bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘You Make All Things New’: Jonathan Edwards and a Christian Environmental Ethic
Authors: Paeth Scott R.
Published: April 2011

This article examines the way in which the theology of Jonathan Edwards can contribute to the construction of a Christian approach to ecological ethics that maintains crucial elements of the Christian theological tradition. By way of comparison, the article begins with an examination of the work of Rosemary Radford Ruether, whose approach to dealing with the ecological implications of the Christian tradition diverges sharply from the perspective offered by Edwards, and provides a useful contrast to his approach. The article then turns to an extensive discussion of Edwards’ view of nature and the theology of creation, particularly the relationship between creation and the triune nature of God. The final sections examine an application of Edwards’ theology of creation to the development of a Christian environmental ethic.
An Intercomparison of T-REX Mountain-Wave Simulations and Implications for Mesoscale Predictability
Authors: Doyle James D. , Gaberšek Saša , Jiang Qingfang , Bernardet Ligia , Brown John M. , Dörnbrack Andreas , Filaus Elmar , Grubišić Vanda , Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Knoth Oswald , Koch Steven , Schmidli Juerg , Stiperski Ivana , Vosper Simon , Zhong Shiyuan
Published: April 2011

Numerical simulations of flow over steep terrain using 11 different nonhydrostatic numerical models are compared and analyzed. A basic benchmark and five other test cases are simulated in a two-dimensional framework using the same initial state, which is based on conditions during Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 6 of the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX), in which intense mountain-wave activity was observed. All of the models use an identical horizontal resolution of 1 km and the same vertical resolution. The six simulated test cases use various terrain heights: a 100-m bell-shaped hill, a 1000-m idealized ridge that is steeper on the lee slope, a 2500-m ridge with the same terrain shape, and a cross-Sierra terrain profile. The models are tested with both free-slip and no-slip lower boundary conditions.

The results indicate a surprisingly diverse spectrum of simulated mountain-wave characteristics including lee waves, hydraulic-like jump features, and gravity wave breaking. The vertical velocity standard deviation is twice as large in the free-slip experiments relative to the no-slip simulations. Nevertheless, the no-slip simulations also exhibit considerable variations in the wave characteristics. The results imply relatively low predictability of key characteristics of topographically forced flows such as the strength of downslope winds and stratospheric wave breaking. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum, which is a domain-integrated quantity, exhibits considerable spread among the models, particularly for the experiments with the 2500-m ridge and Sierra terrain. The differences among the various model simulations, all initialized with identical initial states, suggest that model dynamical cores may be an important component of diversity for the design of mesoscale ensemble systems for topographically forced flows. The intermodel differences are significantly larger than sensitivity experiments within a single modeling system.
Notionally Defined Contributions or Private Accounts in Eastern Europe: A Reconsideration of a Consecrated Argument on Pension Reform
Authors: Coman Emanuel Emil
Published: April 2011

This article is concerned with what determines a government’s choice of pension reform. It starts from an argument by Myles and Pierson that claims that the newer pension systems are able to privatize whereas the older, matured systems faced with the double payment problem tend to adopt notional defined contributions (NDC) accounts. This argument is retested with in-depth qualitative analysis of the pension reforms in Latvia and Poland. The analysis brings three main contributions. First, it shows that within the matured camp the double payment problem is visible at different degrees. The systems with little visibility, although mature, can still privatize. Second, it shows that the NDC option is fit to deal with more urgent fiscal problems, whereas the privatization option is fit for long-term demographic problems. Third, the analysis finds that the two options in Myles and Pierson’s argument can be used by governments symbiotically.
Stakeholder Theory and Globalization: The Challenges of Power and Responsibility
Authors: Jensen Tommy , Sandström Johan
Published: April 2011

Globalization is a blind spot in stakeholder theory and this undermines its explanatory power and usefulness to managers in global corporations. In this paper we build on Edward Freeman and colleagues’ attempts to construct divergent stories about how to create value for the corporation and its stakeholders when developing a stakeholder theory that is more sensitive to globalization. We achieve this by highlighting two particular challenges that globalization brings to stakeholder theory. The first challenge is to acknowledge new power relations (sub-political movements, new forms of bureaucracy and hierarchy) and the second is to acknowledge new dimensions of responsibility (a political responsibility). In the paper we relate our developments of stakeholder theory to two previously published case studies.
Women’s Oppression or Choice? One American’s View on Wearing the Hijab
Authors: Sloan Lacey
Published: April 2011

The dominant worldview, particularly the Western one, of women in abayas, shailas, and niqabs is that these garments are symbols of oppression. This idea is explored, along with other cultural notes from the country of Qatar.
A Feminist Approach to Social Work Research
Authors: Davis Liane V.
Published: April 2011

A central contributor to the current dissatisfaction with social work research, the author argues, is that most of the research produced for the profession uses a male model of knowledge development that is alien to women, who constitute the majority of those whose task it is to put the knowledge into action. This article analyzes female and male methodologies in terms of their respective themes of connection and separation and explores the ways in which female methodologies can be incorporated into social work research.
Alcoholism: A Catalyst for Women to Organize/1850-1980
Authors: Lacerte Judith , Harris Donna L.
Published: April 2011

Since the mid-nineteenth century, women have been concerned about and have had an impact on social legislation related to alcoholism. This article describes the activities of women in the anti-alcohol movement and explores the concept that women organize in a way that focuses the public's attention on social problems that involve the use and abuse of alcohol.
Research Methods for Studying Evolutionary and Ecological Processes in Organizational Communication
Authors: Monge Peter , Lee Seungyoon , Fulk Janet , Weber Matthew , Shen Cuihua , Schultz Courtney , Margolin Drew , Gould Jessica , Frank Lauren B.
Published: April 2011

In a previous MCQ article, Monge et al. overviewed the fundamental concepts and processes of evolutionary theory and their applications to key issues in organizational communication. This article extends that work by providing an overview of research tools for studying organizational ecology and evolution, including (a) the variation-selection-retention sequence, (b) the likelihood of events occurring over a period of time (event history analysis), (c) transition sequence of populations from one state to another (sequence analysis), (d) relationships among nodes in networks over time (network analysis), (e) simulation of complex relationships and interactions (computational modeling), (f) changes in populations’ fitness for survival (NKC models), and (g) competitive interdependence among populations over time (predator—prey models). We conclude with a brief review of graphical and qualitative methods.
Activism as Ethical Practice: Queer Politics in Contemporary India
Authors: Dave Naisargi N.
Published: April 2011

Why are activists, activists? In this article I address that question, as well as what it means for an ethnographer to ask it. Based on fieldwork with lesbian and gay activists in New Delhi, I argue that activism emerges as ethical practice, and that ‘ethical practice’ consists of three affective exercises: problematizing established social norms, inventing alternatives to those norms, and creatively practicing those newly invented relational possibilities. But the political institutions that activists must engage in order to effect the transformations that they seek are far from conducive to the cultivation of the ethical practice that is at the heart of activism, and this article is partly an ethnography of this tension. I study this tension by tracing a series of key movements in Indian lesbian activism from 1987 to 2008, bookended by the public revelation of two married policewomen in rural India and a Gay Pride parade in central Delhi. Through this narrative, I show how each new shift in activism demands the foreclosure of possibilities and practices that emerged before it. On a reflexive note, I draw a parallel between activism as a fraught, contested undoing and remaking of its very premises and ethnography of activism as entailing the same.
A model of non-informational preference change
Authors: Dietrich Franz , List Christian
Published: April 2011

According to standard rational choice theory, as commonly used in political science and economics, an agent’s fundamental preferences are exogenously fixed, and any preference change over decision options is due to Bayesian information learning. Although elegant and parsimonious, such a model fails to account for preference change driven by experiences or psychological changes distinct from information learning. We develop a model of non-informational preference change. Alternatives are modelled as points in some multidimensional space, only some of whose dimensions play a role in shaping the agent’s preferences. Any change in these ‘motivationally salient’ dimensions can change the agent’s preferences. How it does so is described by a new representation theorem. Our model not only captures a wide range of frequently observed phenomena, but also generalizes some standard representations of preferences in political science and economics.
On the buyability of voting bodies
Authors: Morgan John , Várdy Felix
Published: April 2011

We study vote buying by competing interest groups in a variety of electoral and contractual settings. While increasing the size of a voting body reduces its buyability in the absence of competition, we show that larger voting bodies may be more buyable than smaller voting bodies when interest groups compete. In contrast, imposing the secret ballot is an effective way to fight vote buying in the presence of competition, but much less so in its absence. Regardless of competition, the option to contract on both votes and outcomes is worthless, as it does not affect buyability compared to contracting only on votes. The option to contract on votes and vote shares, on the other hand, is extremely valuable: it allows the first mover to effectively nullify competition and obtain its preferred policy at almost the monopoly cost.
Biomechanical behaviour of heel pad tissue experimental testing, constitutive formulation, and numerical modelling
Authors: Natali A N , Fontanella C G , Carniel E L , Young J Miller
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with the constitutive formulation of heel pad tissue and presents a procedure for identifying constitutive parameters using experimental data, with the aim of developing a computational approach for investigating the actual biomechanical response. The preliminary definition of constitutive parameters was developed using a visco-hyperelastic formulation, considering experimental data from in vitro compression tests on specimens of fat pad tissue and data from in vivo tests to identify the actual trend of tissue stiffness. The discrepancy between model results and experimental data was evaluated on the basis of a specific cost function, adopting a stochastic/deterministic procedure. The parameter evaluation was upgraded by considering experimental tests performed on the fat pad tissues of a cadaveric foot using in situ indentation tests at 0.01 and 350 mm/s strain rates. The constitutive formulation was implemented in a numerical model. The comparison of data from in situ tests and numerical results led to an optimal domain of parameters based on an admissible discrepancy criterion. Numerical results evaluated for different sets of parameters inside the domain are reported and compared with experimental data for a reliability evaluation of the proposed procedure.
The Behavioral Immune System (and Why It Matters)
Authors: Schaller Mark , Park Justin H.
Published: April 2011

Like many other animals, human beings engage in behavioral defenses against infectious pathogens. The behavioral immune system consists of a suite of psychological mechanisms that (a) detect cues connoting the presence of infectious pathogens in the immediate environment, (b) trigger disease-relevant emotional and cognitive responses, and thus (c) facilitate behavioral avoidance of pathogen infection. However, the system responds to an overly general set of superficial cues, which can result in aversive responses to things (including people) that pose no actual threat of pathogen infection. In addition, the system is flexible, such that more strongly aversive responses occur under conditions in which perceivers are (or merely perceive themselves to be) more vulnerable to pathogen infection. Recent research reveals many provocative implications—for the experience of disgust, for extraversion and social interaction, for xenophobia and other prejudices, and for the origins of cultural differences.
Can Men Detect Ovulation?
Authors: Haselton Martie G. , Gildersleeve Kelly
Published: April 2011

In contrast to our closest cousin, the chimpanzee, humans appear at first to lack cues of impending ovulation that would mark the fertile period in which a female can become pregnant. Consequently, that ovulation is “concealed” in women has long been the consensus among scientists studying human mating. A recent series of studies shows, however, that there are discernible cues of fertility in women’s social behaviors, body scents, voices, and, possibly, aspects of physical beauty. Some of these changes are subtle, but others are strikingly large (we report effect sizes ranging from small, d = 0.12 to large, d = 1.20). Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that women’s male partners may adaptively shift their behavior in response to cues of approaching ovulation. These results have far-reaching implications for understanding fluctuations in attraction, conflict, and relationship dynamics.
The potential of employee involvement in the SE to foster the Europeanization of labour relations
Authors: Stollt Michael , Kluge Norbert
Published: April 2011

This article looks at recent developments with regard to employee involvement in the European Company (SE) and in this light analyses the SE’s impact on European industrial relations. The article argues that the SE has indeed brought some innovation and new impetus at both national and European level. Thus, the SE might be better than its poor ‘reputation’ might suggest. This is all the more true with regard to the limited (new) rights granted by the SE legislation and the background of its introduction: the SE was never meant primarily as a social policy instrument, but rather to foster the cross-border mobility of companies in the EU internal market.
Identifying and Determining the Symptom Severity Associated With Polyvictimization Among Psychiatrically Impaired Children in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Wasser Tobias , Connor Daniel F.
Published: April 2011

Polyvictimization involves experiencing multiple forms of maltreatment or other interpersonal victimization, and places children at risk for severe psychosocial impairment. Children with psychiatric problems are at risk for polyvictimization, and polyvictimized child psychiatric inpatients have been found to have particularly severe psychiatric symptoms. Cluster analysis was used to identify a polyvictimized subgroup ( N = 22, 8%) among 295 outpatient admissions in 2007–2009 to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic, based on chart review of documented maltreatment, parental impairment (history of arrest, psychiatric illness, and substance use), and multiple out-of-home placements. Polyvictimization was associated with severe parent-reported externalizing problems and clinician-rated psychosocial impairment, independent of demographics and psychiatric diagnoses. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the only psychiatric diagnosis associated with polyvictimization. Polyvictimization merits further clinical and research assessment with child psychiatry outpatients. Evidence-based PTSD assessment and treatment for polyvictimized children with adaptations to address their severe impairment and externalizing problems also warrants empirical evaluation.
Designing for Diversity
Authors: Dalton Bridget , Proctor C. Patrick , Uccelli Paola , Mo Elaine , Snow Catherine E.
Published: April 2011

This study examined the relative contribution of reading comprehension strategies and interactive vocabulary in Improving Comprehension Online (ICON), a universally designed web-based scaffolded text environment designed to improve fifth-grade monolingual English and bilingual students’ reading achievement. Seventy-five monolingual English and 31 bilingual students from six classrooms were assigned to one of three ICON conditions: reading comprehension strategies, vocabulary, or a combined version of comprehension strategies and vocabulary. Students read eight multimedia folktales and informational texts within their respective ICON condition and completed embedded activities, researcher measures of comprehension and vocabulary, and pre- and postintervention standardized reading achievement tests. ANCOVA results indicated that after controlling for initial reading achievement, there was a main effect for condition on the researcher measure of vocabulary, with the combination group and vocabulary groups both significantly outperforming the strategy group. There was also an interaction effect, with differences between monolingual and bilingual Spanish-speaking students greatest in the strategy group. There was no effect of condition on comprehension, nor was there an effect of language status on narrative comprehension. However, there was a main effect of language status on expository text comprehension and standardized vocabulary achievement, with monolingual students performing more strongly than bilingual Spanish-speaking students. The results add to a growing body of research on the design and use of scaffolded digital text for diverse learners.
The Relation of Morphological Awareness and Syntactic Awareness to Adults’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Guo Ying , Roehrig Alysia D. , Williams Rihana S.
Published: April 2011

The authors’ goal was to examine the structural relationships among vocabulary knowledge, morphological awareness, syntactic awareness, and reading comprehension in English-speaking adults. Structural equation analysis of data collected from 151 participants revealed that morphological awareness affected reading comprehension directly. Syntactic awareness predicted reading comprehension not only directly but also indirectly via vocabulary knowledge. Vocabulary knowledge made an independent contribution to reading comprehension above and beyond those of morphologic awareness and syntactic awareness.
Minority youth, everyday racism and public spaces in contemporary Russia
Authors: Ziemer Ulrike
Published: April 2011

This article examines the impact of global change and post-Soviet political transformation on diasporic youth cultural practices and experience in Krasnodar, a city in southern Russia. While young Armenians’ leisure spaces are characterized by inclusive notions of ethnic plurality and tolerance, sometimes individuals are racialized or ethnicized when they pass through public spaces. Young Armenians’ leisure spaces are ethnically structured, but not ethnically exclusive. This article challenges the view that young people from ethnic minorities are passive recipients of everyday racism. Instead, it is suggested that young Armenians have routinized their responses to racism and xenophobia in their everyday practices, and so are able to undermine the dominant political discourse.
Testing Adolescents for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Urban Primary Care Practices
Authors: Rubin Susan E. , Alderman Elizabeth M. , Fletcher Jason , Campos Giselle , O’Sullivan Lucia F. , McKee M. Diane
Published: April 2011

Objective: Sexually active urban adolescents experience a high burden of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Adolescents often access medical care through general primary care providers; their time alone with a provider increases the likelihood that youth will disclose risky behavior, which may result in STI testing. Our goals were to assess the association (if any) between the provision of time alone and STI testing, and describe the rates of STI testing among sexually active adolescents in urban primary care. Methods: Youth (aged 12-19 years) presenting for care at 4 urban health centers were invited to complete post-visit surveys of their experience. Sexually transmitted infection screening rates were obtained from the clinical information systems (CIS); CIS data were linked to survey responses. Results: We received 101 surveys. Surveyed youth experienced time alone in 69% of all visits. Time alone varied by age (older teens experienced more time alone), and it occurred more frequently in preventive visits (71%) versus nonpreventive visits (33%). It did not vary by gender. Forty-two of the 46 sexually active youth experienced time alone. Screening rates for sexually active females, either at the index visit or within 6 months prior to the index visit, were 17.9% for human immunodeficiency virus and 32.1% for gonorrhea/ Chlamydia. No sexually active surveyed males were tested. Overall screening rates varied widely across practices (human immunodeficiency virus 0%-29%; gonorrhea/ Chlamydia 7%-29%). There was no difference in screening rates among youth with and without time alone. Conclusion: STI testing for adolescents is being conducted in this primary care urban population, especially for sexually active females. However, clinicians in this setting are not screening females consistently enough and rarely screen males. We were unable to test our hypothesis that provision of time alone was associated with a higher rate of STI testing. Site differences suggest substantial variation in clinician practices that should be addressed in quality improvement interventions.
Onset of a pandemic: characterizing the initial phase of the swine flu (H1N1) epidemic in Israel
Authors: Roll Uri , Yaari Rami , Katriel Guy , Barnea Oren , Stone Lewi , Mendelson Ella , Mandelboim Michal , Huppert Amit
Published: April 2011

Background

The swine influenza H1N1 first identified in Mexico, spread rapidly across the globe and is considered the fastest moving pandemic in history. The early phase of an outbreak, in which data is relatively scarce, presents scientific challenges on key issues such as: scale, severity and immunity which are fundamental for establishing sound and rapid policy schemes. Our analysis of an Israeli dataset aims at understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of H1N1 in its initial phase.

Methods

We constructed and analyzed a unique dataset from Israel on all confirmed cases (between April 26 to July 7, 2009), representing most swine flu cases in this period. We estimated and characterized fundamental epidemiological features of the pandemic in Israel (e.g. effective reproductive number, age-class distribution, at-risk social groups, infections between sexes, and spatial dynamics). Contact data collected during this stage was used to estimate the generation time distribution of the pandemic.

Results

We found a low effective reproductive number (R

e
= 1.06), an age-class distribution of infected individuals (skewed towards ages 18-25), at-risk social groups (soldiers and ultra Orthodox Jews), and significant differences in infections between sexes (skewed towards males). In terms of spatial dynamics, the pandemic spread from the central coastal plain of Israel to other regions, with higher infection rates in more densely populated sub-districts with higher income households.

Conclusions

Analysis of high quality data holds much promise in reducing uncertainty regarding fundamental aspects of the initial phase of an outbreak (e.g. the effective reproductive number Re, age-class distribution, at-risk social groups). The formulation for determining the effective reproductive number R

e
used here has many advantages for studying the initial phase of the outbreak since it neither assumes exponential growth of infectives and is independent of the reporting rate. The finding of a low R

e
(close to unity threshold), combined with identification of social groups with high transmission rates would have enabled the containment of swine flu during the summer in Israel. Our unique use of contact data provided new insights into the differential dynamics of influenza in different ages and sexes, and should be promoted in future epidemiological studies. Thus our work highlights the importance of conducting a comprehensive study of the initial stage of a pandemic in real time.
Screening for left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community
Authors: Somaratne Jithendra B , Whalley Gillian A , Poppe Katrina K , ter Bals Mariska M , Wadams Gina , Pearl Ann , Bagg Warwick , Doughty Rob N
Published: April 2011

Background

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and is common among patients with type 2 diabetes. However, no systematic screening for LVH is currently recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NT-proBNP was superior to 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) for detection of LVH in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Prospective cross-sectional study comparing diagnostic accuracy of ECG and NT-proBNP for the detection of LVH among patients with type 2 diabetes. Inclusion criteria included having been diagnosed for > 5 years and/or on treatment for type 2 diabetes; patients with Stage 3/4 chronic kidney disease and known cardiovascular disease were excluded. ECG LVH was defined as either the Sokolow-Lyon or Cornell voltage criteria. NT-proBNP level was measured using the Roche Diagnostics Elecsys assay. Left ventricular mass was assessed from echocardiography. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was carried out and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.

Results

294 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited, mean age 58 (SD 11) years, BP 134/81 ± 18/11 mmHg, HbA1c 7.3 ± 1.5%. LVH was present in 164 patients (56%). In a logistic regression model age, gender, BMI and a history of hypertension were important determinants of LVH (p < 0.05). Only 5 patients with LVH were detected by either ECG voltage criteria. The AUC for NT-proBNP in detecting LVH was 0.68.

Conclusions

LVH was highly prevalent in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. ECG was an inadequate test to identify LVH and while NT-proBNP was superior to ECG it remained unsuitable for detecting LVH. Thus, there remains a need for a screening tool to detect LVH in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes to enhance risk stratification and management.
Negotiating Marriage and Professional Autonomy in the Careers of Eighteenth-Century Actresses
Authors: Brooks Helen E. M.
Published: April 2011

This essay examines the ways marriage could function both to the benefit and detriment of an actress's professional activities and agency. It argues that an astute marital decision might support and promote an ambitious actress's future on the stage, largely through integrating her into established networks in the profession. It then reveals the ways in which an actress's legal status as feme covert might impact upon her professional agency, particularly in light of her unique position as both trader and object of trade. The essay then goes on to consider how actresses negotiated their ways between the benefits and the liabilities of marriage. “Contract” marriage, or “performing marriage,” the essay suggests, was one way in which an actress might maintain her legal, and therefore professional, agency, within the framework of a long-term personal relationship. Some actresses, the essay argues, may have chosen to negotiate their personal and professional lives by cohabiting and living as if married, outside the legal framework of a legitimate union. Such an argument, moreover, opens up a wider awareness of the eighteenth-century businesswomen's choices in marriage.
A Matter of Some Interest
Authors: Moreton Bethany
Published: April 2011

This essay review of Margaret Atwood's Payback centers on the observation that the book does not dwell on the unnatural face of interest and finance. In this era of financialization, debt has been thoroughly uncoupled from the concept of payback. The least valuable debt is the one that is promptly repaid. It is this aspect of debt—the interest, not the principal—that has attracted the richest tradition of social condemnation. As stable forms of production and exchange were replaced by international arbitrage, the link between debt and sorcery became evident to observers around the world. More profoundly, Atwood's widely shared commonsense impression that consumer debt is a measure of self-indulgence does not hold up empirically. It turns out that our unprecedented levels of household indebtedness were overwhelmingly a function of nondiscretionary spending. Even as Americans owed one hundred percent of GDP in individual debt in 2008, the real Faustian bargain was not a “enjoy now, pay later” scheme for “glitzy, short-term junk.” The truth is much scarier, and points toward a different set of cultural and theological references than the ones Atwood investigates. The dividing line between solvency and insolvency, it turns out, is not consumption but reproduction: the most certain route to financial disaster is having a child.
“CAN'T Pay” And “WON'T Pay” In the Medieval Village
Authors: Briggs Chris
Published: April 2011

What happens when a debtor does not pay back what he or she owes? As Margaret Atwood's chapter on “The Shadow Side” shows, the unpaid debt—in the broadest sense—is a recurring theme of history and literature. This review essay looks at the fourteenth-century village, a world which, perhaps contrary to expectations, turns out to have been characterized by a large number of outstanding interpersonal debts of money and goods. We know about these debts because the creditors were obliged to use local courts in order to recover them. Remarks are offered on the circumstances that led to so many individuals being sued for debt, in particular English villages in this period. Discussion then focuses on the extent to which the proliferation of unpaid debts between villagers led to tensions or a breakdown in trust within rural society. The essay concludes with comments on the character and functions of institutions and rules that have developed in this and other societies to deal with the “won't pay” tendencies of human beings.
Unacknowledged Legislator
Authors: Chace William M.
Published: April 2011

Some writers are drawn, almost as if hexed, to pronounce on matters of state, politics, and, occasionally, economic policy. Margaret Atwood is one such writer. Her book Payback suffers from its aspiration to create an idealistic and implausible world to take the place of the one we have. This imaginary world would adopt all currently attractive ecological and friendly principles. In positing such a utopia, Atwood puts aside the admirable acuity she has when investigating the real world of literature and veers away into the world of politics, economics, and social life, where she reveals herself a romantic. In so doing, she takes her place, a modest one, in the ranks of twentieth-century writers (Eliot, Pound, Yeats, Brecht) who also ventured into the construction of unworkable social visions that would supplant what they saw around them. Her adventure, while less ambitious, is no less naive than theirs.
Drosophilacellular immunity: a story of migration and adhesion
Authors: Fauvarque Marie-Odile , Williams Michael J.
Published: April 2011

Research during the past 15 years has led to significant breakthroughs, providing evidence of a high degree of similarity between insect and mammalian innate immune responses, both humoural and cellular, and highlighting Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for studying the evolution of innate immunity. In a manner similar to cells of the mammalian monocyte and macrophage lineage, Drosophila immunosurveillance cells (haemocytes) have a number of roles. For example, they respond to wound signals, are involved in wound healing and contribute to the coagulation response. Moreover, they participate in the phagocytosis and encapsulation of invading pathogens, are involved in the removal of apoptotic bodies and produce components of the extracellular matrix. There are several reasons for using the Drosophila cellular immune response as a model to understand cell signalling during adhesion and migration in vivo: many genes involved in the regulation of Drosophila haematopoiesis and cellular immunity have been maintained across taxonomic groups ranging from flies to humans, many aspects of Drosophila and mammalian innate immunity seem to be conserved, and Drosophila is a simplified and well-studied genetic model system. In the present Commentary, we will discuss what is known about cellular adhesion and migration in the Drosophila cellular immune response, during both embryonic and larval development, and where possible compare it with related mechanisms in vertebrates.
Improved Inactivation Effect of Bacteria: Fabrication of Mesoporous Anatase Films with Fine Ag Nanoparticles Prepared by Coaxial Vacuum Arc Deposition
Authors: Oveisi Hamid , Rahighi Simin , Jiang Xiangfen , Agawa Yoshiaki , Beitollahi Ali , Wakatsuki Soichi , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: April 2011

We realize ultrarapid inactivation of bacteria by modifying fine Ag nanoparticles with uniform size on mesoporous anatase films with high surface areas.
Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide with Silver-exchanged Mordenite Containing Cobalt in Framework Sites
Authors: Hiyoshi Norihito , Ikeda Takuji , Kato Masanao
Published: April 2011

The catalytic activity of Ag-exchanged mordenite containing Co atoms in framework positions (Ag/CoMOR) was investigated for CO oxidation. The activity of the Ag/CoMOR catalyst was found to be higher than that of an aluminosilicate mordenite catalyst coexchanged with Ag and Co.
Ruthenium-catalyzed Formation of Tertiary Amines from Nitriles and Alcohols
Authors: Liu Saiwen , Chen Ru , Deng Guo-Jun
Published: April 2011

A ruthenium-catalyzed tertiary-amine formation was developed using the borrowing hydrogen strategy. Various tertiary amines were obtained efficiently from nitriles and primary alcohols. Two possible pathways were found for the tertiary-amine formation under RuCl3/dppf catalytic conditions. The nitriles mainly act as a nitrogen source in this kind of transformation.
Cutaneous mucormycosis with necrotising fasciitis in a young immunocompetent individual
Authors: Shivananda Prabhu , Mahabala Chakrapani , Kausalya Sahu , Suchitra Shenoy , Anand Kini U
Published: April 2011

Primary cutaneous mucormycosis is uncommon and is extremely rare in immunocompetent young individuals. Here we report a case of necrotising fasciitis due to mucormycosis in an immunocompetent young individual following minor trauma. Mucormycosis must be suspected in any wound that is worsening despite appropriate treatment even in immunocompetent individuals.
The Efficacy of HGAL and LMO2 in the Separation of Lymphomas Derived From Small B Cells in Nodal and Extranodal Sites, Including the Bone Marrow
Authors: Younes Sheren F. , Beck Andrew H. , Ohgami Robert S. , Lossos Izidore S. , Levy Ronald , Warnke Roger A. , Natkunam Yasodha
Published: April 2011

We studied the efficacy of 2 germinal center B-cell markers, HGAL and LMO2, in the separation of lymphomas derived from small B cells, particularly follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma occurring in nodal, extranodal, splenic, and bone marrow sites using immunohistochemical analysis for CD10, BCL6, BCL2, HGAL, and LMO2. Our results showed that HGAL and LMO2 are sensitive and specific markers for detecting FL in nodal and extranodal sites. In contrast, all markers were down-regulated in FL infiltrates in the bone marrow. CD10 and HGAL were expressed in a subset of FLs in the bone marrow and were highly correlated with each other and with CD21, a marker of follicular dendritic cells. We conclude that HGAL and LMO2 should be considered in immunohistochemical panels used for the routine workup of lymphomas derived from small B cells. In the bone marrow, staining for HGAL or CD10 can be helpful in making a diagnosis of FL, although they are absent in a subset of cases.
Clinical Evaluation of the i-STAT Kaolin Activated Clotting Time (ACT) Test in Different Clinical Settings in a Large Academic Urban Medical Center
Authors: Lewandrowski Elizabeth Lee , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Gregory Kimberly , Jang Ik-Kyung , Lewandrowski Kent B.
Published: April 2011

Historically, it has been difficult for hospitals to change methods for activated clotting time (ACT) testing because of differences in ACT values obtained with different instruments, wide differences in target ranges used in different procedures, and the difficulty of performing crossover studies at the bedside in critical care situations. There are limited published data comparing the i-STAT (Abbott Point of Care, Princeton, NJ) kaolin ACT with the Medtronic ACT Plus (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). The i-STAT system can perform ACT testing in addition to testing of a number of critical care analytes and may offer potential advantages over other ACT analyzers. Comparison of ACT values on 121 simultaneous split-sample tests yielded an R2 of 0.88 with i-STAT = 0.79 Medtronic + 72.0. The Pearson correlation was R = 0.94, indicating statistically significant correlation between the 2 methods. Based on this comparison, we were able to implement the i-STAT ACT throughout our institution without changing target ranges for any individual procedure.
It's Got the Look: The Effect of Friendly and Aggressive “Facial” Expressions on Product Liking and Sales
Authors: Landwehr Jan R. , McGill Ann L. , Herrmann Andreas
Published: April 2011

When designing their products, companies try to employ shapes that are both emotionally appealing and compatible with the brand's image. One way to accomplish these aims is to anthropomorphize a product's appearance. The current research investigates how people decode emotional “facial” expressions from product shapes and how this affects liking of the design, using three studies in the domain of cars and one in the domain of cellular phones. In accordance with theories on the perception of human faces, the first study shows that perception of friendliness is limited to the grille (mouth), while aggressiveness can be communicated with both grille and headlights (eyes). The next study examines the best-liked combination of these two emotional expressions and finds that consumers prefer the combination of an upturned (friendly) grille with slanted (aggressive) headlights. The authors further explain this finding on a process level by showing that this combination triggers a positive affective state of both high pleasure and arousal. The third study validates the results with automobile sales data, and a fourth study extends the findings to another product category.
Do Marketing Media Have Life Cycles? The Case of Product Placement in Movies
Authors: Karniouchina Ekaterina V. , Uslay Can , Erenburg Grigori
Published: April 2011

This article examines the economic worth of product placement in movies over a time span of 40 years (1968–2007). The authors find an inverted U-shaped relationship between the year of the movie release and the returns associated with product placements. In addition, a similar inverted U-shaped relationship characterizes the economic worth of tie-in campaigns associated with product placements. These findings are consistent with the habituation–tedium theory used to explain the inverted U-shaped pattern in response to novel advertisements and suggest that the same mechanism could be influencing the response to an entire marketing medium. Overall, the results reinforce the notion that marketers find it increasingly difficult to get their message across using traditional media and underscore the need for the marketing industry to reinvent itself when new tactics lose their luster. The authors conclude with a discussion of additional empirical regularities.
Competing for Consumer Identity: Limits to Self-Expression and the Perils of Lifestyle Branding
Authors: Chernev Alexander , Hamilton Ryan , Gal David
Published: April 2011

The idea that consumers use brands to express their identities has led many companies to reposition their products from focusing on functional attributes to focusing on how they fit into a consumer's lifestyle. This repositioning is welcomed by managers who believe that by positioning their brands as means for self-expression, they are less likely to go head-to-head with their direct competitors. However, the authors argue that by doing so, these companies expose themselves to much broader, cross-category competition for a share of a consumer's identity. Thus, they propose that consumers’ need for self-expression through brands is finite and can be satiated when consumers are exposed to self-expressive brands. Moreover, they argue that consumers’ need for self-expression can be satiated not only by a brand's direct competitors but also by brands from unrelated product categories, nonbrand means of self-expression, and self-expressive behavioral acts. The authors examine these propositions in a series of five empirical studies that provide converging evidence in support of the notion that the need for self-expression can be satiated, thus weakening preferences for lifestyle brands.
Process and Outcome Interdependency in Frontline Service Encounters
Authors: Ma Zhenfeng , Dubé Laurette
Published: April 2011

Although marketing researchers have emphasized the interactive nature of service encounters, there has been scant research regarding how dyadic behaviors in a service encounter are interrelated. The authors recognize two distinct forms of dyadic interdependency: process interdependency, in which each party's enactment of behavior influences the other's enactment of behavior, and outcome interdependency, in which the impact of each party's behavior on service outcome depends on the other party's behavior. Using the interpersonal circumplex model and its related concept of complementarity, the authors examine both forms of dyadic interdependency by directly observing provider–client interpersonal behaviors in a natural frontline service setting over an extended period. The findings on process interdependency indicate that dyadic behaviors elicit or inhibit each other largely in a complementary manner. The findings on outcome interdependency show that, in general, complementary interactions between the provider and client enhance the client's satisfaction, whereas anticomplementary interactions dampen the client's satisfaction.
Increased expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in kidney glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Quezada Claudia , Alarcón Sebastián , Cárcamo Juan G. , Yáñez Alejandro , Casanello Paola , Sobrevia Luis , San Martín Rody
Published: April 2011

Oxidative stress has been linked to the podocytopathy, mes-angial expansion and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The major cell defence mechanism against oxidative stress is reduced glutathione (GSH). Some ABC transporters have been shown to extrude GSH, oxidised glutathione or their conjugates out of the cell, thus implying a role for these transporters in GSH homeostasis. We found a remarkable expression of mRNA for multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP/ABCC) 1, 3, 4 and 5 in rat glomeruli. Three weeks after induction of diabetes in glomeruli of streptozotocin-treated rats, we observed a decline in reduced GSH levels and an increase in the expression and activity of MRP1 (ABCC1). These lower GSH levels were improved byex vivotreatment with pharmacological inhibitors of MRP1 activity (MK571). We conclude that increased activity of MRP1 in diabetic glomeruli is correlated with an inadequate adaptive response to oxidative stress.
Humor with backgrounded incongruity: Does more required suspension of disbelief affect humor perception?
Authors: Samson Andrea C. , Hempelmann Christian F.
Published: April 2011

Humorous stimuli, like jokes and cartoons, are assumed to contain a central incongruity in a specific constellation of opposition and overlap that is essential to their humorousness. Many stimuli also contain additional incongruities that the audience usually overlooks, but that may be needed to create the setup for the main incongruity, e.g., animals that talk, space aliens, an Italian, an American, and a Russian sharing a language. Two of the studies described in the present paper investigated the effect of such backgrounded incongruities by removing them from a set of jokes and cartoons and testing how this affects humor processing and appreciation. A third study investigated whether the elimination of a backgrounded incongruity influences the position of a humorous stimulus on the incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor continuum. Methods included computer-based stimulus rating and self-explanations by the participants. The results suggested that backgrounded incongruities influence humor appreciation because their elimination leads to lower funniness and higher aversion. Furthermore, the backgrounded incongruities contribute strongly to the perceived absurdity of a joke. When they are removed, the jokes are perceived less to be nonsense humor but more as incongruity-resolution humor.
Finite groups with ℋ-subgroups or strongly closed subgroups
Authors: Shen Zhencai , Li Shirong
Published: April 2011

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