bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport for paediatric intensive care. Measuring the performance of a specialist transport service
Authors: CRAY S.H. , HEARD C.M.B.
Published: February 2007

Fifty children were referred for transport to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Two scoring systems were used for the transfer process. A physiology score derived from the paediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score was performed at referral, before transfer and on arrival on PICU. An interventions score based on the therapeutic intervention scoring system (TISS) was performed for interventions by the referring staff and by the transport team before and during transfer. Critical events during transport were recorded. Three children died at the referring hospital. Forty‐seven were transported by the PICU team. No child died or suffered a major physiological deterioration or equipment related problem in transit. Physiology scores did not deteriorate during transfer. Referral physiology scores did not reliably predict the need for major therapeutic interventions by the transport team before transfer. Critically ill children may be transported safely by a specialist team.
Deep sedation with propofol in preschool children undergoing radiation therapy
Authors: SCHEIBER G. , RIBEIRO F. C. , KARPIENSKI H. , STREHL K.
Published: February 2007

Immobilization of children undergoing radiation therapy always requires anaesthesia. Deep sedation with continuous infusion of propofol and spontaneous breathing, (we call it ‘sedative anaesthesia’), may be an alternative to general anaesthesia with intubation and controlled ventilation. This clinical report deals with 155 anaesthetics performed in 11 consecutive paediatric oncology patients, mean age 30 months (range 19–42), who required radiation therapy for from seven to 33 consecutive days. Mean duration of anaesthesia was 18 (±11) mins. For induction, a loading dose of 3.6 (SD±0.59) mg·kg−1 propofol was administered immediately followed by a continuous infusion of 7.4 (±2.2) mg·kg−1.h−1 for maintenance of anaesthesia. There were no complications of clinical importance involving respiration, circulation or neurology, except for one short episode of transient desaturation, which was managed by suctioning and changing head position. Children opened their eyes spontaneously four (±3.7) min after discontinuing the propofol infusion and could be discharged about 30 mins later. Tachyphylaxis or unpleasant side effects during and after anesthesia have not been observed. Sedative anaesthesia with propofol seems to be an excellent method to immobilize paediatric patients during radiotherapeutic procedures.
Systematic screening for diabetic retinopathy with a digital fundus camera following pupillary dilatation in a university diabetes department
Authors: Deb‐Joardar N. , Germain N. , Thuret G. , Garcin A.‐F. , Manoli P. , Defreyn A. , Gain P. , Estour B.
Published: February 2007

Aims  Screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is highly inadequate in France because of insufficient infrastructure and increasing disease prevalence. We describe the results of the first systematic DR screening programme established in a university diabetes department.

Methods  In this cross‐sectional study conducted over 1 year, consecutive adult patients underwent three‐field retinal photography with the Topcon TRC NW6S digital fundus camera following pupillary dilatation with Tropicamide 1%. A questionnaire provided information on patients’ systemic and ocular history. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured at the screening visit. Two ophthalmologists graded the retinal photographs in a masked fashion.

Results  Of 1157 patients attending the diabetes department, 1153 (99.7%) underwent photographic screening. Images were gradable in 96% patients. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 522 (45%) patients and sight‐threatening DR in 167 (14%). Of 704 (61%) patients previously believed to have no DR, 254 (34%) screened positive. The presence of DR was associated with age, insulin use and non‐Caucasian ethnicity in Type 2 patients, and with duration of diabetes and HbA1c in Type 1 and Type 2 patients. Associated ocular pathologies were diagnosed in 612 (53%) patients.

Conclusions  Our photographic screening programme using pharmacological mydriasis provided a high screening coverage feasible in a hospital setting. We obtained information regarding prevalence and associated risk factors of DR in patients attending a tertiary care centre. Screening was well accepted by patients and met with no protest from city ophthalmologists. It generated considerable interest among endocrinologists and feedback of results is expected to improve optimization of glycaemic control.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A SOCIAL ENGINEERING TOOL: A NEW JERSEY CASE STUDY
Authors: Tavernier Edmund M.
Published: February 2007

This study uses logistic regression to examine the preferences for social engineering policies in the agricultural sector in a New Jersey case study. It finds that farm operators are unlikely to support a policy allowing countries to restrict trade to pursue domestic economic and social policy goals if the policies affect international trade. In particular, it suggests that farm operators with annual gross sales including government payments between $500 000 and $999 999 are 80 percent less likely to indicate such a preference. Farm operators with advanced degrees, some college education, and a high school diploma are also unlikely to indicate such a preference. In contrast, farm operators who receive no income from farming or ranching and those who receive a percentage of family income from farming or ranching indicate that countries should be allowed to restrict trade to pursue domestic economic and social policy goals even if the policies affect international trade.
Disabled People and Employment
Authors: Gladstone D. E.
Published: February 2007

After a review of the history of measures to help disabled people since the end of the first world war, the author examines the situation of disabled persons during a period of high unemployment. He discusses the failure as he sees it of strategies introduced after the 1944 Act, and points to the new strategies now required.
Dental Manpower
Authors: Birch Stephen , Maynard Alan
Published: February 2007

A recent report by the Department of Health and Society Security (DHSS) has argued that a 10% reduction in the intake to dental schools is needed if an oversupply of dentists over the next forty years is to be avoided. Whilst welcoming this recommendation it is likely that it may not go far enough. In this article we describe the approach used in the DHSS report to estimate the demand for and supply of dental care and examine the relevance and implications of the methods used and assumptions made in that report.

It is argued that the use of extrapolations of past trends and the absence of sensitivity analysis in much of the analysis implies that little confidence can be placed in the estimates and that on balance the conclusions of the report are likely to lead to an excess supply of dentists over the next forty years. Recommendations are made for improving the planning of the future supply of dentists.
Reforming Supplementary Benefit: The impact on claimants
Authors: Walker Carol
Published: February 2007

The Government bill to reform social security will become an Act in 1986, and is planned for implementation in April 1987. One of the most significant areas for change will be the supplementary benefit scheme, which now has some four million claimants, and supports over seven million people. It will be replaced by the income support scheme, which will differ in important respects from the current provision.

The review of the SB scheme, set up by Norman Fowler, was the second major review of the scheme in less than a decade. The first review was set up by the Labour Government in 1976 and culminated in major changes introduced by the Conservative Government in the Social Security Act 1980.

This article examines what impact the 1980 scheme had on claimants, on their standard of living, on their understanding of the scheme and on the extent to which the scheme meets their needs. It then goes on to examine whether the Fowler Act will meet some of the criticisms of the 1980 reforms and, in particular, if it will improve the position of claimants.
Policing Mental Disorder: Controversies, Myths and Realities
Authors: Rogers Anne
Published: February 2007

In this article the premises on which Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 have been evaluated traditionally will be outlined and assessed using data from a recent empirical study. In examining the nature of police action in implementing this provision it is shown that police discretion and ability to act autonomously is constrained by the social context within which officers become involved in incidents and the external influences impinging on police decision making. It is suggested that legalism is inadequate both in accounting for the social realities of policing and relevant social policy implications. Instead, a social constructivist approach capable of accounting for wider influences on police action and mental health policy more generally is advocated as the basis on which to evaluate the future use of the provision.
Co‐Production and Self‐Care: New Approaches to Managing Community Care Services for Older People1
Authors: Wilson Gail
Published: February 2007

A lack of management theory which is relevant to human service agencies, combined with a failure to recognize the very large contribution which older people make to their own care, makes it difficult to deliver supportive services effectively. Self care by elders is divided, in this preliminary classification, into new strategies for everyday living, the reallocation of time and the avoidance of risk. Managers who understand that service users are co‐producers of care and recognize the need to manage the users, as well as their own staff and relations with other agencies, are more likely to be able to deliver good services. However the management of co‐production is at present only theorized for the private sector where ethical issues are less pressing and users are customers. In future a greater understanding of co‐production and the development of theory and practice which will combine the management of co‐production with the empowerment of users within the public sector will be essential.
Poverty and Anti‐Poverty Programmes in Rural China Since the Mid‐1980s
Authors: Guan Xinping
Published: February 2007

This paper reviews the characteristics of poverty in rural China, focussing on regional absolute poverty in particular. It comments on the different types of explanation put forward by researchers to account for the incidence and persistence of this type of poverty and argues that governmental anti‐poverty programmes must take more than economic factors into account if they are to be fully effective. There is discussion of existing governmental anti‐poverty practices and of the latest proposals for reform. The paper concludes by offering further suggestions for the future in respect of both anti‐poverty action and research.
Do‐It‐Yourself Social Policy: Searching for a New Paradigm?
Authors: Klein Rudolf , Millar Jane
Published: February 2007

One of the most significant trends of recent decades has been the growing importance of do‐it‐yourself social policy: i.e. individuals constructing their own welfare mix both within the public sector and in private markets. This paper argues that this challenges the traditional top‐down bias of social policy studies and requires a shift of focus within the discipline. The implications for normative theory, research strategy and policy analysis are explored. Some of the arguments for and against choice as a guiding principle are sketched out; some existing research on benefit take‐up and choice in education and health is reviewed and the case for moving away from the economist's simple model of rationality is put forward. Finally, we argue, there should be more emphasis in social policy on developing a better understanding of the way in which individuals take their decisions, the context of public policy within which they act and the interaction between the two.
The relationship between phonological awareness and word reading accuracy in Oriya and English: A study of Oriya‐speaking fifth‐graders
Authors: Mishra Ranjita , Stainthorp Rhona
Published: February 2007

This study investigated the relationships between phonological awareness and reading in Oriya and English. Oriya is the official language of Orissa, an eastern state of India. The writing system is an alphasyllabary. Ninety‐nine fifth grade children (mean age 9 years 7 months) were assessed on measures of phonological awareness, word reading and pseudo‐word reading in both languages. Forty‐eight of the children attended Oriya‐medium schools where they received literacy instruction in Oriya from grade 1 and learned English from grade 2. Fifty‐one children attended English‐medium schools where they received literacy instruction in English from grade 1 and in Oriya from grade 2. The results showed that phonological awareness in Oriya contributed significantly to reading Oriya and English words and pseudo‐words for the children in the Oriya‐medium schools. However, it only contributed to Oriya pseudo‐word reading and English word reading for children in the English‐medium schools. Phonological awareness in English contributed to English word and pseudo‐word reading for both groups. Further analyses investigated the contribution of awareness of large phonological units (syllable, onsets and rimes) and small phonological units (phonemes) to reading in each language. The data suggest that cross‐language transfer and facilitation of phonological awareness to word reading is not symmetrical across languages and may depend both on the characteristics of the different orthographies of the languages being learned and whether the first literacy language is also the first spoken language.
Awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards sun protection among skin cancer‐treated patients in France
Authors: Meyer N , Pruvost‐Balland C , Bourdon‐Lanoy E , Maubec E , Avri M‐F
Published: February 2007

Background  The incidence of skin cancer has risen over the past years, owing to increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Sun protection measures include avoiding exposure to the sun, using covering clothing and applying sunscreen. We evaluated the knowledge and compliance with advices about sun protection in a population of patients who had presented skin tumour(s).

Subjects and methods  A 30 question self‐reporting questionnaire evaluating sun protective behaviour was distributed to 217 consecutive skin cancer‐treated patients and completed by 198 of them.

Results  72% of the responders had presented a melanoma, and 26% of them had presented only non‐melanoma skin cancer. The present survey shows that patients who have had a skin cancer were aware of the cancer related risk of sunlight since 98% of the responders knew that ultraviolet radiations can include skin cancer. These patients did also take sun‐protective measures because 73% of them had worn covering clothes when in the sun and 59% of them avoided outdoor activities during the midday hours.

Conclusion  These results suggest that, after diagnosis of a skin cancer, patients limited their sun exposure; and wear protective clothing. However, sun‐protection measures did not seem to be completely adequate. An evaluation of the various barriers to sun safety might be a key to understanding the sub‐optimal sun protection.
Coping with acne: beliefs and perceptions in a sample of secondary school Greek pupils
Authors: Rigopoulos D , Gregoriou S , Ifandi A , Efstathiou G , Georgala S , Chalkias J , Katsambas A
Published: February 2007

Background  Information on the understanding of acne in adolescents has only occasionally been reported in the medical literature.

Objective  To evaluate the perceptions of Greek high school students regarding acne causation, exacerbating factors, sources of information, and effect on their daily life and school performance.

Patients and methods  Three‐hundred and forty‐seven students (aged 13–18) of four Athenian high schools completed a self‐reported questionnaire.

Results  Self‐reported acne was present in 59.2% (187/316). Popular sources of information were parents (31.6%), dermatologists (26.7%), magazines and television (17.5%), pharmacists (16.2%), friends (5.3%), beauticians (1.6%) and other doctors (1.1%). Fifty‐two per cent considered the information received as inadequate. Reported causal or exacerbating acne factors included: diet (62.3%), hormones (55.1%), poor hygiene (42.4%), stress (31.9%), infection (14.9%) and genetics (5.7%). Reported ameliorating factors included frequent washing (80.7%), sunbathing (38.6%) and adequate hours of sleep (32%). These notions did not differ among pupils with and without acne or among pupils receiving information from different sources (P < 0.05 in all comparisons). Smoking habits, school performance, hours of sleep, sleep disturbances and self‐assessment of stress status were not statistically significantly different between pupils with and without acne. Among pupils with acne 48.6% believed that acne was compromising interpersonal relations while 64.4% believed that acne was compromising their self‐image. Fifteen per cent of adolescents reported pruritus associated with their acne lesions.

Conclusion  Beliefs of Greek adolescents about acne were shown to be similar to those of pupils in other developed countries.
Relation between deaf children's phonological skills in kindergarten and word recognition performance in first grade
Authors: Colin S. , Magnan A. , Ecalle J. , Leybaert J.
Published: February 2007

Background:  The aim of the present study was twofold: 1) to determine whether phonological skills measured in deaf prereaders predict their later phonological and reading skills after one year of reading instruction as is the case for hearing children; 2) to examine whether the age of exposure to a fully specified phonological input such as Cued Speech may explain the inter‐individual differences observed in deaf children's phonological and word recognition levels.

Method:  Twenty‐one 6‐year‐old deaf prereaders and 21 hearing children of the same chronological age performed two phonological tasks (rhyme decision and generation tasks); they were re‐assessed 12 months later and presented with other phonological tasks (rhyme decision and common unit identification tasks) and a written word choice test.

Results:  Phonological skills measured before learning to read predicted the written word recognition score the following year, both for hearing and for deaf participants. Age of onset of exposure to Cued Speech was also a strong predictor of phonological and written word recognition scores in beginning deaf readers.

Conclusions:  The evidence broadly supports the idea of a capacity for acquiring phonological skills in deaf children. Deaf children who are able to develop an implicitly structured phonological knowledge before learning to read will be better readers when this knowledge becomes explicit under the pressure of reading instruction.
PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE ENDOSOMATIC GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Holmquest Donald , Edelberg Robert
Published: February 2007

An analog computer model of the endosomatic galvanic skin response has been constructed from a theoretical interpretation of end organ function and has been used to study some of the parameters of a response consisting of two opposing components. The results demonstrate that the interaction between the faster negative component and the slower positive component can produce triphasic patterns as well as alterations in maximum deflection and rates of rise and decay. The character and degree of alteration of the negative component is shown to be heavily dependent on the amplitude and time delay of the positive component. The possible application of this model in the development of an automatic analyzer is considered.

GSR, Endosomatic, Electrodermal potential. Wave form. Analog computer. Simulation. (D. L. Holmquest)
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL SETS ON AUTONOMIC RESPONSIVITY
Authors: Bternbach Richard A.
Published: February 2007

The purpose was to determine whether instructional sets would influence the pattern of autonomic response.

In the first study sound and pain were compared in three groups instructed as to expected effects of the sound: (a) “neutral,” (b) analgesic, (c) hyperalgesic. Palmar sweating, heart rate, and finger pulse were recorded. In the second study one group was tested three times with instructions as to expected effects on stomach of 3 “drugs,” (a) “relaxant,” (b) “placebo,” (c) “stimulant.” All 3 drugs were the same capsule containing the magnet for recording stomach motility.

It was found that the instruction produced the expected autonomic response pattern in the majority of subjects.

Stomach‐motility, GSR, HR, FPV, Expectation, Instructional‐set. Pain, Soimd.
AUTONOMIC AND CLINICAL CORRELATES OF DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM RESPONSE TO COLD PRESSOR STIMULATION
Authors: Sterman M. B. , Clemens T. L. , Wenger M. A.
Published: February 2007

Two psychiatric patient subgroups, defined on the basis of an extremely brief or an extremely prolonged electroencephalogram (EEG) response to cold pressor stimulation, also differ with regard to several aspects of autonomic response. The patients showing only a brief EEG desynchronization, with recovery during stimulation, also show a relatively brief autonomic response with recovery beginning during stimulation. They are specifically characterized by elevated levels of skin conductance throughout the measurement period. On the other hand, patients with prolonged EEG response show more prolonged autonomic response and are distinguished as a group by high heart rate levels. Clinical comparisons disclosed no diagnostic correlations. The rapid EEG and visceral recovery observed is discussed in terms of recently described neurophysiological mechanisms of homeostasis.
THE EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE DEPRIVATION OF STATES OF SLEEP IN THE DEVELOPING MONKEY
Authors: Berger Ralph J. , Meier Gilbert W.
Published: February 2007

Four groups, two comprising three neonatal rhesus monkeys and two comprising two juvenile rhesus monkeys, were selectively deprived of either low‐voltage, fast‐wave sleep (LVF) or of high‐voltage, slow‐wave sleep (HVS), respectively. Both infant and juvenile Ss displayed an over‐all increase in threshold to the tone‐shock combination during the deprivation of either phase of sleep. However, the thresholds of the infant Ss were greater, throughout deprivation, than the thresholds of the juvenile Ss.

The juvenile Ss exposed to LVF deprivation were unique in exhibiting a sharp increase in frequency of forced awakenings from LVF, to values significantly greater than for the other groups, and in displaying compensatory recovery effects, manifested by increases in proportion of total sleep time spent in LVF, following termination of deprivation.

Behavioral disturbances accompanying deprivation were not evident in any of the experimental groups.

The study revealed a number of methodological problems related to the definition and to the selective deprivation of a particular state of sleep.
A RESTRAINT DEVICE FOR CATS IN AN ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY FIELD
Authors: Frey Allan H. , Thornton Sarah Jane
Published: February 2007

A restraint apparatus for cats for use in ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic fields is described. It should also he useful in general psychophysiological experimentation with a variety of species. It basically consists of wooden dowel rods affixed to the cat and to a fixed bar parallel to the spine. It is simple, inexpensive, and well tolerated by cats in a variety of experiments.
AN OBSERVATIONAL NOTE ON EYE MOVEMENT PATTERNS DURING REM AND NON REM SLEEP IN SUBJECTS WITH CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS
Authors: Arkin Arthur M. , Weitzman Elliot D. , Hastey John M.
Published: February 2007

Fully developed nystagmus present in five Ss with congenital nystagmus while awake with eyes open or closed did not appear during the REM or non‐REM sleep phases. However, rapid conjugate eye movements were present during REM sleep in all five Ss, and could not be distinguished from the patterns recognized in normal subjects.
COVERT ORAL BEHAVIOR AND AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS
Authors: McGuigan F. J.
Published: February 2007

This research sought to establish the existence of covert oral language behavior (as measured by chin muscle action potentials (MAP), tongue MAP, breathing amplitude, and whispered sound production) immediately prior to a psychotic's report of auditory hallucinations. The results indicate that two of these response measures (chin MAP and breathing amplitude) significantly increased just before the report of the hallucinations, and that the other two measures tended to increase at that time. Furthermore, slight whisperings were detected significantly often immediately before the hallucinations were reported. Control measures suggest that the response changes were localized in the speech mechanism and thus are not part of a general bodily arousal. It is concluded that, at least in one case, covert oral language behavior significantly often preceded the occurrence of auditory hallucinations. It is the task of future research to ascertain the nature and generality of the relationship between that behavior and the report of hallucinations.
EXTRAVERSION AND SENSORY THRESHOLD
Authors: Smith Stuart L.
Published: February 2007

It was predicted that Introverts would have lower auditory thresholds than Extraverts, in line with other physiological differences between these groups. Using an ear‐choice technique and controlling the factor of guessing, the prediction was verified, using non‐patients who score at the two ends of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The extraverted behavior of hysterics and psychopaths has been thought to have partly a constitutional or physiological basis and this experiment points in that direction.
HEART RATE RESPONSE TO SOUND AND LIGHT
Authors: Roessler Robert , Collins Forrest , Burch Neil R.
Published: February 2007

The heart rate (HR) response to five intensities of sound was examined in 18 subjects and to five intensities of light in 12 subjects. Each subject was tested on four occasions at monthly intervals. After covariance adjustment, significant acceleration to sound was found within the first 5 beats after stimulus onset but no significant deceleration occurred. There were no differences between testings. Individuals’ HR acceleration was reliable over testings and differing experimental contexts. No habituation occurred and no consistent relationship between HR response and ego strength was found. There was no significant HR response to light stimulation. The results were discussed in relation to Graham and Clifton's (1966) hypotheses concerning the relationship of the HR response to the orienting reflex (OR).
AUTONOMIC RESPONSE PATTERNS DURING SADNESS AND MIRTH
Authors: Averill James R.
Published: February 2007

Autonomic responses were recorded from three groups of subjects as they viewed a sadness‐inducing film, a comedy film, or a control film. Psychological reactions indicated that the stimulus films were effective in eliciting sadness and mirth. Physiologically, sympathetic activation was common to both emotions, with cardiovascular changes being more prominent during sadness and respiratory changes more characteristic of mirth. The relevance of these findings for the investigation of differential physiological patterning during emotion is discussed, and an hypothesis is presented concerning the biological significance of grief.
THE EFFECTS OF AWARENESS ON CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS TO CONDITIONED AFFECTIVE STIMULI
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Gross Milton M. , Porjesz Bernice , Kissin Benjamin
Published: February 2007

A previous paper of ours (Begleiter, Gross, & Kissin, 1967) demonstrated that it was possible to condition affective meaning to meaningless figures (CS), and significantly alter visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitudes and latencies to them, without the S's awareness of the CS–UCS relationship (Experiment I, totally unaware). In the present study some Ss were deliberately informed that a CS–UCS connection existed; however, the exact nature of their relationship was not divulged (Experiment II, slightly aware). Other Ss were explicitly informed of the correct CS–UCS contingency, and entire conditioning paradigm (Experiment III, fully aware). One physiological (VEP) and two behavioral (interflash interval and semantic differential) indices of conditioning were obtained during an extinction procedure, and demonstrated significant differences between CRs in Experiment II, but none in Experiment III. VEP amplitudes to positive and negative CSs were enhanced in Experiment II, and suppressed in Experiment I, in comparison to the neutral CS. This effect was most marked in responses to the negative CS. It is suggested that level of awareness of the CS–UCS contingency might be reflected in our physiological index of conditioning ‐ VEP amplitude.
CENTRAL EFFERENT PROCESSES AND AUTONOMIC‐BEHAVIORAL INTEGRATION
Authors: Germana Joseph
Published: February 2007

Neurophysiological and psychophysiological studies have provided a substantial amount of data concerning the integration of autonomic and somatic responses. It is clear that this integration is primarily achieved within the central nervous system and that coordinated autonomic‐behavioral activity is reflected, at the periphery, in the anticipatory and preparatory phases of movement. It is suggested that the central efferent organization of these preparatory responses is directly responsible for emotional experience. The demonstration that autonomic events are highly correlated with behavioral responses is regarded as providing further support for the view that the primary concern of the central nervous system is the production of adaptive behavior.
INFANT HEART RATE RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS AND STATE
Authors: Berg Kathleen M. , Berg W. Keith , Graham Frances K.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate (HR) response to simple stimuli apparently changes from an accelerative to decelerative response in the first few months of life. The present study of 4 month old infants showed that response depends on state and on the intensity and rise time of stimuli. The response was solely decelerative in alert infants but in less alert states of increasing agitation or increasing somnolence, deceleration lessened and acceleration appeared. Rapid rise time had an acceleratory effect which was more pronounced during sleep than during the waking state. Results were compared with those obtained to the same stimuli in parallel studies of newborns and adults. It appears that the decelerative response in awake Ss, presumably an orienting response, has a curvilinear relationship to age which cannot be ascribed to differences in initial HR level, state, stimulus intensity, or stimulus rise time.
INFLUENCE ON THE INDUCTION AND ELICITATION OF CONTACT‐DERMATITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Mettrop Peter J. G. , Visser Piet
Published: February 2007

In the present experiment the authors investigated whether the previously found influence of exteroceptive stimulation of the extremities on the elicitation of an allergic or secondary reaction of the skin in guinea‐pigs to DNCB is elaborated via the toxic or primary reaction. An influence of the stimulation on the primary reaction was found too.

The experiment was conducted in two parts: 1) Two experimental groups were stimulated electrically on different schedules, continuous or repetitive. A 48 hour interval between stimulation and application of DNCB was added. The skin reactions were rated by 4 observers on a 5‐point rating scale. 2) Two experimental groups were stimulated on the same schedules as above. The corticoid levels were measured at different times after stimulation.

The experiment showed that the probability of a skin reaction on the allergic (secondary) contact to a threshold dose was greater for the continuously stimulated group than for the control group.

Relationships between corticoid levels and skin reactions were discussed. The hypothesis that stimulation has a direct influence on the allergic contact was supported.
EEG AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSE PATTERN DURING WAKING AND SLEEP STAGES
Authors: Keefe F. Barry , Johnson Laverne C. , Hunter Edna J.
Published: February 2007

The response hierarchy of EEG and autonomic variables to tones of increasing intensity was studied during waking and sleep stages 2, REM, and SW (3 & 4 combined). Tones of 1000 Hz (5 sec duration, 55 sec ISI) were presented to 35 young adult male subjects. During waking, the tones began below awake auditory threshold and increased by 5 db until a motor response (button press) was made. During sleep, tones began at awake threshold and went to arousal threshold, i.e., motor response and/or an EEG change indicative of arousal. Changes in EEG, finger pulse amplitude, heart rate, skin potential, skin resistance, and respiration period were measured for each stimulus and were compared to a pseudostimulus response scored 25 sec prior to the actual stimulus.

In the awake state, statistically significant responses (p < .05) were found for EEG, finger pulse, heart rate early deceleration, skin potential, and skin resistance to the tone at awake threshold, but not to tones at lesser db levels. During sleep, significant EEG responses were present to tones 30–25 db below arousal threshold, finger pulse 20–15 db below, and heart rate acceleration 20–5 db below. Significant skin potential, skin resistance, and motor responses were seen only at arousal threshold. Thus, in sleep, in contrast to waking, there were clear responses to stimuli below the arousal threshold, and there was definite ordering of the appearance of the various responses: EEG preceded the cardiovascular, with electrodermal and motor occurring only at arousal. This order was constant over sleep stages.

Arousal thresholds were very similar across sleep stages in day sleepers (approximately 35 db above awake threshold). The threshold during stage 2 for night sleepers was about 15 db lower than that for day sleepers.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE AVERAGE EVOKED RESPONSE TO TONE ONSET AND CESSATION
Authors: Pfefferbaum Adolf , Buchsbaum Monte , Gips James
Published: February 2007

Auditory average evoked responses (AERs) produced by tone onset (ON responses) and tone cessation (OFF responses) were studied in 14 normal adult subjects. When short (500 msec) tone bursts were presented widely spaced (2500 msec between tones), ON responses were large, in contrast to OFF responses, which were less than one‐third their size. But when long tones (2500 msec) were succeeded by brief (500 msec) silences, OFF and ON responses were comparable in size. In addition to this observed effect of the ratio of the percent of time the tone was on to the percent of time the tone was off, control experiments suggested that increased duration of preceding interval, unexpectancy of stimulus occurrence, and decreased mean frequency of stimulus presentation all increase the amplitude of both OFF and ON responses. OFF responses were found to be more sensitive to stimulus spacing effects than ON responses.
Some Antecedents of Directional Fractionation: Effects of “Intake‐Rejection,” Verbalization Requirements, and Threat of Shock on Heart Rate and Skin Conductance
Authors: Blaylock Barbara
Published: February 2007

Following recent contradictory claims in the literature regarding the phenomenon of directional fractionation, the present study was designed to investigate variables related to this differential patterning of autonomic response. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded from 89 male students who either attended to flashing lights or worked a subtraction problem under threat‐of‐shock or no‐shock conditions. Effects of instructions to verbalize later were also investigated.

While significant task differences were demonstrated which were consistent with the directional fractionation hypothesis, instructions to verbalize later affected neither HR nor SC. Threat of shock significantly elevated HR during the task only for Ss attending to flashing lights. However, threat of shock significantly raised HR and SC levels immediately after instructions (and preceding the task) when combined with instructions for subtraction. Results were contrary to arousal theory, supportive of Lacey's theory of an “intake‐rejection” dimension, and contrary to Campos and Johnson's verbalization findings.
A Zero‐Setter and Voltage Reference Unit for EEG Amplifier Systems
Authors: Macpherson Leonard , Kopell Bert S.
Published: February 2007

This article describes a combined zero‐setter and voltage reference unit employed by the authors in the measurement of EEG Averaged Evoked Responses. The sequential pulse generator that synchronously programs the required number of these units is outlined. The method could be of general use whenever an arbitarary zero voltage reference point or baseline is required on a signal waveform.
Stereotype Temporal Conditioning in Infants
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne , Fitzgerald Hiram E.
Published: February 2007

This study investigated stereotype temporal conditioning of pupillary dilation and constriction in infants. Stereotype conditioning of dilation was obtained, though it was less uniform over subjects than simple temporal conditioning of the same responses. Relevant speculative concepts concerning the physiological basis of discriminating time and ordinal position are presented.
Range Correction Applied to Heart Rate and to GSR Data
Authors: Lykken D. T.
Published: February 2007

The utility of the range correction, in which each individual autonomic level or response measure is expressed in terms of estimates of that S's maximum and minimum level or response amplitude, was evaluated in terms of the apparent reduction in error variance indicated by larger or more significant treatment effects. The data analyzed were from an experiment in which 48 Ss received 12 painful shocks in each of four conditions of shock predictability. A reduction in error variance resulted from correcting, for individual differences in tonic range, measures of tonic SC (a replication of previous findings) and measures of tonic HR (a new finding). A reduction in error variance also resulted from dividing each SCR to shock by that S's largest SCR, i.e., by correcting phasic SCR measures for individual differences in range of SCR. No marked improvement resulted from a similar correction of phasic HRR data.
Performance and Mood Following Variations in the Length and Timing of Sleep
Authors: Taub John M. , Berger Ralph J.
Published: February 2007

The relative effects of extended sleep, sleep deprivation, and shifts of accustomed sleep time on subsequent performance and mood were studied. Ten regular 2400–0800 sleepers worked on E‐paced addition and vigilance tasks, and completed an adjective check list to rate their mood following 2100‐0800 extended, 2100‐0500 advanced‐shift, 2400‐0800 habitual, 0300‐0800 deprivation, and 0300‐1100 delayed‐shift conditions of sleep. Accuracy and speed of response on the vigilance task were significantly poorer, and negative affect was significantly greater after the conditions of shifted sleep and altered sleep duration than after the habitual sleep condition. Changes in the mood and performance measures were unrelated to prior sleep length or any specific alterations in the electrophysiological patterns of sleep.
Awakening Latency From Sleep For Meaningful and Non‐Meaningful Stimuli
Authors: Langford G. W. , Meddis R. , Pearson A. J. D.
Published: February 2007

Personally significant and non‐significant low intensity sound stimuli were used to determine awakening latencies from sleep stages REM and 2. Latency was measured from stimulus onset to a) the sleeper's own acknowledgement of waking, and b) alpha rhythm onset. Both stimuli were presented twice, once in each sleep stage, to 8 Ss. Voluntary response latencies in REM were shorter than in stage 2 (p <.025) but no difference was found for the latency of alpha rhythm onset. The personally significant stimulus, however, caused a significantly shorter awakening latency using both criteria. The results suggest that perceptual thresholds are low in both sleep stages 2 and REM but that the ability or willingness to organize a response is greater in REM sleep.
Psychopathy and Physiological Activity In a Mixed‐Motive Game Situation
Authors: Hare Robert D. , Craigen Daniel
Published: February 2007

Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded while 17 psychopathic (P) and 17 nonpsychopathic (NP) inmates (referred to as A) were engaged in a mixed‐motive game situation with another S (referred to as B). On each trial A had to choose the intensity of shock to be delivered to himself and to B. B then was given a chance to retaliate, although his choices were actually overridden by the experimenter. A 10 sec tone (CS) preceded delivery of shock to each S. There were no differences between Groups P and NP in the intensity of shock chosen for themselves and for the other (B) Ss. Compared with Group NP, Group P gave small unconditioned skin conductance (SC) responses to shock directly received and to shocks delivered to the other S. There were no differences between groups in the unconditioned HR response to either direct shock (acceleration) or to shocks delivered to the other S (slight deceleration). Group P gave small electrodermal orienting responses (ORs) and anticipatory responses (ARs) to the CS preceding shock to self and shock to other; Group NP gave relatively large ORs and ARs to the CS preceding shock to self, and small ones prior to shock to other. Both Groups gave a biphasic conditioned HR response–acceleration followed by deceleration; each component was larger in Group P than in Group NP, and the acceleratory component in Group P appeared on the first trial. The electrodermal data were consistent with the view that psychopaths experience little fear arousal prior to reception of aversive stimuli by themselves or by others. It was suggested that the anticipatory HR responses of the psychopathic Ss were part of an adaptive response that helped them to cope with stress.
Heart Rate Changes in Pain and Hypnosis
Authors: Hilgard Ernest R. , Morgan Arlene H. , Lange Arthur F. , Lenox John R. , Macdonald Hugh , Marshall Gary D. , Sachs Lewis B.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate was measured in four experiments using the cold pressor test, with the following results: (1) the heart rate rise between relaxation and stress levels was significant when the water was sufficiently cold (significant in 0°C and 5°C water, not 10°C); (2) the amount of heart rate rise in the normal waking state in 0°C water is unrelated to the hypnotizability of the subject; (3) there is a significant difference in heart rate following a hypnotic induction with suggestions of analgesia, although the reduction in heart rate rise is unrelated to the amount of reduction in felt pain; (4) heart rate rise during hallucinated pain in highly hypnotizable subjects is not significantly different from the rise recorded during normal waking or hypnotically analgesic conditions.

These moderately confusing results take on some semblance of order if it is assumed (1) that the control of voluntary processes through hypnotic analgesia (agitation, grimacing) accounts for some reduction in heart response even though uncorrelated with reduced pain, (2) that the homeostatic and sensory‐information aspects of the cold water pain are probably little reduced, even though subjectively the pain may be absent altogether, and (3) the motivational‐emotional aspects of pain are more labile than the sensory‐discriminative aspects, in accordance with the Melzack‐Wall Gate Theory.
Relationships Among EEG Alpha Frequency, Reaction Time, and Age: A Biofeedback Study
Authors: Woodruff Diana S.
Published: February 2007

To examine the relationship between the frequency of the EEG alpha rhythm and reaction time, the biofeedback technique was used to manipulate brain wave frequency in 10 young and 10 old subjects. Subjects first learned to increase the percent time they spent in their modal brain wave frequency, and then they were trained to increase the percent time they spent in brain wave frequencies 2 Hz faster and 2 Hz slower than their modal frequency. Simple auditory reaction time (RT) was measured during biofeedback immediately after subjects reached a set criterion at each biofeedback task. To control for the effect of biofeedback training on RT, groups of 5 old and 5 young subjects heard a pre‐recorded feedback signal which was not contingent upon their brain wave activity. Experimental subjects increased the abundance of alpha activity above baseline levels while control subjects did not. Results indicated that experimental alteration of brain wave frequency affected RT. When the subjects produced fast brain waves their RT was significantly faster than when they produced slow brain waves. Correlations between brain wave period and RT were small. Thus, the data did not provide unequivocal support for the notion that the alpha rhythm serves as a master timing mechanism for behavior, but the relationship between controlled EEG activity and RT was clearly demonstrated.
The Effects of Stimulus Expectancy on Evoked Brain Potentials
Authors: Porjesz Bernice , Begleiter Henri
Published: February 2007

The effects of self‐generated expectancy of stimulus content on the visual evoked potential to physically identical stimuli were studied in college students. The subject set up his own internal expectant; by choosing to see either a bright or dim Hash. When a bright or dim Hash was anticipated, the potentials evoked by u medium stimulus intensity resembled the responses elicited by an actual bright or dim flash, respectively. Significant differences in visual evoked potential amplitude were obtained between identical medium intensity stimuli depending on the stimulus intensity expected, despite (he constant physical properties of the stimulus. 1 In1 results suggest that a subject's expectancy of certain physical parameters of a stimulus are as important In determining (he resultant visual evoked potential as the actual physical features of the stimulus.
The More or Less Startling Effects of Weak Prestimulation
Authors: Graham Frances K.
Published: February 2007

Weak lead stimulation can modify the human startle reflex It is proposed that, with the aid of physiological measures taken in the interval between lead and startle stimuli, this paradigm offers a promising method of investigating different levels of central processing, the operation of a short time‐constant as opposed to a long time‐constant system, and the operation of an orienting‐Attentional as apposed an Intensity dependent activational system.