bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drought’s Impact on Growth and Strategies to Mitigate its Effects on Potato Cultivation: A review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Hussain Ahmed J.
Published: December 2023

The potato is the third most widely produced cereal in the world, behind rice and wheat. The contemporary potato is vulnerable to yield loss in prolonged droughts. Droughts are becoming more severe and common as a result of global warming. Because of its shallow root system, potatoes are easily parched. The occurrence of drought and water shortage has substantial ramifications for the production of potatoes, exerting influence on both the volume and quality of potato harvests. Potatoes are a crop that needs a substantial amount of water, since they rely on a regular and sufficient water supply during their whole growth cycle. The presence of drought conditions or limited water supplies might result in many adverse consequences for the cultivation of potatoes. Potato plants are susceptible to experiencing stunted growth and development as a direct result of the water stress that is brought on by drought conditions. The restricted supply of water adversely affects the absorption of vital nutrients by plants, resulting in imbalances and deficits in nutritional levels. These conditions may lead to inhibited development, diminished leaf surface, and a lower quantity of tubers. Water stress circumstances have a considerable negative impact on the total production potential of potato crops. Moreover, the phenomenon of water shortage has a significant impact on the physiological mechanisms of potato plants, specifically in relation to essential functions like photosynthesis and transpiration. A scarcity of water during the tuber bulking phases might lead to a reduction in potato size, hence impacting its commercial worth. The use of effective irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation or precision sprinklers, has the potential to optimize water usage and minimize losses resulting from evaporation. The use of water conservation methods and the adoption of drought-resistant potato cultivars are crucial solutions for mitigating the effects of water shortage on potato farming. Through the use of these procedures, farmers have the ability to augment the resilience of their potato crops and guarantee the attainment of sustainable production, even when faced with conditions of low water availability.
Effect of Fermented Wheat Residues with Agaricus bisporus and Spraying Potassium and Boron on Growth and Yield of Cucurbita Squash.
Authors: Abdulraheem Um Kulthoom Hatem , Al-Tufaili Aqeel Kareem Hasan , Alewi Zainab Hussein
Published: December 2023

The College of Agriculture / University of Kufa’s Agricultural Research Station conducted a field experiment in 2022 to determine the effects of fertilizing with Agaricus bisporus fungus residues and spraying shoots with potassium and boron on squash plant Cucurbita pepo hybrid cultivar Squash Ahmed F1’s vegetative growth and yield. The experiment had two variables. Initial factors included The first factor is adding vegetable residues fermented (organic matter) at 0, 1, 2 grams. Plant 1. Second, it involved spraying three concentrations of potassium, boron, and their combination on vegetative growth. The experiment used a factorial design (3 × 4) with R.C.B.D. and three replications, totaling 36 experimental units. After an ANOVA, the averages were compared using the least significant difference test. With 0.05 probability. The study found that 1 g of fungal residue in fertilization was effective. Spraying at a K and P concentration of led to in increasing the vegetative growth characteristics, as the plant height and the number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of the shoot, and the percentage of total chlorophyll, compared with control. Plant-1 was significantly affected increase in height, number of leaves, dry weight, and amount of yield.
Effect of Glutamine and Proline Spraying on Yield and Quality of Soft Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
Authors: Fadala Alaa S. , Al-Tahir Faisal M.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out in one of the farmer’s fields in the Al-Batira area, 20 km from the center of Maysan Governorate, during the winter season of 2022-2023 in soil with a silty mixture texture in order to assess the effect of glutamine and proline spraying on the yield and quality of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experimental layout was a split-plot R.C.B.D (randomized complete block design). Treatments with sprayed concentrations of distilled water alone (control), 300 mg l-1 of the amino acid glutamine (treatment 2), 300 mg l-1 of the amino acid proline (treatment 3), and 150 mg l-1 of the combined amino acids gluten and proline (treatment 4) were carried out. The second factor is made up of eleven newly created genotypes of soft wheat, including Russian, ACSAD 133, ADANE 99, ACSAD 59, ACSAD 901, Iranian, Wafiya, Jad (German), Jihan, and Bohouth 22. The results demonstrated the superiority of the cultivar Wafia, which produced a mean of 434.73 fertile spikes per hectare and a yield of grains of 7.97 megagrams per hectare. In contrast, the ACSAD 901 cultivar was superior in terms of the protein content of its grains, the moisture content of its grains, and the composition of its grains. Grain specific weights ranged from 12.05% to 12.81% to 80.56 grains per spike on average. The study also showed that the amino acid glutamine, in a mixed concentration of (150 mg L-1 with 150 mg L-1 proline), significantly outperformed other concentrations when sprayed on plants during the elongation and flowering stages, producing the highest averages in the characteristic of the number of fertile spikes, amounting to 434.46 spikes m2, grains number per spike-1 amounted to 78.49 grains per spike-1, and the grain yield amounted to 7.97 megagram-1.
Essential Oil Composition of calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand
Authors: Dogara Abdulrahman Mahmoud , Abbas Ahmed K. , Mahmood Saad Shakir , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Hussien Raghad Ahmed , Hashim Hiba H.
Published: December 2023

The use of herbal medicines is significant in healthcare initiatives, particularly in underdeveloped nations. All plants or parts of plants are thought to be possible sources of therapeutic substances, which includes a surprisingly comprehensive definition of what constitutes a medical plant. The literature and our own research both suggest that few studies exist that describe the chemical composition of Calotropis procera outside of Nigeria. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe the constituents of Calotropis procera essential oil, which is found in the northern part of Nigeria. Hydro distillation was used to distil the oil. An Agilent (Series MSD) gas chromatography 7890A/5975C linked mass spectrometer was used for the analysis of the oil. In the analysed essential oil, monoterpenes (60.4% of the oil) were the most prevalent compound, followed by other substances (23.81%) and sesquiterpenoids (15.67%). Phellandrenebeta-> (8.70), decanal 4Z-> (8.48), and perilla ketone (7.77) % are the three most prevalent substances. This examination will provide as a starting point for more study on the subject plant.
Effect of Exogenous Application of Nano Fertilizers and Seaweeds Extract on the Growth, Yield, and Total Alkaloids Content of Hyoscyamus niger
Authors: Al-Taweel Sudad K. , Mohammed Aws A.
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad in 2022. It aimed to improve the growth of the European black Henbane plant (Hyoscyamus niger), leaf yield, and its content of the total alkaloids as effective medicinal secondary metabolite compounds by spraying with three levels of nano-nitrogen (N=46%) and three levels of nano-potassium (K = 50%)) is 1 gm L-1, 2 gm L-1, and 3 gm L-1, respectively, for each of these fertilizers, in addition to spraying with two levels of seaweed extract (Acadian) at a concentration of 2 and 3 ml L-1, respectively. The experiment carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatment of spraying with Acadian marine extract at a concentration of 2 ml L-1 (A2) was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in increasing the plant height (55.80 cm), the number of branches (9.62) branches plant-1), and the plant yield (4493) kg ha-1 as well as in increasing the dry weight of the plant. The results indicated that are no significant differences in Plant yield by spraying nano-nitrogen fertilizer at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 while spraying potassium nano-fertilizer was significantly superior to treatments K3 and K2 at a concentration of 3 g L-1, followed by a concentration of 2 g L-1. in the total chlorophyll content of leaves (56.00) and (58.95) respectively, compared to the other treatments, the control treatment showed the lowest dry weight of the plant (88 g), which was outperformed by all other treatments when spraying with nano-fertilizers or marine extract with both concentrations A1 and A2, as well as spraying with nitrogen nano-fertilizer for the different treatments increased the dry weight of the plant. As for the characteristic of total alkaloids, all treatments, except for the two treatments of spraying with nano-fertilizers N1 and K1, were significantly superior to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest content of total alkaloids, 2.85%.
The Effect of Nano and Metallic Boron Spray on some Growth Traits of Sweet Corn under Water Stress Conditions
Authors: Riwad Mushtaq T. , Alag Makkiyah K.
Published: December 2023

Under conditions of water stress, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying with nano and metal boron on certain vegetative development parameters of the sweet crop (Zea mays L. Var saccharata) in the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of spraying with nano and metal boron. A split-plot R.C.B.D. with three replications was used to design the experiment. W1, W2, and W3 represented 40%, 60%, and 80% water depletion in the major plots. The sub-plots were treated with two concentrations of boron nano particles (5 and 10 mg L-1) designated N1 and N2, two concentrations of metal boron (20 and 40 mg L-1) denoted M1 and M2, and a control treatment of spraying distilled water only. The number of days from planting to 75% tasseling, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf area index, plant dry weight, and crop growth rate for both seasons did not differ between 40% and 60% water stress. 80% water stress decreased all trait averages. Nano and metallic boron spraying significantly affected most features. Spraying with 5 mg L-1 nano-boron concentration reduced the number of days from planting to 75% tasseling by 46.89 and 47.11 days, as well as plant height (141.36 and 142.10 cm), leaf number (13.40 and 13.51 leaves plant-1), plant dry weight (165.80 and 165.93 g plant-1), and crop growth rate (3.53 and 3.51 g m2 day-1 ) for both seasons. However, spraying with 10 mg L-1 nano-boron concentration produced the largest average leaf area (4507.90 and 4530.80 cm2 plant-1) and leaf area index (2.40 and 2.41, respectively) compared to the control treatment for both seasons. For both seasons, Water stress and nano/mineral boron spraying influenced plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, and dry weight. In cases of restricted irrigation water, we propose watering when the available water is 60% drained and spraying with nano boron at 5 mg L-1 to improve the plant’s performance in most of the sweet corn crop’s development features.
Phytochemical Analysis of Terpenes from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Study of its Biological Effect Against Macrophomina spp.
Authors: Saadallah Hamza A. , Sultan Fatimah I. , Al-Tarjuman Janan K.
Published: December 2023

This research was carried out under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts (alcoholic and oily) on the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, which was isolated from strawberry roots and diagnosed based on its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds present in the volatile oil separated from the leaves of E. camaldulensis were identified by using (GC-MS). And obtaining the effective compounds (Gamma-Terpinene, Benzene, Terpinen-4-ol, carvone, 1-Cyclohexene, p-Cymen-7-ol, 2-Naphthalene methanol, 5-methanol, Methyl1-4methylene). The separated fatty acids were identified from the ether petroleum extract of eucalyptus leaves using GC-MS and obtaining fatty acids (Lumaric acid, Linolic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic, a-Lenolinic, Stearic acid, Eicosenoic acid, Arachidonic acid Palmatic acid, Oleic, Octadecanoic acid). The Inhibition effect of eucalyptus leaf extract (alcoholic and oily) against the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the petroleum ether and eucalyptus oil extracts that were used at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml in the PDA medium had inhibitory effects on the growth of the aforementioned fungus. Both extracts caused a significant effect on the growth of this fungus in All concentrations used, as these fungi failed to form mycelium on PDA medium.
Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytogenetic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Carthamus tinctorius
Authors: Haleem Azhar M. , Hameed A. H. , Al-Majeed Reem A. , Hussein Nehia N. , Hikmat Rana A. , Queen Batool K.
Published: December 2023

Total polyphenol contents (TPCs), Total flavonoids contents (TFCs) and antioxidant activity (AA)% of ethanol leaves extract (ELEs) of Carthamus tinctorius was investigated, represented by the detection of the antibacterial activity against some pathogenic microbes, as well as the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) and programmed cell death (Apoptosis) by DAPI assay was studied on MCF-7 cell line. Regarding the activity against bacteria, the results showed that the greatest effect of the (ELEs) was on the growth of Gram+ve Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a diameter of the inhibition zone reached (31 mm), followed by Gram-ve bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-ve E.coli with an inhibition zone diameter reaching to (22.66 and 22.33 mm) respectively, The lowest effect recorded on the growth of C. albicans, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached to (21,33 mm). As for the effectiveness against oxidative stress and programmed death, the results showed that the extract had a good effect on cancer cells by causing a shrink and destroy them. All these findings were significantly correlated with the concentration of the total content of phenols and flavonoids in the extract. It was also observed that a clear effects of cytogenetic indicators represented in the drooped in the blastogenic index (BI) and the mitotic index (MI) increased by increasing the concentration. This concentration-dependent cytotoxic action is much like the plant alkaloids in chemotherapies.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Plants Thinning Date on Growth and Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Al-Juheishy Waleed Khalid Shahatha , Al-Wakaa Adnan Hussein , Al-Khafaji Ali Hussein
Published: December 2023

A field explore was done throughout the colder time of year time of 2021-2022 at two destinations, first at agricultural research and experiments station of Department of field crops/ Faculty of Agriculture and forestry-Mosul University and second at Badush dam to concentrate on reaction of safflower harvest to various degrees of organic fertilizer and plants thinning date in growth and yield qualities. The study included three levels of organic fertilizer (4, 8, 12 t/ha) and three dates for thinning plants (20, 30, 40 days from planting). Experiment was carried out according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the fertilizer level exceeded 30 t/ha significantly in plant height, number of branches / plant, leaf area, number of heads/ plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Percentage of oil and oil yield in both study sites, while the fertilizer level exceeded 15 t/ha in number of seeds/head. Date of thinning of plants after 20 days after planting significantly exceeded in the characteristics of number of branches / plant, leaf area, number of heads/ plant, number of seeds/ head, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Percentage of oil and oil yield at both study sites, while the date of thinning after 40 days after planting exceeded in plant height. Interference between the fertilizer level exceeded 30 t/ha with the date of thinning of plants 20 days after planting in the characteristics of leaf area and seed yield.
Induction of Callus of Two Cultivars from Rice Seed Embryos by the Effect of Abiotic Factors for Drought Tolerance ex Vivo
Authors: Najm Edrees S. , Hamza Ibrahim A.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during the period 2021-2023, with the aim of inducing Callus from embryos of two rice cultivars: black rice and Amber 33, to enhance drought tolerance in vitro. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied for experimental arrangements. Different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 mg L-1) were used to stimulate Callus, along with UV radiation of type UV-C with a wavelength (<280 nanometers), It does not affect the environment because it is absorbed by the atmosphere’s oxygen and ozone, for various durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. A control treatment was also used for comparison. The experimental stress conditions were induced using different concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fresh and dry weights of Callus were measured for all treatments, in addition to assessing the drought tolerance index. The results showed significant differences for most of the studied traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of Callus was achieved at a concentration of 3 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, at 258.9 mg and 26.06 mg, respectively. The control treatment with UV-C radiation outperformed with the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus, reaching 356.8 mg and 37.81 mg, respectively, compared to other irradiation doses. The control treatment with other PEG concentrations yielded the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus for the cultivars treated with UV-C radiation, reaching 356.4 mg and 38.81 mg, respectively. The drought tolerance index in terms of dry weight, the treatment with 1.5% PEG yielded the highest rate at 0.73 mg, while the treatment with 6% PEG resulted in the lowest rate at 0.21 mg. additionally; the black rice cultivar treated with UV-C radiation outperformed the Amber 33 rice cultivar in terms of both fresh and dry weights of Callus.
The Impact of Tillage Systems and Herbicide Type on the Growth and Yield of Wheat and the Growth Parameters of Associated Weeds
Authors: Safi Hussain A. , Ramadhan Marwan N.
Published: December 2023

The investigation was placed in the Al-Ghamij region, which is located north of Basrah in Iraq, in silty-clay soil. Three tillage systems were used in the study: conventional tillage with a moldboard plow, reduced-tillage with a disc harrow, and the no-till system. Additionally, three herbicides were used: Chevalier (300 g ha-1), Granstar (15-20 g ha-1), and Topic (0.75 l ha-1) to control weed growth. According to the RCBD design, using split plots, with the main plots devoted to tillage techniques and the split plots to herbicide. The results showed the significant superiority of the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow, with the fewest weeds per square meter, the fewest weeds dry weight per square meter, the tallest plants, the most tillers per square meter, the most spikes per square meter, the most grain yield, and the most biological yield totaling (48.7 plants m-2, 3.82g m-2, 81.67 cm, 370.78 tiller m-2, 344.4 spike m-2,4519.00 kg ha-1, and 10340.00 kg ha-1), compared to no-till and reduced-tillage methods, conventional tillage using a moldboard plow resulted in the highest number of weeds, the highest dry weight of the weeds, the shortest plant, the fewest tillers per square meter, the fewest spikes per square meter, the smallest grain and biological yield (105.3 plants m-2, 10.20 g m-2, 78.33 cm, 310.22 tiller m-2, 264.9 spike m-2, 3296.00 kg ha-1, and 9985.00 kg ha-1). The results of the study demonstrated the significant superiority of the Chevalier herbicide as it exhibited lower dry weight of weeds per square meter, the highest plant, more tillers and spikes per square meter, and the highest biological yield (4.49 g m-2, 82.33 cm, 347.89 tiller m-2, 309.7 spike m-2 and 10301.00 kg ha-1) respectively,. On the other hand, the Topic herbicide displayed the highest weeds dry weight, shortest plants, the lowest number of tillers and spikes, and the lowest biological yield (8.87 g m-2, 78.00 cm, 326.11 tiller m-2, 297.7 spike m-2 and 10023.00 kg ha-1).
Effect of Water Stress and Selenium Spraying on Vegetative and Yield Indicators of Garlic Allium sativum L.
Authors: Al-Salami Muhammad Obaid Ghazai , Alhasnawi Nasser Jubair Radhi
Published: December 2023

A field trial was carried out at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa, Iraq, during the growing season in September 2022 to evaluate the effect of water stress and spraying with selenium on the growth and yield of garlic. Three irrigation levels (100%, 80%, and 60%) of the water required for garlic and three concentrations of selenium (0, 10, and 20) mg.L-1. A strip-plot system was set up within a randomized complete block design with three replicates, where irrigation levels were placed in the main plots and selenium concentrations were designated in the subplots. Plant height, number of leaves, total chlorophyll content, shoot dry weight, number of cloves, bulb weight, and bulb yield were recorded as the agro-physiological traits. Furthermore, analysis of variance exhibited significant differences between both factors and their interactions for all traits measured. The results showed significant differences in all the aforementioned traits when irrigation levels were reduced from 100% to 60% of the water requirement. Spraying selenium at 20 mg.L-1 achieved the highest values in most of the above-mentioned characteristics in comparison with the absolute control, which gave the lowest values. The interaction treatment (100% watering + 20 mg.L-1 selenium) provided the highest mean for plant height, number of leaves, number of cloves, bulb weight, and yield compared with the other treatments.
Response of Bread Wheat Cultivars to Deficient Irrigation: a Morphological and Molecular Study
Authors: Al-Ghizzi Shams Yousif Ali , Al-Burki Fouad Razzaq
Published: December 2023

During the agricultural season of 2022-2023, a field experiment was conducted at the second agricultural experiment station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University in the Al-Bandar area (3 km from the city center) to study the molecular and phenotypic response of bread wheat cultivars to the effect of incomplete irrigation. An experiment was conducted using the Randomised Complete Block Design with split plots and three replications, the primary plots included the deficient irrigation factor, coded: D1 control, D2 tillering stage, D3 elongation stage, and D4 booting stage, while the secondary plots included cultivars and were coded V1 Mawada, V2 Bohuth22, V3 Baraka, and V4 IBAA99. The statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the water stress stages. The D1 treatment produced superior spike length (13.17) cm. Regarding cultivars, the cultivar Baraka excelled in the majority of field characteristics, including spike length (17.09) cm, leaf area (42.33) cm2, number of grains per spike (67.78) grains spike-1 and grain weight (61.02) g. While the cultivar Mawadah excelled in the number of days up to 50% flowering (88.50), plant height (93.17), and spike m-2 yield (364.4), the cultivar IPA99 excelled in the number of spikes (364.4). Regarding the interpenetrate, it had a significant effect on the majority of the traits, as treatment D1V2 excelled in the number of spikes (396.7) spike m-2, while treatment D1V3 excelled in the number of grains per spike (76.11) grains spike-1 and treatment D1V4 excelled in grain yield (7.30) ton ha-1. The combination D4V1 was also superior in terms of the number of spikes m-2 (408.3). The D4V4 treatment produced a superior grain yield (8.54) ton ha-1. The results of the molecular analysis by ISSR-PCR technique indicated that the primer (HB13) had 33 bands, and the primer (HB14) had 40 bands. Electrophoresis on agarose gel revealed that the primer (HB15) recorded the highest number of bands with 57 bands, 41 differentiated and 16 common, representing the main binding sites.
Analysis of Genetic Architecture for Ten Genotypes of Bread Wheat Using Half Diallel Crosses Under Nitrogen Stress
Authors: Hassan Muhammed K. , Al-Jubouri Jasim M. Aziz
Published: December 2023

This study included 10 genotypes of bread wheat are M45, Yakora, Giza168, Sids 12, SK95, Misr2, Giemiza 9, Sahel 1, Sids14, and Silano. The genotypes (parents and F1 crosses) were cultivated at the research station of the Department of Field Crops of the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk, during the season (2021-2022) in two separate experiments on sufficiency and insufficiency of the nitrogen element using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications, to estimate the general and specific combining ability, gene action and some genetic parameters. The results of the statistical and genetic analysis showed that there are highly significant differences for the general and specific combining ability values and that the ratio of the combining ability variance components to the specific combining ability variance components was less than the one for nitrogen sufficiency and insufficiency for all the studied traits. Sids14 variety excelled in its desirable effects of general combining ability, followed by Sr. (Sids12). The hybrid (M45 × Sids14) had the highest desired values for the effects of the special combining ability at nitrogen levels for all the traits studied, followed by the cross (Sahel 1 × Sids 12) also for all the traits studied except for The number of spikes plant-1 when there was insufficient nitrogen. The heritability broad sense was high with sufficient and insufficient nitrogen, while heritability narrow sense was high with sufficient nitrogen in the number of grains spike-1 and grains yield plant-1 (gm) and medium in The number of spikes plant-1 and the weight 1000 grains (gm) and the biological yield in the insufficient amount of the nitrogen element, the heritability narrow sense was medium in all studied traits. The average degree of dominance was greater than one when nitrogen was sufficient and insufficient, which indicates the existence of Over dominance, and the expected genetic advance as a percentage was low except for the number of grains spike-1 when nitrogen was sufficient and the grains yield plant-1 (gm) when nitrogen was insufficient, as it was medium. (11.908 and 12.250), respectively, these parents that are superior in the general combining ability with high phenotypic significance can be included in wheat breeding programs to produce hybrids that are superior in the specific combining ability that can be invested in the following generations with in the breeding programs to reach the best promising varieties with future nitrogen insufficiency.
Genotype × Environment Interaction for Genotype Cotton Upland Gossypium hirsutum L.
Authors: Sarteb Mahasty Mlko , Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2022 at the Agricultural Research Station / Daquq site, using six upland cotton genotypes (Lachata, Coker 310, pack coat, Spiro, Montana, and IK259), three levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (0, 100, and 200) kg.h-1, and two distances between the lines (40 and 60) cm, to study growth, yield, its components, and qualitative traits. We conclude that the genotype Spiro was stable in terms of the number of fruiting branches, while the genotype Coker 310 was more stable in terms of plant height and span length at 2.5%, and the genotypes IK259 were more stable in terms of the number of bolls per plant, the index lint, and the index of uniformity, and the two genotypes Lachata and Coker 310 in terms of boll weight. Cocker 310 and Spiro genotypes were more stable in seed cotton yield per plant and uniformity index, Spiro and Montana genotypes in ginning outturn, and Lachata and Spiro genotypes in seed index, while Lachata genotype was more stable in staple length at 50% and staple strength.
Response of Yield Traits and its Components to Nano-Fertilization in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Hussein Saeed Ismail , Ahmed Khalid Khalil
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in the Bani Magan area belonging to the Directorate of Agriculture of Chamchamal and affiliated to the General Directorate of Agriculture of Sulaymaniyah, to study the effect of spraying three levels of nano-fertilizer NPK on the growth, yield and quality traits of seven genotypes of yellow corn during autumn season 2022, Using a split-plot design according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates, the main plots included the levels of NPK nanofertilizer (0, 2, and 4 g.L-1), foliar spray, While the sub-plots included the genotypes of corn (SAGUNTO, Erbil 215481, Jameson, BAHIA, Yugoslavia, Babylon, and DKC 6664), the following results were obtained:The concentration of 4g L-1 of the NPK nano-compound fertilizer was significantly excelled in the traits of cob length (cm) and the number of grains per cob (grain.cob-1), The total grain yield was (ton.ha-1), and the two genotypes (Sangunto and Erbil 215481) were superior in cob length (cm) and the two genotypes (Erbil 215481 and DKC6664) in the number of grains per cob (grain.cob-1) and the genotype (Yugoslavian) in weight 100 grain (g)and the two genotypes (Erbil 215481 and DKC6664) in total grain yield (ton.ha-1). The effect of the interaction between the level of fertilizer 4g.l-1 with the genotype (Sangunto) on cob length (cm) and the level of fertilizer 4g.l-1 with the genotypes (Sangunto and Erbil 215481 and DKC6664)In the number of grains per cob and the level of fertilizer 2 and 4 g.l-1 with the genotype (Yugoslavian) in the trait weight of 100 grains (g), and the level of fertilizer 4g.l-1 with the genotype (Erbil 215481) in the total grain yield (ton.ha-1).
Effect of Spraying with Magnesium and Manganese on Yield and its Components of Faba Bean Crop (Vicia Faba L.)
Authors: Alsultan Zainab H. Mutaeb , Alhasany Ali R.
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted in Al-Majd district, which is 7 km north of Al-Muthanna governorate, during the winter of 2022–2023. The purpose was to study the effect of spraying with magnesium and manganese on the yield and components of the Luz De Otono lentil crop variety. Magnesium was sprayed at four concentrations (0, 40, 80, and 120 mg Mg per liter), and manganese was sprayed at three concentrations (0, 20, and 40 mg Mn per liter). The study employed a split-plot design with three replications and a randomised complete block design (RCBD). The outcomes demonstrated that spraying magnesium at a concentration of 80 mg Mg l-1 increased the amount of pods, seeds per pod, and overall seed production significantly, with rates of growth of 16.11%, 11.43%, and 28.05% for the traits, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment. The results also showed that increasing the manganese concentration to 40 mg Mn l-1 led to a considerable rise in seed output and pod production gave averages of 10.42 pods of plant-1 and 2.62 t ha-1 for traits, respectively, compared to the no-spray treatment. The interaction between magnesium and manganese significantly affected most of the studied features. The combination (Mg2 × Mn2) outperformed and gave the highest average in total seed yield, reaching 3.24 tons per hectare. Meanwhile, the combination (Mg1 × Mn2) showed the highest seed number and protein percentage average, reaching 5.23 seeds per pod and 24.62%, respectively.
Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Sudangrass (Sorghum Vulgare var. Sudanense) as Influenced by Phosphorus and Zinc Application
Authors: Alshummary Anhar M. , Al-Freeh Lamiaa M. , Alabdulla Sundus A.
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted at the Basrah University / Karmat Ali, Iraq during the fall season 2020, to investigate the effects of four rates of phosphorus,(P0 =0, P1=40, P2=80 and P4=120 kg P ha-1) and spraying four concentrations of zinc (Zn0-control, Zn1= 25, Zn2=50, Zn=75mgL-1 on growth and forage yield of Sudangrass. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) was carried out in three replicates using a split plot experiment, zinc concentrations were put in the main plots while, rates of phosphorus in subplots. Application with P120 resulted to a significantly greater stem diameter (14.61mm) number of leaves (20.00 leaf plant-1), leaf area (7420cm2), number of branches (14.967 branch plant-1) green and dry forage yield (29.25,12.69 t ha-1). Foliar application of Zn75 resulted in greater plant height (251.2cm), stem diameter (14.21mm), number of leaves (19.42 leaf plant-1), leaf area (6163cm2) and number of branches (13.450 branch plant-1). The combination of P× Zn had no significant effect on green and forage yield. Both P and Zn application had significant effect on N and P percentage of forage Sudangrass, on the other hand, no significant effect of their application on K percentage.
Study of the Antioxidant Activity of Lycopene and Lycopene Nanoparticles Extracted from Tomato Waste Powder
Authors: Rasheed Abd Al-Hussain Attia Ali , Al-Anbari Iman Hameed
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to extract lycopene from tomato waste powder and convert it into a nanoformula using high-energy mechanical grinding technology, and its dimensions were 78nm as estimated by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). of natural lycopene and the industrial antioxidant Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results of the study showed a significant superiority (p≤0.05).) for nanoscale lycopene, as the percentage of inhibition for the three methods reached 80.9%, 80.2%, and 74.1%, respectively, superior to natural lycopene and BHT. The study showed the importance of using nano-lycopene as a substitute for BHT with low concentrations and high efficiency to improve the quality of the food product.
Physiological Effects of Nano-Magnesium Against Bisphenol A-induced Toxicity in Male Albino Rats
Authors: Jameel Ali H. , Al-Sulaivany Maeda M. T. , Oleiwi Saad D. , Mohammed Mohammed J.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to determine the effect of oral administration with two concentrations of 30% and 40% of nano-magnesium on Bisphenol-A in liver enzyme parameters (ALT, AST, ALP), kidney function and lipid profile of male white rats Bisphenol-The concentrations of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (vLDL) were all increased by A, whereas the concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was decreased. while liver enzyme parameters decreased noticeably. Nano-magnesium treatment led to decreases in levels of uric acid, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values.
Determining the Efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles (Se-NPs) Conjugated with Zinc and Synthesized Using Aspergillus niger on some Immunological Parameters of Induced Immunosuppressed Rats
Authors: Abd Al-Aziz Saif E. , Thalij Karkaz M. , Zakaria Mohamed Gh.
Published: December 2023

This research was aimed to isolation and identification of Aspergillus niger from different location of garden in Tikrit university, to used in Se-NPs synthesis alone and conjugated with Zn, then its characterizes by detected the spectroscopy, shape and size of the nanoparticles, also determine the efficacy each of Se-NPs or Zn alone or after conjugated when orally dosage to laboratory rats that’s induced immunosuppressed by sandimmune on IgA, IgG and IL-6. The results were found that ability to isolated and identified the Aspergillus niger from different sites in the gardens of the Tikrit University. The synthesis of Se-NPs were obtained by converting sodium selenite (Na2SeO4) used the Aspergillus niger extract, also they obtained the Se-NPs conjugated with Zn. The confirm of synthesis were inferred through the color was changed to oranges. The value of these particles alone or their genera appeared at a wavelength of 262 and 269 nm, respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed spherical particle shapes and sizes at 52.90 nm which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The orally dosage of Se-NPs for male laboratory rats alone or in combination induced immunusupressed affected the renormalization of IgA, IgG, and IL-6 t. Their normal levels of IgA at 205, 215 and 242 (mg/dL) and the IgG at 1019, 1046 and 1346 (mg/dL) while of IL-6 at 3.60, 4.13 and 6.63 (pmol/mL) respectively. These effect were refered the parameters to became equalized with their values in the group of control animals and returned to normal.
Effect of Organic Matter Application to the Soil and Spray its Extracts to Shoot on the Elements Availability and Yield of Pumpkin Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Authors: Al-Fahdawy Harith Sadaa Madhan , Mnagd Mahmoud Howeidi , Al-Fahdawy Mohammed Ismail Khalaf
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in autumn season of 2012 in a private farm in Anbar state/city of Ramadi, in the soil of sedimentary soil (silty loam alluvial ) categorized as Typic Torrifluvent to study the effect of added organic sources of different fertilizers Peat moss and reeds and straw fermented aerobically level (10 tons H-1) and spray extracts of fertilizer after fermentation mentioned with four concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 g liter -1) on the total vegetative plant pumpkin squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. Amjid. The factorial experiment was used according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The total yield and early yield and NPK concentration was estimated in the shoot and the soil after planting. The Peat moss fertilizer showed a normally superior level of probability of 0.05 in the rate of overall early yield and yield of (4.23 tons h-1, 3546 kg Plant-1), respectively compared with other fertilizers. The Peat moss treatment give the highest concentration of N (1.60%), while Peat moss and straw gave the highest concentration of P in the shoot plant (0.53%), and reeds fertilizer gave the highest rate of concentration of K (1.28%). Peat moss gave the highest concentration of NPK in the soil after harvest(122.17 mlg kg-1, 12.40 mlg kg-1, 212.72 mlg kg−1) compared with other fertilizers. The (15 g L-1) concentration a significant superiority in the rate of overall and early yield of (3.35 tons h-1, 2.627 kg plant-1) respectively, compared with other concentrations, the same concentration had the highest concentration of NPK in shoot vegetation of ( 1.60, 0.54, 1.28 %). As well as, the concentration (15 g L−1) gave the highest rate in NPK concentration in the soil after planting at a rate of ( 112.91 mlg kg−1, 11.37 mlg.kg−1, 197.51 mlg.kg−1), respectively, compared to other treatments. The interaction between the (Peat moss and concentration 15 g. L−1) treatments, gave a significant superiority on the interaction of fertilizers and levels of other additions in the rate of overall yield and the concentration of NPK in the shoot of the plant and inside the soil after planting (4.92 tons h−1, 1.64 %,0.56%, 1.31 %, 130.00 mg kg−1,13.64 mlg kg−1, 223.29 ml kg−1), respectively. While the early yield characters excelled in the interaction treatment of (Peat moss and 10 g L−1 concentration) at a rate of (3.893 kg plant−1).
The Effect of the Combining Ability using the Second Generation According to Factorial Mating System in Durum Wheat
Authors: Mahmood Ibtisam Abdullah , Al-Hamdani Zakariya Bader
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out by evaluating the second generation of ten genotypes of coarse wheat, six (male parents) of which were obtained by ICARDA (Maggy, Zeina2, Joudille, Gigamar Lcarasha2, Adnham) and three adopted category (female parents) (Svevo, Grecale, Duma-1). In addition to a additive genotype * (Sardar), which was previously cultivated within the environmental conditions of the region and proved its distinction, these genotypes were planted with second generation hybrids, which numbered (24 hybrids) in the season (2021-2022) in the Bashiqa region of the city of Mosul, using the randomized complete block design. (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The study included the qualities : number of days to flowering at 50%, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), high leaf area (cm2), number of grains in a spike, number of spikes/m2, biological yield (kg/h), yield Cereals (kg/h), harvest guideline %, weight of 1000 grains, and protein percentage %. The data of the hybrids were analyzed according to the factorial panmixis method. analysis table showed variance for the mean squares of the hybrids that they were significant at the level of probability (1%) for all the studied qualities except for the characteristic of the biological yield. Significantly, at the probability level (5%), the male father (Duma-1) was superior in the effect of its general ability to joint the characteristics of plant height, spike length, high leaf area, number of spikes / m2, biological yield, grain yield, harvest guideline, weight of 1000 grains, and protein percentage. Showed Hybrid (Maggy x Sardar) specific effects to the desired direction for most of the qualities studied.
Effectiveness of Soft Cheese Fortified by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Artemisia Herba Alba Extract on Blood Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
Authors: Hussein Waleed Khalid , Jasim Mohammed Ahmed , Aayed Hani Sabbar
Published: December 2023

The study aims to investigate the effect of artemisia herba alba extract and ZnONPs on the level of lipid profile that included total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and at the level of liver enzymes that included (AST, ALT, ALP) in adult rats Sprague-Dawley and lipoproteinosis. Rats were distributed to six aggregates in six repeaters each. (T1) Control Group, (T2) Nutritious Group on high cholesterol leeches, (T3) Nutritions high cholesterol food aggregates and soft cheese dosage (2 g/kg) (T4), ZnONPs 10mg/ml (T5) Artemisia herba alba (150/ml), (T6) Artemisia herba alba with ZnONPs. After the end of the feeding period for the vital experiment of 28 days. The Results showed a moral decrease (p≤0.05) in the rate of cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins in the T3, T4 group, T5, T6 compared with T1, while T2 treatment continued to rise in blood fat because it was left untreated. A moral decrease in the level of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) was also observed for animals treated with T3, T4, T5, T6 compared to T2, which was left untreated, with an increase in the concentration of liver enzymes.
Effectiveness of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Artemisia herba alba Extract on the Chemical Composition of Soft Cheese
Authors: Hussein Waleed Khalid , Jasim Mohammed Ahmed , Aayed Hani Sabbar
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to assess the impact of ZnONPs and Artemisia herba alba extract loaded on manufacture edible gelatin in the chemical composition of cheese during the various storage periods and five transactions of cheese were manufactured which included the (T1) control sample, (T2) membrane of gelatin without adding, membrane of gelatin with loaded of ZnONPs (T3), membrane of gelatin with loaded Artemisia herba alba extract (T4) and (T5) was added ZnONPs and Artemisia herba alba extract on edible gelatin. The results of the cheese storage showed that the humidity rate had decreased morally ( p < 0.05) up to the end of the storage period and the transaction (T1) was more moisture loss to record (53.34), also found that protein, fat and ash ratios did not show moral differences at the time of one day compared with the control sample (T1) These ratios then gradually increased as long as conservation lasted and reached its highest values at 21 days. pH values have decreased morally to be at the end of the storage period between (6.10-6.26) compared with the control sample which was (5.78) and found that the fatty acid values of all transactions were morally low compared to the control sample (T1) At the time of one day, the ratio of free fatty acids rose and reached its highest values among (0.57-0.40)% for all treatments compared to the (T1) control treatment at the end of the storage period which reached (0.65%).
Extraction of B-galactosidase Enzyme from Lacticacid Bacteria
Authors: Abdaltef Marym Jawad , Al-Temimi Wasan Kadhim , Al-Shawi Sarmad Ghazi
Published: December 2023

The dairy industry has employed the B-galactosidase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.23) to reduce lactose intolerance. The ability of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. to produce B-galactosadase enzyme and hydrolyze 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) and ONPG was investigated. Through the use of sontication to lyse the cell, crude enzyme extract was produced. Ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) was used as an enzyme substrate in order to measure the B-galactosidase enzyme activity. B-galactosidase activity is demonstrated by blue-colored colonies of Lactobacillus spp. on X-Gal plates. The ideal temperature and pH for the synthesis of B-galactosidase were pH 7 and 40 °C. People who are lactose intolerant may benefit from Lactobacillus spp., which produces B-galactosidase enzyme as a probiotic for dairy products.
Investigation of the Effect of Actinidia Deliciosa Kiwi Fruit Extracts on the Hematological and Biochemical Blood Parameters of Swiss Male
Authors: Al-Khafaji Safaa Z. , Ajeena Saba J.
Published: December 2023

The kiwi fruit is renowned for its high quantities of minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins as well as for its nutritional worth. The therapeutic qualities of kiwi fruit extract, such as its anti-tumor actions, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants, have been used in food and medicine. However, further research is required to fully understand the chemical composition and potential health advantages of kiwi fruit extracts. This study extracted kiwi fruit peelings and core into aqueous and alcoholic solutions using conventional and ultrasound-assisted techniques The effects of the extracts on liver enzymes, kidney functions, and blood lipid proteins in Swiss male albino mice was also investigated in a laboratory animal experiment. The findings imply potential advantages for lowering the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases as the treatment with KPa20 from ultrasound-treated kiwi peels produced superior outcomes with reduced enzyme LDL and VLDL levels compared to the control group. The ALT and AST enzyme levels were not significantly changed by kiwi fruit extracts, indicating no negative effects. In the therapy group, the enzyme levels for ALT and AST were (39.20, 36.40) and (33.50, 32.33) international units per litre, respectively. While normal extracts (WP, KC, and KP) had slightly lower urea levels than those given extracts exposed to ultrasonic waves (WPa20, KCa20, and KPa20), the latter were slightly higher. Creatinine levels in the blood were not considerably impacted. The values for the treatment groups’ creatinine were 0.87 (WP), 0.83 (KCa20), 0.90 (KPa20), and 0.93 (KP). The study explored the health benefits of kiwi fruit peels and cores, revealing that Ultrasound technology was used to extract active chemicals, including phenolic compounds. Results showed increased extraction and antioxidant activity in extracts. Both regular and ultrasound-exposed kiwi fruit extracts showed therapeutic effects, decreasing triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels.