bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN PASOKAN PANGAN DOMESTIK TELUR AYAM DI KABUPATEN PATI
Authors: Suroso Suroso
Published: March 2019

ENGLISHFood supply is very important to ensure adequate food comsumption for community. The objectives of the research are: (1) to analyze the production of chicken eggs; (2) to analyze the consumption of chicken eggs; and (3) to analyze the balance and food supply chain of chicken eggs in the study area.This research used descriptive-quantitative approach. The research used primary and secondary data. Data collecting was conducted by interview and survey. The reserch used descriptive analysis. The research has 3 findings. Firstly, in Pati Regency production of race chicken eggs are 13,008,982 granules equal to 455,922.69 kilograms and the consumption of race chicken eggs are 455,922.69 kilograms so it has minus balance (-7,465,713.83) kilograms of race chicken eggs for a year. Secondly, the production local chicken eggs are 23,355,221 granules eggs equal to 830,745.21 kilograms and the consumption of local chicken eggs are 198,392.25 kilograms so it has surplus balance 632,353 kilograms of local chicken eggs for a year. Thirdly, in composite, the production of chicken eggs is less than consumption of chichen eggs and the supply of chicken eggs in Pati Regency is mostly derived from other regions including: Tuban, Blitar, Lamongan, Nganjuk and Bojonegoro. Then the sale trade of chicken eggs fot outside market is just little especially in the market of Kudus Regency. INDONESIAPasokan pangan sangat penting untuk menjamin konsumsi pangan memadai bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan: (1) menganalisa tingkat produksi telur ayam; (2) menganalisa tingkat konsumsi telur ayam dan (3) menganalisa neraca dan rantai pasokan pangan komoditas telur ayam di area studi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kuantitatif. Data penelitian meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan survey. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Penelitian ini memiliki 3 temuan. Pertama, Kabupaten Pati memiliki produksi telur ayam ras sebanyak 13.008.982 butir setara dengan 455.922,69 kg dan konsumsi telur ayam ras sebanyak 8.116.162,95 kg maka daerah ini memiliki neraca minus (-7.465.713,83) kg telur ayam ras per tahun. Kedua, Kabupaten Pati memiliki produksi neto telur ayam buras 23.355.221 butir setara dengan 830.745,21 kg dan konsumsi telur ayam buras sebanyak 198.392,25 kg maka daerah ini memiliki neraca surplus 632.353 kg telur ayam buras per tahun. Ketiga, secara komposit, produksi telur di Kabupaten Pati lebih sedikit dibandingkan konsumsi telur dan rantai pasokan pangan komoditas telur ayam sebagian besar didatangkan dari luar daerah meliputi: Tuban, Blitar, Lamongan, Nganjuk dan Bojonegoro. Kemudian perdagangan penjualan telur ayam keluar daerah relatif kecil dengan target pasar Kabupaten Kudus.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PLASTIK SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF
Authors: Wahyudi Jatmiko , Prayitno Hermain Teguh , Astuti Arieyanti Dwi
Published: March 2019

ENGLISHThe amount of waste generation continued to increase in Indonesia due to economic development and population growth. In addition, the diversity of solid waste becomes another problem since products made from plastics became widely used and were discarded in large amounts. Plastic waste can be converted into fuel through pirolisis in order to reduce the amount of plastic waste as well as to produce alternative fuel. Pyrolysis is a process of thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. The objective of this study is to investigate and to compare the performace of fuel produced by pyrolisys, kerosene and diesel oil. The performance of those fuels is investigated in 4 parameters including density, burning time, temperature of water and the volume of water evaporated. The result of this study are 1) the density 0.8 g/ml; burning time 4.02 minutes; water temperature 75°C and water evaporated 12.6 ml. 2) Compared to kerosene and diesel oil, the quality of the fuel is lower than kerosene and higher than diesel oil in all parameters. INDONESIAPertumbuhan penduduk dan ekonomi menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan produksi sampah khususnya sampah plastik. Pirolisis merupakan proses perekahan atau pemecahan rantai polimer menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana melalui proses thermal (pemanasan/pembakaran) dengan tanpa maupun sedikit oksigen. Sampah plastik bisa diurai dan diubah menjadi bahan bakar yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi melalui proses pirolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan kemampuan minyak hasil pirolisis plastik dengan minyak tanah dan solar dalam hal massa jenis, lama pembakaran, temperatur air dan volume air yang hilang (menguap) saat dimasak menggunakan minyak tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) massa jenis minyak pirolisis adalah 0,8 g/ml. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membakar habis suatu benda adalah 4,02 menit. Pemasakan air menggunakan bahan bakar minyak pirolisis menghasilkan temperatur 75°C pada waktu pemasakan 4 menit dengan volume air yang hilang (menguap) sebesar 12,6 ml. 2) Dari 4 parameter yang diamati, kualitas minyak pirolisis berada di bawah minyak tanah namun di atas minyak solar.
Prediction Model for the Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of a 2.5-D Braided Ceramic Matrix Composite with Thin-Wall Structure
Authors: Tu Zecan , Mao Junkui , Han Xingsi , He Zhenzong
Published: March 2019

The thickness of the hot component in a turbine engine is usually small. Therefore, the traditional prediction model of anisotropic thermal conductivity (ATC) based on the periodic hypothesis may be improper for use in the thermal analysis of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components with a thin-wall structure. Thus, the prediction model for the ATC of a 2.5-D braided CMC was investigated, taking into account the actual thickness of the CMC thin-wall structure. An RVE (Representative Volume Element) model with a periodic boundary and a full-size model with the actual thickness were built to study the temperature field, the heat flux field, and the effective thermal conductivity of the CMC. A validation experiment was carried out to verify the accuracy of the two prediction models. The effect of the composite’s thickness on the ATC and the critical thickness suitable for the RVE model were also studied. The results showed that in the thermal analysis of the thin-wall structure, the RVE model had a large deviation in the estimation of the effective thermal conductivity in the thickness direction. The relative error between the numerical data based on the RVE model and the experimental data reached 10.93%, while the relative error was only 3.53% for the full-size model. Additionally, with increasing thickness, the effective thermal conductivities, based on the RVE model and the full-size model, were close to each other. For the critical thickness for the RVE model, which would be suitable for the prediction of the ATC, if the material’s thermal properties such as the absolute value ratio and the level of anisotropy changed, the corresponding critical thickness was also different. For the ATC of the SiC/SiC composites used in this study, the critical thickness was found to be 18.4 mm, nearly 31 times larger than the RVE model’s thickness.
Crushing Performance of Ultra-Lightweight Foam Concrete with Fine Particle Inclusions
Authors: Song Yu , Lange David
Published: March 2019

Foam concrete is a low-density controlled strength material that can potentially be used for accommodating different types of particles—recycled fine aggregate being an example. The paste matrix of this material has a cellular microstructure, and bulk performance is readily affected by the inclusion of fines. To study the effect of inclusion of fines on mechanical performance and foam structure of foam concrete, a group of 0.55 g/cm3 foam–sand composite mixtures with high-volume fly ash replacement are investigated. The elastic modulus is measured by a vibrational frequency test. The crushing mechanics are determined by the load-displacement response from a penetration test. The effect of particle inclusion on the foam concrete microstructure is characterized using micro computed tomography. The results indicate that use of fine-graded sand particles at a small dosage simultaneously reduces cement content and enhances the crushing performance, however poor material performance is observed for a high sand content. The cellular structure of the foam–sand composite, and thus its mechanical behavior, can be substantially diminished by larger sand particles, especially when the particle size is larger than the voids in foam.
Organic Crystals for THz Photonics
Authors: Jazbinsek Mojca , Puc Uros , Abina Andreja , Zidansek Aleksander
Published: March 2019

Organic crystals with second-order optical nonlinearity feature very high and ultra-fast optical nonlinearities and are therefore attractive for various photonics applications. During the last decade, they have been found particularly attractive for terahertz (THz) photonics. This is mainly due to the very intense and ultra-broadband THz-wave generation possible with these crystals. We review recent progress and challenges in the development of organic crystalline materials for THz-wave generation and detection applications. We discuss their structure, intrinsic properties, and advantages compared to inorganic alternatives. The characteristic properties of the most widely employed organic crystals at present, such as DAST, DSTMS, OH1, HMQ-TMS, and BNA are analyzed and compared. We summarize the most important principles for THz-wave generation and detection, as well as organic THz-system configurations based on either difference-frequency generation or optical rectification. In addition, we give state-of-the-art examples of very intense and ultra-broadband THz systems that rely on organic crystals. Finally, we present some recent breakthrough demonstrations in nonlinear THz photonics enabled by very intense organic crystalline THz sources, as well as examples of THz spectroscopy and THz imaging using organic crystals as THz sources for various scientific and technological applications.
An Investigation of the Effects of Changes in the Indoor Ambient Temperature on Arousal Level, Thermal Comfort, and Physiological Indices
Authors: Gwak Jongseong , Shino Motoki , Ueda Kazutaka , Kamata Minoru
Published: March 2019

Thermal factors not only affect the thermal comfort sensation of occupants, but also affect their arousal level, productivity, and health. Therefore, it is necessary to control thermal factors appropriately. In this study, we aim to design a thermal environment that improves both the arousal level and thermal comfort of the occupants. To this end, we investigated the relationships between the physiological indices, subjective evaluation values, and task performance under several conditions of changes in the indoor ambient temperature. In particular, we asked subjects to perform a mathematical task and subjective evaluation related to their thermal comfort sensation and drowsiness levels. Simultaneously, we measured their physiological parameters, such as skin temperature, respiration rate, electroencephalography, and electrocardiography, continuously. We investigated the relationship between the comfort sensation and drowsiness level of occupants, and the physiological indices. From the results, it was confirmed that changes in the indoor ambient temperature can improve both the thermal comfort and the arousal levels of occupants. Moreover, we proposed the evaluation indices of the thermal comfort and the drowsiness level of occupants using physiological indices.
Development of a Low-Cost Multi-Waveband LED Illumination Imaging Technique for Rapid Evaluation of Fresh Meat Quality
Authors: Kandpal Lalit Mohan , Lee Jayoung , Bae Jihoon , Lohumi Santosh , Cho Byoung-Kwan
Published: March 2019

Determining the quality of meat has always been essential for the food industry because consumers prefer superior quality meat. Therefore, the food industry requires the development of a rapid and non-destructive method for meat-quality determination. Over the past few years, a number of techniques have been presented for monitoring meat–chemical attributes. However, most previous techniques are quite expensive, destructive, and require complex hardware to operate. Thus, in this work, we demonstrate a low-cost sensing technique (eliminating the expensive equipment and complicated design) for meat–chemical quality detection. The newly developed system was integrated with a low-cost monochrome camera and ordinary light-emitting diode (LED) light sources, with fifteen different wavebands ranging from 458 to 950 nm. The monochrome camera captures images of the meat sample across a spectral range from 458 to 950 nm using a single snapshot method. The chemical values (e.g., moisture, fat, and protein) were also determined using conventional methods. The collected images were combined to produce a multispectral data cube and to extract spectral data. Partial least squares (PLS) and support vector regression (SVR) modeling were used on the extracted spectra and chemical values. The developed models for meat samples displayed accurate chemical-component prediction ( R 2 > 0.80). Our model, based on a monochrome sensor using only fifteen wavebands, provided reasonable results compared with the previously developed expensive spectroscopic techniques. Therefore, this complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) based multispectral sensing technique may have the potential to detect meat quality, thereby facilitating a simple, fast, and cost-effective method applicable to small-scale meat-processing industries.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Aerosol Optical Depth and Its Relationship with Urbanization in Shandong Province
Authors: Xue Rui , Ai Bo , Lin Yaoyao , Pang Beibei , Shang Hengshuai
Published: March 2019

In the process of rapid urbanization, air environment quality has become a hot issue. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) can be used to monitor air pollution effectively. In this paper, the Spearman coefficient is used to analyze the correlations between AOD and urban development, construction factors, and geographical environment factors in Shandong Province. The correlation between AOD and local climatic conditions in Shandong Province is analyzed by geographic weight regression (GWR). The results show that in the time period from 2007 to 2017, the AOD first rose and then fell, reaching its highest level in 2012, which is basically consistent with the time when the national environmental protection decree was issued. In terms of quarterly and monthly changes, AOD also rose first and then fell, the highest level in summer, with the highest monthly value occurring in June. In term of the spatial distribution, the high-value area is located in the northwestern part of Shandong Province, and the low-value area is located in the eastern coastal area. In terms of social factors, the correlation between pollutant emissions and AOD is much greater the correlations between AOD and population, economy, and construction indicators. In terms of environmental factors, the relationship between digital elevation model (DEM), temperature, precipitation, and AOD is significant, but the regulation of air in coastal areas is even greater. Finally, it was found that there are no obvious differences in AOD among cities with different development levels, which indicates that urban development does not inevitably lead to air pollution. Reasonable development planning and the introduction of targeted environmental protection policies can effectively alleviate pollution-related problems in the process of urbanization.
Asymptotic and Pseudoholomorphic Solutions of Singularly Perturbed Differential and Integral Equations in the Lomov’s Regularization Method
Authors: Bobodzhanov Abduhafiz , Safonov Valeriy , Kachalov Vasiliy
Published: March 2019

We consider a singularly perturbed integral equation with weakly and rapidly varying kernels. The work is a continuation of the studies carried out previously, but these were focused solely on rapidly changing kernels. A generalization for the case of two kernels, one of which is weakly, and the other rapidly varying, has not previously been carried out. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects introduced into the asymptotics of the solution of the problem by a weakly varying integral kernel. In the second part of the work, the problem of constructing exact (more precise, pseudo-analytic) solutions of singularly perturbed problems is considered on the basis of the method of holomorphic regularization developed by one of the authors of this paper. The power series obtained with the help of this method for the solutions of singularly perturbed problems (in contrast to the asymptotic series constructed in the first part of this paper) converge in the usual sense.
Association Between Quantitative Electroencephalogram Frequency Composition and Post-Surgical Evolution in Pharmacoresistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Valdés Sedeño Raúl Roberto , Morales Chacón Lilia María , Sánchez Coroneux Abel
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the association between quantitative electroencephalogram frequency composition (QEEGC) and post-surgical evolution in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and to evaluate the predictive value of QEEGC before and after surgery. A prospective, longitudinal study was made at International Neurological Restoration Center, Havana, Cuba. Twenty-nine patients with TLE submitted to epilepsy surgery were evaluated before surgery, and six months and two years after. They were classified as unsatisfactory and satisfactory post-surgical clinical evolution using the Modified Engels Scale. Eighty-seven electroencephalograms with quantitative narrow- and broad-band measures were analyzed. A Mann Whitney test (p > 0.05) showed that QEEGC before surgery was similar between groups independently of two years post-surgical evolution. A Mann Whitney test (p ˂ 0.05) showed that subjects with two years satisfactory post-surgical evolution had greater alpha power compared to subjects with two years unsatisfactory post-surgical evolution that showed greater theta power. A Wilcoxon test (p ˂ 0.05) showed that alpha and theta power increased for two groups from pre-surgical state to post-surgical state. Logit regression (p ˂ 0.05) showed that six months after surgery, quantitative electroencephalogram frequency value with the greatest power at occipital regions shows predictive value for two years evolution. QEEGC can be a tool to predict the outcome of epilepsy surgery.
Cross-Linking with Polyethylenimine Confers Better Functional Characteristics to an Immobilized β-glucosidase from Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7
Authors: Rodrigues de Melo Ricardo , Alnoch Robson Carlos , Sousa Amanda Silva de , Harumi Sato Hélia , Ruller Roberto , Mateo Cesar
Published: March 2019

β-glucosidases are ubiquitous, well-characterized and biologically important enzymes with considerable uses in industrial sectors. Here, a tetrameric β-glucosidase from Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7 (EaBglA) was immobilized on different activated agarose supports followed by post-immobilization with poly-functional macromolecules. The best result was obtained by the immobilization of EaBglA on metal glutaraldehyde-activated agarose support following cross-linking with polyethylenimine. Interestingly, the immobilized EaBglA was 46-fold more stable than its free form and showed optimum pH in the acidic region, with high catalytic activity in the pH range from 3 to 9, while the free EaBglA showed catalytic activity in a narrow pH range (>80% at pH 6.0–8.0) and optimum pH at 7.0. EaBglA had the optimum temperature changed from 30 °C to 50 °C with the immobilization step. The immobilized EaBglA showed an expressive adaptation to pH and it was tolerant to ethanol and glucose, indicating suitable properties involving the saccharification process. Even after 9 cycles of reuse, the immobilized β-glucosidase retained about 100% of its initial activity, demonstrating great operational stability. Hence, the current study describes an efficient strategy to increase the functional characteristics of a tetrameric β-glucosidase for future use in the bioethanol production.
Towards Higher Rate Electrochemical CO2 Conversion: From Liquid-Phase to Gas-Phase Systems
Authors: Song Jun , Song Hakhyeon , Kim Beomil , Oh Jihun
Published: March 2019

Electrochemical CO2 conversion offers a promising route for value-added products such as formate, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. As a result of the highly required overpotential for CO2 reduction, researchers have extensively studied the development of catalyst materials in a typical H-type cell, utilizing a dissolved CO2 reactant in the liquid phase. However, the low CO2 solubility in an aqueous solution has critically limited productivity, thereby hindering its practical application. In efforts to realize commercially available CO2 conversion, gas-phase reactor systems have recently attracted considerable attention. Although the achieved performance to date reflects a high feasibility, further development is still required in order for a well-established technology. Accordingly, this review aims to promote the further study of gas-phase systems for CO2 reduction, by generally examining some previous approaches from liquid-phase to gas-phase systems. Finally, we outline major challenges, with significant lessons for practical CO2 conversion systems.
Synthesis of Mono- and Dithiols of Tetraethylene Glycol and Poly(ethylene glycol)s via Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: Mulay Prajakatta , Shrikhande Gayatri , Puskas Judit E.
Published: March 2019

This paper investigates the transesterification of methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (MP-SH) with tetraethylene glycol (TEG) and poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG)s catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) without the use of solvent (in bulk). The progress of the reactions was monitored by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. We found that the reactions proceeded in a step-wise manner, first producing monothiols. TEG-monothiol was obtained in 15 min, while conversion to dithiol took 8 h. Monothiols from PEGs with Mn = 1000 and 2050 g/mol were obtained in 8 and 16 h, respectively. MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry verified the absence of dithiols. The synthesis of dithiols required additional fresh CALB and MP-SH. The structure of the products was confirmed by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Enzyme catalysis was found to be a powerful tool to effectively synthesize thiol-functionalized TEGs and PEGs.
Overcoming Water Insolubility in Flow: Enantioselective Hydrolysis of Naproxen Ester
Authors: Roura Padrosa David , De Vitis Valerio , Contente Martina Letizia , Molinari Francesco , Paradisi Francesca
Published: March 2019

Hydrolytic enantioselective cleavage of different racemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ester derivatives has been studied. An engineered esterase form Bacillus subtilis (BS2m) significantly outperformed homologous enzymes from Halomonas elongata (HeE) and Bacillus coagulants (BCE) in the enantioselective hydrolysis of naproxen esters. Structural analysis of the three active sites highlighted key differences which explained the substrate preference. Immobilization of a chimeric BS2m-T4 lysozyme fusion (BS2mT4L1) was improved by resin screening achieving twice the recovered activity (22.1 ± 5 U/g) with respect to what had been previously reported, and was utilized in a packed bed reactor. Continuous hydrolysis of α-methyl benzene acetic acid butyl ester as a model substrate was easily achieved, albeit at low concentration (1 mM). However, the high degree of insolubility of the naproxen butyl ester resulted in a slurry which could not be efficiently bioconverted, despite the addition of co-solvents and lower substrate concentration (1 mM). Addition of Triton® X-100 to the substrate mix yielded 24% molar conversion and 80% e.e. at a 5 mM scale with 5 min residence time and sufficient retention of catalytic efficiency after 6 h of use.
Ceria Nanoparticles’ Morphological Effects on the N2O Decomposition Performance of Co3O4/CeO2 Mixed Oxides
Authors: Lykaki Maria , Papista Eleni , Kaklidis Nikolaos , Carabineiro Sόnia A. C. , Konsolakis Michalis
Published: March 2019

Ceria-based oxides have been widely explored recently in the direct decomposition of N2O (deN2O) due to their unique redox/surface properties and lower cost as compared to noble metal-based catalysts. Cobalt oxide dispersed on ceria is among the most active mixed oxides with its efficiency strongly affected by counterpart features, such as particle size and morphology. In this work, the morphological effect of ceria nanostructures (nanorods (ΝR), nanocubes (NC), nanopolyhedra (NP)) on the solid-state properties and the deN2O performance of the Co3O4/CeO2 binary system is investigated. Several characterization methods involving N2 adsorption at −196 °C, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (ΤΕΜ) were carried out to disclose structure–property relationships. The results revealed the importance of support morphology on the physicochemical properties and the N2O conversion performance of bare ceria samples, following the order nanorods (NR) > nanopolyhedra (NP) > nanocubes (NC). More importantly, Co3O4 impregnation to different carriers towards the formation of Co3O4/CeO2 mixed oxides greatly enhanced the deN2O performance as compared to bare ceria samples, without, however, affecting the conversion sequence, implying the pivotal role of ceria support. The Co3O4/CeO2 sample with the rod-like morphology exhibited the best deN2O performance (100% N2O conversion at 500 °C) due to its abundance in Co2+ active sites and Ce3+ species in conjunction to its improved reducibility, oxygen kinetics and surface area.
Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Chronic Inflammation in Human Prostate Cancer: Detection Using Prostatectomy and Needle Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Miyake Makito , Ohnishi Kenta , Hori Shunta , Nakano Akiyo , Nakano Ryuichi , Yano Hisakazu , Ohnishi Sayuri , Owari Takuya , Morizawa Yosuke , Itami Yoshitaka , Nakai Yasushi , Inoue Takeshi , Anai Satoshi , Torimoto Kazumasa , Tanaka Nobumichi , Fujii Tomomi , Furuya Hideki , Rosser Charles J. , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: March 2019

The evidence of association between sexually transmitted infection and prostatic inflammation in human prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. Here, we sought to examine the potential association of prostatic infection with the inflammatory environment and prostate carcinogenesis. We screened surgical and biopsy specimens from 45 patients with PCa against a panel of sexually transmitted infection-related organisms using polymerase chain reaction and examined the severity of intraprostatic inflammation by pathologic examination. Among tested organisms, the rate of Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg) infection was significantly different between the prostate cancer cohort and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cohort (P = 0.03). Mg infection in the surgical specimens was associated with younger patients. The rate of extensive disease (pT2c–3b) was higher in Mg-positive patients than in Mg-negative patients (P = 0.027). No significant correlation was observed between Mg infection status and the grade of intraprostatic inflammation. The detection sensitivity of biopsy specimens was 61% for Mg and 60% for human papillomavirus (HPV)18, indicating possible clinical application of this material. A comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the urogenital microbiome and inflammation would facilitate the development of strategies for PCa prevention. Further studies are required to explore its clinical utility in recommendations of early re-biopsy, close follow-up, and treatment by antibiotics.
Chitosan Cross-Linked Bio-based Antimicrobial Polypropylene Meshes for Hernia Repair Loaded with Levofloxacin HCl via Cold Oxygen Plasma
Authors: Sanbhal Noor , Li Yan , Khatri Awais , Peerzada Mazhar , Wang Lu
Published: March 2019

Polypropylene (PP) large pore size nets have been most widely used implants for hernia repair. Nevertheless, the growth of bacteria within PP mesh pores after operation is a major reason of hernia recurrence. Secondly, pre-operative prophylaxis during mesh implantation has failed due to the hydrophobic nature of PP meshes. Herein, chitosan cross-linked and levofloxacin HCl incorporated, antimicrobial PP mesh devices were prepared using citric acid as a bio-based and green cross-linking agent. The inert PP mesh fibers were surface activated using O2 plasma treatment at low pressure. Then, chitosan of different molecular weights (low and medium weight) were cross-linked with O2 plasma activated surfaces using citric acid. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that chitosan was cross-linked with O2 plasma-treated PP mesh surfaces and formed a thin layer of chitosan and levofloxacin HCl on the PP mesh surfaces. Moreover, antimicrobial properties of chitosan and levofloxacin HCl-coated PP meshes were investigated using an agar plate release method. The coated PP meshes demonstrated excellent antimicrobial inhibition zone up to 10 mm. Thus, modified PP meshes demonstrated sustained antimicrobial properties for six continuous days against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC) bacteria.
Efficacy and Safety of an Oral Nutritional (Dietary) Supplement Containing Pinus pinaster Bark Extract and Grape Seed Extract in Combination with a High SPF Sunscreen in the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Melasma: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Aladrén Sonia , Garre Aurora , Valderas-Martínez Palmira , Piquero-Casals Jaime , Granger Corinne
Published: March 2019

Background: Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder, characterized by light-to-dark brown patches, usually distributed on sun-exposed areas of the body. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of an oral nutritional supplement containing Pinus pinaster and Grape seed extract, vitamins and minerals, used concomitantly with a high SPF sunscreen in 30 women with mild-to-moderate facial melasma. Methods: Efficacy was assessed by measurement of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), instrumental analysis of the lesions (Mexameter®, VISIA®)) and Patient’s and Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA). Results: The MASI score decreased significantly compared with baseline at days 28, 56, and 84. Mexameter® analysis showed a significant decrease of ∆M (difference in the melanin index between melasma and adjacent area). VISIA® results also showed a reduction in the number and areas of UV pigmented spots and in the areas of melasma overtime. Both the Patient’s and Physician’s Global Assessment showed that the product led to an improvement of the lesions in terms of depigmentation and had positive cosmetic features without adverse events. Conclusion: The oral supplement subject of this study in combination with high SPF sunscreen was effective and well-tolerated for treatment of mild to moderate facial melasma.
Composite Wound Dressing Based on Chitin/Chitosan Nanofibers: Processing and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Shabunin Anton S. , Yudin Vladimir E. , Dobrovolskaya Irina P. , Zinovyev Evgeny V. , Zubov Viktor , Ivan’kova Elena M. , Morganti Pierfrancesco
Published: March 2019

An electrospinning technique was used for the preparation of a bilayered wound dressing consisting of a layer of aliphatic copolyamide nanofibers and a layer of composite nanofibers from chitosan and chitin nanofibrils filler. Processed dressings were compared with aliphatic copolyamide nanofiber-based wound dressings and control groups. Experimental studies (in vivo treatment of third-degree burns with this dressing) demonstrated that almost complete (up to 97.8%) epithelialization of the wound surface had been achieved within 28 days. Planimetric assessment demonstrated a significant acceleration of the wound healing process. Histological analysis of scar tissue indicated the presence of a significant number of microvessels and a low number of infiltrate cells. In the target group, there were no deaths or purulent complications, whereas in the control group these occurred in 25% and 59.7% of cases, respectively—and, in the copolyamide group, 0% and 11%, respectively. The obtained data show the high efficiency of application of the developed composite chitosan‒copolyamide wound dressings for the treatment of burn wounds.
The Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Population in a Changing Environment, Central Poland as a Case Study
Authors: Gryz Jakub , Krauze-Gryz Dagny
Published: March 2019

Common buzzard is the most abundant bird of prey in Europe, and its population has undergone serious changes. In this study, we focused on a population in Central Poland (study area 105 km2, forests around 24 km2, seven forest complexes) to analyze how certain environmental factors influenced population abundance, breeding parameters, and diet composition. The study was undertaken from 2011 to 2018, and the results were compared with data from two study periods (1982–1992; 2001–2003). Current population density was 3.5 pairs/10 km2 of total area and 14.3 pairs/10 km2 of forested area, it was negatively correlated to the abundance of northern goshawk, and it grew in the last few decades. Mammals were dominant prey (72.6% prey items, 38.6% of biomass), but their share in diet changed following rodent availability. A decrease in the share of voles was recorded, reflecting drop in their abundance and dampening of abundance cycles. Breeding parameters were similar to those in the past, and the number of offspring depended on small rodent availability. Buzzards adapted to changes in the stand structure, i.e., when share of Scots pine decreased, they chose it as their nesting tree less frequently. All this showed that buzzard is a very adaptable species.
Dental Infection and Resistance—Global Health Consequences
Authors: Haque Mainul , Sartelli Massimo , Haque Seraj Zohurul
Published: March 2019

Antibiotics are widely used in dental caries and another dental related issues, both for therapeutic and prophylactic reasons. Unfortunately, in recent years the use of antibiotics has been accompanied by the rapid emergence antimicrobial resistance. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are historically known as the top oral health burden in both developing and developed nations affecting around 20–50% of the population of this planet and the uppermost reason for tooth loss. Dental surgeons and family practitioners frequently prescribed antimicrobials for their patients as outpatient care. Several studies reported that antibiotics are often irrationally- and overprescribed in dental diseases which is the basis of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this review is to evaluate the use of antibiotics in dental diseases. Almost certainly the promotion of primary oral health care (POHC) in primary health care program especially among the least and middle-income countries (LMIC) may be the answer to ensure and promote rational dental care.
Second Law Analysis of Unsteady MHD Viscous Flow over a Horizontal Stretching Sheet Heated Non-Uniformly in the Presence of Ohmic Heating: Utilization of Gear-Generalized Differential Quadrature Method
Authors: Qasim Muhammad , Afridi Muhammad Idrees , Wakif Abderrahim , Thoi T. Nguyen , Hussanan Abid
Published: March 2019

In this article, the entropy generation characteristics of a laminar unsteady MHD boundary layer flow are analysed numerically for an incompressible, electrically conducting and dissipative fluid. The Ohmic heating and energy dissipation effects are added to the energy equation. The modelled dimensional transport equations are altered into dimensionless self-similar partial differential equations (PDEs) through suitable transformations. The reduced momentum and energy equations are then worked out numerically by employing a new hybrid method called the Gear-Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GGDQM). The obtained numerical results are incorporated in the calculation of the Bejan number and dimensionless entropy generation. Quantities of physical interest, like velocity, temperature, shear stress and heat transfer rate, are illustrated graphically as well as in tabular form. Impacts of involved parameters are examined and discussed thoroughly in this investigation. Exact and GGDQM solutions are compared for special cases of initial unsteady flow and final steady state flow. Furthermore, a good harmony is observed between the results of GGDQM and those given previously by the Spectral Relaxation Method (SRM), Spectral Quasilinearization Method (SQLM) and Spectral Perturbation Method (SPM).
A Load Balancing Routing Mechanism Based on SDWSN in Smart City
Authors: Cui Xin , Huang Xiaohong , Ma Yan , Meng Qingke
Published: March 2019

In the wireless sensor network infrastructure of smart cities, whether the network traffic is balanced will directly affect the service quality of the network. Because of the traditional WSN (wireless sensor network) architecture, load balancing technology is difficult to meet the requirements of adaptability and high flexibility. This paper proposes a load balancing mechanism based on SDWSN (software defined wireless sensor network). This mechanism utilizes the advantages of a centralized control SDN (software defined network) and flexible traffic scheduling. The OpenFlow protocol is used to monitor the running status and link load information of the network in real time. According to the bandwidth requirement of the data flow, the improved load balanced routing is obtained by an Elman neural network. The simulation results show that the improved SDSNLB (software-defined sensor network load balancing) routing algorithm has better performance than LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol in balancing node traffic and improving throughput.
Incidence of Photovoltaics in Cities Based on Indicators of Occupancy and Urban Sustainability
Authors: Barragán-Escandón Antonio , Zalamea-León Esteban , Terrados-Cepeda Julio
Published: March 2019

Previous research has assessed the potential of solar energy against possible demand; however, the sustainability issues associated with the use of large-scale photovoltaic deployment in urban areas have not been jointly established. In this paper, the impact of photovoltaic energy in the total urban energy mix is estimated using a series of indicators that consider the economic, environmental and social dimensions. These indicators have been previously applied at the country level; the main contribution of this research is applying them at the urban level to the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Cuenca is close to the equatorial line and at a high altitude, enabling this area to reach the maximum self-supply index because of the high irradiation levels and reduced demand. The solar potential was estimated using a simple methodology that applies several indexes that were proven reliable in a local context considering this particular sun path. The results demonstrate that the solar potential can meet the electric power demand of this city, and only the indicator related to employment is positive and substantially affected. The indicators related to the price of energy, emissions and fossil fuel dependency do not change significantly, unless a fuel-to-electricity transport system conversions take place.
Reuse of Data Center Waste Heat in Nearby Neighborhoods: A Neural Networks-Based Prediction Model
Authors: Antal Marcel , Cioara Tudor , Anghel Ionut , Gorzenski Radoslaw , Januszewski Radoslaw , Oleksiak Ariel , Piatek Wojciech , Pop Claudia , Salomie Ioan , Szeliga Wojciech
Published: March 2019

This paper addresses the problem of data centers’ cost efficiency considering the potential of reusing the generated heat in district heating networks. We started by analyzing the requirements and heat reuse potential of a high performance computing data center and then we had defined a heat reuse model which simulates the thermodynamic processes from the server room. This allows estimating by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations the temperature of the hot air recovered by the heat pumps from the server room allowing them to operate more efficiently. To address the time and space complexity at run-time we have defined a Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network infrastructure to predict the hot air temperature distribution in the server room from the training data generated by means of simulations. For testing purposes, we have modeled a virtual server room having a volume of 48 m3 and two typical 42U racks. The results show that using our model the heat distribution in the server room can be predicted with an error less than 1 °C allowing data centers to accurately estimate in advance the amount of waste heat to be reused and the efficiency of heat pump operation.
Analysis of Thermal Performance and Energy Saving Potential by PCM Radiant Floor Heating System based on Wet Construction Method and Hot Water
Authors: Baek Sanghoon , Kim Sangchul
Published: March 2019

A phase change material (PCM) is an energy storage mass with high heat storage performance. In buildings, PCMs can be utilized to save energy in radiant floor heating systems. This study aims to analyze the thermal performance and energy saving potential by the PCM radiant floor heating system based on wet construction method and hot water. For such analysis, EnergyPlus program was used. As for the results, it was found that the proposed system almost maintained the set point of indoor air and a floor surface. Moreover, when a 10 mm PCM was applied, it was possible to save 2.4% of heating energy annually compared to existing buildings. In particular, when a 20–50 mm PCM was applied, it was found that 7.3–15.3% of heating energy was reduced annually. If indoor air temperature exceeds the comfort range of the proposed system, this problem can be solved by adjusting the set point of the floor surface or by increasing the temperature of hot water.
Comparative Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: A Case Study in China
Authors: Xiong Siqin , Ji Junping , Ma Xiaoming
Published: March 2019

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are seen as the most promising alternatives to internal combustion vehicles, as a means to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. To provide the basis for preferable decisions among these vehicle technologies, an environmental benefit evaluation should be conducted. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) are two most often applied batteries to power these vehicles. Given this context, this study aims to compare life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of BEVs and PHEVs, both of which are powered by LFP and NMC batteries. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses are conducted, concerning electricity generation mix, lifetime mileage, utility factor, and battery recycling. BEVs are found to be less emission-intensive than PHEVs given the existing and near-future electricity generation mix in China, and the energy consumption and GHG emissions of a BEV are about 3.04% (NMC) to 9.57% (LFP) and 15.95% (NMC) to 26.32% (LFP) lower, respectively, than those of a PHEV.
A Study on the Changes in the Heat Source Capacity and Air-Conditioning Load due to Retrofit; Focusing on a Large Office Building in Korea
Authors: Kim Hyemi , Park Kyung-soon , Kim Hwan-yong , Song Young-hak
Published: March 2019

In an office building, the internal heat and the skin load are both expected to change. Thus, this study is an initial step that searches for optimum replacement measures when a heat source system is replaced on an office building in Korea. The operation status of office buildings in Korea was investigated, and the heat source capacities at the retrofit and the design times were quantitatively studied to determine the optimum capacity during of a heat source during retrofit. For the four retrofit scenarios, the maximum cooling and heating loads were calculated to show that, when retrofit is performed, the maximum cooling and heating loads are decreased by 40%, while the heat source capacity is reduced by around 43%. This is believed to be because of the replacement of the window chassis, which are better sealed with higher heat insulation performance, due to the enhanced design criteria for exterior load designing, and an improved installation process. Concerning the air-conditioning load, the influence of the internal heat load turned out to be significant, indicating that such a factor should be considered when retrofit. Thus, if the heat source capacity at the initial design time is applied equivalently during the office building retrofit, it would lead to degradation in energy efficiency due to the excessive design. Thus, it is necessary to calculate a heat source capacity by reflecting the operational and current status of the load in an actual building at the time of a retrofit.
Transient Stability Prediction for Real-Time Operation by Monitoring the Relative Angle with Predefined Thresholds
Authors: Diaz-Alzate A. F. , Candelo-Becerra John E. , Villa Sierra Juan F.
Published: March 2019

Under real-time operation, early detection of oscillations that lead to instability is of noteworthy importance for power system operators. This paper demonstrates how the relative angle (RA) obtained with online data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) and predefined thresholds of the relative angle (PTRA) obtained with offline simulations are valuable for the monitoring and prediction of transient stability. Primary features of the method consist of first calculating the maximum and minimum relative angles by offline simulations of different contingencies. Next, the voltage angles at buses that represent areas of the power system are measured to calculate the center of inertia (COI). Finally, the RA of the generators at each area is determined during the online operation to monitor stability behaviors and identify those that lead to a loss of synchronism. The method was validated in the New England 39-bus and the IEEE 118-bus power systems by performing contingencies, finding critical stability angles, monitoring areas and controlling the predicted unstable events with control actions, such as generation and load tripping, with enough time to return to stability.
Effective Molecular Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Revisiting DNA Isolation Methods
Authors: Janowski Daniel , Wilgan Robin , Leski Tomasz , Karliński Leszek , Rudawska Maria
Published: March 2019

A better understanding of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to numerous advancements in forest management and environmental protection. The morphological identification of the ectomycorrhizae often proves to be misleading. For this reason, in order to study the ectomycorrhizal fungi communities, a number of molecular methods that require the isolation of nucleic acids are being used. However, ectomycorrhizal root tips, low mass heterogenic material rich in inhibitors, are a recalcitrant substrate in DNA isolation. It is common for published studies to include some number of unidentified root tips in their results, in spite of diverse isolation protocols being available to researchers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the collected fungal material and later isolation results, and to propose a DNA isolation protocol specifically optimized for ectomycorrhizal root tips. It was found that the taxonomic position can be used to predict the potential isolation efficiency, with Ascomycota being generally more difficult from which to isolate DNA. After a number of cell lysis and lysate purification methods were evaluated, the joined approach of mechanical and chemical lysis, followed by silica column purification, was found to provide the best results, even with recalcitrant material.