bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atributos cromáticos e avaliação estética de edificações históricas
Authors: Naoumova Dr. Arq. Natalia , Dias Lay Dra. Arq. Maria Cristina
Published: October 2014

O artigo trata da investigação de fatores relacionados com assuntos cromáticos que afetam a avaliação estética de edificações antigas de diferentes estilos, localizadas em sítios históricos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi definido o conceito de tipologia cromática de estilo, que serviu como base para identificar modelos de pintura com atributos específicos correspondentes às cores históricas e não–históricas. O estudo tem como objetivo revelar a avaliação estética de edificações antigas a partir da percepção dos indivíduos, moradores atuais das cidades. Durante a pesquisa foram coletados dados sobre cores de três grupos de edificações correspondentes aos estilos colonial, eclético e pré–modernista. A avaliação dos respondentes foi medida por meio de 280 questionários com imagens fotográficas das 27 edificações e 60 esquemas de cor sistematicamente organizados. A significância da cor foi verificada através de variáveis formais e simbólicas relacionadas às edificações e aos esquemas coloridas. Características tais como componente cromático, tipo de estruturação e complexidade de composição da cor, foram especificadas para esclarecer as diferenças na avaliação dos esquemas de pintura de cada estilo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar os atributos que promovem uma avaliação estética positiva e contribuem na percepção de ambientes esteticamente qualificados.
Assessing the impact of a short-term service-learning clinical experience on the development of professional behaviors of student physical therapists: A pilot study
Authors: Anderson Jeannette Renee , Taylor Leslie , Gahimer Julie
Published: October 2014

As with most health care provider education programs, physical therapy programs seek ways to develop professional behaviors of students. This study describes the integration of a one-week service-learning experience into an existing clinical internship. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed between groups of students who participated in the experience, expressed a desire to participate but were unable to, and those who did not wish to participate.  Results suggest that engaging in, as well as the desire to engage in, a service-learning project for under-served members of our community is associated with professional behavior development from students’ and clinical preceptors’ perspectives.
Charting Socio-Legal Scholarship on Southeast Asia: Key Themes and Future Directions
Authors: Chua Lynette J.
Published: October 2014

This article discusses the state of socio-legal scholarship on Southeast Asia and situates the special journal issue in relation to its key patterns, emerging trends, and future directions. Southeast Asian literature in leading socio-legal journals exhibits an imbalanced geographical coverage and tends to cluster around research on state law’s intersection with Islamic and/or customary norms, women’s equality and legal status, and land and the natural environment. These prevailing patterns lead to uneven attention paid to Southeast Asia. However, growing bodies of work along the major themes of legal pluralism, law and development, and dispute processing show the potential of Southeast Asian research to advance important debates and sub-fields in the scholarship at large. Proposals from a December 2012 workshop initiative further identified research directions that could enrich this field of study as well as understandings of law-society relations in Southeast Asia.
Generalized small cancellation presentations for automatic groups
Authors: Gilman Robert H.
Published: October 2014

By a result of Gersten and Short finite presentations satisfying the usual non-metric small cancellation conditions present biautomatic groups. We show that in the case in which all pieces have length 1, a generalization of the C(3)-T(6) condition yields a larger collection of biautomatic groups.
Points Don’t Pass – Against the Identity Theory of Passage
Authors: Petersen Thorben
Published: October 2014

The basic divide in the metaphysics of time is between those who defend a dynamic view and those who defend a static view. Whereas the former hold that time does truly pass, the latter take the passage of time to be some sort of illusion. Recently, however, an alternative minority view developed, according to which passage is identical either with the succession of times in the four-dimensional manifold or with the temporally ordered sequence of events located at these. I want to argue that something is wrong with the identity theory of passage. If passage and time qua part of the manifold are identical, then talk of passage should be translatable into talk about time qua part of the manifold (and vice versa). I show that this is not always possible.
Examination of Merricks’ Primitivism about Truth
Authors: Fisher A. R. J.
Published: October 2014

Merricks (2007; Truth and Ontology. Oxford: Clarendon Press) argues for and defends a novel version of primitivism about truth: being true is a primitive monadic but non-intrinsic property. This examination consists of the following triad: a critical discussion of Merricks’ argument for his view, a rejection of his objection against Horwich’s (1998; Truth, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press) minimalist theory of truth, and a direct objection against his view on the grounds that it entails being true is a mysterious and suspicious property. The conclusion is that Merricks’ primitivism should be rejected.
P-value calibration for multiple testing problems in genomics
Authors: Ferguson John P. , Palejev Dean
Published: October 2014

Conservative statistical tests are often used in complex multiple testing settings in which computing the type I error may be difficult. In such tests, the reported
Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat
Authors: Hansen Sterne Rita
Published: October 2014

Food systems include many issues interconnected through complex relationships. Some writers examine one part of the food system in depth but—from my perspective as a management student—a strength of Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat is that it examines food systems by systematically connecting a broad set of issues in its analysis of the widespread adoption of the industrial farming model. This model, the authors argue, requires vast tracts of arable land, makes broad and lifelong use of antibiotics in farm animals to minimize disease and encourage rapid growth, and promotes an increasing use of grain for animal feed rather than for human consumption. Throughout the book, the authors share evidence in an effort to encourage consumers to reflect on the implications of the system we support when purchasing our meat cheaply. The authors have written this book from their experiences as animal welfare activists for a broad audience, but focus their attention on costs that have been unaccounted for in the industrial food system.
The Ecological Hoofprint: The Global Burden of Industrial Agriculture
Authors: Akram-Lodhi Haroon
Published: October 2014

When global food prices spiked upwards in 2007, the popular press explained the spike, in part, by rising demand for meat in rapidly-growing ‘emerging markets’ such as India and South Africa. Such an explanation was palpably wrong: people in rich countries consume more than three times as much meat, and more than four times as much dairy, as people in developing countries, with Americans consuming 121 kilograms of meat per person per year while South Asians and Africans consume, on average, 18 kilograms and 7 kilograms, respectively, per person per year. Thus, in 2010 countries with 12 per cent of the world’s population consumed nearly one third of global meat consumption, while countries with a little under half the world population consumed 16 per cent of meat consumption.
Cognitive Outcomes in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome Treated With the Ketogenic Diet
Authors: Singh Rani K. , Joshi Sucheta M. , Potter Denise M. , Leber Steve M. , Carlson Martha D. , Shellhaas Renée A.
Published: October 2014

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a newly recognized epileptic encephalopathy in which previously healthy school-aged children present with prolonged treatment-resistant status epilepticus (SE). Survivors are typically left with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and severe cognitive impairment. Various treatment regimens have been reported, all with limited success. The ketogenic diet (KD) is an alternative treatment of epilepsy and may be an appropriate choice for children with refractory SE. We report 2 previously healthy children who presented with FIRES and were placed on the KD during the acute phase of their illness. Both children experienced resolution of SE and were maintained on the KD, along with other anticonvulsant medications, for several months. Both were able to return to school, with some academic accommodations. These cases highlight the potential value of the KD as a preferred treatment in FIRES, not only in the acute setting but also for long-term management. Early KD treatment might optimize both seizure control and cognitive outcome after FIRES.
Tragic Constitution: United States Democracy and Its Discontents
Authors: Mallios Peter Lancelot
Published: October 2014

Tragedy is a recurrent subject in recent constitutional law scholarship. But this scholarship theorizes tragedy through a single narrow model, generally applies it to a limited conception of the domain of constitutional law, and ultimately conceives tragedy only as a liability rather than as a positive potentiality of constitutional practice. This essay critiques one theoretical understanding of tragedy and introduces three more, to argue for an open-ended praxis of pluralist tragic engagement with the United States Constitution that is necessary for the sober, mature, demystified, and deliberative functionality of the constitutional system. Each of these four models of tragedy is paired with a domain of constitutional law: Aristotle's model with interpretation, Hegel's with structure and institutions, the radical Brazilian theater director Augusto Boal's with performance and public effects, and Nietzsche's with cultural and educational accessibility.
Churchill's Tragic Materialism; or, Imagining a Posthuman Tragedy
Authors: Diamond Elin
Published: October 2014

It would seem impossible to wrench dramatic tragedy away from humanism. In their encounters with fate, capricious gods, or a corrupt polis, tragedy's protagonists confront the injustice and futility of existence, and in their suffering and defeat they affirm the “indomitability of the human spirit,” the preeminent value of human life. Certainly this is George Steiner's view in The Death of Tragedy (1961), although his conservative hierarchies (no gods, no tragedy) have been refuted by critics who argue that there is profound tragedy in ordinary life (Williams; Eagleton; Poole) and that tragedy “continually adapts itself to the conditions of experience” (States 199). However, even Steiner's debunkers embrace his notion of tragedy as extremity, as an encounter with extrahuman forces and suffering far exceeding human guilt. So, I argue here, does the British playwright Caryl Churchill, who in 1994 produced a diptych of contemporary tragedy: The Skriker, first mounted in January 1994, and her translation of Seneca's Thyestes, staged just four months later. Taken together these plays absorb the “conditions of experience” of the mid-1990s in the West. Along with the horrors of the Bosnian War and continuing environmental and economic crises, such conditions might well include the widely touted mapping of the human genome, begun in 1990 and concluded in 2003, and, concurrently, a popular and scholarly fascination with affects, intensities, and “the lively immanence of matter” (Coole and Frost 9). What happens to the humanist foundations of tragedy when understandings of the human are subjected to these “new materialisms”? Churchill's The Skriker, along with her translation of Thyestes, invites us to imagine a seeming oxymoron, a posthuman tragedy.
Theoretical Versus Experimental Modeling of the Anchorage Capacity of Geotextiles in Trenches
Authors: Chareyre B. , Briançon L. , Villard P.
Published: October 2014

The behavior of the anchorage of geotextile sheets at the top of a slope is a decisive factor when determining the dimensions of geosynthetic lining systems on slopes. In order to optimize the geometry of the structures in question (to reduce the area taken up by the anchorage at the top of the slope), anchorage solutions using trenches of varying forms are sometimes used. Calculating the required dimensions of this anchorage remains problematic. To improve knowledge of the behavior of anchor trenches, experimental studies and numerical studies were developed. Full-scale pullout tests were carried out on anchored geotextile sheets (run-out anchorage and anchor trenches). Two types of soil were studied: sand and sandy silt. The numerical modeling proposed was based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM). This method is particularly well suited to the problem being addressed, for it enables consideration of major movements and large-scale deformation of the soil (rotation, compression, and lifting) as well as large displacements between the geotextile and the soil. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results provide practical conclusions concerning anchorage mechanisms.
Subsidence Evaluation of Geotextilereinforced Gravel Mats Bridging a Sinkhole
Authors: Poorooshasb H.B.
Published: October 2014

Compacted gravel mats, reinforced with layers of geosynthetic, are often used in areas prone to the occurrence of sinkholes. The purpose of the geosynthetic reinforcement is to bridge the cavities formed by the sinkholes. Since compaction of the overlying gravel inevitably involves the possibility of damaging the reinforcement, as well as higher costs, it is desirable to have a method of analysis that will provide a balance between cost and the best technical design. That is, enable the engineer to choose between a less compact gravel mat with a higher degree of reinforcement versus a more compact gravel mat containing less reinforcement. The present paper shows that, for a very dense gravel mat, geotextile reinforcement acts solely as a separator (it prevents the caving of the material into the sinkhole). For medium dense gravel mats, and gravel mats with a minimum degree of compaction, the geotextile reinforcement plays a more significant role in reducing the settlement at the surface of the gravel mat.
The importance of intraguild predation in predicting emergent multiple predator effects
Authors: Sitvarin Michael I. , Rypstra Ann L.
Published: October 2014

Prey typically coexist with multiple predator species, each of which presents a predation risk related to its habitat domain and foraging mode. These predator characteristics can be used to predict how the risk from multiple predators will combine to create emergent multiple predator effects for shared prey. Interactions between predators, particularly intraguild predation, can strongly alter prey suppression, though the importance of intraguild predation in multiple predator effects has not been explicitly explored. Furthermore, the vast majority of studies on multiple predator effects has focused on shared prey that are herbivorous, thus experiments focused on mesopredators are needed to evaluate the generality of conclusions made about multiple predator effects. We used a suite of carnivorous arthropods to test a predictive framework of multiple predator effects and to evaluate the role of intraguild predation in shaping these effects. We allowed the wolf spiders Pardosa milvina, Tigrosa helluo, and Rabidosa rabida and the ground beetle Scarites quadriceps to interact and recorded the outcome of all predatory events. We used two tests of multiple predator effects to determine whether predators created risk enhancement, risk reduction, or were substitutable. We found that the occurrence of intraguild predation decreased the overall risk to prey, causing observed multiple predator effects to deviate from predictions. Additionally, we highlight the importance of considering predator identity, as predators were capable of increasing, decreasing, or not altering the success of their competitors. Our study demonstrates that intraguild predation is a critical factor in determining how the risk from multiple predators will combine to affect their prey.
Delivery of marine larvae to shore requires multiple sequential transport mechanisms
Authors: Pfaff Maya C. , Branch George M. , Fisher Jennifer L. , Hoffmann Vera , Ellis Allan G. , Largier John L.
Published: October 2014

Most sedentary marine animals disperse from their place of origin during their initial life stages as larvae. The delivery of planktonic larvae back to coastal adult habitats after weeks or months of offshore development is commonly thought to be stochastic, resulting in large recruitment fluctuations and making predictive understanding of population dynamics difficult. Time series of invertebrate settlement on intertidal shores have been used to infer how various oceanographic processes deliver planktonic larvae ashore. However, the possibility that successful settlement may involve a series of different transport mechanisms, which are sequentially utilized by late‐stage larvae, has received little attention. To address this, we monitored both the delivery of mussel and barnacle larvae to inner‐shelf moorings positioned 200–1400 m from the shore, and larval settlement in the intertidal adult habitat, at two contrasting sites: a headland forming an upwelling center and a downstream bay. Model selection was employed to determine the most likely scenario(s) of larval onshore transport from four a priori transport mechanisms individually and in combination: (1) upwelling or relaxation/downwelling, (2) tidal motions, (3) diurnal sea breezes, and (4) surface waves. Mussel larvae were delivered to the inner shelf during upwelling in the bay, but during downwelling at the headland, and were further transported to the shore by surface waves at both locales. In contrast, the delivery of barnacle larvae to the inner shelf occurred during relaxation/downwelling events at both sites, and intertidal settlement coincided with spring tides, suggesting a role for internal tides in their onshore transport. Thus, sequential mechanisms appear to be utilized by larvae to get to the shore, involving interactions of regional‐scale upwelling/downwelling processes and local‐scale tidal and surface‐wave processes, which differ among taxa and among sites with different topography. A bottleneck for larval delivery across the surf zone may be a result of out‐of‐phase steps in sequential transport mechanisms leaving larvae lost “in transit.”
Tests of the coupled expression of latex and cardenolide plant defense in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Authors: Agrawal Anurag A. , Patrick Eamonn T. , Hastings Amy P.
Published: October 2014

The coexpression of plant resistance traits suggests the hypothesis that they may have complementary functions in defense against herbivory. To address the extent to which defensive traits are necessarily coupled in plants grown under various conditions, we focused on latex and cardenolides, two potent defenses of milkweeds. We measured defenses across ontogenetic stages, different biotic and abiotic environments, and across genetic families of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca. We first addressed the extent to which foliar cardenolides are derived from latex because latex actively flows through canals in leaves. We rinsed latex out of shredded leaves, which had no impact on foliar cardenolides, suggesting cardenolides are allocated to leaves independently of latex. Accordingly, there is potential for independent expression of the two traits. We next followed a cohort of plants from germination over three years; expression of both latex exudation and cardenolides increased annually, with the exception of a second year dip in cardenolides. Damage by monarch caterpillars induced ≈50% increases of both latex and cardenolides, with the former occurring rapidly within a day and the latter taking five days of herbivory; these responses were preceded by an earlier peak of the signaling hormones jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Endogenous jasmonic acid showed an instantaneous positive correlation with latex exudation and foliar cardenolides. Under drought stress, latex and cardenolide expression were reversed, with water stress suppressing latex exudation, but nearly doubling cardenolide concentrations. These drought effects were not driven by phytohormones in the expected manner, as jasmonic acid was unaffected, salicylic acid was strongly suppressed, and abscisic acid tripled in response to drought. Finally, a meta‐analysis of four previously published field studies representing 85 genetic families of A. syriaca revealed no evidence for a genetic correlation between latex exudation and foliar cardenolide concentrations. The same lack of a correlation was observed across 22 populations of A. syriaca when grown in a common environment. Thus, the two most important defensive traits of milkweeds, although often coexpressed, can become uncoupled during some ontogenetic stages, under some biotic and abiotic conditions, and there is no evidence that they evolve together.
Meloxicam Temporally Inhibits the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR)‐1 and VEGFR‐2 During Alveolar Bone Repair in Rats
Authors: Arantes Ricardo Vinicius Nunes , Cestari Tania Mary , Viscelli Bruno Alvares , Dionísio Thiago José , Garlet Gustavo Pompermaier , Santos Carlos Ferreira , de Assis Gerson Francisco , Taga Rumio
Published: October 2014

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role during angiogenesis and bone repair. This study investigated whether the use of meloxicam alters bone repair via downregulation of VEGF and receptor expression.

Methods: One hundred twenty male Wistar rats had their maxillary right incisor extracted. Animals were divided into a control group (CG; n = 60) and a meloxicam‐treated group (TG; n = 60) that received either a single daily intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% NaCl or meloxicam 3 mg/kg, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. Alveolar bone repair was evaluated histomorphometrically, whereas VEGF and its receptors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Data were submitted to two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test with P <0.05.

Results: Bone volume density increased significantly (P = 0.001) in both groups with a strong correlation between treatment and periods (P = 0.003). In the TG, a small amount of bone formation occurred compared with the CG between 3 and 21 days. No significant differences in the number of VEGF‐positive cells per square millimeter (P = 0.07) and VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression (P = 0.49) were found between groups. Immunostained cells per square millimeter and mRNA expression for VEGF receptor (VEGFR)‐1 (P = 0.04 and P <0.001) and VEGFR‐2 (P <0.001 for both analysis) showed a strong interaction between treatment groups and periods. In the TG, immunostained cells per square millimeter and mRNA expression for VEGFR‐1 were, respectively, 89% and 37% lower from 3 to 10 days compared with the CG, whereas for VEGFR‐2, these values were 252% and 60%, respectively, from 3 to 7 days.

Conclusion: In rat alveolar bone repair, meloxicam did not affect VEGF expression but downregulated VEGFR expression, which may cause a delay in the bone repair/remodeling process.
Key stakeholders' optimal strategy for upgrading water supply facilities in China
Authors: Wang Jia , Ge Jiaoju , Lu Qiang , Ning Hongyu
Published: October 2014

It is urgent to upgrade, replace and improve water supply facilities in China. Penalty, subsidy and water price increase are often considered the main policy tools for encouraging water supply companies to upgrade their production facilities. However, the implementation of upgrading water supply facilities is being confronted with some uncertainties because of the conflicts of involved stakeholders. This study develops a game model between municipal government and a water company to analyze their conflicts of interests and optimize the strategy for upgrading water supply facilities. Empirical analyses from three Chinese urban water companies are presented. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of penalty, subsidy and water price increase on strategies of upgrading water supply facilities were obtained. The main findings are that water price and penalty are the effective policies to optimize key stakeholders' strategies, while subsidy policy is not useful. The conclusion has important policy implications for ensuring water supply safety and reliability.
Estimating inflow to a combined sewer overflow structure with storage tank in real time: evaluation of different approaches
Authors: Leonhardt G. , D'Oria M. , Kleidorfer M. , Rauch W.
Published: October 2014

The performance assessment of storage tanks and combined sewer overflow (CSO) structures in sewer systems requires knowledge of the total inflow from the catchment during rainfall events. Many structures are, however, only equipped with sensors to measure water level and/or outflows. Based on the geometry of the tank, expressed as a level-storage relationship, inflow can be calculated from these data using a simple conceptual storage model. This paper compares a deterministic and a Bayesian approach for estimating the inflow to a CSO structure from measurements of outflows and water level. The Bayesian approach clearly outperforms the deterministic estimation which is very sensitive to measurement errors. Although computationally more demanding, the use of a simple linear storage model allows the online application of the Bayesian approach to repeatedly estimate inflow in short time intervals of a few minutes. The method could thus be used as an online software sensor for inflow to storage structures in sewer systems.
Spatial pattern analysis for water quality in free-surface constructed wetland
Authors: Mohammadpour Reza , Shaharuddin Syafiq , Chang Chun Kiat , Zakaria Nor Azazi , Ab Ghani Aminuddin
Published: October 2014

Free-surface constructed wetlands are known as a low-energy green technique to highly decrease a wide range of pollutants in wastewater and stormwater before discharge into natural water. In this study, two spatial analyses, principal factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis (HACA), were employed to interpret the effect of wetland on the water quality variables (WQVs) and to classify the wetland into groups with similar characteristics. Eleven WQVs were collected at the 17 sampling stations twice a month for 13 months. All sampling stations were classified by HACA into three clusters, with high, moderate, and low pollution areas. To improve the water quality, the performance of Cluster-III (micropool) is more significant than Cluster-I and Cluster-II. Implications of this study include potential savings of time and cost for long-term data monitoring purposes in the free-constructed wetland.
Regional optimal allocation for reducing waste loads via artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization: a case study of ammonia nitrogen in Harbin, northeast China
Authors: Zhao Ying , Guo Liang , Wang Yi , Wang Peng
Published: October 2014

Cutting external waste loads can improve water quality. Allocation for reducing waste loads should consider changing variables, such as river flows and pollutant emissions. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) method and coupling artificial neural network (ANN) models have been applied to optimize reduction rates of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) loads from sewage outlets in Harbin, northeast China. For the planned water quality functional section (WQFS), the NH3-N concentration is related to emitted pollutant loads and can be well predicted by ANN linkage models. Further, NH3-N load reduction rates of all outlets are optimized by PSO with the water quality standard target. The highest NH3-N concentrations occur in January and February, a typical low-flow period in Harbin. The results delivered optimum NH3-N reduction rates for the five outlets, for January and February 2011. All predicted NH3-N concentrations after the reduction meet the water quality standard. The results indicate that the outlet with the highest NH3-N load has the biggest reduction rate in each WQFS, and outlets in the WQFS with higher background NH3-N concentrations need to cut more NH3-N loads. Decision-makers should not only focus on the outlet with the highest NH3-N emission load, but also ensure that the NH3-N concentration of upper WQFS meets the water quality goal.
Morphological properties of fruit bearing shoots of apricot cultivars
Authors: Milatovic Dragan , Djurovic Dejan , Zec Gordan
Published: October 2014

Morphological properties of fruit bearing shoots: length, number of flower
buds and vegetative buds and their ratio were studied in 20 apricot cultivars
during a two-year period. Control cultivar for comparison was ?Hungarian
Best? (?Magyar kajszi?), clone 235. Fruit bearing shoots of apricot were
classified into three groups: shoots, sylleptic shoots and spurs. The average
length of shoots ranged from 68.8 to 85.0 cm; of sylleptic shoots from 6.9 to
27.0 cm; and of spurs from 1.4 to 4.1 cm. Flower buds/vegetative buds ratio
was higher in spurs and sylleptic shoots (2,5 on average), compared to shoots
(1,8 on average). Most of the studied apricot cultivars are characterized by
higher flower bud density compared to control cultivar (?Hungarian Best?),
indicating their higher yield potential. For all studied traits statistically
significant differences between cultivars were found. The great variability
was found in length of shoots, number of flower buds, and number of
vegetative buds, while small coefficients of variation were found in
thickness of shoots and length of internodes. Based on the obtained results,
recommendations for pruning can be made. Cultivars with a higher number of
flower buds (per 1 m in length and in relation to vegetative buds) such as:
?Lenova?, ?Tomcot?, ?Veecot?, ?Ninfa?, ?Sophia?, ?Silvercot? and ?Goldrich?
require severe pruning. On the other hand, cultivars with lower flower bud
density e.g. ?Hungarian Best?, ?Cegledy Arany? and ?Bella d?Imola? can be
pruned slightly.
Depth of field in dental photography and methods for its control
Authors: Dukic Zlatomir
Published: October 2014

The emergence of photographs has been a milestone in the development of
society by making life richer and more comprehensive. Dental photography as
part of clinical medical photography plays a role primarily as a document,
but also as a tool for educating students and continuing education of
dentists. The aim of this paper is to present possible applications of
traditional and digital photography in dentistry at the present stage of
technological development. Dental photography requires some knowledge and
equipment to obtain quality images of intraoral structures. The control of
depth of field (DOF) is one of the important factors for successful dental
photography. DOF can be controlled by changing relative aperture, using
special lenses with decentring to achieve the effect of Scheimpflug?s
principle as well as the use of specialized software which uses series of
images with selective focus to form a composite picture. Special significance
of dental photography is documentation and ability to record maximum
information in conditions that can be repeated. Standardization of conditions
during recording oral cavity, adequate storage and archiving of dental
photographs are also important prerequisites for quality and useful
photography.
Group Dynamics in Pedestrian Crowds
Authors: Gorrini Andrea , Bandini Stefania , Sarvi Majid
Published: October 2014

Recent crowd disasters highlight the importance of properly planning and designing large urban events and public spaces to enhance the safety of people in a crowd during evacuations. Pedestrian crowd dynamics are empirically investigated with an interdisciplinary approach (i.e., social sciences, computer science, and traffic engineering) focusing on the effect of groups and their proxemic behavior and interactions while walking. Empirical evidence achieved from urban in-field observations and laboratory experiments are presented and compared. Results indicate that the proxemic behavior of walking groups has a negative effect on walking speed when flow is irregular (primarily because of the need for members to maintain spatial cohesion during locomotion). These results have important implications for the design of common metrics to characterize spatial interactions among pedestrians and for the validation of models to replicate crowd dynamics that consider the effects of groups under normal and emergency conditions.
Modeling and Analysis of Merging Behavior at Expressway On-Ramp Bottlenecks
Authors: Sun Jian , Ouyang Jixiang , Yang Jianhao
Published: October 2014

Merging behavior is inevitable for drivers at on-ramp bottlenecks and a significant factor in triggering a traffic breakdown. Empirical data were collected by extracting trajectories from merging vehicles and adjacent vehicles at two on-ramp bottlenecks in Shanghai, China. These data included 58 normal (free-flow) lane changes (NLCs), 36 cooperative lane changes (CLCs), 135 forced lane changes (FLCs), and 188 unsuccessful lane changes (USLCs). The objective was to develop and compare five discrete choice models (two multinomial logit and three nested logit) to understand merging behavior at on-ramp bottlenecks better. Estimation results showed that the two-level nested logit model considering three merging types (NLC, CLC, and FLC) provided the best fit. The traffic flow condition (bottleneck), the time gap and the space gap of the lag vehicle, and the speed of the merging vehicle were key factors when choosing merging types. The resulting quantitative models can be used to perform a microscopic analysis of the breakdown mechanism and develop a traffic simulation model.
Modeling Vehicle Interactions during Merge in Congested Weaving Section of Freeway Ramp
Authors: Wan Xia , Jin Peter J. , Yang Fan , Zhang Jian , Ran Bin
Published: October 2014

One major limitation of existing microscopic traffic simulation models is the lack of data about vehicle interactions during the lane-changing process in congested merging areas. The interactions between vehicles during lane changing in the congested weaving sections are quantified. A series of acceleration-deceleration models was developed for the merging vehicle, its putative leader (PL), and its putative follower (PF). After US-101 data were analyzed, the yielding behavior of the merging vehicle's PL for merging cooperation and the lateral separation between vehicles in the weaving section (features largely ignored in previous research) were introduced into the proposed acceleration—deceleration models, and visual angle data were used as the stimuli to reflect the influence of longitudinal and lateral vehicle movements. Car-following behavior was incorporated into the model (e.g., the PF gradually changed its car-following leader from the PL to the merging vehicle, dependent on relative vehicle locations). Calibrated and validated with FHWA's next generation simulation (NGSIM) program trajectory data, the proposed acceleration-deceleration models could qualitatively simulate the behavior of drivers in lane-changing maneuvers with acceptable training and testing errors. To verify the cooperative behavior of the PL in lane changing, the proposed PL acceleration-deceleration model was compared with a base car-following model. Results indicate that incorporating the effects of the merging vehicle on the PL can enhance the realism of a lane-changing model. Findings from this study can contribute to the understanding of interactions between vehicles during complex lane-changing processes.
The Israel–Palestine Peace Process: Proposals towards Justice
Authors: Aruri Naseer H.
Published: October 2014

Since 1948, numerous UN resolutions uphold the fundamental rights of the Palestinians. At every point, however, redress has been pre-empted by Israeli diplomatic maneuvering. This was bolstered by the ‘peace process’, which bypassed the original and subsequent injustices. The Oslo Process did not address issues of justice, but could have led to the realization of Zionism's strategic goals. Rather than acknowledging its own responsibilities for the Nakba, Israel blamed the victims, who have received neither admission of Israel's responsibility nor apology. In this Orwellian world order it is the victims who must atone. It is argued here that, rather than looking to the big powers for redress, the Palestinians should build an international grassroots movement working with others to bring about justice.
Modelling Extraction of White Tea Polyphenols: The Influence of Temperature and Ethanol Concentration
Authors: Peiró Sara , Gordon Michael , Blanco Mónica , Pérez-Llamas Francisca , Segovia Francisco , Almajano María
Published: October 2014

The optimization of the extraction of natural antioxidants from white tea has fostered intensive research. This study has investigated the effects of ethanol-water mixtures, temperature and time on the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant components from white tea. The response surface methodology was applied to identify the best extraction conditions. The best conditions to maximize the extraction of total polyphenols were: ethanol, 50%, for 47.5 min. Although the yield of polyphenols was optimal at 65 °C, the maximum antioxidant capacity was achieved with an extraction temperature of 90 °C. This study has identified the optimal conditions for the extraction of tea liquor with the best antioxidant properties. Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epicatechin were extracted from white tea at concentrations up to 29.6 ± 10.6, 5.40 ± 2.09, 5.04 ± 0.20 and 2.48 ± 1.10 mg/100 g.
Screening for Infectious Diseases among Newly Arrived Migrants in EU/EEA Countries—Varying Practices but Consensus on the Utility of Screening
Authors: Kärki Tommi , Napoli Christian , Riccardo Flavia , Fabiani Massimo , Dente Maria , Carballo Manuel , Noori Teymur , Declich Silvia
Published: October 2014

Screening is one possible tool for monitoring infectious diseases among migrants. However, there is limited information on screening programmes targeted for newly arrived migrants in EU/EEA countries. Our aim was to investigate the implementation, practices and usefulness of these programmes. We conducted a survey among country experts from EU/EEA countries and Switzerland, asking whether their countries had implemented screening programmes. We also estimated the association between the implementation of these programmes and the rate of asylum-seekers in the population. Of the countries, 16 (59%) had implemented screening programmes and 15 (56%) had national guidelines. The rate of asylum-seekers was associated with implementation of screening programmes (p = 0.014). Screening was performed most often for tuberculosis; most commonly on holding level, and was targeted to specific migrant groups in over half of the countries performing screening. Twenty-five of all the country experts (96%) considered screening among migrants useful, and 24 (92%) would welcome EU level guidelines for screening. The implementation of screening programmes varied, and the practices were different among countries. Our survey suggests, that establishing EU level guidelines for screening would be useful, although they would have to take into account differences between individual countries.
Fouling Issues in Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) for Wastewater Treatment: Major Mechanisms, Prevention and Control Strategies
Authors: Gkotsis Petros , Banti Dimitra , Peleka Efrosini , Zouboulis Anastasios , Samaras Petros
Published: October 2014

Membrane fouling is one of the most important considerations in the design and operation of membrane systems as it affects pretreatment needs, cleaning requirements, operating conditions, cost and performance. Given that membrane fouling represents the main limitation to membrane process operation, it is unsurprising that the majority of membrane material and process research and development conducted is dedicated to its characterization and amelioration. This work presents the fundamentals of fouling issues in membrane separations, with specific regard to membrane fouling in Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) and the most frequently applied preventive-control strategies. Feed pretreatment, physical and chemical cleaning protocols, optimal operation of MBR process and membrane surface modification are presented and discussed in detail. Membrane fouling is the major obstacle to the widespread application of the MBR technology and, therefore, fouling preventive-control strategies is a hot issue that strongly concerns not only the scientific community, but industry as well.
Walking in Balance: Native American Recovery Programmes
Authors: Owen Suzanne
Published: October 2014

This article reviews Native American ritual practices, frameworks and key concepts employed by several substance abuse treatments centres in the U.S. and Canada. It also examines the way Alcoholics Anonymous’ Twelve Step programme has been modified to attract and serve the needs of Native Americans and First Nations and its potential impact on the ritual practices. Native concepts of wellbeing are highlighted and linked to the idea of living in “balance”.
Now You See It… Now You Don’t: Understanding Airborne Mapping LiDAR Collection and Data Product Generation for Archaeological Research in Mesoamerica
Authors: Fernandez-Diaz Juan , Carter William , Shrestha Ramesh , Glennie Craig
Published: October 2014

In this paper we provide a description of airborne mapping LiDAR, also known as airborne laser scanning (ALS), technology and its workflow from mission planning to final data product generation, with a specific emphasis on archaeological research. ALS observations are highly customizable, and can be tailored to meet specific research needs. Thus it is important for an archaeologist to fully understand the options available during planning, collection and data product generation before commissioning an ALS survey, to ensure the intended research questions can be answered with the resultant data products. Also this knowledge is of great use for the researcher trying to understand the quality and limitations of existing datasets collected for other purposes. Throughout the paper we use examples from archeological ALS projects to illustrate the key concepts of importance for the archaeology researcher.
A Novel Low-Cost Open-Hardware Platform for Monitoring Soil Water Content and Multiple Soil-Air-Vegetation Parameters
Authors: Bitella Giovanni , Rossi Roberta , Bochicchio Rocco , Perniola Michele , Amato Mariana
Published: October 2014

Monitoring soil water content at high spatio-temporal resolution and coupled to other sensor data is crucial for applications oriented towards water sustainability in agriculture, such as precision irrigation or phenotyping root traits for drought tolerance. The cost of instrumentation, however, limits measurement frequency and number of sensors. The objective of this work was to design a low cost “open hardware” platform for multi-sensor measurements including water content at different depths, air and soil temperatures. The system is based on an open-source ARDUINO microcontroller-board, programmed in a simple integrated development environment (IDE). Low cost high-frequency dielectric probes were used in the platform and lab tested on three non-saline soils (ECe1: 2.5 < 0.1 mS/cm). Empirical calibration curves were subjected to cross-validation (leave-one-out method), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were respectively 0.09 for the overall model, 0.09 for the sandy soil, 0.07 for the clay loam and 0.08 for the sandy loam. The overall model (pooled soil data) fitted the data very well (R2 = 0.89) showing a high stability, being able to generate very similar RMSEs during training and validation (RMSEtraining = 2.63; RMSEvalidation = 2.61). Data recorded on the card were automatically sent to a remote server allowing repeated field-data quality checks. This work provides a framework for the replication and upgrading of a customized low cost platform, consistent with the open source approach whereby sharing information on equipment design and software facilitates the adoption and continuous improvement of existing technologies.
In Vivo Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Cystography Using Clinically Relevant Dual Modal Indocyanine Green
Authors: Park Sungjo , Kim Jeesu , Jeon Mansik , Song Jaewon , Kim Chulhong
Published: October 2014

Conventional X-ray-based cystography uses radio-opaque materials, but this method uses harmful ionizing radiation and is not sensitive. In this study, we demonstrate nonionizing and noninvasive photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) cystography using clinically relevant indocyanine green (ICG) in vivo. After transurethral injection of ICG into rats through a catheter, their bladders were photoacoustically and fluorescently visualized. A deeply positioned bladder below the skin surface (i.e., ~1.5–5 mm) was clearly visible in the PA and FL image using a laser pulse energy of less than 2 mJ/cm2 (1/15 of the safety limit). Then, the in vivo imaging results were validated through in situ studies. Our results suggest that dual modal cystography can provide a nonionizing and noninvasive imaging tool for bladder mapping.
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Thomas
Published: October 2014

In the present review, the main objective was to describe the epidemiology and clinical features of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong. From 1989 to 2008, the annual incidence of ciguatera varied between 3.3 and 64.9 (median 10.2) per million people. The groupers have replaced the snappers as the most important cause of ciguatera. Pacific-ciguatoxins (CTX) are most commonly present in reef fish samples implicated in ciguatera outbreaks. In affected subjects, the gastrointestinal symptoms often subside within days, whereas the neurological symptoms can persist for weeks or even months. Bradycardia and hypotension, which can be life-threatening, are common. Treatment of ciguatera is primarily supportive and symptomatic. Intravenous mannitol (1 g/kg) has also been suggested. To prevent ciguatera outbreaks, the public should be educated to avoid eating large coral reef fishes, especially the CTX-rich parts. A Code of Practice on Import and Sale of Live Marine Fish for Human Consumption for Prevention and Control of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning was introduced from 2004 to 2013. The Food Safety Ordinance with a tracing mechanism came into full effect in February 2012. The Government would be able to trace the sources of the fishes more effectively and take prompt action when dealing with ciguatera incidents.