bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RATE MAKING POLICIES AND PRACTICES OF PUBLICLY OWNED WATER UTILITIES
Authors: Keig Norman G. , Fristoe Charles W. , Goddard Frederick O.
Published: February 2018

Setting rates is a problem faced by all water utilities. There are various principles that guide management in this matter, and this study reports on a survey made to determine the bases for rate setting actually used, and the degree to which utilities followed the better‐established principles.
AUTOMATION OF PUMPING FACILITIES AT CLEVELAND
Authors: Erlenbach David H.
Published: February 2018

With the advent of a shortage of experienced pumping station operators, the city of Cleveland began to look for a method of operating pumps without tying personnel up for any appreciable amount of time. It was decided to completely automate the facilities, keeping in mind at all times the unique requirements of Cleveland's distribution system.
DESTRATIFICATION EXPERIMENTS AT ROTTERDAM
Authors: Knoppert P. L. , Rook J. J. , Hofker Tj. , Oskam G.
Published: February 2018

To increase the water supply of the southwestern part of the Netherlands and the city of Rotterdam, the construction of four new artificial storage reservoirs is projected in the so‐called “Biesbosch” area. These reservoirs are usually fed by water of the Meuse River, but are sometimes mixed with water from the Rhine.
MUNICIPAL UTILITY BOND FINANCING
Authors: Bray Felicity A.
Published: February 2018

Municipal projects that are revenue producing should not have to depend on property tax assessments in order to fund capital improvements. The most widely used method of funding such projects is through the use of interest‐bearing bonds. Methods discussed for setting up and implementing a bond issue will be of interest to all owners and operators.
DETERMINING CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE
Authors: Palin A. T.
Published: February 2018

Chlorine dioxide is being increasingly used as a water disinfectant. Residual chlorine dioxide may, however, be accompanied by traces of chlorite, which carries a possible health hazard. The method presented determines both forms, and also provides for the separate determination of any associated free chlorine and chloramines.
ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER
Authors: Fulton George P.
Published: February 2018

In the search for methods of augmenting present water supplies, desalting is coming into its own. Electrodialysis, effective in desalting brackish water, is one method that seems feasible. The author presents a review of design, operational, and economic factors to be considered in evaluating a treatment plant.
SELECTION OF WATER SUPPLIES FOR NEW MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Authors: Dickerson Bruce W.
Published: February 2018

Consideration of the available water supply and its quality is a major factor when selecting a plant site for a new manufacturing operation. The unsuitability of the supply for a particular operation often is cause for rejection of an otherwise adequate location.
COAGULATION TESTING: A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES—PART II
Authors: TeKippe Rudy J. , Ham Robert K.
Published: February 2018

Coagulation to remove particulate matter from turbid waters may be carried out by any of several techniques. This report attempts to discover which coagulation techniques yield comparable results, and which of these is preferable from the operator's standpoint. Because of its length, this report is divided in half. Part I appeared in last month's issue.
A STATEMENT CONCERNING THE USPHS WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
Authors: Johnson Eric F.
Published: February 2018

AWWA issues comments about the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Community Water Supply Study report that received wide attention in the press and motivated at least one Congressman to propose a “Pure Drinking Water Act” that would give the federal government the responsibility for establishing and enforcing water quality standards in all public water systems. As indicated in its “Principles of a National Water Policy,” AWWA believes that such control of water systems should rest with the state. On this basis, it opposes direct federal control of water system operations not only as impractical, but as improper.
CONSTRUCTION COST OUTLOOK—1970–1971
Authors: Webber James
Published: February 2018

A look at the construction field in the coming two years, with advice to the builder‐to‐be about costs, labor, and timing of new construction contracts.
PREDICTION OF PITTING RATES
Authors: Wagner E. F.
Published: February 2018

This column presents reader submitted comments relating to the paper, “Prediction of Pitting Rates in Ferrous Metals From Soil Parameters” by John R. Rossum, which appeared in the June 1969 Journal AWWA (Vol. 61, No.6, pp. 305‐310). The author replies to the comments.
EFFECT OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ON GROUND WATER QUALITY
Authors: Coe Jack J.
Published: February 2018

Properly designed, constructed, and operated sanitary landfills can be an effective method of disposing of solid wastes and still not cause degradation of the quality of groundwater as a result of leachate and gas production.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Neel Riley C.
Published: February 2018

The author does some good spadework for the neophyte interested in learning about automated systems so that he may have a basis for appraisal.
THE DENVER SYSTEM OF WATER WORKS CONTROLS
Authors: Carlson Carl E. C.
Published: February 2018

Denver's water supply derives from a blend of pump‐ and gravity‐feed systems. To get the most from them, it is necessary to weigh the various contributing cost factors against one another—preferably by computer. So far, Denver has gone through phases I and II in quest of its goal.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF WATER SOFTENING
Authors: Lacina W. V. , Heden S. D.
Published: February 2018

Operation of treatment systems for lime softening of natural waters can be greatly simplified, with improved product quality and reduced operational and maintenance costs, by controlling lime feed through conductivity relationships.
Action Now
Authors: Bresler S. D.
Published: February 2018

Aside from the much discussed issue of pollution, there are other important deficiencies in our water systems—as pointed up by a recent survey—but equally pressing is the necessity to make the public aware of the service it has taken for granted and of the need for funds if that service is to be made even better. “Action Now” is AWWA's answer. Through this program it is calling upon its members to focus on the improved‐water‐supply problem—and to solve it.
WATER UTILITIES—A VICTIM OF SUCCESS
Authors: Pluntze James C.
Published: February 2018

The water utilities in the US take pride in the fact that the waters they produce are the best in the world. However, they—particularly the smaller—systems cannot be smug about their accomplishments. Too many systems fail to provide water that complies with AWWA or USPHS standards. The author remonstrates about what measures are needed and describes what measures are being, and will be, taken in the state of Washington that fit in with AWWA's “Action Now” program. His message, however, is universal.
ENVIRONMENT AND THE ENGINEER
Authors: Foster William S.
Published: February 2018

The opportunity and challenge of involvement and leadership in solving today's environmental problems are wide open to the engineer.
RECOVERY OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM VALUES
Authors: Black A. P. , Shuey Bruce S. , Fleming Paul J.
Published: February 2018

It has been said by some environmentalists that the water utilities—among all industries—are the greatest water‐pollution offenders of all. Here is a report on reuse that details a method for eliminating the byproduct of water treatment—sludge—while producing such valuable chemicals as lime and magnesium carbonate, which can be sold for profit and thereby reduce costs.
MULTIPLE WATER REUSE
Authors: Smythe Frank
Published: February 2018

El Paso Products Co.'s primary source of industrial water is the sewage effluent from the city of Odessa, Tex. The sewage‐treatment plant facilities provide for grease removal, primary clarification, intermediate storage, aerobic degradation, secondary clarification, chlorination, and pumps for transferring the secondary effluent to El Paso's storage lagoon. The lagoon has a capacity of 15 mil gal and is used as a surge pond for fire‐department water.
HYDROLOGIC REGIME OF LAKE HERTEL
Authors: Goswami Santosh R.
Published: February 2018

As the tides of population and industry well from their urban origins, it be comes increasingly necessary to determine the capabilities of the water sources within the areas influenced by their efflux. The author describes a study performed for Lake Hertel, a ground‐water resource that soon may have to serve the needs of a population growing outward from Montreal, Que.
SOILS INVESTIGATIONS: BY WHOM, HOW MUCH, WHEN, AND WHAT?
Authors: Ward Joseph S.
Published: February 2018

The following three articles deal with various aspects of the physical—as opposed to the fiscal—foundation of water‐plant construction. They were originally presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 15,1971.

The main thrust of the lead article is that boring methods for obtaining soil samples have improved, but they still have their limitations. An alternate procedure is suggested that utilizes engineering soil maps when subsurface data are needed for relatively large areas.

The second of the trio relates some of the experiences—both good and bad—in the St. Louis area during the past twenty years regarding subgrade problems and their solutions.

In the final article, the author (a contractor) contends that his ilk is being left in the dark with respect to information about soil conditions in areas where it is important to excavate—to the disadvantage of all parties involved.
EFFECTS OF DETERGENTS ON WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: Harris A. J. , Roberts K. J. , Christie A. E.
Published: February 2018

To date, the majority of detergents have been phosphate‐based. Dumped into the nation's waterways, they present problems not only in the way of eutrophioation, but in a way that can also bother the water‐treatment‐plant operator. For example, phosphates can interfere with coagulation procedures. After some introduction concerning the nature and origin of detergents, the authors review the phosphate situation as it relates to potable water.
CARBON ADSORPTION FOR RECOVERY OF ORGANIC PESTICIDES
Authors: Eichelberger James W. , Lichtenberg James J.
Published: February 2018

The authors present a study of the efficiency of the standard carbon adsorption method (CAM) for recovery of eleven organochlorine and ten organophosphorus pesticides from water.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF OPERATING VARIABLES IN CONTACT FLOCCULATION
Authors: Shea T. G. , Gates W. E. , Argaman Y. A.
Published: February 2018

This investigation examines the possibility of producing a polished water by combining the steps of flocculation, coagulation, and filtration directly in the filter bed.
THE CARACAS WATER UTILITY: OVERALL
Authors: Azpurua Pedro Pablo , Martinez Celestino , Ruiz Pedro F. Millan
Published: February 2018

A summary of findings following a three‐year study of the Caracas Water Utility. Included are findings regarding financial costs and returns, social benefits, and a look at the future.
WATER UTILITIES' USE OF PLASTIC PIPE
Authors: Wool J. M.
Published: February 2018

Los Angeles, Calif., has been experimenting with plastic pipe installations for more than sixteen years. Two compositions have been given field trials, and a third is undergoing “proving‐ground” tests. Results, so far, are encouraging. Skagit County, Wash., another of the districts in the US to pioneer the use of plastic pipe, reports favorably about the installation of various types and sizes of pipe and tubing used in its distribution system.
METROPOLITAN BANGKOK WATER PROJECT
Authors: Cullivan Donald E.
Published: February 2018

The Bangkok water system has many complex problems. A recent master plan recommends solutions to current difficulties and future demands.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN URBAN WATER GOALS
Authors: McPherson M. B.
Published: February 2018

New policies and considerations must be given to anticipated urbanization trends in the Rocky Mountain states and elsewhere.
DETERMINING PHOSPHATE ADDITIVE FOR IRON CONTROL IN WATER
Authors: Aulenbach Donald B.
Published: February 2018

The presence of iron in water creates one of the most common problems en countered in water systems. The author proposes a simple empirical laboratory technique for determining the optimum phosphate addition.
UTILITY WATER RATE STRUCTURING
Authors: Banker R. F. , Benson R. B.
Published: February 2018

In order to assure the consumer that his water bill is fair, the utility must be able to justify the structure upon which rates are based. Formulating the most suitable structure, and implementing it properly, will vastly improve customer relations.
FEDERAL ASSISTANCE IN ACHIEVING WATER UTILITY GOALS
Authors: Paul Robert M.
Published: February 2018

Several agencies exist within the federal government for the express purpose of providing funds for either aiding or regenerating communities. Three of these organizations—Community Resources Development Admin. of the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Farmers Home Admin. of the Dept. of Agriculture, and Economic Development Admin. of the Dept. of Commerce—are represented by the authors of this joint discussion, which was presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 25, 1970. The authors acquaint us with the operations of their organizations, thus enabling the reader to be in a better position to share in the monies available.
FLEXIBILITY IN WATER‐TREATMENT‐PLANT DESIGN
Authors: Wanielista Martin P. , Falkson Louis M.
Published: February 2018

Here is a report on how the design of water‐treatment plants should reflect a flexibility to treat a variety of input‐water‐quality conditions to meet an acceptable output quality and quantity of water—among other methods—by adding auxiliary units for flexibility.
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS
Authors: Stoltenberg David H.
Published: February 2018

This paper consists of a cost breakdown under which many small, rural communities, otherwise ineligible, can obtain funds from the Farmers Home Administration.
THE TRUE COST OF WATER
Authors: Spitzer Elroy F.
Published: February 2018

A recent study of water‐rating procedures indicates that approximately 18 per cent of all water utilities in the US have high rates in one or more of their service areas, based on the study criterion. Rates in general are expected by almost half of the survey respondents to increase in the next five to ten years.
REGIONAL AWWA TRAINING PROGRAMS
Authors: Sanks Robert L. , Brinck Claiborne W.
Published: February 2018

The following two papers were presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 23, 1970, as part of a discussion at the Education Committee Session. The authors relate the development and workings of successful operator‐training programs in the states of Montana and Ohio respectively.
AN OLD PIPELINE BROUGHT BACK TO LIFE
Authors: Natt George J.
Published: February 2018

This article relates the rejuvenation of a very old and partially abandoned pipeline that is to become an important water‐supply link in southern Westchester County, N.Y. Also outlined is an excellent example of cooperation among four of the country's larger communities in carrying out the project.
FIELD TESTING OF PLASTIC AND PLASTIC‐CLAD PIPES
Authors: Selander Carl E. , Simonds Richard A.
Published: February 2018

It appears that new plastic formulations are evolving from the labs of chemical houses at an exponential rate. Many of these materials promise possible utility for the transmission of water. Yet, little is known about their weight‐carrying capacity and their long‐term deformation behavior in various trench designs. Here is a report of one step that is being taken to alleviate this condition.
EXPANSIVE‐SOIL EFFECT ON BURIED PIPE
Authors: Clark Curtis M.
Published: February 2018

Over wide areas of the US, the soil is of such a nature that, during the course of a year, considerable swelling and shrinking take place within it. The effect that such soil can have upon embedded water pipe is obvious. The author, after running through a glossary of various types of so‐called expansive soils, describes a method for determining their swell index, thereby enabling one to design the most appropriate pipe for emplacement.
VELOCITY‐GRADIENT PATHS IN COAGULATION
Authors: TeKippe R. J. , Ham R. K.
Published: February 2018

The vigor of mixing, the time at which such mixing is begun, and the period of its duration play a vital role in the turbidity of the final water product. The authors review their work using lab and pilot‐plant testing and arrive at some worthwhile recommendations.
ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER
Authors: Bellack Ervin
Published: February 2018

In some parts of the US, but mainly in desert areas, the arsenic content of the drinking‐water supply, if not imminently harmful, is undesirably high. When alternate, unadulterated sources are not available, it may be worthwhile to remove the unwanted chemical. Here is a method that can drop arsenic levels well below safe standards at a moderate cost.
Growth of Desalting Technology–Studies and Applications
Authors: Strobel Joseph J.
Published: February 2018

Cooperative studies of the Office of Saline Water with federal, state, and municipal agencies engaged in water‐supply planning are adding to the knowledge about potential applications of desalting. Information is being gathered on short‐range possibilities for small desalting plants as well as possible large‐scale applications to assist in solving longer‐range water‐supply needs. Projections of overall desalting requirements in US regions having fresh‐water shortages are given.
1.25‐mgd Electrodialysis Plant in Israel
Authors: Halpern Burton M. , Olie Jacob
Published: February 2018

Israel's new desalting plant‐one of the largest electrodialysis plants in the world‐features an ion‐exchange raw‐water pretreatment facility.
Secondary‐Refrigerant Desalination
Authors: Fraser James H. , Gibson Walter E.
Published: February 2018

Freezing processes for the desalination of water have undergone active development for about 20 yr, and they have been shown to be technically feasible. With recent developments, the OSW is currently expressing active interest in the commercial exploitation of desalination.
Selecting a Softening Process
Authors: Wood Frank O.
Published: February 2018

Here are results of a survey of randomly selected lime‐soda ash and zeolite plants, which show that zeolite plants are normally installed when capacities of less than 5 mgd are required. However, chemical costs and the composition of the water may make zeolite plants with capacities of 10 mgd desirable and economical. Charts and examples are given for calculating exact chemical costs to be added to plant costs to determine the system indicated.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Simplifies Heavy‐Metals Analysis
Authors: Willey Benjamin F. , Duke Carlton M. , Wojcieszak Ann L. , Thomas Cherryl T.
Published: February 2018

Personnel of the Water Purification Lab. of Chicago conclude that the use of atomic absorption is superior to that of wet chemistry for the analysis of heavy metals. The authors present the basic operating principles, procedures for adjusting the instrument settings, and precautions concerning operation—if problems are to be avoided.
Locating and Sizing Air‐Release Valves
Authors: Lescovich Joseph E.
Published: February 2018

Air can enter a pipeline in any number of insidious ways: through packing glands, leaky joints, and even from the water itself. Unless passage is fast enough to purge any buildup of air at high points along the pipe line, large air pockets can form that will impede the flow of water. Properly located air‐release valves can minimize the problem.
Sewer Surcharges and Their Effect on Water Use
Authors: Seagraves J. A.
Published: February 2018

Surcharges are simply special charges based on the strength of industrial wastes and they usually apply only to those wastes above some defined normal strength—normal‐strength wastes being covered by the regular sewer charge. The effects of surcharges are being studied in an effort to provide cities with data as to how much of a reduction in wastes and the use of water they can expect if they charge industries according to the strength of their wastes.
Water Quality After a Disaster
Authors: Adrian George W. , Goldman Anathol , Forthal Albert A.
Published: February 2018

An emergency arising from a major disaster, such as an earthquake of great magnitude, that causes sudden, extensive, and disruptive damage to water system facilities may dramatize ensuing problems and evoke responses of heroic proportions—or it may engender disorganization, panic, and fear. The water utility must avoid even the appearance of negative manifestations as it systematically goes about the job of restoring the water system for the use of the public.
Filter‐Fluorescent Antibody Technique for Rapid Screening of Indicator Organisms
Authors: Ginsburg Walter , Crawford Betty , Knipper John J.
Published: February 2018

The search for a rapid method to detect indicator organisms (IO) in water supplies and distribution systems has occupied sanitary bacteriologists for years. Results reached in 2–3 hr may have a farreaching impact on lab analysis and water treatment.
Protective Coatings for Valve Interiors
Authors: Houston L. Neale
Published: February 2018

The ability of a coating material to withstand the torturous process of wear is not the only criterion involved in its selection. Preparation of the surfaces of the valve to obtain adherence, handling characteristics of the coating, and overall economics—even the question as to whether the coating will be available years hence for whatever jobs are necessary—all play a role in material selection.
Developing Standards for Ball and Cone Valves
Authors: Summers Oliver W.
Published: February 2018

The Ball and Cone Valve Com. was reorganized 2 yr ago. Its purpose: to start fresh in order to determine more objectively what was needed in the way of ball and cone valve standards. The first question it asked was, “What is the purpose of a standard?” The details followed, and the committee expects to have a standard available later this year.
An Interview With Sam Baxter
Authors: Baxter Sam
Published: February 2018

Last June, Executive Director Eric Johnson inaugurated a new form of communication in the JOURNAL, interviewing a prominent representative of the industry so that the free flow of ideas could be printed essentially as they were stated. In this, the second such dialog, Mr. Johnson discusses with Sam Baxter, Past President of AWWA, his views on subjects of interest to water utility personnel.
Better Customer Service Through On‐Line Computers
Authors: Musgrave Joseph W.
Published: February 2018

The advent of on‐line computer usage is the latest step forward in efficient and reliable customer relations. This computer makes the customer‐service representative's job easier, improves the quality of service to the public, and saves management money.
A COMPARISON of Urban Water Use Australia and the US
Authors: Weeks Clive R. , McMahon Thomas A.
Published: February 2018

In this article, which compares Australian water usage with US water usage, some interesting statistics are explored and discussed. Such comparisons can offer useful insights concerning the relationships among water‐supply systems all over the world.
Computer Languages for Engineers
Authors: Folster H. G. , Wilson D. B.
Published: February 2018

Many engineers desire to use the capabilities of the computer in their work but do not because of a communcations problem. Today with so many computer languages available, the engineer needs guidance in choosing the best one for a particular situation. This article examines the types of computer languages and their use in waste‐water system analysis.
Continuous Pilot Plant Study of Recycling of Filter Backwash Water
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Pallo Peter E. , Schwartz Barry J. , Kown Bong T.
Published: February 2018

Recent changes in federal and state requirements have resulted in the classification of backwash water from water‐purification plants as a potential pollutant that requires treatment before disposal. This article attempts to determine the effects of backwash‐water recycling on the filter operation and the plant effluent quality.
Impact of Environmentalism on Water‐Utility Operation
Authors: Bacon Vinton W.
Published: February 2018

This article is concerned with the problems that arise when ecological considerations enter into the planning and management of the water‐supply industry. Some ideas must be modified and others abandoned entirely, according to the author.
Alum Sludge Thickening and Disposal
Authors: Nielsen Hubert L. , Carns Keith E. , DeBoice John N.
Published: February 2018

It has been customary for water‐treatment plants using chemicals in the water‐treatment process to discharge waste sludge into a nearby natural water course. This practice is coming under increasing criticism from both the public and water‐quality agencies and is now becoming subject to regulation. This article describes pilot work subsequent to the receipt of specific discharge requirements set by the Regional Water Quality Control Bd.
Filtrability of Water‐Treatment‐Plant Sludge
Authors: Glenn R. W. , Judkins J. F. , Morgan J. M.
Published: February 2018

Aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge, usually discharged into streams, must now, under current guidelines, be treated as a concentrated pollutant. This article examines the filtration possibilities of alum and offers some interesting new observations.
Land Disposal and Sewage Effluent: Appraisal of Health Effects of Pathogenic Organisms
Authors: Benarde Melvin A.
Published: February 2018

Land disposal of sewage effluent, perhaps a widely used waste‐management practice of the future, has initiated much research and public interest over the years. In this article, the author reviews much of the literature on the subject and arrives at some evocative conclusions.
Reading Pump Curves
Authors: DeVries Richard N.
Published: February 2018

Pump curves are an invaluable aid in the selection and operation of pumps. The reading and comprehension of these curves are not difficult once a basic understanding of pump‐curve terms and their interrelationships has been gained.
Ensuring Fastener Reliability for Safety
Authors: Graves Frederick E.
Published: February 2018

A loose nut or bolt represents a dangerous condition; the author explains what should be done to prevent fastener failure and possible accidents.
AN INTERVIEW WITH
Authors: Barr J. J.
Published: February 2018

This interview, as part of a series with some of the more distinguished names in the water‐supply field, departs somewhat from its predecessors. Whereas Messrs. Wolman and Baxter covered the problems confronting the industry with knowledgeable broad strokes, J. J. Barr throughout much of what he says stresses the advantages and disadvantages of particular operations. Eric Johnson, AWWA's Executive Director, again directs the interview.
Mercury in Water: An Evaluation of Laboratories and Methodology
Authors: Greenberg Arnold E. , Thomas June , Tamplin Benjamin R.
Published: February 2018

To find out whose figures were best, the authors gave samples with known amounts of mercury to seven labs to test. The results, though not the same, were extremely interesting.
Mercury Removal by Conventional Water‐Treatment Techniques
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

Concern has been expressed in recent years regarding the contamination of the world's water resources with inorganic and organic mercury. The authors report on an investigation of mercury removal using techniques that are now employed by many water‐treatment plants.
Voluntary Settlement of Damage Claims
Authors: Walker Robert F.
Published: February 2018

Damage suits against a water department can be costly and time consuming. They can also tarnish the public image of the utility. Philadelphia has found a different way to satisfy legitimate claims simply and fairly.
IT'S YOUR MOVE, TOO!
Authors: Symons George E.
Published: February 2018

The move of AWWA's headquarters to Denver will benefit all involved—members included. Some of these benefits are summarized here. Also presented are some of AWWA's recent achievements.
RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN APPALACHIA
Authors: Duvel William A. , Lalli Bernard M. , Heim Jack D.
Published: February 2018

Water‐supply problems of a small, isolated, rural town in Pennsylvania are typical of those in many other poverty‐stricken, former mining towns scattered throughout Appalachia. The antiquated gravity–aeration system in use actually deteriorates the quality of the water, which comes originally from a well. Several recommendations are presented to improve the distribution system as well as the treatment process.
Advanced Engineering Technology for Uprating Treatment Plants
Authors: LaFontaine E. O.
Published: February 2018

New technology makes possible the improvement of existing water‐treatment plants so that more and better‐quality water is produced. Both the physical setup of treatment plants and the chemical additives used in treatment are discussed.
Deep‐Bed Filtration
Authors: Jung Helmut , Savage E. S.
Published: February 2018

Deep‐bed filters are utilized in Europe and other parts of the world. Their advantages and disadvantages are illustrated and compared with those of the conventional US design.
Direct‐Filtration Studies for Metropolitan Toronto
Authors: Tredgett R. G.
Published: February 2018

The Toronto water‐treatment plant has been in operation since 1911. The excellent records it kept, some pilot studies, and computer analysis are making possible an innovative and costs‐savings plan for direct filtration at high rates. The approach could be highly significant for municipal plant design.
Correlation Between Turbidity and Iron Content of the Filter Effluent of Well Origin
Authors: Filip A. , Vuskovic B. , Strundjalic P.
Published: February 2018

The relationship between iron content and turbidity in filter effluent and their effect on filter life are examined here. Also reported is the best method of obtaining continuous control of iron content.
Managing Water Resources: Basic Considerations and Problems
Authors: Medbery H. C.
Published: February 2018

Public involvement in decisions concerned with water‐resource management is here to stay. But, even though the US has ample water resources for near future needs, growth patterns, local requirements, and special‐interest groups will always need to balance and adjust, because each area has its own problems.
Ground‐Water Flow Patterns in Confined Aquifers and Pollution
Authors: Kirkham Don , van der Ploeg R. R.
Published: February 2018

The authors have developed an analytical theory that enables one to prepare a flow net for an arbitrarily shaped, confined aquifer from which water is drawn by means of a well. A knowledge of the shape of the aquifer and the hydraulic head on the boundaries of the aquifer, which are not impervious, is required. Flow nets for a number of elliptical‐shaped confined aquifers, by which naturally occurring aquifers may be approximated, are presented.
Industrial wastewater Recovery and Reuse
Authors: McClure A. F.
Published: February 2018

Industry is at present providing limited treatment to its wastewater streams before returning the water to the general water System. This procedure is fast becoming unacceptable. With some added treatment steps, these streams could be considered for reuse by these industries. Many are now recycling portions of their treated effluent, and others are considering the possibility.
Experimental Application of Aliquat‐4 and Copper for Control of Pondweeds
Authors: Archer B. J. , Bachman Ronald
Published: February 2018

Copper sulfate was combined with Aliquat‐4 to determine if this chemical combination could control pondweeds. These chemicals were applied to a test plot in O'Neill Forebay and carefully monitored since there was a domestic and agricultural water contractor approximately 14 mi down‐stream of the application. This chemical combination appears to provide some pondweed control and can be readily precipitated by bentonite clay.
Selecting Mixers for Treatment Operations
Authors: Winter Richard L.
Published: February 2018

Mixers for use in water and waste treatment come in many sizes and various designs, although their basic operating principles are the same. The final choice will depend on the demands of the particular application, but the size or type selected should be capable of modification to meet future contingencies.
Public Use and Evaluation of Reclaimed Water
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

To discover what the public attitude toward reclaimed‐ water use is, a survey was made in California communities in which reclaimed water is used for various purposes. The results of this survey show that the public will accept certain kinds of water reuse.
Design Guidelines for Distribution Systems
Authors: Pentecost Frank C.
Published: February 2018

A municipally owned water utility must operate under different practices than a privately owned one. Consequently, community obligations, imposed by governmental authorities, often overturn economic considerations. This article describes how the Memphis Water Div., operating solely on 1956 water‐rate revenues, has kept abreast of its obligations by improving design and construction procedures.
Evaluation of Intangibles‐A Case Study
Authors: Peterson John A.
Published: February 2018

Evaluation of intangible factors bearing on water‐project planning continues to be a problem. A simplified procedure is described that was developed to evaluate such factors leading to the selection of pipelines rather than canals for a proposed aqueduct system serving the Contra Costa County (Calif.) Water Dist.*
Autogenous Healing of Cracks in Cement‐Mortar Linings for Gray‐Iron and Ductile‐Iron Water Pipe
Authors: Wagner Ernest F.
Published: February 2018

Recent tests show that pipe fissures, developed while in storage, will heal themselves if put into contact with water—either flowing or nonflowing.
Training and Recruitment of Youth for Water Utilities
Authors: Herzik G. R.
Published: February 2018

To prevent the dilemma of a young‐manpower shortage within the water‐utilities industry, it is imperative that education programs, combined with an alleviation of unfavorable social stigma of the profession, be implemented without delay. The success of such a program in the state of Texas is presented.
Management's New Look in the Manpower Revolution
Authors: Van Dyke Robert P.
Published: February 2018

Within the past 30 years, manpower in the water‐utility industry has gained a new appearance. Utility managers who may not be cognizant of this fact should benefit by the suggestions within this article. For a manager to establish a good rapport with his employees, he needs to be aware of his employees basic human needs and capabilities.
Results of BOAT Training in Ontario
Authors: Bourque J. , Trewin G. R.
Published: February 2018

Prior to licensing of water‐utility operators, it is essential that they receive adequate professional training. The success of Boat (behavioral objectives approach to training) in Ontario's Ministry of the Environment is disclosed in this article.
Accommodating to New Imperatives in Water‐Pollution Control
Authors: Cleary Edward J.
Published: February 2018

Conflicting views and opinions of lawmakers, industrialists, and environmentalists lead to the question–when will the zero‐discharge goal in water pollution control be attained?
Corrosion‐Control Law and Its Effect on Water‐Distribution Systems
Authors: Wagner John
Published: February 2018

In 1971, federal legislation was enacted that requires operators of underground gas transmission and distribution companies to provide corrosion control by using cathodic protection on mains. Currents from this type of protection, however, can cause problems for the water‐utility industry.
Potable‐Water Corrosion Control
Authors: Mullen Edward D. , Ritter Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

When a change in the source of raw surface water to the Middlesex Water Co. generated discolored‐water complaints, a laboratory coupon‐testing program was established to evaluate selected inhibitors. The coupon testing was expanded to measure actual corrosion rates in the distribution system and determine the inhibitor efficiency. These tests have revealed product efficiencies greater than laboratory projections and have resulted in chemical cost savings.
Water‐Supply Research and Sources of Support
Authors: Louis Leo
Published: February 2018

An outline of the history of the AWWA Research Foundation incorporated in 1967 is presented in this article. In addition to a possible program for the future, the need for attracting more funding by water utilities on a sustaining basis is emphasized.
Biological Control: Isolation and Bacterial Oxidation of the Taste‐and‐Odor Compound Geosmin
Authors: Narayan Latha V. , III William J. Nunez
Published: February 2018

Research has revealed that Bacillus species readily degrade geosmin. Bacillus cereus ATCC 9139 and Bacillus subtilus strains were found to be as effective as Bacillus cereus strain 10876. This last organism had been previously reported as the best strain for geosmin degradation in both laboratory and field studies.
The Responsibility of US Water Suppliers
Authors: Kennedy Edward M.
Published: February 2018

Through the functions of AWWA, US citizens have grown accustomed to having a clean supply of water from a seemingly infinite source. The truth of the matter is that this source is threatened. The concerns of private citizens, water suppliers, and legislators must now unite in an effort to sustain that precious resource.
Legislative History of the Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Kyros Peter N.
Published: February 2018

One of the consequences of an industrialized and highly technological society is that the safety of its drinking water becomes seriously jeopardized. A threat of such magnitutde is a warning to the Congress. Federal legislation concerning this issue has been in the House since 1970, and now the Safe Drinking Water Act is about to go to the floor.
The Silent‐Consumer Issue
Authors: Knauer Virginia H.
Published: February 2018

Misconceptions, apathy, and ignorance on the part of the public have been instrumental in delaying action where water‐quality improvement is concerned. Only recently have efforts been initiated to enlighten people about their water and what it contains, but more cooperation is needed among water utilities, consumer and civic groups, and environmental organizations if higher‐quality water is to be attained.
Determining Trace Metals by the Ring‐Oven Technique—Part 1 : Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc
Authors: West Foymae K. , West Philip W.
Published: February 2018

An analytical scheme has been developed for the separation and concentration of copper, cadmium, and zinc from waters. The ring–oven technique is employed for the final concentration step and measurement of the isolated species. Detection of concentrations of these metals well below the maximum permissible concentration is possible with this technique. It is anticipated that this procedure will be useful in field studies and as a screening device to determine compliance with standards.
Modified Methylene Blue Method for Estimating MBAS Concentration
Authors: Wang Lawrence K.
Published: February 2018

A modified methylene blue test for estimating MBAS concentrations has been developed that reduces the number of extractions from seven to two and also reduces the interference caused by chloroform‐extractable pollutants. This simplified methylene blue method is recommended for use by military personnel or treatment‐plant operators with limited training in chemistry.
Check Sampling for Monitoring Bacteriological Quality
Authors: Miller Robert S.
Published: February 2018

At no time is a community's water supply ignored. Constant surveillance, which is compulsory, includes sampling and checksampling to determine the quality of the supply. The objective of these stringent procedures is to maintain the best possible quality of drinking water.
Current DPD Methods for Residual Halogen Compounds and Ozone in Water
Authors: Palin A. T.
Published: February 2018

The DPD titrimetric method for the determination of residual chlorine in water has been a standard laboratory procedure since its introduction in 1957. Over the years, the method has been extended by the addition of supplementary procedures.
Analytical Characterization of Water‐Treatment‐Plant Sludge
Authors: Schmitt C.R. , Hall J.B.
Published: February 2018

Spark‐source mass‐spectrographic analysis was used to characterize samples of alum‐coagulated sludge at the water‐treatment plant in Oak Ridge, Tenn. The sludge solids contained a heterogenous mixture of materials, including organic and nonorganic compounds, soil, and fly‐ash particulates. Analyses showed the presence of many elements.
Residence Times in Pretreatment
Authors: Hudson H. E.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews standard chemical engineering residence‐time analyses methods that deal with effects of compartmentation in mixing systems and techniques for quantitative evaluation of mixed‐flow, plug‐flow, and dead‐space fractions.
Removal of Humic Acid by Coagulation and Microflotation
Authors: Mangravite Francis J. , Buzzell Timothy D. , Cassell E. Alan , Matijevic Egon , Saxton Gary B.
Published: February 2018

The clarification of humic‐acid suspensions by means of coagulation followed by sedimentation and by microflotation has been studied as a function of sol concentration, pH, sol stability, coagulant concentration, and ionic composition. Microflotation produced the same degree of removal as coagulation‐sedimentation but at a much faster rate.
Algae Problems in Eastern Lake Erie
Authors: Clare Lawrence G. , Hopson N.E.
Published: February 2018

Algae reduce the palatability of potable water supplies by producing taste‐ and odor‐causing substances and limit the capacity of water‐treatment plants by clogging filters. These two problems were evaluated at five water‐treatment plants in the eastern basin of Lake Erie over a fiveyear period.
FeCO3 vs Fe(OH)3 Precipitation in Water‐Treatment Plants
Authors: Olson Larry L. , Twardowski Charles J.
Published: February 2018

The removal of iron has always been accomplished by means of an oxidation reaction followed by the precipitation of ferric hydroxide. This study was performed to determine if precipitation of something other than ferric hydroxide would be feasible for such removal in a water‐treatment plant. The study determined that precipitation of ferrous carbonate may occur in many plants that treat hard water.
Bacterial‐Population Dynamics and Dissolved‐Oxygen Minimum
Authors: Drury Douglas D. , Gearheart Robert A.
Published: February 2018

In order to determine the cause of the oxygen‐minimum layer occurring in the Beaver Reservoir in Arkansas, an eight‐month investigation was undertaken which involved the study of the distribution of oxygen in relationship to temperature and bacteria. Testing procedures and results are presented in this article in addition to suggestions for practical application by the environmental engineer.
Reuse
Authors: Okun Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article published in the Apr. 1974 JOURNAL on p. 231.
Improving the Marketability of Bonds
Authors: Tinsley W. E.
Published: February 2018

It is suggested that water‐utility administrators establish a favorable credit base for future use, utilizing adequate accounting and reporting techniques. They should also strive for optimum results, not necessarily lowest interest cost, in seeking financial help, and employ professional assistance in the designing and marketing of bonds.
Bang Khen – Bangkok's Response to a Critical Water Shortage
Authors: Moran W. Dennis , Cheyer Thomas F.
Published: February 2018

By the year 2000, the proposed Bang Khen water‐treatment complex in Bangkok, Thailand, will be one of the largest water‐treatment facilities in the world. This article describes special design methods, project background, and process details involved in planning this facility.
Heavy Metals and Nitrogen in Teheran Ground Water
Authors: Razeghi N. , Jamshidinia Gh. , Imandel K. , Hakimipour M.
Published: February 2018

This article relates survey results that show the presence of many heavy metals and rather abnormal concentrations of nitrogen in the subsurface water of Iran's capital.
The Sevilla Water Supply
Authors: Prats José L.
Published: February 2018

Incorporated into Sevillas water‐supply management policy is the use of a specially designed meter to record separately day‐ and night‐time use with a reduction specified for off‐peak hours. Justification for such a reduction and other administrative procedures are explained in the following article.
Managua Earthquake: Some Lessons in Design and Management
Authors: Hazen Richard
Published: February 2018

Summarized herein are the effects of the Dec. 1972 earthquake on Nicaraguan pumping stations, several types of water mains, and concrete ground‐storage tanks. Emergency steps to restore service and plans to adjust the system to the new situation are also outlined.
Total Approach for the Bogota, Colombia, Water Supply
Authors: Gonzalez Julio , III Max S. Clark
Published: February 2018

A systems‐analysis study for the Bogota, Colombia, region included application of simulation, linear programming, and dynamic programming which have been vital to a multidisciplinary approach in selecting a recommended plan for municipal water supply, irrigation, and hydroelectric developments
When the Reservoir Almost Went Dry
Authors: Jezler Haroldo
Published: February 2018

A long dry spell in 1969 created a very serious water‐supply shortage for the 7 million people that live in the Sao Paulo, Brazil, metropolitan area. During that time, the company in charge of dealing with the emergency had to face the possibility that there could eventually be a total collapse of the water supply. Here is a summary account of actions taken during that serious emergency situation and the attempt to derive some lessons from those hectic days.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Vertessy M.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article that appeared on pages 532‐536 in the Sep. 1974 Journal.
Advanced Techniques in the Mathematical Modeling of Water‐Distribution Systems
Authors: Alexander Stuart M. , Glenn Norman L. , Bird Donald W.
Published: February 2018

The network analysis program, described in this article, is a state‐of‐the‐art tool for the planning and design of water‐distribution systems. Entire systems, regardless of size and complexity, can be modeled; the program will accurately simulate all major features of a contemporary water‐distribution system. The network analysis can be applied either to the entire system or to any part of the system.
Macroscopic Distribution‐System Modeling
Authors: DeMoyer Robert , Horwitz Lawrence B.
Published: February 2018

The following presents a derivation of a modeling algorithm that was briefly described in the Apr. 1973 JOURNAL AWWA article, “Replication Modeling for Water‐Distribution Control.”*
Contour Mapping—An Essential Tool Revisited
Authors: Guthrie David L.
Published: February 2018

The technique of contour mapping is recommended as an indispensable instrument in evaluating an ecosystem. Since the subject is unfamiliar to many, this article explains the basic steps involved in plotting such a map.
Separating Liquids From Solids by Pellet Flocculation
Authors: Yusa Mitsuo , Suzuki Hidetomo , Tanaka Shigemasa
Published: February 2018

A new solid‐liquid separation process is described in which pellets are formed from suspended particles in a dispersion medium such as water. The process is known as pellet flocculation and should have useful applications in the water‐treatment field.