bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability, bifurcations and edge oscillations in standing pulse solutions to an inhomogeneous reaction-diffusion system
Authors: Rubin J. E.
Published: November 2011

We consider a class of inhomogeneous systems of reaction-diffusion equations that includes a model for cavity dynamics in the semiconductor Fabry–Pérot interferometer. By adapting topological and geometrical methods, we prove that a standing pulse solution to this system is stable in a certain parameter regime, under the simplification of homogeneous illumination. Moreover, we explain two bifurcation mechanisms which can cause a loss of stability, yielding travelling and standing pulses, respectively. We compute conditions for these bifurcations to persist when inhomogeneity is restored through a certain general perturbation. Under certain of these conditions, a Hopf bifurcation results, producing periodic solutions called edge oscillations. These inhomogeneous bifurcation mechanisms represent new means for the generation of solutions displaying edge oscillations in a reaction-diffusion system. The oscillations produced by each inhomogeneous bifurcation are expected to depend qualitatively on the properties of the corresponding homogeneous bifurcation.
Existence of bounded solutions of some nonlinear parabolic equations
Authors: Mokrane A.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

This paper proves the existence of (at least) one solution of the following equation:

Here, is an elliptic operator of Leray-Lions type acting from into Lp′(0, T; W−1.p′ (Ω)), (1/p + 1/p′ = 1) and |F(u, ∇u)| ≧b(|u|)(l + |≧u|P). There are no smoothness assumptions on the bounded open set Ω; the operator and the nonlinearity F(u, ∇u) are denned in terms of Carathéodory functions. These points are the most characteristic features of this paper.

Assuming the existence of upper and lower solutions allows us to obtain L∞(Q)-estimates. An estimate is then proved. The final step is to prove the strong convergence in of the approximations. This proof relies on the method introduced by L. Boccardo, F. Murat and J. P. Puel for elliptic and parabolic problems of this type.
Centraliser near-rings determined by fixed point free automorphism groups
Authors: Fuchs Peter , Maxson C. J. , Pettet M. R. , Smith K. C.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

Let G be a group and let A be a fixed point free group of automorphisms of G. It is shown that the centraliser near-ring MA(G) has at most one nontrivial ideal. Conditions on the pair (A, G) are given which force MA(G) to be simple. It is shown that if a nonsimple near-ring MA(G) exists, then A and G have unusual properties.
On free transformation groups and C*-algebras
Authors: Thomsen Klaus
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

We prove that a free discrete transformation group on a compact connected space X is completely determined by the way C(X) lies inside the corresponding crossed product C*-algebra.
Invariant manifolds in singular perturbation problems for ordinary differential equations
Authors: Sakamoto Kunimochi
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

Based on Fenichel's geometric idea, invariant manifold theory is applied to singular perturbation problems. This approach clarifies the nature of outer and inner solutions. A specific condition is given to ensure the existence of heteroclinic connections between normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds. A method to approximate the connections is also presented.
Periodic solutions of a planar delay equation
Authors: Táboas Plácido
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

We study the planar delay differential equationx′(t)= −x(t)+αF(x(t − 1)), forα> 0. An existence theorem for nonconstant periodic solutions is achieved for a certain class of mapsF, forα> someα0. Besides a condition of nondegeneracy atx= 0, we assumeFis bounded and satisfies a kind ofplanar negative feedback condition. The nonconstant periodic solutions are associated with nontrivial fixed points of a certain operator defined by the flow in the plase space C([−l, 0], R2). In our approach, the existence of such fixed points depends on the ejectivity of O ϵC([−1, 0], R2) with respect to that operator. Relaxing the boundedness condition onF, we show the existence of a sequence of values ofα, α0<α1<…, where a Hopf bifurcation occurs.
A two-parameter eigenvalue problem involving complex potentials
Authors: Faierman M.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

We consider a two-parameter system of ordinary differential equations of the second order involving complex potentials and show that, unlike the case of real potentials, the eigenfunctions of the system do not necessarily form a complete set in the usual Hilbert space associated with the problem. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for the eigenfunctions to be complete. Finally, we establish some results concerning the eigenvalues of the system.
Attractors of partial differential evolution equations in an unbounded domain
Authors: Babin A. V. , Vishik M. I.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

There is a large number of papers in which attractors of parabolic reaction-diffusion equations in bounded domains are investigated. In this paper, these equations are considered in the whole unbounded space, and a theory of attractors of such equations is built. While investigating these equations, specific difficulties arise connected with the noncompactness of operators, with the continuity of their spectra, etc. Therefore some new conditions on nonlinear terms arise. In this paper weighted spaces are widely applied. An important feature of this problem is worth mentioning: namely, properties of semigroups corresponding to equations with solutions in spaces of growing and of decreasing functions essentially differ.
Using Melnikov's method to solve Silnikov's problems
Authors: Lin Xiao-Biao
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

A function space approach is employed to obtain bifurcation functions for which the zeros correspond to the occurrence of periodic or aperiodic solutions near heteroclinic or homoclinic cycles. The bifurcation function for the existence of homoclinic solutions is the limiting case where the period is infinite. Examples include generalisations of Silnikov's main theorems and a retreatment of a singularly perturbed delay differential equation.
A functional-analytic framework for the study of elliptic equations on variable domains
Authors: Vegas José M.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

Given a decreasing sequence of domains Ωnconverging in measure to some domain Ω0, a sequence of subspacesVof a Hilbert spaceVis constructed in such a way that the convergence of the solutions ofu−Δu=fon Ωnwith Neumann Boundary Condition is given in terms of the convergence of the orthogonal projectionsPnonVn. Under dissipative assumptions, we can obtain continuation results for equations likeu−Δu=f(x,u∇u).
On the solvability of a linear boundary value problem for a class of neutral type functional differential equations
Authors: Kazakova N. G. , Bainov D. D.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The paper considers a linear non-homogeneous boundary value problem for a class of neutral type functional differential equations. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution of that problem is obtained.
Bounded solutions of functional differential equations of the neutral type with infinite delays
Authors: Angelov V. G. , Bainov D. D.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

In this paper the authors obtain sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the initial value problem of functional differential equations of neutral type with infinite delays, making use of some earlier results of the present authors.
Balanced big Cohen-Macaulay modules and free extensions of local rings
Authors: Riley Adrian M.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

Let A and B be commutative Noetherian local rings, such that B is a finitely generated free A-module. It is shown that if M is a balanced big Cohen–Macaulay A-module (that is, every system of parameters for A is an M-sequence), then M⊗AB is a balanced big Cohen-Macaulay B-module.
On M-nilpotent rings
Authors: Sands A. D.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The class of M-nilpotent rings is defined as a generalisation of the class of T-nilpotent rings. Certain results for radicals of T-nilpotent rings are shown to hold also in this larger class of rings.
Über die C2-Kompaktheit der Bahn von Lösungen semflinearer parabolischer Systeme
Authors: Redlinger Reinhard
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The semilinear parabolic systemut+A(x, D)u=g(u) in (0, ∞) × Ω, Ω⊂ℝnbounded,u∈ ℝN, with homogeneous boundary conditionsB(x, D)u=0 on (0, ∞)×∂Ω is considered. The non-linearitygis assumed to be locally Lipschitz-continuous. It is shown that the orbit of a bounded regular solutionuis relatively compact in.
Multiparameter problems and joint spectra
Authors: McGhee D. F.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

In this paper, we demonstrate an intimate connection between the spectrum of a multiparameter problem and the joint spectrum of an associated set of commuting operators, and show that the spectrum of a multiparameter problem involving bounded operators is non-empty. Multiparameter systems involving compact and self-adjoint operators are considered, and some simplification of results in the literature are noted.
Pointwise convergence of eigenfunction expansions, associated with a pair of ordinary differential expressions
Authors: Coddington Earl A. , Dijksma Aalt , de Snoo Hendrik S. V.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

For the differential equation Lf = λMf on an open interval of ℝ, a theory in terms of relations in a Hilbert space associated with M was developed in a paper by Coddington and de Snoo, and eigenfunction expansions were derived in a paper by Dijksma and de Snoo. In the case of a regular problem on a compact interval, pointwise convergence of the expansions was shown in another paper by Coddington and de Snoo. Here, we show pointwise convergence in the general singular case.
Regularly solvable extensions of non-self-adjoint ordinary differential operators
Authors: Evans W. D.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

LetL0,M0be closed densely defined linear operators in a Hilbert spaceHwhich form an adjoint pair, i.e.. In this paper, we study closed operatorsSwhich satisfyand are regularly solvable in the sense of Višik. The abstract results obtained are applied to operators generated by second-order linear differential expressions in a weighted spaceL2(a, b; w).
The asymptotic form of the Titchmarsh–Weyl coefficient for a fourth order differential equation
Authors: Hinton D. B. , Shaw J. K.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

This paper considers the asymptotic form, as λ tends to infinity in sectors omitting the real axis, of the matrix Titchmarsh-Weyl coefficient M(λ) for the fourth order equation y(4) + q(x)y = λy, where q(x) is real and locally absolutely integrable. By letting M0(λ) denote the m-coefficient for the Fourier case y(4) = λy, the asymptotic formula M(λ) = M0(λ) + 0(1) is established.
A note on the domain characterization of certain Schrödinger operators with strongly singular potentials
Authors: Kalf Hubert
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

For β > β0: = 1 −[(n − 2)/2]2 and n ≧ 2, it was recently shown by Simon that the self-adjoint operator associated with −Δ + βr−2 in L2(ℝn) has domain H2(ℝn) ∩D(r−2) the constant β0 being the best possible. An alternative proof of this result is given.
Integral mean value theorems and the Ganelius inequality
Authors: Knowles Ian
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The inequality of Ganelius states that, for suitable functions f and g on an interval [a, b], [inf f + var f]sup ∫ jdg, where the supremum is taken over all sub-intervals J of [a, b]. A more general version of this inequality is derived as well as certain related generalized mean-value theorems.
On regularization of right hand sides of differential relations
Authors: Kurzweil Jaroslav , Jarník Jiří
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

Let the values ofFbe convex compact subsets ofRnand letFbe upper semicontinuous with respect tox. There are two ways known of replacingFby a more regular map so that the set of solutions of (2) remains unchanged. We prove that both ways lead to the same more regular map and extend the results to the case whereRnis replaced by a separable Banach space.
A Friedrichs inequality and an application
Authors: Lewis Roger T.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

An inequality whose origins date to the work of G. H. Hardy is presented. This Hardy-type inequality applies to derivatives of arbitrary order of functions whose domain is a subset of ℝn. The Friedrichs inequality is a corollary. The result is then used to establish lower bounds on the essential spectra of even-order elliptic partial differential operators on unbounded domains.
An extension of the Sturm–Picone theorem to elliptic differential equations
Authors: Müller-Pfeiffer E.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The paper presents an extension of the well-known Sturm–Picone theorem for self-adjoint equations to the n-dimensional case. The basic domain G ⊆ Rn is possibly unbounded and no regularity hypotheses on the boundary ∂G are required. The coefficients of the elliptic equation may also be unbounded on G.
T-periodic solutions for some second order differential equations with singularities
Authors: del Pino Manuel , Manásevich Raúl , Montero Alberto
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

We study the existence of T-periodic positive solutions of the equation

where f(t, .) has a singularity of repulsive type near the origin. Under the assumption that f(t, x) lies between two lines of positive slope for large and positive x, we find a non-resonance condition which predicts the existence of one T-periodic solution.

Our main result gives a Fredholm alternative-like result for the existence of T-periodic positive solutions for
Characterisation of the factors of quasi-differential expressions
Authors: Race D. , Zettl A.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

A necessary and sufficient condition for a general, scalar, quasi-differential expression of order n to be factorisable into a product of expressions of order n − k and k, for any 0 < k < n, is given. The factors are characterised completely in terms of elements of the null space of the expression and its adjoint. The results obtained extend existing results due to both Polya and Zettl from the case of classical linear differential expressions to quasi-differential expressions.
Chapter 4 of Ramanujan's Second Notebook
Authors: Berndt Bruce C. , Wilson B. M.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The purpose of this paper is to examine the content of Chapter 4 of Ramanujan's second notebook. The first half of this chapter is on iterates of the exponential function. The second half focuses upon an interesting formal procedure which Ramanujan, in particular, used in the theory of integral transforms.
Monotone methods and attractivity results for Volterra integro-partial differential equations
Authors: Schiaffino Andrea , Tesei Alberto
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

A Volterra integro-partial differential equation of parabolic type, which describes the time evolution of a population in a bounded habitat, subject both to past history and space diffusion effects, is investigated; general homogeneous boundary conditions are admissible. Under suitable conditions, the unique nontrivial nonnegative equilibrium is shown to be globally attractive in the supremum norm. Monotone methods are the main tool of the proof.
The classification of orientable vector bundles over CW-complexes of small dimension
Authors: Woodward L. M.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The classification of orientable vector bundles over CW-complexes of dimension ≦8 is given in terms of characteristic classes using elementary homotopy theoretic methods and relations among characteristic classes.
Some dual series equations with an application in the theory of elasticity
Authors: Tweed J.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

In this paper the author investigates a system of simultaneous dual trigonometric series equations. A closed form solution is obtained by reducing the dual series to singular integral equations of Carleman type. The use of these equations is then illustrated by their application to a crack problem in the theory of elasticity.
On the exponential behaviour of eigenfunctions and the essential spectrum of differential operators
Authors: Atkinson F. V. , Evans W. D.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The paper deals with the differential equation

on [ 0, ∞) Where λ>0 and the coefficients qm are complex-valued with qn continuous and non-zero, w is positive and continuous and qm for m = 0, 1,…, n − 1. In the first part of the paper the exponential behaviour of any solution of (*) is given in terms of a function ρ(λ) which is roughly the distance of λ from the essential spectrum of a closed, densely denned linear operator T generated by T+ in L2(0, ∞ w). Next, estimates are obtained for the solutions in terms of the coefficients in (*). When the latter results are compared with the estimates established previously in terms of ρ(λ), bounds for ρ(λ) are obtained. From the general result there are two kinds of consequences. In the first, criteria for ρ(λ) = 0 for all All λ > 0 are obtained; this means that [0, ∞) lies in the essential spectrum of T in appropriate circumstances. The second type of consequence concerns bounds of the form ρ(λ) = O(λr) for λ → ∞ and r<1.
The modular characters of the Higman-Sims simple group
Authors: Humphreys J. F.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

In this article the Brauer characters of the irreducible p-modular representations of the Higman-Sims simple group of order 44352000 are determined when p is an odd prime.
On the representation of functions by the Hankel and some related transformations
Authors: Rooney P. G.
Published: November 2011

A representation theory for the Hankel transformation Hv, defined for suitable f and for v > −1, by

on the spaces ℒμ, p defined by the norm

is developed. Using this, representation theories are developed for some related transformations.
A symplectic fixed-point theorem for T2k × CPn × CPm
Authors: Hu Jianxun
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we use the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction and the S1 × S1-index which is due to Chenkui Zhong to prove that any exact symplectic diffeomorphisms on T2k × CPn × CPm have at least 1 + min {m, n} fixed points.
Instability of quasiperiodic solutions of the Ginzburg–Landau equation
Authors: Doelman A. , Gardner R. A. , Jones C. K. R. T.
Published: November 2011

In this paper we show that each quasiperiodic standing wave solution of the real Ginzburg–Landau equation which is on the global branch emanating from the Eckhaus unstable periodic orbit is itself unstable. A rigorous proof of the instability is given by showing that the linearised operator about such a solution has spectrum which contains an interval along the unstable axis of the spectral plane. The proof employs some geometric and topological methods arising from a dynamical systems approach to the analysis of the eigenvalue problem for the linearised operator.
Unavoidable regularities and factor permutations of words
Authors: Fouché W. L.
Published: November 2011

We show that for every finite set A and for every natural number n, there exists a natural number N such that every word of length N over the alphabet A has, for every permutation π of the numbers 1,…,n, a representation of the form Xw1 … wnzwπ(1) … wπ(n) Y, where X, Y are words and w1,…,wn, z are nonempty words over A.
A tangent space characterisation of the equivalence of germs for geometric subgroups of and
Authors: Lari-Lavassani Ali
Published: November 2011

It is shown that under the action of a geometric subgroup of and , for a germ f satisfying a certain finiteness condition, given a germ p, if the tangent spaces of f and f + p are equal for all t ∈ [0, 1], then f and f + p are -equivalent.
Singularities of general one-dimensional motions of the plane and space
Authors: Gibson C. G. , Hobbs C. A.
Published: November 2011

Local models are given for the singularities which can appear on the trajectories of general one-dimensional motions of the plane or space. Versal unfoldings of these model singularities give simple pictures describing the family of trajectories arising from small deformations of the tracing point.
Immigrant–native differences in employment-based retirement plan participation
Authors: HEIM BRADLEY T. , LURIE ITHAI Z. , RAMNATH SHANTHI P.
Published: November 2011

This paper examines differences between immigrant and native employees in retirement plan participation using SIPP data. We find that the participation rate among natives is 60 percent, while the native-immigrant participation gap ranges from 10.9 percentage points for naturalized citizens to 35.4 percentage points for non-permanent residents. Controlling for demographic and job characteristics can explain up to half of the gap. Decomposing the overall immigrant-native difference into differences in employer offers, plan eligibility, and plan take-up shows that the likelihood of working for an employer that offers a plan is the primary driver of the overall gap.
High-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition of the Elite-II synthetic hexaploid wheat subset (Triticum turgidum × Aegilops tauschii; 2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD)
Authors: Bibi Amna , Rasheed Awais , Kazi Alvina Gul , Mahmood Tariq , Ajmal Saifullah , Ahmed Iftikhar , Mujeeb-Kazi Abdul
Published: November 2011

Characterization of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenins is an important criterion for identifying genotypes with good bread-making quality. In synthetic hexaploids (SHs), the D-genome encodes several allelic variants of HMW glutenins that require proper identification prior to their utilization for bread wheat (BW) improvement. In this study, SHs with promising agronomic features were characterized for HMW glutenin composition. Seven different allelic variants were observed at the Glu-Dt1 locus, three of which (1Dx1.5+1Dy10, 1Dx1.5+1Dy12.2 and 1Dx2.1+1Dy10) have not been previously reported in existing BW germplasm. The results also showed a variety of D-genome-encoded subunits along with superior glutenin alleles in the B-genome (1Bx7+1By8, 1Bx6+1By8 and 1Bx13+1By16). About 63% of these SHs encoded favourable allelic variants of HMW glutenins, which make them a good choice for improvement in wheat bread making. Glu-Dt1 encoded favourable allelic variants (1Dx5+1Dy10 and 1Dx1.5+1Dy10) that are frequently observed in SHs can be easily incorporated into BW through recombination breeding.
Probabilistic tsunami hazard in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Sørensen Mathilde B. , Spada Matteo , Babeyko Andrey , Wiemer Stefan , Grünthal Gottfried
Published: November 2011

Estimating the occurrence probability of natural disasters is critical for setting construction standards and, more generally, prioritizing risk mitigation efforts. Tsunami hazard in the Mediterranean region has traditionally been estimated by considering so‐called “most credible” scenarios of tsunami impact for limited geographical regions, but little attention has been paid to the probability of any given scenario. We present here the first probabilistic estimate of earthquake‐generated tsunami hazard for the entire Mediterranean Sea. We estimate the annual probability of exceeding a given tsunami amplitude at any coastal location in the region by applying a Monte Carlo based technique. Earthquake activity rates are estimated from the observed seismicity, and tsunami impact is derived from deterministic tsunami wave propagation scenarios. The highest hazard is in the eastern Mediterranean owing to earthquakes along the Hellenic Arc, but most of the Mediterranean coastline is prone to tsunami impact. Our method allows us to identify the main sources of tsunami hazard at any given location and to investigate the potential for issuing timely tsunami warnings. We find that the probability of a tsunami wave exceeding 1 m somewhere in the Mediterranean in the next 30 years is close to 100%. This underlines the urgent need for a tsunami warning system in the region.
Geodynamics of synconvergent extension and tectonic mode switching: Constraints from the Sevier‐Laramide orogen
Authors: Wells Michael L. , Hoisch Thomas D. , Cruz‐Uribe Alicia M. , Vervoort Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2011

Many orogenic belts experience alternations in shortening and extension (tectonic mode switches) during continuous plate convergence. The geodynamics of such alternations are not well understood. We present a record of Late Cretaceous to Eocene alternations of shortening and extension from the interior of the retroarc Sevier‐Laramide orogen of the western United States. We integrate new Lu‐Hf garnet geochronometry with revised PT paths utilizing differential thermobarometry combined with isochemical G‐minimization plots, and monazite Th‐Pb inclusion geochronometry to produce a well‐constrained “M” shaped PTt path. Two burial events (86 and 65 Ma) are separated by ∼3 kbar of decompression. The first burial episode is Late Cretaceous, records a 2 kbar pressure increase at ∼515–550 °C and is dated by a Lu‐Hf garnet isochron age of 85.5 ± 1.9 Ma (2σ); the second burial episode records ∼1 kbar of pressure increase at ∼585–615 °C, and is dated by radially decreasing Th‐Pb ages of monazite inclusions in garnet between ∼65 and 45 Ma. We propose a synconvergent lithospheric delamination cycle, superimposed on a dynamic orogenic wedge, as a viable mechanism. Wedge tapers may evolve from critical to subcritical (amplification), to supercritical (separation), and back to subcritical (re‐equilibration) owing to elevation changes resulting from isostatic adjustments during the amplification and separation of Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities, and post‐separation thermal and rheological re‐equilibration. For the Sevier‐Laramide hinterland, the sequence of Late Cretaceous delamination, low‐angle subduction, and slab rollback/foundering during continued plate convergence explains the burial‐exhumation‐burial‐exhumation record and the “M‐shaped” PTt path.
A transgenic rat model for reducing adult neurogenesis.
Authors: Snyder Jason , Grigereit Laura , Brewer Michelle , Pickel Jim , Cameron Heather
Published: November 2011

The function of adult neurogenesis remains unclear. While many tools for manipulating neurogenesis have been developed for mice, there are fewer tools for rats. Radiological and chemical strategies have been used to inhibit adult neurogenesis in rats but these methods may also have undesired side effects. Since rats have a larger brain and can perform complex behaviors, it would be useful to have additional rat models for studying neurogenesis. To address this gap we therefore developed a transgenic GFAP-TK rat in which adult neurogenesis can be specifically inhibited. Preliminary results suggest that, as in mice, reduced adult neurogenesis leads to anhedonia.
Biochemical Composition of Normal Urine
Authors: Baig Atif
Published: November 2011

The urine composition defines the quality of homeostasis of the body. Learning about the normal urine composition is very important to compare it with the suspended and non suspended particles in urine in different pathologies.
Toll-like receptors and diabetes: a therapeutic perspective
Authors: Dasu Mohan R. , Ramirez Sandra , Isseroff Roslyn R.
Published: November 2011

Diabetes is a mutifactorial metabolic disorder that leads to a number of complications. Diabetes is estimated to affect 36 million people in the U.S.A., and the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes is at 9.3% and continues to rise. Evidence from experimental animal models as well as humans has indicated that systemic inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiological processes of diabetes and is facilitated by innate immune responses. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are key innate immune receptors that recognize conserved PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), induce inflammatory responses essential for host defences and initiate an adaptive immune response. Although TLR expression is increased in a plethora of inflammatory disorders, the effects of metabolic aberrations on TLRs and their role in diabetes and its complications is still emerging. In the present paper, we provide a systematic review on how TLRs play a detrimental role in the pathogenic processes [increased blood sugar, NEFAs (non-esterified ‘free’ fatty acids), cytokines and ROS (reactive oxygen species)] that manifest diabetes. Furthermore, we will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies targeted at decreasing TLRs to abrogate inflammation in diabetes that may eventually result in decreased complications.
Governmentality to Practise the State? Constructing a Tibetan Population in Exile
Authors: McConnell Fiona
Published: November 2011

Drawing on the extraterritorial and nonstate centric form of power found in Foucault's notion of governmentality, I contribute to three emerging debates: the extent to which governmentality is a state or nonstate practice, the question of what is being governed, and the relationship between biopolitics and cultural politics. Focusing on the governance strategies of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile (TGiE) based in India, I explore how ideas of governmentality inform an understanding of what kind of polity this is and, in turn, how this case both confirms and challenges understandings of governance practices and the construction of a population. As I examine the range of techniques used by TGiE to bring into visibility the exile Tibetan population, my attention focuses on the simultaneous totalising and individualising strategies of biopolitics, the importance of population given the lack of territory, and the intersection of exile realities with such practices of governmentality. Taking as a framework Hannah's three ‘moments’ in the cycle of social control—observation, normalising judgment, and regulation—I examine how TGiE seeks to know its population through technologies, imagines and normalises the population through discourses, and manages the population by regulating conduct. Finally, in analysing TGiE's creation of the ‘population’ as a strategy to legitimise its governance, I conclude by outlining how this study informs debates regarding the cultural context of governmentality and its relationship to territory.
On Transitivity
Authors: LaPolla Randy J. , Kratochvíl František , Coupe Alexander R.
Published: November 2011

This paper critically discusses and contrasts some of the different conceptualisations of transitivity that have been presented in the literature, and argues that transitivity as a morphosyntactic phenomenon and effectiveness of an event as a semantic concept should be separated in discussions of transitivity, and also, like many other aspects of grammar, transitivity should be seen as a constructional phenomenon, and so each construction in a language needs to be examined separately, in natural contexts. An Appendix presents some general questions one can consider when analysing language data.
Pragmatic foundations of transitivity in Ao
Authors: Coupe Alexander R.
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates the extent to which the phenomenon of transitivity contributes to syntactic organization in Ao, a Tibeto-Burman language of north-east India, by considering its manifestations from a pragmatic perspective. Agentive case marking is found to be the only formal correlate of transitivity in this language. This serves an obligatory marking function on actor arguments of verbal clauses expressing the habitual activity of a referent, and agentive marking is also consistently used to distinguish the causer argument of causativized predicates. However, in all other types of clause structures its use is pragmatically determined. Transitivity thus appears to be a construction-based phenomenon that has grammaticalized for only some aspects of Ao clausal syntax.
Towards an analysis of argument alignment in Takivatan Bunun
Authors: De Busser Rik
Published: November 2011

This article describes the morphological and syntactic mechanisms that are involved in the overt and covert realisation of core arguments in Takivatan Bunun. It argues that the interactions between these mechanisms make it difficult to explain Takivatan predicate-argument structure in terms of traditional notions of transitivity and argument alignment. As an alternative, it proposes that argument alignment in Takivatan is realised through the interaction of a number of relatively independent linguistic subsystems.
Transitivity in Abui
Authors: Kratochvíl František
Published: November 2011

This paper explores transitivity-related features in Abui, a language with fluid semantic alignment (after Donohue and Wichmann 2008). Many known semantically aligned languages distinguish between two argument roles: actor and undergoer (e.g. Merlan 1985; Durie 1987; Mithun 1991, Donohue and Wichmann 2008 and papers therein). Abui system is unusual; it offers seven coding options for both single-argument and two-argument clauses. A rich set of semantic features (specificity, animacy, individuation, instigation, control, volition, affectedness, change, and change of state) drive the differential realisation of arguments. These features are known to be relevant to transitivity, differential argument marking, and split intransitivity. The paper presents a detailed analysis of these features, and explores their ranking, correlations, and clustering. Based on the Abui system, the paper characterises transitivity as a scalar and constructional phenomenon (refining Hopper and Thompson 1980; Rozwadowska 1988; and Næss 2007) applying only to a subset of two-argument clauses because there is no clear default two-argument construction that contains both actor and undergoer arguments.
On transitivity in two Tibeto-Burman languages
Authors: LaPolla Randy J.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents the analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in two languages (Rawang and Qiang) that have been described using very different definitions of transitivity, with a view to showing that each language must be analysed on its own terms, and so the criteria used for identifying transitivity, if it is to be identified at all, might be different between languages. In the case of these two languages it is at least partly due to the two languages differing in terms of the degree of systematicity of the marking, with the Rawang marking being more systematic.
Transitivity in Murrinh-Patha
Authors: Nordlinger Rachel
Published: November 2011

In this paper I discuss transitivity in Murrinh-Patha, a non-Pama-Nyungan polysynthetic language from northern Australia. I survey the range of bivalent clauses in Murrinh-Patha and their morphosyntactic properties, and consider their analysis in terms of definitions of transitivity in the cross-linguistic literature. I argue that syntactic definitions of transitivity, while compatible with the Murrinh-Patha data, are empirically unrevealing since they provide little account for the varying morphosyntactic properties of different bivalent constructions. Instead, I show that the morphosyntax of bivalent constructions in Murrinh-Patha is sensitive to the semantic features of the participants, supporting a prototype approach to transitivity (such as those proposed by Hopper and Thompson 1980 and Næss 2007).
Unspoken Depths: Dramatherapy and Dementia
Authors: Morris Nicky
Published: November 2011

In the dual role of therapist and researcher, working in an NHS Day Hospital with a small group of clients with moderate dementia, my question was simple, yet perplexing: What could I learn from the paradox between the joyful energy of my Dramatherapy group and the intense sadness and confusion that seemed to exist on the periphery? A qualitative, heuristic approach was the most appropriate in respect of ethics and practicality. By using vignettes – in which client names were changed – as opposed to detailed case studies, I required neither written nor ongoing verbal consent – though spoke informally about it with my clients and their carers throughout the process. I followed the six stages of heuristic research described by Clark Moustakas and gathered data using the tools and techniques recommended. I created a personal log book and collated my official session notes on 20 clients seen between January and October 2009.

Through the analysis of data, key themes arose: Fear and Stigma, Anger, and Self-Identity. This article may be most relevant to those working creatively with this client group, who find themselves confronted by a paradox of emotions, forced to confront personal fears and limitations. Whilst the need for further research is evident, my small and subjective study meets the minimal requirements of BADth's EPB/PBE guidelines (Dokter and Winn) and could compliment larger-scale studies using both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Impaired Pavlovian conditioned inhibition in offenders with personality disorders
Authors: He Zhimin , Cassaday Helen J. , Howard Richard C. , Khalifa Najat , Bonardi Charlotte
Published: November 2011

Certain types of violent offending are often accompanied by evidence of personality disorders (PDs), a range of heterogeneous conditions characterized by disinhibited behaviours that are generally described as impulsive. The tasks previously used to show impulsivity deficits experimentally (in borderline personality disorder, BPD) have required participants to inhibit previously rewarded responses. To date, no research has examined the inhibition of responding based on Pavlovian stimulus–stimulus contingencies, formally “conditioned inhibition” (CI), in PDs. The present study used a computer-based task to measure excitatory and inhibitory learning within the same CI procedure in offenders recruited from the “personality disorder” and the “dangerous and severe personality disorder” units of a high-security psychiatric hospital. These offenders showed a striking and statistically significant change in the expression of inhibitory learning in a highly controlled procedure: The contextual information provided by conditioned inhibitors had virtually no effect on their prepotent associations. Moreover, this difference was not obviously attributable to nonspecific cognitive or motivational factors. Impaired CI would reduce the ability to learn to control associative triggers and so could provide an explanation of some types of offending behaviour.
Sticky/Citron kinase maintains proper RhoA localization at the cleavage site during cytokinesis
Authors: Bassi Zuni I. , Verbrugghe Koen J. , Capalbo Luisa , Gregory Stephen , Montembault Emilie , Glover David M. , D’Avino Pier Paolo
Published: November 2011

In many organisms, the small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA controls assembly and contraction of the actomyosin ring during cytokinesis by activating different effectors. Although the role of some RhoA effectors like formins and Rho kinase is reasonably understood, the functions of another putative effector, Citron kinase (CIT-K), are still debated. In this paper, we show that, contrary to previous models, the Drosophila melanogaster CIT-K orthologue Sticky (Sti) does not require interaction with RhoA to localize to the cleavage site. Instead, RhoA fails to form a compact ring in late cytokinesis after Sti depletion, and this function requires Sti kinase activity. Moreover, we found that the Sti Citron-Nik1 homology domain interacts with RhoA regardless of its status, indicating that Sti is not a canonical RhoA effector. Finally, Sti depletion caused an increase of phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain at the cleavage site in late cytokinesis. We propose that Sti/CIT-K maintains correct RhoA localization at the cleavage site, which is necessary for proper RhoA activity and contractile ring dynamics.
CENP-A exceeds microtubule attachment sites in centromere clusters of both budding and fission yeast
Authors: Coffman Valerie C. , Wu Pengcheng , Parthun Mark R. , Wu Jian-Qiu
Published: November 2011

The stoichiometries of kinetochores and their constituent proteins in yeast and vertebrate cells were determined using the histone H3 variant CENP-A, known as Cse4 in budding yeast, as a counting standard. One Cse4-containing nucleosome exists in the centromere (CEN) of each chromosome, so it has been assumed that each anaphase CEN/kinetochore cluster contains 32 Cse4 molecules. We report that anaphase CEN clusters instead contained approximately fourfold more Cse4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ∼40-fold more CENP-A (Cnp1) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe than predicted. These results suggest that the number of CENP-A molecules exceeds the number of kinetochore-microtubule (MT) attachment sites on each chromosome and that CENP-A is not the sole determinant of kinetochore assembly sites in either yeast. In addition, we show that fission yeast has enough Dam1–DASH complex for ring formation around attached MTs. The results of this study suggest the need for significant revision of existing CEN/kinetochore architectural models.
Extending Culturally Symbolic Brands: A Blessing or a Curse?
Authors: Torelli Carlos J. , Ahluwalia Rohini
Published: November 2011

Results from four studies uncover a relatively automatic cultural congruency mechanism that can influence evaluations of culturally charged brand extensions, overriding the impact of perceived fit on extension evaluations. Culturally congruent extensions (i.e., when both the brand and the extension category cue the same cultural schema) were evaluated more favorably than culturally neutral extensions, which in turn were evaluated more favorably than culturally incongruent ones (i.e., cue two different cultural schemas). The effects emerged with both moderate and low fit brand extensions, as well as for narrow and broad brands. However, they only emerged when both the brand and the product were culturally symbolic, likely to automatically activate a cultural schema but did not emerge for brands low in cultural symbolism. The effects were driven by the processing (dis)fluency generated by the simultaneous activation of the same (different) cultural schemas by the product and the brand.
Designing surveys for tests of gravity
Authors: Jain Bhuvnesh
Published: November 2011

Modified gravity theories may provide an alternative to dark energy to explain cosmic acceleration. We argue that the observational programme developed to test dark energy needs to be augmented to capture new tests of gravity on astrophysical scales. Several distinct signatures of gravity theories exist outside the ‘linear’ regime, especially owing to the screening mechanism that operates inside halos such as the Milky Way to ensure that gravity tests in the solar system are satisfied. This opens up several decades in length scale and classes of galaxies at low redshift that can be exploited by surveys. While theoretical work on models of gravity is in the early stages, we can already identify new regimes that cosmological surveys could target to test gravity. These include: (i) a small-scale component that focuses on the interior and vicinity of galaxy and cluster halos, (ii) spectroscopy of low-redshift galaxies, especially galaxies smaller than the Milky Way, in environments that range from voids to clusters, and (iii) a programme of combining lensing and dynamical information, from imaging and spectroscopic surveys, respectively, on the same (or statistically identical) sample of galaxies.
Model selection for modified gravity
Authors: Kitching T. D. , Simpson F. , Heavens A. F. , Taylor A. N.
Published: November 2011

In this article, we review model selection predictions for modified gravity scenarios as an explanation for the observed acceleration of the expansion history of the Universe. We present analytical procedures for calculating expected Bayesian evidence values in two cases: (i) that modified gravity is a simple parametrized extension of general relativity (GR; two nested models), such that a Bayes' factor can be calculated, and (ii) that we have a class of non-nested models where a rank-ordering of evidence values is required. We show that, in the case of a minimal modified gravity parametrization, we can expect large area photometric and spectroscopic surveys, using three-dimensional cosmic shear and baryonic acoustic oscillations, to ‘decisively’ distinguish modified gravity models over GR (or vice versa), with odds of ≫1:100. It is apparent that the potential discovery space for modified gravity models is large, even in a simple extension to gravity models, where Newton's constant
G
is allowed to vary as a function of time and length scale. On the time and length scales where dark energy dominates, it is only through large-scale cosmological experiments that we can hope to understand the nature of gravity.
Is the Universe homogeneous?
Authors: Maartens Roy
Published: November 2011

The standard model of cosmology is based on the existence of homogeneous surfaces as the background arena for structure formation. Homogeneity underpins both general relativistic and modified gravity models and is central to the way in which we interpret observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the galaxy distribution. However, homogeneity cannot be directly observed in the galaxy distribution or CMB, even with perfect observations, since we observe on the past light cone and not on spatial surfaces. We can directly observe and test for isotropy, but to link this to homogeneity we need to assume the Copernican principle (CP). First, we discuss the link between isotropic observations on the past light cone and isotropic space–time geometry: what observations do we need to be isotropic in order to deduce space–time isotropy? Second, we discuss what we can say with the Copernican assumption. The most powerful result is based on the CMB: the vanishing of the dipole, quadrupole and octupole of the CMB is sufficient to impose homogeneity. Real observations lead to near-isotropy on large scales—does this lead to near-homogeneity? There are important partial results, and we discuss why this remains a difficult open question. Thus, we are currently unable to prove homogeneity of the Universe on large scales, even with the CP. However, we can use observations of the cosmic microwave background, galaxies and clusters to test homogeneity itself.
One gravitational potential or two? Forecasts and tests
Authors: Bertschinger Edmund
Published: November 2011

The metric of a perturbed Robertson–Walker space–time is characterized by three functions: a scale-factor giving the expansion history and two potentials that generalize the single potential of Newtonian gravity. The Newtonian potential induces peculiar velocities and, from these, the growth of matter fluctuations. Massless particles respond equally to the Newtonian potential and to a curvature potential. The difference of the two potentials, called the gravitational slip, is predicted to be very small in general relativity, but can be substantial in modified gravity theories. The two potentials can be measured, and gravity tested on cosmological scales, by combining weak gravitational lensing or the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect with galaxy peculiar velocities or clustering.
Regulation of entry into gametogenesis
Authors: van Werven Folkert J. , Amon Angelika
Published: November 2011

Gametogenesis is a fundamental aspect of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. In the unicellular fungiSaccharomyces cerevisiae(budding yeast) andSchizosaccharomyces pombe(fission yeast), where this developmental programme has been extensively studied, entry into gametogenesis requires the convergence of multiple signals on the promoter of a master regulator. Starvation signals and cellular mating-type information promote the transcription of cell fate inducers, which in turn initiate a transcriptional cascade that propels a unique type of cell division, meiosis, and gamete morphogenesis. Here, we will provide an overview of how entry into gametogenesis is initiated in budding and fission yeast and discuss potential conserved features in the germ cell development of higher eukaryotes.