bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double white dwarf binary population in MOCCA star clusters
Authors: Hellström L. , Giersz M. , Hypki A , Belloni D. , Askar A. , Wiktorowicz G.
Published: August 2024

There could be a significant population of double white dwarf binaries (DWDs) inside globular clusters (GCs); however, these binaries are often too faint to be individually observed. We have utilized a large number GC models evolved with the Monte Carlo Cluster Simulator (MOCCA) code to create a large statistical dataset of DWDs. These models include multiple-stellar populations, resulting in two distinct initial populations: one dense and the other less dense. Due to the lower density of one population, a large number of objects escape during the early GC evolution, leading to a high mass-loss rate. In this dataset we have analyzed three main groups of DWDs, namely in-cluster binaries, escaped binaries, and binaries formed from the isolated evolution of primordial binaries. We compared the properties of these groups to observations of close and wide binaries. We find that the number of escaping DWDs is significantly larger than the number of in-cluster binaries and those that form via the isolated evolution of all primordial binaries in our GC models. This suggests that dynamics play an important role in the formation of DWDs. For close binaries, we found a good agreement in the separations of escaped binaries and isolated binaries, but in-cluster binaries showed slight differences. We could not reproduce the observed extremely low mass WDs due to the limitations of our stellar and binary evolution prescriptions. For wide binaries, we also found a good agreement in the separations and masses, after accounting for observational selection effects. Even though the current observational samples of DWDs are extremely biased and incomplete, we conclude that our results compare reasonably well with observations.
Spectral cleaving in solar type II radio bursts: Observations and interpretation
Authors: Koval Artem , Karlický Marian , Brazhenko Anatolii , Stanislavsky Aleksander , Frantsuzenko Anatolii , Vandas Marek , Konovalenko Aleksander , Bárta Miroslav , Bubnov Ihor , Miteva Rositsa , Yerin Serge
Published: August 2024

Context. Shock waves in the solar corona are associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Type II solar bursts are radio signatures of shock waves in the solar corona. They are driven by solar flares or CMEs. Despite extensive studies, the intricate spectral patterns observed in type II solar bursts occasionally pose new challenges for the theory of electron acceleration in shocks.

Aims. We study a newly identified feature in type II solar bursts called spectral cleaving. This feature is characterized by the actual branching of a type II radio emission lane in radio spectral data.

Methods. We analyzed the type II burst exhibiting spectral cleaving in high-fidelity dynamic spectra obtained using the URAN-2 radio telescope (8.25–33 MHz; Poltava region, Ukraine) on 2011 February 14. The high-resolution spectrograms were examined to ascertain its spectral morphology.

Results. Our research represents the first recognition of spectral cleaving as a peculiarity of type II bursts that is yet to be classified. This effect occurs due to the shift (or migration) of radio source(s) along a shock front, which in turn is caused by changes in the magnetic field orientation ahead of the propagating shock front.

Conclusions. The spectral cleaving observed in solar type II bursts reveals a distinct phenomenon that indicates complex interactions between shock waves and magnetic fields in the solar corona. This discovery enhances our understanding of the mechanisms behind solar radio emissions and emphasizes the need for further observational studies to verify these findings.
Thyroid Hormone and Diabetes Mellitus Interplay: Making Management of
Comorbid Disorders Complicated
Authors: Chauhan Ayush , Patel Snehal S
Published: August 2024

Insulin and thyroid hormones play important roles in our body. Insulin helps
regulate the glucose level while the thyroid hormones affect various cells and
tissues, metabolizing protein, lipids, and glucose. Hyperthyroidism and
thyrotoxicosis are potential hazards for type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a
high prevalence of hypothyroidism being more common compared to hyperthyroidism
coexisting with diabetes mellitus. Thyroid hormones affect glucose metabolism
through its action on peripheral tissues (gastrointestinal tract, liver,
skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and pancreas). High-level thyroid hormone
causes hyperglycemia, upregulation of glucose transport, and reduction in
glycogen storage. The reverse is observed during low levels of thyroid hormone
along with insulin clearance. The net result of thyroid disorder is insulin
resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can downsize the regulation of thyroid
stimulating hormones and impair the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine
in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, poorly managed type 2 diabetes mellitus may
result in insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, contributing to the
proliferation of thyroid tissue and an increase in nodule formation and goiter
size. Although metformin proves advantageous for both type 2 diabetes mellitus
and thyroid disorder patients, other antidiabetics like sulfonylureas,
pioglitazone, and thiazolidinediones may have adverse effects on thyroid
disorders. Moreover, antithyroid drugs such as methimazole can weaken glycemic
control in individuals with diabetes. Thus, an interplay between both
endocrinopathies is observed and individualized care and management of the
disorder needs to be facilitated.
The Influence of Adolescent Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Density
among Adult Runners
Authors: Ikegami Nodoka , Hatsukari Akiko , Kamikubo Toshinao , Yamamoto Ryota , Tsutsui Toshiharu , Torii Suguru
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to determine the influence of sport type and training volume
during adolescence on low bone mineral density (BMD) in long-distance runners.
In total, 125 competitive long-distance runners (64 males; 21.3±4.2 years, 61
females; 21.4±3.1 years) participated in this retrospective cohort study. We
collected training history data during adolescence using a questionnaire and
measured BMD of the lumbar spine and whole body using dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry (DXA). Male runners with low BMD ran for more hours (p=0.02) and
had a smaller proportion of multidirectional loading activity (p=0.03) in
elementary school than those with normal BMD. Although female runners with low
BMD performed multidirectional activity for more hours in middle school than
those with normal BMD (p=0.01), running volume was similar between groups. There
was an increasing trend in the total number of hours of physical activity in
middle school in female runners with low BMD (p=0.05). These results suggest
that avoiding specialization in long-distance running, increasing the proportion
of multidirectional sports, and preventing overload during the bone growth phase
may reduce the risk of low BMD among runners.
Recent Trends in Triarylborane Chemistry: Diversification of Structures and Reactivity via meta-Substitution of the Aryl Groups
Authors: Hoshimoto Yoichi , Sakuraba Mahiro
Published: August 2024

This Short Review summarizes the synthesis and applications of triarylboranes (BAr3), including both homoleptic and heteroleptic species, with a focus on the modification of their electronic and structural properties via the introduction of meta-substituents with respect to the B atoms to their Ar groups. This approach constitutes a complementary alternative to conventional strategies for the design of BAr3, which are usually based on a modification of their ortho- and/or para-substituents. An initial analysis revealed that CH3 and F are the most common meta-substituents in hitherto reported BAr3 (apart from the H atom). Thus, an extensive exploration of other substituents, e.g., heavier halogens, longer or functionalized alkyl groups, and aryl groups, will increase our knowledge of the structure and reactivity of BAr3 and eventually lead to a range of new applications.

1 Introduction

2 Scope of this Review

2.1 The Electronic and Steric Influence of meta-Substituents

2.2 Molecular Transformations Mediated by meta-Substituted Boranes

2.3 Other Examples of meta-Functionalization of BAr3

3 Conclusions and Perspectives
Genicular Artery Embolization: Embolic Material and Imaging Review
Authors: Rouzbahani Maedeh , Husnain Ali , Badar Wali , Ahmed Osman
Published: August 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative condition impacting numerous individuals globally. Genicular artery embolization (GAE) has emerged as an effective minimally invasive therapy for managing medically refractory OA-related pain in patients who are not eligible for surgery. This intervention works by disrupting the inflammatory and neoangiogenic pathways that contribute to pain. The efficacy of GAE has been demonstrated in various clinical trials, yielding promising results. This review aims to explore recent advancements in the embolic materials used during GAE, examining their properties and potential benefits. Additionally, it will describe the use of pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging—particularly magnetic resonance imaging and other modalities—to optimize GAE outcomes.
Atlas for Cholangioscopy and Cholecystoscopy: A Primer for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy in the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder
Authors: Husnain Ali , Aadam Aziz , Borhani Amir , Riaz Ahsun
Published: August 2024

Percutaneous endoscopy of the biliary system (cholangioscopy) and gallbladder (cholecystoscopy) has significantly impacted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to many diseases in interventional radiology, overcoming previous challenges related to scope size and rigidity. The current endoscopes offer enhanced maneuverability within narrow tubular structures such as bile ducts. Before endoscopy, reliance on 2D imaging modalities limited real-time visualization during percutaneous procedures. Percutaneous endoscopy provides 3D perspectives, enabling a better appreciation of normal structures, targeted biopsy of lesions, and accurate deployment of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to explore percutaneous endoscopic findings across various biliary and gallbladder pathologies.
The existence and uniqueness of weak solutions for a highly nonlinear shallow-water model with Coriolis effect
Authors: Zhou Shouming , Xu Jie
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem for a highly nonlinear shallow water model arising from the full water waves with Coriolis effect. The existence of weak solutions to the equation in the lower order Sobolev space Hs(R) with 132 is established by the pseudoparabolic regularization technique.
Ultra-low density and high performance InAs quantum dot single photon emitters
Authors: Shang C. , De Gregorio M. , Buchinger Q. , Meinecke M. , Gschwandtner P. , Pfenning A. , Huber-Loyola T. , Hoefling S. , Bowers J. E.
Published: August 2024

We report the development of high quality InAs quantum dots with an ultra-low density of 2 × 107 cm−2 on (001) GaAs substrates. A significant reduction in the emission wavelength inhomogeneity has been observed. A representative dot has been characterized under cryogenic temperatures, demonstrating a close-to-ideal antibunching of both the exciton and biexciton emissions with a fitted g(2)(0) = 0.008 and 0.059, respectively.
Can China's energy quota trading impact the market performance and policy effects of carbon emissions trading?
Authors: Haowei Chen , Xin-gang Zhao , Shuran Hu , Xi Xu
Published: August 2024

With the gradual shift from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions, energy quota trading (EQT) and carbon emissions trading (CET) policies will be implemented in parallel in China. EQT policy will significantly affect the market performance and policy effects of CET, which consequently affects the dual control of carbon emissions. Therefore, constructing a system dynamics model coupling the national CET, EQT, and electricity markets, this paper researches the impact of EQT policy and its parameter design on the market performance and policy effects of CET through scenario analysis. The results show that: (1) Implementing EQT policy will reduce CET price and trading volume, negatively affecting CET market performance. This indicates that there is a certain substitution between EQT and CET. (2) EQT policy can enhance the emission reduction and decarbonization effects of CET policy. By curbing thermal power investment and generation and promoting green power, the EQT policy reduces carbon emissions by about 4.87% and optimizes the power supply structure. (3) To scientifically design the EQT policy parameters, lower energy saving targets and energy quota benchmark prices can alleviate the negative impact on CET market performance, but are not conducive to improving CET policy effects.
Effects of GaAs buffer layer on quantum anomalous Hall insulator Vy(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3
Authors: Nakazawa Yusuke , Akiho Takafumi , Kanisawa Kiyoshi , Irie Hiroshi , Kumada Norio , Muraki Koji
Published: August 2024

We report the growth, structural characterization, and transport properties of the quantum anomalous Hall insulator Vy(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 (VBST) grown on a GaAs buffer layer by molecular beam epitaxy on a GaAs(111)A substrate. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show that the implementation of a GaAs buffer layer improves the crystal and interface quality compared to the control sample grown directly on an InP substrate. Both samples exhibit the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE), but, with similar thermal stability despite their different structural properties. Notably, the QAHE in the sample grown on a GaAs buffer layer displays a significantly larger (almost double) coercive field with a much smaller resistivity peak at magnetization reversal. Possible effects of the interface quality on the magnetic properties of VBST and the QAHE are discussed.
Force field for halide and alkali ions in water based on single-ion and ion-pair thermodynamic properties for a wide range of concentrations
Authors: Duenas-Herrera Maria , Bonthuis Douwe Jan , Loche Philip , Netz Roland R. , Scalfi Laura
Published: August 2024

A classical non-polarizable force field for the common halide (F−, Cl−, Br−, and I−) and alkali (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) ions in SPC/E water is presented. This is an extension of the force field developed by Loche et al. for Na+, K+, Cl−, and Br− (JPCB 125, 8581–8587, 2021): in the present work, we additionally optimize Lennard-Jones parameters for Li+, I−, Cs+, and F− ions. Li+ and F− are particularly challenging ions to model due to their small size. The force field is optimized with respect to experimental solvation free energies and activity coefficients, which are the necessary and sufficient quantities to accurately reproduce the electrolyte thermodynamics. Good agreement with experimental reference data is achieved for a wide range of concentrations (up to 4 mol/l). We find that standard Lorentz–Berthelot combination rules are sufficient for all ions except F−, for which modified combination rules are necessary. With the optimized parameters, we show that, although the force field is only optimized based on thermodynamic properties, structural properties are reproduced quantitatively, while ion diffusion coefficients are in qualitative agreement with experimental values.
Electron cyclotron emission calibration with Thomson scattering using a wide scan of toroidal magnetic field of KSTAR
Authors: Lee K. D. , Lee J. H. , Nam Y. U. , Pyo S.
Published: August 2024

The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) tokamak is capable of operating at a wide range of toroidal magnetic fields up to 3.5 T at the major radius. The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic on KSTAR is required to cover a broad frequency range for electron temperature profile measurements in both the low and high field sides. To meet these broadband requirements, the ECE system consists of W-band (78–110 GHz) and D-band (110–162 GHz) heterodyne radiometers. The two radiometers are connected to 28 and 48 detection channels, respectively. However, since the absolute ECE calibration based on the hot–cold calibration has been very challenging, an alternative method of calibration was performed using Thomson scattering measurements and varying toroidal magnetic fields. As the toroidal magnetic field is scanned from 1.6 to 3.2 T in steps of 0.2 T, most of the 76 ECE channels are calibrated relatively by the electron temperature values of Thomson scattering in a narrow region (0.2 < r/a <0.6). In this article, the methodological details of the ECE calibration are described. In addition, to demonstrate the robustness of the ECE calibration factors, the calibrated electron temperature profiles from ECE measurements are compared with the ion temperature profiles in terms of the plasma position as the plasma positon shifts outward.
Er:LiYF4 planar waveguide laser at 2.8 μm
Authors: Bae Ji Eun , Loiko Pavel , Normani Simone , Brasse Gurvan , Benayad Abdelmjid , Braud Alain , Camy Patrice
Published: August 2024

We report on a mid-infrared erbium planar waveguide laser operating on the 4I11/2 → 4I13/2 transition. It employs a heavily doped 10.6 at. % Er3+:LiYF4 single-crystalline layer grown by liquid-phase epitaxy. The waveguide laser delivers a maximum output power of 191 mW at ∼2809 nm with a slope efficiency of 15%, a linear polarization, and a laser threshold of 134 mW. The waveguide propagation losses are 0.4 ± 0.2 dB/cm. The polarized spectroscopic properties of the Er3+:LiYF4 layers are also investigated. The stimulated-emission cross section of Er3+ ions amounts to 0.87 × 10−20 cm2 at 2809 nm for π-polarization. Er3+:LiYF4 epitaxial layers represent a promising platform for integrated low-loss mid-infrared light sources.
Amplification of flow-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder by an oscillating minute attachment
Authors: Chen Changlong , Gao Donglai , Chen Guanbin , Chen Wen-Li , Li Hui
Published: August 2024

The presence and circumferential oscillation of rivulets can excite large-amplitude vibrations for cables. Inspired by this phenomenon, a minute attachment was employed to simulate the upper-rivulet motion and successfully excited a large-amplitude vibration for a circular cylinder in a wind tunnel. By minute attachment, we mean a stainless-steel strip exhibiting morphological and dimensional characteristics analogous to the rivulet. The role of the circumferentially oscillating minute attachment on the flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder was explored by detailed flow and structural measurements. The experimental results demonstrated that as wind velocity increased, the vibration amplitude of the model progressively increased, and the impact of the attachment on aerodynamics increased as well. It was also found that the wake behavior shifted from alternating vortex shedding to periodic “expansion–contraction” flapping in the boundary layers with increasing wind velocity. In particular, the oscillating minute attachment could control the boundary layer separation and form a “low velocity zone” on the upper surface of the model that varied with the attachment. Then, the aerodynamic lift force was synchronized with the attachment oscillation frequency, which was equal to the natural frequency of the vibrating circular cylinder. As a consequence, the vibration amplitude was rapidly developed.
A farm-level wind power probabilistic forecasting method based on wind turbines clustering and heteroscedastic model
Authors: Li Yanting , Wu Zhenyu , Wang Peng , Jiang Wenbo
Published: August 2024

Large grid-connected wind farms face challenges in predicting wind power output due to the uncertainty, volatility, and intermittency of wind. The heteroscedasticity of wind power prediction errors further complicates the reliability of forecasts. This study presents a novel approach, termed long short-term-memory-improved autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (LSTM-IARCH), which combines a long short-term-memory model with an improved autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model. We first propose a novel clustering technique to group wind turbines and develop deterministic wind power prediction models based on LSTM within each cluster. The prediction interval for wind energy is determined using the variance of the prediction error from the improved ARCH model. The performance of the approach is evaluated using real data from two wind farms and compared against various popular probabilistic prediction methods. The results of the comparison demonstrate the advantages of this method in probabilistic prediction at the wind farm level.
Overexpression of forage millet (Setaria italica) SiER genes enhances drought resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Dai Hanjing , Huang Xiaoyi , Wang Yingrun , Zhu Shoujing , Li Jieqin , Xu Zhaoshi , Zheng Jiacheng
Published: August 2024

ERECTA (ER) is a type of receptor-like kinase that contributes a crucial mission in various aspects of plant development, physiological metabolism, and abiotic stresses responses. This study aimed to explore the functional characteristics of the SiER family genes in millet (Setaria italica L.), focusing on the growth phenotype and drought resistance of Arabidopsis overexpressed SiER4_X1 and SiER1_X4 genes (SiERs). The results revealed that overexpression of SiER4_X1 and SiER1_X4 genes in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the leaf number, expanded leaf length and width, further promoted the silique number, length and diameter, and plant height and main stem thickness, ultimately leading to a substantial increase in individual plant biomass. Compared to the wild-type (WT), through simulated drought stress, the expression level of SiER genes was notably upregulated, transgenic Arabidopsis seeds exhibited stronger germination rates and root development; after experiencing drought conditions, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) increased, while the levels of malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity decreased. These results indicate that overexpression of SiERs significantly enhanced both biomass production and drought resistance in Arabidopsis. The SiER4_X1 and SiER1_X4 genes emerge as promising candidate genes for improving biomass production and drought resistance in forage plants.
The role of emerging elites in the formation and development of communities after the fall of the Roman Empire
Authors: Tian Yijie , Koncz István , Defant Sarah , Giostra Caterina , Vyas Deven N. , Sołtysiak Arkadiusz , Pejrani Baricco Luisella , Fetner Rafał , Posth Cosimo , Brandt Guido , Bedini Elena , Modi Alessandra , Lari Martina , Vai Stefania , Francalacci Paolo , Fernandes Ricardo , Steinhof Axel , Pohl Walter , Caramelli David , Krause Johannes , Izdebski Adam , Geary Patrick J. , Veeramah Krishna R.
Published: August 2024

Elites played a pivotal role in the formation of post-Roman Europe on both macro- and microlevels during the Early Medieval period. History and archaeology have long focused on their description and identification based on written sources or through their archaeological record. We provide a different perspective on this topic by integrating paleogenomic, archaeological, and isotopic data to gain insights into the role of one such elite group in a Langobard period community near Collegno, Italy dated to the 6-8th centuries CE. Our analysis of 28 newly sequenced genomes together with 24 previously published ones combined with isotope (Sr, C, N) measurements revealed that this community was established by and organized around a network of biologically and socially related individuals likely composed of multiple elite families that over time developed into a single extended pedigree. The community also included individuals with diverse genetic ancestries, maintaining its diversity by integrating newcomers and groups in later stages of its existence. This study highlights how shifts in political power and migration impacted the formation and development of a small rural community within a key region of the former Western Roman Empire after its dissolution and the emergence of a new kingdom. Furthermore, it suggests that Early Medieval elites had the capacity to incorporate individuals from varied backgrounds and that these elites were the result of (political) agency rather than belonging to biologically homogeneous groups.
Postprandial cardiac hypertrophy is sustained by mechanics, epigenetic, and metabolic reprogramming in pythons
Authors: Crocini Claudia , Woulfe Kathleen C. , Ozeroff Christopher D. , Perni Stefano , Cardiello Joseph , Walker Cierra J. , Wilson Cortney E. , Anseth Kristi , Allen Mary Ann , Leinwand Leslie A.
Published: August 2024

Constricting pythons, known for their ability to consume infrequent, massive meals, exhibit rapid and reversible cardiac hypertrophy following feeding. Our primary goal was to investigate how python hearts achieve this adaptive response after feeding. Isolated myofibrils increased force after feeding without changes in sarcomere ultrastructure and without increasing energy cost. Ca
2+
transients were prolonged after feeding with no changes in myofibril Ca
2+
sensitivity. Feeding reduced titin-based tension, resulting in decreased cardiac tissue stiffness. Feeding also reduced the activity of sirtuins, a metabolically linked class of histone deacetylases, and increased chromatin accessibility. Transcription factor enrichment analysis on transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing revealed the prominent role of transcription factors Yin Yang1 and NRF1 in postfeeding cardiac adaptation. Gene expression also changed with the enrichment of translation and metabolism. Finally, metabolomics analysis and adenosine triphosphate production demonstrated that cardiac adaptation after feeding not only increased energy demand but also energy production. These findings have broad implications for our understanding of cardiac adaptation across species and hold promise for the development of innovative approaches to address cardiovascular diseases.
Even laypeople use legalese
Authors: Martínez Eric , Mollica Francis , Gibson Edward
Published: August 2024

Whereas principles of communicative efficiency and legal doctrine dictate that laws be comprehensible to the common world, empirical evidence suggests legal documents are largely incomprehensible to lawyers and laypeople alike. Here, a corpus analysis (
n
= 59) million words) first replicated and extended prior work revealing laws to contain strikingly higher rates of complex syntactic structures relative to six baseline genres of English. Next, two preregistered text generation experiments (
n
= 286) tested two leading hypotheses regarding how these complex structures enter into legal documents in the first place. In line with the
magic spell hypothesis
, we found people tasked with writing official laws wrote in a more convoluted manner than when tasked with writing unofficial legal texts of equivalent conceptual complexity. Contrary to the copy-and-edit hypothesis, we did not find evidence that people editing a legal document wrote in a more convoluted manner than when writing the same document from scratch. From a cognitive perspective, these results suggest law to be a rare exception to the general tendency in human language toward communicative efficiency. In particular, these findings indicate law’s complexity to be derived from its performativity, whereby low-frequency structures may be inserted to signal law’s authoritative, world-state-altering nature, at the cost of increased processing demands on readers. From a law and policy perspective, these results suggest that the tension between the ubiquity and impenetrability of the law is not an inherent one, and that laws can be simplified without a loss or distortion of communicative content.
Abortive and productive infection of CNS cell types following in vivo delivery of VSV
Authors: Krause Tyler B , Cepko Constance L.
Published: August 2024

Viral infection is frequently assayed by ongoing expression of viral genes. These assays fail to identify cells that have been exposed to the virus but limit or inhibit viral replication. To address this limitation, we used a dual-labeling vesicular stomatitis virus (DL-VSV), which has a deletion of the viral glycoprotein gene, to allow evaluation of primary infection outcomes. This virus encodes Cre, which can stably mark any cell with even a minimal level of viral gene expression. Additionally, the virus encodes GFP, which distinguishes cells with higher levels of viral gene expression, typically due to genome replication. Stereotactic injections of DL-VSV into the murine brain showed that different cell types had very different responses to the virus. Almost all neurons hosted high levels of viral gene expression, while glial cells varied in their responses. Astrocytes (Sox9+) were predominantly productively infected, while oligodendrocytes (Sox10+) were largely abortively infected. Microglial cells (Iba1+) were primarily uninfected. Furthermore, we monitored the early innate immune response to viral infection and identified unique patterns of interferon (IFN) induction. Shortly after infection, microglia were the main producers of
IFNb
, whereas later, oligodendrocytes were the main producers.
IFNb
+ cells were primarily abortively infected regardless of cell type. Last, we investigated whether IFN signaling had any impact on the outcome of primary infection and did not observe significant changes, suggesting that intrinsic factors are likely responsible for determining the outcome of primary infection.
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Co-57 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 57Co to include the 2023 result of the BEV (Austria)
Authors: Coulon Romain , Michotte Carine , Courte Sammy , Nonis Manuel , Gressier Vincent , Brettner-Messler Robert , Lobner Patrick , Taschwer Isabelle Mercedes
Published: August 2024

Main text

Since 1976, 20 laboratories have submitted 59 samples of 57Co to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Co-57. Recently, the BEV (Austria) participated in the comparison. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR or linked to the SIR from the CCRI(II)-S6.Co-57 comparison have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical representation is also given.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Distribution of distance-based quantum resources outside a radiating Schwarzschild black hole
Authors: Elghaayda Samira , Zhou Xiang , Mansour Mostafa
Published: August 2024

This study aims to investigate the distribution of distance-based quantum resources for fermionic fields in curved Schwarzschild spacetime (SST), as well as for bosonic fields in both flat Minkowski and curved SSTs. To achieve this, we will examine the quantum resources between an observer falling into a Schwarzschild black hole (SBH) and their stationary partner, who shares a Gisin state. Additionally, we will explore the quantum resources that arise when two uniformly accelerated detectors interact with bosonic fields in the Minkowski vacuum. Furthermore, we will investigate the interactions between these detectors and bosonic fields in the Hartle–Hawking and Boulware vacuums outside the SBH. At an infinite Hawking temperature, the quantum resources for the fermionic fields degrade; the rate of degradation is dependent on the distance between the observer and the event horizon, the fermionic frequency mode, and the Gisin state parameters. In the case of the bosonic fields, our results show that entanglement decreases monotonically, either towards zero or a constant value. Moreover, with increasing Unruh temperature, coherence and discord undergo sudden death followed by a sudden birth, and entanglement cannot be revived for a given initial state. Based on our findings, it appears that the Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics represent the primary differences in quantum resource distribution between the fermionic and bosonic cases. These findings may be essential for enhancing our understanding of the distribution of quantum resources in relativistic frameworks.
Flow of water out of a funnel
Authors: Otto Johann , Mungan Carl E
Published: August 2024

The unsteady Bernoulli equation is used to numerically determine the surface height and velocity distribution of water flowing out of a conical tube as a function of time. The speed is found to interpolate between freefall for a cylindrical pipe of constant radius and Torricelli’s law for a funnel having a small exit hole. In addition, the applied force needed to hold the conical vessel in place is calculated using Newton’s second law including the rocket thrust due to the water flowing out of the funnel. A comparison is made with the analogous expressions for the flow through and holding force on a right cylindrical tank having a hole in its bottom face. The level of presentation is appropriate for an undergraduate calculus-based physics course in mechanics that includes a module on fluid dynamics.
High-frequency performance in nanoscale vacuum channel transistors with gate-cathode height difference
Authors: Chen Yuezhong , Zhai Xin , Lin Congyuan , Liu Ziyang , Zhang Xiaobing , Xu Ji
Published: August 2024

Nanoscale vacuum channel transistors (NVCTs) have garnered considerable interest due to their outstanding high frequency characteristics and high reliability, stemming from a distinct carrier transport mechanism compared to solid-state devices. Electrons traverse the nanoscale vacuum channel through scattering-free ballistic transport. However, existing research has predominantly focused on the structural design and optimization of NVCTs, with relatively few studies delving into their high frequency performance. Hence, alongside structural exploration and optimizing, investigating the high-frequency characteristics of NVCTs assumes particular importance. In this study, a novel NVCTs with a gate-cathode height difference structure was proposed and its electrical characteristics were simulated. Simulation results reveal that the presence of gate-cathode height difference effectively enhance the DC characteristics of NVCTs. Moreover, high frequency simulation demonstrate that the proposed device can operate frequency exceeding 1 THz. Whitin the GHz and even terahertz (THz) range, NVCTs exhibits exceptional high frequency properties, including ultrafast response times and minimal distortion. These findings not only offer insights for future structural design and optimization of NVCTs but also underscore the potential of NVCTs in radio frequency and THz applications.
Mediating coherent acoustic phonon oscillation of a 2D semiconductor/3D dielectric heterostructure by interfacial engineering
Authors: Xu Wenxiong , Hou Feiyang , Zhang He , Xia Chuansheng , Li Zhixuan , Li Yuanyuan , Xu Chunxiang , Cui Qiannan
Published: August 2024

Coherent acoustic phonon (CAP) oscillation of a 2D layered semiconductor/3D dielectric heterostructure generated by femtosecond laser pulse excitation can realize ultrafast photoacoustic conversion by emitting picosecond acoustic (PA) pulse; however, the photoacoustic conversion efficiency suffers from interfacial phonon scattering of simultaneously laser-induced lattice heat. Here, taking advantage of graphene’s high thermal conductivity and large acoustic impedance, we demonstrate that phonon scattering can be markedly mediated in a MoS2/graphene/glass heterostructure via femtosecond laser pump–probe measurements. The equilibrium temperatures of the MoS2 lattice have been cooled down by about 45%. As a benefit, both the lifetime of CAP oscillations and the pump pulse-picosecond acoustic pulse energy conversion efficiency have been enhanced by a factor of about 2. Our results offer insights into CAP and PA pulse manipulations via interfacial engineering that are fundamentally important for ultrafast photoacoustics based on 2D layered semiconductors.
Dynamic data reconciliation for enhancing the prediction performance of long short-term memory network
Authors: Zhu Wangwang , Zhu Jialiang , Yang Qinmin , Liu Yi , Zhang Zhengjiang
Published: August 2024

In modern process industries, long short-term memory (LSTM) network is widely used for data-driven modeling. Constrained by measuring instruments and environments, the measured datasets are generally with Gaussian/non-Gaussian distributed measurement noise. The noisy datasets will impact the modeling accuracy of the LSTM network and decrease the prediction performance of it. Aiming at addressing prediction performance impairment of the LSTM network under noisy datasets with Gaussian/non-Gaussian distribution, this study introduces dynamic data reconciliation (DDR) both into LSTM network training and into LSTM network test. Results show that DDR improves not only the data quality based on noisy datasets and the training outputs via the Bayesian formula in the model training step, but also the prediction performance based on offline measured information and the test outputs. The implementation scheme of DDR for Gaussian and non-Gaussian distributed noise is purposely designed. The effectiveness of DDR on the LSTM model is verified in a numerical example and a case involving a set of shared wind power datasets.
Opportunities and challenges of upright patient positioning in radiotherapy
Authors: Volz Lennart , Korte James , Martire Maria Chiara , Zhang Ye , Hardcastle Nicholas , Durante Marco , Kron Tomas , Graeff Christian
Published: August 2024

Objective. Upright positioning has seen a surge in interest as a means to reduce radiotherapy (RT) cost, improve patient comfort, and, in selected cases, benefit treatment quality. In particle therapy (PT) in particular, eliminating the need for a gantry can present massive cost and facility footprint reduction. This review discusses the opportunities of upright RT in perspective of the open challenges. Approach. The clinical, technical, and workflow challenges that come with the upright posture have been extracted from an extensive literature review, and the current state of the art was collected in a synergistic perspective from photon and particle therapy. Considerations on future developments and opportunities are provided. Main results. Modern image guidance is paramount to upright RT, but it is not clear which modalities are essential to acquire in upright posture. Using upright MRI or upright CT, anatomical differences between upright/recumbent postures have been observed for nearly all body sites. Patient alignment similar to recumbent positioning was achieved in small patient/volunteer cohorts with prototype upright positioning systems. Possible clinical advantages, such as reduced breathing motion in upright position, have been reported, but limited cohort sizes prevent resilient conclusions on the treatment impact. Redesign of RT equipment for upright positioning, such as immobilization accessories for various body regions, is necessary, where several innovations were recently presented. Few clinical studies in upright PT have already reported promising outcomes for head&neck patients. Significance. With more evidence for benefits of upright RT emerging, several centers worldwide, particularly in PT, are installing upright positioning devices or have commenced upright treatment. Still, many challenges and open questions remain to be addressed to embed upright positioning firmly in the modern RT landscape. Guidelines, professionals trained in upright patient positioning, and large-scale clinical studies are required to bring upright RT to fruition.
A direct comparison of multi-energy x-ray and proton CT for imaging and relative stopping power estimation of plastic and ex-vivo phantoms
Authors: Fogazzi Elena , Hu Guyue , Bruzzi Mara , Farace Paolo , Kröncke Thomas , Niepel Katharina , Ricke Jens , Risch Franka , Sabel Bastian , Scaringella Monica , Schwarz Florian , Tommasino Francesco , Landry Guillaume , Civinini Carlo , Parodi Katia
Published: August 2024

Objective. Proton therapy administers a highly conformal dose to the tumour region, necessitating accurate prediction of the patient’s 3D map of proton relative stopping power (RSP) compared to water. This remains challenging due to inaccuracies inherent in single-energy computed tomography (SECT) calibration. Recent advancements in spectral x-ray CT (xCT) and proton CT (pCT) have shown improved RSP estimation compared to traditional SECT methods. This study aims to provide the first comparison of the imaging and RSP estimation performance among dual-energy CT (DECT) and photon-counting CT (PCCT) scanners, and a pCT system prototype. Approach. Two phantoms were scanned with the three systems for their performance characterisation: a plastic phantom, filled with water and containing four plastic inserts and a wood insert, and a heterogeneous biological phantom, containing a formalin-stabilised bovine specimen. RSP maps were generated by converting CT numbers to RSP using a calibration based on low- and high-energy xCT images, while pCT utilised a distance-driven filtered back projection algorithm for RSP reconstruction. Spatial resolution, noise, and RSP accuracy were compared across the resulting images. Main results. All three systems exhibited similar spatial resolution of around 0.54 lp/mm for the plastic phantom. The PCCT images were less noisy than the DECT images at the same dose level. The lowest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of RSP,

(
0.28
±
0.07
)
%

, was obtained with the pCT system, compared to MAPE values of

(
0.51
±
0.08
)
%

and

(
0.80
±
0.08
)
%

for the DECT- and PCCT-based methods, respectively. For the biological phantom, the xCT-based methods resulted in higher RSP values in most of the voxels compared to pCT. Significance. The pCT system yielded the most accurate estimation of RSP values for the plastic materials, and was thus used to benchmark the xCT calibration performance on the biological phantom. This study underlined the potential benefits and constraints of utilising such a novel ex-vivo phantom for inter-centre surveys in future.
Modelling radiobiology
Authors: Gardner Lydia L , Thompson Shannon J , O’Connor John D , McMahon Stephen J
Published: August 2024

Radiotherapy has played an essential role in cancer treatment for over a century, and remains one of the best-studied methods of cancer treatment. Because of its close links with the physical sciences, it has been the subject of extensive quantitative mathematical modelling, but a complete understanding of the mechanisms of radiotherapy has remained elusive. In part this is because of the complexity and range of scales involved in radiotherapy—from physical radiation interactions occurring over nanometres to evolution of patient responses over months and years. This review presents the current status and ongoing research in modelling radiotherapy responses across these scales, including basic physical mechanisms of DNA damage, the immediate biological responses this triggers, and genetic- and patient-level determinants of response. Finally, some of the major challenges in this field and potential avenues for future improvements are also discussed.
Thermodynamically-consistent constitutive modeling of moisture- and thermo-responsive shape memory polymers
Authors: Gu Jianping , Wang Changchun , Zhang Xiaopeng , Zeng Hao , Wan Mengqi , Sun Huiyu
Published: August 2024

Taking into account that shape memory polymer (SMP)-based devices are often subject to multiple environmental conditions during application, it is difficult to accurately predict their shape memory effect (SME). Thus, constitutive modeling for SMPs in multi-field environments is of great importance. However, most of the models available are limited to describing the temperature-driven SME and do not refer to multi-field conditions. In this paper, a constitutive model for SMPs in hygrothermal environments is developed under a consistent thermodynamic framework. The derivation is based on an additive decomposition of the Helmholtz free energy density and satisfying the first law and second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, the absorbed moisture is categorized into free and bound phases and it is considered that they have different effects on the material properties. Accordingly, it is the first time to study the variation of configurational entropy with different phases in the polymer–moisture system during the moisture diffusion process. For the first time, the validity of the constitutive model proposed in this paper can be confirmed by systematically comparing the modeling results and experimental data of various types of hygrothermal-induced shape memory cycles.
Origami inspired dual matrix intelligent shape memory polymer composite folds for deployable structures
Authors: Hameed Aamna , Khan Kamran A
Published: August 2024

It remains a challenge to develop an intelligent, programmable multifunctional material system capable of recovering shape, withstanding high loads, and detecting folding extent remotely for self-deployable structures used in aerospace, robotics, and medical devices. In this work, our objective is to develop intelligent shape memory polymer composite (iSMPC) folds embedded with reduced graphene oxide-coated self-sensing fabric. This will enable remote sensing of the fold state based on resistance changes and achieve higher strength and modulus. Firstly, we demonstrate the ability to sense the extent of folding and establish the relationship between piezoresistivity and fold state change by conducting cyclic compression analysis on folds with different gap sizes (6 mm, 9 mm, and 12 mm) at temperatures of 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. The iSMPC fold with a 6 mm gap exhibited the highest bending stiffness (650.3 N mm−1) and curvature (0.55 mm−1), resulting in a higher change in fractional change in resistance (FCR). Subsequently, the shape memory cycles of the 6 mm iSMPC fold were demonstrated through localized controlled heating. Its shape recovery process exhibited repeatable behavior with a high recovery ratio of 95%. Lastly, a two-fold iSMPC structure was developed, and its performance was analyzed during a complete shape memory cycle. The piezoresistive response during higher-temperature cyclic loading resembled that of the single fold, exhibiting an FCR range between −9% and 5%, thereby demonstrating the repeatability of the iSMPC fold response.
Characterization of high-speed writing and reading operations of the superconducting memory cell
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhong Xianghai , Zeng Junwen , Pan Yinping , Zhang Denghui , Yu Shujie , Wu Ling , Zhang Lu , Peng Wei , Ren Jie , Chen Lei , Wang Zhen
Published: August 2024

Superconducting memory cells that use flux quanta as their storage medium can achieve ultra-fast access times with ultra-low power consumption. However, the data signal generated by a flux quantum memory (FQM) cell is usually too weak and too fast to be measured directly. Here, we present a method to characterize the real-time operation of an FQM cell. The storage loop of the FQM cell, configured with a Nb/NbN
X
/Nb Josephson junction, was proven the capability to store multiple flux quanta. The readout was demonstrated by a superconducting quantum interference device composed of underdamped Nb/Al-AlO
X
/Nb Josephson junctions. The writing and reading operations were achieved by a short pulse ranging from 0.1 ns to 2.5 ns, and a constant bit error rate of ∼2.46% was measured for the fabricated FQM cell. The method presented here can be used to study real-time operation of an FQM cell in a direct manner.