bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEATURES OF THE PRO-AND ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF CATTLE IN POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS IN THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ASTRAKHAN REGION
Authors:   FGBOU VO ", Mikhailova I.S. ,   Astrakhan State University", Zaitsev V.V. ,   FGBOU VO "Astrakhan State University", Yaralyev V.M. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov ", Pudovkin N.A. ,   FGBOU VO "Astrakhan State University", Klyukin S.D. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov "
Published: September 2021

The article presents the results of research on the peculiarities of the functioning of the pro-and antioxidant system of cattle in postnatal ontogenesis in the biogeochemical conditions of the Astrakhan region. The territory of the Astrakhan region is considered to be deficient in the content of selenium in the soil, water and feed, which is confirmed by our research. This is displayed on the body of animals. It was found that the content of selenium in the blood serum is 0.58 mcg/k, which is lower than the physiological value, which leads to the inhibition of the processes of lipid peroxidation in the body of cattle. In the age aspect, the level of diene conjugates and malondialdehyde increases by 7.4-11.4 % and 11.3-16.1 %, respectively. A correlation was established between catalase activity and age (by 19.6% by the 5th year of life). The correlation coefficient is 0.95.
STUDY OF PHARMACO-TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND THAT IS PART OF A DISINFECTANT
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Nekhaychik F.M. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The study of the toxicological properties of a new disinfecting quaternary ammonium compound was carried out on laboratory animals of the vivarium of the Kazan State Medical University. Toxicological properties were evaluated on white mice, white rats, guinea pigs and rabbits by forming experimental and control groups. The value of acute oral toxicity, the indicator of the average lethal dose was experimentally determined, allergic properties were determined and the local irritant effect was evaluated. During the tests, it was found that the new quaternary ammonium compound belongs to the third hazard class.
SOME PROPERTIES OF ZEOLITES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF BIOCENOSIS
Authors:   Tatar NIIAHP - a separate structural division of the FRC KazSC RAS, Chernov A.N. , Prishchepenko A.E. ,   Tatar NIIAHP - a separate structural division of the FRC KazSC RAS, Gazizov R.R. ,   Tatar NIIAHP - a separate structural division of the FRC KazSC RAS, Afordоanyi D.M. ,   Tatar NIIAHP - a separate structural division of the FRC KazSC RAS
Published: September 2021

According to the obtained results, five samples of native zeolite from a mining quarry, Drozhzhanovsky district, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia had neither pathogenic nor saprophytic fungi when plated on Saburo agar with dextrose. Zeolites prolongated the action of mineral fertilizers, increasing the effectiveness of the latter. The content of calcium in the chemical composition of the zeolite-containing rock created favorable conditions for improving the reaction of the soil environment, for the active mobilization of soil phosphates into accessible forms. Silicon which in the composition of zeolites, improved plants nutrition with phosphorus and potassium. Due to the safe and beneficial properties of zeolite, this agro mineral can be used to restore soil fertility. This research will be continued.
FEATURES OF THE REACTION OF THE HEART RATE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS MODES OF MOTOR ACTIVITY DURING ADMINISTRATION β, α1 AND α2-ADRENO STIMULANTS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Shigapova A.V. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Vakhitov I.H. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Ravilov R.H. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Volkov A.H. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Chinkin S.S. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

For the first time, studies have been conducted to study the features of the heart rate response of laboratory animals exposed to various modes of motor activity when administered β, α1 and α2-adrenostimulants. It was found that in animal’s subject to a regime of limited motor activity, i.e. hypokinesia, the heart rate response to the introduction of β and α1-adreno stimulators remains at a high level. It was revealed that the regime of systematic muscle training significantly contributes to the reduction of this reaction. It was found that in the process of systematic muscle training of animals, there is also a significant decrease in the heart rate response to the introduction of an α2-adrenostimulator. The hypokinesia mode keeps this reaction at a high level.
INTEGRAL HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF PIGS AS A CRITERION OF THEIR PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL STRESS FACTORS
Authors:   GOU VO LPR ", Garskay N.A. ,   Lugansk State Agrarian University"
Published: September 2021

The research was carried out on a purebred livestock of the main sows of the Poltava meat breed. In the blood, the amount of leukocyte formula was determined and, on the basis of the primary data, integral leukocyte indices were calculated, characterizing the nonspecific resistance of the organism. Approximate reference values of blood indices were established in the population of healthy sows of the Poltava meat breed, in which technological stress led to the development of the stage of resistance. The main load under the action of technological stress in pigs is experienced by the agranulocytic link in the blood, especially monocytes. No reliable interrelationships between blood indices and productivity indicators were established, however, a direct dependence of some indices on other links of the body's resistance was revealed.
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF PLANT PRODUCTS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Gusarova M.L. ,   Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy", Terekhova O.B. ,   FSBEI HE "Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy", Volkova N.I. ,   FSBEI HE "Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy", Rodygina N.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy", Kapitanova G.I. ,   FSBEI HE "Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy", Ilyin P.B. ,   FSBEI HE "Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy"
Published: September 2021

Today, more and more consumers around the world give preference to goods and services with improved characteristics in terms of their impact on the environment and human health. The aim of the study is to analyze the criteria for assessing the environmental safety of plant products. Criteria for assessing the environmental safety of plant products include regulatory indicators (DSTU), as well as assessment criteria for obtaining environmental labeling (these include environmental criteria for assessing the life cycle). The environmental criteria for assessing the life cycle contain 23 additional state requirements for the management system for the environmental aspects of production and indicators of environmental pollution, as well as for raw materials, finished products, their packaging, labeling and consumer information. The products of plant origin, their components (raw materials, ingredients, components, etc.) and the impact on the state of the environment and human health associated with its life cycle are assessed. This approach distinguishes environmental certification from the traditional approach to assessing products for compliance with specifications or safety performance. The paper highlights the features of the criteria for assessing the environmental safety of products of plant origin, and also indicates the need for product labeling. The work carried out a comparative analysis of international certifications of the ISO level and state standards (such as GOST). The work carried out a comprehensive analysis of the differences between ecological and organic certification.
Mechanizmy przestępczego działania w obszarze gospodarki maszynami i urządzeniami w podziemnych zakładach górniczych – zagadnienia wybrane
Authors: Leśniewski Kamil
Published: September 2021

Przestępczość nazywana potocznie „węglową” dotyka różnych obszarów działalności spółek węglowych – w tym m.in. zamówień, sprzedaży węgla oraz gospodarki maszynami i urządzeniami – generując rocznie wielomilionowe straty. Zachowania przestępcze związane z ostatnim z wymienionych obszarów jawią się przy tym jako szczególnie niebezpieczne – poza bezpośrednim skutkiem w postaci generowania znacznych strat finansowych dla pokrzywdzonych spółek, mogą prowadzić również do stanu stwarzającego realne zagrożenie dla życia i zdrowia ich pracowników. Niestety, dotychczasowa praktyka pokazała, iż zwalczanie rzeczonej przestępczości napotyka na szereg trudności – począwszy od etapu wykrywczego, a skończywszy na procesie dowodzenia. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie najczęściej spotkanych mechanizmów przestępczego działania w rozpatrywanym obszarze oraz analiza wybranych trudności wykrywczo-dowodowych. Autor wskazuje ponadto na elementy, które wydają się mieć kluczowe znacznie dla sprawnego przeciwdziałania i zwalczania przedmiotowej przestępczości (m.in. skuteczny system kontroli wewnętrznej – w tym zwłaszcza kontroli funkcjonalnej – w zakładach górniczych, ścisła współpraca spółek węglowych z organami ścigania oraz znajomość przez te ostatnie mechanizmów przestępczego działania w omawianym obszarze i związanych z nimi potencjalnych trudności śledczych).
Mergers and Acquisitions in Southeast Asia under COVID-19
Authors:   IMEMO RAS, Russia, Moscow, Rogozhin Aleksandr A.
Published: September 2021

The article examines the state of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) operations in Southeast Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the analysis of factual and statistical data, the author made the following conclusions: 1) in 2020, the volume of M&A operations in the region has sharply decreased both in quantitative and value terms; 2) Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia remained the most active participants in M&A transactions; 3) the sectoral preferences of investors have changed significantly: the positive dynamics of M&A operations was observed only in two sectors – in agriculture and the production of consumer goods, mainly food; the traditionally dominant real estate and financial services business has been hit hardest. The author believes that the revival of M&A operations may begin in the next two or three years, mainly in Singapore, Malaysia and Vietnam.
A Year in Lockdown in the Philippines: Timeline of the Pandemic and Conditions of Living under Quarantine Rules (Part 1.)
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Panarina Daria S.
Published: September 2021

The article examines the course of the spread of the coronavirus infection epidemic in the Philippines during the first year, 2020, from the moment of the first confirmed cases of infection to the present time. The author pays attention to how the epidemic developed from May to December 2020, what measures were taken by the country's national government to combat the coronavirus, in which tightly regulated framework people were forced to live. We are considering 4 types of quarantines that were introduced by the Philippine government in different regions of the country during the specified period.
The Historical, Cultural, and Religious Significance of the Elephant in Thai Society
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Fomicheva Elena A.
Published: September 2021

In this paper the author considers the cultural and historical phenomenon of the elephant in the life of the Thais as a manifestation of coexistence of nature and man. The role of the State policy in preserving the Indian elephant population in Thailand and in educating the people to respect the elephant and its cults is emphasized. The researcher focuses on the Hindu origin of the mystical cult of the elephant. The phenomenon of worship of the deity Eravana, Ganesha, and the white elephant is considered.
The Spread of Orthodoxy in Southeast Asia and the Role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Region
Authors:   Institute of the Socio-Political Researches of FCTAS RAS, Ruban Larissa S. ,   international project «Dialogue Partnership as a Factor of Stability and Integration», Ananjin Мaksim А. ,   Institute of Socio-Political Studies of FCTAS RAS
Published: September 2021

The authors analyze the spread of Orthodoxy and Orthodox parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate in some the countries of Southeast Asia, and their impact on Russian and Russian-speaking immigrants and expats. The article shows the growth of the publication activity of the ROC in Southeast Asia and translation activities (translation of prayers and spiritual literature into the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region). The article reveals the influence of Orthodox parishes on the implementation of social communication, identification and self-identification of Russian compatriots in Southeast Asia, the formation and preservation of the cultural Orthodox basis of semantic and value orientations of parishioners. A proposal was made to use the potential of the ROC MP in Southeast Asia to strengthen the influence of the Russian Federation in the region.
The 45th Anniversary of Russia-Philippines Diplomatic Relations
Authors:   MGIMO University, Koldunova Ekaterina V. , Sumsky Victor V. ,   MGIMO University, Vershinina Valeria V. ,   MGIMO University
Published: September 2021

The article provides an overview of academic and cultural activities dedicated to the 45th anniversary of Russia-Philippines diplomatic relations officially established in 1976.
Putting the economic indicators of society wellbeing on the agenda
Authors: Lutsenko Sergey
Published: September 2021

The author considers three indicators which characterize the development of national economies: energy intensity of GDP, labor productivity and the index of human development (an indicator of quality of life of the population). Some other indicators are discussed characterizing a macroeconomic imbalance and estimating sustainable development of the economy and wellbeing of society. The indicator of human wellbeing is connected with desires (preferences) of people or satisfaction with life.
The Relationship Between Intuitive Eating and Diet Quality in a College Population
Authors: Tabatabai Marta , Holland Julie , Curtis Laura , Morris Michelle Neyman
Published: September 2021

Many college students have nutrient poor and energy dense diets and are also more likely to experience poor body image, which can result in unsafe dieting behaviors for the purpose of managing weight. Intuitive eating is an alternative approach to dieting that focuses on physiological hunger and fullness cues, while eating for both satisfaction and health without restriction of any foods. This study examined the association between intuitive eating and diet quality in a college population. College students, aged 18-56 years, completed an online survey which assessed intuitive eating using the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) and diet quality using the Starting The Conversation (STC) simplified food frequency instrument. IES-2 total score was positively correlated with higher overall diet quality and was negatively correlated with fast food and chip consumption. Eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and body-food choice congruence IES-2 subscales were positively correlated with diet quality while the unconditional permission to eat subscale was negatively correlated with diet quality. Strategies that focus on eating for health and well-being and minimize emotional eating are associated with higher overall diet quality and may be incorporated in dietary interventions among college students aimed at promoting healthy behaviors.
Weight and Body Image Perceptions in Nutrition and Dietetics University Students
Authors: Herzig Lisa , Levitt Jamie , Watson Kaitlynn , George Gretchen L.
Published: September 2021

Stereotypical and prejudicial attitudes towards people considered overweight or obese are documented in professionals ranging from physicians, nurses, fitness and general nutrition professionals, and registered dietitian nutritionists (RDN) and may introduce barriers to equitable care. To identify the prevalence of anti-fat attitudes (AFA); fat phobia (FPS); and body appreciation scores (BA) in nutrition and dietetics’ students (ND) and non-nutrition and dietetics’ students (NND) through a cross-sectional design. During 2018, students (n=297) from two California State Universities completed a survey including three validated instruments. Additionally, height, weight, and waist circumference were collected using NHANES procedures. A series of ANCOVA’s and correlation coefficients were computed. Significant differences existed in BA between ND (M=3.61, SD=0.66) and NND students (M=3.81, SD=0.70); t(288) = 2.49, p=0.013. Scores indicated existing anti-fat attitudes and fat phobia. Significant positive correlations existed between FPS and anthropometrics. Weight related perceptions were identified. A need exists for a fundamental evidence-based training specifically focused on knowledge and awareness related to health metrics and social justice pedagogy to help RDN work unbiasedly with patients of all shapes.
Dos livros para a vida real: Quais terapias para a saúde mental dos cavalos da série Heartland de Lauren Brooke são usadas na prática?
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Pisa João Paulo Novelletto , Jansen Sharon Muriel Zantut , Leme Denise Pereira ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Published: September 2021

Literature books can be a means of studying animals, the area is called zooliterature. The Heartland book series, by Lauren Brooke, shows a rehabilitation center for horses with emotional problems where therapies are used to find a cure for horses. Do the therapies used in fiction are real options for the equestrian sector? To answer this, a literature review was carried out to verify if there are scientific studies of medicinal plants, folk remedies, Bach flower remedies, aromatherapy and T-Touch® mentioned in the series. They can motivate research and practices for the mental health of animals, considering a critical and a scientific perspective.
Vowel harmony in Klao linear and nonlinear analyses
Authors: Singler John Victor
Published: September 2021

Klao, a Kru language spoken in Liberia, has a nine-vowel system. Like most other Kru languages, it displays harmony sensitive to pharyngeal constriction (tongue-root retraction). What gives the Klao vowel-harmony system special interest is the fact that a great deal of variation occurs, suggesting that vowel harmony is in some way optional. This provides a counter-example to the claim (made in Clements [1977l) that root-controlled vowel harmony is always obligatory. Given this optionality, the question arises as to which model best captures the facts of Klao vowel harmony. 'l,w frameworks are considered: one, along the lines of Anderson [1930], treats vowel harmony as one more assimilation rule, and the other, following the model found in Clements [1981] handles vowel harmony autosegmentally.
A note on double negation marking in Sissala
Authors: Blass Regina
Published: September 2021

Double Negation Marking in Sissala, a Voltaic language spoken on the Ghana-Upper Volta border, raises some interesting questions about sentence negation and poses some problems regarding semantic interpretation.
Topic in Zulgo
Authors: Haller Beat , Watters John
Published: September 2021

The particle ka in Zulgo is anomalous in terms of the traditional notions which would distinguish topicalization from subordination. Topicalization typically concerns phrasal categories while subordination typically concerns clausal categories. However, in Zulgo the particle ka, which is clearly used to mark a topicalized phrasal element, can also be used to mark clausal elements which at first glance appear to be cases of subordination. Close consideration of these clausal cases suggests that in fact these are also cases of topicalization. This conclusion is based on the notion of what constitutes a "reasonable topic". Zulgo has extended the notion of topicalization across the syntactic categorial boundaries to include constructions which would in other languages be marked by subordinating markers. In fact, Zulgo is extremely free in the types of structures which it permits to serve as topics.
Motion in Tswana and its characteristic lexicalization
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P.
Published: September 2021

Characteristic patterns for the lexicalization of motion in Tswana, a Southeastern Bantu language, are explored. Examination of constraints governing classes of verb roots referring to motion events reveals two of the typological patterns put forward by Talmy [1984] for the lexicalization of motion in natural language. The distinguishing feature of each pattern lies in the particular semantic elements incorporated in a main clause verb root. The fact of Motion and Manner/Cause are incorporated in the verb root when lexicalizing complex location-motion events. However, when lexicalizing complex motion events of a directional nature, as well as both locational- and directional- motion events of a less complex nature, the verb root incorporates the fact of Motion and the Path which a moving object takes.
Sub-saharan cultural extension in Brazil the relevance of lexical data
Authors: Schneider John T.
Published: September 2021

A method of obtaining lexical data pertinent to sub-Saharan African cultural extensions in Brazil is presented. The possible utility for linguists and historians of such lexical material is illustrated by data from one widely used current Brazilian dictionary.
A phonetico-semantic analysis of verb-noun contractions in Yoruba
Authors: Badejo B. Rotimi
Published: September 2021

This paper highlights the various studies which have been carried out to determine the rules which govern the elision of one of the vowels in a verb-noun concatenation where the verb is vowel-final and the noun vowel-initial. It proposes that there are basically three phonological rules which come into play at the Deep Structure Level. However, at the Surface Structure Level, the paper recognizes that there is a Semantic Dissimilation Principle (SDP), which may block the application of otherwise well-motivated rules. The SDP, then, guarantees maximal perceptual distance between otherwise homophonous products of the phonological rules.
Lexicalizing directional and nondirectional motion in Emai
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P.
Published: September 2021

Motion expressions in Emai, an Edoid language of Nigeria, are examined within the lexical typology of Talmy [1985]. Both directional and nondirectional motion structures involving the MANNER verb la 'to run' are analyzed, though only the former, syntactically expressed by verbs in continuous series, poses a particular problem for interpretation. Three hypotheses concerning the semantic composition of these serial verbs are considered and evaluated in terms of their distributional constraints. It is concluded that nondirectional motion can be lexicalized by either of two patterns [MOTION+MANNER] PATH or MOTION PATH ... MANNER, while directional motion allows only the single lexicalization pattern MANNER [MOTION+PATH]. Typologically, these reflect two of the incorporation patterns Talmy has identified as characteristic in languages of the world.
Gender agreement in Chicewa
Authors: Corbett Greville G. , Mtenje Alfred D.
Published: September 2021

Gender in Chichewa is described as a complete system. First the basic data on gender agreement are presented and it is shown how the available agreement markers correlate with the noun genders (and how the system has changed in the recent past). There follows a discussion of interesting phenomena which do not fit easily into the main gender system. Next structures involving conjoined noun phrases headed by nouns from various genders are analysed in detail. The rules required to account for the Chichewa system prove particularly complex; rules proposed for other Bantu languages do not cover all the Chichewa facts. The data are important for comparative work within Bantu and for typological claims which go beyond. O.
Yoruba relativization and the continuous segment principle
Authors: Lawal Nike S.
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the strategies for relativisation and the Noun Phrase accessibility hierarchy and constraints in Yoruba [Keenan and Comrie 197T]. The various positions relativisable are examined. It was found that contrary to what Keenan and Comrie thought, Yoruba relativises all positions except the Object of Comparative. Attention is also focussed on the status of the coreferential pronoun found in subject relativisation. From the presence of this pronoun it appears as if Yoruba violates the continuous segment principle. However, our analysis shows that the pronoun is a surface structure phenomenon which obscures the underlying strategy for relativisation. The Yoruba data therefore supports the Hierarchy Constraints.
Topic shading in an unplanned Igbo discourse
Authors: Okolo Bertram A.
Published: September 2021

This paper looks at the strategies employed by speakers in Topic Shading in an unplanned Igbo discourse. The results of an investigation involving some Igbo adult students might lead us to infer that individuals shade topics for various reasons and that conversational rules may not be as obligatorily governed as those of grammar. Shading strategies might depend on culture and context. A cross-linguistic study of planned and unplanned discourses might help not only in developing more appropriate and specific conversational maxims, but will also be helpful in determining how strategies of conversational interaction could be integrated into other aspects of speakers' linguistic knowledge and culture.
Phonological allomorphy in Swahili on the form of inanimate pronominal clitics
Authors: Barrett-Keach Camillia N.
Published: September 2021

Swahili has two forms of inanimate pronominal clitics. One, like the relative pronouns, typically ends with /o/ and the other, like the subject agreement affixes, are never /o/ final. According to the traditionalists, a semantic feature associated with /o/ differentiates two sets of clitics semantically as well as phonetically. The present account argues that the two sets do not form separate morphemes. They are instead allomorphs of the same morpheme derived by a phonological rule, o-Epenthesis, which suffixes /o/ onto any constituent final pronominal clitic. This virtually exceptionless account provides synchronic evidence for a dual constituent analysis of the verbal complex. The discussion of such well known forms adopts basic assumptions from lexical and auto segmental phonology.
Size and shape ideophones in Nembe a phonosemantic analysis.pdf
Authors: Maduka Omen N.
Published: September 2021

In Nembe, ideophones, as in symbolic words in all languages in general, there is direct connection between sounds and the meanings they convey. For Nembe ideophones describing the fields of size and shape. there are peculiar strategies for accomplishing this connection. For size', medial alveolars as well as vowels in the narrow set are used for smallness, while medial velars and vowels in the wide set are used for largeness. For shape, on the other hand, consonant and vowel melodies are used rather than single phonic units. A sequence of three different consonants invariably refers to crooked shape while a sequence of three consonants ending in two identical liquids refers to straight shape, etc. However, this whole neat pattern is complicated 'by the existence of hierarchies of phonosemantic suggestiveness whereby certain phonosemantic units displace others away from their legitimate values, leading to both the ability of otherwise opposing psychomorphs to get into construction and the ability of simultaneous multiple field representation by ideophones.
The Bondei object pronoun in clefts and pseudo-clefts.pdf
Authors: Weber Elizabeth G.
Published: September 2021

Verbs in Bondei, a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, have crossreferencing pronouns which agree in noun class with the subject and object of the clause. This paper will examine the distribution of the syntactic category object pronoun in four grammatical constructions: (a) basic affirmative declarative clauses; (b) relative clauses; (c) clefts; and (d) pseudo-clefts. In declarative and relative clauses, the presence of the object pronoun does not require a definite interpretation of the object noun; the absence of the object pronoun does not preclude a definite interpretation of the object noun. In both cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions, however, the object pronoun obligatorily functions to grammatically mark clef ted and pseudo-clef ted objects as definite. In the cleft constructions, the definiteness of the clef ted NP forces a contrastive interpretation. Thus, a judgement concerning the function of this grammatical construction with regard to contrastive function will be made on the basis of the distribution of the syntactic category object pronoun. possible to make the same judgment. Contrastive function is unambiguously signaled by the relative morphology on the verb of the pseudo-cleft. In this constuction, the object pronoun serves only to force a definite interpretation of the NP. In the pseudo-cleft constructions, it is not possible to make the same judgment. Contrastive function is unambiguously signaled by the relative morphology on the verb of the pseudo-cleft. In this constuction, the object pronoun serves only to force a definite interpretation of the NP.
Thematic linking in Hausa asymmetric coordination
Authors: Schwartz Linda
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates "asymmetric coordination" in Nigerian Hausa. A range of constructions is presented in which asymmetric coordination occurs, and their syntactic and semantic properties are established. A "regularizing" analysis is considered, in which asymmetric coordination is represented as a symmetric coordination headed by an empty category, but this is rejected due to the exceptional distributional properties which would have to be assumed for the construction. An interpretive analysis is proposed which has the effect of incorporating the feature information of an independent NP marked by a "linker" into a dependent plural argument, and symmetric and asymmetric coordination are distinguished as involving interpretive operations of set union and set unification, respectively.
Defining the domain of nasality in Edo
Authors: Aikhionbare Matt. Osayaba
Published: September 2021

In Aikhionbare [1986], it is demonstrated that nasality spread in Edo is most evident in alternations between verb stems and their suffixes. In other words, nasality spreads beyond the segment (across morpeme boundaries). This paper seeks to establish whether or not nasality spreads beyond the verb stem and its suffixes onto an object NP. Having defmed the domain of nasality spread, evidence for the autosegmental status of nasality in Edo is advanced. Finally, a brief autosegmental analysis of the facts of nasality in the language is attempted in line with evidence from Guarani [Lunt 1973], Gokana [Hyman 1982], Ogberia [Chumbow 1986], and Igbo [Ihionu 1986].
LTR a response to Schuh
Authors: Newman Paul , Jaggar Philip J.
Published: September 2021

Some twenty years ago Leben proposed that Hausa had a productive, essentially exceptionless P rule ("L TR") to the effect that any word fmal L L sequence automatically changed to L H if the final vowel of the word was long. Since that time, L TR has become accepted as a phonological rule of Hausa alongside such well-established rules as vowel shortening in closed syllables or palatalization of coronal consonants before front vowels. The aim of our paper was to demonstrate that there are in fact far too many counterexamples to the L TR rule to continue to accept it as a fully active synchronic rule in Hausa.
The origins of the remote future formatives in Kinyarwanda, Kirundi and Giha
Authors: Botne Robert
Published: September 2021

Among the interlacustrine languages of eastern Africa Kinyarwanda, Kirundi and Giha have been classified in Bastin [1978] as dialects of the same language, identified in the zone classification system as J61. While it is certainly debatable whether or not they should be considered to constitute a single language, this classificaiton clearly reflects the high degree of similarity and mutual intelligibility found among these three languages. Given the very close correspondences that we do find, in particular among the basic tense formatives and their meanings, it is of special interest that the remote future formatives in these languages differ as much as they do in phonological form: -za:- in Kinyarwanda, zo:- in Kirundi, and -ro- in Giha. Just as perplexing is the apparent lack in these languages of a future formative of the general form -li-, a form characteristic of nearly every other language in zone J. My objective in this paper is to describe and trace the probable development of these various forms of the remote future marker and, in so doing, demonstrate that they do originate in the same source as the more common form -/i-.
Tone in the Makonde dialects Chimahuta
Authors: Odden David
Published: September 2021

This paper expands the descriptive study of tone in the Makonde dialects, started in Odden [1990], by studying the Chimahuta dialect. Like the Chimaraba dialect and a number of closely related Bantu languages of Southern Tanzania, Chimahuta verbs lack lexical tone properties, and all tones appearing on the surface in verbs arise as a consequence of rules of tone insertion, docking, spreading, and deletion.
The organization of repair in Yoruba conversation
Authors: Akindele Femi
Published: September 2021

In any conversational event, co-participants are guided by rules which ensure a smooth conversation. According to Sacks et al. [1974:700] some of these rules are that "one party speaks at a time" and also that "speakerchange recurs, or at least occurs." Quite often these rules are broken as was found in Schegloff et al. [1977] for American English conversation and confirmed by Moerman [1977] for Thai conversation. I argue, therefore, in this paper following Schegloff et al. [1977:381] that if conversation is composed of systems of rules which are integrated, then it will have a source of "trouble" related to the modes of their integration. And if it has intrinsic sources of trouble, then it will have a mechanism for dealing with them intrinsically. I further argue that an adequate theory of the organisation of conversation in natural language in general, as proposed by Schegloff et al. [1977], and in Yoruba specifically, will need an account of the organisation of repair. I suggest that repair mechanisms in Yoruba will include those suggested by Schegloff et al. [1977] and supported by Moerman [1977], namely: self-repair which can issue from self-initiation or other initiation and other repair which arises from self-initiation or other initiation. I conclude that these repair mechanisms are indices of participants' orientation to the making of Yoruba conversational interaction.
Aspects of Bandi tonology
Authors: Mugele Robert , Rodewald Michael
Published: September 2021

Bandi tonology offers three points of interest. The first is low tone opacity. Several tone rules act to obscure the presence of underlying low tones in Bandi. In some cases low tones are lost completely while in other cases underlying low tones are manifested phonetically as downstep tones or as the low of a falling glide. The net result of Bandi tone rules is to create considerable opacity with respect to low tones. Second, is the treatment of polarizing tones. In Bandi, polarization rules cannot merely create a new tone, but must assign tone height to an underlying tone of unspecified tone height. Finally, there are fonnal problems that result from adherence to the OCP. A rule of tonal dissimilation becomes unduly complicated if it is assumed that the OCP prohibits sequences of like tones. A contrast between nouns with a LH and LLH melody also argues against theOCP.
Nasal consonant harmony at a distance the case of Yaka
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: September 2021

In a number of Bantu languages the [d-l] reflex of Proto-Bantu *-Vd- suffixes alternates with [n] when the consonant of the preceding syllable is nasal, e.g., /dim-id-/ 'cultivate for' ~ [dim-in-]. Because these Bantu languages do not allow nasalized vowels, it is necessary to view such assimilation as operating "at a distance" [Poser 1983], with the intervening vowel(s) being transparent. Transvocalic nasal consonant harmony (NCR) is widespread within Bantu [Greenberg 1951], and was repeatedly cited by phonologists in the 1970's, e.g., from Luba [Howard 1972, Johnson 1972] and Lamba [Kenstowicz and Kisseberth 1979]. In this paper I treat a more extensive and dramatic case of NCR at a distance in Yaka, a language spoken in Zaire. In this language /-Vd-/ suffixes are realized [-Vn-] even when the triggering nasal consonant is not in the immediately preceding syllable, e.g., /-miituk-id-/ 'sulk for' ~ [miituk-in-] (cf. Ao [1991], Piggott [1993] and Odden [1994], who cite parallel facts from Kongo). I begin by documenting the pervasiveness of the (stem-level) nasal harmony effects in the language, which therefore require a phonological analysis (vs. one involving allomorphy). Discussion centers around the problem of why voiceless and prenasalized consonants should be transparent to NCR.
Voice asymmetry in Ewe nouns
Authors: Peng Long
Published: September 2021

I argue in this paper that the consonantal influence on tone is highly limited, restricting itself to the tone of the vowel immediately following the onset. This point is demonstrated via Ewe High Tone Insertion, which is blocked by a voiced obstruent if the insertion targets the initial vowel following the onset, but not if the insertion targets the second vowel of a bimoraic syllable. This result confirms a number of earlier studies which show that the phonetic impact of onsets on Fo is limited to the fIrst lOOms of the following vowel.
Avatime noun classes and concord
Authors: Schuh Russell G.
Published: September 2021

Avatime is one of 14 "Central-Togo" (or "Togo Remnant") languages, spoken in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. These languages differ from their nearest Kwa group relatives in that they have active systems of noun classes and concord. Avatime has 13 noun classes, each with a distinct nominal prefix. Prefixes (as well as most other affixes) agree in [ATR] vowel harmony with the host noun root. Some classes impose invariable low tone on the prefix while prefix tone of other classes may be any of three lexically determined tones. Definiteness is marked by a set of suffixes. The ultimate segmental shapes and tones of these suffixes depend on the interaction of the respective class prefix shapes and coalescence phenomena with stem final vowels. There are correlations between noun class and nominal semantics, and nominal derivation is done in part through class choice. A number of attributive modifiers show class concord with the head noun. In the variety of Avatime studied here, such concord is only though vocalic prefixes on attributive modifiers, not by full CV prefixes as is typical of Bantu languages. Some attributives also have "tonal concord", which is not class concord per se, but refers to the tone of the head noun's prefix. Not all attributive modifiers have overt concord marking.
Boundary tones and the phonetic implementation of tone in Chichewa
Authors: Myers Scott
Published: September 2021

In Chichewa (Bantu, Malawi), there are three differences in fundamental frequency (£0) between questions and statements: (a) questions have a fmal rise, while statements have a final fall, (b) questions do not display the strong downdrift trend found in statements, and (c) questions are produced in a higher pitch range than statements. A quantitative model is proposed that captures these generalizations through a dependency of the bottom of the current pitch range on the boundary tone. It is argued that such a model accounts for the distinction between question and statement better than a model in which pitch range distinctions are encoded in the phonological representation.
ATR harmony in Turkana
Authors: Noske Manuela
Published: September 2021

This paper analyzes the [ATR] harmony system of Turkana (Eastern Nilotic). The principal claim made in this paper is that Turkana provides evidence for an underlying ternary contrast in the feature [ATR]. This claim is based on the observation that some suffixes alternate in [ATR] in agreement with a preceding root, while other sufflxes surface as either [+ATR] or [-ATR], regardless of the context in which they occur. The claim that non-alternating suffixes are specified for [ATR] is supported by the fact that they cause regressive assimilation: a [-ATR] root surfaces as [+ATR] if followed by a [+ATR] sufflx; a [+ATR] mid vowel root surfaces as [-ATR] if followed by a [-ATR] suffIX. Turkana thus provides evidence that the feature [ATR] is ternary with the three values [+ATR], [-ATR] and [()ATR].
Head-initial meets head-final nominal suffixes in eastern a southern Bantu from a historical perspective
Authors: Güldemann Tom
Published: September 2021

Bantu languages in eastern and southern Africa possess nominal suffixes which serve to express locative relations or derive nominal stems. As these grammemes are final to their noun hosts, they are markedly distinct from canonic prefix morphology in Bantu nouns. Moreover, nominal syntagms are head-initial and canonic grammaticalization in this domain can be expected to yield prefixes. The elements under discussion are suffixes, yet they developed in Bantu from inherited nominal lexemes. Thus, they are unusual from a morphotactic viewpoint and cannot easily be accounted for by exclusively language-internal developments. For this reason, it is plausible to investigate the hypothesis that the nominal suffixes emerged due to interference from languages having a different grammatical structure. For this purpose, a sample of non-Bantu languages from the relevant geographic area in Africa is established and analyzed in order to test whether there are languages or entire groups with head-final and suffixing patterns that could have influenced the process of suffix emergence in Bantu.
Is there a passive in Dhuluo
Authors: Ochola Eunita D.
Published: September 2021

This article presents an analysis of a particular passive-like syntactic construction in Dholuo, a Nilotic language spoken in parts of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. While the construction analyzed resembles the passive construction in English in which the fronted patient/theme is the subject NP, the analysis shows that this construction is not a true passive in Dholuo, but rather a pseudo-passive. The peculiarity of the Dholuo pseudo-passive is that the fronted patient is not the NP subject of the construction; rather, it is a preposed object that is adjoined to IP. What distinguishes this construction from "classic" passive constructions is that the preposed object does not control subject verb agreement.
Njerep a postcard from the edge
Authors: Connell Bruce , Zeitlyn David
Published: September 2021

Kunama has been reported by different scholars as having two or three tones, downstep (or not), contrastive length of both consonants and vowels, and lexical stress. Despite this range of reported phenomena, little in-depth research into the prosodic system of Kunama has been undertaken. The aim of the present study is to report such a detailed investigation and to establish on a solid footing basic aspects of the tonal system of Kunama. The work reported is preliminary in the sense that its scope is limited: we present phonological and phonetic evidence for the existence of three level tones, which can combine to form a number of contour tones. This is followed by discussion of tonal phenomena in the noun phrase. No evidence for lexical stress is found.
Les séries verbales en Baoulé questions de morphosyntaxe et de sémantique
Authors: N'Guessan Jérémie Kouadio
Published: September 2021

This article demonstrates, from morphological and syntactic facts, the existence of serial verbs in Baoule. The analysis illustrates the difference between serial verb constructions, simple conjoined verbs, and auxiliary verb/nominalized verb constructions. The author proposes that serial verbs do not constitute a homogeneous category in Baoule. In order to deal efficiently with serial verbs, it is necessary to combine morphosyntactic features with lexical information.
Hypotheses concerning the phonetic and functional origins of tone displacement in Zulu
Authors: Silverman Daniel
Published: September 2021

High tones in Zulu are displaced rightward from their vowel of origin in the context of preceding "depressor" consonants, a segment type traditionally considered to possess breathy phonation. In this paper, I suggest that physical properties of the speech mechanism-phonetic factors-may have initially induced the apparent rightward "unhinging" of high tones in the context of preceding depressors, and that independent functional factors may have induced the conventionalization of tone displacement. As tones were less likely to neutralize upon displacement, displaced tokens were more often perceived unambiguously, and, hence, were more likely to be reproduced.
Evidence for head raising in Kiswahili relative clauses
Authors: Ngonyani Deo
Published: September 2021

The author presents evidence from Kiswahili supporting a head-raising analysis recently proposed in Kayne (1994) and Bianchi (1999), in which the relative clause is generated as a complement of the determiner. Three kinds of evidence are presented: (1) selectional relations between demonstratives and some relative clauses; (2) quantified noun phrase-pronoun binding, in which the bound pronoun appears inside the head of the relative clause while its binder is located in the relative clause; and (3) relativization of objects comprising part of idiomatic expressions. The evidence supports both the head-raising hypothesis and the determiner complementation hypothesis.
A tonal split in bound argument pronouns in Il-keeknyokie Maa
Authors: Rasmussen Kent
Published: September 2021

This paper describes and accounts for the tonal split between bound argument prefixes of Il-Keekonyokie Maa verbs with (apparently) High and Low tone. Data with the tonal split are given, followed by an analysis showing that the apparent High tone must be lexically unspecified for these prefixes. This analysis is required because a lexical High prefix tone in certain verbs would cause downstep, where down step is not observed. Neutralization of the tone split is then considered, with the data presented and accounted for by an analysis for each of the two verb root classes. The conclusion discusses the need for the apparent word initial High tone to be spread from the stem tone.
The history of the middle in Dogon
Authors: Culy Christopher , Fagan Sarah M.B.
Published: September 2021

Donno So, a Dogon language of Mali, has a class of verbs (C3) that exhibits an interesting set of formal and semantic properties. The verbs in this class have different derivational histories; they also have various typs of meaning (middle; middle-related; non-middle). Although C3 verbs cannot be unified derivationally or semantically, they can all be defined both paradigmatically and in terms of phonotactic constraints, like the other two verb classes in Donno So. Comparison with other Dogon languages shows how the middle evolved in Dogon and how Donno So C3 verbs in turn evolved from the middle. These results expand Kemmer's [1993] discussion of the processes invoved in the evolution of middle systems. The comparison also provides some hypotheses about the history of Dogon.