bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The President Is in: Public Opinion and the Presidential Use of Twitter
Authors: Pain Paromita , Masullo Chen Gina
Published: June 2019

Analyzing President Trump’s Tweets ( N = 30,386) with the first tweet starting from 4 May 2009, this article looks at the nature of his conversations with the public and the building of public support for his candidacy, till he assumed office on January 2017. Drawing theoretically on deliberative democracy and technological populism as performance, this study, among the earliest to use interpretative qualitative analysis, reveals the different themes in his discourse, rather than only highlight specific attributes of his tweets. Our analysis shows that Trump tweets frequently and casts himself as a political outsider who can alone save America. His racist and sexist language with his confrontational style leaves no room for deliberative discourse. His messages may be populist in character, but they are aversive and uncivil and lack normative attributes of deliberation that one would expect in the leader of a powerful nation, such as the United States. These characteristics have been present in his tweets even as a private citizen. This research makes a new contribution to our understanding of how Trump uses Twitter, starting from before he emerged as a contender for the presidential office, and the discourses that emanate from his use of Twitter to make broader inferences about the messages the public is receiving from Trump.
Listening to Unaffiliated Users of the Academic Library
Authors: Singh Monica , Emmelhainz Celia
Published: June 2019

We know that unaffiliated users access books, reference services, and databases at our libraries, but how do they experience this access? The library science literature reveals a range of ethical concerns around how we serve unaffiliated users, meaning those who are not current students, faculty, or staff. Yet this literature is often based on librarian perspectives rather than on conversations with the unaffiliated users themselves. In this pilot study we interviewed 10 unaffiliated users to better understand their perceptions of a large academic library and how the library fits into their daily habits. Emerging patterns include a respect for the depth of academic collections, an appreciation of how physical spaces shape their campus experience, and a persistent sense of nonbelonging as people who are not students at our university—even if they are affiliated to another institution. In conclusion, we suggest ways that librarians can invite unaffiliated users onto campus as guests in the academic library community.
Active Apex Correction With Guided Growth Technique for Controlling Spinal Deformity in Growing Children: A Modified SHILLA Technique
Authors: Agarwal Aakash , Aker Loai , Ahmad Alaaeldin Azmi
Published: June 2019

Study Design:

A retrospective study.

Objective:

To determine if active remodulation in the apex of the curve is possible in scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis patients, using a modified SHILLA; active apex correction (APC) technique for guided growth.

Method:

Twenty patients with either scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis underwent a modified SHILLA approach, where instead of apical fusion, APC was applied. In this modified technique, the most wedged vertebra was selected followed by insertion of pedicle screws in the convex side of the vertebrae above and below the wedged one. The convex and concave heights of the wedged and control vertebrae were recorded at the time of the surgery and at follow-up duration, both using computed tomography.

Results:

The wedged vertebra demonstrated in average a 17% ( P = .00014) increase in the proportion of concave to convex heights ratio, whereas the control vertebra did not show any relative change in the wedged vertebra heights at the follow-ups.

Conclusion:

APC, instead of apical fusion in SHILLA remodulates the apex vertebra, which may in turn help mitigate loss of correction on long term due to crankshafting and adding-on.
Kinetic investigation of a controlled drug delivery system based on alginate scaffold with embedded voids
Authors: Bhasarkar Jaykumar , Bal Dharmendra
Published: June 2019

Alginate scaffold has been used widely for controlled release applications because of its ability to provide three-dimensional supports for formation of a gel matrix. Alginate gel scaffolds for drug delivery matrices were prepared using a fluidic device. N2 gas was used in the fluidic device to generate bubbles in the gel layer. The hydrogel matrices with induced voids were compared with hydrogel matrices without voids. This study attempted to identify the release mechanism of vitamin B12 from the two types of prepared scaffolds, and the data were fitted with different release kinetic models. The results revealed that the alginate scaffold exhibited a controlled release profile and that the corresponding release mechanism followed a first-order kinetic model. Hydrogel scaffolds fabricated with biocompatible polymers using fluidic methods could be promising for controlled drug delivery systems.
Two-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Our experience using allograft bone dowels
Authors: Theodorides Anthony A , Wall Owen R
Published: June 2019

The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is continuously increasing. As a result so has the need for revision ACLR, which unfortunately has worse functional outcomes and rate of return to sport. Revision ACLR can be performed as a single stage or in two stages. The latter is recommended in the presence of enlarged and/or malpositioned tunnels. We describe our surgical technique, experience and outcome of our first 19 patients in whom we used allograft bone dowels in the first stage of revision ACLR.
Community-Based Improvements to Increase Identification of Pregnant Women and Promote Linkages to Antenatal and HIV Care in Mozambique
Authors: Stover Kim Ethier , Shrestha Ram , Tsambe Isac , Mathe Percina Paulo
Published: June 2019

A Community Health System Strengthening model, which mobilizes communities by applying quality improvement, was used in 39 communities around 3 health centers in Gaza Province, Mozambique, to increase identification of pregnant women and support them to attend antenatal care (ANC). This article describes the process and results. Community group representatives formed a community improvement team to spread messages about the importance of ANC, identify pregnant women, link them to the facility, and follow up. Between March 2014 and February 2015, teams identified 2020 pregnant women. Antenatal care attendance increased at all 3 centers. One health center did an additional chart review and found that postintervention, women were enrolling in care earlier in pregnancy. There were no changes in HIV testing or treatment initiation for HIV-positive women. Community-led improvement initiatives play an important role in connecting pregnant women with services to receive testing and treatment to promote optimal health and prevent HIV transmission.
Return to Sport After Proximal Hamstring Tendon Repair: A Systematic Review
Authors: Belk John W. , Kraeutler Matthew J. , Mei-Dan Omer , Houck Darby A. , McCarty Eric C. , Mulcahey Mary K.
Published: June 2019

Background:

Previous studies have evaluated functional outcomes and return-to-sport rates after proximal hamstring tendon (HT) repair.

Purpose:

To systematically review the literature in an effort to evaluate return-to-sport rates after proximal HT repair.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify studies that evaluated postoperative lower extremity function and return-to-sport rates in patients after proximal HT repair. Search terms used were “hamstring,” “repair,” “return to sport,” and “return to play.” Patients were assessed based on return to sport, return to preinjury activity level, type of HT tear (complete or partial), and interval from injury to surgery. Patients were also divided into subgroups depending on timing of the surgical intervention: early, <1 month; delayed, 1 to 6 months; and late, >6 months from the time of injury.

Results:

Sixteen studies (one level 2, five level 3, ten level 4) met the inclusion criteria, including 374 patients with a complete proximal HT tear (CT group) and 93 patients with a partial proximal HT tear (PT group), with a mean follow-up of 2.9 years. Overall, 93.8% of patients (438/467) returned to sport, including 93.0% (348/374) in the CT group and 96.8% (90/93) in the PT group ( P = .18). The mean time to return to sport was 5.7 months, and 83.5% of patients (330/395) returned to their preinjury activity level. The early group demonstrated the greatest rate of return to sport at 94.4% (186/197) as well as the quickest time to return at a mean of 4.8 months, although this was not found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Over 90% of patients undergoing repair of a complete or partial proximal HT tear can be expected to return to sport regardless of the tear type. Early surgical interventions of these injuries may be associated with a quicker return to sport, although the rate of return to sport does not differ based on timing of the surgical intervention.
Climate change adaptation and precarity across the rural–urban divide in Cambodia: Towards a ‘climate precarity’ approach
Authors: Natarajan Nithya , Brickell Katherine , Parsons Laurie
Published: June 2019

An emerging body of work has critiqued the concept of climate adaptation, highlighting the structural constraints impeding marginalised communities across the Global South from being able to adapt. This article builds on such work through analysis of debt-bonded brick workers in Cambodia, formerly small farmers. It argues that the detrimental impacts of climate change experienced by farmers-turned-workers across the rural – urban divide is due to their precarity. In doing so, this article draws on a conceptualisation of precarity which recognises it as emerging from the specific political economy of Cambodia, and as something that is neither new, nor confined to conditions of labour alone. As such, in looking to precarity as a means of conceptualising the relations of power which shape impacts of climate change, we advance a ‘climate precarity’ lens as a means of understanding how adaptation to climate change is an issue of power, rooted in a specific geographical context, and mobile over the rural–urban divide.
Validity of the diagnosis of pneumonia in hospitalised patients with COPD
Authors: Finney Lydia J. , Padmanaban Vijay , Todd Samuel , Ahmed Nadia , Elkin Sarah L. , Mallia Patrick
Published: June 2019

Rationale

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia are two of the most common reasons for acute hospital admissions. Acute exacerbations and pneumonia present with similar symptoms in COPD patients, representing a diagnostic challenge with a significant impact on patient outcomes. The objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of radiographic consolidation with the discharge diagnoses of hospitalised COPD patients.

Methods

COPD patients admitted to three UK hospitals over a 3-year period were identified. Participants were included if they were admitted with an acute respiratory illness, COPD was confirmed by spirometry and a chest radiograph was performed within 24 h of admission. Pneumonia was defined as consolidation on chest radiograph reviewed by two independent observers

Results

There were 941 admissions in 621 patients included in the final analysis. In 235 admissions, consolidation was present on chest radiography and there were 706 admissions without consolidation. Of the 235 admissions with consolidation, only 42.9% had a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia; 90.7% of patients without consolidation had a discharge diagnosis of COPD exacerbation. The presence of consolidation was associated with increased rate of high-dependency care admission, increased mortality and prolonged length of stay. Inhaled corticosteroid use was associated with recurrent pneumonia.

Conclusions

Pneumonia is underdiagnosed in patients with COPD. Radiographic consolidation is associated with worse outcomes and prolonged length of stay. Incorrect diagnosis could result in inappropriate use of inhaled corticosteroids. Future guidelines should specifically address the diagnosis and management of pneumonia in COPD.
National practice patterns and direct medical costs for prostate cancer in Korea across a 10 year period: a nationwide population-based study using a national health insurance database
Authors: Kang Ho Won , Yun Seok-Joong , Chung Jae Il , Choi Hoon , Kim Jae Heon , Yu Ho Song , Ha Yun-Sok , Cho In-Chang , Kim Hyung Joon , Chung Hyun Chul , Koh Jun Sung , Kim Wun-Jae , Park Jong-Hyock , Lee Ji Youl , Kim So-Young
Published: June 2019

Background

A complete enumeration study was conducted to evaluate trends in national practice patterns and direct medical costs for prostate cancer (PCa) in Korea over a 10-year retrospective period using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service.

Methods

Reimbursement records for 874,924 patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2014 with primary PCa according to the International Classification of Disease (ICD) 10th revision code C61 were accessed. To assess direct medical costs for patients newly diagnosed after 2005, data from 68,596 patients managed between January 2005 and 31 December 2014 were evaluated.

Results

From 2005 to 2014, the total number of PCa patients showed a 2.6-fold increase. Surgery and androgen deprivation therapy were the most common first-line treatment, alone or within the context of combined therapy. Surgery as a monotherapy was performed in 23.5% of patients in 2005, and in 39.4% of patients in 2014. From 2008, the rate of robot-assisted RP rose sharply, showing a similar rate to open RP in 2014. Average total treatment costs in the 12 months post-diagnosis were around 10 million Korean won. Average annual treatment costs thereafter were around 5 million Korean won. Out-of-pocket expenditure was highest in the first year post-diagnosis, and ranged from 12 to 17% thereafter.

Conclusions

Between 2005 and 2014, a substantial change was observed in the national practice pattern for PCa in Korea. The present data provide a reliable overview of treatment patterns and medical costs for PCa in Korea.
Safety and tolerability of single low-dose primaquine in a low-intensity transmission area in South Africa: an open-label, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Raman Jaishree , Allen Elizabeth , Workman Lesley , Mabuza Aaron , Swanepoel Hendrik , Malatje Gillian , Frean John , Wiesner Lubbe , Barnes Karen I.
Published: June 2019

Background

To reduce onward falciparum malaria transmission, the World Health Organization recommends adding single low-dose (SLD) primaquine to artemisinin-based combination treatment in low transmission areas. However, uptake of this recommendation has been relatively slow given concerns about whether individual risks justify potential community benefit. This study was undertaken to generate comprehensive local data on the risk–benefit profile of SLD primaquine deployment in a pre-elimination area in South Africa.

Methods

This randomized, controlled open-label trial investigated adding a single low primaquine dose on day 3 to standard artemether–lumefantrine treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of artemether–lumefantrine and primaquine treatment were assessed on days 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42. Lumefantrine concentrations were assayed from dried blood spot samples collected on day 7.

Results

Of 217 patients screened, 166 were enrolled with 140 randomized on day 3, 70 to each study arm (primaquine and no primaquine). No gametocytes were detected by either microscopy or PCR in any of the follow-up samples collected after randomization on day 3, precluding assessment of primaquine efficacy. Prevalence of the CYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*17 mutant alleles was low with allelic frequencies of 0.02, 0.11 and 0.16, respectively; none had the CYP2D6*4/*4 variant associated with null activity. Among 172 RDT-positive patients G6PD-genotyped, 24 (14%) carried the G6PD deficient (A−) variant. Median haemoglobin concentrations were similar between treatment arms throughout follow-up. A third of participants had a haemoglobin drop > 2 g/dL; this was not associated with primaquine treatment but may be associated with G6PD genotype [52.9% (9/17) with A− genotype vs. 31% (36/116) with other genotypes (p = 0.075)]. Day 7 lumefantrine concentrations and the number and nature of adverse events were similar between study arms; only one serious adverse event occurred (renal impairment in the no primaquine arm). The artemether–lumefantrine PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response rate was 100%, with only one re-infection found among the 128 patients who completed 42-day follow-up.

Conclusions

Safety, tolerability, CYP2D6 and G6PD variant data from this study support the deployment of the WHO-recommended SLD primaquine without G6PD testing to advance malaria elimination in South African districts with low-intensity residual transmission.

Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR201611001859416. Registered 11 November 2016, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=1859
Pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy for Chinese patients with HER2‐positive metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a subpopulation analysis of the JACOB trial
Authors: Liu Tianshu , Qin Yanru , Li Jin , Xu Ruihua , Xu Jianming , Yang Shujun , Qin Shukui , Bai Yuxian , Wu Changping , Mao Yixiang , Wu Haiyan , Ge Yilin , Shen Lin
Published: June 2019

Background

The JACOB trial (NCT01774786) was a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomized, multicenter, international, phase III trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab and chemotherapy in first‐line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive metastatic gastric cancer/gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC). The aim of this analysis was to investigate efficacy and safety outcomes in the Chinese subpopulation from the JACOB trial.

Methods

This post hoc subpopulation analysis included all patients recruited in mainland China (n= 163; 20.9%) between June 2013 and January 2016. The patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive pertuzumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy (pertuzumab group; n= 82) or placebo plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy (control group; n= 81). Intravenous pertuzumab (840 mg) and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading and 6 mg/kg maintenance doses) were given every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Chemotherapy was given as per standard regimens/doses of capecitabine or 5‐fluorouracil plus cisplatin. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); secondary efficacy endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall objective response rate (ORR).

Results

The median OS was 18.7 months in the pertuzumab group and 16.1 months in the control group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49 to 1.14). The median PFS was 10.5 and 8.6 months in the pertuzumab and control groups, respectively (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.21), and the median ORRs were 68.9% and 55.7%, respectively. The treatment effect in this Chinese subpopulation showed consistency with that in the global ITT population with numerically lower HR for OS and PFS compared with the control group. The safety profiles of the pertuzumab and control groups in this Chinese subpopulation analysis were generally comparable. The most common grade 3–5 adverse events were neutropenia, anemia, and leukopenia. However, due to the nature of being a post hoc subgroup analysis, the results presented here are descriptive only and need to be interpreted with caution.

Conclusions

OS and PFS were numerically improved by adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab and chemotherapy as first‐line treatment in Chinese HER2‐positive gastric cancer/GEJC patients, and this regimen demonstrated an acceptable safety profile.

Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01774786. Registered on 24 January 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01774786
Validity of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sexual Interest and Satisfaction Measures in Men Following Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Agochukwu Nnenaya Q. , Wittmann Daniela , Boileau Nicholas R. , Dunn Rodney L. , Montie James E. , Kim Tae , Miller David C. , Peabody James , Carlozzi Noelle E. ,   for the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative
Published: June 2019

PURPOSE

Patient-reported outcomes after radical prostatectomy have focused on erectile function. To date, no studies have validated the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sexual Interest and Satisfaction single item measures in patients with prostate cancer, nor have studies examined how these measures relate to erectile function. In addition, data are lacking with regard to the clinical responsiveness of these measures to treatment. We sought to validate and examine the clinical utility of these measures in men after radical prostatectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We identified men who underwent a robotic radical prostatectomy from May 2014 to January 2016 in the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative. A single item from the PROMIS Global Satisfaction With Sex Life subdomain and a single item from the PROMIS Interest in Sexual Activity subdomain were administered. Erectile function was also assessed. Differences between baseline and 24-month T-scores for both PROMIS interest and satisfaction were examined. Multilevel models were constructed to examine change over time.

RESULTS

A total of 1,604 patients were included in the analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity of the PROMIS measures was supported. The mean PROMIS interest T-score decreased significantly from baseline to 3 months ( P = .001) and significantly increased from 3 months to 24 months in this cohort, with 24-month scores exceeding baseline scores ( P < .001). The mean PROMIS satisfaction T-score declined from baseline to 3 months and increased from 3 months to 24 months ( P < .002).

CONCLUSION

PROMIS Global Satisfaction With Sex Life and Interest in Sexual Activity single-item measures are fundamental measures in prostate cancer survivorship. Patients are interested in sex despite functional losses and can salvage satisfaction, thereby giving insight into attainable patient-centered survivorship goals for sexual recovery after radical prostatectomy.
The performance of bovine serum albumin filtration by using polyethersulfone-Tetronic 304 blend Ultrafiltration Membrane
Authors: Razi Fachrul , Mulyati Sri , Arahman Nasrul
Published: June 2019

Background: Membrane technology has been widely applied for protein purification. In applications for protein separation, a membrane with stable filtration performance is necessary. In this work, two types of hollow fiber membranes with different characteristic were used to study the filtration profile of bovine serum albumin.

Methods: A single piece of hollow fiber module was used for ultrafiltration testing using UF0 and UFT304 membranes. Flux and rejection of BSA solution were collected based on a pressure-driven inside filtration model.

Results: Ultrafiltration experiments showed that the flux of UFT304 membrane was higher than that of UF0 membrane in all applied pressure condition. Solute rejection was achieved up to 90% for ultrafiltration of BSA solution by using UF0 membrane obtained on the operating pressure of 0.5 atm.

Conclusion: In general, UFT304 membranes has better ultrafiltration performance for BSA separation than UF0 membranes. The UFT304 membrane has a more stable flux for up to two hours of filtration.
Protocol for a phase I trial of a novel synthetic polymer nerve conduit 'Polynerve' in participants with sensory digital nerve injury (UMANC)
Authors: Murphy Ralph , Faroni Alessandro , Wong Jason , Reid Adam
Published: June 2019

Background: Peripheral nerve injuries are common, with approximately 9,000 cases in the UK annually. Young working individuals are predominantly affected, leading to significant health and social implications. Functional recovery is often poor with impaired hand sensation, reduced motor function and pain and cold intolerance. Where a nerve gap exists, nerve grafting remains the gold-standard treatment but creates a second surgical site, sensory deficit at the donor site, possible neuroma formation and has limited availability. Current commercially available synthetic and resorbable nerve conduit alternatives are reported to be rigid and inflexible. This study will set out to examine the first-in-man use of a new nerve conduit device ‘Polynerve’ to repair small nerve gaps in digital sensory nerves of the hand. Polynerve is a degradable co-polymer of poly-ε-caprolactone and poly-l-lactic acid, which is shaped as a cylinder that has greater tensile strength, flexibility and less acidic degradation compared with current commercially available synthetic nerve conduits. In addition, it has a novel micro-grooved internal lumen that aids Schwann cell ingress and alignment to improve nerve regeneration.

Methods: In total, 17 eligible participants will be recruited to undergo repair of a transected sensory nerve of the hand using the Polynerve device. All participants that receive the nerve conduit device will be followed for a period of 12 months post-surgery. The primary endpoint is safety of the device and the secondary endpoint is degree of sensory nerve regeneration through the conduit assessed using standard sensory testing (2-PD, WEST monofilament testing and locognosia).

Discussion: The ‘UMANC’ trial is a single-centre UK-based, prospective, unblinded, phase I clinical trial of a novel nerve conduit device. We aim to demonstrate the safety of Polynerve as a synthetic, biodegradable nerve conduit and improve the treatment options available to patients with significant nerve injuries.

Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02970864; EudraCT: 2016-001667-37.
aDolescents gEnder surVey, rEsponsible coupLes evaluatiOn, and capacity building Project in India (DEVELOP): a study protocol
Authors: Ahankari Anand , Hayter Mark , Whitfield Clare , Ali Parveen , Giridhari Sneha , Tambe Shruti , Kabra Pratyush , Rayamane Kranti , Ovseiko Pavel
Published: June 2019

Gender-based violence against women is a serious concern in India. This affects the health and wellbeing of victims and their dependents. Published evidence has documented a variety of reasons for such violence in Indian societies, paving a pathway to design, implement, and evaluate intervention models to address this issue. DEVELOP is a research study designed by UK and Indian research teams to plan future projects to address gender-based discrimination and violence against women and girls in India. This study protocol provides detailed information on the objectives, research methods, data collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination plans of the DEVELOP. The first component is a survey of adolescent boys and girls from rural areas of Maharashtra state of India to understand their gender equality related knowledge and beliefs. The insight gathered will be used to design interventions targeted at adolescent populations through future research and development programmes. Secondly, an evaluation of the ‘Responsible Couples’ project will be conducted to assess its success and challenges, and to design suitable programme activities and models. The ‘Responsible Couples’ project is implemented in 40 villages of Maharashtra state to improve relationships in married couples, prevent violence against women, intervene during violence, and to provide support services for women and their family members. Research findings will be disseminated though public engagement events in India, international conferences, and peer reviewed publications. This will impact on the policy and work models of Indian partners to plan future project investments. Research findings will be also useful for local government authorities and

non-government agencies striving to advance gender equality.
This is no laughing matter
Authors: Woodward Sue
Published: June 2019

Let us not shy away from these conversations
Summer holiday wellbeing for vulnerable young people
Authors: Knightsmith Pooky
Published: June 2019

The long summer break can be challenging for students facing mental health or emotional wellbeing issues. Dr Pooky Knightsmith looks at how we can help students to prepare
Water Consumption Patterns and Crop Coefficient Models for Drip-Irrigated Maize (Zea mays L.) with Plastic Mulching in Northeastern China
Authors: Wang Chuanjuan , Wang Jiandong , Xu Di , Zhang Yanqun , Gong Shihong , Wu Zhongdong , Sui Juan , Mo Yan
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Our investigations into the water consumption patterns of maize ( L.) grown using surface drip irrigation with and without plastic mulching were based on three consecutive years (2014-2016) of field experiments in a typical area of northeastern China. We evaluated seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and how it was partitioned into soil evaporation (Es) and plant transpiration (Tp) during the season. Development of crop coefficient (Kc) prediction models was based on the growth day (GD) and leaf area index (LAI) of the crop, as well as the growing degree-days of air (GDDair) and soil (GDDsoil). Results showed that plastic mulching significantly reduced Es by 41.6 to 53.5 mm (p < 0.05) compared to not mulching, while it increased Tp by 23.2 to 40.4 mm (p > 0.05) for spring-planted maize. While plastic mulching normally reduced ETc during the crop growth period, the change was not significant (p > 0.05). The three-year mean Kc for the maize growth period declined by 3.0% under plastic mulching. The mean Kc was lower for the plastic mulching treatment than for the non-mulching treatment in both the early and late season, while it was slightly higher at mid-season. The three-year means of mid-season Kc (Kc-mid) under plastic mulching and non-mulching were 1.06 and 1.05 lower, respectively, than the FAO-56 recommended value. In addition, the Kc estimation model based on GDDsoil achieved the best fitting accuracy. We recommend applying this GDDsoil model to mulched drip irrigation of maize in northeastern China to obtain more accurate Kc estimation for optimizing and developing mulched drip irrigation in this region. Keywords: Crop coefficient, Drip irrigation, Maize, Northeastern China, Plastic mulch.
Mapping Soil Properties and Delineating Management Zones Based on Electrical Conductivity in a Hedgerow Olive Grove
Authors: Millán Sandra , Moral Francisco Jesús , Prieto Maria Henar , Pérez-Rodriguez Juan Manuel , Campillo Carlos
Published: June 2019

Abstract.

Identifying spatial patterns of soil and plant properties can be an efficient method for site-specific management in areas with homogeneous characteristics (i.e., management zones, MZs). In this study, the use of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) is proposed as the main information source for evaluating the spatial variability of soil and plant properties when using this variability to determine potential MZs. This study was conducted in a commercial hedgerow olive grove. Spatial distribution maps of the main soil properties and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were generated by regression-kriging in which ECa was used as a secondary variable. According to the results obtained by the validation process, all maps were accurate. Soil and plant properties and ECa were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). Two MZs were determined using a fuzzy cluster classification. The MZ map was validated using data related to soil samples, yield, and NDVI. Establishing different MZs was useful for adapting the irrigation strategies to the soil conditions of the plot, which resulted in increased productivity of the hedgerow olive grove. Keywords: Fuzzy c-means, Principal components analysis, Regression-kriging, Spatial prediction.
Assessment of Flat Emitter Anti-Clogging Performance in Drip Irrigation Systems
Authors: Zhou Hongxu , Li Yunkai , Fang Youheng , Xiao Yang , Li Qiang
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Selecting drip emitters with excellent anti-clogging performance (AP) is vital to ensure the safe operation of drip irrigation systems. However, previous researchers have not reached a consensus on emitter selection and evaluation standards based on emitter AP. In this study, eight types of flat emitters were selected as experimental objects, and high-sand surface water was used as the water source to test the AP of emitters with three experimental treatments. The emitter total coefficient of evaluation index (ETEI) was applied to analyze the relative differences in AP of the emitters, and then the mechanism leading to those differences was explored. The results indicated that there were significant variations in AP among different emitters, and four evaluation indices had good consistency in evaluating emitter AP. Small-discharge emitters showed good anti-clogging ability. Emitters with large cross-section average velocity (v), not just with high discharge (Q), should be identified as having excellent AP. The combination of emitter structural parameters, mainly width-depth ratio (W/D), relative radius (A1/2/L), and flow path length (L), made significant differences in the v of emitters under the same operating conditions. Higher v caused a significant linear decrease in key clogging components, solid particles (SD), CaCO3 and MgCO3 precipitates (C-MP), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and microbial activity (MA), of the clogging material inside the emitter. This study provides a reference for the selection and development of emitter products with high-efficiency AP. Keywords: Anti-clogging ability, Emitter discharge, Evaluation indices, Micro-irrigation, Uniformity.
Quantification and Characterization of Particulate Matter Generated from Unpaved Roads in the Oil Development Area of Western North Dakota
Authors: Datta Sumon , Rahman Shafiqur , Borhan Md Saidul , Saini-Eidukat Bernhardt , Cihacek Larry , Ringwall Kris
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Heavy vehicle traffic on unpaved roads in western North Dakota, due to increasing oil extraction activities, is generating coarse particulate matter (PM10) and fine PM (PM2.5), and total suspended particles (TSP), potentially raising concerns for animal and human health and impacts on crop and plant growth. However, limited quantification and characterization are available for PM from unpaved roads next to oil activities. Therefore, a study was conducted to characterize and quantify the PM concentrations from heavy traffic on unpaved roads due to increasing oil activities in western North Dakota. Three unpaved road sites were selected and paired with application of two dust suppressants (brine and magnesium chloride). MiniVol air samplers were used to quantify PM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the minerals in PM samples, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the chemical composition of soil samples. The average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were higher at site 2 (untreated loose gravel road) than at site 1 (periodically treated with dust suppressants) during the study period (2015-2016). In addition, the PM concentrations were lower in 2016 because of decreased oil activities at site 2. Statistical analyses revealed that the PM concentrations were mostly correlated with vehicle count in addition to temperature, wind direction, and rainfall. Magnesium chloride was the most effective treatment for reducing PM. The SEM analyses of PM samples revealed that most particulates were quartz, other silicates, or biogenic particles. Soil sample analyses revealed that the concentrations of most elements were lower than the threshold values set by the USGS National Geochemical Survey. Keywords: Air pollution, Air quality, Dust, North Dakota, Oil development, Particulate matter.
An Approach for Indirect Determination of Leaf Area Index
Authors: Logsdon Sally D. , Cambardella Cindy A.
Published: June 2019

Abstract.

Leaf area index (LAI) is important in crop models, but determination of LAI can be challenging for crops and mixtures of crops. The purpose of this study was to determine LAI indirectly from ground cover (determined from photographic images) and canopy height using defined relationships based on crop coefficients. Images of plant canopies were obtained to estimate the green cover fraction. An equation was derived to determine LAI from ground cover and plant height, and the technique was tested on different crops. For three of the measurement dates, the data were compared to LAI measurements obtained with a LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer. The trend was the same for the two LAI procedures, but there was some scatter. The photographic technique was adequate for LAI determination. Keywords: Ground cover, Plant canopy cover, Plant height.
Model-Based Analysis of Stretch Film Consumption for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage Using Combined 3D Method
Authors: Stankiewicz Anna
Published: June 2019

Abstract. A combined method for wrapping round (i.e., cylindrical) bales of agricultural materials based on biaxial rotation of the film applicators is considered in this study. A complete mathematical model is derived describing the consumption of the film used to wrap the bales that can be applied for film consumption estimation and design purposes. The bale and film dimensions, mechanical properties of the stretch film described by Poisson ratio and unit deformation, dimensionless relative overlap ratios determining the width of the contact area between adjacent film strips, and the assumed number of nominal film layers are taken into account. There is a need for good understanding of the influence of the wrapping process parameters on film consumption so that this method can be applied with lower cost and less damage to the environment. Based on the derived model, insight is obtained into the influence of the film width and wrapping parameters on film consumption when the combined method is used. Robustness on disturbances of the wrapping process, which lead to parameter uncertainty, is examined, and a simple algorithm for robust design of the overlaps of the bottom film layers is developed. The alternative method for wrapping round bales is the conventional method used by bale wrappers with a rotating table or with rotating arms. In this study, film consumption is compared between the combined and conventional wrapping methods. The combined wrapping method may offer substantial advantages in reduced film use compared with the conventional method. The potential reduction in film usage depends on the bale, film, and wrapping parameters. Without the proper choice of parameters, film consumption may be unjustifiably high. The model-based necessary and sufficient conditions for film usage reduction are obtained under typical assumptions concerning the bale and film parameters as well as the wrapping process parameters. No specific assumptions are made concerning the assumed number of film layers. The results concerning film usage reduction are written in the form of mathematical inequalities in terms of film, bale, and wrapping parameters. The stated conditions are useful for film consumption analysis and provide easy-to-use tools for analytical and numerical design of bale wrapping processes. A fast scheme is proposed for determining if the considered film parameters, together with the assumed number of film layers, could result in reduced film usage. For the algorithms, the executable and readable source codes are written in Matlab. Model-based simulations provide valuable insight into the underlying processes of film consumption and are shown to be useful for wrapping process design. To ensure a fair comparison, four to ten film layers are considered. Keywords: Baled silage, Film usage reduction, Mathematical models, Robustness, Stretch-wrap film consumption.
Automated Solid Set Canopy Delivery System for Large-Scale Spray Applications in Perennial Specialty Crops
Authors: Ranjan Rakesh , Shi Guobin , Sinha Rajeev , Khot Lav R. , Hoheisel Gwen-Alyn , Grieshop Matthew J.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. A solid set canopy delivery system (SSCDS) has the potential to be an efficient spraying technique because it minimizes chemical drift and allows timely spray applications even under adverse field conditions. A conventional SSCDS, working as a hydraulic spraying system, is controlled manually. Such operation makes it labor and time intensive for spray application in larger orchards. Therefore, a new hardware and software design was implemented in this project for field-level automation of a conventional SSCDS. An electronic control system (ECS) and a spray control unit (SCU) were developed and integrated with an improvised conventional SSCDS. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to provide user inputs to the ECS for valve actuation-based decision making. The SCU consisted of a microcontroller, a relay board, and a radio frequency (RF) module assisting in actuation of the solenoid valves in the desired sequence with commands from the ECS. Integrated RF trans-receiver modules facilitated closed-loop wireless communication between the ECS and SCU. This technical note elaborates on the successful integration of the hardware and software to achieve SSCDS automation and functionality, as well as the performance evaluation in a vineyard. The results confirmed the envisioned triggering sequence and solenoid valve actuation for different operating stages of the SSCDS over 120 m loop length. Moreover, the automated SSCDS had no significant differences in spray volume or pressure along the loop up to 82 m. Overall, the proposed integration will aid in automating SSCDS-based spray operation for larger orchards. To validate such a setup, further studies are planned for a centrally located control station and spraying several adjacent plots at a time. Keywords: Agricultural automation, Electronic control system, Precision spray application, Solid set canopy delivery, Spray control unit, Wireless communication.
Microbial Transport as Affected by Residue Cover and Manure Application Rate
Authors: Durso Lisa A. , Gilley John E. , Marx David B. , Thayer Chance A. , Woodbury Bryan L.
Published: June 2019

Abstract.

Manure is applied to cropland areas with varying surface cover to meet single- or multiple-year crop nutrient requirements. The objectives of this field study were to (1) examine microbial transport following land application of manure to sites with and without wheat residue, (2) compare microbial loads following land application to meet the 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8-year P-based requirements for corn, and (3) evaluate the effects of rainfall simulation run on microbial transport. Manure was added and incorporated by disking plots that were 0.75 m wide by 2.0 m long. Three 30 min simulated rainfall events, separated by 24 h intervals, were then applied at an intensity of 70 mm h-1. Plots containing wheat residue had a total coliform load of 12.6 log CFU ha-1, which was significantly greater than the 12.4 log CFU ha-1 measured on the plots without wheat residue. The plots with and without wheat residue had transport rates of and enterococci that were not significantly different. The plots on which manure was added at rates varying from 5.4 to 42.8 Mg ha-1 had counts of total coliforms and enterococci that were not significantly different. Rainfall simulation run did not significantly affect measurements of phages, total coliforms, or enterococci. Transport of selected microbes was found to be significantly affected by residue cover, manure application rate, and rainfall simulation run. Keywords: Bacteria, Cattle manure, E. coli, Feedlots, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Microbial, Microorganisms, Runoff.
The Characteristics of Products from Pyrolysis of Seaweed in Molten Carbonates
Authors: Wei Yi , Tang Jitong , Ji Jianbing
Published: June 2019

Abstract.

The characteristics of the seaweed (SH) were investigated as a feedstock for slow pyrolysis and molten carbonate (MC) pyrolysis within the temperature range of 400°C to 600°C. SH differs from terrestrial biomass in its constitutional compounds and high N content. According to thermogravimetric analysis, decomposition of proteins and cellulose played the most important role in thermal degradation of SH. The yields and distributions of syngas and bio-oil from MC pyrolysis varied with temperature and were greatly different from those of slow pyrolysis. MC pyrolysis increased gas generation by 10.46 wt% while reducing solids yield from 38.10 wt% to 31.99 wt% at 600°C. Of the gaseous products, H2 was dominant, and CO2 was also prominent. Conversion of tar and acid in the bio-oil was significantly improved in the molten salts medium, while nitrogen content was significantly reduced in the bio-oil. MC pyrolysis minimized the obstacles to heat transfer during pyrolysis by heating the feedstock from both inside and outside. Keywords: Intensification, Molten carbonates, Pyrolysis, Sargassum horneri.
A Review of Cyclospora cayetanensis Transport in the Environment
Authors: Onstad Nora H. , Miller Matthew R. , Green Michelle L. , Witola William H. , Davidson Paul C.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Cyclosporiasis, a human illness marked by diarrhea, has recently emerged as a foodborne illness of concern in North America. While other reviews have focused on the epidemiology of , we focus on the environmental fate and transport of . Given the fact that cyclosporiasis is emerging in countries with advanced sanitation practices, the movement of oocysts through the environment is an important facet of the pathogen. Relatively little is known about , as it is difficult to source in developed countries, and there is no known method to culture the protozoan in the lab. This review looks at the characteristics of that allow it to survive in the environment and the effects of on humans. Keywords: Cyclospora cayetanensis, Emerging pathogen, Oocyst, Environmental fate and transport, Contamination, Protozoa.