bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BCG Vaccination Against Tuberculosis
Authors: NEMIR ROSA LEE
Published: December 2021

Dr. Rosenthal's timely and erudite book on BCG vaccination deals not only with the clinical and immunologic considerations for the use of BCG vaccine, but also with its administration as part of a public health program, its technical production, and a clinical and experimental guide and analysis of its efficacy. At a time when there is a widely felt need for a workable and extensive program of immunization against tuberculosis in the United States, Dr. Rosenthal's case for the adoption of BCG vaccination must needs claim the wide audience among the medical and public health practitioners its scholarly and interesting presentation earns for it.
The Doctor Eyes The Poor Reader
Authors: KUGEL ROBERT B.
Published: December 2021

This is a book which is written for a wide audience including physicians, psychologists, educators, and parents. Unlike many books of this variety, it seems to achieve this multipurpose objective. At the very beginning the author makes a considerable plea to all concerned that each should understand more about the complexity of the problem of the child with reading failure. He points out which professional individuals may need to be consulted in order to arrive at the proper etiology. Similarly, the several professional workers will need to collaborate in order to effect successful management in a particular case.
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Gitlin David , Janeway Charles A.
Published: December 2021

MOST, if not all, of congenital metabolic disease may be attributed to abnormalities in protein synthesis. An error in protein synthesis can result in at least two basic types of disturbance—an actual deficit of a specific protein, or the production of abnormal forms of that protein. Because of the wide variety of functions of this class of substances, the result may manifest itself as a disturbance in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates or amino acids, or a disturbance of protein interactions.

While the clinical manifestations of some disorders may be related directly to the deficit of a specific protein, in others symptoms are related indirectly to a specific protein deficiency (Fig. 1). This is particularly true in those instances where the protein, which is deficient, acts as an enzyme in intermediary metabolism, and the symptoms of disease may be due either to an accumulation or a deficit of specific metabolites or electrolytes. In still other instances, clinical disease is related not to the absence of a normal protein but to the presence of an abnormal protein which does not function in the same way as its normal analogue.

It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss all the inborn errors of protein metabolism, but to give a brief account of some examples to illustrate the fundamental importance of protein synthesis to human health.

CONGENITAL AFIBRINOGENEMIA

Afibrinogenemia, a hemorrhagic diathesis associated with the absence of fibrinogen in the blood and a clotting time of infinity, was recognized as early as 1920. Since that time a number of children with this disorder have been described and, in a review by Diamond, Wolff and Borges, 19 cases, including 3 observed by these authors, are reported.
Tuberculin Patch Test
Authors: VOLLMER HERMANN
Published: December 2021

Dr. F. M. Feldmann's article, "The practical value of the tuberculin test" (Pediatrics, 21:319, 1958), contains a severe criticism of the tuberculin patch test which I feel should not remain unchallenged.

More than 200 papers have been published about the patch test. The great majority of them demonstrate a close conformity between the intracutaneous and the patch tests and the usefulness of the patch test as a screening test, if properly applied and interpreted. An example is the publication of Colebatch (M. J. Australia, 2:640, 1941) based on his own careful studies and a survey of the literature.
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
Authors: WITTIG HEINZ J.
Published: December 2021

In Pediatrics (21:345, March, 1958) is the report of a case of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia, by Eberling and Cohen, of Tucson, Arizona. The authors include a brief but very informative review of the history of this disease and the difficulties in establishing its etiology.

While serving in the United States Army in France, I had the opportunity to follow a fatal case of this disease in an American Negro child and was thereby prompted to do some more exhaustive studies on the subject.
Diseases of the External Ear
Authors: OBREGON G.
Published: December 2021

Dr. Senturia, a well-known authority on diseases of the external ear, has provided a text which promises a better understanding of the diseases of the external ear. The book comprises the results of 5 years of co-ordinated laboratory and clinical research in a group of diseases which, although quite common, have not been approached scientifically in the past.

The chapter concerned with pathology is profusely illustrated, and of special interest to the practitioner are the chapters on pathogenesis and prophylaxis of external otitis.
De Motu Cordis
Authors: CASSELS DONALD E.
Published: December 2021

This new English translation from the original Latin of Harvey's De Motu Cordis would appear to be the fifth such effort, and is now the third readily available English rendition of the basic foundation of cardiology. The first and perhaps best known of these three was the translation of Robert Willis for the Sydenham Society. It was published in 1847, and after at least two previous reprints in England, became available in 1907 as No. 262 of Everyman's Library.
Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics
Authors: KRUGMAN SAUL
Published: December 2021

In the present era of widespread use and abuse of antimicrobial agents this book should provide a useful service. It supplies a necessary antidote for the practicing physician who is bombarded by detail men and advertising blurbs extolling the virtues and minimizing the dangers of a particular drug.

In this book the author presents a review of the literature concerned with the side-effects of many of the most commonly prescribed antibacterial agents. These drugs include penicillin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, erythromycin, bacitracin and novobiocin.
The Metabolic Response to Neonatal Surgery
Authors: SANTULLI THOMAS V.
Published: December 2021

P. P. Rickham, Consultant Pediatric Surgeon at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, who together with Isabelle Forshall founded the Neonatal Surgical Unit of Alder Hey's Children's Hospital in Liverpool, has reported, in a very interesting monograph, on the results of his investigation of the physiologic and pathologic changes which are brought about by surgery in the newborn infant.

The book provides an excellent review of the large number of postoperative metabolic studies done in the adult and of the relatively small number made in the newborn period.
THE EFFECT OF IMMUNIZATION AGAINST INFLUENZA ON AN EPIDEMIC OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Glazier Manuel M.
Published: December 2021

It is suggested that the influenza virus A epidemic in and around Boston in late January, February and early March of 1953 was effectively controlled among children in a private pediatric practice by vaccination, and with a minimum of systemic reaction.

In a group of 128 children immunized from 1 month to 4.3 years previously, 1 developed what was apparently a moderate or severe form of influenza.

In a group of 161 children previously immunized and recently given a booster injection, 1 developed what apparently was a moderate form of influenza.

None of 241 patients receiving two doses of 0.03 ml of influenza virus vaccine A and B intradermally and 0.5 ml subcutaneously at weekly intervals just before the epidemic developed an infection.

There were 7 patients with influenza among a group of 61 children who received only one small (0.03 ml) intradermal dose of influenza vaccine; 6 of these became ill within 7 days and the other, 11 days after the injection.

Twenty-one of one hundred twenty-two children, not given influenza virus A vaccine immunizations, became ill with a moderate or severe form of influenza during this epidemic.
FREQUENCY OF ABO ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
Authors: Leikin Sanford L. , Rheingold Jack J. , Sites James G.
Published: December 2021

Blood from 1,125 sets of mothers and infants was grouped and typed. Blood of mother and infant was found to be incompatible in the ABO system in 230 instances. ABO erythroblastosis was detected by rigid criteria in 5.6% of this group. To date the Witebsky slide test appears to be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of ABO erythroblastosis.
STUDIES ON THE ALLERGENICITY OF COW'S MILK
Authors: Ratner Bret , Dworetzky Murray , Oguri Satoko , Aschheim Lydie
Published: December 2021

It seems apparent from the present study that each of the McMeekin-Gordon protein fractions of milk is immunologically homogeneous.

Of the three fractions, beta-lactoglobulin is the most allergenic, while alpha-lactalbumin and alpha-casein are of a much lower order of allergenicity.

While sensitization by parenteral injection is artificial and may not thus apply strictly to natural sensitization to milk through ingestion, the data indicate that lactoglobulin is the dominant allergen of the three studied.

Heretofore, lactalbumin has been considered the major protein in the production of milk allergy. The present studies furnish evidence against the lactalbumin fraction as the potent allergen in clinical practice and evidence in favor of the lactoglobulin fraction as the allergen responsible for the majority of cases of milk allergy.
REPETITIVE PAROXYSMAL VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Authors: Friedman Sidney , Ash Rachel , Klein Dorothy
Published: December 2021

A patient with repetitive paroxysmal tachycardia is presented in whom spontaneous cessation of the paroxysms occurred coincident with the onset of adolescence and after several years of control with quinidine sulfate.

The arrhythmia in this patient was not associated with any other evidence of heart disease and apparently does not have an unfavorable prognosis.

The etiology and therapy of this condition are briefly discussed.
NEW DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF SEIZURES
Authors: KEITH HADDOW M.
Published: December 2021

SINCE Putnam and Merritt's discovery in 1937 of diphenylhydantoin sodium (Dilantin® sodium), many other drugs for treatment of seizures have been studied and used clinically. The most satisfactory undoubtedly has been trimethadione (Tridione®) (1945), which is extremely useful in the control of attacks of petit mal in children.

Anticonvulsant drugs may be conveniently grouped in several major categories: 1) barbiturates, 2) hydantoins, 3) oxazolidinediones, 4) succinimides and 5) miscellaneous. Of the barbiturates, phenobarbital (phenylethylbarbituric acid) and Mebaral® or mephobarbital (methylphenylethylbarbituric acid) are best known and their use antedated the discovery of Dilantin® sodium.

The newest member of this group is metharbital, or Gemonil® (5, 5-diethyl-1-methylbarbituric acid) which has been used since 1950. It is said to be beneficial mainly against seizures caused by organic disease of the brain, especially when used in combination with Mebaral® There are few factual data in the more recent literature to substantiate this.
GLUTAMIC OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND OTHER NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Murphy E. G. , Cherniak Morris M.
Published: December 2021

Serum activities of the enzyme glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were measured in 57 infants and children with various neuromuscular disorders.

High values were obtained in 20 out of 32 patients with the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy. The 12 cases with normal or borderline activities were mainly older children usually with advanced disease. Of the 10 patients with other varieties of muscular dystrophy, all but one had normal values.

Normal values were invariably present in primary neuropathies. In the polymyositic group a small series of five cases had normal or borderline activities.

The measurement of activity of this enzyme in the serum is a useful diagnostic aid in neuromuscular disorders, particularly in the younger child.
CELIAC DISEASE
Authors: Sheldon Wilfrid
Published: December 2021

MY FIRST duty is to express my appreciation of the honor accorded me by the invitation to deliver this lecture, dedicated to the memory of one of America's great pediatricians. Dr. Kenneth Blackfan was a man who, by his high endeavor, integrity of character and devotion to his calling, not only added lustre to this Medical School, but was enabled so to enrich pediatric knowledge that his name is respected far beyond the confines of his own country.

It is a comfort to reflect that he might well have approved of the subject of today's lecture, for his long association with Dr. John Howland did not fail to rouse his interest in celiac disease, and this was in fact the topic of his last publications. In 1940, in conjunction with Charles May, John McCreary and Fred Allen he described the vitamin A absorption test and its relation to celiac disease in an article which can stand as a perfect model, not only as to the methodology of clinical research, but also as to its presentation. In the following year, and only 6 months before he died, a communication bearing his name was given to the 1941 meeting of the American Pediatric Society concerning the pathogenesis of celiac disease. It would therefore be fitting if today's lecture might be regarded as a humble attempt to quest further along the trail already illuminated by Dr. Blackfan.

The original description of "The Celiac Affection" by Gee in 1888, although of commendable brevity, was so perfect a pen picture that there has been little to add to his clinical account. It is therefore worth recalling the symptoms he described; they were, first and foremost, the passage of loose, pale, bulky and offensive motions, associated with wasting, muscular atony, anemia, abdominal distention and cessation of growth. These symptoms remain today the essential criteria for making the diagnosis, for despite the passage of 70 years there is no laboratory procedure by which the diagnosis can be given the stamp of proof. Perhaps during these years we have been made more aware of the psychologic disturbances that may accompany physical disease; certainly the unhappiness of the celiac child is a very typical feature of the fully developed disease.
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN (DILANTIN®) AFTER 20 YEARS
Authors: Bray Patrick F.
Published: December 2021

Twenty years ago diphenylhydantoin was introduced for the treatment of epilepsy. It quickly became the most useful anticonvulsant medication because it was effective in preventing seizures and its sedative effect was minimal. The treatment of 84 epileptics has been included in this report with three goals in mind: 1) to show that the drug is generally useful by itself; 2) to point out that diphenylhydantoin is superior to other anticonvulsants in some patients; and 3) to emphasize the need for adequate dosage. Progressive neurologic diseases and fixed structural lesions of the brain are present in a significant number of patients in whom good control of seizure cannot be achieved. Uncommonly one sees sensitivity reactions which are similar to the allergic responses to other medications. Toxic reactions occur frequently if one exceeds the patient's tolerance to the drug but these are readily reversible. The cause of gingival hyperplasia, which is an annoying and common side reaction, was discussed in detail. It seems most likely that this reaction is due primarily to a local toxic effect of diphenylhydantoin as it is secreted in the saliva.

The mechanism of action of diphenylhydantoin was discussed in the light of recent and relevant research. The effect of the drug in animals on seizure patterns, seizure threshold and concentration of electrolytes in the brain was reviewed. The basic clue to its primary anticonvulsant effect may be its ability to produce a shift of sodium from inside the cells of the brain to the extracellular space. Other metabolic and humoral effects of diphenylhydantoin were cited and these include its relationship to the pituitary-adrenal system, its ability to lower the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and its property of increasing the concentration of serotonin in brain tissue.

The important anticonvulsants which have been introduced since the advent of diphenylhydantoin were reviewed and emphasis was placed upon the usefulness and limitations in comparison to diphenylhydantoin.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: KNOBLOCH HILDA
Published: December 2021

Thank you for giving me this opportunity to reply to Doctor Kugel's letter in criticism of our paper, "Pneumoencephalograms and Clinical Behavior." I, too, feel that it is high time pediatricians should know the nature of "developmental testing" and what its potentialities and limitations are. Although it is not possible to present all of the evidence in a letter, I welcome this opportunity to correct some false impressions.

Before proceeding to some comments on the validity of infant evaluations, it is necessary to point out that such a discussion is not directly pertinent to the article under consideration. Since the developmental examination was often done several years after the pneumoencephalogram, the mean age of the children at the time of the clinical examination was 22 months, no longer infants, and there was no age difference between the normal and abnormal groups.
Fillers
Authors: WHITEHEAD ALFRED N.
Published: December 2021

"Whenever a textbook is written of real educational worth, you may be quite certain that some reviewer will say that it will be difficult to teach from it. Of course it will be difficult to teach from it. If it were easy, the book ought to be burned; for it cannot be educational. In education, as elsewhere, the broad primrose path leads to a nasty place."
Late Hemodynamic Complications of Anastomotic Surgery for Treatment of the Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: G. S.
Published: December 2021

Surgical anastomosis of a systemic artery to the pulmonary artery increases pulmonary blood flow and usually results in clinical improvement of patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. However, postoperative observations on some patients indicate that complications may ensue after several years due to the creation of shunts of excessively large size. Among 17 patients studied with late hemodynamic complications, two syndromes have been identified. The first is related to increased left ventricular output and work, in order to maintain an adequate systemic flow in addition to that directed through the anastomosis to the pulmonary circulation. This may result in cardiac enlargement and congestive failure similar to that seen in patients with arteriovenous fistulae. The second syndrome is characterized by the development of pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary resistance so that flow through the anastomosis diminishes and may cease. Clinical manifestations in this situation include aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary artery, diminution in the intensity of the anastomotic murmur, increasing cyanosis and occasionally hemotysis. There has been no surgical therapy to alleviate these complications, which may be fatal, although correction of the primary malformation by means of open-heart techniques should be considered.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: MAINLAND DONALD
Published: December 2021

It is a long time since I have been so gratified by a scientific communication as I am by Dr. Schneider's thoughtful, penetrating and constructive discussion of a very serious problem.

My own attitude to the problem results, I suppose, from the route by which I entered the field of statistics—an orthodox medical training, anatomy teaching, and research in a variety of fields. Having begun to use experimenters' statistics in my own research shortly after Fisher's Statistical Methods for Research Workers first appeared, 34 years ago, I have been intimately aware of the spread of statistics in medicine—its good features and its bad features.
ABRAHAM JACOBI: PEDIATRIC PIONEER
Authors: Gardner Lytt I.
Published: December 2021

Abraham Jacobi, pioneer in American pediatrics, was one of the intellectual giants of the last century, a century which had a number of such figures in medicine. Europeans such as Virchow, Pasteur and Listen helped to bring Nineteenth Century medicine to a scientific renaissance. One of the few great medical minds who migrated to the United States in the Nineteenth Century was Abraham Jacobi. We were fortunate in this country to have Jacobi come to be with us. We might have had Virchow, except that the rhythm of history was not to permit it. Virchow had too secure a position by the time the German 1848 Revolution took place and as such was protected; Jacobi was not.

Let us take a slice of time, say March 1848, and look at several geographic locations and examine what was happening. This is a little like The Bridge of San Luis Rey; a number of people in different places playing their rôles and eventually coming together. In this instance the characters converged for a happier gathering than the tragedy of San Luis Rey. Observe Geneva, N.Y., where the Geneva Medical Institute had only a year previously admitted the first woman medical student, Elizabeth Blackwell, who was to graduate the next year, 1849. She was in the middle of her medical school career in March, 1848.

In that same March, in Berlin and in certain other German cities, the 1848 Revolution was raging. It had followed the intellectual tradition of the Eighteenth Century after the American Revolution and the French Revolution. The German Revolution unfortunately did not succeed, and this of course was bad for the people fighting in it. Abraham Jacobi, Rudolf Virchow and many other intellectuals were involved. The list of democratic activists included now-famous names such as Semmelweiss, Traube and Remak.

Jacobi was a young student of 18 years at the University of Greifswald. Virchow was well established in his research and teaching career at the Charité Hospital in Berlin when the street fighting took place.
Recent Advances in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: REMBOLT RAYMOND R.
Published: December 2021

One who attempts to present in one volume an authentic, comprehensive, and current consideration of an entity with such varied ramifications as cerebral palsy, is assuming a stupendous undertaking. Nevertheless, this book represents such an attempt resulting from the efforts of fourteen contributors in England and the United States.

Different readers' desires for content in such a contribution may vary, depending on the extent of broadness of knowledge and interest in the subject which each may have. Thus, it would be surprising if any reader, regardless of his special interest, did not feel that portions of the included material were incomplete, biased, lacked objectivity, or were inadequate in some respects.
PERINATAL ASPHYXIA AND PSYCHOLOGIC SIGNS OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Schachter Frances F. , Apgar Virginia
Published: December 2021

A prospective study on the psychologic effects of perinatal asphyxia is reported. It is the second report of follow-up studies of a sample of newborns selected at random from an obstetrical ward service in New York City. The first study showed no effect of early asphyxia as measured by oxygen content of heel blood in the neonatal period. Further investigation seemed indicated, using more extensive measures both of early asphyxia and psychologic effects.

In the present study, early asphyxia was defined by perinatal complications and by level of oxygen content in neonatal blood. Psychologic evaluation included 23 diagnostic signs of brain damage based on an IQ test, special experimental tests of brain damage, school report cards, and behavior ratings.

Children with perinatal complications showed a statistically significant decrement on the IQ test and on three special tests of brain damage: the Bender-Gestalt, Sorting test, and Critical Flicker Frequency. However, the clinical significance of these positive findings must be viewed with caution in the light of the relatively small mean decrement of 4.87 points in IQ and the negative findings on the remaining special tests of brain damage. A discussion of the conflicting results of the present and past research yielded suggestions for refinements in the clinical criteria of perinatal asphyxia, the psychologic instruments, and the selection of experimental controls.

While statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between multiple clinical criteria of perinatal asphyxia and several psychologic signs of brain damage in childhood, no such relationships were shown for the measurements of oxygen content in neonatal blood. The limitations of measurement of oxygen content are discussed together with suggestions for future research.
Circulatory Changes in Acute Glomerulonephritis
Authors: G. S.
Published: December 2021

Conflicting opinions have been expressed as to the mechanism of pulmonary and peripheral congestion frequently observed in the oliguric stage of acute glomerulonephritis. The factors that have received major consideration as responsible for the circulatory complications are hypertension, myocardial damage, and hypervolemia.

Hemodynamic studies utilizing the technic of cardiac catherterization were carried out in 7 hypertensive and edematous patients in the early phase of acute glomerulonephritis to secure information regarding circulatory changes in this disease.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: HOLLIDAY MALCOLM A.
Published: December 2021

A recent letter to the editor by Talbot and Ritchie, again raising certain objections to methods other than surface area as a means of estimating fluid requirements, prompts this reply. The estimation of fluid requirements from any index must be founded on a certain amount of empiricism. The desirable features of a system should include simplicity and yet incorporate means for dealing with exceptions. Ideally it should relate to the factors that actually determine the need. Body weight has long been used as an index successfully, although a sliding scale is required, for direct relation between body weight and water requirement does not exist.
Terminal "Sterilization" of Milk Formula
Authors: WIENER FRED
Published: December 2021

The virtues of terminal sterilization have become known to every mother. The pediatric profession, the nursing profession, the baby magazines and the Sunday supplements have exhorted the new mother to adopt the only true way of sterilizing—the terminal way.

That terminal sterilization with hospital equipment on by immersing the filled bottle to the neck in a pot of boiling water as described by Silver (Pediatrics, 20:993, 1957) is to be preferred to the "aseptic" method, cannot be gainsaid.
Mental Hygiene
Authors: ROSS LAWRENCE S.
Published: December 2021

The editorial plea for "truly competent counselling in mental hygiene" by practitioners (Pediatrics, 24:355, 1959) based on greater emphasis of this aspect of resident training is well-made. Certainly, most practicing pediatricians, including myself, feel a tremendous inadequacy in offering advice relative to management of such common problems as thumbsucking, masturbation, sleep disorders, feeding problems, and the like.

Even for those physicians who are sufficiently interested in practicing preventive psychiatry, the material available for study on these common disorders is full of conjecture, speculation and personal impressions.
A Mobile Darkroom for Newborn Nurseries
Authors: KORONES SHELDON B.
Published: December 2021

Complete darkness is indispensable for transillumination of the heads of infants. It also facilitates funduscopic examination. Figures 1 and 2 depict a mobile darkroom devised for these procedures.

The walls and the roof of the chamber are constructed of aluminum which is easily cleaned with an appropriate disinfectant. The inner surfaces of the walls are sprayed with black paint. Across the entrance are two superimposed black shower-curtains. The entire unit is mounted on casters so that it can be moved about the nursery with a minimum of effort.
Bacterial Vaccines in Treatment of Bronchial Asthma
Authors: JOHNSTONE DOUGLAS E.
Published: December 2021

It has been called to my attention that in my recent article ("Study of the Value of Bacterial Vaccines in the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma Associated with Respiratory Infections," Pediatrics, 24:427, 1959) in the first paragraph of the Discussion, page 431, the quotation from Rubin is incomplete. The quotation given was: "The frequency with which respiratory infection precedes the asthmatic attack has led many workers to consider bacterial sensitization the most important cause of asthma in children."
FAILURE TO INDUCE DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF COPPER IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Wilson John F. , Lahey M. Eugene
Published: December 2021

A feeding experiment was undertaken in small premature infants to explore the possible role of a reduced intake of copper in the pathogenesis of the recently described syndrome of hypocupremia, iron-deficiency anemia, and hypoproteinemia. One group was fed milk providing about 15αg/kg/day of elemental copper, and the other group received 5 to 45 times this amount of copper in an otherwise identical diet.

In the first few months there were no differences between the two groups in levels of hemoglobin nor in the concentrations of copper, iron, and proteins in the serum. In later months hypoferremia was present in both groups, but hypocupremia and anemia of the microcytic, hypochromic variety failed to appear in either group.

The failure to induce copper deficiency may be related to the relatively short duration of the experiment, but more likely to the fact that the daily requirements of copper in early infancy may be satisfied by as small an intake as 15 αg/kg/day.
INTRA-AORTIC TRANSFUSION OF OXYGENATED BLOOD AND ENDOTRACHEAL INSUFFLATION OF OXYGEN IN THE RESUSCITATION OF SEVERELY ANOXIC NEWBORN LAMBS
Authors: Brandt Ira K. , Cunningham Peter , Harned Herbert S.
Published: December 2021

Newborn lambs were delivered by hysterotomy, their respiratory passages occluded, and their umbilical cords ligated. Blood pressure in the aorta and a lead II electrocardiogram were continuously recorded, and periodic blood samples were obtained as the animals were allowed to become severely anoxic.

Intra-aortic pressure transfusion of oxygenated blood brought about only a transient elevation of the ventricular rate and systolic pressure. Subsequent application of endotracheal insufflation of oxygen under pressure produced striking and more sustained improvement.

The acidosis and lactic acidemia which developed during the anoxic state were never fully corrected, and the condition of all of the animals eventually deteriorated.

Of particular interest was the reduction in concentration of pyruvate in the blood during severe anoxia and its subsequent return to pre-anoxia levels after instituting artificial respiration.
THE SEROLOGIC RESPONSE IN CHILDREN TO ASIAN INFLUENZA-VIRUS VACCINE
Authors: Batson Randolph , Sanders Robert
Published: December 2021

Thirty-seven children from 1 to 15 years of age were immunized with monovalent Asian influenza-virus vaccine containing 200 CCA units per ml. There was a satisfactory homologous antibody response without, however, a concomitant rise in antibody levels to type B and another type A strain. The indications for immunization have been discussed.
THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Lotte A. , Noufflard H. , Debrá Robert , Brissaud H. E.
Published: December 2021

A preliminary inquiry of the Institut National d'Hygiéne (France), based on the follow-up of 5,526 cases of primary tuberculosis in children and adolescents, is reported; 1,425 cases were seen before 1955 and included in the statistical survey concluded in June, 1956.

The spontaneous course of 895 patients who received no treatment is analyzed; special emphasis is placed on complications and their relative incidence in the different age groups and forms of primary tuberculosis.

Comparative studies of treated and untreated cases were possible only in patients under 15 years of age and in clinically manifest forms of tuberculosis (Types II, III, and IV). These cases represent a total of 1,061 cases; 564 patients received treatment, 497 received no treatment. Findings in the different age groups are analyzed.

A bacteriologic inquiry was also made on the problem of contamination with streptomycin- and isoniazid-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and on secondarily acquired resistance to isoniazid in treated patients.

A decrease of more than 80% in the incidence of complications led to the conclusion that routine chemotherapy should be resorted to in clinically manifest primary tuberculosis in children and adolescents.

In the case of completely latent primary tuberculosis, however, a definite answer cannot be given as yet. It is the purpose of the future development of the trial to try to answer that question.
EARLY RECOGNITION OF CRETINISM
Authors: Van Wyk Judson J. , Arnold Mary B.
Published: December 2021

Although early treatment of the cretinous infant by no means assures optimal mental development, most authorities agree that the prognosis for satisfactory mental development declines as the period of untreated hypothyroidism is prolonged.1 The practicing physician is goaded by writers on this subject to make an early diagnosis, preferably within the newborn period. It would be ideal to treat cretinism before the classical signs emerge, but criteria on which this diagnosis can be made reliably in this early period are usually not specified.

The clinical picture of hypothyroidism in the cretinous neonate is at least partially obscured by the placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormone.
Epilepsy and Related Disorders, William G. Lennox, A.B., A.M., M.D., Sc.D. (Hon.), with Margaret A. Lennox, A.B., M.D., Boston, Little, Brown & Company, 1960, Volumes I and II, 1168 pp., $13.50 (for the set)
Authors: Hammill James F.
Published: December 2021

This two volume text represents the late Dr. William Lennox' experiences of a lifetime in the management of convulsive disorders. It would be impossible for any reviewer to encompass the spirit of these volumes in a brief note.

The material prepared in conjunction with his daughter is extremely well organized and written in a style reflecting not only a profound knowledge of the subject but the philosophy of a group concerned with far more than the mere medical management of the epileptic.
Diagnosis of Undescended Testes
Authors: BUNCE PAUL L.
Published: December 2021

The importance of differentiating pseudocryptorchism from true cryptorchism has been recognized for years, yet specific aids in diagnosis have been few. We have been increasingly impressed with a simple method for demonstrating pseudocryptorchism, which thus far has not caught the attention of many pediatricians.

This maneuver was originally described by Dr. Louis Orr in a letter to the Urologists Correspondence Club in 1951. It is performed by having the boy sit in a straight-backed chair and draw up his legs so that the soles of his feet rest on the chair seat.
THE SYNDROME OF ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY BLOCK
Authors: Talner Norman S. , Howatt William F. , DeMuth George R. , Dickinson David G. , Stern Aaron M.
Published: December 2021

The clinical and physiologic findings in two children with the syndrome of alveolar-capillary block have been presented. The presence of this physiologic abnormality has been confirmed by the demonstration of impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs in the absence of any defect in gas distribution or veno-arterial shunt.

In both patients, the pathologic diagnosis of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis was established, in one by lung biopsy and in the other at necropsy.
Biochemistry of Human Genetics
Authors: GARDNER LYTT I.
Published: December 2021

This is another in the excellent series of symposia published by the CIBA Foundation. It contains papers presented at a symposium conducted at the Zoological Station of Naples, Italy. Included in this volume are 16 papers ranging from a discussion of genetical analysis in man, by L. S. Penrose, to the genetics of primaquine sensitivity of the erythrocytes, by Barton Childs and W. H. Zinkham. This volume is primarily concerned with genetic problems related to human blood. Ten of the 16 papers discuss genetic studies related to erythrocytes, hemoglobin or protein in blood. The book is divided into three main parts: There is an initial part concerned with problems of the genetic control of metabolism.
Early Identification of Emotionally Handicapped Children in School
Authors: YANKAUER ALFRED
Published: December 2021

The school occupies a strategic position in our culture as the only organized institution that reaches every member of society during formative years. Thus it is vital not only as a transmitter of culture and a molder of society's future but also as a channel of contact through which pathology in individuals can be discovered and corrected if possible. This is one of the rationales of organized school health services.

Adverse conditions that can be loosely grouped as "emotional" rank next in prevalence to adverse dental and eye conditions in school children and are of far greater significance. This has led to attempts to devise a screening instrument for use in schools that will identify emotionally handicapped children with as few false-positive and false-negative reports as possible.
Bird-Headed Dwarfs: Studies in Developmental Anthropology Including Human Proportions
Authors: GARDNER LYTT I.
Published: December 2021

Professor Seckel records in this remarkable book the results of his many years of interest in dwarfed children, especially that extremely rare type known as the bird-headed dwarf. The book contains extensive clinical notes and measurements on two bird-headed dwarfs observed by the author in Chicago. There is an interesting review of 13 dwarfs from the literature.

The book is beautifully printed in Switzerland. This work will certainly long be considered the classic description of this type of dwarfism. The pediatrician working in the field of endocrinology and growth and development will find many points of interest in this book. It is probably too restricted in its subject matter to appeal to the general pediatrician.
PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Larrick George P.
Published: December 2021

IN THE United States, government control of drug manufacture is accomplished largely through application of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This is a law of broad scope, which deals with such important matters as the purity, potency, safety, labeling and methods of distribution of drugs imported into the country or shipped from one state to another. The Food and Drug Administration administers this law. I shall describe the drug control provisions of the law, discuss briefly the development of some of its more important aspects, and mention some current problems with which we in the Food and Drug Administration are now dealing.

The United States law provides three principal types of control over drugs. These are 1) the certification procedures; 2) the new drug procedures; and 3) the general procedures applicable to drugs that do not fall into the first two groups.
Design of Newborn Nurseries
Authors: HARVIE F. H.
Published: December 2021

The recently restated recommendations of the Committee on Fetus and Newborn for design of newborn nurseries (Pediatrics, 25:1083, 1960) are necessarily brief and direct. This leaves an impression of finality which is not entirely suited to our present meager understanding of the ways in which infections spread in nurseries. The spread of staphylococci is especially in need of study. Unfortunately the Committee's recommendations are apt to be incorporated into laws and regulations. Circumstances differ from one hospital to another, and perhaps a less rigid view would be preferable until the important factors are better understood. A few opinions are offered which differ in some respects from those of the Committee.

1. Personnel: In the conduct of nurseries, no one can take the place of an experienced and reliable nurse.
Correction
Authors: JOHNSTONE DOUGLAS
Published: December 2021

We should like to thank Dr. L. Emmett Holt, Jr., New York University, for calling to our attention errors in Tables III and IV of our article (Pediatrics, 27:39, 1961).

In Table III, page 42, fourth line from bottom, second column from right, 100% should read 78%. In Table IV, page 42, fourth line from bottom, last column, 88% should read 55%; last line, second column from right, 84% should read 92%; last line, last column, 92% should read 84%.
Multiple-Choice Examinations in Medicine: A Guide for Examiner and Examinee
Authors: WEECH A. ASHLEY
Published: December 2021

This compact manual written by the Executive Secretary and the Director of Testing Services of the National Board of Medical Examiners presents in eight brief chapters the methods used by the Board in preparing its objective tests. There is also an appendix containing a sample test that could provide helpful practice to someone about to be exposed for the first time to this type of examination. That such practice is desirable is evident from the fact that foreign students who have previously encountered only essay-type examinations will on the average earn significantly lower grades on a multiple-choice examination than a comparably educated group of American students who have been exposed many times in high school, college and medical school to the techniques of objective testing.
Growth Diagnosis: Selected Methods for Interpreting and Predicting Physical Development from One Year to Maturity
Authors: FALKNER FRANK
Published: December 2021

The authors of this important book gained their unique experience and data in longitudinal studies of the growth of healthy children in California. They here present to us chosen fruits.

Published data on child growth rates are so rare that when they appear in a work of this kind we are particularly anxious to learn how we may best use the benefits of such careful labors. The book does live up to our expectations by being practical and by describing a battery of measures and ratings of the size, shape and maturity of children.
RADIATION AND CHILD HEALTH
Authors: Weber Francis J. , Hetznecker W. H.
Published: December 2021

BECAUSE of the considerable complexity of the field of radiation hazards, no one of us is able to explore every aspect in the detail necessary for a complete understanding. I shall discuss details that pertain to public health.

The swift changes in the field of science affect our personal roles. Speaking personally, some years ago I was one of the principal architects in the national community-wide mass x-ray survey program. I now find myself in the present position of discouraging such a special type of effort, except of course for particular population groups where that technique clearly carries more benefit than it does risk.

One theme that is worthy of special mention concerns the role that the physician—and today it is the pediatrician in particular—needs to exercise in the important field of radiological health. During the spring of 1960, the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy of the 86th Congress conducted open public hearings for nearly 2 weeks on the subject of radiation protection standards. Some of us present at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Pediatrics participated in the hearings, as well as in others held earlier. Frequent references were made to the important work of Dr. Friedell's special ad hoc committee of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements dealing with human population exposure to the radionuclide, strontium-90 (published in Science, 131:3399, 1960); that important document should be read and re-read. At the hearings we tried to represent the profession of medicine and public health. It is worthy of note that ours was only one of many professions to appear.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Dickerson Ann E. , Crump E. Perry , Horton Carrell P.
Published: December 2021

Within the framework of a project designed to study the growth and development of Negro children, a longitudinal study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the child-training practices of a group of mothers whose children were subjects of the project, and comparing these findings with those from related investigations. The study was focused upon the child-training practices of 144 mothers in the areas of toileting, feeding, and dressing when their children were between 15 and 30 months of age. The data for this study were obtained when the psychologist interviewed the mothers during the administration of the Gesell Developmental Schedules. Assessment of progress in the areas of toileting, feeding and dressing is included in the personal-social area of the Gesell Schedules.

It is apparent from the results of this study that mothers encouraged self-help and independence in the areas of dressing and feeding, with the exception of the use of a bottle. However, in the category of toileting this was not true, inasmuch as emphasis upon self-management in daily toilet habits seemed to be at a minimum. These findings indicate that the mothers were permissive with regard to toilet-training and weaning. These practices and their patterns of breast-feeding agree with those practices advocated by the most recent edition of Infant Care.

The mother's educational level, the sex of the child, or the number of children in the family were not found to be significantly related to the child-training practices used by the mothers in this study. The data in this study are in agreement with White's finding that there is "a need for revising our ideas about social class differences in child-rearing practices." It is, of course, recognized that the lack of significant differences or relationships in this study does not prove that no such differences or relationships exist. It does, however, indicate that none can be recognized for this population from the available data. Differences in attitude as well as practice, on the part of the mothers, may well be prevalent; but they apparently are not reflected in the development of the children in the areas of toiletry, feeding and dressing as measured by the Gesell Schedules.
THE PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY OF NORMAL SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Adams Forrest H. , Linde Leonard M. , Miyake Hisazumi
Published: December 2021

The physical working capacity was determined for 243 California school children of both sexes, ranging in age from 6 to 14 years. Working capacity correlated well with the surface area, height, weight, 3-second vital capacity, total vital capacity and age. The 1-second vital capacity and the blood pressures gave relatively poor correlations.

The surface area was selected as the variable to be compared with working capacity. Regression lines and 95% confidence bands were determined for each of the sexes. Boys possessed significantly greater working capacities than girls, even at the smaller surface area. Differences became quite marked in the older and larger boys as contrasted with girls of the same age or size.

The working-capacity test has a number of advantages over other methods of evaluating physical fitness. It is objective and reproducible and is easily administered with few trained individuals. The results readily permit comparison of various groups and of healthy and diseased individuals.