bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solute transport in divergent radial flow through
heterogeneous porous media
Authors: INDELMAN PETER , DAGAN GEDEON
Published: July 2002

Radial flow takes place in a heterogeneous porous formation of
random and stationary
log-conductivity Y(x), characterized by the mean
〈Y〉, the variance σ2Y
and the two-
point autocorrelation ρY which in turn has
finite and different horizontal and vertical
integral scales, I and Iv,
respectively. The steady flow is driven by a head difference
between a fully penetrating well and an outer boundary, the mean velocity
U being
radial. A tracer is injected for a short time through the well envelope
and the thin
plume spreads due to advection by the random velocity field and to pore-scale

dispersion. Transport is characterized by the mean front
r=R(t) and by the second
spatial moment of the plume Srr. Under ergodic

conditions, i.e. for a well length much
larger than the vertical integral scale, Srr

is equal to the radial fluid trajectory variance
Xrr.

The aim of the study is to determine Xrr(t)

for a given heterogeneous structure
and for given pore-scale dispersivities. The problem is more complex than
the similar
one for mean uniform flow. To simplify it, the well is replaced by a line
source, the
domain is assumed to be infinite and a first-order approximation in
σ2Y is adopted. The
solution is still difficult, being expressed with the aid of a few quadratures.
It is found,
however, that it can be derived quite accurately for a sufficiently small
anisotropy
ratio e=Iv/I by
retaining only one term of the velocity two-point covariance. This
major simplification leads to simple calculations and even to analytical
solutions in
the absence of pore-scale dispersion.

To compare the results with those prevailing in homogeneous media, apparent
and
equivalent macrodispersivities are defined for convenience.

The major difference between transport in radial and uniform flow is
that the
asymptotic, large-time, apparent macrodispersivity in the former is smaller
by a
factor of 3 than in the latter. For a three-dimensional point source the
reduction is by
a factor of 5. This effect is explained by the rapid change of the mean
velocity during
the period in which the velocities of two particles injected at the source
become
uncorrelated.

In contrast, the equivalent macrodispersivity tends to its value in
uniform flow far
from the well, where the flow is slowly varying in space.
Lagrangian frequency spectra of vertical
velocity and vorticity in high-Reynolds-number oceanic turbulence
Authors: LIEN REN-CHIEH , D'ASARO ERIC A. , DAIRIKI GEOFFREY T.
Published: July 2002

Lagrangian properties of oceanic turbulent boundary layers were
measured using
neutrally buoyant floats. Vertical acceleration was computed from pressure
(depth)
measured on the floats. An average vertical vorticity was computed from
the spin
rate of the float. Forms for the Lagrangian frequency spectra of acceleration,

ϕa(ω),
and the Lagrangian frequency spectrum of average vorticity are found using

dimension analysis. The flow is characterized by a kinetic energy dissipation
rate,
ε, and a large-eddy frequency, ω0. The float is
characterized by its size. The proposed
non-dimensionalization accurately collapses the observed spectra into a
common form.
The spectra differ from those expected for perfect Lagrangian measurements
over
a substantial part of the measured frequency range owing to the finite
size of the
float. Exact theoretical forms for the Lagrangian frequency spectra are
derived from
the corresponding Eulerian wavenumber spectra and a wavenumber–frequency

distribution function used in previous numerical simulations of turbulence.
The effect of
finite float size is modelled as a spatial average. The observed non-dimensional

acceleration and vorticity spectra agree with these theoretical predictions,
except for the
high-frequency part of the vorticity spectrum, where the details of the
float behaviour
are important, but inaccurately modelled. A correction to the exact Lagrangian

acceleration spectra due to measurement by a finite-sized float is thus
obtained. With
this correction, a frequency range extending from approximately one decade
below
ω0 to approximately one decade into the inertial subrange
can be resolved
by the data. Overall, the data are consistent with the proposed transformation
from the
Eulerian wavenumber spectrum to the Lagrangian frequency spectrum. Two
parameters, ε and
ω0, are sufficient to describe Lagrangian spectra from
several different
oceanic turbulent flows. The Lagrangian Kolmogorov constant for acceleration,

βa≡ϕa/ε,
has a
value between 1 and 2 in a convectively driven boundary layer. The analysis
suggests
a Lagrangian frequency spectrum for vorticity that is white at all frequencies
in the
inertial subrange and below, and a Lagrangian frequency spectrum for energy
that is
white below the large-eddy scale and has a slope of −2 in the inertial
subrange.
A kinematic model of a ducted flame
Authors: DOWLING A. P.
Published: July 2002

A premixed ducted flame, burning in the wake of a bluff-body flame-holder, is
considered. For such a flame, interaction between acoustic waves and unsteady
combustion can lead to self-excited oscillations. The concept of a time-invariant
turbulent flame speed is used to develop a kinematic model of the response of the flame
to flow disturbances. Variations in the oncoming flow velocity at the flame-holder
drive perturbations in the flame initiation surface and hence in the instantaneous rate
of heat release. For linear fluctuations, the transfer function between heat release and
velocity can be determined analytically from the model and is in good agreement
with experiment across a wide frequency range. For nonlinear fluctuations, the model
reproduces the flame surface distortions seen in schlieren films.

Coupling this kinematic flame model with an analysis of the acoustic waves generated
in the duct by the unsteady combustion enables the time evolution of disturbances
to be calculated. Self-excited oscillations occur above a critical fuel–air ratio.
The frequency and amplitude of the resulting limit cycles are in satisfactory agreement
with experiment. Flow reversal is predicted to occur during part of the limit-cycle
oscillation and the flame then moves upstream of the flame-holder, just as in experimental
visualizations. The main nonlinearity is identified in the rate of heat release,
which essentially ‘saturates’ once the amplitude of the velocity fluctuation exceeds
its mean. We show that, for this type of nonlinearity, describing function analysis can
be used to give a good estimate of the limit-cycle frequency and amplitude from a
quasi-nonlinear theory.
On Faraday resonance of a viscous liquid
Authors: MILES JOHN
Published: July 2002

The tri-diagonal determinant for Faraday resonance of a viscous liquid subject to
an externally imposed vertical oscillation is expressed in terms of the surface-wave
impedance of the liquid and developed as a continued fraction to obtain a systematic
sequence of analytical approximations for the threshold acceleration. The impedance
is calculated for either a clean or a fully contaminated surface on the assumption
that the capillary, gravitational and viscous length scales are small compared with
the breadth and depth of the liquid. Limiting approximations for weak and strong
viscosity are constructed.
The flow structure in the near field of
jets and its effect on cavitation inception
Authors: GOPALAN SHRIDHAR , KATZ JOSEPH , KNIO OMAR
Published: July 2002

Cavitation experiments performed in the near field of a 50 mm diameter (D) jet
at ReD = 5 × 105, showed inception in the form of
inclined ‘cylindrical’ bubbles at
axial distances (x/D) less than 0.55, with indices of 2.5.
On tripping the boundary layer, cavitation inception occurred at
x/D ≈ 2, as distorted ‘spherical’ bubbles with
inception indices of 1.7. To investigate these substantial differences, the near field of
the jet was measured using PIV. Data on the primary flow, the strength distribution
of the ‘streamwise’ vortices and the velocity profiles within the initial boundary layers
were obtained. The untripped case showed a direct transition to three-dimensional
flow in the near field (x/D < 0.7) even before rolling up to distinct vortex rings.
Strong ‘streamwise’ vortices with strengths up to 25% of the jet velocity times the
characteristic wavelength were seen. Cavitation inception occurred in the core of
these vortices. In contrast, in the tripped jet the vortex sheet rolled up to the familiar
Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex rings with weak secondary vortices. Using the measured
nuclei distribution, strengths and straining of the ‘streamwise’ structures, the rates of
cavitation events were estimated. The estimated results match very well the measured
cavitation rates. Also, the Reynolds stresses in the near field of the jet show similar
trends and magnitudes to those of Browand & Latigo (1979) and Bell & Mehta
(1990) for a plane shear layer.
On steady compressible flows with compact vorticity; the compressible Stuart vortex
Authors: MEIRON D. I. , MOORE D. W. , PULLIN D. I.
Published: July 2002

Numerical and analytical solutions to the steady compressible Euler equations
corresponding to a compressible analogue of the linear Stuart vortex array are presented.
These correspond to a homentropic continuation, to finite Mach number, of the Stuart
solution describing a linear vortex array in an incompressible fluid. The appropriate
partial differential equations describing the flow correspond to the compressible
homentropic Euler equations in two dimensions, with a prescribed
vorticity–density–streamfunction relationship. In order to construct a well-posed
problem for this continuation, it was found, unexpectedly, to be necessary to introduce an
eigenvalue into the vorticity–density–streamfunction equation. In the
Rayleigh–Janzen expansion of solutions in even powers of the
free-stream Mach number M∞, this eigenvalue is
determined by a solvability condition. Accurate numerical solution by both finite-difference and spectral methods are presented for the compressible Stuart vortex,
over a range of M∞, and of a parameter corresponding to a confined mass-flow rate.
These also confirm the nonlinear eigenvalue character of the governing equations. All
solution branches followed numerically were found to terminate when the maximum
local Mach number just exceeded unity. For one such branch we present evidence for
the existence of a very small range of M∞ over which smooth transonic shock-free
flow can occur.
Self-organization, anomalous resistance and
anomalous heating in magnetized plasmas
Authors: YOSHIDA Z. , INOUE N. , FUJITA T. , HATTORI K. , ISHIDA S. , ITAMI K. , KAMADA Y. , KIDO S. , MORIKAWA J. , MORIMOTO H. , MURAKAMI Y. , NAKANISHI H. , OGAWA Y. , SAITOH K. , TAKEJI S. , WATANABE M. , YAMADA H.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear dynamics and structure of plasmas with
tightly twisted magnetic
field lines have been studied using a toroidal plasma device. Stepwise
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) relaxation occurs, resulting in a discontinuous
change in the pitch of magnetic field lines. This discrete
nature of the pitch
stems from the instability of kink (torsional) modes. The MHD relaxation
stabilizes kink modes by selecting (self-organizing) appropriate
pitches. The self-organized state displays the characteristic of a
‘dissipative structure’ in
that it is accompanied by enhanced energy dissipation; the global
resistance of
the plasma current is substantially enhanced. The magnetic energy, which is
generated by the internal plasma current, first changes into
fluctuation energy
through the kink instability, and then it goes mainly to ion thermal energy
through viscous dissipation of the fluctuating flow. The
viscosity dissipates the
fluctuation energy with conservation of helicity. The self-organization
of the stabilized magnetic field is characterized by the
preferential conservation of the helicity.
Kelvin–Helmholtz instability under horizontal rotation and magnetic
fields
Authors: DÁVALOS-OROZCO L. A.
Published: July 2002

The author's previous work on the Rayleigh–Taylor instability
is extended to
the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, and the maximum growth rate of
a
perturbation and an estimate of its upper bound is obtained for an infinite
fluid
layer under horizontal rotation where the density, horizontal velocity
(shear)
and magnetic field are continuously stratified in the direction of gravity.

Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of stability for some directions
of
propagation of the perturbation, even in the case of unstably stratified
density.
It is also shown that the new terms that appear owing to the interaction
of the
horizontal shear flow, horizontal rotation and stratified magnetic field
increase
the range of values that contribute to the estimate of the maximum growth
rate
compared with previous work. Furthermore, a generalization of the sufficient

condition for stability under horizontal rotation alone obtained by Johnson
is
calculated in the presence of density stratification. A new method is also
given
to obtain a sufficient condition for stability when a magnetic field is
present in
addition to rotation and density stratification.
Active relocation in lepadomorph barnacles
Authors: Kugele Michael , Yule Andrew B.
Published: July 2002

Comparative morphology of the cement delivery apparatus of three lepadomorph barnacles indicates that the lepadid Lepas anatifera is unable to relocate voluntarily, whereas the two scalpellids Pollicipes pollicipes and Capitulum mitella can. Mean relocation speeds of up to 50 μm d−1 were measured for both scalpellids, which are probably underestimates of maximal rates given the absence of a directed stimulus. In the laboratory neither gravity nor unidirectional flow proved effective stimuli in directing scalpellid relocation. The two scalpellid species use quite different mechanisms to effect relocation at a leading edge of the base, although both slough basal material at the trailing edge. It is suggested that basal growth effectively accounts for the mobility of P. pollicipes but C. mitella is likely to employ muscular activity.
The Foundation of the Indochinese Communist Party, 1929–1930
Authors: Smith R. B.
Published: July 2002

For perhaps a quarter of a century, from the mid-1930s to the year 1960, the Indochinese Communist Party—later the Workers' Party of Vietnam and now the Vietnamese Communist Party—celebrated the anniversary of its foundation on 6 January each year. The thirtieth anniversary (6 January 1960) was given special prominence in Hanoi and was marked by the publication of an official Party history in Vietnamese, French, English and other languages. Then, quite abruptly in September of the same year, the Party's Third National Congress approved a resolution to the effect that in future the anniversary would be commemorated on 3 February, which thereafter was held to be the ‘correct’ date.
TEMPLE AND SYNAGOGUE IN JOHN
Authors: LIEU JUDITH
Published: July 2002

Jesus’ answer to the High Priest in 18.20 offers a key to the pattern of his ministry. Each of the pairs ‘openly: secretly’; ‘the world: the Jews’ and ‘synagogue and Temple’ function significantly in the Gospel, but the last named are most important. In each of the Gospels, ‘synagogue’, ‘house’, and ‘Temple’ play narrative roles in the exploration of the relationship between Jesus with his community and the community of the Scriptures and contemporary Judaism. John's use of these narrative spatial-markers is very different and does not trace the separation of John's community from the synagogue, as often supposed. Instead, the Temple is the place for divine manifestation and where Jesus must be both revealed and rejected.
Continuous in vitro culture of Babesia divergens
in a

serum-free medium
Authors: GRANDE N. , PRECIGOUT E. , ANCELIN M. L. , MOUBRI K. , CARCY B. , LEMESRE J. L. , VIAL H. , GORENFLOT A.
Published: July 2002

Babesia divergens was cultivated in RPMI 1640

(25 mM HEPES) supplemented with 10% human serum (RPMI-10%

HS) with a high percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE)

([ges ]40%). Standardization of in vitro tests,

purification of

exoantigens, biochemical studies and the safety of the culture handler

motivated the development of a serum-free defined

medium. Removal of serum greatly reduced the PPE but, after a period of

adaptation, the culture was continuous and the

parasite was able to develop a 3% routine PPE. Addition of vitamins or
reduced

glutathione in basal medium (RPMI)

did not improve the PPE. The supplementation of basal medium with lipidic

carrier (Albumax I or bovine serum

albumin–Cohn's fraction V) promoted the growth of B.

divergens with high PPE (>30%) close to those obtained in

RPMI–10% HS. Neither protein nor lipid fractions alone were able
to

restore the growth of B. divergens. Nevertheless,

the whole lipid fraction from serum or Albumax I added to delipidated albumin

partially restored the growth (7% PPE),

indicating that the presentation of specific lipids by a carrier is

crucial for the parasite. All the data indicate that Albumax

I can replace human serum offering the advantages of safety, standardization

for chemosensitivity tests, and exoantigen purification.
Allele-specific, nested, one tube PCR: application to
Pfmdr1 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: ADAGU I. S. , WARHURST D. C.
Published: July 2002

An allele-specific, one tube PCR for the sensitive and reliable detection of point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum DNA
is described. Design of specific internal primers and optimization of the PCR is simple, and the procedure is robust and
sensitive. Single nucleotide polymorphisms at codons 184, 1034, 1042 and 1246 of the P. falciparum multidrug resistance
gene Pfmdr1, were examined in 6 laboratory isolates, to validate the technique.
Natural course of symptoms in Cambodia veterans: a follow-up study
Authors: DE VRIES M. , SOETEKOUW P. M. M. B. , VAN DER MEER J. W. M. , BLEIJENBERG G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Dutch (ex-)servicemen were deployed in the 1992–3-peace operation UNTAC in
Cambodia. Since their return, they have voiced concerns about the health consequences of their
service and they have reported symptoms such as fatigue and cognitive problems. The natural
course of symptoms in Dutch Cambodia veterans was evaluated in a prospective study.

Methods. At 18-months follow-up, a questionnaire was sent to 354 veterans who met a set case
definition for symptoms in Cambodia veterans or who had sub-threshold scores. Initial
measurement of fatigue severity, psychological well-being, depression, post-traumatic stress
disorder, trait-anxiety, self-efficacy and causal attributions, was used to evaluate predictors for self-reported improvement and low levels of fatigue at follow-up.

Results. At follow-up, 19% of the respondents reported complete recovery, 20% felt much better,
57% had the same complaints and 4% had become worse compared with their initial assessment.
Self-reported improvement and less severe fatigue at follow-up were predicted by less severe fatigue
at initial assessment and more perceived control over symptoms.

Conclusions. Self-reported improvement was reported in a considerable percentage of Cambodia
veterans, whereas another substantial percentage of Cambodia veterans continued to suffer with
severe levels of fatigue and related symptoms. Predictors of improvement in Cambodia veterans and
patients with chronic fatigue syndrome show similarities and also seem to bear importance for Gulf
War veterans.
Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’: evidence for cognitive impairment
Authors: BHATTACHARY SARAJANE , H. POWELL JANE
Published: July 2002

Background. It has recently been shown that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ causes long-lasting alterations to brain structure and function in animals, and there is mounting evidence that recreational users of the drug show impairments in some aspects of cognitive functioning including memory for verbal information. The present study investigates possible effects on other cognitive functions and explores the temporal course of development and resolution of these impairments by comparing novice, regular and abstaining users with a matched group of non-users.

Methods. Eighty participants categorized as non-users, novice users, regular users or currently abstinent users of MDMA were assessed on tests of verbal IQ, reversed digit span, immediate and delayed recall of a prose passage and of a complex geometric figure and verbal fluency.

Results. The four groups were well-matched for verbal IQ and on demographic variables. They differed in frequency of cannabis use over the last month, but this did not correlate with any cognitive test scores. All three groups of MDMA users showed significantly poorer verbal fluency and immediate and delayed prose recall than non-users. Days since last use and total lifetime consumption of MDMA made separate contributions to the variance in recall scores, accounting jointly for almost half of the variance in delayed recall. By contrast, the groups did not differ on either visual recall or reversed digit span.

Conclusions. The observed deficits provide further evidence of impairments of verbal but not visual memory in MDMA users, and indicate that the deficits are not attributable either to differences in general reasoning ability or to impairment of working memory. The data further suggest that the observed impairments may be attributable to a combination of reversible acute effects of MDMA resolving over a period of 2–3 weeks and more long-term changes associated with extent of lifetime consumption.
Increased plasma concentrations of the 5-HT precursor amino acid
tryptophan and other large neutral amino acids in violent
criminals
Authors: ERIKSSON T. , LIDBERG L.
Published: July 2002

Background. Aggression has been suggested to be
related to abnormal brain 5-HT activity. This amine is synthesized in
brain from tryptophan, which is transported through the
blood–brain barrier in competition with other amino acids. The
relationship between tryptophan and its endogenous amino acid
competitors in plasma might thus influence the availability of
tryptophan in the brain and consequently brain 5-HT activity.

Methods. Plasma amino acids were determined in 89
offenders who had committed various violent and non-violent crimes and
in 14 healthy controls.

Results. Both tryptophan and its competitors were higher
in offenders who had committed violent crimes compared both with
non-violent offenders and with controls. No difference was, however,
seen in the relationship between tryptophan and its competitors.

Conclusions. The results support the contention that
violent behaviour is related to biochemical deviations but could not
explain a possible decreased brain 5-HT activity.
Mechanisms underlying memory impairment in schizophrenia
Authors: BRÉBION G. , AMADOR X. , SMITH M. J. , GORMAN J. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. The purpose of this experiment was to
investigate mechanisms underlying commonly-observed verbal memory
impairments in schizophrenia, and especially the hypothesized encoding
deficit.

Methods. A verbal memory task was administered to 38
patients with schizophrenia and 38 normal controls. Three functions
involved in long-term memory – encoding, early phase of storage,
retrieval – were investigated. First, non-organizable lists were
compared to semantically-organizable lists in a free recall task, in
order to vary encoding conditions. Superficial encoding (measured by a
‘sequence’ index) and deep encoding (measured by a
categorization index) were assessed. Secondly, early storage was
investigated by varying the delay between learning and recall. Lastly,
cues were provided for organizable lists (semantic cues) and
non-organizable lists (recognition sheet), in order to vary retrieval
conditions.

Results. An analysis of variance revealed an interaction
between type of list (organizable, non-organizable) and group, showing
that patients used organization less than controls. A further analysis
showed that deep encoding was impaired. Also, although the propensity
to use superficial encoding was unimpaired, its efficiency was less.
The analysis of variance revealed no interaction with delay or with
either type of cue. A correlation was found between deep processing
and memory performance in both groups.

Conclusions. A major deficit in encoding appeared in the
patient group, with a lesser use of deep encoding and a lesser
efficiency of superficial encoding. On the other hand, the early phase
of storage and the retrieval function seemed unaffected. Overall
memory performance appeared to be related to the depth of
encoding.
Sibling pairs with schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder: associations of subtypes, symptoms and
demographic variables
Authors: CARDNO A. G. , JONES L. A. , MURPHY K. C. , SANDERS R. D. , ASHERSON P. , OWEN M. J. , McGUFFIN P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Affected sibling pairs provide a valuable

means of investigating the familial basis of
clinical heterogeneity in schizophrenia.

Methods. Associations of schizophrenia subtypes, psychotic

symptoms (defined by SAPS/SANS
and OPCRIT), affective episodes and demographic variables were studied

in 109 sibling pairs with
DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Results. None of the subtypes or affective episodes were
significantly associated within pairs. A
broad definition of positive formal thought disorder, grandiose
delusions and delusions of influence
(all from OPCRIT) were modestly associated. There was no excess of same-sex
pairs. There were
modest associations for age of illness onset, pre-morbid adjustment
and illness severity. Caution is
required in interpreting the results because many statistical tests were
carried out.

Conclusions. None of the variables appears to be closely
associated with specific genetic or shared
environmental factors that contribute liability to schizophrenia. They
are at best only weakly
associated with such factors, and/or are associated with factors unrelated
to the aetiology of
schizophrenia.
Neuropsychological assessment of young people at
high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia
compared with controls: preliminary findings of the
Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS)
Authors: BYRNE M. , HODGES A. , GRANT E. , OWENS D. C. , JOHNSTONE E. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Finding risk indicators for schizophrenia among groups of individuals at high genetic
risk for the disorder, has been the driving force of the high risk paradigm. The current study
describes the preliminary results of a neuropsychological assessment battery conducted on the first
50% of subjects from the Edinburgh High Risk Study.

Methods. One hundred and four high risk subjects and 33 normal controls, age and sex matched,
were given a neuropsychological assessment battery. The areas of function assessed and reported
here include intellectual function, executive function, perceptual motor speed, mental control/encoding,
verbal ability and language, learning and memory measures, and handedness.

Results. The high risk subjects performed significantly more poorly than the control subjects in the
following domains of neuropsychological function: intellectual function, executive function, mental
control/encoding and learning, and memory. Controlling for IQ, high risk subjects made
significantly more errors on the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT), took longer to complete
section A of the HSCT, had lower scores on the delayed recall condition of the visual reproductions
subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, and had significantly poorer Rivermead
Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) standardized scores. The presence of significant group by IQ
interactions for the RBMT and time to complete section A of the HSCT suggested that differences
among the groups were more marked in the lower IQ range. Performance on the HSCT was found
to be related to the degree of family history of schizophrenia.

Conclusions. High risk subjects performed more poorly than controls on all tests of intellectual
function and on aspects of executive function and memory.
The Possibility of Theistic Experience
Authors: FORGIE J. WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

In a recent issue of Religious Studies Kevin Corcoran
has criticized my
arguments for the impossibility of theistic experience (i.e. an experience
which is
phenomenologically of God). Building on, and amending, criticisms already
levelled
against my views by Nelson Pike (in the latter's Mystic Union),

Corcoran argues that
my views are based on an account of what it is for an experience to be

‘phenomenologically of’ an individual (or kind of thing)
which leads to ‘wildly
implausible’ results. I here try to show that Corcoran's criticisms
are based on a
misunderstanding of my views.
David Silverman, Harvey Sacks: Social science
and conversation analysis. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press;
New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. ix, 222.
Authors: Maynard Douglas W.
Published: July 2002

In his Introduction to Volume I of Sacks's
Lectures on conversation (1992), Emmanuel Schegloff
observes (1992:lviii) that his own effort at overview was
“truly daunting,” mostly because of “the
extraordinary richness and multi-facetedness of Sacks's
corpus … In its variety, depth, and freshness of
vision it defies domestication into convenient guidelines
to a reader.” Such a statement – indeed, any
reading of the two-volume set of Lectures –
should give pause to someone attempting a textbook rendering
of Sacks and his work. But such a text is precisely what
Silverman has produced, and the effort is remarkably successful
on its own terms.
Neurophysiological correlates of verbal and nonverbal short‐term memory in children: Repetition of words and faces
Authors: Hepworth Sandra L. , Rovet Joanne F. , Taylor Margot J.
Published: July 2002

The neurophysiological correlates of verbal and nonverbal memory have been extensively studied in adults, but comparable investigations of children are limited. A memory paradigm that is well established with adults is the repetition task, which finds a positive shift in the ERP waveform in response to repeated items, called the “repetition effect.” This is thought to represent the brain's memory trace for previously seen information and is reported predominantly at midline frontal and parietal electrodes. We recorded ERPs in thirteen 11‐ to 14‐year old children during repetition tasks of words and faces. Performance was better and ERP latencies shorter for the word than the face task. Although a repetition effect similar to adults was seen at parietal electrodes with increased positivity to repeated items, increased negativity was observed at frontal electrodes; this suggests that the neural substrates of recognition memory continue to develop beyond 11 to 14 years of age. The demonstration of a repetition effect in children provides a basis for studying the neural correlates of specific childhood memory deficits.
An event‐related brain potential study of visual selective attention to conjunctions of color and shape
Authors: Smid H.G.O.M. , Jakob A. , Heinze H.‐J.
Published: July 2002

What cognitive processes underlie event‐related brain potential (ERP) effects related to visual multidimensional selective attention and how are these processes organized? We recorded ERPs when participants attended to one conjunction of color, global shape and local shape and ignored other conjunctions of these attributes in three discriminability conditions. Attending to color and shape produced three ERP effects: frontal selection positivity (FSP), central negativity (N2b), and posterior selection negativity (SN). The results suggested that the processes underlying SN and N2b perform independent within‐dimension selections, whereas the process underlying the FSP performs hierarchical between‐dimension selections. At posterior electrodes, manipulation of discriminability changed the ERPs to the relevant but not to the irrelevant stimuli, suggesting that the SN does not concern the selection process itself but rather a cognitive process initiated after selection is finished. Other findings suggested that selection of multiple visual attributes occurs in parallel.
POLITICS, PUBLIC FINANCE AND THE BRITISH–IRISH ACT OF UNION OF 1801
Authors: McCavery Trevor
Published: July 2002

BEFORE the smoke of the Irish rebellion of 1798 had cleared, the British prime minister William Pitt was convinced of the necessity of a legislative union between Britain and Ireland. He broached the subject seriously with his cabinet colleague, Lord Grenville, on 2 June and by 4 June the joint post master general, Lord Auckland, an expert on Irish commercial affairs, was brought into Pitt's confidence. Pitt told Auckland that he and Grenville had been able to: ‘see daylight in almost everything but what relates to trade and revenue.' The subject of this paper is to discover how matters of trade and revenue were arranged in the Act of Union and to discuss some of the political difficulties which arose from implementing these arrangements. As the evolution of ministers' thinking is documented, the authorship of some points can be precisely identified and the thinking and tacit economic forecasting brought to light. This paper will suggest that the arrangements were intended to be generous to Ireland and contrasts with an Irish nationalist interpretation of the subject articulated in the early decades of the twentieth century. Then the difficulties that politicians experienced in executing policies within the framework laid down by these articles are considered. The whole vice-regal system of government was by no means guaranteed in the immediate post-Union period as it worked against the chancellor of the Irish exchequer in his attempts to manage Irish public finance.
RECONSIDERING THE IRISH ACT OF UNION
Authors: Connolly S.J.
Published: July 2002

THE political, administrative and social consequences of the union of Great Britain and Ireland, and even more the eventual unravelling of the structures it created, have for the greater part of the past century provided Irish historians with a major theme. By contrast the measure itself has received little sustained analysis or discussion. F.R. Bolton's monograph, first published in 1966, remains – more than three decades later – the standard reference. In part this is a tribute to the depth, breadth and penetration of Bolton's account. But there is also at least the suggestion that the negotiation and passage of the union legislation, during 1799–1800, is to be seen as unproblematic, a relatively straightforward event providing a terminus or a starting point for discussion of the more complex and challenging periods on either side.
Normative and prescriptive implications of individual differences
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West (S&W) have two goals, one concerned with the evaluation of normative models, the other with development of prescriptive models. Individual differences have no bearing on normative models, which are justified by analysis, not consensus. Individual differences do, however, suggest where it is possible to try to improve human judgments and decisions through education rather than computers.
How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming
Authors: Cartwright Rosalind
Published: July 2002

The target articles in this volume address the three major questions about dreaming that have been most responsible for the delay in progress in this field over the past 25 years. These are: (1) Where in the brain is dreaming produced, given that dream reports can be elicited from sleep stages other than REM? (2) Do dream plots have any intrinsic meaning? (3) Does dreaming serve some specialized function? The answers offered here when added together support a new model of dreaming that is testable, and should revitalize this area of study.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Bayes, Levi, and the taxicabs
Authors: Okasha Samir
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West (S&W) are wrong to think that all “reject-the-norm” theorists simply wish to reduce the normative/descriptive gap. They have misunderstood Issac Levi's reasons for rejecting Tversky and Kahneman's normative assumptions in the “base-rate” experiments. In their discussion of the taxicab experiment, (S&W) erroneously claim that subjects' responses indicate whether they have reasoned in accordance with Bayesian principles or not.
Plus maze experiments and the boundary conditions of the dynamic field model
Authors: Burns Melissa , Domjan Michael
Published: July 2002

In the dynamic field model, parametric variations of the same general processes predict how infants reach for a goal. Animal learning investigators argue that locating a goal is the product of qualitatively different mechanisms (response learning and place learning) Response versus place learning experiments suggest limitations to the dynamic field model hut where those limitations begin or end is unclear.
The fragility of the locality assumption: Comparative evidence
Authors: Benson Philip J.
Published: July 2002

The locality assumption (LA) seems rather awkward, especially
when one considers centres of neuronal specialisation as defined
by observed CNS activity. It is clear from electrophysiology that
extra-striate functional compartmentalisation (modularity) is rather
less well-defined than first thought; neuropsychological assessment
attaching significance to varieties of preserved behaviour also
reveals that some basic flaws must be inherent in current reasoning
supporting LA.
Sociopathy: Adaptation, abnormality, or both?
Authors: Stein Don Joseph
Published: July 2002

Mealey's article on the sociobiology of sociopathy raises
questions about the relationship between adaptiveness and abnormality.
Although sociopathy may be adaptive, simply defining medical and
psychiatric disorders in terms of evolutionary function is
problematic. Rather, sociopathy may be characterized as a
relatively atypical disorder, an entity to which it may be useful
to extend the metaphors of the medical model.
Glenberg's embodied memory: Less than meets the eye
Authors: Crowder Robert G. , Wenk Heidi E.
Published: July 2002

We are sympathetic to most of what Glenberg says in his target
article, but we consider it common wisdom rather than something
radically new. Others have argued persuasively against the idea of
abstraction in cognition, for example. On the other hand, Hebbian
connectionism cannot get along without the idea of association, at
least at the neural level.
Principles of cortical synchronization
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2002

Functional roles for cortical synchronization in
self-organizing neural networks are described. These properties
are best understood by models that link brain to behavior.
Synchrony can express itself differently in cortical circuits
that perform different behavioral tasks. Cortical temporal
properties that seem inexplicable by synchrony are also mentioned.
An account of the locus equation phenomenon based on speech movement planning
Authors: Guenther Frank H.
Published: July 2002

An alternative account of the locus equation phenomenon
based on recent theories of speech movement planning is provided.
It is similar to Sussman et al.'s account in positing that our
productions are tuned to satisfy auditory constraints. It differs by
suggesting that the locus equation effect may be an epiphenomenon
of a planning process that satisfies simpler auditory
constraints.
Null-hypothesis tests are not completely stupid, but Bayesian statistics are better
Authors: Rindskopf David
Published: July 2002

Unfortunately, reading Chow's work is likely to leave
the reader more confused than enlightened. My preferred solutions
to the “controversy” about null- hypothesis testing are:
(1) recognize that we really want to test the hypothesis that an
effect is “small,” not null, and (2) use Bayesian methods,
which are much more in keeping with the way humans naturally think
than are classical statistical methods.
Creativity, simulation, and conceptualization
Authors: Fauconnier Gilles
Published: July 2002

Understanding the role of simulation in conceptualization has
become a priority for cognitive science. Barsalou makes a valuable
contribution in that direction. The present commentary points to
theoretical issues that need to be refined and elaborated in order
to account for key aspects of meaning construction, such as negation,
counterfactuals, quantification or analogy. Backstage cognition, with
its elaborate bindings, blendings, and mappings, is more complex than
Barsalou's discussion might suggest. Language does not directly
carry meaning, but rather serves, along with countless other
situational elements, as a powerful instrument for prompting
its construction
Perception and information processing
Authors: Gellatly Angus
Published: July 2002

Perception and cognition can be understood either as conscious
experience, thought, and behaviour or as bodily functions executed
at the level of information processing. Whether or not they are
cognitively penetrable depends on the level referred to. Selective
attention is the mechanism by which cognition affects perception,
theory influences observation and observational reports, culture
biases experience, and current knowledge determines what inferences
are made. Seeing must be distinguished from seeing
as.
Structure and dynamics of language representation
Authors: Tucker Don M.
Published: July 2002

The important Hebbian architecture for language may not be the
phonological networks of perisylvian cortex, but rather the semantic
networks of limbic cortex. Although the high-frequency EEG findings
are intriguing, the results may not yet warrant a confident theory of
neural assemblies. Nonetheless, Pulvermüller succeeds in
framing a comprehensive theory of language function in the literal
terms of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.
Is perception of 3-D surface configurations cognitively penetrable?
Authors: Papathomas Thomas V.
Published: July 2002

Among Pylyshyn's most important questions is determining
the boundaries of early vision. A simple stimulus illustrates that, in
addition to the dominant percept, most observers can perceive
alternative interpretations of 3-D surface layout only after provided
with suggestions. These observations may indicate that cognitive
influences reach the stages of visual processing where 3-D surface
configurations are resolved.
Ocular disengagement inhibited by target onset in periphery?
Authors: Tam Wa James
Published: July 2002

The postulate that events in peripheral vision enhance activity in the “fixate center” is called into question. An alternative explanation is used to account for the “remote distractor effect.” It is pointed out that a critical element of the model is missing.
Taking the trivial doctrine seriously: Functionalism, eliminativism, and materialism
Authors: Tirassa Maurizio
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar's (G&S's) characterization
of the trivial doctrine and of its relationships with the radical one
misses some differences that may be crucial. The radical doctrine can
be read as a derivative of the computational version of functionalism
that provides the backbone of current cognitive science and is
fundamentally uninterested in biology: Both doctrines are fundamentally
wrong. The synthesis between neurobiology and psychology requires
instead that minds be viewed as ontologically primitive, that is,
as material properties of functioning bodies. G&S's
characterization of the trivial doctrine should therefore be
correspondingly modified.
Gamma band suppression by pseudowords: Evidence for lexical cell assemblies?
Authors: Urbach Thomas P. , Davidson Robert E. , Drake Robert M.
Published: July 2002

The EEG and MEG studies cited in the target article found
reduced gamma band power following pseudowords in comparison
with words. Pulvermüller interprets this power difference
in terms of reverberating lexical cell assemblies. An alternative
interpretation in terms of latency jitter in the gamma band following
pseudowords is proposed that does not appeal to lexical cell
assemblies.
Rose's homeodynamic perspective is not an alternative to neo-Darwinism
Authors: Wells A. J.
Published: July 2002

Lifelines discusses two approaches to biology,
“ultra-Darwinism” which Rose criticises, and the
“homeodynamic perspective,” which he offers as an
alternative. This review suggests that ultra-Darwinism is a
caricature of the theoretical positions Rose wishes to oppose
and that the homeodynamic perspective is not an alternative,
but is complementary to so-called ultra-Darwinism.
Le théorème limite central pour les suites de R. C. Baker
Authors: FUKUYAMA KATUSI , PETIT BERNARD
Published: July 2002

Let D=(\omega_n)_{n\ge0} be the multiplicative semi-group generated by the coprime integers q_1,\dotsc, q_\tau arranged in increasing order. If f is a real-valued 1-periodic function, we consider the sums S_nf(t)=\sum_{0\le k<n} f(\omega_kt). For a large class of functions, we prove the existence of a limiting variance \sigma^2 for the sequence \{S_nf/\sqrt n\}, we give a function characterization for the case when \sigma=0 and finally we prove a central limit theorem.
Thermodynamic formalism for countable Markov shifts
Authors: SARIG OMRI M.
Published: July 2002

We establish a generalized thermodynamic formalism for topological Markov shifts with a countable number of states. We offer a definition of topological pressure and show that it satisfies a variational principle for the metric entropies. The pressure of $\phi =0$ is the Gurevic entropy. This pressure may be finite even if the topological entropy is infinite. Let $L_\phi$ denote the Ruelle operator for $\phi$. We offer a definition of positive recurrence for $\phi$ and show that it is a necessary and sufficient condition for a Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius theorem to hold: there exist a $\sigma$-finite measure $\nu $, a continuous function $h>0$ and $\lambda >0$ such that $L_\phi ^{*}\nu =\lambda \nu$, $L_\phi h=\lambda h $ and $\lambda ^{-n}L_\phi ^nf\rightarrow h\int f\,d\nu$ for suitable functions $f$. We show that under certain conditions this convergence is uniform and exponential. We prove a decomposition theorem for positive recurrent functions and construct conformal measures and equilibrium measures. We give complete characterization of the situation when the equilibrium measure is a Gibbs measure. We end by giving examples where positive recurrence can be verified. These include functions of the form
$$
\phi =\log f\left( \cfrac{1}{x_0+ \cfrac{1}{x_1+\dotsb }}\right),
$$
where $f$ is a suitable function on a suitable shift $X$.
Looking back and moving forward? Ageing in Australia 2000
Authors: McCORMACK JOHN
Published: July 2002

It was timely that the 1999 International Year of Older Persons
(IYOP) occurred in the last year of the century because the purpose of
the year is to celebrate ageing achievements as well as to produce
positive sustainable change for the future. Thus it affords an
opportunity to assess the status of ageing in Australia as a result of
developments up to that point, as well as providing an indication of
where ageing research, policy and practice is headed in the new
century. This paper examines the IYOP in Australia as a measure of
achievements to date, and then focuses on its major output, the
proposed National Strategy for an Ageing Australia, as a look ahead.
This follows a brief review of some socio-demographic data on ageing
in Australia at the end of the century, and a summary of research on
ageing as recorded in the Australian Ageing Research Directory
(Office for the Aged 1993, 1996).