bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Indirect Analysis Method of Design for Stability: An Amplifier to Address Member Inelasticity, Member Imperfections, and Uncertainty in Member Stiffness
Authors: Sabelli Rafael
Published: April 2024

Design for stability requires multiple considerations, including geometric second-order effects and the effects on structure response of member inelasticity, member imperfections, and uncertainty in member stiffness. The “indirect analysis method” provides a simple amplifier approach to addressing these effects such that effective length factors may be taken as 1.0. The indirect analysis method meets the stability design requirements of the AISC Specification and can reduce analysis and design effort for many typical building structures.
Steel Structures Research Update: Continuity Plate Design for Special and Intermediate Moment Frames
Authors: Liu Judy
Published: April 2024

Recent advances in continuity plate design for special and intermediate moment frames are highlighted. The featured research includes a comprehensive experimental and computational study by Dr. Chia-Ming Uang and Dr. Mathew Reynolds. Chia-Ming Uang is a professor of structural engineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Dr. Reynolds completed this research as his doctoral work at UCSD under Dr. Uang’s guidance and is now working as a bridge engineer for Kiewit in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
Discussion: Investigation on the Performance of a Mathematical Model to Analyze Concentrically Braced Frame Beams wtih V-Type Bracing Configurations
Authors: Roeder Charles W. , Lehman Dawn E. , Tan Qiyang , Berman Jeffrey W. , Sen Andrew D.
Published: April 2024

Discussion
Determination of Capacities of Eccentric Stiffeners Part 2: Analytical Studies
Authors: Alvarez Rodilla J. , Kowalkowski Keith
Published: April 2024

Analytical investigations were performed on column specimens with an effort to evaluate the effective stiffener capacity of eccentric stiffeners when used within moment connections of beams connecting to column flanges. First, analytical models were developed for the experimental column specimens presented in the companion paper Part 1: Experimental Studies (Alvarez Rodilla and Kowalkowski, 2021). These models were utilized to calibrate the finite element methodology and to develop consistent comparisons between the experimental and analytical results.Finite element models were then developed for larger column sizes more regularly used in practice. In all, 148 models were developed to represent W14×68, W14×120, W14×176, W14×233, W24×131, and W24×229 column specimens. The column models utilized a similar setup to experiments and were subjected to three different loading conditions described as (1) single tension with load pulling away from the column specimen; (2) single compression with load applied toward the column specimen; and (3) double compression with loads applied on both flanges, directly opposite of each other. Parameters also included the unsupported length and stiffener thickness for single compression, the stiffener thickness for double compression, and the weld size/loading plate thickness for single tension. For all test methods and each set of parameters, a group of four column specimens consisted of (1) one modeled without stiffeners, (2) one modeled with concentric stiffeners, (3) one modeled with stiffeners at an eccentricity of 2 in., and (4) one modeled with stiffeners at an eccentricity of 4 in.
Errata: AISC Provisions for Web Stability under Local Compression Applied to HSS
Authors: Wei Fei , Packer Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Obliquely Loaded Welded Attachments Fatigue Categorization in Steel Bridges
Authors: Korkmaz Cem , Connor Robert J.
Published: April 2024

The detail category for base metal at the toe of transverse stiffener-to-flange and transverse stiffener-to-web fillet welds is defined as Category C' in the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2020, 9th Ed.) and as Category C in the AREMA (2020) Manual for Railway Engineering and the AISC Steel Construction Manual (2017, 15th Ed.). These are often referred to as short attachments due to their very short length (< 2 in.) in the direction of the primary stress range. Sometimes it is necessary to place a stiffener or a connection plate at an angle different than perpendicular to the web, such as in skewed bridges. Increases in the effective length of the stiffener along the flange in the longitudinal direction are seen as the plate is rotated away from being perpendicular to the web. The other extreme occurs when the stiffener is rotated completely 90° and is perfectly parallel to the web and the longitudinal stress range. In this instance, this is identical to the long attachment and classified as Category E (length > 4 in.). The current specifications and manuals, on the other hand, do not have classification on how to address the potential effects on fatigue performance of angles in between these two extremes. This paper summarizes finite element analysis studies based on local stress and structural hot-spot stress approaches that were conducted to investigate and classify welded attachments placed at angles other than 0° (transverse) or 90° (longitudinal) for a variety of stiffener geometries and thicknesses. This study includes new classification for incorporating the findings into the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering, and the AISC Steel Construction Manual.
Wind Design of Composite Plate Shear Walls/Concrete Filled (SpeedCore) Systems
Authors: Shafaei Soheil , Varma Amit H. , Seo Jungil , Huber Devin , Klemencic Ron
Published: April 2024

Composite steel plate shear walls/concrete filled (C-PSW/CF), also known as the SpeedCore system, are a composite solution for the design of mid- to high-rise buildings. A C-PSW/CF system consists of steel plates (web and flange plates) and an infill concrete core. The composite interaction between steel plates and concrete core is developed by either tie bars or tie bars and shear studs. Generally, in low- to mid-rise buildings (less than 15 stories), planar (uncoupled) C-PSW/CF are adequate for resisting lateral loading and deformations. Coupled C-PSW/CF become more prevalent in mid- to high-rise buildings when increased lateral stiffness is desirable. The steel parts of a SpeedCore system (steel plates, tie bars, and shear studs) are prefabricated in the shop and then transported to the site for assembly and erection. The erected empty steel module serves as falsework and formwork during construction and concrete casting, which reduces construction schedule considerably. This is a major advantage of SpeedCore systems, especially when compared with conventional reinforced concrete core systems. This paper presents the wind (nonseismic) design requirements and procedures for planar uncoupled and coupled C-PSW/CF systems. It includes a design example of a 15-story building located in Chicago, Illinois, using both uncoupled and coupled systems.
A Critical Evaluation of Moment Gradient (Cb) Factror Calculation Procedures for Singly Symmetric I-Section Members
Authors: Slein Ryan , Jeong Woo Yong , White Donald W.
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the manual calculation of the elastic lateral-torsional buckling resistance of prismatic singly symmetric I-section members having a variation in the bending moment between the brace points. The paper shows that the quarter-point moment gradient factor, Cb, equation in the AISC Specification (2016), as modified by its Commentary, is inaccurate for reverse-curvature bending of singly symmetric I-section members. In addition, the paper explains that the Cb equations in the current AASHTO Specifications (2020) provide some accounting for the different patterns of compression in the separate flanges for cases involving moment reversal. To rectify the limitations of the ASC and AASHTO methods, the paper recommends a modified form of an alternative quarter-point Cb equation proposed by Wong and Driver (2010). For singly symmetric cases involving moment reversal, the terms in the quarter-point equation are replaced by the ratio of the moments to the corresponding elastic buckling moment based on Cb = 1, considering which flange is in compression at each of the locations where the moments are sampled. The studies show that the Wong and Driver equation, with this modification, provides substantially improved accuracy compared to the existing AASHTO and ASC equations for reverse-curvature bending with slightly less calculation effort. In addition, the paper demonstrates the accuracy of the direct application of the Wong and Driver equation for single-curvature bending cases.
Amplification Factors for Beam-Columns
Authors: Koo Benjamin
Published: April 2024

Beam-columns are structural members subject to axial compression and simultaneous bending moments. In practice, the bending moments in such members are often induced by lateral loads. The axial force influences some functions of the beam, such as deflection, slope, shear force and bending moment. These functions are increased by an amplification factor which depends upon the magnitude of the axial compressive force. Since the member used for structural purposes has a variety of applications, it is desirable to have some information readily available for such beam-columns. Formulas for the determination of magnification factors under the most generalized conditions under symmetrical loading are presented herein. In particular, the end slope of a member equal to the small angle of rotation of the end is given, because many statically indeterminate structures can be solved by a proper consideration of angle rotation. Beam-columns which are symmetrically loaded with concentrated, uniformly distributed and triangularly distributed loads are considered. In elementary theory of bending, the principal of superposition is valid provided that Hooks Law holds for the material. In beam-columns, the presence of the axial force shows that the deflection of the member is not directly proportional to the lateral loads. However, the superposition method can be applied in a slightly modified form. Thus results shown in this paper can cover a large area of symmetrical loading.
Automated Analysis of Grid Beam Systems
Authors: Elleby Hotten A.
Published: April 2024

The solutions of grid systems have been handled by many authors and are too numerous for all of them to be mentioned in this paper. However, they generally approach the problem using a few standard procedures. These methods can be divided into two main categories—flexibility methods and stiffness methods. The flexibility methods are usually exact methods which use the inter-reactive forces between the two orthogonal grid systems as the redundants to the system. The equations of consistent deflection are then determined and solved for the redundant values. The stiffness methods are in general more variable with respect to method and assumptions. The exact methods can be divided into those using the actual existing grid system and those methods substituting an equivalent plate for the grid system. Using the existing grid system for the solution, there are several methods which can be used to solve the problem.
Internal Redundancy of Mechanically Fastened Built- Up Steel Axially Loaded Two-Channel Members
Authors: Lloyd Jason B. , Bonachera Martin Francisco J. , Korkmaz Cem , Connor Robert J.
Published: April 2024

Previous research on large-scale fracture tests on mechanically fastened built-up steel members subjected to flexural or axial loads demonstrated resistance to complete member fracture due to cross-boundary fracture resistance (CBFR). This paper builds on and expands that work through additional experimental and analytical research into behavior of two-channel mechanically-fastened built-up axial steel members following fracture of a single component. Finite-element-based parametric studies were conducted to characterize the static load redistribution behavior of axial members comprised of two channels, following a fracture event. FEMs were calibrated using experimental data obtained from full-scale testing. Simplified solutions were developed to estimate the after-fracture load capacity and the fatigue stress range in a remaining channel. The solutions are used to evaluate the internal redundancy of mechanically fastened built-up two-channel members. If this member type is found to be internally redundant during an evaluation, the developed solutions can then be used to reliably predict fatigue life of the member in the faulted state and establish the special inspection interval according to the relevant provisions of AASHTO.
Some Non-Conventional Cases of Column Design
Authors: Dalal Suresh T.
Published: April 2024

Most practical structural engineering papers deal with commonly encountered design problems those likely to be found in conventional building or bridge structures. When engineers encounter uncommon problems, published guides are often lacking in numerical data and a great deal of time can be spent developing analytical solutions. This paper deals with several non-conventional cases of elastic buckling of columns likely to be encountered by structural designers: (1) Symmetrically stepped columns with end axial loads (2) Unsymmetrically stepped columns with end axial loads (3) Prismatic columns with distributed axial loads (4) Prismatic columns with intermediate axial loads (5) Prismatic columns with end and intermediate axial loads (6) Unsymmetrically stepped columns with end and intermediate axial loads.
Proposed Working Stresses for Fillet Welds in Building Construction
Authors: Higgins T.R. , Preece F.R.
Published: April 2024

Despite the advances in the art of welding which have taken place in the past 40 years and a greater emphasis on quality control today, the working stress provision for fillet welds, with only minor modifications, is the same now as when the AWS Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting in Building Construction was first published in 1928. At that time a shear stress of 11.3 ksi was permitted on the throat of fillet welds. Later, when covered electrodes of specified strength were required by the Code, tests reported by Godfrey and Mount indicated a 20 percent increase in the strength of fillet welds made with these electrodes. The allowable stress value was raised to 13.6 ksi. This stress is that currently permitted in building construction for fillet welds made with E60XX electrodes on A36 steel. Obviously, a system of working stresses for fillet welds dependent upon a given spread between electrode and base metal mechanical properties, would be too involved for everyday use.
Assurance of Reliability in Fabricated Steel Structures Through Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Olsson D.A.
Published: April 2024

Reliability in steel fabricating and erection through nondestructive testing is becoming a very important part of shipbuilding, bridge construction, and building construction. Requirements for nondestructive tests, so far as the method to be used and the techniques and criteria to be applied, are usually based upon current practices in other industries. Nondestructive testing in the structural industry and, for that matter, all inspection procedures, should be evaluated based upon the end result desired. Often rigid quality assurance requirements are imposed where only good quality control procedures are necessary. The acceptance standards chosen for a particular nondestructive test technique and application are often based upon acceptance requirements derived from nondestructive tests using a different method. Even when acceptance criteria recognize the ability and limitations of a particular technique, they seldom are based upon service experience or anticipated failure conditions. In fact, most of our acceptance criteria can be traced directly back to the ASME Boiler Code. Most of the considerations which go into the designing of a boiler are not valid for fabricated steel structures of other types. Reliability of welded structures at a cost commensurate with the value obtained can only be achieved when nondestructive tests, methods, techniques, and acceptance standards are designed around the specific application to which they will be applied.
Exposed Steel Framing on High Rise Buildings
Authors: Nassetta Anthony F.
Published: April 2024

Modern architecture is imposing greater and greater demands on integration and expression of structural materials in building design, and steel is very much a part of this trend. Steel, however, must no longer be considered an assembly of beams and columns forming the supporting framework or "skeleton" of the building, encased in fire protective material. The skeleton is coming out of the closet. Architectural use of exposed steel is growing steadily as more and more design possibilities are explored and adopted. Many buildings in cities throughout this country and Europe have already been designed and constructed using exposed steel framing to varying degrees. It has long been considered by architects and engineers, however, that fire protection is one of the main problems in using exposed steel, particularly in high rise buildings. Much research by AISI, AISC, UL, and ASTM has been accomplished and is still underway, updating fire protection technology to enable proper and safe design by architects and engineers.
Errata: Bracing of Continuous Columns
Authors: Urdal Tor B.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Errata: A Modification to the Subassemblage Method of Designing Unbraced Multi-story Frames
Authors: De Buen Oscar
Published: April 2024

Errata
Preliminary Design of Curved Bridges
Authors: Heins Conrad P. , Siminou Javid
Published: April 2024

In order to utilize several computer programs1 for the analysis of radial curved bridge systems of open cross-section, it is necessary to evaluate section properties. This paper presents and explains a simplified method for evaluating the internal forces in radial curved girder systems; the equations and factors presented permit the designer to determine required cross-sectional properties. A series of simplified equations are presented, which will permit evaluation of internal forces and deformation in a single, two- and three-span curved girder system. These forces can then be utilized to estimate initial section properties, which are necessary in utilizing various computer programs.
Minimum Cost Structures by Dynamic Programming
Authors: Moses Fred , Goble George G.
Published: April 2024

In the design of structures it is necessary to consider an array of possible choices in sizing elements such as beams and columns in finding an acceptable and economical design. It is only with the recent access to digital computers that designers can be relieved of some of the tedious calculations associated with structural design decisions. In further extending computer aided design, digital computers have also been used to directly determine optimum or least cost designs. Applications in steel structures have included bridge girders, wide flange beams, grillages and ship structures. One important design area that has received little attention is the optimizing of the total fabrication and material costs for a structural system composed of many elements such as multistory frames, transmission towers, and grillages. Fabrication costs can be reduced if many members or elements are constructed of a similar cross-section. This causes a penalty in extra material, since a minimum weight design often has members of many different cross-sections. This paper describes the use of a simple procedure known as Dynamic Programming to find the optimum selection of member sizes, which minimizes the overall cost including material and fabrication costs. Dynamic Programming has previously seen application in structural design and construction decisions. It is used in the GAD program developed at Case Western Reserve for the Ohio Department of Highways to design highway bridge girders, including selecting steel cross-section and material strength. It has also been used for optimum plate selection for ship structural design. In construction management Dynamic Programming has been used in conjunction with C.P.M. and PERT techniques. Before describing the Dynamic Programming method, the present design problem will be described in more detail with an example.
Approximate Torsional Analysis of Curved Box Girders by the M/R-Method
Authors: Tung David H.H. , Fountain Richard S.
Published: April 2024

Curved bridges are becoming increasingly prevalent in highway construction because of improved geometric designs and construction techniques. The current trend in this type of structure is to shape the girders so that they follow the curvatures of the horizontal alignment, creating a continuous flow of the major structural elements. While the appearance and structural efficiency are often enhanced by the use of curved girders, the analysis and design of these members are likely to be more complicated, which, in some cases, may be the only major factor that prevents the adoption of such a system. It is desirable, therefore, to develop approximate methods which may help practicing engineers overcome this hindrance. The objective of this paper is to present to design engineers a simplified method for the torsional analysis of single-span or continuous curved box girders, which, by virtue of their excellent strength in resisting torsion, are generally recognized as ideal supporting elements for horizontally curved structures. The accuracy and limitations of the approximate method, as well as the effects of the various parameters inherent in the problem, are discussed herein. The results are then compared with those obtained in exact solutions based on the transfer matrix method.
Errata: Straight-Element Grid Analysis of Horizontally Curved Beam Systems
Authors: Weissman Herbert A.
Published: April 2024

Errata
One Engineers Opinion (Multistory Bracing)
Authors: Disque Robert O.
Published: April 2024

One Engineers Opinion
Noncombustible Schools for Omaha
Authors: Alsmeyer William C.
Published: April 2024

Code restrictions on types of construction and fire resistance requirements can have a significant effect on the cost of a building. Sometimes these restrictions are arbitrary and unnecessary, and result in higher costs without any increase in public safety or protection of property. Unduly restrictive fire protection requirements have a particularly severe impact on the cost of steel construction. However, logical code changes can be achieved through the cooperative efforts of designers and building officials. A few years ago the authors firm participated in a successful effort to amend the Omaha Building Code to permit the use of unprotected non-combustible construction, such as steel, for most school facilities. The following description of this experience is presented in the hope that it will encourage others to work for the elimination of unduly restrictive fire protection requirements throughout the country.
Shear Strength of Stud Connectors in Lightweight and Normal-Weight Concrete
Authors: Ollgaard Jorgen G. , Slutter Roger G. , Fisher John W.
Published: April 2024

Steel-concrete composite construction using normal weight concrete has been used since early in the 1920s. Substantial use of composite construction began mainly for bridge structures in the 1950s as a result of the work done by Viest. Its primary growth in building construction during the last decade was a result of the simplified design provisions introduced into the 1961 AISC Specification. The development of these provisions were based on studies reported by Slutter and Driscoll. This study summarizes the results of tests on 48 two-slab pushout specimens. The main purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the capacity and behavior of stud shear connectors embedded in lightweight concrete. Two different types of normal-weight aggregates and three types of lightweight aggregate were examined. The lightweight concretes were made with both lightweight coarse aggregate with natural sand and with lightweight fines.
Classification of Steels for Structures
Authors: Column Research Council (Task Group 5)
Published: April 2024

During the past two decades, the steel industry has emphasized the development and application of higher strength steels for structures. As new metal alloys were being developed, the Column Research Council was concerned with the effect of the properties of these alloys on the stability of compression members. Because the Council could not consider the numerous higher strength steels that were being introduced, Task Group 5 was formed to suggest a classification of steels for structures that would identify the major types of steel and analyze trends of future development. As the group was collecting the necessary data, the grouping of steels according to metallurgical characteristics became simpler because the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) developed and published specifications for types of steel that had only been available as trade-marked products from individual producers. However, the Task Group shared the feeling of a number of designers, that their problem, as well as the problem of selecting steels for broad areas of structural research, would be simplified if steels could be grouped according to broad strength bands. These strength ranges are not intended to replace ASTM and similar specifications, but are suggested as a general guide for the Council and, in general, the structural engineering profession.
Adapting the AISC Specification to Computer-Aided Design
Authors: Goel Surendra K. , Fenves Steven J. , Gaylord Edwin H.
Published: April 2024

Initial applications of high-speed computers in structural engineering were mostly numerical or computational in nature and dealt with analysis of structures. As a result, structures are now routinely analyzed with a much higher degree of realism and accuracy than ever before. However, even though the early programs were followed by various design programs, we do not have design programs comparable in scope and generality to existing analysis programs. There are two reasons for this lag in computer-aided design. First, the nature of the problem is decidedly more complex. While analysis consists overwhelmingly of numerical or computational operations, the design process consists predominantly of "logical" operations of checking and testing, the calculations themselves being almost trivial. General procedures for defining such logical processes are much more difficult to develop as compared to analysis procedures. Second, design processes are governed to a great extent by external constraints prescribed by the various codes and specifications. Typically, these codes and specifications are implicitly written as an aid to hand computation, and are not readily adaptable to computer applications. Verbal descriptions of the provisions of codes and specifications often require lengthy interpretation based on the users experience and judgment. Thus, a major step towards computer-aided design can be taken by using a scheme which displays clearly and concisely the logic embodied in the Specification constraints. Furthermore, the rapidly changing state of the art of structural design requires a mode of presentation capable of readily accommodating revisions. This paper describes a general technique, called decision logic tables," for the documentation and communication of design constraints such as those provided by specifications. The adaptation of the1969 AISC Specification to this technique will be used for illustration, based on a recent study sponsored by AISC. The technique is also applicable to constraints not covered by theSpecification, and computer programs using this form of the Specification can be readily incorporated into larger, overall design programs.
Torsional Properties of Composite Girders
Authors: Heins Jr Conrad P. , Kuo John T.C.
Published: April 2024

The design and analysis of curved highway bridges requires the evaluation of the torsional properties of the bridge girder members. The application of "thin walled theory" can be applied to this problem with certain modifications. These modifications require consideration of the material property variations and the composite action of the deck slab and girders. Inclusion of these modifications into the general theory has resulted in a series of equations, which were then used to evaluate the torsional properties of typical composite highway girders. The relationship between the warping torsional property and the bending property of the various girders was then determined, yielding a series of approximate equations. These equations will be presented herein and will permit the designer to obtain preliminary maximum normal stresses. Approximate equations for evaluation of the torsional properties will also be given herein. The experimental testing of a series of composite girders has indicated that the application of thin walled theory is justified.
Experimental Study of a Schwedler Rigid Framed Dome
Authors: Beavers James E. , Beaufait Fred
Published: April 2024

The steel framed dome has become quite popular in recent years for use as a roof structure. This popularity is due to the fact that the dome can cover large areas with a minimum amount of material, is free of interior supports, is relatively easy to fabricate and erect, and has a pleasing appearance. One of the more widely constructed domes is the Schwedler dome6 shown in Fig. 1. It has a simple geometry and, by assuming pin-connected joints for the structure, can be analyzed for axis-symmetrical loading conditions using the basic equations of statics. The static analysis of the Schwedler dome has been the subject of some research and has been presented by AISC. If the joints were assumed to be rigid, analysis would be more difficult, because the model would represent a space frame with a very high degree of indeterminancy. In most instances the joints of a Schwedler dome are better described as rigid, rather than pinconnected, which raises a question about the accuracy of the static analysis. A more sophisticated analysis should be used to properly analyze such a structure. Currently, only limited experimental and theoretical information is available concerning the response and analysis of rigid steel framed domes.
Simplified High-Rise Drift Analysis and Optimized Adjustment
Authors: Fleischer Walter H.
Published: April 2024

This paper introduces a method by which drift and material-optimized drift adjustments for high-rise steel frames can be closely estimated in only a few minutes, using just simple desk calculator equipment. This simplified method had originally been developed to provide quick and reasonably close estimates of drift amplitudes for preliminary design only; yet, comparisons with the results of "exact" methods show a remarkable degree of agreement. The method evolved from the recognition of certain predictable patterns found in the study of numerous high-rise steel building frames. Evaluation of a wide variety of frame data showed that, in high-rise steel bents, under the type of wind loading required by major building codes, the distribution of material properties over the height of the bent (such as column stiffnesses, girder stiffnesses, crosssectional areas of members, etc.) could be expressed by "homogenized" mathematical expressions with excellent accuracy. Slight idealizations in the wind loading pattern and the frame grid system did not create any meaningful deviations from this accuracy.
Stiffness Coefficients of Beam-Columns with Non-Prismatic Members
Authors: Stack-Staikidis W.J. , Eimer N.
Published: April 2024

The objective of this paper is to determine the stiffness and carry-over factors of non-prismatic members, taking into consideration the effect of axial loads, and to construct charts that can be readily used. The method of successive approximations was used for the numerical formulation of the problem, a program in Fortran IV was written, and a high speed digital computer was used for the determination of the numerical solutions. Charts indicating the variation of stiffness and carry-over factors as a function of kL for various haunched members were plotted by the computer, where kL is a function of the axial load. The values can be readily used either for the solution of frame problems with non-prismatic members including the effect of the axial loads, or for determining the buckling loads of frames with non-prismatic members.
Effective Length of Columns with Intermediate Axial Load
Authors: Sandhu Balbir S.
Published: April 2024

The effective length factor K for columns loaded at ends with various end conditions can be determined easily using the method outlined in Section 1.8 of Reference 2. There are some cases of column design in which there is an axial load at an intermediate point between ends in addition to load at the ends. An example of this type is the column of a two-story building with floor beams at an intermediate floor level framed to the column flanges and no beams framing to the web. The column is free to buckle in the weak direction at the intermediate level. Similarly a column supporting a crane runway in an industrial building falls into this category if orientation of column is such that it can buckle in the y-direction at the crane runway level. The crane load is the intermediate load in this case. To use the full length of the column as the actual unbraced length and multiply by the K factor determined from Table C1.8.1 or Fig. 1.8.2, AISC Manual of Steel Construction, is conservative. However, some economy can be achieved by using a modified effective length factor. Consider the pin ended column loaded as in Fig. 1. The column is free to buckle about its weak axis and is in a state of unstable equilibrium. If the stability equation is derived by solving the differential equations of the deflection curves for the upper portion and lower portion of column separately, taking into account compatibility at the intermediate load point.
Investigation of Triangular Heats Applied to Mild Steel Plates
Authors: Nicholls J.I. , Weerth D.E.
Published: April 2024

Heat curving or heat straightening is at the present time more an art than a science. Prediction of the effects from heating a structural member for the purpose of creating a change in shape is at best a trial and error procedure. Beyond this, the actual internal stresses (residual stresses) have not been measured for specimens in which heat-curving has been the prime objective. In this investigation, triangular heats were applied to flat plates and the induced curvature measured. Following this, the theoretical curvatures and the associated residual stresses were calculated using an electronic computer. In keeping with standard practical procedures, prior to the application of the heat curving process a preload was applied to the plate. In all cases, this preload induced a known bending stress of 25% of yield at the test section. Finally, tensile test coupons were tested before and after heating in order to determine if there were any significant changes in the yield strength, ultimate strength, fracture stress, modulus of elasticity, and percentage elongation.
Discussion: The Effective Length of Columns in Unbraced Frames
Authors: Yura Joseph A.
Published: April 2024

Discussion
The effects of Gualou Qumai Wan combined with Sunitinib on VEGFA, HIF1A, and renal function in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: WANG Zhiqiang , DONG Guifen , FAN Li , WANG Xiaohui , TAO Aijun , LI Wei
Published: April 2024

[Objective:] To study the efficacy of Gualou Qumai Wan (GQW) combined with Sunitinib in the treatment of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and its effects on vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), hypoxia inducible factor 1A (HIF1A), and renal function. [Method:] A retrospective analysis was conducted on 20 patients with advanced ccRCC treated with GQW combined with Sunitinib at Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2021 to January 2023. Analyze the patient's quality of life, serum VEGFA and HIF1A levels, renal function indicators, T lymphocyte subgroup levels, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scores, and clinical efficacy. [Result:] The total effective rate of clinical efficacy in patients after treatment was 70%; The serum levels of VEGFA and HIF1A in patients were lower than before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); The levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urinary albumin (ALB) in patients were lower than before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Before and after treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of T lymphocyte subgroup among patients (P>0.05). After treatment, the TCM symptom score and EORTC QoL-C30 score of the patients all decreased compared to before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). [Conclusion:] The combination of GQW and Sunitinib has a significant therapeutic effect on advanced ccRCC, and can effectively improve the levels of VEGFA, HIF1A, and renal function.
A Retrospective Study of the Etiology and Patterns of Ocular Trauma in Preschool Children Presenting to the Emergency Department over a Five-Year Period in Shenzhen
Authors: TANG Meiting , LI Huan , HUANG Huiying
Published: April 2024

[Objective] To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in preschool children presenting to the emergency department and to propose targeted prevention strategies. [Methods] A retrospective analysis was conducted on data collected from preschool children with ocular trauma who presented to our emergency department from May 2, 2018, to May 2023. [Results] A total of 324 preschool patients with ocular trauma were identified, comprising 157 patients (48.46%) aged 0-3 years and 167 patients (51.54%) aged 4-6 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.05:1. The leading causes of ocular trauma were contusions in 113 cases (34.88%), followed by injuries from blunt objects in 64 cases (19.75%), and falls in 55 cases (16.98%). The predominant types of trauma were blunt ocular adnexal trauma in 208 cases (64.2%), with eyelid injuries being the most common, and blunt ocular trauma in 96 cases (29.63%). Chemical injuries occurred in 9 patients (2.78%), and intraocular foreign body injuries in 11 patients (3.4%). The majority of the children were managed conservatively with treatments such as local eye drops post-injury. [Conclusion] Most ocular injuries are preventable. Caregivers should enhance supervision of preschool children and minimize injury risks in daily life.
Determining water level fluctuations in small-area lakes using satellite radar data
Authors: Piasecki Adam , Witkowski Wojciech T.
Published: April 2024

The research objective was to determine whether and to what extent SAR data can be used to determine changes in the water level in small glacial lakes (with an area of ~1 km2). The research object was Lake Biskupińskie – a small post-glacial lake in central Poland. As part of the research, a methodology for determining water level in small-area lakes based on radar data was developed, the potential for determining lake water levels using high- and medium-resolution SAR data was determined, and the results were verified against field measurements. The analyses employed data from two satellites, TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1. The research confirmed the effectiveness of using SAR data to determine water-level fluctuations in small glacial lakes. The proposed methodology for working with data from the Sentinel-1 satellite allows for accurate estimation of WLF based on the results of interferometric analyses. Comparative analysis of the radar data results (lake surface) and field measurements (water level) were fully consistent with the data from TerraSAR-X and partially consistent with the data from Sentinel-1. The methodology of radar data analysis to determine WLF proposed in the paper has major research and applied potential, especially in the reconstruction of historical lake water levels.
Detection of Carbapenemase Producing Gram-negative Bacteria at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pilli Rajeswari , Rani Arava Durga , Sunitha Barre , Venna Satya Chandrika
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Gram-negative bacteria have developed a broad spectrum of resistance due to antibiotic degradation enzymes, including Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases. Carbapenemase- producing organisms, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas species, have become one of the most important causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Aim: To identify carbapenemase-producing organisms among Multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates and detect Metallo β-Lactam Carbapenemases (MBL). Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study that included 1266 clinical samples from patients visiting the Department of Microbiology, Ranagaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. from July 2022 to December 2022. The samples were processed using the standard culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test, employing the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. The present study included organisms that were resistant to either imipenem or meropenem. Carbapenemases were detected using the Modified Hodge test (MHT), and MBL carbapenemases were detected using the Imipenem Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic acid (EDTA) Double Disk Test (DDT) following the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Descriptive statistics were performed on the collected data. Results: The study samples comprised 842 (66.5%) Gram- negative isolates and 424 (33.5%) Gram-positive isolates. Among the Gram-negative isolates, 80 (9.5%) were carbapenem- resistant, of which MHT showed 56 (70%) positive isolates (carbapenemase-producing) and 24 (30%) negative isolates. Imipenem-EDTA DDT showed 50 (62.5%) positive isolates (MBL-producing) and 30 (37.5%) negative isolates. Conclusion: Carbapenemase production in Gram-negative organisms has reduced the clinical utility of the carbapenem group of drugs, posing a major challenge in the treatment of severe infections. In summary, the majority of carbapenem-resistant isolates in the present study were from the Enterobacteriaceae family. These isolates were subjected carbapenem-resistant isolates to MHT and DDT tests to identify carbapenemase and metallo-beta-lactamase-producing strains that were resistant to a wide spectrum of antibiotics. The present study enables the early detection of these MDR strains, ensuring appropriate management.
Five previously undescribed thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) specimens held in the museums of the University of Melbourne
Authors: Long Rohan
Published: April 2024

The last known captive thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) died in Hobart's Beaumaris Zoo in 1936 and the species has since become an icon of extinction. In the 21st century, there is considerable interest in documenting, analysing, and rediscovering thylacine specimens in museum collections. Due to their age, location, and collecting practices, the teaching collections of Australia's oldest universities are a potential source of undocumented thylacine specimens. Within three departmental museum collections, the University of Melbourne holds five thylacine skulls. The skulls were visually inspected, measured, sexed, and described in detail for the first time. Archival research was undertaken to determine provenance and historical details. The five skulls were added to the University's collections between 1893 and 1932. They are derived from four adult males and one adult female. Specific locality data are available for three skulls, collected at Lake Saint Clair, south of Cressy, and Woolnorth. Holding five skulls, University of Melbourne's collection constitutes one of the top ten largest thylacine assemblages in Australasia, and the second largest held by an Australasian university.
Usability Evaluation of An Eye-Tracking for Batik E-Commerce Web-Based Systems
Authors: Suparmanto Nova , Asih Anna Maria Sri , Sudiarso Andi , Wijayanto Titis , Santoso Paulus Insap
Published: April 2024

Online developments encourage various store businesses to set up online stores or e-commerce, including buying and selling batik products. Batik as one of the masterpieces as world-recognized Indonesian cultural heritage, is still being done by Small-Medium Industry (SMIs). Currently, batik SMI still has technological limitations, even though there are quite a lot of enthusiasts. There has been no testing with the Eye-Tracking method and usability testing for batik e-commerce. Therefore, the batik e-commerce website was chosen to be the subject of this study. Techniques used to usability conducted by users, evaluators, or software used Webcam Eye-tracking. There are two batik e-commerce that provide ready-to-sell products used in this research, one is an established, and the other is a newcomer. Based on usability testing with the performance metrics, the results show that both Danar Hadi and Butimo have values that aren’t much different for the aspects of time-on-task, efficiency, and errors. While in the test satisfaction, both are in the Acceptable category. Based on statistical tests, there were no significant differences based on gender for the usability aspect tested. Proposed improvements based on the performance analysis, heatmap, and gaze replay include the main menu section and the payment platform icon section. It’s proposed to improve the placement of advertisements on the batik e-commerce with an area of interest analysis.
Traditional Gestures and Practices in the Management of Digestive Colic in Draught Horses in the Dakar and Thiès Regions of Senegal
Authors: S. Sourokou Sabi , Y. Kane , M.C. Kadja , A. Chabchoub , Tine. A. , Y.Y. Kaboret
Published: April 2024

Aims: The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the traditional gestures and practices used by horse owners and users in the management of digestive pathologies, in this case colic.
Methodology: The study was a retrospective survey in the Dakar and Thiès regions, involving direct interviews with 540 horse owners and users between February 2023 and October 2023.
Results: The owners and breeders of draught horses were all men with a variety of professional backgrounds, aged under 35 (69.07%) and making a living from breeding (60.74%).  All the respondents knew how to recognize a colicky horse at an early stage by the first signs of abdominal pain, and feared the seriousness and urgency of this condition, associating it with a significant risk of mortality. When abdominal pain occurs, most of the people interviewed admit to using mainly traditional first aid, and only call in an animal health professional if this fails or if there are complications.
Conclusion: Horse owners should be aware of the actions and practices to avoid in order not to worsen the prognosis or risk the life of their horse. They should also involve animal health professionals in a collaborative effort for the health and well-being of horses.