bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Seed Moisture on Lima Bean Stand Establishment and Growth
Authors: Bennett Mark A. , Waters Luther
Published: August 2022

Field studies were conducted to examine the effect of increasing the moisture content of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus ‘Kingston 098’) seed prior to planting. Seed moisture was adjusted by combining seed, vermiculite, and varying amounts of water in plastic packets which were then sealed and incubated at 22°C for 3 days. Initial seed moisture ranged from 8% to 56%. Trials were planted at 2 locations in 1981 (Becker and Rochester, Minn.), and at 3 locations in 1982 (Becker, St. Paul and Waseca, Minn.). Seed moisture above the normal 8% to 10% range increased emergence and stand establishment at all locations. As a general trend, increased seed moisture up to about 40% improved percentage of emergence and stand establishment. Harvest data varied between locations. Results from one location in both years showed elevated seed moisture to increase pods per plant, total pod dry weight, and total plant dry weight. Results from harvest (yield) data did not show consistent increases in the variables measured.
Free and Bound Abscisic Acid and Free Gibberellin-like Substances in Pecan Kernel Tissues during Seed Development
Authors: Wood B. W.
Published: August 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoinensis) (Wangenh.) K. Koch] kernel development was characterized by an initial rapid localized expansion of testa and endosperm, which was closely associated with low levels of free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) and with high levels of gibberllin-like (GL) substances. Rapid cotyledon growth began with the termination of testa and endosperm expansion, which was subsequent to a sharp increase in both free and bound ABA. The rate of change for growth in kernel dry weight was highly correlated with the rate of change in levels of both free ABA (R2 = 0.86) and bound ABA (R2 = 0.88). Levels of GL substances (ng/g kernel), as measured by the dwarf pea and cucumber bioassays, were relatively low after the rapid accumulation of kernel dry weight, however, GL substances detected by the barley endosperm bioassay were high during the last 30 days of kernel development. Abscisic acid and GL substances seem to exercise a significant role in seed development.
Temperature Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit in Relation to C2H4 Treatment
Authors: Lee S. K. , Young R. E.
Published: August 2022

Avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill. ‘Fuerte’) were stored in air with or without C2H4 treatment (100 ppm) at 6°, 9°, 12°, 14°, 16°, 20°, 24°, 27°, 30°, and 34°C. During the storage period, respiration was measured by an automated continuous gas flow system. Fruit stored in air for more than 20 days at 6° developed chilling injury as indicated by gray discoloration of the mesocarp tissue. At high temperatures (30°, 34°), avocado fruit ripened abnormally, showed considerable surface pitting, and had poor flavor. When fruit were stored with 100 ppm C2H4, tissue discoloration was severe below 12°, which implied that chilling sensitivity of avocado fruit increased with C2H4 treatment. Fruit, whether stored with C2H4 or not, showed breaking points around the same temperature region on an Arrhenius plot, suggesting possible involvement of other mechanisms in addition to phase changes of membrane lipid components.
Growth and Development Responses of Geranium to Temperature, Light Integral, CO2, and Chlormequat
Authors: White J. W. , Warrington I. J.
Published: August 2022

“Red Elite” geraniums were grown from the 6th leaf stage until the visible bud stage in controlled environment (CE) chambers under 3 day/night temperature regimes (27°/13°, 23°/17°, or 20°/20°C) and under enhanced CO2 (900 μl CO2/liter air) at 27°/13°. Three daily light integral treatments, 24.6, 19.8, and 15.1 mol m−2 d−1, were imposed over each of these 4 treatments. Plants also were grown in a 22714° glasshouse with 2 daily light integral treatments (18.2 or 11.3 mol m−2 d−1). A chlormequat (CCC) drench was applied to half of the plants immediately before the treatments were started. For the period between the 6th leaf and visible bud stages, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf weight, shoot dry weight, leaf canopy height, and time to visible bud were determined mostly by daily mean temperature rather than by day or night temperature. Most plant growth characteristics, but not the flower bud development rate from 6th leaf to visible bud, were enhanced by supplemental CO2 and suppressed by CCC. After reaching the visible bud stage, plants from some treatments were moved into 24715° CE temperature conditions with or without CO2, whereas others were moved to a glasshouse until harvest at the 1st floret anthesis stage. Between visible bud and anthesis, CCC was the major factor affecting vegetative growth regardless of whether the plants were with or without supplemental CO2 in CE rooms, or in a glasshouse. Anthesis was delayed by about 10 days in the glasshouse compared to the CE treatments but was unaffected by CO2 or CCC treatments. Carbohydrate concentrations were highest (starch 14%, sugar 5%) in plant leaves grown with supplemental CO2 and without CCC, and lowest with no added CO2 but with CCC in all CE treatments. The concentrations were reduced (starch 0.5%, sugar 2.5%) in plant leaves grown in a glasshouse from 6th leaf stage to anthesis because of low daily light integrals and no supplemental CO2.
The Role of Bud Scales in the Dormancy of Apples
Authors: Swartz Harry Jan , Geyer Anne S. , Powell Loyd E. , Lin Shung-Hui Cynthia
Published: August 2022

Removal of bud scales hastened bud burst of several early and late blooming apple cultivars. Descaling was most effective during the onset and end of rest. During deep rest, bud scale removal was effective only when applied 2 weeks before forcing conditions. Extracts of bud scales inhibited apple bud break in vitro. Abscisic acid (ABA) may have been responsible for part or all of this bioactivity, since ABA occurred in bud scale diffusates and could replace or reinforce the bud scales in vitro. Wound-produced ethylene was not involved in the bud scale removal response.
Genetics of Flower Color in Spider Flower
Authors: Ladd Donn L. , Albrecht Mary Lewnes , Clayberg Carl D.
Published: August 2022

Cleome hasslerana Chod., a cross-pollinated species, has 5 corolla colors: violet, lilac, red, pink, and white. F1 and F2 progenies produced from crosses among the cultivars Helen Campbell Snow Crown, Cherry Queen, Pink Queen, and Violet Queen indicate that 3 loci with 2 alleles per locus control flower color. The allele W, for colored corolla, is dominant to w, for white corolla; R, for violet color, is dominant to r for red; and I, for dilute flower color, is dominant to i, determining intense flower color.
Long-term Influence of Irrigation and Tree Density on Growth, Survival, and Production of Peach
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Tan C. S.
Published: August 2022

The effects of irrigation and tree density on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harken/Siberian C] production were investigated over 11 years. Irrigation improved growth of peach trees, lowered levels of winter injury and perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.), and promoted tree survival. Annual and cumulative marketable yields were increased, especially in the later years. Tree density did not affect perennial canker, winter injury, or tree survival. Reducing tree spacing increased resulted total growth per hectare and annual and cumulative marketable yields. Irrigation and density treatments usually did not interact and had an additive effect on growth and fruit production. The most productive management system (a combination of 50% available soil moisture and 536 trees/ha) resulted in accumulated yields over 8 years of 179 tonnes (t)/ha comparted with only 74 t/ha for the check treatment (no irrigation and 266 trees/ha).
Response of Six Grape Cultivars to the Combined Effects of High Salinity and Rootzone Waterlogging
Authors: West D. W. , Taylor J. A.
Published: August 2022

The effect of rootzone salinity (0 to 90 mM NaCl) on shoot growth of 6 grape cultivars [‘Sultana’ (syn. ‘Thompson Seedless’), ‘Carbernet Sauvignon’, ‘Crouchen’, ‘Shiraz’, ‘Doradillo’ and ‘Palomino’] grown as rooted cuttings was determined in sand cultures. Relative shoot growth values over 23 days with salt were ‘Palomino’ 100, ‘Sultana’ 94, ‘Shiraz’ 87, ‘Crouchen’ 83, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ 63, and ‘Doradillo’ 59. Application of concurrent waterlogging (anaerobiosis) stress on the root system depressed shoot growth more than salt stress alone and changed the ranking for shoot growth. Waterlogging increased total uptake of Na and Cl, increased the amount of Na and Cl transported into the shoots, and resulted in visible leaf damage within 5 days of the onset of the waterlogging.
Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth Responses of Mature ‘Fantasia’ Nectarine Trees to Paclobutrazol
Authors: DeJong T. M. , Doyle J. F.
Published: August 2022

Mature trees of ‘Fantasia’ nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch. ‘Fantasia’) were treated with the chemical growth regulator paclobutrazol (PP333) in the spring of 1983. Net photosynthetic gas exchange measurements were conducted on treated and control trees in the field at monthly intervals from May through September. Growth responses were measured at the end of the growing season. The paclobutrazol treatment resulted in a 67.9% decrease in annual extension shoot growth compared to controls and no apparent decrease in fruit yield or leaf photosynthetic rate. Total tree leaf area was reduced at the end of the season by an estimated 54.5% (so total tree photosynthesis may have been reduced). There were no apparent effects of either the presence of fruit or stage of fruit maturity on leaf CO2 assimilation rate. Newly produced extension shoots on treated trees had shorter internodes, larger diameters, more flower buds per unit length, higher specific shoot dry weights but fewer buds per unit shoot dry weight, than on untreated trees.
Influence of Container Medium, Lime, and Nitrogen Source on Growth of Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Sartain Jerry B. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: August 2022

Juniperus horizontalis ‘Andorra Compacta’ and Rhododendron simsii ‘Redwing’ were grown for 6 months in 3 media to evaluate selected nutrient sources at 2 lime levels. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) induced the lowest final medium pH, and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) induced the highest. Lime application to the 2 Canadian peat : 1 calcined clay medium (v/v) was detrimental to ‘Redwing’ azalea shoot growth. Nutrient source did not affect shoot or root growth of azaleas growing in the 2 pine bark : 1 sand medium (v/v). In general, SCU produced more azalea shoot and root growth than the other nutrient sources. Liming decreased juniper shoot growth in the 1 pine bark : 1 Canadian peat : 1 sand medium (by volume). Oxamide and Osmocote produced significantly more juniper shoot growth in the pine bark : sand and pine bark : Canadian peat : sand media than other nutrient sources. After 6 months, plants fertilized with either IBDU or SCU had a higher concentration of leaf N than did those fertilized with Osmocote (18N–2.6P–10K).
Fertilizer Burn Comparisons of Concentrated Liquid Fertilizers Applied to Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Johnson Sally J. , Christians Nick E.
Published: August 2022

Concentrated solutions of Fluf, Fluf-Plus, Tuf, Fan NPK, Formolene, Maxigro-Plus, urea, and Folian were applied at 12.2, 24.4, and 48.8 kg N/ha with a gravity-fed, spinning disk, liquid applicator to a blend of Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L. ‘Adelphi’, ‘Aquila’, ‘Glade’, and ‘Parade’) at times when environmental conditions were conducive to foliar burn. The methylene ureas, including Fluf, Fluf-Plus, and Tuf caused minimal burn at all rates of N. Formolene could be safely applied at 12.2 and 24.4 kg N/ha, and remained marginally acceptable at 48.8 kg N/ha. Fan NPK, urea, and Folian caused unacceptable levels of fertilizer burn at rates greater than 24.4 kg N/ha.
The Maturation and Ripening of the ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Segal N. , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia
Published: August 2022

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. ‘Wonderful’) fruit reached horticultural maturity for commercial harvest when the soluble solids content (SSC) attained a fairly constant level of 15%. The level of titratable acidity (TA) varied from one location to another and from one year to the next but also generally remained stable at the same time that the SSC reached 15%. After harvest, there was no further change in either SSC or TA at 20°C, but redness of the juice continued to increase in intensity up to and after harvest. The respiration pattern of the mature fruit was of the nonclimacteric type, with only traces of ethylene evolved on occasion. Ethylene treatment of the fruit caused a rapid transient rise in CO2 evolution but no changes in SSC, TA, and fruit or juice color. A pseudo-climacteric pattern of respiration was found in very young immature fruit. The respiration rate of dehisced arils paralleled that of the intact fruit, but there was no response to exogenous ethylene treatment. Ethylene evidently stimulated the CO2 output only of the fruit rind.
Factors Influencing Winter Hardiness of Flower Buds and Stems of Evergreen Azaleas1
Authors: Lumis G. P. , Mecklenburg R. A. , Sink K. C.
Published: August 2022

Two evergreen azalea clones, Rhododendron × ‘Maryann’ and R. poukhanense Levl., were studied in outdoor and controlled freezing experiments during 2 winters. Outdoor experiments revealed that 1) flower bud injury occurred in mid-winter, 2) flower buds of R. poukhanense were less hardy than those of R. ‘Maryann’, 3) splitting of apical stems often accompanied injury in R. poukhanense, and 4) a significant difference existed between the 2 clones in apical stem water percentage during December and January. In the laboratory freezing tests, initial injury occurred in the apical stem pith and at a higher temp than that which injured the flower bud. When twig water content of R. poukhanense was reduced prior to freezing, stem splitting was prevented and the twigs survived exposure to lower temp. Large ice masses were observed in the vascular tissue of R. poukhanense when the frozen twigs were sectioned. Water content and ice crystal development were the primary factors affecting survival of both clones.
Ethylene Diffusion Through Citrus Leaf and Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

Studies with enzymatically isolated cuticles revealed that the abaxial cuticle was the primary site of ethylene diffusion from the leaf. With fruits, the flavedo and cuticle of the rind were found to offer considerable resistance to ethylene diffusion. The albedo was quite permeable. Measurement at various positions on the fruit show that the point of stem attachment was apparently the path of least resistance for ethylene diffusion from the fruit cavity.
Breeding Behavior of Polyploid Dendrobium Orchids1
Authors: Kamemoto H. , Meeyot W. , Takeshita M.
Published: August 2022

The breeding behavior of polyploid Dendrobium orchids (N=19) was investigated by making crosses involving diploids, triploids and tetraploids. Seedlings were obtained from various combinations, although the percentages of viable seed was low for crosses involving triploids. 2N × 2N crosses produced 2N offspring, 4N × 4N crosses produced 4N offspring and 2N × 4N and 4N × 2N crosses produced 3N offspring. 2N × 3N and 3N × 2N crosses gave rise to predominantly 4N progenies and small percentages of aneuploids between the 2N and 3N levels. The increase in ploidy can be attributed to the functioning of unreduced 3N gametes from the 3N parent and the normally reduced N gametes from the 2N parent. 3N × 4N and 4N × 3N crosses produced variable progenies of 5N and aneuploid offspring between the 3N and 4N levels.
Effects of Seasonal Interactions of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Content of Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Asif Mir I. , Greig J. K.
Published: August 2022

Pod yields, nutrient content of plant tissues, and NO3-N accumulation in pods were determined for snap beans grown at 4 N and 2 P-K levels in the spring and fall seasons of 1968 and 1969. Increased N applications resulted in increased pod yields, higher levels of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the plants, and accumulation of NO3 in pods; however, the NO3 effects varied between years. Applied P-K reduced pod yield, increased Fe content of plants but antagonized Mg and Zn uptake. Of plant parts, pods accumulated the most N, P, and Zn; leaves, the most K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn; and stems, the most Cu. Seasonal influence of N and P-K application rate on yield was not consistent. In general, beans had higher nutrient content in the spring than in the fall. Translocation of K, Ca, Fe, and Cu was influenced by season.
The Evaporative Cooling Effects of Overtree Sprinkler Irrigation on ‘Red Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Unrath C. R.
Published: August 2022

Low vol overtree sprinkler irrigation was used on ‘Starkrimson Red Delicious’ apples during 2 successive growing seasons to determine the potential for moderating environmental extremes and reducing moisture stress through evaporative cooling. Irrigation, applied when air temp exceeded 87°F, substantially cooled plant tissues. In addition a residual cooling effect from evaporation of irrigation water following application was evident. The fruit exhibited the greatest amount of cooling (avg of 12.1° and 8.1°F in 1969 and 1970, respectively) because evaporation cooling negated radiation heating which normally caused fruit temp to be well above air temp. Cooling effects were proportional to length of operation of the irrigation system.
Rest Period and Flower Development in Cranberry1
Authors: Rigby Bruce , Dana M. N.
Published: August 2022

The rest period and the development of cranberry flowers, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., cv. Stevens, were studied for 2 consecutive years. Long days were found to be necessary for the normal outgrowth of the fruit bud; no flowers were produced under short days. Increased chilling was required to produce bud break when the plants were given short days. Under favorable light conditions, 80% of the buds grew out after 600 hr below 45°F. Production of normal flowers was not ensured by satisfaction of cold requirement but also involved exposure of buds to temp above 45°F.

Gibberellic acid (GA3) caused 80% or more of the buds to break, regardless of chilling treatment, and caused faster bud break even after adequate chilling. Functionally “male-sterile” flowers with contorted anther tubes were produced occasionally from buds given adequate chilling and GA3.
Sensitivity of Tomato Cultivars to Ozone1,3
Authors: Reinert Richard A. , Tingey David T. , Carter Hershell B.
Published: August 2022

Twelve cultivars of tomato were exposed to 40 pphm ozone for 1.5 hr in separate morning and afternoon exposures to determine differences in cultivar sensitivity. Nearly all of the cultivars exposed in the afternoon developed more injury than similar cultivars exposed in the morning. Cultivar ranking, however, was the same in morning and afternoon exposures. ‘Roma VF’ and ‘Red Cherry’ were among the most sensitive cultivars tested and ‘Heinz 1439’ and ‘VF 145B’ were the least sensitive of the 12 tomato cultivars tested.
Cranberry Yield and Anthocyanin Content as Influenced by Ethephon, SADH, and Malathion1
Authors: Eck Paul
Published: August 2022

In 3 consecutive years of treatment, ethephon applied at the rate of 1 lb./A of active material and malathion at 21/2 lb./A of active material, 2 weeks before harvest, increased anthocyanin content in ‘Early Black’ cranberries, but SADH at 4 and 8 lb./A did not. None of the materials adversely affected yield or berry size during the 3 years of testing.
Anatomical Changes in Developing Graft Unions of Juniperus L.1
Authors: Evans G. E. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: August 2022

Comparative studies of clonal anatomy revealed visible differences in medullary ray cell diam in juniper cultivars with different chromosome numbers. Histological studies, made at 10-day intervals for 60 days after grafting showed no differences in developmental sequence but only differences in rate at which each stage occurred. Callus tissue form ation began 10 - 20 days after grafting; first in ‘Fountain’ and last in ‘Pfitzeriana Kallay’. Isodiametric cells from uninjured cambia appeared by the 20th day except with ‘Pfitzeriana Kallay’ scions. By an alternating series of radial and tangential divisions, these cells overwalled the injured graft surfaces, but was less pronounced in closely fitted grafts. Overwalling cells did not occur in ‘Pfitzeriana Kallay’ until 30 days after grafting. By 40 - 50 days, overwalling cells began, by radial divisions to produce organized cells which filled voids between graft partners and crushed intervening callus. Mixing of newly formed cells between stock and scion cambia occurred 50 - 60 days after grafting. These cells assumed the spindle-shape of typical tracheids and were oriented into a “cambial bridge.” New, normally oriented xylem subsequently formed from this new cambial tissue. In typical grafts, most new tissue arose from the understock prior to the 50th day after grafting. At 60 days, contribution from stock and scion were equivalent. Adjacent walls of mixed graft tissue were found to be unmodified and appeared as paired structures each with a middle lamella and secondary wall thickenings. Abnormally large numbers of pits were observed at the graft union.
Inheritance of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistance in Southern Pea, Vigna sinensis (Torner) S.1
Authors: Reeder B. D. , Norton J. D. , Chambliss O. L.
Published: August 2022

A high level of resistance to the cowpea strain of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV-CS) in southern pea, Vigna sinensis, was found in P.I. 297562. Its mode of inheritance was determined in crosses with 3 susceptible cvs.: Knuckle Purple Hull, Mississippi Silver, Princess Anne, and an Alabama breeding line, Ala. 562.3-1-2.

Results of virus inoculation tests of F1, F2 and backcross populations showed that resistance in P.I. 297562 was governed by a single recessive gene pair. The high level of resistance of P.I. 297562 should prove valuable for breeding and development of resistant cultivars.
Degreening and Abscission of Citrus Fruit with Preharvest Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon)1,2,3
Authors: Young Roger , Jahn Otto
Published: August 2022

(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a preharvest spray at rates of 200, 300, and 500 ppm induced significant on-the-tree degreening of fruit of ‘Robinson’, ‘Lee’ ‘Nova’, and ‘Dancy’ tangerines and ‘Hamlin’ oranges. Greatest degreening occurred 2 to 6 days following application and subsequent to peak-ethylene evolution. Fruit which were partially or totally degreened on the tree required less postharvest degreening and showed less decay in storage than untreated fruit. Ethephon applied at 200 to 500 ppm induced varying degrees of fruit loosening and, often, fruit drop. Generally, less than 10% ofthe leaves abscised on all cultivars with rates under 200 ppm and on ‘Nova’ and ‘Dancy’ tangerines and ‘Hamlin’ oranges with rates under 500 ppm. Considerable leaf abscission occurred on ‘Robinson’ and ‘Lee’ tangerines treated with 300 and 500 ppm ethephon.
Effects of Plant Density, Training, and Pruning on Blackberry Yield1
Authors: Sheets W. A. , Bullock R. M. , Garren R.
Published: August 2022

Plant density and date of training significantly affected the yield of the ‘Marion’ blackberry spaced at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ft. Canes were trained in August, September, October and February, with a single variable in pruning. Four-year averages indicate highly significant increases in yield per acre at the higher plant densities. Highest yields were obtained from August-trained plants followed in order of yield by February, September and October-trained plants. Differences in yields due to pruning treatment were small and not significant. Increased yield from August-trained plants is attributed to stimulation of axillary buds and their subsequent lateral growth on which fruit buds developed.
Irradiation of Color Sports of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Rome’ Apples1
Authors: Charlotte Pratt , Way R. D. , Ourecky D. K.
Published: August 2022

Several color sports of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Rome Beauty’ were irradiated with gamma rays as growing trees or as dormant scions. Four sports of ‘Delicious’ and 3 of ‘Rome’ showed radiation-induced reversions in fruit color pattern from blushed to striped or to less red color. Not all cultivars showed spontaneous reversions. Most of the anthocyanin-containing cells producing the red color of the sports occurred in the hypodermis, which was derived from layer II of the apical meristem. The color sports were hypothesized to be periclinal chimeras with a mutation favoring increased anthocyanin in layer II or, by layer reduplication, in both layers II and III. The former chimeras would be more likely to revert than the latter.
The Use of Individual Fruit (Intraplot) Variance as a Technique to Evaluate Peach Fruit Uniformity1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Byrd W. P. , Gambrell C. E.
Published: August 2022

Peach samples were taken by removing all fruit from preselected limbs at 1 date for each treatment just prior to the 1st commercial harvest, Maturity was evaluated by the indices of firmness, size, undercolor, and overcolor. The estimates of variance among fruit for the maturity attributes were used to objectively measure fruit uniformity. These estimates of variance were then subjected to the analysis of variance to test for differences of fruit uniformity among growth regulator treatments.
Influence of a Controlled Atmosphere, Temperature, and Ripeness on Bacterial Soft Rot of Tomatoes1
Authors: Parsons C. S. , Spalding D. H.
Published: August 2022

Four cultivars of tomatoes inoculated with soft rot bacteria and held 6 days at 55°F kept better in a controlled atmosphere (CA) with 3% O2 and 5% CO2 than in air. Red, or ripe, fruits developed less decay than unripe fruits. Decay lesions were smaller on fruits stored in CA than on those stored in air, but CA did not control decay. The lesions were also smaller on red tomatoes than on pink, breaking or green tomatoes. With inoculated tomatoes (cv. Homestead), red fruit kept better than green at 45°, 55°, and 65°F. The size of decay lesions was directly related to temp. At 55°F inoculated tomatoes kept better in CA than in air. At 45° or 65°F, they kept equally well in CA and air.
Quality of ‘Lula’ Avocados Stored in Controlled Atmospheres with or without Ethylene1
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Reeder William F.
Published: August 2022

Storage of ‘Lula’ avocados in controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% oxygen (O2) and 10% carbon dioxide (CO2) at 50°F for 30, 45, and 60 days resulted in more acceptable fruit than storage in air at this temp for similar durations. The removal of ethylene from the storage chambers increased the percentage of acceptable fruits, especially in the lots stored 60 days. CA-stored avocados, when placed in air at 70°F, softened more slowly than similar fruits that had been stored in air, and those stored without ethylene softened more slowly than those stored with ethylene. Anthracnose decay was the primary factor affecting acceptability, especially during the softening period at 70°F
The Variable Flowering Response of Salvia splendens Sello to Daylength1
Authors: Weiler T. C.
Published: August 2022

The late flowering, tall Salvia cultivars flowered faster, were shorter, and had fewer nodes per plant under a short daylength, while the early flowering, short cultivars responded only slightly to daylength differences. Early and late, short and tall cultivars have perhaps been derived as selections from a pool of variable photoperiodic sensitivities.
The Effect of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and Other Growth Regulating Chemicals on Peach Fruit Maturation1
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Emerson Frank H. , Dostal Herbert C.
Published: August 2022

Succinic-acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applications hastened the maturity of peach fruit when trees were sprayed during fruit growth stages I, II and III. The greatest hastening of fruit maturity was evident with high concn of SADH (4000 and 8000 ppm) applied between the mid-point and the end of stage I. The optimum concn during stage II for hastening maturity was 1000 ppm. Applications of SADH in stage III hastened fruit color development but had little effect on other indices of maturation. Five of 6 SADH analogues were effective in hastening fruit maturation when applied in the first half of stage II. The growth retardants Amo 1618 and £CC did not hasten peach fruit maturation.
An Analysis of Research Trends on Career Motivation: Review of Domestic/International Journal Articles (1997-2021)
Authors:   Human Engagement Institute, Park Jee Yeon , Jang Hwan Young
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to explore some critical issues and propose future research topics regarding ‘career motivation’ through content analysis of past research. To do this, the researchers selected 77 domestic/international articles that dealt with the concept of career motivation. We reviewed research trends and issues found in the fields, methods, and themes of research and its publication years. The research found that career motivation articles were published mostly from 2015 to 2021 and that a majority of articles utilized quantitative research methods, especially survey methods. In terms of research fields, international papers were published mainly in the field of education services, while surveys across domestic papers were carried out mostly on the employees of the manufacturing industry. To review research themes systematically, the researchers employed system framework, Input-Process-Output, and investigated research topics from individual and organizational viewpoints. The results revealed insufficient qualitative exploration of the deep meaning and working dynamics of career motivation. In contrast, a sufficient number of studies about the quantitative causal relationship between career motivation and other variables were carried out. This study discussed the implications of the research results and proposed future research topics as a conclusion.
Metal source and hydrothermal evolution of the Jiaoxi quartz vein-type tungsten deposit (Tibet): Insights from textural and compositional variations of wolframite and scheelite
Authors: Wang Yong , He Chuankai , Tang Juxing , Huizenga Jan Marten , Wang Liqiang , Lang Xinghai
Published: August 2022

We evaluate the controlling factors of hydrothermal wolframite and scheelite precipitation in the quartz vein-type Jiaoxi tungsten deposit situated in the western part of the Lhasa terrane (Tibet, China) using texture, major and trace element mineral geochemistry, and sulfur stable isotope geochemistry. Pyrite and chalcopyrite that are intergrown with Fe-enriched wolframite and siderite, have distinct in situ S isotope compositions (δ34SV-CDT) of −31.38 to +1.77‰, and +2.07 to +2.30‰, respectively. Major and trace element contents and in situ S isotope compositions of pyrite and chalcopyrite indicate that the hydrothermal evolution involved fluid-fluid mixing and greisenization. We report evidence for an early magmatic fluid, which is characterized by the enrichment of W, Mn, Zr, Ti, Sc, and Sn and depletion of Fe. This magmatic fluid was diluted by meteoric water and interacted with biotite monzogranite porphyry to leach Fe, Mg, and Zn into the system to form wolframites with variable Fe/(Fe+Mn) ratios ranging between 0.06–0.84. The late Fe-enriched magmatic fluid released from the muscovite granite mixed with meteoric water that leached minor Fe and S from shale to form late shale-hosted wolframite with a Fe/(Fe+Mn) mass ratio of >0.75 and coeval siderite and sulfides. This study highlights that multiple Fe sources were present in the system, including muscovite granite-released Fe through fluid exsolution, biotite monzogranite porphyry-released Fe during greisenization, and minor Fe released from the shale as a result of meteoric water leaching.
The Developed Relations between Social Class and Language in United Kingdom and United State of America
Authors: Lainiyah Laily , Musfiro Tadkiroatun
Published: August 2022

There has been an arising issue related to the correlation between language and social among social communities in United Kingdom and America. Both of the social communities usually employ different language varieties which are in accordance to the position of social class. In England, the higher social community tends to use Received Pronunciation while the lower social community tends to use estuary accent. On the other hand, in America, the higher social community tends to use Standard English while the lower social community tends to use African American English. The present study primarily focuses on the relationship between language and social class in United Kingdom and America in which the association of the language and social class is described qualitatively through reviewing any literatures related to the aforementioned issue. After examining the data, it is showed that, nowadays, even though Received Pronunciation is considered as the standard English in United Kingdom, the speakers of the language are only 3%. Furthermore, the Estuary accent is now used by the broadcasting station even though in the past they only used the Received Pronunciation. In addition, African American Language, which is considered as the language of lower social class, in the present day is also used by white people as upper class in America
The Classroom Management Approach in the Grammar Practice Class
Authors: Rochma Anis Firdatul , Wibawa Sutrisna , Basikin Basikin
Published: August 2022

The grammatical competence is a capacity that is considered necessary to organize words and sentences accurately. Since the teaching of grammar means training the students to improve their communicative competence as well, thus it requires a great deal of time. Although the adequate grammar learning classrooms have been managed, yet the additional grammar practice class is considered necessary to carry out. A number of studies related to traditional and modern grammar learning activities have been conducted. However, there are only a few interests on the classroom management approaches utilized in the grammar practice class. Hence, this study is conducted to analyze the systems, structures, and expectations of the grammar practice class conducted by the English Department at a university in Indonesia. The four primary approaches of classroom management are selected as the main framework in this study. The case study research is chosen to portray the structure of grammar practice class to reveal a particular classroom management approach employed in this program. The process of data analysis discloses that the grammar practice class utilizes the assertive discipline. As a result, the grammar instructor is likely to be classroom leader to create a systematic classroom management.
Alleviating Anxiety, Boosting Confidence: A Proposed Model of Willis’ Task-based Learning
Authors: Subekti Adaninggar Septi
Published: August 2022

Sufficient attention to the second language (L2) learners' individual differences (IDs) should be given in instructional design as IDs affect differing results of individual learner’s ultimate L2 achievement. To that, this paper presents an example of a lesson plan developed using Willis’ Task-based Learning (TBL). Willis’ TBL framework is selected as it is argued that the framework offers more advantages than Presentation-Practice-Production (PPP) does in terms of the communicative goals and accommodating learners’ affect. The lesson plan is informed by the findings and pedagogical implications of numerous studies on IDs suggesting that L2 instruction should be best designed to accommodate learners’ IDs, for example, but not limited to, minimising learners’ anxiety and boosting their confidence in speaking, through providing a psychologically safe environment stimulating learners’ risk-taking behaviours in L2 learning. Rationales of each stage in the lesson plan are provided to better illustrate how the lesson plan is manifested in the classroom concerning learners' ego and feeling.
Reality and Relation in Antara News Article Related to Law Revision of Corruption Eradication Commission
Authors: Isnaeni Diah Mutiara , Saragih Amrin , Nurlela Nurlela
Published: August 2022

This study aims at analyzing the reality and relation in Antara news article related to law revision of Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi/KPK). The The reality is realized in experiential function that consists transitivity system while relation is revealed by logical function that consists of the status and its logico-semantic relation. The source of data of this study is Antara online news article. The data of this study is the clauses which are presented in the content of the news article. This study uses descriptive qualitative method by applying documentation technique and are analyzed by interactive model. After the data analyzed, it is found that the reality in Antara News realized in five of the six processes by having no occurence of behavioral process and the verbal one becomes its dominance. For its relation, both status of clause, either parataxis or hypotaxis are realized in Antara news article which are engaged in expansion and projection as the logico semantic relation. From the ten configurations of logical function, Antara News only has eight of them. The findings lead this research to  have one conclusion that that Antara News, as the news article which is funded by Government is definetely pro to the government policy since they believe that the revision is prominent to strengthen the sustainability of KPK as an independent constitution to eradict coruption in Indonesia.
An Analysis of Lexical Neologisms on Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic to Enhance Morphological Knowledge
Authors: Afrika Alni Sidqiyah , Kheryadi Kheryadi , Sa'diah Siti , Suaidi Afif
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study is to find neologisms formed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as to categorize the content terms and describe the neologisms' word-formation processes. The qualitative method was used in this study, which was based on a content analysis approach. The focus of this study was on online articles and news portal websites that focused on the lexical problem of language used in the production of neologisms, with the goal of enriching the understanding of neologism as a study of analytical issue during the coronavirus pandemic. It was gathered using document reading and note-taking approaches. In addition, the referential identity technique was employed to examine the data in this study. The findings of this study demonstrate that 28 neologisms were discovered during the research process. There are three types of content words that have been discovered: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Borrowing, derivation, compounding, clipping, blending, coinage, and multiple processes are among the seven categories of word-formation processes identified in this study. Finally, it can draw some meaningful results about the use of morphology learning strategies to engage the teaching and learning process so that learners can consistently achieve learning objectives.
English and Arabic Vowels: Ferreting Out the Similarity for Bridging Pronunciation Accuracy
Authors: Gusdian Rosalin Ismayoeng , Lestiono Riski
Published: August 2022

This study aimed at exploring the similarity between Arabic and English vowel sounds that may benefit Indonesians to pronounce some English vowels. This investigation approached whether their Arabic acquisition could facilitate their learning target language, which is English. To come up with the sought-after similarities, requiring an in-depth study on the existing literatures discussing the phonetic features of those two languages was the step to take. Accordingly, an archival study was selected and employed as a qualitative research design supported by the secondary data analysis method. Several kinds of literatures as the data sources were comprising scholarly journal articles, theory books of Arabic and English phonology, and proceedings. All of the data were available online and were readily accessed through several search-engine platforms; one of which was Google Scholar. The data collection process involved identifying the data set, evaluating the data set, tabulating, and synthesizing the data. The findings have articulated that English and Arabic languages have lax/short and tensed/long vowels. The short vowels comprised /ʌ/; /ɪ/; and /ʊ/. Meanwhile, the long vowels encompassed /a:/, /i:/, and /u:/. This sort of similarity has conveyed the notion of linguistic proximity, which contributes to language transfers upon acquiring the target language.
A Case Study of Academic Vocabulary in a Novice Student’s Writing at a UK University
Authors: Therova Dana
Published: August 2022

Mastering appropriate writing style is one of the challenges frequently experienced by novice student writers entering higher education. Developing academic writing skills is, however, crucial for students new to academic settings since written assignments constitute the main form of assessment in tertiary education. Novice student writers thus need to acquire the writing conventions used in academic settings to achieve success in high-stakes assessment. Underlying success in academic writing is the usage of academic vocabulary regarded as a key feature of academic writing style. Through textual analysis accompanied by interview data utilising the ‘talk around text’ technique, this corpus-based case study reports on the deployment of academic vocabulary in four genres of assessed academic writing produced by one international foundation-level student at a UK university. The findings reveal a small number of newly acquired academic vocabulary items deployed in each written assignment with all new academic words having been acquired from reading materials. In addition, the important role that the topic and genre play in student written production becomes apparent. These findings have potentially important pedagogical implication for contexts catering for novice student writers entering tertiary education, such as foundation programmes or pre-sessional courses.
Functional Patterns of Lexical Bundles and Limitations in Academic Writing by Thai L2 English Learners
Authors: Khamkhien Attapol
Published: August 2022

Lexical bundles, which serve as markers of fluent and appropriate language use, are referred to as "building blocks of discourse" because they occur frequently in written texts and help readers and writers process information more quickly. They also provide important linguistic functions. However, lexical bundles can vary across genres, domains and even sections of the same work, which can be challenging for novice and non-native writers. The purposes of this study are to explore how Thai L2 undergraduate students use lexical bundles in their academic papers written in English and to compare the use of lexical bundles with that in two written corpora: the British Academic Written English (BAWE) and Cambridge Academic English (CAE). A total of 53 research reports, or approximately 615,750 words, from Thai L2 students of English language studies and applied linguistics were systematically compiled and analysed. The most frequent four-word n-grams in the corpora were then identified and their types and functions categorised. Keyword analysis was used to compare the key n-grams identified in each academic corpus. The results show that native and non-native writers use lexical bundles in rather different ways. Some patterns that did not occur in the reference corpus were overused by Thai L2 English students. The data suggest that the inclusion of phraseology in L2 writing instruction has pedagogical implications. This study can be of great pedagogical value, especially for EAP instructors, as it reveals frequent patterns in the form of a pedagogically useful list of word combinations. By extension, the data presented can be used by non-native writers or academics, especially novice Thai writers, to improve their use of phraseological patterns in writing academic research reports or writing for publication.
Two Heads Writing Together, Is Collaborative Writing Better?: Exploring Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Sitompul Siti Kholija , Anditasari Amira Wahyu
Published: August 2022

Collaborative writing is considered an important skill in 21st-century learning, covering communication, creativity, and critical thinking. It has been proven to enhance students' writing skills. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating students' perceptions of collaborative writing. The perception was investigated through survey research by distributing a printed questionnaire to 31 students in grade ten at State Vocational School 1 of Portibi, North Sumatra. The questionnaire was a closed-ended version consisting of 11 questions, divided into meaningfulness and competence aspects. The questionnaire results were classified based on the Means scales, the Median, the Modes, and the Standard Deviation. The results showed the students' positive views (67.74%) regarding the usefulness of collaborative writing. The usefulness refers to the ease of constructing ideas, executing the writing process, understanding the concept of writing, and enhancing students' confidence. Additionally, students perceived the benefits of collaborative writing through discussion and peer review processes. They considered it as a meaningful process where they learned from their own and peers' mistakes. However, some students perceived it negatively since collaborative writing took more time than individual writing. Finding students' perceptions will be a reference for English teachers to improve the teaching writing through collaborative writing and find the strengths and weaknesses of collaboration. To acquire the usefulness and meaningfulness of collaborative writing, it was suggested that collaborative writing must be well acknowledged and designed based on students' conditions, level, and background.
High School Students’ Motivation and Help-Seeking Strategies in English Language Learning
Authors: Averina Fidelis Elleny , Kuswandono Paulus
Published: August 2022

Motivation and help-seeking as self-regulated learning strategies are essential for the students to increase academic persistence, cope with academic challenges, and take an active role in their learning process. To date, self-regulated learning strategy and motivation in learning have been extensively studied. However, little attention and effort have been made to investigate the correlation between a motivation variable and help-seeking strategy at the Indonesian high school level. To fill the gap in the previous research, this study aimed to investigate high school students’ motivation in learning English and the extent to which it correlated with their help-seeking strategy. To reach the aforementioned aim, a correlational-method design was applied in this research. The researchers gathered the data using two types of data collection techniques, namely a close-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interview to provide triangulation. Ninety-eight students of a private senior high school in Cirebon, Indonesia were involved in this study. The findings revealed that those high school students tended to be instrumentally motivated in learning English. Furthermore, they were also reported to have positive attitudes and good initiatives to engage in help-seeking strategies whenever it was necessary. From the statistical calculation utilizing SPSS version 25, it was found that motivation and help-seeking strategy had a strong positive correlation (r=.645), which inferred that as the students had a high level of motivation; they were more inclined to engage in help-seeking strategies.