bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histological and immunohistochemical study of cyclophosphamide effect on adult rat testis
Authors: Anan Hoda H. , Wahba Nashwa S. , Abdallah Maha A. , Mohamed Dalia A.
Published: January 2017

Background: Nowadays, cyclophosphamide is widely used as anticancer and immunosuppressive agent in various drug regimens in many diseases and in young and old age. The aim of this research is to study the possible histological changes that may occur in the testes of adult male albino rats as a result of chronic exposure to cyclophosphamide and the prognosis of this effect.

Methods: Thirty healthy adult male albino rats were used in this study.  They were equally divided into three groups; a control, an experimental and a withdrawal groups. The Animals of the experimental group were treated with daily dose of 5 mg/ kg cyclophosphamide orally for successive 28 days. Animals of the withdrawal group were left without treatment and sacrificed after 28 days from the last dose of cyclophosphamide.  At the time of sacrifice, all animals were anesthetized by ether inhalation and their testes were dissected out carefully and processed for light and electron microscope examinations.  

Results: Testes of the cyclophosphamide treated group revealed presence of many distorted shrunken seminiferous tubules which appeared with marked reduction in the thickness of the epithelium and wide lumina. Many germ cells with deeply stained nuclei, giant cells in mitosis and intracellular vacuoles were observed. Cross sections in mid pieces of sperms showed marked affection of axoneme, fibrous sheath and mitochondrial sheath. The cytoplasm of the Leydig cells contained mitochondria, dilated SER, Golgi cisternae and RER. Testes of the withdrawal group showed that the seminiferous tubules still had reduced height of their epithelium with wide intercellular spaces. Abnormal stratification and destructed germinal epithelium were evident with desquamated germ cells. Cross sections of mid pieces of the sperms showed distorted axoneme and swollen mitochondrial sheath. The cytoplasm of leydig cells contained many electron dense granules, RER, many dilated SER and mitochondria.

Conclusions: Chronic cyclophosphamide treatment not only produced serious histological changes of the testis but also in its serological parameter. These changes persisted after cessation of cyclophosphamide administration which indicates the cumulative irreversible toxic effect of cyclophosphamide. So, it is advisable to avoid the usage of cyclophosphamide as possible especially in young patients.

 
Prevalence and drug susceptibility pattern of Shigella and Salmonella species in under ten diarrhoeic children admitted to Tirunesh-Beijing hospital
Authors: Hawaz Habtamu , Girma Selamawit , Tezera Yordanos , Ahmed Umer , Kelel Musin
Published: January 2017

Background: Diarrheal diseases constitute a major burden of disease in the low and middle-income countries of the world with diarrhea being the second leading cause of morbidity. Now a day, food borne disease, caused by Shigella and Salmonella species is the most common type of bacterial gastroenteritis  have gained multiple antimicrobial resistances; the challenge for clinical management. For acute childhood diarrhea that requires antimicrobial therapy correct choice of the drug depends on detailed previous knowledge of local strains. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and drug susceptibility pattern of diarrheal diseases in under 10 children admitted to Tirunesh-Beijing hospital to provide preliminary information for healthcare providers.

Methods: Selective and differential media for isolation of diarrhea causing bacterial species was used. Further biochemical tests were conducted to confirm the results. The drug sensitivity and resistance pattern of isolated bacteria was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Data about patients' sex and age, pathogens isolated and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were recorded.  

Results: Out of 22 stool samples collected from diarrhoeic under ten children the majority was males. Two (9.1%) stool samples were found positive for one Shigella sonnei and one Shigilla flexnrei while no Salmonella species was identified.

Conclusions: The isolated Shigella species showed high antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin. But it was susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Therefore, frequent assessment of the pattern of resistance and prevalence is needed to keep the community save and use appropriate drug for treatment in the study area. 
Decolonization of knowledge, epistemicide, participatory research and higher education
Authors: Hall Budd L. , Tandon Rajesh
Published: January 2017

This article raises questions about what the word 'knowledge' refers to. Drawn from some 40 years of collaborative work on knowledge democracy, the authors suggest that higher education institutions today are working with a very small part of the extensive and diverse knowledge systems
in the world. Following from de Sousa Santos, they illustrate how Western knowledge has been engaged in epistemicide, or the killing of other knowledge systems. Community-based participatory research is about knowledge as an action strategy for change and about the rendering visible of the
excluded knowledges of our remarkable planet. Knowledge stories, theoretical dimensions of knowledge democracy and the evolution of community-based participatory research partnerships are highlighted.
Cultural transfer in reading groups: From theory to practice and back
Authors: den Toonder Jeanette , Visser Saskia , van Voorst Sandra
Published: January 2017

People who discuss books in reading groups are playing a role in transferring cultural values, norms and ideas about themes present in the literature they read. How this cultural transfer takes place, and in which ways the process can be enhanced, has to date not been examined. Therefore,
the University of Groningen, the Netherlands collaborated with two public libraries and a community organization to set up a research project addressing different aspects of the process from inside reading groups. The results imply that readers who are focusing on reflection and interpretation
of literature play an important role in cultural transfer, which can be assisted by the use of reading guides. The collaboration between scholars and non-academic partners proved fruitful in co-creating knowledge that can be used in further research and to improve service to reading groups.
Nain, Mam and Me: Historical artefacts as prompts for reminiscence, reflection and conversation about feeding babies. A qualitative development study
Authors: Trickey Heather , Totelin Laurence , Sanders Julia
Published: January 2017

Historical artefacts can act as distancing objects, encouraging neutral discussion around sensitive topics that involve personal decision-making. Infant feeding is an example of a sensitive topic where strong emotions associated with infrequently shared experiences often underlie present
beliefs and values. An exhibition of historical artefacts designed to generate discussion around the topic of infant feeding was piloted at the Welsh National Eisteddfod 2015 as part of a qualitative development study. The study indicated that the exhibition was perceived as a safe space for
discussion regardless of prior beliefs and experience, and that artefacts acted as effective prompts for reminiscence and reflection. Follow-up interviews identified areas of intergenerational change that impact on intergenerational support – changing hospital practices, expert advice
and attitudes towards breastfeeding in public places. The exhibition indicated the potential of historical artefacts to facilitate intra- and intergenerational conversation around sensitive public health topics.
Overcoming the Venn diagram: Learning to be a co-passionate navigator in community-based participatory research
Authors: Wechsler Alyssa M.
Published: January 2017

This article is a personal account of working as an administrator and research scientist on a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project called Food Dignity. It describes how the community partners on the project taught the author about privilege and oppression in campus–community
research partnerships. It describes her initial failures to acknowledge privilege and actively work to overcome oppression via acts of 'passive oppression' and suggests that acts of passive oppression produce and reproduce structural oppression. The article goes on to give specific examples
of structural oppression in CBPR relationships and proposes ways that people in project coordination and administration roles can help circumvent or overcome them. It concludes by acknowledging the author's place of privilege as an academic in Food Dignity, and by re-envisioning her role within
the project as a 'co-passionate navigator'. It examines the importance of co-passionate navigators in CBPR and describes their role in changing the campus–community research landscape, making CBPR partnerships more just and equitable for all partners.
Determinants of successful knowledge brokering: A transnational comparison of knowledge-intermediary organizations
Authors: Phipps David J. , Brien Derek , Echt Leandro , Kyei-Mensah Glowen , Weyrauch Vanesa
Published: January 2017

In this practice-based paper, knowledge brokers working in Argentina, Canada, Ghana and Vanuatu reflect on knowledge-intermediary activities. Although our use of media varies, we share five knowledge-brokering practices: build trust; develop capacity; co-construct knowledge; understand
the political, social and economic context; and build culture. While these characteristics of knowledge brokering are well described in individual research studies, our reflections on their commonality across diverse settings suggest that they are determinants of successful knowledge brokering.
The commonality of these five practices challenges the perception that knowledge brokering is context specific. We propose that it is not the practice but its implementation that is context specific.
A 'work in progress'?: UK researchers and participation in public engagement
Authors: Burchell Kevin , Sheppard Chloe , Chambers Jenni
Published: January 2017

The funders of UK research seek to embed public engagement by researchers within the culture of UK research. Within this context, this paper provides a snapshot of the UK public engagement landscape by reporting on new quantitative research that examines the experiences and perspectives
of UK researchers (n = 2,454) and public engagement support staff (n = 260). The research suggests that ambitions to embed public engagement by researchers within institutional cultures can be understood as a 'work in progress'. There are indications that public engagement is part of the UK
research landscape. At the same time, the research suggests that researchers' public engagement efforts are currently constrained; there is evidence of a disconnect between researchers themselves and broader institutional contexts of public engagement, and the sector is overwhelmingly driven
by funding and rewards for research, teaching and other activities. In conclusion, these results indicate that, while current strategies have been helpful, longer term effort is required, perhaps targeting particular domains and, more fundamentally, perhaps featuring greater support and reward
for public engagement.
Impact of Periodontitis Case Criteria: A Cross‐Sectional Study of Lifestyle
Authors: Kongstad Johanne , Enevold Christian , Christensen Lisa Bøge , Fiehn Nils‐Erik , Holmstrup Palle
Published: January 2017

Background: Associations of risk factors/indicators with periodontitis may depend on the included case criterion. The objective of the current study is to evaluate differences in outcome by applying five periodontitis case definitions for cross‐sectional associations with lifestyle factors among participants of the Danish Health Examination Survey (DANHES).

Methods: A total of 4,402 adults aged 18 to 96 years from the general health examination of DANHES had a periodontal examination consisting of half‐mouth registration at six sites per tooth including probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Periodontitis was defined according to severe periodontitis, European Workshop of Periodontology (EWP)‐specific, meanCAL ≥2.55 mm, CAL‐tertile, and PD‐CAL definitions. Multivariable logistic regression models fitted the association of age, sex, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, educational level, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, body fat percentage, waist circumference, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and C‐reactive protein with periodontitis.

Results: Number of cases captured by the five periodontitis case definitions ranged from 337 (9.2%) to 1,136 (31.0%). A total of 224 participants were defined as periodontitis cases by all five criteria. Analyses on 3,665 participants with complete data revealed statistically significant associations of age and smoking with all periodontitis case definitions and of male sex with severe periodontitis and EWP‐specific definitions. Educational level (two lowest groups) was related to three periodontitis criteria. Among obesity and hyperlipidemia measures no factors were related to periodontitis.

Conclusion: Regression analyses showed little difference in odds ratio across the five periodontitis case definitions; however, the level of significance did show some variation.
Interventions to encourage sustainable consumption
Authors: Van Dam Ynte K. , Van Trijp Hans CM
Published: January 2017

Sustainable consumption is hampered by a discrepancy between consumers’ attitudes and their actual behaviour in the market place. Psychological construal level theory provides an explanation for the attitude to behaviour gap as a motivational conflict between high and low level of mental construal. Based on self-determination theory it is argued that this motivational conflict presupposes extrinsic motivation for sustainable behaviour. Based on self-regulatory styles, the present paper identifies and illustrates four types of intervention strategies that can cater for extrinsic motivation for sustainable development among light users. The underlying mechanisms of these interventions suggest that the transition from external to internal regulation is catalysed by social feedback.
Food and nutrition security as gendered social practice
Authors: Niehof Anke
Published: January 2017

In many parts of the world, the food security of households and the nutrition security of individual household members, in particular that of children, are still at risk, in spite of the progress made in combatting hunger at the global level. The prevailing opinion among scientists and development practioners alike is that women’s empowerment is the key to household food security and good nutrition of children. Similarly, it is thought that gender inequalities manifest themselves in dietary discrimination of women resulting in their lesser access to sufficient and nutritious food. To investigate the credibility of these ‘common truths’, empirical evidence on women’s roles in the social practices that aim at realizing household food security and good family nutrition was reviewed. It can be concluded that women definitely yield and wield power through their involvement in and responsibility for these practices, but that – at the same time – enhancing women’s capabilities by improved access to critical resources would benefit their household’s food security and their children’s nutrition. Furthermore, except for the region of South Asia, gender inequalities do not visibly result in a gender gap in nutrition, although women’s specific dietary needs in relation to pregnancy and motherhood are not always recognized.
Cosseno de Salton, Índice de Jaccard e Correlação de Pearson: comparando índices normalizados e absolutos em análise de cocitação de autores
Authors: Tannuri de Oliveira Ely Francina , Alves Bruno Henrique
Published: January 2017

Esta pesquisa objetiva realizar um estudo comparativo entre os indicadores absolutos e os normalizados, para Análise de Cocitação de Autores, a saber: Cosseno de Salton (CS), Índice de Jaccard (IJ) e Correlação de Pearson (r). , Visa apresentar os três índices normalizados, apontar as diferenças no uso entre os indicadores absolutos e normalizados, avaliar questões sobre a escolha dos três indicadores e apresentar um estudo teórico-aplicado. Ainda, calcular a Correlação de Spearman entre a matriz com os valores absolutos de cocitação e os três diferentes índices normalizados - Cosseno de Salton (CS), Índice de Jaccard (IJ) e Correlação de Pearson (r). Como fonte de dados, utilizaram-se os artigos do periódico Scientometrics, pertencente à base de dados Scopus na temática Estudos Métricos. Recuperaram-se 234 artigos do período de 2013 e 2014, em junho de 2015. Identificaram-se 9.327 pesquisadores citados. Gerou-se a matriz absoluta dos autores mais cocitados e procederam-se às normalizações pelos três processos. No sentido de comparar os resultados da matriz absoluta com os respectivos índices normalizados Cosseno de Salton (CS), Índice de Jaccard (IJ) e Correlação de Pearson (r), calculou-se a Correlação de Spearman, a partir do pareamento dos dados absolutos e dos normalizados de cada uma das matrizes, ordenados em postos, com a finalidade de sugerir o melhor indicador normalizado. Apresentaram-se os gráficos de dispersão e concluiu-se pelo uso de preferencial do Cosseno de Salton (Cs), a partir dos objetivos da pesquisa, da natureza dos dados e da maior significância relativa à Correlação de Spearman.
Análise do termo “Repositório Institucional” no Twitter: um estudo altmétrico
Authors: Borba Vildeane da Rocha , Marinho Andrea Carla Melo , Caregnato Sonia Elisa
Published: January 2017

Apresenta uma análise altmétrica do termo “Repositório Institucional” no Twitter no período de 2009 a 2015. O estudo é de caráter qualiquantitativo, do tipo descritivo e utilizou a altmetria buscando-se auferir as postagens relacionadas ao termo, bem como realizar uma análise de conteúdo das mesmas, a fim de identificar as relações estabelecidas entre o termo e assuntos associados. Os resultados mostraram que as primeiras publicações sobre o termo Repositório Institucional em língua portuguesa no Twitter aparecem em 2009, sendo que a maior quantidade de tweets sobre o tema aconteceu em 2013. Destacou-se a prevalência da categoria “Citações sociais” e “Divulgação de Repositório Institucional”, que, na maioria das vezes, menciona a implantação de Repositórios. Nas postagens referentes às citações sociais destaca-se a menção a “Livros” e “Artigo de revista”, evidenciando o Repositório da UFBA, que disponibilizou o maior número de livros publicados pela Editora da Instituição. A hashtag mais encontrada foi #opendoar, que é o diretório oficial de repositórios acadêmicos de acesso a erto, desenvolvido pela Universidade de Nottingham, no Reino Unido. Por fim, consideram-se os estudos altmétricos como uma possibilidade de análise das relações entre as mídias sociais e a produção científica, bem como uma alternativa de divulgação e/ou compartilhamento dessas informações entre os pesquisadores e interessados.
Os fundamentos da interdisciplinaridade no Campo da Comunicação: uma análise a partir dos artigos da Compós e da Intercom
Authors: Maricato João de Melo , De Jesus Filipe Reis Dias
Published: January 2017

São recorrentes as pesquisas com temática interdisciplinar no Campo da Comunicação, porém pouco se conhece os aportes teóricos utilizados para a sua fundamentação. Com base nos artigos publicados nos anais da Compós e da Intercom, entre os anos de 2005 e 2015, e recorrendo-se ao método bibliométrico de análise de citações, a presente pesquisa objetivou identificar os pilares teóricos da interdisciplinaridade no Campo da Comunicação brasileira. Dentre os principais resultados destaca-se, a partir dos autores citados, que os fundamentos teóricos sobre a interdisciplinaridade do Campo da Comunicação são restritos, principalmente nos textos da Compós. Constatou-se que a autoria dos textos que fundamentam o discurso da interdisciplinaridade nos artigos da Compós é predominantemente restrita a autores vinculados a uma única universidade brasileira e a textos de autores do próprio Campo da Comunicação. Não foram encontradas fortes influências, medidas pelas citações, para textos clássicos do campo da filosofia, educação, sociologia, etc. Nos artigos da Intercom, diferentemente, identificou-se fundamentação sobre interdisciplinaridade de outros campos e outros autores nacionais e internacionais, no entanto, ainda de maneira restrita. Ressalta-se a importância de maior mobilização de autores para melhor fundamentação teórica nos estudos da Comunicação, quer sejam na temática interdisciplinar ou contra interdisciplinar, pois constatou-se que em ambos os casos a fundamentação dos discursos aponta fragilidades e pouca amplitude de teorias.
Multiphase-Flow and Reactive-Transport Validation Studies at the Pore Scale by Use of Lattice Boltzmann Computer Simulations
Authors: Boek Edo S. , Zacharoudiou Ioannis , Gray Farrel , Shah Saurabh M. , Crawshaw John P. , Yang Jianhui
Published: January 2017

We describe the recent development of lattice Boltzmann (LB) and particle-tracing computer simulations to study flow and reactive transport in porous media. First, we measure both flow and solute transport directly on pore-space images obtained from micro-computed-tomography (CT) scanning. We consider rocks with increasing degree of heterogeneity: a bead pack, Bentheimer sandstone, and Portland carbonate. We predict probability distributions for molecular displacements and find excellent agreement with pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) -nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) experiments. Second, we validate our LB model for multiphase flow by calculating capillary filling and capillary pressure in model porous media. Then, we extend our models to realistic 3D pore-space images and observe the calculated capillary pressure curve in Bentheimer sandstone to be in agreement with the experiment. A process-based algorithm is introduced to determine the distribution of wetting and nonwetting phases in the pore space, as a starting point for relative permeability calculations. The Bentheimer relative permeability curves for both drainage and imbibition are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. Third, we show the speedup of a graphics-processing-unit (GPU) algorithm for large-scale LB calculations, offering greatly enhanced computing performance in comparison with central-processing-unit (CPU) calculations. Finally, we propose a hybrid method to calculate reactive transport on pore-space images by use of the GPU code. We calculate the dissolution of a porous medium and observe agreement with the experiment. The LB method is a powerful tool for calculating flow and reactive transport directly on pore-space images of rock.
Soybean Yield and Nutritional Status Response to Nitrogen Sources and Rates of Foliar Fertilization
Authors: Moreira A. , Moraes L. A. C. , Schroth G. , Becker F. J. , Mandarino J. M. G.
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

In high‐yielding conditions, biological nitrogen fixation and soil total N may not be sufficient to sustain N uptake rates during soybean seed‐filling period to meet the seed N demand required to reach the maximum attainable seed yield. Foliar N fertilization in R3 to R4 growth stages may be used to increase N supply during the final reproductive cycle of plant.

The importance on nutrients application, in special N, in crop production has increased in recent years in tropical and subtropical conditions in Brazil because of intensive cultivation (soybean–wheat, soybean–corn, and soybean–cotton), use of high yielding cultivars, and increasing the cost of production.

Nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and rates (0, 5, and 10 kg ha−1) have different responses and efficiency index in seed yield, when N foliar applied on soybean leaves at the R3 to R4 growth stages.

The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar N application during pod formation has been inconsistent. The objective of this study over three growing seasons was to evaluate the effects of foliar N sources and rates of application on yield, nutritional status, and yield components of soybean. The treatments consisted of five sources [NO3NH4, CaNO3, KNO3, urea‐[CO(NH2)2], and (NH4)2SO4], two N rates (5 and 10 kg N ha−1), applied at the beginning pod growth stage, and a control (no‐N fertilization). Foliar N generally increased the seed yield, irrespective of the N source and analysis pooled over three growing seasons showed an average seed yield increase of 5.0% (211 kg ha−1) and 6.1% (259 kg ha−1) for the 5 and 10 kg N ha−1 over control, respectively. Neither N rate nor source affected seed size, protein, oil, and nutritional status of leaves or seed. Nitrogen rate affected N use efficiency, but results varied with N sources. These data suggest that foliar N application may increase yield of soybean under certain environmental conditions.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Nitrogen for Energy Sorghum on Marginal Land in China
Authors: Chen Feng , Ameen Asif , Tang Chao‐Chen , Du Fu , Yang Xiao‐Lin , Xie Guang‐Hui
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

Soil NO3−–N to a depth of 0 to 90 cm increased significantly as N rate increased.

The N rate of 120 kg ha−1 improved dry matter yield with reduced NO3−–N accumulation.

An N surplus seen first at an N rate of 60 kg ha−1 increased as N rate increased.

Most inorganic N was required for energy sorghum pre‐anthesis period growth.

Nitrogen management is essential for energy crop production maximization on marginal land. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of N fertilizer application rates on temporal–spatial changes in soil inorganic N and N surplus levels on marginal land. Biomass sorghum (variety GN‐11) and sweet sorghum (variety GT‐8) [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were planted under five N application rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg ha−1) in Inner Mongolia, China, in 2014 and 2015. With incremental increases in N application rates during each growing season, nitrate nitrogen (NO3−–N) content in the 0‐ to 90‐cm soil layer for two varieties significantly increased on elongation, anthesis, and harvest dates, while ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N) remained stable. The NO3−–N accumulation in the 0‐ to 90‐cm soil layer at harvest significantly increased from 0 to 240 N kg ha−1. Larger inorganic N additions were required in the preanthesis period to maximize growth of both varieties compared to the postanthesis period. The apparent N surplus increased as N fertilizer rate increased. The N fertilizer of 120 kg ha−1 improved dry matter yield and relatively reduced NO3−–N accumulation. Thus, an N rate of 120 N kg ha−1, with an increasing proportion of topdressing N on the elongation date, and a decreasing proportion of basal N on the pre‐seeding date and topdressing N on the anthesis date, could improve biomass yield and reduce N accumulation to achieve more efficient sorghum production on marginal land in Inner Mongolia.
Long‐Term Agronomic Drawdown of Soil Phosphorus in Mid‐Atlantic Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Fiorellino Nicole , Kratochvil Robert , Coale Frank
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

Rate of soil P drawdown is a slow process having economic impacts to producers.

Cropping system affected drawdown of soil P concentrations at all locations.

Forage cropping systems exhibited faster soil P drawdown.

Lower initial soil P status resulted in faster soil P drawdown at one location.

Soils could take 18 to 44 yr to return to agronomic optimum P concentrations.

Phytoremediation remains the only management option to lower soil P concentrations.

Elevated soil P concentrations exist where manure has been repeatedly applied over a long period of time leading to regulatory restrictions on P applications targeted to decrease P loss from fields. Phytoextraction uses growing crops to remove contaminants, including P, from the soil through removal of crop biomass. A long‐term study initiated in 1994 compared effectiveness of forage and grain rotations common in the mid‐Atlantic region at reducing soil P concentrations in the absence of additional P application. Five soil P concentrations were established in replicated plots at three Maryland locations through application of manure. Grain and forage plots were established as main plots and soil P concentrations were split plots. Mehlich‐3 extractable phosphorus (M3P) concentrations were measured biennially or annually and rate of soil P drawdown was calculated as a first‐order decay equation. Phosphorus concentration was measured in grain and aboveground biomass from grain and forage plots, respectively, to measure crop P removal. Forage plots had greater P removal than grain plots at all locations studied. Forage plots tended to have greater rate of soil P drawdown at all three locations. An average of 20 yr was estimated for forage plots to return to optimum soil P concentrations, about 100 mg kg−1 Mehlich‐3 P, while an average of 25 yr was estimated for grain plots to return to optimum. Future research should investigate the relative proportions of soil P fractions, as Mehlich‐3 P concentrations may not be completely describing soil P drawdown behavior in the absence of P additions.
Nutritive Value and Nutrient Uptake of Summer‐Active and Summer‐Dormant Tall Fescue under Different Broiler Litter Rates
Authors: Read John J. , Adeli Ardeshir , Lang David J. , Oldham J. Larry
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

The nutrient value of broiler litter in tall fescue was compared with NPK fertilizer.

Nutrient uptake was similar between a summer‐dormant and two summer‐active ecotypes.

Flecha summer‐dormant produced more forage in early season that was less digestible.

A rate of 9.0 Mg litter per ha appeared to optimize forage yield and nutritive value.

Recommendations are provided for minimizing excess manure nutrients in tall fescue.

Tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] responds to broiler litter fertilization; however, data concerning the summer dormancy trait are not available. This 3‐yr study (2006–2008) determined the nutrient value of litter compared with commercial fertilizer (CF) and associated changes in soil nutrients as affected by degree of fescue summer dormancy. Litter rates of 0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.4, and 17.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (as‐is moisture basis) and CF (2:1:2 ratio of N/P2O5/K2O, respectively) were split‐applied in autumn and spring, and forage was harvested at early, mid‐, and late season. At early and mid‐season harvests, forage digestibility exceeded 708 g kg−1 and cultivar Flecha summer‐dormant had greater dry matter (DM) yield, less crude protein (CP) and similar uptake of N and P, as compared with cultivars Jesup and Kentucky 31 summer‐active tall fescue. Phosphorus uptake increased linearly from 2 to 19 kg ha−1 across litter rates and was approximately 17 kg ha−1 with CF. Per megagram (Mg) of applied litter, ranking of slopes for cumulative DM and nutrient uptake in 2008 was Kentucky 31 > Flecha > Jesup and slope for CP was least in Flecha. While 9.0 Mg litter ha−1 appeared to be the optimum rate to achieve high nutritive value and DM yield, soil test P in 2008 was lower (P < 0.05) with CF or 0 Mg litter ha−1 than 4.5 or 9.0 Mg litter ha−1 (approximately 33.5 vs. 57.5 mg kg−1). Flecha summer‐dormant appeared to offer an early season productivity benefit and annual nutrient uptake comparable to summer‐active tall fescue.
LEX RETRO NON AGIT. SFORMUŁOWANIE W POLSKIEJ DOKTRYNIE PRAWNICZEJ
Authors: Wołodkiewicz Witold
Published: January 2017

LEX RETRO NON AGIT. UN BROCARDO NELLA GIURISPRUDENZA POLACCAII problema della irretroattività della norma giuridica è stato trattato molto spesso nella dottrina giuridica generale e in quella romanistica. La regola lex retro non agit (che nella giurisprudenza e dottrina giuridica polacca esprime il principio délia irretroattività del diritto) è il brocardo latino il più spesso usato nella giurisprudenza polacca.Considerazioni a proposito del vigore délia norma giuridica nel tempo si incontrano nelle fond del diritto romano nelle varie epoche del suo sviluppo. Il problema délla retroattività délia legge fu affrontato già dai giuristi repubblicani. Fu toccato anche dai giuristi classici. La generalizzazione del principio secondo il quale la legge non deve retroagire, si trova peraltro in diverse costituzioni imperiali del Basso Impero. Il principio délia irretroattività del diritto compare più volte nella storia giuridica postgiustinianea.Nelle visioni dello Stato di diritto, sviluppate dai filosofi del Secolo dei Lumi il principio dell’irretroattività délia legge è stato trattato come un dogma fondamentale ed assoluto.II principio d’irretroattività è molto spesso enunciato nei codici contemporanei. E un elemento fondamentale della definizione classica del delitto penale, peró la dottrina e la pratica penale e costituzionale dopo la seconda guerra mondiale hanno cominciato, almeno in certa misura, ad allontanarsi dal principio d’irretroattività nel diritto penale. Questa tendenza fu stata già notata, a proposito del processo di Norimberga, dal Berger in un articolo del 1949. Le dichiarazioni e convenzioni internazionali sui crimini di guerra e contro l’umanità , hanno poi introdotto diverse eccezioni al principio dell’irretroattività della legge penale. Questi atti di diritto internazionale hanno tendenzialmente influenzato i sistemi nazionali di diritto costituzionale e penale (come esempio si puô citare l’art. 42 punto 1 della Costituzione polacca del 2 aprile 1997).II brocardo lex retro non agit non fu mai esplicitamente individuato eon queste parole, né ai tempi romani, né nella storia posteriore del diritto. Questa formulazione è infatti sconosciuta ai dizionari ed alle enciclopedie giuridiche in quasi tutta Europa al di fuori della Polonia.Nella romanistica polacca, l’autore che cita il brocardo lex retro non agit fu Stanisław Wróblewski (nel suo manuale di diritto romano, pubblicato nel 1916). E probabile che l’autorità del Wróblewski (a lungo professore di diritto romano a Cracovia, ed influente membro della Commissione di Codificazione polacca, chiamato spesso il „Papiniano polacco”) abbia influenzato la divulgazione del brocardo lex retro non agit nella dottrina e nella giurisprudenza polacca e radicato per conseguenza la persuasione della derivazione romanistica del concetto d’irretroattività del diritto, letteralmente cosi individuato, nell’odierna pratica giurisprudenziale polacca.
INTERNET – MEDIUM, PRASA CZY ŚRODOWISKO KOMUNIKACYJNE?
Authors: Adamski Andrzej
Published: January 2017

PRESS LAW, INTERNET, ONLINE PRESS Summary Article raises the question of the press communications at the Internet. Attempts to answer such questions as: Is the Internet the medium, similar to other media? When an Internet message can be regarded as the press in the meaning of the article 7th of the Polish Press Law? It also indicates that Polish Press Law should be amended and talks over the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage proposals for such amendments.
KILKA UWAG NA TEMAT ROLI III STATUTU LITEWSKIEGO W WYKŁADZIE PRAWA KRAJOWEGO NA PRZEŁOMIE XVIII I XIX WIEKU
Authors: Godek Sławomir
Published: January 2017

Some Remarks on the Role of the Third Statute of Lithuania in Courses on National Law at the Turn of the Nineteenth CenturySummary The long-term validity of the Third Lithuanian Statute of 1588 is a factor often highlighted in the scientific literature devoted to the history of the Lithuanian-Russian lands. The two and a half centuries that the codex operated have left a lasting imprint on the legal relations of these vast territories. In Belarusian lands once belonging the Republic and separated from it by the First Partition, the Statute was abolished as a consequence of the repression after the November Uprising in 1831. In the western and south-western guberniyas, the Statute survived somewhat longer; it was repealed in 1840. In academic circles, both Polish and international, the post-Partition fate of the Lithuanian codex has not yet been clarified. It seems that one aspect which is worth paying attention to in studies on the condition of the Statute after the Partitions is its role in the teaching of law in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Surviving sources, in form of the lecture courses, students’ notes, reports intended for educational authorities and examination tables leave no doubt that the Statute of Lithuania was the very basis of national law lecture courses, both at the University of Vilnius, as well as at the High School and then Lyceum in Kremenets and the Academy of Polotsk. In the lectures of Adam Powstański, Ignacy Danilowicz, Aleksander Korowicki, Józef Jaroszewicz, Ignacy Ołdakowski, and Aleksander Mickiewicz, the Statute was always depicted as one of the most important sources of national law, which maintained its currency, and whose provisions were cited most frequently to illustrate the legal institutions under discussion.
INSTYTUCJONALNA I KOMPETENCYJNA EWOLUCJA BANKU CENTRALNEGO STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI W XX WIEKU
Authors: Kwiatkowski Wojciech
Published: January 2017

Institutional and Competence Evolution of the U.S. Central Bank in the Twentieth CenturySummary The article describes the initial shape of the U.S. central bank, i.e. the Federal Reserve System created under the federal act of 1913 as a “Federal Reserve”, as well as the reasons for its competence and institutional evolution mainly in the thirties of the twentieth century. The paper seeks to identify the consequences of the absence of statutory regulations – in many ways necessary for the proper functioning of the central bank in the United States as a confederation, which has become a major cause of the appropriation of powers by the representatives of the private sector at the central bank. In addition, by analyzing the agreement concluded by the representatives of the bank and the U.S. Treasury Department the article shows the consequences of the absence of constitutional guarantees for the central bank’s operational independence. The article also seeks to name and describe the laws passed in the twentieth century, which have contributed significantly to today’s field of competence of the Federal Reserve System and its present modus vivendi.
ROMANISTYKA POLSKA W LATACH 1918-1945 (PRZEGLĄD BIBLIOGRAFII)
Authors: Szczygielski Krzysztof
Published: January 2017

ROMAN LAW STUDIES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1918-1945 (REVIEW OF BIBLIOGRAPHY) Summary In Roman law studies in Poland there is no complete list of the works published in the years 1918-1945 by scholars dealing with Roman law. The scientific output of the Polish researchers was presented by Rafał Taubenschlag in the article, Gli studi di diritto romano in Polonia nel secolo XX, [in:] Gli Studi Romani nel Mondo, volume III, Roma 1936, p. 247-268, but he focused mainly on discussing the major works. An attempt to show the achievements of Roman law studies in Poland on a comprehensive basis was undertaken by Juliusz Wisłocki, Dzieje nauki prawa rzymskiego w Polsce, Warsaw 1945, but his study is highly incomplete. The analysed period witnessed the emergence of lots of valuable works concerning the history and the institutions of Roman law in the form of monographs, articles published in many domestic and foreign periodicals, studies on particular occasions, encyclopedic dictionaries and reports on the activities of scientific societies. The problems related to the law of the ancient Rome were dealt with not only by the Roman law researchers but also by legal historians and classical philologists. The works were presented according to the following sections: I. General works, textbooks and scripts; II. Ancillary publications; III. History of sources; IV. Civil procedure; V. Law of Persons and legal proceedings; VI. Family law; VII. Law of Property; VIII. Law of Obligations; IX. Law of Succession; X. Criminal law and procedure; XI. Public law; XII. Philosophy of law, methodology and political and legal doctrines; XIII. Importance of the Roman law; XIV. Evaluation of the output of Roman law scholars.
ROLA „KRONIKI” WINCENTEGO ZWANEGO KADŁUBKIEM W UPOWSZECHNIANIU PRAWA RZYMSKIEGO W ŚREDNIOWIECZNEJ POLSCE
Authors: Sondel Janusz
Published: January 2017

WINCENTY’S CALLED KADŁUBEK CHRONICLE’S PART IN SPREADING ROMAN LAW IN MEDIEVAL POLAND Summary The Chronicle of Wincenty called Kadłubek has been the subject of research of many scholars treating different subjects. It is also considered one the oldest monuments of Polish legal thought. Some scholars (J.N. Janowski, H. Zeissberg, O. Balzer, E. Seckel) proved it contained a lot of fragments testifying the author’s knowledge of Roman Law which certainly influenced his contemporaries’ and descendants’ legal awareness. Due to its rhetorical values, the Chronicle became an obligatory reading in the Cracovian Academy (Department of Rhetorics) and later in cathedra and parish schools where jurisprudence was also studied. It has to be underlined that Kadłubek contributed greatly to spreading the knowledge of Roman Law in pristine Poland but he cannot have been exceptional because his argument had to be understood and welcome by others.
ZAKAZ KAZIRODZTWA W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM I PRAWODAWSTWIE KOŚCIELNYM (III-VI W.)
Authors: Misztal-Konecka Joanna
Published: January 2017

THE PROHIBITION OF INCEST IN ROMAN LAW AND CHURCH LEGISLATION (III-VI) Summary Roman Law enlarged the number of marital prohibitions based on kinship and affinity in the period from the end of third century to sixth century: there were prohibited marriages with nieces, between consobrini, and between related in the second degree of affinity in the collateral line. It is important to observe that only two Roman Church synods – in the period from the end of third century to sixth century – took into consideration incest problem. The Synod of Elvira (circa 295-306) banned the connection with the deceased wife’s sisters and with the stepdaughters. The Synod in Neocesarea (circa 314-319) excluded the successive woman’s marriage with two brothers. The influence of the Church law cannot explain the sharpening of Roman legislation applied to incest, neither the influence of bishops like St. Ambrose can explain emperors’ decisions. It should be rather assumed that pagan sexual morals became stricter under the influence of new political elites and stoicism.
‘CENSORIA POTESTAS’ OKTAWIANA AUGUSTA
Authors: Tarwacka Anna
Published: January 2017

OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS’ ‘CENSORIA POTESTAS’Summary Octavian completed the census and lustrum three times. His policy was to restore the mores maiorum. When promulgating his lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus he read censor Metellus’ speech in the senate and published it as an edict. Augustus himself did not mention censoria potestas. From the sources it may be deduced that he and Agrippa got it only during the first census in 29 BC. Later the princeps performed censorial duties vested with an imperium. He wanted to abide to the republican principles as much as possible and that is why he avoided assuming too many magistracies and usually appointed a colleague. That notwithstanding, Augustus was considered censor by his contemporaries.
O URZĘDZIE KONSULA 10 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
Authors: Tarwacka Anna
Published: January 2017

O URZĘDZIE KONSULA 10 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
CZAS CENNIEJSZY OD ZŁOTA ŚWIĘTEJ PAMIĘCI KSIĘDZA REKTORA RYSZARDA RUMIANKA (1947-2010)
Authors: Zabłocki Jan
Published: January 2017

CZAS CENNIEJSZY OD ZŁOTA ŚWIĘTEJ PAMIĘCI KSIĘDZA REKTORA RYSZARDA RUMIANKA (1947-2010)
POLSKI KODEKS RODZINNY Z 1950 R. CZY PRZEŁOM?
Authors: Fiedorczyk Piotr
Published: January 2017

POLISH 1950 FAMILY CODE – A TURNING-POINT? Summary Shortly after World War II new Communist authorities unified civil law in Poland. It was based on drafts prepared before the war by the Codification Committee, so it was a good example of law based on European legal tradition. In 1948 political situation has changed and new civil law was declared as a “bourgeois” and it had to be changed to become “socialist”. Family law was replaced as the first one, and it was separated from civil code, like in the USSR. The draft was prepared together with Czechoslovakia. Among many changes, the most important were: new construction of matrimonial property relations (joint ownership of husband and wife), new regulation of divorce, equal position of children coming out of wedlock, new legal shape of adoption. Only joint property of husband and wife can be regarded as a turning-point, the other changes were not as important. In fact, real turning-point in Polish family law took place in 1945, when civil marriages and divorces were introduced.
NOWE PRAWO WŁASNOŚCI – PRZEKSZTAŁCENIA W STOSUNKACH WŁASNOŚCIOWYCH W POLSCE W LATACH 1944-1950
Authors: Machnikowska Anna
Published: January 2017

NEW PROPRIETORSHIP – PRIVATIZATION TRANSFORMATIONS IN POLAND IN YEARS 1944-1950 Summary In the first years of the People’s Republic of Poland a partial change in the contents and the function of proprietorship occurred. The modification, in which the majority of the society believed for a long time, meant not only the introduction of new subjects under a given proprietorship, but also a real re-definition of the very notion of ownership. Then, shifts in restrictions imposed on proprietorship occurred. Before they were placed besides law, among other things in administrative regulations; as a result of the new solutions they have directly been included in proprietorship. This led to proportion changes between the rights and duties of owners and non-owners. Civil law tradition was abandoned, although it did not treat proprietorship as absolute law, but it did not impose any concreto limits. Civil law tradition accepted the assumption that the possible unlimited freedom of the proprietor connected with law’s flexibility is the characteristic feature of proprietorship. It proved that restrictions did not constitute the essence of ownership and they had a different role in it. Hence, it was underlined that the possible narrowing of the owner’s rights should have short-termed and individual character, established according to the law. Yet, the new transformations of proprietorship accepted a different assumption. The characteristic feature was that they were not distinctly visible and recognizable in the first years. They were not expressed in the theory of law while the thesis was developed in the sphere of politics and propaganda that its aim was to make proprietorship more wide spread and to enhance its social function. The political idea of proprietorship management appeared after many attempts taken up at the turn of the 40s and 50s. The referred theory of law was rather a false justification than the real, essential foundation of taken up activities at that time, as the new authorities did not manage to elaborate a coherent concept of socialist proprietorship fulfilling civil law criteria, even with the help of the Soviet achievements. Due to this reason slogans were mainly used, which were to signify the conformity of practice with the declaration of nationalization. In fact, they concentrated on the current property administration, property either taken over or controlled by the state. It was generally believed by the ruling body that proprietorship could be freely transformed without any negative consequences.