bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young consumers' perception of food safety and their trust in official food control agencies
Authors: Franc-Dąbrowska Justyna , Ozimek Irena , Pomianek Iwona , Rakowska Joanna
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the research was to investigate how young consumers perceive food safety and if they trust that official food control agencies or other actors of food supply chains ensure a proper level of safety of food in Poland. The purpose of the paper was also to find out if young consumers are currently concerned that a proper level of food safety is not ensured.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis was based on a data set from 650 questionnaires collected in an online survey carried out in October 2020 and addressed to the group of young consumers, students of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland. The analysis was carried out using standard methods of qualitative data analysis (QDA), descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Pearson’s chi-square test.

Findings

Less than a half of Polish young consumers consider food to be safe and many other do not have an opinion about this matter. Young consumers do not perceive official agencies in charge of food control as the most responsible for food safety, and they either do not trust these institutions or have no opinion about it. Young consumers declare that food producers and food processing businesses are the most responsible for food safety while retailers and consumers are the least responsible ones. The majority of young consumers are not concerned about ensuring proper food safety.

Originality/value

Up-to-date young consumers' perception of the role and trust in official food control agencies and food safety in Poland have not been investigated, which makes this study a novelty. The findings can be valuable to official agencies in charge of food control and consumer education, to improve their functioning. They can also be important as a basis for further studies, as young consumers’ attitudes and trust in official food control agencies can change.
Supporting people leaving prisons during COVID-19: perspectives from peer health mentors
Authors: McLeod Katherine E. , Timler Kelsey , Korchinski Mo , Young Pamela , Milkovich Tammy , McBride Cheri , Young Glenn , Wardell William , Condello Lara-Lisa , Buxton Jane A. , Janssen Patricia A. , Martin Ruth Elwood
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Currently, people leaving prisons face concurrent risks from the COVID-19 pandemic and the overdose public health emergency. The closure or reduction of community services people rely on after release such as treatment centres and shelters has exacerbated the risks of poor health outcomes and harms. This paper aims to learn from peer health mentors (PHM) about changes to their work during overlapping health emergencies, as well as barriers and opportunities to support people leaving prison in this context.

Design/methodology/approach

The Unlocking the Gates (UTG) Peer Health Mentoring Program supports people leaving prison in British Columbia during the first three days after release. The authors conducted two focus groups with PHM over video conference in May 2020. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed, and themes were iteratively developed using narrative thematic analysis.

Findings

The findings highlighted the importance of peer health mentorship for people leaving prisons. PHM discussed increased opportunities for collaboration, ways the pandemic has changed how they are able to provide support, and how PHM are able to remain responsive and flexible to meet client needs. Additionally, PHM illuminated ways that COVID-19 has exacerbated existing barriers and identified specific actions needed to support client health, including increased housing and recovery beds, and tools for social and emotional well-being.

Originality/value

This study contributes to our understanding of peer health mentorship during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of mentors. PHM expertise can support release planning, improved health and well-being of people leaving prison and facilitate policy-supported pandemic responses.
Managing both the empowering and constraining effects of performance measurement: a levers of control perspective
Authors: Ragaigne Aurélien
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the empowering and constraining effects of performance measurement. The levers of control perspective emphasises the fact that interactive processes play an important role in balancing these effects. This paper proposes to extend the analysis of effects in this literature, by looking at them in conjunction with the role of dialogue.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper analyses a longitudinal case study of the use of user satisfaction indicators in the reception of a French local authority. The data were collected using a three-year longitudinal case study method from semi-directive interviews and participations at meetings.

Findings

The case study shows that performance measurement was introduced to encourage reception employees to make changes to the experience of service users. Employees were involved in the design phase of the survey and in the development of proposals. The dialogue approach represented a way of encouraging employees to agree to accept changes. However, this dialogue offered greater empowerment of employees by the managers.

Research limitations/implications

Further work would be needed to enrich the characteristics of the dialogue and its effects on other performance measurement systems.

Practical implications

The dialogue between employees and managers was designed to be interactive and created a situation with both empowering and constraining effects. The method of organisation, involving regular meetings with formal tasks to be accomplished at each meeting, appears significant for the evolution of the effects.

Originality/value

We extend the levers of control perspective to demonstrate the importance of the dialogue in balancing the effects. The case study makes it easier to understand how the empowering effects are related to the objective of constraint in the dialogue approach, and how these effects evolve.
Diversity climate and workplace belongingness as organizational facilitators of tacit knowledge sharing
Authors: Enwereuzor Ibeawuchi Kingsley
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between diversity climate and tacit knowledge sharing and the mediating role of workplace belongingness between them.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample for this study consists of 495 employees (52.1% male, n = 258) drawn from varied occupational groups. Data were collected online using existing self-report measures. Hypotheses were tested with ordinary least squares regression-based path analysis.

Findings

This study provides evidence that diversity climate is positively related to workplace belongingness and tacit knowledge sharing. Furthermore, workplace belongingness is positively related to tacit knowledge sharing. Finally, workplace belongingness mediates the relationship between diversity climate and tacit knowledge sharing.

Practical implications

The findings highlight the need for organizations to promote fair human resource (HR) policies and practices by enacting and judiciously implementing policies that promote inclusiveness and fair treatment to stand a chance of benefiting from employees’ tacit knowledge sharing.

Originality/value

This study builds on existing research but shifts the focus to the influence of diversity climate on tacit knowledge sharing and thus sets up a precedent for subsequent research in this area. This study is, therefore, the first to attempt to link diversity climate to tacit knowledge sharing through workplace belongingness.
Changes in above‐/below‐ground biodiversity and plant functional composition mediate soil respiration response to nitrogen input
Authors: Zhang Dianye , Peng Yunfeng , Li Fei , Yang Guibiao , Wang Jun , Yu Jianchun , Zhou Guoying , Yang Yuanhe
Published: March 2021

Biodiversity loss and changes in plant community composition induced by anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition exert profound effects on ecosystem functions. However, limited studies have considered the joint effects of plant community composition, plant species richness, plant functional diversity and soil biodiversity on the dynamics of soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration under extra N input.

We addressed this issue by conducting a multilevel N‐manipulation experiment in a Tibetan alpine steppe. Based on soil respiration observations as well as biotic and abiotic measurements under this N addition experiment, we quantified the relative and interactive effects of above‐/below‐ground biodiversity, plant community composition and other explanatory variables (environmental factors, plant and microbial properties) on autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration.

Our results showed that the effects of N enrichment via plant productivity, root amount, the proportion of sedge biomass and plant functional diversity explained 71% of the N‐induced variations in autotrophic respiration. With regard to heterotrophic respiration, the combination of N addition, soil pH, plant functional diversity and soil biota diversity accounted for 78% of its variations along the N addition gradient. Further analyses showed that above‐/below‐ground diversity loss and changes in plant community composition explained similar variation to that contributed by other factors in both autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration. The declined plant functional diversity and the increased proportion of sedge biomass promoted autotrophic respiration. Conversely, the loss of soil biodiversity together with the decreased plant functional diversity led to the decline of heterotrophic respiration along the experimental N gradient.

Our results highlight that the indirect regulation of N input on ecosystem function through changes in plant community composition and above‐/below‐ground biodiversity loss should be considered for better understanding the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric N deposition.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Does the talk match the walk for Australian local government employees: The link between leadership and employee well‐being
Authors: Adendorff Gillian , Dick Thomas , Xerri Matthew , Brunetto Yvonne
Published: March 2021

There is a need to understand how leadership affects the well‐being of local government employees working under conditions of prolonged austerity‐driven reforms. A total of 118 Australian local government employees were surveyed. The analysis involved hierarchical regression using the PROCESS macro in SPSS, which identified the total, direct, and bootstrapped bias‐corrected indirect effects. The findings suggest that managers demonstrated some leadership behaviours required to lead staff positively; however, authentic leadership behaviours need to be strengthened to ensure they can lead an under‐resourced, under‐staffed sector of government. These findings are consistent with recent findings from the Australian Local Government Association analysis of gaps in the skill profile of local government. Authentic leadership and PsyCap capabilities are known to increase sector capability, especially to achieve higher outcomes in a time when austerity is still driving policy. Local government is not sustainable without effective leadership that can navigate austerity‐led policies with agility based on constructive feedback to ensure a productive workplace that enhances employee well‐being.
Competitive procurement with ex post moral hazard
Authors: Chakraborty Indranil , Khalil Fahad , Lawarree Jacques
Published: March 2021

Unlike standard auctions, we show that competitive procurement may optimally limit competition or use inefficient allocation rules that award the project to a less efficient firm with positive probability. Procurement projects often involve ex post moral hazard after the competitive process is over. A procurement mechanism must combine an incentive scheme with the auction to guard against firms bidding low to win the contract and then cutting back on effort. While competition helps reduce the rent of efficient firms, it exacerbates the problem due to moral hazard. If allocative efficiency is a requirement, limiting the number of participants may be optimal. Alternatively, the same incentives can be optimally provided using inefficient allocation rules.
Cognitive impairment in myocardial infarction and heart failure
Authors: Jinawong Kewarin , Apaijai Nattayaporn , Chattipakorn Nipon , Chattipakorn Siriporn C.
Published: March 2021

Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when coronary blood flow is decreased due to an obstruction/occlusion of the vessels, leading to myocardial death and progression to heart failure (HF). Cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression and memory loss are the most frequent mental health problems among patients with HF. The most common cause of cognitive decline is cardiac systolic dysfunction, which leads to reduced cerebral perfusion. Several in vivo and clinical studies provide information regarding the underlying mechanisms of HF in brain pathology. Neurohormonal activation, oxidative stress, inflammation, glial activation, dendritic spine loss and brain programmed cell death are all proposed as contributors of cognitive impairment in HF. Furthermore, several investigations into the effects of various medications on brain pathology utilizing MI models have been reported. In this review, potential mechanisms involving HF‐associated cognitive impairment, as well as neuroprotective interventions in HF models, are discussed and summarized. In addition, gaps in the surrounding knowledge, including the types of brain cell death and the effects of cell death inhibitors in HF, are presented and discussed. This review provides valuable information that will suggest the potential therapeutic strategies for cognitive impairment in patients with HF.
« Améliorer » les ruisseaux? Les rapports des citoyens aux cours d'eau à Sudbury, 1892‐1956
Authors: Watelet Anne
Published: March 2021

Dès son incorporation en 1892, Sudbury, établie à la confluence des ruisseaux Nolins et Junction, subit les aléas de la vie au bord de l'eau. En effet, ces petits cours d'eau ne peuvent être ignorés par la ville qui croît rapidement. L'étude vise à déterminer les nombreux défis présentés par les ruisseaux au fil des saisons, d'après les plaintes des citoyens et les réponses données par la municipalité. Celles‐ci sont rapportées dans les procès‐verbaux du Conseil municipal et dans le principal quotidien de Sudbury. Les ruisseaux sont rapidement confondus avec les problèmes vécus et leur transformation est initiée dès la fin du XIXesiècle. Toutefois, un dialogue s'établit entre les citoyens et la Ville, dialogue auquel participent les journaux. Il mène à concevoir, à la suite d'essais et d'erreurs, des changements de pratiques qui permettraient d'habiter le bord de l'eau tout en réduisant les nuisances qui lui sont associées. Mais une grave inondation en 1937 mène plutôt à mettre en œuvre un plan d'« amélioration » des ruisseaux. Ceux‐ci, fort dégradés et assimilés à l'infrastructure urbaine, sont transformés radicalement jusqu'à être recouverts au centre‐ville. Disparus du paysage, ils constituent toutefois un legs complexe à la génération suivante.
Inhibition of FGF‐FGFR and VEGF‐VEGFR signalling in cancer treatment
Authors: Liu Guihong , Chen Tao , Ding Zhenyu , Wang Yang , Wei Yuquan , Wei Xiawei
Published: March 2021

The sites of targeted therapy are limited and need to be expanded. The FGF‐FGFR signalling plays pivotal roles in the oncogenic process, and FGF/FGFR inhibitors are a promising method to treat FGFR‐altered tumours. The VEGF‐VEGFR signalling is the most crucial pathway to induce angiogenesis, and inhibiting this cascade has already got success in treating tumours. While both their efficacy and antitumour spectrum are limited, combining FGF/FGFR inhibitors with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors are an excellent way to optimize the curative effect and expand the antitumour range because their combination can target both tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, biomarkers need to be developed to predict the efficacy, and combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising direction in the future. The article will discuss the FGF‐FGFR signalling pathway, the VEGF‐VEGFR signalling pathway, the rationale of combining these two signalling pathways and recent small‐molecule FGFR/VEGFR inhibitors based on clinical trials.
Antiherpetic medication and incident dementia: Observational cohort studies in four countries
Authors: Schnier Christian , Janbek Janet , Williams Linda , Wilkinson Tim , Laursen Thomas M. , Waldemar Gunhild , Richter Hartmut , Kostev Karel , Lathe Richard , G Haas Jürgen
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose

Several epidemiological studies from Taiwan, all using the same data resource, found significant associations between herpes virus infection, antiherpetic medication, and subsequent dementia. We conducted a multicenter observational cohort study using health registry data from Wales, Germany, Scotland, and Denmark to investigate potential associations between antiherpetic medication and incident dementia, and also to comprehensively investigate such associations broken down according to medication type and dose, type of herpes virus, and dementia subtype.

Methods

A total of 2.5 million individuals aged 65 years or more were followed up using linked electronic health records in four national observational cohort studies. Exposure and outcome were classified using coded data from primary and secondary care. Data were analyzed using survival analysis with time‐dependent covariates.

Results

Results were heterogeneous, with a tendency toward decreased dementia risk in individuals exposed to antiherpetic medication. Associations were not affected by treatment number, herpes subtype, dementia subtype, or specific medication. In one cohort, individuals diagnosed with herpes but not exposed to antiherpetic medication were at higher dementia risk.

Conclusions

Short‐term antiherpetic medication is not markedly associated with incident dementia. Because neither dementia subtype nor herpes subtype modified the association, the small but significant decrease in dementia incidence with antiherpetic administration may reflect confounding and misclassification.
Purchase experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic and social cognitive theory: The relevance of consumer vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability for purchase satisfaction and repurchase
Authors: Kursan Milaković Ivana
Published: March 2021

This study explores consumer behavior during the pandemic through the lens of social cognitive theory (SCT). Using the SCT framework and assessing the pandemic as an environmental set, this study strives to fill the gaps in the underexplored impacts of the personal processes of consumer vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability on the behavioral processes of purchase satisfaction and repurchase. The research results show that consumers are self‐efficacious to a degree when it comes to purchase decision making in the context of pandemics. Vulnerability and resilience directly influence the purchase satisfaction and indirectly influence the repurchase intention via satisfaction. Furthermore, purchase satisfaction positively affects the repurchase intention. In addition, research results show that consumer adaptability to online shopping moderates the relationship between consumer resilience and purchase satisfaction. These findings have practical implications in terms of marketers’ communication strategy development.
Alternative splicing of MaMYB16L regulates starch degradation in banana fruit during ripening
Authors: Jiang Guoxiang , Zhang Dandan , Li Zhiwei , Liang Hanzhi , Deng Rufang , Su Xinguo , Jiang Yueming , Duan Xuewu
Published: March 2021

The alternative splicing of select genes is an important mechanism to regulate responses to endogenous and environmental signals in plants. However, the role of alternative splicing in regulating fruit ripening remains unclear. Here, we discovered that MaMYB16L, an R1‐type MYB transcription factor, undergoes alternative splicing and generates two transcripts, the full‐length isoform MaMYB16L and a truncated form MaMYB16S, in banana fruit. During banana fruit ripening, the alternative splicing process intensifies with downregulated MaMYB16L and upregulated MaMYB16S. Moreover, MaMYB16L is a transcriptional repressor that directly binds with the promoters of many genes associated with starch degradation and MaDREB2, a positive ripening regulator, and represses their expression. In contrast, MaMBY16S lacks a DNA‐binding domain but competitively combines and forms non‐functional heterodimers with functional MaMYB16L. MaMYB16L‐MaMYB16S heterodimers decrease the binding capacity and transrepression activity of MaMYB16L. The downregulation of MaMYB16L and the upregulation of MaMYB16S, that is, a decreased ratio of active to non‐active isoforms, facilitates the activation of ripening‐related genes and thereby promotes fruit ripening. Furthermore, the transient overexpression of MaMYB16S promotes banana fruit ripening, whereas the overexpression of MaMYB16L delays this process. Therefore, the alternative splicing of MaMYB16L might generate a self‐controlled regulatory loop to regulate banana fruit ripening.
National Survey of School Employees: COVID‐19, School Reopening, and Student Wellness
Authors: Pattison Krista L. , Hoke Alicia M. , Schaefer Eric W. , Alter Jeanie , Sekhar Deepa L.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

During spring 2020, COVID‐19 forced widespread United States school building closures in an unprecedented disruption for K‐12 students and staff. Partnering with the American School Health Association (ASHA), we sought to identify areas of concern among school staff planning for school reopening with the goal of addressing gaps in resources and education.

METHODS

This 16‐item web‐based survey was distributed via email to 7467 ASHA members from May to June 2020. Topics focused on 3 Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child components: physical environment, health services, and mental health. Chi‐square tests were used to identify differences in responses by school characteristics and school role on each survey item.

RESULTS

A total of 375 respondents representing 45 states completed the survey. The majority were female (91.7%), white (83.4%) and non‐Hispanic (92.2%), and school nurses (58.7%). Priority concerns were feasibility of social distancing (93.6%), resurgence of COVID‐19 (92.8%), and the availability of health supplies (88.8%).

CONCLUSION

Understanding staff concerns in the context of the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model better positions the school community to address ongoing gaps and changing needs as schools continue to address COVID‐19 complications.
Embedding clinical trials within routine health‐care delivery: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Howard‐Jones Annaleise R , Webb Steven A
Published: March 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic provides a pertinent reminder of the imperative to generate timely reliable clinical evidence. Delivery of optimal paediatric care is predicated on the availability of comprehensive, high quality, clinical evidence in a relevant population. However, over 80% of current clinical guidelines and bedside decisions are not based on direct high‐level evidence. Integration of research activities into routine clinical care is paramount to address this shortfall. Active engagement of patients, families and hospital administrations is required to reframe integrated clinical trials as a tenet of quality health‐care delivery. Current research funding in health care is 1–2 orders of magnitude below that of other industries. At an institutional level, investment in research should be prioritised with enhanced funding and supportive policies. Thoughtful integration of trials into routine bedside care will enable pragmatic research outcomes, tangible returns on financial investments and improved decision‐making for patients in the medium‐ to long‐term.
Role of fibroblast growth factor signalling in hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Seitz Tatjana , Hellerbrand Claus
Published: March 2021

Fibrotic remodelling is a highly conserved protective response to tissue injury and it is essential for the maintenance of structural and functional tissue integrity. Also hepatic fibrosis can be considered as a wound‐healing response to liver injury, reflecting a balance between liver repair and scar formation. In contrast, pathological fibrosis corresponds to impaired wound healing. Usually, the liver regenerates after acute injury. However, if the damaging mechanisms persist, the liver reacts with progressive and uncontrolled accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Eventually, excessive fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Furthermore, cirrhosis is the major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Therefore, hepatic fibrosis is the most critical pathological factor that determines the morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic liver disease. Still, no effective anti‐fibrogenic therapies exist, despite the very high medical need. The regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is a prerequisite for adequate wound healing, repair and homeostasis in various tissues and organs. The FGF family comprises 22 proteins that can be classified into paracrine, intracrine and endocrine factors. Most FGFs signal through transmembrane tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Although FGFRs are promising targets for the treatment of HCC, the expression and function of FGFR‐ligands in hepatic fibrosis is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of FGF signalling in hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, the potential of FGFs as targets for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and remaining challenges for the field are discussed.
Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on mammals at tourism destinations: a systematic review
Authors: Usui Rie , Sheeran Lori K. , Asbury Ashton M. , Blackson Maurice
Published: March 2021

The COVID‐19 outbreak is having an unprecedented effect on human society, but how is it affecting the mammals that people live with? Mammals that were part of tourism experiences are of concern, because they impact on people’s health and livelihoods and, since many of them are now dependent on people, we urge consideration of the status of these mammals as a result of the pandemic.

We provide a systematic review of the impacts the COVID‐19 outbreak has had on mammals in tourism venues. We examine reports of diverse species in various settings responding to changes in their environments that are occurring because of the pandemic.

We searched the scholarly literature, preprints, and online news sources using combinations of the search terms ‘tourism’, ‘animals’, ‘wildlife’, ‘coronavirus’, and ‘COVID‐19’. We searched Web of Science, SCOPUS, EBSCOHost, JSTOR, bioRxiv, OSFPREPRINTS, GDELT, Google News, and National Public Radio, and analysed a total of 39 news articles, one peer‐reviewed article, and six preprints.

In total, we identified 92 distinct animal reports representing 48 mammal species. We used an existing tourism classification schema to categorise each article based on the situation reported, with the new addition of one context. We classified 92 separate animal reports in 46 articles into four (of six possible) contexts: mammals as attractions (n = 40 animal reports), mammals as commodities (n = 33), mammals as threats (n = 2), and unusual sightings of mammals (n = 17). Shortage of food, in danger of losing home, having an enriched/relaxed environment, spatial expansion, disease transmission, and poaching are the major impacts or events reported in these contexts.

We suggest changes for each context with respect to how people interface with mammals, with the goal of improving the lives of mammals and the people dependent on them.
‘Hope as a lighthouse’ A meta‐synthesis on hope and hoping in different nursing contexts
Authors: Lohne Vibeke
Published: March 2021

Background

Hope has a contextual dimension and experiences of hope seem to be an important part of everybody's life irrespective of changing and challenging health conditions. However, less focus has been placed on the similarities and differences in the experiences of hope among patients and family caregivers in different contexts of suffering and health, such as the nursing contexts of acute and critical care, rehabilitation and long‐term care and prevention and health promotion.

Aim

This paper focuses on experiences of hope and hoping in different clinical nursing contexts, based on a meta‐synthesis of seventeen empirical studies on hope and hoping. These studies highlight experiences of hope and advance our theoretical and clinical understanding of the phenomenon.

Methodological framework

This study on hope and hoping from seventeen empirical research studies was based on a meta‐synthesis, by clarifying and modifying the essence of hope and hoping, aiming to identify the unique conditions in the different clinical contexts.

Results

A new understanding of the empirical findings emerged from the text: Hope means transformation and hope is indispensable in the acute and critical nursing context, and hope as an inner flame and hope as a lighthouse related to rehabilitation and long‐term care. Hope means pushing limits and expanding hope was experienced in the context of prevention and health promotion.

Conclusions

According to the findings, dimensions of hope and hoping were always present but also influenced by contextual suffering and losses.

Implications for practice

Hope means metaphorically a lighthouse, meaning a bright and shining centre, which must be promoted and protected in patients and their families.
Study on soil compaction and its causative factors at apple orchards in the Weibei Dry Highland of China
Authors: Wei Binmeng , Li Zhonghui , Wang Yiquan
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent and causes of soil compaction of the apple orchards in the Weibei Dry Highland. Nine ‘Red Fuji’ apple orchards with number of planting years in the ranges of <10‐year, 10–20‐year and >20‐year were included. Soil bulk density, porosity, penetration resistance, organic matter (SOM), clay, water and soil aggregate size distribution were determined. The results showed that the subsoil (20–30 cm) of apple orchards was compacted. The bulk density and packing density (PD) of subsoil increased sharply by an average of 17.9% and 18.0%, respectively, relative to topsoil (0–10 cm), and the porosity decreased by 17.0%. The depths of the soil layer with penetration resistance exceeding 1,000 kPa became shallower with increased planting years. Compared with <10‐year apple orchards, the bulk density, PD and soil penetration resistance in 10–20‐year and >20‐year apple orchards were increased, respectively, by 5.3%, 5.3% and 29.3%, but the porosity decreased by an average of 8.2%. Compared with topsoil, the water‐stable aggregates of >0.25 mm and the mean weight diameter of wet sieve aggregates (MWDW) of compacted soil were 57.6% and 25.4% lower, respectively. Soil clay content increased with soil depth from 0 to 60 cm, but the SOM showed an opposite trend. Additionally, there was a dry soil layer at a depth of 20–40 cm. Thus, the factors affecting the soil compaction process were determined to be inferior agglomeration ability of soil, internal soil desiccation, and the downward migration of soil clay particles.
Interplay of four auxiliary factors is required for the assembly of photosystem I reaction center subcomplex
Authors: Nellaepalli Sreedhar , Kim Rick G. , Grossman Arthur R. , Takahashi Yuichiro
Published: March 2021

The photosystem I (PSI) complex consisting of reaction center (RC) subunits, several peripheral subunits and many co‐factors, is present in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. The assembly of RC subunits (PsaA/B) that bind electron transfer co‐factors and antenna pigments is an intricate process, and is mediated by several auxiliary factors such as Ycf3, Y3IP1/CGL59, Ycf4 and Ycf37/PYG7/CGL71. However, their precise molecular mechanisms in RC assembly remain to be addressed. Here we purified four PSI auxiliary factors by affinity chromatography, and characterized co‐purified PSI assembly intermediates. We suggest that Ycf3 assists the initial assembly of newly synthesized PsaA/B subunits into an RC subcomplex, while Y3IP1 may be involved in transferring the RC subcomplex from Ycf3 to the Ycf4 module that stabilizes it. CGL71 may form an oligomer that transiently interacts with the PSI RC subcomplex, physically protecting it under oxic conditions until association with the peripheral PSI subunits occurs. Together, our results reveal the interplay among four auxiliary factors required for the stepwise assembly of the PSI RC.
“Why have you not written my name?:” Collaborative research with children
Authors: Barley Ruth
Published: March 2021

Drawing on research findings from a longitudinal ethnography exploring difference, identity and peer friendships this paper reveals how children actively negotiated their participationin the study via writing both in terms of “writing as data collection“ and “writing as analysis.”
The paper explores the ways in which children actively sought to participate in the research study through producing their own visual and written data, analysing this data and reflecting on the written research outputs. Actively participating in this study gave children opportunities to reflect on their literacy learning and consolidate the learning that took place within the formal school context.
iconografía del proceso de paz
Authors: Sánchez Salcedo José Fernando
Published: March 2021

El cubrimiento del proceso de paz en Colombia por los medios nacionales supuso un importante trabajo de representación mediática que inició con la inserción de sus principales acontecimientos en la agenda y continuó con la producción de una serie de relatos desde los cuales los medios narraron y dieron sentido a sus principales eventos. A partir del análisis de tres casos, este artículo muestra el modo como los medios abordaron el proceso de paz, centrándose sobre todo en las imágenes producidas. Uno de los principales hallazgos de este trabajo es que la iconografía del proceso de paz, además de su función complementaria a las noticias escritas, da cuenta de las profundas polarizaciones que caracterizaron la diversas posiciones de los actores institucionales y políticos con el proceso de paz.
Oscillations of Suspension Bridges
Authors: Reissner Hans
Published: March 2021

The author has developed a theory of oscillations of stiffened cable systems which is applicable to the design of suspension bridges. Dealing with free oscillations in the first part of the paper the author established a system of linear differential equations with variable coefficients taking into account the horizontal displacements and inertia forces, the change of thrust along the cable, the slope of the cable, and the torsional stiffness of the girder. An approximate integration by the Rayleigh energy method is shown and is numerically exemplified for the lowest antisymmetric mode.

The results show that, in general, it is allowed to neglect horizontal displacements, change of thrust, and cable sag for the dynamic problem as well as for the static problem and they bring out the fact that for all practical proportions of relative cable sag and girder stiffness the frequencies and modes are essentially independent of the relative cable sag and dead load and only dependent upon the absolute cable sag h so that, for instance, for the lowest antisymmetric mode the equivalent pendulum length is 2h/π2.

The second part of the paper treating self-excited oscillations has been prepared under the influence of observations, experiments, and conclusions reached in connection with an (official) report on the Tacoma bridge failure. This report demonstrated that the aerodynamic and structural damping—the first acting through the width of the roadway, the second by the internal friction—plays an important part in the safety of a suspension bridge. It showed further that the dangerous oscillations are of somewhat higher frequency than the free oscillations with logarithmic decrement a linear function of the reduced velocity so that not elastic instability under wind forces nor resonance from wind gusts but the bridge as a self-exciting mechanism absorbing energy out of a steady wind flow had to be assumed as the cause of the failure.

This experimental linear decrement law is utilized by the author to derive in conjunction with the dynamic equations formulas intended to serve as the basis for the dynamic requirements for suspension bridges.
Measurement of Dynamic Strain
Authors: Dohrenwend C. O. , Mehaffey W. R.
Published: March 2021

The measurement of dynamic strains of both high and low frequency give rise to a variety of problems in instrumentation. Two types of equipment and circuits designed and used by the authors are discussed in detail. The first type based on the amplitude-modulated method is for low frequencies from zero to about 15 per cent of the carrier frequency of 1025 cycles per sec. The equipment has application to strain measurements varying from static values to those produced in moving vehicles, various machine parts, structures such as crane bridges, in fact all strain measurements where the frequency is 150 cycles per sec or less. The second type of equipment discussed is a potentiometer type and is for high-frequency strain measurements from 100 cycles per sec to 8000 cycles per sec. This high-speed equipment is conveniently used for impact strain, such as produced in hammer blows, shock loading, forging equipment, and impact-factor determination. Both units are designed to be used with a cathode-ray oscillograph which lends itself to a variety of recording methods. The methods discussed include both the type where the time axis is obtained by sweeping the oscilloscope beam on a stationary film and where the time axis is obtained mechanically.
A Photoelastic Study of Bolt and Nut Fastenings
Authors: Hetényi M.
Published: March 2021

Six different nut designs have been investigated by the three-dimensional “stress freezing” photoelastic method, obtaining the maximum stress values at the bottom of the threads for each design. It has been found that by the application of either a tapered-thread nut or a nut with a tapered lip the strength of the fastening can be increased by more than 30 per cent. This improvement in strength can be expected only in cases where the type of loading or conditions of application are conducive to brittle failure, i.e., dynamic loads or static loads at elevated temperatures.
Increase of Stress With Permanent Strain and Stress-Strain Relations in the Plastic State for Copper Under Combined Stresses
Authors: Davis E. A.
Published: March 2021

Annealed-copper specimens in the shape of hollow cylinders have been tested by subjecting them to combined axial tension and internal pressure. A given ratio of the internal pressure to the axial load has been maintained throughout each test, but for different tests this ratio was changed so as to cover the range from pure tension at one extreme to the case of equal biaxial tensions at the other. The results have been used to study the manner in which the plastic strains increase with increasing stress and also to determine the relationships between the three principal strains at any instant during the test. Also, a few observations are made on the types of fracture obtained under various conditions of loading.
A Time–Space Multigrid Method for Efficient Solution of the Harmonic Balance Equation System
Authors: Wu Hangkong , Wang Dingxi , Huang Xiuquan , Xu Shenren
Published: March 2021

In this article, an efficient time–space multigrid (TS-MG) method for solving the harmonic balance (HB) equation system is proposed. The principle of the time–space multigrid method is to coarsen grids in both space and time dimensions simultaneously when coarse grids are formed. The inclusion of time in the time–space multigrid is to address the instability issue or diminished convergence speedup of the spatial multigrid (S-MG) due to larger grid reduced frequencies on coarse grids. With the proposed method, the unsteady flow governing equation will still be solved on all grid levels. Comparing to the finest grid, fewer harmonics and thus fewer equations will be solved consequently on coarse grids. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) are used to achieve solution prolongation and restriction between different time grid levels. Results from the proposed method are compared with those obtained from the traditional S-MG and time domain methods. It is found that the TS-MG method can increase solution stability, reduce analysis central processing unit (CPU) time cost required for convergence, save memory usage and has no adverse effect on solution accuracy.
In silico design of a thermal atomic layer etch process of cobalt
Authors: Kondati Natarajan Suresh , Nolan Michael , Theofanis Patrick , Mokhtarzadeh Charles , Clendenning Scott B.
Published: March 2021

Thermal atomic layer etch (ALE), facilitating the removal of up to one monolayer of material per cycle, is growing in importance for thin-film processing. The number of available ALE processes is much smaller than for atomic layer deposition, its complementary growth process. Quantum chemical simulations are a key approach in the development of new thermal ALE processes, however, methodologies and workflows need to be developed. In this regard, the present paper reports a simulation-based approach toward the development of new thermal ALE processes using metallic cobalt as a test case. We demonstrate a predictive process discovery approach for ALE in which target volatile etch products and the corresponding gas phase reactants are chosen from the literature, an overall ALE cycle for each combination of reactant is investigated for thermochemical favorability, and the detailed mechanisms of the individual reaction steps in the proposed ALE processes are studied using density functional theory. From these results, we derive a temperature-pressure process window for each combination of reactants at typical reactant and product pressures allowing the selection of an ALE process window. For Co ALE, we investigated propene, butyne, silane, and trimethyl silane as a first pulse reactant and CO as the second pulse reactant. We propose propene and CO as the best combination of reactants for Co ALE. Propene adsorbs with sufficient strength to the target Co atom at temperatures below the CO decomposition temperature of 440 K, which results in the lowest energy etch species. This approach is equally relevant for the ALE process design of elemental, binary, and ternary materials.
Prevalence and Correlates of Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines Among Colombian Children and Adolescents
Authors: González Silvia A. , Sarmiento Olga L. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Camargo-Lemos Diana M. , Tremblay Mark S.
Published: March 2021

Background: Global estimates have shown that a small proportion of children and adolescents are physically active. However, the evidence on physical activity (PA) among Colombian children and adolescents is limited. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and correlates of meeting PA guidelines among Colombian children and adolescents. Methods: Data were collected as part of the National Survey of Nutrition 2015. A national sample of 16,612 children and adolescents (3–17 y) was included. Prevalence estimates of meeting PA and active play guidelines were calculated, and Poisson regression models were conducted to identify correlates of PA. Results: Low proportion of Colombian children and adolescents met the PA guidelines. Low engagement in active play was observed among preschoolers. Correlates varied by age group. Female sex was a consistent negative correlate of meeting PA guidelines across all age groups. Conclusions: Urgent actions are needed to promote active play and PA among Colombian children and adolescents. The correlates identified in our study can help inform the development of actions to overcome the disparities and provide opportunities for children to achieve their full potential for healthy growth and development.
The source of the major solar energetic particle events from super active region 11944
Authors: Brooks David H. , Yardley Stephanie L.
Published: March 2021

Elemental abundance measurements by the Hinode and Wind spacecrafts reveal the source of major solar energetic particle events.
Characterization of initial key steps of IL-17 receptor B oncogenic signaling for targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Wu Heng-Hsiung , Tsai Lung-Hung , Huang Chun-Kai , Hsu Pang-Hung , Chen Mei-Yu , Chen Yi-Ing , Hu Chun-Mei , Shen Chia-Ning , Lee Chen-Chen , Chang Ming-Chu , Chang Yu-Ting , Tien Yu-Wen , Jeng Yung-Ming , Lee Eva Y.-H.P. , Lee Wen-Hwa
Published: March 2021

The members of the interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine family and their receptors were identified decades ago. Unlike IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), which heterodimerizes with IL-17RB, IL-17RC, and IL-17RD and mediates proinflammatory gene expression, IL-17RB plays a distinct role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis upon stimulation with IL-17B. However, the molecular basis by which IL-17RB promotes oncogenesis is unknown. Here, we report that IL-17RB forms a homodimer and recruits mixed-lineage kinase 4 (MLK4), a dual kinase, to phosphorylate it at tyrosine-447 upon treatment with IL-17B in vitro. Higher amounts of phosphorylated IL-17RB in tumor specimens obtained from patients with pancreatic cancer correlated with worse prognosis. Phosphorylated IL-17RB recruits the ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif containing 56 to add lysine-63–linked ubiquitin chains to lysine-470 of IL-17RB, which further assembles NF-κB activator 1 (ACT1) and other factors to propagate downstream oncogenic signaling. Consequentially, IL-17RB mutants with substitution at either tyrosine-447 or lysine-470 lose their oncogenic activity. Treatment with a peptide consisting of amino acids 403 to 416 of IL-17RB blocks MLK4 binding, tyrosine-477 phosphorylation, and lysine-470 ubiquitination in vivo, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis and metastasis and prolonging the life span of mice bearing pancreatic tumors. These results establish a clear pathway of how proximal signaling of IL-17RB occurs and provides insight into how this pathway provides a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
Novel 3-
O
-α-
d
-Galactosyl-α-
l
-Arabinofuranosidase for the Assimilation of Gum Arabic Arabinogalactan Protein in Bifidobacterium longum subsp.
longum
Authors: Sasaki Yuki , Horigome Ayako , Odamaki Toshitaka , Xiao Jin-Zhong , Ishiwata Akihiro , Ito Yukishige , Kitahara Kanefumi , Fujita Kiyotaka
Published: March 2021

Bifidobacteria harbor numerous carbohydrate-active enzymes that degrade several dietary fibers in the gastrointestinal tract.
B. longum
JCM7052 is known to exhibit the ability to assimilate gum arabic AGP, but the key enzyme involved in the degradation of gum arabic AGP remains unidentified. Here, we cloned and characterized a GH39 3-
O
-α-
d
-galactosyl-α-
l
-arabinofuranosidase (GAfase) from
B. longum
JCM7052.
New SHIVs and Improved Design Strategy for Modeling HIV-1 Transmission, Immunopathogenesis, Prevention, and Cure
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Shuyi , Lee Fang-Hua , Roark Ryan S. , Murphy Alex I. , Smith Jessica , Zhao Chengyan , Rando Juliette , Chohan Neha , Ding Yu , Kim Eunlim , Lindemuth Emily , Bar Katharine J. , Pandrea Ivona , Apetrei Cristian , Keele Brandon F. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Lewis Mark G. , Denny Thomas N. , Haynes Barton F. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Shaw George M.
Published: March 2021

SHIV infection of Indian rhesus macaques is an important animal model for studying HIV-1 transmission, prevention, immunopathogenesis, and cure. Such research is timely, given recent progress with active and passive immunization and novel approaches to HIV-1 cure.