bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Resource Challenges in Indian Public Health Services
Authors: Sharma Nandini , Raman A. Venkat , Dhaked Sunita , Kumar Pawan
Published: January 2017

The quality, accessibility and viability of health services depend primarily on the performance of those who deliver them. Given the strong correlation between the quality of health services and job satisfaction of the health personnel, this study evaluates the problems faced by primary health care providers in India. This cross-sectional study was conducted among middle-level primary care providers operating in the National Capital Region of Delhi, to assess their perception of various issues and challenges related to human resources for health (HRH). They identified gaps in human resource (HR) staffing, training, performance appraisal and compensation, including delays in recruitment, lack of probationary training and failure to link appraisal and compensation to performance. This study contributes to the limited literature on HRH from a broader policy reform perspective, underpinned by stakeholder perspective.
Municipal Elections in Saudi Arabia, 2015
Authors: Quamar Md. Muddassir
Published: January 2017

The third municipal elections in Saudi Arabia held on December 12, 2015 were significant because for the first time women participated both as voters and candidates. An important development so far as broadening the legitimacy of the electoral process is concerned. On the other hand, the lower turnout highlights the limitations of the electoral process as well as the functioning of the municipal councils. Nonetheless, seen within the context of slow and gradual reforms and priorities of the monarchy, one can argue that the municipal elections are a work in progress.
Income mobility and the welfare state: an international comparison with panel data
Authors: Fabig Holger
Published: January 2017

This article examines gross and net equivalent income mobility in the western and eastern states of Germany, in Great Britain and in the United States, using panel data of these countries from the period 1989-95. By comparing the differences between the mobility of gross and net equivalent income internationally, it analyses to what extent the welfare state reduces income mobility, thereby testing hypotheses concerning international differences in the mobility-reducing effect of the welfare state. The results show that the largest mobility-reducing effect is observed in eastern states of Germany, followed by western Germany. While the reduction of gross equivalent income mobility by the tax and transfer system is much smaller in Great Britain, this reduction cannot be observed in the USA at all. These results support the hypothesis that the mobility-reducing effect of the tax and transfer system is much stronger in conservative welfare states like Germany than in liberal welfare states like Great Britain and the USA.

Résumé

Cet article étudie les flux de revenus brut et net (y compris transferts) des individus dans le temps en Allemagne de l'Est et de l'Ouest, en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis à partir de données couvrant la période 1989-95. Sur base d'une comparaison international sur les dynamiques entre revenus équivalents nets et bruts, il analyse dans quelle mesure le système de protection sociale réduit ces différences. Les résultats indiquent que l'effet de réduction le plus important s'observe en Allemagne de l'Est, suivie de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest. Si en Grande-Bretagne, cette réduction par le système de redistribution et d'imposition est nettement plus faible, aucune réduction ne s'observe aux Etats-Unis. Ces résultats soutiennent l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'effet réducteur de la mobilité des revenus par le système d'imposition et de redistribution est plus important dans les systèmes de sécurité sociale conservateurs comme l'Allemagne que dans le systèmes de protection sociale qualifié de libéraux comme la Grande-Bretagne et les Etats-Unis.
Recent changes in Latin American welfare states: is there social dumping?
Authors: Kay Stephen J.
Published: January 2017

The article evaluates the degree to which the recent wave of pension reform in Latin America can be considered social dumping. While competitive pressures did create incentives for reform, the region's pension systems were already becoming financially unsustainable, consuming greater percentages of GDP throughout the 1980s and 1990s. To the extent that the transition costs of privatization crowd out other – more redistributive – forms of social spending, as occurred in the Chilean case, social dumping may occur. However, it is problematic to speak of a single 'Latin American' trend in social spending in general or in pension reform in particular. The demonstration effect of the Chilean model, International Financial Institution support for privatization, and concerns about economic competitiveness provided incentives for governments to pursue privatization, but policy outcomes were filtered through the prism of domestic politics. Given the dismal financial and distributional picture of the old pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system and its steep transition costs (simply cutting benefits in the old system would be far cheaper), social security privatization is not readily explained as social dumping.
Leaving home: a comparative analysis of ECHP data
Authors: Aassve Arnstein , Billari Francesco C. , Mazzuco Stefano , Ongaro Fausta
Published: January 2017

We use three waves of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) to analyse the impact of employment, earnings, household income, and welfare on young adults' decision to leave the parental home. In particular we investigate the importance of these income sources in different welfare settings. We use a simultaneous equation approach to control for unobserved heterogeneity and left censoring. We find employment and income to be very important factors in the decisions of young adults to leave home in the Southern European welfare state. For the Continental European welfare states the results are more mixed. Employment and income are still important factors, but the effects are less clear and there are significant variations. In the Social Democratic welfare states, the effect of employment and income appears negligible. The effect is also modest in the UK (the Liberal Market state), a finding we attribute to the educational system.
Poverty in Europe in the mid-1990s: the effectiveness of means-tested benefits
Authors: Sainsbury Diane , Morissens Ann
Published: January 2017

This article examines the income maintenance policies of several members of the European Union and three candidate countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. It addresses the issue of the effectiveness of these policies and especially means-tested safety nets in alleviating poverty. To assess the effectiveness of the policies, we use data from the Luxembourg Income Study. We analyse the incidence of poverty based on the EU poverty line and poverty reduction for the entire population and vulnerable groups - the unemployed, solo mothers, large families, and the elderly. During the 1990s the poverty rates increased in most countries and for most vulnerable groups. Means-tested benefits assumed growing importance in alleviating poverty, and several countries have improved their schemes to guarantee a minimum income. At the same time reforms have produced diversity in the safety nets across Europe.
Biallelic mutations in DNAJC21 cause Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
Authors: Dhanraj Santhosh , Matveev Anna , Li Hongbing , Lauhasurayotin Supanun , Jardine Lawrence , Cada Michaela , Zlateska Bozana , Tailor Chetankumar S. , Zhou Joseph , Mendoza-Londono Roberto , Vincent Ajoy , Durie Peter R. , Scherer Stephen W. , Rommens Johanna M. , Heon Elise , Dror Yigal
Published: January 2017

There is an Inside Blood Commentary on this article in this issue.
HPV DNA in saliva from patients with SCC of the head and neck is specific for p16-positive oropharyngeal tumours
Authors: Wasserman Jason K. , Rourke Ryan , Purgina Bibianna , Caulley Lisa , Dimitroulakis Jim , Corsten Martin , Johnson-Obaseki Stephanie
Published: January 2017

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), especially in young people. These tumours overexpress p16 and respond well to treatment. The rapid detection of HPV in patients with HNSCC may expedite treatment when p16 status is not immediately available.

Methods

Saliva-based DNA collection kits and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to determine the HPV status of 62 individuals with biopsy-proven HNSCC. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine tumour p16 status.

Results

A total of 62 patients were included in the study. Twenty-nine samples (47%) were positive for HPV DNA, the majority of which were high risk (HR) subtypes (79%). Patients who tested positive for HR HPV were more likely to have a tumour arising in the oropharynx compared to a non-oropharyngeal site (74 vs 26%; p = 0.003). A positive HR HPV saliva assay was 100% specific (95% CI 59–100%) and had a 100% positive predictive value (95% CI 75–100%) for a p16 positive tumour arising in the oropharynx. In contrast, a negative HR HPV assay had a 96% negative predictive value (95% CI 80–100%) for tumours arising in a non-oropharyngeal site. Independent of site, the saliva assay had a sensitivity of 77% (95% CI 54–91%) and a specificity of 94% (95% CI 77–99%), respectively, for a p16 positive tumour.

Conclusion

We show that a saliva based assay is an effective method for detecting HPV in patients with HNSCC and that a positive HR HPV test is highly specific for p16 positive tumours arising in the oropharynx. This simple and rapid test could be used in cases where a biopsy of the primary tumour is not readily available.
Synthesis and Solid-State Polymerization of a Macrocyclic Compound with Two Butadiyne Units
Authors: Kikuchi Kohei , Tatewaki Yoko , Okada Shuji
Published: January 2017

A macrocyclic compound 1 with two butadiyne and four dodecyloxy-substituted benzamide moieties was successfully synthesized, and its ring structure was confirmed by the MALDI-TOF mass spectra and the 1H NMR spectra. Compound 1 showed two modifications depending on solvent for the solidification. Characteristic excitonic absorption bands of polydiacetylene were observed at around 500 nm for one of the modifications after UV irradiation. Quantitative conversion of butadiyne moieties to the corresponding polydiacetylene structure was confirmed by the Raman spectra.
The Travelers Route Choice Problem Under Uncertainty: Dominance Relations Between Strategies
Authors: Schmidt Marie , Kroon Leo , Schöbel Anita , Bouman Paul
Published: January 2017

In this paper we describe the Traveler’s Route Choice Problem (TRCP). This is the problem of a traveler in a railway system who plans to take the fastest route to a destination but is faced with a disruption of unknown length on this route. In that case, he can wait until the disruption is over or take a detour route as an alternative. Since the duration of the disruption is not known in advance, he is left with a decision problem under uncertainty. In this paper we model the problem and describe the strategies that may be used in such a situation. Instead of finding optimal strategies for a specialized quality measure, we consider dominance relations between strategies and show that dominated strategies are nonoptimal for the common quality measures. We then analyze which strategies for the TRCP are dominated. In general, the set of nondominated strategies is strongly reduced. We also show that, under certain assumptions, only a small set of strategies is nondominated and conclude that in this case the TRCP can be solved by enumeration for any of the quality measures.

The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.128/opre.2016.1564 .
Ultimate fracture load of cadaver proximal humeri correlates more strongly with mean combined cortical thickness than with areal cortical index, DEXA density, or canal-to-calcar ratio
Authors: Skedros J. G. , Mears C. S. , Burkhead W. Z.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

This investigation sought to advance the work published in our prior biomechanical study (Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2016). We specifically sought to determine whether there are additional easy-to-measure parameters on plain radiographs of the proximal humerus that correlate more strongly with ultimate fracture load, and whether a parameter resembling the Dorr strength/quality characterisation of proximal femurs can be applied to humeri.

Materials and Methods

A total of 33 adult humeri were used from a previous study where we quantified bone mineral density of the proximal humerus using radiographs and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and regional mean cortical thickness and cortical index using radiographs. The bones were fractured in a simulated backwards fall with the humeral head loaded at 2 mm/second via a frustum angled at 30° from the long axis of the bone. Correlations were assessed with ultimate fracture load and these new parameters: cortical index expressed in areas (“areal cortical index”) of larger regions of the diaphysis; the canal-to-calcar ratio used analogous to its application in proximal femurs; and the recently described medial cortical ratio.

Results

The three new parameters showed the following correlations with ultimate fracture load: areal cortical index (r = 0.56, p < 0.001); canal-to-calcar ratio (r = 0.38, p = 0.03); and medial cortical ratio (r = 0.49, p < 0.005). These correlations were weaker when compared with those that we previously reported: mean cortical thickness of the proximal diaphysis versus ultimate fracture load (r = 0.71; p < 0.001); and mean density in the central humeral head versus ultimate fracture load (r = 0.70; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Simple-to-measure radiographic parameters of the proximal humerus reported previously are more useful in predicting ultimate fracture load than are areal cortical index, canal-to-calcar ratio, and medial cortical ratio. Cite this article: J. G. Skedros, C. S. Mears, W. Z. Burkhead. Ultimate fracture load of cadaver proximal humeri correlates more strongly with mean combined cortical thickness than with areal cortical index, DEXA density, or canal-to-calcar ratio. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:1–7. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.61.BJR-2016-0145.R1
Are two retrograde 3.5 mm screws superior to one 7.3 mm screw for anterior pelvic ring fixation in bones with low bone mineral density?
Authors: Acklin Y. P. , Zderic I. , Grechenig S. , Richards R. G. , Schmitz P. , Gueorguiev B.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Osteosynthesis of anterior pubic ramus fractures using one large-diameter screw can be challenging in terms of both surgical procedure and fixation stability. Small-fragment screws have the advantage of following the pelvic cortex and being more flexible. The aim of the present study was to biomechanically compare retrograde intramedullary fixation of the superior pubic ramus using either one large- or two small-diameter screws.

Materials and Methods

A total of 12 human cadaveric hemipelvises were analysed in a matched pair study design. Bone mineral density of the specimens was 68 mgHA/cm3 (standard deviation (sd) 52). The anterior pelvic ring fracture was fixed with either one 7.3 mm cannulated screw (Group 1) or two 3.5 mm pelvic cortex screws (Group 2). Progressively increasing cyclic axial loading was applied through the acetabulum. Relative movements in terms of interfragmentary displacement and gap angle at the fracture site were evaluated by means of optical movement tracking. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to identify significant differences between the groups

Results

Initial axial construct stiffness was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.463). Interfragmentary displacement and gap angle at the fracture site were also not statistically significantly different between the groups throughout the evaluated cycles (p ⩾ 0.249). Similarly, cycles to failure were not statistically different between Group 1 (8438, sd 6968) and Group 2 (10 213, sd 10 334), p = 0.379. Failure mode in both groups was characterised by screw cutting through the cancellous bone.

Conclusion

From a biomechanical point of view, pubic ramus stabilisation with either one large or two small fragment screw osteosynthesis is comparable in osteoporotic bone. However, the two-screw fixation technique is less demanding as the smaller screws deflect at the cortical margins. Cite this article: Y. P. Acklin, I. Zderic, S. Grechenig, R. G. Richards, P. Schmitz, B. Gueorguiev. Are two retrograde 3.5 mm screws superior to one 7.3 mm screw for anterior pelvic ring fixation in bones with low bone mineral density? Bone Joint Res 2017;6:8–13. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.61.BJR-2016-0261.
Child sexual abuse, moral panics and emancipatory practice
Authors: Pilgrim David
Published: January 2017

This article explores the shared interest of sociologists and social workers in moral panics when considering the public policy challenge of child sexual abuse. Enacted paedophilia is one aspect of the latter. The utilisation of moral panic reasoning in pro-paedophile arguments in the past 50 years is described and the recent version of that reasoning is addressed critically. A critical realist framework is adopted to offer immanent and explanatory critiques of moral panic theory when applied to child sexual abuse. Social work practitioners can reflect on the ideological struggle in the academy between an orthodox child protection position, on the one hand, and a libertarian position that endorses freedom of speech and action, on the other.
CHIONANTHUS (OLEACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, INCLUDING THREE NEW SPECIES
Authors: KIEW RUTH
Published: January 2017

KIEW, R. 2015. Chionanthus (Oleaceae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia, including three new species. Reinwardtia 14(2): 287 - 295. - The genus Chionanthus (Oleaceae) in Sulawesi is revised. Nine species are described of which C. kostermansii Kiew, C. sordidus Kiew and C. sulawesicus Kiew are new species. Four species are endemic, C. celebicus Koord., C. sordidus, C. stenurus (Merr.) Kiew and C. sulawesicus. The geographic range of C. cordulatus Koord. extends to Borneo and Mollucas, while C. kostermansii also occurs in Sumbawa and Flores, and the range of C. rupicolus (Lingelsh.) Kiew extends to Sumbawa, Mollucas, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. Chionanthus polygamus (Roxb.) Kiew and C. ramiflorus Roxb. are both widespread species, the former from Sumatra to New Guinea and the latter from continental Asia to the Solomon Islands. A key to identify the species is provided. Chionanthus gigantifolius Koord. remains incompletely known.
NOTES ON RAFFLESIA (RAFFLESIACEAE) IN SUMATRA WITH A NEW RECORD RAFFLESIA GADUTENSIS MEIJER
Authors: MAHYUNI RIDHA , KUSUMA YAYAN WAHYU C. , WIHERMANTO WIHERMANTO , VELDKAMP J. F.
Published: January 2017

MAHYUNI, R., KUSUMA,Y. W. C., WIHERMANTO & VELDKAMP, J. F. 2015. Notes on Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) in Sumatra with a new record Rafflesia gadutensis Meijer. Reinwardtia 14(2): 317 - 322. Pulau Mursala is a small island west of the Sibolga, Tapanuli Tengah District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The occurrence of the genus Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) there has never been reported before. However, during a visit in April 2013 three populations are located close together with more than twenty buds and some rotting blooming flowers, Tetrastigma sp. was detected. Field observations could be made and material was collected for comparison with that in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). It was concluded that they are R.gadutensis Meijer, which is known from Padang, Ulu Gadut. Notes on its morphology are given. The distribution of species is discussed.
GYMNOPETALUM PECTINATUM (W. J. DE WILDE & DUYFJES) RUGAYAH: RANK OF SPECIES FOR GYMNOPETALUM SCABRUM VAR. PECTINATUM (CUCURBITACEAE)
Authors: - W. J. J. O. DE WILDE & B. E. E. DUYFJES - , RUGAYAH RUGAYAH
Published: January 2017

DE WILDE, W. J. J. O., DUYFJES, B. E. E. & RUGAYAH. 2015. Gymnopetalum pectinatum (W. J. De Wilde & Duyfjes) Rugayah: rank of species for Gymnopetalum scabrum var. pectinatum (Cucurbitaceae). Reinwardtia 14(2):323 - 324. - With Gymnopetalum pectinatum (W. J.de Wilde & Duyfjes) Rugayah, stat. nov.& comb. nov., a coastal species, four species in Gymnopetalum are now recognized in Malesia
Seller Beware: How Bundling Affects Valuation
Authors: Shaddy Franklin , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: January 2017

How does bundling affect valuation? This research proposes the asymmetry hypothesis in the valuation of bundles: consumers demand more compensation for the loss of items from bundles, compared with the loss of the same items in isolation, yet they express lower willingness to pay for items added to bundles, compared with the same items purchased separately. This asymmetry persists because bundling causes consumers to perceive multiple items as a single, inseparable gestalt unit. Thus, consumers resist altering the “whole” of the bundle by removing or adding items. Six studies demonstrate this asymmetry across judgments of monetary value (Studies 1 and 2) and (dis)satisfaction (Study 3). Moreover, bundle composition—the ability of different items to create the impression of a “whole”—moderates the effect of bundling on valuation (Study 4), and the need to replace missing items (i.e., restoring the “whole”) mediates the effect of bundling on compensation demanded for losses (Study 5). Finally, the authors explore a boundary condition: the effect is attenuated for items that complete a set (Study 6).
GLP-1R Signaling Directly Activates Arcuate Nucleus Kisspeptin Action in Brain Slices but Does not Rescue Luteinizing Hormone Inhibition in Ovariectomized Mice During Negative Energy Balance
Authors: Heppner Kristy M. , Baquero Arian F. , Bennett Camdin M. , Lindsley Sarah R. , Kirigiti Melissa A. , Bennett Baylin , Bosch Martha A. , Mercer Aaron J. , Rønnekleiv Oline K. , True Cadence , Grove Kevin L. , Smith M. Susan
Published: January 2017

Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are key components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as they regulate the basal pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). ARC Kiss1 action is dependent on energy status, and unmasking metabolic factors responsible for modulating ARC Kiss1 neurons is of great importance. One possible factor is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an anorexigenic neuropeptide produced by brainstem preproglucagon neurons. Because GLP fiber projections and the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) are abundant in the ARC, we hypothesized that GLP-1R signaling could modulate ARC Kiss1 action. Using ovariectomized mice, we found that GLP-producing fibers come in close apposition with ARC Kiss1 neurons; these neurons also containGlp1rmRNA. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that liraglutide (a long-acting GLP-1R agonist) increased action potential firing and caused a direct membrane depolarization of ARC Kiss1 cells in brain slices. We determined that brainstem preproglucagon mRNA is decreased after a 48-h fast in mice, a negative energy state in which ARC Kiss1 expression and downstream GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) release are potently suppressed. However, activation of GLP-1R signaling in fasted mice with liraglutide was not sufficient to prevent LH inhibition. Furthermore, chronic central infusions of the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin(9–39), inad libitum–fed mice did not alter ARCKiss1mRNA or plasma LH. As a whole, these data identify a novel interaction of the GLP-1 system with ARC Kiss1 neurons but indicate that CNS GLP-1R signaling alone is not critical for the maintenance of LH during fasting or normal feeding.
Overexpression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protects Large Retinal Ganglion Cells After Optic Nerve Crush in Mice
Authors: Feng Liang , Puyang Zhen , Chen Hui , Liang Peiji , Troy John B. , Liu Xiaorong
Published: January 2017

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin essential for neuron survival and function, plays an important role in neuroprotection during neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined whether a modest increase of retinal BDNF promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after acute injury of the optic nerve in mice. We adopted an inducible Cre-recombinase transgenic system to up-regulate BDNF in the mouse retina and then examined RGC survival after optic nerve crush byin vivoimaging. We focused on one subtype of RGC with large soma expressing yellow fluorescent protein transgene that accounts for ∼11% of the total SMI-32–positive RGCs. The median survival time of this subgroup of SMI-32 cells was 1 week after nerve injury in control mice but 2 weeks when BDNF was up-regulated. Interestingly, we found that the survival time for RGCs taken as a whole was 2 weeks, suggesting that these large-soma RGCs are especially vulnerable to optic nerve crush injury. We also studied changes in axon number using confocal imaging, confirming first the progressive loss reported previously for wild-type mice and demonstrating that BDNF up-regulation extended axon survival. Together, our results demonstrate that the time course of RGC loss induced by optic nerve injury is type specific and that overexpression of BDNF prolongs the survival of one subgroup of SMI-32–positive RGCs.
Criminal Justice in an Era of Mass Deportation
Authors: Eagly Ingrid V.
Published: January 2017

After a sustained period of hypercriminalization, the United States criminal justice system is undergoing reform. Congress has reduced federal sentencing for drug crimes, prison growth is slowing, and some states are even closing prisons. Low-level crimes have been removed from criminal law books, and attention is beginning to focus on long-neglected issues such as bail and criminal court fines. Still largely overlooked in this era of ambitious reform, however, is the treatment of immigrants in the criminal justice system. An unprecedented focus on immigration enforcement targeted at “felons, not families” has resulted in a separate system of punitive treatment reserved for noncitizens, which includes crimes of migration, longer periods of pretrial detention, harsher criminal sentences, and the almost certain collateral consequence of lifetime banishment from the United States. For examples of state-level solutions to this predicament, this Essay turns to a trio of bold criminal justice reforms from California that (1) require prosecutors to consider immigration penalties in plea bargaining; (2) change the state definition of “misdemeanor” from a maximum sentence of a year to 364 days; and (3) instruct law enforcement agencies to not hold immigrants for deportation purposes unless they are first convicted of serious crimes. Together, these new laws provide an important window into how state criminal justice systems could begin to address some of the unique concerns of noncitizen criminal defendants.
Lost in Translation? Examining the Role of Court Interpreters in Cases Involving Foreign National Defendants in England and Wales
Authors: Aliverti Ana , Seoighe Rachel
Published: January 2017

Court interpreters have seldom been featured in studies on the criminal courts. Until recently, cases requiring court interpreters were rare and marginal. The peculiarity and historical rarity of these cases may explain the lack of academic consideration of the work of court interpreters in the criminal justice literature. Rapid demographic changes brought about by mass migration, however, are changing the make-up of criminal justice proceedings, rendering court interpreters key participants and inexorable aides for the everyday running of the criminal justice system. This article examines the increased reliance on interpreters and the nature of their involvement in criminal justice proceedings. It will explore the relationship between interpreters and defendants, on the one hand, and between interpreters, counsels, and judges, on the other. Drawing on empirical data stemming from a research project on foreign national defendants conducted in Birmingham’s criminal courts, we explore issues of trust and reliability underpinning the intervention of court interpreters and the implications of these interventions for the defendant’s case. The use of interpreters aims first and foremost to ensure the defendant’s right to defense. Yet, as we show, their intervention is often propelled or hindered by instrumental, procedural, or logistical reasons, intimately linked to the rapid transformation of the demography of defendants and the privatization of services related to the criminal justice system.
Searching for “Illegal” Junk in the Trunk
Authors: van der Woude Maartje , Brouwer Jelmer
Published: January 2017

In the wake of the refugee crisis and the global war on terrorism, many European countries are revising their border control strategies. Despite having signed the Schengen Agreement, as a result of which all forms of internal border control within a large section of Europe have been abolished, many countries are exploring the legal possibilities to monitor cross-border mobility. By focusing on the case of the Netherlands, this article aims to assess one of these possibilities: carrying out so-called Schengen proof spot checks in the 20-km zone around the land borders with Belgium and Germany. In this article we aim to examine whether the Dutch Mobile Security Monitor is exercised justly and fairly. We will assess street-level discretionary decision making by officers of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee, the Dutch border police organization responsible for carrying out the MSM, through the sociolegal lens of the principle of non-misuse of competence also known as détournement de pouvoir. Although the MSM is meant as an instrument of immigration control, based on our extensive qualitative fieldwork this article will show a different picture.
Extraterritorial Punishment
Authors: Kaufman Emma
Published: January 2017

Repatriation treaties permit noncitizens convicted of crimes in the United States to serve their sentences abroad. The reach of these treaties is vast: together, they provide for the transfer of tens of thousands of prisoners in American custody. In practice, however, repatriation is remarkably rare. This is not because people want to stay in American prisons. Instead, the critical feature of repatriation is resistance from prison bureaucrats, who often determine that prisoners are “too American,” or that their crimes are too severe, to license punishment in a foreign jurisdiction.

This Article examines bureaucratic resistance to repatriation. Drawing on doctrine, legislative history, statistics, and prison policies, I argue that prison officials’ reluctance to repatriate prisoners stems from a conflict between two theories of punishment: one in which the criminal sanction binds a person to the place whose laws he has offended, and one in which the location of punishment is severed from the authority to punish. Ultimately, resistance to repatriation reflects a concern about the legitimacy of extraterritorial punishment. Whether or not that concern should change repatriation law, its existence highlights a growing gap between the legal justifications for imprisonment and the actual practice of punishing people in the United States.
Human Trafficking, Immigration Regulation, and Subfederal Criminalization
Authors: Chacón Jennifer M.
Published: January 2017

In the fifteen years since the enactment of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act—the U.S. legislation implementing the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children—every state in the United States has enacted its own, state-level antitrafficking law. This paper presents a multistate survey of state-level antitrafficking laws and the criminal prosecutions that have been conducted pursuant to those over the past decade. The comparative treatment of noncitizens and citizens in antitrafficking prosecutions is of particular concern. This research reveals that while subfederal implementation of antitrafficking laws has the potential to complement stated federal and international antitrafficking objectives, it also has the power to subvert and undermine those goals. State-level enforcement both mirrors and amplifies some of the systemic problems that arise when the criminal law is used as a tool to combat trafficking, including the manipulation of antitrafficking tools and rhetoric to perpetuate racial subordination and migrant criminalization. Ultimately, this research offers broader theoretical insights into the promises and pitfalls of overlapping criminal jurisdiction both within federalist systems and within frameworks of international regulation.
Translational control of lipogenic enzymes in the cell cycle of synchronous, growing yeast cells
Authors: Blank Heidi M , Perez Ricardo , He Chong , Maitra Nairita , Metz Richard , Hill Joshua , Lin Yuhong , Johnson Charles D , Bankaitis Vytas A , Kennedy Brian K , Aramayo Rodolfo , Polymenis Michael
Published: January 2017

Translational control during cell division determines when cells start a new cell cycle, how fast they complete it, the number of successive divisions, and how cells coordinate proliferation with available nutrients. The translational efficiencies of mRNAs in cells progressing synchronously through the mitotic cell cycle, while preserving the coupling of cell division with cell growth, remain uninvestigated. We now report comprehensive ribosome profiling of a yeast cell size series from the time of cell birth, to identify mRNAs under periodic translational control. The data reveal coordinate translational activation of mRNAs encoding lipogenic enzymes late in the cell cycle including Acc1p, the rate‐limiting enzyme acetyl‐CoA carboxylase. An upstream open reading frame (uORF) confers the translational control of ACC1 and adjusts Acc1p protein levels in different nutrients. The ACC1 uORF is relevant for cell division because its ablation delays cell cycle progression, reduces cell size, and suppresses the replicative longevity of cells lacking the Sch9p protein kinase regulator of ribosome biogenesis. These findings establish an unexpected relationship between lipogenesis and protein synthesis in mitotic cell divisions.
TERT biology and function in cancer: beyond immortalisation
Authors: Pestana Ana , Vinagre João , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel , Soares Paula
Published: January 2017

Evasion of replicative senescence and proliferation without restriction, sometimes designated as immortalisation, is one of the hallmarks of cancer that may be attained through reactivation of telomerase in somatic cells. In contrast to most normal cells in which there is lack of telomerase activity, upregulation ofTERTtranscription/activity is detected in 80–90% of malignant tumours. In several types of cancer, there is a relationship between the presence ofTERTpromoter mutations,TERTmRNA expression and clinicopathological features, but the biological bridge between the occurrence ofTERTpromoter mutations and the aggressive/invasive features displayed by the tumours remains unidentified. We and others have associated the presence ofTERTpromoter mutations with metastisation/survival in several types of cancer. In follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer, such mutations are associated with worse prognostic features (age of patients, tumour size and tumour stage) as well as with distant metastases, worse response to treatment and poorer survival. In this review, we analyse the data reported in several studies that implyTERTtranscription reactivation/activity with cell proliferation, tumour invasion and metastisation. A particular attention is given to the putative connections betweenTERTtranscriptional reactivation and signalling pathways frequently altered in cancer, such as c-MYC, NF-κB and B-Catenin.
Molecular diversity of corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA-containing neurons in the hypothalamus
Authors: Romanov Roman A , Alpár Alán , Hökfelt Tomas , Harkany Tibor
Published: January 2017

Hormonal responses to acute stress rely on the rapid induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production in the mammalian hypothalamus, with subsequent instructive steps culminating in corticosterone release at the periphery. Hypothalamic CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are therefore considered as ‘stress neurons’. However, significant morphological and functional diversity among neurons that can transiently produce CRH in other hypothalamic nuclei has been proposed, particularly as histochemical and molecular biology evidence associates CRH to both GABA and glutamate neurotransmission. Here, we review recent advances through single-cell RNA sequencing and circuit mapping to suggest that CRH production reflects a state switch in hypothalamic neurons and thus confers functional competence rather than being an identity mark of phenotypically segregated neurons. We show that CRH mRNA transcripts can therefore be seen in GABAergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic neuronal contingents in the hypothalamus. We then distinguish ‘stress neurons’ of the paraventricular nucleus that constitutively express secretagogin, a Ca2+sensor critical for the stimulus-driven assembly of the molecular machinery underpinning the fast regulated exocytosis of CRH at the median eminence. Cumulatively, we infer that CRH neurons are functionally and molecularly more diverse than previously thought.
Peculiarities of Non-Stationary Temperature Distribution of Optical Non-Transparent Anisotropic Thermoelement at Impulse Ray Excitement
Authors: Gutsul I. V. , Gutsul V. I.
Published: January 2017

The solutions of the non-stationary equation of thermoconductivity for the optical non-transparent thermoelement at impulse ray excitement are presented in the paper for two-time ranges: when the ray current falls (0<t<tau) and when it stops (t<tau). It is shown that the behavior of temperature distributions essentially depends on the relationship between the impulse duration (tau) and relaxation time (tau0) of temperature shifts over the whole volume of anisotropic thermoelement, arising at the impulse ray excitement. The non-stationary temperature distributions are studied for the long, short and middle impulse excitement.
Effect of Nickel on Density and Surface Tension of Liquid Tin
Authors: Mudryi S.I. , Lytvyn M.A.
Published: January 2017

Density and surface tension for Sn1-xNix(x = 0; 0,05; 0,1) have been measured by means of sessile drop method. Temperature dependences of these parameters as well as influence of Ni-atoms on density and surface tension were analyzed. It is shown that chemical ordering is one of the most important factor, determining surface properties and density.
Phase Equilibria in MeIMeIIIP2S6(Se6) Systems Which Include Quaternary Compounds (MeI - Cu, Ag; MeIII - In, Cr)
Authors: Potorij M.V. , Hasinets S.M. , Tovt V.V. , Motrya S.F. , Мilyan P.М.
Published: January 2017

The interactions of 6 quazibinary systems were investigated by methods of physical and chemical analysis in order to study the formation of solid solutions inside them. The character of interaction in these systems depending on various factors has been explained.
Electrochemical Properties of Nanoporous Carbon Material in K+ -containing Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Budzulyak I.M. , Lisovskiy R.P. , Vashchynsky V.M. , Rachiy B.I. , Ivanichok N.Ya.
Published: January 2017

The work is devoted to the study of the behavior of electrochemical systems in K+ - containing solvents. As the electrode material nanoporous carbon material was used, obtained by carbonization of plant material. Optimization of the pore size distribution was carried out with chemical-thermal method using potassium hydroxide as an activator. Parameters of supercapacitors were studied on a set AUTOLAB PGSTAT 12 using software GPES and FRA-2. Structural and morphological studies were conducted on the scanning electron microscope JSM-6700F.It is shown that the resulting materials have high values of capacity, which is realized by charge accumulation on the electrical double layer and through pseudo accumulation of ions on the surface of the material. It was established that the electrochemical capacitors based on NVM are stable over the entire range current densities, and the capacity of the material essentially depends on the optimal choice of the electrolyte.
The Composite Nickel Hydroxide / Activated Carbon as Electrode Material in the Battery Storage Devices
Authors: Khemiy О.M. , Budzulyak І.М. , Morushko O.V. , Stubrov Yu.Yu. , Yaremiy I.P. , Yablon L.S.
Published: January 2017

The paper presents the results of studies of the structure and electrochemical properties of composite β-Ni(OH)2/C. It is shown that the diffractograms composite sintered β-Ni(OH)2/C in addition to peaks characteristic NiO, there is a broad diffraction peak at 23 °, which can be attributed to the activated carbon. Found that the composite electrode based on β-Ni(OH)2/C has a specific capacity, which is almost 25 times higher than the capacity for the output of nickel hydroxide at a current of 1 mA.
Analysis of Capacity and Phase Composition of Chromotitanazing Surface
Authors: Oglu Abbasov E.O.
Published: January 2017

The article deals with the investigation of phase composition and capacity of chromotitanazing surface of steel of 25X5MA. Components made of steel with the coatings applied ШХ-15 and 12XH3A were taken as comparison. Absence phase of coatings Cr23C6 and Cr7C3 on the surface layer was determined.

Main phase of the layer is textured structure of Nitride chrome Cr2N. As compared with diffusion coatings applied Ion plasma coatings do not provide bearing capacity of components at their low thickness.
Determination of the Degree of Homogeneity for n Ge Crystals by Measurements of Magnetoresistance in Classically Weak Magnetic Fields
Authors: Gaidar G. P. , Baranskii P. I.
Published: January 2017

In a wide range of values of the resistivity 0.0212 £ r £ 35 Ohm×cm for n‑Ge crystals with known crystallographic orientation the ratio , which was predicted by the theory, was experimentally confirmed. The experimentally measured deviations from the relationship , which are associated with the heterogeneity of the crystals, it is proposed to use for qualitative assessment of the degree of heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of dopants in the samples.
Properties of Electrochromic Cell with WO3 and NiO: the Influence of Ionic Conductor
Authors: Sabov T.N. , Hatsevych I.M. , Gudimenko O.I. , Melnyk V.P. , Romanyuk B.M. , Telega V.M. , Nikirin V.A.
Published: January 2017

The electrochromic WO3 and NiO films were deposited by magnetron sputtering on indium tin oxides coated glass. The structural properties of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometery techniques. The electrochromic properties of the films were investigated by means cyclic voltammetry using different types of ionic conductors. The use of water electrolytes and electrolytes which are based on propylene carbonate leads to the destruction of electrochromic cells. The stable working electrochromic cell with WO3 and NiO films was obtained using ionic liquid as the ionic conductor. The coloration efficiency of electrochromic cell which is based on amorphous WO3 film and crystalline NiO film is 28.7 cm2/C.
Effect of Cadmium Doping on the Optical Properties of As2(S, Se)3 Chalcogenide Thin Films
Authors: Grytsyshche I.V. , Kozak M.I. , Turok I.I. , Solomon A.M. , Loya V.Yu.
Published: January 2017

As2S3 and As2Se3  chalcogenide glasses doped with cadmium were synthesized in quartz ampoules. Thin chalcogenide films based on the synthesized compounds were deposited by thermal vacuum evaporation. Optical transmission spectra of the obtained films were measured and refractive index values were determined. For the films under investigation the energy bandgap, effective dispersion oscillator energy, and dispersion energy values were determined. Based on the material dispersion parameters, ionicity degree was estimated.
Influence of Structural Defects in Epitaxial Ferrite-Garnet Films on their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Yushchuk S.І. , Moklyak V.V. , Nіkolaychuk V.J. , Gorіna O.M. , Bіlenka O.B. , Yuryev S.O.
Published: January 2017

The study of defects observed in substrates with gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) with orientations (110), (100) and (111) and in epitaxial films grown of iron-yttrium garnet (YIG) were investigation. It is shown that the line width ferromagnetic resonance strongly depends on the presence of defects in YIG films. It was established that the highest quality and minimal magnetic losses have YIG films with a thickness of 2...8 mm grown on GGG defect-free substrates with orientation (111), which were grinding and polishing the surface to 14 grade purity.
The Development of the Atomic Theory of the Formation of a New Phase in Adsorbing Layers in an External Electric Field
Authors: Shtapenko E.Ph. , Tytarenko V.V. , Zabludovsky V.A.
Published: January 2017

The article deals with the nucleation rate in the development of the atomic theory. The expression for the calculation of heterogeneous nucleation rate in adsorbed layers in an external electric field, which allows for the stability criterion nucleus of a new phase. For example, the values of nickel electrocrystallisation nucleation rate in the development of the atomic theory and the classical theory of nucleation. A comparison with the experimental values. It is shown that at high overvoltage at the cathode developed atomic theory gives values of the nucleation rate closer to the experimental.
Crystalloquasichemical Model of Spinel CoFe2O4 Formation, Obtained by Chemical co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Tatarchuk T.R. , Yaremiy I.P. , Paliychuk N.D.
Published: January 2017

In the work the spinel cobalt ferrite synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis confirmed the crystalline structure and phase purity of the prepared ferrite. The crystalloquasichemical mechanism of formation stoichiometric cobalt ferrite through interaction by defective hydrooxide phases was described. The surface phenomena that occur on the boundary phase distribution was described. There formation of cationic and anionic vacancies, rooted cobalt atoms or oxygen atoms. Crystalloquasichemical modeling of surface interactions between Co(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 can trace the formation of spinel structure with the participation of antistructure of matrix and reduced to the corresponding stoichiometric hydroxides species. Shows the reaction of four types of crystal impurity clusters on the surface of the hydroxide matrix and their interaction with each other to form spinel СоFe2O4.
Formation of Spherulites in Electrodeposited Alloys Fe-Ni and Fe-Cr-Ni
Authors: Kolesnyk Ie.V. , Girin O.B.
Published: January 2017

With the use of the methods of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry the distinctive features of spherulites creation during electrodeposition of Fe-Ni and Fe-Cr-Ni alloys from sulfate electrolyte on low-carbon steel substrate is analyzed. The presence of spherulites is detected not only in near-substrate layers of the deposits but also on the surface of quite thick (50 mm) coatings. The increase of the coatings thickness causes the increase of sperulites size due to their selective growth. The formation of sherulites occurs at quet high current density (10 A/dm2). It is shown that spherulites formation may happen on non-indifferent substrates. The interdependence of the processes of formation of spherulite structure and crystallographic texture of the nickel containing electrodeposited alloys is discovered. The formation of sperulites is accompanied by appearance of <111> axial texture of the coatings.