bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LANGUAGE AND ITS NORMAL PROCESSING. Vivien C.
Tartter. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998. Pp. xvii + 550. $89.95 cloth, $49.95
paper.
Authors: Barnitz John G.
Published: July 2002

Scholars in the multidisciplinary fields of language studies will benefit from acquiring
Language and Its Normal Processingby Vivien Tartter. The volume, which functions
well as a textbook or reference book, contains chapters incorporating basic concepts, themes,
trends, and controversies in psycholinguistics. One of the author's principal interests in
writing the book (and for us to read the book) is to “communicate the fun and excitement .
. . in psycholinguistic research” (p. xv). The author successfully synthesizes research on a
variety of topics: meaning and meaning processing; syntax and sentence processing; speech and
its perception and production; as well as presentations on sociolinguistics; first and second
language acquisition, and multilingualism; and the psychology of reading and writing printed
text.
BACKGROUND SPEAKERS: DIVERSITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN THE
LOTE CLASSROOM.Michael Clyne, Sue Fernandez, Imogen Y. Chen, and Renata
Summo-O'Connell. Belconnen, ACT, Australia: Language Australia, 1997. Pp. vi +
177. A$30.80 paper.
Authors: Reagan Timothy
Published: July 2002

One of the growing challenges facing foreign language educators in many societies is that
created by the presence of “native speakers” in second language classrooms.
Especially in countries with significant immigration patterns, such as Canada, the United States,
and Australia, there are growing numbers of students enrolled in courses in languages other than
English (LOTEs) with which they have some background familiarity or knowledge. All too often,
these students have been seen as something of a problem in the foreign language classroom,
especially in K–12 settings. Background speakers constitutes an important and
valuable first step in changing such perceptions.
INTERLANGUAGE REFUSALS: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF
JAPANESE-ENGLISH.Susan M. Gass and Noël Houck. Berlin: Mouton
de Gruyter, 1999. Pp. x + 264. $79.00 cloth, $29.00 paper.
Authors: Arent Russell
Published: July 2002

This volume presents comprehensive research on English refusals, focusing primarily on L2
use and secondarily on second language acquisition. Twenty-four dyads were video-taped
performing open role plays in response to eight situations (two suggestions, two offers, two
invitations, and two requests) designed to elicit a refusal. Each dyad consisted of an English NS
and NNS, the latter being native speakers of Japanese with low to intermediate English
proficiency.
REFERENTIAL COMMUNICATION TASKS.George Yule.
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. vii + 125. $36.00 cloth, $17.50 paper.
Authors: Mackey Alison
Published: July 2002

This monograph is part of a series on second language research methodology edited by Gass
and Schachter. Their introduction to the text highlights the interdisciplinary nature of SLA
research and the necessity for a fuller understanding of the wide variety of research
methodologies in current use. Each monograph is devoted to a particular data collection method
or instrument and provides an overview of (a) the theoretical and research background, (b) the
current uses of the instrument or method, (c) appropriate research questions, (d) underlying
assumptions, and (e) any problems associated with practical use. Forthcoming texts will cover
case studies, conversation analysis, elicited imitation, data-driven modeling, and speech
acts.
PHONETIC IMITATION, ACCENT, AND THE LEARNER.Duncan
Markham. Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press, 1997. Pp. 270. Sk 254 paper.
Authors: Major Roy C.
Published: July 2002

This published version of Markham's dissertation surveys the literature on second
language phonetics (but not phonology), proposes two models, and presents experiments
involving imitation of languages and dialects.
THE VISUALIZATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY IN
CALL.Angela Heidemann. (Duisburg Papers on Research in Language and
Culture No. 28). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995. Pp. 128. $32.95 paper.
Authors: Nation Paul
Published: July 2002

This book, which is one of a series of papers from the University of Duisburg, is a
justification of the visual elements of a particular computer-assisted language learning program
for learning Dutch called EuroLex. About one third of the book is a description of the EuroLex
program. Because of this, it suffers from the seemingly unavoidable problem that many accounts
of CALL programs face, and that is the need for elaborate step-by-step description of the
operation of the program when five minutes working with the actual program would convey
more information more effectively.
SOCIOLINGUISTICS.Bernard Spolsky. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1998. Pp. xiii + 128. $8.75 paper.
Authors: Hartford Beverly S.
Published: July 2002

This book is an introductory text intended for nonspecialists in sociolinguistics or linguistics.
It is organized into four sections and designed so that its first section, the “Survey of
Sociolinguistics,” may be read alone or along with the accompanying selected readings in
the second part. The third and fourth sections are references and a glossary. The readings section
also contains study questions that refer to both the survey and the readings, leading the reader to
integrate the information in both sections. The topics covered in the survey include the social
study of language, the ethnography of speaking and structure of conversation, locating variations
in speech, styles, gender, and social class, bilinguals and bilingualism, societal multilingualism,
and applied sociolinguistics (which covers language policy and planning).
Spectral theory for manifolds of hyperbolic type
Authors: MANDOUVALOS N. , MARIAS M.
Published: July 2002

For a class of (n+1)-dimensional manifolds of hyperbolic
type, the spectral measure
is described in terms of Poisson kernels. This implies that the spectrum
is absolutely
continuous and it is contained in [n2/4; +∞).
Global Radionavigation – The Next 50 Years and Beyond
Authors: Beukers John M.
Published: July 2002

This, and the following four papers, were first presented at the NAV99/ILA28 Conference
on ‘Loran-C, Satellite and Integrated Systems for the 21st Century’ held at Church House,
Westminster, London, 1st–3rd November 1999.

Just 25 years ago, the author presented a paper at the 30th Annual Meeting of the United
States Institute of Navigation (ION) entitled ‘Radionavigation in North America, the Next
25 Years’. The paper received much attention and was given the ION's Burka Award for the
best paper of the year. The author attempted to predict the worldwide implementation of
Loran-C and Omega while acknowledging that satellite technology was on the horizon.
‘Global Radionavigation – The Next 50 Years and Beyond’ builds on the previous paper and
is an attempt to define the future of global radionavigation based upon a mix of terrestrial
and satellite systems. The time it takes for satellite systems and augmentations to mature and
the reasons for this extended period provide the foundation of the paper. Also discussed are:
the time to achieve a full constellation of space vehicles having signal specifications that meet
the requirements for safety-of-life, the political complexities to achieve international
harmonisation of service, and the use of a common worldwide protected frequency spectrum.
The need for terrestrial complements is presented from the standpoint of supporting satellite
systems and as a back-up in the event of loss of satellite services.
Whither electric cars?
Authors: SABATA GIACOMO de
Published: July 2002

In a previous report I tried to show that the widespread use of electric cars, both battery-powered and so-called ‘hybrid’ types (i.e. vehicles utilizing an electric motor powered by a battery in town, and a combustion engine on open highways), would not reduce, but rather increase, air pollution, because the electricity required to run them would have to be generated by a large number of additional fossil-fuel burning power plants, with a lower total energy efficiency (de Sabata 1995).
Non-culture diagnosis and serogroup determination of meningococcal
B

and C infection by a sialyltransferase (siaD) PCR ELISA
Authors: BORROW R. , CLAUS H. , GUIVER M. , SMART L. , JONES D. M. , KACZMARSKI E. B. , FROSCH M. , FOX A. J.
Published: July 2002

Rapid, non-culture, serogroup determination of meningococcal infection

is important in contact

management where vaccination may be possible. The impending availability
of

polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines for serogroup C disease
requires

maximal case

ascertainment, with serogroup determination, at a time when the number
of

culture confirmed

meningococcal infections is decreasing. A polymerase chain reaction assay
(PCR),

based on a

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the meningococcal serogroup
B

and C

sialyltransferase (siaD) gene, was developed to combine the non-culture

diagnosis of

meningococcal infection from CSF, whole blood and serum with serogroup
(B and C)

identification. The PCR assay was adapted to an ELISA format incorporating

hybridization

with serogroup-specific B and C oligonucleotide probes. Specificity for
CSFs

was 100% and

sensitivities were respectively 81, 63 and 30% for CSFs, whole blood and
sera.

The serogroup-specific PCR ELISA is a significant addition to currently

available tests for non-culture

diagnosis of meningococcal infection and outbreak investigation.
Characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
isolated from outbreaks of diarrhoeal disease in England
Authors: SPENCER J. , SMITH H. R. , CHART H.
Published: July 2002

Twenty-two strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC), isolated from four
outbreaks of diarrhoeal disease in England, were examined for a range of phenotypic attributes
including the ability to produce fimbriae, haemolysins and siderophores, and cell-surface
properties such as surface charge and hydrophobicity. Strains of EAggEC isolated from two of
these outbreaks belonged to a diverse range of serotypes and were heterogeneous in phenotype.
Strains of EAggEC isolated from the other two outbreaks belonged predominantly to serotypes
O86[ratio ]H34 and O98[ratio ]H-, respectively. Only two strains expressed fimbriae and two strains
produced an 18 kDa membrane associated protein (MAP), suggesting that EAggEC express a
range of adhesion mechanisms to produce the cell arrangement recognized as the ‘stacked
brick’ formation. The possible explanation for the diversity of EAggEC serotypes is discussed.
Introduction, persistence and fade-out of porcine reproductive
and respiratory syndrome virus in a Dutch breeding herd: a
mathematical analysis
Authors: NODELIJK G. , DE JONG M. C. M. , VAN NES A. , VERNOOY J. C. M. , VAN LEENGOED L. A. M. G. , POL J. M. A. , VERHEIJDEN J. H. M.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics of PRRSV infection and to
quantify transmission within a breeding herd, and its impact on herd performance. For this
purpose a longitudinal study was performed in a closed breeding herd of 115 sows. Statistical
methods and Monte Carlo simulations based on stochastic SIR models were used to analyse
the observational data. Moreover, a case-control study was performed to determine whether
seroconversion of sows during gestation was associated with aberrant litters. The transmission
parameter R was estimated to be 3·0 (95% confidence interval 1·5–6·0) for the model version
based on the most plausible assumptions that the infectious period lasts 56 days and no
lifelong immunity exists after infection. Based on simulations using a breeding herd of equal
size the average time-to-extinction was estimated to be 6 years; using a herd of twice the size,
it was 80 years. Furthermore, in contrast to the epidemic phase of the disease, the endemic
phase was not detrimental to herd performance.
A survey of the microbiological quality of private water supplies in England
Authors: RUTTER M. , NICHOLS G. L. , SWAN A. , DE LOUVOIS J.
Published: July 2002

Results from statutory testing of private water supplies in nine Public Health Laboratories in
England were compiled, and the effects of supply class, source, treatment and location on
water quality were examined. A total of 6551 samples from 2911 supplies was examined, over a
2-year period, of which 1342 (21%) samples, and 949 (33%) supplies on at least one occasion,
failed current regulations for Escherichia coli. Total coliforms, including E. coli, were detected
in 1751 (27%) samples from 1215 (42%) supplies. The percentage of samples positive for E.
coli was highest in summer and autumn, and lowest in winter. Samples taken from larger
supplies and from boreholes were less frequently contaminated than those from other sources.
Chlorination, filtration or UV light treatment improved the bacteriological quality of supplies,
but still resulted in a low level of compliance with the regulations. The public health
implications of the study are discussed.
Boundary faeces and matched advertisement in the European badger (Meles meles): a potential role in range exclusion
Authors: Stewart Paul D. , Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris , Cheeseman Chris L.
Published: July 2002

In lowland England, badgers Meles meles form social groups of up to 30 individuals. They share a main den (sett) and a core feeding range, but largely forage alone. Faeces are deposited in discrete hinterland and border ‘latrines’. Border latrines are shared with neighbouring groups. We demonstrate that there is a highly significant tendency for neighbouring groups to place a similar quantity of faeces at shared latrines. There are also significant tendencies to place more faeces in boundary latrines close to the sett, and for reduced separation of latrines close to the sett. We also demonstrate that badgers tend to defecate most frequently on the boundary closest to their current feeding site. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that faeces at border latrines are used to promote range exclusion. We propose that faecal volume represents a reliable signal of the encounter likelihood and/or foraging pressure of badgers along a particular border. According to the ‘active territorial defence’ hypothesis, this indicates a stand‐off position in terms of each group's resource holding potential by signalling encounter likelihood across the boundary. By the ‘passive range exclusion’ hypothesis, this border is an isopleth (equal contour) of resource depletion between groups, and crossing over such a contour deep into a neighbouring range reduces foraging efficiency. By either hypothesis, the matched faecal volume and sett proximity effects suggest a simple mechanism that is capable of allowing reliable information to be passed by individuals between adjacent sectors of neighbouring territories to deter intrusion. This is a ‘bottom–up’ process of inter‐dependent, parallel, individual responses, which is capable of generating the emergent complexity of co‐ordinated group ranges without central control.
The response of a damped pendulum to a large driving force
Authors: HINCZEWSKI MICHAEL , ROGERS JOEL C. W.
Published: July 2002

Analysing the motion of a driven, damped pendulum as a
function of the amplitude of the
driving force, we show, first, that for moderate values and larger of the
amplitude, deviations
from a simple motion with the period of the driving force are bounded by
a constant times the
inverse square root of the amplitude, for late times. For amplitudes above
a larger threshold
we are able to show that, for late times, the motion becomes a periodic
motion with the period
of the driving force. The manner in which this periodic motion is achieved
with the passage of
time is analysed.
EUROCALL Annual Report 1998/1999
Authors: THOMPSON JUNE
Published: July 2002

EUROCALL continued to operate from the Language Institute at the University of Hull,
through the small team working at the CTI Centre for Modern Languages, consisting of June
Thompson, Jenny Parsons, Fred Riley and Kylie Baxter. Sadly, Kylie moved to another post at
the end of 1998, but we were fortunate to secure Julie Venner in her place to act as
EUROCALL membership secretary.
Computation Algebras
Authors: WALICKI MICHAŁ , HAVERAAEN MAGNE , MELDAL SIGURD
Published: July 2002

We introduce a framework that generalizes algebraic specifications by equipping algebras
with descriptions of evaluation strategies. The resulting abstract mathematical description
allows one to model the implementation of algebras on various platforms in a way that is
independent of the function-oriented specifications.

We study algebras with associated data dependencies. The latter provide separate means for
modelling computational aspects apart from the functional specifications captured by an
algebra. The formalization of evaluation strategies (1) introduces increased portability
among different hardware platforms, and (2) allows a potential increase in execution
efficiency, since a chosen evaluation strategy may be tailored to a particular platform. We
present the development process where algebraic specifications are equipped with data
dependencies, the latter are refined, and, finally, mapped to actual hardware architectures.
Stratified polymorphism and primitive recursion
Authors: DANNER NORMAN , LEIVANT DANIEL
Published: July 2002

Natural restrictions on the syntax of the second-order (i.e., polymorphic)
lambda calculus are of interest for programming language theory. One of the authors showed in
Leivant (1991) that when type abstraction in that calculus is stratified into levels, the
definable numeric functions are precisely the super-elementary functions (level
[Escr ]4 in the
Grzegorczyk Hierarchy). We define here a second-order lambda calculus in which type
abstraction is stratified to levels up to ωω, an ordinal that permits highly uniform (and
finite) type inference rules. Referring to this system, we show that the numeric functions
definable in the calculus using ranks < ω[lscr ] are precisely Grzegorczyk's class
[Escr ][lscr ]+3 ([lscr ] [ges ] 1).
This generalizes Leivant (1991), where this is proved for [lscr ] = 1. Thus, the numeric functions
definable in our calculus are precisely the primitive recursive functions.
NOTES RELATING TO THE FLORA OF BHUTAN: XLII. SCROPHULARIACEAE, EXCLUDING PEDICULARIS
Authors: MILL R. R.
Published: July 2002

Seven new species and one new subspecies in Scrophulariaceae from the Flora of Bhutan area are described. They include two new species of Euphrasia, E. chumbica R.R. Mill sp. nov. (Chumbi, Sikkim and C Bhutan) and E. melanosticta R.R. Mill sp. nov. (Sikkim, N Bhutan); one new species of Kickxia, K. papillosa R.R. Mill sp. nov. (E Bhutan); one new species of Lagotis, L. chumbica R.R. Mill sp. nov. (Chumbi); one new species of Neopicrorhiza, N. minima R.R. Mill sp. nov. (N Bhutan); two new species of Scrophularia, S. cooperi R.R. Mill sp. nov. (C Bhutan) and S. subsessilis R.R. Mill sp. nov. (N Bhutan); and a new subspecies of Ellisiophyllum pinnatum (Wall.) Makino, subsp. bhutanense R.R. Mill subsp. nov. (Bhutan). Alectra avensis (Benth.) Merr., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Scrophularia himalayensis Royle, Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze and S. densiflora Benth. are all recorded from Bhutan and/or Sikkim for the first time. A brief argument is given for the continued use of hyphenated fel-terrae as the correct spelling of that epithet in Picria.
CQ Sources/Bibliography
Authors: Anton Bette , Spencer Edward M. , Mills Ann E. , Hegwood Carlton
Published: July 2002

These CQ Sources were compiled by Bette
Anton, Edward M. Spencer, Ann E. Mills, and Carlton
Hegwood Jr.
Caretakers and Collaborators
Authors: BLOCHE M. GREGG
Published: July 2002

A chilling subplot in the twentieth-century saga of
state-sponsored mass murder, torture, and other atrocities
was the widespread incidence of medical complicity. Nazi
doctors' human “experiments” and assistance
in genocidal killing are the most oft-cited exemplar, but wartime
Japanese physicians' human vivisection and other grotesque
practices rivaled the Nazi medical horrors. Measured by these
standards, Soviet psychiatrists' role in repressing dissent,
Latin American and Turkish military doctors' complicity
in torture, and even the South African medical profession's
systematic involvement in apartheid may seem, to some, almost
prosaic. Yet these and other reported cases of medical complicity
in human rights abuse compel an inquiry into medicine's
vulnerability to becoming an adjunct to illicit state purposes.
Beyond Consent: Seeking Justice in Research,
edited by Jeffrey P. Kahn, Anna C. Mastroianni, and Jeremy Sugarman.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 208 pp.
Authors: Gordon Elisa J.
Published: July 2002

A history of injustices to diverse groups of human
subjects in medical research has resulted in concerted
efforts by U.S. policymakers in the second half of the
twentieth century to provide greater protection for future
subjects. However, in the context of patient populations
demanding better therapies, potential medical advances,
and greater attention to issues of social justice, Kahn,
Mastroianni, and Sugarman set out to reconceptualize the
principle of justice in human subjects research to address
these urgent concerns. In Beyond Consent, Kahn
and colleagues advance a framework of justice in terms
of access to participation in research, instead of protection.
Their worthy cause, developed out of collaboration on the
White House Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments,
aims to demonstrate how previously unaddressed notions
of justice now require greater consideration in research.
Specifically, they emphasize how fairness requires a greater
distribution of risks and benefits, and that “equals
should be treated equally.” The volume does not report
new research findings but rather draws on multidisciplinary
approaches, including law, medicine, philosophy, history,
and health policy, to argue that justice must go beyond
informed consent. The editors posit that this challenge
to protectionism is necessary given the heightened urgency
for patients to benefit from investigational therapies
although they incur increased risks.
Abortion: Three Rival Versions of Suffering
Authors: PORTMANN JOHN
Published: July 2002

Kant postulates in The Metaphysics of Morals
that we share a moral duty to sympathize actively in the
suffering of another and to cultivate the virtue of compassion.
More recently, Howard Brody has claimed that a good physician
must maintain in her imagination “that separate vantage
point from which the experience of the sufferer can be
reinterpreted and reconnected to the broader context of
culture and society.” What does it mean to take
suffering seriously in the context of abortion? It means
that a physician must listen to three rival versions
of suffering: that of a woman who has inquired about an
abortion, that of her fetus, and that of the community
in which the woman lives. The professional duty
that Brody ascribes specifically to physicians compounds
the moral duty we all share to lessen suffering.
Physicians differ importantly from nonphysicians, for suffering
is their business.
A General Upper Bound on the List Chromatic
Number of Locally Sparse Graphs
Authors: VU VAN H.
Published: July 2002

Suppose that G is a graph with maximum degree d(G) such that, for every vertex v in G,
the neighbourhood of v contains at most d(G)2/f (f > 1) edges. We show that the list
chromatic number of G is at most Kd(G)/log f, for some positive constant K. This result
is sharp up to the multiplicative constant K and strengthens previous results by Kim [9],
Johansson [7], Alon, Krivelevich and Sudakov [3], and the present author [18]. This also
motivates several interesting questions.

As an application, we derive several upper bounds for the strong (list) chromatic index
of a graph, under various assumptions. These bounds extend earlier results by Faudree,
Gyárfás, Schelp and Tuza [6] and Mahdian [13] and determine, up to a constant factor,
the strong (list) chromatic index of a random graph. Another application is an extension
of a result of Kostochka and Steibitz [10] concerning the structure of list critical graphs.
On Systems of Small Sets with No Large
Δ-Subsystems
Authors: KOSTOCHKA A. V. , RÖDL V. , TALYSHEVA L. A.
Published: July 2002

A family of k sets is called a Δ-system
if any two sets have the same intersection. Denote
by f(r, k) the least integer so that any r-uniform
family of f(r, k) sets contains a Δ-system
consisting of k sets. We prove that, for every fixed r,
f(r, k)
= kr + o(kr). Using a recent
result of Molloy and Reed [5], a bound on the error term is
provided for sufficiently large k.
Millennium medical changes
Authors: VERSTRAETE MARC
Published: July 2002

If we want things to stay as they are, thing will have to change

Guiseppe di Lampedusa, The Leopard

Medical and technical knowledge in medicine has increased more in the last 50 years than in the previous five centuries. Many factors have contributed to this dramatic change, including developments in pathophysiology, genetics, molecular biology and basic science. There is no reason to fear that this daunting progress will be halted in the third millennium. The practice of medicine in the present and next decades will also change rapidly because of new perceptions and demands of the patients, and evolution in society. In this article, some factors affecting medicine and the drivers of change in health are discussed. Expenditure for health cure and care is increasing faster than the financial income. On which criteria should one re-allocate resources and decide between difficult choices? Medical doctors, sociologists, philosophers, economists, politicians all have different views of needs in a world of uncontrolled rather than controlled

liberalism. Some issues are identified here, but no solutions or recommendations are offered.
The Leeuwin Current in the Parallel Ocean Climate Model and applications to regional meteorology and fisheries
Authors: Reason C J C , Gamble D , Pearce A F
Published: July 2002

Unlike other currents along the subtropical west coasts of continents, the Leeuwin Current off Western Australia transports warm, fresh tropical waters poleward and is strong enough to overwhelm the upwelling tendencies of the coastal wind stress. The representation of this unusual and important current in the global eddy‐permitting ¼° Parallel Ocean Climate Model (POCM) is examined, and implications for coastal fisheries and regional weather and climate discussed. Comparison of POCM fields with those from the Leeuwin Current Interdisciplinary Experiment for austral autumn and winter 1987 suggests that model Leeuwin Current is consistent with these observations in terms of its location and depth distribution, surface gradients and meridional variation in mixed layer depths but is a bit weaker, warmer and fresher. The model Leeuwin Undercurrent is similar in strength to that observed during autumn/winter 1987. Similar to satellite observations, the model Leeuwin Current displays a number of meander, eddy and offshoot features. The frequency distribution and length scales of the model features are generally consistent with estimates of these parameters derived from the satellite images. It is concluded that POCM output can be usefully applied to improve understanding of the Leeuwin Current and associated regional impacts. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
A model for habitable and efficient dialogue management for
natural language interaction
Authors: JÖNSSON ARNE
Published: July 2002

Natural language interfaces require dialogue models that
allow for robust, habitable and
efficient interaction. This paper presents such a model for dialogue management
for natural
language interfaces. The model is based on empirical studies of human computer
interaction
in various simple service applications. It is shown that for applications

belonging to this class
the dialogue can be handled using fairly simple means. The interaction
can be modeled in a
dialogue grammar with information on the functional role of an utterance
as conveyed in the
linguistic structure. Focusing is handled using dialogue objects recorded
in a dialogue tree
representing the constituents of the dialogue. The dialogue objects in
the dialogue tree can be
accessed by the various modules for interpretation, generation and background
system access.
Focused entities are modeled in entities pertaining to objects or sets
of objects, and related
domain concept information; properties of the domain objects. A simple
copying principle,
where a new dialogue object's focal parameters are instantiated with
information from the
preceding dialogue object, accounts for most context dependent utterances.
The action to
be carried out by the interface is determined on the basis of how the objects
and related
properties are specified. This in turn depends on information presented
in the user utterance,
context information from the dialogue tree and information in the domain
model. The use of
dialogue objects facilitates customization to the sublanguage
utilized in a specific application.
The framework has successfully been applied to various background systems
and interaction
modalities. In the paper results from the customization of the dialogue
manager to three
typed interaction applications are presented together with results from
applying the model to
two applications utilizing spoken interaction.
Recovering nonlinearly distributed knowledge:
Computing discourse structure in factual reports
Authors: IWAŃSKA ŁUCJA
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a new type of nonlinear discourse structure
found to be very common
in free English texts. This structure reflects nonlinear presentation of
the information and
knowledge conveyed by the texts. It is argued that such nonlinearity is
representationally and
informationally advantageous because it allows one to create smaller, more
compact texts.
The paper presents a heuristics-based, relatively domain-independent algorithm
for computing
this new text structure. The paper discusses good quantitative and qualitative
performance of
the algorithm, and presents the results of the extensive tests on a large

volume of free English texts.
An Intelligent Treatise on Human Intelligence
Authors: Butler R.W.
Published: July 2002

This is a very good book, perhaps even an excellent
book. Professor Mackintosh is, interestingly, a well respected
experimental psychologist who practices in the field of
animal learning. His text, The Psychology of Animal
Learning, is somewhat of a classic in the field. Thus,
one wonders why Professor Mackintosh would take on the
behemoth of the IQ ideology given his background. Indeed,
the study of human intelligence is a subspecialty of psychology
in its own right. I suspect Professor Mackintosh's
motivation lies in the intellectual and academic challenge
of this pursuit, and his resultant product reflects a true
scholarly effort.
A Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Ska Bernadette
Published: July 2002

There are few handbooks devoted to clinical neuropsychology
or behavioral neurology written in French. Most recently,
there have been two: one by Habib and the other edited by
Seron and Jeannerod. This revised and improved edition of
the book edited by M.I. Botez completes this short list.
The Botez book is impressive in terms of both its form and
its content. The first edition, published in 1987, had 413
pages, 36 collaborators, and 37 chapters. The new edition
has 682 pages, 55 collaborators, and 37 chapters. Fourteen
of the chapters are quasi-exact reproductions of those in
the first edition, while the others have been modified or added.
Whither economics? From optimality to sustainability?
Authors: BARTELMUS PETER
Published: July 2002

Environment and economy interact. Most economists and economic policy makers have tended to neglect this interaction as 'external' to mainstream market economics. The question is whether environmental externalities have reached a level where they overwhelm optimality and efficiency in resource allocation. Sustainability in growth and development has been advanced as a criterion for dealing with the social costs of environmental impacts. The article examines how this criterion can be operationalized for assessing the significance of environmental concerns in economic analysis and policy. Indicators of economic and ecological sustainability are defined and compiled for selected countries. Based on these indicators, operational paradigms of 'eco-nomics' and 'sustainable development' are advanced.
Exogenous Phytohormone-Independent Growth and Regeneration of Tobacco Plants Transgenic for the 6b Gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10
Authors: Wabiko H. , Minemura M.
Published: July 2002

The 6b gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10 (AK-6b) induces crown gall tumors on certain plants but so far there have been no reports of the gene being able to induce tumors on culture medium, We cloned T-DNA segments containing the 6b gene but lacking the auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis genes from A. tumefaciens AKE10. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf discs infected with A. tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the clones produced shooty calli on hormone-free Murashige-Skoog medium. The relevant T-DNA segment was integrated into plant DNA as determined by Southern hybridization. Some of these immature shoots spontaneously developed into mature shoots, of which several leaves displayed morphological abnormalities. When leaf discs of these mature plants were placed onto the same medium numerous shoots developed from the wounding sites, indicating that the transgenic plants possessed a high regenerative potential. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed a large accumulation of the AK-6b transcripts in the shooty calli, but only a limited degree in mature plants, demonstrating that AK-6b expression is regulated in plants and essential for the early stages of regeneration. Cytokinin levels in the shooty calli were comparable to those in normal shoots, suggesting that shoot regeneration is not mediated by the modulation of cytokinin content.
Immunodetection and Characterization of Tomato Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase Cel1 Protein in Flower Abscission Zones
Authors: Gonzalez-Bosch C. , del Campillo E. , Bennett A. B.
Published: July 2002

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) endo-β-1,4-glucanase Cel1 mRNA accumulation was previously correlated with abscission of flower explants. Cel1 antibodies were raised against a fusion protein encoding a portion of the Cel1 polypeptide and was shown to react specifically with three polypeptides with molecular masses ranging between 51 and 53 kD in flower abscission zones induced to abscise. All three polypeptides were clearly suppressed in two transgenic lines expressing an antisense Cel1 gene that specifically suppressed the accumulation of Cel1 mRNA, indicating that all three polypeptides are products of the Cel1 gene. Cel1 protein accumulation was correlated with flower abscission. Breakstrength and Cel1 protein content were also analyzed in flower explants, indicating that Cel1 protein accumulation is correlated with the final stages of flower shedding, which suggests that Cel1 is involved in the late stage of abscission. These results support the involvement of Cel1 in the abscission of flower explants and suggest that other hydrolase activities also participate in that process.
Sorbitol-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Expression in Transgenic Tobacco1
Authors: Sheveleva Elena V. , Marquez Sheila , Chmara Wendy , Zegeer Abreeza , Jensen Richard G. , Bohnert Hans J.
Published: July 2002

We analyzed transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) expressing Stpd1, a cDNA encoding sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from apple, under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. In 125 independent transformants variable amounts of sorbitol ranging from 0.2 to 130 μmol g−1 fresh weight were found. Plants that accumulated up to 2 to 3 μmol g−1 fresh weight sorbitol were phenotypically normal, with successively slower growth as sorbitol amounts increased. Plants accumulating sorbitol at 3 to 5 μmol g−1 fresh weight occasionally showed regions in which chlorophyll was partially lost, but at higher sorbitol amounts young leaves of all plants lost chlorophyll in irregular spots that developed into necrotic lesions. When sorbitol exceeded 15 to 20 μmol g−1 fresh weight, plants were infertile, and at even higher sorbitol concentrations the primary regenerants were incapable of forming roots in culture or soil. In mature plants sorbitol amounts varied with age, leaf position, and growth conditions. The appearance of lesions was correlated with high sorbitol, glucose, fructose, and starch, and low myo-inositol. Supplementingmyo-inositol in seedlings and young plants prevented lesion formation. Hyperaccumulation of sorbitol, which interferes with inositol biosynthesis, seems to lead to osmotic imbalance, possibly acting as a signal affecting carbohydrate allocation and transport.
Autonomic Straightening after Gravitropic Curvature of Cress Roots1
Authors: Stanković Bratislav , Volkmann Dieter , David Sack Fred
Published: July 2002

Few studies have documented the response of gravitropically curved organs to a withdrawal of a constant gravitational stimulus. The effects of stimulus withdrawal on gravitropic curvature were studied by following individual roots of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) through reorientation and clinostat rotation. Roots turned to the horizontal curved down 62° and 88° after 1 and 5 h, respectively. Subsequent rotation on a clinostat for 6 h resulted in root straightening through a loss of gravitropic curvature in older regions and through new growth becoming aligned closer to the prestimulus vertical. However, these roots did not return completely to the prestimulus vertical, indicating the retention of some gravitropic response. Clinostat rotation shifted the mean root angle −36° closer to the prestimulus vertical, regardless of the duration of prior horizontal stimulation. Control roots (no horizontal stimulation) were slanted at various angles after clinostat rotation. These findings indicate that gravitropic curvature is not necessarily permanent, and that the root retains some commitment to its equilibrium orientation prior to gravitropic stimulation.
Elementary Processes of Photoperception by Phytochrome A for High-Irradiance Response of Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis,
Authors: Shinomura Tomoko , Uchida Kenko , Furuya Masaki
Published: July 2002

Elementary processes of photoperception by phytochrome A (PhyA) for the high-irradiance response (HIR) of hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis were examined using a newly designed irradiator with LED. The effect of continuous irradiation with far-red (FR) light could be replaced by intermittent irradiation with FR light pulses if given at intervals of 3 min or less for 24 h. In this response, the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity held in each FR light pulse. Therefore, we determined the action spectrum for the response by intermittent irradiation usingphyB and phyAphyB double mutants. The resultant action spectrum correlated well with the absorption spectrum of PhyA in far-red-absorbing phytochrome (Pfr). Intermittent irradiation with 550 to 667 nm of light alone had no significant effect on the response. In contrast, intermittent irradiation with red light immediately after each FR light pulse completely reversed the effect of FR light in each cycle. The results indicate that neither red-absorbing phytochrome synthesized in darkness nor photoconverted Pfr are physiologically active, and that a short-lived signal is induced during photoconversion from Pfr to red-absorbing phytochrome. The mode of photoperception by PhyA for HIR is essentially different from that by PhyA for very-low-fluence responses and phytochrome B for low-fluence responses.
The empty company: morality and job security
Authors: Warren Richard C.
Published: July 2002

Criticizes Handy’s depiction of the portfolio career and the end of job security because he is overly dismissive of the contribution job security can and does make to the moral order of society. Develops a counter argument and evidence showing that business organizations are complex, morally significant institutions in addition to being instruments designed to fulfil an economic function. Concludes that the company should be institutionalized as a shared community of purpose which enables us to recognize its contribution as one of the important vehicles for the development of virtue and the good life. Notes that business educators and business leaders need to take employment security seriously and build this conception into their professional ideology and practice.
The evaluation of goal and goal‐free training innovation
Authors: James Carl , Roffe Ian
Published: July 2002

Distinguishes between “goal” and “goal‐free” training and highlights the growing significance of the latter for applications in training for creativity as well as with initiatives aimed at training innovation. Examines the general reasons for evaluation together with certain accompanying complications. The conventional approaches to assessment are reviewed and also their relevance for applications involving innovation. The differences in choice between innovation of a training product are compared with a training service and a typology for defining and categorising an innovation in training via a process of idea screening is considered. Three vital aspects of the evaluation of “goal‐free” innovation are considered: the client’s requirements, the effectiveness of the initiative, and acquiring and providing feedback. Five core axioms are presented that appear to apply in most assessments involving “goal‐free” innovative training initiatives. Concludes with an assessment of key contemporary questions that need to be answered by research in order to progress this topic further.
Finite difference modelling of natural convection flow with thermophoresis
Authors: Jayaraj S.
Published: July 2002

Deals with thermophoretic analysis in natural convection laminar flow over a cold vertical flat plate. The governing equations are solved by finite difference marching technique. Variation of wall concentration and wall flux with respect to the plate length is studied. Influence of Prandtl number, plate temperature on particle deposition and wall flux is presented in graphical form. An already established self‐adaptive grid generation technique and variable grid size method are incorporated in the computer routine to get more accurate results. The nature of variation of particle concentration profile with respect to Prandtl number is found to be similar. For a cold plate it is observed that the wall concentration increases with decrease in Prandtl number.
Exercise with low muscle glycogen augments TCA cycle anaplerosis but impairs oxidative energy provision in humans
Authors: Gibala Martin J. , Peirce Nick , Constantin‐Teodosiu Dimitru , Greenhaff Paul L.
Published: July 2002

We tested the hypotheses that: (i) exercise with low muscle glycogen would reduce pyruvate flux through the alanine aminotransferase (AAT) reaction and attenuate the increase in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, and (ii) attenuation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate (TCAI) pool expansion would limit TCA cycle flux, thereby accelerating phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation. Eight men cycled for 10 min at 70% of their VO2,max on two occasions: (i) following their normal diet (CON) and (ii) after cycling to exhaustion and consuming a low carbohydrate diet for ∼2 days (LG). Biopsies (m. vastus lateralis) confirmed that [glycogen] was lower in LG vs. CON at rest (257 ± 18 vs. 611 ± 54 mmol (kg dry mass)−1; P≤ 0.05); however, net glycogenolysis was not different after 1 or 10 min of exercise. PCr degradation from rest to 1 min was ∼26% higher in LG vs. CON (38 ± 4 vs. 28 ± 4 mmol (kg dry mass)−1; P≤ 0.05). The sum of five measured TCAIs (∼90 % of total pool) was not different between trials at rest and after 1 min, but was higher after 10 min in LG vs. CON (5.51 ± 0.43 vs. 4.45 ± 0.49 mmol (kg dry mass)−1; P≤ 0.05). Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity was lower during exercise in LG vs. CON (2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 mmol min−1 (kg wet weight)−1 after 10 min; P≤ 0.05), and acetylcarnitine was ∼threefold less, implying increased pyruvate availability for flux through AAT. Resting muscle [glutamate] was higher in LG vs. CON (16.1 ± 0.8 vs. 11.8 ± 0.4 mmol (kg dry mass)−1; P≤ 0.05) and the net decrease in [glutamate] during exercise was ∼30 % greater in LG vs. CON. These findings suggest that: (i) contrary to our hypotheses, LG increased anaplerosis by decreasing PDC flux and/or increasing the conversion of glutamate carbon to TCAIs, and (ii) accelerating the rate of muscle TCAI expansion did not affect oxidative energy provision during the initial phase of contraction, since changes in [TCAI] were not temporally related to PCr degradation.
A Thick-Beam Library Solution Method for Vibration-Based Characterization of Thick Composite Plates
Authors: Zheng Z. , Ayorinde E. O. , Gibson R. F.
Published: July 2002

A method is presented for obtaining the modal solutions to the free lateral vibrations of a rectangular orthotropic plate of thickness appreciable enough that through-the-thickness shear and rotary inertia are important. The Rayleigh method is applied to the Timoshenko beam in this approach, which also utilizes optimized modes. The plate solution was synthesized from those of beams lying wholly in each of the two transverse directions. For thin plates, the Rayleigh method with optimized modes gives results of comparable accuracy with other methods employing 36 (six per direction) modes, and thus presents a significant advantage. However, the necessary numerical solution of the hyperbolic thick beam frequency equations takes much more computer resources than for a thin beam. Many important procedures, such as the material identification and damage characterization of thick plates, generally utilize multitudes of trial solutions of this forward problem. Procedures for speeding up the forward solution are therefore of great importance. Possible pathways for arriving at such procedures are examined. Investigation of the behavior of the fundamental vibration mode, which is usually the most important structural mode, suggests the feasibility of setting up of a solution library for a thick beam rather than for a plate directly. The thick beam solution library is developed and an interpolation algorithm is created. The library is utilized for the forward plate problem. Results with and without the library are compared, and they show that the beam solution library method is indeed accurate and achieves significant savings on computation time.
A New Probabilistic Approach for Accurate Fatigue Data Analysis of Ceramic Materials
Authors: Schenk Bjoern , Brehm Peggy J. , Menon M. N. , Tucker William T. , Peralta Alonso D.
Published: July 2002

Statistical methods for the design of ceramic components for time-dependent failure modes have been developed that can significantly enhance component reliability, reduce baseline data generation costs, and lead to more accurate estimates of slow crack growth (SCG) parameters. These methods are incorporated into the Honeywell Engines & Systems CERAMIC and ERICA computer codes. Use of the codes facilitates generation of material strength parameters and SCG parameters simultaneously, by pooling fast fracture data from specimens that are of different sizes, or stressed by different loading conditions, with data derived from static fatigue experiments. The codes also include approaches to calculation of confidence bounds for the Weibull and SCG parameters of censored data and for the predicted reliability of ceramic components. This paper presents a summary of this new fatigue data analysis technique and an example demonstrating the capabilities of the codes with respect to time-dependent failure modes. This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DoE/ORNL) under Contract No. DE-AC05-84OR21400. [S0742-4795(00)02103-7]