bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
East Tsing Yi Viaduct - A tough schedule to erect a concrete deck 7 km long
Authors: Rialland Yves , Cayron Fabrice , Hussain Naeem
Published: October 2011

At the end of 2004, the Hong Kong Highways Department awarded the contract for the construction of the East Tsing Yi approach viaduct to Stonecutters Bridge, to Dragages Hong Kong, Bouygues Travaux Publics and China Harbour Engineering Company. Forty months later, the elevated roadways, which can be considered as twenty individual bridges separated by movement joints, were supported in the sky by some 94 columns.

The design of the viaduct was carried out by Arup Hong Kong who based the design of the pre-cast segmental viaducts on the use of 4m long segments. The design had to cope with complicated geometry and tight curves, and deal with typhoon effects on slender columns up to 70m high.

The 1,939 prefabricated segments cast in mainland China and delivered to Hong Kong by barge, were erected using the balanced cantilever construction method. The structure required the manufacture of specific tools for its construction. The “Fei Long” launching girder (Flying Dragon in Cantonese), 150 metres long and weighing 700 tons, was specially designed for this project and made it possible to install an average of three pairs of segments per shift, with a maximum of seven pairs of segments erected in a single day.

Pier slenderness required innovative approaches for temporary works design, which was carried out in Bouygues Travaux Publics Technical Department. A full 3D model, generated by Datums software, was shared between the Hong Kong and Paris teams for Geometry Control purposes as well as cantilever stability or external temporary pre-stress design.

The three main Challenges on the project were the height of the structure, the segment erection of the small radius loop and the schedule. Handover to the Highways Department was on time according to the contract requirements.
Erection Engineering Considerations for Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges
Authors: Chavel Brandon , Tunstall Shawn , Fuller Jason , Bunner Matt
Published: October 2011

The erection of horizontally curved steel I-girder bridges is inherently more complex than the erection of straight I-girder bridges of similar span lengths, which is a direct result of the natural behavior of curved steel I-girders. Bridge engineers must be aware of these complexities as they are more frequently being tasked with developing or reviewing erection plans for curved steel I- girder bridges. However, there is limited guidance given in design specifications and archival literature that illustrates what is required in the design and construction plans for curved steel I- girders during erection stages and the calculations that need to be carried out. Based upon the authors’ experience, this paper will highlight aspects of curved steel I-girder bridge erection that should be considered by the design engineer and the contractor’s engineer in the development of the steel erection plans, so as to provide for a successful bridge construction project.
Stonecutters Bridge – Main Span Erection
Authors: Kite Steve , Hussain Naeem , Tapley Michael , West Brian , Sham Robin
Published: October 2011

Stonecutters Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge which will span the Rambler Channel in Hong Kong
above the busy shipping channel. Construction commenced in early 2004 and the bridge is
scheduled to be open to traffic in mid-2009. Steel deck segments in the main span are lifted from a
dynamically positioned barge using lifting frames with high capacity winches to minimise the
lifting time. Stay cables are the prefabricated parallel wire type, delivered to site on large reels. The
unreeling and lifting procedures ensure the bending radius of the cables is kept above the minimum
allowed. Stressing to predetermined installation length is by large hydraulic jack beneath deck level.
Cable forces are calculated from the frequencies, measured by accelerometers. At the end of each
erection cycle, surveys of the bridge geometry are compared with the predicted deflections for that
stage and any adjustments calculated. Main span closure will follow towards the end of 2008.
The New Main Street Bridge, Columbus, Ohio
Authors: Hague Steven , Hutton Hans
Published: October 2011

The new Main Street Bridge is a signature, single rib, steel tied arch bridge which shares equally in it’s complexity and form. The three lane, 39-foot wide vehicular deck and 18-foot wide pedestrian deck are separated by a single rib, inclined tied arch. The vehicular deck, supported by a two-cell steel box girder, and the concrete pedestrian deck are connected transversely with steel floor beams. The floor beams are supported by hangers suspended from, and in the plane of, the arch. Steel struts between the arch rib and the floor beam, which lie in a plane separate from the hangers, help stabilize the arch rib. All of the structural components work together in an integral way such that a change to any one of the components results in significant effects in the others. This interplay of structural elements dictated an optimal staging of construction. The final construction sequence is the result of careful planning and analysis so to end up with an acceptable and balanced dead load condition.
The Supplementary Damping Advantage - Flexibility for a High-Rise Building
Authors: Robinson Jamieson , Gamble Scott , Wesolowsky Michael , Fitzgerald Graham
Published: October 2011

In recent years in North America, there has been a growing trend towards using Supplementary Damping Systems (SDS) to improve the wind-induced dynamic behavior of mid-rise to high-rise buildings. During the design stages of a project, incorporating an SDS into the building is an efficient way to reduce expected tower motions and thereby enhances the comfort experience for the future occupants of the building. Likewise, the improvement in building dynamic performance can also be used to strategically optimize the structural system.

A design benefit analysis of an SDS is currently being applied to a proposed high-rise residential building in Toronto, Canada. For this project, Halcrow Yolles Structural Engineers and RWDI Motioneering Consulting Engineers have performed design assessments of the expected dynamic performance of the building. The original design of the tower’s lateral system was performed using conventional methods, with motion criteria satisfied by way of a coupled shear wall core to provide sufficient stiffness properties. As an option to the project developer, a study was conducted to investigate implementing an SDS to the original lateral system design to simultaneously: (a) minimize the thicknesses of the concrete core shear walls (thereby saving construction materials, costs, and maximizing useable floor space for the developer) and, (b) maintain the tower motions within acceptable comfort guidelines for future occupants.

A cost/benefit analysis has been performed which indicates that significant savings in structural costs (between $400,000 and $500,000) are possible, which can offset the expense of designing and constructing an SDS. “Green benefits” of saving concrete and reinforcing steel can translate into reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) of about 670 tons (the equivalent of removing about 143,000 cars from the road for one typical day in North America). These ‘green benefits’ can earn credits towards LEED certification or similar building credentials. As a second option for the developer, assessments indicate that by using an SDS five additional residential floors could be added without changes to the baseline structural core system, wall thicknesses, or unit layouts. This could result in approximately $30 million of additional sales revenue for the developer without significant modifications to the original design.
Tests of Grouting Voids in Post-tensioned Bridges by X-ray Penetration
Authors: An Lin , Zheng Yaming , Zhang Yufeng , Fu Guanhua
Published: October 2011

Utilizing the X-ray facilities originally dedicated for nondestructive testing of steel structures, nondestructive tests were carried out to investigate the grouting voids and tendon rupture in post- tensioned prestressing concrete structures. The testing procedure and technical parameters, namely, tube voltage, exposure time, source-to-film distance and sensitivity, for detecting grouting voids in duct are proposed based on the principle of X-ray penetration. The concrete-steel thickness equivalent coefficient is also obtained as about 0.2. Through a systematic study on a large number of radiographs, the approach and procedure to detect the grouting voids in metal or PVC duct (including both round and flat shaped ones) and rupture of tendons are presented. Finally, an investigation of grouting voids by X-ray in a post-tensioned concrete bridge, which is the first time in China, is introduced in this paper.
Anchorage to Concrete Design: The Transition from Tabular Load Capacity to Rational Design and Anchor Qualification Procedures to Manage Risk
Authors: Meinheit Donald , Anderson Neal
Published: October 2011

Anchorage to concrete design has progressed considerable in the past 10 years. Provisions now exist in the ACI 318 Code for designing cast-in and post-installed expansion anchors. No other US code has provisions that are as detailed as those in ACI. Other code bodies, AASHTO and AISC are currently lacking in specific code language for designing anchors that are embedded in concrete.

This brief paper describes some of the history and important milestones in developing the current provisions in ACI 318. It is not the intent that this be a complete history of anchorage to concrete design but a review of the positive and negative aspects in the development of the current (2008) design provisions.
New York City DOT Bridge Management System
Authors: Kroely Benoit , Hovhanessian Gilles , McAnulty Kevin
Published: October 2011

Paperless data collection and immediate, widespread accessibility have long been sought after features of any Bridge Inspection System. In the fall of 2004 the New York City Department of Transportation set out to accomplish just that with its award of a task order contract to create a Bridge Data System or “BDS”. This contract included business process re-engineering and associated tools related to the NYC DOT Bridge Inspection Program. The new system would be both a replacement and expansion of its existing Bridge Inspection System. Main features of the system include:

The creation of an accessible and logical inventory of the DOT’s bridges that is compatible with, and utilizes, data from existing systems.

Development and implementation of a system to plan, schedule, and document the Departments Inspections.

Ability to comply with NBIS and AASTHO requirements as well as the particularity of the NYC DOT inspections (culverts, pedestrian bridges, etc.)

Ability of field inspectors to conduct the inspections utilizing PDA’s with a system that is compatible with the New York States Bridge Inspection Program – Pen Interface (BIPPI) System

Incorporation of a Web Accessible Database for distributed access to information regarding bridges in the departments care

Based on its ScanPrint platform, Advitam delivered the BDS to the NYCDOT in 2006, and it has been used since then by the members of the Bridge Inspection / Research and Development Unit (BIR&D).

This paper will provide a broad overview of the system & the functionalities included, and will focus on benefits of using the system for DOT as well as for consultanting engineers working for the DOT.
Experimental Study on Composite Structural Walls with Steel Hysteretic Dampers
Authors: Sakino Kenji , Nakahara Hiroyuki
Published: October 2011

This paper reports on a research project aimed at investigating a dual system composed of moment- resisting open frames and a new type of composite walls. The features of the proposed walls are; 1) damage deduction of the wall panels and 2) large energy dissipation capacity. The former is introduced by providing the horizontal clearance between a foundation and wall panels except for the location of the edge columns. This device avoids the sever damage which is seen at the end of conventional walls. The latter is introduced by the steel coupling girders which are spanned narrowly between two wall panels. Mechanical behavior of the new type of wall system is investigated through a series of cyclic loading tests of two three-story specimens. The experimental results show that wall specimens designed appropriately behave in a ductile manner and have very large energy absorption capacity available even in small story drifts.
Spot monitoring and numerical analysis of high rising building
Authors: Zhang Shenwei , Zhang Qilin , Louxin
Published: October 2011

The expanding of construction scale and the complexity of structure system bring out the complexity and safety problem in the construction process, which can result in that the construction procedures have great effect on the final state of structures. Based on the time-dependent model of reinforced concrete in CEB-FIP MD90，the numerical simulation of the construction process of CFST structures are provided in this paper. The spot timely monitoring test with vibrating strain gauge was conducted during the construction of Tongji multifunctional building, the comparison of the test results and the numerical simulation results demonstrated that the method in this paper could precisely simulate the time-dependent force and deformation of structures during the construction process，and the numerical simulation results showed that the deformation of the structure resulted from the shrinkage and creep of concrete during construction can not be ignored in the design.
Bridge Information Modeling - Approach for Improving Safety and Serviceability from the Design Phase throughout the Life Cycle
Authors: Janjic Dorian , Love Ronald A.
Published: October 2011

Building information modeling has recently become an often-used catchword. In fact, data management of large buildings with a variety of functional requirements and utilization demands is a challenging task. Several attempts to improve the integrity and error rate by automatic procedures have been allowed for by the fast-paced development of the information technology capabilities.

In support of the development of similar capabilities for bridge engineering, this paper describes efforts currently underway to evolve the concept of bridge information modeling (BrIM). The authors are actively involved in all aspects of this effort which includes definition of the physical bridge model and the enabling of a complete suite of bridge engineering applications that encompass the entire bridge life cycle from planning, design, fabrication, construction and operations/maintenance, to operate seamlessly with the bridge information model. A description of the work accomplished to date is included to help illustrate the concept.
Numerical Analysis of Progressive Collapse of RC Frame under Blast Loading
Authors: Li Zhong-Xian , Shi Yanchao , Hao Hong
Published: October 2011

Recently, the progressive collapse phenomenon of structures under blast loading has attracted great attention all over the world. Numerical analyses of progressive collapse of different structures have been carried out and great achievements have been accomplished. However, because of the simplification and assumption taken in the numerical analysis, current method in numerical analysis of structural progressive collapse might not give an accurate and reliable prediction of the process of structural progressive collapse. In this paper, the three dimensional model of frame structure with two spans and three storeys is set up with explicit dynamic analytical software LS-DYNA, the effects of initial damage and non-zero initial conditions of the structure member on the progressive collapse of reinforced concrete frame under blast loading are studied, the results of which are compared with the benchmark results and the results from GSA method. Based on the comparison and observation, an improved GSA method used in the analysis of progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame is proposed, which can be used in the design of progressive collapse resistant reinforced concrete structures.
Knowing the Typical Pathologies of Bridges - the Brazilian Experience
Authors: Timerman Julio
Published: October 2011

In 1997, the government of Brazil implemented a program of privatizations and concessions of highways.

Each concession is responsible for the maintenance of the existing bridges in the stretches of granted highways.

This work presents a synthesis of the inspections carried through in about 1.200 (one thousand and, two hundred) bridges with the intention of registering their evidenced anomalies graphically and photographically.

The registration of the anomalies in bridges has another basic purpose: - to guide the projects of new bridges, becoming them more durable and significantly reducing the so scarce costs of maintenance in our country
Sustainability of Timber Bridges - the magic triangle
Authors: Gerold Matthias
Published: October 2011

In Germany thousands of traffic bridges are built and have to replaced every year. The German government and the road construction authorities prefer standard structures and standard details for cost-saving reasons. Standard construction drawings for timber bridges have not been published yet in Germany. That’s why 39 standard construction drawings have been generated for timber bridges: To this day 11 details for standardisation have been developed to improve the durability of timber constructions; additional 28 drawings show part of the constructions more in detail.

This presentation gives an overview of allstandard construction drawingsand it gives detailed information with reference to bridges in alpine countries. Together with thelifetimeand themaintenance costof a bridge (a field research project by the author), the drawings build the so called “magic triangle”.
Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) as Torsion Strengthening
Authors: Schladitz Frank , Curbach Manfred
Published: October 2011

More and more old buildings must be strengthened. There are various methods by which to improve the torsional resistance of existing reinforced concrete elements. One method entails the use of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). Test results will be used to demonstrate that TRC combined with AR-glass can be used to strengthen the torsional resistance of quadratic reinforced concrete elements. Both, an increase of improved resistance as well as improved serviceability, will be presented. Reduced torque and decreased crack widths are specific results that will be emphasized. An initial approach to determine the torsional resistance of square strengthened concrete components reinforced by TRC (AR-glass) will also be introduced.
Load Carrying Capacity Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridge from Structural Forced Vibration Response
Authors: Sun Zhi , Li Zhen
Published: October 2011

The aging of thousands of prestressed concrete (PC) bridges in Chinese highway system calls for fast condition evaluation methods to assess the load carrying capacity of this type of bridges. This paper proposes such a procedure for the PC simply supported beam bridges eccentrically prestressed with straight tendons using structural forced vibration response. The forward mapping from structural prestress force to forced vibration responses is analytically derived firstly in time domain. Special focus is put on derivation of the geometrical stiffness matrix for an eccentrically prestressed PC beam. The inverse mapping technique to identify the prestress force from structural forced vibration response is then presented by solving a sensitivity based optimization problem. According to the identified prestress force, the crack resistant load carrying capacity of the PC bridges can be assessed. A numerical study on a typical PC highway bridge, the Qinglong-River Bridge on Beijing-Qinghuangdao Highway, is conducted. Structure forced vibration responses under impulse, harmonic and white noise random excitations are simulated for the load carrying capacity assessment purpose. The results verified the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.
A Large Span Roof made of Cable Stayed Arches
Authors: Malerba Pier Giorgio , Galli Paolo , Di Domizio Marco , Comaita Giacomo
Published: October 2011

A large span roof made of cable stayed arches is presented. If compared to a traditional tied arch, the pre-tensioned cable stayed arch presents: (a) a strong reduction of the bending moments; (b) a general increase of the stiffness; (c) a strong increase of the limit multiplier associated with the eulerian critical load.
Technical code for building monolithic moving engineering of China
Authors: Erjun Wu , Aiqun Li
Published: October 2011

As an effective, economical technique to reserve valuable existing building in city rebuilding, the building monolithic moving technique develops rapidly in recent twenty years in China. In 2007, the first code, Technical Code for Building Monolithic Moving Engineering, was issued in Jiangsu Province, China. In this paper, the background of compiling the Code is introduced, and the main contents of the Code that include general, design, construction, real-time monitoring, special moving engineering, and quality checking standard are recited in brief.
Sculpted High-Rise: the Al Hamra Tower
Authors: Sarkisian Mark , Mathias Neville , Mazeika Aaron
Published: October 2011

At 412m tall on completion, the Al Hamra Tower is set to be amongst the tallest buildings in the world. Setting it apart from other super high-rise buildings is its unique sculpted form. An example of architectural expression through structural form on a grand scale, the structural system and exterior form developed together in a process of symbiotic evolution. The building geometry is generated by a spiraling slice subtracted from a simple prismatic volume. The two resultant surfaces are hyperbolic paraboloid reinforced-concrete walls, which extend the full height of the
tower and participate in the lateral and gravity force resisting systems.

The design of the Al Hamra Tower required consideration of challenging engineering issues complicated by both the height and form of the structure. The spiraling hyperbolic paraboloid ‘flared walls’ required for gravity load support of the cantilevered wing of the building apply a torsional gravity load to the building core that necessitates consideration of both the long-term
vertical and torsional deformations of the building structure.

Presently under construction in Kuwait City, the Al Hamra Tower will be an impressive addition to the skyline of this fast-growing city. As part of a mixed-use development combining world-class office space, a high-end retail mall, and an entertainment center, the Al Hamra Mixed-Use Complex is set to become a major destination for the city.
Engineers and Contractors Advance Tall Building Technology
Authors: Baumann Hanns
Published: October 2011

Inventors recognize the need of a team effort when they are attempting to commercialize their inventions. Engineers and contractors with a desire to improve methods of construction and maximize the efficient use of new technology are important members of the team. Also of great importance is having the project owner as a valuable team member. The building officials and their interest and support in the development of new products for the construction industry are also valuable contributors to a team’s success.
Steel Structure with Textile Membranes for Renovation of an Existing Built-up Area
Authors: Dakov Dimitar , Tanev Vaty
Published: October 2011

Three different types of textile membranes, used in the global architectural-structural solutions for renovation of an existing Summer Theatre near the sea beach have been presented. The most interesting in the structural complex is the retractable roof, which covers the amphitheatre hall. The bearing tubular steel structure is entirely exposed and situated above the roofing. Special attention has been paid to the detailing of the structural joints and connections between textile membranes and tubular steel structures.
Design Challenges for Hålogaland Bridge, Norway
Authors: Larsen Allan , Jensen Lars , Jakobsen Bernt
Published: October 2011

The COWI Team prepared in 2007 Basic Design and construction cost estimates for Hålogaland Bridge. The bridge is arranged as a single span suspension bridge with A-shaped concrete pylons, inclined cable planes and a closed steel box girder as bridge deck. The combination of a slender bridge and 2.2m high safety railings to prevent would-be-suicides jumping on impulse from the bridge poses a severe design challenge to fulfil the aerodynamic stability requirement of 56m/s at bridge deck level. The issue of vortex induced vibrations for closed steel box bridge decks poses another design challenge. The box section is arranged in such a way that the slope of the lower inclined side plates is at 15.8 degrees in relation to the horizontal bottom plate. Wind tunnel tests carried out in smooth flow have proved that vortex induced vibrations will not occur, thus saving the costs of installation and maintenance of mitigation measures.
Structural Design of High-Rise Buildings for Wind Loads
Authors: Fritz William , Gabbai Rene , Simiu Emil
Published: October 2011

Estimates of wind-induced wind effects on tall buildings are based largely on 1970s and 1980s technology, and can vary by more than 40 % depending upon the wind engineering laboratory. We describe a time-domain procedure allowing the realistic estimation of wind-induced demand-to- capacity ratios with any mean recurrence interval in any individual member, through: (a) the development of micrometeorological, aerodynamics, and wind climatological data, (b) the use of a physically and probabilistically realistic aerodynamic/climatological interfacing model, and (c) the use of modern computational resources for the significant improvement of the quality of the design through differentiated structural methods employing influence coefficients specific to each member. The paper then addresses the increase in load factors associated with uncertainties in the parameters that determine wind effects and, in particular, in the natural frequencies and damping ratios.
Load Tests of Dongping Bridge in Foshan, China
Authors: Tian Zhongchu , Zhang Lianying , Pen Tao , Ma Fengjie
Published: October 2011

Dongping Bridge in Foshan is a 300-meter-span bridge with combinatorial steel box arch and continuous beam system as well as vice-arch. In this paper, static and dynamic load tests are carried out. Firstly, the major items of static load tests and related layout of measuring points for the bridge are introduced. Then evaluation was carried out on the bridge’s static stress performance via comparison of the results of two kinds of loading test cases. Moreover, the results of the dynamic load tests are given. From the loading tests, it has been seen that the structural strength and rigidity of Dongping Bridge meet the requirements of design and related quality evaluation standards under static loads. It also proved that under normal load effect the bridge was basically in plastic state and conformed to the requirements of loading capacity.
Inspection and Retrofitting of Fatigue Damaged Orthotropic Steel Deck
Authors: Konishi Takuyo
Published: October 2011

Fatigue Damages in orthotropic steel deck (OSD) become a big annoying problem for the Metropolitan Expressway in Japan. One of the most serious fatigue crack in OSD is the crack initiating from the root of tough rib weld and propagating upward through deck plate. Visual detection is impossible before it penetration deck and cause water leak and surface subsidence. Special semi-automatic ultrasonic (SAUT) testing device was developed to detect the embeded cracks quickly. Several retrofitting methods have been proposed and tested. SFRC surfaceing is tentatively adopted on the damaged span. Performance of the SFRC is measured on site. This paper presents technique of OSD inspection, retrofitting methods and performance improvement of the retrofitted OSD.
555m Tall Lotte Super Tower, Seoul, Korea
Authors: Baker William , Besjak Charles , Pawlikowski James , McElhatten Brian , Biswas Preetam
Published: October 2011

Located in Seoul, Korea, the Lotte Super Tower is a unique form that transforms from a square, 70- meter square footprint to a 39-meter circle at 555 meters above ground. The shape of the building has been refined to reduce wind forces and accelerations. A dual system comprised of an exterior steel diagrid and an interior reinforced concrete core is utilized for lateral resistance to wind and seismic effects. Each of the components of the structural system have been optimized to provide material efficiency, and geometrically rationalized to increase constructability. When completed, the Lotte Super Tower will be the second tallest building in the world.
Cyclic Behavior of Unstiffened Double Split-Tee Beam-to-Column Connection
Authors: Harada Yukihiro , Ebato Kazumasa , Yagi Junpei
Published: October 2011

An unstiffened double split-tee beam-to-column connection is one of the “weldless” beam-to- column connections. In the present study, structural performance of steel framework including the unstiffened double split-tee beam-to-column connection is investigated experimentally and analytically. Cyclic loading tests of subassemblages with the unstiffened connections are performed, and the unstiffened connections show good deformation capacity. Validities of yield strength prediction by yield line analysis and numerical simulation by finite element analysis to predict cyclic behaviors of the subassemblages are also investigated.
Third Millennium Bridge over the Ebro River. Zaragoza. Spain
Authors: Jose Arenas Juan , Capellán Guillermo , Beade Hector , Martínez Javier
Published: October 2011

The way followed from conception to construction of this high strength white concrete arch bridge, an urban 216 m span bow-string arch bridge, is described in this paper. The approach to the city needs, the choice of type and material, the geometric design, the structural solution, the specific studies developed, and the bridge construction, are all explained to show how this outstanding and challenging structure takes bridge design and engineering one step beyond.
Wind Engineering of the 600 m Chicago Spire
Authors: Irwin Peter , Bacon Dan , Cicci Mike , Tomasetti Richard , Burns Joseph , Steele Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This paper discusses the analysis of the 600m Chicago Spire for wind climate of Chicago and other weather phenomenon. Tests performed by RWDI in the wind tunnel and results are discussed as well as lessons learned about some of the parameters of the building. Also discussed is the decision making process and factors that led to an Active Mass Damper being included on the project. A description of some of the special analyses performed for this unique project is also included.
'Top to Bottom' Construction - Arcapita Headquarters at Bahrain Bay
Authors: Laufs Wilfried
Published: October 2011

Bahrain Bay is an artificial island construction project in the gulf near Manama in Bahrain, where the new Arcapita Bank Building defines one mayor urban axis of the new district to give the area enormous aesthetic identity and economic credibility. The 40m wide and 135m long composite structure is floating above concrete ground waves with six- storey cantilevers at both ends of length up to 25m into the sea.

To make this challenging structure work, optimized full- floor height steelwork trusses are integrated within the top HVAC floor in between concrete cores to form a bridge- like structure (span 64m) in between those cores as well as global cantilevers on both building ends from which all six floors are hung. Therefore, steelwork elements will be built ‘away and downwards’ from the core tops, creating a unique erection sequence which is best described as ‘top to bottom’

construction with special connection requirements (made in Western Europe by DONGES Stahlbau) as well as safety considerations during the design process.
The Internet as the Perfect Tool to Document Construction Projects
Authors: Janberg Nicolas
Published: October 2011

Over the last few years, many web sites have been created that allow construction professionals to present their current and past projects to a wide audience on the Internet. This can be achieved by either presenting projects on company web sites or sites dedicated to that specific web site. It is also possible to group projects in databases that are the basis to more encompassing web sites. One of the few web sites geared primarily to works of bridge, structural and civil engineering is the Structurae database. This paper presents the possibilities of documenting such works of engineering both to a professional audience as well as the general public.
Computational Modelling of ASR/DEF Affected Concrete Bridge Columns
Authors: Talley Kimberly , Arrellaga Jose
Published: October 2011

The research discussed in this paper included both experimental and computational of ASR/DEF effects on bridge columns. For the experimental research, scaled models of a column were constructed and fractured using stone-splitting wedges. This method was intended to create the worst-case scenario: ASR/DEF cracks propagating through the core of the columns and effectively cleaving each column into four pieces. The finite-element software ATENA was used for the computational modelling and parametric studies. ATENA provides advanced 3-D fracture-plastic models to simulate the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete elements. The program excels in modelling the geometry, widths, and propagation of cracks. The computer model was correlated to the experimental results and then used to predict capacities for a variety of deterioration levels.

This paper focuses on the computational portion of the research.
Reconstruction and Revitalization of Peter Behrens' “Berolinahaus” (at Alexanderplatz 1 in the center of Berlin - Germany)
Authors: Pekoll Oskar-Henri , Glasenapp Ralf
Published: October 2011

During a reconstruction phase of Alexanderplatz in the center of Berlin in the early 1930s, the famous architect Peter Behrens designed the building “Berolinahaus”, which till now gives the place its unique appearance and is therefore a listed building. The high-rise building has a reinforced concrete skeleton-frame structure, which was really innovative and one of the first at all at the time of its construction.

Now a new concept with retail stores in the lower four floors and office space in the upper floors was created to revive the “Berolinahaus”.

The method of shifting loads from the existing static system to the new construction in the lower levels, while the upper four floors are still intact, is presented. The complexity of the design and its application, while minimizing deformations, time and costs, is shown by ambitious constructions based on a structural analysis in special construction phases.
Some Aspects of the Life-Cycle Reliability of the Twin Cable–Stayed Bridges at Malpensa Airport in Italy
Authors: Biondini Fabio , Frangopol Dan M. , Malerba Pier Giorgio
Published: October 2011

Some aspects of the life-cycle performances of the cable-stayed bridges at Malpensa airport in Italy are investigated in both deterministic and probabilistic terms. The study is developed by using a general methodology for time-variant reliability analysis of concrete structures subjected to diffusive attacks from external aggressive agents. The beneficial effects of repair interventions are also taken into account. The results show that the repair interventions allow to decrease the rate of deterioration and the dispersion of the involved uncertainty.
Reduction of the life expectancy of bridges and viaducts as a result of increased truck traffic in the Netherlands
Authors: Djorai Boyke , de Boer Ane
Published: October 2011

In the Netherlands, the motorway network has a large number of bridges and viaducts that were
built in the ’60 and ’70 or even earlier. These civil structures were built with the knowledge of
construction and materials, and the design criteria of that time, available traffic forecasts and
vehicle loads, to achieve a structure lifetime of at least 60 to 80 years.
Truck traffic is an indicative criterion for the constructive design and practical behavior of these
structures (bridges and viaducts). Truck traffic determines, inter alia, the structural strength of these
structures and is as a result a dominant factor for the damage development, and resulting from that
in maintenance costs. Changes in axle loads, frequency of burden passages, positioning of the axles,
tire pressure and suchlike are then also of direct influence on the speed of the damage development.
For a good management of the main road network, it is very important for the Dutch Ministry of
Transport, Public Works and Water Management to have a good insight into the development of the
truck traffic and the influence of this on the growth of damage to bridges and viaducts.
Long Term On-line Health Monitoring of the Poyan Lake Bridge
Authors: Xie Hai-Bo , Tian Zhong-Chu , Peng Fa-Gen , Zheng Wang-Gang , Tao Zhao-Hua , Zhou Yu-Xiang
Published: October 2011

Because of recent disasters of bridges collapses in the world, preventive maintenance and structural safety of bridges especially for larger-scale bridges have become hot research direction in civil engineer. Strong attention has been paid to health-monitoring systems which can supply bridge manager with objective data for long-term damage prediction; safety evaluation and effective decision making for optimize repair and rehabilitation. The paper present and details the whole health monitoring of the Poyan Lake Bridge, and the system combines three models: on-line measure model; Power Data Transfers Model; Analysis Model. Finally the strategy for the health monitoring is proposed.
Impacting Factor Caused by Highway Bridge Deck Roughness
Authors: Song Yifan , Chen Rongfeng , He Shuanhai
Published: October 2011

In order to analyse the interaction of highway bridge and vehicle, an analysis method of couple vibration between 1/2-four degree vehicle model and highway bridge is presented. According to the road power spectral density(PSD) function advised by GB/T 7031-1986(China Standard), the coefficients of different bridge deck roughness are obtained, which are taken as the inputting excitation of 1/2 vertical model for vehicle dynamics. The dynamic response of maximum moment and vertical displacement for the simply-supported beam and the continuous beam under different bridge deck roughness is analyzed by numerical simulation, and the variety rule of impacting factor is obtained. The result shows that the impacting factor increases non-linearly along with the grade of bridge deck roughness. The grade of bridge deck roughness is the most remarkable factor for the vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction.
Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Quesnell Bridge, Edmonton, Canada
Authors: Azarnejad Azita , Tadros Gamil , Rebel Ken
Published: October 2011

Quesnell Bridge (1968) in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, is a six span, 315 m long bridge consisting of parabolic precast post-tensioned girders with a cast in place deck. Rehabilitation and widening of this bridge is part of City of Edmonton’s Transportation infrastructure upgrading program. Initial investigations showed that girders would be deficient in shear capacity and serviceability stresses for the new Canadian 800 kN design truck load. The deck assessment determined that significant levels of corrosion existed in the reinforcing and that replacement of deck would also be required.

The objective of this paper is to review the available options for strengthening including FRP fabric for shear strengthening, FRP plates for negative moment connection over the internal supports, and external post-tensioning for improving stresses. The results of the analysis that led to the selection of strengthening procedure and some of the issues complicating strengthening design are discussed.
Abu Dhabi Central Market Redevelopment
Authors: Halvorson Robert , Viise John , Fenske Eric
Published: October 2011

The Central Market Redevelopment, developed by Aldar Properties PJSC, consists of 700,000 square meters of new construction. The architectural design, by Foster + Partner, incorporates three tall towers (260 meter tall hotel, 380 meter residential, and a 280 meter office) surrounded by a large mixed use podium with below grade parking.

Halvorson and Partners (HP), project structural design engineers, overcame many challenges in the undertaking of this project. Construction drawings had to be completed under tightly phased deadlines in order to limit delays. The site was previously excavated and constrained by a diaphragm wall that already been constructed for a previous project design. From the beginning, HP worked in close conjunction with select specialty consultants to address the unique challenges of the UAE environment and to deliver construction drawings per the aggressive construction timetable.
The Magic Box. Multifunctional Sports Centre by the Manzanares River in Madrid
Authors: Fernandez Salvador , Fernández Andrino Juan , Sanchez Jose Luis
Published: October 2011

The “Magic Box” is a sports building representing a major investment that can be recouped via its multifunctionality, permitting it to be used for events throughout a large part of the year. Standing out are its movable roofs and the rotundity of its metallic presence.
Second Order Effects on Building Structures – an Approximate Evaluation
Authors: Kollar Laszlo
Published: October 2011

Slender building structures must be designed by taking into account the second order effects. Whether this effect is significant or not, can be decided by comparing the vertical load to the buckling load of the building. It was suggested by several researchers that second order effects can be neglected, when this ratio is below ten percent. This statement is, for example, part of Eurocode- 2 (Design of Concrete Structures), which also contains approximate procedures, how to evaluate the buckling load of buildings. It is also well known that the second order effect can be taken into account by a fictitious horizontal load, which is a function of the vertical load/buckling load ratio.

The key of the evaluation is the proper approximation of the buckling load, which must contain the effect of the stiffnesses of the frames and/or the shear walls, the deformability of the foundations, the effect of the number of stories, etc. Expressions, which takes into account these effects are also given in Eurocode, however, for some cases, they may lead to unacceptable, unconservative results. In this paper some of the formulas are corrected, and for a few cases better approximations are suggested. The expressions are based on the solutions of the replacement continua of buildings.
Rigidity Selection for Mid-Tower of Three Tower Suspension Bridge
Authors: Ruan Jing , Feng Zhaoxiang , Zhong Jianchi
Published: October 2011

Comparing with normal two-tower suspension bridges, the whole stiffness of three-tower suspension bridges are relatively small，while the ratios of the deflection to span of these structures are larger. The mid-tower stiffness of three-tower suspension bridge has great influence on the mechanical behaviour of the whole bridge due to inner characteristics of this kind of bridges.

Basing on some model experiments and related design specification, some design restrictions of three-tower suspension bridge, such as the deflection of the main span and the anti-slipping safety factor between the main cable and saddle of the mid-tower, are presented. Considering these practical restrictions and analytical results on the influence of the stiffness of the mid-tower to the whole structures, the paper shows the reasonable range of mid-tower stiffness. A proper structural style satisfying all of these restrictions is proposed at the end of this paper.
Curved Precast Concrete Bridge Projects in Colorado
Authors: Reese Gregg
Published: October 2011

Six bridge projects in Colorado are complete or are currently being constructed using curved, precast concrete girders. In all cases, the girders were spliced and in most applications, post- tensioned to accommodate spans up to 265’. These projects were developed to utilize plant manufactured precast concrete girders using variations of standard Colorado DOT cross sections. Of the six projects, two including the Ramp K and Ramp H Flyover Bridges, have been completed and are currently in service. The remaining projects have been designed and are at varying stages construction. The Ramp K Bridge will be featured as case study to discuss the technical and constructability issues that are inherent in this type of construction. Other projects, currently under construction, will also be discussed. These design and construction of these projects faced many challenges in difficult urban site conditions. Unique solutions for spliced girder technology that were developed during both design and construction will be discussed.
Problems and Opportunities of Nonlinear RC Frame Analysis
Authors: Loehning Thomas , Schenk Jochen , Starossek Uwe
Published: October 2011

A safe and economic realisation of tall buildings and other slender structures calls for accurate structural analysis. Several current analysis programs allow for a materially and geometrically nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete frames, either by frame or three-dimensional elements. For the evaluation of these programs the authors suggest a benchmark. The benchmark comprises seven testings and reveals a number of distinct differences between numerical results and

experimental data. Most problems arise in the computation of spatial structures. For frame elements, no generally accepted cross-sectional model exists taking into account material nonlinearity for all six internal forces. To overcome these problems a hybrid model for arbitrary cross sections is suggested. The new approach is based on a notional division of the cross section into two areas.

Where stirrups and longitudinal bars form a reinforcement net, membrane elements are used. In the remaining area, stresses are assumed to be uniaxial. The presented model allows for a fully nonlinear analysis including interaction between all six internal forces. This provides the opportunity for a unified design procedure. Many current concrete codes already allow a nonlinear determination of the internal forces. However, the limit states are checked separately for biaxial bending and normal force, for transverse forces, and for torsion at cross-sectional level. Interactions are only empirically considered. In contrast, the proposed unified concept is based on the limitation of the principle concrete strains and the reinforcement strain produced by all internal forces. The design procedure is reduced to a single nonlinear analysis of the structure.
Monitoring System for a Cable-Stayed Bridge in Plock
Authors: Hildebrand Maciej , Biliszczuk Jan , Berger Andrzej
Published: October 2011

Not so long ago, a pretty bridge was completed in Poland, over the Vistula River, near the city of Plock. The bridge is made of steel. It is a cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 375 m. The bridge is subjected to permanent structural control by what we will call a ‘monitoring system’.

This system monitors the following factors: force in the stays, inclination of the pylons, strains in the structure, wind load. The following gauges were employed: load cells, inclinometers, strain gauges, anemometers. The conclusions were divided into four groups: remarks concerning the operation of the system, remarks on the safety of the bridge, knowledge-building observations on the behavior of cable-stayed structures and data on real environmental effects on bridges. The conclusions drawn after the first two years of data acquisition are reassuring. The behavior of the bridge is not unexpected and the parameters measured are within the foreseen limits.