bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust gut-specific gene expression in transgenic
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes
Authors: Moreira Luciano A. , Edwards Marten J. , Adhami Faisal , Jasinskiene Nijole , James Anthony A. , Jacobs-Lorena Marcelo
Published: July 2002

Genetic modification of the vectorial capacity of mosquito
vectors of human disease requires promoters capable of driving gene
expression with appropriate tissue and stage specificity. We report on
the characterization in transgenic
Aedes aegypti
of two
mosquito gut-specific promoters. A 1.4-kb DNA fragment adjacent to the
5′ end of the coding region of the
Ae. aegypti
carboxypeptidase (
AeCP
) gene and a corresponding 3.4-kb
DNA fragment at the 5′ end of the
Anopheles gambiae
carboxypeptidase (
AgCP
) gene were linked to a firefly
luciferase reporter gene and introduced into the
Ae.
aegypti
germ line by using
Hermes
and
mariner
(
Mos1
) transposons. Six
independent transgenic lines were obtained with the
AeCP
construct and one with the
AgCP
construct. Luciferase
mRNA and protein were abundantly expressed in the guts of transgenic
mosquitoes in four of the six
AeCP
lines and in the
AgCP
line. Expression of the reporter gene was
gut-specific and reached peak levels at about 24 h post-blood
ingestion. The
AeCP
and
AgCP
promoters
can be used to drive the expression of genes that hinder parasite
development in the mosquito gut.
Genomic interval engineering of mice identifies a novel modulator of triglyceride production
Authors: Zhu Yiwen , Jong Miek C. , Frazer Kelly A. , Gong Elaine , Krauss Ronald M. , Cheng Jan-Fang , Boffelli Dario , Rubin Edward M.
Published: July 2002

To accelerate the biological annotation of novel genes discovered in sequenced regions of mammalian genomes, we are creating large deletions in the mouse genome targeted to include clusters of such genes. Here we describe the targeted deletion of a 450-kb region on mouse chromosome 11, which, based on computational analysis of the deleted murine sequences and human 5q orthologous sequences, codes for nine putative genes. Mice homozygous for the deletion had a variety of abnormalities, including severe hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic and cardiac enlargement, growth retardation, and premature mortality. Analysis of triglyceride metabolism in these animals demonstrated a several-fold increase in hepatic very-low density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion, the most prevalent mechanism responsible for hypertriglyceridemia in humans. A series of mouse BAC and human YAC transgenes covering different intervals of the 450-kb deleted region were assessed for their ability to complement the deletion induced abnormalities. These studies revealed that
OCTN2
, a gene recently shown to play a role in carnitine transport, was able to correct the triglyceride abnormalities. The discovery of this previously unappreciated relationship between
OCTN2
, carnitine, and hepatic triglyceride production is of particular importance because of the clinical consequence of hypertriglyceridemia and the paucity of genes known to modulate triglyceride secretion.
Relative contributions of distinct MHC class I-dependent cell populations in protection to tuberculosis infection in mice
Authors: Sousa Alexandra O. , Mazzaccaro Richard J. , Russell Robert G. , Lee Francis K. , Turner Oliver C. , Hong Seokmann , Van Kaer Luc , Bloom Barry R.
Published: July 2002

A necessary role for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in protection againstMycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) has been suggested by studies of the β2-microglobulin-deficient mouse, which is unable to present antigens through MHC class I and class I-like molecules and invariably succumbs early after infection. To identify the relative contributions of distinct putative MHC class I-dependent cell populations in protection against tuberculosis, we compared a variety of gene-disrupted mouse strains for susceptibility to MTB infection. Among the strains tested, the most susceptible mice, as measured by survival time and bacterial loads, were the β2-microglobulin−/−, followed by transporter associated with antigen processing deficient (TAP1−/−), CD8α−/−, perforin−/−, and CD1d−/−mice. These findings indicated that (i) CD8+T cells contribute to protection against MTB, and their protective activity is only partially dependent on perforin; (ii) β2-microglobulin-dependent T cell populations distinct from CD8+T cells also contribute to anti-MTB immunity; and (iii) protective immune mechanisms are predominantly TAP-dependent, although TAP-independent mechanisms also contribute to protection. Because CD1d-deficient animals were fully resistant to MTB, other TAP-independent mechanisms must contribute to protection. We suggest here that both classical and nonclassical MHC class I-restricted T cells, distinct from CD1d-restricted cells, may be involved in protective immune responses against tuberculosis.
Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: Synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices
Authors: Dworkin Jason P. , Deamer David W. , Sandford Scott A. , Allamandola Louis J.
Published: July 2002

Interstellar gas and dust constitute the primary material from
which the solar system formed. Near the end of the hot early phase of
star and planet formation, volatile, less refractory materials were
transported into the inner solar system as comets and interplanetary
dust particles. Once the inner planets had sufficiently cooled, late
accretionary infall seeded them with complex organic compounds
[Oró, J. (1961)
Nature (London)
190,
389–390; Delsemme, A. H. (1984)
Origins Life
14,
51–60; Anders, E. (1989)
Nature (London)
342, 255–257;
Chyba, C. F. & Sagan, C. (1992)
Nature (London)
355,
125–131]. Delivery of such extraterrestrial compounds may have
contributed to the organic inventory necessary for the origin of life.
Interstellar ices, the building blocks of comets, tie up a large
fraction of the biogenic elements available in molecular clouds. In our
efforts to understand their synthesis, chemical composition, and
physical properties, we report here that a complex mixture of molecules
is produced by UV photolysis of realistic, interstellar ice analogs,
and that some of the components have properties relevant to the origin
of life, including the ability to self-assemble into vesicular
structures.
Self‐discrepancy and Depressive Experiences among Chinese Early Adolescents: Significance of Identity and the Undesired Self
Authors: Cheung Siu‐Kau
Published: July 2002

The paper addresses the cultural bias in the conceptualization and assessment of the self construct inherent in self‐discrepancy theory proposed by Higgins. It argues that discrepancies between actual and undesired selves conceived in terms of salient identity should be better predictors of depressive experiences among Chinese early adolescents than the popular notion of actual:ideal discrepancies conceived in terms of individuated self. Eighty‐four Chinese early adolescents drawn from the normal population in Hong Kong participated in the study, adopting a short‐term two‐wave prospective design. Empirical support was obtained showing that self‐discrepancies conceived in terms of salient identity and discrepancies between actual and undesired selves were stronger predictors of depressive experiences over time. The findings were interpreted from the perspectives of Chinese culture and the development of self understanding.
An Aftermath of Globalisation? East Asian Economic Turmoil and Japanese Cities Adrift
Authors: Kamo Toshio
Published: July 2002

City-regions in Japan, along with its national economy at large, suffered a long lasting recession in the 1990s. In retrospect, this recession was a precedent of or a prelude to the east Asian economic crisis of 1997. The sequence of financial crashes and subsequent recessions that swept over east Asian economies in the past decade is recognisable as an aftermath of economic globalisation since the 1980s in this region. The urban economic malaise in major Japanese cities, Tokyo and Osaka in particular, can be explained by contradictory relations between two major dimensions of globalisation: globalisation of goods-producing/trading activities and that of financial trades. After describing what happened in the Tokyo and Osaka economies in the 1990s, the paper attempts to explain why it happened, applying the two-dimensional model of globalisation.
Competing to be Regional Centres: A Multi-agency, Multi-locational Perspective
Authors: Ho K.C.
Published: July 2002

This paper recognises that the economic fabric of cities has to be considered as a dynamic outcome of aggregate outcomes of decisions by different agents made with reference to other competing locations. Drawing on interview material from a multi-industry and multi-city sample as well as company listings compiled in three countries, this paper illustrates the location dynamics of regional functions of multinational companies and the consequences these investments have on cities. The strategic actions by these firms to match activity to place attributes are examined in relation to efforts by governments to attract regional functions.
Financial Services and the Urban System: An Exploration
Authors: Parr John B. , Budd Leslie
Published: July 2002

Financial services have come to represent an increasingly important sector in the economies of developed nations. Although a substantial literature has accumulated on this topic, relatively little attention has been given to the locational aspects of financial services. An attempt is made here to examine the spatial structure of this sector in terms of the urban system, drawing on the principles of central-place theory, the limitations and applicability of which are considered. This is followed by a discussion of the salient features of financial services within the overall urban system. After describing the differentiation of financial services in frequency terms, the hierarchical structure of the UK urban system is outlined. These two aspects are then related, in order to demonstrate the ordered nature of the spatial structure of financial services. There follows a brief discussion of the findings and their implications for future work.
Urban Economic Structure and the Optimal Rail System
Authors: Crampton Graham R.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we develop a simple theoretical framework to compute optimal urban-rail station spacing, first with a one- and then with a two-dimensional population density distribution. For small numbers of stations, numerical methods maximising total passenger-km give the optimal spacings, and it is found that stations should indeed be significantly more dispersed in the suburbs. The fixed nature of station infrastructure, however, means that as urban density patterns evolve, the stations will progressively become located in the wrong positions, with associated efficiency losses. Numerical methods are also used to estimate the seriousness of these efficiency losses in the simplest cases. The findings on station spacing are compared with the urban-rail systems of London, Munich, Paris and Washington, DC.
Is Australia's Home-ownership Rate Really Stable? An Examination of Change between 1975 and 1994
Authors: Yates Judith
Published: July 2002

Australia has exhibited a remarkably stable home-ownership rate of 70 per cent for over thee decades. However, this paper questions whether this rate is sustainable. Decomposition techniques based on tenure choice models are used to provide evidence of changing homeownership patterns in Australia between 1975 and 1994. The results indicate a distinct change in home-ownership propensities which is neither uniform across age-groups, nor uniform for different household types with both the same and with different levels of income. A number of tentative explanations are proposed, each of which provides the basis for further research on the factors affecting household tenure decisions. This is essential if the potential for a significant decline in home-ownership is to be seen as a matter of concern.
Windfall Sites for Housing: An Underestimated Resource
Authors: Walton William
Published: July 2002

The current government has stated that at least 60 per cent of the projected 4.4 million new houses required between 1991 and 2016 should be built on 'brownfield' sites. Many of these sites will be 'windfall' sites—i.e. sites which unexpectedly become available for redevelopment during the plan period. Current government planning policy guidance in both England and Scotland places a significant restriction on the allowances that might be made by local authorities for windfall sites when preparing their strategic land-use development plans and their housing land audits. The effect of this policy restriction is to pressurise local authorities into releasing larger areas of open countryside for housing development than is mathematically necessary. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the allowances for windfall sites made over a 12-year period by the former Grampian Regional Council for the Aberdeen area of north-east Scotland and contrasts this against actual levels of windfall development. It concludes that far more open countryside has been allocated for development than has actually been required and recommends the adoption of a more incrementalist and cautious approach to land release.
Pioneers and Settlers in Lo-Do Denver: Private Risk and Public Benefits in Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Weiler Stephan
Published: July 2002

Older industrial districts, often rich with history and architecture, are paradoxically central yet decaying features of the modern US urban landscape. However, several such areas are experiencing major renaissances through individual sparks of private business investment. Lower Downtown (LoDo) Denver is a well-known example of this phenomenon; less recognised is the influential role of craft breweries in its rebirth. This paper first explores a game-theoretical framework for understanding the private strategies in such pioneer enterprises, along with the potential market failures and externalities involved. A case study of the LoDo experience is then presented to highlight both the theoretical and policy perspectives of the research.
Discretionary Profit in Subsidised Housing Markets
Authors: Nentjes Andries , Schopp Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

In the subsidised housing sector, building corporations can use their market power as purchasers to raise output of subsidised housing to a level higher than it is with perfect competition on both sides of the market. This holds true if the building society is perfectly X-efficient. The proposition is not necessarily true if the corporation maximises a utility function in which discretionary profit, or organisational slack, is an argument. The X-inefficient building society may set output higher or lower than with perfect competition. If the government grants a fixed subsidy per house and tries to constrain X-inefficiency by imposing a maximum price, this might be an incentive for the building corporation to maintain a planned shortage of subsidised houses. However, housing shortages will be smaller and welfare possibly greater than it is with perfect competition. The existence of a perfectly competitive non-subsidised housing sector is for the building corporation an incentive to increase strategically the output of subsidised housing and reduce planned shortages; but it does not necessarily eliminate such shortages.
Large City Interaction in the US Urban System
Authors: Esparza Adrian X. , Krmenec Andrew J.
Published: July 2002

Mounting interest in the global system of cities has led many scholars to portray large, world-class cities as control points in the global economy. From this position, they govern global banking, finance and international corporate relations with the assistance of advanced business services and telecommunications. While large cities have taken on many global functions, recent research has cast them only as outposts in the global economy and pays little attention to their role in regional and national economies. This paper explores the role of five large US cities in regional and national economies. Using primary trade data for five high-order business services, we identify the extent to which these large cities trade with other large cities of the US urban system, smaller-sized cities, and test statistically the effect that firm attributes and physical characteristics of the city system have on shaping the areal extent of large city interaction (trade). The results indicate that: trade is consistently biased towards other large cities; the size of origin cities is associated with the size of destination cities; and, distance more so than destination city size plays the dominant role in shaping large city patterns of trade.
Regional Policy through Co-operation: From Urban Forum to Urban Network
Authors: Arndt Michael , Gawron Thomas , Jahnke Petra
Published: July 2002

A 'model of decentralised concentration' has evolved in the region of Berlin-Brandenburg in response to the European principle of polycentric development for urban regions. The paper describes strategies which seek to implement this new regional planning guideline. The formation of an urban forum as a co-ordinating body has initiated a course of development which attempts to link aspects of both horizontal and vertical policy co-ordination within a framework of territorial integration (networking). The paper analyses this innovative instrument of urban and regional development. The authors focus on the process of co-operation, beginning with the looser form practised in the urban forum by the towns which participated and evolving towards defined contractual and institutional relations in the form of a networked urban workgroup. Finally, they evaluate the objectives achieved and the financial and legal instruments applied.
What Makes a Landlord? Ownership of Real Estate by US Households
Authors: Shroder Mark
Published: July 2002

Households supply about three-quarters of US rental housing. The paper examines the real estate investment decision and the proportion of wealth invested in real estate. Hypotheses drawn primarily from the real estate finance literature about the role of wealth, expected inflation, human capital, income tax rates, race, health, risk aversion and inheritance are tested against data from the Health and Retirement Study. Wealth has a powerful non-linear effect on ownership of real estate, but ownership is negatively associated with human capital. Marginal tax rates, race and property gifts affect real estate investment; poor health, risk aversion and expected inflation do not seem to.
Ideologies of `Upgrading' in Singapore Public Housing: Post-modern Style, Globalisation and Class Construction in the Built Environment
Authors: Goh Robbie B. H.
Published: July 2002

Studies of Singapore public housing have tended to emphasise the ways in which urban planning and housing policies have contributed to rapid infrastructural development in the 1970s and 1980s while maintaining racial harmony and providing affordable housing to the majority of the population. In the 1990s, a series of `upgrading' exercises in many Singapore Housing and Development Board (HDB) estates have signalled a change in the status and function of public housing within Singapore's project to position itself as a global city. These transformations in the built environment are part of a larger process of social transformation not merely in terms of housing policy, but also in terms of issues of governance, class and social mobility, community and value systems. The centrality of public housing in Singapore's built environment, together with the sensitivity of its relationship to social indicators of upward mobility, make it a key indicator of the issues facing Singapore as it attempts to position itself as a global city. In particular, the move from a 'modern' to 'post-modern' architectural style signals the government's attempt at the same time to mark Singapore's arrival as a global city, to anticipate and manage social and economic divides and to construct a possible space for increasing public input and expression.
The Changing Tenant Profile of Dutch Social Rented Housing
Authors: Schutjens Veronique A. J. M. , van Kempen Ronald , van Weesep Jan
Published: July 2002

This article deals with the changes in the tenant profile of the social rented stock in the Netherlands. It is inspired by the question whether the sector may be subject to a residualisation trend. The wider importance of such a phenomenon is that of the social marginalisation of the people concerned in general. Moreover, if the position of the social rented stock can be shown to be deteriorating, it would also illustrate a tendency to social polarisation in the redefined welfare state. Social and income polarisation in Western societies has been extensively investigated but, so far, polarisation tendencies in housing have largely been ignored. This article seeks to show that this omission should be rectified because changes in tenant profiles reveal wider developments. It also aims to uncover the impact of policy in this respect. The analysis of the changing position of the social rented sector during the period leading up to and following the housing policy reform of 1989 constitutes the core of the paper. The aim of that policy change was to improve the match between the tenants' ability to pay and the cost of housing as a means of reducing the burden of rent subsidies on the state. The reform has been hailed as an example of the effectiveness of policy-making. However, the analysis shows that the role of the social rented sector had already been shifting during the 1980s, well before the announcement of the overhaul of housing policy. This result illustrates that policy may simply codify decisions made in a network of actors rather than initiate change on its own accord.
E-commerce, Competitiveness and Local and Regional Governance in Greater Manchester and Merseyside: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Evans Richard
Published: July 2002

This paper assesses two northern cities' relative attractiveness to firms supplying e-commerce services and the relative significance and impact of supportive local and regional interventions. Contrary to the hype, e-commerce has not as yet fundamentally changed the relative status of these two city-regions and appears to be reinforcing existing power relations, hierarchies and income distribution. Local interventions remain at the formative stage and as yet are not as critical as market criteria such as the price of Internet access and central government policies relating to regulation, data protection, security and tax. Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) have, however, played a pivotal role in both cities in spawning spin-off companies and supplying higher-order skills. Greater efforts have been made to provide appropriate business support services in Greater Manchester. There is scope to develop regional policies with an e-commerce component, given continuing imbalances.
Recent US Urban Change and Policy Initiatives
Authors: Stegman Michael A.
Published: July 2002

This paper provides an account of recent urban change and policy initiatives in the US. The paper describes how processes of global change have impacted upon economic activity and social life in the US, leading to the decline and isolation of inner-city areas. The urban, housing and community development policies of the Clinton administration, which aim to enable these communities to rejoin the economic mainstream, are then discussed. These strategies include: tackling homelessness addressing the problems of distressed public housing communities ; the expansion of affordable housing (with an emphasis on home-ownership); opening housing markets to all Americans regardless of race and ethnic origins; and, increasing the economic opportunities of inner-city populations.
Demographic Aspects of Social Change: Implications for Strategic Housing Policy
Authors: Paris Chris
Published: July 2002

This paper endeavours to elucidate some of the connections between housing and society through a review of recent debates on social change, demography and housing, and by reference to an applied study of demographic change and housing policy in Northern Ireland. The paper finds that demographic change and labour market restructuring, in combination, have been crucial factors in the transformation of the nature of social housing provision which is better described as part of a wider socio-tenurial polarisation than as state policy-driven residualisation.
Intra-metropolitan Productivity Variations of Selected Manufacturing and Business Service Sectors: What Can We Learn from Los Angeles?
Authors: Astrakianaki Aji Maria
Published: July 2002

This paper explores an empirical issue: the extent to which access to various labour skills and other economic activity in Los Angeles can explain observed intra-urban variations in productivity of selected manufacturing and business service sectors. In addressing this issue, an empirical model is developed based on traditional location theory and productivity methodologies. The empirical results indicate that the influence of skilled labour access on firm productivity is stronger than the influence of access to other firms in the metropolitan area. Thus, employment decentralisation is the rational response of firms to the residential choices of a skilled labour force. The findings raise questions about the mobility of labour within metropolitan areas, and the impact of policies that would improve the mobility of less skilled labour between central cities and the suburban employment centres.
Entry in Greek Manufacturing Industry: Athens vs the Rest of Greece
Authors: Louri H. , Anagnostaki V.
Published: July 2002

The paper reports an attempt to estimate the determinants of entry in Greek manufacturing industry in the 1984-87 period and to identify the differences between locational entry preferences. Entry in Athens is found to be hesitant with respect to factors such as profitability and increased competition. Conversely, entry in the rest of the country is strongly related to expected profits and safe markets, negatively affected by relative labour costs and indifferent to international competition threats. The 'healthier' approach of regional entry is enhancing regional development prospects and partly justifies the strict regional policies of the 1980s.
The Relationship between Income Inequality and City Size: A General Equilibrium Model of an Open System of Cities Approach
Authors: Alperovich Gershon
Published: July 2002

A conclusion which emerges from studies of the factors affecting income inequality among cities is that many are connected through a number of different mechanisms with city size. The explanations are derived from partial equilibrium models of the labour market and ignore considerations associated with labour mobility among cities. To remedy this deficiency our paper employs a well developed general equilibrium model of an open system of cities to characterise the relationship between city size and income inequality that emerges. An outstanding conclusion derived is that, unlike existing explanations which provide justifications only for a unidirectional—positive or negative—rotation between city size and income inequality, the general equilibrium model applies no restrictions on the direction of the relation. Additional restrictions are therefore needed to justify a positive or negative relation. For instance, if households with high income have relative preferences for non-traded goods, whose prices are shown to rise with city size, while households with low income have relative preferences for traded goods, inequality will rise with city size. Conversely, if households with low income have relative preferences for non-traded goods while high-income households have relative preferences for traded goods, income inequality will decline with city size. The model is employed to derive a few propositions regarding the direction of the relation under diverse conditions. These propositions provide plausible explanations for certain relations which may prove to be useful for testing the relevancy of our model. The explanations are more flexible than previous explanations since they can cope with a wider range of predictions, including a reversal of the relation, compatible with empirical observations.
The Effects of Industrial Structure and Resources upon the Distribution of Fast-growing Small Firms among US Urbanised Areas
Authors: Friedman Judith J.
Published: July 2002

The organisational structure of a community, especially the local mix of industries and the stock of organisations able to provide resources useful to small firms, affects the community's ability to generate and to sustain small, fast-growing business firms. Several business magazines identify 'top' small public firms annually. This paper uses tobit analysis to compare the number of such firms generated within each of 208 urbanised areas during the 1980s. The number of new 'top' firms in an urbanised area increases with industrial diversity, the extent of growth industries, economic growth, overall economic size and the extent of local venture capital. Urbanised areas with a major university, with a highly-educated population, or with sports organisations also have more 'top' firms. Thus diverse aspects of the community's mix of organisations help to explain the generation and the growth of additional small business organisations.
Policy Networks and Housing Regeneration in England and Sweden
Authors: Elander Ingemar
Published: July 2002

During recent decades, rented housing estates all over Europe have become the object of a flood of programmes aimed at physical and social renewal and regeneration. Drawing upon network theory, in this paper a conceptual framework is presented and tentatively applied in a comparative study of rented housing regeneration and area improvement in England and Sweden. Although the contours of broadly similar policy communities in the two countries could be found, there were also striking differences in network formation. Thus, in England the Department of the Environment seems to play a more prominent role in policy-making and implementation than its Swedish counterpart, while in Sweden the municipal housing companies, the local authorities and the tenants' organisations take part more actively in the policy process than is the case in England. Closely related to these findings it is argued that there are also some lessons for practical use that could be learnt from the analysis, although one then has to be careful not to overlook the context-bound specificities, at the national as well as the local level.
Rank-Size Distribution and the Process of Urban Growth
Authors: Guerin-Pace France
Published: July 2002

From data on French cities' population covering almost two centuries, the viability of rank-size parameters for describing the evolution of city size distributions is tested. We first demonstrate the sensitivity of the Pareto's exponent to the variations of city sample size. The population threshold for which the adjustment of the city size distribution remains stable appears considerably lower than usually admitted. Then it is shown that the non-Paretian behaviour of city size distributions which appears in some censuses can be linked to the particular growth process of middle-sized cities. It can be explained in terms of deviations of Gibrat's law of proportionate effect and modelled in a simple way.
Place Your Bets: Towards an Understanding of Globalisation, Socio-financial Engineering and Competition within a Financial Centre
Authors: Pryke Michael , Lee Roger
Published: July 2002

Globalisation and technical change increase the intensity of competition within and between financial centres already subject to competitive pressures from an apparently highly mobile financial capital. However, financial production is shaped by its complex, socially constructed cultural geography through which the variety of its markets take place and its profits are defined and made. The production of mortgage-backed securities within the City of London illustrates the argument.
Supply Chains, Material Linkage and Regional Development
Authors: Twomey J. , Tomkins J.M.
Published: July 2002

The importance of economic linkage to regional development has been implicit in the variety of approaches that have been taken to analysing the development process. Despite this, no mechanism exists which allows a general assessment of regional supply networks. The paper provides one approach to this type of evaluation in UK regions. Focusing on the North West of England and taking UK input-output tables as the basis of analysis, sectoral linkages with supply potential are identified and their magnitude estimated. The paper reveals both the scope for extending material linkages and generating employment in this region of the UK as well as confirming the important role played by manufacturing industries in intermediate supply chains.
Creating the Garden City: The Singapore Experience
Authors: Yuen Belinda
Published: July 2002

Compared to the American and English park movement, the development of parks in Singapore has a relatively short history, beginning only in the 1960s. Yet it calls attention to one major dynamic: its development has grown out of an effort to solve the problems arising from the twin processes of industrialisation and urbanisation. This paper examines the trajectory of park development in Singapore, identifying the main phases and factors in its development.
Workplace Location, Modal Split and Energy Use for Commuting Trips
Authors: Naess Petter , Sandberg Synneve Lyssand
Published: July 2002

A study of six companies in Greater Oslo indicates that both the modal split and the energy use for journeys to work are to a high extent influenced by the geographical location of the workplace. Employees of workplaces in peripheral, low-density parts of the urban area are far more frequent car drivers and use considerably more energy for journeys to work than employees of workplaces located in central, high-density areas. A study of long-term consequences of workplace relocations within the urban area shows that the immediate increase in average commuting distance of a workplace moving to the urban fringe, has not been reversed by subsequent turnover and residential changes among the employees.
Urban Form, Energy and the Environment: A Review of Issues, Evidence and Policy
Authors: Anderson William P. , Kanaroglou Pavlos S. , Miller Eric J.
Published: July 2002

The spatial configuration of cities and its relationship to the urban environment has recently been the subject of empirical, theoretical and policy research. Because of the disciplines involved, relevant articles are scattered over a large number of journals. The objective of this paper is to put the issues in perspective by reviewing the basic concepts and relationships involved, and to evaluate critically the current state of knowledge about urban form, energy utilisation and the environment. The scope of the paper is limited to urban transport energy use and the associated emissions. Suggestions for further progress in the field are offered, with emphasis placed on integrated urban models as useful and policy-sensitive analytical tools.
Measuring the Affordability of Home-ownership
Authors: Bourassa Steven C.
Published: July 2002

Typical measures of the affordability of home-ownership are based on aggregate data that ignore the distribution of incomes and wealth and the range of house prices. An analysis of household survey data provides a means for overcoming those problems; however, numerous conceptual and methodological issues are involved in the use of survey data to measure affordability. This paper builds on previous analyses of those issues by Grigsby and Rosenburg and others and proposes a borrowing constraint method. That method is applied to household survey data from 1989/90 for Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. The paper simulates hypothetical changes in minimum deposit requirements and interest rates. Among its other findings, the paper concludes that, under any of the scenarios considered, only small percentages of renting households would have been able to afford home-ownership without putting themselves into poverty.
Changes in the Distribution of Poverty across and within the US Metropolitan Areas, 1979-89
Authors: Madden Janice Fanning
Published: July 2002

Between 1980 and 1990, urban and suburban poverty rates grew further apart within US metropolitan areas and at an accelerating rate for those cities with the greatest concentrations of metropolitan poverty. This study measures the effects of changes in social, demographic, economic and structural characteristics of metropolitan areas on the changes in metropolitan poverty rates and in the spatial concentration of that poverty in their central cities.
Urban Power, International Networks and Competition: The Example of Cross-border Cooperation
Authors: Church Andrew , Reid Peter
Published: July 2002

The involvement of urban and regional governments in transnational cooperative arrangements and policy networks has led to considerable debate regarding the political and theoretical implications. This paper examines networking and cooperation between urban areas and regions in the UK and France with a shared sea border. Such cross-border cooperation involving local authorities in Europe is a growing phenomenon and has certain implications for the analysis of local and urban politics. Three study areas are examined in detail: the Transmanche region involving Kent County Council and the French region Nord-Pas-de-Calais; the Transmanche Metropole which includes Southampton, Portsmouth, Bournemouth and Poole in Britain and Caen, Rouen and Le Havre in France; the cooperative initiative between the English county of East Sussex and the French departements of Somme and Seine-Maritime. In all three case studies, the development of cooperation has been influenced by the availability of funds from the European Union Interreg programme which supports transfrontier networking. A number of political consequences of cross-border cooperation are identified. The implications of these policy initiatives for theories of urban politics are considered, including a discussion of the political and economic construction of competition and cooperation between cities and regions.
Local Governance and the Racialisation of Urban Policy in the UK: The Case of Urban Development Corporations
Authors: Brownill Sue , Razzaque Konnie , Stirling Tamsin , Thomas Huw
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the impact of changing patterns of local governance on black and ethnic minority influence over urban policy, focusing on Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) as one aspect of local governance. Evidence is drawn from a recent study of six UDCs. The paper concludes that a contradictory and variable pattern of black and ethnic minority influence is emerging, with processes of exclusion and inclusion occurring, and there is evidence that the emerging system of local governance is producing a marginalisation of issues to do with race. This suggests that it is important to look at the racialisation of policy and policy processes within UDCs, their localities and at a national level in an attempt to analyse and understand these emerging and diverging patterns.
Public-Private Joint Ventures for High Volume Retailers: Who Benefits?
Authors: Kotin Allan , Peiser Richard
Published: July 2002

Retail development has become the preferred land use among Californian cities because the sales tax dollars generated by such development have the greatest impact on local budgets. This situation is a direct result of California's Proposition 13, passed in 1978, which limits property taxes to 1 per cent of the original purchase price of properties. The paper explores how the benefits of public assistance are distributed among the major parties to public-private joint ventures—the city, the anchor retailer and the developer. It attempts to answer the question, "Who really benefits from public assistance?" We focus on high volume retailers, sometimes referred to as 'big-box' retailers, because they represent a homogeneous class of public-private projects. The results show, somewhat surprisingly, that while the city's share of the benefits may have eroded, new performance-based incentives are being employed in public-private joint ventures that help to protect the city's share. The North County Square case study illustrates how new performance-based public-private deals are structured. The paper then compares the distribution of public tax benefits in four public-private transactions in California. The analysis shows a wide variation in the percentage of tax benefits that are retained by the city. In those situations where the city must compete with another city where the development will otherwise occur, the developer and the tenant are more likely to receive a large percentage of the total benefits. The case study demonstrates that cities do not necessarily have to receive a smaller and smaller share of the public benefit over time as tenants and developers become more sophisticated in playing off one city against another. Deal structures such as those presented here provide ample tools with which to protect the public's share of the benefits.
Joint Choice of Tenure and Dwelling Type: A Multinomial Logit Analysis for the City of Chongju
Authors: Cho Cheol-Joo
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the plausible variables that influence choices in the Chongju housing market. A joint model of tenure and dwelling type is estimated within the multinomial logit framework. The logit model of housing choice is fitted to the whole sample and to two sub-samples, which are categorised on the basis of neighbourhood quality. The empirical results do not exhibit a uniform pattern over the three sample cases. In the case of the whole sample, housing choice is influenced by the age, educational level and occupation of household head, a dummy of school-age children, and the ratio of housing price to household income. For the households locating in the high-quality neighbourhoods, the age, educational level and occupation of household head, and the housing price to income ratio appear significant. In the second sub-group, which comprises the households choosing a poor-quality neighbourhood, the age and occupation, a dummy of school-age children, and the housing price to income ratio appear to be the responsible variables. The findings suggest that the supply of housing should be diversified to meet the diverse segments of demand in the Chongju housing market. An increasing priority should be placed on the provision of rental housing, whether detached or multiple, rather than owner-occupied apartments.
The Spatial Dimensions of the Investment Performance of UK Commercial Property
Authors: Hoesli Martin , Lizieri Colin , MacGregor Bryan
Published: July 2002

In this paper, cluster analytical techniques are used to examine dimensions of diversification in UK commercial property markets. A variety of techniques are used on a dataset which contains property returns for 156 property markets (67 retail locations, 64 office locations and 25 industrial locations). The results strongly suggest that property type is the most important dimension in determining different market behaviour. There is also evidence of a geographical factor, but one which does not conform to the conventional 11-region administrative classification but rather suggests a London factor.
The Contribution of Environmental Amenities to Low-income Housing: A Comparative Study of Bangkok and Jakarta
Authors: Crane Randall , Daniere Amrita , Harwood Stacy
Published: July 2002

Central and local governments and their creditors are increasingly interested in cost recovery for public services. These strategies have two aims: increasing revenues and making a better connection between benefits received and consumer bills. This paper estimates a hedonic model for household-level data in a rare contrast of slums in two Asian mega-cities to provide comparative information about how the poor value environmental amenities and basic infrastructure access. The results suggest that slum housing prices do reflect differentials in public service access and that rough estimates of the value of access can be cheaply and usefully obtained for planning purposes.
The Household, Women's Employment and Social Exclusion
Authors: Smith Yvonne
Published: July 2002

The paper illustrates how socioeconomic issues impact upon individuals at a micro level and contribute towards a process of social exclusion These issues are examined with reference to one specific group: women living in dual-adult households residing in an inner city council estate in Sheffield. It particularly explores the relationship between the household, women's labour market participation and social exclusion. The relationship between the household and labour market has tended to receive limited attention within traditional urban literature. This study attempts to examine housing issues within an extended framework, utilising a range of cross-disciplinary literature from social, economic and housing disciplines. The factors which impact upon a process of social exclusion are illustrated with reference to case studies of individual women. The data for each case study were ascertained by utilising life-history analysis which allows for a sequential examination of events.
Scrutiny and Direction: Implications of Government Intervention in the Development Plan Process in England
Authors: Ying Ho Suet
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the role of central government in the development plan process in England and the implications of government intervention through two case studies. There is a brief introduction to the stages of plan preparation as a pretext for discussion. The two case studies involved Directions from the Secretary of State for the Environment to the Islington and Bolton local planning authorities. In both cases, the Direction was issued after the plan preparation procedures at the local level had been completed. The implications for the development plan process vis-a-vis the role of the development plan in guiding local development and the role of public participation and public inquiry in the preparation of development plans are discussed.
Employment and Poverty during Economic Restructuring: The Case of Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Gilbert Alan
Published: July 2002

Bogota is seemingly a positive example of what restructuring and sensible macroeconomic policy can bring to Latin America. Despite liberalisation and a vast increase in the number of people seeking work, unemployment rates have fallen. Large numbers of new jobs have been created, principally in the informal sector. There seems little real doubt that since 1970 poverty in Bogota has become both less common and less serious. However, if there is less poverty, it is principally because of demographic change: adults form a larger proportion of the labour force, and more of those adults are working. Poverty has been cut by the huge rise in labour participation. Fewer people are hungry, but people are also a great deal busier. Nor has the degree of income inequality been reduced.
Selecting Suburbia: Residential Relocation to Outer Sydney
Authors: Burnley I.H. , Murphy P.A. , Jenner A.
Published: July 2002

In the larger Australian cities, most residential shifts to the outer suburbs, where most population growth takes place, have been regarded as entailing trade-offs between housing accessibility and the availability of local jobs and services. Declining housing affordability, high levels of unemployment and continued centralisation of jobs and services have repoliticised the situation. This paper reports on a sample of some 400 individuals who relocated from inner and middle-ring areas of metropolitan Sydney in the early 1990s. Whilst environmental amenity and housing quality do influence relocation decisions, and movers are socio-demographically diverse, the dominant concern remains housing affordability with movers typically young and shifting from rental to purchasing tenures. Most experienced marked increases in journey-to-work times and saw friends and relatives less after moving. The study reaffirms that whilst the Australian outer city may not be a place of last resort, large numbers still sacrifice a lot to achieve home-ownership there.