bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring International Views on Key Concepts for Mass-gathering Health through a Delphi Process
Authors: Steenkamp Malinda , Hutton Alison E. , Ranse Jamie C. , Lund Adam , Turris Sheila A. , Bowles Ron , Arbuthnott Katherine , Arbon Paul A.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The science underpinning mass-gathering health (MGH) is developing rapidly. However, MGH terminology and concepts are not yet well defined or used consistently. These variations can complicate comparisons across settings. There is, therefore, a need to develop consensus and standardize concepts and data points to support the development of a robust MGH evidence-base for governments, event planners, responders, and researchers. This project explored the views and sought consensus of international MGH experts on previously published concepts around MGH to inform the development of a transnational minimum data set (MDS) with an accompanying data dictionary (DD).

Report

A two-round Delphi process was undertaken involving volunteers from the World Health Organization (WHO) Virtual Interdisciplinary Advisory Group (VIAG) on Mass Gatherings (MGs) and the MG section of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM). The first online survey tested agreement on six key concepts: (1) using the term “MG HEALTH;” (2) purposes of the proposed MDS and DD; (3) event phases; (4) two MG population models; (5) a MGH conceptual diagram; and (6) a data matrix for organizing MGH data elements. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement. Round 2 presented five refined MGH principles based on Round 1 input that was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Thirty-eight participants started Round 1 with 36 completing the survey and 24 (65% of 36) completing Round 2. Agreement was reached on: the term “MGH” (n=35/38; 92%); the stated purposes for the MDS (n=38/38; 100%); the two MG population models (n=31/36; 86% and n=30/36; 83%, respectively); and the event phases (n=34/36; 94%). Consensus was not achieved on the overall conceptual MGH diagram (n=25/37; 67%) and the proposed matrix to organize data elements (n=28/37; 77%). In Round 2, agreement was reached on all the proposed principles and revisions, except on the MGH diagram (n=18/24; 75%).

Discussion/Conclusions

Event health stakeholders require sound data upon which to build a robust MGH evidence-base. The move towards standardization of data points and/or reporting items of interest will strengthen the development of such an evidence-base from which governments, researchers, clinicians, and event planners could benefit. There is substantial agreement on some broad concepts underlying MGH amongst an international group of MG experts. Refinement is needed regarding an overall conceptual diagram and proposed matrix for organizing data elements.

SteenkampM, HuttonAE, RanseJC, LundA, TurrisSA, BowlesR, ArbuthnottK, ArbonPA. Exploring international views on key concepts for mass-gathering health through a Delphi process. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):443–453.
FUTURES-BASED MEASURES OF MONETARY POLICY AND JUMP RISK
Authors: Nkwoma Inekwe John
Published: May 2016

We estimate the effects of anticipated and unanticipated monetary policy changes on jump variation by employing high-frequency nonparametric jump detection methods. We find that anticipated changes in the Fed funds have no significant effect on jumps. In contrast, jump variation in the price of financial market data increases with monetary policy surprises. We document evidence of asymmetries in the response of jumps to monetary policy changes. Monetary policy surprises and positive changes in the Fed target rate induce increments in jumps. Similar results exist in the sector analysis. In addition, this study uncovers no evidence of endogenous response between jumps and monetary policy surprises.
Effects of Pamidronate on Dental Enamel Formation Assessed by Light Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Microhardness Testing
Authors: Soares Ana P. , do Espírito Santo Renan F. , Line Sérgio R. P. , Pinto Maria das G. F. , Santos Pablo de M. , Toralles Maria Betania P. , do Espírito Santo Alexandre R.
Published: May 2016

The aim of the present work was to investigate birefringence and morphology of the secretory-stage enamel organic extracellular matrix (EOECM), and structural and mechanical properties of mature enamel of upper incisors from adult rats that had been treated with pamidronate disodium (0.5 mg/kg/week for 56 days), using transmitted polarizing and bright-field light microscopies (TPLM and BFLM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness testing. BFLM showed no morphological changes of the EOECM in pamidronate and control groups, but TPLM revealed a statistically significant reduction in optical retardation values of birefringence brightness of pamidronate-treated rats when compared with control animals (p<0.01). EDX analysis showed that pamidronate-induced statistically significant decrease in phosphorus’ quantity in outer mature enamel (p<0.01) and an increase in the calcium/phosphorus ratio in that structure (p<0.05). Pamidronate did not induce ultra-structural alterations in mature enamel as revealed by SEM and did not cause a reduction in its microhardness (p>0.05). The present study indicates that pamidronate can affect birefringence of the secretory-stage EOECM, which does not seem to be associated with significant changes in morphological and/or mechanical properties of mature enamel.
Does Extra Interletter Spacing Help Text Reading in Skilled Adult Readers?
Authors: Perea Manuel , Giner Lourdes , Marcet Ana , Gomez Pablo
Published: May 2016

A number of experiments have shown that, in skilled adult readers, a small increase in interletter spacing speeds up the process of visual word recognition relative to the default settings (i.e., judge faster than judge). The goal of the present experiment was to examine whether this effect can be generalized to a more ecological scenario: text reading. Each participant read two stories (367 words each) taken from a standardized reading test. The stories were presented with the standard interletter spacing or with a small increase in interletter spacing (+1.2 points to default) in a within-subject design. An eyetracker was used to register the participants’ eye movements. Comprehension scores were also examined. Results showed that, on average, fixation durations were shorter while reading the text with extra spacing than while reading the text with the default settings (237 vs. 245 ms, respectively; η2 =. 41, p = .01). However, the number of fixations (while nonsignificant) was slightly higher in the text with extra spacing than in the text with the default spacing, and cancelled out the effect of interletter spacing in total reading times (F < 1). Comprehension scores were similar in the two spacing conditions (F < 1). Thus, at least for skilled adult readers, interletter spacing does not seem to play a consistently facilitative role during text reading.
Wohlbefinden im Alter
Authors: Bernsteiner Mariella , Boggatz Thomas
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Wohlbefinden ist ein wichtiges Ergebnis von Pflege und Betreuung, das jedoch nur selten erfasst wird. Die Skala des psychologischen Wohlbefindens nach Ryff erfasst dieses Konstrukt, ist jedoch nicht auf die Situation von BewohnerInnen in Pflegeheimen und im betreuten Wohnen ausgelegt. Ziel: Eine inhaltsvalide Version der Skala für ältere Menschen im Pflegeheim und betreuten Wohnen im deutschsprachigen Raum zu entwickeln. Methode: Es wurde eine Delphi-Studie in zwei Runden mit 56 ExpertInnen aus Pflegeheimen bzw. aus betreuten Wohneinrichtungen im Bundesland Salzburg durchgeführt. Verbesserungsvorschläge wurden in offenen Fragen erfasst, und die Items konnten anhand einer vierstufigen Likert-Skala bewertet werden. Für die Akzeptanz der Items war eine Zustimmung von mindestens 80 % notwendig. Bei der qualitativen Auswertung wurden die Aussagen miteinander verglichen und in Codes und Kategorien zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse: 38 von insgesamt 54 Items wurden nach der ersten Runde (Rücklaufquote: 34,6 %) überarbeitet. In der zweiten Runde (Rücklaufquote: 64,7 %) erhielten alle Items die Zustimmung der ExpertInnen (≥ 80 %). Die Kritikpunkte bezogen sich z. T. allgemein auf die Formulierung der Fragen und z. T. auf Aspekte von Wohlbefinden, die für ältere, unterstützungsbedürftige Menschen nicht mehr relevant seien (z. B. die Erfüllung von Pflichten). Schlussfolgerungen: Eine modifizierte Version der Skala wurde entwickelt, die aus Sicht der ExpertInnen das Wohlbefinden der Zielgruppe erfasst. Diese sollte nun einer psychometrischen Testung unterzogen werden.
The pKa of Brønsted acids controls their reactivity with diazo compounds
Authors: Fei Na , Sauter Basilius , Gillingham Dennis
Published: May 2016

We study the O-alkylation of phosphate groups by alkyl diazo compounds in a range of small molecules and biopolymers.
Facile access to a Ge(ii) dication stabilized by isocyanides
Authors: Swamy V. S. V. S. N. , Yadav Sandeep , Pal Shiv , Das Tamal , Vanka Kumar , Sen Sakya S.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide with GeCl2 afforded a Ge(ii) dication, which is stabilized by four isonitrile ligands through σ-donation.
Structural evidence for solvent-stabilisation by aspartic acid as a mechanism for halophilic protein stability in high salt concentrations
Authors: Lenton Samuel , Walsh Danielle L. , Rhys Natasha H. , Soper Alan K. , Dougan Lorna
Published: May 2016

Halophilic organisms have adapted to survive in high salt environments, where mesophilic organisms would perish.
Internal electric fields in small water clusters [(H2O)n; n = 2–6]
Authors: Sen Saumik , Boda Manjusha , Venkat Lata S. , Naresh Patwari G.
Published: May 2016

The stabilization energies and the average red-shifts in the O–H stretching frequencies in the water clusters correlate linearly with the electric field derived from the molecular electrostatic potential.
Chemical consequences of pyrazole orientation in RuII complexes of unsymmetric quinoline–pyrazole ligands
Authors: Hedberg Wallenstein Joachim , Fredin Lisa A. , Jarenmark Martin , Abrahamsson Maria , Persson Petter
Published: May 2016

Chemical consequences of pyrazole orientation in RuII complexes of unsymmetric quinoline–pyrazole ligands.
Synthesis and characterization of an A2BC type phthalocyanine and its visible-light-responsive photocatalytic H2 production performance on graphitic carbon nitride
Authors: Guo Yingying , Song Shuaishuai , Zheng Ya , Li Renjie , Peng Tianyou
Published: May 2016

Synthesis and characterization of an A2BC type phthalocyanine and its visible-light-responsive photocatalytic H2 production performance on graphitic carbon nitride.
Evaluating the toxicity of biomass derived platform chemicals
Authors: Ventura Sónia P. M. , de Morais Paulo , Coelho Jaime A. S. , Sintra Tânia , Coutinho João A. P. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: May 2016

Furans and their derivatives are well-known chemical building blocks common in plant biomass, and are abundantly used in food, medicines and industrial processes.
In celebration of the 65th birthday of Professor James Clark
Authors: Matharu Avtar S. , Macquarrie Duncan J.
Published: May 2016

In this guest editorial, Avtar Matharu and Duncan Macquarrie celebrate James Clark's 65th birthday.
The long noncoding RNA HOTAIR activates autophagy by upregulating ATG3 and ATG7 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Liang , Zhang Xiuwei , Li Hangyu , Liu Jingang
Published: May 2016

The long noncoding RNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) has been reported to be an oncogene that influences tumor cell development and that correlates with prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Preparation of supported AuPd nanoalloys mediated by ionic liquid-like functionalized SBA-15: structural correlations concerning its catalytic activity
Authors: Damasceno João Paulo Vita , Maroneze Camila Marchetti , Strauss Mathias , Sigoli Fernando Aparecido , Mazali Italo Odone
Published: May 2016

We report highly active catalysts based on mono- or bimetallic Au and Pd nanoparticles supported in ionic liquid-like modified SBA-15.
Asymmetric aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman reactions of chiral N-phosphonyl imines with acrylates via GAP chemistry/technology
Authors: Yang Bing , Ji Xiaozhou , Xue Yunsheng , Zhang Haowei , Shen Minxing , Jiang Bo , Li Guigen
Published: May 2016

A series of aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman acrylates have been synthesized by using chiral N-phosphonyl imines and GAP chemistry/technology.
Nickel(ii)-catalyzed direct arylation of aryl C–H bonds with aryl-boron reagents directed by a removable bidentate auxiliary
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhang Zhuo-Zhuo , Li Xin , Shi Bing-Feng
Published: May 2016

Ni-catalyzed arylation of unactivated C(sp2)–H bonds with arylboron reagents using PIP as a removable directing group is described.
Influence of acid site density on the three-staged MTH induction reaction over HZSM-5 zeolite
Authors: Qi Liang , Li Jinzhe , Wei Yingxu , He Yanli , Xu Lei , Liu Zhongmin
Published: May 2016

High acid site density can accelerate formation of active species and shorten the initial two stages of MTH induction reaction.
From liquid to thin film: colloidal suspensions for tungsten oxide as an electrode material for Li-ion batteries
Authors: van den Ham E. J. , Elen K. , Kokal I. , Yağci B. , Peys N. , Bonneux G. , Ulu F. , Marchal W. , Van Bael M. K. , Hardy A.
Published: May 2016

Using a colloidal suspension, electrochemically active tungsten oxide thin films (150 nm) have been prepared via ultrasonic spray deposition using two different current collectors, namely TiN and Pt.
Preparation of three-dimensional free-standing nano-LiFePO4/graphene composite for high performance lithium ion battery
Authors: Du Yahui , Tang Yufeng , Huang Fuqiang , Chang Chengkang
Published: May 2016

We synthesized a 3D nano-LiFePO4/graphene composite by a facile in situ hydrothermal method and it shows excellent performance in LIBs.
pH-Responsive nano sensing valve with self-monitoring state property based on hydrophobicity switching
Authors: Jiao Xiangyu , Li Yanan , Li Fengyu , Wang Wenqian , Wen Yongqiang , Song Yanlin , Zhang Xueji
Published: May 2016

pH-Responsive free-blockage nanovalves with self-monitoring state property were constructed based on the hydrophobicity switching of mesoporous photonic crystal.
Largely enhanced electrical properties of polymer composites via the combined effect of volume exclusion and synergy
Authors: Wu Kai , Wu Linyu , Yang Weixing , Chai Songgang , Chen Feng , Fu Qiang
Published: May 2016

The core–shell structure of surface conductive SiO2@rGO could result in enhanced electrical conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness as due to both synergistic effect and volume exclusion effect.
Promotion of solid-state lighting for ZnCdSe quantum dot modified-YAG-based white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Chung Shu-Ru , Chen Sheng-Shiun , Wang Kuan-Wen , Siao Cyuan-Bin
Published: May 2016

In this study, the effect of quantum dot (QD) addition and photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of QDs on the luminous efficacy and color rendering index (CRI) of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been investigated.
Mesoporous Ni@C hybrids for a high energy aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor device
Authors: An Cuihua , Wang Yijing , Jiao Lifang , Yuan Huatang
Published: May 2016

In situ synthesized 1D Ni@C hybrids assembled by numerous core-shell-like Ni@C nanoparticles exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance as an aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor device.
Waste PET (bottles) as a resource or substrate for MOF synthesis
Authors: Deleu Willem P. R. , Stassen Ivo , Jonckheere Dries , Ameloot Rob , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: May 2016

Chemically pure terephthalic acid can be substituted with waste PET as the linker source for MOF synthesis. PET depolymerisation and MOF formation can occur simultaneously in water at high temperatures.
Defect dipole-induced poling characteristics and ferroelectricity of quenched bismuth ferrite-based ceramics
Authors: Lv Jing , Lou Xiaojie , Wu Jiagang
Published: May 2016

The enhanced piezoelectric property (d33 = 46–51 pC N−1) and remanent polarization (2Pr ∼ 50–60 μC cm−2) were obtained in quenched BFO-based ceramics with defect dipoles.
Rapid simulation‐driven design of miniaturised dual‐band microwave couplers by means of adaptive response scaling
Authors: Koziel Slawomir , Bekasiewicz Adrian
Published: May 2016

One of the major challenges in the design of compact microwave structures is the necessity of simultaneous handling of several objectives and the fact that expensive electromagnetic (EM) analysis is required for their reliable evaluation. Design of multi‐band circuits where performance requirements are to be satisfied for several frequencies at the same time is even more difficult. In this work, a computationally efficient design of dual‐band microstrip couplers is demonstrated by means of an adaptive response scaling (ARS) technique. ARS is a surrogate‐assisted method that exploits a fast surrogate of the high‐fidelity EM‐simulation model of the coupler at hand constructed from its corrected equivalent circuit. ARS identifies nonlinear frequency and amplitude response scaling that accommodates the misalignment between the low‐ and high‐fidelity models. Due to exploiting the knowledge embedded in the low‐fidelity model ARS surrogate exhibits excellent generalisation capability. It is demonstrated here by optimisation of a dual‐band microstrip coupler with enhanced bandwidth, working at 1 GHz and 2 GHz frequencies. The optimised design has been obtained at the cost of just a few high‐fidelity EM simulations of the structure. Numerical comparisons indicate superiority of ARS over competitive surrogate‐assisted techniques. Experimental validation is also provided.
Fabrication and characterisation of flower‐like ZnO nanostructures grown chemically on flexible PEN substrate
Authors: Shabannia Reza
Published: May 2016

Flower‐like ZnO nanostructures were successfully produced on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate through a chemical bath deposition method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and ultraviolet‐visible were utilised to investigate the structural and optical properties of grown flower‐like ZnO nanostructures. FESEM image indicates that fabricated ZnO nanostructures formed from the ZnO nanoflowers with different shape and the petals of the ZnO nanoflower grow symmetrically and radially from the centre. XRD pattern of the ZnO nanoflowers indicate that the ZnO nanorods of the nanoflowers were preferentially grown along the c ‐axis. The PL results of the ZnO nanoflowers exhibited a strong violet and indigo emission peaks are centred approximately at 413 and 425 nm, respectively.
1.7 Product Class 7: Organometallic Complexes of Iron
Authors: Stephenson G. R.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is a revision of the previous Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of organometallic complexes of iron with hapticities between η6 (arene complexes) and η1 (carbene complexes and σ-bonded complexes).

The main methods surveyed are the direct complexation of ligands, nucleophile addition to cationic complexes (which reduces the hapticity by one), protonation of unsaturated but non-coordinated sections of ligands or ligands bearing leaving groups (which increases the hapticity by one), and functional-group transformations of substituents on the haptyl ligand (which leaves the hapticity unchanged). Access to nonracemic complexes and the use of iron complexes in total synthesis are discussed.
17.1.2.5 One Oxygen and One Nitrogen or Phosphorus Atom (Update 2014)
Authors: Aitken R. A. , Meehan A.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 17.1.2) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,4-oxazines and 1,4-benzoxazines. It includes both new methods reported in the period 2004–2013 and older methods not covered in the earlier chapter.
18.4.45 Acyclic and Cyclic Carbonic Acids and Esters, and Their Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium Analogues (Update 2013)
Authors: Zimmer R. , Trawny D.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of acyclic and cyclic carbonic acid derivatives, and their sulfur, selenium, and tellurium analogues. It is mainly focused on the literature published in the period 2005–2012. Moreover, special focus is given to the application of the title compounds.
24.1.16 1,1-Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Allenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Ibis C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter updates Science of Synthesis Sections 24.1.3, 24.1.10, 24.1.14, and 24.1.15. Mono-, bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(sulfanyl-substituted) butatrienes are obtained from alkylsulfanyl- or arylsulfanyl-substituted buta-1,3-dienes in the presence of base in petroleum ether at room temperature. The treatment of 1,1,4,4-tetrakis[4-(dimethylamino)pyridin-1-ium]-2,3-dichlorobuta-1,3-diene with thiolates in dimethyl sulfoxide leads to the formation of tetrakis(sulfanyl-substituted) butatrienes. Allenylphosphonates are synthesized by the reaction of aliphatic- or aromatic-substituted propargylic alcohols and chlorophosphites in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction of 1-bromo-1-silylallenes with butyllithium and then chlorodiphenylphosphine in tetrahydrofuran gives 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)allenes.
24.2.21 1,1-Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Alk-1-enes (Update 2, 2014)
Authors: Vilhelmsen M. H.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the existing Science of Synthesis contributions on the synthesis of ketene O,S-acetals (Section 24.2.7), ketene O,N-acetals (Section 24.2.9), and (1-alkoxyalk-1-enyl)phosphonates (enolphosphonates, Section 24.2.10). The reviewed synthetic methodologies are from literature published since 2005.
24.2.1.3 1,1-Dihaloalk-1-enes (Update 2014)
Authors: Ameduri B.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods and strategies for the synthesis of 1,1-dihaloalk-1-enes. This update focuses on the preparation and polymerization of 1,1-difluoroalk-1-enes, including trifluorovinyl functional monomers. Radical additions of chain-transfer agents onto commercially available fluoroalkenes are described, followed by their chemical modification to yield original fluorinated monomers. These monomers are further involved in radical (conventional or controlled) copolymerizations with vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethene) or chlorotrifluoroethene to achieve high-value-added materials.
31.2.3 Chloroarenes (Update 2015)
Authors: Stanforth S. P.
Published: May 2016

This chapter updates the previous Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.2) published in 2007. Methods for the chlorination of arenes are described. The application of chloroarenes in synthesis, principally in transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, is discussed.
35.1.1.3.5 Synthesis by Substitution of Carbon Functionalities (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: May 2016

This update summarizes reactions wherein an alkyl radical is formed by cleavage of an appropriately functionalized C—C bond, followed by trapping of this intermediate by a chlorine atom source to afford a chloroalkane. It covers the literature up until late 2013.
3.1.1.3 Electron-Rich Alkenes as Reaction Components
Authors: Liu S. , Xiao J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction of electron-rich alkenes with aryl, hetaryl, or vinyl halides or pseudohalides. The alkenes covered include vinyl ethers, enamides, and enamines generated in situ from aldehydes. The electron-neutral styrenes are also mentioned. Depending on the arylating or vinylating reagent, ligand, additive, and solvent used, the reaction can take place at either the α or β position of the alkene, and, in the past two decades or so, significant progress has been made allowing precise control of the regioselectivity.
2.1.5 [2 + 2] Cycloaddition as the Key Step
Authors: Takasu K.
Published: May 2016

This chapter covers multicomponent reactions involving the thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of electron-rich alkenes, such as enamines, silyl enol ethers, allylsilanes, or styrenes, with electron-deficient alkenes or alkynes. In one strategy, the process affords multisubstituted and/or polycyclic four-membered carbocycles in a single operation. In another, the multicomponent reaction utilizes the [2 + 2] cycloadduct as an intermediate for further transformation.
2.1.6 [3 + 2] Cycloaddition as the Key Step
Authors: Raghunathan R. , Purushothaman S.
Published: May 2016

α, β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which act as dipolarophiles in [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions with azomethine ylides, have been used for the highly regio- and stereoselective construction of heterocycles such as spiro-fused pyrrolidines. Azomethine ylides generated from isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and cyclic and acyclic α-amino acids are considered to be important 1,3-dipoles, since their cycloaddition to α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds leads to the formation of spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-ones, which form the basic building units of several natural and biologically active compounds.
2.1.7 [4 + 2] Cycloaddition as the Key Step
Authors: Elliott M. , Jones D. H.
Published: May 2016

α, β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are widely used as dienes and as dienophiles in [4 + 2] cycloadditions. This review covers those cycloaddition reactions in which a multicomponent reaction is used either in the formation of the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound or for the assembly of the final product. The review is organized according to the role of the carbonyl component (diene or dienophile) and whether it is introduced as a reagent or formed during the reaction.
2.1.4 Electron-Deficient Alkynes as Electrophiles
Authors: Shaabani A. , Sarvary A. , Shaabani S.
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes multicomponent reactions involving electron-deficient alkynes as electrophiles. The main focus is the addition of nucleophiles such as aza-aromatics, amines, and carbenes to electron-deficient alkynes in the presence of various suitable components such as CH-, NH-, and OH-acids, carbonyl and imine compounds, and electron-deficient alkenes. These multicomponent reactions result in the synthesis of various heterocyclic and open-chain organic products.
1.1.1 Hydroformylation of Alkenes
Authors: Bronger R. P. J. , Kamer P. C. J. , Vogt D.
Published: May 2016

Hydroformylation of alkenes is a mild and clean method for the functionalization of hydrocarbons and has grown to be among the most important homogeneously catalyzed reactions in industry. It is a 100% atom-economic reaction to prepare aldehydes that are important synthons for organic synthesis, and has wide functional group compatibility.

In this review the focus is on the effects of various catalysts on the selective hydroformylation of both functionalized and unfunctionalized alkenes to produce high-value aldehydes. In particular, rhodium catalysts have undergone a remarkable development, while cobalt catalysts have remained more or less unchanged over the years, and palladium has recently been recognized as a suitable transition metal for hydroformylation.
1.1.5 Hydroformylation of Alkenes: Industrial Applications
Authors: de Vries J. G.
Published: May 2016

Alkenes can be converted into aldehydes using a highly atom-efficient hydroformylation reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are added across the double bond. In this chapter industrial hydroformylation processes are described. Catalysts are based on cobalt with or without trialkylphosphine ligands, or rhodium with triarylphosphine ligands or monodentate or bidentate triaryl phosphite ligands. The products are raw materials for plasticizers and solvents.
1.1.6 Carbonylation of Alkenes
Authors: Clarke M. L. , Fuentes J. A.
Published: May 2016

This chapter provides a concise overview of metal-catalyzed additions to alkenes that involve carbon monoxide and another nucleophilic species, such as water or an alcohol. This is an important area of research in terms of several commodity chemical targets, with many papers devoted to the evolution and mechanistic interrogation of catalysts that are viable for industry. This chapter demonstrates that this class of reaction is synthetically useful for a wide range of possible target molecules. Such reactions include the formation of carboxylic acids, including the “profen” family of drugs by hydroxycarbonylation of vinylarenes, in which it is now possible to control both regioselectivity and, to a lesser degree, enantioselectivity. The alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes primarily refers to what is more strictly a hydroalkoxycarbonylation, where hydride and carbon monoxide are added across an alkene and then terminated with an alcohol. Both intermolecular and intramolecular variants of this reaction are discussed. Other variants of alkene carbonylation are those where a nucleophile attacks an alkene, with the other terminus being functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative derived from carbon monoxide. A few examples are highlighted with typical experimental procedures that should aid the nonspecialist in conducting these reactions.
1.1.8 Addition of Carbon Dioxide to Alkenes and Other Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Takaya J. , Iwasawa N.
Published: May 2016

Various transition-metal complexes promote CC bond-forming reactions of carbon dioxide with acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-dienes, and allenes. These reactions provide efficient methods for the synthesis of carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
1.2.1 Carbonylation of Alkynes
Authors: Clarke M. L. , Fuentes J. A.
Published: May 2016

This chapter provides a concise overview of metal-catalyzed additions to alkynes that involve carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic species, such as water, an alcohol, a thiol, or an amine. Alkynes undergo very efficient hydroalkoxyesterifications of the type extensively studied in alkene carbonylation chemistry, but in this case giving unsaturated esters and seemingly by a different mechanism that allows for a wider range of reaction pathways. In this chapter, examples are presented where relatively subtle changes in substrate structure or competing pathways lead to a range of products; nucleophiles can add to alkynes in an intramolecular fashion prior to carbonylation, or external nucleophiles attack an alkyne to initiate a carbonylation. The carbonylation events can also be terminated in several different ways, especially under oxidative conditions. Several representative experimental procedures are given for the main classes of carbonylation covered.
1.3.3 Stereoselective Addition of Nitromethane
Authors: Ballini R. , Petrini M.
Published: May 2016

Nitromethane readily adds to carbonyl derivatives in a process known as the nitroaldol or Henry reaction. The enantioselective addition onto prochiral carbonyl groups can be carried out under asymmetric catalysis, mainly using copper and zinc complexes. Organocatalytic methods find only limited applications in nitroaldol reactions, being especially applied in diastereoselective processes and in the addition of nitromethane to activated ketone derivatives. The asymmetric aza version of the nitroaldol reaction (the aza-Henry reaction) with nitromethane is also possible using highly reactive N-acylaldimino derivatives. The latter electrophilic species can be freshly prepared before their utilization or generated in situ from suitable precursors. Finally, addition of nitromethane to N-sulfonylketimines and optically active N-sulfinylketimines readily provides an efficient entry to enantioenriched nitro amino compounds bearing a quaternary stereocenter.
1.1.2 Arylation Using a Palladium(II)/Palladium(IV) Catalyst System
Authors: Gandeepan P. , Chien-Hong C.
Published: May 2016

Aryl—aryl bonds are important structural motifs that are found in many natural products, bioactive compounds, and functional materials. Due to their application in various fields of organic and materials chemistry, continuous efforts have been made to develop attractive methods for their synthesis. In particular, aryl—aryl bond formation involving a palladium(II)/palladium(IV) catalyst system has received much attention in recent years. Compared to the traditional cross-coupling reactions and C—H arylation involving palladium(II)/palladium(0), biaryl formation via a palladium(IV) intermediate has high potential for application due to its insensitivity toward air and moisture, tolerance of various functional groups, lack of ligand requirement, and the very mild reaction temperature. In this chapter, arylation reactions using a palladium(II)/palladium(IV) catalyst system are reviewed.
Shifted genus expanded W∞ algebra and shifted Hurwitz numbers
Authors: Zheng Quan
Published: May 2016

We construct the shifted genus expanded W∞ algebra, which is isomorphic to the central subalgebra A∞ of infinite symmetric group algebra and to the shifted Schur symmetrical function algebra Λ* defined by Okounkov and Olshanskii. As an application, we get some differential equations for the generating functions of the shifted Hurwitz numbers; thus, we can express the generating functions in terms of the shifted genus expanded cut-and-join operators.
The optimal temporal decay estimates for the fractional power dissipative equation in negative Besov spaces
Authors: Zhao Jihong
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we first generalize a new energy approach, developed by Guo and Wang [Commun. Partial Differ. Equations 37, 2165–2208 (2012)] in the framework of homogeneous Besov spaces for proving the optimal temporal decay rates of solutions to the fractional power dissipative equation, then we apply this approach to the critical and supercritical surface quasi-geostrophic equation and the critical Keller-Segel system. We show that certain weighted negative Besov norm of solutions is preserved along time evolution and obtain the optimal temporal decay rates of the spatial derivatives of solutions by the Fourier splitting approach and the interpolation techniques.
Development and implementation of a portable grating interferometer system as a standard tool for testing optics at the Advanced Photon Source beamline 1-BM
Authors: Assoufid Lahsen , Shi Xianbo , Marathe Shashidhara , Benda Erika , Wojcik Michael J. , Lang Keenan , Xu Ruqing , Liu Wenjun , Macrander Albert T. , Tischler Jon Z.
Published: May 2016

We developed a portable X-ray grating interferometer setup as a standard tool for testing optics at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) beamline 1-BM. The interferometer can be operated in phase-stepping, Moiré, or single-grating harmonic imaging mode with 1-D or 2-D gratings. All of the interferometer motions are motorized; hence, it is much easier and quicker to switch between the different modes of operation. A novel aspect of this new instrument is its designed portability. While the setup is designed to be primarily used as a standard tool for testing optics at 1-BM, it could be potentially deployed at other APS beamlines for beam coherence and wavefront characterization or imaging. The design of the interferometer system is described in detail and coherence measurements obtained at the APS 34-ID-E beamline are presented. The coherence was probed in two directions using a 2-D checkerboard, a linear, and a circular grating at X-ray energies of 8 keV, 11 keV, and 18 keV.
Modulated electromagnetic fields in inhomogeneous media, hyperbolic pseudoanalytic functions, and transmutations
Authors: Khmelnytskaya Kira V. , Kravchenko Vladislav V. , Torba Sergii M.
Published: May 2016

The time-dependent Maxwell system describing electromagnetic wave propagation in inhomogeneous isotropic media in the one-dimensional case reduces to a Vekua-type equation for bicomplex-valued functions of a hyperbolic variable, see Kravchenko and Ramirez [Adv. Appl. Cliord Algebr. 21(3), 547–559 (2011)]. Using this relation, we solve the problem of the transmission through an inhomogeneous layer of a normally incident electromagnetic time-dependent plane wave. The solution is written in terms of a pair of Darboux-associated transmutation operators [Kravchenko, V. V. and Torba, S. M., J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45, 075201 (2012)], and combined with the recent results on their construction [Kravchenko, V. V. and Torba, S. M., Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 9, 379-429 (2015); Kravchenko, V. V. and Torba, S. M., J. Comput. Appl. Math. 275, 1–26 (2015)] can be used for efficient computation of the transmitted modulated signals. We develop the corresponding numerical method and illustrate its performance with examples.
Understanding the regulation of iron nutrition: can it contribute to improving iron toxicity tolerance in rice?
Authors: Onaga Geoffrey , Dramé Khady Nani , Ismail Abdelbagi M.
Published: May 2016

Iron nutrition in plants is highly regulated in order to supply amounts sufficient for optimal growth while preventing deleterious effects. In response to iron deficiency, plants induce either reduction-based or chelation-based mechanisms to enhance iron uptake from the soil. Major physiological traits and genes involved in these mechanisms have been fairly well described in model plants like Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, for rice, iron toxicity presents a major challenge worldwide and causes yield reductions because rice is widely cultivated in flooded soils. Nonetheless, rice employs different mechanisms of adaptation to iron-toxicity, which range from avoidance to tissue tolerance. The physiological and molecular bases of such mechanisms have not been fully investigated and their use in breeding for iron-toxicity tolerance remains limited. Efforts to precisely characterise iron-toxicity control mechanisms may help speed-up the development of tolerant rice varieties. Considering how far the understanding of iron dynamics in the soil and plants has progressed, we consider it valuable to exploit such knowledge to improve rice tolerance to iron toxicity. Here we present the mechanisms that regulate iron uptake from the rhizosphere to the plant tissues together with the possible regulators involved. In addition, a genetic model for iron-toxicity tolerance in rice, which hypothesises possible modulation of key genes involved in iron nutrition and regulation is presented. The possibility of incorporating such relevant regulators in breeding is also discussed.
Combinatorial effects of odorants on mouse behavior
Authors: Saraiva Luis R. , Kondoh Kunio , Ye Xiaolan , Yoon Kyoung-hye , Hernandez Marcus , Buck Linda B.
Published: May 2016

Significance

Odor detection in the mouse nose is mediated by ∼1,000 different odorant receptors (ORs) and 14 trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Different OR combinations generate different odor perceptions. However, a few TAARs are associated with innate odor attraction or aversion, suggesting they signal through hard-wired neural circuits resistant to combinatorial receptor inputs. Contrary to this prediction, we find that different ligands for a given TAAR can be attractive or aversive, or instead neutral. In addition, some attractive and aversive odorants block one another’s behavioral effects. Odor blocking can occur without receptor antagonism in the nose and can require sensory input from one receptor. Thus, innate odor-induced behaviors can be context-dependent and modulated by interactions in the brain among signals derived from different receptors.
Intestinal dysbiosis and innate immune responses in axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Ciccia Francesco , Ferrante Angelo , Triolo Giovanni
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review

Inflammatory innate and adaptive immune cell responses to commensal bacteria underlie the pathogenesis of human chronic inflammatory diseases. Intestinal dysbiosis has been described in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and seems to be correlated with histologic and immunologic alterations. Purpose of this review is to discuss the relationship occurring between intestinal dysbiosis and innate immune responses in patients with axial SpA.

Recent findings

Intestinal dysbiosis and differential activation of intestinal immune responses in patients with SpA have been demonstrated. Furthermore, innate cells that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of SpA may control intestinal homeostasis through induction of apoptotic cell death and deletion of activated commensal bacteria-specific T cells.

Although the evidence shows that dysbiosis occurs in SpA, it is not clear the role of dysbiosis in regulating innate immune responses in SpA. Relationships between cause and effect remain to be answered.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COR/A34.
Telomerase in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Bruedigam Claudia , Lane Steven W.
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review

The activation of telomere maintenance pathways has long been regarded as a key hallmark of cancer and this has propelled the development of novel inhibitors of telomerase. In this review, we detail the background biology on telomere maintenance in health and disease, then concentrate on the recent preclinical and clinical development behind targeting telomerase in blood cancers.

Recent findings

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that imetelstat, a competitive inhibitor of telomerase, has activity in certain hematologic malignancies, in particular the myeloproliferative neoplasms and acute myeloid leukemia.

Telomerase inhibition has shown remarkable efficacy in myeloid malignancies, and current and future preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to comprehensively investigate its underlying mechanism of action. Future work should identify the potential genetic susceptibilities to telomerase inhibition therapy, and evaluate rational combinations of telomerase inhibitors with chemotherapy and other novel agents. Robust preclinical evaluation is essential to best translate these new agents successfully into our clinical treatment algorithm for myeloid and other blood cancers.
Modulating cholesterol efflux capacity to improve cardiovascular disease
Authors: Brownell Nicholas , Rohatgi Anand
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review

Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are predictive of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. However, the use of medication to raise HDL-C levels has not consistently shown clinical benefit. As a result, studies have shifted toward HDL function, specifically cholesterol efflux, which has been inversely associated with prevalent subclinical atherosclerosis as well as subsequent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of current medications and interventions on cholesterol efflux capacity.

Recent findings

Medications for cardiovascular health, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and novel therapeutics, are reviewed for their effect on cholesterol efflux. Differences in population studied and assay used are addressed appropriately. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are also included in the review.

The modification of cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) by current medications and interventions has been investigated in both large randomized control trials and smaller observational cohorts. This review serves to compile the results of these studies and evaluate CEC modulation by commonly used medications. Altering CEC could be a novel therapeutic approach to improving cardiovascular risk profiles.
A Pooled Analysis of Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Surgery for Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhao Guo-Hua , Yang Helen , Lin Jie
Published: May 2016

Objective:

We conducted the meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of robotic total mesorectal excision (RTME) compared with laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) in treatment of rectal cancer.

Materials and Methods:

A systematic search of Medline, Embase databases, and the Cochrane Library was performed to identify studies that compared RTME versus LTME for rectal cancer and were published up to July 2014. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed. Depending on statistical heterogeneity, the fixed or random effect model was used for the meta-analysis. Outcomes of interest and related outcomes were evaluated.

Results:

Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. These studies involved a total of 1229 patients, 554 of whom underwent RTME and 675 of whom underwent LTME. The meta-analysis showed that RTME had lower conversion rate and positive rate of circumferential resection margins, and lesser incidence of erectile dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Our study suggests that RTME for rectal cancer appears to be a safe, feasible, and minimally invasive alternative to its laparoscopic counterpart. But the long-term outcomes between the 2 techniques need to be further examined.
Scalable Design of paired CRISPR Guide RNAs for Genomic Deletion
Authors: Pulido-Quetglas Carlos , Aparicio-Prat Estel , Arnan Carme , Polidori Taisia , Hermoso Toni , Palumbo Emilio , Ponomarenko Julia , Guigo Roderic , Johnson Rory
Published: May 2016

Using CRISPR/Cas9, diverse genomic elements may be studied in their endogenous context. Pairs of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) are used to delete regulatory elements and small RNA genes, while longer RNAs can be silenced through promoter deletion. We here present CRISPETa, a bioinformatic pipeline for flexible and scalable paired sgRNA design based on an empirical scoring model. Multiple sgRNA pairs are returned for each target. Any number of targets can be analyzed in parallel, making CRISPETa equally appropriate for studies of individual elements, or complex library screens. Fast run-times are achieved using a precomputed off-target database. sgRNA pair designs are output in a convenient format for visualisation and oligonucleotide ordering. We present a series of pre-designed, high-coverage library designs for entire classes of non-coding elements in human, mouse, zebrafish,DrosophilaandC. elegans. Using an improved version of the DECKO deletion vector, together with a quantitative deletion assay, we test CRISPETa designs by deleting an enhancer and exonic fragment of theMALAT1oncogene. These achieve efficiencies of ≥50%, resulting in production of mutant RNA. CRISPETa will be useful for researchers seeking to harness CRISPR for targeted genomic deletion, in a variety of model organisms, from single-target to high-throughput scales.
Gating mass cytometry data by deep learning
Authors: Li Huamin , Shaham Uri , Stanton Kelly P. , Yao Yi , Montgomery Ruth , Kluger Yuval
Published: May 2016

Mass cytometry or CyTOF is an emerging technology for high-dimensional multiparameter single cell analysis that overcomes many limitations of fluorescence-based flow cytometry. New methods for analyzing CyTOF data attempt to improve automation, scalability, performance, and interpretation of data generated in large studies. Assigning individual cells into discrete groups of cell types (gating) involves time-consuming sequential manual steps, untenable for larger studies. We introduce DeepCyTOF, a standardization approach for gating, based on deep learning techniques. DeepCyTOF requires labeled cells from only a single sample. It is based on domain adaptation principles and is a generalization of previous work that allows us to calibrate between a target distribution and a source distribution in an unsupervised manner. We show that Deep-CyTOF is highly concordant (98%) with cell classification obtained by individual manual gating of each sample when applied to a collection of 16 biological replicates of primary immune blood cells, even when measured accross several instruments. Further, DeepCyTOF achieves very high accuracy on the semi-automated gating challenge of the FlowCAP-I competition as well as two CyTOF datasets generated from primary immune blood cells: (i)14 subjects with a history of infection with West Nile virus (WNV), (ii) 34 healthy subjects of different ages. We conclude that deep learning in general, and DeepCyTOF specifically, offers a powerful computational approach for semi-automated gating of CyTOF and flow cytometry data.