bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different effects of soil drought on soluble carbohydrates of developing Lupinus pilosus and Lupinus luteus embryos
Authors: Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Michalczyk Dariusz J. , Adomas Barbara , Górecki Ryszard J.
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in embryos of two lupin species: cultivated Lupinus luteus (cv. Juno) and wild L. pilosus, developing on plants grown under normal soil humidity and soil drought. All analysed seeds accumulated soluble carbohydrates, including: monosaccharides, sucrose, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Soil drought caused a nearly two-fold increase of soluble carbohydrate contents in both species. L. pilosus embryos however, responded to water deficiency by increasing the accumulation of cyclitols and galactosyl cyclitols, whereas L. luteus embryos enhanced accumulation of cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides.
Seasonal changes in the degree of symplasmic continuity between the cells of cambial region of Acer pseudoplatanus and Ulmus minor
Authors: Sokołowska Katarzyna , Zagórska-Marek Beata
Published: April 2013

The presence of symplasmic isolation and symplasmic continuity which are functional aspects of cell-to-cell communication, had been studied in cambium of Acer pseudoplatanus and Ulmus minor, with hope that uniqueness of this meristem, exemplified by its morphology and seasonal variations in its activity is also manifested in differences in the efficiency of communication between cambial cells during the year. The degree of symplasmic continuity was estimated by loading the fluorescent symplasmic tracer to the stem and following its distribution in a population of cambial cells observed on tangential, transverse and radial sections. In active cambium the tracer did not enter the rays. This suggested that the ray and fusiform cells, growing and dividing intensively at different rates were specifically isolated from each other. In the state of dormancy the tracer was present also in the rays implying continuity between the two types of cambial cells. Temporal restriction in tracer spreading from secondary xylem to cambial region was observed on transverse sections in both physiological states of the meristem. Higher degree of symplasmic isolation in active cambium is, most probably, associated with functional distinctiveness of ray and fusiform cells. We hypothesize further that the symplasmic continuity in dormant cambium results from the open conformation states of plasmodesmata, because the energy costs of these states are low. It is reasonable strategy when cambial cells do not divide and maintenance of their functional individuality is not necessary.
The seasonal dormancy pattern and germination of Matricaria maritima subsp. inodora (L.) Dostal seeds in hydrotime model terms
Authors: Bochenek Anna , Gołaszewski Janusz , Górecki Ryszard J.
Published: April 2013

Changes in hydrotime model parameters were determined in Matricaria maritima L. subsp. inodora seeds during burial in a field in order to describe the seasonal dormancy pattern. Seeds were exhumed at regular intervals over a year and incubated at different water potentials at 19°C. Germination time courses were analyzed to determine hydrotime population parameters. Values of ѱb(50), ѲH and σѱb varied each month. Mean base water potential values in seeds exhumed each month were related to precipitation over 20 days before their exhumation. Soil temperature could be a trend-controlling factor of this relationship. The seeds were in deep dormancy after remaining 80-90 days in soil below or above limit temperature 15°C. The application of the hydrotime model to describe and predict seasonal dormancy patterns of weed seed is promising, especially for species with a considerable diversification of life strategies and ecophysiological flexibility of diaspores. It could also suggest mechanisms of seasonal dormancy changes of seeds in natural conditions and provide a basis for their examination. One of advantages of the dormancy pattern description of weed seeds remaining in a soil bank by means of threshold models is its simplicity.
Human traces in the bryophyte flora of the summit region of Karkonosze Mts (Polish side)
Authors: Fudali Ewa
Published: April 2013

Based on results of the bryofloristic investigations carried out in 2006 along tourist roads and around mountain chalets the problem of bryophyte response to the tourist utilization of the summit region of Karkonosze Mts is discussed here. The hypothesis that introduction of cement as building material might have caused the income and spread of subneutral or basiphilous ruderal species in that naturally acidic region was formulated and tested. In result 45 species were found, of which the majority do not occur in natural sites in the Karkonosze Mts. Among them 20 species are convinced to be highly hemerophilous. Most of the found species were eurytopic, only 14 prefered subneutral or basic substrata. Many of them produced sporogonia, what indicates high reproduction potential. It seems that the phenomenon of synanthropisation is limited mainly to places in which cement (as mortar or concrete) has been used. The list of bryophytes found around all the anthropogenic sites and along the tourist roads in the summit region of Polish part of the massif with brief characteristics of their ecological preferences has been included.
Effects of various elicitors on the accumulation and secretion of spiroketal enol ether diacetylenes in feverfew hairy root culture
Authors: Stojakowska Anna , Burczyk Jan , Duda Teresa , Kisiel Wanda , Banaś Anna , Zych Maria
Published: April 2013

In a hairy root culture of Tanacetum parthenium treated with yeast extract (YE), silver nitrate (AgNO3) and microalgal glycoproteins (MGPS), contents of four spiroketal enol ether type diacetylenes were mesured. The elicitors transiently reduced contents of three constitutive spiroketal enol ethers and selectively enhanced accumulation of cis-C13-spiroketal enol ether epoxide ((E)-3,4-epoxy-2-(2,4-hexadiynylidene)-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane) in the roots. The most abundant formation of cis-C13-spiroketal enol ether epoxide was observed after 48-96 h of AgNO3 treatment and 96 h of YE treatment (over 3-fold increase compared with the control). The applied elicitors caused enhanced liberation of cis-C13-spiroketal enol ether epoxide to the culture medium. The results show that diacetylene accumulation pattern in the elicited hairy roots is affected in a similar manner, irrespectively of the elicitor applied.
Potential use of RAPD markers in characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) haploids and double-haploids
Authors: Niemirowicz-Szczytt Katarzyna , Kołakowska Grażyna , Korzeniewska Aleksandra , Marzec Leszek , Gałecka Teresa , Piskurewicz Urszula , Sztangret-Wilniewska Joanna , Śmiech Mieczysław
Published: April 2013

A study was designed to obtain hapolid and double haploid (DH) plants from cucumber cultivars tolerant to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. The main goal was to identify RAPD molecular markers associated with downy mildew resistance. On average, 20% of embryos generated in two experiments, were converted to haploid plants. RAPD markers that differentiated susceptible and resistant H and DH plants were identified. Somaclonal variation in DH lines was seldom detected.
Hildenbrandia rivularis (Rhodophyta) in central Poland
Authors: Żelazna-Wieczorek Joanna , Ziułkiewicz Maciej
Published: April 2013

Freshwater red algae Hildenbrandia rivularis has been noted for the first time in central Poland near the Lodz agglomeration. Until now, this alga was recorded only in mountain and Polish Lowland areas. The wide range of habitat conditions influencing the occurrence for this protected species has been determined in the spring niche. The possible threat to habitat where H. rivularis occurs, is connected with construction and exploitation of the A2 highway.
Phenotypic responses to water flow and wave exposure in aquatic plants
Authors: Gałka Agnieszka , Szmeja Józef
Published: April 2013

Plastic responses of 10 aquatic plant species from 5 rivers and 5 lakes in NW Poland were examined. Chara fragilis, C. delicatula, Potamogeton pectinatus, P. perfoliatus, P. natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Salvinia natans, Nymphoides peltata and Juncus bulbosus were the subject of research. In the running water of rivers, rhizophytes were generally bigger and they allocated from 0.6% to 58.6% more biomass for anchoring in the substrate than in stagnant water (ox bow lakes). In both flow variants rhizophytes allocated a similar biomass fraction for generative reproduction. On the other hand, under the influence of water flow pleustophytes reduced the mass of an individual (Spirodela by 25%, Hydrocharis 67%, Salvinia 77%) and emergent structures (p<0.001), and the number of sporangia (p<0.001). In both flow variants the input of biomass to generative reproduction was the same (Salvinia), or it was greater in running water (Hydrocharis; an increase from 4.9±1.3% to 15.1±3.6%). Under the conditions of strong wave action, in comparison with the lack of this environmental factor, Chara delicatula was several times shorter (p<0.001). However, it was also stouter, and as a result it had similar mass. In the areas of wave action the plant allocated 88.8% of its mass for anchoring in the substrate, whereas when there were no waves, only 22.7%.
Evaluation of the effect of various nitrogen forms on the Lupinus albus seed protein composition
Authors: Gulewicz Krzysztof , Aniszewska Tadeusz , Wysocki Wojciech , Pilarski Radosław , Ciesiołka Danuta
Published: April 2013

The influence of different nitrogen forms: (N2), [N2+(NH4++NO3-)], (NH4+), (NO3-), (NH4++NO3-) and (-NH2) on changes of albumin, globulin, prolamin-glutelin, non-fractioned nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen fractions of the protein seed of alkaloid-low content Lupinus albus L. cv. Butan has been studied. The experiments were performed in a greenhouse on perlite using in all cases the constant P, K, Mg and micronutrients (B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe) fertilization. The control was the treatment without any nitrogen support (Nd). It was clearly shown that nitrogen form has significant effect not only on the seed yield and seed protein content, but also on the composition of protein fractions and on the biological value of lupin protein. The main protein fraction of the seeds from all treatments were albumins (16.73-26.10 mgN/g). Among all the treatments, the highest level of globulin was observed for the seeds of plant growing with the symbiotic nitrogen form (15.26 mgN/g), while the lowest one for the control (Nd) (6.86 mgN/g). Symbiotic nitrogen (N2) treatment clearly increased the glutelin-prolamin fraction while the addition of mineral nitrogen (NH4++NO3-) decreased this fraction from 8.40 to 4.48 mgN/g. The lowest level of the glutelin-prolamin fraction was in the absence of any nitrogen (Nd). Non-protein fraction (Nnp) was highest in the case of plants treated with (-NH2) (9.92 mgN/g), and the lowest in the absence of nitrogen (Nd) (4.90 mgN/g). The level of non-fractioned nitrogen (Nr), with exception of [N2+(NH4++NO3-)] and -NH2 treatments, was closest to the start material. The protein fractions (albumins, globulins and glutelins and prolamins) were also electrophoretically characterized. These analysis confirmed the changes in protein composition of particular fractions under the effect of various nitrogen forms used as a fertilizer.
Ecological significance of some kenophytes in Lower Silesian national parks
Authors: Fabiszewski Jerzy , Brej Teresa
Published: April 2013

The paper presents the results of several years investigations (2003-2007) on two invaders: the Himalayans Impatiens glandulifera and Asiatic Reynoutria japonica. The Sudety Mountains and their national parks are under strong pressure of both species, threatening the local vegetation. The four-year investigations have been carried out in field, glasshouse and in laboratory. Invasive species have their peculiar life histories which help them to occupy new areas. Those are above all the specific generative reproduction strategies (Impatiens) or vegetative reproduction strategies (Reynoutria). Both strategies secure the reproductive success and to capture more and more highly situated areas of the mountains. Very significant characteristics connected with the expansion of invaders is the excessively over and above the average production of seeds (Impatiens) and a huge annual increment aboveground biomass (Reynoutria). The investigated invasive species are probably not equipped with influence of allelopatic type as of greater importance is their competitive strength. The invaders can eliminate a part of the early spring flora belonging to the geophyte group and impoverish the regional biological diversity. Both the invasive plants enter also into some moist mountain forest communities.
Physiological-biochemical parameters and characteristics of seed coat structure in lupin seeds subjected to long storage at different temperatures
Authors: Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Michalczyk Dariusz J. , Górska Kamila , Bulińska-Radomska Zofia , Górecki Ryszard J.
Published: April 2013

Seed vigour, viability, the contents of soluble carbohydrates, total protein, albumins, and globulins, as well as seed coat structure, were analysed in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) cv. Iryd seeds stored for 20 years at -14oC, 0oC or at room temperature (approx. +20oC). Seed storage at room temperature reduced viability (to 2%) and increased seed leachate electroconductivity. Determinations of total proteins showed that protein content was significantly reduced in seeds stored at +20oC compared to the other storage regimens. Raffinose family oligosaccharides were the main soluble carbohydrates in seeds stored at 0oC and -14oC, whereas sucrose dominated in seeds stored at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of seed surface and seed coat sections revealed appearance of an amorphic layer on the surface of seeds stored at room temperature (not observed in other seeds) and distinct shrinking of macrosclereid layer in seeds stored at -14oC. Macrosclereids layer in all seeds was 100 um thick and accounted for 60% of seed coat thickness. The obtained results suggest that for long term storage of lupin seeds at 0oC is the most advisable temperature if both costs of storage and seed storability are considered.
Mutations modulate soluble carbohydrates composition in seeds of Lathyrus sativus L.
Authors: Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Rybiński Wojciech , Michalczyk Dariusz J.
Published: April 2013

Seeds of Lathyrus sativus cv. Derek and Krab were used as biological material for induced mutagenesis. Three mutant lines were obtained from seeds of grass pea cv. Derek and 15 lines from mutagenised seeds of cv. Krab. Twelve ethanol-soluble carbohydrates were identified in the seeds. We have selected grass pea mutant lines with high oligosaccharides content (lines D4, K56, K25, and K7) and lines with low raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) content (lines K12, K29 and K13). Mutations changing the levels of RFO have not affected the contents of galactosyl cyclitols.
Central limit theorem and the short-term temperature response of coleoptile and hypocotyl elongation growth
Authors: Lewicka Sylwia , Pietruszka Mariusz
Published: April 2013

In this contribution we deal with a new mathematical description of the response of short-term coleoptile/hypocotyl expansion growth to temperature. Although the interest of both the bio-mechanical basis of elongation growth and temperature responses has been studied in plant biology and biophysics for a long time, yet the question of the mode of actions of temperature is very relevant and still open. Here we introduce a simple idea that the normal distribution, due to the central limit theorem (CLT), is able to report on temperature-dependent elongation growth. The numerical fittings for temperature affected growth are in good agreement with empirical data. We suggest that the observation concerning a crossover effect occurring in temperature driven elongation together with CLT leads to the formulation of a hypothesis about the possible universal character of such a description, supposedly for many plant species and families. We conclude with the statement that properly constructed equations of temperature affected growth, should possibly include a specific term proportional to exp[-((T-T0)/T0)2] with T0 corresponding to the temperature of the optimum growth.
Intraspecific differentiation of Reed Grass Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth (Poaceae) populations revealed by peroxidase allozymes
Authors: Krzakowa Maria , Celka Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

The genetic Variation of Reed Grass Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth was investigated in 25 populations in various geographic regions of Poland. A total of 907 individuals were sampled for electrophoretic analysis of peroxidase loci (11 allozymes). Populations were characterised by genetic parameters e.g. heterozygosity level, Wright's fixation index (F) and polymorphism coefficient (Pg). Mean values of interpopulation variability level (GST=0.0310), total genetic diversity (HT=0.4102) and gene flow between populations (Nm=7.805) were also examined. All the populations were polymorphic and they remain in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.
How really extensive is the original material of Juncus kochii (Juncaceae)? - A taxonomic and nomenclatural revision
Authors: Proćków Jarosław
Published: April 2013

The identity of the original material of Juncus kochii F. W. Schultz (Juncaceae) is discussed. The taxon at present is best regarded as Juncus bulbosus L. subsp. kochii (F. W. Schultz) Reichg. The relevant literature (protologue and references therein) was searched and details of all original elements were compiled. Nomenclatural and taxonomic remarks are given. Juncus welwitschii Hochst. ex Steud. is here excluded as a synonym of Juncus bulbosus subsp. kochii.
The impact of light and gravity on growth directions in a root system of Cucumis sativus L.
Authors: Otręba Piotr
Published: April 2013

While each individual root responds to such environmental factors as light or gravity the question arises how these reactions subordinate to the whole root system, which is supposed to maintain its primary functions. Data presented here confirm that in cucumber the gravity and light modulate the growth direction of the lateral roots subunits of the system. Another important factor affecting behavior of lateral roots is an orientation of the main root. These facts all together suggest that the root system functions as an integrated entity, capable of adapting its architecture to changing environmental conditions. Its flexibility, based on unknown signaling network, guarantees optimal functioning of the system.
Mathematical model for tissue stresses in growing plant cells and organs
Authors: Pietruszka Mariusz , Lewicka Sylwia
Published: April 2013

In this study we propose a simple mathematical model based on the equilibrium equation for the materials deformed elastically. Owing to the turgor pressure of the cells, the peripheral walls of the outer tissue are under tension, while the extensible inner tissue is under compression. This well known properties of growing multicellular plant organs can be derived from the equation for equilibrium. The analytic solutions may serve as a good starting point for modeling the growth of a single plant cell or an organ.
Needle anatomy suggests hybridization between the relict turfosa form of Pinus sylvestris L. from the Gązwa peat bóg and typical Scots pine
Authors: Polok Kornelia , Przybyła Marta , Pisarek Włodzimierz , Chudzińska Ewa , Zieliński Roman , Urbaniak Lech
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to characterize the turfosa form of Pinus sylvestris from the Gazwa peat bog reserve in terms of 16 anatomical needle traits and to determine whether pines with a typical morphotype inhabiting the peat bog have been so successful thanks to hybridization with the unique tufosa ecotype. Investigations were conducted on three phenotypic groups of Scots pine growing in the peat bog. The first two groups consisted of 30 tufosa trees at the age of 117-217 years and 20 trees at the age of 30-85 years. The third group consisted of typical pines represented by 10 trees at the age of 20-55 years. In total 30 trees of typical pine, surrounding the peat bog, at the age of 100-150 years served as outgroup. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance with the F test, Tukey's test, and a number of multivariate analyses were used to estimate differences between the studied groups of trees based on 16 anatomical needle characteristics. The old turfosa form from the Gazwa reserve proved to be a unique and relict peat bog pine, as it was shown by the differences in 10 analyzed needle traits in comparison to pine with a typical morphotype growing in the areas surrounding the peat bog. The young typical pines have adapted to conditions found in the peat bog owing to hybridization with the turfosa forms. The young turfosa trees differed from the old turfosa trees and also they have probably been of a hybrid origin. The old turfosa form from the Gazwa reserve is a threatened ecotype due to its hybridization with pines from the population surrounding the peat bog.
The fungus Epichloë typhina in populations of a halophyte Puccinellia distans: salinity as a possible inhibitor of infection
Authors: Lembicz Marlena , Olejniczak Paweł
Published: April 2013

Puccinellia distans is a non-agricultural halophytic grass that has become another host plant for Epichloe typhina, hitherto not reported from Poland. In 1992 we noticed the first symptoms of choke disease in a single population of P. distans in central Poland. Since then we have observed choke disease in 5 populations of P. distans only in man-made habitats. These habitats are strongly anthropogenically salinated but they exhibit the pattern of species composition characteristic of natural salines. In this paper we test the hypothesis that the level of salinity affects the infection of P. distans by the fungus E. typhina. Seven plots were established in the field and each plot was divided into 25 subplots. Within each plot the level of infection in a spring generation of shoots was negatively correlated with salinity (common regression within the plots, beta = -0.674, df = 117, p < 0.001). Negative correlation was also found in an autumn generation within the plots (beta = -0.682, df = 94, p < 0.001) after excluding plot P in which the frequency of infected individuals was the lowest and equal only to 0.05. The proportion of individuals infected by the endophytic stage of the fungus in the populations was assessed using diagnostic polymerase chain reaction. The greatest percentage (98.3%) of infected individuals was found in the population growing in the habitat of the lowest salinity. The high salinity reduces the chance of P. distans to become infected, but may promote the stroma formation of E. typhina twice in the season. Disease expression in autumn clearly represents a misadaptation which could be explained by the fact that the species interactions described here appeared relatively recently as a result of human activity. This hypothesis requires further experimental verification.
Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense Ehrend. (Rubiaceae)- the Polish endemic plant
Authors: Cieślak Elżbieta , Szeląg Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense, a narrow endemic species, limited to the small area in southern Poland and concentrated on Jurassic limestone outcrops near Częstochowa, was examined using the AFLP marker. Twenty nine individuals from three spatially isolated populations were used for the study. AFLP analysis yielded 157 bands, of which 110 (70%) were polymorphic. The AMOVA analysis revealed a substantially higher variation within populations (89.35%) than among them (10.65%). Values of parameters describing population genetic diversity, such as Shannon index and gene diversity index estimated for each population, were highly similar. The results indicate a high level of genetic polymorphism as well as a high genetic similarity of the isolated populations of G. cracoviense and thus an unconstrained gene flow between them. Based on the results we conclude that additional demographic and genetic studies, are necessary to monitor potential decrease of populations size resulting mainly from the mechanical destruction of plants and their habitats caused by intense tourism. Due to the small general range of occurrence, conservation should include the highest possible number of populations of G. cracoviense.
Simple method to estimate cell wall extensibility coefficient by using only two cardinal numbers
Authors: Pietruszka Mariusz
Published: April 2013

In this short communication we consider the extensibility properties of the cell wall. This is accomplished by a heuristically motivated equation for the expanding volume of the cell. The experimentally determined characteristic time t0 and temperature T0 are the only numbers required for evaluating the effective yielding coefficient Ф(t, T) in the respective time and temperature domains.
Carex secalina (Cyperaceae), a critically endangered species of Europe: historic and new localities in Poland
Authors: Lembicz Marlena , Bogdanowicz Agnieszka , Chmiel Julian , Żukowski Waldemar
Published: April 2013

Carex secalina, a species recognized as extinct in Poland for 40 years, was re-discovered in 2000 and it’s natural populations covered by monitoring. From among nine historic localities, only for two - Jacewo and Turzany, in the vicinity of Inowrocław - the occurrence of the species was confirmed. In the course of the field studies, six new localities, not previously recorded in literature, were discovered. The sedge occupies sub-halophytic habitats in which it occurs along with halophytic species (particularly, such as Glaux maritima and Pucinellia distans) and a group of ruderal taxons. One of the newly discovered localities of C. secalina comprises an anthropogenic habitat. On the whole, the population sizes ranged from 20 to 350 individuals. The studies revealed a positive correlation between the size of a population and cattle pasturing, i.e. C. secalina forms the largest populations in the habitats remaining under the intense pressure of grazing and treading. Moreover, it was found that the high generative reproduction rate compensates the damage caused by animal grazing. The results suggest that an active protection of the sedge populations through the agricultural use of its habitats is the only effective way of securing it’s further occurrence in Poland, while including the sub-halophytic pastures with C. secalina in the agricultural and environmental program should be a priority task in the nearest future.
Distribution patterns and habitats of endemic vascular plants in the Polish Carpathians
Authors: Piękoś-Mirkowa Halina , Mirek Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

The paper deals with the richness and diversity of endemic and subendemic taxa in the Polish Carpathians. Based on critical studies in the literature and the authors' unpublished materials collected in the field, the distribution patterns of endemic species are analysed and discussed. The participation of endemics in the flora of single Carpathian ranges is assessed and analysed. The importance of the Tatra Mts as a centre of endemism is stressed. The frequency and altitudinal ranges of endemic taxa are characterized and their syntaxonomical spectrum is presented.
Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis (Oberd. 1957) Müller 1962, a plant association new to Poland - quality of habitat
Authors: Spałek Krzysztof , Horska-Schwarz Sylwia
Published: April 2013

The paper presents a community of water plants that is new to Poland, Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis (Oberd. 1957) Müller 1962. This community belongs to the class Potametea. It was discovered in the village of Odrowąż near the town of Krapkowice in Silesia (SW Poland). Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis in Poland occurs within an irregularly shaped shallow underwater spring, located in the distal part of the Oder River’s flood terrace. This plant community covered 0.2 ha in 2008. Callitriche stagnalis predominated in this community. Species such as Callitriche hamulata and Callitriche verna occurred less frequently. An average of five species were counted in a relevé. Alkaline sediments (pH 8.03) occur in the substratum, but sediments with a lower pH value (7.73) occur in the spring’s outflow zone towards the Odra River. Water in the spring, where Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis occurred, has a medium mineralisation but is rich in dissolved compounds. The condition of this community within the studied habitat could be evidence for highly adaptive abilities and this community's good adjustment to the natural conditions. Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis is a rare and endangered plant community in Central Europe. The locality of this plant community in Poland should be given species protection.
A comparison of the effects of drought on proline accumulation and peroxidases activity in leaves of Festuca rubra L. and Lolium perenne L.
Authors: Bandurska Hanna , Jóźwiak Weronika
Published: April 2013

The effect of soil drought on leaf water content, proline content, and the activity of guaiacol (GuPX) and ascorbate (APX) peroxidases as well as the level of lipid peroxidation were investigated in leaves of drought resistant red fescue (Festuca rubra) and drought sensitive perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Plants were grown under glasshouse conditions in soil pot culture. 26 day-old grasses were exposed to drought by withholding irrigation for 18 days. Water content in leaves of perennial ryegrass decreased more than in red fescue throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, proline content (PC) was higher in red fescue. The activity of APX and GuPX increased in leaves of red fescue, while it did not change in perennial ryegrass. Our data demonstrate that both red fescue and perennial ryegrass were able to survive applied drought, as shown by a lack of stress-induced lipid peroxidation and hence no evidence of oxidative damage. We speculate, that the observed drought stress tolerance at cellular level was associated with the ability to accumulate proline, and to maintain high activity of APX and GuPX, resulting in protection against oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. It seems that this mechanism works better in red fescue.
Changes in the aquatic moss Sphagnum denticulatum Brid. population abundance in a softwater lake over a period of three years
Authors: Szmeja Józef
Published: April 2013

Changes in population abundance of submerged Sphagnum denticulatum Brid. were studied in an acidic and oligotrophic lake in NW Poland over three years. Individuals were counted in a moss carpet at a depth of 2.5 m on 4 experimental plots, 1 × 1 m each, every 30 days for 36 months using the SCUBA method. PAR intensity was seasonally variable (in winter higher than in summer). Changes in water pH, conductivity, HCO3- concentration, hydration and sediment pH were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). In the summer of the second study year the moss carpet disappeared almost completely due to a massive bloom of filamentous green algae. Periods of growth, regression and regeneration were observed in the population. The stabilisation of population size took 24 months and followed the pattern: slight fluctuations, then rapid growth and repetition of slight fluctuations. The first stage lasted nine, the second four and the third nine months. These stages took place irrespective of seasons, temperature or PAR intensity. Each rapid increase in abundance lasted about 30 days, at PAR intensity >20% and water temperature ranging from 11 to 16oC (in winter, spring or autumn). The regression stage brought about by the algal bloom started in the second year (in summer) and lasted six months (until the end of January in the third year). The population regeneration began in winter (in February, water temperature 3.0oC, PAR about 20%, ice cover 0.15 m) and finished with the end of spring. The population of S. denticulatum shows a repetitive pattern of abundance variations, which is seriously disturbed in summer, especially after a warm spring, by a massive bloom of filamentous green algae.
Cyclitols in maturing grains of wheat, triticale and barley
Authors: Lahuta Lesław B. , Goszczyńska Joanna
Published: April 2013

In the present study, the feeding of stem-flag leaf-ear explants of wheat, triticale and barley with d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol was used for modification of the composition of soluble carbohydrates in grains without genetic transformation of plants. Maturing grains indicated ability to uptake exogenously applied cyclitols, not occurring naturally in cereal plants, and synthesized their a-d-galactosides. The pattern of changes in soluble carbohydrates during grain maturation and germination was not disturbed by the uptake and accumulation of cyclitols. Both, d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol as well as their a-d-galactosides can be an additional pool of soluble carbohydrates accumulated by maturing grains, without decreasing seeds viability. This is the first report indicating the possibility of introduction of cyclitols with potentially human health benefits properties into cereal grains.
The distribution and habitat requirements of the genus Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) in SE Poland
Authors: Piwowarczyk Renata , Chmielewski Piotr , Cwener Anna
Published: April 2013

The distribution of the genus Orobanche in SE Poland is presented. The study area stretches between the Vistula and the Bug rivers, and comprises the Polish areas of the Lublin-Lwów Upland, the Wołyń Upland and the southern part of Polesie. Eight species of the genus Orobanche: O. alba, O. alsatica, O. arenaria, O. caryophyllacea, O. elatior, O. lutea, O. pallidiflora, O. picridis, were collected during floristic investigations conducted between 1999 and 2010. The hosts, abundance and habitat preferences at the localities are given and a supplemented map of the distribution in SE Poland is included.
Boron in Human Nutrition and its Regulations Use
Authors: Dinca Laura , Scorei Romulus
Published: April 2013

According to the literature, there are increasingly more scientific data regarding the boron importance in the human nutrition. The request for boron supplements has become more significant due to the following two discoveries: boron transport within the animal cell and the cellular signaling of some bacteria by a sugar borate complex. It is necessary to establish the benefits and the toxicity of boron consumption for humans and animals, although a biological function of boron has not been defined yet. In addition, it is important to know the legal regulations for boron use worldwide, its physiological effects and health uses.
Caloric Restriction Diet Induces Specific Epigenotypes Associated with Life Span Extension
Authors: Bozhkov A. I. , Nikitchenko Yu. V.
Published: April 2013

The lifespan of Wistar rats on caloric restriction diet (CRD) is correlated with the changes in prooxidant-antioxidant balance, in the contents of triiodothyronine, and thyroxin (epigenotype characteristics).
It has been shown that in a month after the moment of one-month-old rats began to receive CRD the part (up to 15 %) of experimental animals died without any apparent cause, irrespective of the degree of calorie restriction (40 %, 57 % and 60 % weight-loss).
The rest of animals with 40 %, 57 % and 60 % weight-loss had longer life span in comparison with control group.
The CRD-induced life-span prolongation in animals was accompanied by the induction of specific epigenotypes featured by acceleration of the electron transfer rate in electron transport chain and subsequent reduced production of reactive oxygen species and increased antioxidant activity. The activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, NADH-cytochrome C reductase, isocitrate dehydrogenase was elevated. The activity of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase was higher more than 30 times as compared with control. Likewise, the epigenotypes of animals with 40 %, 57 % and 60 % weight-loss CR, were characterized by 37, 43 and 56 % decrease in triiodothyronine and 50, 25, 39 % decrease in tyrosine, respectively. The observed induction of specific epigenotypes is associated with higher life-span and is related to the multivariant metabolic strategies of adaptation to CRD.
Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Psoriasis and its Relationship to Disease Severity
Authors: Vasili Ermira , Borici Sidita , Alia Erisa , Cano Elna , Kuneshka Loreta , Hoxha Iris
Published: April 2013

Moderate to severe psoriasis is associated with increased alcohol intake and excessive mortality from alcohol-related causes. Alcohol biomarkers are those providing an objective measurement of its consumption. The objective of this study is to assess alcohol consumption in a cohort of patients with psoriasis and to investigate the influence of alcohol intake on disease severity. Patients with psoriasis hospitalized at the Clinic of Dermatology, in Mother Teresa University Hospital were recruited in this cross- sectional study. Alcohol consumption was assessed via CAGE questionnaire and the self- reported amount of alcohol consumed, whereas disease severity was evaluated via PASI scoring system. Blood specimens were taken at admission and levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes (MCV) were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 statistical package. A total of 62 in- patients completed the study. Significant correlations were observed between GGT and AST values with raki and beer consumption, ALT value with raki, beer and wine consumption and MCV value with raki consumption. Disease severity did not correlate significantly with raki and beer consumption (p> 0.05). Logistic regression analysis between Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score and raki consumption in male patients with psoriasis duration of more than 3 years resulted in statistical significance (b= 23.5, p< 0.05). Combination of parameters related to chronic alcohol consumption offers advantage over every isolated test. Measurement of simple laboratory parameters combined with self- report methods of consumption allows identification of users.
Clinical Characteristics of Diabetic Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Blum Arnon , Socea Dorina
Published: April 2013

Background: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a consequence of retinal ischemia due to capillary occlusion resulting from damage to the retinal endothelium, and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Methods: We randomly assigned seventy three patients with DM type II and grouped them according to their retinal proliferative disease (Group A - 25 patients [12 males], mean age 62.8±10.8 years, no diabetic retinopathy; Group B - 25 patients [19 males], mean age 61.9±9.4 years, non-proliferative retinopathy; and Group C - 23 patients [13 males], mean age 59.2±10.3 years, proliferative retinopathy). Twenty three healthy subjects (14 males; mean age 44.3±11.6 years) served as the control group. We studied their retinal vasculopathy status, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, age, endothelial function (flow mediated diameter [FMD%] percent change) and their peripheral artery disease (ankle brachial index [ABI]).
Results: A significant difference was found between the duration of length of DM type II between patients without retinopathy [group A] (9±6 years) and patients with non-proliferative retinopathy [group B] (17±9 years) (p=0.001). No difference in length of diabetes was observed between patients with non-proliferative retinopathy [group B] and patients with proliferative retinopathy [group C] (19±6 years) (p=0.30). A significant difference was observed in HgA1C% between group A (7.1±2.7%) and group B (8.5±1.5%) (p=0.02). No such difference was noted between group B and group C (8.5±1.6%) (p=0.98). Only 6 patients (out of 23) used insulin treatment in group A compared with 16 group B (out of 25) and 17 in group C (out of 25) (p=0.004). All three groups of diabetic patients were older (62.8±10.8, 61.9±9.4, 59.2±10.3 years, respectively) than volunteers (44.3±11.6 years) (p≤0.001), had a lower stature (1.65±0.09, 1.68±0.07, 1.65±0.09 meters, respectively) compared with controls (1.73±0.08 meters) (p≤0.05), had a larger waist circumference (110.04±14.17, 108.88±13.00, 109.30±13.49 cm, respectively) than controls (93.43±11.66 cm) (p≤0.001), and larger BMIs (30±6, 29±4, 30±5) compared with controls (25±4) (p≤0.001). All diabetic patients had severe endothelial dysfunction measured by FMD% (-1.9±7.4, -3.3±9.2, -3.1±6.6 %, respectively) compared with the control group (16.5±7.5%) (p≤0.001). ABI was within normal range in all patient (0.97±0.18, 1.14±0.24, 1.03±0.28, respectively), and in volunteers (1.06±0.18) (p≥0.05). There was no significant change within the 3 subgroups of diabetic retinopathy patients in age, height, weight, BMI, or FMD%.
Conclusions: All patients with DM type II had severe endothelial dysfunction, higher BMIs, lower statures, larger waist circumferences; however they all had normal ABIs
Reasons why HIV‐positive women do not want to have a child: the questionnaire‐based DIDI study
Authors: Ammassari A , Cicconi P , Ladisa N , Di Sora F , Bini T , D'Ettorre G , Pierro P , Vichi F , Cattelan A , D'Arminio Monforte A
Published: April 2013

Given that the majority of HIV‐positive women are of reproductive age, it is necessary to understand the interaction between HIV and family planning, especially as antiretroviral medications allow to live longer, healthier lives. Aim of this analysis form the DIDI study was to assess prevalence of motherhood desire in current years and to identify variables associated pregnancy decision‐making in HIV‐infected women. DIDI is an Italian, 16‐center, questionnaire‐based survey performed in 585 HIV‐positive women between Nov. 2010 and Feb. 2011. The items covered in the self‐administered questionnaire included: socio‐demographic characteristics, sexual and gynecological health, motherhood desire, strategies adopted to become pregnant, reasons for not wanting a child, partnership, HIV disclosure, physical and mental health, ART adherence, drug use. For the present analysis only women aged<45 years and engaged in a partnership were included. Absence of motherhood desire was defined by a negative answer at the question whether the women at present would like to have a child. 178 women were included: mean age 39 (IQR, 33–42), HIV transmission heterosexual 75%, IVDU 11%, heterosexual/IVDU 2.5%, not known 7.5%; mean CD4 and HIV‐RNA were 552/mmc (+252) and 3.85 c/ml (+4.7), respectively. Absence of motherhood desire was found in 61% of women; 50% of women declared that HIV negatively affected motherhood desire, and 22% declared a decrease in desire after start of ART. The probability of vertical transmission was estimated higher than 50% by 19% of women, even when adopting all preventive measures. Not wanting a child was associated with: fear of vertical transmission (p<0.001), fear of not being able to raise the child (p<0.001), decline in motherhood desire after HIV (p=0.007), unstable partnership (p=0.02). At multivariable analysis, variables found to be significantly associated with negative pregnancy decision‐making were: fear of vertical transmission (AOR 3.75; 95%CI 1.18–11.89), economic restrictions (AOR 0.28; 95% CI 0.10–0.76 In conclusion, absent motherhood desire in HIV‐positive women with child‐bearing potential is frequent and essential information on vertical HIV transmission is lacking. HIV‐positive women of childbearing age may benefit from counseling interventions sensitive to factors that influence infected women's pregnancy decisions.
Outcome of pregnancy in the era of highly active antiretroviral: a 10‐year experience in Southern Ireland
Authors: Rizzo M , Murphy E , Joyce J , Horgan M
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Since the introduction of HAART the desire to become a mother in women with HIV has become a viable option due to the drastic reduction in vertical transmission. The aim of this study was to look at the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and safety of antiretroviral drugs and rate of vertical transmission in our cohort in the Munster region, Ireland.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all pregnant women with HIV who attended the ID clinic from January 2002 to April 2012. Patients’ demographics, pertinent laboratory data, and pharmacy records were reviewed and statistically analysed.

Results

105 HIV‐positive women, with a total of 165 pregnancies, were seen from January 2002 to April 2012 at Cork University Hospital: 46 patients were previously known to be HIV‐infected at their first pregnancy and 59 were diagnosed during antenatal screening (median of 32 week gestation at diagnosis). The median age at the time of pregnancy was 32 and the HIV transmission was 90% sexual: 39 women were from Europe/Asia and 66 were African; only two women were HCV co‐infected and one was HBV co‐infected. Of the patients diagnosed with HIV prior to pregnancy, 13 were on treatment, all of whom had no detectable virus at the start and during pregnancy. The median CD4+ at the start of pregnancy was 490 cells/µl. The median weeks of gestation at the start of HAART was 28 before 2006 and 20 after 2006, in accordance with National Guidelines. The HAART regime used was in line with current Guidelines. 18 pregnancies ended in miscarriage before week 12 gestation and 2 pregnancies resulted in intrauterine death at 28 weeks. 145 pregnancies progressed to delivery at full term but 10 infants were born before the 37th week, with one baby born at 23 weeks: 63 had SVD and 82 underwent C‐section, of whom 12 emergency C‐section due to prolonged membrane rupture. Most of the C‐sections were planned due to obstetric reasons. 2 infants were born HIV+: in one case the mother was a late presenter at 38 of gestation; and in other the mother had poor compliance with viral load detectable at the time of labour. The overall number of pregnancies per year has been stable over the ten years (average of 14 pregnancies per year).

Conclusion

The use of cART with high level of adherence and a close clinical management during pregnancy has shown to dramatically reduce the vertical transmission of HIV in our cohort.