bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the performance of four chemical transport models in predicting the aerosol chemical composition in Europe in 2005
Authors: Prank Marje , Sofiev Mikhail , Tsyro Svetlana , Hendriks Carlijn , Semeena Valiyaveetil , Vazhappilly Francis Xavier , Butler Tim , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Friedrich Rainer , Hendricks Johannes , Kong Xin , Lawrence Mark , Righi Mattia , Samaras Zissis , Sausen Robert , Kukkonen Jaakko , Sokhi Ranjeet
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Four regional chemistry transport models were applied to simulate the concentration and composition of particulate matter (PM) in Europe for 2005 with horizontal resolution  ∼  20 km. The modelled concentrations were compared with the measurements of PM chemical composition by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) monitoring network. All models systematically underestimated PM10 and PM2.5 by 10–60 %, depending on the model and the season of the year, when the calculated dry PM mass was compared with the measurements. The average water content at laboratory conditions was estimated between 5 and 20 % for PM2.5 and between 10 and 25 % for PM10. For majority of the PM chemical components, the relative underestimation was smaller than it was for total PM, exceptions being the carbonaceous particles and mineral dust. Some species, such as sea salt and NO3−, were overpredicted by the models. There were notable differences between the models' predictions of the seasonal variations of PM, mainly attributable to different treatments or omission of some source categories and aerosol processes. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were overestimated by all the models over the whole year. The study stresses the importance of improving the models' skill in simulating mineral dust and carbonaceous compounds, necessity for high-quality emissions from wildland fires, as well as the need for an explicit consideration of aerosol water content in model–measurement comparison.
Investigating the Impacts of Saharan Dust on Tropical Deep Convection Using Spectral Bin Microphysics, Part 1: Ice Formation and Cloud Properties
Authors: Gibbons Matthew , Min Qilong , Fan Jiwen
Published: May 2016

Abstract. To better understand the impacts of dust aerosols on deep convective cloud (DCC) systems revealed by previous observational studies, a case study in the tropical eastern Atlantic was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a Spectral Bin Microphysics (SBM) model as a two-part study. A detailed set of ice nucleation parameterizations linking ice formation with aerosol particles have been implemented in the SBM for this study. It is found that, dust, transported from the Sahara desert and acting as ice nuclei (IN), increases heterogeneous formation of ice particles at temperatures above −38 °C by approximately a factor of four per IN magnitude increase from 0.12 cm−3. Homogeneous ice formation is reduced below −38 °C by up to 79 %, due to greater conversion of liquid drops to ice at warmer temperatures. The ice particle size distribution (PSD) is shifted towards smaller sizes at heterogeneous temperatures and median sizes at colder temperatures due to increased vapor competition and crystal aggregation. Graupel sizes are reduced due to increased riming of more numerous, but smaller, ice particles. Liquid mass is reduced by up to 85 % at midlevels due to increased riming, drop freezing and Bergeron process evaporation. Despite the enhanced vertical motion in the dust cases (up to 30 %), average cloud top height was found to be lowered by up to 3.29 km in comparison with the background aerosol (Clean) case, which is consistent with observations. This is due to increased sedimentation rates resulting from earlier formation of precipitation sized particles.
Predicting cloud ice nucleation caused by atmospheric mineral dust
Authors: Nickovic Slobodan , Cvetkovic Bojan , Madonna Fabio , Pejanovic Goran , Petkovic Slavko , Nikolic Jugoslav
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Dust aerosols are very efficient ice nuclei important for heterogeneous cloud glaciation even in regions distant from desert sources. A new generation of ice nucleation parameterizations, including dust as ice nucleation agent, opens the way towards a more accurate treatment of cold cloud formation in atmospheric models. Using such parameterizations, we have developed a regional dust-atmospheric modelling system capable to predict in real-time conditions dust-induced ice nucleation. We executed the model with added ice nucleation component over the Mediterranean region, exposed to moderate Saharan dust transport over two periods lasting 15 and 9 days, respectively. Model results are validated against satellite and ground-based cloud-ice-related measurements, provided by SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) and by the CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory CIAO in Potenza, South Italy. Predicted ice nuclei concentration shows reasonable level of agreement when compared against observed spatial and temporal patterns of cloud ice water. The developed methodology permits to use ice nuclei as input into cloud microphysics schemes of atmospheric models, expecting that this approach could improve predictions of cloud formation and associated precipitation.
A cobalt plume in the oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific
Authors: Hawco N. J. , Ohnemus D. C. , Resing J. A. , Twining B. S. , Saito M. A.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Cobalt is a nutrient to phytoplankton, but knowledge about its biogeochemical cycling is limited, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Here, we report sections of dissolved cobalt and labile cobalt from the US GEOTRACES GP16 transect in the South Pacific. The cobalt distribution is closely tied to the extent and intensity of the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern South Pacific with highest concentrations measured at the oxycline near the Peru margin. Below 200 m, remineralization and circulation produce an inverse relationship between cobalt and dissolved oxygen that extends throughout the basin. Within the oxygen minimum zone, elevated concentrations of labile cobalt are generated by input from coastal sources and reduced scavenging at low O2. As these high cobalt waters are upwelled and advected offshore, phytoplankton export returns cobalt to low-oxygen water masses underneath. West of the Peru upwelling region, dissolved cobalt is less than 10 pM in the euphotic zone and strongly bound by organic ligands. Because the cobalt nutricline within the South Pacific gyre is deeper than oligotrophic regions in the North and South Atlantic, cobalt involved in sustaining phytoplankton productivity in the gyre is heavily recycled and ultimately arrives from lateral transport of upwelled waters from the eastern margin. In contrast to large coastal inputs, hydrothermal vents along the Eastern Pacific Rise appear to be a minor source of cobalt. Overall, these results demonstrate that oxygen biogeochemistry exerts a strong influence on cobalt cycling.
The Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database: A long-term database for climate studies
Authors: Davis Sean M. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Hassler Birgit , Hurst Dale F. , Read William G. , Vömel Holger , Selkirk Henry , Fujiwara Masatomo , Damadeo Robert
Published: May 2016

Abstract. In this paper, we describe the construction of the Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database, which includes vertically resolved ozone and water vapor data from limb profiling satellite instruments operating since the 1980’s. SWOOSH includes both individual satellite source data as well as a merged data product. A key aspect of the merged product is that the source records are homogenized to account for inter-satellite biases and to minimize artificial jumps in the record. We describe the SWOOSH homogenization process, which involves adjusting the satellite data records to a “reference” satellite using coincident observations during time periods of instrument overlap. The reference satellite is chosen based on the best agreement with independent balloon-based sounding measurements, with the goal of producing a long-term data record that is both homogeneous and accurate. This paper details the choice of reference measurements, homogenization, and gridding process involved in the construction of the combined SWOOSH product, and also presents the ancillary information stored in SWOOSH that can be used in future studies of water vapor and ozone variability. Furthermore, a discussion of uncertainties in the combined SWOOSH record is presented, and examples of the SWOOSH record are provided to illustrate its use for studies of ozone and water vapor variability on interannual to decadal time scales. The version 2.5 SWOOSH data are publicly available at https://data.noaa.gov/dataset/stratospheric-water-and-ozone-satellite-homogenized-swoosh-data-set.
Frequency analysis of extreme floods in a highly developed river basin
Authors: Tanaka Tomohiro , Tachikawa Yasuto , Ichikawa Yutaka , Yorozu Kazuaki
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Design flood, river discharge with a particular return period, is fundamental to determine the scale of flood control facilities. In addition, considering a changing climate, not only frequencies of river discharge at design level but those of devastating flooding are also crucial. Characteristics of river discharge during extreme floods largely differ from those during others because of upstream dam operation and/or river overflow; however, flood frequency analysis (FFA) from past discharge data is difficult to represent such impact because river basins rarely experience floods over the design level after river improvement and dam construction. To account for the above impact on extreme flood frequencies, this study presented a rainfall-based flood frequency model (RFFM) that derives flood frequencies from probabilistic rainfall modelling that empirically represents probabilistic structure of rainfall intensity over a catchment by directly using observed spatial-temporal rainfall profiles. The RFFM was applied to the Yodo River basin, Japan and demonstrated that flood frequency estimations by the RFFM well represent past flood frequencies at the Hirakata gauging station. Furthermore, the RFFM showed that return periods of large flood peaks are estimated at extremely large values, reflecting decrease of discharge by the inundation in an upstream area of the gauging station. On the other hand, FFA from past discharge data did not represent this impact because it has not experienced such huge flood peaks in an observation period. This study demonstrated the importance of the RFFM for flood frequency estimations, including those exceeding the design level.
O CAQ na meta 20 do Plano Nacional de Educação: um novo regime jurídico para a realização do padrão de qualidade do ensino
Authors: Barros Ximenes Salomão
Published: May 2016

O artigo analisa a reconfiguração do financiamento da educação básica consolidado com a vigência do novo Plano Nacional de Educação, com destaque para a consolidação de um regime de implementação progressiva do Custo Aluno Qualidade (CAQ). Para isso, aponta brevemente a reconfiguração normativa do financiamento educacional, articulando as sucessivas reformas constitucionais e legais aos novos regimes juridificados no PNE. Em seguida, analisa especificamente o fundamento constitucional e legal do CAQ, retomando seu desenvolvimento para melhor compreender o sentido do regime de implementação aprovado no PNE, com destaque para aquela que pode ser considerada a principal vitória dos defensores da escola pública no Plano, o reconhecimento expresso do dever da União federal com a garantia progressiva de financiamento do CAQ em todo o País. Na última parte do trabalho, estudamos especificamente as estratégias do PNE sobre o CAQ, interpretando-as enquanto regulamentação do dever estatal que se expressa no princípio da adoção de medidas com o máximo de recursos disponíveis e progressivamente até o pleno exercício dos direitos educacionais.
Políticas de responsabilização escolar: um estudo exploratório sobre as estratégias de instâncias intermediárias na rede municipal do rio de janeiro
Authors: Carrasqueira Karina , Andrade Felipe , Koslinski Mariane , Portela Carolina , Regis André
Published: May 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar as diretrizes gerais da política de responsabilização escolar adotada pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SME) do Rio de Janeiro a partir de 2009 e sua implementação a partir da mediação das suas instâncias intermediárias. Busca identificar a relação das estratégias das Coordenadorias Regionais de Educação (CREs) com as diretrizes da SME, bem como investigar as semelhanças e diferenças das percepções e estratégias adotadas pelas CREs. Nas análises de dados, o estudo utilizou documentos oficiais que regulamentam as políticas de responsabilização escolar da SME selecionados a partir do diário oficial de 2009 a 2013, dados das avaliações da Prova Rio e Prova Brasil (2005-2012) e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestoras de quatro Coordenadorias Regionais de Educação. Resultados preliminares mostram um desenho com forte característica de corresponsabilização. As análises também mostram diferenças na relação estabelecida entre escolas e instâncias intermediárias bem como nas estratégias adotadas pelas CREs para auxiliar as escolas.
Apresentação
Authors: Souza Angelo Ricardo de
Published: May 2016

Nota dos editores sobre o volume 9
The Politics of Defining the Legacy of Confucius
Authors: Ma Tianyu
Published: May 2016

Confucius is an extremely popular and well-respected figure in China today, but historically that has not always been the case, as his reputation has constantly evolved over time. Often, changes in how Confucius is viewed have been the result of attempts by various governments over the years to appropriate his legacy for their own purposes. This paper will look at what some of those motives were, and the extent to which governments were successful at achieving them by examining four cultural sites, each of which represents an aspect of Confucius’ legacy: the Temple of Confucius in Qufu, and the Imperial University, National Museum and People’s University in Beijing. By analyzing the legacy of Confucius as it is reflected in these four sites, the paper demonstrates that the ability of governments to shape how he is perceived by the public is limited by the public’s existing views, which are not easily swayed by the government’s unilateral efforts.
A Discourse Study of Insurance Sales Agent-Client Interactions in China’s Rural Areas—From the Perspective of Topic Management
Authors: Wang Weichao , Peng Huan
Published: May 2016

Based on 10 authentic audio-recorded data, the study aims to explore the dynamics of the insurance sales agent-client interactions in transformational China’s rural areas from the perspective of topic management. The analysis of the interactions aims to understand the interactants’ roles in midst of social change. The relationship between sales agents and clients is ambiguous and conflicting. By identifying three types of talk, namely, friendship talk, institutional talk and task-oriented talk, we find both parties are consciously or unconsciously initiating, maintaining and managing different topics to their respective advantages strategically. Through the analysis, we hope to depict the transforming nature of the modern Chinese rural society, where old and traditional value system has been, for a large part, demolished, while new value system is yet to be established.
Evidence of use of road drainage culverts by Timon lepidus (Daudin, 1802) in Western Andalusia
Authors: Delgado Juan Domingo , Gómez María de los Ángeles
Published: May 2016

El uso de estructuras de drenaje viario y otros pasos inferiores potenciales para reptiles se encuentra escasamente estudiado. En esta nota presentamos una evidencia fotográfica de lagartos ocelados (Timon lepidus) usando un conducto estrecho lineal de drenaje bajo una carretera de tráfico intenso en Andalucía occidental (Sevilla). Nuestros datos sugieren que los lagartos podrían estar usando esta alternativa de desplazamiento contribuyendo a movimientos entre hábitats de esta especie amenazada, disminuyendo el riesgo de atropellos y mitigando los efectos de la fragmentación del hábitat.

Use of road drainage structures and other potential underpasses such as culverts by reptiles is scarcely studied. We present photographic evidence of Ocellated lizards (Timon lepidus) using a narrow, linear road drainage under an intense-traffic road in western Andalusia (Seville). Our finding suggests that lizards could benefit of using these alternative routes diminishing risks of road killing, and that even narrow culverts could be contributing to an inter-habitat displacement in this threatened lizard species by mitigating habitat fragmentation effects.
The rites of spring, Take 2
Authors: Marder Eve
Published: May 2016

Recruiting PhD students can be a frustrating process, but Eve Marder looks forward to welcoming the latest crop in the autumn.
Surface Raman spectroscopy with and without reverse Kretschmann configuration: Effect of evanescent-wave-coupled emission
Authors: Chen Chen , Lu Dan-Feng , Gao Ran , Cheng Jin , Qi Zhi-Mei
Published: May 2016

Evanescent-wave-coupled emission has been used for reverse Kretschmann fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies with high collection efficiency. However, it has a negative effect on the common surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy without the reverse Kretschmann configuration because the coupling of a large fraction of light power into the substrate impairs the Raman signal backscattered in air. A rough core layer can significantly weaken evanescent-wave-coupled emission, which is conducive to enhancing the backscattered Raman signal. In this work, we theoretically investigate the surface-plasmon-coupled emission and its effects on surface Raman spectroscopy.
Highly efficient picosecond degenerate four-wave mixing in a tellurite microstructured optical fiber
Authors: Zhang Lei , Tuan Tong Hoang , Kawamura Harutaka , Nagasaka Kenshiro , Suzuki Takenobu , Ohishi Yasutake
Published: May 2016

Wavelength-tunable picosecond degenerate four-wave mixing was demonstrated in a tellurite microstructured optical fiber (TMOF). The zero-dispersion wavelength of the TMOF was shifted to 1570 nm by introducing a single ring of air holes in the cladding. The anti-Stokes signal sideband can be generated from 1490 to 1500 nm, and the Stokes idler sideband can emit from 1595 to 1645 nm. Because of the high nonlinearity of the TMOF and the large peak power of the picosecond pump, a maximal signal gain of 31.2 dB and an idler conversion efficiency of +35 dB were achieved.
Effect of pH and chemical mechanical planarization process conditions on the copper–benzotriazole complex formation
Authors: Cho Byoung-Jun , Kim Jin-Yong , Hamada Satomi , Shima Shohei , Park Jin-Goo
Published: May 2016

Benzotriazole (BTA) has been used to protect copper (Cu) from corrosion during Cu chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes. However, an undesirable Cu–BTA complex is deposited after Cu CMP processes and it should be completely removed at post-Cu CMP cleaning for next fabrication process. Therefore, it is very important to understand of Cu–BTA complex formation behavior for its applications such as Cu CMP and post-Cu CMP cleaning. The present study investigated the effect of pH and polisher conditions on the formation of Cu–BTA complex layers using electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and the surface contact angle. The wettability was not a significant factor for the polishing interface, as no difference in the contact angles was observed for these processes. Both electrochemical techniques revealed that BTA had a unique advantage of long-term protection for Cu corrosion in an acidic condition (pH 3).
Premature feather loss among common tern chicks in Ontario: the return of an enigmatic developmental anomaly
Authors: Arnold Jennifer M. , Tyerman Donald J. , Crump Doug , Williams Kim L. , Oswald Stephen A.
Published: May 2016

In July 2014, we observed premature feather loss (PFL) among non-sibling, common ternSterna hirundochicks between two and four weeks of age at Gull Island in northern Lake Ontario, Canada. Rarely observed in wild birds, to our knowledge PFL has not been recorded in terns since 1974, despite the subsequent banding of hundreds of thousands of tern chicks across North America alone. The prevalence, 5% of chicks (9/167), and extent of feather loss we report is more extreme than in previous reports for common terns but was not accompanied by other aberrant developmental or physical deformities. Complete feather loss from all body areas (wing, tail, head and body) occurred over a period of a few days but all affected chicks appeared vigorous and quickly began to grow replacement feathers. All but one chick (recovered dead and submitted for post-mortem) most likely fledged 10–20 days after normal fledging age. We found no evidence of feather dystrophy or concurrent developmental abnormalities unusual among affected chicks. Thus, the PFL we observed among common terns in 2014 was largely of unknown origin. There was striking temporal association between the onset of PFL and persistent strong southwesterly winds that caused extensive mixing of near-shore surface water with cool, deep lake waters. One hypothesis is that PFL may have been caused by unidentified pathogens or toxins welling up from these deep waters along the shoreline but current data are insufficient to test this. PFL was not observed among common terns at Gull Island in 2015, although we did observe similar feather loss in a herring gullLarus argentatuschick in that year. Comparison with sporadic records of PFL in other seabirds suggests that PFL may be a rare, but non-specific, response to a range of potential stressors. PFL is now known for gulls, penguins and terns.
Coral reproduction in Western Australia
Authors: Gilmour James , Speed Conrad W. , Babcock Russ
Published: May 2016

Larval production and recruitment underpin the maintenance of coral populations, but these early life history stages are vulnerable to extreme variation in physical conditions. Environmental managers aim to minimise human impacts during significant periods of larval production and recruitment on reefs, but doing so requires knowledge of the modes and timing of coral reproduction. Most corals are hermaphroditic or gonochoric, with a brooding or broadcast spawning mode of reproduction. Brooding corals are a significant component of some reefs and produce larvae over consecutive months. Broadcast spawning corals are more common and display considerable variation in their patterns of spawning among reefs. Highly synchronous spawning can occur on reefs around Australia, particularly on the Great Barrier Reef. On Australia’s remote north-west coast there have been fewer studies of coral reproduction. The recent industrial expansion into these regions has facilitated research, but the associated data are often contained within confidential reports. Here we combine information in this grey-literature with that available publicly to update our knowledge of coral reproduction in WA, for tens of thousands of corals and hundreds of species from over a dozen reefs spanning 20° of latitude. We identified broad patterns in coral reproduction, but more detailed insights were hindered by biased sampling; most studies focused on species ofAcroporasampled over a few months at several reefs. Within the existing data, there was a latitudinal gradient in spawning activity among seasons, with mass spawning during autumn occurring on all reefs (but the temperate south-west). Participation in a smaller, multi-specific spawning during spring decreased from approximately one quarter of corals on the Kimberley Oceanic reefs to little participation at Ningaloo. Within these seasons, spawning was concentrated in March and/or April, and October and/or November, depending on the timing of the full moon. The timing of the full moon determined whether spawning was split over two months, which was common on tropical reefs. There were few data available for non-Acroporacorals, which may have different patterns of reproduction. For example, the massivePoritesseemed to spawn through spring to autumn on Kimberley Oceanic reefs and during summer in the Pilbara region, where other common corals (e.g.Turbinaria&Pavona) also displayed different patterns of reproduction to theAcropora. The brooding corals (Isopora&Seriatopora) on Kimberley Oceanic reefs appeared to planulate during many months, possibly with peaks from spring to autumn; a similar pattern is likely on other WA reefs. Gaps in knowledge were also due to the difficulty in identifying species and issues with methodology. We briefly discuss some of these issues and suggest an approach to quantifying variation in reproductive output throughout a year.
Biopsychological structure of Yin-Yang using Cloninger’s Temperament model and Carver and White’s BIS/BAS scale
Authors: Lee Soo Jin , Park Soo Hyun , Chae Han
Published: May 2016

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological structure of Yin-Yang based on the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) in relation to Carver and White’s Behavior Inhibition/Behavior Activation System (BIS/BAS) Scale and Cloninger’s temperament model of the West.

Methods. A total of 188 university students were classified as high (30%), middle (40%), and low (30%) groups based on their SPQ score and their differences in Cloninger’s temperaments and BIS/BAS subscales were analyzed using analysis of covariance after controlling the sex. Correlation among SPQ, Cloninger’s four temperaments and BIS/BAS subscales was also examined.

Results. Significant differences in BAS (F= 11.703,p< .001), Novelty-Seeking (F= 4.945,p< .01), and Harm-Avoidance (F= 10.912,p< .001) were observed between high and low SPQ score groups after controlling for sex. The SPQ showed significant correlation with BAS (r= 0.303), Novelty-Seeking (r= 0.225), and Harm-Avoidance (r= − 0.273). However, BIS showed no significant differences between SPQ groups, and did not show correlation with the SPQ.

Discussion. The current study demonstrated that Yin-Yang has similarities with and disparities from the Western tradition and may be examined with objective instruments. We showed that the emotionality of the East which is defined as mobility of emotion, not emotional instability as traditionally defined in Western theories, is pivotal for understanding the nature of emotion in the East. Suggestions are made for cross-cultural psychobiological study of the East and West.
Major Hepatectomy for Colorectal Metastases in the Elderly: A Tertiary Center Experience
Authors: Damrah Osama , Lykoudis Panagis M. , Orti-Rodriguez Rafael , Pissanou Theodora , Sharma Dinesh , Rolles Keith , Davidson Brian , Fusai Giuseppe
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate whether patients over 70 years old are at significantly higher risk for worse outcomes following major liver resection. Hepatic resection is the only treatment offering long-term survival for patients with colorectal liver metastases. As the population considered for metastasectomy is aging, there are still controversial published results regarding the safety of major hepatectomy in elderly patients. Between December 2002 and April 2010, 327 patients underwent major liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Patients were stratified into 2 groups: group A, <70 years old; and group B, ≥70 years old. Recorded, analyzed, and compared data across groups included the following: (1) patient characteristics including age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists performance status, primary tumor site and stage, adjuvant chemotherapy, number and size of metastatic lesions; (2) perioperative data including extent of resection, in-hospital mortality, postoperative morbidity, length of hospital stay, length of intensive treatment unit stay and blood loss; and (3) overall survival. The patients' characteristics were similar as were the characteristics of their tumors. There was no difference in overall morbidity (25% versus 22%) or postoperative mortality (2.6% versus 2.9%) (P = 0.44 and 0.57, respectively). The overall survival was 67% versus 62% in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.09). Elderly patients can safely undergo major liver resection for colorectal liver metastases with short- and long-term outcomes comparable with younger patients.
Madelung's Disease as the First Presentation of an Occult Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Smidt Livia S. , Kruel Cleber D. P. , Chedid Marcio F.
Published: May 2016

Madelung's disease is a rare disorder defined as cervical benign symmetric lipomatosis. Its association to alcoholism, pulmonary pathology, and neck cancer has been reported. We first describe the occurrence of this syndrome during the course of a gastric cancer. A 65-year-old white Latino male patient was referred to our service for investigation of dyspeptic symptoms, weight loss, and small bilateral symmetric and painless cervical masses. Upper endoscopy revealed a pyloric ulcer, treated with a 3-month regimen of antibiotics and omeprazole. A new endoscopy revealed persistence of the gastric ulcer, and biopsy pathology report showed chronic inflammatory changes but no malignant cells. Two months after the biopsy, the patient was admitted to the Emergency unit for gastric obstruction. Gastric wall enlargement and distention were found at the operation. Intraoperative frozen section gastric biopsy was inconclusive. Resection was not performed and a gastroenteric anastomosis was constructed. Definitive pathology report revealed gastric adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells. Thus, the patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy. Definitive pathology report confirmed diffuse signet-ring cell gastric cancer with duodenal invasion; 1 lymph node was positive for cancer. Postoperative course was uneventful, and adjuvant chemotherapy was performed. Gastric cancer recurred and the patient died 2 years after the operation. Madelung's disease did not show any progress during the disease-free period. Madelung's disease has been associated with head and neck cancers and now with gastric adenocarcinoma. We suggest that patients presenting with cervical lipomatosis also should be screened for occult gastric cancer and abdominal malignancy.
A Case of Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis Associated With Transient Elevation of Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Authors: Kadono Jun , Inoue Maki , Taki Chiaki , Ishizaki Naoki , Osako Masahiko , Ishibe Ryohei , Tabata Mineo , Imoto Yutaka
Published: May 2016

Transient elevation of antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) is commonly observed in cases of viral infection; however, it is generally not associated with clinical thromboembolic events. In this report, we present a rare case of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) thrombosis associated with a transient elevation of APLA and discuss its relationship with fibromuscular dysplasia and adenomyosis of the uterus. Furthermore, we discuss the use of anticoagulant therapy in cases with transient elevation of APLA. In this case, a 46-year-old woman with no significant medical history was diagnosed with intestinal stenosis after SMA thrombosis that had been resolved with anticoagulant therapy. Laboratory examination showed elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibody. Resection of the stenosed ileum and hysterectomy for huge adenomyosis were performed. Anticardiolipin antibody level normalized 4 months after the operation. Anticoagulant therapy was withdrawn after anticardiolipin antibody normalized, and the patient has been free from thromboembolic events ever since. Transient elevation of APLA should be kept in mind in all patients with thromboembolic events, including those with no medical history of collagen diseases or infection. In the present case, association with fibromuscular dysplasia and adenomyosis of the uterus is suspected, but further investigation is required. Once the APLA level normalizes with the resolved thrombus, decision of withdrawing the anticoagulant therapy can be considered.
A mass balance and isostasy model: Exploring the interplay between magmatism, deformation and surface erosion in continental arcs using central Sierra Nevada as a case study
Authors: Cao Wenrong , Paterson Scott
Published: May 2016

A one‐dimensional mass balance and isostasy model is used to explore the feedbacks between magmatism, deformation and surface erosion and how they together affect crustal thickness, elevation, and exhumation in a continental arc. The model is applied to central Sierra Nevada in California by parameterizing magma volume and deformational strain. The simulations capture the first‐order Mesozoic‐Cenozoic histories of crustal thickness, elevation and erosion including moderate Triassic crustal thickening and Jurassic crustal thinning followed by a strong Cretaceous crustal thickening, the latter resulting in a 60–70 km‐thick crust plus a 20 km‐thick arc eclogitic root, and a ∼5 km elevation in the Late Cretaceous. The contribution of contractional deformation to the crustal thickening is twice that of the magmatism. The contribution to elevation from magmatism is dampened by the formation of an eclogitic root. Erosion rate increases with the magnitude of crustal thickening (by magmatism and deformation) but its peak rate always lags behind the peak rate of thickening. We propose that thickened crust initially promotes magma generation by downward transport of materials to the magma source region, which may eventually jam the mantle wedge affecting the retro‐arc underthrusting process and reducing arc magmatism.
Positive and negative GPS‐TEC ionospheric storm effects during the extreme space weather event of March 2015 over the Brazilian sector
Authors: Fagundes P. R. , Cardoso F. A. , Fejer B. G. , Venkatesh K. , Ribeiro B. A. G. , Pillat V. G.
Published: May 2016

We studied the response of the ionosphere (F region) in the Brazilian sector during extreme space weather event of 17 March 2015 using a large network of 102 GPS‐ total electron content (TEC) stations. It is observed that the vertical total electron content (VTEC) was severely disturbed during the storm main and recovery phases. A wavelike oscillation with three peaks was observed in the TEC diurnal variation from equator to low latitudes during the storm main phase on 17–18 March 2015. The latitudinal extent of the wavelike oscillation peaks decreased from the beginning of the main phase toward the recovery phase. The first peak extended from beyond 0°S to 30°S, the second occurred from 6°S to 25°S, whereas the third diurnal peaks was confined from 13°S to 25°S. In addition, a strong negative phase in VTEC variations was observed during the recovery phase on 18–19 March 2015. This ionospheric negative phase was stronger at low latitudes than in the equatorial region. Also, two latitudinal chains of GPS‐TEC stations from equatorial region to low latitudes in the east and west Brazilian sectors are used to investigate the storm time behavior of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the east and west Brazilian sectors. We observed an anomalous behavior in EIA caused by the wavelike oscillations during the storm main phase on 17 March, and suppression of the EIA, resulting from the negative phase in VTEC, in the storm recovery phase.
Impact of midnight thermosphere dynamics on the equatorial ionospheric vertical drifts
Authors: Fang T.‐W. , Akmaev R. A. , Stoneback R. A. , Fuller‐Rowell T. , Wang H. , Wu F.
Published: May 2016

Recent satellite and ground‐based observations have revealed the existence of upward drifts in the postmidnight equatorial ionosphere (~0–3 LT). The phenomenon has not been explained by theoretical models. Simulations using the Whole Atmosphere Model coupled with the Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere model have successfully reproduced the unusual nighttime upward drifts. The simulations and observations by the Ion Velocity Meter onboard the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System also reveal substantial longitudinal dependence of the drifts. Our analysis indicates that the upward drifts are driven by thermosphere dynamics associated with the midnight temperature maximum (MTM). The MTM locally reverses the typical large‐scale zonal and meridional wind pattern, in turn affecting the nighttime F layer electrodynamics. In addition, the longitudinal variation of the drifts in different seasons depends on the magnitude and position of the MTM peak relative to the magnetic equator.
Crude oil jets in crossflow: Effects of dispersant concentration on plume behavior
Authors: Murphy David W. , Xue Xinzhi , Sampath Kaushik , Katz Joseph
Published: May 2016

This study investigates the effects of premixing oil with chemical dispersant at varying concentrations on the flow structure and droplet dynamics within a crude oil jet transitioning into a plume in a crossflow. It is motivated by the need to determine the fate of subsurface oil after a well blowout. The laboratory experiments consist of flow visualizations, in situ measurements of the time evolution of droplet‐size distributions using holography, and particle image velocimetry to characterize dominant flow features. Increasing the dispersant concentration dramatically decreases the droplet sizes and increases their number, and accordingly, reduces the rise rates of droplets and the upper boundary of the plume. The flow within the plume consists primarily of a pair of counterrotating quasi‐streamwise vortices (CVP) that characterize jets in crossflows. It also involves generation of vertical wake vortices that entrain small droplets under the plume. The evolution of plume boundaries is dominated by interactions of droplets with the CVP. The combined effects of vortex‐induced velocity and significant quiescent rise velocity of large (∼5 mm) droplets closely agree with the rise rate of the upper boundary of the crude oil plume. Conversely, the much lower rise velocity of the smaller droplets in oil‐dispersant mixtures results in plume boundaries rising at rates that are very similar to those of the CVP center. The size of droplets trapped by the CVP is predicted correctly using a trapping function, which is based on a balance of forces on a droplet located within a horizontal eddy.
A novel analysis of spring phenological patterns over Europe based on co‐clustering
Authors: Wu Xiaojing , Zurita‐Milla Raul , Kraak Menno‐Jan
Published: May 2016

The study of phenological patterns and their dynamics provides insights into the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Here we present a novel analytical workflow, based on co‐clustering, that enables the concurrent study of spatio‐temporal patterns in spring phenology. The workflow is illustrated with a long‐term time series of first leaf dates (FLD) over Europe, northern Africa, and Turkey calculated using the extended spring index models and the European E‐OBS daily maximum and minimum temperatures (1950 to 2011 with a spatial resolution of 0.25°). This FLD dataset was co‐clustered using the Bregman block average co‐clustering with I‐divergence (BBAC_I), and the results were refined using k‐means. These refined co‐clusters were mapped to provide a first spatially‐continuous delineation of phenoregions in Europe. Our results show that the study area exhibits four main spatial phenological patterns of spring onset. The temporal dynamics of these phenological patterns indicate that the first years of the study period tend to have late spring onsets and the recent years have early spring onsets. Our results also show that the study period exhibits 12 main temporal phenological patterns of spring onset. The spatial distributions of these temporal phenological patterns show that western Turkey tends to have the most variable spring onsets. Changes in the boundaries of other phenoregions can also be observed. These results indicate that this co‐clustering based analytical workflow effectively enables the simultaneous study of both spatial patterns and their temporal dynamics and of temporal patterns and their spatial dynamics in spring phenology.
Shift of the magnetopause reconnection line to the winter hemisphere under southward IMF conditions: Geotail and MMS observations
Authors: Kitamura N. , Hasegawa H. , Saito Y. , Shinohara I. , Yokota S. , Nagai T. , Pollock C. J. , Giles B. L. , Moore T. E. , Dorelli J. C. , Gershman D. J. , Avanov L. A. , Paterson W. R. , Coffey V. N. , Chandler M. O. , Sauvaud J. A. , Lavraud B. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Burch J. L.
Published: May 2016

At 02:13 UT on 18 November 2015 when the geomagnetic dipole was tilted by −27°, the MMS spacecraft observed southward reconnection jets near the subsolar magnetopause under southward and dawnward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. Based on four‐spacecraft estimations of the magnetic field direction near the separatrix and the motion and direction of the current sheet, the location of the reconnection line was estimated to be ~1.8 RE or further northward of MMS. The Geotail spacecraft at GSM Z~1.4 RE also observed southward reconnection jets at the dawnside magnetopause 30–40 min later. The estimated reconnection line location was northward of GSM Z~2 RE. This crossing occurred when MMS observed purely southward magnetic fields in the magnetosheath. The simultaneous observations are thus consistent with the hypothesis that the dayside magnetopause reconnection line shifts from the subsolar point toward the northern (winter) hemisphere due to the effect of geomagnetic dipole tilt.
Substorm onset: A switch on the sequence of transport from decreasing entropy to increasing entropy
Authors: Chen C. X.
Published: May 2016

In this study, we propose a scenario about the trigger for substorm onset. In a stable magnetosphere, entropy is an increasing function tailward. However, in the growth phase of a substorm, a later born bubble has lower entropy than earlier born bubbles. When a bubble arrives at its final destination in the near‐Earth region, it will spread azimuthally because of its relatively uniform entropy. The magnetic flux tubes of a dying bubble, which cause the most equatorward aurora thin arc, would block the later coming bubble tailward of them, forming an unstable domain. Therefore, an interchange instability develops, which leads to the collapse of the unstable domain, followed by the collapse of the stretched plasma sheet. We regard the substorm onset as a switch on the sequence of transport, i.e., from a decreasing entropy process to an increasing entropy process. We calculated the most unstable growth rates and the wavelengths of instability, and both are in agreement with observations.
Alongshore momentum transfer to the nearshore zone from energetic ocean waves generated by passing hurricanes
Authors: Mulligan Ryan P. , Hanson Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2016

Wave and current measurements from a cross‐shore array of nearshore sensors in Duck, NC, are used to elucidate the balance of alongshore momentum under energetic wave conditions with wide surf zones, generated by passing hurricanes that are close to and far from to the coast. The observations indicate that a distant storm (Hurricane Bill, 2009) with large waves has low variability in directional wave characteristics resulting in alongshore currents that are driven mainly by the changes in wave energy. A storm close to the coast (Hurricane Earl, 2010), with strong local wind stress and combined sea and swell components in wave energy spectra, has high variability in wave direction and wave period that influence wave breaking and nearshore circulation as the storm passes. During both large wave events, the horizontal current shear is strong and radiation stress gradients, bottom stress, wind stress, horizontal mixing, and cross‐shore advection contribute to alongshore momentum at different spatial locations across the nearshore region. Horizontal mixing during Hurricane Earl, estimated from rotational velocities, was particularly strong suggesting that intense eddies were generated by the high horizontal shear from opposing wind‐driven and wave‐driven currents. The results provide insight into the cross‐shore distribution of the alongshore current and the connection between flows inside and outside the surf zone during major storms, indicating that the current shear and mixing at the interface between the surf zone and shallow inner shelf is strongly dependent on the distance from the storm center to the coast.
Ternary Oxide Nanocrystals: Universal Laser‐Hydrothermal Synthesis, Optoelectronic and Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Rui Muchen , Li Xiaoming , Gan Lin , Zhai Tianyou , Zeng Haibo
Published: May 2016

Ternary oxide nanocrystals (TONs) have received growing attention for their great potential applications in optoelectronics and electrochemistry despite the current scarcity of universal, facile, and green synthesis methods. Here, we introduce a universal laser‐hydrothermal approach for various TONs and demonstrate their potential for high‐performance photodetectors (PDs) and pseudocapacitors. The obtained clean surface is derived by laser ablation in liquid (LAL) and subsequent hydrothermal growth. The LAL‐generated precursors contain many kinds of highly reactive species, including H+, OH−, metal ions, and clusters, which facilitate the fast and facile formation of various TONs in the subsequent hydrothermal process. The universality of the method is systematically proven by the synthesis of a series of TONs, including Zn2GeO4, NiCo2O4, Zn2SnO4, ZnFe2O4, ZnMnO3, and Fe2GeO4. Significantly, the absence of chemical additives, such as surfactants, guarantees highly clean surfaces, which further benefits the electron transport through the nanocrystals, and thus in the resultant devices. This is also exemplified by a Zn2GeO4‐nanorod‐based, deep‐ultraviolet PD and NiCo2O4 nanocrystal supercapacitors.
High‐Mobility Naphthalene Diimide and Selenophene‐Vinylene‐Selenophene‐Based Conjugated Polymer: n‐Channel Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Structure–Property Relationship
Authors: Sung Min Jae , Luzio Alessandro , Park Won‐Tae , Kim Ran , Gann Eliot , Maddalena Francesco , Pace Giuseppina , Xu Yong , Natali Dario , de Falco Carlo , Dang Long , McNeill Christopher R. , Caironi Mario , Noh Yong‐Young , Kim Yun‐Hi
Published: May 2016

Interdependence of chemical structure, thin‐film morphology, and transport properties is a key, yet often elusive aspect characterizing the design and development of high‐mobility, solution‐processed polymers for large‐area and flexible electronics applications. There is a specific need to achieve >1 cm2 V−1 s−1 field‐effect mobilities (μ) at low processing temperatures in combination with environmental stability, especially in the case of electron‐transporting polymers, which are still lagging behind hole transporting materials. Here, the synthesis of a naphthalene‐diimide based donor–acceptor copolymer characterized by a selenophene vinylene selenophene donor moiety is reported. Optimized field‐effect transistors show maximum μ of 2.4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and promising ambient stability. A very marked film structural evolution is revealed with increasing annealing temperature, with evidence of a remarkable 3D crystallinity above 180 °C. Conversely, transport properties are found to be substantially optimized at 150 °C, with limited gain at higher temperature. This discrepancy is rationalized by the presence of a surface‐segregated prevalently edge‐on packed polymer phase, dominating the device accumulated channel. This study therefore serves the purpose of presenting a promising, high‐electron‐mobility copolymer that is processable at relatively low temperatures, and of clearly highlighting the necessity of specifically investigating channel morphology in assessing the structure–property nexus in semiconducting polymer thin films.