bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids Containing an Indoline Spiroaminal Framework
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Ideguchi‐Matsushita Tetsuya , Hirose Tomoyasu , Shirahata Tatsuya , Hokari Rei , Ishiyama Aki , Iwatsuki Masato , Sugawara Akihiro , Kobayashi Yoshinori , Otoguro Kazuhiko , Ōmura Satoshi , Sunazuka Toshiaki
Published: July 2015

The total synthesis of the indole alkaloids, neoxaline, oxaline and meleagrin A, all containing a unique indoline spiroaminal framework, was accomplished through the stereoselective introduction of a reverse prenyl group to the congested benzylic carbon of furoindoline, a two‐pot transformation of indoline (containing three nitrogen atoms at appropriate positions) to the featured indoline spiroaminal framework, and elimination of carbonate assisted by the adjacent imidazole moiety to construct the (E)‐dehydrohistidine. The absolute stereochemistry of neoxaline was elucidated through our total synthesis. In addition, we evaluated the bioactivity, especially the anti‐infectious properties, of neoxaline and oxaline, and of some synthetic intermediates.
A Simple Synthesis of Triangular All‐Metal Aromatics Allowing Access to Isolobal All‐Metal Heteroaromatics
Authors: Wang Yanlan , Deyris Pierre‐Alexandre , Caneque Tatiana , Blanchard Florent , Li Yanling , Bigi Franca , Maggi Raimondo , Blanchard Sebastien , Maestri Giovanni , Malacria Max
Published: July 2015

A simple synthetic method allows the one‐pot assembly of C3‐symmetric, 44‐core‐valence‐electron, triangular Pd or Pt clusters and their heterobimetallic mixed Pd/Pt analogues. These mixed metal complexes are the first examples of stable triangular all‐metal heteroaromatics. In contrast to traditional heteroaromatic molecules formed combining main‐group elements, they actually retain structural and electronic features of their homonuclear analogues.
A corrected profile likelihood method for survival data with covariate measurement error under the Cox model
Authors: Yan Ying , Yi Grace Y.
Published: July 2015

In survival analysis, covariate measurement error has been studied extensively for the Cox model. In this article, we propose a corrected profile likelihood approach, and show that many existing methods can be unified by our approach. Furthermore, we extend our discussion to general measurement error and Berkson models, as opposed to the classical additive error model that has been widely used in the literature. We investigate the impact of model misspecification of the measurement error process and uncover interesting findings. Empirical studies are carried out to illustrate the usage of the proposed methods and to assess their performance.The Canadian Journal of Statistics43: 454–480; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Effectiveness of an interdisciplinary palliative care intervention for family caregivers in lung cancer
Authors: Sun Virginia , Grant Marcia , Koczywas Marianna , Freeman Bonnie , Zachariah Finly , Fujinami Rebecca , Ferraro Catherine Del , Uman Gwen , Ferrell Betty
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Family caregivers (FCGs) experience significant deteriorations in quality of life while caring for patients with lung cancer. In this study, the authors tested the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary palliative care intervention for FCGs of patients diagnosed with stage I through IV nonsmall cell lung cancer.

METHODS

FCGs who were identified by patients as their primary caregivers were enrolled in a prospective, quasi‐experimental study in which the usual care group was accrued first followed by the intervention group. FCGs in the intervention group were presented at interdisciplinary care meetings, and they also received 4 educational sessions organized in the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains. The sessions included self‐care plans to support the FCG's own needs. Caregiver burden, caregiving skills preparedness, psychological distress, and FCG quality of life were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks using validated measures.

RESULTS

In total, 366 FCGs were included in the primary analysis. FCGs who received the interdisciplinary palliative care intervention had significantly better scores for social well being (5.84 vs 6.86; P < .001) and had lower psychological distress scores (4.61 vs 4.20; P = .010) at 12 weeks compared with FCGs in the usual care group. FCGs in the intervention group also had significantly less caregiver burden compared with FCGs in the usual care group (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS

An interdisciplinary approach to palliative care in lung cancer resulted in statistically significant improvements in FCG's social well being and psychological distress and in less caregiver burden. Cancer 2015;121:3737–3745. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Automated 3‐dimensional morphologic analysis of sputum specimens for lung cancer detection: Performance characteristics support use in lung cancer screening
Authors: Wilbur David C. , Meyer Michael G. , Presley Chris , Aye Ralph W. , Zarogoulidis Paul , Johnson Douglas W. , Peled Nir , Nelson Alan C.
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

The LuCED Lung Test comprises an automated 3‐dimensional morphologic analysis of epithelial cells in sputum. For each cell, 594 morphology‐based features are measured to drive algorithmic classifiers that quantitatively assess whether neoplastic cells are present. The current interim clinical study involves sputum samples from patients with known benign and malignant outcomes to assess the feasibility of LuCED as an adjunctive test after suspicious low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) results or as an independent screening test for lung cancer.

METHODS

Sputum samples were fixed, enriched for epithelial cells, and analyzed with a 3‐dimensional cell scanner called Cell‐CT. Candidate abnormal cells were identified by the classifiers for manual review. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated for the detection of neoplastic cases.

RESULTS

A total of 91 sputum samples from patients with confirmed lung cancer (49 patients) and patients with no known malignancy (42 patients) were evaluated. After cytology review, sensitivity in the positive group was 91.8%, and specificity was 95.2%. Specificity was not 100% because there were 2 cases in which abnormal cells were identified by the Cell‐CT that were confirmed as such at the time of manual cytology review. However, at the time of last follow‐up, malignancy had not been detected in these 2 cases. Modeling in a population with a 1% prevalence of lung cancer, the positive and negative predictive values would be 95.4% and 99.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

LuCED testing is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of lung cancer and has potential value as an adjunctive test after suspicious LDCT findings or as a primary screening test in which LuCED‐positive cases would be triaged to diagnostic CT. Further prospective studies currently are underway to evaluate its full usefulness. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:548–556. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Uniqueness of Radial Solutions for the Fractional Laplacian
Authors: Frank Rupert L. , Lenzmann Enno , Silvestre Luis
Published: July 2015

We prove general uniqueness results for radial solutions of linear and nonlinear equations involving the fractional Laplacian (−Δ)s with s ∊ (0,1) for any space dimensions N ≥ 1. By extending a monotonicity formula found by Cabré and Sire , we show that the linear equation

urn:x-wiley:00103640:media:cpa21591:cpa21591-math-0001

has at most one radial and bounded solution vanishing at infinity, provided that the potential V is radial and nondecreasing. In particular, this result implies that all radial eigenvalues of the corresponding fractional Schrödinger operator H = (−Δ)s + V are simple. Furthermore, by combining these findings on linear equations with topological bounds for a related problem on the upper half‐space , we show uniqueness and nondegeneracy of ground state solutions for the nonlinear equation

urn:x-wiley:00103640:media:cpa21591:cpa21591-math-0003

for arbitrary space dimensions N ≥ 1 and all admissible exponents α > 0. This generalizes the nondegeneracy and uniqueness result for dimension N = 1 recently obtained by the first two authors and, in particular, the uniqueness result for solitary waves of the Benjamin‐Ono equation found by Amick and Toland .© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Small‐Noise Analysis and Symmetrization of Implicit Monte Carlo Samplers
Authors: Goodman Jonathan , Lin Kevin K. , Morzfeld Matthias
Published: July 2015

Implicit samplers are algorithms for producing independent, weighted samples from multivariate probability distributions. These are often applied in Bayesian data assimilation algorithms. We use Laplace asymptotic expansions to analyze two implicit samplers in the small noise regime. Our analysis suggests a symmetrization of the algorithms that leads to improved implicit sampling schemes at a relatively small additional cost. Computational experiments confirm the theory and show that symmetrization is effective for small noise sampling problems.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insights into the Mechanism of Extraction of Uranium (VI) from Nitric Acid Solution into an Ionic Liquid by using Tri‐n‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Gaillard Dr Clotilde , Boltoeva Maria , Billard Isabelle , Georg Sylvia , Mazan Valérie , Ouadi Ali , Ternova Dariia , Hennig Christoph
Published: July 2015

We present new results on the liquid–liquid extraction of uranium (VI) from a nitric acid aqueous phase into a tri‐n‐butyl phosphate/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TBP/[C4mim][Tf2N]) phase. The individual solubilities of the ionic‐liquid ions in the upper part of the biphasic system are measured over the whole acidic range and as a function of the TBP concentration. New insights into the extraction mechanism are obtained through the in situ characterization of the extracted uranyl complexes by coupling UV/Vis and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. We propose a chemical model to explain uranium (VI) extraction that describes the data through a fit of the uranyl distribution ratio DU. In this model, at low acid concentrations uranium (VI) is extracted as the cationic complex [UO2(TBP)2]2+, by an exchange with one proton and one C4mim+. At high acid concentrations, the extraction proceeds through a cationic exchange between [UO2(NO3)(HNO3)(TBP)2]+ and one C4mim+. As a consequence of this mechanism, the variation of DU as a function of TBP concentration depends on the C4mim+ concentration in the aqueous phase. This explains why noninteger values are often derived by analysis of DU versus [TBP] plots to determine the number of TBP molecules involved in the extraction of uranyl in an ionic‐liquid phase.
Recent Progress on Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators for SelfPowered Electronics
Authors: Hinchet Ronan , Seung Wanchul , Kim Sang‐Woo
Published: July 2015

Recently, smart systems have met with large success. At the origin of the internet of things, they are a key driving force for the development of wireless, sustainable, and independent autonomous smart systems. In this context, autonomy is critical, and despite all the progress that has been made in low‐power electronics and batteries, energy harvesters are becoming increasingly important. Thus, harvesting mechanical energy is essential, as it is widespread and abundant in our daily life environment. Among harvesters, flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) exhibit good performance, and they are easy to integrate, which makes them perfect candidates for many applications and, therefore, crucial to develop. In this review paper, we first introduce the fundamentals of TENGs, including their four basic operation modes. Then, we discuss the different improvement parameters. We review some progress made in terms of performance and integration that have been possible through the understanding of each operation mode and the development of innovative structures. Finally, we present the latest trends, structures, and materials in view of future improvements and applications.
Cost‐Effective Hierarchical Catalysts for Promoting Hydrogen Release from Complex Hydrides
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Hsien , Hsu Chih‐Ping , Lee Sheng‐Long , Wang Kuan‐Wen , Chang Jeng‐Kuei
Published: July 2015

Fe nanoparticles (∼10 nm), used to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have an outstanding ability to catalyze the dehydrogenation of LiAlH4. The CNTs help connect Fe and LiAlH4 and create microchannels among the composite, thus promoting the release of hydrogen. Inspired by these results, a supercritical‐CO2‐fluid‐assisted deposition technique is employed to decorate the Fe/CNTs with highly dispersed nanosized Ni (∼2 nm in diameter) for better performance. With the incorporation of 10 wt % of this hierarchical catalyst (Ni/Fe/CNTs), the initial dehydrogenation temperature of LiAlH4 is decreased from ∼135 to ∼40 °C. At 100 °C, this catalyzed LiAlH4 takes only ∼0.1 h to release 4.5 wt % hydrogen, which is more than 100 times faster than the time needed with pristine LiAlH4. The dehydrogenation mechanism of the complex hydride is examined using in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction.
Nanocatalysis in Flow
Authors: Ricciardi Roberto , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem
Published: July 2015

Nanocatalysis in flow is catalysis by metallic nanoparticles (NPs; 1–50 nm) performed in microstructured reactors. These catalytic processes make use of the enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity of NPs and fulfill the requirements of green chemistry. Anchoring catalytically active metal NPs within a microfluidic reactor enhances the reagent/catalyst interaction, while avoiding diffusion limitations experienced in classical approaches. Different strategies for supporting NPs are reviewed herein, namely, packed‐bed reactors, monolithic flow‐through reactors, wall catalysts, and a selection of novel approaches (NPs embedded on nanotubes, nanowires, catalytic membranes, and magnetic NPs). Through a number of catalytic reactions, such as hydrogenations, oxidations, and cross‐coupling reactions, the advantages and possible drawbacks of each approach are illustrated.
Imaging early stages of the female reproductive structure of arabidopsis by confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Reyes‐Olalde J. Irepan , Marsch‐Martínez Nayelli , de Folter Stefan
Published: July 2015

Background: The gynoecium is the female reproductive structure and probably the most complex plant structure. During its development, different internal tissues and structures are formed. Insights in gene expression or hormone localization patterns are key to understanding gynoecium development from a molecular biology point of view. Results: Imaging with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) is a widely used strategy; however, visualization of internal developmental expression patterns in the Arabidopsis gynoecium can be technically challenging. Here, we present a detailed protocol that allows the visualization of internal expression patterns at high resolution during gynoecium development. We demonstrate the applicability using a cytokinin response marker (TCS::GFP), an auxin response marker (DR5::VENUS), and a SEPALLATA3 marker (SEP3::SEP3:GFP). Conclusions: The detailed protocol presented here allows the visualization of fluorescence signals in internal structures during Arabidopsis gynoecium development. This protocol may also be adapted for imaging other challenging plant structures or organs. Developmental Dynamics 244:1286–1290, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bones in motion: Ontogeny of craniofacial development in sympatric arctic charr morphs
Authors: Kapralova Kalina H. , Jónsson Zophonías O. , Palsson Arnar , Franzdóttir Sigrídur Rut , le Deuff Soizic , Kristjánsson Bjarni Kristófer , Snorrason Sigurður S.
Published: July 2015

Background:The impressive diversity in the feeding apparatus often seen among related fish species clearly reflects differences in feeding modes and habitat utilization. Such variation can also be found within species. One example of such intraspecific diversity is the Arctic charr in Lake Thingvallavatn, where four distinct morphs coexist: two limnetic, with evenly protruding jaws, and two benthic, with subterminal lower jaws. We used these recently evolved morphs to study the role of ontogenetic variation in shaping craniofacial diversity.Results:The segmental development of the pharyngeal arches and the order of events in craniofacial development is the same as has been described for teleosts, emphasizing the conserved nature of this process. However, our morphometric analyses reveal differences between morphs. Hatching is accompanied by increase in size and allometric shape changes in Arctic charr. Ontogenetic trajectories of craniofacial shape also differ significantly between morphs.Conclusions:The results point to hatching as a significant developmental event in Arctic charr and possibly other fishes. Also, the developmental origins of limnetic and benthic specializations in the craniofacial elements of Arctic charr may stem from events around hatching. This calls for investigations of the mechanisms and consequences of hatching, in the context of development and evolution.Developmental Dynamics 244:1168–1178, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IMQ‐induced skin inflammation in mice is dependent on IL‐1R1 and MyD88 signaling but independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Rabeony Hanitriniaina , Pohin Mathilde , Vasseur Philippe , Petit‐Paris Isabelle , Jégou Jean‐François , Favot Laure , Frouin Eric , Boutet Marie‐Astrid , Blanchard Frédéric , Togbe Dieudonnée , Ryffel Bernhard , Bernard François‐Xavier , Lecron Jean‐Claude , Morel Franck
Published: July 2015

The pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis involves the release of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, including members of the IL‐1 family. Here we report overexpression of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐1 receptor antagonist mRNA, associated to expression of IL‐23p19, IL‐17A, and IL‐22 in skin cells, upon topical application of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) in C57BL/6J mice. IMQ‐induced skin inflammation was partially reduced in mice deficient for both IL‐1α/IL‐1β or for IL‐1 receptor type 1 (IL‐1R1), but not in IL‐1α‐ or IL‐1β‐deficient mice, demonstrating the redundant activity of IL‐1α and IL‐1β for skin inflammation. NLRP3 or apoptosis‐associated Speck‐like protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain‐deficient mice had no significant reduction of skin inflammation in response to IMQ treatment, mainly due to the redundancy of IL‐1α. However, IMQ‐induced skin inflammation was abolished in the absence of MyD88, the adaptor protein shared by IL‐1R and TLR signaling pathways. These results are consistent with the TLR7 dependence of IMQ‐induced skin inflammation. Thus, IL‐1R1 contributes to the IMQ‐induced skin inflammation, and disruption of MyD88 signaling completely abrogates this response.
Muscles and their role in episodic tension‐type headache: implications for treatment
Authors: Bendtsen L. , Ashina S. , Moore A. , Steiner T. J.
Published: July 2015

Background and Objective

Tension‐type headache (TTH) imposes a heavy burden on the global population but remains incompletely understood and poorly managed.

Databases and Data Treatment

Here, we review current knowledge of peripheral factors involved in the mechanism of TTH and make recommendations for the treatment of episodic TTH based on these.

Results

Peripheral activation or sensitization of myofascial nociceptors is most probably involved in the development of muscle pain and the acute episode of TTH. Repetitive episodes of muscle pain may sensitize the central nervous system resulting in progression of TTH to the chronic form. Thus, muscular factors may be responsible not only for the acute headache episode but also for chronification of the disorder. Simple analgesics and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are the mainstays of management of individual headache episodes. Ibuprofen 400 mg and aspirin 1000 mg are recommended as drugs of first choice based on treatment effect, safety profile and costs. Non‐pharmacological therapies include electromyographic biofeedback, physiotherapy and muscle relaxation therapy. Future studies should aim to identify the triggers of peripheral nociception and how to avoid peripheral and central sensitization. There is a need for more effective, faster acting drugs for acute TTH.

Conclusion

Muscular factors play an important role in episodic TTH. Ibuprofen 400 mg and aspirin 1000 mg are recommended as drugs of first choice.
Seismic resilience of concrete structures under corrosion
Authors: Biondini Fabio , Camnasio Elena , Titi Andrea
Published: July 2015

A probabilistic approach to lifetime assessment of seismic resilience of deteriorating concrete structures is presented. The effects of environmental damage on the seismic performance are evaluated by means of a methodology for lifetime assessment of concrete structures in aggressive environment under uncertainty. The time‐variant seismic capacity associated with different limit states, from damage limitation up to collapse, is assumed as functionality indicator. The role of the deterioration process on seismic resilience is then investigated over the structural lifetime by evaluating the post‐event residual functionality and recovery of the deteriorating system as a function of the time of occurrence of the seismic event. The proposed approach is applied to a three‐story concrete frame building and a four‐span continuous concrete bridge under corrosion. The results show the combined effects of structural deterioration and seismic damage on the time‐variant system functionality and resilience and indicate the importance of a multi‐hazard life‐cycle‐oriented approach to seismic design of resilient structure and infrastructure systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offshore wind energy potential estimation using UPSCALE climate data
Authors: Gross Markus S. , Magar Vanesa
Published: July 2015

Offshore and near‐shore wind energy is one of the major renewable energy resources, which already make a substantial contribution to the energy supply in Europe. Nevertheless, development is still in the start‐up phase, with new projects being planned and implemented continuously. This development needs to be informed, to enable deployment at the most suitable/ideal locations. However, in order to predict the potential energy yield, forecasts have to be made. In this paper the authors present a scoping study. This study uses high‐resolution climate data to predict wind speeds at various heights, and various locations along the coast of Mexico. Several techniques for wind extrapolation are explored, alongside a new method based on data analysis. The results show clearly a strong sensitivity to the method chosen, and results have to be interpreted accordingly. Also, the impact of water vapor is shown, using a method that predicts the moist air density at the hub height. The paper indicates that valuable information can be gained from the analyses undertaken, prior to embarking on detailed, targeted studies. The paper concludes with recommendations for further work.
Response surface methodology for optimization of bio‐lubricant basestock synthesis from high free fatty acids castor oil
Authors: Borugadda Venu Babu , Goud Vaibhav V.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, an eco‐friendly single‐step process for the synthesis of biolubricant basestock from high free fatty acid (FFA) castor oil (CO) via epoxidation reaction was investigated. Influence of various process parameters on the structural modification of CO and their interaction with the maximum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) was optimized. Central composite design (CCD) as one of the tools in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of process variables on maximum OOC. Iodine value (IV) and OOC was used to monitor the progress of epoxidation. From the RSM study, the optimal condition inferred was H2O2, 1.65 mol; catalyst loading, 15.14 wt%; temperature, 52.81°C; and reaction time, 2.81 h. At this optimum condition, OOC was found to be 3.85 mass%. Further, the epoxide product was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR spectral technique and OOC was determined by the standard HBr method. Finally, the significant physico‐chemical properties for the prepared epoxide were determined and compared with the castor oil.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3‐mediated CD133 up‐regulation contributes to promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Won Cheolhee , Kim Byung‐Hak , Yi Eun Hee , Choi Kyung‐Ju , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Jeong Jong‐Min , Lee Jae‐Ho , Jang Ja‐June , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Jeong Won‐Il , Park In‐Chul , Kim Tae Woo , Bae Sun Sik , Factor Valentina M. , Ma Stephanie , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. , Lee Yun‐Han , Ye Sang‐Kyu
Published: July 2015

Enhanced expression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, CD133, is closely associated with a higher rate of tumor formation and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Despite its clinical significance, the molecular mechanism underlying the deregulation of CD133 during tumor progression remains to be clarified. Here, we report on a novel mechanism by which interleukin‐6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL‐6/STAT3) signaling up‐regulates expression of CD133 and promotes HCC progression. STAT3 activated by IL‐6 rapidly bound to CD133 promoter and increased protein levels of CD133 in HCC cells. Reversely, in hypoxic conditions, RNA interference silencing of STAT3 resulted in decrease of CD133 levels, even in the presence of IL‐6, with a concomitant decrease of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α) expression. Active STAT3 interacted with nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) p65 subunit to positively regulate the transcription of HIF‐1α providing a mechanistic explanation on how those three oncogenes work together to increase the activity of CD133 in a hypoxic liver microenvironment. Activation of STAT3 and its consequent induction of HIF‐1α and CD133 expression were not observed in Toll‐like receptor 4/IL‐6 double‐knockout mice. Long‐term silencing of CD133 by a lentiviral‐based approach inhibited cancer cell‐cycle progression and suppressed in vivo tumorigenicity by down‐regulating expression of cytokinesis‐related genes, such as TACC1, ACF7, and CKAP5. We also found that sorafenib and STAT3 inhibitor nifuroxazide inhibit HCC xenograft formation by blocking activation of STAT3 and expression of CD133 and HIF‐1α proteins. Conclusion: IL‐6/STAT3 signaling induces expression of CD133 through functional cooperation with NF‐κB and HIF‐1α during liver carcinogenesis. Targeting STAT3‐mediated CD133 up‐regulation may represent a novel, effective treatment by eradicating the liver tumor microenvironment. (Hepatology 2015;62:1160‐1173)
The hydrology of interconnected bog complexes in discontinuous permafrost terrains
Authors: Connon R. F. , Quinton W. L. , Craig J. R. , Hanisch J. , Sonnentag O.
Published: July 2015

In the zone of discontinuous permafrost, the cycling and storage of water within and between wetlands is poorly understood. The presence of intermittent permafrost bodies tends to impede and re‐direct the flow of water. In this region, the landscape is characterized by forested peat plateaus that are underlain by permafrost and are interspersed by permafrost‐free wetlands. These include channel fens which convey water to the basin outlet through wide, hydraulically rough channels and flat bogs which are typically thought to retain moisture inputs as storage. Field studies conducted at a peatland‐dominated landscape near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada, indicate the presence of ephemeral drainage channels that form a cascade of connected bogs that ultimately discharges into a channel fen. Consequently, understanding bogs as dynamic transmitters of surface and subsurface flows, rather than simple storage regions, calls for further examination. Whether bogs act as either storage features or flow through features has a direct impact on the runoff contributing area in a basin. Here, two adjacent series of bog cascades were gauged over two consecutive years to determine spatial and temporal changes in effective runoff contributing areas. It was found that runoff varies significantly between two adjacent bog cascades with one cascade producing 125 mm of runoff over the 2‐year period, while the other yielded only 25 mm. The bog cascades are primarily active during the snowmelt season when moisture conditions are high; however flows can also be generated in response to large rain events. It is proposed that bog cascades operate under an ‘element threshold concept’ whereby in order for water to be transmitted through a bog, the depression storage capacity of that bog must first be satisfied. Our work indicates that whether bogs act as storage features or flow‐through features has a direct impact on the runoff contributing area in a basin. Neglecting to represent connected bogs as dynamic transmission features in the landscape is shown to underestimate water available for streamflow by between 5 and 15%, and these systems are therefore a key component of the water balance in discontinuous permafrost regions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of extra irradiation on surface and bulk properties of PMPC‐grafted cross‐linked polyethylene
Authors: Yamane Shihori , Kyomoto Masayuki , Moro Toru , Watanabe Kenichi , Hashimoto Masami , Takatori Yoshio , Tanaka Sakae , Ishihara Kazuhiko
Published: July 2015

Sterilization using high‐energy irradiation is an important aspect of implementing an ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular liner in total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study, we evaluate the effects of extra irradiations such as gamma‐ray or plasma irradiation during sterilization of the poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [MPC]) (PMPC) surface and cross‐linked polyethylene (CLPE) substrate of a PMPC‐grafted CLPE acetabular liner. The PMPC‐grafted surface yielded high wettability and low friction properties regardless of the extra irradiations as compared with untreated CLPE. During a hip simulator test, wear resistance of the PMPC‐grafted CLPE liner was maintained after extra irradiation, which is due to the high wettability characteristics of the PMPC surface. In particular, the PMPC‐grafted CLPE liner treated with plasma irradiation showed greater wettability and wear resistance than that with gamma‐ray irradiation. However, we could not clearly observe the changes in chemical properties and morphology of the PMPC surface after both extra irradiations. The physical and mechanical properties attributed to CLPE substrate performance were also unchanged. In contrast, PMPC‐grafted CLPE treated with plasma irradiation showed improved oxidation resistance as compared to that treated with gamma‐ray irradiation after accelerated aging. Thus, we conclude that PMPC‐grafted CLPE with plasma irradiation has promise as a lifelong solution for bearing in THA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 37–47, 2016.
Hyperbranched poly(glycidol)/poly(ethylene oxide) crosslinked hydrogel for tissue engineering scaffold using e‐beams
Authors: Haryanto  , Singh Deepti , Huh Pil Ho , Kim Seong Cheol
Published: July 2015

A microporous hydrogel scaffold was developed from hyperbranched poly(glycidol) (HPG) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using electron beam (e‐beam) induced cross‐linking for tissue engineering applications. In this study, HPG was synthesized from glycidol using trimethylol propane as a core initiator and cross‐linked hydrogels were made using 0, 10, 20, and 30% HPG with respect to PEO. The effects of %‐HPG on the swelling ratio, cross‐linking density, mechanical properties, morphology, degradation, and cytotoxicity of the hydrogel scaffolds were then investigated. Increasing the HPG content increased the pore size of the hydrogel scaffold, as well as the porosity, elongation at break, degree of degradation and swelling ratio. In contrast, the presence of HPG decreased the cross‐linking density of the hydrogel. There was no significant difference in compressive modulus and tensile strength of all compositions. The pore size of hydrogel scaffolds could be easily tailored by controlling the content of HPG in the polymer blend. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity demonstrated that HPG/PEO hydrogel scaffold has potential for use as a matrix for cellular attachment and proliferation. These results indicate that cross‐linked HPG/PEO hydrogel can function as a potential material for tissue engineering scaffolds. Moreover, a facile method to prepare hydrogel microporous scaffolds for tissue engineering by e‐beam irradiation was developed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 48–56, 2016.
Improved ex vivo blood compatibility of central venous catheter with noble metal alloy coating
Authors: Vafa Homann Manijeh , Johansson Dorota , Wallen Håkan , Sanchez Javier
Published: July 2015

Central line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality induced by the use of central venous catheters (CVCs). Nobel metal alloy (NMA) coating is an advanced surface modification that prevents microbial adhesion and growth on catheters and thereby reduces the risk of infection. In vitro microbiological analyses have shown up to 90% reduction in microbial adhesion on coated CVC compared to uncoated ones. This study aimed to assess the blood compatibility of NMA‐coated CVC according to ISO 10993‐4. Hemolysis, thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complex, platelet counts, fibrin deposition, and C3a and SC5b‐9 complement activation were analyzed in human blood exposed to the NMA‐coated and control CVCs using a Chandler‐loop model. NMA‐coated CVC did not induce hemolysis and fell in the “nonhemolytic” category according to ASTM F756‐00. Significantly lower amounts of TAT were generated and less fibrin was deposited on NMA‐coated CVC than on uncoated ones. Slightly higher platelet counts and lower complement markers were observed for NMA‐coated CVC compared to uncoated ones. These data suggest that the NMA‐coated CVC has better ex vivo blood compatibility compared to uncoated CVC. © 2015 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1359–1365, 2016.
TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of UV filter para‐aminobenzoic acid under artificial and solar illumination
Authors: Tsoumachidou Sophia , Velegraki Theodora , Poulios Ioannis
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products' (PPCPs) residues in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue due to their uncontrolled release, through grey water, and accumulation in the environment that may affect living organisms, ecosystems and public health. As a result, efforts are being made to develop methods to inactivate or eliminate this class of substance in the environment.

RESULTS

The heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA), one of the components that are present in many types of PPCPs, has been investigated in aqueous solutions using artificial and solar illumination. The effects of TiO2 P25 and TiO2 Kronos vlp 7000 and their concentration (0.25–1.5 g L−1), initial concentration of H2O2 (0.25–0.2 g L−1), pH of the solution (3–10), temperature (280–323 K), as well as the type of radiation (artificial, solar) on initial reaction rates were evaluated in a bench‐scale Pyrex reactor. Solar‐induced photocatalytic degradation of PABA was accompanied by the formation of several hydroxylated aromatic intermediates, while a decrease in the parent compound toxicity has been observed after treatment in the presence of TiO2 P25.

CONCLUSION

According to the results presented in this study, the TiO2 photocatalytic process in the presence of artificial and solar illumination is an efficient methodology for PABA degradation and its toxicity reduction. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemoselective Synthesis of Enamino‐Coumarin Derivatives Identified as Potent Antitumor Agents
Authors: Ibrahim Mona E. , Hamama Wafaa S. , Metwalli Asmaa E. , Zoorob Hanafi H.
Published: July 2015

The reaction of 4‐aminocoumarin (2) with benzaldehyde gave the bisenamino derivatives 4. Thus, transamination of 2 with o‐phenylenediamine furnished enamino skeleton 3, which can be obtained from 1. Reaction of 1 with 5‐aminoisoxazole afforded 5. While reaction of 2 with benzalaniline, isatinanil and phenyl isothio cyanate afforded the corresponding 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Heterocyclic annulations of 2‐phenylthiazolidine‐4‐one 10 2‐phenylthiazolidin‐4‐one 10 and 2‐phenyl‐thiazinan‐4‐one 11 systems were achieved via reaction of 2 with benzaldehyde and rather either 2‐mercaptoacetic acid or 3‐mercaptopropanoic acid respectively. The behavior of 2 towards monochloro acetic acid and 4‐oxo‐4‐phenylbuatonic 4‐Oxo‐4‐phenylbutanoic acid was investigated. All of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated as antitumor (cytotoxic) agents. Most of these compounds have shown significant antitumor activities.
A cyclone climatology of the British‐Irish Isles 1871–2012
Authors: Matthews T. , Murphy C. , Wilby R. L. , Harrigan S.
Published: July 2015

The British‐Irish Isles (BI) lie beneath the North Atlantic storm track year‐round and thus are impacted by the passage of extra‐tropical cyclones. Given recent extreme storminess and projections of enhanced winter cyclone activity for this region, there is much interest in assessing the extent to which the cyclone climate of the region may be changing. We address this by assessing a 142‐year (1871–2012) record of cyclone frequency, intensity and ‘storminess’ derived from the 20th Century Reanalysis V2 (20CR) dataset. We also use this long‐term record to examine associations between cyclone activity and regional hydroclimate. Our results confirm the importance of cyclone frequency in driving seasonal precipitation totals which we find to be greatest during summer months. Cyclone frequency and storminess are characterized by pronounced interannual and multi‐decadal variability which are strongly coupled to atmospheric blocking in the Euro‐Atlantic region, but we detect no evidence of an increasing trend. We observe an upward trend in cyclone intensity for the BI region, which is strongest in winter and consistent with model projections, but promote caution interpreting this given the changing data quality in the 20CR over time. Nonetheless, we assert that long‐term reconstruction is helpful for contextualizing recent storminess and for identifying emerging changes in regional hydroclimate linked to cyclones.
Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 01 fermented milk beverage on protection of intestinal epithelial cell in vitro
Authors: Chen Yen‐Po , Hsu Chih‐An , Hung Wei‐Ting , Chen Ming‐Ju
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Intestinal protection is an important function of probiotics. However, there is no evidence that the potential probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei 01 is able to improve intestinal function. In the present study, the protective effect and underlying mechanisms of L. paracasei 01 on intestinal epithelial cell in vitro were investigated.

RESULTS

A fermented milk beverage containing L. paracasei 01 at 3 × 108 CFU mL−1 was made from skim milk powder, glucose, sucrose and isomaltooligosaccharide. Results indicated that L. paracasei 01 fermented milk beverage could reduce macromolecule permeability caused by dextran sodium sulfate‐induced damage. Besides, 50 mL L−1 fermented milk beverage with live L. paracasei 01 in the cell medium could increase intestinal epithelial cell Caco‐2 growth, decrease lipopolysaccharide/tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)/interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐induced Caco‐2 cell death and chemokine CCL‐20 production. The protecting mechanisms involve promoting intestinal epithelial cell growth and intestinal epithelial integrity to strengthen the intestinal barrier against chemical and inflammatory stimuli‐induced damage. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine such as IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and CCL‐20 also contributes to the beneficial effects of this product on epithelial function.

CONCLUSION

Lactobacillus paracasei 01 fermented milk beverage may be a new functional food with intestinal protecting effects in vitro. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Factors affecting the content of the ursolic and oleanolic acid in apple peel: influence of cultivars, sun exposure, storage conditions, bruising and Penicillium expansum infection
Authors: Lv Yanrong , Tahir Ibrahim I , Olsson Marie E
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

For health promotion and as part of natural plant protection, it might be of interest to increase the content of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) by biofortification in breeding programs, although the extent of the influence of genetic and environmental factors needs to be clarified. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cultivar, sun exposure, storage, bruising and fungal infection on the OA and UA content in apple peel.

RESULTS

Three apple cultivars with different ripening times – ‘Discovery’ (early), ‘Aroma’ (middle) and ‘Gloster’ (late) – were investigated. The content of OA and UA was mainly influenced by cultivar and side subjected to sun exposure, and to a minor extent by storage and seasonal year. ‘Gloster’ had the highest OA and UA content of the investigated cultivars. OA and UA content on the shaded side was higher than that on the sun‐exposed side in all three cultivars. Inoculation with Penicillium expansum did not have any consistent effect on OA or UA, except in a few cases where the levels decreased.

CONCLUSION

OA and UA content can be increased by choice of cultivar in the breeding process and to some extent by cultural practice.© 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Glomalin‐related Soil Protein Response to Heating Temperature: A Laboratory Approach
Authors: Lozano Elena , Chrenková Katarína , Arcenegui Victoria , Jiménez‐Pinilla Patricia , Mataix‐Solera Jorge , Mataix‐Beneyto Jorge
Published: July 2015

Forest fires are a recurrent natural phenomenon in the Mediterranean basin. Fires can affect physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The effects on soil properties are closely controlled by fire severity, which is a consequence of temperatures reached and the length of residence of heat in the soil. In this study, the response of glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP) − a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi − to heating temperature has been studied. Laboratory heating treatments were carried out at 180°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 400°C and 500°C in soil samples from eight different sites in SE Spain. The sites selected had mainly different soil characteristics. The results of heating on soil water repellency and soil organic carbon (SOC) were also included in the study. GRSP response to temperature was different between sites. Redundancy analyses divided sandy soils from the rest of soil types. Total content of aggregates, SOC and clay and sand content were the most significant properties explaining the response of GRSP to heating treatments. Results showed that GRSP was affected even at low temperature. SOC response to temperature was very similar between sites. Soil water repellency did not appear after heating in wettable soils and disappeared in water‐repellent ones at temperatures over 200°C. Our results indicate that GRSP could provide relevant information about fire severity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viability and MR detectability of iron labeled mesenchymal stem cells used for endoscopic injection into the porcine urethral sphincter
Authors: Will Susanne , Martirosian Petros , Eibofner Frank , Schick Fritz , Bantleon Rüdiger , Vaegler Martin , Grözinger Gerd , Claussen Claus D. , Kramer Ulrich , Schmehl Jörg
Published: July 2015

Direct stem cell therapies for functionally impaired tissue require a sufficient number of cells in the target region and a method for verifying the fate of the cells in the subsequent time course. In vivo MRI of iron labeled mesenchymal stem cells has been suggested to comply with these requirements. The study was conducted to evaluate proliferation, migration, differentiation and adhesion effects as well as the obtained iron load of an iron labeling strategy for mesenchymal stem cells. After injection into the porcine urethral sphincter, the labeled cells were monitored for up to six months using MRI.

Mesenchymal stem cells were labeled with ferucarbotran (60/100/200 µg/mL) and ferumoxide (200 µg/mL) for the analysis of migration and viability. Phantom MR measurements were made to evaluate effects of iron labeling. For short and long term studies, the iron labeled cells were injected into the porcine urethral sphincter and monitored by MRI. High resolution anatomical images of the porcine urethral sphincter were applied for detection of the iron particles with a turbo‐spin‐echo sequence and a gradient‐echo sequence with multiple TE values. The MR images were then compared with histological staining.

The analysis of cell function after iron labeling showed no effects on proliferation or differentiation of the cells. Although the adherence increases with higher iron dose, the ability to migrate decreases as a presumed effect of iron labeling.

The iron labeled mesenchymal stem cells were detectable in vivo in MRI and histological staining even six months after injection.

Labeling with iron particles and subsequent evaluation with highly resolved three dimensional data acquisition allows sensitive tracking of cells injected into the porcine urethral sphincter for several months without substantial biological effects on mesenchymal stem cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of vascular water transport in human subjects using time‐resolved pulsed arterial spin labelling
Authors: Bibic Adnan , Knutsson Linda , Schmidt Anders , Henningsson Erik , Månsson Sven , Abul‐Kasim Kasim , Åkeson Jonas , Gunther Matthias , Ståhlberg Freddy , Wirestam Ronnie
Published: July 2015

Most approaches to arterial spin labelling (ASL) data analysis aim to provide a quantitative measure of the cerebral blood flow (CBF). This study, however, focuses on the measurement of the transfer time of blood water through the capillaries to the parenchyma (referred to as the capillary transfer time, CTT) as an alternative parameter to characterise the haemodynamics of the system. The method employed is based on a non‐compartmental model, and no measurements need to be added to a common time‐resolved ASL experiment. Brownian motion of labelled spins in a potential was described by a one‐dimensional general Langevin equation as the starting point, and as a Fokker–Planck differential equation for the averaged distribution of labelled spins at the end point, which takes into account the effects of flow and dispersion of labelled water by the pseudorandom nature of the microvasculature and the transcapillary permeability. Multi‐inversion time (multi‐TI) ASL data were acquired in 14 healthy subjects on two occasions in a test–retest design, using a pulsed ASL sequence and three‐dimensional gradient and spin echo (3D‐GRASE) readout. Based on an error analysis to predict the size of a region of interest (ROI) required to obtain reasonably precise parameter estimates, data were analysed in two relatively large ROIs, i.e. the occipital lobe (OC) and the insular cortex (IC). The average values of CTT in OC were 260 ± 60 ms in the first experiment and 270 ± 60 ms in the second experiment. The corresponding IC values were 460 ± 130 ms and 420 ± 139 ms, respectively. Information related to the water transfer time may be important for diagnostics and follow‐up of cerebral conditions or diseases characterised by a disrupted blood–brain barrier or disturbed capillary blood flow. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.