bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Sense of the Century-Old Scientific Controversy over the Quanta
Authors: Freire Olival
Published: May 2022

The debates about the foundations and the interpretations of quantum physics make up the long and still open quantum controversy. Throughout the last hundred years there has been a coexistence between the ever growing scope and accurate predictions of this theory and doubts regarding the grounding of its foundations. The last stage of this coexistence, portrayed by Franck Laloë with the metaphor of the “colossus with feet of clay”, is present in the blossoming field of quantum information. This chapter surveys these debates presenting a chronology and cartography of the factors which have been instrumental in the history of this controversy in the history of physics, the legitimacy of the controversy in the 20th century philosophical discussions, the tension between consensus and plurality in scientific communities, and the elusive role of experiments for the resolution of the quantum controversy.
Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in the Post-war Era
Authors: Camilleri Kristian
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the responses of physicists such as Heisenberg, Pauli, von Neumann, Born, Dirac and Jordan, to the new wave of criticisms of quantum mechanics that emerged after the Second World War. The various attempts to defend the ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ took the form of a series of retrospective reconstructions that often went beyond anything we can find in the writings of the late 1920s or 30s. Various interpretational commitments were appropriated, reinterpreted, and, in some cases, even revised. The postwar orthodoxy was a dialectical response to the new challenges it faced in the early 1950s. Yet this dialectic did not lead to a uniform ‘orthodox’ position. It was therefore never an orthodoxy in the true sense of the word. Far from creating a unitary Copenhagen interpretation, the postwar debates had the effect of dramatically expanding the range of interpretations that bore the label “orthodox” or “Copenhagen”.
The Reception of the Forman Thesis in Modernity and Postmodernity
Authors: Forman Paul
Published: May 2022

‘The Forman thesis’, published in 1972, is the claim that in the years following Germany’s defeat in the First World War, a widespread sense of crisis, marked by anti-scientific, and Spengler-inspired anti-causal, attitudes among educated Germans, ‘led physicists to ardently hope for, actively search for, and willingly embrace an acausal quantum mechanics’. This thesis has been affirmed by few historians and fewer philosophers, but, paradoxically, has nonetheless remained a nagging question for all concerned with the origins and epistemic import of quantum mechanics. Here its author explains the tenacity of that thesis as arising from a continuing attachment by historians and philosophers of science to the myth of disciplinarity, thereby connecting continuities in the 50-year reception history of the Forman thesis with ideological discontinuities created by the broadest and deepest cultural reorientation of the past three centuries, the replacement of the modern outlook and its presuppositions by postmodern.
The Co-creation of Classical and Modern Physics and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Staley Richard
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines physicists’ uses of concepts of classical and modern after the 1911 Solvay Council. British physicists soon recognised a significant challenge to ‘classical electrodynamics’ following the work of Planck and Poincaré, which Bohr incorporated in his 1913 theory of the atom. Yet this language was contingent, and Sommerfeld and Bohr dropped it during the war. An examination of work in Germany and post-war Nobel Prizes explains their subsequent return to it, and the development of still more general concepts of classical physics. Celebrations of Planck, Einstein’s role in ‘deepening classical theory’, and the internationalisation of interest led by 1922 to the promotion of a general concept of ‘classical physics’ with quantum theory being widely identified as a central feature of ‘modern physics’. In turn, this cultural work facilitated the incorporation of a rich variety of concepts of classical theory in the subsequent development of quantum mechanics.
Quantization Conditions, 1900–1927
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel
Published: May 2022

We trace the evolution of quantization conditions from Max Planck’s introduction of a new fundamental constant (h) in his treatment of blackbody radiation in 1900 to Werner Heisenberg’s interpretation of the commutation relations of modern quantum mechanics in terms of his uncertainty principle in 1927.
Pure Wave Mechanics, Relative States, and Many Worlds
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents and discusses Hugh Everett III’s pure wave mechanics, also known as the relative-state formulation or many-worlds interpretation. It begins with a discussion of the quantum measurement problem and the sense in which pure wave mechanics, arguably the simplest and most elegant formulation of quantum mechanics possible, immediately solves it. The solution, however, leads to two new problems. One concerns how a physical observer might end up with determinate measurement records at all on Everett’s model. The other concerns how one is supposed to understand quantum probabilities over such measurement records. How Everett addressed these problems turns on his understanding of the aims of empirical science. This involved the notions of logical consistency and empirical faithfulness, which in the present context, depend on his understanding of relative states and typical records. After sketching how his account works, the chapter ends with a brief examination of how one might think of the determine-record and probability problems in the context of more recent many-worlds formulations.
Is QBism a Possible Solution to the Conceptual Problems of Quantum Mechanics?
Authors: Zwirn Hervé
Published: May 2022

QBism is a recently developed version of Quantum Bayesianism. QBists think that the primitive concept of experience is the central subject of science. QBism refuses the idea that the quantum state of a system is an objective description of this system. It is a tool for assigning a subjective probability to the agent’s future experience. So quantum mechanics does not directly say something about the “external world”. A measurement (in the usual sense) is just a special case of what QBism calls experience and this is any action done by any agent on her external world. The result of the measurement is the experience that the agent gets from her action on her personal world. For QBists, this way of seeing the measurement helps rejecting any non-local influences. We will examine if these claims are robust and will show that a certain number of issues needs to be clarified in order to get a coherent picture. Depending on the way these necessary clarifications are made, the global image given by QBism can vary from pure instrumentalism to interpretations making the observer play a radical role.
The Relational Interpretation
Authors: Rovelli Carlo
Published: May 2022

Quantum Mechanics can be interpreted as the description of real discrete relative facts, happening at interactions between any physical systems, and described by relative. From this perspective, the quantum state ψ is only a calculation tool, and the apparent conflict between unitary evolution and state collapse is resolved noticing that it refers to interactions between different systems. This permits us to avoid an instrumentalist stance, as well as many worlds, hidden variables, or physical collapses.
Spontaneous Localization Theories
Authors: Allori Valia
Published: May 2022

Spontaneous localization theories are a class of quantum theories which solve the so-called measurement problem by non-linearly and stochastically modifying the Schrödinger dynamics. This paper briefly explains where these theories are coming from, what their driving ideas and main features are, and how they were historically developed. Also, it discusses their empirical and ontological adequacy, as well as their relativistic extensions and their experimental confirmation.
The Non-Individuals Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Krause Décio , Arenhart Jonas R. B. , Bueno Otávio
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a non-individuals interpretation of quantum mechanics, connecting issues regarding the interpretation of the theory with the metaphysics of quantum individuality. If quantum mechanics is understood as dealing with objects of a certain kind (whether particles, fields or something else), one needs to address the issue of what these objects are metaphysically. This, in turn, leads to questions regarding whether they are individuals or not, and if they are, which principle of individuality determines that that is the case? The non-individuals interpretation of quantum mechanics takes the relevant entities as lacking individuality, thus adding a metaphysical interpretative layer over the theory’s bare entities. In this chapter, two ways of articulating the view are examined and assessed: one is metaphysically inflationary, the other is deflationary. Both offer distinctive answers to a central interpretative aspect of the metaphysics of quantum mechanics.
Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Dieks Dennis
Published: May 2022

Modal interpretations are interpretations of unitary quantum mechanics (“no-collapse quantum mechanics”) in terms of possible physical states of affairs (characterized by definite values of a number of physical quantities, “beables”) and their probabilities. This Chapter traces the ideas behind this class of interpretations, their motivation and their history. It shows how Bohm’s interpretation and Everett’s original “relative state formulation” can be considered early examples of modal schemes, and goes on to discuss a variety of later modal proposals. Recent debates in the physics and philosophy of physics literature about the interpretation of unitary quantum mechanics are also reviewed, as they can be placed within the same modal context.
Of Weighting and Counting
Authors: Badino Massimiliano
Published: May 2022

Planck’s 1900 theory of the blackbody radiation hid more than it revealed. One half looked like a clever piece of Maxwellian physics, but the other half did not square with anything seen before. Planck had crucially twisted Boltzmann’s classical combinatorial approach for his purposes, and he had introduced the mysterious quantum of action. It is no exaggeration to claim that a large part of the ensuing Old Quantum Theory was concerned with the arduous task of making sense of Planck’s theory from the point of view of Boltzmann’s statistical mechanics. This process eventually paved the way for Schrödinger’s wave mechanics. This chapter tells this intricate story. After recapitulating Planck’s combinatorial procedure and its connection with Boltzmann’s statistical mechanics, I discuss the reactions to Planck’s theory in the early 20th century. Next, I present the research in quantum gas theory and radiation theory in the 1910s. Finally, I examine the emergence of quantum statistics and its connection with Schrödinger’s wave mechanics.
Einstein, Bohm, and Bell
Authors: Bricmont Jean
Published: May 2022

We will show that the views of Einstein (and of Podolsky and Rosen), Bohm and Bell about “hidden variables” and nonlocality have been systematically misrepresented and misunderstood by a large number of physicists.
The Statistical (Ensemble) Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Pechenkin Alexander
Published: May 2022

The standard empirical interpretation of quantum mechanics is already statistical. However, a statistical (ensemble) interpretation can also be treated as a semantic interpretation which provides an understanding of empirical data. In contrast to the standard (Copenhagen) interpretation, the statistical interpretation does not refer to an individual object but it refers to a collective (ensemble) of similarly prepared ones. In 1934 the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics was proposed by the Austrian philosopher K. Popper who followed Einstein’s ideas as they were presented at the Fifth Solvay Congress (1927). The statistical interpretation was developed by a number of American physicists and philosophers (J. Slater, E. Kemble, H. Margenau et al.) and by two Soviet Union physicists (K.V. Nikolskii and L.I. Mandelstam). After the second World War the Soviet physicist D. Blokhinsev and Canadian physicist L. Ballentine became the main figures. The philosophical and ideological presuppositions of Blokhinsev’s interpretation are discussed and V.A. Fock’s criticism of the statistical approach to quantum mechanics is elucidated.
Stochastic Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Santos Emilio
Published: May 2022

It is argued that if quantum mechanical description is incomplete a plausible interpretation is stochastic. Two theories are briefly revisited: stochastic mechanics and stochastic (or random) electrodynamics. The former assumes that the paths of quantum particles are Markov processes having some similarity with Brownian motion. The latter rest on the assumption that vacuum fields are real stochastic fields, in particular the electromagnetic radiation. The motion of particles immersed in the field, treated with classical electrodynamics, leads to stationary states where emission and absorption of radiation are balanced. Agreement with the quantum ground state is achieved for linear systems, but not in general. An extension to a stochastic interpretation of quantum optics provides agreement with quantum optics in some cases, but difficulties appear that are pointed out.
Foundations and Applications
Authors: Joas Christian
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents arguments for why and how what often are considered mere applications of the new formalism in the early phase of the development of quantum mechanics is relevant to the study of the history of its interpretations. It argues that the often-made cut between foundations and applications is largely artificial and how this is connected to the actors’ own purviews regarding the open-ended fate of quantum mechanics in statu nascendi. It then presents examples of early developments that, besides being applications of the new theory to new phenomena, also had significant interpretational import. This implies a somewhat wider view on what the interpretation of quantum mechanics consists of, and how it is connected to attempts at understanding the meaning of the new theory and its implications more broadly. There is untapped potential in more thoroughly studying the early applications of quantum mechanics for historians, philosophers, and physicists.
The Statistical Interpretation: Born, Heisenberg, and von Neumann, 1926–27
Authors: Bacciagaluppi Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the development and transformation of the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics from Max Born’s first suggestion in his collision papers of 1926 to von Neumann’s axiomatic formulation in 1927. Born had initially introduced only statistical distributions over stationary states, did not discuss measurements and only tentatively embraced an indeterministic picture. Further work, among others by Heisenberg, suggested that indeterminism was fundamental and associated with measurements. But the now familiar picture of quantum states collapsing upon measurement was developed by von Neumann in 1927. Von Neumann’s work also provided the basis for claims that indeterminism could not be eliminated from quantum mechanics. The chapter concludes with an analysis of how the statistical interpretation relates to indeterminism.
(When) Is Adblocking Wrong?
Authors: Douglas Thomas
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, the author examines three deontological objections to adblocking: the objection from property (according to which adblocking involves accessing another’s property without satisfying the conditions placed on such access by the owner); the objection from complicity (according to which, by blocking ads, consumers become complicit in the wrongdoing of adblocking software providers); and the objection from free-riding (according to which adblocking consumers free-ride on other consumers who allow ads to be served). The chapter argues that, though these objections plausibly establish the moral impermissibility of some instances of adblocking, they do not, even collectively, establish a blanket moral prohibition on adblocking, as it is currently done.
Evaluating CAT
Authors: Taylor Peter James , Gianfrancesco Olympia , Hartley Samantha
Published: May 2022

Although research into cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) has been developing steadily over the last few decades, many important questions remain unanswered. Gaining a deeper understanding of the contexts in which CAT may be most helpful, and the factors that contribute to a good therapy outcome, for example, may be key to clinical practice and to understanding how best to flexibly integrate CAT within existing health services. To begin to identify and investigate these unanswered questions, we first review the CAT research landscape to date, and detail key considerations for developing robust research questions and studies. This includes commentary on appropriate study design, and reflection on the degree to which these decisions can reveal or obscure causal processes. A case is made for the development of a robust evidence base through the utilization of a wide range of different research methodologies. Once a research question has been identified, the development of a research team with the requisite skills is a vital next step. Here we highlight the value and necessity of collaborative relationships between researchers, clinicians, and those with lived experience. Finally, CAT’s transdiagnostic approach may face challenges within frameworks of research and funding that are traditionally based on diagnosis and medical models of distress. We argue that the future of CAT research should involve the navigation of a middle ground which allows CAT to retain its values and principles while clearly communicating its utility in meeting gaps in services as well as the value of its transdiagnostic approach.
CAT in the perinatal period
Authors: Douglass Sarah
Published: May 2022

The perinatal period (from conception to baby’s first birthday) has significant mental health implications for the mother and their infant’s long term cognitive, emotional, and physical development. Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is demonstrating promising evidence as an effective intervention during the perinatal period. This chapter will consider how CAT can benefit maternal and infant mental health and how some adaptations to the standard CAT model may be helpful to promote the needs of new mothers and their infants, drawing from some ideas from psychoanalytic theory on infant mental health. One such adaptation to standard CAT is the use of a ‘baby map’ alongside traditional mapping to aid exploration of the mother infant attachment difficulties and promote healthy exits within the mother infant relationship. The chapter will also consider how CAT could be a useful approach within mother and baby units (specialist inpatient units for mothers in the perinatal period). Consistent with the author’s experience, the chapter will mainly focus on mothers, but will also consider how working with the couple can support the CAT intervention.
The ‘D’ in CAT
Authors: Hepple Jason
Published: May 2022

The chapter gives an overview of the influences of dialogic theory on cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) theory and practice; notably influences from the work of Lev Vygotsky and Mikhail Bakhtin as incorporated into CAT by Mikael Leiman. The chapter first considers an overview of the sources of CAT theory and how these link with the dialogic ideas. It then discusses Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development and the scaffolding provided by CAT for the internalization of complex psychological tools, with some mention of the difficult area of sign-mediation. It then moves onto ideas from Bakhtin under the banner of the ‘dialogic self’, and includes mention of ‘utterance’ and the ‘addressee’, the ‘sideways glance’ and the ‘super-addressee’. It then discusses the central role of witnessing the client’s distress and the need for ‘responsive understanding’ from the therapist. Finally, the chapter considers ‘outsideness’ or the ‘surplus of vision’ and its corresponding ‘insideness’, as ways of framing perspectives in the therapy relationship.
Clinical neuropsychology
Authors: Addy Karen
Published: May 2022

Following traumatic brain injuries individuals can suffer a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural challenges which are associated with underlying neurological damage affecting how the individual processes and understands the world around them. This chapter explores an adapted multiple self states model (MSSM) to assist clients and staff teams understand the behavioural manifestations of executive processing impairments following traumatic brain injury. The chapter proposes how the MSSM is a useful formulation and therapy tool to guide cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) based interventions within this client group and it is hoped that this exploration provides a framework for other clinicians working in this field.
CAT consultancy for enhancing team functioning
Authors: Craven-Staines Sarah , Finch Jayne
Published: May 2022

The uses of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) in working with individual clients are numerous, and have been explored in depth already in other chapters. Overtime, CAT has become more prevalent in its uses outside of the therapy room, particularly in working organizationally with teams. The phenomena of parallel process between client and team is well documented, however, this chapter will focus upon the relational functioning of teams. The client remains at the heart of this care, as staff who feel psychologically safe within a well-functioning team are increasingly likely to provide better care, thus leading to a more positive journey for the client. The chapter will lead the reader through the process of facilitating CAT consultancy with teams, situating this approach within the broader team dynamics and organizational CAT literature. It is hoped that the reader will gain practical insight on how to utilize the CAT consultancy with teams’ approach within the workplace.
CAT-informed leadership
Authors: Harvey David
Published: May 2022

The global social, economic, and political landscape has shifted immeasurably since the mid-2000s. In the United Kingdom this has left leaders in health and social care working in a context of complexity and ongoing disruptive change. Therefore there have been calls for leaders to develop new ways of responding to ever evolving challenges and workplace environments. Contemporary notions of effective leadership advocate flexibility, collaboration, compassion, emotional awareness, dialogue and debate, and authenticity. However, these approaches are perhaps more radical than they outwardly seem, especially in workplace cultures where interpersonal risks can be ubiquitous and complexities overwhelming. Any attempt to offer newer forms of leadership can be bolstered through a framework which helps to understand complex system and relational dynamics and offers possible ways forward that are productive and ensure the wellbeing and psychological safety of leaders and others. The chapter outlines how the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) model of trauma can be used as scaffolding to reconceptualize complex relational ideas in accessible ways applying this to contemporary approaches of effective leadership at an individual and system level.
Incorporating compassion-focused therapy into CAT
Authors: Jameson Pam
Published: May 2022

The chapter will describe compassion focused therapy (CFT) theory and consider how this can be incorporated into the dialogical approach inherent in the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) model, highlighting the key self-to-self reciprocal roles (RRs) of the internal compassionate dialogue and the development of self-care. The chapter will demonstrate how the CFT model can bring an additional theoretical perspective to CAT particularly with reference to working with RRs associated with threat and shame. It offers a practical understanding of how techniques typically used in CFT might be used as effective exit strategies. Case material is provided to illustrate these ideas. The chapter will also consider how the attention to the therapeutic relationship within CAT can overcome some of the limitations with regards to the application of techniques typically applied as part of CFT. Additionally, consideration will be given to how therapists might apply compassion focused approaches to themselves.
Incorporating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) into CAT
Authors: Walker Mark J.
Published: May 2022

The chapter will briefly discuss the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approaches to trauma presentations. The chapter will go on to provide a basic introduction to EMDR, and then explore where EMDR can complement CAT illustrated by a short case example. CAT can incorporate elements of EMDR at different stages of the CAT therapeutic process to increase affect management and capacity to engage in therapy during the stabilization/resourcing stage of the work. This allows an explicit focus on those relationship experiences formulated to be touchstone memories or experiences that have led to the evolution of unhelpful coping strategies (procedural sequences) as well as offer a neurobiological understanding of dissociation and additional strategies to facilitate therapeutic change.
Competence in CAT
Authors: Parry Glenys , Bennett Dawn
Published: May 2022

This chapter defines therapeutic competence and the difference between process-led and competence-led training. Approaches to defining and measuring competence in cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) are described. The Competence in CAT (CCAT) measure was developed to score individual CAT sessions and has been used in training and research to identify ‘satisfactory CAT’. More recently, a competence framework for delivery of CAT has been developed and structured in terms of core knowledge, core skills, and meta-competences (which require therapeutic judgement rather than simple adherence to a treatment protocol). The framework can help trainees, service users, service managers, and commissioners to better understand the core features of CAT and what is necessary for CAT to be skilfully delivered in practice. A critique of the competence-led approach is given, and future directions outlined.
Training in CAT
Authors: Bennett Dawn , Fawkes Liz , Stevens Yvonne J.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the Association of Cognitive Analytic Therapy (ACAT) training infrastructure and how we embed cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) values in how we run our trainings in the United Kingdom. CAT has a well-developed, robust, and effective training infrastructure and we outline the key elements, which include different levels of training, local centres but with national standards, moderation processes, collective and collaborative design with oversight through committees, and a valuing stance. We trace the history of CAT training through to the recent competence framework, a significant and important addition that informs our curriculum and assessments. We describe how we aim to create a collaborative and collegiate way of working in ACAT training committee, offering the same scaffolding and conceptual framework to the trainers as the trainers offer to trainees. At the heart of CAT training is a relational process in which we share the values and ethos of the CAT model as well as the concepts and techniques, based on respect, warmth, clarity, and vision as well as challenge, depth, and exploration. We hold these themes as we describe the evolution of CAT training and the birth of ACAT; the philosophy of our training; the levels of ACAT accredited CAT training, and CAT training internationally. We consider what draws people to train in CAT, the core components, and the competency-based approach to our training. We describe the emphasis on personal development within CAT training, feedback and moderation processes, and how to get involved in training.
Recognition
Authors: Wilde McCormick Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

Recognition is a process of illumination. It brings into the light the suffering that has remained in the dark, unseen, unnamed, unrecognized, for the purpose of understanding and wellness. It is a gradual process and a two-way adventure shared between client and therapist. Both share their understandings and awareness, bringing words and images into places that have been wordless. The aim is to develop a reflective space where clients are able to see and to name their learned attitudes and begin to value themselves. Recognition offers a compassionate observing process and clears the way for the ‘I’ to see ‘me’.
Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission promotes carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrogenesis in mice
Authors: Shan Shulin , Liu Zhidan , Wang Shuai , Liu Zhaoxiong , Huang Zhengcheng , Yang Yiyu , Zhang Cuiqin , Song Fuyong
Published: May 2022

Background

Mitochondrial dynamics is essential for the maintenance of healthy mitochondrial network. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrogenesis following chronic liver injury. However, the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission in the context of liver fibrosis remains unclear.

Methods and Results

In this study, C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a model of liver fibrosis via oral gavage with CCl4 treatment for 8 weeks. Furthermore, mitochondrial fission intervention experiments were achieved by the mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1). The results demonstrated that chronic CCl4 exposure resulted in severe hepatic fibrogenesis and mitochondrial damage. By contrast, pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial division by Mdivi-1 substantially reduced the changes of mitochondrial dynamics and finally prevented the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Mechanistically, excessive mitochondrial fission may activate hepatic stellate cells through RIPK1-MLKL-dependent hepatocyte death, which ultimately promotes liver fibrosis.

Conclusion

Our study imply that inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and may serve as a therapeutic target for retarding progression of chronic liver disease.
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) Data Reveal the Phyllosphere Microbiome of Wheat Plants Infected by the Fungal PathogenZymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Barroso-Bergadà Didac , Massot Marie , Vignolles Noémie , Faivre d'Arcier Julie , Chancerel Emilie , Guichoux Erwan , Walker Anne-Sophie , Vacher Corinne , Bohan David A. , Laval Valérie , Suffert Frédéric
Published: May 2022

The fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a major wheat disease in Western Europe. Microorganisms inhabiting wheat leaves might act as beneficial, biocontrol, or facilitating agents that could limit or stimulate the development of Z. tritici. Improving our understanding of microbial communities in the wheat phyllosphere would lead to new insights into STB management. This article provides fungal and bacterial metabarcoding datasets obtained by sampling wheat leaves with and without symptoms caused by Z. tritici. Tissues were sampled from three commercial wheat varieties on three sampling dates during a cropping season. Weeds around wheat fields were sampled as well. In total, more than 450 leaf samples were collected. The pathogen Z. tritici was quantified using quantitative PCR. We provide the raw metabarcoding datasets, the amplicon sequence variant tables obtained after bioinformatic processing, the metadata associated with each sample (sampling date, wheat variety and tissue health condition), a preliminary descriptive analysis of the data, and the code used for bioinformatic and descriptive statistical analysis.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
An overview of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
Authors: McGowan Nathan A. , Grosel John
Published: May 2022

Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are often-concomitant pathologies that primarily afflict neonates. The complications of these anomalies may lead to increased morbidity and mortality, and clinicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of these pathologies. Clinicians can improve patient outcomes by having a thorough understanding of the signs and symptoms, classification systems, diagnostic workup, and surgical intervention options for these patients. Early recognition and treatment are imperative in providing patients with the best opportunity for recovery.
Serious Mental Illness Associated with Increased CV Risk
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2022

According to this study:

Adults with serious mental illness are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease compared with their peers.
Development and Implementation of an Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Education Program for Critical Care Nurses
Authors: Bagley Kimberly
Published: May 2022

Background

Ultrasound-guided (US-guided) peripheral intravenous (PIV) insertion is a skill used by specially trained nurses for patients with difficult vascular access. It can result in potential complications such as occlusive thrombus, phlebitis, infiltration, and pain. Complications can be prevented or minimized with clinical training to achieve competency. Current research shows that the most effective approach to US-guided PIV training consists of a comprehensive structured educational program that includes didactic, hands-on training and skills application.

Objectives

This study aimed to develop and implement a US-guided PIV education program for critical care nurses.

Methods

Structured education was developed using a step-wise method. Critical care nurse practitioners in the intensive care unit (ICU) developed training materials including hands-on training, ultrasound reference material, and supervised skills application. Afterward, US-guided PIV–trained critical care nurses were enabled to train other nurses in the ICU.

Results

The total number of US-guided PIV–trained registered nurses in the ICU increased from 5.8% to 26% of staff, but represents only 20% of those trained at current staffing levels. The percentage of US-guided PIV–trained nightshift/weekend staff increased from 3.9% to 24%, but represents 14% at current staffing levels. One hundred five US-guided PIVs showed a 97% success rate of US-guided PIV placement during an 11-month timeframe, similar to success rates published in the literature that ranged from 86% to 100%. There was 1.9% complication rate for occlusive thrombus, which is below published rates ranging up to 10%.

Discussion

Critical care nurse practitioners in the ICU collaborated with vascular nursing and hospital clinical education to successfully develop and implement a US-guided PIV training program to meet patient needs within a growing community facility. The results of the training program yielded similar success and complication rates as those reported in the literature. Ongoing training is essential for program sustainability.

Conclusions

Critical care nurse practitioners training registered nurses in US-guided PIV placement is an effective approach to training. Critical care nurses trained in US-guided PIV insertion can safely and effectively train other critical care nurses in US-guided PIV insertion.
Program Evaluation of Implementation Science Outcomes From an Intervention to Improve Compliance With Chlorhexidine Gluconate Bathing
Authors: Reynolds Staci S. , Woltz Patricia , Keating Edward , Neff Janice , Elliott Jennifer , Granger Bradi B.
Published: May 2022

Background and Objectives

Evaluation of implementation science research is warranted to better understand and determine the success of translating evidence-based infection prevention practices at the bedside. The purpose of this program evaluation was to evaluate implementation outcomes from the perspectives of nurses and nursing leaders regarding a previously conducted chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing implementation science study among 14 critical care units.

Methods

Focus groups and interviews, using semistructured interview questions, were conducted to examine the perceptions of nurses who participated in a CHG bathing implementation science study. A deductive qualitative analysis using Proctor and colleagues' implementation outcomes framework was used. Transcripts were analyzed and categorized using the framework as a predetermined code list to structure the implementation outcomes of acceptability, appropriateness, adoption, feasibility, and sustainability.

Findings

A total of 19 nurses and nurse leaders participated in a focus group or interview. Participants noted that both implementation strategies used in the initial study (educational outreach and audit and feedback) were acceptable and appropriate and expressed that the evidence-based CHG bathing practice was feasible to integrate into practice and was being adopted.

Discussion

The program evaluation identified strengths and opportunities for improvement related to the implementation strategies and evidence-based CHG bathing protocol. Findings can inform future studies that seek to implement CHG bathing protocols in the critical care setting using audit and feedback and educational outreach strategies.
The role of health care organizations in patient engagement: Mechanisms to support a strong relationship between patients and clinicians
Authors: Sieck Cynthia J. , Hefner Jennifer L. , Walker Daniel M. , Kurien Natasha , Phelps Lauren , McAlearney Ann Scheck
Published: May 2022

Background

Patient engagement (PE) is critical to improving patient experience and outcomes, as well as clinician work life and lowering health care costs, yet health care organizations (HCOs) have limited guidance about how to support PE. The engagement capacity framework considers the context of engagement and examines precursors to engagement, including patients’ self-efficacy, resources, willingness, and capabilities.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to explore clinician and patient perspectives related to mechanisms through with the HCOs can facilitate PE through the lens of the engagement capacity framework.

Methodology/Approach

We administered an online open-ended survey to clinicians and patient advisors across the United States, including questions focused on the influences of, barriers to, and skills and tools required for PE. A common theme emerged focusing on the role of HCOs in facilitating engagement. Our analysis examined all responses tagged with the “health care system” code.

Results

Over 750 clinicians and patient advisors responded to our survey. Respondents identified offering advice and support for patients to manage their care (self-efficacy), providing tools to facilitate communication (resources), working to encourage connection with patients (willingness), and training for HCO employees in cultural competency and communication skills (capabilities) as important functions of HCOs related to engagement.

Conclusion

HCOs play an important role in supporting a strong partnership between the patient and clinicians. Our study identifies important mechanisms through which HCOs can fulfill this role.

Practice Implications

HCO leadership and administration can help establish the culture of care provided. Policies and initiatives that provide appropriate communication tools and promote culturally competent care can increase engagement.
Characterizing Profiles of TBI Severity: Predictors of Functional Outcomes and Well-Being
Authors: Pasipanodya Elizabeth C. , Teranishi Rachel , Dirlikov Benjamin , Duong Thao , Huie Henry
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To identify profiles of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity and relate profiles to functional and well-being outcomes.

Setting:

Acute inpatient rehabilitation and general community settings.

Participants:

Three hundred and seventy-nine individuals with moderate-severe TBI participating in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems.

Design:

Longitudinal observational study.

Main Measures:

At discharge—length of stay, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Disability Rating Scale (DRS). One-year post-injury—Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), FIM, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).

Results:

Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify subgroups with similar patterns across 12 indicators of acute injury severity, including duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Glasgow Coma Scale, time to follow commands, and head CT variables. LPA identified 4 latent classes, least to most severe TBI (Class 1: n = 75, 20.3%; Class 2: n = 124, 33.5%; Class 3: n = 144, 38.9%; Class 4: n = 27, 7.3%); younger age, lower education, rural residence, injury in motor vehicle accidents, and earlier injury years were associated with worse acute severity. Latent classes were related to outcomes. Compared with Class 1, hospital stays were longer, FIM scores lower, and DRS scores larger at discharge among individuals in Class 3 and Class 4 (all Ps < .01). One-year post-injury, GOS-E and FIM scores were significantly lower among individuals in Class 3 and Class 4 than those in Class 1 (Ps < .01). SWLS scores were lower only among individuals in Class 3 (P = .036) compared with Class 1; other comparisons relative to Class 1 were not significant.

Conclusions:

Meaningful profiles of TBI severity can be identified from acute injury characteristics and may suggest etiologies, like injury in motor vehicle accidents, and premorbid characteristics, including younger age, rural residence, and lower education, that heighten risk for worse injuries. Improving classification may help focus on those at elevated risk for severe injury and inform clinical management and prognosis.
Student Self-Efficacy in Pediatrics: Evaluation and Modification of the Pediatric Communication and Handling Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Wolden Mitch , Anderson Brittany
Published: May 2022

Purpose:

Our purpose was to examine the reliability and validity of the Pediatric Communication and Handling Self-Efficacy Scale (PCHSES) and develop a shorter, modified PCHSES.

Methods:

With 92 students, the reliability of the PCHSES was assessed by determining the internal consistency of each construct (Communication; Patient Handling). Construct validity, responsiveness, and convergent validity were assessed to determine the validity.

Results:

Internal consistency was high for the Communication and Patient Handling constructs. Construct validity analysis produced 2 factors that explained 93% of the variance and a modified PCHSES that explained 96% of the variance in students' PCHSES scores. There were significant changes with large effect sizes over time for the Communication and the Patient Handling constructs. There were no-to-small relationships between PCHSES scores and clinical performance ratings.

Conclusions:

The PCHSES and modified PCHSES are reliable and valid instruments to assess students' self-efficacy with the pediatric population. What this adds to the evidence: The PCHSES or modified PCHSES should be used to assess students' self-efficacy and facilitate education research.
Characteristics of Cumulative Annual Radiation Exposure in Young Intensive Care Unit Survivors
Authors: Thind Guramrinder Singh , Hussein Ahmed , Mishra Vedant , Ramachandran Vidhya , Lohia Mehul , Ennala Sravanthi , Guduguntla Nagamani , Dugar Siddharth , Martin Charles , Moghekar Ajit , Sadana Divyajot Singh , Krishnan Sudhir
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk for hazardous medical radiation exposure. However, the cumulative annual radiation exposure in ICU survivors remains unknown.

Methods

This was a single-center retrospective study of all critically ill adult patients admitted to the 64-bed adult medical ICU at a quaternary medical center. The study included patients aged 18 to 39 years admitted through the year 2013 (January 1, 2013–December 31, 2013) who survived their respective ICU admission.

Results

A total of 353 patients were included in the study. The median cumulative effective dose (CED) for the calendar year was 9.14 mSv (interquartile range, 1.74–27 mSv). In 11.6% of the patients (n = 41), CED was more than 50 mSv, while 5.1% of the patients (n = 18) exceeded annual CED of 100 mSv. Overall, radiation exposure from ICU-related imaging studies was lower than those from other medical settings (mean difference, −9.2 ± 83.6; P < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in exposure (ICU versus non-ICU) when restricting the analysis to patients with a CED of greater than 50 and greater than 100 mSv. Eighty-seven percent of the original cohort was alive at the end of the year.

Conclusions

Young ICU survivors are at risk for high annual radiation exposure from both ICU and non-ICU sources. A subset is exposed to hazardous annual radiation exposure in excess of 100 mSv.
Rise and fall of interactions with brand communities
Authors: Arablooye Moghaddam Saeed , Esfidani Mohammad Rahim
Published: May 2022

Purpose

This paper investigates the impact of consumer relationships with brand communities on behavioral interactions on Instagram. The objective is to identify different types and stages of relationships between consumers and brand communities on Instagram using social penetration theory and explain the behavioral interactions of consumers resulting from these relationships across different stages.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed method strategy was employed combining a qualitative multi-case study and an online survey. Eight individuals following restaurant and apparel brands on Instagram participated in the first study and 202 samples participated in the online survey.

Findings

Fifteen different types of relationships were identified between consumers and brand communities on Instagram and were classified into five stages ranging from orientation to de-penetration. The results reveal that behavioral interactions (i.e. consuming and participating) rise across the first four stages of brand community relationship development and fall down at the fifth stage.

Originality/value

This paper introduces new relationship types and stages and brings together different pieces of extant literature to explain the rising and falling of behavioral interactions resulting from consumer relationships with brand communities on Instagram.