bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐analytical methods for the estimation of total yolk carotenoids in passerine eggs
Authors: Valcu Cristina‐Maria , Valcu Mihai , Teltscher Kim , Kempenaers Bart
Published: November 2019

Carotenoids are essential antioxidant micronutrients. Oviparous species acquire carotenoids from their food and deposit them in the egg yolk, where they support embryonic development. The total carotenoid concentration in the egg yolk is typically measured analytically, which requires time, equipment and expertise, and can limit the sample available for other measurements, at least in species laying small eggs. Here we evaluate whether yolk colour can be used as a reliable alternative measure for total yolk carotenoid concentration. We compare two non‐analytical methods, digital photography and visual colour scoring, using eggs from a wild population of Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus. Yolk hue estimated from digital photographs correlated more strongly with total yolk carotenoid concentration measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) than did the visually assessed colour score based on a Yolk Colour Fan. Previous results based on HPLC measurements of total carotenoid concentration could be reproduced using yolk hue measurements. The results suggest that measuring yolk hue is a suitable proxy for assessing natural variation in total yolk carotenoid concentration in eggs of free‐living birds.
Colloidal processing of Al2O3‐doped zirconia ceramics with CaO–P2O5–SiO2glass as additive
Authors: Soubelet Clara G. , Albano María P.
Published: November 2019

Well‐dispersed concentrated aqueous suspensions of Al2O3‐doped Y‐TZP (AY‐TZP), AY‐TZP with 5.4 vol% of CaO–P2O5–SiO2(CaPSi) glass (AY‐TZP5) and 10.5 vol% CaPSi glass (AY‐TZP10), with ammonium polyacrylate (NH4PA) dispersant were prepared to produce slip cast compacts. The rheological properties of 35 and 40 vol% slips were studied. The densification, microstructure as well as hardness and fracture toughness were investigated as a function of CaPSi glass content at 1300°C‐1500°C. The optimum NH4PA concentration of 35 vol% AY‐TZP5 and AY‐TZP10 slips at pH ~9 was found to be about 43% and 67% greater than that of AY‐TZP slips; this behavior was related to the greater amounts of Ca2+ions leached out from the CaPSi glass surface. The viscosity of stabilized 40 vol% slips with NH4PA attained a minimum value at 5.4 vol% CaPSi glass addition, and resulted in a more dense packing of cast samples. AY‐TZP5 can be sintered at a lower temperature (1300°C) compared to that of AY‐TZP. AY‐TZP5 exhibited a fine microstructure of tetragonal ZrO2(grain sizes below 0.3 µm), and ZrSiO4–Ca2P2O7particles homogeneously distributed within the zirconia matrix. It presented similar fracture toughness and a slightly lower hardness compared to those of AY‐TZP.
Oral status, sense of coherence, religious‐spiritual coping, socio‐economic characteristics, and quality of life in young patients
Authors: Soares Thais Rodrigues Campos , Lenzi Michele Machado , Leite Isabelle Marin , Muniz Loureiro Jéssica , Leão Anna Thereza Thomé , Pomarico Luciana , Neiva da Silva Andréa , Risso Patricia de Andrade , Vettore Mario Vianna , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: November 2019

Background

Several factors can influence the oral health.

Aim

To explore the clinical factors, individual characteristics, and environmental factors (religious‐spiritual coping‐RSC, sense of coherence [SOC], and socio‐economic status) related to oral status and impact on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children/adolescents (C/A).

Design

This study evaluated C/A up to 15 years old and their caregivers. Number of decayed (NDT) and missing teeth (NMT); history of dental trauma; caregiver's RSC and SOC, socio‐economic factors, and OHRQoL were evaluated. Theoretical model exploring the direct and indirect effects was tested using a structural equation analysis.

Results

For younger group (0‐6 years), having more NDT or more NMT had a greater impact on the OHRQoL (β = 0.382, β = 0.203, respectively). In the oldest group (7‐15 years), a higher SOC had an inverse relationship with the impact on the family OHRQoL (β=−0.201). The higher the age of the C/A, the lower the NDT (β=−0.235), and the higher the family income the lower, the need for social benefit (β = 0.275). Indirect relationships were observed between schooling with social benefit and OHRQoL in younger group. The family income indirectly influenced the OHRQoL in oldest group.

Conclusions

Quality of life is affected directly and indirectly by environmental characteristics, oral status, and the age of patients.
Low‐temperature stiffening of air plasma‐sprayed 7 wt% Y2O3‐stabilized ZrO2
Authors: Lal Devi , Kumar Praveen , Sampath Sanjay , Jayaram Vikram
Published: November 2019

Evolution in bending modulus and accompanying microstructure of free‐standing air plasma‐sprayed Y2O3‐stabilized ZrO2 subjected to thermal exposure, from 800°C to 1300°C, has been studied. The bending modulus was measured using custom‐made miniaturized cantilevers, which was loaded using a nanoindenter. Variation in the bending modulus was compared with the density change. The coating shows two domains of behavior of modulus variation with density: the low temperature/time domain wherein the bending modulus doubles without measurable change in the density and the high‐temperature domain where modulus increases monotonically with density. Finite element (FE) analysis was carried out using cross‐sectional micrographs of coatings to measure the elastic modulus of the actual coating and compared with experimentally observed values. The modulus values predicted by FE analysis are 70%‐80% higher than the experimentally observed values. An analytical model has been proposed to corelate the microcracks density and elastic modulus, which is in reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured values.
Designing STEAM Education: Fostering Relationality through Design‐Led Disruption
Authors: MacDonald Abbey , Wise Kit , Tregloan Kate , Fountain Wendy , Wallis Louise , Holmstrom Neil
Published: November 2019

A significant contention underpinning the commentary around STEM / STEAM is the evidence of discipline hierarchies, and inherent binary perspectives and/or biases that lend themselves to privileging one or more disciplines over another in an interdisciplinary education context. The current focus on increasing engagement with STEM in Australian schools provides opportunities to explore how the creative and liberal arts, and arts‐based approaches to teaching and learning are being adopted to significantly enhance teaching and learning outcomes in and for STEM education. This article examines how design for a STEAM education programme evolves and is adopted in an Australian context. Tasmania represents one of the most vibrant creative communities in Australia. At the same time it has one of the lowest levels of educational attainment. Entrenched teaching habits and disciplinary hierarchies often create significant barriers to the implementation of STEAM despite genuine goodwill and enthusiasm for STEAM among teachers and within schools. This article argues that, despite the contrasting dynamics extant in the Tasmanian educational context, it is here that some of the nation’s most curious and exciting examples of STEAM teaching and learning have emerged. It offers an example of an innovative learning project and proposes the means by which these disciplinary strands have been effectively entwined.
Maternal object naming is less adapted to preterm infants’ than to term infants’ word mapping
Authors: Gogate Lakshmi
Published: November 2019

Background

Term infants learn word–object relations in their first year during multisensory interactions with caregivers. Although preterm infants often experience language delays, little is known about how caregivers contribute to their early word–object learning. The present longitudinal study compared maternal naming and word learning in these infant groups.

Methods

Forty moderately preterm and 40 term infants participated at 6–9 and 12 months with their mothers. At each visit, mothers named two novel objects during play, and infants’ learning was assessed using dynamic displays of the familiar and novel (mismatched) word–object relations. Infants’ general cognitive, language, and motoric abilities were evaluated. Maternal multisensory naming was coded for synchrony between the target words and object motions and other naming styles.

Results

During play, although overall maternal naming‐style was similar across infant groups within visits, naming frequency increased to term but not preterm infants, from visit 1 to 2. On the test at visit 1, although the term infants’ looked equally to novel and familiar word–object relations, their looking to the novel relations correlated positively with maternal synchrony use but inversely with naming frequency. At visit 2, term infants looked longer to the novel relations. In contrast, preterm infants showed no looking preference at either visit. Neither was their word–object learning correlated with maternal naming. Their cognition, language, and motor scores were attenuated when compared to term infants on the Bayley‐III but not their MCDI vocabulary.

Conclusions

Less adaptive maternal naming and delayed word mapping in moderately preterm infants underscore a critical need for multisensory language intervention prior to first‐word onset to alleviate its cascading effects on later language.
Perkinsus mediterraneus infection induces oxidative stress in the mollusc Mimachlamys varia
Authors: Box Antonio , Capó Xavier , Tejada Silvia , Sureda Antoni , Mejías Laia , Valencia José María
Published: November 2019

Perkinsus mediterraneus is a protozoan parasite that can cause marine mollusc diseases known as perkinsosis being a serious threat for clam cultures worldwide. The aim of the present study was first to determine the Perkinsus species infecting the variegated scallop Mimachlamys varia and then to evaluate the existence of oxidative stress in gills of M. varia according to different degrees of infection. DNA sequencing confirmed that P. mediterraneus was the species infecting M. varia. ROS production was progressively increasing with the degree of infection although the differences were only significant in the high‐infected group. Low degree of infection significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities and nitrite levels with respect to the control group. In the high‐infected group, a significant increase was evidenced in all analysed enzymes, catalase, SOD, glutathione reductase and GST. Non‐significant differences in MDA levels were observed between the control and low‐infected groups; however, a significant increase in MDA levels was observed in the high‐infected group. In conclusion, the infection by Perkinsus mediterraneus in M. varia induces oxidative stress and an antioxidant response directly related to the infection degree that can contribute to the pathogenicity of the infection.
Silicon‐based film on the yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal: Surface and shear bond strength analysis
Authors: Silva Alecsandro de Moura , Figueiredo Viviane Maria Gonçalves de , Massi Marcos , Prado Renata Falchete do , Silva Sobrinho Argemiro Soares da , Queiroz José Reinaldo Cavalcanti de , Nogueira Junior Lafayette
Published: November 2019

Aim

To analyze the effect of a silicon (Si)‐based film deposited on yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y‐TZP) on the topography and bond strength of resin cement.

Methods

Specimens of zirconia were obtained and randomly divided into 4 groups, according to surface treatment: polished group (PG) zirconia; sandblasted group (SG) zirconia with aluminum oxide (100 µm); after polished, zirconia was coated with Si‐based film group (SiFG); and after sandblasted, zirconia was coated with Si‐based film group (SiFSG). The Si‐based films were obtained through plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Surface roughness and contact angle analysis were performed. Resin cement cylinders were built up on the treated surface of blocks, after applying Monobond‐S. The specimens were submitted to thermocycling aging and shear bond strength testing. The Kruskal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U‐tests were performed.

Results

There were significant differences between the surface treatments for each roughness parameter measured. Si‐based film increased roughness and decreased the contact angle. Si‐based film groups also demonstrated significantly lower bond strength values.

Conclusion

Si‐based film produced using plasma deposition provided lower bond strength to resin cement compared with conventional treatment; however, the film deposition reduced the contact angle and improved roughness, favorable properties in the long way to prepare an optimum material.
Histological variation of early stage atherosclerotic lesions in baboons after prolonged challenge with high‐cholesterol, high‐fat diet
Authors: Karere Genesio M. , Dick Edward J. , Galindo Samuel , Martinez Jesse C. , Martinez Jacob E. , Owston Michael , VandeBerg John L. , Cox Laura A.
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The baboon is a well‐characterized model of human early stage atherosclerosis. However, histological and morphological changes involved in atherogenesis in baboons are not known. Previously, we challenged baboons with a high‐cholesterol, high‐fat diet for two years and observed fatty streak and plaque lesions in iliac arteries (RCIA).

Methods

We evaluated histological and morphological changes of baboon arterial lesions and control arteries. In addition, we evaluated the vascular expression of CD68 and SMαA markers with progression of atherosclerosis.

Results

We observed changes that correlated with extent of atherosclerosis, including increased maximum intimal thickness. We demonstrated at molecular level the infiltration of smooth muscle cells and macrophages into the intimal layer. Further, we observed histological and morphological discordancy between the affected and adjacent areas of the same RCIA.

Conclusion

Atherogenesis in baboons is accompanied by histological, morphological, and molecular changes, as in humans, providing insights to evaluate the mechanisms underlying early stage atherosclerosis in target tissues.
Racism, Bias, and Discrimination as Modifiable Barriers to Breastfeeding for African American Women: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Robinson Karen , Fial Alissa , Hanson Lisa
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Although breastfeeding has been shown to improve health outcomes for infants, African American women initiate and continue breastfeeding at lower rates than women from other racial groups. This scoping review was conducted to assess the effect racism, bias, and discrimination have on breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes for African American women.

Methods

A scoping review was performed of the literature published between January 2010 through December 2019 using databases MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts. Studies that examined racism, bias, or discrimination with breastfeeding as an outcome were included. After a review of titles and abstracts of the articles using exclusion and inclusion criteria, 5 full‐text articles were included in the scoping review.

Results

The qualitative and quantitative studies reviewed provide the perspectives of pregnant and postpartum African American women as well as those of health care providers. African American women's experiences of racism adversely affected both breastfeeding initiation and duration. Health care providers’ biased assumption that African American women would not breastfeed affected the quality of breastfeeding support provided to them. Specifically, African American women received fewer referrals for lactation support and more limited assistance when problems developed. This scoping review provides evidence that African American women experience racism, bias, and discrimination affecting breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes.

Discussion

Racism, bias, and discrimination are modifiable barriers that adversely affect breastfeeding among African American women. Researchers and health care providers are encouraged to consider the effect of racism, bias, and discrimination on breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes.
In vitro characterization and clinical use of platelet‐rich plasma‐derived Endoret‐Gel as an autologous treatment for atrophic scars
Authors: García Cristina , Pino Ander , Jimenez Natalia , Truchuelo MªTeresa , Jaén Pedro , Anitua Eduardo
Published: November 2019

Background

Normal healing process becomes severely dysregulated in pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, infection or underlaying diseases. These scenarios hamper the standard healing pattern and dermal fibrotic tissue develops.

Objective

In the present study a novel three‐dimensional formulation (Endoret‐Gel) based on plasma rich in growth factors technology (Endoret‐PRGF) has been assessed for atrophic scar management.

Materials and methods

Microstructure analysis, growth factor content, and projection capacity of both formulations (Endoret‐Gel and Endoret‐PRGF) was assessed. Additionally, a clinical evaluation of Endoret‐Gel treatment was also performed in a case of an extense atrophic scar.

Results

Endoret‐Gel presented high molecular weight plasmatic proteins that formed solid thermal aggregates enclosed by a stable fibrin network. This formulation has a higher cutaneous projection capacity compared with Endoret‐PRGF. Both formulations presented a high load of bioactive proteins such as EGF, PDGF‐AB, and IGF‐I being higher in liquid Endoret‐PRGF. Clinical results evidenced that infiltrations of Endoret‐Gel derived in an early volumetric disposal that was maintained for several months. The treatment provided and immediate soft tissue augmentation and scar amelioration effect that was translated into a noticeable clinical improvement of the injury. No side effects or adverse events were reported during ten‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusion

These preliminary findings suggest that Endoret‐Gel may act not only as a temporary volumizer but also as soft tissue stimulator that might be used as a monotherapy for scar management.
Victimization and Somatic Problems: The Role of Class Victimization Levels
Authors: Gini Gianluca , Holt Melissa , Pozzoli Tiziana , Marino Claudia
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

The link between peer victimization and somatic problems is well‐established. What is currently understudied is under what contextual conditions victims' health might be most likely to be compromised. Studies demonstrate that victims suffer from poorer adjustment when they belong to a group in which victimization is less normative (social misfit hypothesis). We examined whether the association between individual victimization and somatic problems was stronger in classrooms with lower class victimization.

METHODS

A sample of 1906 adolescents (65% girls; Mage = 14.4, SD = 1.2) completed a survey about school life quality, peer victimization, and health problems.

RESULTS

Multilevel modeling with Bayes estimator indicated modest variation in somatic problems between classrooms. At the individual level, peer victimization was associated with higher reports of somatic problems. This association varied across classroom as a function of class victimization level. Simple slope computation confirmed that the association between peer victimization and somatic complaints became stronger as class victimization levels decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

Victims in classrooms with lower levels of victimization are more likely to report somatic problems. Anti‐bullying programs should consider the effects of class norms on victims' adjustment and address the possible risks for those who continue to be victimized.
Can School Feeding Programs Reduce Malnutrition in Rural China?
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhao Qiran , Boswell Matthew , Rozelle Scott
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Childhood malnutrition is commonplace among poor rural communities in China. In 2012, China launched its first nationwide school‐feeding program (SFP) to address this problem. This study examines the prevalence of malnutrition before and after the SFP and identifies possible reasons for the trends observed.

METHODS

Ordinary least squares regression and propensity score matching were used to analyze data from 2 cross‐sectional surveys of 100 rural primary schools in northwestern China. Participants were fourth‐and fifth‐grade students. Outcome measures include anemia rates, hemoglobin levels, body mass index, and height for age Z scores.

RESULTS

Three years after implementation of the SFP, malnutrition rates among sample students had not fallen. The SFP had no statistically significant effect on either anemia rates or BMI, but was linked to an increase in the proportion of students with below normal height for age Z scores. Meals provided to students fell far short of national recommendations that the SPF should provide 40% of the recommended daily allowance of micronutrients.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite significant budgetary outlays between 2012 and 2015, China's SFP has not reduced the prevalence of malnutrition among sample students. To make the SFP more effective, funding and human resources both need to be increased.
School Websites: A Physical Education and Physical Activity Content Analysis
Authors: Kahan David , McKenzie Thomas L.
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Schools are important venues for providing and promoting physical activity, but little is known about how school websites are being used for these purposes. Completing a content analysis of existing school websites is essential to understanding their function and value relative to supporting physical education (PE) and physical activity.

METHODS

We conducted a quantitative, cross‐sectional, systematic content analysis to analyze and identify correlates of the website features of 990 private elementary schools located in 325 California cities/localities.

RESULTS

Nearly all schools (98%) had a functioning website, but PE and physical activity content were displayed sparsely and inconspicuously. Regression models identified 10 predictors of website PE/physical activity content, including religious affiliation and having a separate webpage for PE.

CONCLUSIONS

Websites can serve many functions, including providing information on the school vision/goals, curriculum content, class schedules, extracurricular activities, and core topics. This study is among the first to carry out a systematic analysis of school websites relative to PE and physical activity. Schools did not use the full potential of their websites to inform constituents about physical activity or to promote it. Schools should scrutinize their websites to ensure content and messaging are consistent with enabling students to engage in sufficient health‐promoting physical activity.
Border tax adjustments and tariff‐tax reforms with consumption pollution
Authors: Tsakiris Nikos , Hatzipanayotou Panos , Michael Michael S.
Published: November 2019

We develop a model of a small open economy, where pollution per unit of consumption between domestically produced and imported quantities of the same good differs. We show that the first‐best policy combination calls for consumption taxes on all polluting goods, and border tax adjustment (BTA) measures, that is, tariffs or import subsidies. We identify conditions under which well‐known tariff‐tax reform policies for developing economies, such as a consumer‐price‐neutral piecemeal reform of trade and a consumption tax, and a consumer‐price‐neutral reform of all trade and consumption taxes improve welfare. We also evaluate whether reforms of trade taxes alone are superior to consumer‐price‐neutral reforms of trade and consumption taxes.
Spillovers, subsidies, and second‐best socially optimal R&D
Authors: Amir Rabah , Liu Huizhong , Machowska Dominika , Resende Joana
Published: November 2019

This paper provides a thorough second‐best welfare analysis of the standard two‐stage model of R&D/product market competition with R&D spillovers. The planner's solution is compared to the standard non‐cooperative scenario, the R&D cartel, and the cartelized research joint venture (or joint lab). We introduce the notion of a social joint lab, as a way for the planner to avoid wasteful R&D duplication. With no spillovers, the non‐cooperative scenario, the joint lab, and the second‐best planner's solutions coincide. However, with spillovers, all three scenarios yield R&D investments that fall short of the socially optimal level. To shed light on the role of the spillover level on these comparisons, we observe that the gaps between the market outcomes and the planners solutions widen as the spillover parameter increases. Finally, we establish that a social planner and a social joint lab solutions may be achieved starting from any of the three scenarios by offering firms respective suitably weighted quadratic R&D subsidization schedules.
Evaluating the association between food insecurity and dental caries in US children 1‐19 years: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013‐2014
Authors: Hill Brittaney
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the association between food insecurity and dental caries in US children aged 1‐19 years.

Methods

Data from children ages 1‐19 collected through the 2013/2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was analyzed. Descriptive analysis of both the exposure (food insecurity) and outcome variables (dental caries), as well as covariates, was carried out. Strata‐specific odds ratios and respective 95 percent confidence intervals for each covariate were determined, followed by linear regression models.

Results

The odd of having dental caries was 2.9 times higher for children who had very low food security. The odds of having dental caries was 2.6 times higher for children aged 6‐11, 2.9 times higher for children aged 12‐15, and 4.2 times higher for children aged 16‐19 when compared to children aged 1‐5.

Conclusions

There is a significant association between food insecurity and dental caries in children and dental caries prevalence increases with age.
Chemical constituents, experimental and clinical pharmacology of Rosa damascena: a literature review
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Riaz Muhammad , Munir Naveed , Akhter Naheed , Zafar Sadia , Jabeen Farhat , Ali Shariati Mohammad , Akhtar Naheed , Riaz Zarfishan , Altaf Syed Hassan , Daniyal Muhammad , Zahid Rabia , Said Khan Fahad
Published: November 2019

Context

Rosa damascena Mill. is prescribed for the management of chest and abdominal pain, constipation, digestive disorders, menstrual bleeding and liver ailments.

Objective

The current review compiles up to date and complete information of whole plant of R. damascena with particular emphasis on its numerous scientifically proved pharmacological effects, traditional and folk medicinal uses.

Key finding

The data on the pharmacological effects of R. damascena were collected from various databases such as PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Elsevier and Web of Science using the keywords like phytoconstituents, pharmacology, medicinal uses and biological activity of R. damascene. Rosa damascena has a wide spectrum of bio-pharmacological activity like antidepressant, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial. The main ingredients of R. damascena essential oil responsible for pharmacological activity are geraniol and citronellol. Its uses have been widely accepted in traditional system of medicines for the management of numerous diseases of human beings in different dosage forms.

Rosa damascena has a significant place in traditional system of medicine. It is cost-effective and an important plant with curative application in contemporary medicine. Further studies on the characterization of chemical constituents and scientific basis of pharmacological activity of R. damascena should be carried out to evaluate its impact on traditional system of medicines. Large-scale preclinical and clinical trials will be beneficial in investigating the mechanism of the therapeutic potential of R. damascene to explore its uses in pharmaceutical industries.
History, impact, and status of infectious diseases of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Bonne, 1831) cultivated in Mexico
Authors: López‐Téllez Norma A. , Corbalá‐Bermejo Juan A. , Bustamante‐Unzueta Marco L. , Silva‐Ledesma Laura P. , Vidal‐Martínez Víctor M. , Rodriguez‐Canul Rossanna
Published: November 2019

The Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei is cultivated worldwide and is an important economic resource in Mexico. Despite continuous development of shrimp aquaculture in Mexico, this activity has exhibited variable production rates because of health‐related problems. Most of the health problems have been caused by viruses, such as IHHNV [syn = penstyldensovirus (PstDV1)], TSV, and WSSV, and diseases caused by different species of the genus Vibrio, such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND), which contain a plasmid with genes that encode for the toxins PirA and PirB. Even with the losses caused by these pathogens, the production of shrimp continues, and the number of hectares used for production increases year after year. This article presents a review of the history of shrimp farming in Mexico, the predominating health problems, and the estimated economic impact on shrimp culture. The implementation of good management practices in aquaculture production is urgently needed to improve the production on shrimp farms.
SNP analyses reveal a diverse pool of potential colonists to earthquake‐uplifted coastlines
Authors: Peters Johnette C. , Waters Jonathan M. , Dutoit Ludovic , Fraser Ceridwen I.
Published: November 2019

In species that form dense populations, major disturbance events are expected to increase the chance of establishment for immigrant lineages. Real‐time tests of the impact of disturbance on patterns of genetic structure are, however, scarce. Central to testing these concepts is determining the pool of potential immigrants dispersing into a disturbed area. In 2016, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake occurred on the South Island of New Zealand. Affecting approximately 100 km of coastline, this quake caused extensive uplift (several metres high), extirpating many intertidal populations, including keystone intertidal kelp species. Following the uplift, we set out to determine the geographic origins of detached kelp specimens which rafted into the disturbed zone. Specifically, we used genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approaches to compare beach‐cast southern bull‐kelp (Durvillaea antarctica and Durvillaea poha) samples to established populations throughout the species' ranges, and thus infer the geographic origins of potential colonists reaching the disturbed coast. Our findings revealed an ongoing supply of diverse lineages dispersing to the newly uplifted coastline, suggesting potential for establishment of “exotic” lineages following disturbance. Furthermore, we found that some drifting individuals of each species came from far‐distant regions, some >1,200 km away. These results show that diverse lineages – in many cases from very distant sources – can compete for new space in the wake of an exceptional disturbance event, illustrating the potential of long‐distance dispersal as a key mechanism for reassembly of coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that high‐resolution genomic baselines can be used to robustly assign the provenance of dispersing individuals.
Negative Theology and Meaningless Suffering
Authors: Kilby Karen
Published: November 2019

This article attempts an exploration of the limits of our capacity to weave suffering into patterns of meaning. I try to show that something like an apophatic moment in our response to some kinds of suffering is both necessary and difficult to sustain. From this emerges a question about the relationship between this ‘something like apophasis’ before suffering, on the one hand, and unknowing in face of the mystery of God, on the other. I argue against a tendency in some modern theology to elide one into the other – against a tendency to absorb the ‘mystery of suffering’ into the ‘mystery of God.’ The article concludes with the suggestion that in order to avoid such an elision, and other forms of false reconciliation with suffering, Christian theology needs to maintain a commitment to a future‐oriented eschatology, a real – if unimaginable – eschatological hope.
A Robust Sequential Procedure for Estimating the Number of Structural Changes in Persistence
Authors: Kejriwal Mohitosh
Published: November 2019

This paper proposes a new procedure for estimating the number of structural changes in the persistence of a univariate time series. While the extant literature primarily assumes (regime‐wise) stationarity, our framework also allows the underlying stochastic process to switch between stationary [I(0)] and unit root regimes [I(1)]. We develop a sequential testing approach that maintains correct asymptotic size regardless of whether the regimes areI(0) orI(1). We also propose a novel procedure for distinguishing persistence change processes from those with pure level and/or trend shifts. Monte Carlo simulations and an application to OECD inflation rates highlight the practical usefulness of the procedures.
Prognostic significance of tissue Doppler imaging–derived myocardial performance index in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wright Lydia K. , McGaughy Falon , Kellerman Michael , Border William L. , Sachdeva Ritu
Published: November 2019

TDI–MPI has been shown to predict cardiovascular mortality in adults; there are a paucity of data on its use in children. We sought to determine the prognostic significance of TDI‐MPI at time of DCM diagnosis in children. Patients aged ≤18 years diagnosed with DCM were included along with age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Echo at diagnosis was analyzed to obtain standard measures of LV function, PW‐MPI, and septal and LV free wall TDI‐MPI. Survival analysis was used to assess the time to composite outcome of death, VAD, or transplant, stratified by TDI‐MPI z‐score. The study included 79 patients with DCM and 79 controls. During a median follow‐up of 182 days (IQR 41‐815 days), 16 underwent VAD placement, 21 underwent cardiac transplant, 6 died, and 36 had event‐free survival. The median septal TDI‐MPI for cases was 0.70 for patients with DCM vs 0.45 for controls (P < .001). Those with septal TDI‐MPI z‐scores ≥2 develop events significantly earlier than those with z‐score <2 (P = .014). In multivariable analysis, TDI‐MPI z‐score ≥2 was significantly associated with poor outcomes (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.06‐4.23). TDI‐MPI can be reliably performed in pediatric patients with DCM. A TDI‐MPI z‐score ≥2 at diagnosis may be associated with earlier poor outcome. Further studies evaluating the use of TDI‐MPI in longitudinal follow‐up of patients with DCM may be helpful in refining its clinical use.
Feeding modes, duration, and diarrhea in infancy: Continued evidence of the protective effects of breastfeeding
Authors: Diallo Ana F. , McGlothen‐Bell Kelly , Lucas Ruth , Walsh Stephen , Allen Carolyn , Henderson Wendy A. , Cong Xiaomei , McGrath Jacqueline
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of early breastfeeding cessation on incidence of diarrhea in a cohort of U.S. infants.

Design, Sample, and Measurements

A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 2,340 mother–infant dyads participating in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. We examined associations between duration of feeding type (e.g., exclusive breastfeeding [EBF], any breastfeeding [BF], formula feeding) and incidence of diarrhea before one year.

Results

The sample included mother–infant dyads that were 86.2% White, 3% Black, and 5% Hispanic. Interruption of EBF before 3 months was significantly associated with higher odds of having diarrhea at 6 months (OR = 1.80, p value ≤ 0.01) and between 6 and 12 months (OR = 1.45, p ≤ .01). Breastfeeding interruption before 6 months was associated with higher odds of having diarrhea at 6 months (OR = 3.19, p ≤ .01). Formula feeding for ≥3 months was associated with higher odds of diarrhea between 6 and 12 months.

Conclusions

Exclusive breastfeeding for 3 months accompanied by any breastfeeding for 6 months provided the most protective effect against diarrhea. Public health interventions should address disparities in breastfeeding practices and provide support across clinical, workplace and community settings. Research should include more diverse population groups.
Bone marrow niches in myeloid neoplasms
Authors: Kitagawa Masanobu , Kurata Morito , Onishi Iichiroh , Yamamoto Kouhei
Published: November 2019

Pathological phenotypes of myeloid neoplasms are closely related to genetic/chromosomal abnormalities of neoplastic cells whereas the bone marrow microenvironment, including stromal elements and hematopoietic stem cell niche cells, have a great influence on the differentiation/proliferation of both hematopoietic and neoplastic cells. The pathology of myeloid neoplasms might be generated through the interaction of hematopoietic (stem) cells and stromal cells. The present study aims to provide the morphological/functional aspects of the bone marrow environment in myeloid neoplasms. Among the myeloid neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) exhibit significant and complex interactions between neoplastic cells and stromal cells. Hematopoietic cells in MDS are greatly influenced by macrophages/niche cells via several signaling pathways. As such, the pathological significance of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and anti‐apoptosis signals in the bone marrow of myeloid neoplasms, especially MDS bone marrow, will be discussed.
Specialised protagonists in a plant–pollinator interaction: the pollination of Blumenbachia insignis (Loasaceae)
Authors: Siriani‐Oliveira S. , Cerceau I. , Schlindwein C.
Published: November 2019

Analyses of resource presentation, floral morphology and pollinator behaviour are essential for understanding specialised plant‐pollinator systems. We investigated whether foraging by individual bee pollinators fits the floral morphology and functioning of Blumenbachia insignis, whose flowers are characterised by a nectar scale‐staminode complex and pollen release by thigmonastic stamen movements.

We described pollen and nectar presentation, analysed the breeding system and the foraging strategy of bee pollinators. We determined the nectar production pattern and documented variations in the longevity of floral phases and stigmatic pollen loads of pollinator‐visited and unvisited flowers.

Bicolletes indigoticus (Colletidae) was the sole pollinator with females revisiting flowers in staminate and pistillate phases at short intervals, guaranteeing cross‐pollen flow. Nectar stored in the nectar scale‐staminode complex had a high sugar concentration and was produced continuously in minute amounts (~0.09 μl·h−1). Pushing the scales outward, bees took up nectar, triggering stamen movements and accelerating pollen presentation. Experimental simulation of this nectar uptake increased the number of moved stamens per hour by a factor of four. Flowers visited by pollinators received six‐fold more pollen on the stigma than unvisited flowers, had shortened staminate and pistillate phases and increased fruit and seed set.

Flower handling and foraging by Bicolletes indigoticus were consonant with the complex flower morphology and functioning of Blumenbachia insignis. Continuous nectar production in minute quantities but at high sugar concentration influences the pollen foraging of the bees. Partitioning of resources lead to absolute flower fidelity and stereotyped foraging behaviour by the sole effective oligolectic bee pollinator.
Can quarries provide novel conditions for a bird of rocky habitats?
Authors: Salgueiro Pedro A. , Silva Carmo , Silva Alexandra , Sá Cátia , Mira António
Published: November 2019

Highly degraded habitats such as quarries often require active restoration efforts, but classical reclamation practices may undermine the occurrence of species that are locally rare or of conservation concern. We argue that some species can benefit from quarry landform whenever the presence of certain elements in the surroundings is preserved. We uncover the role of quarry landforms as providers of artificial habitat for the establishment of a bird of rocky habitats—the Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros). We identified and monitored the location of territories of this species in seven quarries and their surroundings, over an entire breeding season. A multiscale approach was applied in order to take into account optimal spatial scales of response of the species to each habitat descriptor. We found this species mainly associated with quarried areas embedded within an inhospitable landscape. Mean slope, built‐up area, and number of habitats were important descriptors for Black Redstart territory location. Black Redstart territories are constrained at two scales. Core areas (0.25 ha) are mainly defined by optimal conditions for nest site location, where inaccessible rocky slopes provide safer places for nesting. At a larger scale (>2.00 ha) territories must enclose other land uses that deliver access to food supplies and offer good display positions to signal the limits of territories, allowing control of possible intruders. Localized actions aiming to maintain novel elements may result in the preservation of species such as the Black Redstart.
Cu–Mo Differential Mineralization Mechanism of the Dabate Polymetallic Deposit in Western Tianshan, NW China: Evidence from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and Oxygen Isotope Systematics
Authors: Cao Rui , Yan Shengchao , Chen Bin , Sun Keke , Zhang Qinglin , Gu Haodong
Published: November 2019

Classic porphyry Cu–Mo deposits are mostly characterized by close temporal and spatial relationships between Cu and Mo mineralization. The northern Dabate Cu–Mo deposit is a newly discovered porphyry Cu–Mo polymetallic deposit in western Tianshan, northwest China. The Cu mineralization postdates the Mo mineralization and is located in shallower levels in the deposit, which is different from most classic porphyry Cu–Mo deposits. Detailed field investigations, together with microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and O‐isotope studies of fluid inclusions, were conducted to investigate the origin and evolution of ore‐forming fluids from the main Mo to main Cu stage of mineralization in the deposit. The results show that the ore‐forming fluids of the main Mo stage belonged to an NaCl + H2O system of medium to high temperatures (280–310°C) and low salinities (2–4 wt% NaCl equivalent (eq.)), whereas that of the main Cu stage belonged to an F‐rich NaCl + CO2 + H2O system of medium to high temperatures (230–260°C) and medium to low salinities (4–10 wt% NaCl eq.). The δ18O values of the ore‐forming fluids decrease from 3.7–7.8‰ in the main Mo stage to −7.5 to −2.9‰ in the main Cu stage. These data indicate that the separation of Cu and Mo was closely related to a large‐scale vapor–brine separation of the early ore‐forming fluids, which produced the Mo‐bearing and Cu‐bearing fluids. Subsequently, the relatively reducing (CH4‐rich) Mo‐bearing, ore‐forming fluids, dominantly of magmatic origin, caused mineralization in the rhyolite porphyry due to fluid boiling, whereas the relatively oxidizing (CO2‐rich) Cu‐bearing, ore‐forming fluids mixed with meteoric water and precipitated chalcopyrite within the crushed zone at the contact between rhyolite porphyry and wall rock. We suggest that the separation of Cu and Mo in the deposit may be attributed to differences in the chemical properties of Cu and Mo, large‐scale vapor–brine separation of early ore‐forming fluids, and changes in oxygen fugacity.
Can trade openness affect the monetary transmission mechanism?
Authors: Zhang Wen
Published: November 2019

This paper explores how trade openness influences the monetary transmission mechanism. The theoretical analysis develops an open economy New Keynesian model that features one‐way offshoring from an advanced economy to a less developed one. The model suggests that greater openness to regular trade or to offshoring reduces the effect of monetary policy on domestic economies, although these two influences affect the monetary transmission mechanism via different channels. The empirical section estimates an interacted‐panel VAR model with U.S. industry data and confirms that greater exposure to regular trade or to offshoring significantly reduces the effect of monetary policy.
International emissions trading in a political economy
Authors: Cheng Chu‐chuan , Chu Hsun
Published: November 2019

We examine whether the international emissions trading (IET) scheme can reduce global emissions in a political economy framework. Countries act noncooperatively when choosing the tradable emission permits and the environmental tax. The formulation of environmental policies is influenced by interest groups. Our results show that the effect of IET on global emissions depends crucially on which policies are influenced by lobbying activities. In the case where only environmental taxes are influenced by lobbying, IET tends to reduce global emissions when the capitalists’ political power is strong and, surprisingly, when the environmentalists’ political power is weak.
Determination of effective stress intensity factors under mixed‐mode from digital image correlation fields in presence of contact stresses and plasticity
Authors: Bonniot Thomas , Doquet Véronique , Mai Si Hai
Published: November 2019

Digital image correlation (DIC) is more and more popular to monitor fatigue crack growth and to determine the stress intensity factors. However, the posttreatment of the recorded displacement fields becomes tricky when the crack faces are not stress‐free and when crack tip plasticity becomes significant. Several posttreatment methods to locate the crack tip and measure the effective stress intensity factors in such cases are compared, using finite element method‐computed displacement fields, and then used on real DIC fields. An approach coupling DIC and finite element method is proposed to estimate the contact stresses along the crack.
Human red blood cell stroma: an alternative to traditional allogeneic adsorption methods
Authors: Wilson Emily M. , Branch Donald R.
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Allogeneic adsorption (alloadsorption) involves incubating an aliquot of patient plasma with red blood cells (RBCs) of a known phenotype to facilitate removal of autoantibodies and allow for detection of remaining, potentially clinically significant alloantibodies. Alloadsorptions are routinely performed using fresh or frozen donor RBCs having particular Rh and Kidd phenotypes, and are usually enzyme or ZZAP treated before adsorptions. RBC stroma would provide a method to prepare large amounts of adsorption material that may be stored frozen and used when needed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 309 samples were presented to our institutions (American Red Cross, Southwest Region Texas laboratories) with serologic positive IgG autoantibodies, had allogeneic RBC stromal adsorptions performed, and underlying alloantibodies identified. After papain treatment of RBCs from group O, K‐ individuals who were R1R1, R2R2, and rr where at least one individual was Jk(a+b‐) and one individual Jk(a‐b+), stroma was prepared using digitonin digestion of the RBC membrane. Large amounts of stroma could be obtained and were aliquoted and frozen at −18°C or less for up to 2 years.

RESULTS

One hundred seventeen of 309 (38%) samples demonstrated alloantibodies following stromal alloadsorptions. Twenty‐two different alloantibodies were identified in the stroma‐adsorbed plasma, with an average of two stromal adsorptions resolving the autoantibody reactivity. The specificities of alloantibodies underlying the autoantibody included those in the Rh system (112), Kell system (24), Duffy system (14), Kidd system (30), MNS system (19), Lutheran system (2), and Diego system (2).

CONCLUSION

Successful removal of autoantibody using RBC stromal adsorption was obtained in 308 samples and allowed for the identification of underlying alloantibodies in 117 samples. Preparation and use of RBC stroma should significantly benefit immunohematology reference laboratories in their antibody investigations.