bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voltage Control of Static Var Compensator for a Remote System Interconnected by Long‐Distance AC Cables
Authors: Tamura Yuji , Takasaki Shinji , Miyazaki Yasuyuki , Takeda Hideo , Irokawa Shoichi , Takagi Kikuo , Nagaoka Naoto
Published: November 2013

The voltage variation in a remote system is large when the system is connected by long‐distance AC cables due to the cable capacitance. In Japan, the longest 54‐km 66‐kV AC submarine cable interconnection between the Kyushu mainland and Goto Islands was commissioned in 2005. It was requested to mitigate the voltage variation caused by switching off and on one circuit of the two circuits in the AC cables when a fault occurs. Since the conventional voltage control methods such as transformer tap changer or shunt capacitor and reactor banks are not sufficient because of their slow response time, a static var compensator (SVC) was installed on the Goto Islands. In such an application, an SVC control method should be developed so as not to override the existing voltage control systems. This paper describes the SVC control method developed for the Goto Islands AC interconnection project, which can be applied to similar situations. The effectiveness of the control method was verified by the results of effective value simulation and of field testing, which was implemented before the SVC was commissioned in 2007. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 19–30, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22337
Diagnosis of Stator‐Winding‐Turn Faults of Induction Motor by Direct Detection of Negative Sequence Currents
Authors: Kato Toshiji , Inoue Kaoru , Yoshida Keisuke
Published: November 2013

In an AC motor, the quick detection of an initially small fault is important for preventing any consequent large fault. Various detection approaches have been proposed in previous papers, for example, by the Park vector (PV), AI techniques, wavelet analysis, and negative sequence analysis. This paper proposes a method for diagnosing a stator winding fault in an induction motor by the direct detection of its negative sequence current. Before starting the diagnosis, the asymmetry admittances for the considered fault cases are obtained by analysis or simulation. The amplitude and phase of the positive sequence voltage, Vp, and of the positive sequence current, Ip, are extracted from the voltage PV and current PV, respectively. The amplitude and phase of the negative sequence, In, are extracted from the residue. The asymmetry admittance, Ya, is calculated from In and Vp. When the positive sequence admittance is known, Ya can also be calculated from Yp, Ip, and In. These steps are repeated for each sample time and the motor condition is diagnosed according to the variations in the Ya values. The simulation and experimental results are also shown, and the proposed method is investigated and validated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 75–84, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22350
Optimization of Electric Power Leveling Systems by Taper‐Off‐Reflectance Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Makino Yohei , Fujii Toshinori , Imai Jun , Funabiki Shigeyuki
Published: November 2013

It has become desirable to develop energy control technologies for environmental issues such as global warming and exhaustion of fossil fuel. Power fluctuations in large power consumer facilities may cause instability of electric power systems and increase the cost of the electric power facilities and electricity charges. Developing electric power leveling systems (EPLS) to compensate power fluctuations is necessary for future electric power systems. EPLS with an SMES has been proposed as one countermeasure for use in electric power quality improvement. SMES is superior to other energy storage devices in response and storage efficiency. The authors have proposed EPLS based on fuzzy control with SMES. For this practical implementation, optimizing the control gain and SMES capacity is an important issue. This paper proposes a new method for optimization of the EPLS. The proposed algorithm is a novel particle swarm optimization based on taper‐off reflectance (TRPSO). The proposed TRPSO optimizes the design variables of the EPLS efficiently and effectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 10–18, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22472
Measuring Social Learning in Participatory Approaches to Natural Resource Management
Authors: van der Wal Merel , De Kraker Joop , Offermans Astrid , Kroeze Carolien , Kirschner Paul A. , van Ittersum Martin
Published: November 2013

The role of social learning as a governance mechanism in natural resource management has been frequently highlighted, but progress in finding evidence for this role and gaining insight into the conditions that promote it are hampered by the lack of operational definitions of social learning and practical methods to measure it. In this article, we present a simple and flexible method to measure social learning, whether it has occurred and to what extent, among stakeholders in natural resource management. The method yields measurements of social learning that are visual, quantitative and qualitative. First, we elaborate our definition of social learning as a convergence of perspectives and outline how stakeholder perspectives in natural resource management can be described with Cultural Theory. Next, we provide a generic description of the method, followed by two examples illustrating its application to the domains of water and land management. Finally, we discuss relative strengths and weaknesses of the method and how it could be applied to improve our understanding of factors that contribute to social learning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
TLRs to cytokines: Mechanistic insights from the imiquimod mouse model of psoriasis
Authors: Flutter Barry , Nestle Frank O.
Published: November 2013

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease of the skin affecting 2–3% of the population, characterized by a thickening of the epidermis and immune infiltrates throughout the dermis and epidermis, causing skin lesions that can seriously affect quality of life. The study of psoriasis has historically been hampered by the lack of good animal models. Various genetically induced models exist, which have provided some information about possible mechanisms of disease, but these models rely mostly on intrinsic imbalances of homeostasis. However, a mouse model of psoriasiform dermatitis caused by the repeated topical application of Aldara™ containing 5% imiquimod was described in 2009. The mechanisms of action of Aldara™ are complex. Imiquimod is an effective ligand for TLR7 (and TLR8 in humans) and also interferes with adenosine receptor signaling. In addition, isostearic acid present in the Aldara™ vehicle has been shown to be biologically active and of importance for activating the inflammasome. Interestingly, the repetitive application of Aldara™ reveals a complex aetiology involving multiple cell types, cytokines, and inflammatory pathways. In this review, we will dissect the findings of the imiquimod model to date and ask how this model can inform us about the immunological aspects of human disease.
Comparison of CE‐MS/MS and LC‐MS/MS sequencing demonstrates significant complementarity in natural peptide identification in human urine
Authors: Klein Julie , Papadopoulos Theofilos , Mischak Harald , Mullen William
Published: November 2013

Clinical proteomics has led to the identification of biomarkers specifically associated with a clinical condition that can serve for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. Learning more about the origin of these protein fragments would lead to a better insight in the pathology, and this requires improved identification of the peptide sequences. The aim of this study is to assess the complementarity of LC‐MS/MS and CE‐MS/MS as techniques in peptide sequence identification of the urinary low‐molecular weight proteome. A male standard human urine sample was analyzed using LC‐ and CE‐MS/MS (n = 10 per technique), identifying 905 unique peptide sequences with high confidence, 50% of those were identified only with LC, 20% only with CE and 30% with both techniques. Higher LC coverage might be due in part to the higher amount of sample that can be loaded onto an LC column. Peptides uniquely identified in CE are generally small and highly charged, likely unable to bind to the LC column In conclusion, we showed that LC‐MS/MS and CE‐MS/MS are highly complementary in identifying peptide sequences. The combination of both technologies results in significantly increased sequence coverage.
Pompeii Damaged by Volcaniclastic Debris Flows Triggered Centuries Prior to the 79 A.D. Vesuvius Eruption
Authors: Senatore Maria Rosaria , Ciarallo Annamaria , Stanley Jean‐Daniel
Published: November 2013

This study records that Pompeii, long before its final devastation by the 79 A.D. Vesuvius eruption in southern Italy, was damaged by several mass gravity flows. Composition of the deposits indicates that they were derived from volcaniclastic cover of carbonate highlands positioned 14 km NE of the city. Stratigraphic and petrologic analyses of sections in excavations and drill cores in and near Pompeii record the presence of three downslope‐directed debris flows dated between 8th and 2nd century B.C. Some of these deposits were channelized via a stream bed that once extended from high reliefs to Pompeii. It is proposed that one of these events may have been partially responsible for urban decline during the 4th century B.C. These mass flows are interpreted as having been triggered primarily by intense rains in a manner similar to those that have occurred and destroyed towns in this region during the past 50 years. Our investigation shows that Pompeii and adjacent areas in the past, much as in recent time, have likely been most frequently susceptible to episodic damage by avalanches and mass flows of volcaniclastic material resulting from hydrological effects rather than from volcanic events, earthquake tremors, and societal disruptions such as wars.
Challenges of implementing a primary health care strategy in a context of a market‐oriented health care system: the experience of Bogota, Colombia
Authors: Mosquera Paola A. , Hernández Jineth , Vega Román , Labonte Ronald , Sanders David , Dahlblom Kjerstin , San Sebastián Miguel
Published: November 2013

Background

Although Colombia has a health system based on market and neoliberal principles, in 2004, the government of the capital—Bogota—took the decision to formulate a health policy that included the implementation of a comprehensive primary health care (PHC) strategy. This study aims to identify the enablers and barriers to the PHC implementation in Bogota.

Methods

The study used a qualitative multiple case study methodology. Seven Bogota's localities were included. Eighteen semi‐structured interviews with key informants (decision‐makers at each locality and members of the District Health Secretariat) and fourteen FGDs (one focus group with staff members and one with community members) were carried out. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach.

Results

The main enablers found across the district and local levels showed a similar pattern, all were related to the good will and commitment of actors at different levels. Barriers included the approach of the national policies and a health system based on neoliberal principles, the lack of a stable funding source, the confusing and rigid guidelines, the high turnover of human resources, the lack of competencies among health workers regarding family focus and community orientation, and the limited involvement of institutions outside the health sector in generating intersectoral responses and promoting community participation.

Conclusion

Significant efforts are required to overcome the market approach of the national health system. Interventions must be designed to include well‐trained and motivated human resources, as well as to establish available and stable financial resources for the PHC strategy. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Health Planning and Management published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Reactions of 3‐Hydroxy‐6‐Methoxythianaphthene
Authors: Buu‐Hoï N. P. , Saint‐Ruf G.
Published: November 2013

3‐Hydroxy‐6‐methoxythianaphthene reacts in its 3‐keto form with various aryl‐, quinolyl‐, and isoquinolyl‐hydrazines to give the corresponding hydrazones, which readily undergo indolisation to the corresponding thianaphthenoindoles. The latter compounds were prepared for testing as potential carcinogens. 3‐Hydroxy‐6‐methoxythianaphthene also condenses in its keto form with isatin, under the conditions of the Pfitzinger reaction.
Aminolytic Reactions of α‐Bromo‐γ‐Butyrolactone with Aniline
Authors: Frankel M. , Knobler Y. , Friedman‐Yehudai Yael
Published: November 2013

Activation of γ‐butyrolactone by α‐halogenation enhanced acyl‐oxygen fission with an aromatic amine.

The dependence on reaction temperature of α‐amination, and of oxygen‐acyl or of oxygen‐alkyl aminolytic cleavage was studied.

Heating of α‐phenylamino‐γ‐hydroxybutyranilide in aniline led to γ‐lactam formation through an intermediary γ‐lactonization and subsequent alkyl‐oxygen γ‐aminolytic fission.

The preparation of N‐phenylhomoserine and derivatives, and a direct conversion of an α‐halogeno‐γ‐hydroxy acid lactone into an α, γ‐diaminobutyric acid derivative (1‐phenyl‐3‐phenylaminopyrrolidin‐2‐one) are described.
TRANSPOSITION DES PHENYLACETATES D'ARYLE SELON FRIES
Authors: Van‐Thoï Le‐ , Van‐Hoang Nguyen‐
Published: November 2013

The Fries transposition of phenyl, p‐tolyl and o‐tolyl phenylacetates was studied. The properties of the ortho‐ and para‐hydroxyketones obtained in this transposition were examined. Particularly, the reaction of ethyl formate or acetic anhydride on the o‐hydroxydesoxybenzoin leads to the corresponding isoflavones.
On the Chemical Basis of the Biological Actions of Ionizing Radiations
Authors: Stein G.
Published: November 2013

Water, present in irradiated biological systems may modify the radiation effects, compared, with dry solids, both in direct and in indirect action. The possible role of solvated electrons in such reactions are discussed. Model systems are described in which, without the assumption of energy transfer, the action of ionizing radiations is concentrated on suitable acceptors present in low concentration (e.g. 10 −5 M ferricyanide or cytochrome C) in the presence of up to 20% gel‐forming protein, e.g. gelatine. Oxygen effects are described.
On Derivatives of 2,5‐Dichlorophenylhydrazine
Authors: Frohwein Y.Z.
Published: November 2013

Four new derivatives of 2,5 dichlorophenylhydrazine are described. Two of these compounds were used to identify the acid hydrolysis products of the dialdehyde obtained by the periodate oxidation of methyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside.
Liquid Ion‐Exchange Membranes (LIEMs) in Electrodialysis Processes
Authors: Noam M. , Marcus Y.
Published: November 2013

In a series of preliminary experiments it was shown that LIEMs can be substituted for solid membranes in the conventional electrodialysis process. A specific mass transfer was demonstrated, causing either an increase or a decrease in the concentration of aqueous salt solutions, depending on the experimental set‐up. The liquid membranes tested were shown to be ion‐permselective.
Polarographic Reduction of Benzoate in Acetonitrile
Authors: Takahashi Reiji , Elving Philip J.
Published: November 2013

The polarographic wave observed for acetonitrile solutions of benzoic acid is due to reduction of the acid proton; the apparent diffusion current constant for the wave increases with concentration of benzoic acid as expected for the reduction of the acidic proton of a slightly dissociated acid. No wave was observed for ethyl benzoate.
New Infrared Study of Water in Ion Exchange Resins
Authors: Cohen Rosel , Peretz J.
Published: November 2013

The water present in cation and anion exchange resins for a series of counter‐ions was examined spectroscopically using the 1.9 μ water band. The spectrum of the water in the resins dried to constant weight was characteristic for the counter‐ion present. The changes in the wavelength of the maximum absorbance was compared to the behaviour of the spectrum of ions in solution. The spectra of these resins were also related to the hydration numbers of various ions.
Organometallic Studies. XXXII. Iron π‐Complexes of Some Polyunsaturated Terpenes
Authors: Dell D. , Maoz N. , Cais M.
Published: November 2013

The reactions between iron carbonyls and the terpenes myrcene, alloocimene, and methyl levopimarate have been investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra are reported for the newly prepared dieneiron tricarbonyl complexes.
Ethical issues in laryngology: Tracheal stenting as palliative care
Authors: Kazi Aasif A. , Flowers W. Jeffrey , Barrett Jeanna M. , O'Rourke Ashli K. , Postma Gregory N. , Weinberger Paul M.
Published: November 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To improve understanding of aspects of end‐of‐life care that may not be intuitive to the otolaryngology community.

Data Sources and Review Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was performed by searching Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. Primary manuscripts' bibliographies were reviewed to identify any nonindexed references. Prospective consultation by means of one‐on‐one interviews was sought from nonotolaryngology key stakeholders in the areas of hospice nursing care and patient advocacy in order to identify pertinent issues.

Results

We identified over 1,000 articles published from 1965 to 2013 on the topic of tracheal stents, as well as over 40,000 on hospice/end‐of‐life care. Three articles focusing specifically on palliative care and airway stenting were identified, of which three were case reports and none were definitive reviews. There are a number of significant issues and concepts unique to hospice care. These are likely unfamiliar to all except for head and neck oncology‐specialized otolaryngologists. An example is that hospice care focuses on quality of life rather than prolongation of life (such as curative surgery). Patients with nonoperable tracheal obstruction from malignancy face an unpleasant demise from suffocation. For those patients, stenting can relieve suffering by restoring airway patency.

Conclusions

Airway stenting can be a valid palliative care option, even for terminal patients receiving hospice care, when performed to relieve airway obstruction and improve quality of life. End‐of‐life ethics is an underdeveloped area of otolaryngology that should be explored. Laryngoscope, 124:1663–1667, 2014
On a new type of singular point for meromorphic functions in the open unit disk
Authors: Wu Nan , Xuan Zuxing
Published: November 2013

In this note, we will confirm the existence of a new type of singular point of an admissible meromorphic function in the unit disk. This work is a counterpart of the result of a meromorphic function with order in the complex plane studied by W. C. Lin and S. Mori.
Solution of elasticity of a circular inclusion in infinite thin plates on the relations between hole and inclusion problem
Authors: Amstutz H.
Published: November 2013

Die hier angewendete Methode zur Ableitung der elastizitätstheoretischen Lösung einer unendlichen Scheibe mit kreisförmigem Einschluss ungleicher Steifigkeit unter uniformer äußerer Zugspannung basiert auf der speziellen Deformationscharakteristik dieser Einschlussgeometrie. Ausgehend von der Analysis der Scheibe mit kreisförmigem Loch wird die exakte Lösung des allgemeinen Einschlussproblems durch Überlagerung eines spezifischen inneren Spannungsfeldes erhalten.
Pathology and sensitivity of current clinical criteria in corticobasal syndrome
Authors: Ouchi Haruka , Toyoshima Yasuko , Tada Mari , Oyake Mutsuo , Aida Izumi , Tomita Itsuro , Satoh Akira , Tsujihata Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Hitoshi , Nishizawa Masatoyo , Shimohata Takayoshi
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate corticobasal syndrome with respect to underlying pathologies, the ability of current clinical criteria to detect early stages of disease, and symptoms and signs predicting background pathologies. We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological findings from patients with corticobasal syndrome. We also analyzed whether those findings fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Finally, we investigated characteristic clinical features that are specific to each background pathology. Of 10 consecutive autopsied patients who had corticobasal syndrome (mean age ± standard deviation, 67.9 ± 9.3 years; male:female ratio, 6:4), three had corticobasal degeneration pathology, three had progressive supranuclear palsy, three had Alzheimer's disease, and one had atypical four‐repeat tauopathy. Nine patients fulfilled Mayo criteria, and all 10 patients fulfilled modified Cambridge criteria at the later stage, but only two patients fulfilled either clinical criteria within 2 years of disease onset. Five patients fulfilled the clinical criteria for possible CBD (p‐CBD), and one patient fulfilled the clinical research criteria for probable sporadic CBD (cr‐CBD) at the later stage. Only two patients fulfilled the criteria for either p‐CBD or cr‐CBD within 2 years of disease onset. Although we could not find any predictive characteristic clinical features that were specific to CBD pathology, only patients with progressive supranuclear palsy developed apraxia of eyelid opening and cerebellar ataxia. Myoclonus and memory impairment, especially if they appear at an early stage of the disease, may predict Alzheimer's disease pathology. Sensitivity of the available clinical criteria for corticobasal syndrome was poor within 2 years of disease onset. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Dynamics of some coupled nonlinear Schrödinger systems in
Authors: Xu Guixiang
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we show the scattering and blow up result of the solution for some coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system with static energy less than that of the ground state in , where . We first use the Nehari manifold approach and the Schwarz symmetrization technique to construct the ground state and obtain the threshold energy of scattering solution, then use Payne–Sattinger's potential well argument and Kenig–Merle's compactness‐rigidity argument to show the aforementioned dichotomy result. As we know, it is the first attempt to show the scattering result for the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time decay and exponential stability of solutions to the periodic 3D Navier–Stokes equation in critical spaces
Authors: Benameur Jamel , Selmi Ridha
Published: November 2013

Using analysis in frequency space and Fourier methods, we establish that the global solution to the three‐dimensional incompressible periodic Navier–Stokes equation for initial data in the critical Sobolev space decays exponentially fast to zero, and it is exponentially stable as time goes to infinity as soon as the initial data (hence the solution) are mean free; otherwise, the difference to the average does so. Furthermore, we prove that any global nonmean‐free solution vanishes as time goes to infinity, and it is globally exponentially stable. The main tools are the energy methods, the Friedrich's approximating schema, and a crucial change of function that depends explicitly on time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Well‐posedness and regularity of Euler–Bernoulli equation with variable coefficient and Dirichlet boundary control and collocated observation
Authors: Wen Ruili , Chai Shugen , Guo Bao‐Zhu
Published: November 2013

Two types of open‐loop systems of an Euler–Bernoulli equation with variable coefficient and Dirichlet boundary control and collocated observation are considered. The uncontrolled boundary is either hinged or clamped. It is shown, with the help of multiplier method on Riemannian manifold, that in both cases, systems are well‐posed in the sense of D. Salamon and regular in the sense of G. Weiss. In addition, the feedthrough operators are found to be zero. The result implies that the exact controllability of open‐loop is equivalent to the exponential stability of closed‐loop under a proportional output feedback for these systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast quantitative susceptibility mapping with L1‐regularization and automatic parameter selection
Authors: Bilgic Berkin , Fan Audrey P. , Polimeni Jonathan R. , Cauley Stephen F. , Bianciardi Marta , Adalsteinsson Elfar , Wald Lawrence L. , Setsompop Kawin
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To enable fast reconstruction of quantitative susceptibility maps with total variation penalty and automatic regularization parameter selection.

Methods

ℓ1‐Regularized susceptibility mapping is accelerated by variable splitting, which allows closed‐form evaluation of each iteration of the algorithm by soft thresholding and fast Fourier transforms. This fast algorithm also renders automatic regularization parameter estimation practical. A weighting mask derived from the magnitude signal can be incorporated to allow edge‐aware regularization.

Results

Compared with the nonlinear conjugate gradient (CG) solver, the proposed method is 20 times faster. A complete pipeline including Laplacian phase unwrapping, background phase removal with SHARP filtering, and ℓ1‐regularized dipole inversion at 0.6 mm isotropic resolution is completed in 1.2 min using MATLAB on a standard workstation compared with 22 min using the CG solver. This fast reconstruction allows estimation of regularization parameters with the L‐curve method in 13 min, which would have taken 4 h with the CG algorithm. The proposed method also permits magnitude‐weighted regularization, which prevents smoothing across edges identified on the magnitude signal. This more complicated optimization problem is solved 5 times faster than the nonlinear CG approach. Utility of the proposed method is also demonstrated in functional blood oxygen level–dependent susceptibility mapping, where processing of the massive time series dataset would otherwise be prohibitive with the CG solver.

Conclusion

Online reconstruction of regularized susceptibility maps may become feasible with the proposed dipole inversion. Magn Reson Med 72:1444–1459, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards high efficiency segmented thermoelectric unicouples
Authors: Ngan Pham Hoang , Christensen Dennis Valbjørn , Snyder Gerald Jeffrey , Hung Le Thanh , Linderoth Søren , Nong Ngo Van , Pryds Nini
Published: November 2013

Segmentation of thermoelectric (TE) materials is a widely used solution to improve the efficiency of thermoelectric generators over a wide working temperature range. However, the improvement can only be obtained with appropriate material selections. In this work, we provide an overview of the theoretical efficiency of the best performing unicouples designed from segmenting the state‐of‐the‐art TE materials. The efficiencies are evaluated using a 1D numerical model which includes all thermoelectric effects, heat conduction, Joule effects and temperature dependent material properties, but neglects contact resistance and heat losses. The calculations are performed for a fixed cold side temperature of 300 K and different hot side temperatures of 700, 900, and 1100 K. We confirm that without taking into account the compatibility of TE materials, segmentation can even decrease the total efficiency. Choosing the TE materials carefully, one is, however, rewarded by a significant improvement in the total efficiency.
Genome mining of Streptomyces ambofaciens
Authors: Aigle Bertrand , Lautru Sylvie , Spiteller Dieter , Dickschat Jeroen S , Challis Gregory L , Leblond Pierre , Pernodet Jean-Luc
Published: November 2013

Since the discovery of the streptomycin produced by Streptomyces griseus in the middle of the last century, members of this bacterial genus have been largely exploited for the production of secondary metabolites with wide uses in medicine and in agriculture. They have even been recognized as one of the most prolific producers of natural products among microorganisms. With the onset of the genomic era, it became evident that these microorganisms still represent a major source for the discovery of novel secondary metabolites. This was highlighted with the complete genome sequencing of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) which revealed an unexpected potential of this organism to synthesize natural products undetected until then by classical screening methods. Since then, analysis of sequenced genomes from numerous Streptomyces species has shown that a single species can carry more than 30 secondary metabolite gene clusters, reinforcing the idea that the biosynthetic potential of this bacterial genus is far from being fully exploited. This review highlights our knowledge on the potential of Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 to synthesize natural products. This industrial strain was known for decades to only produce the drug spiramycin and another antibacterial compound, congocidine. Mining of its genome allowed the identification of 23 clusters potentially involved in the production of other secondary metabolites. Studies of some of these clusters resulted in the characterization of novel compounds and of previously known compounds but never characterized in this Streptomyces species. In addition, genome mining revealed that secondary metabolite gene clusters of phylogenetically closely related Streptomyces are mainly species-specific.
Cultural Preservation and Liberal Values: A Reply to William James Booth
Authors: PATTEN ALAN
Published: November 2013

William James Booth elaborates three main challenges to my social lineage account (Patten 2011). Conceptually, he finds the proposal to be question-beginning. Normatively, he thinks that it has objectionable implications. And, substantively, he claims that the proposal is unhelpful, in that it fails to explain a case of theoretical importance for multiculturalism. In this reply, I argue that each of these challenges misses the target. The social lineage account continues to offer a promising, nonessentialist basis for normative multiculturalism.
BACKWARD 3-STEP EXTENSIONS OF RECURSIVELY GENERATED WEIGHTED SHIFTS: A RANGE OF QUADRATIC HYPONORMALITY
Authors: EXNER GEORGE R. , JUNG IL BONG , LEE MI RYEONG , PARK SUN HYUN
Published: November 2013

Let $\alpha : 1, 1, \sqrt{x} , \mathop{( \sqrt{u} , \sqrt{v} , \sqrt{w} )}\nolimits ^{\wedge } $ be a backward 3-step extension of a recursively generated weighted sequence of positive real numbers with $1\leq x\leq u\leq v\leq w$ and let ${W}_{\alpha } $ be the associated weighted shift with weight sequence $\alpha $. The set of positive real numbers $x$ such that ${W}_{\alpha } $ is quadratically hyponormal for some $u, v$ and $w$ is described, solving an open problem due to Curto and Jung [‘Quadratically hyponormal weighted shifts with two equal weights’, Integr. Equ. Oper. Theory 37 (2000), 208–231].
Defending Catholic Education: Secular Front Organizations during the Second Republic of Spain, 1931–1936
Authors: Schneider Kathy
Published: November 2013

“The religious question” regarding the role of the Catholic Church in Spanish society shaped the often contentious relationship between the Church and state. This relationship entered a new chapter with the coming of the Second Republic and the passage of the 1931 constitution. Among the legislation aimed at implementing the articles of the constitution was the 1933 Law of Confessions and Congregations that outlawed schools run by religious orders. Despite this law, most religious schools remained open. Using three schools of the Sisters of the Company of Mary in the cities of Tudela, Valladolid, and Tarragona, this article shows how orders adapted under the new government. One of the Church's primary tactics was to establish front organizations directed by the laity that permitted the religious orders to circumvent the law in order to maintain their schools.
The Protestant Churches in Saxony-Anhalt in the Shadow of the German Christian Movement and National Socialism, 1945–1949
Authors: Fenwick Luke
Published: November 2013

The two major Protestant churches in Saxony-Anhalt, the Church Province of Saxony(Evangelische Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsens[KPS])and the State Church of Anhalt(Landeskirche Anhalts[LKA]), undertook denazification processes against “compromised” pastors and church hierarchs after 1945. Where the Church Province faced secular criticism about “lenient” denazification, the Anhalt Church enjoyed state support, largely because it admitted political representatives to its review commission. Hierarchs in the KPS explained their leniency with reference to the resistance of Christians in the Third Reich, a particular theology of church and state relations, and forgiveness. The verdicts handed down, nonetheless, were premised primarily on each clergyman's affiliation to the former German Christian movement and not on Nazi party membership; denazification was therefore “de-German-Christianization.” (The German Christian movement was a heterodox movement heavily influenced by Nazism.) However, quite apart from de-German-Christianization, there was also pragmatism within both(mutatis mutandis)the KPS and the LKA. Both desired a fully manned and unified pastorate in a time of acute need. Most churchmen withstood denazification as a result. One pastor in Anhalt exemplifies the process. Formerly a member, Erich Elster renounced the German Christian movement as a “false path” after 1945. He continued in his pastoral duties, albeit with an admonishment to preach orthodoxy. The general continuity of churchmen did not provide for unity in any case, and it even led to recrimination and in places a post-war perpetuation of the Third Reich “church struggle”(Kirchenkampf)that had pitted German Christians against members of the Confessing Church.
High-precision Mars Entry Integrated Navigation Under Large Uncertainties
Authors: Li Shuang , Jiang Xiuqiang , Liu Yufei
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we present a high-precision Mars entry integrated navigation algorithm under large uncertainties via a desensitised extended Kalman filter (DEKF). Firstly, a new six degree-of-freedom Mars entry dynamics model is derived based on the angular velocity outputs of a gyro, which is free of modelling errors in the aerodynamic and control torques. Secondly, both the accelerometer outputs and radio measurements between orbiters and entry vehicle are used as the observations embedded in a navigation filter to perform state estimation and suppress the measurement noise. Finally, a desensitised extended Kalman filter, exhibiting the desirable property of efficiently reducing the sensitivity of state variables with respect to model and parameter uncertainties, is adopted in order to overcome the adverse effects of initial state errors and uncertainties during Mars atmospheric entry and further improve entry navigation accuracy. The numerical simulation results show that the DEKF-based integrated navigation algorithm developed in this paper can achieve a better navigation performance with higher accuracy when compared with the standard extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based integrated navigation algorithm in the presence of larger state errors and parameter uncertainties.
Orthodrome-Loxodrome Correlation by the Middle Latitude Rule
Authors: Petrović Miljenko
Published: November 2013

In this note the Middle Latitude Rule is derived. Namely, to reach Great Circle vertex in two steps such that the total distance is a minimum, an initial rhumb line course equal to the orthodromic course at Middle latitude is to be used. The shortest distance is achieved if the rhumb line course is altered towards the vertex at the orthodrome-loxodrome intersection point.
An experimental model to analyse the risk of introduction of a duck-originated H5 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry through close contact and contaminative transmission
Authors: CLAES G. , MARCHÉ S. , DEWULF J. , VAN DEN BERG T. , LAMBRECHT B.
Published: November 2013

Aquatic wild birds are often carriers of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). If H5 and H7 LPAIVs are transmitted to poultry and have the opportunity to circulate, a highly pathogenic AIV may arise. Contact with aquatic wild birds is one of the most important ways in which these LPAIVs can be introduced into poultry flocks. In this study, the transmissibility of a duck-originated H5 LPAIV between ducks and chickens was analysed in a series of animal experiments, using different transmission routes. Results indicate that the outcome of virus intake by chickens exposed to infectious ducks depends on the way the virus is presented. Faecally contaminated drinking water proved to be the most efficient route by which the virus can be transmitted to chickens. The results from this study also suggest that some duck-originated H5 LPAIVs may be introduced to poultry but do not have the potential to become established in poultry populations.
Coordination polymers of a multipyridyl and pyrazolyl ligand with conformational flexibility: syntheses, structures and luminescence
Authors: Ding Caixia , Rui Xing , Wang Cheng , Xie Yongshu
Published: November 2013

Eight novel coordination polymers were obtained by the coordination of a multipyridyl and pyrazolyl ligand, which shows rich conformational changes.
Tailored for simplicity: creating high porosity, high performance bio-based macroporous polymers from foam templates
Authors: Lau Thomas H. M. , Wong Ling L. C. , Lee Koon-Yang , Bismarck Alexander
Published: November 2013

High porosity, high performance macroporous biobased epoxy resins are produced by curing foam templates produced by mechanical frothing of a highly viscous epoxy resin.
Variability in Burbot Cohort Abundance at Juvenile and Adult Stages in Columbia Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Taylor Josh L. , Arndt Steven K. A.
Published: November 2013

This study examined changes in the abundance of juvenile (age‐0 and age‐1) and adult Burbot Lota lota in Columbia Lake, British Columbia, for the 1991–1999 cohorts. The objectives were to quantify the degree of variation in cohort abundance at different life stages and investigate the timing of recruitment limitation. Adult spawner abundance and age composition were monitored at a tributary spawning site from 1996 to 2001. Juvenile cohort abundance was estimated from 1997 to 1999, providing age‐0 abundance indices for the 1997–1999 cohorts and age‐1 indices for the 1996–1998 cohorts. The number of tributary spawners declined from about 1,500 in 1996 and 1997 to 86 in 1999 and then rebounded to 995 by 2001. Adult length frequency and age composition showed that this fluctuation reflected periodic influxes of strong cohorts that dominated the spawning population. The strongest new cohort (1999) observed at the tributary in 2001 came from the smallest number of tributary spawners. Substantial differences in the juvenile abundance of cohorts spawned from similar numbers of adults (1996, 1997) suggested a density‐independent effect at the egg or larval stage. The 1999 cohort, however, was more abundant than several other cohorts at the adult stage but not at age 0, suggesting a second limiting period after the first growing season. Possible explanations for the exceptional survival of the 1999 cohort include a temporary expansion of interstitial habitat caused by unusually high water levels and low abundance of older Burbot. As large fluctuations in cohort abundance appear to be characteristic of some Burbot populations, inclusion of age composition is recommended for population assessments.
Hearing Sensitivity of the Burbot
Authors: Cott Peter A. , Johnston Tom A. , Gunn John M. , Higgs Dennis M.
Published: November 2013

Acoustic communication is central to the reproductive ecology of many fish species, particularly when conditions prevent the use of visual mating cues. The BurbotLota lotais a freshwater codfish that spawns in a light‐limited, under‐ice environment. Both sexes possess swim bladder muscles, suggesting that both sexes engage in vocalization and that auditory cues are important to their mating system, but research on acoustic communication has been very limited in this species. In the current study we assessed the hearing sensitivity of Burbot from different size‐classes. Burbot hearing was found to be more sensitive in juveniles than in adults, but across size‐classes it was most sensitive at lower frequencies, which is similar to results with other codfishes and corresponds to the sounds produced by gadoids. Anthropogenic noise has the potential to disturb fish. The information gained in this study can be useful in assessing the impact of such noise, particularly under ice cover when Burbot are spawning. Further research is required to determine whether winter‐based resource development activities that generate under‐ice noise are disruptive to Burbot communication and reproduction.
Burbot Early Life History Strategies in the Great Lakes
Authors: Jude David J. , Wang Yu , Hensler Stephen R. , Janssen John
Published: November 2013

Burbot Lota lota exhibit four previously known reproductive strategies in the Great Lakes region. In this paper we review those strategies and provide evidence for a fifth one—delayed deepwater spawning. The four known, shallow‐water strategies are as follows: (1) spawning by self‐sustaining, landlocked populations, (2) spawning in tributaries in winter and the exit of larvae to a Great Lake, (3) spawning by residents in a spawning stream with access to a Great Lake, and (4) spawning on unconsolidated and rocky areas in shallow water in winter in the lake proper. Resident, landlocked populations exist in some Michigan and Wisconsin rivers (e.g., the Muskegon River in Michigan). The evidence for winter tributary spawning is the appearance of newly hatched Burbot in the St. Marys and Bark rivers during April–June. Evidence for Burbot juveniles leaving spawning streams is U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tributory mouth trap data. The evidence for winter nearshore spawning comes from power plant monthly entrainment studies (Mansfield et al. 1983). Our proposed fifth strategy is spring and summer spawning at deep reefs, where there is probably cobble or boulder habitat. Our evidence comes from midlake reefs in Lake Michigan and offshore areas of Lake Huron: (1) we collected adult Burbot at midlake reefs in Lake Michigan, (2) we collected many Burbot larvae (many of which were newly hatched) from Lakes Michigan and Huron in June–August, and (3) we collected a Burbot egg in a PONAR grab in mid‐July from 73 m in southern Lake Huron. An important question remains, namely, which life history strategy provides the highest recruitment success for this species. It may be that adaptability ensures the survival of this important, top‐predator fish during periods of crisis (e.g., encounters with dams, Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus predation).
Effects of Coarse Woody Habitat Complexity on Predator–Prey Interactions of Four Freshwater Fish Species
Authors: DeBoom Corey S. , Wahl David H.
Published: November 2013

Prey refuges are an important mechanism by which habitat structure affects ecological communities. In freshwater fish communities, most research has focused on aquatic vegetation and neglected alternative habitats. We explored the interactions between predator foraging modes of two common littoral piscivores (Muskellunge Esox masquinongy and Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides), and antipredator behaviors of two common prey species (Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas and Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) across a gradient of coarse woody habitat (CWH) complexity in a mesocosm setting. We hypothesized that experiments employing a generalist predator (Largemouth Bass) and behaviorally flexible prey (Bluegills) would show a stronger refuging effect of CWH than would a less gbehaviorally flexible prey (Golden Shiners) and an obligate ambush predator (Muskellunge). Predator–prey interactions were observed in laboratory pools containing coniferous deadfalls. A refuging effect of coarse wood was not supported under our experimental conditions. Golden Shiners experienced an increase in mortality rate with increasing coarse wood complexity when preyed upon by Largemouth Bass. Both prey species reduced activity rates with increasing CWH complexity when preyed upon by Largemouth Bass but exhibited different response patterns for changes in shoal size, number of isolated individuals, and proximity to predators, which may explain differences in vulnerability across the habitat gradient. Increasing CWH complexity was associated with changes in Largemouth Bass behaviors, including reductions in activity rates and reduced capture efficiency at intermediate complexities, but the changes depended on the prey species. Habitat complexity did not strongly affect foraging success or behavior of Muskellunge. Our results reinforce the importance of species‐specific behavioral traits in determining influences of physical habitat on predator–prey relationships in freshwater fish communities.
Ups and Downs of Burbot and Their Predator Lake Trout in Lake Superior, 1953–2011
Authors: Gorman Owen T. , Sitar Shawn P.
Published: November 2013

The fish community of Lake Superior has undergone a spectacular cycle of decline and recovery over the past 60 years. A combination of Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus depredation and commercial overfishing resulted in severe declines in Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, which served as the primary top predator of the community. Burbot Lota lota populations also declined as a result of Sea Lamprey depredation, largely owing to the loss of adult fish. After Sea Lamprey control measures were instituted in the early 1960s, Burbot populations rebounded rapidly but Lake Trout populations recovered more slowly and recovery was not fully evident until the mid‐1980s. As Lake Trout populations recovered, Burbot populations began to decline, and predation on small Burbot was identified as the most likely cause. By 2000, Burbot densities had dropped below their nadir in the early 1960s and have continued to decline, with the densities of juveniles and small adults falling below that of large adults. Although Burbot populations are at record lows in Lake Superior, the density of large reproductive adults remains stable and a large reserve of adult Burbot is present in deep offshore waters. The combination of the Burbot's early maturation, long life span, and high fecundity provides the species with the resiliency to remain a viable member of the Lake Superior fish community into the foreseeable future.
On the Young-Laplace relation and the evolution of a perturbed ellipsoid
Authors: Dassios George
Published: November 2013

The Young-Laplace relation states that the interface separating two fluids, develops in such a way that the difference between the outer and the inner pressure remains proportional to the mean curvature at every point of the interface. This relation guides the evolution of a free boundary. Considering the importance of the ellipsoidal surfaces as free boundaries in anisotropic evolutions, it is of great interest to have ready-to-use formulae for the mean curvature of a perturbed ellipsoidal surface. These formulae provide the basis for the stability analysis of free boundary value problems in Fluid Mechanics. The present work calculates the first order approximation of the local curvatures for a surface which is a perturbation of an ellipsoid.