bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Ullyot Michael
Published: March 2022

Exemplarity is a rhetorical attempt to convince contingent objects to imitate idealized subjects; yet it is simultaneously a rhetorician’s effort to influence, and a reader’s receptivity to being influenced. As rhetoric, it is localized in the historical moments for which it offers prescriptions or descriptions. Historicizing positive exemplarity in late Elizabethan and early Jacobean occasional texts reveals that it is untenable, and that only cautionary examples are universal. This introduction describes the three types of decorum governing the rhetoric, interpretations, imitations, and descriptions of exemplars: taxonomic decorum (the right subject), generic decorum (the right story), and receptive decorum (the right response). It also describes how this study’s five chapters chart a cycle of exemplarity from representations to imitations to new representations in Philip Sidney’s poetics, in Edmund Spenser’s poetry, and in the lives and deaths of Robert Devereux, and Henry, Prince of Wales.
Indecorous Spenser
Authors: Ullyot Michael
Published: March 2022

Edmund Spenser’s anti-occasional texts in various genres—including elegy, eclogue, and complaint—resist their inadequate circumstances and try to provoke better ones. He thus inverts generic decorum, by which circumstances effect a text—as a death effects an elegy or a wedding an epithalamion. But in a fictional text, Spenser could exert more control over exemplary rhetoric and reception. His epic romance The Faerie Queene follows Philip Sidney’s advice in The Defence of Poesy to turn historical examples into guides to action. Over three episodes in Books II and III, its characters read or retell historiography that induces readers to recognize their duty to their forebears. Spenser thus upholds taxonomic decorum, or the use of exemplars best suited to effect change in readers.
The Problem of Metonymy
Authors: Ullyot Michael
Published: March 2022

The problem of metonymy besets all exemplary rhetoric. It is the risk that unknown evidence will conflict with cited evidence. It underscores the study’s central argument that only cautionary examples offer valid universal lessons. This chapter demonstrates this argument by historicizing the exemplary rhetoric of Prince Henry’s tutors and biographers. William Haydon, for one, uses anecdotes as what he calls ‘testimony’ of Henry’s qualities. Two other biographers of Henry, John Hawkins and Charles Cornwallis, are among those whose books about Henry describe his life in textual terms. Their and others’ addresses to his brother Charles encouraged him to inherit Henry’s legacy selectively, his fame but not his fate.
Middle English Medical Recipes and Literary Play, 1375-1500
Authors: Bower Hannah
Published: March 2022

This volume is the first detailed, book-length study of Middle English medical recipes in their literary, imaginative, social, and codicological contexts. Analysing recipe collections in over seventy late medieval manuscripts, this book explores how the words and structures of recipes could contribute to those texts’ healing purpose, but could also confuse, impede, exceed, and redefine that purpose. The study therefore presents a challenge to recipes’ traditional reputation as mundane, unartful texts written and read solely for the sake of directing practical action. Crucially, it also relocates these neglected texts and overlooked manuscripts within the complex networks forming medieval textual culture, demonstrating that—though marginalized in modern scholarship—medical recipes were actually linguistically, formally, materially, and imaginatively interconnected with many other late medieval discourses, including devotional writings, romances, fabliaux, and Chaucerian poetry. The monograph thus models for readers modes of analysis and close reading that might be deployed in relation to recipes in order to understand better their allusive, fragmentary, and playful qualities as well as their wide-ranging influence on medieval imaginations.
The Idea of the Remedy Collection
Authors: Bower Hannah
Published: March 2022

After considering literary fragments within recipes, this chapter moves on to consider recipes as fragments, which were copied, accumulated, and combined in large numbers in manuscript compilations. The chapter argues that, as cumulative texts, recipe collections are more opaque and polysemous than scholars have appreciated: the material form, visual layout, and unpredictable or inconsistent navigability of remedy books frequently suggest that the needs, motivations, and emotions driving the emergence of such large collections were multiple, mixed, contradictory, and changing. Close reading material and paratextual features such as finding aids, reader annotations, and manuscript size or shape can illuminate these motivations whilst situating recipes within broader discussions about medieval conceptions of order, textual integrity, and aesthetic experience. Within this chapter, recipe collections are shown—like literary texts and manuscripts—to be capable of generating interpretative challenges, debates, and re-readings.
Value in Modernity
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: March 2022

This book identifies a historical paradigm in ethics that has been largely ignored in more recent philosophy. The author calls this paradigm existential modernism and discusses its central claims through detailed examination of the thought of four of its main exponents: Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Scheler, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Robert Musil. In the case of Nietzsche and Sartre, he offers novel interpretations, reconstructing lines of thought in their work that have usually been neglected. Scheler’s subtle phenomenological version of affective value intuitionism is a crucial influence on Sartre’s existentialism, but has so far enjoyed virtually no reception in an anglophone context at all. In the case of Musil, while his thought on emotions and moods in The Man without Qualities has begun to receive some philosophical recognition in recent years, the significance of the philosophical core of this seminal work has so far also not been fully appreciated. In this new interpretation, what we find in the existential modernists is an approach in ethical philosophy that combines a qualified form of affective value intuitionism and a kind of ethical perfectionism. A version of this approach that has much to recommend it is reconstructed.
How to Redeem Nature
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents a novel interpretation of Nietzsche’s main early writings, The Birth of Tragedy and Untimely Meditations, as founding texts of existential modernism in philosophy. The chapter is largely interpretative, aiming to uncover central questions, commitments, and problems animating those texts and taken up in various ways by later existential modernists (including later Nietzsche). It is argued that the seemingly anti-rational thrust of The Birth of Tragedy—the demand for a new kind of tragic culture and myth-making—needs to be understood in the light of the ethical vision of Untimely Meditations. The latter involves the idea of legitimate human aspiration being unsatisfiable by ‘nature’, which in Nietzsche’s understanding includes rationality and ordinary conceptions of morality. What would satisfy that aspiration would be an ideal of perfection which is, however, unreal and unrealizable. The chapter ends by highlighting tensions and problems in this early Nietzschean vision.
Later Nietzsche
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents a reconstruction of one dominant line of thinking in the later Nietzsche on meta-ethics and more broadly on meta-evaluative questions. It sets out the framework that will be developed, modified, and enriched by later existential modernists. Key claims discussed include the following: the fundamental concept in practical philosophy is the concept of value and this refers to a generic property whose instantiations are encountered in experience; the relevant experiences are affective, including prominently emotions; some conscious emotions should be construed as perceptual experiences presenting values in empirical objects. According to this prominent strand of thought in Nietzsche, values are moreover dependent on actual or really possible experiences of them—so he proposes a type of affective value experientialism. The chapter discusses the prospects of such a view, partly by confronting it with versions of natural or normative reductionism about value. The final section assesses Nietzsche’s metaphysical indifferentism.
Distorted Value Experience and Intentional Self-Deception
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines distorted value experience where the cognitive deficiency results partly from the subject’s distorting intentions. The claim is that we can be intentionally self-deceived about values, or about our own evaluative commitments. A prominent instance of this claim is Nietzsche’s account of ressentiment. In ressentiment morality is ‘weaponized’ in a subject’s project of achieving a kind of superiority (moral superiority) over an other resented on prior and independent grounds. While the subject does not internalize the values professed to, she sincerely ascribes to herself a commitment to these values for their own sake. The self-deception involved here is something the subject herself actively brings about and maintains. Self-deception as Nietzsche conceives it has seemed paradoxical to many. The alleged paradoxes can be dissolved by using the phenomenological distinction between implicit or non-conceptualized conscious attitudes and their reflective conceptualization. Intentional self-deception involves a pre-reflective project of avoidance of self-knowledge.
Freedom, Ethics, and Absolute Value
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers an interpretation of Sartre’s early philosophy, beyond the limited aspects of it addressed previously. Sartre conceives of human intentional actions as motivated by apparent values, including object-values. For him, all human actions are autonomous because he takes the most important, ‘ultimate’ putative value at least implicitly aimed at by them to be provided, or supplied, by intentional consciousness itself. With respect to the question of whether specifications of this apparent ultimate value are ever genuine values, and can thus potentially justify actions, Sartre’s position is ambivalent. I reconstruct a line of argument according to which a ‘purified’ ideal of what he calls self-coincidence is indeed an ultimate, non-surpassable value, and that authentic and adequately reasons-sensitive consciousness is necessarily oriented towards this value. This provides the missing premise for Sartre’s elliptical argument in Existentialism and Humanism, according to which human freedom is itself an absolute value.
Modernity, Cultural Discontent, and the Experience of Wholeness
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines central philosophical ideas in Robert Musil’s modernist novel The Man without Qualities. Musil’s work centres on the question of what a human experience as of the presence of absolute value, or perfection, would be. Contrary to Sartre, Musil thinks that such an experience—which he labels the (undistorted) Other Condition—is possible and sometimes actual. He also takes it to be of fundamental importance for ethics. Musil’s complex phenomenological analysis leads to the conclusion that a human experience as of absolute value is necessarily affective, person-centred, and has an all-comprehensive horizonal content (in Husserl’s sense) that has a certain indeterminacy—its evaluative content is necessarily not determinately conceptualizable. For Musil, the Other Condition is of central importance for an adequate, particularist, ethics, and this partly explains its special value. The final section gives sympathetic consideration to this view.
Introduction
Authors: Savage Robert J.
Published: March 2022

Before the outbreak of violence in 1969 radio and television broadcasts that addressed Northern Ireland were subject to an extraordinary, though quiet, form of censorship in an effort to conceal a society riven by division and plagued by discrimination. From the early days of radio, the BBC in Northern Ireland proved incredibly deferential to a unionist establishment that had little time for the nationalist community. Once ‘the Troubles’ arrived, this passive deference ended and with more critical, often times aggressive, reporting the spectre of draconian government intervention took root. In London Labour and Conservative governments alike denounced programmes that delved into grievances of the minority community or questioned the policies, tactics, and priorities of the army and police. The incessant wrangling resulted in informal self-censorship and finally the infamous broadcasting ban. The imposition of state censorship in 1988 undermined the freedom of the press and compromised free speech in one of the world’s foremost democracies. In the end the self-censorship developed by nervous broadcasting officials and the more direct version imposed by the Thatcher government did nothing to resolve the conflict. Threatening, bullying, denouncing, and finally censoring the broadcast media did not enable London to control the contested narrative of ‘the Troubles’. This book explores how the broadcast media struggled to explain to regional, national, and international audiences the complexities of the conflict. It argues that news and current affairs programming played a critical role in reminding people of the persistence of a long and bloody conflict forcing a realization that the voices the Thatcher government silenced were critical in bringing an end to Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’.
The Hunger Strikes
Authors: Savage Robert J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses how the infamous hunger strikes of 1980/1 were explained to national and international audiences. It considers the propaganda war waged between Irish republicans and the British government as each struggled to control how these events would be portrayed in the regional, national, but especially international arena. The chapter focuses on how the broadcast media tried to address the crisis unfolding at the Maze Prison in the face of withering criticism from the Thatcher government and its allies. The hostile reaction of the British public to news coverage of the hunger strikes is addressed as is the reaction of broadcasters who remained determined to provide accurate information about these events. The inability of the Thatcher government to successfully challenge the compelling republican narrative of an elected Member of Parliament starving himself to death in an effort to be recognized as a legitimate political prisoner is addressed. The chapter also explores how the hunger strikes were understood and presented in the international media. The sympathy the prison protest gained in much of the world is addressed as is the consternation this caused for the Thatcher government and its allies.
Noraid and the Brighton Bomb
Authors: Savage Robert J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers a number of episodes that defined the unrest in the early 1980s, events that tested the ability of the broadcast media to report objectively and accurately about politics, violence, and the state. The overriding question in these years revolved around what could and could not, or what should and should not, be shown on television. The threat of direct government intervention to suppress programmes about the conflict lurked in the background throughout this period, encouraging a subtle but pervasive form of self-censorship that worked its way into the culture of British broadcasting. The chapter also explores American involvement in the conflict by addressing the visits of the militant Irish Northern Aid Committee or Noraid to Ireland in 1984. When addressing television coverage leading up to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement the chapter considers the infamous 1984 IRA bombing in Brighton that nearly killed Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In exploring controversial programming the chapter addresses investigative reporting that uncovered miscarriages of justice in Britain, the thorny issue of the media’s relationship with the police, interviews with paramilitaries, and the defiant spectacle of paramilitary funerals.
Conclusion
Authors: Savage Robert J.
Published: March 2022

Throughout the twentieth century broadcasts from or about Northern Ireland were defined by both subtle and overt forms of censorship. From the early days of broadcasting the regional station worked closely with the unionist establishment to ensure that controversial topics were simply ignored. Troublesome issues including partition, gerrymandering, discrimination, and the alienation of a Catholic community were assiduously avoided. The regional service ignored the culture and traditions of the minority community and worked with the unionist establishment to present an image of Northern Ireland as British. The BBC in London was complicit in enabling the regional service to discriminate against the minority community, quickly accepting criticism and demands from unionists about programming they defined as objectionable. This changed with the outbreak of violence in 1969. The ‘Troubles’ provoked innovative news and current affairs programming that helped destabilize a local government that had long governed without consensus. Throughout the 1980s the Thatcher government employed a variety of tactics in an effort to control the broadcast media. When criticism and political pressure failed to influence broadcasters, formal censorship was imposed in 1988. However, threatening, bullying, denouncing, and finally censoring the broadcast media did not enable London to control the contested narrative of ‘the Troubles’. Margaret Thatcher’s successors learned that the voices her government silenced were critical in resolving a long, bitter, and deadly conflict. The broadcast media, especially television, played a critical role in the history of Northern Ireland by constantly reminding a bored and frustrated public of its awful persistence and the need to find a solution to the Irish ‘Troubles’.
Bargaining in the UN Security Council
Authors: Allen Susan , Yuen Amy
Published: March 2022

Even after seventy-five years, the UN Security Council meets nearly every day. They respond to a range of threats to international peace and security, but not all threats. Why does the Security Council take up some issues for discussion and not others? What factors shape the Council's actions, if they take any action at all? Adapting insights from legislative bargaining, this book demonstrates that the agenda-setting powers granted in the institutional rules offer less powerful Council members the opportunity to inuence the content of a resolution without jeopardizing its passage. The Council also decides when to conduct public or private diplomacy. The analysis shows how external factors like international and domestic public reactions motivate grandstanding behaviors and shape resolutions. New quantitative data on meetings and outside options provide support for these claims. The book also explores the dynamics of the formal analysis in three cases: North Korean nuclear proliferation, the negotiations leading up to NATO bombing in Serbia over Kosovo, and the elected member-led process to codify the principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. The book argues that while the powerful veto members do have great inuence over the Council, the rules of the most consequential security institution inuence its policy outcomes, just as they do in any other international institution.
Anticipating the Deal: Agenda-Setting in the UN Security Council
Authors: Hannah Allen Susan , Yuen Amy
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the factors that in uence the Council’s agenda. Because plenary time is scarce, only issues where Council action is possible and unlikely to be blocked by a veto should appear on the Council’s working agenda. Using newly collected agenda-level data (SCAID), differences between elected and permanent members are considered. While the preferences of the P5 are in uential, elected members are able to use the Council presidency to affect the Council’s agenda in distinct ways. The large-N analysis is complimented by a short qualitative exploration of the Security Council’s decision making regarding UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone.
Agenda-Setting in Action: The Cases of Kosovo and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Hannah Allen Susan , Yuen Amy
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores two cases to further illustrate the insights from the formal analysis in Chapter 3. The first case revisits Kosovo around the time of NATO’s decision to bomb Serbia and shows how Russia stalled the Council’s response while serving as Council president and later pursued a grandstanding strategy to highlight how theWestern powers used NATO to circumvent the Security Council. The second case shows how Canada used the Council presidency to jumpstart a decade-long process of developing the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine as a response to the problem of protecting civilians in armed conict. Eventually, the Council embedded elements of the doctrine into its practice in Resolution 1674. This case shows how a motivated elected member can use the public position of the Security Council to actively shape norms within the institution and take up issues that had been ignored by the permanent members.
‘Always Under Law?’
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: March 2022

This chapter assembles materials from Michelman’s publications of the period 1995–2000 addressing what he called there the ‘judgment view’ of democratic constitutional lawmaking—his proposition that whenever political actors in a democracy purport to lay down higher law for the country, they must be understood as doing so in a spirit of answering to some prior established, popularly generated conception of rightness in politics. The chapter explains the grounding of the judgment view in the basic democratic idea of government by the people; it raises and addresses an enduring tension in liberalism’s dual pursuits of government by the people and government by consent in pluralist social conditions; and it probes critically into hopes for relief of that tension in ideas of deliberative democracy.
On the Paradox of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2022

In order to meet the challenges presented by Michelman’s ‘paradox of deliberative democracy’, this chapter discusses his ‘judgment view’ by combining a distinction between ideas of a people qua ‘ethnos’ and qua ‘demos’ with a philosophical-constructivist account of the ‘singular laws’ that orient judgements of aesthetic validity. The chapter aims thereby both to chart an avenue of relief of deliberative democracy from the regress baggage with which Michelman has saddled it, and also to explain how a democratic regime could possibly claim justification for its laws, among free and equal citizens in conditions of reasonable pluralism, without appeal to some ‘modern universalist’ or foundationalist postulation of the basics of political right and wrong
On Reconciling the Two Understandings of Judicial Review
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2022

This chapter engages Michelman’s argument on the difficulty of reconciling two ways of understanding the mandate of a constitutional court: i.e. either the court is entrusted with couching its pronouncements as reflections of what the democratic holder of sovereignty has actually willed at the times of the enactment and subsequent amending of the constitution, or alternatively a constitutional court is entrusted with couching its pronouncements as sound philosophical reasons concerning what ‘the people’ should will in relation to some matter up for adjudication. Reconciliation of the two versions of the mandate is argued by Ferrara to be possible by distinguishing (a) normative commitments inscribed in the constitution and (b) cognitive assumptions underlying them, and considering the court as bound to the former but not to the latter
Judicial Constitutional Application: A Rejoinder
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: March 2022

Work of Alessandro Ferrara relies on the idea of a ‘dualist’ constitutional democracy—where a body of ‘higher’ constitutional law, emanating from the people, regulates and limits the production of day-to-day regulatory law—both (i) to explain how a country’s people can be self-governing in conditions of subjection to day-to-day regulation by distant authorities and (ii) to explain how the rule of political majorities over minorities can be justified in conditions of deep but reasonable political and moral disagreement. Here Michelman develops further (from Chapter 5) his claim that the two purposes require differing modes of constitutional interpretation—‘originalist’ for the first and ‘philosophical’ for the second—between which there stands an unbridgeable gap of principle. Michelman also here goes on to maintain that the same tension already inheres in the second, Rawlsian use of the dualist-democratic idea even without any reference to the first. He suggests how this perception brings closer together his views and Ferrara’s regarding issues of constitutional interpretation.
Backgrounding the Debate: Judicial Occlusion and Remedial Strategies
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2022

This chapter acknowledges Michelman’s alternative path for reconciling the two rival versions of a constitutional court’s mandate, and casts it as not incompatible with the strategy (propounded in Chapter 6) of decoupling of constitutional commitments and cognitive assumptions. Underlying the shared sense of the urgency to address the exact nature of a constitutional court’s mandate is also a shared perception of an ongoing modification of the relation of the judicial and the legislative separated powers in favour of judicial pre-eminence over the past few decades. The rest of the chapter critically reconstructs and compares three distinct proposals for rebalancing such relation, as they are articulated by Michelman, Waldron, and Ackerman
Hyperpluralized Constituencies: The Challenge for Political Liberalism
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: March 2022

John Rawls’s principle of legitimacy rests the possibility of liberally justified political coercion on the idea of a constitutional framework for politics—a set of ‘constitutional essentials’—that could be acceptable to political ideals shared across a country’s population despite their experience of division over ground-level legislative policies. This chapter develops and reflects on two questions crucial to any consideration of the possible transposition of this conception from the nation-state case to that of a global-scale political order. The first is that of basic commitments of a liberal order to which any constitution for a coercive transnational regime acceptable to ‘us’ would have to conform. The second is that of available axes of adjustment of the terms of acceptance of a constitution for a transnational order: will only acceptance on ideal principle suffice for legitimacy, or can something more crassly prudential sometimes suffice? Can acceptability to a clear preponderance of constituents suffice, leaving an unreconciled remainder? Do the answers depend at all on a differentiation of degrees of coerciveness of the powers of the regime? In the light of these questions, the chapter takes up for consideration proposals from Ferrara for a ‘multivariate polity’ and from Rawls’s for a ‘society of peoples’.
Introduction
Authors: Keating Jennifer
Published: March 2022

A basic premise of this volume is that the history of empire is, one way or another, fundamentally environmental. The introduction outlines the relationship between environment and empire, using the frame of political ecology to underscore that environmental change was never the by-product of unrelated political decisions but an active constituent of what facilitated imperial expansion and subsequently sustained imperial governance. It goes on to discuss the importance of more-than-human relations, of discursive as well as physical practices, and of scale, connection, and synchronicity to this study. The second half of the introduction discusses the arid landscapes of Turkestan in historical and imperial context, outlining how Central Asian communities adapted to local climate and environment, and how imperial outsiders thought about the connections between rule and resource. It emphasizes the importance of ‘thinking in the multiple’: considering multiple species and multiple relations in understanding how empire worked in Central Asia, and sets out the ways in which the volume adopts an expansive horizon in thinking beyond cotton and water to recover not just the depth of ecological entanglements that supported (and undercut) empire, but also to expose the varied flows of labour, capital, ideas, and power on local, imperial, and global scales.
The Magical Iron Band
Authors: Keating Jennifer
Published: March 2022

Railway building was arguably the first and most profound large-scale environmental intervention of Russian rule in Turkestan. This chapter considers the environmental imprint of railway construction, discussing the Transcaspian railway, the Murgab branch line, the Tashkent–Orenburg line and plans surrounding the extension of the local railway network into Semirech’e. In doing so, it explores the varied interlinkages between the ecological and the political in infrastructure development, looking firstly at rail’s direct and indirect ecological impacts and dependencies, which included the stabilization of wind-drift sands in Transcaspia and the impetus given to a range of extractive industries including fishing on the Aral Sea. It then moves to consider a wider set of relationships connected to shifting geographical and environmental imaginaries, political lobbying, and the marketization of resources. The growing axes of west–east and north–south routes in Central Asia bound camels, fish, termites, sand, and humans together in increasingly complex relations, amplifying resource-mindedness and serving to both strengthen and weaken centre–periphery ties. Throughout, the chapter begins to address themes that are developed in later chapters, in particular the commodification of nature, the growth of rural migrant settlement, and imperial ideas about abundance.
Rural Settlement and the Question of Surplus
Authors: Keating Jennifer
Published: March 2022

Slavic peasant migrants arrived in Turkestan with increasing speed and quantity by the turn of the twentieth century, lured by the prospect of fertile valleys and irrigated land, and brought to the region aboard railway carriages on newly laid tracks. This chapter explores this wave of rural settlement, examining the discursive value of greening and its links to identity, alongside the ecological impact of migrant agriculture and its sociopolitical consequences. Chief was the state’s co-option of migration to champion a political project that foresaw the establishment of a new agrarian settler colony. Kazakh and Kyrgyz pastoralists bore the brunt of land confiscation in the valleys of Syr-Dar’ia and Semirech’e: their petitions to the state attest to the slow violence of displacement as tensions increased between rural communities over access to pasture, water, and transhumance routes. In tracing the environmental roots of pastoralist marginalization, the chapter explores the dual processes of planting and settling, and at the same time investigates ideas of ‘surplus’ and ‘abundance’ that underpinned physical mobility, agricultural labour, and ecological dispossession.
Thick Brown Muck
Authors: Hall Kersten T.
Published: March 2022

Canadian scientist Frederick Banting believed that he could succeed where all other researchers had failed in isolating the anti-diabetic hormone made by the pancreas. During the summer of 1921, he and student Charles Best worked at the University of Toronto in the laboratory of Prof. J. J. R. Macleod. Together they prepared pancreatic extracts by a variety of methods and tested them on diabetic dogs. Using archival sources, this chapter shows that traditional accounts that portray Banting and Best as having made a miraculous discovery are heavily romanticized. Their first test of their extract on a human patient was not considered success; it was only thanks to their colleague James Collip that an extract was prepared that could be used clinically. This chapter also traces Banting’s deteriorating relationship with Macleod and shows why, when Banting finally received the 1923 Nobel Prize for his work, he was furious.
The Vision of Ezekiel
Authors: Hall Kersten T.
Published: March 2022

Boston clinician Elliott Joslin likened the power of insulin with the vision of Ezekiel, the Old Testament prophet who saw a valley of dry bones rise up and be restored to life. Banting faced claims by John Murlin and Ernest Scott of their prior discovery of insulin. Furthermore, while insulin saved patients’ lives, further research showed it could also cause hypoglycaemic shock. This discovery led the University of Toronto to take the controversial step of filing a patent on insulin to ensure regulation of its production. This chapter explores the many important social and political issues that arose in the wake of the new drug’s success, including questions of who should pay for insulin and who should be responsible for its administration.
The Wasp’s Nest
Authors: Hall Kersten T.
Published: March 2022

Sir Henry Dale of the UK Medical Research Council regretted involving himself in the debate surrounding the question of who had discovered insulin, specifically in relation to accounts given by Charles Best that omitted he crucial contribution of Best’s colleague James Collip. This chapter describes how, in the wake of Banting’s death in 1941, Best took measures to portray himself as having been the pivotal figure in the discovery and development of insulin. Crucially this involved the exclusion of others such as Collip. Additionally, it exposes Best’s claiming credit for innovations such as the use of alcohol for the purification of pancreatic extracts, as well as co-authorship of an undergraduate textbook, numerous addresses at scientific meetings, and involvement with a proposed film project by means of which he sought to assert his claim.
Be Careful What You Wish For
Authors: Hall Kersten T.
Published: March 2022

Charles Best’s efforts to establish himself as the key figure in the story of insulin were largely successful. But towards the end of his life, his account faced a new challenge. This was due to the discovery of the work of Nicolai Paulescu, a Romanian physiologist who had carried out very similar experiments at around the same time as Banting and Best. Professor Ion Pavel’s long-fought campaign to have Paulescu recognized was eventually successful, but a ceremony planned by the International Diabetes Federation to honour Paulescu in 2003 was cancelled by the sudden and shocking revelation that he had been a vocal and active anti-Semite whose extremist political writings had played a role in instigating the Romanian Holocaust. Paulescu, finally achieved the recognition that he craved throughout his life, but it was certainly not for the discovery of insulin.
Wall Street Gold
Authors: Hall Kersten T.
Published: March 2022

While researchers at Harvard and UCSF raced to be the first to clone and express human insulin, a third horse had entered this race and would ultimately be the first to cross the finish line. This chapter describes how, following a meeting between UCSF scientist Herb Boyer with venture capitalist Bob Swanson, the company Genentech was born. This was the first US biotechnology company, and its success was founded on using an alternative strategy to clone and express human insulin to that used by its academic competitors. This involved the artificial synthesis of DNA, as opposed to isolating the messenger RNA for insulin as both the academic labs at Harvard and UCSF had tried to do. This approach also meant that, unlike the academic labs, the scientists at Genentech were not hamstrung by having to work in restrictive biosafety facilities which gave them a crucial advantage.
Why Modern Manuscripts Matter
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: March 2022

This is a study of the politics, commerce, and aesthetics of heritage culture in the shape of authors’ manuscripts. Draft manuscripts survive in quantity from the eighteenth century when, with the rise of print, readers learnt to value ‘the hand’ as index of individuality and the blotted page, criss-crossed by deletion and revision, as sign of genius. Since then, collectors have fought over manuscripts, libraries have curated them, the rich have stashed them away in investment portfolios, students have squeezed meaning from them, and we have all stared at them behind exhibition glass. Why do we trade, conserve, and covet manuscripts? Most, after all, are just the stuff left over after the novel or volume of poetry goes into print. This study explores manuscript’s expressive agency and its capacity to provoke passion—a capacity ever more to the fore in the twenty-first century when books are assembled via word-processing software and authors no longer leave in quantity paper trails behind them. It considers manuscripts as residues of meaning that print fails to capture, as fragment art, property, waste paper, and artefacts whose aesthetic dimension becomes apparent with time. It asks what it might mean to re-read print in the shadow of manuscript. Studies of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Walter Scott, Frances Burney, Jane Austen, writers from the first great period of manuscript survival, are interspersed with discussions of the Cairo genizah, Katie Paterson’s ‘Future Library’ project, Andy Warhol’s and Muriel Spark’s self-archiving, Cornelia Parker’s reclamation art, and more.
Samuel Johnson and the Origins of Writing
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: March 2022

Samuel Johnson reassessed the work of writing in the age of print. He saw that the material conditions for literary production mattered; the writing process fascinated him, opening a line of enquiry between the man, the writer who composes, and the work itself. He attributed value to something previously regarded as ephemeral and disposable—writers’ drafts—now made interesting by the decisive separation mass printing represented. At the same time, his critical philosophy was fascinatingly at odds with his own apparently careless declared writing practice. With James Boswell he helped set the terms of our modern investment in working manuscripts: for Johnson, the processes of composition as clues to the writer’s psychology; for Boswell, a kind of relic veneration.
Nothing Wasted
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: March 2022

Frances Burney’s lifelong hoarding of spent manuscript forms far exceeded any use they might serve. Her paper store was a way to keep her published works tethered to their origins, suggesting the possibility of return at some fundamental level—of writing over and beginning again. But the sheer paper abundance eventually sabotaged any quest for meaning. The manuscript forms surviving in the Berg Collection, New York, document Burney’s reluctance to draw firm lines between finished work and work-in-progress. But they almost never furnish data points for modern scholars. Are Burney’s fiction manuscripts poised on the boundary where precious treasure becomes abject waste? What use are they now?
Whose Property?
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: March 2022

No writer invested more to advance the high status of the modern author’s manuscript than Walter Scott: through imaginative, procedural, and commercial strategies. Samuel Johnson’s heir, he placed authorship on a business footing; late in his career, he fantasized about composition by mechanical means. Yet he also held his identity apart, shrouding the act of writing in habits of secrecy. He worked hard to implant a double origin for what he wrote, at the level of composition and during the production process in the printing house. His fictions were simultaneously his and not his. Casting doubt upon the ownership of his novels served as a fictional device and a quasi-legal mystification of his own interest in his writings as inalienable property. He represents, in extreme form, the paradox of the modern writer, suspended between holograph and print, autonomy and disputed ownership.
Afterword
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: March 2022

The short Afterword focuses on a recent development: the proposal to save for the nation a private collection of manuscripts and books known as the Honresfield Collection. Hidden from public view for almost one hundred years, the collection represents the most important cache of literary manuscripts and books to come onto the market in the last century. Formed at the close of the nineteenth century by William Law, a Rochdale mill-owner, the Honresfield manuscripts are associated with some of the greatest writers in the English and Scots languages, several of whose works and habits of composition have been the subjects of this study. The collection contains manuscripts in the hands of Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Jane Austen, Walter Scott, and the Brontës. In light of this development, the Afterword also considers what might be reasonable concepts and recommendations for balancing public with private good when it comes to objects of literary heritage.
The Future of the Book
Authors: Hayes Kevin J.
Published: March 2022

The Future of the Book: Images of Reading in the American Utopian Novel looks at how turn-of-the-twentieth-century utopian novelists imagined what the book would be like in the ideal future. This work examines many different aspects of book culture. One chapter looks at the utopian residential library, both its contents and its personal and social functions. In the ideal future, everyone has books in their home. Another chapter discusses the public library in utopia. Many of the innovations the utopian novelists imagined correct problems that real public libraries faced in late-nineteenth-century America. In utopia, everyone knows how to use the public library. A third chapter shifts the discussion of books and reading from the place of consumption to the place of production, looking at the role of the author in utopia. This chapter also attempts to answer a vexing question: Can an ideal world produce great literature? The utopian novelists said yes, but the novels they imagined in the future make their conclusions more circumspect. A parallel chapter studies what the utopian newspaper would be like. Some utopian novelists projected alternative news media, foreseeing technology that anticipated television and the internet. The final chapter examines what printed books would look like in the ideal future, looking at graphic design, universal languages, and methods to assure that the books would be printed without censorship or editorial intrusion.
The Idea of Authorship
Authors: Hayes Kevin J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3, “The Idea of Authorship,” shifts the discussion of books and reading in the ideal future from the place of consumption to the place of production, looking at the role of the author. Most utopian novelists were amateur authors themselves, and they believed that authorship should stay that way. Some utopian novelists did foresee an ideal future where the authorship was a profession. Many discussed the role the government should have in the publication of books in the ideal future. Should the government control what books are published? Should the government pay for publication? The utopian novelists tried to answer these and similar questions. Finally, this chapter examines the quality of literature in utopia. Can an ideal world produce great literature? The utopian novelists said yes, but the novels they imagined in the future make their conclusions more circumspect.
The Newspaper
Authors: Hayes Kevin J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4, “The Newspaper,” which parallels the previous chapter, examines what the newspaper would be like in the ideal future. Many utopian novelists were journalists themselves and used their fiction to project what the newspaper could be like. They grumbled about its disposability, frustrated that the hard work of journalists was read one day and tossed the next. In utopia, the newspaper would be published in a booklet format, which would make it easy to preserve. In addition, advertisements and special interests would have no sway on the newspapers of the future. Some foresaw journalists as professionals in utopia, while others thought they should remain amateurs. In addition, some utopian novelists projected alternative news media, foreseeing technology that anticipated television and the internet.
The Printed Page and the Written Word
Authors: Hayes Kevin J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 examines what printed books would look like in the ideal future. Many utopian novelists thought that utopian books would be beautiful. They would integrate the written word and printed illustrations. Some took issue with printing’s traditional black-and-white aesthetic and foresaw colorful books in utopia, books that used different colors of ink and different colors of paper to make reading a highly sensory experience. Some utopian novelists foresaw the implementation of a universal language in utopia, one that could be understood and read around the planet. Others imagined ways that printing could help to facilitate thought, foreseeing ways that an author’s words could get into print and into the hands of consumers without editorial censorship.
Beyond Compliance
Authors: Ayeni Victor
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the decisions of human rights tribunals (HRTs) in Africa and the extent to which there is compliance with the decisions of these tribunals. It reflects on six regional and sub-regional contexts in five selected countries: Nigeria, Tanzania, The Gambia, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The HRTs selected for the study are: The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission); African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court); African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children’s Rights Committee); ECOWAS Community Court of Justice (ECCJ); East African Court of Justice (EACJ); and the Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community (SADC Tribunal). The chapter argues that there have been progress in the contribution of relevant decisions of selected HRTs to eventual outcome at the domestic level. However, there is much to be done in ensuring that the decisions of human rights tribunals have significant domestic effect. The chapter contends that ‘domestic activist forces and transnational compliance actors must take more seriously the national process of implementation’.
Enforcing Compliance with the Judgments of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Mutangi Tarisai
Published: March 2022

This chapter reflects on how compliance can be bridged with the decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court) at the domestic level. It identifies a two-tier enforcement monitoring framework. The first tier is at the international level where the executive in the form of the AU Assembly and the African Court itself are endowed with the responsibility to monitor compliance with judgments. While the AU Assembly role is rooted in the African Court Protocol, the Court’s role is largely based on judicial activism at that level following the path charted by the Inter-American Court and to some extent, the European Court. The Court has a further role of rendering specific and clear orders as an incentive to facilitating enforcement. Meanwhile, the second tier lies at the national level. A number of distinct functionaries may operate in cohorts resulting in improved compliance with international human rights judgments. In order to make such participation less complex and problematic, the roles of these functionaries in monitoring compliance ought to naturally flow from their traditional competences.