bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the deposition rate on ITO thin film properties prepared by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique
Authors: Meng Li‐Jian , Teixeira V. , dos Santos M. P.
Published: June 2010

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates at room temperature by ion beam assisted deposition technique at different deposition rates (0.1–0.3 nm/s). The effects of the deposition rate on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the deposited films have been studied. The optical constants of the deposited films were calculated by fitting the transmittance spectra using the semi‐quantum model. Considering the application for the electromagnetic wave shielding which needs a high IR reflectance, the optimising deposition rate is 0.2 nm/s. The films prepared at this deposition rate shows a relative high IR reflectance (60%), a good electrical conductivity (5 × 10−3 Ω cm), and a reasonable transmittance in the visible region (over 80%).
Optical and transport properties of Ti‐doped In2O3 thin films prepared by electron beam physical vapour deposition
Authors: Sánchez‐Marcos J. , Ochando I. M. , Galindo R. Escobar , Martínez‐Morillas R. , Prieto C.
Published: June 2010

Ti‐doped In2O3 (ITiO) thin films have been prepared by electron beam physical vapour deposition (EB‐PVD). Their optical and electrical properties are studied for the obtained compositions. After oxygen annealing all samples show excellent optical transparence; additionally, maximum values for conductivity are obtained for samples with titanium contents near 6 at.%, with typical resistivity values of 4 × 10−5 Ω cm. Finally, the band‐gap energy evolution is studied for the set of samples.
Effects of the local field and inherent deformation in reflectance anisotropy spectra of AIIIBV semiconductor surfaces
Authors: Berkovits V. L. , Gordeeva A. B. , Kosobukin V. A.
Published: June 2010

Reflectance anisotropy (RA) spectra of naturally oxidized GaAs(001) and InAs(001) surfaces reveal features that differ qualitatively from those caused by reconstruction of clean surfaces or surface electric fields of the crystals. We show that the observed RA spectra of the semiconductor/oxide systems are simultaneously influenced by interface and near‐surface anisotropies whose physical origins are different. The interface anisotropy is associated with anisotropic polarizability of the valence bonds belonging to a monatomic layer of excess As atoms occurring between the crystal and oxide. The near‐surface anisotropy is due to uniaxial strain of a near‐surface region of the crystals.
The influence of pH on the structure of adenine monolayers adsorbed at Au(110)/electrolyte interfaces
Authors: Bowfield A. , Smith C. I. , Mansley C. P. , Weightman P.
Published: June 2010

The pH of the solution is shown to significantly effect the reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) profiles of adenine adsorbed at Au(110)/electrolyte interfaces. At pH 12.8 the net adsorption is very weak due the formation of negative adenine ions in solution. The sensitivity of the RAS profiles to the pH of the solution is probably due to a change in the geometry of the adsorbed molecules caused by a disruption of the base stacking configuration that is adopted when adenine is adsorbed from solutions at pH 7.1
Raman scattering in silicon disordered by gold ion implantation
Authors: Lavrentiev Vasily , Vacik Jiri , Vorlicek Vladimir , Vosecek Vaclav
Published: June 2010

Si (111) covered by a 250‐nm thick SiO2 surface layer has been disordered through implantation of 3.035 MeV gold ions within broad range of fluences from 1 × 1013 ions/cm2 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2. Raman spectroscopy (514.5 nm laser) was applied for characterization of the silicon disordering. Variation of the Raman spectra of silicon after low‐fluence implantation (fluences lower than 5 × 1014 ions/cm2) in the vicinity of the transverse optical phonon (1TO) peak reflects the coexistence of bulk Si crystals (c‐Si) and Si nanocrystals (nc‐Si) in the implanted layer. Implantation with higher fluences yields only the stable 470 cm−1 1TO peak, corresponding to formation of amorphous phase (a‐Si), in this region of the spectra. Detailed analysis of the silicon disorder was performed through calculation of the transverse acoustical phonon (1TA) peak area. The fluence dependence of the peak area reveals qualitative correlation with the depth profile of structural defects in the modified Si layer evaluated from RBS (Rutherford backscattering) experiment and from SRIM (stopping and range of ions in matter) code simulation. This correlation suggests a decrease of the structural disorder in the modified layer region enriched by vacancies.
AlN bulk crystal growth by sublimation method
Authors: Kato Tomohisa , Nagai Ichiro , Miura Tomonori , Kamata Hiroyuki , Naoe Kunihiro , Sanada Kazuo , Okumura Hajime
Published: June 2010

In this study, we report the growth of aluminum nitride (AlN) bulk single crystals by the sublimation method. The crystals were grown in a newly designed TaC crucible. The crucible has a TaC guard ring around the seed crystal to protect against polycrystal deposition around the seed crystal during the initial growth stage. The ring enhances lateral enlargement growth because it protects against the polycrystal deposition. The (0001) oriented AlN crystals were grown on (0001) SiC and (0001) AlN seed crystals. The largest grown crystal was 43 mm in diameter. The best quality area on the grown AlN crystal had the lowest etch pit density of 1 × 10‐4cm‐2. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical properties characterization of c ‐plane (0001) and m ‐plane (10–10) GaN by nanoindentation examination
Authors: Fujikane Masaki , Inoue Akira , Yokogawa Toshiya , Nagao Shijo , Nowak Roman
Published: June 2010

The mechanical properties of m‐plane (10–10) GaN single crystal was measured by nanoindentation examination for the first time. Young's modulus, Berkovich hardness and conical hardness were 284.2 GPa, 15.0 GPa and 15.7 GPa for m‐plane GaN respectively. In contrast, those values in c‐plane (0001) GaN were higher such as 323.8 GPa, 20.0 GPa and 21.2 GPa, respectively. Cathodoluminescence observed dislocation density distribution on m‐plane GaN surface which was gradually decreased following the direction from –c axis edge to +c axis edge. By analyzing the correlation between dislocation density distribution and yield shear stress, we derived a relational equation that reprised the inverse Hall‐Petch relation. This study suggested the possibility for evaluating the reliability for GaN based light emitting device by nanoindentation technique. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Studies on structural and optical properties of Cu‐Sb‐O thin films
Authors: Chaglabou Nadia , Akkari Ferid Chaffar , Kanzari Mounir
Published: June 2010

We report in this paper the structural and optical properties of Cu‐Sb‐O thin films systems. Samples were prepared via sequential thermal vacuum deposition of Cu and Sb or Sb and Cu (10‐5 Torr) on glass substrates after what they were heated in vacuum at 200 °C for 1 hour. So, the obtained intermetallic multilayer systems (Cu/Sb)j=1,2,3 and (Sb/Cu)j=1,2,3 were annealed in air atmosphere between 30°C and 400 °C for 3 h for j=1; for 6 h for j=2 and for 9 h for j=3. These films were characterized for their structural, surface morphological, compositional, and optical properties by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and optical (transmittance and reflectance) measurement techniques. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed the presence of CuO, Sb2O3 and Sb2O4phases. The absorption coefficient of Cu‐Sb‐O thin films in all cases is in the range104‐105 cm‐1. The films after annealing have two direct band gap energies in the ranges 1.48–1.50 eV and 2.20‐2.95 eV. The electrical measurements show a conversion from a metallic phase to the semiconductor phase after annealing. The samples exhibit p‐type conductivity after annealing in air of the intermetallic multilayer systems (Cu/Sb)j=3 and (Sb/Cu)j=3. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of the substrate temperature on the properties of the RF sputtered TiO2 thin films
Authors: Ben Mbarek I. , Chaabouni F. , Selmi M. , Abaab M. , Rezig B.
Published: June 2010

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on glass and silicon substrates at different substrate temperatures (20, 100, 200 and 300 °C). The structural and morphological characteristics of the films were investigated by X ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) while the optical properties of the films were studied by optical spectroscopy. It was shown that at room temperature, TiO2 films grown on glass were amorphous following the substrate structure. At higher temperatures, XRD detected only a nanocrystalline rutile TiO2 structure. This indicated that the transition temperature toward the most stable TiO2 phase was obtained from 100 °C and the crystallinity was enhanced at higher growth temperature. For TiO2 films grown on Si substrates, only a nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 structure was obtained at room temperature. At higher temperatures, we noticed the appearance of other secondary phases related to rutile, anatase and brookite structures. From AFM images, we noticed that at room temperature, the films were porous. With increasing the temperature, the structure of the films became crystallized showing a columnar structure. Film growth and structural properties were discussed in terms of the Thornton model. From optical analysis, the films were transparent with an indirect band gap and a refraction index which reached 3.09 eV and 2.7, respectively. The reflectance and transmittance spectra showed, not only that there was a little translation from UVB to UVA and near‐visible range, but also a decrease of reflection with a temperature increase indicating that the films could be used as anti‐reflection coatings. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman study of doped‐ZnO thin films grown by rf sputtering
Authors: Cerqueira M. F. , Rolo A. G. , Viseu T. , Ayres de Campos J. , de Lacerda‐Arôso T. , Oliveira F. , Vasilevskiy M. I. , Alves E.
Published: June 2010

A Raman spectroscopy study of doped versus undoped ZnO layers is presented. The layers were grown by RF magnetron sputtering and the doping with Al, Sb and Mn was achieved by ion implantation with subsequent annealing. First‐order Raman response measured under λ=488 nm excitation is discussed. It is shown that doping with any of the impurities used in this work produces a strong enhancement of the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon band, which is attributed to the intra‐band Fröhlich mechanism. In addition, doping with Mn results in an extra mode located at 530 cm‐1, tentatively attributed to a local vibrational mode of Mn substituting Zn in the lattice sites. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bonding characters of M‐Cd4Te4 and M‐Cd3Te3 (M = Cr, Cu, Ag, Al, Cd, and Zn) clusters
Authors: Xu Shuhong , Wang Chunlei , Cui Yiping
Published: June 2010

At DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ theoretical level, conformations, bonding characters and Molecular Orbital (MO) of M‐Cd4Te4 and M‐Cd3Te3 (M = Cr, Cu, Ag, Al, Cd, and Zn) molecules are investigated. First, through analysis of conformations and bonding characters, we conclude that different doping atoms have different influence on doping structures. Al atom can form bonding with Cd atoms in doping molecules. Besides, as for M‐Cd4Te4 and M‐Cd3Te3 structures, there are different characters and conformations as to the same doping atoms. Second, MO is used to discuss characters of bonding. We believe that doping atoms influence the orbital characters and make the transition change. Moreover, different conformations for the same doping atoms induce different transitions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
NH···S and SH···N intramolecular hydrogen bond in β‐thioaminoacrolein: A quantum chemical study
Authors: Nowroozi A. , Roohi H. , Poorsargol M. , Jahani P. Mohammadzadeh , Hajiabadi H. , Raissi H.
Published: June 2010

The conformational study of β‐thioaminoacrolein was performed at various theoretical levels, HF, B3LYP, and MP2 with 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set, and the equilibrium conformations were determined. To have more reliable energies, the total energies of all conformers were recomputed at high‐level ab initio methods, G2MP2, G3, and CBS‐QB3. According to these calculations, the intramolecular hydrogen bond is accepted as the origin of conformational preference in thialamine (TAA) and thiolimine groups. The hydrogen bond strength in various resonance‐assisted hydrogen bond systems was evaluated by HB energy, geometrical parameters, topological parameters, and charge transfers corresponding to orbital interactions. Furthermore, our results reveal that the TAA tautomer has extra stability with respect to the other tautomers. The population analyses of the possible conformations by NBO predict that the origin of this preference is mainly due to the π‐electron delocalization in framework of TAA forms, especially usual πCC→ π*CSand Lp (N) → π*CCcharge transfers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Vulnerability of wild American ginseng to an extreme early spring temperature fluctuation
Authors: Souther Sara , McGraw James B.
Published: June 2010

Frost events in natural plant populations can have dramatic demographic consequences. For many plant species, spring emergence occurs when probability of damaging frost is low. Climate change, however, may alter weather patterns such that the environmental cues signaling spring emergence no longer coincide with periods of low frost risk, rendering plant populations susceptible to damaging frost events more frequently than in the past. In 2007, a spring freeze occurred in the eastern United States after a period of unusually warm temperatures. We took advantage of a long‐term demographic dataset for American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) to examine among and within population patterns of frost damage, as well as the effects of the frost on ginseng demography. Higher temperatures prior to the frost event increased the probability and extent of frost damage at the population level. Within populations, large plants tended to be damaged more frequently than smaller plants. Survival, growth, and reproduction were reduced in frost‐damaged plants compared to undamaged plants in the year of the frost event, and negative effects on growth and reproduction persisted the following year. For plants such as ginseng, increases in frost frequency will negatively impact population growth, and likely have serious ramifications for long‐term population viability.
Expanded newborn screening: social and ethical issues
Authors: Dhondt Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2010

Newborn screening and genetic testing have expanded rapidly in the last decade with the advent of multiplex (e.g., tandem mass spectrometry) and/or DNA technologies. However, screening panels include a large number of disorders, which may not meet all of the traditional screening criteria, established in late 1960s, and used for years to justify screening programs. After a period of expansion driven by technological advances, many reports have reconsidered the justification of expanded programs. Many factors have contributed to test‐panel discrepancies between countries. The test‐panel review methodology, the way health benefits are weighed against harms, and the socioeconomic–political environment all play a role. Expansion of screening also requires reconsideration of the infrastructure (ideally, in the context of national plans for rare diseases) to support testing, counselling, education, treatment, and follow‐up. Consequently, economic aspects cannot be ignored and can be a limitation for expansion. New ethical questions have emerged: risks of discrimination or stigmatization, respect of the autonomy of persons to make decisions, parental anxiety resulting from a false positive test (especially when reporting to parents screening results for untreatable conditions identified as by‐products of screening), etc. For disorders where there is not yet confirmation of benefit, it may be prudent to recommend pilot screening and to have a mechanism that can be used to adapt or even to stop a program.
Potenzial und Herausforderungen der personalisierten Genomik und des 1000-Genom-Projekts
Authors: Stütz A.M. , Korbel J.O.
Published: June 2010

Vor Kurzem hat die Sequenzierung individueller menschlicher Genome mittels neuartiger Technologien ein neues Kapitel in der Humangenetik eingeläutet. So hat das 1000-Genom-Projekt (1000GP) die Genomanalyse in 2500 Individuen zur Aufgabe und wird unser Wissen über genetische Variationen durch die Erstellung einer hochauflösenden Karte im Menschen maßgeblich erweitern. So sollen im 1000GP sowohl Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismen als auch strukturelle Variationen mittels Sequenzierung in mehreren ethnischen Gruppen identifiziert werden. Außerdem werden die verwendeten Technologien auf ihre Eignung für Projekte dieses Maßstabs getestet. Letztlich sollen auch neue bioinformatische Lösungen erarbeitet werden, um die 1000GP-Daten effizient für die Forschung aufarbeiten zu können. Dieser neue Katalog an häufigen und seltenen genetischen Varianten wird in naher Zukunft die Entwicklung verbesserter Methoden zur Phänotypassoziation und zur Ermittlung der molekularen Ursache verschiedener Krankheiten ermöglichen.
The pedestrian behaviour of Spanish adolescents
Authors: Sullman M.J.M. , Gras M.E. , Font‐Mayolas S. , Masferrer L. , Cunill M. , Planes M.
Published: June 2010

Adolescent pedestrians are a particularly vulnerable group of road users. This research tested the applicability of the recently developed Adolescent Road user Behaviour Questionnaire (ARBQ) amongst a sample of 2006 Spanish adolescents. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the full scale found that the original three factors did not adequately fit the data, but an acceptable fit was obtained for the shortened 21‐item version of the scale. In line with research from the UK, the present study found that males reported more unsafe road crossing behaviour and playing on the roads, but there was no gender difference for engaging in planned protective behaviour. This research also confirmed that unsafe road crossing behaviour increased with age, while dangerous playing on the road and planned protective behaviours both decreased with age. The present study also confirmed that the ARBQ is a useful tool for investigating the safety‐related behaviour of adolescents on the road.
How to improve clinical practice on involuntary hospital admissions of psychiatric patients: Suggestions from the EUNOMIA study
Authors: Fiorillo A. , De Rosa C. , Del Vecchio V. , Jurjanz L. , Schnall K. , Onchev G. , Alexiev S. , Raboch J. , Kalisova L. , Mastrogianni A. , Georgiadou E. , Solomon Z. , Dembinskas A. , Raskauskas V. , Nawka P. , Nawka A. , Kiejna A. , Hadrys T. , Torres-Gonzales F. , Mayoral F. , Björkdahl A. , Kjellin L. , Priebe S. , Maj M. , Kallert T.
Published: June 2010

Number and procedures of involuntary hospital admissions vary in Europe according to the different socio-cultural contexts. The European Commission has funded the EUNOMIA study in 12 European countries in order to develop European recommendations for good clinical practice in involuntary hospital admissions. The recommendations have been developed with the direct and active involvement of national leaders and key professionals, who worked out national recommendations, subsequently summarized into a European document, through the use of specific categories. The need for standardizing the involuntary hospital admission has been highlighted by all centers. In the final recommendations, it has been stressed the need to: providing information to patients about the reasons for hospitalization and its presumable duration; protecting patients’ rights during hospitalization; encouraging the involvement of family members; improving the communication between community and hospital teams; organizing meetings, seminars and focus-groups with users; developing training courses for involved professionals on the management of aggressive behaviors, clinical aspects of major mental disorders, the legal and administrative aspects of involuntary hospital admissions, on communication skills. The results showed the huge variation of involuntary hospital admissions in Europe and the importance of developing guidelines on this procedure.
Orbitofrontal morphology in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia
Authors: Chakirova G. , Welch K.A. , Moorhead TWJ , Stanfield A.C. , Hall J. , Skehel P. , Brown V.J. , Johnstone E.C. , Owens DGC , Lawrie S.M. , McIntosh A.M.
Published: June 2010

Background

Abnormalities of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) sulcogyral patterns have been reported in schizophrenia, but it is not known if these predate psychosis.

Methods

Hundred and forty-six subjects at high genetic risk of schizophrenia, 34 first episode of schizophrenia patients (SZ) and 36 healthy controls were scanned and clinically assessed. Utilising the classification system proposed by Chiavaras, we categorised OFC patterns and compared their distribution between the groups, as well as between those high risk subjects who did, and did not develop schizophrenia. The relationship between OFC pattern and schizotypy was explored in high risk subjects.

Results

We refined Chiavaras’ classification system, with the identification of a previously unreported variant of OFC surface structure. There were significant differences in distribution of OFC patterns between high risk subjects who did or did not develop schizophrenia as well as between the first episode of schizophrenia group and healthy controls. Within the high risk group, possession of OFC Type III was associated with higher ratings on the Structured Inventory for Schizotypy (SIS) psychotic factor.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that OFC Type III is associated with psychotic features before the development of schizophrenia. Characterisation of OFC morphology may have a role in the identification of those at greatest risk of developing schizophrenia.
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in schizophrenia remains stable with short-term quetiapine
Authors: Molina V. , López D.E. , Villa R. , Pérez J. , Martín C. , Ballesteros A. , Cardoso A. , Sancho C.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

To study the short-term effect of treatment with quetiapine on prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits of the startle reflex in schizophrenia patients.

Subjects and methods

Using PPI, we studied a group of 21 schizophrenia patients and 16 controls. Seventeen of the patients were re-tested with PPI after 21 days of treatment with quetiapine.

Results

At baseline, an almost significant decrease in PPI was found in the patients as compared to the controls. PPI measurements did not change in the patients after 21 days of treatment with quetiapine, despite their clinical improvement.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that short-term quetiapine treatment may not modify PPI measures in schizophrenia patients.
Short‐term type‐specific HPV persistence and its predictors in an asymptomatic general female population in Zhejiang, China
Authors: Ye Jing , Cheng Xiaodong , Chen Xiaojing , Ye Feng , Lu Weiguo , Xie Xing
Published: June 2010

Objective

To study short‐term type‐specific human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and associated predictors in an asymptomatic general female population in Zhejiang, China.

Methods

Persistence was evaluated in women who were HPV positive at enrollment and who returned within 6–14 months. Liquid‐based cytology screening was encouraged for returning women.

Results

Persistence was evaluated in 548 women. Overall persistence was 49.1%, and established high‐risk HPV persistence was 54.5%. The types associated with the highest level of persistence were HPV‐52, HPV‐58, HPV‐56, and HPV‐16—most of which belong to α9 species. In total, 252 women refused cytology screening. No differences were found regarding HPV persistence and other variables among women who returned for follow‐up, women who accepted cytology screening, and women who refused cytology screening. Among women aged 35 years or older, there were no differences between those with normal cytology and those with abnormal cytology in the short‐term persistence of HPV types, except for HPV‐58 (P < 0.01) and HPV‐81 (P = 0.04). Established high‐risk HPV persistence increased with age, low income, and early sexual experience.

Conclusion

The data support close surveillance of older women with established high‐risk HPV infections, and conservative management of women with non‐α9 HPV and no risk factors.
Ultrasound cervical length measurement for prediction of delivery before 32 weeks in women with emergency cerclage for cervical insufficiency
Authors: Fuchs Florent , Bouyer Jean , Fernandez Hervé , Gervaise Amélie , Frydman René , Senat Marie‐Victoire
Published: June 2010

Objective

To assess the accuracy of ultrasound cervical length for predicting delivery before 32 weeks among women with a threatened second trimester fetal loss treated by emergency cervical cerclage, and to compare it with prediction based on clinically‐assessed cervical dilation.

Methods

Retrospective study (1997–2006) of 70 women with singleton pregnancies who underwent emergency cervical cerclage and ultrasound cervical length measurement between 15 and 26 weeks. The associations between cervical length and delivery before 32 weeks were studied with univariate and multivariate regression. ROC curves were used to determine the most discriminating cut‐off value.

Results

Although ultrasound cervical length measurement was significantly associated with early preterm delivery, its predictive accuracy was moderate with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54–0.82), which was similar (P = 0.43) to the AUC of cervical dilation of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.61–0.85). The best cut‐off value was 7 mm, corresponding to a doubled risk of delivery before 32 weeks. Its sensitivity was 52%, specificity 82%, PPV 62%, and NPV 76%. It was no more informative than cervical dilation of 3 cm.

Conclusion

Ultrasound cervical length measurement does not predict early preterm birth better than clinically‐assessed cervical dilation in women with an emergency cerclage.
Availability and quality of emergency obstetric care in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Gao Yu , Barclay Lesley
Published: June 2010

Objective

To investigate the availability and quality of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) received by women in a rural Chinese province.

Methods

The study was conducted in 7 rural counties and townships in Shanxi Province, China. Data sources included interviews with 7 hospital leaders, 5 maternal and child health workers, and 7 obstetricians; 118 records of complicated delivery were audited, 21 Maternal and Child Health Annual Reports analyzed, and observations conducted of facilities and advanced labor care.

Results

The number of comprehensive EmOC facilities was adequate in all counties. Three counties had fewer basic EmOC facilities than recommended and only 4 counties reached the recommended level. Most of the existing township hospitals did not provide birthing services. All the county hospitals could perform cesarean deliveries with rates from 6.8%–40.8%. The management of complications was not evidence‐based. For example, women with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia were given too little magnesium sulfate; women were not closely monitored for hemorrhage after birth and the partograph was used incorrectly with consequences for obstructed labor.

Conclusion

Basic EmOC facilities are not adequate and township hospitals should be upgraded to provide birthing services. The quality of EmOC is poor and needs improvement.
A 40,000-yr record of environmental change from Burial Lake in Northwest Alaska
Authors: Abbott Mark B. , Edwards Mary E. , Finney Bruce P.
Published: June 2010

Burial Lake in northwest Alaska records changes in water level and regional vegetation since ∼ 39,000 cal yr BP based on terrestrial macrofossil AMS radiocarbon dates. A sedimentary unconformity is dated between 34,800 and 23,200 cal yr BP. During all or some of this period there was a hiatus in deposition indicating a major drop in lake level and deflation of lacustrine sediments. MIS 3 vegetation was herb-shrub tundra; more xeric graminoid-herb tundra developed after 23,200 cal yr BP. The tundra gradually became more mesic after 17,000 cal yr BP. Expansions of Salix then Betula, at 15,000 and 14,000 cal yr BP, respectively, are coincident with a major rise in lake level marked by increasing fine-grained sediment and higher organic matter content. Several sites in the region display disrupted sedimentation and probable hiatuses during the last glacial maximum (LGM); together regional data indicate an arid interval prior to and during the LGM and continued low moisture levels until ∼ 15,000 cal yr BP. AMS 14C dates from Burial Lake are approximately synchronous with AMS 14C dates reported for the Betula expansion at nearby sites and sites across northern Alaska, but 1000–2000 yr younger than bulk-sediment dates.
Associations between Substance Use and Body Mass Index: Moderating Effects of Sociodemographic Characteristics Among Taiwanese Adolescents
Authors: Liu Tai‐Ling , Yen Ju‐Yu , Ko Chih‐Hung , Huang Mei‐Feng , Wang Peng‐Wei , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Yen Cheng‐Fang
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between substance use and body mass index (BMI) among adolescents in Southern Taiwan. A total of 10,259 adolescent students aged 11–19 years were selected by stratified random sampling for proportional representation of districts, schools and grades in Southern Taiwan, and completed the questionnaires. The body weight, body height, experience of substance use and sociodemographic characteristics including sex, age, residential background and paternal/maternal educational levels were collected. The association between substance use and BMI, and the moderating effects of sociodemographic characteristics were examined. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, BMI was higher for adolescents who smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol than for those who do not regularly smoke or drink. Chewing betel nuts and using illicit drugs were not significantly associated with BMI. Paternal education level had a moderating effect on the association between smoking and BMI. Smoking, alcohol drinking, and low paternal education level were associated with higher BMI among adolescents. Thus, healthcare professionals should pay more attention to the weight‐related problems among these adolescents.
Tramadol Versus Low Dose Tramadol‐paracetamol for Patient Controlled Analgesia During Spinal Vertebral Surgery
Authors: Emir Esad , Serin Simay , Erbay Hakan , Sungurtekin Hülya , Tomatir Erkan
Published: June 2010

Pain intensity may be high in the postoperative period after spinal vertebral surgery. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness and cost of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol versus low dose tramadol‐paracetamol on postoperative pain. A total of 60 patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 1.5 mg/kg tramadol (Group T) while the other group received 0.75 mg/kg tramadol plus 1 g of paracetamol (Group P) intravenously via a PCA device immediately after surgery and the patients were transferred to a recovery room, Tramadol was continuously infused at a rate of 0.5 mL/h in both groups, at a dose of 10 mg/mL in Group T and 5 mg/mL in Group P. The bolus and infusion programs were adjusted to administer a 1 mL bolus dose of tramadol with a lock time of 10 minutes. In Group P, 1 g of paracetamol was injected intravenously every 6 hours. The four‐point nausea scale, numeric rating scale for pain assessment, Ramsey sedation scale, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, peripheral oxygen saturation values and side effects were recorded at 0, 15 and 30 minutes, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. The time to reach an Aldrete score of 9 was also recorded. A cost analysis for both groups was performed. In Group P, the numeric rating scale scores were significantly lower than that in Group T at 0 and 15 minutes. The number of side effects, additional analgesic requirement and the total dose of tramadol were lower in Group P than in Group T. However, the total cost of postoperative analgesics was significantly higher in Group P than in Group T (p < 0.001). We conclude that PCA using tramadol‐paracetamol could be used safely for postoperative pain relief after spinal vertebral surgery, although at a higher cost than with tramadol alone.
Malignant Transformation of a Benign Oncocytoma of the Submandibular Gland: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Hsun , Lin Yung‐Song , Lee Wen‐Ying , Wu Tai‐Ching , Chang Shih‐Lun
Published: June 2010

Oncocytic carcinoma arising in the submandibular gland is an extremely rare tumor and only 11 cases have been reported previously. We report on a 51‐year‐old man with a previously benign oncocytoma in the submandibular gland that transformed from a benign morphology to malignant cellular atypia and mitosis. To our knowledge, the current report is the first published case of a malignant transformation from benign oncocytoma to oncocytic carcinoma of the submandibular gland. The proliferative activity of the tumor cells was evaluated immunohistochemically using antibodies against Ki‐67.
Growth and physiological responses of the citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo seedlings to partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation
Authors: MELGAR J. C. , DUNLOP J. M. , SYVERTSEN J. P.
Published: June 2010

The effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on the growth and mineral nutrition of citrus rootstock seedlings in the glasshouse were determined, as well as the potential of DI and PRD to trigger root-to-shoot signalling of abscisic acid (ABA) to increase the growth per amount of water used (water use efficiency (WUE)). In the DI study, 3-month-old seedlings of the important citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo with intact roots received three irrigation treatments: control (1·00 evapotranspiration (ET)), 0·75 ET and 0·50 ET. DI clearly decreased growth, the net assimilation of CO2(ACO2), WUE and the total content of N and K in leaves, even though concentrations of leaf N and K were increased in the drought-stressed smaller plants. Root K was not affected by DI treatments. Leaf ABA concentration increased linearly with DI. For the PRD study, root systems of 6-month-old Swingle citrumelo were split into half and allowed to become established in adjacent pots. There were three irrigation treatments: control (1·00 of the total crop ET, 0·50 in each pot), PRD 50-0 (0·50 ET by weight applied to only one-half of root zone) and DI 25-25 (0·50 ET in total, with 0·25 ET applied to each root half). Although the total root length was decreased by the DI 25-25 treatment, PRD 50-0 did not affect any growth characteristics compared to control plants. The dry root zone of the PRD 50-0 treatment had a higher specific root length, longer roots per dry weight, than the wet root zone. Leaf ACO2and WUE of the DI 25-25 treatment were significantly lower than control plants after 11 weeks. Although the total contents of N and K in leaves were not affected by either PRD treatment, the concentrations of N and K in leaves were increased by DI 25-25. Root K was decreased by PRD treatments. Leaf ABA concentration was increased by PRD 50-0 but not by DI 25-25. Although all drought stress treatments increased the levels of ABA in leaves, DI and PRD treatments did not affect the whole plant WUE. Compared to well-irrigated control plants, DI reduced growth, whereas PRD 50-0 did not.
Drag and lift forces on a spherical particle moving on a wall in a shear flow at finite Re
Authors: LEE HYUNGOO , BALACHANDAR S.
Published: June 2010

Recent research (Zeng, PhD thesis, 2007; Zeng et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 21, 2009, art. no. 033302) has shown that both the shear- and wall-induced lift contributions on a particle sharply increase as the gap between the wall and the particle is decreased. Explicit expressions that are valid over a range of finite Re were obtained for the drag and lift forces in the limiting cases of a stationary particle in wall-bounded linear flow and of a particle translating parallel to a wall in a quiescent ambient. Here we consider the more general case of a translating and rotating particle in a wall-bounded linear shear flow where shear, translational and rotational effects superpose. We have considered a modest Reynolds number range of 1–100. Direct numerical simulations using immersed boundary method were performed to systematically figure out the characteristics of hydrodynamic forces on a finite-sized particle moving while almost in contact with a wall. We present composite correlation for the hydrodynamic forces which are in agreement with all the available low-Reynolds-number theories.
The bottleneck effect and the Kolmogorov constant in isotropic turbulence
Authors: DONZIS D. A. , SREENIVASAN K. R.
Published: June 2010

A large database from direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence, including recent simulations for box sizes up to 40963 and the Taylor–Reynolds number Rλ ≈ 1000, is used to investigate the bottleneck effect in the three-dimensional energy spectrum and second-order structure functions, and to determine the Kolmogorov constant, CK. The difficulties in estimating CK at any finite Reynolds number, introduced by intermittency and the bottleneck, are assessed. The data conclusively show that the bottleneck effect decreases with the Reynolds number. On this basis, an alternative to the usual procedure for determining CK is suggested; this proposal does not depend on the particular choices of fitting ranges or power-law behaviour in the inertial range. Within the resolution of the numerical data, CK thus determined is a Reynolds-number-independent constant of ≈1.58 in the three-dimensional spectrum. A simple model including non-local transfer is proposed to reproduce the observed scaling features of the bottleneck.
Theoretical analysis of ultra-lean premixed flames in porous inert media
Authors: PEREIRA F. M. , OLIVEIRA A. A. M. , FACHINI F. F.
Published: June 2010

The structure of stationary adiabatic premixed flames within porous inert media under intense interphase heat transfer is investigated using the asymptotic expansion method. For the pore sizes of interest for combustion in porous inert media, this condition is reached for extremely lean mixtures where lower flame velocities are found. The flame structure is analysed in three distinct regions. In the outer region (the solid-phase diffusion length scale), both phases are in local thermal equilibrium and the problem formulation is reduced to the one-equation model for the energy conservation. In the first inner region (the gas-phase diffusion length scale), there is local thermal non-equilibrium and two equations for the energy conservation are required. In this region, the gas-phase temperature at the flame is limited by the interphase heat transfer. In the second inner region (the reaction length scale), the chemical reaction occurs in a very thin zone where the highest gas-phase temperature is found. The results showed that superadiabatic effects are reduced for leaner mixtures, smaller pore sizes and smaller fuel Lewis numbers. The results also show that there is a minimum superadiabatic temperature for the flame propagation to be possible, which corresponds to the lean flammability limit for the premixed combustion in porous inert media. A parameter that universalizes the leading-order flame properties is identified and discussed.
Foam mechanics: spontaneous rupture of thinning liquid films with Plateau borders
Authors: ANDERSON ANTHONY M. , BRUSH LUCIEN N. , DAVIS STEPHEN H.
Published: June 2010

Spontaneous film rupture from van der Waals instability is investigated in two dimensions. The focus is on pure liquids with clean interfaces. This case is applicable to metallic foams for which surfactants are not available. There are important implications in aqueous foams as well, but the main differences are noted. A thin liquid film between adjacent bubbles in a foam has finite length, curved boundaries (Plateau borders) and a drainage flow from capillary suction that causes it to thin. A full linear stability analysis of this thinning film shows that rupture occurs once the film has thinned to ‘tens’ of nanometres, whereas for a quiescent film with a constant and uniform thickness, rupture occurs when the thickness is ‘hundreds’ of nanometres. Plateau borders and flow are both found to contribute to the stabilization. The drainage flow leads to several distinct qualitative features as well. In particular, unstable disturbances are advected by the flow to the edges of the thin film. As a result, the edges of the film close to the Plateau borders appear more susceptible to rupture than the centre of the film.
Interaction of a deformable free surface with statistically steady homogeneous turbulence
Authors: GUO XIN , SHEN LIAN
Published: June 2010

Direct numerical simulation is performed for the interaction between a deformable free surface and the homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow underneath. The Navier–Stokes equations subject to fully nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions are simulated by using a pseudospectral method in the horizontal directions and a finite-difference method in the vertical direction. Statistically, steady turbulence is generated by using a linear forcing method in the bulk flow below. Through investigation of cases of different Froude and Weber numbers, the present study focuses on the effect of surface deformation of finite amplitude. It is found that the motion of the free surface is characterized by propagating waves and turbulence-generated surface roughness. Statistics of the turbulence field near the free surface are analysed in detail in terms of fluctuations of velocity, fluctuations of velocity gradients and strain rates and the energy budget for horizontal and vertical turbulent motions. Our results illustrate the effects of surface blockage and vanishing shear stress on the anisotropy of the flow field. Using conditional averaging analysis, it is shown that splats and antisplats play an essential role in energy inter-component exchange and vertical transport.
Oscillatory pipe flows of a yield-stress fluid
Authors: PARK YONG SUNG , LIU PHILIP L.-F.
Published: June 2010

Oscillatory pipe flows of aqueous Carbopol solutions are investigated both experimentally and analytically. Using the PIV technique, the velocity profiles are measured and compared with the numerical solutions based on an elasto-viscoplastic rheological model, in which an elastic spring is serially connected to a regularized Bingham viscoplastic model. The rheological parameters, such as shear modulus of elasticity, yield stress and viscosity, are estimated from steady-shear measurements. Good agreement between the experiments and the model results is observed. It is apparent that the elasticity plays an important role in the unsteady flows of the soft yield-stress fluid studied herein.
Symposium – Accentuating the Positive: Directions in Pronunciation Research
Authors: Derwing Tracey M. , Munro Murray J.
Published: June 2010

Held at the Association canadienne de linguistique appliquée/Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics Conference, Ottawa, Canada; 27 May 2009.

Over the past few decades perspectives on second language (L2) pronunciation have evolved from pessimistic appraisals of the capabilities of L2 learners and doubts about the value of instruction to a view of pronunciation teaching as an effective and important part of language pedagogy. Earlier research on the teaching of pronunciation dwelt extensively on the identification of learners' errors (mainly consonants and vowels) through comparative analyses. Until recently, little had been established about the effectiveness of pronunciation teaching, and pedagogical techniques were based more on speculation and theoretical notions than on empirically well-justified principles. More recent work addresses a broader range of issues relating not only to L2 phonological acquisition, but to the social implications of speaking with an accent and engaging with interlocutors, both native and non-native speakers of the L2. Among these are the relationship between accent and intelligibility, cognitive processes underlying phonological learning, the evaluation of L2 speech using impressionistic and acoustic techniques, prosodic influences on perception of accented speech, the role of ethnic affiliation and identity in L2 speakers' oral production, and the identification of misguided applications of knowledge about pronunciation by businesses and governments. These lines of work, along with empirical investigations of pronunciation instruction, engender a more sophisticated view of L2 phonological learning and teaching. Though further research remains to be done, important achievements have been made in identifying reasonable, achievable goals in the pronunciation classroom, establishing appropriate instructional foci, and evaluating outcomes. The presenters in this colloquium highlighted the major achievements of recent years and identified some of the important problems that remain.
Tradition Brought to the Surface: Continuity, Innovation and Change in the Late Formative Period, Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia
Authors: Roddick Andrew P. , Hastorf Christine A.
Published: June 2010

Based on more than a decade of research on the Taraco Peninsula, Titicaca Basin, Bolivia, we discuss the role of memory, tradition and ancestral participation from the earliest settled communities to the founding and influence of the Tiwanaku order. We examine the shifting role of social memory vis-à-vis public ceremonies, pottery and food production. While the earlier phases give a sense of familial community and the construction of place through ancestor veneration, the later phases suggest stronger lineage commemoration, with families acting as gravitational forces in the burgeoning political developments. Our diachronic study on the Taraco Peninsula tracks these practices illustrating the movement along a discursive–non-discursive continuum, with some practices brought to the surface and politicized.
The Origins of Chinese Writing: the Neolithic Evidence
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: June 2010

In China, a number of signs from some Late Neolithic contexts suggest that recoding activities were well developed before Chinese writing became widespread during the Shang period. Archaeological and palaeographic evidence indicates that mature writing is likely to have evolved from these earlier signing systems as a result of the increasing social and political complexity of the societies of the Late Neolithic. This article analyses three Late Neolithic signing systems that may have led to the mature Chinese writing of the Shang oracle bone inscriptions, and argues that non-linguistic visual signing played a role in the emergence of writing systems.