bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) in COVID-19 Patients Attending at Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Ferdous Khaleda , Rahman Md. Ashiqur , Islam Sadia , Tasnim Sadia , Ferdausi Tamima , Rahaman Shohanur , Hossen Md. Al-Amin , Rimu Adiatuj Jahan
Published: August 2023

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the infectious agent that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a contagious illness. The epidemic has continued since it was first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. The WHO estimated that 800 million people worldwide (or one in ten) may have COVID-19 infection on October 5. More than 1.07 million fatalities and 37 million cases have been documented as of October 11, 2020, spanning 188 nations and territories; more than 25.7 million patients have recovered. Fever, coughing, exhaustion, shortness of breath or other breathing issues, and a loss of taste and smell are typical symptoms. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which can be brought on by cytokine storm, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and blood clots, can affect some people while the majority only have moderate symptoms. One to fourteen days may pass during the incubation period. The aim of this study was to observe the Complete blood count in COVID-19 & Non COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the study. Data were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) General Hospital and Hematology Department of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS). A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for the data collection. The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The results showed that, among 100 patients, 50% patient was Covid-19 positive &50% patient was negative. In comparison between Covid-19 positive & negative CBC result showing that Hb% remain almost same, total count is slightly increased in covid-19 positive patient than non-covid-19. RBC are found in Normal range for both positive and negative patients. Platelet count & PCV are lower in Covid-19 positive patient than negative patient. Neutrophil are significantly raised in Covid-19 positive patient. Lymphocytes are significantly decreased in Covid-19 positive patient than negative. In this study males are affected 64% & females are 36% so the ratio between male& female is 3:2. More positive patients were found in the age between 50-70 years & has risk among 40-80 years. According to this study, it can be concluded that there is an association among neutrophil, lymphocyte and other cell status in clinically in COVID-19 & non COVID-19 Patients.
O desenvolvimento urbano do apartheid
Authors: Neluheni Malindi
Published: August 2023

Dedicado aos efeitos do regime do apartheid em espaços urbanos racialmente segregados, este texto faz parte do memorável livro “White papers black marks: architecture, race, culture” de 2000, organizado pela arquiteta Ganesa-Escocesa Lesley Lokko. O artigo parte de uma análise crítica sobre a segregação racial e espacial do apartheid, com a duplicação de serviços e equipamentos: correios, escolas, mercados, etc. com sinais sobre quem podia utilizar o espaço e onde. Publicado poucos anos depois da abolição do apartheid, com a eleição de Nelson Mandela em 10 de maio de 1994, Malindi Neluheni mostra-nos que o espaço foi a ferramenta mais eficaz do regime do apartheid e indica o “espaço do descontentamento” como seu legado no longo caminho por fazer, para uma efectiva reconciliação entre brancos e negros na África do Sul. Para tal, o texto analisa dois estudos de caso, um na África do Sul e outro nos EUA, a partir dos quais se elabora uma proposta para um novo urbanismo na “nova” África do Sul, dando particular enfoque na educação em geral e na educação em arquitetura e urbanismo em particular (Por não haver resumo no texto original, este foi feito pelos editores).
Frailty-Guided Management of Cardiovascular Disease—From Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun , Zhong Lily , Rich Michael W.
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint discusses pitfalls in measurement and interpretation of post hoc frailty scores and proposes standardized frailty assessment in randomized clinical trials.
Ki-67, 21-Gene Recurrence Score, Endocrine Resistance, and Survival in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Lee Janghee , Lee Young-jin , Bae Soong June , Baek Seung Ho , Kook Yoowon , Cha Yoon Jin , Lee Jong Won , Son Byung Ho , Ahn Sei Hyun , Lee Hee Jin , Gong Gyungyub , Jeong Joon , Lee Sae Byul , Ahn Sung Gwe
Published: August 2023

Importance

Both high 21-gene recurrence score (RS) and high Ki-67 level are poor prognostic factors in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)–positive ERBB2-negative (ER+/ERBB−) breast cancer; however, a discrepancy between the 2 has been noted. Survival differences according to these 2 biomarkers are not well known.

Objective

To assess the associations between RS and Ki-67 expression and between Ki-67 expression and recurrence-free survival in patients with ER+/ERBB− breast cancer with low RS.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included women treated for ER+/ERBB2− breast cancer who underwent the 21-gene RS test from March 2010 to December 2020 in 2 hospitals in Korea.

Exposures

Recurrence score and Ki-67 level.

Main Outcomes and Measures

A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine the association of Ki-67 with recurrence-free survival (RFS), while a binary logistic regression model was used to examine the association between Ki-67 and secondary endocrine resistance. High Ki-67 expression was defined as 20% or greater, and low genomic risk as an RS of 25 or less. Secondary endocrine resistance was defined as breast cancer recurrence that occurred after at least 2 years of endocrine therapy and during or within the first year after completing 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy.

Results

A total of 2295 female patients were included (mean [SD] age, 49.8 [9.3] years), of whom 1948 (84.9%) were in the low genomic risk group and 1425 (62.1%) had low Ki-67 level. The median follow-up period was 40 months (range, 0-140 months). The RS and Ki-67 level had a moderate correlation (R = 0.455; P < .001). Of the patients with low Ki-67 level, 1341 (94.1%) had low RS, whereas 607 of 870 patients with high Ki-67 level (69.8%) had low RS. In patients with low RS, the RFS differed significantly according to Ki-67 level (low Ki-67, 98.5% vs high Ki-67, 96.5%; P = .002). Among the 1807 patients with low genomic risk who did not receive chemotherapy, high Ki-67 level was independently associated with recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.27-4.96; P = .008). Recurrence after 3 years differed significantly according to Ki-67 level (low Ki-67, 98.7% vs high Ki-67, 95.7%; P = .003), whereas recurrence within 3 years did not differ (low Ki-67, 99.3% vs high Ki-67, 99.3%; P = .90). In addition, Ki-67 was associated with secondary endocrine resistance in patients with low RS who did not receive chemotherapy (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.13-5.50; P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of patients with ER+/ERBB2− breast cancer, a moderate correlation was observed between Ki-67 and RS, and high Ki-67 level in patients with low genomic risk was associated with increased risk of secondary endocrine resistance.
Trends in Gestational Weight Gain in Louisiana, March 2019 to March 2022
Authors: Harville Emily W. , Kracht Chelsea L. , Cohen Nicole L. , Sutton Elizabeth F. , Kebbe Maryam , Redman Leanne M.
Published: August 2023

Importance

Average gestational weight gain (GWG) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is not known whether this trend has continued.

Objective

To examine patterns of GWG during the COVID-19 pandemic by delivery and conception timing through the second year of the pandemic.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study is a retrospective review of birth certificate and delivery records from 2019 to 2022. Electronic health records were from the largest delivery hospital in Louisiana. Participants included all individuals giving birth from March 2019 to March 2022. Data analysis was performed from October 2022 to July 2023.

Exposure

Delivery date (cross-sectionally) and conception before the pandemic (March 2019 to March 2020) and during the peak pandemic (March 2020 to March 2021) and late pandemic (March 2021 to March 2022).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was GWG (total GWG and adherence to the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations) analyzed using linear and log-linear regression with control for covariates.

Results

Among 23 012 total deliveries (8763 Black individuals [38.1%]; 11 774 White individuals [51.2%]; mean [SD] maternal age, 28.9 [5.6] years), 3182 individuals (42.0%) exceeded the recommended weight gain in the year proceeding the pandemic, 3400 (45.4%) exceeded recommendations during the peak pandemic, and 3273 (44.0%) exceeded recommendations in the late pandemic. Compared with those who delivered before the pandemic (reference), participants had higher total GWG if they delivered peak or late pandemic (adjusted β [SE], 0.38 [0.12] kg vs 0.19 [0.12] kg; P = .007). When cohorts were defined by conception date, participants who conceived before the pandemic but delivered after the pandemic started had higher GWG compared with those whose entire pregnancy occurred before the pandemic (adjusted β [SE], 0.51 [0.16] kg). GWG was lower in the pregnancies conceived after the pandemic started and the late pandemic (adjusted β [SE], 0.29 [0.12] kg vs 0.003 [0.14] kg; P = .003) but these participants began pregnancy at a slightly higher weight. Examining mean GWG month by month suggested a small decrease for March 2020, followed by increased mean GWG for the following year. Individuals with 2 pregnancies (1289 individuals) were less likely to gain weight above the recommended guidelines compared with their prepandemic pregnancy, but this association was attenuated after adjustment.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort, individuals with critical time points of their pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic gained more weight compared with the previous year. The increased GWG leveled off as the pandemic progressed but individuals were slightly heavier beginning pregnancy.
Antibacterial Properties of AquaSun Sol–Gel Coating
Authors: Crisafi Francesca , Pagliaro Mario , La Spada Gina , La Cono Violetta , Marturano Laura , Scolaro Cristina , Smedile Francesco , Visco Annamaria , Ciriminna Rosaria
Published: August 2023

The antimicrobial activity, surface features, wettability, and adhesion of photocatalytic xerogel AquaSun deposited on shipbuilding steel in comparison to those of a commercial antifouling paint are investigated. The antimicrobial activity of AquaSun deposited on a steel substrate pretreated with primer and tiecoat paint exposed to a microbial consortium composed of Bacillus aquimaris and Pseudomonas poae is significant and of broad scope. Taking into account the low cost, high stability, and lack of ecotoxicity of this hybrid sol–gel coating, these results are promising en route to developing novel antibacterial coatings of broad applicability.
Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers
Authors: Tariq Ali , Arif Zia Ullah , Khalid Muhammad Yasir , Hossain Mokarram , Rasool Peerzada Ifham , Umer Rehan , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: August 2023

Stimuli‐responsive polymers (SRPs) are special types of soft materials, which have been extensively used for developing flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors, self‐expanding structures, and biomedical devices, thanks to their ability to change their shapes and functional properties in response to external stimuli including light, humidity, heat, pH, electric field, solvent, and magnetic field or combinations of two or more of these stimuli. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) aka 3D printing technology of these SRPs, also known as 4D printing, has gained phenomenal attention in different engineering fields, thanks to its unique ability to develop complex, personalized, and innovative structures, which undergo twisting, elongating, swelling, rolling, shrinking, bending, spiraling, and other complex morphological transformations. Herein, an effort has been made to provide insightful information about the AM techniques, type of SRPs, and their applications including, but not limited to tissue engineering, soft robots, bionics, actuators, sensors, construction, and smart textiles. This article also incorporates the current challenges and prospects, hoping to provide an insightful basis for the utilization of this technology in different engineering fields. It is expected that the amalgamation of 3D printing with SRPs would provide unparalleled advantages in different engineering arenas.
Polarized Water Enabled Vertical Dynamic Diode Generator to Output Direct Current
Authors: Yu Xutao , Zhong Huikai , Lu Yanghua , Liu Chang , Chen Yihan , Yang Renyu , Wang Can , Lin Shisheng
Published: August 2023

Harvesting various mechanical energy from the daily environment has been proposed as a promising way to power electronic devices in the era of Internet of Things. However, most of existing generators are troubled by complex surface structures to achieve higher power output because of the limitations by interfacial effects and unable to achieve direct current (DC) output in the vertical direction. Herein, by introducing the polarized water molecules at the solid contact interface, a vertical structure dynamic diode DC generator is proposed. In the process of polarization and depolarization, water molecules induce, accumulate and rebound charges at the interfaces, and form a voltage output up to 1.7 V based on a solid‐liquid‐solid structure. Furthermore, through integrating series of water molecular generators, a voltage of 4.5 V can be achieved and effectively power commercial LED. This generator has been proven to harvest mechanical energy in the vertical direction to output DC power and excellent potential for applications in distributed energy supply.
Experimental investigation of heat generation during the mixing of granular materials using an overhead stirrer
Authors: Kisuka Francisco , Rangel Rafael L. , Hare Colin , Vivacqua Vincenzino , Wu Chuan‐Yu
Published: August 2023

Bladed mixers are commonly used for processing granular materials, requiring significant mechanical energy for optimal blending. During this process, heat is generated due to dissipated mechanical energy within the granular medium. However, our understanding of heat generation mechanisms without external thermal loads is limited. This article investigates heat generation by monitoring temperature changes in granular beds mixed using an overhead stirrer. First‐order kinetic equations are employed to extrapolate experimental data to a thermal equilibrium where heat generation and loss rates are balanced. Lead, steel, and glass particles are utilized under different operating conditions. Notably, metallic particles exhibit faster heating due to their lower heat capacity. Increasing rotation speed, fill ratio, and particle size result in greater temperature rises. Additionally, flat blades generate more heat compared to tilted blades. Through dimensional analysis, the experimental data are collapsed into linear curves that correlate system power consumption and granular bed temperature with operating conditions.
Integrated process design and control of divided‐wall distillation columns using molecular tracking
Authors: Ramírez‐Márquez César , Sánchez‐Ramírez Eduardo , Nazemzadeh Nima , Bisgaard Thomas , Segovia‐Hernández Juan Gabriel , Abildskov Jens , Mansouri Seyed Soheil
Published: August 2023

This work explores the dynamic and control behavior of dividing wall distillation columns from two different steady‐state design approaches (molecular tracking and optimization method) for three different mixtures. The controllability of the six design cases was evaluated using singular value decomposition and the closed‐loop performance was evaluated using integral absolute error in Aspen Dynamics. The results demonstrate that the side‐draw location obtained by molecular tracking (MT) provides optimal controllability. As a result, there is a slight advantage in control properties while obtaining designs by reducing the time to find the optimal solution through the MT method.
Design of CLARI: A Miniature Modular Origami Passive Shape‐Morphing Robot
Authors: Kabutz Heiko , Jayaram Kaushik
Published: August 2023

Miniature robots provide unprecedented access to confined environments and show potential for applications such as search‐and‐rescue and high‐value asset inspection. The capability of body deformation further enhances the reachability of these small robots in cluttered terrains similar to those of insects and soft arthropods. Motivated by this concept, compliant legged articulated robotic insect (CLARI), an insect‐scale 2.59 g quadrupedal robot capable of body deformation, is presented. The robot, currently, with tethered electrical connections for power and control is manufactured using laminate fabrication and assembled using origami pop‐up techniques. To enable locomotion in multiple shape configurations, a novel body architecture comprising modular, actuated leg mechanisms, is designed. CLARI has eight independently actuated degrees of freedom driven by custom piezoelectric actuators, making it mechanically dextrous. Herein, open‐loop robot locomotion at multiple stride frequencies (1–10 Hz) is characterized using multiple gaits (trot, walk, etc.) in three different fixed body shapes (long, symmetric, wide) and the robot's capabilities are illustrated. Finally, preliminary results of CLARI locomoting with a compliant body in open terrain and through a laterally constrained gap, a novel capability for legged robots, is demonstrated. These results represent the first step toward achieving effective cluttered terrain navigation with adaptable compliant robots in real‐world environments.
EMA‐GAN: A Generative Adversarial Network for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion with Multiscale Attention Network and Expectation Maximization Algorithm
Authors: Xi Xiuliang , Jin Xin , Jiang Qian , Lin Yu , Zhou Wei , Guo Lei
Published: August 2023

The purpose of the infrared and visible image fusion is to generate a fused image with rich information. Although most fusion methods can achieve good performance, there are still shortcomings in extracting feature information from source images, which make it difficult to balance the thermal radiation region information and texture detail information in the fused image. To address the above issues, an expectation maximization (EM) learning framework based on adversarial generative networks (GAN) for infrared and visible image fusion is proposed. The EM algorithm (EMA) can obtain maximum likelihood estimation for problems with potential variables, which is helpful in solving the problem of lack of labels in infrared and visible image fusion. The axial‐corner attention mechanism is designed to capture long‐range semantic information and texture information of the visible image. The multifrequency attention mechanism digs the relationships between features at different scales to highlight target information of infrared images in the fused result. Meanwhile, two discriminators are used to balance two different features, and a new loss function is designed to maximize the likelihood estimate of the data with soft class label assignments, which is obtained from the expectation network. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of EMA‐GAN over the state‐of‐the‐art.
Preece–Baines 1 model validation for cross‐sectional data in male soccer players according to maturity status
Authors: Flores Olivares Luis Alberto , Fragoso Maria Isabel Caldas Januário
Published: August 2023

Aim

The aim of the present study was to compare the Preece–Baines 1 (PB1) model fit between longitudinal and cross‐sectional data in male soccer players and to adjust the height growth curve by maturity status.

Methods

A final sample of 57 male Portuguese soccer players from professional soccer academies was included. Longitudinal height records were measured between 8 and 17 times in each subject from 2–8 years to 14–17 years. Additionally, longitudinal height records were used as cross‐sectional data along with 1087 cross‐sectional height records taken from 602 Portuguese soccer players. Skeletal age was estimated by Tanner‐Whitehouse III method from a left hand–wrist radiograph. Age at peak height velocity (PHV) was estimated by PB1 model for longitudinal and cross‐sectional data and by maturity status.

Results

No significant differences were found between all the longitudinal estimates of 57 players and the random cross‐sectional samples for, S1 parameter and for growth velocity at PHV, at TO, and for age at PHV. The age at PHV in early, on‐time, and late maturers were 12.26, 12.9, and 13.58 years, respectively.

Conclusion

PB1 adjusted the height growth of Portuguese male soccer players from cross‐sectional data, obtaining an estimate PHV very similar to that found from longitudinal data. A maturity time difference of ≈0.6 years was found between the age at PHV of on‐time, early, and on‐time and late maturity state.
Stabilization and anchoring of palladium‐copper alloy on murexide modified carbon nanotube as a superb nanocatalyst: Excellent performance in coupling and synthetic reactions
Authors: Mohammadlou Samane , Noroozi Pesyan Nader
Published: August 2023

Sketching a proper catalytic system with supplementary attributes, containing easy separation, wide surface area, supreme loading capacity, and fantastical electronic attributes, proposes an encouraging direction for efficiently using nanostructures for various applications. However, the capability to adjust the nano‐measure bimetallic particles is an adjustment for attaining superb performance in the catalytic field. Herein, an environmentally benign approach was developed for immobilizing and anchoring Pd‐Cu alloy nanoparticles on murexide (MX)‐functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Afterward, the catalytic activity of Pd2‐Cu3@MX/CNT was studied in synthesizing 2,3‐dihydro quinazoline‐4(1H)‐ones and carbon–carbon coupling reactions at sustainable reaction conditions under ultrasound irradiation. The results demonstrated that high‐affinity MX ligand and porous CNT structures than the adsorption of Pd–Cu had a unique designation in the high‐range constancy of the alloy nanoparticles and following catalytic activity. In addition, ultrasound irradiation got electrons of Pd–Cu alloy nanoparticles agitated, constructing a synergic efficacy between Cu and Pd metals for synthesis and coupling reactions. Our study represents that the designed catalyst is green, recyclable, and most suitable, providing new intuition into in high‐range constancy of bimetallic nanoparticles for broad applications.
Gene expression in the liver of the hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) belonging to the Cyclostomata is ancestral to that of mammals
Authors: Ota Noriaki , Kato Hideaki , Shiojiri Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2023

Although the liver of the hagfish, an earliest diverged lineage among vertebrates, has a histological architecture similar to that of mammals, its gene expression has not been explored yet. The present study was undertaken to comparatively characterize gene expression in the liver of the hagfish with that of the mouse, using in situ hybridization technique. Expression of alb (albumin) was detectable in all hepatocytes of the hagfish liver, but was negative in intrahepatic bile ducts. Their expression in abundant periportal ductules was weak. The expression pattern basically resembled that in mammalian livers, indicating that the differential expression of hepatocyte markers in hepatocytes and biliary cells may have been acquired in ancestral vertebrates. alb expression was almost homogeneous in the hagfish liver, whereas that in the mouse liver lobule was zonal. The glul (glutamate–ammonia ligase) expression was also homogeneously detectable in hepatocytes without zonation, and weakly so in biliary cells of the hagfish, which contrasted with its restricted pericentral expression in mouse livers. These findings indicated that the hagfish liver did not have mammalian‐type zonation. Whereas tetrapods had Hnf (hepatocyte nuclear factor) 1a and Hnf1b genes encoding the transcription factors, the hagfish had a single gene of their orthologue hnf1. Although HNF1α and HNF1β were immunohistochemically detected in hepatocytes and biliary cells of the mouse, respectively, hnf1 was expressed in both hepatocytes and biliary cells of the hagfish. These data indicate that gene expression of hnf1 in the hagfish liver may be ancestral with that of alb and glul during vertebrate evolution.
Turning waste into value: eco‐efficient recovery of by‐products from biomass pretreatment in lignocellulosic biorefineries
Authors: Janković Tamara , Straathof Adrie J. J. , Kiss Anton A.
Published: August 2023

This original research contributes to enhancing the viability of biorefineries through recovering valuable by‐products from the liquid remaining after the biomass pretreatment by hot liquid water. A novel downstream processing method is developed for the recovery of acetic acid, formic acid, furfural and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by enhanced distillation. The major challenge in this research is the processing of the highly diluted initial solution (>96 wt% water) and the thermodynamic limitations owing to possible formation of several azeotropes. This new process recovers 78.7% of the acetic acid (99.8 wt%), while the rest of it is recycled back to the biomass pretreatment step together with most of the separated water from the initial solution. Over 99.5% of formic acid, furfural and HMF is also recovered, at purities of 74.7, 98.0 and 100 wt%, respectively. Vapor recompression and heat integration are implemented to decrease the energy use. The results demonstrate a 77.4% decrease in total annual costs (from $3.44 to 0.78/kgproduct), a 75.0% reduction in minimum average selling price (from $3.50 to 0.87/kgproduct), an 81.1% reduction in energy requirements (from 77.41 to 14.66 kWthh/kgproduct) and an up to 99.7% decrease in CO2 emissions (from 11.17 to 0.03 kgCO2/kgproduct).
Einfluß von Gitterdefekten und Katalysatoren auf Oberflächenreaktionen von Graphit‐Einkristallen
Authors: Hennig Gerhart R.
Published: August 2023

Die Oxydation des Graphit wird von vielen Metallen stark beschleunigt. Wenn man diese Reaktion an gespaltenen Graphitkristallen mit kolloiden Metallen katalysiert, dann kann man mit elektronenmikroskopischen Verfahren einen Einfluß von Gitterdefekten erkennen. Auf defektfreien Kristalloberflächen sind die Kolloide katalytisch nur aktiv, wenn sie Gitterstufen oder Randflächen, an denen Netzebenen enden, berühren. Selbst dann vermögen sie den Abbrand nur parallel zu den Netzebenen zu beschleunigen. Die Katalyse ist auf die Kontaktfläche der Teilchen mit dem Graphit beschränkt. Mit Ausnahme vom Vanadin splittern die Teilchen auch nicht weiter auf. Gitterdefekte ändern die katalytische Oxydation derart, daß die Kolloidteilchen durch die Netzebenen in den Kristall eindringen und Krater bilden können. Diese Kraterbildung wird im Graphit, der mit Neutronen oder Elektronen bestrahlt war, durch einen Defekt je 107 Atome bewirkt und konnte mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit auf die Gitterleerstellen zurückgeführt werden. Durch Abschrecken unvorbehandelter Kristalle konnten nicht genügend viele Gitterdefekte für diese Kraterbildung eingefroren werden. Bor konnte oberhalb von 2000 °C in das Gitter diffundieren, und verursachte Kraterbildung bei Konzentrationen von weniger als 5 · 10−7. Die Kraterbildung war für den Defektnachweis weit empfindlicher als Messungen der Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit.
Der Transport von Galliumarsenid mit Jod
Authors: Renner Th.
Published: August 2023

Durch Anwendung der von Wiberg vorgeschlagenen „chemischen Spannungsreihen”︁ auf das Disproportionierungsgleichgewicht: 2Ga + GaJ3 ⇌ 3GaJ läßt sich der Transport von Gallium mit Jod im Temperaturgefälle nach der Methode von H. Schäfer berechnen. Die Vorstellungen lassen sich auf den Transport von Galliumarsenid mit Jod im Sinne des Gleichgewichts: 2GaAs + GaJ3 ⇌ 3GaJ + 2/x Asx erweitern. Wählt man geeignete Versuchsbedingungen ‐ lange Ampullen von geringem Querschnitt zur Vermeidung von Konvektion — so besteht befriedigende Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment.
Energetische Heterogenität von Nickelfilmoberflächen und Platzwechsel adsorbierter CO‐Molekeln
Authors: Suhrmann R. , Heyne Hj. , Wedler G.
Published: August 2023

Zur Untersuchung der energetischen Heterogenität der Oberfläche von Nickelfilmen, die im Ultra‐Hochvakuum bei 77°K aufgedampft und bei 373°K getempert wurden, diente die Adsorption der isotopen Molekeln C12O16, C13O16 und C12O18. Die Gase C12O18 und C13O16 wurden bei Belegungen unterhalb der monomolekularen und bei Gleichgewichtsdrucken bis zu 10−8 Torr nacheinander adsorbiert. Darauf wurde die Komponente C12O16 bis zu einem Gleichgewichtsdruck von 10−3 Torr zugegeben.

Die anschließende massenspektrometrische Analyse der Gasphase ergab, daß bei einer Adsorptionstemperatur von 77°K das Gleichgewicht zwischen Gasphase und Adsorptionsphase erst dann erreicht wurde, wenn sich der Film von 90 auf 195°K erwärmte. Die Temperatur, bei der sich das Gleichgewicht einstellte, war am niedrigsten für die zuletzt adsorbierte Molekülsorte, am höchsten für die am unbelegten Film zuerst adsorbierte. Aus diesem Verhalten ergibt sich eine energetische Heterogenität der unbesetzten Oberfläche. Erfolgte die Adsorption der drei isotopen Gase jedoch zunächst bei Raumtemperatur bis zu Gleichgewichts‐drucken von 10−7 Torr, die Auffüllung mit C12O16 bis zu 10−3 Torr dann bei 77°K, so traten beim Erwärmen von 90 auf 195°K die zuerst und zuletzt adsorbierten Moleküle gleichzeitig ins Gleichgewicht mit der Gasphase. Bei Raumtemperatur ist also der Platzwechsel zwischen den verschiedenen Molekülsorten bereits so lebhaft, daß die Oberflächenheterogenität verdeckt wird.

Ein Isotopenaustausch zwischen den adsorbierten Molekülen konnte nicht beobachtet werden.

Die ausführliche Veröffentlichung erfolgte in J. Catalysis 1, 208 (1962).
Über die photoelektrische Emission positiver Ionen aus einer Chemisorptionsschicht II. Untersuchung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung
Authors: Moesta Hasso
Published: August 2023

Der an einer Chemisorptionsschicht von Kalium auf Platin auftretende Ionen‐Photoeffekt wird näher untersucht. Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen werden für den Ionen‐Photoeffekt und für die gleichzeitig stattfindende thermische Ionenemission gemessen.

Aus dem Vergleich beider Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, den Mechanismus des Ionen‐Photoeffektes und den Zustand adsorbierter Atome näher zu diskutieren.
Ergebnisse einer erneuten Untersuchung des Zerfalls von Distickstoffoxyd an Platin‐Kontakten
Authors: Riekert Lothar , Staib Michel
Published: August 2023

Ältere Beobachtungen über die mangelhafte Reproduzierbarkeit des N2O‐Zerfalls an Pt‐Kontakten und über den unterschiedlichen Einfluß von zugesetztem und bei der Reaktion entstandenem Sauerstoff auf die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit waren im Hinblick auf Überlegungen zur Bedeutung des Bodensteinschen Quasistationaritätsprinzips für die Kinetik kontaktkatalytischer Reaktionen von Interesse.

Die experimentelle Untersuchung an Katalysatoren aus physikalisch reinem Platin ergab, daß der Reaktionsverlauf hier sehr gut reproduzierbar und unabhängig von einem vorangehenden Ausglühen des Kontaktes in verschiedenen Gasen ist. Zugesetzter und bei der Reaktion entstandener Sauerstoff hemmen den Zerfall in gleicher Weise. An nur wenig verunreinigtem Platin wurde dagegen ein nicht reproduzierbarer Reaktionsverlauf gefunden.

Die Ergebnisse werden insbesondere auch im Zusammenhang mit vorangegangenen Arbeiten über den HCOOH‐Zerfall und die p‐H2‐Umwandlung an Pt‐Kontakten diskutiert.
Zur Linearisierung experimenteller Kurven mit Anwendung auf reaktionskinetische Probleme
Authors: Boguth W. , Repges R.
Published: August 2023

Es wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, mit dem sich eine große Klasse experimentell vorgegebener Kurven bis auf Terme dritter Ordnung linearisieren läßt. Dadurch ist es möglich, die Anfangstangente auch stark gekrümmter Kurven unter Angabe cines maximalen Fehlers sehr genau zu bestimmen. Anwendungen in der Reaktionskinetik werden besprochen.
Behandlung von unimolekularen Dissoziationsreaktionen mit Hilfe einer Riccatischen Differentialgleichung
Authors: Ilten D.
Published: August 2023

Die Reaktionsschemata von unimolekularen Zerfallsreaktionen mit anschließender Folgereaktion führen in bestimmten Fällen zu Riccatischen Differentialgleichungen, deren Lösungen hier diskutiert werden. Die in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Mechanismen werden auf Photoreaktionen angewendet.
Nuclear Relaxation Time Measurements of Different Shifted Species of Protons, Using Fourier Transform Technique
Authors: Lalanne P. , Andrieux A. , Lemanceau B. , Lussan C.
Published: August 2023

A method of specific spin‐lattice relaxation times measurement of the different protons of a mixture is described: Hahn's Method is used in an homogeneous magnetic field and the Fourier transform calculation of the free induction decays allows specific T1 measurements. Results obtained on a dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane mixture are given.
Etude des mouvements moléculaires en milieu liquide au moyen de la largeur des bandes de vibration de quelques molécules linéaires dans I'infrarouge
Authors: Vincent‐Geisse J. , Soussen‐Jacob J. , Pelerin D. , Bize A. M.
Published: August 2023

Nous avons mesuré, en absorption infrarouge, la largeur des bandes fondamentales de cinq molécules linéaires (C2H2, N2O, CO2, OCS, CS2) en solution dans de nombreux solvants. Nous avons ensuite comparé les largeurs des bandes parallèles entre elles, puis celles des bandes perpendiculaires et des bandes parallèles. Enfin nous avons étudié la variation de largeur en fonction du solvant et en fonction du soluté. Les solvants ont un effet différent suivant qu'ils sont polaires ou non; dans ce dernier cas, les résultats s'interprètent, avec une assez bonne approximation, pour les 3 solutés à moment d'inertie moyen, par la diffusion rotationnelle du soluté au sein du solvant.
Non‐Local Effects in the Diffusion Coefficient of a Binary Fluid Near the Critical Mixing Point
Authors: Chang R. F. , Keyes P. H. , Sengers J. V. , Alley C. O.
Published: August 2023

Measurements are reported for the intensity and spectral width of light scattered by concentration fluctuations near the critical mixing point of the binary liquid mixture 3‐methylpentane‐nitroethane. The data were taken at the critical concentration as a function of temperature and scattering angle.

The intensity data allow us to determine the susceptibility (∂c/∂ μ)T,P and the equilibrium correlation length ξ as a function of temperature. The decay rate of the concentration fluctuations, as determined from the linewidth of the central component in the spectrum of scattered light, was measured as a function of ξ and wave number k in the range 0.1 ≤ kξ, ≤ 20. In the hydrodynamic regime (kξ << 1) the decay rate Γ decreases with decreasing temperature difference Δ T =T‐Tc, but approaches a constant value in the critical regime (kξ >> 1). We have verified the prediction from dynamical scaling that Γ should vary as k3 in the limit kξ>> 1. The observed variation of Γ with k ξ is compared with the theory of Kawasaki. Differences between theory and experiment are observed if one imposes the condition that the behavior of the decay rate is governed by the same correlation length ξ that is determined by the static properties. A major part of the disagreement could be accounted for if one assumes the presence of a background term similar to the one previously introduced in the thermal diffusivity near the gas‐liquid critical point. It seems likely, however, that the decay rate is also affected by the anomalous behavior of the viscosity, not yet accounted for in the theory.
Étude de quelques propriétés de la transition de phase de Cr2O3 à l'aide d'ondes élastiques de ˜ 1 GHz
Authors: Bachellerie A.
Published: August 2023

Les résultats théoriques essentiels de la propagation des ultrasons près de la température de transition d'un corps magnétique sont passés très brièvement en revue.

Les expériences de la propagation des ondes élastiques ont été effectuées pour des fréquences comprises entre 100 et 1000 MHz. II est montré que pour l'atténuation la dépendance en fréquence n'est pas celle des théories basse fréquence non plus que celle des théories haute fréquence. L'exposant critique η est déterminé pour des ondes longitudinales se propageant de long de l'axe c, bien qu'il soit assez proche de celui des théories classiques. II est montré que cet accord n'est qu'apparent. En ce qui concerne la variation de vitesse de phase, les résultats sont en bon accord avec les prédictions des théories basses fréquences.
Behavior of a Solute Near the Critical Point of an Almost Pure Solvent
Authors: Wheeler John C.
Published: August 2023

A lattice‐gas model is used to analyse the behavior of the properties of a solute near the critical point of a pure solvent. The dimensionless activity coefficient γ2 = z2/p2 exhibits striking anomalies near the critical point of the pure solvent. Singularities in both the isothermal compressibility, KT, and the constant volume heat capacity, Cv, of the pure solvent are reflected in the behavior of γ2. The limit.γ*2, of this activity coefficient as the solute density tends to zero is found be to a particularly simple function of the density and the internal energy density of the pure solvent. Isotherms and the coexistence curve in the γ*2‐P and γ*2‐p1 planes are discussed. It is found that the partial molar volume of solute v2, can become very large (either positive or negative) on the critical locus of the mixture, and diverges at the pure solvent critical point. The limiting value of the partial molar volume of solvent,v1, at the pure solvent critical point depends upon the path of approach and can even be negative. Negative values of v1 and v2are found to be associated with critical azeotropy and “incipient azeotropy” in this model. The partial‐molar enthalpies and internal energies also exhibit anomalies. It is suggested that the anomalous behavior of the activity coefficient may be responsible for anomalies in the rates of chemical reactions of solutes near the critical point of a solvent.
The Electrical Properties of Metals in the Liquid‐Gas Critical Region
Authors: Freyland W. F. , Hensel F.
Published: August 2023

A brief discussion of new and previous data on the specific electrical conductivity of potassium, cesium and mercury in the liquid‐gas critical region is given. The observed results are interpreted in terms of Mott's theory of metal‐nonmetal transition in noncrystalline materials.

The relation between the thermodynamic critical point and the metal‐insulator transition will be discussed.
Evaluating endocrine disrupting chemicals: A perspective on the novel assessments in CLARITY‐BPA
Authors: Howdeshell Kembra L. , Beverly Brandiese E. J. , Blain Robyn B. , Goldstone Alexandra E. , Hartman Pamela A. , Lemeris Courtney R. , Newbold Retha R. , Rooney Andrew A. , Bucher John R.
Published: August 2023

Background

The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Bisphenol A Toxicity (CLARITY‐BPA) was a collaborative research effort to better link academic research with governmental guideline studies. This review explores the secondary goal of CLARITY‐BPA: to identify endpoints or technologies from CLARITY‐BPA and prior/concurrent literature from these laboratories that may enhance the capacity of rodent toxicity studies to detect endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted with search terms for BPA and the CLARITY‐BPA participants. Relevant studies employed a laboratory rodent model and reported results on 1 of the 10 organs/organ systems evaluated in CLARITY‐BPA (brain and behavior, cardiac, immune, mammary gland, ovary, penile function, prostate gland and urethra, testis and epididymis, thyroid hormone and metabolism, and uterus). Study design and findings were summarized, and a risk‐of‐bias assessment was conducted.

Results

Several endpoints and methods were identified as potentially helpful to detect effects of EDCs. For example, molecular and quantitative morphological approaches were sensitive in detecting alterations in early postnatal development of the brain, ovary, and mammary glands. Hormone challenge studies mimicking human aging reported increased susceptibility of the prostate to disease following developmental BPA exposure. Statistical analyses for nonmonotonic dose responses, and computational approaches assessing multiple treatment‐related outcomes concurrently in linked hormone‐sensitive organ systems, reported effects at low BPA doses.

Conclusions

This review provided an opportunity to evaluate the unique insights provided by nontraditional assessments in CLARITY‐BPA to identify technologies and endpoints to enhance detection of EDCs in future studies.
Structural‐guided design to improve the catalytic performance of aldo‐keto reductase KdAKR
Authors: Dai Chen , Cao Hai‐Xing , Tian Jia‐Xin , Gao Yan‐Chi , Liu Hua‐Tao , Xu Shen‐Yuan , Wang Ya‐Jun , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: August 2023

Aldo‐keto reductases (AKRs) are important biocatalysts that can be used to synthesize chiral pharmaceutical alcohols. In this study, the catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of a NADPH‐dependent AKR from Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii (KdAKR) toward t‐butyl 6‐chloro (5S)‐hydroxy‐3‐oxohexanoate ((5S)‐CHOH) were improved by mutating its residues in the loop regions around the substrate‐binding pocket. And the thermostability of KdAKR was improved by a consensus sequence method targeted on the flexible regions. The best mutant M6 (Y28A/L58I/I63L/G223P/Y296W/W297H) exhibited a 67‐fold higher catalytic efficiency compared to the wild‐type (WT) KdAKR, and improved R‐selectivity toward (5S)‐CHOH (dep value from 47.6% to >99.5%). Moreover, M6 exhibited a 6.3‐fold increase in half‐life (t1/2) at 40°C compared to WT. Under the optimal conditions, M6 completely converted 200 g/L (5S)‐CHOH to diastereomeric pure t‐butyl 6‐chloro‐(3R, 5S)‐dihydroxyhexanoate ((3R, 5S)‐CDHH) within 8.0 h, with a space‐time yield of 300.7 g/L/day. Our results deepen the understandings of the structure−function relationship of AKRs, providing a certain guidance for the modification of other AKRs.
A new easy method for determination of surface adhesion of phototrophic biofilms
Authors: Stiefelmaier Judith , Strieth Dorina , Schaefer Susanne , Wrabl Björn , Kronenberger Daniel , Bröckel Ulrich , Ulber Roland
Published: August 2023

Terrestrial cyanobacteria grow as phototrophic biofilms and offer a wide spectrum of interesting products. For cultivation of phototrophic biofilms different reactor concepts have been developed in the last years. One of the main influencing factors is the surface material and the adhesion strength of the chosen production strain. In this work a flow chamber was developed, in which, in combination with optical coherence tomography and computational fluid dynamics simulation, an easy analysis of adhesion forces between different biofilms and varied surface materials is possible. Hereby, differences between two cyanobacteria strains and two surface materials were shown. With longer cultivation time of biofilms adhesion increased in all experiments. Additionally, the content of extracellular polymeric substances was analyzed and its role in surface adhesion was evaluated. To test the comparability of obtained results from the flow chamber with other methods, analogous experiments were conducted with a rotational rheometer, which proved to be successful. Thus, with the presented flow chamber an easy to implement method for analysis of biofilm adhesion was developed, which can be used in future research for determination of suitable combinations of microorganisms with cultivation surfaces on lab scale in advance of larger processes.
Études Conformationnelles V. Comparaison des Bandes D'absorption ν(C — O) du Cyclohexanol et des 4‐Cyclohexyl‐Cyclohexanols cis et Trans
Authors: Chiurdoglu G. , Masschelein W.
Published: August 2023

Conformational equilibrium of cyclohexanol is studied by infra‐red spectroscopy. The intensity of the ν(C–O) absorptions of cyclohexanol is compared to that of the ν(C–O) bands of cis and trans‐4‐cyclohexyl‐cyclohexanol. The ν(C—O) absorption intensity of cis and trans‐4‐tertiobutylcyclohexanol is also taken into account. All the ν(C–O) absorptions are localized by solvent effects on the absorption bands in the ν(C–O) region. The conformational equilibrium of cyclohexanol is shown to be largely independent of the medium and may contain, at ordinary temperature, about 60 to 65% of the equatorial conformer.
Petroleum coke supplementation for enhanced biogas production and phosphate removal under mesophilic conditions
Authors: Alimohammadi Mahsa , Demirer Goksel N.
Published: August 2023

The use of carbon‐based conductive materials has been shown to lead to an increase in biogas and methane yields during anaerobic digestion (AD). The effect of these additives on AD using synthetic substrates has been extensively studied, yet their significance for wastewater sludge digestion has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, the aim of this research was to optimize the concentration of petroleum coke (PC) that is a waste by‐product of oil refineries, for the anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge and investigation of phosphate removal in the AD process in the mesophilic temperature range. According to the results of the experiments, supplementing reactors with PC could significantly improve biogas and methane production. Supplementation of reactors with 1.5 g/L PC led to 23.40 ± 0.26% and 42.55 ± 3.97% increase in biogas production and methane generation, respectively. Moreover, the average volatile solids (VS), phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals were 43.43 ± 0.73, 46.74 ± 0.77%, and 60.40 ± 0.38%, respectively.
A phase 1 evaluation of the safety and tolerability of niraparib in combination with everolimus in advanced ovarian and breast cancers
Authors: Starks David , Rojas‐Espaillat Luis , Meissner Tobias , Elsey Rachel , Xu Bing , Koenen Maria , Feng Shelley , VanOosbree Annika , Slunecka John , Lee John , Williams Casey B.
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Phase 1 trial to determine the safety and tolerability of everolimus and niraparib in patients with advanced ovarian and breast malignancies.

Results

Fourteen heavily pretreated patients were enrolled (12 high‐grade serous ovarian cancer, 1 clear cell ovarian cancer, and 1 triple negative breast cancer). All patients were PARP naïve and received comprehensive genomic profiling prior to enrollment. Two DLTs were experienced in cohort 2 (niraparib 200 mg daily and everolimus 5 mg 3 days per week) with one patient experiencing prolonged thrombocytopenia and the other experiencing severe hypertension. Four additional patients were enrolled after dose de‐escalation with one patient again experiencing severe hypertension leading to conclusion of the study. The most frequent grade 3 or greater adverse events were thrombocytopenia, hypertension, anemia, fatigue, neutropenia, and elevated alkaline phosphatase. Two patients had a PR and five patients had SD. ORR was 18% and the CBR was 45% in 11 evaluable patients. Median PFS was 6 months, and median OS is approximately 18 months with three patients still alive at the data cutoff.

Conclusions

The combination of everolimus and niraparib demonstrated significant toxicity at lower doses and is not feasible due to rapid onset and severe hypertension. This limitation possibly blunted the efficacy of the combination as PFS was modest, but OS was surprisingly robust due to three patients with ovarian cancer remaining alive with platinum refractory disease. Further investigation of multiagent blockade of the PI3K pathway combined with PARP is warranted.