bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking into the Operational Modalities Adopted in Some of the POS Tagging Tools in Identification of Contextual Part-of-Speech of Words in Texts
Authors: Vadakalur Elumalai Kesavan , Sekhar Das Niladri , Alqahtani Mufleh Salem M. , Maktabi Anas
Published: March 2020

Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is an indispensable method of text processing. The main aim is to assign part-of-speech to words after considering their actual contextual syntactic-cum-semantic roles in a piece of text where they occur (Siemund & Claridge 1997). This is a useful strategy in language processing, language technology, machine learning, machine translation, and computational linguistics as it generates a kind of output that enables a system to work with natural language texts with greater accuracy and success. Part-of-speech tagging is also known as ‘grammatical annotation’ and ‘word category disambiguation’ in some area of linguistics where analysis of form and function of words are important avenues for better comprehension and application of texts. Since the primary task of POS tagging involves a process of assigning a tag to each word, manually or automatically, in a piece of natural language text, it has to pay adequate attention to the contexts where words are used. This is a tough challenge for a system as it normally fails to know how word carries specific linguistic information in a text and what kind of larger syntactic frames it requires for its operation. The present paper takes up this issue into consideration and tries to critically explore how some of the well-known POS tagging systems are capable of handling this kind of challenge and if these POS tagging systems are at all successful in assigning appropriate POS tags to words without accessing information from extratextual domains. The novelty of the paper lies in its attempt for looking into some of the POS tagging schemes proposed so far to see if the systems are actually successful in dealing with the complexities involved in tagging words in texts. It also checks if the performance of these systems is better than manual POS tagging and verifies if information and insights gathered from such enterprises are at all useful for enhancing our understanding about identity and function of words used in texts. All these are addressed in this paper with reference to some of the POS taggers available to us. Moreover, the paper tries to see how a POS tagged text is useful in various applications thereby creating a sense of awareness about multifunctionality of tagged texts among language users.
Using Eye-Tracking to Measure the Influence of Banner Ads’ Browsing Behavior and Attitude on Host Websites
Authors: Chiu Yu-Ping , CHANG SHU-CHEN
Published: March 2020

This study used spillover effects and reversal theory to examine the influence of banner advertising on the attitude of the host website. A total of 146 volunteers were recruited for an experiment. A computer program and an eye-tracking device were used to record and analyze participants’ eye movements, and a psychological scale was used to measure the participants’ attitudes. The results showed that the negative attitudes generated by banner advertising do spill over to the host websites, which in turn negatively affects the website. When viewers have negative attitudes toward the host websites, their fixation time and revisit intention of the websites will be significantly reduced. These findings encourage advertisers to plan advertising strategies and provide valuable implications for banner advertising and websites.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnS Nanoparticles Using Co-precipitation Method
Authors: Mohanapriya S. , Vennila M. , Kowsalya S.
Published: March 2020

ZnS nanoparticles were prepared from homogeneous chemical co-precipitation reaction by using zinc acetate, sodium sulfide [Na2S] and Poly Vinyl Polypyrrolidone [PVP]. The basic, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption. The structural and optical characterization of the samples observed by SEM, FTIR, EDX and UV-Vis spectrometer showed that ZnS nanoparticles were formed.
Closed Formulas for the Sums of Squares of Generalized Fibonacci Numbers
Authors: Soykan Y¨ uksel
Published: March 2020

In this paper, closed forms of the sum formulas for the squares of generalized Fibonacci numbers are presented. As special cases, we give summation formulas of Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, Pell-Lucas, Jacobsthal and Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers. We present the proofs to indicate how these formulas,in general, were discovered. Of course, all the listed formulas may be proved by induction, but that method of proof gives no clue about their discovery. Our work generalize second order recurrence relations.
Exact Solution for the Zakhrov-Kuzentsov Equation by Adomian Decomposition Method
Authors: Mosa Fadlallah Mustafa , Yousif Eltayeb Abdellatif Mohamed
Published: March 2020

The Zakharov-kuznetsov equation (ZK-equation) governs the behavior of weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in plasma comprising cold ions and not isothermal electrons in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. This equation is a nonlinear equation. The main objective in this paper is to find an exact solution of ZK-equation using Adomain decomposition method. An exact solution of ZK(n,n,n) is derived by Adomain decomposition method. The solution of types ZK(2,2,2) and ZK(3,3,3) are presented in many examples to show the ability and efficiency of the method for ZK-equation. The solution is calculated in the form of convergent power series with easily computable components.
Influence of Spent Engine Oil Pollution and Organic Amendment on Soil Physicochemical Properties, Microbial Population and Growth of Capsicum annuum (L.)
Authors: Nwachukwu M. O. , Azorji J. N. , Adjero L. A. , Green M. C. , Igwe C. E. , Nnadozie R. I. A.
Published: March 2020

This study investigated the impacts of spent engine oil on the physicochemical properties of soil, soil's microbial population and growth of Capsicum annuum. It covered assessment of different levels of contamination (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%) in soil; which represents the degree of oil spillage concentration on the growth performance of C. annuum investigated. Percentage germination, seedling height, number of leaves and number of branches decreased as the concentrations of the spent engine oil in soil samples increased and affected soil physicochemical properties. The screening experiment conducted showed that poultry manure improved the physicochemical properties of sandy loam soils contaminated engine oil. The effects of poultry manure as an organic amendment was assessed using pepper (C. annuum) as test crop. All amendment made significant increase in soil organic carbon and calcium content over the polluted soils. Soil acidity increased, soil exchangeable ions decreased. N, P and K were altered in the polluted soils as compared to the controls. There were increased bacterial counts (2.21 – 2.85) and a decrease in fungi population (0.48 - 0.59) in the spent engine oil-contaminated soils compared with the control. The oil reduced germination percentage, depressed growth, reduction in leaf number and plant height of the C. annuum. Therefore the spent engine oil clearly had detrimental effects on soil's physicochemical and biological properties. The oil contributed largely to the extreme acidic nature of the polluted soils. However, maximum increase in plant height, germination percentage, number of leaves and branches were recorded with amendment of the polluted soils with poultry manure. Results show the considerable potential of remediation protocols with poultry manure as a remediating agent for oil spill remediation in the soil samples.
Early Growth Response of Irvingia gabonensis Seedlings to Cowdung and NPK Fertilizer Application
Authors: Ehiwe O. D. , Mkor T. , Uwumarongie A. M. D. , Idahosa E. O.
Published: March 2020

Plants, unlike animals are naturally able to synthesize whatever compounds they need, require more than a dozen different elements [majorly Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK)] as such. This study investigated the effect(s) of application of cow dung (CD) and NPK fertilizer on the early growth response of Irvingia gabonensis. Top soil samples of between 0 – 15 cm depth (control group I), top soil + NPK (Group II), top soil + cow dung (Group III) and top soil + NPK + cow dung (Group IV) were collected at varying combinations. The soils were then taken to the laboratory for physio-chemical analysis of key components [pH, N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Org. C, sand, silt and clay]. Prior to and after actual experimentation, the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, pH constituents of the cow dung were also analysed. For every two weeks (in twenty weeks duration) after application, plant heights, leaf area, number of leaf, stem girth were obtained and noted. By way of a sensitive weighing machine, 20 WAP destructive sampling was conducted to determine the weights of the shoot and root after oven-drying for three days in an oven sets at 75°C. In any case, these samples were then analysed for the nutrient content of the stem, root and leaf. Following data collection, comparisons of mean differences was performed using the Fishers protected least significant test and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. Upon careful observation of result, study found that Irvingia gabonensis seedlings grown with cow-dung and NPK combination (Group IV) performed better in growth (height, diameter and leaf area) than seedlings grown in only top soil medium (TS) with single fertilizer use (Group II). However, NPK 3 CD 3, NPK 3 CD 2 and NPK 2 CD 3 best support the early growth phase of Irvingia gabonensis seedlings as compared to others. Study therefore showed Cow dung to contain substantial amount of essential elements that may be beneficial for the physio-chemical growth of Irvingia wombolu seedlings and combating reports of deforestations across the globe. It is recommended that for better results, cow-dung and NPK mixtures should be used than single use of the either treatments. Further studies aimed at corroborating this research are also recommended.
Effect of Inoculation of Microbial Consortia on Soil Physicochemical and Nutrient Status
Authors: Kavya Y. , Trimurtulu N. , Gopal A. Vijaya , Vani P. Madhu , Prasad N. V. V. S. D.
Published: March 2020

The experiment was conducted in kharif, 2018 at ARS, Amaravathi, Guntur district, to find the efficiency of carrier based microbial consortia. In sorghum carrier based microbial consortia was applied along with different doses of chemical fertilizers. Microbial consortium-1 (Azospirillium, P-solubilizer, K-releaser, Zn-solubilizer and PGPR isolate), Microbial consortium-2 (Azotobacter, Azospirillium, P-solubilizer, K-releaser, Zn-solubilizer and PGPR isolate) were used in the study. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were recorded during different intervals of crop growth. The treatments with microbial consortia and 75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF) showed increased available nutrients content. Soil pH was neutralized in the microbial consortia added treatments, while in treatments with RDF alone the pH was more. There was a significant increase in organic carbon content in treatments with microbial consortia and 75% RDF. Highest available nutrients and organic carbon content was observed in T10 (75% RDF+ Microbial consortium-2). The organic carbon content improved gradually during the crop period and highest was at harvesting stage. All the soil physicochemical properties were improved by the microbial consortia with decreased doses of chemical fertilizers compared to the treatments added with chemical fertilizers alone.
Heterogeneous Nutrient Sources Exhibit Varying Associations of Vegetative and Reproductive Parameters of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Achiri Tange Denis , Nkuh Abdulai Assan , Nsobinenyui Divine , Njualem Dominic Kumbah
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of vegetative and reproductive parameters of Irish potato from different organic and inorganic nutrient sources The study was done in the west region of Cameroon, specifically in Bougham, a village in the western highlands. The seeds were sown on the 4th of May 2016. Harvesting was done in August 2016. A total area of 250m2 was cleared and prepared in to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each block was divided into nine ridges. Eight fertilizer treatments: inorganic (NPK 15:1515, NPK 11:11:22), organic (Pig dropping, Poultry dropping), composite (four bi-combinations of the animal and NPK-based fertilizer) and a control treatment were randomly assigned to each ridge per block. General agronomic practices were adopted from local farmers. Data were collected on vegetative and reproductive parameters. Correlation analysis was also evaluated between parameters. This was followed by principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Principal components were selected based on eigen value criteria – a component was selected if its eigen value was greater than 1. All analyses were done using PAST (ver. 3.26b) Analysis revealed significant correlations between some vegetative and reproductive parameters notably between emergence and plant height (r = 0.45, P < 0.05), emergence and plant harvested (r = 0.867, P < 0.05), and between plant cover and plant height (r = 0.546, P < 0.05). According to the eigen value criteria (eigen value > 1.0), 4 principal components were retained from organic and inorganic nutrient sources each, and 3 principal components were retained from composite nutrient source. Reproductive parameters were more aggregated in the first principal component for organic nutrient source, accounting for 35.87% of all variations while they were more aggregated in the second principal component (25.61%) from inorganic nutrient sources. From the composite nutrient source, the reproductive and vegetative parameters were almost equally distributed between the first (31.80%) and second (27.82%) principal components. In this study, that varied nutrient sources (organic. Inorganic and composite) affects Irish potato differently. Consequently, both organic and inorganic nutrient sources should be seen as synergistic and not mutually exclusive for holistic production of Irish potato.
Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Celery Leaves (Apium Graveolens L) Grown in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Stephen M. Suleman , Adelakun E. A. , Kanus J. H. , Gideon Meshack M.
Published: March 2020

The presence of natural antioxidant in plants is well known. Plant phenolics constitute one of the major groups of components that act as antioxidant and free radical terminator. Hence, this study focused on investigating the antioxidant activity of Celery plant (Apium graveolens L). The fresh leaves were collected, crushed and extracted with ethanol and acetone by maceration. The radical scavenging properties of the extracts were determined by measuring changes in absorbance of DPPH radical at a wave lenght of 517 nm by UV and ascorbic acid is used as the standard. It showed that the crude ethanolic extract has higher antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid and acetone extract with less scavenging activity. The values were (IC50 114.6 µg/mL) for ascorbic acid, (IC50 112 µg/mL) for the crude ethanolic extract and (IC50172 µg/mL) for crude acetone extract. The result shows that Celery plant grown in Jos possess good antioxidant properties which may be linked to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in the plant, which justifies its use as a medicinal plant. This can be further investigated for the isolation and identification of active compounds of medicinal utilities.
Bilateral Anophthalmia: Literature, Review and Case Report
Authors: Ide L. E. Yaguo , Alex-Hart B. A. , Nte A. R.
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Anophthalmia which is the congenital absence of the eyes could be bilateral or congenital, it occurs globally although it is rare. It is usually in association with other systemic congenital abnormalities.

Case Report: A case of a female baby delivered at a primary health center in Port Harcourt, Nigeria who had bilateral anophthalmia is reported here along with review of literature Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI) of brain and orbit was used to confirm the diagnosis which showed absence of both globes, with hypoplasia of the orbits as well as the extraocular muscles, the optic nerves could not be differentiated from the visualized intra-orbital structures. All other systems were essentially normal. This is an exceptional case in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, as literature search shows that no other case has been reported in Port Harcourt. She is currently being followed up at the paediatric, ophthalmology and ENT clinics of the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Impact on Brand Building: Special Reference to Employees of Selected Companies in Nepal
Authors: Magar Manoj Kumar Thapa , Pandey Ashok , Bhandari Dila Ram , Pandit Ramanand , Saini Shravan Kumar
Published: March 2020

This study identifies the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its impact on the branding of the company. Many business companies in Nepal have integrated CSR and philanthropic activities into day-to-day operations. The realization of social responsibility has led them to share their profit with humanity and getting engaged in various areas of social well-being. The result shows employees perceive a significant association on the branding of the company especially in the areas of social/community service, ethical, health, environmental and education activities.
V
icinamibacteria
Authors: Huber Katharina J. , Overmann Jörg
Published: March 2020

Vi.ci.na.mi.bac.te'ri.a. N.L. masc. n.
Vicinamibacter
type genus of the order of the class; suff. ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Vicinamibacteria
the class of the order
Vicinamibacterales
.

Acidobacteria / Vicinamibacteria

A phylogenetically coherent group comprising 16S rRNA gene sequence types of cultured
Acidobacteria
and numerous environmental clone sequences define the class
Vicinamibacteria
(= former subdivision 6
Acidobacteria
). The class
Vicinamibacteria
consists of the type order
Vicinamibacterales
and the former
Acidobacteria
subdivisions 9 and 17. The order
Vicinamibacterales
accommodates the family
Vicinamibacteraceae
with two described members which are aerobic, neutrophilic, and psychrotolerant to mesophilic chemoorganoheterotrophs.
H
ydrotalea
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição , Froufe Hugo J. C. , da Costa Milton S.
Published: March 2020

Hy.dro.ta'le.a. Gr. neut. n.
hydor
, water; L. fem. n.
talea
a rod; N.L. fem. n.
Hydrotalea
a rod isolated from water.

Bacteroidetes / Chitinophagia / Chitinophagales / Chitinophagaceae / Hydrotalea

The genus
Hydrotalea
comprises two species,
Hydrotalea flava
and
Hydrotalea sandarakina
. The cells of both species are rod shaped, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 μm in width and 1.0–3.0 μm in length. The type strains are not motile and do not possess flagella. Endospores are not produced. The organisms stain Gram‐negative, and the colonies are orange pigmented. The species
H. sandarakina
is slightly thermophilic, while
H. flava
is mesophilic. The members of this genus are strictly aerobic, and they possess cytochrome
c
oxidase‐ and are catalase‐positive. The organisms are strictly chemoorganotrophic; several carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources, but growth factors are necessary for growth in minimal medium. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone 7 (MK‐7). Polar lipids consist of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unidentified aminophospholipids (APLs), two unidentified aminolipids (ALs), and four unidentified lipids (ULs). Acyl chains are predominantly iso‐branched and 3‐OH fatty acids, namely iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
17:0
3‐OH, and iso‐C
16:0
. The DNA G + C content of the type strain
H. flava
is 37.0 mol% (HPLC), 37.2 % (Genome). The DNA G + C of the type strain of
H. sandarakina
is 35.2 mol% (HPLC), 35.8% (Genome). The type strain of
H. sandarakina
was isolated from a hot spring runoff, while the type strain of
H. flava
was recovered from fresh water.

DNA G + C content
(
%
): 35.2–37.0 (HPLC); 35.8–37.2 (Genome).

Type species
:
Hydrotalea flava
Kämpfer et al. 2011
VP
.
D
evriesea
Authors: Eisenberg Tobias , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Hamann Hans‐Peter , Blom Jochen , Kämpfer Peter
Published: March 2020

De.vrie'se.a. N.L. fem. n.
Devriesea
referring to the veterinary microbiologist L. A. Devriese.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Dermabacteraceae / Devriesea

Short rods
, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains.
Non‐spore‐forming. Nonmotile. Non‐acid‐fast. Gram‐stain‐positive. Aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic growth with
small
hemolytic colonies
after 24 h of incubation at temperatures between 25 and 42°C.
Catalase‐positive. Positive
for
β‐galactosidase
, but
no oxidase activity
is observed. Acid is produced from glycerol and arbutin. Starch is not hydrolyzed. Urease‐ and pyrazinamidase‐positive. Voges–Proskauer‐positive. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan type is A4γ
m
‐Dpm–
d
‐Asp–
d
‐Glu, with the α‐carboxyl group of
d
‐Glu at position 2 substituted by Gly. The
principal menaquinone
is
MK‐8
. The major polar lipids consist of
phosphatidylglycerol and some unidentified phospholipids and glycoplipids
. The following fatty acid components are present: C
14:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, anteiso‐C
15:0
, C
16:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, iso‐C
17:0
, and anteiso‐C
17:0
. The type species
Devriesea agamarum
is a lizard (reptile) pathogen, mostly causing dermal lesions.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.

Type species
:
Devriesea agamarum
Martel et al. 2008
VP
.
A
lkalicoccus
Authors: Zhao Baisuo , Holtzapple Mark , Lu Weidong
Published: March 2020

Al.ka.li.coc'cus. N.L. n.
alkali
(from Arabic article
al
the; Arabic n.
qaliy
ashes of saltwort) alkali; N.L. mas. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
) a sphere; N.L. masc. n.
Alkalicoccus
a coccus living in basic surroundings.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Alkalicoccus

Alkalicoccus
is a genus in the family
Bacillaceae
, order
Bacillales
, class
Bacilli
, phylum
Firmicutes
. It currently comprises only two species—
Alkalicoccus saliphilus
and
Alkalicoccus halolimnae
.
A. saliphilus
was isolated from green algal mat of a mineral pool (southern Italy), and
A. halolimnae
was retrieved from a salt lake (northwestern China). Strictly aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, coccus shaped, non‐endospore‐forming, and nonmotile. Members of the genus
Alkalicoccus
are moderately halophilic with growth in the 4–20% NaCl (optimum at 8–12 or 15% NaCl) and the mesophilic temperature range of 10–41°C (optimum at 33 or 37°C). Strains are chemoorganotrophic and utilize a range of carbon sources. The major fatty acids are composed of anteiso saturated branched‐chain fatty acids (anteiso‐C
15:0
and anteiso‐C
17:0
). The dominant polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and the respiratory quinone is menaquinone‐7 (MK‐7).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 40.0–45.7 mol% (HPLC and genome analysis).

Type species
:
Alkalicoccus saliphilus
Zhao et al. 2017
VP
(Basonym:
Bacillus saliphilus
Romano et al. 2005
VP
).
Desulforamulusgen. nov.
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan
Published: March 2020

De.sul.fo.ra'mu.lus. L. pref.defrom; L. neut. n.sulfursulfur; L. masc. n.ramulusa sprig, a little bough or rod; N.L. masc. n.Desulforamulusa rod‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales / Desulfotomaculaceae / Desulforamulus gen. nov.

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods. Gram‐staining reaction varies with the species. Oval spores occur terminal, subterminal, or paracentral of cells. Most species are motile by means of flagella. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Thermophilic or mesophilic. Neutrophilic. NaCl is not necessary for growth. Chemoorganoheterotrophic growth occurs using organic acids, alcohols, amino acids, and sugars. Chemolithoheterotrophic growth occurs with H2and CO2in the presence of acetate. One species grows chemolithoautotrophically on H2and CO2. Substrates are incompletely oxidized. Sulfate, thiosulfate, and sulfite are used as electron acceptors. Heavy metals or arsenic compounds are utilized as electron acceptors by one strain. Fermentative growth on lactate, pyruvate, fructose, or glucose. The major cellular fatty acids are C16:0, iso‐C15:0, iso‐C17:0, C16:1ω9c, C16:1ω7c, C16:0dimethyl acetal, and iso‐C17:1ω7c. The type species was found in the rumen contents of sheep.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 42.9–52.4 (LC,Tm); 42.3–49.5 (genome).

Type species:Desulforamulus ruminiscomb. nov. (basonym:Desulfotomaculum ruminisCampbell and Postgate 1965AL).
D
esulfofalx

gen. nov.
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan
Published: March 2020

De.sul.fo.falx' L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. fem. n.
falx
a curved short sword; N.L. fem. n.
Desulfofalx
a curve‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales / Desulfohalotomaculaceae /
Desulfofalx
gen. nov.

Cells are curved rods or vibrios. Gram‐stain‐positive. Oval spores occur terminal of cells. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Thermophilic and obligately alkaliphilic. NaCl is required for growth. Chemoorganoheterotroph using organic acids and alcohols. Chemolithoheterotrophic growth on H
2
is possible in the presence of acetate. Genome data suggests the capacity for complete oxidation of substrates via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CO‐DH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway), but substrates are incompletely oxidized to acetate and trace amounts of other volatile fatty acids under laboratory growth conditions. Vitamins or yeast extract is required for growth. Requires carbonate anion. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate are used as electron acceptors; elemental sulfur and nitrate are not utilized. Grows by fermentation of pyruvate. Found in neutral pH, mixed cow/pig manure collected from several farms in the Moscow region, Russia.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 40.9 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfofalx alkaliphila
comb. nov. (basonyms:
Desulfotomaculum alkaliphilum
Pikuta et al. 2000,
Desulfohalotomaculum alkaliphilum
Watanabe et al. 2018).
D
esulfovectis

gen. nov.
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan
Published: March 2020

De.sul.fo.ve'c.tis. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. masc. n.
vectis
a carrying pole, bar; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovectis
a sulfate‐reducing rod.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales / Desulfohalotomaculaceae /
Desulfovectis
gen. nov.

Cells are slightly curved rods with a Gram‐positive‐type cell wall. Oval spores occur central or subterminal of cells. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Thermophilic and neutrophilic. NaCl is required for growth. Chemoorganoheterotroph using alcohols which are incompletely oxidized to volatile fatty acids. Yeast extract is required for growth. Chemolithoheterotrophic using H
2
in the presence of acetate or yeast extract. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate are used as electron acceptors; elemental sulfur, fumarate, iron (III), nitrate, and nitrite are not utilized. Fermentative growth was not reported. Desulfoviridin and
c
‐type cytochromes are absent. A sulfite reductase with an absorption peak at 580 nm is observed. The major cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
18:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, and a summed feature consisting of iso‐C
17:1
I/anteiso‐C
17:1
B. Found in an upflow anaerobic filter treating abattoir wastewaters in Tunisia.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 44.4 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfovectis peckii
comb. nov. (basonyms:
Desulfotomaculum peckii
Jabari et al. 2013,
Desulfohalotomaculum peckii
Watanabe et al., 2018).
D
esulfofundulus
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan
Published: March 2020

De.sul.fo.fun'du.lus. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. masc. n.
fundulus
a kind of sausage; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfofundulus
a sausage‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales / Desulfofundulaceae / Desulfofundulus

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods. Gram‐staining reaction is variable depending on the species. Spherical or oval spores occur central to subterminal of cells. Nonmotile or motile by means of flagella. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Thermophilic and neutrophilic. NaCl is not essential for growth. Chemolithoautotroph or chemoorganoheterotroph. Organic acids, short‐ to long‐chain fatty acids, benzoate (some species), and alcohols are incompletely oxidized to acetate (one species) or completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CO‐DH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). H
2
plus CO
2
(chemolithoautotrophic growth) and formate can be used without acetate. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate are used as electron acceptors and reduced to sulfide. Thiosulfate dismutation is observed in two species. Desulfoviridin is absent. Grows fermentatively on organic acids. The major cellular fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, C
15:0
DMA, C
16:0
, iso‐C
17:0
, and C
17:0
DMA. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. Found in hot springs, underground thermal water, anaerobic digesters, oil water reservoirs, and deep subsurface.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 48.1–56 (
T
m
, LC); 54.5–55.0 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfofundulus kuznetsovii
Watanabe et al. 2018
VP
(basonym:
Desulfomaculum kuznetsovii
Nazina et al. 1988, VL35).
S
edimentisphaera
Authors: Spring Stefan
Published: March 2020

Se.di.men.ti.sphae'ra. L. neut. n.
sedimentum
sediment; L. fem. n.
sphaera
a sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Sedimentisphaera
, a spherical bacterium from sediment.

Planctomycetes / Phycisphaerae / Sedimentisphaerales / Sedimentisphaeraceae / Sedimentisphaera

Free‐living, unpigmented, nonmotile, and non‐spore‐forming coccoid cells that divide by binary fission. Intracellular membranes are not formed. Gram‐negative type of cell wall with a peptidoglycan layer. Dominating cellular fatty acids are anteiso‐C
15:0
and anteiso‐C
13:0
. Unsaturated cellular fatty acids, respiratory lipoquinones, or cytochromes are not present. The polar lipid composition is dominated by phosphatidylglycerol and several distinct glycolipids. Tests for catalase and oxidase are negative. Nitrate is not reduced. Obligately anaerobic and moderately halophilic, mesophilic, and neutrophilic. Vitamins required for growth. Strictly fermentative metabolism with sugars as preferred substrates. Medium viscosity increases during growth due to the production of extracellular polymeric substances. Oxygen can be tolerated up to 0.5% (v/v) in the gas atmosphere but does not stimulate growth. Susceptible to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracycline, but resistant to rifampicin. Members of the class
Phycisphaerae
, order
Phycisphaerales
, family
Sedimentisphaeraceae
. Known habitats are hypersaline sediments and microbial mats in salt lakes and evaporation ponds.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 46.2–46.4 (genome analyses).

Type species
:
Sedimentisphaera salicampi
Spring et al. 2018, VL184.
Caviibacterium
Authors: Christensen Henrik , Bisgaard Magne , Nicklas Werner , Adhikary Sadhana
Published: March 2020

Ca.vi.i.bac.te'ri.um. N.L. fem. n.Caviageneric Latin name for the guinea pigCavia porcellus; N.L. neut. n.bacteriumrod; N.L. neut. n.Caviibacteriuma bacterium isolated from a guinea pig.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Caviibacterium

The genusCaviibacteriumwas established based on the characterization of 14 strains mainly from guinea pigs. The taxon was previously classified as Bisgaard taxon 5 on the basis of phenotypic characteristics. The genus currently presents as a typical member of the familyPasteurellaceaewith respect to cultural characteristics and colony morphologies, which are small, regular, and circular with smooth and shiny appearance and a white‐gray tinge. The taxon formed a monophyletic group based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison and partialrpoBsequence analysis compared to the other genera of the family. The genus possesses the phenotypic characteristics of the members ofPasteurellaceae. Published data on DNA–DNA hybridization showed a high degree of genotypic relationship between the strains ofCaviibacterium, and the genus consists of only one speciesCaviibacterium pharyngocola. With the exception ofAvibacterium, two or more phenotypic characters separateCaviibacteriumfrom the other genera of the familyPasteurellaceae. The type species is Caviibacterium pharyngocola.

DNA G + C content (mol%): For strains 3.3 and 10.3, 42.1 and 40.0, respectively (Tm) (Bisgaard et al., 1983). The G + C content of the type strain 7.3TofCaviibacterium pharyngocolawas 43.4 mol% established by whole‐genomic sequencing (Adhikary et al., 2018).

Type species:Caviibacterium pharyngocolaAdhikary et al. 2018VP.
H
istophilus
Authors: Angen Øystein
Published: March 2020

His.to'phi.lus. Gr. n.
histos
tissue; N.L. adj.
philus
from Gr. adj.
philos
friendly; N.L. masc. n.
Histophilus
the tissue friend.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Histophilus

Histophilus
is a genus within the family
Pasteurellaceae
Pohl (1979) 1981.
Histophilus somni
was proposed in 2003 as a common name for bacteria that earlier had been called “
Haemophilus somni
,” “
Haemophilus agni
,” “
Haemophilus somnifer
,” and “
Histophilus ovis
.” The genus consists of Gram‐negative, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli. Endospores are not formed. Growth is mesophilic and capnophilic and is not dependent on V‐ or X‐factor. Glucose is fermented without gas production. Oxidase reaction is normally positive. Alkaline phosphatase test is positive, and nitrate is reduced. Simmons' citrate, Voges–Proskauer, arginine dihydrolase, and ornithine decarboxylase tests are negative, and there is no fermentation of adonitol or
l
‐sorbose. Urease reaction is negative.

DNA G + C content of the type strain (mol%)
: 37.5 (Piechulla et al., 1986).

Type species
:
Histophilus somni
Angen et al. 2003
VP
.
N
icoletella
Authors: Kuhnert Peter , Korczak Bożena M.
Published: March 2020

Ni.co.le.tel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Nicoletella
named in tribute to Jacques Nicolet, a Swiss microbiologist, for his contribution to research on
Pasteurellaceae
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Nicoletella

Nicoletella
is a monotypic genus in the family
Pasteurellaceae
as determined by a polyphasic approach using 19 strains. They are Gram‐negative, nonmotile pleomorphic rods. Isolates do not grow on MacConkey agar and do not require hemin or β‐NAD. They reduce nitrate to nitrite and are catalase‐, oxidase‐, and urease‐positive. DNA–DNA hybridization data and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, including 16S rRNA gene,
rpoB
, and
infB
sequencing, clearly placed
Nicoletella
as a discrete genus in the family
Pasteurellaceae
. Otherwise, the only currently known species of the genus
N. semolina
is biochemically inert. Growth is fastidious, and the isolates have a distinctive colony morphology, with the colonies being dry and waxy and looking like a semolina particle that can be moved around on an agar plate without losing their shape.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.4 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Nicoletella semolina
Kuhnert et al. 2004, VL102.
“

A
cidobacteriales

”
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Oren Aharon
Published: March 2020

A.ci.do.bac.te.ri.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Acidobacterium
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acidobacteriales
the order of
Acidobacterium
.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / “Acidobacteriales”

The order “
Acidobacteriales
,” being the first described order in the class “
Acidobacteriia
,” was circumscribed on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The name, published in 2002, was placed on the list of
nomina rejicienda
but was proposed again as ord. nov. by Thrash and Coates in 2011. At present, the order contains a single family, the
Acidobacteriaceae
. Members of the order are Gram‐negative, non‐spore‐forming, acidophilic or acidotolerant, mesophilic and psychrotolerant, chemoheterotrophic bacteria, which utilize various sugars and polysaccharides, possess a number of hydrolytic capabilities, and are particularly abundant in acidic soils, peatlands, and iron‐rich environments.
A
cidothermales
Authors: Berry Alison M. , Normand Philippe
Published: March 2020

A.ci.do.ther.ma'les. N.L. masc. n.
Acidothermus
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acidothermales
the
Acidothermus
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Acidothermales

A one family, one genus order containing thermophilic, acidophilic, and cellulolytic bacteria that inhabit hot springs. Their phylogenetic position has changed, initially based on 16S rRNA analysis with a proximity to the
Frankiales
, but more recently whole‐genome‐based analysis placing away from the
Frankiales
, closer to the
Streptosporangiales
.
V
icinamibacterales
Authors: Huber Katharina J. , Overmann Jörg
Published: March 2020

Vi.ci.na.mi.bac.te.ra'les. N.L. masc. n.
Vicinamibacter
, type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Vicinamibacterales
, the
Vicinamibacter
order.

Acidobacteria / Vicinamibacteria / Vicinamibacterales

The order
Vicinamibacterales
accommodates the family
Vicinamibacteraceae
including the two genera
Vicinamibacter
(= type genus) and
Luteitalea
. Members of the
Vicinamibacterales
are aerobic, neutrophilic, and psychrotolerant to mesophilic chemoorganoheterotrophs. Cells stain Gram‐negative and are nonmotile (short) rods that divide by binary fission, and do not form capsules or spores. Cells occur singly or in tight aggregates. Members of
Vicinamibacterales
grow on different simple sugars, but prefer complex proteinaceous compounds. The major fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
/C
16:1
ω6
c
), C
18:1
ω7
c
or ω9
c
or ω11
c
, iso‐C
17:1
ω9
c
, C
16:0
, and iso‐C
17:0
. Iso‐diabolic acid and 6‐methyl iso‐diabolic acid are detected. MK‐8 constitutes the major respiratory quinone. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol are the major polar lipids. An unidentified glycolipid or unknown phospholipids might also be present.

DNA G + C content of the available strains (mol%)
: 64.7–65.9.
Synthesis of 2‐Amino Substituted Oxazoles from α‐Amino Ketones and Isothiocyanates via Sequential Addition and I2‐Mediated Desulfurative Cyclization
Authors: Zhang Shuangshuang , Zhao Qiongli , Zhao Yifei , Yu Wenquan , Chang Junbiao
Published: March 2020

Oxazol‐2‐amines were synthesized by annulation of α‐amino ketones and isothiocyanates. This sequential synthetic process involves addition of α‐amino ketones to isothiocyanates and I2‐promoted desulfurative cyclization omitting isolation of the less stable thiourea intermediates. It is transition metal‐free and operationally simple, providing access to a variety of 2‐amino substituted oxazole derivatives under mild reaction conditions.

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Core–Shell Structured NiFeSn@NiFe (Oxy)Hydroxide Nanospheres from an Electrochemical Strategy for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Mingxing , Lu Shenglin , Fu Xian‐Zhu , Luo Jing‐Li
Published: March 2020

Efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable because of the intrinsically sluggish kinetics of OER. Herein, core–shell structured nanospheres of NiFexSn@NiFe (oxy)hydroxide (denoted as NiFexSn‐A) are prepared as active OER catalysts by a facile electrochemical strategy, which includes electrodeposition of NiFexSn alloy nanospheres on carbon cloth (CC) and following anodization. The alloy core of NiFexSn could promote charge transfer, and the amorphous shell of NiFe (oxy)hydroxide is defect‐rich and nanoporous due to the selective electrochemical etching of Sn in alkaline medium. The optimized catalyst of NiFe0.5Sn‐A displays a remarkable OER performance with a low overpotential of 260 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 50 mV dec−1, a high turnover frequency of 0.194 s−1 at an overpotential of 300 mV, and a robust durability. Further characterizations indicate that the superior OER performance of the core–shell structured NiFe0.5Sn‐A nanospheres might originate from abundant active sites and small charge transfer resistance. This work brings a new perspective to the design and synthesis of core–shell structured nanospheres for electrocatalysis through a facile electrochemical strategy.
Optimization of plant density and nitrogen regimes to mitigate lodging risk in wheat
Authors: Khan Aaqil , Ahmad Akhlaq , Ali Waqar , Hussain Sajad , Ajayo Babatope Samuel , Raza Muhammad Ali , Kamran Muhammad , Te Xiao , al Amin Noor , Ali Siyad , Iqbal Nasir , Khan Imran , Sattar Muhammad Tayyab , Ali Asif , Wu Yushan , Yang Wenyu
Published: March 2020

Influences of planting density and nitrogen rate have been investigated frequently in targeted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) research. Few studies have investigated interactions between these inputs. The objective was to determine the combine effect of N and seeding rates on culm morph‐physiological traits for lodging tolerance and grain yield. The experiment used a split‐split randomized block design using two wheat varieties ‘AnNong0711’ and ‘YanNong19’, split by four seeding (180, 240, 300, and 375 × 104 ha−1) and four N rates (0, 180, 240, and 300 kg ha−1). Lodging traits of plant height, culm height center of gravity, and internode length, increased (p < .05) however, stem diameter, wall thickness, and stem breaking strength decreased with increasing N and seeding rate. Stem breaking strength was negatively correlated with culm height center of gravity (r = −.869, p = .01), internode length (r = −.872, p < .01), and lignin (r = −.746, p < .01) but positively correlated with internode diameter (r = .715, p < .05) and wall thickness (r = .696, p < .05). Culm lodging index and cellulose showed positive correlation (r = .807 and .913 respectively) with lignin. Compared to YanNong19, AnNong0711 showed higher grain yield and culm lodging index of 9 and 20.49%, respectively. For improved grain yield, 180 plants m−2 was optimal in surface combinations with 210 kg N ha−1 for AnNong0711 and 200 kg N ha−1 for YanNong19. These combinations of seeding and N rates could successfully mitigate lodging and improve grain yield.
Promoting the sulfuric acid catalyzed isobutane alkylation by quaternary ammonium ionic liquids
Authors: Cao Piao , Yuan Yuan , Huang Chizhou , Sun Weizhen , Zhao Ling
Published: March 2020

Seven typical quaternary ammonium ionic liquids, amino acid ionic liquids, and imidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized, characterized, and investigated as co‐catalyst for the sulfuric acid catalyzed isobutane alkylation. The results show that the introduction of [OPSIm][HSO4] or [Pr3NPS][HSO4] both leads to a better catalytic performance and higher quality of alkylate products. The molecular dynamic simulation indicates that the [OPSIm][HSO4] can promote the dissolution of isobutane molecules at interface, further improving the ratio of isobutane to olefin from 1.02 to 1.18. Differently, the [Pr3NPS][HSO4] can significantly increase the interface width from 0.66 to 0.97 nm and reduce the interface tension from 28.49 to 14.62 mN/m, thereby enhancing the reaction area and improving the ion transfer. The [Pro][HSO4] and [Gly][HSO4] result in a worse quality of alkylate products due to no positive effect on the interfacial properties such as interfacial solubility of isobutane.
Inflammation and central adiposity as mediators of depression and uncontrolled diabetes in the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)
Authors: Dona Allison C. , DeLouize Alicia M. , Eick Geeta , Thiele Elizabeth , Salinas Rodríguez Aarón , Manrique Espinoza Betty Soledad , Robledo Ricardo , Villalpando Salvador , Naidoo Nirmala , Chatterji Somnath , Kowal Paul , Snodgrass J. Josh
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Diabetes and depression are commonly present in the same individuals, suggesting the possibility of underlying shared physiological processes. Inflammation, as assessed with the biomarker C‐reactive protein (CRP), has not consistently explained the observed relationship between diabetes and depression, although both are associated with inflammation and share proposed inflammatory mechanisms. Central adiposity has also been associated with both conditions, potentially by causing increased inflammation. This study uses the World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Mexico Wave 1 biomarker data (n = 1831) to evaluate if inflammation and central adiposity mediate the relationship between depression and diabetes.

Methods

Depression was estimated using a behavior‐based diagnostic algorithm, inflammation using venous dried blood spot (DBS) CRP, central adiposity using waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), and uncontrolled diabetes using venous DBS‐glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Results

The association between depression and uncontrolled diabetes was partially mediated by CRP before but not after WHtR was considered. When WHtR was added to the model, it partially mediated the relationship between diabetes and depression while fully mediating the relationship between depression and CRP.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that central adiposity may be a more significant mediator between diabetes and depression than inflammation and account for the relationship between these disorders and inflammation. Depression may cause an increase in central adiposity, which then may lead to diabetes, but the increase in known systemic inflammatory pathways caused by central adiposity may not be the key pathological mechanism.
Seasonality and season of birth effect in the UK Biobank cohort
Authors: Didikoglu Altug , Canal Maria Mercè , Pendleton Neil , Payton Antony
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Humans live in environments that reduce the impact of seasonal cues. However, studies suggest that many aspects of human biology, such as birth, metabolism, health, and death are still annually rhythmic.

Methods

Using UK Biobank, a large (N = 502 536) population‐based resource, we investigated the influence of seasonality on birth rate, basal metabolic rate, health, reaction speed, and sleep. We also investigated the association between season of birth and regional brain volumes, basal metabolic rate, health, reaction speed, and sleep.

Results

Our results showed that annual birth rate peaks in April and May. Individuals had the highest basal metabolic rate in December and January. Poorer subjective general health and slower reaction time were observed in May. Susceptibility to insomnia showed an opposite trend that peaked in autumn and winter. People reported shorter periods of sleep, easier waking, earlier chronotype, more daytime dozing, and napping in summer compared with winter. Our results suggest that season of birth may influence later‐life characteristics. We also observed that the effect of season of birth is in the opposite direction of the seasonal rhythm for basal metabolic rate, reaction time, and insomnia. Moreover, our analysis showed that prevalence of allergy is higher among people born in spring compared to autumn.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings indicate a significant effect of seasonality on a range of human traits and that early‐life seasons appear to have an effect on health and behaviors in adulthood.