bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE EXAMINATION OF BACTERIA IN SOIL
Authors: Strugger S.
Published: April 2011

By the staining of soil with the fluorescent dye acridinorange and examination of the stained soil under the fluorescence microscope, it is possible to observe directly the living bacteria of soil in their autochthonic condition. All humus substances are stained red in color. The bacteria, living on the humus particles, are of green fluorescence and give an excellent contrast against the red background. The bacteria are vitally stained and can be used for culture experiments. Using this method in some soil tests the autochthonic bacteria of soil have been investigated qualitatively and quantitatively.
A SUBSTANCE IN THE INTERCELLULAR SPACES OF WHITE MUSTARD ROOTS THAT REDUCES ALKALINE SILVER
Authors: Cormack R. G. H.
Published: April 2011

White mustard roots when treated with a slightly alkaline solution of silver nitrate (Tollen's reagent) show, on sectioning the meristem, the accumulation of small black stained particles in the intercellular spaces and intervening cell walls. The production of these particles in the intercellular spaces of treated roots and their complete absence in those of untreated roots indicates the presence of a substance capable of reducing alkaline silver. The presence of this substance strengthens the viewpoint that in the meristem radiating rows of intercellular spaces in white mustard roots provide for the more rapid movement of soluble materials from differentiating vascular strands to the outside. Thus cell position as related to a more accessible food supply is an important adjunct to the general problem of cell development and cell behavior.
STUDIES ON THE MICROFLORA OF FLOUR
Authors: James Norman , Smith K. N.
Published: April 2011

Bacteria and fungi, each cultured on appropriate media at 25 °C., were found to constitute the major groups of organisms in five brands of commercial flour. Numbers of these organisms showed the same trend in relation to brands and the difference between brands was found to be significant. In addition, these brands harbored mesophilic acid-producing bacteria, thermophilic flat-sour spores, anaerobic thermophilic spores, spores of rope-producing bacteria, and yeasts. Numbers of organisms in the latter groups did not show a consistent relationship to brands. The usual method for determining spores of rope-producing bacteria proved to be inadequate for obtaining counts of spores of species known to produce rope in bread. Replication of sampling and careful laboratory procedures were found to be necessary for obtaining reliable estimates of any population in flour.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ACTIVITY OF FIFTY ANTIBIOTIC ACTINOMYCETES AGAINST A VARIETY OF SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: Landerkin G. B. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Fifty actinomycetes, isolated from a variety of soils on the basis of their antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli, were tested against different soil bacteria. Wide variations were noted in susceptibility of the test organisms to the antagonists. Actinomycetes with the most intense antibiotic activity were able to act upon the greatest number of bacterial species.
GROWTH STUDIES OF NORMAL AND PARTHENOCARPIC TOMATO FRUITS
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

Gaseous exchange by growing tomato fruits is localized in a ring of lenticel tissue that encircles the receptacle and is covered by the calyx. The size of this annular lenticel varies with the size of the fruit.Growth of the fruits of the variety Grand Rapids includes a phase of residual mitotic activity that persists for approximately one week after setting. Cell division is reduced in dwarf or laggard fruits, which are examples of natural parthenocarpy. Under seasonal conditions that are favorable for natural setting, application of 0.2% indolebutyric −50 p.p.m. β-naphthoxyacetic acid to pollinated flowers markedly increases the number and size of fruits obtained with the Marglobe but not with the Grand Rapids variety. The locular pulp of parthenocarpic fruits usually remains green during vine ripening. The green color is largely imparted by chloroplasts that are concentrated in the vicinity of the vascular strands leading to the aborted ovules.
STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH: I. QUALITATIVE STATISTICS (ENUMERATION DATA)
Authors: Mainland Donald
Published: April 2011

This article is designed to help investigators in applying to qualitatively classified clinical and laboratory data the appropriate statistical treatment—tests of significance in binomial and multinomial distributions, estimation of confidence limits, analysis of contingency tables, and estimation of sample sizes required for further investigation. Section A is a brief introduction (definitions and principles). Section B comprises 40 examples classified so that the investigator can choose data and problems comparable to his own. Questions that arise in the examples, regarding experimental design (especially random sampling) and the interpretation of the tests, are discussed in Section C (Notes).Because the standard deviation of the binomial and the chi square contingency test are often used without appreciation of the risk entailed, tables, which can be used also in nonmedical investigation, are presented: binomial confidence limits (with graphs) and exact probabilities for small-sample fourfold contingency tables. For samples not covered by the tables, precautions and rules regarding the use of chi square have been derived from more than five hundred comparisons between chi square and the exact method. To help in the exact computation of probabilities where that is necessary, four-decimal logarithms of factorials of numbers up to 1000 are given.
THE USE OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL IN THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM IN PLASMA OR SERUM BY MEANS OF TITAN YELLOW
Authors: Heagy F. C.
Published: April 2011

The colorimetric estimation of magnesium in plasma or serum by means of Titan Yellow requires an agent to stabilize the colored dye complex formed between magnesium hydroxide and Titan Yellow. Details are given of a method in which polyvinyl alcohol is used to maintain dispersion of the dye lake. A single estimation can be done on 2 cc. of serum.
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE GERMICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AND HYPOCHLORITE COMPOUNDS
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: April 2011

Using Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericha coli as test organisms, the influence of various concentrations of skim milk on the germicidal potency of Roccal and of Dalglish hypochlorite solutions was studied. Both germicides retained their activity in the presence of unexpectedly high concentrations of skim milk, especially against S. aureus. Small concentrations frequently showed a slight potentiating effect in both laboratory and plant tests. The effectiveness of the hypochlorite fell off sharply beyond a certain concentration, while that of Roccal declined more gradually. Solutions of Roccal prepared with tap water were decidedly less active against E. coli than those prepared with distilled water. With the hypochlorite, tap water solutions were equally effective. Against S. aureus, a similar difference was noted although to a lesser extent. Added skim milk depressed the germicidal action of tap water solutions of Roccal to a greater extent than for distilled water solutions, while for the hypochlorite the reverse held true.
ANALYSIS OF STARCH SYRUP
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Wright D. E. , Shewfelt A. L.
Published: April 2011

Examination of a number of starch syrups revealed wide differences in content of non-carbohydrates: water, 17.4 to 28.7%; protein 0.05 to 1.0%; ash 0.2 to 1.6%, sodium chloride 0.1 to 0.7% and sulphur dioxide 0 to 340 p.p.m. The commercial wheat syrups examined had high protein and salt contents, and a sample prepared by direct acid hydrolysis also contained an appreciable amount of ammonium chloride. Maximum absorption by storage color was observed at 3500 to 4500 Å; this region is therefore suitable for routine color measurements. Steinhoff's empirical copper acetate procedure for the direct determination of dextrose was found to be strongly influenced by heat treatment, total salt, and copper concentration; it was not improved by changing the composition of the reaction mixture. Moisture data obtained by vacuum oven and toluol distillation methods showed close agreement on syrups of widely different dextrose equivalent value; an improved stirring device is described for the incorporation of syrup and dispersing agent in either of these procedures.
ANTIFREEZE PROPERTIES OF TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL AND ANHYDROUS GLYCOL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol remains mobile at −75 °C. in the presence of 0 to 20% water. It has a lower heat capacity, surface tension, and flash point than ethylene glycol, and undergoes almost identical expansion on heating. Its aqueous solutions exhibit maxima in specific gravity and viscosity at solute concentrations of 80 to 90% but do not distil azeotropically. Swelling and softening of immersed natural and synthetic rubber compounds were more serious with tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol than with ethylene glycol, but only small differences were shown by radiator hose connections after lengthy immersion and driving tests. The viscosity of anhydrous glycol blends having freezing points of −50 °C. varies greatly with the glycol employed as second component, ethylene glycol – trimethylene glycol being the least viscous of the six binary glycol solutions studied. Substitution of tetrahydrofurfuryl acohol for the second glycol component reduces the viscosity but necessitates use of higher concentrations for equivalent freezing point lowering.
LIQUID AND FROZEN EGG: IV. REPRODUCIBILITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF REDUCING SUGAR IN FROZEN EGG
Authors: Hopkins J. W. , Trevoy Ruth M.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of 16 test samples in three collaborating laboratories indicated the desirability of initial standardization and periodic checking of reagents and of both sampling and analytical technique to ensure consistency of routine results. Average glucose content of a carlot of 1250 38-lb. containers might be determined with a standard error of the order of ± 10 mgm. per 100 gm. egg by a single analysis of each of two independent composite samples each obtained by combining and thoroughly mixing single 'cores' taken from 15 randomly chosen containers. This would also enable a running check to be kept on both the average and variance of the reported glucose contents by, e.g., 'control chart' methods. Precision of test results would be improved most effectively by increasing the number of individual containers sampled rather than the number of chemical analyses.
ROT RESISTANCE OF COTTON DUCK TREATED WITH CHELATE COPPER COMPOUNDS
Authors: Illman W. I. , Ledingham G. A. , Semeniuk G. , Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

Thirteen organic compounds capable of forming chelate complexes were used to fix copper in cotton duck. Their rotproofing effectiveness was then determined by the loss in tensile strength during soil burial. The compounds tested were, in order of decreasing effectiveness, cupferron, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, dimethylglyoxime, salicylaldoxime, glucose oxime, diphenyl-thiocarbazone, rhodanine, benzoin oxime, s-diphenylcarbazide, acetoin oxime, and fructose oxime. Copper complexes formed with cupferron and 8-hydroxyquinoline possessed rot resistant properties far superior to those of copper naphthenate or any of the other compounds tested.
AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL, VERTICALLY POLARIZED, FOUR ELEMENT ANTENNA ARRAY
Authors: Rettie R. S.
Published: April 2011

An omnidirectional, vertically polarized antenna was required for use in the ground installations of the Airborne Distance Indicator program of the National Research Council. This antenna was to be mounted on the center tower of the Radio Range Beacons of the Department of Transport, and it was hoped that a certain amount of gain over a quarter-wave rod antenna could be realized. This paper describes an array of four elements stacked vertically, each element being a half-wave radiator in the form of a cylinder surrounding a mounting pipe. A gain of about four decibels over a half-wave dipole is obtained in a rugged and relatively simple form. Operation is possible over a 10% frequency band, centered on 223 Mc. per sec. It is suggested that similar antennas may find a wide field of application in the VHF band.
NONISOTHERMAL PRESSURE DROP FOR A GAS
Authors: Epstein Norman , Phillips John B.
Published: April 2011

An equation for calculating the pressure drop in gas flow accompanied by large temperature change, derived from the differential form of the Bernoulli theorem combined with the heat transfer rate equation, was examined experimentally. Heating runs were made in the Reynolds number range 6000 to 15,000, for air flowing through a single horizontal [Formula: see text]. standard steel pipe with steam jacket. The pressure drops calculated from the proposed equation were found to agree very closely with the observed experimental values. The method of evaluating pressure drop for turbulent nonisothermal flow by assuming isothermal conditions at a temperature midway between the surface temperature and the mean bulk temperature of the fluid, first developed by McAdams for certain oils, was also tested for a number of selected runs. This method was found to be as accurate as the previous one, and to have the advantage of being less cumbersome in application.
ON THE EXTENDED USE OF KLEINLOGEL'S RAHMENFORMELN
Authors: Morrison I. F.
Published: April 2011

This paper contains but a single idea. Its purpose is to show how, by the use of Kleinlogel's Rahmenformeln, the number of simultaneous linear equations that occur in the analysis of indeterminate structures can be reduced materially by using a primary structure, itself made up of indeterminate parts, provided the bending moment diagrams can be drawn for them. These are obtained from the Rahmenformeln. In order to recall to the reader's mind the well known moment-area method a brief summary of that process is included. A practical numerical example of the analysis of a frame indeterminate to the seventh degree is worked out in detail. Two arrangements of the indeterminate-components are chosen in the illustrative example. The final bending moment diagram is shown for a simple loading case and the influence line for the bending moment at one point is discussed briefly.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME ANIMAL TISSUES AT METER AND CENTIMETER WAVE LENGTHS
Authors: Laird E. R. , Ferguson K.
Published: April 2011

Measurements have been made of the dielectric constant and the absorption coefficient of some animal tissues at λ 1.72 m. by the Drude–Cooledge method, and at λ 9.5 cm. and λ 3.2 cm. by the reflection with change of phase method as developed by von Hippel. The dielectric constant of beef fat changed from about 9.5 at λ 1.72 m. to 3.5 at λ 3.2 cm., that of bone remained about constant between 6.5 and 7, that of beef bone marrow was reduced from 20 to 3.7, and that of frog muscle from 135 to 35. The absorption coefficient increased from 0.026 to 0.79 per cm. for fat, from 0.0028 to 0.56 for bone, from 0.028 to 0.9 for bone marrow, and from 0.08 to between 5 and 6 for frog muscle in the same range. Uncertainties of measurement and variation between samples are in general large. The dielectric constant found for muscle at λ 1.72 cm. is higher than a value given by Osswald at λ 3 m.
A NEW HIGH LIGHT GATHERING POWER SPECTROGRAPH FOR AURORAL STUDIES
Authors: Petrie W.
Published: April 2011

The optics of the spectrograph consist of two f 2.5, 12 in. aircraft camera lenses, and a 15,000 lines per inch plane grating with ruled surface 4 in. by 4 in. The grating concentrates light in the second order spectrum; the dispersion in this order for normal incidence is 22 Å per mm. A few spectra were obtained during the spring of 1949, and the results appear to be most promising. These spectra include several interesting features, one of which is a strong radiation of wave length 4320 Å in the second order. This radiation is likely to be an intense first order infrared feature.
AN ISOPIESTIC INVESTIGATION OF CHARCOAL ACTIVATION
Authors: Barnartt S. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

The isopiestic method was used to study the sorption of carbon tetrachloride, water, methanol, and toluene by a series of charcoals representing the same coconut shell source at different stages of steam activation. The sorption of water by two charcoals of this series impregnated with benzoic acid was similarly investigated. The isopiestic charges of this activation series of charcoals were linearly related over wider pressure ranges than were those of unrelated charcoals. The activation process was found to be connected primarily with the principal pressure range over which single straight lines were obtained on plotting the isopiestic charges one against the other. The isopiestic data presented the following picture of charcoal activation. The activation process has created surfaces, probably of a heterogeneous character, which are active to all the four vapors studied. At any stage of activation these surfaces take up proportionate quantities, but not equal liquid volumes, of each sorbate at saturation pressure. The various types of surfaces increase in abundance with activation at the same relative rate, so that they are always present in the charcoal in the same relative proportions, up to a certain stage of activation. At this stage the production of the surfaces active at relatively low pressures begins to decline. This indicates that new pores are being created more slowly in comparison with the widening of existing pores. In addition to the active surfaces just described, the activation process produces some chemically selective centers which are active at minute relative pressures. The water sorption data discredit the theory of capillary condensation.
SOME ANOMALOUS REACTIONS OF PHENYLMAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Ledingham Archie E.
Published: April 2011

When phenylmagnesium chloride is prepared from magnesium in chlorobenzene without the aid of another solvent, there is formed not only the expected diphenyl in addition to the phenylmagnesium chloride but also tractable amounts of xenyl- and terphenyl-magnesium chlorides. The presence of these substances for the formation of which a mechanism is not suggested was proved by the isolation of p-xenylethyl alcohol, p-terphenylethyl alcohol, and p-phenylbenzoic acid when the Grignard compounds were treated with appropriate reagents.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PHOTOLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF CHLORINE, HYPOCHLOROUS ACID, AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Authors: Young K. W. , Allmand A. J.
Published: April 2011

The photodecompositions of aqueous solutions of chlorine, hypochlorous acid, and sodium hypochlorite have been studied under a variety of conditions involving a wide range of pH, with particular attention paid to the quantum efficiency and to the proportions of the products. Reaction schemes are suggested to account for the results.
NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE: V. 1,7-DINITROXY-2,4,6-TRINITRO-2,4,6-TRIAZAHEPTANE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: McKay A. F. , Meen R. H. , Wright George F , Chute W. J. , Myers G. S.
Published: April 2011

When hexamethylenetetramine is nitrolyzed with nitric acid and an anhydride in absence of ammonium nitrate the synthesis of cyclic nitramines is decreased and the yields of esterified linear tetramethylenetrinitramines are increased. The two remaining carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom in hexamine can be accounted as esterified dimethylolnitramide. The isolation of a trace of linear pentamethylenetetranitramine from a normal nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine shows that in all of these reactions a common intermediate, dimethylolaminomethyldinitrotriazacyclohexane, must be present. This has never been isolated, but its reactions can be deduced from the behavior of methylene-bis-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane.
POLYVINYL NITRATE
Authors: Nicholls R. V. V. , Deans S. A. V.
Published: April 2011

Existing methods of nitration of polyvinyl alcohol involving the use of fuming nitric acid alone, or mixtures of fuming nitric acid and sulphuric acid have been modified to give products improved in nitrogen content, color, and yield. A method involving the use of fuming nitric acid and acetic anhydride has been developed. The explosive characteristics of polyvinyl nitrate of various degrees of polymerization prepared by five different methods are reported.
DETERMINATION OF CELLULOSE IN STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2011

Hydrolysis of wheat, oat, rye, and flax holocelluloses with 0.5% sulphuric acid for one hour at 100 °C. gave a residue that was quantitatively equal to the Cross and Bevan cellulose from the same straws. The hydrolyzed holocellulose residue contained more lignin and less pentosan than the corresponding Cross and Bevan cellulose but 'pure' cellulose contents (cellulose corrected for ash, lignin, and pentosan) were very similar for both materials; the α-cellulose contents for the two fractions were also equivalent and were slightly higher than the 'pure' cellulose. The α-cellulose contents of the holocellulose were higher than either the Cross and Bevan cellulose or the hydrolyzed holocellulose residue when calculated on the basis of the original straw. The hydrolysis method has the advantage of permitting consecutive determination of holocellulose, cellulose, and α-cellulose on the same sample of straw.
THE FUR RESOURCES OF CHAPLEAU DISTRICT, ONTARIO
Authors: Peterson Randolph L. , Crichton Vincent
Published: April 2011

Records of the area trapped and of legally caught furs in the Chapleau district, Ontario, have been made for the seasons 1941–42 to 1946–47. From these records the area required to produce one harvested animal has been computed for most species, which should be of considerable value to persons concerned with fur production in Canada. These figures should also be useful to students of animal populations since they take into account, at least in part (specific areas actually trapped), the variation in trapping pressure that cannot be reflected in figures based on total numbers taken from large areas. This six year period seems sufficient to indicate significant trends in populations, which in certain cases might be predicted by study of past trends of province-wide returns.During the six year period the average return value for each square mile trapped was $16.90, which netted each trapper using one township an average of $607.00 each year. The average total annual fur resources amounted to $74,000.00.The distribution of the catch of marten and fisher in the district suggests that the Chapleau Crown Game Preserve may be influencing the catch of these two species in nearby territories.
THE PREPARATION OF ISINGLASS SOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR TRANSFUSION PURPOSES
Authors: Bett H. D.
Published: April 2011

The possibilities of producing isinglass solution in sufficiently large quantity to permit adequate clinical trial on a uniform batch have been investigated. A satisfactory process has been developed using fresh frozen hake sounds. Technical details of this preparation are presented in this paper, together with comments on the occurrence and prevention of pyrogens in transfusion fluids. The formation of pyrogens was a continual source of trouble until sterile technique for handling large volumes of material was developed. Technical details are presented, including a method for the removal of pyrogenic substances when, in spite of precautions, these are present. Preparations free from pyrogenic substances can be produced through the use of aseptic technique or by filtration through sterilizing filter pads. In using the latter method it was necessary to limit the quantity of liquid that was filtered through any single pad.
EFFECT OF AMYTAL ON SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Riedel Bernard E. , Huston Mervyn J.
Published: April 2011

Sodium amytal, 190 mgm. per kgm., injected intraperitoneally into rats caused a transient increase in response of normal and denervated striated muscle to electrical stimulus. That this effect is not due to changes in pH nor to changes in ionic balance has been shown by pH tests on rat blood and by intraperitoneal administration of solutions of sodium hydroxide. It is believed that the increased response is due, at least in part, to a direct action on the muscle.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SERUM PHOSPHATASES TO SEX HORMONES
Authors: Tuba Jules , Baker Donald B. , Cantor Max M.
Published: April 2011

Castration produces a fall in serum inorganic phosphorus values in adult male rats but not in adult female rats. The alterations of phosphorus levels that occur following castration in male rats and after the injection of some hormones into normal and castrated rats of both sexes may be accounted for by corresponding alterations in metabolic requirements. Neither castration nor hormone injection produces any significant change in serum acid phosphatase activity in male or in female rats. A fall of about 30% to levels approaching values for normal female rats is found in serum alkaline phosphatase of castrated male rats in about eight weeks. There is no change in the enzyme values in castrated females. In those instances where injections of a sex hormone into castrated or normal rats produce alterations in alkaline serum phosphatase values such changes may be accounted for on the basis of altered food intake. The sole exception to this finding is the very marked decrease in the activity of the enzyme produced by progesterone after oestrogen in normal male rats.
ON ERGOTHIONEINE: ITS PREPARATION FROM BLOOD AND ERGOT
Authors: Hunter G. , Molnar G. D. , Wight N. J.
Published: April 2011

Ergothioneine has been prepared from pig blood and from ergot of rye. A poorer yield of ergothioneine was obtained from pig blood received in the Edmonton area than previously by Hunter and Eagles in the Toronto area. By a simplified method a yield of 0.26% has been obtained from ergot.
THE EFFECT OF LIVER EXTRACT PREPARATION ON BONE MARROW EXPLANTS
Authors: Armbrust K. E. , Bett H. D.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the effect of various concentrations of several liver extract preparations on the migration of cells, chiefly leucocytes, from explants of guinea pig bone marrow. The migration has been shown to be stimulated by an extract of liver, which shows incomplete activity in the treatment of pernicious anemia. Two clinically active fractions have been shown to be inactive in the stimulation of cell migration. The migration of cells from explants cannot be used under the conditions described as a test for antipernicious anemia activity of liver extract preparations.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Rooyen Van , Scott G. D.
Published: April 2011

This report contains an account of a systematic study on the morphology of five rickettsiae pathogenic to man, investigated with the electron microscope. The work has bearings on the biology, antigenic structure, and taxonomy of the rickettsiae.
THE PLOCHERE COLOR SYSTEM: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles
Published: April 2011

The Plochere Color System is a collection of 1248 painted papers, the colors being produced by systematic pigment mixtures. The Munsell book notation of each of the samples is given, and certain regularities and singularities in the system are discussed.
DIAMOND DRILL HOLE G-M COUNTER
Authors: Feldman K. , Wright G. M.
Published: April 2011

A portable instrument for making gamma-ray surveys of diamond drill holes to depths of 1000 ft. is described. The circuit is given in detail.
LABORATORY STUDY OF LOW RATIO BUTADIENE–STYRENE COPOLYMERS
Authors: Mitchell J. M. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: April 2011

The copolymerization of styrene and butadiene in ratios in which the styrene equals or predominates over the butadiene on a mass basis is essentially similar to copolymerization in the presence of a predominance of butadiene. However, the rate of reaction and the length of the induction period is increased. Increasing the amount of the dodecyl mercaptan regulator results in a slight increase in rate and diminution of the induction period. The dodecyl mercaptan reacts at a lower rate than during the production of GR–S. The regulating index as defined by the ratio of the logarithm of the residual mercaptan over the conversion is 1.53. The bound styrene and increment styrene curves seem to be normal and indicate reactivity ratios r1 (butadiene) equal to 1.4 to 2.2, r2 equal to 0.5 to 0.7. If these reactivity ratios are corrected for the bifunctional nature of butadiene then the constants for butadiene monomer are Q equal to 0.9 and e equal to − 1. Likewise the gel–viscosity data are similar to those observed with GR–S except that the pre-gel rise in viscosity, the formation of gel, and the slope of the viscosity conversion curves diminish with increasing styrene in the charge. The chain transfer action of styrene is increasingly evident with increasing styrene content in the charge but in all cases the regulating effect of dodecyl mercaptan is still apparent.
MEASURING THE SOLIDS CONTENT OF HONEY AND OF STRAWBERRY JAM WITH A HAND REFRACTOMETER
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Jegard Suzanne
Published: April 2011

A hand refractometer may be useful for routine inspection of the solids content of honey, and of strawberry jam containing added pectin. For 76 pairs of determinations on honey,[Formula: see text]with a standard error of prediction of ± 0.4%; for 116 pairs of determinations on the jam,[Formula: see text]with a standard error of prediction of ± 0.3%, where y is the per cent solids by the A.O.A.C. vacuum-oven method and x is the reading on the hand refractometer. A standard error of ± 0.5% was observed for determinations by the vacuum-oven method, and of ± 0.4% for determinations with the hand refractometer.
POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF THE GAMMA ISOMER OF BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE IN INSECTICIDES AND SOIL
Authors: Grass H. , Spencer E. Y.
Published: April 2011

A precise and simple method for the determination of the gamma isomer of benzenehexachloride in commercial insecticides and soil by the dropping mercury electrode is outlined. A satisfactory supporting electrolyte consisted of 1% potassium iodide and a trace of gelatin in 50% ethanol.
DISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIAL IN A TWO-LAYERED MEDIUM DUE TO AN INTERNAL SOURCE AND SINK AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE APPROXIMATE AVERAGE RESISTIVITY OF THE MEDIUM
Authors: Gilchrist Lachlan , Rostoker Normon , Bernholtz Ben
Published: April 2011

A brief review is presented of simple forms of electrical layout which are used in resistivity investigations on the upper surface of a two-layered medium of which the crust of the earth is assumed to be an example. The associative formulas for resistivity are given.The necessity for equalization in magnitudes of the source and the sink in all experimental methods of resistivity investigation is emphasized in order to be in accord with the basis of development of the formula, and in order to eliminate experimentally pseudo anomalies which may appear in homogeneous media.Formulas are developed for use in conjunction with experimental results obtained by the use of drill holes whereby the source and sink are embedded in a two-layered medium. Distinction is made in the cases where the source and sink are remote from, or are in the neighborhood of, the plane of separation of the layers.Some experimental results on the values of the interbowl résistance, R, are presented in comparison with the values of R that would be obtained from a medium of two homogeneous layers of a suitably chosen resistivity ρ. The local anomalies in these layers appear clearly.
SELECTIVE REFLECTION FROM MERCURY AND CADMIUM VAPORS
Authors: Welsh H. L. , Kastner J. , Lauriston A. C.
Published: April 2011

Selective reflection from mercury and cadmium vapors in the neighborhood of the resonance lines was investigated quantitatively using incident light of continuous spectral distribution. For a given experimental arrangement the lowest vapor density (atoms per cubic centimeter) at which selective reflection could be detected at Hg 2537 Å, Cd 2288 Å, and Cd 3261 Å was inversely proportional to the oscillator strength (f-value) of the absorption line. Contours of the selective reflection of the Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å lines were obtained over a large range of vapor densities up to 80 × 1018 atoms per cc. At this density the cadmium reflection extended over several thousand cm.−1 compared to about a hundred cm.−1 for mercury. The general features of the reflection contours can be explained by the theory of reflection from an absorbing medium. Fitting a theoretical curve to the experimental reflection contour yields values of the oscillator strength and the damping constant. For Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å the f-values are 0.0268 and 1.40 respectively, in good agreement with those found by other methods. The damping constant, γ, varies as the square root of the number of atoms per cubic centimeter, indicating that the mechanism of selective reflection is not the same as that for absorption and emission. An empirical areal law for selective reflection confirms the relationship [Formula: see text]. A shift of the resonance frequency of the order of magnitude of the coupling shift calculated by Weisskopf was observed for Hg 2537 Å. Deviations from theory at both high and low pressures were observed for Cd 2288 Å. The low pressure deviation takes the form of a line of residual intensity at the resonance frequency, which may be due to a different kind of selective reflection.
A MORE EXACT FRESNEL FIELD DIFFRACTION RELATION
Authors: Woonton G. A.
Published: April 2011

In general, diffraction relations which were developed for optical purposes have been found to be useful in the prediction of electromagnetic fields due to radiating apertures but, because many radio-optical measurements must be made so close to the aperture that the mathematical approximations in the Fresnel field relation often are invalid, new relations, free from these approximations, must be developed. The optical, Fraunhofer relation has been found to predict the distant field with good accuracy and for this reason the Fresnel field is calculated from the distant field equation by the Fourier transform method. The calculation is found to result in an integral which reduces to Fresnel's integral when the standard optical approximations are made in it. The integral has not been evaluated.
FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES: I. THE QUADRUPOLE ROTATION–VIBRATION SPECTRUM OF H2
Authors: Herzberg G.
Published: April 2011

Four lines of the 2–0 band and four lines of the 3–0 band of the quadrupole rotation–vibration spectrum of H2have been observed and measured using effective absorbing paths of 10 to 50 km. atm. From this spectrum improved values of the rotational and vibrational constants of H2in its electronic ground state have been obtained.
ELECTRON DIFFUSION IN A SPHERICAL CAVITY
Authors: MacDonald A. D. , Brown Sanborn C.
Published: April 2011

The diffusion equation for electrons in a nonuniform field is solved and the breakdown condition derived. The breakdown condition is expressed in such a manner that an effective characteristic diffusion length Λe is determined; the meaning of Λe expresses the equivalent characteristic diffusion length for uniform electric fields. From the experimental breakdown fields, in which the electric field is uniform, Λe is determined and used to predict theoretical breakdown curves for the nonuniform cases. Theory and experiment are compared, the agreement verifying the correctness of the approach.
THE MICROWAVE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF METHYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Girdwood Barbara M.
Published: April 2011

The microwave absorption spectrum of methyl alcohol was studied in the region 23,400 to 25,200 Mc., using a double modulation system in which the usual radio-frequency sine wave was replaced by a sharp, pip-shaped pulse with a repetition rate of 55 kc. Twenty-five new lines were found and these, along with those previously reported outside the region examined, were grouped into four series. When the methyl alcohol was mixed with a large percentage of water vapor the spectrum was found to be modified considerably.
PRECISION DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR GYROMAGNETIC RATIOS
Authors: Guptill E. W. , Archibald W. J. , Warren E. S.
Published: April 2011

The ratio of the Larmour frequency of precession for hydrogen and fluorine, and for sodium and aluminum have been measured with an accuracy of one part in 105:[Formula: see text]These ratios are corrected for the atomic diamagnetism giving for, γ, the nuclear gyromagnetic ratios:[Formula: see text]A brief description is given of the relevant equipment used in obtaining these measurements.
PROBABILITY OF AUTO-IONIZATION IN LIGHT ATOMS
Authors: Wu Ta-You , Ourom Lorraine
Published: April 2011

With a view to testing the adequacy of the perturbation theory as applied to radiationless transitions in light atoms, the probability of such a transition in the Be atom from the 1s22p3s3P state to the continuum 1s22s + ejected p electron has been calculated. The wave functions employed for the discrete states are obtained by the variational method and the wave function for the continuous state by numerical integration of the Schrodinger equation. The transition probability obtained is 5 × 1013 per second, leading to a width of ~ 290 cm.−1 for the level 1s22p3s3P. This is at least 103 times larger than what is indicated by the observed widths of the spectral lines. Thus the present calculation, together with similar earlier calculations for the He atom, shows that the perturbation theory is inadequate for the light atoms.It is also pointed out that there is an inconsistency in the use of the perturbation theory in these calculations and those on the Auger effect in the literature since the use of variational or "screened" wave functions implies that a part of the electron–electron interaction has already been included in the initial approximation, and it is hence incorrect to treat this whole interaction as the perturbation causing the transition.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFUSION THEORY TO EVAPORATION FROM DROPLETS AND FLAT SURFACES
Authors: Luchak G. , Langstroth G. O.
Published: April 2011

It has been customary in applications of diffusion theory to evaporation problems to consider the liquid surface as fixed in solving for the vapor distribution in the adjacent space. A more rigorous treatment, involving solution of the diffusion equation with moving boundaries, has been applied to the problem of evaporation from droplets and flat surfaces. The results indicate that the equations obtained by the method of quasi-stationary states are good to a high degree of approximation under ordinary circumstances.
EMISSION OF NUCLEI IN COSMIC RAY STARS
Authors: Pickup E. , Voyvodic L.
Published: April 2011

One of the more interesting features of cosmic ray stars is that [Formula: see text] nuclei are ejected occasionally in the nuclear disintegrations. Such nuclei are characterized by the fact that, at the end of their range, they suffer radioactive decay (τ = 0.9 sec.) into [Formula: see text], which immediately splits up into two oppositely directed α-particles, giving what is usually referred to as a hammer track. In this investigation numerous examples have been observed of the emission of such nuclei in stars in photographic emulsions, the stars having from 2 to 60 prongs. In particular, it has been shown that the energy spectrum of the α-particles forming the hammer tracks is in good agreement with that observed by other workers, and also with experiments made, using the cloud chamber technique, indicating that the [Formula: see text] in this disintegration is formed in the excited state. When an electron sensitive emulsion is used it is shown that the hammer track is accompanied by the [Formula: see text] disintegration electron. The energy spectrum of the [Formula: see text] nuclei is plotted, and the mechanism of the formation is discussed for both large and small stars.
ETUDES SUR LES RAYONS COSMIQUES A L'AIDE D'EMULSIONS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES SPECIALES
Authors: Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ACTION OF ZINC ON α,β-DIBROMOPROPIONYL HALIDES
Authors: Charlesworth E. H. , Anderson H. J.
Published: April 2011

A vigorous reaction occurs between zinc filings and a solution of α,β-dibromopropionyl bromide in absolute ether. The principal organic products of the reaction are ethyl acrylate and ethyl bromide. Suggested steps in the reaction are described. The α,β-dibromopropionic acid from which the acid halides were made was obtained by oxidation of β,γ-dibromopropyl alcohol. Treatment of β-bromopropionic acid in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction failed to accomplish bromination in the α-position, only β-bromopropionyl bromide being isolated.
Crystal Tests as a Means of Identifying Alkaloids
Authors: Lucas G. H. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE (CHCl = CCl2 AND CDCl = CCl2) AND ASYMMETRICAL TETRACHLOROETHANE (CH2Cl−CCl3 AND CD2Cl−CCl3) FROM 2.5 μ TO 25 μ
Authors: Bernstein H. J.
Published: April 2011

The infrared spectra of light and heavy trichloroethylene and asymmetrical tetrachloroethane have been obtained from 2.5 to 25 μ. Tentative assignments of the fundamentals have been made.
THE DIFFUSION OF POLYSTYRENE IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Adelstein P. Z.
Published: April 2011

The variation of the diffusion coefficient of polystyrene with molecular weight in bromobenzene, toluene, and methyl ethyl ketone, obtained with a modified Northrop cell, obeyed the relation 1/D = AMε where A and ε are empirical constants. The decrease in the exponent ε with increasing molecular weight agrees qualitatively with the predictions of Debye and Bueche. Both the exponent and the ratio of the diffusion coefficients of a low to high molecular weight sample increased in better solvents, indicating that in such solvents the polystyrene molecules are elongated. Using this ratio as a criterion of solvent power, there is good agreement with the results of swelling and precipitation studies. The decrease in the diffusion coefficient – solvent viscosity product for a low and a high molecular weight polymer in good solvents suggests an increase in the degree of solvation of the polymer. The variation of this product with solvent composition in solvent mixtures indicates the existence of selective solvation by the good solvent. The activation energies of diffusion were of the order of 3 kcal. for both high and low molecular weight polymers in good and poor solvents. This supports Eyring's theory of segment flow for polymer diffusion.
ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE FIBERS: III. NOTE ON THE LOW FREQUENCY DISPERSION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
Authors: Mason S. G. , Goring D. A. I. , Biefer G. J.
Published: April 2011

Sulphite cellulose, rayon cellulose, and silk fibers in the presence of 10−4 N potassium chloride show a 20 to 25% decrease in electrical resistance between 0 and 100 c.p.s. An additional but smaller decrease occurs between 100 and 15,000 c.p.s. The systems also show a marked capacitive reactance. Reversal of the sign of the ζ-potential in sulphite fibers destroys the effect. Non-swelling fibers such as asbestos, glass, and acetate rayon, slightly swelling nylon, and moderately swelling wool show no comparable behavior. It is evident that the phenomenon is related to the swelling properties of the systems, but it cannot be concluded whether it is associated with the surface or the interior of the swollen fibers.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF SODIUM CYANIDE FROM BARIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM AZIDE
Authors: Henneberry G. O. , Baker B. E.
Published: April 2011

Attempts were made to prepare sodium cyanide by Adamson's method. Yields of only 36–37% were obtained and explosions occurred frequently during the initial heating operation. An apparatus was designed and a procedure developed whereby the rate of the initial reaction could be controlled. Conditions of reaction are described under which no explosions have been encountered. The effects of fusion temperature and length of fusion time were studied. Maximum yields of 79.4–84.9% were obtained by fusing at approximately 630 °C. for 20 min.
SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS FROM SUBSTITUTED CYANOACETIC ESTERS
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Giguere Jacques
Published: April 2011

The Darapsky method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of aminoacids from substituted cyanoacetic esters, RCH (CN)COOC2H5. R=CH3CH (CH2)4CH3, CH3CH(CH2)5CH3, CH3(CH2)11, HOCH2CH2, o-ClC6H4CH2, p-CH3C6H4O(CH2)2, p-CH3C6H4O(CH2)3, p-C2H5C6H4O(CH2)2, p-C2H5C6H4O(CH2)3, p-ClC6H4O(CH2)2, p-ClC6H4O(CH2)3, p-BrC6H4O(CH2)3. The esters were prepared by condensation of cyanoacetic ester with suitable bromides. When treated with hydrazine hydrate, they gave rise to hydrazides, which were identified by their anisal derivatives. Azides were obtained by the action of nitrous acid on hydrazides at low temperature and were transformed by heating with alcohol into carbethoxyaminonitriles. Finally, the latter by hydrolysis yielded the following amino acids: dl-α-amino-β-methylcaprylic acid, dl-α-amino-β-methylpelargonic acid, dl-α-aminomyristic acid, dl-α-amino-γ-hydroxybutyric acid, dl-α-amino-γ-p-methylphenoxybutyric acid, dl-α-amino-δ-p-methylphenoxyvaleric acid, dl-α-amino-γ-p-ethylphenoxybutyric acid, dl-α-amino-δ-p-ethylphenoxyvaleric acid, dl-α-amino-γ-p-chlorophenoxybutyric acid, dl-α-amino-δ-p-chlorophenoxyvaleric acid, and dl-α-amino-δ-p-bromophenoxyvaleric acid.
THE REACTIONS OF METHYL RADICALS WITH CYCLOPROPANE, ETHYLENE OXIDE, METHANOL, AND DIMETHYL ETHER
Authors: Phibbs M. K. , Darwent B. deB.
Published: April 2011

The reactions of methyl radicals, produced by the photochemical decomposition of dimethylmercury, with cyclopropane, ethylene oxide, methanol and dimethyl ether have been investigated between 100° and 250 °C. The following activation energies (kcal. mole−1) for the abstraction of hydrogen from the compounds by methyl radicals were found: cyclopropane, 10.2; ethylene oxide 9.6; methanol, 8.2; and dimethyl ether, 8.0. The probability factors have been shown to be about 10−4 for all the compounds investigated.
DETERMINATION OF GLYCEROL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN FERMENTATION SOLUTIONS BY PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

A modified technique is described for applying partition chromatography, using a silica column, to the separation of simple organic compounds which are difficult to extract from water. An aqueous solution is pipetted directly on a Celite–water column the upper 15% of which has been left dry to receive it. Acetoin, 2, 3-butanediol, 1, 2-propanediol, ethanediol, glycerol, and erythritol can be separated from each other and from sugars and sugar alcohols containing five or more carbon atoms if the column is properly developed by ethyl acetate and benzene–butanol mixtures. After separation the compounds can be estimated by a rapid colorimetric determination of the acetaldehyde or formaldehyde formed by periodate oxidation. The recoveries are quantitative, thus making it possible to determine 1 to 2 mgm. of glycerol or 2, 3-butanediol within an error of ± 3% even when they are mixed with larger amounts of closely related compounds which cause interference in the usual methods.