bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why do firms adopt ‘beyond‐compliance’ environmental policies?
Authors: Prakash Aseem
Published: August 2002

This paper examines why firms selectively adopt ‘beyond‐compliance’ environmental policies. It argues that existing explanations based on factors external to firms are under‐specified and a focus on internal dynamics is also required. It draws insights from institutional theory, corporate social performance perspective, and stakeholder theory and relates them to internal processes. Beyond‐compliance policies are adopted, if at all, due to two types of intra‐firm process: power based and leadership based. These processes arise under different conditions and lead to different types of outcome. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Transverse folds of rectum: Anatomic study and clinical implications
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , Doss Sameh , Ali Yehia Ahmed , Shafik Ali A.
Published: August 2002

There are controversies with respect to the location, number, and function of the transverse folds of the rectum (TFR), probably because their physioanatomic aspects have not been fully investigated. The purpose of this communication was to study the anatomic and histologic structure of the TFR aiming at elucidation of their function in the light of their structure. The TFR were studied morphologically and histologically in 18 cadavers (10 male, 8 female) with a mean age of 36.6 ± 10.4 (SD) years. Barium enema studies were also performed in 36 volunteers (20 male, 16 female; mean age 38.6 ± 15.2 [SD] years). The number of TFR varied, the commonest findings being two and three. In a few cases, TFR were absent or exceeded three in number. Most folds extended beyond the middle of the rectal lumen; a few were narrow. They were thick at the base and tapered gradually. Microscopically, the TFR contained circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers; they were rarely purely mucosal. TFR varied in location dividing the rectum into compartments; an alternating side‐to‐side arrangement allows for a wavy movement of the stool in the rectum. The wavy movement, compartmental division, and the shelving action of the TFR are suggested to retard stool movement in the rectum so as to allow time for fecal sampling (stool or gas) and for impulses to reach the conscious level to decide whether or not to defecate. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of the TFR in clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 14:196–203, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute renal failure requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary interventions
Authors: Gruberg Luis , Mehran Roxana , Dangas George , Mintz Gary S. , Waksman Ron , Kent Kenneth M. , Pichard Augusto D. , Satler Lowell F. , Wu Hongsheng , Leon Martin B.
Published: August 2002

Acute renal failure requiring dialysis is a rare but serious complication after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), associated with high in‐hospital mortality and poor long‐term survival. We have analyzed the incidence, resource utilization, short‐ and long‐term outcomes, and predictors of dialysis after percutaneous coronary interventions. We studied 51 consecutive patients who were not on dialysis on admission and developed acute renal failure that required in‐hospital dialysis after PCI in comparison to the 7,690 patients who did not require dialysis after PCI. Patients who required dialysis were older, with a higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes, prior bypass surgery, chronic renal failure, and a significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction. Despite similar angiographic success, these patients had a higher incidence of in‐hospital mortality (27.5% vs. 1.0%, P < 0.0001), non–Q‐wave myocardial infarction (45.7% vs. 14.6%, P < 0.0001), vascular and bleeding complications, and longer hospitalization. At 1‐year follow‐up, mortality (54.5% vs. 6.4%, P < 0.0001), myocardial infarction (4.5% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.006), and event‐free survival (38.6% vs. 72.0%, P < 0.0001) were significantly worse in patients who required dialysis compared to patients who did not. Multivariate analysis revealed in‐hospital dialysis and an increase in baseline serum creatinine levels as the most important predictors of in‐hospital and long‐term mortality. Thus, acute renal failure that requires dialysis after percutaneous coronary interventions is associated with very high in‐hospital and 1‐year mortality rates and a dramatic increase in hospital resource utilization. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:409–416. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of coronary plaque morphology as assessed by IVUS computer‐aided analysis on mechanisms of balloon angioplasty and stenting
Authors: Garot Philippe , Pelle Gabriel , Teiger Emmanuel , Belarbi Abdel , Aptecar Eduardo , Boudali Lotfi , Dubois‐Randé Jean Luc , Dupouy Patrick
Published: August 2002

This study was performed in order to quantitate structural coronary plaque modifications after balloon angioplasty and stenting and to evaluate the impact of plaque morphology on the mechanisms of lumen enlargement during angioplasty. Plaque morphology was studied by computer‐aided analysis of 60 cross‐sectional intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of the target lesion in 20 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Based on a computer‐aided video densitometry classification of plaque morphology, three groups of plaques were defined based on the slope value of a fifth polynomial regression of the plaque gray‐level distribution. In groups A and B, balloon angioplasty provided significant increases in lumen area (P < 0.0001) and vessel area (P < 0.05) without a reduction in plaque area; neither parameter increased in group C. In group A, stenting was associated with an additional lumen enlargement (P < 0.0001) due to plaque reduction (P < 0.05). In groups B and C, stenting further increased lumen area (P < 0.0001) by improving vessel area (P < 0.001) but without plaque reduction. Balloon angioplasty and stenting provided a significant decrease in plaque area in group A as compared to groups B (P < 0.05) and C (P < 0.01). Finally, vessel area improvement was greater in group B than in groups A (P < 0.01) and C (P < 0.05). The mechanisms underlying lumen enlargement after coronary angioplasty are highly dependent on plaque morphology as defined by an IVUS computer‐aided analysis and may differ between balloon angioplasty and stenting. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:449–456. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect using Amplatzer septal occluder in Chinese adults
Authors: Lee Chi‐hang , Kwok On‐hing , Fan Katherine , Chau Elaine , Yip Alex , Chow Wing‐hing
Published: August 2002

Amplatzer septal occluder (AGA Med. Co., USA) is a novel device for occlusion of atrial septal defect. We present our experience of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects using Amplatzer septal occluder in 45 adult Chinese patients (age range 18–69 years). The size of atrial septal defect varied from 14–28 (23 ± 4) mm. Cardiac catheterization revealed a pulmonary‐to‐systemic shunt ratio ranging from 1.4–2.8 (mean 2.0 ± 0.4). The procedure was successful in 44 (98%) patients. Displacement of the device requiring surgical removal occurred in one (2%) patient and minor wound complication occurred in two (4%) patients. Total procedure time was 67 ± 16 minutes and the fluoroscopy time was 25 ± 8 min. Immediate post‐procedure and pre‐discharge echocardiography revealed complete abolition of shunt in 42 (93%) and trivial residual shunt in 3 (7%) patients. The average follow‐up period was 16 ± 6 months (range 2 months to 3 years) months. None of the patients had developed other major complication at follow‐up. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:373–377. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overestimation of stent delivery balloon diameters by manufacturers' compliance tables: A quantitative coronary analysis of Duet and NIR stent implantation
Authors: Hehrlein Christoph , DeVries Jennifer J. , Wood Todd A. , Haller Scott D. , Arab Amina , Kloostra Ann C. , Lauer Michael A. , Fischell Tim A.
Published: August 2002

Although manufacturers' compliance tables of stent delivery balloons indicate the diameter of the balloon at a given inflation pressure, it is unclear whether these data correlate with in vivo true intracoronary balloon diameters (TBDs). The TBDs of two new‐generation balloon‐expandable stent delivery systems (Duet and NIR) were measured by quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) in 100 consecutive patients. The manufacturers' stated balloon diameter (BD) of the stent delivery systems overestimated the TBD in 94% ± 4% of patients receiving both Duet or NIR stent implantations. In only 6% of the patients, the TBD matched the manufacturers' stated balloon diameter. There was no underestimation of TBDs by both manufacturers' compliance tables. The Duet tables overestimated TBDs by 14% ± 8% (range, 1%–36%), the NIR tables by 18% ± 8% (range, 1%–41%), P < 0.05, Duet vs. NIR, respectively. When the manufacturers' data were corrected for the differences in reporting data from in vitro tests, i.e., balloon compliance data with or without the stent, the degree of overestimation of diameters was similar for Duet and NIR stent delivery balloons (14% ± 8% vs. 13% ± 7%, Duet vs. NIR; P = NS). Manufacturers' compliance tables of both the Duet and NIR stent delivery balloon systems significantly overestimate the true intracoronary balloon diameter. The manufacturers' of stent delivery balloons should clearly state on the box, if balloon compliance data were derived from in vitro bench testing, which phantoms were used for compliance analysis, and that the tables may overestimate the true intracoronary balloon diameter. The findings of the present study have important clinical implications with respect to performing coronary stent implantation with precision. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:474–478. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the absolute configuration of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,7‐dione by circular dichroism spectroscopy and chemical correlation
Authors: Butkus Eugenius , Stončius Sigitas , Žilinskas Albinas
Published: August 2002

A study of the enantiomers of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,7‐dione, a chiral molecule containing two carbonyl chromophores, was performed. Enantiomers of this structure were obtained by HPLC resolution and the (+)‐(1R,5S)‐enantiomer by enantiospecific synthesis from(+)‐(1S,5S)‐bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,6‐dione. The title structure is an interesting molecule to demonstrate the validity of the octant rule. The location of the major chair–chair conformer into octants placing each chromophore into the origin of the octants led to the opposite configuration assignments. In order to prove unequivocally absolute configuration, enantiospecific synthesis of the title compound was carried out. The kinetic resolution of racemic bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,6‐dione using baker's yeast afforded (+)‐(1S,5S)‐2,6‐dione. Employing a reaction sequence analogous to one developed earlier by us with racemic substrates led to carbonyl group shift giving enantiomerically pure (+)‐(1R,5S)‐bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,7‐dione. The absolute configuration of the investigated compound was established by combined use of the octant rule and chemical correlation. Chirality 13:694–698, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic studies of enantiomeric discrimination in jet‐cooled chiral complexes
Authors: Le Barbu K. , Zehnacker A. , Lahmani F. , Mons M. , Piuzzi F. , Dimicoli I.
Published: August 2002

Van der Waals complexes formed between chiral molecules in the isolated gas phase were studied by combining supersonic expansion techniques with laser spectroscopy. The weakly bound diastereoisomers formed between a chiral secondary alcohol, butan‐2‐ol, and a chiral aromatic derivative such as 2‐naphthyl‐1‐ethanol or 1‐phenylethanol used as a resolving agent were discriminated on the basis of the spectral shifts of the UV S0‐S1 transition of the chromophore. Ground‐state depletion spectroscopy (hole burning) has shown that, while only one structure was detected for the 1‐phenylethanol/butan‐2‐ol homochiral complex, the heterochiral complex is trapped in the jet under two different conformations. Two isomers have also been shown for each diastereoisomeric pair of the 2‐naphthyl‐1‐ethanol/butan‐2‐ol complexes. Using a semiempirical potential model, these isomeric forms were related to calculated structures which exhibit a folded or extended geometry depending on the solvent conformation (anti or gauche). The relative binding energy of the complexes involving R‐1‐phenylethanol and R‐ or S‐butan‐2‐ol were obtained from fragmentation threshold measurements following two‐color photoionization. Comparison of the diastereoisomers exhibiting a similar spectral signature shows that the homochiral pair is more stable than the heterochiral one by about 0.7 kcal/mol. The fragmentation threshold has been shown to depend on the jet‐cooled isomer and this result addresses the role of conformational control in enantioselective interactions. Chirality 13:715–721, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly enantioselective asymmetric autocatalysis of 2‐alkenyl‐ and 2‐vinyl‐5‐pyrimidyl alkanols with significant amplification of enantiomeric excess
Authors: Sato Itaru , Yanagi Tomotaka , Soai Kenso
Published: August 2002

2‐Alkenyl‐ and 2‐vinyl‐5‐pyrimidyl alkanols are highly enantioselective asymmetric autocatalysts with significant amplification of enantiomeric excess in the enantioselective addition of diisopropylzinc to 2‐alkenyl‐ and 2‐vinylpyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehydes. Consecutive asymmetric autocatalysis starting from 7% ee increases the ee of pyrimidyl alkanol up to 99% without the need for any other chiral auxillary. Chirality 14:166–168, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 11‐cis‐locked bicyclo[5.1.0]octanyl retinal and an enantioselective binding to bovine opsin
Authors: Fujimoto Yukari , Xie Rongyuan , Tully Sarah E. , Berova Nina , Nakanishi Koji
Published: August 2002

Both enantiomers of 13‐(E) and 13‐(Z) isomers of 11‐cis‐locked bicyclo[5.1.0]octanyl retinal were prepared by an improved synthesis and incubated with bovine opsin. The synthesis also establishes the absolute configuration of the enantiomers. Only one of the enantiomers binds to opsin, thus showing the steric restrictions regarding the middle polyene moiety of the retinoid molecule; this is in sharp contrast to the known leniency of the ring moiety binding site of retinoids. However, although one enantiomer is incorporated into the pigment, the circular dichroic spectrum of the pigment incorporating the bound enantiomer yields only a very weak Cotton effect, showing that, once incorporated, the bicyclo[5.1.0]octanyl chromophore is flattened by the opsin binding site. The titled retinoid was synthesized for study of the absolute conformation of the retinal pigment in rhodopsin. Chirality 14:340–346, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disposition of venlafaxine enantiomers in rats with hepatic encephalopathy after chronic drug treatment
Authors: Wikell Cecilia , Eap Chin B. , Josefsson Martin , Apelqvist Gustav , Ahlner Johan , Baumann Pierre , Bengtsson Finn
Published: August 2002

Portacaval shunted (PCS) rats, a model of hepatic encephalopathy, and control animals were administered racemic venlafaxine for 14 days (10 mg/kg). The levels of the S‐ and R‐enantiomers and the S/R‐enantiomer ratios of venlafaxine and its metabolites were assessed by an enantiomer‐selective chromatographic assay in serum, brain parenchyma, and brain dialysate of both groups. Higher levels of the S‐ and R‐enantiomers of venlafaxine were found in serum and brain of PCS vs. normal rats (median values of S‐ and R‐venlafaxine in serum: 290 and 201 nM in PCS; 97 and 66 nM in normal rats; median values of S‐ and R‐venlafaxine in cortex: 956 and 939 nM in PCS; 357 and 318 nM in normal rats). Interestingly, similar S/R‐venlafaxine ratios were observed in PCS and normal rats both in serum (S/R = 1.4) and brain compartments (S/R = l.0–1.1). These findings may have clinical relevance for the safety of venlafaxine in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Chirality 14:347–350, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective effects of (R)‐ and (S)‐carvedilol in humans
Authors: Stoschitzky Kurt , Koshucharova Gergana , Lercher Peter , Maier Robert , Sakotnik Andrea , Klein Werner , Liebmann Peter M. , Lindner Wolfgang
Published: August 2002

Carvedilol is currently used as the racemic mixture, (R,S)‐carvedilol, consisting of equal amounts of (R)‐carvedilol, an alpha‐blocker, and (S)‐carvedilol, an alpha‐ and beta‐blocker, which have never been tested in their optically pure forms in human subjects. We performed a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study in 12 healthy male volunteers. Subjects received single oral doses of 25 mg (R,S)‐carvedilol, 12.5 mg (R)‐carvedilol, 12.5 mg (S)‐carvedilol, and placebo at 8 AM as well as at 8 PM. Exercise was performed at 11 AM, and heart rate and blood pressure were measured at rest and after 10 min of exercise. Urine was collected between 10 AM and 6 PM, as well as between 10 PM and 6 AM, and the amounts of urinary 6‐hydroxy‐melatonin sulfate (aMT6s) were determined by RIA. Compared to placebo, (R)‐carvedilol increased heart rate during exercise (+4%, P < 0.05) and recovery (+10%, P < 0.05); (S)‐carvedilol decreased heart rate during exercise (−14%, P < 0.05) and recovery (−6%, P < 0.05), and systolic blood pressure during exercise (−12%, P < 0.05); (R,S)‐carvedilol decreased heart rate during exercise (−11%, P < 0.05), and systolic blood pressure at rest (−7%, P < 0.05) and during exercise (−10%, P < 0.05). None of the agents had any significant effect on the release of aMT6s. Our results indicate that only (S)‐carvedilol causes beta‐blockade, whereas (R)‐carvedilol appears to increase sympathetic tone, presumably as a physiological reaction to the decrease of blood pressure caused by alpha‐blockade. None of the drugs had any influence on melatonin release. The weak clinical net effect of beta‐blockade of (R,S)‐carvedilol at rest might be one reason why this drug causes fewer side effects than other beta‐blockers, such as a reduction of nocturnal melatonin release. Chirality 13:342–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central nervous system metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ngan Roger K. C. , Yiu Harry H. Y. , Cheng Harold K. M. , Chan John K. C. , Sin Vai‐Chong , Lau Wai‐Hon
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an extremely rare occurrence, although direct intracranial invasion is not infrequent in patients with NPC at a locally advanced stage. Only five other patients have been reported in detail in the English literature.

METHODS

The clinical records of two such patients with NPC who were diagnosed with metastasis to the spinal cord (intradural) and to the occipital lobe, respectively, were reviewed. The literature was searched for a review of similar incidents.

RESULTS

Both patients had locally advanced disease at the time of presentation and were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical radiotherapy. The CNS metastases in both patients were accompanied by disease recurrences in multiple sites after a prolonged period of clinical remission. Spread through cerebral spinal fluid was postulated for the patient with spinal cord metastasis, and hematogenous spread was postulated for the patient with brain metastasis. Aggressive surgical resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy conferred reasonable survival and symptom control. The patient with brain metastasis died 6 months later of lung metastasis, whereas the other patient is still alive 40 months from the diagnosis of spinal metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Good symptom control and disease control can be achieved for patients with CNS metastasis after surgery with or without radiotherapy. After aggressive therapy, the ultimate survival depends on control of extracranial disease. Cancer 2002;94:398–405. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
A quantitative morphometric analysis of rat spinal cord remyelination following transplantation of allogenic Schwann cells
Authors: Lankford Karen L. , Imaizumi Toshio , Honmou Osamu , Kocsis Jeffery D.
Published: August 2002

Quantitative morphometric techniques were used to assess the extent and pattern of remyelination produced by transplanting allogenic Schwann cells into demyelinated lesions in adult rat spinal cords. The effects of donor age, prior culturing of donor cells, prior lesioning of donor nerves, and host immunosuppression were evaluated by transplanting suspensions of 30,000 acutely dissociated or cultured Schwann cells from neonatal, young adult, or aged adult rat sciatic nerves into X‐irradiation and ethidium bromide‐induced demyelinated dorsal column lesions, with or without co‐transplantation of neonatal optic nerve astrocytes. Three weeks after transplantation, spinal cords were processed for histological analysis. Under all Schwann cell transplant protocols, large areas containing many Schwann cell‐like myelinated axon profiles could be readily observed throughout most of the lesion length. Within these “myelin‐rich” regions, the vast majority of detectable axons showed a peripheral‐like pattern of myelination. However, interaxonal spacing also increased, resulting in densities of myelinated axons that were more similar to peripheral nerve than intact dorsal columns. Freshly isolated Schwann cells remyelinated more axonal length than cultured Schwann cells, and cells from younger donors remyelinated slightly more axon length than cells from older donors, but all Schwann cell transplant protocols remyelinated tens of thousands of millimeters of axon length and remyelinated axons at similar densities. These results indicate that Schwann cells prepared under a variety of conditions are capable of eliciting remyelination, but that the density of remyelinated axons is much lower than the myelinated axon density in intact spinal cords. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:259–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polygenic expression of somatostatin in the sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus: Molecular cloning and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors
Authors: Trabucchi Michele , Tostivint Hervé , Lihrmann Isabelle , Sollars Cristina , Vallarino Mauro , Dores Robert M. , Vaudry Hubert
Published: August 2002

The sequence of somatostatin‐14 (SS1) has been strongly preserved throughout the evolution of vertebrates from agnathans to mammals. In Acipenseridae (sturgeons), two isoforms of somatostatin have been characterized to date: somatostatin‐14 has been identified from the gastrointestinal tract of the pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and [Pro2]somatostatin‐14 has been identified from the pituitary of the Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedti. In the present study, we report the cloning of two distinct somatostatin cDNAs from the brain of the sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. One of the cDNAs encodes a 116‐amino acid protein (PSS1) that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and, thus, is clearly orthologous to other vertebrate PSS1. The other cDNA encodes a 111‐amino acid protein that contains the somatostatin variant [Pro2]somatostatin‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. This second precursor exhibits more than 67% identity with the recently characterized lungfish PSS2 and goldfish PSS2. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that PSS1 is expressed in the central nervous system, the pancreas and the gut, whereas PSS2 is found in the central nervous system but not in the digestive system. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that the PSS1 and PSS2 genes are differently expressed in numerous regions of the sturgeon brain. Interestingly, PSS1 and PSS2 mRNAs are present in the hypothalamus suggesting that, in sturgeon, both SS1 and SS2 may play hypophysiotropic functions. The PSS2 mRNA but not the PSS1 mRNA was found in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. The present data demonstrate that two somatostatin genes are expressed in the sturgeon brain: one precursor generates somatostatin‐14 and the other one gives rise to a [Pro2]somatostatin‐14 variant, which is orthologous to goldfish, lungfish, and frog SS2. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:332–345, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus and to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus in macaques: A dual retrograde tracing study
Authors: Distler Claudia , Mustari Michael J. , Hoffmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: August 2002

The nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT‐DTN) along with the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) have been shown to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to receive cortical input from striate and extrastriate cortex. To determine to what degree this cortical input arises from the same areas and potentially from the same individual neurons, we placed different retrograde tracers into the NOT‐DTN and the DLPN. In the ipsilateral cortical hemisphere the two projections mainly overlapped in the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) comprising the middle temporal area (MT), the middle superior temporal area (MST), and the visual area in the fundus of the STS (FST) and the surrounding cortex. In these areas, neurons projecting to the NOT‐DTN or the DLPN were closely intermingled. Nevertheless, only 3–11% of the labeled neurons in MT and MST were double‐labeled in our various cases. These results indicate that the cortical input to the NOT‐DTN and DLPN arises from largely separate neuronal subpopulations in the motion sensitive areas in the posterior STS. Only a small percentage of the projection neurons bifurcate to supply both targets. These findings are discussed in relation to the optokinetic and the smooth pursuit system. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:144–158, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of human hypothalamus in fetal development
Authors: Koutcherov Yuri , Mai Jürgen K. , Ashwell Ken W.S. , Paxinos George
Published: August 2002

The organization of the human hypothalamus was studied in 33 brains aged from 9 weeks of gestation (w.g.) to newborn, using immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y, neurophysin, growth‐associated protein (GAP)‐43, synaptophysin, and the glycoconjugate 3‐fucosyl‐ N‐acetyl‐lactosamine. Developmental stages are described in relation to obstetric trimesters. The first trimester (morphogenetic periods 9–10 w.g. and 11–14 w.g.) is characterized by differentiating structures of the lateral hypothalamic zone, which give rise to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and posterior hypothalamus. The PeF differentiates at 18 w.g. from LH neurons, which remain anchored in the perifornical position, whereas most of the LH cells are displaced laterally. A transient supramamillary nucleus was apparent at 14 w.g. but not after 16 w.g. As the ventromedial nucleus differentiated at 13–16 w.g., three principal parts, the ventrolateral part, the dorsomedial part, and the shell, were revealed by distribution of calbindin, calretinin, and GAP43 immunoreactivity. The second trimester (morphogenetic periods 15–17 w.g., 18–23 w.g., and 24–33 w.g.) is characterized by differentiation of the hypothalamic core, in which calbindin‐ positive neurons revealed the medial preoptic nucleus at 16 w.g. abutted laterally by the intermediate nucleus. The dorsomedial nucleus was clearly defined at 10 w.g. and consisted of compact and diffuse parts, an organization that was lost after 15 w.g. Differentiation of the medial mamillary body into lateral and medial was seen at 13–16 w.g. Late second trimester was marked by differentiation of periventricular zone structures, including suprachiasmatic, arcuate, and paraventricular nuclei. The subnuclear differentiation of these nuclei extends into the third trimester. The use of chemoarchitecture in the human fetus permitted the identification of interspecies nuclei homologies, which otherwise remain concealed in the cytoarchitecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:301–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase in descending brain–spinal cord projections with age in larval lamprey: Implications for spinal cord injury
Authors: Zhang Lei , Palmer Ryan , McClellan Andrew D.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine whether new descending brain‐spinal cord projections are added with age in larval lamprey and might contribute substantially to restoration of these projections following spinal cord injury. Retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling of descending brain neurons was performed in “young” and “old” larval lamprey that differed in age by at least one year. In old larval lamprey, significantly more descending brain neurons projected to specific rostral levels of the spinal cord than in young animals. Furthermore, in young and old lamprey, the main morphological change in Müller and Mauthner cells was an increase in soma size. The major conclusion from the present study is that in larval lamprey, some new brain‐spinal cord projections are added with age that could be due to axonal elongation by preexisting brain neurons and/or descending projections from new neurons (i.e., neurogenesis or maturation of incompletely differentiated neurons). Following spinal cord transections, the numbers of descending projections were not significantly different than those in normal, unlesioned animals. Thus, some new descending projections are added with age, but at a relatively slow rate, and the rate does not appear to be affected significantly by spinal cord transections. Together, the present results and those from our recent double‐labeling study suggest that following spinal cord transection in larval lamprey, axonal regeneration by descending brain neurons, rather than the relatively slow addition of new brain‐spinal cord projections with age, probably accounts for the majority of restored projections and recovery of locomotor function. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:128–137, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extent of retinal ganglion cell death in the frog Litoria moorei after optic nerve regeneration induced by lesions of different sizes
Authors: Dunlop Sarah A. , Tennant Marc , Beazley Lyn D.
Published: August 2002

Some amphibian retinal ganglion cells die during optic nerve regeneration. Here we have investigated whether ganglion cell death in the frog Litoria moorei is associated with the lesion site. For one experimental series, the optic nerve lesion extended for 0.15 mm; in the other, it extended for 1.5 mm. The extent of ganglion cell death was estimated from cresyl violet‐stained whole mounts at 24 weeks post lesion. In other animals, individual regenerating axons were visualised in the optic nerve by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling from 1 day to 24 weeks post lesion; counterstaining with cresyl violet allowed examination of cells that repopulated the lesion site. Ganglion cell numbers fell significantly more after an extensive than after a localised lesion, long‐term losses being 50% and 34%, respectively (P < 0.05). Regenerating axons were delayed in their passage across the cell‐poor extensive lesion compared with the relatively cell‐rich localised lesion. The differing rates of regeneration between series were matched by greater delay after extensive lesion in the return of visually guided behaviour as assessed by optokinetic horizontal head nystagmus. We suggest that delays in regeneration after an extensive lesion exacerbate ganglion cell death, indicating that conditions within the lesion are associated with the death of some ganglion cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:276–287, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective synaptic distribution of AMPA and kainate receptor subunits in the outer plexiform layer of the carp retina
Authors: Schultz Konrad , Janssen‐Bienhold Ulrike , Weiler Reto
Published: August 2002

The subunit composition of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) is extremely diverse and responsible for the diversity of postsynaptic responses to the release of glutamate, which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. To understand the functional consequences of this diversity, it is necessary to reveal the synaptic localization and subunit composition of GluRs. We have used immuno light and electron microscopy to localize AMPA and kainate (GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4, GluR5–7) subunits in identified carp retinal neurons contributing to the outer plexiform layer. GluR1 could not be detected within the outer plexiform layer. Rod and cone horizontal cells all express only GluR2/3 at the tips of their invaginating dendrites. These receptors are also inserted into the membrane of spinules, light‐dependent protrusions of the horizontal cell dendrites, flanking the synaptic ribbon of the cone synapse. Bipolar cells express GluR2/3, GluR4, and GluR5–7 at their terminal dendrites invaginating cone pedicles and rod spherules. Colocalization data suggest that each subunit is expressed by a distinct bipolar cell type. The majority of bipolar cells expressing these receptors seem to be of the functional OFF‐type; however, in a few instances, GluR2/3 could also be detected on dendrites of bipolar cells that, based on their localization within the cone synaptic complex, appeared to be of the functional ON‐type. The spatial arrangement of the different subunits within the cavity of the cone pedicle appeared not to be random: GluR2/3 was found predominantly at the apex of the cavity, GluR4 at its base and GluR5–7 dispersed between the two. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:433–449, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gonadal steroids reduce the density of axospinous synapses in the developing rat arcuate nucleus: An electron microscopy analysis
Authors: Mong Jessica A. , Roberts Rosalinda C. , Kelly Joyce J. , McCarthy Margaret M.
Published: August 2002

The developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to gonadal steroid hormones, which permanently differentiate the neural substrate during a critical developmental period. One of the more striking sexual dimorphisms in the adult rat brain is synaptic patterning in the arcuate nucleus (ARC); females have twice the number of axospinous synapses as males (Matsumoto and Arai [1980] Brain Res. 190:238–242). Previously, we have demonstrated that a similar dimorphism in spine densities on ARC dendrites is present as early as early as postnatal day 2 (PN2) in Golgi‐impregnated rat brains (Mong et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. 19:1464–1472). Males have 37% fewer dendritic spines than females. Moreover, these spine densities are sensitive to changes in the hormonal milieu such that males castrated on the day of birth have a significant increase in spine density, whereas females masculinized at birth by gonadal steroid exposure have a decreased dendritic spine density. One of the limitations of the Golgi technique is the inability to confirm the presence of synapses. The current study used quantitative electron microscopy and demonstrated that testosterone exposure dramatically reduced axospinous synapses in the ARC by PN 2. Males had 54% fewer and masculinized females had 77% fewer axospinous synapses than females (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). We previously reported that gonadal steroids induce coincident changes in neuronal and astrocyte morphology in the neonatal ARC (Mong et al., 1999), and here confirm that these changes include an altered synaptic pattern that is strikingly similar to that observed in the adult (Matsumoto and Arai, 1980). J. Comp. Neurol. 432:259–267, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and electron microscopic study of cholinergic and noradrenergic elements in the basolateral nucleus of the rat amygdala: Evidence for interactions between the two systems
Authors: Li Ruixi , Nishijo Hisao , Wang Quanxin , Uwano Teuroko , Tamura Ryoi , Ohtani Osamu , Ono Taketoshi
Published: August 2002

Pharmacological studies have suggested that the cholinergic (ACh) and noradrenergic (NA) systems in the amygdala (AM) play an important role in learning and memory storage and that the two systems interact to modulate memory storage. To obtain anatomical evidence for the interaction, the organization of the ACh and NA fibers in rat AM was investigated by immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) in conjunction with light, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy (LM, CLSM, and TEM, respectively). LM showed that the ChAT immunoreactivity was densest in the basolateral nucleus (BL), whereas the DBH immunoreactivity was densest in the posterior BL. CLSM demonstrated that the ChAT‐immunoreactive profiles in the BL were frequently located in juxtaposition to the DBH‐immunoreactive axons. The TEM observations were as follows: The majority of the synapses formed by ChAT‐immunoreactive terminals were symmetric, but DBH‐immunoreactive axons formed both asymmetric and symmetric synapses. The ChAT‐immunoreactive terminals usually established the symmetric synaptic contacts with the DBH‐immunoreactive terminals and varicosities. The DBH‐immunoreactive terminals formed the asymmetric synapses with the ChAT‐immunoreactive dendrites of the intrinsic neurons within the AM. The results provide anatomical substrates for mnemonic functions of the ACh and NA systems and for the interactions between the two systems in the AM. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:411–425, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative anatomy of the histaminergic and other aminergic systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Kaslin Jan , Panula Pertti
Published: August 2002

The histaminergic system and its relationships to the other aminergic transmitter systems in the brain of the zebrafish were studied by using confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry on brain whole‐mounts and sections. All monoaminergic systems displayed extensive, widespread fiber systems that innervated all major brain areas, often in a complementary manner. The ventrocaudal hypothalamus contained all monoamine neurons except noradrenaline cells. Histamine (HA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and serotonin (5‐HT) ‐containing neurons were all found around the posterior recess (PR) of the caudal hypothalamus. TH‐ and 5‐HT‐containing neurons were found in the periventricular cell layer of PR, whereas the HA‐containing neurons were in the surrounding cell layer as a distinct boundary. Histaminergic neurons, which send widespread ascending and descending fibers, were all confined to the ventrocaudal hypothalamus. Histaminergic neurons were medium in size (∼12 μm) with varicose ascending and descending ipsilateral and contralateral fiber projections. Histamine was stored in vesicles in two types of neurons and fibers. A close relationship between HA fibers and serotonergic raphe neurons and noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons was evident. Putative synaptic contacts were occasionally detected between HA and TH or 5‐HT neurons. These results indicate that reciprocal contacts between monoaminergic systems are abundant and complex. The results also provide evidence of homologies to mammalian systems and allow identification of several previously uncharacterized systems in zebrafish mutants. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:342–377, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and connectivity of olfactory pathways in the brain of the lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Beltz Barbara S.
Published: August 2002

The main output pathways from the olfactory lobes (primary olfactory centers) and accessory lobes (higher‐order integrative areas) of decapod crustaceans terminate within both of the main neuropil regions of the lateral protocerebrum: the medulla terminalis and the hemiellipsoid body. The present study examines the morphogenesis of the lateral protocerebral neuropils of the lobster, Homarus americanus, and the development of their neuronal connections with the paired olfactory and accessory lobes. The medulla terminalis was found to emerge during the initial stages of embryogenesis and to be the target neuropil of the output pathway from the olfactory lobe. In contrast, the hemiellipsoid body is first apparent during mid‐embryonic development and is innervated by the output pathway from the accessory lobe. The dye injections used to elucidate these pathways also resulted in the labeling of a previously undescribed pathway linking the olfactory lobe and the ventral nerve cord. To increase our understanding of the morphology of the olfactory pathways in H. americanus we also examined the connectivity of the lateral protocerebral neuropils of embryonic lobsters. These studies identified several interneuronal populations that may be involved in the higher‐order processing of olfactory inputs. In addition, we examined the neuroanatomy of ascending pathways from the antenna II and lateral antenna I neuropils (neuropils involved in the processing of chemosensory and tactile inputs). These studies showed that the ascending pathways from these neuropils innervate the same regions of the medulla terminalis and that these regions are different from those innervated by the olfactory lobe output pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:23–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of the adult shore crab Carcinus maenas is controlled by sensory afferents
Authors: Hansen Anne , Schmidt Manfred
Published: August 2002

The number of olfactory projection neurons (OPNs) in the brain of the juvenile and adult shore crab Carcinus maenas continues to increase during the life of the animal. In vivo labeling of adult crabs with the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) revealed a group of proliferating neuronal precursor cells in the lateral soma clusters (LCs) and in the soma clusters of the hemiellipsoid bodies (HBCs). The LCs contain the cell bodies of the olfactory projection neurons and the HBCs house the cell bodies to which the OPNs project. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the input from primary olfactory afferents has any influence on the rate of proliferation and survival of the neuronal precursors in the central olfactory pathways of C. maenas. Different sets of experiments involving BrdU injection and its immunocytochemical detection combined with unilateral amputation of the antennule that houses the olfactory organ were carried out. Our results show that the missing olfactory sensory input affects the rate of proliferation and the survival of postmitotic cells in the LC and in the HBC compared with control animals. The effect on the survival of postmitotic cells tested by BrdU injection followed by unilateral ablation is lateralized. Proliferation of neuronal precursor cells tested by the reversed experimental order was drastically impaired bilaterally. We conclude that the olfactory sensory input is necessary for a normal rate of proliferation of neuronal precursors and the survival of their progeny in the LC and in the HBC of C. maenas. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:223–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A note on energy conservation for Hamiltonian systems using continuous time finite elements
Authors: Hansbo Peter
Published: August 2002

In this note we suggest a new approach to ensure energy conservation in time‐continuous finite element methods for non‐linear Hamiltonian problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access to SAP's Business Framework from Java‐based applications
Authors: Aleksy M. , Korthaus A.
Published: August 2002

As the leading vendor of enterprise business standard software, SAP has recognized the need to adapt their R/3 system to current trends in software development and to meet market needs for speed of development, flexibility, openness, and interoperability. In this paper, we first present SAP's approach to object‐oriented and component‐based technology by describing the Business Framework, the concepts of Business Objects, BAPIs, and the Business Object Repository. On this basis, we then analyze current communication architectures and products enabling the interaction of external Java‐ based software applications with SAP R/3, point out the advantages and disadvantages of different solutions, and finally elaborate on potential strategies and steps for driving the evolution of SAP R/3 in order to further increase interoperability, openness, and flexibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different rates of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell proliferation in interleukin‐2–treated human immunodeficiency virus‐positive subjects
Authors: Caggiari Laura , Zanussi Stefania , Crepaldi Cinzia , Bortolin Maria Teresa , Caffau Cristina , D'Andrea Monica , De Paoli Paolo
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) has been used successfully to increase CD4 cell counts in patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are unknown. We hypothesized that a differential proliferation rate of CD4+ compared with CD8+ lymphocytes could be related to the increase of CD4 counts and of CD4/CD8 ratios that occur in HIV+ patients during IL‐2 treatment.

METHODS

We enrolled in our study 14 HIV+ patients treated with IL‐2 or with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during a 96‐week observation period. Using flow cytometry, we measured longitudinally the expression of the Ki67 antigen in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets.

RESULTS

Compared with HAART alone, IL‐2 produced a rapid increase of Ki67+ proliferating CD4 cells and a concomitant increase of the CD4/CD8 ratios, whereas the corresponding CD8 proliferation increased slightly. On the contrary, HAART alone was effective in suppressing equally both CD4 and CD8 proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest a selective activity of IL‐2 on CD4 T‐cell proliferation; on the contrary, CD8‐specific proliferation is affected minimally during treatment. This information may offer the potential to plan correctly immune activating regimens. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:233–237, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine receptor interactions in the hippocampus
Authors: Ribeiro J. Alexandre , Cunha‐Reis Diana , Lopes Luisa V. , Coelho Joana E. , Costenla Ana Rita , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo , Cunha Rodrigo A. , de Mendonça Alexandre , Sebastião Ana M.
Published: August 2002

Adenosine receptors are involved in interactions with receptors for other neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. This opens novel possibilities for the action of this nucleoside. Either through direct receptor–receptor modulation or beyond the receptor level (PKA, PKC, or calcium channels), it appears that to protect the cells from insult adenosine moves around to use as many several receptor systems as possible, namely, receptors for neuropeptides (CGRP and VIP), ionotropic (NMDA) and metabotropic (mGlur I and III) glutamate receptors, GABA, and nicotinic autofacilitatory, muscarinic, and dopamine receptors. With these, adenosine might synchronize or desynchronize synaptic transmission in order to fine‐tune the nervous system. Drug Dev. Res. 52:337–345, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.