bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRESSURE INDUCED PHASE TRANSITION (B3–B1) AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF II–VI ZnSe SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: VARSHNEY DINESH
Published: May 2012

We evolve an effective interionic interaction potential (EIoIP) to investigate the pressure induced phase transitions from Zinc blende (B3) to Rocksalt (B1) structure in ZnSe semiconductor. The developed potential consists of the long-range Coulomb and three-body interactions (TBI) and the Hafemeister and Flygare type short-range (SR) overlap repulsion extended upto the second neighbor ions and the van der Waals (vdW) interaction. The three-body interactions arise from the electron-shell deformation when the nearest-neighbor ions overlap and has been employed for detailed studies of pressure-induced phase-transition behavior of ZnSe semiconductors. Our calculated value of the phase transition pressure (Pt) is higher and the magnitude of the discontinuity in volume at the transition pressure is consistent with reported data. The variation of second-order elastic constants with pressure resembles that observed in some binary semiconductors. It is inferred that the vdW interaction is effective in obtaining the Debye temperature, Gruneisen parameter, thermal expansion coefficient and compressibility. It is argued that the model with TBI (model II) has yielded somewhat more realistic predictions of the phase-transition and high-pressure behavior as compared to usual two-body potentials (model I) based on phenomenological approach.
NANOSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF La2O3/HfO2 GATE DIELECTRICS
Authors: BAHARI A. , RAMZANNEJAD A.
Published: May 2012

There are some issues such as tunneling, leakage currents and boron diffusion through the ultra thin SiO 2 which are threatening ultra thin SiO 2 dielectric as a good gate dielectric. A very obvious alternative material is HfO 2, due to its high dielectric constant, wide band gap and good thermal stability on silicon substrate. We have thus demonstrated a number of processes to synthesize La 2 O 3/ HfO 2 and studied its nano structural properties with using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The obtained results show that La 2 O 3/ HfO 2 (at 500°C with amorphous structure) can be introduced as a good gate dielectric for the future of complementary metal insulator semiconductor (CMIS) device.
PERIODIC MODULATION ON THE BOSE–JOSEPHSON JUNCTION IN AN OPTICAL CAVITY
Authors: WANG BIN , TAN LEI
Published: May 2012

The periodic modulation on dynamic behavior of Bose–Josephson junction dispersively coupled to a single mode high-finesse optical cavity is investigated. The eigenenergies and the phase diagram of the system are obtained using the numerical methods under the mean field approximation. It is shown that the large atomic interaction strength will lead the eigenenergies to show a bistable and a loop structure. It is also found that the periodic modulation can change the period and frequency of the motion of the atoms and the intra cavity photons drastically. Furthermore, the strong condensate-field interplay will enhance the oscillation of the atoms and make some trapped atoms start oscillating. For certain parameters of the cavity field, the relative population oscillation exhibits a process from order to chaos.
RECOGNIZING BY ORDER AND DEGREE PATTERN OF SOME PROJECTIVE SPECIAL LINEAR GROUPS
Authors: AKBARI B. , MOGHADDAMFAR A. R.
Published: May 2012

Let M be a finite group and D (M) be the degree pattern of M. Denote by hOD(M) the number of isomorphism classes of finite groups G with the same order and degree pattern as M. A finite group M is called k-fold OD-characterizable if hOD(M) = k. Usually, a 1-fold OD-characterizable group is simply called OD-characterizable. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it provides some information on the structure of a group from its degree pattern. Second, it proves that the projective special linear groups L4(4), L4(8), L4(9), L4(11), L4(13), L4(16), L4(17) are OD-characterizable.
SIMPLY INTERSECTING PAIR MAPS IN THE MAPPING CLASS GROUP
Authors: CHILDERS LEAH R.
Published: May 2012

The Torelli group, [Formula: see text], is the subgroup of the mapping class group consisting of elements that act trivially on the homology of the surface. There are three types of elements that naturally arise in studying [Formula: see text]: bounding pair maps, separating twists, and simply intersecting pair maps (SIP-maps). Historically the first two types of elements have been the focus of the literature on [Formula: see text], while SIP-maps have received relatively little attention until recently, due to an infinite presentation of [Formula: see text] introduced by Putman that uses all three types of elements. We will give a topological characterization of the image of an SIP-map under the Johnson homomorphism and Birman–Craggs–Johnson homomorphism. We will also classify which SIP-maps are in the kernel of these homomorphisms. Then we will look at the subgroup generated by all SIP-maps, SIP (Sg), and show it is an infinite index subgroup of [Formula: see text].
STRONG FELLER CONTINUITY OF FELLER PROCESSES AND SEMIGROUPS
Authors: SCHILLING RENÉ L. , WANG JIAN
Published: May 2012

We study two equivalent characterizations of the strong Feller property for a Markov process and of the associated sub-Markovian semigroup. One is described in terms of locally uniform absolute continuity, whereas the other uses local Orlicz-ultracontractivity. These criteria generalize many existing results on strong Feller continuity and seem to be more natural for Feller processes. By establishing the estimates of the first exit time from balls, we also investigate the continuity of harmonic functions for Feller processes which enjoy the strong Feller property.
Carbaporphyrins, porphyrin isomers and the legacy of Emanuel Vogel
Authors: Lash Timothy D.
Published: May 2012

Vogel discovered a large number of bridged annulene structures, including constitutional porphyrin isomers, heteroporphyrinoid species such as the tetraoxaporphyrin dication, corrole isomers and novel expanded porphyrinoid systems. In this review, the impact of Vogel's work on the author's research program is discussed. Carbaporphyrinoid systems with one or two carbocyclic rings replacing the usual pyrrole subunits have been synthesized and their diatropic characteristics can be related to the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways within these macrocycles. The preparation of a dideazaporphyrin also provides strong support for the concept, espoused by Vogel, that porphyrins are examples of bridged annulenes. Ring contractions of azuliporphyrins to benzocarbaporphyrins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of base have been proposed to involve a Cope rearrangement where a cycloheptatriene unit rearranges to give a norcaradiene-fused carbaporphyrinoid, followed elimination of tert-butyl alcohol, and Vogel's investigations into these types of valence tautomerization processes provides insights into these unusual transformations. In addition, a new class of porphyrin isomers has been synthesized and these porphyrin analogs extend the observations previously made for N-confused porphyrins and Vogel's constitutional isomers.
Iron complexes of tris(4-nitrophenyl)corrole, with emphasis on the (nitrosyl)iron complex
Authors: Singh Pinky , Saltsman Irena , Mahammed Atif , Goldberg Israel , Tumanskii Boris , Gross Zeev
Published: May 2012

The iron complexes of 5,10,15-tris(4-nitrophenyl)corrole have been prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The (nitrosyl)iron complex is diamagnetic and its X-ray structure reveals an almost perfectly linear Fe–N–O bond. EPR spectroscopy in conjunction with 15N labelling were used to deduce the redox centre of the one-electron reduction and oxidation products of the (nitrosyl)iron corrole.
Amino-silica coated magnetic nanoparticles modified with Ni(II)- metalloporphyrin for the selective removal of nitrate ions from water samples
Authors: Poursaberi Tahereh , Hassanisadi Mostafa , Shanehsaz Maryam
Published: May 2012

A new magnetic nanoadsorbent was developed by treating Fe3O4 nanoparticles with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and nickel(II) — metalloporphyrin, and applied to remove excessive nitrate from aqueous solutions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The effect of pH, contact time, sorbent dosage and some co-existing anions present in aqueous solutions was investigated. Regeneration of nitrate adsorbed material was possible with NaOH , the modified magnetic nanoparticles exhibited good reusability.
Optimal Control of Vertically Transmitted Disease: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Bhattacharyya Samit , Ghosh Suma
Published: May 2012

We study the dynamics of a disease under administration of a vaccine and antiviral drug, where the disease transmits directly from the parents to the offspring (vertical transmission) and also through contact with infective individuals (horizontal transmission). While vaccination to those susceptible reduces the
horizontal transmission, administration of the antiviral drug to infected individuals lessens the chance of vertical transmission. Thus the vaccine and antiviral drug play different roles in controlling the disease, which has both vertical and horizontal transmission. We develop a 3D model with Susceptible–Infected–Recovered under vaccination to the susceptible and antiviral treatment to the infected and consider a control theoretic approach using the Pontryagin maximum principle to analyse the costeffectiveness of the control process. Our results demonstrate that a mixed intervention strategy of vaccination and antiviral drug in a proper ratio is the most effective way to control the disease. We show that cost‐effectiveness of both intervention strategies intimately depends on disease‐related parameters, such as force of infection, probability of being infected to offspring from infected mothers, loss of immunity or reinfection and also on cost of treatment.
Parametric Yield‐Driven Resource Binding in High‐Level Synthesis with Multi‐Vth/Vdd Library and Device Sizing
Authors: Chen Yibo , Wang Yu , Xie Yuan , Takach Andres
Published: May 2012

The ever‐increasing chip power dissipation in SoCs
has imposed great challenges on today’s circuit design. It has been
shown that multiple threshold and supply voltages assignment
(multi‐Vth/Vdd) is an effective way to reduce power dissipation.
However, most of the prior multi‐Vth/Vdd optimizations are
performed under deterministic conditions. With the increasing
process variability that has significant impact on both the power
dissipation and performance of circuit designs, it is necessary to
employ statistical approaches in analysis and optimizations for
low power. This paper studies the impact of process variations
on the multi‐Vth/Vdd technique at the behavioral synthesis level. A multi‐Vth/Vdd resource library is characterized for delay and
power variations at different voltage combinations. Meanwhile,
device sizing is performed on the resources in the library to
mitigate the impact of variation, and to enlarge the design
space for better quality of the design choice. A parametric yield‐driven
resource binding algorithm is then proposed, which uses
the characterized power and delay distributions and efficiently
maximizes power yield under a timing yield constraint. During
the resource binding process, voltage level converters are inserted
between resources when required. Experimental results show that
significant power reduction can be achieved with the proposed
variation‐aware framework, compared with traditional worstcase
based deterministic approaches.
Analysis of Water and Hydrogen Bond Dynamics at the Surface of an Antifreeze Protein
Authors: Xu Yao , Gnanasekaran Ramachandran , Leitner David M.
Published: May 2012

We examine dynamics of water molecules and hydrogen bonds at the water-protein interface of the wild-type antifreeze protein from spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana and a mutant that is not antifreeze active by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Water dynamics in the hydration layer around the protein is analyzed by calculation of velocity autocorrelation functions and their power spectra, and hydrogen bond time correlation functions are calculated for hydrogen bonds between water molecules and the protein. Both water and hydrogen bond dynamics from subpicosecond to hundred picosecond time scales are sensitive to location on the protein surface and appear correlated with protein function. In particular, hydrogen bond lifetimes are longest for water molecules hydrogen bonded to the ice-binding plane of the wild type, whereas hydrogen bond lifetimes between water and protein atoms on all three planes are similar for the mutant.
Simple Synthesis and Enhanced Performance of Graphene Oxide‐Gold Composites
Authors: Song Min , Yu Lulu , Wu Yimin
Published: May 2012

Graphene oxide‐gold composites were prepared by one‐step reaction in aqueous solution, where the gold nanoparticles were deposited on the graphene oxide during their synthesis process. Transmission electron morphology, X‐ray diffraction, Roman spectra, and UV‐Vis absorption spectra were used to characterize the obtained composites. Furthermore, based on the BET analysis results, it was found that the surface area of the composite film was obviously enhanced compared with the synthesized graphene oxide. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the modification of the composites on electrode could efficiently enhance the voltammetric response, suggesting the potential application for making electrochemical sensors.
Nervous System ofPeriplaneta americanaCockroach as a Model in Toxinological Studies: A Short Historical and Actual View
Authors: Stankiewicz Maria , Dąbrowski Marcin , de Lima Maria Elena
Published: May 2012

Nervous system ofPeriplaneta americanacockroach is used in a wide range of pharmacological studies, including electrophysiological techniques. This paper presents its role as a preparation in the development of toxinological studies in the following electrophysiological methods: double-oil-gap technique on isolated giant axon, patch-clamp on DUM (dorsal unpaired median) neurons, microelectrode techniquein situconditions on axon in connective and DUM neurons in ganglion, and single-fiber oil-gap technique on last abdominal ganglion synapse. At the end the application of cockroach synaptosomal preparation is mentioned.
Blood Pressure Control at Rest and during Exercise in Obese Children and Adults
Authors: Dipla Konstantina , Nassis George P. , Vrabas Ioannis S.
Published: May 2012

The hemodynamic responses to exercise have been studied to a great extent over the past decades, and an exaggerated blood pressure response during an acute exercise bout has been considered as an indicator of cardiovascular risk. Obesity is a major factor influencing the blood pressure response to exercise since evidence indicates that the arterial pressure response to exercise is exacerbated in obese compared with lean adults. Signs of augmented responses (such as an exaggerated blood pressure response) to physical exertion appear early in life (from the prepubertal years) in obese individuals. Understanding the mechanisms that drive the altered hemodynamic responses during exercise in obese individuals and prevent the progression to hypertension is vitally important. This paper focuses on the evidence linking obesity with alterations of the autonomic nervous system and discusses the potential mechanisms and consequences of the altered sympathetic nervous system behavior in obese individuals at rest and during exercise. Furthermore, this paper presents the alterations in the reflex regulatory mechanisms (“exercise pressor reflex” and baroreflex) in obese children and adults and addresses the effects of training on obesity-related disturbances.
Features of “All LNA” Duplexes Showing a New Type of Nucleic Acid Geometry
Authors: Förster Charlotte , Eichert André , Oberthür Dominik , Betzel Christian , Geßner Reinhard , Nitsche Andreas , Fürste Jens P.
Published: May 2012

“Locked nucleic acids” (LNAs) belong to the backbone-modified nucleic acid family. The 2′-O,4′-C-methylene-β-D-ribofuranose nucleotides are used for single or multiple substitutions in RNA molecules and thereby introduce enhanced bio- and thermostability. This renders LNAs powerful tools for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. RNA molecules maintain the overall canonical A-type conformation upon substitution of single or multiple residues/nucleotides by LNA monomers. The structures of “all” LNA homoduplexes, however, exhibit significant differences in their overall geometry, in particular a decreased twist, roll and propeller twist. This results in a widening of the major groove, a decrease in helical winding, and an enlarged helical pitch. Therefore, the LNA duplex structure can no longer be described as a canonical A-type RNA geometry but can rather be brought into proximity to other backbone-modified nucleic acids, like glycol nucleic acids or peptide nucleic acids. LNA-modified nucleic acids provide thus structural and functional features that may be successfully exploited for future application in biotechnology and drug discovery.
Bone Accumulations of Spotted Hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta, Erxleben, 1777) as Indicators of Diet and Human Conflict; Mashatu, Botswana
Authors: Kuhn Brian F.
Published: May 2012

In a region where free ranging domestic species mix with wildlife, it is imperative to determine what, if any, predation may have occurred on domestic stock. As human settlements continuously encroach upon wild habitats, determining the types of predator-human conflicts that exist can be crucial to conserve numerous predator species. The partial diet of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) of the Mashatu Game Reserve, Botswana, was established via analyses of faunal remains associated with four dens to determine predation/scavenging on wild or domestic species. Domestic species composed less than 3% of identified faunal remains. We acknowledge that this methodology is biased against small mammals, but, when combined with sociological studies, this methodology will aid in determining alleged predation on domestic stock by spotted hyaenas. Results indicated that the spotted hyaenas in question feed primarily on wild species.
Versatility of RNA-Binding Proteins in Cancer
Authors: Wurth Laurence
Published: May 2012

Posttranscriptional gene regulation is a rapid and efficient process to adjust the proteome of a cell to a changing environment. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are the master regulators of mRNA processing and translation and are often aberrantly expressed in cancer. In addition to well-studied transcription factors, RBPs are emerging as fundamental players in tumor development. RBPs and their mRNA targets form a complex network that plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. This paper describes mechanisms by which RBPs influence the expression of well-known oncogenes, focusing on precise examples that illustrate the versatility of RBPs in posttranscriptional control of cancer development. RBPs appeared very early in evolution, and new RNA-binding domains and combinations of them were generated in more complex organisms. The identification of RBPs, their mRNA targets, and their mechanism of action have provided novel potential targets for cancer therapy.
Supersonic Flutter Utilization for Effective Energy-Harvesting Based on Piezoelectric Switching Control
Authors: Makihara Kanjuro , Shimose Shigeru
Published: May 2012

The harvesting of electrical energy generated from the flutter phenomenon of a plate wing is studied using the quasi-steady aerodynamic theory and the finite element method. The example of supersonic flutter structure comes from sounding rockets’ wings. Electrical energy is harvested from supersonic flutter by using piezoelectric patches and switching devices. In order to evaluate the harvesting performance, we simulate flutter dynamics of the plate wing to which piezoelectric patches are attached. We demonstrate that our harvesting system can generate much more electrical energy from wing flutter than conventional harvesting systems can. This flutter utilization changes our perception to a useful one in various fruitful applications from a destructive phenomenon.
Atomistic Modeling of Corrosion Events at the Interface between a Metal and Its Environment
Authors: Taylor Christopher D.
Published: May 2012

Atomistic simulation is a powerful tool for probing the structure and properties of materials and the nature of chemical reactions. Corrosion is a complex process that involves chemical reactions occurring at the interface between a material and its environment and is, therefore, highly suited to study by atomistic modeling techniques. In this paper, the complex nature of corrosion processes and mechanisms is briefly reviewed. Various atomistic methods for exploring corrosion mechanisms are then described, and recent applications in the literature surveyed. Several instances of the application of atomistic modeling to corrosion science are then reviewed in detail, including studies of the metal-water interface, the reaction of water on electrified metallic interfaces, the dissolution of metal atoms from metallic surfaces, and the role of competitive adsorption in controlling the chemical nature and structure of a metallic surface. Some perspectives are then given concerning the future of atomistic modeling in the field of corrosion science.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Lung Transplantation: A Review
Authors: Dudley Katherine A. , El-Chemaly Souheil
Published: May 2012

There has been an increase in lung transplantation in the USA. Lung allocation is guided by the lung allocation score (LAS), which takes into account one measure of exercise capacity, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). There is a paucity of data regarding the role and value of cardiopulmonary stress test (CPET) in the evaluation of lung transplant recipients while on the transplant waiting list and after lung transplantation. While clearly there is a need for further prospective investigation, the available literature strongly suggests a potential role for CPET in the setting of lung transplant.
AChanDietary Intervention Enhances Executive Functions and Anterior Cingulate Activity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chan Agnes S. , Sze Sophia L. , Han Yvonne M. Y. , Cheung Mei-chun
Published: May 2012

Executive dysfunctions have been found to be related to repetitive/disinhibited behaviors and social deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This study aims to investigate the potential effect of aShaolin-medicine-based dietary modification on improving executive functions and behavioral symptoms of ASD and exploring the possible underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. Twenty-four children with ASD were randomly assigned into the experimental (receiving dietary modification for one month) and the control (no modification) groups. Each child was assessed on his/her executive functions, behavioral problems based on parental ratings, and event-related electroencephalography (EEG) activity during a response-monitoring task before and after the one month. The experimental group demonstrated significantly improved mental flexibility and inhibitory control after the diet modification, which continued to have a large effect size within the low-functioning subgroup. Such improvements coincided with positive evaluations by their parents on social communication abilities and flexible inhibitory control of daily behaviors and significantly enhanced event-related EEG activity at the rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, the control group did not show any significant improvements. These positive outcomes of a one-month dietary modification on children with ASD have implicated its potential clinical applicability for patients with executive function deficits.
Relationship between Plasma Leptin Level and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Shankar Anoop , Syamala Shirmila , Xiao Jie , Muntner Paul
Published: May 2012

Background. Leptin is an adipose tissue-derived hormone shown to be related to several metabolic, inflammatory, and hemostatic factors related to chronic kidney disease. Recent animal studies have reported that infusion of recombinant leptin into normal rats for 3 weeks fosters the development of glomerulosclerosis. However, few studies have examined the association between leptin and CKD in humans. Therefore, we examined the association between plasma leptin levels and CKD in a representative sample of US adults.Methods. We examined the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants >20 years of age (n=5820, 53.6% women). Plasma leptin levels were categorized into quartiles (≤4.3 Fg/L, 4.4–8.7 Fg/L, 8.8–16.9 Fg/L, >16.9 Fg/L). CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2estimated from serum creatinine.Results. Higher plasma leptin levels were associated with CKD after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, and serum cholesterol. Compared to quartile 1 of leptin (referent), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of CKD associated with quartile 4 was 3.31 (1.41 to 7.78);P-trend= 0.0135. Subgroup analyses examining the relation between leptin and CKD by gender, BMI categories, diabetes, and hypertension status also showed a consistent positive association.Conclusion. Higher plasma leptin levels are associated with CKD in a representative sample of US adults.
Difference between Pb and Cd Accumulation in 19 Elite Maize Inbred Lines and Application Prospects
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Jin Feng , Wang Cui , Luo Jun , Lin Haijian , Xiang Kui , Liu Li , Zhao Maojun , Zhang Yunsong , Ding Haiping , Zhou Shufeng , Shen Yaou , Pan Guangtang
Published: May 2012

In the last two decades, the accumulation of heavy metal in crop grains has become the study hotspot. In this study, 19 representative elite maize inbred lines and 3 hybrid varieties were investigated at the seedling stage, which can accumulate Pb and Cd in the stems and leaves, respectively. The results demonstrated that significant differences are among inbred lines for accumulation of heavy metals, implying that the Cd accumulation is significant correlation between the male parents and their hybrids and some inbred lines have been selected for cross-breeding with low Pb or Cd accumulation, such as S37, 9782, and ES40; Moreover, some inbred lines could be suitable for phytoremediation species for soil bioremediation with high levels of Pb and Cd accumulation, including 178, R08, 48-2, and Mo17ht.
Impact of Asian Dust Aerosol and Surface Albedo on Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Surface Radiative Balance in Dryland Ecosystems
Authors: Xi X. , Sokolik I. N.
Published: May 2012

We investigated the extent to which Asian dust can affect vegetation in dryland ecosystems through altering photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and shortwave and longwave radiation components of the surface energy balance. Results show that dust decreases the surface radiative balance and total PAR. The diffuse component of PAR, however, increases with increasing dust load but then decreases after reaching a maximum at a certain optimum condition. The forcing efficiency ranges from −67.7 to −82.2 Wm-2 τ0.5      −1in total PAR and from −68.8 to −122.1 Wm-2 τ0.5      −1in surface radiative balance. The ratio of total PAR to downwelling shortwave flux remains nearly constant (0.45±4%) similar to other aerosol types, while the ratio for the diffuse faction of PAR exhibits significant variations. The impact of dust on the gross photosynthetic rate varies among different types of crops. C4 plants such as corn tend to be less sensitive to the dust optical properties compared to C3 plants such as soybean and wheat.
Pharmacokinetic Models for FcRn-Mediated IgG Disposition
Authors: Xiao Jim J.
Published: May 2012

The objectives were to review available PK models for saturable FcRn-mediated IgG disposition, and to explore an alternative semimechanistic model. Most available empirical and mechanistic PK models assumed equal IgG concentrations in plasma and endosome in addition to other model-specific assumptions. These might have led to inappropriate parameter estimates and model interpretations. Some physiologically based PK (PBPK) models included FcRn-mediated IgG recycling. The nature of PBPK models requires borrowing parameter values from literature, and subtle differences in the assumptions may render dramatic changes in parameter estimates related to the IgG recycling kinetics. These models might have been unnecessarily complicated to address FcRn saturation and nonlinear IgG PK especially in the IVIG setting. A simple semimechanistic PK model (cutoff model) was developed that assumed a constant endogenous IgG production rate and a saturable FcRn-binding capacity. The FcRn-binding capacity was defined as MAX, and IgG concentrations exceeding MAX in endosome resulted in lysosomal degradation. The model parameters were estimated using simulated data from previously published models. The cutoff model adequately described the rat and mouse IgG PK data simulated from published models and allowed reasonable estimation of endogenous IgG turnover rates.
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract ofFicus pumilaL. in Mice
Authors: Liao Chi-Ren , Kao Chun-Pin , Peng Wen-Huang , Chang Yuan-Shiun , Lai Shang-Chih , Ho Yu-Ling
Published: May 2012

This study investigated possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the methanol extract ofFicus pumila(FPMeOH). Analgesic effects were evaluated in two models including acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking. The results showedFPMeOHdecreased writhing response in the acetic acid assay and licking time in the formalin test. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by λ-carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and histopathological analyses.FPMeOHsignificantly decreased the volume of paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan. Histopathologically,FPMeOHabated the level of tissue destruction and swelling of the edema paws. This study indicated anti-inflammatory mechanism ofFPMeOHmay be due to declined levels of NO and MDA in the edema paw through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx, and GRd in the liver. Additionally,FPMeOHalso decreased the level of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2. HPLC fingerprint was established and the contents of three active ingredients, rutin, luteolin, and apigenin, were quantitatively determined. This study provided evidence for the classical treatment ofFicus pumilain inflammatory diseases.
Postnatal Growth Patterns in a Chilean Cohort: The Role of SES and Family Environment
Authors: Kang Sim D. E. , Cappiello M. , Castillo M. , Lozoff B. , Martinez S. , Blanco E. , Gahagan S.
Published: May 2012

Objective. This study examined how family environmental characteristics served as mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and infant growth in a cohort of Chilean infants.Methods. We studied 999 infants, born between 1991 and 1996, from a longitudinal cohort which began as an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial. SES (Graffar Index), the Life Experiences Survey, and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) were assessed in infancy. Using path analysis, we assessed the relationships between the social factors, home environment, and infant growth.Results. During the first year, weight and length gain averaged 540 grams/month and 6.5 cm/month, respectively. In the path analysis model for weight gain, higher SES and a better physical environment were positively related to higher maternal warmth, which in turn was associated with higher average weight gain. Higher SES was directly related to higher average length gain.Conclusions. In our cohort, a direct relationship between SES and length gain developed during infancy. Higher SES was indirectly related to infant weight gain through the home environment and maternal warmth. As the fastest growing infants are at risk for later obesity, new strategies are needed to encourage optimal rather than maximal growth.
Effect of Relative Marker Movement on the Calculation of the Foot Torsion Axis Using a Combined Cardan Angle and Helical Axis Approach
Authors: Graf Eveline S. , Wright Ian C. , Stefanyshyn Darren J.
Published: May 2012

The two main movements occurring between the forefoot and rearfoot segment of a human foot are flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joints and torsion in the midfoot. The location of the torsion axis within the foot is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to develop a method based on Cardan angles and the finite helical axis approach to calculate the torsion axis without the effect of flexion. As the finite helical axis method is susceptible to error due to noise with small helical rotations, a minimal amount of rotation was defined in order to accurately determine the torsion axis location. Using simulation, the location of the axis based on data containing noise was compared to the axis location of data without noise with a one-samplet-test and Fisher's combined probability score. When using only data with helical rotation of seven degrees or more, the location of the torsion axis based on the data with noise was within 0.2 mm of the reference location. Therefore, the proposed method allowed an accurate calculation of the foot torsion axis location.
Pulmonary Toxicity, Distribution, and Clearance of Intratracheally Instilled Silicon Nanowires in Rats
Authors: Roberts Jenny R. , Mercer Robert R. , Chapman Rebecca S. , Cohen Guy M. , Bangsaruntip Sarunya , Schwegler-Berry Diane , Scabilloni James F. , Castranova Vincent , Antonini James M. , Leonard Stephen S.
Published: May 2012

Silicon nanowires (Si NWs) are being manufactured for use as sensors and transistors for circuit applications. The goal was to assess pulmonary toxicity and fate of Si NW using an in vivo experimental model. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with 10, 25, 50, 100, or 250 μg of Si NW (~20–30 nm diameter; ~2–15 μm length). Lung damage and the pulmonary distribution and clearance of Si NW were assessed at 1, 3, 7, 28, and 91 days after‐treatment. Si NW treatment resulted in dose‐dependent increases in lung injury and inflammation that resolved over time. At day 91 after treatment with the highest doses, lung collagen was increased. Approximately 70% of deposited Si NW was cleared by 28 days with most of the Si NW localized exclusively in macrophages. In conclusion, Si NW induced transient lung toxicity which may be associated with an early rapid particle clearance; however, persistence of Si NW over time related to dose or wire length may lead to increased collagen deposition in the lung.
Controversies in the Surgical Management of Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Raslan Ahmed M. , Nemecek Andrew N.
Published: May 2012

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) affects over 200,000 people in the USA and is a major source of morbidity, mortality, and societal cost. Management of SCI includes several components. Acute management includes medical agents and surgical treatment that usually includes either all or a combination of reduction, decompression, and stabilization. Physical therapy and rehabilitation and late onset SCI problems also play a role. A review of the literature in regard to surgical management of SCI patients in the acute setting was undertaken. The controversy surrounding whether reduction is safe, or not, and whether prereduction magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to rule out traumatic disc herniation is essential is discussed. The controversial role of timing of surgical intervention and the choice of surgical approach in acute, incomplete, and acute traumatic SCI patients are reviewed. Surgical treatment is an essential tool in management of SCI patients and the controversy surrounding the timing of surgery remains unresolved. Presurgical reduction is considered safe and essential in the management of SCI with loss of alignment, at least as an initial step in the overall care of a SCI patient. Future prospective collection of outcome data that would suffice as evidence-based is recommended and necessary.
Thoracomyoplasty in the Treatment of Empyema: Current Indications, Basic Principles, and Results
Authors: Botianu Petre Vlah-Horea , Botianu Alexandru Mihail
Published: May 2012

Empyema remains a challenge for modern medicine. Cases not amenable to lung decortication are particularly difficult to treat, requiring prolonged hospitalizations and mutilating procedures. This paper presents the current role of thoracomyoplasty procedures, which allow complete and definitive obliteration of the infected pleural space by a combination of thoracoplasty and the use of neighbourhood muscle flaps (latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis, rectus abdominis, omentum, etc). Recent publications show an overall rate of success of 90%, with a quick and definitive healing. Although rarely indicated in our days, this kind of procedures remain in the armamentarium of modern thoracic surgery. The importance of thoracomyoplasty derives from the fact that it may be a simple and definitive solution for complicated cases of chronic empyema not amenable to standard decortication.
Urea‐Based Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures at Low Temperature
Authors: Marinho J. Z. , Romeiro F. C. , Lemos S. C. S. , Motta F. V. , Riccardi C. S. , Li M. S. , Longo E. , Lima R. C.
Published: May 2012

The preparation of nanometer‐sized structures of zinc oxide (ZnO) from zinc acetate and urea as raw materials was performed using conventional water bath heating and a microwave hydrothermal (MH) method in an aqueous solution. The oxide formation is controlled by decomposition of the added urea in the sealed autoclave. The influence of urea and the synthesis method on the final product formation are discussed. Broadband photoluminescence (PL) behavior in visible‐range spectra was observed with a maximum peak centered in the green region which was attributed to different defects and the structural changes involved with ZnO crystals which were produced during the nucleation process.
FK228 Analogues Induce Fetal Hemoglobin in Human Erythroid Progenitors
Authors: Makala Levi , Di Maro Salvatore , Lou Tzu-Fang , Sivanand Sharanya , Ahn Jung-Mo , Pace Betty S.
Published: May 2012

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) improves the clinical severity of sickle cell disease (SCD), therefore, research to identify HbF-inducing agents for treatment purposes is desirable. The focus of our study is to investigate the ability of FK228 analogues to induce HbF using a novel KU812 dual-luciferase reporter system. Molecular modeling studies showed that the structure of twenty FK228 analogues with isosteric substitutions did not disturb the global structure of the molecule. Using the dual-luciferase system, a subgroup of FK228 analogues was shown to be inducers of HbF at nanomolar concentrations. To determine the physiological relevance of these compounds, studies in primary erythroid progenitors confirmed that JMA26 and JMA33 activated HbF synthesis at levels comparable to FK228 with low cellular toxicity. These data support our lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents for further development in the treatment of SCD.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Salbutamol on Acute and Chronic Models of Inflammation in Rats: Involvement of an Antioxidant Mechanism
Authors: Uzkeser Hulya , Cadirci Elif , Halici Zekai , Odabasoglu Fehmi , Polat Beyzagul , Nurcan Yuksel Tugba , Ozaltin Seda , Atalay Fadime
Published: May 2012

The possible role ofβ-2 adrenergic receptors in modulation of inflammatory and nociceptive conditions suggests that theβ-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, salbutamol, may have beneficial anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Therefore, in this study, we induced inflammatory and nociceptive responses with carrageenan-induced paw edema or cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models, both of which result in oxidative stress. We hypothesized that salbutamol would prevent inflammatory and nociceptive responses by stimulatingβ-2 adrenergic receptors and the prevention of generation of ROS during the acute inflammation process in rats. Both doses of salbutamol used in the study (1 and 2 mg/kg) effectively blocked the acute inflammation and inflammatory nociception induced by carrageenan. In the cotton-pellet-induced granuloma test, both doses of salbutamol also significantly decreased the weight of granuloma tissue on the cotton pellets when compared to the control. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of salbutamol were found to be comparable with those of indomethacin. Salbutamol decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and level of glutathione (GSH) during the acute phase of inflammation. In conclusion, salbutamol can decrease acute and chronic inflammation, possibly through the stimulation ofβ-2 adrenergic receptors. This anti-inflammatory effect may be of significance in asthma treatment, where inflammation also takes part in the etiopathology. This study reveals that salbutamol has significant antioxidative effects, which at least partially explain its anti-inflammatory capabilities. These findings presented here may also shed light on the roles ofβ-2 adrenergic receptors in inflammatory and hyperalgesic conditions.
Meta-Analysis of Studies Incorporating the Interests of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders into Early Intervention Practices
Authors: Dunst Carl J. , Trivette Carol M. , Hamby Deborah W.
Published: May 2012

Incorporating the interests and preferences of young children with autism spectrum disorders into interventions to promote prosocial behavior and decrease behavior excesses has emerged as a promising practice for addressing the core features of autism. The efficacy of interest-based early intervention practices was examined in a meta-analysis of 24 studies including 78 children 2 to 6 years of age diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Effect size analyses of intervention versus nonintervention conditions and high-interest versus low-interest contrasts indicated that interest-based intervention practices were effective in terms of increasing prosocial and decreasing aberrant child behavior. Additionally, interest-based interventions that focused on two of the three core features of autism spectrum disorders (poor communication, poor interpersonal relationships) were found most effective in influencing child outcomes. Implications for very early intervention are discussed in terms addressing the behavior markers of autism spectrum disorders before they become firmly established.
Physiology and Emerging Biochemistry of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
Authors: Willard Francis S. , Sloop Kyle W.
Published: May 2012

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor is one of the best validated therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Over several years, the accumulation of basic, translational, and clinical research helped define the physiologic roles of GLP-1 and its receptor in regulating glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. These efforts provided much of the foundation for pharmaceutical development of the GLP-1 receptor peptide agonists, exenatide and liraglutide, as novel medicines for patients suffering from T2DM. Now, much attention is focused on better understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in ligand induced signaling of the GLP-1 receptor. For example, advancements in biophysical and structural biology techniques are being applied in attempts to more precisely determine ligand binding and receptor occupancy characteristics at the atomic level. These efforts should better inform three-dimensional modeling of the GLP-1 receptor that will help inspire more rational approaches to identify and optimize small molecule agonists or allosteric modulators targeting the GLP-1 receptor. This article reviews GLP-1 receptor physiology with an emphasis on GLP-1 induced signaling mechanisms in order to highlight new molecular strategies that help determine desired pharmacologic characteristics for guiding development of future nonpeptide GLP-1 receptor activators.
Undetected Common Mental Disorders in Long-Term Sickness Absence
Authors: Soegaard Hans Joergen
Published: May 2012

Background. Undetected Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) amongst people on sick leave complicate rehabilitation and return to work because appropriate treatments are not initiated. Aims. The aim of this study is to estimate (1) the frequencies of CMD, (2) the predictors of undetected CMD, and (3) the rate of return to work among sick listed individuals without a psychiatric disorder, who are registered on long-term sickness absence (LSA). Methods. A total of 2,414 incident individuals on LSA with a response rate of 46.4%, were identified for a two-phase study. The subsample of this study involved individuals registered on LSA who were sick-listed without a psychiatric sick leave diagnosis. In this respect, Phase 1 included 831 individuals, who were screened for mental disorders. In Phase 2, following the screening of Phase 1, 227 individuals were thoroughly examined by a psychiatrist applying Present State Examination. The analyses of the study were carried out based on the 227 individuals from Phase 2 and, subsequently, weighted to be representative of the 831 individuals in Phase 1. Results. The frequencies of undetected mental disorders among all sick-listed individuals were for any psychiatric diagnosis 21%, depression 14%, anxiety 4%, and somatoform disorder 6%. Conclusions. Undetected CMD may delay the initiation of appropriate treatment and complicate the rehabilitation and return to work.
The Effects of Scraping Therapy on Local Temperature and Blood Perfusion Volume in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Xu Qin-Yan , Yang Jin-Sheng , Zhu Bing , Yang Li , Wang Ying-Ying , Gao Xin-Yan
Published: May 2012

Objective.We aim to study the therapeutic effects of scraping by investigating the changes of temperature and local blood perfusion volume in healthy subjects after scraping stimulation, and to explore the mechanism of scraping stimulation from the points of microcirculation and energy metabolism.Methods.Twenty-three health subjects were included in this study. Local blood perfusion volume and body surface temperature was detected at 5 min before scraping stimulation, 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min after scraping using Laser Doppler imager and infrared thermograph.Results.Significant increase was noted in the blood perfusion volume in the scraping area within 90 minutes compared to the baseline level and non-scraping area (P<0.001). Compared with non-scraping area, an increase of body temperature with an average of 1°C was observed after scraping stimulation (P<0.01).Conclusion.Scraping can significantly improve the blood perfusion volume and increase the temperature in the scraping area, promoting the local blood circulation and energy metabolism.
Adaptive Control Allocation in the Presence of Actuator Failures
Authors: Liu Yu , Crespo Luis G.
Published: May 2012

This paper proposes a control allocation framework where a feedback adaptive signal is designed for a group of redundant actuators and then it is adaptively allocated among all group members. In the adaptive control allocation structure, cooperative actuators are grouped and treated as an equivalent control effector. A state feedback adaptive control signal is designed for the equivalent effector and adaptively allocated to the member actuators. Two adaptive control allocation algorithms, guaranteeing closed-loop stability and asymptotic state tracking when partial and total loss of control effectiveness occur, are developed. Proper grouping of the actuators reduces the controller complexity without reducing their efficacy. The implementation and effectiveness of the strategies proposed is demonstrated in detail using several examples.