bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chauvinists and Breadwinners in the ‘Classic Welfare State’
Authors: Millward Gareth
Published: August 2022

The previous chapters demonstrated who the welfare state was designed for and how it was administered on the ground. However, certain groups were excluded from these plans, whether by ignorance or design. This chapter traces how the sick note was discussed in policy documentation in relation to marginalized populations. In doing so, it shows that the needs of the very poorest, people born outside the United Kingdom, and women were not always served well by the sick note system. Medical certification remained an important gatekeeping device, but often eligibility to state benefits was dictated by other qualifying criteria. This chapter therefore considers three areas up to circa 1980. The first is National Assistance—the social security system for those without National Insurance contributions. This was such an afterthought that when government sick notes were reviewed in 1949, nobody remembered to ask the National Assistance Board for their views. Second, the chapter analyses how immigrants were treated within sickness systems and how various prejudices and bureaucratic procedures contributed to systemic discrimination. Finally, the social security system considered married women a separate bureaucratic category, demonstrating how sickness and disability benefits were routinely denied to certain classes of woman. In particular, the curious ‘Housewife’s Non-contributory Invalidity Pension’ explains both the privileged position of working-age British-born men in the welfare state as well as the tensions created by greater demands from the British citizenry for equal treatment under the law.
The ‘Death’ of the Sick Note?
Authors: Millward Gareth
Published: August 2022

Just as the ‘birth’ of the sick note in Chapter 2 owed much to events that had preceded it, so the idea of the sick note extended well beyond its ‘death’ in 2010. The Brown government replaced the ‘Med 3’ sick note with a ‘fit note’, designed to record what patients could do rather than what they could not. This would supposedly allow workers to return to paid employment quicker, as employers could make reasonable adjustments to work practices and environments and workers would not be encouraged to see themselves as ‘incapable’. This was the culmination of various developments in New Labour’s employment and social security policy since the late 1990s. This chapter explores these trends while also noting the increased surveillance and intervention by employers over short-term absences. The increase in ‘lean’ workplaces and precarious employment—combined with declining union power and collectivized sick pay—meant employers had less capacity to cope with unexpected absences. These discourses around absenteeism were met with resistance, a demonstrated in media headlines about employment tribunals and the way workers expressed their frustrations on the new medium of the World Wide Web. Combined, we see the 2000s was a decade of contrasts—on the one hand right-wing tabloids complained about ‘Sick Note Britain’; while on the other, there was increasing awareness about the need to respect the mental and physical stresses of work and provide adequate support.
Verbal nouns in Cicero’s narrative texts
Authors: Spevak Olga
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 deals with the use of various verbal nouns in three of Cicero’s texts: the treatise De divinatione, the speech Pro Milone, and a sample of letters to Atticus. It aims to describe their use and their properties, in particular the syntactic functions they fulfil in the clause. At the clause level, verbal nouns are used as subject or object with verbs of existence, happening, perception, and communication. They are also found as means or purpose adjuncts. They frequently express or imply arguments but they also show reduction of arguments: usually only one argument expressed, the other being implied from the subject of the clause or another constituent, or from the context. At the noun phrase level, verbal nouns occur with well-delimited groups of expressions requiring a complement (valency nouns). In narrative texts verbal nouns serve for condensation of information and textual coherence.
Verbal nouns in technical texts
Authors: Spevak Olga
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 investigates the use and the functions of -tio and -tus nouns in Cicero’s De inventione on rhetoric and Vitruvius’ De architectura on architecture, with some remarks on Frontinus’ report on Rome’s water supply. It shows that verbal nouns in -tio are a productive means for naming concepts, procedures, techniques, and ways of doing something. Nominalization with -tio nouns in technical texts serves purposes of generalization, including effacement of the agent (de-agentivization) and/or generalization of the object. In technical treatises verbal nouns often occur in definitions in complex noun phrases. In the treatise on architecture, the productive -tio nouns are used not only with a verbal meaning to refer to techniques, but also with a concrete meaning to name the objects created by a given technique. The criterion of collocation helps to distinguish both uses.
THE CAUSES OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL TYRANNY
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

Given the physical conditions in space, such as on the Moon and Mars, and the challenges to liberty they might cause, an attempt can be made to identify the forms and sources of tyranny in space. They emerge from political, economic, and social conditions. In particular, the control over vital resources and the isolation caused by vast spatial scales in space are two conduits for illiberal behaviour. Other factors provide fertile ground for the emergence of tyranny in space settlements. The identification of the conditions for tyranny in space provides the basis for considering how to mitigate these effects and construct societies in which humans can realise diverse forms of liberty.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND LIBERTY
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

For a society to function successfully beyond Earth, its scientific institutions must be capable of supporting the advancement of knowledge and technology as well as helping to secure the social conditions for liberty. For an extraterrestrial settlement to successfully produce innovations and ideas in a lethal environment, it must be capable of placing science centre stage in its institutional arrangements and encouraging the full and unrestricted development of original ideas. At the same time, the complex technical machinery that sustains people must not become a means of controlling them; instead, scientific education is essential for people to understand these complicated life-support systems and challenge decisions about them. How can science be used to benefit the social condition of extraterrestrial settlements? How should science and scientific organisations be organised beyond Earth? This chapter addresses these questions.
ENGINEERING LIBERTY
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

To enhance the chances of building successful free societies beyond Earth, engineering can be used to design structures and parts of settlements to mitigate or minimise the tendency for highly autocratic modes of governance. The design of settlements to discourage excessive centralisation, the capacity for overproduction of vital resources such as oxygen, and the diversification of production methods are examples of how engineering can be used to enhance the conditions for freedom. These ideas can be applied to the freedom of movement problem by improving the flexibility and mass production of spacesuits. Conditions for economic freedom can be advanced by improving the capacity for the movement of materials and people throughout the Solar System, primarily by constructing reliable, mass-produced spaceships. In other words, engineering can be used to plan for freedom.
EDUCATING THE FREE CITIZEN
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

It is crucial to the emergence of freedom beyond Earth that citizens are educated to understand aspects of liberty and the methods needed to survive in such harsh extremes, as well as given a scientific and technical knowledge of their environment. How do we educate the extraterrestrial citizen to create a society that will not only thrive, but will allow for the emergence of liberty in a fundamentally tyranny-prone environment? Education in science and technology will be important for people to understand the technology that enables them to survive. However, education in liberty, ‘planetary knowledge’, and critical-thinking skills (‘methods of life’) might also be considered to be a trinity that will help an extraterrestrial society be successfully established. In sum, an extraterrestrial educational environment conducive to liberty is envisaged.
A FREE COSMOS
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

Outer space is a tyranny-prone environment, but we can create societies in which liberty is encouraged and nurtured by considering the political, economic, legal, scientific, engineering, artistic, and educational structures around which a society is formed. Within each of these areas is a set of institutions, and even a physical infrastructure, that can improve the chances of free government taking root beyond Earth. If this is done successfully, no free society can be definitely guaranteed, but the chances of mitigating despotisms beyond Earth can be improved and the environment for free societies rendered more fertile. Ultimately, the long-term future of human liberty more widely may rest on our capacity to develop free societies beyond Earth.
The Moral Metaphor System
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: August 2022

This book presents a study of moral metaphors in English and Chinese, applying cognitive linguistics’ conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) to a comparative study of linguistic manifestation of the moral metaphor system rooted in the domains of bodily and physical experience. It intends to shed light on the metaphorical nature of moral cognition and how it is systematically manifested in language. The study sets out with the central goal to contribute to the discovery of potential commonalities that define moral cognition in general as well as the detection of possible differences that characterize distinct cultures concerning moral cognition. It probes into moral cognition at the cultural level as reflected in language, based on linguistic evidence from both English and Chinese and, to a limited extent, multimodal evidence from the corresponding cultures. The moral metaphor system under study is taken as consisting of three major subsystems, named in a shorthand fashion as “physical”, “visual”, and “spatial”. The three subsystems are clusters of conceptual metaphors, whose source concepts are from domains of embodied experiences in the physical world, and which are formulated in contrastive categories with bipolar values for the target concepts moral and immoral. The study is characterized by two keywords: system and systematicity. The former refers to the fact that metaphors (conceptual and linguistic) are connected in networks; the latter refers to the need that metaphors should be studied in such networks.
Moral cognition and embodied metaphor
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: August 2022

This chapter serves as an introduction of the study. It outlines the theoretical framework in conceptual metaphor theory and its research on moral metaphors grounded in embodied experience in physical and cultural environment. The study aims to approach moral cognition at the cultural level as reflected in language. To do this, it focuses on a comparative study between English and Chinese, looking at similarities and differences between them. The chapter also discusses how the study sees moral metaphors as forming a unified system with three subsystems, which are respectively named “physical”, “visual”, and “spatial”. To analyze this metaphor system, the study uses a mixed methodology with both lexical and corpus-based approaches.
Moral metaphors in anatomy and multimodality
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: August 2022

This chapter takes on anatomic and multimodal perspectives on moral metaphor analysis. It examines the nature of the moral metaphors with a decompositional approach to metaphorical-compound analysis (DAMCA), addressing some issues concerning their target and source concepts. The main arguments are: first, moral metaphors are not primary metaphors; second, they can be analyzed as multilevel structures composed of primary and complex metaphors, metonymies as well as literal propositions. This chapter also looks at the unity of the moral metaphor system with a focus on the three different sets of source concepts from the three subsystems. In addition, this chapter analyzes some examples of visual or multimodal manifestation of moral metaphors, showing how verbal and visual metaphors reinforce each other in instantiating conceptual metaphors in the moral metaphor system.
Logical Consequence
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains the central concept of this book — the concept of consequence relation, as well as its counterpart, that of consequence operator. We prove the main properties of these concepts. In addition, we show several ways in which consequence relations can be defined and modified. We pay special attention to the determination of consequence relations using logical matrices and inference rules. The first way leads to the Lindenbaum method and the Lindenbaum theorem. The second method is very natural, and we consider several of its options. In particular, we discuss in some detail the definition of consequence relations defined by modus rules. We also discuss in this chapter the idea of completeness.
Equational L-Consequence
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei
Published: August 2022

While the equational consequence of Chapter 7 is a direct application of the concept of matrix consequence to E-matrices, the concept of equational L-consequence is an extension of Birkhoff’s “equational logic”; namely, in contrast to the equational logic, we assume that the equational L-consequence can be defined for any nonempty set of E-matrices. Also in this chapter, we show the connection between the equational consequence and the equational L-consequence and illustrate the latter concept with two examples: the class of Boolean algebras with equality and the class of Heyting algebras with equality. In addition, we define the Lindenbaum-Tarski matrices for the equational L-consequence and demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
Where does love come from?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Synthesizing ideas from psychoanalysis, ethology, and experimental psychology, John Bowlby argued that infants are born with a propensity to elicit and seek out comfort from potential caregivers, especially when anxious or uncertain. They form a secure attachment to those who offer such comfort, especially when caregivers do so consistently and reliably. Attachments are less secure if the caregiver is only intermittently available. These ideas about secure and insecure attachments have guided thinking about: (i) how children display disorganized attachment reactions to loving but nonetheless abusive caregivers; (ii) the nature of romantic attachments in adulthood; (iii) the nature of believers’ relationships to God; and (iv) the long-term consequences for development of severe emotional deprivation in early childhood. Overall, the findings underline infants’ early emerging ability to discern and remember who has cared for them and who has not.
How do children learn words?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

In early childhood, typically developing children add around five new words to their vocabulary each day. Moreover, thanks to various biases and strategies, they typically infer the meaning of a newly encountered word correctly. Despite this widespread ability, children vary in the rate at which they build their vocabulary and its eventual size—with important repercussions for their progress in school. Environmental factors appear to play a role in these individual differences. Some children grow up in families where a talkative caregiver often engages them in connected conversation, whereas other children do not. Such variation in language input has subtle but detectable effects on early language processing: a rich linguistic environment helps infants to detect, recognize, and learn words more efficiently. That said, as children get older, the impact of genetic factors also becomes increasingly evident.
Do children live in a fantasy world?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Freud and Piaget both adopted a negative stance toward young children’s early pretend play, implying that it is an escape from reality that is gradually suppressed as they become more rational and objective. However, toddlers use their knowledge of reality to make sense of what is happening in a make-believe world, realizing that it mostly obeys the same causal laws as the real world. Indeed, young children often think about what might have happened not in an escapist manner but in order to assess how an outcome was caused and how might it have been prevented, or how a transgressor deviated from what he or she should have done. In addition, children acknowledge the fantasy–reality distinction even if—like adults—they can be emotionally engaged by pretend and fictional episodes that they know to be merely fictional.
Are children natural psychologists?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Young children come to realize that what they know may not be known to someone else, especially someone with a false belief. This insight into the workings of the mind—or theory of mind, as it has been called—appears to be universal among typically developing children—although there is controversy about when exactly children acquire it. Some psychologists argue that even infants have some insight into other minds, but others argue for its emergence in the preschool years. Less controversial is the key role of language: deaf children who are born into hearing and non-signing families (and therefore have little access to everyday conversation) show a marked delay in their theory of mind. Children with autism display a similar delay, but in their case such difficulties appear to be linked to challenges in interpersonal communication from infancy onward.
Can we trust children’s memory?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Although babies can remember what they saw an adult do and copy it the next day, they—and we—generally suffer from amnesia about what happened throughout the first 2–3 years of life. This infantile amnesia gradually recedes, arguably because other people help children to recover biographical memories by asking questions and offering reminders. Indeed, parents who offer such elaborations—rather than simply quizzing their child about what happened—tend to have children with richer recall of the past. Yet questions and reminders can also be unhelpful. Children can even be led to think about something that never happened and come to think that it actually did. Such false memories underline the ease with which children integrate what they are told with what they observed.
Do children understand emotion?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Darwin argued that human beings—like other species—express their emotions facially, and indeed there is some evidence that human beings everywhere do express the same emotions via the same facial expressions. However, young children soon begin to use words to express their emotions. They begin to realize that the emotion that a person feels will depend less on the situation that he or she is actually in than on the thoughts and preferences that the person brings to that situation. They also come to realize that more complicated social emotions such as guilt depend on how individuals judge what they have done in relation to what they should have done. Children come to these insights into emotion at different ages, with family conversation about emotion playing an important tutorial role in children’s understanding
Do children believe in magic?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Children are skeptical about magic and magical explanations. For example, in explaining puzzling or unexpected outcomes, they typically invoke naturalistic rather than supernatural explanations. Despite this endorsement of natural, causal regularities and constraints, many children accept that miracles are possible and that God has miraculous powers. This combination of naturalistic and supernatural thinking is well exemplified by children’s conceptualization of death. Although they increasingly see it as a natural event that terminates all mental and biological processes, they are also likely to affirm the possibility of an afterlife. Moreover, there is little indication that children see any conflict between their biological beliefs and their afterlife beliefs. Similarly, adults can be dubious about the supernatural beliefs of other groups while failing to question their own.
Is developmental psychology ethnocentric?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Findings in developmental psychology have typically been gathered in Europe, Russia, and the USA. Nevertheless, there are increasing efforts to sample from a broader range of cultures. Such cross-cultural comparisons have often highlighted differences between the analytic thinking style that predominates in many Western cultures and the more holistic thinking style that predominates in many Asian cultures—as exemplified by cross-cultural differences in the tendency to invoke personality factors rather than more holistic situational factors (the so-called fundamental attribution error). Developmental research indicates that these differences in cognitive style emerge early in development, even before children start formal schooling—as exemplified by cross-cultural differences in performance in the Asch paradigm and on tests of focused versus distributed attention.
What have we learned?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Across successive chapters, three recurrent themes have emerged. First, it is part of a child’s biological endowment to be attuned to the beliefs and practices of the surrounding culture. This implies, contrary to the standard portrait of the child as steadily moving toward rationality and enlightenment, that children may end up with various assumptions and beliefs that have little connection with objective reality or secular reward. Second, children display a disconcerting mix of autonomy (in both the cognitive and the moral domains) whilst often deferring to the views of those around them. This disconcerting mix is illustrated by children’s attitudes toward gender. Many children go along with the expectations that come with the gender they are assigned at birth, but some transgender children do not. Third, children like adults often display inconsistency in their responses; for example, they may not overtly express prejudice toward outgroups, but, when appropriately tested, they reveal implicit biases against such groups. Finally, children display a mix of naturalistic and supernatural thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter outlines the research question that informs the book, its overall argument, and its structure. It is puzzling that despite the vast size of the shadow banking system, its cross-border nature, the danger of regulatory arbitrage, the risks it poses for financial stability, and its role in the 2008 international financial crisis, the post-crisis regulation of shadow banking remained feeble. Why? This book identifies a ‘game of shadows’, which unfolded in consecutive and recursive steps concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking internationally. The playing out of such a game was facilitated by the international architecture for shadow banking governance, which is a ‘regime complex’. Indeed, shadow banking is a quintessential case for demonstrating the perils of international regime complexity, which magnifies problems that are endemic in governing global finance, while splintering solutions, due to the fragmentation of regulatory authority.
Defining, Measuring and Monitoring Global Shadow Banking
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the definition, measurement, and monitoring of global shadow banking, which were contested. Initially, the US and the EU sought to define shadow banking in a way that was most suitable for them, triggering the opposition of emerging economies that had a burgeoning shadow banking system, notably, China. Then, it was the turn of the US and the EU to backtrack on the very use of the term ‘shadow banking’, which was renamed as ‘market-based finance’. Moreover, regulators gathered in the Financial Stability Board (FSB) had to start from scratch by defining what shadow banking was because this was a new area of regulation and suitable data on various aspects of shadow banking were missing. At the same time, there was limited mobilization by the financial industry on this aspect, as private financial actors preferred to lobby on specific pieces of regulation that directly affected them.
Securities Financing
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the international governance of shadow banking activities, specifically, securities financing transactions, which include securities lending and repos. The international governance of securities financing was weakened by disjointed and half-hearted pace-setting by the main jurisdictions. Moreover, the regulation of the repo market intersected with monetary policy, which was a major concern for central banks, and with fiscal policy, which was of primary interest to finance ministries. In turn, this elicited puzzling and turf fighting among regulators. Finally, there was the infrastructural power of the financial industry because the functioning of the repo market affected the conduct of monetary policies and the refinancing of public debts on the market. Thus, private financial actors engaged in lobbying cum venue shopping at the international and domestic levels.
Securitization
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines another type of shadow banking activity: securitization. In the wake of the 2008 crisis, new international standards on securitization were issued. From 2015 onwards, these standards were traded down to re-launch ‘simple, transparent and standardized securitization’. The first factor that affected the international governance of securitization was pace-setting by the main jurisdictions, the US and the EU, which, however, inverted roles over time. Puzzling among financial regulators contributed to the swings of the regulatory pendulum because, initially, regulatory agencies considered securitization as a problem to be addressed. Later on, it became a solution in order to provide additional credit to the real economy. The third factor that affected the international governance of securitization was lobbying by the financial industry, which sought to forge an alliance with private actors in the real economy and regulators in Europe.
Overall Comparative Assessment
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter compares the elemental regimes of the international shadow banking complex. It then discusses the preferences of the main actors that engage in the game of shadows concerning the definition, measurement, and regulation of shadow banking, explaining how their pathways of influence are affected by regime complexity. Finally, this chapter spells out the perils of regime complexity and puts forward policy recommendations. It is argued that regime complexity generates a multi-dimensional chessboard in which various actors play, compounding problems, while splintering solutions. Jurisdictions pursue different preferences and compete with each other; sectoral regulators disagree on consequential matters involving bureaucratic competences and epistemic outlooks; and the financial industry engages in venue-shopping and coalition-building. The resolution of these conflicts is made more difficult by the fragmentation of regulatory authority: no actor is in the driving seat, several of them work at cross purposes, whereas a focal coordinating institution is missing.
Conclusions
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter first summarizes the main theoretical and empirical findings of the research and then details the book’s broader contributions to the field. It also engages with some alternative explanations. Finally, it carries out a policy-relevant assessment of the post-crisis international reforms of shadow banking, discussing some open issues concerning the governance of shadow banking, also in light of the economic crisis that ensued from the Covid-19 pandemic. It is argued that the international governance of shadow banking after the 2008 crisis was a game of shadows concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking. Such a game, which unfolded recursively over time, was facilitated by international regime complexity, which generated a multi-dimensional chessboard in which there was no steering authority, several players worked at cross purposes and there was no focal institution to coordinate the reform efforts.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

The introduction argues that most work on illegitimacy in eighteenth-century England has focused on the experience of the poor, and particularly on children who were the victims of infanticide and abandonment. Historians therefore have only a partial view of the impact of illegitimacy on individual lives, with limited understanding of the effect of class on illegitimate experience, or of its effects as children grew into adulthood. Moreover, illegitimacy has been overlooked in histories of the family and class-based ideals of masculinity and femininity. Most existing work on illegitimacy is demographic, looking at the incidence of illegitimate births or extra-marital sex and courtship practices, or focuses primarily on sources produced by the poor law, courts, or institutions. This book, in contrast, primarily uses qualitative evidence of letters, diaries, accounts, wills, novels, plays, ballads, and pamphlets to uncover the lived experience of illegitimate individuals raised in families and communities. It analyses evidence from labouring or poor, middling, and elite families, including white and mixed-race children, to demonstrate the impact of class and other variables such as race or type of parental relationship on experiences of illegitimacy.
Identification, Stigma, and the Self
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the identification and stigmatization of illegitimate individuals in the wider community, and effects of stigma on individuals’ sense of self-worth and identity. The chapter draws on concepts of secrecy, stigma, shame, and tolerance developed by other historians of illegitimacy and sexuality, and historians of religious discrimination. Given sociological arguments that stigma requires identification to operate, the chapter interrogates the reliability of the identification of illegitimate individuals in various sources, including a large cohort study of illegitimacy in the parish registers and poor law documents of two London parishes. It argues that identification by the state varied considerably across the life cycle. Parents often succeeded in falsifying their child’s baptism record, and officials were flexible in their recording of illegitimate status. In records not produced by the state, such as diaries and correspondence, individuals displayed considerable knowledge about a person’s birth status, and illegitimacy was often noted as part of their social identity throughout the life cycle. However, contemporaries used specific terms (such as ‘bastard’ or ‘natural’) to signal various mitigating circumstances, including the type of parental relationship or the socio-economic status of the child. Identification and stigma operated on a spectrum, and there was not a blanket condemnation of all illegitimate individuals. Diaries and letters written by illegitimate individuals demonstrate that most experienced stigma and frustration at the disadvantage caused by their status, but this external stigma was rarely internalized as shame. This is a distinct difference to the experience of illegitimate individuals in later periods.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

The book concludes that illegitimacy mattered. It had a measurable negative impact on illegitimate individuals’ relationships with parents and family, and on marriage and educational opportunities. Illegitimate individuals were pragmatically incorporated into societies, families, and communities, but faced an underlying widespread conviction of their inferiority and difference. However, illegitimacy did not lead to universal and complete exclusion: its negative impacts were manifest in complex and in some cases highly variable ways. Socio-economic status, the gender and race of the child, and the circumstances of the parental relationship were all significant. Two separate models of illegitimacy emerged over the eighteenth century. The children of genteel parents could be included in a culture that increasingly valorized charitable benevolence, but illegitimate individuals from poor families, or whose mothers were considered particularly transgressive, such as women with multiple illegitimate children, were demonized as the root of society’s ills. Poverty was increasingly associated with immorality, as the state struggled with the mounting costs of poor relief. The conclusion compares eighteenth-century English experience with research on other countries and time periods, suggesting that there was a distinct hardening of attitudes after 1800 in response to growing economic pressures and new scientific theories about heredity, and that although there were commonalities in family responses across Europe, local economic and legal realities were significant.
Preface
Authors: Horden Peregrine
Published: August 2022

This short introduction begins by offering contrasting sets of vignettes of life in the eighteenth-century University of Oxford to illustrate its studious side as well as its more familiar slack and even debauched side. Between the religious and political conflicts and upheavals of the Stuart century and the reforming zeal of the mid-Victorian age, Georgian Oxford seems not so much becalmed as stagnant, irrelevant to much of national life, at the mercy of satirists: unloved and, indeed, unlovable. Yet a more balanced appraisal is shown to be possible. Taking its cue from recent historiography, the Preface outlines the revisionist arguments that will be pursued in subsequent chapters.
George Clarke’s Oxford
Authors: Craske Matthew
Published: August 2022

This discusses George Clarke’s (1661–1736) role in the creation of a patriotic, as opposed to a nationalistic, Oxford. One need only peruse the inventories of Clarke’s grand collection of prints and architectural texts at Worcester College to see that this was a man who felt that Britons had a lot to learn from the Continent. Here was a Protestant who thought it fit, for instance, to collect series of printed portraits of the Popes and Cardinals, without a hint that his motivations were anything other than earnest curiosity. On the other hand, the Clarke who I reveal in this essay was a figure who devoted his life as a connoisseur and patron to promoting the talents of English-born artists, in direct preference for foreigners. He was not a man who retired from service in the administration of Britain’s armed forces, to the erudite delights of college politics and architecture. Clarke, I suggest, carried the values of serving crown and country into the building of educational institutions.
Aristotle and Peripatetics
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

The chapter examines evidence on the use of the dialogue by Aristotle and philosophers associated with his school. It discusses testimonies on the formats of dialogues employed by Aristotle and on exoteric character of his dialogic works (they were aimed at a wider audience and composed in a literary style), and examines extant fragments, in particular of On Nobel Birth and Eudemus or On the Soul, which allow a glimpse of Aristotle as a dialogue writer. It next discusses the employment of the dialogue by Aristotle’s students (Theophrastus, Clearchus, Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, Demetrius of Phaleron, and Chamaeleon), and by the next generations of Peripatetics (Praxiphanes, Prytanis, Hieronymus of Rhodes, Aristo of Ceos).
Introduction: the Commonplace Method
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

The introduction situates How Romantics and Victorians Organized Information within previous studies of commonplace books, scrapbooks, and albums. I examine disciplinary patterns of analyzing commonplace books and focus on media archeology as a methodology inspired by the commonplace method (given its focus on topos) and a mode of analysis uniquely suited to understanding commonplace books. The dramatic shifts in commonplace-book form throughout the nineteenth century suggest that larger social forces were at play. Thus, I consider linguistic, technological, and social dynamics that have obscured commonplacing’s persistence through the Victorian period. I consider the etymology of the term “commonplace,” and conclude the chapter with an overview of the book’s remaining chapters.
Anatomy of the Commonplace
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces readers to the formal features of commonplace books in nineteenth-century Britain. John Locke’s method for keeping a commonplace book and his index dominated discussions of commonplacing through the Romantic period, even as most practitioners found the scheme too demanding to be useful. After Locke, John Todd’s Index Rerum—itself a revision of Locke’s method—governed discussions of the tradition in the Victorian period. Additionally, this chapter explores how what has come to be known as the scrapbook grew from within the commonplace tradition. I end with several case studies of celebrated writers (Robert Southey, George Augustus Sala, and Anna Jameson) who either published selections from their commonplace books or descriptions of their methods for keeping one.
Commonplace Books of the Imagination
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

Throughout his life, Samuel Taylor Coleridge kept what he called “memorandum or common-place books” (along with other inventive titles such as “Volatilia” and “Fly-Catchers”). This chapter argues that Coleridge’s seventy-two surviving notebooks should be re-evaluated as part of the commonplace tradition. I explore Coleridge’s training in classical rhetoric as a student and his earliest commonplace books; then, I turn to his Lake District commonplace books with their loco-descriptive contents; third, I examine his dealings with philosophy and his struggle to find a form for his notes on transcendental idealism; and finally, I look to his religious notes in the “Fly-Catchers” and the aphoristic form, which he theorized as a way to revitalize commonplaces.
Social Commonplace Books
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that commonplace books were socially resonant spaces, where friends imagined, recorded, and negotiated relationships. I focus on how socially embedded knowledge takes shape in collaboratively produced Romantic manuscripts at the intersection of album and commonplace-book cultures. For example, the coterie surrounding John Keats and Leigh Hunt cultivated an ethos of community that made their commonplace books socially resonant spaces. Keats’s family collected samples of his handwriting while Leigh Hunt arranged samples of hair (including John Milton’s). This chapter ends with a study of 18 commonplace books kept by the “Sisterhood of Slade” (and their frequent companions, John Hamilton Reynolds, Benjamin Bailey, and James Rice), analyzing them as repositories of an embodied and situational knowledge.
Commonplace Books of Mourning
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

The final chapter argues that mourners turned to commonplace books to build a sense of presence by deploying tropes of representation developed at the intersection of album and commonplace-book cultures. I focus on Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Butcher’s Books—long, thin, accounting books customarily used by butchers—which, I submit are both commonplace book and literary draft because, as a poet, Tennyson chose to organize commonplaces in stanzas that ultimately became In Memoriam. Tennyson’s Butcher’s Books absorb commonplace-book culture formally and also thematically, as Tennyson circulated commonplaces in his elegy and modeled a strategy of reading extractions as metonymic representations of the dead. This chapter also investigates less well-known collections including those kept by Tennyson’s daughter-in-law, Audrey Tennyson; the Hallam family; and Queen Victoria, who recorded extracts from In Memoriam that she associated with Prince Albert.
Coda
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

To conclude, this study considers how commonplacing continues to evolve in the digital age. Special attention goes to the topoi that inform digital information management. The coda applies this study’s larger argument—that technological and social changes altered commonplace book form—to online search engines and forms of digital surveillance. The twenty-first-century topic has come a long way from Aristotle’s topoi and Cicero’s loci, yet the core properties of the commonplace method—gathering and storing multiform information—remain with us today.
Sequences and Limits
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

Sequences are introduced along with sequence types: monotone, periodic, convergent, etc. Convergent sequences and their limits are presented as fundamental tools of analysis and basic limit theorems are stated and proved. The important concepts of subsequence, limit superior and limit inferior are also discussed.
Infinite Series of Constants
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

An infinite series of real numbers and its convergence is defined as the limit of a partial sums sequence. The Cauchy criterion for convergence and some standard convergence tests are established. Important basic series like geometric and alternating series are discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of absolute and conditional convergence and rearrangement theorems for each case.
Differentiation and Continuity
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

The concept of derivative is introduced as the limit of a sequence of difference ratios and the basic formulas and properties are prove. A discussion of continuity in terms of limits of sequences follows along with the proofs of some fundamental theorems of analysis including the intermediate value and the mean value theorems. The chapter ends with a detailed study of L’Hospital’s rule and Newton’s approximation method.
Happiness
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The second chapter focuses on the nature of human happiness in Kant’s practical philosophy, which is shown to be hedonistic in character. It introduces the distinction between the ‘state’ of happiness and happiness as an ‘ideal’, as well as the notion of a ‘nominal’ or ‘titular’ desire to be happy. The main difficulty for agents in their pursuit of happiness is the uncertainty that characterizes happiness as an ideal. Prudence is thus stochastic in nature—we aim at happiness, and we take risks in doing so. The chapter ends with a detailed discussion of the second Critique’s ‘gold analogy’, which Kant uses to emphasize the commensurability of all non-moral considerations.
Two Types of Practical Failure
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The seventh chapter pulls together the argument presented in earlier chapters to spell out the ‘hybrid’ theory of practical failure. It begins with a detailed examination of the case of the Groundwork’s gout sufferer, which is commonly read as an example of prudential irrationality. On more plausible reconstruction, it is argued, uncertainty about his situation allows the gout sufferer to choose the ‘bird in his hand’, i.e. the certainty of the pleasures available, over what may or may not be in his long-term interest. He does what he believes to be justified. Moral practical failure is, by contrast, shown to be action against one’s own better judgement. It is not even the choice of a ‘lesser’ good, but rather the choice of an option we know to be objectively worthless. Kant must therefore reject the thesis that we always act ‘under the guise of the good’.
National language and transnationalization
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

Today’s increasing mobility affects binary divisions of citizenship and what it implies for the nation reviving the long-standing debate about whether nations are the product or accompaniment of modernization or, alternatively, can be traced back as long as documented history extends. One aspect of this debate is the constitution and function of the national language, which can be described less controversially as a modern phenomenon; for there cannot be a national language without a nation. How are its geographic, cultural, political, and linguistic boundaries and its inner constitution affected by demographic dynamics and mobility in the age of transnationalism? How do nations and national languages divide the world between insiders and outsiders, members and non-members, inclusion and exclusion? These are the principal question addressed in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

This chapter addresses the issues concerned with the outsourcing of rules and sets out the scope of the research by defining the principle notions dealt with. This introduction defines rulemaking powers and identifies the three outsourcing techniques researched (delegation, referral, and reception). It also states the two research hypotheses concerning (1) the limits to and (2) safeguards for outsourcing and explains how these research hypotheses reinforce and complement each other. Finally, it elaborates upon the methodology used in addressing these issues, namely a comparative and doctrinal analyses of the constitutional law approach in the US, the UK, Belgium, France, and Germany.
Comparative Delegation Framework by Constitutional Provisions
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains how, worldwide, many written constitutions have been interpreted to uphold a ‘non-delegation doctrine’, meaning that rulemaking powers may not be transferred at all, although they often do still provide for the possibility of transferring rulemaking power anyway. However, in general, these constitutional provisions appear limited to the exercise of rulemaking by the Legislature and the Executive, considered as the traditional wielders of rulemaking powers. This chapter offers a status quaestionis of how rulemaking powers are exchanged between and transferred to the Legislature, the Executive, and other actors. In doing so, it offers a number of examples of the three outsourcing techniques in the countries researched. The use of the functional, comparative methodology enables proving that the outsourcing of rulemaking powers is inspired by the traditional transfer of rulemaking powers, that rulemaking powers are being increasingly transferred to a myriad of actors, and that the specific techniques to outsource rulemaking powers in the countries researched are remarkably similar.
Introducing Complexity
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we observe that there are “inner” frontiers where science can be enthralling, rich, fascinating and socially impactful, without being physically extreme. This is the playground of the Science of Complexity.
Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss the coexistence of competition and cooperationas an hallmark of complexity. In this chapter, we focus on three basic mechanisms which drive competition and cooperation in complex systems, namely: Order and Disorder, Equlibrium and Non-Equilibrium and Smoothness versus Roughness.