bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Mixed Characters of Double-Impeller Pulp-Mixing Mechanism Based on the Cycle/Shear Coupling
Authors: Li Zhen , Yang Chao , Zhou An Ning , Liu Jiong Tian
Published: December 2011

As for the pulp-mixing process of small mineral, its flow field configuration principle is to obtain effective cycle in the same operating condition, and allocate strong shearing action according to the needs. This paper takes the coupling of secondary circulating flow pattern as the basis of flow field design to construct the double-impeller function system with the common effects of axial flow impeller and radial flow impeller, thus forming the high-efficient functional mechanism merging strong cycle and strong shearing together. It shows in the result that the effect of double-impeller configuration is strengthened compared to the conventional single-impeller pulp-mixing process: the decrease range of mixing time can reach about 50%; shearing mechanism has effectively blended in the related flow field, and achieved improvement on this basis. It means that the double-impeller configuration has respectively made up the shortage of the cycle performance in the single-impeller radial flow field and the shearing performance in the single-impeller axial flow field, initially formed the mixing mechanism characterized by high-efficient strong cycle mixing and high shearing mixing, and provided practical foundation to develop new and high-efficient modified pulp-mixing equipment.
The Finite Element Imitate of the Best Adjusting of Shear Blade Clearance of Disk Shear in Cutting Plate
Authors: Jia Xian , Wang Qing , Huang Zhi Quan , Huang Qing Xue
Published: December 2011

In this paper the main factors of impacting the quality in cutting the plate between the Shear blade clearance adjustment and control were analyzed, Focused on further analyzing all relevant factors on adjusting the Shear blade clearance , combined with the accumulated process parameters in production of one certain Thick Steel Plate Plant . Proposed for the first time the mathematical models of the best adjusting of Shear blade clearance of disk shear in cutting plate，and also make a imitate testing of finite element.
Numerical Simulation of Stress and Deformation on Heat Transfer
Authors: Wang Xue Ping , Zhang Ying , Li Pan , Zhang Zhen Wei
Published: December 2011

This paper primarily simulates the heat exchange part’s stress and strain situation under the load of temperature and gravity and their coupling impact aiming at obtaining the stress and deformation distribution. The authors took advantage of the method of the finite element analysis to study the stress and strain situation. Through the analysis, each part of the transfer’s stress and strain can be calculated. The conclusion of this paper provides the basis for the further enhancement of the machine life and optimization of the structure design.
The Adaptive Compensation Method and Modeling of Gear Hobbing Machine Based on Numerical Control System
Authors: Wang Shi Long , Yang Shuai , Zhou Jie
Published: December 2011

Thermal error is the main factor which affects the precision of gear hobbing. The paper discusses the individual feature of gear hobbing machine of thermal error, and uses the weighted grey correlativity to determine the key thermal error source of gear hobbing machine. Based on Least-square method, a fundamental model of thermal error compensation was constructed. An adaptive correction algorithm of thermal error compensation model on gear hobbing machine was proposed. An adaptive compensation method of thermal error on gear hobbing machine was given based on open numerical control system.
Evaluation of a Solid-State Electrode for the Rapid Detection of Soil Nitrate-Nitrogen
Authors: Zhang Miao , Ang S. Simon , Wang Mao Hua , Liu Gang
Published: December 2011

In recent years, the prolific usage of nitrogenous fertilizers in the agricultural area of China has resulted in inefficient nitrogen usage, environmental pollution and the degradation of the soil fertility. As such, a rapid, low-cost and reliable soil detection method is urgently needed. This study reported on the laboratory evaluation of a solid-state ion-selective electrode, based on a nitrate doped polypyrrole polymer (PPy(NO3-)), for the simultaneous detection of soil nitrate-nitrogen. The potentiometric slope of these PPy(NO3-) electrodes for nitrate was found to be -(53.3±0.8) mV/decade over a linear range of three decades of concentration 10-4～10-1mol/L. It was also found that these electrodes had a nitrate detection limit of 5.0 ×10-5 mol/L. Impacts of soil extractant conditions were also tested. The electrodes displayed better performances for nitrate solutions with pH lower than 7.0. The potentiometric responses of electrodes exhibited a negative drift tendency of 0.6 mV/°C, which was probably caused by changes of the polymer morphology and the solution ionic activity. In order to reduce the interferences of coexisting anion, deionized water was chosen as soil extractant. It is shown that a fast determination of soil nitrate levels for site-specific control of fertilizer application could be realized using the PPy(NO3-) electrodes together with an automatic fluidic control system.
High Resolution EBSD-Based Dislocation Microscopy
Authors: Adams Brent L. , Fullwood David T. , Basinger J.A. , Hardin T.
Published: December 2011

Significant advances are reported in the application of HR-EBSD to the imaging of the dislocation structure of polycrystalline materials. The central assumption of the method is the compatibility of the total displacement field, which relates the (Nye) dislocation tensor to the (partially measurable) curl of the elastic displacement field. Two key challenges must be addressed, including: a) the fundamental limitation imposed by the electron-opacity of typical materials, which limits the measurement of gradients in the displacement field in the direction normal to the sample surface; and b) the inability of HR-EBSD to recover the spherical (elastic) distortions of the lattice. This second challenge can be overcome if a traction free boundary condition is applied. It is illustrated that consideration of the familiar stress equilibrium relations gives additional information, which may enable estimates of the missing components of the Nye tensor. An example of application of HR-EBSD to a Mg-Ce sample is presented.
The Role of Structure and Texture Factors in the Ductility and Deformability Improving of Magnesium Alloys Subjected to ECAP
Authors: Serebryany Vladimir , Dobatkin Sergey V.
Published: December 2011

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) in magnesium alloys due to the severe plastic shear deformations provides both grain refinement and the slope of the initial basal texture at 40-50 ° to the pressing direction. Such changes in microstructure and texture contribute to the improvement of low-temperature ductility and deformability of the alloys. On the basis of analysis of data from various researchers, the main structure and texture factors affecting on the ductility increase of the Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloys were defined.
Ultrafine Grained Microstructure in Al-Cu-Si Alloy Obtained by Accumulative Roll Bonding Process
Authors: Ullah Wahdat , Gouthama
Published: December 2011

An Ultrafine grain (UFG) microstructure is developed on the sheet of Al-2.4wt%Cu-0.3wt%Si alloy after three passes of accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process. The detailed of the microstructural features and phases at different strain condition has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Observation indicates at the possibility of dynamic recovery and recrystallisation during the ARB processing itself. The material becomes ultrafine grains after three passes of ARB itself with the formation of dynamically recrystallised grains all over the sample. TEM evidence is presented in support of this proposal.
Crystallography of the Low Angle Lamellar Band Boundaries in ARB- Processed Aluminum Sheet
Authors: Quadir M. Zakaria , Ferry Michael , Munroe P. R.
Published: December 2011

Lamellar bands are the primary structural features in accumulative roll bonding (ARB) of sheet metals. The structural refinement in ARB sheets occur by forming a dense distribution of lamellar band boundaries. The lamellar band boundaries initiate as low angle interfaces, parallel to the existing lamellar band boundaries, irrespective of the crystallographic orientations of the parent lamellar bands. From an extensive investigation it was found that the transverse directions across the lamellar band boundaries are rotated by an angle equal to their misorientations. Such a phenomenon is not sustained when the boundaries turn to high angle.
An Efficient Strategy to Take Texture-Induced Anisotropy Point-by-Point into Account during FE Simulations of Metal Forming Processes
Authors: van Houtte Paul , Gawad Jerzy , Eyckens Philip , van Bael Albert , Samaey Giovanni , Roose Dirk
Published: December 2011

Cup drawing of sheet material (carbon steel DC06 and aluminium alloy AA3103-O) is simulated using a Finite Element (FE) method configured as a hierarchical multi-scale model. It performs a two-way simulation of the interactions between the metal flow and the crystallographic textures of the polycrystalline material. In this, the evolution of the deformation textures is simulated by the Taylor and ALAMEL models, and this in every integration point of the FE mesh. The resulting textures have been compared with experimentally measured ones at different positions within the work-piece. An anisotropic constitutive model is used based on the Facet model identified from the current texture in every location by means of the Taylor and/or ALAMEL model. The updating procedure has been highly optimized. Simulated and experimental results (cup profiles, deformation textures) are compared. The effect of texture updating is assessed.
Thermal and Mechanical Stability of the Single Component Rotated Brass Texture in a 7010 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Mondal Chandan , Singh Ashok Kumar , Mukhopadhyay A.K. , Chattopadhyay K.
Published: December 2011

The stability of a unique single, rotated Brass-{110}á556ñ component developed in a Al-Zn-Mg-Cu based 7010 alloy, during long term thermal annealing and cold rolling deformation has been systematically investigated. It is observed that this component remains stable during annealing at 465 °C over the period of 96 hrs and up to a uniaxial cold rolling reduction of 60%. The thermal and mechanical stability of the single component texture is discussed in terms of preferential growth advantage of recrystallized grains and confinement of slip activity in two major slip systems, respectively.
Evolution of Textures during Cold Rolling of W-26Ni-26Fe-13Co and W-28Ni-12Fe-10Co Alloys
Authors: Premkumar M. , Ravikiran U. , Sankaranarayana M. , Nandy T.K. , Singh A.K.
Published: December 2011

Present work describes the evolution of microstructure and texture in W-26Ni-26Fe-13Co and W-28Ni-12Fe-10Co alloys during cold rolling. These alloys consist of two phases i.e. W-base (bcc) and matrix (fcc) in sintered and cold rolled conditions. Microchemistry obtained by electron Probe Micro Analyser (EPMA) clearly indicates that the extent of alloying is very less in W phase. The matrix phase mainly consists of Ni, Fe Co and W. The development of texture in both the W and matrix during cold rolling has been described in terms of α, γ and β fibres for bcc and fcc phases, respectively.
Fatigue Failure, Residual Stress and Misorientation - A Possible Correlation
Authors: Biswas Partha , Kannaki P.S. , Shekhawat Satish Kumar , Samajdar Indradev , Deshmukh V. , Sahay S.S. , Johnson Eric M. , El-Zein Mohamad
Published: December 2011

Two grades of Steel, with tempered martensitic structure, were used for fatigue tests. From such tests, samples were obtained with significant differences in the probability of fatigue failure. The latter was related to surface/sub-surface misorientation developments and developments in compressive residual stresses. A combination of glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and high resolution cross-sectional EBSD (electron back scattered diffraction) were used. The study brings out a clear correlation between misorientation, residual stress and fatigue life.
Microstructure and Texture Evolution of a Cold Rolled Ni-Cr-W Alloy after Annealing
Authors: Wang Wei , Drouelle I. , Brisset F. , Mathon M.H. , Auger T. , Baudin Thierry
Published: December 2011

A Ni-5.7%Cr-25.2%W (wt%) alloy was deformed by cold rolling in different reduction conditions (50%, 70%, and 90%) and then annealed under hydrogen atmosphere. Microstructure and texture evolutions were analyzed using Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD). Orientation Distribution Functions (ODFs) and stored energy were calculated from neutron diffraction measurements. A strengthening of the α-fiber texture was observed after 90% cold rolling and a homogenous microstructure was obtained after annealing at 900°C.
Texture and Correlation between R-Value and Formability of Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Authors: Tian Ni , Zhao Gang , Nie Bo , Wang Jian Jun , Zuo Liang , Liu Chun Ming
Published: December 2011

The texture, microstructure, plastic strain ratio r value, elongation, strain hardening index n, the value of cupping test IE, and the correlation between r value and the other formability indices of two automotive aluminum alloys sheet 6016 and 6181, and commercial pure aluminum sheet were investigated. The results showed that the recrystallization textures of three aluminum alloys sheet are similar to each other, which mainly contain cube component. However, the r and n value, elongation, and IE of three aluminum alloys sheet are different from each other evidently, and there is no correlation between texture and r value, and the other formability indices except the n value. The large quantity of second-phase particles in the aluminum alloy matrix has very important effect on both the r value and the formability of aluminum alloy sheet.
Stability of Cube Oriented Grains during Cold-Rolling of Highly Cube-Oriented Polycrystalline Nickel
Authors: Tsuji Nobuhiro , Takatsuji Yoshihiro , Miyajima Yoji , Bhattacharjee Pinaki Prasad , Terada Daisuke
Published: December 2011

A pure Ni sheet was heavily deformed up to an equivalent strain of 6.4 at room temperature and then annealed to obtain highly Cube textured material, which is a polycrystal subdivided by many low-angle grain boundaries. The highly Cube-oriented sheets were cold-rolled to various reductions up to 90%. It was found that large fraction of Cube oriented grains remained stable in cold-rolling although the orientation is theoretically unstable. The stability of Cube orientation was considered to be associated with the constraint by grain boundaries in the materials.
Yield Strength Anisotropy of Steel Sheet Induced by Grain Shape and Crystal Anisotropy
Authors: Kestens Leo A.I. , Sanchez Nuria , Decroos Koenraad , Petrov Roumen H.
Published: December 2011

In crystal plasticity models the crystal anisotropy of the yield strength is accounted for by the yield locus. In the present paper the full constraint Taylor model is used to calculate the yield strength anisotropy of a heavily cold rolled and annealed IF steel. In addition to the crystallographically induced anisotropy also the grain shape anisotropy was taken into account. To this purpose a model is presented in which the grain size that appears in the Hall-Petch relation is substituted by an effective grain size that is dependent of the grain-shape morphology and the crystal orientation. The grain shape of a specific crystal orientation is approximated by an ellipsoid volume of which the major axes are obtained from experimental data. The effective grain size of a specific crystal orientation is determined by the intersection of the most active crystal slip plane of this orientation and the ellipsoid volume.
Texture Development during Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Kokawa Hiroyuki , Sato Yutaka S. , Mironov Sergey
Published: December 2011

The principal features of material flow during friction stir welding (FSW) were illustrated via textural measurements in magnesium alloys. The straining state in the stir zone was demonstrated to be close to the simple-shear deformation with the shear plane/direction aligned with the local surface of the welding tool. Due to the unique nature of FSW process as well as specific character of the welding tool geometry, texture distribution in the stir zone was shown to be inherently inhomogeneous. The impact of this effect on mechanical properties is briefly considered.
Texture Evolution and Softening Processes in an Austenitic Ni-30Fe Alloy Subjected to Hot Deformation and Subsequent Annealing
Authors: Hodgson Peter , Cizek Pavel , Taylor A.S. , Beladi Hossein
Published: December 2011

The current work has investigated the texture development in an austenitic Ni-30Fe model alloy during deformation within the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) regime and after post-deformation annealing. Both the deformed matrix and DRX texture displayed the expected FCC shear components, the latter being dominated by the low Taylor factor grains, which was presumably caused by their lower consumption rate during DRX. The deformed matrix grains were largely characterized by organized, microband structures, while the DRX grains showed more random, complex subgrains/cell arrangements. The latter substructure type proved to be significantly less stable during post-deformation annealing. The recrystallization of the deformed matrix occurred through nucleation and growth of new grains fully replacing the deformed structure, as expected for the classical static recrystallization (SRX). Unlike the DRX grains, the SRX texture was essentially random. By contrast, a novel softening mechanism was revealed during annealing of the fully DRX microstructure. The initial post-dynamic softening stage involved rapid growth of the dynamically formed nuclei and migration of the mobile boundaries in line with the well-established metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX) mechanism, which weakened the starting DRX texture. However, in parallel, the sub-boundaries within the deformed DRX grains progressively disintegrated through dislocation climb and dislocation annihilation, which ultimately led to the formation of dislocation-free grains. Consequently, the weakened DRX texture largely remained preserved throughout the annealing process.
Observations of Dislocation Structure in AA 7050 by EBSD
Authors: Merriman C.C. , Field David
Published: December 2011

During and after plastic deformation of metals, dislocations tend to evolve into generally well-defined structures that may include tangles, bands, cell walls, and various additional features. Observation of these structures by electron backscatter diffraction is only accomplished by analysis of changes in orientation from one position to the next. Excess (or geometrically necessary) dislocation densities can be inferred from 2D measurements or obtained directly from 3D measurements as indicated by Nye’s dislocation density tensor. Evolution of excess dislocation densities was measured for a split channel die specimen of aluminum alloy 7050 in the T7451 temper. Densities evolved by a factor or 1.6 for compressive deformations of 15%.
EBSD-Based Crystallographic Study on a Ni-Mn-Ga Alloy with Incommensurate 7M Structure
Authors: Li Zong Bin , Zhang Yu Dong , Esling Claude , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: December 2011

Our recent work on EBSD-based characterization of incommensurate 7M modulated martensite in a polycrystalline Ni50Mn30Ga20 alloy were summarized. The 7M martensitic plates were revealed to be self-accommodated in colonies, where each colony consisted of four types of variants that were twin related. All the pairs of variants can be categorized into three twinning modes, i.e. type-I, type-II and compound twins. The twin interface planes were in coincidence with the respective twinning planes. Using the measured orientations of adjacent martensitic variants, the orientations of parent austenite grains were calculated under the assumed orientation relationships for the austenite to martensite transformation. The energetically favorable orientation relationship between austenite and martenstie for the martensitic transformation was identified to be the Pitsch relation.
Common Region between Euler Subspace and Rodrigues Fundamental Zone for a Cubic Crystal and Orthotropy Sample Symmetry
Authors: Karthikeyan T. , Saroja S. , Vijayalakshmi M.
Published: December 2011

Due to crystal and sample symmetry, texture data can be presented uniquely in a smaller domain of Euler box or Rodrigues space. As these sub-domains are obtained by different criteria, a one-to-one relation does not always exist for conversion between Euler and Rodrigues coordinates. This work presents a methodology for finding the common region between the Euler sub-space and Rodrigues fundamental zone for the case of cubic crystal and orthotropy sample symmetry, and its size is found to be 0.0864068.
Characteristics of Microstructure and Texture in the Stir Zone of Friction Stir Welded Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg Alloy
Authors: He Chang Shu , Wang Dong , Tong Wei Ping , Zhao Gang , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: December 2011

4-mm thick Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy plates were cut from the hot extrusion profiles. A butt-welding joint was made by friction stir welding (FSW). Optical microscopy and SEM-EBSD analysis were employed to examine the microstructure and texture evolution in the stir zone of the joint. This work provides basic information for microstructure and microtexture characteristics in the stir zone after FSW for this novel wrought Al-Si alloy.
Texture and Microstructure Evolution during Box Annealing of a Non-Oriented-Grain Electrical Steel
Authors: Freitas Francisco N.C. , da Silva Manoel Ribeiro , Tavares Sergio S.M. , Abreu Hamilton F.G.
Published: December 2011

Non-oriented grain type electrical steels are used mainly in electrical rotating machines such as motors and compressors, in which the magnetization direction rotates 360 ° every cycle while remaining in the plane of the plate. The performance of these devices is affected by crystallographic texture of electrical steels due to strong anisotropy of magnetic properties. The electrical steel is supplied in the form of plates which are processed by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. Both, cold rolling and annealing directly influence the formation of crystallographic texture components. During annealing, recrystallization occurs, and this phenomenon gives rise to changes in texture that influences the quality of the final product and its application. Several works have been published in the study of the evolution of crystallographic texture and grain size in this type of electrical steel. In this work, samples have been taken in industrial conditions at various temperatures during the annealing in a coil box. Electrical steel samples cold rolled with reductions of 50% and 70% in thickness were removed during the process of annealing, and the evolution of texture with increasing temperature was studied. Aspects related to recrystallization, grain size and the evolution of texture and magnetic properties were discussed. Texture and recrystallization were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The magnetic properties were measured in a vibrating sample magnetometer.
Facilitated Recrystalization of the Hard-to-Recrystalize Structure in 16% Cr Steel Sheets by one-Pass ECAP Prior to Cold Rolling
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroyuki , Xiao Tong , Uenoya Toshiyuki
Published: December 2011

The extended band structures of cold-rolled high Cr steel sheets are recrystallization resistant, and tend to become the so-called grain colony as a recovered state. It is shown that a novel approach involving strain-path change by introducing one-pass ECAP prior to cold rolling facilitated recrystallization. Indeed, recrystallization temperature was reduced by 100 °C, compared with cold rolling alone imposing the same equivalent strain. Dense deformation bands introduced during ECAP perturbed the banded structures and enhanced the recrystallization at final annealing.
Combined EBSD and AFM Study of the Corrosion Behaviour of ETP-Cu
Authors: Lapeire Linsey , Martinez Lombardia Esther , Verbeken Kim , de Graeve Iris , Kestens Leo A.I. , Terryn Herman
Published: December 2011

In order to increase the sustainability of metals, a more detailed understanding of the corrosion process is of crucial importance. Current literature often considers corrosion as a purely chemical interaction with a nearly exclusive dependence on compositional effects, while ignoring microstructural and crystallographic properties of the metal surface. Some recent literature data, however, suggest an important effect of microstructural elements such as grain size, crystallographic orientation and grain boundary characteristics. The aim of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the relation between the corrosion behaviour of a metal and its microstructural and crystallographic features. Therefore, warm rolled Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP-) Cu was immersed in a 0.1 M NaCl and 0.5M Na2SO4 solution and the combination of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) allowed to identify differences in attack for different crystallographic orientations.
Evolution of Grain Boundary Texture in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Mani Krishna Karri V. , Mandal Sudipto , Agrawal Ankur , Hiwarkar Vijay , Srivastava Dinesh , Samajdar Indradev , Dey Gautam Kumar
Published: December 2011

Grain boundary texture evolution in case of two of the Zr based alloys (Zircaloy-4 and Zr-2.5\%Nb) was studied. In case of Zircaloy-4, grain boundary texture evolution during $\beta$ $\to$ $\alpha$ phase transformation was monitored. Direct evidence of variant selection during this transformation is presented. In case of Zr-2.5\%Nb alloy, considerable increase in $\alpha/\beta$ interfaces following Burger's orientation relationship was noticed with increasing annealing time at 700 \textdegree{}C.
Elemental Distribution Characteristics Across γ-TiAl:TiAlV Diffusion Bond Interface
Authors: Sivagnanapalani P. , Gouthama  , Sujata M.
Published: December 2011

In the present study diffusion bonding of γ-TiAl intermetallic with Ti-6Al-4V alloy was carried out in high vacuum. The diffusion bonding was performed at temperatures of 800°C and 850°C under the constant pressure of 40MPa and at varying time. The interfacial microstructure formed during the diffusion bonding was analysed by SEM and TEM. The elemental distribution characteristics across the interface were also studied by X-ray EDS analysis. From EDS results obtained, some regions were rich in aluminium and some regions were rich in vanadium. Also there are some compositional variations such as chromium and niobium close to the interface zone. However, the composition gradient was not gradual across the interface. Strong evidence has been found for the solute re-distribution in a more localized manner.
Strong Goss Texture in Recrystallized Fe81Ga19 Sheet
Authors: He Zheng Hua , Sha Yu Hui , Zhang Fang , Zuo Liang
Published: December 2011

Fe81Ga19 sheets were produced by conventional rolling procedure. Recrystallization texture dominated with strong Goss ({110}) was successfully obtained through sheet thickness by primary recrystallization annealing. The development of Goss can be attributed to the favorable shear band morphology and deformation texture derived from the applied specific rolling process.
Effect of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on Secondary Recrystallized Texture in 3%Si-Fe
Authors: Imamura Takeshi , Shingaki Yukihiro , Hayakawa Yasuyuki
Published: December 2011

The phenomenon of secondary recrystallization in 3%Si-Fe under relatively high cold rolling reduction rate condition has been investigated. The texture of the secondary recrystallized sample under 97.2% cold rolling reduction rate condition consists of {110} orientation, which is quite different from Goss ({110}) orientation obtained under lower cold rolling reduction rate conditions. As a result of Grain Boundary Character Distribution (GBCD) analysis on primary recrystallized texture, {110} orientation has the highest frequency of High Energy (HE) boundary with misorientation angle between 20° and 45°. This result demonstrates that the orientation, which has the highest frequency of HE boundary in primary recrystallized texture, is selected during secondary recrystallization. However, as a result of GBCD analysis based on Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) boundary, Goss orientation has the highest frequency of S9 (CSL) boundary in the primary recrystallized texture throughout all cold rolling conditions.
Texture Evolution during Cold Rolling and Annealing in Dual Phase Steels
Authors: Gautam Jai , Miroux Alexis G. , Moerman Jaap , Barbatti Carla , Kestens Leo A.I.
Published: December 2011

This paper investigates the bulk texture evolution during cold rolling and annealing of Dual Phase steels for different processing conditions, i.e. cold reduction within the reduction range of 45 to 73% and annealing at temperatures between 650 and 850°C, which includes the recovery, recrystallisation and partial phase transformation domains. Textures have been measured by X-ray diffraction. The results reveal that the rolling texture is strengthened during the recovery process or initial stage of recrystallisation while during recrystallisation a weak RD-ND type of texture appears. During subsequent phase transformation the RD-ND type of texture further weakens and later randomises as the second phase fraction increases beyond 75%.
Strain Localizations in Ultra Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Khatirkar Rajesh , Mani Krishna Karri V. , Kestens Leo A.I. , Petrov Roumen H. , Pant Prita , Samajdar Indradev
Published: December 2011

Ultra low carbon (ULC) steel samples were deformed in near plane-strain compression mode with different strains, strain rates and temperatures. Different aspects of microstructural developments, for deformed γ (ND//) and θ (ND//) fibre grains, were investigated using X-ray line profiles and high resolution electron diffraction. The study clearly showed increase in grain interior strain localizations and in-grain misorientation at the intermediate deformation temperature. This effect was more apparent in γ-fibre and can best be explained through orientation sensitive recovery. γ-fibre also demonstrated higher potential for increase in dislocation density. This was observed experimentally and simulated through discrete dislocation dynamic simulations. Higher textural softening with stronger increase in dislocation density and possible effects of orientation sensitive recovery appears to define the orientation dependent recovery in low carbon steels.
Application of Visco-Plastic Self Consistent Approach to Model Deformation Characteristics of Magnesium with Different Textures
Authors: Sarkar Apu , Chakravartty J.K.
Published: December 2011

The viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) formulation is by now a well established approach for simulating texture development and constitutive response during plastic forming of high and low-symmetry polycrystals. In this work we have used the VPSC approach to model the uniaxial tensile and compressive deformation characteristics of pure magnesium with random and extruded texture. We compare our results with experimental data and find that they are in good agreement with the available experimental evidence.
Microstructure and Texture Evolution during Hot Rolling of Mg-9Li-7Al-1Sn Alloy for Aerospace Application
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Balasubramaniam R. , Shekhar Rajiv , Balani Kantesh
Published: December 2011

In the present work, Mg - 9wt. % Li - 7% wt. Al – 1 wt. % Sn (LAT971) alloy was cast and hot rolled at ~573K. Phase analysis of LAT971 revealed the presence of dual phase structure namely Mg-rich α- and Li-rich β-phase. After hot rolling, it was observed that dynamic recrystallization led to refinement of the α-phase grain structure. Significant crystallographic texture evolution, characterized by electron backscatterd diffraction, revealed increased activity of the non-basal (101 ̅0) slip plane after conventional hot rolling process.
In Situ Observation on the Influence of ß Grain Growth on Texture Evolution during Phase Transformation in Ti-6A-4V
Authors: Obasi Gideon C. , Moat R.J. , Prakash D. G. Leo , Kockelmann W. , da Fonseca Joao Quinta , Preuss Michael
Published: December 2011

In the present study, in situ phase transformation experiments have been carried out using neutron diffraction to monitor the texture evolution during the α→ß→α phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V with and without 0.4% yttrium additions. The aim of adding yttrium was to control ß grain growth above the transus ß by grain boundary pinning. In the present case, strengthening of the ß texture, occurring during ß grain coarsening resulted in strengthening of particular ß texture components, which increases the likelihood of α texture modification by selective growth of α variants on the common (110) ß grain boundaries into unoccupied large β grains.
Determination of the Orientation Relation from Variants Inherited by Phase Transformation
Authors: Humbert Michel , Blaineau Pierre , Germain Lionel , Gey Nathalie
Published: December 2011

In this contribution, we investigate a method able to determine the local representative orientation relation occurring in phase transformation of steels. It is based on the analysis of sets of variant orientations and does not require the knowledge the parent austenite orientation. The method which is an optimization scheme employing quaternions allowed us to determine and investigate ORs of different low carbon steel products.
Textural Evolution Evaluated by EBSD and XRD after Thermal Treatment in Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Ribeiro S.B. , Andrade T.G. , Paula A.D.S. , Lins Jefferson Fabricio Cardoso , Mahesh K.K. , Braz Fernandes Francisco Manuel
Published: December 2011

The Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys are the most attractive amongst shape memory alloys (SMA) due to their good functional properties coupled with high strength and good ductility. The transformation temperatures in Ni-Ti SMA can be altered by chemical composition and thermal and/or mechanical treatments adequate to obtain reversible martensitic transformation in one or more steps. The goal of the present work is to investigate the evolution of texture in Ni-Rich Ni-Ti (50.8at%Ni-Ti) SMA showing different phase transformation temperatures as a result of different thermal/mechanical history: straight-annealed (as-received condition) and subsequent thermal treatment at 500°C for 30 minutes in air. The microstructural and textural results were obtained by Electron Backscattering Diffraction on Scanning Electronic Microscopy (ESBD/SEM) and by X Ray Diffraction (XRD) at room temperature. Mechanical properties were measured by Vickers micro hardness tests at room temperature.
Evolution of Texture and Microstructure during Cold Rolling and Annealing of Fe-14Mn-6Si-9Cr-5Ni Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Maji Bikas C. , Krishnan Madangopal , Hiwarkar Vijay , Samajdar Indradev , Ray Ranjit Kumar
Published: December 2011

Evolution Texture and microstructure has been investigated in a Fe-14Mn-6Si-9Cr-5Ni shape memory alloy during cold rolling and annealing. The starting solution-annealed material show a nearly random texture with microstructure composed of equi-axed austenite grains with some e martensite plates inside. Cold rolling induces a strong alloy type texture with Brass {011}<211> and Goss {011}<100> as major components. Annealing of the cold deformed material produces a nearly random texture. The microstructural investigation reveals that with increasing cold deformation the amount of stress induced e and a’ martensite volume fraction increases. The electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) phase mapping shows that reversion of the e martensite starts only after commencement of recrystallization.
TEM Studies on the Microstructural Changes during Thermo-Mechanical Cycling of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Wire
Authors: Bhagyaraj J. , Gouthama  , Ramaiah K. Venkata , Saikrishna C.N. , Bhaumik S.K.
Published: December 2011

NiTi based shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been identified as potential candidates for sensors and actuators in various industrial applications. During service life of actuators, SMAs are subjected to large number of stress/strain cycles through the complete transformation range, known as thermomechanical cycling (TMC), which introduces various defects in the material. In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the microstructural changes taking place during thermo-mechanical cycling of NiTi wires using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). These microstructural observations have been discussed in conjunction with the cyclic shape memory behavior of the wires.
Texture Formation in Thin Tapes from Ni-Based Ternary Alloys with Cr, W, Mo and V
Authors: Gervasyeva I.V. , Rodionov Dmitrii , Khlebnikova Yulia V.
Published: December 2011

Texture, structure, and magnetic and mechanical properties of thin tape substrates fabricated of ternary nickel alloys with chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium have been investigated. It has been shown that in Ni93.8Cr4.0Mo2.2, Ni88.5Cr6.2V5.3 and Ni88.4Cr9.2W2.4 alloys a sharp cube texture can form, which is stable up to high annealing temperatures. In the Ni87.6Cr8.0Mo4.4 alloy, other weak orientations are present, along with the strong cube component. The possibility of obtaining a sharp cube texture after primary recrystallization is controlled by the quantitative relationship between the texture components in a cold-rolled tape, which is determined by the method of orientation-distribution functions. Three alloys studied are non-magnetic at 77 K.
Development of Continuously Cooled High Strength Bainitic Steel through Microstructural Engineering at Tata Steel
Authors: Das Sourav , Kundu Saurabh , Haldar Arunansu
Published: December 2011

Bainitic steels, which are transformed at very low temperatures, offer an excellent combination of strength and ductility where the strength comes from the nano-structured bainitic plates and thin-film of austenite sandwiched between two bainite sheaves offers the ductility. The main drawback of this structure is the long transformation time which is not ideal for industrial application. Through the microstructural engineering, the extent and kinetics of transformation can be manipulated by judicious selection of alloy composition and process variables. The main challenge is to delay the transformation till the coiling stage and allow the formation of bainite only during the cooling of the coil. In the current work, an approach will be shown, starting from the alloy design based on thermodynamics till the cooling after coiling, which can satisfy the requirements to develop such steel with 1300 MPa UTS combined with 20% elongation (min).
Process Parameter Impact on Microstructure of Laser Clad Inconel-Chromium Carbide Layers
Authors: Venkatesh L. , Samajdar Indradev , Tak Manish , Gundakaram Ravi C. , Joshi S.V.
Published: December 2011

Chromium carbide based metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings are ideally suited for high temperature erosive-corrosive applications. Laser cladding of such MMCs, with Inconel as the ductile matrix instead of the usual NiCr alloy, has been attempted in the present study. The relative hardness of the laser clad layers was observed to drop with increase in laser power. The reduction in hardness was attributed to retention of lower amounts of chromium carbides in the clad layer at higher laser powers. Use of chemically assisted scans with electron diffraction allowed extraction of effective micro-textural information on the coatings
Ultrasonic Processing and Microstructural Analysis of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Bhingole Pramod P. , Patel Bantibhai , Chaudhari G.P.
Published: December 2011

In the present study ultrasonic vibrations are used for the grain refinement of AZ91 alloy during its solidification. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the treated AZ91 alloy are characterized. It is found that due to the acoustic cavitation and flows induced by ultrasonic vibration during the nucleation stage, the formation of the fine uniform globular grains are attributed to the combination of the enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and dendrite fragmentation. The average grain size decreases with increase in ultrasonic intensity but the largest reduction occurs mainly from 1.34KW/cm2 to 2.69K W/cm2; the benefits of further increase in the ultrasonic intensity from 2.69KW/cm2 to 4.031KW/cm2 are small.
Features of Deformation of Partly Crystallization Blooms at their Two-Stage Soft Reduction
Authors: Smirnov Yevgeny , Sklyar Vitaly
Published: December 2011

Steady increase of requirements to quality an axial zone continuously cast blooms stimulated in last time development of principles of its deformation at the end of solidifications with the purpose of suppression of axial porosity and segregation: soft reduction or mechanical soft reduction. The technology of soft reduction is one of the most effective ways of improvement quality of internal layers continuously cast blooms. In this case the central part of section of continuously cast blooms is in liquid or liquid-solid condition (mushy zone). At the same time, in practice now there are, at least, some original technical decisions for realization of this method.
Analysis on Unwinding Effect of FRP-OFBG Cables
Authors: Ma M.L. , Guo J. , Li Hui , Chen W.L.
Published: December 2011

As one kind of the advanced composite materials (ACM), FRP is now getting widely used in civil engineering for its advantages as light weight, electromagnetic isolation, high strength, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. This article wants to provide a quality control method for the FRP cables by eliminating its unwinding effect error. Firstly, two FRP-OFBG (Optical Fiber Bragg Grating) cables were fabricated in factory, and then the two specimens were tested by the MTS (material test system). Secondly, theoretical understandings with boundary conditioned formulas were provided for analysis on the unwinding process of the cable. After that the unwinding displacement of the FRP-OFBG cable was obtained by using the b-value method. Finally, a service ability assessment of the cable was given before the conclusions.
Effect of Modification on Mechanical Behavior of ZA303 under High Temperature
Authors: Ma Dou Qin , Xie Jing Pei , Wang Wen Yan
Published: December 2011

In this paper , by SEM、EDS、XRD and Shimadzu AG-I250KN precision universal testing machine , the metallurgical structure, fracture appearance, the mechanical properties of the ZA303 under high temperature were systematically studied .The results shows that :The microstructure of ZA303 at room temperature are : α phase + (α＋η) eutectoid + ε phase + η phase. After adding modifying elements B、Ti in ZA303：the microstructure of the alloy is from gross dendrites to uniform equiaxed grains , the quantity, morphology and distribution of the (α + η) have greatly change: the quantity of (α + η) is less, from a continuous network to intermittent block, and its end become blunt, or even cylindrical horn and dispersed distribution; on the grain boundary, the size of ε phase become smaller and dispersed distribution, the number of mesh ε phase reduced but intermittent strips increased; adding B、Ti have a good effect of restraining Al element segregation，so the foundry defects decreased obviously. In the range of experimental temperature, the increase of ductility is large while the tensile strength is small: at the same time, the mechanical performances stability is better than that without modification.
Optimization Design on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Tool and Die Material with Immune Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Hui Fa , Xu Chong Hai , Zhang Jing Jie , Wang Xing Hai
Published: December 2011

Immune algorithm is a computational intelligent method which imitates the information processing properties of the natural immune system. It is one of the effective global optimization algorithms with higher global convergence. In this paper, mathematic model between the mechanical properties and the constituent of Al2O3 based ceramic tool and die material is established with the method of regression analysis. The obtained relationship function works as the optimum objective function. The immune algorithm is then used to optimize the mechanical properties of material. The best value of fracture toughness, hardness and flexural strength is 5.356 MPa·m1/2, 20.702 GPa and 731.96 MPa, respectively. The volume fractions of SiC and Ti (C,N) can be obtained when the mechanical properties of material reach the optimum. The result shows that using immunity algorithm can find the global optimal solution rapidly, and avoid the premature convergence phenomena existed in the genetic algorithm. Comparing the optimal results with experimental results, the relative error is small. It suggested that the immune algorithm can well be used for the optimum design of ceramic tool and die materials.
Simulation of Shape Distortions during Flat Bottom Raising Process with Titanium Alloy Sheet Based on ADINA
Authors: Zhang Ling Yun , Han Zhi Ren , Zhao Chang Bao
Published: December 2011

Raising processes of titanium alloy sheets TC1Mδ1.45 were simulated based on ADINA FEA software. The shape distortions induced by plastic anisotropy during forming and springback processes were described. A series of forming tests were conducted for the comparison of simulation prediction and test measurements. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the predicted and measured profiles of formed parts，It shows that the ADINA software is suitable for the analysis of the forming and springback processes of anisotropic titanium alloy sheets. Two sorts of shape distortion phenomena exhibit in the raised workpieces fabricated in room temperature after springback or elastic recovery process: Firstly, the bottom of the flange in the specimen distorts to be a wavy surface and not a plane. There two high points and two low points, and the high points locate in the flange periphery along the transverse direction (TD), and the low points locate in the periphery along the rolling direction (RD); Secondly, the top surface of the raising specimen distorts to be a wavy surface too, and the distortion shape is similar to that in the flange. During thermoforming at 600°C, the elastic recovery can be suppressed effectively and the shape distortion resulted from springback processes can be eliminated, but the anisotropy characteristics of the titanium alloy sheets can not be changed, so forming at high temperature can not solve all the shape distortion problems except the distortion occurred for the reason of springback, unhomogeneous deformation in thickness still exists. Keywords: Titanium Alloy Sheet; Raising; Springback; Shape Distortion; Adina