bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on structure and viscoelastic behavior of epoxy/vinyl ester interpenetrating polymer network nanocomposites containing graphene nanoplatelets/multi‐wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Molaei Afrooz , Jannesari Ali
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the influence of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), both individually and combined (1:1), on the viscoelastic properties of epoxy/vinyl ester interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) nanocomposites. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) revealed that the nanocomposite containing 0.5 wt% MWCNTs achieved the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) of 124.81°C, indicating superior stiffness. Conversely, the lowest maximum loss tangent delta of 0.676 was observed with 0.1 wt% GnP/MWCNT mixture, signifying enhanced energy dissipation properties. The GnP/MWCNT mixture yielded superior storage and loss modulus values at Tg, highlighting a synergistic effect. The highest effective crosslinking density (0.9353 mmol/cm3) was achieved with 0.1 wt% GnP/MWCNT mixture, while the lowest (0.4745 mmol/cm3) was found in the 0.5 wt% GnPs sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of fracture surfaces confirmed improved dispersion and compatibility of the GnP/MWCNT mixture, leading to dual mechanisms of crack bridging and deflection, ultimately enhancing fracture resistance.

Highlights

Nanocomposites exhibit enhanced Tg with GnP/MWCNT mixtures at 0.1–0.5 wt%.

DMTA tests reveal a single Tg, indicating a stable IPN structure across samples.

Storage modulus increases significantly in samples with nanoparticle additions.

Effective cross‐link density varies, influenced by nanoparticle dispersion quality.

SEM images show improved fracture resistance through crack bridging and deflection.
“I Am Excessively Pressed by Classroom Tasks”: A Cross‐Cultural Study on the Sources and Solutions of Chinese and Iranian EFL Students' Academic Disengagement in Online Classes
Authors: Derakhshan Ali , Gao Xuesong (Andy)
Published: January 2025

Online education may induce different negative emotions and emotional reactions in language learners. One such reaction emerging from emotional experiences in online contexts is academic disengagement, which has been limitedly examined in L2 research. To fill this lacuna, this study has been done to probe into the sources and solutions of student disengagement in online L2 classes from the perspective of Chinese and Iranian students. To accomplish this, through maximum‐variation sampling, a sample of Chinese (n = 164) and Iranian (n = 150) students was selected to take part in this inquiry. Then, an open‐ended questionnaire was virtually distributed among participants. Participants' answers to the open‐ended questions were thematically analyzed using MAXQDA software. The findings of the thematic analysis reveal that both Chinese and Iranian L2 learners had a similar view of the sources of academic disengagement considering the outcome of different online‐related, teacher‐related, learner‐related, and course/task‐related issues. The findings also show that the majority of Chinese and Iranian L2 learners attribute student academic disengagement to online‐related issues, including limited face‐to‐face interactions, technological breakdowns, and a boring learning atmosphere. To address the issue of student disengagement, the participants of both contexts report three broad categories, namely teacher‐related, student‐related, and administrator‐related solutions. The solutions offered by the participants imply that both Chinese and Iranian L2 learners hold students, teachers, and educational administrators responsible for student disengagement in online classes. The findings may help L2 instructors and educational managers respond to student disengagement in online language classes effectively.
Exploring the role of the rock climbing Treadwall as a novel therapy tool in physical rehabilitation
Authors: Bartolo Kathryne , Prais Katelyn , D'Amico Ella , Androwis Ghaith J. , Cheng Jenfu , Shoval Hannah Aura
Published: January 2025

Background

Rock climbing offers numerous health benefits, but accessibility and safety concerns limit its therapeutic use, especially for individuals with disabilities. No prior studies have explored the potential benefits of integrating the Treadwall, a rotating climbing wall with improved accessibility and safety, into rehabilitation protocols.

Objective

To evaluate the safety and feasibility of implementing a Treadwall climbing intervention as a novel therapy tool for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Additionally, we seek to explore potential functional benefits derived from the Treadwall intervention.

Design

This prospective, observational, single‐site study assessed Treadwall training in a cohort of children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy while attending a 3‐week intensive therapy program.

Setting

The study was conducted at the BECOME Program in Children's Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, NJ.

Participants

A total of 10 participants, aged 4 to 9 years, diagnosed with hemiparesis, were enrolled, with nine completing the intervention.

Interventions

The intervention involved 15 10‐minute climbing sessions during the 3‐week intensive therapy program. Participants' climbing distance, intensity, and active mobility rate were recorded.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Primary outcome measures included climbing distance, intensity, and active mobility rate. Secondary measures, the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) and Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function, were collected to assess upper limb function.

Results

The study demonstrated significant improvements in distance climbed (p < .01), intensity (p < .05), and active mobility rate (p < .05). Participants showed enhanced upper limb function, indicated by improved AHA and Melbourne Assessment scores (p < .01). Qualitative therapist reports showed positive feedback regarding the Treadwall's potential benefits.

Conclusions

The study supports the feasibility and safety of using the rock climbing Treadwall as a novel therapy tool for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The intervention showed promising results in improving climbing skills, motor learning, and coordination. Future investigations should explore dosing and long‐term outcomes to fully assess the Treadwall's therapeutic potential.
Characterization of the E26H Mutant Schistosoma japonicum Glutathione S‐Transferase
Authors: Mótyán János András , Veres Ágota Nagyné , Tőzsér József
Published: January 2025

Glutathione‐S‐transferase, such as that of Schistosoma japonicum (sjGST) belongs to the most widely utilized fusion tags in the recombinant protein technology. The E26H mutation of sjGST has already been found to remarkably improve its ability for binding divalent ions, enabling its purification with immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Nevertheless, most characteristics of this mutant remained unexplored to date. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the wild‐type and the E26H mutant sjGST by using in vitro as well as in silico approaches. We confirmed that the sjGST(E26H) protein exhibits significantly increased affinity for binding nickel ions as compared to the wild‐type. In addition, we proved that the sjGST(E26H) can be purified efficiently either with glutathione‐ or immobilized metal ion‐affinity chromatography, even in consecutive purification steps. The human retroviral‐like aspartic protease 1 (ASPRV1) conjugated with the sjGST(E26H) fusion tag was also successfully purified by using both of these affinity chromatographic approaches. Our studies revealed that the E26H mutant sjGST can be used as a versatile affinity tag because the modified protein retains the kinetic features of the wild‐type and its affinity towards glutathione, while can be purified efficiently by IMAC, as well.
Sulfonated White‐Graphene for High‐Performance Gel Polymer Electrolytes: The Interplay between Ion Conductivity and Rheology
Authors: Eslami Reza , Malekkhouyan Adel , Santhirakumaran Prrunthaa , Mehrvar Mehrab , Zarrin Hadis
Published: January 2025

Research into flexible solid‐state supercapacitors for wearable electronics focuses on achieving high performance and safety. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are preferred over fully solid‐state electrolytes due to their better ionic conductivity while addressing safety concerns associated with liquid electrolytes. This study aims to enhance high‐performance gel polymer electrolytes (HP‐GPEs) by improving the ion transfer rate of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with sulfonated hexagonal boron nitride (known as white‐graphene) and exploring how rheology influences ion‐conduction within HP‐GPEs. The systematic analysis of GPEs highlights the dominant role of the loss factor in quasi‐solid GPEs. With less energy dissipation in the polymeric structure, ion movement occurs along an optimized pathway, as reflected in the calculated values of the diffusion coefficient and ion mobility from impedance analysis. Physico‐electro‐chemical characterizations of the HP‐GPEs revealed that the 3D network of 2D nanosheets and crystallites formed a more uniform and reduced pore size (decreasing from ≈7 µm to ≈221 nm), increased ion conduction by 6‐fold (70.7 mS cm−1), and led to an increment of ≈35% in specific capacitance with an impressive 96% retention after 10 000 cycles. These findings underscore the importance of engineering the rheological and structural properties in hydrogels as promising electrolytes for high‐performance energy storage devices.
Meningeal solitary fibrous tumour (hemangiopericytoma) in a dog
Authors: Comesaña Alejandro , Alomar Jaume , Pumarola Martí , de la Fuente Cristian , Añor Sonia
Published: January 2025

A 6‐year‐old, male entire French Bulldog was presented for a 2‐month history of progressive ambulatory tetraparesis and occasional cervical pain. Neurological examination was consistent with a right‐sided C1–C5 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intradural‐extramedullary mass over the C1–C2 vertebrae. The mass was surgically excised, and histopathological examination demonstrated a neoplastic vascular proliferation within a fibrous‐myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical staining allowed further characterisation of the lesion, which was consistent with a solitary fibrous tumour (hemangiopericytoma). The patient improved neurologically after surgery. This type of tumour had not been previously reported in dogs in this location.
Birth-Related Mechanical Head Injuries
Authors: Mohammad Khorshid , Meijler Gerda , de Vries Linda S.
Published: January 2025

Birth-related mechanical head injuries (commonly called Traumatic Brain Injury) in neonates can occur spontaneously or due to various birth-related factors such as instrumental assisted delivery. The delicate nature of a newborn’s developing brain makes it particularly vulnerable to injury. Careful clinical examination soon after birth is a key as timely identification and treatment can be lifesaving and decrease the risk of long-term implications.
Viral Infections
Authors: de Vries Linda S. , Steggerda Sylke J.
Published: January 2025

Viral infections may occur during pregnancy, when the brain is developing, during birth, or within the first days to weeks after birth. This chapter describes the clinical and neuroimaging features of the most common congenital and postnatally acquired viral infections that can affect the fetal and neonatal brain. Cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection and can be associated with hearing loss and malformations of cortical development when occurring in the first trimester. Toxoplasmosis, a protozoan parasite, can lead to antenatal hydrocephalus. Postnatal infections are especially likely to affect the white matter, with a very similar pattern of injury for enterovirus, parechovirus, and rotavirus. The prognosis depends on the time of onset for the congenital infections and on the gestational age for the postnatal infections.
Bacterial and Fungal Infections
Authors: Steggerda Sylke J. , de Vries Linda S.
Published: January 2025

Bacterial and fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in newborns are of major clinical importance as they carry a high risk of mortality and can cause severe brain injury resulting in long-term morbidities in survivors.

Several types of microorganisms can be involved; the most common are group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli, but also gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Candida species can cause severe infections. These different microorganisms have their own characteristic patterns of brain injury which can be recognized on neuroimaging. Knowledge about these patterns and the course of the disease can provide the clinician a guide to appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication.
Cranial Ultrasonography
Authors: Meijler Gerda , Steggerda Sylke J.
Published: January 2025

Cranial ultrasonography is the standard neuro-imaging modality in the NICU and in other neonatal units. It is safe, and, as it used at the bedside, it is patient-friendly. Cranial ultrasonography provides essential and invaluable information on brain growth and development, and brain injury in high-risk (preterm) newborns.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Authors: El-Dib Mohamed
Published: January 2025

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique that can measure tissue oxygen saturation in organs such as the brain, kidney, and intestine. By monitoring changes in the attenuation of near-infrared light passing through the brain, NIRS can provide cerebral regional oxygen saturation measurements (CrSO2). NIRS has been used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for various indications, including monitoring extremely premature infants and neonates with encephalopathy, congenital heart disease (CHD), anemia, respiratory support, and CNS injuries. Factors such as device type, sensor position, head position, and care procedures can affect NIRS measurements. NIRS has demonstrated potential in reducing cerebral hypoxia and predicting outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy and CHD. It is also being used in anesthesia and surgery settings. Proper training and monitoring are necessary to minimize complications associated with NIRS monitoring. NIRS provides valuable insights into cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, aiding in personalized care and neuroprotection in newborns.
Sub-Ependymal Pseudocysts and Lenticulostriate Vasculopathy
Authors: Cowan Frances M. , Leijser Lara M.
Published: January 2025

Small sub-ependymal pseudocysts, usually located around or in the walls of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles or in the caudo-thalamic notches, and linear echodensities, usually located in the basal ganglia (lenticulostriate vasculopathy [LSV]), are common findings on cranial ultrasound scans in newborn infants. The findings can give rise to considerable alarm, especially to parents. However, they are usually benign and very rarely cause problems. This is particularly so when they are isolated and found on screening ultrasound scans in infants without neurological symptoms, though testing for cytomegalovirus should be considered. But sub-ependymal pseudocysts, especially if more extensive and with LSV, can, however, be clues to underlying and serious diagnoses, especially in symptomatic infants. Awareness of the conditions in which these findings may occur can lead to early focused investigation as they are usually present on the admission scan. It is also important not to mistake the cysts for other pathology such as cystic white matter injury, porencephalic cysts, or intraparenchymal hemorrhage. This chapter is a guide to the appearance and known associations of sub-ependymal pseudocysts and LSV.
Normal Anatomy
Authors: Meijler Gerda
Published: January 2025

This chapter displays the normal anatomy of the neonatal brain, using clear illustrations with corresponding legends.
Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Authors: Meijler Gerda , Steggerda Sylke J.
Published: January 2025

Cerebellar hemorrhage is a frequent complication after preterm birth; the risk increases with decreasing gestational age. Risk factors are similar to risk factors of supratentorial germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage. Diagnosis is made with ultrasound and/or MRI. Prevention is based on maintaining respiratory and circulatory stability. There is no treatment for cerebellar hemorrhage, but early intervention may contribute to better outcome. The prognosis depends on the size and location of the hemorrhage(s).
White Matter Injury
Authors: Meijler Gerda , Leijser Lara M.
Published: January 2025

The brain white matter consist of white matter tracts that connect spatially distinct areas of the brain. The tracts comprise of the fiber extensions of nerve cells that get covered with myelin. The myelin sheath protects the nerve fibers and increases the speed of conduction of electrical impulses over the fibers.

In babies born prematurely, the white matter is still rapidly developing and therewith very vulnerable to injury. Injury to the white matter, such as due to immaturity itself, pregnancy- and birth-related complications, or interventions after birth, may cause abnormal brain growth and development. Depending on the location and extent of the injury, this may lead to a range of disabilities. Both ultrasound and MRI of the brain can detect white matter injury; the former detects cystic lesions, volume loss, and impaired brain growth, while the latter can additionally detect small and subtle lesions.

Timely detection of white matter injury through serial ultrasound examinations allows for early intervention, which is important for prevention of (severe) disabilities.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Preterm Infants
Authors: Martinez-Biarge Miriam , Cowan Frances M.
Published: January 2025

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in preterm infants is uncommon, though the true incidence is not known for certain. This condition may not be easy to identify, especially in the most immature infants, as clinical signs overlap those of prematurity. Hypothermia is currently not approved for infants born at <35 weeks gestation (GA), and a large clinical trial of therapeutic hypothermia in preterm infants recently completed has not shown benefit. As in term-born infants, MRI in the neonatal period shows the site and severity of hypoxic-ischemic injury well and is one of the best tools for predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Focal Arterial Infarction and Lobar Hemorrhage in Term Infants
Authors: Martinez-Biarge Miriam , Cowan Frances M.
Published: January 2025

Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurological disorder. It can carry significant long-term disabilities. Here we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, and classification, its different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of brain imaging in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family.

Large focal lobar hemorrhage occurs less often than perinatal arterial ischemic stroke and does not follow arterial territories. The presentation can be very similar. The hemorrhage is usually well seen on initial cranial ultrasound scan, unlike stroke, and the sites are often frontal or temporal. Brain imaging is diagnostic and prognostic of outcomes.
Introduction: Exploring Corporate Human Rights Responsibilities in OECD Case Law
Authors: Davaanyam Otgontuya , Krajewski Markus
Published: January 2025

Corporate human rights responsibility has increasingly become a focal point in the governance and operational practices of multinational enterprises (MNEs).
A Climate Change Outlook on the 2023 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct: Which Contribution from the Practice of the NCPs?
Authors: Mussi F.
Published: January 2025

The present contribution discusses the most relevant amendments to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in respect of climate change, as included in the 2023 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct. Starting from the fact that, even though the 2011 edition of the OECD Guidelines did not specifically address climate change, NCPs have however often confronted with climate issues related to this phenomenon, the analysis is undertaken considering the climate change-related NCP complaints brought to date and the NCPs’ determinations. The ultimate goal is to verify whether and, if so, to what extent the practice of the NCPs has influenced and is reflected in the relevant 2023 OECD Guidelines. To do so, after analysing the recommendations about climate change included in the recently updated version of the OECD Guidelines, the present contribution will undertake a thorough analysis of the relevant complaints, paying particular attention to those which best reflect the trend to use the 2011 OECD Guidelines also with regard to climate change-related issues.
Analysing Heightened Corporate Human Rights Responsibilities in the Context of OECD Case Law
Authors: Buriakovska Kateryna , Davaanyam Otgontuya
Published: January 2025

Operating in conflict-affected and high-risk areas poses complex challenges for multinational enterprises (MNEs) concerning human rights abuses and modern slavery within global supply chains. The presence of MNEs in such environments often worsens human rights violations, necessitating a shift from neutrality to proactive engagement. This shift entails increased responsibility for MNEs operating in conflict-affected, high-risk zones, including the implementation of rigorous human rights due diligence and the adoption of a conflict-sensitive approach in decision-making processes. While the international framework offers guidance on responsible conduct in such challenging situations, the practical implementation of heightened human rights due diligence and responsible disengagement processes presents significant obstacles for MNEs, underscoring the need for clearer guidance and best practices.

This chapter explores over 15 cases from OECD National Contact Points (NCPs) involving corporate activities in conflict zones like Myanmar, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. By analysing these cases, the chapter aims to illuminate how companies can fulfil their human rights responsibilities in conflict environments. It underscores the expanded role of companies in upholding human rights through enhanced due diligence, stakeholder engagement, and responsible exit strategies. The critical analysis of case law provides insights into effectively meeting human rights obligations amidst the complexities of conflict situations.
Articulating Responsibility for Human Rights and the Environment in the Financial Sector: Outlook on the Concrete Cases of the OECD National Contact Points
Authors: Davaanyam Otgontuya
Published: January 2025

The chapter explores the responsibility of financial institutions (FIs) within the international business and human rights framework, specifically examining their role in addressing adverse human rights and environmental impacts stemming from their investments and their corresponding responsibility to mitigate and rectify such harm. FIs acting as pivotal facilitators and intermediaries, play a critical role in allocating funds that contribute to societal well-being. Despite the growing global emphasis on sustainability, there remains a notable absence of consistent international legal standards that hold FIs answerable for their impacts on human rights and the environment. This chapter advocates for FIs to take proactive measures to address both direct and indirect negative effects on human rights and the environment throughout their investment processes. By scrutinising OECD cases managed by National Contact Points (NCPs), the chapter seeks to explore how FIs can fulfill their obligations towards sustainability, human rights, and environmental preservation. Through an in-depth analysis of these cases, the chapter aims to illuminate the evolving landscape of corporate responsibility, potential regulatory advancements, and industry-wide norms that will shape the future of ethical business practices within the financial sector.
The Future of Supervision Mechanisms Under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct
Authors: Letnar Černič Jernej
Published: January 2025

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises for Responsible Business Conduct are a quasi-legal document imposing obligations on the state to regulate the activities of multinational enterprises when doing business at home and outside the Member States of the OECD. This chapter discusses the current state of the OECD Guidelines for Responsible Business Conduct and their added value for rights holders concerning corporate adverse human rights conduct. It first describes the origins and background of adopting the document and then moves to analyse the supervision mechanisms of the OECD Guidelines. As such, it concentrates on the added value of the specific instance procedures before the National Contact Points (NCPs). In this regard, it also analyses the role of the OECD Investment Committee and its peer review mechanism of the NCPs. As a result, it argues that the OECD Governing body should strengthen enforcement mechanisms under the OECD Guidelines.
Degrees of Remedy: Understanding Remedy Outcomes at the OECD National Contact Points
Authors: Otteburn Kari
Published: January 2025

Nonjudicial mechanisms such as the National Contact Points (NCPs) for the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct play a prominent role in access to remedy for victims of extraterritorial human rights abuses resulting from business activities. Yet, a body of research has cast doubt on their effectiveness, highlighting numerous challenges of procedure and design. Considerably less attention, however, has been paid to remedy outcomes through nonjudicial mechanisms. In particular, the appropriateness of outcomes has not been evaluated vis-à-vis the alleged violations. This chapter presents and analyzes a new dataset of remedy outcomes for transnational business-related human rights abuses at the NCPs. The findings demonstrate that NCPs are fairly effective at providing access to minor forms of remedy but are unable to provide appropriate remedy for severe violations. As the remedial landscape evolves alongside new mandatory rules for corporate conduct, these findings may help better situate nonjudicial mechanisms within the remedial architecture.
Business and Human Rights Dispute Settlement: The OECD NCPs as Grievance Mechanism
Authors: Meshel Tamar
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a qualitative and quantitative study of 225 specific instances concluded by OECD National Contact Points (NCPs) between 2001 and 2022. The grievances in these cases were accepted and the relevant NCPs offered to the parties one or more of the following dispute resolution services: good office, mediation, and conciliation. The study first provides aggregated statistical data on variables such as the processes used by NCPs in these cases, the participation of the parties, and the outcome. The study then delves more deeply into some of these statistics, for instance examining which NCPs saw the most agreements reached and which mechanisms were offered by each NCP. Logistic regression analysis follows, to see if any meaningful cross-observation relationships can be found. In addition, the study undertakes a comparative qualitative analysis of the dispute resolution mechanisms used by different NCPs and the manner in which they are used. The goals of this study are to uncover trends as well as inconsistencies in the dispute resolution practices of different NCPs and to identify those mechanisms, or combinations of mechanisms, that have proven effective in the resolution of grievances.
Joining the Conflicting Spheres: Travel in Balancing Work, Life, and Treatment for Female Tuberculosis Patients in Bengaluru City, India
Authors: George Sobin , Nagesh Prajwal , Bailey Ajay
Published: January 2025

Evidence suggests that inadequate access to transportation services adversely affects labor market participation and healthcare accessibility for vulnerable populations in cities of the Global South.
Is Namma Metro Age-Inclusive? Everyday Experiences of Transportation Inequalities for Older Adults
Authors: Nagesh Prajwal , Bailey Ajay , George Sobin , Subaiya Lekha
Published: January 2025

Metro rail is envisioned as a core strategy in major Indian cities to address urban mobility issues such as congestion, air pollution, and lack of accessibility. Bengaluru, with its metro rail project, Namma Metro (“Our Metro” in English), begun in 2011, was one of the earliest adopters of this urban transport system in South India. Twenty-five other Indian cities will adopt the metro rail by 2025, with a total investment of $54 billion (IIR, 2020). The focus of the discussion on Namma Metro has largely been on the state-of-art technology used, the aesthetics of the train and the stations, and the efficiency of the system. There is scant attention paid to the everyday experiences, struggles, adjustments and adaptions made by heterogeneous urban dwellers while using the metro system, and even less to that of older adults with limited digital literacy. Using an intersectional approach, we examine how interlocking categories of age, gender, caste, class and metro infrastructure interact and shape the ‘splintering urban’ experiences for older adults in Bengaluru’s metro. Based on sixty qualitative in-depth telephonic interviews with older adults, we explore interpretatively what Namma Metro means to their everyday mobilities and how they negotiate this ‘modern infrastructural ideal.’ We find that older adults’ unfamiliarity with ticketing systems, technology-driven navigation processes and the new infrastructure environment of metro rail evoked an ‘out of place’ feeling, leading to anxious journeys. Further, a poor grievance redressal system and lack of trust in the government contributed to normalising barriers as a by-product of age. Lack of agency made older commuters circumvent such barriers by avoiding the metro system. Such exclusionary experiences have shaped older adult’s perception of Namma Metro as designed for ‘youngsters’ and ‘officials’ and deprived them of the primary public transport network to access the city.
Moving Towards an Age-Friendly City
Authors: van Doorne Marlene , Meijering Louise
Published: January 2025

The increasing age of the world population has spurred the World Health Organization to advocate for the development of age-friendly cities. These cities strive to create environments where older adults are able to actively participate in society, interact with others in public spaces, and are valued and supported with infrastructure and services.
Leaving It to Fate: Biopolitics in a Low-Income Settlement in Bengaluru, India
Authors: Omkar Nadh P. , Bhan Gautam
Published: January 2025

The primary focus of this paper is to explore the distinct “politics of life” concerning access to health care and
conceptualisation of life within the context of a low income settlement in bengaluru, India.
Temporary Solutions and Inclusions Through Informalities: Examining Children’s Agency in an Urban Informal Settlement Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Andal Aireen Grace
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how urban inclusion can start with child-led informalities, albeit temporarily. In view of the “rights to the city” paradigm, socio-spatial inclusion is “earned by living out the routines of everyday life in the spaces of the city”.
Inclusive Urban Foodscapes? Examining the Interplay Between the Corporate Food System and Access to Culturally Adequate Food Among Zimbabwean Migrants in Johannesburg
Authors: Brouwer Sara F.
Published: January 2025

In the last three decades, global corporate food actors have played a key role in shaping food systems in African cities.
Reconstructing Beirut’s Port: Urban Traumas in Lebanon’s Capital
Authors: Rehorst Bob , Bou-Issa Elias , Hehenkamp Mees
Published: January 2025

On August 4, 2020, 2,750 tons of negligently stored ammonium nitrate caught fire in Hangar 12 in Beirut’s Port.
Counting What Counts: Data, Digitization, and Decision-Making About Health in India’s Smart Cities
Authors: Darak Shrinivas , Parchure Ritu , Kulkarni Vinay
Published: January 2025

More than half of the world's population currently lives in cities.
The Effects of Mega-Transportation Infrastructure Projects in the Jakarta–Bandung Corridor, Indonesia: Unraveling Displacement in Space and Time
Authors: Suprayoga Gede B. , Wargyawati N. M. Gilang
Published: January 2025

During the Jokowi administration (2014–present), Indonesia has embarked on an unprecedented number of megaprojects compared to previous presidents. In 2015, President Jokowi unveiled his plans to liberalize foreign investment regulations and foster the development of modern and expansive transportation infrastructure networks through the implementation of mega-transportation infrastructure projects (MTIPs). The reason for these stems from the recognition that inadequate asset management and under-investment have led to a substantial deficit in transportation infrastructure, which hampers the country’s economic growth.
A novel test of economic convergence in time series
Authors: Hualde Javier , Olmo Jose
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a novel test for the hypothesis of economic convergence. We extend the standard definition of convergence based on the parity condition and say that two economies converge if the time series of economic output are positively cointegrated and cotrended. With this definition in place, our main contribution is to propose a test of positive cointegration that does not require estimation of the cointegrating relationship, but is able to differentiate between positive and negative cointegration. Once the possibility of positive cointegration is established in a first stage, we test for cotrending in a second stage. Our sequential proposal enjoys an excellent performance in small samples due to the fast convergence of our novel test statistic under positive cointegration. This is illustrated in a simulation exercise where we report clear evidence showing the outperformance of our proposed method compared to existing methods in the related literature that test for economic convergence using cointegration methods. The results are particularly strong for sample sizes between 25 and 50 observations. The empirical application testing for economic convergence between the G7 group of countries over the period 1990–2022 confirms these findings.
Tertiary lymphoid structures in high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma: anatomical site matters
Authors: Westbom-Fremer Sofia , Tran Lena , Ebbesson Anna , Martin de la Fuente Laura , Jönsson Jenny-Maria , Kannisto Päivi , Veerla Srinivas , Hedenfalk Ingrid
Published: January 2025

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the tumor microenvironment are prognostically beneficial in many solid cancer types. Reports on TLS in high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) are few, and the prognostic impact is unclear. We investigated mature TLS (mTLS), immature TLS (iTLS) and lymphoid aggregates (LA) in primary adnexal tumors (PTs) and synchronous omental/peritoneal metastases (pMets) of HGSC. Whole H&E slides were scrutinized for mTLS and LA in a population-based cohort of 130 cases with stage III-IV HGSC. The immune cell tumor infiltration was evaluated with single chromogenic immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray (TMA) from the same cases. Selected whole slides (PT n = 11, pMet n = 10) of the cases most abundant in mTLS and LA were further investigated with multiplex IHC and immunofluorescence using digital image analysis (QuPath), to confirm TLS status and map the T and B lymphocyte subtypes. The results showed that mTLS were more common in pMets than in PTs but did not have an independent prognostic impact on overall or progression-free survival. The presence of mTLS correlated with intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and PD-1+ lymphocytes in pMets only. Although overall mTLS cell composition was similar between PTs and pMets, the outer zones of mTLS in PTs were more immune cell-rich. In conclusion, our results indicate differences in TLS presence and cellular elements between primary adnexal tumors and synchronous peritoneal metastases, which are important to consider when conducting studies of the immune environment in HGSC.
ESR Essentials: imaging of lymphoma—practice recommendations by the European Society of Oncologic Imaging
Authors: Leithner Doris , Neri Emanuele , D’Anastasi Melvin , Schlemmer Heinz-Peter , Winkelmann Michael , Kunz Wolfgang G. , Cyran Clemens C. , Cioni Dania , Sala Evis , Mayerhoefer Marius E.
Published: January 2025

Imaging is used for lymphoma detection, Ann Arbor/Lugano staging, and treatment response assessment. [18F]FDG PET/CT should be used for most lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma, aggressive/high-grade Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and many indolent/low-grade NHLs such as follicular lymphoma. Apart from these routinely FDG-avid lymphomas, some indolent NHLs, such as marginal zone lymphoma, are variably FDG-avid; here, [18F]FDG PET/CT is an alternative to contrast-enhanced CT at baseline and may be used for treatment response assessment if the lymphoma was FDG-avid at baseline. Only small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL) should exclusively undergo CT at baseline and follow-up unless transformation to high-grade lymphoma is suspected. While [18F]FDG PET/CT is sufficient to rule out bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin lymphoma, biopsy may be needed in other lymphomas. The 5-point (Deauville) score for [18F]FDG PET that uses the liver and blood pool uptake as references should be used to assess treatment response in all FDG-avid lymphomas; post-treatment FDG uptake ≤ liver uptake is considered complete response. In all other lymphomas, CT should be used to determine changes in lesion size; for complete response, resolution of all extranodal manifestations, and for lymph nodes, long-axis decrease to ≤ 1.5 cm are required.

Key Points

[18F]FDG-PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT are used to stage lymphoma depending on type.

Imaging is required for staging, and biopsies may be required to rule out bone marrow involvement.

For treatment response assessment, the 5-PS (Deauville) score should be used; in a few indolent types, CT is used to determine changes in lesion size.
Malignancy risk stratification for pulmonary nodules: comparing a deep learning approach to multiparametric statistical models in different disease groups
Authors: Piskorski Lars , Debic Manuel , von Stackelberg Oyunbileg , Schlamp Kai , Welzel Linn , Weinheimer Oliver , Peters Alan Arthur , Wielpütz Mark Oliver , Frauenfelder Thomas , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Heußel Claus Peter , Kroschke Jonas
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Incidentally detected pulmonary nodules present a challenge in clinical routine with demand for reliable support systems for risk classification. We aimed to evaluate the performance of the lung-cancer-prediction-convolutional-neural-network (LCP-CNN), a deep learning-based approach, in comparison to multiparametric statistical methods (Brock model and Lung-RADS®) for risk classification of nodules in cohorts with different risk profiles and underlying pulmonary diseases.

Materials and methods

Retrospective analysis was conducted on non-contrast and contrast-enhanced CT scans containing pulmonary nodules measuring 5–30 mm. Ground truth was defined by histology or follow-up stability. The final analysis was performed on 297 patients with 422 eligible nodules, of which 105 nodules were malignant. Classification performance of the LCP-CNN, Brock model, and Lung-RADS® was evaluated in terms of diagnostic accuracy measurements including ROC-analysis for different subcohorts (total, screening, emphysema, and interstitial lung disease).

Results

LCP-CNN demonstrated superior performance compared to the Brock model in total and screening cohorts (AUC 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89–0.94) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89–0.96)). Superior sensitivity of LCP-CNN was demonstrated compared to the Brock model and Lung-RADS® in total, screening, and emphysema cohorts for a risk threshold of 5%. Superior sensitivity of LCP-CNN was also shown across all disease groups compared to the Brock model at a threshold of 65%, compared to Lung-RADS® sensitivity was better or equal. No significant differences in the performance of LCP-CNN were found between subcohorts.

Conclusion

This study offers further evidence of the potential to integrate deep learning-based decision support systems into pulmonary nodule classification workflows, irrespective of the individual patient risk profile and underlying pulmonary disease.

Key Points

QuestionIs a deep-learning approach (LCP-CNN) superior to multiparametric models (Brock model, Lung-RADS®) in classifying pulmonary nodule risk across varied patient profiles?

FindingsLCP-CNN shows superior performance in risk classification of pulmonary nodules compared to multiparametric models with no significant impact on risk profiles and structural pulmonary diseases.

Clinical relevanceLCP-CNN offers efficiency and accuracy, addressing limitations of traditional models, such as variations in manual measurements or lack of patient data, while producing robust results. Such approaches may therefore impact clinical work by complementing or even replacing current approaches.
The impact of Lusatian Urnfield and subsequent prehistoric cultures on lake and woodland ecosystems: insights from multi-proxy palaeoecological investigations at Bruszczewo, western Poland
Authors: Kołaczek Piotr , Rzodkiewicz Monika , Karpińska-Kołaczek Monika , Hildebrandt-Radke Iwona , Gałka Mariusz , Jaeger Mateusz , Kneisel Jutta , Niebieszczański Jakub
Published: January 2025

The Lusatian Urnfield culture (LUc, Lausitzer Kultur, kultura łużycka) was one of the most important cultural developments during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age of central-eastern Europe, 1500–500 bc. In this article, we focus on the impact of the LUc and later cultures on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at Bruszczewo on a microregional scale and within the broad context of analogous processes in central-eastern Europe. We did high resolution multi-proxy analyses of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs), diatoms and plant macrofossils, supplemented with a lithological and geochemical study of lake and peat deposits from near the archaeological site. The results revealed that between ca. 1020 and 920 bc, woodland clearance took place, possibly connected with farming. This probably contributed to the spread of the weeds Xanthium cf. strumarium and Convolvulus arvensis in the newly created disturbed habitats. Woodland clearance and other human activities contributed to better preservation of diatoms in the lake sediments, probably as a result of increased acidity in this environment. Diatoms, especially taxa preferring eutrophic waters and tolerant of large amounts of dissolved organic matter, were the most frequent at that time. Climate deterioration associated with the 2.8 ka event probably lessened human impact around the lake shore. The diatom records suggest prolonged ice cover on the lake and/or colder springs at that time. Another intensification of human impact occurred at ca. 530 bc and was probably related to activity by people of Pomeranian culture (kultura pomorska, Pommerellische Gesichtsurnenkultur). Later, from ca. 330 bc, arable farming activity declined and grazing was suggested by an abundance of coprophilous fungi spores which, however, should not be regarded as definitive indicators of pasture.
Flax use, weeds and manuring in Viking Age Åland: archaeobotanical and stable isotope analysis
Authors: Vanhanen Santeri , Ilves Kristin
Published: January 2025

Charred masses of nearly 100,000 Linum usitatissimum (flax) seeds were found in house remains from Tjudnäs on the Åland Islands, Finland, and radiocarbon dated to ad 880–1020. The flax seeds were large and discovered in lumps, which indicates that they had been pressed for their oil. The flax was accompanied by seeds of Cuscuta epilinum, Lolium remotum, Galium spurium and Camelina alyssum/sativa, which are specific weeds of flax fields that mimic it in the flax fields and during crop processing. Several of these species have now become extinct or rare after the introduction of more effective methods of weed control and less flax growing. This find demonstrates the antiquity of this obligate flax weed flora, which appears to have been introduced to Åland together with flax seeds intended for cultivation. Thousands of cereal grains discovered in Viking Age/early medieval (ad 750–1300) Kohagen show that a broad range of crops was grown, with high proportions of Triticum aestivum (naked wheat). Stable isotope analyses of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) ratios were done on the flax from Tjudnäs and other crops from Kohagen, all from samples dated ad 880–1020. The analyses showed high values of δ15N, which can be explained by considerable soil enrichment with manure, possibly also with maritime resources such as seaweed and fish. The δ13C values varied between crops, with those for flax being lower than for cereals and Pisum sativum (peas), which could reflect different environmental conditions or differences in plant physiology. The factors affecting δ15N and δ13C in flax are, however, poorly understood due to the lack of experimental studies.
Cancer neuroscience and glioma: clinical implications
Authors: Westphal Manfred , Drexler Richard , Maire Cecile , Ricklefs Franz , Lamszus Katrin
Published: January 2025

In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that tumor growth relies not only on support from the surrounding microenvironment but also on the tumors capacity to adapt to – and actively manipulate – its niche. While targeting angiogenesis and modulating the local immune environment have been explored as therapeutic approaches, these strategies have yet to yield effective treatments for brain tumors and remain under refinement. More recently, the nervous system itself has been explored as a critical environmental support for cancer, with extensive neuro-tumoral interactions observed both intracranially and in extracranial sites containing neural components. In the brain, interactions between glioma cells as well as metastatic lesions with neural components have clinical implications for diagnostics, risk assessments, neurological sequelae, and the development of innovative therapeutics. Here, we review these neuro-tumoral dynamics, emphasizing aspects relevant to neurosurgical practice.
A pathway towards energy efficiency classes for gearboxes related to superefficiency
Authors: Lohner T. , Paschold C.
Published: January 2025

The energy dissipation in the lifecycle of gearboxes is often dominated by the use phase. Energy efficiency targets can accelerate technological development. For tribological contacts, the definition of superlubricity with coefficients of friction of less than 0.01 has stimulated research to reduce friction. Similarly, this potential study on the energy efficiency of gearboxes aims to push research to reduce their energy dissipation during the use phase. Different cylindrical gear geometries, gear oils, and lubrication methods are evaluated using an energy efficiency index and mean energy efficiency. Superefficiency is allocated to the technological setup of a water-containing polyglycol, an extreme low-loss gear, and minimum quantity lubrication. Its corresponding values for the energy efficiency index and mean energy efficiency depend on the particular gearbox and the underlying operating cycle. In the future, the method used in this study can be used to introduce energy classes for gearboxes and to assign energy labels.