bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF 3-AMINO-2,3-DIDEOXY-D-lyxo-HEXOSE
Authors: Baer Hans H. , Kienzle Frank
Published: May 2006

Catalytic hydrogenation of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-β-D-threo-hexo-pyranos-2-enide (I) afforded methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-β-D-lyxo-hexo-pyranoside (II). Acid debenzylidenation and further hydrogenation gave in turn methyl 2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-β-D-lyxo-hexopyranoside (III) and the corresponding amine hydrochloride (IV). Several crystalline derivatives of IV were prepared, and the configuration at C-3 was proved by degradation of the N-benzoate (VII) to N-benzoyl-D-aspartic acid. The title compound (V) was obtained as a chromatographically homogeneous sirup.Some methyl 3-deoxy-3-nitro-β-L-hexopyranosides were prepared for potential use as starting materials in analogous syntheses in the L-series.
AN APPARATUS FOR STUDYING HYDROGEN SULFIDE OXIDATION KINETICS
Authors: Werner A. E.
Published: May 2006

not available
SYNTHESIS OF 5-BENZAMIDO-5-DEOXY-D-XYLOPYRANOSE
Authors: Patel M. S. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

not available
GLYCOSIDATION OF SUGARS: II. GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE METHYL GLYCOSIDES OF D-GALACTOSE, D-GLUCOSE, AND D-MANNOSE AS THEIR TRIMETHYLSILYL ETHERS
Authors: Smirnyagin V. , Bishop C. T. , Cooper F. P.
Published: May 2006

not available
3-MERCAPTOQUINUCLIDINE
Authors: Shaw K. B.
Published: May 2006

not available
SOLVENT DEPENDENCE OF CHEMICAL SHIFT AND COUPLING CONSTANTS IN p-NITROANISOLE
Authors: Hutton H. M. , Schaefer T.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA OF RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS IN SOLID STATE AND IN SOLUTION
Authors: Falk Michael
Published: May 2006

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of nine samples of soluble, ribosomal, and viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) were studied over the range 3 500 to 1 830 Å. The spectra and the spectral changes which occur upon denaturation were the same for all types of RNA examined, which suggests that their secondary structure is comparable. Dehydration of solid films of RNA at room temperature caused spectral changes resembling those which occur when RNA is heated in aqueous solution. This indicates that the dehydration of RNA, like the dehydration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), causes some loss of the regular stacking and pairing of the nucleotide bases in the helical regions. In contrast to DNA, the rehydration of RNA was not always complete at 98% relative humidity. The decrease of absorbance in the 2 900 Å region upon denaturation, previously reported by Rich and Kasha, was not confirmed with any of the RNA samples studied.
PHOTOLYSIS OF HEXAFLUOROAZOMETHANE NEAR ROOM TEMPERATURE
Authors: Dacey J. R. , Mann R. F. , Pritchard G. O.
Published: May 2006

The mechanism for the formation of perfluorohexamethyl tetrazine in the photolysis of the title compound is found to occur via dimerization of two perfluorotrimethyl hydrazo radicals. Quantum yield data at 3 660 Å are presented, and compared with the azoethane system.
SALTING-IN BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Desnoyers J. E. , Pelletier G. E. , Jolicoeur C.
Published: May 2006

The solubility of benzene in substituted quaternary ammonium bromide solutions has been measured by ultraviolet absorption. The solubility is found to increase in the presence of such salts as R4−nHnN+Br− where R is an alkyl group and n varies between 0 and 3; a smooth transition in behavior is observed when passing from simple salts to long-chained micellar salts. This salting-in can be explained in terms of an association between the nonelectrolyte and the quaternary ammonium ion, which is induced by the increase in the structure of water near large nonpolar groups of the organic ions.
IODINE-CATALYZED RECOMBINATION OF ATOMIC NITROGEN
Authors: Young Robert A.
Published: May 2006

Recent conclusions of Phillips on the excitation of I2 by N2(A3Σu+) formed as a product of iodine-catalyzed atomic nitrogen recombination are criticized. Spectroscopic experiments are performed which indicate that [N2(A3Σu+)] < 109 molecules/cm3 which is ≈ 10−5 of that implied by Phillips.
THE PREPARATION OF L-LYXURONIC ACID, L-LYXOSE, AND 5-DEOXY-L-LYXOSE
Authors: Hulyalkar R. K. , Perry M. B.
Published: May 2006

D-Galactono-1,4-lactone (I) was oxidized by 1 mole of periodate to give L-lyxuronic acid isolated as methyl L-lyxuronate (II). The methyl L-lyxuronate was converted into methyl (methyl α-L-lyxofuranosid)uronate (III) which on reduction by borohydride afforded methyl α-L-lyxofuranoside (IV) from which L-lyxose (V) was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis.5-Deoxy-L-lyxose was prepared from the methyl (methyl α-L-lyxofuranosid)uronate (III) by the following sequence of reactions: (III) → methyl (methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-lyxo-furanosid)uronate (VI) → methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-lyxofuranoside (VII) → methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-α-L-lyxofuranoside (VIII) → methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-lyxof uranoside (IX) → methyl 5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-lyxofuranoside (X) → 5-deoxy-L-lyxose (XI).
HIGHER HOMOLOGUES FROM PYRROLES AND DIPYRRYLMETHENES
Authors: MacDonald S. F. , Markovac A.
Published: May 2006

Higher alkyl derivatives were obtained from bromomethyl-pyrroles or -dipyrrylmethenes with the use of Grignard reagents.
REMARKS ON THE NITRONIUM SALT NITRATION OF TOLUENE AND BENZENE
Authors: Olah G. A. , Overchuk N. A.
Published: May 2006

The nitronium salt nitration of toluene and benzene in tetramethylene sulfone and nitromethane solution was critically reinvestigated.
DESERT PLANT CONSTITUENTS: II. OCOTILLOL: AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE OXIDATION OF HYDROXY ISOÖCTENYL SIDE CHAINS
Authors: Warnhoff E. W. , Halls C. M. M.
Published: May 2006

Ocotillol, C30H52O3, a triterpene isolated from Fouquieria splendens Engelm., has been found to have structure I containing a new side chain modification. Confirmation was provided by a partial synthesis from dammarenediol-II monoacetate VIIa. Ocotillol has been found to be an intermediate in one path for the chromic acid oxidation of the hydroxy isoöctenyl side chain XVI, a common feature of several triterpenes, to the tris nor γ-lactone XIX.
REACTIONS OF NITRO SUGARS: II. THE CONVERSION OF METHYL 6-DEOXY-6-NITRO-HEXOPYRANOSIDES INTO DEOXYNITROINOSITOLS BY ALKALINE GLYCOSIDE CLEAVAGE
Authors: Baer Hans H. , Rank Werner
Published: May 2006

Methyl 6-deoxy-6-nitro-D-glucopyranoside and methyl 6-deoxy-6-nitro-L-idopyranoside under mild alkaline conditions undergo fission of the pyranoside ring followed by loss of the aglycon and cyclization of the resulting nitro sugars to a mixture of scyllo and myo-1 deoxynitroinositols. A mechanism for the alkaline glycoside cleavage is proposed in which a 5,6-di-deoxy-6-nitro-aldos-5-ene is an intermediate. The susceptibility to attack by base of such nitroolefins has been studied using 3-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-6-nitro-α-D- xylo-hexofuranos-5-ene. It has been shown that this compound, when treated with methanolic sodium hydroxide, is methoxylated in position 5 and that this methoxylation occurs more rapidly than de-O-acetylation. The significance of this reaction with regard to alkaline acetal and ketal cleavages in the nitro sugar series is discussed.
THE TRANSMISSION OF POLAR EFFECTS: PART II. THE KINETICS OF ESTERIFICATION WITH DIAZODIPHENYLMETHANE AND THE IONIZATION OF 3-SUBSTITUTED ACRYLIC ACIDS
Authors: Bowden Keith
Published: May 2006

The rate coefficients for the reaction with diazodiphenylmethane in ethanol, t-butyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate at 30° and the pKa values in water at 25° of fourteen 3-substituted acrylic acids have been determined. The effect of substitution is assessed by use of linear free energy relations. A definite incremental acid-strengthening effect solely due to cis-substitution is confirmed. This is not a "bulk" steric effect and is due solely to the orientation of substitution. The polar effect of a substituent is found to be approximately the same from the cis- or trans-position. An attempt is made to test the suggested mechanisms for the transmission of the polar effect. In the reactions studied the transmission of the polar effect in 3-substituted acrylic acid and ortho-substituted benzoic acids is approximately twice that of the meta- or para-substituted benzoic acids. This appears to be reasonably accommodated by a significant field effect.
SYNTHESES WITH 5-DIBROMOMETHYL- AND 5-FORMYL-PYRROMETHENES
Authors: Markovac A. , MacDonald S. F.
Published: May 2006

With many 5,5′-dimethyl- and 5-bromo-5′-methyl-pyrromethenes the sequence CH3 → CH2Br → CH2O Me had been possible. With two such pyrromethenes the following new sequences have been developed: (1) CH3 → CHBr2 → CH(OMe)2 or CHO (cf. IIIe and IVe), (2) CH(OMe)2, CHO, or CH2OMe → Br (cf. IIIf and IVf), (3) (dimethoxy-methyl-)pyrromethene → formyl-dipyrrylmethane (cf. IX and VII). These provide new intermediates for new porphyrin syntheses and alternative or improved routes to established intermediates.
ADDITION OF FLUOROACETYLENES TO GROUP V HYDRIDES
Authors: Cullen W. R. , Dawson D. S. , Styan G. E.
Published: May 2006

Compounds of the type R2EH react readily with CF3C≡CCF3 to give R2ECH(CF3)=C(CF3)H (E = N,P, As), and with CF3C≡CH to give R2ECH=CHCF3(E = N, As) and R2EC(CF3)=CH2 (E = As). The isomer distribution of the products is obtained from their n.m.r. spectra and the mechanism of the addition reaction is discussed.
DEMJANOV REARRANGEMENT OF 9-XANTHENEMETHYLAMINE
Authors: Alam S. N. , MacLean D. B.
Published: May 2006

not available
CONFIGURATION AND CONFORMATION OF 2,3-DICHLORO-l,4-DIOXANE, M.P. 52°
Authors: Fraser Robert R. , Reyes-Zamora C.
Published: May 2006

not available
OXIDATION OF SUGARS WITH RUTHENIUM DIOXIDE – SODIUM PERIODATE: A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF SUBSTITUTED KETO SUGARS
Authors: Parikh V. M. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

not available
REACTIONS OF ETHYLDIAZOACETATE WITH CYCLOPENTADIENE SYNTHESIS OF THE EPIMERIC ETHYL BICYCLO[3.1.0]HEX-2-ENE-6-CARBOXYLATES
Authors: Warkentin J. , Singleton Elizabeth , Edgar Joan F.
Published: May 2006

not available
REACTIONS OF NITRO SUGARS. III. INSTABILITY OF 6-DEOXY-6-NITRO-ALDOHEXOSES AT INTERMEDIATE pH VALUES
Authors: Baer Hans H. , Rank Werner
Published: May 2006

not available
DESHYDRATATION DES ÉCHANGEURS DE CATIONS
Authors: Heumann Walter R. , Rochon Fernande D.
Published: May 2006

not available
SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF BORON PHOSPHATE: II. A NOTE ON THE FORMATION OF PARAMAGNETIC SPECIES WITH ADSORBED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Moffat J. B. , Haleem M. A.
Published: May 2006

not available
Prognostic Implications of Left Ventricular Mass Among Hispanics
Authors: Rodriguez Carlos J. , Lin Fay , Sacco Ralph L. , Jin Zhezhen , Boden-Albala Bernadette , Homma Shunichi , Di Tullio Marco R.
Published: May 2006

Hispanics may carry a similar burden of increased left ventricular mass (LVM) as non-Hispanic blacks but whether LVM portends a worse outcome among Hispanics is largely unknown. We prospectively evaluated 1081 Hispanics enrolled in the Northern Manhattan Study during the period of 1993 to 2001. Subjects were aged ≥40 years and free of prior myocardial infarction or stroke. LVM was defined echocardiographically and indexed for height
2.7
. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the risk of vascular events with adjustments for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. LVM averaged 48.4±15 gm/ht
2.7
and on multivariate analysis was significantly associated with the combined end point of myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.34 per SD change in LVM [95% CI 1.10 to 1.63]). During a mean of 57 months of follow-up, 74 vascular events occurred. The annual rate of vascular events was 21.8 per 1000 patient-years in the highest quartile of LVM and 8.6 per 1000 patient-years in the lowest quartile (
P
=0.007). These data demonstrate in a large population-based sample that increased LVM yields independent prognostic information among Hispanics, predicting a higher incidence of events attributable to vascular disease in this understudied population. Our findings identify the Hispanic population with increased LVM as a high-risk subgroup.
Role of Diuretics in the Prevention of Heart Failure
Authors: Davis Barry R. , Piller Linda B. , Cutler Jeffrey A. , Furberg Curt , Dunn Kay , Franklin Stanley , Goff David , Leenen Frans , Mohiuddin Syed , Papademetriou Vasilios , Proschan Michael , Ellsworth Allan , Golden John , Colon Pedro , Crow Richard
Published: May 2006

Background—

Hypertension is a major cause of heart failure (HF) and is antecedent in 91% of cases. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) stipulated assessment of the relative effect of chlorthalidone, lisinopril, and amlodipine in preventing HF.

Methods and Results—

ALLHAT was a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial in 33 357 high-risk hypertensive patients aged ≥55 years. Hospitalized/fatal HF outcomes were examined with proportional-hazards models. Relative risks (95% confidence intervals;
P
values) of amlodipine or lisinopril versus chlorthalidone were 1.35 (1.21 to 1.50; <0.001) and 1.11 (0.99 to 1.24; 0.09). The proportional hazards assumption of constant relative risk over time was not valid. A more appropriate model showed relative risks of amlodipine or lisinopril versus chlorthalidone during year 1 were 2.22 (1.69 to 2.91; <0.001) and 2.08 (1.58 to 2.74; <0.001), and after year 1, 1.22 (1.08 to 1.38;
P
=0.001) and 0.96 (0.85 to 1.10; 0.58). There was no significant interaction between prior medication use and treatment. Baseline blood pressures were equivalent (146/84 mm Hg) and at year 1 were 137/79, 139/79, and 140/80 mm Hg in those given chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril. At 1 year, use of added open-label atenolol, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers in the treatment groups was similar.

Conclusions—

HF risk decreased with chlorthalidone versus amlodipine or lisinopril use during year 1. Subsequently, risk for those individuals taking chlorthalidone versus amlodipine remained decreased but less so, whereas it was equivalent to those given lisinopril. Prior medication use, follow-up blood pressures, and concomitant medications are unlikely to explain most of the HF differences. Diuretics are superior to calcium channel blockers and, at least in the short term, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing HF in hypertensive individuals.
Characteristics and Baseline Clinical Predictors of Future Fatal Versus Nonfatal Coronary Heart Disease Events in Older Adults
Authors: Pearte Camille A. , Furberg Curt D. , O’Meara Ellen S. , Psaty Bruce M. , Kuller Lewis , Powe Neil R. , Manolio Teri
Published: May 2006

Background—

Although >80% of annual coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths occur in adults aged >65 years and the population is aging rapidly, CHD event fatality and its predictors in the elderly have not been well described.

Methods and Results—

The first myocardial infarction (MI) or CHD death among the 5888 adults aged ≥65 years occurring during enrollment in the Cardiovascular Health Study during 1989–2001 was identified and adjudicated. Characteristics measured at examinations before the event were examined for associations with case fatality (death before hospitalization or hospital discharge) and for differences in predictors by demographics or clinical history. During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 985 CHD events occurred, of which 30% were fatal. Case fatality decreased slightly over time, ranging from 28% to 30% per year in the early 1990s versus 23% by 2000–2001; with adjustment for age at MI and gender, there was a 6% lower odds of fatality with each successive year (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 0.98). Case fatality was similar by race and gender but higher with age and prior CHD (MI, angina, or revascularization). When considered alone, many subclinical disease measures, such as common carotid intima-media thickness, ankle-arm index, left ventricular mass by ECG, and a major ECG abnormality, and traditional risk factors, such as diabetes and hypertension, were associated with fatality. In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of fatality were prior congestive heart failure (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.32 to 4.41), prior CHD rather than only history of MI (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.84 to 3.43), diabetes (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.31), and age (OR, 1.21 per 5 years; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.37), adjusted for gender and each other. Prior congestive heart failure, regardless of left ventricular systolic function, age, gender, or prior CHD, conferred a ≥3-fold increased risk of fatality in almost all subgroups.

Conclusions—

Among community-dwelling older adults, CHD case fatality remains substantial, with easily identifiable risk factors that may be different from those that predict incident disease. In the elderly in whom the risk/benefit of therapies may be influenced by multiple competing comorbidities and care needs, risk stratification possibly may be improved further by focusing more aggressive care on specific patients, especially those with a history of congestive heart failure or prior CHD.
Polymorphism in the β
2
-Adrenergic Receptor and Lipoprotein Lipase Genes as Risk Determinants for Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Zee Robert Y.L. , Cook Nancy R. , Cheng Suzanne , Erlich Henry A. , Lindpaintner Klaus , Ridker Paul M
Published: May 2006

Background—

Candidate genes in inflammation, thrombosis, coagulation, and lipid metabolism pathways have been implicated in venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Methods and Results—

Using DNA samples collected at baseline in the Physicians’ Health Study cohort, we genotyped 92 polymorphisms from 56 candidate genes among 304 individuals who subsequently developed VTE (144 idiopathic, 156 secondary cases) and among 2070 individuals who remained free of reported vascular disease over a mean follow-up of 13.2 years to prospectively determine whether these gene polymorphisms contribute to the risk of VTE. For idiopathic VTE, in addition to the factor V (Leiden) mutation (odds ratio [OR], 5.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.24 to 8.14;
P
<0.0001; false discovery rate [FDR],
P
<0.0001), an N291S lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.56 to 6.09;
P
=0.001; FDR,
P
=0.036) and a Q27E β
2
-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.79;
P
=0.006; FDR,
P
=0.036) were found to be significantly associated with increased risk. For secondary VTE, a Q360H apolipoprotein A4 gene polymorphism (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.65;
P
=0.001; FDR,
P
=0.07) and an I50V interleukin-4 receptor polymorphism (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.84;
P
=0.0009; FDR,
P
=0.07) were moderately, but not statistically and significantly, associated with reduced risk after adjustment for multiple comparisons.

Conclusions–

These present findings are hypothesis generating and require replication and confirmation in an independent investigation.
Tobacco education in the primary school: Paradoxes for the teacher
Authors: Spratt Jennifer , Shucksmith Janet
Published: May 2006

Objective The overall aim of the research was to investigate the approaches taken to tobacco education by primary school teachers.

Setting Research was conducted in four diverse areas of Scotland.

Methods Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with primary 6 and primary 7 teachers. Questions explored the classroom issues perceived by teachers when delivering tobacco education and focused particularly on teachers’ responses to pupils from smoking households.

Results Smoking was presented as a matter of personal choice, with teachers claiming impartiality, but this created a paradox as they attempted to deliver a strong anti-smoking message. Commonly, teachers held outdated views of peer pressure as a coercive force, and strove to develop strategies to withstand or avoid such situations. Few understood the active choices that young people make within their social context. A number of problems were identified in delivering tobacco education to children of smoking parents, which often resulted in these children being subject to a diluted health message. A minority of schools took a more proactive approach which is examined here.

Conclusion Health educators should work with schools to develop teaching methods and materials which realistically appraise the choices young people face. More ‘honest’ approaches which acknowledge the pleasure, need and social significance of smoking would better equip pupils to examine the issues, and would have more relevance for pupils whose parents and siblings smoked.
Web-based designed activities for young people in health education: A Constructivist approach
Authors: Goldman Juliette D G
Published: May 2006

Modern Health Education in primary schools is increasingly using computer technologies in a variety of ways to enhance teaching and learning. Here, a Constructivist approach for a web-based educational activity for Grade 7 is discussed using an example of designing a healthy Food Handling Manual in the food industry. The Constructivist principles and their applications provide a useful set of underlying theoretical principles that focus and enhance the characteristics of the planning and the pedagogies for learning. Those identified here may be useful for Health educators designing web-based pedagogies to enhance good practice.
Overcoming barriers for older gay men in the use of health services: A qualitative study of growing older, sexuality and health
Authors: Clover David
Published: May 2006

Objective The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of older gay men in relation to health, what gaps existed in health and social care services, and how primary care services could better meet the needs or concerns of older gay men.

Design A qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews.

Setting Interviews were carried out in Greater London, in the respondents’ own homes.

Methods A variety of recruitment methods were used to identify ten gay men aged between 60 and 70. These men were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Each participant was given a pseudonym.

Results Analysis of the interviews revealed that older gay men may view health services with caution, having experiences of, or expectations of, discrimination or poorer quality care or treatment. Older gay men may not disclose their sexuality to health providers and may find some needs unmet, particularly around areas of partner and other social relationships.

Conclusions Policy makers and practitioners need to address the current silence around ageing and sexualities in health services policy. Services need to consider whether they are best responding to the needs of older gay men in their communities, ensure cultural competence, and make efforts to demonstrate that they are seen as open to or accepting of gay men, and to recognise the particular needs that older gay men may experience.
Forgiveness and Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic
Authors: David Roman , Choi Susanne Y.P.
Published: May 2006

This article examines major theoretical assumptions about forgiveness by victims of human rights abuses in the context of transitional justice in the Czech Republic. The authors hypothesize that forgiveness is facilitated by restoring equality between victims and perpetrators, namely: individual, social and political empowerment of victims; decreasing the superior position of perpetrators, especially through their punishment; and a repentant gesture of perpetrators towards victims, especially by apologizing. The results of path analysis confirm that religious belief, individual, social, and political empowerment, punishment, and apology directly promote forgiveness. This enables the authors to distinguish four types of forgiveness: religious, reparatory, retributive, and reconciliatory forgiveness. They suggest that policy interventions that promote forgiveness may not be mutually exclusive as often proposed in the dilemmas of transitional justice
Regime Change
Authors: Sa’adah Anne
Published: May 2006

As an instance of externally induced regime change, the postwar West German case is both highly exceptional and importantly paradigmatic; it is more usefully read as a cautionary tale than as a recipe for future action. Local circumstances, some tied to earlier patterns of social and political development but many produced by the cold war and the particular nature of the Nazi dictatorship, promoted successful institution building while attenuating postwar pressures for moral clarity. The rapid development of strong institutions, combined with moral ambiguity on questions touching the Nazi past, helped build popular support for the new democratic regime. West German success in the institutional realm was the result of probably nonreplicable circumstances, while frustration in the quest for justice is built into the logic of democratization processes and indeed persists after democratic consolidation has occurred. Externally engineered democracies are likely to remain a rarity.
Prior Occupational Experience, Anticipatory Socialization, and Employee Retention
Authors: Carr Jon C. , Pearson Allison W. , Vest Michael J. , Boyar Scott L.
Published: May 2006

Research on organizational socialization processes has not firmly established the relationships among prior work experience, preentry variables, and postentry attitudes and behavior. Using a longitudinal sample of 218 newcomers, a survival model was developed to test whether the relationship between prior occupational experience and retention is mediated by such preentry variables as person-job (P-J) fit, value congruence, and organizational expectations. Results indicate that prior occupational work experience significantly affects retention in the short run, and this relationship is mediated by preentry P-J fit and value congruence.
Who Do Firms Imitate? A Multilevel Approach to Examining Sources of Imitation in the Choice of Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Yang Monica , Hyland MaryAnne
Published: May 2006

This article takes a multilevel perspective to explore various sources of imitation. Three levels of imitation sources include firms’ own experience (firm level), actions of firms within the same product market (market level), and firms in different product markets but within the same industry (industry level). Hypothesis tests on mergers and acquisitions (M&As) that occurred from 1981 to 2000 in the financial service industry show that three levels of imitation occur independently and simultaneously and have significant impact on the choice of M&As. M&As by firms entering the focal product market, however, are not significantly associated with the likelihood of an unrelated M&A.
Growth and Survival of International Joint Ventures: An External-Internal Legitimacy Perspective
Authors: Lu Jane W. , Xu Dean
Published: May 2006

The authors examine the growth and survival of international joint ventures (IJVs) from a legitimacy perspective. In a sample of 291 Sino-Japanese joint ventures in China, they found that Chinese parent age, Chinese parent size, and IJV industry relatedness to either parent had a positive effect on IJV growth and/or survival. However, IJV industry relatedness to both parents led to lower rates of IJV growth and survival. The findings highlight the importance for IJVs to obtain both external and internal legitimacy, as well as the difficulties IJVs face in acquiring internal legitimacy from both parents simultaneously.
Gender and Marital Happiness in Later Life
Authors: Kaufman Gayle , Taniguchi Hiromi
Published: May 2006

In this study, the authors examine the effect of gender ideology on marital happiness in later life. Studies of marital satisfaction in later life have tended to neglect such attitudes, although they have received increasing attention in the literature on younger marriages. The authors use data from married individuals who range in age from 51 to 92 years old and are members of the 1994 Iowa Youth and Families Project. Results indicate that those who hold egalitarian attitudes report significantly higher levels of marital happiness than do those with more traditional attitudes. However, this effect is only significant for men.
The Father-Child Relationship, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in Intact Families
Authors: Bronte-Tinkew Jacinta , Moore Kristin A. , Carrano Jennifer
Published: May 2006

The father-child relationship and father’s parenting style are examined as predictors of first delinquency and substance use, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, Rounds 1 to 3 ( N = 5,345), among adolescents in intact families. Discrete time logistic regressions indicate that a more positive father-child relationship predicts a reduced risk of engagement in multiple first risky behaviors. Having a father with an authoritarian parenting style is associated with an increased risk of engaging in delinquent activity and substance use. Two-way interaction models further indicate that the negative effect of authoritarian parenting is reduced when fathers have a positive relationship with their adolescent. Permissive parenting also predicts less risky behavior when the father-child relationship is positive. The positive influence of the father-child relationship on risk behaviors is stronger for male than for female adolescents.
Gender-Related Quality of Parent-Child Interactions and Early Adolescent Problem Behaviors
Authors: Spoth Richard , Neppl Tricia , Goldberg-Lillehoj Catherine , Jung Tony , Ramisetty-Mikler Suhasini
Published: May 2006

This article reports two exploratory studies testing a model guided by a social interactional perspective, positing an inverse relation between the quality of parent-child interactions and adolescent problem behaviors. It addresses mixed findings in the literature related to gender differences. Study 1 uses cross-sectional survey data from midwestern parents with either a boy ( n = 377) or a girl ( n = 335) between 11 and 13 years of age. Study 2 data, used to replicate the Study 1 results, are collected from a cross-sectional survey sample of midwestern parents with either a boy ( n = 279) or a girl ( n = 269) in the same age group. Multisample latent variable structural equation modeling confirms the hypothesized inverse relationships in both studies. Also, there are no significant young adolescent gender differences in these relationships. The consistency of findings from both studies is discussed with respect to results from earlier research.
Advance Planning by Same-Sex Couples
Authors: Riggle Ellen D. B. , Rostosky Sharon S. , Prather Robert A.
Published: May 2006

The lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples can leave partners vulnerable in a crisis or emergency. Advance planning is one strategy couples can use to establish legal rights. Analyses of data collected from both partners in 131 same-sex couples suggested that executing advance-planning documents (wills, powers of attorney for finance and health care, and living wills) was associated with age and couple-level relational variables. Older couples and couples that reported higher commitment levels were more likely to have executed the four documents. Couples who had disclosed their relationship to a higher percentage of their relatives were more likely to have executed wills and living wills. Implications of these findings for public policy and social services affecting same-sex couples are discussed.
Generalizing About Uniqueness
Authors: Gibbert Michael
Published: May 2006

Firm-idiosyncratic resources are at the heart of the resource-based view. A hallmark of empirical research findings supporting or falsifying a theory is generalizability. Generalizability demands that research findings are not idiosyncratic to the firm or sample of firms studied. The author develops a typology for mapping the apparently paradoxical relationship between resource idiosyncrasy and generalizability of research findings. Implications for empirical work are then deduced to advance our understanding of the resource-based “view” as a theory.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, inflammation and co-morbidity – a common inflammatory phenotype?
Authors: Sevenoaks Martin J , Stockley Robert A
Published: May 2006

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is and will remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The severity of airflow obstruction is known to relate to overall health status and mortality. However, even allowing for common aetiological factors, a link has been identified between COPD and other systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis.

COPD is known to be an inflammatory condition and neutrophil elastase has long been considered a significant mediator of the disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α (Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha), may be the driving force behind the disease process. However, the roles of inflammation and these pro-inflammatory cytokines may extend beyond the lungs and play a part in the systemic effects of the disease and associated co-morbidities. This article describes the mechanisms involved and proposes a common inflammatory TNF-α phenotype that may, in part, account for the associations.
Characterizing disease states from topological properties of transcriptional regulatory networks
Authors: Tuck David P , Kluger Harriet M , Kluger Yuval
Published: May 2006

Background

High throughput gene expression experiments yield large amounts of data that can augment our understanding of disease processes, in addition to classifying samples. Here we present new paradigms of data Separation based on construction of transcriptional regulatory networks for normal and abnormal cells using sequence predictions, literature based data and gene expression studies. We analyzed expression datasets from a number of diseased and normal cells, including different types of acute leukemia, and breast cancer with variable clinical outcome.

Results

We constructed sample-specific regulatory networks to identify links between transcription factors (TFs) and regulated genes that differentiate between healthy and diseased states. This approach carries the advantage of identifying key transcription factor-gene pairs with differential activity between healthy and diseased states rather than merely using gene expression profiles, thus alluding to processes that may be involved in gene deregulation. We then generalized this approach by studying simultaneous changes in functionality of multiple regulatory links pointing to a regulated gene or emanating from one TF (or changes in gene centrality defined by its in-degree or out-degree measures, respectively). We found that samples can often be separated based on these measures of gene centrality more robustly than using individual links.

We examined distributions of distances (the number of links needed to traverse the path between each pair of genes) in the transcriptional networks for gene subsets whose collective expression profiles could best separate each dataset into predefined groups. We found that genes that optimally classify samples are concentrated in neighborhoods in the gene regulatory networks. This suggests that genes that are deregulated in diseased states exhibit a remarkable degree of connectivity.

Conclusion

Transcription factor-regulated gene links and centrality of genes on transcriptional networks can be used to differentiate between cell types. Transcriptional network blueprints can be used as a basis for further research into gene deregulation in diseased states.
Development of a serum-free co-culture of human intestinal epithelium cell-lines (Caco-2/HT29-5M21)
Authors: Nollevaux Géraldine , Devillé Christelle , El Moualij Benaïssa , Zorzi Willy , Deloyer Patricia , Schneider Yves-Jacques , Peulen Olivier , Dandrifosse Guy
Published: May 2006

Background

The absorptive and goblet cells are the main cellular types encountered in the intestine epithelium. The cell lineage Caco-2 is a model commonly used to reproduce the features of the bowel epithelium. However, there is a strong debate regarding the value of Caco-2 cell culture to mimick in vivo situation. Indeed, some authors report in Caco-2 a low paracellular permeability and an ease of access of highly diffusible small molecules to the microvilli, due to an almost complete lack of mucus. The HT29-5M21 intestinal cell lineage is a mucin-secreting cellular population. A co-culture system carried out in a serum-free medium and comprising both Caco-2 and HT29-5M21 cells was developed. The systematic use of a co-culture system requires the characterization of the monolayer under a given experimental procedure.

Results

In this study, we investigated the activity and localization of the alkaline phosphatase and the expression of IAP and MUC5AC genes to determine a correlation between these markers and the cellular composition of a differentiated monolayer obtained from a mixture of Caco-2 and HT29-5M21 cells. We observed that the culture conditions used (serum-free medium) did not change the phenotype of each cell type, and produced a reproducible model. The alkaline phosphatase expression characterizing Caco-2 cells was influenced by the presence of HT29-5M21 cells.

Conclusion

The culture formed by 75% Caco-2 and 25% HT29-5M21 produce a monolayer containing the two main cell types of human intestinal epithelium and characterized by a reduced permeability to macromolecules.
Short-term sequence evolution and vertical inheritance of the Naegleria twin-ribozyme group I intron
Authors: Wikmark Odd-Gunnar , Einvik Christer , De Jonckheere Johan F , Johansen Steinar D
Published: May 2006

Background

Ribosomal DNA of several species of the free-livingNaegleriaamoeba harbors an optional group I intron within the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. The intron (Nae.S516) has a complex organization of two ribozyme domains (NaGIR1 and NaGIR2) and a homing endonuclease gene (NaHEG). NaGIR2 is responsible for intron excision, exon ligation, and full-length intron RNA circularization, reactions typical for nuclear group I intron ribozymes. NaGIR1, however, is essential for NaHEG expression by generating the 5' end of the homing endonuclease messenger RNA. Interestingly, this unusual class of ribozyme adds a lariat-cap at the mRNA.

Results

To elucidate the evolutionary history of the Nae.S516 twin-ribozyme introns we have analyzed 13 natural variants present in distinctNaegleriaisolates. Structural variabilities were noted within both the ribozyme domains and provide strong comparative support to the intron secondary structure. One of the introns, present inN. martineziNG872, contains hallmarks of a degenerated NaHEG. Phylogenetic analyses performed on separate data sets representing NaGIR1, NaGIR2, NaHEG, and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA are consistent with an overall vertical inheritance pattern of the intron within theNaegleriagenus.

Conclusion

The Nae.S516 twin-ribozyme intron was gained early in theNaegleriaevolution with subsequent vertical inheritance. The intron was lost in the majority of isolates (70%), leaving a widespread but scattered distribution pattern. Why the apparent asexualNaegleriaamoebae harbors active intron homing endonucleases, dependent on sexual reproduction for its function, remains a puzzle.
Integrated maps in quail (Coturnix japonica) confirm the high degree of synteny conservation with chicken (Gallus gallus) despite 35 million years of divergence
Authors: Kayang Boniface B , Fillon Valérie , Inoue-Murayama Miho , Miwa Mitsuru , Leroux Sophie , Fève Katia , Monvoisin Jean-Louis , Pitel Frédérique , Vignoles Matthieu , Mouilhayrat Céline , Beaumont Catherine , Ito Shin'ichi , Minvielle Francis , Vignal Alain
Published: May 2006

Background

By comparing the quail genome with that of chicken, chromosome rearrangements that have occurred in these two galliform species over 35 million years of evolution can be detected. From a more practical point of view, the definition of conserved syntenies helps to predict the position of genes in quail, based on information taken from the chicken sequence, thus enhancing the utility of this species in biological studies through a better knowledge of its genome structure. A microsatellite and an Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) genetic map were previously published for quail, as well as comparative cytogenetic data with chicken for macrochromosomes. Quail genomics will benefit from the extension and the integration of these maps.

Results

The integrated linkage map presented here is based on segregation analysis of both anonymous markers and functional gene loci in 1,050 quail from three independent F2 populations. Ninety-two loci are resolved into 14 autosomal linkage groups and a Z chromosome-specific linkage group, aligned with the quail AFLP map. The size of linkage groups ranges from 7.8 cM to 274.8 cM. The total map distance covers 904.3 cM with an average spacing of 9.7 cM between loci. The coverage is not complete, as macrochromosome CJA08, the gonosome CJAW and 23 microchromosomes have no marker assigned yet. Significant sequence identities of quail markers with chicken enabled the alignment of the quail linkage groups on the chicken genome sequence assembly. This, together with interspecific Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), revealed very high similarities in marker order between the two species for the eight macrochromosomes and the 14 microchromosomes studied.

Conclusion

Integrating the two microsatellite and the AFLP quail genetic maps greatly enhances the quality of the resulting information and will thus facilitate the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). The alignment with the chicken chromosomes confirms the high conservation of gene order that was expected between the two species for macrochromosomes. By extending the comparative study to the microchromosomes, we suggest that a wealth of information can be mined in chicken, to be used for genome analyses in quail.
Circadian rhythm of the autonomic nervous system in insulin resistant subjects with normoglycemia, impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Perciaccante Antonio , Fiorentini Alessandra , Paris Alberto , Serra Pietro , Tubani Luigi
Published: May 2006

Background

In type 2 diabetes mellitus both insulin resistance and hyperglycemia are considered responsible for autonomic dysfunction. The relation between the autonomic activity, impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance is, however, unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the circadian autonomic activity expressed as heart rate variability (HRV) measured by 24-hours ECG recording in insulin resistant subjects (IR) with characteristics as follow: IR subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance test results, IR subjects with impaired fasting glucose, IR subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Eighty Caucasian insulin resistant subjects (IR) and twenty five control subjects were recruited for the study. IR subjects were divided into four groups according to the outcoming results of oral glucose tests (OGTTs): IR subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR), IR subjects with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), IR subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Autonomic nervous activity was studied by 24-hours ECG recording. Heart rate variability analysis was performed in time and frequency domains: SDNN, RMS-SD, low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) were calculated.

Results

The total SDNN showed statistically significant reduction in all four groups with insulin resistant subjects (IR) when compared to the control group (p <0,001). During night LF normalized units (n.u.) were found to be higher in all four groups including IR subjects than in the control group (all p < 0,001) and subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR), with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were found to have higher LF n.u. than those in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group. The linear regression model demonstrated direct association between LF values and the homeostasis model assessment-index (HOMA-I), in the insulin resistant group (r = 0,715, p <0,0001).

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that insulin resistance might cause global autonomic dysfunction which increases along with worsening glucose metabolic impairment. The analysis of sympathetic and parasympathetic components and the sympathovagal balance demonstrated an association between insulin resistance and sympathetic over-activity, especially during night. The results indicated that the sympathetic over-activity is directly correlated to the grade of insulin resistance calculated according to the HOMA-I. Since increased sympathetic activity is related to major cardiovascular accidents, early diagnosis of all insulin resistant patients should be contemplated.
Candidaemia and antifungal therapy in a French University Hospital: rough trends over a decade and possible links
Authors: Sendid Boualem , Cotteau Angélique , François Nadine , D'Haveloose Annie , Standaert Annie , Camus Daniel , Poulain Daniel
Published: May 2006

Background

Evidence for an increased prevalence of candidaemia and for high associated mortality in the 1990s led to a number of different recommendations concerning the management of at risk patients as well as an increase in the availability and prescription of new antifungal agents. The aim of this study was to parallel in our hospital candidemia incidence with the nature of prescribed antifungal drugs between 1993 and 2003.

Methods

During this 10-year period we reviewed all cases of candidemia, and collected all the data about annual consumption of prescribed antifungal drugs

Results

Our centralised clinical mycology laboratory isolates and identifies all yeasts grown from blood cultures obtained from a 3300 bed teaching hospital. Between 1993 and 2003, 430 blood yeast isolates were identified. Examination of the trends in isolation revealed a clear decrease in number of yeast isolates recovered between 1995–2000, whereas the number of positive blood cultures in 2003 rose to 1993 levels. The relative prevalence of Candida albicans and C. glabrata was similar in 1993 and 2003 in contrast to the period 1995–2000 where an increased prevalence of C. glabrata was observed. When these quantitative and qualitative data were compared to the amount and type of antifungal agents prescribed during the same period (annual mean defined daily dose: 2662741; annual mean cost: 615629 €) a single correlation was found between the decrease in number of yeast isolates, the increased prevalence of C. glabrata and the high level of prescription of fluconazole at prophylactic doses between 1995–2000.

Conclusion

Between 1993 and 2000, the number of cases of candidemia halved, with an increase of C. glabrata prevalence. These findings were probably linked to the use of Fluconazole prophylaxis. Although it is not possible to make any recommendations from this data the information is nevertheless interesting and may have considerable implications with the introduction of new antifungal drugs.