bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transparency Short‐Circuited: Laughter and Numbers in Costa Rican Water Politics
Authors: Ballestero S. Andrea
Published: October 2015

Between 2006 and 2009, a group of Costa Rican NGOs, a Spanish aid agency, and local residents were entangled in the pursuit of transparency as a means to allocate funding for their “human right to water” project initiatives. Designed as a series of pedagogical activities to “build” local knowledge about water management, the aid agency conditioned their funding to the honest and correct implementation of the project as revealed by a system of indicators. Against orthodoxy, project leaders were put in charge of designing and implementing the auditing system, an arrangement that short‐circuited the foundational separation between observers and observed that is customary in transparency‐creation projects and gave the whole initiative an experimental quality. This article examines the building of that indicator system, my informants’ own fascination with producing “speaking numbers,” and the punctuated but constitutive role that laughter played in the process. I suggest that numeric indicators and laughter make the audit speak about intensity and emphasis rather than about the exclusive and discrete categories on which transparency is usually predicated. Here, the audit allowed political actors to rework the potential of water governance technologies, rather than limiting them to their explicit possibilities, in order to constitute what project participants imagine as an integral form of political agency. I argue that paying attention to the in‐between process of creating the audit, before its final results are disclosed, highlights the self‐referential, short‐circuited, and productive uses of transparency as a political device.
Unmaking the State in “Occupied” Haiti
Authors: Kivland Chelsey L.
Published: October 2015

The democratic transition in Haiti (1986–present) has been forged alongside the proliferation of global governance interventions, from a series of UN peacekeeping missions to countless NGOs. Much of this activity has been pursued in the name of building state capacity. This article explores why residents in a Port‐au‐Prince neighborhood targeted by diverse governance projects perceive and experience “statelessness.” Taking the peacekeeping mission as an exemplar of global governance, it traces how the mission's social effects promote the perception of statelessness among residents because they confuse the locus of sovereign authority. These perceptions of statelessness are rooted not only in the weakness of the government of Haiti but also in the impotence that comes from a political field occupied by excessive, disordered forms of governance. The acknowledgment of statehood therefore depends on embodied displays of authorized force in which both those who govern and those who are governed acknowledge sovereign agency, power, and responsibility.
Culture Loss and Crumbling Skulls: The Problematic of Injury in Residential School Litigation
Authors: Blackburn Carole
Published: October 2015

This article examines the relationship that emerged between injury and indigeneity in a recent residential school lawsuit in Canada.In Blackwater v. Plint (2001, 2003, 2005),several former residential school students sued Canada and the United Church for injuries they sustained as a result of sexual and physical abuse, neglect, and forced assimilation at the Alberni Indian Residential School. The plaintiffs argued that their loss of culture and language was an injury for which Canada and the United Church should be held liable. During the trial these plaintiffs tried to construct an uninjured aboriginality as normative prior to attending the residential school. Church and government lawyers, however, reified aboriginality in a way that made injury the true difference that resides in aboriginal people and something for which the plaintiffs rather than the government or church were to blame. This article shows how the logic of tort law combined with existing assumptions about aboriginal people to facilitate these arguments. Throughout, the article draws attention to the importance of the law and legal processes as sites for the negative construction of aboriginality.
When Blood Has Spilled: Gender, Honor, and Compensation in Iranian Criminal Sanctioning
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo
Published: October 2015

This article explores the gender implications of retributive punishment in Iran's criminal justice system with specific attention to the Islamic mandate of forgiveness. Iranian penal codes allow victims’ families to forgive an offender through forbearance of their right of retribution. To mitigate or even cancel the retributive component of punishment in numerous crimes, including murder, defendants usually offer compensation. Through a study of the gendered logics of criminal sanctioning, forbearance, and compensation, this article brings to light some of the issues victims’ families and defendants face. In doing so, this article explores the debates around one of the formal gender gaps in Iranian laws, unequal compensation in sanctioning, where the amount of reparation for the loss a woman's life is legally half that of a man's. Because of this, some accounts of Islamic criminal processes suggest that female family members are helpless victims or nonactors in legal negotiations. By studying how gendered social relations operate in Iran's criminal legal process, this article finds women playing key roles in family decisions to forgive or not. The examination of judicial processes, moreover, reveals some of the complexity of gender relations, which are not fixed, as static legal texts might suggest.
“The War is Going to Ignite”: On the Anticipation of Violence in Lebanon
Authors: Hermez Sami
Published: October 2015

In this article, I elaborate on the constant anticipation of violence that runs deep within society in Lebanon. My objective is to think of the mundane locations of violence, and how we come to live the violence in and through ordinary times; my motivation here is to inquire into the different ways people experience war and its aftermath. I also explore the ways that violence is present and implicated in the ordinary rather than the two being mutually exclusive. The anticipation of violence becomes a way to think through regular mundane encounters of everyday life in states with protracted conflict. I analyze this anticipation of violence by looking at select ethnographic encounters from my fieldwork, and specifically during a time of sporadic bombings over several months in 2007.
Female mating failures in insects
Authors: Rhainds Marc
Published: October 2015

Empirical and experimental studies reporting the probability that some females remain unmated in field populations of insects (defined herein as mating failures) are reviewed in more than 100 species. The techniques used to quantify mating failures in the field are summarized, as well as factors that influence the probability that females mate during their lifetime. The existing empirical data provide partial support for hypotheses generated by theoretical models, although the trends observed in field populations are far more diverse and complex than predictions derived from ecological theory, e.g., the effect of population density on female mating success at small and large spatial scales is opposite. Mating success of females increases with the ratio of males in the population, but the relation between emergence time, sex ratio, and female mating success is variable. Females have evolved a broad range of physiological and behavioural adaptations to reduce mating failures, and exhibit a flexible context‐dependent response to constraints limiting mating success. The large number of studies in Lepidoptera suggests a higher mating success in butterflies than moths. Examples of high rates of mating failure include species with gynogenous reproduction, long range migration, pre‐reproductive maturation, male‐biased sex ratio, acquisition of resources essential for reproduction, and female flightlessness. Species with sessile females that mate and oviposit near their emergence site provide model systems to investigate the causes and demographic consequences of female mating failure.
Modeling T‐ and B‐cell growth and differentiation
Authors: Callard Robin , Hodgkin Phil
Published: October 2015

Summary:  The control of T‐ and B‐cell proliferation following antigen stimulation lies at the heart of the adaptive immune response. The outcome of a response depends on the number of cells that are activated to go into cycle, the rates at which the cells divide and die, and the number of division cycles the cells undergo. Each of these processes may be under independent control, and the precise outcome of T‐ or B‐cell responses to antigen will depend on how the signals controlling the different events are integrated. In this article, the way different mathematical models in combination with data from carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinamidyl ester (CFSE) experiments can be used to investigate the mechanisms controlling T‐ and B‐cell proliferation is reviewed.
When three is not a crowd: a Crossregulation Model of the dynamics and repertoire selection of regulatory CD4+ T cells
Authors: Carneiro Jorge , Leon Kalet , Caramalho Íris , Van Den Dool Carline , Gardner Rui , Oliveira Vanessa , Bergman Marie‐Louise , Sepúlveda Nuno , Paixão Tiago , Faro Jose , Demengeot Jocelyne
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Regulatory CD4+ T cells, enriched in the CD25 pool of healthy individuals, mediate natural tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases. Despite their fundamental and potential clinical significance, regulatory T (TR) cells have not yet been incorporated in a coherent theory of the immune system. This article reviews experimental evidence and theoretical arguments supporting a model of TR cell dynamics, uncovering some of its most relevant biological implications. According to this model, the persistence and expansion of TR cell populations depend strictly on specific interactions they make with antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and conventional effector T (TE) cells. This three‐partner crossregulation imposes that TR cells feed on the specific autoimmune activities they suppress, with implications ranging from their interactions with other cells to their repertoire selection in the periphery and in the thymus, and to the relationship between these cells and the innate immune system. These implications stem from the basic prediction that the peripheral dynamics sort the CD4+ T‐cell repertoire into two subsets: a less diverse set of small clones of autoreactive effector and regulatory cells that regulate each other’s growth, and a more diverse set of barely autoreactive TE cell clones, whose expansion is limited only by APC availability. It is argued that such partitioning of the repertoire sets the ground for self–non‐self discrimination.
Quantification of T‐cell dynamics: from telomeres to DNA labeling
Authors: Borghans José A. M. , De Boer Rob J.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Immunology has traditionally been a qualitative science describing the cellular and molecular components of the immune system and their functions. Only quite recently have new experimental techniques paved the way for a more quantitative approach of immunology. Lymphocyte telomere lengths have been measured to get insights into the proliferation rate of different lymphocyte subsets, T‐cell receptor excision circles have been used to quantify the daily output of new T cells from the thymus, and bromodeoxyuridine and stable isotope labeling have been applied to measure proliferation and death rates of naive and memory lymphocytes. A common problem of the above techniques is the translation of the resulting data into relevant parameters, such as the typical division and death rate of the different lymphocyte populations. Theoretical immunology has contributed significantly to the interpretation of such quantitative experimental data, thereby resolving diverse controversies and, most importantly, has suggested novel experiments, allowing for more conclusive and quantitative interpretations. In this article, we review a variety of different models that have been used to interpret data on lymphocyte kinetics in healthy human subjects and discuss their contributions and limitations.
Plasmablastic lymphomas with light chain restriction – plasmablastic extramedullary plasmacytomas?
Authors: Boy Sonja C. , Van Heerden Marlene B. , Raubenheimer Erich J. , Van Heerden Willie F. P.
Published: October 2015

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 435–439

Background:  It is diagnostically difficult to differentiate plasmablastic lymphomas (PBLs) from plasma cell neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation. Plasmablastic lymphomas are currently classified as ‘PBL of the oral mucosa’ and ‘PBL with plasmacytic differentiation’.

Methods:  Forty‐five cases of PBL were retrieved from the Departments of Oral Pathology of the Universities of Pretoria and Limpopo, South Africa. Clinical features and HIV status were recorded and each case was classified as ‘PBL of the oral mucosa type’ or as ‘PBL with plasmacytic differentiation’. Immunohistochemistry included: CD45, CD3, CD20, CD79a, CD38, CD138, MUM1, Ki‐67 and kappa and lambda light chains. Positivity was recorded based on the percentage of positive staining cells as focal (5–20%); intermediate (20–70%) or diffuse (>70%). In situ hybridization was performed for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and HHV‐8. Results were recorded as positive or negative.

Results:  All cases showed some degree of plasmacytic differentiation. All were negative for CD20 with reactive T cells detected with CD3. Diffuse and strong positive staining was found with Ki‐67 and MUM1, but variable immunoreactivity was found with CD79a, CD45, CD38 and CD138. Twenty cases (47%) showed light chain restriction. Epstein–Barr virus was detected in 44/45 cases and HHV‐8 in none.

Conclusions:  The morphological classification of PBLs is not valid as all cases showed some degree of plasmacytic differentiation. We propose that PBLs with light chain restriction be reclassified as ‘plasmablastic extramedullary plasmacytomas’ and managed accordingly. The rest represents true PBLs. The true nature of these neoplasms as an entity should be further investigated with molecular and genetic studies.
Does enamelin have pleiotropic effects on organs other than the teeth? Lessons from a phenotyping screen of two enamelin‐mutant mouse lines
Authors: Fuchs Helmut , Sabrautzki Sibylle , Seedorf Hartwig , Rathkolb Birgit , Rozman Jan , Hans Wolfgang , Schneider Ralf , Klaften Matthias , Hölter Sabine M. , Becker Lore , Klempt Martina , Elvert Ralf , Wurst Wolfgang , Klopstock Thomas , Klingenspor Martin , Wolf Eckhard , Gailus‐Durner Valérie , de Angelis Martin Hrabě
Published: October 2015

We analyzed two mutant mouse lines, ATE1 and ATE2, that carry point mutations in the enamelin gene which result in premature stop codons in exon 8 and exon 7, respectively. Both mutant lines show amelogenesis imperfecta. To establish the effect of mutations within the enamelin gene on different organs, we performed a systematic, standardized phenotypic analysis of both mutant lines in the German Mouse Clinic. In addition to the initially characterized tooth phenotype that is present in both mutant lines, we detected effects of enamelin mutations on bone and energy metabolism, as well as on clinical chemical and hematological parameters. These data raise the hypothesis that enamelin defects have pleiotropic effects on organs other than the teeth.
Q‐switched alexandrite laser treatment of facial and labial lentigines associated with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Li Yan , Tong Xiaorong , Yang Jing , Yang Liu , Tao Juan , Tu Yating
Published: October 2015

Background

The Q‐switched alexandrite laser used at 752 nm, a wavelength well absorbed by melanin relative to other optically absorbing structures in skin, causes highly selective destruction of pigment‐laden cells. In addition, the 75‐nanosecond pulse duration produced by this laser approximates the thermal relaxation time for melanosomes, thereby confining the energy to the target. Facial and labial dark brown macules quickly identify patients with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. These lentigines may be cosmetically disfiguring. The Q‐switched alexandrite laser produces clinically significant fading of mucocutaneous melanosis in association with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome without complications often seen with other therapeutic modalities.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Q‐switched alexandrite laser in treating facial and labial lentigines of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome.

Subjects

43 patients diagnosed with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome were treated and studied in our laser center from 2000 to 2010.

Methods

We used a Q‐switched alexandrite laser specified with 75 ns pulse length, emitting at 752 nm and with a 2.4 mm‐diameter spot size. The lesional skin was irradiated with fluences of 5–7 J/cm2. The treatment intervals were 3 months.

Results

After treatment with the Q‐switched alexandrite laser, 55.8% (24/43) of the patients had excellent results in which more than 75% of the pigments cleared, and 44.2% (19/43) showed good results. Three sessions were required to obtain excellent results. We observed no serious complications.

Conclusions

We obtain a successful outcome in the treatment of these lentigines with Q‐switched alexandrite laser and consider it the treatment of choice for these lesions.
Fresh start or false promise? Lessons from Tory policy reviews
Authors: Bale Tim
Published: October 2015

As the Labour Party gears up to share early findings from its wide‐ranging policy review at the autumn party conference, author and academic Tim Bale looks for lessons in over 60 years of Conservative party policy reinvention.
CHALLENGE‐ORIENTED ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: DO CHALLENGE‐ORIENTED BEHAVIORS REALLY HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE ORGANIZATION'S BOTTOM LINE?
Authors: MACKENZIE SCOTT B. , PODSAKOFF PHILIP M. , PODSAKOFF NATHAN P.
Published: October 2015

Virtually all of the studies that have examined the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and unit or organizational effectiveness have focused on affiliation‐oriented as opposed to challenge‐oriented forms of OCB, and no study has examined the mechanisms through which OCBs influence unit or organizational effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the main and interactive effects that challenge‐oriented and affiliation‐oriented OCBs have on organizational effectiveness through their impact on workgroup task performance. Results from a sample of 150 limited‐menu restaurants showed that the relationship between challenge‐oriented OCBs and workgroup task performance has an inverted‐U shape and is moderated by affiliation‐oriented OCBs, and that workgroup task performance completely mediated the impact of challenge‐ and affiliation‐oriented OCBs (and their interaction) on organizational outcomes (i.e., sales dollars, profit as a percentage of sales, and employee turnover). Specifically, the findings showed that challenge‐oriented OCBs have a positive impact on workgroup task performance up to a point, and beyond that point only when certain enabling conditions (i.e., high levels of affiliation‐oriented OCBs) are present. Implications are discussed.
AGE‐ AND GENDER‐BASED ROLE INCONGRUENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE MASTERY AND OBSERVED LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL AMONG PERSONNEL IN A LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Authors: HIRSCHFELD ROBERT R. , THOMAS CHRISTOPHER H.
Published: October 2015

Using archival data from 972 military officers who participated in a 5‐week team‐based leadership development program, the authors tested 5 hypotheses concerning the implications of age‐ and gender‐based role incongruence for individuals’ mastery of 2 knowledge categories and their observed leadership potential (OLP). As hypothesized, greater age was related to less mastery of both teamwork knowledge and strategy knowledge, whereas female gender was related to less mastery of strategy knowledge only. Another focus was on possible evaluative bias in OLP, with individuals’ knowledge mastery and career‐relevant circumstantial factors taken into account. Notably, knowledge mastery partially explained the appreciable overall relationship of age with OLP, yet fully explained the modest overall relationship of gender with OLP. Therefore, some evaluative bias existed for age but not gender. The overall pattern of results revealed that an intrapersonal consequence (i.e., knowledge mastery) of demographic‐based role incongruence overshadowed any interpersonal bias in evaluation, pointing to a new direction for theory and research.
Work–life balance in China? Social policy, employer strategy and individual coping mechanisms
Authors: Xiao Yuchun , Cooke Fang Lee
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates major sources of work–life conflicts encountered by workers in China against a context of marketization of the economy, the rapid growth of the private sector and a trend of work intensification across occupational groups. The study shows that Chinese organizational leaders and workers tend to accept work–life conflicts as a fact of life. Individuals adopt various coping strategies on their own. While organizations are more likely to introduce human resource initiatives to cushion the negative effect of long working hours on their key employees and their families, managers are far less willing to adopt practices to accommodate childcare needs. We argue that the institutional and cultural contexts of work–life conflict and solution in China are significantly different from those found in developed economies and that the understanding of these issues has particular implications for western multinational firms operating in China.
The impact of labor unions on corporate perks in Korea: human resource management perspective
Authors: Cho Joonmo , Cho Donghun , Woo Kwangho
Published: October 2015

In this study, we analyzed census samples linking the finance–labor information of unionized companies in Korean manufacturing industries from 2002 to 2006 in an effort to assess the effects of labor unions on corporate perk expenditures. The majority of previous studies conducted into CEO perks have paid less attention to the determinants of corporate perk expenditures. This paper focuses on analyzing the impact of unions on corporate perks. The results of our empirical study show that unions reduce corporate expenditures on perks and also decrease the probability that the perk expenditure will exceed the tax exemption limit. In analyses of separate samples of unions in which very different climates of industrial relations prevailed, our findings also indicate that the negative influence of unions on corporate perks increases with the union organization rate and the inclination to strike. This paper probes several theoretical reasons underlying the negative influence of unions on corporate perks.
Serum TNF‐Related and Weak Inducer of Apoptosis Levels in Septic Shock Patients
Authors: Nagai Miho , Hirayama Kouichi , Ebihara Itaru , Higuchi Takashi , Imaizumi Masahiro , Maruyama Hiroshi , Miyamoto Yasunori , Kakita Tomoko , Ogawa Yujiro , Fujita Shogo , Shimohata Homare , Kobayashi Masaki
Published: October 2015

Capillary permeability is a tightly regulated feature of microcirculation in all organ beds. In sepsis, this feature is fundamentally altered. We have previously reported elevated levels of angiopoietin‐2 in patients with septic shock, and have investigated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related and weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), which mediates both angiogenesis and inflammation, in those patients. Enzyme‐linked immunoassay was used to measure serum TWEAK levels in 20 patients with septic shock, all of whom were treated by direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column (DHP‐PMX), and in 20 non‐septic controls. The TWEAK levels were higher in patients with septic shock (192.8 ± 230.5 pg/mL) than in controls (84.1 ± 28.7 pg/mL, P = 0.043). Between 11 survivors and 10 non‐survivors, there was no significant difference in the serum TWEAK levels before the DHP‐PMX therapy. During DHP‐PMX therapy, however, the serum TWEAK levels were significantly increased in non‐survivors (142.2 ± 88.1 pg/mL to 399.0 ± 307.1 pg/mL, P = 0.022). There was a significant correlation between the serum TWEAK levels and white blood cell counts (r = 0.393, P < 0.001), platelet counts (r = 0.418, P < 0.001), or serum CRP levels (r = 0.259, P = 0.029), but there was no correlation between the serum TWEAK levels and blood pressure. The serum TWEAK levels were also correlated with the ratio of angiopoietin‐2 to ‐1 (r = 0.464, P < 0.001). TWEAK may be a suitable marker of disease severity and mortality in septic patients, and TWEAK levels may be associated with vascular permeability via angiopoietin balance.
Editor's Introduction to the Symposium: Politics, Policy, andHarry Potter
Authors: ALEMÁN DAVID MENA
Published: October 2015

Related Articles in thisPolitics & PolicySymposium

Norman and Delfin. 2012. “Wizards under Uncertainty: Cognitive Biases, Threat Assessment, and Misjudgments in Policy Making.”

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00356.x/abstract

Norman. 2012. “International Boggarts: Carl Schmitt,Harry Potter, and the Transfiguration of Identity and Violence.”

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00357.x/abstract

Grijalva. 2012. “Deconstructing the Grand Narrative inHarry Potter: Inclusion/Exclusion and Discriminatory Policies in Fiction and Practice.”

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00358.x/abstract

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Documentary:Oreck (director). 2004. “Philosophy and the Matrix: Return to the Source.”

http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/philosophy‐and‐the‐matrix‐return‐to‐the‐source/

Course Syllabus:“Harry Potter and International Politics: Identity, Violence, and Social Control.”

http://ipsonet.org/data/files/psoproceedings16.pdf(7‐18)
Implementing Federal Policy: Confronting State Capacity and Will
Authors: Dahill‐Brown Sara E. , Lavery Lesley
Published: October 2015

This article identifies two key constructs likely to influence implementation of federal policy. It theorizes that states' institutional capacity and political will may constrain or facilitate application of national initiatives, and offers a way to reorganize implementation analyses. The argument is applied in the education policy arena using several years of data to examine how resources and political will influence state test rigor underNoChildLeftBehind (NCLB). We hypothesize that better resourced and more conservative states are less likely to develop rigorous exams. Using a multilevel model, we find that state‐level capacity and political will (notably state‐level partisanship and preexisting accountability regimes) explain a substantial portion of variance in response toNCLB. These findings suggest in particular that implementation researchers should more often take note of explicitly political factors like state partisanship to anticipate how layers of government interact as they translate policy into practice.

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Patrick,Barbara.2012. “”Politics & Policy40():592‐627.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00370.x/abstract

McGrath,Robert J.2009. “.”Politics & Policy37():309‐336.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00174.x/abstract

Grady,Dennis O., andKathleen M.Simon.2002. “.”Politics & Policy30():646‐679.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2002.tb00139.x/abstract

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Film Clip:Hamilton.2012. “.” .http://www.rand.org/multimedia/video/2012/01/05/no‐child‐left‐behind.html

Various Resources:.2012. “.”.http://www.rand.org/topics/nclb.html

Identificamos dos factores que posiblemente influencian la implementación de políticas federales. Argumentamos que la capacidad institucional y la voluntad política de los estados puede restringir o facilitar la aplicación de iniciativas nacionales, y ofrecemos una forma de reorganizar los análisis de implementación. Aplicamos nuestro argumento al área de las políticas educativas usando información de muchos años para examinar la influencia de los recursos y la voluntad política estatal en el rigor de las pruebas en la iniciativaNoChildLeftBehind (NCLB). Nuestra hipótesis es que estados con mejores recursos y más conservadores son menos probables a desarrollar exámenes rigurosos. Usando un modelo multinivel, encontramos que la capacidad a nivel estatal y la voluntad política (en particular el nivel de partidismo estatal y niveles pre‐existentes de responsabilidad) pueden explicar una cantidad significativa en la variación de respuesta aNCLB.
Thinking Outside the Box? Applying Design Theory to Public Policy
Authors: Considine Mark
Published: October 2015

Design involves an account of expertise which foregrounds implicit, heuristic skills. Most models of policy making have a stronger interest in structural and exogenous pressures on decision making. Research suggests that high‐level experts develop unique capacities to process data, read a situation, and see imaginative solutions. By linking some of the key attributes of a design model of decision making to an account of expertise, it is possible to formulate a stronger model of public policy design expertise. While other approaches often concern themselves with constraints and structural imperatives, a design approach has a focus upon the capacities of individual actors such as policy experts. Such an approach rests upon central propositions in regard to goal emergence, pattern recognition, anticipation, emotions engagement, fabulation, playfulness, and risk protection. These provide a starting point for further research and for the professional development of policy specialists.

Related Articles

Ralston, Shane. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 1155. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00157_11.x/abstract

Norman, Emma R., and Rafael Delfin. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 369‐402. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00356.x/abstract

Sinclair, Thomas A. P. 2006. “.” Politics & Policy 34 (): 481‐504. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00025.x/abstract

El diseño involucra un aspecto de la especialización que destaca habilidades heurísticas implícitas. La mayoría de los modelos para la elaboración de políticas tienen un fuerte interés en presiones estructurales y exógenas en la toma de decisiones. Un número de investigaciones sugieren que los expertos de alto nivel desarrollan capacidades únicas para procesar información, interpretar una situación, e idear soluciones imaginativas. Enlazando algunos de los atributos de un modelo de diseño para la toma de decisiones con un enfoque en la especialización es posible formular un modelo más fuerte de diseño de políticas públicas. Mientras otras perspectivas se enfocan en restricciones e imperativos estructurales, una perspectiva basada en el diseño se concentra en las capacidades individuales actores tales como expertos en legislación. Esta perspectiva se basa en proposiciones centrales que conciernen la emergencia de objetivos, el reconocimiento de patrones, la anticipación, compromiso de emociones, y la protección al riesgo. Estas proposiciones proveen de un punto de partida para futuras investigaciones y para el desarrollo profesional del los expertos en legislación.
The Shifting Sands of Regional Governance: The Case of Inter‐American Democracy Promotion
Authors: Legler Thomas F.
Published: October 2015

This article evaluates the limits and possibilities of Inter‐American democracy promotion through the application of a five‐part governance framework: the nature of the problem, governance architecture, the actor set, the construction of a sphere of authority, and contextual factors. I argue that the ability of the Organization ofAmericanStates (OAS) to promote and defend democracy effectively has been hampered by a series of important changes in context: the structure of power, material conditions, regionalism, and ideology and discourse. The conditions that originally fostered the creation of an Inter‐American defense of democracy regime during the 1990s have been largely replaced in the new millennium by strong impediments to the consolidation of this issue area as a sphere of authority. Unless theOASacquires more stable contextual foundations, the future of Inter‐American democracy promotion will remain highly problematic.

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LuckhurstandZavalade Alba.2012. “.”Politics & Policy40():735‐739.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

Zavalade Alba.2012. .”Politics & Policy40():783‐801.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00385.x/abstract

Luckhurst.2012. “.”Politics & Policy40():958‐977.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00386.x/abstract

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Boniface.2012. “.”http://demlab.wordpress.com/

Este artículo evalúa los límites y posibilidades de la promoción interamericana de la democracia a través de la aplicación de un marco de gobernanza que consta de 5 elementos: la naturaleza del problema; la arquitectura de gobernanza; el conjunto de actores; la construcción de una esfera de autoridad; y factores contextuales. Yo argumento que la habilidad de la Organización de los EstadosAmericanos (OEA) para promover y defender la democracia de manera efectiva ha sido obstaculizada por una serie de cambios importantes en el contexto: la estructura de poder; las condiciones materiales; el regionalismo; y por último, la ideología y el discurso. Las condiciones que originalmente propiciaron la creación de un régimen interamericano para la defensa de la democracia durante la década de los noventa han sido remplazadas en el nuevo milenio por fuertes impedimentos contra la consolidación de una esfera de autoridad en esta área. A menos que laOEAadquiera una fundación contextual más estable, el futuro de la promoción interamericana de la democracia permanecerá sumamente problemático.
Negotiating among Equals? The Effects of the World Economic Crisis on Negotiations between Developed and Developing States
Authors: Lenz Hartmut
Published: October 2015

Frequently multilateral, regional, or global institutions are used to mediate conflict, overcome collective action problems, and create a framework for cooperation and governance. In recent years, especially in the context of the 2008 world economic crisis, international cooperation has become challenged by increased expectations of their problem‐solving capabilities and their lack of means to deliver them. The complexity of issues seems to generate a demand for closer international cooperation as well as more flexibility in the framework of institutional cooperation, with varying degrees across regions. I analyze international cooperation from a bargaining perspective and identify the key factors that lead to success or failure in intergovernmental cooperation between developed and developing states. I also explore the impact of institutional variation on cooperation and emphasize the strong relationship between asymmetric information and negotiation failure. I argue that transparency in procedures and reduction of uncertainty are key issues to facilitate cooperation.

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.2012. “.”Politics & Policy40():735‐739.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

.2012. “.”Politics & Policy40():848‐870.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00382.x/abstract

.2012. “.”Politics & Policy40():958‐977.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00386.x/abstract

Comúnmente las organizaciones multilaterales, regionales, o globales son usadas para mediar conflictos, superar problemas de acción colectiva, o para crear marcos de cooperación y gobernanza. En años recientes—especialmente en el contexto de la crisis económica mundial del 2008—la cooperación internacional ha tenido que enfrentar mayores expectativas en su capacidad para resolver problemas y su incapacidad para cumplir sus obligaciones. La complejidad de las tareas demanda una mayor cooperación internacional así como mayo flexibilidad en el marco de la cooperación internacional, con diversos niveles a través de las diferentes regiones. En este artículo analizo la cooperación internacional a través de una perspectiva de negociación e identifico factores clave para el éxito o fracaso en la cooperación intergubernamental entre países desarrollados y aquellos en vías de desarrollo. También exploro el impacto de la variación institucional en la cooperación y resalto la fuerte relación entre la asimetría de información y el fallo en una negociación. Sostengo que la transparencia en los procedimientos y la reducción de la incertidumbre son áreas clave para facilitar la cooperación.
The G20 and ad hoc Embedded Liberalism: Economic Governance amid Crisis and Dissensus
Authors: Luckhurst Jonathan
Published: October 2015

The September 2008 financial market collapse and subsequent world economic crisis have significantly influenced international scholarly debate, policy practice, and economic relations. The economic crisis has led experts and policy actors to redefine core aspects of economic governance. I analyze current competing perspectives on economic issues within the Group of Twenty (G20) and argue that discursive contestation has delegitimized previous neoclassical conventional wisdom, especially the efficient markets hypothesis. This has been rejected as a core principle of economic policy by industrialized and developing states, plus international fora. As a consequence, the bounds of rationality of individual actors and policy norms have been reconstituted. Also Keynesian policies have been implemented in important national and international contexts. I compare the contemporary situation with the post‐war “Bretton Woods era” of embedded liberalism, concluding that many recent national policies and the consolidation of international economic governance constitute an ad hoc embedded liberalism.

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. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 735‐739. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 827‐847. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00383.x/abstract

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 958‐977. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00386.x/abstract

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“.” 2010. Charles Ferguson. Sony Pictures Classics. http://www.sonyclassics.com/insidejob/

El colapso de los mercados financieros en septiembre del 2008 y la subsecuente crisis económica mundial han influenciado significativamente los debates académicos internacionales, la práctica legislativa y las relaciones económicas. La crisis económica ha obligado a expertos y actores políticos a redefinir aspectos fundamentales de la gobernanza económica. Analizo diferentes perspectivas sobre asuntos económicos dentro del Grupo de los Veinte (G20) durante este periodo y sostengo que el debate discursivo ha deslegitimizado paradigmas neo‐clásicos anteriores, especialmente la hipótesis de los mercados eficientes. Esta ha sido rechazada como un principio fundamental de las políticas económicas por países industrializados y en vías de desarrollo, además de foros internacionales. Como consecuencia, los límites de la racionalidad de los actores individuales y las disposiciones legislativas han sido reformulados. Además, las políticas keynesianas han sido implementadas en importantes contextos nacionales e internacionales. Comparando la situación actual con la “era Bretton Woods” de liberalismo incorporado de la posguerra, concluyo que muchas políticas nacionales recientes y la consolidación de la gobernabilidad económica internacional constituyen un liberalismo incorporado ad hoc.
Citizen Forecasts of the 2008U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Miller Michael K. , Wang Guanchun , Kulkarni Sanjeev R. , Poor H. Vincent , Osherson Daniel N.
Published: October 2015

We analyze individual probabilistic predictions of state outcomes in the 2008U.S. presidential election. Employing an original survey of more than 19,000 respondents, we find that partisans gave higher probabilities to their favored candidates, but this bias was reduced by education, numerical sophistication, and the level ofObama support in their home states. In aggregate, we show that individual biases balance out, and the group's predictions were highly accurate, outperforming both Intrade (a prediction market) andfivethirtyeight.com(a poll‐based forecast). The implication is that electoral forecasters can often do better asking individuals who they think will win rather than who they want to win.

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Dewitt,Jeff R., andRichard N.Engstrom.2011. .”Politics & Policy39():741‐759.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00311.x/abstractKnuckey,Jonathan.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():559‐582.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00304.x/abstractMoon,David.1993. “.”Southeastern Political Review21():365‐388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1993.tb00368.x/abstract

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.2008. “.” .http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/.2008. “.”http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/map

Analizamos las predicciones probabilísticas individuales de los resultados estatales para la elección presidencial de los Estados Unidos en 2008. Usando una encuesta original de más de 19,000 participantes, encontramos que los partidistas dieron una mayor probabilidad a su candidato preferido, pero este sesgo se vio reducido por factores como la educación, sofisticación numérica, y el nivel de soporte hacia Obama en sus estados de origen. En conjunto, mostramos que los sesgos individuales se compensan y que las predicciones grupales fueron de gran precisión, superando aIntrade(un mercado de predicciones) yfivethirtyeight.com(un pronóstico basado en encuestas). La implicación es que los pronosticos electorales pueden ser mejorados al preguntar a los individuos quién piensan que ganará en lugar de preguntar quién quieren que gane.
Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same‐Sex Marriage and Civil Unions
Authors: Johnson Tyler
Published: October 2015

To date, opposition to same‐sex marriage and civil unions has primarily been explained in individual, cross‐sectional fashion using demographic and political characteristics as well as other policy attitudes. Such efforts have yet to explain movement in aggregate opinion on this policy debate over time. One factor driving such movement might be evolving information dynamics related to how the media cover same‐sex marriage and civil unions. I examine how media framing capturing discussions of equality and morality shapes how the public feels concerning same‐sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011, explaining how media content capturing core values plays a significant role in driving levels of opposition. I find strong evidence that equality framing drives opposition to same‐sex marriage and civil unions downward, as does the extent to which equality framing surpasses morality framing in the competition for space on the media's agenda.

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Lewis, Gregory B., and Charles W. Gossett. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 4‐30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00092.x/abstract

Bramlett, Brittany. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 13‐42. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00337.x/abstract

Skipworth, Sue Ann, Andrew Garner, and Brian J. Dettrey. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 887‐906. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00262.x/abstract

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. 2012. “.” http://www.pollingreport.com/civil.htm

. 2012. “.” http://www.ncsl.org/legislatures‐elections/elections/same‐sex‐marriage‐on‐the‐ballot.aspx

A la fecha, la oposición a los matrimonios y uniones civiles entre personas del mismo sexo ha sido explicada principalmente usando estudios transversales individuales que incorporan características demográficas y políticas, así como otras posturas políticas. Un factor impulsando este movimiento puede ser la cambiante dinámica de la información relacionada a cómo los medios de comunicación reportan información sobre matrimonios y uniones civiles del mismo sexo. Examino cómo la presentación de las discusiones sobre igualdad y moralidad condicionan la opinión pública sobre matrimonios y uniones civiles de los años 2004 a 2011, explicando cómo la captura valores fundamentales en contenido de los medios de comunicación juega un papel importante en los niveles de oposición. Encuentro evidencia significativa indicando que la presentación de la información en términos de igualdad disminuye la oposición a matrimonios y uniones civiles entre personas del mismo sexo, hasta el punto en el que la presentación en términos de igualdad supera la presentación en términos morales en la competencia por espacio dentro de la agenda de los medios de comunicación.
Can Shari'a be a Deterrent for Intellectual Property Piracy in Islamic Countries?
Authors: El‐Bialy Nora , Gouda Moamen
Published: October 2015

This study examines the stance of Islamic legal traditions (Shari'a) towards intellectual property (IP) piracy. Although Muslims may differ on what Shari'a dictates, most of them view Shari'a as God's law and as a main ingredient of Islamic belief system. Since piracy rates in Islamic countries are considerably high in light of existing formal IPR laws, it becomes essential to test if Shari'a has any relation with such phenomenon. Our hypothesis is that, although Muslim countries have formal institutions or laws that protect intellectual property rights (IPR), little attention is given to informal institutions, or human morals, regarding IPR piracy, which negatively affects the enforcement level of IPR laws in these countries. Muslims may not be convinced that IPR violations, although illegal, are unethical or forbidden by Islamic Shari'a. In order to test the level of adherence of Muslims to Shari'a to support our hypothesis, we develop a “religious loyalty” index (RLI). Comparing adherence of followers of different religions with those of Islam, Muslim countries have the highest religiosity level, positively affecting obedience level to Shari'a. Consequently, an investigation of how Shari'a views IPR piracy is conducted. As Islam generally prohibits IPR piracy, the study concludes by offering a set of policy recommendations that can effectively help in minimizing IPR piracy in Muslim countries.