bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porosity evolution determines available reaction mechanisms in water-rock interactions
Authors: Kahl Wolf-Achim , Hansen Christian , Murshed M. Mangir , Bach Wolfgang , Garcia Juan Manuel
Published: March 2024

Fluid-aided mineral replacement plays a key role in metamorphic reactions and metasomatic mass transfers. Within the scope of this study we investigate the role of pore space evolution in the hydrothermal phase transition from gypsum to bassanite. We monitored the partial dehydration of gypsum to bassanite in-situ using an X-ray-transparent flow-through reaction cell (Kahl et al., 2016) during long-term hydrothermal percolation experiments. By repeated, intermittent X-ray microtomography (µ-CT) scans, we surveyed the evolution of the porous system created by the dissolution-reprecipitation process. The quantitative 3D image analysis of the obtained 4D image material shows that incipient bassanite formation takes place in domains well within the interior of the gypsum crystal, presumably located along nano- or microcracks (i.e. at the scale of grain boundaries of the selenite host, and maybe enhanced due to the presence of fluid inclusions), and not directly at the gypsum – fluid interface. After larger volumes of interconnected pores have formed in later stages of the experiment, bassanite nucleation becomes insignificant and bassanite growth is now the dominant fixation mechanism of hemihydrate. The fabric of the final reaction product is controlled by these later-stage elongate bassanite crystals that are oriented along [001] of the former gypsum crystal. Careful data analysis reveals that processes which strongly depend on transient characteristics of the fluid-hosting fabric component are easily obliterated from the rock record. Concerning the predictive numerical simulation of mineral replacement processes in general, these results reveal that the boundary conditions underlying mineral nucleation may not be deduced from observations of the resulting fabric of mineral growth. Kahl, W.-A., Hansen, C., and Bach, W. (2016) A new X-ray-transparent flow-through reaction cell for a mu-CT-based concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress of hydrothermal mineral-fluid interactions. Solid Earth, 7(2), 651-658.
Assessing the capability of SDGs in achieving sustainable development from Nexus and global perspectives concerning water-food security
Authors: Dehnavi Sudeh , Nouri Hamideh , Abbasi Neda , Brungnach Marcela
Published: March 2024

While SDGs have become a common ground to address global sustainability systematically, neither the existing synergies and tradeoffs among the different SDGs nor the magnitude of their compound effects at global versus national scales are well understood. Although introducing two indices of Spillover Index and Global Commons Stewardship (GCS) shed light on these issues, the capability of these widely agreed SDGs in fulfilling every nation's needs and dedication to protecting global sustainability is yet questionable. The SDGs' shortcomings are most evident when there are interdependencies and contradictory requirements among SDGs, becoming critical when SDGs at the national level protect one country at the expense of another one. The impact of achieving food security (often in water rich countries) through the import of agricultural products from their trade partner countries (often in water scarce countries) is one of the examples.Here we aim to understand whether and how lacking a global nexus perspective that takes into account the synergies and tradeoffs among the different SDGs can counteract other nations and SDGs. We investigate the connection between SDG 2 and 6 in the context of water and food security; particularly, the impact of food security strategies of an importing country on the water security of its trade partner countries. The findings present that although neglecting the tight links between SDGs of 2 and 6 may have a positive sectoral effect at a country level, it fails global sustainability as it impacts the involved countries unevenly and often antipodally. it emphasizes the need for a revision of SDG2, as it inadequately captures the perspective of food security from the standpoint of hunger. This study advocates for inclusion of  NEXUS and system thinking in the reformulation of the SDGs, their targets, and the associated indicators.
Advancing towards high-quality water isotope measurements in ice cores: a micro-destructive approach using Laser Ablation coupled with Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy
Authors: Malegiannaki Eirini , Zannoni Daniele , Bohleber Pascal , Stremtan Ciprian , Petteni Agnese , Stenni Barbara , Barbante Carlo , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe , Gkinis Vasileios
Published: March 2024

Addressing the intricate challenges of water isotope analysis in polar ice cores, especially in extracting detailed climate records from older and thinner ice layers, the innovative integration of Laser Ablation (LA) with Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) is introduced. The micro-destructive LA technique, which employs a nanosecond excimer pulsed laser operating at 193 nm for ice surface irradiation, demonstrates potential in achieving continuous, high-resolution sampling and gas phase sample generation, complementing the CRDS analyzer's precision in measuring water isotopes in gaseous state. Recent advancements include the successful adaptation of an existing LA system, previously coupled with an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) for ice core impurity analysis, to establish a connection with the CRDS analyzer. This was accomplished by making adjustments to the coupling procedure and laser parameters, to ensure efficient gas sample generation and robust delivery for water isotope analysis. A method for creating ice standard samples by transforming liquid water standards into ice yielded ice isotope standards, crucial for setting up initial measurement protocols. Their implementation on both standard ice samples and sections of ice cores revealed valuable insights into areas for improvement. This represents a significant step towards establishing a reliable method for high-quality water isotope analysis in ice cores, aiming to significantly enrich our understanding of long-term climate trends.
Summers full of extreme heat: using ensemble boosting storylines to quantify the drivers of heatwave clusters
Authors: Suarez-Gutierrez Laura , Beyerle Urs , Mittermeier Magdalena , Vautard Robert , Fischer Erich M.
Published: March 2024

We investigate the most extreme but physically plausible heat-loaded European summers in current and near future climate conditions using ensemble boosting. With this approach, we identify the most extreme summers in an initial-condition large ensemble with the model CESM2 and boost them, creating a large ensemble of re-initialized simulations with slightly perturbed atmospheric initial conditions. This allows us to efficiently generate storylines for summers that are even more extreme than the original simulations, either due to a higher number of days or grid cells exceeding extreme heat thresholds, or original heatwave clusters exceeding such thresholds by larger margins.We compare these storylines of summer heat clusters to the most extreme European summers in the observational record, and determine the necessary and exacerbating mechanisms behind these clusters of extreme heat. We quantify how factors such as the intensity and persistence of atmospheric patterns as well as sea surface temperatures and terrestrial water budgets contribute to the most extreme simulated summers. Furthermore, we disentangle the effects of extreme early heat in May-June acting as a preconditioning factor in driving more extreme conditions during the rest of the summer, due to it causing more heat-prone conditions such as warmer oceanic basins and dryer soils, versus the effects of large-scale preconditioning factors that may lead to more persistent and intense heat through the summer, regardless of if it starts early in the season or not.Ensemble boosting is a computationally efficient approach that allows us to sample extreme rare events, now over time scales of several months, while preserving physical consistency both in time, space and across variables. This is an ideal setup for disentangling contributions from different driving factors, and the generated boosting storylines can be used in impact studies that require physical consistency, a prolonged simulation time, and successive or compounding hazard exposure.
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) analysis on San Giovanni's Baptistery in Florence.
Authors: Napoli Alessia Francesca , Marchetti Emanuele , Coli Massimo , Ciuffreda Anna Livia , Morandi Davide , Papeschi Paolo , Agostini Beatrice
Published: March 2024

Among the non-destructive and non-invasive techniques, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely used to investigate shallow subsurface. GPR analysis is based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves and reconstruction of the medium is based on measurement of the elapsed time between transmission and reception of the impulse. Resolution and investigation depth are closely related to frequency of the signal, as the frequency increases, resolution increases and depth of exploration decreases.Since, several decades, GPR was mostly used for the reconstruction of the geological features of the shallow subsurface and the detection of pipes, tunnels or hidden objects. More recently, thanks to the applications of higher frequency antennas, GPR has been used successfully to reconstruct structural features of buildings and masonry structures, providing critical information especially for historical buildings that underwent multiple construction processes and that are commonly missing detailed architectural information. For this reason, the application of this technique on historic buildings becoming more and more popular.In this study, we present GPR analysis performed in the San Giovanni’s Baptistery in Firenze, that was built during the XI-XII centuries and totally covered by white and dark-green marbles and was object of conservation measurements through centuries under the supervision of the Opera del Duomo (OPA), with the most recent major conservation works performed around 1930. The Baptistery’s interior cover consists of a pseudo-dome, and its external roof is shaped like a pyramid with eight pitches.Due to the lack of detailed documents concerning its masonries structural and textural assemblages, the GPR was performed with multiple antennas (by IDS Georadar, part of Hexagon) in single or array configuration (copular and crosspolar antenna disposal) on the entire structure of the edifices and focusing particularly on the roof and the extrados of the inner dome. The data were processed using GRED HD software, allowing to produce 2D and 3D pictures (tomographies) and allowing to define thickness and structure of the roof, inner dome and walls, so providing new information required to correctly plan focused conservation intervention.This study is performed in the framework of the HGP (Heritage Ground Penetrating Radar) project (CUP:B55F21007810001) funded withing the Next Generation EU program.
Changes in equilibrium climate sensitivity and associated feedbacks through past greenhouse and icehouse climate simulations
Authors: Campbell Julia , Poulsen Christopher J.
Published: March 2024

Changes in climate feedback processes drive fluctuations in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), the measure of global warming associated with a doubling of atmospheric CO2. Warming in different past climates resulted in various responses in ECS that can be explored to further understand how distinct feedbacks and forcings control CO2-induced warming. Previous studies generally agree that ECS increases with increases in the CO2 background state. We investigate this further through simulations of different time slices from ~100 million years ago to present, all run with the same model version. We will use Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2) simulations to study Earth’s response to an increase in CO2 radiative forcing under past greenhouse and icehouse climates. We compare time slices that have differences in geography, vegetation, and ice, which affect feedbacks that drive ECS. We will use slab ocean model and fully-coupled CESM1.2 simulations of the late Cretaceous, early Eocene, late Oligocene, mid Miocene, and preindustrial (PI) all at modern orbital parameters, with greenhouse climate simulations at 840 ppm and 1680 ppm CO2 and icehouse climate simulations at 280 ppm and 560 ppm CO2, in order to compare changes in temperature resulting from changes in albedo, ocean heat flux, and nonlinearities in atmospheric water vapor and cloud feedbacks. We will compare simulations of greenhouse and icehouse climates, past climates to the PI climate, and our CESM1.2 simulations to previously published simulations run on other earth system models, like the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, to study the degree of model-dependence in ECS. Analyzing ECS in past climates, with a control on model version, and comparing differences in climate feedbacks will help constrain the sensitivity of ECS to boundary conditions and the range of ECS through Earth’s history. 
Global biosphere productivity changes during Heinrich Stadial 4: Preliminary results from the triple isotope composition of air oxygen and numerical simulation using a coupled climate model
Authors: Yang Ji-Woong , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Landais Amaëlle , Kageyama Masa , Blunier Thomas , Jaccard Samuel , Duchamp-Alphonse Stéphanie , Braconnot Pascale , Viovy Nicolas , Crinella-Morici Louise , Prié Frédéric
Published: March 2024

The slowdown of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) caused by accelerated climate change is one of the major concerns as it would have severe impacts at global scale (e.g., Rahmstorf, 1995; Ditlevsen and Ditlevsen, 2023). However, our knowledge on the potential impact of such an event on the global biosphere productivity is still limited, despite its important role in the global carbon cycle. The reasons for this lack of knowledge is mainly two folds: on the one hand, it is challenging to estimate the global biosphere productivity based on local reconstructions as they are often based on qualitative- and indirect micropaleontological or geochemical tracers and are characterized by large spatial heterogeneities (e.g., Averyt and Paytan, 2004; Kohfeld et al., 2005), and on the other hand, numerical experiments using Earth System Models (e.g., Mariotti et al., 2012; Reutenauer et al., 2015) have yet failed to capture the response of global biosphere productivity in its entirety as they do not take into account important forcing factors such as changes in CO2, dust deposition or vegetation cover.  To address these issues, we present here a preliminary reconstruction of the global biosphere productivity using the triple isotopic composition of air oxygen (Δ17O-O2) trapped in NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) ice core samples over 42 to 37 ka covering Heinrich Stadial (HS) 4, a period marked by the weak intensity of the AMOC. Local reconstructions such as European pollen assemblages (e.g., Sánchez Goñi et al., 2020), Antarctic ice-core non-sea-salt Na and Ca (e.g., Fischer et al., 2007), or marine sediment core opal flux records from sub-Antarctic zone of Southern Ocean (Gottschalk et al., 2016) and previous model studies (e.g., Mariotti et al., 2012; Reutenauer et al., 2015) indicate a weak global biosphere productivity during HS4. However, our preliminary result from ice-core Δ17O-O2 measurements shows little evidence of reduced global biosphere productivity during HS 4. Idealized Heinrich-like freshwater hosing experiments using IPSL-CM5A2-VLR Earth System Model support our findings. In this presentation, the potential role of different forcing factors in regulating the global biosphere productivity will be discussed.
Using the CLEAN Algorithm to Determine the Distribution of Ultra Low Frequency Waves at Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Inceoglu Fadil , Loto'aniu Paul
Published: March 2024

We introduce the CLEAN algorithm to identify narrowband Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) Pc5 plasma waves in Earth’s magnetosphere. The CLEAN method was first used for constructing 2D images in astronomical radio interferometry but has since been applied to a huge range of areas including adaptation for time series analysis. The algorithm performs a nonlinear deconvolution in the frequency domain (equivalent to a least-squares in the time domain) allowing for identification of multiple individual wave spectral peaks within the same power spectral density. The CLEAN method also produces real amplitudes instead of model fits to the peaks and retains phase information. We applied the method to GOES magnetometer data spanning 30 years to study the distribution of narrowband Pc5 ULF waves at geosynchronous orbit. We found close to 30,0000 wave events in each of the vector magnetic field components in field-aligned coordinates. We discuss wave occurrence and amplitudes distributed in local time and frequency. The distribution of the waves under different solar wind conditions are also presented. With some precautions, which are applicable to other event identification methods, the CLEAN technique can be utilized to detect wave events and its harmonics in the magnetosphere and beyond. We also discuss limitations of the method mainly the detection of unrealistic peaks due to aliasing and Gibbs phenomena.
Tidal restriction likely has greater impact on the carbon sink of coastal wetland than climate warming and  invasive plant
Authors: Zhou Pan , Ye Siyuan , Xie Liujuan , W. Krauss Ken , Pei Lixin , K. Chapman Samantha , Brix Hans , A. Laws Edward , Yuan Hongming , Yang Shixiong , Ding Xigui , Xie Shucheng
Published: March 2024

Aims Coastal salt marshes are productive ecosystems that are highly efficient carbon sinks, but there is uncertainty regarding the interactions among climate warming, plant species, and tidal restriction on C cycling.Methods Open-top chambers (OTCs) were deployed at two coastal wetlands in Yancheng, China, where native Phragmites australis (Phragmites) and invasive Spartina alterniflora (Spartina) were dominant, respectively. Two study locations were set up in each area based on difference in tidal action. The OTCs achieved an increase of average daytime air temperature of ~1.11–1.55 °C. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (Reco), CH4 fluxes, aboveground biomass and other abiotic factors were monitored over three years.Results Warming reduced the magnitude of the radiative balance of native Phragmites, which was determined to still be a consistent C sink. In contrast, warming or tidal flooding presumably transform the Spartina into a weak C source, because either warming-induced high salinity reduced the magnitude of NEE by 19% or flooding increased CH4 emissions by 789%. Remarkably, native Phragmites affected by tidal restrictions appeared to be a consistent C source with the radiative balance of 7.11–9.64 kg CO2-eq m–2 yr–1 because of a reduction in the magnitude of NEE and increase of CH4 fluxes.Conclusions Tidal restrictions that disconnect the tidal hydrologic connection between the ocean and land may transform coastal wetlands from C sinks to C sources. This transformation may potentially be an even greater threat to coastal carbon sequestration than climate warming or invasive plant species in isolation.
Interactive Wellbeing Maps: Experiences from a compulsory undergraduate GIS assessment
Authors: Owen Sarah , Priestnall Gary , Clark Liam
Published: March 2024

Navigating the transition to university life can negatively impact on student wellbeing, with poor mental health and lower levels of life satisfaction increasingly reported amongst university students. Moving away from home, managing workloads and financial pressures are often identified as some of the top concerns impacting student wellbeing. Those from disadvantaged backgrounds, international students, mature students, LGBTQIA+ students and neurodiverse students have also been identified as more likely to be affected by wellbeing issues, alongside those who have experienced bereavement or trauma, asylum seekers and refugees, and students with underlying health conditions. Acknowledging these challenges, this paper describes and reflects on the design and implementation of a first-year undergraduate creative mapping exercise focusing on student wellbeing. This forms part of the assessment in a large (200+ students) compulsory GIS module in the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham. Students are asked to create an individual interactive wellbeing map appropriate to a first-year undergraduate student at the University using ArcGIS Online. They are supported to explore and reflect on what wellbeing is, what it looks like or means to them, and to become familiar with the support services, activities, places or facilities across the University of Nottingham's Park Campus that might support and nurture positive wellbeing experiences. Students are provided with GIS cartographic training in ArcGIS Online to facilitate the completion of their personalised digital wellbeing map that serves as a point of reference during their academic studies. This assessment was designed by the GIS team in the School of Geography in conjunction with the University of Nottingham’s Wellbeing and support team. It has successfully run over the last five years reaching over 1000 students and tackling contemporary topics including the COVID-19 pandemic and current cost-of-living crisis. This paper will focus specifically on how wellbeing was woven into the delivery of this compulsory first-year module GIS curriculum.  It will explore the decisions behind the GIS content included, software and technologies used, the placement of this wellbeing task in the wider pastoral School of Geography undergraduate programme alongside the choice to build creative opportunities into the assessment to further promote wellbeing. Experiences from the last five years will be shared from staff and student feedback, reflecting on some of the challenges and sensitivities encountered alongside showing some examples of the wellbeing maps themselves. It is hoped that this paper will inspire practitioners to consider the impact and position of their modules (particularly large first-year compulsory teaching groups) to tackle and raise awareness of student wellbeing, alongside the impact of creative assessment as a positive engagement opportunity for students. 
Removing the memory effect from water stable isotope analysis
Authors: Vonhof Hubert , de Graaf Stefan , Levy Elan , Schroeder Julian
Published: March 2024

Over the past decade or so, laser spectrometric instruments have revolutionized the field of isotope analysis of water samples. These instruments do not require complex lab facilities, are easy to use and can provide hydrogen and oxygen isotope data at high precision and high throughput.One well-known shortcoming of these laser spectrometric analyzers is that individual measurements display significant sample-to-sample memory effects. Particularly at larger isotopic differences between samples, isotopic contamination by the previous sample can off-set the following measurements even after multiple injections. Therefore, it is common in many laboratories to run 7 or more replicate analyses of each sample, and discard the first 4 or so, to come to an accurate isotope value of that sample.Because the single-shot precision of these instruments is rather good, the sample replication is not so much necessary for obtaining better precision, but indeed mostly needed to flush out the memory effect on the isotope values. Therefore, any technical adaptation that decreases the memory effect of these analyzers, and thus reduces the number of replicate analyses required to come to an accurate isotope ratio, would greatly improve the sample throughput of these instruments.We here present an adapted injection interface system, coupled to a Picarro L2140i analyzer, that practically removes sample to sample memory effects. This effectively leads to accurate and high-precision isotope analysis of single-shot sample injections, even at large sample-to-sample isotope differences. Key to the removal of the memory effect is that the analyzer runs on a moisturized carrier gas, providing a constant water background upon which the injected samples are analyzed (De Graaf et al., 2021). We will present results of series of standard waters and natural samples (including seawaters) and discuss protocols that we developed for data calculation and quality control. Reference:de Graaf, S., Vonhof, H.B., Levy, E.J., Markowska, M., Haug, G.H., 2021. Isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy analysis of water samples without memory effects. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 35. 
The EO4MULTIHA open Multi-Hazard events database
Authors: Vianello Andrea , Terzi Stefano , Zellner Peter James , Renner Kathrin , Jacob Alexander , Pittore Massimiliano
Published: March 2024

Multi-hazard events are causing severe impacts on our economy, society and environment. Moreover, the final damages are usually greater than the sum of single hazard impacts. However, the amount of data and observations covering multi-hazard conditions is still very limited. For this reason, the EO4MULTIHA project (https://eo4multihazards.gmv.com/), funded by the European Space Agency, aims at developing an open database gathering and harmonizing event information coming from already existing event databases to support multi-hazard(-risk) research. 

In particular, the database of the EO4MULTIHA project is a Relational Data Base Management System, based on open-source solution, that includes several novelties and features, such as 

(i) the link to existing event datasets through cross links and APIs to increase reusability with open standards (e.g. RESTfull APIs and OGC standards), 

(ii) the link to an extensive suite of data from satellite, climatological, in-situ, campaign and relevant statistics needed to describe hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts of multi-hazard events, 

(iii) the possibility to apply spatial and temporal filtering of events, 

(iv) the integration of Geostories focusing on specific multi-hazard events combining the available data and information into explanatory reports and 

(v) an initial focus on the 3 project study areas (the Adige River Basin in Italy, the southern part of the United Kingdom and the Dominica Island in the Carribean) with the possibility for future expansion to other areas, 

(vi) the development of a publicly available and open database with uploads coming from authorized contributors, 

(vii) standard metadata that describe datasets and allow their findability in international catalogues of the research community. 

The final product will be made available in a web portal facilitating the access of researchers, decision-makers and citizens to quantitative data supporting the understanding and analysis of complex multi-hazard events.
Applying Multifractal Theory and Statistical Techniques for High Energy Volcanic Explosion Detection and Seismic Activity Monitoring in Volcanic Time Series
Authors: Monterrubio-Velasco Marisol , Lana Xavier , Arámbula-Mendoza Raúl , Zúñiga Ramón
Published: March 2024

Understanding volcanic activity through time series data analysis is crucial for uncovering the fundamental physical mechanisms governing this natural phenomenon.In this study, we show the application of multifractal and fractal methodologies, along with statistical analysis, to investigate time series associated with volcanic activity. We aim to make use of these approaches to identify significant variations within the physical processes related to changes in volcanic activity. These methodologies offer the potential to identify pertinent changes preceding a high-energy explosion or a significant volcanic eruption.In particular, we apply it to analyze two study cases. First, the evolution of the multifractal structure of volcanic emissions of low, moderate, and high energy explosions applied to Volcán de Colima (México years 2013-2015). The results contribute to obtaining quite evident signs of the immediacy of possible dangerous emissions of high energy, close to 8.0x10^8 J. Additionally, the evolution of the adapted Gutenberg-Richter seismic law to volcanic energy emissions contributes to confirm the results obtained using multifractal analysis. Secondly, we also studied the time series of the Gutenberg-Richter b-parameter of seismic activities associated with volcanic emissions in Iceland, Hawaii, and the Canary Islands, through the concept of Disparity (degree of irregularity), the fractal Hurst exponent, H, and several multifractal parameters. The results obtained should facilitate a better knowledge of the relationships between the activity of volcanic emissions and the corresponding related seismic activities.  
Vertical deformation in Greenland: separation of past and present-day ice mass loss contributions
Authors: Boy Jean-Paul , Taghiyev Vagif
Published: March 2024

We compute daily GPS solutions for about 200 permanent stations in Greenland, Scandinavia and Canada for the 2000 – 2023 period, using the CNES/GINS software in precise point positioning with integer ambiguity resolution (IPPP) mode. The observed vertical displacements are caused by both past- and present-day ice mass (PDIM) changes. The glacial isostatic adjustement (GIA) is the visco-elastic Earth’s response to the Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation, whereas the PDIM is often estimated assuming an elastic Earth’s response.We revisit the problem of the separation of GIA and PDIM using state-of-the-art ice models (for example, ICE-6G and ICE-7G) and observations from space gravimetry (GRACE and GRACE Follow On) and altimetry (CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2).In particular, we investigate different rheology models, including the classical Maxwell model used in GIA modeling, but also the Burgers model allowing transient anelastic deformation at timescales of 10 to 20 years.We found that the Burgers model with a transient viscosity of about 1018 Pa.s in the upper mantle, combined with the VM5a or VM7 viscosity profiles (Maxwell component) is in better agreement with the observed GPS vertical displacements. 
Integrated Digital Soil Assessment across South East Asia and Africa.
Authors: Corstanje Ronald , Oulaid Bader , Zawadzka Joanna , Ingram Ben , Milne Alice , Kirk Guy , Hannam Jack
Published: March 2024

Digital Soil Assessment (DSA) methods are increasingly being applied as integrative step in which DSM outputs are incorporated into crop and land management decision support systems, often through the vehicle of process models. The value of the acquisition, interpretation of any soil data, and the additional effort in developing and producing a DSM product resides in its use and utility. The purpose of DSA is the development of the value argument for the conversion of quantitative data on soil properties obtained through DSM to a spatial assessment of the capacity of a soil to fulfil a particular function. Here we present the use of DSM/DSA to i) demonstrate the discovery new soil process knowledge on rice production in Bangladesh and the conditions which can determine heavy metal accumulation; ii) determine and illustrate DSA under data sparce conditions through mapping areas in West Africa under which Fe toxicity in the soil limits agricultural production and iii) integration of DSA in a wider decision support system to support decision making in a semi-arid region in Morocco, illustrating the trade-offs between agricultural production and ecosystem services. Through these case examples, we demonstrate the flexibility of DSA approaches in addressing both the generation of new knowledge around soil processes, in justifying the acquisition of new soil data and in helping landowners to manage their crops and soils sustainably.
Physics-informed neural networks for advanced solar magnetic field extrapolations
Authors: Jarolim Robert , Tremblay Benoit , Rempel Matthias , Thalmann Julia , Veronig Astrid , Molnar Momchil , Podladchikova Tatiana
Published: March 2024

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) provide a novel approach for data-driven numerical simulations, tackling challenges of discretization and enabling seamless integration of noisy data and physical models (e.g., partial differential equations). In this presentation, we discuss the results of our recent studies where we apply PINNs for coronal magnetic field extrapolations of the solar atmosphere, which are essential to understand the genesis and initiation of solar eruptions and to predict the occurrence of high-energy events from our Sun.We utilize our PINN to estimate the 3D coronal magnetic fields based on photospheric vector magnetograms and the force-free physical model. This approach provides state-of-the-art coronal magnetic field extrapolations in quasi real-time. We simulate the evolution of Active Region NOAA 11158 over 5 continuous days, where the derived time profile of the free magnetic energy unambiguously relates to the observed flare activity.We extend this approach by utilizing multi-height magnetic field measurements and combine them in a single magnetic field model. Our evaluation shows that the additional chromospheric field information leads to a more realistic approximation of the solar coronal magnetic field. In addition, our method intrinsically provides an estimate of the height corrugation of the observed magnetograms.We provide an outlook on our ongoing work where we use PINNs for global force-free magnetic field extrapolations. This approach enables a novel understanding of the global magnetic topology with a realistic treatment of current carrying fields.In summary, PINNs have the potential to greatly advance the field of numerical simulations, accelerate scientific research, and enable advanced space weather monitoring.
Evaluating Droplet Size Distribution Evolution in Aerosol-constrained Simulations of Tropical Cumulus Congestus against Airborne Polarimetry Observations
Authors: van Diedenhoven Bastiaan , Stanford McKenna , Frindlind Ann , Ackerman Andrew , Xiao Qian , Wang Jian , Hasekamp Otto , Stamnes Snorre , Cairns Brian , Wasilewski Andrzej , Alexandrov Mikhail
Published: March 2024

The evolution of cumulus congestus within tropical oceanic and maritime environments is modulated by the interaction of convective dynamics, liquid- and ice-phase microphysical processes, aerosol loading, and entrainment of ambient environmental air. Characterizing this evolution requires robust observational constraints of aerosol properties and cloud macrophysics and microphysics. The NASA Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex) field campaign in 2019 targeted growing cumulus congestus clouds using airborne in situ and remote sensing platforms. In situ aircraft microphysical measurements and retrievals from the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) both show that cloud droplet number concentrations decrease and effective radius increases with increasing cloud top height, with droplet size distributions (DSDs) that broaden with height. These observed components are responsive to an active collision-coalescence process that produce millimeter-sized drops, onsetting warm-rain formation. Here, we present an analysis of CAMP2Ex RSP data showing the evolution of droplet number concentrations and DSDs with height and its variation with RSP-retrieved aerosol number concentrations. For one case study (RF14, 9/25/2019), we perform large eddy simulations (LES) at 100-m horizontal grid spacing using bin and bulk microphysics schemes. Detailed multi-modal, vertically resolved aerosol measurements from the Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS) are used as input. The relative ability of the bulk and bin schemes to produce the observed DSD evolution, from activation to warm-rain production, is evaluated. Sensitivity experiments are performed to assess the roles of height-varying aerosol concentrations, rain-forming collision-coalescence, and entrainment in realizing observed droplet number concentration and effective radius profiles. Additionally, we share the prospect of detailed aerosol properties, droplet number concentrations, and DSDs, similar to as acquired by RSP, becoming available from polarimeters on NASA’s PACE satellite mission, launched in early 2024.
Impacts of combustion-generated water on in-plume aqueous-phase chemistry
Authors: Fathi Sepehr , Makar Paul , Gong Wanmin , Lupu Alexandru
Published: March 2024

In this work within-plume aqueous-phase chemistry is explored utilizing air quality modelling and a plume rise algorithm which includes the effects of combustion-generated water, latent heat release, and in-plume cloud droplet formation. Effluents emitted from high temperature industrial stacks usually contain large amounts of combustion-generated water in gaseous phase (vapour), resulting in high relative humidity within the emitted parcels that make up the plume. As the plume rises in the atmosphere due to buoyancy and cools, the water vapour can condense into droplets, and result in a significant amount of in-plume liquid water. The combined effects of high relative humidity and the presence of liquid-phase water can potentially impact the rate of oxidation of emitted pollutants due to aqueous-phase chemistry within cloud droplets contained within the plume parcel.  Examples include the conversion rates of sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate and nitrogen dioxide to particulate nitrate. Accounting for in-plume aqueous-phase chemistry can be instrumental in addressing the past discrepancies between predicted and observed levels of secondary aerosols and other gaseous tracers. This work utilizes the Moist-Plume-Rise algorithm (Fathi et al., 2024, under review), which incorporates the thermodynamic effects of combustion-generated water.  The algorithm determines the final height reached by buoyant plumes while keeping track of within-plume water content (vapour, condensed, ice) as it rises. Here, the effect of aqueous phase chemistry taking place within the rising parcel’s condensed water is examined.  The newly developed model feature makes use of information on in-plume water content such as mixing ratio and physical phase over time to perform aqueous-phase chemistry calculations based on the already existing model cloud chemistry modules.  These aqueous-phase chemistry processes and other processes traditionally associated with cloud processing of gases and aerosols can potentially alter the makeup of combustion-source effluents emitted from industrial stacks before they reach neutral buoyancy and are dispersed in the atmosphere. 
Predicting deglacial stratigraphy following Snowball Earth with 3D forward modelling
Authors: Nordsvan Adam , Mitchell Ross , Bauer Kohen , Colleps Cody , McKenzie Ryan
Published: March 2024

Rapid eustatic rise during deglaciations should cause sedimentary condensation and depositional hiatuses on marine shelves. Determining the duration of these hiatuses is challenging, especially in sequences that cannot be reliably dated. Recently, it was suggested that a global prolonged hiatus could have ensued following the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events. However, the duration and stratigraphic characteristics of these events are uncertain. Here, we utilize 3D stratigraphic forward modelling software DionisosFlow to 1) estimate its duration following a Snowball Earth when considering 800 m glacioeustatic rise over 40 kyr, and 2) explain the stratigraphic fingerprint of such an event. We tested several margin configurations and different sediment flux scenarios; our findings indicate that the duration of the hiatus, as predicted, will increase with accommodation, and decrease with sediment supply. Simulating an average (modern) glaciated margin with an average sediment flux results in prolonged sediment starvation on the outer shelf, lasting over 6 Myr. More complex models show how topography, sediment type, and sediment volume during and after the deglaciation affect the stratigraphic record. We compare the predicted model outputs with observed Snowball Earth stratigraphy from the Kimbereley region of NW Australia to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions. This work demonstrates how 3D stratigraphic modeling can help clarify deglacial stratigraphy.
How unusual is the recent decade-long pause in Arctic summer sea ice retreat?
Authors: DeRepentigny Patricia , Massonnet François , Bilbao Roberto , Materia Stefano
Published: March 2024

The Earth has warmed significantly over the past 40 years, and the fastest rate of warming has occurred in and around the Arctic. The warming of northern high latitudes at a rate of almost four times the global average (Rantanen et al., 2022), known as Arctic amplification, is associated with sea ice loss, glacier retreat, permafrost degradation, and expansion of the melting season. Since the mid-2000s, summer sea ice has exhibited a rapid decline, reaching record minima in September sea ice area in 2007 and 2012. However, after the early 2010s, the downward trend of minimum sea ice area appears to decelerate (Swart et al., 2015; Baxter et al., 2019). This apparent slowdown and the preceding acceleration in the rate of sea ice loss are puzzling in light of the steadily increasing rate of greenhouse gas emissions of about 4.5 ppm yr−1 over the past decade (Friedlingstein et al., 2023) that provides a constant climate forcing. Recent studies suggest that low-frequency internal climate variability may have been as important as anthropogenic influences on observed Arctic sea ice decline over the past four decades (Dörr et al., 2023; Karami et al., 2023). Here, we investigate how unusual this decade-long pause in Arctic summer sea ice decline is within the context of internal climate variability. To do so, we first assess how rare this is deceleration of Arctic sea ice loss is by comparing it to trends in CMIP6 historical simulations. We also use simulations from the Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) contribution to CMIP6 to determine if initializing decadal prediction systems from estimates of the observed climate state substantially improves their performance in predicting the slowdown in Arctic sea ice loss over the past decade. As the DCPP does not specify the data or the methods to be used to initialize forecasts or how to generate ensembles of initial conditions, we also assess how different formulations affect the skill of the forecasts by analyzing differences between models. This work provides an opportunity to attribute this pause in Arctic sea ice retreat to interannual internal variability or radiative external forcings, something that observation analysis alone cannot achieve.
Virtual Delta: a digital twin for real-time forecasting and management of saltwater intrusion in the Rhine-Meuse delta
Authors: Wannasin Chanoknun , Biemond Bouke , Wullems Bas , Blokhuijsen Thies , Tiessen Meinard , Baart Fedor , Kwadijk Jaap
Published: March 2024

Estuarine saltwater intrusion poses a significant hydrological and environmental challenge in the Rhine-Meuse delta, amplified by human interventions (e.g., river engineering) and climate change impacts (e.g., droughts, storm surges, and sea-level rise). The more frequent and severe salt intrusion events, especially during droughts in 2018, 2020, and 2022, emphasize the need for accurate forecasting and effective management. This research aims to develop a digital twin for real-time forecasting and management of salt intrusion. The digital twin is part of the Virtual Delta, one of the main outputs that the SALTISolutions research project is working towards. As an operational modelling toolbox, this digital twin consists of four components: observed data analysis, real-time forecasting, early warning, and exploratory simulations. The observed data analysis component includes statistical information, such as return periods and exceedance exceedance probabilities of chloride concentration, river discharge, and water level. The forecasting component employs currently available salt intrusion models within the SALTISolutions project, including 1D, 2D, statistical, and machine learning models. The early warning component utilizes thresholds (e.g., maximum chloride concentrations at freshwater inlets). Exploratory simulations consider what-if scenarios (e.g., lower river discharge) and management options (e.g., combinations of different real-time measures). The research is ongoing, and the current development will be demonstrated. The digital twin is expected to assist water managers and stakeholders (e.g., drinking water companies) in decision-making, addressing impacts of saltwater intrusion, and ensuring a continuous supply of freshwater in the delta.
Juno Microwave Radiometer Observations of Europa’s Subsurface Ice Shell
Authors: Levin Steve , Zhang Zhimeng , Bolton Scott , Brown Shannon , Ermakov Anton , Akiba Ryunosuke , Misra Sidharth , Hartogh Paul , Stevenson David
Published: March 2024

Juno flew less than 360 km from the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa on 29 September, 2022, and mapped part of the ice shell with the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 4.8, 9.6, and 22 GHz.  The partial map covers a latitude range from ~20oS to ~50oN and a longitude range from 70oW to 50oE.  At these frequencies, the emission originates well beneath the nearly-transparent surface, probing from as deep as 28 km (at 0.6 GHz) and less than 20 m (at 22 GHz), depending on the purity of the ice.  Microwave reflection plays an important role, and MWR data suggest the presence of small (radius a few cm) scatterers at depths of many meters.  Spatial variation is dominated by reflection, especially for the higher-frequency channels, and correlates with terrain type.  We present analysis of the data and discuss the implications. 
A CNN-based Downscaling Method of C3S Seasonal Forecast: Temperature and Precipitation
Authors: Lin Qing , Díaz Esteban Yanet , Heidari Fatemeh , Espitia Sarmiento Edgar Fabián , Xoplaki Elena
Published: March 2024

Copernicus Climate Change Service provides seasonal forecasts for meteorological outlooks several months in advance and can provide indications of future climate risks on a global scale. Using downscaling techniques, global variables can be transferred to the high-resolution regional scale, allowing the information to be elaborated for extreme events detection and further implementing and coupling with hydrological models for regional hazard prediction, thus serving agriculture and energy, improving planning for tourism and other sectors.In this study, we applied a new CNN-based architecture for temperature and precipitation downscaling. Both variables are downscaled from 1 degree to 1 arcminute to fulfill the requirements as an input to the hydrological models. The architecture implements an auto-encoder/decoder structure to extract the data relations. The system is trained with seasonal forecast inputs and observation data to establish the relation between both scales. The model is then evaluated with the validation period from the observation data to achieve the best performance, changing network structures and tuning different network hyper-parameters. The results show a good fit for the observation data on the monthly scale, providing enough details in the downscaling product. Finally, the best-performing networks for downscaling temperature and precipitation are selected and could be extended for further utilization.