bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluations Following Single Oral Doses of GSK2330672 in Healthy Japanese Volunteers
Authors: Ino Hiroko , Endo Akira , Wakamatsu Akira , Ogura Hirofumi , Numachi Yotaro , Kendrick Stuart
Published: June 2018

GSK2330672 is an inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter, designed to have minimal systemic exposure, and is under development as a potential therapeutic for pruritus associated with primary biliary cholangitis and other cholestatic liver diseases. A phase 1, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 4‐period crossover study was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of GSK2330672 in healthy Japanese participants. Sixteen healthy male participants received single oral doses of GSK2330672 (10‐180 mg) or placebo in each period. No serious adverse events and no adverse events leading to study discontinuation or withdrawal were reported. Drug‐related adverse events reported included gastrointestinal symptoms (mostly diarrhea) and positive fecal occult blood tests, and were all mild and resolved without any interventions. GSK2330672 was undetectable in the majority of participants’ plasma. Pharmacodynamic observations included a tendency for total serum bile acids to reduce and for serum 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one, a key intermediate of bile acid synthesis, to increase with increasing doses of GSK2330672. In the context of recently published indications of potential efficacy for cholestatic pruritus in non‐Japanese populations, these data support further evaluations of GSK2330672 in Japanese patients.
MoS2–Carbon Nanotube Porous 3 D Network for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Lee Cheesung , Ozden Sehmus , Tewari Chandra S. , Park Ok‐Kyung , Vajtai Robert , Chatterjee Kuntal , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: June 2018

Future generation power requirement triggers the increasing search for electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction, which is the pivotal part to enhance the activity of metal–air batteries and fuel cells. The present article reports a novel 3 D composite structure weaving 1 D carbon nanotubes (CNT) and 2 D MoS2 nanosheets. The MoS2–CNT composite exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline environment. Measurements show better methanol immunity and higher durability than Pt/C, which is considered the state‐of‐the‐art catalyst for ORR. Experimental results suggest that the hybridization of 1 D functionalized multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) and exfoliated 2 D MoS2 nanosheet results significant synergistic effect, which greatly promotes the ORR activity. This work presents a new avenue to rationally design a 3 D porous composite out of 1 D and 2 D interlaced components and demonstrate appreciable electrochemical performance of the materials towards ORR activity for fuel cells as well as metal–air batteries.
Silylium‐Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Coupling of Alkynylsilanes with (2‐Bromo‐1‐methoxyethyl)arenes: Alternative Approaches
Authors: Rubial Belén , Ballesteros Alfredo , González José M.
Published: June 2018

The catalytic activation of alkynylsilanes towards 2‐halo‐1‐alkoxyalkyl arenes gives β‐halo‐substituted alkynes. It involves the chemoselective substitution of an alkoxide by an alkyne in the presence of a neighboring C(sp3)–Br bond in a cationic C–C bond‐forming event. Two complementary protocols to accomplish this new transformation are reported. The outcome of a direct approach based on mixing the precursors with a freshly prepared solution of the active catalytic species (TMSNTf2) is compared with an alternative based on smooth release of the required silylium ions upon selective activation of the alkyne by gold(I) (JohnPhosAuNTf2). The two approaches gave satisfactory results to access this otherwise elusive alkynylation process, which furnishes 4‐bromo‐substituted alkynes and tolerates various functional groups.
Carbene Transfer and Carbene Insertion Reactions Catalyzed by a Mixed‐Ligand Copper(I) Complex
Authors: Brenna Stefano , Ardizzoia G. Attilio
Published: June 2018

The catalytic activity of the mixed‐ligand copper(I) complex [Cu(PPh3)2(κ2‐O,O"‐lact)] (1) {lact = l‐(+)‐lactate} has been investigated in carbene transfer and carbene insertion reactions. Complex 1 catalytically promoted the diastereoselective cyclopropanation of olefins in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), under mild conditions, and with a low catalyst loading (1 mol‐%). In the case of internal alkenes, a trans/cis ratio of up to 93:7 was reached. Moreover, compound 1 easily promoted the insertion of the carbene fragment deriving from the decomposition of ethyl diazoacetate into O–H (alcohols and phenols) and N–H (amine) bonds, with formation of the corresponding ethyl 2‐alkoxyacetate, ethyl 2‐phenoxyacetate, and ethyl 2‐aminoacetate derivatives in good to high yields.
Development and performance of a 3D‐printable poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel suitable for enzyme entrapment and long‐term biocatalytic applications
Authors: Schmieg Barbara , Schimek Adrian , Franzreb Matthias
Published: June 2018

Physical entrapment of enzymes within a porous matrix is a fast and gentle process to immobilize biocatalysts to enable their recycling and long‐term use. This study introduces the development of a biocompatible 3D‐printing material suitable for enzyme entrapment, while having good rheological and UV‐hardening properties. Three different viscosity‐enhancing additives have been tested in combination with a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate‐based hydrogel system. The addition of polyxanthan or hectorite clay particles results in hydrogels that degrade over hours or days, releasing entrapped compounds. In contrast, the addition of nanometer‐sized silicate particles ensures processability while preventing disintegration of the hydrogel. Lattice structures with a total height of 6 mm consisting of 40 layers were 3D‐printed with all materials and characterized by image analysis. Rheological measurements identified a shear stress window of 200 < τ < 500 Pa at shear rates of 25 s−1 and 25°C for well‐defined geometries with an extrusion‐based printhead. Enzymes immobilized in these long‐term stable hydrogel structures retained an effective activity of approximately 10% compared to the free enzyme in solution. It could be shown that the reduction of effective activity is not caused by a significant reduction of the intrinsic enzyme activity but by mass transfer limitations within the printed hydrogel structures.
A companion to the preclinical common data elements on neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy: a report of the TASK3 behavior working group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force
Authors: Mazarati Andrey , Jones Nigel C. , Galanopoulou Aristea S. , Harte‐Hargrove Lauren C. , Kalynchuk Lisa E. , Lenck‐Santini Pierre‐Pascal , Medel‐Matus Jesús‐Servando , Nehlig Astrid , de la Prida Liset Menendez , Sarkisova Karine , Veliskova Jana
Published: June 2018

The provided companion has been developed by the Behavioral Working Group of the Joint Translational Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the American Epilepsy Society (AES) with the purpose of assisting the implementation of Preclinical Common Data Elements (CDE) for studying and for reporting neurobehavioral comorbidities in rodent models of epilepsy. Case Report Forms (CRFs) are provided, which should be completed on a per animal/per test basis, whereas the CDEs are a compiled list of the elements that should be reported. This companion is not designed as a list of recommendations, or guidelines for how the tests should be run—rather, it describes the different types of assessments, and highlights the importance of rigorous data collection and transparency in this regard. The tests are divided into 7 categories for examining behavioral dysfunction on the syndrome level: deficits in learning and memory; depression; anxiety; autism; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; psychosis; and aggression. Correspondence and integration of these categories into the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is introduced. Developmental aspects are addressed through the introduction of developmental milestones. Discussion includes complexities, limitations, and biases associated with neurobehavioral testing, especially when performed in animals with epilepsy, as well as the importance of rigorous data collection and of transparent reporting. This represents, to our knowledge, the first such resource dedicated to preclinical CDEs for behavioral testing of rodents.
Progress in the molecular mechanisms of genetic epilepsies using patient‐induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Zhou Ruijiao , Jiang Guohui , Tian Xin , Wang Xuefeng
Published: June 2018

Research findings on the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy almost always originate from animal experiments, and the development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology allows the use of human cells with genetic defects for studying the molecular mechanisms of genetic epilepsy (GE) for the first time. WithiPSCtechnology, terminally differentiated cells collected fromGEpatients with specific genetic etiologies can be differentiated into many relevant cell subtypes that carry all of theGEpatient's genetic information.iPSCs have opened up a new research field involving the pathogenesis ofGE. Using this approach, studies have found that gene mutations induceGEby altering the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, which is associated. among other factors, with neuronal developmental disturbances, ion channel abnormalities, and synaptic dysfunction. Simultaneously, astrocyte activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal signaling pathway activity are also important factors in the molecular mechanisms of GE.
The Change of Water Distribution in Porous Media of the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell after Freeze/thaw Cycles
Authors: Ko D. , Doh S. , Yu D. I. , Park H. S. , Kim M. H.
Published: June 2018

Effect of freeze/thaw cycles on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is investigated. Freeze/thaw cycle is repeated 40 times. The performance is degraded, as the number of freeze/thaw cycles increases. The maximum degradation is about 35% at high current density. The performance degradation is analyzed based on the change of water distribution. X‐ray visualization is conducted 3 times; before, after 10th and 40th freeze/thaw cycle, respectivly. The water saturation in PEMFC is getting reduced, as the number of freeze/thaw cycles increases. Over‐potential analysis is conducted using visualization result by calculating the proton conductivity. The proton conductivity is decreased about 30% at high current density after 40th freeze/thaw cycle. The change of water distribution is analyzed based on the structural change of the GDL. The water volume change upon freeze/thaw cycle leads to cracks in the micro porous layer. It facilitates water removal from the GDL and leads to low water saturation in PEMFC.
Single Cell Study of Water Transport in PEMFCs with Electrosprayed Catalyst Layers
Authors: Folgado M. A. , Conde J. J. , Ferreira‐Aparicio P. , Chaparro A. M.
Published: June 2018

Water transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with electrosprayed catalyst layers is analyzed by means of water collection measurements. With this aim, single cells have been studied with different catalyst layers configuration: electrosprayed layer in cathode (EScat), in anode (ESan), and in both electrodes (ESboth). The electrosprayed catalyst layers show macroporous morphology and superhydrophobicity (water contact angle θ > 150°) . Initial polarization curves, taken after a few hours from cell start‐up, show above 20% higher maximum power density of EScat and ESan cells, compared with a conventional cell (with no electrosprayed layers). The performance improvement is due to lower internal resistance of the cell according to the polarization curves. Stability of the cells under the dry‐gas operation conditions used during water collection measurements, shows to be high only for EScat, whereas ESan, ESboth, and conventional cells suffer degradation and frequent membrane failure. Water collection experiments at variable temperature and current density reflect larger water flow towards the anode for EScat cell than for the other configurations. It is concluded that the high performance and stability of EScat is due to the enhanced water back diffusion from cathode to anode driven by the superhydrophobic electrosprayed catalyst layer in cathode. Favored back diffusion improves water balance in the cell, membrane humidification, decreases the internal resistance, and precludes anode drying and cathode flooding. The optimal cell configuration is obtained with an electrosprayed catalyst layer in the cathode and a standard hydrophilic catalyst layer in the anode.
Cognitive functioning and quality of life: Diverging views of older adults with Alzheimer and professional care staff
Authors: Dewitte Laura , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , Dezutter Jessie
Published: June 2018

Objective

Staff ratings of quality of life (QOL) in dementia are often lower and more strongly related to the cognitive functioning of the person with dementia than self‐ratings. However, cognition‐related items in QOL measures and limited cognitive screening measures hamper a clear understanding of the relationship, 2 issues we addressed in the current study.

Methods

We collected data of 88 pairs of older adults with Alzheimer disease and their professional caregivers in 9 residential care settings. Both self‐report and staff report of the QOL of residents were assessed with the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease. Cognitive functioning was assessed with the Mini‐Mental State Examination and a battery of specific cognitive measures.

Results

Intraclass correlations and a paired sample t test confirmed a discrepancy between self‐rating and staff rating, with staff significantly underestimating QOL as experienced by the resident. After removing the possibly confounding memory item of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease, Mini‐Mental State Examination score remained a significant predictor of staff ratings but not self‐ratings in regression analyses. Exploratory analyses of specific cognitive measures showed a significant contribution of a memory test of intentional visual association learning in the prediction of staff‐rated QOL.

Conclusions

Staff reports cannot simply substitute reports of the subjective experience of residents with Alzheimer, so both judgments should be taken into account to form an adequate picture of QOL. Staff might be guided more strongly by a cognitive point of view when evaluating QOL of residents with Alzheimer disease, while the latter might have shifted their evaluation standards to cope adequately with the challenges posed by their disease.
Dementia across local districts in England 2014 to 2015
Authors: Tampubolon Gindo , Nazroo James , Keady John , Pendleton Neil
Published: June 2018

Background

The number of older people needing dementia care is projected to rise rapidly, and local districts are now charged with responding to this need. But evidence on local area factors of dementia is scarce. We studied the odds of dementia prevalence and its individual risk factors enriched with area factors.

Materials and methods

This study analysed objectively assigned dementia prevalence in people aged 60 and over living in community in England, drawing data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing 2014 to 2015 and local districts statistics using multilevel logistic models. Dementia status is ascertained using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. A number of individual risk factors were considered including social determinants, internet use, social connections, and health behaviours; 2 contextual factors were included: the index of multiple deprivation and land use mix.

Results

The prevalence of dementia by this method is 8.8% (95% confidence interval 7.7%‐9.2%) in older adults in England. Maps of dementia prevalence across districts showed prevalent areas. In the full model, no area characteristics were significant in predicting dementia prevalence. Education, social connections, internet use, and moderate to vigorous physical activity showed protective associations.

Conclusion

Dementia in older adults in England is largely predicted by individual characteristics, although some districts have a large share of their population with dementia. Given the health and social care costs associated with dementia, differential interventions and support to districts and to groups of individuals defined by these characteristics seem warranted.
“Building strength in coming together”: A mixed methods study using the arts to explore smoking with staff working in Indigenous tobacco control
Authors: Gould Gillian S. , Stevenson Leah , Bovill Michelle , Oliva Dora , Keen Jennifer , Dimer Lyn , Gruppetta Maree
Published: June 2018

Issue addressed

Tobacco is a major risk factor contributing to Indigenous health disparities. Art may be a powerful and transformative tool to enable health providers to develop targeted messages for tobacco control.

Methods

Indigenous and non‐Indigenous staff, working in Indigenous tobacco control, attended a 2‐hour workshop, and were led through a process to create individual artworks. Participants completed surveys before and after the workshop. Scales compared understandings of how art can be used in tobacco control, and the likelihood of utilising arts in future programs. Three pairs of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous researchers analysed the artworks, using the Four Frames (New South Wales Board of Studies), explored themes, and developed a model.

Results

Nineteen participants completed both surveys; 17 artworks were analysed. Pre‐ to post‐workshop increases in “understanding” about the use of arts (P < 0.00001) for tobacco control, and “likelihood” of use of arts in the next 6 months (P < 0.006) were significant. Participants expressed personal and professional benefits from the workshop. Artworks demonstrated themes of optimism, the strength of family and culture, smoking as a barrier, resilience, recovery and urgency.

Conclusions

The workshop increased the understanding and likelihood of using the arts for tobacco control. Artworks revealed contemporary challenges impacting on equity; health staff expressed optimism for being engaged in their work.

So what?

The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control supports novel techniques to increase the reach and relevance of health messages for diverse populations. This study successfully demonstrated how a novel, positively framed art‐based technique proved to be advantageous for health professionals, working in an area of Indigenous tobacco control, where behavioural change can be complex.
How deep can forest vegetation cover extend their hydrological reinforcing contribution?
Authors: Hayati Elyas , Abdi Ehsan , Mohseni Saravi Mohsen , Nieber John L. , Majnounian Baris , Chirico Giovanni B.
Published: June 2018

An experimental campaign was set up to quantify the contribution of evapotranspiration fluxes on hillslope hydrology and stability for different forest vegetation cover types. Three adjacent hillslopes, respectively, covered by hardwood, softwood, and grass were instrumented with nine access tubes each to monitor soil water dynamics at the three depths of 30, 60, and 100 cm, using a PR2/6 profile probe (Delta‐T Devices Ltd) for about 6 months including wet periods. Soil was drier under softwood and wetter under grass at all the three depths during most of the monitoring period. Matric suction derived via the soil moisture measurements was more responsive to changes in the atmospheric conditions and also recovered faster at the 30 cm depth. Results showed no significant differences between mean matric suction under hardwood (101.6 kPa) with that under either softwood or grass cover. However, a significant difference was found between mean matric suction under softwood (137.5 kPa) and grass (84.3 kPa). Results revealed that, during the wettest period, the hydrological effects from all three vegetation covers were substantial at the 30 cm depth, whereas the contribution from grass cover at 60 cm (2.0 kPa) and 100 cm (1.1 kPa) depths and from hardwood trees at 100 cm depth (1.2 kPa) was negligible. It is surmised that potential instability would have occurred at these larger depths along hillslopes where shallow hillslope failures are most likely to occur in the region. The hydrological effects from softwood trees, 8.1 and 3.9 kPa, were significant as the corresponding factor of safety values showed stable conditions at both depths of 60 and 100 cm, respectively. Therefore, the considerable hydrological reinforcing effects from softwood trees to the 100 cm depth suggest that a hillslope stability analysis would show that hillslopes with softwood trees will be stable even during the wet season.
Framework for derivation of water quality criteria using the biotic ligand model: Copper as a case study
Authors: Gondek John C , Gensemer Robert W , Claytor Carrie A , Canton Steven P , Gorsuch Joseph W
Published: June 2018

Acceptance of the biotic ligand model (BLM) to derive aquatic life criteria, for metals in general and copper (Cu) in particular, is growing among regulatory agencies worldwide. Thus, it is important to ensure that water quality data are used appropriately and consistently in deriving such criteria. Here we present a suggested BLM implementation framework (hereafter referred to as “the Framework”) to help guide the decision-making process when designing sampling and analysis programs for use of the BLM to derive water quality criteria applied on a site-specific basis. Such a framework will help inform stakeholders on the requirements needed to derive BLM-based criteria, and thus ensure that the appropriate types and amount of data are being collected and interpreted. The Framework was developed for calculating BLM-based criteria when data are available from multiple sampling locations on a stream. The Framework aspires to promote consistency when applying the BLM across data sets of disparate water quality, data quantity, and spatial and temporal representativeness and is meant to be flexible to maximize applicability over a wide range of scenarios. Therefore, the Framework allows for a certain level of interpretation and adjustment to address the issues unique to each data set. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:736–749. © 2018 SETAC

Key Points

This paper presents a data-driven decision tree for applying the biotic ligand model (BLM) to derive protective aquatic life criteria for metals on a site-specific basis. Best practices are included for the collection and analysis of data and for applying the BLM consistently across data sets of disparate data and water quality. Evaluation of the spatial and temporal variability in water quality between sampling locations, and the resulting BLM-derived instantaneous water quality criteria (IWQC) and fixed-monitoring benchmarks (FMBs), is essential for determining the spatial extent over which the criteria should apply. This paper focuses on Cu as a case study but the concepts presented herein can be applied to the BLMs developed for other metals.
Prognostic factors of FIGO stage I–IIA small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix
Authors: Ning Li , Zhang Wen , Yang Jiaxin , Cao Dongyan , Lang Jinghe , Yu Mei
Published: June 2018

Our results confirm the prognostic value of Syn and CD56 in patients with early‐stage small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Effect of 3,6‐anhydro‐l‐galactose on α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenesis in human melanocytes and a skin‐equivalent model
Authors: Kim Ji Hye , Kim Dong Hyun , Cho Kyung Mun , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kang Nam Joo
Published: June 2018

3,6‐Anhydro‐l‐galactose (l‐AHG) is a bioactive sugar that is a major component of agarose. Recently, l‐AHG was reported to have anti‐melanogenic potential in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and B16F10 melanoma cells; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. At noncytotoxic concentrations, l‐AHG has been shown to inhibit alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanin synthesis in various cell models, including HEMs, melan‐a cells, and B16F10 cells. Although l‐AHG did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the anti‐melanogenic effect of l‐AHG was mediated by transcriptional repression of melanogenesis‐related genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TRP‐1), tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 (TRP‐2), and microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) in HEMs. Western blot analysis showed that l‐AHG effectively attenuated α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenic proteins by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling pathways in HEMs. Topical application of l‐AHG significantly ameliorated melanin production in a 3D pigmented human skin model. Collectively, these results suggest that l‐AHG could be utilized as novel cosmetic compounds with skin‐whitening efficacy.
Experimental analysis of behavior and tobacco regulatory research on nicotine reduction
Authors: Bevins Rick A. , Barrett Scott T. , Huynh Y. Wendy , Thompson Brady M. , Kwan David A. , Murray Jennifer E.
Published: June 2018

With the signing of H.R. 1256, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gained regulatory authority over the tobacco industry. A notable clause in this Act permits the FDA to regulate nicotine yields. However, they cannot completely remove this addictive constituent from tobacco products. This restriction has prompted the FDA to seek research on the threshold dose of nicotine that does not support dependence. This idea of threshold dose has led to an interesting reframing of scientific questions. For example, some researchers studying nicotine from this regulatory perspective translated the notion of an addiction threshold to a construct thought to play a role in addiction but which can be more readily operationalized. Examples include reinforcement threshold, discrimination threshold, and reinforcer‐enhancement threshold. In this Perspective Paper, we highlight the importance of behavioral pharmacology and, specifically, the experimental analysis of behavior to help establish a scientific basis for policy decisions regarding nicotine yields. Recent research, including exemplars provided herein, note vast individual differences in the effects of nicotine at a known dose. Unfortunately, the behavioral and biological factors that contribute to such individual variations remain to be understood. We believe that behavior analysts are uniquely well‐positioned to contribute to this understanding.
Preventive Effect of Antioxidative Nutrient‐Rich Enteral Diet Against Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Miyauchi Tomoyuki , Uchida Yoichiro , Kadono Kentaro , Hirao Hirofumi , Kawasoe Junya , Watanabe Takeshi , Ueda Shugo , Jobara Kanta , Kaido Toshimi , Okajima Hideaki , Terajima Hiroaki , Uemoto Shinji
Published: June 2018

Background

Liver ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major problem associated with liver surgery. This study is aimed to compare the preventive effect of an antioxidative nutrient‐rich enteral diet (Ao diet) with an ordinal enteral diet (control diet) against liver IRI.

Methods

The Ao diet was an ordinary diet comprising polyphenols (catechin and proanthocyanidin) and enhanced levels of vitamins C and E. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed the Ao or control diet for 7 days before ischemic insult for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 6 hours. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress were evaluated.

Results

After 7 days of pretreatment with the Ao diet, the serum levels of vitamins C and E in mice were markedly elevated. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the scores of liver necrosis caused by ischemia and reperfusion, were significantly lower in the Ao diet group than in the control diet group. The gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin‐6 and CXCL1, were significantly lower in the Ao diet group. In the liver, the levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2 were significantly higher and the malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the Ao diet group. Cell adhesion molecule expression was significantly lower, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was less in the Ao diet group.

Conclusions

Antioxidative nutrient supplementation to an ordinary enteral diet may mitigate liver IRI by causing an antioxidant effect and suppressing inflammation.
Enantio‐, Regio‐, and Chemoselective Lipase‐Catalyzed Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Yang Jiebing , Liu Yong , Liang Xiao , Yang Yan , Li Quanshun
Published: June 2018

In contrast to chemical routes, enzymatic polymerization possesses favorable characteristics of mild reaction conditions, few by‐products, and high activity toward cyclic lactones which make it a promising technique for constructing polymeric materials. Meanwhile, it can avoid the trace residue of metallic catalysts and potential toxicity, and thus exhibits great potential in the biomedical fields. More importantly, lipase‐catalyzed polymer synthesis usually shows favorable enantio‐, regio‐, and chemoselectivity. Here, the history and recent developments in lipase‐catalyzed selective polymerization for constructing polymers with unique structures and properties are highlighted. In particular, the synthesis of polymeric materials which are difficult to prepare in a chemical route and the construction of polymers through the combination of selective enzymatic and chemical methods are focused. In addition, the future direction is proposed especially based on the rapid developments in computational chemistry and protein engineering techniques.
Corrosion protection performance of nanoparticle incorporated epoxy paint assessed by linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Torknezhad Yaghoob , Khosravi Mohsen , Assefi Mohammad
Published: June 2018

Epoxy paint was homogeneously incorporated with Al2O3(α), Fe2O3(α), SiO2, and ZnO nanoparticles at 1, 2, and 3 wt% with respect to total weight of hardener and undried epoxy, and coated on carbon steel coupons. Corrosion protection performance of the samples was evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 wt% NaCl solution. Analysis of LSV data and thorough analysis of EIS data showed the beneficial effect of all types of nanoparticles at 1 wt%. For 2 and 3 wt% samples, performance was different, depending on the nanoparticle type. However, the sample containing 3 wt% Al2O3(α) showed the best performance among all the tested samples. The results were correlated to the ability of the nanoparticles to block corroding coatings by decreasing the porosity of the dried epoxy paint.
Effect of oral antiseptics on the corrosion stability of nickel‐titanium orthodontic alloys
Authors: Rincic Mlinaric Marijana , Kanizaj Lidija , Zuljevic Damir , Katic Visnja , Spalj Stjepan , Otmacic Curkovic Helena
Published: June 2018

The aim was to explore the influence of the interaction of oral antiseptics and various coatings on the corrosion behavior of nickel‐titanium (NiTi) orthodontic alloys. NiTi archwires with uncoated, rhodium‐coated, and nitride‐coated surface were exposed to artificial saliva pH 4.8 at the temperature of 37 °C, and to saliva with the addition of three commercial oral antiseptics (Curaspet, Gengigel, and Listerine). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic polarization were performed. Released nickel and titanium ions after a period of 7 days were measured by inductively coupled optical emission spectroscopy. Results demonstrate that the rate and degree of corrosion mainly increase with the addition of antiseptics. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates the biggest corrosion resistance in Gengigel. Rhodium‐coated NiTi demonstrates higher corrosion rate in saliva and in all antiseptics than uncoated and nitride‐coated NiTi. The highest tendency toward localized corrosion is seen in rhodium‐coated NiTi in all media, and least in nitride‐coated NiTi. The release of titanium ions mainly supports findings of general corrosion rate. These results indicate that both antiseptics and coating modify corrosion.
Effect of heat treatment on the cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel
Authors: Peng Kewen , Kang Can , Li Gensheng , Matsuda Kyuhei , Soyama Hitoshi
Published: June 2018

To evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel, an experimental investigation is carried out using a cavitating jet test apparatus complying with the ASTM G134 standard. The jet pressure is 30 MPa and the cavitation number is 0.014. Specimens made of stainless steel SUS630 are aged at different temperatures. Prior to cavitation erosion experiment, the mechanical properties of the specimens are obtained through an inverse analysis method in conjunction with the indentation test. The material's cavitation erosion resistance is represented by the reciprocal of the maximum cumulative mass loss rate. The correlation between cavitation erosion resistance and mechanical parameters is pursued. The variation of cumulative mass loss with the exposure time under cavitating jet impact demonstrates that the rise of aging temperature impairs the cavitation erosion resistance of SUS630. The overall cumulative mass loss rate of SUS630 is lower than that of SUS316L. The correlations between cavitation erosion resistance and mechanical parameters are evident. The parameter of microhardness exhibits the most explicit relevance with respect to the cavitation erosion resistance.
Synthesis of Biopolymer‐Based Precursors for the Formation of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Achtel Christian , Härling Stephan M , Hering Wolfgang , Westerhausen Matthias , Heinze Thomas
Published: June 2018

Cellulose acetates can be homogeneously transferred with (3‐isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane, yielding the corresponding carbamates containing reactive ethoxysilane moieties. The products obtained under different conditions are characterized by liquid and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. A slight hydrolysis in products of high Si‐content occurs, which strongly affects the solubility of the polymers. The soluble products can be shaped and crosslinked, forming siloxane and silanol polymer network. By incorporating tetraethoxysilane as inorganic precursor, novel silanized film can be prepared and are studied by scanning electron microscopy.
Numerical analysis of the hydrofracturing behaviour of heterogeneous glutenite considering hydro‐mechanical coupling effects based on bonded particle models
Authors: Ju Yang , Wang Yongliang , Dong Hongyu , Yang Yongming
Published: June 2018

The heterogeneity of tight reservoirs significantly influences hydrofracturing behaviours, such as crack morphology, type, initiation, propagation, and distribution. The accurate characterisation of the influencing mechanisms has become a pivotal issue in enhancing the fracturing stimulation of tight reservoirs, as well as in the prediction of tight oil and gas production. In this study, the hydrofracturing behaviours of heterogeneous glutenites and their influencing mechanisms were numerically investigated based on bonded particle models (BPMs). The geometry and mechanical properties of the natural glutenites were obtained using microfocus computed tomography (CT) and triaxial tests and were used to construct heterogeneous BPMs. The hydrofracturing behaviours of the heterogeneous BPMs under various in‐situ stresses were analysed with hydro‐mechanical coupling effects considered and compared with those of homogeneous BPMs under the same conditions. The numerical results show that gravels in heterogeneous glutenites inhibit crack propagation. The shear cracks that appear in the initial stage of crack development subsequently propagate and distribute around the injection hole, and there are fewer hydraulic shear cracks than tensile cracks. The crack morphologies of BPMs are found to be consistent with the experimental forms. The numerical simulation provides a way to understand the mechanisms that govern the hydrofracturing crack types and propagation of heterogeneous reservoirs.
Interface and embedded joint methods for modeling dynamic fracture opening by explosive products
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg Y. , Settgast Randolph , Morris Joseph P.
Published: June 2018

Two computational approaches are proposed in the paper to model dynamic fracture opening by explosive products. The first method assumes that the fractures may be modeled using flow elements embedded along the mesh lines. This method models crack opening in a straightforward way by splitting the nodes of the computational grid. It can account for crack branching; however, the crack directions are constrained by existing mesh faces, which may lead to mesh dependence. Also, the stress in flow elements is calculated explicitly separate from the surrounding solid elements that can impose additional limits on the time step stability condition for explicit integration. The second approach uses embedded flow elements to model the cracks. Typical thickness of the cracks is much smaller than the element size. Therefore, gas pressure in the cracks is assumed to be in stress equilibrium with the element stress. To achieve this, the crack thickness and the state of the gas is updated simultaneously with the state of the solid element which contains the crack. Therefore, the time step is controlled by the explicit solver applied for the solid and does not depend on the thickness of the crack. The main disadvantage of the second approach is due to the complexity of modeling multiple intersecting cracks, which go through the same element. We discuss the areas of possible applications of these 2 methods and the ways to improve and enhance them for future practical applications.
Exploring NursEs lived Experience of Discussions about Sexual health, with kidney patients in Devon (NEEDS)
Authors: Hough Maxine , Shepherd Maggie , Chauhan Rohan , Powell Roy , Childs Jenny
Published: June 2018

Aim

The aim of the study is to gain a better understanding about the complexities of discussing sexuality with patients.

Design

The study will explore how nurses understand the phenomenon by using an Interpretive Phenomenological Approach; the technique encourages deep reflection and rich descriptions about lived experience.

Methods

Six nurses will be interviewed using iterative, open‐ended questions with prompts to illicit rich data.

Predicted Results

Understand the support required to enable nurses to engage in deeper, more fulfilling conversations with patients about sexuality.
Increased apoptosis and peripheral blood mononuclear cell suppression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Chao Yu‐Hua , Lin Chiao‐Wen , Pan Hui‐Hsien , Yang Shun‐Fa , Weng Te‐Fu , Peng Ching‐Tien , Wu Kang‐Hsi
Published: June 2018

Background

Although immune‐mediated pathogenesis is considered an important aspect of severe aplastic anemia (SAA), its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are essential to the formation of specialized microenvironments in the bone marrow (BM), and MSC insufficiency can trigger the development of SAA.

Methods

To find MSC alterations in the SAA BM, we compared BM MSCs from five children with SAA and five controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cocultured with MSCs to evaluate the supportive effects of MSCs on hematopoiesis. Cytometric bead array immunoassay was used to determine cytokine excretion by MSCs. The immune functions of MSCs and their conditioned medium (CM) were evaluated by PBMC proliferation assays.

Results

SAA MSCs were characterized by a high percentage of cells in the abnormal sub‐G1 phase of the cell cycle, which suggests an increased rate of apoptosis in SAA MSCs. In comparison with control MSCs, PBMCs cocultured with SAA MSCs displayed significantly reduced PBMC proliferation (P = 0.009). Aberrant cytokine profiles were secreted by SAA MSCs, with increased concentrations of interleukin‐6, interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β in the CM. PBMC proliferation assays demonstrated additional immunosuppressive effects of SAA MSCs (P = 0.016) and their CM (P = 0.013).

Conclusions

Our data revealed increased apoptosis and PBMC suppression of SAA MSCs. The alterations of MSCs may contribute to the formation of functionally abnormal microenvironments in SAA BM.
Reforming Political Science
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: June 2018

Political science is in decline because it has become too focused on methodological precision, has lost contact with public policy, and recruits only among academics. To become more vital and relevant, it must use a wider range of methods, recover a voice on policy issues, and expect much more government experience from its recruits.
The Origins of the “Cause of the Poor”: Logics of Appropriation of a “New Social Problem” in Spain (1960–1990)
Authors: Muñoz Joan Cortinas
Published: June 2018

A vast literature exists on contemporary transformations on welfare state models in Europe. However, these works tend to be focused on the study of social policies embodying these transformations. This article defends the idea that new social policies are preceded by a process of requalification of the social problems by using new categories such as poverty/new poverty instead of inequality or unemployment. The social logics of this process of requalification are linked to the transformations in the structure of the Catholic field after the Second World War, as well as the transformations in the intellectual field since the 1960s. These transformations have a transnational nature and affect countries with different welfare state regimes.
Evaluating the efficacy of two insect detection methods with Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae): portable harmonic radar system and fluorescent marking system
Authors: Kho Jung‐Wook , Jung Minhyung , Lee Doo‐Hyung
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Although portable harmonic radar system and fluorescent marking system are two widely used detection methods, their comparative effectiveness has not been studied. Therefore, we first tested the applicability of fluorescent marking system on Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae). Then, we evaluated the efficacy of the two methods used either alone or combined in a grass field and bean field, varying with complexity, during day and night.

RESULTS

Fluorescent marking did not affect the behavior or fitness of Riptortus pedestris except for vertical walking, while allowing the detection from >25 m when paired with a handheld laser. Generally, the portable harmonic radar system and both methods combined were more successful in sample detection, although the fluorescent marking system in the bean field at night was as competitive as the two. Combining both methods made sample retrieval easier at night than the portable harmonic radar system. Nevertheless, the total detection time showed a large variance across the methods.

CONCLUSION

The portable harmonic radar system can be an effective detection method in either landscape during both day and night. Furthermore, the fluorescent marking system can be a reliable tool at night as well. Lastly, combining both methods can improve the night detection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel tool in rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis—The usage of urease flap region peptidomimetics
Authors: Konieczna Iwona , Relich Inga , Durajski Maciej , Lechowicz Lukasz , Chrapek Magdalena , Gaweda Jozef , Fraczyk Justyna , Kaminski Zbigniew J.
Published: June 2018

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Early diagnosis can prevent joint erosion. However, available biomarkers do not always allow for clear distinction between RA and non‐RA individuals. It has become known that bacteria/viruses are among the environmental triggers that initiate RA via multiple molecular mechanisms.

Thus, to better understand the role of bacteria in RA, we synthetized 6 peptidomimetics of bacterial ureases' flap region. These peptides were then used to distinguish RA patients from healthy people sera by immunoblotting. Most patients' sera were bound to peptidomimetic characteristic for Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. flap urease. We also found similarities between peptidomimetic sequence and human proteins connected with RA. This pilot study suggests that bacteria may trigger RA via mechanism of molecular mimicry of urease to host proteins and ureases flap peptidomimetics may be potential candidate as a new additional diagnostic test.
Electrochemical Evaluation of Light‐Addressable Electrodes Based on TiO2 for the Integration in Lab‐on‐Chip Systems
Authors: Welden Rene , Scheja Sabrina , Schöning Michael J. , Wagner Patrick , Wagner Torsten
Published: June 2018

In lab‐on‐chip systems, electrodes are important for the manipulation (e.g., cell stimulation, electrolysis) within such systems. An alternative to commonly used electrode structures can be a light‐addressable electrode. Here, due to the photoelectric effect, the conducting area can be adjusted by modification of the illumination area which enables a flexible control of the electrode. In this work, titanium dioxide based light‐addressable electrodes are fabricated by a sol–gel technique and a spin‐coating process, to deposit a thin film on a fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass. To characterize the fabricated electrodes, the thickness, and morphological structure are measured by a profilometer and a scanning electron microscope. For the electrochemical behavior, the dark current and the photocurrent are determined for various film thicknesses. For the spatial resolution behavior, the dependency of the photocurrent while changing the area of the illuminated area is studied. Furthermore, the addressing of single fluid compartments in a three‐chamber system, which is added to the electrode, is demonstrated.
Probing the Thermochromic Phase Transition in CuMoO4 by EXAFS Spectroscopy
Authors: Jonane Inga , Cintins Arturs , Kalinko Aleksandr , Chernikov Roman , Kuzmin Alexei
Published: June 2018

Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the Mo K‐edge is used to follow the thermochromic γ‐to‐α phase transition in copper molybdate (CuMoO4). The temperature dependence (10–300 K) of the radial distribution function (RDF) for the Mo–O atom pairs in the first coordination shell of molybdenum atoms is reconstructed by the regularization‐like method from the experimental EXAFS spectra. The analysis of the RDFs suggests that the transition occurs gradually within the two‐phase coexistence range of 225–275 K. The local environment of molybdenum atoms transforms upon the γ‐to‐α phase transition from strongly distorted octahedral to less distorted tetrahedral coordination.