bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survivorship Science at the NIH: Lessons Learned From Grants Funded in Fiscal Year 2016
Authors: Rowland Julia H , Gallicchio Lisa , Mollica Michelle , Saiontz Nicole , Falisi Angela L , Tesauro Gina
Published: November 2018

Federal investment in survivorship science has grown markedly since the National Cancer Institute’s creation of the Office of Cancer Survivorship in 1996. To describe the nature of this research, provide a benchmark, and map new directions for the future, a portfolio analysis of National Institutes of Health-wide survivorship grants was undertaken for fiscal year 2016. Applying survivorship-relevant terms, a search was conducted using the National Institutes of Health Information for Management, Planning, Analysis and Coordination grants database. Grants identified were reviewed for inclusion and categorized by grant mechanism used, funding agency, and principal investigator characteristics. Trained pairs of coders classified each grant by focus and design (observational vs interventional), population studied, and outcomes examined. A total of 215 survivorship grants were identified; 7 were excluded for lack of fit and 2 for nonresearch focus. Forty-one (19.7%) representing training grants (n = 38) or conference grants (n = 3) were not coded. Of the remaining 165 grants, most (88.5%) were funded by the National Cancer Institute; used the large, investigator-initiated (R01) mechanism (66.7%); focused on adult survivors alone (84.2%), often breast cancer survivors (47.3%); were observational in nature (57.3%); and addressed a broad array of topics, including psychosocial and physiologic outcomes, health behaviors, patterns of care, and economic/employment outcomes. Grants were led by investigators from diverse backgrounds, 28.4% of whom were early in their career. Present funding patterns, many stable since 2006, point to the need to expand research to include different cancer sites, greater ethnoculturally diverse samples, and older (>65 years) as well as longer-term (>5 years) survivors and address effects of newer therapies.
Context dependency of insect and mammalian herbivore effects on tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) populations
Authors: Russell F Leland , Houseman Gregory R
Published: November 2018

Aims

Identifying factors that drive variation in herbivore effects on plant populations can provide insight for explaining plant distributions and for limiting weeds. Abiotic resource availability to plants is a key explanation for variation in herbivore effects on individual plants, but the role of resources in determining herbivore effects on plant populations is largely unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that soil nutrient availability drives variation in insect and mammal herbivore effects on tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) population growth.

Methods

In a Kansas USA restored tallgrass grassland that experienced prescribed fires, we manipulated soil nutrients, through fertilizer addition, and presence of insect and mammal herbivores, using combinations of insecticide and fencing, in experimental plots. Over 7 years, we quantified herbivore damage to reproductive tall thistles, tall thistle seed production and population growth rates.

Important Findings

Seed production was reduced by insect herbivores and increased by fertilizer addition, but treatment effects were independent. Herbivore effects on tall thistle population growth depended upon soil nutrients in only one of seven annual transitions. Herbivores reduced thistle population growth in two of three annual transitions that included prescribed fire, whereas they reduced population growth in only one of four transitions without fire. Soil nutrient availability does not provide a general explanation for variation in herbivore effects on tall thistle population growth rates. Disturbance regime may be a more important aspect of ecological context for influencing herbivore effects on tall thistle populations in mesic grasslands.
Canary in the Coal Mine? Transmitted Mutations Conferring Resistance to All Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in a Treatment-Naive Patient
Authors: McGee Kara S , Okeke Nwora Lance , Hurt Christopher B , McKellar Mehri S
Published: November 2018

Transmitted drug resistance to the integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) class of antiretrovirals is very rare. We present a case of a treatment-naive female patient with human immunodeficiency virus harboring resistance to all INSTIs, including bictegravir and dolutegravir.
Microsurgical Clipping of a Ruptured Basilar Apex Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Cheng Chun-Yu , Qazi Zeeshan , Hallam Danial K , Ghodke Basavaraj V , Sekhar Laligam N
Published: November 2018

A 59-yr-old woman presented with a sudden onset of headache with neck pain and stiffness, Hunt and Hess grade 2. Brain computed tomography (CT) showed subarachnoid hemorrhage, Fisher Grade 2. Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA) showed a basilar artery apex aneurysm, dome size 9 mm and neck 3 mm, leaning towards the right, and a dominant right artery of Percheron. Endovascular treatment and microsurgical clipping were both explained to the patient, but she decided to undergo microsurgery due to the durability of treatment.

She underwent a right frontotemporal craniotomy and orbital osteotomy. We performed optic nerve decompression and intradural anterior clinoidectomy to enhance the exposure. Working through the carotid-oculomotor space, the posterior communicating artery was traced back to the posterior cerebral artery. The basilar artery was temporarily occluded for aneurysm dissection after burst suppression to protect the brain. The aneurysm was irregular, multilobulated, and projecting upward. The dominant thalamoperforate artery (artery of Percheron) was arising from the right P1, and densely adherent to the sac of the aneurysm. After dissection of the artery of Percheron away from the aneurysm, it was completely occluded by a side-curved titanium clip. The patient had right oculomotor nerve paresis and headache postoperatively, but at discharge 2 wk later the headache and paresis had completely resolved. The postoperative IADSA showed total occlusion of the aneurysm with patency of the artery of Percheron.

This 3-dimensional video shows the technical nuances of microsurgical clipping of a ruptured basilar apex aneurysm and intraoperative dissection of the artery of Percheron.

Informed consent was obtained from the patient prior to the surgery that included videotaping of the procedure and its distribution for educational purposes. All relevant patient identifiers have also been removed from the video and accompanying radiology slides.
Posterior Cervical Decompression and Instrumented Fusion for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Khalsa Siri Sahib S , Saadeh Yamaan S , Smith Brandon W , Joseph Jacob R , Oppenlander Mark E
Published: November 2018

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a common cause of progressive quadriparesis in adults. It is characterized by compression of the cervical spinal cord due to degenerative changes including intervertebral disc protrusion, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, and osteophyte formation. Clinically, patients can present with declining motor control in the extremities, gait imbalance, spasticity, hyperreflexia, or possibly frank weakness. Surgical treatment options include ventral and dorsal approaches, whose indications vary depending on spinal alignment, number of levels requiring decompression, the dorsal/ventral/circumferential location of compression, and patient-specific anatomic constraints. Posterior cervical decompression and instrumented fusion is a mainstay of treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy when a dorsal approach is indicated. In this video, we present a case of a 60-yr-old female who presented with signs and symptoms of cervical myelopathy, with MRI findings of C3 on C4 anterolisthesis and circumferential central stenosis worst at C4-5 and C5-6. We demonstrate the operative steps to complete a C3 to C6 decompression and instrumented fusion with lateral mass screws. Appropriate patient consent was obtained.
The Writings in the Hellenistic and Roman Period
Authors: Lim Timothy H.
Published: November 2018

There is no ancient account that describes the process leading to the formation of the third section of the canon. Scholars draw inferences from the evidence of ancient sources to support theories that posit various factors in the canonical process. This chapter will critically review scholarship on the formation of the traditional canon of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament as a whole, with particular emphasis on the emergence of the collection of books that make up the Writings (Kethuvim). It will suggest that the heterogeneous collection of books that make up the Writings emerged in the Hellenistic-Roman period. While the books of the Writings remained more or less stable, their classification and order varied from one source to another. The “psalms” constitute a subcollection of books of the Writings, and their authoritative status is evident among the communities reflected in the sectarian Dead Sea Scrolls and the early church.
The Wisdom of Desire in the Song of Songs
Authors: Walsh Carey
Published: November 2018

The Song of Songs offers a unique discussion of the experience of sexual longing through dialogues of an unnamed woman and man. The chapter focuses on the use of dialogic structure to frame three prominent discourses of desire: aesthetic appreciation, affective description, and subjective expressions of sexual arousal. These varied discourses affirm a polyphonic view on human desire from the embodied experience of the male and female voices of the Song. With its use of dialogue, the Song is characteristic of the Writings in offering a diversity of perspectives. The chapter further probes the canonical contribution of the Song’s testimony to human longing, sex, joy, and biodiversity.
Reimagining Community Past and Present in Ezra and Nehemiah
Authors: Knowles Melody D.
Published: November 2018

As the books of Ezra and Nehemiah employ literary modes and genres to reconstruct the past, they construct and promote a distinct definition of community. The variety of modes and genres perform literary functions such as characterization and plot development even as they enact ideological ones by promoting attitudes about key social markers. Working through sections of the books in order, this chapter examines the modes of direct, dramatic, and documentary narrative in connection with genres such as prayer, list, genealogy, and “memoir,” to see the ways in which the books construe their religion and their community anew in the Persian period. The accounts of the rebuilding of the temple and wall construct a vision of the Diaspora community working together with Yehud, supported by their powerful God who is using the Persian imperium to enact the divine way in the world.
Reading Daniel as Part of the Writings
Authors: Klein Ralph W.
Published: November 2018

The book of Daniel outlines the challenges faced by Jews who lived under foreign empires in the postexilic period. The court tales (Daniel 1–6) describe how Daniel and his friends Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego maintained fidelity to their faith and strenuously opposed the tactics of the foreign emperors. The emperors in these chapters usually come to their senses at the end of one incident only to revert to oppressive behavior in the next chapter. The final six chapters (Daniel 7–12) are four apocalypses that were revealed to Daniel and predict divine intervention against the Syrian king Antiochus IV and the thwarting of his attacks on the Jerusalem temple and Judaism itself. The book contains the first clear statement of the doctrine of resurrection in the Hebrew Bible (Daniel 12:1–3). Resurrection will vindicate those who were martyred under the rule of Antiochus but threatens the persecutors with appropriate punishment after their deaths. While chapters 1–6 are older than chapters 7–12, their inclusion in the final form of the book makes Antiochus the last in a long line of Babylonian, Median, Persian, and Greek emperors. Completed just before the death of Antiochus in battle in 164 bce, the book of Daniel is among the last books included in the biblical canon. The book begins in chapter 1 in Hebrew and concludes in chapters 8–12 in the same language. The intervening chapters are written in Aramaic. While the character Daniel supposedly lived in the sixth century bce, the author of the apocalypses, in which Daniel speaks in the first person, lived in the second century bce.
Writings in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Schiffman Lawrence H.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that the Writings was an evolving collection of scripture used in a wide variety of ways by the Dead Sea Scrolls community at Qumran (second century bce to first century ce). Though the Hebrew word Ketuvim (Writings) does not occur in the Scroll material, all but one (Esther) of the books contained therein are found. The plentiful and varied textual evidence at Qumran, and occasionally other Judean desert sites, is presented with special attention to the number of biblical and other manuscripts and place found; textual comparisons with the biblical Masoretic text and others (e.g., Septuagint); citations; and other interpretive uses in sectarian documents. The importance of the books in the Writings for the life of the late postexilic community of Qumran and the nature of the Dead Sea Scrolls biblical collection are, together, a constant focus of the study.
Ancient Near Eastern Religions and the Writings
Authors: Snell Daniel C.
Published: November 2018

A survey of the Writings shows surprisingly little contact with the religious environment of the Ancient Near East, in which Jews lived in the late first millennium bce. The reasons for this lack do not derive from lack of opportunity but from the self-confidence of the Jewish tradition in the face of polytheism. This finding seems to show that the sense of Judaism as all-sufficient and convincingly monotheistic had been established at least in the minds of the people who brought together the Writings. Although Jews in the late first century bce were exposed to a cacophony of other religious traditions, their interactions do not show up in the Writings, except as critiques or mocking of other traditions.
Moving Texts
Authors: Ferlo Roger
Published: November 2018

The texts of the Writings in their sometimes bewildering generic variety, and their use through the centuries in multiple changing liturgical and secular contexts, have provided composers and visual artists ample room to blur the lines separating one sensory experience from the next. This is true even for those texts that seem on the surface the most stubbornly discursive and aniconic (like Proverbs)—texts least amenable to sustained visual, musical, narrative, or dramatic treatment. As David Brown has argued, readers in each generation are set free to appropriate what the imagination can discover in the interstices of the moving texts that are a religion’s story. Responding to the Writings as diverse as the Psalms, Daniel, and Job in works like the Utrecht Psalter, the Ludus Danielis, or Blake’s engravings from the Book of Job, the scriptural artist becomes in effect a scriptural performer, imaginatively blurring the boundaries separating exegetical from liturgical, musical, visual, and dramatic practice.
The Writings in the Christian Bible
Authors: Elliott Mark W.
Published: November 2018

The place for an account of the Writings that is Christian in light of the New Testament is considered along with what one might make of them in their canonical place within the Hebrew Bible. A Christian reading is only in part the reception of the Old Testament by the New Testament. The theology of as disparate a collection as the Writings can only really be a theology of each of them. Nevertheless, a steer is given by the large and most significant Psalter with its account of God’s special providence, followed by Wisdom books and the attached Megilloth, with Daniel and the historical books with their sacred history coming later as much in terms of logic as of chronology. The interests are wider and more universal than simply the salvation and preservation of Israel, even if that does not cease from being a deeply felt theme.
Cultic Traditions in the Writings
Authors: Leuchter Mark A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the major ritual, liturgical, and ideological traditions that developed among Aaronide priests and Levites in the era following the return from Babylon, with special emphasis on the Persian period (538–332 bce). Though these traditions are set in place in the Jerusalem cultic world that obtained under the influence of Persian imperialism, they possess origins that may be traced back to the exilic and even pre-exilic periods among different priestly/sacral groups from different corners of the Israelite and Judahite population(s). Under Persia, however, the various earlier praxes and perspectives were systematized by the priests claiming descent from Aaron and the Levite groups who held secondary ranks beneath them in the temple hierarchy. Despite this hierarchy, many of the traditions cultivated by the Levites were fashioned as responses to the dominant traditions—both ritual and textual—fostered and practiced by the Aaronides. The biblical record preserves legal, prophetic, hymnic, and other textual witnesses to the diversity of views and attitudes vis-à-vis the cult that characterized Aaronide and Levite function and social location in the Persian period.
Apocalyptic Visions and Revisions of the End in the Writings
Authors: Reynolds Bennie H.
Published: November 2018

Apocalyptic literature demonstrates an obsession with time. This chapter suggests that the elaborate descriptions and predictions of world history found in apocalypses produced an intrinsic need within apocalyptic communities for textual revision. Since apocalypses are framed as revelations, it was no simple matter to change them. Apocalyptic communities developed the practice of revelatory exegesis in order to revise failed prophecies and revitalize them for the contemporary events and concerns. This chapter analyzes Daniel 9 and 12, 4 Ezra, 4QApocryphon of Jeremiah, and 1QPesher Habakkuk in order to highlight how apocalyptic writers and communities used revelatory exegesis to revise failed prophecies.
The Book of Job in the Context of the Writings
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a fresh angle on the book of Job through the lens of its collection in the Writings. Issues of the themes and structure of Job are discussed and put into the context of the authorial use of genres, used, in a skeptical and questioning vein, to create a parody of traditional sentiments. Although traditionally designated a wisdom text, the wide variety of parodied genres in the book of Job indicate that it is not to be narrowly classified. Rather the links with other narratives and the dominance of lament genres resembling the Psalms and Lamentations indicate significant genre connections and also detailed intertextual links across much of the material of the Writings section of the canon.
The Divine–Human Encounter in the Hebrew Wisdom of the Writings and the Confucian Analects
Authors: Lee Archie Chi-Chung
Published: November 2018

It is commonly believed that there are some shared basic quests for the understanding of the human and the divine in religious writings. Most scriptures did not develop in isolation, nor were they interpreted without interaction with other scriptures in the historical sociopolitical processes. This reality is especially true in the world of religious plurality and close proximity of religious communities in the globalized world of today. But academic approaches in the field of comparative studies of Confucianism and Christianity usually tend to generalize and polarize these two traditions based on the different notions of the divine and the human: biblical religion is on the whole seen as theocratic and transcendental in nature, while Confucian tradition is basically anthropocentric and humanistic in its outlook. It is the intention of this article to scrutinize this characterization by the method of cross-textual reading of the Hebrew Wisdom and the Confucian Analects to recover often neglected aspects in the two respective scriptural traditions.
The Writings and Canon
Authors: Morgan Donn F.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a summary of the Writings, describing the contribution this division makes to the Hebrew canon and to subsequent biblical interpretation. Acknowledging that the Writings are often perceived as amorphous, filled with diversity and difference that prevents a perception of order and purpose, the chapter asks whether these very characteristics witness to other intentions: (1) that diversity and difference are necessary for living out biblical faith; (2) that all biblical praxis (worship, discernment of wisdom, governance, envisioning the future, etc.) requires a relationship with both Torah and Prophets of the biblical canon. The Writings are seen to be a generator of questions and relationships with scripture, and to represent the first instance of canonical reception history, that is, the history of the impact and shaping of scripture in the subsequent history and faith of the community.
Reading Proverbs as a Book in the Writings
Authors: Steinberg Julius
Published: November 2018

The chapter approaches Proverbs as a book, that is, as a conceptual unit with an overall communicative purpose, rather than just a collection of individual sayings. The chapter reflects on the built-in system of seven main headings that provide guidance for an understanding of the book as a whole. For each of the seven main sections, literary forms and theological meaning are analyzed. Topics dealt with include the “Fear of the Lord;” how wisdom can be acquired and for what purpose; the connection between wisdom and creation theology; the paradigmatic character and the persuasive purpose of proverbial wisdom; the formation of the book of Proverbs; and the book of Proverbs in the context of Old Testament wisdom. The chapter closes with some issues for practical application in a church context.
Discourses of Disease
Authors: Higgins Christina
Published: November 2018

Research on HIV/AIDS in linguistics, linguistic anthropology, and literacy studies has followed the course of the pandemic from when it first became widely known in the United States, where early research focused on gay men and their communications with doctors, counselors, and each other in relation to risk and transmission. As time progressed, research shifted to sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to focus on the discourse of prevention campaigns and public responses to risk reduction strategies. More recently, researchers have examined how people communicate about HIV/AIDS, focusing on how individuals interact with public health discourse in participatory approaches that change the way that HIV/AIDS is framed in educational and institutional contexts. Decades of research has shown a recurring gap in health communication about HIV/AIDS due to the imposition of a biomedical understanding of HIV/AIDS (the “healthworld”) on individuals’ situated perspectives and lived experiences within particular sociocultural contexts (the “lifeworld”).
A History of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
Authors: Routh Donald K.
Published: November 2018

The roots of the broader field of clinical child psychology date to the founding of the first psychology clinic by Lightner Witmer at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. The first professional society dedicated to this discipline, the Section on Clinical Child Psychology, was founded in 1962 by Alan Ross. It became a member of the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12) of the American Psychological Association (APA). In 1998, clinical child psychology was recognized as a specialty by the APA. The Section on Clinical Child Psychology evolved into the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (Division 53, APA), and the American Board of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology was founded. The emphasis of this field is on evidence-based assessment and treatment of children as individuals, family members, and students in school. The evidence includes controlled randomized trials of clinical procedures, which are increasingly made available to the public.
Psychosocial Treatments That “Work” for Ethnic Minority Youth
Authors: Holly Lindsay E. , Stoll Ryan D. , Rapp Amy M. , Pina Armando A. , Chavira Denise A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter critically evaluates treatments for internalizing and externalizing disorders in ethnic minority youth based on empirically supported treatment criteria and the methodological robustness of the scientific evidence. There continues to be no well-established treatment for externalizing or internalizing disorders in ethnic minority youth. There continues to be no evidence that treatments are robust across cultures and subcultures, and there is a lack of attention to explanatory variables (e.g., acculturation, cultural orientation, values). In the meantime, an articulation for providers is suggested based on data about putative mediators of change and best practices for working in the contexts of cultural diversity. For researchers, the chapter articulates four avenues believed to be the core to advancing treatment science for ethnic minority youth.
Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Matson Johnny L. , Cervantes Paige E.
Published: November 2018

Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant deficits in intellectual skills and adaptive behavior. ID affects approximately 1% of the population; an individual’s ID can range from mild to profound based on the level of impairment and supports needed. Individuals often present with associated challenging behaviors and medical and psychiatric comorbidities that create a complicated clinical picture. Comprehensive assessment is critical for effective treatment. Intervention for ID is focused on addressing the discrepancies between an individual’s ability and environmental demands by providing supports to improve daily functioning. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary. Evaluation and treatment procedures will likely evolve as etiological understanding of ID improves. Greater research and policy attention to several areas of clinical practice are needed to improve prognosis and quality of life. This chapter details diagnostic criteria, assessment and intervention strategies, gaps in and future directions of research and practice, and implications for clinical practice.
Communication Disorders: Language Impairments
Authors: Dollaghan Christine
Published: November 2018

A variety of communication disorders, including problems in hearing, speech, and language, can interfere with a child’s ability to understand and be understood by other people. Communication disorders sometime co-occur with other physical and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, but often their causes are unknown. The most prevalent of the idiopathic communication disorders is child language impairment (LI). LI is defined by significant deficits in understanding (receptive skills) or generating (expressive skills) meaningful linguistic content; it affects 5–8% of children. Best evidence on identifying LI supports a comprehensive multimethod and multisource assessment by a certified speech–language pathologist. With respect to intervention, evidence strongly favors treated over untreated children for expressive language goals; less conclusive evidence is available concerning treatment for receptive language skills. Despite increases in the evidence base, additional population-based and longitudinal investigations are needed concerning the accuracy of predictions and clinical decisions for children with LI.
Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lonigan Christopher J.
Published: November 2018

Specific learning disability is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting about 5–8% of the school-aged population. A key concept in specific learning disabilities is unexpected low achievement. An individual whose achievement in reading, math, or writing is both low and less than what would be expected based on developmental capacity and opportunity to learn and whose low achievement cannot be explained by a sensory impairment, limited language proficiency, or other impairing medical condition is considered to have a specific learning disability. This chapter provides an overview of issues and challenges involved in the identification and diagnosis of a specific learning disability, and it provides information on prevalence, epidemiology, and interventions for specific learning disabilities. Response-to-instruction models of identification hold promise for the identification of individuals with a specific learning disability, and they provide a means for the identification of false positives while enhancing the instructional context for children at risk.
Depressive Disorders
Authors: Dietz Laura J. , Silk Jennifer , Amole Marlissa
Published: November 2018

Depressive disorders onset early in development. Depression during childhood and adolescence is associated with serious disruptions in emotional, social, and occupational functioning into adulthood and a high likelihood of recurrence. This chapter discusses clinical manifestations, prevalence, and course of depression presenting in early childhood (ages 3–6), middle childhood/preadolescence (ages 7–12), and adolescence (13–18). An overview is presented of standardized interviews and questionnaires for clinical assessment of depression in children and adolescents; the chapter summarizes research on empirically supported treatments for youth depression. Also included is a case study of a depressed adolescent with treatment plans formulated from both cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy perspectives. Future directions for research on depressive disorders in youths are discussed, including neuroimaging research using ecologically valid stimuli, empirically supported interventions for younger children and preadolescents, and personalization of psychosocial treatment to youth’s profiles of risk and protective factors to increase effectiveness.
Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Farrell Lara J. , Mathieu Sharna L. , Lavell Cassie
Published: November 2018

Obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in children and adolescents represent a cluster of conditions that significantly interfere in the lives of sufferers and their families. These disorders involve repetitive behaviors and often a preoccupation with distressing, obsessional thoughts. OCRDs include obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder. The severity, functional impairment, and associated health conditions of these disorders call for timely evidence-based assessment and treatment. Evidence-based assessments include structured and semistructured interviews. Interviews allow for the assessment of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and differential diagnoses. Evidence-based psychological treatment for OCD and BDD in youth involves cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention; research is required to determine evidence-based assessment and treatments for less studied OCRDs; identify factors that predict poorer response to evidence-based treatment; develop approaches to augment evidence-based treatments for nonresponders; and further the reach of empirically supported treatment.
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Authors: Nader Kathleen , Williams Mary Beth
Published: November 2018

Developmental age and symptom variations influence treatment needs for trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRD). TSRD include disorders found in children age 6 and under (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] < 6) and those described for individuals who are older than age 6 (PTSD, PTSD with dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder, adjustment reactions, and other specific TSRD, e.g., complicated grief). Treatments for children under age 6 primarily focus on caregiver–child dyads. Post-trauma symptoms such as those described for PTSD with dissociative symptoms, complicated grief, and complicated trauma require alterations in proven trauma-focused methods. In addition to appropriately timed processing of the trauma, treatments for youths are best when they are multifaceted (also include, for example, focus on support systems and relationships; self-skills, e.g., regulation, coping; and other age, symptom, and trait-related factors). For children, treatment methods often include creative methods as well (e.g., drawings, storytelling).
Incontinence: A Biobehavioral Perspective
Authors: Friman Patrick C.
Published: November 2018

Incontinence in childhood in either of its forms, enuresis and encopresis, is one of the most prevalent and distressing of all childhood problems. Due to widespread misunderstanding, incontinence is a significant precipitating factor in the mistreatment of afflicted children. Interpretations of and treatments for enuresis and encopresis have shifted in the past few decades from a mostly psychopathological perspective to a biobehavioral perspective. Although the primary clinical features of incontinence are medical/organic, environmental and psychosocial elements are factors, and the most empirically supported treatments have a significant behavioral dimension. This chapter reviews the literatures on enuresis and encopresis with attention focused on clinical description, causes and correlates, assessment, treatment, challenges, and implications for practice. Case examples are included to illustrate these features.
Disruptive and Conduct Disorders, Delinquency
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Fleming Georgette E.
Published: November 2018

Disruptive and conduct disorders, comprising oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, are characterized by behaviors that violate the rights of others or bring the individual into significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures. These disorders are highly prevalent, emerge early in childhood, and are associated with profound disability and societal burden. Given the heterogeneity in presentation and outcomes of youth with disruptive and conduct disorders, attempts have been made to identify more homogeneous subgroups. Notably, children displaying callous–unemotional traits (e.g., lack of empathy, remorse/guilt) represent a distinct group with severe, aggressive, and chronic conduct problems. To identify this and other important clinical considerations, it is imperative that conduct problem assessment is effective and comprehensive. Assessment findings should inform implementation of evidence-based treatment tailored to the child’s and family’s individual needs. Additional clinical considerations and recommendations for the next frontiers of research into disruptive and conduct disorders are discussed.
Child Maltreatment
Authors: Jackson Yo
Published: November 2018

Child maltreatment is acting or failure to act on the part of a caretaker in a manner that poses a threat to a child’s well-being, health, and safety. The present chapter reviews the prevalence and nature of child maltreatment in the United States. The types of abuse, qualities of perpetrators, and physical and mental health outcomes on youth victims are also presented. Assessment tools for identifying abuse and the effects of abuse are discussed along with evidence-based methods for intervention for families exposed to child maltreatment. Along with a case example, recommendations for improving the knowledge base on child maltreatment are presented along with suggestions for refining methods for assessing and treating child maltreatment. Implications for clinical practice are also examined.
Children Who Bully or Are Bullied
Authors: Espelage Dorothy , Hong Jun Sung
Published: November 2018

Bullying and cyberbullying among youth continue to be major public health issues that are quite disruptive to healthy academic, social, and mental health development. This chapter identifies the prevalence of these forms of bullying and the adverse outcomes. A social–ecological framework is used to discuss why youth become victims or perpetrators of bullying. From a social–ecological approach, youth are placed at risk for involvement in bullying by multiple factors, including individual characteristics, family dynamics, school climate factors, peer influences, and influences from the larger community. Also, these ecological structures can create a protective shield from involvement in bullying. Subsequent to the review of research , what works to prevent bullying and cyberbullying is discussed.
Children and Adolescents With Medical Conditions
Authors: Marchante-Hoffman Ashley N. , La Greca Annette M.
Published: November 2018

Physical health concerns are common among youth and are linked to mental health. Attention to the interplay between physical and mental health is critical for healthcare providers. This chapter highlights crosscutting issues, assessments, and interventions relevant to child health populations. To understand the interaction between medical and psychological health in youth, chronic pediatric conditions (Type 1 diabetes and sickle cell disease) are described as prototypes for understanding psychosocial issues (e.g., adherence, pain management) that affect youth with medical conditions. Evidence suggests that these children with medical conditions, especially those poorly managed or controlled, are at greater risk for psychosocial issues (e.g., stress, comorbid psychological concerns, family conflict) compared to the general population. Careful risk assessment and individual or family interventions are critical for these youth and are a focus here. Well-established interventions for diverse youth with medical conditions are discussed, and recommendations for future work in this area are provided.
Behavioral Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol: Focus on Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Doyle Lauren R. , Mattson Sarah N.
Published: November 2018

Prenatal exposure to teratogens may alter fetal development and significantly impact later life. Perhaps the best known teratogen is alcohol; prenatal alcohol exposure causes a broad range of effects that can cause lifelong impairment. Of greatest significance are the functional impairments in behavior and cognition. Recognition of these impairments led to the inclusion of the neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders under “conditions for further study.” This proposed diagnosis captures the significant neurodevelopmental and mental health impacts associated with prenatal alcohol exposure and requires impairment in neurocognitive functioning, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning. This chapter reviews clinical impacts of prenatal alcohol exposure, with particular focus on ND-PAE. Methods for comprehensively assessing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, specifically ND-PAE, are discussed as well as preliminary evidence for implementing effective interventions with these individuals.
School Settings
Authors: Holt Melissa K. , Green Jennifer Greif , Guzman Javier
Published: November 2018

Schools are a primary setting for mental health service provision to youth and are also main sources of referral to community mental health service providers. This chapter examines the school context and its key role in the child and adolescent mental health services system. The chapter first provides information about the association of emotional and behavioral disorders with school experiences, including academic performance. Next, the chapter presents a framework for mental health service provision and assessment in schools, including describing methods for identifying students who might need mental health services and tracking their progress. Further, several evidence-based interventions are highlighted as examples of effective practices in schools. The chapter concludes with recommendations for clinical practice in school settings.
Community Mental Health Settings as a Context for Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Marchette Lauren Krumholz , Thomassin Kristel , Hersh Jacqueline , MacPherson Heather A. , Santucci Lauren , Weisz John R.
Published: November 2018

One avenue for improving access to quality mental health care for children, adolescents, and their families is to provide services in the communities where they live. There has been growing support for the implementation of evidence-based practice in community mental health settings to address the complex needs of diverse young clients. Evidence-based practice encompasses psychometrically sound assessments and empirically supported treatments with appreciation of the culture of communities in which they are provided. This chapter reviews the background of the community mental health movement, describes community mental health settings and the current status of youth evidence-based practices in community care contexts, and explores barriers to and prospects for bringing tested practices for youths into community-based care.
Psychiatric Inpatient Treatment for Children and Adolescents
Authors: James Anthony C.
Published: November 2018

Inpatient treatment of children and adolescents forms an important part of modern psychiatric care. The place of residential treatment has changed: First, effective evidence-based community treatments are now more readily available; at the same time, the increasing recognition of youth mental illness has led to greater demands for admission. Admission of more suicidal adolescents with higher complexity and greater levels of violence and self-harm has resulted in a complex inpatient environment. Second, there is a drive for shorter admissions, partly driven by costs and resource limitations. The running of residential services is a complex activity, and understanding the group dynamics and careful integration of multiple therapeutic modalities by a multidisciplinary team is important to any successful outcome. There are specialized services, including eating disorder, forensic/secure, learning disability, and autism units. The outcome of inpatient care is favorable, although costly, and crucially requires managed integration with outreach and community psychiatric services.
Transdiagnostic Approaches With Children
Authors: Temkin Andrea B. , Yadegar Mina , Cho Christine , Chu Brian C.
Published: November 2018

In recent years, the field of clinical psychology has seen a growing movement toward the research and development of transdiagnostic treatments. Transdiagnostic approaches have the potential to address numerous issues related to the development and treatment of mental disorders. Among these are the high rates of comorbidity across disorders, the increasing need for efficient protocols, and the call for treatments that can be more easily disseminated. This chapter provides a review of the current transdiagnostic treatment approaches for the treatment of youth mental disorders. Three different types of transdiagnostic protocols are examined: mechanism-based protocols, common elements treatments, and general treatment models that originated from single-disorder approaches to have broader reach. A case study illuminates how a mechanism-based approach would inform case conceptualization for a client presenting with internalizing and externalizing symptoms and how a transdiagnostic framework translates into practice.
Congratulations, We Wish You Success
Authors: Mellish Liz
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores Romanian dancers’ participation in organized dance competitions, both within Romania and internationally, and investigates the informal competition that exists between the members of the Banat Romanian dance community. It includes three themes. The first traces a historical trajectory on the changing importance of performances of local, regional, and national identity in dance competitions. The second theme examines the challenges faced by the judges during formal dance competitions, revealing that judgments are made according to their personal backgrounds, and their desire to encourage maximum participation through making positive commentary rather than stressing the exclusivity of individual participants. The final theme explores informal competitiveness between dancers and leaders; the author proposes that this reinforces the sense of community among dancers, and that notions of formal competition and informal competitiveness coexist in the minds of both the dancers and the leaders.
Non-Competitive Body States
Authors: Wait Nalina , Brannigan Erin
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes the structures of power embodied in dance training methods at the material level, the effect that this has on the dancers, and the philosophical and ideological means through which such structures can be understood. The chapter revisits Australian dance theorist Elizabeth Dempster’s (2002, 2005) application of Michel Foucault’s theories of “discipline” and the “docile body” in in her analysis of the oppositional dance techniques of classical ballet and ideokinesis. It returns to this debate to better articulate how the competition inherent in many codified dance forms is opposed to the kind of (un)disciplined labor involved in somatic-based practices. This labor engages sensory acuity to attend to somatic intelligence (bodily forms of knowledge) to access new information and possibilities. This project requires an extension of current terminology, specifically extending Foucault’s notion of surveillance as a kind of self-surveillance, which can be further bifurcated as prohibitive and emancipatory.
Reclaiming Competitive Tango
Authors: McMains Juliet
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores Argentina’s Campeonato Mundial de Baile de Tango (World Tango Dance Championships) in the context of tango’s history in the English-designed ballroom dance competitions that have defined tango’s international image since the “tango-mania” of the early twentieth century. Use of the Mundial by the Argentine government to advance commercial and national branding agendas is examined in conjunction with the Mundial’s use by dancers to launch careers and expand acceptance of same-sex dancing. It is argued that Argentines are redefining tango competition on their own terms in ways that both reclaim the dance from foreigners and simultaneously reproduce some of the same aesthetic shifts that were effected through tango’s inclusion in ballroom dance competitions, resulting in a whiter, more homogenous, and externally focused expression.
Why Are Breaking Battles Judged?
Authors: Fogarty Mary
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the competitive form of hip-hop dance in terms of aesthetic judgments and the social structure of taste. It discusses how breaking battles are judged, particularly in relation to the rise of international breaking competitions in a global context. The competitive aesthetic of hip-hop dance is explored via interviews with dancers, judges, and promoters at a number of high-profile international events. The chapter considers the complex interactions of tastes, reputations, organizations, and economics that structure the judging process. Finally, the place of competition within art forms is considered, as well as the ways in which such competition can shape an art form’s development.