bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of overweight and obesity with dietary and physical activity behaviour among school-aged children in North India: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Arifa Quratul Ain , Kumar Dinesh , Rafiq Nadeema , Nabi Tauseef
Published: June 2018

Background: Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in developed countries and developing countries are not far behind. This has profound public health consequence as it increases risk of persistent obesity and its complications. Changes in social and physical environment over past years have adversely influenced eating and physical activity behaviour including attitudes and behaviour of parents. The objectives of the study were to assess and compare magnitude of overweight/obesity and its association with dietary and physical activity behaviour.Methods: This cross sectional community based study was conducted in school going children of both sex aged 6-14 years in rural and urban areas of Jammu. Children were assessed for their dietary intake and dietary habits using new USDA multiple pass recall method. Physical activity was assessed using modified global physical activity questionnaire (version 2) and expressed in MET-min/day in different domains. Following anthropometric assessment BMI percentiles were obtained from WHO age and gender specific BMI charts.Results: Of 230 children studied overall overweight/obesity observed was 8.2%. More females than males were overweight and obese. Overweight and obesity was more in urban than rural areas (males: 7.4% vs. 3%, females: 16.9% vs 6.6%). Excess calorie intake, consumption of fast foods, carbonated drinks, food from school canteen and low physical activity were significantly associated with overweight and obesity.Conclusions: Unhealthy dietary practices and low physical activity significantly contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Health and nutritional education to them and their parents along with facilities for participation in sports and physical education would help tackle the problem.
Intensive monitoring and interpersonal counselling by lady health worker improves the coverage of vitamin A among children between ages 6 and 59 months in selected low performing provinces of Pakistan
Authors: Janjua Tausif Akhtar , Nawaz Khalid , Chaudhery Deepika Nayar , Kaushik S. , Raut Manoj Kumar
Published: June 2018

Background: Nutrition International, previously known as Micronutrient Initiative, has been supporting the government of Pakistan to address vitamin A deficiency in 24 districts of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 78 union councils of Lahore and Karachi. The program aims to improve capacity of health managers and frontline workers on supply chain management and monitoring; monitoring of stock-outs at health facilities and frontline distribution points; and focus on regular monitoring and supervision through EPI and health departments. Challenge however remains in achieving meaningful coverage. The Nutrition International piloted an intensive monitoring strategy in a sub-set of four districts of Balochistan and KPK and 14 union councils in Karachi and Lahore with an aim to improve coverage of vitamin A. The study assessed the changes in coverage of vitamin A supplementation 2011 to 2012 due to the intensive monitoring.Methods: Two rounds of repeated cross-sectional mixed-methods surveys were conducted on a sample of 2,579 and 2,580 caregivers during baseline and end-line respectively. Low performing districts identified in each of the four provinces constituted the study domain. The sample of households in each region was selected using a two stage cluster sampling strategy.Results: The coverage of Vitamin A registered an absolute increase of 35.7 percent points in the intensive monitoring districts compared to the other districts, where it was 29.6 percent points in the end-line over the baseline.Conclusions: It was observed that intensive monitoring and interpersonal counselling by lady health worker is instrumental in improving the coverage of Vitamin A in certain programmatic settings in Pakistan.
Breastfeeding practices among currently married women of selected tribes of Jharkhand, India
Authors: Kumari Shalini , Kshatriya Gautam Kumar
Published: June 2018

Background: An exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and an extended breastfeeding for 24 months protects the infant from infectious disease and promotes child spacing. Therefore, the knowledge, attitude and practice about infant and child feeding is important to overcome morbid conditions prevailing among mothers and her child. The present study aimed at investigating the factors influencing an exclusive breastfeeding among currently married tribal women in Jharkhand, India.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the 919 currently married Santal, Oraon, Mahli and Ho women in the age group of 15-29 years from forty villages of Purbi Singhbhum district of Jharkhand using interview schedule method.Results: The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding up to 24 months was found to be 4.1 and 12.9 months respectively. Also, not much difference in the average duration of exclusive breast feeding was found between working and non-working women. The results of multinomial regression showed maternal age (OR=1.92, p<0.05), place of delivery (OR=2.3, p<0.05), distance from health facility (OR=4, p<0.01) and sex of last child born (OR=2.5, p<0.01) among the significant determinants for exclusive Breastfeeding.Conclusions: The duration and initiation of breastfeeding in a marginalised society depends to a great extent on how family members participate and decide on the type of feeding for new-borns. Also, several public health education campaigns should be launched aiming at increasing the familiarity of family relations on exclusive breastfeeding.
Trends and factors determining the place of delivery in a rural setting of Maharashtra
Authors: Kushwaha Arvind Singh , Kushwaha Anshika Singh
Published: June 2018

Background: The MMR in India was 212 according to SRS 2009, which translates to about 55,000 women dying annually due to pregnancy and related causes. Very few studies have been done to understand thebirthing practices in the rural setup. This study was conducted to estimate the trends of delivery and elucidate the various socio-cultural factors determining the birthing practices in rural India.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among married women, aged 18 to 49 years residing in a Gram Panchayat Kasurdi of Daund Taluka in Pune district from March to October 2016. A structured, interview based, pre-tested questionnaire was used for collection of the data.Results: Most of the study subjects were literate (69.5%), housewife (46.2%) and residing in joint family (39.7%). Four fifth (83%) of the women had at least two children. Despite this, it was both the partners (47.8%) who were the most common decision maker for the place of delivery. Though most (81.6%) of women wanted to deliver in an institution but home delivery was found in one fourth cases (26.5%). The most common reason for home delivery was ease, comfort and privacy while the most common reason for institutional delivery was that it was safe.Conclusions: There is a wide gap between where the rural women want to deliver and where they actually do. As the parity rises complacency is seen in utilization of the ANC services and institutional delivery.
An era of digital slavery: a study on internet addiction among professional college students of Hassan, Karnataka
Authors: K. J. Subhashini , G. Praveen
Published: June 2018

Background: The spectacular growth of technology has made Internet use, the most popular recreational and academic activity for the college students. With the rise of new-generation gadgets, the risk of “internet addiction” is a significant issue of concern. Internet addiction leads to social and psychological problems such as depression, loneliness, low self-esteem and life satisfaction and other mental health problems and a greater impact on their academics. The objective of the study was to determine the association between internet addiction and depression and to know the effect of gender on internet addiction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on the professional course students from Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences (Government Medical College) and Government Engineering College. A total of 300 students were assessed for internet addiction using Young’s internet addiction test and depression was assessed using Beck’s depression inventory-II.Results: Out of the 300 professional college students, 173 (57.7%) were found to be internet addicted and 67 (38.7%) among them were found to be depressed and a statistically significant association (p<0.05, OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.02–6.39) was found. Males were found to be more addicted than females and it was statistical significant.Conclusions: Internet Addiction is common among the college students and adequate steps have to be taken to prevent the students from falling into addiction which is considered as a mental health issue. Knowledge regarding the safe use of internet has to be provided to students.
Profile of patients admitted with rabies in Epidemic Disease Hospital of Mysore, India
Authors: Khan Mudassir Azeez , Joe Prathyusha , M. Pashupathy , M. Laxman
Published: June 2018

Background: Rabies is the only communicable disease of man that is 100 percentage fatal, yet it is easily preventable with timely and appropriate administration of vaccine and immunoglobulin. Rabies is still a neglected disease and the study was undertaken to determine the socio-demographic, clinical profile and the immunisation status of patients admitted with rabies in Epidemic Disease hospital, Mysore.Methods: The study was done retrospectively by observation of case records and registers for a period of ten years from 2008 to 2017.Results: Case records of 44 patients admitted with rabies were obtained. Most of them were males above the age of 40 years and reported history of dog bite (72.7%). Majority had symptoms 1-2 months after the animal bite. The classical symptoms of hydrophobia were present in 86.4% patients. All the 44 patients expired in the hospital. None of them had a complete post exposure prophylaxis of antirabies vaccination and immunoglobulin. The reasons for the same were obtained from case records and by interviewing the doctor in charge. The non-availability of vaccine and immunoglobulin, decreased knowledge and expertise in administration of immunoglobulin among hospital staff in the periphery were some of the reasons.Conclusions: The cost incurred, loss of wages and not understanding the importance of completion of anti-rabies vaccination by the animal bite victims can be addressed only by providing the immunoglobulin and vaccine at very low costs, adequate training of doctors and ensuring the availability of vaccine and drugs.
Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in asymptomatic pregnant women and in the cord blood of their newborns
Authors: Jha Dharmendra Kr. , Jha Anshu Kr.
Published: June 2018

Background: In a developing country like India there is very high incidence and prevalence of hepatitis B. The disease is easy to prevent than to treat. Pregnant females are exposed more to risk factors than the general population which makes them a more apt candidate for HBsAg screening. This shall help both the mother (in terms of treatment) and newborn (in terms of prophylaxis and if not successful then, treatment).Methods: This study was conducted on 111 patients who were divided into two groups of asymptomatic cases and symptomatic cases i.e. those patients who were jaundiced. ELISA was used for detection of HBsAg in the maternal and the cord blood of their newborn.Results: Maximun incidence of sero-positivity was seen in age group between 20-25yrs and second pregnancy was associated with maximum HBsAg positivity. Asymptomatic cases showed only 10.41% sero-positivity whereas it was 60% in clinically jaundiced cases (p<0.05). Also rate of vertical transmission was 66.6% in the diseased group. Obstetric complications like premature labour, early rupture of membrane were also observed in the study.Conclusions: This study helped us to know the prevalence and the various other association of HBsAg positivity both in clinically asymptomatic cases and symptomatic cases. Thus we conclude that HBsAg screening should be mandatory for all pregnant females and in areas where resources a scarce at least high risk cases should be screened. This shall help to break the chain of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of this dreaded disease.
Measles rubella campaign: coverage among slum children of Udupi municipality area in Karnataka
Authors: Kumar Ashwini , Pai Divya V. , Chaudhary Aparna Sen , Ramireddy Mahathi , Kamath Asha
Published: June 2018

Background: Poor coverage of measles vaccine and shift in the age of incidence of rubella towards adolescents and young adults with low rubella vaccination coverage leads to outbreaks of congenital rubella syndrome and measles in India. Therefore the Government of India has decided to administer measles rubella vaccine to all children from 9 months to 15 years of age in campaign mode to eliminate measles and control rubella. The aims and objectives of the study were to assess the coverage of measles rubella vaccination among the slum children of Udupi Municipality area following the MR campaign.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted for a period of one month among parents of beneficiary children in 312 households of the study population.Results: Study targeted 350 families in 14 localities of which 312 families were covered consisting 578 children. Amongst them 560 (97%) were immunized and 28 (5%) of them had minor side effects. Fever (89%) was the most common side effect. Among those who were not vaccinated 18 (3%) nearly half of them (44%) were not aware of ongoing campaign and 22% as per physician’s advice.Conclusions: In the present study, coverage of MR vaccine was 97% and 88.1% (275) of the families studied knew about the MR campaign while only 267 (85.6%) actually received the MR vaccine.
A clinical profile of ocular morbidities at a rural health and training centre in Goa
Authors: Cacodcar Jagadish A. , Usgaonkar Ugam , Raiturcar Tanvi Poy
Published: June 2018

Background: Many studies have been conducted in the past to study the profile of ocular morbidities in rural areas in different States in India; however such a study was lacking in Goa.Methods: A case series titled, “A clinical profile of ocular morbidities at a Rural Health and Training Centre in Goa”, was conducted between January to March 2018, after Institutional ethical committee approval. The study population included 200 patients residing in households registered under the Rural Health and Training Centre (RHTC) located at Mandur, who attended the Ophthalmology speciality outreach clinic. After informed consent, patients were interviewed based on a pre-tested proforma. Socio-demographic details and history was obtained and a detailed ophthalmic examination was done.Results: 47.5% were between 41-60 years of age, 49.5% used coal, wood or cow dung as fuel; 26.5% were illiterate or had completed primary schooling. 63% had no visual impairment, visual impairment grade 1 and 2 was present in 10% and 19.5% respectively.7.5% were grouped as blind. 55% had refractive errors, 9.5% had corneal opacities, 33% cataract, 4.5% glaucoma, 7% optic atrophy, 7% retinal and macular involvement.Conclusions: 55% of the participants had refractive errors, 9.5% had corneal opacities, 33% had cataract; 33% of whom were illiterates and 30% were those using coal, wood or cow dung as fuel, suggesting lower socio economic background. The high percentage of patients with corneal opacities and cataract was probably due to lower socio economic status, illiteracy and lack of awareness about ocular problems.
A study on initiation of breastfeeding: are children in India getting the best start?
Authors: Kushwaha Arvind Singh , Kushwaha Anshika , Kushwaha Neha
Published: June 2018

Background: Giving colostrum to a newborn has been called the “first immunisation” of the child. Colostrum and breast milk have definite anti-infective properties and have shown to have an impact on reducing specific morbidity and mortality rates among infants. The objectives of the study were to determine the level of knowledge about early initiation of breast feeding amongst mothers and to study determinants of initiation of breast feeding.Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital of a medical college in Pune. Systematic random sampling method was used.Results: The subjects came predominantly from joint families, urban area, Hindu by religion and Class II Socio economic status (Kuppuswamy classification). Majority of (84.23%) mothers responded that they initiated breast feeding within 1 hour after birth. Most (95.25%) of the mothers agreed for giving colostrums. About half of the mothers interviewed believed that breast milk is more nutritious (49.5%) while 28% mothers said that feeding babies with breast milk protects them against infections.Conclusions: All doctors and paramedical personnel in the Government and private institutions ensure that lactation begins immediately after birth and prelacteal feeds are withheld.
Predictors of low birth weight babies born in tribal tertiary health care setting: a cross sectional study
Authors: S. B. Thakre , S. S. Thakre , A. C. Kaware , H. Adikane
Published: June 2018

Background: A baby’s weight at birth is a strong indicator of maternal and newborn health and nutrition. Strategies to reduce prevalence of LBW are important in order to achieve the third Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3)-reduce child mortality. With this background the present study was undertaken to estimate proportion of LBW babies born at tribal tertiary health care institution and to find out predictors of the LBW among babies.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken at tertiary health care setting. We restricted analyses to singleton live births, and following an initial descriptive summary of the deliveries, logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association of various factors.Results: Our results show proportion of LBW was 17.84% in babies born at tribal tertiary health care setting. There is no significant difference of LBW in different socio-demographics of the mother. However; significant difference was observed in tribal and non-tribal women and women with low literacy lever; wherein significant predictors were related to utilization of antenatal care (ANC), ICDS services, etc. Statistical significance was ascertained based on a p<0.05.Conclusions: In this study; significant predictors were low maternal education, <4 ANC visits, inadequate consumption iron and folic acid, low hemoglobin percent level, and no additional diet at ICDS during current pregnancy. It has also provided basic information pertinent to quality of ANC care and it influence on LBW. Findings of this study are useful for maternal and child health policy makers, practitioners and those who provide health care during pregnancy
Stress among medical students of a tertiary health care centre in tribal area of central India: a prospective observational study
Authors: Adikane Hemant , Kaware Alka , Thakre Subhash
Published: June 2018

Background: Medical education has been reported to be one of the most stressful academic curricula worldwide, negatively affecting the physical and mental health of medical students. A medical student can be stressed due to different reasons or stressors such as the academic, financial problem, health problem or loss of close family member or friend, etc. It is the person’s ability to face the everyday challenges which will determine whether he/she will be stressed or not. This stress manifests itself in a variety of forms, including burnout, depressive symptoms, poor Quality of Life, and fatigue. The greater the number of forms of stress experienced by an individual student, the higher the risk of recent suicidal ideation or serious thoughts of dropping out of medical school.Methods: Present observational study was conducted at Government Medical College, Gondia during July 2017 to April 2018. To collect the data, medical students’ stress questionnaire (MSSQ) was used.Results: Out of 100 study subjects approached, 98 subjects responded. At Ist session, Out of 6 domains, Academic related stressors was found to be highest (1.95±0.668) followed by Teaching and learning related stressors (1.39±0.81). Similarly in IInd session, similar results were exaggerated. Academic related stressors was found to be (2.00±0.61) followed by Teaching and learning related stressors (1.39±0.81).Conclusions: A large proportion of medical students have potential psychological problems. The stressors experienced by the students were mainly related to academics and psychosocial concerns.
Awareness and perception regarding female foeticide among adolescents in rural community of Nalgonda district, Telangana
Authors: J. Kishore Yadav , Ganapa Praveena , Fernandes Joanna P. , D. Sreeharshika , S. Ramesh
Published: June 2018

Background: Female foeticide is perhaps one of the worst forms of violence against women where a woman is denied her most basic and fundamental right i.e. “the right to life”. Exorbitant dowry demand is one of the main reasons for female infanticide and other reasons include belief that it is only the son who can perform the last rites, that lineage and inheritance runs through the male line, sons will look after parents in old age, men are bread winners etc. The present study was aimed to assess the awareness & perception regarding female foeticide among adolescents in rural community.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 school students with a pre-tested, semi structured questionnaire in order to assess the awareness & perception regarding female foeticide among adolescents. Data collected was analysed using SPSS software.Results: Majority (52.5%) of the study subjects were males. Majority (70%) of the subjects could define foeticide. Boys have better knowledge than girls regarding current sex ratio (21%), state position(20%) and district position(33.3%).The most common reasons for not preferring girl child were not carrying family name and burden to the family. Major source of information was social media.Conclusions: This study reveals that there is considerable scope for spreading awareness to youth about this social malady with medical implications. This will not only change the perception and behaviour of future generation, but motivated adolescents can also influence the families and communityation.
Assessment of “depression, anxiety and stress” among students of schools at RHTC area catered by private medical college in South India
Authors: Zare V. R. , Ramesh B. , Kokiwar Prashant
Published: June 2018

Background: It is important to screen the higher secondary school children for “depression, anxiety, and stress”. This will help in early detection of any such condition. The objective of the study was to assess depression, anxiety and stress among students of schools at RHTC area catered by private medical college in South India.Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was carried out at schools at RHTC area catered by private medical college in South India from April 2017 to December 2017 A total of 400 school children belonging to class 6th to class 10th i.e. 300 from public schools and 100 from private schools were enrolled for the present study.Results: Maximum number of study participants in public school was females (59.33%) and in private school was males (57%). It was found that depression was 13%, anxiety about 63%, stress about 13%. In private school students depression was nearly 6%, anxiety was 60%, stress was 27%. People with depression, anxiety and stress they cope up with those situation by watching TV nearly 94% in private school students and 95% in public school students. None of them share their emotions with friends.Conclusions: Prevalence of “depression, anxiety, and stress” was very high in the study area. Measures like free environment in the schools and recreational activities should be employed in all schools.
A retrospective study of febrile seizures among children admitted in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Potdar Pralhad Sureshrao
Published: June 2018

Background: Convulsion is the most common neurologic finding in children (10%). Prevention of febrile convulsions is therefore desirable, and is of particular relevance in children with factors carrying a high risk of recurrence. Aim and Objectives were to study the demographic profile and some risk factors of febrile seizures among children.Methods: A record based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at paediatric department of Dr. S.C.GMC, Nanded. Considering inclusion & exclusion criteria all children in the 6 month to 6 year age who were diagnosed as having febrile convulsion admitted during January to December 2015 were included in the study.Results: Of the 288 children 173 (60.1%) were boys and 115 (39.9%) were girls. 46.9% children were in the 1-3 year age group. Mean age of occurrence was 2.8 years (±1.5 years). In this study, 80.2% (231) of the patients had simple and 19.8% (57) had the complex form of febrile seizure. In our study, 51.73% (149) of affected children had positive family history of febrile seizure. URTI (9.7%) followed by AGE (7.3%) was the most common co-morbidity. 54.2% children were hospitalized for 1-3 days.Conclusions: Most of the children had a positive family history and the most common causative factor was URTI, LRTI, AGE etc. are associated with febrile convulsion and these diseases can be managed effectively thereby reducing the occurrence of febrile convulsion.
Assessment of nutritional status among elderly population in a rural area in Manipur: community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: O. Joymati , Ningombam Minita , Rajkumari Bishwalata , Gangmei Agatha
Published: June 2018

Background: Malnutrition in elderly (≥60 years) is both a health outcome as well as a risk factor for diseases. It increases the risk both of morbidity and mortality among them. Objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of nutritional status among elderly people and any associated factors between nutritional status with selected variables of interest.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April, 2017 in a rural community in Kongpal in Imphal East, Manipur in North-Eastern India.  Using a structured interview schedule, data were collected from 245 elderly people aged ≥60 years. For nutritional assessment, Mini nutritional assessment tool (MNA) was used. Descriptive statistics like mean (SD) and Chi-square test was used.  P<0.05 was taken as significant.Results: A total of 250 eligible individuals participated. Mean age (SD) was 69.5 (±7.7) years and majority (82.4%) belonged to 60-74 age groups. Around three-fifth of the respondents (56.0%) reported they suffered from co-morbid illnesses. According to MNA tool, one-fifths (20.8%) of respondents were malnourished and 49.2% at risk of malnourished. Significant association was found between being malnourished with older age group, female gender, among unmarried/widow/widower, lower educational level, unemployed/ homemaker and financially dependent on other.Conclusions: The overall prevalence of malnutrition and at risk of malnutrition in our study was 20.8% and 49.2%. Approaches to improve the nutritional status of the elderly should focus primarily on those who are older, low educational status, female gender and financially dependence.
Functional impairments of elderly in rural areas of east Sikkim, India: cross-sectional study
Authors: Engheepi Frieda Bokali P. , Sonowal Nikita Joshi , Mehta V. K. , Rai Ajoy Daniel
Published: June 2018

Background: Ageing is a universal, biological reality, which affects every individual on this earth.India, being the second largest country with 8.4% of the total population belonging to the age group of 60 years and above faces challenges of population ageing. The major concern now being the health care of the elderly as functional ability decreases with age leading to avoidance of challenging situations, restricted activity and further decline in health. The objective of this study was to find out the functional impairments of elderly in rural areas of East Sikkim using Lawton’s instrumental activities of daily living scale.Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out with 324 elderly people aged 60 years and above. The study sample was obtained using multistage random sampling method. Out of total 52 GPU’s in rural areas of east Sikkim, 18 GPU’s were selected using random generation number method and then the list of all the elderly were obtained from each selected GPU. From this list, 18 elderlies in each GPU were randomly selected for the study thus the total sample size was 324. The study was conducted using Lawton’s instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale.Results: There was significant difference between the IADL score of both the genders (p=0.0001). There was no significant relationship in IADL score with age (r=-0.072). However, 2.5% of the elderly were totally dependent for IADL activity.Conclusions: Developing multidisciplinary approaches for improving quality of life might be a fruitful approach in elderly and thus enhancing the policy makers for forming a comprehensive geriatric rehabilitation services to provide health care accessibility for every elderly.
Study of magnitude and socio-demographic factors associated with anaemia among children of a school for mentally challenged in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
Authors: Raut Pritish K. , Avachat Shubhada S. , Gupta Sachin , Pundkar Rutuja D.
Published: June 2018

Background: Anaemia is one of the important silent morbidity in childhood that affects the development of a child. Disabled children are more vulnerable for nutritional problems like under-nutrition or anaemia due to inadequate nutrient intake either due to feeding problems or poor feeding knowledge among care providers. However there are very few studies regarding nutritional problems of intellectually disabled. The aims of the study were to assess the nutritional status and magnitude of anaemia among mentally challenged children and to study the socio-demographic variables associated with anaemia among them.Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted in a Day School for mentally challenged in Ahmednagar. All 45 children (Day scholars) were enrolled in the study. Data collection was done using a predesigned proforma for detail history. Anthropometric measurements and Body mass index were used for assessment of nutritional status. Haemoglobin estimation was done by using Sahali's Haemoglobinometer. The details of socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient (I.Q.) were taken from the official records of the school. Percentages, proportions and Chi square test were used for Statistical Analysis.Results: The mean age was 12.5 years, mean IQ was 37.8. More than half of the children were undernourished (64% had BMI<18.5). Mean Haemoglobin was 10.3 and 33 (73%) children were suffering from mild to moderate anaemia. Significant association was observed between degree of mental retardation and anaemia.Conclusions: Majority of mentally challenged children in our study were suffering from under nutrition and anaemia.
Presumed ocular toxocara cati infection in Port Harcourt
Authors: Chukwuka Ireju Onyinye , Fiebai Bassey
Published: June 2018

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic infection transmitted from animals to humans caused by parasitic round worms found in dogs and cats. Ocular toxocariasis is a rare condition caused by toxocara cati that can result in monocular loss of vision. We report an accidental finding of loss of vision in the right eye of a 39-year-old who decided to get an ocular examination following a routine prep talk in an outpatient clinic. Patient was asymptomatic and presenting best corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 6/60. Fundus examination revealed multiple discrete granulomas and a fatty liver revealed on abdominal scan. There is a positive history of living with cats while growing up. We presume this to be a case of toxocara cati. Regular ocular examinations in addition to general medical check-up should be encouraged in pet owners and those handling animals, as well as a high index of suspicion amongst ophthalmologists.
Salmonella species causing hip septic arthritis
Authors: Alhazzazi Khalid Mohammed A. , Alsheikh Khalid , Konbaz Faisal , AlMugren Turki Saud
Published: June 2018

Salmonella infection has been associated with various presentations depending on the system that has been affected and Salmonella species that invaded the body. Usually present with gastroenteritis symptoms and bacteremia. Rare cases had been recorded that Salmonella causing septic arthritis. We are reporting a rare case of Salmonella causing septic hip arthritis. Case report of a 31-year-old lady, known case of: systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid syndrome, chronic kidney disease from National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018. We found the possibility of Salmonella species that causes various diseases can cause septic hip arthritis. Salmonella gram-negative bacilli has been associated with broad spectrum of illnesses as gastroenteritis, typhoid fever and septicemia. In the developed countries Salmonella cause self-limiting diarrhea with risk of developing bacteremia. Rare cases reported as a case of Salmonella causing septic joint arthritis. Following the recommendations of treating Salmonella osteomyelitis would help eradicate the infection and decrease the relapse rate period.
Effect of sleep deprivation on the liver, kidney and heart: histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Taha Medhat , Rady Hagar Y. , Olama Nouran K.
Published: June 2018

Background: Sleep deprivation is verging on a public health epidemic. It induced mild organ injuries through oxidative stress. The present study aimed at evaluating possible histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations caused by sleep deprivation on the liver, heart and kidney.

Methods: 36 Wistar senile male albino rats were divided into two groups; control and experimental. Experimental rats were placed in a plastic cage, with grid floor placed inside it. The cage was filled with water to 1 cm below the grid surface. The stainless-steel rods of the grid were set 2 cm apart from each other. Loss of muscle tone associated with sleep caused them to touch the water and wake up. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed by decapitation on days 1, 3 and 5. Liver, kidney and heart were obtained and dissected.  

Results: In SSD1 group, liver cells showed early stage of hepatic steatosis while mucolipidosis within hepatocytes was detected in SSD3 and the degree of steatosis increased in SSD5. Renal glomerular congestion was detected in SSD1. In SSD3 vascular congestion of glomerular tufts and apoptosis of the lining tubular epithelium was seen. Renal casts were formed in SSD5. In SSD1 lysis of myocardial fibrils was seen. Myocardial fibers degeneration represented by increase sarcoplasmic eosinophilia in SSD3. Sarcoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear chromatolysis increased in SSD5. Staining with GFAP and P53 showed various results among the liver, heart and kidney.

Conclusions: Sleep deprivation might induce multiple organ injury through oxidative stress causing altered histological appearance.
Effect of storage time on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time: study at a tertiary care center in Kashmir valley
Authors: Geelani Sajad , Wani Gul Sajad , Khan Subuh Parvez , Qadri Syed Mudasir , Rasool Javid , Quadri Syed Saulat , Khan Fiza Parvez
Published: June 2018

Background: Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) are tests of haemostasis commonly employed in the evaluation of coagulopathies. Storage temperature and time interval between sample collection and testing can have a significant effect on results of coagulation tests. The aims of the study were investigate whether storage temperature and time influence the results of routine coagulation tests and whether any changes caused by delayed analysis results in a clinically relevant difference, as well as to establish our own acceptable storage temperature and time guidelines.

Methods: This study was conducted at Department of Clinical Haematology, in a tertiary care center in Kashmir valley. This study included 50 cases. Individuals with chronic liver diseases or cardiovascular disorders, subjects on anticoagulant therapy were excluded. 25 samples were observed at room temperature (RT) and 25 samples at 2-8°C. PT and APTT was measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours both at RT and 2-8°C. Findings at 0 hr were compared to findings at 2,4, 8,16 and 24 hours in both the groups.  

Results: In case of PT, reliable results were obtained up to 24 hrs either kept at RT or at 2 to 8°C and for APTT reliable results were obtained up to 4 hours kept at RT or at 2 to 8°C as there was no significant change during this period.

Conclusions: Coagulation test should be performed as soon as possible with PT being performed before 24 hours and APTT before 4 hours of collection of sample irrespective of whether the sample has been preserved at RT or in refrigerator.
Acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder associated with immunosuppressive agent use three years after renal transplantation: a case report
Authors: Obayi Okwudili N. K.
Published: June 2018

Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent used to prevent graft-versus-host disease after organ transplantation. Though a beneficial drug that contributes in the post-transplant life of patients, it comes with various side effects including, though rarely, psychiatric manifestations such as psychosis. Reported here is the case of a 21 year old lady with no prior psychiatry history with apparent tacrolimus-induced schizophrenia-like psychosis. Withdrawal of the immunosuppressant led her to full recovery from the mental problem. To the best of my knowledge, there are only few reports that describe psychosis induced by tacrolimus but none of such reports is from Nigeria, a country with increasing demand for kidney transplant. Clinicians are reminded to regularly watch out for mental status changes in post-transplant patients as early identification of any aberration with immediate reduction of the dosage or substitution of the drug would save both the patient and the already emotionally and financially-stressed family from further distress.
Oncocytoma of parotid gland: a rare case report
Authors: Shrestha Bikash Lal , Rajbhandari Pradeep
Published: June 2018

Oncocytoma of parotid gland is a rare tumor that mainly affects the age groups of sixth to eight decades. The treatment of this tumor is mainly surgical with either radical or superficial parotidectomy and the prognosis is excellent. In our case report, 72 years old female came with complain of slowly growing, painless swelling on right infra auricular area which was diagnosed as oncocytoma of parotid gland. She was successfully treated with superficial parotidectomy. Since the oncocytoma of parotid gland is very rare tumor and may confuse with other parotid diseases like pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma. As the cure rate of the disease is excellent, so it is advised to make the appropriate diagnosis whenever the case is encountered.
Effect of local vitamin E versus local dexamethasone on prevention of myringosclerosis
Authors: Mandour Yasser Mohammad Hassan , Elsayed Mohamed
Published: June 2018

Background: The objective of the study was to compare between effect of local vitamin E and local dexamethasone on prevention of myringosclerosis induced by ventilation tube in human tympanic membranes.

Methods: 90 children undergoing myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion were divided into 3 groups: group-I: 30 children undergoing myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion only, group-II: 30 children under- going myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion with use of local vit E, group-III: 30 children under going myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion with use of local dexamethasone.  

Results: The incidence of myringosclerosis occurance with otoscopic and microscopic examination was lesser in group 2 (6 ears) in which local vit E was applied than group 3 (11 ears) in which local dexamethasone was applied and also than group1 in which no local medication was applied (21 ears).

Conclusions: In this study results suggest that applying local vit E in children under going myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion more effective than use of local dexamethasone in children undergoing myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion on limiting the intensity and prevalence of myringosclerosis. 
Perceptive evaluation of the severity of dysphonia among Lebanese bilingual subjects
Authors: Remman Reina , Matar Nayla , Puech Michèle
Published: June 2018

Background: Perceptive analysis of voice represents a basic and fundamental early step in the process of evaluating voice quality. Several factors seem to affect the results. Prominent among them is bilingualism, a common occurrence among Lebanese youths who frequently speak a second or third language in addition to their native tongue Arabic.

Methods: This study aims to find pertinent information for the characterization of the severity of dysphonia depending on the language spoken by Lebanese bilingual subjects. The intent is to try to appreciate if voice seems more dysphonic in the Lebanese language compared to French and English. The sample comprises twenty-two Lebanese dysphonic women, aged between twenty and sixty years. They all read a text in Lebanese Arabic and another one in French or in English, depending on the languages that they use on a regular basis. Voice recordings are rated by four expert listeners. Two listening sessions are organized using the G, R and B criteria of Hirano’s GRBAS scale.  

Results: Results show that the voice appears more dysphonic with a more pronounced roughness when reading in French for bilingual French/Arabic subjects than it is for English/Arabic persons reading in English. However, the patients speaking French and Arabic appear to be more dysphonic as a group compared to the patients speaking English and Arabic.

Conclusions: It is important to enlarge the number of participants to get more accurate results. However, the suggested corpus in Lebanese Arabic seems to be adapted for the evaluation of voice quality.
Sphenoid sinus mucoceles
Authors: Devarasetty Amarnath , Natarajan Kiran , Begum Thangammal , R. S. Anand kumar , Kameswaran Mohan
Published: June 2018

Background: Mucoceles are cyst-like lesions lined with respiratory epithelium that most commonly produce bone destruction within the paranasal sinuses. The spread of mucoceles is variable; hence they may cause different symptoms. In a majority of patients, mucoceles involve the frontal sinuses and the ethmoidal labyrinth. Sphenoidal mucoceles are rare and have an incidence of 1%. Prompt management of sphenoidal mucoceles is recommended in order to avoid potentially devastating complications. Our objective was to analyze the various presenting symptoms & signs of sphenoid mucoceles in twelve patients and the outcomes of management.

Methods: Twelve patients were diagnosed with sphenoidal mucocele over an 18 year period (January 1998 - December 2015). All patients underwent diagnostic nasal endoscopy, CT / MRI scans prior to management.  

Results: Twelve patients with sphenoid mucocele presented with variable signs & symptoms to a tertiary ENT care facility. All patients were successfully managed by endoscopic sinus surgery. Two out of three patients with diminished vision had complete recovery of vision after the procedure. One patient with complete loss of vision had no recovery after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Conclusions: Imaging plays a vital role in diagnosis of sphenoid mucoceles. The close proximity of the optic nerve to the sphenoid sinus makes it very vulnerable to get involved. Early diagnosis and management of sphenoid mucoceles is crucial. 
Fine needle aspiration cytology accuracy in diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a comparative study with histopathological examination of thyroid swellings
Authors: Nautiyal Shivani , Jain Alok , Tiwari Shashwat , Ashutosh Kumar
Published: June 2018

Background: Thyroid enlargement, whether diffuse or in the form of a nodule, leads to a battery of investigations to be done. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is usually the first line of investigation but the limitations of cytology are well recognized in the diagnosis of some thyroid malignancies, in particular it is not able to differentiate between follicular adenoma and carcinoma. We conducted a prospective study to assess the role of FNAC in diagnosing the nature of thyroid swelling and comparing its result with histopathology finding.

Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 100 consecutive patients presented with thyroid swelling in department of otorhinolaryngology.  

Results: The present data show high specificity (96.29%) of FNAC as compared to sensitivity, which came out to be (78.9%). Positive and negative predictive value is 93.75% and 95.23%. This is quite similar to previous studies.

Conclusions: FNAC has high specificity (96.29%), sensitivity (78.9%), positive predictive value (93.75%), negative predictive value (95.23%) and accuracy (95%) therefore it can be reliably used as initial investigation. A benign FNAC diagnosis should be viewed with caution as false negative results do occur and these patients should be followed up clinico-radiologically for any progression that will require repeated FNAC and/or surgery. 
Otomycosis: a clinical and mycological study
Authors: Singh T. Dinesh , Sudheer C. P.
Published: June 2018

Background: The term otomycosis is used to describe fungal infection of ear i.e. external auditory canal, eardrum. This condition appears as a primary infection or develops along with external bacterial infections as a results of antibiotic therapy. This study was designed to determine the clinical symptoms and fungal flora of otomycosis cases.

Methods: A total 100 (53% males, 47% females) clinically diagnosed otomycosis cases between 06-70 years were included. The external auditory meatus debris was collected by sterile swabs and sent to the microbial laboratory investigations.  

Results: Highest prevalence was seen in the age group 21-30 years. Itching in the ear was commonest symptom in 89%, followed by ear ache. Positive fungal growth was seen in 94% cases. Aspergillus was the common isolate in 63% cases, followed by Aspergillus niger with Candida albicans (10%), penicillium in 4% cases and Candida in 3% cases. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was seen in 32% cases, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), E. coli (11%).

Conclusions: The genus most commonly involved in otomycosis is Aspergillus followed by Candida. Clinical improvement was seen in 91% of cases and most of the cases responded satisfactorily with topical clotrimazole. 
Acquired cholesteatoma in children: presentation, complications and management
Authors: Khavasi Prabhu , Bhargavi Karra , Malashetti Santosh P. , C. Yasha
Published: June 2018

Background: Acquired cholesteatoma in children is an aggressive disease due to its rapid growth and high recurrence rate. The objective of the study was to assess clinical features of cholesteatoma in children and evaluate our experience in the overall management of this disease.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of 20 children aged 6-15 years operated on for acquired middle ear cholesteatoma from June 2016 to December 2017. An analysis was made about the clinical and operative findings, surgical approaches and the overall management of complications. The data were then compared with the relevant and available literature.  

Results: Majority of the children presented with complaints of otorrhoea (100%), decreased hearing (90%), otalgia (50%), complications (25%) and most of them (85%) were operated by canal wall down mastoidectomy technique (CWD).
Conclusions:Canal wall down mastoidectomy is the optimal management technique for adequate exposure and removal of cholesteatoma in paediatric population.
 