bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corticosteroid injection services: A National Survey of Members of the British Society of Skeletal Radiologists (BSSR)
Authors: Dalili Danoob , Fairhead Rory , Mermekli Asimenia , Papanikitas Joseph , Teh James , Hughes Richard , Fascia Daniel , McKean David
Published: September 2021

Objective

To describe the restructuring of services by British radiologists in response to evolving national guidelines and highlight the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions.

Methods

An online anonymised survey was distributed via the British Society of Skeletal Radiology (BSSR) members forum in November 2020. Responses were collated using a standardised Google form including 21 questions.

Results

135 members of the BSSR completed the survey. 85% of respondents stopped performing corticosteroid injections (CSI) during the initial lockdown of the pandemic. This was primarily influenced by national guidelines. The majority of respondents initially abstained from offered CSI procedures, then by November 2020, 69% of respondents were providing CSI for high and low risk patients, 23% were only providing CSI for low-risk patients with 8% still not performing any CSI. 40% of respondents reported routinely obtaining specific written consent regarding the risk of COVID-19. Approximately, 11,000 CSI were performed by respondents between March and November 2020 with no reported significant COVID-19-related complications. Over 80% of BSSR members reported that the number of CSI procedures that they performed dropped by more than 80% compared to usual. 73% of respondents reported an increased backlog of patients awaiting treatment. The average waiting time for routine outpatient CSI treatment was > 12 weeks in 53% of responses, compared to 34% the previous year.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the clinical practices of MSK radiologists in the UK. Our survey highlights the rapid response of BSSR members as national guidelines evolved. Currently, the majority of respondents are performing CSI for musculoskeletal conditions when clinically indicated, with enhanced consent. However, the pandemic has resulted in increased waiting times – delaying the treatment of patients who may be suffering with significant pain and disability. Further research is warranted to provide guidance around both service recovery and provision of CSI around COVID-19 vaccination schedules.

Advances in knowledge

BSSR members responded rapidly to changing guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of respondents are currently performing CSI when clinically indicated. The pandemic has resulted in a significant increase in waiting times which will have a significant impact on UK musculoskeletal services.
Potential role of functional imaging in predicting outcome for patients treated with carbon ion therapy: a review
Authors: Riva Giulia , Imparato Sara , Savietto Giovanni , Pecorilla Mattia , Iannalfi Alberto , Barcellini Amelia , Ronchi Sara , Fiore Maria Rosaria , Paganelli Chiara , Buizza Giulia , Ciocca Mario , Baroni Guido , Preda Lorenzo , Orlandi Ester
Published: September 2021

Objective:

Carbon ion radiation therapy (CIRT) is an emerging radiation technique with advantageous physical and radiobiologic properties compared to conventional radiotherapy (RT) providing better response in case of radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. Our aim is to critically review if functional imaging techniques could play a role in predicting outcome of CIRT-treated tumors, as already proven for conventional RT.

Methods:

14 studies, concerning Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), were selected after a comprehensive search on multiple electronic databases from January 2000 to March 2020.

Results:

MRI studies (n = 5) focused on diffusion-weighted MRI and, even though quantitative parameters were the same in all studies (apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC), results were not univocal, probably due to different imaging acquisition protocols and tumoral histology. For PET studies (n = 9), different tracers were used such as [18F]FDG and other uncommon tracers ([11C]MET, [18F]FLT), with a relevant heterogeneity regarding parameters used for outcome assessment.

Conclusion:

No conclusion can be drawn on the predictive value of functional imaging in CIRT-treated tumors. A standardization of image acquisition, multi-institutional large trials and external validations are needed in order to establish the prognostic value of functional imaging in CIRT and to guide clinical practice.

Advances in knowledge:

Emerging studies focused on functional imaging’s role in predicting CIRT outcome. Due to the heterogeneity of images acquisition and studies, results are conflicting and prospective large studies with imaging standardized protocol are needed.
PET-guided treatment for personalised therapy of Hodgkin lymphoma and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth H , Iype Rohan , Wirth Andrew
Published: September 2021

FDG-PET scanning has a central role in lymphoma staging and response assessment. There is a growing body of evidence that PET response assessment during and after initial systemic therapy can provide useful prognostic information, and PET response has an evolving role in guiding patient care. This review provides a perspective on the role of PET response assessment for individualised management of patients with the most common aggressive lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Impact of cone beam CT on diagnosis of external cervical resorption: the severity of resorption assessed in periapical radiographs and cone beam CT. A prospective clinical study
Authors: Suhr Villefrance Julie , Kirkevang Lise-Lotte , Wenzel Ann , Væth Michael , Matzen Louise Hauge
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

To compare the severity of external cervical resorption (ECR) observed in periapical (PA) images and cone beam CT (CBCT) using the Heithersay classification system and pulp involvement; and to assess inter- and intraobserver reproducibility for three observers.

Methods:

CBCT examination was performed in 245 teeth (in 190 patients, mean age 40 years, range 12–82) with ECR diagnosed in PA images. Three observers scored the severity of ECR using the Heithersay classification system (severity class 1–4) and pulp involvement (yes/no) in both PA images and CBCT. Percentage concordance and κ-statistics described observer variation in PA images and CBCT for both inter- and intraobserver reproducibility.

Results:

For all three observers, the ECR score was the same in the two modalities in more than half of cases (average 59%; obs1: 54%, obs2: 63%, obs3: 61%). However, in 38% (obs1: 44%, obs2: 33%, obs3: 36%) of the cases, the observers scored more severe ECR in CBCT than in PA images (p < 0.001). The ECR score changed to a less severe score in CBCT only in 3% (obs1: 1%, obs2: 4%, obs3: 4%). For pulp involvement, 14% (obs1: 7%, obs2: 20%, obs3: 15%) of the cases changed from “no” in PA images to “yes” in CBCT. In general, κ values were higher for CBCT than for PA images for both the Heithersay classification score and pulp involvement.

Conclusions:

ECR was generally scored as more severe in CBCT than PA images using the Heithersay classification and also more cases had pulp involvement in CBCT.
Computed tomography imaging superimposition protocols to assess outcomes in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review with comprehensive recommendations
Authors: Andriola Fernando de Oliveira , Haas Junior Orion Luiz , Guijarro-Martínez Raquel , Hernández-Alfaro Federico , Oliveira Rogério Belle de , Pagnoncelli Rogério Miranda , Swennen Gwen RJ
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

A systematic review was performed to analyze the current evidence on three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) superimposition protocols used to assess dentomaxillofacial changes after orthognathic and orthofacial surgery. Accuracy, reproducibility, and efficiency were evaluated.

Methods:

The search was divided into Main Search (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and SciELO), Grey Literature search (Google Scholar and Open Grey), and Manual search. Thirteen studies were included. Of these, 10 reported data on accuracy, 10 on reproducibility and five on efficiency. Seven proposed or evaluated methods of voxel-based superimposition, three focused on the surface-based technique, one compared surface- and voxel-based superimposition protocols, one used the maximum mutual information algorithm, and one described a landmark-based superimposition method. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was the most common imaging technique, being used in 10 studies.

Results:

The accuracy of most methods was high, showing mean differences smaller than voxels’ dimensions, ranging between 0.05 and 1.76 mm for translational accuracy, and 0.10–1.09° for rotational accuracy. The overall reproducibility was considered good as demonstrated by the small mean error (range: 0.01–0.26 mm) and high correlation coefficients (range: 0.53–1.00). Timing to complete virtual superimposition techniques ranged between a few seconds up to 40 min.

Conclusions:

Voxel-based superimposition protocols presented the highest accuracy and reproducibility. Moreover, superimposition protocols that used automated processes and involved only one software were the most efficient.
Are the Current Balance Screening Tests in Dance Medicine Specific Enough for Tracking the Effectiveness of Balance-Related Injury Rehabilitation in Dancers? A Scoping Review
Authors: Ani Kenneth U. , Ibikunle Peter O. , Nwosu Chinweuba C. , Ani Nnaemeka C.
Published: September 2021

Aims: This review sought to determine the extent to which balance screening tests in dance medicine are representative of dance movements and to determine if such tests can be used to empirically track the effectiveness of balance-related injury rehabilitations in dancers.Methods:
A five-step scoping review method was used. Multiple databases and reference lists of identified studies were searched to obtain original research published between 2000 and 2020 that described the balance screening tests used for data collection. Articles were excluded if they were: qualitative
studies, reviews, opinion papers, consensus statements, conference proceedings, or used questionnaires to collect balance performance data.Results: Fifteen of the 31 studies included in this review used different models of force platforms in their balance screenings. The Star Excursion
Balance Tests (SEBT) and its variants were used by 12 studies, single-leg stance with eyes opened or eyes closed on stable versus unstable surfaces was used by six studies, Airplane test (n = 6 studies), Pirouette Test (n = 3 studies), Romberg and variants of modified Romberg Tests (n = 3
studies) were also used for balance screening.Conclusion: Currently, there is no specific screening test that can be used empirically to screen balance performances among dancers. None of the currently available balance screening tests are specific enough for tracking the effectiveness
of balance-related injury rehabilitation or for making a return to dance decision after balance-related injury rehabilitation.
Biomechanical Comparison of Dominant and Non-Dominant Limbs During Leap-Landings in Contemporary Style Female Dancers
Authors: Chowning Luke , Krzyszkowski John , Nunley Brandon , Lanier Ryan , Gonzales Isabella , Calamoneri Tanya , Duffy Ali , Harry John R.
Published: September 2021

The execution strategy of technical dance movements is constrained by aesthetic and qualitative artistic requirements. As such, there are limited leap-landing strategies that may be used by dancers when executing a grand jeté or saut de chat. The purpose of this study was to
determine potential differences in lower extremity angular positioning and joint loading when performing a dance-style leap landing. Fifteen female dancers (age: 20 ± 1 years; height: 1.61 ± 0.13 m; weight: 58.00 ± 11.89 kg) completed six leap-landing trials during which
three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics data were collected. Paired-samples t-tests (α = 0.05) and Cohen's d effect sizes (ES; large ≥ 0.8) were used to compare the following variables: jump height; peak vertical ground reaction force; loading time; loading rate; joint angular
positioning of the ankle, knee, hip, and trunk in the frontal and sagittal planes; and joint angular impulse of the ankle, knee, and hip in the frontal and sagittal planes between the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Frontal plane hip angular impulse was significantly greater in the dominant
limb (p = 0.023, ES = 1.53). While no other statistically significant differences were observed between dominant and non-dominant limbs, moderate effect sizes were observed for the hip and trunk angles in the frontal plane along with hip impulse in the sagittal plane. This study indicates
that dancers might slightly alter their landing strategy at the hip joint when leap-landing onto the dominant limb. Frontal plane hip mechanics should be considered to minimize overuse injury potential in the dominant limb.
La Inteligencia Emocional y la importancia de la formación del profesorado para su práctica en Educación Infantil.
Authors: Romero Rueda Miriam
Published: September 2021

Las emociones forman parte de nuestras vidas desde el momento en que nacemos, jugando un papel fundamental en la construcción de la personalidad y la manera de establecer relaciones con los demás. El presente estudio pretende analizar la formación y concienciación del profesorado de Educación Infantil para trabajar la educación emocional con su alumnado. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una investigación cualitativa a través del estudio de casos donde se utilizan diferentes fuentes de información como entrevistas, observaciones en aulas y revisión del documento de formación que se oferta desde el CEP (Centro del Profesorado). Los resultados son relevantes en la medida que muestran determinadas limitaciones en la formación que se ofrece en la actualidad para los docentes; demanda de una formación más práctica y focalizada en esta etapa; en concreto, consideran que la Inteligencia Emocional es uno de los aspectos fundamentales para mejorar la convivencia del centro y el estado académico del alumnado. Algunas de las conclusiones revelan que, a pesar de la sensibilización y la concienciación del profesorado sobre la importancia de la educación emocional, y siendo las más concienciadas las maestras que han sufrido algún episodio que han generado dolor en sus vidas, sigue existiendo carencias en la formación de éstas.
La educación emocional en la legislación educativa en España y Andalucía.
Authors: Sáenz López Pedro , Medina Medel Agustín
Published: September 2021

. Las emociones son inherentes al ser humano y están presentes en todas sus acciones incluyendo el ámbito educativo. Su relación con el aprendizaje ha sido demostrada desde diferentes campos científicos. Sin embargo, numerosos autores reclaman su presencia en la educación formal. Ante este hecho, el objetivo del estudio fue conocer la presencia de las emociones y la educación emocional en la legislación educativa de las últimas décadas. Para ello, se seleccionaron 103 palabras basadas en el modelo de Bisquerra y se buscaron en 5 textos educativos: LOGSE, LOE, LOMCE, Ley Orgánica 3/2020, de 29 de diciembre, que modifica la LOE y el Decreto de educación Primaria de Andalucía. Se analizó el número de palabras que aparecían en el texto, la frecuencia y el contexto para interpretar su significado. El número de palabras encontradas ha sido inferior a 13 y, en muchos casos, sin relación con la educación emocional. Responsabilidad o autoestima son dos ejemplos de palabras que se repiten aunque no siempre en contextos relacionados con la educación emocional. En el decreto de Andalucía se hizo la búsqueda por asignaturas mostrando diferencias en la cantidad y frecuencia de palabras. En conclusión, la presencia de este tópico en la legislación educativa de las últimas décadas es muy escaso por lo que se plantea la necesidad de incorporar esta temática a la educación formal y a la formación del profesorado.
Concepciones del profesorado durante un proceso formativo en torno al trabajo por proyectos: estudio de un caso en Educación Primaria.
Authors: Mora Márquez José Ramón , Travé González Gabriel
Published: September 2021

. El trabajo por proyectos constituye una alternativa curricular con potencialidad para mejorar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en los centros educativos. En el presente artículo se detalla el proceso de formación llevado a cabo por el profesorado de un centro de Educación Infantil y Primaria antes y durante la implementación de un proyecto de trabajo por proyectos. La investigación, a partir de la metodología de estudio de casos, ha utilizado métodos mixtos tanto cualitativos (a través de entrevistas, observación directa y análisis de documentos), como cuantitativos, mediante la administración de un cuestionario. Los resultados del estudio muestran que tanto el proceso formativo desarrollado como el diseño y desarrollo de un proyecto de trabajo en el centro, ha representado una oportunidad de aprendizaje para alumnado y profesorado. Sin embargo, la apuesta por el trabajo por proyectos evidencia las dificultades que experimenta el centro para su materialización práctica, especialmente en cuanto a las limitaciones temporales para el diseño y evaluación del proyecto. Las conclusiones muestran las ventajas de fomentar procesos formativos en los centros en torno al trabajo por proyectos, además de permitir extraer una serie de recomendaciones a modo de propuestas para la mejora y sostenibilidad de las experiencias
Dificultades y posibilidades para educar en ciudadanía en la Universidad.
Authors: González Puentes José Francisco
Published: September 2021

El presente artículo analiza las posibilidades y dificultades que se han venido presentado al interior de la universidad para educar en ciudadanía a sus estudiantes. Los análisis se realizan desde una perspectiva de síntesis y de reflexión valorativa, que se sustenta en algunos resultados de investigaciones sobre educación ciudadana y formación del profesorado en los que se ha participado, así como en otras aportaciones recientes de simposios y publicaciones internacionales relacionadas con la educación ciudadana. El propósito es promover la discusión en torno a un tema tan importante para la sociedad en estos tiempos y exponer algunas implicaciones para la mejora de la educación universitaria y, especialmente, de la formación del profesorado.
Tactical Design of Same-Day Delivery Systems
Authors: Stroh Alexander M. , Erera Alan L. , Toriello Alejandro
Published: September 2021

We study tactical models for the design of same-day delivery (SDD) systems. Same-day fulfillment in e-commerce has seen substantial growth in recent years, and the underlying management of such services is complex. Although the literature includes operational models to study SDD, they tend to be detailed, complex, and computationally difficult to solve, and thus may not provide any insight into tactical SDD design variables and their impact on the average performance of the system. We propose a simplified vehicle-dispatching model that captures the “average” behavior of an SDD system from a single stocking location by utilizing continuous approximation techniques. We analyze the structure of optimal vehicle-dispatching policies given our model for two important instance families—the single-vehicle case and the case in which the delivery fleet is large—and develop techniques to find these policies that require only simple computations. We also leverage these results to analyze the case of a finite fleet, proposing a heuristic policy with a worst-case approximation guarantee. We then demonstrate with several example problem settings how this model and these policies can help answer various tactical design questions, including how to select a fleet size, determine an order cutoff time, and combine SDD and overnight order delivery operations. We validate model predictions empirically against a detailed operational model in a computational case study using geographic and Census data for the northeastern metro Atlanta region, and we demonstrate that our model predicts the average number of orders served and dispatch time to within 1%.

This paper was accepted by Jay Swaminathan, operations management.
Autologous protein solution: a promising solution for osteoarthritis?
Authors: Bin Abd Razak Hamid Rahmatullah , Chew Daniel , Kazezian Zepur , Bull Anthony M.J.
Published: September 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global health issue with myriad pathophysiological factors and is one of the most common causes of chronic disability in adults due to pain and altered joint function. The end stage of OA develops from a destructive inflammatory cycle, driven by the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Owing to the less predictable results of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in younger patients presenting with knee OA, there has been a surge in research evaluating less invasive biological treatment options, one of which is autologous protein solution (APS). APS is an autologous blood derivative obtained by using a proprietary device, made of APS separator, which isolates white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets in a small volume of plasma, and APS concentrator, which further concentrates platelets, WBCs and plasma proteins, resulting in a concentrated solution with high levels of growth factors including the anti-inflammatory mediators against IL-1β and TNFα. A single intraarticular injection of APS appears to be a promising solution for treatment of early-stage OA from current evidence, the majority of which comes from preclinical studies. More clinical studies are needed before APS can be widely accepted as a treatment modality for OA.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:716-726. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200040
Modular neck stems in total hip arthroplasty: current concepts
Authors: Solarino Giuseppe , Vicenti Giovanni , Carrozzo Massimiliano , Ottaviani Guglielmo , Moretti Biagio , Zagra Luigi
Published: September 2021

Modular neck (MN) implants can restore the anatomy, especially in deformed hips such as sequelae of development dysplasia. Early designs for MN implants had problems with neck fractures and adverse local tissue, so their use was restricted to limited indications. Results of the latest generation of MN prostheses seem to demonstrate that these problems have been at least mitigated. Given the results of the studies presented in this review, surgeons might consider MN total hip arthroplasty (THA) for a narrower patient selection when a complex reconstruction is required. Long MN THA should be avoided in case of body mass index > 30, and should be used with extreme caution in association with high offset femoral necks with long or extra-long heads. Cr-Co necks should be abandoned, in favour of a titanium alloy connection. Restoring the correct anatomic femoral offset remains a challenge in THA surgeries. MN implants have been introduced to try to solve this problem. The MN design allows surgeons to choose the appropriate degree and length of the neck for desired stability and range of motion.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:751-758. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200064
Choosing patient-reported outcome measures for shoulder pathology
Authors: Padua Roberto , de Girolamo Laura , Grassi Alberto , Cucchi Davide
Published: September 2021

This study was designed to identify the most frequent shoulder patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) reported in high-quality literature. A systematic review was performed to identify shoulder PROMs, and their diffusion within the scientific literature was tested with a subsequent dedicated search in MEDLINE. 506 studies were included in the final data analysis, for a total number of 36,553 patients. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH), the American Shoulder, Elbow Surgeons Score (ASES) and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) were the most frequently reported PROMs in the analysed publications, with disease-specific PROMs being used with increasing frequency. A core set of outcome measures for future studies on patients with shoulder pathologies, based on the international acceptance and diffusion of each PROM, is needed. A combination of the DASH score for shoulder outcome assessment with more specific PROMs, such as the ASES for rotator cuff pathology and osteoarthritis and the SPADI for shoulder stiffness and shoulder pain of unspecified origin, is proposed as a recommended set of PROMs.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:779-787. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200109
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Authors: Burahee Abdus S. , Sanders Andrew D. , Shirley Colin , Power Dominic M.
Published: September 2021

Cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) is the second most common compression neuropathy of the upper limb, presenting with disturbance of ulnar nerve sensory and motor function. The ulnar nerve may be dynamically compressed during movement, statically compressed due to reduction in tunnel volume or compliance, and tension forces may cause ischaemia or render the nerve susceptible to subluxation, further causing local swelling, compression inflammation and fibrosis. Superiority of one surgical technique for the management of CuTS has not been demonstrated. Different techniques are selected for different clinical situations with simple decompression being the most common procedure due to its efficacy and low complication rate. Adjunctive distal nerve transfer for denervated muscles using an expendable motor nerve to restore the axon population in the distal nerve is in its infancy but may provide a solution for severe intrinsic weakness or paralysis.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:743-750. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200129
Osteosynthesis or non-operative treatment of the fibula for distal lower-leg fractures with tibial nailing: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Frodl Andreas , Erdle Benjamin , Schmal Hagen
Published: September 2021

Fibular fixation to treat distal lower-leg fractures is a controversial intervention. To ensure better stability itself, better rotational stability, and to prevent secondary valgus dislocation – all these are justifications for addressing the fibula via osteosynthesis. High surgical costs followed by increased risks are compelling reasons against it. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for rates of malunion and malrotation, as well as infections and nonunions. We conducted a systematic review searching the Cochrane, PubMed, and Ovid databases. Inclusion criteria were modified Coleman Methodology Score (mCMS) > 60, a distal lower-leg fracture treated by nailing, and adult patients. Biomechanical and cadaver studies were excluded. Relevant articles were reviewed independently by referring to title and abstract. In a meta-analysis, we compared five studies and 741 patients. A significantly lower rate of valgus/varus deviation is associated with fixation of the fibula (OR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.29–0.82; p = .006). A higher risk for pseudarthrosis was revealed when the fibula underwent surgical therapy, but not significantly (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 0.76–2.79; p = .26). Nevertheless, we noted an increased risk of postoperative wound infection following fibular plating (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.21–2.99; p = .005). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of nonunions between the two groups. Overall, the stabilization of the fibula may reduce secondary valgus/varus dislocation in distal lower-leg fractures but is associated with an increased risk of postoperative wound infections. The indication for fibula plating should be made individually.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:816-822. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210003
Current concepts in graft selection for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Baawa-Ameyaw Joanna , Plastow Ricci , Begum Fahima Aarah , Kayani Babar , Jeddy Hyder , Haddad Fares
Published: September 2021

Graft selection for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is important for optimizing post-operative rehabilitation, facilitating return to full sporting function and reducing the risk of complications. The most commonly used grafts for ACLR include hamstring tendon autografts, bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts, quadriceps tendon autografts, allografts and synthetic grafts. This instructional review explores the existing literature on clinical outcomes with these different graft types for ACLR and provides an evidence-based approach for graft selection in ACLR. The existing evidence on the use of extra-articular tenodesis to provide additional rotational stability during ACLR is also revisited.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:808-815. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210023
From negation to negationism: the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
Authors: Beer Paulo
Published: September 2021

Even beyond the dramatic social and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, one can affirm that the manner in which the pandemic was and is being handled in Brazil involves more than mere questions of public health. This article focuses on the negationist discourse that emerged in Brazil, and proposes that its roots are to be found in a previous process of dismantling established knowledge and identifications. This process is observed in the government’s handling of the pandemic. To support this idea, we refer to two main clinical and theoretical frameworks, the first of which involves a psychoanalytic understanding of the place of truth in discursivity and in identification processes; this will be employed to shed light on a particular functioning of negationist discourses. Second, the idea of historical ontology is introduced from the philosophy of science to gain a further understanding of the effects of this process on identification.
Haptic touches in COVID-19 times: reaching and relating in the archives
Authors: Gianniri Lemonia
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has touched upon every aspect of human experience. This article examines the shifted relationalities between research objects and fieldwork as a consequence of the pandemic. Following a psychosocial research project on the archives on queer and feminist mobilisations in Greece between 1978 and 1993, which employs ‘the haptic’ as a methodological tool, the article outlines haptic occurrences in COVID-19 times. Taking into account archival intricacies, the reflective practices of the psychosocial as well as fieldwork notes prior to and during the pandemic, the article illustrates how new ethics of touch are ascribed in current psychosocial research practices. Ultimately, the article shows how haptic archival connections – even through the restricted physical presence of sensoria – allow textual, physical and affective movements to resist and still resurface.
Artificial neural networks applied in fast-designing ultrabroad bandgap elliptical hole dielectric mode photonic crystal nanobeam cavity
Authors: Gou Zixing , Wang Chao , Yang Ying , Han Zhe , Nie Tongyu , Tian Huiping
Published: September 2021

Artificial neural networks are employed to predict the band structure of the one-dimensional photonic crystal nanobeam, and to inverse-design the geometry structure with on-demand band edges. The data sets generated by 3D finite-difference time-domain based on elliptical-shaped hole nanobeams are used to train the networks and evaluate the networks’ accuracy. Based on the well-trained forward prediction and inverse-design network, an ultrabroad bandgap elliptical hole dielectric mode nanobeam cavity is designed. The bandgap achieves 77.7 THz for the center segment of the structure, and the whole designing process takes only 0.73 s. The approach can also be expanded to fast-design elliptical hole air mode nanobeam cavities. The present work is of significance for further research on the application of artificial neural networks in photonic crystal cavities and other optical devices design.
Measurement and compensation of a stitching error in a DMD-based step-stitching photolithography system
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Lu Zifeng , Yuan Qixiang , Wu Guangkun , Liu Chunxia , Liu Hua
Published: September 2021

The step-stitching issue occurring in digital micromirror device (DMD)-based step lithography, which refers to overlapping and misalignment, has dramatically influenced the overall accuracy of the exposed patterns. To address this technical challenge, this paper proposes a testing method to resolve the system tolerance parameters, inclination angle with

0.060

∘

±

0.003
∘

, and magnification with

3.60399

±

0.00020

, which induce the stitching problem. With these two parameters, a compensation strategy on motion is implemented to precisely control the step distance of the stage so that the edge-to-edge stitching error is reduced to about 0.150 µm and the corner-to-corner stitching error is less than 0.500 µm. The changes of the linewidth induced by the displacement error due to the stage control accuracy and illumination nonuniformity caused by the light source are simulated and analyzed, and the image preprocessing method based on a gradual grayscale mask is employed to improve the quality of stitching. Using this method, the linewidth difference is controlled to be within 0.150 µm. After finishing all the corrections and imaging preprocessing, the transverse error has become almost invisible, and the longitudinal error has been reduced by 97.72%. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved stitching accuracy could achieve high-fidelity devices.
Terahertz plasmons in doped HgTe quantum well heterostructures: dispersion, losses, and amplification
Authors: Aleshkin V. Ya. , Dubinov A. A. , Gavrilenko V. I. , Teppe F.
Published: September 2021

We have calculated two-dimensional plasmon energy spectra in HgTe/CdHgTe quantum wells with normal, gapless, and inverted energy spectra with different electron concentrations, taking into account spatial dispersion of electron polarizability and plasmon interaction with the optical phonons. The spectra of the absorption coefficients of two-dimensional plasmons are found. It is shown that an increase of electron concentration in a quantum well leads to a decrease in the plasmon absorption coefficient. We have calculated the probabilities to recombine via the plasmon emission for nonequilibrium holes. The threshold concentrations of the nonequilibrium holes, above which the plasmon amplification is possible, have been calculated for various electron concentrations. It is shown that the presence of equilibrium electrons can significantly reduce the threshold hole concentration required for amplification of plasmon in the terahertz wavelength region. The dependencies of threshold hole concentration on electron concentration for different quantum wells are discussed. Gain spectra of the two-dimension plasmon are calculated.
Modal decomposition of complex optical fields using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Schiworski Mitchell G. , Brown Daniel D. , Ottaway David J.
Published: September 2021

Recent studies have shown convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be trained to perform modal decomposition using intensity images of optical fields. A fundamental limitation of these techniques is that the modal phases cannot be uniquely calculated using a single intensity image. The knowledge of modal phases is crucial for wavefront sensing, alignment, and mode matching applications. Heterodyne imaging techniques can provide images of the transverse complex amplitude and phase profiles of laser beams at high resolutions and frame rates. In this work, we train a CNN to perform modal decomposition using simulated heterodyne images, allowing the complete modal phases to be predicted. This is, to our knowledge, the first machine learning decomposition scheme to utilize complex phase information to perform modal decomposition. We compare our network with a traditional overlap integral and center-of-mass centering algorithm and show that it is both less sensitive to beam centering and on average more accurate in our simulated images.
In-process measurement of a keyhole using a low-coherence interferometer with a high repetition rate
Authors: Hayashi Neisei , Hoshikawa Masaharu , Ishii Katsuhiro , Fujita Takuma , Kanamori Masakazu , Deguchi Takahiro , Nomura Ryo , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Makino Takeshi , Hashimoto Takahiro , Furukawa Hideaki , Wada Naoya
Published: September 2021

The shape of an instance hole (keyhole) created via a high-power laser was measured using a low-coherence interferometer with the following parameters: repetition rate, 10 MHz; center wavelength, 1550 nm; absolute spatial resolution, 10 µm; and measurement range, 5 mm. The keyhole was created on a 3-mm-thick stainless-steel plate using a high-power laser with 8-kW peak power and 1070-nm center wavelength. The cross-sectional area of the keyhole was measured to be 0.42 mm × 0.78 mm (width × depth) using the interferometer, and its side dimension was 0.46 mm × 0.78 mm (width × depth).
Controlling the atomic-orbital-resolved photoionization for neon atoms by counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses
Authors: Ma Mao-Yun , Wang Jun-Ping , Jing Wen-Quan , Guan Zhong , Jiao Zhi-Hong , Wang Guo-Li , Chen Jian-Hong , Zhao Song-Feng
Published: September 2021

We theoretically investigate the atomic-orbital-resolved vortex-shaped photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) and ionization probabilities by solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation (2D-TDSE) of neon in a pair of delayed counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses. We found that the number of spiral arms in vortex patterns is twice the number of absorbed photons when the initial state is the ψm=±1 state, which satisfy a change from c2n+2 to c2n (n is the number of absorbed photons) rotational symmetry of the vortices if the 2p state is replaced by 2p+ or 2p− states. For two- and three-photon ionization, the magnetic quantum number dependence of ionization probabilities is quite weak. Interestingly, single-photon ionization is preferred when the electron and laser field corotate and ionization probabilities of 2p− is much larger than that of 2p+ if the proper time delay and wavelength are used. The relative ratio of ionization probabilities between 2p− and 2p+ is insensitive to laser peak intensity, which can be controlled by changing the wavelength, time delay, relative phase and amplitude ratio of two attosecond pulses.
Research on face specular removal and intrinsic decomposition based on polarization characteristics
Authors: Liang Bin , Weng Dongdong , Tu Ziqi , Luo Le , Hao Jie
Published: September 2021

It is well known that the specular component in the face image destroys the true informantion of the original image and is detrimental to the feature extraction and subsequent processing. However, in many face image processing tasks based on Deep Learning methods, the lack of effective datasets and methods has led researchers to routinely neglect the specular removal process. To solve this problem, we formed the first high-resolution Asian Face Specular-Diffuse-Image-Material (FaceSDIM) dataset based on polarization characterisitics, which consists of real human face specular images, diffuse images, and various corresponding material maps. Secondly, we proposed a joint specular removal and intrinsic decomposition multi-task GAN to generate a de-specular image, normal map, albedo map, residue map and visibility map from a single face image, and also further verified that the prediected de-specular images have a positive enhancement effect on face intrinsic decomposition. Compared with the SOTA algorithm, our method achieves optimal performance both in corrected linear images and in uncorrected wild images of faces.
Broadband mid-infrared phase retrieval for nonlinear microscopy
Authors: Müller Niklas , Nicolai Florian , Buckup Tiago
Published: September 2021

Spectral phase characterization of ultrashort laser pulses is essential in nonlinear micro-spectroscopy. Whereas in many applications phases are determined for near-infrared (NIR) pulses, successful mid-infrared (MIR) phase retrieval is rare. The spectral phase of ultra-broadband MIR pulses is determined over more than

1000

c
m

−
1

in the presented work. This is accomplished by exploiting the d-scan method in two variants. Both allow for detecting high signals by using the interaction of the MIR and NIR pulses. The two variants differ in imprinting the dispersion. While the dual d-scan imprints phases on both pulses, the Xd-scan method disperses the NIR pulses solely.
Broadband and enhanced nonlinear optical modulation characteristics of CuBTC for pulsed lasers
Authors: Huang Jiacheng , Li Tao , Liu Yizhou , Yang Kejian , Feng Tianli , Liang Yangyang , Zhao Yuefeng , Song Yuzhi , Chu Hongwei , Zhao Shengzhi , Li Dechun , Qiao Wenchao
Published: September 2021

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials with sufficient charge mobility and promising structural flexibility are appealing for compact optoelectronic nano devices. In this work, the nonlinear optical features of the MOFs-CuBTC were comprehensively investigated for the first time. The CuBTC saturable absorbers were synthesized via liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method and characterized for the morphology and structure. The nonlinear optical response of CuBTC was characterized by employing an open-aperture Z-scan technique, which showed the great nonlinear optical modulation potential for the pulsed laser. Thereby, the CuBTC saturable absorber was implemented in the stable passively Q-switched lasers with the operating wavelengths at ∼1 and ∼2 µm to verify its broadband modulation properties, which produced the shortest pulse durations of 131 and 346 ns, respectively. These investigations confirmed that CuBTC can be a promising modulation device candidate for generating short laser pulses in wide spectral regions.
Unconventional Weyl exceptional contours in non-Hermitian photonic continua
Authors: Yan Qinghui , Chen Qiaolu , Zhang Li , Xi Rui , Chen Hongsheng , Yang Yihao
Published: September 2021

Unconventional Weyl points with topological charges higher than 1 can transform into various complex unconventional Weyl exceptional contours under non-Hermitian perturbations. However, theoretical studies of these exceptional contours have been limited to tight-binding models. Here, we propose to realize unconventional Weyl exceptional contours in photonic continua—non-Hermitian anisotropic chiral plasma, based on ab initio calculation by Maxwell’s equations. By perturbing in-plane permittivity, an unconventional Weyl point can transform into a quadratic Weyl exceptional ring, a type I Weyl exceptional chain with one chain point, a type II Weyl exceptional chain with two chain points, or other forms. Realistic metamaterials with effective constitutive parameters are proposed to implement these unconventional Weyl exceptional contours. Our work paves a way toward exploration of exotic physics of unconventional Weyl exceptional contours in non-Hermitian topological photonic continua.
Synthesis of human amyloid restricted to liver results in an Alzheimer disease–like neurodegenerative phenotype
Authors: Lam Virginie , Takechi Ryusuke , Hackett Mark J. , Francis Roslyn , Bynevelt Michael , Celliers Liesl M. , Nesbit Michael , Mamsa Somayra , Arfuso Frank , Das Sukanya , Koentgen Frank , Hagan Maree , Codd Lincoln , Richardson Kirsty , O’Mara Brenton , Scharli Rainer K. , Morandeau Laurence , Gauntlett Jonathan , Leatherday Christopher , Boucek Jan , Mamo John C. L.
Published: September 2021

Several lines of study suggest that peripheral metabolism of amyloid beta (Aß) is associated with risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). In blood, greater than 90% of Aß is complexed as an apolipoprotein, raising the possibility of a lipoprotein-mediated axis for AD risk. In this study, we report that genetic modification of C57BL/6J mice engineered to synthesise human Aß only in liver (hepatocyte-specific human amyloid (HSHA) strain) has marked neurodegeneration concomitant with capillary dysfunction, parenchymal extravasation of lipoprotein-Aß, and neurovascular inflammation. Moreover, the HSHA mice showed impaired performance in the passive avoidance test, suggesting impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning. Transmission electron microscopy shows marked neurovascular disruption in HSHA mice. This study provides causal evidence of a lipoprotein-Aß /capillary axis for onset and progression of a neurodegenerative process.
Microplastics and anthropogenic fibre concentrations in lakes reflect surrounding land use
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Cottingham Samuel , Fonvielle Jérémy , Riley Isobel , Walker Lucy M. , Woodman Samuel G. , Kontou Danai , Pichler Christian M. , Reisner Erwin , Lebreton Laurent
Published: September 2021

Pollution from microplastics and anthropogenic fibres threatens lakes, but we know little about what factors predict its accumulation. Lakes may be especially contaminated because of long water retention times and proximity to pollution sources. Here, we surveyed anthropogenic microparticles, i.e., microplastics and anthropogenic fibres, in surface waters of 67 European lakes spanning 30° of latitude and large environmental gradients. By collating data from >2,100 published net tows, we found that microparticle concentrations in our field survey were higher than previously reported in lakes and comparable to rivers and oceans. We then related microparticle concentrations in our field survey to surrounding land use, water chemistry, and plastic emissions to sites estimated from local hydrology, population density, and waste production. Microparticle concentrations in European lakes quadrupled as both estimated mismanaged waste inputs and wastewater treatment loads increased in catchments. Concentrations decreased by 2 and 5 times over the range of surrounding forest cover and potential in-lake biodegradation, respectively. As anthropogenic debris continues to pollute the environment, our data will help contextualise future work, and our models can inform control and remediation efforts.