bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XII.—On the Pollen and Diatom Flora contained in the Surtarbrandur of East Iceland
Authors: Meyer Bernard L. , Pirrit John
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The exact age of the basalts and intercalated tuff-beds of Iceland is still uncertain. Palæontological dating relies almost solely on plant fossils the occurrence of which is known from many different localities in western Iceland. No plant fossils have hitherto been found in eastern Iceland. In summer 1952 an expedition set out from Scotland to search for plant fossils and lignite deposits intercalated in the East Icelandic Volcanic Series. Such deposits were found on the northern flank of the mountain Tungufell.

Macroscopical remains of plants were rare and badly preserved as compared with the finds in western Iceland, but a microscopical investigation of the lignite yielded 22 types of pollen and spores and 19 species and varieties of diatoms. The flora differs from that known of western Iceland; macroscopical remains and pollen of Abietineæ are abundant in western Icelandic sediments but are entirely absent in the Tungufell flora. The Tungufell flora appears to be younger than the fossil flora of western Iceland; however, the possibility that the difference between the Tungufell flora in East Iceland and the flora found in West Icelandic deposits is due to different ecological factors cannot be excluded. Many further investigations are required before this question may be satisfactorily answered.
XIV.—Cytological Analysis of Formaldehyde Induced Chromosomal Changes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Slizynska H.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Structural changes induced in male auxocytes after formaldehyde feeding were analysed cytologically. In comparison with the effects of X-rays (on mature sperm) there is: (1) a high proportion of mosaics; (2) an excess of repeats and deficiencies; (3) a shortage of translocations, and (4) fewer breaks in the heterochromatic regions.

The very high frequency of mosaics and the low ratio of inter- to intrachromosomal changes may be explained by the delayed opening of potential breaks which tend to open simultaneously in the same chromosome but at different times in different chromosomes. The high number of “isochromatid” breaks (repeats) points to some connection with the reduplication cycle.

The shortage of “eu-heterochromatic” changes in which “heterochromatic” breaks in salivary gland analysis are scored, can be similarly explained by a difference in the time of opening of potential breaks in the two types of chromatin.

Initial non random distribution of breaks as well as the conditions of rejoining in premeiotic cells may also play some role.
Studies on Chromosome Damage Followingin vivoHuman Radiation Exposure
Authors: Brown W. M. Court
Published: June 2012

The study of chromosome aberrations produced by the irradiationin vivoof men dates from 1960, and nearly all the work has been done on cultures of blood in which lymphocytes respond to phytohæmagglutinin by synthesising DNA and then dividing (Moorheadet al. 1960). This technique can now be used on a moderately extensive scale and it is possible to trace the pattern of events after a single exposure or repeated exposures to radiation involving either the whole or part of the body, whether the exposure be for therapeutic purposes, or from the explosion of a nuclear weapon, or accidentally received, or incurred for occupational reasons. We can now detect the effect of radiation in producing an increased number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood with chromosome aberrations with quite low doses of radiation, for example an occupational dose of about 15 to 20 rads. accumulated over a few years or the doses received during fluoroscopic procedures in diagnostic radiology. For the future we anticipate that the development of automated techniques of chromosomes counting and analysis will permit quantitative work down to such levels and perhaps even lower.
The Relevance of Intra-Cellular Damage to Effects in the Complex Organism
Authors: Mole R. H.
Published: June 2012

As the three previous papers in this Symposium have shown (Ord and Stocken 1968; Evans 1968; Court-Brown 1968) the exploration of radiation effects within the cell has its own intrinsic fascination quite apart from its relevance to an understanding of the phenomena which may be observed after irradiation of the complex organism, vertebrate or invertebrate. Whitmore (cf. Whitmore Gulyas and Botond 1965) has been one of the pioneer workers on a previously unsuspected phenomenon, the quantitatively substantial recovery of the ability to divide which occurs within the first hour or two after exposure to low LET radiation. In cultures of mammalian cells in vitro this kind of recovery was shown to have nothing to do with cell division, to occur at all stages of the cell cycle, and to be little, if at all, affected by a reduction in temperature which would be expected a priori to modify profoundly the rate of chemical reactions. Whitmore's technique for synchronising asynchronously dividing cell cultures by the selective suicide of DNA synthesising cells following the incorporation of radioactively labelled DNA precursors with high specific activity has a wide application (Whitmore and Gulyas 1966). Workers from his laboratory have proposed an interesting approach to the real meaning of “ability to divide” and “recovery” based on the idea that there is a certain probability of failure at each cell division and that this probability may be permanently increased by exposure to radiation (Till, McCulloch and Siminovitch 1964). Thus radiation damage may be expressed by failure of cell division not only at the first or second divisions after exposure but also at any subsequent division in the distant future.
The Spirit of Science
Authors: Bragg Lawrence
Published: June 2012

I thank you very much indeed for the compliment you are paying me in inviting me to give the James Scott Lecture. It is always an honour to be asked to give a lecture which is, as the nursery-man would say, a “named variety”, and in addition I welcome this invitation from a Society of which I am proud to be an Honorary Fellow.

Your lecturer is invited to talk about “fundamental concepts of Natural Philosophy” and I confess that this set me quite a task. It is one thing to talk about some special branch of research in which one is interested; it is quite another to review in a broad way some general feature of science. It asks for a philosophical approach, and I am not only a poor philosopher but also in a country where philosophy seems to flourish on the native soil. I hope therefore that you will receive what I have to say indulgently.
I.—The Œsophagus of the Stenoglossan Prosobranchs
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: June 2012

The structure of the anterior part of the alimentary canal of stenoglossan prosobranchs has been previously investigated by several workers, of whom the most important are Haller (1888) and Amaudrut (1898), although Haller's account, accurate so far as it goes, was published before there was any real knowledge of the comparative morphology of that part of the prosobranch gut. This knowledge we owe to Amaudrut, but in the case of the stenoglossan œsophagus the description which he gives is wrong, the various parts being orientated upside down.
VI.—Mutation and Lethal Effects of Ultra-Violet Irradiation onDrosophila
Authors: Mackenzie K.
Published: June 2012

In a recent paper (Mackenzie and Muller, 1940) a brief account was given of certain methods employed to obtain a favourable mutation rate in male adultDrosophila. These methods were largely empirical, and a detailed account of their development, together with a discussion of their significance, seemed rather beyond the scope of the paper, which dealt principally with the possible chromosome rearrangements which could be brought about by ultra-violet light. Hence only the average of a large number of experiments was given. In this paper it is proposed to give a fuller account of the influence of ultra-violet rays onDrosophila, and to compare the somatic effects, which are directly lethal, with the spermatic effects, which occur in the surviving insects and are observed as mutations in the offspring.
XV.—A Simple Apparatus for the Direct Determination of the Volume of Small Irregular Objects
Authors: Smallman Beverley N.
Published: June 2012

The apparatus described was developed in connection with a study of the growth and development of the stick insect, Dixippus morosus. The principle is that of simple displacement, and consistent results are obtained with objects as small as 0·007 millilitre.
XVI.—Observations on Artificially Induced Heat in Immature Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Bacsich P. , Wyburn G. M.
Published: June 2012

Treatment of the immature animal with æstrogenic or gonadotropic substances has been described by a number of authors in diverse experiments, and vaginal cornification, enlargement and typical histological changes in the uterus, ovulation, mating, and fertilisation, have all been produced, but no successful implantation. The histological changes which occur in the uterus and vagina of the treated immature animal are considered (Reynolds and others) to be characteristic of heat and similar to those in the adult uterus during heat. Nevertheless, it is suggested that the failure to procure implantation in treated immature animals may be due to an unfavourable condition of the uterine endometrium. If that is so, there must exist some difference between the response of the treated immature uterus and that of the mature uterus during cestrus which has thus far escaped detection. Recently we have described (Bacsich and Wyburn, 1940b) a cyclic vascular change in the uterus of the guinea-pig in the form of antimesometric hyperæmia present only during normal heat, and, moreover, have been able to induce this vascular response in spayed animals by hormonal treatment (Bacsich and Wyburn, 1941). As this cyclic vascular change provides a particularly delicate test of a complete response of the uterus to ovarian hormonal activity and may influence the site and the course of implantation, it seemed of interest to ascertain if the “characteristic” œstrogenic response of the immature uterus included antimesometric hyperæmia.
XX.—On the Feeding and Breeding of Calanus finmarchicus under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Raymont J. E. G. , Gross F.
Published: June 2012

Numerous investigations have already been made on the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. The main body of data, however, has been derived from field observations, and while many and important conclusions have been drawn from such work, confirmation of some of them is required by direct experimental methods. Accurate studies on the feeding, metabolism, and breeding of Calanus can only be made on living animals in the laboratory. Some such investigations have already been made by Crawshay, Clarke, Fuller, Marshall, Nicholls and Orr, Harvey and others, but the results have sometimes been obscure owing to the difficulties encountered in keeping Calanus in really healthy condition.
XXI.—The Specific Gravity of Calanus finmarchicus
Authors: Gross F. , Raymont J. E. G.
Published: June 2012

In the course of our studies of reproduction of Calanus finmarchicus under laboratory conditions we noticed that all the eggs produced in our cultures were lying on the bottom of the glass dishes, and when transferred into fresh culture medium (“Erdschreiber”) or sea-water sank down relatively very rapidly. As the eggs were fertilised and healthy, and a large proportion of them developed into active nauplii (Raymont and Gross, 1942), it was obvious that the density of the living egg was considerably higher than that of sea-water.
XXV.—Growth Stages in the Ammonite Promicroceras marstonense Spath
Authors: Currie Ethel D.
Published: June 2012

It is well known that the dimensions of the ammonite shell conform approximately with the properties of a logarithmic or equiangular spiral. An illuminating account of the logarithmic spiral in its application to the growth of molluscan shells is that given by Sir D'Arcy Thompson (1917, pp. 491–586, and 1942, pp. 748–849). His formula relating the spiral angle of the shell and the ratios of certain linear dimensions must be useful to all interested in shell form in molluscs.
XXX.—Study of an Introduced North American Freshwater Mollusc, Stagnicola catascopium (Say)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: June 2012

In July and August 1929 the writer's father, Mr D. K. Kevan, found large numbers of a species of Lymnœa, cleaned out of a warm engine-pond in a timber yard in Leith. These snails showed much variation in the form of the shell, and this made identification difficult.

In July and August 1940 the writer revisited the locality, collected a considerable number of living snails from the pond in question, and eventually established that they belonged to the common North American species, Lymnœa (Stagnicola) catascopium, Say.
II.—Hidden Divergence in Laboratory Strains ofDrosophila pseudo-obscura
Authors: Lamy Rowena
Published: June 2012

The Race A/Race B hybrid females ofD. pseudo-obscurahave a high percentage of fertility, comparable with that of females of pure race. The number and viability of their offspring, however, are largely affected by the genetic constitution of the hybrid female as well as by that of the male to which she is mated in the backcross. Hence the performance of any given hybrid is determined in the first instance by the actual strains of the pure races which are used in making the P1 racial cross. Generally speaking the results are of the same order whenever the same strains are used. The progenies of hybrid females of different genetic constitution may differ in three main aspects: (1) The total number of offspring may be comparable with that usually obtained in a pure race cross; it may be reduced to any extent; in certain matings it is consistently at zero. (2) The sex ratio may be completely normal or male-deficient or female-deficient in any degree; completely uni-sexual progenies are sometimes obtained. (The above observations are mainly in agreement with reports of earlier writers;cf.Lancefield, 1929, Dobzhansky, 1936, Mampell, 1941, Sturtevant, 1937.) (3) “Viability characters,”i.e.those affecting general vigour and physical normality, may be of a high or a low grade; some progenies are comparable in this respect with the pure race, the only exception being that they show a much greater range of variation in body-size of both sexes, and in the testis size of males, abnormalities which are common to all back-cross progenies whatever the genetic constitution of the mother or father. Some progenies show in addition deformities of a peculiar type usually affecting the abdomen and occasionally the legs and wings.
III.—Genotypic Asymmetries
Authors: Dahlberg Gunnar
Published: June 2012

In two earlier publications the author has suggested a theory of genetically determined asymmetries. Inherited asymmetry may be of two types. Many characters are unilateral (e.g. the aortic arch or the tricuspid valve of the human heart) or in some other way placed asymmetrically (e.g. the differentiation of organs along the cephalad-caudad axis of the body). The orientation of such gross asymmetries is in general irreversible. The author has pointed out that the study of uniovular twins which exhibit mirror-image similarities draws attention to a smaller class of reversible asymmetries. While an asymmetrical disposition of such a character is transmitted, its orientation is not fixed in the process of transmission. Thus a character may show itself on the left side in one generation or in one individual of a litter, and on the right side in another generation or in a litter mate. The extreme types of variation between which many transitional forms may be found are:

(a) From left to right, or vice versa.

(b) From caudad to cephalad extremity, or vice versa.

(c) From dorsal to ventral surface, or vice versa.
IV.—Meiosis in the Striped Hamster (Cricetulus griseusMilne-Edw.) and the Problem of Heterochromatin in Mammalian Sex-Chromosomes
Authors: Pontecorvo G.
Published: June 2012

According to Ellerman (1941), the seventy-odd forms of palæarctic rodents that go under the name of “True Hamsters” (family Murinæ, subfamily Cricetinæ) fall into four genera with a total of 18 species:Cricetulus(11),Phodopus(3),Cricetus(1), andMesocricetus(3), the last two genera being unified by some authors. So far only one species of this important group has been investigated from the point of view of chromosome properties: the Golden Hamster,Cricetus(Mesocricetus)auratusWaterhouse.
V.—On the Interpretation of Electroencephalic Potentials
Authors: Beevers C. A.
Published: June 2012

Electroencephalography has added another important means of investigation of cerebral activity and functioning to the many others previously at our disposal. In applying it, as with the other investigative methods, it is important that we should have clearly in mind exactly what facts it is able to demonstrate and what interpretations we are justified in making of the observed facts. This process of interpretation is difficult partly because it is a two-stage one; the electrical potentials observed are those on the surface of the scalp and these must first be referred back to potential sources (i.e.electrical charges) in the brain itself. These latter must then be interpreted in terms of activities of nerve cells and nerve fibres. The first of these two stages belongs entirely to the sphere of mathematical physics, and the present paper is an attempt to present a working hypothesis which not only suggests a solution of this stage of the problem, but suggests a probable solution of the second stage. The second stage properly belongs to the sphere of physiology, but progress here is rendered difficult by lack of decisive knowledge as to the nature of the elementary unit of central nervous activity.
XIII.—The Appearance in Cross-section of the Hairs of some Carnivores and Rodents
Authors: Stoves J. L.
Published: June 2012

Examination of mammalian pelts reveals the presence of two types of hair—long, glossy fibres known as “guard”- or “top-hair,” and shorter, softer, more curly fibres termed ”ground”- or “under-wool.” Guard-hairs are of two kinds: primary fibres classified by Toldt (1910) as “Leithaare,” and shorter, less robust secondary fibres which Toldt described as “Grannenhaare.” The under-wool is analogous to Toldt's “Wohlhaare.” More recently Toldt (1935) has described the appearance of the various fibre types occurring in hair from a wide range of mammals, and gives an extensive bibliography on hair from many orders of mammalia, including the two at present under consideration. Glaister (1931) made a photomicrographic survey of whole mounts and transverse sections of fibres from a large number of mammals. This work, however, suffers from the disadvantage that the photomicrographs were taken at low magnifications. When photographed at magnifications of the order × 500, transverse sections of fibres readily demonstrate the distribution and structure of cuticle, cortex and medulla. Such information is valuable as a means of studying structural variations in hair from different types of mammals, and often possesses considerable taxonomic significance and practical value—Dearborn (1939) reports the use of cross-sections of mammalian guard-hairs as a help to identifying small hairs found in the stomachs and excreta of predators, while the importance of fibre histology in forensic science has been reviewed by Smith and Glaister (1939). Furthermore, microchemical tests carried out on wool fibres (Bekker and King, 1931) and on transverse sections of kolinsky and hare fibres (Stoves, 1943a) have shown that cuticle, cortex, and medulla exhibit different chemical properties, so that morphological differentiation is accompanied by variation in chemical reactivity.
XVII.—Tests for a Possible Action of Ethylene Glycol on the Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bhattacharya Subrata
Published: June 2012

The work of Auerbach and Robson (1946, 1947 a and b) on mustard gas and related substances has first shown conclusively that chemical substances may be as effective as high-energy radiation in the production of mutations. Subsequently, mutagenic abilities have been reported for a number of other substances (Hadorn and Niggli, 1946; Demerec, 1947 a and b; Vogt, 1948; Rapoport, 1946; Kaplan, 1948). This discovery, however, does not obviate the necessity to search for further mutagenic substances. On the contrary, it raises the hope that more such substances may be found. Only through a comparative study of many chemical mutagens may it eventually become possible to connect mutagenic activity with specific chemical groups or configurations and thus to throw some light on the chemical basis of mutation. Moreover, the indiscriminacy of mutagenic action which mustard gas shares with radiation may not be common to all mutagens: the discovery of a chemical substance with specific action on one or several genes would mean a large step forward in the analysis of the nature of the gene.
XXII.—The Autecology of Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn): The Germination of the Spore, and the Development of the Prothallus and the Young Sporophyte
Authors: Conway Elsie
Published: June 2012

The rapid spread of bracken in some parts of the country has led to considerable investigation into the habits of the plant. But in almost all cases it is the spread of the adult sporophyte which has been described, and little attention has been paid to the insignificant, complementary half of the life cycle—the prothallus. Nor does any attempt appear to have been made to assess the rate of development of the prothallus and the young sporeling. A recent attempt to collect records of the occurrence of prothalli and young sporophytes in the field has shown how seldom they are found, and has emphasised the fact that little is known of the extent to which the plant spreads by the initiation of new colonies from spores (White, 1930).
III.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. III. The Plankton of Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Gauld D. T.
Published: June 2012

1. The phytoplankton in Kyle Scotnish and Sailean More, two parallel arms of Loch Sween, was studied and the seasonal variations described.

2. Artificial fertilizers were distributed in Kyle Scotnish and their effects on the phytoplankton were followed up. It was found that on some occasions the phytoplankton increased rapidly after the distribution of fertilizers, but that on other occasions there was no apparent response.

3. The zooplankton populations in Kyle Scotnish and Sailean More were studied and the seasonal variations described.

4. It was found that after fertilizers had been distributed the zooplankton in Kyle Scotnish became considerably richer than that in Sailean More, and its density remained higher until it was reduced in September 1945 by the feeding of young herring. Even so, the average density in Kyle Scotnish was twice that in Sailean More.

5. Experiments were done to determine the effect upon the phytoplankton of the grazing of the zooplankton. It appears that the zooplankton removed a large portion of the phytoplankton by grazing, and that the apparent lack of response of the phytoplankton to the distribution fertilizers was at least on some occasions due to the effects of grazing.

6. It was shown that the productivity of Kyle Scotnish, in terms of plankton, has been doubled by the distribution of fertilizers.

This paper was assisted in publication by a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
IV.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. IV. The Bottom Fauna of Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Raymont J. E. G.
Published: June 2012

The application of fertilizers to an enclosed sea-loch (Loch Craiglin) led to a marked increase in the density of the bottom fauna (Raymont, 1947, 1949). The rise in the bottom fauna was slow, and this was to be expected, since first a considerably increased density of plankton had to be built up, and only then would the relatively slowly reproducing bottom fauna have a chance to increase in numbers. It seemed clear also from the later work in Loch Craiglin that the beneficial effects of fertilization on the bottom fauna lasted for a considerable time after application of fertilizers had ceased.
XII.—Notes on the Genus Corvaspis
Authors: Dineley D. L.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Recently discovered fragments of the armour of the ostracoderm Corvaspis are described, together with similar material from Vestspitsbergen and Podolia. The fossils have been obtained from Lower Old Red Sandstone deposits of Upper Downtonian–Lower Dittonian age. Large, thick, median plates, small irregular plates, orbital and ridge plates, and small, thick polygonal scales are present amongst the material. The characteristic external ornamentation of smooth, narrow ribs of dentine and a marginal band of small, smooth irregular tubercles is present on all plates. Two species are distinguished by their slightly differing ornamentation: Corvaspis kingi is known from the three regions named, C. graticulata sp. nov. comes from somewhat higher in the Vestspitsbergen sequence, and bears a finer ornamentation. A new family of heterostracans is erected to contain the genus, which in general structure may have been somewhat akin to the Drepanaspidæ, although no complete reconstruction can yet be attempted.
XVII.—The Reproductive Organs in Hapalemur and Lepilemur
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Davies D. V.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

An account of the morphology of the external and internal reproductive organs of the females of Hapalemur and Lepilemur and of the male of Hapalemur, including some histological details in both sexes of Hapalemur, is presented. The female apparatus in Hapalemur is described here for the first time, while new concepts emerge in connection with the male genitalia of Hapalemur and the female organs of Lepilemur, both of which have been imperfectly known. The tunnelling of the large clitoris by the urethra in Hapalemur is unique among the Madagascar lemurs and parallels the condition in the suborder Lorisoidea. The female Lepilemur exhibits typically lemurine external and internal genitalia, but lacks the glandular specialisations met with in Lemur. Details of the relative positions and peritoneal relations of the uterine cornua and ovaries in different lemurine genera are discussed. In the male Hapalemur the penis agrees with that of other Lemurinæ; internally some observations of Beddard and Oudemans are confirmed and supplemented. The necessity for the taxoaomic separation of Hapalemur is considered.
XXIII.—Chromosome Number in the Blue, Fin and Sperm Whales
Authors: Nowosielski-Slepowron B. J. A. , Peacock A. D.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Testicular material from a Blue Whale (Balœnoptera musculus Rafinesque), a Fin Whale (Balœnoptera physalus Lacepède) and a Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon L.), obtained 6–24 hours after death in the Antarctic during the whaling season 1946–47, showed that the testes of the first two animals were in the resting state and those of the third animal were active. Despite being collected some hours after death, the material has allowed estimation to be made for the first time of chromosome numbers from spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the prophase stage. The diploid and haploid numbers approximate to 48 and 24 respectively. These results are discussed along with those obtained by Makino (1948), the first worker to record counts of cetacean chromosomes, in his study of freshly fixed material from Dall's Porpoise, Phocœnoides dallii (True). They support this worker in his view that the cytological evidence indicates that Cetacea and Ungulata derive from a common source.

Some observations on spermateleosis and cell inclusions in the Sperm Whale are given.

Regarding the breeding season, the findings of previous workers are supported for the Blue and Fin Whales. That the Sperm Whale dealt with in this paper was found to be sexually active in December is support of Harrison-Matthews' view that the species has no definite sexual season or cycle.
I.—A Note on the Leaf Cushions of a Species of Palæozoic Arborescent Lycopod (Sublepidophloios ventricosus sp. nov.)
Authors: Hopping C. A.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The fossil plant described is a mould formed in a Clayband Ironstone nodule by the leaf cushions of a palæozoic arborescent Lycopod. It exhibits the unaltered three-dimensional shape of the surface of the tree-trunk. The description adds to the known facts about the leaf cushions and their diagnostic features. The specimen has been placed in a new species of the genus Sublepidophloios, Sublepidophloios ventricosus.

A new method of making casts from such fossil moulds is described which involves the use of an elastic, re-meltable plastic compound. An examination of casts made by this method indicates that the plant fragment described was fossilized with the minimum amount of compression and distortion.
Competition and complementarity: civil society networks and the question of decentralizing the League of Nations
Authors: Richard Anne-Isabelle
Published: June 2012

This article examines debates on the decentralization of the League of Nations that took place in the civil society networks surrounding it. Set in the wider framework of regionalist debates, particularly in Latin America, it focuses on two organizations, the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, which promoted the League, and the Comité Fédéral de Coopération Européenne, which focused on European cooperation. The analysis of the debate on regionalism and universalism highlights the role that Europe played in the League, and points to the use of universalist arguments to further British imperial ends. It shows that interwar internationalism was a multifaceted phenomenon, in which national, imperial, regional, and universal projects and concerns were profoundly entangled. Finally, the article stresses the overlap between official and civil society networks, which complemented each other's activities.
Bringing Asia to the world: Indian trade unionism and the long road towards the Asiatic Labour Congress, 1919–37
Authors: Stolte Carolien
Published: June 2012

This article considers Asianism in the Indian trade union movement, against the backdrop of increasing international cooperation between Asian trade union movements in the interwar period, which culminated in the short-lived Asiatic Labour Congress (1934–37). It demonstrates how Asianist enthusiasm both propelled and hampered Indian workers’ representation at the International Labour Organization and other international bodies. Finally, it considers Asianism as a crucial characteristic of Indian trade unionism in the interwar period, by showing how the All-India Trade Union Congress, once the hope of Indian labour as an organized force, split into rival federations over the issue of its Asian affiliations.
‘Our common humanity’: print, power, and the colonial press in interwar Tanganyika and French Cameroun
Authors: Hunter Emma
Published: June 2012

If the concept of global civil society offers a way of thinking about the interwar period that does justice to the new linkages that were developing at the time, it also offers an opportunity to reflect on ‘the varied, contingent meanings of the global – and the limits to such globalist visions’, as this special issue makes clear. This article explores these themes in an African context in relation to two government periodicals,Mambo Leoand theGazette du Cameroun, both of which first appeared in the early 1920s, and a settler-edited newspaper aimed at an African audience,L’Éveil des Camerouniens, published 1934–35. It argues that such official and semi-official publications serve to illustrate both the unexpected ways in which this period witnessed the birth of new forms of global connection and the limits of such connection.
Interstate Wine Shipments and E-Commerce
Authors: McFadden Daniel L.
Published: June 2012

I am an economist, appearing on this panel as an individual at the request of FTC staff. I own a small vineyard in Napa Valley, California, have sold grapes to large and small wineries, and am familiar with the positions taken by many of the people in the wine industry regarding the opportunities and limitations surrounding direct sales of wine to consumers. My intention, however, is to speak here as an advocate for consumers rather than as an advocate for the wine business. My work as a professional economist concentrates primarily on consumer behavior, with applications in marketing, health, and the environment. I do not have a specialty in the economics of the wine industry. I am the E. Morris Cox Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, and have served as President of the Econometrics Society and as vice-president of the American Economics Association. In 2000, I won the Nobel Prize in Economics for my work on consumer choice behavior.

In common with most economists, I believe that consumers benefit from free markets operated with the minimum government regulation required for consumer protection. The history of government regulation of markets is littered with examples of restrictions, ostensibly adopted on behalf of consumers, that instead protect concentrated economic interests at the consumers' expense. The restrictions on direct purchase of premium wines and their interstate shipment that have been adopted by a number of States are, I believe, another example of abuse of the regulatory process to protect concentrated economic interests, going far beyond the minimum regulations needed to maintain the integrity of State taxation and to protect minor consumers.
Analysis of a Wine Tasting
Authors: Lindley Dennis V.
Published: June 2012

Analyses are made of two wine tastings, one of red and one of white wines, to compare French and American styles. It is concluded that there are differences between the wines and, in the case of the reds, national differences. It is shown that even skilled tasters can often be out by as much as 3 when judging on a scale from 0 to 20. For the statistician, Bayes factors are contrasted with F-values. (JEL classification: C11)
Spatial Variations in Weather Conditions and Wine Prices in Bordeaux
Authors: Lecocq Sébastien , Visser Michael
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of weather conditions on prices of Bordeaux wines. Unlike previous studies (based on data from the main weather station in Mérignac), we use climatological variables from many local stations. Two models are compared: one where prices are related to Mérignac weather conditions, and one where prices are related to local conditions (weather variables measured in the station the nearest to the château). Although a (non-nested) test suggests that the model based on local data is better, the two specifi cations lead to very similar results. This is reassuring news for researchers interested in the relationship between weather and prices, but who do not have access to spatial variations in climate. (JEL Classification: Q19)
Price and Quality in the California Wine Industry: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Lima Tony
Published: June 2012

This paper examines price and quality in the California wine industry using medals won in nine tasting events in 1995 as indexes of quality. For each tasting event, there were four possible medals: double gold, gold, silver, and bronze. Using stepwise least squares regression analysis, we estimate hedonic price functions for the 1884 wines in our sample treating quality as exogenous to price. We also look at results for some wine types, including chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon. The results are largely as expected. The San Francisco Wine Competition appears to be the best predictor of quality with the Orange County and Sacramento (California State Fair) competitions the second best predictors of quality. (JEL Classifi cation: D4, L6)
“Petit Déjeuner Compris” – Is It Really Free? Evidence from French and Italian Hotels
Authors: Johnson George E.
Published: June 2012

Despite the old claim in economics that “there is no such thing as a free lunch,” some of the recent work in behavioral economics and in other fields of study implies the contrary. In this paper I study whether French and Italian hotels actually provide a “free” breakfast when, as is done by many hotels around the world, its provision is included in the room price. The data indicate, using both cross-sectional comparisons and hotel-specific changes in breakfast provision, that there is no such thing as a free breakfast. In France and Italy hotels that offer, respectively, “petit dejeuner compris” and “compresa la prima colazione” appear to raise their room prices by 10 to 15 percent.
Is Globalization Good for Wine Drinkers in the United States?
Authors: Gokcekus Omer , Fargnoli Andrew
Published: June 2012

To determine whether globalization is good for wine drinkers in the U.S., we examine the Wine Spectator's annual Top 100 lists, published since 1988. During this period, the average real price for these wines decreases from $43 to $26. Quality is consistent at around 93 points. Variety increases from six to twelve countries; the share of countries dominating the early lists declines from 95% to 75% over time. Our regression analysis indicates that when a New-New World wine replaces an Old World one, the average real price of the Top 100 list falls by 2.5%. (JEL Classification: F120, F140, C200)

“My only regret in life is that I did not drink more champagne.” (John Maynard Keynes) (Harod, 1951, p. 15)
What Determines Port Wine Prices?
Authors: Viana Rui Couto , Rodrigues Lúcia Lima
Published: June 2012

In this study, we estimate a cross-sectional hedonic price function for Port wines in order to determine the price influence of several Port wine characteristics. Drawing on a large sample of more than 14,000 sales from the biggest Port wine firms we find that market prices can be explained by objective characteristics such as age, type of Port and type of brand appearing on the bottle label and subjective characteristics such as firm reputation. The Port type is the main price determinant. (JEL Classification: C21, Q11)
Consumer Sensory Evaluations of Wine Quality: The Respective Influence of Price and Country of Origin
Authors: Veale Roberta , Quester Pascale
Published: June 2012

The purpose of the study was to investigate the respective influences of price and country of origin as extrinsic cues on consumer evaluations of wine quality when all intrinsic cues are experienced through sensory perception. Taste testing experiments were conducted (N = 263) using Chardonnay as the test product in a 3 (country of origin, COO) × 3 (price) × 3 (acid level) conjoint analysis fractional factorial design. Price and COO were both found to be more important contributors to perception of wine quality than taste. Reliance on extrinsic cues was found to remain extremely robust even when all intrinsic cues were available through sensory experience for respondent evaluation. The research demonstrated that even when evaluating a product through consumption, consumer belief in the price/value schema dominates quality assessment. These findings mean that marketers cannot assume that intrinsic product attributes, even when experienced, will be weighted and interpreted accurately by consumers. The research significantly advances our understanding of consumers' use of extrinsic cues (price and COO specifically), and their respective influence in their determination of both expected and experienced quality. (JEL Classification: Q11, D12, M31)
Bordeaux Wine as a Financial Investment
Authors: Sanning Lee W. , Shaffer Sherrill , Sharratt Jo Marie
Published: June 2012

For repeat transactions data from monthly auction hammer prices, we analyze the level and quality of Bordeaux wine returns using the Fama-French Three-Factor Model and the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Returns average up to 0.75% per month above those predicted by these models. Further, investment grade wines benefit from low exposure to market risk factors, thus offering a valuable dimension of portfolio diversification. These findings are consistent with simple theoretical considerations and support a documented growing interest in wine investments (JEL Classification: G11.G12).
Determinants of Argentinean Wine Prices in the U.S.
Authors: San Martín Guillermo J. , Troncoso Javier L. , Brümmer Bernhard
Published: June 2012

A hedonic price function for Argentinean wines in the U.S market is estimated in order to evaluate the effect of the most important attributes of wine on price. Results show that labeling practices and the choice of the right wine quality attributes are far more influential on price than expert panel opinions or oenological wine improvements such as age. (JEL Classification: Q11, C21, D12)
Wine Markets in China: Assessing the Potential with Supermarket Survey Data
Authors: Lee Hyunok , Huang Jikun , Rozelle Scott , Sumner Daniel
Published: June 2012

The emergence of grape wine as a mainstream alcoholic beverage in China is relatively new. However, rapidly increasing wine consumption in China provides a significant trade potential for the United States and other wine exporting countries. This paper investigates the Chinese wine market using retailer data with a focus on imported wines. Supermarkets are identified as major retail outlets for foreign wines, and this paper uses data from a recent supermarket wine survey in China. Our data indicate that about half of our sample stock foreign wines. On average, 21 percent of total wine shelf space is allocated to foreign wines and larger stores are associated with larger shares of shelf space for foreign wines. Among foreign wines, French wine dominates. Of 31 supermarkets that sell foreign wines, 26 stores carry French wine, and in all but two of these stores more than half of the foreign wine shelf space is devoted to French wine. Australia, Chile, Italy and the United States follow in terms of number of stores carrying wines. Supermarkets in our sample allocate most of their shelf space to red wine for both domestic (93%) and foreign (82%) wines. The average median price for foreign wines (94 yuans per bottle) was more than double the equivalent price for domestic wines (42 yuans). (JEL Classification: N55, Q13, Q19)
Brokers as Experts in the French Wine Industry
Authors: Fares M'hand
Published: June 2012

The increasing industrialization of the wine supply chain is often associated with a greater vertical coordination. Our paper shows that a spot market institutional arrangement like brokerage can still be a relevant coordination mechanism to mitigate the contractual hazards due to quality problems. Indeed, a broker can be viewed as an expert that can help the merchant to monitor the grower's wine quality process. More precisely, if the merchant cannot credibly monitor the wine making process, it is Pareto improving to delegate this task to a broker. (JEL Classification: D82, L80, M12)
Modeling Long-term Commodities: the Development of a Simulation Model for the South African Wine Industry within a Partial Equilibrium Framework
Authors: Reynolds Sanri , Meyer Ferdinand , Cutts Michela , Vink Nick
Published: June 2012

Econometric demand and supply models of agricultural commodities and crops have been around for a long time with extensive research and adaptations being made in the grain and livestock sectors. This much attention has, however, not been afforded to long term commodities. This paper presents a partial equilibrium framework for modeling long term commodities using the South African wine industry as an example. The model structure is presented and two different approaches to closing the model are compared. The usefulness of the model is tested in the form of baseline projections and the analysis of a typical “what if” question. (JEL Classification: D5, L66, Q11)
A Proposed System for Awarding Medals at a Major U.S. Wine Competition
Authors: Cicchetti Domenic V.
Published: June 2012

The objective of this research is to devise a reliable and accurate scoring algorithm for awarding medals at a major U.S. wine competition that was described earlier by Hodgson (2008). The new algorithm is comprised of a two-tiered method that considers an award on the basis of a total medal score averaged across four judges per each evaluated wine; and a reliability algorithm that grades the degree of inter-judge reliability according to the following criteria: <70% = Poor or Unacceptable; 70%–79% = Fair; 80%–89% = Good; and 90%–100% = Excellent agreement (Cicchetti, 2001). The method has advantages over a previous scoring method that based its decision upon incorrect estimates of majority opinion; and unacceptable levels of inter-judge agreement. (JEL Classification: C1, L15, Q13)
The Dynamics of Advertising and Contract Choice on the Champagne Wine Market
Authors: Lanette Hervé , Steichen Daniel
Published: June 2012

There are two main players in the Champagne wine industry; grape growers and Champagne houses. The former grow grapes and either produce their own Champagne wine or sell their fruit to Champagne houses. The latter only produce Champagne wine and do not grow grapes. However, Champagne houses invest heavily in advertisements to establish and maintain their brand's reputation. The grape market is characterized by the dominance of long-term supply contracts over spot contracts. Drawing on various theoretical models we suggest that the Champagne houses' advertising strategy and its associated positive externalities (spillover effects) on grape growers is a way of stabilizing vertical relations, i.e., keeping grape growers from producing Champagne wine themselves and thus maintaining a certain degree of monopoly power. (JEL Classification: C78, M37, D86, L14, Q18)
Why is there a Home Bias? A Case Study of Wine
Authors: Friberg Richard , Paterson Robert W. , Richardson Andrew D.
Published: June 2012

Domestic products have a disproportionately high market share on many goods markets. We examine the contribution of preferences to such “home bias”, using detailed data on wine sales in New Hampshire (weekly sales by brand by store for one year). In counterfactual simulations, where we use the same set of products as currently available, the U.S. market share falls from 58 percent to 38 percent if all country-of-origin effects are set equal. Home bias on this market is not explained by higher marginal costs for imports or by lesser store coverage of imported brands. The evidence rather points to higher foreign fixed costs of entry, coupled with a preference for U.S. wines, as the main sources for the high domestic market share. (JEL Classification: F12, F14, L13, L66)
Wine in Your Knapsack?
Authors: Conrad Jon M. , Gómez Miguel I. , Lamadrid Alberto J.
Published: June 2012

We pose several Knapsack Problems (KPs) to select the optimal subset of wines subject to budget and quantity constraints. The first problem seeks the subset of wines, from a single cultivar (zinfandel) that maximizes the sum of ratings subject to a budget constraint. We modify this problem by adding an equality constraint on the number of bottles that must be chosen. The third problem seeks to maximize the sum of ratings from three different cultivars (cabernet sauvignon, pinot noir, and zinfandel) subject to a budget constraint and then a budget and minimum bottle constraints for each cultivar. The rating maximization problem may have multiple solutions. We also pose two expenditure minimization problems, subject to achieving the maximum sum of ratings. We extend the model by defining an integer choice problem, that allows multiple purchases of the same wine, and by accounting for possible non-linearities between wine ratings and utilities. Applications of this model include procurement decisions for tastings, special events or building a personal wine cellar. (JEL Classification: C61 D12)