bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le carnet comme critique du roman chez André Major
Authors: Dumont François
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ

Après avoir publié plusieurs romans et recueils de nouvelles, André Major a choisi de se consacrer à l'écriture de carnets. Il s'agit ici de dégager la singularité de ce type d'écriture en distinguant d'abord carnet, cahier et journal, et de mesurer ensuite les enjeux liés à cette forme dans les deux carnets publiés par André Major : Le sourire d'Anton ou l'adieu au roman (2001) et L'esprit vagabond (2007). En délaissant la fiction narrative au profit de l'écriture du carnet, Major se trouve à poursuivre l'œuvre antérieure, marquée par le thème de la désertion. Mais l'auteur remet aussi en question l'art romanesque. Il tente de rompre avec un genre dont certains aspects lui paraissent trompeurs : les procédés de composition et le recours à la fiction. Il y oppose un certain type de présence que seule l'écriture du carnet lui semble susceptible de ne pas dénaturer. Cependant, l'expérience de l'écriture du carnet conduit l'auteur à observer une proximité inattendue entre carnet et roman. Du premier carnet au second se dessine en effet une transformation, qui fait apercevoir que par leurs dimensions littéraires, roman et carnet se rejoignent peut-être davantage qu'ils ne s'opposent.
Le « domaine capital et international du roman » : le tournant des années 1920
Authors: Daunais Isabelle
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ

La réfléxion des romanciers sur le roman, dans les années 1920, marque un moment important dans la définition de l'art romanesque. C'est vers cette époque en effet que le roman cesse de se présenter à l'esprit de ses praticiens comme un « genre » , pour apparaître plutôt comme un « domaine » de l'art, sinon de la pensée. Alors que la poésie intègre avec éclat le nouveau système des genres, redéfini autour des avant-gardes, le roman, qui au XIXe siècle se présentait comme « la création moderne la plus immense » (Balzac), c'est-à-dire comme le genre intégrateur par excellence, tend de plus en plus, au début du XXe siècle, à définir sa valeur et sa fonction à partir de ses propres références et de ses propres relais. Les romanciers ne pensent plus le roman comme un projet, mais comme un héritage, alors que se dessine la figure du romancier-lecteur, notamment avec Proust (Contre Sainte-Beuve) et Gide (Dostoïevski) qui font du temps long de la lecture une façon de circuler dans leur art. Le roman défini comme domaine ne trouve plus son ouverture dans une contiguïté possible avec d'autres genres (ou d'autres arts) mais dans cette circulation même, qui est aussi une circulation dans sa propre histoire.
Le conflit des fictions chez Suzanne Jacob
Authors: Biron Michel
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ

Dans son court essai La bulle d'encre (2001), Suzanne Jacob défend un art d'écrire qui rejoint certaines réflexions de romanciers québécois (Robert Lalonde, Yvon Rivard, André Major, Monique LaRue) sur la fonction du roman à l'époque contemporaine. Rejetant à la fois l'idéalisme romantique et le cynisme moderne, elle postule comme eux que le roman a quelque chose d'unique à nous apprendre sur le monde actuel. Le pouvoir du romancier d'inventer un personnage et de le pousser à être ceci plutôt que cela peut s'étendre au monde du lecteur lui-même, au monde de l'être en général, et c'est justement ce que s'emploie à faire Suzanne Jacob qui, à l'instar des autres essayistes évoqués, utilise le langage de la fiction romanesque pour agir sur le lecteur, pour le convaincre qu'« être est une activité de fiction ». L'art du roman consiste, selon cette perspective, à opposer des fictions variées et mineures à celles qui sont « entendues » et qui ont un statut dominant.
Snert: Ritual-liturgical measurements and recipes for social capital
Authors: Wepener Cas
Published: November 2010

The questions of how social capital is measured and how it is generated have received ample attention in recent years. This article is an attempt at making a modest contribution towards addressing these issues and specifically also as a contribution from the fields of Liturgical and Ritual Studies. It is argued that commensality can be taken as both lens/barometer with regard to the presence or absence of social capital, as well as being a potential generator of social capital. In order to arrive at this conclusion regarding food and the eating habits of humankind, the phenomenon of commensality and its relation to social capital is approached here from three different angles, namely Social Anthropology, New Testament Studies and Ethnography.
Dynamic pressure‐driven covalent assembly of inner skin hollow fiber multilayer membrane
Authors: Zhang Guojun , Dai Limin , Ji Shulan
Published: November 2010

A covalent assembly was accomplished onto hollow fibers via a dynamic pressure‐driven layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique. The covalent crosslinking multilayers were successfully formed onto the inner surfaces of hollow fiber porous substrates during the alternatively filtration of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and glutaraldehyde (GA) solutions. The formation of covalent bond between PEI and GA was confirmed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The thickness increment on a quartz slide clearly suggested the stepwise growth of multilayer at nanometer scale. The regular alternation of zeta potentials demonstrated that the successful formation of GA‐crosslinked PEI multilayers on the hollow fibers. The multilayer membranes showed excellent pervaporation performances for the dehydration of different solvent–water mixtures. The selectivity and permeability can be controlled by varying the PEI layer number. More importantly, the covalent assembled multilayer membrane rendered much higher stabilities compared with those from electrostatically LbL assembly, which offers much opportunity for practical applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Lack of association between G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 5 gene and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tarantino Patrizia , De Marco Elvira Valeria , Annesi Grazia , Rocca Francesca Emanuela , Annesi Ferdinanda , Civitelli Donatella , Provenzano Giovanni , Scornaienchi Vittorio , Greco Valentina , Colica Carmela , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Quattrone Aldo
Published: November 2010

The major component of Lewy Bodies (LB), the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is α‐synuclein, most prominently phosphorylated at serine 129. G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) has been reported to phosphorylate α‐synuclein in vitro, enhancing the α‐synuclein toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila model. Moreover, GRK5 was found in LBs from brain of PD patients. A genetic association study performed in the Japanese population revealed haplotypic association of the GRK5 gene with susceptibility to sporadic PD. We aimed at investigating whether four polymorphisms within the GRK5 gene (rs871196, rs2420616, rs7069375, rs4752293) could represent a risk factor for sporadic PD in Southern Italy. We genotyped 446 patients with PD and 450 controls for these markers and did not find any significant association with the disease at allelic, genotypic and haplotypic level. Our results indicate that the GRK5 gene does not confer risk to sporadic PD in our sample from Southern Italy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Anatomizing” reversed: Use of examination questions that foster use of higher order learning skills by students
Authors: Burns E. Robert
Published: November 2010

“Anatomizing” is a new verb some use to describe the breaking apart of a complex entity such as the human body, into isolated tidbits of information for study, which can never equal the complex, integrated whole. Although popular with first‐year medical students, this practice of “tidbitting” anatomical information into easy to memorize facts or tables of facts does not prepare medical students for the inevitable task of dealing with the integrated structure–function of the human body, both normal and diseased, as patient managers. Examination questions drive the cognitive methods students will use to learn content. Asking students on examinations for recall of previously memorized tidbits fosters the cognitive learning behavior of only memorization. Examination questions, however, can be constructed that assess student understanding and integration of the content, that is, student use of cognitive and metacognitive methods of higher order learning that will foster high‐quality learning producing better practitioners and lifelong learners. This kind of efficient student learning needs to begin in the first year of medical school.Learning more efficiently and at deeper levels of understanding is especially pertinent as the contact hours in anatomy courses continue to decrease. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Testbed‐assisted learning for digital communications courses
Authors: García‐Naya José A. , Castro Paula M. , González‐López Miguel , Dapena Adriana
Published: November 2010

We introduce testbed‐assisted learning as an effective means for teaching digital communications. Laboratory teaching activities of digital communications courses benefit very much from utilizing a hardware testbed, since it greatly facilitates the understanding of very important effects introduced by real‐world transceivers. We overcome the main drawback of communications hardware, that is, the cumbersome low‐level programming interfaces provided by hardware manufacturers, by introducing a distributed multilayer software architecture. This architecture provides different abstraction levels to access hardware testbeds, releasing students from the low‐level interaction with the hardware. Also, the distributed nature of this architecture results in a high flexibility of operation. This way, students can focus on learning communications topics without devoting any time to low‐level programming, that is usually out of the scope of digital communications courses. Thanks to testbed‐assisted learning, they are able to perform illustrative experiments to understand digital communications concepts (e.g., source coding, modulation, space‐time coding, etc.) and to test algorithms without developing a new program from scratch, speeding up both the implementation and the debugging tasks. However, those students interested in hardware implementations can use the software architecture to access and interact with lower programming levels until they are as close as possible to the hardware. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 539–549, 2013
Role of imprint cytology in the intraoperative diagnosis of pituitary adenomas
Authors: Afroz Nishat , Khan Nazoora , Hassan Jaseem , Huda M. F.
Published: November 2010

The cytologic touch imprint alone can be diagnostic of pituitary adenomas and meningiomas, etc. A 45‐year‐old man was operated upon for intracranial meningioma. Imprint cytology revealed distinct cytologic features which helped arriving at the specific diagnosis of pituitary adenoma intraoperatively. Subsequent histopathology and immuno‐histochemistry confirmed the diagnosis. Thus intraoperative touch preparations are of immense help in arriving at a diagnosis as well as in excluding other possible differential diagnoses and therefore can replace frozen section for intraoperative consultations of sellar and parasellar tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:138–140. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syphilitic lymphadenitis diagnosed via fine needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Jang David W. , Khan Alifia , Genden Eric M. , Wu Maoxin
Published: November 2010

Syphilis is coming back in the recent a few decades especially in the gay and HIV populations. Since syphilis can be “the great mimic” clinically and pathologically, a case report with updated review can be helpful to the medical community. We report, a case of syphilitic lymphadenitis diagnosed via fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The pitfalls associated with the diagnosis of syphilitic lymphadenitis will be discussed.

The patient's medical records were reviewed. The pertinent history, clinical course, and ancillary studies including FNAB cytology with special stains are presented. In addition to the case report, we discuss the diagnosis of syphilitic lymphadenitis and the role of FNAB cytology.

This was a 37‐year‐old man presenting with a two‐month history of a growing neck mass, night sweats, and a ten pound weight loss. The patient had been treated one month earlier for primary syphilis. Examination of the head and neck revealed a 3 cm right level II mass. FNAB cytology showed heterogeneous population of lymphocytes and plasma cells suggesting reactive changes. Modified silver staining of the cell block slide was performed and revealed spirochetes, consistent with syphilis. The patient's lymphadenitis resolved with a course of antibiotic treatment.

Although lymphadenopathy is a rare presentation of syphilis, it should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients who offer a suspect history. FNAB with silver staining is an effective, minimally invasive way to confirm the diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cascade of irx1a and irx2a controls shh expression during retinogenesis
Authors: Choy Siu Wah , Cheng Chi Wa , Lee Sin Ting , Li Vincent Wai Tsun , Hui Michelle Nga Yu , Hui Chi‐Chung , Liu Dong , Cheng Shuk Han
Published: November 2010

In animal retina, hedgehog expression drives waves of neurogenesis, but genetic programs that control its expression during retinal neurogenesis are poorly elucidated. We have previously reported that irx1a is required for propagation of the sonic hedgehog (shh) expression waves in developing zebrafish retina. Here, we found that irx2a is expressed in the developing retina and that knockdown of irx2a results in a retinal phenotype strikingly similar to that of irx1a morphants. The expression of irx2a in retina ganglion cells was shown to be irx1a‐ and ath5‐dependent suggesting that irx1a and ath5 are transcriptional regulators of irx2a. Furthermore, irx2a expression could rescue impaired propagation of shh waves in irx1a morphants. Together, these observations suggest that Irx2 functions downstream of irx1a to control shh expression in the retina. We proposed a novel transcriptional cascade of ath5‐irx1a‐irx2a in the regulation of hedgehog waves during vertebrate retinal development. Developmental Dynamics 239:3204–3214, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multifold Photocyclization Reactions of Styrylcalix[4]arenes
Authors: Hüggenberg Wiebke , Seper Annamaria , Oppel Iris M. , Dyker Gerald
Published: November 2010

A photochemical transannular [2+2] cycloaddition reaction is the main reaction pathway for 1,3‐substituted styrylcalix[4]arenes, whereas 1,2‐distyrylcalix[4]arenes give calix[4]diphenanthrenes.
The Glia of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Oikonomou Grigorios , Shaham Shai
Published: November 2010

Glia have been, in many ways, the proverbial elephant in the room. Although glia are as numerous as neurons in vertebrate nervous systems, technical and other concerns had left research on these cells languishing, whereas research on neurons marched on. Importantly, model systems to study glia had lagged considerably behind. A concerted effort in recent years to develop the canonical invertebrate model animals, Drosophila
melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, as settings to understand glial roles in nervous system development and function has begun to bear fruit. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of glia and their roles in the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans. The recent studies we describe highlight the similarities and differences between C. elegans and vertebrate glia, and focus on novel insights that are likely to have general relevance to all nervous systems. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of reactive astrocytosis in established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis favors infiltration by myeloid cells over T cells and enhances severity of disease
Authors: Toft‐Hansen Henrik , Füchtbauer Laila , Owens Trevor
Published: November 2010

Reactive astrocytosis, involving activation, hypertrophy, and proliferation of astrocytes, is a characteristic response to inflammation or injury of the central nervous system. We have investigated whether inhibition of reactive astrocytosis influences established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. We made use of transgenic mice, which express herpes simplex virus‐derived thymidine kinase under control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein promotor (GFAP HSV‐TK mice). Treatment of these mice with ganciclovir leads to inhibition of reactive astrocytosis. When GFAP HSV‐TK mice were treated for seven days following onset of EAE with ganciclovir, disease severity increased. Although aquaporin‐4 staining on astrocyte endfeet at the glia limitans remained equally detectable, GFAP immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in CNS were reduced by this treatment. Ganciclovir‐treated GFAP HSV‐TK mice with EAE had a 78% increase in the total number of infiltrating myeloid cells (mainly macrophages), whereas we did not find an increase in infiltrating T cells, using quantitative flow cytometry. Per cell expression of mRNA for the macrophage‐associated molecules TNFα, MMP‐12 and TIMP‐1 was elevated in spinal cord of GFAP HSV‐TK mice treated with ganciclovir. Relative expression of CD3ϵ was downregulated, and expression levels of IFNγ, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐17, and Foxp3 were not significantly changed. mRNA expression of CCL2 was upregulated, and CXL10 was downregulated. Thus, inhibition of reactive astrocytosis after initiation of EAE leads to increased macrophage, but not T cell, infiltration, and enhanced severity of EAE. This emphasizes the role of astrocytes in controlling leukocyte infiltration in neuroinflammation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cysteine tagging for MS‐based proteomics
Authors: Giron Priscille , Dayon Loïc , Sanchez Jean‐Charles
Published: November 2010

Amino acid‐tagging strategies are widespread in proteomics. Because of the central role of mass spectrometry (MS) as a detection technique in protein sciences, the term “mass tagging” was coined to describe the attachment of a label, which serves MS analysis and/or adds analytical value to the measurements. These so‐called mass tags can be used for separation, enrichment, detection, and quantitation of peptides and proteins. In this context, cysteine is a frequent target for modifications because the thiol function can react specifically by nucleophilic substitution or addition. Furthermore, cysteines present natural modifications of biological importance and a low occurrence in the proteome that justify the development of strategies to specifically target them in peptides or proteins. In the present review, the mass‐tagging methods directed to cysteine residues are comprehensively discussed, and the advantages and drawbacks of these strategies are addressed. Some concrete applications are given to underline the relevance of cysteine‐tagging techniques for MS‐based proteomics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:366–395, 2011
Measuring the levator hiatus with axial MRI sequences: Adjusting the angle of acquisition
Authors: Gregory W. Thomas , Nardos Rahel , Worstell Teresa , Thurmond Amy
Published: November 2010

Aims

We aimed to compare MRI measurements of the female levator hiatus and the most caudal “levator ani” muscles between image slices in a plane axial to the body (AxB) and an axial plane parallel to the direction of the puborectalis muscle (AxPRM).

Methods

We performed high‐resolution, T2‐weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging (in two different planes) on 20 sequentially recruited asymptomatic nulliparous women. Levator hiatus measurements were compared between the two planes.

Results

The mean tilt angle of the AxPRM slices relative to the AxB slices was 18.9° (SD 8.5) and the area of the levator hiatus was 10% greater (P = 0.04) in the AxPRM plane.

Conclusions

By rotating the acquisition plane to be parallel to the puborectalis muscle (sometimes called the plane of minimal hiatal dimensions), some of the measurements of the distal and medial pelvic floor muscles (and the hiatus defined by them) are altered. This issue is important because both MRI and 3D ultrasound are increasingly being used to evaluate the pelvic floor hiatus, and its relationship to childbirth injury and pelvic floor disorders. To make meaningful comparisons, it is important that both modalities are measuring the same thing. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:113–116, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for external urethral sphincter restoration in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Corcos Jacques , Loutochin Oleg , Campeau Lysanne , Eliopoulos Nicoletta , Bouchentouf Manaf , Blok Bertil , Galipeau Jacques
Published: November 2010

Objective

To assess the effect of intra‐sphincteric injections of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) changes in an animal model of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four female Sprague–Dawley rats underwent bilateral pudendal nerve section to induce SUI. Six rats were SUI controls, 6 received periurethral injection of Plasma‐Lyte (SUI placebo control) and 12 were given periurethral injection of PKH26‐labeled MSCs. Four weeks after injection, conscious cystometry was undertaken in animals and VLPP recorded. All groups were sacrificed, and frozen urethra sections were submitted to pathology and immunohistochemistry assessment.

Results

Rat MSCs were positive for the cell surface antigens CD44, CD73, CD90, and RT1A, and negative for CD31, CD45, and RT1B, confirming their stem cell phenotype. In vitro, differentiated MSCs expressed α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin, markers of smooth and striated muscles in vivo. Immunohistochemistry of rat urethras revealed PKH26‐labeled MSCs in situ and at the injection site. LPP was significantly improved in animals injected with MSCs. Mean LPP was 24.28 ± 1.47 cmH2O in rats implanted with MSCs and 16.21 ± 1.26 cmH2O in SUI controls (P < 0.001). Atrophic urethras with implanted MSCs were positively stained for myosin heavy chain and desmin.

Conclusion

Rat MSCs have the ability to differentiate and skew their phenotype towards smooth and striated muscles, as demonstrated by SMA up‐regulation and desmin expression. Periurethral injection of MSCs in an animal model of SUI restored the damaged external urethral sphincter and significantly improved VLPP. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:447–455, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Underwater acoustic localization for small submersibles
Authors: Kottege Navinda , Zimmer Uwe R.
Published: November 2010

This article discusses the complete processing chain of a high‐precision as well as robust underwater localization method. Range and azimuth as well as relative heading are determined for ranges up to 90 m. For ranges up to 10 m the measured precision is 0.05 m for range, 2 deg for direction, and 5 deg for heading of neighboring vehicles. The system is also designed to be deployable in swarms of vehicles as acoustic localization signals are separated by time slots and maximum length sequence (MLS) signatures. The proposed method is based on the consequent exploitation of MLS broadband signal characteristics and the exploration of several methods for each vehicle to estimate ranges, azimuths, and headings of neighboring vehicles. An existing radio‐based swarm communication system provides additional support and leads to enhanced measurement precision and interference robustness. The capabilities and limitations of the proposed systems are experimentally determined and discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotional labor in china: do perceived organizational support and gender moderate the process?
Authors: Nixon Ashley E. , Yang Liu‐Qin , Spector Paul E. , Zhang Xichao
Published: November 2010

This survey study of 2201 employees from a large mobile phone company investigated how perceived organizational support (POS) and gender moderate the impact of emotional labor strategies on employee strain. Emotional labor strategies were related to employee strain, including turnover intentions, job satisfaction, burnout, and mental well‐being in the expected directions. POS moderated these relationships such that POS was related to more positive outcomes for employees who engaged in deep acting but exacerbated negative outcomes for employees who engaged in surface acting. Gender moderated these relationships such that women were more likely than men to report positive consequences when engaging in deep acting. POS and gender interacted with deep acting in predicting cynicism such that POS was related to reduced cynicism in response to deep acting for women but not for men. These results indicate that organizational policies and training opportunities aimed at improving POS and use of deep acting over surface acting could be valuable for organizations. Results also illuminate the important and complicated moderating role of POS and gender in the emotional labor process. Future research directions for scholars investigating the emotional labor process, its consequences, moderators and its cross‐cultural relevance are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of algorithmic skeleton frameworks: high‐level structured parallel programming enablers
Authors: González‐Vélez Horacio , Leyton Mario
Published: November 2010

Structured parallel programs ought to be conceived as two separate and complementary entities: computation, which expresses the calculations in a procedural manner, and coordination, which abstracts the interaction and communication. By abstracting commonly used patterns of parallel computation, communication, and interaction, algorithmic skeletons enable programmers to code algorithms without specifying platform‐dependent primitives. This article presents a literature review on algorithmic skeleton frameworks (ASKF), parallel software development environments furnishing a collection of parameterizable algorithmic skeletons, where the control flow, nesting, resource monitoring, and portability of the resulting parallel program is dictated by the ASKF as opposed to the programmer. Consequently, the ASKF can be positioned as high‐level structured parallel programming enablers, as their systematic utilization permits the abstract description of programs and fosters portability by focusing on the description of the algorithmic structure rather than on its detailed implementation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer network optimization
Authors: Rezazad Hadi
Published: November 2010

Computer networks are vital in our everyday lives. It is important to design network configurations with special consideration for their various aspects, such as security, integrity, scalability, and cost. It is especially important for a network to be built as robustly as possible to protect against failures, attacks, and intrusions. In this article, I review methods to assess and improve the robustness and efficiency of computer networks. These methods use computer network analysis, social network analysis, evolutionary computing, statistical methods, and graph theory. Specifically, the aim has been to achieve enhanced network robustness and efficiency with a primary focus on architecture and topology of networks. Metrics have been developed for measuring the robustness and efficiency elements of networks and to construct an evolutionary algorithm for the enhancement of these elements. These methods have been applied to various networks, including random networks, biased networks, and real‐life networks. These networks have been analyzed and enhanced using the evolutionary algorithm. Using the metrics, it is shown how the robustness and efficiency of the networks improve. In addition, through this evolutionary process, certain network parameters, as well as the network topological configuration converge. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 34–46 DOI: 10.1002/wics.135

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computing

Data: Types and Structure > Graph and Network Data

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Networks and Security
Electrocardiogram analysis of the normal unanesthetized green peafowl (Pavo muticus)
Authors: Hassanpour H. , Hojjati P. , Zarei H.
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to describe normal electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns and values in unanesthetized green peafowl (Pavo muticus). The standard bipolar and augmented unipolar limb leads ECGs were recorded in the birds. The waveforms were analyzed in all leads at 50 mm/sec and at 10 mm = 1 mV to determine P, PR (segment and interval), QRS, ST, QT durations, P, net QRS complex and T amplitudes. The polarity of each waveform was tabulated in all leads. The mean electrical axis (MEA) for the frontal plane was calculated using leads II and III. The mean heart rates were calculated from lead II that was 257.5±5.33 beats/min. The P wave was dominantly positive in all leads. The dominant pattern of waveforms of the QRS complexes were QS in leads II, III, and aVF. In leads I, aVR and aVL, the R pattern was dominant. The T wave was almost positive in leads I, II, and aVF. The average value of the heart MEA was −96.75±3.31°. Description of normal ECG parameters will facilitate a better realizing of ECG changes of unhealthy green peafowls. Zoo Biol 30:542–549, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Akt2 regulates expression of the actin‐bundling protein palladin
Authors: Chin Y. Rebecca , Toker Alex
Published: November 2010

The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathway is responsible for key aspects of tumor progression, and is frequently hyperactivated in cancer. We have recently identified palladin, an actin‐bundling protein that functions to control the actin cytoskeleton, as an Akt1‐specific substrate that inhibits breast cancer cell migration. Here we have identified a role for Akt isoforms in the regulation of palladin expression. Akt2, but not Akt1, enhances palladin expression by maintaining protein stability and upregulating transcription. These data reveal that Akt signaling regulates the stability of palladin, and further supports the notion that Akt isoforms have distinct and specific roles in tumorigenesis.
Mutations at key pore‐lining positions differentiate the water permeability of fish lens aquaporin from other vertebrates
Authors: Calvanese Luisa , Pellegrini-Calace Marialuisa , Oliva Romina
Published: November 2010

The analysis shows that air‐living organisms evolved specific mutations at pore‐lining positions to modulate the AQP0 water transport efficiency while maintaining the correct tertiary/quaternary arrangement to allow the formation of “thin junctions” between lens fiber cells. We conclude that the low permeability of mammalian AQP0 is required not to promote cell adhesion, but to modulate the water balance in a dry environment.
Neurochemical evidence that 3‐methylglutaric acid inhibits synaptic Na+,K+‐ATPase activity probably through oxidative damage in brain cortex of young rats
Authors: Ribeiro César Augusto João , Hickmann Fernanda Hermes , Wajner Moacir
Published: November 2010

3‐Methylglutaconic aciduria (MGTA) comprehends a group of disorders biochemically characterized by accumulation of 3‐methylglutaric acid (MGA), 3‐methylglutaconic acid (MGT) and occasionally 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (OHIVA). Although neurological symptoms are common in the affected individuals, the mechanisms of brain damage are poorly known. In the present study we investigated the in vitro effect MGA, MGT and OHIVA, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 mM, on bioenergetics and oxidative stress in synaptosomal preparations isolated from cerebral cortex of young rats. MGA significantly reduced mitochondrial redox potential (25%), as determined by resazurin reduction, and inhibited the activity of Na+,K+‐ATPase (30%), whereas MGT and OHIVA did not modify these parameters. Moreover, the inhibitory effect elicited by MGA on Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was totally prevented by co‐incubation with the scavenging antioxidants creatine and melatonin, implying a role for reactive species in this effect. MGA also increased 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation (30%), reinforcing that this organic acid induces reactive species production. The present data indicate that MGA compromises mitochondrial function, elicits reactive species production and inhibits the activity of a crucial enzyme implicated in neurotransmission. It is therefore presumed that these deleterious effects may play a role in the pathophysiology of the brain damage observed in patients affected by disorders in which MGA accumulates.
JOHN CALVIN AND THE ENGLISH CATHOLICS, c. 1565–1640
Authors: MARSHALL PETER
Published: November 2010

This article examines the assessments of John Calvin's life, character, and influence to be found in the polemical writings of English Catholics in the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. It demonstrates the centrality of Calvin to Catholic claims about the character and history of the established church, and the extent to which Catholic writings propagated a vibrant ‘black legend’ of Calvin's egotism and sexual depravity, drawing heavily not only on the writings of the French Calvinist-turned-Catholic Jerome Bolsec, but also on those of German Lutherans. The article also explores how, over time, Catholic writers increasingly identified some common ground with anti-puritans and anti-Calvinists within the English church, and how claims about the seditious character of Calvin, and by extension Calvinism, were used to articulate the contrasting ‘loyalty’ of Catholics and their right to occupy a place within the English polity.
Concrete ‘progress’: irrigation, development and modernity in mid-twentieth century Sind
Authors: HAINES DANIEL
Published: November 2010

The idea of ‘developing’ Sind has been a lynchpin of government action and rhetoric in the province during the twentieth century. The central symbols of this ‘development’ were three barrage dams, completed between 1932 and 1962. Because of the barrages’ huge economic and ideological significance, the ceremonies connected with the construction and opening of these barrages provide a unique opportunity to examine the public presentation of state authority by the colonial and postcolonial governments. This paper investigates the way that ideas of ‘development’ and ‘modernity’ appeared in discourses connected with these ceremonies, in order to demonstrate that the idea of imposing ‘progress’ on a province considered ‘backward’ by the state administrators survived longer than the British regime which had introduced it. The paper begins with the historical links between water-provision and governance in Sind, before examining the way that immediate political concerns of the sitting governments were addressed in connection with the projects, demonstrating the ways in which very similar projects were cast as symbols of different political priorities. The last part of the paper draws out deeper similarities between the logic of these political expressions, in order to demonstrate the powerful continuity in ideologies of ‘progress’ throughout mid-twentieth century Sind.
To borrow or not to borrow: the use of English loanwords as slang on websites in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Diniz de Figueiredo Eduardo H.
Published: November 2010

The use of English loanwords in different languages has been discussed from various perspectives by several scholars (e.g. Takashi, 1990; Kay, 1995; Takashi Wilkerson, 1997; Smead, 1998; Friedrich, 2002). Although this phenomenon has been regarded as enriching and/or creative by some (e.g. Crystal, 2003; Friedrich, 2002), it has encountered opposition in many parts of the world. Phillipson (1992: 7), for instance, views it ‘as a phenomenon that has offended users of other languages for more than a century.’ He explains how some governments (in France and Slovenia, for example) have adopted measures to prevent the use of loanwords from English. This issue of whether or not the incorporation of loanwords is offensive to the borrowing language became a topic of much debate in Brazil after Projected Law #1676/1999, which aims to limit the use of foreign words (mainly from English) in Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter, BP). As Rajagopalan (2005) explains, many popular movements, politicians, and traditional grammarians have expressed concern that BP is ‘under an imminent threat from English’ (101).

Several linguists (e.g. Faraco, 2001) have opposed the proposition, based on issues such as linguistic prejudice and the lack of language expertise of the proponents and supporters of the projected law. Still, the proposition was approved by the Brazilian Senate in 2003. It now awaits further approval by the Chamber of Deputies before a final decision is made. One possible way of investigating whether loanwords are offensive to BP is to approach it from a linguistic perspective. Hence, in the present study, I explore the issue of borrowing by BP speakers through a linguistic analysis of loanwords from English that are currently used as slang in Brazil. The definition of slang used here is that proposed by Eble (1996: 11): ‘an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large.’
Weather variability and paediatric infectious gastroenteritis
Authors: ONOZUKA D. , HASHIZUME M.
Published: November 2010

Investigations of the relationship between weather variability and infectious gastroenteritis (IG) are becoming increasingly important in light of international interest in the potential health effects of climate change. However, few studies have examined the impact on children, despite the fact that children are considered particularly vulnerable to climate change. We acquired data about cases of IG in children aged <15 years and about weather variability in Fukuoka, Japan from 2000 to 2008 and used time-series analyses to assess how weather variability affected IG cases, adjusting for confounding factors. The temperature–IG relationship had an inverted V shape, with fewer cases at temperatures lower and higher than ~13°C. Every 1°C increase in temperature below the threshold (13°C) was associated with a 23·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 16·6–30·2] increase, while every 1°C increase in temperature above the threshold (13°C) was associated with an 11·8% (95% CI 6·6–17·3) decrease in incidence. The increase in cases per 1% drop in relative humidity was 3·9% (95% CI 2·8–5·0). The percentage increase of IG cases was greatest in the 0–4 years age group and tended to decrease with increasing age. We found a progressive reduction in weather-related IG cases in children aged >4 years. Our results suggest that public health interventions aimed at controlling weather-related IG may be most effective when focused on young children.
The Appearance of the Medicean Moons in 17thCentury Charts and Books—How Long Did It Take?
Authors: Mendillo Michael
Published: November 2010

Galileo's talents in perspective andchiaroscurodrawing led to his images of the Moon being accepted relatively quickly as the naturalistic portrayal of a truly physical place. In contrast to his resolved views of the Moon, Galileo saw the satellites of Jupiter as only points of light (as with stars). He thus used star symbols inSidereus Nuncius(1610) for the moons, in constrast to an open disk for Jupiter. In this paper, I describe methods used in subsequent decades to portray objects that could not be seen in any detail but whose very existence challenged the scholastic approach to science. Within fifty years, the existence of the moons was such an accepted component of astronomy that they were depicted in the highly decorative “textbook”Atlas Coelestis seu Harmonia Macrocosmicaby Andreas Cellarius (1660). Other symbolic methods, ranging from the routine to the dramatic, were used in subsequent centuries to portray the moons. Actual photographs using ground-based telescopes were not possible until the 20thcentury, just years before cameras on spaceflight missions captured the true details of the Medicean Stars.
Modern exploration of Galileo's new worlds
Authors: Johnson Torrence V.
Published: November 2010

Four hundred years ago Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens and changed the way we view the cosmos forever. Among his discoveries in January of 1610 were four new ‘stars’, following Jupiter in the sky but changing their positions with respect to the giant planet every night. Galileo showed that these ‘Medicean stars’, as he named them, were moons orbiting Jupiter in the same manner that the Earth and planets revolve about the Sun in the Copernican theory of the solar system. Over the next three centuries these moons, now collectively named the Galilean satellites after their discoverer, remained tiny dots of light in astronomers' telescopes. In the latter portion of the twentieth century Galileo's new worlds became important targets of exploration by robotic spacecraft. This paper reviews the history of this exploration through the discoveries made by the Galileo mission from 1995 to 2003, setting the stage for on-going exploration in the new century.
Aurora on Jupiter: A Magnetic Connection with the Sun and the Medicean Moons
Authors: Chakrabarti Supriya , Galand Marina
Published: November 2010

Observational astronomy began in Padova four hunderd years ago, when Galileo Galilei pointed a newly invented instrument towards Jupiter. After only one week of observations he discovered four moons circling Jupiter. In the intervening four centuries, technical progress in instrumentation and novel observational approaches have revealed much about the connection between these Medicean moons with Jupiter, none more revealing than the auroral emissions. In this paper we review observations of ultraviolet aurora made by earth-orbitting spacecraft as well as those that flew by the Jovian system.
Io's Escaping Atmosphere: Continuing the Legacy of Surprise
Authors: Schneider Nicholas M.
Published: November 2010

The discovery of Io and her fellow Medicean Stars clearly altered the course of science as a whole. It is equally clear that the discovery of Io's tidal heating has altered the course of planetary science. One of the most directly observable consequences of Io's tidal heating is the prodigious escape of a ton per second of volcanically-supplied gases. I will review how studies of Io's escaping atmosphere since 1972 have advanced our deep understanding of Io itself, and helped formulate our perspective on planetary evolution in our solar system and beyond.
The planets and our culture a history and a legacy
Authors: Clarke Theodore C. , Bolton Scott J.
Published: November 2010

This manuscript relates the great literature, great art and the vast starry vault of heaven. It relates the myths of gods and heroes for whom the planets and the Medicean moons of Jupiter are named. The myths are illustrated by great art works of the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo periods which reveal poignant moments in the myths. The manuscript identifies constellations spun off of these myths. In addition to the images of great art are associated images of the moons and planets brought to us by spacecraft in our new age of exploration, the New Renaissance, in which we find ourselves deeply immersed.
How many satellites have been discovered in the Solar System after Galileo?
Authors: Pozhalova Zhanna , Lupishko Dmitrij
Published: November 2010

By the beginning of 2010 the total number of natural satellites and multiple systems in the Solar System was equal to 350, including: 168 satellites of large planets, 119 multiple asteroids (including main-belt and near-Earth asteroids, Mars-crossers and Jupiter Trojan asteroids) and 63 multiple transneptunian and Kuiper-belt objects. Meanwhile, we cannot count precisely how many moons in total have been discovered to date due to the deficiency of accepted definitions.
A virtual tour of the Galilean Satellites
Authors: Schenk Paul
Published: November 2010

Galileo's imagination was quick to comprehend the importance of the 4 starry objects he observed near Jupiter in January 1610, not only for himself as a scientist but for our common understanding of the place of the Earth and our species in the cosmos. Even he, however, could not have imagined what those four objects would actually look like once humans got their first good look. Some 369 years the fast traveling Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft provided that first good look during 1979, followed by an even closer look from the Galileo Orbiter beginning in 1996 through 2001. The following mosaics represent some of the best of those views. They include views of impact craters young and ancient, icy terrains that have been intensely faulted, eroded or disrupted, mountains towering 10 or more kilometers high, and volcanic eruptions hotter than those on Earth. Each of the four Galilean satellites is geologically distinct, betraying very diverse global histories and evolutions. Images and other observations of these 4 objects revealed the importance of tidal heating and subsurface water oceans in planetary evolution, but mapping is very incomplete. New missions to explore these planetary bodies are being planned and the images and observations of the missions that went before will lay the groundwork for these new explorations as we begin the 5th Galilean century.
Gridded daily European solar cloud modification factors derived from ERA‐40 information and pyranometer observations
Authors: Staiger Henning , Kaurola Jussi , de Backer Hugo
Published: November 2010

The long‐term UV climatology and trend analysis in the COST‐Action 726 requires daily solar cloud modification factors (SOL‐CMFs) as input of algorithms, transforming them into UV‐CMFs. A CMF is the ratio of all‐sky to clear‐sky downwelling irradiation. A complete spatial and temporal coverage is achieved by calculating daily SOL‐CMFs on the 1° × 1° COST‐726 grid (31°N to 80°N, 25°W to 35°E) using the ERA‐40 shortwave net all‐sky and clear‐sky irradiation. Known deficiencies in ERA‐40 SOL‐CMFs (especially the bias due to clouds) are corrected using SOL‐CMFs derived from pyranometer observations. These are determined based on measured daily sums of solar global irradiation from up to 152 European sites from several data sources. An analysis of clear‐sky days during 1981–1993 and a comparison with results from high‐quality data enabled the selection of appropriate sites in the Mediterranean and southeast Europe from data that has not been classified as that of the group of best quality. For these sites and the period 1964–1980, a homogenization is performed. A cross‐validation of all daily SOL‐CMFs from observations is performed prior to their gridding. Gridding uses ordinary Kriging. Bias‐corrected ERA‐40 and SOL‐CMFs from observations are merged using a distance‐dependent weight derived from overall structural analysis. The COST‐726 database offers daily SOL‐CMF fields of complete spatial coverage from 1958 to 2002. They are unbiased and of known quality. The aerosol direct radiative effect included in the SOL‐CMFs from observations is retained and accounts for long‐term aerosol trends in agreement with the trends of dimming and brightening.