bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Recalcitrant Nation of Seven Brothers
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti
Published: May 2004

Political science has never been as active in qualitative research as sociology or cultural studies. What methods do we then have available if we try to reread nationally elevated and politically interpreted 19th-centuryliterature? To avoid conveying an anachronism, a certain methodological distance is needed. This article suggests conceptual history and “geographical reading” as possible ways of analyzing political ideas in fiction through a focus on the first Finnish novel, Aleksis Kivi’s (1870) Seven Brothers. Scholars have emphasized the role of 19th-century novels in imagining the nation. However, Kivi postponed the images of nation and outlined radical political futures that were neglected by the Finnish nationalists. A methodological reading, thus, can challenge the canonical understanding of Kivi as a nationalist icon. The merits of conceptual history would be widely useful in social research.
A Critique of Experimentalism
Authors: Howe Kenneth R.
Published: May 2004

The concept of scientifically based research occupies a central place in the thinking of the newly formed Institute of Education Sciences and seems well on its way to becoming the dominant paradigm in educational research more generally. What interpretation becomes recognized as the correct one thus has important implications. This article identifies two versions of experimentalism that have emerged: neoclassical and mixed methods. Both versions of experimentalism are judged to be methodologically retrograde. Neoclassical experimentalism is little more than a throwback to the Campbell-Stanley era and its dogmatic adherence to an exclusive reliance on quantitative methods. Mixed-methods experimentalism, although incorporating an auxiliary role for qualitative methods, fails to understand the deeper epistemological roots of qualitative methods. The article briefly sketches the alternative of mixed-methods interpretivism, which elevates the voice of research participants to a primary position and thereby reverses the epistemological ordering of quantitative-experimental and qualitative interpretivist methods.
(De)Constructing (In)Visible Parent/Guardian Consent Forms: Negotiating Power, Reflexivity, and the Collective Within Qualitative Research
Authors: Knight Michelle G. , Bentley Courtney C. , Norton Nadjwa E. L. , Dixon Iris R.
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the role of collective reflexivity within a year-long ethnographic study examining Black and Latino/Latina urban youth’s negotiations of college going in and out of school contexts. Through collective reflexivity, the parent/guardian consent form is examined as a methodological tool of data collection and a written representational text that hinders and/or facilitates access to Latino/Latina youth as research participants. After Puerto Rican and Dominican families did not return parent/guardian consent forms, the authors reconstituted the form as a site for feminist critical policy analysis. In (de)constructing the form, varied cultural perspectives of credibility, trust, authority, and reciprocity among Latino/Latina participants, the institutional review board, and the research team are analyzed, negotiated, and transformed. Throughout this process of creating a culturally responsive form, the authors negotiate language as power, recognize and implement cultural relevance as an ethic of research, and reconceptualize audience(s) within reciprocal matrices of power.
Trauma Exposure and Alcohol Use in Battered Women
Authors: CLARK ALICIA H. , FOY DAVID W.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between battering severity and alcohol use among battered women. The study used multiple regression analyses to examine predictive relationships between three forms of trauma exposure—childhood physical and sexual abuse and domestic violence—and alcohol use. This study is among the first to investigate these relationships, using a sample of 78 battered women drawn from both shelter and nonresidential community agencies. Both battering severity and childhood sexual abuse were positively correlated with alcohol use. Multiple regression analysis showed that childhood sexual abuse was the stronger predictor when collinearity was controlled.
Domestic Violence Organizations on the Web
Authors: FINN JERRY
Published: May 2004

This article describes the advantages and challenges that the World Wide Web offers for domestic violence organizations. Discussion and examples are provided of domestic violence organizations' use of the Web for direct services and outreach, community education advocacy, fund-raising, and solicitation of volunteers, goods, and services. Challenges include potential victimization and loss of privacy by users, resource costs, legal issues, lack of evaluation, hostile communications, and duplication of efforts. Areas for further research are suggested.
National Trends in Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: PUZONE CAROL A. , SALTZMAN LINDA E. , KRESNOW MARCIE-JO , THOMPSON MARTIE P. , MERCY JAMES A.
Published: May 2004

The authors investigated U.S. trends in intimate partner homicide stratified by relationship type and race during the period 1976 to 1995. Data sources were the Supplemental Homicide Reports and the United States Current Population Survey. Rates of homicide victimization decreased during the past 20 years among all intimate partners except for White, unmarried females. The authors explore possible explanations for these trends. Results replicate previous findings regarding downward national trends in partner homicides, but with three methodological differneces. The authors examined spouses and exspouses separately, used de- nominator data that were specific to the population at risk, and included same-sex partners.
Revelations and Rage
Authors: KNAFO DANIELLE
Published: May 2004

This article presents an overview of women's art that has dealt with the subject of violence against women. This art is divided into three categories: external violence (e.g., murder, rape, objectification, and religion), home (e.g., domestic violence, battered women, incest, and marriage as a violent institution), and violence against the self (e.g., masochism, eating disorders, and femininity as violence). Each category is discussed from a psychological and artistic perspective. Multiple examples illustrate the ways women artists have employed their art to express their feelings, to educate the public, and to heal and empower themselves in an attempt to cope with and overcome traumatic experiences related to violence committed against them.
Battering, Traumatic Stress, and Welfare-to-Work Transition
Authors: BRUSH LISA D.
Published: May 2004

Battering and its consequences may thwart welfare recipients' transition from welfare to work, complicating welfare reform. This research examined battering and traumatic stress in the lives of 122 enrollees in a short-term job readiness program. Nearly half reported violence or serious injury in their current or most recent intimate relationship. One third reported traumatic stress symptoms. The data help assess the relative importance of potential barriers to welfare-to-work transition, including character and human capital deficits, gendered caring responsibilities, and battering and its consequences. Feminist accounts that include battering explain program participation outcomes better than accounts that focus only on deficits.
“He Said, She Said”
Authors: HARTLEY CAROLYN COPPS
Published: May 2004

Little empirical research has been done on the trial process in domestic violence-related cases. This study represents the first in-depth analysis of this trial process, focusing specifically on the defense themes and strategies used in domestic violence felong trials to challenge the credibility of the prosecution's case. Many of the strategies used by the defense manipulate common myths and misperceptions about the dynamics of domestic abuse. Implications for juror decision making and the use of expert witnesses in these trials are discussed. These defense tactics may also serve as a secondary victimization of abused women.
Seeking Informal Support
Authors: CHATZIFOTIOU SEVASTE , DOBASH REBECCA
Published: May 2004

This exploratory study conducted from 1997 to 1998 is the first study to empirically investigate Greek battered women's help-seeking behavior from informal sources of help. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 abused women in the only refuge for battered women in Athens. Results of this study indicate that Greek women tend to suffer years of violence before they ask for help because of various personal and sociocultural factors. These factors center around feelings of shame and guilt, hope that things will get better, and the concepts of marriage and the family that are of central importance to women's lives in Greece. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of using systems of informal support and recommending the need for more research on the issue of violence in Greece.
Assessing the Impact of Gender Inequality on Female Homicide Victimization Across U.S. Cities
Authors: Vieraitis Lynne M. , Williams Marian R.
Published: May 2004

To expand our understanding of gender inequality and violent crime, this study provides an assessment of the relationship between gender inequality and lethal violence against women. The authors use a cross-sectional design with racially disaggregated census data for 158 large U.S.cities in 1990 to assess the degree to which women's absolute status and their status relative to men affect their risk of homicide victimization. Overall, the findings suggestthat although certain measures of women's absolute and relative socioeconomic status are related to female homicide victimization rates, when race-specific measures are used, theeffects hold only for White women.
Exploring the Link Between Stereotypic Images and Intimate Partner Violence in the African American Community
Authors: Gillum Tameka L.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the link between stereotypic images of African American women and intimate partner violence in the African American community. Abrief questionnaire was given to a community-based sample of 221 African American men to (a) examine the degree to which African American men endorsed stereotypic images of African American women and (b) explore whether a belief in these images related to a belief that it is justified to use violence against an intimate partner. Results indicated that a large percentage of African American men endorsed stereotypic images of African American women. Endorsement of the stereotypes positively related to justification of violence against women.
Pharaonic Circumcision Under Patriarchy and Breast Augmentation Under Phallocentric Capitalism
Authors: Wilson Tamar Diana
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author discusses the similarities and differences between Pharaonic circumcision and reinfibulation and breast augmentation under systems of male dominance and female subordination. Despite the medical problems associated with each, women choose to be reinfibulated or have breast implants. There are systemic reasons associated with male dominance—in the case of reinfibulation, patriarchy and polygamy, and in the case of breast augmentation, institutional interests and phallocentrism—that impinge on women's “choice” of these procedures.
Not an Ordinary Killer— Just an Ordinary Guy
Authors: Dobash R. Emerson , Dobash Russell P. , Cavanagh Kate , Lewis Ruth
Published: May 2004

The Murder in Britain Study was designed to examine in detail different types of murder. Using a subset of case files from this study, men who murder other men (MM;n = 424) are compared with men who murder an intimate partner (IP;n = 106) to reflect on the relative conventionality of each group. In terms of many of the characteristics of childhood and adulthood, the IP murder group differs from theMMgroup and appears to be more “ordinary” or “conventional.” However, the IP group is less conventional in that they are more likely to have intimate relationships that had broken down, to have used violence against a previous woman partner as well as against the victim they killed, and to “ specialize” in violence against women.
The First Israeli National Survey on Domestic Violence
Authors: Eisikovits Zvi , Winstok Zeev , Fishman Gideon
Published: May 2004

The aim of the survey reported in this article was to assess the frequency and severity of violence against women in Israel and to identify some major risk factors associated with that violence. During 2000 and 2001, a structured self-report questionnaire was administered to a stratified probability sample drawn from the general population in Israel including 2,544 households, of which 2,092 included only women respondents and 452 included both men and women (904 respondents in total). When compared to those of other Western countries, the rates of psychological aggression in Israel are slightly higher, although the rates of physical aggression are lower.
The Overlap Between Child Maltreatment and Woman Battering
Authors: EDLESON JEFFREY L.
Published: May 2004

Societal responses to child maltreatment and to woman battering have developed in separate and sometimes conflicting ways. It is only in recent years that greater attention has been devoted to the possible overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering in the same families. Thirty-five studies conducted over the past 2½ decades that mentioned an overlap between child maltreatment and adult domestic violence in the same families were identified. These studies are reviewed and their strengths and weaknesses identified. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications these findings have for practice, policy, and research.
Bodily Self-Harm and Its Relationship to Childhood Abuse Among Women in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: WIEDERMAN MICHAEL W. , SANSONE RANDY A. , SANSONE LORI A.
Published: May 2004

Past research has demonstrated a relationship between childhood abuse and subsequent self-injurious behavior. However, this research typically has taken place in mental health settings, focused on childhood sexual or physical abuse, and has explored a limited number of self-injury variables (most commonly suicide attempts). Among 147 women in a primary care setting, the authors explored the relationship between five forms of childhood abuse or trauma and three types of bodily self-injury. In univariate analyses, all forms of abuse except physical neglect were related to an increased likelihood of bodily self-harm. In a logistic regression analysis, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnessing violence were uniquely related to an increased likelihood of bodily self-injury. The results suggest that the direct experience or observation of body violation may developmentally precede subsequent bodily self-injury in some individuals.
The Impact of a Batterers' Program on Battered Women
Authors: AUSTIN JULIET B. , DANKWORT JUERGEN
Published: May 2004

Twenty-five in-depth interviews were conducted with battered women whose partners had completed a batterers' intervention program (BIP) that was administered by a women's shelter in a Canadian urban setting. Interview questions broadly explored women's experiences with the BIP, including what, if any, differences they perceived after their partners completed intervention, and how the women accounted for such changes. Respondents reported a variety of experiences, most of which appeared beneficial for them. Major themes were (a) feelings of enhanced safety, (b) a sense of enhanced personal well-being, (c) feeling validated by program counselors, and (d) increased knowledge regarding abusive behaviors.
Bad Dates or Emotional Trauma?
Authors: SCHWARTZ MARTIN D. , LEGGETT MOLLY S.
Published: May 2004

Backlash critics of campus rape research have claimed that researchers exaggerate their figures by labeling as rape victims those women who experience bad dates. Although researchers have compared stranger with acquaintance rape victims, they have not compared women raped while too drunk to resist and those raped by force. This study of 65 rape victims (in a sample of 388 college seniors) found no evidence for critics' claims. Women raped by intoxication are not less emotionally affected and do not blame themselves more. Most women did not classify their experiences as rape, although all were victims under criminal law. This lack of recognition is what causes hidden victims, who do not report or seek help.
The Family Violence Option: An Early Assessment
Authors: RAPHAEL JODY
Published: May 2004

Research studies documenting the large percentages of women on welfare who are current domestic violence victims prompted Congress to add the Family Violence Option (FVO) to the 1996 welfare reform legislation. The FVO allows the states to exempt violence victims temporarily from federal work requirements while they receive services to eliminate the violence in their lives. Interviews with state representatives and domestic violence advocates revealed that most states have adopted the FVO, but implementation varies widely. These variations are described along with pilot projects. Guidelines for continued implementation, monitoring, and tracking activities are offered.
The Social Construction of Wife Abuse
Authors: MEHROTRA MEETA
Published: May 2004

The terms wife abuse and battered woman were coined in the 1970s. Although such naming is meaningful, these social constructions are restrictive so that only a narrow range of behaviors and people fit these labels. With the help of interviews with Hindu Asian Indian immigrants, this article highlights the importance of including the experiences of diverse groups of women in any analysis of domestic violence. Thirty people, 5 abused Asian Indian women who had sought help from support groups, 11 members of South Asian support groups, and 14 married, nonabused women living in a city on the east coast of the United States were interviewed for this study. The study challenges the popular perception of abused women, specifically South Asian battered women, as passive victims.
A Winning Alliance
Authors: LENNETT JUDITH , COLTEN MARY ELLEN
Published: May 2004

This article describes the development and process of a successful collaboration between researchers at the University of Massachusetts Boston and the Massachusetts Coalition of Battered Women's Service Groups on a study documenting the prevalence and effects of domestic violence among recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in Massachusetts. The study, which entailed 30-minute, in-person interviews with a representative sample of 734 women, was seen as highly credible and as having a significant effect on public policy in the state. Barriers to collaboration, strategies for overcoming them, and the benefits of this type of endeavor are discussed.
The Odyssey of Ph.D. Students Becoming a Community of Practice
Authors: Janson Annick , Howard Laurie
Published: May 2004

Wenger’s theory of communities of practice (CoPs) helps explain how a group of Ph.D. students in the Department of Management Communication at the University of Waikato in New Zealand met a need for emotional and academic support and reduced isolation as they developed regular opportunities for face-to-face and virtual discussions on theory and technical and emotive issues. An analysis of this process makes three contributions to communities of practice scholarship: It documents “catalyzing” circumstances for CoP creation, places the Ph.D. quest in the context of existing CoP theory, and identifies a critical point that precedes CoP formation in the existing CoP model. Highlighting the shared experience of postgraduate students opens up opportunities for CoP formation that can help students emerge from isolation into a supportive peer community.
American and British Business-Related Spelling Differences
Authors: Scott James Calvert
Published: May 2004

English language business-related documents around the world contain purposeful spelling differences that reflect two standards, American English and British English. Given the importance of culturally acceptable spelling, the need to be aware of and sensitive to cultural differences, and strong reactions to variation in spelling, it is important to understand the differences in these two spelling systems. Families of words that illustrate spelling practices draw attention to differences between the American and British spelling systems. Under at least some circumstances, business communicators should accommodate for spelling differences when communicating with those from other cultures. Implementing the presented teaching ideas based upon reacting, discussing, adapting, researching, and writing can clarify understanding of the American and British business-related spelling systems and help learners to prepare more culturally sensitive business documents when appropriate.
The Role of Journalism in Democratic Conflict Management
Authors: Jameson Jessica Katz , Entman Robert M.
Published: May 2004

While media scholars and other observers have long argued that the news typically presents politics in adversarial, dualistic terms that emphasize drama and conflict, the impact of specific journalistic word choices on citizen participation in democracy has received surprisingly little attention. This article applies conflict theory in empirical analysis of newspaper coverage of the New York City budget crisis following 9/11. Metaphor and content analyses illustrate that conflict is often described as a “battle” or “game” that is played by elite decision makers. Stories emphasize political positions of a narrow range of actors rather than underlying interests of constituents. The authors argue that this coverage reinforces public beliefs that even decisions that affect them personally are out of their control and thus discourages public participation in what they call democratic conflict management: the collective processes of managing clashing interests and factions in ways compatible with representative democracy. The article concludes with a discussion of alternative journalistic practices that might encourage participation in the democratic process.
Increasing Candidate-Centered Televised Discourse
Authors: Farnsworth Stephen J. , Lichter S. Robert
Published: May 2004

Content analysis of local television newscasts during Election 2000 showed marked differences between stations participating in two news improvement projects and those stations that did not participate in the “5/30” and “Best Practices” initiatives. Stations participating in those projects offered more news coverage overall and more candidate-centered coverage than did their in-market competitors. Stations enrolling in either of those programs also provided candidates with longer sound bites than did stations not participating in the programs.
Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media
Authors: Jones David A.
Published: May 2004

An alarming number of Americans no longer trust the media to report the news fairly—a serious problem in a democracy that depends so much on news organizations to inform its citizens. As a first step toward explaining this phenomenon, this study explores various factors that explain individual-level variation in media trust. One key factor appears to be trust in government, suggesting that the media’s lowly stature may stem more from general political malaise than from the many shortcomings of contemporary news coverage. Interestingly, trust in the media is particularly low among conservative Republicans, especially those who listen to political talk radio. For these Americans, perhaps the problem with the media rests on what they see as a liberal bias, not declining journalistic standards.
Place, Stories, and Consequences
Authors: Alkon Alison Hope
Published: May 2004

Faced with a visible and controversial instance of erosion on vineyards, the Lake County, California, Board of Supervisors founded an unusual organization—the Erosion Protection Education Commission (EPEC)—to offer nonbinding advice to grape growers concerning relevant agro-management practices. This study uses in-depth interviews, fieldwork, and secondary sources to contextualize EPEC within the county’s stories about place—within its heritage narratives. The dominant heritage narrative (depicting Lake County’s character as agriculturalist, cooperative and harmonious, and antiregulatory) is shown to be a major factor shaping and justifying the creation and operation of EPEC. Despite the existence of counternarratives, the dominant heritage narrative prefigured the emergence of EPEC and helped reinforce EPEC as the county’s way of handling the growth of grape growing in the region and the resulting erosion problem. This article argues for greater attention to the role of community narratives about place in understanding how decisions are made on environmental and land-use issues.
Sustainable Development
Authors: Castro Carlos J.
Published: May 2004

Like democracy and globalization, the concept of sustainable development has become one of the most ubiquitous, contested, and indispensable concepts of our time. Although the concept was first introduced in response to environmental concerns, it has been defined primarily by the mainstream tradition of economic analysis, which tends to marginalize the issue of ecological sustainability itself. Recently, however, scholars advancing various critical perspectives challenged the mainstream economic analysis of sustainable development. This essay examines the presuppositions, logic, and major themes of mainstream sustainable development theory, primarily within economics, and explores the critiques of mainstream analysis offered by various poststructuralist cultural theorists and ecological Marxists. Although considered to be superior in their greater emphasis on ecological sustainability, neither of these critical approaches is deemed adequate in itself. The argument here instead leads to the conception that an adequate approach to sustainable development requires combining insights from various critical approaches and perspectives.
Developing a Road Map for Transportation Asset Management Research
Authors: Switzer Aileen , McNeil Sue
Published: May 2004

As interest in asset management among public sector organizations has grown over the past decade, a number of professional and government organizations have attempted to define asset management and develop research agendas in an effort to focus the practice and implementation of asset management. This article synthesizes these research initiatives to develop a research road map for transportation asset management. This road map is intended to identify research needs and provide significant milestones along the way. The road map includes specific projects over a 15-year period in the areas of (a) policy goals and objectives and performance measures, (b) planning and programming, (c) program delivery, and (d) systems monitoring and performance results. Ultimately this research program aims to facilitatethe widespread adoption of the asset management concept and the continued enhancement of tools and processes.
Accessible Tourism
Authors: Sen Lalita , Mayfield Sara
Published: May 2004

Galveston is a small city with numerous tourist attractions: museums, historical buildings, the beach, Moody Gardens, and several festivals each year. This research investigates if these tourist attractions are accessible to the elderly and disabled. The issue is particularly important because tourism represents the greatest possible source for economic growth in Galveston. According to estimates of the “Baby Boom” generation moving toward retirement, the number of potential tourists in the population who will require accessible attractions will increase. Other research has also shown that many individuals with disabilities focus on accessible tourism such as “leisure” trips that serve to immeasurably enhance their quality of life. Based on this research, recommendations are made for future action for the city, the historical foundation, and service providers who rely on tourist dollars. Galveston Island has unique physical characteristics, a large number of historical buildings, a beach, plus a history of hurricanes. These characteristics make accessibility difficult for certain properties.
Consistency and Change
Authors: Tarry Scott E.
Published: May 2004

The past few years have been tumultuous for air transportation. As is well known, the air transport industry was dealt a series of substantial blows in 2001 that forced the industry to contract. The articles included in this special issue discuss the effects of these events and offer a balanced account of the air transport industry in general. Although the events of September 11 and the various changes implemented by the air carriers have undoubtedly had a negative impact on air transport, there is no sign that the industry will not remain a critical component in the global economy and the national system of transportation. The collection of articles presented herein contribute to our understanding of critical issues in air transport at an important time in the industry’s ongoing evolution.
Has Internet Access Taxation Affected Internet Use?
Authors: Bruce Donald , Deskins John , Fox William F.
Published: May 2004

Most arguments in favor of the Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA) assume that taxing Internet access would reduce Internet use. The authors investigate this possibility empirically, making use of panel data covering all U.S. states for the years 1998, 2000, and 2001. Statutory variation in the taxation of Internet access occurs because 10 states were permitted to continue their existing Internet access taxes as of the initial passage of the ITFA in 1998. None of the econometric analyses provides any evidence that Internet access taxes have had an effect on Internet access rates.
The Effect of the Current Ira Program on Federal Debt
Authors: Caliendo Frank , Lewis W. Cris
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes the long-term impact of the current individual retirement account (IRA) program on government debt. The initial work on this subject was conducted by Feldstein (1995), who argued that the traditional IRA has a favorable long-term effect on government debt. Yet, absent from the literature is any formal extension of Feldstein’s model to include the Roth IRA. Using modeling techniques similar to Feldstein, the Roth IRA is shown to have a negative long-term effect on government debt. The model includes personal and corporate tax revenue collections, the cost of government debt, the source of Roth IRA saving, the payment source of the taxes paid on Roth contributions, and optimal investment strategies. Aconceptual, newtype of IRA is proposed as a replacement for the Roth IRA.
Using Regression Techniques to Predict Large Data Transfers
Authors: Vazhkudai Sudharshan , Schopf Jennifer M.
Published: May 2004

The recent proliferation of Data Grids and the increasingly common practice of using resources as distributed data stores provide a convenient environment for communities of researchers to share, replicate, and manage access to copies of large datasets. This has led to the question of which replica can be accessed most efficiently. In such environments, fetching data from one of the several replica locations requires accurate predictions of end-to-end transfer times. The answer to this question can depend on many factors, including physical characteristics of the resources and the load behavior on the CPUs, networks, and storage devices that are part of the end-to-end data path linking possible sources and sinks.

Our approach combines end-to-end application throughput observations with network and disk load variations and captures whole-system performance and variations in load patterns. Our predictions characterize the effect of load variations of several shared devices (network and disk) on file transfer times. We develop a suite of univariate and multivariate predictors that can use multiple data sources to improve the accuracy of the predictions as well as address Data Grid variations (availability of data and sporadic nature of transfers). We ran a large set of data transfer experiments using GridFTP and observed performance predictions within 15% error for our testbed sites, which is quite promising for a pragmatic system.
Network QoS for Grid Systems
Authors: Bhatti Saleem N. , Sørensen Søren-Aksel , Clark Peter , Crowcroft Jon
Published: May 2004

Grid users may wish to have fine-grained control of quality of service (QoS) guarantees in a network in order to allow timely data transfer in a distributed application environment. We present a discussion of the issues and problems involved, with some critical analysis. We propose possible solutions by making reference to and analysing existing work. Also, we describe the mechanisms being proposed as part of a work-in-progress (being conducted by the authors) that uses a peer-to-peer approach to micro-manage network capacity allocations at the edge of the network, at end-sites, in a multi-domain scenario. Scheduling controllers at the end-sites are employed, which are subject to local administrative controls and have flexibility in resource allocation based on user requests for network capacity. We highlight the issues in scaling such systems to large numbers of users and the issues concerning the interfaces available to applications and end-users for accessing such services.
Improving Memory Hierarchy Performance through Combined Loop Interchange and Multi-Level Fusion
Authors: Yi Qing , Kennedy Ken
Published: May 2004

Because of the increasing gap between the speeds of processors and main memories, compilers must enhance the locality of applications to achieve high performance. Loop fusion enhances locality by fusing loops that access similar sets of data. Typically, it is applied to loops at the same level after loop interchange, which first attains the best nesting order for each local loop nest. However, since loop interchange cannot foresee the overall optimization effect, it often selects the wrong loops to be placed outermost for fusion, achieving suboptimal performance globally. Building on traditional unimodular transformations on perfectly nested loops, we present a novel transformation, dependence hoisting, that effectively combines interchange and fusion for arbitrarily nested loops. We present techniques to simultaneously interchange and fuse loops at multiple levels. By evaluating the compound optimization effect beforehand, we have achieved better performance than was possible by previous techniques, which apply interchange and fusion separately.
Researching Organizational Practice through Action Research: Case Studies and Design Choices
Authors: Huxham Chris , Vangen Siv
Published: May 2004

This article contributes to an understanding of action research as a phenomenological methodological paradigm for carrying out research into management and organizations. Two case studies of action research are presented. Three areas of choice—overtness, visibility, and riskiness—that emerge out of the cases and that are significant issues in designing action research projects are discussed. Highlighting and explicating these provides a basis for greater rigor and reflexivity in action research.
Uncovering Faking Samples in Applicant, Incumbent, and Experimental Data Sets: An Application of Mixed-Model Item Response Theory
Authors: Zickar Michael J. , Gibby Robert E. , Robie Chet
Published: May 2004

Most research on faking personality inventories has assumed that individuals are either faking or responding honestly; distinctions within these two groups are generally not made. A recently developed statistical technique, mixed-model item response theory, was used to identify subgroups within samples of individuals taking two different personality inventories under various conditions. For one personality test, the authors obtained a sample of applicants and incumbents. For the second test, a sample of honest respondents and two samples of respondents instructed to fake (coached and ad lib) were obtained. Across the applicant and incumbent data sets, the authors generally found that three classes were needed to model all response patterns. In the experimental faking study, an honest class and an extreme faking class were needed to model the data. Overall, these results demonstrate that previous assumptions about the nature of faking on personality inventories have been too restrictive.
Testing Dependent Correlation Coefficients via Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Cheung Mike W.-L. , Chan Wai
Published: May 2004

Organizational researchers are sometimes interested in testing if independent or dependent correlation coefficients are equal. Olkin and Finn and Steiger proposed several statistical procedures to test dependent correlation coefficients in a single group, whereas meta-analytic procedures can be used to test independent correlation coefficients in two or more groups. Because computer programming is usually involved, applied researchers may find these procedures hard to implement, especially in testing the dependent correlation coefficients. This article suggests using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach as a unified framework to test independent and dependent correlational hypotheses. To demonstrate the comparability among these approaches, examples and ad hoc simulation studies are used. Advantages of the SEM approach are also discussed.
Research on Men and Masculinities
Authors: Petersen Alan
Published: May 2004

This article offers some reflections on the challenges posed by recent trends in social theory to the field of masculinity studies. The postmodern/poststructural turn in theory has led to a reappraisal of basic concepts in many fields of research and opened up new areas for investigation. The article outlines the relevance of this work for masculinity studies and draws some implications for the future development of the field. If scholars are to effectively challenge the power relations of gender, race, and sexuality, it is important that they critically examine the discursive frameworks that shape the fabrication of concepts, the definition of problems, and the formulation of research questions. The article concludes by proposing a revised and broadened agenda for research on men and masculinities, which pays greater attention to the politics of knowledge and makes greater use of historical methods to analyze power relations and the social constructions of masculine identity and the male body.
Men Talking about Viagra
Authors: Rubin Rona
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to explore men’s attitudes to Viagra in a social context. Two focus groups were established. The first comprised six members of a sports club; the second included three patients attending a clinic for men with erectile dysfunction, aged between 45 and 65. Each group met for one hour. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify themes. Analysis indicated the overriding theme for the first group of maintaining a masculine image through denial of any deliberate knowledge of or interest in the topic; for the second group, there was a theme of sadness at being unable to “confess” their problem because of potential loss of masculine image. Men in group contexts talk about Viagra in ways that serve to project a masculine image. Masculine image may be more important to men than their health.
The Gendered Construction of the Engineering Profession in the United States, 1893–1920
Authors: Frehill Lisa M.
Published: May 2004

This article examines howU.S. engineers constructed their profession within the context of changing structural conditions and hegemonic masculinity between 1893 and 1920. The professionalization of engineering and the linkages between engineering practitioners and colleges were forged during this period. At the same time, conditions for the construction of a powerful masculine self-identity in the workplace were also changing. Engineers’reflective and informative writings about their field in the professional publication Engineering News, the Proceedings of the annual conferences of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and two career guidance books (all from the 1893–1920 period) document how engineers constructed their profession as a masculine one.
The Citizen Police Academy: Measuring Outcomes
Authors: Schafer Joseph A. , Bonello Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2004

During the past two decades, many American police departments have developed Citizen Police Academies. These programs are intended to improve police-community relations, to educate the public, and to further the implementation of community policing strategies. Despite their widespread use, few efforts have been made to empirically evaluate Citizen Police Academies. This study examines the impact of one Citizen Police Academy program by surveying past program participants. The results show that although the Citizen Police Academy satisfied the department's objectives, the majority of participants entered the program with positive views of the agency. These findings are discussed in terms of the program's overall impact within the community.
An Analysis of the Public Relations Role of the Police Public Information Officer
Authors: Motschall Melissa , Cao Liqun
Published: May 2004

For nearly four decades, police agencies of all sizes have established public information officer (PIO) functions to communicate with a variety of audiences, particularly the media. The results of a 2000 survey of PIOs shows that, indeed, whereas most describe their role as media-oriented and reactive, some PIOs also use management-oriented, proactive techniques that are consistent with established public relations models. These findings suggest that PIOs perform a wide array of traditional public relations activities and that they have been instrumental in moving law enforcement from a closed to a more open system of communication.
International Human Rights Standards: Guidelines for the World's Police Officers
Authors: Das Dilip , Palmiotto Michael J.
Published: May 2004

Police agencies throughout the world need to be concerned about the violation of human rights by their police officers. The police in all countries are accused of violating the human rights of the citizens they serve. As members of the United Nations, the governments of the world must enforce the human rights standards established by the United Nations and agreed on by most member nations of this world body. This article reviews the definition of human rights and standards pertaining to police officers that are known as international human rights instruments. The methods suggested by the United Nations to implement human rights, along with measures to monitor human rights violations and sanctions for violation of human rights by police officers, are covered in the discussion.
Studying Civil Suits Against the Police: A Serendipitous Finding of Sample Selection Bias
Authors: Archbold Carol A. , Maguire Edward R.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the sources of municipal variation in the number of civil suits filed against police. Although a number of theoretical explanations are plausible, existing data and research are limited to a handful of rational/ technical explanations. A secondary analysis of a national survey data set reveals a moderate but manageable problem with missing data among the predictors. However, the problem is more severe for the outcome variable, the ratio of civil suits per 1,000 field officers, which is missing for about 70% of respondents. The authors explore a number of potential remedies based on recent advances in the statistical treatment of incomplete multivariate data. Their analysis suggests that data on civil suits are not missing randomly: There are important and quantifiable differences between respondents and nonrespondents to this survey item. These findings suggest a modest case of sample selection bias, which cannot be corrected using even the most recent statistical advances. The remedy lies not in statistics but in the use of new and creative research methods that account for the sensitive nature of the topic.
Moving Police and Community Dialogues Forward Through Data Collection Task Forces
Authors: Farrell Amy , McDevitt Jack , Buerger Michael E.
Published: May 2004

Although collection of information about traffic or pedestrian stops is an important part of a department's strategy to address perceptions of bias, taken by itself this data may be insufficient to resolve the controversy about racial profiling. Unfortunately, most jurisdictions have implemented data collection systems with little thought about how information will be disseminated to the public or, more important, used to create an effective policecommunity dialogue about police operations. A model of community-police task forces may be used to facilitate discussions of racial profiling data and enhance a police-community conversation about appropriate police operations. This article discusses the challenges of role definition, representation, leadership, and goals setting that face task forces devoted to understanding the problem of racial profiling.
The Impact of Caution and Blame on Organizational Learning
Authors: Vince Russ , Saleem Tahir
Published: May 2004

The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between emotion, learning and organizing. In particular, this involves developing an understanding of how emotional and political aspects of organizing can shed light on the tensions between individual and organizational learning. The research highlights organizational dynamics created through repeated patterns of caution and blame within a public sector organization. The study shows how these dynamics inhibited processes of reflection and communication within the organization, undermining the implementation and further development of strategies explicitly designed for organizational learning. The article explores the politics that arise from attempts to organize learning, as well as how organizational politics are created from and reinforced by emotions expressed both individually and collectively. The final section covers discussions on the contribution of this study to organizational learning, the implications of the study for organizations, and issues for further research.
The Changing Color of Money: European Currency Iconography and Collective Identity
Authors: Hymans Jacques E.C.
Published: May 2004

This article investigates currency iconography as an indicator of the content of collective identities in Europe. Using an original database of the human figures on European paper money since the 19th century, the article finds a combination of iconographic similarity across space and iconographic difference across time. This finding suggests that rather than using the currency to indoctrinate the public with a set of specifically national values, European state elites have traditionally tried to use the currency to enhance their public legitimacy by embracing the values currently fashionable in pan-European society. The article then draws out the implications of this argument for understanding the iconography of the euro and the prospects for a European ‘demos’.
Election Campaigning on the WWW in the USA and UK
Authors: Gibson Rachel K. , Margolis Michael , Resnick David , Ward Stephen J.
Published: May 2004

This article is a comparative analysis of British and American parties and candidate election campaigning on the World Wide Web during the Presidential and General Elections of 2000 and 2001, respectively. The central questions are twofold: (1) Do parties differ across the two systems in terms of how they use the Web as a campaign tool? (2) Does the Web promote a more balanced or equalized exposure for party messages than other media? A combination of interview data, content analysis of sites and analysis of online and offline media coverage of the election is used to investigate these questions. Conclusions are drawn about the similarity of Web campaigning across the two countries and about the increasing dominance of the major parties, particularly in the UK.