bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEW MODELS FOR VENEZIANO AMPLITUDES: COMBINATORIAL, SYMPLECTIC AND SUPERSYMMETRIC ASPECTS
Authors: KHOLODENKO A. L.
Published: August 2005

The bosonic string theory evolved as an attempt to find a physical/quantum mechanical model capable of reproducing Euler's beta function (Veneziano amplitude) and its multidimensional analogue. The multidimensional analogue of beta function was studied mathematically for some time from different angles by mathematicians such as Selberg, Weil and Deligne among many others. The results of their studies apparently were not taken into account in physics literature on string theory. In several recent publications, attempts were made to restore the missing links. As discussed in these publications, the existing mathematical interpretation of the multidimensional analogue of Euler's beta function as one of the periods associated with the corresponding differential form "living" on the Fermat-type (hyper) surface, happens to be crucial for restoration of the quantum/statistical mechanical models reproducing such generalized beta function. There is a number of nontraditional models — all interrelated — capable of reproducing the Veneziano amplitudes. In this work we would like to discuss two of such new models: symplectic and supersymmetric. The symplectic model is based on observation that the Veneziano amplitude is just the Laplace transform of the generating function for the Ehrhart polynomial. Such a polynomial counts the number of lattice points inside the rational polytope (i.e. polytope whose vertices are located at the nodes of a regular lattice) and at its boundaries. In the present case, the polytope is a regular simplex. It is a deformation retract for the Fermat-type (hyper) surface (perhaps inflated, as explained in the text). Using known connections between polytopes and dynamical systems, the quantum mechanical system associated with such a dynamical system is found. The ground state of this system is degenerate with degeneracy factor given by the Ehrhart polynomial. Using some ideas by Atiyah, Bott and Witten we argue that the supersymmetric model related to the symplectic can be recovered. While recovering this model, we demonstrate that the ground state of such a model is degenerate with the same degeneracy factor as for earlier obtained symplectic model. Since the wave functions of this model are in one to one correspondence with the Veneziano amplitudes, this exactly solvable supersymmetric (and, hence, also symplectic) model is sufficient for recovery of the partition function reproducing the Veneziano amplitudes thus providing the exact solution of the Veneziano model.
SUPERSYMMETRY ON GRAPHS AND NETWORKS
Authors: REQUARDT MANFRED
Published: August 2005

We show that graphs, networks and other related discrete model systems carry a natural supersymmetric structure, which, apart from its conceptual importance as to possible physical applications, allows us to derive a series of spectral properties for a class of graph operators which typically encode relevant graph characteristics.
Mitochondrial Morphology and Dynamics in Yeast and Multicellular Eukaryotes
Authors: Okamoto Koji , Shaw Janet M.
Published: August 2005

Mitochondria form dynamic tubular networks that continually change their shape and move throughout the cell. In eukaryotes, these organellar gymnastics are controlled by numerous pathways that preserve proper mitochondrial morphology and function. The best understood of these are the fusion and fission pathways, which rely on conserved GTPases and their binding partners to regulate organelle connectivity and copy number in healthy cells and during apoptosis. In budding yeast, mitochondrial shape is also maintained by proteins acting in the tubulation pathway. Novel proteins and pathways that control mitochondrial dynamics continue to be discovered, indicating that the mechanisms governing this organelle's behavior are more sophisticated than previously appreciated. Here we review recent advances in the field of mitochondrial dynamics and highlight the importance of these pathways to human health.
BIOGENESIS, ARCHITECTURE, AND FUNCTION OF BACTERIAL TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEMS
Authors: Christie Peter J. , Atmakuri Krishnamohan , Krishnamoorthy Vidhya , Jakubowski Simon , Cascales Eric
Published: August 2005

Type IV secretion (T4S) systems are ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation machines. These systems assemble as a translocation channel, and often also as a surface filament or protein adhesin, at the envelopes of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These organelles mediate the transfer of DNA and protein substrates to phylogenetically diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cells. Many basic features of T4S are known, including structures of machine subunits, steps of machine assembly, substrates and substrate recognition mechanisms, and cellular consequences of substrate translocation. A recent advancement also has enabled definition of the translocation route for a DNA substrate through a T4S system of a Gram-negative bacterium. This review emphasizes the dynamics of assembly and function of model conjugation systems and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/D4 T4S system. We also summarize salient features of the increasingly studied effector translocator systems of mammalian pathogens.
Anti-glycosyl antibodies in lipid rafts of the enterocyte brush border: a possible host defense against pathogens
Authors: Hansen Gert H. , Pedersen Esben D. K. , Immerdal Lissi , Niels-Christiansen Lise-Lotte , Danielsen E. Michael
Published: August 2005

The pig small intestinal brush border is a glycoprotein- and glycolipid-rich membrane that functions as a digestive/absorptive surface for dietary nutrients as well as a permeability barrier for pathogens. The present work was performed to identify carbohydrate-binding (lectinlike) proteins associated with the brush border. Chromatography on lactose-agarose was used to isolate such proteins, and their localization was studied biochemically and by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy. IgG and IgM were the two major proteins isolated, indicating that naturally occurring anti-glycosyl antibodies are among the major lectinlike proteins in the gut. IgG and IgM as well as IgA were localized to the enterocyte brush border, and a brief lactose wash partially released all three immunoglobulins from the membrane, indicating that anti-glycosyl antibodies constitute a major part of the immunoglobulins at the lumenal surface of the gut. The antibodies were associated with lipid rafts at the brush border, and they frequently (52%) coclustered with the raft marker galectin 4. A lactose wash increased the susceptibility of the brush border toward lectin peanut agglutin and cholera toxin B, suggesting that anti-glycosyl antibodies compete with other carbohydrate-binding proteins at the lumenal surface of the gut. Thus anti-glycosyl antibodies constitute a major group of proteins associated with the enterocyte brush border membrane. We propose they function by protecting the lipid raft microdomains of the brush border against pathogens.
Expanding the febrigenic role of cyclooxygenase-2 to the previously overlooked responses
Authors: Steiner Alexandre A. , Rudaya Alla Y. , Robbins Jared R. , Dragic Alexander S. , Langenbach Robert , Romanovsky Andrej A.
Published: August 2005

Previous studies on the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in fever induced by intravenous LPS have failed to investigate the role of these isoenzymes in the earliest responses: monophasic fever (response to a low, near-threshold dose of LPS) and the first phase of polyphasic fever (response to higher doses). We studied these responses in 96 mice that were COX-1 or COX-2 deficient (−/−) or sufficient (+/+). Each mouse was implanted with a temperature telemetry probe into the peritoneal cavity and a jugular catheter. The study was conducted at a tightly controlled, neutral ambient temperature (31°C). To avoid stress hyperthermia (which masks the onset of fever), all injections were performed through a catheter extension. The +/+ mice responded to intravenous saline with no change in deep body temperature. To a low dose of LPS (1 μg/kg iv), they responded with a monophasic fever. To a higher dose (56 μg/kg), they responded with a polyphasic fever. Neither monophasic fever nor the first phase of polyphasic fever was attenuated in the COX-1 −/− mice, but both responses were absent in the COX-2 −/− mice. The second and third phases of polyphasic fever were also missing in the COX-2 −/− mice. The present study identifies a new, critical role for COX-2 in the mediation of the earliest responses to intravenous LPS: monophasic fever and the first phase of polyphasic fever. It also suggests that no product of the COX-1 gene, including the splice variant COX-1b (COX-3), is essential for these responses.
Structural Achilles tendon properties in athletes subjected to different exercise modes and in Achilles tendon rupture patients
Authors: Kongsgaard M. , Aagaard P. , Kjaer M. , Magnusson S. P.
Published: August 2005

The prevalence of Achilles tendon (AT) injury is high in various sports, and AT rupture patients have been reported to have a 200-fold risk of sustaining a contralateral rupture. Tendon adaptation to different exercise modes is not fully understood. The present study investigated the structural properties of the AT in male elite athletes that subject their AT to different exercise modes as well as in Achilles rupture patients. Magnetic resonance imaging of the foot and leg, anthropometric measurements, and maximal isometric plantar flexion force were obtained in 6 male AT rupture patients and 25 male elite athletes (kayak/control group n = 9, volleyball n = 8 and endurance running n = 8). AT cross-sectional area (CSA) was normalized to body mass. Runners had a larger normalized AT CSA along the entire length of the tendon compared with the control group ( P < 0.05). The volleyball subjects had a larger normalized CSA compared with the control group ( P < 0.05) in the area of thinnest tendon CSA. No structural differences of the AT were found in the rupture subjects compared with the control group. Rupture subjects did not subject their AT to greater force or stress during a maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion than the other groups. The CSA of the triceps surae musculature was the strongest predictor of AT CSA ( rs= 0.569, P < 0.001). This study is the first to show larger CSA in tendons that are subjected to intermittent high loads. AT rupture patients did not display differences in structural or loading properties of the tendons.
RNA-Targeted Suppression of Stress-Induced Allostasis in Primate Spinal Cord Neurons
Authors: Evron Tama , Moyal-Segal Liat Ben , Lamm Noa , Geffen Adi , Soreq Hermona
Published: August 2005

Peripheral acetylcholine levels notably control the synthesis in macrophages of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, it remains unclear whether this peripheral regulatory pathway affects central nervous system neurons. To explore the interrelationship between neuronal cholinergic homeostasis and peripheral inflammatory responses in primates, we used spinal cord sections from cynomolgus monkeys after 7 days oral or intravenous treatment with Monarsen oligonucleotide. Monarsen is an antisense oligonucleotide 3′-protected by 2′-oxymethylation, which was proved to induce selective destruction of the stress-induced acetylcholinesterase splice variant AChE-R mRNA. Handling stress predictably suppressed neuronal choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in all treated monkeys. In Monarsen-treated animals, we further observed suppression of stress-induced increases in plasma AChE activities. Corresponding decreases in AChE-R mRNA were seen in spinal cord neurons, associated with parallel decline patterns in the mRNA encoding for the splice factor SC35 (the levels of which co-increase with those of AChE-R) as well as in the neuronal pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-1β and IL-6. The antisense effects showed direct dose dependence and were inversely associated with neuronal cell size. These findings suggest a causal association between neuronal cholinergic allostasis and inflammatory reactions in primates and support the peripheral use of RNA-targeted intervention with AChE-R accumulation for the management of both stress and inflammatory responses.
Overexpression of c-myb in Leukaemic and Non-Leukaemic Variants of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Poenitz N. , Simon-Ackermann J. , Gratchev A. , Qadoumi M. , Klemke C.-D. , Stadler R. , Kremer A. , Radenhausen M. , Henke U. , Assaf C. , Utikal J. , Goerdt S. , Dippel E.
Published: August 2005

Background: The c-myb oncogene is a transcription factor that regulates proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of haematopoietic cells and activated T cells by binding to promoter sequences of such genes as c-myc or bcl-2 that are expressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Objective: Our study was performed in order to evaluate c-myb expression as a quantitative parameter for differential diagnosis in leukaemic and non-leukaemic variants of CTCL. Methods: c-myb expression was analysed in lesional skin and in the peripheral blood of 21 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF), 15 patients with Sézary syndrome (SS) and 15 patients with inflammatory skin diseases using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative as well as quantitative RT-PCR. Results: Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of c-myb in the lesional skin of the majority of CTCL patients with a tendency towards higher expression in SS (1.86 ± 0.5) versus MF (1.2 ± 0.7) while c-myb was absent from the lesional skin of patients with inflammatory skin diseases. c-myb was overexpressed in the peripheral blood in all SS patients (100% SS vs. 35.7% MF) at a high expression level (51,335.31 ± 31,960.32 AU in SS vs. 1,226.35 ± 1,258.29 AU in MF using semiquantitative RT-PCR, and 5.72 × 10–2 ± 2.27 × 10–2 in SS vs. 0.91 × 10–2 ± 1.18 × 10–2 in MF vs. 0.24 × 10–2 ± 0.11 × 10–2 in inflammatory skin disease using quantitative RT-PCR). CD4+ cells from the peripheral blood of SS patients and cell lines in vitro showed the highest c-myb expression levels upon quantitative RT-PCR (23.27 × 10–2 and 10.78 × 10–2 ± 7.24 × 10–2). Conclusion: Overexpression of c-myb in skin lesions of both non-leukaemic and leukaemic CTCL independent of the stage of the disease indicates that it acts early in disease development. Nevertheless, if positive, c-myb expression in lesional skin is a clear-cut diagnostic marker for CTCL as compared to inflammatory skin diseases. High-level expression of c-myb in the peripheral blood as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR constitutes an additional diagnostic parameter for SS and may be especially useful in cases in which morphological determination of Sézary cells or FACS analysis of CD7 and CD26 remain inconclusive.
Association between Discoid Lupus erythematosus and Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Miot Hélio Amante , Bartoli Miot Luciane Donida , Haddad Gabriela Roncada
Published: August 2005

Background: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic cutaneous disease affecting photoexposed areas and has also been associated with cigarette smoking. Objective: To evaluate the association between smoking and DLE. Methods: A case-control study was performed involving 57 cases diagnosed with DLE and 215 healthy controls. Results: A higher smoking prevalence was noted in DLE cases (84.2%) than controls (33.5%), and the odds ratio adjusted for gender, age and ultraviolet index in the city of origin was 14.4 (95% confidence interval 6.2–33.8; multiple logistic regression, p < 0.01). The cumulative smoking exposure was not related to premature DLE development. At the beginning of the disease, smokers had more extensive involvement than nonsmokers; compromise of the upper arms was statistically related to smoking. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking was statistically associated with DLE development. Other studies are needed in order to evaluate the effects of smoking cessation on the course of disease.
Characterization of Surfactant-Induced Skin Damage through Barrier Recovery Induced by Pseudoacylceramides
Authors: Takagi Yutaka , Nakagawa Hidemi , Higuchi Kazuhiko , Imokawa Genji
Published: August 2005

Background and Objective: To determine how much barrier-reinforcing effects of ceramides contribute to prevent the surfactant-induced cutaneous deterioration. Methods: We compared the effects of topical application of two types of pseudoceramides on cutaneous deterioration induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment for 10 days in association with alterations of barrier function. Results: Daily application of pseudoacylceramide immediately after each SDS treatment significantly prevented the marked elevation of transepidermal water loss, which was accompanied by a marked abrogation of the increased expression in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 by epidermal cells as well as by suppressed epidermal hyperplasia. In contrast, topical application of a nonacylated pseudoceramide with poor barrier-reinforcing potential showed less preventive effects on cutaneous deterioration. Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that perturbation of the skin barrier is a causative factor in surfactant-induced cutaneous changes and that reinforcing the barrier function by ceramide application is effective in preventing the surfactant-induced skin deterioration.
A Case of Mixed Bullous Disease of Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Authors: Osawa Masumi , Demitsu Toshio , Toda Sunao , Yokokura Hideto , Umemoto Naoka , Yamada Tomoko , Yoneda Kozo , Kakurai Maki , Yoshida Mariko , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: August 2005

A 75-year-old Japanese male visited us with bullous eruptions on the extremities. Physical examination revealed large bullae on the hands, lower legs and feet. The oral mucosa was also involved. Histology disclosed subepidermal blister with inflammatory cell infiltrates in the dermis. Direct immunofluorescence showed deposits of IgG and IgA at the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Indirect immunofluorescence on 1 M NaCl-split human skin sections demonstrated that the patient’s IgG antibodies reacted with the dermal side of the split, while IgA antibodies reacted with the epidermal side. Immunoblotting showed that the patient’s serum reacted with the NC1 domain of type VII collagen (290-kDa epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen) as well as the 120-kDa linear IgA bullous dermatosis antigen, LAD-1. Systemic prednisolone resulted in a favorable response. From the clinicopathological findings, the present case is not consistent with either epidermolysis bullosa acquisita or IgA bullous dermatosis. Therefore, we regarded the case as mixed bullous disease of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Such a case has not been previously reported.
Multiple Spreading Epidermolytic Acanthomas of the Genital and Perigenital Skin
Authors: Reguiaï Z. , Cribier B. , Derancourt C. , Perceau G. , Bernard P.
Published: August 2005

Epidermolytic acanthoma is an uncommon benign tumour mainly characterized histologically by a prominent epidermolytic degeneration of the keratinocytes of the upper layers of the stratum spinosum and of the stratum granulosum. The absence of desmosome involvement allows to differentiate this condition from others such as acantholytic acanthoma. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of a 54-year-old male patient exhibiting disseminated scrotal, gluteal, inguinal and perineal epidermolytic acanthomas.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Primary Orbital Ewing’s Sarcoma
Authors: Kasliwal Manish K. , Agrawal Deepak , Mahapatra A.K.
Published: August 2005

The authors describe the MRI findings of a primary orbital Ewing’s sarcoma in a 5-year-old boy, who underwent an extensive tumour surgery as these findings were mistaken for more chemoresistant sarcomas such as rhabdomyosarcoma. This case illustrates the fact that MR findings of primary orbital Ewing’s sarcoma may be different from those of Ewing’s sarcoma present elsewhere in the body. An accurate preoperative diagnosis may therefore result in a more conservative approach and prove extremely useful in such tumours.
Adenoid-Tonsillectomy to Treat Visual Dysfunction in a Child with Craniosynostosis
Authors: Liasis A. , Nischal K.K. , Leighton S. , Yap S. , Hayward R. , Dunaway D.
Published: August 2005

We report a child with isolated saggital synostosis where a gradual deterioration of the P100 component of the pattern reversal visual evoked potential recorded during the day was associated with episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep that correlated with periods of ICP spiking. Adenoid-tonsillectomy reversed this deterioration with coincident increase in SaO2 and decreased sleep apnoea.
Pseudotumor Cerebri: Disordered Cerebrospinal Fluid Hydrodynamics with Extra-Axial CSF Collections
Authors: Najjar Marwan W. , Azzam Narmer I. , Khalifa Maher A.
Published: August 2005

Pseudotumor cerebri is uncommon in the pediatric age group and presents with clinical characteristics different from the adult form. We report a 5-year-old boy who presented with – seemingly spontaneous – alternating subdural CSF collections before progressing to develop pseudotumor cerebri. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a presentation. In the prepubertal pediatric age group, pseudotumor cerebri may be associated with multiple etiologic factors (more than in the adult population). The exact common mechanism behind such a disorder is not known. Pseudotumor cerebri may be a disorder of CSF hydrodynamics. It may also be linked to other disorders of CSF hydrodynamics, as in our case. The exact link and mechanistic differences between these apparently related disorders deserve further analysis and investigation, possibly through dynamic MRI techniques.
Spinal Ganglioneuroma Mimicking Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Lai Po-Liang , Lui Tai-Ngar , Jung Shih-Ming , Chen Wen-Jer
Published: August 2005

The authors report a 12-year-old girl who presented with a 2-year progressive painless thoracic scoliosis. Her previous development had been normal with no significant past history of illness. MRI revealed a thoracic ganglioneuroma, which was confirmed by surgical pathology. Ganglioneuroma might cause progressive spinal deformity mimicking adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A careful preoperative survey is mandatory for patients diagnosed with scoliosis with a rigid or rapidly progressive curve. The authors recommend a combination of neurosurgery and orthopedic spine surgery to treat this condition.
Cognitive Impairment in the Lateralized Phenotype of Corticobasal Degeneration
Authors: Moretti Rita , Torre Paola , Antonello Rodolfo M. , Cattaruzza Tatiana , Cazzato Giuseppe
Published: August 2005

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare disorder, which normally includes a combination of neurobehavioural features, movement disorders and other manifestations. It is now recognized that CBD patients usually present with two phenotypes: the lateralized phenotype and the dementia phenotype. The aim of our work was to determine the nature and the progression of cognitive and behavioural impairment in 10 lateralized CBD patients. In our patients, the most salient aspects of cognitive impairment were: an evident alteration of rapid alternating operative strategies, associated with the evident impairment of set shifting, of executive operations, of operative and sequential procedure and of implementation of judgement and abstract reasoning. The self-activation of retrieval processes is partly preserved in CBD. As all the other types of subcortical impairments, even CBD encompasses both cognitive impairment as well as a wide range of behaviour disturbances, such as progressive alterations of sleep, depression, and of anxiety (with a remarkable incidence of somatic pain). This suggests that in addition to neuropsychological assessment, quantification of the personality behaviour disorder is important for standardizing the diagnosis of subcortical vascular dementia and distinguishing it from any other dementias.
Efficacy of Rivastigmine in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients with Rapid Disease Progression: Results of a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Farlow Martin R. , Small Gary W. , Quarg Peter , Krause Andreas
Published: August 2005

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients experiencing more rapid symptom progression are likely to have a poorer prognosis than those experiencing slow symptom progression. In a recent retrospective analysis, treatment effects of rivastigmine were more pronounced in AD patients with rapid cognitive decline than in those with slow cognitive decline. This warranted further investigation. Methods: Rapidly and slowly progressing patients were identified by rates of cognitive decline [≧4 points and <4 points, respectively, on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog)] during 26 weeks of placebo treatment in four randomized controlled trials (weeks 0–26). This meta-analysis evaluated rates of cognitive decline in both subgroups during subsequent open-label rivastigmine 26-week extension studies (weeks 26–52). A longitudinal mixed effects model compared cognitive decline in rapidly and slowly progressing patients, including correction for possible regression to the mean. Results: 180 (75%) rapidly and 337 (78%) slowly progressing patients provided ADAS-cog data after 26 weeks of open-label rivastigmine treatment. Improvements in cognitive symptoms were observed during the first 12 weeks, which were more pronounced in patients with rapid progression than in those with slow progression. Rapidly progressing patients experienced significantly greater cognitive benefits than slowly progressing patients (p = 0.029), who experienced a modest decline in cognitive symptoms at the end of the study. Comment: Patients experiencing rapid symptom progression may receive greater benefit from rivastigmine than those with slow progression. In this study, cholinesterase inhibition appeared to be of particular utility in the management of AD patients whose symptoms were rapidly worsening.
Personal, Social and Environmental Factors regarding Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Nine European Countries
Authors: Sandvik Camilla , de Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Due Pernille , Brug Johannes , Wind Marianne , Bere Elling , Pérez-Rodrigo Carmen , Wolf Alexandra , Elmadfa Ibrahim , Thórsdóttir Inga , Vaz de Almeida Maria Daniel , Yngve Agneta , Klepp Knut-Inge
Published: August 2005

Background/Aims: Children in Europe are consuming less fruit and vegetables than recommended. Knowledge about the potential determinants of fruit and vegetable intake is vital to understand discrepancies in intake and to guide interventions. The aim of the present study was to assess personal, social and environmental factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake among 11- to 12-year-old children in Europe. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken, with nationally or regionally representative samples of in total 13,305 children (mean age 11.4 years) from nine European countries. Pupils in the classroom completed a self-administered questionnaire measuring fruit and vegetable intake and personal, social and environmental factors during one school lesson. Age-adjusted covariance analyses were carried out by gender, for the full sample and for each country separately. Proportions responding positively to the constructs are presented. Results: Overall, European children held a positive attitude towards fruit and vegetable intake. For some constructs, large between-country differences were found. Children had a more positive attitude towards fruit than towards vegetables, and girls were on average more positive than boys. The children perceived their social environment as supportive towards fruit and vegetable intake. They reported good to very good availability of fruit and vegetables at home. However, availability at school and during leisure time activities seemed to be low, both for fruit and for vegetables. Conclusion: A large majority of the children reported positively to the personal and social factors regarding fruit and vegetable intake. As regards availability of fruit and vegetables at school and leisure time, and accessibility of fruit and vegetables at home, there is room for improvement.
Effect of Ethanol and Thermally Oxidized Sunflower Oil Ingestion on Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Liver: Protective Role of Cuminum cyminum L.
Authors: Kode Aruna , Rajagopalan Rukkumani , Penumathsa Suresh Varma , Menon Venugopal P.
Published: August 2005

Aim: The current study was undertaken to assess the effect of ethanol and thermally oxidized sunflower oil ingestion on liver phospholipid fatty acids and the protective role of Cuminum cyminum L. Methods: Ethanol was administered at a level of 20% and thermally oxidized sunflower oil at a level of 15% for 45 days. C. cyminum was administered at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight for 45 days. We investigated the changes in the liver phospholipid fatty acid composition. Results: Ethanol and thermally oxidized sunflower oil administration modifies the fatty acid composition and the analysis of fatty acids showed that there was a significant increase in the concentrations of 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2, whereas the concentration of 20:4 was significantly decreased. The concentrations of 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 and 20:4 were near normal in cumin-treated rats. Conclusion: The present investigation shows that cumin prevents the changes in the composition of fatty acids, which were produced by ethanol and thermally oxidized oil.
The Relation between Dietary Protein, Calcium and Bone Health in Women: Results from the EPIC-Potsdam Cohort
Authors: Weikert Cornelia , Walter Dietmar , Hoffmann Kurt , Kroke Anja , Bergmann Manuela M. , Boeing Heiner
Published: August 2005

Background/Aims: The role of dietary protein in bone health is controversial. The objective of the present study was to examine the association between protein intake, dietary calcium, and bone structure measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA). Methods: Our analysis includes 8,178 female study participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Potsdam Study. Ultrasound bone measurements were performed on the right os calcis, and BUA was determined. Dietary intake was assessed by a standardized food frequency questionnaire. We applied linear regression models to estimate the association between dietary protein and BUA. Results: After multivariate adjustment, high intake of animal protein was associated with decreased BUA values (β = –0.03; p = 0.010) whereas high vegetable protein intake was related to an increased BUA (β = 0.11; p = 0.007). The effect of dietary animal protein on BUA was modified by calcium intake. Conclusion: High consumption of protein from animal origin may be unfavourable, whereas a higher vegetable protein intake may be beneficial for bone health. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that high calcium intake combined with adequate protein intake based on a high ratio of vegetable to animal protein may be protective against osteoporosis.
Honey-Induced Stimulation of Blood Ethanol Elimination and Its Influence on Serum Triacylglycerol and Blood Pressure in Man
Authors: Onyesom I.
Published: August 2005

The effect of honey on blood alcohol metabolism and the accompanying changes in serum triacylglycerol and blood pressure were investigated using volunteers. Fifty consenting undergraduates in apparent good health, between the ages of 15 and 30 years (23.6 ± 7.4), were recruited for the study. The subjects were moderate alcohol drinkers (<30 g ethanol/day), matched in body weight and frame size. The participants were given ethanol (0.5 g/kg) and ethanol + honey (0.5 g/kg + 1.25 ml/kg) on two different occasions separated by 1 week. The results show that honey significantly (p < 0.01) increased blood alcohol disappearance and elimination rates by 32.4 and 28.6%, respectively, but reduced the intoxication time (that is, the time taken to attain zero blood alcohol level) and its degree (the peak blood alcohol level) by 30.0 and 4.4%. Ethanol + honey further increased serum triacylglycerol and blood pressure by 20.8 and 1.3/1.4% when compared with the proportion induced by ethanol after about 10 h of ingestion. The occasional use of honey as an anti-intoxicanting agent may be approved. Meanwhile, further studies on how to ameliorate or prevent the associated increase in serum triacylglycerol and blood pressure is required.
Tissue Accretion and Milk Content of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Female Rats after Supplementation with Different Docosahexaenoic Acid Sources
Authors: Valenzuela Alfonso , Nieto Susana , Sanhueza Julio , Nuñez María José , Ferrer Carolina
Published: August 2005

Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly concentrated in the mammalian nervous and visual system. The fatty acid, which is required by the fetus and the newborn, is supplied by the mother from their tissue reservoirs. It has been suggested that mother’s supplementation with DHA during pregnancy and even before pregnancy. Different sources of DHA are available for supplementation such as: single-cell algae triglycerides (TG), egg’s yolk phospholipids (PL), DHA ethyl esther (EE), and sn-2 DHA monoacylglyceride (MG). We evaluated comparatively the effectiveness of these different DHA sources to produce tissue DHA accretion and to increase milk DHA content. Methods: Female Wistar rats fed a diet which provided no DHA, were daily supplemented by 40 days before mating (BM) and during the pregnancy with either TG, PL, EE, or MG to an amount which provided 8 mg/kg b.w. of DHA. Samples of blood plasma, erythrocytes, hepatic and adipose tissue were obtained from rats at the BM condition and after the delivery (AD), and milk samples were also obtained from the gastric content of the pups nursed by the rats at day 3, 11 and 20 of suckling. Samples were processed to assess DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) content by gas-chromatography. Results: TG, PL, EE, and MG supplementation produced a similar intestinal absorption of DHA as estimated from the plasma DHA at the BM condition. However, PL and MG supplementation produced a higher accretion of DHA into erythrocytes, hepatic, and adipose tissue than TG and EE supplementation at the BM condition. AA content was not modified by the different supplementing oils. A reduction of the DHA content of plasma, erythrocytes, hepatic and adipose tissue at the AD condition was observed, and a reduction of AA for the hepatic and adipose tissues was also observed, suggesting the importance of these tissues as DHA and AA reservoirs. Milk secretion from PL and MG supplemented rats showed a higher DHA content than secretion from TG- and EE-supplemented rats. Conclusions: We conclude that PL and MG supplementation provides higher tissue DHA accretion and higher milk DHA content than TG and EE supplementation. However, we were not able to visualize the comparative advantages derived from PL vs. MG supplementation.
Plant Food Allergies: A Suggested Approach to Allergen-Resolved Diagnosis in the Clinical Practice by Identifying Easily Available Sensitization Markers
Authors: Asero Riccardo
Published: August 2005

Background: Molecular biology techniques have led to the identification of a number of allergens in vegetable foods, but due to the lack of purified food proteins for routine diagnostic use, the detection of sensitizing allergens remains a nearly impossible task in most clinical settings. The allergen-resolved diagnosis of food allergy is essential because each plant-derived food may contain a number of different allergens showing different physical/chemical characteristics that strongly influence the clinical expression of allergy; moreover, many allergens may cross-react with homologue proteins present in botanically unrelated vegetable foods. Objective: Through a review of the available literature, this study aimed to detect ‘markers’ of sensitization to specific plant food allergens that are easily accessible in the clinical practice. Results: There are several ‘markers’ of sensitization to different allergenic proteins in vegetable foods that can be helpful in the clinical practice. Specific algorithms for patients allergic to Rosaceae and to tree nuts were built. Conclusion: Clinical allergologists lacking the assistance of an advanced molecular biology lab may take advantage of some specific clinical data as well as of some ‘markers’ in the difficult task of correctly diagnosing patients with plant food allergy and to provide them the best preventive advice.
Isolation and Characterization of a cDNA Clone Encoding One IgE-Binding Fragment of Penicillium brevicompactum
Authors: Sevinc M.Serdal , Kumar Veena , Abebe Makonnen , Casley William L. , Vijay Hari M.
Published: August 2005

Background:The abundance of allergenic Penicillium species has been associated with an increased incidence of childhood asthma and pulmonary bleeding. Penicillium brevicompactum has been identified as the most prevalent indoorspecies of this genus. However, detailed studies on the allergens of the ubiquitous Penicillium species are still lacking. For the characterization of allergens of prevalent Penicillium species, molecular cloning of the allergen genes of P. brevicompactum was performed in the present study. Methods:A phage cDNA library of P. brevicompactum was constructed in Uni-ZAP® XR vector using mRNA isolated from the organism. The cDNA library of P.brevicompactum was screened using pooled atopic sera. Results: Screening of P. brevicompactum cDNA library resulted in one positive clone encoding an estimated molecular weight of 11 kDa polypeptide, rich in acidic residues (>20%), with a pI of 3.87. This clone was designated as Pen b 26 and found to be reactive only against the atopic sera obtained from individuals sensitive to P. brevicompactum. The amino acid sequence analysis of Pen b 26 revealed that it had strong homology to the 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 family from different eukaryotic sources, predominantly fungal aero-allergens. Other features of Pen b 26 including having high alpha-helical content (>50%), alanine-rich residues (>20%), and a well-conserved C-terminal epitope region fits well into the common properties of 60S acidic ribosomal proteins. Conclusions:The results obtained suggest that the allergenic clone, Pen b 26 is a 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 of P. brevicompactum and shows strong similarity to other P1 family proteins.
Depletion of Serum Response Factor by RNA Interference Mimics the Mitogenic Effects of Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Kaplan-Albuquerque Nihal , Van Putten Vicki , Weiser-Evans Mary C. , Nemenoff Raphael A.
Published: August 2005

Promoters of many smooth muscle-specific genes (SM-genes) contain multiple CArG boxes, which represent a binding site for serum response factor (SRF). Transciptional control through these regions involves interactions with SRF and specific coactivators such as myocardin. We have previously reported that suppression of SM-gene expression by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is associated with redistribution of SRF, leading to lower intra-nuclear levels, and a reduction in SRF transactivation. To further assess the role of SRF depletion on VSMC phenotype, the current study used RNA interference (RNAi). Two SRF-specific sequences constructed as hairpins were stably expressed in rat VSMC. Clones expressing SRF RNAi had no detectable SRF expression by immunoblotting, and showed diminished levels of SM α-actin protein and promoter activity. Unexpectedly, depletion of VSMC resulted in increased rates of proliferation and migration. Several genes whose expression is increased by PDGF stimulation, including c-Jun, were similarly induced in cells lacking SRF. Effects of SRF depletion were not attributable to altered PDGF receptor activity or alterations in activation of Akt. These data indicate that loss of SRF transactivation in VSMC, in this case through suppression via RNAi, induces biological responses similar to that seen with PDGF.
Aldosterone and Angiotensin II Synergistically Induce Mitogenic Response in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Min Li-Juan , Mogi Masaki , Li Jian-Mei , Iwanami Jun , Iwai Masaru , Horiuchi Masatsugu
Published: August 2005

Interaction between aldosterone (Aldo) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the cardiovascular system has been highlighted; however, its detailed signaling mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we examined the cross-talk of growth-promoting signaling between Aldo and Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Treatment with a lower dose of Aldo (10
−12
mol/L) and with a lower dose of Ang II (10
−10
mol/L) significantly enhanced DNA synthesis, whereas Aldo or Ang II alone at these doses did not affect VSMC proliferation. This effect of a combination of Aldo and Ang II was markedly inhibited by a selective AT
1
receptor blocker, olmesartan, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone, an MEK inhibitor, PD98059, or an EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478. Treatment with Aldo together with Ang II, even at noneffective doses, respectively, synergistically increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, reaching 2 peaks at 10 to 15 minutes and 2 to 4 hours. The early ERK peak was effectively blocked by olmesartan or an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor, AG1478, but not by spironolactone, whereas the late ERK peak was completely inhibited by not only olmesartan, but also spironolactone. Combined treatment with Aldo and Ang II attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression and increased Ki-ras2A expression. The late ERK peak was not observed in VSMC treated with Ki-ras2A-siRNA. Interestingly, the decrease in MKP-1 expression and the increase in Ki-ras2A expression were restored by PD98059 or AG1478. These results suggest that Aldo exerts a synergistic mitogenic effect with Ang II and support the notion that blockade of both Aldo and Ang II could be more effective to prevent vascular remodeling.
MRI Screening Before Standard Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy Is Feasible and Safe
Authors: Kang Dong-Wha , Chalela Julio A. , Dunn William , Warach Steven ,   NIH-Suburban Stroke Center Investigators
Published: August 2005

Background and Purpose—

MRI screening for thrombolytic therapy may improve patient selection. Alternatively, it may excessively delay treatment and thereby lead to worse outcomes. We hypothesized that times to treatment and outcomes in a stroke center with immediate MRI access and interpretation would not differ from those of the typical clinical practice.

Methods—

We compared the results of 120 consecutive patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 3 hours of onset at our center with those of the 2 largest multicenter registries of tPA use.

5,6

In addition to standard criteria, MRI specific eligibility criteria were applied in 97 patients. MRI was not performed in 23 patients because of contraindications to MRI or late patient arrival (>2.5 hours). Outcomes were the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) obtained at 3 months.

Results—

Times to treatment (median door-to-needle time 81.5 minutes; median onset-to-needle time 135 minutes) and outcomes (mRS 0 to 1, 40.8%; mRS 0 to 2, 47.5%) were not inferior to those of the typical clinical practice. Door-to-needle time was shorter in computed tomography (CT) screening (67.5±22.5 minutes; n=23) than in MRI screening (86.8±21.5 minutes; n=97;
P
<0.001). However, outcomes were not different between MRI screening (mRS 0 to 1, 42.3%; mRS 0 to 2, 49.5%) and CT screening (mRS 0 to 1, 34.8%; mRS 0 to 2, 39.1%). Neither times to treatment nor MRI screening was predictive of outcomes.

Conclusion—

These data demonstrate that MRI screening before tPA therapy is feasible and not associated with unacceptable times to treatment or outcomes.
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Sagui Emmanuel , M’Baye Papa Saliou , Dubecq Christophe , Ba Fall Khadi , Niang Abdourahmane , Gning Sarah , Bellefleur Jean-Pierre , Sane Mouhamadou , Debonne Jean Marc
Published: August 2005

Background and Purpose—

Basic stroke features are hardly known in sub-Saharan countries, and no data are available in Senegal.

Methods—

We performed a retrospective hospital-based study in Dakar, Senegal, to assess risk factors and etiology of stroke. Patients were recruited from January 1, 2003, to July 31, 2004, at the Hôpital Principal, Dakar. Strokes had to be ascertained by computed tomography.

Results—

A total of 107 patients were studied. Seventy percent of strokes were of ischemic nature. For ischemic strokes, mean age was 64.2 years. Hypertension was the main risk factor, occurring in 68%, and diabetes was encountered in 37.3%. Lacunar strokes and cardioembolism accounted for 20% and 13.3%, respectively. Because of the lack of systematic investigations, two thirds of strokes were of undetermined origin. Mortality within 1 month was 38%. For hemorrhagic strokes, mean age was 51 years and 1 month mortality was 56%.

Conclusion—

Hypertension is the main risk factor for both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in this hospital-based study.
Leisure Time, Occupational, and Commuting Physical Activity and the Risk of Stroke
Authors: Hu Gang , Sarti Cinzia , Jousilahti Pekka , Silventoinen Karri , Barengo Noël C. , Tuomilehto Jaakko
Published: August 2005

Background and Purpose—

The role of physical activity, especially that of occupational and commuting physical activity, in the prediction of stroke risk is not properly established. We assessed the relationship of different types of physical activity with total and type-specific stroke risk.

Methods—

We prospectively followed 47 721 Finnish subjects 25 to 64 years of age without a history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or cancer at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident stroke were estimated for different levels of leisure time, occupational, and commuting physical activity.

Results—

During a mean follow-up of 19.0 years, 2863 incident stroke events were ascertained. The multivariate-adjusted (age, sex, area, study year, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and other 2 types of physical activity) HRs associated with low, moderate, and high leisure time physical activity were 1.00, 0.86, and 0.74 (
P
trend
<0.001) for total stroke, 1.00, 0.87, and 0.46 (
P
trend
=0.011) for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 1.00, 0.77, and 0.63 (
P
trend
=0.024) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and 1.00, 0.87, and 0.80 (
P
trend
=0.001) for ischemic stroke, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted HRs associated with none, 1 to 29, and ≥30 minutes of active commuting were 1.00, 0.92, and 0.89 (
P
trend
=0.043) for total stroke, and 1.00, 0.93, and 0.86 (
P
trend
=0.028) for ischemic stroke, respectively. Occupational activity had a modest association with ischemic stroke in the multivariate analysis (
P
trend
=0.046).

Conclusion—

A high level of leisure time physical activity reduces the risk of all subtypes of stroke. Daily active commuting also reduces the risk of ischemic stroke.