bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An estimation of distribution algorithm with clustering for scenario-based robust financial optimization
Authors: Shi Wen , Hu Xiao-Min , Chen Wei-Neng
Published: March 2022

One important problem in financial optimization is to search for robust investment plans that can maximize return while minimizing risk. The market environment, namely the scenario of the problem in optimization, always affects the return and risk of an investment plan. Those financial optimization problems that the performance of the investment plans largely depends on the scenarios are defined as scenario-based optimization problems. This kind of uncertainty is called scenario-based uncertainty. The consideration of scenario-based uncertainty in multi-objective optimization problem is a largely under explored domain. In this paper, a nondominated sorting estimation of distribution algorithm with clustering (NSEDA-C) is proposed to deal with scenario-based robust financial problems. A robust group insurance portfolio problem is taken as an instance to study the features of scenario-based robust financial problems. A simplified simulation method is applied to measure the return while an estimation model is devised to measure the risk. Applications of the NSEDA-C on the group insurance portfolio problem for real-world insurance products have validated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Joint metric learning of local and global features for vehicle re-identification
Authors: Shen Junge , Sun Jian , Wang Xin , Mao Zhaoyong
Published: March 2022

Vehicle re-identification (ReID) means to identify the target vehicle in large-scale surveillance videos captured by multiple cameras, where robust and distinctive visual features of vehicles are critical to the performance. Recently, the researchers have approached the problem with attention based models. However, most of these models use strongly-supervised methods, which rely on expensive extra labels, e.g., keypoints(vehicle wheels , logo and lamps) and attributes(e.g., color and type). Therefore, we propose a joint metric learning approach to solve the problem. We present an end-to-end Partition and Fusion Multi-branch Network (PFMN), a novel approach to effectively learn discriminative features without any annotations or additional attributes. For hard samples, which means different vehicles with similar appearance or the same vehicle with different appearances, a novel variant of hard sampling triplet loss is proposed. Based on extensive experiments, we have proved the effectiveness of our proposed method. On the challenging public data sets VeRi-776 and VehicleID, our model outperforms most state-of-the-art algorithms on mAP and rank-1. Especially on mINP, which measures the cost of model retrieval hard samples, we can achieve a significant improvement.
Science and representation: examining the role of supplementary STEM education in elementary school student science identity
Authors: Barakat Rita
Published: March 2022

The last several years has seen numerous initiatives rise to increase representation of under-represented minority groups (URMs) in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) professions. Yet despite these efforts, disparities between students educated in the sciences and professionals in these fields persist. One significant contributor to these disparities is a lack of funding and support for science educational resources, particularly in low-income communities and school districts. The following paper evaluates the efficacy of an elementary school STEM educational program, known as the Young Scientists Program (YSP), which serves over 1400 elementary school students in seven Title I schools within the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). The specific aim of this project was to determine whether targeting a younger student population is more effective at promoting a greater sense of self-efficacy within science, ultimately encouraging students to see themselves as potential future scientists regardless of their socioeconomic status and cultural background. Students who participated in the program completed a pre- and post-program “Draw A Scientist Test” (DAST) and general Science Interest Survey. Statistical analysis of the quantitative data from these instruments showed a significant increase in the number of students who drew scientists that represented themselves and/or members of their community, and more positive attitudes toward STEM after participating in the YSP. These findings provide a model for continued program evaluation and comparison of previous years’ data for the YSP, as well as for evaluation of similar elementary school science programs.
Spin-flip luminescence
Authors: Kitzmann Winald Robert , Moll Johannes , Heinze Katja
Published: March 2022

In molecular photochemistry, charge-transfer emission is well understood and widely exploited. In contrast, luminescent metal-centered transitions only came into focus in recent years. This gave rise to strongly phosphorescent CrIIIcomplexes with ad3electronic configuration featuring luminescent metal-centered excited states which are characterized by the flip of a single spin. These so-called spin-flip emitters possess unique properties and require different design strategies than traditional charge-transfer phosphors. In this review, we give a brief introduction to ligand field theory as a framework to understand this phenomenon and outline prerequisites for efficient spin-flip emission including ligand field strength, symmetry, intersystem crossing and common deactivation pathways using CrIIIcomplexes as instructive examples. The recent progress and associated challenges of tuning the energies of emissive excited states and of emerging applications of the unique photophysical properties of spin-flip emitters are discussed. Finally, we summarize the current state-of-the-art and challenges of spin-flip emitters beyond CrIIIwithd2,d3,d4andd8electronic configuration, where we mainly cover pseudooctahedral molecular complexes of V, Mo, W, Mn, Re and Ni, and highlight possible future research opportunities.

Graphical abstract
African and American Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) Responses to 2013 SSW Event
Authors: Idolor O. R. , Akala A. O. , Bolaji O. S.
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the responses of the African and American Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) regions to 2013 Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event. The Total Electron Content (TEC) data obtained from chains of Global Positioning System receivers within ±40° geomagnetic latitudes in the African and American sectors were used to construct the EIA structures for both longitudinal sectors. The responses of the EIA structures, constructed from the TEC, ΔTEC, and ionospheric irregularities data to the 2013 SSW event were investigated. During the SSW peak phase, EIA structures in both longitudinal sectors responded significantly, with the pole‐ward flow of plasma from the equator to higher crests' locations (strengthening of the EIA). Furthermore, a clear asymmetry in plasma distribution in the northern and southern crests of the EIA was observed. Generally, for the entire data span, TEC enhancements and ionospheric irregularities occurrences during SSW were more in the American sector than the African sector. The geomagnetic activity of 17 January 2013 caused negative TEC response in the African sector and positive TEC response in the American sector. Moderate storm‐induced TEC enhancements were generally lower than SSW‐induced TEC enhancements. Furthermore, solar flux‐induced TEC of 10 January 2013 was lesser than the SSW‐induced TEC of 15–16 January 2013.
Westward‐Propagating Moisture Mode Over the Tropical Western Hemisphere
Authors: Mayta Víctor C. , Adames Ángel F. , Ahmed Fiaz
Published: March 2022

A westward‐propagating Rossby‐like wave signal is found to explain a large fraction of the intraseasonal variance in cloud brightness over the Western Hemisphere. A series of diagnostic criteria suggest that this wave is a moisture mode: its moisture anomalies dominate the distribution of moist static energy (MSE) and are in phase with the precipitation anomalies; and the thermodynamic equation obeys the weak temperature gradient approximation. The wave propagates westward due to zonal moisture advection by the mean flow and is maintained by radiative heating and meridional moisture advection. These properties compare favorably with the westward propagating Rossby mode in an equatorial beta‐plane model with prognostic moisture, mean meridional moisture gradient, and mean zonal wind. These results underscore the importance of water vapor in the dynamics of slowly evolving tropical systems, and the limitations of dry shallow water theory that rely on a “reduced equivalent depth” to represent moist dynamics.
Carbonate‐Associated Phosphate (CAP) Indicates Elevated Phosphate Availability in Neoarchean Shallow Marine Environments
Authors: Ingalls M. , Grotzinger J. P. , Present T. , Rasmussen B. , Fischer W. W.
Published: March 2022

Phosphorus is essential for cell biology, yet scarce in modern marine environments wherein free phosphate is consumed by life or titrated by calcium to form apatite minerals. The environmental conditions under which the early biosphere emerged and phosphorus was integrated throughout biochemistry is yet unknown. We measured the phosphate concentrations of 2.8–2.5 Ga shallow marine carbonate facies across six Neoarchean shelf‐ramp environments. We found that the P/Ca ratios of Neoarchean stromatolites, micrites, and crystal fans were >4‐fold to 12‐fold more enriched in carbonate‐associated phosphate than modern marine coral skeletons and abiotic Phanerozoic carbonates. Our results support the view that Archean productivity was limited by the availability of electrons rather than phosphate or other nutrients, and help explain why phosphorus is so central to the molecules, metabolisms, and bioenergetics observed in cells.
Unique sandwich structure of the pyrazinamide–methylmalonic acid cocrystal: ternary phase diagrams, characterization and property evaluation
Authors: Zhang Jinyan , Liang Zhihan , Yang Fei , Ji Shaochang , Lan Ping , Liao Yexin
Published: March 2022

The dissolution process of the PZA–MMA cocrystal.
Rutin-loaded polymeric nanorods alleviate nephrolithiasis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Saha Sarmistha , Mishra Abhijit
Published: March 2022

Polycrystalline aggregates formed in the glomerulus or other components of the urinary system represent the most critical step in kidney stone formation.
Highly emissive hybrid mesoporous organometallo-silica nanoparticles for bioimaging
Authors: Ezquerro Cintia , López Icíar P. , Serrano Elena , Alfaro-Arnedo Elvira , Lalinde Elena , Larráyoz Ignacio M. , Pichel José G. , García-Martínez Javier , Berenguer Jesús R.
Published: March 2022

We describe a simple and versatile one-pot method to obtain highly emissive and stable discrete mesoporous organometallo-silica nanoparticles with different surface functionalization and their use as luminescent biomarkers.
A conductive framework embedded with cobalt-doped vanadium nitride as an efficient polysulfide adsorber and convertor for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Lu Yang , Zhao Menglong , Yang Ya , Zhang Mengjie , Zhang Ning , Yan Hailong , Peng Tao , Liu Xianming , Luo Yongsong
Published: March 2022

A conductive framework embedded with cobalt-doped vanadium nitride for enhanced chemisorption and catalytic effects of polysulfides.
Solvent-modulated proton-coupled electron transfer in an iridium complex with an ESIPT ligand
Authors: Kim Siin , Choi Jungkweon , Cho Dae Won , Ahn Mina , Eom Seunghwan , Kim Jungmin , Wee Kyung-Ryang , Ihee Hyotcherl
Published: March 2022

The iridium complex with an ESIPT ligand shows solvent-modulated proton-coupled electron transfer, in which the temporal order of proton transfer and charge transfer is altered by the solvent environment.
Legumain-mediated self-assembly of a 131I-labelled agent for targeted radiotherapy of tumors
Authors: Wang Qiqi , Lu Chunmei , Li Ke , Xia Yongmei , Qiu Ling , Lin Jianguo
Published: March 2022

A novel radiopharmaceutical [131I]MAAN could be specifically cleaved by legumain and reduced by GSH to form nanoaggregates for enhancing the imaging signal and targeted radiotherapy efficacy of tumors.
Electronic pyroelectricity: the interplay of valence tautomerism and spin transition
Authors: Paul Abhik , Konar Sanjit
Published: March 2022

The role of spin transition followed by unidirectional electron transfer at the redox-active centre induces spontaneous polarization in the crystal lattice, generating temporary voltage and current, i.e., the electronic pyroelectricity.
Yeast powder derived carbon quantum dots for dopamine detection and living cell imaging
Authors: Cao Xue , Shao Congying , Zhang Cheng , Liang Mengna , Wang Yongxiang , Cheng Jun , Lu Shun
Published: March 2022

Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (Y-CDs) derived from yeast powder were regarded as nanoprobe to directly monitor dopamine with a low detection limit of 30 nM. The Y-CDs showed low toxicity toward MCF-7 cells and were suitable for live cell imaging.
Intelligent design of iron-doped LDH nanosheets for cooperative chemo-chemodynamic therapy of tumors
Authors: Zhang Luyao , Li Gaoming , Ouyang Zhijun , Yang Rui , Gao Yue , Cao Xueyan , Bányai István , Shi Xiangyang , Guo Rui
Published: March 2022

Fe-doped layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets were synthesized to load the anticancer drug epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and conjugated with boronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid for targeted and cooperative chemo-chemodynamic therapy of tumors.
General pore features for one-step C2H4 production from a C2 hydrocarbon mixture
Authors: Zhang Tao , Cao Jian-Wei , Zhang Shu-Yi , Feng He , Li Ye , Wang Yu , Chen Juan , Wang Teng , Chen Kai-Jie
Published: March 2022

The general pore features for one-step C2H4 production from C2 gas ternary mixture were established.
Correction: Protected lignin biorefining through cyclic extraction: gaining fundamental insights into the tuneable properties of lignin by chemometrics
Authors: Karlsson Maria , Vegunta Vijaya Lakshmi , Deshpande Raghu , Lawoko Martin
Published: March 2022

Correction for ‘Protected lignin biorefining through cyclic extraction: gaining fundamental insights into the tuneable properties of lignin by chemometrics’ by Maria Karlsson et al., Green Chem., 2022, 24, 1211–1223, DOI: 10.1039/D1GC04171A.
A highly efficient three-solvent methodology for separating colloidal nanoparticles
Authors: Tan Zhe , Liu Yuhan , Huang Bo
Published: March 2022

The centrifugation mechanism in three-solvent systems was proposed, including film formation and film fusion. A novel three-solvent system with low-toxicity solvents and high separation efficiency was established for separating nanomaterials.
Revealing the truncated conical geometry of nanochannels in anodic aluminium oxide membranes
Authors: Zhang Junxi , Zhao Huaping , Gong Ming , Zhang Lide , Yan Zhijun , Xie Kang , Fei Guangtao , Zhu Xiaoguang , Kong Mingguang , Zhang Shuyuan , Zhang Lin , Lei Yong
Published: March 2022

Revealing the truncated conical geometry of whole nanochannels in a thick self-ordered anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membrane by depth-profiling transmission electron microscopy.
Access to valuable building blocks by the regio- and enantioselective ring opening of itaconic anhydride by lipase catalysis
Authors: Braïa Nabila , Merabet-Khelassi Mounia , Toffano Martial , Guillot Regis , Aribi-Zouioueche Louisa
Published: March 2022

Herein, we report for the first time the highly regio- and enantioselective ring opening of a biobased itaconic anhydride catalyzed by thePseudomonas cepacialipase (PCL) intert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) at room temperature.
Theoretical study for evaluating and discovering organic hydride compounds as novel trifluoromethylation reagents
Authors: Shen Guang-Bin , Yu Hao-Yun , Xu Zhihao , Cao Weilong , Liu Jie , Xie Li , Yan Maocai
Published: March 2022

Theoretical studies show that trifluoromethyl-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines and trifluoromethyl-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-ones may be possible trifluoromethylation reagents.
Phenanthrenequinone (PQ) catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of alkanes with quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and simple N-heteroarenes under visible light irradiation
Authors: Wang Min , Zhang Yicheng , Yang Xinyu , Sun Peipei
Published: March 2022

A convenient strategy for alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and other N-heterocycles with simple alkanes using phenanthrenequinone (PQ) as a photocatalyst has been developed.
Coordination polymer-derived Al3+-doped V2O3/C with rich oxygen vacancies for an advanced aqueous zinc-ion battery with ultrahigh rate capability
Authors: Liu Chang Lin , Liu Yang , Liu Xing , Gong Yun
Published: March 2022

Coordination polymer-derived Al3+-doped V2O3/C with rich oxygen vacancies exhibits excellent rate performance and long-term cycling durability in a zinc-ion battery. The doping of Al3+ can decrease the binding energy and diffusion barrier of Zn2+.
Asymptotic stabilization for nonlinear systems with time‐varying delays
Authors: Li Wenjie , Zhang Zhengqiang
Published: March 2022

In this paper, asymptotic stabilization problem for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown time‐varying delays is addressed. With the introduced static gain functions and new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, a novel output feedback control strategy is developed. A memoryless output feedback controller which does not need precise knowledge of time delays is designed. The asymptotic stabilization and the boundedness of the closed‐loop system are proved via Lyapunov analysis. Finally, numerical simulation validates the effectiveness of this method for the nonlinear time‐delay system.
Research on edge‐guided disambiguation module for shadow detection
Authors: Huang Ying , Yang Zhen , Liu Su , Li Hao , Zhu Hongjun
Published: March 2022

In shadow detection area, deep learning‐based methods have achieved outstanding performance. However, the potential ambiguity in shadow images is still the main reason for the poor performance of the algorithms. By analysing the relationships among shadow edges, shadow false‐positive information, and shadow areas, an edge‐guided disambiguation module for better shadow detection performance is proposed. The edge‐guided disambiguation module consists two parts: 1) the shadow edge feature is used to guide the comprehensive shadow area feature generation of different resolution. 2) The shadow false‐positive features is applied to reduce ambiguity in the comprehensive shadow area features. In this way, the missed detections is added in the first step and the false detections is reduced in the second step. More accurate detection results is obtained. The comprehensive experiments are proceeded on the three public shadow detection datasets: SBU, UCF, and ISTD. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: The reversal of the star-formation rate − density relation at 2 <z< 5
Authors: Lemaux B. C. , Cucciati O. , Le Fèvre O. , Zamorani G. , Lubin L. M. , Hathi N. , Ilbert O. , Pelliccia D. , Amorín R. , Bardelli S. , Cassata P. , Gal R. R. , Garilli B. , Guaita L. , Giavalisco M. , Hung D. , Koekemoer A. , Maccagni D. , Pentericci L. , Ribeiro B. , Schaerer D. , Shah E. , Shen L. , Staab P. , Talia M. , Thomas R. , Tomczak A. R. , Tresse L. , Vanzella E. , Vergani D. , Zucca E.
Published: March 2022

Utilizing spectroscopic observations taken for the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS), new observations from Keck/DEIMOS, and publicly available observations of large samples of star-forming galaxies, we report here on the relationship between the star-formation rate (SFR) and the local environment (δgal) of galaxies in the early universe (2 < z < 5). Unlike what is observed at lower redshifts (z ≲ 2), we observe a definite, nearly monotonic increase in the average SFR with increasing galaxy overdensity over more than an order of magnitude inδgal. The robustness of this trend is quantified by accounting for both uncertainties in our measurements and galaxy populations that are either underrepresented or not present in our sample (e.g., extremely dusty star-forming and quiescent galaxies), and we find that the trend remains significant under all circumstances. This trend appears to be primarily driven by the fractional increase of galaxies in high-density environments that are more massive in their stellar content and are forming stars at a higher rate than their less massive counterparts. We find that, even after stellar mass effects are accounted for, there remains a weak but significant SFR–δgaltrend in our sample implying that additional environmentally related processes are helping to drive this trend. We also find clear evidence that the average SFR of galaxies in the densest environments increases with increasing redshift. These results lend themselves to a picture in which massive gas-rich galaxies coalesce into proto-cluster environments atz ≳ 3, interact with other galaxies or with a forming large-scale medium, subsequently using or losing most of their gas in the process, and begin to seed the nascent red sequence that is present in clusters at slightly lower redshifts.
Stellar labels for hot stars from low-resolution spectra
Authors: Xiang Maosheng , Rix Hans-Walter , Ting Yuan-Sen , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Conroy Charlie , Zari Eleonora , Shi Jian-Rong , Przybilla Norbert , Ramirez-Tannus Maria , Tkachenko Andrew , Gebruers Sarah , Liu Xiao-Wei
Published: March 2022

We set out to determine stellar labels from low-resolution survey spectra of hot stars, specifically OBA stars with Teff ≳ 7500 K. This fills a gap in the scientific analysis of large spectroscopic stellar surveys such as LAMOST, which offers spectra for millions of stars at R ~ 1800 and covers 3800 Å ≤ λ ≤ 9000 Å. We first explore the theoretical information content of such spectra to determine stellar labels via the Cramér-Rao bound. We show that in the limit of perfect model spectra and observed spectra with signal-to-noise ratio ~50–100, precise estimates are possible for a wide range of stellar labels: not only the effective temperature, Teff, surface gravity, log g, and projected rotation velocity, vsin i, but also the micro-turbulence velocity,vmic, helium abundance, NHe/Ntot, and the elemental abundances [C/H], [N/H], [O/H], [Si/H], [S/H], and [Fe/H]. Our analysis illustrates that the temperature regime of Teff ~ 9500 K is challenging as the dominant Balmer and Paschen line strengths vary little with Teff. We implement the simultaneous fitting of these 11 stellar labels to LAMOST hot-star spectra using the Payne approach, drawing on Kurucz’s ATLAS12/SYNTHE local thermodynamic equilibrium spectra as the underlying models. We then obtain stellar parameter estimates for a sample of about 330 000 hot stars with LAMOST spectra, an increase by about two orders of magnitude in sample size. Among them, about 260 000 have good Gaia parallaxes (ω/σω > 5), and their luminosities imply that ≳95% of them are luminous stars, mostly on the main sequence; the rest are evolved lower luminosity stars, such as hot subdwarfs and white dwarfs. We show that the fidelity of the results, particularly for the abundance estimates, is limited by the systematics of the underlying models as they do not account for nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects. Finally, we show the detailed distribution of vsin i of stars with 8000–15 000 K, illustrating that it extends to a sharp cutoff at the critical rotation velocity, vcrit, across a wide range of temperatures.
The EDIBLES survey
Authors: MacIsaac Heather , Cami Jan , Cox Nick L. J. , Farhang Amin , Smoker Jonathan , Elyajouri Meriem , Lallement Rosine , Sarre Peter J. , Cordiner Martin A. , Fan Haoyu , Kulik Klay , Linnartz Harold , Foing Bernard H. , van Loon Jacco Th. , Mulas Giacomo , Smith Keith T.
Published: March 2022

Context. Several diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) have profiles with resolved sub-peaks that resemble rotational bands of large molecules. Analysis of these profiles can constrain the sizes and geometries of the DIB carriers, especially if the profiles exhibit clear variations along lines of sight probing different physical conditions.

Aims. Using the extensive data set from the ESO Diffuse Interstellar Bands Large Exploration Survey we searched for systematic variations in the peak-to-peak separation of these sub-peaks for three well-known DIBs in lines of sight with a single dominant interstellar cloud.

Methods. We used the spectra of twelve single-cloud sight lines to examine the λλ5797, 6379, and 6614 DIB profiles. We measured the peak-to-peak separation in the band profile substructures for these DIBs. We adopted the rotational contour formalism for linear or spherical top molecules to infer the rotational constant for each DIB carrier and the rotational excitation temperature in the sight lines. We compared these to experimentally or theoretically obtained rotational constants for linear and spherical molecules to estimate the DIB carrier sizes.

Results. All three DIBs have peak separations that vary systematically between lines of sight, indicating correlated changes in the rotational excitation temperatures. The rotational constant B of the λ6614 DIB was determined independently of the rotational excitation temperature; we derived B6614 = (22.2 ± 8.9) x 10−3 cm−1, consistent with previous estimates. Assuming a similar rotational temperature for the λ6614 DIB carrier and assuming a linear carrier, we found B5797linear = (5.1 ± 2.0) × 10−3 cm−1 and B6379linear = (2.3 ± 0.9) × 10−3 cm−1. If the carriers of those DIBs are spherical species, on the other hand, their rotational constants are half that value, B5797spherical = (2.6 ± 1.0) × 10−3 cm−1 and B6379spherical = (1.1 ± 0.4) × 10−3 cm−1.

Conclusions. Systematic variations in the DIB profiles provide the means to constrain the molecular properties. We estimate molecule sizes that range from 7–9 carbon atoms (λ6614 carrier, linear) to 77–114 carbon atoms (λ6379, spherical).
A low accretion efficiency of planetesimals formed at planetary gap edges
Authors: Eriksson Linn E. J. , Ronnet Thomas , Johansen Anders , Helled Ravit , Valletta Claudio , Petit Antoine C.
Published: March 2022

Observations and models of giant planets indicate that such objects are enriched in heavy elements compared to solar abundances. The prevailing view is that giant planets accreted multiple Earth masses of heavy elements after the end of core formation. Such late solid enrichment is commonly explained by the accretion of planetesimals. Planetesimals are expected to form at the edges of planetary gaps, and here we address the question of whether these planetesimals can be accreted in large enough amounts to explain the inferred high heavy element contents of giant planets. We performed a series of N-body simulations of the dynamics of planetesimals and planets during the planetary growth phase, taking gas drag into account as well as the enhanced collision cross section caused by the extended envelopes. We considered the growth of Jupiter and Saturn via gas accretion after reaching the pebble isolation mass and we included their migration in an evolving disk. We find that the accretion efficiency of planetesimals formed at planetary gap edges is very low: less than 10% of the formed planetesimals are accreted even in the most favorable cases, which in our model corresponds to a few Earth masses. When planetesimals are assumed to form beyond the feeding zone of the planets, extending to a few Hill radii from a planet, accretion becomes negligible. Furthermore, we find that the accretion efficiency increases when the planetary migration distance is increased and that the efficiency does not increase when the planetesimal radii are decreased. Based on these results, we conclude that it is difficult to explain the large heavy element content of giant planets with planetesimal accretion during the gas accretion phase. Alternative processes most likely are required, such as accretion of vapor deposited by drifting pebbles.
Magnetized supersonic downflows in the chromosphere
Authors: Sowmya K. , Lagg A. , Solanki S. K. , Castellanos Durán J. S.
Published: March 2022

The chromosphere above active regions (ARs) on the Sun hosts magnetized supersonic downflows. Studies of these supersonic downflows help to decipher the magnetic fine structure and dynamics of the chromosphere. We perform a statistical analysis of the magnetized supersonic downflows in a number of ARs at different evolutionary stages and survey their characteristics. We analyze spectro-polarimetric scans of parts of 13 ARs obtained in the infrared He I 10 830 Å triplet formed in the upper chromosphere recorded with the GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph mounted at the GREGOR solar telescope. We retrieve the line-of-sight velocities and the magnetic field vector using the HELIX+ inversion code that assumes Milne-Eddington atmospheres. We find magnetized supersonic downflows in all the ARs, with larger area coverage by such flows in ARs observed during their emerging phase. The fact that supersonic downflows were detected in all scans, albeit only covering a small fraction, 0.2–6.4%, of the observed field-of-view, suggests that they are a comparatively common phenomenon in the upper chromospheres of ARs. The supersonic downflows are found to be associated with many AR features, such as pores, sunspot umbrae, sunspot penumbrae, light bridges, plages, He I loops as part of arch filament systems characteristic of emerging fields, and filaments. Although several mechanisms are identified to be causing the supersonic downflows, by far the most common one appears to be the draining of plasma along the legs of rising magnetic loops. The loops mainly drain into forming pores. The line-of-sight velocities of the supersonic downflows reach values of up to 49 km s−1, and the velocity distribution shows multiple populations. Almost 92% of these supersonic downflows coexist with a subsonic flow component. The weaker, more horizontal fields associated with the supersonic component suggests that it is formed above the subsonic component.
Dielectric properties and stratigraphy of regolith in the lunar South Pole-Aitken basin: Observations from the Lunar Penetrating Radar
Authors: Feng Jianqing , Siegler Matthew. A. , White Mackenzie N.
Published: March 2022

Aims.We examine data obtained by the Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) onboard the Chang'E-4 (CE-4) mission to study the dielectric properties and stratigraphy of lunar regolith on the far side of the Moon.

Methods.The data collected from January 2019 to September 2020 were processed to generate a 540 m radargram. The travel velocity of the radar signal and the permittivity of the regolith were deduced from hyperbolas in the radargram. As CE-4 LPR detected distinct planar reflectors, we evaluated the dielectric loss from the maximum penetration depth based on the radar equation. The derived dielectric properties are compared with the measurements of Apollo samples and Chang'E-2 microwave radiometer observations.

Results.The results suggest that regolith at the landing site has a permittivity of 2.64–3.85 and a loss tangent of 0.0032–0.0044, indicating that the local regolith is composed of a fine-grained, low-loss material that is much more homogeneous than that found at the Chang’E-3 landing site. The total thickness of weathered material is ~40m, with several regolith layers and a buried crater identified in the reconstructed subsurface structure.

Conclusions.These layers clearly record a series of impact events from the adjacent regions. We suggest that the top layer is primarily made up of the ejecta from a large crater 140 km away. In contrast, the material source of other thinner layers comes from nearby smaller craters.
Optimizing service level, price, and inventory decisions for a supply chain with retailers’ competition and cooperation under VMI strategy
Authors: Karimi Marzieh , Khademi-Zare Hasan , Zare-Mehrjerdi Yahia , Bagher Fakhrzad Mohammad
Published: March 2022

In a vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system, a manufacturing vendor manages their retailer inventories. Studies on VMI-type supply chains mostly have not considered competition between retailers. There are few works on the price competition; however, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the papers formulated a service competition strategy. The service level is one of the competitive factors among competing retailers. Sometimes retailers choose to compete cooperatively instead of competing independently with the manufacturer. The present work investigates service, price, and inventory decisions under retailers’ competition and cooperation. Considering the manufacturer and retailers as the leader and followers, respectively, a Stackelberg game model of the problem is developed. The present study proposes a solution algorithm to search the Stackelberg–Nash equilibrium in the retailer cooperation and retailer independence models. The algorithm is numerically demonstrated to explore the impacts of decision parameters. To validate the model, a number of parameters are subjected to sensitivity analyses. It was found that a higher self-service (cross-service) level parameter would lead to higher (lower) profits of the retailer and manufacturer and the total profit in the two models. Retailer cooperation enhances retailer performance; however, manufacturer and system profits decline. Furthermore, when retailers cooperate, they are motivated to offer lower service levels.
Soil health.
Authors: Pinhey Sally , Tebbs Margaret
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on soil health and its importance and benefits in plant growth.
When does mutualism offer a competitive advantage? A game-theoretic analysis of host–host competition in mutualism
Authors: Halloway Abdel H , Heath Katy D , McNickle Gordon G
Published: March 2022

Due to their non-motile nature, plants rely heavily on mutualistic interactions to obtain resources and carry out services. One key mutualism is the plant–microbial mutualism in which a plant trades away carbon to a microbial partner for nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. Plants show much variation in the use of this partnership from the individual level to entire lineages depending upon ecological, evolutionary and environmental context. We sought to determine how this context dependency could result in the promotion, exclusion or coexistence of the microbial mutualism by asking if and when the partnership provided a competitive advantage to the plant. To that end, we created a 2 × 2 evolutionary game in which plants could either be a mutualist and pair with a microbe or be a non-mutualist and forgo the partnership. Our model includes both frequency dependence and density dependence, which gives us the eco-evolutionary dynamics of mutualism evolution. As in all models, mutualism only evolved if it could offer a competitive advantage and its net benefit was positive. However, surprisingly the model reveals the possibility of coexistence between mutualist and non-mutualist genotypes due to competition between mutualists over the microbially obtained nutrient. Specifically, frequency dependence of host strategies can make the microbial symbiont less beneficial if the microbially derived resources are shared, a phenomenon that increasingly reduces the frequency of mutualism as the density of competitors increases. In essence, ecological competition can act as a hindrance to mutualism evolution. We go on to discuss basic experiments that can be done to test and falsify our hypotheses.
Modelling futility in the setting of fertility treatment
Authors: Polyakov Alex , Gyngel Christopher , Savulescu Julian
Published: March 2022

When is a fertility treatment futile? This question has great practical importance, given the role futility plays in ethical, legal and clinical discussions. Here, we outline a novel method of determining futility for IVF treatments. Our approach is distinctive for considering the economic value attached to the intended aim of IVF treatments, i.e. the birth of a child, rather than just the effects on prospective parents and the health system in general. We draw on the commonly used metric, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), to attach a monetary value to new lives created through IVF. We then define futility as treatments in which the chance of achieving a live birth is so low that IVF is no longer a cost-effective intervention given the economic value of new births. This model indicates that IVF treatments in which the chance of a live birth are <0.3% are futile. This suggests IVF becomes futile when women are aged between 47 and 49 years of age. This is notable older than ages currently considered as futile in an Australian context (∼45). In the UK, government subsidized treatment with the couple’s own gametes stops at the age of 42, while privately funded treatments are self-regulated by individual providers. In most European countries and the USA, the ‘age of futility’ is likewise managed by clinical consensus.
Vancomycin Is Effective in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Conditions of the Pouch
Authors: Lupu Gabriel , Weaver Kimberly N , Herfarth Hans H , Barnes Edward L
Published: March 2022

Lay Summary

In a retrospective analysis of the efficacy of vancomycin in treating chronic pouch-related disorders, we found that approximately half of patients demonstrated clinical response at 4 weeks. Additionally, 76% of responders continued to demonstrate clinical response at 3 and 6 months.
Ex machina: preliminary critical assessment of the European Draft Act on artificial intelligence
Authors: Raposo Vera Lúcia
Published: March 2022

This article will unpack the European Draft Act on Artificial Intelligence (AI), the first (both in Europe and in the world) far-reaching regulation in this domain. It categorizes AI systems in three (eventually four) levels of risk and it assigns to each level a particular legal framework, with its own limitations and obligations. The Draft Act was created for laudable purposes, namely to harmonize digital development with fundamental rights and European values. However, similar to many other ambitious projects, it falls short in many ways. As this article will show, several issues are incompletely regulated, and there are doubts about the exact scope and content of the legal solutions outlined in the draft. It also potentially overlaps with several other European norms, introducing the possibility of conflicts. Finally, the law’s focus on fundamental rights may come at the price of digital innovation, although critics claim that the Draft Act does not go far enough to protect such rights.
Dynamical Systems Around the Rauzy Gasket and Their Ergodic Properties
Authors: Dynnikov Ivan , Hubert Pascal , Skripchenko Alexandra
Published: March 2022

At the beginning of the 80s, H. Masur and W. Veech started the study of generic properties of interval exchange transformations (IETs) proving that almost every such transformation is uniquely ergodic. About the same time, S. Novikov’s school and French mathematicians independently discovered very intriguing phenomena for classes of measured foliations on surfaces and respective IETs. For instance, minimality is exceptional in these families. A precise version of this statement is a conjecture by Novikov. The French and Russian constructions are very different ones. Nevertheless, in the most simple situation (surfaces of genus three with two singularities) it was recently observed that both foliations share the same type of properties. For instance, the space of minimal parameters is the same, called the Rauzy gasket. However, the precise connection between these two series of works was rather unclear. The aim of this paper is to prove that both theories describe, in different languages, the same objects. This text provides an explicit dictionary between both constructions.
Strategies to Improve Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Breast Imaging Training and Beyond
Authors: Monga Natasha , Davis Katie M , Cardona-Del Valle Alejandra , Sieck Leah , DeBenedectis Carolynn M , Spalluto Lucy B
Published: March 2022

Diversity and inclusion in breast imaging can improve creativity and innovation, enrich the workplace environment, and enhance culturally appropriate care for an increasingly diverse patient population. Current estimates predict the racial and ethnic demographics of the United States population will change markedly by the year 2060, with increases in representation of the Black demographic projected to comprise 15% of the population (currently 13.3%) and the Hispanic/Latinx demographic projected to comprise 27.5% of the population (currently 17.8%). However, matriculation rates for those who are underrepresented in medicine (URM), defined as “racial and ethnic populations that are underrepresented in the medical profession relative to their numbers in the general population,” have remained largely stagnant. Black students comprise only 7.1% of medical student matriculants, and Hispanic/Latinx students comprise only 6.2% of medical school matriculants compared to the general population. The matriculation rate of URM students into diagnostic radiology is even lower, with Black trainees comprising 3.1% of radiology residents and Hispanic/Latinx trainees comprising 4.8% of radiology residents. This lack of URM radiology resident representation leads to a lack of URM potential applicants to breast imaging fellowships due to the pipeline effect. Strategies to improve diversity and inclusion in breast imaging include recruiting a diverse breast imaging workforce, establishing robust mentorship and sponsorship programs, fostering an inclusive training and workplace environment, and retaining and promoting a diverse workforce.
Tomography with sparseness regularisation for ultrasonic velocity imaging
Authors: Zhu Wei , Wang Shangxu , Chang Xu , Zhai Hongyu , He Taiming , Wu Hezhen
Published: March 2022

Ultrasonic tomography, which is widely used in the study of the fracturing process of rocks, often exhibits low resolution due to insufficient ray coverage, particularly while evaluating the three-dimensional (3D) fractures. To resolve this issue, we adopted sparseness regularisation in tomography to reconstruct the ultrasonic velocity of rocks. Both numerical and laboratory experiments demonstrate that tomography with sparseness regularisation generates velocity images with clear fracture morphology than that with Tikhonov regularisation. Dynamic monitoring of the fracturing process of a granite slab with two-dimensional (2D) velocity images can reveal the accurate development of the fracturing process. The experiment on the internal structure of tight sandstone after hydraulic fracturing reveals demarcated low-velocity regions in the 3D ultrasonic velocity images of tomography with sparseness regularisation. These low-velocity regions correspond to the positions of the fractures when compared to the X-ray scanning images. Thus, tomography with sparseness regularisation can improve the resolution of ultrasonic velocity images, which can be used to accurately describe the fracture development and strain localisation during rock deformation.
Superior performance of optimal perfectly matched layers for modeling wave propagation in elastic and poroelastic media
Authors: He Yanbin , Chen Tianning , Gao Jinghuai , Gao Zhaoqi
Published: March 2022

The perfectly matched layer (PML) technique is a popular truncation method to model wave propagation in unbounded elastic media. Both numerical efficiency and high stability are important improvement areas in the field. In this study, we extend the optimal PML, previously proposed for acoustic media, to elastic and poroelastic media, which turns out to be more efficient and flexible than the classical PML. We investigate the accuracy and stability of the optimal PML by comparing it with the classical PML in several scenarios. First, the effectiveness of the optimal PML is studied using frequency-domain and time-domain simulations for isotropic and homogeneous elastic solids. The efficiency and accuracy of the optimal PML and classical PML are then compared across a wide range of Poisson's ratios of elastic media. The stability of the optimal PML and the classical PML is also compared taking into account the effect of the outer boundary conditions of the PML as well as the heterogeneity of the geological model. Moreover, the optimal PML is applied to poroelastic media to address the instability problem of the classical PML. Comprehensive analyses of numerical results show that the optimal PML can absorb the outgoing waves. This can be done using thinner layers and with higher accuracy than for classical PMLs. In addition, the long-time stability of optimal PML increases.
When Agency Priorities Matter: Risk Aversion for Autonomy and Turf Protection in Mandated Collaboration
Authors: An Brian Y , Tang Shui-Yan
Published: March 2022

Most studies in collaborative governance examine system-level or agency-level drivers of the horizontal dimension of collaboration, that is, the specific forms of collaboration among an existing set of actors. Few have examined the vertical dimension, that is, what actors are involved and the scope of collaboration. This study examines the latter issue by studying the implementation of the California Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), passed in 2014, mandating collaboration among local agencies. We theorize that when their core mission and key constituencies’ interests are at stake under a mandate, agencies focus on protecting organizational autonomy and bureaucratic turf in determining the scope of the collaborative arrangement, rendering other usual collaboration drivers less relevant. With data derived from administrative records and a statewide survey of local groundwater managers, we test this argument using several analytical methods, including probit regression, two-step estimation of an ordered probit selection model, and a linear probability model. The analyses consistently show that agencies are more likely to commit to regionally integrated collaboration that matches the scale of a groundwater basin if (1) their mission addresses a broader issue focus (lower issue specificity), (2) their core stakeholder groups have less concentrated interests, and (3) the organizational culture is less rigid and risk averse. In contrast, other well-known horizontal collaboration drivers do not matter. By unpacking the agency-specific sources of turf and reputation protection, this study contributes to an understanding of collaboration risk management.
Biopharmaceutics studies applied to goyazensolide: a drug candidate from Lychnophora species
Authors: Tana Iara Dévula Tiso , Saúde-Guimarães Dênia Antunes , Caldeira Tamires Guedes , de Freitas Marques Maria Betânia , Mussel Wagner da Nova , de Souza Jacqueline
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To predict the substance’s behaviour in vivo and determine the viability of the bioactive substance to become a drug, this work aimed to evaluate the biopharmaceutics characteristics of goyazensolide.

Methods

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) were applied for the characterization of goyazensolide. The biopharmaceutics characteristics were evaluated using in-silico and in-vitro (shake-flask and Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay) methods.

Key findings

DSC curve showed a single endothermic peak. According to the TG curve, goyazensolide has thermal stability close to 221.0°C and 210.0°C, under a nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere, respectively. In-silico data indicated that goyazensolide has high solubility and low permeability. The high solubility was confirmed by equilibrium solubility studies determined by the shake-flask method. The dose/solubility ratio values were 175.16 ml (pH 1.2), 194.99 ml (pH 4.5) and 222.07 ml (pH 6.8). The effective permeability of 0.03 × 10−6 cm/s was obtained for goyazensolide. This value is lower than furosemide (1.03 × 10−6 cm/s), confirming the low permeability of goyazensolide.

Conclusions

Biopharmaceutics characteristics of goyazensolide are similar to drugs available on the market and attest to the feasibility of starting the process of developing a formulation containing this substance.