bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Dust Elements on Photovoltaic Module Performance: an Experimental Study
Authors: Kazem Hussein A. , Chaichan Miqdam T. , Al-Waeli Ali H.A. , Sopian Kamaruzzaman , Darwish Abdul Salam K.
Published: September 2021

Dust is a natural phenomenon, and it represents all the components suspended in the air. Dust causes the photovoltaic performance to deteriorate. The main dust components concentrations vary from one geographic location to another and from one season to another. These components also have different effects on the PV power losses. Therefore, studying the effect of the concentration of each dust component separately can give a greater clarification and detail of how the accumulated dust affects the behavior of the PV module. In this study, the dust accumulated on a photovoltaic cell was collected and analyzed into its basic components. The results showed that most of the dust of Sohar city consists mostly of sand (65%) coming from the Empty Quarter desert adjacent to the Al-Batinah region. Also, volatile building materials such as cement and gypsum have high concentrations in this dust, which are 5.25% and 4.94%, respectively. In addition, high concentrations of ash 4.92%, which is resulting from burning fuels in smelters, power plants, and refineries. The effect of most of the studied dust components was limited on the current of the photovoltaic cell, but their effect was clearer on the cell voltage. As a result, the decrease in power generation was especially evident in the case of ash, cement, and new garment, but the biggest decrease was due to sand. While iron powder and red sand had the least effect on the performance of the photovoltaic cell.
Happiness is when they understand you
Authors: Petrova Olga Vladimirovna
Published: September 2021

Today translation experts agree that a translation teacher should be a practicing translator, aware of modern translation studies, having methodological knowledge and pedagogical skills, including the knowledge of translation didactics. A survey shows that in Russian universities there are practically no teachers with a degree in translation or those who have completed a specialized professional retraining program as a translation teacher. Thus, none of them has the full range of competences required to prepare translators who fully meet the requirements of the current translation industry. To change this situation, it is necessary to develop and implement special programs that allow translation teachers to supplement their education. These programs can be implemented in two formats. Firstly, there can be two different master’s degree programs: for those with a bachelor’s degree in translation and those with a bachelor’s degree in foreign language teaching. The program for the former should include more psychological and pedagogical disciplines, while the program for the latter should focus on translation. Secondly, it can be long-term courses of specialized professional retraining for translation teachers with two different sets of disciplines depending on their degree. Within the above-mentioned programs, special attention should be paid to the course of translation didactics.
What is happiness: a cross-cultural research into present-day associations
Authors: Kabanova Irina N. , Gorokhova Anna M. , Nozhevnikova Elena G. , Vaseneva Ekaterina V.
Published: September 2021

The article under consideration is aimed at cross-cultural quantified associative mapping of the universal concept “happiness” and shaping the hierarchy of its cornerstone axiological constituents as perceived by Russian, French and English linguosocieties within the framework of the global pandemic reality. “Happiness” has been subject to transdisciplinary investigation since ancient times due to its dynamic character and ambiguity. The concept of “happiness”, although psychologically ingrained and biologically predetermined, can change significantly based on different outer and inner factors. It demonstrates an undeniable potential for multiple perceptions, various patterns of ethnic-specific and highly personalized verbalization, requiring unification and analysis of different sociocultural stimuli that trigger off this or that row of associations. The authors provide keen insight into the semantics of the concept and its static lexicographic axiological paradigm in the Russian, French and English languages. Three associative surveys were carried out through Google-forms to estimate the degree at which the “static projection” of “happiness” is relevant nowadays in pandemic-shaken societies as well as collect free associations, manually contrast the data and establish parallels and peculiarities within up-to-date Russian, French and English (American) visions of “happiness”. The survey results testify to the fact that “health”, “family”, “peace” and “freedom” are universally recognized constituents of “happiness” while certain elements prove to be ethnic-specific and arise due to concrete social circumstances.
The hierarchy of value-based components within the “happiness” concept in the Russian linguistic consciousness
Authors: Nikonova Zhanna Viktorovna
Published: September 2021

The article considers the value-based component of the “happiness” concept in the Russian language as one of the main concepts in the Russian national consciousness. The study aims at determining and describing the hierarchy of such components in the Russian language. It supplements the current linguistic information about the content of the above-mentioned concept by revealing the hierarchy of its value-based components in the Russian linguistic consciousness. This approach is used to study the “happiness” concept in the Russian language for the first time and proves the scientific novelty of this research. The theoretical basis is formed by postulates of modern cognitive linguistics about concepts as units of a personal conceptual system in their relation to linguistic expressions containing information about the world, as well as concepts as national images (ideas or symbols) complicated by individual representation. The research subject is the hierarchical connections among value-based components of the “happiness” concept in the Russian linguistic consciousness objectified by various verbal means and acting as determinants of the concept’s name. The main objective is to identify the hierarchy of value-based components of the above-mentioned concept and reveal its specifics in the Russian linguistic consciousness. The research material consists of the linguistic facts obtained in the course of a free-association experiment conducted at the end of January 2021 by questioning users of the social network VKontakte. The questionnaire explained the goals and objectives of the experiment and provided an incentive for an associative array of 10 positions to the concept under study. After analyzing the results of this psycholinguistic experiment, the authors have established that the “happiness” concept in the Russian language has a clear hierarchy of value-based components, which highlights the specific conceptualization of such an abstract category as “happiness” in the linguistic consciousness of native Russian speakers.
Horizontal-resource models of happiness
Authors: Ksenofontova Elena Gennadievna , Sverdlikova Elena Albertovna
Published: September 2021

“Happiness” is not even considered by many as a scientific term. Meanwhile, some practitioners are concerned with improving the quality of life and the objective reasons for people’s subjective satisfaction while others note the prevalence of problems related to “unhappiness”. Thus, in the best case, people turn to clergy, significant others, or psychotherapists to change either themselves or their lives for the better. However, theoretical interpretations of the phenomenon of happiness in many sciences that are based on the models of balance, the correspondence between the desired and the available, etc., use a fragmented and practically unstructured terminological apparatus. The goal of the study is to identify the conceptual models in all the diversity of interpretations and studies of happiness that allow uniting groups of researchers from different fields of knowledge, as well as to present the views of the authors of artworks on the mechanisms of experience and empathy with the processes of gaining and losing happiness. Methods: Comparative analysis of views on the phenomenon of happiness and the related states presented in works of art, spiritual and cultural life, and studies of the social and human sciences. The analyzed material allowed us to show the presence of a large number of models of interpretation of the state of happiness often associated with the assessment of resources available to the individual (horizontal-resource models of happiness). This distinguishes them from the vertical-level models that contrast the highest levels of happiness of special quality with the manifestation of different, lower-order states also referred to as happiness. It is important to note that in horizontal-resource interpretations, many models do not treat happiness simply as a significant share “of the total pie”. Resource-based approaches assess the available or absent potential (of varying nature), as well as the absence or presence of the possibility of approaching a subjectively meaningful state.
Students’ satisfaction with the quality of educational services
Authors: Mitrofanova Svetlana Yurievna , Vandysheva Lyudmila Vladimirovna , Pustarnakova Anna Aleksandrovna
Published: September 2021

The article raises the problem of the level of satisfaction with educational services among the students of agricultural training areas of secondary vocational education institutions of the Samara region. The study goal is addressed through several objectives including identifying the level of students’ satisfaction with the quality of education, their attitude towards industry internship, the level of satisfaction with the quality of material and technical support, and the presence or absence of the desire for employment in the chosen direction of training. The research method deployed in the study is surveying (N = 123). The study reveals that most respondents (73.7%) are completely or rather satisfied with the quality of education. The calculations indicate that most respondents have a positive or rather positive attitude towards industry internship (70.8%). 89.4% of respondents are completely or rather satisfied with the quality of material and technical support. 84.5% of the respondents are completely or rather satisfied with the quality of educational services while 9.6% found it difficult to answer and 5.7% express dissatisfaction with the quality of educational services to varying degrees. Considering individual educational institutions, the results by the indicator are as follows: the Bezenchuk Agrarian Technical College – 80.8%, the Kinel State Technical College – 91.1%. Due to the lack of data on secondary educational institutions, the obtained results are compared to similar studies conducted in Russian higher education institutions. As a result, the authors report a paradoxical situation consisting in the fact that the students are satisfied with educational services but not all of them plan to continue working in the chosen direction of professional training. Appropriate recommendations are provided for the management of educational institutions in accordance with the obtained results.
Fairy tale as a method of diagnosing destructive life attitudes in Agrarian University students
Authors: Semenkova Svetlana Nikolaevna , Goncharenko Olga Nikolaevna , Ushakova Aleftina Aleksandrovna
Published: September 2021

The goal of the conducted study is to reveal the possible destructive life attitudes among the student youth of an agrarian university using a projective method. The scientific novelty of the study is predetermined by the communicative-cognitive and psychosomatic approaches and interdisciplinary methods, the primary of them being a projective method: the study identifies the specific characteristics of fairy tales as a method of diagnosing destructive life attitudes in agrarian university students. The study shows that the choice of a fairy tale and the character a young person associates themselves with serves as a projection of personality characteristics and fundamental life attitudes. As a result, it is demonstrated that a fairy tale affects the current state of rural youth who have come to the city to study and expresses their commitment to the rural lifestyle accompanied, however, by a desire for change that under certain conditions can lead to destructive behavior through the activation of inner resources and increased emotional tension.
Factors of psychological well-being of adolescents in the aspect of self-knowledge
Authors: Feldman Inessa Leonidovna , Agapov Valery Sergeevich , Feoktistova Svetlana Vasilyevna , Griboyedova Oksana Ivanovna
Published: September 2021

The premise for the present study lies in the lack of a unanimous scientific opinion on the relationship between self-knowledge and psychological well-being. The article presents the results of a study of the factors of psychological well-being of adolescents associated with their self-knowledge. The relevance of the conducted study is due to the need to integrate scientific knowledge on the internal factors contributing to psychological well-being. The scientific novelty is shaped by the fact that adolescents’ self-knowledge in the context of their psychological well-being is understudied and is examined for the first time. The study includes 500 adolescents aged 13-17 years old from schools in Tula, Lipetsk, and Moscow regions. The conducted factor analysis reveals common and specific factors of psychological well-being that are significant for adolescents with varying levels of psychological well-being. The common factors found in the entire sample are the desire for self-reflective analysis, for successful communication, for physical harmony, and for a meaningful perception of one’s future. The specific factors relevant for each group – adolescents with high, average, and low levels of psychological well-being – are also identified. The results of the analysis allow concluding that the psychological well-being of adolescents at different levels of psychological well-being is determined by factors related to self-knowledge. The presented work is of interest for researchers concerned with the problems of adolescents’ psychological well-being, as well as in designing educational programs and projects aimed at improving the psychological well-being of adolescents.
Women’s and men’s happiness in the context of eternal values
Authors: Griva Olga Anatolievna , Danilova Taisiya Nikolaevna , Timoshchuk Igor Grigoryevich , Khairedinova Zarema Zudievna
Published: September 2021

The authors draw attention to the issue of gender differences in the features of the subjective experience of happiness and unhappiness. The article describes the results of a study conducted with clients of psychologists who report problems related to the experience of destructive interpersonal relationships and consider themselves deeply unhappy in life. The purpose of the study is to reveal the gender specificity of the frustration of the subjects’ life needs underlying the deep experience of unhappiness in their lives. A peculiarity of the approach used by the authors is the consideration of issues of psychological nature in the context of philosophical and religious understanding of eternal values, such as happiness and love for one’s neighbor. A special focus of the authors’ attention is the problems related to the philosophical and religious basis of consideration of the feminine as Sophia the Wisdom of God with the complex of her rejection, the dominant sense of guilt, and the desire to return to the Father. Such methodological symbiosis is facilitated by interdisciplinarity as one of the main principles of the authors’ interaction with the materials of this work. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) aimed at the amplification of subjects’ unconscious intentions is used as a diagnostic instrument. The conducted psychological study allows to reveal and describe some of the causes for the manifestation and experience of happiness and unhappiness in the lives of modern men and women and show specific differences between their subjective experiences of happiness and unhappiness in their lives. Unlike previous studies of this kind, the deployed philosophical and religious studies approach provides an opportunity to take a new look at the outlined issues considering them from the point of the philosophical context of values.
Analysis of the Relationship between Burnout and Empathy Ability among Teachers in Special Education Schools
Authors: Ma Xie , Deng Ting , Luo Danna , Ma Jinjing
Published: September 2021

In order to explore whether the empathy ability of Chinese special education school teachers has an impact on their burnout, this study investigated 156 special education school teachers using the Empathy Competence Scale and the Burnout Scale. The results are as follows : (1)The scores of various dimensions of burnout of teachers in special education schools are all lower than the theoretical median, and the overall level of job burnout of this group is low. (2)Except imagination was not correlated with emotional exhaustion, other dimensions of empathy ability were significantly correlated with all dimensions of burnout (all p <0.05). (3)Regression analysis found that perspective taking could negatively predict emotional exhaustion and low personal accomplishment (all p <0.05). Empathy concern could negatively predict low personal achievement (p <0.05). Personal distress positively predicted emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment (all p <0.001). Imagination could negatively predict emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (all p <0.05).
The Process Management of Graduation Design Based on Its Characteristics
Authors: Sun Bin
Published: September 2021

This paper sums up six features and three functions as the characteristics of graduation design, which is the last link of undergraduate education. And through the analysis of each link in the graduation design process, this paper gives an improvement method for the graduation design based on these characteristics. Finally, an application example of this improvement in our university is given.
A Research on the Sense of Acquisition of Postgraduate Ideological and Political Theory
Authors: Zhao Yifeng , Ma Jun
Published: September 2021

At present, “enhancing the sense of acquisition of Ideological and political theory course for postgraduates” has become an inevitable requirement to realize the development of Ideological and political discipline, improve the quality of education and teaching, and implement the mission of moral education. The graduate students’ sense of acquisition of Ideological and political courses is the result of a variety of factors, such as student demand, education supply and external environment. Therefore, by improving the satisfaction of postgraduates to the ideological and political course, enhancing the input of teaching elements and creating the external environment of Ideological and political course teaching, we can strengthen the theoretical and practical significance of education, guide students to adhere to the correct value orientation, and enhance the postgraduates’ sense of acquisition of ideological and political course.
A Research on the Assessment and Evaluation Mechanism of Ideological and Political Course Teachers in Colleges and Universities
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Ma Jun
Published: September 2021

In ideological and political education in colleges and universities, ideological and political theory courses are the main channel of ideological and political education, and the key to running ideological and political theory courses lies in teachers. The establishment and improvement of the assessment and evaluation mechanism of ideological and political course teachers will effectively improve the curriculum effect of ideological and political theory courses. However, while the construction of the assessment and evaluation mechanism for ideological and political teachers in colleges and universities in China has achieved certain results, there are still some unsolved problems, such as the lack of an assessment and assessment that matches the characteristics of ideological and political teachers. Standards and ideological and political course teacher assessment and evaluation mechanisms have guiding deviations. This article uses fairness theory and expected valence theory to analyze and explore the reasons for problems in the assessment and evaluation mechanism of ideological and political teachers in colleges, and put forward constructive suggestions on how to establish and improve the assessment and evaluation mechanism of ideological and political teachers in colleges.
Gender Influence of Personality on Adolescents’ Social Media Engagement
Authors: Li Xiaoran , Ni Xiaoli
Published: September 2021

Based on a survey of college students in Shaanxi Province, this study found that there are significant gender differences in the influence of adolescent personality on social media engagement. In terms of behavioral engagement, male extraversion personality traits have a significant predictive effect on behavioral engagement. Extraversion personality has no significant influence on behavior engagement. Therefore, the influence of adolescents’ use of social media on individual growth and mental health development should consider gender differences.
The Impact of Information on Mental Health of Chinese People in the COVID-19
Authors: Geng Yangwen , Ni Xiaoli , Fan Jinming
Published: September 2021

As a sudden public event, COVID-19 had caused a great impact on the physical and mental health of people. During this period, people paid great attention to the information of COVID-19. This study investigated the emotional and mental health conditions of 511 residents in the early stage of COVID-19. The results showed that most people were nervous and panic in this period. Individuals who were exposed to more positive information had a lower degree of negative emotional experience; people got more positive and mixed information had significantly better mental health and sleep conditions than people received more negative emotions.
Research on College English Online Teaching Design Based on Self-built Corpus
Authors: Sun Tiannan
Published: September 2021

Based on the self-developed English language corpus and a series of College English micro courses, this study constructs College English online teaching platform, focus on a innovative design of college English online courses and try to test its teaching effectiveness. The results show that the corpus-based College English online curriculum design changes the traditional classroom teaching mode and teaching evaluation mode, promoting students’ English level and autonomous learning ability, providing practical basis for the exploration of College English online teaching mode.
3D MRI of the Hip Joint: Technical Considerations, Advantages, Applications, and Current Perspectives
Authors: Ashikyan Oganes , Wells Joel , Chhabra Avneesh
Published: September 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common choice among various imaging modalities for the evaluation of hip conditions. Conventional MRI with two-dimensional acquisitions requires a significant amount of time and is limited by partial-volume artifacts and suboptimal fluid-to-cartilage contrast. Recent hardware and software advances have resulted in development of novel isotropic three-dimensional (3D) single-acquisition protocols that cover the volume of the entire hip and can be reconstructed in arbitrary planes for submillimeter assessment of bony and labro-cartilaginous structures in their planes of orientation. This technique facilitates superior identification of small labral tears and other hip lesions with better correlations with arthroscopy. In this review, we discuss technical details related to 3D MRI of the hip, its advantages, and its role in commonly encountered painful conditions that can be evaluated with great precision using this technology. The entities described are femoroacetabular impingement with acetabular labral tears, acetabular dysplasia, avascular necrosis, regional tendinopathies and tendon tears, bursitis, and other conditions.
3D MRI of Articular Cartilage
Authors: Kijowski Richard
Published: September 2021

Osteoarthritis, characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage and other joint structures, is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic diseases in the United States. Magnetic resonance imaging is a commonly used imaging modality to evaluate patients with joint pain. Both two-dimensional fast spin-echo sequences (2D-FSE) and three-dimensional (3D) sequences are used in clinical practice to evaluate articular cartilage. The 3D sequences have many advantages compared with 2D-FSE sequences, such as their high in-plane spatial resolution, thin continuous slices that reduce the effects of partial volume averaging, and ability to create multiplanar reformat images following a single acquisition. This article reviews the different 3D imaging techniques available for evaluating cartilage morphology, illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of 3D approaches compared with 2D-FSE approaches for cartilage imaging, and summarizes the diagnostic performance of 2D-FSE and 3D sequences for detecting cartilage lesions within the knee and hip joints.
Management of Metastatic Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer in Elderly
Authors: Sheth Hardik , Kumar Prashant , Limaye Sewanti
Published: September 2021

There is limited data on management of metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the elderly population due to lack of representation of this subset in clinical trials. The projected representation of elderly population of patients globally is expected to rise significantly in the years to come. It is imperative to understand the specific challenges and opportunities in management of elderly with NSCLC. Even in the elderly, the medical management of advanced NSCLC begins with driver mutation testing on lung biopsy. Once the patient is classified as driver mutation positive or negative, they can either be treated with a single-agent-targeted therapy or with immunotherapy and chemotherapy or after programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) assessment, with immunotherapy alone. After starting the appropriate therapy, the disease needs to be monitored at every 3 months with reassessment scans. Treatment in elderly should be designed as per their functional and not chronological age, and geriatric assessment scales should be utilized wherever possible to understand the functional age of the patient.
Cancer Treatment–Induced Bone Loss and Role of Denosumab in Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review
Authors: Dabkara Deepak
Published: September 2021

Bone loss is an important complication of prostate cancer and its associated treatments, especially androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). There is a 5 to 10 times increased loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in men receiving ADT with yearly 4 to 13% BMD loss. The risk of fracture increases yearly by 5 to 8% with ADT. ADT associated bone loss of 10 to 15% of BMD doubles the risk of fractures. Hence, BMD evaluation through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and evaluation of individual fracture risk assessed before initiating ADT. The use of vitamin D, calcium, bisphosphonates, and denosumab has shown improved bone health in men with prostate cancer receiving ADT. Denosumab 60 mg is approved to increase bone mass in men at high risk for fractures receiving ADT for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Denosumab has shown improvement of 5.6% BMD at 2 years in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients, with significant improvements seen at the total hip, femoral neck, and distal third of the radius. Denosumab has shown a 62% decreased incidence of new vertebral fractures at 36 months. Furthermore, denosumab delays the onset of bone metastases in high-risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients. Denosumab can be preferred over other bone modifying agents owing to several advantages, such as subcutaneous administration and no requirement of hospitalization, no dose modifications in renal impairment and less incidence of acute phase anaphylactic reactions. We review the available evidence of denosumab for managing bone loss in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients. The relevant articles used in this narrative review were obtained through general search on google and PubMed using the key terms “non-metastatic prostate cancer,” “denosumab,” “bone loss,” “bone mineral density,” “fracture,” “CTIBL,” and “chemotherapy induced bone loss.”
Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis with a Novel GATA1 Mutation in a Child with Down Syndrome: A Case Report and Brief Review
Authors: Ramachandran Mohanaraj , Srinivasan Prasanth , Meena Jagdish Prasad , Gupta Aditya Kumar , Prasad Tanya , Seth Rachna
Published: September 2021

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) is a unique entity seen in children with Down syndrome (DS) with 10 to 20% risk of developing myeloid leukemia in the first 5 years of life. We report a 2 months old male infant with DS detected to have hyperleukocytosis on routine preoperative workup for cyanotic congenital heart disease. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration showed blasts, and next-generation sequencing detected a novel GATA1 mutation, and a diagnosis of TAM was confirmed in this child. This mutation has not been reported in TAM in the literature earlier to the best of our knowledge.
Should Vasopressors Be Started Early in Septic Shock?
Authors: Cioccari Luca , Jakob Stephan M. , Takala Jukka
Published: September 2021

Sepsis can influence blood volume, its distribution, vascular tone, and cardiac function. Persistent hypotension or the need for vasopressors after volume resuscitation is part of the definition of septic shock. Since increased positive fluid balance has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in sepsis, timing of vasopressors in the treatment of septic shock seems crucial. However, conclusive evidence on timing and sequence of interventions with the goal to restore tissue perfusion is lacking. The aim of this narrative review is to depict the pathophysiology of hypotension in sepsis, evaluate how common interventions to treat hypotension interfere with physiology, and to give a resume of the results from clinical studies focusing on targets and timing of vasopressor in sepsis. The majority of studies comparing early versus late administration of vasopressors in septic shock are rather small, single-center, and retrospective. The range of “early” is between 1 and 12 hours. The available studies suggest a mean arterial pressure of 60 to 65 mm Hg as a threshold for increased risk of morbidity and mortality, whereas higher blood pressure targets do not seem to add further benefits. The data, albeit mostly from observational studies, speak for combining vasopressors with fluids rather “early” in the treatment of septic shock (within a 0–3-hour window). Nevertheless, the optimal resuscitation strategy should take into account the source of infection, the pathophysiology, the time and clinical course preceding the diagnosis of sepsis, and also comorbidities and sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.
Frequency of Type-1 Berrettini's Connection in a Neurophysiology Laboratory
Authors: Duarte Juan M. , Rolón Juan I. , Bertotti Alicia B.
Published: September 2021

Objective This study aims to estimate the frequency of Berrettini's ulnar-median nerves communication in a neurophysiology laboratory.

Materials and Methods A total of 358 hands belonging to patients, both sexes, median age of 58 years, was studied. Antidromic sensory nerve conduction studies of the ulnar nerves, registered in digits III and IV were performed in search of the ulnar-median communication. A Berrettini's percentage was calculated in each communication: [(amplitude SAP digit III/amplitude SAP digit IV) × 100].

Results Ulnar-median nerves communication (Berrettini's branch) was found in 37 hands (10.95%), with a female gender predominance. Bilaterality percentage was low (1.78%). Most communications encountered had a Berretini's percentage between 11 and 50%. Some of them exceeded 100%.

Conclusions Electromyographers should routinely search for this nerve communication, especially in those patients undergoing carpal tunnel syndrome or Dupuytren's contracture surgeries.
Planning for science: China’s “grand experiment” and global implications
Authors: Sun Yutao , Cao Cong
Published: September 2021

China’s rising capability in science, technology and innovation to a certain extent has to do with “a grand experiment” that started 15 years ago when the Chinese government released the National Medium and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006–2020) (MLP). MLP launched the indigenous innovation strategy and set goals to turn China into an innovation-oriented country. The junction when the old MLP phased out and a new MLP (2021–2035) will soon be introduced holds greater historical and practical significance for the Chinese and international scientific communities to make sense of planning for science. This paper reviews the progress achieved in implementing the MLP, analyzes the daunting challenges facing China to become an innovation-oriented nation, discusses the implications of planning science for the Chinese and international scientific communities, and speculates on what might be included in the new MLP.
Synthesis of Three Dimensional Cs-γ-CD-MOFs and the Adsorption of Myricetin
Authors: Xie Lan , Zheng Yangyang , Deng Jie , Jiang Wenkang , Liu Huijun
Published: September 2021

A new Cs-γ-CD-MOF material obtained in colourless large crystals and with a three-dimensional porous structure containing coordinated by cesium ions and γ-cyclodextrin was synthesised by an improved vapour diffusion method. The chemical formula of the Cs-γ-CD-MOF material was C24H34CsO20, with the I4 space group. Compared with the traditional solvent vapour diffusion method (7 days), this method is advantageous for rapid crystal formation (1 day). Simultaneously, the drug adsortion capacity of γ-CD and Cs-γ-CD-MOFs for myricetin was compared and the results indicated that Cs-γ-CD-MOFs (280.05 mg g−1) have a higher drug adsorption capacity than γ-CD (142.92 mg g−1). Finally, the energy and conformation of the Cs-γ-CD-MOF material for adsorbing the drug myricetin were obtained through molecular docking.
Can fruit ontogenetic features prove to be an important tool in the circumscription of Psychotrieae alliance?
Authors: Santos Anderson F. , do Carmo Amanda A. O. , Harthman Vanessa C. , Romagnolo Mariza B. , Souza Luiz A.
Published: September 2021

The Rubiaceae tribe Psychotrieae sensu lato and its two largest genera, Psychotria L. and Palicourea Aubl., have been considered taxonomically controversial for a long time. We aimed to identify structural features of the ontogeny of the fruits and seeds with taxonomic potential for the tribe by using species of these two genera, and Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll.Arg. The samples were obtained from a herbarium and from Brazilian state parks, and sectioned by using a rotation microtome. The fruits were found to be derived from an inferior ovary, and were characterised by a fleshy mesocarp and sclerenchymatic sinuate pyrene. The seeds were pachychalazal and arillate. The fruit was classified as a pomaceous drupoid nuculanium. The investigation showed the utility of some fruit features to discriminate species. Our study also showed that ontogenetic features of fruits and seeds are very homogeneous in Palicourea and Psychotria, which supports the inclusion of both genera in the tribe Psychotrieae.
VEMPs
Authors: Manzari Leonardo , Curthoys Ian S.
Published: September 2021

Objective

New tests of otolithic function use air conducted sound (ACS) and bone conducted vibration (BCV) as otolithic stimuli. These stimuli generate vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) from tensed neck muscles or extraocular muscles which differentiate utricular and saccular function in each labyrinth.

Methods

New anatomical and physiological results show why these are valid otolithic stimuli: that within each otolithic macula there are effectively two co-existing sensing systems – that in addition to the classical response of some otolith afferents to low frequency linear accelerations like tilts and translations by what is called the sustained system, other afferent neurons from a specialized band of receptors in each macula are activated by ACS and BCV (the transient system). These afferents are activated and synchronized (phase-locked) to every cycle of an ACS or BCV stimulus up to frequencies above 1000 Hz. In each otolithic macula these two systems are subserved by neurons with very different anatomical structure and physiological characteristics arising from different regions of the maculae because there is unique specialization of receptors in different regions – the maculae are not uniform homogenous receptor structures. Otolithic afferents with regular resting ischarge, originating mainly from type II receptors in the extrastriolar region constitute the low frequency sustained system, whereas afferents with irregular resting activity originating mainly from type I receptors at the striola constitute the high frequency transient system and it is the transient system which is activated by ACS and BCV and so is responsible for VEMPs.

Results

Reduced or absent function of one otolithic macula results in asymmetric VEMP responses to bilaterally equal ACS or BCV stimuli.

Conclusion

VEMPs provide evidence of unilateral and bilateral otolithic loss and even more remarkably, evidence of the status of each saccular and each utricular macula separately.
Expeditionary research of electrical processes on a high mountain plateau taking into account aerosols and humidity
Authors: Petrova G G , Panchishkina I N , Petrov A I , Chkhetiani O G
Published: September 2021

The work continues the analysis of the results of complex expeditionary measurements in the surface atmosphere, some of which have recently been published. It uses data from expeditions of the Laboratory of Geophysical Research of the Faculty of Physics of the Southern Federal University at research stations of the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences: 2017 at the Tsimlyansk Research Station in the steppe zone, 2018 and 2019 at the Kislovodsk alpine station located on the Shadzhatmaz plateau, 2.100 m above sea level. With the help of regression analysis, empirical relationships of the electric potential gradient near the earth’s surface and the concentration of aerosols with a diameter of more than 0.1 μm were obtained for four measurement periods. The investigated dependence has a linear character. Judging by the results obtained, the space charge of aerosols for the arid steppe zone is negative. For the Shadzhatmaz plateau, the results indicate the presence of a positive space charge in the atmosphere under high humidity conditions. The discovered facts are considered as a consequence of the differences in the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles under different conditions. Proceeding from the results of measurements at the alpine station, regression analysis revealed a close relationship between the concentration of aerosols and relative humidity for different size ranges of particles, which is well approximated by an exponential function.
Analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of lightning discharges in the North Caucasus
Authors: Shapovalov V A , Adzhieva A A , Mashukov I Kh , Tumgoeva H A
Published: September 2021

The organization of lightning protection measures is based on information about the nature of the distribution of lightning discharges, their number and the current value in the region of the location of the protection objects. Therefore, the most relevant direction of the study is to clarify the existing recommendations in the field of lightning protection. In the article, based on the data of long-term measurements of the LS 8000 lightning direction finding system located in the North Caucasus, the analysis of the registration of lightning parameters is carried out. The revealed regularities of the distribution of lightning discharges over the territory in different periods of the year are the basis for the approximation equations developed by the authors, which are used to describe the space-time density of lightning. Maps of the distribution of the number of lightning discharges per square kilometer obtained from the initial data and constructed according to the developed equations are presented, and the relevance of the results obtained is evaluated.
Trends in the development of technical means on weather modification of clouds and supercooled fog
Authors: Petrunin A M , Dvoeglazov S M , Platonov N A , Antonov S V
Published: September 2021

The modern state and prospects of further development of technical means on weather modification for anti-hail works, works on regulation of atmospheric precipitation and for dissipation of supercooled fog are considered. The characteristics of anti-hail systems, ground-based aerosol generators and their control systems, aircraft means for firing pyrotechnic cartridges and controlling the operation of generators, as well as means for dispersing supercooled fog included in the «List of technical means on weather modification (WM) used by specialized organizations of WM on meteorological and other geophysical processes» are analyzed. Recommendations are given for further improvement and implementation of developed technical means in the practice of works on WM activity.
Assessment of the lightning discharge energy depending on the height of the territory above sea level for Western Siberia
Authors: Karanina S Yu , Karanin A V , Kocheeva N A , Belikova M Yu
Published: September 2021

The work presents the data analysis of the energy of lightning discharges recorded by WWLLN on the territory of Western Siberia. A comparison of the discharge energy distributions in four altitude zones has been performed. Altitude zones are divided into the following conditional categories: lowlands (up to 300 m above sea level), low mountains (from 300 to 1000 m above sea level), middle mountains (from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level) and high mountains (more than 2000 m above sea level). Territories with an altitude of less than 2000m above sea level are characterized by the presence of thunderstorm foci with an increased density of discharges. At altitudes over 2000m above sea level, the discharge density is minimal. The energy of 90% of the discharges for lowlands and low mountains does not exceed 10 kJ. A greater number of discharges with energies above 10 kJ are noted in the middle and high mountains. The greatest increase in the energy of lightning discharges is observed for heights over 2000 m above sea level.
Prospects for using mobile launching sites in hail suppression operations
Authors: Alita S L
Published: September 2021

The paper describes the reasons underlying the development of the concept of mobile launching sites for hail suppression operations. The main disadvantages of using fixed launching sites in hail protection network at the present time are enumerated. Possible variants of the method of using mobile launching sites are proposed. The main tactical and technical characteristics of the mobile launching site are given.
Assessment of the influence of anti-hail protection on environmental pollution on the example of open water bodies of the republic of Moldova
Authors: Gekkieva S O , Atabieva F A
Published: September 2021

Currently, the ecological situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any human activity associated with interference with the natural environment. In this regard, studies devoted to the study of the influence of long-term seeding of clouds on environmental pollution with reagents of active influences are relevant. It was found that during the periods of using lead iodide as a reagent, lead accumulated in open water bodies. In connection with the transition to ice-forming compositions based on silver iodide under active influences, the processes of self-purification from lead began to prevail in water bodies. When silver iodide was used in anti-hail work in the experimental area, no statistically significant phenomena of silver accumulation in water bodies were found.
European Union unveils new €7.5bn space deal
Authors: Boerkamp Martijn
Published: September 2021

The European Space Agency (ESA) has unveiled a new space programme following a €7.5bn partnership deal with the European Union (EU).
21st-century holidays
Authors: Crease Robert P
Published: September 2021

Do you use vacations to unwind from physics or to focus on it without distraction? Robert P Crease wonders what holidays mean to physicists in the 21st century
Infinitesimal to infinite
Authors: Appell David
Published: September 2021

David Appell reviews Probable Impossibilities: Musings on Beginnings and Endings by Alan Lightman
Astronaut boot camp
Authors: Hiscott Laura
Published: September 2021

Laura Hiscott reviews The Spacefarer’s Handbook by Bergita and Urs Ganse
Human nature
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: September 2021

‘Human nature’ looks at the theory of human nature developed by Hume in Books One and Two of A Treatise of Human Nature. In these books, Hume’s theory of nature is presented as an account of the faculty of understanding, of the passions, and of the relation between them. The biographical context for this theory of human nature is important here, in terms of the intellectual crisis that Hume went through in the early 1730s. Key influences on Hume’s theory of human nature included Pierre Bayle, Bernard Mandeville, and John Locke. Hume reformulated his theory of human nature in his later works. There are limitations of the theory as can be revealed in remarks made by Hume about racial difference.
Politics
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: September 2021

‘Politics’ examines Hume’s political thought as developed in Book Three of A Treatise of Human Nature, his essays, and The History of England. Hume wrote about his ideas on political obligation. Hume also engaged with 18th-century party politics and as a result, developed a self-consciously ‘moderate’ approach to the political questions of the day. Hume considered a number of economic topics in the Political Discourses and came up with a revisionary theory of money. Hume faced some stylistic challenges as he moved from philosophy to history. He then made a pessimistic turn in his thinking about politics in the final decade of his life.