bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isotropic enhancement in the critical current density of YBCO thin films incorporating nanoscale Y2BaCuO5 inclusions
Authors: Jha Alok K. , Matsumoto Kaname , Horide Tomoya , Saini Shrikant , Mele Paolo , Ichinose Ataru , Yoshida Yutaka , Awaji Satoshi
Published: September 2017

The effect of incorporation of nanoscale Y2BaCuO5 (Y211) inclusions on the vortex pinning properties of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO or Y123) superconducting thin films is investigated in detail on the basis of variation of critical current density (JC) with applied magnetic field and also with the orientation of the applied magnetic field at two different temperatures: 77 K and 65 K. Surface modified target approach is employed to incorporate nanoscale Y211 inclusions into the superconducting YBCO matrix. The efficiency of Y211 nanoinclusions in reducing the angular anisotropy of critical current density is found to be significant. The observed angular dependence of the critical current density is discussed on the basis of mutually occupied volume by a vortex and spherical and/or planar defect. A dip in JC near the ab-plane is also observed which has been analyzed on the basis of variation of pinning potential corresponding to a spherical (3-D) or planar (2-D) pinning center and has been attributed to a reduced interaction volume of the vortices with a pinning center and competing nature of the potentials due to spherical and planar defects.
Characterization of the acoustic field generated by a horn shaped ultrasonic transducer
Authors: Hu B. , Lerch J. E. , Chavan A. H. , Weber J. K. R. , Tamalonis A. , Suthar K. J. , DiChiara A. D.
Published: September 2017

A horn shaped Langevin ultrasonic transducer used in a single axis levitator was characterized to better understand the role of the acoustic profile in establishing stable traps. The method of characterization included acoustic beam profiling performed by raster scanning an ultrasonic microphone as well as finite element analysis of the horn and its interface with the surrounding air volume. The results of the model are in good agreement with measurements and demonstrate the validity of the approach for both near and far field analyses. Our results show that this style of transducer produces a strong acoustic beam with a total divergence angle of 10°, a near-field point close to the transducer surface and a virtual sound source. These are desirable characteristics for a sound source used for acoustic trapping experiments.
Schema Therapy in Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Van Wijk-Herbrink Marjolein F. , Broers Nick J. , Roelofs Jeffrey , Bernstein David P.
Published: September 2017

This multiple case study examined the feasibility and effectiveness of an innovative residential treatment, based on Schema Therapy (ST), for adolescents with disruptive behaviors and Personality Disorder (PD) traits. We reported case narratives as well as quantitative changes in behavior problems, early maladaptive schemas, and schema modes of four patients. In terms of feasibility, the therapist was able to use the full range of ST techniques (working in the here and now, experiential techniques, and cognitive-behavioral techniques) with all four patients. We trained and coached treatment teams in ST theory and practice, and were partially successful in involving patients’ parents in the ST treatment. Qualitative and quantitative findings showed that patients improved in their behavior problems, early maladaptive schemas, and schema modes. These results support the feasibility of ST for adolescents with disruptive behaviors and PD traits in residential treatment, and provide preliminary evidence of its effectiveness.
Transient apoptosis inhibition in donor stem cells improves hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kollek Matthias , Voigt Gesina , Molnar Christian , Murad Fabronia , Bertele Daniela , Krombholz Christopher Felix , Bohler Sheila , Labi Verena , Schiller Stefan , Kunze Mirjam , Geley Stephan , Niemeyer Charlotte M. , Garcia-Saez Ana , Erlacher Miriam
Published: September 2017

During hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a substantial number of donor cells are lost because of apoptotic cell death. Transplantation-associated apoptosis is mediated mainly by the proapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins BIM and BMF, and their proapoptotic function is conserved between mouse and human stem and progenitor cells. Permanent inhibition of apoptosis in donor cells caused by the loss of these BH3-only proteins improves transplantation outcome, but recipients might be exposed to increased risk of lymphomagenesis or autoimmunity. Here, we address whether transient inhibition of apoptosis can serve as a safe but efficient alternative to improve the outcome of stem cell transplantation. We show that transient apoptosis inhibition by short-term overexpression of prosurvival BCL-XL, known to block BIM and BMF, is not only sufficient to increase the viability of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during engraftment but also improves transplantation outcome without signs of adverse pathologies. Hence, this strategy represents a promising and novel therapeutic approach, particularly under conditions of limited donor stem cell availability.
Phosphorylation and nuclear transit modulate the balance between normal function and terminal aggregation of the yeast RNA-binding protein Ssd1
Authors: Kurischko Cornelia , Broach James R.
Published: September 2017

Yeast Ssd1 is an RNA-binding protein that shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Ssd1 interacts with its target mRNAs initially during transcription by binding through its N-terminal prion-like domain (PLD) to the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Ssd1 subsequently targets mRNAs acquired in the nucleus either to daughter cells for translation or to stress granules (SGs) and P-bodies (PBs) for mRNA storage or decay. Here we show that PB components assist in the nuclear export of Ssd1and subsequent targeting of Ssd1 to PB sites in the cytoplasm. In the absence of import into the nucleus, Ssd1 fails to associate with PBs in the cytoplasm but rather is targeted to cytosolic insoluble protein deposits (IPODs). The association of Ssd1 either with IPOD sites or with PB/SG requires the PLD, whose activity is differentially regulated by the Ndr/LATS family kinase, Cbk1: phosphorylation suppresses PB/SG association but enhances IPOD formation. This regulation likely accrues from a phosphorylation-sensitive nuclear localization sequence located in the PLD. The results presented here may inform our understanding of aggregate formation by RBP in certain neurological diseases.
Structural Variability Across the Primate Brain: A Cross-Species Comparison
Authors: Croxson Paula L , Forkel Stephanie J , Cerliani Leonardo , Thiebaut de Schotten Michel
Published: September 2017

A large amount of variability exists across human brains; revealed initially on a small scale by postmortem studies and, more recently, on a larger scale with the advent of neuroimaging. Here we compared structural variability between human and macaque monkey brains using grey and white matter magnetic resonance imaging measures. The monkey brain was overall structurally as variable as the human brain, but variability had a distinct distribution pattern, with some key areas showing high variability. We also report the first evidence of a relationship between anatomical variability and evolutionary expansion in the primate brain. This suggests a relationship between variability and stability, where areas of low variability may have evolved less recently and have more stability, while areas of high variability may have evolved more recently and be less similar across individuals. We showed specific differences between the species in key areas, including the amount of hemispheric asymmetry in variability, which was left-lateralized in the human brain across several phylogenetically recent regions. This suggests that cerebral variability may be another useful measure for comparison between species and may add another dimension to our understanding of evolutionary mechanisms.
Disease screening and prevention for transgender and gender-diverse adults
Authors: Schmidt Elizabeth , Rizzolo Denise
Published: September 2017

Primary care clinicians have an important role in the health and wellness of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adults and need to know best practices of health maintenance and disease prevention interventions. This article focuses on how exogenous use of sex steroids provided as hormone therapy and gender-affirming procedures affect screening and prevention. Hormone therapy can affect the heart, liver, lipids, bones, brain, skin, and reproductive organs; likewise, behaviors and gender-affirming procedures may alter the risks, prevalence, and screening techniques of sexually transmitted infections. Where applicable, modifications accounting for those differences should be incorporated into the primary care of TGD adults.
Assessing the Relationship Between the Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential and Speech Recognition Abilities in Bilateral Cochlear Implant Recipients
Authors: Schvartz-Leyzac Kara C. , Pfingst Bryan E.
Published: September 2017

Objectives:

The primary objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between suprathreshold electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) measures and speech recognition abilities in bilateral cochlear implant listeners. We tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of ear differences in ECAP measures within a subject (right–left) could predict the difference in speech recognition performance abilities between that subject’s ears (right–left).

Design:

To better control for across-subject variables that contribute to speech understanding, the present study used a within-subject design. Subjects were 10 bilaterally implanted adult cochlear implant recipients. We measured ECAP amplitudes and slopes of the amplitude growth function in both ears for each subject. We examined how each of these measures changed when increasing the interphase gap of the biphasic pulses. Previous animal studies have shown correlations between these ECAP measures and auditory nerve survival. Speech recognition measures included speech reception thresholds for sentences in background noise, as well as phoneme discrimination in quiet and in noise.

Results:

Results showed that the between-ear difference (right–left) of one specific ECAP measure (increase in amplitude growth function slope as the interphase gap increased from 7 to 30 µs) was significantly related to the between-ear difference (right–left) in speech recognition. Frequency-specific response patterns for ECAP data and consonant transmission cues support the hypothesis that this particular ECAP measure may represent localized functional acuity.

Conclusions:

The results add to a growing body of literature suggesting that when using a well-controlled research design, there is evidence that underlying neural function is related to postoperative performance with a cochlear implant.
Surgeon Reimbursement Relative to Hospital Payments for Spinal Fusion
Authors: Jain Nikhil , Phillips Frank M. , Shimer Adam L. , Khan Safdar N.
Published: September 2017

Study Design.

Retrospective, economic analysis.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to analyze the trend in hospital charge and payment adjusted to corresponding surgeon charge and payment for cervical and lumbar fusions in a Medicare sample population from 2005 to 2014.

Summary of Background Data.

Previous studies have reported trends and variation in hospital charges and payments for spinal fusion, but none have incorporated surgeon data in analysis. Knowledge of the fiscal relationship between hospitals and surgeons over time will be important for stakeholders as we move toward bundled payments.

Methods.

A 5% Medicare sample was used to capture hospital and surgeon charges and payments related to cervical and lumbar fusion for degenerative disease between 2005 and 2014. We defined hospital charge multiplier (CM) as the ratio of hospital/surgeon charge. Similarly, the hospital/surgeon payment ratio was defined as hospital payment multiplier (PM). The year-wise and regional trend in patient profile, length of stay, discharge disposition, CM, and PM were studied for all fusion approaches separately.

Results.

A total of 40,965 patients, stratified as 15,854 cervical and 25,111 lumbar fusions, were included. The hospital had successively higher charges and payments relative to the surgeon from 2005 to 2014 for all fusions with an inverse relation to hospital length of stay. Increasing complexity of fusion such as for anterior-posterior cervical fusion had higher hospital reimbursements per dollar earned by the surgeon. There was regional variation in how much the hospital charged and received per surgeon dollar.

Conclusion.

Hospital charge and payment relative to surgeon had an increasing trend despite a decreasing length of stay for all fusions. Although the hospital can receive higher payments for higher-risk patients, this risk is not reflected proportionally in surgeon payments. The shift toward value-based care with shared responsibility for outcomes and cost will likely rely on better aligning incentives between hospital and providers.

Level of Evidence: 3
Potential Impact of Amantadine on Aggression in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hammond Flora M. , Malec James F. , Zafonte Ross D. , Sherer Mark , Bogner Jennifer , Dikmen Sureyya , Whitney Marybeth P. , Bell Kathleen R. , Perkins Susan M. , Moser Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2017

Objective:

To assess the effects of amantadine on anger and aggression among individuals with a chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods:

A cohort of 118 persons with chronic TBI (>6 months postinjury) and moderate-severe aggression selected from a larger cohort of 168 participants enrolled in a parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of amantadine 100 mg twice daily (n = 82) versus placebo (n = 86) for treatment of irritability were studied. Anger and aggression were measured at treatment days 0, 28, and 60 using observer-rated and participant-rated State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Agitation/Aggression domain (NPI-A) Most Problematic and Distress scores.

Results:

Participant-rated day 60 NPI-A Most Problematic (adjusted P = .0118) and NPI-A Distress (adjusted P = .0118) were statistically significant between the 2 groups, but STAXI-2 differences were not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Substantial improvements were noted in both amantadine and placebo groups (70% vs 56% improving at least 3 points on day 60 Observer NPI-A; P = .11).

Conclusion:

Amantadine 100 mg twice daily in this population with chronic TBI appears to be beneficial in decreasing aggression from the perspective of the individual with TBI. No beneficial impact on anger was found.

Trial Registration:

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00779324; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00779324?term=irritability&rank=6.
Bivalent ligand that activates mu opioid receptor and antagonizes mGluR5 receptor reduces neuropathic pain in mice
Authors: Peterson Cristina D. , Kitto Kelley F. , Akgün Eyup , Lunzer Mary M. , Riedl Maureen S. , Vulchanova Lucy , Wilcox George L. , Portoghese Philip S. , Fairbanks Carolyn A.
Published: September 2017

The mu opioid receptor (MOR) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) are well-established pharmacological targets in the management of chronic pain. Both receptors are expressed in the spinal cord. MMG22, a bivalent ligand containing 2 pharmacophores separated by 22 atoms, which simultaneously activates MOR and antagonizes mGluR5, has been shown to produce potent reversal of tactile hypersensitivity in rodent models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-and bone cancer–induced chronic pain. This study assessed whether intrathecal MMG22 also is effective in reducing pain of neuropathic origin. Furthermore, we theorized that MMG22 should reduce hyperalgesia in nerve-injured mice in a manner consistent with a synergistic interaction between MOR and mGluR5. Several weeks after spared nerve injury, tactile hypersensitivity was reversed in mice by the intrathecal injection of MMG22 (0.01-10 nmol) but also by its shorter spacer analog, MMG10, with similar potency. The potencies of the bivalent ligands were 10- to 14-fold higher than those of the compounds upon which the bivalent structure was based, the MOR agonist oxymorphone and the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP. Coadministration of oxymorphone and MPEP demonstrated analgesic synergism, an interaction confirmed by isobolographic analysis. This study indicates that in the spared nerve injury–induced model of neuropathic pain, the 2 pharmacophores of the bivalent ligands MMG22 and MMG10 target MOR and mGluR5 as separate receptor monomers. The observed increase in the potency of MMG22 and MMG10, compared with oxymorphone and MPEP, may reflect the synergistic interaction of the 2 pharmacophores of the bivalent ligand acting at their respective separate receptor monomers.
Photosensitization of TRPA1 and TRPV1 by 7-dehydrocholesterol: implications for the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Babes Alexandru , Ciotu Cosmin I. , Hoffmann Tal , Kichko Tatjana I. , Selescu Tudor , Neacsu Cristian , Sauer Susanne K. , Reeh Peter W. , Fischer Michael J.M.
Published: September 2017

Loss-of-function mutations in the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase are responsible for the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, in which 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) levels are markedly increased in the plasma and tissues of patients. This increase in 7-DHC is probably associated with the painful and itchy photosensitivity reported by the majority of patients with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. To identify the molecular targets involved in the activation and photosensitization of primary afferents by 7-DHC, we focused on TRPA1 and TRPV1, two ion channels expressed in nociceptive nerve endings and previously shown to respond to ultraviolet and visible light under pathophysiological circumstances. Recombinant human TRPA1 is activated and photosensitized in the presence of 7-DHC. Prolonged preexposure to 7-DHC causes more pronounced photosensitization, and while TRPV1 contributes less to the acute effect, it too becomes highly photosensitive upon preincubation with 7-DHC for 1 to 15 hours. Dorsal root ganglion neurons in primary culture display acute sensitivity to 7-DHC in the dark and also light-evoked responses in the presence of 7-DHC, which are exclusively dependent on TRPA1 and TRPV1. Similarly, prolonged exposure of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons to 7-DHC renders these cells photosensitive in a largely TRPA1- and TRPV1-dependent manner. Single-fiber recordings in mouse skin–nerve preparations demonstrate violet light-evoked activation and a sensitization to 7-DHC exposure. Vice versa, 7-DHC pretreatment of the isolated trachea leads to a TRPA1- and TRPV1-dependent increase of the light-induced calcitonin gene–related peptide release. Taken together, our results implicate TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels as potential pharmacological targets to address the 7-DHC–induced hypersensitivity to light in patients.
The Effect of Dextromethorphan Premedication on Cough and Patient Tolerance During Flexible Bronchoscopy
Authors: Amini Shahideh , Peiman Soheil , Khatuni Mahdi , Ghalamkari Marziyeh , Rahimi Besharat
Published: September 2017

Background:

Patients undergoing bronchoscopy can experience problems such as anxiety and cough, requiring various doses of sedatives and analgesics. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of premedication with dextromethorphan on patients’ cough and anxiety, and the use of analgesics/sedatives during flexible bronchoscopy (FB).

Methods:

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective study was performed to assess the effect of dextromethorphan premedication on patients who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy. Seventy patients included in this study were randomly allocated into 2 groups: group A consisted of 35 patients who received dextromethorphan before FB; and group B consisted of 35 patients who received a placebo. A questionnaire was given to the patients and bronchoscopist about perception of cough, anxiety, and discomfort. The amount of sedative medication and lidocaine use during the procedure and the procedure time were recorded.

Results:

The group that was premedicated with dextromethorphan had lower complaint scores, significantly less coughing, significantly less stress assessed by the patient and the physician evaluation, shorter total procedure time, and fewer midazolam requirements during FB (P-value <0.05).

Conclusion:

Considering its safety profile, dextromethorphan premedication is an effective approach to facilitate the performance of FB for the physician, and could improve patient comfort.
Diagnostic Value of PCT and CRP for Detecting Serious Bacterial Infections in Patients With Fever of Unknown Origin: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hu Lan , Shi Qiuping , Shi Miao , Liu Ruixia , Wang Chao
Published: September 2017

Background:

It is vital to recognize the cause of an infection to enable earlier treatment. Studies have shown that procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have very high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing serious bacterial infections (SBIs), with PCT performing better than CRP.

Methods:

Multiple databases were searched for relevant studies, and full-text articles involving diagnosis with PCT and CRP were reviewed. All meta-analyses were conducted with Review Manager 5.0. Sensitivity and bias analyses were performed to evaluate the quality of articles. In addition, a funnel plot and Egger test were used to assess possible publication bias.

Result:

A total of 17 articles met the criteria for inclusion. The concentrations of both PCT and CRP were higher in the SBI group than in the nonbacterial infection group. Sensitivity for differentiating bacterial infections from nonbacterial infections was higher for PCT compared with CRP, whereas there was no significant difference in specificity. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve for PCT was larger than that for CRP.

Conclusion:

Both PCT and CRP are useful markers and should be used to evaluate SBIs with fever of unknown origin.
Comparison of Proliferation Markers Ki67 and Phosphohistone-H3 (pHH3) in Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Authors: Bosch Dustin E. , Kilgore Mark R. , Schmidt Rodney A. , Swanson Paul E. , Rendi Mara H. , Chang Oliver H.
Published: September 2017

Proliferative index is a prognostic feature of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, and has more recently emerged as a predictor of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) local recurrence and progression when used in combination with other predictive markers. Ki67 is the most commonly used immunohistochemical marker of proliferative index. However, high interobserver and interlaboratory variability has been reported, in part due to differences in staining methodologies, positivity thresholds, and approaches to quantification. Phosphohistone-H3 (pHH3) is a marker of mitotic activity that has emerged as a more reliable indicator of proliferation in other neoplasms. Quantification of proliferative index was compared in 48 cases of DCIS using Ki67 and pHH3 immunohistochemistry. A strong linear relationship between Ki67 and pHH3 quantification was observed (P<0.0001, R
2=0.75). Interobserver concordance was modestly higher for pHH3 than Ki67 proliferative indices. However, positive pHH3 staining was more dichotomous (either negative or uniformly positive) and specific for mitotic activity, and interpretation of pHH3 proliferative indices was significantly faster than that of Ki67. The strong correlation between pHH3 and Ki67 supports the use of this marker as a measure of proliferative activity in DCIS.
A Volumetric and Craniometric Analysis of Cranial Base Differences in Unicoronal Craniosynostosis
Authors: Mazzaferro Daniel M. , Wes Ari M. , Naran Sanjay , Bartlett Scott P. , Taylor Jesse A.
Published: September 2017

Background:

The authors hypothesized that patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS) have deviation of the vault, cranial base, and face resulting in significant differences in skull base morphology and segmental cranial vault volume relative to nonaffected controls.

Methods:

Unicoronal craniosynostosis patients were collected from the authors’ IRB-approved, prospective, craniofacial registry; controls were from a trauma registry. Mimics software was used to compare those with UCS to controls for a series of standardized craniometric angles and distances. A segmented volumetric analysis of anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae was performed, as well.

Results:

The study included 18 patients with UCS and 19 controls. Nearly all angles measured were statistically different in UCS versus controls. Overall cranial vault volume did not differ between UCS and controls (P = 0.250). Three volumetric ratios comparing the synostosed side to the contralateral were significantly less than controls: anterior (0.44 ± 0.03 versus 0.5 ± 0.01, P < 0.001), middle (0.45 ± 0.02 versus 0.5 ± 0.02, P < 0.001), posterior (0.46 ± 0.02 versus 0.50 ± 0.02, P < 0.001). The ratio of total middle volume to total cranial volume was larger in UCS patients versus controls, but the posterior ratio was smaller: anterior (0.13 ± 0.02 versus 0.12 ± 0.02, P = 0.545), middle (0.50 ± 0.05 versus 0.42 ± 0.04, P = 0.001), posterior (0.37 ± 0.05 versus 0.45 ± 0.03, P = 0.001).

Conclusions:

This study provides quantitative evidence of the degree of angulation and torsion of the cranial base in UCS and its profound effect on volumetric differences in the cranial vault, with significant restriction on the synostosed side and compensatory expansion on the nonsynostosed side. Future work will focus on the effects of volumetric differences on cerebral architecture and postoperative volumetric changes.
A Delta Neutrophil Index for the Prediction of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Followed By Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kong Taeyoung , Park Yoo Seok , Lee Hye Sun , Kim Sinae , Han Sehee , Eun Claire H. , Lee Jong Wook , You Je Sung , Chung Hyun Soo , Park Incheol , Chung Sung Phil
Published: September 2017

Purpose:

We assessed the usefulness of the delta neutrophil index (DNI), reflecting immature granulocytes, to stratify risk for developing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a clinical setting.

Methods:

This study retrospectively analyzed prospective data of eligible adult patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with STEMI followed by PCI. We determined DNI at multiple time points and analyzed the development of CIN and in-hospital mortality according to CIN incidence.

Results:

Overall, 564 patients with STEMI followed by PCI were included. Of these, 58 patients (10.3%) had CIN. Areas under the curve for predictability of CIN using the DNI within 2 h after PCI (I) and 24 h on ED admission (24) among patients with CIN were 0.775 (P < 0.001) and 0.751 (P < 0.001), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that increased DNI values at time I (odds ratio [OR], 1.632; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.357–1.964; P < 0.001) and time 24 (OR, 1.503; 95% CI, 1.272–1.777; P < 0.001) were strong independent factors for predicting CIN among patients with STEMI who underwent PCI. Increasing predictability of CIN was closely associated with DNI more than 1.8% on ED admission (OR, 12.494; 95% CI, 6.540–23.87; P < 0.001) and more than 1.9% at time 24 (OR, 10.45; 95% CI, 5.769–18.928; P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The DNI is easily obtained as part of the complete blood count measurement without requiring additional cost or time. High DNI independently predicts the development of CIN in patients with acute STEMI followed by PCI.
Machine-learning Support to Individual Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Multimodal MRI and Cognitive Assessments
Authors: De Marco Matteo , Beltrachini Leandro , Biancardi Alberto , Frangi Alejandro F. , Venneri Annalena
Published: September 2017

Background:

Understanding whether the cognitive profile of a patient indicates mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or performance levels within normality is often a clinical challenge. The use of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) and machine learning may represent valid aids in clinical settings for the identification of MCI patients.

Methods:

Machine-learning models were computed to test the classificatory accuracy of cognitive, volumetric [structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI)] and blood oxygen level dependent-connectivity (extracted from RS-fMRI) features, in single-modality and mixed classifiers.

Results:

The best and most significant classifier was the RS-fMRI+Cognitive mixed classifier (94% accuracy), whereas the worst performing was the sMRI classifier (∼80%). The mixed global (sMRI+RS-fMRI+Cognitive) had a slightly lower accuracy (∼90%), although not statistically different from the mixed RS-fMRI+Cognitive classifier. The most important cognitive features were indices of declarative memory and semantic processing. The crucial volumetric feature was the hippocampus. The RS-fMRI features selected by the algorithms were heavily based on the connectivity of mediotemporal, left temporal, and other neocortical regions.

Conclusion:

Feature selection was profoundly driven by statistical independence. Some features showed no between-group differences, or showed a trend in either direction. This indicates that clinically relevant brain alterations typical of MCI might be subtle and not inferable from group analysis.
Visual Structure and Function in Collision Sport Athletes
Authors: Leong Danielle , Morettin Christina , Messner Leonard V. , Steinmetz Robert J. , Pang Yi , Galetta Steven L. , Balcer Laura J.
Published: September 2017

Background:

Vision-based measures have been shown to be useful markers in multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Therefore, these testing paradigms may have applications to populations explaining repetitive head trauma that has been associated with long-term neurodegenerative sequelae. We investigated retinal structure and visual function in professional collision sport athletes compared to age- and race-matched control participants.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, participants underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC = ganglion cell + inner plexiform layers) thickness. High-contrast visual acuity (100% level), low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) (1.25% and 2.5% levels), and King–Devick Test of rapid number naming performance were administered. Vision-specific quality of life (QOL) measures were assessed.

Results:

Among 46 collision sport athletes (boxing, n = 14; football, n = 29; ice hockey, n = 3) and 104 control participants, average RNFL thickness was a significant predictor of athlete vs control status with athletes demonstrating 4.8-μm of thinning compared to controls (P = 0.01, generalized estimating equation [GEE] models accounting for age and within-subject, intereye correlations). Athlete vs control status was not a predictor of RNFL thickness for the subgroup of football players in this cohort (P = 0.60). Binocular (P = 0.001) and monocular (P = 0.02) LCLA at 2.5% contrast and vision-specific QOL (P = 0.04) were significant predictors of athlete vs control status (GEE models accounting for age and within-subject, intereye correlations). Rapid number naming performance times were not significantly different between the control and athlete groups.

Conclusions:

This study showed that retinal axonal and neuronal loss is present among collision sport athletes, with most notable differences seen in boxers. These findings are accompanied by reductions in visual function and QOL, similar to patterns observed in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Vision-based changes associated with head trauma exposure that have the potential to be detected in vivo represent a unique opportunity for further study to determine if these changes in collision sport athletes are predictive of future neurodegeneration.
Ectopic Expression of DNA Repair Enzymes Modulates Survival following Ultraviolet Irradiation Challenge
Authors: Garg Stuti P. , Minko Irina G. , Coskun Erdem , Erdem Onur , Jaruga Pawel , Dizdaroglu Miral , Lloyd R. Stephen
Published: September 2017

InEscherichia coli, the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway removes ultraviolet (UV) light-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 dipyrimidine photoproducts (6-4 PPs). Activation of alternative repair pathways, such as base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide incision repair (NIR), is inoperative because this organism lacks both the necessary BER DNA glycosylase and NIR UV endonuclease to initiate repair of these lesions. To determine if initiation of either pathway would enhance survival to biologically-relevant UV irradiation, the BER and NIR pathways were activated by expression ofChlorellavirus-1 pyrimidine dimer glycosylase (cv-pdg) andSchizosaccharomyces pombeUV endonuclease (UVDE), respectively. The substrate specificity of cv-pdg includes CPDs and ring-fragmented purines, 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, but not 6-4 PPs. In contrast, while UVDE incises DNA containing CPDs and 6-4 PPs, it was not previously known if the substrate specificity of UVDE included DNA containing ring-fragmented purines. Mass spectrometry was used to establish that these oxidatively-induced lesions were not substrates for UVDE. Expression of either cv-pdg or UVDE in NER-deficientE. colisignificantly enhanced survival following UVB irradiation, but not to the levels of wild type (WT) cells. Survival of NER-proficient, homologous recombination-deficient cells could also be significantly enhanced by expression of either enzyme, suggesting that in response to UVB exposure, interactions between NER and activated BER or NIR pathways could be additive. Further, expression of cv-pdg or UVDE in WTE. colienhanced survival following solar-simulated light (SSL) exposures.
BacilloFlex: A modular DNA assembly toolkit forBacillus subtilissynthetic biology
Authors: Wicke Niels , Radford David , Verrone Valeria , Wipat Anil , French Christopher E.
Published: September 2017

Bacillus subtilisis a valuable industrial production platform for proteins, a bacterial model for cellular differentiation and its endospores have been proposed as a vehicle for vaccine delivery. As suchB. subtilisis a major synthetic biology chassis but, unlikeEscherichia coli, lacks a standardized toolbox for genetic manipulation. EcoFlex is a versatile modular DNA assembly toolkit forE. colisynthetic biology based on Golden Gate cloning. Here we introduce BacilloFlex, an extension of the EcoFlex assembly standard toB. subtilis. Transcription units flanked by sequences homologous to loci in theB. subtilisgenome were rapidly assembled by the EcoFlex standard and subsequently chromosomally integrated. At present, BacilloFlex includes a range of multi-functionalB. subtilisspecific parts with applications including metabolic engineering, biosensors and spore surface display. We hope this work will form the foundation of a widely adopted cloning standard forB. subtilisfacilitating collaboration and the sharing of parts.
FACT sets a barrier for cell fate reprogramming inC. elegansand Human
Authors: Kolundzic Ena , Ofenbauer Andreas , Uyar Bora , Sommermeier Anne , Seelk Stefanie , He Mei , Baytek Gülkiz , Akalin Altuna , Diecke Sebastian , Lacadie Scott A. , Tursun Baris
Published: September 2017

Abstract Figure

The chromatin regulator FACT (Facilitates Chromatin Transcription) is essential for ensuring stable gene expression by promoting transcription. In a genetic screen usingC. eleganswe identified that FACT maintains cell identities and acts as a barrier for transcription factor-mediated cell fate reprogramming. Strikingly, FACT’s role as a reprogramming barrier is conserved in humans as we show that FACT depletion enhances reprogramming of fibroblasts into stem cells and neurons. Such activity of FACT is unexpected since known reprogramming barriers typically repress gene expression by silencing chromatin. In contrast, FACT is a positive regulator of gene expression suggesting an unprecedented link of cell fate maintenance with counteracting alternative cell identities. This notion is supported by ATAC-seq analysis showing that FACT depletion results in decreased but also increased chromatin accessibility for transcription factors. Our findings identify FACT as a cellular reprogramming barrier inC. elegansand humans, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for cell fate protection.
Heart-brain interactions in the MR environment: characterization of the ballistocardiogram in EEG signals collected during simultaneous fMRI
Authors: Marino Marco , Liu Quanying , Del Castello Mariangela , Corsi Cristiana , Wenderoth Nicole , Mantini Dante
Published: September 2017

The ballistocardiographic (BCG) artifact is linked to cardiac activity and occurs in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings acquired inside the magnetic resonance (MR) environment. Its variability in terms of amplitude, waveform shape and spatial distribution over subject’s scalp makes its attenuation a challenging task. In this study, we aimed to provide a detailed characterization of the BCG properties, including its temporal dependency on cardiac events and its spatio-temporal dynamics. To this end, we used high-density EEG data acquired during simultaneous functional MR imaging in six healthy volunteers. First, we investigated the relationship between cardiac activity and BCG occurrences in the EEG recordings. We observed large variability in the delay between ECG and subsequent BCG events (ECG-BCG delay) across subjects and non-negligible epoch-by-epoch variations at the single subject level. Also, we found positive correlations between heart rate variability and ECG-BCG delay. The inspection of spatial-temporal variations revealed a prominent non-stationarity of the BCG signal. We identified five main BCG waves, which were common across subjects. Principal component analysis revealed two spatially distinct patterns to explain most of the variance (85% in total). These components are possibly related to head rotation and pulse-driven scalp expansion, respectively. Our results may inspire the development of novel, more effective methods for the removal of the BCG, capable of isolating and attenuating artifact occurrences while preserving true neuronal activity.
Exploring the process of workplace bullying in Indian organizations
Authors: Rai Arpana , Agarwal Upasna A.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of workplace bullying in Indian organizations from the victims’ perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted the grounded theory approach and centered on the participants’ experiences, interpretations, and reactions toward bullying. In total, 23 self-reported victims formed the sample of the study. Data from interviews were analyzed using the coding procedure of grounded theory methodology. To enhance the validity of results, in addition to interviews, member checking technique was also used.

Findings

The study revealed that the process of workplace bullying in Indian organizations can be broadly explained in four sequential phases: exposure and confusion over mistreatment; making attributions; utilizing options within the organization; and adjustment with the current situation. The findings highlight the importance of sense-making, the social support network, complexity of coping behaviors, silence motives of employees as well as negative and nourishing effects of workplace bullying. The role of culture is visible in the bullying dynamics.

Research limitations/implications

The study examined bullying from the victims’ perspective; however, perpetrator and bystanders’ perspective would have added interesting insights into the findings.

Practical implications

The findings point toward the rhetoric of HRM practices in Indian organizations. A well formulated and implemented anti-bullying policy will reduce the rhetoric of HRM practices in Indian organizations.

Originality/value

The present study contributes to the limited literature on the process of workplace bullying by exploring the process in a new national context (India).
Prevalence of Earlobe Creases and Their Association With History of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Wakasugi Minako , Kazama Junichiro James , Kawamura Kazuko , Yamamoto Suguru , Nagai Masaaki , Omori Kentaro , Yokota Saori , Fujikawa Hirokazu , Aoike Ikuo , Omori Tsukasa , Narita Ichiei
Published: September 2017

Earlobe creases are surrogate markers for high risk of cardiovascular disease. There is no data concerning earlobe creases among hemodialysis patients, who have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of earlobe creases and their association with prevalent cardiovascular disease among hemodialysis patients. Patients undergoing hemodialysis were recruited from five outpatient hemodialysis centers. Both earlobes were photographed during a dialysis session with the patient in a supine position and the photos evaluated independently by two experienced nephrologists blinded to the participants' clinical characteristics. Prevalent cardiovascular diseases were defined as a history of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, or peripheral vascular disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for detection of prevalent cardiovascular disease were calculated. Logistic analysis was used to examine the association between earlobe creases and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Earlobe creases were identified in 24.5% of 330 hemodialysis patients (200 men; mean age, 67.8 years). The prevalence of earlobe creases increased with age for men (P for trend <0.0001), but not for women (P for trend = 0.07). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 30.9% (95% confidence interval, 21.9–41.6), 77.5% (71.9–82.3), 30.9% (21.9–41.6), and 77.5% (71.9–82.3), respectively. Multivariate logistic analyses indicated the prevalence of earlobe crease was not associated with prevalent cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence is similar to that previously reported for Japanese individuals not undergoing dialysis. No association between earlobe creases and prevalent cardiovascular diseases was identified.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Sensitization in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Primer on Terminology, Testing, and Clinical Significance for the Apheresis Practitioner
Authors: Abbes Sarah , Metjian Ara , Gray Alice , Martinu Tereza , Snyder Laurie , Chen Dong‐feng , Ellis Matthew , Arepally Gowthami M. , Onwuemene Oluwatoyosi
Published: September 2017

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is an important immunologic barrier that must be considered for successful solid organ transplantation. Formation of donor‐specific HLA antibodies in solid organ transplantation is an important cause of allograft injury and may contribute to recipient morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic plasma exchange is often requested to lower HLA antibody levels prior to or after transplantation and for management of HLA antibodies in the context of organ rejection. In this review, we summarize the current terminology, laboratory testing, and clinical significance of HLA sensitization in the solid organ transplant population. Furthermore, to illustrate applications of HLA testing in clinical practice, we summarize our own lung and kidney institutional protocols for managing HLA antibodies in the peri‐transplant setting.
Evaluating the BANCS Streambank Erosion Framework on the Northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain
Authors: McMillan Mitchell , Liebens Johan , Metcalf Christopher
Published: September 2017

The Bank Assessment of Nonpoint source Consequences of Sediment (BANCS) framework allows river scientists to predict annual sediment yield from eroding streambanks within a hydrophysiographic region. BANCS involves field data collection and the calibration of an empirical model incorporating a bank erodibility hazard index (BEHI) and near‐bank shear stress (NBS) estimate. Here we evaluate the applicability of BANCS to the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain, a region that has not been previously studied in this context. Erosion rates averaged over two years expressed the highest variability of any existing BANCS study. As a result, four standard BANCS models did not yield statistically significant correlations to measured erosion rates. Modifications to two widely used NBS estimates improved their correlations (r2 = 0.31 and r2 = 0.33), but further grouping of the data by BEHI weakened these correlations. The high variability in measured erosion rates is partly due to the regional hydrologic and climatic characteristics of the Gulf coastal plains, which include large, infrequent precipitation events. Other sources of variability include variations in bank vegetation and the complex hydro‐ and morphodynamics of meandering, sand bed channels. We discuss directions for future research in developing a streambank erosion model for this and similar regions.
Performance of multistate mark–recapture models for temporary emigration in the presence of survival costs
Authors: Henle Klaus , Gruber Bernd
Published: September 2017

Temporary emigration is widespread in animals and plants and has important implications for ecological processes, evolution and the conservation of species. It is increasingly studied with capture–mark–recapture (CMR) models. Temporary emigration provides particular challenges to CMR analyses if it involves movement to an unobservable state. A multistate model in which individuals may move between an “observable” and an “unobservable” state (called TE model) was developed for such cases. The model assumes equal survival probability in both states. This assumption may be violated, especially if temporary emigration involves trade‐offs between survival and reproduction. A comprehensive assessment of the effects of unequal survival probability on power to detect temporary emigration and on bias and precision of estimates is still needed to understand the applicability and limits of the model.

We assessed power to detect temporary emigration for four goodness‐of‐fit tests and evaluated bias and precision of estimates for the TE model and for its combination with a robust design.

Our simulation study, based on 16,650 parameter combinations, shows that temporary emigration is more challenging than currently usually acknowledged. The Tests 2.CT and 2.C are largely independent of the difference in survival probability between the states. In contrast, Test 3.SR is sensitive to the difference in survival probability but also to emigration probability. Tests 2.C and 2.CT have high power if a large part of the population temporarily emigrates and a large fraction of the individuals return on the next capture occasion. Under this condition, bias is low and precision adequate even if the assumption of equal survival probability is violated. Bias and precision are also satisfactory if the assumption is met but unsatisfactory or unreliable for the remaining parameter space.

We conclude that the uncertainties whether an appropriate model was selected and whether the estimates from the selected model may be biased should be clearly communicated and that every endeavour should be made to make the unobservable state observable.