bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Corneal Epithelium Scraping and Ethanol Treatment Up-regulate Cytokine Gene Expression Differently in Rabbit Cornea
Authors: Chang Shu-Wen , Chou San-Fang , Chuang Jia-Ling
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To explore inflammation and wound healing in the rabbit eye following topical ethanol treatment or mechanical debridement.

Methods:

Seventy-six pigmented rabbit corneas were divided into four groups: mechanical group (n=33), which received mechanical epithelial debridement; ethanol-30 (n=18) and ethanol-60 groups (n=18), which were treated with 20% ethanol for 30 and 60 seconds, respectively; and control group (n=7), which remained untreated. Corneal epithelial and stromal keratocyte changes were examined with hematoxylin-eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUPT nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining at 3 hours (day 0) and days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

Stromal keratocyte cell death was higher in the mechanical group on day 0 (
P
=.002) and in the ethanol-60 group on days 3, 5, and 7 (
P
<.05). Keratocyte cell death was more pronounced in the ethanol-60 group than in the ethanol-30 group. In the mechanical group, IL-1α, IL-8, and MCP-1 expression was up-regulated starting on day 0 (
P
<.05) and returned to baseline on day 5 to 7. TGF-β1 expression was up-regulated in the mechanical group throughout the experiment (
P
<.05). In the ethanol-30 and ethanol-60 groups, IL-1α expression was up-regulated on day 0, IL-8 expression was slightly up-regulated on day 0, and MCP-1 and TGF-β1 expression were not up-regulated.

Conclusions:

Mechanical epithelial removal initially induces more keratocyte cell death, but deep stromal keratocyte death persists longer with ethanol treatment. In this rabbit model, mechanical epithelial removal upregulated inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1 gene expression more than ethanol treatment. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:150–159.]
Corneal Topographic Changes After Four Types of Pterygium Surgery
Authors: Yilmaz Safiye , Yuksel Tolga , Maden Ahmet
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate effects of different pterygium surgeries on corneal topography.

Methods:

Pre- and postoperative computerized videokeratography was performed on 120 eyes of 115 patients undergoing pterygium removal. Four techniques were used: bare sclera, excision with mitomycin C, limbal-conjunctival autograft, and conjunctival autograft. Corneal spherical power, topographical astigmatism, pre- and postoperative topographic irregularity, and surgically induced astigmatism were compared among surgical approaches.

Results:

Mean topographic astigmatism value decreased significantly 4 months postoperatively. The difference among the postoperative astigmatism values at 4 months was statistically significant (
P
<.001). Statistically significant differences were noted between the type of surgery and surgically induced astigmatism (
P
<.05), mean topographical astigmatism (
P
<.05), and spherical power (
P
<.05), but no significant difference was observed in topographic irregularity (
P
=.067). The amount of corneal steepening in each group was 0.06±0.5 for conjunctival autograft, 0.02±0.3 for limbal-conjunctival autograft, 2.34±1.1 for bare sclera, and 1.70±0.4 for mitomycin C. The mitomycin C group produced the most induced astigmatism and the limbal-conjunctival autograft group produced the least induced astigmatism.

Conclusions:

Although pterygium surgery significantly reduces refractive astigmatism and topographic irregularity, spherical power increases and the cornea becomes steeper. This steepening is apparent with the bare sclera or excision combined with mitomycin C approaches. Surgeons should consider the possibility of recurrence and the effects of different types of surgeries on topography. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:160–165.]
Performance of a New Binocular Wavefront Aberrometer Based on a Self-imaging Diffractive Sensor
Authors: Warden Laurence , Liu Yueai , Binder Perry S. , Dreher Andreas W. , Sverdrup Lawrence
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To compare the performance of the Ophthonix Z-View diffractive aberrometer with two different Hartmann-Shack aberrometers.

Methods:

The Ophthonix Z-View was compared with the Alcon LADARWave and VISX WaveScan using 4 model eyes and 68 human eyes. Comparisons using three fixed, single-surface model eyes each with a different wavefront pattern were used to determine higher order accuracy. Lower order accuracy, linearity, and higher order repeatability were tested with a fourth model eye with a movable retinal surface. Manifest refraction spherical equivalent and the calculated spherical equivalent refraction of the aberrometers were compared in 68 human eyes.

Results:

The Z-View was more accurate with lower noise compared to the WaveScan and LADARWave systems for higher order measurements of the fixed model eyes. Total root-mean-square difference from surface topography derived average values for all model eye configurations were 0.48, 0.95, and 0.74 μm for the Z-View, WaveScan, and LADARWave aberrometers, respectively. Average inter-measurement standard deviations for the fixed model eyes were 0.024, 0.025, and 0.034 μm for the Z-View, WaveScan, and LADARWave aberrometers, respectively. Results were similar among the systems for measuring the movable retina surface model eye and comparing manifest refraction spherical equivalent of the patients.

Conclusions:

Data gathered using one variable and several fixed-parameter model eyes showed good correlation to predicted values for all of the aberrrometers with one exception. A significant difference was found in the measurement of one individual fixed model eye with one of the three aberrometers. The wavefront refraction provided by the Z-View correlated well with the results of manifest refraction. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:188–196.]
Optic Neuropathy After Epi-LASIK
Authors: Montezuma Sandra R. , Lessell Simmons , Pineda Roberto
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To report a case of optic neuropathy after epi-LASIK.

Methods:

A 24-year-old man developed optic neuropathy after epi-LASIK, possibly related to the barotrauma created by the suction ring. Optic neuropathy and steroid-induced ocular hypertension were diagnosed. Prednisolone drops were discontinued and timolol was started.

Results:

After 2 weeks, his symptoms improved and the pain resolved.

Conclusions:

Optic neuropathy is a potentially vision-threatening complication of epi-LASIK. Barotrauma from a transient increase in intraocular pressure created by the suction ring can be an important factor in this entity. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:204–208.]
Revisiting Effects of Hunting on Mourning Dove Nest Survival
Authors: Schulz John H. , Gao Xiaoming , Shao Peng , He Zhuoqiong , Millspaugh Joshua J.
Published: February 2019

We reconstructed a historical dataset from a national mourning dove Zenaida macroura nesting study evaluating the effects of hunting on nesting birds during the September portion of the hunting season using Bayesian hierarchical models; the reconstructed dataset contained 707 nests. The original nest survival estimate of 96.3% (nonhunted zones) fell within the range of our average daily nest survival rates and credible intervals (CI) of 97.2% (95% CI: 96.2–98.0%) for nonhunted, but the original nest survival estimate of 95.5% (hunted zones) was lower than our average daily nest survival rates of 96.9% (95% CI: 96.1–97.7%) for hunted zones. Similarly, overall nest survival for areas and years combined for hunted zones was 44.3% (95% CI: 35.3%, 53.9%) and 48.1% (95% CI: 36.9%, 59.8%) for nonhunted zones. The most parsimonious model contained the primary covariates of hunted or nonhunted status (hunted or paired hunted) or paired hunted or nonhunted nest searching plot (zone), and year. We observed lower nest survival for the hunted or delayed-hunt zones compared to the zones with hunted or nonhunted season structure. Regional differences may be explained by states with early and late hunting seasons separated by ≥ 21 d compared to other pairs where hunted and nonhunted areas occurred simultaneously. Our reanalysis provides managers additional assurance that the basic premise of limited or no effect of harvest on mourning dove populations is still valid but continued monitoring of population status is warranted.
Oasis bestiarum. Les animaux dans l’art rupestre de l’oasis de Dakhla (Égypte)
Authors: Polkowski Paweł Lech
Published: February 2019

Les animaux constituent la majeure partie des sujets gravés, relevés par la Petroglyph Unit du Dakhleh Oasis Project, dans l’oasis de Dakhla en Égypte. Cet article est l’occasion d’établir un tour d’horizon des espèces animales identifiables au sein du très riche corpus de figures zoomorphes, qui en compte 1429. Ces gravures sont étudiées ici principalement en termes de technique de production, caractéristiques formelles et chronologie. Leur signification potentielle est intentionnellement laissée de côté. Chaque catégorie de zoomorphe est étudiée individuellement, en commençant par les représentations les plus abondantes qui sont celles de girafes et d’oryx. En conclusion de l’article, la discussion finale permet de resituer l’art animalier de Dakhla dans un contexte plus vaste, et aborde la problématique des restes fauniques. Diverses questions concernant les matériaux analysés sont posées, questions qui sont également d’un intérêt plus large pour l’archéologie du Désert occidental égyptien.
De l’interprétation des tombes à stèles des Konso d’Éthiopie
Authors: Joussaume Roger
Published: February 2019

La société konso du sud de l’Éthiopie, que nous percevons à travers les études de plusieurs chercheurs ayant séjourné longuement sur le terrain entre 1965 et aujourd’hui, est confrontée aux écrits d’une équipe allemande qui séjourna quelque temps chez les Konso en 1935. D’importantes différences sociales seraient survenues chez ce peuple en l’espace d’une trentaine d’années (1935-1965). Des incohérences sont alors apparues dans le texte de l’expédition d’A. Jensen au sujet du rôle des chefs coutumiers et religieux (les poqolla) et de la situation de leurs tombes signalées par F. Azaïs et R. Chambard (1931), dix ans avant le passage d’A. Jensen, aux mêmes endroits que de nos jours. Ces données, antérieures à 1935, vont dans le sens de ce qui est connu actuellement. Elles laissent planer un doute sur les assertions d’A. Jensen (1936) soutenues dans un récent article de C. Jeunesse (2016).
The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Wrestling (2005–2006 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Wrestling (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)
Authors: Kroshus Emily , Utter Alan C. , Pierpoint Lauren A. , Currie Dustin W. , Knowles Sarah B. , Wasserman Erin B. , Dompier Thomas P. , Marshall Stephen W. , Comstock R. Dawn , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: February 2019

Context

The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of wrestling injury data.

Objective

To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' wrestling in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate men's wrestling in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Online injury surveillance from wrestling teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 11).

Patients or Other Participants

Male wrestlers who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injuries and exposure data during this time period. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated.

Results

The High School Reporting Information Online documented 3376 time-loss injuries during 1 416 314 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2387 time-loss injuries during 257 297 AEs. The total injury rate was higher in college than in high school (9.28 versus 2.38/1000 AEs; injury rate ratio = 3.89; 95% confidence interval = 3.69, 4.10). In high school, the most commonly injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the head/face (practices = 19.9%, competitions = 21.4%) and shoulder/clavicle (practices = 14.1%, competitions = 21.0%). In college, the most frequently injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the knee (practices = 16.7%, competitions = 30.4%) and head/face (practices = 12.1%, competitions = 14.6%).

Conclusions

Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school players, and the types of injuries sustained most often differed. Based on these results, continued study of primary and secondary prevention of injury in wrestlers across levels of competition is warranted.
Improving Concussion-Reporting Behavior in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Players: Evidence for the Applicability of the Socioecological Model for Athletic Trainers
Authors: Lininger Monica R. , Wayment Heidi A. , Craig Debbie I. , Huffman Ann Hergatt , Lane Taylor S.
Published: February 2019

Context

Few researchers have examined the views of important stakeholders in football student-athletes' spheres of influence and whether their views map well in a systems approach to understanding concussion-reporting behavior (CRB).

Objective

To examine the extent to which stakeholders' beliefs about what influences football players' CRBs reflect system-level influences that go beyond individual-level factors.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Four National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university athletic programs.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 26 individuals (athletic directors = 5, athletic trainers [ATs] = 10, football coaches = 11).

Data Collection and Analysis

Semistructured interviews with stakeholders were transcribed and analyzed using the socioecological model according to the Miles and Huberman coding methods.

Results

Stakeholders largely identified individual-level factors (attitudes), followed by exosystem-level factors (university policies and support for ATs), with fewer microsystem- and mesosystem-level factors (coach influence and communication between coaches and ATs, respectively) and almost no macrosystem-level factors (media influence, cultural norms about aggression and toughness in football).

Conclusions

Promising evidence indicates growing stakeholder awareness of the importance of exosystem-level factors (eg, medical personnel and CRB policies) in influencing CRB rates. However, frontline stakeholders and policy makers may benefit from practices that bridge these influences (eg, coach involvement and communication), allowing for a more integrated approach to influence student-athletes' willingness to improve their CRBs.
Fastball Velocity and Elbow-Varus Torque in Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Slowik Jonathan S. , Aune Kyle T. , Diffendaffer Alek Z. , Cain E. Lyle , Dugas Jeffrey R. , Fleisig Glenn S.
Published: February 2019

Context

High loads in the elbow during baseball pitching can lead to serious injuries, including injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament. These injuries have substantial implications for individual pitchers and their teams, especially at the professional level of competition. With a trend toward increased ball velocity in professional baseball, controversy still exists regarding the strength of the relationship between ball velocity and elbow-varus torque.

Objective

To examine the relationship between fastball velocity and elbow-varus torque in professional pitchers using between- and within-subjects statistical analyses.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Motion-analysis laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Using the previously collected biomechanical data of 452 professional baseball pitchers, we performed a retrospective analysis of the 64 pitchers (52 right-hand dominant, 12 left-hand dominant; age = 21.8 ± 2.0 years, height = 1.90 ± 0.05 m, mass = 94.6 ± 7.8 kg) with fastball velocity distributions that enabled between- and within-subjects statistical analyses.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

We measured ball velocity using a radar gun and 3-dimensional motion data using a 12-camera automated motion-capture system sampling at 240 Hz. We calculated elbow-varus torque using inverse-dynamics techniques and then analyzed the relationship between ball velocity and elbow torque using both a simple linear regression model and a mixed linear model with random intercepts.

Results

The between-subjects analyses displayed a weak positive association between ball velocity and elbow-varus torque (R2 = 0.076, P = .03). The within-subjects analyses showed a considerably stronger positive association (R2 = 0.957, P < .001).

Conclusions

When comparing 2 professional baseball pitchers, higher velocity may not necessarily indicate higher elbow-varus torque due to the confounding effects of pitcher-specific differences (eg, detailed anthropometrics and pitching mechanics). However, within an individual pitcher, higher ball velocity was strongly associated with higher elbow-varus torque.
Quantum mappings acting by coordinate transformations on Wigner distributions
Authors: Dias Nuno Costa , Prata João Nuno
Published: February 2019

We prove two results about Wigner distributions. Firstly, that the Wigner transform is the only sesquilinear map

\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^n) \times \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^n) \to \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{2n})

which is bounded and covariant under phase-space translations and linear symplectomorphisms. Consequently, the Wigner distributions form the only set of quasidistributions which is invariant under linear symplectic transformations. Secondly, we prove that the maximal group of (linear or non-linear) coordinate transformations that preserves the set of (pure or mixed) Wigner distributions consists of the translations and the linear symplectic and antisymplectic transformations.
Heisenberg quasiregular ellipticity
Authors: Fässler Katrin , Lukyanenko Anton , Tyson Jeremy T.
Published: February 2019

Following the Euclidean results of Varopoulos and Pankka–Rajala, we provide a necessary topological condition for a sub-Riemannian 3-manifold

M

to admit a nonconstant quasiregular mapping from the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group

\mathbb{H}

. As an application, we show that a link complement

\mathbb{S}^3\backslash L

has a sub-Riemannian metric admitting such a mapping only if

L

is empty, an unknot or Hopf link. In the converse direction, if

L

is empty, a specific unknot or Hopf link, we construct a quasiregular mapping from

\mathbb{H}

to

\mathbb{S}^3\backslash L

.

The main result is obtained by translating a growth condition on

\pi_1(M)

into the existence of a supersolution to the 4-harmonic equation, and relies on recent advances in the study of analysis and potential theory on metric spaces.
Integration of Human African Trypanosomiasis Control Activities into Primary Health Services in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Perceptions
Authors: Mulenga Philippe , Boelaert Marleen , Lutumba Pascal , Vander Kelen Catiane , Coppieters Yves , Chenge Faustin , Lumbala Crispin , Luboya Oscar , Mpanya Alain
Published: February 2019

Human African trypanosomiasis is close to elimination in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The diagnosis and treatment is currently rapidly being integrated into first-line health services. We aimed to document the perspective of stakeholders on this integration process. We conducted 12 focus groups with communities in three health zones of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and held 32 interviews with health-care providers, managers, policy makers, and public health experts. The topic guide focused on enabling and blocking factors related to the integrated diagnosis and treatment approach. The data were analyzed with NVivo (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia) using a thematic analysis process. The results showed that the community mostly welcomed integrated care for diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness, as they value the proximity of first-line health services, but feared possible financial barriers. Health-care professionals thought integration contributed to the elimination goal but identified several implementation challenges, such as the lack of skills, equipment, motivation and financial resources in these basic health services. Patients often use multiple therapeutic itineraries that do not necessarily lead them to health centers where screening is available. Financial barriers are important, as health care is not free in first-line health centers, in contrast to the population screening campaigns. Communities and providers signal several challenges regarding the integration process. To succeed, the required training of health professionals, as well as staff deployment and remuneration policy and the financial barriers in the primary care system need to be addressed, to ensure coverage for those most in need.
Absence of Serological Evidence of Exposure to Treponema pallidum among Children Suggests Yaws Is No Longer Endemic in Kiribati
Authors: Handley Becca L. , Butcher Robert , Taoaba Raebwebwe , Roberts Chrissy h , Cama Anasaini , Müeller Andreas , Solomon Anthony W. , Tekeraoi Rabebe , Marks Michael
Published: February 2019

Yaws is a neglected tropical disease targeted for eradication by 2020. Kiribati, a Pacific Island nation, was previously endemic for yaws but lacks recent data from which its current endemicity status could be determined. This study tested antibody responses to Treponema pallidum to determine if transmission of yaws is taking place among children in Kiribati. Using a commercially available T. pallidum particle agglutination kit (Serodia®, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), we tested dried blood spots, collected during population-based trachoma prevalence surveys on Tarawa Atoll and Kiritimati Island, for long-lived treponemal antibodies. Dried blood spots from 1,420 children aged 1–9 years were tested. Only two were positive, suggesting T. pallidum is not being widely transmitted among children in the settings sampled. These data require support from additional surveys to demonstrate the absence of clinical signs of disease and molecular evidence of infection, to confirm that yaws is no longer endemic in Kiribati.
The Search for Plasmodium falciparum histidine–rich protein 2/3 Deletions in Zambia and Implications for Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2-Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Kobayashi Tamaki , Sikalima Jay , Parr Jonathan B. , Chaponda Mike , Stevenson Jennifer C. , Thuma Philip E. , Mulenga Modest , Meshnick Steven R. , Moss William J. , _ _
Published: February 2019

We attempted to identify Plasmodium falciparum histidine–rich protein 2/3 (pfhrp2/3) deletions among rapid diagnostic test (RDT)–negative but PCR- or microscopy-positive P. falciparum–infected individuals in areas of low transmission (Choma District, 2009–2011) and high transmission (Nchelenge District, 2015–2017) in Zambia. Through community-based surveys, 5,167 participants were screened at 1,147 households by P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-based RDTs. Slides were made and dried blood spots were obtained for molecular analysis. Of 28 samples with detectable P. falciparum DNA, none from Nchelenge District were pfhrp2/3 negative. All eight samples from Choma District had detectable pfhrp3 genes, but pfhrp2 was undetectable in three. DNA concentrations of pfhrp2-negative samples were low (< 0.001 ng/μL). These findings suggest that PfHRP2-based RDTs remain effective tools for malaria diagnosis in Nchelenge District, but further study is warranted to understand the potential for pfhrp2/3 deletions in southern Zambia where malaria transmission declined over the past decade.
Is there scientific progress in macroeconomics? The case of the NAIRU
Authors: Lang Dany , Setterfield Mark , Shikaki Ibrahim
Published: February 2019

We address the question posed in the title of this paper by investigating recent developments in the literature that estimates the NAIRU. A necessary condition for the existence of a NAIRU is dynamic homogeneity: the Phillips curve should be homogeneous of degree one in lagged and/or expected inflation. But contemporary approaches to estimating the NAIRU typically assume rather than test for dynamic homogeneity, thus assuming (rather than testing for) the existence of a NAIRU. We argue that these developments remove the NAIRU from the domain of testable hypotheses and transform the concept into an article of faith. This does not constitute scientific progress.
Taking users' rights seriously: proposed UGC solutions for spurring creativity in the Internet age
Authors: Li Yahong , Huang Weijie
Published: February 2019

The past three centuries have witnessed copyright owners competing with distributors for the flow of income generated by new technologies. However, users have largely been excluded from this cake-cutting copyright game. The neglect of users’ interests has posed a serious challenge in the user generated content (‘UGC’) age. New technologies have empowered users to create UGC, whereas the existing law entitles copyright owners to block users’ access to source materials and allows UGC platforms to exploit UGC without remuneration. This article proposes a two-pronged solution in attempting to strike a better balance between copyright owners, UGC platforms and UGC creators. The first is an ex-post remuneration rule that confers on UGC creators the legal right to use copyrighted work without asking for permission but imposes an obligation to pay remuneration, both of which pass to future UGC creators. This rule incorporates elements of Creative Commons and compulsory licensing as part of the copyright rules generally applicable to all UGC creators. The second solution proposes a community-based approach, which imposes upon UGC platforms a common-law duty of monitoring infringement and includes some legal standards that ensure fair implementation of the terms of use/service of UGC platforms.
Designing GUIs: current treatment of virtual or non-physical designs in Australia
Authors: Berger Tyrone
Published: February 2019

Virtual or non-physical designs (referred to as ‘graphical user interfaces’ (GUIs) and screen icons) are important design elements in many modern products. The widespread adoption of touch screen technologies, for example, means that software applications running on computer hardware are now used to provide user interface functionality, in some cases even providing an identity for the product. The fact that these visual features are only present when the function is active should not detract from the importance of those features to both the visual appeal and functionality of the device from a user's perspective. In recent years, GUIs and screen icons have been increasingly lodged as registered design applications. However, registrability (in the sense of compliance with substantive design law) is not considered during IP Australia's registration process, and, as such, GUIs and screen icons are appearing on the designs register without undergoing substantive examination. In many cases their status in Australia's designs system is currently uncertain. This article considers the background to this subject in Australia, and suggests how the substantive design law requirements and practice could be recast in light of the increase in non-physical designs being registered. Lastly, some concluding remarks are offered that may go some way towards initiating a broader conversation about the role of design protection in the new ‘experience age’.
Understanding Characteristics and Experiences of Drivers Using Vehicle Modifications
Authors: Di Stefano Marilyn , Stuckey Rwth , Kinsman Natasha
Published: February 2019

Little is known about characteristics and driving patterns of drivers with physical disabilities who use vehicle modifications (VMs). We gathered information about, and from, drivers with disabilities who use VMs to better understand their needs and to inform current occupational therapy driver rehabilitation practice. A prospective descriptive cross-sectional analysis of 97 drivers with physical disabilities who used VMs identified that most participants were dependent on wheelchairs for personal mobility and that access to key destinations without independent driver mobility was difficult or impossible. Personal independence facilitated by VM use enhanced community participation, including access to health care and employment. Slightly more than half the surveyed drivers (51%) obtained occupational therapy services for driver assessment and VM evaluation. Participants reported VM safety and maintenance issues, including difficulties obtaining appropriate VMs. Study results highlight the potential value of occupational therapy driver assessments and the need for postimplementation review of VMs.
Parents’ Strategies to Support Mealtime Participation of Their Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ausderau Karla K. , St. John Brittany , Kwaterski Kristen N. , Nieuwenhuis Beth , Bradley Erin
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE. We identified and described the strategies parents use to support the mealtime participation of their child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

METHOD. Twelve families with children with ASD (ages 2–7 yr) participated in videotaped mealtime observations. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify strategies families used to facilitate participation.

RESULTS. Six categories were identified: (1) parent intervening and ignoring, (2) meal preparation and adaptability, (3) play and imagination, (4) distractions, (5) positive reinforcements, and (6) modeling. Props—common child objects that support the child’s mealtime participation—were used in the context of multiple strategies. In addition, increased parental vigilance emerged as an important component of all family mealtimes.

CONCLUSION. Families used multiple strategies within and across mealtimes, highlighting the individualistic nature of feeding challenges. Understanding parent mealtime strategies allows for further investigation into the efficacy and development of intervention strategies to promote mealtime participation of children with ASD.
Children's Awareness of Healthy Behaviours - validity of Beauty & Health and Dietary Knowledge & Habits Scales
Authors: Lipowska Małgorzata , Lipowski Mariusz
Published: February 2019

Background

The WHO identifies eating habits as the main factor determining body weight in both children and adults. Obesity and underweight are related to health as well as physical attractiveness. Children become aware of the role of healthy nutrition and its relationship to one’s body shape in early childhood. In order to perform a direct study in children aged 5 to 9, the Beauty & Health (B&H) and Dietary Knowledge & Habits (DKH) scales were developed.

Participants and procedure

The validation procedure involved 721 children assigned to two groups divided with regard to age and education: years
0 to 1 (ages 5-7) and years 2 to 3 (ages 8-9).

Results

The B&H scale allows one to determine how children attribute social success and health-related behaviors to women and men with different body shape. The B&H scale is composed of 18 questions. Some of them are supported with illustrations presenting various healthy behaviors. The child is asked to match each activity to one of three pictures presenting adults with different body shapes (slim, normal, and obese). The survey includes questions regarding social functioning of persons with the different body types. The questionnaire was prepared in two variants, for girls and boys, referring to women and men, respectively.
The DKH scale comprises 50 illustrations of healthy and unhealthy food products. DKH consists of two subscales. The first assesses the child’s nutritional knowledge; the researcher shows various pictures of food while the child decides to which group (healthy, unhealthy) these meals belong. The second subscale allows the assessment of the child’s eating habits. The child is shown the same pictures and asked how often he/she eats these meals (very often, only sometimes, very rarely or never). Using the same pictures twice allows an estimate to be made of the cohesion of the child’s nutritional knowledge and their eating habits.

Conclusions

The Beauty & Health and Dietary Knowledge & Habits scales show good psychometric values and can be successfully used to study children aged 5-9 for both scientific purposes and to help assess the effectiveness of school health programs.
Investigating university students’ attitudes towards infertility in terms of socio-demographic variables
Authors: Siyez Diğdem Müge , Seymenler Seçil , Kağnıcı Yelda , Esen Erol , Siyez Ender , Baran Bahar
Published: February 2019

Background

Despite the development of medical interventions, being infertile is still deemed a shameful and humiliating experience and perceived as a failure. The aim of the study was to investigate university students’ attitudes towards infertility in terms of socio-demographic variables and risky behaviors in Turkey.

Participants and procedure

It was a cross-sectional study with a self-administered scale. A total of 9693 university students (5002 female, 4691 male) from 12 statistical regions of Turkey participated in the study.

Results

According to the findings of the study, 26.99% of the Turkish university students believed that lives of couples without a child are incomplete, 49.00% stated that they would not marry again if their partner was infertile, and 70.05% did not agree that women who do not have a child are faulty. Like the limited studies done before, male students reported more negative attitudes towards infertility than female students. Students who received sexual health education and knew someone infertile in their social network had more positive attitudes.

Conclusions

The results of the study indicated that university students’ attitudes towards infertility are relatively positive. Gender differences in attitudes towards infertility indicate that psycho-education programs about infertility including gender role issues can be developed and applied for Turkish university students.
The role of ruminations in the relation between personality and positive posttraumatic changes resulting from struggling with cancer
Authors: Ogińska-Bulik Nina
Published: February 2019

Background

Cognitive activity, including event-related ruminations, and personality features play an essential role in the occurrence of positive outcomes of experienced trauma. The study investigated the role of ruminations, treated both in terms of stable disposition (trait-like rumination), and about the event, in the relationship between personality dimensions and posttraumatic growth (PTG).

Participants and procedure

Sixty people, aged 18-78 years (M = 50.40, SD = 17.74), who had experienced malignant tumours in the craniofacial area were examined. The majority of respondents (68.30%) were women. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ), and the Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI) were used in the study.

Results

Conscientiousness is positively and neuroticism is negatively related to PTG. Reflection and both types of ruminations about the experienced event, i.e. intrusive and deliberate, are positively associated with positive posttraumatic changes. The multiple mediation analysis (double mediation model) indicated that intrusive ruminations about the experienced event and reflection (reflective rumination), treated in terms of disposition, play the role of suppressors in the relation between neuroticism and PTG. Neuroticism lowers the ability to perceive the positive effects of experienced trauma, but promotes intrusive ruminating, which, in combination with reflection, increases the level of PTG.

Conclusions

Ruminations seem to play a more important role in occurrence of PTG than personality. Ruminations about the experienced situation are more significant than trait-like rumination for the occurrence of positive posttraumatic changes.
Retrieval of total column and surface NO2 from Pandora zenith-sky measurements
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyi , Griffin Debora , Fioletov Vitali , McLinden Chris , Davies Jonathan , Ogyu Akira , Lee Sum Chi , Lupu Alexandru , Moran Michael D. , Cede Alexander , Tiefengraber Martin , Müller Moritz
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Pandora spectrometers can retrieve nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column densities (VCDs) via two viewing geometries: direct-sun and zenith-sky. The direct-sun NO2 VCD measurements have high quality (0.1 DU accuracy in clear-sky conditions) and do not rely on any radiative transfer model to calculate air mass factors (AMFs); however, they are not available when the sun is obscured by clouds. To perform NO2 measurements in cloudy conditions, a simple but robust NO2 retrieval algorithm is developed for Pandora zenith-sky measurements. This algorithm derives empirical zenith-sky NO2 AMFs from coincident high-quality direct-sun NO2 observations. Moreover, the retrieved Pandora zenith-sky NO2 VCD data are converted to surface NO2 concentrations with a scaling algorithm that uses chemical-transport-model predictions and satellite measurements as inputs. NO2 VCDs and surface concentrations are retrieved from Pandora zenith-sky measurements made in Toronto, Canada, from 2015 to 2017. The retrieved Pandora zenith-sky NO2 data (VCD and surface concentration) show good agreement with both satellite and in situ measurements. The diurnal and seasonal variations of derived Pandora zenith-sky surface NO2 data also agree well with in situ measurements (diurnal difference within ±2 ppbv). Overall, this work shows that the new Pandora zenith-sky NO2 products have the potential to be used in various applications such as future satellite validation in moderate cloudy scenes and air quality monitoring.
Flow-induced errors in airborne in-situ measurements of aerosols and clouds
Authors: Spanu Antonio , Dollner Maximilian , Gasteiger Josef , Bui T. Paul , Weinzierl Bernadett
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Aerosols and clouds affect atmospheric radiative processes and climate in many complex ways and still pose the largest uncertainty in current estimates of the Earth’s changing energy budget. Airborne in-situ sensors such as the Cloud, Aerosol, and Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS) or other optical spectrometers and optical array probes provide detailed information about the horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol and cloud properties. However, flow distortions occurring at the location where these instruments are mounted on the outside of an aircraft may directly produce artifacts in detected particle number concentration and also cause droplet deformation and/or break-up during the measurement process. Several studies have investigated flow-induced errors assuming that air is incompressible. However, for fast-flying aircraft, the impact of air compressibility is no longer negligible. In this study, we combine airborne data with numerical simulations to investigate the flow around wing-mounted instruments and the induced errors for different realistic flight conditions. A correction scheme for deriving particle number concentrations from in-situ aerosol and cloud probes is proposed, and a new formula is provided for deriving the droplet volume from images taken by optical array probes, reducing errors by up to one order of magnitude. Shape distortions of liquid droplets can either be caused by errors in the speed with which the images are recorded or by aerodynamic forces acting at the droplet surface caused by changes in the airflow around the instrument. These forces can lead to the dynamic breakup of droplets causing artifacts in particle number concentration and size. Furthermore, an estimation of the critical breakup diameter, as a function of flight conditions is provided. Experimental data show that flow speed at the instrument location is smaller than the ambient flow speed. Our simulations confirm the observed difference and reveal a size-dependent impact on particle speed and concentration. This leads, on average, to a 25 % overestimation of the number concentration of particles larger than ~10 μm} diameter and causes distorted images of droplets and ice crystals if the flow values recorded at the instrument are used. With the proposed correction scheme both errors are significantly reduced by a factor 10. Although the presented correction scheme is derived for the DLR Falcon research aircraft (SALTRACE campaign) and validated for the DLR Falcon (A-LIFE campaign) and the NASA DC-8 (ATom campaign), the general conclusions hold for any fast-flying research airplane.
Low frequency magnetic variations at high-β Earth bow shocks
Authors: Petrukovich Anatoli A. , Chugunova Olga M. , Shustov Pavel I.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Earth's bow shock in high β (ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure) solar wind environment is a rare phenomenon. However such an object is ubiquitous in astrophysical plasmas. Typical solar wind parameters related with high β (here β > 10) are: low speed, high density and very low IMF 1–2 nT. These conditions are usually quite transient and need to be verified immediately upstream of the observed shock crossings. We survey statistics of high-β shock observations by near-Earth spacecraft since 1995. About a hundred crossings were initially identified mostly with oblique or quasi-perpendicular geometry and high Mach number. In this report 22 crossings by Cluster project are studied with multipoint analysis, allowing to determine spatial scales. Observed shock structure is different from that for supercritical shocks with β ~ 1. The main magnetic field increase is smeared to couple tens of seconds and is dominated with magnetic variations ~ 0.1–0.5 Hz (in some events – 1–2 Hz). Their polarization has no stable phase and is closer to linear, while spatial scales are of the order of hundred km at 0.1–0.5 Hz.
Current, steady-state and historical weathering rates of base cations at two forest sites in northern and southern Sweden: A comparison of three methods
Authors: Casetou-Gustafson Sophie , Grip Harald , Hillier Stephen , Linder Sune , Olsson Bengt A. , Simonsson Magnus , Stendahl Johan
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Reliable and accurate methods for estimating soil mineral weathering rate are required tools in evaluating the sustainability of increased harvesting of forest biomass. A variety of methods that differ in concept, temporal and spatial scale and data requirements are available for measuring weathering rate. In this study, release rates of base cations through weathering were estimated in podsolised glacial tills at two experimental forest sites, Asa and Flakaliden, in southern and northern Sweden, respectively. Three different methods were used: (i) historical weathering since deglaciation estimated with the depletion method, using Zr as assumed inert reference; (ii) steady-state weathering rate estimated with the PROFILE model, based on quantitative analysis of soil mineralogy; and (iii) base cation mass balance at stand scale, using measured deposition, leaching and changes in base cation stocks in biomass and soil over a period of 12 years. In the 0–50 cm soil layer at Asa, historical weathering of Ca, Mg, K and Na estimated by the depletion method was 4.7, 3.1, 0.8 and 2.0 mmolc m−2 yr−1, respectively. Corresponding values at Flakaliden were 7.3, 9.0, 1.7 and 4.4 mmolc m−2 yr−1, respectively. Steady state weathering rate for Ca, Mg, K and Na estimated with PROFILE was 8.9, 3.8, 5.9 and 18.5 mmolc m−2 yr−1, respectively, at Asa and 11.9, 6.7, 6.6 and 17.5 mmolc m−2 yr−1, respectively, at Flakaliden. Thus at both sites, the PROFILE results indicated that steady-state weathering rate increased with soil depth as a function of exposed mineral surface area, reaching a maximum rate at 80 cm (Asa) and 60 cm (Flakaliden). In contrast, the depletion method indicated that the largest postglacial losses were in upper soil layers, particularly at Flakaliden. With the exception of Mg and Ca in shallow soil layers, PROFILE appeared to produce consistently higher weathering rates, particularly of K and Na in deeper soil layers. In contrast, the depletion method appeared to to produce consistently lower rather than higher weathering rates, due to natural and anthropogenic variability in (reference) Zr gradients. The mass balance approach produced significantly higher weathering rates of Ca, Mg, and K (65, 23, 40 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Asa and 35, 14 and 22 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Flakaliden), but lower Na weathering rates similar to the depletion method (6.6 and 2.2 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Asa and Flakaliden). The large discrepancy in weathering rates for Ca, Mg and K between mass balance and the other methods suggest that there were additional sources for tree uptake in the soil besides weathering and measured depletion in exchangeable base cations.
A Lagrangian convective transport scheme including a simulation of
the time air parcels spend in updrafts
Authors: Wohltmann Ingo , Lehmann Ralph , Gottwald Georg A. , Peters Karsten , Protat Alain , Louf Valentin , Williams Christopher , Feng Wuhu , Rex Markus
Published: February 2019

Abstract. We present a Lagrangian convective transport scheme developed for Chemistry and Transport Models and ensemble trajectory simulations. Similar to existing schemes in other Lagrangian models, it is based on a statistical approach of calculating parcel displacements by convection. These schemes redistribute air parcels within a fixed time step by calculating probabilities for entrainment and the altitude of detrainment. Our scheme extends this approach by modelling vertical updraft velocities and the time that an air parcel spends inside the convective event, which is important for simulating the tropospheric chemistry of short-lived species, e.g. it determines the time available for heterogeneous processes on the surface of cloud droplets. Two different schemes for determining the vertical updraft velocities are introduced, which are based on constant or random convective area fraction profiles, respectively. SO2 is used as an example to show that there is a significant effect on species mixing ratios when modelling the time spent in convective updrafts compared to a nearly instantaneous redistribution of air parcels. The scheme is driven by convective mass fluxes and detrainment rates that originate from an external convective parameterization, which can be obtained from meteorological analysis data or General Circulation Models. Validation runs driven by ECMWF ERA Interim reanalysis data are performed with the scheme implemented into the ATLAS Chemistry and Transport Model. These include long-term global trajectory simulations of Radon-222 that are compared to measurements, and runs testing mass conservation and the reproduction of the convective mass fluxes and detrainment rates of ERA Interim. Simulated vertical updraft velocities are validated by wind profiler measurements in Darwin.