bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REPLY TO JOSEPH MASSAD
Authors: SHRYOCK ANDREW
Published: March 2007

In noting that Joseph Massad's identity as a Palestinian Jordanian should be central to any critical evaluation of Colonial Effects, I am taking seriously his claim that writing the book entailed, for him, a gradual “coming to terms” with this identity. I am also reapplying Massad's own interpretive method. “Throughout the book,” he tells us, “you will notice that I identify the geographic origins and the religious and ethnic backgrounds of people. This is done deliberately” (p. 16). Why? Because such specificity is needed to “interrogate” the claims people make about “Jordanian national identity and Jordanian national culture” (p. 16). I find it bizarre that Massad would cry “foul” when I conclude that his own (self-announced) “subject position” influenced his thinking on these topics.
GÖÇ, GERI GÖÇ VE VATANDAŞLIK POLITIKALARI: OSMANLI IM PARATORLUĞU ‘NDA RUS MÜSLÜMANLAR, 1860—1914
Authors: Meyer James H.
Published: March 2007

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STRUGGLES UNDER AUTHORITARIANISM: REGIMES, STATES, AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE ARAB WORLD
Authors: Moore Pete W. , Salloukh Bassel F.
Published: March 2007

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ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MODERNIZATION IN THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD: İZMİRLİ İSMAİ L HAKKI'S RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AGAINST MATERIALIST SCIENTISM
Authors: Özervarli M. Sait
Published: March 2007

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Dynamics and noise emission of vortex cavitation bubbles
Authors: CHOI JAEHYUG , CECCIO STEVEN L.
Published: March 2007

The growth and collapse of a cavitation bubble forming within the core of a line vortex was examined experimentally to determine how the dynamics and noise emission of the elongated cavitation bubble is influenced by the underlying non-cavitating vortex properties. A steady line vortex was formed downstream of a hydrofoil mounted in the test section of a recirculating water channel. A focused pulse of laser light was used to initiate a nucleus in the core of a vortex, allowing for the detailed examination of the growth, splitting and collapse of individual cavitation bubbles as they experience a reduction and recovery of the local static pressure. Images of single-bubble dynamics were captured with two pulse-synchronized high-speed video cameras. The shape and dynamics of single vortex cavitation bubbles are compared to the original vortex properties and the local static pressure in the vortex core, and an analysis was performed to understand the relationship between the non-cavitating vortex properties and the diameter of the elongated cavitation bubble. Acoustic emissions from the bubbles were detected during growing, splitting and collapse, revealing that the acoustic impulse created during collapse was four orders of magnitude higher than the noise emission due to growth and splitting. The dynamics and noise generation of the elongated bubbles are compared to that of spherical cavitation bubbles in quiescent flow. These data indicate that the core size and circulation are insufficient to scale the developed vortex cavitation. The non-cavitating vortex circulation and core size are not sufficient to scale the bubble dynamics, even though the single-phase pressure field is uniquely scaled by these parameters. A simple analytical model of the equilibrium state of the elongated cavitation bubble suggests that there are multiple possible equilibrium values of the elongated bubble radius, each with varying tangential velocities at the bubble interface. Thus, the details of the bubble dynamics and bubble–flow interactions will set the final bubble dimensions.
Shock-wave/expansion-wave interactions and the transition between regular and Mach reflection
Authors: HILLIER R.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents numerical simulations for the interaction of an expansion wave with an incident shock wave of the opposite family, the specific aim being to study the resultant reflection of the now-perturbed shock wave from a solid surface. This problem is considered in the context of an incident flow entering a parallel duct, a situation that commonly arises in a range of flow-turning problems including supersonic intake flows. Once the incident shock conditions are such that Mach reflection must occur, it is shown that stabilization of a simple Mach reflection is only possible for a narrow range of Mach numbers and that this depends sensitively on the relative streamwise positioning of the origins of the shock wave and the expansion wave.
Experimental study and nonlinear dynamic analysis of time-periodic micro chaotic mixers
Authors: LEE YI-KUEN , SHIH CHIANG , TABELING PATRICK , HO CHIH-MING
Published: March 2007

The efficiency of MEMS-based time-periodic micro chaotic mixers is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this study. A time-periodic flow perturbation was realized using digitally controlled solenoid valves to activate a source and sink alternately, acting together as a pair, with different driving frequencies. Working fluids with and without fluorescent dye were used in the micromixing experiments. The spatio-temporal variation of the mixing concentration during the mixing process was characterized at different Strouhal numbers, ranging from 0.03 to 0.74, using fluorescence microscopy. A simple kinematical model for the micromixer was used to demonstrate the presence of chaotic mixing. Specific stretching rate, Lyapunov exponent, and local bifurcation and Poincaré section analyses were used to identify the emergence of chaos. Two different numerical methods were employed to verify that the maximum Lyapunov exponent was positive in the proposed micromixer model. A simplified analytical analysis of the effect of Strouhal number is presented. Kolmogorov–Arnold–Mose (KAM) curves, which are mixing barriers, were also found in Poincaré sections. From a comparative study of the experimental results and theoretical analysis, a finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) was shown to be a more practical mixing index than the classical Lyapunov exponent because the time spent in mixing is the main concern in practical applications, such as bio-medical diagnosis. In addition, the FTLE takes into account both fluid stretching in terms of the stretching rate and fluid folding in terms of curvature.
Electrohydrodynamic flow around a colloidal particle near an electrode with an oscillating potential
Authors: RISTENPART W. D. , AKSAY I. A. , SAVILLE D. A.
Published: March 2007

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow around a charged spherical colloid near an electrode was studied theoretically and experimentally to understand the nature of long-range particle–particle attraction near electrodes. Numerical computations for finite double-layer thicknesses confirmed the validity of an asymptotic methodology for thin layers. Then the electric potential around the particle was computed analytically in the limit of zero Péclet number and thin double layers for oscillatory electric fields at frequencies where Faradaic reactions are negligible. Streamfunctions for the steady component of the EHD flow were determined with an electro-osmotic slip boundary condition on the electrode surface. Accordingly, it was established how the axisymmetric flow along the electrode is related to the dipole coefficient of the colloidal particle. Under certain conditions, the flow is directed toward the particle and decays asr−4, in accord with observations of long-range particle aggregation. To test the theory, particle-tracking experiments were performed with fluorescent 300 nm particles around 50μm particles over a wide range of electric field strengths and frequencies. Treating the particle surface conductivity as a fitting parameter yields velocities in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The observed frequency dependence, however, differs from the model predictions, suggesting that the effect of convection on the charge distribution is not negligible as assumed in the zero Péclet number limit.
Secondary prevention of CHD in UK men: the Diet and Reinfarction Trial and its sequel
Authors: Burr Michael L.
Published: March 2007

The Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART) involved 2033 men (mean age 56·5 years) recovering from myocardial infarction. They were randomly allocated to receive advice or to receive no advice on each of three dietary factors: an increase in fatty fish intake; a reduction in fat intake with an increase in polyunsaturated fat:saturated fat; an increased intake of cereal fibre. Compliance was satisfactory with the fish and fibre advice, but less so with the fat advice. The men given fish advice had 29% lower 2-year all-cause mortality; the other forms of advice did not have any significant effects. The Diet and Angina Randomized Trial (DART-2) involved 3114 men (mean age 61·1 years) with stable angina, who were followed up for 3–9 years. Advice to eat oily fish or take fish oil did not affect all-cause mortality, but it was associated with a significant increase in sudden cardiac death (P=0·018), and this effect was largely confined to the subgroup given fish oil capsules. Advice to eat more fruit and vegetables had no effect, probably because of poor compliance. The outcome of DART-2 appears to conflict with that of DART and some other studies; various possible explanations are considered. Nutritional interventions are not equally acceptable and should be tailored to the individuals for whom they are intended. Various distinct groups have a raised risk of CHD, and it cannot be assumed that the same nutritional interventions are appropriate to them all. Nutritional supplements do not necessarily have the same effects as the foods from which they are derived.
High-fat diet, muscular lipotoxicity and insulin resistance
Authors: Schrauwen Patrick
Published: March 2007

A high dietary fat intake and low physical activity characterize the current Western lifestyle. Dietary fatty acids do not stimulate their own oxidation and a surplus of fat is stored in white adipose tissue, liver, heart and muscle. In these organs intracellular lipids serve as a rapidly-available energy source during, for example, physical activity. However, under conditions of elevated plasma fatty acid levels and high dietary fat intake, conditions implicated in the development of modern diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, fat accumulation in liver and muscle (intramyocellular lipids; IMCL) is associated with the development of insulin resistance. Recent data suggest that IMCL are specifically harmful when combined with reduced mitochondrial function, both conditions that characterize type 2 diabetes. In the (pre)diabetic state reduced expression of the transcription factor PPARγ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, has been suggested to underlie the reduced mitochondrial function. Importantly, the reduction in PGC-1α may be a result of low physical activity, consumption of high-fat diets and high plasma fatty acid levels. Mitochondrial function can also be impaired as a result of enhanced mitochondrial damage by reactive oxygen species. Fatty acids in the vicinity of mitochondria are particularly prone to lipid peroxidation. In turn, lipid peroxides can induce oxidative damage to mitochondrial RNA, DNA and proteins. The mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 3, which is induced under high-fat conditions, may serve to protect mitochondria against lipid-induced oxidative damage, but is reduced in the prediabetic state. Thus, muscular lipotoxicity may impair mitochondrial function and may be central to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Metabolic interaction of dietary sugars and plasma lipids with a focus on mechanisms andde novolipogenesis
Authors: Chong Mary F. F. , Fielding Barbara A. , Frayn Keith N.
Published: March 2007

The elevation of blood lipid concentrations in response to the consumption of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets is known as carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolaemia (HPTG). An understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between carbohydrates and plasma lipids may help determine whether carbohydrate-induced HPTG would increase cardiovascular risk. There is growing evidence to suggest that the sugar component of the diet may be largely responsible, rather than the total carbohydrate. In most studies designed to investigate the mechanisms of carbohydrate-induced HPTG, the amounts and types of sugars and starches used in the diets are not specified. Findings have been mixed and inconsistent. It is proposed that the elucidation of mechanisms from current studies could have been confounded by the different ways in which sugars are metabolized in the body. At present, there are few studies that have evaluated the independent effects of dietary sugars. Interest has been focused onde novolipogenesis (DNL), as it has recently been found to be positively correlated with increases in fasting TAG levels produced on high-carbohydrate diets, indicating that DNL may contribute to carbohydrate-induced HPTG. DNL has been found to be determined by starch:sugar in a high-carbohydrate diet and affected by different types of sugars. The presence of DNL in adipose tissue is supported by emerging gene-expression studies in human subjects. In the wake of rising intakes of sugars, further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms associated with different sugars, so that appropriate therapeutic strategies can be adopted.
The impact of EPA and DHA on blood lipids and lipoprotein metabolism: influence of apoE genotype
Authors: Anil Eliz
Published: March 2007

Fish and fish oil-rich sources of long-chainn-3 fatty acids have been shown to be cardio-protective, through a multitude of different pathways including effects on arrythymias, endothelial function, inflammation and thrombosis, as well as modulation of both the fasting and postprandial blood lipid profile. To date the majority of studies have examined the impact of EPA and DHA fed simultaneously as fish or fish oil supplements. However, a number of recent studies have compared the relative biopotency of EPAv. DHA in relation to their effect on blood lipid levels. Although many beneficial effects of fish oils have been demonstrated, concern exists about the potential deleterious impact of EPA and DHA on LDL-cholesterol, with a highly-heterogenous response of this lipid fraction reported in the literature. Recent evidence suggests that apoE genotype may be in part responsible. In the present review the impact of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk and the blood lipoprotein profile will be considered, with a focus on the apoE gene locus as a possible determinant of lipid responsiveness to fish oil intervention.
Effect of cooking brassica vegetables on the subsequent hydrolysis and metabolic fate of glucosinolates
Authors: Rungapamestry Vanessa , Duncan Alan J. , Fuller Zoë , Ratcliffe Brian
Published: March 2007

The protective effects of brassica vegetables against cancer may be partly related to their glucosinolate content. Glucosinolates are hydrolysed by plant myrosinase following damage of plant tissue. Isothiocyanates are one of the main groups of metabolites of glucosinolates and are implicated in the preventive effect against cancer. During cooking of brassica the glucosinolate–myrosinase system may be modified as a result of inactivation of plant myrosinase, loss of enzymic cofactors such as epithiospecifier protein, thermal breakdown and/or leaching of glucosinolates and their metabolites or volatilisation of metabolites. Cooking brassica affects the site of release of breakdown products of glucosinolates, which is the upper gastrointestinal tract following consumption of raw brassica containing active plant myrosinase. After consumption of cooked brassica devoid of plant myrosinase glucosinolates are hydrolysed in the colon under the action of the resident microflora. Feeding trials with human subjects have shown that hydrolysis of glucosinolates and absorption of isothiocyanates are greater following ingestion of raw brassica with active plant myrosinase than after consumption of the cooked plant with denatured myrosinase. The digestive fate of glucosinolates may be further influenced by the extent of cell rupture during ingestion, gastrointestinal transit time, meal composition, individual genotype and differences in colonic microflora. These sources of variation may partly explain the weak epidemiological evidence relating consumption of brassica to prevention against cancer. An understanding of the biochemical changes occurring during cooking and ingestion of brassica may help in the design of more robust epidemiological studies to better evaluate the protective effects of brassica against cancer.
Peripheral tissue–brain interactions in the regulation of food intake
Authors: López Miguel , Tovar Sulay , Vázquez María J. , Williams Lynda M. , Diéguez Carlos
Published: March 2007

More than 70 years ago the glucostatic, lipostatic and aminostatic hypotheses proposed that the central nervous system sensed circulating levels of different metabolites, changing feeding behaviour in response to the levels of those molecules. In the last 20 years the rapid increase in obesity and associated pathologies in developed countries has involved a substantial increase in the knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanism regulating body mass. This effort has resulted in the recent discovery of new peripheral signals, such as leptin and ghrelin, as well as new neuropeptides, such as orexins, involved in body-weight homeostasis. The present review summarises research into energy balance, starting from the original classical hypotheses proposing metabolite sensing, through peripheral tissue–brain interactions and coming full circle to the recently-discovered role of hypothalamic fatty acid synthase in feeding regulation. Understanding these molecular mechanisms will provide new pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and appetite disorders.
Spatiality for formal topologies
Authors: GAMBINO NICOLA , SCHUSTER PETER
Published: March 2007

We define what it means for a formal topology to be spatial, and investigate properties related to spatiality both in general and in examples.
Two preservation results for countable products of sequential spaces
Authors: SCHRÖDER MATTHIAS , SIMPSON ALEX
Published: March 2007

We prove two results for the sequential topology on countable products of sequential topological spaces. First we show that a countable product of topological quotients yields a quotient map between the product spaces. Then we show that the reflection from sequential spaces to its subcategory of monotone ω-convergence spaces preserves countable products. These results are motivated by applications to the modelling of computation on non-discrete spaces.
Dringliche Konsultationen und Notfälle im Notfalldienstkreis Möhlin-Wegenstettertal
Authors: Meyer  , Marty
Published: March 2007

Der zunehmende Mangel an notfalldienstleistenden Hausärzten wird für die Versorgung des ambulanten Notfalls in der Schweiz in den nächsten Jahren zu einer grossen Herausforderung. Daten zu Häufigkeit und zur Versorgung ambulanter Notfälle wären nützlich für gezielte Adaptationen der Versorgung. Die Pilot-Untersuchung erfasst die Häufigkeit der ambulanten Notfälle/dringlichen Arztbesuche in der Grundversorgung und der dabei angetroffenen Probleme. Die verschiedenen Arten und Anlaufstellen des ambulanten Notfalls werden diskutiert.
How is Your Asthma Today?
Authors: Rothe  , Michel  , Spring  , Karrer
Published: March 2007

Ziel einer antiasthmatischen Therapie ist es, die asthmatische Entzündung mit Medikamenten möglichst gut zu unterdrücken, damit der Patient weitgehend beschwerdefrei wird. Je besser sich die Entzündung in Schach halten lässt, desto geringer ist der Grad der entzündlichen Aktivität des Asthmas, bzw. desto besser die Asthma-Kontrolle. Der Bedarf an antiinflammatorisch wirksamer Therapie variiert jedoch; er kann z.B. im Rahmen einer Allergenexposition oder eines viralen Atemwegsinfektes ansteigen. Im Verlaufe eines chronischen Asthmas muss die Asthma-Kontrolle immer wieder überprüft werden um sicherzustellen, dass die Therapie ausreichend ist, aber auch um eine Überdosierung zu vermeiden. Anhand einer Fall-Vignette wird die Problematik der Integration verschiedener Parameter zur Beurteilung der Asthma-Kontrolle veranschaulicht.
Crustal structure of Iceland and Greenland from receiver function studies
Authors: Kumar P. , Kind R. , Priestley K. , Dahl‐Jensen T.
Published: March 2007

We used data from both permanent and temporary seismic networks on Iceland and Greenland to investigate the crustal thickness by partly reinterpreting earlier data (P receiver functions) and adding S receiver functions to better constrain the results. We obtained good conversions from the Moho and also crustal multiples in both Iceland and Greenland. The central ice covered part of Greenland has an average crustal thickness of 40 km, typical for a craton. At the edges of Greenland the crustal thickness decreases to 30–40 km. On the east coast of Greenland, where the track of the Iceland plume is thought to have affected the lithosphere, the crustal thickness is only 24–26 km. In contrast to previous studies, we find that the crustal thickness in the east and the northwest coastal regions of Iceland is more than 40 km, similar to beneath the active volcanic region. In the southwest region of Iceland and along the mid‐ocean ridge, the crustal thickness is only 25 km or less. Also in contrast to earlier receiver function interpretations, which deduced a broad crust‐mantle transition zone for Iceland, we find indications for a normal, sharper Moho beneath a number of sites.
Generalized maximum likelihood estimators for the nonstationary generalized extreme value model
Authors: El Adlouni S. , Ouarda T. B. M. J. , Zhang X. , Roy R. , Bobée B.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the present study is to develop efficient estimation methods for the use of the GEV distribution for quantile estimation in the presence of nonstationarity. Parameter estimation in the nonstationary GEV model is generally done with the maximum likelihood estimation method (ML). In this work, we develop the generalized maximum likelihood estimation method (GML), in which covariates are incorporated into parameters. A simulation study is carried out to compare the performances of the GML and the ML methods in the case of the stationary GEV model (GEV0), the nonstationary case with a linear dependence of the location parameter on covariates (GEV1), the nonstationary case with a quadratic dependence on covariates (GEV2), and the nonstationary case with linear dependence in both location and scale parameters (GEV11). Simulation results show that the GLM method performs better than the ML method for all studied cases. The nonstationary GEV model is also applied to a case study to illustrate its potential. The case study deals with the annual maximum precipitation at the Randsburg station in California, and the covariate process is taken to be the Southern Index Oscillation.
Nowlin receives 2006 AGU Ocean Sciences Award
Authors: Nowlin Worth D. , Kjerfve Björn
Published: March 2007

Worth D. Nowlin Jr. received the Ocean Sciences Award, which was presented to him on 22 February at the 2006 Ocean Sciences meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, for outstanding and long‐standing service to the ocean sciences
California not yet ready for desalination
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: March 2007

Desalination is an expensive source of freshwater, and plans for desalination efforts in California do not adequately address the potential costs or environmental and social impacts, according to a report released on 27 June by the nonprofit Pacific Institute.

Seawater desalination has been implemented successfully in a few parts of the world, such as the Persian Gulf region, and is used on a small scale for commercial and industrial needs in the United States. In California, about 20 large projects have been proposed in the last five years; if all were constructed, they would provide the equivalent of about 6% of the state's 2000 urban water supply.
Dwarf planet named
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: March 2007

The dwarf planet 2003 UB313, which had been nicknamed ‘Xena,’ has been given the formal name of Eris, the International Astronomical Union announced on 13 September. Eris, which was discovered in January 2005, was named for the Greek goddess of discord. Its moon has been named Dysnomia, for the daughter of Eris, the demon goddess of lawlessness. Eris was assigned dwarf planet status in an IAU resolution approved in August (see Eos 57(35), 2006) along with Pluto and Ceres. Pluto's demotion prompted the Minor Planet Center, which operates under the auspices of the IAU, to assign Pluto an asteroid number, 134340, on 7 September.
The Antarctic Subglacial Lake Vostok: Glaciology, Biology and Planetology
Authors: Siegert Martin J.
Published: March 2007

Igor Zotikov has been involved in Antarctic glaciological research since the 1957–1958 third International Polar Year (IPY). His theoretical analyses of ice flow and heat transfer were important early contributions to our present understanding of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. These contributions were also critical to the eventual appreciation that a large body of water existed beneath the approximately 3.7‐kilometer‐thick ice column at Vostok Station in central East Antarctica. In his short book, titled The Antarctic Subglacial Lake Vostok: Glaciology, Biology and Planetology, Zotikov reflects on his and his colleagues' 40‐year contribution to the story of Lake Vostok's discovery, and to future exploration of subglacial lake environments.

While several authors have discussed the history of subglacial lake exploration, accounts have varied. Zotikov provides, in my opinion, the fullest and most balanced explanation of Antarctic subglacial lake discovery available. For this reason alone the book is of great value as a historical resource, although there are some weaknesses. Essentially, the work highlights the fascinating background to a paper by Kapitsa et al. [1996] that led to the recognition of Lake Vostok as a deep‐water body capable of supporting unique microorganisms. Since this paper, several international meetings (held in Russia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have been organized to plan for the exploration of subglacial lake environments. This book therefore charts the origin of an exciting and important new area of interdisciplinary science in Antarctica.
Global interagency IPY Polar Snapshot Year
Authors: Jezek Kenneth C. , Drinkwater Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Satellite observations are revolutionizing our ability to observe the poles and polar processes. No other technology developed since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957—1958 provides the highresolution, continental‐scale, frequent‐repeat, and all‐weather observations available from spaceborne sensors. The utility of that technology is evidenced by associated scientific advances including measurements of trends in polar sea ice cover and extent, the realization that the polar ice sheets can change dramatically at timescales of decades or less, and the quantification of relationships between processes at the poles and at middle and equatorial latitudes.

There are similar successes in the commercial and governmental sectors, and so the competition for access to the international constellation of satellites becomes increasingly more intense. Frequently, this means that there are only limited opportunities for conducting large‐scale projects that consume a significant fraction of system capabilities for some dedicated period of time. One example of a large‐scale coordinated effort is the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP). RAMP required months of dedicated satellite and ground support time to achieve its objective of obtaining near‐instantaneous, high‐resolution snapshots of Antarctica.
Recent tsunami highlights need for awareness of tsunami duration
Authors: Kelly Annabel , Dengler Lori A. , Uslu Burak , Barberopoulou Aggeliki , Yim Solomon C. , Bergen Kristian J.
Published: March 2007

On Wednesday, 15 November 2006, Crescent City Harbor, in Del Norte County, Calif., was hit by surges resulting from the tsunami generated by the Mw= 8.3 Kuril Islands earthquake. The strong currents caused an estimated US $700,000 to $1 million in losses to the small boat basin at Citizen's Dock, destroying or damaging three floating docks and causing minor damage to several boats (Figure l).The event highlighted a persistent problem for tsunami hazard mitigation: Most people are still unaware that the first tsunami waves rarely are the largest and that the potential for damaging waves may last for many hours.
Panel recommends budget cuts for observatories
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: March 2007

US. National Science Foundation funding for observatories that monitor the ionosphere, Sun, and solar system could be reduced substantially if recent recommendations from a panel of senior scientists are heeded.

The senior review committee, commissioned by NSF to provide outside guidance to the agency, attempted to balance current federal budget outlooks with the ambitious astronomy programs proposed earlier this decade by the U.S. National Research Council. The committee was asked to propose cuts of roughly $30 million in annual spending from the current program—representing 15% of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) annual budget for astronomy—to accommodate NSF plans for developing and operating new facilities.
NSF assistant director for geosciences announces resignation
Authors: Zielinki Sarah
Published: March 2007

Margaret Leinen, assistant director for geosciences at the U.S. National Science Foundation, announced on 7 December that she will be leaving NSF in January 2007 to become the chief science officer and vice president of Climos, a new company based in San Francisco, Calif., that plans to develop solutions to reduce greenhouse gases. Leinen will oversee efforts to better understand the planet's carbon cycle to address global climate change issues.

Leinen has managed the Directorate for Geosciences since 2000. She also served as vice chair of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program, which coordinates federal climate change research, and as co‐chair of the National Science and Technology Council's Joint Committee on Ocean Science and Technology.
Indian Ocean tsunami detection buoy deployed
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: March 2007

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has deployed the first of two Deep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys in the Indian Ocean.This first buoy was placed about halfway between Thailand and Sri Lanka at the beginning of December 2006 and will be maintained by the Thai Meteorological Department and National Disaster Warning Center. Data from the buoy is available at http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=23401

NOAA will deploy a second DART buoy farther south in spring 2007. The DART buoys are two of 22 tsunameters planned for the regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean, which will provide warnings for Indonesia, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Other features of the final warning system will include tide gauges, modeling, and upgrades to communications.
Monitoring global vegetation using moderate‐resolution satellites
Authors: Morisette Jeff , Heinsch Faith Ann , Running Steven W.
Published: March 2007

The international community long has recognized the need to coordinate observations of Earth from space. In 1984, this situation provided the impetus for creating the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), an international mechanism charged with coordinating international civil spaceborne missions designed to observe and study planet Earth. Currently, several international organizations, most prominently the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS),are focusing on the requirements for Earth observation from space to address key science questions and societal benefits related to our terrestrial environment.

The recent CEOS‐endorsed Long Term Global Monitoring of Vegetation Variables using Moderate Resolution Satellites Workshop was organized to establish a framework to understand the interrelationships among multiple global vegetation products and identify opportunities for (1) increasing knowledge through combined products, (2) realizing efficiency by avoiding redundancy and (3) developing near‐ and long‐term strategies to avoid gaps in our understanding of critical global vegetation information.
Comment on “Bathymetric survey images structure off Sumatra”
Authors: Murdock James N.
Published: March 2007

In their continuing studies, Ladage et al. [2006] reported and discussed the bathymetry of 600 kilometers of the trench region offshore northwestern Sumatra. They appear to have assumed the conventional plate model of convergence. Of significance, the investigators who conducted previous modern experiments did not identify the megathrust, which is required for the large displacements of the model, on any of their seismic reflection profiles of the Sumatra/Sunda trench. These investigators include Kopp et al. [2001] and Schlüter et al. [2002] each of whom reported two multichannel trench‐normal profiles offshore southeastern Sumatra, and Moore and Curray [1980] who reported five of them offshore Nias Island, northwestern Sumatra
Monitoring Anak Krakatau Volcano in Indonesia
Authors: Hoffman‐Rothe Arne , Ibs‐von Seht Malte , Knieβ Rudolf , Faber Eckhard , Klinge Klaus , Reichert Christian , Purbawinata Mas Atje , Patria Cathy
Published: March 2007

Krakatau volcano, in Indonesia, showed its destructive vigor when it exploded in 1883 [Self and Rampino, 1981].The eruption and subsequent tsunami caused more than 35,000 casualties along the coasts of the Sunda Strait. In 1928, the ‘child’ of Krakatau, Anak Krakatau, emerged from the sea at the same location as its predecessor and has since grown to a height of 315 meters (Figure la).The volcano exhibits frequent activity—on average one large eruption every four years—yet again posing risk for the coastal population of Java and Sumatra and for the economically important shipping routes through the Sunda Strait.
U.S. survey of lakes
Authors: Zielinki Sarah
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency along with state and tribal agencies will conduct a three‐year study of the nation's lakes, the EPA announced on 6 December. The study will assess the state of health of the lakes and determine the relative importance of key stressors on lake systems, such as nutrients and pathogens.

The survey will cover 909 bodies of water in the conterminous United States, though not the Great Lakes or the Great Salt Lake. At each lake, sampling will include chemical quality, nutrients, chlorophyll a, color, turbidity, ecological indicators, algal toxins, and pathogen indicators. The EPA last conducted a survey of lakes in 1972–1976.
Future needs in atmospheric reanalysis
Authors: Simmons Adrian , Uppala Sakari , Trenberth Kevin E.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, reanalyses of multi‐decadal series of past observations have become established as an important and widely utilized resource for the study of atmospheric and oceanic processes and predictability Reanalyses, which are produced using modern versions of the data assimilation systems developed for numerical weather prediction (NWP),also are being applied increasingly in many other fields that require a record of the state of either the atmosphere or its underlying land and ocean surfaces. Estimation of renewable energy resources, calculation of microwave telecommunication signal losses, and study of bird migration are just three examples.

High‐resolution operational NWP systems provide good quality analyses for timely study of recent conditions, including climatic extremes. However, changes made to improve the operational systems introduce inhomogeneities in time series of operational analyses that limit their utility for studies of longer‐term climate variability and change. Lower‐resolution reanalyses produced using an up‐to‐date data assimilation system provide products for all but the last few years that are generally superior to those available from the archives of past operational products. The reanalysis products are, by design, more suitable than their operational counterparts for use in studies of longer‐term variability in climate, although they remain susceptible to changes in the observing system that can make accurate depiction of long‐term trends problematic.
A geoscientist in the State Department
Authors: Prather Michael J.
Published: March 2007

It must have been in a fit of idealism, à la Jimmy Stewart, that I applied to be a Jefferson Science Fellow (JSF) at the U.S. Department of State in the summer of 2004. The flyer was appealing, offering an opportunity to become “directly involved with the State Department, applying current knowledge of science and technology in support of the development of U.S. international policy. The Jefferson Science Fellowships enable academic scientists and engineers to act as consultants to the State Department on matters of science, technology, and engineering as they affect foreign policy.”

My own science—elating to ozone depletion, climate change, and aviation environmental impacts—often has been at the science‐policy interface. As a result, I have attended governmental and intergovernmental meetings, particularly the international assessments on climate change and ozone depletion. I had even come to know the State Department team on climate negotiations, although I had never been inside the State Department. The appeal of working on the inside of negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was strong—if only to find out what an ‘interlocutor’ was.
Western Pacific geophysics meeting in Beijing, China
Authors: Duan Qingyun , Chen Yun‐Tai
Published: March 2007

The 2006 Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting (WPGM),held 24–27 July 2006 in Beijing, China, was successful in terms of attendance, the scientific program, and advancing scientific collaboration between AGU members and geoscientists from the western Pacific region.

The scientific program featured two major cross‐disciplinary themes: major natural disasters, and sustainability of natural resources and environment. These themes were selected for their special contemporary significance.
Great Tsunami: 26 December 2004, Sumatra Region
Authors: Lay Thorne
Published: March 2007

The Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004, one of the deadliest natural events in human history, caused more than 223,000 fatalities around the margins of the Indian Ocean.The rupture initiated beneath northwestern Sumatra and propagated 1300 kilometers to the Andaman Islands.

Access to extensive portions of the rupture zone north of Sumatra is restricted by the Indian or Chinese governments. In addition, because of political considerations, India does not provide open access to data from its extensive network of mainland broadband seismometers. These factors provide a context for Memoir 64 of the Geological Society of India, which documents primary observations of the earthquake and tsunami effects in Indian territories.
Council and Committee Chairs meet in San Francisco
Authors: Anonymous
Published: March 2007

Council members met twice during the Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.—on Sunday at the Council Forum and on Friday at the biennial business meeting.The Forum gives Council members and Focus Group chairs an opportunity to have in‐depth discussions of items that are on the agenda for the business meeting and to hear reports from various committee chairs.

Francis Albarede, Publications Committee chair, noted some of the challenges facing the program,such as the potential for government‐mandated open access of some journal articles and preparing for the demise of print.
The interannual variability of oceanic CO2 parameters in the northeast Atlantic subtropical gyre at the ESTOC site
Authors: Santana‐Casiano J. Magdalena , González‐Dávila Melchor , Rueda María‐José , Llinás Octavio , González‐Dávila Enrique‐Francisco
Published: March 2007

The long‐term trends and average seasonal variability in the upper ocean inorganic carbon observations were investigated at the ESTOC Station (the European Time Series in the Canary Islands), on the basis of an existing 10‐year series (1995–2004). Hydrographic temperature and salinity, together with the pH in total scale at 25°C (pHT), total alkalinity (AT), partial pressure of CO2 expressed as fugacity (fCO2), computed dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) and fluxes of CO2 (FCO2) reveal substantial variability over the years. Seasonal detrended data of salinity‐normalized CT (NCT) and experimental fCO2 show upward trends of 0.99 ± 0.20 μmol kg−1 yr−1 and 1.55 ± 0.43 μatm yr−1, respectively, indicating direct control over the CT concentration due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our series of experimental pHT data confirm the acidification of surface waters in the east Atlantic Ocean, with an interannual decrease of 0.0017 ± 0.0004 pH units yr−1. Interannual trends were examined by determining the variance in biogeochemical anomalies over time. The resulting anomalies in temperature and salinity revealed two scenarios in the ESTOC site, where there are periods of cooler and fresher water than the mean, driven by variations in winter mixed‐layer depths, and periods with inverse temperature and salinity anomaly relationships, related to seasonal changes in the position of the subtropical gyre. Hydrographic and biogeochemical anomalies at ESTOC were linked to large‐scale climate variability indexes, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic pattern (EA). A delay of around 3 years in the oceanic response to the NAO best correlates with the anomalies observed for temperature (0.83), salinity (0.56), alkalinity (0.49), CT (0.41), fCO2 (0.57) and the depth of the mixed layer (−0.64) with p < 0.05. The seasonal variability and its link‐in to the large‐scale climate variability of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre has been studied using the two long series, BATS and ESTOC.
Implications of temporal change in urban heat island intensity observed at Beijing and Wuhan stations
Authors: Ren G. Y. , Chu Z. Y. , Chen Z. H. , Ren Y. Y.
Published: March 2007

Temporal change in urbanization‐induced warming at two national basic meteorological stations of China and its contribution to the overall warming are analyzed. Annual and seasonal mean surface air temperature for time periods of 1961∼2000 and 1981∼2000 at the two stations of Beijing and Wuhan Cities and their nearby rural stations all significantly increase. Annual and seasonal urbanization‐induced warming for the two periods at Beijing and Wuhan stations is also generally significant, with the annual urban warming accounting for about 65∼80% of the overall warming in 1961∼2000 and about 40∼61% of the overall warming in 1981∼2000. This result along with the previous researches indicates a need to pay more attention to the urbanization‐induced bias probably existing in the current surface air temperature records of the national basic stations.
(Un)predictability in rip channel systems
Authors: Calvete Daniel , Coco Giovanni , Falqués Albert , Dodd Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Predicting the development of rip channel systems on beaches is relevant for beach safety, nearshore mixing and dispersion, and has been puzzling researchers for decades. Field observations and computer simulations have focused on predicting the spacing and growth time of rip channels as a function of wave characteristics. A satisfactory predictor of rip channel spacing and growth time has not yet been proposed. Here, we show that the lack of predictability of rip channels is an inherent property of the system related to the high sensitivity to the bathymetry prior to pattern development. Sensitivity to the initial cross‐shore profile appears to be as important as sensitivity to wave height. Although we might be able to predict rip channel characteristics, the information required by such predictors will need to account for the underlying bathymetry. Implications arising from this study are that other geomorphic patterns could display similar sensitivity.
The free oscillations of the world ocean in the period range 8 to 165 hours including the full loading effect
Authors: Müller M.
Published: March 2007

A new set of barotropic normal modes of the world ocean is computed with explicit consideration of dissipative terms and the full ocean loading and self‐attraction effect (LSA). This set contains normal modes that did not appear in the spectra of previous studies. Furthermore, the expansion towards longer periods (165 hours) yields new global planetary modes. Altogether 169 normal modes are computed with periods longer than 7.7 hours. Of these, 72 are gravitational modes, 92 are topographically controlled vorticity modes, and 6 are planetary vorticity modes. The influence of the LSA is investigated for all three kinds of modes with respect to changes in the periods and in the spatial structure of the sea surface elevation and the horizontal mass transports. In particular for modes in the semi‐diurnal and diurnal period range, the parameterization of the LSA is analyzed.
A global climatology of the diurnal variations in sea‐surface temperature and implications for MSU temperature trends
Authors: Kennedy J. J. , Brohan P. , Tett S. F. B.
Published: March 2007

A global climatology of diurnal variations in sea‐surface temperature based on in situ drifting‐buoy data has been created. The diurnal warming signal derived from these data correlates well with estimates from a version of the Stuart‐Menteth (2004) model, which parametrises the diurnal cycle based on incoming short‐wave radiation, wind speed and time of day, that has been modified to accept monthly inputs. An estimate is also made of the bias in estimates of tropospheric temperature derived from the Microwave Sounding Unit instruments that is due to the drift in local equator crossing time of the satellite orbits. In the tropics, this contribution is approximately 13% of the observed trend in tropospheric temperatures.
Are asperity patterns persistent? Implication from large earthquakes in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Park Sun‐Cheon , Mori Jim
Published: March 2007

We studied the distribution of asperities for large recent earthquakes along the New Britain trench, Papua New Guinea, to investigate if they are the same for repeated ruptures of the subduction boundary. We determined the slip distributions of two earthquakes (Mw ∼ 8) in 1971 using Pdiff waveforms, and an earthquake (Mw 7.9) in 1995 using direct teleseismic P waves. Combining these findings with previous results for two earthquakes (Mw ∼ 7.5) in 2000, we compared the source areas and asperity distributions for this region of the New Britain Trench. Our results show that the locations of the asperities for the individual earthquakes did not significantly overlap, although the same portion of the subduction zone seems to have reruptured. This fact supports the idea that asperities are not persistent features when portions of the New Britain subduction zone slip in large earthquakes.