bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the diverse cells that associate with the developing commissures of the zebrafish forebrain
Authors: Schnabl Jake , Litz Mackenzie P. H. , Schneider Caitlin , PenkoffLidbeck Nadia , Bashiruddin Sarah , Schwartz Morgan S. , Alligood Kristin , Devoto Stephen H. , Barresi Michael J. F.
Published: December 2020

During embryonic development of bilaterally symmetrical organisms, neurons send axons across the midline at specific points to connect the two halves of the nervous system with a commissure. Little is known about the cells at the midline that facilitate this tightly regulated process. We exploit the conserved process of vertebrate embryonic development in the zebrafish model system to elucidate the identity of cells at the midline that may facilitate postoptic (POC) and anterior commissure (AC) development. We have discovered that three different gfap+ astroglial cell morphologies persist in contact with pathfinding axons throughout commissure formation. Similarly, olig2+ progenitor cells occupy delineated portions of the postoptic and anterior commissures where they act as multipotent, neural progenitors. Moreover, we conclude that both gfap+ and olig2+ progenitor cells give rise to neuronal populations in both the telencephalon and diencephalon; however, these varied cell populations showed significant developmental timing differences between the telencephalon and diencephalon. Lastly, we also showed that fli1a+ mesenchymal cells migrate along the presumptive commissure regions before and during midline axon crossing. Furthermore, following commissure maturation, specific blood vessels formed at the midline of the POC and immediately ventral and parallel to the AC. This comprehensive account of the cellular populations that correlate with the timing and position of commissural axon pathfinding has supported the conceptual modeling and identification of the early forebrain architecture that may be necessary for proper commissure development.
Demographic consequences of changing body size in a terrestrial salamander
Authors: Hernández‐Pacheco Raisa , Plard Floriane , Grayson Kristine L. , Steiner Ulrich K.
Published: December 2020

Changes in climate can alter individual body size, and the resulting shifts in reproduction and survival are expected to impact population dynamics and viability. However, appropriate methods to account for size‐dependent demographic changes are needed, especially in understudied yet threatened groups such as amphibians. We investigated individual‐ and population‐level demographic effects of changes in body size for a terrestrial salamander using capture–mark–recapture data. For our analysis, we implemented an integral projection model parameterized with capture–recapture likelihood estimates from a Bayesian framework. Our study combines survival and growth data from a single dataset to quantify the influence of size on survival while including different sources of uncertainty around these parameters, demonstrating how selective forces can be studied in populations with limited data and incomplete recaptures. We found a strong dependency of the population growth rate on changes in individual size, mediated by potential changes in selection on mean body size and on maximum body size. Our approach of simultaneous parameter estimation can be extended across taxa to identify eco‐evolutionary mechanisms acting on size‐specific vital rates, and thus shaping population dynamics and viability.
Molecular orientation and electrical properties in tert‐butylated phthalocyanine thin film fabricated by uniaxial solution coating
Authors: Uzurano Genya , Yabuuchi Yuta , Ishiura Ryo , Yoneya Makoto , Nagano Shusaku , Kajii Hirotake , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori
Published: December 2020

Molecular orientation, molecular packing structure, and electrical properties of thermally stable phthalocyanine, tert‐butylated phthalocyanine (t‐BuPcH2) in the thin film fabricated by bar‐coating method were investigated. The XRD patterns indicated that the columns composed of t‐BuPcH2 molecules formed hexagonal structure, the axis of which was parallel to the bar‐sweep direction, and t‐BuPcH2 molecules were vertically aligned to the bar‐sweep direction. Uniaxially oriented thin films of t‐BuPcH2 were successfully fabricated on Si substrate covered with polyimide by bar‐coating method, and the field effect mobility of t‐BuPcH2 was estimated to be 1.32 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 at maximum. The field effect mobility parallel to the bar‐sweep direction was approximately three times higher than that perpendicular to the bar‐sweep direction due to high electrical conduction along the column axis of t‐BuPcH2.
Trends in extreme weather events induced by global climate change
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuki
Published: December 2020

This paper reviews on the trends in extreme weather events induced by global climate change. The number of tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall on Japan and their intensity show no discernible long‐term trend in the past observation record, while the translation speed of TCs shows significant decline. The intensification of heavy rainfalls and extratropical cyclones are also confirmed. Recent simulation studies indicate that the global warming would increase the maximum wind speed and rainfall associated with the TCs. The intensification of extratropical cyclones, heavy rainfalls/snowfalls, tornados, and lightning strikes are also predicted.
Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with end‐stage heart failure and eligibility for heart transplantation
Authors: Sohns Christian , Marrouche Nassir F. , Costard‐Jäckle Angelika , Sossalla Samuel , Bergau Leonard , Schramm Rene , Fuchs Uwe , Omran Hazem , Rubarth Kerstin , Dumitrescu Daniel , Konietschke Frank , Rudolph Volker , Gummert Jan , Sommer Philipp , Fox Henrik
Published: December 2020

Aims

Timely referrals for transplantation and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) play a key role in favourable outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure (HF). The purpose of the Catheter Ablation for atrial fibrillation in patientS with end‐sTage heart faiLure and Eligibility for Heart Transplantation (CASTLE‐HTx) trial is to test the hypothesis that atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has beneficial effects on mortality and morbidity during ‘waiting time’ for heart transplantation (HTx) or to prolong the time span until LVAD implantation.

Methods and Results

CASTLE‐HTx is a randomized evaluation of ablative treatment of AF in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who are candidates and eligible for HTx. The primary endpoint is the composite of all‐cause mortality, worsening of HF requiring a high urgent transplantation, or LVAD implantation. The secondary study endpoints are all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cerebrovascular accidents, worsening of HF requiring unplanned hospitalization, AF burden reduction, unplanned hospitalization due to cardiovascular reason, all‐cause hospitalization, quality of life, number of delivered implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies, time to first implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy, number of device‐detected ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation episodes, left ventricular function, exercise tolerance, and percentage of right ventricular pacing. Ventricular myocardial tissue will be obtained from patients who will undergo LVAD implantation or HTx to assess the effect of catheter ablation on human HF myocardium. CASTLE‐HTx will randomize 194 patients over a minimum time period of 2 years.

Conclusions

CASTLE‐HTx will determine if AF ablation has beneficial effects on mortality in patients with end‐stage HF who are eligible for HTx.
Ultra‐Small Noble Metal Ceria‐Based Catalytic Materials: From Synthesis to Application
Authors: Xu Jing , Yang Weiting , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie
Published: December 2020

At present, catalysts play an important role in modern industries, and there are 80 percent of industrial reactions need the participation of catalysts. Noble metal catalysts have significant applications in many fields because of the high selectivity, fine stability and excellent reactivity. However, the large‐scale applications of noble metal are limited by the high price. Preparing noble metal catalysts as small as possible or even in single atom dispersion, can effectively improve the atomic, which partly solves the problem of high price. Nevertheless, this will lead to another problem that the surface free energy increases quickly when the size of noble metal decreases, resulting in the aggregation of noble metal. To address this issue, a suitable support is needed to fix noble metal. CeO2, as an ideal supporting material, has received widespread attention due to the excellent properties including two valences which are easy to interconvert, high oxygen storage capacity and a large number of oxygen deficiencies. So far, the ultra‐small noble metal ceria‐based catalytic materials have been widely developed in many catalysis fields, such as CO oxidation, water‐gas shift reactions, hydrogenation reaction, etc. In this review, the controlled preparations, influence factors and applications of ultra‐small noble metal supported on CeO2 carrier are introduced. Besides, the developments and challenges of this field are proposed.
Recent Advancements in Allylic C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Olefins Catalyzed by Rh(III) or Ir(III) Complexes
Authors: Manoharan Ramasamy , Jeganmohan Masilamani
Published: December 2020

Olefins are widely available feedstocks and can be readily functionalized into complex organic molecules. In particular, the regioselective allylic C–H functionalization of olefins can provide highly valuable allylic functionalized organic molecules in a highly atom‐ and step‐economical manner. This present review describes the recent advancement on allylic C(sp3)–H functionalization of olefins catalyzed by Rh(III) or Ir(III) complexes. This review covers the advancement in the allylic C–H amination, arylation and etherification of olefins catalyzed by Rh(III) or Ir(III) complexes.
A New Phenanthroline Ligand and the Spontaneous Resolution of its Homoleptic Copper(I) Complex
Authors: Appleton Jordan L. , Silber Vincent , Karmazin Lydia , Bailly Corinne , Chambron Jean‐Claude , Weiss Jean , Ruppert Romain
Published: December 2020

During the synthesis of 1,10‐phenanthroline derivatives sterically hindered in the 2 and/or 9 positions, serendipity led to the discovery of a new substitution pattern on phenanthroline with good and reproducible yields. When toluene was used as a solvent and the aryl‐lithio reagents generated with tBuLi, after a first substitution at the 2 position, a benzyl substituent was regioselectively introduced at the 7 position. It is proposed that the benzyllithium reagent is formed by reaction with the solvent and that the steric hindrance on the intermediates controls the nucleophilic addition. Among the complexes prepared (Pd(II), Cu(I)) with these new ligands, a chiral copper(I) complex exhibits spontaneous resolution in the solid state.
Molecular Switches and Motors Powered by Orthogonal Stimuli
Authors: Jeong Myeongsu , Park Jiyoon , Kwon Sunbum
Published: December 2020

Synthetic molecular machines are designed to undergo specific nanoscale movements in response to specific physical or chemical stimuli. The “engines” of molecular machines responsible for their motion are usually presented by molecular switches and motors that undergo predetermined shape transformations upon appropriate stimulation. Various types of molecular switches and motors activated by different stimuli, such as light irradiation or chemical input, have been devised and used as the core of mechanically active molecular systems. However, despite extensive research, the structural and functional complexity of state‐of‐the‐art synthetic molecular machines does not rival that of biological or human‐scale counterparts. The most apparent difference is that current molecular machines show only limited modes of translational, rotational, and oscillatory motion that are typically triggered by a single stimulus. A promising strategy for achieving more elaborate movement is to integrate multiple active parts that can be manipulated by orthogonal stimuli. However, this approach is often complicated by mutual interference between the components or between stimuli. In this review, we survey recent notable progress in the development of molecular switches and motors that exhibit distinct modes of movement triggered by orthogonal stimuli. Though this approach is challenging, it may provide insights about the innovation needed to develop next‐generation molecular machines with improved maneuverability and more sophisticated functions.
Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2H‐Thiopyrans via thia‐Diels–Alder Reactions of Photochemically Generated Thioaldehydes
Authors: Sachse Florian , Gebauer Konrad , Schneider Christoph
Published: December 2020

Herein, we report a novel protocol for the photochemical generation of thioaldehydes in a continuous flow process which were in situ reacted with electron rich 1,3‐butadienes in thia‐Diels–Alder reactions. A broad range of 3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐thiopyrans were formed as products in much higher yields and productivities as compared to classical batch processes. Moreover, greatly reduced reaction times and a facile large‐scale preparation of products were achieved by fully exploiting the advantages of continuous flow technology.
Quinoline Ligands Improve the Classic Direct C−H Functionalisation/Intramolecular Cyclisation of Diaryl Ethers to Dibenzofurans
Authors: Mackey Katrina , Jones David J. , Pardo Leticia M. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: December 2020

The C−H functionalisation approach to the synthesis of dibenzofurans is hampered by a number of problems. Herein we describe the evolution of a cheap, bench stable quinoline ligand, which obviates most of the current limitations and allows for a high yielding synthesis of a range of valuable dibenzofurans. Dibenzofurans are important motifs in natural products and compounds with wide biological activity.
Heat transfer study on flowing liquid film of SiO2‐water nanofluid with surfactant confined by metallic foam
Authors: Zhang Yunsong , Chen Wei
Published: December 2020

To solve the urgent issue of rapid heat dissipation in narrow spaces of electronic devices, the nanofluid as coolant is an effective way, in the cases that the thermo‐physical properties and stabilities of coolant solution can be improved by the dispersion of nanoparticles and surfactant in the base fluid, and scattering sodium dodecyl benzene sulphate (SDBS) as the surfactant and SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively, at different concentration ratios into the base fluid of water to form SiO2‐SDBS‐water (SSW) nanofluid in current research. In the liquid film of SSW nanofluid flowing across heating surface confined by porous metal foam, the effects of the concentration ratios of nanoparticles and surfactant on heat transfer and mechanism of heat transfer enhancement are analyzed in gradual heating and rapid cooling. The boiling and cooling performances can be improved in the SSW nanofluids with the proper concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles as well as matching surfactant, and the deterioration in heat transfer occurs with the mentioned concentrations exceeding the critical values. In the cooling process, the variation of critical heat flux happens with the concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate in the SSW nanofluids, and the concentration ratio of SiO2 nanoparticles to surfactant should be optimized to enhance heat transfer. Specifically at constant SDBS concentration of 50 ppm, and the relative better heat transfer performances can be obtained at SiO2 concentration of ωSiO2 = 100 ppm, in which the removed heat flux increased by 19%, the cooling time shortened from 8.1 to 5.7 seconds and the critical heat flux increased by 18% in comparison with deionized water. The optimized concentration ratio of SiO2 nanoparticles to SDBS to benefit heat transfer changes with variation of SiO2 nanoparticles in nanofluid at the relatively higher superheat temperature.
Methanolic extract of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) escalates functional restoration following a compression injury to the sciatic nerve in a mouse model
Authors: Maqbool Javeria , Anwar Haseeb , Iqbal Javed , Rasul Azhar , Imran Ali , Ahmad Malik Shoaib , Shabbir Asghar , Ijaz Fazeela , Sajid Faiqa , Akram Rabia , Sun Tao , Imran Muhammad , Hussain Ghulam , Islam Saiful
Published: December 2020

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the major health concerns faced by the community at present. Till now, available therapeutic approaches are ineffective to fully heal a nerve injury and to assure the functional recovery entirely. Natural compounds can prove attractive and effective drug candidates to bridge up this gap. In this scenario, the present study was designed to explore the role of methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare (F. vulgare) seeds in accelerating the function regain following a sciatic nerve injury in a mouse model. For this purpose, 12 adult healthy albino mice (BALB/C), 8–10 weeks old, were grouped as control (Ctrl, n = 6) and treatment (Trt, n = 6). The treated group was given methanolic extract of F. vulgare (200 mg/kg per day) started from the day of nerve crush until the end of the study. The sensorimotor function regain assessed by hot plate test, grip strength, and SFI assessments was found significantly (p < .05) ameliorated in the F. vulgare‐treated group. A prominent improvement in the muscle mass of the treated group further affirmed these effects. Furthermore, morphometric analysis of muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of tibialis anterior muscle between groups revealed a noticeable improvement in muscle fibers’ diameter of the treated group. Conclusively, these findings suggest that F. vulgare methanolic extract exhibits the potential to escalate functional recovery following a peripheral nerve injury. However, the real players of this extract and the mechanism involved in boosting functional restoration need to be dissected by further work.
The molecular underpinnings of fertility: Genetic approaches in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Mei Xue , Singson Andrew W.
Published: December 2020

The study of mutations that impact fertility has a catch‐22. Fertility mutants are often lost since they cannot simply be propagated and maintained. This has hindered progress in understanding the genetics of fertility. In mice, several molecules are found to be required for the interactions between the sperm and egg, with JUNO and IZUMO1 being the only known receptor pair on the egg and sperm surface, respectively. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a total of 12 proteins on the sperm or oocyte have been identified to mediate gamete interactions. Majority of these genes were identified through mutants isolated from genetic screens. In this review, we summarize the several key screening strategies that led to the identification of fertility mutants in C. elegans and provide a perspective about future research using genetic approaches. Recently, advancements in new technologies such as high‐throughput sequencing and Crispr‐based genome editing tools have accelerated the molecular, cell biological, and mechanistic analysis of fertility genes. We review how these valuable tools advance our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of fertilization. We draw parallels of the molecular mechanisms of fertilization between worms and mammals and argue that our work in C. elegans complements fertility research in humans and other species.
The complement C3‐C3aR pathway mediates microglia–astrocyte interaction following status epilepticus
Authors: Wei Yujia , Chen Tingjun , Bosco Dale B. , Xie Manling , Zheng Jiaying , Dheer Aastha , Ying Yanlu , Wu Qian , Lennon Vanda A. , Wu Long‐Jun
Published: December 2020

Gliosis is a histopathological characteristic of epilepsy that comprises activated microglia and astrocytes. It is unclear whether or how crosstalk occurs between microglia and astrocytes in the evolution of epilepsy. Here, we report in a mouse model of status epilepticus, induced by intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid (KA), sequential activation of microglia and astrocytes and their close spatial interaction in the hippocampal CA3 region. Microglial ablation reduced astrocyte activation and their upregulation of complement C3. When compared to wild‐type mice, both C3−/− and C3aR−/− mice had significantly less microglia–astrocyte interaction in response to KA‐induced status epilepticus. Additionally, KA‐injected C3−/− mice had significantly less histochemical evidence of neurodegeneration. The results suggest that the C3‐C3aR pathway contributes to KA‐induced neurodegeneration by mediating microglia–astrocyte communication. The C3‐C3aR pathway may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy treatment.
Farnesoid X Receptor Activation Impairs Liver Progenitor Cell–Mediated Liver Regeneration via the PTEN‐PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR Axis in Zebrafish
Authors: Jung Kyounghwa , Kim Minwook , So Juhoon , Lee Seung‐Hoon , Ko Sungjin , Shin Donghun
Published: December 2020

Background and Aims

Following mild liver injury, pre‐existing hepatocytes replicate. However, if hepatocyte proliferation is compromised, such as in chronic liver diseases, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) contribute to hepatocytes through liver progenitor cells (LPCs), thereby restoring hepatic mass and function. Recently, augmenting innate BEC‐driven liver regeneration has garnered attention as an alternative to liver transplantation, the only reliable treatment for patients with end‐stage liver diseases. Despite this attention, the molecular basis of BEC‐driven liver regeneration remains poorly understood.

Approach and Results

By performing a chemical screen with the zebrafish hepatocyte ablation model, in which BECs robustly contribute to hepatocytes, we identified farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists as inhibitors of BEC‐driven liver regeneration. Here we show that FXR activation blocks the process through the FXR‐PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog)–PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase)–AKT‐mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) axis. We found that FXR activation blocked LPC‐to‐hepatocyte differentiation, but not BEC‐to‐LPC dedifferentiation. FXR activation also suppressed LPC proliferation and increased its death. These defects were rescued by suppressing PTEN activity with its chemical inhibitor and ptena/b mutants, indicating PTEN as a critical downstream mediator of FXR signaling in BEC‐driven liver regeneration. Consistent with the role of PTEN in inhibiting the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR pathway, FXR activation reduced the expression of pS6, a marker of mTORC1 activation, in LPCs of regenerating livers. Importantly, suppressing PI3K and mTORC1 activities with their chemical inhibitors blocked BEC‐driven liver regeneration, as did FXR activation.

Conclusions

FXR activation impairs BEC‐driven liver regeneration by enhancing PTEN activity; the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR pathway controls the regeneration process. Given the clinical trials and use of FXR agonists for multiple liver diseases due to their beneficial effects on steatosis and fibrosis, the detrimental effects of FXR activation on LPCs suggest a rather personalized use of the agonists in the clinic.
Anticancer activity of Vicenin‐2 against 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced buccal pouch carcinoma in hamsters
Authors: Li Yijun , Zheng Yi , Wang Huibo
Published: December 2020

Buccal mucosa carcinoma is a significant cause of death in developing nations. Vicenin‐2 is a significant bioactive compound found in Ocimum sanctum Linn or Tulsi that possesses several pharmacologic properties. Our focus is to understand the possible impact of Vicenin‐2 on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. Buccal carcinoma was induced by treatment with carcinogenic DMBA, three times a week for 14 weeks. We determined 100% tumor incidence, abnormal tumor volume, inclined tumor burden, and deduced body weight in DMBA‐induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) hamsters. The upregulation of cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha [TNF‐α]) was observed in DMBA‐induced OSCC hamsters. Moreover, dysplastic, hyperplastic, and squamous cell carcinoma was identified in the DMBA‐induced OSCC hamsters. The diminished activities of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic/nonenzymatic antioxidants were observed in DMBA‐induced hamsters. Furthermore, the high expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin‐D1, and Bcl‐2, and attenuated Bax expression were observed in DMBA‐induced hamsters. Our study results explored that Vicenin‐2 (30 mg/kg) treated with DMBA‐brushed hamsters averted tumor incidence, improved the antioxidant status, and inhibited lipid peroxidation. Moreover, Vicenin‐2 inhibited the immunohistochemical expression of PCNA, Cyclin‐D1, and Bcl‐2, and significantly restored apoptotic Bax levels. The Vicenin‐2 treatment prevents the lesion formation in the oral epithelium of the DMBA‐induced hamsters. The Vicenin‐2 treatment potentially halts the proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α) production in OSCC hamsters. Thus, we proved that Vicenin‐2 prevents DMBA‐induced buccal carcinogenesis in hamsters via improving antioxidants by modulating apoptotic and cytokines signaling pathways.
Ethanol exacerbates manganese‐induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor‐κB activation, and apoptosis induction in rat cerebellar cortex
Authors: Nkpaa Kpobari W. , Owoeye Olatunde , Amadi Benjamin A. , Adedara Isaac A. , Abolaji Amos O. , Wegwu Matthew O. , Farombi Ebenezer O.
Published: December 2020

Manganese (Mn) exposure is causing public health concerns as well as heavy alcohol consumption. This study investigates the mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with Mn and ethanol (EtOH) exposure in the rat cerebellar cortex. Experimental animals received 30 mg/kg of Mn alone, 5 g/kg of EtOH alone, co‐exposed with 30 mg/kg of Mn and 1.25 or 5 g/kg EtOH, while control animals received water by oral gavage for 35 days. Subsequently, alterations in the neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex, oxidative/nitrosative stress, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, neuro‐inflammation and protein expression of p53, BAX, caspase‐3, and BCL‐2 were investigated. The results indicate that Mn alone and EtOH alone induce neuronal alterations in the cerebellar cortex, decrease glutathione level and antioxidant enzyme activities, along with an increase in AChE activity, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide generation. Mn alone and EtOH alone also increased neuro‐inflammatory markers, namely nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) levels in the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemistry analysis further revealed that exposure of Mn alone and EtOH alone increases the protein expression of cyclooxygenase‐2, BAX, p53, and caspase‐3 and decrease BCL‐2 in the rat cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, the results indicated that Mn co‐exposure with EtOH at 1.25 and 5 g/kg EtOH significantly (p ≤ .05) increases the toxicity in the cerebellum when compared with the toxicity of Mn or EtOH alone. Taken together, co‐exposure of Mn and EtOH exacerbates neuronal alterations, oxidative/nitrosative stress, AChE activity, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, NF‐κB signal transcription, and apoptosis induction in the rat cerebellar cortex.
The prognostic value of general laboratory testing in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Lv Zhihua , Wang Wei , Qiao Bin , Cui Xianghua , Feng Yong , Chen Lang , Ma Qingfeng , Liu Xinghui
Published: December 2020

Background

Lymphocyte count (LYM) of peripheral blood and some indices of general biochemical analysis had diagnostic and prognostic value for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and the value of other remaining indices is rare.

Methods

A total of 94 patients with COVID‐19 were enrolled at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. According to the severity of COVID‐19, the patients were divided into three groups (moderate 49, severe 35, and critical 10), and 40 healthy cases were enrolled in the same period as healthy controls. The diagnostic and prognostic value of indices in peripheral blood cell count and general biochemical analysis was analyzed.

Results

Compared with healthy cases, the value differences in peripheral blood analysis in patients with COVID‐19 were statistically significant (p < 0.01), the differences in LYM, neutrophil count (Neu), platelet count (PLT), and white blood cell count (WBC) were statistically significant among different severity of COVID‐19 (p < 0.05). Compared with healthy cases, the differences in general biochemical results in patients with COVID‐19 were statistically significant (p < 0.01), the value differences in direct bilirubin (DBIL), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐Ch), and nitrogen (urea) were statistically significant among different severity of COVID‐19 (p < 0.05). Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) had higher sensitivity and specificity for COVID‐19 diagnosis.

Conclusions

Some indices of peripheral blood cell count and general biochemical analysis were valuable in discriminating COVID‐19 and predicting severity and adverse outcome of patients with COVID‐19. For clinician, it is better to use more economical and easy‐to‐get indices to diagnose and predict the prognosis of COVID‐19.
Sigma metrics application for validated and non‐validated detecting systems performance assessment
Authors: Xia Yong , Li Mingyang , Li Bowen , Xue Hao , Lin Yu , Li Jie , Ji Ling
Published: December 2020

Background

Sigma metrics provide an objective and quantitative methodology for analytical quality evaluation of clinical laboratory. This study investigated the testing performance of validated systems and non‐validated systems based on sigma metrics, and explored the major parameters affecting the system performance.

Methods

Sigma metrics were evaluated by six biochemistry assays based on Beckman and Mindray validated and non‐validated systems through crossing the reagents and analyzers. Imprecision and bias were assessed for all assays based on trueness programs organized by National Centre for Clinical Laboratory. Total error allowance obtained from the Chinese Ministry of Health Clinical Laboratory Centre Industry Standard (WS/T403‐2012).

Results

The imprecision for all systems meets the quality specifications except TP assay (2.19%) detected by Mindray non‐validated system, and the bias for four assays measured by non‐validated systems cannot fulfill the criterion, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), triglycerides (TG), and glucose (GLU). Higher biases were detected in six assays at different levels among non‐validated and validated systems. Systems performed poorly or unacceptably for TP assay with sigma metrics lower than 3 except Mindray non‐validated system. The sigma metrics for other assays with four systems were greater than 3 except the LDH evaluated on Mindray non‐validated systems.

Conclusion

Non‐validated systems may introduce performance uncertainty compared with validated systems based on sigma metrics evaluation, and lower bias was provided by validated systems. The performance of non‐validated systems should be evaluated thoroughly in the clinical laboratory before they were adopted for routine use.
Significance of sonographically detected bladder debris in children less than 2 years old with febrile urinary tract infection
Authors: You Sun Kyoung , Lee Jiwon M. , Lee Jeong‐Eun , Shin Kyung Sook , Lee So Mi , Cho Hyun‐Hae
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To investigate the relationship between bladder debris found on renal and bladder ultrasonography (RBUS) and the first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) episode in children under 2 years old.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of children aged <2 years with the first febrile UTI. We recorded bladder debris on RBUS and other findings (blood test, urinalysis, and urine culture). Other RBUS findings (renal pelvis debris, renal parenchymal change, wall thickening, and renal collecting system [RCS] dilatation) were recorded. Patients were divided into the debris (D) and non‐D groups.

Results

Of 128 patients (boys: girls = 81:47, mean age = 5.6 ± 4.2 months), 24 (18.8%) had bladder debris. The mean C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were higher in the D group (6.1 ± 4.0 vs 4.3 ± 3.5, P = .03). Twenty‐one patients in the D group (87.5%) had hematuria (odds ratio = 3.706, 95% confidence interval = 1.035‐13.267, P = .04). No significant differences were seen in the urine culture results between both groups. Significant associations were seen between bladder debris and other RBUS findings such as debris in renal pelvis, renal parenchymal change, and RCS wall thickening.

Conclusion

Bladder debris on RBUS is a common finding in children aged <2 years during the first febrile UTI. Bladder debris was related to higher CRP levels, hematuria and sonographic findings, but not to urine culture results.
Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of 4‐aminoantipyrine‐derived Schiff base. Synthesis, structural elucidation, thermal, biological studies, and photocatalytic activity
Authors: Chellaian Justin Dhanaraj , S.S Salin Raj
Published: December 2020

The Schiff base ligand was prepared from 4‐aminoantipyrine, acetamide, and m‐phenylenediamine. Metal salts used for the synthesis of these complexes are Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) acetates. The elemental analysis results are in accordance with proposed formula assigned to these complexes. In the IR spectra, the imine band is shifted to a lower wave number in the complexes. UV spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements proposed square planar geometry for Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes and tetrahedral geometry for Zn(II) complex. The grain size of the metal complexes was estimated by the Scherrer formula using powder XRD. In the present study, the ligand and its metal complexes are found to be nanocrystalline. Thermal decomposition pattern is in agreement with the proposed formula of the complexes. Irreversible redox behavior of the complex was identified by cyclic voltammetric analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized complexes are high under UV‐spectra using methylene blue dye. DNA studies reveal that the synthesized complexes exhibit both DNA cleavage and DNA binding properties. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were done by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Anticancer activity shows that Cu(II) complex has the highest cytotoxic effect in SK‐MEL‐28 cell line.
Functional morphology of the glandular esophageal pouches of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora)
Authors: Lobo‐da‐Cunha Alexandre , Alves Ângela , Oliveira Elsa , Calado Gonçalo
Published: December 2020

The esophageal pouches of Chaetopleura angulata and Acanthochitona fascicularis were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. These pouches linked to the posterior region of the esophagus are known as sugar glands as they contain a fluid rich in polysaccharide digesting enzymes. They are the second largest glands in the digestive system of chitons, just after the digestive gland. In both species, the pouches contain a dense array of finger‐shaped villi. The villi epithelium includes absorptive cells, basophilic secretory cells, mucus‐secreting cells, and basal cells. Some absorptive cells were bordered by a dense cover of long microvilli, whereas other absorptive cells had short and sparse microvilli. Absorptive cells contain several lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, a few small Golgi stacks, some lipid droplets, and large amounts of glycogen. The basophilic secretory cells are characterized by the presence of many electron‐dense vesicles, with a glycoprotein content, a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, and a highly developed Golgi apparatus. Mucus‐secreting cells are characterized by large vesicles containing acid polysaccharides and wide Golgi stacks. Basal cells that were found at the base of the epithelium in contact with the basal lamina exhibit histological and ultrastructural features of enteroendocrine cells. We suggest that these glandular pouches are involved in extracellular and intracellular digestion, and accumulate lipid and glycogen reserves.
The impact of cytokine levels in young South African children with and without HIV‐associated acute lower respiratory infections
Authors: Annamalay Alicia A. , Abbott Salome , Khoo Siew‐Kim , Hibbert Julie , Bizzintino Joelene , Zhang Guicheng , Laing Ingrid , Currie Andrew , Le Souëf Peter N. , Green Robin J.
Published: December 2020

Altered host immune responses are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). The existing literature on cytokine responses in ALRI is largely focussed on adults from developed countries and there are few reports describing the role of cytokines in childhood ALRI, particularly in African or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected populations. To measure systemic cytokine levels in blood plasma from young South African children with and without ALRI and with and without HIV to determine associations between cytokine responses and disease status and respiratory viral identification. Blood plasma samples were collected from 106 hospitalized ALRI cases and 54 non‐ALRI controls less than 2 years of age. HIV status was determined. Blood plasma concentrations of 19 cytokines, 7 chemokines, and 4 growth factors (epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor‐basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial) were measured using The Human Cytokine 30‐Plex Panel. Common respiratory viruses were identified by PCR. Mean cytokine concentrations for G‐CSF, interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐5, and MCP‐1 were significantly higher in ALRI cases than in nonrespiratory controls. Within the ALRI cases, several cytokines were higher in children with a virus compared with children without a virus. Mean cytokine concentrations for IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, tumour necrosis factor‐α, and MIP‐1α were significantly lower in HIV‐infected cases than in HIV‐uninfected cases, while IP‐10 and monokine induced by interferon‐γ were significantly higher in HIV‐infected cases than in HIV‐uninfected cases. Certain cytokines are likely to play an important role in the host immune response to ALRI. HIV‐infected children have impaired inflammatory responses to respiratory infections compared with HIV‐uninfected children.
Kinetics of Adhesion Staphylococcus aureus on Glass in the Presence of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Authors: Koubali Hajar , Latrache Hassan , Zahir Hafida , El Louali Mostafa
Published: December 2020

Bacterial contamination of surfaces is a natural and spontaneous process that often results in the formation of biofilms. The extracellular matrix of biofilm is mostly composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA and is responsible for the strong persistent ability of biofilm in the food industry. Despite cleaning and disinfection processes, persistent bacteria cause a major problem in food processing environments. Synthetic surfactants, mainly anionic surface‐active agent, are commonly used as detergents, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, and dispersants. Their tendency to adsorb to surfaces and interfaces and modify their surface tension, is considered among their main properties. They also have the ability to attach to bioactive macromolecules such as proteins, peptides, and DNA causing cell membrane damage. In order to estimate the adhesion kinetic and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, the surface of glass was coated with anionic surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). Moreover, SLS was added in suspension with the culture medium. The physicochemical properties of the material were calculated using the contact angle measurement method and bacterial hydrophobicity using the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH) test. The obtained results showed that the number of adhering cells increased gradually as a function of time. However, changing the surface properties of the glass and S. aureus has affected the rate of adherent cells with time as well as their organization. SLS inhibited the attachment of cells, whether it is added with the microbial suspension or at the surface of the support. Generally, the present article points to a relationship between the microbial adhesion, the surface chemistry of the solid material and the bacteria, and the suspension properties.
Designing for the cerium‐based conversion coating with excellent corrosion resistance on Mg–4Y–2Al magnesium alloy
Authors: Wu Xinchen , Liu Zili , Liu Xiqin , Xie Huanjian , Liu Fang , Lu Cheng , Li Jian
Published: December 2020

The cerium salt chemical conversion baths containing KMnO4 are applied to prepare protective coatings on the WA42 alloy surface, and the effect of the concentration of KMnO4 on the microstructure and corrosion properties of the coatings is investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that with the addition of KMnO4 to the conversion bath, the microstructure of the coating is more uniform and denser, and the coating with the KMnO4 concentration of 4 g/L (4M coating) has the most uniform microstructure with the least microcracks. The 4M coating exhibits a two‐layered structure, and it is mainly composed of MgO, Mg(OH)2, CeO2, Ce2O3, Ce(OH)3, MnO, and MnO2. In addition, as the KMnO4 concentration increases from 0 to 6 g/L, the Icorr of the coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution decreases first and then increases, and the 4M coating shows the best corrosion resistance, which should attribute to the uniform and dense microstructure.
The regulatory factors and pathological roles of autophagy‐related protein 4 in diverse diseases: Recent research advances
Authors: Xia Fan , Liu Peiqing , Li Min
Published: December 2020

Macroautophagy (autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved and dynamic degradation/recycling pathway in which portions of the cytoplasm, such as dysfunctional proteins and surplus organelles, are engulfed by double‐membrane bound vesicles through a lysosome‐dependent process. As the only proteolytic enzyme of the core mammalian autophagy proteins, autophagy‐related protein 4 (ATG4) primes newly synthesized pro‐light chain 3 (LC3) to form LC3‐I that attaches to phosphatidylethanolamine and delipidates LC3‐PE to LC3‐I for recycling. Besides autophagy, ATG4 has been shown to be involved in regulating various biological and pathological processes. The roles of ATG4 in cancer therapy, a methodology for ATG4 activity detection, and the discovery of chemical modulators have been well‐reviewed. However, a comprehensive summary on how ATG4 is regulated by multiple factors and, thereby, how ATG4 influences autophagy or other pathways remains lacking. In this paper, we summarize multiple processes and molecules that regulate the activity of ATG4, such as micro‐RNAs, posttranslational modifications, and small molecules. Additionally, we focus on the relationship between ATG4 and diverse diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection, and other diseases. It provides insight regarding potential ATG4‐targeted therapeutic opportunities, which could be beneficial for future studies and human health.
Repurposing drugs to fight aging: The difficult path from bench to bedside
Authors: Vaiserman Alexander , Koliada Alexander , Lushchak Oleh , Castillo Manuel J.
Published: December 2020

The steady rise in life expectancy occurred across all developed countries during the last century. This demographic trend is, however, not accompanied by the same healthspan extension. This is since aging is the main risk factor for all age‐associated pathological conditions. Therefore, slowing the rate of aging is suggested to be more efficient in preventing or delaying age‐related diseases than treat them one by one, which is the common approach in a current pharmacological disease‐oriented paradigm. To date, a variety of medications designed to treat particular pathological conditions have been shown to exhibit pro‐longevity effects in different experimental models. Among them, there are many commonly used prescription and over‐the‐counter pharmaceuticals such as metformin, rapamycin, aspirin, statins, melatonin, vitamin antioxidants, etc. All of them are being increasingly investigated in preclinical and clinical trials with the aim of determine whether they have potential for extension of human healthspan. The results from these trials are frequently inconclusive and fall short of initial expectations, suggesting that innovative research ideas and additional translational steps are required to overcome obstacles for implementation of such approaches in clinical practice. In this review, recent advances and challenges in the field of repurposing widely used conventional pharmaceuticals to target the aging process are summarized and discussed.
Temperature error‐correction method for surface air temperature data
Authors: Yang Jie , Deng Xuan , Liu Qingquan , Ding Renhui
Published: December 2020

In climate change research, accurate temperature data are often demanded. However, affected by many factors, especially solar radiation, the accuracy of environmental air temperature measurement can be greatly reduced, since there is a difference in temperature between the environmental air and the related temperature measured by the sensor accommodated inside the radiation shield. In the paper, the term “temperature error” refers to the temperature difference described above. To improve the accuracy of the temperature data, a temperature error‐correction method is proposed. First, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to quantify the temperature errors accurately. A neural network algorithm is then applied to form a universal correction equation by fitting temperature errors calculated using the CFD method. Finally, to validate the correction equation, field observation experiments are performed. The root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) between the temperature errors obtained experimentally using a sensor inside the DTR503A shield and the corresponding temperature errors determined by using the proposed correction method are 0.043 and 0.038°C, respectively. The RMSE and MAE for the DTR13 radiation shield are 0.049 and 0.044°C, respectively. This method may reduce the error of the temperature data to 0.05°C. If the environmental factors corresponding to the temperature data can be quantified accurately, the factors influencing the temperature error can be added to the correction method continuously. The accuracy of this correction method may be furtherly improved.