bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pflege von Menschen mit intellektueller Behinderung im Akutkrankenhaus: Situation der Pflegepersonen
Authors: Polesny Johanna , Schmalhardt Christina , Mrak Lisa , Mayrhofer Laura , Adlbrecht Laura , Nagl-Cupal Martin
Published: October 2020

Ziel der Arbeit

Das Ziel dieser Forschung ist die Identifizierung der Herausforderungen von Pflegepersonen im akutstationären Bereich im Umgang mit Menschen mit intellektueller Behinderung.

Problemstellung

Menschen mit intellektueller Behinderung haben spezielle Bedürfnisse, die Pflegepersonen im Akutkrankenhaus aufgrund von fehlendem Fachwissen und mangelnder Erfahrung vor große Herausforderungen stellt. Auch durch straffe Ablaufprozesse sind Krankenhäuser oftmals nicht auf den optimalen Unterstützungsbedarf dieser Personengruppe ausgerichtet.

Methode

Es wurde eine quantitative, deskriptive Querschnittserhebung in 3 österreichischen Krankenhäusern mittels Onlinefragebogen durchgeführt. Der auf Basis der Literatur entwickelte Fragebogen weist die 6 Domänen soziodemografische Daten, Fachwissen, stationäre Rahmenbedingungen, strukturelle Ressourcen, persönliche Einstellungen und Kommunikation auf.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt nahmen 81 Pflegepersonen an der Studie teil. Davon fühlen sich 56 % durch die Ausbildung nicht gut auf die Pflege von Menschen mit intellektueller Behinderung vorbereitet. Trotzdem haben 80 % eine positive Einstellung gegenüber der Pflege dieser Menschen. Die Kommunikation mit Menschen mit intellektueller Behinderung stellt für die Befragten keine große Herausforderung dar.

Schlussfolgerung

Trotz hoher Belastung, Zeitmangel und Defiziten in der Ausbildung stehen Pflegepersonen mit einer grundsätzlich positiven Einstellung der Pflege von Menschen mit intellektueller Behinderung gegenüber und nehmen die Kommunikation nicht als herausfordernd wahr. Dieses Ergebnis steht teilweise in Diskrepanz mit den in der Literatur beschriebenen Herausforderungen.
Trauma History and Mental Health of North Korean Defectors
Authors: Noh Jin-Won , Lee So Hee
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

This study aimed to review the mental health status of North Korean defectors (NKDs) and related factors. Interventions to promote their mental health and issues to be dealt with are also reviewed.

Recent Findings

NKDs are often exposed to multiple severely traumatic events, both in North Korea and surrounding their defection. Furthermore, they face sociocultural barriers in adapting to a new society. Past exposure to traumatic events, longer defection periods, forced repatriation, psychological factors, and acculturative stress such as perceived discrimination, low income, family violence, and health complaints contribute to negative effects on mental health and obstruct their adaptation to life in the Republic of Korea.

It is necessary to develop evidence-based programs to promote NKDs’ mental health and help them to adapt to their new society. An NKD cohort study would be helpful to reveal their long-term mental health prognoses and interactions with pre- and post-migration factors.
Detection of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE-2 mRNA in thyroid cells: a clue for COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis
Authors: Rotondi M. , Coperchini F. , Ricci G. , Denegri M. , Croce L. , Ngnitejeu S. T. , Villani L. , Magri F. , Latrofa F. , Chiovato L.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

SARS-COV-2 is a pathogenic agent belonging to the coronavirus family, responsible for the current global world pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is the receptor for cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. ACE-2 is a type I transmembrane metallo-carboxypeptidase involved in the Renin-Angiotensin pathway. By analyzing two independent databases, ACE-2 was identified in several human tissues including the thyroid. Although some cases of COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis were recently described, direct proof for the expression of the ACE-2 mRNA in thyroid cells is still lacking. Aim of the present study was to investigate by RT-PCR whether the mRNA encoding for ACE-2 is present in human thyroid cells.

Methods

RT-PCR was performed on in vitro ex vivo study on thyroid tissue samples (15 patients undergoing thyroidectomy for benign thyroid nodules) and primary thyroid cell cultures.

Results

The ACE-2 mRNA was detected in all surgical thyroid tissue samples (n = 15). Compared with two reporter genes (GAPDH: 0.052 ± 0.0026 Cycles−1; β-actin: 0.044 ± 0.0025 Cycles−1; ACE-2: 0.035 ± 0.0024 Cycles−1), the mean level of transcript expression for ACE-2 mRNA was abundant. The expression of ACE-2 mRNA in follicular cells was confirmed by analyzing primary cultures of thyroid cells, which expressed the ACE-2 mRNA at levels similar to tissues.

Conclusions

The results of the present study demonstrate that the mRNA encoding for the ACE-2 receptor is expressed in thyroid follicular cells, making them a potential target for SARS-COV-2 entry. Future clinical studies in patients with COVID-19 will be required for increase our understanding of the thyroid repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
A statistical analysis of geomechanical data and its effect on rock mass numerical modeling: a case study
Authors: Małkowski Piotr , Niedbalski Zbigniew , Balarabe Tafida
Published: October 2020

Geomechanical data are never sufficient in quantity or adequately precise and accurate for design purposes in mining and civil engineering. The objective of this paper is to show the variability of rock properties at the sampled point in the roadway’s roof, and then, how the statistical processing of the available geomechanical data can affect the results of numerical modelling of the roadway’s stability. Four cases were applied in the numerical analysis, using average values (the most common in geomechanical data analysis), average minus standard deviation, median, and average value minus statistical error. The study show that different approach to the same geomechanical data set can change the modelling results considerably. The case shows that average minus standard deviation is the most conservative and least risky. It gives the displacements and yielded elements zone in four times broader range comparing to the average values scenario, which is the least conservative option. The two other cases need to be studied further. The results obtained from them are placed between most favorable and most adverse values. Taking the average values corrected by statistical error for the numerical analysis seems to be the best solution. Moreover, the confidence level can be adjusted depending on the object importance and the assumed risk level.
The Productivity Gap Among Major European Countries, USA and Japan
Authors: Calcagnini Giorgio , Giombini Germana , Travaglini Giuseppe
Published: October 2020

This paper analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK), the USA and Japan between 1954 and 2017. It uses the common trend– common cycle (CTCC) approach to decompose series in trends and cycles. We find that the seven economies are structurally different and differently affected by similar shocks. We show that trend and cycle innovations are, in most of the cases, negatively correlated as predicted by the ‘opportunity cost’ approach to productivity growth, and that trend innovations are larger than cycle innovations. We provide an interpretation for countries’ differences in TFP performance in recent years that is related to the so-called ‘deep’ determinants in growth literature, such as the presence of efficient markets and institutions. Finally, we present a comparison with the traditional Hodrick and Prescott deterministic filter to highlight the advantages of CTCC methodology that does not require a priori on the nature of the time series.
Some Observations About the Drop-weight Explosive Sensitivity Test
Authors: Rae P. J. , Dickson P. M.
Published: October 2020

The apparent simplicity of the drop-weight apparatus for explosive sensitivity testing hides the reality that it is actually a complex integrated test of both ignition and growth of deflagration. Although the drop-weight test is undeniably a useful screening test for explosive properties, a misunderstanding of the technique’s limitations has blinded many researchers to its limited wider applicability. This monograph discusses how the test actually works, the significant engineering difficulties with standardization between machines, which types of explosives are suited to the test and which are not, and finally offers a few suggestions for alternatives when a more quantified understanding of a material’s response is required for other applications.
Diagnostische Urteile von Lehrkräften erklären – Ein Rahmenmodell für kognitive Modellierungen und deren experimentelle Prüfung
Authors: Leuders Timo , Loibl Katharina , Dörfler Tobias
Published: October 2020

Der Forschungsstand zu diagnostischen Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften – als wesentliche Voraussetzung für Feedback oder adaptives Unterrichten – wird zurzeit als unbefriedigend angesehen, da kaum überzeugende Theorien über die kognitiven Prozesse bei der Genese diagnostischer Urteile bestehen. An dieser Stelle setzt das Rahmenmodell DiaCoM (Explaining Teachers’ Diagnostic Judgements by Cognitive Modeling) an. Das DiaCoM-Rahmenmodell bietet eine theoretische Basis für Forschungsansätze, die diagnostische Urteile von Lehrkräften als Informationsverarbeitungsprozesse erklären wollen. Es konzeptualisiert diagnostisches Urteilen in Bildungskontexten als kognitive Prozesse einer Lehrkraft über Schülerinnen und Schüler (z. B. deren Fähigkeit) oder über Anforderungen (z. B. Aufgabenschwierigkeiten) auf der Grundlage der Informationen, die explizit oder implizit in einer diagnostischen Situation bestehen. Es bezieht sich auf Theorien der kognitiven Informationsverarbeitung und erfordert eine Spezifikation von vier Komponenten: die Personencharakteristika, die Situationscharakteristika, das diagnostische Denken als Informationsverarbeitung und schließlich das Diagnoseverhalten. Der Beitrag stellt dar, wie das DiaCoM-Rahmenmodell als forschungsheuristisches Modell eingesetzt werden kann, um Erklärungswissen zur Genese diagnostischer Urteile zu generieren: Durch Spezifikation der informationsverarbeitenden Prozesse können theoretische Voraussagen darüber getroffen werden, welche Personen- und Situationscharakteristika zu welchem diagnostischen Verhalten führen. Diese Annahmen sind dann einer experimentellen Prüfung durch systematische Variation der Situation oder der Personen (z. B. durch Instruktion) zugänglich.
Die Covid-19-Pandemie: Schlaglicht auf das Spannungsfeld von Biowaffenkontrolle, Biosicherheit und globaler Gesundheit
Authors: Jakob Una
Published: October 2020

Die Covid19-Pandemie ist höchstwahrscheinlich auf einen natürlichen Krankheitsausbruch zurückzuführen. Trotzdem können Anschuldigungen, sie sei durch die absichtliche oder fahrlässige Freisetzung des neuartigen Corona-Virus herbeigeführt worden, bestehende Konflikte und Rivalitäten verstärken. Besitz und Einsatz biologischer Waffen sind völkerrechtlich verboten. Mangelnde Transparenz, fehlende Kontrollen und legitime biologische Forschungen mit hohem Missbrauchspotenzial lassen aber Raum für Desinformation, Fehlwahrnehmungen und Verdächtigungen, wie sie auch am Beispiel der Covid19-Pandemie zu finden sind. Bessere Verifikations- und Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten für das Biowaffenverbot, klarere Regeln für den Umgang mit Verstößen dagegen sowie größere Transparenz im Bereich der sicherheitsrelevanten biologischen Forschung könnten helfen, mögliche Biowaffeneinsätze zu verhindern und negative politische Dynamiken bei ungewöhnlichen Krankheitsausbrüchen einzuhegen. Hierfür müsste unter anderem das Biowaffen-Übereinkommen gestärkt und das Zusammenspiel von biologischer Abrüstung, Biosicherheit und globaler Gesundheit deutlicher fokussiert werden. Eine klare Arbeitsteilung und die Nutzung von Synergien, z. B. in der Gesundheitsvorsorge und im Umgang mit wissenschaftlichen und technologischen Entwicklungen, kämen sowohl der Pandemievorsorge als auch der biologischen Abrüstung zugute.
Superplastic deformation of Mg–9Li–2Al–0.5Sc alloy after grain refinement by KoBo extrusion and cyclic forging
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Kalita Damian , Maziarz Wojciech , Faryna Marek
Published: October 2020

The quaternary Mg–9Li–2Al–0.5Sc alloy (in wt%) was prepared from pure components. After homogenization, the alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation by KoBo extrusion and cyclic forging leading to grain refinement in the range of 0.5–2 µm of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) α phase. Deformed alloys showed high ultimate tensile strength near 200 MPa and good elongation in the range 30–40% at room temperature (RT). Large elongations close to 200% were obtained during the tensile test at a temperature of 200 °C. Deformed samples showed the presence of multiple voids confirming grain boundary sliding mechanism of deformation. Twins on {10$$\overline{1}$$

1
¯

2} planes were identified using electron backscatter diffraction analysis, being in a good agreement with the earlier observation of Mg–Li and Mg–Sc alloys. Intermetallic phases such as cubic MgSc were identified in deformed alloys mostly within HCP α phase, whereas HCP MgSc2 particles were observed within body-centered cubic (BCC) β phase. Intermetallic phases were responsible for RT strengthening of alloys and slightly lower tensile elongation during superplastic deformation. Formation of the HCP α phase was observed within the BCC β phase in tensile deformed alloys. Atomic-level nucleation of HCP phase within the β phase was identified by the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy technique.
The role of negative emotional reactivity and neighborhood factors in predicting marijuana use during early adolescence
Authors: Tache Rachel M. , Rabinowitz Jill A. , Gepty Andrew A. , Lambert Sharon F. , Reboussin Beth A. , Reynolds Maureen D.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Negative emotional reactivity and the neighborhood environment have been individually associated with marijuana use outcomes; however, less is known about whether neighborhood factors differentiate the association between negative emotional reactivity and marijuana use. The present study examined whether neighborhood risk (i.e., neighborhood problems) and protective factors (i.e., neighborhood social cohesion) moderated the relation between negative emotional reactivity and marijuana use during early adolescence. Methods. Participants were 775 adolescents (M = 10.95 ± 0.88 years; 69% male; 76% Caucasian), who reported on their past month frequency of marijuana use at Time 1 (when adolescents were 10‐12 years old) and Time 2 (when adolescents were 12‐14 years old). Mothers reported on neighborhood problems and neighborhood social cohesion at Time 1. Youth reported on their negative emotional reactivity at Time 2.

Results

Negative binomial regression analyses indicated that neighborhood problems moderated the relationship between negative emotional reactivity and marijuana use. In particular, in the context of low neighborhood problems, individuals with lower negative emotional reactivity were at attenuated risk for marijuana use compared to individuals higher in negative emotional reactivity. In the context of high neighborhood problems, individuals were at heightened risk for marijuana consumption regardless of their negative emotional reactivity levels.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that individual‐level factors alone do not sufficiently account for early marijuana use and that neighborhood problems play a role in risk for or abstention from using marijuana during early adolescence. Implications for prevention and intervention for marijuana use during adolescence are discussed.
Girl2Girl: How to develop a salient pregnancy prevention program for cisgender sexual minority adolescent girls
Authors: Ybarra Michele L. , Price‐Feeney Myeshia , Prescott Tonya , Goodenow Carol , Saewyc Elizabeth , Rosario Margaret
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Although sexual minority girls are more likely than heterosexual girls to be pregnant during adolescence, programs tailored to their needs are non‐existent. Here we describe the iterative development of Girl2Girl, a text messaging‐based pregnancy prevention program for cisgender lesbian, gay, bisexual and other sexual minority (LGB+) girls across the United States.

Methods

Four activities are described: 1) 8 online focus groups to gain feedback about intended program components (n = 160), 2) writing the intervention content, 3) 4 online Content Advisory Teams that reviewed and provided feedback on the salience of drafted intervention content (n = 82), and 4) a beta test to confirm program functionality, the feasibility of assessments, and the enrollment protocol (n = 27). Participants were 14–18‐year‐old cisgender LGB+ girls recruited nationally on social media. Across study activities, between 52% and 70% of participants were 14–16 years of age, 10–22% were Hispanic ethnicity, and 30–44% were minority race.

Results

Focus group participants were positive about receiving text messages about sexual health, although privacy was of concern. Thus, better safeguards were built into the enrollment process. Teens in the Content Advisory Teams found the content to be approachable and compelling, although many wanted more gender‐inclusive messaging. Messages were updated to not assume people with penises were boys. Between 71 and 86% of participants in the beta test provided weekly feedback, most of which was positive; no one withdrew during the seven‐week study period.

Conclusions

This careful step‐by‐step iterative approach appears to have resulted in a high level of intervention feasibility and acceptability.
Proteinuric and nonproteinuric chronic kidney disease among patients with sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) attending a tertiary hospital in north-eastern Nigeria ☆
Authors: Sulaiman Mohammed Maina , Ladu Adama Isah , Abba Aisha Mohammed , Bukar Audu Abdullahi
Published: October 2020

Objective/Background:

Individuals with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) may manifest various forms of renal abnormalities. Proteinuria is an early marker of renal dysfunction and a strong risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in both patients with SCA and non-SCA population. Currently, the degree of attention given to proteinuric CKD far exceeds that of nonproteinuric CKD, and risk factors that might trigger a progressive decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of proteinuria have not been well evaluated in SCA. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory parameters among SCA patients with proteinuric and nonproteinuric CKD.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital in north-eastern Nigeria between January 2013 and April 2018. Clinical variables including age of diagnosis of SCA, frequency of vaso-occlusive crises, number of hospitalizations per annum and transfusion therapy were collected. Laboratory data including haematological profile and renal function test were obtained from routine blood sampling.

Results:

A total of 257 patients with SCA (HbSS) were enrolled during the study period of which 42 had proteinuric CKD, and 48 had nonproteinuric CKD. The two groups were matched for the number of hospital admission (p = .063) and blood transfusion per year (p = .450), frequency of painful crisis (p = .210), systolic blood pressure (p = .084) and diastolic blood pressure (p = .400). In the proteinuric CKD group, the mean serum creatinine was higher (332.17 mmol/L, p = .001) and the estimated GFR was lower (31.88 mL/min, p = .046). The serum alkaline phosphatase was higher in the nonproteinuric CKD group (81.81 IU/L, p = .012).

Conclusion:

Nonproteinuric CKD was more frequent than proteinuric CKD in our study population; however, the proteinuric group presented with more advanced disease.
World War One
Authors: Sondhaus Lawrence
Published: October 2020

The First World War and its aftermath witnessed a global revolution. This was reflected in the revolutionary war aims of most of the belligerents, the technological revolution that made the war so deadly, the revolutionary sentiment that grew among ordinary combatants, and the revolutionary pressures that led to the collapse of the Romanov, Habsburg, and Ottoman empires. In this revised edition of World War One, Lawrence Sondhaus synthesises the latest scholarship on the war and incorporates insights from the vast body of work published during the war's centenary. He charts the political, economic, social and cultural history of the war at home and on the frontlines as well as the war's origins, ending and transformative effects on societal norms and attitudes, gender and labour relations, and international trade and finance. The accessible narrative is supported by chronologies, personal accounts, guides to key controversies and debates, and numerous maps and photographs.
Toward a New Legal Common Sense
Authors: de Sousa Santos Boaventura
Published: October 2020

Paradigmatic transition is the idea that ours is a time of transition between the paradigm of modernity, which seems to have exhausted its regenerating capacities, and another, emergent time, of which so far we have seen only signs. Modernity as an ambitious and revolutionary sociocultural paradigm based on a dynamic tension between social regulation and social emancipation, the prevalent dynamic in the sixteenth century, has by the twenty-first century tilted in favour of regulation, to the determent of emancipation. The collapse of emancipation into regulation, and hence the impossibility of thinking about social emancipation consistently, symbolizes the exhaustion of the paradigm of modernity. At the same time, it signals the emergence of a new paradigm or new paradigms. This updated 2020 edition is written for students taking law and globalization courses, and political science, philosophy and sociology students doing optional subjects.
The Autonomous Pinger Unit of the Acoustic Navigation Network in EnEx-RANGE: an autonomous in-ice melting probe with acoustic instrumentation
Authors: Weinstock Lars Steffen , Zierke Simon , Eliseev Dmitry , Linder Peter , Vollbrecht Cornelius , Heinen Dirk , Wiebusch Christopher
Published: October 2020

The Autonomous Pinger Unit (APU) is an electro-thermal drill with acoustic instrumentation developed for the project EnEx-RANGE in view of a future space mission for the sub-surface exploration of Saturn's moon Enceladus. A main goal is the development of navigation technology for an acoustic guidance system allowing maneuvering a probe through glacial ice. In total 13 APUs were built and tested in terrestrial analog scenarios on alpine glaciers. The APUs form a spatially distributed network that defines a system of reference for the navigation of the maneuverable probe to a point of interest. The APUs have a novel melting head, slow control systems, and a modern system-on-chip (SoC) module that controls the probe and processes the recorded data. The APUs use acoustic emitters and receivers to measure the transit time of acoustic signals between them, allowing for the position reconstruction of all APUs by trilateration. Several auxiliary sensors monitor the internal state of the probe and assist the position estimation. With this instrumentation, the APUs have the ability of dynamically optimizing themselves within the network by changing their position. This paper gives an overview of the developed APU hardware and presents performance results from the field tests.
Qualitative Study of Health System Preparedness for Successful Implementation of Disaster Exercises in the Iranian Context
Authors: Sheikhbardsiri Hojjat , Doustmohammadi Mohammad Mahdi , Mousavi Syed Hossein , Khankeh Hamidreza
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

Implementing disaster exercises in different parts of the health system is one of the important steps in providing and developing disaster risk management plans. Considering the importance of promoting health system preparedness through exercise, the present study aimed to identify and explain necessary and original components for successful implementation of preparedness exercises of the health-care system in disaster.

Methods:

The study was a qualitative content analysis. Data were collected by purposeful sampling through in-depth and semi-structured individual interviews with 25 health professionals in disaster. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the data, which extracted the initial codes after performing the recorded interviews on paper and immersing them in the data analysis.

Results:

The data analysis resulted in the production of 100 initial codes, 14 subcategories, 6 main categories of “coordination and information management,” “standards and indicators,” “conduction and control of the process,” “logistic management and supplies,” “management of treatment operation,” and “management of health operation,” under the original theme of “implementation of exercise.”

Conclusions:

The findings of this study can greatly increase the attention of senior managers to preparedness in all areas of the health system, especially managers of prehospitals and hospitals who are the forefront of the response to the disaster. The findings of this study can be considered as a guideline for the implementation of principle and standardized health system preparedness exercises.
“Every One of Them Are Worth It”: Blanche Van Leuven Browne and the Education of the “Crippled Child”
Authors: Duncan Leanna
Published: October 2020

Many rights struggles have promoted education and learning as proof of citizenship and capacity, and disability rights movements are no exception. Blanche Van Leuven Browne, one early twentieth-century polio survivor, reimagined the possibilities of education for “crippled children” by approaching schooling as not only preparation for vocational work but as a sign of disabled children's social worthiness. This article explores the role of education in Browne's life and work, from her childhood in the 1880s to the Detroit hospital-school for physically disabled children she operated from 1907 to 1918. Browne's educational approach emphasized writing and citizenship to (re)define the identity of the “crippled child,” envisioning each as an intelligent future citizen. This approach contrasted with predominant contemporary medical, philanthropic, and educational approaches, which emphasized medical care and vocational training for children with orthopedic disabilities. It also distanced physically disabled children from intellectually disabled children, who were key cultural targets of eugenic fears.
A Catalan constant inspired integral odyssey
Authors: Stewart Seán M.
Published: October 2020

There is a rich and seemingly endless source of definite integrals that can be equated to or expressed in terms of Catalan's constant. Denoted by G and defined by
$${\rm{G}} = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {{{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^n}} \over {{{\left( {2n + 1} \right)}^2}}} = 1 - {1 \over {{3^2}}} + {1 \over {{5^2}}} \ldots = 0.915\,965\,594 \ldots \,\,,} $$
Scott in [1] quipped that this constant seemed almost as useful as the more widely known Euler–Mascheroni constant γ, particularly in the evaluation of definite integrals. And like γ, Catalan's constant continues to remain one of the most inscrutable constants in mathematics where the question concerning its irrationality is not settled.
Polyphenol intake and cognitive decline in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project
Authors: Goni Leticia , Fernández-Matarrubia Marta , Romanos-Nanclares Andrea , Razquin Cristina , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Martínez-González Miguel Á. , Toledo Estefanía
Published: October 2020

The global growing rates of cognitive decline and dementia, together with the absence of curative therapies for these conditions, support the interest in researching potential primary prevention interventions, with particular focus on dietary habits. The aim was to assess the association between polyphenol intake and 6-year change in cognitive function in the ‘Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra’ (SUN) Project, a Spanish prospective cohort study. Changes (final – initial) in cognitive function were evaluated in a subsample of 806 participants (mean age 66 (sd 5) years, 69·7 % male) of the SUN Project using the validated Spanish Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified score. Polyphenol intake was derived from a validated semi-quantitative FFQ and matching food composition data from the Phenol-Explorer database. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between total polyphenol intake, polyphenol subclasses and cognitive changes. No significant association between total polyphenol intake and changes in cognitive function was found. However, a higher intake of lignans (βQuintile (Q) 5 v. Q1 0·81; 95 % CI 0·12, 1·51; Ptrend = 0·020) and stilbenes (βQ5 v. Q1 0·82; 95 % CI 0·15, 1·49; Ptrend = 0·028) was associated with more favourable changes in cognitive function over time, particularly with respect to immediate memory and language domains. Olive oil and nuts were the major sources of variability in lignan intake, and wine in stilbene intake. The results suggest that lignan and stilbene intake was associated with improvements in cognitive function.
THE COMPATIBILITY OF AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION IN THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
Authors: Winter Elliot
Published: October 2020

The law of armed conflict requires ‘distinction’ between civilians and combatants and provides that only the latter may be targeted. However, for proper implementation, distinction requires advanced observation and recognition abilities as well as the capacity to exercise judgement based on situational awareness. While the observation and recognition abilities of machines may now surpass those of humans, the capacity of machines to exercise judgement remains significantly more limited than our own. Consequently, this article contends that the deployment of ‘autonomous weapons’ based on current levels of technological sophistication would be incompatible with distinction and that, as such, their use in conflict would be unlawful.
Effects of flow velocity on fitness-related behaviours of the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus: new information on stock enhancement
Authors: Shi Dongtao , Yin Donghong , Chen Yang , Sun Jiangnan , Yang Mingfang , Chang Yaqing , Zhao Chong
Published: October 2020

The effects of flow velocity on the fitness-related behaviours of Mesocentrotus nudus remain largely unknown, greatly hampering the efficiency of stock enhancement. To explore the appropriate velocities for stock enhancement, we investigated dislodgement and immobilization velocities up to 90 cm s−1. The experimental results showed that M. nudus (test diameter of ~30 mm) were dislodged at 73.50 ± 7.7 cm s−1 and that M. nudus movement occurred only when the flow velocity was less than 33.40 ± 2.7 cm s−1. Three flow velocities less than 33.40 ± 2.7 cm s−1 (2, 10 and 20 cm s−1) were subsequently used to study the effects of flow velocities on covering behaviour and the righting response time of M. nudus. The downstream movement velocity of M. nudus was significantly larger than that upstream at 2 cm s−1 (P = 0.016) and 10 cm s−1 (P = 0.008), but not at 20 cm s−1 (P = 0.222). The righting response time of M. nudus was significantly longer at 20 cm s−1 than that at 2 cm s−1 (P = 0.015). The present study indicates that a flow velocity less than 20 cm s−1, preferably 2–10 cm s−1, is probably appropriate for the stock enhancement of M. nudus. Notably, the current study is a laboratory investigation without considering the hydrographic complexity in the field. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the long-term effects of water flow on feeding and growth of M. nudus both in the laboratory and the field.
Question tags in Cameroon English
Authors: Ndzotom Mbakop Antoine Willy
Published: October 2020

Although English is one of the two official languages in Cameroon, it is seldom used out of official circles where indigenous languages, French, and Pidgin English reign supreme (Jikong & Koenig, 1983). This has made the language a matter of concern for teachers, learners, and researchers. An aspect of the language which has so far been little investigated, but which is significant to English proficiency, is question tags. In fact, question tags contribute tremendously to the flow of language. They are ‘a very conspicuous phenomenon of spoken language’ (Tottie & Hoffman, 2006: 284). These short questions (tags), tagged onto a main statement (the anchor) play an important role in spoken English. While the question tag is taught from Sixième to Terminale (Grade 8 to Grade 13, i.e. the first to last years of secondary education in the Francophone subsystem of education), and from primary to secondary school in the Anglophone subsystem of education in Cameroon, researchers are still to question its teaching against the backdrop of its actual use in a country where the nativisation process of English is generally agreed upon (Schneider, 2009). Also, given that the canonical ‘type of tag question with reversed or constant polarity, (. . .) is typical of English’ (Tottie & Hoffman, 2006: 283), its teaching (textbooks focus solely on question tags with reversed or constant polarity) in a non-native setting like Cameroon is likely to foretell a conscious or unconscious desire to keep a certain standard of English. If one concurs with Schneider (2009) that Cameroon is on Phase Three of the Dynamic model (at least in the Anglophone part of the country) – that is, Nativisation where ‘structural nativization has made substantial progress’ (p. 298) – then keeping a native-like standard on school programmes (Ministry of Secondary Education, 2014), textbooks (see for illustration the English textbook Forbin et al., 2019), and official examinations would be likely to indicate some contradictions as per the apparent desire to cut the umbilical cord with the former colonial power.
A pesticide banned in the European Union over a decade ago is still present in raptors in Poland
Authors: Kitowski Ignacy , Łopucki Rafał , Stachniuk Anna , Fornal Emilia
Published: October 2020

The prevalent pesticide carbofuran was banned in the European Union (EU) in 2008; however, the extent of its actual elimination from the environment has been little studied. The presence of this pesticide in the livers of the protected raptors the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) was monitored in Poland from 2008 to 2019 using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis and data from government institutions. Carbofuran residues were detected in the liver samples of the analysed raptors throughout the period studied. In total, carbofuran was detected in the livers of 33% of the eagles and 54% of the buzzards; concentrations were in the ranges of 11–699 and 14–1890 μg kg–1 of dry matter, respectively. Effective measures to eliminate banned pesticides from the market more efficiently are required.
Toxoplasmosis and knowledge: what do the Italian women know about?
Authors: Martini A. , Pietrafesa E. , Rondinone B.M. , Iavicoli S. , D'amelio S. , Cavallero S. , Bonafede M.
Published: October 2020

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease caused byToxoplasma gondii. This infection is estimated to affect about a third of the world's population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Italian women about toxoplasmosis and its forms of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prevention through two different modalities (e-research and traditional research). In a cross-sectional study, 808 Italian women were interviewed, using a self-administered questionnaire, through two different modalities: an e-research or web survey and a traditional paper research and 84% reported to have heard about toxoplasmosis, but from most of the sample, it resulted that the knowledge of the protozoan disease was superficial and incomplete.

The assessment of the dimensionality related to the toxoplasmosis knowledge's instrument showed that the scale is composed by two stable and reliable factors which explain 58.6% of the variance: (a) the basic knowledge (α= 0.83), which explains the 45.2% of the variance and (b) the specialist knowledge (α= 0.71), which explains the 13.4% of the variance. The variance and the multiple linear regression data analysis showed significant predictors of correct basic knowledge of toxoplasmosis: the highest age, the highest degree of study, to have previously contracted illness or to know someone who had contracted it, to be working or to be housewives. In conclusion, this study showed limited awareness of toxoplasmosis and suggested the implementation of effective education and learning programs. The results also showed that online data collection, in academic research, might be a valid alternative to more traditional (paper-and-pencil) surveys.
An empirical study on how financial literacy contributes to preparation for retirement
Authors: Yeh Tsung-ming
Published: October 2020

This study provides empirical evidence on the mechanisms through which financial literacy may be associated with saving for retirement, in the three phases of the decision-making process – information perception, information search and evaluation, and decision-making and implementation. The results indicate that financial literacy has significantly positive effects on one's awareness of post-retirement financial needs, comparing alternatives when purchasing financial products, displaying fewer present-time bias, and planning for and setting aside funds for retirement. Financial literacy not only directly contributes to planning for the future, but also indirectly via a reduction in behavioral biases.
Latin American Songs in the GDR and the East German Singer-Songwriter Repertoire (1970–2000): Gerhard Schöne's ‘Meine Geschwister’ in the Light of Translation Studies
Authors: RICHTER-IBÁÑEZ CHRISTINA
Published: October 2020

Latin American folkloric-popular music had an impact on the music scenes of both Germanies, where singer-songwriters emerged and became interested in ChileanNueva Canción, the ArgentinianMovimiento del Nuevo Cancionero, and CubanNueva Trovain the 1970s. Particularly interesting in this context is the contact of some Latin American countries with the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Based on translation theory and articles onNueva Canciónin Europe, this article examines the Latin American presence at the Political Song Festival in East Berlin and analyses some publications that focus on this annual event. The article focuses on the singer-songwriter Gerhard Schöne, who during the 1980s, took Nicaragua as a political example, as is shown in songs, and who also composed German lyrics to melodies by Violeta Parra, Atahualpa Yupanqui, and Silvio Rodríguez, transferring the songs into a new context.
Selection and Characterization of Cultural Priming Stimuli for the Activation of Spanish and English Cultural Mindsets Among Hispanic/Latino Bilinguals in the United States
Authors: Gianola Morgan , Yepes Beatriz E. , Losin Elizabeth A. Reynolds
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Cultural priming studies frequently employ non-validated, stereotypical images. Here, we empirically select images to separately evoke two cultural mindsets: Hispanic and US-American. Spanish-English bilinguals identifying as Hispanic/Latino ( N = 149) rated 50 images online for their cultural and emotional evocation. Based on relative cultural identification, cultural “delegate” (strongly US-American, strongly Hispanic, balanced bicultural) subsamples’ ratings were averaged to isolate particularly salient images. Image ratings were compared across respondents’ national origins. Ratings of seven selected pairs of content-matched Hispanic and US-American primes were compared across the full sample. High discrimination across cultural mindsets and positive emotion ratings were maintained regardless of various demographic factors. Thus, we provide empirical justification for incorporating these stimuli, individually or as sets, within cultural priming studies among Hispanic/Latino samples.
Effects of Different Coping Strategies on the Psychological and	Physiological Stress Reaction
Authors: Schäfer Alina , Pels Fabian , Kleinert Jens
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Background: Research over the last few decades has shown that high demands can lead to stress. However, high demands do not lead to stress per se as it depends on how an individual copes with demands. There is a lack of experimental studies that test the effectiveness of different coping strategies on stress. Aims: Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different coping strategies (focus on positives, support coping, active coping, evasive coping) on the psychological (perceived stress intensity, emotional response) and physiological (heart rate variability) stress reaction with the use of an experimental design. Method: Participants ( N = 55) were randomized into four experimental groups and one control group. Prior to a stress induction, coping strategies were manipulated within the experimental groups. Results: The results of a 5 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that focus on positives and active coping led to a lower psychological stress reaction compared to evasive coping. There was no significant difference between the coping conditions with regard to the physiological stress reaction. Conclusion: It can be assumed that focus on positives and active coping lead to a less threatening appraisal of the situation and, thus, to a lower psychological stress reaction.
Dust Aerosol Retrieval Over the Oceans With the MODIS/VIIRS Dark Target Algorithm: 2. Nonspherical Dust Model
Authors: Zhou Yaping , Levy Robert C. , Remer Lorraine A. , Mattoo Shana , Espinosa W. Reed
Published: October 2020

The Dark‐target (DT) aerosol algorithm retrieves spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and other aerosol properties from Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) reflectance observations. Over the ocean, the DT algorithm is known to contain scattering‐angle‐dependent biases in its retrievals of AOD, Angstrom Exponent (AE), and Fine Mode Fraction (FMF) for dust aerosols. Following a two‐step strategy to improve the DT retrieval of dust over ocean, for which the first step is to identify dusty pixels (reported in “Part 1”), in this “Part 2,” we report on construction of a new dust model lookup table (LUT) and the strategy for applying it within the existing DT algorithm. In particular, we evaluate different characterizations of dust optical properties from a variety of frameworks and databases, and compare them with the current DT retrieval assumptions. Substituting the standard operational LUT with a spheroid dust model with identified dusty pixels shows significant improvement when compared with collocated AERONET‐identified dusty pixels. Specifically, the application of the new dust model to dusty pixels reduces their AOD bias from 0.06 to 0.02 while improving the fraction of retrievals within expected error from 64% to 82%. At the same time, the overall bias in AE is reduced from 0.13 to 0.06, and the scattering‐angle‐dependent AE bias is largely eliminated. In testing on two full months of data (April and July), the new retrieval will reduce the monthly mean AOD by up to 0.1 and 0.2 in the north Atlantic and Arabian seas, respectively. The average AE and FMF are also reduced in these dust heavy regions.
A New Approach to Constructing Models of Electron Diffusion by EMIC Waves in the Radiation Belts
Authors: Ross J. P. J. , Glauert S. A. , Horne R. B. , Watt C. E. , Meredith N. P. , Woodfield E. E.
Published: October 2020

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves play an important role in relativistic electron losses in the radiation belts through diffusion via resonant wave‐particle interactions. We present a new approach for calculating bounce and drift‐averaged EMIC electron diffusion coefficients. We calculate bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients, using quasi‐linear theory, for each individual Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) EMIC wave observation using fitted wave properties, the plasma density and the background magnetic field. These calculations are then combined into bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients. The resulting coefficients therefore capture the combined effects of individual spectra and plasma properties as opposed to previous approaches that use average spectral and plasma properties, resulting in diffusion over a wider range of energies and pitch angles. These calculations, and their role in radiation belt simulations, are then compared against existing diffusion models. The new diffusion coefficients are found to significantly improve the agreement between the calculated decay of relativistic electrons and Van Allen Probes data.
Yellowstone's Old Faithful Geyser Shut Down by a Severe Thirteenth Century Drought
Authors: Hurwitz Shaul , King John C. , Pederson Gregory T. , Martin Justin T. , Damby David E. , Manga Michael , Hungerford Jefferson D. G. , Peek Sara
Published: October 2020

To characterize eruption activity of the iconic Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park over past centuries, we obtained 41 new radiocarbon dates of mineralized wood preserved in the mound of silica that precipitated from erupted waters. Trees do not grow on active geyser mounds, implying that trees grew on the Old Faithful Geyser mound during a protracted period of eruption quiescence. Rooted stumps and root crowns located on higher parts of the mound are evidence that at the time of tree growth, the geyser mound closely resembled its current appearance. The range of calibrated radiocarbon dates (1233–1362 CE) is coincident with a series of severe multidecadal regional droughts toward the end of the Medieval Climate Anomaly, prior to the onset of the Little Ice Age. Climate models project increasingly severe droughts by mid‐21st century, suggesting that geyser eruptions could become less frequent or completely cease.
Identification of Geochemical Processes During Hydraulic Fracturing of a Shale Gas Reservoir: A Controlled Field and Laboratory Water‐Rock Interaction Experiment
Authors: Huang Tianming , Li Zhenbin , Mayer Bernhard , Nightingale Michael , Li Xiao , Li Guanfang , Long Yin , Pang Zhonghe
Published: October 2020

A detailed study on geochemical processes following hydraulic fracturing can provide important information on the origin of solutes and potential improvement of fracturing technology. However, this remains difficult due to the low resolution of flowback water and high salinity of formation water. To fill this knowledge gap, a shale‐gas well was drilled and freshwater was used to fracture the shale. In parallel, laboratory water‐rock interaction experiments were conducted. The intensive sampling for flowback water and the use of multiple isotopes provided novel and detailed insights into the water‐rock interactions after hydraulic fracturing. The results showed that beyond mixing processes, cation exchange, adsorption/desorption, and barite precipitation were observed both in the laboratory and field studies. Although oxidation of pyrite was observed in most of the laboratory experiments, our findings demonstrate that this process was not evident in field flowback samples that were dominated by mixing of fracturing fluids and formation water.