bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of retinoic acid on human gingival epithelial barriers
Authors: Groeger S. , Jarzina F. , Windhorst A. , Meyle J.
Published: February 2016

Background and Objectives

The gingival epithelium plays an important role in the protection of oral tissues from microbial challenge. Oral keratinocytes form a barrier and show various cellular contacts, including tight junctions (TJ). To analyse the barrier function in vitro the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) is commonly used. Retinoic acid (RA) is an important signalling molecule in most tissues, including epithelial differentiation. RA signalling is mediated through three RA receptors. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of RA on human gingival barriers in vitro.

Material and Methods

Immortalized human gingival keratinocytes were seeded on culture plate inserts. The effect of RA with and without infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 on the barrier was analysed by TER measurements. The expression of TJ proteins was investigated by western blot.

Results

During differentiation, mean TER increased from 16 (1 h), 43 (4 h) to 62 (6 h) Ohm × cm2. Addition of 15 μm RA increased TER by +19 after 1 h, +25 after 4 h and +16 Ohm × cm2 after 6 h. The pan‐RA receptor inhibitor BMS 493 resulted in TER values comparable to the control. The mean established TER of the control was approximately 110 Ohm × cm2. Addition of 15 μm RA elevated TER to 127 Ohm × cm2 after 1 h, 150 Ohm × cm2 after 4 h and 189 Ohm × cm2 after 6 h (p ≤ 0.01). RA plus infection with P. gingivalis W83 further increased the TER increasing effect but could not prevent the destruction of TER induced by bacterial infection. The protein expression of the TJ proteins claudin 4 and occludin was enhanced while ZO‐1 was downregulated after 1 h of RA incubation.

Conclusion

RA provides barrier‐positive elements to the gingival epithelial cell model that is accompanied by altered expression of TJ proteins.
Correlation of Urine and Serum Biomarkers with Renal Damage and Survival in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Proteinuric Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Hokamp J.A. , Cianciolo R.E. , Boggess M. , Lees G.E. , Benali S.L. , Kovarsky M. , Nabity M.B.
Published: February 2016

Background

Urine protein loss is common in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate new biomarkers of glomerular and tubulointerstitial (TI) damage compared with histology and as survival indicators in dogs with naturally occurring, proteinuric CKD.

Animals

One hunderd and eighty dogs with naturally occurring kidney disease.

Methods

Retrospective study using urine, serum, and renal biopsies from dogs with kidney disease, 91% of which had proteinuric CKD. Biomarkers were evaluated and correlated with pathologic renal damage, and significant associations, sensitivities, and specificities of biomarkers for renal disease type were determined.

Results

Fractional excretions of immunogloblin M (IgM_FE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG_FE) correlated most strongly with glomerular damage based on light microscopy (r = 0.58 and 0.56, respectively; P < .01). Serum creatinine (SCr) correlated most strongly with TI damage (r = 0.70, P < .01). Urine IgM/creatinine and urine NAG/creatinine had the highest sensitivity (75%) and specificity (78%) for detection of immune complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis. Although individually most biomarkers were significantly associated with decreased survival time (P < .05), in a multivariate analysis, SCr, IgM_FE, and glomerular damage based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were the only biomarkers significantly associated with survival time (SCr: P = .001; IgM_FE: P = .008; TEM: P = .017).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Novel urine biomarkers and FEs are useful for detection of glomerular and TI damage in dogs with proteinuric CKD and might predict specific disease types and survival.
Review: Novel treatment strategies targeting alpha‐synuclein in multiple system atrophy as a model of synucleinopathy
Authors: Valera E. , Monzio Compagnoni G. , Masliah E.
Published: February 2016

Neurodegenerative disorders with alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) accumulation (synucleinopathies) include Parkinson's disease (PD), PD dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Due to the involvement of toxic α‐syn aggregates in the molecular origin of these disorders, developing effective therapies targeting α‐syn is a priority as a disease‐modifying alternative to current symptomatic treatments. Importantly, the clinical and pathological attributes of MSA make this disorder an excellent candidate as a synucleinopathy model for accelerated drug development. Recent therapeutic strategies targeting α‐syn in in vivo and in vitro models of MSA, as well as in clinical trials, have been focused on the pathological mechanisms of α‐syn synthesis, aggregation, clearance, and/or cell‐to‐cell propagation of its neurotoxic conformers. Here we summarize the most relevant approaches in this direction, with emphasis on their potential as general synucleinopathy modifiers, and enumerate research areas for potential improvement in MSA drug discovery.
Increased motor axonal persistent sodium currents predict rapid functional declines in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Shibuya Kazumoto , Misawa Sonoko , Kimura Hideki , Noto Yu‐ichi , Sekiguchi Yukari , Iwai Yuta , Shimizu Toshio , Mizuno Toshiki , Nakagawa Masanori , Kuwabara Satoshi
Published: February 2016

Background

Previous studies have shown that increased motor axonal excitability is associated with shorter survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.

Aim

To study the axonal excitability properties related with motor functional decline.

Methods

A total of 60 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients were prospectively evaluated at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Motor function was evaluated with the revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale. Multiple axonal excitability indices, such as strength‐duration time constant (a measure of persistent sodium currents), supernormality and threshold electrotonus, were measured in median nerve motor axons at the wrist. Univariate and multivariate mixed model analyses were used to examine whether clinical and neurophysiological factors were associated with a decline of revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale scores.

Results

In univariate analyses, revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale changes were significantly worse in patients with longer strength‐duration time constant (P = 0.034) and lower vital capacity (P = 0.012). Age, sex, onset site and other excitability indices did not relate with speed of motor decline. Multivariate analysis also showed the longer strength‐duration time constant (P = 0.021) and decreased vital capacity (P = 0.020) groups were significantly associated with rapid revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale declines.

Conclusions

Greater axonal persistent sodium currents in motor axons are presumably associated with more rapid functional declines in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Suppression of persistent sodium currents could be a treatment option for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy after methanol poisoning
Authors: Naito Hiroyuki , Kurashige Takashi , Kobayashi Megumi , Naito Kasane , Naka Hiromitsu , Tokinobu Hiroshi
Published: February 2016

A 27‐year‐old Japanese man ingested methanol. He presented with reduced vision and lost consciousness after 2 days. He became comatose and developed metabolic acidosis, but improved and was discharged after 18 days. A brain magnetic resonance imaging–fluid attenuation inversion recovery sequence showed lesions in the putamen, caudate nucleus and subcortical white matter of both cerebral hemispheres. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a low N‐acetylaspartate level, and high choline and lactic acid levels in the right putamen lesion, indicating that recovery coincided with symptom improvement. These magnetic resonance spectroscopy features might reflect the neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and anaerobic glycolysis caused by the effect of formic acid, a metabolite of methanol.
Evolutionary dynamics and biogeography ofMusaceae reveal a correlation between the diversification of the banana family and the geological and climatic history of Southeast Asia
Authors: Janssens Steven B. , Vandelook Filip , De Langhe Edmond , Verstraete Brecht , Smets Erik , Vandenhouwe Ines , Swennen Rony
Published: February 2016

Tropical Southeast Asia, which harbors most of the Musaceae biodiversity, is one of the most species‐rich regions in the world. Its high degree of endemism is shaped by the region's tectonic and climatic history, with large differences between northern Indo‐Burma and the Malayan Archipelago. Here, we aim to find a link between the diversification and biogeography of Musaceae and geological history of the Southeast Asian subcontinent.

The Musaceae family (including fiveEnsete, 45Musaand oneMusellaspecies) was dated using a large phylogenetic framework encompassing 163 species from all Zingiberales families. Evolutionary patterns within Musaceae were inferred using ancestral area reconstruction and diversification rate analyses.

All three Musaceae genera –Ensete,MusaandMusella– originated in northern Indo‐Burma during the early Eocene.Musaspecies dispersed from ‘northwest to southeast’ into Southeast Asia with only few back‐dispersals towards northern Indo‐Burma.

Musaceae colonization events of the Malayan Archipelago subcontinent are clearly linked to the geological and climatic history of the region.Musaspecies were only able to colonize the region east of Wallace's line after the availability of emergent land from the late Miocene onwards.
Plant VAP27 proteins: domain characterization, intracellular localization and role in plant development
Authors: Wang Pengwei , Richardson Christine , Hawkins Timothy J. , Sparkes Imogen , Hawes Chris , Hussey Patrick J.
Published: February 2016

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is connected to the plasma membrane (PM) through the plant‐specific NETWORKED protein, NET3C, and phylogenetically conserved vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐associated proteins (VAPs).

Ten VAP homologues (VAP27‐1 to 27‐10) can be identified in the Arabidopsis genome and can be divided into three clades. Representative members from each clade were tagged with fluorescent protein and expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Proteins from clades I and III localized to the ER as well as to ER/PM contact sites (EPCSs), whereas proteins from clade II were found only at the PM. Some of the VAP27‐labelled EPCSs localized to plasmodesmata, and we show that the mobility of VAP27 at EPCSs is influenced by the cell wall. EPCSs closely associate with the cytoskeleton, but their structure is unaffected when the cytoskeleton is removed.

VAP27‐labelled EPCSs are found in most cell types in Arabidopsis, with the exception of cells in early trichome development. Arabidopsis plants expressing VAP27‐GFP fusions exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes, including defects in root hair morphogenesis. A similar effect is also observed in plants expressing VAP27 RNAi. Taken together, these data indicate that VAP27 proteins used at EPCSs are essential for normal ER–cytoskeleton interaction and for plant development.
Middle Jurassic vegetation dynamics based on quantitative analysis of spore/pollen assemblages from the Ravenscar Group, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Slater Sam M. , Wellman Charles H.
Published: February 2016

Quantitative analysis of the distribution of dispersed spores and pollen (sporomorphs) has been used to assess temporal floral variation through the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group (Aalenian–Bathonian), North Yorkshire, UK. Aalenian, Bajocian and Bathonian strata possess relatively distinct sporomorph and palynofacies assemblages, which potentially reflect a dynamic history regarding the nature of parent vegetation. Specifically, Aalenian palynofloras are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of conifers, ferns, simple monosulcate pollen producers, sphenophytes and Caytoniales; Bajocian palynofloras are codominated by conifers and ferns; and Bathonian palynofloras are highly rich and contain assemblages of abundant ferns, conifers, lycophytes, pteridosperms/conifers and Caytoniales. Individual‐ and sample‐based rarefaction demonstrates that Bathonian samples are richer than Aalenian and Bajocian samples. Temporal variations in assemblages are a result of long‐term depositional and possible climatic fluctuations through the Middle Jurassic. Ordinations of sporomorph data using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) demonstrate that short‐term variations between samples are largely governed by taphonomic biases as a result of slight changes in depositional processes, which give rise to highly variable catchment areas that supply deposits with sporomorphs. Long‐term compositional changes are apparent in sporomorph assemblages regardless of lithology/local depositional environments, suggesting that long‐term variations are more substantial than short‐term variations and potentially include genuine regional temporal changes in parent vegetation. Relating sporomorph assemblages with their respective depositional environments and relative catchment area sizes using lithological and palynofacies information suggests that the basin interior was occupied by mostly low‐standing species and extrabasinal vegetation was dominated by coniferous taxa. Comparisons of the dispersed sporomorph and plant megafossil records indicate that both fossil assemblages reflect different aspects of the palaeoflora due to a multitude of taphonomic and ecological biases. Such biases include variation in sporomorph production levels, depositional environment and differential sporomorph and parent plant durability.
Pigeonpea breeding in eastern and southern Africa: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Kaoneka Seleman R. , Saxena Rachit K. , Silim Said N. , Odeny Damaris A. , Ganga Rao Nadigatla Veera Prabha Rama , Shimelis Hussein A. , Siambi Moses , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: February 2016

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan[L.]Millspaugh) is an important multipurpose grain legume crop primarily grown in tropical and subtropical areas ofAsia,Africa andLatinAmerica. InAfrica, the crop is grown for several purposes including food security, income generation, livestock feed and in agroforestry. Production inEastern andSouthernAfrica (ESA) is however faced with many challenges including limited use of high‐yielding cultivars, diseases and pests, drought, under‐investment in research and lack of scientific expertise. The aim of this review is to highlight the challenges facing pigeonpea breeding research inESAand the existing opportunities for improving the overall pigeonpea subsector in the region. We discuss the potential of the recently available pigeonpea genomic resources for accelerated molecular breeding, the prospects for conventional breeding and commercial hybrid pigeonpea, and the relevant seed policies, among others, which are viewed as opportunities to enhance pigeonpea productivity.
Small‐Town Policy Makers
Authors: Trautman Rhonda Riherd
Published: February 2016

Small‐town local governments face unique challenges when it comes to policy making. This essay reviews some of those barriers and considers why they occur and why they are unique to small towns. In addition, it includes some examples of how to overcome these challenges from the perspective of a former mayor, local legislator, and member of the academic community. The essay also explores why traditional theories of public policy implementation often fail to describe policy making at the local level because of the unique environment that exists in small‐town governments.
Suicide Risk Documented During Veterans' Last Veterans Affairs Health Care Contacts Prior to Suicide
Authors: Denneson Lauren M. , Kovas Anne E. , Britton Peter C. , Kaplan Mark S. , McFarland Bentson H. , Dobscha Steven K.
Published: February 2016

A total of 295 veterans who died by suicide in 2009 across 11 states and received Veterans Affairs (VA) health care in the 6 months prior to death were identified. The suicide risk factors documented and the care received at these veterans' last VA contacts are described, and the study explores whether veterans present differently to VA care (i.e., different risk factors documented or different care settings accessed) based on the proximity of their last contact to suicide. Many veterans were seen in primary care (n = 136; 46%) for routine follow‐up (n = 168; 57%). Fifty‐three (18%) were assessed for suicidal thoughts; 20 (38%) of whom endorsed such thoughts. Although higher frequencies of some risk factors at last contacts more proximal to suicide compared to those more distal were observed, findings overall highlight the challenges clinicians face detecting enhanced risk prior to suicide.
Enhancement of the rootability of a structurally fragile tropical soil using gypsum and leguminous residues to increase the yield of maize
Authors: Moura E. G. , Sena V. G. L. , Sousa C. C. M. , Silva F. R. , Coelho M. J. A. , Macedo V. R. A. , Aguiar A. C. F.
Published: February 2016

In humid tropical areas, a combination of factors related to soil conditions for root development contribute to decreased nutrient use efficiency. Our aim was to evaluate the combined effects of the application of gypsum and mulch from leguminous trees on rootability of root zone soil, root growth, phosphorus recovery efficiency and maize yield in a sandy loam soil prone to hardsetting. The experiment involved a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments: no residue or gypsum (control, C); leguminous residues (L); leguminous residues and 6 t/ha of gypsum (LG6); urea and 6 t/ha of gypsum (UG6); leguminous residues, urea and 6 t/ha of gypsum (LUG6); and leguminous residues, urea and 12 t/ha of gypsum (LUG12). Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance. These improvements facilitated root growth in deeper soil layers and greater nutrient uptake. Application of leguminous residues increased the input and retention of calcium in deeper layers. The use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue, despite a significant increase in phosphorus uptake, did not result in a proportional increase in maize yield. Given the small differences in calcium content between the 6 and 12 t/ha gypsum treatments, applying a low dose of gypsum combined with leguminous residue, rather than administering a single large gypsum dose, is recommended for tropical sandy loam soils with low cation retention capacities.
A novel HLA‐B*37 allele, HLA‐B*37:58, identified in a Turkish family
Authors: Ibanez C. , Marie‐Line M. , Canivet S. , Pellet P. , Ba I.
Published: February 2016

New allele HLA‐B*37:58 differs from HLA‐B*37:01:01 by one nucleotide at position 449 in exon 2.
Fostering comprehension of risk and causation through media case studies
Authors: Tunstall Samuel Luke
Published: February 2016

This paper describes a case study for introductory statistics courses that promotes critical thinking in relation to causation.
Assessing productive efficiency and operating scale of community blood centers
Authors: Nielsen Alexandra E. , Nielsen Nathan D.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

In recent years demand for blood products has decreased, and as a result, the blood product marketplace has become much more competitive. Reducing inefficiency in the procurement and processing of blood products at blood centers can reduce costs while assuring that demand for blood products is met.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This study uses data envelopment analysis to compare the productive efficiency of 65 community blood centers to determine to what extent efficiency can be improved, what cost savings and increases in platelet (PLT) production may be obtained by eliminating inefficiency, and what scales of operation are the most efficient from a budgetary and staffing standpoint. Data were collected from the 2012 to 2013 AABB Directory of Community Blood Centers and Hospital Blood Banks.

RESULTS

The study found that 27 of 65 blood centers are efficient. The remaining 38 blood centers can reduce budget and staff levels and may be able to expand output. If inefficient centers were to eliminate all inefficiency, the total savings would be $671 million, approximately 20% of the aggregated budget ($3.45 billion) of all centers in the study. In addition, the centers would also see a 36% increase in PLT production. Inefficiency of some large blood centers stems from operating at too large a scale, while inefficiency of most small blood centers is scale independent.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that reducing inefficiency in blood procurement may be a good strategy to maximize competitiveness in the blood product marketplace. These findings further suggest that the trend of blood center consolidation may be ill advised from a cost containment perspective.
Canine mammary carcinomas: influence of histological grade, vascular invasion, proliferation, microvessel density andVEGFR2expression on lymph node status and survival time
Authors: Diessler M. E. , Castellano M. C. , Portiansky E. L. , Burns S. , Idiart J. R.
Published: February 2016

Spontaneous invasive non‐inflammatory canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) and their regional lymph nodes (LN) were analysed (n= 136). Histological grade (HG) and vascular invasion (VI) in the tumours and lymph node status were recorded. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression were estimated using anti‐proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti‐von Willebrand factor and anti‐Flk‐1, respectively. Eighteen months follow‐up was performed (34 bitches). Tumours of different grades showed differences regardingPI, Flk‐1/integrated optical density (Flk‐1/IOD) andMVD. Every feature showed significant association withLNstatus through bivariate analyses. From multivariate analyses,VIand Flk‐1/IODwere selected to predictLNstatus. Data revealed that the probability of aCMC‐bearing bitch to remain alive at 1, 4, 5 and 14–18 months was 0.91, 0.87, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. BesidesLNstatus,VIwas the only feature positively correlated with survival time, although a trend to shorter survival of animal patients bearing high expressingVEGFR2 CMCwas noted.
Elastodynamic Model-Based Vibration Characteristics Prediction of a Three Prismatic–Revolute–Spherical Parallel Kinematic Machine
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhao Yan Q. , Ceccarelli Marco
Published: February 2016

Parallel kinematic machines (PKMs) have been proposed as an alternative solution for high-speed machining (HSM) tool for several years. However, their dynamic characteristics are still considered an issue for practice application. Considering the three prismatic–revolute–spherical (3-PRS) PKM design as a typical compliant parallel device, this paper applies substructure synthesis strategy to establish an analytical elastodynamic model for the device. The proposed model considers the effects of component compliances and kinematic pair contraints so that it can predict the dynamic characteristics of the 3-PRS PKM. Based on eigenvalue decomposition of the characteristic equations, the natural frequencies and corresponding vibration modes at a typical configuration are analyzed and verified by numerical simulations. With an algorithm of workspace partitions combining with eigenvalue decompositions, the distributions of lower-order natural frequencies throughout the workspace are computed to reveal a strong dependency of dynamic characteristics on mechanism's configurations. In addition, the effects of the radii of the platform and the base along with the cross section of the limb on lower-order natural frequencies are analyzed to provide useful information during the early design stage. At last, frequency response analysis for the tool center point (TCP) is worked out based on the elastodynamic model to provide primary guideline for cutting chatter avoidance.
One-dimensional Ar-SF6 hydromodel at low-pressure in e-beam generated plasmas
Authors: Petrov George M. , Boris David R. , Petrova Tzvetelina B. , Walton Scott G.
Published: February 2016

A one-dimensional steady-state hydrodynamic model of electron beam generated plasmas produced in Ar-SF6 mixtures at low pressure in a constant magnetic field was developed. Simulations were performed for a range of SF6 partial pressures at constant 30 mTorr total gas pressure to determine the spatial distribution of species densities and fluxes. With the addition of small amount of SF6 (∼1%), the confining electrostatic field sharply decreases with respect to the pure argon case. This effect is due to the applied magnetic field inhibiting electron diffusion. The hallmark of electronegative discharge plasmas, positive ion—negative ion core and positive ion—electron edge, was not observed. Instead, a plasma with large electronegativity (∼100) is formed throughout the volume, and only a small fraction (≈30%) of the parent SF6 molecules were dissociated to F2, SF2, and SF4. Importantly, F radical densities were found to be very low, on the order of the ion density. Model predictions for the electron density, ion density, and plasma electronegativity are in good agreement with experimental data over the entire range of SF6 concentrations investigated.
Changes in the molecular ion yield and fragmentation of peptides under various primary ions in ToF-SIMS and matrix-enhanced ToF-SIMS
Authors: Körsgen Martin , Tyler Bonnie J. , Pelster Andreas , Lipinsky Dieter , Dreisewerd Klaus , Arlinghaus Heinrich F.
Published: February 2016

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful technique for the nanoanalysis of biological samples, but improvements in sensitivity are needed in order to detect large biomolecules, such as peptides, on the individual cell level at physiological concentrations. Two promising options to improve the sensitivity of SIMS to large peptides are the use of cluster primary ions to increase desorption of intact molecules or the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices to increase the ionization probability. In this paper, the authors have combined these two approaches in order to improve understanding of the interaction between ionization and fragmentation processes. The peptides bradykinin and melittin were prepared as neat monolayers on silicon, in a Dextran-40 matrix and in two common MALDI matrices, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (HCCA). ToF-SIMS spectra of these samples were collected using a range of small Bi cluster primary ions and large Ar cluster primary ions. The trends observed in the molecular ion yield and the [M+H]+/C4H8N+ ratio with primary ion cluster size were sample system dependent. The molecular ion yield of the bradykinin was maximized by using 30 keV Bi3+ primary ions in a DHB matrix but in the HCCA matrix, the maximum molecular ion yield was obtained by using 30 keV Bi7+ primary ions. In contrast, the molecular ion yield for melittin in both matrices was greatest using 20 keV Ar2000+ primary ions. Improvements in the molecular ion yield were only loosely correlated with a decrease in small fragment ions. The data indicate a complex interplay between desorption processes and ion formation processes which mean that the optimal analytical conditions depend on both the target analyte and the matrix.
Combinedab internotrabeculotomy and lens extraction: a novel management option for combined uveitic and chronic narrow angle raised intraocular pressure
Authors: Lin Siying , Gupta Bhaskar , Rossiter Jonathan
Published: February 2016

Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery is a developing area that has the potential to replace traditional glaucoma surgery, with its known risk profile, but at present there are no randomised controlled data to validate its use. We report on a case where sequential bilateral combinedab internotrabeculotomy and lens extraction surgery was performed on a 45-year-old woman with combined uveitic and chronic narrow angle raised intraocular pressure. Maximal medical management alone could not control the intraocular pressure. At 12-month follow-up, the patient had achieved stable intraocular pressure in both eyes on a combination of topical ocular antiglaucomatous and steroid therapies. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of trabecular meshwork ablation viaab internotrabeculotomy in a case of complex mixed mechanism glaucoma.
Lifestyle medicine consulting walking meetings for sustained weight loss
Authors: Frates Elizabeth Pegg , Crane Margaret E
Published: February 2016

With rates of obesity and diabetes rising worldwide, effective ways of managing weight are becoming more important. We present the case study of a middle-aged Caucasian-American woman (body mass index (BMI) 27.8, overweight category) who wanted to lose weight. The patient participated in a behaviour modification programme with a physician trained in lifestyle medicine as well as health and wellness coaching. After the 14-week programme, which included 9, 1 h long walking sessions with the clinician, the patient lost 11 Ibs (BMI 24.7, normal category). The programme included a combination of increasing physical activity, eating appropriate quantities of healthy foods, goal setting and a positive attitude. The patient has kept her BMI at or below 24.1 for over 2 years. This case demonstrates a novel approach to weight loss management—walking therapeutic sessions—and also outlines critical components of lifestyle medicine counselling that facilitate the process of sustainable weight loss and lasting change.
Two rare cases of appendiceal collision tumours involving an appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and carcinoid
Authors: Tan Hwee Leong , Tan Grace Hwei Ching , Teo Melissa
Published: February 2016

We report two rare cases of appendiceal collision tumours, each involving an appendiceal mucinous neoplasm with a concomitant appendiceal carcinoid. The first case presented with acute appendicitis while the second presented with an incidental radiological finding of an enlarged appendix as part of evaluation for raised serum carcinoembryonic antigen. Diagnosis in both cases was made postoperatively on histological assessment following appendicectomy. Clinical and histological features of both tumour types in each case did not necessitate further surgical resection or adjuvant treatment. Both patients did well postoperatively and had no evidence of disease recurrence on follow-up.
Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity
Authors: Gloy Viktoria L , Briel Matthias , Bhatt Deepak L , Kashyap Sangeeta R , Schauer Philip R , Mingrone Geltrude , Bucher Heiner C , Nordmann Alain J
Published: February 2016

STUDY QUESTION

What are the summary effects of bariatric surgery compared with non-surgical treatment for obesity on body weight loss, comorbidities, adverse events, and quality of life?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Bariatric surgery is more effective in inducing body weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome after a maximal follow-up of 2 years, no cardiovascular events or deaths were reported after bariatric surgery, and the most common adverse events after bariatric surgery were iron deficiency anaemia and reoperations.
Patellofemoral pain
Authors: Crossley Kay M , Callaghan Michael J , Linschoten Robbart van
Published: February 2016

Patellofemoral pain refers to pain behind or around the patella (also known as patellofemoral pain syndrome, anterior knee pain, runner's knee, and, formerly, chondromalacia patellae). Patellofemoral pain is common, accounting for 11-17% of all knee pain presentations to general practice.1 2While it typically occurs in physically active people aged <40 years, it also affects people of all activity levels and ages.1 2Patellofemoral pain can be diagnosed in the clinic, and evidence based treatments can reduce pain and improve function, allowing patients to maintain a physically active lifestyle.
Differential impact of visual feedback on plantar- and dorsi-flexion maximal torque output
Authors: Toumi Anis , Jakobi Jennifer M. , Simoneau-Buessinger Emilie
Published: February 2016

The effect of visual feedback on enhancing isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) was evaluated. Twelve adults performed plantar-flexion and dorsi-flexion MVCs in 3 conditions (no visual feedback, visual feedback, and visual feedback with target). There was no significant effect of visual conditions on dorsi-flexion MVC but there was an effect on plantar-flexion. Irrespective of whether a target was evident, visual feedback increased plantar-flexion MVC by ∼15%. This study highlights the importance of optimal feedback to enhance MVC.
Geospatial information on geographical and human factors improved anthropogenic fire occurrence modeling in the Chinese boreal forest
Authors: Guo Futao , Selvalakshmi Selvaraj , Lin Fangfang , Wang Guangyu , Wang Wenhui , Su Zhangwen , Liu Aiqin
Published: February 2016

We applied a classic logistic regression (LR) model together with a geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) model to determine the relationship between anthropogenic fire occurrence and potential driving factors in the Chinese boreal forest and to test whether the explanatory power of the LR model could be increased by considering geospatial information of geographical and human factors using a GWLR model. Three tests, “all variables”, “significant variables”, and “cross-validation”, were applied to compare model performance between the LR and GWLR models. Our results confirmed the importance of distance to railway, elevation, length of fire line, and vegetation cover on fire occurrence in the Chinese boreal forest. In addition, the GWLR model performs better than the LR model in terms of model prediction accuracy, model residual reduction, and spatial parameter estimation by considering geospatial information of explanatory variables. This indicates that the global LR model is incapable of identifying underlying causal factors for wildfire modeling sufficiently. The GWLR model helped identify spatial variation between driving factors and fire occurrence, which can contribute better understanding of forest fire occurrence over large geographic areas and the forest fire management practices may be improved based on it.
Archaeal ammonia oxidizers respond to soil factors at smaller spatial scales than the overall archaeal community does in a high Arctic polar oasis
Authors: Banerjee Samiran , Kennedy Nabla , Richardson Alan E. , Egger Keith N. , Siciliano Steven D.
Published: February 2016

Archaea are ubiquitous and highly abundant in Arctic soils. Because of their oligotrophic nature, archaea play an important role in biogeochemical processes in nutrient-limited Arctic soils. With the existing knowledge of high archaeal abundance and functional potential in Arctic soils, this study employed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) profiling and geostatistical analysis to explore spatial dependency and edaphic determinants of the overall archaeal (ARC) and ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) communities in a high Arctic polar oasis soil. ARC communities were spatially dependent at the 2–5 m scale (P < 0.05), whereas AOA communities were dependent at the ∼1 m scale (P < 0.0001). Soil moisture, pH, and total carbon content were key edaphic factors driving both the ARC and AOA community structure. However, AOA evenness had simultaneous correlations with dissolved organic nitrogen and mineral nitrogen, indicating a possible niche differentiation for AOA in which dry mineral and wet organic soil microsites support different AOA genotypes. Richness, evenness, and diversity indices of both ARC and AOA communities showed high spatial dependency along the landscape and resembled scaling of edaphic factors. The spatial link between archaeal community structure and soil resources found in this study has implications for predictive understanding of archaea-driven processes in polar oases.
Quaternionic quantization principle in general relativity and supergravity
Authors: Kober Martin
Published: February 2016

A generalized quantization principle is considered, which incorporates nontrivial commutation relations of the components of the variables of the quantized theory with the components of the corresponding canonical conjugated momenta referring to other space–time directions. The corresponding commutation relations are formulated by using quaternions. At the beginning, this extended quantization concept is applied to the variables of quantum mechanics. The resulting Dirac equation and the corresponding generalized expression for plane waves are formulated and some consequences for quantum field theory are considered. Later, the quaternionic quantization principle is transferred to canonical quantum gravity. Within quantum geometrodynamics as well as the Ashtekar formalism, the generalized algebraic properties of the operators describing the gravitational observables and the corresponding quantum constraints implied by the generalized representations of these operators are determined. The generalized algebra also induces commutation relations of the several components of the quantized variables with each other. Finally, the quaternionic quantization procedure is also transferred to [Formula: see text] supergravity. Accordingly, the quantization principle has to be generalized to be compatible with Dirac brackets, which appear in canonical quantum supergravity.
On probing Higgs couplings in H → Ze+e− and e+e−→ ZH
Authors: Boyarkin O. M. , Boyarkina G. G.
Published: February 2016

Two most popular GUT scenarios, namely, the left–right symmetric model (LRM) and models coming from [Formula: see text] grand unification (effective rank 5 models (ER5M’s)) are considered. Both models forecast existence of the extra neutral gauge boson. Its contributions to the decay of the Higgs boson being an analog of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson [Formula: see text] and the process of the associated Higgs production with [Formula: see text] boson (Higgsstrahlung) [Formula: see text] are found. For both processes, deviations from the SM predicted by the LRM prove to be larger than that predicted by the ER5M’s. It is shown that in the case of the decay [Formula: see text] it is impossible to observe these deviations at the condition of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Investigation of the Higgsstrahlung disclosed that with its help one could make a choice between the SM and the SM extensions under consideration.
First-principles study of structural, electronic, elastic and phonon properties of AB2O4(A = Ge,Si;B = Mg,Zn,Cd) spinel oxides
Authors: Candan Abdullah , Uğur Gökay
Published: February 2016

The structural, electronic, elastic and phonon properties of the cubic spinels AB2O4 (A = Ge, Si; B = Mg, Zn, Cd) compounds at zero pressure are investigated via density functional theory (DFT) using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange–correlation functional. It has been shown that the predicted values of the structural parameters ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), bulk modulus [Formula: see text], elastic constants [Formula: see text], shear modulus [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ratio are in good agreement with the previously reported results. The phonon dispersion curves of the AB2O4 (A = Ge, Si; B = Mg, Zn, Cd) are calculated for the first time using the direct method. The estimated phonon spectra indicate that GeMg2O4, GeZn2O4, GeCd2O4, SiMg2O4 and SiZn2O4 are dynamically stable in the cubic spinel structure.
A systematic study of LaAlO3 with variation of Nd doping, case of band gap tuning: A first principles method
Authors: Chettri Sandeep , Rai D. P. , Shankar A. , Ghimire M. P. , Khenata R. , Thapa R. K.
Published: February 2016

In this paper, the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Nd-doped rare earth aluminate, La[Formula: see text]Nd[Formula: see text]AlO3 ([Formula: see text] = 0%–100%) is studied using the first-principles full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The effects of partial Nd substitution for La in LaAlO3 are studied using supercell calculations. The electronic structure analysis indicates La[Formula: see text]Nd[Formula: see text]AlO3 to be a probable half metal within the spin polarized generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The direct and indirect band gaps are reported and were analyzed as a function of concentration of Nd doping on LaAlO3. The calculated magnetic moments in La[Formula: see text]Nd[Formula: see text]AlO3 were found to arise mainly from the Nd-[Formula: see text] electrons which manifest the magnetic nature of the system. The significant band gap narrowing with increase in doping concentration may find important applications in optoelectronic devices.
Doping dependence of unusual electron spectrum in hole-doped cuprate superconductors
Authors: Wang Shuhua , Han Bingchen , Lü Xiaomin , Yuan Feng , Zhao Huaisong
Published: February 2016

Based on the renormalized Hubbard model, the doping dependence of electron spectrum in cuprate superconductors is discussed within the self-consistent mean field theory. It is shown that the renormalization factor [Formula: see text] (then the quasiparticle coherent weight) increases almost linearly with the doping and plays an important role in the unconventional superconductivity for cuprate superconductors. It suppresses the magnitude of the quasiparticle peak in the electron spectrum, especially in underdoped region. By calculation of the energy and doping dependence of the electron spectral function, the main features of the electron spectrum in cuprate superconductors can be described qualitatively. In particular, with the increasing doping concentration, the position of the quasiparticle peak moves to the Fermi energy and the magnitude of the quasiparticle peak increases monotonically. Our results also show that the superconducting order parameter is determined by product of the renormalization factor and the pseudogap.
3-Colorability of Pseudo-Triangulations
Authors: Aichholzer Oswin , Aurenhammer Franz , Hackl Thomas , Huemer Clemens , Pilz Alexander , Vogtenhuber Birgit
Published: February 2016

Deciding 3-colorability for general plane graphs is known to be an NP-complete problem. However, for certain families of graphs, like triangulations, polynomial time algorithms exist. We consider the family of pseudo-triangulations, which are a generalization of triangulations, and prove NP-completeness for this class. This result also holds if we bound their face degree to four, or exclusively consider pointed pseudo-triangulations with maximum face degree five. In contrast to these completeness results, we show that pointed pseudo-triangulations with maximum face degree four are always 3-colorable. An according 3-coloring can be found in linear time. Some complexity results relating to the rank of pseudo-triangulations are also given.
Magnetic white dwarfs: Observations, theory and future prospects
Authors: García–Berro Enrique , Kilic Mukremin , Kepler Souza Oliveira
Published: February 2016

Isolated magnetic white dwarfs have field strengths ranging from [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]G to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]G, and constitute an interesting class of objects. The origin of the magnetic field is still the subject of a hot debate. Whether these fields are fossil, hence the remnants of original weak magnetic fields amplified during the course of the evolution of the progenitor of white dwarfs, or on the contrary, are the result of binary interactions or, finally, other physical mechanisms that could produce such large magnetic fields during the evolution of the white dwarf itself, remains to be elucidated. In this work, we review the current status and paradigms of magnetic fields in white dwarfs, from both the theoretical and observational points of view.
ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY IN RIGID MUSCULOSKELETAL SIMULATION USING A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH
Authors: Dao Tien Tuan , Tho Marie-Christine Ho Ba
Published: February 2016

Experimental investigation coupled with numerical simulations is commonly used for solving multi-physical problems. In the field of biomechanics, in which the aim is to understand the mechanics of living system, the main difficulties are to provide experimental data reflecting the multi-physical behavior of the system of interest. These experimental data are used as input data for numerical simulations to quantify output responses through physical and/or biological laws expressed by constitutive mathematical equations. However, uncertainties on the experimentally available data exist from factors such as human variability and differences in protocols parameters and techniques. Thus, the true values of these data could never be experimentally measured. The objective of this study was to develop a modeling workflow to assess and account for the parameter uncertainty in rigid musculoskeletal simulation. A generic musculoskeletal model was used. Data uncertainties of the right thigh mass, physiological cross-sectional area (pCSA) and muscle tension coefficient of the rectus femoris were accounted to estimate their effect on the joint moment and muscle force computing, respectively. A guideline was developed to fuse data from multiple sources into a sample variation space leading to establish input data distribution. Uncertainty propagation was performed using Monte Carlo and most probable point methods. A high degree of sensitivity of 0.98 was noted for the effect of thigh mass uncertainty on the hip joint moment using inverse dynamics method. A strong deviation of rectus femoris muscle force (around 260 N) was found under effect of pCSA and muscle tension coefficient on the force estimation using static optimization method. Accounting parameter uncertainty into rigid musculoskeletal simulation plays an essential role in the evaluation of the confidence in the model outputs. Thus, simulation outcome may be computed and represented in a more reliable manner with a global range of plausible values.
INFLUENCE OF KNEE FLEXION DURING SQUAT WITH AND WITHOUT LOAD USING AN INTEGRATED KNEE-FLEXION ANALYSIS SYSTEM
Authors: Senanayake S. M. N. Arosha , Triloka Joko , Lai Daphne
Published: February 2016

Purpose: The study analyzed the muscle activity during knee flexion while performing a squat with and without a load based on soft tissue deformation parameters (STDP) at four different angular positions of the vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. Methods: An integrated knee-flexion analysis system is a novel tool used to analyze muscle activity during knee flexion and comprises hardware and software modules. A motion capture system and video cameras are interfaced with wireless electromyography (EMG) sensors, and the system software records the motion of the subjects during the squat and extracts relevant features. The STDP from the video of each knee flexion angle and data fusion of EMG, contain the root mean square value, mean absolute value, and integrated EMG of the EMG signals. Twelve healthy soldiers were used as test subjects using uniform criteria in a controlled environment. Results: A strong positive correlation was shown between features extracted using EMG and the STDP for the VL and VM muscles of all subjects. The Wilcoxon test (nonparametric) and paired-samples t-test results were significantly greater in the loaded than unloaded trials during activity of VL and VM muscles at greater knee flexion angles ([Formula: see text]). Conclusion: The outcomes of this study signify the prominence of knee flexion and the associated contiguous balance and co-activation of the VL and VM at 10[Formula: see text], 20[Formula: see text], 30[Formula: see text], and 40[Formula: see text] of knee flexion during squatting with and without an external load. Thus, greater knee flexion during the squat is an important factor for greater muscle activation.