bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decolonizing journals in management and organizations? Epistemological colonial encounters and the double translation
Authors: Barros Amon , Alcadipani Rafael
Published: March 2022

Increasingly, academics worldwide need publishing in international journals. Various events and articles aim at teaching others how to write, and they spread ideas and skills to help newcomers. However, we tend to neglect the specificities of periphery-based academics, engaging with “international” journals. Drawing from our experience as academics from Brazil, we argue that publishing in top-academic journals in management and organization studies demands more than knowing a language and goes beyond style. Periphery-based academics willing to publish in “international” journals engage in a colonial encounter. They need to develop their ability to perform a double-translation, writing ideas in another language and for another audience. Besides, they need to deal with financial costs that are often invisible to others. We claim that decolonizing international journals is challenging and must be an ongoing process, of which some steps we highlight here.
Party statutes and party institutionalization
Authors: Scarrow Susan E. , Wright Jamie M. , Gauja Anika
Published: March 2022

Studies of party- and party-system stability have often explored the connection between the party-level property of Party Institutionalization (PI) and parties’ electoral performance and organizational longevity, yet scholars still have not agreed on a standard measure for this concept. This article argues that the length of party statutes could provide part of such a measure, specifically for the extent to which parties have become routinized (a key dimension of PI) through the formalization of their rules and practices. We validate the plausibility of this measure using data on 303 parties from 49 countries, demonstrating that party statute length varies systematically and in ways predicted by our knowledge of how party organizations reflect their institutional environments and the complexity of internal coalitions. We also show that statute length varies in expected ways with attributes often associated with higher or lower levels of party institutionalization. We conclude that statute length offers a conceptually congruent and objective indicator of formalization, one that could be used either alone or combined with measures of parties’ informal practices to advance our understanding of the relationship between PI and democratic development.
A review of tourism and hospitality studies on behavioural economics
Authors: Li ShiNa , Liu Yixin , Dai Shanshan , Chen Mengxin
Published: March 2022

Tourists display bounded rationality when they rely on heuristics to simplify complex decisions or make decisions not based purely on self-interest. Behavioural economics, which moves beyond the widely criticised assumptions that traditional economics makes regarding rational economic behaviour, provides useful theoretical foundations and approaches to tourism and hospitality studies. This paper reviews and discusses studies that evaluate bounded rational behaviour in the tourism and hospitality industry and examine influencing psychological factors. A review framework of economic behaviour is proposed to identify new perspectives and approaches to evaluating tourists’ complex decision-making processes. The paper also considers the prospects for applying behavioural economics theories to tourism and hospitality. It is suggested that limited attention and projection bias should be further examined in future research. The application of anchoring, mental accounting, nudge theory and neuroeconomics to tourism studies is also recommended.
Psychological homeostasis and protective behaviours in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Marks David F
Published: March 2022

Since the first case of human SARS-CoV-2 infection late in 2019 workers across multiple disciplines have been strenuously engaged in attempting to prevent the spread of the virus and to provide care to patients. Never in history has so much human effort been concentrated on a single health trauma. Much of the new research is empirical in nature with relatively few strands of theory. This article focuses on two recent theories relevant to COVID-19 protective behaviours, the COM-B and the General Theory of Behaviour. New empirical findings on the means, motives and opportunities for COVID-19 protective behaviours improve our knowledge and capacity to cope with pandemics using psychological homeostasis.
From Cinéfondation’s Résidence to film production: The experience of Brazilian filmmakers in an international labour market
Authors: Barreto Vinícius de Araújo
Published: March 2022

Departing from the theoretical tradition of Marxist critique of Political Economy, the article depicts the objective working conditions of three Brazilian filmmakers in an international environment of film production. Also, by carrying out in-depth interviews with them, we analyse their responses to such conditions. We begin with their experience in Cinéfondation Résidence, a programme attached to the Cannes Film Festival dedicated to the development of a screenplay for a first or second long-feature film. In a second stage, we investigate how these professionals deal, after their stay in Résidence, with the contradictions of a labour market marked by precarity. Our conclusions point out the economic logic of a filmmaker’s residency like Résidence that functions as an intermediary between new talents and the film production market, but an intermediation not devoid of contradictions. Thus, we also expose how filmmakers must reconcile the contingencies of this market with their artistic and personal aims in order to make their films.
What do we mean when we talk about the moral hazard of geoengineering?
Authors: Tsipiras Katelyn , Grant Will J.
Published: March 2022

Geoengineering technologies – deliberate, large-scale interventions to alter the Earth's climate – present an opportunity to ameliorate the effects of climate change; an opportunity policy-makers are beginning to consider. However, the safety and efficacy of geoengineering strategies is uncertain, and there is concern advancing these technologies engenders a range of non-physical risks; in particular, moral hazard. In economics, moral hazard occurs when insured agents no longer bear the full consequences of risk-taking, and consequentially increase their exposure to risk. However, while certainly analogous, the way the term is used in the geoengineering literature is ambiguous, describing a patchwork of mechanisms of action, hazardous behaviours, and undesirable outcomes. Importantly, as moral hazard concerns are likely to inform policy-making and regulatory responses to these technologies, this unclear specification could impede scholarly, policy, and public debate. This article charts this ambiguity, documenting the range of meanings of moral hazard in the geoengineering literature. Results suggest moral hazard is used at least eight different ways in the literature, with the three most common frames being Insurance, Unwilling and Avoid. With this, we suggest that those articulating moral hazard concerns about geoengineering technologies work to articulate as clearly as possible what the problem actually is.
ClientEarth v Secretary of State: Considering Judicial Implications in Relation to Emissions Target Rules in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ziebarth Dan
Published: March 2022

This analysis considers the case of R (on the application of ClientEarth) v Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and another. The piece will begin by providing an overview of the case background. It will then provide more detailed discussion of the ruling. Finally, analysis of the significance of the case and the subsequent ruling will follow. Specifically, it will point towards three important implications resulting from the ruling. The first implication concerns the reflection of the rising visibility of cases relating to emissions targets being brought to court in the UK. The second implication is how the ruling displays the limitations appellants face when bringing cases to court on the grounds of actors failing to align with future emissions target agreements. The third is that the ruling sets precedent proving government bodies to approve fossil fuel-based energy development projects with essentially no limitations.
Biodiversity – gaining ground?
Authors: Ronish Yarema , Hilburn Heather
Published: March 2022

England's new biodiversity net gain legislation represents a historic milestone, and a vital step towards reversing the long-term depletion of the natural environment by human activity. Adopted in November 2021, the new legislation will require new building and infrastructure projects to provide a 10% net gain in biodiversity. First proposed over a decade ago, biodiversity net gain policies were initially envisaged as a means to create large scale ecological networks, by offsetting habitat lost to development with strategically located habitat creation. In their current form however, the net gain policies primarily focus on mitigating localised effects of development. We argue that off-site habitat gains should be encouraged, to support the creation of large-scale ecological networks. There are considerable resourcing bottlenecks and knowledge gaps which could hamper the successful delivery of the net gain legislation. To roll out these policies across all of England and at all scales of development will require a much bigger cohort of ecologists, specialist training for developers and their professional teams, and new collaborative working practices linking the private, public and charitable sectors.
Positional factors affecting the surgical management of impacted permanent mandibular canines
Authors: Bolooki Honieh , Hameed Othman , Sherriff Martyn , Minhas Gursharan
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To assess which positional factors influence the decision to surgically remove or expose an impacted mandibular canine. Clinical and radiographic assessment are important considerations when treatment planning for the management of impacted mandibular canines.

Design:

A cross-sectional study.

Setting:

The Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.

Methods:

The clinical notes and orthopantomogram radiographs were assessed for all patients aged 21 years or under who underwent surgical management of impacted mandibular canine teeth between 2017 and 2019. The following variables were recorded: angulation, horizontal position, vertical height, overlap of the adjacent tooth and bucco-lingual position of the canine.

Results:

From the 67 patients and 77 canines included, surgical extraction was performed for 48 canines (62%) and surgical exposure was performed for 29 canines (38%). Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression revealed canine angulation to the midline, horizontal position of the canine root apex, vertical height of the canine crown and canine overlap of the adjacent tooth to be associated with the decision to remove or expose an impacted permanent mandibular canine ( P < 0.001). The bucco-lingual position of the canine did not influence the decision to remove or expose an impacted permanent mandibular canine ( P = 0.159).

Conclusion:

The decision to expose or remove an impacted mandibular canine is guided by its angulation, horizontal position and vertical position, and by the degree of overlap of the adjacent tooth. However, the bucco-lingual position is not related to the decision to surgically remove or expose an impacted permanent mandibular canine.
Paper versus online quizzes: Which is more effective?
Authors: Sevim-Cirak Nese , Islim Omer Faruk
Published: March 2022

Today, as more and more people enroll to higher education, educational authorities, and institutions continually need to update their curricula and to find alternative and innovative ways to support the active participation of learners. Student Response Systems (SRSs) have become one of the most common tools used in today’s classrooms. Along with the development of technology, several online tools were provided to a sample of teachers in order to conduct an assessment within the classroom environment as an alternative to classic SRSs. “Kahoot!” is one such tool used within the educational setting. The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of using Kahoot! on preservice teachers’ academic achievement, as well as on their retention when Kahoot! was used as a formative assessment tool. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 91 preservice teachers during the fall semester of the 2019–2020 academic year. Data were collected via three quizzes, a midterm exam, and a retention test. The study’s results indicate that the students who were applied paper-based quizzes had higher exam and retention test scores.
A Bayesian approach to nested data analysis: A primer for strategic management research
Authors: Certo S Trevis , Albader Latifa A , Raney Kristen E , Busenbark John R
Published: March 2022

Bayesian analysis offers strategy scholars numerous benefits. In addition to aligning empirical and theoretical endeavors by incorporating prior knowledge, the Bayesian approach allows researchers to estimate and visualize relationships that reflect the probability distributions many strategy researchers mistakenly interpret from conventional techniques. Yet, strategy scholars have proven hesitant to adopt Bayesian methods. We suggest that this is because there is no accessible template for employing the technique with the types of data strategy researchers tend to encounter. The central objective of our research is to synthesize disparate contributions from the Bayesian literature that are relevant for strategy scholarship, especially for nested data. We provide an intuitive overview of Bayesian thinking and illustrate how scholars can employ Bayesian techniques to analyze nested data using an example dataset involving CEO compensation. Our results show how using Bayesian models may lead to substantively different interpretations and conclusions compared to traditional approaches based on frequentist techniques.
Unravelling the business of educational leaders in times of uncertainty
Authors: Pashiardis Petros , Brauckmann-Sajkiewicz Stefan
Published: March 2022

The main thrust of this paper is to explore factors from the business sector, which could inspire school leaders in terms of issue/problem formulation during their decision-making process. This conceptual paper examines diachronically and conceptually the issues of uncertainty, not only in terms of context and decision-making, but also having in mind leaders’ and leadership's main characteristics as well. The question remains whether concepts of uncertainty management practices from the business sector might offer insights for school principals in order to make connections between what is happening inside and outside the organization. The paper is organized around five sections dealing with the conceptual basis of the two main terms, crisis and uncertainty and how leaders in the business sector deal with these. Following, we focus on educational leaders and their ways of navigating through crisis and uncertainty and we conclude with some observations about how leaders make the best possible decisions under the circumstances. We end the paper by stressing that, perhaps, many of the leadership qualities and characteristics needed in times of “normality” are more or less similar to those needed in times of uncertainty. However, school leaders need to learn to act faster with clearer and constant communication.
Leadership for equality in education: 50 years marching forward or marching on the spot?
Authors: Lumby Jacky , Moorosi Pontso
Published: March 2022

This article examines how Educational Management, Administration and Leadership has embodied the values, concepts and practice of the field of educational leadership over 50 years and so played a part in challenging or sustaining inequality in education. The article explores selected key concepts, equal opportunities, diversity, and social justice, the disciplinary base and prevalent research methods underpinning work on inequality, the geographic location and characteristics of relevant published authors and the two areas which attract most attention, gender and ethnicity/race. All areas embody both a push for change and structural inhibitors that limit its extent. Omissions, silences and displacements are also examined, questioning why, for example, a focus on masculinity, white privilege, learner voice and lower status sectors of education hardly surfaces in half a century. The article concludes that despite the positive achievements of the journal in forwarding equality, there is an equality double bind whereby, like a Trojan virus, parameters limiting change are embedded in the very work that seeks to promote it. A number of positive suggestions for changes in the journal and field are made to encourage researchers and practitioners to detect and resist previous strategies of evasion and limitation.
Pathways to the school principalship: An international scoping review
Authors: Montecinos Carmen , Galdames Sergio , Flessa Joseph , Valenzuela Juan Pablo
Published: March 2022

This scoping review of the international literature published over the last 50 years in educational leadership and management journals provides a thematic exploration of factors influencing pathways at the pre-entry stage of a principal’s career. Findings from a thematic analysis of 68 publications show that attention to prospective principals increased after the year 2000 and this was driven by four main concerns: underrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities, principal supply and demand, the principalship as a school improvement lever, and the expansion of leadership posts in schools. Selected articles addressed three dimensions of the pathways before a person is first appointed to this post: (a) micro (individual’s agency), (b) meso (preparation of prospective principals), and (c) macro (policies shaping access to the post). Across time and countries, pathways to the principalship are resourced by individuals’ professional orientations and by contextual factors, formal pre-service preparation may be desirable but not always available or required, and policies frame a conceptualisation of the principalship that shapes the two previous dimensions. The internationalization of research on pathways to the principalship has brought to the forefront normative assumptions that should be critically challenged when considering how to recruit, develop, and support prospective school principals.
Is educational leadership (still) worth studying? An epistemic worthiness-informed analysis
Authors: Evans Linda
Published: March 2022

This article is exploratory and experimental. It starts from the premise that leadership scholarship is a site of disagreement, where mainstream claims are challenged by critical scholars. Some criticism focuses on conceptual clarity, and incorporates consideration of who should be categorised as a leader, and on what basis, and whether it is helpful to refer to ‘leaders’ and ‘followers’. The ‘new wave’ of critical leadership studies generates controversial questions relating to whether leadership exists or is in fact a myth that we have reified. The bulk of criticism directed at educational leadership challenges three mainstream knowledge claims – underpinned by what I call the causality belief, the leadership dependency belief, and the conceptual belief – and which are the focus of this article's analysis. While criticism of these knowledge claims is well-rehearsed, the article breaks new ground by analysing them through an epistemic justification lens to address the question: is educational leadership (still) worth studying? Represented by these three component beliefs, the mainstream educational leadership scholarship belief system is analysed within a frame derived from the philosophy of science, and draws on BonJour's coherentist theory of epistemic justification to apply a more structured assessment than has hitherto been achieved by critical scholarship.
“I do the she and her”: A qualitative exploration of HIV care providers’ considerations of trans women in gender-specific HIV care
Authors: Lacombe-Duncan Ashley , Berringer Kathryn R , Green Jennifer , Jacobs Amy , Hamdi Amy
Published: March 2022

Objectives:

Women of all genders, including cisgender (cis) and transgender (trans) women, experience social and structural drivers of HIV inequities and pervasive barriers to HIV care. Yet, little is known about how HIV care providers address gender diversity in health care. Through a critical feminist lens informed by intersectionality theory, medical anthropology, and critical sociology, we explored (1) how do HIV care providers describe women living with HIV’s care needs and barriers; (2) what are their perspectives on optimal HIV care for women; and (3) to what extent do these conceptualizations include/exclude trans women.

Methods:

Utilizing a community-based exploratory qualitative study design, we conducted 60–90 minute semi-structured individual interviews from March 2019–April 2020 with eight HIV care providers ( n  = 4 social service providers; n  = 4 physicians) practicing across seven counties representative of rural, suburban, and urban Michigan, United States. Data were analyzed utilizing a reflexive thematic approach.

Results:

Three overarching themes emerged: (1) Emphasis on (different) clinical needs: key considerations in cis and trans women’s HIV care; (2) Recognition of the structural: barriers to HIV care affecting women of all genders; and (3) Proposed solutions: piecing together individual, social, and organizational interventions to increase access to HIV care that may benefit women living with HIV of all genders but are disproportionately framed as being for cis women. While HIV care providers recognized both cis and trans women living with HIV’s clinical care needs and structural barriers to care, they rarely envisioned optimal HIV care inclusive of gender affirmation and structural interventions.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that HIV care providers can avoid reducing gender to biology and making assumptions about reproductive care needs, endocrinological care needs, caregiving responsibilities, and other life circumstances; provide gender-affirming medical care; and address structural barriers to HIV care to enhance intersectional and structurally focused gender-affirming—that is, trans-inclusive—women-centered HIV care.
“You tell him that ‘baby, I am protecting myself’”: Women’s agency and constraint around willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis in the Masibambane Study
Authors: Harrison Abigail , Bhengu Nonhlonipho , Miller Lori , Exner Theresa , Tesfay Nonkululeko , Magutshwa Slindile , Khumalo Silindile , Bergam Scarlett , Hoffman Susie , Hanass-Hancock Jill
Published: March 2022

Objectives:

To explore women’s willingness to consider using pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in the context of gendered relationship dynamics, in Durban, South Africa.

Methods:

As formative research prior to development of a gender-informed intervention to introduce pre-exposure prophylaxis to young, urban, educated women, we conducted six focus-group discussions and eight in-depth interviews with 46 women ages 18–25 years, who were not current pre-exposure prophylaxis users. Women were recruited from clinic and community settings using a criterion-based snowball sampling technique. Qualitative data were coded and analyzed thematically, with a team-based consensus approach for final coding, analytical decisions, and data interpretation.

Results:

Women clearly understood the benefits of pre-exposure prophylaxis for themselves and their partners, focusing on promoting health and their right to protect themselves from HIV infection. At the same time, and in accordance with findings from other studies, women were realistic about the concerns that would arise among male partners, including disapproval, loss of trust, possible loss of the relationship, and in some instances, the potential for violence, if they were to propose pre-exposure prophylaxis use. To resolve this tension, some women advocated for covert use as the best option for themselves and others argued for disclosure, proposing various approaches to working with partners to adopt pre-exposure prophylaxis. The suggestion that both partners use pre-exposure prophylaxis was made repeatedly. Thus, women sought to avoid discussions of trust or lack of trust and a partner’s possible infidelities, choosing instead to focus on preserving or even building a relationship through suggesting pre-exposure prophylaxis use.

Conclusion:

Women offered diverse narratives on agency and constraint in relation to choosing pre-exposure prophylaxis as a future prevention strategy, as well as ways to engage with their male partners about pre-exposure prophylaxis. These findings speak to the need for interventions to bolster women’s confidence, sense of empowerment, and their communication and decision-making skills for successful HIV prevention.
Language dominance and order of acquisition affect auditory translation priming in heritage speakers
Authors: Soo Rachel , Monahan Philip J
Published: March 2022

Late second language (L2) learners show translation priming from the first language (L1) to the second language (L1–L2), while L2–L1 effects are inconsistent. Late L2 learners also acquire the L2 after the L1 and are typically less dominant in the L2. As such, the relative contribution of language dominance and order of acquisition is confounded in these results. Here, Cantonese heritage and native speakers are tested in an auditory translation priming paradigm. As heritage speakers first learn Cantonese (L1) but later become dominant in English (L2), this profile allows for the potential dissociation of dominance and order of acquisition in translation priming. If order of acquisition is the primary factor, stronger priming is expected in the L1–L2 (Cantonese–English) direction; however, if dominance plays a stronger role, priming is expected in the L2–L1 (English–Cantonese) direction. Native speakers showed stronger L1–L2 priming, consistent with previous findings, while heritage speakers showed priming in both directions, and marginally larger L2–L1 priming. Treating language dominance as a continuous variable revealed that L1–L2 priming correlated with increased Cantonese dominance, while L2–L1 priming marginally correlated with increased English dominance. Collectively, these results suggest that both language dominance and order of acquisition help explain translation priming findings and bilingual lexical processing, generally. Overall, they invite a rethinking of the role of both variables in bilingual lexical access for speakers with different language dominance profiles.
Prognostic factors and outcomes in COVID-19 patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Melamed Roman , Paz Francisco , Jepsen Stacy , Smith Claire , Saavedra Ramiro , Mulder Maximilian , Masood Adnan , Huelster Joshua , Kirkland Lisa , Guenther Alena , Boland Lori
Published: March 2022

Background:

Mechanical ventilation (MV) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is associated with high mortality and extensive resource utilization. The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic factors and outcomes associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in COVID-19 patients.

Methods:

This was a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients requiring invasive MV who were hospitalized between 1 March 2020 and 30 June 2021 in the intensive care units (ICUs) of three referral hospitals belonging to a single health system. Data were extracted from electronic health records. PMV was defined as  > 17 days of MV.

Results:

Of 355 patients studied, 86 (24%) required PMV. PMV patients had lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio, higher PCO2, and higher plateau and driving pressures during the first 2 weeks of MV than their short MV (SMV; ⩽ 17 days) counterparts. PMV patients received more proning, neuromuscular blockade, and tracheostomy, had longer ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and required discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility more frequently (all p < 0.001). Overall 30-day mortality was 43.9%, with no statistically significant difference between PMV and SMV groups. In PMV patients, smoking, Charlson comorbidity index > 6, and week 2 PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 150 and plateau pressure ⩾ 30 were positively associated with 30-day mortality. In a multivariate model, results were directionally consistent with the univariate analysis but did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion:

PMV is commonly required in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. Despite the higher need for critical care interventions and LOS, more than half of the PMV cohort survived to hospital discharge. Higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lower plateau pressure, and fewer comorbidities appear to be associated with survival in this group.
Modulation of Inflamed Synovium Improves Migration of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Vitro Through Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages
Authors: Wesdorp Marinus A. , Bastiaansen-Jenniskens Yvonne M. , Capar Serdar , Verhaar Jan A.N. , Narcisi R. , Van Osch Gerjo J.V.M.
Published: March 2022

Objective

Inflammation is known to negatively affect cartilage repair. However, it is unclear how inflammation influences the migration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the underlying bone marrow into the defect. We therefore aimed to investigate how synovial inflammation influences MSC migration, and whether modulation of inflammation with triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) may influence migration.

Design

Inflamed human osteoarthritic synovium, M(IFNγ+TNFα) pro-inflammatory macrophages, M(IL4) repair macrophages, M(IL10) anti-inflammatory macrophages, or synovial fibroblasts were cultured with/without TAA. Conditioned medium (CM) was harvested after 24 hours, and the effect on MSC migration was studied using a Boyden chamber assay. Inflammation was evaluated with gene expression and flow cytometry analysis.

Results

Synovium CM increased MSC migration. Modulation of synovial inflammation with TAA further increased migration 1.5-fold ( P < 0.01). TAA significantly decreased TNFA, IL1B, and IL6 gene expression in synovium explants and increased CD163, a gene associated with anti-inflammatory macrophages. TAA treatment decreased the percentage of CD14+/CD80+ and CD14+/CD86+ pro-inflammatory macrophages and increased the percentage of CD14+/CD163+ anti-inflammatory macrophages in synovium explants. Interestingly, MSC migration was specifically enhanced by medium conditioned by M(IL4) macrophages and by M(IL10) macrophages treated with TAA, and unaffected by CM from M(IFNγ+TNFα) macrophages and synovial fibroblasts.

Conclusion

Macrophages secrete factors that stimulate the migration of MSCs. Modulation with TAA increased specifically the ability of anti-inflammatory macrophages to stimulate migration, indicating that they play an important role in secreting factors to attract MSCs. Modulating inflammation and thereby improving migration could be used in approaches based on endogenous repair of full-thickness cartilage defects.
Location-Specific Study of Young Rabbit Femoral Cartilage by Quantitative µMRI and Polarized Light Microscopy
Authors: Batool Syeda , Hammami Mouhamad , Mantebea Hannah , Badar Farid , Xia Yang
Published: March 2022

Objective

Microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (µMRI) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) are used to characterize the structural variations at different anatomical locations of femoral cartilage in young rabbits (12-14 weeks old).

Design

Four intact knees were imaged by µMRI at 86 µm resolution. Three small cartilage-bone specimens were harvested from each of 2 femoral medial condyles and imaged by quantitative µMRI (T2 anisotropy) at 9.75 µm resolution ( N = 6). These specimens, as well as the other 2 intact femoral condyles, were used for histology and imaged by quantitative PLM (retardation and angle) at 0.25 µm to 4 µm resolutions.

Results

Quantitative MRI relaxation data and PLM fibril data revealed collaboratively distinct topographical variations in both cartilage thickness and its collagen organization in the juvenile joint. Cartilage characteristics from the central location have a 3-zone arcade-like fibril structure and a distinct magic angle effect, commonly seen in mature articular cartilage, while cartilage at the anterior location lacks these characteristics. Overall, the lowest retardation values and isotropic T2 values have been found in the distal femur (trochlear ridge), with predominant parallel fibers with respect to the articular surface. Central cartilage is the thickest (~550 µm), approximately twice as thick as the anterior and posterior locations.

Conclusion

Distinctly different characteristics of tissue properties were found in cartilage at different topographical locations on femoral condyle in rabbits. Knowledge of location-specific structural differences in the collagen network over the joint surface can improve the understanding of local mechanobiology and provide insights to tissue engineering and degradation repairs.
Effects of nonsurgical, minimally or noninvasive therapies for urinary incontinence due to neurogenic bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ali Mohammed Usman , Fong Kenneth Nai-Kuen , Kannan Priya , Bello Umar Muhammad , Kranz Georg S.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To determine the effects of nonsurgical, minimally or noninvasive therapies on urge urinary incontinence (UUI) symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with neurogenic bladder (NGB).

Data Sources:

Cochrane library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to September 2021.

Review Methods:

Randomized controlled trials that compared therapies such as intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS), pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), and behavioural therapy (BT) to control were included. Study screening, data extraction, and study quality assessments were performed by two independent authors.

Results:

Fourteen trials with 804 participants were included in the study after screening of 4281 potentially relevant articles. Meta-analyses revealed a significant effect of electrical stimulation on UUI due to multiple sclerosis (standardized mean difference (SMD): −0.614; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.023, −0.206; p = 0.003) and stroke (SMD: −2.639; 95% CI: −3.804, −1.474; p = 0.000). The pooled analyses of TTNS (weighted mean difference (WMD): −12.406; 95% CI: −16.015, −8.797; p = 0.000) and BT (WMD: −9.117; 95% CI: −14.746, −3.487; p = 0.002) revealed significant effects of these interventions on QoL in people with Parkinson’s disease. However, meta-analyses revealed nonsignificant effects for PFMT (WMD: −0.751; 95% CI: −2.426, 0.924; p = 0.380) and BT (WMD: −0.597; 95% CI: −1.278, 0.083; p = 0.085) on UUI due to Parkinson’s disease.

Conclusions:

Our meta-analyses found electrical stimulation to be beneficial for improving the symptoms of UUI among people with multiple sclerosis and those with stroke. Our review also revealed that TTNS and BT might improve QoL for people with NGB due to Parkinson’s disease, although the effects of PFMT and BT on UUI warrant further investigation.
Urinary Potassium Excretion and Progression From Advanced CKD to Kidney Failure
Authors: Hundemer Gregory L. , Sood Manish M. , Ramsay Tim , Akbari Ayub
Published: March 2022

Background:

Increased dietary potassium intake has well-proven beneficial effects on cardiovascular health and mortality. However, the association between dietary potassium intake and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression remains unclear with prior studies reporting conflicting results.

Objective:

To study the association between 24-hour urinary potassium excretion (a surrogate for dietary potassium intake) and progression to kidney failure.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Ottawa, Canada

Patients:

Patients with advanced CKD referred to the Ottawa Hospital Multi-Care Kidney Clinic from 2010 to 2020.

Measurements:

Twenty-four-hour urinary potassium excretion measured upon referral to the Ottawa Hospital Multi-Care Kidney Clinic as part of routine clinic protocol.

Methods:

Multivariable Cox and Fine and Gray models provided hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the association between quartiles of 24-hour urinary potassium excretion and progression to kidney failure. A restricted cubic spline analysis examined the possible nonlinear relationship between 24-hour urinary potassium excretion (as a continuous variable) and progression to kidney failure.

Results:

Overall, 432/695 (62%) patients progressed to kidney failure. Across all models, there was no significant difference in kidney failure risk by quartile of 24-hour urinary potassium excretion (all P values for trend ≥.05). Hazard ratios (95% CIs) from the multivariable-adjusted Cox model were as follows: quartile 1, referent; quartile 2, 0.95 (0.71-1.27); quartile 3, 1.00 (0.76-1.33); and quartile 4 0.85 (0.63-1.14); P value for trend = .36. Restricted cubic spline analysis showed an overall linear and nonsignificant relationship between 24-hour urinary potassium excretion as a continuous variable and progression to kidney failure.

Limitations:

Observational design, single center.

Conclusions:

We found no association between 24-hour urinary potassium excretion and progression to kidney failure in patients with advanced CKD. Therefore, we identified no clear evidence that increasing or decreasing dietary potassium intake significantly associates with CKD progression in this population.

Trial Registration:

Not registered.
Protocol for a Process Evaluation of the Quality Improvement Intervention to Enhance Access to Kidney Transplantation and Living Kidney Donation (EnAKT LKD) Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Yohanna Seychelle , Wilson Mackenzie , Naylor Kyla L. , Garg Amit X. , Sontrop Jessica M. , Belenko Dmitri , Elliott Lori , McKenzie Susan , Macanovic Sara , Mucsi Istvan , Patzer Rachel , Voronin Irina , Lui Iris , Blake Peter G. , Waterman Amy D. , Treleaven Darin , Presseau Justin
Published: March 2022

Background:

Many patients who would benefit from a kidney transplant never receive one. The Enhance Access to Kidney Transplantation and Living Kidney Donation (EnAKT LKD) pragmatic, cluster-randomized clinical trial is testing whether a multi-component quality improvement intervention, provided in chronic kidney disease (CKD) programs (vs. usual care), can help patients with CKD with no recorded contraindications to kidney transplant complete more steps toward receiving a transplant (primary outcome of the trial). The EnAKT LKD intervention has 4 components: (1) quality Improvement teams and administrative support, (2) improved transplant education for patients and healthcare providers, (3) access to support and (4) program-level performance monitoring.

Objective:

To conduct a process evaluation of the EnAKT LKD quality improvement intervention to determine if the components were delivered, received, and enacted as designed (fidelity), and if the intervention addressed intended barriers (mechanisms of change).

Design:

A mixed-methods process evaluation informed by new practice implementation and theories of behavior change.

Setting:

Chronic kidney disease programs in Ontario, Canada, began receiving the EnAKT LKD intervention on November 1, 2017 and will continue to receive it until December 31, 2021. The process evaluation (interviews and surveys) will occur alongside the trial, between December 2020 to May 2021.

Participants:

Healthcare providers (eg, dialysis nurses, nephrologists, members of the multi-care kidney clinic team) at Ontario’s 27 CKD programs.

Methods:

We will survey and interview healthcare providers at each CKD program, and complete an intervention implementation checklist. Quantitative data from the surveys and the intervention implementation checklist will assess fidelity to the intervention, while quantitative and qualitative data from surveys and interviews will provide insight into the mechanisms of change.

Limitations:

The long trial period may result in poor participant recall.

Conclusion:

This process evaluation will enhance interpretation of the trial findings, guide improvements in the intervention components, and inform future implementation.

Trial registration:

Clinicaltrials.gov; identifier: NCT03329521.
Livestreaming Election Day: Political Memory and Identity Work at Susan B. Anthony’s Gravesite
Authors: Butkowski Chelsea P.
Published: March 2022

Social media platforms record and fuel the construction of memories and social identities through discursive processes of memory work—or reconstructing the past in the present—and identity work—or representing individual and group characteristics. In this article, I interrogated sites of intersection and friction between mediated memory and identity work to uncover their shared political potential. I conducted a visual discourse analysis of Facebook Live videos and Instagram photos captured at the gravesite of famed women’s suffragist Susan B. Anthony during the 2016 US presidential election. In a long-standing Election Day tradition in Rochester, NY, local women visit Anthony’s grave after casting their ballots to pay tribute to her suffrage activism. However, when the nation saw its first woman presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in 2016, the gravesite drew an unprecedented crowd. The resulting media texts both capture and shape memory and identity work as they unfold. Ultimately, I identify a collection of four discursive practices that illustrate distinct modes of interdependence between memory and identity work in the gravesite livestreams and photos: (a) representing commemoration, (b) displaying affect, (c) regulating “respect,” and (d) personalizing political imaginaries. Together, these practices illustrate how memory and identity work can spark collective sentiments, encourage political sense-making, and invite discord or social regulation. They also demonstrate how competing politics of memory and identity coincide and clash to envision participatory futures across digital and physical spaces.
Undesirable aspects of Christian and secular universities: Reflections on Judge and Haidt
Authors: Dalziel James
Published: March 2022

This article reviews the educational writings of historian Edwin Judge, particularly by providing a wider context for his paper The Undesirability of Christian Universities. It discusses differences between formal education and the churches in the Roman world and considers implications of these for modern Christian higher education. Given Judge’s argument for Christian involvement in secular universities (and against Christian higher education), it considers recent problems with secular universities, especially the phenomenon of academic ‘cancel culture’. To understand these problems, it considers the work of social psychologist Jonathan Haidt and ‘Heterodox Academy’. The conclusion encourages Christians to seek excellence in research.
Multiple Levels of Factors Protecting Against Peer Rejection in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Mustafina Aigul , Amitov Sultankozha , Ma Joyce Lai-Chong
Published: March 2022

This study investigated both the risk factors and the protective factors against peer rejection at multiple levels in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their typically developing peers. Using standard sociometric procedure, we studied the peer rejection of 108 children with ADHD (aged 7 to 12) and their classmates of the same sex and age ( n = 108). Risk factors (i.e., emotional/behavioral difficulties, academic performance, conflicts in the student-teacher relationship, parental rejection) predicted peer rejection in both groups, but the quality of relationships with teachers had a stronger predictive power in children with ADHD. Protective factors at multiple levels: individual ( extracurricular activity), family ( parental warmth and family social support), social ( school social support and friendship), compensated for all the risks of peer rejection in children with ADHD. However, the effect of prosocial behavior was insignificant after controlling for emotional/behavioral problems. Only school social support and friendship moderated the relationship between rejection and the risk factors in children with ADHD. Compensatory and moderating effects of all factors were found in the comparison group. Prevention and intervention of the peer rejection of children with ADHD should be focused on multiple levels of factors, especially social ones.
The Resilience and Mental Health Experiences of Emerging Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Creating Safeguards for the Future
Authors: Roberts Jillian , Humbert Bianca , MacMillan Robyn , Duff Celeste
Published: March 2022

There is limited research on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on emerging adults from diverse communities, including those with disabilities, international students, and students who identify as part of the LGBTQ2AAI+ community. A purposeful sample of seven undergraduate students, between the ages of 19 and 30, at a university in British Columbia, Canada, participated in this study. In-depth narrative style interviews were conducted via Zoom. Data were analyzed thematically and from a resilience lens framework. This study demonstrates that participants experienced a diversity of challenges, and thus engaged in differing processes of adjustment. Four protective factors were identified: (1) Positive relationships; (2) Perceived efficacy; (3) Purpose and ambition; and (4) Sense of normality. This study contributes towards the limited research base, and thus offers valuable insights, which can inform university policy makers, university administration, and public health policy makers to be better positioned to develop innovative adaptions of services and/or delivery.