bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Okul Yöneticileri Kendi Mesleki Gelişim Etkinliklerini Nasıl Algılıyorlar?
Authors: Kasalak Gamze
Published: March 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı, okul yöneticilerinin kendi mesleki gelişim etkinliklerine yönelik algılarını belirlemektir. Genel tarama modelinde tasarlanan araştırmanın çalışma grubunda, Antalya ili devlet ilkokulu, ortaokulu ve liselerinde görev yapan ve “Okul Yönetimi Semineri”ne katılan basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi ve gönüllük esasına göre belirlenen 100 okul yöneticisi bulunmaktadır. Araştırma verileri, Mesleki Gelişim Etkinliği anketi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, okul yöneticilerinin resmi mesleki gelişim etkinliklerinden en fazla kurs ve çalıştay türü etkinliklere katıldıklarını ancak en etkili algılanan mesleki gelişim etkinliklerinin meslektaşlara rehberlik etme, gözlemleme ve yetiştirme olduğunu göstermektedir. Okul yöneticilerinin ihtiyaç duydukları mesleki gelişim alanları arasında en fazla oranda okul (iş) sağlığı ve güvenliği, etkili iletişim becerileri, eğitimde bilgi teknolojileri kullanma becerileri ve öğrenci disiplin ve davranış sorunları konuları yer almaktadır. Okul yöneticilerimesleki gelişim etkinliklerine daha fazla oranda katılmak istediklerini ve katıldıkları mesleki gelişim etkinlikleri için ek ödeme yapılmadığını belirtmektedirler.
Okul Yöneticilerinin Okul Liderliğinde Yetiştirilme ve Sorun Yaşama Seviyeleri
Authors: Karacabey Mehmet Fatih , Bozkuş Kıvanç
Published: March 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı okul yöneticilerinin okul liderliğinde göreve başlamadan önceki yetiştirilme ve görev başındayken sorun yaşama seviyelerini belirlemektir. Yöneticilerin liderlikte yetiştirilme ve sorun yaşama seviyeleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılığın ve ilişkinin olup olmadığı ile seviyelerin demografik özelliklere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği de belirlenmiştir. Şanlıurfa ilinde görev yapan 524 okul yöneticisinden tarama yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre okul yöneticilerinin okul liderliğinde sorun yaşamadıklarına ve yeterince yetiştirildiklerine ilişkin algıya sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Yöneticilerin okul liderliğinde yetiştirilme seviyeleri sorun yaşama seviyelerinden daha yüksek olmasına rağmen sorun yaşama seviyelerinin düşük olmasının yetiştirilme seviyelerinin yüksek olmasından kaynaklanmadığı belirlenmiştir. Yöneticilerin okul liderliğinde sorun yaşama ve yetiştirilme seviyelerinde cinsiyet, görev türü, öğrenim seviyesi ve branşa göre farklılık bulunmamaktadır. Şanlıurfa’daki okul yöneticilerinin neden okul liderliğinde sorun yaşamadıklarını, okul liderliğinde yeterince yetiştirildiklerini ve ilkokul yöneticilerinin neden daha yüksek seviyede yetiştirildiklerini düşündüklerinin ve yöneticilerin liderlik alanında yaşadıkları sorunlara etki eden etkenlerin yeni araştırmalarla belirlenmesi önerilmiştir.
Eğitim Paydaşlarının Okul Öncesi Eğitimin Zorunlu Olmasına İlişkin Görüşleri
Authors: Sak Ramazan , Şahin-Sak İkbal Tuba , Öneren-Şendil Çağla , Taşkın Necdet
Published: March 2020

Bu nitel çalışmanın amacı, okul öncesi öğretmen, veli ve yöneticilerinin Türkiye’de okul öncesi eğitimin zorunlu olmasına ilişkin görüşlerini incelemektir. Çalışmaya, çeşitli okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan 25 öğretmen, 15 yönetici ve çocukları bu okullara devam eden 14 veli katılmıştır. Verisi yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanan ve kelime tekrarı ile kesme-sınıflandırma teknikleri kullanılarak analiz edilen çalışmanın sonunda beş ana temaya ulaşılmıştır. Bunlar, okul öncesi eğitimin (1) zorunlu olup olmaması, (2) zorunlu olma yaşı, (3) zorunlu olmasının çocuklar açısından değerlendirilmesi, (4) zorunlu olmasının aileler açısından değerlendirilmesi ve (5) zorunlu olmasının okul öncesi öğretmenleri açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmanın bulguları, katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğunun (n=50) okul öncesi eğitimin zorunlu olması gerektiğini, yaklaşık yarısının (n=29) ise zorunlu okul öncesi eğitim yaşının 48 ay olması gerektiğini düşündüklerini göstermiştir. Ayrıca okul öncesi eğitimin zorunlu olmasının, çocuklar, veliler ve okul öncesi öğretmenleri açısından birtakım olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri olacağı, bütün katılımcılar tarafından farklı şekillerde dile getirilmiştir.
Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Sorun Tanımları: Okul Öncesi Öğretmenleri Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: Başturan Cansu , Görgü Ertan
Published: March 2020

Araştırmanın amacı devlet ve özel okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin mesleki sorun tanımlarını incelemektir. Çalışma grubu, 2017-2018 eğitim-öğretim yılında İstanbul ili Anadolu Yakası’nda devlet ve özel okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında devlet ve özel okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapmakta olan, kartopu örnekleme yoluyla seçilmiş 118 okul öncesi öğretmeninden oluşmuştur. Karma desenli olan bu çalışmanın veri toplama sürecinde araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilmiş olan okul öncesi öğretmenleri için “Demografik Bilgi Formu’’ ve yarı yapılandırılmış “Öğretmen Görüşme Formu” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular içerik analizi, çapraz tablo ve ki kare yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Devlet ve özel kurumlarda görev yapan okul öncesi öğretmenlerin mesleki sorunlarının karşılaştırılması sonucunda; devlet okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin okul şartları, sınıf materyalleri, sınıf mevcutları ve mola ile ilgili daha yüksek düzeyde sorun belirttikleri, özel okullarda görev yapan öğretmenlerin ise, değersizlik, maaş, çalışma saatleri ile ilgili daha yüksek düzeyde sorun belirttikleri tespit edilmiştir.
Öğretmenlerin Toplumsal Saygınlık ve İmajlarına Olumsuz Etki Eden Faktörlerin İncelenmesi
Authors: Atmaca Taner
Published: March 2020

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, öğretmenlerin toplumsal saygınlığına, mesleki kimliğine ve imajına olumsuz etkisi olan, pejoratif yönü bulunan faktörlerin öğretmenlerin görüşlerine göre incelenmesidir. Öğretmen kimliği, Türk toplumunun hafızasında ve kadim geleneğinde saygın ve entelektüel arka planı sağlam bir yapıya sahipken zaman içerisinde ortaya çıkan çeşitli faktörlerin etkisi ile güç kaybına uğramış durumdadır. Bu faktörlerin, toplum nazarında kabul görmüş öğretmen kimliğini ve imajını zedeleyici, öğretmenin itibarına zarar verici yönleri bulunmaktadır. Araştırmanın temel eksenini farklı mesleki kıdem, dünya görüşü, pedagojik anlayış ve branşlarda görev yapan öğretmenlerin görüşleri doğrultusunda kendi mesleki kimliklerinin ve toplumsal imajlarının hangi faktörlerin etkisi ile bulunduğunu ya da bulunması gereken yerden uzaklaştığını ortaya koymak oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma betimsel tarama modelinde nitel bir araştırmadır. Bu bağlamda toplamda 10 öğretmenle derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Temaların oluşturulmasında NVIVO 12 programından yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları öğretmenlerin görüşlerine göre en çok profesyonellikten yoksun olmanın, özlük haklarında görülen düşüşün, medyaya yansıyan olumsuz haberlerin, olumsuz siyasi söylemlerin öğretmen kimliğini örselediğini ve toplumun imgeleminde olması gereken konumdan uzaklaştırdığını göstermektedir.
Yetişkinlerin Halk Eğitim Merkezlerindeki Eğitim Faaliyetlerine Olan İstemlerinin Farklı Değişkenler Bakımından İncelenmesi
Authors: Aktaş Ensar , Yolcu Hüseyin
Published: March 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı, yetişkin bireylerin eğitim istemleri üzerinde belirleyici olan değişkenleri ortaya koymaktır.  Tarama modelinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmanın çalışma grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında Ankara il merkezinde faaliyet gösteren Halk Eğitimi Merkezlerinin (HEM) açmış olduğu eğitim faaliyetlerine katılan 25 yaş ve üzerindeki 247 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde yüzde, frekans, ortalama ve standart sapma gibi tanımlayıcı istatistiklerin yanı sıra veri setindeki ilişkileri incelemek için T Testi ve ANOVA testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada,  yetişkin bireylerin eğitim faaliyetlerine olan istemlerinde daha çok “Sosyal”, “Mesleki, “Kendini Geliştirmek” ve “Ekonomik” nedenler belirleyici olmaktadır. Yetişkinlerin bu yöndeki istemleri üzerinde; cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, öğrenim düzeyi, mesleki durum, çalışma durumu, aylık gelir ve hanedeki birey sayısı bakımından farklılaşmalar olduğu gözlenmiştir. HEM’lerde yürütülen ekonomik içerikli eğitim faaliyetlerine katılan kadınların, bu süreçten sonraki yaşam döngülerini sorgulamaya yönelik bir araştırma yapılmasıdır.  Böylelikle, HEM’lerde verilen bu tür eğitimlerin içeriğinin ve işlevselliğinin de gözden geçirilmesi mümkün olacaktır.
Erken Dönemde Matematik Konuşmaları
Authors: Gürgah Oğul İrem , Aktaş Arnas Yaşare
Published: March 2020

İlkokulun başlangıcında çocukların matematik bilgisi arasında farklar mevcuttur. Bu farklılık okul öncesi dönemde çocukların maruz kaldıkları ev öğrenme çevresi ve okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda yaşadığı deneyimlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Hem ev hem de okul ortamında çocukların erken matematik öğrenmelerinde yetişkinlerle olan deneyimlerini anlamlandırmalarını sağlayacak matematiğe dair konuşmalar gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışma, matematik konuşmalarını ev ve okul bağlamında ele alarak araştırmacılara bütünsel bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Çocukların sahip olduğu matematik becerilerini yordadığı vurgulanan matematik konuşmaları, çocukların matematik eğitiminde ortaya çıkan dezavantajlı durumları ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik bir yol olarak ele alınabilir.
Ulkomaiset eläinten hyvinvointimerkit tarkastelussa
Authors: Heinola Katriina , Raussi Satu , Kauppinen Tiina , Wallenius Essi , Niemi Jarkko
Published: March 2020

Useissa maissa on jo vapaaehtoisia eläinten hyvinvointimerkintäjärjestelmiä eläinperäisille tuotteille. Kuluttajien mielenkiinnon kasvaessa järjestelmät ovat saaneet huomattavaakin jalansijaa markkinoilla. Osa järjestelmistä on portaittaisia, mikä auttaa tuottajia pääsemään järjestelmään mukaan pienilläkin hyvinvointiparannuksilla ja kehittämään toimintaansa. Eläinten hyvinvointimerkintä suomalaisen elintarviketuotannon vahvuudeksi -hankkeessa selvitimme markkinoilla olevia vapaaehtoisia hyvinvointimerkkijärjestelmiä sekä niiden vaatimuksia Euroopassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa. Vanhimmat hyvinvointimerkit ovat olleet käytössä jo kymmeniä vuosia, ja uusia tulee koko ajan. Merkintäjärjestelmät toimivat kuluttajakysynnän ehdoilla. Esimerkiksi Beter Leven -merkillä on jo kattavasti jalansijaa Hollannin sianlihamarkkinoilla. Yksittäisten järjestelmien piirissä on tuhansia tuotantotiloja ja satoja miljoonia eläimiä. Järjestelmässä voi olla useampia vaatimustasoja. Tasot auttavat vastaamaan erilaisten kuluttajaryhmien toiveisiin ja mahdollistavat tuottajille asteittaisen eläinten hyvinvoinnin kehittämisen. Alimpia tasoja on tosin arvosteltu siitä, että ne edistävät eläinten hyvinvointia lakisääteiseen tasoon verrattuna vain vähän. Merkintäjärjestelmät huomioivat erilaisia eläinten hyvinvointiin vaikuttajia tekijöitä, joten niiden vertailu keskenään on haastavaa. Järjestelmät on pääsääntöisesti kehitetty eläinten hyvinvoinnin parantamiseksi, mutta esimerkiksi Red Tractor ja Beef and Lamb Assurance keskittyvät kokonaisvaltaisesti kestävään tuotantoon ottaen huomioon myös ympäristökestävyyden ja eläinten hyvinvoinnin. Ulkomaisissa järjestelmissä on vaatimuksia, joista osa toteutuu jo suomalaisilla tiloilla laajamittaisesti, sekä vaatimuksia, joita Suomessa toteutetaan vain harvakseltaan. Järjestelmissä mukana olevia toimijoita auditoidaan yleensä vuosittain. Tiloja voidaan tarkastaa myös ennalta ilmoittamatta, tai tilat voivat tehdä omavalvontaa. Ulkopuolisen tekemä tarkastus takaa toiminnan luotettavuuden. Järjestelmien rahoitus vaihtelee huomattavasti. Usein se perustuu liiketoiminnan volyymin määrittämiin jäsen- ja lisenssimaksuihin. Tuottajat maksavat usein vain vuositarkastuksista, ja muut kulut jaetaan tuotantoketjun muille toimijoille. Järjestelmät voivat toimia myös lahjoitusvaroin, kauppaketjujen rahoittamina tai rahastomuotoisina. Merkin ylläpitäminen ja laatuvaatimusten täyttäminen aiheuttavat kustannuksia. Hyvinvointimerkitystä tuotteesta on saatava kustannukset kattava lisähinta, jonka kuluttajat ovat valmiit maksamaan. Merkinnän tulee siis yhtäältä edistää eläinten hyvinvointia ja toisaalta huomioida kuluttajien toiveet eläinten hyvinvoinnille. Merkki itse tuotteessa on tärkeä, sillä se kertoo kuluttajalle, miten tuote on tuotettu. Merkinnän on viestittävä selkeästi, miten tuote eroaa tavanomaisesta.
Kuitulietteen käyttöön soveltuvien peltopinta-alojen tarkastelu Biomassa-atlaksen avulla
Authors: Niemeläinen Oiva , Korpinen Risto , Palojärvi Ansa , Kapuinen Petri
Published: March 2020

Kuitulietteitä syntyy sellu- ja paperiteollisuuden sivuvirtana. Nykyisen tuotannon lisäksi entisillä paperiteollisuuspaikkakunnilla on kuituliete-esiintymiä järvien pohjassa. Tampereen Lielahden kuituliete suunnitellaan nostettavaksi järvestä ranta-alueen tullessa asuinalueeksi, koska se haittaa alueen virkistyskäyttöä. Kuitulietteen ja ravinnekuidun maatalouskäyttöä selvitetään Ympäristöministeriön rahoittamassa Peltokuitu-hankkeessa. Tavoitteena on selvittää kuitujen levitysmäärä, jolla maassa olevaa liukoista typpeä saadaan sidottua syksyllä siten, että typpi ei huuhtoudu, mutta on seuraavana kasvukautena kasvien käytettävissä eikä kuitu sido seuraavana keväänä levitettävää typpilannoitetta kasvin käytöstä. Käyttökohteita olisivat viljelykset, joissa maan liukoisen typen pitoisuus syksyllä voi olla suuri ja aiheuttaa huuhtoutumisriskiä. Tällaisia lohkoja olisivat mm. viherlannoitusnurmet, herne ja härkäpapu sekä nurmien ja laitumien uudistamisvaihe ja kevätviljat. Hankkeessa tarkasteltiin mm. paljonko Lielahden pohjassa olevalle 1,5 milj. m3:n sedimentille on sopivaa käyttöalaa pelloilla. Vastaavasti tarkasteltiin mahdollisuuksia SAPP:in Lohjan Kirkniemen paperitehtaan läheisyydessä. Välineenä käytettiin Biomassa-atlasta (https://www.luke.fi/biomassa-atlas/), jonka avulla voidaan tarkastella eri kasvien viljelyn sijoittumista. Tarkastelussa käytettiin vuoden 2017 viljelyalatietoja. Nurmet uusitaan 3–4 vuoden iässä perustamalla suojaviljaan, ja siksi 1/4 säilörehunurmi- ja laidunalasta on tarkastelussa laskettu uudistamisvaiheessa olevaksi.

Yli puolet Lielahden lähialueen pelloista on kevätkylvöisten kasvien viljelyssä, mutta myös säilörehu-, heinä- ja laidunnurmia, sekä viherkesantoja ja luonnonhoitopeltoja on yhteensä yli 35%. Alle 30 km:n maantie-etäisyydellä Lielahdesta viljelyalat ovat varsin pieniä. Tähän vaikuttaa Tampereen kaupungin ja Näsijärven läheisyys. Korkeintaan 50 km:n etäisyydellä Lielahdesta maantietä pitkin tarkastellut viljelyalat ovat: kevätviljat 30784 ha; herne ja härkäpapu 980 ha, viherlannoitusnurmi 295 ha, ja säilörehunurmien ja laidunten uusimisala 3731 ha. Erityisen hyvin kuitulietteet sopisivat herneen ja härkäpavun sekä viherlannoitusnurmen ja laidunnurmien uusimisen yhteydessä käytettäväksi. Näiden alueiden yhteinen ala Lielahdesta oli 108, 354, 1318 ja 1355 ha maantie-etäisyyksillä 0–20 km, 20–30 km, 30–50 km ja 50–65 km.

SAPPI:n Kirkniemen tehtaan läheisyydessä on härkäpavun viljelyalaa varsin paljon. Herneen ja härkäpavun sekä viherlannoitusnurmen ja laidunnurmien uusimisalat Kirkniemen tehtaalta olivat 573, 581, 1459 ja 947 ha maantie-etäisyyksillä 0–20 km, 20–30 km, 30–50 km ja 50–65 km. Viljelyalat (ha) korkeintaan 50 km:n etäisyydellä SAPPI:n Kirkniemen tehtaalta maantietä pitkin ovat: kevätviljat 28314 ha, herne ja härkäpapu 1963 ha, viherlannoitusnurmi 335 ha, ja säilörehunurmien ja laidunten uusimisala 2 333 ha.
Rola świadomej zgody rodziców w opiece nad noworodkami na granicy zdolności do przeżycia
Authors: Łuków Paweł
Published: March 2020

Artykuł analizuje stosowanie standardu najlepiej pojętego interesu w opiece medycznej nad wcześniakiem na granicy zdolności do przeżycia. Stawia tezę, że jeżeli decyzje rodziców opierają się na rzetelnej lekarskiej ocenie stanu klinicznego i rokowania ich dziecka oraz nie wynikają z przesądów lub uprzedzeń, to profesjonaliści medyczni są zobowiązani respektować świadomą zgodę rodziców, nawet jeśli nie podzielają ich opinii. Profesjonaliści mogą kierować się przede wszystkim oceną kliniczną stanu i rokowania noworodka w ocenie jego interesów. Szczególne osobiste zaangażowanie rodziców w decyzję, wyznawane przez nich wartości oraz znany im rodzinny kontekst możliwej przyszłości ich dziecka czyni ich ocenę jego interesu istotnie bardziej wiarygodną od opinii innych podmiotów zaangażowanych w sprawę.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN GURU DALAM MEMBUAT RPP BERBASIS HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) MELALUI BIMBINGAN BERKELOMPOK
Authors: Santosa Edy Ruwah
Published: March 2020

This research is motivated by the lack of teacher's ability to prepare learning that develops high-level thinking skills of students, so this research aims to improve the ability of teachers to prepare lesson plan based HOTS. This study uses a classroom action research design conducted at SMPN 2 Cerenti with 21 research subjects. Data were analyzed using observation sheets to see the ability of teachers in preparing lesson plan based HOTS. The results of the study of the ability of teachers in the first cycle obtained a percentage of 60.2% which included enough categories, and the second cycle reached 78.6% which included both categories. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the ability of teachers of SMPN 2 Cerenti in preparing the lesson plan based HOTS has increased through group guidance.
A functor IS in the Category Compact Hausdorff Spaces
Authors: Kurbanov Kh. , Yodgarov S.
Published: March 2020

We construct a space of normed, homogeneous and max-plus-semiadditive functionals and we give its description. Further we establish that the construction of taking of a space of normed, homogeneous and max-plus-semiadditive functionals, forms a normal functor acting in the category of Hausdorff compact spaces and their continuous maps.
Optimal Management Decision-making in Choice of the Best ERP System
Authors: Kurennykh A. , Sudakov V. , Batkovsky A.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, the authors propose an effective and understandable method for substantiating and choosing the optimal corporate information system for an enterprise. The authors offer a number of essential criteria that ensure the completeness and sufficiency of information for making the optimal (rational) decision on the suitability of the corporate information system for the enterprise. Such criteria include the scale of the information system, its cost, functional characteristics, the ability to integrate with related systems, setup and development time, and ease of support at all stages of the life cycle. The estimation method is based on the use of the mathematical apparatus of decision theory. The mathematical approach to the assessment of information system options allows us to ensure the accuracy of estimates when it is possible to process both qualitative and quantitative judgments of experts, users and the management team. In the software implementation of these methods, the authors focused on the use of web services that are convenient to use, easy to integrate and do not impose restrictions on the applied and system software used by the expert in evaluating information systems. An important place in the software implementation is occupied by checking the quality and correctness of the source data – an error in the initial judgments of the evaluating person can lead to incorrect decisions, it is this fact that allows one to make optimal or close to optimal decisions.
Method of Extracting Naphthenic Acids From Oil-field Waters
Authors: Shekiliyev F. , Kalbaliyev G. , Suleimanov G.
Published: March 2020

The extraction of naphthenic acids from industrial reservoir waters by extraction with kerosene in the presence of iron (III) was studied. The raw material source is Naftalan oil. To obtain desalted Naftalan oil, her is purified by the acid-contact method. It was shown that in order to further purify hydrocarbons from small amounts of resins, and partially from naphthenic acids and to isolate the so-called white Naphthalan oil, the resulting product (desalted Naphthalan oil) is passed through a column filled with adsorbent — activated clay. It was established that optimum condition for quantitative removal of naphthenic acid from water in general alkalinity ~ equals to Fe3+:NA = 3, Vw:Vo=0.008.
Effect of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics on Mitosis Pathology in Allium-test
Authors: Kantsavaya I. , Alekseenko O.
Published: March 2020

The research work examines the effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, streptomycin, canamicin, amycatin) and cytokinin 6-BAP on the pathology of mitosis in Allium–Test. Research methods: Allium–test, cytogenetic analysis, statistical analysis. Test results of aminoglycoside antibiotics showed an increase of 1.3–3.0 times pathological mitosis in the cells of meristematic tissue of onion roots compared to control in variants of gentamicin in concentrations of 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l and streptomycin — 150.0 and 1000.0 mg/l. At the same time, the use of kanamycin in concentration of 100.0 and 1000.0 mg/l and amicacin of 500.0 mg/l inhibits pathological processes in cells. When considering phase indices, the induction of aminoglycoside antibiotics of mitosis pathology such as mitosis delay in metaphase is noted, which is related to damage to the mitotic apparatus. In the examination of phase indices, induction of aminoglycoside antibiotics of mitosis pathology such as delay of mitosis in metaphase, which is associated with damage to the mitotic apparatus. The most significant changes in the passage of all major phases of mitosis were recorded in the variant ‘streptomycin, 1000 mg/l’. With the simultaneous use of gentamicin and 6-BAP (at a concentration of 5.0 mg/l) an increase in cells has been revealed with mitosis pathology compared to the corresponding variants, when these substances were used separately. The opposite result was noted in the case of the joint use of cytokinin and streptomycin, when the number of cells with mitosis pathology decreased. The data obtained indicate that the tested aminoglycoside antibiotics, primarily streptomycin at a concentration of 1000.0 mg/l, are able to change the rate of entry of the onion cells common into mitosis and the normal flow of fission processes.
Sex Hormones and Cognitive Functions: Current Data
Authors: Bulgakova S. , Romanchuk N.
Published: March 2020

Hormones of the axis of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad, regulating reproductive function, have a multiple effect on the development and function of the brain. A number of studies have shown gender differences in cognitive functions both normal and for various brain diseases, which may be partially associated with sex hormones. The purpose of this article was to analyze the literature on the influence of sex hormones on cognitive functions throughout life, the role of sex hormones in reducing cognitive abilities, especially in Alzheimer’s disease, the possibility of exogenous ministration of sex hormones to improve cognitive functions and / or reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Doctor and neuroscientist: a modern solution to problems of rehabilitation ‘cognitive brain’ of Homo sapiens using on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and with another — a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinical neurophysiologist ‘universal’ specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, endocrinology and geriatrics.
Insulin, Brain, Alzheimer’s Disease: New Evidence
Authors: Bulgakova S. , Romanchuk P. , Treneva E.
Published: March 2020

The last four decades have been marked by a number of scientific discoveries. So, it became known that insulin, receptors for it are found in the structures of the brain. In addition, the role of this hormone in the activation of neuronal stem cells, growth, development of the neuronal network, synaptic transmission, cognitive functions and so on has become known. Signal dysfunction and insulin metabolism contribute to the development of a number of degenerative diseases of the brain. More and more evidence suggests a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease, which share many common pathophysiological characteristics. This review of the literature is devoted to the analysis of clinical and experimental data linking insulin, insulin resistance with degenerative processes in the brain, and the evaluation of pharmacological strategies aimed at the correction of insulin signaling pathways in the central nervous system and cognitive functions. Artificial intelligence, brain–microbiota neural networks allow to control interaction of genetic and epigenetic programs of ageing and healthy longevity. The new managed healthy biomicrobiota and personalized functional and balanced nutrition of ‘brain and microbiota’ is a long-term medical program of the patient, which allows the combined application of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and the main thing to carry out prevention of polypragmasia.
19. YÜZYILIN SONUNDA OSMANLI LİMANLARINDA TİCARİ HAYATIN BELİRLEYENLERİ
Authors: ÇETİN Mehmet
Published: March 2020

19. yüzyıl Osmanlı Devleti’nin en uzun yüzyılı olarak nitelenmektedir.
Özellikle de yüzyılın ikinci yarısında meydana gelen eko-politik olayların
yoğunluğu ve önemi, devletin iktisadi ve siyasi kaderini tayin etmesi açısından
oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Kırım Savaşı’nın akabinde başlayan borçlanma
furyasının kapitalizmin ilk küresel bunalımı olan 1873-96 Bunalımı ile birlikte
mali bir iflasla sonuçlanması, Osmanlı Devleti’nin en büyük toprak parçasını
kaybettiği savaş olan 1877/78 Osmanlı - Rus Harbi ve Duyun-u Umumiye ve benzeri
ekonomi üzerindeki yabancı denetimini temsil eden örgütler, bu dönemin
belirleyici unsurlarıdır. 19. yüzyılda aynı zamanda Osmanlı Devleti’nin dış
ticareti de yapısal bir dönüşüm geçirmiştir. O döneme kadar Osmanlı dış
ticaretinde sınırlı bir paya sahip olan Batılı ülkeler, Sanayi Devrimi’nin de
etkisiyle birlikte kapitalizmin çevre ülkelere yayılması sürecinde ikili ticari
anlaşmalar vasıtasıyla Osmanlı dış ticaretindeki paylarını artırmışlar ve
Osmanlı Devleti ile hammadde ve mamul mal değiş tokuşuna dayalı yeni bir ticari
düzen oluşturmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu süreçlerin ve eko-politik
gelişmelerin Osmanlı dış ticaretinde önemli role sahip olan İzmir, Trabzon,
Selanik ve Beyrut limanlarındaki iktisadi ve ticari faaliyetlere olan etkisi ve
bu bağlamda ilgili limanlarda ticari hayatın nasıl bir gelişim seyri izlediği İngiliz
konsül raporları üzerinden ele alınacaktır. Böylelikle bu dönemde meydana gelen
olayların Osmanlı ticareti üzerindeki etkisinin mikro düzeyde incelenmesi
amaçlanmaktadır.
Model Application for Sustainable Agricultural Water Use
Authors: Jeong Jaehak , Zhang Xuesong
Published: March 2020

With the growing population and climate change, increasing demands for water are intensifying competition between agricultural stakeholders. Since the mid-20th century, numerous crop models and modeling techniques have emerged for the quantitative assessment of cropping systems. This article introduces a collection of articles that explore current research in model applications for sustainable agricultural water use. The collection includes articles from model development to regional and field-scale applications addressing management effects, model uncertainty, irrigation decision support systems, and new methods for simulating salt balances. Further work is needed to integrate data science, modern sensor systems, and remote sensing technologies with the models in order to investigate the sustainability of agricultural systems in regions affected by land-use change and climate change.
Unimodal Relationships of Understory Alpha and Beta Diversity along Chronosequence in Coppiced and Unmanaged Beech Forests
Authors: Bartha Sándor , Canullo Roberto , Chelli Stefano , Campetella Giandiego
Published: March 2020

Patterns of diversity across spatial scales in forest successions are being overlooked, despite their importance for developing sustainable management practices. Here, we tested the recently proposed U-shaped biodiversity model of forest succession. A chronosequence of 11 stands spanning from 5 to 400 years since the last disturbance was used. Understory species presence was recorded along 200 m long transects of 20 × 20 cm quadrates. Alpha diversity (species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices) and three types of beta diversity indices were assessed at multiple scales. Beta diversity was expressed by a) spatial compositional variability (number and diversity of species combinations), b) pairwise spatial turnover (between plots Sorensen, Jaccard, and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity), and c) spatial variability coefficients (CV% of alpha diversity measures). Our results supported the U-shaped model for both alpha and beta diversity. The strongest differences appeared between active and abandoned coppices. The maximum beta diversity emerged at characteristic scales of 2 m in young coppices and 10 m in later successional stages. We conclude that traditional coppice management maintains high structural diversity and heterogeneity in the understory. The similarly high beta diversities in active coppices and old-growth forests suggest the presence of microhabitats for specialist species of high conservation value.
The Minute Alga Schizocladia ischiensis (Schizocladiophyceae, Ochrophyta) Isolated by Germling Emergence from 24 m Depth off Rhodes (Greece)
Authors: Rizouli Anastasia , Küpper Frithjof C. , Louizidou Paraskevi , Mogg Andrew O. M. , Azzopardi Elaine , Sayer Martin D. J. , Kawai Hiroshi , Hanyuda Takeaki , Peters Akira F.
Published: March 2020

Substratum collected during diving surveys of sublittoral communities off the Greek island of Rhodes (Dodecanese, South-East Aegean) in late 2015 was incubated in the laboratory. Among the emerging macroalgal germlings, there was the second-ever record and isolate of the small benthic multicellular alga Schizocladia ischiensis of the poorly known monotypic Schizocladiophyceae, the sister group of the brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Its nuclear ribosomal small subunit, Rubisco spacer (rbcL, psaA, and psbC sequences (in total 5237 bp)) were similar to those of the only previous isolate of the species from Ischia, western Mediterranean. Our new strain formed branched upright thalli attached to the substratum by an amorphous substance secreted at the bottom of the basal cell. It is possible that S. ischiensis is a common member of the infralittoral and circalittoral communities in the Mediterranean and generally overlooked because of its minute size. Germling emergence appears to represent the method of choice to reveal benthic algae of this small size.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in a Vitis spp. Core Collection Investigated by SNP Markers
Authors: Bianchi Davide , Brancadoro Lucio , De Lorenzis Gabriella
Published: March 2020

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays are powerful tools to measure the level of genetic polymorphism within a population. The coming of next-generation sequencing technologies led to identifying thousands and millions of SNP loci useful in assessing the genetic diversity. The Vitis genotyping array, containing 18k SNP loci, has been developed and used to detect genetic diversity of Vitis vinifera germplasm. So far, this array was not validated on non-vinifera genotypes used as grapevine rootstocks. In this work, a core collection of 70 grapevine rootstocks, composed of individuals belonging to Vitis species not commonly used in the breeding programs, was genotyped using the 18k SNP genotyping array. SNP results were compared to the established SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers in terms of heterozygosity and genetic structure of the core collection. Genotyping array has proved to be a valuable tool for genotyping of grapevine rootstocks, with more than 90% of SNPs successfully amplified. Structure analysis detected a high degree of admixed genotypes, supported by the complex genetic background of non-vinifera germplasm. Moreover, SNPs clearly differentiated non-vinifera and vinifera germplasm. These results represent a first step in studying the genetic diversity of non-conventional breeding material that will be used to select rootstocks with high tolerance to limiting environmental conditions.
The Economy of Canopy Space Occupation and Shade Production in Early- to Late-Successional Temperate Tree Species and Their Relation to Productivity
Authors: Leuschner Christoph , Hagemeier Marc
Published: March 2020

Light capture is linked to occupation of canopy space by tree crowns, which requires investment of carbon and nutrients. We hypothesize that (i) late-successional trees invest more in casting shade than in occupying space than early-successional trees, and (ii) shade production and crown volume expansion are generally greater in more productive species. For six Central European early-successional (Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris), mid/late-successional (Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus), and late-successional tree species (Tilia cordata, Fagus sylvatica), we measured through full-tree harvests (1) crown volume, (2) the costs of canopy space exploration (carbon (C) and nutrients invested to fill crown volume), of space occupation (annual foliage production per volume), and of shade production (foliage needed to reduce light transmittance), and (3) related the costs to aboveground productivity (ANPP). The C and nutrient costs of canopy volume exploration and occupation were independent of the species’ seral stage, but increased with ANPP. In contrast, the cost of shade production decreased from early-to late-successional species, suggesting that the economy of shade production is more decisive for the competitive superiority of late-successional species than the economy of canopy space exploration and occupation.
Morphology, DNA Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Wilsonomyces carpophilus Isolate Causing Shot-Hole Disease of Prunus divaricata and Prunus armeniaca in Wild-Fruit Forest of Western Tianshan Mountains, China
Authors: Ye Shuanghua , Jia Haiying , Cai Guifang , Tian Chengming , Ma Rong
Published: March 2020

Prunus divaricata and Prunus armeniaca are important wild fruit trees that grow in part of the Western Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, and they have been listed as endangered species in China. Shot-hole disease of stone fruits has become a major threat in the wild-fruit forest of the Western Tianshan Mountains. Twenty-five isolates were selected from diseased P. divaricata and P. armeniaca. According to the morphological characteristics of the culture, the 25 isolates were divided into eight morphological groups. Conidia were spindle-shaped, with ovate apical cells and truncated basal cells, with the majority of conidia comprising 3–4 septa, and the conidia had the same shape and color in morphological groups. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics and multilocus analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrRNA) gene, and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, the fungus was identified as Wilsonomyces carpophilus. The 25 W. carpophilus isolates had high genetic diversity in phylogenetic analysis, and the morphological groups did not correspond to phylogenetic groups. The pathogenicity of all W. carpophilus isolates was confirmed by inoculating healthy P. divaricata and P. armeniaca leaves and fruits. The pathogen was re-isolated from all inoculated tissues, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. There were no significant differences in the pathogenicity of different isolates inoculated on P. armeniaca and P. divaricata leaves (p > 0.05). On fruit, G053 7m3 and G052 5m2 showed significant differences in inoculation on P. armeniaca, and G010 5m2 showed extremely significant differences with G004 7m2 and G004 5m2 on P. divaricata (p < 0.05). This is the first report on shot-hole disease of P. armeniaca (wild apricot) leaves and P. divaricata induced by W. carpophilus in China.
Effect of Breeding on Income at First Commercial Thinning in Silver Birch Plantations
Authors: Gailis Arnis , Kārkliņa Annija , Purviņš Andis , Matisons Roberts , Zeltiņš Pauls , Jansons Āris
Published: March 2020

The economic importance of fast-growing tree species like silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) is increasing due to growing demand for timber. Tree breeding provides the opportunity to increase the timber supply and thus ensure the most efficient use of forest land. Application of the results of a breeding program—the planting of young stands—is costly, and information on (potential) early income for the landowner from this investment is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the gain from the use of improved silver birch material at the first commercial thinning. Material was collected from an open-pollinated progeny trial of 524 silver birch plus-trees at the age of 14 years in the central part of Latvia. Incomes from the first thinning were calculated at low and high timber prices. Heritability of growth traits (assessed as diameter at breast height) and timber value at first thinning were similar. Both timber market fluctuations and genetics had a notable impact on economic outcome: the internal rate of return for the selected best-performing families was 9.4% and 8.3% in the case of high and low timber prices, respectively; on average, for all families in the trial the figures were 8.1% and 6.7%, respectively. Results indicate profitability for investments in planting of improved regeneration material, even at a young age, in hemiboreal forests.
Prescribed Burn Effects on Natural Regeneration in Pine Flatwoods: Implications for Uneven-Aged Stand Conversion from a Florida Study
Authors: Sharma Ajay , Brethauer Daniel K. , McKeithen Justin , Bohn Kimberly K. , Vogel Jason G.
Published: March 2020

Uneven-aged silvicultural approaches are increasingly utilized as efficient management strategies for economic and ecological sustainability of forest resources, including in the southeastern United States where there is interest in converting intensively managed pine plantations to uneven-aged stands. However, success of stand conversion and perpetuation of an uneven-aged forest stand depends on obtaining adequate regeneration of the desired species and its ability to develop into merchantable size classes. In fire-maintained ecosystems, regeneration dynamics can be challenging for species such as slash pine that are not tolerant of fire in the seedling stage. In this study, we examined the survival of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englm.) regeneration (seedlings and saplings) following prescribed burns in (1) a harvest-created gap (0.4 ha; 70 m diameter) and (2) a mature stand with abundant advanced regeneration at two mesic-hydric flatwoods sites in northwest Florida, USA. We characterized the prescribed burns at the two sites and quantified survival of regeneration of different size classes (<1 m, 1–2 m, 2–3 m, >3 m) at 10 months after the burn. Within the gap, the greatest survival of regeneration was observed at the center (12.5% survival) in comparison to the other positions in the gap (1.92% to 7.14% survival), with all seedlings <3m height killed by the burn. In the stand with advance regeneration, survival ranged between 0% and 50% at different positions, with all regeneration smaller than 2 m killed by fire. Overall, we observed 6.36% and 23.2% survival in the harvest-created gap and the stand with advance regeneration, respectively. Despite these low percent survival values, post-burn slash pine regeneration (seedlings/saplings) density equaled 725 and 4800 per hectare, respectively. Our modeling projections suggest that this level of post-burn regeneration density may be adequate for stand conversion and sustainable uneven-aged silvicultural management of slash pine. These results suggest that seedling size is the preeminent control on slash pine survival after prescribed burn. However, long-term monitoring of stand dynamics following future prescribed burns and cutting cycle harvests will help confirm if slash pine can be sustainably managed using uneven-aged silviculture.
The Internet of Things for Smart Environments
Authors: Ruggeri Giuseppe , Loscrí Valeria , Amadeo Marica , Calafate Carlos T.
Published: March 2020

By leveraging the global interconnection of billions of tiny smart objects, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is the main enabler of smart environments, ranging from smart cities to building automation, smart transportation, smart grids, and healthcare [...]
Feature Selection Algorithms as One of the Python Data Analytical Tools
Authors: Pilnenskiy Nikita , Smetannikov Ivan
Published: March 2020

With the current trend of rapidly growing popularity of the Python programming language for machine learning applications, the gap between machine learning engineer needs and existing Python tools increases. Especially, it is noticeable for more classical machine learning fields, namely, feature selection, as the community attention in the last decade has mainly shifted to neural networks. This paper has two main purposes. First, we perform an overview of existing open-source Python and Python-compatible feature selection libraries, show their problems, if any, and demonstrate the gap between these libraries and the modern state of feature selection field. Then, we present new open-source scikit-learn compatible ITMO FS (Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics University feature selection) library that is currently under development, explain how its architecture covers modern views on feature selection, and provide some code examples on how to use it with Python and its performance compared with other Python feature selection libraries.
Polishing of Silicon Nitride Ceramic Balls by Clustered Magnetorheological Finish
Authors: Xiao Xiao-lan , Li Guang-xian , Mei Hai-juan , Yan Qiu-sheng , Lin Hua-tay , Zhang Feng-lin
Published: March 2020

In this study, a novel finishing method, entitled clustered magnetorheological finish (CMRF), was proposed to improve surface finish of the silicon nitride ( Si 3 N 4 ) balls with ultra fine precision. The effects of different polishing parameters including rotation speeds, eccentricities and the machining gaps on surface finish of Si 3 N 4 balls were investigated by analyzing the roughness, sphericity and the micro morphology of the machined surface. The experimental results showed that the polishing parameters significantly influenced the surface finish. The best surface finish was obtained by using the polishing parameters: the machining gap of 0.8 mm, the eccentricity of 10 mm and the rotation ratio of 3/4. To further investigate the influence of the polishing parameters on the surface finish, an analytical model was also developed to analyze the kinematics of the ceramic ball during CMRF process. The resulting surface finish, as a function of different polishing parameters employed, was evaluated by analyzing the visualized finishing trace and the distribution of the contact points. The simulative results showed that the distribution and trace of the contact points changed with different polishing parameters, which was in accordance with the results of experiments.
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Paving the Road for Rapid Detection and Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Authors: Nguyen Trieu , Duong Bang Dang , Wolff Anders
Published: March 2020

We believe a point-of-care (PoC) device for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial and urgently needed. With this perspective, we give suggestions regarding a potential candidate for the rapid detection of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as factors for the preparedness and response to the outbreak of the COVID-19.
Fabrication of ZnO@Ag@Ag3PO4 Ternary Heterojunction: Superhydrophilic Properties, Antireflection and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Huan Huan , Jile Huge , Tang Yijun , Li Xin , Yi Zao , Gao Xiang , Chen Xifang , Chen Jian , Wu Pinghui
Published: March 2020

A ZnO seed layer was formed on the fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate by magnetron sputtering, and then a ZnO nanorod was grown on the ZnO seed layer by a hydrothermal method. Next, we prepared a single-crystal Ag seed layer by magnetron sputtering to form a ZnO@Ag composite heterostructure. Finally, Ag3PO4 crystals were grown on the Ag seed layer by a stepwise deposition method to obtain a ZnO@Ag@Ag3PO4 ternary heterojunction. The composite heterostructure of the material has super strong hydrophilicity and can be combined with water-soluble pollutants very well. Besides, it has excellent anti-reflection performance, which can absorb light from all angles. When Ag exists in the heterojunction, it can effectively improve the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes, and improve the photoelectric conversion performance. Based on the above characteristics, this nano-heterostructure can be used in the fields of solar cells, sensors, light-emitting devices, and photocatalysis.
Effect of the Ammonium Tungsten Precursor Solution with the Modification of Glycerol on Wide Band Gap WO3 Thin Film and Its Electrochromic Properties
Authors: Liu Jinxiang , Zhang Guanguang , Guo Kaiyue , Guo Dong , Shi Muyang , Ning Honglong , Qiu Tian , Chen Junlong , Fu Xiao , Yao Rihui , Peng Junbiao
Published: March 2020

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a wide band gap semiconductor material, which is commonly not only used, but also investigated as a significant electrochromic layer in electrochromic devices. WO3 films have been prepared by inorganic and sol-gel free ammonium tungstate ((NH4)2WO4), with the modification of glycerol using the spin coating technique. The surface tension, the contact angle and the dynamic viscosity of the precursor solutions demonstrated that the sample solution with a 25% volume fraction of glycerol was optimal, which was equipped to facilitate the growth of WO3 films. The thermal gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis represented that the optimal sample solution transformed into the WO3 range from 220 °C to 300 °C, and the transformation of the phase structure of WO3 was taken above 300 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra analysis indicated that the composition within the film was WO3 above the 300 °C annealing temperature, and the component content of WO3 was increased with the increase in the annealing temperature. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that WO3 films were available for the formation of the cubic and monoclinic crystal structure at 400 °C, and were preferential for growing monoclinic WO3 when annealed at 500 °C. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed that WO3 films prepared using ammonium tungstate with modification of the glycerol possessed less rough surface roughness in comparison with the sol-gel-prepared films. An ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV) demonstrated that the sample solution which had been annealed at 400 °C obtained a high electrochromic modulation ability roughly 40% at 700 nm wavelength, as well as the optical band gap (Eg) of the WO3 films ranged from 3.48 eV to 3.37 eV with the annealing temperature increasing.
Driving Waveform Design of Electrowetting Displays Based on an Exponential Function for a Stable Grayscale and a Short Driving Time
Authors: Yi Zichuan , Huang Zhenyu , Lai Shufa , He Wenyao , Wang Li , Chi Feng , Zhang Chongfu , Shui Lingling , Zhou Guofu
Published: March 2020

The traditional driving waveform of the electrowetting display (EWD) has many disadvantages, such as the large oscillation of the target grayscale aperture ratio and a long time for achieving grayscale. Therefore, a driving waveform based on the exponential function was proposed in this study. First, the maximum driving voltage value of 30 V was obtained by testing the hysteresis curve of the EWD pixel unit. Secondly, the influence of the time constant on the driving waveform was analyzed, and the optimal time constant of the exponential function was designed by testing the performance of the aperture ratio. Lastly, an EWD panel was used to test the driving effect of the exponential-function-driving waveform. The experimental results showed that a stable grayscale and a short driving time could be realized when the appropriate time constant value was designed for driving EWDs. The aperture ratio oscillation range of the gray scale could be reduced within 0.95%, and the driving time of a stable grayscale was reduced by 30% compared with the traditional driving waveform.