bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS, M AND T, OF MATT AND GLOSSY VARIANTS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. Two qualitatively different type-specific antigens, designated M and T, have been found present in matt variants of group A hemolytic streptococci, but only one of these, the T antigen, occurs in the degraded glossy variant.

2. The protein nature of the M antigen, present in matt variants only, has been demonstrated in previous work, but the chemical characteristics of the newly recognized antigenic factor, T, present in both variants, have not been determined. This T factor is identified only by its immunological reactions. It is unknown whether the two type-specific antigenic factors, M and T, occur as separate chemical entities in the matt variant or in conjugation.

3. Antibody to the type-specific protein, M, appears responsible for the M precipitin reaction, for type-specific protection, and, as a rule, for part of the type-specific agglutination of matt variants, but in type 1 it does not cause agglutination.

4. Antibody to the second type-specific antigen, T, seems to be solely responsible for type-specific agglutination of the glossy form and to play a large rôle in type-specific agglutination of the matt form, but apparently it is not involved in protection. This T antibody causes all of the type-specific agglutination of type 1. Consequently, type 1 matt and glossy variants agglutinate and absorb agglutinin alike, and antisera to both are identical in content of type-specific agglutinin though they differ in respect to M antibody.

5. Recognition of the principle underlying type-specific agglutination of glossy variants makes it possible to suggest, with certain reservations, the use of glossy variants for type classification by agglutination. These variants are suitable for preparing type-specific agglutinating antisera, and they form stable suspensions for use in the reaction. Improved methods are needed for deriving glossy from matt variants.
ON GROUP SPECIFIC A SUBSTANCES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Harte R. A.
Published: June 2004

An investigation is presented on the A substance contained in swine stomach. Preparations made by several procedures, and largely consisting of carbohydrates, were found by means of the ninhydrin method of Van Slyke and his colleagues to contain amino acids accounting for the bulk of the non-hexosamine nitrogen.

As a working hypothesis the idea is advanced that amino acid structures can play a rôle in the serological specificity of haptens consisting predominantly of polysaccharides.
PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND THE RESTORATION OF LOST ORGAN TISSUE
Authors: Addis T. , Lew W.
Published: June 2004

1. At all levels of immediate protein consumption, from almost none to excessive amounts, the degree of growth of the single kidney, suprarenal, and ovary left after removal of one of each of these organs is the same up to 5 days after the operation.

2. On a 1 per cent protein diet there is no growth of the remaining organs after the first 5 days.

3. On diets containing from 10 per cent to 57 per cent of protein there is no definite relation between the level of protein consumption and the rate and degree of growth from 5 to 40 days after the operation.

4. When rats are given a 1 per cent protein diet for 10 days before the operation a continuation of this diet reduces the initial growth of the remaining organs and leads to a cessation of growth after the first 2 days.
AN HETEROPHILE FACTOR IN RAGWEED POLLEN
Authors: Sammis F. Eastty
Published: June 2004

1. There is serological evidence that ragweed pollen antigen contains a factor which causes an increased hemolysin titre for sheep cells, when injected into rabbits.

2. It remains questionable whether the antigen absorbs normal rabbit hemolysins. It does, however, absorb anti-ragweed hemolysins, as demonstrated by hemolysis inhibition test.

3. Dilution and lyophilization (Mudd-Flosdorf method) of antigen-antibody mixture shows that one hemolytic unit of anti-ragweed rabbit serum combines with 0.00007 mg. of low ragweed total N. There were three zones of inhibition of hemolysis demonstrated.

4. The immune hemolysins are completely absorbed by sheep cells and by Forssman antigen, but not by human cells of groups A or B.

5. Although Forssman antigen was able to absorb anti-ragweed hemolysin, the ragweed antigen was not able to absorb Forssman antibody.

6. Human ragweed sensitive sera from 22 cases with hay fever, before treatment, did not show increased titre of heat-labile or heat-stable hemolysin. There was no change after treatment.

7. Among the human cases there were encountered blood groups A, B, and O. Heat-labile hemolysins for sheep cells were present in nineteen of the twenty-two sera regardless of blood groups.
A TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENIC PROTEIN DERIVED FROM THE STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Authors: Verwey W. F.
Published: June 2004

Chemical extraction of lyophilized and ground staphylococci of type A has yielded a type-specific, antigenic fraction which has been shown to be protein. In precipitin tests this fraction reacts in high dilution with homologous immune sera prepared by the injection of animals either with the whole organisms or with the protein itself. Reactions with sera prepared against heterologous types of staphylococci occur only in low dilutions. The type specificity of this fraction has been found to be entirely independent of that of the type-specific carbohydrate described by Julianelle and Wieghard.
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION STUDIES OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Pickels Edward G. , Bauer Johannes H.
Published: June 2004

1. It was possible to study in the ultracentrifuge by optical methods the behavior of yellow fever virus particles directly in the unaltered serum from infected monkeys.

2. The virus showed an extremely high light absorption in the spectral range of 320 to 440 mµ, which seemed to be its intrinsic property. In a 1 cm. thickness of fluid, the small amount of virus present in unaltered infective serum absorbed about as much light (approximately 25 per cent) in the middle of this range as did all the normal serum proteins present in a combined concentration some 1000 times as great.

3. The concentration of virus in the unaltered serum was found to be of the order of 0.00005 gm. per cc. 1 cc. of a 10–9 dilution, which, as has been shown, may constitute a minimal infective dose for monkeys, would contain approximately 10,000 virus particles. The probability that most of the virus particles were in the inactive form is discussed.

4. In infective serum having a viscosity of 14 millipoises, the particles sediment with a blurred boundary at rates lying between approximately 18 and 30 x 10–13 cm./sec./dyne. Evidence indicates that this spread is the result of an aggregation or association phenomenon.

5. Computations of size are in approximate agreement with those made from ultrafiltration studies. On the assumption that the density of the virus particle is near that of protein, its volume is computed to be at least that of a spherical particle having a diameter of 12 mµ. An assumed density of 1.15 gm. per cc. yields a diameter of 19 mµ, considering the shape as spherical.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

The results of chemical analyses reveal that it is possible to secure preparations of elementary bodies of vaccinia that possess a considerable uniformity in their chemical constituents. Furthermore, the amounts of certain of these constituents, namely, nitrogen, alpha-amino nitrogen after hydrolysis, phosphorus, total fat, phospholipid, neutral fat, reducing sugar after hydrolysis, and cystine, in the purified virus are significantly different from those in the various materials discarded during the process of purification.

The amounts of phospholipid and neutral fat in the virus preparations are not appreciably affected by extraction with ethyl ether or by digestion with lipase, procedures which do not inactivate the virus. Cholesterol, on the contrary, is apparently completely removed by these manipulations, and hence is not considered to play an important part in the economy of the virus.
I. POLIOMYELITIC VIRUS IN HUMAN STOOLS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. , Vignec Alfred J.
Published: June 2004

1. The detection of the virus of poliomyelitis in 10 stools from 8 individuals is reported. All were in relation to epidemic poliomyelitis and 7 of them represented well recognized forms of the disease. The positive stools were distributed among 56 specimens collected from 53 persons in the first 4 weeks of illness.

2. The ease of detection of virus was directly related to the non-paralytic type of disease and inversely related to the age of the patients.

3. The negative results with stools employed for controls gives point to the use of the fecal examinations as an epidemiological tool.

4. The stability of the virus in feces has been demonstrated by successful mailing of samples over long distances and during the heat of summer.

5. At least one infective dose per gram of fecal material was extracted from one stool.
II. POLIOMYELITIC VIRUS IN URBAN SEWAGE
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D. , Gard Sven
Published: June 2004

In two out of three large urban epidemics of poliomyelitis the virus of this disease has been detected in samples of sewage. From one of the sites it was found repeatedly. Both positive sites were located in the vicinity of isolation hospitals, and we believe that the findings indicate that this virus can be transported, for short distances at least, through the medium of flowing sewage.
THE ACTIVATING, TRANSFORMING, AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE) UPON IMPLANTED TAR TUMORS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

The effects of the rabbit papilloma virus upon tar tumor tissue are widely various, as the present paper and previous ones attest. It enables some of the benign tar tumors of domestic rabbits (papillomas, carcinomatoids) to establish themselves after implantation,—which they are unable to do under ordinary circumstances, being dependent upon favoring factors; and it may drive them to active proliferation without altering their morphology. Some growths it fails to influence and some it converts into virus papillomas. Often, however, it brings about cytological changes which are indicative of a combination of its influence with that of the undetermined factor motivating the original tumor. The resulting neoplasm exhibits a blend of characteristics.

The virus makes some benign tar tumors become cancerous forthwith, the malignancy developing without intermediate virus papillomatosis. It can be readily imposed upon some of the squamous cell carcinomas which tar elicits in its natural host, the cottontail rabbit, and it may drive such tumors to proliferate faster, or alter them morphologically, or do both. Its stimulating effect is especially pronounced in the case of those tar cancers that are slow-growing.

Since the virus can influence tar cancers markedly, one can scarcely suppose it to be devoid of effect upon the cancers of the same type which derive from the papillomas it has itself engendered. Other implications of the work are discussed.
A DWARF MUTATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

An hereditary type of dwarfism in the rabbit has been described. In contrast to the dwarfs described in other animals, this type is evident at birth and conforms to the classification, nannosomia primordialis, as used in human pathology. In homozygous form the variation is lethal and produces a miniature individual approximately one-third the size of its normal sibs. Heterozygous animals are approximately two-thirds the size of normal sibs at birth and never attain an equal stature.

The expression of the variation is modified by genetic factors carried by a line of cretinoid animals and, rarely, dwarfs derived from crosses with this line survive for 1 to 2 months. The striking changes in such survivors are hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the acidophilic cells of the pituitary and atrophy of the gonads. Such changes are not present in ordinary dwarfs and it is concluded that the acidophilic hyperplasia represents the influence of the modifying factors of the cretinoid line and supplies the growth hormone responsible for survival. The gonadotropic hormone is not supplied by the secretory activity of these cells and as a result the gonads atrophy.

The evidence at hand indicates that the primary effect of the dwarfing gene is an inhibition of the secretory functions of the pituitary. In homozygous individuals, the inhibition is complete and the variation is expressed as a lethal dwarf. In heterozygous animals, the function of the organ is altered, producing an undersized individual. The modifying factors of the cretinoid line act either to partially remove the inhibition or to alter the constitution of the animal so that life is possible for a short period without the full complement of pituitary hormones.
THE ACTION OF RENIN ON RABBITS WITH RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Taggart John , Drury D. R.
Published: June 2004

Our results lead us to believe that renin in the form in which it is extracted from the kidney cannot be the agent causing chronic renal hypertension.

The reasons against accepting renin as the pressor substance responsible for the hypertension of renal ischemia may be summed up as follows:—

1. The high blood pressure levels of renal ischemia cannot be approximated by any constant injection of renin that will maintain a sustained increase in normal animals.

2. The ratio of size of response to size of dose becomes progressively less as the amount of the dose is increased. If the hypertension of renal ischemia were due to a large elaboration of renin in the body, a small dose injected would be expected to have much less effect than in a normal individual. This is not the case; the response of the hypertensive animal to a given dose of renin is the same. Also animals with increased blood pressure due to a constant infusion of renin respond differently qualitatively and quantitatively to renin than do animals hypertensive from renal ischemia.

3. Since renin exhibits the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis one cannot explain the sustained hypertension of renal ischemia as due to a substance toward which the body becomes refractory as more and more of it is given. If tolerance results from the presence in the renin preparation of an antagonistic contaminant which persists longer in the body than the pressor agent, renal hypertension is definitely not caused by renin. This follows from our observations that rabbits hypertensive from renal ischemia, and in which tolerance is produced, maintain the blood pressure they had before injection of any renin.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE
Authors: Theiler Max , Gard Sven
Published: June 2004

1. The two strains of virus named GD VII and FA, respectively, accidentally discovered during experiments with yellow fever, have been shown to be immunologically related to each other, as well as to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis.

2. Infection of the central nervous system can be produced with both strains by intracerebral, intranasal, or intraperitoneal inoculations. The cardinal symptom produced by the GD VII strain of virus by all three methods of inoculation is a flaccid paralysis of the limbs. The symptoms produced by the FA strain are referable to lesions of the brain when infection is produced by intracerebral and intranasal inoculation. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus, however, a flaccid paralysis is usually produced.

3. By the use of graded collodion membranes the particle size of the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis has been shown to be from 9 to 13 mµ

4. The stability of the virus at different hydrogen ion concentrations has been tested. It has been found that there are two optima of stability, one at about pH 8.0 and the other at pH 3.3.

5. The virus is readily inactivated at 37°C. by 1 per cent hydrogen peroxide.

6. Of organic solvents tested, ether had no action, whereas ethyl alcohol in 20 per cent concentration almost completely inactivated the virus after 45 minutes in the cold.

7. The virus can be precipitated by means of ammonium sulfate.

8. With increasing age mice acquire a relative resistance to the virus.

9. Immunity to a subsequent intracerebral inoculation can be produced by intraperitoneal, as well as intranasal, administrations of relatively large amounts of virus.

10. Mice infected by the intracerebral inoculation of a relatively avirulent virus acquire a high degree of immunity to a subsequent inoculation of a highly virulent strain.

11. The course of infection in mice following intracerebral, intranasal, and intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus has been studied.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE
Authors: Gard Sven
Published: June 2004

In a study of mouse encephalomyelitis the following observations were made:—

1. A definite relationship exists between the amount of virus inoculated intracerebrally and the length of the incubation period.

2. The reciprocal of the incubation period was found to be approximately proportionate to the logarithm of the amount of virus inoculated. The relationship can, therefore, be given a simple mathematical form.

3. This fact provides a basis for a new method for measurement of the activity of mouse encephalomyelitis virus.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SULFAPYRIDINE, NICOTINIC ACID, AND COENZYMES TO THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: West Randolph , Coburn Alvin F.
Published: June 2004

Our studies indicate that sulfapyridine modifies the normal metabolism of a bacterium.

Coenzymes inhibit the effect of sulfapyridine on the growth of staphylococcus in Knight's medium.

Nicotinic acid does not interfere with the action of sulfapyridine under the same conditions.

The possible relation of sulfapyridine, nicotinic acid, and coenzymes in relation to bacterial growth is discussed.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Lavin George I. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

It has been possible by means of classical chemical methods to isolate and to characterize to some extent the nucleic acid of elementary bodies of vaccinia.

Determination by means of diphenylamine reagent revealed that the major part of the nucleic acid was of the thymus type. This was further substantiated by its stability in the presence of ribonuclease, less than 10 per cent undergoing depolymerization during prolonged incubation at 37°C.

By the technique employed, at least 5.6 per cent of the virus was shown to be thymonucleic acid. This amount agreed favorably with the value calculated from the non-lipid organic phosphorus of elementary bodies on the assumption that the phosphorus bound in the organic form was derived principally from nucleic acid.
THE LIBERATION OF RENIN BY PERFUSION OF KIDNEYS FOLLOWING REDUCTION OF PULSE PRESSURE
Authors: Kohlstaedt K. G. , Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

1. Isolated dogs' kidneys have been perfused with defibrinated blood under hemodynamic conditions similar to those in the body. Under these circumstances blood flow, urine secretion, and oxygen consumption are well maintained, but urea clearance is low. Renal venous blood collected initially and at the end of 3 or more hours of perfusion exhibited no difference in vasoconstriction properties when perfused along with renin or renin-activator through an isolated rabbit's ear.

2. Reduction of pulse pressure by constricting the renal artery may be performed without reducing mean pressure significantly. Impairment of urea clearance and rate of urine secretion follow, and oxygen consumption is slightly reduced.

3. After an hour or more of perfusion with reduced pulse pressure, gradual rise in mean renal arterial pressure distal to the clamp and reduction of blood flow occur.

4. Renal venous blood collected after about one hour of perfusion with reduced pulse pressure differs from that collected before reduction of pulse pressure in that it causes intense vasoconstriction when perfused with renin-activator through an isolated rabbit's ear.

5. Perfusion of a dog's hind leg under similar circumstances does not cause this change in the venous blood to occur.
THE SYNERGISM OF HUMAN INFLUENZA AND CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUSES IN FERRETS
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: June 2004

The infections produced in ferrets by human influenza virus and canine distemper virus were studied. Cross immunity and cross neutralization tests showed that these two viruses were not related antigenically. Ferrets infected with influenza virus alone rapidly produced considerable quantities of neutralizing antibodies, and after the 6th day virus was not demonstrable in their lungs. Ferrets infected with both influenza and distemper viruses simultaneously produced but small amounts of neutralizing antibody, and influenza virus persisted in undiminished concentration in their lungs throughout the course of the infection.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Hamburger Morton , Robertson O. H.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the mode of origin of the secondary lesions occurring spontaneously during the course of experimental pneumococcus pneumonia in the dog. It was observed that the primary lesions of dogs exhibiting interlobar spread contained much more edema fluid than did those in which the inflammatory process remained confined to a single lobe. Furthermore, the sequence of spread from lobe to lobe in relation to the anatomical arrangement of the bronchi and the prone position of the animal was such as to suggest that secondary lobe involvement arose as a result of edematous pneumonic exudate flowing into the more dependent bronchial openings.

Experiments were undertaken to determine whether pneumococci are constantly being distributed throughout the lung in the experimental disease in varying degree yet produce secondary foci of consolidation only if the microorganisms reach the terminal airways and are retained there through some interference with the normal eliminatory mechanism. Attempts to produce secondary lesions in dogs with non-spreading single lobe involvement, by means of plugging a terminal bronchus of a normal lobe with starch paste or mucin were largely unsuccessful. In only three out of 19 instances did a lesion develop at the site of obstruction. An investigation was then made of the distribution of pneumococci in the lungs of dogs at the height of the pneumonia. In dogs with single lobe lesions pneumococci were recovered from the lesion itself but not from any other part of the peripheral lung tissue, whereas in animals showing spread to other lobes pneumococci were found to be distributed widely throughout the lung in both the apparently normal and the involved lobes. Some of the microscopic sections of the uninvolved parts of the lungs of dogs with metastatic lesions revealed small masses of pneumococcus-containing exudate in the smaller bronchi and terminal airways of otherwise normal tissue. This finding, in conjunction with the detection of beginning inflammatory changes in other areas normal in the gross, would seem to provide direct evidence of the manner in which pneumococci are transferred from the initial lesion to other lobes and highly presumptive evidence for the mode of origin of the secondary lesions.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Hamburger Morton
Published: June 2004

On the basis of earlier findings, which suggested that interlobar spread in experimental canine pneumonia was due to the flow of infected edematous exudate from the initially involved lobe to other parts of the lung by way of the air passages, an attempt was made to induce secondary lesions by means of the intrabronchial and intratracheal injection of fluid pneumonic exudate. Such exudate was aspirated from the lungs of dogs with rapidly evolving lesions and injected through a bronchoscope into other animals showing well localized monolobar involvement which is seldom associated with spread to other parts of the lung. The deposition of relatively small amounts of fluid exudate in the larger air passages 24 to 48 hours after the onset of the disease was followed regularly by the occurrence of secondary lesions provided the dog was maintained in a position favoring the flow of fluid into the depths of the lung. Lesions in the various lobes could be produced at will by arranging the position of the animals so that the injected fluid would be carried by gravity into the most dependent bronchial opening nearest the point at which the exudate was deposited. Pneumonia was produced by this means as readily in normal dogs as in those with infection already present. If, however, the dog was placed in a position unfavorable to the flow of fluid into the bronchi, infection did not occur. Likewise the injection of viscid pneumonic exudate, with the animal tilted at an angle most favorable for entrance into the lobe bronchi, did not result in pulmonary involvement. These artificially induced secondary lesions resembled in every way both macroscopically and microscopically those occurring spontaneously in the course of the experimental disease.
HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF FROG CARCINOMA; CHARACTER OF GROWTH IN THE EYES OF ALIEN SPECIES
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger H.
Published: June 2004

Transplantation into foreign hosts of the kidney carcinoma of leopard frogs has been investigated by grafting the tumor in the anterior chamber of two other species belonging to the same family of frogs (green frog, bullfrog), of a species from a different family (the toad), and of animals of different classes of cold-blooded vertebrates (goldfish, alligator). In the eyes of frogs of alien species, the kidney carcinoma became established as readily as in the eye of the natural host. In toads, the proportion of successful transplantation was slightly less. No progressive growth of transplanted tumor occurred in the fish or the reptile, although in fish characteristic tumor acini persisted and a few mitoses were to be found long after implantation. In the alligator the transplants deteriorated much more rapidly. Thus the success of transplantation into alien species decreased as the relationship to the original species became more distant.

An inflammatory reaction to the tumor graft appeared in the eye of reptiles and fish, but no such reaction occurred in amphibians.

The character and rate of growth of transplants were followed by continued direct examination with the microscope and were found to be practically the same in the eye of alien species as in the original species. Nor were differences in the finer structure of the tumor observed in the several species. The neoplastic cells retained their acinar arrangement, supported by stroma which developed quite as well from the tissues of alien hosts as from those of the natural host.

It was possible to engraft the tumor in the eye of the natural host, then to transplant it into the eye of another species, and finally to retransplant it in the original species. In this way the tumor has been propagated for 443 days.

A tissue culture of the tumor has been successfully transplanted into the eye of an alien host.

Thus these results demonstrate that, among cold-blooded vertebrates, the humors and tissues of the eye have a high degree of tolerance for foreign tumor grafts.
INFECTION OF GUINEA PIGS BY APPLICATION OF VIRUS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS TO THEIR NORMAL SKINS
Authors: Shaughnessy Howard J. , Zichis Joseph
Published: June 2004

As shown in Table I, 97 guinea pigs were used in this study. Fifty-seven were exposed by placing a virus suspension on their normal skins. Of this number, 34 had screw-top capsules attached to them. Thirteen were exposed by spreading the virus suspension on their feed and cage litter. Ten were inoculated intracerebrally to establish the potency of the virus. The remaining 17 were not exposed artificially to the virus and were employed as controls to detect cross infection.

Twenty-two guinea pigs, to which capsules were attached, died as a result of virus infection; 1 died of unknown causes and 11 survived without showing any clinical signs of the infection. Sixteen of the animals without the capsules died of virus infection and 7 did not become infected. The 10 guinea pigs that were inoculated intracerebrally became infected and died. None of the animals that were exposed by spreading the virus on the feed and the litter in the cages, or those used as unexposed controls, developed any clinical signs of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis.

It is realized that minute abrasions, not visible with a hand lens, may have been present in the skins of these guinea pigs. However, any condition of this nature would be a factor encountered in any normal skin.

In view of these facts, it is believed that these results indicate that the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis may infect guinea pigs through the normal, apparently intact, skin.
STUDIES OF A MURINE STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN COTTON RATS AND WHITE MICE
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Sanders Murray
Published: June 2004

1. A neurotropic murine virus was isolated by passing poliomyelitis virus (SK strain) from the monkey to cotton rats and white mice.

2. The murine virus has been grown in tissue culture consisting of embryonic mouse brain in ox serum ultrafiltrate.

3. The symptoms and lesions produced by the murine infection compare in all respects with those of poliomyelitis in monkey and man.

4. The murine virus, while highly pathogenic for mice and cotton rats, is non-pathogenic for albino rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. It possesses limited pathogenicity for rhesus monkeys.

5. Although producing no paralysis in the above mentioned refractory animals, the murine virus may be recovered in active form from neural and extraneural sites of infected albino rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys, but not from rabbits.

6. The identity of the murine and monkey virus is further suggested by cross-neutralization between the murine virus and homologous (SK) and related (Aycock) antipoliomyelitis sera, as well as between homologous and related monkey poliomyelitis virus and antimurine virus sera.

7. Immunization of monkeys with live murine virus, in the form of mouse brain or tissue culture, seems to confer some degree of resistance against subsequent infection with the homologous poliomyelitis monkey virus.

8. The presence of the murine virus in the central nervous system of infected monkeys appears to interfere with the propagation of SK and Aycock poliomyelitis monkey virus in the same animal.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Madden S. C. , Rowe A. P. , Turner A. P. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and a limited protein diet, with sustained anemia due to simple bleeding, we can study the capacity of each animal to produce new hemoglobin and plasma protein.

Some dogs can produce much hemoglobin and enough new plasma protein to maintain the plasma protein concentration at approximately a low normal level. It is probable that their plasma protein producing capacity is not fully extended (Table 2).

Other dogs (Table 5) can produce the same amount of hemoglobin but a hypoproteinemia develops and continues which should mean a maximal stimulus to produce new plasma protein. In such dogs we have strong stimuli to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and new plasma protein. The ratio of plasma protein to hemoglobin varies from 40 to 60 per cent.

The total new formed blood protein may amount to 30 to 40 per cent of the total diet protein intake which shows that some dogs have remarkable capacity to conserve and use diet protein.

In this emergency of simultaneous depletion of hemoglobin and plasma protein levels, the dog gives preference to hemoglobin manufacture no matter what one of the listed food proteins is tested.
UNION IN VITRO OF THE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AND ITS ANTIBODY
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that the rabbit papilloma virus elicits an antibody of one type only, this being capable both of neutralizing the virus and of fixing complement in mixture with it. The virus and its antibody have a powerful, specific affinity for one another, each being capable of absorbing the other in great excess when they are brought together in the test tube. The union formed by them in vitro cannot be dissociated in any demonstrable degree by dilution or centrifugation.

In many respects the findings differ from those with most viruses previously studied.
THE RECOVERY FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PNEUMONITIS OF A VIRUS CAUSING PNEUMONIA IN THE MONGOOSE
Authors: Weir John M. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

1. A virus capable of producing pulmonary consolidation in the wild mongoose (Herpestes griseus) has been isolated from throat washings obtained from four patients with a clinical syndrome termed acute pneumonitis.

2. The virus was not pathogenic for ferrets, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys, voles, hamsters, deer mice, skunks, opossums, or woodchucks.

3. The virus was filterable through Berkefeld V and N candles, was not inactivated by glycerin or by freezing and drying in vacuum, and was propagated for at least 30 serial passages on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo.

4. Normal mongooses placed in contact with infected mongooses developed pulmonary consolidation.

5. The virus was neutralized by the serum of mongooses convalescent from the infection but was not neutralized by normal mongoose serum.

6. Serum of human beings convalescent from acute pneumonitis also neutralized the virus, but serum obtained from the same individuals during the acute phase of the disease failed to do so.

7. The evidence so far obtained strongly suggests that this virus is the cause of acute pneumonitis in human beings. It differs from other viruses known to cause infections of the respiratory tract in man.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF VOMITING PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXIN
Authors: Bayliss Milward
Published: June 2004

The emetic action of staphylococcus enterotoxin was tested on young and adult cats under various experimental conditions with the following results:

1. No direct action on isolated intestinal strips was observed.

2. Emesis resulted following intravenous, intracardial, and intraperitoneal injections, but failed to appear subsequent to oral, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.

3. Emesis occurred following (a) celiac ganglionectomy, (b) gastrectomy, (c) spinal cord transection at T2 or caudad, and (d) unilateral vagotomy.

4. Mild retching movements and rarely emesis resulted subsequent to enterotoxin injection following (a) double vagotomy, (b) abdominal evisceration, and (c) spinal cord transection at C7.

5. Emesis never occurred following (a) destruction of the vomiting center, (b) injection of enterotoxin into the fourth ventricle over the vomiting center, and (c) transection of the central nervous system between the anterior border of the pons and the posterior border of the hypothalamus.

6. Morphine inhibited, ergotoxine inhibited or delayed, while atropine and pentobarbital had little or no effect on emesis due to enterotoxin injection.

These experiments indicate that the action of staphylococcus enterotoxin on peripheral sensory structures is of greater importance in the initiation of emesis than direct action of the enterotoxin on the vomiting center. The principal pathways of the afferent and efferent impulses are described.
THE BEHAVIOR OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW AFTER PARTIAL CONSTRICTION OF THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. , Steele J. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. Studies have been made of the behavior of renal blood flow after partial constriction of the renal artery in twenty-four dogs.

2. When reduction in renal blood flow is produced by partial constriction of the renal artery, a readjustment of flow in the direction of normal occurs within a few minutes, subsequent constriction being again followed by a return of flow toward normal until the artery is markedly constricted.

3. Renal blood flow after marked constriction of the artery becomes extremely susceptible to the vasoconstrictive action of small doses of adrenalin, and flow may cease with larger doses for a considerable period of time.

4. Arterial hypertension of significant degree may follow partial constriction of one renal artery during brief experiments when adrenalin in addition has been administered.

5. Further evidence is presented in favor of the concept that the renal circulation enjoys a control independent of systemic arterial pressure.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Abernethy Theodore J. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

The serum obtained from human beings and monkeys during the acute phase of diverse infections contains a protein which is precipitable by the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The distribution of this protein in acute phase serum has been studied, and the effect of calcium on the precipitation reaction with the C polysaccharide is described. Other distinctive features of this reaction are discussed.

1. When heated above 65°C., serum obtained from patients during certain acute infections loses the property of reacting in precipitation tests with the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The loss of activity under these conditions occurs at temperatures known to denature many proteins.

2. The reactive component in "acute phase" serum which precipitates with the C polysaccharide is tentatively regarded as a protein.

3. The reactive substance is associated with the albumin fraction of serum.

4. In the reaction between patients' serum and C polysaccharide, flocculation is conditioned by the presence of calcium ions.

5. The following distinctive features of the C-reaction are discussed with reference to known characteristics of antigen-antibody phenomena: (a) the occurrence of the reactive component in blood only during the acute stage of the infection; (b) the lack of specificity of the reaction with respect to the inciting cause of the disease; (c) the presence of the active substance in the albumin fraction of the serum; (d) the action of calcium in producing flocculation.
UTERINE ADENOMATA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

An investigation of uterine adenomata in the rabbit revealed an incidence of 16.7 per cent in the total female population over 2 years of age. However, the incidence varied widely in relation to age, breed, and genetic constitution and closely paralleled that of toxemia of pregnancy with reference to the same constitutional factors. In addition, all of the tumor bearing animals suffered attacks of this disease during their earlier breeding history. The facts suggest that the association of the two disorders occurred as a result of the liver damage incident to toxemia which impaired the function of this organ in relation to estrin inactivation and the concentration of this substance in the blood stream subsequently rose to a carcinogenic level.

A consideration of the disparity in the distribution of uterine growths in rabbits and women indicated that the absence of squamous epithelium in the cervix of the rabbit and the greater physiological activity of the endometrium of the fundus in this species were the determining factors.
QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES. II
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: June 2004

1. Antisera have been produced in chickens with specific precipitates from Type II pneumococcus horse and rabbit antisera.

2. Specific precipitates from anti-Types I and II pneumococcus horse sera removed the same amount of antibody from the chicken anti-horse specific precipitate serum. Specific precipitates from horse antisera to diphtheria toxin and to crystalline egg albumin removed about one-half of the antibody.

3. Specific precipitates from anti-egg albumin, antipneumococcus C substance, and anti-Type II pneumococcus rabbit sera removed the same amount of antibody from the chicken anti-rabbit specific precipitate serum.

4. No antibody was removed from the chicken anti-horse specific precipitate serum by rabbit specific precipitates or from the chicken anti-rabbit specific precipitate serum by horse specific precipitates.

5. It is concluded that the antigenic specificities of antibodies from the horse and rabbit are not influenced by their particular antibody functions.
CONDITIONAL NEOPLASMS AND SUBTHRESHOLD NEOPLASTIC STATES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

The "warts" which tar elicits on rabbit skin (papillomas, carcinomatoids, frill horns) are true tumors, benign growths expressive of slight yet irreversible deviations of epidermal cells from the normal. The neoplastic condition gives the cells a superiority over their neighbors when both are submitted to the same encouraging influences, and then they proliferate into tumors. Their state entails such disabilities, though, that they are unable to maintain themselves under ordinary circumstances, and consequently growths composed of them disappear when no longer aided. Often the neoplastic cells resume the normal aspect and habit of life long before the tumor mass is gone; and they may persist as part of an apparently normal epidermis, retaining their neoplastic potentialities for months after all signs of the growth have disappeared. In these instances it can be made to appear again, sometimes repeatedly, by non-carcinogenic stimulation of the skin (wound healing, turpentining). There is reason however to suppose that in the end the tumor cells, unless helped, die or are cast off.

It is plain that the neoplastic state does not necessarily connote independence of behavior or success in tumor formation. On the contrary it may render cells unable to survive or endow them with powers which they can exert only under favoring conditions. This is the case with the cells composing the tar warts of rabbits. In the lack of such conditions the cells of these growths do not manifest themselves but remain in a subthreshold neoplastic state, whereas if aided they form neoplasms.

The deviations from the normal represented by the benign tar tumors of rabbits are slight and limited in character, but further deviations in larger variety may be superimposed upon them, with result in malignant tumors, growths possessed of a greater, though not always absolute, independence. Tar cancers usually come about in this way, by successive, step-like deviations from the normal, and so also do the cancers which derive from virus-induced papillomas as well as many human carcinomas. After cells have become cancerous they frequently undergo further changes, some apparently step-like in character, and all taking the direction of greater malignancy.

The hypotheses that tumors are due to somatic mutations and to viruses respectively are discussed in the light of these phenomena.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPOALBUMINEMIA
Authors: Elman Robert , Heifetz Carl J. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Harriet Wolf
Published: June 2004

1. Adult dogs maintained for 6 weeks upon a carrot-protein-deficient diet exhibited a progressive fall in the serum protein confined entirely to the albumin fraction. The degree of hypoalbuminemia was pronounced, i.e. a fall from 3.75 to 2.00 gm. per cent.

2. Parallel microscopic changes in the liver were observed which consisted of a gradual loss in the stainable cytoplasm producing extensive vacuolization. This vacuolization was not due to the accumulation of fat or of glycogen as shown by chemical analyses as well as by stained sections of the livers.

3. The histological changes in the livers were assumed to be due to a loss of protein inasmuch as there was a parallel fall in the protein content of the liver pari passu with the fall in the serum albumin of the blood. This assumption is made more probable by the fact that the water content of the liver increased as the protein content decreased.

4. Liver function, as measured by the excretion of iso-iodeikon, fell with the fall of the serum albumin thus indicating the production of hepatic insufficiency by the protein deficient diet.

5. These observations are discussed in relation to the question whether the liver is the site of formation or of storage of serum albumin. Certain other, particularly therapeutic, implications are also discussed, i.e. the importance of a high protein intake in patients with liver disease.
HETEROLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF MAMMALIAN TUMORS
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was undertaken in an attempt to transplant rabbit tumors to animals of alien species using the anterior chamber of the eye as an inoculation site. The uterine tumor H-31 and the breast tumors T-36 and B-240 were successfully transplanted to all the various animals tried, including guinea pigs, swine, goats, and sheep, and the H-31 and T-36 tumors were maintained by serial transfer in the two first species. On the other hand, all attempts to transfer the Brown-Pearce tumor to guinea pigs were unsuccessful.

The growth characteristics of the transplanted tumors were generally similar to those observed in the natural host, but noteworthy exceptions occurred. The tumors obtained a blood supply from the foreign host and invaded the periorbital tissues but did not metastasize. Histologically, the cellular morphology of the rabbit tumors was retained, but variations in parenchymal-stromal relations characterized the form of growth in different species.
A NEW GROWTH FACTOR REQUIRED BY CERTAIN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Woolley D. W.
Published: June 2004

A new factor essential for the growth of hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield's group A has been demonstrated. It has not been possible to identify this factor with any other known growth factor. The active substance occurred in liver as a water-soluble, alcohol-insoluble, non-dialyzable material. It could be rendered dialyzable by treatment in strong alcohol with HCl, but not by many less drastic procedures.

The most active concentrates prepared gave a maximal effect when approximately 10 gamma per cc. were added.
THE EFFECT OF A POLYSACCHARIDE-SPLITTING ENZYME ON STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

1. Confirming the observations of other experimenters, it has been found that group A hemolytic streptococci produce a capsule containing a polysaccharide which is similar to, if not identical with, certain high molecular weight sugars found in the mammalian body.

2. Leech extract possesses a powerful enzyme capable of splitting one of the linkages in this polysaccharide and of decapsulating group A and group C hemolytic streptococci in vitro and in vivo.

3. Mice and guinea pigs can be protected from intraperitoneal infection with a virulent group C streptococcus by the intraperitoneal administration of leech extract. In contrast there is little protective action of leech extract in mice infected with group A hemolytic streptococci.

4. The protective effect of leech extract against streptococcal group C infection is probably due to the removal of the capsule in vivo.

5. The capsule of mouse virulent group C streptococci plays a major rôle in the virulence of that microorganism, while the capsule of certain mouse virulent group A streptococci plays little, if any, rôle in virulence, at least when the infection is intraperitoneal in the mouse.
HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF THE WESTERN TYPE OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE WOOD TICK, DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI STILES
Authors: Syverton Jerome T. , Berry George Packer
Published: June 2004

The Western type of equine encephalomyelitis virus can be passed as an hereditary infection in a tick of the family Ixodidae, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. Under experimental conditions, this virus has been carried in this tick for two successive generations, possibly for a third, passing certainly once, and possibly twice, from the female through the eggs to the larvae. The virus-carrying larval, nymphal, and adult stages of this tick, furthermore, are capable of infecting susceptible hosts when they are permitted to feed on them.