bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of polymer viscoelastic properties based on compressive creep tests during hot embossing for two‐dimensional polyethylene terephthalate nanochannels
Authors: Yin Zhifu , Cheng E , Zou Helin , Jurčíček Petr
Published: October 2013

Hot embossing is an emerging technology, which enables cost‐effective and high‐productivity nanofabrication. It is important to optimize the processing parameters to achieve high replication accuracy nanostructure fabrication. In this article, to reveal the interrelationship between the hot embossing conditions and replication accuracy of two‐dimensional (2D) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanochannels, the numerical simulations were conducted by using the generalized Maxwell model. The constants of the generalized Maxwell model were calculated by a newly established fitting formula based on experimental compressive creep curves rather than tensile stress relaxation curves. Replication accuracy of 2D PET nanochannels was evaluated by a method based on weighted averages. Orthogonal method was employed during numerical simulations to optimize the hot embossing process. Under optimized hot embossing parameters, 2D PET nanochannels, ∼80 nm wide, 250 nm deep and 4 mm long, were precision‐imprinted into a PET sheet. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2398–2406, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
“Quasi‐freestanding” Graphene‐on‐Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrode for Applications in Organic Light‐emitting Diode
Authors: Liu Yanpeng , Jung Eun , Wang Yu , Zheng Yi , Park Eun Ji , Cho Sung Min , Loh Kian Ping
Published: October 2013

An air‐stable transparent conductive film with “quasi‐freestanding” graphene supported on horizontal single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) arrays is fabricated. The sheet resistance of graphene films stacked via layer‐by‐layer transfer (LBL) on quartz, and modified by 1‐Pyrenebutyric acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester (PBASE), is reduced from 273 Ω/sq to about 76 Ω/sq. The electrical properties are stable to heat treatment (up to 200 ºC) and ambient exposure. Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) constructed of this carbon anode (T ≈ 89.13% at 550 nm) exhibit ≈88% power efficiency of OLEDs fabricated on an ITO anode (low turn on voltage ≈3.1 eV, high luminance up to ≈29 490 cd/m2, current efficiency ≈14.7 cd/A). Most importantly, the entire graphene‐on‐SWCNT hybrid electrodes can be transferred onto plastic (PET) forming a highly‐flexible OLED device, which continues to function without degradation in performance at bending angles >60°.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Brunner Edgar , Puri Madan L.
Published: October 2013

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Transformations
The Lithium Fluoride Tetrafluoroborate Li2F[BF4]
Authors: Pilz Thomas , Schleid Thomas , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2013

Colorless Li2BF5 (better: Li2F[BF4]) was obtained by partial decomposition of Li[BF4] in a closed silica ampoule. It crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I41/amd with the lattice parameters a = 512.8(2) pm and c = 1326.6(4) pm (c/a = 2.587). Lithium is sixfold and boron fourfold coordinated by fluorine at distances of about 210 pm (6 ×) and 139 pm (4 ×), respectively. A cristobalite‐type cationic framework 3D‐{[(F1)Li4/2]+} of vertex‐sharing [(F1)Li4]3+ tetrahedra embeds the isolated tetrahedral [B(F2)4]– anions.
Treatment adherence and persistence in adult ADHD: Results from a twenty-four week controlled clinical trial with extended release methylphenidate
Authors: Sobanski E. , Retz W. , Fischer R. , Ose C. , Alm B. , Hennig O. , Rösler M.
Published: October 2013

Purpose:

The aim of this analysis is to describe medication adherence, and treatment persistence, in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated for 24 weeks with extended release methylphenidate (MPH-ER). Additionally, patient-, disorder- and treatment-related factors associated with adherence and persistence will be identified.

Method:

Post-hoc analysis of the active treatment group of a placebo-controlled, randomised, 24 week trial with MPH-ER with univariate description and multiple logistic regression models and Hosmer and Lemeshow tests.

Results:

In the sample of 241 adults with ADHD (mean age of 35.2 ± 10.1 years), 9.4% of the patients were non-adherent, taking less than 80% of the dispensed medication. Factors associated with non-adherence included age < 25 years, education level lower than secondary education, lacking family history of ADHD, lower ADHD baseline severity and lower self- and observer-rated medication efficacy. Lacking family history of ADHD, lower education level and lower self-rated medication efficacy, predicted non-adherence with a prediction accuracy of 16%. Seventeen percent of the patients discontinued early with most discontinuing within the first five weeks of the MPH-ER titration phase. Mean persistence in the discontinuing group was 63.4 ± 49.4 days. Factors associated with discontinuation included male gender, lower education level, lacking family history of ADHD and lower self- and observer-rated medication efficacy. Treatment non-response, male gender and lower education level predicted treatment discontinuation with a prediction accuracy of 22.7%.

Conclusion:

Male adults without relatives with ADHD, with lower educational level and lower self- and observer-rated medication efficacy, who are newly treated with MPH-ER, are at increased risk of non-adherence and treatment discontinuation. Patients are at increased risk of treatment discontinuation during the medication titration phase.
Necrotising otitis externa: clinical profile and management protocol
Authors: Lambor D V , Das C P , Goel H C , Tiwari M , Lambor S D , Fegade M V
Published: October 2013

Background:

Necrotising otitis externa, which is typically seen in elderly diabetics, is a severe infective disorder caused byPseudomonas aeruginosa. There is lack of standard management policy for necrotising otitis externa, hence this study attempted to frame a protocol for management based on clinical parameters.

Method:

A retrospective study of 27 patients with necrotising otitis externa was conducted over 6 years in a tertiary care hospital. Data were analysed with regards to demographic characteristics, clinical features, investigations, staging and treatment modalities.

Results:

Out of 27 patients, 26 were diabetics. The commonest organism isolated wasP aeruginosa, which was sensitive to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Nine patients had cranial nerve involvement. Twelve of 15 patients treated with medical therapy recovered, as did 11 of 12 patients that underwent surgery.

Conclusion:

A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and prompt intervention are key factors to decrease morbidity and mortality. Fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins and surgical debridement are the mainstay of treatment.
Justa piratica: the ethics of piracy
Authors: PATTISON JAMES
Published: October 2013

There has been widespread and vociferous condemnation of Somali piracy and several states have used force against the pirates. This reflects the prevailing view of pirates as belligerents and aggressors who act wrongly. In this article, I challenge this view by defending the conditional moral permissibility of piracy. More specifically, I first argue that piracy can be morally permissible when certain conditions are met. These are what I call the principles of ‘justa piratica’, that is, the principles of just piracy. Second, I claim that these conditions are likely to apply to some Somali pirates. Third, as a corollary, I argue that the case of piracy shows that one of the shibboleths of Just War Theory – that a war cannot be just on both sides – is mistaken.
Climate and grazing control nurse effects in an Ecuadorian dry shrubby community
Authors: Espinosa Carlos Iván , Luzuriaga Arantzazu L. , de la Cruz Marcelino , Escudero Adrián
Published: October 2013

Positive plant interactions have strong effects on plant diversity at several spatial scales, expanding species distribution under stressful conditions. We evaluated the joint effect of climate and grazing on the nurse effect ofCroton wagneri, by monitoring several community attributes at two spatial scales: microhabitat and plant community. Two very close locations that only differed in grazing intensity were surveyed in an Ecuadorian dry scrub ecosystem. At each location, two 30 × 30-m plots were established at four altitudinal levels (1500, 2630, 1959 and 2100 m asl) and 40 microsites were surveyed in each plot.Croton wagneriacted as community hubs, increasing species richness and plant cover at both scales. Beneath nurses mean richness and cover values were 3.4 and 21.9%, and in open areas 2.3 and 4.5%, respectively. Magnitude of nurse effect was dependent on climate and grazing conditions. In ungrazed locations, cover increased and diversity reduced with altitude, while grazed locations showed the opposite trend. In ungrazed plots the interactions shifted from positive to negative with altitude, in grazed locations interactions remained positive. We conclude that the nurse effect is a key mechanism regulating community properties not only at microsite but also at the entire community scale.
Epiphytes of birch
Authors: Coppins Brian J.
Published: October 2013

Synopsis

The general environmental factors controlling the epiphytic vegetation on birch are discussed, as is the physio-chemical nature of birch bark as a substratum for epiphytes (especially lichens). In terms of species diversity, birch is found to be a poor host (phorophyte) for epiphytes and various reasons (e.g. low bark pH) for this are suggested. The lichen communities commonly encountered on different parts of a birch tree in different situations in the British Isles are summarized. Annotated appendices provide lists of the lichens (235 species) and bryophytes (58 species) recorded on Betula in the British Isles.
Description of the Ipswich Skeleton
Authors: Keith Arthur
Published: October 2013

Mr. Moir has described the circumstances under which the skeleton was found and has given the evidence on which these bones have been assigned to the period preceding the formation of the Boulder Clay. It remains for me to give a description of the skeleton and to draw certain inferences as to the kind of man to which it belonged. Before doing so, however, I should like to mention a matter which may be of service to future investigators. So fragile were the remains, such was the degree of disintegration, that Mr. Moir found it impossible to extract the bones from the matrix in which they were embedded. He therefore, most wisely, cut out the stratum in which the bones lay as solid blocks, which were forwarded to me in the condition in which they were excavated. On reaching the Museum we impregnated each block with a solution of gelatine and then proceeded to expose the bones by removing from them the overlying boulder clay piecemeal and leaving them still in situ on the underlying glacial sands. The removal of the boulder clay required extreme care and great patience, but the advantage of leaving the bones attached to the underlying parts of the blocks became very apparent when we came to reconstruct the position of parts of the skeleton.
Implements of the Later Palæolithic “Cave” Periods in East Anglia
Authors: Sturge W. Allen
Published: October 2013

In my Presidential Address delivered at the first meeting of the Society in 1908 I referred to the possibility that we might be able to trace in this part of the world the various periods which have hitherto been chiefly associated with deposits in rockshelters and caves in France and elsewhere. The object of the present paper is to bring before the members of the Society the present position of this question so far as my own researches are concerned with a view to stimulating further enquiries into the subject.

Before passing to details it will be necessary to give a brief account of the scope of the enquiry and to sum up our knowledge of the rock shelter and Cave periods of the Palæolithic Age so far as it is possible to do so. To give an adequate up-to-date description of the subject is not a very easy matter, for so far as I am aware no detailed account of the various Cave periods has been written in recent time, and advances in knowledge have to be sought for in the periodical publications of many different societies of various countries, a task which to most of us who are not within reach of a first-class library is practically impossible. Even when these can be consulted it rarely happens in my experience that sufficient attention is paid by illustration and description to the many varieties of types of implement associated with the different periods.
Prehistoric Human Remains at Little Cornard, Suffolk
Authors: Hewitt H. Dixon
Published: October 2013

The discovery which is the subject of these notes was unfortunately rendered incomplete by the fact that the initial exhumation of the bones was not witnessed by me, as I came on the scene after the greater part of the skeleton had been shovelled away by those ignorant of its scientific value.

The gravel-pit in which I found the remains appears to be cut into a Plateau gravel, probably of an age corresponding to the break-up of one of the great glaciations. It is situated near, but not on, the summit of an eminence called Kedington Hill, about 2 miles South-by-East of Sudbury Station. The site was once included under the name of Kedington Common, and is on the North side of the road called Kedington Lane.
Notes on the Implements from the Factory Sites at Peppard, Oxon
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

Since reading a paper before the Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in February, 1913, on the two factory sites at Peppard, Oxon, we have carried out further excavations, and I propose to give a brief account of the new implements found there, and to discuss the evidence as to the date arrived at as a result of the whole work. Sections of the sites and a map showing their position were given in that paper, and 28 of the implements illustrated.

The deeper site (Site 1) was re-opened by Mr. Reginald Smith, F.S.A., of the British Museum, in October, 1913, and some of the problems connected with it cleared up. This site was then found to be an open pit, similar to a modern chalk pit, with a pathway leading into it from the lowest level, 8 ft. across and 7½ ft. long. The floor of this adit formed a gently inclined plane to the bottom of the pit, being covered at the entrance with 2½ ft. of rainwash. This method of approach to the mine is what one would expect from its situation on the slope of a hill. It differs thus from the mines at Cissbury and Grime's Graves, where the circular cups were much deeper (40 ft.) and must have been entered by some form of ladder, such as a tree trunk with the branches cut short to form steps or a rope made of hide.
Flint Industries in North Cornwall
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

A paper in Vol. I., Part III., of the “Proceedings,” on “Pygmy Implements from Cornwall,” by E. L. Arnold, has spurred me on to place on record my discoveries on the same spot.

During the years 1898 to 1903 I paid numerous visits to the western side of Trevose Head, Booby Bay, Constantine Island, and also to the Late Celtic Cemetery at Harlyn Bay, one mite N.E. Flint flakes and cores or cones lay on the surface of the ground, at the cliff edge, all the way from Dinas Head (the western-most corner of the Trevose promontory, and a splendid look-out place), down to Booby Bay and Constantine Island. They had evidently once been covered with soil and are now exposed by the wastage thereof near the cliff edge. Some I dug out from the banks of tiny runlets formed after heavy rain.

Mr. Arnold says that “the artificers appear to have turned out immense numbers of barbs and arrow-points, but practically nothing else.” Like him, I found many hundreds of chipped flints, leaving quantities of them where I found them, after examination. But I found no true arrow-head. None of the pygmy tools were of especial smallness, but some were straight and sharply pointed, and I suggested, in “Man,” Vol. VII., No. 9, 83, their possible use as barbs to harpoons and also as fish hooks.

One flake, however, has been cleverly snicked from the base to half-way up its length, on each side, so as to leave two projecting shoulders as barbs, and a tang. It is carefully retouched round the edges on one face only. It has curved edges and a narrow, sharp chisel end.
A Recent Expedition after Indian Palæos
Authors: Seton-Karr Heywood W.
Published: October 2013

During the successive Glacial periods which seem to have occurred at regular intervals and of increasing or diminishing intensity, what were the climatic conditions in the present tropical regions?

This is dated from Southern India, where I am endeavouring to visualise and imagine some of the climatic conditions in which ancient man at some of these periods may have lived, and in which the implements, of which I am finding some beautiful examples, may have been made and used and subsequently abandoned, being now found in certain positions and horizons.

Cuddapah is the chief town of a district where I have found most of the implements of palæolithic type of which I have given series to, I suppose, more than a hundred museums. If I include African and Egyptian implements, then the number of museums and institutions is 246 in all. Cuddapah is pretty well searched out now as regards implements, as there is a native whom Mr. McLeod, the late Collector of Cuddapah, trained as a searcher, and who has usually been with me and who is with me on the present occasion, who has searched most of that district in my company. Dr. Sturge has very beautifully and clearly applied the Draysonian theory to certain questions in prehistorics. While man in Northern Europe was being driven backwards and forwards, and alternately scorched and frozen for thousands of years, alternating with long periods of comparative climatic repose such as we are now enjoying, what, I ask, was happening to his confrère in India? As far as I can ascertain from the evidential positions and surroundings of such palæolithic implements as I have myself picked up, the climate in this part of the world was devoid of those catastrophic floods and alternating Arctic and Tropical climates which must have made life so exciting in other latitudes.
Some Details of Flint Fracture
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

It is my purpose in this paper to tabulate and describe some of the details of flint fracture, which, in my opinion, are very necessary for the prehistorian to understand and recognise, and a knowledge of which makes the study of flint implements much easier and more entertaining. The correctness of some of my explanations of these various details may be challenged, but the majority of them are, I think, in accord with the views of most investigators and will be generally accepted.

A part of the ground which will be traversed in this paper has already been gone over, but I am anxious to put all the facts at present ascertained regarding the fracture of flint into a compact form which can easily be referred to and may be of use to serious prehistorians. I hope that this will be considered sufficient excuse for recapitulating some of the facts which have already been brought forward.

Striking Platforms. When an ordinary rounded nodule of flint is selected with a view to produce an implement from it by flaking, it is necessary, owing to the difficulty of removing flakes from a rounded or irregular surface, to break off a portion of the nodule so that a flat surface is produced from which flakes can be struck with precision. The flakes which are removed will exhibit, just above the point where the blows fell which detached them (known as “the point of impact”), a portion of this flat surface, and this is termed the “striking platform.”
An Aurignacian Floor at Heacham, Norfolk
Authors: Lowerison Bellerby
Published: October 2013

The implements shown were found in Heacham Park while digging an ornamental lake in February, 1914. The tanged and barbed arrow-head of ruddy-brown flint, not lustrous, 1¾ in, long and ⅝ in. wide at the barbs, was found within a foot of the surface just below the turf. The others (Aurignacian, according to Mr. Reginald Smith) range in colour from blue-black to cream, and include a cream scraper, 2½ in. by 1½ in.; a flake, 4¾ in. by 1¼ in.; and an implement with traces of fire (Plate CXXII.).

The section was as follows:—(1) 7–8 in brown peaty earth with roots, and at base chalky concretions of marl, scaling; 1 in. in diameter and less (brown arrpw-head here). This, graduates through (la) 2 in. a grey marly earth or clay, to (2) 8-in. white chalky clay, granular to sight after passage of spade, yet clayey to touch.
Two North-West Suffolk Floors
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

In July last I discovered two “floors” or occupation-levels in North-West Suffolk, one of Neolithic age on Foxhole Heath, Eriswell, and the other of Early Iron age on Barnham Common, Thetford. The former was on the N.W. slope of a dry valley, about a mile in length, connected with a tongue of the fenland, and just below the 50 ft. contour. The thin layer of black earth which marked the land surface on which the Neolithic people lived and made their implements was covered by two or three feet of sand, almost stoneless and apparently wind-drifted. Some of this had been washed away, leaving a dark surface on which were potboilers, pottery, numerous cores, flakes and chips, and about thirty flint implements. The potsherds were kindly examined by Mr. A. G. Wright, who reported that it was difficult to date them, as that kind of ware lasted from Bronze Age to late Roman times. A small piece of red ware, with square or rectangular notch ornament, was evidently part of a beaker of Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. Beakers are usually found with inhumation burials, and are the earliest of the sepulchral types in this country.
“Carib” Type of Axe Found in Yorkshire
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

When strolling beside the Wharfe near Burley, Yorkshire, in 1897, a small stone axe, 3¼ in. by 1⅝ in., was found in the river amidst a heap of sandy clay, partly submerged, at a point where recent floods had undermined the bank. The importance of this find was not then fully appreciated; indeed, the unusual shape of the axe caused it to be looked upon with a degree of suspicion, even suggesting thoughts of “Flint Jack,” though without any adequate grounds. After cleaning it and recording the circumstances of discovery, for a time it occupied a place in a drawer of implements, but was ultimately relegated to one of more general specimens, there to remain forgotten until accidentally turned over a year or two ago, when its true quality was at last recognised.
Implements of Les Eyzies-Type and a Working-Floor in the River Cray Valley
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: October 2013

During 1911 Mr. Reginald A. Smith, F.S.A., mentioned to me that some long flakes which fitted together had been presented to the British Museum by Captain R. A. Vansittart, and were described as being from North Cray gravel-pit. Prior to this I had visited the pit on one or two occasions and noted the section exposed, but without finding any implements or flakes; however, on receipt of this information another visit was made and the workmen questioned.

It appeared that the flakes mentioned had been found at the junction of the gravel with the alluvium by my informant, some nine or ten years ago, when the gravel on the east bank of the Cray was being worked (indicated in Fig. 1), but nothing had been found since.

Nevertheless, the pit was kept under observation and, after some dozens of visits, I obtained from the man, on June 10th, 1912, the implement (Fig. 2) and a few flakes; on another occasion the “worked-angle” flake (Fig. 4), and since then a few simple flakes—in all, one implement, two cores, one hammer-stone, one worked-angle flake, two flakes showing signs of use, and eighteen simple flakes.
Some Palæolithic Pits and Periods in Hertfordshire, Etc
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

Coming down out of the Chiltern Hills, the River Mimram runs in a comparatively narrow gorge in a S.E. direction, until it joins the Lea near Hertford. The last-named river pursues a parallel course to the westward, as a consequent stream, but on leaving the Chilterns it runs, still S.E., across a wide subsequent valley. The latter stretches, in a gentle curve, from Hertford on the E. to Rickmansworth, south of which place it debouches on the Thames valley. Down the huge subsequent valley ice must have pushed its way from the Bishop's Stortford and Hitchin gaps, reinforced by minor supplies from the Chilterns. There is boulder clay at Hertford and further west at Hatfield, within the valley. On reaching the southern side of the latter, in Hatfield Park, the Lea is suddenly deflected eastward. The way is barred by the high ground on that bank, capped by tertiary outliers. At Hertford it takes another and sharper turn, due south, to join the Thames at London.
Some Earthworks and Standing Stones in East Anglia: In Relation to a Prehistoric Solar Cultus
Authors: Dixon S. E.
Published: October 2013

The following notes are the outcome of observations made several years ago. It is hoped that they may arouse the interest of some who will be tempted to pursue the enquiry with more definite results.

Briefly, my observations seem to show that the earthworks and stones in question extending from Harleston to Gorleston are of prehistoric date, perhaps of the same cycle as the stone circles of Stonehenge, Avebury, Stenness, and elsewhere, and, like them, designed, by a series of alignments with outlying monoliths, for solar and stellar observations—in the present case chiefly of the sun's rising and setting at the period of its greatest amplitude, viz., at the summer and winter solstices. Such astronomical considerations have been very fully considered by Sir Norman Lockyer. To his work, “Stonehenge and other British Monuments astronomically considered” (Macmillan, 1906), I am indebted for the clue which led me to the subject of these notes, and to this work I refer the reader for a vast amount of evidence parallel with that which I am now offering.
The Pliocene Deposits of the South-East of England
Authors: Lewis Abbott W. J.
Published: October 2013

Several members having suggested to me the desirability, in these days of Zeppelin possibilities, of bringing before the Society an account of some of the additions to our knowledge of Wealden geology, which have accumulated during recent years, especially recently, before they are lost; I trust what I have to offer will prove of interest. Personally I would rather have waited until I had been able to work out thoroughly the Lenham-Diestian fauna, and have followed up certain of the fluviatile beds; but unfortunately this may mean years: there is another reason why all this should be widely known, and that is there is a growing tendency in certain quarters to minimize the age of the Crag beds, and to regard them as the marine equivalents of the landward Pleistocene river drifts. This of course reduces both the antiquity and value of the subglacial and sub-Crag discoveries in East Anglia, of which the members of the Society are naturally jealous.
A Prehistoric Site at Kimble, S. Bucks
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

The site which is described in the following paper was discovered by Mr. E. Payton, B.A., of Hambleden, Bucks., in May, 1913, and I had hoped to have his co-operation in describing it and the fine series of implements which he and Mrs. Payton (members of this Society) and I have accumulated from it. The war, however, has prevented Mr. Payton from carrying out his portion of the task, and I shall, therefore, include a description of some, only of my own pieces, hoping that the fine series now deposited by Mr. and Mrs. Payton in the Hambleden Museum will be described and illustrated later on, and amplify the large list of pieces now recorded.
A Flint Implement Factory Site near Milverton, Somerset
Authors: Moysey C. F.
Published: October 2013

On the summit of a hill one mile west of the little town of Milverton and nine, miles from Taunton, I discovered in November, 1915, the site of what appears to have been an important settlement in prehistoric times, a considerable quantity of flint flakes and fragments being scattered over a surface of 15 acres or so.

The site is admirably suited for a defensive position; the highest point is 534 feet above sea level, and although this is not a great altitude for West Somerset it commands an excellent prospect of the surrounding country. Practically the whole of the Vale of Taunton Dean is seen to the east; on the north-east, the entire length of the Quantocks; due north, the valley between the Quantocks and the Brendons which leads to the Bristol Channel, and to the south the flat-topped range of the Blackdowns. Although the site itself is fairly level, the ground falls away steeply on every side except the south and south-east, where the downward slope is gentle. I have not been able to find any traces of earthworks, though there are British circular hill-forts in the adjoining parishes of Bathealton and Wiveliscombe.
Notes on some Flint-Chipping Sites at Risby, Suffolk
Authors: Hewitt H. Dixon
Published: October 2013

My attention was first drawn to this locality in the summer of 1915. I exhibited the first few specimens obtained before this Society at the meeting held at Norwich on December 13th of that year, and a brief notice of the exhibit appeared in the Appendix to the “Proceedings,” Vol. II., p. 321.

The site or sites (numbered for reference purposes LV.), are in the parish of Risby, two miles West of the village, on the Cavenham road, from which village they are only distant about one mile.

The sites occupy the Northern bank and bottom of a small dry valley on Risby Poor's Heath. This little valley runs towards the (now) very small stream which crosses the main road at Roberts'-Bridge, which stream is itself a feeder of the Lark; hence the fall is from the Eastern boundary of the heath towards the West. The first site was indicated to me by numerous shallow, somewhat rectangular, excavations, apparently made, say, within the last thirty or forty years, presumably for the purpose of getting road-stone.
Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Grime's Graves Cores and Choppers
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

Cores and chopping tools are very numerous at Windmill Hill, Avebury Down, Grime's Graves, and Cissbury. They are characteristic of the industry. In the main they differ markedly from the cores of the prism industries. True prisms are rare in the one and numerous in the other; the one shows comparatively broad, the other comparatively narrow facets and flakes; the flakes of the latter being on the whole thinner and finer. It is noteworthy that when the flints of both industries have lain near the surface, those of the one in Herts., Wilts., Sussex, Norfolk, and Suffolk are almost invariably white or light blue; whilst those of the other range from light blue, through dark blue, to unchanged black or grey; with a partial exception, easy of explanation, on the coast of Cornwall.

The “lumps” may be divided into a number of species. Some were cores only, others were tools for chopping, cutting, scraping, pecking, boring, or clearing out split marrow bones; some were cores first and tools afterwards.
Implements from Cromer Forest Bed and the Admiralty Section
Authors: Abbott W. J. Lewis
Published: October 2013

Our esteemed President having been so kind as to ask me to exhibit a series of flints from the Cromer Forest Bed and the Admiralty Section, perhaps the following remarks may be permitted.

The Cromer Forest series exhibit the characteristic surface and somatic alterations which become of great value in identifying these tertiary things when found in derived positions. The peculiar brown, comparable to café au lait, with varying quantities of the milk into which a small, varying quantity of permanganate of potash has been dropped, is well seen in many, as in No. 1. Not that the amethystine blush, which is seen associated with so many hues, even in the lyditised black ones, was due to this salt, but rather to Mn O2. Opalisation is very frequently present, even after other metamorphic processes have been in operation, giving rise to the curdy appearance also seen in No. 1, which, in this case, has supervened limonetic jasperisation.
A Romano-British Site at Santon
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

At the eastern foot of Bromehill, where the prehistoric trackway known as the “Drove” (antea Vol. I., pp. 427–434) passes from Weeting to Santon, it approaches within yards of the river Little Ouse, and cuts at right angles through a series of six earthen banks, which come from the southern end of the Grime's Graves plantation, and originally ran to the edge of the marshland, until their ends were removed in making the railway. From west to east the distances between these banks are 7, 3, 3, 9, and 82 yards, and they are now about 2 feet in height and 6 feet in width, though much broken by rabbits. The penultimate bank towards the east is the boundary between the parishes of Weeting and Santon.

East of these banks and south of the “Drove” is “Santon Breck,” part of which was ploughed in 1907, but most of which is primitive heath. Here, in September, 1908, I found many Roman potsherds, including Castor and Upchurch ware. (See Norf. Antiq. Miscellany, 2nd Series, Pt. 3, p. 98). Similar pottery fragments are found on the surface over an extensive area.
Some Flat-Based Celts from Kent and Dorset
Authors: Dewey Henry
Published: October 2013

The following paper describes a number of celts that were found lying on the surface in several parts of North Kent and in Dorset.

They seldom occurred alone, but among numerous implements of other forms, in situations that suggest occupation sites of early peoples. During parts of several successive years the author examined the surface features of the Chalk Downs, and the contiguous belt of country to the north, formed by the Tertiary Beds, that lies between the valley of the Mole and that of the Medway. This work formed part of the official survey of the area, but during the examination the occurrence of any flint-implements was carefully recorded and the precise location given. It soon became obvious that the distribution of the implements was by no means general over the surface, but definitely restricted to certain sites where they were abundant, with wide intervening tracts almost destitute of them. This fact was so remarkable that the question arose, naturally, if the sites had been chosen deliberately by early man, and, if so, what reasons had led to this selection.
Congress at Liege
Authors: Burkitt M. C. , Barnes Alfred S.
Published: October 2013

An International Institute of Anthropology was founded in 1920, with central offices in Paris. Each country has been invited to form a National Office which would act with and be in relation with this Central Office. A Congress of the members of this International Institute was held in Liège (Belgium) in 1921 (July 25-August 1st). Being in France during July the writer decided to run over to Liege and very glad he was that he did so. Not only were there a number of new facts (not to speak of theories) brought forward, but one met again such savants as MM. Cartailhac, Capitan, Breuil, Begouen, Lalanne, Franchet, Hamal-Nandrin, Pittard, etc., etc. (to only mention a few), and discussions over lunch with such folk are worth weeks of work. Before describing the Congress and some of the papers, the writer would like to bear tribute to the extraordinary kindness and efficiency of the Belgian hosts, who were Professors at the Liege University. Everywhere we were received with the utmost kindness and no trouble was too great, if something could be arranged for us. It is impossible to mention everybody, but if ever the Congress comes to England, one can only hope that we may equal (we could not excel) such hosts (to mention only a few with whom the writer had most contact), as MM. Fraipont, Hamal-Nandrin, Servais, Max Lohest, Stockis, etc., etc. Eighteen countries were represented. The congress was divided into two parts:—(1) Work; (2) Excursions. For (1) Anthropology was divided into 8 sections, (a) What we should call Human Palæontology; (b) Prehistory; (c) Ethnography; (d) Criminology; (e) Eugenics; (f) Religions, later Archæology and Folk-lore; (g) Linguistic studies; (h) Sociology, etc. Of these the Prehistoric Section was one of the most important, there being nearly 50 people, on an average, at the Meetings.
A Flint Factory at Thatcham, Berks: I. Report of Site and Excavations
Authors: Peake Harold
Published: October 2013

In the autumn of 1920 some of the workmen on the Sewage Farm of the Newbury Corporation were engaged in levelling a low mound and depositing the soil in a hollow close by. During these operations hey came upon a few small pointed-butted celts and a number of lakes, most of which they threw away; one celt and a few flakes were taken the following April to the Newbury Museum. The site was inspected without delay, and resulted in the discovery of imilar flakes in a thick deposit of black soil immediately underlying he surface soil; the problem was, however, further complicated by the discovery of Romano-British potsherds in the same deposit.

Mr. Crawford and I resolved, therefore, to undertake a systematic exploration of the site, as soon as the crops were off the ground. In the meantime, while cultivating the land during the summer, the workmen recovered most if not all of the implements which they had discarded the previous autumn.
II. The Flint Implements and Flakes
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: October 2013

The flints from the Thatcham site must be divided for purposes of description into two large classes—(1) those which were found under the compact layer of peaty soil or under the shell-malm, (2) those which were found elsewhere on the site. Strictly speaking, only those belonging to class (1) can be proved to belong to a single period, since they alone were sealed up under an undisturbed, naturally formed deposit. But there can be no doubt whatever that all the worked flints found on the site in whatever position, are contemporary; I shall therefore describe the far more numerous objects in class (2) first. Before doing so two important pieces of negative evidence must be recorded. Not a single fragment of ground or polished stone was found. Not a single piece of pottery was found under the peat or the shell-malm; nor was any but Roman pottery found elsewhere on the site. There can therefore be no doubt that the Roman pottery is entirely unconnected with the flint implements.
Further Discoveries of Engraved Flint-Crust and Associated Implements at Grimes' Graves
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

Not only is Grimes' Graves an essentially East Anglian site, but it is also one of the most interesting, and most perplexing, prehistoric sites of Britain, presenting many controversial problems which only persistent research and careful observation will solve.

Recent work upon the site has marked a distinct advance in this direction, notably by the fortunate discovery in 1920 of Floor 85 with its definite stratification, and evidences of successive occupation during at least five widely separated intervals of time. With Dr. R. V. Favell as a co-worker, excavations were resumed upon this floor in August, 1921, and continued for six days. An additional 40 square yards was carefully and systematically explored down to the level of the boulder clay, resulting in the recovery of a further series of important flint implements and examples of engraving. Owing to the favourable nature of the site with its stratified chipping and occupation levels, each sealed and separated by sterile layers of humus, and closely compacted chalk debris, it has thrown important light upon some of the problems of the Grimes' Graves industry, and should enable not only certain definite conclusions to be arrived at, but materially assist in the ultimate classification of the various cultural forms of the implements from the Graves generally.
A Series of Solutré Blades from Suffolk and Cambridgeshire
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In a recent number of The Antiquaries Journal (Vol. II., No. 2, pp. 114-117), I described four flint blades of Solutré type found in various parts of East Suffolk, and it is now my purpose to figure and to give an account of seven similar, but more remarkable implements found, with one exception, in the same county. The specimens, to which this note refers, are in the possession of Mr. W. Wells, of South Benfleet, who suggested that I should describe them, and has kindly sent the implements to me for examination.

For the details of the provenance of these blades Mr. Wells is responsible, but I am confident that he has taken all reasonable care in getting together the information which he has forwarded to me for publication. There can be no doubt but that the specimens now to be described constitute one of the finest series of flint blades yet found in this country, and it is gratifying that such specimens have been drawn by Mr. E. T. Lingwood.
Palæolithic Types of Implements in Relation to the Pleistocene Deposits of Uganda
Authors: Wayland E. J.
Published: October 2013

The history of early man in Uganda is bound up with that of the inland sea now familiar to Europeans as Lake Victoria or the Victoria Nyanza. The area of this great lake is given as 26,828 square miles (Handbook of Uganda, Ed. II., 1920, p. 26), or about the size of Scotland, but its maximum depth is probably some-what less than the height above ground of the cross of St. Paul's Cathedral. Lake Victoria, then, is just a gigantic puddle.

The history of the Lake is a long one. Beginning as a natural sump, as it probably did in Miocene times, it reached its maximum, in all probability, in the Pliocene, when its area was doubtless quite double that ot its present surface, while its depth was at least four times as great as that now registered.
Further Notes on the Flaking Site on Kelling Heath Norfolk
Authors: Sainty J. E.
Published: October 2013

The Kelling Flaking Site was described in the Proceedings of the P.S.E.A., Vol. IV., Pt. II., p. 165–176. During the past year a considerable amount of work has been done in the hope of throwing further light on the problem of the date of the culture. Several thousand specimens have been examined, and, in general, they agree closely in type with those already described. Over one hundred “points,” of which many were damaged, and sixty scrapers have been obtained, whilst nuclei, worked flakes and worked-angle flakes are numerous. No fabricators or geometric forms have been found, whilst microburins, though specially searched for, are still lacking. I am pleased to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. F. H. Barclay and Mr. E. Dyson in the somewhat arduous task of excavating the site.
Flint Axe and “Chisel” Found at Newmarket Heath
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: October 2013

This axe and chisel of flint were found together on the Round Course, Newmarket Heath, by a workman “bushgating” on the Course. They are in the possession of Dr. Chas. Lucas, of Burwell, Cambs.

Mr. R. A. Smith (Hoards of Neolithic Celts, Archæologia 71, p. 113) pleads for the publication of authentic associated finds of surface stone implements in order to provide material for determining the chronological sequence of types. The axe (l. 4.3-in.) and chisel (l. 4.7-in) figured, merit record in this connection. Both are of chipped flint, with the cutting edges ground, and with a slight amount of grinding elsewhere, done to remove excrescences. The technique seems to be exactly the same in each case. The patination is similar; the chisel milky white, with darker patches, the axe creamy white.
An Association of Thin Butted Celts with Leaf-Shaped Arrowheads at Drow Hill, Capstone North, Kent
Authors: Turner J.
Published: October 2013

Surface finds are seldom hailed by the student of prehistory with enthusiasm, and it must be confessed that as dating material such finds prove themselves unreliable. There are however, certain exceptions to this general rule, and the finds I am relating below, fall, I submit, under this last category. In point of fact when flakes, implements, cores and calcined flint are yearly brought to the surface in great quantities by the plough over one small area, the more formal objections to surface finds largely disappear.
“Some Maltese Problems”
Authors: Marett R. R.
Published: October 2013

In offering some observations on the prehistory of Malta, the fruit of a month's visit to the island in the Easter Vacation of 1927, Dr. Marett disclaimed all intention of contributing positively to the subject, and hoped at most to draw attention to sundry matters standing in need of further investigation. All British archæologists should pay Malta a visit, if only in order to enjoy the experience of visiting its wonderful monuments under the guidance of local experts such as Professor T. Zammit and Dr. G. Despott, who are as kind as they are learned and patriotically keen. Dr. Marett was also anxious to acknowledge his great debt to the Royal Air Force for allowing him to explore Malta and Gozo from the air—a most instructive method not only of taking in the ground-plan of a given site but likewise of viewing the various sites in their geographical relation to each other; while several magnificent series of photographs taken by the R.A.F. in the course of their aerial surveys were most generously placed at his disposal and proved to be archæologically, not less than otherwise, of the greatest interest and value.
Report on the Non-Marine Mollusca from Hoxne, Suffolk
Authors: Kennard A. S. , Woodward B. B.
Published: October 2013

In 1922 we recorded sixteen species of non-marine mollusca from Hoxne but of these only eight were known from extant examples, the remainder being listed on the authority of either Prof. Prestwich, or the late Clement Reid, and we noted that two horizons were present, Early Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene (Proc. Geol. Assoc, Vol. XXXIII (1922), pp. 137–165.) Through the kindness of Prof. P. G. H. Boswell and Mr. J. Reid Moir samples of peaty earth containing shells from Hoxne were submitted to us for examination. There came from Section 4, layer G (see Proc. Prehistoric Soc., East Anglia, Vol. V (1926), p. 145) and we are greatly indebted to these gentlemen for their kindness.
A Final Account of the Investigations Carried out at Lower Halstow, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: October 2013

In the Proceedings of this Society (Vol. V, pt. 1, pp. 73–8) I described an epi-palæolithic factory site at Lower Halstow, Kent, situated beneath an accumulation of marsh deposits. In addition I recorded the discovery of Early Iron Age and Roman pottery in the immediate neighbourhood made under similar circumstances. In the course of the above paper I endeavoured to correlate the facts at my disposal so as to afford a general appreciation of the results obtained from the first year's work upon the site. Upon resuming operations in the following year I immediately put to the test the deductions and facts which I had been working upon with the result that one deduction and one fact needed amendment. In my first report I stated that the peat overlying the stone-age factory site represented the Roman land-surface. Though, unquestionably, this peat did, in places, constitute the land-surface in Roman times, it was not the general rule, since its proper stratigraphical position occurs some 2-ft. 6-in. below the horizon of the Early Iron Age occupation level. Here and there, however, this intervening 2-ft. 6-in. of marsh clay deposits had become eroded away with the result that, in these instances, the Roman invaders were living upon a considerably earlier land-surface.