bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Batch and Column Scale Removal of Cadmium from Water Using Raw and Acid Activated Wheat Straw Biochar
Authors: Naeem Muhammad Asif , Imran Muhammad , Amjad Muhammad , Abbas Ghulam , Tahir Muhammad , Murtaza Behzad , Zakir Ali , Shahid Muhammad , Bulgariu Laura , Ahmad Iftikhar
Published: July 2019

The present study examined novel wheat straw biochar (WSB) and acid treated wheat straw biochar (AWSB) for cadmium removal from contaminated water. A series of batch and column scale experiments was conducted to evaluate the potential of WSB and AWSB for cadmium removal at different biochar dosage (0.5–8 g/L), initial cadmium concentration (5–100 mg/L), solution pH (2–8) and contact time (5–180 min). Results revealed that cadmium adsorption decreased by increasing biochar dosage from 0.5 to 8 g/L; however, optimum dosage for maximum (99%) removal of cadmium was 2 g/L by WSB and 1 g/L by AWSB. Enhanced cadmium removal potential by AWSB is attributed to increased surface area, microporosity and variation in functional groups. Equilibrium experimental data was well described by Freundlich adsorption isotherm whereas kinetic data were better explained with pseudo-second order model. Both WSB and AWSB have shown good adsorption capacity of 31.65 mg/g and 74.63 mg/g, respectively, that is comparable with other costly adsorbents. Columns packed with WSB and AWSB at laboratory scale have also shown good retention of cadmium with excellent reusability. These findings indicate that WSB especially AWSB could be a promising, cost-effective and environmental friendly strategy for the removal of metals from contaminated water.
Economic Impact of Overtopping and Adaptation Measures in Catalan Ports Due to Sea Level Rise
Authors: Sierra Joan Pau
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the impact of sea level rise (SLR) throughout the 21st century in the overtopping of port breakwaters is analyzed at a regional scale, focusing on the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). The study is made considering three scenarios of SLR and two levels of storminess, computing the overtopping discharges in 47 ports to assess those exceeding a tolerable threshold and to roughly estimate the monetary value of the consequences of such discharges. Possible adaptation measures are examined, selecting the most cost-effective and assessing the cost of its implementation for the different scenarios and two damage levels. Results show that, as it could be expected, the number of ports affected by overtopping will increase with SLR, as well as the economic impact. Another remarkable finding of this paper is the significant savings in adaptation measures achieved allowing a minimum level of damage in contrast to the zero-damage option.
Structure cristalline de Ba Na2Nb5O14F
Authors: von der Mühll Régnault , Ravez Jean
Published: July 2019

The crystal structure of BaNa₂Nb₅O₁₄F has been determined. The anions form an octahedral network of tetragonal tungsten bronze type. The space group is P₄/mbm. The distribution of Ba²⁺ and Na⁺ has been determined. The position of niobium atoms at the center of its coordination octahedron is in agreement with the observed paraelectric behaviour of the phase.
Les amphiboles orthorhombiques, riches en aluminium et magnésium, des amphibolites à sapphirine des Pyrénées
Authors: Monchoux Pierre , Roux Louis
Published: July 2019

Des amphiboles orthorhombiques participent fréquemment aux paragenèses des amphibolites à sapphirine des Pyrénées. Leur composition, remarquablement alumino-magnésienne, permet d'élargir le domaine de composition actuellement connu pour ces minéraux.

Un des échantillons représente le terme naturel le plus proche, actuellement connu, du pôle théorique « gédrite ».

Les observations géologiques et les résultats expérimentaux permettent de préciser les conditions de cristallisation de ces minéraux.
La glaucosphaerite de Kasompi (Shaba méridional, Zaïre)
Authors: Deliens Michel
Published: July 2019

A new occurrence of Cu-Ni basic carbonate from Kasompi (Southern Shaba) is described. This material is identical with glaucosphaerite 4 [(Cu, Ni) ₂CO₃ (OH)₂] from Kambalda, Australia (M. W. Pryce and J. Just, 1974). Many samples from Kasompi show a peculiar fibrous fern-like arrangement. Chemical analysis on the zaïrian material gave CuO 44.03, NiO 23.92, Fe₂O₃ 0.40, CO₂ 20.15, H₂O+ 8.25, H₂O- 0.19, insol. 2.28 with Cu : Ni near 1.73.

X-ray diffraction powder data and infrared spectra are given for glaucosphaerite from Kasompi.
Sur l'existence d'une blastomylonite à résidus dans le massif du Tichka (Haut Atlas occidental, Maroc)
Authors: Termier Henri , Termier Geneviève
Published: July 2019

In the ravine south of Ifri n Bgour crop out gneiss very neatly foliated and involving lenticular felspars. It is a typical blastomylonite with quartz laminae discordant upon the mesostasis. These quartz laminae are of coarser grain than the basic rock and they often display a curvatur tending to envelop the felspars which behave as hard nuclei around which the quartz laminae casted. The blastomylonite appears within the granite after its consolidation. The recrystallisation conditions seem to be those of the mesozone.
Synthèse de la dolorésite
Authors: Théobald François
Published: July 2019

La dolorésite est un composé naturel du vanadium (IV). (Stern et al., 1957). Sa formule dualistique est 3V₂O₄ • 4H₂O. Une étude systématique du système V-O-H₂O au voisinage de la composition VOₓ (x = 2), nous a amenés à réaliser la synthèse de ce minéral en laboratoire pour la première fois.
Variations du climat au cours des deux derniers millénaires : deux cas d'étude dans le Jura et les Alpes du Nord
Authors: Magny Michel , Millet Laurent , Arnaud Fabien , Desmet Marc , Gauthier Emilie , Heiri Oliver , Vannière Boris , Verneaux Valérie
Published: July 2019

Cet article présente les résultats obtenus à partir de l 'étude de deux séquences sédimentaires prélevées la première au lac de Joux (1006 m) dans le Jura suisse, et la seconde au lac d'Anterne (2060 m) dans les Alpes françaises du Nord, pour documenter les variations des paramètres climatiques au cours des deux derniers millénaires. L 'analyse à haute résolution de la séquence sédimentaire du lac de Joux (environ 10 ans/échantillon) a permis l 'établissement d'une courbe de variations du plan d'eau au cours des derniers 1000 ans. Le Petit Age Glaciaire apparaît caractérisé par une augmentation de l'humidité, tandis que l'Optimum climatique médiéval et le réchauffement post-industriel correspondent à de bas niveaux lacustres. Une comparaison entre les variations du niveau du lac de Joux et celles de l'irradiance solaire suggère que les variations de l 'activité solaire ont pu être un forçage majeur du climat au cours du dernier millénaire. L 'analyse à haute résolution (20 ans/échantillon) de la séquence du lac d'Anterne a permis d 'établir une courbe des variations des températures de juillet pour les dernières 1800 années. Trois phases de refroidissement (environ 1,5°C) ont été reconnues vers AD 480-680, AD 1150, et après AD 1350 (Petit Age Glaciaire). Ces résultats paraissent en accord avec d'autres enregistrements paléoclimatiques établis dans les Alpes suisses à partir des fluctuations du Grand Glacier d'Aletsch, et à partir de l'analyse densitométrique de troncs subfossiles de mélèzes. Enfin, est discuté l'impact possible de ces oscillations du climat sur les sociétés passées.
La chronologie fluviale postglaciaire du haut bassin rhodanien
Authors: Berger J.-F. , Salvador Pierre-Gil , Franc Odile , Vérot-Bourrély Agnès , Bravard Jean-Paul
Published: July 2019

Une base de données intégrant les enregistrements fluviaux fossiles d'une dizaine de cours d'eau a été établie à l 'échelle du haut bassin rhodanien entre Aoste (38) et Lyon (69), sur un tronçon d'une centaine de kilomètres comprenant 112 sites d'investigation géoarchéologiques. Elle repose sur une codification préalable des séquences alluviales étudiées prenant en compte de façon simultanée les styles fluviaux, l 'énergie des flux liquides et solides des lits fluviaux, et les dynamiques pédosédimentaires actives dans la plaine alluviale (taux d'accrétion, pédogenèses, turfigenèses...). L'analyse de la fréquence de 272 dates radiocarbone et chronoculturelles disponibles sur les quinze derniers millénaires permet l'établissement d'un cadre paléohydrologique de référence, constitué de 32 phases majeures. L 'abondance de la documentation recueillie depuis 4300 cal BP s 'explique par le biais taphonomique (meilleure conservation des archives pédosédimentaires récentes) et par le forçage des sociétés sur l 'hydrosystème (surreprésentation de certains épisodes de forte activité hydrosédimentaire). A l 'échelle régionale, les périodes de dérèglement hydrologique et de stabilité rhodaniens correspondent aux phases de fluctuation du niveau des lacs jurassiens et préalpins, de décharge détritique du Rhin et du Rhône enregistrées dans les lacs de Constance et du Bourget et aux avancées et retraits glaciaires dans les Alpes occidentales. La bonne concordance avec les principales débâcles glaciaires de l 'Atlantique Nord implique une étroite relation avec l 'évolution de la circulation thermohaline et des mouvements atmosphériques atlantiques.
Les séquences pédo-sédimentaires du col du Petit-Saint-Bernard dans leur contexte archéologique, première approche
Authors: Moulin Bernard , Rey Pierre-Jérome
Published: July 2019

Les stratigraphies mises au jour lors des travaux de prospection sur les versants français et italien du Col du Petit-Saint-Bernard ont montré l'existence de séquences pédosédimentaires holocènes bien différenciées en fonction des différents contextes altitudinaux. Deux grands types de séquences dominent largement : les séquences de bas de versant et les séquences d'altitude. Aux altitudes les plus basses (vers 900 m -1100 m principalement ; parfois plus haut sur le versant italien), ces séquences sont en général bien dilatées ; elles renferment fréquemment un sol brun fersiallitique enfoui, tronqué, recouvert de dépôts colluviaux dans lesquels s 'insèrent les horizons archéologiques du Néolithique, de la Protohistoire et de l 'époque romaine. Au-dessus de 1900 m, les séquences reconnues sont en général beaucoup plus condensées, rarement à podzols, beaucoup plus fréquemment à stagnosols, et montrent fréquemment des récurrences dans les cycles de pédogenèse. Les données chronologiques actuellement disponibles tendraient à placer la formation de ces pédogenèses d 'altitude dans la seconde moitié de l 'Holocène.
Archéologie et paléoenvironnement dans les Alpes méridionales françaises, Hauts massifs de l'Argentiérois, du Champsaur et de l'Ubaye, Hautes-Alpes et Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Néolithique final -début de l'Antiquité
Authors: Mocci Florence , Walsh Kevin , Richer Suzi , Court-Picon Mona , Talon Brigitte , Tzortzis Stefan , Palet Martinez Josep Maria , Bressy Céline , Beaulieu Jacques-Louis de , Dumas Vincent , Edouard Jean-Louis , Py Vanessa
Published: July 2019

In the Southern French Alps, the first evidence for prehistoric human presence has been revealed by multidisciplinary and dia-chronic research programs developed in the Argentiérois, Champsaur and Ubaye high altitude massifs in the Ecrins National Park (Hautes-Alpes), and in the Mercantour National park in the Ubaye (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). This work correlates archaeological and palaeoenvironmetal data. This approach assesses the modes of exploitation across these mountains, in many cases activities that are still present. During the second half of the third millennium and during the second millennium BC a series of pastoral structures (dated by ,4C) were built at altitudes between 2067 and 2359 m. During this period, the landscapes were modified by human activities : areas were maintained, and mountain pastures developed, and these have been continuously exploited as part of a sustainable system.
Héritage glaciaire et karstification de l'archipel calcaire de Madré de Dios, Patagonie, Chili, «Expédition Franco-chilienne Ultima Patagonia 2006 »
Authors: Jaillet Stéphane , Lans Benjamin , Maire Richard , Tourte Bernard ,   Équipe Ultima Patagonia 2006
Published: July 2019

The karst of the Island of Madré de Dios (latitude 50° south) is located in a maritime humid oceanic area. The geomorphological study of the landscape allows us to differentiate old glacial landforms and present karstic landforms created by the intense dissolution. The whole area is one of the most spectacular worldwide karst landscapes.
Protection, valorisation touristique de la ressource karstique et implications territoriales : les grottes de Skocjan, Slovénie
Authors: Duval-Massaloux Mélanie
Published: July 2019

The aim of this article is to question heritage/ tourism dynamics around Skocjan s caves. Certified «UNESCO World Heritage» in 1986, with 100 000 visitors a year, they question the articulation between two seemingly contradictory logics : conservation and tourist valorization processes.

According to a diachronic approach, this article underlines the interactive and retroactive dynamics linking these two entrances, while questioning their "territory effects " on the scale of Kras area.

In conclusion, the study takes into account in which measure this model of functioning where the involvement of the State minimizes economic aspects can be transpose.
Valorisation agricole d'un karst de moyenne montagne par une démarche «terroir », l'AOC-Comté, Jura français
Authors: Gaiffe Michèle
Published: July 2019

Cheese of AOC-Comté is a «natural» product of the Jurassian karstic plateaux. The wideness of the producing area and the naturality have, as a consequence, a variability of the taste, according to the seasons, the fabrication processes , the length of maturing as well as the site where the cheese has been produced.

Can we identify, among these factors of variability, permanent features related to the environment ?

Soils mapping of 20 milk-basins and a sensory study of 106 cheeses of these basins have been compared. As a result, we highlight that it is possible to identify local flavours linked with pedological features. This correlation allows us to speak of «cheese terroirs», in the same way as the well-known wine-terroirs.

The existence of these terroirs is a way to increase in value the agricultural production of a mountainous karstic region which proves to be difficult to cultivate.
Géologie du karst de Tsanfleuron
Authors: Gremaud Vivian
Published: July 2019

The Tsanfleuron karren field belongs to the Helvetic domain of the Alps. It is formed by several nappes made of Mesozoic and Paleogene (Nummulitic) rocks, among which limestones take an important place. This area mainly belongs to the Diablerets nappe and for a small part to the overlying Mont Gond nappe, which are the two lower subdivisions of the Wildhorn group of nappes. An isoclinal syncline connects these two nappes, which are gently folded by a large antiform. The axial plunge of the whole structure is between 10 and 15° to the north-east. The fractures certainly influenced the karstic erosion but more observations are currently necessary to prove this link. Cross-sections also show the groundwater pathways and the connections between infiltration points and springs.
Sociétés et fluctuations du climat dans les Alpes nord-occidentales au Néolithique moyen
Authors: Rey Pierre-Jérome
Published: July 2019

Dans les vallées internes des Alpes nord-occidentales, la densité des sites d'habitats et des nécropoles du Néolithique moyen semble croître durant deux longues périodes d 'amélioration climatique. Toutefois, l 'état actuel de la documentation ne permet pas de démontrer des fluctuations du peuplement à partir des variations chronologiques du nombre de sites archéologiques. En revanche, les principales phases de rupture ou de changement rapide identifiées dans la culture matérielle, les rites funéraires et l'évolution des réseaux d'échanges montrent des synchronies qui paraissent plus significatives. Elles permettent de proposer l 'hypothèse d 'un impact croissant des dégradations climatiques sur les évolutions des sociétés humaines, entre le Ve et la fin du IVe millénaire av. J.-C., en accord avec la probable intensité croissante de ces péjorations.
Datation des moraines holocènes d'Islande par tephrochronologie : un état de l'art
Authors: Kirkbride Martin P.
Published: July 2019

Tephrochronology utilises age-equivalent horizons of volcanic ash to correlate across landscapes. In Iceland, the proximity of active volcanoes to glaciers and ice caps enables tephrochronology to contribute to a reliably-dated reconstruction of later Holocene glacier advances. This paper reviews the principles and practice of terrestrial tephrochronology in the Icelandic context, supported by examples from recent research. Key issues which are reviewed include the contrasting responses of large ice caps and small mountain glaciers ; the status of the "Little Ice Age " and in particular the timing of its maximum ; the use of tephrochronology to test the reliability of lichenometry ; and the issue of preservation potential and the representativeness of moraine-based chronologies in Iceland.
Retour d'expérience sur l'instrumentation du glacier du baounet : quels apports pour la traçabilité des mesures environnementales ?
Authors: Jobard Sylvain
Published: July 2019

The hydro-meteorological data carried back from the Baounet glacier (Savoie , France) since 2002 have been used to develop metrological techniques inspired by the industrial circle. The aim of these methods is to enhance reliability of the environmental measurements and to characterize the quality of these results. The feedback of the Baounet station shows that the waste of time inferred by the execution of these procedures is widely compensated with an easier exploitation. The most important point is a progress in the traceability of the field results. The perspectives of this work are directed towards an instrumentation evolution, coupled with the telemetries and the setting up of a metrological charter.
La protection sans la glace. L'exclusion des glaciers des zones centrales des Parcs nationaux de la Vanoise et des Écrins et leur équipement pour le ski d'été
Authors: Laslaz Lionel
Published: July 2019

The glaciers were the object, as territories of hunting, mountain pastures or grounds potentially équipables for ski resorts, of long discussions between the local, carrier actors of the projects of winter sports resorts and representatives of the State, in charge of the national parks. Indeed, their creation coincides with the development of the summer ski, practical considered in this time as a guarantee of a strong economic development and which justified exclusion of some glaciers from central areas of national parks. This study is more particularly interested in the glaciers situated around national parks of Vanoise (Savoy) and Ecrins (for its Isere part) : glaciers of Pisaillas (resort of Val d'Isère), of La Grande Motte (resort of Tignes), of Chiaupe and Bellecôte (resort of La Plagne), of Péclet and Chavière (resort of Val Thorens), of Girose (resort of La Grave) and of Mont-de-Lans (resort of Les Deux Alpes). They represent, with the glacier of Sarenne in L'Alpe d'Huez, the main part of the glaciers who were skied from the 1960s to 1990s, since less numerous. Their strong recession since the end of 1980s makes this activity very vulnerable and forces resorts wishing to continue it to make heavy arrangements and devices of saving. These last ones are mainly justified by questions of prestige and uniqueness of the tourist offer. Through the study of equipments for the summer ski, it is relations between winter sports resorts and policies of protection that are questioned, as well during their implementation as more recently.
Cartozonage : de la carte au zonage du risque avalanche
Authors: Lambert Richard
Published: July 2019

Cartographie et zonage représentent un enjeu actuel, essentiel pour la gestion spatiale du risque avalanche. Or ils sont étroitement liés dans leur recherche, leur évaluation et leur représentation graphique. La méthode concrète proposée ici repose sur 25 ans de pratique de l 'expertise, et sur un constat : les documents Risques ont été souvent mis en défaut par des avalanches majeures mal prises en compte sur les cartes. La technique consiste à analyser un site donné, en additionnant les différents éléments repérés, puis de les présenter sur un seul document de synthèse final. Les expertises sont réalisées par une équipe pluridisciplinaire .

Sur un site urbanisé de montagne, exposé à de grandes avalanches (Vallée de Chamonix), la démarche a été expérimentée et a permis de proposer un zonage du risque en 4 zones.

L 'intérêt de la méthode est de livrer aux responsables (élus, services de l 'Etat) un produit facilement exploitable et mis en œuvre rapidement : cartes d 'avalanches, cartes d 'aléas et zonage réglementaire sont acquis successivement et présentés ensemble, offrant ainsi une meilleure traçabilité des différentes analyses.
Les paléo-karsts hydrothermaux à remplissage de sulfures du district de Touissit-Bou Beker (Maroc nord oriental) : origine(s) et implication(s)
Authors: Bouabdellah Mohamed
Published: July 2019

Les minéralisations Pb-Zn de type Mississippi Valley du district de Touissit-Bou Beker (Maroc Nord oriental) se présentent sous forme de remplissage d'un réseau interconnecté de paléo-karsts hydrothermaux et de brèches d'effondrement. Les études géologiques montrent que les dolomies encaissantes ont subi les effets de trois phases de dissolution, dont une phase majeure reliée à la circulation des fluides minéralisateurs. Les structures de dissolution qui en résultent se distinguent les unes des autres aussi bien par leur distribution spatiale que par la nature de leurs produits de remplissage.

Les paléo-dolines relevant de la première phase de dissolution présentent des shales de teinte vert noirâtre interprétés comme des paléosols. En revanche, les structures issues de la phase de dissolution majeure montrent des produits de remplissage constitués de dolomite en selle, de sulfures et de pyrobitumes, reliés à la circulation des hydrothermaux (saumures bassinales) libérés au cours de l 'enfouissement profond. Enfin, la troisième phase de dissolution a conduit à l 'enrichissement du minerai primaire et au développement des karsts verticaux modernes (mérokarsts) et aux zones de collapse.
La nature des fluides hydrothermaux des tourmalinites du massif granitique permien du Ment (Maroc central). Couplage de la minéralogie des tourmalines et de l'étude des inclusions fluides
Authors: Bouabdellah Mohamed , Marignac Christian
Published: July 2019

The Permian Ment massif is famous for its hydrothermal alterations. The massif comprises a main intrusion of biotite granodiorite and several minor peraluminous granite plutons, both affected by the whole spectrum of alterations. In addition, the surrounding Namurian-Westphalian flyschs display huge bodies of massive tourmalinites.

Two alteration styles are recognized : (i) early quartz-stable associations (greisens, quartz-tourmalinites) developed at ca. 500 °C and 50 MPa from C02-rich C-O-H-N fluids, and (ii) later quartz-unstable assemblages (muscovitites, tourmalinites).

Late stage hydrothermalism was studied combining a classical microthermometric fluid inclusion study and a detailed mineralogi-cal study of zoned tourmaline crystals (SEM, electron microprobe). Late tourmalinisation occurred in a high enthalpy geothermal system at low pressure and high temperature (ca. 400 ° to 200 °C, 30 to 10 MPa), and was driven by mixing processes between threee hydrothermal end-members : a magmatic fluid, a fluid derived from the metamorphic surrounding rocks and a surficial fluid infiltered at various depths in the granite masses and experiencing re-equilibration with the granite rocks. Mixing proportions were extremely variable in time and space, being controlled by episodic tectonic activity.
Les gares ferroviaires, un patrimoine thermal à part entière. Le cas de l'Auvergne et des Pyrénées occidentales
Authors: Desmichel Pascal
Published: July 2019

Railway is strongly linked with the history of many spa resorts. Railway has often been a necessary condition for the growth of resorts, or for their decline if they aren 't well served enough. The stations, as the main gateways for travellers into the resorts, are also significant masterpieces of hydrothermal architecture, just like bathes, luxury hotels or casino.

The inventory and the study of this heritage show the importance of these architectural features.

Pyrenees and French Massif Central are great hydrothermal areas and a rich heritage lies in these resorts. This paper aims to des¬ cribe the current status of these stations : are they actually protected as places of historic interest ? What happens when the railway company stops to operate the line and to serve the station ? Are they now closed, deserted, or have they turned to other functions ? Do they still take an eminent part in the spa resorts functioning ?
Les espaces protégés de plaine alluviale dans les nouveaux Lânder. De l'endiguement à la renaturation (del a Wildnis au Kulturlanschaft)
Authors: Deshaies Michel
Published: July 2019

In Germany all the protected areas of alluvial plains are in the new Lander, where after Reunification two biosphere reserves were created along the rivers Elbe and Spree as well as a national park along the lower Oder river. For a long time these landscapes were substantially transformed by hydraulic works to protect against flood risks, to convert to new agricultural lands or to make rivers navigable for large canal-boats. Measures for the protection of nature leading to the maintenance or developments of flood areas are unequally constrain, being a function of their status as protected areas. This conflicts with some forms of agricultural and touristic exploitation as well as with the need to maintain the rivers Elbe and Oder as great waterways. In the Spreewald the protection of nature comes into conflict with the great development of the touristic activities, whereas in the national park of the lower Oder river, there is a conflict between the pressure to enhance nature and the needs of agriculture and navigation.
Les Abruzzes, «région des parcs». Coopération et consensus dans la naissance et le développement du plus important système italien d'espaces protégés
Authors: Piccioni Luigi
Published: July 2019

Nel ventennio 1971-1991 le aree protette dell' Abruzzo passano da 1 a 31 e la superfice tutelata passa da meno di 30000 ettari a oltre 300000. Questo processo, già in sé straordinario a causa del fitto popolamento della montagna abruzzese e della prossimità dei grandi bacini turistici di Roma e Napoli, si caratterizza per la centralità delle iniziative dal basso e per un elevato consenso sociale, nelle aree urbane ma anche nei territori soggetti a tutela o che vengono proposti per ospitare delle nuove aree protette. Il saggio ricostruisce le dinamiche politico-culturali che sono state alla base della creazione del più ampio e organico sistema di aree protette d'Italia.
Document d'objectifs et gestion d'un site Natura 2000 fragmenté. Les Vallons Obscurs de Nice
Authors: Tibaut Aurélie , Amat Jean-Paul
Published: July 2019

Le site Natura 2000 «Vallons Obscurs de Nice» rassemble, sur 450 ha, onze fragments de vallons localisés dans les collines niçoises. La richesse floristique et faunistique de ces lieux petits, sombres et frais, est unique aux échelles régionale et nationale. Les finages des huit communes qui se partagent le site appartiennent pour partie aux franges multifonctionnelles de l'agglomération niçoise. Aux terroirs ruraux et périurbains de deux AOC s'ajoutent des espaces protégés qui font face aux pressions de l'urbanisation et de nombreuses activités économiques, dont celles des loisirs, avec la pêche et la chasse. La gestion d'un tel site impose de répondre à des exigences centrifuges, celles du développement des infrastructures viaires, de l'extension du tissu urbain, du renforcement des activités économiques, tout en veillant à ne pas pénaliser les agriculteurs et à préserver la richesse naturelle protégée. Dans ce contexte, le morcellement communal du site suscite plus la cacophonie que la polyphonie des discours politiques locaux. Malgré ces contraintes, la Communauté d'Agglomération Nice Côte d'Azur (CANCA), opérateur du site, a réussi, en quatre ans, à mettre en place le DOCOB (DOCument d'OBjectif), grâce à une étroite collaboration avec tous les acteurs et utilisateurs du site, de nombreuses études de terrain à toutes échelles, des contacts auprès des habitants et des utilisateurs, et des débats souvent passionnés. Le choix de la communauté d'agglomération comme opérateur simplifia les relations entre les entités politiques, juridiques et décisionnelles. Pour autant, au-delà de ses projets d'actions, la communauté a-t-elle les moyens de prendre les décisions ?
Port Cros. Extension problématique d'un Parc National emblématique
Authors: Daligaux Jacques , Minvielle Paul , Consales Jean-Noël
Published: July 2019

The 2006 Law reforms the status, spatial organization and functioning of National Parks. The Law is aimed at favouring their social and political acceptance, and is therefore geared at giving new impetus to the creation of parks that has stagnated for the past thirty years. However, communes are turning out to be higly circumspect of a law that appears, at first sight, to be extremely attractive, but of which they lack a grasp of the possible consequences in terms of government, territorial organization, socio-economic implications and environmental advantages. The case of Port-Cros National Park illustrates the difficulties encountered by the State in engaging in a venture, new to her, of decentralized and participatory protection.
Extension des espaces protégés et développement des activités informelles en période de crise. L'exemple de la mine artisanale à Madagascar
Authors: Canavésio Rémy
Published: July 2019

La crise politique de l'année 2009 vient rappeler aux malgaches la fragilité de leurs institutions. Cette période de trouble est le dernier épisode d'une crise structurelle débutée à la fin des années 1970. Les répercussions économiques et sociales sont lourdes : appauvrissement de la population, développement des migrations de survie, explosion du secteur informel. Parallèlement, sous la pression des bailleurs internationaux, le pays s 'est engagé dans un vaste programme d'extension des espaces protégés. Avant même que la crise multi-factorielle actuelle ne vienne réduire les budgets disponibles à la réalisation de ce projet, le financement insuffisant des espaces protégés malgaches était à l'origine de nombreux dysfonctionnements. En effet, au cours de la dernière décennie, la corruption du personnel chargé de veiller à l'intégrité des espaces protégés a permis le développement des activités informelles dans un grand nombre de réserves et Parcs nationaux. Ces mécanismes contre-productifs sont fréquemment observés dans les régions dont le sous-sol est riche en or et en pierres précieuses (développement de la mine artisanale). On peut dès lors se demander si l'extension prévue des espaces protégés ne risque pas d'aggraver la situation. Alors que le nombre de conflits est amené à augmenter, la question du financement de ces espaces va devenir de plus en plus aiguë. Par ailleurs, les populations traditionnelles déstabilisées par ce programme n 'ont souvent d'autres alternatives que de se tourner à leur tour vers le secteur informel. Elles pourraient donc contribuer à accroître la pression sur les espaces sensibles du pays.
La gestion publique de la nature littorale en quête de légitimité ? L'exemple du Conservatoire du Littoral sur les rivages guyanais
Authors: Barthon Céline , Andreu-Boussut Vincent , Tsayem-Demaze Moïse
Published: July 2019

Cet article s 'attache à restituer les principaux résultats d'une recherche financée en 2007-2009 dans le cadre d'un programme interdisciplinaire du CNRS dédié à l'ingénierie écologique. Si la démarche s 'est intéressée à la gestion de la nature sur les littoraux français, ce texte se focalise sur l'action du Conservatoire du Littoral en Guyane française et fournit ainsi l'occasion d'observer et de comprendre comment un outil d'intervention foncière -une agence publique en charge de la protection des littoraux en métropole comme en outre-mer -conçu et calibré pour le contexte métropolitain dans les années 1960-70 voit ses mobiles et formes d'action perpétuellement adaptés pour répondre aux exigences de contextes locaux très différentes de celles de la métropole. Incarnant depuis sa création en 1975 une réussite incontestable de la part de l'Etat dans la lutte contre l'urbanisation, il reste cependant difficile d'évaluer les effets du système inédit d'intervention et de gestion de la nature initié par le Conservatoire. A la fois top-down et bottom-up, ce système propose en amont de négocier les acquisitions avec les élus locaux et en aval d'en confier la gestion et la valorisation aux acteurs locaux, garantissant une légitimité sociale de la protection des espaces acquis. Dans un contexte de retrait de l'Etat, de revendications identitaires et politiques particulièrement affirmées et d'enjeux environnementaux se hissant à l'échelle internationale, l 'efficacité et la légitimité d'intervention du Conservatoire sont parfois mises à mal, même si cette dernière reste garantie par la règle juridique. Afin de mettre en œuvre sa stratégie à l 'horizon 2050, l 'agence publique témoigne d'un grand pragmatisme et d'une réelle capacité à faire perdurer le système, même si les liens avec les acteurs locaux sont loin d'être toujours pérennes. L'analyse des plans de gestion (lorsqu 'ils existent) et de valorisation, des discours de l'ensemble des acteurs en présence révèle la construction d'une gouvernance des aires protégées pour lesquelles le projet de protection s'inscrit dans une démarche plus globale de développement. Pour renforcer la légitimité sociale de la protection de la nature, les sites sont ainsi systématiquement proposés comme des espaces publics où les pratiques écotouristiques sont fortement mobilisées et promues. Reste à savoir si le modèle de développement proposé participe d'un développement durable du territoire guyanais.
Expresiones territoriales y urbanización popular en la posconvertibilidad.
Authors: Martinelli Viviane
Published: July 2019

Se sostiene que con los importantes cambios políticos y económicos que tuvo la Argentina con el fin de la convertibilidad se pueden observar expresiones territoriales en el Conurbano bonaerense frente a las reconfiguraciones sociales de las diferentes clases, en especial de los sectores populares. El artículo propone una contribución al campo de los estudios urbanos y buscará aportar a la comprensión del proceso de urbanización popular en la posconvertibilidad, identificando algunas características territoriales del Conurbano en este periodo. Se trata de un primer avance de un proyecto de investigación de tesis doctoral que tiene como uno de los objetivos construir una amplia mirada sobre la realidad y las dimensiones socio-espaciales y socio-urbanas de esos territorios y su relación con el espacio metropolitano.
Obraz roli babci i dziadka we współczesnej literaturze dziecięcej
Authors: Zbierzchowska Alicja
Published: July 2019

This article presents the results of a study on the image of seniors as grandparents in children`s books. The research was conducted using a method of searching for secondary sources. The main research problem was how grandparents are presented in a contemporary literature for children? Popular children`s books (including picture books) showing seniors in the role of grandparents were published in Poland in the 21th century. These books also created an purposive research sample as vell. In the introduction the author describes the changes in the realization of the roles of grandparents in a modern family. Next, she presentes the importance of books for children in creating the image of the family as well as the women and men’s role. The main part of the article is to present results of qualitative analysis – 5 models of the image of grandparents which includes: situations which show grandparents, activities performed by them and their relationship with the child. This research shows that the selected children`s books present only a positive image of women and men in the role of grandparents. A common topic is the problem of old people dying. The role of both grandmothers and grandfathers have been show as stereotypical as well as modern, too. The adopted grandmother/grandfather model proved to be particularly popular.
Zasady sądowego postępowania wykonawczego w sprawach rodzinnych i opiekuńczych w oddziaływaniu resocjalizacyjnym
Authors: Jakimiec Daniel
Published: July 2019

In the Polish system of the adjective law lack of separate laws and regulations governing the executory proceedings in family and guardianship matters. Legislator being driven by an affection of legislative economics in the comprehensive way regulated only a process. Defining the executory proceedings in family and guardianship matters it is possible to state that it constitutes the stage of judicial proceedings about consequent character towards reconnaissance proceedings. The executory proceedings means all proceedings aiming at the execution of the decision. It is being led in matters from the scope of the parental responsibility, incapacitated persons and persons addicted to alcohol obliged to the surrender for detox treatment, whereas a help and a protection granted the participant in these proceedings are his object and for his family. This one help is bringing itself about for reconstituting, that is restoring the family member in functioning of socially accepted values, that is for his rehabilitation.
Socioeconomic and Environment Conditions
and Diarrheal Disease Among Children in Pakistan
Authors: Ashraf Toor Imran , Sabihuddin Butt Muhammad
Published: July 2019

Diarrheal disease poses mortality and morbidity risks to infants and young children. Based on losses in terms of disability-adjusted life years, the World Development Report (1993) estimates that diarrheal disease is the third most burdensome illness among children in the 1 to 5 years age bracket. Using 1990 data, Murray and Lopez (1994) estimated that about 3 million children die every year due to diarrheal disease. Severity of diarrheal illness and alternative interventions are necessary inputs into the government’s decision-making. However, there is currently much uncertainty about the most appropriate policies in the context of low-income environments such as Pakistan. The debate could be described in terms of efficacy of economic/behavioural or environment/infrastructure. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic and environment determinants of diarrheal disease for children in Paksitan. The diarrheal determinants equation was estimated by logistic techniques. Diarrheal illness jointly with defensive behaviour was estimated from the reduced form to fully capture the relationship between defensive actions and illness. Such an endeavour will provide decision makers and policy analysts information to formulate policy design for the necessary interventions and respective investment plans for the alleviation of dairrheal disease among children, depending upon the relative contribution of socioeconomic and enviromental factors. For the specific case of Pakistan, socioeconomic development strategies do not necessarily gaurantee lowering the incidence of diarrhea, particularly among children below five years of age, unless supported by environmental interventions.
Pakistan’s Health Care Under Structural Adjustment
Authors: Gera Nina
Published: July 2019

The health sector in Pakistan is replete with multifarious problems. It is not responding to the needs of the masses in a way that would provide high-quality care to all in need. Despite the announcements our governments make about health care each year, it limits people’s life chances. That international financial institutions claim that state subsidies to health care create undesirable ‘ market distortions’ that benefit the rich is another contradiction faced by the health sector. In the name of greater equity and efficiency, they argue that users of primary health care services should pay user fees, even if they are from the impoverished class. These institutions have provided structural adjustment loans to remove short-term problems. This lending has not contributed to the improvement of health facilities. The state has significantly withdrawn itself from health matters: it only spent 0.7 % of GDP in 2000. According to the 1995-96 PIHS the private sector controls 80% of the health care provisions in Pakistan. Ongoing privatisation of hospitals is likely to strengthen the private sector further. In sum, the neo liberal medicine is not having the desired effect on the health status of the population
Health Demand and Outcomes in Pakistan
Authors: Ashraf Toor Imran , Sabihuddin Butt Muhammad
Published: July 2019

For the provision of better social services, the health sector has been
an important part of national strategy for reducing poverty and income
disparities among different income groups in Pakistan. The distribution of
access to and use of health among households has been a long-standing
concern among policy makers. In this study, government health expenditure
is treated as a fixed factor that influences household health behaviour,
conditional on such factors as household income, education, and family
size. The results of the study suggest that government health expenditure is
associated with higher use of both preventive and curative health services
by children. The results also indicate that increased government
expenditure is actually associated with lower use of health services by the
children of the poor, although this negative association is generally weak.
However, if increased government spending improves health care
opportunities for the nonpoor more than for the poor, the total effect of
government spending on the health outcomes of the poor could be less even
though they have a higher marginal product of health care inputs.
Comparative Systematic Risk Analysis: Evidence on the
Banking Sector in the United States, Western Europe
and South East Asia
Authors: Mirza Nawazishv , Danny Simatupang Daniel
Published: July 2019

The basis for asset pricing in financial markets was provided by
Bachelier (1900) in his magnificent dissertation “Théorie de la Spéculation”
submitted at Sorbonne (Université de Paris). Although from today’s
perspective, the mathematics and economics he applied were flawed, yet the
great genius, Markowitz, declares this early work as an inspiration for his
own classical paper of “Portfolio Selection”. The risk return relationship has
always been a debatable issue in financial theory. “Portfolio Selection” came
up with a meaningful measure of quantifying the risk associated with
investment; the variance of returns. The equilibrium model of Capital Asset
Pricing (CAPM) (Sharpe 1964, Lintner 1965, Mossin 1966) further classified
the risk as relevant and irrelevant risk. According to the CAPM, the relevant
risk is the systematic risk or non diversifiable risk. The systematic risk is the
volatility of returns of a particular stock to the market returns.
Measuring the Underground Economy and
its Impact on the Economy of Pakistan
Authors: Yasmin Bushra , Rauf Hira
Published: July 2019

This study focuses on the measurement of the underground economy
(UGE) through tax evasion in Pakistan over the time period 1974-2002. The
monetary approach is applied in order to estimate the underground economy.
First, the currency demand equation is estimated and then an attempt is
made to deduce the size of the underground economy and tax evasion. Finally,
an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Model is applied in order to estimate the
impact of the underground economy on Gross Domestic Product of Pakistan
for a selected time period. The results demonstrated that the underground
economy has increased enormously from Rs. 12 billion in 1974 to Rs. 1085
billion in 2002. The findings suggest that the existence of such a large UGE
can decrease tax revenues, depress GDP, and raise socio-economic problems.
Frequent tax audits and heavier penalties for tax evasion may minimise the
size of the underground economy with its ill effects.
Tariffs, Trade and Economic Growth in a Model with Institutional Quality
Authors: Chaudhry Azam
Published: July 2019

This article shows how institutional quality can affect the relationship between trade and growth. Our model looks at an economy in which the export sector is a high-innovation sector. In this economy, a government that is politically threatened by innovation can use its tariff policy to block innovation and increase domestic revenues. In this case, higher tariffs reduce economic growth and the government faces a tradeoff: It can either (i) raise tariffs, collect greater rents, and increase stability; or (ii) it can reduce tariffs and increase long-run growth and instability. When the quality of a country’s institutions are reflected in the costs of increasing tariffs, it can be shown that countries with strong institutions gain more (in terms of growth) from trade than countries with weak institutions, due to the effect of institutions on trade policy. It is also possible to show that the quality of institutions in one country can spill over into another by affecting its trading partner’s growth rate of income. However, these results are reversed in the case where a country has a highly innovative domestic sector—this explains the tariff-growth paradox in which countries experience higher growth with higher tariffs in earlier stages of development, but higher growth with lower tariffs in later stages of development.
Simulation Planting Pattern (Palawija) Based on Potential Water Availability in Kweel Village, Elikobel Distric, Merauke
Authors: Mekiuw Yosehi , Wahida Wahida
Published: July 2019

Agriculture is one of the sectors that play a role in deciding the rural poverty chain. Agriculture is a productive sector for rural communities in increasing household incomes through cultivation of crops and livestock. The purpose of this study is to plan, establish or simulate appropriate planting pattern based on the potential availability of water resources and land, so that the production or productivity of plants and land can be obtained optimally and can improve the rural economy. The method used in this research is descriptive analytic method. Based on the results obtained that the potential of available water resources in Kampung Kweel is able to be used as an irrigation water source in both monoculture and polyculture (tumpangsari).
Aplications of Liquid Organic Fertilizer From Agricultural Waste in Wati Plants (Piper methysticum Forst).
Authors: Wahida Wahida , Susanti Diana Sri
Published: July 2019

Custom reflects the personality and soul of a society or nation, is hereditary and contains belief values â€‹â€‹in it. The Wati plant (Piper methysticum Forst) is one of the parts or tools used in a Marind tribal in Merauke Regency. As part of custom, it is necessary to develop so that the custom can be maintained. Therefore, most to find simple propagation and cultivation techniques of Wati plants and later can be applied to the community. This study aim to analyze the utilization of agricultural waste into liquid fertilizer which is applied to wati plants. The metode of study with randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments, is P0 (2 l of water) as a control, P1 (10 mL), P2 (20 mL), P3 (30 mL), and P4 (40 mL). Each treatment was repeated as many as five times, so that 25 experimental units. The parameters observed were the content of N, K, and P2O5, from agricultural waste, stem diameter, number of leaves and stem length. The results showed that the N and P2O5 contents were low, whereas K had met the minimum technical requirements for POC. The results of the POC application showed that the best growth of wati plant seeds for plant height and number of leaves with a dose of 40 mL/L water.