bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Stokes Christopher
Published: January 2021

The Introduction lays out the relevance of prayer as an area of enquiry, noting that its quintessential position as an act of religious subjectivity means that it responds to the historical conditions of modernity and secularity in a different way from more objective phenomena like theology, denominational structures, or patterns of conceptual belief. It is noted that whilst Romanticist scholarship has always analysed the question of Romantic religion, it has overwhelmingly tended to do so through these objective contexts: this is all the more surprising when the deep historical and formal affinity of poetry (especially lyric poetry) to prayer is recognized. The Introduction concludes by laying out the basic thesis of this work: that poets used poetry as a uniquely positioned space to explore, critique, and even reinvent prayer in modernity.
‘Till all my sense is lost in infinite’
Authors: Stokes Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces Anna Letitia Barbauld’s long-standing project to reassert an emotional aspect to Rational Dissenting prayer, which threatened to slip into sterilely intellectual contemplation. However, evoking various affective legacies relevant to Dissenting sensibility—from Isaac Watts to Edward Young—creates poems that struggle to reconcile the competing pulls of reason and passion. Whilst a scene she inherits from the thought of the Unitarian theologian Joseph Priestley—the solitary intellect meditating silently on the sublimity of the divine—overhangs her work, she moves increasingly beyond it. She experiments with greater degrees of affect in both verse and prose hymns, and the chapter concludes by examining a final Barbauldian understanding of the emotions of prayer as intrinsically social and intersubjective.
‘Hence the necessity of Prayer’
Authors: Stokes Christopher
Published: January 2021

Samuel Taylor Coleridge began as a Unitarian: this chapter charts the poetic emergence, in his work, of a stranger and more disturbing sense of prayer than Rational Dissent could conceive. Pushing at the borders of reason—slightly archaic and opening the self to mysterious otherness—Gothic prayers become something of a Coleridgean obsession in the late 1790s, in poems like ‘Christabel’ and ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. The attempt to understand prayer as an experience beyond the shallowly rational version of it which Coleridge inherits from Unitarian thought continues, and culminates in his 1820s Kantian-influenced philosophy of prayer, which is reconstructed from notebook entries and other fragmentary materials.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

The Introduction sets synthetic realism in the context of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century culture and aesthetics to show why literary realism needs to be grasped in metaphysical terms. Ranging across contemporary periodical culture and works of literature, philosophy, and science, it examines the ways in which realist theory and practice grapples with the recalcitrance of ‘reality’ as a shifting referential cipher. The Introduction also considers previous critical approaches and suggests that the effects of these encounters between realist aesthetics and philosophical discourse were more various, ambiguous, and complex than we might have thought. It concludes with brief overviews of the book’s five main chapters and elucidates the overarching arguments that are developed within them.
Joseph Conrad
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

Joseph Conrad famously declared a desire ‘above all, to make you see’, but he also repeatedly deploys abstract nouns—truth, beauty, the universe—to denote his representational ambitions. Discussing Conrad’s use of the idea of the real as an anchor for his fiction, this chapter works across literature and philosophy not by recourse to the model of a ‘lens’ or influence study, but instead examines the ways in which the particularly metaphysical dimension of the representational capacities and incapacities of language reveals the contradictions inherent in our desire to place the objects of our experience in a clear, vivid scheme. What demands do realities beyond our sensory experience make upon us for shape and conceptual clarity? In new readings of Nostromo and The Secret Agent, this chapter explores how Conrad’s use of metaphor and analogy fractures the metonymic chains through which realism moves between the known and the unknown.
Ford Madox Ford
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

This chapter seeks to educe the forms of truth that impressionist aesthetics wants to elicit from representation by re-approaching the relationship between particular impressions and universal categories of experience, in order to ask what happens when realism, a mode premised on the production of consensual knowledge, encounters the contingencies of individual vision. Ford insists upon a holistic axiom of literary impressionism in his critical writings, insisting that a thing conceived apart from its relationships would not be a thing, since all language is a matter of relating some things to other things. Yet Ford’s narrators seek a kind of knowledge that is not discursive—that does not rely on the choice of a particular linguistic formulation, and that one cannot be argued out of. Ford stages this descriptive limit by exploiting a set of non-descriptive terms—everything and nothing. The indescribable here means not so much a sublime beyond comprehension but rather the particularities of individual feelings.
Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations: A Sceptical Reading
Authors: Wynne J. P. F.
Published: January 2021

Cicero wrote his later philosophical works as an Academic sceptic. In those dialogues, he often writes speeches for and against a proposition, leaving the reader’s judgement free. But in his Tusculan Disputations, Cicero speaks only against an interlocutor’s stated belief. He does this five times. The theses of Cicero’s five arguments form a Stoic outlook on happiness. Can the Tusculans be sceptical? I argue that Cicero aims to convince neither his interlocutor, nor the reader, of the truth of what he argues for. Rather, he aims to argue us out of each stated belief, and not into any other. I further argue Cicero the author chooses to argue against exactly the five beliefs of his interlocutors not to argue for any dogmatic position, but to argue against five beliefs that are very widely believed, and troubling to believe. Academic scepticism can relieve us of those beliefs and troubles.
Sextus Empiricus on Religious Dogmatism
Authors: Veres Máté
Published: January 2021

I present a reading of Sextus Empiricus’ two major discussions of philosophical theology (PH 3. 3–12 and M 9. 14–191) on which they offer divergent but compatible strategies for suspension of judgement about specific theological tenets. In Section 1, I focus on PH 3. 12 and M 9. 49 in order to make the case that the two discussions follow the same philosophical agenda. In Section 2, I argue that Pyrrhonists can participate in religious cult without compromising their suspensive stance. In Section 3, I analyse the argument of PH 3 with an eye to the dogmatic proposals concerning the conception, existence, and providence of god that it targets. In Section 4, I turn to M 9 to show that Sextus relies on dogmatic material to make the case for suspension not only concerning divine existence but also concerning the natural or conventional origin of the concept of god.
Ancient Philosophy, Ancient History
Authors: Barnes Jonathan
Published: January 2021

Fifty papers, more than half dealing with philosophy at Rome, half a dozen classic pieces; all elegant, many diverting as well as instructive; and all eminently sane (a rare phenomenon). The drama takes place in Rome. The time, from the Gracchi to Marcus Aurelius. The protagonists, Cicero and Seneca, with Pliny as a comprimario, and a large supporting cast. Pawn your grandmother’s tea-spoons and buy a copy. A question unites the volume: how did philosophy affect Rome’s statesmen? Some historians offer a sceptical answer: ‘Philosophy? Window-dressing.’ Others urge that philosophical doctrines did determine political actions, that (say) the Gracchi’s reforms were grounded on Stoic dogma. Miriam Griffin doubts the influence of doctrine, but she is not a sceptic: the politicians were affected not by theory but by a habit of mind. When they pondered practical questions, they applied the methods and conceptual resources they had learned from their philosophical studies.
Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights
Authors: Nault Derrick M.
Published: January 2021

Africa throughout its postcolonial history has been plagued by human rights abuses ranging from intolerance of political dissent to heinous crimes such as genocide. Some observers consequently have gone so far as to suggest that human rights are a concept alien to African cultures. The International Criminal Court (ICC)’s focus on Africa in recent years has reinforced the region’s reputation as a hotspot for human rights violations. But despite Africa’s notoriety concerning human rights, Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights argues that the continent has been pivotal for helping shape contemporary human rights norms and practices. Challenging prevailing Eurocentric interpretations of human rights’ origins and evolution, it demonstrates that from the colonial era to the present Africa’s peoples have drawn attention to and prompted novel ways of thinking about human rights through their encounters with the world at large. Beginning with the depredations of King Leopold II in the Congo Free State in the 1880s and ending with the ICC’s current activities in Africa, it reveals how African events, personalities, groups, and nations have influenced the trajectory of human rights history in intriguing and critical ways, in the end enlarging and universalizing a major discourse of our time.
The Perils of ‘Progress’
Authors: Nault Derrick M.
Published: January 2021

Chapter Two, building on the insights of the German American political theorist Hannah Arendt, examines the African colonial origins of Nazi atrocities that led to the issuing of such documents as the Nuremberg Principles and Genocide Convention. It shows that Nazi racial beliefs, hardly a product of the 1930s or 40s, emerged from nineteenth-century theories of race and progress that were tested and refined in Africa. Highlighting the plight of blacks in South Africa and Nama and Herero in German South-West Africa, it further demonstrates that the concentration camp as an instrument of dehumanization and death was first perfected in southern Africa and later inspired Nazi proponents of genocide. As to why colonial Africa’s significance for World War II atrocities has largely gone unrecognized, the chapter discusses key events and social processes that gave rise to obfuscations and omissions in global historical memory.
J. M. Synge
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

This is a complete study of the works of the Irish playwright, travel writer, and poet J. M. Synge (1871–1909). A key and controversial figure in the Irish Literary Revival, and specifically in the Abbey Theatre, Synge’s career was short but dynamic. Moving from an early Romanticism, through Decadence, and on to a combative, protesting modernism, the development of Synge’s drama was propelled by his contentious relationship with the Irish politics of his time. This book is a full and timely reappraisal of Synge’s works, exploring both the prose and the drama through an in-depth study of Synge’s archive. Rather than looking at Synge’s work in relation to any distinct subject, this study examines Synge’s aesthetic and philosophical values, and charts the challenges posed to them as the impetus behind his reluctant movement into a more modernist mode of writing. Along the way, the book sheds new and often surprising light on Synge’s interests in occultism, pantheism, socialism, Darwinism, modernization, and even his late satirical engagement with eugenics. One of its key innovations is the use of Synge’s diaries, letters, and notebooks to trace his reading and to map the influences buried in his work, calling for them to be read afresh. Not only does this book reconsider each of Synge’s major works, along with many unfinished or archival pieces, it also explores the contested relationship between Revivalism and modernism, modernism and politics, and modernism and Romanticism.
Introduction
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

The introduction outlines Synge’s main aesthetic, philosophical and spiritual values, drawing on archival material and early texts to emphasise the importance of a connection to, and harmony with, nature. Guiding the reader through the critical heritage on Synge, and the emergence of a political Synge in criticism, it also explores the culture of the Irish Revival in relationship to modernity. It also outlines key themes for the book: Synge’s engagement with mysticism, socialism, modernisation, Irish nationalism and European literature. The introduction positions Synge as a writer who was a Romantic in temperament, but a modernist in practice.
The Wicklow Essays
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the essays Synge wrote and revised over a decade (1898–1908) during his travels in Wicklow. Beginning with a discussion of Synge’s engagement with natural history, and his simultaneous engagement with positivistic science and works on spiritualism and mysticism, the chapter firstly argues that Synge’s religious sense was pantheistic and worked to reconcile his belief in evolutionary science with a sense of the numinous. Drawing on ecocritical scholarship, the chapter reads Synge’s essays alongside his contemporary reading of evolutionary theorists such as Henry Drummond, T. H. Huxley, and Darwin, and writers who applied evolutionary thought to anthropology and sociology, such as James Frazer and Herbert Spencer. By showing that Synge worked to ‘re-enchant’ nature, emphasizing close connection with the physical world as the principal source of spiritual experience, and by placing this alongside the occult knowledge explored in the previous chapter, Chapter 2 shows that Synge’s view of nature is essentially mystical. Synge’s contribution to little magazines is used to trace the development of his work, showing how the illustrations chosen for his article ‘The Last Fortress of the Celt’ work to compound Synge’s presentation of the Irish peasant as a member of the global primitive. Finally, this is shown to have a socialistic dimension through Synge’s writings about forms of labour, in which the vagrant figure, through the rejection of the unequal exchange of time and capital, is freed into a sort of religious state which Synge then associates with the opposition between ‘vigorous’ and Decadent art.
‘From the Congested Districts’
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

While travelling in the ‘Congested Districts’ of Mayo and Connemara with Jack Yeats in early summer 1905, on commission for The  Manchester Guardian, Synge wrote a short vignette which he later added to the fourth part of his as-yet-unpublished prose narrative, The Aran Islands. The vignette in question takes the form of an inserted ‘set piece’ in which a crow is found trying to smash a golf ball. Here, the manuscript reveals the effects of the Guardian commission in confirming Synge’s oppositions to modernization in the west of Ireland and in prompting an increasing irony towards his earlier Romanticism. Taking this ‘set piece’ as its starting point, this chapter mobilizes Synge’s reading in socialism, and his correspondence and drafts for the Guardian commission, to demonstrate the writer’s socialist proclivities and to chart their nuances. Drawing on the earlier chapters of the book, this chapter shows that Synge’s socialism is rooted in nature and mystical experience, and in thought patterns borrowed from Spencerian evolutionism: he opposes modernization when it takes on a homogenizing form which he perceives as anti-nature. By showing that for Synge the aesthetic is politicized, and the political aestheticized, this chapter also registers a recalibrated Synge, evolving a more modernist response to his own notoriety. It concludes by positing the revision of his subsequent article, ‘The People of the Glens’, as a measure of an increasingly ironic sensibility, leading into the elaborate ironical, political structures of his final completed play, The Playboy of the Western World.
Conclusion
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

Returning to Synge’s first completed play, the Conclusion shows that despite its clunky construction and heavy-handed didacticism, When the Moon Has Set (1900–3) contains the kernels of many of the concerns traced throughout this book. When the Moon Has Set illustrates Synge’s basic values before they were politicized, and thus acts in this Conclusion as an apt comparison by which to judge the increasing modernism of Synge’s work after his pantheism, mysticism, and socialism were mobilized and ironized by the Revival and its concomitant pressures. Touching on Synge’s final uncompleted play, Deirdre of the Sorrows, the conclusion suggests that the trajectory traced in this book does not find a satisfactory conclusion in this work, which Synge himself admitted might be too removed from real social and political concerns to be successful. It was, for him, both his final play and a new departure, and suffered from the pressure of the adverse reaction to The Playboy of the Western World. Finally, by tracing the afterlives of Synge in writers such as W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Djuna Barnes, and Flann O’Brien, the book closes by suggesting the new ways in which our understanding of modernism and Revivalism (and the relationship between the two) can be reconfigured in the light of Synge’s work, positing Synge not only as an early leftist modernist but also as a writer of radical literary and political potential.
Introduction: Media Behaviors; or The New Messages of Old Media
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

Based on the proposition that new media uses of literary texts often respond to ways that texts were already about their relationship to media, the chapter develops a methodology that relies on the specificity of a text’s medial afterlife to open avenues of inquiry into the text’s significance in earlier historical contexts and media ecologies. The chapter contends that the vehicles for how a text culturally persists include the contingent relationship the text bears to media, a contingency memorialized in how it hypermedially uses, refers to, and comments on its lack of immediacy. The chapter previews the book’s findings when its new method of historicist reception study is applied to specific medial afterlives of William Blake’s, Walter Scott’s, and Jane Austen’s writings. It also explains how its methodology relies on Gilles Deleuze’s concept of the virtual substrate present in any reality, an idea whose Romantic antecedent is the notion of “capabilities.”
The Joy of Looking
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

The chapter locates the subversive political potential of Blake’s art not in its cultivation of an audience elite enough to rise to the challenge of the sublime but in its viral medial appeals to audiences’ heterogeneous tastes for beauty. Individual Blake pictures have long tended to circulate apart from the composite, multi-media art to which they are supposedly integral. The chapter argues that this tendency activates formal potentials in the art. Blake worked at a time when aesthetic philosophers conceived of aesthetic experience, particularly of “the beautiful,” as an organic legislative force. The chapter argues for the potential radicalism of Blake’s multi-media art for its own age—and for others—on the grounds that it turns “the beautiful” into a legislative force designed to activate and exploit the disintegrated, heterogeneous wants of the populations that experience it.
Epilogue
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

The epilogue contends that the book’s methodology politically challenges canons by taking seriously the media commentaries and medial savviness of genres and texts that tend to be denigrated as “derivative” on account of their secondary relationship to canonical texts. It then proposes that the markedly different medial afterlives that Walter Scott’s novels and Jane Austen’s novels have enjoyed in film and in fanfiction derive in part from differences in historical consciousness that their respective fictions promote. Whereas fanfiction has been medially hailed by Austen’s novels, Scott’s novels survive in the project of living history museums. The epilogue concludes with a reading of William Blake’s proverb “As the plow follows words, so God rewards prayers.”
Conclusions
Authors: Celati Marta
Published: January 2021

The final section sums up the main innovative findings of this whole study. It points out how starting from the second half of the fifteenth century the development of a ‘thematic genre’ of literature on conspiracies was influenced by, but at the same time contributed to, the phenomenon of the literary fashioning of the profile of the ideal ruler, who now corresponded to the figure of a princeps. This literature also contributed to the creation of a new language and symbology of power through the multifunctional reworking of the classical legacy. This evolution culminated in Machiavelli’s attention to the issue of political plots in this work, with an approach that proves to be partly inspired by the previous cultural horizon, but already prominently projected towards an utterly new conceptual world. This analysis, besides providing a missing chapter on the background of Machiavelli’s work, more generally, underlines the significant contribution made by the humanist tradition, through its various literary expressions, to the development of modern political theories and to the history of our culture.
Isaac Bashevis Singer, Translation, and Ghost World Literature
Authors: Zaritt Saul Noam
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers an account of Isaac Bashevis Singer’s translation practices, from the beginning of his career in interwar Poland to his rise to fame in the postwar period. Like Asch, Bashevis agreed to various forms of essentialization, approximation, and even erasure in order to embed Yiddish within the institution of world literature, declaring his sense of security in US culture while announcing worldly ambitions. Bashevis at times courted the image of the “last Yiddish writer,” self-mythologizing as a paradigmatic Jewish storyteller in order to propose the universalization of Yiddish through translation. Yet, like Glatstein, he remained conscious of the impossibilities of such a task, despite his own strict authorial control over the translation process. This chapter tracks that uncertainty in a series of pseudo-autobiographical short stories written in the 1960s and ’70s, in which Bashevis encounters the ghosts of a vernacular past hovering at the foundation of his work.
Between Heaven and Earth
Authors: Zaritt Saul Noam
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Saul Bellow’s use of Jewish vernacularity within his world-writing project. Focusing on the 1960s and ’70s, the height of his fame, the chapter analyzes how Bellow embeds his characters in post-immigrant Chicago, yet also active within global networks—and all while still longing, dialectically, for the universal. To reflect this dialectic, Bellow created a style that translates and aestheticizes Yiddish and immigrant colloquialisms. The result is writing characterized by obsessive, exhausting acts of compensation in which Bellow’s narrator must balance descent into Jewish vernacularity with a reach for sublime metaphor. Bellow’s attempts to translate Jewishness without abandoning the vernacular lead to an underdetermined attachment to Jewishness, producing, paradoxically, a parochial world literature—writing that hinges on the possibility of the local as a site of transcendence. But this locality remains untranslatable, such that instead of arriving at the universal Bellow is left with a set of uncertainties.
Non-Identity Theodicy
Authors: Vitale Vince R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter develops Non-Identity Theodicy—that is, theodicy primarily claiming that our existence as the individuals we are depends on God’s policy of evil and suffering allowance. Non-Identity Theodicy suggests that God allows evil in order to create and love the specific individuals who come to exist. This theodicy is unique because the justifying good recommended is neither harm-aversion nor pure benefit. It is not a good that betters the lives of individual human persons (for they would not exist otherwise), but it is the individual human persons themselves. In order to aim successfully at the creation of particular individuals, however, God would need a control of history so complete that it might be argued to be inconsistent with beliefs about human free will that are important to some theologies. In order to avoid this problem, a second version of Non-Identity Theodicy is constructed. This version considers whether God’s justifying motivation could be a desire for beings of our type, even if it could not be a desire for particular individuals. It is suggested that God would be interested in loving those he creates under various descriptions (e.g., biological, psychological, and narrative descriptions) and that a horror-prone environment is necessary for us to be the type of being we are under these descriptions. This second version of Non-Identity Theodicy allows some version of Non-Identity Theodicy to be available to the theist regardless of her views about the existence and nature of human free will.
The Good of Life
Authors: Vitale Vince R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers the implications of Non-Identity Theodicy for divine morality. This requires assessing the extent to which the moral status of a harm inducing action can be affected by the fact that the persons harmed by the action in question would not have existed had that action not been performed. It is argued (against some influential assumptions in the ethics of procreation literature) that the good of a worthwhile human life (lived by someone who otherwise would not have existed) has unique justificatory power, and further that the good of a God-given human life (lived by someone who otherwise would not have existed) has justificatory power great enough to depict God as not violating moral obligations to human persons by his policy of evil allowance. These arguments are aided by an analogy between divine creation and human procreation. Reflection on the morality of human procreation implies, it is suggested, that it is not always wrong to create people in an environment in which you know they will suffer seriously. Further, it is argued that if you think voluntary human procreation is in general morally permissible, you have even more reason to think that divine creation and sustenance is morally permissible; conversely, if you think it would be immoral for God to create and sustain our universe, then you have even more reason to think voluntary human procreation is in general immoral. It is concluded that Non-Identity Theodicy reasonably can be taken to be successful.
International parliamentary institutions
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the universe of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs): their attributes, their historical development, their regional variation and their organizational features. It shows that, while the first IPI dates from the nineteenth century, IPIs have only emerged in larger numbers after World War II and in particular during the post-Cold War period. In addition, IPIs have become increasingly affiliated with IOs. The chapter further assesses the autonomy and authority of IPIs. Whereas IPIs have retained or gained considerable organizational autonomy, their authority and capacity to affect the constitutional and policy decisions of international organizations as well as appointments of international officials have remained weak. The descriptive analysis thus provides detailed evidence for the rise of IPIs in numbers, but not in powers, and thus motivates the research puzzle of the study.
Introduction
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Borer Hagit
Published: January 2021

The introduction to this book reviews detail the major claims put forth in RoN in 1970, and in particular, the claim that complex words, with deverbal nominals being the case at point, represent a formation that is neither predictable nor productive, and are hence lexically listed. This claim goes hand in hand, in RoN, with the claim that whatever similarities do hold between the deverbal nominal such as destruction and the verb destroy emerge from the existence of a category neutral listed form, DESTROY, which has a consistent subcategorization frame (an object in this case), which is realized identically in the syntax, in accordance with the X’-theory, and where the form DESTROY itself inherits its category from its categorial insertion context (N, V etc.). Since 1970, a rich body of studies has emerged which investigated the properties of lexical formations such as destruction and their relationship with the verb destroy, giving rise to multiple accounts of the emergence of complex words, as well as to the emergence of distinct argument structure combination in the context of nominalizations in particular, and word formation in general. Particularly influential was Grimshaw’s (1990) work, which introduced a typologically sound distinction between nominalizations with event structure (Complex Event Nominals, or Argument Structure Nominals) and nominals which lack event structure, and which may be result nominals or referential nominals or Simple Event Nominals, i.e. nouns which denote an event, but which do not have an event structure in the verbal sense (e.g. trip). More recently there has been the questioning of the partition between word formation and syntactic constituent building altogether, starting with Marantz (1997), and continuing with influential work by many of the contributors to this volume. This volume brings together a sample of contemporary approaches to nominalization, based on the historical record, but also branching into new grounds, both in terms of their syntactic approaches, and in terms of the range of languages considered.<320>
D vs. n nominalizations within and across languages
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: January 2021

In ‘D vs. n nominalizations within and across languages’ Alexiadou, based on cross-linguistic and inner language variation, discusses two types of nominalizations: D-based vs. n-based. Building on Hiraiwa (2005) and Wiltschko (2014), Alexiadou assumes that there is a common skeleton for the nominal and verbal domain. This allows then the formation of mixed categories and the inclusion of layers of the same semantic basis, which can be interchanged. The chapter shows that not all noninalizations are equally verbal, although they have a verbal core. Importantly, however, nominalizations are not derived transformationally from clauses. Rather, both verbal and nominal clauses are assembled in the syntax, share functional layers, and thus show similar properties. Finally, Alexiadou discusses de-nominal verbalization and proposes that it is not possible in languages such as English, as licensing of case on nominal internal arguments blocks it. <139>
Nominalizing verbal passive
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2021

In her chapter ‘Nominalizing verbal passives: PROs and cons’, Borer argues that nominalization, and by extension many other morphological processes, must be syntactic. Borer focuses on so-called short argument structure nominals (SASNs), i.e. ASNs which are missing an overt logical (external) subject, and which do not obligatorily take a by-phrase. Borer provides evidence that SASNs embed a passive structure, with the latter showing most of the syntactic properties of clausal verbal passive, including the promotion of the internal argument. Nominalization is thus an operation which can combine a passivized verbal extended projection with a higher nominal head. Long ASNs, in turn, are nominalizations which bring together a nominalizer with an active Verbal Extended Projection, ExP[V], complete with all its arguments, including the external. ASNs (de-verbal/de-adjectival), according to Borer, therefore must contain a verbal/adjectival ExP, and the argument array in ASNs is that which is associated with the embedded ExP[V] and ExP[A] respectively, and not with the noun. This in turn means that the operation Nominalization, which brings together a verbal/adjectival stem with a nominalizing affix, must be allowed to apply to the output of syntactic operations which involve complex syntactic phrases, including passive and movement.
Relative nominals and event nominals in Hiaki
Authors: Harley Heidi
Published: January 2021

In ‘Relative nominals and event nominals in Hiaki’, Harley discusses an interesting formal overlap between nominalizations which create relative-clause like structures and nominalizations which create event nominals in Hiaki (Yaqui). The nominalizer which usually derives a subject relative nominal, when applied to an argumentless predicate such as a weather verb or an impersonal passive, also derives an event nominal. Harley argues that this is because the event argument IS the ‘subject’ of an argumentless predicate, the only accessible argument for the nominalizer to reify. In the process of proposing a uniform semantics for the relative nominalizers and the event nominalizer, a detailed analysis of both is provided. The nominalizers are argued to select an AspP complement. In entity-referring relative nominals, null operator movement is involved; in the event-referring event nominals, no operator is needed or possible. The syntax and morphology of the relative nominalizers is worked out in detail, with particular attention to the genitive-marked subjects of object, oblique, and locative relative nominals. <163>
Nominalizations, case domains, and restructuring in two Amazonian languages
Authors: Salanova Andrés Pablo , Tallman Adam
Published: January 2021

In ‘Nominalizations, case domains, and restructuring in two Amazonian languages’ Salanova and Tallman examine the synchronic state of two constructions whose diachronic origin in constructions that embed nominalizations is clear. Though nominal morphology in the lower clause and subordinating elements such as adpositions are the most obvious signs of their structure, the primary motivation in the literature for proposing embedding of nominalized clauses has been to explain unusual alignment patterns: In languages that are normally ergative, these constructions are associated with a double nominative (or double unmarked) alignment. This is the case in the two constructions examined, and so their discussion is built around the alignment observed in them. The data come from Mẽbêngôkre, a Northern Jê language spoken in central Brazil, and of similar facts in Chácobo, a Panoan language spoken in northern Bolivia, where, however, the status of the relevant construction as a nominalization is less clear categorially speaking. The authors propose an analysis of these constructions that capitalizes on the presence of two case domains in these languages.<171>
Prepositional prefixing and allosemy in nominalizations
Authors: Wood Jim
Published: January 2021

Wood’s ‘Prepositional prefixing and allosemy in nominalizations’ discusses how Icelandic prepositional prefixing supports three main points. First, Wood shows that prepositions play a dual role in constructing verb meaning—while they may have meaning of their own, they may also condition a special meaning for verbal roots. Second, the patterns of prefixation in Icelandic support the claim that DNs, even in the Complex Event Nominal (CEN) reading, can be built by combining heads together directly, without any phrasal material below the nP level. This is in contrast to what Wood calls the ‘Phrasal Layering’ analysis, where what is nominalized is a full verb phrase, perhaps with a VoiceP or other extended vP layers. Third, Wood shows that adjunction and complementation define distinct domains for the conditioning of idiosyncratic meaning, and both are available for the syntactic assembly of words and phrases.<141>
Growth Strategies and Employers’ Coalitions
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo
Published: January 2021

In the wake of the global financial crisis, systems of economic production and social protection may well be under siege. Countries are forging new growth strategies in the post-crisis, post-industrial economy. Alternative growth strategies include export-led growth, demand-led growth relying on public Keynesian fiscal policies, and demand-led growth relying on private Keynesian policies to foster easy credit and household debt. New growth strategies may well elicit shifts in the boundaries of the welfare state, and dominant producer groups are likely to be crucial agents in post-crisis welfare reform processes. Employers—often in conjunction with labor—may build coalitions to forge new social reform packages in support of national growth strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to understand employers’ changing preferences for social provision and participation in reform coalitions. The chapter suggests that the structure of industrial relations organizations shapes employers’ preferences and coalitions to promote new strategies for growth.
Housing Finance Between Social Welfare and Growth Strategies
Authors: Reisenbichler Alexander
Published: January 2021

Housing and mortgage markets sit at the intersection of growth regimes and the welfare state, as they are engines for economic growth and fulfill important social functions. This chapter shows how the different linkages between housing finance, the welfare state, and growth regimes shape the ways in which policy-makers utilize housing finance policies as growth strategies. In demand-led economies relying on credit and consumption, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, policy-makers can utilize fiscal, off-budget, and monetary policies as “financialized” growth strategies to stimulate housing demand, credit, and consumption. Countries based on export manufacturing, such as Germany, are complementary to conservative housing finance policies that restrain housing and domestic demand to secure cost competitiveness. To illustrate these arguments, the chapter details the contrasting political developments of housing finance policies as growth strategies in the United States and Germany since the 1970s.
Introduction
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

In the introduction the book’s central themes are introduced. Agents are often considered special, in that agents actively do things. Non-agents, by contrast, are zones of mere passivity. The aim of this book is to offer a perspective on agency that allows agency to stand out as special when compared to non-agentive systems. This perspective will be developed by way of interlinked explanations of the basic building blocks of agency, as well as its exemplary instances. Novel accounts of several key phenomena are developed: control over behavior, non-deviant causation, intentional action, skill, and knowledgeable action. Along the way the role of planning, practical reasoning, belief, and knowledge receive thorough discussion.
Approaches to Democracy
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers a critique of the current state of play in the study of democracy. It aims to pinpoint both strengths and limitations of current theories and approaches. A broad range of approaches is covered: the discourse of ‘models of democracy’; the conception of ‘liberal democracy’ that prevails in the comparative study of democratic states and democratization; the deliberative model; normative political philosophy approaches; the world of ‘democratic innovations’, including direct and participative innovations; and recent ‘pragmatic’ and problem-driven approaches. The chapter identifies through these critiques a set of lessons to carry forward, including key points about embracing plurality and the role of experimentation in rethinking democracy.
Design Thinking for Democracy
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts the key features of design thinking that can, and should, have an impact on our thinking about designing democracy. The expansion of ‘design thinking’ and ‘design studies’ in recent years is examined in some detail to draw out promising insights for work on democracy. Designers today are turning attention to systems design, rather than focusing exclusively on material artefacts. After looking at the limitations of current democratic theory invocations of ‘design’, the chapter unpacks the meanings of design. From discussion of central features of design—its character and scope, functions and purposes, and modes of reasoning—the chapter concludes with a summary of the main implications for democratic thinking.
Design in Practice
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

This chapter pulls together the different forms of rationale for the democratic design framework, and offers a detailed summary of its core components and their provenance. This summary includes a practical step-by-step guide to democratic design, from definition of the specific political challenge at hand to consideration of the life of specific democratic designs or models. The bulk of the chapter sets out an illustrative case study of the application of the framework and its guide, focused on democratic challenges and change in the United Kingdom in the light of the principles of equality, resources, citizen engagement, and citizen participation.
Quo vadis and Ancient Rome in the United States, 1896–1905
Authors: Scodel Ruth
Published: January 2021

The immense success of Quo vadis in the United States prompted widespread interest in both its most interesting character, Petronius, and in its account of the reign of Nero. Although Sienkiewicz mentions the Satyricon only briefly, in the period following the novel’s appearance new translations of the Cena Trimalchionis were published, along with editions intended for students of Latin, despite the Satyricon’s earlier reputation as decadent and its association with pornography. Sienkiewicz’s sympathetic portrayal of Petronius was probably responsible for making this reception of the Cena possible. The general educated public was also concerned about the historical basis of Quo vadis. Readers who found the novel too sensational, as many did, not surprisingly also questioned its historical accuracy. Debates about the novel also show the complex influence of Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which accepts Tacitus’s account of Nero’s persecution, but more generally argues that Christian accounts of persecutions are exaggerated. American critics of Quo vadis applied Gibbon’s arguments about Diocletian’s persecution to Nero’s. Academics who provided expert guidance seem uncritical compared to ancient historians today: while they point out that Tacitus did not have personal knowledge of Nero’s reign, they do not consider his sources or methods.
Quo vadis on the Stage
Authors: Mayer David
Published: January 2021

In contrast to the applause and attendance figures generated by the several film adaptations which followed from 1913, theatrical renderings of Quo vadis were ridiculed, and stage runs were conspicuously brief. Theatre was not able to realise the strongly physical episodes the novelist had imagined and that motion pictures could supply. Although posters advertising the play depicted Lygia’s ordeal in the arena and her rescue by the strong-man Ursus grappling with a maddened aurochs, this crucial ‘sensation scene’ was never brought before theatre audiences. At best, stage versions of Quo vadis were disappointing, at worst they were dismal failures. On the English-speaking stage, three separate iterations of Quo vadis, not adapted until 1900, followed Wilson Barrett’s 1895 play The Sign of the Cross by five years and followed William Young’s theatrical version of Ben-Hur by a year. It wasn’t merely that these earlier plays had consumed the oxygen that might have given life to Quo vadis, it was also that stage versions of Quo vadis relied on similar configurations of characters found in The Sign of the Cross, of Christian-Pagan conflict, and of plots of martyrdom at the whims of despotic Roman emperors and their lubricious wives. Even Wilson Barrett’s adaptation failed to generate much enthusiasm and was readily replaced by his money-spinning biblical dramas and toga-plays. This study will consider adaptations by Jeanette L. Gilder, by Stanislav Stange, and Wilson Barrett. It will account for more successful stage versions of the novel performed in the Roman Catholic countries Italy and France.
Dangerous Liaisons: Quo vadis? (1913, dir. Enrico Guazzoni) and the Previous Theatrical Adaptations of Sienkiewicz’s Novel
Authors: Dagna Stella
Published: January 2021

Quo vadis?, directed by Enrico Guazzoni in 1913, is still one of the most faithful film adaptations of the novel by Sienkiewicz. When the silent feature came to cinemas around the world, the story was already familiar to the majority of the audience, due to the popular success of the book and a proliferation of many derivative works, especially theatrical. In various ways, these adaptations developed audiences’ previous knowledge of the plot and the characters. Some of them were set in an openly illustrative relationship; others focused on a single narrative thread of the novel. The most complex examples, especially the 1909 opera by Jean Nouguès, offered a skilled concentration of the plot in a few scenes that were complex both in terms of narrative and staging. The director Guazzoni was quite familiar with the ‘horizons of expectation’ that adaptations of such a popular novel created, but he decided to use them differently. In his film, faithfulness to the original text became the most important trait of a new, ambitious staging strategy: the protection of the plot’s complexity and its spatial fragmentation. Performing a comparative analysis of the narrative spaces in Guazzoni’s film and in a few theatrical adaptations, this chapter delves into two different examples of interaction between the original novel, the adaptation, and viewer expectations: the centripetal model, in which the most important quality is the ability to synthesize, and the centrifugal one, based precisely on fidelity to the original text and to historical accuracy.