bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Dynamical Response to Subgrid-Scale Organization Provided by Cellular Automata
Authors: Bengtsson Lisa , Körnich Heiner , Källén Erland , Svensson Gunilla
Published: August 2011

Because of the limited resolution of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, subgrid-scale physical processes are parameterized and represented by gridbox means. However, some physical processes are better represented by a mean and its variance; a typical example is deep convection, with scales varying from individual updrafts to organized mesoscale systems. This study investigates, in an idealized setting, whether a cellular automaton (CA) can be used to enhance subgrid-scale organization by forming clusters representative of the convective scales and thus yield a stochastic representation of subgrid-scale variability. The authors study the transfer of energy from the convective to the larger atmospheric scales through nonlinear wave interactions. This is done using a shallow water (SW) model initialized with equatorial wave modes. By letting a CA act on a finer resolution than that of the SW model, it can be expected to mimic the effect of, for instance, gravity wave propagation on convective organization. Employing the CA scheme permits the reproduction of the observed behavior of slowing down equatorial Kelvin modes in convectively active regions, while random perturbations fail to feed back on the large-scale flow. The analysis of kinetic energy spectra demonstrates that the CA subgrid scheme introduces energy backscatter from the smallest model scales to medium scales. However, the amount of energy backscattered depends almost solely on the memory time scale introduced to the subgrid scheme, whereas any variation in spatial scales generated does not influence the energy spectra markedly.
Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality
Authors: Western Bruce , Rosenfeld Jake
Published: August 2011

From 1973 to 2007, private sector union membership in the United States declined from 34 to 8 percent for men and from 16 to 6 percent for women. During this period, inequality in hourly wages increased by over 40 percent. We report a decomposition, relating rising inequality to the union wage distribution’s shrinking weight. We argue that unions helped institutionalize norms of equity, reducing the dispersion of nonunion wages in highly unionized regions and industries. Accounting for unions’ effect on union and nonunion wages suggests that the decline of organized labor explains a fifth to a third of the growth in inequality—an effect comparable to the growing stratification of wages by education.
Cohesion, Cooperation, and the Value of Doing Things Together
Authors: Kuwabara Ko
Published: August 2011

A recent debate in sociological exchange theory concerns which form of exchange is likely to promote cohesion in exchange relations. One side maintains that bilateral exchange, often associated with economic transactions, entails joint action to share mutual benefits, contributing more to feelings of cohesion than do independent acts of unilateral giving from one person to another, typical of social exchange. The other side argues that bilateral exchange requires dividing resources under binding terms of exchange, which strains relationships by underscoring competitive aspects of exchange. The present study reconciles these divergent claims by testing a new model of exchange that combines key propositions from past theories to specify when bilateral exchange promotes or undermines cohesion. Results from two laboratory experiments provide support for the model’s core claim that cooperative forms of bilateral exchange can reinforce cohesion more than unilateral exchange does, contrary to the enduring assumption that economic exchange undermines relational bonds.
Infrastructure Location
Authors: Samuel Kayode J.
Published: August 2011

The environment of infrastructure location decision-making is in a flux: new thinking, ideologies, social and environmental awareness coupled with political expediencies and economic imperatives are constantly changing the weights of factors considered in location decision making. As expected, existing models built on the pillars of profit maximisation and assumption of homo economicus—though still important—no longer capture the reality of the present situation in infrastructure location decisions. This article traces the trends in infrastructure (facility) location decision modelling and identifies productive areas of research that incorporate the oft-neglected factors of environment, politics and socio-cultural values into the location decision models.
Application of a forecasting coupling method to the non-linear dynamic analysis of a flexible rotor supported by externally pressurized orifices hybrid gas bearings
Authors: Guang-hui Z , Yi S , Zhan-sheng L , Fang-cheng X , Jia-jia Y
Published: August 2011

The non-linear dynamic characteristics of a flexible rotor supported by externally pressurized hybrid gas bearings are studied in this article. The rotor dynamic equations for the rotor are solved by the Newmark integral method and the gas-lubricated Reynolds equation by the alternating direction implicit method. The multifield coupling algorithm based on the forecasting method is proposed and applied in this article to solve the fluid–structure interaction problem. Also, the non-linear dynamic parameter identification method based on the forecasting orbit method is investigated. It is indicated that the dynamic characteristics of externally pressurized hybrid gas-bearing rotor system and whirling instability of the system reveal the complex behaviour, which could be depicted comprehensively. This would establish the foundation for contributing to a further understanding of the hybrid gas-bearing flexible rotor system.
A hybrid model for multiscale simulations of nanoindentation
Authors: Zhu P-Z , Hu Y-Z , Wang H
Published: August 2011

A numerical model for multiscale simulations of nanoindentation has been established by coupling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with finite element analysis. The multiscale simulations are performed for two-dimensional nanoindentation of a cylindrical indenter against a copper (1 1 1) substrate. Results show that the load–depth curves obtained from both multiscale and full MD simulations match each other reasonably well and no visible discontinuity of deformation is observed in the handshake region. In the beginning, the normal load increases gradually, corresponding to elastic substrate deformation, followed by sudden drops in load–depth curves, which are related to the nucleation and movement of dislocations. The simulations also reveal that indenter radius and indentation velocity significantly affect the nanoindentation process. By the use of multiscale method, the system size to be explored can be greatly expanded without increasing computational cost.
Improvement of the tribological properties of pure Ti by laser cladding intermetallic compound composite coating
Authors: Guo C , Zhou J-S , Zhao J-R , Chen J-M
Published: August 2011

Intermetallic compound composite coating was fabricated on pure Ti substrate by laser cladding. The microstructure and tribological properties of the prepared intermetallic compound coating sliding against AISI-52100 steel ball at different normal loads were evaluated. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional non-contact surface mapping. It is shown that the microhardness and wear resistance of the pure Ti substrate are greatly increased after laser cladding intermetallic compound coating, due to the formation of hard phases in the composite coating. The intermetallic compound composite coating, involving only mild abrasive wear and adhesive wear under lower normal load, and abrasive, adhesive and microfracture under higher normal load, when sliding against the AISI-52100 counterpart.
Preparation and Rietveld refinement of Ag-exchanged clinoptilolite
Authors: Dimova L. , Petrov O. , Kadiyski M. , Lihareva N. , Stoyanova-Ivanova A. , Mikli V.
Published: August 2011

Fully exchanged Ag-clinoptilolite prepared at 100°C using 1 M solution of AgNO3 was studied. The initial sample (Beli Plast deposit, Bulgaria) was enriched in clinoptilolite by a sequence of treatments – crushing, sieving, sedimentation, and separation with heavy liquids to obtain a content of about 93 wt.% of clinoptilolite intergrown with opal-C. Opal-C was subsequently removed by chemical treatment. Maximum cation exchange was reached on the seventh day (4.86(4) Ag atoms per formula unit). Rietveld structural refinement was then carried out on the Ag-exchanged clinoptilolite, and three independent Ag sites were localated in the channels of the clinoptilolite structure. Seven water sites, coordinating the Ag sites, were located. Ag-clinoptilolite is, potentially, a promising low-cost antibacterial material.
Physical and mechanical characteristics of cement mortars and concretes with addition of clinoptilolite from Beli Plast deposit (Bulgaria), silica fume and fly ash
Authors: Lilkov V. , Rostovsky I. , Petrov O.
Published: August 2011

Cement mortars and concretes incorporating clinoptilolite, silica fume and fly ash were investigated for changes in their physical and mechanical properties. It was found that additions of 10% clinoptilolite and 10% Pozzolite (1:1 mixture of silica fume and fly ash) were optimal for improvement of the quality of the hardened products, giving 8% and 13% increases in flexural and compressive strength respectively. The specific pore volume of the mortars incorporating zeolite decreased between the 28th and 180th day to levels below the values for the control composition due to the fact that clinoptilolite exhibits its pozzolanic activity later in the hydration. In these later stages, pores with radii below 500 nm increased at the expense of larger pores. The change in the pore-size distribution between the first and sixth months of hydration occurs mostly in the mortars with added zeolite.
Binary cation exchange in clinoptilolite involving K+, Na+ , Ba2+ and Ca2+ at 30 and 95°C: a calorimetric study
Authors: Petrova N. , Filizova L. , Kirov G.
Published: August 2011

A binary ion exchange of cationic pairs involving K, Na, Ba and Ca in clinoptilolite was investigated calorimetrically. The selected cations included two pairs equal in charge and two pairs similar in size. The heats of ion exchange and the degrees of exchange were determined at 30 and 95°C. The data obtained are discussed with respect to cationic interactions in the clinoptilolite structure and hydration characteristics (heats of hydration and hydration numbers) of competing cations in the solution. No correlation was found between the heat effects and the degree of exchange. The heat of exchange depends mainly on the difference between the hydration heats of the cations in the solution, whereas the degree of exchange depends on their positioning over the extraframework sites in the clinoptilolite structure. The heats of ion exchange are lower at 95°C than those measured at 30°C, which is due to a decrease of the hydration number with increasing temperature. In all cases the degree of exchange increases with increasing temperature.
Zeolitized tuffs in pedotechniques to improve soil resilience against the impact of treatment by municipal sewage: balance of nutrient and noxious cations
Authors: Capra G. F. , Buondonno A. , Coppola E. , Duras M. G. , Vacca S. , Colella C.
Published: August 2011

Two zeolitized tuffs (ZTs),viz.a Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT) and a clinoptilolite-bearing tuff (ZCL), were tested as pedotechnical materials to improve soil resilience against the impact of treatment by a ‘dirty’ municipal sewage system (DSW). Soils (surface horizon) were a sandy, alkaline Entisol (Typic Xeropsamment), and a sandy-loam, sub-acidic Alfisol (Ultic Palexeralf). Results showed that the presence of ZTs resulted in several favourable effects. Electrical conductivity (EC) decreased and pH was buffered. Ammonium was selectively taken up from the DSW, making the zeolitized tuffs almost saturated by NH4+, by exchanging both beneficial cations, such as K+and Ca2+, thus improving their potential availability to plants, and undesirable cations such as Na+, thereby hindering the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increase and concurrent soil salinization-alkalinization. At the same time, NH4+was stored as a potentially slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. The mobility of Pb, Cu and Zn dropped off to a large extent. NYT produced the best effects, and the Entisol gained the greatest benefit from treatments.
Alteration processes and products of acid pyroclastic rocks in Bulgaria and Slovakia
Authors: Kirov G. , Šamajova E. , Nedialkov R. , Stanimirova TS.
Published: August 2011

The genesis of the products of the alteration of acid pyroclastic material is discussed and interpreted on the basis of the distribution, sedimentation conditions, post-sedimentation activity, mineral and chemical compositions of pyroclastic deposits in Bulgaria and Slovakia.

It is found that the disordered nonequilibrium nature of the volcanic glass induces a diagenetic devitrification of the tuffs and formation of clinoptilolitic, adularia-cristobalite and bentonite rocks. With increasing temperature, the volcanic glass tends forward a stable state through a series of zeolite mineral associations: clinoptilolite-mordenite-analcime-feldspar. The change in mineral composition of this series of rocks occurs without a change in the chemical composition of the rocks, which could be explained by the closed nature of zeolite systems. The formation of bentonites is associated with the removal of alkaline ions under diagenetic conditions, while the formation of halloysite rocks is caused by hydrothermal activity.
Modelling pedogenization of zeolitized tuff: effects of water and phenolic substances on weathering rates of the Campanian Ignimbrite (yellow facies)
Authors: Grilli E. , Colella A. , Coppola E. , Langella A. , Buondonno A.
Published: August 2011

An experimental pedology research project, based on a “process-system” pedogenetic model, was initiated to investigate the weathering of Phlegraean Yellow Tuff (PYT) – the yellow facies of the Campanian Ignimbrite with phillipsite > chabazite – as representative of the parent rock material as the soil-forming factor. PYT was weathered by water (W) and tannic acid solutions (TA) at concentrations ranging from 3 × 101to 3 × 104μmol l–1. The most concentrated TA solution (3 × 104μmol l–1) showed the greatest extracting efficiency. Na and K were continually solubilized by W; Al, Ca and Mg contributed to the ionic composition of all the TA supernatants. A significant dissolution of the amorphous component and an associated decrease of the zeolite content, especially phillipsite, were noted. The features of PYT weathered outcomes fitted the “process-system” model very well. PYT showed a pedogenic potential, in being prone to weathering, as well as in releasing elements of importance for plant settlement and development, such as K, Ca, Mg and Fe.
Properties of mechanically activated natural clinoptilolite and chabazite
Authors: Nikashina V. A. , Streletsky A. N. , Kolbanev I. V. , Meshkova I. N. , Grinev V. G. , Serova I. B. , Yusupov T. S. , Shumskaya L. G.
Published: August 2011

The effect of mechanical activation on the ion-exchange selectivity of natural zeolites from Russia, namely clinoptilolite-bearing tuffs and chabazites, was studied. The structural modifications and thermal properties were investigated, and the specific surface area and porosity of mechanically activated zeolites were determined. At activation doses of up to 1.0 kJ g–1 the main processes are the breakdown of the zeolite particles and pore structure changes. At greater activation doses amorphization takes place. It was shown that during the initial stage of activation in most cases the clinoptilolite selectivity for Sr2+ increased slightly and then decreased; the selectivity for Cu2+ increased 100 times; and the selectivity of chabazite-1 for Sr2+ increased 300 times.
Editorial: CD38 and retinoids: a step toward a cure
Authors: Malavasi Fabio
Published: August 2011

Discussion on the biological and clinical implications of a new mechanism by which retinoids act on CD38 expression.
Editorial: Scrambling for a response to G-CSF
Authors: Broxmeyer Hal E , Touw Ivo P
Published: August 2011

Discussion on the implications of new mechanistic data on G-CSF effects on neutrophil differentiation.
The effects of dose of flupentixol decanoate on relapse rates in schizophrenia
Authors: Reed Paul , Fanshawe Tom
Published: August 2011

Aims and method

To systematically review the published literature with respect to formulating a dose-response curve for flupentixol decanoate. A systematic literature search using the Cochrane Database was performed for studies that published both dosage information and data on relapse rates.

Results

The data showed modest effects of dose on survival rates. Increasing dose may be associated with increased survival rates up to around 50–60 mg of flupentixol decanoate every 4 weeks. There was no evidence of increased survival rates at higher doses and higher doses may be associated with lower rates of survival. There is considerable uncertainty as to the true effects of dose of flupentixol decanoate on relapse rates.

Clinical implications

There is no evidence that survival rates improve for doses above 50–60 mg every 4 weeks. These doses are much lower than doses commonly prescribed. Clinicians may wish to consider these data when prescribing flupentixol decanoate.
Beyond the ‘Goldwater rule’
Authors: Baum Matthew , Hope Tony
Published: August 2011

Mitchell discusses the moral responsibilities of psychiatrists who, when outside professional settings, suspect that a person might benefit from psychiatric help. Is making an unsolicited psychiatric diagnosis ever the right thing to do? The American Psychiatric Association's guidance is that it is not, unless the psychiatrist has been granted authorisation. Although sensitive to harms from ‘unsolicited diagnoses', Mitchell argues that this guidance is too blunt: the benefits may outweigh the harms. We foresee, however, the possibility that psychiatrists may become pressured to make unsolicited diagnoses to protect or improve society rather than serve the best interests of the individual.
MET signaling in GABAergic neuronal precursors of the medial ganglionic eminence restricts GDNF activity in cells that express GFRα1 and a new transmembrane receptor partner
Authors: Perrinjaquet Maurice , Sjöstrand Dan , Moliner Annalena , Zechel Sabrina , Lamballe Fabienne , Maina Flavio , Ibáñez Carlos F.
Published: August 2011

GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) promotes the differentiation and migration of GABAergic neuronal precursors of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). These functions are dependent on the GPI-anchored receptor GFRα1, but independent of its two known transmembrane receptor partners RET and NCAM. Here we show that soluble GFRα1 is also able to promote differentiation and migration of GABAergic MGE neurons. These activities require endogenous production of GDNF. Although GDNF responsiveness is abolished in Gfra1−/− neurons, it can be restored upon addition of soluble GFRα1, a result that is only compatible with the existence of a previously unknown transmembrane signaling partner for the GDNF-GFRα1 complex in GABAergic neurons. The roles of two candidate transmembrane receptors previously implicated in GABAergic interneuron development - MET, a receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and ErbB4, the neuregulin receptor – were examined. GDNF did not induce the activation of either receptor, nor did inhibition of MET or ErbB4 impair GDNF activity in GABAergic MGE neurons. Unexpectedly, however, inhibition of MET or HGF per se promoted neuronal differentiation and migration and enhanced the activity of GDNF on MGE neurons. These effects were dependent on endogenous GDNF and GFRα1, suggesting that MET signaling negatively regulates GDNF activity in the MGE. In agreement with this, Met mutant MGE neurons showed enhanced responses to GDNF and inhibition of MET or HGF increased Gfra1 mRNA expression in MGE cells. In vivo, expression of MET and GFRα1 overlapped in the MGE, and a loss-of-function mutation in Met increased Gfra1 expression in this region. Together, these observations demonstrate the existence of a novel transmembrane receptor partner for the GDNF–GFRα1 complex and uncover an unexpected interplay between GDNF–GFRα1 and HGF–MET signaling in the early diversification of cortical GABAergic interneuron subtypes.
Peripheral lymphangiogenesis in mice depends on ectodermal connexin-26 (Gjb2)
Authors: Dicke Nikolai , Pielensticker Nicole , Degen Joachim , Hecker Julia , Tress Oliver , Bald Tobias , Gellhaus Alexandra , Winterhager Elke , Willecke Klaus
Published: August 2011

In order to study the specific function of connexin-26 (Cx26, also known as gap junction beta-2 protein; Gjb2), we generated knockin mice that expressed either a floxed lacZ reporter or, after Cre-mediated deletion, connexin-32 (Cx32)-coding DNA, both driven by the endogenous Cx26 promoter. Heterozygous Cx26knock-inCx32 (Cx26KICx32) embryos developed normally until embryonic day 14.5 but died before birth with severe lymphedemas. Although the jugular lymph sacs were normally developed, these embryos had a strongly reduced dermal lymphatic capillary network. By analyses of β-galactosidase reporter protein expression and lymphatic or blood endothelial-specific marker proteins, we demonstrated that Cx26 expression is temporally closely linked to lymphangiogenesis. No obvious phenotypic abnormalities were observed in Cx26KICx32 mice when Cre-mediated recombination was directed to mesenchyme or blood endothelium using the Prx1-Cre or Tie2-Cre mouse strains, respectively. By contrast, keratin-5-Cre-mediated replacement of Cx26 with Cx32 or deletion of both Cx26 alleles revealed severe lymphedemas similar to the general Cx26KICx32 phenotype. Thus, conditional ablation of Cx26 (loss of function) in ectoderm leads to partial disruption of lymphatic capillaries and embryonic death. We conclude that appropriate development of dermal lymphatic vessels in mice is dependent on the expression of Cx26 in the ectoderm.
Analysis of protein dynamics within the septate junction reveals a highly stable core protein complex that does not include the basolateral polarity protein Discs large
Authors: Oshima Kenzi , Fehon Richard G.
Published: August 2011

Barrier junctions prevent pathogen invasion and restrict paracellular leakage across epithelial sheets. To understand how one barrier junction, the septate junction (SJ), is regulated in vivo, we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to examine SJ protein dynamics in Drosophila. Most SJ-associated proteins, including Coracle, Neurexin IV and Nervana 2, displayed similar, extremely immobile kinetics. Loss of any of these components resulted in dramatically increased mobility of all others, suggesting that they form a single, highly interdependent core complex. Immobilization of SJ core components coincided with formation of the morphological SJ but occurred after their known role in maintaining epithelial polarity, suggesting that these functions are independent. In striking contrast to the core components, the tumor suppressor protein Discs large was much more mobile and its loss did not affect mobility of core SJ proteins, suggesting that it is not a member of this complex, even though it colocalizes with the SJ. Similarly, disruption of endocytosis affected localization of SJ core components, but did not affect their mobility. These results indicate that formation of a stable SJ core complex is separable from its proper subcellular localization, and provide new insights into the complex processes that regulate epithelial polarity and assembly of the SJ.
Nuclear Magnetic Shielding and Aromaticity of [18]Annulene and Its Quasi-Möbius-Type Analogues
Authors: Tanimura Hirotaka , Honda Yasushi , Sugiura Ken-ichi , Hada Masahiko
Published: August 2011

We presented a series of quantum-chemical calculations of [18]annulene (C18H18) and its analogues which are helically distorted open-chain molecules and which we call “quasi-Möbius-type” molecules in this paper. We discussed the proton magnetic shielding constants, the chemical shifts, and the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) of these molecules. The calculated nuclear magnetic shielding constants were decomposed into the diamagnetic and paramagnetic terms using a conventional manner. As we expected, a shielding–deshielding reversal occurs in C18H18 and quasi-Möbius-type C18H20. Moreover, we showed a predictive demonstration that the magnetic shielding constants can be controlled by inserting a small molecule such as CH3− or H2C=CH2 into the terminal π-orbitals of quasi-Möbius-type C18H20 or C16H18. Aromaticity and antiaromaticity are discussed with magnetic features of molecules.
Are some boundaries easier to bridge?
Authors: Cameron Ailsa , Lloyd Liz
Published: August 2011

The impetus to work across boundaries is a longstanding theme in British public policy. Critical commentary has emerged from different perspectives, but has not provided empirically based analysis of joint working across different sectors and spheres of practice. In this article we present findings from an evaluation of joint working in the Supporting People Health Pilots. These raise questions about why some agencies – primarily in the voluntary sector – appeared to be more effective than others at working across boundaries. These questions and the broader implications of the findings for the voluntary sector are analysed.
The Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas Receptor Axis Is Expressed in Sinoatrial Node Cells of Rats
Authors: Ferreira Anderson J. , Moraes Patrícia L. , Foureaux Giselle , Andrade Alexandre B. , Santos Robson A. S. , Almeida Alvair P.
Published: August 2011

The authors’ previous studies have indicated that angiotensin(Ang)-(1-7) protects the heart against reperfusion arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to determine whether a functional angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2)/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis is present in the sinoatrial node (SAN) of Wistar rats. SAN cells were identified by Masson’s trichrome staining, HCN4 expression, and lack of connexin43 expression. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to detect the expression of ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and Mas in the SAN. To evaluate the role of this axis in the SAN function, atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs) were induced in isolated rat atria perfused with Krebs-Ringer solution (KRS) alone (control) or KRS containing Ang-(1-7). The specific Mas antagonist, A-779, was used to evaluate the role of Mas in the Ang-(1-7) effects. The findings showed that all components of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas branch are present in the SAN of rats. Importantly, it was found that this axis is functional because perfusion of atria with Ang-(1-7) significantly reduced the duration of ATs. Additionally, this anti-arrhythmogenic effect was attenuated by A-779. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, contractile tension, or ±dT/dt. These observations demonstrate that the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis is expressed in SAN cells of rats. They provide the morphological support to the anti-arrhythmogenic effect of Ang-(1-7).
An Evaluation of Real-Time Deformation Monitoring Using Motion Capture Instrumentation and Its Application in Monitoring Railway Foundations
Authors: Hendry Michael T. , Barbour S. Lee , Martin C. Derek
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of motion capture instrumentation to monitor the response of a railway embankment and the underlying soft peat mire foundation soils to freight train loading. Initial data sets were obtained from the motion capture system, called the ShapeAccelArray (SAA, Measurand Inc.), installed in a railway embankment. Review of the data sets from the site installation raised questions as to the ability of the SAA to provide accurate displacement measurements. Testing of the SAA in the laboratory confirmed that the output from the SAA system (inclusive of software) would not provide a true measurement of horizontal deformations during large cyclic motions. This inaccuracy was due to the magnitude of acceleration associated with the cyclical motion on the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers and the effect of this on the ability of the system to determine its shape. A method for determining the magnitude of cyclic displacement from the output of the MEMS accelerometers was developed from the laboratory testing data. This involved the double integration of the change in acceleration measured by the accelerometers to obtain a change in displacement. This method was applied to the data sets obtained from the field installation to obtain a profile of cyclic displacement with depth.
Blisters and Erosions in the Neonate
Authors: Ahmad Regina-Celeste S. , O'Regan Grainne M. , Bruckner Anna L.
Published: August 2011

Blisters and erosions in the newborn period may be the primary manifestation of several diseases that include infectious, inherited, or congenital conditions and represent a diagnostic challenge for pediatricians and dermatologists alike. In some cases, the lesions are benign and transient, but they may also be the first presentation of a lifelong skin disease or the manifestation of a serious systemic illness. Early recognition and evaluation is critical for effective treatment of the conditions that are rapidly progressive or fatal without prompt intervention. This review offers an approach to the diagnosis of neonates presenting with blisters or erosions, emphasizing morphologic features and confirmatory diagnostic tests, and touches on basic principles for management.
Artificial modifications of the coast in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: quick solutions or long‐term liabilities?
Authors: Martínez M Luisa , Feagin Rusty A , Yeager Kevin M , Day John , Costanza Robert , Harris Jim A , Hobbs Richard J , López-Portillo Jorge , Walker Ian J , Higgs Eric , Moreno-Casasola Patricia , Sheinbaum Julio , Yáñez-Arancibia Alejandro
Published: August 2011

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill threatened many coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico during the spring and summer of 2010. Mitigation strategies included the construction of barrier sand berms, the restriction or blocking of inlets, and the diversion of freshwater from rivers to the coastal marshes and into the ocean, in order to flush away the oil, on the premise that these measures could reduce the quantity of oil reaching sensitive coastal environments such as wetlands or estuaries. These projects result in changes to the ecosystems that they were intended to protect. Long‐term effects include alterations of the hydrological and ecological characteristics of estuaries, changes in sediment transport along the coastal barrier islands, the loss of sand resources, and adverse impacts to benthic and pelagic organisms. Although there are no easy solutions for minimizing the impacts of the Deepwater Horizon disaster on coastal ecosystems, we recommend that federal, state, and local agencies return to the strategic use of long‐term restoration plans for this region.
Interannual variability of growth and reproduction in Bursera simaruba: the role of allometry and resource variability
Authors: Hulshof Catherine M. , Stegen James C. , Swenson Nathan G. , Enquist Carolyn A. F. , Enquist Brian J.
Published: August 2011

Plants are expected to differentially allocate resources to reproduction, growth, and survival in order to maximize overall fitness. Life history theory predicts that the allocation of resources to reproduction should occur at the expense of vegetative growth. Although it is known that both organism size and resource availability can influence life history traits, few studies have addressed how size dependencies of growth and reproduction and variation in resource supply jointly affect the coupling between growth and reproduction. In order to understand the relationship between growth and reproduction in the context of resource variability, we utilize a long‐term observational data set consisting of 670 individual trees over a 10‐year period within a local population of Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. We (1) quantify the functional form and variability in the growth–reproduction relationship at the population and individual‐tree level and (2) develop a theoretical framework to understand the allometric dependence of growth and reproduction. Our findings suggest that the differential responses of allometric growth and reproduction to resource availability, both between years and between microsites, underlie the apparent relationship between growth and reproduction. Finally, we offer an alternative approach for quantifying the relationship between growth and reproduction that accounts for variation in allometries.
Pseudo-Dynamic Modeling to Evaluate a Remote Gas-to-Liquids Process
Authors: Hay Glen , Nighswander John
Published: August 2011

A project team was given the task of evaluating various technology options for design of a small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) process operated remotely at or near an individual gas source. For this study, small-scale plants were considered those producing between 100 and 500 barrels per day of liquid fuels. In addition, being remote enforced limitations on utility sources available to the plant site such as water and grid power. A secondary goal was development of a dynamic model of the plant to use in operator training. To accomplish these objectives, the authors investigated the suitability of a process-simulation application. The conceptual design of the GTL unit included many different possibilities, such as front-end design, back-end design, heat integration, and recycling of materials. Complications associated with plant start-up and shutdown, utilities, process reliability, and economics were included in the decision-making process. The authors present selective results from a steady-state model and sensitivity studies. Considerations for the development of the dynamic model included both a fully rigorous dynamic model and a pseudo-dynamic steady-state-based model; results of the latter model are provided. The study concluded that an industrial steady-state simulation tool provided sufficient flexibility to complete the material and energy-balance calculations, sensitivity analyses, and pseudo-dynamic modeling. This study yielded significant insights into the importance of model assumptions and their impact on the overall process viability. The pseudo-dynamic model also provided insight for improving the process control design. During the work completed the authors determined that the object-oriented structure adopted for the model enabled an efficient, rapid model development.
The effects of the cherry variety on the chemical and sensorial characteristics of cherry brandy
Authors: Nikicevic N. , Velickovic M. , Jadranin M. , Vuckovic I. , Novakovic M. , Vujisic Lj. , Stankovic M. , Urosevic I. , Tesevic V.
Published: August 2011

The chemical and sensorial characteristics of cherry brandy produced from
five cherry varieties (Oblacinska, Celery's 16, Rexle, Heiman's Ruby and
Heiman's Conserve) grown in Serbia were studied. Gas chromatography and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these distillates led to the
identification of 32 components, including 20 esters, benzaldehyde, 6
terpenes and 5 acids. The ethyl esters of C8-C18 acids were the most
abundant in all samples. The benzaldehyde content was quantified by high
performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The average
benzaldehyde concentration in the samples ranged between 2.1 and 24.1 mg
L-1. The total sensory scores of the cherry brandies ranged between 17.30 to
18.05, with the cherry brandy produced from the Celery's 16 variety
receiving the highest score (18.05).
Evaluation of oscillometric and vascular access port arterial blood pressure measurement techniques versus implanted telemetry in anesthetized cats
Authors: Zwijnenberg Raphael J. , del Rio Carlos L. , Cobb Rami M. , Ueyama Yukie , Muir William W.
Published: August 2011

Objective—To compare the use of a semi-invasive vascular access port (VAP) device or noninvasive oscillometry versus invasive telemetry for blood pressure measurements in cats.

Animals—6 healthy cats.

Procedures—30 days before the study, all cats received an implanted telemeter and a VAP device. During normotension and experimentally induced hypertension, blood pressure was measured with the implanted devices and with noninvasive oscillometry at 4 time points.

Results—Compared with invasive telemetry, VAP had a correlation coefficient from 0.8487 to 0.9972, and noninvasive oscillometry had a correlation coefficient from 0.7478 to 0.9689.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the VAP device and noninvasive oscillometry had a high degree of correlation with invasive telemetry as the gold standard for blood pressure measurement. Use of a VAP device resulted in a slightly higher degree of correlation, compared with noninvasive oscillometry.
Evaluation of plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Ljungvall Ingrid , Rajamäki Minna M. , Crosara Serena , Olsen Lisbeth H. , Kvart Clarence , Borgarelli Michele , Höglund Katja , Häggström Jens
Published: August 2011

Objective—To investigate whether plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 was associated with severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs and to assess potential associations between MMP activity and dog characteristics, echocardiographic variables, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), heart rate, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration, and C-reactive protein concentration.

Animals—75 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Severity of MMVD was assessed by use of echocardiography. Plasma activity of latent (pro-MMP) and active MMP-2 and -9 was analyzed via zymography. Plasma concentration of cTnI was analyzed with a high-sensitivity cTnI assay, and C-reactive protein concentration was analyzed with a canine-specific ELISA.

Results—Pro-MMP-9, active MMP-9, and pro-MMP-2 were detected, but active MMP-2 was not. No significant differences were found in MMP concentrations among the 4 MMVD severity groups. Activity of pro-MMP-9 decreased with decreases in SAP and was higher in male dogs than in female dogs. Activity of MMP-9 decreased with increases in left ventricular end-systolic dimension and with decreases in SAP and cTnI concentration. Left ventricular end-systolic dimension was the variable most strongly associated with MMP-9 activity. No associations were found between the activity of pro-MMP-2 and investigated variables.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma MMP-9 activity decreased with increases in the end-systolic left ventricular internal dimension and decreases in SAP. Hence, evaluation of MMP-9 activity has the potential to provide unique information about the myocardial remodeling process in dogs with MMVD.
Effect of West Nile virus DNA-plasmid vaccination on response to live virus challenge in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis)
Authors: Redig Patrick T. , Tully Thomas N. , Ritchie Branson W. , Roy Alma F. , Baudena M. Alexandra , Chang Gwong-Jen J.
Published: August 2011

Objective—To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an experimental adjuvanted DNA-plasmid vaccine against West Nile virus (WNV) in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).

Animals—19 permanently disabled but otherwise healthy red-tailed hawks of mixed ages and both sexes without detectable serum antibodies against WNV.

Procedures—Hawks were injected IM with an experimental WNV DNA-plasmid vaccine in an aluminum-phosphate adjuvant (n = 14) or with the adjuvant only (control group; 5). All birds received 2 injections at a 3-week interval. Blood samples for serologic evaluation were collected before the first injection and 4 weeks after the second injection (day 0). At day 0, hawks were injected SC with live WNV. Pre- and postchallenge blood samples were collected at intervals for 14 days for assessment of viremia and antibody determination; oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected for assessment of viral shedding.

Results—Vaccination was not associated with morbidity or deaths. Three of the vaccinated birds seroconverted after the second vaccine injection; all other birds seroconverted following the live virus injection. Vaccinated birds had significantly less severe viremia and shorter and less-intense shedding periods, compared with the control birds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the WNV DNA-plasmid vaccine in red-tailed hawks was safe, and vaccination attenuated but did not eliminate both the viremia and the intensity of postchallenge shedding following live virus exposure. Further research is warranted to conclusively determine the efficacy of this vaccine preparation for protection of red-tailed hawks and other avian species against WNV-induced disease.
Isolation and characterization of two bacteriophages with strong in vitro antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dogs with ocular infections
Authors: Santos Thiago M. A. , Ledbetter Eric C. , Caixeta Luciano S. , Bicalho Marcela L. S. , Bicalho Rodrigo C.
Published: August 2011

Objective—To isolate and characterize bacteriophages with strong in vitro lytic activity against various pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with ocular infections.

Sample—26 genetically distinct P aeruginosa isolates.

Procedures—P aeruginosa strains were derived from dogs with naturally acquired ulcerative keratitis. From a large-scale screening for bacteriophages with potential therapeutic benefit against canine ocular infections, 2 bacteriophages (P2S2 and P5U5) were selected; host ranges were determined, and phage nucleic acid type and genetic profile were identified via enzymatic digestion. Electron microscopy was used to characterize bacteriophage ultrastructure. Bacteriophage temperature and pH stabilities were assessed by use of double-layer agar overlay titration. A cocultivation assay was used to evaluate the effect of the bacteriophages on bacterial host growth.

Results—P5U5 was active against all P aeruginosa isolates, whereas P2S2 formed lytic plaques on plates of 21 (80.8%) isolates. For each bacteriophage, the genomic nucleic acid was DNA; each was genetically distinct. Ultrastructurally, P2S2 and P5U5 appeared likely to belong to the Podoviridae and Siphoviridae families, respectively. The bacteriophages were stable within a pH range of 4 to 12; however, titers of both bacteriophages decreased following heating for 10 to 50 minutes at 45° or 60°C. Growth of each P aeruginosa isolate was significantly inhibited in coculture with P2S2 or P5U5; the dose response was related to the plaque-forming unit-to-CFU ratios.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bacteriophages P2S2 and P5U5 appear to be good candidates for phage treatment of infection caused by pathogenic P aeruginosa in dogs.
Evaluation of tissue factor expression in canine tumor cells
Authors: Stokol Tracy , Daddona Janelle L. , Mubayed Lamya S. , Trimpert Jakob , Kang Sungkwon
Published: August 2011

Objective—To determine whether canine tumor cell lines express functional tissue factor and shed tissue factor-containing microparticles.

Sample—Cell lines derived from tumors of the canine mammary gland (CMT12 and CMT25), pancreas (P404), lung (BACA), prostate gland (Ace-1), bone (HMPOS, D-17, and OS2.4), and soft tissue (A72); from normal canine renal epithelium (MDCK); and from a malignant human mammary tumor (MDA-MB-231).

Procedures—Tissue factor mRNA and antigen expression were evaluated in cells by use of canine-specific primers in a reverse transcriptase PCR assay and a rabbit polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody in flow cytometric and immunofluorescent microscopic assays, respectively. Tissue factor procoagulant activity on cell surfaces, in whole cell lysates, and in microparticle pellets was measured by use of an activated factor X-dependent chromogenic assay.

Results—Canine tissue factor mRNA was identified in all canine tumor cells. All canine tumor cells expressed intracellular tissue factor; however, the HMPOS and D-17 osteosarcoma cells lacked surface tissue factor expression and activity. The highest tissue factor expression and activity were observed in canine mammary tumor cells and pulmonary carcinoma cells (BACA). These 3 tumors also shed tissue factor-bearing microparticles into tissue culture supernatants.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tissue factor was constitutively highly expressed in canine tumor cell lines, particularly those derived from epithelial tumors. Because tumor-associated tissue factor can promote tumor growth and metastasis in human patients, high tissue factor expression could affect the in vivo biological behavior of these tumors in dogs.
Evaluation of transplantation of autologous bone marrow stromal cells into the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of chronic spinal cord injury in dogs
Authors: Nishida Hidetaka , Nakayama Masanari , Tanaka Hiroshi , Kitamura Masahiko , Hatoya Shingo , Sugiura Kikuya , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Ide Chizuka , Inaba Toshio
Published: August 2011

Objective—To evaluate effects of transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into the CSF for the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury in dogs that had not responded by 1 month after decompressive surgery.

Animals—23 dogs.

Procedures—Dogs with paraplegia and loss of nociception in the pelvic limbs for at least 1 month after decompressive surgery were assigned to transplantation or control groups. Dogs in the transplantation group received BMSCs injected into the CSF 1 to 3 months after decompressive surgery. Dogs in the control group did not receive additional treatments. Improvements in gait, proprioceptive positioning, and nociception were evaluated by use of the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale for ≥ 6 months after BMSC transplantation.

Results—6 of 10 dogs in the transplantation group regained the ability to walk, whereas only 2 of 13 dogs in the control group regained the ability to walk. Scores for the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale in the transplantation group were significantly higher than scores in the control group at the endpoint of the study (6 months after BMSC transplantation or after decompressive surgery for the transplantation and control groups, respectively). Only 1 dog (transplantation group) recovered nociception. All dogs from both groups had fecal and urinary incontinence. No complications were observed in relation to BMSC transplantation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Injection of BMSCs into the CSF caused no complications and could have beneficial effects on pelvic limb locomotion in dogs with chronic spinal cord injuries.