bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brk regulates wing disc growth in part via repression of Myc expression
Authors: Doumpas Nikolaos , Ruiz‐Romero Marina , Blanco Enrique , Edgar Bruce , Corominas Montserrat , Teleman Aurelio A
Published: January 2013

The molecular mechanisms regulating tissue size represent an unsolved puzzle in developmental biology. One signalling pathway controlling growth of the Drosophila wing is Dpp. Dpp promotes growth by repression of the transcription factor Brk. The transcriptional targets of Brk that control cell growth and proliferation, however, are not yet fully elucidated. We report here a genome‐wide ChIP‐Seq of endogenous Brk from wing imaginal discs. We identify the growth regulator Myc as a target of Brk and show that repression of Myc and of the miRNA bantam explains a significant fraction of the growth inhibition caused by Brk. This work sheds light on the effector mechanisms by which Dpp signalling controls tissue growth.
Imaging inflammatory leukocyte recruitment in kidney, lung and liver—challenges to the multi‐step paradigm
Authors: Hickey Michael J , Westhorpe Clare L V
Published: January 2013

Intravital microscopy has been essential in establishing the multi‐step paradigm that describes how leukocytes in the bloodstream interact with the blood vessel wall during the process of leukocyte recruitment. Much of this work has been performed in readily‐visualized tissues such as the mesentery and the cremaster muscle, where leukocyte‐endothelial cell interactions are restricted to postcapillary venules. However, the microvasculatures of the liver, lung and renal glomerulus differ markedly from these conventionally structured microvascular beds. Moreover, the liver, lung and kidney can be the target of life‐threatening leukocyte‐mediated inflammation. Therefore, a clear understanding of the mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment to these sites is critical. In this review, we examine the advances made in the understanding of leukocyte recruitment in the liver, lung and glomerulus, as determined using intravital microscopy. We describe how leukocyte recruitment to these sites occurs via mechanisms distinct from the conventional rolling/adhesion/transmigration paradigm, and in some cases involves adhesion molecules with minimal roles in conventional postcapillary venules. In addition, we describe how advanced forms of in vivo imaging in combination with novel approaches for labeling immune cell subsets is revealing new complexities in leukocyte function and immune cell interactions in these specialized microvascular beds.
Erratum: Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota
Authors: Jernberg Cecilia , Löfmark Sonja , Edlund Charlotta , Jansson Janet K
Published: January 2013

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2007) 1, 56–66; doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.3 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed an error in a primer sequence in Table 1. The correct table is shown here. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused.
High‐throughput sequencing for biology and medicine
Authors: Soon Wendy Weijia , Hariharan Manoj , Snyder Michael P
Published: January 2013

Advances in genome sequencing have progressed at a rapid pace, with increased throughput accompanied by plunging costs. But these advances go far beyond faster and cheaper. High‐throughput sequencing technologies are now routinely being applied to a wide range of important topics in biology and medicine, often allowing researchers to address important biological questions that were not possible before. In this review, we discuss these innovative new approaches—including ever finer analyses of transcriptome dynamics, genome structure and genomic variation—and provide an overview of the new insights into complex biological systems catalyzed by these technologies. We also assess the impact of genotyping, genome sequencing and personal omics profiling on medical applications, including diagnosis and disease monitoring. Finally, we review recent developments in single‐cell sequencing, and conclude with a discussion of possible future advances and obstacles for sequencing in biology and health.
Systematic analysis of somatic mutations in phosphorylation signaling predicts novel cancer drivers
Authors: Reimand Jüri , Bader Gary D
Published: January 2013

Large‐scale cancer genome sequencing has uncovered thousands of gene mutations, but distinguishing tumor driver genes from functionally neutral passenger mutations is a major challenge. We analyzed 800 cancer genomes of eight types to find single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) that precisely target phosphorylation machinery, important in cancer development and drug targeting. Assuming that cancer‐related biological systems involve unexpectedly frequent mutations, we used novel algorithms to identify genes with significant phosphorylation‐associated SNVs (pSNVs), phospho‐mutated pathways, kinase networks, drug targets, and clinically correlated signaling modules. We highlight increased survival of patients with TP53 pSNVs, hierarchically organized cancer kinase modules, a novel pSNV in EGFR, and an immune‐related network of pSNVs that correlates with prolonged survival in ovarian cancer. Our findings include multiple actionable cancer gene candidates (FLNB, GRM1, POU2F1), protein complexes (HCF1, ASF1), and kinases (PRKCZ). This study demonstrates new ways of interpreting cancer genomes and presents new leads for cancer research.
Autonomous bacterial localization and gene expression based on nearby cell receptor density
Authors: Wu Hsuan‐Chen , Tsao Chen‐Yu , Quan David N , Cheng Yi , Servinsky Matthew D , Carter Karen K , Jee Kathleen J , Terrell Jessica L , Zargar Amin , Rubloff Gary W , Payne Gregory F , Valdes James J , Bentley William E
Published: January 2013

Escherichia coli were genetically modified to enable programmed motility, sensing, and actuation based on the density of features on nearby surfaces. Then, based on calculated feature density, these cells expressed marker proteins to indicate phenotypic response. Specifically, site‐specific synthesis of bacterial quorum sensing autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2) is used to initiate and recruit motile cells. In our model system, we rewired E. coli's AI‐2 signaling pathway to direct bacteria to a squamous cancer cell line of head and neck (SCCHN), where they initiate synthesis of a reporter (drug surrogate) based on a threshold density of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This represents a new type of controller for targeted drug delivery as actuation (synthesis and delivery) depends on a receptor density marking the diseased cell. The ability to survey local surfaces and initiate gene expression based on feature density represents a new area‐based switch in synthetic biology that will find use beyond the proposed cancer model here.
An in vivo control map for the eukaryotic mRNA translation machinery
Authors: Firczuk Helena , Kannambath Shichina , Pahle Jürgen , Claydon Amy , Beynon Robert , Duncan John , Westerhoff Hans , Mendes Pedro , McCarthy John EG
Published: January 2013

Rate control analysis defines the in vivo control map governing yeast protein synthesis and generates an extensively parameterized digital model of the translation pathway. Among other non‐intuitive outcomes, translation demonstrates a high degree of functional modularity and comprises a non‐stoichiometric combination of proteins manifesting functional convergence on a shared maximal translation rate. In exponentially growing cells, polypeptide elongation (eEF1A, eEF2, and eEF3) exerts the strongest control. The two other strong control points are recruitment of mRNA and tRNAi to the 40S ribosomal subunit (eIF4F and eIF2) and termination (eRF1; Dbp5). In contrast, factors that are found to promote mRNA scanning efficiency on a longer than‐average 5′untranslated region (eIF1, eIF1A, Ded1, eIF2B, eIF3, and eIF5) exceed the levels required for maximal control. This is expected to allow the cell to minimize scanning transition times, particularly for longer 5′UTRs. The analysis reveals these and other collective adaptations of control shared across the factors, as well as features that reflect functional modularity and system robustness. Remarkably, gene duplication is implicated in the fine control of cellular protein synthesis.
Testosterone and β-oestradiol prevent inward remodelling of rat small mesenteric arteries: role of NO and transglutaminase
Authors: del Campo Lara , Guvenc Tuna Bilge , Ferrer Mercedes , van Bavel Ed , Bakker Erik N.T.P.
Published: January 2013

Increasing evidence shows that sex hormones exert a protective effect on the vasculature, especially in the regulation of the active vasomotor responses. However, whether sex hormones affect vascular remodelling is currently unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that testosterone in males and β-oestradiol in females prevent inward remodelling, possibly through inhibition of cross-linking activity induced by enzymes of the TG (transglutaminase) family. Small mesenteric arteries were isolated from male and female Wistar rats. Dose-dependent relaxation to testosterone and β-oestradiol was inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), confirming that these hormones induce NO release. When arteries were cannulated, pressurized and kept in organ culture with ET-1 (endothelin-1) for 3 days we observed strong vasoconstriction and inward remodelling. Remodelling was significantly inhibited by testosterone in males, and by β-oestradiol in females. This preventive effect of sex hormones was not observed in the presence of L-NAME. Inward remodelling was also reduced by the inhibitor of TG L682.777, both in males and females. In arteries from female rats, ET-1 increased TG activity, and this effect was prevented by β-oestradiol. L-NAME induced a significant increase in TG activity in the presence of sex hormones in arteries from both genders. We conclude that testosterone and β-oestradiol prevent constriction-induced inward remodelling. Inward remodelling, both in males and females, depends on NO and TG activity. In females, inhibition of inward remodelling could be mediated by NO-mediated inhibition of TG activity.
CORRECTION DES VERBALISATIONS IRRATIONNELLES CHEZ DES JOUEURS DE POKER‐VIDEO*
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Sylvain Caroline , Duval Caroline , Gaboury Anne , Dumont Michel
Published: January 2013

Earlier studies have shown that irrational thinking dominates rational thinking during gambling. The present study evaluated the effects of cognitive restructuring on gambling behaviors among video poker players. Within a single case experimental design across subjects, the results showed that irrational verbalizations decreased during treatment while rational verbalizations increased. Three out of four players reduced their frequency of gambling following treatment. The theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.
FROM COLLECTIVISM TO INDIVIDUALISM? THE ACCULTURATION OF GREEK IMMIGRANTS IN AUSTRALIA*
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Bell Richard , Demetriou Andreas , Efklides Anastasia
Published: January 2013

The present study examined whether Greek immigrants in Australia have retained traditional Greek values and behaviours or moved to an integration of these with Anglo‐Australian values and behaviours. The sample consisted of Anglo‐ and Greek‐Australian parents and young adolescents and a comparison group of Greeks, resident in Greece. Measures were obtained of values and behaviours considered to be appropriate for family members in the culture. Results showed that Greek‐Australians retained the collectivistic values of their Greek culture while Anglo‐Australians demonstrated a more individualistic orientation. There was evidence for convergence of Anglo‐ and Greek‐Australian perceptions of appropriate behaviours and thus support for a view that acculturation is more likely to be manifested in behaviours than in core values. Although there were some differences in expressed values and behaviours, overall there was little evidence for a cultural gap between Greek‐Australian parents and their adolescents.
SPECIALIZATION AND DESPECIALIZATION IN PSYCHOLOGY: DIVERGENT PROCESSES IN THE THREE WORLDS
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M.
Published: January 2013

This paper raises some fundamental questions about the consequences of specialization in the discipline of psychology, as well as the psychological consequences of specialization. Increasing specialization is taking place as a result of wide‐ranging psychological and societal factors, rather than strictly scientific criteria. Among the consequences of increasing specialization are fragmentation in psychology, and microcosmic, rather than wholistic, models of behavior. Some third world psychologists trained in the first and second worlds are moving toward despecialization, in order to tackle major social problems that invariably require a wholistic approach. It is proposed that despecialization has potential benefits for all of psychology.
CROSS‐CULTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ON TWO NEO‐PIAGETIAN COGNITIVE TASKS*
Authors: Miller Ronald , Pascual‐Leone Juan , Campbell Catherine , Juckes Timothy
Published: January 2013

Two studies are reported concerning performance differences and similarities across cultures. Pascual‐Leone's tests of mental attention/energy (M‐power) were administered to Zulu‐speaking township children aged from 7 to 12 years. In study 1, the Compound Stimulus Visual Information task (CSVI) was used to determine whether children (N = 292) performed at theoretically predicted levels previously obtained with middle‐class Canadian children. In study 2, the children (N = 252) were required to complete the Figural Intersection Test (FIT) four times. Unlike the CSVI, in which learning is controlled by training prior to testing, the FIT assumes basic familiarity with the general test requirements. The purpose of repeated testing was to assess the extent of learning across trials. The results for study 1 indicate that subjects do perform at the predicted levels on the CSVI and have the same M‐power as Canadian children. The results for study 2 indicate that the subjects underperform on trial 1 of the FIT but overperform on trial 2 relative to Canadian children.

Deux études sont rapportées concernant des différences et des similarités inter‐culturelles de performance. Les tests de l'attention mentale/énergie (‘M‐power’) de Pascual‐Leone ont été administrés à des enfants âgés de 7 à 12 ans provenant de communautés d'expression Zulu. Dans la première étude, la tâche d'information visuelle du stimulus composé (CSVI) a été utilisée pour déterminer si les enfants (N = 292) pouvaient performer aux niveaux prédits théoriquement qui avaient été préalablement observés chez les enfants Canadiens de classe moyenne. Dans la seconde étude, les enfants (N = 252) devaient compléter quatre fois le test de l'intersection des figures (FIT). Contrairement au CSVI, dans lequel l'apprentissage est contrôlé par l'entraînement qui précède l'administration du test, le FIT assume une familiarité de base avec les prérequis généraux du test. Le but visé par la répétition du test était d'évaluer l'étendue de l'apprentissage en fonction des essais. Les résultats de la première étude indiquent que les sujets obtiennent les performances prévues au CSVI et possèdent le měme niveau de ‘M‐Power’ que les enfants Canadiens. Les résultats de la seconde étude indiquent que, par comparaison avec les enfants Canadiens, les sujets livrent une performance inférieure au premier essai du FIT, alors qu'ils obtiennent une performance supérieure au second essai.
ASKING AND INSISTING AFTER A REFUSAL: HOW DO 6‐ TO 7‐YEAR‐OLDS PROCEED?*
Authors: Bernicot J. , Mahrokhian A.
Published: January 2013

What changes take place in request production between the ages of 6 and 7? In other words, what do children ask for, whom do they ask, and how do they formulate their requests? Twenty children, native French‐speaking children divided into 2 age groups (6 and 7 year old) were asked to complete 2‐character comic‐strip stories where the hero either made a request to a friend or an enemy. Requests were for action or for information. In both age groups, children tend to use the direct form and embedded imperatives more often when the hero addressed a friend. Hints were employed more frequently when addressing an enemy. Requests for action were expressed primarily in both groups through direct requests, embedded imperatives and hints, whereas requests for information tended to take form of question directives. Surprisingly, 6‐year‐olds produced more indirect requests than the 7‐year‐olds, and particularly produced more question directives and hints. Reformulations in the 6‐year‐old group consisted of repeating the first request, whereas the 7‐year‐old group evidenced clear ability to produce a variety of reformulations. These results form the basis for a psychological interpretation of earlier findings. Discussion enters on children's ability to link linguistic form of request to the social features of production situation.
SYLLABIC LITERACY AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AMONG THE CREE*
Authors: Berry J.W. , Bennett J.A.
Published: January 2013

The influence of schooling and literacy on cognitive test performance has both theoretical and practical importance. However, it is usually impossible to find populations where the relative influence of these two factors can be distinguished. Among the Cree of Northern Canada literacy in a syllabic script is widespread, and exists independently of formal schooling. A literacy survey in four Cree communities established the distribution of knowledge and use of the script: approximately two‐thirds of Cree were literate in the script. A sub‐sample was administered a battery of cognitive tests, including general, spatial, language and reading abilities. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated the clear relative importance of the experience of formal schooling over syllabic script literacy on test performance; however, this influence of schooling was variable, with greater influence on general and English language abilities, and lesser influence on spatial abilities; there was negative influence of schooling on syllabic reading ability.
STRATÉGIES COGNITIVES ET PROCESSUS D'AUTORÉGULATION CHEZ DES FAMILLES EN SITUATION DE RÉSOLUTION DE PROBLÈMES LOGIQUES*
Authors: Larivée Serge , Bouffard‐Bouchard Thérèse , Tremblay Richard E. , Charlebois Pierre , Gagnon Claude
Published: January 2013

The family is a fundamental learning environment for many basic skills such as the ability to solve everyday domestic problems. A lack of competence in this type of problem solving would expose the individual to more frustration and possibly create the conditions for greater aggression. Forty‐two low SES families, each including an aggressive boy, were invited to the laboratory for a problem‐solving session on two occasions, at an interval of two years. Subjects were asked to find four preset combinations of colours by systematic permutations of four colours using a computer. Three types of cognitive performance were examined: resolution strategies, autoregulation strategies and the success rate in finding the solution. Results showed that most of the families were consistent in their use of a non‐systematic strategy. Although some improvement in planning is observed during the second testing, no other improvement in autoregulation strategies was observed. In general, families had a better rate of success in finding the solution in the second session. The low cognitive level of these families and its stability are discussed.

Étant donné que la famille constitue un terrain privilégié d'apprentissage, l'aggressivité comportementale de certains enfants pourrait résider dans le peu d'opportunités offertes par leur famille d'apprendre à affronter les problèmes de la vie quotidienne d'une manière réfléchie. Quarante‐deux familles de milieu socio‐économique faible, dont un des enfants est à risque d'inadaptation sociale et dont les parents sont peu scolarisés, ont à résoudre un problème nécessitant l'intelligence logique et ce, à deux ans d'intervalle (T‐1 et T‐2). La tâche consite à résoudre un problème de permutations à quatre éléments et se présente sous la forme d'un jeu d'ordinateur. Le fonctionnement cognitif est examiné selon trois dimensions: les stratégies cognitivcs de résolution, les stratégies d'autorégulation exercées, sur la démarche cognitive et l'issue de la démarche cognitive. L'examen des stratégies cognitives révèle que la majorité des familles utilisent une approche non stratégique et que cette approche est maintenue aussi bien à l'intérieur d'une séance donnée que d'une séance à l'autre. Exception faite de l'amélioration relevée à la séance 2 quant au contrôle exercé par les familles sur le déroulement de leur démarche cognitive, aucun changement n'émerge sur les autres critères de l'autorégulation. Finalement, les familles obtiennent une meilleure performance à la deuxième séance. La discussion porte sur la relative stabilité du niveau de fonctionnement cognitif des familles ainsi que sur la pauvreté apparente de leur répertoire de schèmes.
LES CONDUITES SOCIALES CHEZ DES ENFANTS ‘AUDACIEUX’ DE 9–10 MOIS*
Authors: Cossette‐Ricard Marcelle
Published: January 2013

Among 38 infants of 9–10 months who were exposed to a strange person on the one hand, and to a novel inanimate object on the other hand, 17 left their mother and came near the stimulus in both situations. This study focuses on these 17 ‘bold’ infants, whose behaviors (place‐shifts, looks, smiles, vocalizations, manipulations, contacts with mother) were compared from one situation to another (person/object), and also, within each situation, on their being emitted either near the stimulus or away from it (proximity/distance). Such comparisons showed that although these infants acted in almost the same way when they were close to the person or to the object, many aspects of their behavior nevertheless differed clearly from one situation to the other. With the object, the approach was immediate and the contact was a proximal one. With the person, on the other hand, the approach was delayed, and keeping a certain distance seemed essential to the establishment of the relation: it was mainly from afar that the infants communicated with the stranger, through behaviors that were well adapted to social interactions (looks and smiles). These results were interpreted as indicating that children of this age can truly understand the distinctive nature of social and nonsocial situations, and use the appropriate familiarization strategy required by these two types of situations.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE IN COGNITIVE ORGANIZATION UNDERLYING STROOP TASKS OF JAPANESE ORTHOGRAPHIES
Authors: Toma Chikako , Toshima Tamotsu
Published: January 2013

Cognitive processes underlying Stroop interference tasks of two Japanese orthographies, hiragana (a phonetic orthography) and kanji (a logographic orthography) were studied from the developmental point of view. Four age groups (first, second, third graders, and university students) were employed as subjects. Significant interference was yielded both in the hiragana and in the kanji version. Performance time on interference task decreased with age. For elementary school children, the error frequency on the interference task was higher than that on the task of naming patch colors or on the task of reading words printed in black ink, but the error frequencies did not differ among tasks for university students. In the interference task more word reading errors were yielded in the kanji version than in the hiragana version during and after third grade. The findings suggested that (1) the recognition system of hiragana and of kanji becomes qualitatively different during and after third grade, (2) the integrative system, which organizes cognitive processes underlying Stroop task, develops with age, and (3) efficiency of the organization increases with age.
IDENTIFICATION OF BRIEF PRESENTATIONS OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF AFFECTS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS
Authors: Mandal Manas K. , Gewali H.
Published: January 2013

Two experiments were designed to test information extraction capacity from briefly shown photographs depicting simple familiar objects and facial/affective stimuli. Photographs were presented tachistoscopically at six exposure times, 1 sec, 200 msec, 40 msec, 20 msec, 4 msec, 2 msec, to chronic schizophrenic patients, general medical patients, and nonpatient control subjects. Experiment 1 was conducted using the number of correct responses (true scores) and experiment 2 using the number of trials taken (error scores) to identify the target stimuli, as the dependent measures. In experiment 1, schizophrenics did not differ from general medical patients but both were inferior to nonpatient controls in identifying brief visual stimuli. However, in experiment 2, schizophrenics required significantly more trials than general medical patients, who in turn required significantly more trials than nonpatient controls in identifying brief visual stimuli.
DEVELOPING MULTICULTURAL ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Pedersen Paul
Published: January 2013

While psychologists have recognized the importance of cultural differences in many areas, multicultural ethical guidelines for psychology are still lacking. This article will review some of the controversial issues that cultural differences raise and discuss literature published on multicultural ethics. The existing American Psychological Association Ethical Principles will be reviewed with suggestions for specific changes to meet the needs of a multicultural society.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Brook Trout Habitat in the Marcellus Shale Region: Potential Impacts and Research Needs
Authors: Weltman-Fahs Maya , Taylor Jason M
Published: January 2013

Expansion of natural gas drilling into the Marcellus Shale formation is an emerging threat to the conservation and restoration of native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations. Improved drilling and extraction technologies (horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing) have led to rapid and extensive natural gas development in areas overlying the Marcellus Shale. The expansion of hydraulic fracturing poses multiple threats to surface waters, which can be tied to key ecological attributes that limit brook trout populations. Here, we expand current conceptual models to identify three potential pathways of risk between surface water threats associated with increased natural gas development and life history attributes of brook trout: hydrological, physical, and chemical. Our goal is to highlight research needs for fisheries scientists and work in conjunction with resource managers to influence the development of strategies that will preserve brook trout habitat and address Marcellus Shale gas development threats to eastern North America's only native stream salmonid.

RESUMEN

El crecimiento de las actividades de perforación de gas natural en la formación Marcellus Shale es una amenaza emergente para la conservación y restauración de las poblaciones nativas de la trucha de arroyo (Salvelinus fontinalis). La perforación más eficiente y las tecnologías de extracción (perforación horizontal y ruptura hidráulica) han facilitado el rápido y extensivo desarrollo de esta industria a las áreas que comprende la región Marcellus Shale. La expansión de las rupturas hidráulicas representa múltiples amenazas a las aguas superficiales, que pueden estar asociadas a atributos ecológicos clave que limitan las poblaciones de la trucha de arroyo. En la presente contribución se expanden los modelos conceptuales actuales que sirven para identificar tres fuentes potenciales de riesgo entre las amenazas a las aguas superficiales asociadas al creciente desarrollo del gas natural y los atributos de la historia de vida de la trucha de arroyo; atributos hidrológicos, físicos y químicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer notar las necesidades de investigación para los científicos pesqueros y trabajar junto con los manejadores de recursos para influir en el desarrollo de estrategias tendientes a preservar el hábitat de la trucha de arroyo; así mismo se atienden las amenazas que representa el desarrollo de la industria del gas natural para el único salmónido nativo de América del norte.
Application of Morphometric Analysis to Identify Alewife Stock Structure in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Lee Cronin-Fine  , Stockwell Jason D. , Whitener Zachary T. , Labbe Ellen M. , Willis Theodore V. , Wilson Karen A.
Published: January 2013

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus is an anadromous clupeid fish of long-standing ecological and socioeconomic importance along the Atlantic coast of North America. Since the 1970s, Alewife populations have been declining throughout the species’ range. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the decline, but a lack of basic information on population demographics inhibits hypothesis testing. In this study, we evaluated the use of morphometric analysis to discriminate among spawning stocks of Alewives collected from 24 sites in Maine and one site in Massachusetts. We first identified 10 morphometric measurements that were not influenced by the freezing–thawing process, and then used principal component and discriminant function analyses to develop stock-structure classification models from these 10 measurements. Classification models were able to discriminate Alewives to be from Maine or the single Massachusetts site 100% of the time. In addition, classification models correctly classified pooled sampling sites from the extreme western and eastern parts of Maine with 64% accuracy. Morphometric analysis may therefore provide an easily accessible, comparatively fast, and inexpensive method to discriminate marine-captured Alewives spawned in areas separated by major biogeographic regions, large geographic distances (100s of kilometers), or both, and thus help inform questions about stock composition at these spatial scales for assessment surveys and bycatch events.

Received March 30, 2012; accepted October 14, 2012.
Neutrophils control the magnitude and spread of the immune response in a thromboxane A2-mediated process
Authors: Yang Chiao-Wen , Unanue Emil R.
Published: January 2013

Neutrophils are obligate cells entering lymph nodes shortly after immunization with protein antigens in adjuvants, starting during the first hour and continuing for several days in two distinct waves. Previously, we demonstrated the strong suppressive effects of neutrophils on CD4 T cell and B cell responses, using either neutrophil-depleting antibodies or genetically neutropenic mice. In this study, we find that neutrophils are the major cells controlling the spread of T cell responses to distal lymph nodes. Although in the presence of neutrophils, ∼75% of the response was restricted to the draining node, in their absence, most of the response was found in distal nodes. Prostanoids were responsible for the rapid entry of neutrophils into the draining nodes, as well as for the two distinct neutrophil effects: the modulation of the magnitude of the cellular response, and in its spread outside the draining nodes. Neutrophil-produced thromboxane A2 was the key eicosanoid controlling both effects. Adoptive transfer of neutrophils into mice genetically deficient in neutrophils indicated their role in both. These functions of neutrophils are important in infections and vaccinations with adjuvants where neutrophils are abundant in the initial stages.
N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide and the association with left ventricular diastolic function in a population at high risk of incident heart failure: results of the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New‐Heart Failure Study (SCREEN‐HF)
Authors: McGrady Michele , Reid Christopher M. , Shiel Louise , Wolfe Rory , Boffa Umberto , Liew Danny , Campbell Duncan J. , Prior David , Krum Henry
Published: January 2013

Aims

Impaired diastolic function is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but antecedents and predictors of progression to heart failure (HF) are not well understood. We examined associations between NT‐proBNP, HF risk factors, and diastolic function in a population at high risk for incident HF.

Methods and results

A total of 3550 subjects at high risk for incident HF (≥60 years plus ≥1 HF risk factor), but without pre‐existing HF or LV dysfunction were recruited. Participants at highest risk (n = 664) (NT‐proBNP in the highest quintile >254 pg/mL) underwent echocardiography. Moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction was observed in 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21–29%] of participants. Age (P = 0.001), male gender (P = 0.03), diabetes (P = 0.03), and NT‐proBNP (P = 0.002) were associated with severity of diastolic dysfunction after adjustment for HF risk factors and LVEF. In regression analysis, log‐transformed NT‐proBNP was also associated with LV mass index (P = 0.05), left atrial size (P < 0.0001), and Doppler ratio of the mitral valve E/e' (P = 0.001). Multiple HF risk factors were present in the majority of participants (>70%), but no association was observed between diastolic dysfunction and the number of risk factors reported (P = 0.3).

Conclusion

Diastolic dysfunction was observed in one in four of these high risk subjects (≥ 60 years, HF risk factor, NT‐proBNP >254 pg/mL). NT‐proBNP, age and diabetes were strongly associated with severity of diastolic dysfunction, whereas other HF risk factors and LVEF were not. More targeted surveillance using a combination of risk factors and biomarkers may improve identification of those at great risk of incident HF.
Anesthetic Techniques for Fetal Surgery
Authors: Ngamprasertwong Pornswan , Michelfelder Erik C. , Arbabi Shahriar , Choi Yun Suk , Statile Christopher , Ding Lili , Boat Anne , Eghtesady Pirooz , Holland Katherine , Sadhasivam Senthilkumar
Published: January 2013

Background:

Use of high-dose inhalational anesthesia during open fetal surgery may induce maternal–fetal hemodynamic instability and fetal myocardial depression. The authors’ preliminary human retrospective study demonstrated less fetal bradycardia and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with lower dose desflurane supplemented with propofol and remifentanil IV anesthesia (SIVA). In this animal study, the authors compare maternal–fetal effects of high-dose desflurane anesthesia (HD-DES) and SIVA.

Methods:

Of 26 instrumented midgestational ewes, data from 11 animals exposed to both SIVA and HD-DES in random sequences and six animals exposed to HD-DES while maternal normotension was maintained were analyzed. Maternal electroencephalography was used to guide comparable depths of anesthesia in both techniques. Hemodynamic parameters, blood gas, and fetal cardiac function from echocardiography were recorded.

Results:

Compared with SIVA, HD-DES resulted in significant maternal hypotension (mean arterial pressure difference, 19.53 mmHg; 95% CI, 17.6–21.4; P < 0.0001), fetal acidosis (pH 7.11 vs. 7.24 at 150 min, P < 0.001), and decreased uterine blood flow. In the HD-DES group with maternal normotension, uterine blood flow still declined and fetal acidosis persisted, with no statistically significant difference from the group exposed to HD-DES that had maternal hypotension. There was no statistically significant difference in fetal cardiac function.

Conclusion:

In sheep, SIVA affects maternal hemodynamics less and provides better fetal acid/base status than high-dose desflurane. Fetal echocardiography did not reflect myocardial dysfunction in this model.
GLP‐2 Delays but Does Not Prevent the Onset of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Pigs
Authors: Benight Nancy M. , Stoll Barbara , Olutoye Oluyinka O. , Holst Jens J. , Burrin Douglas G.
Published: January 2013

Objectives:

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is complex disease thought to occur as a result of an immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants. Intestinal dysfunction induced by total parental nutrition (TPN) may increase the risk for NEC upon introduction of enteral feeding. We hypothesized that the intestinal trophic and anti‐inflammatory actions previously ascribed to the gut hormone, glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2), would reduce the incidence of NEC when given in combination with TPN in preterm piglets.

Methods:

Preterm, newborn piglets were nourished by TPN and infused continuously with either human GLP‐2 (100 μg · kg−1 · day−1) or control saline for 2 days (n = 12/group). On day 3, TPN was discontinued and pigs were given orogastric formula feeding every 3 hours, and continued GLP‐2 or control treatment until the onset of clinical signs of NEC for an additional 96 hours and tissue was collected for molecular and histological endpoints.

Results:

GLP‐2 treatment delayed the onset of NEC but was unable to prevent a high NEC incidence (∼70%) and severity that occurred in both groups. GLP‐2–treated pigs had less histological injury and increased proximal intestinal weight and mucosal villus height, but not crypt depth or Ki‐67–positive cells. Inflammatory markers of intestinal myeloperoxidase were unchanged and serum amyloid A levels were higher in GLP‐2–treated pigs.

Conclusions:

GLP‐2 did not prevent NEC and a proinflammatory response despite some reduction in mucosal injury and increased trophic effect.
Polyandry and sex-specific gene expression
Authors: Mank Judith E. , Wedell Nina , Hosken David J.
Published: January 2013

Polyandry is widespread in nature, and has important evolutionary consequences for the evolution of sexual dimorphism and sexual conflict. Although many of the phenotypic consequences of polyandry have been elucidated, our understanding of the impacts of polyandry and mating systems on the genome is in its infancy. Polyandry can intensify selection on sexual characters and generate more intense sexual conflict. This has consequences for sequence evolution, but also for sex-biased gene expression, which acts as a link between mating systems, sex-specific selection and the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We discuss this and the remarkable confluence of sexual-conflict theory and patterns of gene expression, while also making predictions about transcription patterns, mating systems and sexual conflict. Gene expression is a key link in the genotype–phenotype chain, and although in its early stages, understanding the sexual selection–transcription relationship will provide significant insights into this critical association.
14-Ethoxy-4,6,9-trimethyl-8,12-dioxa-4,6-diazatetracyclo[8.8.0.02,7.013,18]octadeca-2(7),13,15,17-tetraene-3,5,11-trione
Authors: Jagadeesan G. , Kannan D. , Bakthadoss M. , Aravindhan S.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C19H20N2O6, the pyrone and pyran rings adopt envelope conformations with the same common C atom as the flap, the dihedral angle between the planes of the remaining ring atoms being 68.27 (4)°. The planar atoms of the pyran ring and the diazacyclic ring are almost coplanar, the dihedral angle between their mean planes being 3.29 (7)°. Moreover, the planar atoms of the pyrone ring and benzene ring of the coumarin unit are also close to coplanar, the dihedral angle between their mean planes being 8.03 (9)°. The methoxy group lies in the plane of the benzene ring, with a dihedral angle between their mean planes of 9.4 (2)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds resulting in sheets of molecules in theacplane.
9-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione
Authors: Sureshbabu N. , Sughanya V.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C23H24N2O7, the central 4H-pyran ring adopts a flattened boat conformation, whereas both cyclohexenone rings adopt envelope conformations, the C atom bearing the dimethyl substituent being the flap atom in each case. The mean and maximum deviation of the pyran ring are 0.0379 (4) and 0.0605 (3) Å. The mean plane of the pyran ring and the dinitrobenzene ring make a dihedral angle of 85.88 (2)°.
2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole
Authors: Mohandas T. , Jayamoorthy K. , Jayabharathi J. , Sakthivel P.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C20H16N2O, the 1H-benzimidazole ring forms dihedral angles of 48.00 (6) and 64.48 (6)°, respectively with the benzene and phenyl rings, which are inclined to one another by 58.51 (7)°. In the crystal, weak C—H...π interactions are the only intermolecular interactions present.
{Bis[N,N′-dicyclohexyl-N′′,N′′-bis(trimethylsilyl)guanidinato-κ2N,N′]neodymium(III)}di-μ-chlorido-[bis(tetrahydrofuran-κO)lithium]
Authors: Chi Shu-Hui , Chen Jue
Published: January 2013

In the title monomeric rare earth complex, [LiNd(C19H40N3Si2)2Cl2(C4H8O)2], the [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2Nd+(Me is methyl, Cy is cyclohexyl) and Li(THF)2+units (THF is tetrahydrofuran) are connected by two bridging Cl atoms. The Nd3+ion is coordinated by two guanidinate ligands and two Cl atoms, forming a distorted chelating octahedral geometry. The Li+ion is four-coordinated by two Cl atoms and two O atoms from THF molecules in a distorted tetrahedral geometry.
Dihydronium tetrachromate(VI), (H3O)2Cr4O13
Authors: Kulikov Vladislav , Meyer Gerd
Published: January 2013

The crystal structure of (H3O)2Cr4O13is isotypic with K2Cr4O13. The finite tetrachromate anion in the title structure consists of four vertex-sharing CrO4tetrahedra and exhibits a typical zigzag arrangement. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between these anions and hydronium cations. The two different hydronium cations are surrounded by nine O atoms of tetrachromate anions, with O...O distances ranging between 2.866 (8) and 3.282 (7) Å.
(1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-2,2,10,10-Tetrachloro-3,7,7,11-tetramethyltetracyclo[6.5.0.01,3.09,11]tridecane
Authors: Ourhriss Najia , Benharref Ahmed , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen , Berraho Moha
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C17H24Cl4, was synthesized from β-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-benzocycloheptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). The molecule is built up from fused six- and seven-membered rings and two three-membered rings from the reaction of β-himachalene with dichlorocarbene. The six-membered ring shows a chair conformation, whereas the seven-membered ring displays a boat conformation.
(E)-2-Methoxy-N′-(2,4,6-trihydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide
Authors: Taha Muhammad , Baharudin M. Syukri , Ismail Nor Hadiani , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Yousuf Sammer
Published: January 2013

In the title hydrazone derivative, C15H14N2O5, the benzene rings are twisted by 7.55 (8)° with respect to each other. The azomethine double bond adopts anEconformation. The molecular structure is stabilized by intramolecular O—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, generatingS6 ring motifs. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
(E)-N′-(4-Chlorobenzylidene)-2-methoxybenzohydrazide
Authors: Baharudin M. Syukri. , Taha Muhammad , Ismail Nor Hadiani , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Yousuf Sammer
Published: January 2013

In the title hydrazone derivative, C15H13ClN2O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 2.36 (2)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond is present. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains running parallel to thebaxis.
Design and Performance of Kilo-Pixel TES Arrays for ACTPol
Authors: Grace E , Beall J , Britton J , Cho H , Devlin M , Fox A , Hilton G , Hubmayr J , Irwin K , Klein J , Lungu M , Newburgh L , Nibarger J , Niemack M , McMahon J , Page L , Pappas C , Schmitt B , Staggs S , Wollack E
Published: January 2013

ACTPol, a polarization sensitive receiver for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, is designed to make sensitive maps of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies at arcminute scales and millimeter wavelengths by employing three arrays of superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) detectors. The ACTPol TES bolometers have a target superconducting transition temperature of 150 mK and will be cooled to a bath temperature of 100 mK with a dilution refrigerator enabling increased array sensitivity. Each array will consist of ~1000 TES detectors coupled to a micromachined silicon feedhorn stack via superconducting ortho-mode transducers and transmission lines. The superconducting detectors of the first ACTPol array have been characterized in their final receiver configuration with measurements of key TES parameters including the transition temperature, saturation power, and thermal conductance.
The biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds?
Authors: Cray Jonathan A. , Bell Andrew N. W. , Bhaganna Prashanth , Mswaka Allen Y. , Timson David J. , Hallsworth John E.
Published: January 2013

Competition between microbial species is a product of, yet can lead to a reduction in, the microbial diversity of specific habitats. Microbial habitats can resemble ecological battlefields where microbial cells struggle to dominate and/or annihilate each other and we explore the hypothesis that (like plant weeds) some microbes are genetically hard‐wired to behave in a vigorous and ecologically aggressive manner. These ‘microbial weeds’ are able to dominate the communities that develop in fertile but uncolonized – or at least partially vacant – habitats via traits enabling them to out‐grow competitors; robust tolerances to habitat‐relevant stress parameters and highly efficient energy‐generation systems; avoidance of or resistance to viral infection, predation and grazers; potent antimicrobial systems; and exceptional abilities to sequester and store resources. In addition, those associated with nutritionally complex habitats are extraordinarily versatile in their utilization of diverse substrates. Weed species typically deploy multiple types of antimicrobial including toxins; volatile organic compounds that act as either hydrophobic or highly chaotropic stressors; biosurfactants; organic acids; and moderately chaotropic solutes that are produced in bulk quantities (e.g. acetone, ethanol). Whereas ability to dominate communities is habitat‐specific we suggest that some microbial species are archetypal weeds including generalists such as: Pichia anomala, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida; specialists such as Dunaliella salina, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria; freshwater autotrophs Gonyostomum semen and Microcystis aeruginosa; obligate anaerobes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum; facultative pathogens such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Pantoea ananatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and other extremotolerant and extremophilic microbes such as Aspergillus spp., Salinibacter ruber and Haloquadratum walsbyi. Some microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudoxylaria spp., exhibit characteristics of both weed and non‐weed species. We propose that the concept of nonweeds represents a ‘dustbin’ group that includes species such as Synodropsis spp., Polypaecilum pisce, Metschnikowia orientalis, Salmonella spp., and Caulobacter crescentus. We show that microbial weeds are conceptually distinct from plant weeds, microbial copiotrophs, r‐strategists, and other ecophysiological groups of microorganism. Microbial weed species are unlikely to emerge from stationary‐phase or other types of closed communities; it is open habitats that select for weed phenotypes. Specific characteristics that are common to diverse types of open habitat are identified, and implications of weed biology and open‐habitat ecology are discussed in the context of further studies needed in the fields of environmental and applied microbiology.