bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kawasaki syndrome: role of superantigens revisited
Authors: Leung Donald Y. M. , Schlievert Patrick M.
Published: August 2020

Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is an acute vasculitis in children complicated by the development of heart disease. Despite its description over 50 years ago, the etiology of coronary artery disease in KS is unknown. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin is the most effective approach to reduce cardiovascular complications. It remains unclear why patients with KS develop coronary artery aneurysms. A subset of patients is resistant to immunoglobulin therapy. Given the heterogeneity of clinical features, variability of history, and therapeutic response, KS may be a cluster of phenotypes triggered by multiple infectious agents and influenced by various environmental, genetic, and immunologic responses. The cause of KS is unknown, and a diagnostic test remains lacking. A better understanding of mechanisms leading to acute KS would contribute to a more precision medicine approach for this complex disease. In the current viewpoint, we make the case for microbial superantigens as important causes of KS.
Structure‐based design of peptides that trigger Streptococcus pneumoniae cell death
Authors: Kang Sung‐Min , Jin Chenglong , Kim Do‐Hee , Park Sung Jean , Han Sang‐Woo , Lee Bong‐Jin
Published: August 2020

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems regulate key cellular functions in bacteria. Here, we report a unique structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae HigBA system and a novel antimicrobial agent that activates HigB toxin, which results in mRNA degradation as an antibacterial strategy. In this study, protein structure‐based peptides were designed and successfully penetrated the S. pneumoniae cell membrane and exerted bactericidal activity. This result represents the time during which inhibitors triggered S. pneumoniae cell death via the TA system. This discovery is a remarkable milestone in the treatment of antibiotic‐resistant S. pneumoniae, and the mechanism of bactericidal activity is completely different from those of current antibiotics. Furthermore, we found that the HigBA complex shows a crossed‐scissor interface with two intermolecular β‐sheets at both the N and C termini of the HigA antitoxin. Our biochemical and structural studies provided valuable information regarding the transcriptional regulation mechanisms associated with the structural variability of HigAs. Our in vivo study also revealed the potential catalytic residues of HigB and their functional relationships. An inhibition study with peptides additionally proved that peptide binding may allosterically inhibit HigB activity. Overall, our results provide insights into the molecular basis of HigBA TA systems in S. pneumoniae, which can be applied for the development of new antibacterial strategies.

Databases

Structural data are available in the PDB database under the accession number 6AF4.
Etiology and prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly
Authors: Takahashi Fuminari , Takihara Takahisa , Nakamura Noriko , Horio Yukihiro , Enokida Keito , Hayama Naoki , Oguma Tsuyoshi , Aoki Takuya , Masayuki Iwazaki , Asano Koichiro
Published: August 2020

Aim

Spontaneous pneumothorax shows a bimodal age distribution, with the secondary peak including patients aged ≥50 years. The purpose of this study was to clarify the etiology and prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly.

Methods

Patients aged ≥50 years who were admitted to a tertiary university hospital between 2006 and 2016 due to spontaneous pneumothorax were retrospectively investigated.

Results

Among 136 consecutive patients aged ≥50 years with spontaneous pneumothorax (mean age, 70 years; 114 men), 124 (91%) had underlying lung diseases, including pulmonary emphysema (42%) and interstitial pneumonia (27%). The median period of thoracic drainage was longer (14 days) in the cases with interstitial pneumonia than in the cases of primary pneumothorax (4 days; P < 0.001) and emphysema (9 days; P < 0.005). Eighteen patients (13%) died within 180 days after the onset of pneumothorax. The mortality rate was highest in the cases with interstitial pneumonia (27%) and was mostly associated with infectious complications. Death or worsened respiratory failure within 180 days from admission was associated with older age, systemic corticosteroid use and interstitial pneumonia in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions

Pulmonary emphysema is the most common underlying disease associated with spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly population. Pneumothorax associated with interstitial pneumonia is less frequent, but it requires prolonged tube thoracostomy and demonstrates higher mortality and morbidity, particularly in those receiving systemic corticosteroids. Different treatment strategies are warranted for patients with interstitial pneumonia‐related pneumothorax. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 878–884.
Dementia education is the first step for cooperation: An observational study of the cooperation between convenience stores and community general support centers
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroshige , Igarashi Ayumi , Suzuki Miho , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko
Published: August 2020

Aim

The dementia supporter training program is conducted by community general support centers (CGSCs) to raise dementia awareness. Convenience stores are widespread throughout Japan, and they play an important role in the daily lives of older adults. We examined whether participation of convenience stores in the program promotes cooperation between the stores and CGSCs.

Methods

Using data from a nationwide survey, we conducted a longitudinal observational study. Participation of stores in the program and cooperation with CGSC were measured. The proportion of cooperation with CGSCs in 2017 and 2018 were compared between stores that had already participated in the program in 2016 (participation group) and those that did not (non‐participation group).

Results

Of the 14 884 stores, 542 stores participated in the program in 2016. In 2017 and 2018, 8.1% and 7.2% of the participation group cooperated with CGSCs, while 3.2% and 4.0% of the non‐participation group did.

Conclusions

Dementia supporter training programs could be an opportunity to promote cooperation between convenience stores and CGSCs to support older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 956–960.
Continuous venovenous hemodialysis may be effective in digoxin removal in digoxin toxicity: A case report
Authors: Gokalp Cenk , Dogan Aysun Fatma , Aygun Guray , Kurultak Ilhan , Ustundag Sedat
Published: August 2020

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that is used for the treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Besides its careful close follow‐up, toxicity affects nearly 1% of congestive heart failure patients. Cessation of the drug, appropriate electrolyte and rhythm control and digoxin‐Fab antibody are the mainstay for toxicity treatment in these patients. As known, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective by the means of digoxin removal. We present a 66‐year‐old patient who admitted to hospital with digoxin toxicity and severe acute kidney injury. The patient was treated with continuous venovenous hemodialysis because of her hypervolemia, hyperkalemia, cardiac instability, and the thought of probable decrease in digoxin levels concerning the continuous nature of solute clearance. Without the treatment using digoxin‐specific Fab antibodies, the patient's digoxin level was decreased successfully with continuous venovenous hemodialysis. In conclusion, continuous venovenous hemodialysis may be a treatment option in digoxin toxicity especially those who suffer from severe renal dysfunction and cannot access digoxin antidote.
A Historical Review of Headaches: Who First Described Them and When did This Occur?
Authors: Souza Wallyson Pablo de Oliveira , Sousa‐Santos Patrick Mesquita , Silva‐Néto Raimundo Pereira
Published: August 2020

Background

Headache is as old as human history and has been able to report, and the first descriptions were found in Greece and Mesopotamia.

Objective

Our objective was to know the date of the first description of ICHD‐3 headaches, with their respective author.

Methods

We searched for articles that addressed the historical aspects of primary and secondary headaches and painful cranial neuropathies.

Results

Twenty‐seven different headaches were analyzed according to the occurrence of their first description, with the respective author and country of origin.

Conclusions

The knowledge of the first description of ICHD‐3 headaches, with their respective author, showed us how and when the different headaches appeared over the years.
Risk factors for recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection after successful eradication in Chinese children: A prospective, nested case‐control study
Authors: Zhang Yuanda , Dong Qingwei , Tian Lei , Zhang Shaohui , Zuo Naying , Zhang Sisi , Ding Zhaolu
Published: August 2020

Background

Limited research has been published on the recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors in Chinese children. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence after successful eradication in children.

Materials and Methods

A prospective, nested case‐control study was performed. A cohort of 230 children with successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Baoding (China) was selected from January 2018 to February 2019. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain socioeconomic details. Eradication regimens and Helicobacter pylori antibiotic susceptibility testing results were also recorded. Interleukin‐1β level, interferon‐γ level, and genetic susceptibility (IFNGR1 and PTPRZ1 gene polymorphisms) were analyzed. All children were followed for 1 year.

Results

Among 218 (94.8%) children who were successfully followed, 41 children (18.8%) had a Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence. The recurrence rate was higher in children ≤10 years old than >10 years old (22.8% vs 7.1%, P = .01). There was no significant difference between the recurrence group and the non‐recurrence group in terms of types of therapy and antibiotic sensitivity (P > .05). Multivariable regression results indicated that residence in urban areas, higher household income, and having lunch at home were significantly protective against recurrence (OR 0.155, 0.408, and 0.351 respectively), whereas Helicobacter pylori infection in family members increased the risk of recurrence (OR 2.283). The levels of IL‐1β and IFN‐γ exhibited no significant difference between the recurrence group and the non‐recurrence group. The allele frequency of G in the IFNGR1‐56 site, A in the IFNGR1‐600 site, and T in the IFNGR1‐565 site was significantly higher in the recurrence group when compared to the non‐recurrence group (P < .05).

Conclusions

The Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence rate is high in children in Baoding region and is closely correlated to socioeconomic factors. The IFNGR1 gene polymorphism may be an independent risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence.
Diagnostic challenges of intra‐operative frozen consultation for gastrointestinal signet ring cell carcinoma†
Authors: Chen Fengming , Jiang Kun , Han Bing
Published: August 2020

Aims

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is challenging to recognise on intra‐operative frozen sections, with known high false‐negative rates. The objective of this study was to investigate common factors contributing to discrepancies between intra‐operative frozen diagnoses and those made upon review of permanent sections, and summarise our experiences gained and lessons learned on minimising errors on intra‐operative frozen diagnoses of gastrointestinal SRCC.

Methods and results

We retrospectively examined our pathology database from 25 May 2000 to 1 January 2018 and re‐reviewed intra‐operative frozen sections and permanent haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides for specimens confirmed with SRCC on permanent sections. This study includes 83 specimens taken from 50 patients, with an accuracy of 85.5%. Main common factors causing discordance or deferral in recognising SRCC between intra‐operative frozen procedures and permanent sections include: (i) resemblance of clusters of SRCC cells with a myxoid background; (ii) disguise as normal or reactive cells (histiocytes, macrophages, large reactive lymphocytes, plasma cells or adipocytes) due to their relatively clear or depleted cytoplasmic mucin; and (iii) histological sampling errors, leading to misses of small foci of SRCC on frozen section slides.

Conclusions

An accurate diagnosis of SRCC during intra‐operative frozen consultations remains challenging. Based on our experiences and lessons, the most important strategies to reduce diagnostic errors are: (i) understanding the unusual histomorphological features of SRCC cells on frozen sections including, but not limited to, intracellular mucin depletion, absence of desmoplasia and no adjacent pre‐cancer changes; and (ii) close attention to abrupt transition from normal architecture (e.g. glandular or submucosal loose connective tissue) to myxoid and/or inflammatory‐like appearance, which potentially harbours SRCC.
Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 but not HER2 is a potential therapeutic target in gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Abe Hiroyuki , Kunita Akiko , Yamashita Hiroharu , Seto Yasuyuki , Ushiku Tetsuo
Published: August 2020

Aims

Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare and aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis. We aim to investigate expression profiles of HER2 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in gastric NEC to test the potential applicability of drugs targeting these molecules.

Methods and results

Expression levels of HER2 and PD‐L1 were evaluated in 25 gastric NECs, including 10 pure NECs and 15 mixed adenocarcinoma–NECs, and a combined positive score (CPS) was used to evaluate PD‐L1 expression. The correlations of expression levels with both clinicopathological features and the expression of p53, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and mismatch repair proteins were also analysed. Eighteen of the 25 (72%) cases showed a PD‐L1 CPS of ≥ 1, which was previously shown to be associated with response to pembrolizumab. Positive nodal metastasis and low tumour‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) levels at the invasive margin were significantly associated with a PD‐L1 CPS of < 1. The NEC component was HER2‐negative in all cases, whereas HER2 positivity was observed in the adenocarcinoma component of six of 15 (40%) mixed adenocarcinoma–NECs. Mismatch repair deficiency, a mutant pattern of p53 expression and loss of Rb expression were observed in four (16%), 17 (68%) and nine (36%) cases, respectively, although these alterations were not associated with the PD‐L1 CPS or other clinicopathological characteristics.

Conclusions

HER2 is unlikely to be an effective target in gastric NEC owing to the lack of HER2 expression, whereas the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for gastric NEC because of the relatively high prevalence of a PD‐L1 CPS of ≥ 1 in this subtype.
Bending, buckling and torsional resistance of rotary and reciprocating glide path instruments
Authors: Lopes W. S. P. , Vieira V. T. L. , Silva E. J. N. L , Silva M. C. D , Alves F. R. F. , Lopes H. P. , Pires F. R.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To evaluate the bending, buckling and torsional resistance of ProGlider (PG) (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), R‐Pilot (RP) (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WOGG) (Dentsply Sirona).

Methodology

Ninety instruments were used: 30 PG (size 0.16, .02v taper), 30 RP (size 0.125, .04 taper) and 30 WOGG (size 0.15, .02v taper). The bending resistance test was performed on 10 randomly selected instruments of each system according to ISO 3630‐1 specifications. For the buckling resistance test, a loading was applied in the axial direction of each instrument using a universal test machine, with a 20 N cell and 15 mm min−1 speed, in the axial direction. When a lateral elastic displacement of 1 mm occurred, the force was registered. The torsional resistance test was performed according to ISO 3630‐1 specifications. Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way anova and post hoc Student–Newman–Keuls test (P < 0.05).

Results

WOGG had the lowest bending resistance, whilst RP had the highest bending resistance (P < 0.05). RP also had the highest buckling resistance, and WOGG had the lowest (P < 0.05). PG had intermediate results regarding bending and buckling resistance, with significant differences to RP and WOGG (P < 0.05). RP had the highest torsional strength and the lowest angular deflection when compared to PG and WOGG (P < 0.05). No differences in the torsional strength and angular deflection were observed between WOGG and PG (P> 0.05).

Conclusion

The glide path instruments had different behaviours in term of bending, buckling and torsional resistance.
A review: 3D printing of microwave absorption ceramics
Authors: Wang Tingting , Lu Xuefeng , Wang Ao
Published: August 2020

Along with extensive research on the 3D printing and microwave absorption ceramics, 3D printing technology provides a great possibility for microwave absorption ceramics with arbitrary shapes in a faster, cheaper and more flexible way. This review focuses on the latest evolution in the raw materials, the structure design and the advanced additive manufacturing technologies of 3D printing microwave absorption ceramics. Firstly, the representative raw materials are divided into three categories, including ceramic powder, cermet powder and precursor resin. In addition, additives give rise to improvement of microwave absorption properties of ceramics. Secondly, based on two attenuation theories, structure design makes further efforts to enhance the microwave absorption performance of ceramics. Finally, comparisons are made between diversified manufacturing technologies to facilitate the selection of the best ones for different application in practical use. This study presents a summary of research that has been conducted to produce microwave absorption ceramics by additive manufacturing.
The pro‐environmental consumer discourse: A political perspective on organic food consumption
Authors: Saraiva Artur , Fernandes Emília , von Schwedler Moritz
Published: August 2020

Considering Zygmunt Bauman's concept of ‘liquid modernity’ as its starting point, this paper focuses on the need to research alternative methods of consumption and production from an ecological standpoint. Based on 31 in‐depth interviews with highly committed organic consumers residing in urban and rural areas of Portugal, this paper aims to explore the shared discourses which inform on environmentally motivated consumption and its relations with consumers' lives. In order to analyse the qualitative data, discourse analysis was used, while supplemented by content analysis. It was found that the topics converge towards a political consumer discourse featuring three dimensions: the politics of production, the politics of localism and activism. Consumers argue that, by producing their own food according to the principles of agroecology, by looking for organic food within a local context, and by privileging community‐based market channels, they are materializing alternative ideas of social economy, community and ecology. The results of this research provide a better understanding on the establishment of an alternative pathway towards the privatization of responsibility into collective action through the consumption of organic products and the way these are produced.
Influence of kappa‐carrageenan on the gel properties of auricularia auricular‐judae during freeze–thaw cycles
Authors: Dong Yue , Huang Zhanwang , Niu Liya , Xiao Jianhui
Published: August 2020

The effect of kappa‐carrageenan (kC) on the properties of AAJ gel during freeze–thaw cycles (FTC) was investigated in this paper. The results showed that a greater amount of kC significantly increased the storage modulus to a greater extent for cycling 1–7 times, indicating kC enhanced the gel‐like properties of AAJ supported by TPA during FTC. Moreover, reducing the amount of freezable water and enhancing the water holding capacity of AAJ gel demonstrated by the shorter relaxation times and strengthened hydrogen bonding after the addition of kC were determined by LF‐NMR and FT‐IR. In addition, more crystallites and higher peak intensity based on DSC and XRD, as well as more uniform and ordered honeycomb‐like holes in AAJ gel observed by SEM formed by the addition of kC helped for reducing damages from FTC. The findings suggested that 20% kC was significant for developing and improving novel AAJ‐based foods.
Textural and physicochemical predictors of sensory texture and sweetness of boiled plantain
Authors: Kouassi Hermann Antonin , Assemand Emma Fernande , Gibert Olivier , Maraval Isabelle , Ricci Julien , Thiemele Deless Edmond Fulgence , Bugaud Christophe
Published: August 2020

Boiled pulp is a major form of consumption for plantain. We assessed instrumental (puncture test and texture profile analysis) and sensory texture attributes of 13 plantain cultivars, two cooking hybrids and one dessert banana at different stages of ripeness after cooking in boiling water. Firmness, chewiness, stickiness, mealiness, sweetness and moistness described sensory variability, which was greater between stages of ripeness than between types of cultivars. Firmness and chewiness were well‐predicted by instrumental force and hardness (r2 > 0.72), and by soluble solid and dry matter content (r2 > 0.85). Complementary sensitivity analysis revealed that a pulp puncture force or a hardness of at least 2.1 N or of 0.3 N/mm2 was needed before a difference in firmness or chewiness could be perceived; a Brix of 3.7 was required to ensure a detectable difference in sweetness. Rheological and biochemical predictors can be useful for breeders for high‐throughput phenotyping.
L’évolution démographique et l’automatisation, deux enjeux mondiaux pour l’avenir du travail
Authors: ABELIANSKY Ana L. , ALGUR Eda , BLOOM David E. , PRETTNER Klaus
Published: August 2020

Les auteurs s'interrogent sur le nombre des emplois qu'il conviendra de créer demain pour répondre aux besoins engendrés par l'évolution démographique, économique et technologique. Ils font le calcul pour la période 2020‐2030, en se fondant sur des projections de croissance démographique et de taux d'activité et en fixant des taux de chômage cibles. Les résultats sont ventilés par âge et par sexe. Les auteurs tiennent compte également de l'influence du niveau de revenu du pays et de l'automatisation. D'après leurs projections, les besoins de création d'emplois atteindront 340 millions en 2020‐2030, et ils seront imputables à l'évolution démographique bien plus qu'à l'automatisation.
Behavior and development of larvae in the sponge Haliclona amboinensis
Authors: Nada Michael Angelou L. , Baquiran Jake Ivan P. , Cabaitan Patrick C. , Conaco Cecilia
Published: August 2020

Sponges play important roles in marine ecosystems by contributing to habitat complexity and benthopelagic coupling of nutrients. Yet, the reproduction and settlement behaviors of diverse sponge species are not well understood. Here, we examined the brooding demosponge Haliclona amboinensis, which is common on shallow reefs in Bolinao, northwestern Philippines. Gravid sponges were found between the months of May and August, coinciding with warmer sea surface temperature. Sponges released parenchymella larvae from brood chambers in the mid‐morning, suggesting that light and temperature may serve as cues to initiate hatching. Larvae immediately swam toward the surface upon emergence and migrated to the bottom of the tanks 1–2 hr after release. The presence of light and crustose coralline algae induced high larval settlement. Metamorphosis proceeded rapidly in vitro, with larval cells spreading laterally on the substrate. The osculum was first visible at 3 days after settlement. The short pelagic duration of larvae in H. amboinensis promotes local recruitment and may be important for the maintenance of sponge populations in the face of disturbances.
Hexavalent (Me ‐ W/Mo)‐modified (Ba,Ca)TiO3‐Bi(Mg,Me)O3 perovskites for high‐temperature dielectrics
Authors: Schulz Thomas , Veerapandiyan Vignaswaran K. , Gindel Theresa , Deluca Marco , Töpfer Jörg
Published: August 2020

We report on the synthesis of complex lead‐free perovskite‐type (1−x)(Ba0.8Ca0.2)TiO3–xBi(Mg0.75W0.25)O3 (BCT‐xBMW) and (1−x)(Ba0.8Ca0.2)TiO3‐xBi(Mg0.75Mo0.25)O3 (BCT‐xBMM) solid solutions via conventional solid‐state reaction route. The sintering temperature was adjusted as a function of composition x to obtain dense samples (relative densities over 95%) at the same time minimizing bismuth evaporation. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows the formation of single‐phase perovskites for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 in the BCT‐xBMW series and increasing concentrations of impurity phases for x ≥ 0.15 and for x ≥ 0.05 in BCT‐xBMM. A transition from a tetragonal to pseudo‐cubic perovskite structure is observed in BCT‐xBMW and BCT‐xBMM at x = 0.05. The dielectric response has been characterized between −60°C and 300°C for BCT‐xBMW, and between 30°C and 300°C for BCT‐xBMM using impedance spectroscopy, showing a transition from ferroelectric to relaxor‐like behavior at x ≥ 0.05. Additional polarization and Raman spectroscopy measurements reveal the occurrence of highly disordered systems. Analysis of the Raman spectra indicates structural phase changes and lattice modifications caused by chemical substitution. For the composition 0.8Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3‐0.2Bi(Mg0.75W0.25)O3, a temperature‐stable permittivity of about 600 (±15% between −60°C and 300°C) and small losses of tanδ < 0.02 for T ≤ 230°C at 1 kHz are observed, making it a suitable dielectric material for high‐temperature capacitors.
A novel antisense lncRNA NT5E promotes progression by modulating the expression of SYNCRIP and predicts a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Zhang Pengbo , Cao Meng , Zhang Yi , Xu Lei , Meng Fanchao , Wu Xinquan , Xia Tianfang , Chen Qun , Shi Guodong , Wu Pengfei , Chen Lei , Lu Zipeng , Yin Jie , Cai Baobao , Cao Shouji , Miao Yi , Jiang Kuirong
Published: August 2020

A novel antisense lncRNA NT5E was identified in a previous microarray that was clearly up‐regulated in pancreatic cancer (PC) tissues. However, its biological function remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore its function and clinical significance in PC. The lncNT5E expression was determined in PC specimens and cell lines. In vitro and in vivo studies detected the impact of lncNT5E depletion on PC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Western blotting investigated the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. The interaction between lncNT5E and the promoter region of SYNCRIP was detected by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The role of lncNT5E in modulating SYNCRIP was investigated in vitro. Our results showed that lncNT5E was significantly up‐regulated in PC tissues and cell lines and associated with poor prognosis. LncNT5E depletion inhibited PC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in vitro and caused tumorigenesis arrest in vivo. Furthermore, SYNCRIP knockdown had effects similar to those of lncNT5E depletion. A significant positive relationship was observed between lncNT5E and SYNCRIP. Moreover, the dual‐luciferase reporter assays indicated that lncNT5E depletion significantly inhibited SYNCRIP promoter activity. Importantly, the malignant phenotypes of lncNT5E depletion were rescued by overexpressing SYNCRIP. In conclusion, lncNT5E predicts poor prognosis and promotes PC progression by modulating SYNCRIP expression.
Modernization of Environmental Reporting as a Tool to Improve the European Commission's Regulatory Monitoring Capacity
Authors: Bürgin Alexander
Published: August 2020

Recent reforms in the reporting and monitoring process, in particular enabled by advances in digital technology, have made three main contributions to the European Commission's capacity to monitor member states' compliance with EU environmental law. First, quicker access to data has been achieved by increased levels of publicly available electronic data, data processing by the European Environmental Agency, and data harvesting at EU level. Second, comparability of data has been improved by a change to indicator reporting from textual‐based reporting. Finally, improved data from the EU's Earth observation programme, Copernicus, allows better real‐time access to data and double‐check the information provided by the member states. These findings suggest that the digital transformation opens new opportunities for strengthening the Commission's role as enforcer of EU law. However, the improvements in the Commission's monitoring capacity are recent, and quicker access to better data is only one among a number of factors influencing its monitoring capacity.
Human surface anatomy terminology for dermatology: a Delphi consensus from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration
Authors: Navarrete‐Dechent C. , Liopyris K. , Molenda M.A. , Braun R. , Curiel‐Lewandrowski C. , Dusza S.W. , Guitera P. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R. , Kittler H. , Lallas A. , Malvehy J. , Marchetti M.A. , Oliviero M. , Pellacani G. , Puig S. , Soyer H.P. , Tejasvi T. , Thomas L. , Tschandl P. , Scope A. , Marghoob A.A. , Halpern A.C.
Published: August 2020

Background

There is no internationally vetted set of anatomic terms to describe human surface anatomy.

Objective

To establish expert consensus on a standardized set of terms that describe clinically relevant human surface anatomy.

Methods

We conducted a Delphi consensus on surface anatomy terminology between July 2017 and July 2019. The initial survey included 385 anatomic terms, organized in seven levels of hierarchy. If agreement exceeded the 75% established threshold, the term was considered ‘accepted’ and included in the final list. Terms added by the participants were passed on to the next round of consensus. Terms with <75% agreement were included in subsequent surveys along with alternative terms proposed by participants until agreement was reached on all terms.

Results

The Delphi included 21 participants. We found consensus (≥75% agreement) on 361/385 (93.8%) terms and eliminated one term in the first round. Of 49 new terms suggested by participants, 45 were added via consensus. To adjust for a recently published International Classification of Diseases‐Surface Topography list of terms, a third survey including 111 discrepant terms was sent to participants. Finally, a total of 513 terms reached agreement via the Delphi method.

Conclusions

We have established a set of 513 clinically relevant terms for denoting human surface anatomy, towards the use of standardized terminology in dermatologic documentation.
Ascending speed and nocturnal activity of adult masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort) during upstream migration
Authors: Ohkuma Kazumasa , Abe Kunio , Kagaya Manabu , Yamaya Kazuyuki , Okukawa Motokazu , Watanabe Masa‐aki , Yamamoto Takeo
Published: August 2020

We released five adult masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) tagged with external transmitters to track their ascending behaviour. The signals of all specimens were recorded in the upper area of the river system. Two patterns of ascending behaviour were recognized: ascending upward immediately after release and ascending during increased river discharge. The fastest ascending speed was about 1000 m h–1. Active movements were detected at night. The signal recording duration at each receiver for each fish was generally brief. Most fish did not stay at the pools where the receivers were installed.
A Goal‐Theoretic Framework for Parental Screen‐Time Monitoring Behavior
Authors: Owenz Meghan B. , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: August 2020

Children's screen time (i.e., time spent using computers, televisions, mobile devices) has rapidly increased with the development of mobile technology, and this increase has become a matter of serious concern for teachers, parents, family life educators, psychologists, and other health professionals. High usage rates (more than 2 hours per day) have been associated with low‐quality sleep, language acquisition difficulties, and attentional problems in young children. Results of experimental trials to limit screen time have been mixed. Interventions may be improved with guidance from a systematic theoretical framework focused directly on children's well‐being. This article proposes a multifaceted goal‐theoretic approach to reducing screen time through involvement in alternative activities. It is proposed that a focus on approach goals involving shared activities that are constitutive of children's well‐being can naturally displace excessive screen time, enhance child development, reduce parental stress, and improve familial well‐being.
Nucleobindin 2/nesfatin‐1 expression and colocalisation with neuropeptide Y and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript in the human brainstem
Authors: Psilopanagioti Aristea , Makrygianni Maria , Nikou Sofia , Logotheti Souzana , Papadaki Helen
Published: August 2020

Feeding is a complex behaviour entailing elaborate interactions between forebrain, hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits via multiple orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides. Nucleobindin‐2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin‐1 is a negative regulator of food intake and body weight with a widespread distribution in rodent brainstem nuclei. However, its localisation pattern in the human brainstem is unknown. The present study aimed to explore NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 immunoexpression in human brainstem nuclei and its possible correlation with body weight. Sections of human brainstem from 20 autopsy cases (13 males, seven females; eight normal weight, six overweight, six obese) were examined using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence labelling. Strong immunoreactivity for NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 was displayed in various brainstem areas, including the locus coeruleus, medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, pontine nuclei, raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (10N), area postrema, hypoglossal nucleus, reticular formation, inferior olive, cuneate nucleus, and spinal trigeminal nucleus. NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 was shown to extensively colocalise with neuropeptide Y and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript in the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus and solitary tract. Interestingly, in the examined cases, NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 protein expression was lower in obese than normal weight subjects in the solitary tract (P = 0.020). The findings of the present study provide neuroanatomical support for a role for NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 in feeding behaviour and energy balance. The widespread distribution of NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 in the human brainstem nuclei may be indicative of its pleiotropic effects on autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural processes. In the solitary tract, a key integrator of energy status, altered neurochemistry may contribute to obesity. Further research is necessary to decipher human brainstem energy homeostasis circuitry, which, despite its importance, remains inadequately characterised.
The Segond fracture occurs at the site of lowest sub‐entheseal trabecular bone volume fraction on the tibial plateau
Authors: Mullins William , Jarvis Gavin E. , Oluboyede Daniel , Skingle Linda , Poole Ken , Turmezei Tom , Brassett Cecilia
Published: August 2020

In a series of human cadaveric experiments, Dr. Paul Segond first described the avulsion injury occurring at the anterolateral tibial plateau that later took his name. The fracture is thought to arise as a consequence of excessive tibia internal rotation which often also elicits damage to other connective tissue of the knee. The exact mechanism behind the avulsion is, however, unclear. A number of ligamentous structures have been proposed in separate studies to insert into the Segond fragment. Suggestions include the iliotibial band (ITB), biceps femoris and the controversial ‘anterolateral ligament’ (ALL). Despite increasing knowledge of tibial plateau bony microarchitecture in both healthy and disease states, no studies have yet, to our knowledge, considered the role of tibial sub‐entheseal bone structure in pathogenesis of the Segond fracture. The goal of this study was thus to elucidate the differences in trabecular properties at regions across the tibial plateau in order to provide an explanation for the susceptibility of the anterolateral region to avulsion injury. Twenty human tibial plateaus from cadaveric donors were dissected and imaged using a Nikon‐XTH225‐μCT scanner with <80 μm isotropic voxel size. Scans were reconstructed using MicroView 3D Image Viewer and Analysis Tool. Subsequent virtual biopsy at ten anatomically defined regions of interest (ROI) generated estimates of bone volume fraction (‘bone volume divided by total volume’ (BV/TV)). The overall mean BV/TV value across all 20 tibiae and all 10 ROIs was 0.271. Univariate repeated‐measurements ANOVA demonstrated that BV/TV values differed between ROIs. BV/TV values at the Segond site (Sα, Sβ or Sγ) were lower than all other ROIs at 0.195, 0.192 and 0.193, respectively. This suggests that, notwithstanding inter‐ and intra‐specimen variation, the Segond site tends to have a lower trabecular bone volume fraction than entheseal sites elsewhere on the tibia. Since BV/TV correlates with tensile and torsional strength, the lower BV/TV at the Segond site could equate to a region of local weakness in certain individuals which predisposes them to an avulsion injury following the application of force from excessive internal rotation. The low BV/TV recorded at the Segond site also challenges the idea that the fracture occurs due to pull from a discrete ‘anterolateral ligament’, as the tension exerted focally would be expected to elicit a hypertrophic response in line with Frost's Mechanostat hypothesis. Our data would instead agree with the aforementioned reports of the fibrous band at the Segond site being part of a broader insertion of an ‘anterolateral complex’.
Increased usage of smartphones during COVID‐19: Is that blue light causing skin damage?
Authors: Jakhar Deepak , Kaul Subuhi , Kaur Ishmeet
Published: August 2020

Recent reports across the world indicate a tremendous increase in smartphone usage during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This increased use is understandable given the unique international strategies put in place to reduce viral transmission, such as “lockdown” and “work from home”. People are keeping themselves busy by browsing the Internet, using social media, watching tele‐programs, playing games, chatting with friends and/or family, shopping online, etc With increased usage of smartphones, people are getting increased exposure of blue light. Blue light at various wavelengths and variable duration of exposure can cause oxidative damage to skin cells.
Dually Authenticated and Doubly Modern: Institutionalizing jach maaya in the Yucatan Today
Authors: Rhodes Catherine R.
Published: August 2020

Linguistic purist ideologies circulate widely on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. Yucatec Maya speakers differentiate a ‘pure,” “authentic” Maya located in the past from a “mixed,” “corrupted” Maya located in the present. Today, the ideologically “pure,” “authentic” Maya of the past, jach maaya, is gaining a new center of authenticity in the present through its increasing institutionalization. This project is doubly modern in its temporal rupture, which engages the past as authentic and enduring, and rupture with society, which rejects vernacular Maya for institutionally authoritative language practices, produced largely through the science of linguistics. Authenticating jach maaya today through increased institutionalization holds implications for Maya speakers’ livelihoods, vernacular language practices, and understandings of Maya‐ness, as well as for the future of these.
Acting Intuition into Sense: How Film Crews Make Sense with Embodied Ways of Knowing
Authors: Meziani Nora , Cabantous Laure
Published: August 2020

This study contributes to a holistic understanding of sensemaking by going beyond the mind–body dualism. To do so, we focus analytically on a phenomenon that operates at the nexus of mind and body: intuition. By observing four film crews, we unpack how people act their intuition into sense – that is, how they transform, through action, an initial sense (intuition) that is tacit, intimate, and complex into one that is publicly displayed, simpler, and ordered (i.e., a developed sense). Our model identifies two sensemaking trajectories, each of which involves several bodily actions (e.g., displaying feelings, working hands‐on, speaking assertively). These actions enable intuition to express a facet of itself and acquire new properties. This study makes three important contributions. First, it develops the holistic‐relational character of sensemaking by locating it in the relations among multiple loci (cognition, language, body, and materiality) rather than in each one disjunctively. Second, it theorizes embodied sensemaking as a transformative process entailing a rich repertoire of bodily actions. Third, it extends sensemaking research by attending to the physicality and materiality of language in embodied sensemaking.
The Spectrum of MR Imaging Patterns Suggestive of Pediatric Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Children With Cerebral X‐Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Ozturk Kerem , McKinney Alexander M.
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Children receiving chemotherapy, or immunosuppression have an increased risk for pediatric posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (pPRES); pPRES is scantly described in cerebral X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) patients, for which hematopoietic stem cell transplantation improves outcomes. This study aimed to describe distinctive lesion patterns, distribution, and evolution of neuroimaging findings in PRES in a single‐center pediatric cohort of cALD.

METHODS

We retrospectively identified all clinically acquired brain MRIs of children with cALD at a tertiary care university hospital between 1995 and 2020. We reviewed clinical features, conventional MRI, and diffusion‐weighted imaging findings of patients with gray matter and white matter (WM) changes suggestive of concurrent PRES‐cALD. Associations between the distinctive anatomic features, distribution, and abnormal signal intensity on MRI were examined with regard to the etiology and clinical outcome.

RESULTS

Our search revealed a series of eight pediatric cALD patients presenting with seizures, headache, or altered mental status with MRI findings suggestive of both PRES and cALD simultaneously. In each, the cortical‐subcortical vasogenic edema on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery was consistent with pPRES, overlying the periventricular WM (PVWM) involvement typical of cALD. Of these 8 patients, the cortical‐subcortical lesions on FLAIR were completely reversible on follow‐up MRI in 7, but only partially reversible in 1.

CONCLUSIONS

It is crucial to recognize that pPRES can occur in cALD, notably, the cortical edema and leptomeningeal enhancement can accelerate the diagnosis of superimposed pPRES, while the PVWM lesions of cALD remain following the resolution of pPRES.
Risk, Protection, and Identity Development in High‐Achieving Black Males in High School
Authors: Houston Stacey L. , Pearman Francis A. , McGee Ebony O.
Published: August 2020

The resilience of high‐achieving Black male students is often overshadowed in scholarly literature by narratives of deficit, disorder, and disdain that position Black males as particularly vulnerable in educational spaces. This study builds from two prior analyses of a group of mathematically high‐achieving Black males living in high‐poverty urban communities and attending underresourced schools during their middle school years and focuses on the external risk and protective factors these students experienced during high school. Findings suggest that Black male high achievers were forced to overcome a confluence of institutional and curricular barriers while leveraging relational and organizational resources that promoted positive identity development and mathematics achievement.
Is it necessary to evaluate urinary tract infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection?
Authors: Kim Jeong Min , Koo Ja Wook , Kim Hyo‐Bin
Published: August 2020

Aim

Although the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has been reported as 3.1–10.0%, the exact concomitant prevalence is questionable. Here, we evaluated the prevalence and related risk factors of UTI associated with LRTI in children under 36 months of age.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 1574 patients under 36 months of age who were hospitalised with LRTI from January 2017 to December 2019 in a single centre, Seoul, South Korea. Among them, we analysed 278 patients who showed fever and performed urine evaluation. Urine was collected by catheterisation in children under 24 months of age and by voided urine between 24 and 36 months of age.

Results

The prevalence of concomitant UTI and LRTI was 13.6% in children under 24 months of age. Mean age was significantly younger in the UTI versus non‐UTI group (6.93 ± 7.26 months vs. 12.61 ± 11.70 months;P < 0.001). When the participants were stratified by age, the prevalence of UTI was significantly higher in children younger than 24 months of age compared to older ones (P= 0.006). UTIs were more prevalent in boys than in girls (14.6% vs. 5.8%,P= 0.018). Peak body temperature, fever duration, premature birth and detected respiratory virus type did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

It is not uncommon for children with LRTI with fever to be accompanied by UTI. When evaluating for UTI in children with febrile LRTI, age and sex must be considered.
Elimination of typhoid: Possibility or pipe dream?
Authors: Purcell Rachael , Pollard Andrew J
Published: August 2020

The elimination of typhoid would have a substantial impact on the health of millions of people living in South and Southeast Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. Like many diseases before it, there are significant challenges to elimination, including access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation practices, the availability of a vaccine, the identification and management of chronic carriers and the emergence of anti‐microbial resistance. While provision of clean water and adequate sanitation must remain the ultimate goal, in the short term, required to cornerstone elimination in endemic areas, is an efficacious vaccine. Recent evidence of effectiveness with a tetanus‐toxoid conjugate vaccine offers an opportunity for an immunogenic and safe vaccine able to be delivered to young children. Shown to be efficacious in Nepal, where infection is endemic, it may be a viable option in public health programmes moving towards elimination.
Kawasaki disease fact check: Myths, misconceptions and mysteries
Authors: Butters Coen , Curtis Nigel , Burgner David P
Published: August 2020

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an important cause of childhood vasculitis and a common cause of acquired heart disease in children world‐wide. The emergence of Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome‐Temporally Associated with SARS‐CoV‐2, a KD‐like hyperinflammatory syndrome and the recent death of Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki make this a timely review. Although KD was described by Dr Kawasaki over 50 years ago, there is still no specific diagnostic test and the aetiology remains elusive. This article summarises the latest evidence, highlights important myths and misconceptions and discusses some of the mysteries that surround this disease.