bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Arabidopsis TCH4 Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase (Substrate Specificity, pH Optimum, and Cold Tolerance)
Authors: Purugganan M. M. , Braam J. , Fry S. C.
Published: July 2002

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs) modify a major component of the plant cell wall and therefore may play critical roles in generating tissue properties and influencing morphogenesis. An XET-related gene family exists in Arabidopsis thaliana, the members of which show differential regulation of expression. TCH4 expression is rapidly regulated by mechanical stimuli, temperature shifts, light, and hormones. As a first step in determining whether Arabidopsis XET-related proteins have distinct properties, we produced recombinant TCH4 protein in bacteria and determined its enzymatic characteristics. TCH4 specifically transglycosylates only xyloglucan. The enzyme prefers to transfer a portion of a donor polymer onto another xyloglucan polymer (acceptor); TCH4 will also utilize xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides as acceptors but discriminates between differentially fucosylated oligosaccharides. TCH4 is most active at pH 6.0 to 6.5 and is surprisingly cold-tolerant with an optimum of 12 to 18[deg]C. TCH4 activity is enhanced by urea and bovine serum albumin, but not cations, reducing agents, or carboxymethylcellulose. These studies indicate that TCH4 is specific for xyloglucan, but that the molecular mass and the fucosyl content of the substrates influence enzymatic reaction rates. TCH4 is unlikely to play a role in acid-induced wall loosening but may function in cold acclimation or cold-tolerant growth.
A Fiberless Seed Mutation in Cotton Is Associated with Lack of Fiber Cell Initiation in Ovule Epidermis and Alterations in Sucrose Synthase Expression and Carbon Partitioning in Developing Seeds
Authors: Ruan Yong-Ling , Chourey Prem S.
Published: July 2002

Fiber cell initiation in the epidermal cells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules represents a unique example of trichome development in higher plants. Little is known about the molecular and metabolic mechanisms controlling this process. Here we report a comparative analysis of a fiberlessseed (fls) mutant (lacking fibers) and a normal (FLS) mutant to better understand the initial cytological events in fiber development and to analyze the metabolic changes that are associated with the loss of a major sink for sucrose during cellulose biosynthesis in the mutant seeds. On the day of anthesis (0 DAA), the mutant ovular epidermal cells lacked the typical bud-like projections that are seen in FLS ovules and are required for commitment to the fiber development pathway. Cell-specific gene expression analyses at 0 DAA showed that sucrose synthase (SuSy) RNA and protein were undetectable in fls ovules but were in abundant, steady-state levels in initiating fiber cells of theFLS ovules. Tissue-level analyses of developing seeds 15 to 35 DAA revealed an altered temporal pattern of SuSy expression in the mutant relative to the normal genotype. Whether the altered programming of SuSy expression is the cause or the result of the mutation is unknown. The developing seeds of the flsmutant have also shown several correlated changes that represent altered carbon partitioning in seed coats and cotyledons as compared with the FLS genotype.
Auxin and Cytokinin Have Opposite Effects on Amyloplast Development and the Expression of Starch Synthesis Genes in Cultured Bright Yellow-2 Tobacco Cells
Authors: Miyazawa Yutaka , Sakai Atsushi , Miyagishima Shin-ya , Takano Hiroyoshi , Kawano Shigeyuki , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi
Published: July 2002

In cultured Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells, the depletion of auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in the culture medium induces the accumulation of starch. This is accelerated by the addition of cytokinin (benzyladenine). Light and electron microscopic observations revealed that this amyloplast formation involves drastic changes in plastid morphology. The effects of auxin and cytokinin on amyloplast development were investigated by adding auxin or cytokinin to cells grown in a hormone-free culture. Auxin repressed amyloplast development, whereas cytokinin accelerated starch accumulation regardless of the timing of hormone addition. RNA gel-blot analysis revealed that the accumulation of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit gene (AgpS), granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme transcripts were also affected by hormonal conditions. High levels of AgpS, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme transcripts accumulated in amyloplast-developing cells grown in auxin-depleted conditions. Furthermore, the addition of auxin to the cells cultured in hormone-free medium reduced the level of AgpS transcripts, whereas the addition of cytokinin increased it, irrespective of the timing of hormone addition. These results suggest that auxin and cytokinin exert opposite effects on amyloplast development by regulating the expression of the genes required for starch biosynthesis.
Transgene Expression Patterns Indicate That Spaceflight Affects Stress Signal Perception and Transduction in Arabidopsis
Authors: Paul Anna-Lisa , Daugherty Christine J. , Bihn Elizabeth A. , Chapman David K. , Norwood Kelly L.L. , Ferl Robert J.
Published: July 2002

The use of plants as integral components of life support systems remains a cornerstone of strategies for long-term human habitation of space and extraterrestrial colonization. Spaceflight experiments over the past few decades have refined the hardware required to grow plants in low-earth orbit and have illuminated fundamental issues regarding spaceflight effects on plant growth and development. Potential incipient hypoxia, resulting from the lack of convection-driven gas movement, has emerged as a possible major impact of microgravity. We developed transgenic Arabidopsis containing the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene promoter linked to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to address specifically the possibility that spaceflight induces the plant hypoxia response and to assess whether any spaceflight response was similar to control terrestrial hypoxia-induced gene expression patterns. The staining patterns resulting from a 5-d mission on the orbiterColumbia during mission STS-93 indicate that the Adh/GUS reporter gene was activated in roots during the flight. However, the patterns of expression were not identical to terrestrial control inductions. Moreover, although terrestrial hypoxia induces Adh/GUS expression in the shoot apex, no apex staining was observed in the spaceflight plants. This indicates that either the normal hypoxia response signaling is impaired in spaceflight or that spaceflight inappropriately induces Adh/GUS activity for reasons other than hypoxia.
Numerical simulation of gas seal flowfield in an axially staggered configuration
Authors: Cao Yihua , Hu Guocai , Wang Jifei
Published: July 2002

Labyrinth seals have been used extensively in industrial production. Better prediction of the performance of a labyrinth seal requires that these mechanisms be understood. This cannot be achieved except by investigating the flowfield details. Therefore, a total variation diminishing (TVD) finite volume scheme is applied to the Navier‐Stokes equations to obtain gas seal flowfield characteristics of axially staggered configuration in this paper. The calculation results here show the evolution process from unsteady flowfield characterization to steady flow pattern. Also, these new flowfield details may provide referable basis for understanding seal mechanisms.
Transient performance for high‐bypass ratio turbofan models
Authors: Yin J. , Hales R. , Pilidis P. , Curnock B. , Meads R.
Published: July 2002

A two‐dimensional high‐bypass ratio turbofan performance model was developed in order to predict accurately gas turbine transient performance. In the present model, the fan of high bypass engines has strong radial profiles of all thermodynamic variables. It is common to average these profiles so that the fan can be represented by one or two one‐dimensional characteristics. The present paper describes how the radial profiles can be used to make an estimation of turbofan transient performance. The results are somewhat different to those produced using two one‐dimensional compressor performance maps.
Propulsion system Integration of turboprop aircraft for basic trainer
Authors: Kong Changduk
Published: July 2002

The propulsion system integration of a turboprop aircraft, which has been developed for the basic trainer, was performed. The proper turboprop engine was selected among worldwide existing engines by the specific developed engine selection technique and trade‐off studies such as customer’s request for operational capability (ROC), propulsion system parameters, performance analysis with engine installed effects, future growth potential, integrated logistic support (ILS), maintainability, interfaces with the airframe, etc. The chin type air inlet with the plenum chamber was designed in consideration of the inclined configuration to minimize the propeller swirl effect, the inertial separation bypass device to reduce FOD, and the super‐ellipse and NACA‐1 profile lip to maximize the ram recovery. The air inlet was analyzed by a higher‐order source panel method considering propeller wake. The exhaust duct was designed through internal cross‐section area determination to maximize the cruising power as well as external configuration to maximize the effective power, to minimize the aerodynamic drag and to minimize the cockpit contamination by the exhaust gas. The proper oil cooler for the selected turboprop engine was determined with cooling requirements and the oil cooling inlet duct with NACA configuration was designed. The test of the propulsion system including the installation performance test with the effects of the air inlet, the exhaust duct, the propeller and the nose fuselage configuration was performed in the test cell.
FANPAC
Authors: Hutchinson John
Published: July 2002

Examines the problem of noise level of civil aircraft engines. Focuses on two aspects of aircraft fan noise: cabin noise and community noise. Outlines the FANPAC programme launched in 1992 to assess techniques to control fan noise and describes two of the most promising liner designs. Reports on the progress made and suggests a follow‐on programme to explore further areas.
The compound helicopter configuration and the helicopter speed trap
Authors: Newman Simon
Published: July 2002

Explains the origins of rotor aerodynamic limits for helicopters including retreating and advancing blade limits. Examines the compounding of a helicopter for higher forward speed and reports the conclusions of a student project to design a rotorcraft capable of 300 knots and carrying a payload of 30 passengers.
Increasing productivity and enhancing in‐use performance
Authors: Morgan Marianne , Griffiths Ian
Published: July 2002

Competitive pricing is dominating the commercial aircraft market, and greater cost efficiency is a key demand on designers, providing in particular an emphasis on metal to plastic conversion for lost cost assembly. Victrex Peek polymer is one of the first materials to be evaluated for metal to plastic conversion. Describes the product in detail, in particular its high and added value, the design fit and performance contribution, savings made, and utilization in the manufacture of fasteners.
Software techniques for IMA
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: July 2002

The fundamental intention of integrated modular avionics (IMA) is to reduce the development, procurement and support costs of future aircraft, and improve the technical and operational interoperability between aircraft and aircraft subsystems. There are three main goals driving IMA: reduced life cycle cost; operational performance; and mission performance. The software techniques programme has been carried out with the support of the UK MoD to investigate three specific topic areas. British Aerospace, Smith Industries, and GEC Marconi participated. Systems management, system security, blueprints, were investigated. This paper is concerned with the requirements which are a subset of the software requirements and are directly applicable to the three study areas.
First high‐velocity machining application in commercial helicopters
Authors: Fox Tim
Published: July 2002

Describes the application of high‐velocity machining by Bell Helicopter Textron in order to produce parts below a certain wall thickness.
Developing time estimating models for advanced composite manufacturing processes
Authors: Stockton David John , Forster Richard , Messner Bernard
Published: July 2002

To expand further the composites in aircraft structures a consortium of leading aerospace organisations, led by British Aerospace (BAe), is currently engaged in the second phase of the Affordable Manufacture of Composite Primary Structures (AMCAPS II) research and development programme. The aim of this programme is to investigate innovative design, material and manufacturing concepts and technologies with the potential of providing cost‐effective composite primary wing structures. In order to support AMCAPS II tasks within BAe, process time estimating models are being developed for each of the main manufacturing processes being considered for part manufacture and assembly. The outputs from these models form the basic data from which process costs are established. The objective of this paper is to describe, using examples from the automated tape laying process, the approach to model development being applied within the AMCAPS II programme.
Supersonic man is fifty
Authors: Whitford Ray
Published: July 2002

The Bell X‐1, which was the first aircraft to break the “Sound Barrier” 50 years ago, did so because of sheer determination. It was a workable, sturdy design, with a powerful rocket engine, a sufficiently skilled pilot and was backed by people of vision. That it flew successfully at Mach 1 and beyond, should have surprised no one. As Frank Whittle had said about the flight of the first British jet aircraft in 1939, “That’s what it was bloody well designed to do”.
Tiltrotor progress
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: July 2002

Outlines the development work on the tiltrotor undertaken during past decades and the more recent progress on the V‐22 Osprey now in production for the US Armed Forces. Also describes the first civil tiltrotor, the Bell Agusta 609, which is due to make its first flight in 2000.
Towards a comprehensive direct prediction strategy of the effects of mistuning on the forced response of turbomachinery blades
Authors: Mignolet Marc P. , Rivas‐Guerra Alejandro , LaBorde Brandon
Published: July 2002

The objective of the present article is to provide a progress report on, and highlight, some ongoing efforts regarding the available techniques for the direct (i.e. not based on Monte Carlo simulations) prediction of the distribution of the forced response of turbomachinery bladed disks that exhibit small blade‐to‐blade variations in their structural properties (random mistuning). The focus of this effort is on the statistical distributions of the amplitudes of response of a typical blade at a given frequency (level 1), of the maximum responding blade on the disk at a given frequency (level 2), and finally of the maximum responding blade on the disk over a frequency sweep (level 3). When appropriate, emphasis will be placed on the reliability of these techniques as a function of the blade‐to‐blade coupling strength.
Testing and integrity
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: July 2002

In the early 1990s, information was published drawing attention to the advances made in engine and component reliability over the past two decades and giving some thoughts to the trends in the future. Rolls‐Royce has been very prominent in these activities for many years and at the time expressed the opinion that a demonstration of completeness of a powerplant must show evidence of integrity as well as design validation and life determination. To fulfil these requirements, tests for the engine, components and specimens are required. Since the beginning of the decade many advances have been made in turbofan engines, both in power output and in further increases in reliability, and it is of interest to consider the comments made at that time and the developments which have taken place in the last few years. It was considered that as more reliance has been placed on computer models which have become more accurate, greater refinement has been required of the product to keep pace with competition. Greater accuracy in testing and measurement for the physical demonstration of engine integrity, the validation of generic models, and the provision of data banks to support these features were thought likely. Achieving high levels of reliability requires close collaboration between engine and airframe manufacturers and various systems to monitor in‐service performance continue to play an important part in integrity and reliability.
Corrosion behaviour of Inconel 600 and 601 in orthophosphoric acid solutions
Authors: Vishnudevan M. , Venkatachari G. , Muralidharan S. , Rengaswamy N.S.
Published: July 2002

The corrosion behaviour of Inconel 600 and 601 alloys has been evaluated by DC polarisation method in orthophosphoric acid solution of concentrations 0.5N to 15N. The passivation range from + 200mV to + 800mV has been observed for 601 alloy. In the case of Inconel 600 a less passivation range in comparison with Inconel 601 is observed. In addition, the passivation current has been found to be higher than that of 601 alloy. Tafel polarisation study indicates that Inconel 601 alloy is more corrosion resistant than Inconel 600.
Information for good hygiene practice in small businesses
Authors: Holt Georgina , Henson Spencer J.
Published: July 2002

Directive 93/43/EEC introduced the concept of good hygiene practice, in response to a pan‐European increase in the incidence of food poisoning, to foster a preventive approach to food safety. UK legislation reinforces the EU position that food businesses are responsible for the implementation of good hygiene practices. The response of the food industry has been to develop audited standards of hygiene, higher than explicit legal requirements. Small businesses have, however, been slow to adopt industry hygiene standards. A case study of small manufacturers of ready to eat meat products investigated the reasons for this. Businesses were first audited to the EFSIS[1] standard, to compare current practice with recommended best practice. Second, technical managers or owner‐managers were interviewed, to gain an insight into their knowledge of industry standards in particular, and the process of hygiene management in general. The analysis found significant differences in the knowledge of technical managers and owner‐managers, with the latter often unaware of the existence of audited standards. It is argued, therefore, that, in order to increase the implementation of good hygiene practices, further programmes to inform small food businesses about industry standards are required.
Singapore Prison Service
Authors: Paul Dana Leo , Elizabeth Dana Teresa
Published: July 2002

“Work is not a right; it is a privilege”, said Wong Hoi Kit, commenting on the labour policy implemented by the Singapore Prison Service. “We have a captive labour market; the prisoners are eager to work, as it gives them a chance to interact with others, while it helps the time go by.” The motto of the Singapore Prison Service was “Security – Humanity – Rehabilitation”, and considerable energy was focused on rehabilitating inmates by teaching them skills, through on‐the‐job training, during their prison terms. To this end, inmates were put to work, and that which they produced was sold for profit. Mr Wong – who had his MBA from Queen’s University, Canada – was chief executive officer of Singapore’s Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE); in this capacity, he was seeking to identify commercially‐viable food industry opportunities, which would meet the objectives and constraints of the prison environment. These could include primary production, manufacturing, packaging and catering.
KMA
Authors: Paul Dana Leo , Dana Teresa E.
Published: July 2002

This case is about a new venture in Egypt, namely KMA. The firm is small but innovative and it experiments with non‐traditional packaging. This is a high‐risk venture in a traditional environment.
An entry strategy report for Dairy Crest in Germany
Authors: Vignali Claudio , Vrontis Demetris , Vignali Daniella Maria
Published: July 2002

This case study investigates the possibility of Dairy Crest dairy products entering the German market. The study gives an insight and analyses the company’s internal capabilities as well as its external industrial forces that may influence and direct strategies and tactics. Finally, it presents a suggested possible strategic and tactical marketing approach that could alternatively be used by Dairy Crest in optimising performance when targeting the German market.
Orange juice vendor
Authors: Paul Dana Leo , Dana Teresa E.
Published: July 2002

The Rahmin brothers operate one of many undifferentiated orange juice stalls in Marrakech. The brothers are faced with a difficult marketing challenge.
Coca‐Cola Indochina Pte Ltd
Authors: Paul Dana Leo , Dana Teresa E.
Published: July 2002

Singapore‐based F&N and Bangkok‐based Thai Pure Drinks launched a joint venture to bottle Coca‐Cola in Vietnam. However, Pepsi is the market leader here. For Coca‐Cola to succeed, many factors must be considered, including cultural factors.
Mrs Fields’ Cookies
Authors: Dana Teresa E.
Published: July 2002

Debbi Fields has been baking cookies for public consumption since August 1977, when she opened the first Mrs Fields’ Chocolate Chippery in Palo Alto, California. After being coerced by her husband and her employees, she decided to follow their advice and open a second store in order to serve up more soft and chewy cookies. By 1981, there were 14 stores in the USA and the following year, Mrs Fields expanded internationally to Japan, Hong Kong and Australia. Ms Lek Oon Goh is the woman entrepreneur who has the franchise licence for the Malaysian and Singaporean markets. In September 1995, she opened her first outlet in Singapore and by 1997 she had opened three more shops in the city republic. Since then, Ms Goh has begun the search for optimal locations in Malaysia where the next Mrs Fields’ Cookies will be opening soon.
The price schedule required to smooth seasonal milk supply
Authors: McErlean Seamus
Published: July 2002

Develops a method for estimating the monthly milk price schedule needed to counter the effects of seasonality, which is an enduring feature of milk production in the UK. The issue of seasonality has been mostly ignored in studies estimating milk supply functions. In this paper milk supply functions which explicitly take account of seasonality are estimated for Northern Ireland and Scotland. Pre‐testing of monthly milk price and milk supply time‐series, using an extended HEGY test and an ADF test, indicated the presence of deterministic seasonality. Empirical milk supply models incorporating seasonal dummy variables to account for deterministic seasonality were estimated in the two regions of study. The results of these models were used to calculate the monthly producer milk price schedule required to encourage dairy farmers to produce an even monthly milk supply pattern. These calculations indicated that, in the long run, a peak‐to‐trough seasonal price differential of around 8 pence per litre would be required to produce an even pattern of milk supply in Scotland, and 11 pence per litre would be required in Northern Ireland.
Corporate governance: the need to know
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: July 2002

Corporate governance has emerged from obscurity into being a mainstream topic which there is a need to know, as well as being incorporated into industrial and commercial training courses. There has been a plethora of reports starting in the USA and spreading to the UK, whose influence, example and model have spread throughout the world. Some main forces explaining the provenance of corporate governance are provided before discussing the US Treadway and COSO Reports. Concerns with business ethics also are a factor. These reports in turn influenced the Cadbury Report and the “sons of Cadbury” the most recent and most significant being the recent Turnbull Report. This impacts much more on grass roots practices than the others, and its messages therefore need to be absorbed into training courses.
The key factors in the profiles of small firm owner‐managers that influence business performance. The South Coast Small Firms Survey, 1997‐2000
Authors: Hankinson Alan
Published: July 2002

This regional survey involved 90 small manufacturing firms over the three‐year period, 1997‐2000. Ninety face‐to‐face interviews using a personal, open, unstructured approach were conducted in 90 cluster‐located small manufacturing (engineering) firms with up to 50 employees (but with 75 per cent below 20 staff) in the Hampshire, Sussex, Dorset and Wiltshire region. Selected follow‐up discussions also occurred during the three‐year period. The objectives of the undertaking were: to identify the key factors in the profiles of small firm owner‐managers that influence business performance; and to contribute to the body of knowledge in this area. The full report comprised some 43,000 words and this paper can only be a mere summary of an investigation of immense scope and complexity.
International peer group development
Authors: Hurn Brian J. , Jenkins Michael
Published: July 2002

Describes the cross‐cultural training content of a management development programme in a multinational. Concentrates on a series of half‐day intercultural workshops held for each of the company’s five Peer Groups which were preceded by a questionnaire to all participants. The workshop was first run for Peer Group chairmen. The first session examines why acculturation training is vital for business. The participants examine cross‐cultural issues involved in building and sustaining multinational teams and the problems of participating in multicultural meetings. Group members then consider the required characteristics of an effective member of an international Peer Group and finally evaluate the areas discussed and the techniques for developing cultural synergy.
Stop the Organization – I Want to Change It! Part 1
Authors: Grubb Irene M. , Silvestro Norrie W. , Ward David F.
Published: July 2002

The first of two articles, discusses the problems of seeking to
introduce organizational development interventions into a major Health
Service organization. In particular, the paradox is that the leaders of
major change issues are themselves caught up in the instability that the
interventions create in their attempts to manage major environmental and
political demands. Despite the planned emphasis on regular evaluation
and review, senior managers often found it impossible to be objective
and impartial in relation to the data being revealed about their own
“patch”. Defensive and dysfunctional competitive behaviours were
unintentionally created by this formal review process. Offers
suggestions about how to make these types of survey process more
directly useful to managers and staff.
Education and Development for Corporate Ethics
Authors: Maclagan Patrick
Published: July 2002

Business and management ethics have assumed a high profile in recent
years. This has sometimes provoked a sceptical, even cynical, reaction
from those who express doubt concerning the feasibility or relevance of
teaching the subject. Addresses some common misconceptions and offers
clarification. The general aims of ethics programmes are considered, and
the importance of experiential learning, in addition to lecture‐based
inputs, is stressed. Discusses the importance of feelings, emotions and
interpersonal skills, as well as theoretical understanding, as
components of the overall learning experience in relation to ethics in
organizations. This is then related to the practice of management
development. Addresses the difference between the rather dramatic, if
rarely encountered, cases often used in ethics programmes, and the more
routine character of the everyday ethical issues actually confronting
managers for much of the time.
A “Thinking” Programme for Senior Managers
Authors: Hunt Rikki , Tapsell Janet , Simmons David
Published: July 2002

Outlines a management development programme introduced by the managing
director of Burmah Petroleum Fuels Ltd, the overall objective being to
target the thinking processes of the participants. Gives the progress of
the programme to date and provides a summary of the outcomes with
comments from the authors and others involved in the programme.
Building an Organization that Survived and Grew in Difficult Times
Authors: Nixon Bruce
Published: July 2002

Takes a broad look at the major global trends affecting businesses and
people who work in them. Proposes in some detail how business leaders
will need to respond if their enterprises are to flourish and grow.
Written for business leaders and developers, suggests that survival and
health depends on discerning these inexorable trends and wisely working
with rather than against them. Takes the form of a fictitious chief
executive looking back from 2004 on the ideas he developed ten years
earlier and his organization′s struggle, ultimately successful, through
difficult times.
Insuring success through marketing projects
Authors: Mills John , Gibbs Keith , Todd Mike
Published: July 2002

Presents an outline of a highly‐tailored management development process for the entire marketing group of Lloyds Bank’s Insurance Services Division (LBIS) in which learning projects were a key feature. Discusses objectives of the projects for the directors, middle managers and junior managers involved, the areas and topics covered and the learning benefits achieved, both on a personal and an organizational level.
Costing the effectiveness of training: case study 2 ‐ improving Parcelforce productivity
Authors: Hedges Patricia , Moss Dennis
Published: July 2002

This is the second part of a study which sought to cost the effectiveness of major training programmes. While the first part reported on training designed for a specific target group of drivers, this second study reports on the cost effectiveness of a management training programme designed to produce improved productivity in a major parcel handling office. Discusses the results in terms of: improvements in British Standards Institute ratings for the industry; terms of associated cost savings in parcel handling; and finally more subjective beneficial outcomes.
The business game of cricket
Authors: Easton Christopher
Published: July 2002

Analogies are used in all walks of life to help relate ideas, theories and feelings to other people. Uses cricket is used as an analogy to help throw light on the various aspects of business. These include strategy, marketing and sales principles. Also discusses leadership as well as the roles people play in teams (LIFO, life orientations) and how they may be influenced (influencing inventory). Examines the power, role, task and people types of culture in relation to the various different levels of cricket as well as the roles (Meredith Belbin) that the captain has to play in a typical league side. Discusses ethic, as cricket can offer an early introduction to dilemmas.
Accreditation of OD training in South Africa. Part 3: magic, prayer or ignorance?
Authors: Mann Pete
Published: July 2002

The first part of this article discussed the challenges of organizational development being transmitted into management education and training; setting up and operation of the Programme for Organizational Development in South Africa (PODSA), for non‐governmental organizations. Explains some of the difficulties ensuing from departures from traditional academic procedures. This third and final part reviews the difficulties of accommodating PODSA with conventional academic assessment.
Negotiation ‐ mystic art or identifiable process? Part 2
Authors: Rees W. David , Porter Christine
Published: July 2002

Looks at the sequel to the article about running negotiating workshops for managers. Explains relevant theory and the practice of negotiations. Issues include the context of negotiations, offers and counter‐offers, avoidance of deadlock, the use of third parties and “back channels”, cultural aspects and the maintenance of agreements. Gives particular attention to the issue of internal team differences. Presents relevant examples from a range of situations.
Lifelong learning: a question of privilege?
Authors: Tamkin Penny
Published: July 2002

Draws on research conducted by the Institute for Employment Studies for the DfEE. The research examined existing knowledge of the benefits of learning for both individuals and organizations and followed with a number of case studies of small and medium‐sized organizations. The study sought to understand better if lack of knowledge of learning benefits was a key factor in low participation. What was clear was the tendency for organizations to offer relatively brief training opportunities and the difficulties for individuals of participating in more extensive learning through their own funding. Those that need learning most and have potentially the most to gain have the greatest difficulty in accessing learning that might really make a difference to them. The report concludes that change must come through all stakeholders in the nation’s adoption of lifetime learning: the state, organizations and individuals.
Survey on employability
Authors: Clarke Andrew
Published: July 2002

Summarizes the Industry and Parliament Trust’s Study Group survey of 40 Trust member companies which together employ over a million people and have a cumulative turnover of more than £100,000 million. The respondents were all at least at senior management level. The study group found that the need for willingness to adapt and eagerness to learn was a consistent theme. The generic skills of communication, teamwork, initiative, problem solving and decision making were also highly valued. While the responsibility for training to fulfil business needs is seen very much as the company’s, wider employability is seen as the responsibility of the individual. Respondents were dissatisfied with the quality of people beginning their careers, especially below graduate level. A need was seen for a long‐term view of preparation of young people for work, beginning with parents and guardians, who should lay the foundations. Alongside them, educators should be fostering good attitudes and a love for learning, as well as teaching verbal, numerical, and other specific skills. Employers need to provide opportunities for development within the framework of business needs. Employees should grasp these opportunities, while fulfilling their commitment to the business. It was continuously emphasized that there are universal needs, many of which are concerned with people skills. A workforce is needed that can adapt, that communicates and works well in a team, that welcomes new ideas and expects the learning process to continue for life. That is the sort of workforce that has a steady potential not far beneath the surface, a potential that can easily be unlocked as new needs arise.
The information age: implications for education and training in a small economy
Authors: Garrihy Damien , Garavan Thomas N.
Published: July 2002

Information technology presents considerable challenges and opportunities to society. Ireland, as a member of the European Union with a small, open economy which is highly influenced by international trends, has a particular interest in this new phenomenon. The manner in which the country meets the challenge of information technology will largely shape its economic and social future into the next century. Details the specific needs of the information age. Analyses the implications of the information era for Ireland’s educational facilities, and discusses how the different branches of education are responding. Examines innovation and creativity, and how education, training and other aspects of Ireland’s economy are impinging on these prerequisites for success. Investigates the level of flexibility in Irish attitudes, work practices and systems. Outlines the critical requirements of “learning for change” implicit in this new era, and discusses how Ireland’s training systems and approaches are placed to meet those needs. Concludes that Ireland needs to adapt its education and training facilities so that it masters, and fully benefits from, the new era.
Counselling skills: part I ‐ can you do without them?
Authors: Wright Allan
Published: July 2002

Counselling can be seen as “soft” by many managers and personnel professionals, but is actually one of the best ways of improving performance at work. Shows how counselling significantly improved a sales woman’s performance by identifying the underlying problem. Looks at how some of the skills of a professional counsellor can be applied by managers and key professionals in their day‐to‐day business. Uses a useful counselling skills model and identifies potential pitfalls.
The empowerment audit ‐ measured improvement
Authors: Dufficy Martin
Published: July 2002

Examines the development of the “empowerment audit” (EA) as a quantitative tool to measure the degree to which employees within an organisation are empowered. Analyses how what is, in effect, a two‐year survey of 100‐plus sites of large and medium‐sized manufacturers shows a correlation between the extent of empowerment within companies and the improvement in business performance over time. Looks at the development of the audit from simple “climate test” questionnaires to a full matrix framework, profiling existing and desired levels of organisational empowerment. Describes how results may be benchmarked against sector and industry averages across the EA database. Places the role of training in the context of post‐EA development programmes. Highlights that managers do not judge full empowerment always to be the ideal and that there is no prescribed “right place to be” on the empowerment scale. Rather, the EA’s purpose is to determine the scope for change, the readiness of an organisation to undertake it and to act as a means of monitoring progress.
Industrial training issues in the Middle East
Authors: Holm Kevin E. , Strauss Christine
Published: July 2002

Addresses present‐day concerns with training a local workforce in the Middle East using a language other than the trainees’ native tongue. Describes industrial training issues within an electronics company requiring a high degree of English with complex technical terminology. The training issues addressed in this contribution refer to the training of operating personnel whose mother tongue is Arabic. In the following, some basic concepts that maintain a high degree of specific skills to a workforce that is highly intelligent, but hampered by language is outlined. The evaluation of a pilot study shows that the application of English second language (ESL) courses via computer‐based training (CBT) is an adequate means to improve the English language skills of a workforce efficiently. The listen‐see‐do approach is recommended as a universal technique that can be used to train most people in a skill regardless of their mother tongue.
I heard it through the grapevine: making knowledge management work by learning to share knowledge, skills and experience
Authors: Cook Peter
Published: July 2002

This article explores the challenge of getting people to willingly share knowledge skills and experience, so that their organisations may gain leverage in their collective intelligence. It does so by addressing links between knowledge management and organisational learning to increase the speed and targeting of intelligence across organisations. There is a significant role for training and learning specialists in eroding the practical and political barriers to making knowledge management a reality. A case study, expressed in the form of a mini‐scenario, is used to illustrate how learning is a crucial ingredient that assists people to work smarter. Key principles for breaking down barriers to implementing knowledge management are developed for adaptation to particular organisations.
Management training and development at Aeroquip‐Vickers, Inc.: a process model part 1
Authors: LaHote David , Simonetti Jack L. , Longenecker Clinton O.
Published: July 2002

Aims to provide an in‐depth discussion of how a Fortune 500 manufacturing organization refocussed its management development practices using a systems approach. A description of how the organization conducted a needs assessment, developed a system for management education and recreated its approach to management development are discussed. The implications for organizational practice are clearly stated that management development is a shared responsibility between a manager and his or her employer. This article will also discuss the evolution of this organization’s approach to developing managers for the twenty‐first century. It is also important to note that Aeroquip‐Vickers was recently honored as one of the 100 best managed companies in the US by Inc Magazine.
Individuals and enterprise: developing intrapreneurs for the new millennium
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: July 2002

Downsizing, cost‐cutting and re‐engineering are essentially negative activities. The emphasis is switching to revenue generation and value creation. Also, customers increasingly demand tailored solutions and expect more imaginative responses to their particular requirements. In short, more entrepreneurial approaches are required. There is scope for reconciling individual and corporate interests. Companies want to encourage, develop, release and retain entrepreneurial talent, while many aspiring and intending entrepreneurs could benefit from the support which corporations can provide. Although relevant tools are available, training and development professionals are failing to encourage enterprise, develop entrepreneurs and support new corporate ventures.
Lessons from a major cultural change workshop programme
Authors: Richert Andrew
Published: July 2002

Examines the response of a utilities company (UtilityCo) to the commercial pressures associated with privatisation and a requirement for it to genuinely change employee expectations about the future ways in which the company would need to operate. It describes a cultural change programme centred on a workshop methodology embracing all 2,000 of its employees. The components of the specially designed workshop are described along with the linked rationales for creating change readiness in the delegates. A review of key organisation challenges and the identification of probable solutions are described and also linked to broader organisational development activities (e.g. employee communications). The evaluation processes showed a positive impact had been achieved and five key lessons are emphasised as important: a true understanding of what is required at the level of the individual employee; management buy‐in; sound evaluation; a plan for subsequent change management interventions; the need for knowledge management/embedded change.
Longmans as publishers
Authors: Glasgow Eric
Published: July 2002

The history of the publishing firm of Longman is discussed. Particular attention is paid to its publication of the historical works of Lord Macaulay in the nineteenth century and of G.M. Trevelyan in the twentieth century. The firm’s successful development against competiton in the nineteenth century and developments in the twentieth century is considered and the nature of its periodical Longman’s Magazine indicated.
Press cuttings in the University of Botswana Library
Authors: Kufa J.C.
Published: July 2002

Newspapers are a useful source of research information However, without proper preservation and indexing services information from newspapers is difficult to access and use in an effective manner. Press clippings are a way out of this problem both in terms of the preservation of the newspapers and access to them, albeit on a highly selective basis. It is the contention in this paper that with proper planning, preparation and in selected subjects, access to newspaper information is enhanced through a systematic press cuttings project that is sufficiently broad‐based in terms of newspaper coverage. The paper discusses preservation concerns of keeping newspaper collections and makes some recommendations which could help other libraries intending to embark on a similar project.
Africa: focus on current library and information training needs and future patterns
Authors: Mambo Henry L.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the training of library and information professionals in Africa, and future development. Argues that library and information services (LIS) training in Africa must take into consideration existing conditions and wider society needs. Courses offered must be tailored to suit conditions of Africa’s information structure and needs. Also the training offered must be suitable and effective enough to allow trainees to comprehend it properly and apply it appropriately to their actual working environments. Concludes that there is a need to strengthen the existing library schools in Africa. Coordination and cooperation at national and regional levels are suggested as part of the solution.
Scientific electronic publishing: European policy strategies
Authors: Bloor Kate
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on academic, scientific publishing, as a form of documentation and communication of scientific findings in the changing world of converging information and communication technologies. It assesses the current state of technologies and forms of publishing electronically, and future trends and possibilities. This is linked to a discussion of the nature of the publishing industry, its form in relation to economic issues in demand and supply within publishing and specifically electronic publishing in this area. The paper suggests that the recent policy document from the European Commission, Strategic Developments for the European Publishing Industry towards the Year 2000 may present a number of difficulties for the scientific publishing industry. This strategy outlines a number of possibilities for increasing the extent of electronic publishing. These possibilities conflict with the particular situation of scientific publishers, which are generally small businesses with limited resources and expertise, and without the financial stability to be able to set up or initiate electronic publishing. The analysis of the policy suggests that the publishing industry and its representatives may need to work more closely with small publishers, so that the infrastructure may be developed to overcome these problems for these exciting new technologies, and methods of utilising them for electronic publishing, exchange of information and communication, to be fully utilised.
The Record scores a hundred
Authors: Harrison K.C.
Published: July 2002

This year the Library Association Record is 100 years old. The author, who has been a regular recipient of the journal for two‐thirds of that time, and who has contributed articles, book reviews, obituaries and letters to it, surveys its progress over the period. He comments on the different approaches of its editors, from Henry Guppy in the 1890s, through such outstanding figures as Esdaile and Walford, to the present day. The journal has survived many difficulties such as financial constraints, shortages of paper in two world wars, accusations of dullness and changes of editorial approach. In this historical sketch the author also mentions alterations in its design, and praises the way the editorial board and its staff have coped with producing a journal for 600 members in the 1890s to one for over 26,000 in the 1990s.