bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zircon U–Pb Geochronology, Elemental Geochemistry and Geological Implications of the Andesite of the Yixian Formation in the Tiejiangyingzi Basin in Southeastern Chifeng, China
Authors: Wang Chun‐Guang , Sun Feng‐Yue , Sun Guo‐Sheng , Li Yang , Sun Jiu‐Da , Feng Hong‐Da
Published: March 2016

The Early Cretaceous andesite of the Yixian Formation is an ore‐host rock in the Tiejiangyingzi basin in southeastern Chifeng, China, and bears several meso‐epithermal Au deposits, such as the Nalingou and Yaogou Au deposits. The geochronology and elemental geochemistry of the Yixian Formation were investigated to reveal its metallogenic context, petrogenesis, and mineralization contribution. The 206Pb/238U ages of zircons reveals that the andesite formed at 125.5 ± 0.9 Ma. This rock belongs to calc‐alkali rock series according to its elemental geochemical analysis results (i.e., SiO2 = 63.63%–67.27%, MgO = 1.17%–1.43%, K2O = 4.07%–4.67%, Mg# = 35–41, Al2O3 = 17.16%–18.63%, Na2O = 3.35%–4.08%, Sr = (240.1–585.6) × 10‐6, Yb = (1.83–2.22) × 10‐6, Y = (13.9–23.36) × 10‐6, Na2O/K2O = 0.7–0.9, Eu/Eu* = (0.75–0.79) × 10‐6, Sr/Y = 13–27, LaN/YbN = 11–19 ). The chondrite‐normalized trace element plot shows that the andesite is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and Yb. Thus, the residual phase of andesite volcanic rocks is a granulite suite that contains amphibole and little remaining garnet in the Tiejiangyingzi basin. It can be concluded that andesite volcanic rocks distributed in the Tiejiangyingzi basin were formed in an extensional tectonic environment during the Mesozoic orogen, and the lower crust had experienced extensive high‐temperature metamorphism and melting. This gold‐bearing lower crust is closely related to mineralization. Therefore, the conclusions of this research have an important implication for further prospecting in southeastern Chifeng, China.
Home behavioral economics: Childcare decisions in the United States and Norway
Authors: Wilson Katharine F. , Hantula Donald A.
Published: March 2016

This research investigated how a couple decides which parent stays home as a childcare provider by attempting to determine the economic value on maternal care versus paternal care while examining the potential effects of nationality, gender role attitudes, and social support. We collected data from 240 American participants and 250 Norwegian participants who were asked to decide how much a mother needs to earn to allow her husband to stay at home to provide childcare and how much a father needs to earn to allow his wife to stay at home and provide childcare, in addition to items assessing gender role attitudes. No effect of social support was found, but Norwegians were slightly more likely than Americans to place a heavier earning burden on the husband. There were few differences in gender role attitudes by nationality. The impact of public policy and social desirability on the results and childcare decision making are discussed.
Functional Mixed Effects Model for Small Area Estimation
Authors: Maiti Tapabrata , Sinha Samiran , Zhong Ping‐Shou
Published: March 2016

Functional data analysis has become an important area of research because of its ability of handling high‐dimensional and complex data structures. However, the development is limited in the context of linear mixed effect models and, in particular, for small area estimation. The linear mixed effect models are the backbone of small area estimation. In this article, we consider area‐level data and fit a varying coefficient linear mixed effect model where the varying coefficients are semiparametrically modelled via B‐splines. We propose a method of estimating the fixed effect parameters and consider prediction of random effects that can be implemented using a standard software. For measuring prediction uncertainties, we derive an analytical expression for the mean squared errors and propose a method of estimating the mean squared errors. The procedure is illustrated via a real data example, and operating characteristics of the method are judged using finite sample simulation studies.
The interaction between constituent year and within‐1‐year effects in elite German youth basketball
Authors: Steingröver C. , Wattie N. , Baker J. , Helsen W. F. , Schorer J.
Published: March 2016

The current state of research on relative age effects in basketball shows an uneven picture. These mixed results might be caused by the interaction of constituent year and within‐year effects. Our aim was to examine constituent and within‐1‐year effects in elite German youth basketball. The sample (n = 4400) included players competing in the JBBL (Under‐16 first division) and the NBBL (Under‐19 first division) from 2011/2012 until 2013/2014. A multi‐way frequency analysis revealed an interaction of constituent year effects and within‐1‐year effects for the JBBL, χ2(6, 2590) = 12.76, P < 0.05. NBBL data showed significant constituent year effects, χ2(2, n = 1810) = 25.32, P < 0.01, and within‐1‐year effects for all three age bands but no interaction. The interaction between constituent year and within‐1‐year effects in the JBBL showed reduced within‐1‐year effects with increasing age. Once players enter the system in the JBBL, relatively younger players seem less likely to drop out of the system. Results offer new insight regarding how the regulations of this talent development system may influence athletes' opportunities to enter the system and their likelihood of staying at the highest levels of competition.
Impact of aerobic fitness on cerebral blood flow and cerebral vascular responsiveness to CO2 in young and older men
Authors: Braz I. D. , Flück D. , Lip G. Y. H. , Lundby C. , Fisher J. P.
Published: March 2016

We sought to test the hypothesis that brain blood flow and cerebral vascular responsiveness to carbon dioxide (CVRCO2) are greater in aerobically trained young and old individuals compared to their untrained counterparts. In 11 young trained {[23 (20–26) years] [mean (95% confidence interval)]}, 10 young untrained [25 (22–28) years], 8 older trained [65 (61–69) years], and 9 older untrained [67 (64–71) years] healthy individuals, Doppler ultrasound of the internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral (VA) artery blood flow were determined, along with middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (MCA Vmean). Bilateral ICA blood flow was higher in trained individuals when compared to untrained (≈31%, P < 0.05), but was not influenced by age. VA blood flow was not affected by age or cardiorespiratory fitness. MCA Vmean was reduced with age [59.5 (55.0–64.1) cm/s young vs 43.6 (38.4–48.9) cm/s old, P < 0.05] with no significant effect of training observed. MCA CVRCO2 were not significantly affected by either age or training status, while ICA CVRCO2 tended to be elevated in the old trained group. These findings indicate that endurance training enhances bilateral ICA but not VA blood flow in both young and older individuals.
Adaptable texture‐based segmentation by variance and intensity for automatic detection of semitranslucent and pink blush areas in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kefel S. , Pelin Kefel S. , LeAnder R. W. , Kaur R. , Kasmi R. , Mishra N. K. , Rader R. K. , Cole J. G. , Woolsey Z. T. , Stoecker W. V.
Published: March 2016

Background

Pink blush is a common feature in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). A related feature, semitranslucency, appears as smooth pink or orange regions resembling skin color. We introduce an automatic method for detection of these features based on smoothness and brightness. We also introduce a neighborhood correction method for texture area correction.

Methods

Smoothness and brightness were analyzed over four bands: luminance, red, green, and blue, then merged using variance‐based dynamic thresholding. Dermoscopic images of 100 biopsy‐proven BCCs and 254 competitive benign mimics were used to train the algorithm. Sixteen color and texture features were extracted from the automatically detected areas. The confusion matrix for the algorithm showed 15 classification errors in the training set for the 354 images: three errors in the BCC set and 12 errors in the benign set.

Results

Logistic regression analysis on a separate 1024‐image test set was able to achieve good separation of BCC from benign lesions with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of 0.878 and 0.877 using manually‐created and automatically‐generated BCC border masks, respectively.

Conclusion

This pilot study indicates that automatic detection of semitranslucent and pink blush areas in BCC is feasible using colors and first‐order texture statistics.
Allergic reactions in red tattoos: Raman spectroscopy for ‘fingerprint’ detection of chemical risk spectra in tattooed skin and culprit tattoo inks
Authors: Hutton Carlsen K. , Køcks M. , Sepehri M. , Serup J.
Published: March 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a screening technique for chemical characterisation of tattoo pigments in pathologic reacting tattoos and tattoo ink stock products to depict unsafe pigments and metabolites of pigments.

Materials/Methods

Twelve dermatome shave biopsies from allergic reactions in red tattoos were analysed with Raman spectroscopy (A 785‐nm 300 mW diode laser). These were referenced to samples of 10 different standard tattoo ink stock products, three of these identified as the culprit inks used by the tattooist and thus by history the source of the allergy. Three primary aromatic amine (PAA) laboratory standards (aniline, o‐anisidine and 3,3′‐dichlorobenzidine) were also studied.

Results

Application of Raman spectroscopy to the shave biopsies was technically feasible. In addition, all ten inks and the three PAA standards could be discriminated. 10/12 shave biopsies provided clear fingerprint Raman signals which differed significantly from background skin, and Raman spectra from 8/12 biopsies perfectly matched spectra from the three culprit ink products. The spectrum of one red ink (a low cost product named ‘Tattoo’, claimed to originate from Taiwan, no other info on label) was identified in 5/12 biopsies. Strong indications of the inks ‘Bright Red’ and ‘Crimson Red’ were seen in three biopsies. The three PAA's could not be unambiguously identified.

Conclusion

This study, although on a small‐scale, demonstrated Raman spectroscopy to be feasible for chemical analysis of red pigments in allergic reactions. Raman spectroscopy has a major potential for fingerprint screening of problematic tattoo pigments in situ in skin, ex vivo in skin biopsies and in tattoo ink stock products, thus, to eliminate unsafe ink products from markets.
HLA‐B*40:167, a novel allele, identified in a Chinese individual
Authors: Li X.‐F. , Zhang X. , Lin F.‐Q. , Zhang K.‐L. , Li J.‐P.
Published: March 2016

HLA‐B*40:167 has one nucleotide change from HLA‐B*40:06:01:01 at nucleotide 388 where 106D is changed to H.
Identification of the novel HLA‐B*52:42 allele by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing in a Chinese bone marrow donor
Authors: Chen N.‐Y. , Dong L.‐N. , Zhang W. , He J. , Zhu F.‐M.
Published: March 2016

HLA‐B*52:42 is different from HLA‐B*52:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 343G>C.
Heartwood‐specific transcriptome and metabolite signatures of tropical sandalwood (Santalum album) reveal the final step of (Z)‐santalol fragrance biosynthesis
Authors: Celedon Jose M. , Chiang Angela , Yuen Macaire M.S. , Diaz‐Chavez Maria L. , Madilao Lufiani L. , Finnegan Patrick M. , Barbour Elizabeth L. , Bohlmann Jörg
Published: March 2016

Tropical sandalwood (Santalum album) produces one of the world's most highly prized fragrances, which is extracted from mature heartwood. However, in some places such as southern India, natural populations of this slow‐growing tree are threatened by over‐exploitation. Sandalwood oil contains four major and fragrance‐defining sesquiterpenols: (Z)‐α‐santalol, (Z)‐β‐santalol, (Z)‐epi‐β‐santalol and (Z)‐α‐exo‐bergamotol. The first committed step in their biosynthesis is catalyzed by a multi‐product santalene/bergamotene synthase. Sandalwood cytochromes P450 of the CYP76F sub‐family were recently shown to hydroxylate santalenes and bergamotene; however, these enzymes produced mostly (E)‐santalols and (E)‐α‐exo‐bergamotol. We hypothesized that different santalene/bergamotene hydroxylases evolved in S. album to stereo‐selectively produce (E)‐ or (Z)‐sesquiterpenols, and that genes encoding (Z)‐specific P450s contribute to sandalwood oil formation if co‐expressed in the heartwood with upstream genes of sesquiterpene biosynthesis. This hypothesis was validated by the discovery of a heartwood‐specific transcriptome signature for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, including highly expressed SaCYP736A167 transcripts. We characterized SaCYP736A167 as a multi‐substrate P450, which stereo‐selectively produces (Z)‐α‐santalol, (Z)‐β‐santalol, (Z)‐epi‐β‐santalol and (Z)‐α‐exo‐bergamotol, matching authentic sandalwood oil. This work completes the discovery of the biosynthetic enzymes of key components of sandalwood fragrance, and highlights the evolutionary diversification of stereo‐selective P450s in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Bioengineering of microbial systems using SaCYP736A167, combined with santalene/bergamotene synthase, has potential for development of alternative industrial production systems for sandalwood oil fragrances.
Bacterial microcompartments as metabolic modules for plant synthetic biology
Authors: Gonzalez‐Esquer C. Raul , Newnham Sarah E. , Kerfeld Cheryl A.
Published: March 2016

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are megadalton‐sized protein assemblies that enclose segments of metabolic pathways within cells. They increase the catalytic efficiency of the encapsulated enzymes while sequestering volatile or toxic intermediates from the bulk cytosol. The first BMCs discovered were the carboxysomes of cyanobacteria. Carboxysomes compartmentalize the enzyme ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) with carbonic anhydrase. They enhance the carboxylase activity of RuBisCO by increasing the local concentration of CO2 in the vicinity of the enzyme's active site. As a metabolic module for carbon fixation, carboxysomes could be transferred to eukaryotic organisms (e.g. plants) to increase photosynthetic efficiency. Within the scope of synthetic biology, carboxysomes and other BMCs hold even greater potential when considered a source of building blocks for the development of nanoreactors or three‐dimensional scaffolds to increase the efficiency of either native or heterologously expressed enzymes. The carboxysome serves as an ideal model system for testing approaches to engineering BMCs because their expression in cyanobacteria provides a sensitive screen for form (appearance of polyhedral bodies) and function (ability to grow on air). We recount recent progress in the re‐engineering of the carboxysome shell and core to offer a conceptual framework for the development of BMC‐based architectures for applications in plant synthetic biology.
The Global Economic Crisis and The Effect of Immigrant Workers on Native‐born Employment in Europe
Authors: Fromentin Vincent , Damette Olivier , Zou Benteng
Published: March 2016

The debate regarding the economic effects of employing immigrants has attracted renewed interest in European countries since the economic crisis. We provide an approximation of the labour market effects of immigrant workers in four European countries during the global economic crisis after briefly analysing native and foreign‐born worker conditions for the most recent period. Our analysis focuses on the correlation between the stock of immigrant workers and the number of native labour market workers across several segments of the labour market using a simple model approach. Using Eurostat and LFS (Labour Force Survey) data, we estimate a structural dynamic model using the generalised method of moments (GMM) to examine adjustment dynamics in the labour market and labour market segment and worker educational levels, countries of origin and genders. Overall, the empirical results suggest that immigrant labour force effects on native‐born worker employment rates have been persistent and but weak throughout the business cycle. These effects are globally positive, and immigrant origins do not appear to change the nature of their impact. We offer some explanations for these findings related to dual labour markets and to differences in levels of substitution among native and immigrant workers.
Thromboelastographic evidence of inhibition of fibrinolysis after ε‐aminocaproic acid administration in a dog with suspected acute traumatic coagulopathy
Authors: Yoo Seung H. , Venn Emilee , Sullivan Lauren A. , Olver Christine S.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To describe the thromboelastographic changes in fibrinolysis with ε‐aminocaproic acid treatment in a dog with suspected acute traumatic coagulopathy.

Case Summary

A 9‐year‐old female spayed Airedale Terrier was presented with multiple injuries consistent with motor vehicle trauma. After surgical repair of a diaphragmatic hernia and minor laceration of the right cranial lung lobe, the dog continued to produce copious volumes of hemorrhagic fluid from the thoracic cavity despite multiple plasma transfusions, autotransfusions, and failure to locate a definitive source of bleeding during 2 separate surgeries. ε‐Aminocaproic acid treatment was initiated and was associated with rapid clinical improvement and diminished fibrinolysis based on a modified plasma‐based thromboelastogram.

New or Unique Information Provided

This report describes thromboelastographic evidence of inhibition of fibrinolysis after ε‐aminocaproic acid administration in a dog with suspected acute traumatic coagulopathy. Thromboelastrography may be useful in monitoring therapy with antifibrinolytic drugs.
Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress improves coronary artery function in type 2 diabetic mice
Authors: Choi Soo‐Kyoung , Lim Mihwa , Yeon Soo‐In , Lee Young‐Ho
Published: March 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported to be involved in type 2 diabetes; however, the role of exacerbated ER stress in vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remains unknown.

What is the main finding and its importance?

The main findings of this study are that ER stress is increased in the coronary arteries in type 2 diabetes, and inhibition of ER stress using taurine‐conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid improves vascular function, which is associated with normalization of the myogenic response and endothelium‐dependent relaxation.

Vascular dysfunction is a major complication in type 2 diabetes. Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been suggested to be a contributory factor in cardiovascular diseases, the relationship between ER stress and vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Thus, in the present study, we examined whether ER stress contributes to coronary artery dysfunction and whether inhibition of ER stress ameliorates vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetic mice and their control counterparts were treated with an ER stress inhibitor (taurine‐conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid, 150 mg kg−1 day−1, by i.p. injection) for 2 weeks or not treated. The myogenic response and endothelium‐dependent relaxation were measured in pressurized coronary arteries. In type 2 diabetic mice, blood glucose and body weight were elevated compared with control mice. The myogenic response was potentiated and endothelium‐dependent relaxation impaired in coronary arteries from the type 2 diabetic mice. Interestingly, treatment with the ER stress inhibitor normalized the myogenic responses and endothelium‐dependent relaxation. These data were associated with an increase in ER stress marker expression or phosphorylation (IRE1‐XBP‐1 and PERK‐eIF2α) in type 2 diabetic mice, which were reduced by treatment with the ER stress inhibitor. Inhibition of ER stress normalizes the myogenic response and improves vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, ER stress could be a potential target for cardiovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus.
Lessons from nature: signalling cascades associated with vertebrate brain anoxic survival
Authors: Nayak Gauri , Prentice Howard M. , Milton Sarah L.
Published: March 2016

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

Although the mammalian brain is exquisitely sensitive to hypoxia, some turtles survive complete anoxia by decreasing metabolic demand to match reduced energy supply. These animal models may help to elucidate neuroprotective mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic targets for diseases of oxygen deprivation.

What advances does it highlight?

The mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are part of the suite of adaptive responses to anoxia that are modulated by adenosine, a ‘retaliatory metabolite’ released in early anoxia. In anoxic turtle neurons, upregulation of pro‐survival Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways promote cell survival, as does the anoxic‐ and post‐anoxic upregulation of the antioxidant methionine sulfoxide reductase.

Mammalian neurons undergo rapid degeneration when oxygen supply is curtailed. Neuroprotective pathways are induced during hypoxia/ischaemia, but their analysis is complicated by concurrent pathological events. Survival mechanisms can be investigated in anoxia‐tolerant freshwater turtle species, which survive oxygen deprivation and post‐anoxic reoxygenation by entrance into a state of reversible hypometabolism. Many energy‐demanding processes are suppressed, including ion flux and neurotransmitter release, whereas cellular protective mechanisms, including certain mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), are upregulated. This superfamily of serine/threonine kinases plays a significant role in vital cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stress adaptation and apoptosis in response to external stimuli. Here, we report that neuronal survival relies on robust co‐ordination between the major signalling cascades, with upregulation of the pro‐survival Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. Other protective responses, including the upregulation of heat shock proteins and antioxidants, allow the turtle brain to abrogate potential oxidative stress upon reoxygenation.
Design of a Tritium-In-Air Monitor Using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
Authors: McNelles Phillip , Lu Lixuan
Published: March 2016

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have recently garnered significant interest for certain applications within the nuclear field including instrumentation and control (I&C) systems, pulse measurement systems, particle detectors, and health physics. In CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) nuclear power plants, the use of heavy water (D2O) as the moderator leads to increased production of tritium, which poses a health risk and must be monitored by tritium-in-air monitors (TAMs). Traditional TAMs are mostly designed using microprocessors. More recent studies show that FPGAs could be a potential alternative to implement the electronic logic used in radiation detectors, such as the TAM, more effectively. In this paper, an FPGA-based TAM is designed and constructed in a laboratory setting using an FPGA-based cRIO system. New functionalities, such as the detection of carbon-14 and the addition of noble-gas compensation, are incorporated into a new FPGA-based TAM along with the standard functions included in the original microprocessor-based TAM. The effectiveness of the new design is demonstrated through simulations as well as laboratory testing on the prototype system. Potential issues caused by radiation interactions with the FPGA are beyond the scope of this work.
Superinfection Exclusion of the Ruminant Pathogen Anaplasma marginale in Its Tick Vector Is Dependent on the Time between Exposures to the Strains
Authors: Noh Susan M. , Dark Michael J. , Reif Kathryn E. , Ueti Massaro W. , Kappmeyer Lowell S. , Scoles Glen A. , Palmer Guy H. , Brayton Kelly A.
Published: March 2016

The remarkable genetic diversity of vector-borne pathogens allows for the establishment of superinfection in the mammalian host. To have a long-term impact on population strain structure, the introduced strains must also be transmitted by a vector population that has been exposed to the existing primary strain. The sequential exposure of the vector to multiple strains frequently prevents establishment of the second strain, a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion. As a consequence, superinfection exclusion may greatly limit genetic diversity in the host population, which is difficult to reconcile with the high degree of genetic diversity maintained among vector-borne pathogens. Using
Anaplasma marginale
, a tick-borne bacterial pathogen of ruminants, we hypothesized that superinfection exclusion is temporally dependent and that longer intervals between strain exposures allow successful acquisition and transmission of a superinfecting strain. To test this hypothesis, we sequentially exposed
Dermacentor andersoni
ticks to two readily tick-transmissible strains of
A. marginale
. The tick feedings were either immediately sequential or 28 days apart. Ticks were allowed to transmission feed and were individually assessed to determine if they were infected with one or both strains. The second strain was excluded from the tick when the exposure interval was brief but not when it was prolonged. Midguts and salivary glands of individual ticks were superinfected and transmission of both strains occurred only when the exposure interval was prolonged. These findings indicate that superinfection exclusion is temporally dependent, which helps to account for the differences in pathogen strain structure in tropical compared to temperate regions.

IMPORTANCE
Many vector-borne pathogens have marked genetic diversity, which influences pathogen traits such as transmissibility and virulence. The most successful strains are those that are preferentially transmitted by the vector. However, the factors that determine successful transmission of a particular strain are unknown. In the case of intracellular, bacterial, tick-borne pathogens, one potential factor is superinfection exclusion, in which colonization of ticks by the first strain of a pathogen it encounters prevents the transmission of a second strain. Using
A. marginale
, the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle worldwide, and its natural tick vector, we determined that superinfection exclusion occurs when the time between exposures to two strains is brief but not when it is prolonged. These findings suggest that superinfection exclusion may influence strain transmission in temperate regions, where tick activity is limited by season, but not in tropical regions, where ticks are active for long periods.
Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces
Authors: Perry K. A. , Coulliette A. D. , Rose L. J. , Shams A. M. , Edwards J. R. , Noble-Wang J. A.
Published: March 2016

As annual influenza epidemics continue to cause significant morbidity and economic burden, an understanding of viral persistence and transmission is critical for public health officials and health care workers to better protect patients and their family members from infection. The infectivity and persistence of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains (A/New Caledonia/20/1999 and A/Brisbane/59/2007) on stainless steel (SS) surfaces were evaluated using three different surface matrices (2% fetal bovine serum, 5 mg/ml mucin, and viral medium) under various absolute humidity conditions (4.1 × 10
5
mPa, 6.5 × 10
5
mPa, 7.1 × 10
5
mPa, 11.4 × 10
5
mPa, 11.2 × 10
5
mPa, and 17.9 × 10
5
mPa) for up to 7 days. Influenza A virus was deposited onto SS coupons (7.07 cm
2
) and recovered by agitation and sonication in viral medium. Viral persistence was quantified using a tissue culture-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the median (50%) tissue culture infective dose (TCID
50
) of infectious virus per coupon. Overall, both strains of influenza A virus remained infectious on SS coupons, with an approximate 2 log
10
loss over 7 days. Factors that influenced viral persistence included absolute humidity, strain-absolute humidity interaction, and time (
P
≤ 0.01). Further studies on the transfer of influenza A virus from fomites by hand and the impact of inanimate surface contamination on transmission should be performed, as this study demonstrates prolonged persistence on nonporous surfaces.

IMPORTANCE
This study tested the ability of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains to persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces under various environmental conditions. It demonstrated that influenza A (H1N1) viruses can persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces for 7 days. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of influenza A virus.
Virulence Gene-Associated Mutant Bacterial Colonies Generate Differentiating Two-Dimensional Laser Scatter Fingerprints
Authors: Singh Atul K. , Leprun Lena , Drolia Rishi , Bai Xingjian , Kim Huisung , Aroonnual Amornrat , Bae Euiwon , Mishra Krishna K. , Bhunia Arun K.
Published: March 2016

In this study, we investigated whether a laser scatterometer designated BARDOT (bacterialrapiddetection usingoptical scatteringtechnology) could be used to directly screen colonies ofListeria monocytogenes, a model pathogen, with mutations in several known virulence genes, including the genes encodingListeriaadhesion protein (LAP;lapmutant), internalin A (ΔinlAstrain), and an accessory secretory protein (ΔsecA2strain). Here we show that the scatter patterns oflapmutant, ΔinlA, and ΔsecA2colonies were markedly different from that of the wild type (WT), with >95% positive predictive values (PPVs), whereas for the complemented mutant strains, scatter patterns were restored to that of the WT. The scatter image library successfully distinguished thelapmutant and ΔinlAmutant strains from the WT in mixed-culture experiments, including a coinfection study using the Caco-2 cell line. Among the biophysical parameters examined, the colony height and optical density did not reveal any discernible differences between the mutant and WT strains. We also found that differential LAP expression inL. monocytogenesserotype 4b strains also affected the scatter patterns of the colonies. The results from this study suggest that BARDOT can be used to screen and enumerate mutant strains separately from the WT based on differential colony scatter patterns.

IMPORTANCEIn studies of microbial pathogenesis, virulence-encoding genes are routinely disrupted by deletion or insertion to create mutant strains. Screening of mutant strains is an arduous process involving plating on selective growth media, replica plating, colony hybridization, DNA isolation, and PCR or immunoassays. We applied a noninvasive laser scatterometer to differentiate mutant bacterial colonies from WT colonies based on forward optical scatter patterns. This study demonstrates that BARDOT can be used as a novel, label-free, real-time tool to aid researchers in screening virulence gene-associated mutant colonies during microbial pathogenesis, coinfection, and genetic manipulation studies.
Validity of breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnoses in administrative databases: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Abraha Iosief , Giovannini Gianni , Serraino Diego , Fusco Mario , Montedori Alessandro
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Breast, lung and colorectal cancers constitute the most common cancers worldwide and their epidemiology, related health outcomes and quality indicators can be studied using administrative healthcare databases. To constitute a reliable source for research, administrative healthcare databases need to be validated. The aim of this protocol is to perform the first systematic review of studies reporting the validation of International Classification of Diseases 9th and 10th revision codes to identify breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnoses in administrative healthcare databases.

Methods and analysis

This review protocol has been developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. We will search the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library, using appropriate search strategies. We will include validation studies that used administrative data to identify breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnoses or studies that evaluated the validity of breast, lung and colorectal cancer codes in administrative data. The following inclusion criteria will be used: (1) the presence of a reference standard case definition for the disease of interest; (2) the presence of at least one test measure (eg, sensitivity, positive predictive values, etc) and (3) the use of data source from an administrative database. Pairs of reviewers will independently abstract data using standardised forms and will assess quality using a checklist based on the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy (STARD) criteria.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval is not required. We will submit results of this study to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. The results will serve as a guide to identify appropriate case definitions and algorithms of breast, lung and colorectal cancers for researchers involved in validating administrative healthcare databases as well as for outcome research on these conditions that used administrative healthcare databases.

Trial registration number

CRD42015026881.
The BMA's guidance on conscientious objection may be contrary to human rights law
Authors: Adenitire John Olusegun
Published: March 2016

It is argued that the current policy of the British Medical Association (BMA) on conscientious objection is not aligned with recent human rights developments. These grant a right to conscientious objection to doctors in many more circumstances than the very few recognised by the BMA. However, this wide-ranging right may be overridden if the refusal to accommodate the conscientious objection is proportionate. It is shown that it is very likely that it is lawful to refuse to accommodate conscientious objections that would result in discrimination of protected groups. It is still uncertain, however, in what particular circumstances the objection may be lawfully refused, if it poses risks to the health and safety of patients. The BMA's policy has not caught up with these human rights developments and ought to be changed.
HOTVOLC: a web-based monitoring system for volcanic hot spots
Authors: Gouhier M. , Guéhenneux Y. , Labazuy P. , Cacault P. , Decriem J. , Rivet S.
Published: March 2016

Infrared (IR) satellite-based sensors allow the detection and quantification of volcanic hot spots. Sensors flown on geostationary satellites are particularly helpful in the early warning and continuous tracking of effusive activity. Development of operational monitoring and dissemination systems is essential to achieve the real-time ingestion and processing of IR data for a timely response during volcanic crises. HOTVOLC is a web-based satellite-data-driven monitoring system developed at the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (Clermont-Ferrand), designed to achieve near-real-time monitoring of volcanic activity using on-site ingestion of geostationary satellite data (e.g. MSG-SEVIRI, MTSAT, GOES-Imager). Here we present the characteristics of the HOTVOLC system for the monitoring of effusive activity. The system comprises two acquisition stations and secure databases (i.e. mirrored archives). The detection of volcanic hot spots uses a contextual algorithm that is based on a modified form of the Normalized Thermal Index (NTI*) and VAST. Raster images and numerical data are available to open-access on a Web-GIS interface. Tests are carried out and presented here, particularly for the 12–13 January 2011 eruption of Mount Etna, to show the capability of the system to provide quantitative information such as lava volume and time-averaged discharge rate. Examples of operational application reveal the ability of the HOTVOLC system to provide timely thermal information about volcanic hot spot activity.
Antiarrhythmic effect of growth factor-supplemented cardiac progenitor cells in chronic infarcted heart
Authors: Savi Monia , Bocchi Leonardo , Rossi Stefano , Frati Caterina , Graiani Gallia , Lagrasta Costanza , Miragoli Michele , Di Pasquale Elisa , Stirparo Giuliano G. , Mastrototaro Giuseppina , Urbanek Konrad , De Angelis Antonella , Macchi Emilio , Stilli Donatella , Quaini Federico , Musso Ezio
Published: March 2016

c-Kitpos cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) represent a successful approach in healing the infarcted heart and rescuing its mechanical function, but electrophysiological consequences are uncertain. CPC mobilization promoted by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and IGF-1 improved electrogenesis in myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that locally delivered CPCs supplemented with HGF + IGF-1 (GFs) can concur in ameliorating electrical stability of the regenerated heart. Adult male Wistar rats (139 rats) with 4-wk-old MI or sham conditions were randomized to receive intramyocardial injection of GFs, CPCs, CPCs + GFs, or vehicle (V). Enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged CPCs were used for cell tracking. Vulnerability to stress-induced arrhythmia was assessed by telemetry-ECG. Basic cardiac electrophysiological properties were examined by epicardial multiple-lead recording. Hemodynamic function was measured invasively. Hearts were subjected to anatomical, morphometric, immunohistochemical, and molecular biology analyses. Compared with V and at variance with individual CPCs, CPCs + GFs approximately halved arrhythmias in all animals, restoring cardiac anisotropy toward sham values. GFs alone reduced arrhythmias by less than CPCs + GFs, prolonging ventricular refractoriness without affecting conduction velocity. Concomitantly, CPCs + GFs reactivated the expression levels of Connexin-43 and Connexin-40 as well as channel proteins of key depolarizing and repolarizing ion currents differently than sole GFs. Mechanical function and anatomical remodeling were equally improved by all regenerative treatments, thus exhibiting a divergent behavior relative to electrical aspects. Conclusively, we provided evidence of distinctive antiarrhythmic action of locally injected GF-supplemented CPCs, likely attributable to retrieval of Connexin-43, Connexin-40, and Cav1.2 expression, favoring intercellular coupling and spread of excitation in mended heart.
Effects of estrogen on cerebrovascular function: age-dependent shifts from beneficial to detrimental in small cerebral arteries of the rat
Authors: Deer Rachel R. , Stallone John N.
Published: March 2016

In the present study, interactions of age and estrogen in the modulation of cerebrovascular function were examined in small arteries <150 μM. The hypothesis tested was that age enhances deleterious effects of exogenous estrogen by augmenting constrictor prostanoid (CP)-potentiated reactivity of the female (F) cerebrovasculature. F Sprague-Dawley rats approximating key stages of “hormonal aging” in humans were studied: perimenopausal (mature multi-gravid, MA, cyclic, 5–6 mo of age) and postmenopausal (reproductively senescent, RS, acyclic 10–12 mo of age). Rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy and were given estrogen replacement therapy (E) or placebo (O) for 14–21 days. Vasopressin reactivity (VP, 10−12–10−7M) was measured in pressurized middle cerebral artery segments, alone or in the presence of COX-1- (SC560, 1 μM) or COX-2- (NS398, 10 μM) selective inhibitors. VP-stimulated release of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2) were assessed by radioimmunoassay of 6-keto-PGF1αand TXB2(stable metabolites). VP-induced vasoconstriction was attenuated in ovariectomized + estrogen-replaced, multigravid adult rats (5–6 mo; MAE) but potentiated in older ovariectomized + estrogen-replaced, reproductively senescent rats (12–14 mo; RSE). SC560 and NS398 reduced reactivity similarly in ovariectomized multigravid adult rats (5–6 mo; MAO) and ovariectomized reproductively senescent rat (12–14 mo; RSO). In MAE, reactivity to VP was reduced to a greater extent by SC560 than by NS398; however, in RSE, this effect was reversed. VP-stimulated PGI2was increased by estrogen, yet reduced by age. VP-stimulated TXA2was increased by estrogen and age in RSE but did not differ in MAO and RSO. Taken together, these data reveal that the vascular effects of estrogen are distinctly age-dependent in F rats. In younger MA, beneficial and protective effects of estrogen are evident (decreased vasoconstriction, increased dilator prostanoid function). Conversely, in older RS, detrimental effects of estrogen begin to be manifested (enhanced vasoconstriction and CP function). These findings may lead to age-specific estrogen replacement therapies that maximize beneficial and minimize detrimental effects of this hormone on small cerebral arteries that regulate blood flow.

Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/effects-of-age-and-estrogen-on-cerebrovascular-function/ .
Periostin Contributes to Cisplatin Resistance in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells via Activation of Stat3 and Akt and Upregulation of Survivin
Authors: Hu Wenxia , Jin Pule , Liu Wei
Published: March 2016

Background/Aims: Periostin is upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was done to explore the function of periostin in the development of cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in NSCLC. Methods: The effects of overexpression or knockdown of periostin on CDDP sensitivity was examined in A549 cells. The involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and Akt signaling in the action of periostin was checked. The in vivo effect of periostin silencing on CDDP susceptibility was determined in a mouse xenograft model. Results: Periostin was significantly upregulated in CDDP-resistant A549 cells, compared to parental controls. Overexpression of periostin rendered A549 cells more resistant to CDDP-induced apoptosis and enhanced Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation and survivin expression. Periostin-mediated protection against CDDP-induced apoptosis was compromised by downregulation of survivin. Furthermore, knockdown of periostin re-sensitized CDDP-resistant A549 cells to CDDP. After CDDP treatment, greater volume reduction was observed in periostin-silenced xenograft tumors than in control tumors, which was accompanied by reduced levels of phosphorylated Stat3 and survivin in periostin-depleted tumors. Conclusion: In conclusion, periostin promotes CDDP resistance in NSCLC cells largely through activation of Stat3 and Akt and upregulation of survivin and thus represents a promising target for overcoming CDDP resistance.
Leptin as a Potential Regulator of FGF21
Authors: Asrih Mohamed , Veyrat-Durebex Christelle , Poher Anne-Laure , Lyautey Jacqueline , Rohner-Jeanrenaud Françoise , Jornayvaz François R.
Published: March 2016

Background/Aims: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a potent metabolic regulator, has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in animal models of insulin resistance. Several studies have focused on identifying mediators of FGF21 effects. However, the identification of factors involved in FGF21 regulation is far from complete. As leptin is a potent metabolic modulator as well, we aimed at characterizing whether leptin may regulate FGF21. Methods: We investigated a potential regulation of FGF21 by leptin in vivo in Wistar rats and in vitro using human derived hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. This model was chosen as the liver is considered the main FGF21 expression site. Results: We found that leptin injections increased plasma FGF21 levels in adult Wistar rats. This was confirmed in vitro, as leptin increased FGF21 expression in HepG2 cells. We also showed that the leptin effect on FGF21 expression was mediated by STAT3 activation in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: New findings regarding a leptin-STAT3-FGF21 axis were provided in this study, although investigating the exact mechanisms linking leptin and FGF21 are still needed. These results are of great interest in the context of identifying potential new clinical approaches to treat metabolic diseases associated with insulin resistance, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Pterostilbene Inhibits the Growth of Human Esophageal Cancer Cells by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Feng Yingtong , Yang Yang , Fan Chongxi , Di Shouyin , Hu Wei , Jiang Shuai , Li Tian , Ma Zhiqiang , Chao Deng , Feng Xiao , Xin Zhenlong , Pang Sainan , Li Xiaofei , Yan Xiaolong
Published: March 2016

Background/Aims: Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural dimethylated resveratrol analog from blueberries, is known to have diverse pharmacological activities, including anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of PTE against human esophageal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) signaling in this process. Methods: Cell viability, the apoptotic index, Caspase 3 activity, adhesion, migration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and glutathione (GSH) levels were detected to explore the effect of PTE on human EC109 esophageal cancer cells. Furthermore, siRNA transfection and a chemical inhibitor were employed to confirm the role of ERS. Results: PTE treatment dose- and time-dependently decreased the viability of human esophageal cancer EC109 cells. PTE also decreased tumor cell adhesion, migration and intracellular GSH levels while increasing the apoptotic index, Caspase 3 activity and ROS levels, which suggest the strong anticancer activity of PTE. Furthermore, PTE treatment increased the expression of ERS-related molecules (GRP78, ATF6, p-PERK, p-eIF2α and CHOP), upregulated the pro-apoptosis-related protein PUMA and downregulated the anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 while promoting the translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and the activation of Caspase 9 and Caspase 12. The downregulation of ERS signaling by CHOP siRNA desensitized esophageal cancer cells to PTE treatment, whereas upregulation of ERS signaling by thapsigargin (THA) had the opposite effect. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, also desensitized esophageal cancer cells to PTE treatment. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that PTE is a potent anti-cancer pharmaceutical against human esophageal cancer, and the possible mechanism involves the activation of ERS signaling pathways.