Exploring the role of the combination of FDG-PET plus whole body MRI for staging patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma: A prospective trial.
Authors: Cerchione Claudio , Nappi Davide , Marchesini Matteo , Ronconi Sonia , Cangini Delia , Ceccolini Michela , Matteucci Federica , Prochowski Iamurri Andrea , Simonetti Giorgia , Musuraca Gerardo , Martinelli Giovanni , Rossi Alice 
Published: June 2024

7569

Background: According to IMWG criteria, Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic stage characterized by M-spike < 3 g/dl serum and/or bone marrow plasma cells infiltration between 10-59% in absence of myeloma-defining events and organ damage. In SMM setting, it is really important to differntiate high risk SMM (HR-SMM), in which treatment could be available thanks to clinical trials. 2016 IMWG criteria state that detection of bone lesions is mandatory for diagnosis of multiple myeloma and essential for diagnosis of SMM. It is really important to clarify in SMM the best imaging analysis in order to perform a correct diagnosis, and particularly it is necessary to define if the combination of FDG-PET/TC and WB-MRI could improve the assessment of lytic lesions and so the discrimination between high risk SMM and symptomatic MM. Methods: In our Institution we conducted a prospective trial, based on integrated new generation imaging, aiming to improve patients’ stadiation and to define its prognostic implications. From January 2021 to January 2024, we performed a prospective trial enrolling 26 consecutive newly diagnosed high risk SMM, according to IMWG, in which WB-MRI was performed according to MY-RADS criteria in combination with FDG PET-CT (median age 56; range 36-85). Results: Our comparison between WB-MRI and FDG PET-CT, showed a discordance between the two imaging modalities in 4/26 (15%) cases. In particular, in 3/26 (12%) cases WB-MRI showed bone lesions that have lead to symptomatic MM diagnosis according to IMWG criteria, while PET-CT was negative. In one case, PET-CT showed a diffuse uptake, not diagnostic for MM, while WB-MRI was negative. WB-MRI showed a 100% of accuracy in detecting SMM and MM. Therefore, WB-MRI has lead to a modification of the prognosis and treatment approach (observation in SMM vs treatment in symptomatic MM) in 3/26 patients (11%) (i.e. Figure 1, with DWI of C2 lesion). Furthermore, in 5/23 (22%) cases of confirmed SMM WB-MRI showed a slight diffuse alteration pattern of bone marrow without any overt lytic bone lesion, which could be a potential prognostic evidence. Conclusions: Our results support a fundamental role of WB-MRI in combination with FDG PET/CT in the stadiation of patients with newly diagnosed high risk SMM, which could modify prognosis and treatment, improving the differentiation with symptomatic MM. In particular, combination of WB-MRI plus FDG PET/CT could be more accurate in the detection of bone lesions than FDG PET/CT alone, being able to anticipate symptomatic MM diagnosis and consequently its treatment. Moreover, a diffuse pattern of marrow involvement could be detected in some HR-SMM patients without any overt lytic lesions: it is questionable if this group of patients is associated with a rapid progression in lytic lesions and so in symptomatic MM diagnosis. Prospective data on evolution of these patients are pending.