bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ongoing Diaspora: The Case of the French Caribbean
Authors: Perina Mickaella
Published: September 2010

The unusual status of the French overseas departments in today «post-colonial world» provides an interesting domain of investigation from which analyzing the concept of diaspora. If diaspora refers to dispersal to several locations, to a collective mythology of a homeland and to an idealization of the return clearly the French Caribbean was initially an African diaspora. But did it stop being a diaspora once the Caribbean territory became the homeland? If diaspora can be regarded as a state of mind that imply not so much the idealization of the return but a commitment to the homeland along with a form of solidarity and a shared culture French Caribbeans relocated in Europe and elsewhere certainly qualify as part of the Caribbean diaspora. But between these two perspectives there is room for a more complex scheme: a diaspora that changed over time -occupying the Caribbean territory as its own, adopting a French political membership, generating a new diaspora- and yet remained partly the initial diaspora demonstrating that instead of stopping to be one type of diaspora to become another it can transform itself.
«A culture of War and a Culture of Exile»
Authors: Conrad Bettina
Published: September 2010

During a thirty-years war of independence from Ethiopia (1961-1991) almost a third of the Eritrean population left the country. This article focuses on the encounters of second-generation Eritrean exiles in Germany with their compatriots in Eritrea. The author argues that in spite of the close-knit transnational networks between Eritrea and its sizable diaspora, journeys to Eritrea reveal the gap between a culture of war and a culture of exile. Until Eritrea’s independence in 1991 this gap was obscured by a strong sense of long-distance nationalism and the actual impossibility of home and exile communities coming face to face with each other. The second exile generation being brought up to identify as Eritreans abroad, often experience alienation and even rejection « at home » which forces them to renegotiate their identity and re-construct diasporic organisations and modes of interaction with the homeland. This on-going development may also help to shed light on the more general question of the viability of transnational links beyond the immigrant generation.
Taiwan’s Mainlanders: A Diasporic Identity in Construction
Authors: Scott Simon
Published: September 2010

This paper looks at the construction of diasporic identity in Taiwan among the Mainlanders who arrived with Chiang Kai-shek at the conclusion of World War II. In the early decades of Chinese Nationalist rule, which many Taiwanese perceived as colonial rule, ethnic differences between Mainlanders and Native Taiwanese were constructed through state violence, political oppression, and discrimination in favour of Mainlanders. With democratization, the numerically dominant Native Taiwanese began to assert Taiwanese nationalism and Mainlanders started to question their identity. Some adopted a diasporic identity as Chinese in Taiwan while others resisted change. Mainlander diasporic identity is constructed primarily in relationship to the nativist nationalism of the Native Taiwanese, but also to the autochtonous identity of Taiwan’s indigenous tribes. Diaspora identity is thus relevant not only in situations of immigration, but also in processes of colonialism and subsequent decolonization.
Question ethnique et question religieuse dans le recensement de la population britannique de 2001 : Polémiques et enseignements
Authors: Lassalle Didier
Published: September 2010

L’étude de l’évolution de la question ethnique entre les deux derniers recensements britanniques de 1991 et 2001 ainsi que celle de la question religieuse facultative de celui de 2001 montre que la pertinence de ces catégorisations est discutable, qu’elles répondent à des impératifs plus politiques que véritablement sociodémographiques. Cependant, l’analyse des données sociales en fonction des critères d’appartenance ethnique et/ou religieuse permet de mettre clairement en évidence l’existence de discriminations à l’encontre des minorités ethniques dans les domaines clés de l’emploi et du chômage. En outre, les analyses montrent également que les Indiens et les Chinois réussissent mieux leur intégration socioéconomique que les autres minorités grâce à leurs meilleures qualifications. En revanche, les Bangladais, (et les Pakistanais dans une moindre mesure), sont de plus en plus marginalisés, car ils cumulent discrimination ethnique et discrimination religieuse.
Les colonies françaises au xviie siècle : mercantilisme et enjeux impérialistes européens
Authors: Charbit Yves
Published: September 2010

La colonisation française au xviie siècle a été particulièrement importante aux Iles d’Amérique et au Canada. Pour la contextualiser correctement, il faut la mettre en relation avec les efforts fournis par la royauté pour développer le commerce international maritime, commerce et colonisation ne prenant leur sens que par rapport au mercantilisme, doctrine d’État politico-économique, elle-même indissociable des rivalités entre les grands États européens. L’article s’appuie principalement sur les écrits de deux acteurs politiques majeurs, Richelieu et Colbert qui ont conçu et mis en place cette politique. Il conclut par un retour sur la richesse relative des données sur le peuplement, alors que la population du royaume ne suscite pas la même attention.
Cultural Differences in Managing Cloud Computing Service Level Agreements
Authors: Balduf Stefan , Balke Tina , Eymann Torsten
Published: September 2010

Software as a service and cloud computing are new buzzwords in the Internet-based economy. Their idea is to provide software, computing and storage capacity in large, but yet unknown numbers. The legal basis of offering such services is provided by service level agreements (SLAs). In a global economy, these SLAs are often made between companies based in different countries, thus between individuals with different cultural backgrounds. This study explains to what extent, how and why the management of SLAs may differ due to cultural differences among participants. Starting from Hofstede’s seminal work, expert interviews show that some of his findings still hold in the cloud computing world, while others have to be revised.
Diversity Orientation and Cultural Differences in the Implementation of Information Technology
Authors: Merchant Sylnovie , Merchant John E.
Published: September 2010

While there has been a great deal of research on the application and implementation of Information Technology (IT), there is less research on the variables which can contribute to the successful strategic implementation of IT Strategy and its relation to the cultural/work values of the people involved in the implementation. This chapter presents a model that outlines an approach to consider in relating the correlation of IT Strategy and implementation to the Culture and Work values of the individuals in a particular cultural setting. Surveys were administered to working adults in Hong Kong, Taiwan, China and the United States in an attempt to determine how culture would dictate their attitude to IT issues. Questions were asked in order to capture their orientations in the work environment as well as what factors would be motivators to them in a work environment. Through chi-square and ANOVA tests, it was found that significant differences existed.
Investigating Sociocultural Issues in Instructional Design Practice and Research
Authors: Campbell Katy , Schwier Richard A. , Kanuka Heather
Published: September 2010

This chapter is a narrative account of the process involved to initiate a program of research to explore how instructional designers around the world use design to make a social difference locally and globally. The central research question was, “Are there social and political purposes for design that are culturally based?” A growing body of research is concerned with the design of culturally appropriate learning resources and environments, but the focus of this research is the instructional designer as the agent of the design. Colloquially put, if, as has been suggested, we tend to design for ourselves, we should understand the sociocultural influences on us and how they inform our practices. We should also develop respect for, and learn from, how various global cultures address similar design problems differently. The authors report the results of a preliminary investigation held with instructional designers from ten countries to examine culturally situated values and practices of instructional design, describe the research protocol developed to expand the investigation internationally, and share emerging issues for instructional design research with international colleagues. In this chapter, the authors link their earlier work on instructional designer agency with the growing research base on instructional design for multicultural and/or international learners. This research takes the shape of user-centred design and visual design; international curriculum development, particularly in online or distance learning; and emphasis on culturally appropriate interactions. We have suggested that instructional designers’ identity, including their values and beliefs about the purpose of design, are pivotal to the design problems they choose to work on, the contexts in which they choose to practice, and with whom. Our interest in the culture of design, then, is less process-based (how to do it) than interrogative (why we do it the way we do). And that has led us to ask, “Is there one culture of instructional design, or are there many, and how are these cultures embodied in instructional designers’ practice?” The idea of design culture is well established. Most notably, investigations of professional culture have attracted significant attention (Boling, 2006; Hill, J., et. al., 2005; Snelbecker, 1999). These investigations have concentrated on how different professions, such as architecture, drama, engineering and fine art approach design differently, with the goal of informing the practice of design in instructional design (ID). The decision-making processes of design professionals have also been illuminated by scholars like Donald Schon (1983) who described knowing-in-action and suggested the link between experience, (sociocultural) context, and intuition with design made visible through reflective practice.
Technology Cultures
Authors: Mannonen Petri
Published: September 2010

The world in which we live is filled with technologies and user interfaces. The complex and continually changing technical environment has set the scene for situations where people have different interpretations for and relationships with different technologies. The communication and information-sharing possibilities enabled by modern information and communication technologies (ICT) have made it possible to share experiences and interpretations about new technologies. As a result, the understanding and know-how of technologies do not seem to follow national or other traditional cultural boundaries. Instead, new groupings and boundaries have emerged relating to technological understanding. These technology cultures are an important factor when usability, acceptance and even utility of new technologies are considered. Thus, there is a need to develop better understanding of technology cultures and take them into account during information system design and development. The chapter aims to develop and define the technology cultures concept and provide guidance on utilizing it during new product and service development.
An Epistemological Gap in Simulation Technologies and the Science of Society
Authors: Neumann Martin
Published: September 2010

This chapter addresses methodological issues in relation to simulation technologies, using the example of archaeological modeling. While the top-down architecture of system dynamics became popular in the 1970s, the bottom-up approach of agent-based modeling actually predominates in social simulation. This paper demonstrates that the gap in sociological theory between interactionalist and structuralist theories can be discerned in the methodological framework. The theoretical implications associated with the choice of a simulation methodology are examined by contrasting agent-based and equation-based models in detail. This example makes evident how intimately issues of methodology are interwoven with epistemological and ontological questions. However, agent-based modeling aims precisely to overcome this dichotomy with the notion of emergence. The chapter therefore concludes with an overview of requirements for a technology of emergence.
A Language Shift Simulation Based on Cellular Automata
Authors: Beltran Francesc S. , Herrando Salvador , Estreder Violant , Ferreres Doris , Adell Marc-Antoni , Ruiz-Soler Marcos
Published: September 2010

Language extinction is a widespread social phenomenon affecting several million people throughout the world today. By the end of this century, more than 5100 of the approximately 6000 languages currently spoken around the world will have disappeared. This is mainly because of language shifts, i.e., because a community of speakers stops using their traditional language and speaks a new one in all communication settings. In this study, the authors present the properties of a cellular automaton that incorporates some assumptions from the Gaelic-Arvanitika model of language shifts and the findings on the dynamics of social impacts in the field of social psychology. To assess the cellular automaton, the authors incorporate empirical data from Valencia (a region in Southern Europe), where Catalan speakers are tending to shift towards using Spanish. Running the automaton under different scenarios, the survival or extinction of Catalan in Valencia depends on individuals’ engagement with their language. The authors discuss how a cellular automata theory approach proves to be a useful tool for understanding the language shift.
Discrete Event Modeling and Simulation of the Mythical Thought Morphodynamics Involved in Claude Levi Strauss Structural Analysis
Authors: Santucci Jean-François , De Gentili Emmanuelle , Thury-Bouvet Ghjasippina
Published: September 2010

In this chapter the authors present an exploration into the potential benefits of deploying structuralism analysis in the framework of human and social sciences using computer science modeling and simulation concepts and tools. They describe in detail in this chapter object oriented modeling and simulation software allowing the analysis of folktales. This software is based on the DEVS (Discrete Event System specification) formalism in order to both propose the modeling of a given myth issued from the oral literature of a given culture and the simulation of the corresponding myth transformations as described by Claude Levi Strauss when he dealt with mythical thought. The resulting software has been realized using the PythonDEVS kernel. The validation of the implemented software is performed on a set of folktales issued from corsican mythology and a set of myths from South and North America taken from Claude Levi Strauss’s Mythologiques book series.
Structuring the Cultural Domain with an Upper Ontology of Culture
Authors: Blanchard Emmanuel G. , Mizoguchi Riichiro , Lajoie Susanne P.
Published: September 2010

Study of cultural similarities and differences is an important research topic for many disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, museology, communication, management and business. This presents many potential opportunities for Information Technology specialists to develop culturally-aware technology, but it also raises the risk of inconsistent approaches of the cultural domain. In this chapter, the authors present the fundamental concepts of the Upper Ontology of Culture (UOC), a formal conceptualization of the cultural domain they developed by identifying the common backbone of culture-related disciplines and activities. As a neutral, theory-driven, and interdisciplinary conceptualization, the UOC shall provide guidelines for the development of culturally-aware applications, for the consistent computerization of cultural data and their interoperability, as well as for the development of culture-driven automatic reasoning processes.
Implicit Culture Framework for Behavior Transfer
Authors: Birukou Aliaksandr , Blanzieri Enrico , Giorgini Paolo
Published: September 2010

People belong to different communities: business communities, Web 2.0 communities, just to name a few. In this chapter the authors show that experience acquired by people in communities constitute community culture. The authors introduce the problem of culture transfer between or within communities and propose a domain-independent approach for transferring community culture. First, the authors formalize the notion of culture, which includes behavior, knowledge, artifacts, best practices, etc. Second, using this formalism, the authors propose the Implicit Culture Framework, which is an agent-based framework for transferring behavior between community members or between communities. Finally, the authors present and evaluate a system for web service discovery developed using the Implicit Culture Framework.
Modeling a User’s Culture
Authors: Reinecke Katharina , Bernstein Abraham , Schenkel Sonja
Published: September 2010

Localizing user interfaces has been proven beneficial for both user satisfaction and work efficiency; however, current localization methods disregard the many facets in the cultural background of today‘s typical user by simply adapting to a certain country. The chapter proposes a new approach to localization by modeling the user’s culture according to its understanding in cultural anthropology. Contrasting this view with cultural influences on user interface perception and preferences, the authors obtain an intersection of aspects that need to be included in a cultural user model, and deduce which user interface aspects have to be adaptable. With this, the chapter turns towards the application of their approach with the help of adaptive user interfaces, which allow the flexible composition of different user interface elements. The authors describe one possibility for implementing such culturally adaptive systems, and exemplify the design of different gradations of user interface aspects with the help of their MOCCA system.
A Framework for Thinking about the Maturity of Cultural Usability
Authors: Clemmensen Torkil
Published: September 2010

Interaction design and usability have become important contributors to economic and cultural development in emergent economies in today’s global distribution of the use and production of IT, but research and practice that incorporate cultural and non-western perspectives on software and interactive products are still in their infancy. This chapter presents theory of cultural cognitive styles and standard usability, and a framework for thinking about the maturity of cultural usability. The framework has five levels. Level I concerns the localization of the user interface, Level II focuses on the localization of the usability evaluation methods, Level III emerges with new user groups, Level IV concerns historical changes in the concept of usability itself, and Level V deals with managing a complexity of user groups. The chapter uses recent empirical results from studies of culture and usability to illustrate the need for the framework for thinking about the maturity of cultural usability.
Culturally Appropriate Web User Interface Design Study
Authors: Kondratova Irina , Goldfarb Ilia
Published: September 2010

A number of research studies support the importance of culturally appropriate design for e-business, e-commerce and advanced learning applications. This is not surprising, considering influence of user interface design on usability, accessibility and acceptability of software. To identify cultural preferences in visual interface design, the authors conducted research studying culture-specific web interface design elements for a large number of countries all over the globe. This chapter reports on study methodology and results, focusing mostly on the global colors study. The authors explain the approach and research methodology they utilized to conduct the automated “cultural audit” for identification of culture-relevant design and color preferences in web interface design. Research methodology for a manual “cultural audit” is also discussed. The authors present the overall findings of their study, and conclude with observations on the usefulness of their research approach, the applicability of cultural analysis tools the authors developed and future research in culturally appropriate user interfaces.
Issues for Australian Indigenous Culture Online
Authors: Kutay Cat
Published: September 2010

Information Technology is the most versatile technology yet developed. By enabling the components to be altered using a language emulating the spoken tongue, we have a technology that can readily be adapted to new situations. This flexibility is exemplified by the resources provided by the open source community which covers a wide range of applications including communication protocols, file conversions and web services. However the designers of this technology are still located in a cultural milieu which may not accommodate the needs of all users. This chapter looks at how innovative technology and software can meet the needs of some of the most dispossessed people through supporting Indigenous knowledge sharing. In designing Appropriate Technology, engineers consider the technical, environmental, social and economic aspects affecting uptake, as well as cultural suitability. Using this approach, the author considers IT uptake in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities across Australia.
Politeness and Etiquette Modeling
Authors: Miller Christopher A. , Ott Tammy , Wu Peggy , Vakili Vanessa
Published: September 2010

If culture is expressed in the patterns of behavior, values and expectations of a group, then a central element in the practical modeling and understanding of culture is the expression of politeness and its roles in governing and influencing behavior. The authors have been developing computational models of “politeness” and its role in power and familiarity relationships, urgency, indebtedness, etc. Such a model, insofar as it extends to human-machine interactions, will enable better and more effective decision aids. This model, based on a universal theory of human politeness, links aspects of social context (power and familiarity relationships, imposition, character), which have culture-specific values, to produce expectations about the use of polite, redressive behaviors (also culturally defined). The authors have linked this “politeness perception” model to a coarse model of decision making and behavior in order to predict influences of politeness on behavior and attitudes. This chapter describes the algorithm along with results from multiple validation experiments: two addressing the model’s ability to predict perceived politeness and two predicting the impact of perceived politeness on compliance behaviors in response to directives. The authors conclude that their model tracks well with subjective perceptions of American cultural politeness and that its predictions broadly anticipate and explain situations in which perceived politeness in a directive yields improved affect, trust, perceived competence, subjective workload, and compliance, though somewhat decreased reaction time. The model proves better at accounting for the effects of social distance than for power differences.
OSIRIS
Authors: Trichet Francky , Aimé Xavier , Thovex Christophe
Published: September 2010

OSIRIS (Ontology-based Systems for Semantic Information Retrieval and Indexation dedicated to community and open web Spaces) is a platform dedicated to the development of community web spaces which aim at facilitating both semantic annotating process and searching process of multimedia resources. Based on the use of both heavyweight ontologies and thesauri, OSIRIS allows the end-user (1) to describe the semantic content of its resources by using an intuitive natural-language based model of annotation which is founded on the triple (Subject, Verb, Object), and (2) to formally represent these annotations by using Conceptual Graphs. Each resource can be described by adopting multiple points of view, which are usually provided by different end-users. These different points of view can be defined by using multiple ontologies which can be related to connected (or not-connected) domains. Developed from the integration of Semantic Web technologies and Web 2.0 technologies, OSIRIS aims at facilitating the deployment of semantic, collaborative, community and open web spaces. The use of OSIRIS is illustrated in the context of a project dedicated to the preservation of French popular and cultural heritage.
An Innovative Architecture of a System for Storing and Managing Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: D’Andrea Alessia , D’Ulizia Arianna , Ferri Fernando , Grifoni Patrizia
Published: September 2010

In this chapter an innovative architecture of a system for the collection, preservation, management and access of intangible cultural heritage is proposed. It allows local or national cultural heritage organizations and local community members to acquire and manage intangible cultural contents and to admit access for potential users to these contents through mobile devices and intelligent interfaces.
Digitizing Our Common Memory
Authors: Bond Helen
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the use of digital repositories, libraries, and archives that serve as the collective memory of humanity. American Memory, Global Gateway, Memory of the World and the World Digital Library are discussed as technological sources for cultural and global learning as well as contributing to the perseveration and transmission of cultural heritage. The focus of the study is to demonstrate how these technological marvels can be utilized by educators to prepare learners for a global, diverse, and technological world. Despite problems with memory, access, and engagement, these digital repositories can be effectively used in the classroom if these underlying issues are dealt with. The chapter will also share data from a pilot study that sheds light on how American Memory, Global Gateway, Memory of the World and their underlying issues are dealt with in actual practice and implementation
Culturally Aware Mathematics Education Technology
Authors: Melis Erica , Goguadze Giorgi , Libbrecht Paul , Ullrich Carsten
Published: September 2010

Education and learning take place in a situation that is heavily influenced by the culture. The learners’ cultural context affects cognitive processes in learning. Hence, to improve the conditions for learning, e-learning environments and their contents have to interact with the learner in a culturally appropriate way. Therefore, an e-learning system intended for cross-cultural usage has to adapt to the students’ diverse cultural background. For the enculturation of the European platform for mathematics learning, ActiveMath, a number of dimensions are adapted culturally. These are: presentation of system and learning material, terminology, selection and sequencing of learning objects, interaction, and learning scenarios. This chapter describes ActiveMath’ enculturation: computational model, computational techniques, and the empirical basis for the cultural adaptation.
Standardization of Assay Procedures for Analysis of the CSF Biomarkers Amyloidβ(1-42), Tau, and Phosphorylated Tau in Alzheimer's Disease: Report of an International Workshop
Authors: Teunissen Charlotte E. , Verwey Niek A. , Kester Maartje I. , van Uffelen Kees , Blankenstein Marinus A.
Published: September 2010

Large variation in assay performance and outcomes of CSF Aβ1-42, total Tau (Tau), and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) (at amino acid 181) levels is observed between laboratories. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in assay procedures between several experienced international laboratories, as potential sources of error. 14 groups performed the Aβ42, Tau, and pTau assays according to the guidelines of the manufacturer. Differences in analytical procedures between the laboratories were monitored. At least 23 items in assay procedures were identified that varied between the laboratories, including procedures for washing, pipetting, incubation, finishing, and sample handing. In general, the inter- and intra-assay variation between the groups was generally below 10% for all three assays. We concluded that 17 international centers that use the same assays for Aβ42, Tau and pTau on a regular basis do not uniformly adhere to the procedures recommended by the manufacturer. For harmonization of intercenter results of these biomarkers standardization of protocols is highly needed.
BRCA1 Forms a Functional Complex with γ‐H2AX as a Late Response to Genotoxic Stress
Authors: Krum Susan A. , Dalugdugan Esther de la Rosa , Miranda-Carboni Gustavo A. , Lane Timothy F.
Published: September 2010

Following genotoxic stress, the histone H2AX becomes phosphorylated at serine 139 by the ATM/ATR family of kinases. The tumor suppressor BRCA1, also phosphorylated by ATM/ATR kinases, is one of several proteins that colocalize with phospho‐H2AX (γ‐H2AX) at sites of active DNA repair. Both the precise mechanism and the purpose of BRCA1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage are unknown. Here we show that BRCA1 and γ‐H2AX form an acid‐stable biochemical complex on chromatin after DNA damage. Maximal association of BRCA1 with γ‐H2AX correlates with reduced global γ‐H2AX levels on chromatin late in the repair process. Since BRCA1 is known to have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro, we examined H2AX for evidence of ubiquitination. We found that H2AX is ubiquitinated at lysines 119 and 119 in vivo and that blockage of 26S proteasome function stabilizes γ‐H2AX levels within cells. When BRCA1 levels were reduced, ubiquitination of H2AX was also reduced, and the cells retained higher levels of phosphorylated H2AX. These results indicate that BRCA1 is recruited into stable complexes with γ‐H2AX and that the complex is involved in attenuation of the γ‐H2AX repair signal after DNA damage.
Prevalence and Distribution of High-Risk Genotypes of HPV in Women with Severe Cervical Lesions in Madrid, Spain: Importance of Detecting Genotype 16 and Other High-Risk Genotypes
Authors: Mateos Lindemann Maria Luisa , Sánchez Calvo Juan Manuel , Chacón de Antonio Jesús , Sanz Itziar , Diaz Esperanza , Rubio Maria Dolores , de la Morena Maria Luisa
Published: September 2010

Background. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been demonstrated to be the necessary causal factor for developing cervical cancer. To know the most prevalent HR-HPV in different geographical areas is important to design diagnostic tests and implementation of vaccines.Objectives. The goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HR-HPV in a total of 1001 patients, 198 with normal cytology results, 498 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 205 with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) who attended our gynaecology department for opportunistic screening of HPV infection.Study design. Cervical samples were taken in a PreservCyt vial (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA). Hybrid capture assay was carried out following the manufacturer's instructions (Digene Corp., Gaithersburg, MD). All samples were further studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).Results. Genotype 16 was the most prevalent HR-HPV in the three groups, 17.8% in the patients with normal cytology results, 22.3% in the LSIL group, and 60% in the HSIL group. Genotype 18 had a very low prevalence in all groups. Other HR-HPV genotypes such as genotype 31, genotype 58 and genotype 52 were found in significant numbers in HSIL patients.Discussion. Our data show that genotypes 16, 31, 58, and 52 are the most prevalent HR-HPV in cervical samples with severe intraepithelial lesion in Spain. There may be some geographical variation in prevalence of carcinogenic types, and it must be considered for designing diagnostic tests and vaccine.
Hoofstuk 4 - Interne spanning en stryd 1941−1953
Authors: Oberholzer J.P.
Published: September 2010

Rondom die opvolging van J.H.J.A. Greyvenstein ontstaan ernstige verskil. Pogings om hom te kontinueer na bereiking van die aftree-leeftyd, slaag nie. Die benoeming van ‘n opvolger in die persoon van A.S. Geyser geskied onder spanningsvolle omstandighede. Pogings om doktor W. Nicol, moderator van die Nederduitsch Hervormende of Gereformeerde Kerk, as rektor te benoem, word uit die Hervormde Kerk teengestaan en uiteindelik deur die Minister van Onderwys geveto. ‘n Vyfde leerstoel word in die Fakulteit Teologie gevestig, naamlik Dogmatiek en Christelike Etiek. Professor B.J. Engelbrecht word in die leerstoel benoem.
Hoofstuk 8 - Groei, vooruitskouing, terugskouing 1981–1987
Authors: Oberholzer J.P.
Published: September 2010

Uitbreiding van die personeel deur die toevoeging van mede-professore, vestiging van die Departement Bybelkunde, verskyning van die Nuwe Bybelvertaling waarin die Fakulteit ‘n belangrike bydrae gemaak het, Kerk en Wêreld 2000. Die Witfontein fees.
Investigation of the correlation between odd oxygen and secondary organic aerosol in Mexico City and Houston
Authors: Wood E. C. , Canagaratna M. R. , Herndon S. C. , Onasch T. B. , Kolb C. E. , Worsnop D. R. , Kroll J. H. , Knighton W. B. , Seila R. , Zavala M. , Molina L. T. , DeCarlo P. F. , Jimenez J. L. , Weinheimer A. J. , Knapp D. J. , Jobson B. T. , Stutz J. , Kuster W. C. , Williams E. J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Many recent models underpredict secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particulate matter (PM) concentrations in polluted regions, indicating serious deficiencies in the models' chemical mechanisms and/or missing SOA precursors. Since tropospheric photochemical ozone production is much better understood, we investigate the correlation of odd-oxygen ([Ox]≡[O3]+[NO2]) and the oxygenated component of organic aerosol (OOA), which is interpreted as a surrogate for SOA. OOA and Ox measured in Mexico City in 2006 and Houston in 2000 were well correlated in air masses where both species were formed on similar timescales (less than 8 h) and not well correlated when their formation timescales or location differed greatly. When correlated, the ratio of these two species ranged from 30 μg m−3/ppm (STP) in Houston during time periods affected by large petrochemical plant emissions to as high as 160 μg m−3/ppm in Mexico City, where typical values were near 120 μg m−3/ppm. On several days in Mexico City, the [OOA]/[Ox] ratio decreased by a factor of ~2 between 08:00 and 13:00 local time. This decrease is only partially attributable to evaporation of the least oxidized and most volatile components of OOA; differences in the diurnal emission trends and timescales for photochemical processing of SOA precursors compared to ozone precursors also likely contribute to the observed decrease. The extent of OOA oxidation increased with photochemical aging. Calculations of the ratio of the SOA formation rate to the Ox production rate using ambient VOC measurements and traditional laboratory SOA yields are lower than the observed [OOA]/[Ox] ratios by factors of 5 to 15, consistent with several other models' underestimates of SOA. Calculations of this ratio using emission factors for organic compounds from gasoline and diesel exhaust do not reproduce the observed ratio. Although not succesful in reproducing the atmospheric observations presented, modeling P(SOA)/P(Ox) can serve as a useful test of photochemical models using improved formulation mechanisms for SOA.
A global survey of aerosol-liquid water cloud overlap based on four years of CALIPSO-CALIOP data
Authors: Devasthale A. , Thomas M. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The presence of aerosols over highly reflective liquid water cloud tops poses a big challenge in simulating their radiative impacts. Particularly, absorbing aerosols, such as smoke, may have significant impact in such situations and even change the sign of net radiative forcing. Until now, it was not possible to obtain information on such overlap events realistically from the existing passive satellite sensors. However, the CALIOP instrument onboard NASA's CALIPSO satellite allows us to examine these events with an unprecedented accuracy. Using four years of collocated CALIPSO 5 km Aerosol and Cloud Layer Version 3 Products (June 2006–May 2010), we quantify, for the first time, the macrophysical characteristics of overlapping aerosol and water cloud layers globally. We investigate seasonal variability in these characteristics over six latitude bands to understand the hemispheric differences. We compute a) the percentage cases when such overlap is seen globally and seasonally when all aerosol types are included (AAO case) in the analysis, b) the joint histograms of aerosol layer base height and cloud layer top height, and c) the joint histograms of aerosol and cloud geometrical thicknesses in such overlap cases. We also investigate frequency of smoke aerosol-cloud overlap (SAO case). The results show a distinct seasonality in overlap frequency in both AAO and SAO cases. Globally, the frequency is highest during JJA months in AAO case, while for the SAO case, it is highest in SON months. The seasonal mean overlap frequency can regionally exceed 20% in AAO case and 10% in SAO case. There is a tendency that the vertical separation between aerosol and cloud layers increases from high to low latitude regions in the both hemispheres. In about 5–10% cases the vertical distance between aerosol and cloud layers is less than 100 m, while about in 45–60% cases it less than a kilometer in the annual means for different latitudinal bands. The frequency of occurrence of thicker aerosol layers gradually increases from poles to tropics. In about 70–80% cases, aerosol layers are less than a kilometer thick, while in about 18–22% cases they are 1–2 km thick. The frequency of aerosol layers 2–3 km thick is about 4–5% in the tropical belts during overlap events. The results further highlight spatial and temporal variations in aerosol-liquid water cloud overlap and suggest that the frequency of occurrence of such overlap events is far from being negligible globally.
Climate change in a Point-Over-Threshold model: an example on ocean-wave-storm hazard in NE Spain
Authors: Tolosana-Delgado R. , Ortego M. I. , Egozcue J. J. , Sánchez-Arcilla A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A reparametrization of the Generalized Pareto Distribution is here proposed. It is suitable to parsimoniously check trend assumptions within a Point-Over-Threshold model of hazardous events. This is based on considerations about the scale of both the excesses of the event magnitudes and the distribution parameters. The usefulness of this approach is illustrated with a data set from two buoys, where hypotheses about the homogeneity of climate conditions and lack of trends are assessed.
A data delivery system for IMOS, the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System
Authors: Proctor R. , Roberts K. , Ward B. J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS, www.imos.org.au), an AUD $150 m 7-year project (2007–2013), is a distributed set of equipment and data-information services which, among many applications, collectively contribute to meeting the needs of marine climate research in Australia. The observing system provides data in the open oceans around Australia out to a few thousand kilometres as well as the coastal oceans through 11 facilities which effectively observe and measure the 4-dimensional ocean variability, and the physical and biological response of coastal and shelf seas around Australia. Through a national science rationale IMOS is organized as five regional nodes (Western Australia – WAIMOS, South Australian – SAIMOS, Tasmania – TASIMOS, New SouthWales – NSWIMOS and Queensland – QIMOS) surrounded by an oceanic node (Blue Water and Climate). Operationally IMOS is organized as 11 facilities (Argo Australia, Ships of Opportunity, Southern Ocean Automated Time Series Observations, Australian National Facility for Ocean Gliders, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Facility, Australian National Mooring Network, Australian Coastal Ocean Radar Network, Australian Acoustic Tagging and Monitoring System, Facility for Automated Intelligent Monitoring of Marine Systems, eMarine Information Infrastructure and Satellite Remote Sensing) delivering data. IMOS data is freely available to the public. The data, a combination of near real-time and delayed mode, are made available to researchers through the electronic Marine Information Infrastructure (eMII). eMII utilises the Australian Academic Research Network (AARNET) to support a distributed database on OPeNDAP/THREDDS servers hosted by regional computing centres. IMOS instruments are described through the OGC Specification SensorML and where-ever possible data is in CF compliant netCDF format. Metadata, conforming to standard ISO 19115, is automatically harvested from the netCDF files and the metadata records catalogued in the OGC GeoNetwork Metadata Entry and Search Tool (MEST). Data discovery, access and download occur via web services through the IMOS Ocean Portal (http://imos.aodn.org.au) and tools for the display and integration of near real-time data are in development.
CDI/THREDDS interoperability in the SeaDataNet framework
Authors: Nativi S. , Mazzetti P. , Santoro M. , Boldrini E. , Manzella G. M. R. , Schaap D. M. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. SeaDataNet is an EU funded project aiming to create and operate a pan-European, marine data infrastructure for managing the large and diverse datasets (i.e. temperature, salinity current, sea level, chemical, physical and biological properties) collected by the oceanographic fleets and the new automatic observation systems. In order to make the SeaDataNet system compliant with the INSPIRE Implementing Rules for discovery service, an ISO 19139 encoding of the SeaDataNet Common Data Index (CDI) metadata model was defined. Moreover, the problem of heterogeneous data sources has been addressed. In fact, a widely used system of SeaDataNet partners and oceanographic-marine community is THREDDS/OPeNDAP; this raises up the problem of federating into SeaDataNet framework THREDDS/OPeNDAP systems as well. In this paper we describe an interoperability framework to access resources (i.e. data and services) that are available through CDI and THREDDS/OPeNDAP services. The proposed solution implements a common catalog interface to discover and access the two heterogeneous resources in a common way. This catalog service is fully distributed and implements international standards as far as geospatial information discovery and query are concerned. The developed solution is called GI-cat and was experimented in the framework of the SeaDataNet European project.
A data-model fusion approach for upscaling gross ecosystem productivity to the landscape scale based on remote sensing and flux footprint modelling
Authors: Chen B. , Ge Q. , Fu D. , Yu G. , Sun X. , Wang S. , Wang H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. In order to use the global available eddy-covariance (EC) flux dataset and remote-sensing measurements to provide estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) at landscape (101–102 km2), regional (103–106 km2) and global land surface scales, we developed a satellite-based GPP algorithm using LANDSAT data and an upscaling framework. The satellite-based GPP algorithm uses two improved vegetation indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index – EVI, Land Surface Water Index – LSWI). The upscalling framework involves flux footprint climatology modelling and data-model fusion. This approach was first applied to an evergreen coniferous stand in the subtropical monsoon climatic zone of south China. The EC measurements at Qian Yan Zhou tower site (26°44´48" N, 115°04´13" E), which belongs to the China flux network and the LANDSAT and MODIS imagery data for this region in 2004 were used in this study. A consecutive series of LANDSAT-like images of the surface reflectance at an 8-day interval were predicted by blending the LANDSAT and MODIS images using an existing algorithm (ESTARFM: Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model). The seasonal dynamics of GPP were then predicted by the satellite-based algorithm. MODIS products explained 60% of observed variations of GPP and underestimated the measured annual GPP (= 1879 g C m−2) by 25–30%; while the satellite-based algorithm with default static parameters explained 88% of observed variations of GPP but overestimated GPP during the growing seasonal by about 20–25%. The optimization of the satellite-based algorithm using a data-model fusion technique with the assistance of EC flux tower footprint modelling reduced the biases in daily GPP estimations from about 2.24 g C m−2 day−1 (non-optimized, ~43.5% of mean measured daily value) to 1.18 g C m−2 day−1 (optimized, ~22.9% of mean measured daily value). The remotely sensed GPP using the optimized algorithm can explain 92% of the seasonal variations of EC observed GPP. These results demonstrated the potential combination of the satellite-based algorithm, flux footprint modelling and data-model fusion for improving the accuracy of landscape/regional GPP estimation, a key component for the study of the carbon cycle.
Deep ocean ventilation, carbon isotopes, marine sedimentation and the deglacial CO2 rise
Authors: Tschumi T. , Joos F. , Gehlen M. , Heinze C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The link between the atmospheric CO2 level and the ventilation state of the deep ocean is an important building block of the key hypotheses put forth to explain glacial-interglacial CO2 fluctuations. In this study, we systematically examine the sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 and its carbon isotope composition to changes in deep ocean ventilation, the ocean carbon pumps, and sediment formation in a global three-dimensional ocean-sediment carbon cycle model. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that a break up of Southern Ocean stratification and invigorated deep ocean ventilation were the dominant drivers for the early deglacial CO2 rise of ~35 ppm between the Last Glacial Maximum and 14.6 ka BP. Another rise of 10 ppm until the end of the Holocene is attributed to carbonate compensation responding to the early deglacial change in ocean circulation. Our reasoning is based on a multi-proxy analysis which indicates that an acceleration of deep ocean ventilation during the early deglaciation is not only consistent with recorded atmospheric CO2 but also with the reconstructed opal sedimentation peak in the Southern Ocean at around 16 ka BP, the record of atmospheric δ13CCO2, and the reconstructed changes in the Pacific CaCO3 saturation horizon.
Monitoring water distribution systems: understanding and managing sensor networks
Authors: Ediriweera D. D. , Marshall I. W.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Sensor networks are currently being trialed by the water distribution industry for monitoring complex distribution infrastructure. The paper presents an investigation in to the architecture and performance of a sensor system deployed for monitoring such a distribution network. The study reveals lapses in systems design and management, resulting in a fifth of the data being either missing or erroneous. Findings identify the importance of undertaking in-depth consideration of all aspects of a large sensor system with access to either expertise on every detail, or to reference manuals capable of transferring the knowledge to non-specialists. First steps towards defining a set of such guidelines are presented here, with supporting evidence.