target genes. Finally, we find that, like canonical subunits of Tip60-p400, Hdac6 is necessary for robust ESC differentiation. These data suggest that Hdac6 plays a major role in the modulation of Tip60-p400 function in stem cells.
Integrating Science and Engineering to Reduce Vulnerability to Climate Extremes
Authors: Jones Mari R. , Holland Greg J. , Done James M.
Published: December 2013

How does our built environment make society vulnerable to climate extremes such as flooding? What knowledge is required by engineering designers and risk managers to address the associated risks? How can engineering/scientific approaches be adapted to reduce vulnerability to weather and climate extremes? These were some of the key questions posed during a recent workshop at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which was attended by climate scientists, civil engineering practitioners, and governmental departments. Engineering design encompasses a broad range of applications; to focus discussions, this workshop targeted the specific theme of water resources.
Science Speaks: AGU's New Way to Share Science and Its Value
Authors: Ambrogio Olivia V.
Published: December 2013

On the count of three, as the camera shutter clicked, Julia Galkiewicz jumped up, her expression gleeful as she gripped a whiteboard. Emblazoned on it was a message: “This is what a scientist looks like.”
Thermal Applications of Microchannel Flows
Authors: Narayanan Vinod , Liburdy James , Pence Deborah
Published: December 2013

There are several applications wherein high‐heat‐flux thermal transport is crucial to the reliable operation of devices, to increased efficiency of processes, and for miniaturization. Heat transport through microchannels provides an attractive method of removing such high heat fluxes. This chapter describes the basic theory of microchannel fluid flow and heat transport illustrating the distinct advantages of this technology for several process intensification applications, including those related to the aerospace industry. The state of current knowledge in single‐phase and phase‐change flows in microchannels is provided with an emphasis on the differences between thermal transport in conventional sized channels and microchannels. Practical considerations such as mitigation of flow maldistribution and/or flow oscillations and fabrication are also addressed. Several examples of use of microchannel technology in heat and mass transfer are provided.
Seasonal variation in the length of the daily activity period in buffy‐headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps): An important consideration for the analysis of foraging strategies in observational field studies of primates
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Hilário Renato R.
Published: December 2013

Activity budgets are widely used in primate behavioral studies for the analysis of ecological strategies. In some cases, there is considerable seasonal variation in the length of the daily activity period. Here, activity budgets from two field studies of Callithrix flaviceps were compiled first by the traditional approach (proportion of scan sample records) and then by considering the proportion of time dedicated to each activity over the 24‐hr cycle (adjusted budget). Both groups were almost invariably active for at least 1–2 hr less than the daylight period, with significantly shorter activity periods during the austral winter, when the daylight period was up to 2:35 hr shorter than in the summer. The adjustment of activity budgets provided a completely different perspective on foraging strategies. Whereas the basic budgets indicated a significant increase in foraging and moving during the resource‐poor dry season (winter) months, the time‐adjusted data revealed that the primary strategy was a time‐minimizing one, with the animals simply spending more time at rest during the longer activity periods of summer days. While both groups followed the same pattern of relatively short activity periods, there were considerable differences between sites in the mean duration of the period in a given month, and in behavior patterns, although the analysis of the determining factors was beyond the scope of the present study. Overall, the results of the study indicate that the manipulation of the duration of the daily activity period may be an integral component of primate behavioral strategies, and that this parameter should be taken into account systematically when evaluating activity patterns, especially at sites at relatively high latitudes where day length may vary considerably over the course of the year. Am. J. Primatol. 76:385–392, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamical downscaling of the precipitation in Northeast Brazil with a regional climate model during contrasting years
Authors: Santos e Silva C. M. , Silva A. , Oliveira P. , Lima K. C.
Published: December 2013

The aim of this work is to evaluate how the Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) is able to simulate the precipitation in Northeast Brazil (NEB). Therefore, high‐resolution (grid spacing of 20 km) simulations during the autumns of 1998 and 1999 were performed. The model was able to capture regional and inter‐annual differences of the precipitation in NEB. The RegCM4 simulations showed improved in the prediction concerning the intensity and spatial distribution of the rainfall, relative to the Era Interim reanalysis dataset. The experiment based on Emanuel MIT parameterization tends to overestimate the observed precipitation while the Grell experiment underestimates it.
Does bias correction in the forecasted SST improve the extended range prediction skill of active‐break spells of Indian summer monsoon rainfall?
Authors: Abhilash S. , Sahai A. K. , Borah N. , Chattopadhyay R. , Joseph S. , Sharmila S. , De S. , Goswami B. N.
Published: December 2013

Impact of bias correction of sea surface temperature (SST) forecast on extended range (ER, ∼3–4 weeks) prediction skill is studied using the bias‐corrected forecasted SST from Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) as the boundary condition for running the Global Forecast System version 2 (GFSv2) model. Potential predictability limit is comparable (∼16 days) for both bias‐corrected GFSv2 (GFSv2bc) and CFSv2. Prediction skills of active and break spells and of low‐frequency monsoon intraseasonal oscillations is higher for GFSv2bc at all lead pentads. Although initially same, predictability error after 14 days grows slightly faster for GFSv2bc compared to CFSv2. Bias correction in SST has minimal impact in short‐to‐medium range, while substantial influence is felt in ER between 12–18 days.
The prevalence of os acromiale: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yammine Kaissar
Published: December 2013

Os acromiale (OA) results from a failure of consolidation between the ossification centers of the acromial epiphysis. Its prevalence and its interactions with ancestry, gender, laterality, and side have been variously reported in the literature. The aims of this review are to provide an accurate estimate of OA prevalence and to investigate its association with other variables in an attempt to comprehend its etiology. Twenty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of meta‐analyses of large‐sample studies revealed: (a) a crude overall prevalence of 7.0%, (b) a crude cadaveric prevalence of 7.6%, (c) a crude archeological (skeletal) prevalence of 5.6%, (d) a crude radiological prevalence of 4.2%, (e) a true anatomical prevalence of 9.6%, (f) a significantly higher frequency in persons of black ancestry than in persons of white, Native American and Middle Eastern ancestries (OR ≈ 3), (g) significantly higher unilateral and bilateral frequencies in black ancestry (OR of 2 and 4, respectively), (h) nonsignificant interactions of OA frequency with gender and side. The commonest type of OA was the meso‐acromion type (76.6%). Degenerative changes were present in 66.6% of OAs. The results of this evidence‐based anatomical review support a genetic basis for OA rather than the mechanical trauma‐induction hypothesis. Clin. Anat. 610–621, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CFD Modeling of Micromixing and Velocity Distribution in a 1.7‐MHz Tubular Sonoreactor
Authors: Parvizian Fahime , Rahimi Masoud , Azimi Neda , Alsairafi Ammar A.
Published: December 2013

The effect of high‐frequency (1.7 MHz) ultrasound waves on the mixing rate in a new continuous tubular sonoreactor was investigated by CFD modeling. Modeling of piezoelectric transducer (PZT) vibrations was done based on the dynamic mesh model. Results indicate that the acoustic streams were in the direction of wave propagation and their maximum velocity near the PZT surface agreed well with experimental measurements. The micromixing efficiency of the sonoreactor was studied by adopting the Villermaux/Dushman reaction in the modeling. Comparison of the calculated relative segregation index from modeling results with experimental data revealed reasonable accordance.
Concentrated Fenofibrate Nanoparticle Suspensions from Melt Emulsification for Enhanced Drug Dissolution
Authors: Knieke Catharina , Rawtani Ankit , Davé Rajesh N.
Published: December 2013

Concentrated fenofibrate (FNB) nanoparticle suspensions are produced via an oil/water melt emulsification process from the micronized drug particles dispersed in water above the drug melting point. Sonication energy enables forming nanosized melt droplets, and nanosized solid particles upon subsequent cooling. Stabilization achieved via surface‐active molecules is necessary to prevent coalescence of the droplets or agglomeration of the solid nanoparticles. Judicious selection of stabilizer and concentration resulted in 150‐nm drug particles with solid loading up to 30 %. The hydrophilic‐lipophilic‐balance concept is applicable, facilitating selection of surfactants based on their chemical structure. The strong in vitro dissolution rate enhancement suggests improved FNB bioavailability.
Agglomerate Sizes of Binary Nanoparticle Mixtures in a Vibro‐Fluidized Bed
Authors: Liang Xizhen , Duan Hao , Wang Jian , Zhou Tao
Published: December 2013

Agglomerate size is one of the key factors influencing the fluidization behavior of nanoparticles. The effect of fluidization time, superficial gas velocity, and vibration frequency on agglomerate sizes for different binary mixtures of nanoparticles at the top of the bed was investigated in a vibrated fluidized bed (VFB). The agglomerate sizes decreased and fluidization quality was significantly enhanced owing to introduction of vibration energy. The Richardson‐Zaki equation combined with Stokes' law permitted the prediction of mean agglomerate sizes. Experimental and estimated results indicated that vibration led to a smaller agglomerate size. The mean predicted agglomerate sizes were in agreement with those determined experimentally in the VFB.
Numerical Analysis of Thermal Development of Laminar Flow in a Concentric Multilayer Annulus
Authors: Bae Youngmin , Kim Seong H. , Seo Jae‐Kwang , Kim Young‐In
Published: December 2013

The thermal behavior of laminar flow in a concentric multilayer annulus is investigated numerically for varying dimensionless inner radii and a defined number of fluid layers. Under a hydrodynamically developed flow assumption within the fluid layers, the development of temperature profiles and heat transfer along the annulus are analyzed for two different boundary conditions. The mean temperature distribution, local Nusselt number, and mean Nusselt number are discussed in detail with an emphasis on the effects of the inner radius and number of fluid layers. The obtained results indicate that the change in heat transfer coefficient in a layered annulus is more pronounced at a small inner radius or larger radius ratio. A further insertion of more than ten layers has insignificant influence on the convective heat transfer in a layered annulus.
4‐Phenyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazide Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Heavy Metal Removal
Authors: Zargoosh Kiomars , Zilouei Hamid , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Abedini Hamed
Published: December 2013

A novel magnetic nano‐adsorbent has been synthesized by the covalent immobilization of poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and a ligating agent 4‐phenyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazide (TSC) on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The prepared magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The SEM images showed that the diameters of the Fe3O4@PAA@TSC MNPs are about 40–60 nm. The ability of the Fe3O4@PAA@TSC MNPs for removing heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Co2+) from aqueous solution was studied and the effects of the pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, and background electrolytes on the adsorption characteristics of the modified MNPs were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ were found to be 181.1, 125.0, 86.2, 67.1, and 57.8 mg g−1, respectively. Excellent adsorption capacity of the modified nano‐adsorbent together with other advantages such as reusability, easy synthesis, easy separation and more specially freedom of interferences of alkaline earth metal ions make them suitable alternatives to the well‐known adsorbents for removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastes.
Fluctuation of Cadmium Load on a Tide‐Influenced Waterfront Lake in the Middle‐Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Wang Hua , Zhou Yiyi , Pang Yong , Wang Xianmin
Published: December 2013

The Inner Lake, a typical waterfront lake located in the middle‐lower reaches of the Yangtze River, is selected as the research area in this paper. Through field measurements and laboratory experiments, spatial distribution characteristics of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) contents were revealed, and the release rate‐flow disturbance curve in sediment of the Inner Lake was formed. The mathematical models of the migration and transformation of Cd were built and calibrated. With the models, the fluctuation characteristics of Cd pollution load were quantitatively assessed in different time scales, as in typical years (1998, 2001, and 2004) and in typical tidal cycles of dry seasons and flood seasons. The results showed that: there was a positive correlation between the release rate of Cd and flow disturbance intensity. Influenced by the hydrologic regime of the Yangtze River, the Cd pollution load was higher in high‐water years than that in common‐water years and low‐water years, and was higher in flood seasons than that in dry seasons. Influenced by the tide of the Yangtze River, the Cd pollution load increased during ebb tide and reduced during the rising tide.
Color theory and color order in medieval Islam: A review
Authors: Kirchner Eric
Published: December 2013

During the Medieval era, various Islamic scholars made important discoveries in color science. Breaking with the theories of Aristotle, al‐Kindi proposed that it is not the medium that produces color, but the object, by blocking light. Similarly, Ibn Rushd and Ibn al‐Haytham promoted the role of light for color vision from being a mere catalyst to the very object of sight. And instead of the classical one‐dimensional color order, gradually a two‐dimensional color order emerged in the writings of Ibn Sina and al‐Tusi. Further, Nishaburi described the first partial hue scale. Other breaks with classical dogma are found in descriptions of the rainbow, and in publications of color mixtures. In other aspects, Islamic scholars stayed more firmly in the Aristotelian framework. They still confused lightness and hue differences, and they did not fully break with the idea that all colors can be produced by mixing black and white. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 5–16, 2015
Multi‐relay selection schemes based on evolutionary algorithm in cooperative relay networks
Authors: Cao Jinlong , Zhang Tiankui , Zeng Zhimin , Chen Yue , Chai Kok Keong
Published: December 2013

In cooperative relay networks, the selected relay nodes have great impact on the system performance. In this paper, a multi‐relay selection schemes that consider both single objective and multi‐objective are proposed based on evolutionary algorithms. First, the single‐objective optimization problems of the best cooperative relay nodes selection for signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) maximization or power efficiency optimization are solved based on the quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO). Then the multi‐objective optimization problems of the best cooperative relay nodes selection for SNR maximization and power consumption minimization (two contradictive objectives) or SNR maximization and power efficiency optimization (also two contradictive objectives) are solved based on a non‐dominated sorting QPSO, which can obtain the Pareto front solutions of the problems considering two contradictive objectives simultaneously. The relay systems can select one solution from the Pareto front solutions according to the trade‐off of SNR and power consumption (or the trade‐off of SNR and power efficiency) to take part in the cooperative transmission. Simulation results show that the QPSO‐based multi‐relay selection schemes have the ability to search global optimal solution compared with other multi‐relay selection schemes in literature. Simulation results also show that the non‐dominated sorting QPSO‐based multi‐relay selection schemes obtain the same Pareto solutions as exhaustive search, but the proposed schemes have a very low complexity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heart rate variability is severely impaired among type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension
Authors: Istenes Ildikó , Körei Anna Erzsébet , Putz Zsuzsanna , Németh Nóra , Martos Timea , Keresztes Katalin , Kempler Miklós Soma , Erzsébet Vági Orsolya , Vargha Péter , Kempler Péter
Published: December 2013

Introduction

The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative effect of diabetes and hypertension on heart rate variability.

Research design and methods

Four age‐matched groups including type 2 diabetic patients with and without hypertension, non‐diabetic patients with essential hypertension and healthy control subjects were studied. Autonomic function was evaluated by the standard cardiovascular reflex tests and 24‐hour heart rate variability measurement. Heart rate variability was characterized by the triangular index value and by the spectral components of the frequency domain analysis.

Results

According to the two‐way analysis of variance on ranks, all parameters were influenced negatively by diabetes (heart rate variability triangular index: p < 0.001; low‐frequency component: p < 0.0001; high‐frequency component: p < 0.001; and total power: p < 0.0001), whereas hypertension had a negative effect only on the low‐frequency component (p < 0.05). The interaction between hypertension and diabetes was not significant, indicating that their effects on the heart rate variability parameters are additive. Beat‐to‐beat variation upon deep breathing, the most sensitive cardiovascular reflex test was also negatively influenced by both diabetes (p < 0.001) and hypertension, (p < 0.05), and their effects were additive.

Conclusions

Diabetes appears to have a greater effect on autonomic dysfunction compared with hypertension. Patients suffering from both diabetes and hypertension are at the highest risk of reduced heart rate variability. Early assessment of the autonomic nerve function is suggested in diabetic patients with hypertension. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.