bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision of the East Palaearctic genusIsonychia(Ephemeroptera: Isonychiidae)
Authors: Tiunova Tatiana M. , Kluge Nikita J. , Ishiwata Shin-ichi
Published: April 2009

The species of the genusIsonychiaEaton, 1871 (Isonychiidae) of East Palaearctic are revised. Two subgenera,Isonychias.s. andPrionoidesKondratieffetVoshell, 1983, are represented in the Palaearctic. New species and subspecies ofIsonychias.s. are described:I. sexpetalasp. nov.,I. ussurica sibiricasubsp. nov.,I. concoloriasp. nov.,I. crassiusculasp. nov., andI. vshivkovaesp. nov.with subspeciesI. vshivkovae vshivkovaeandI. vshivkovae sinitshenkovaesubsp. nov.A new species groupjaponica, with three species (I. crassiuscula,I. vshivkovae, andI. japonica), is recognized on the basis of adult and larval characteristics. The nameIsonychia hainanensisSheetYou, 1988 is synonymized withIsonychia ignota(Walker, 1853)syn. nov.
Comparison of reproductive capacity among univoltine, semivoltine, and re-emerged parent spruce beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hansen E. Matthew , Bentz Barbara J.
Published: April 2009

New spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), adults of univoltine and semivoltine life cycles, as well as re-emerged parent beetles, were laboratory-tested for differences in reproductive capacity and brood characteristics. Parameters measured from the three groups include dry weight, lipid content, and egg production. Brood characteristics measured include egg length, development rates, and survival densities. Although there were some differences in dry weight and lipid content, females from the univoltine, semivoltine, and re-emerged parent groups did not greatly differ in egg production. Egg length was slightly smaller for eggs from univoltine parents, but other measured brood characteristics did not differ among the three parent groups, including the density of the surviving brood. In a field study, re-emerged parent beetles were determined to be flight capable. These findings imply that populations with univoltine broods will have higher growth rates than semivoltine populations. Consequently, the presence of univoltine broods, which is weather dependent, increases the risk of a beetle outbreak or can accelerate the rate of spruce mortality in an established outbreak. These results also indicate that re-emerged parent beetles can contribute substantially to brood production. Suppression strategies can be more effective if managers consider the ecological consequences of brood production from the three parent groups.
Identification of the sex pheromone of Cochylis arthuri (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae)
Authors: Foster S.P. , Morris B.D. , Charlet L.D. , Gross T. , Grugel S.
Published: April 2009

The sex pheromone of Cochylis arthuri Dang was identified as a 80:20 mixture of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc). Cochylis arthuri is a congener of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham, which is a major pest of sunflower, Helianthus spp. (Compositae), in the Great Plains region of North America. Both are found sympatrically on sunflower in this region, although C. arthuri appears to be less common. Field testing of various blends, in sticky traps, showed that a loading of 80 µg Z11-14:OAc and 20 µg E11-14:OAc on a red rubber septum gave the best catches. In field trials in sunflower plots, traps baited with either the C. hospes blend or the best blend tested for C. arthuri only caught significant numbers, relative to blank traps, of males of the respective species, suggesting that the sex pheromones of the two species are specific under those conditions. The identification of an attractive blend of the sex pheromone of C. arthuri will give researchers another tool to investigate the pest status of C. arthuri on sunflowers.
Sexual behavior and morphology of Themira minor (Diptera: Sepsidae) males and the evolution of male sternal lobes and genitalic surstyli
Authors: Eberhard William G.
Published: April 2009

Probable ancestral types of courtship behavior for most sepsid flies were deduced from the behavior and morphology of a species in the relatively basal genus Themira. At least three of the five behavior patterns used by Themira minor (Haliday) males to court females prior to and during copulation are shared with other, more derived groups. During copulation the male's sternal lobes were rotated so that their brushes of long setae were fanned apart and may tap the female. The morphology of the tips of the male's genitalic surstyli and the muscles attached to them indicate that they are also moveable. This trait, which occurs in several other distantly related species, probably serves to squeeze the female during copulation. Thus, contrary to the impression from previous studies, elaborate courtship before and during copulation may be widespread among sepsids.
Aphidini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) living on Senecio (Asteraceae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species — ERRATUM
Authors: Durante M. Pilar Mier , Nafría Juan M. Nieto , Ortego Jamie
Published: April 2009

On page 188, the first sentence of paragraph 6 should read as “Seneciobium americanum was described from eight winged females caught in yellow water traps in Malargüe (Mendoza).”
Filth fly parasitoids on dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec, Canada
Authors: Gibson G.A.P. , Floate K.D.
Published: April 2009

Hymenopterous parasitoids of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) were surveyed during 2 years on dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec near Ottawa, Ontario, using freeze-killed sentinel house fly (Musca domestica L.) pupae and naturally occurring fly pupae collected on site. Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (stable fly) represented 98.3% of the natural fly hosts from which parasitoids emerged. Muscidifurax raptor Girault et Saunders, Nasonia vitripennis Walker, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Spalangia cameroni Perkins, S. nigra Latreille, Trichomalopsis viridescens (Walsh), and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Pteromalidae) were recovered from both sentinel and natural fly pupae. Another eight species, S. drosophilae Ashmead, S. endius Walker, S. haematobiae Ashmead, S. nigroaenea Curtis, S. subpunctata Förster, Trichomalopsis dubia (Ashmead) (Pteromalidae), Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Braconidae), and Phygadeuon ?fumator Gravenhörst (Ichneumonidae), were recovered only from natural pupae. Over the 2 years, M. raptor comprised 90.7% of emerged parasitoids from sentinel pupae but only 17.0% of emerged parasitoids from natural pupae. From natural pupae, S. cameroni, S. nigra, and S. nigroaenea collectively comprised 60.3% of emerged parasitoids; P. ?fumator comprised 13.5% and the remaining nine species 9.2%. The recoveries of S. endius and S. nigroaenea represent new distribution records for Canada, and several new host records are identified based on structure of the host fly puparium. The parasitoid fauna is compared with that known for western Canada, and recommendations are made for both regions concerning potential natural enemy enhancement for filth fly control.
Variability and inheritance of the chorionic tubercles on eggs of Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Boivin Guy , Nénon Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2009

The tubercles present on the egg chorion of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), are described and their variability in density quantified between females. Tubercle density varied by a factor of six between females, from 19 000 to 115 000 tubercles per mm2. The average density of tubercles for a given female remained constant throughout its oviposition period. When isofemale lines were created, the average tubercle density remained constant from generation to generation, and crossing experiment suggested that tubercle density was transmitted by the female. Using isofemale lines with low and high densities of tubercles, no effect on egg survival in water or susceptibility to egg parasitism was found. Tubercle density and the heritability of this character suggest a probable reproductive advantage for females that produce eggs with this chorionic pattern even though the precise role of these traits remains to be determined.
Control of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest in Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies
Authors: Kwon Yong Jung , Saeed Shafqat , Duchateau Marie José
Published: April 2009

The bumble bee Bombus terrestris L. is an important pollinator of commercial crops. Mass-rearing of bumble bees under controlled conditions is susceptible to pest outbreaks such as the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella L. This study showed that pollen collected from pollen traps at honey bee colonies can be contaminated with eggs of the Indian meal moth and that the eggs can hatch under bumble bee rearing conditions. Storage of pollen at −60 °C for more than 3 weeks can prevent an infestation of P. interpunctella in bumble bee colonies via pollen. Storage at −20 °C is less effective. Although P. interpunctella larvae slightly prefer pollen as their food source, they also feed on bumble bee pupae, especially when little pollen is present in a bumble bee colony. Spraying with the microbial insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis Aizawai at a concentration of 1 g/L water can control P. interpunctella (99.8% mortality) without harm to the bumble bee colonies. Higher concentrations have a negative impact on bumble bee colonies. Other B. thuringiensis strains, Kurstaki and Kurstaki Plus, are less effective.
Influence of burlap-band colour on larval, pupal, and egg-mass counts of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Roden David B.
Published: April 2009

This paper describes the effect of the colour of burlap bands (black versus naturally coloured or tan burlap) affixed to red oak, Quercus rubra (L.) (Fagaceae), and how it influences selection of larval resting site, pupation site, and egg-mass counts of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). In field experiments with half black and half tan burlap bands, the mean number of larvae, pupae, and egg masses were significantly greater under the black section of burlap. Individual burlap bands composed of either black or tan burlap affixed to separate trees produced similar significant results for larvae and pupae. When two burlap bands composed of opposite colours (black versus tan) were affixed to the same tree, significantly more larvae were found under the upper band, regardless of colour. In contrast, pupa and egg-mass densities were significantly greater under black bands, regardless of band position.
Aleocharinae rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of the ancient Sitka spruce forest on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: new synonymy and generic considerations
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan
Published: April 2009

Atheta vancouveri Klimaszewski, 2002, described from Vancouver Island, is a junior synonym of Pseudota nescia Casey, 1910, described from the Queen Charlotte Islands. The combination Atheta (Pseudota) nescia (Casey, 1910) is proposed.
Pheromone released from polyvinyl chloride dispensers disrupts mate-finding and pheromone-source location by Rhopobota naevana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in cranberries
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila M. , Troubridge James T. , Maurice Celine
Published: April 2009

Blackheaded fireworm (Rhopobota naevana (Hbn.)) mating can be disrupted by pheromone components released from spiral polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dispensers in large field plots on cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon (Aiton) (Ericaceae)) farms. The main pheromone component ((Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-14:Ac)) or a blend similar to natural pheromone (Z11-14:Ac, (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-12:Ac)) was released from PVC dispensers into 0.8-ha plots on cranberry farms. Regardless of the treatment, free-flying males in treatment plots located fewer than 5% of individually caged virgin females, whereas mate location in most control plots ranged from 14%–75%. Location of pheromone lures loaded with 1.0 mg of the three-component blend was reduced in both treatments, but not to the same extent as was location of females. The magnitude of mating disruption indicated by 0.01-mg lures was similar to that indicated by caged females. Estimated release rates from dispensers loaded with Z11-14:Ac alone were linear and similar in both years of the study, declining from 575–720 mg/ha per day to 175–220 mg/ha per day after 100 days. Three-component dispensers placed in the field in July 1994 showed a steeper decline in release rates of Z11-14:Ac and a change in component ratios from 6.2:2.5:1 to 8:2:1 (Z11-14:Ac: Z11-14:OH: Z9-12:Ac) over the 60-day release period. After one season of mating disruption, the number of eggs and the number of foliar samples with larval feeding shelters were not consistently reduced in treatment plots. Mated females may have dispersed into the plots and oviposited. PVC dispensers effectively disseminate pheromone for mating disruption but are labor-intensive to use. In the cranberry system, their use might be limited to research plots and isolated farms of <8 ha.
Identification of cocoons of Apanteles and Dolichogenidea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species attacking Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and associated Microlepidoptera
Authors: Eveleigh Eldon S. , Pollock Steven J. , Goulet Henri , Huber John
Published: April 2009

We examined the cocoons of six species of the genera Apanteles and Dolichogenidea attacking spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, and Microlepidoptera in the same microhabitat in an effort to overcome taxonomic and ecological problems associated with the identification of these species when adults fail to emerge from their cocoons. Neither cocoon length nor width nor ratio of length to width could be used to identify the six species, owing to considerable overlap in these attributes among the species and the effects of the source of the cocoons. Using a simple technique to examine webbing characteristics of the cocoons, however, we found that each species has a unique banding pattern, determined by the manner in which the density of the webbing varies along the length of the cocoon. This pattern can be used to reliably identify each species. We describe and illustrate the webbing characteristics of each species and provide an identification key based on these characteristics.
Predicting defoliation byChoristoneura biennis(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Turnquist R.
Published: April 2009

The 2-year-cycle spruce budworm,Choristoneura biennisFree. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), causes defoliation of spruce – subalpine fir forests in British Columbia, Canada. Historical and newly obtained data were used to develop a linear regression relating percent defoliation in the 2nd feeding year of the life cycle to the percentage of shoots damaged in the previous, 1st feeding year of the life cycle. The resulting regression was tested with independent data and correctly predicted (95% prediction intervals) defoliation in 14 of 15 stands. Patterns of defoliation were similar on white spruce,Picea glauca(Moench) Voss (Pinaceae), and subalpine fir,Abies lasiocarpa(Hook.) Nutt. (Pinaceae), and hence the regression can be used for either mixed or pure stands of either species.
Diapause and emergence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wise Ian L. , Lamb Robert J.
Published: April 2009

The requirements for successful diapause of field-collected larvae and emergence of the adult wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), and its egg parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) were investigated in the laboratory. Both species showed little decline in survival for up to 5 weeks at 20 °C in dry wheat spikes and could successfully diapause in wheat spikes at 0 °C for at least 200 d, although larvae usually drop to the soil to diapause. Both species diapaused successfully in clay loam and fine quartz sand, but survival was lower in vermiculite or coarse activated clay. Diapause was completed successfully at soil temperatures of −5 to 2.5 °C, and both species survived for at least 500 d at 2.5 °C with no increase in mortality. Larval survival declined after 120 d at −10 °C. Usually more than 95% of all surviving wheat midges emerged as adults after a single diapause period of 100 d or more, but up to 5% of wheat midges and 12%−57% of parasitoids did not emerge until they were exposed to a second cold period. Postdiapausal larvae pupated and adult wheat midges emerged at constant temperatures of 16, 20, 26, and 28 °C with no differences in mortality, although none emerged at 10 °C. The timing of wheat midge emergence was temperature dependent, requiring 306 degree-days above a threshold of 9 °C. Degree-day requirements and soil temperatures from a nearby weather station accurately predicted the average timing of emergence in the field, but not the year-to-year variation in date of 50% emergence. The wheat midge and its parasitoid are well adapted to the conditions they encounter in their range in western Canada. Methods for rearing both species through diapause and adult emergence are described.
Improved sugar delivery onto pesticide-treated spheres for controlling Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Chandler Bradley W. , Wright Starker E.
Published: April 2009

In 2002, we evaluated the performance of imidacloprid-treated spheres topped by newly developed, rodent-protected, sugar/paraffin discs (that released sugar as needed, feeding stimulant onto the sphere surface) against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Commercial orchard plots (30 m × 30 m) surrounded by odor-baited, imidacloprid-treated, plastic spheres topped by 150-g discs (not replaced during the 12-week period of deployment) received no more immigrant adults or fruit injury than plots surrounded by odor-baited, imidacloprid-treated, wooden spheres topped by 50-g discs (replaced after 6 weeks), plots surrounded by odor-baited sticky-coated spheres, or plots sprayed two or three times with insecticide to control this insect. Approximately half of all apple maggot flies placed on imidacloprid-treated spheres not receiving additional sugar following retrieval from the plots died following exposure to spheres in the laboratory, irrespective of field-exposure duration (6, 9, or 12 weeks). Nearly all flies died when placed on orchard-exposed spheres that did receive additional sugar following retrieval. Future studies will aim at refining disc construction to ensure that all apple maggot flies alighting on imidacloprid-treated spheres will encounter feeding stimulant and be killed.
Susceptibilities of seven Brassicaceae species to infestation by the cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Kalischuk A.R. , Dosdall L.M.
Published: April 2009

Various genotypes of seven species of Brassicaceae (Brassica rapa L., B. napus L., B. juncea (L.) Czern., B. nigra (L.) Koch, B. tournefortii Gouan, Sinapis alba L., Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fries, and B. napus × S. alba) were evaluated for susceptibility to infestation by the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham). In the field, weevils were counted by excising and dissecting pod samples weekly for the presence of eggs, larvae, and larval exit holes. In the laboratory, excised pods from potted plants were exposed to gravid female weevils for 24 or 48 h and then the numbers of eggs and (or) feeding punctures were assessed. Differences in susceptibility of Brassicaceae species to the cabbage seedpod weevil were relatively consistent in both field and laboratory studies. Brassica rapa was the most susceptible. Intermediate susceptibility was observed for B. napus, B. napus × S. alba, B. tournefortii, and B. juncea, although the last species displayed some antixenotic resistance. Sinapis alba, B. nigra, and C. abyssinica were least susceptible. Pods of some species more frequently contained single, rather than multiple, larvae and this may have important implications for total yield loss, particularly in areas where opportunistic pests utilize weevil exit holes to gain access to seeds. New-generation adults fed on all Brassicaceae, and therefore all species may be susceptible to some yield loss. Canola growers in regions infested with C. obstrictus at high population densities can reduce losses by seeding S. alba, B. juncea, or a less susceptible genotype of B. napus.
Revision of the North American species of the genusEntomacis(Hymenoptera: Diapriidae)
Authors: Yoder Matthew J.
Published: April 2009

The species of the genusEntomacisFoerster in North America north of Mexico are revised. Nineteen species (12 new), including 8 species of the Holarctic-wideperplexaspecies group, are keyed, described, and figured. These taxa areE. ambigua(Brues),E. apopkaensissp. nov.,E. arcticasp. nov.,E. cellariasp. nov.,E. cepasp. nov.,E. eorariasp. nov.,E. floridana(Ashmead),E. grandiclavasp. nov.,E. longii(Ashmead),E. mellipetiola(Ashmead),E. parambiguasp. nov., andperplexagroup membersE. californica(Ashmead),E. microbipunctatasp. nov.,E. notioxerasp. nov.,E. oulasp. nov.,E. parvasp. nov.,E. perplexa(Haliday),E. sapratasp. nov., andE. subemarginata(Ashmead).Hemilexodes canadensis(Harrington) is synonymized underEntomacis mellipetiola(Ashmead) (syn. nov.). The status ofEntomacis latipennis(Ashmead),E. filiformis(Ashmead), andHemilexis jesseiMann is reviewed. New character complexes, particularly chaetotaxy, are emphasized for Diapriidae species taxonomy.
Prevalence of baculoviruses in spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations in New Brunswick
Authors: Lucarotti Christopher J. , Eveleigh Eldon S. , Royama Tomo , Morin Benoit , McCarthy Peter , Ebling Peter M. , Kaupp William J. , Guertin Claude , Arella Max
Published: April 2009

Outbreak and declining populations of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) were sampled extensively at three locations in New Brunswick, Canada, between 1982 and 1992 and were examined for the prevalence of granulosis and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (Baculoviridae). Larvae, pupae, and adults were collected using a variety of methods. Spruce budworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CfMNPV) genomic DNA probes and wet-mount light microscopy were used to determine CfMNPV prevalence in 50 274 juvenile spruce budworms. Spruce budworm granulosis virus (ChfuGV) genomic DNA probes were used to determine the prevalence of ChfuGV in 25 703 of these same samples. The prevalence of both viruses was low, with ChfuGV and CfMNPV not found in more than 15% and 2%, respectively, of samples in any collection in a given year. Prevalence of ChfuGV was greatest in mid- to late June in sixth-instar larvae. Each virus was detected in only two of 2177 female moths and in none of the 420 male moths examined. In the entire collection, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Reoviridae) was detected in only two budworm larvae and entomopoxvirus (Poxviridae) was not detected in any.
Some Palearctic weevils in the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) recently discovered in North America
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Korotyaev Boris A.
Published: April 2009

The first fully documented North American records of the Palearctic Ceutorhynchinae weevil species Amalorrhynchus melanarius (Stephens, 1831), Microplontus campestris (Gyllenhal, 1837), Pelenomus waltoni (Boheman, 1843), and Rhinoncus perpendicularis (Reiche, 1797) are presented. Characters providing for their recognition, as well as keys and habitus photographs facilitating their identification, are provided. It is likely that all four species have recently been introduced unintentionally by human activities.
Revision of the genus Hyppa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a new species
Authors: Troubridge James T. , Lafontaine J. Donald
Published: April 2009

The species of the genus Hyppa Duponchel are revised and a new species is described. Adults of all species are illustrated, as are male and female genitalia where known. A neotype is designated for Hadena ancocisconensis Morrison. The concept of Hyppa contrasta is modified from that of a southern Appalachian endemic to that of a common transcontinental species.
Fecundity and recruitment of eggs during outbreaks of the spruce budworm
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Régnière J.
Published: April 2009

Field data from outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario and Quebec show that current-year defoliation is the single greatest determinant of variation in fecundity. The species of tree that served as the foodplant and infections by the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) (Microsporida) had little effect on mean lifetime fecundity in field populations. During a prolonged outbreak at one location (Black Sturgeon Lake, Ontario), annual lifetime fecundity was inversely related to observed defoliation in the same year, with the highest mean fecundity recorded at the beginning and the end of the outbreak when defoliation was least severe. The overall trend in yearly rate of change in egg density in a population time series at Black Sturgeon Lake was associated more closely with generational survival than with fecundity. Measured fecundity of local moths was greater than estimated per capita rates of recruitment in most years of the outbreak at Black Sturgeon Lake. This suggests that in these years of the outbreak at Black Sturgeon Lake there was a net emigration of egg-carrying moths.
The genusAlucitain North America, with description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Alucitidae)
Authors: Landry Bernard , Landry Jean-François
Published: April 2009

The North American fauna of Alucitidae is shown to include three widespread species:Alucita montanaBarnesetLindsey, 1921 (necCockerell),Alucita adriendenisisp. nov.(type locality: Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada), andAlucitalalanneisp. nov.(type locality: Maynooth, Ontario, Canada).Alucita hexadactyla(L., 1758) andA. huebneriWallengren, 1862 do not occur in North America. The three North American species are described and illustrated.Alucita montanais found from southwestern Quebec and Vermont, west to British Columbia, and south to Arizona, California, and Texas; its caterpillar is associated withSymphoricarposspp. (Caprifoliaceae).Alucita adriendenisiis known from northwestern Quebec and New York, west to Alberta and the Northwest Territories, with more southern populations (isolated?) in West Virginia, Arizona, and Texas; its caterpillar feeds on flowers ofLonicera dioicaL. (Caprifoliaceae) in Michigan.Alucita lalanneihas been found in Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta, Canada; its host plant is unknown.
A new species of the genus Actium (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from boreal old-growth forests of Quebec, Canada
Authors: Chandler Donald S. , Paquin Pierre
Published: April 2009

A new species, Actium abitibiense Chandler et Paquin sp. nov., is described and is associated with old-growth boreal forests in western Quebec.
Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a new pest of ash (Oleaceae: Fraxinus spp.) on the Canadian prairies
Authors: Pohl Gregory R. , Saunders Christopher , Barr William B. , Wartenbe Mark D. , Fownes Sherri L.
Published: April 2009

In 1999, the leaf roller Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was noticed for the first time in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, on ornamental green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.) and black ash (F. nigra Marsh.) (Oleaceae). It has since been found there on Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica Rupr.) and white ash (F. americana L.). Specimens were collected and reared, and vouchers have been deposited in the Canadian Forest Service Arthropod Collection in Edmonton and the Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC) in Ottawa, Ontario.
PCR-based methods for identification of twoEteobaleaspecies (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) used as biocontrol agents of weedyLinariaspecies (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Mitchell Andrew , McClay Alec S. , Pohl Gregory R. , Sperling Felix A.H.
Published: April 2009

Two European species of the genusEteobaleaHodges are being tested as classical biological control agents for toadflax (Linariaspp.) in Canada. Permits for the release of these species apply only to an Italian population ofE. serratellaTreitschke and a Serbian population ofE. intermediellaRiedl. When these species are imported as larvae or pupae from an area where they are sympatric, such as around Rome, they must later be separated in the laboratory. This step is essential to establish a pure laboratory colony of the correct species, both to increase the rate of breeding success and to comply with conditions of the importation permit. Although the male and female genitalia and the egg chorion have good diagnostic characters, these characters are not useful for identifying immature stages or newly emerged adults before mating and oviposition. This problem has hampered the establishment of rearing colonies of these two species in Canada. We describe the development and application of four polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism assays that have been used to distinguish between these two species. If and when either of these species becomes established in the field, the tests presented here should also prove useful for monitoring populations.
Two remarkable new species related to Anastrepha tripunctata (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a discussion of the affinities of the cryptostrepha group
Authors: Hernández-Ortiz Vicente
Published: April 2009

Two new species belonging to the genus Anastrepha, A. mayasp. nov. and A. relictasp. nov., are described. These species are noteworthy because they are closely related to A. tripunctata van der Wulp, an endemic Mexican species currently classified in the cryptostrepha species group, which may be the basal lineage of the genus. These new species come from several tropical Mexican localities and share several taxonomic characters found only in A. tripunctata. The eight known species of the cryptostrepha group are keyed, and a discussion of the phylogenetic relationships between this group and other species groups of Anastrepha is presented.
A new standard pupation shelter for sampling pupae and estimating mortality of the hemlock looper (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Hébert Christian , Jobin Luc , Berthiaume Richard , Mouton Jean-François , Dupont Alain , Bordeleau Clément
Published: April 2009

A new standard pupation shelter for sampling hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) pupae is described and compared with the burlap band method developed by Otvos (1974; The Canadian Entomologist106: 329–31). The new pupation shelter is placed on the bole, at breast height or in the crown, to estimate population abundance and mortality. The utilization of two shelters at breast height was as efficient as the use of burlap bands to estimate hemlock looper abundance and more efficient for sampling braconid cocoons. It provided reliable estimates of braconid and tachinid parasitism but overestimated that by ichneumonids. This new pupation shelter is an inexpensive tool that can be used easily by nonspecialized personnel, thus allowing increases in the number of sample plots, which is necessary to improve detection of outbreaks of the hemlock looper. This new shelter could be used to sample other lepidopterans whose late-instar larvae aggregate in concealed pupation sites.
Epizootic occurrence of Entomophaga maimaiga at the leading edge of an expanding population of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in north-central Ontario
Authors: Villedieu Yannick , van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: April 2009

Ever since its entry from New York State in the late 1960s, the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), has continued to expand its distribution in Ontario to the north and west (Nealis and Erb 1993). Outbreaks were recorded for the first time in the Sudbury – North Bay region in the early 1990s, by which time there was evidence of resident populations extending along the north shore of Lake Huron as far west as Lake Superior. The population expansion along the north shore is characterized by a patchy occurrence of small outbreaks, which typically last for a few years and then disappear (Annual Forest Health Reports, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, http://www.glfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/foresthealth/index_e.html). Nealis et al. (1999) found that winter weather, parasitoids, and the gypsy-moth-specific fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu et Soper (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) were the most prominent sources of mortality in those transient outbreaks.
Diet of nymphs affects normal wing development in Ischnura verticalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)
Authors: Baker Robert L. , Leung Brian , Forbes Mark R.
Published: April 2009

Nymphs of many species of the order Odonata are easy to maintain in the laboratory, and there are hundreds of published studies dealing with behaviour, ecology, development, taxonomy, etc. that involve maintenance of nymphs under laboratory conditions. Most of these studies call for nymphs to be fed live prey, and in some cases it is possible to collect suitable prey from the field. However, in cases in which the experimental designs call for controlled diets, or in cases in which natural food is difficult to collect, as during winter months in temperate latitudes, it is common for researchers to feed nymphs with prey cultured in the laboratory. Researchers have used a variety of different prey but Daphnia sp. is one of the most popular. We have used Daphnia sp. cultures but have encountered difficulties in rearing sufficient numbers for use in experiments involving hundreds of nymphs; also, we have had the unfortunate experience of having our cultures collapse for unknown reasons at critical times of experiments.
Bee diversity and abundance in an urban setting
Authors: Tommasi Désirée , Miro Alice , Higo Heather A. , Winston Mark L.
Published: April 2009

We assessed bee diversity and abundance in urban areas of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to determine how urban environments can support bees. Habitats examined were community and botanical gardens, urban wild areas, Naturescape flower beds and backyards, and traditional flower beds and backyards. A total of 56 bee species (Hymenoptera), including species of the genera Andrena Fabr. (Andrenidae), Bombus Latr. (Apidae), Osmia Panzer and Megachile Latr. (Megachilidae), and Halictus Latr. and Dialictus Pauly (Halictidae), were collected. Abundance exhibited strong seasonal variation. Wild bees were most abundant during late spring, whereas honey bees peaked at the end of the summer. The most abundant species seen was the managed honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Apidae), followed by wild Bombus flavifrons Cresson. Community and botanical gardens, and plants such as cotoneaster (Cotoneaster Medik. sp.) and blackberry (Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees) (Rosaceae), centaurea (Centaurea L. sp.; Asteraceae), buttercup (Ranunculus L. sp.; Ranunculaceae), and foxglove (Digitalis L. sp.; Scrophulariaceae), had the highest abundance of bees, while bee populations in wild areas were the most diverse. Weeds such as dandelions (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers; Asteraceae) dominated these wild areas and had one of the highest diversities of bee visitors. Traditional flower beds with tulips (Tulipa L. sp.; Liliaceae) and petunias (Petunia Juss. sp.; Solanaceae) had relatively poor diversity and abundance of bees throughout the year. Our study suggests that urban areas have the potential to be important pollinator reservoirs, especially if both bloom and habitat heterogeneity are maintained and enhanced through sustainable urban planning.
Analysis of the genus Gymnodampia (Acari: Oribatida), with redescription of G. setata and description of two new species from North America
Authors: Chen Jun , Norton Roy A. , Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Wang Hui-Fu
Published: April 2009

Morphology, distribution, and habitat data are presented for three species of the oribatid mite genus Gymnodampia Jacot occurring in North America. A revised generic diagnosis is given and the type species Gymnodampia setata (Berlese) is redescribed based on topotypic material from Missouri. Immatures of G. setata are described and aspects of their biology are presented. Two new species from North America, G. jacotisp. nov. and G. lindquistisp. nov., are proposed and described on the basis of adults, and a key is given for North American species of Gymnodampia. The ameroid genera Cristamerus Hammer, from Pakistan and China, and Defectamerus Aoki, from Japan, Korea, and China, are considered junior synonyms of Gymnodampia, and G. conformis (Fujikawa) is considered a junior synonym of G. fusca (Fujikawa). Immatures of G. setata are apheredermous, but with a circular line of dehiscence, whereas known immatures of the superfamily Ameroidea are eupheredermous. Nonetheless, without convincing apomorphic traits linking Gymnodampia to any known apheredermous family of Brachypylina, we hypothesize that Gymnodampia has lost the eupheredermy characteristic of Ameroidea, and we place it in the family Ameridae on the basis of adult similarities.
Pitfall trap designs to maximize invertebrate captures and minimize captures of nontarget vertebrates
Authors: Pearce J.L. , Schuurman D. , Barber K.N. , Larrivée M. , Venier L.A. , McKee J. , McKenney D.
Published: April 2009

Pitfall traps containing a preservative have become the standard method of sampling for epigeal invertebrates such as carabid beetles and cursorial spiders. However, they often result in high levels of mortality for small mammals and amphibians. We compared the carabid, spider, and vertebrate captures within five pitfall trap types (conventional trap, funnel trap, shallow trap, Nordlander trap, and the ramp trap) to determine the trap type that would reduce vertebrate incidental catch without compromising the capture of invertebrates. We also examined the effect of a mesh screen over pitfall traps on carabid beetle and vertebrate catches. All modifications to the conventional trap design resulted in a reduction in both small mammal and amphibian captures. The shallow pitfall trap and the funnel trap captured a carabid beetle and spider fauna similar to that captured by the conventional trap. The species compositions of the ramp trap and the Nordlander trap were different from those of the other trap types, but these traps were more efficient, capturing more species per individual captured. The ramp trap appeared to be the method of choice for sampling epigeal spiders. Thus, the choice among trap designs for invertebrates depends on the objectives of the study. However, an alternative to the conventional trap design should always be considered to reduce small mammal mortality.
Captures of two leafroller moth species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in traps baited with varying dosages of pheromone lures or commercial mating-disruption dispensers in untreated and pheromone-treated orchard plots
Authors: Stelinski L.L. , Miller J.R. , Gut L.J.
Published: April 2009

A 2-year study conducted in 0.6-ha apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) blocks examined the effects of treatment with pheromone rope dispensers on captures of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris, 1841), and the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker, 1863), in traps baited with varying dosages of pheromone lures or Isomate®-OBLR/PLR Plus pheromone rope dispensers. In untreated blocks, captures of male A. velutinana were high and did not differ among (i) traps baited with a standard lure loading used to monitor this pest, (ii) lure loadings 10 and 100 times the standard loading, and (iii) traps baited with an Isomate-OBLR/PLR Plus pheromone rope dispenser. In pheromone-treated blocks, captures of A. velutinana in traps were reduced 94%–99% for all loadings tested (up to 1000 times the standard loading). The results for C. rosaceana were different. In untreated blocks in 2002, traps baited with 10 or 30 standard lures captured significantly more C. rosaceana than traps baited with a single standard lure; however, in 2003, traps baited with the standard lure loading captured significantly more moths than traps baited with 100 and 1000 times the standard loading. Also, traps baited with Isomate-OBLR/PLR Plus pheromone rope dispensers captured significantly fewer C. rosaceana than traps with standard lures in untreated blocks. In pheromone-treated blocks, traps baited with standard monitoring lures and lures with higher loadings (10 and 1000 times the standard) captured equivalent numbers of C. rosaceana; the capture of moths was reduced by only 50%–71%. We conclude that Isomate-OBLR/PLR Plus pheromone rope dispensers deployed in Michigan, United States of America, are effective in disrupting orientation of A. velutinana; however, they are not very effective for C. rosaceana. In addition, increasing lure loading above that of 1× monitoring lures (rubber septa or membrane type) does not appear to reliably increase the effectiveness of monitoring of males of either leafroller species in orchards where pheromone ropes are deployed at recommended densities.
Within-field spatial distribution ofCephus cinctus(Hymenoptera: Cephidae) larvae in Montana wheat fields
Authors: Nansen Christian , Weaver David K. , Sing Sharlene E. , Runyon Justin B. , Morrill Wendell L. , Grieshop Matthew J. , Shannon Courtney L. , Johnson Megan L.
Published: April 2009

The wheat stem sawfly,Cephus cinctusNorton, is a major insect pest in dryland wheat (TriticumL. spp.; Poaceae) fields in the northern Great Plains of the United States and in southern regions of the prairie provinces of Canada. Field infestations by this pest commonly show a distinct “edge effect”, with infestation levels highest at the field edge and declining inwards. In this study, we characterized the edge effect ofC. cinctusinfested wheat fields in Montana at four locations in two separate years. "Infestation level" refers to the average proportion of wheat stems infested withC. cinctusin samples collected in a given wheat field. The gradual decrease inC. cinctusinfestation towards the centre of wheat fields is referred to as the “infestation slope”, and it was presented as a proportion of infestation level at field edges. We showed that (i) for most of the fields bordering grassland or fallow wheat, a simple exponential decline curve provided a significant fit to the infestation slope; (ii) the infestation slopes in different fields and in different directions within fields were similar and appeared to be independent of the overall infestation level; and (iii) the relationship between infestation level and the proportion of samples infested followed an asymptotic curve, which indicates a high level of dispersal of ovipositingC. cinctusfemales. The general perception has been that the edge effect ofC. cinctusinfestation is a result of ovipositingC. cinctusfemales being both weak flyers and short-lived, but our results do not fully corroborate this perception. Currently, the only reliable way to detectC. cinctusinfestations is to dissect individual stems and look for developing instars. However, this type of sampling is extremely time consuming and labor intensive and therefore impractical for wheat growers. Increasing the understanding of the spatial patterns inC. cinctusinfestations is a first step towards development of an optimal sampling plan for this important field pest. Thus, the results presented are relevant for researchers involved in sampling designs and integrated pest management procedures for field pests. We discuss behavioral and evolutionary factors that may contribute to the edge effect ofC. cinctusinfestations.
Erroneous records of Aleochara bipustulata from North America: an assessment of the evidence
Authors: Hemachandra K.S. , Holliday N.J. , Klimaszewski J. , Mason P.G. , Kuhlmann U.
Published: April 2009

Aleochara bipustulata (L., 1761) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a Palearctic species and a natural enemy of the cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum (L., 1758) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). It has been identified as a candidate for introduction to Canada for classical biological control of D. radicum. Recent taxonomic studies assert that A. bipustulata is absent from the Nearctic; however, there are numerous publications reporting the presence of the species in North America. We examined voucher material relating to these publications and additional museum specimens labeled as A. bipustulata. In addition, we reared Aleochara spp. from D. radicum puparia collected in the Canadian prairie provinces. Specimens that, based on external anatomy, could be A. bipustulata were definitively identified using characters of the genitalia. All of the 141 museum specimens labeled A. bipustulata were found to be Aleochara verna Say, 1836. A total of 811 individuals of Aleochara spp. were reared from D. radicum puparia; of these, 690 were Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal, 1810, 121 were A. verna, and none were A. bipustulata. We have found no evidence that A. bipustulata occurs in North America.
Male and female Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) larvae produce and respond to aggregation pheromone
Authors: Jumean Zaid , Rowland Eloise , Judd Gary J.R. , Gries Gerhard
Published: April 2009

Insect aggregation pheromones are defined as chemical substances produced by members of one or both sexes that induce members of both sexes to form aggregations (Borden 1984). Aggregation pheromones are typically emitted by and attract adult insects. Interestingly, larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), seeking pupation sites will aggregate in response to pheromone produced by cocoon-spinning conspecific larvae (Duthie et al. 2003). Such aggregations may be part of a mating strategy in which protandrous males are arrested by sex pheromone emanating from mature female pupae, thus allowing mating to ensue as soon as a female moth ecloses (Duthie et al. 2003). The cocoon-derived pheromone also attracts the specialist prepupal parasitoid Mastrus ridibundus Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which “eavesdrops” on pheromonal communication of cocoon-spinning larvae (Jumean et al. 2004).
Modification of assembly of Pherocon® IC traps speeds trap liner changes and reduces in-field preparation time
Authors: Kuenen L.P.S. , Brandl D. , Rice R.E.
Published: April 2009

The restructuring of the design of an existing trap such as the Pherocon® IC (Trécé Inc., Adair, Oklahoma) can be fraught with the dangers of changing a de facto standard in research. However, what we present here is not a restructuring but a simplification and acceleration of the process for changing the traps' liners (sticky bottoms). The assembly of components for the standard Pherocon IC traps is basically straightforward; however, it is time-consuming and may be messy and cumbersome when attaching or replacing trap liners. For a number of years, we have assembled IC traps without the provided tube spacer; instead, we have bent the suspension/assembly wire into a shape that gives the same consistent spacing between the trap top and liner but allows faster (Table 1) and cleaner replacement of the liner. Our method allows us to assemble the traps in the laboratory without the liner and perform final assembly in the field, where the traps are marked and baited and liners are added quickly; subsequent liner replacements are clean and fast.
Distribution of western and northern corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Meloche François , Rhainds Marc , Roy Michèle , Brodeur Jacques
Published: April 2009

Corn rootworms, Diabrotica Chevrolat spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are major pests of corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), in North America. Overwintering eggs hatch in the spring, and larvae feed on the root system, where they complete development. Emergent adults feed on vegetative and reproductive aerial structures of corn and oviposit in soil cracks or at the base of plants. Although feeding on silks by adult corn rootworms reduces the yield of corn, most of the damage results from root injury caused by larval feeding (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi 1991).