bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As camadas do espaço cibernético sob a perspectiva dos documentos de defesa do Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Marcos Aurelio Guedes de , Portela Lucas Soares
Published: July 2018

O espaço cibernético se concretizou no decorrer da história como um espaço geográfico contemporâneo, onde as relações político‑sociais encontramcontinuidade. No âmbito da defesa, esse espaço se tornou mais uma arena de jogo de poder das relações internacionais. Apesar do espaço cibernético já ter sido considerado importante desde sua criação, a percepção estratégica dele para defesa é relativamente recente. No Brasil, o espaço cibernético se tornou focal apenas na Política de Defesa Nacional de 2005, ocasião em que foi equiparada a mais duas áreas: aeroespacial e nuclear. No documento daquele ano, a defesa cibernética do país foi atribuída ao Exército, que deveria coordenar as operações, inclusive nos âmbitos das demais forças. No Livro Branco de 2012, a preocupação pela defesa desse espaço gerou objetivos concretos, como a criação do Centro de Defesa Cibernética (CDCiber) e o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa Cibernética.Atualmente, os documentos que abordaram essa temática estão sendo debatidos e rediscutidos. As novas edições estão próximas de serem finalizadase nos causa uma indagação: como esses documentos abordam as três camadas que compões o espaço cibernético (hardware, software, peopleware), especialmente as próximas versões. Por fim, esse artigo é dividido em três partes: considerações iniciais; documentos de primeira geração; documentos de segunda geração e as minutas dos novos documentos, que estão em apreciação no Congresso Nacional.
PROFIL KONSTRUKTIVIS GURU DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP SELF EFFICACY SERTA HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATERI RUANG LINGKUP BIOLOGI
Authors: Wafi Moh. Najih , Rachmawati Rivanna Citraning , W.H Eny Hartadiyati
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThis study aims to find out the profile of teachers' constructivist practice and it effects on self-efficacy and student cognitive learning outcomes. The subjects of the study are two Biology teachers and a group of first year high school students in Kayen district, Pati. The instrument of data collection is consists of questionnaire, observation sheet, and score document. The data of the research are analyzed with quantitative approach. The results show that both teachers get average score of 3,16 and 3,63. Those scores are classified as high criterion. Based on the N-gain test, the result of students’ cognitive learning has medium to high criteria. The students' cognitive and self-efficacy learning outcomes in all classes before and after constructivist practice on learning by teachers significantly differ (p <0.05). Although the result of student's self-efficacy in N-gain test shows low to moderate criteria, the result of the analysis shows that there is positive correlation in students’ self-efficacy caused by constructivist practice by teachers with cognitive learning outcomes. It can be concluded that a profile of teachers' constructivist practice is classified as high category which has positive effect on self-efficacy and student learning outcomes. Keyword: cognitive learning achievment, constructivist, self-efficacy ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil praksis konstruktivis guru serta pengaruhnya terhadap self efficacy dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa. Subyek penelitian adalah dua orang guru mata pelajaran Biologi dan siswa kelas X IPA di salah satu SMAN di Kayen Kabupaten Pati. Instrumen pengambilan data penelitian terdiri atas angket, lembar observasi, dan dokumen nilai. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik konstruktivis guru dalam pembelajaran oleh guru A memperoleh rata-rata skor 3,16 dengan kriteria tinggi, guru B memperoleh rata-rata skor 3,63 dengan kriteria tinggi.  Berdasarkan uji N-gain hasil belajar kognitif siswa kelas X IPA.1sampai X IPA.5 dengan kriteria sedang sampai dengan tinggi. Hasil belajar kognitif dan self-efficacy siswa di semua kelas sebelum dan sesudah praktik konstruktivis pada pembelajaran oleh guru menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p< 0,05). Walupun uji N-gain self-efficacy siswa masih menunjukkan rendah sampai sedang.  Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa di semua kelas ada korelasi positif self-efficacy siswa akibat praktik konstruktivis oleh guru dengan hasil belajar kognitif. Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa profil praktik konstruktivis pada pembelajaran oleh guru menunjukkan kategori tinggi, hal ini berpengaruh positif terhadap self-efficacy dan hasil belajar siswa. Kata kunci : hasil belajar kognitif, konstruktivis, self efficacy siswa
STATE-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH PROTECTION: FINANCIAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MODERNISATION
Authors: Petrushka O. V.
Published: July 2018

Basic properties of state-private partnership as alternatives of the budgetary financing of medical industry are reflected in the article, foreign experience of the general use of private investments and state financial resources is considered in the system of health protection. An author found out the basic terms of input of state-private partnership, the row of socio-economic effects is certain for his participants during realization of general projects. In the process of research the methods of dialectical analysis and synthesis, comparison, logical generalization and formalization were used. Positive properties and potential risks of input of state-private partnership are certain in home practice. The offered measures are for stimulation of forms of co-operation of business and power with the aim of development of competition and upgrading and availability of medical services.Key words: state-private partnership, health protection, private investor, modernisation of medical industry, development of national economy.кандидат економічних наук, Петрушка О. В. Державно-приватне партнерство у сфері охорони здоров’я: фінансові та соціальні аспекти модернізації/ Тернопільський національний економічний університет, Україна, ТернопільУ статті висвітлено основні властивості державно-приватного партнерства як альтернативи бюджетного фінансування медичної галузі, розглянуто зарубіжний досвід спільного використання приватних інвестицій і державних фінансових ресурсів у системі охорони здоров’я. Автором з’ясовано основні умови запровадження державно-приватного партнерства, визначено ряд соціально-економічних ефектів для його учасників в ході реалізації спільних проектів. У процесі дослідження були використані методи діалектичного аналізу та синтезу, порівняння, логічного узагальнення та формалізації.  Визначено позитивні властивості та потенційні ризики запровадження державно-приватного партнерства у вітчизняній практиці. Запропоновані заходи для стимулювання форм взаємодії бізнесу та влади з метою розвитку конкуренції і підвищення якості та доступності медичних послуг.Ключові слова: державно-приватне партнерство, охорона здоров’я, приватний інвестор, модернізація медичної галузі, розвиток національної економіки.
Penentuan Derajat Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Air Buah Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Muda Pada Mencit Menggunakan Purposed New Recommended Method
Authors: Nadiyah Laila Dinda , Kharisma Yuktiana , Yuniarti Yuniarti
Published: July 2018

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit was proven scientifically in having medicinal effects: such as gastroprotective, laxative, galactagogues, and antibacterial effect. Unripe papaya fruit contains saponin, alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, triterpenoid, and quinone which may reveal toxicities as adverse effect when it consumed in high dose. The aim of this study is to determine the acute toxicity degree of unripe Carica papaya L. fruit aqueous extract in mice using proposed new recommended method. The acute toxicity degree conducted by determination of lethal dose50 (LD50) using new recommended  method to 12 female mice. The subjects were divided into three stages and each mouse was given different dose of the extract. LD50 calculated by mean of mortality lowest dose and non mortality highest dose then the result classified into the degree of acute toxicity. The study showed there was no mortality in all groups of the experimental subject. LD50 of unripe Carica papaya L. aqueous extract was found >5000 mg/kg BW and classified as Practically Non Toxic (PNT) substance.
El nicho ecológico como herramienta para predecir áreas potenciales de dos especies de pino
Authors: Reynoso Santos Roberto , Pérez Hernández María Jesús , López Baez Walter , Hernández Ramos Jonathan , Muñoz Flores H. Jesús , Cob Uicab José Vidal , Reynoso Santos Marcos David
Published: July 2018

Modelar el nicho ecológico óptimo para determinar la distribución potencial de las especies es una opción viable en la ubicación de las mejores áreas para establecer Unidades Productoras de Germoplasma Forestal (UPGF). El objetivo del presente estudio fue modelar la distribución potencial de Pinus pseudostrobus y P. oocarpa en Chiapas, México, mediante el procesamiento cartográfico de variables topográficas, climáticas, edáficas, ecológicas y modelos de nicho ecológico (MaxEnt). Se utilizaron 220 datos de presencia de P. oocarpa y 52 para P. pseudostrobus obtenidos de la Red Mundial de Información sobre Biodiversidad, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, del Missouri Botanical Garden y del Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU). La distribución potencial de la especie fue modelada con 500 y 1 000 iteraciones a través de las regresiones de tipo Logistic, Cumulative y Cloglog. La validación estadística se realizó con 28 % de los datos para cada taxón con las técnicas Crossvalidate y Bootstrap. El modelo que mejor se ajustó fue el logístico con método de remuestreo crossvalidate. Los valores del Área Bajo la Curva (AUC) para los datos estimados y validados fueron de 0.882 para P. oocarpa y 0.947 en P. pseudostrobus. La variable que más influyó en la presencia o ausencia de las especies fue la altitud con 84.5 y 97.3 % para P. oocarpa y P. pseudostrobus, respectivamente. Los resultados del modelo permitieron ubicar áreas óptimas para el establecimiento de UPGF.
Crecimiento y estado nutrimental de una plantación de Pinus cooperi Blanco fertilizada con N-P-K
Authors: Hernández Valera Rafael Ricardo , López López Miguel Angel , Flores Nieves Patricia
Published: July 2018

La producción de madera en México ha disminuido drásticamente, mientras la demanda se ha incrementado en los últimos años. La productividad del bosque depende de varios factores ambientales, como la radiación solar, temperatura, agua y disponibilidad de nutrimentos, entre otros. En la presente investigación se estudió el efecto de la fertilización química (N, P y K) sobre el crecimiento de brinzales de Pinus cooperi, a dos años de su establecimiento en campo. Se incluyeron tres dosis de urea (N: 0.0, 4.0, 8.0); tres de superfosfato simple de calcio (P: 0.0, 3.5, 7.0); y tres de sulfato de potasio (K: 0.0, 3.28, 6.5) gramos árbol-1. La combinación de los niveles de los tres nutrimentos probados produjo 27 tratamientos, mismos que se aplicaron a los brinzales, con una altura promedio de 80 cm. Se determinó que el nitrógeno, probablemente, limita el crecimiento de Pinus cooperi en el sitio de plantación. La aplicación de fósforo generó el mayor incremento de diámetro basal, lo que indica que es el nutrimento más deficiente en el área de estudio. Se determinó que el potasio no tiene efecto positivo en el diámetro ni en la altura de los árboles, lo cual implica que este presenta un nivel satisfactorio de disponibilidad.
LAPORAN SERI KASUS: STROKE PERDARAHAN PADA PASIEN DENGAN KEHAMILAN
Authors: Sebayang Ditha Praritama , Setyopranoto Ismail , Setyaningsih Indarwati
Published: July 2018

Latar Belakang: Kehamilan dan pascapersalinan dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko stroke melalui mekanisme. Tidak banyak laporan kasus mengenai variasi manifestasi klinis stroke perdarahan pada kehamilan dan pasca persalinan menjadi alasan pemilihan kasus ini.

Kasus: : Kasus 1: Ny. A berusia 36 tahun, G2P1A0, usia kehamilan 33 minggu dengan sindrom peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (PTIK), gangguan komunikasi, dan kelemahan anggota gerak kanan mendadak. Pasien rutin menggunakan kontrasepsi suntik, memiliki riwayat hipertensi sebelum kehamilan anak kedua, menyangkal mengidap penyakit kencing manis dan dislipidemia. Kesadaran pasien compos mentis dengan perdarahan intraserebral (PIS) di temporalis sinistra sebanyak 21mL. Kasus 2: Ny. S berusia 38 tahun, G3P2A0, usia kehamilan 35 minggu dengan sindrom PTIK, kelemahan anggota gerak kanan, pelo, dan perot yang mendadak. Pasien menyangkal memiliki riwayat hipertensi, kencing manis, stroke sebelumnya, dislipidemia, dan penyakit jantung. Kesadaran pasien sopor (E3V2M5) dengan PIS di temporoparietalis sinistra sebanyak 42,5mL.

Diskusi: : Kedua pasien dirawat di Unit Stroke Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Sardjito mengalami PIS dengan kecurigaan lesi vaskular sekunder (AVM atau aneurisma) sebagai etiologinya. Penatalaksanaan pada kedua pasien menggunakan panduan terapi PIS serta menyesuaikan kondisi ibu dan janin.

Simpulan: Kondisi PIS dalam kehamilan dan pascapersalinan menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Penatalaksanaan stroke selama kehamilan memerlukan perawatan interdisipliner dari bedah saraf, neurologi, dan obstetri.
Import Substitution in Pakistan—Some Comments
Authors: Ellsworth P.T.
Published: July 2018

As the resort to import substitution as a tool of economic
development has spread, it has generated an increasing volume of
critical literature. Of the numerous articles that have appeared, one in
The Pakistan Development Review, by Ronald Soligo and Joseph J. Stern is
among the more suggestive and venture¬some [1, pp.249-270]. The authors
undertake to examine the effects of past protection in Pakistan on the
efficiency of investment allocation and so to deter¬mine whether or not
protection has saddled the country with highly uneconomic industries.
Both their methodology and their results are interesting. With respect
to the latter, however, and especially with respect to their
interpretation, I have some doubts which it is the purpose of this paper
to explore.
A Multi-Sector Programming Model for Regional Planning in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman
Published: July 2018

This article presents the outline of a multi-sector,
optimizing model for inter¬regional planning and uses it to analyse
Pakistan's Third Five-Year Plan (1965-70). This is an interregional (as
distinguished from a national) model in so far as it recognizes the
existence of economic regions within the nation and ex¬plicitly takes
into account the interregional trade flows. Another aspect of a
multi-region economy that the model reflects is that in planning for
optimization the model enables the planners to maximize some objective
which is a function not only of the value of national income or
consumption but also of their distri¬bution between the regions. This is
a multi-sector or detailed planning model. The economy of each re¬gion
is divided into a number of producing sectors. The model takes
explicitly into account the intersectoral flows. In doing so, the model
reflects the implications of the di fferences in regional technologies
and behaviour. A given consumption target would mean different vectors
of consumer goods in diffe¬rent regions be cause consumption patterns
are different between regions. A given final demand vector would mean
different sectoral output levels and diffe¬rent sectoral allocation of
investment in the two regions because the technolo¬gical relations are
different. The model is able to spell out the implications of all these
factors by relating the regional and sectoral allocation of investment
and foreign exchange to location of demand.
Public Investment Criteria: Benefit-Cost Analysis for Planned
Economic Growth by Stephen A. Marglin. London: George Allen & Unwin
Ltd., 1967. pp.103. 22s. 6d.********** Investments for Capacity
Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne.
London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.Investments
for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan
S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239.
45s.
Authors: MacEwan Arthur
Published: July 2018

These books are numbers 4 and 5, respectively, in the series
"Studies in the Economic Development of India". The two books are
interesting complements to one another, both being concerned with the
analysis of projects within national plan formulation. However, they
treat different sorts of problems and do so on very different levels.
Marglin's Public Investment Criteria is a short treatise on the problems
of cost-benefit analysis in an Indian type economy, i.e., a mixed
economy in which the government accepts a large planning responsibility.
The book, which is wholely theoretical, explains the many criteria
needed for evaluation of projects. The work is aimed at beginning
students and government officials with some training in economics. It is
a clear and interesting "introduction to the special branch of economics
that concerns itself with systematic analysis of investment alternatives
from the point of view of a government".
Interrelationships of Some Fertility Measures in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Masihur Rahman , Bean Lee L.
Published: July 2018

Unlike mortality or migration, the fertility behaviour of a
population largely determines its age distribution1. A high fertility
population maintains a broad-based age pyramid by adding continuously a
large number of persons at the first year of life. In such a population
the dependency ratio of children (say persons under 15 years) remains
high relative to the size of its working age population (say those aged
15-64 years). A decline in fertility reduces this ratio and restructures
the age distribution to make it more favourable to economic growth2 [4].
For this reason the study of human fertility occupies a singularly
important position in the demographic literature today. In this paper
the fertility of the population of Pakistan is examined. The purpose of
the paper is to evaluate several fertility measures obtained from data
collected through the Population Growth Estimation project in Pakistan3.
The interrelationships of these measures in terms of their practical
utility to planners for action programmes will be examined. Further, the
possible impact on fertility resulting from a rise in the age at
marriage in Pakistan will be discussed. An effort will also be made to
identify the demographic differentials, relevant to planners, in the two
provinces of the country
Some Factors in Growth Reconsidered by Robert Eisner, (Lecture
Series No. 21). Athens: Center of Planning and Economic Research, 1966.
pp.63.
Authors: Floystad Gunnar
Published: July 2018

Eisner's book contains two lectures which were read at the
Center of Planning and Economic Research in Athens. In his first lecture
the author raises the question: does a higher level of employment
contribute to a more rapid, sustained rate of economic growth? A number
of economists, including P.A. Samuelson, A.W. Philips and Harry Johnson,
have argued that the positive relation between employment and growth is
a transitory phenomenon which occurs only when the employment level
changes. By using a simple model of the Harrod-Domar type he shows that
the higher the level of employment or, more exactly, the higher the
proportion of the labour force employed the greater will be the
percentage rate of growth of output.
“Analytical Techniques for Development Planning” (A Review Of Tims' Multisector Model For Pakistan'S Third Plan (1965-70))
Authors: Azizur Rahman Khan
Published: July 2018

In the present decade there has been a great proliferation of multisectoral models for planning. Part of the incentive has certainly been the potentiality of their application in formulating the actual plans. By now there have been so many different types of multisectoral models that it is useful to attempt some kind of classification according as whether or not they embody certain well-known features. The advantage of such a classification is that one gets a general idea about the structure of the model simply by knowing where it belongs in the list of classification. One broad principle of classification is based on whether the model simply provides a consistent plan or whether it also satisfies some criteria of optimality. A multisectoral consistency model provides an allocation of the scarce resources (e.g., investment and foreign exchange) in such a way that the sectoral output levels are consistent with some given consumption or income target, consistency in this context meaning that the supply of each sector's output is matched by demand generated by intersectoral and final use at base-year relative prices. To the extent that the targets are flexible, there may be many such feasible plans. An optimizing model finds the "best" possible allocation of resources among sectors, the "best" being understood in the sense of maximiz¬ing > a given preference function subject to the constraints that ensure that the plan is also feasible.
Foodgrains Availability, Money Supply and the Price Level in East Pakistan: Some Simple Econometrics on Short-Term Stabilisation Policies (Notes & Comments)
Authors: A. K. M. Ghulam Rabbani
Published: July 2018

In the 1960's Pakistan's economy started generating rates of growth of over 5 per cent per year—higher than those observed in many other under¬developed countries including its neighbours. Industry is growing rapidly. Exports are increasing by over 7 per cent per year. Perhaps more significant, many believe, an agricultural revolution is underway. Some observers consider this to be remarkable and a model of development in the non-socialist world. However, the brief growth experience of the 1960's, after the long stagnation during the 1950's, can hardly be a basis for definitive conclusions about long-run development. Observation of a longer period and evidence of certain basic conditions are necessary for such extrapolation. The dependence on foreign aid continues to be large and the domestic saving rate is relatively low. It is too early to talk of self-sustaining growth.
Cereal Consumption, Production, and Prices in West Pakistan (Notes & Comments)
Authors: G. C. Hufbauer
Published: July 2018

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, several Punjab Settlement Officers attempted to estimate food consumption rates. These estimates, based on direct observation and ad hoc guesses, were made partly out of academic curiosity, but more urgently, as an aid in establishing the land revenue (i.e., tax) rates. The pre-1926 estimates are summarized in Table I, expressed in pounds of wheat and other foodgrain consumption per person per year1. Broadly speaking, the later, more systemtic observers (e.g., Sir Ganga Ram and C. B. Barry), found lower consumption levels than the earlier observers. It was generally accepted that the rural populace ate better than urban dwellers. Despite the ingenuity of the early Settlement Officers, their compiled estimates suffer from all the difficulties of haphazard small sample observation. Given the revenue purpose of the estimates, they may be biased towards the able-bodied, economically active, population. Further, the very early estimates may have confused dry weight with cooked weight, including water.
Myrdal's "Asian Drama" (Review Article)
Authors: Tinbergbn Jan
Published: July 2018

The publication by one of Europe's greatest scholars about the
world's most important problem area is an event of the first order. The
scholar I mean is Myrdal and the area South-Asia. I am happy to offer
some comments on this book, called "Asian Drama", with the well-chosen
subtitle "An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations" [1], both because of
its merits and because of the challenges it contains to somebody so
sympathetic to the author's view and at the same time so full of doubt
with regard to a number of methodological issues raised. The book covers
an impressive multitude of subjects and is fascinating in many respects.
It brings a good deal of history of the area, from before its political
independence obtained after World War II, to to-day and gives a lot of
interesting background information in Chapters 4 and 5 on how the
frontiers of the countries were established. It gives pictures of the
great leaders of in¬dependence, Gandhi (pp.92, 754-55 for some striking
elements), Nehru and Jinnah. It deals extensively with the backgrounds
and consequences of Parti¬tion (Chapter 6) and with the not-too-good
role the French and the Dutch played (p. 226) in their
colonies.
The Evaluation of National Income in an Imperfect Economy
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I shall discuss how national income should be
measured in an 'imperfect' economy, where feasible policy instruments
such as taxes, tariffs, quotas, and quantitative controls do not operate
in a lumpsum manner, and may be far from their optimum level. In
particular, I want to examine the meaning of national income, and its
parts, when they are measured in terms of 'world prices'; or, more
precisely and more generally, in terms of the accounting prices that
might be computed as a guide to particular production decisions, in the
public sector and elsewhere. I have found this set of questions
confusing, and it may be that others do too, and will welcome an attempt
at clarification.
Three Years of Pakistan's New National Family-Planning
Programme
Authors: Bean Lee L. , Bhatti A. D.
Published: July 2018

Seventeen years ago (1952) the first organized family-planning
programmes were started in Pakistan by the Family Planning Tanning
Association of Pakistan. Since that time family planning has passed
through three distinct phases, and it is now in a fourth phase. Phase I
was marked by the unofficial activities of voluntary organizations such
as the Family Planning Association. In Phase II, the begin¬ning of an
official policy was made with the "cautious approval" and limited
funding of such activities by the government in the First Five-Year Plan
(1955-1960). Official policy was crystallized in Phase III with the
writing of the \ Second Five-Year Plan (1960-1965) in which a specific
allocation was made for \ family planning and the responsibilities for
operating such a programme assigned to the Ministry of Health, Labour
and Social Welfare, Health Division [21 ; 22].
A Note on Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan's
Manufacturing Industry 1954-1964 (Notes & Comments)
Authors: Eysbnbach M. L.
Published: July 2018

Lewis and Soligo studied the growth and structural change in
Pakistan's manufacturing using a simple analysis of patterns of
manufacturing growth [3]. Then, employing their results to re-examine
the generally accepted view of Pakis¬tan's industrial growth, they found
that import substitution had not been largely confined to consumer-goods
industries [3, p. 108] and concluded that it would be difficult to
accept the widely held hypothesis that distortions in industrial growth
had resulted from the protectionist policies pursued [3, p. 111]. More
specifically, they rejected the hypothesis of Power and Radhu that the
greater protection accorded the consumer-goods industries would
encourage the growth of domestic consumer-goods production using
imported capital goods and raw materials [3, p. 96].
Readings in International Economics edited by Richard E. Caves
and Harry G. Johnson. Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood Illinois.
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: July 2018

Here is yet another invaluable volume in the series of
Republished Articles on Economics prepared under the aegis of the
American Economic Associa¬tion. It supplements its predecessor the
Readings in the Theory of Internation¬al Trade, published under the
editorship of Howard S. Ellis and Lloyd Metzler in 1949. The differences
in the two volumes both in emphasis and composition are symptomatic of
the changes that have occurred in the general field of International
Economics since 1949. The intervening years (1949-68) have witnessed lot
of work done in the areas not fully explored at the time when the
predecessor volume of Readings was published. The present volume
eminently succeeds in providing the most "representative" contributions
in the field of international economics during 1949-68. These
contributions have been divided into seven sections:
Some Basic Considerations on Agricultural Mechanization in West
Pakistan
Authors: Bose Swadesh R. , Clark II Edwin H.
Published: July 2018

West Pakistan is at present experiencing remarkable production
increases in agriculture. These appear to be resulting from the rapid
adoption of new varieties of seeds, the increased use of fertilizers and
massive investments in tubewells — coupled with, during the 1968 rabi
(winter) season, favourable weather conditions. Price-incentive
policies, particularly agricultural price support, have helped
considerably in the quick adoption of these innovations by farmers. A
distinctive element of all the innovations so far promoted is that they
are com¬plementary to labour. There are virtually no economies of scale
associated with their use. New seeds and fertilizers are as productive
on small holdings as on large. The private tubewells are sufficiently
inexpensive, even the small farmers can afford to invest in them, at
least through partnership. Water, seeds and fertilizers are essentially
infinitely divisible inputs. They can benefit the small farmers as much
as the large.
Aggregative Analysis of Food Consumption in Pakistan (Notes &
Comments)
Authors: Khan Mohammad Irshad
Published: July 2018

In this study we shall examine the influence of the major
determinants of food consumption, viz., level of per capita income,
price structure, differences in preferences and availability of
commodities. We shall analyse the con¬sumption pattern as revealed by
consumer survey as well as food balance-sheet to point out any
inconsistency between consumption as reported by consumers and
availability of food as shown by food balance-sheet.
A Note on the Consistency of Pakistan's Cotton-Cloth Statistics
for Recent Years (Notes & Comments)
Authors: Lewis, Jr. Stephen R.
Published: July 2018

This brief note is written in the hope that some further light
can be shed on the cotton-textile situation in Pakistan, since available
(and widely used)i data appear to be internally inconsistent. There
seems to be a rather startling inconsistency among the data (for the
1960's) on production, exports, and domestic prices of cotton cloth,
given reasonable assumptions about the income and price elasticity of
demand. The most likely explanation for the inconsistency is that the
cotton-textile production figures are currently being underestimated,
and that the growth rate of cotton-textiles is also being
underestimated. Since cotton textiles make up about one quarter of value
added in large-scale manu¬facturing industries in Pakistan, the effect
of a substantial understatement in the growth of the cotton-textile
industry on the growth rate of manufacturing could be quite marked.
There has been a very good performance rate in cotton-textile exports in
the past several years, both with respect to the rate of increase in
exports and the rising share of cotton-textile production that is
exported. It is this very promising improvement in export performance
that led to the questions raised here.
MAKEDONYA, BİTOLA’DAKİ (MANASTIR) HAYDAR KADI CAMİSİNİN 2014-2017 YILLARI KONSERVASYONU VE RESTORASYONU
Authors: Dişli Gülşen , Taşkesen Ayşe Nermin
Published: July 2018

Bu araştırmanın amacı,
Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü bütçe imkânlarıyla Makedonya Cumhuriyeti İslam Dini
Birliği Başkanlığı, Üsküp Milli Konservasyon Merkezi ve Bitola Milli Enstitüsü
ve Müzesi Müdürlüğüyle iş birliği içinde, Makedonya, Bitola’da (Manastır)
bulunan Haydar Kadı Camii’nde, onarım öncesi mevcut bozulmuşluk durum analizi
yaparak, 2014-2017 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen restorasyon çalışmalarını
aktarmaktır. Tek kubbeli, kare planlı cami tipolojisindeki yapının kuzey
cephesinde üç kubbeli açık son cemaat mekânı bulunmaktadır. Harim içinde farklı
dönemlere tarihlenen kalemişi/duvar resimleri mevcuttur. Yapı, inşa edildiği
16. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar birçok kez onarım görmüş, değişikliğe uğramıştır.
Özellikle 1912 Balkan Savaşlarıyla birlikte Osmanlıların bölgeden çekilmesi ve
Müslümanların azınlık durumuna düşmesiyle yapı kaderine terk edilmiştir. Birçok
kez farklı fonksiyonlarda kullanılan camide, Bitola (Manastır) çevresinden
toplanan Osmanlı dönemi kırık mezar taşları ve minber parçaları harimde
depolanmış, vandalizmin de etkisiyle, yapı çevresiyle birlikte metruk hale
gelmiştir. Yapının restorasyonu süresince gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları,
araştırmada kullanılan başlıca metot olup, ayrıca literatür, arşiv taraması ve
tarihi araştırma metotlarına da başvurulmuştur. Onarımlar;
sağlamlaştırma/güçlendirme, temizleme, bütünleme, yeniden yapım, kalemişi/duvar
resimleri konservasyonu başlıkları altında sunulmuş, çevre düzenlemesiyle mezar
taşı konservasyonu da aktarılmıştır. Koruma ve projelendirme çalışmalarının ana
yaklaşımı; yapının özgün ve yapıya mal olmuş dönem ekleri ile birlikte yapım
tekniği, malzeme ve mimari öğelerini koruyarak, niteliksiz eklerin kaldırılması
ve yapısal güçlendirme olmuştur. Bu çalışmayla yapıdaki onarım öncesi bozulmalar ve
onarım esnasında karşılaşılan mimari detay, kalemişi/duvar resimlerine dair
tanımlamalar ve bulgular bilim dünyasıyla paylaşılmaktadır. Yapının geçmiş
dönem onarımları ve içinde bulunduğu bölgenin tarihi, etnik, kültürel kimliği
de araştırılarak mimari ve bezemeler üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Bu
araştırma, aynı zamanda Makedon ve Türk koruma uzmanlarının bilgi ve tecrübe paylaşımı
açısından da önemlidir.
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Authors: Sancaktar Caner
Published: July 2018

The Bosnian War
between 1992 and 1995 prepared proper conditions for political and economic
reconstruction of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the disintegration process of
Yugoslavia. After the war and great destruction, Bosnia-Herzegovina was
reconstructed with the intervention of the USA and the Western European states
(especially Germany, the UK, France), and the Dayton Agreement as a very
complex and fragmented federation in the political sphere and a periphery
capitalist country in the economic sphere. More importantly, the Western
states’ intervention and the Dayton arrangements created an “international
protectoral rule” in Bosnia-Herzegovina under the control and command of the
USA, the Western European states and international organizations. This painful
destruction and political-economic reconstruction process in Bosnia-Herzegovina
is discussed and explained in the article.
الاهتمام واللامبالاة
Authors: Rudwan Samer Jamil
Published: July 2018

إن الاهتمام بالآخرين، والحصول عليه من الآخرين، حاجة إنسانية نفسية تمنح الإنسان الشعور بالأمان والثقة، وتعمق روابطه مع المحيط، في حين أن غياب الاهتمام يقود إلى برودة المشاعر، والجمود واللّامبالاة، بل إلى أشكال متنوعة من الأمراض النفسية والجنوح
Combler le vide: l'écriture transfrontalière chez Assia Djebar et Malika Mokeddem
Authors: Walsh Renee Alyssa
Published: July 2018

Mémoire de master écrit en 2007-2008. Ce mémoire traite de la poétique transfrontalière dans deux romans: Les nuits de Strasbourg d'Assia Djebar et N'zid de Malika Mokeddem.
Konstruksi Masyarakat Menurut Mahatma Gandhi
Authors: ARISTO Jurnal
Published: July 2018

The cotruction of society that Gandhi is trying to build is a manifestation of his religious or religious faith. Where each individual jointly runs his life activity in the life of society as a holy dharma of religion. As dharma then every individual must be able to defeat any potential greed in developing autonomization of individuality to realize mutual interests. The idealization of society that Gandhi aspires to is inseparable from the idealization of the perfection of human beings as the main core of society. The idealization of society for Gandhi is what the Indian community calls the ashram. Ashram has in common with ashrama terminology. Ashram is the ideal conception of community building as a model community. Such community prototypes contain a set of cultural roots that make up the ideological constructions of society. The cultural roots are established as living principles that must be obeyed by the ashram citizens. The estuary of all is the enforcement of the principle of brotherhood of mankind. The value of humanity that is the culmination and the key word for every form of devotion by upholding that all human beings are equal and brothers, should not be exaggerated or feel more than others. This principle of 'all brothers' is the moral principle in Gandhi idealized society. The implications of Gandhi's thought increasingly find a point of relevance to forming civil society in Indonesia.
Silviculture and community forestry: looking backwards, looking forwards
Authors: Gilmour D.
Published: July 2018

Silviculture is about the deliberate manipulation of a forest to achieve defined objectives. It can be thought of as the art of producing and tending a forest. The notion of “appropriate” silviculture is very important when considering silviculture for community forests because silvicultural approaches and prescriptions need to be appropriate for local users while also ensuring that they promote the long term sustainability of the forest. Experience suggests that not all community forests require the application of sophisticated silvicultural regimes or the use of inventory data to schedule yields. Many can be managed perfectly well by the application of very simple silvicultural regimes and little or no need to collect inventory data. The needs of the most complex situation (sophisticated silvicultural system and inventory) should not be the model for all community forestry silviculture. At best, conventional silvicultural regimes and inventory practices require major revision for community forestry. It is clear that community forestry will achieve its full potential only if a holistic view is taken and a number of enabling conditionalities are met. These include: secure tenure, an enabling regulatory framework, strong governance, viable technology (including appropriate silviculture), adequate market knowledge and a supportive bureaucracy. These all need to be present for community forestry to operate at its full potential to deliver the biophysical and socio-economic outcomes that are expected of it. Viable technology, including appropriate silviculture informed by good science, is one of these important conditionalities but it is not the only one. Sustainable outcomes require much more than the application of technical forestry. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page : 6-14
Silviculture for forest management in Nepal
Authors: Poudel K. C.
Published: July 2018

Forests and trees have social, ecological and economic importance to humankind. It is high time to manage worlds’ forests sustainably to ensure supply of forest based goods and services and reduce the adverse impacts of climate change. This paper highlights the history and current status of forest management, challenges and opportunities, various approaches adopted in forest management and recent initiatives in sustainable and scientific forest management (SFM) in Nepal. About one-third of the total 6.61 million ha (45%) of Nepal’s forest has been handed over to over 30,000 forest user groups. Various failed attempts in forest management in the past were mainly due to lack of institutional capacity, political back-up, conflict, etc. “Forestry for Prosperity” - a new vision announced at the 10th National Conservation Day in 2012, re-introduced the concept of sustainable and scientific forest management and launched this in ten districts with designated program and budget in the same year. Accordingly, forest blocks are identified, inventoried, management plans drawn and implemented. Over 69, 000 ha forests in 11 districts are under silviculture management to date. Thus managed forests show profuse regeneration, improved supply of forest products, increased revenue, improved forest health and enhanced capacity of forestry professionals. Yet, lack of political and professional commitment, inadequate human and financial resources, and weak institutional and professional competency are specific challenges to SFM in Nepal. Creating enabling environment, institutional reorganization, enhancing forest management capacity, improved forestry governance, reducing non-forestry workload of government forestry staff, and preparation and use of standard silvicultural operational guidelines have been suggested to upscale SFM in Nepal. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page : 15-20
Effect of management practice and age on increment in Pinus patula plantations in Nepal
Authors: Dangal S. P. , Das A. K.
Published: July 2018

With the large-scale plantation commenced in the early 1980s, nearly 370,000 hectares of plantations have been successfully established in Nepal. More than 26 thousand hectares (ha) of plantations have been established since late seventies in Sindhupalchok and Kavrepalanchok districts and are handed over to communities as community forests. Pinus roxburghii and Pinus patula are the dominant species of these plantations aiming to maximize biomass productions and restore greenery in degraded hills. The growth rate Pinus patula was estimated 15 m³ ha-1 yr-1 in 1995 which but reduced to 7 m³ ha-1 yr-1 in 2011. As P. patula is an exotic species to Nepal, knowledge on effect of age and management practices on increment was limited in Nepal as well as in the regions. This is hindering in implementations of appropriate   silviculture by the forest managers. To fill this knowledge gap, primary data were collected taking sample cores from 120 trees in 2015 from four community forests of Chaubas ridge of Kavrepalanchok district for dendrochronological assessment. Among these four community forests, two followed improved management practices and two followed conventional management practices. To substantiate the data, secondary data of similar studies were used. Dendrochronological assessment taking sample cores of 120 and 80 were conducted in 2000 and 2005 respectively in plantations, managed by community forest users groups, carried out between 1975 AD and 1990 AD in Chaubas ridge of Kavrepalanchok districts. The study found that the growth rate decreased after 12 years and this rate was bigger in the higher density class. The cumulative increment was higher in the lower density class but was found to have retarded rapidly after 15–17 years of age in the higher density class as well as in the conventionally managed plantations. The study recommends conducting planned thinning from the early age of 10–12 years while the final felling is recommended to be executed at the age of 30±5 years for P. patula to maximize volume production. However, most of the plantations have crossed its rotation age, growth rate has been stagnated and there is slim scope of increment from further thinning. In such case, as natural regeneration of the same species is observed encouraging, the study suggest to keep 10–15 seed trees and harvest the remaining. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page : 27-37
Regeneration promotion and income generation through scientific forest management in community forestry: a case study from Rupandehi district, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Y. , Adhikari S.
Published: July 2018

Community forestry is the most popular programme of forestry sector in Nepal. Previously community forest management was protection oriented and nowadays it has become production oriented due to implementation of scientific forest management plan. Recent forest policy promotes the application of scientific management of all productive forests and now it becomes a novel programme in forestry sector. This study highlights the outputs of the first year of implementation of scientific forest management plan in seven community forests (CF) of Rupandehi district, Nepal. Both bio-physical and socio-economic data were collected and analyzed. Regeneration survey was carried out before and after one year of regeneration felling. Similarly data related to income generation and employment opportunities were collected and analyzed. The results showed that 6.4 times increase in seedlings and 3.4 times increase in saplings after one year of regeneration felling operation. Similarly, the average production of timber and fuel wood was 1,086 cft and 4.5 chatta per ha. during regeneration felling in studied CFs. Average income from the intensive managed area of CF was found to be NRs. 884,059.8 and local employment generation of 910 man-days per ha. This indicates scientific forest management is one of the best options for improving forest condition through promoting regeneration of the forest for future generation and generating income and employment opportunities for the users. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page : 45-53
The pertinent role of forest inventory in making choice of silvicultural operations in community forests of Nepal
Authors: Baral S. G. , Vacik H. , Chhetri B. B. K. , Gauli K.
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the application of forest inventory to design silvicultural operations and its implementation to community forests. Four-time series forest inventory data (2005, 2010, 2013 and 2016) of Terai community forests were analysed, focusing on the type and size of tree removals from the forests. In addition, content analysis of the management plans of the forests was carried out and consultations were held with key informants. Though the forest inventory was prepared during the preparation of management plans, the results did not provide proper guidance on the selection of silvicultural operations, which were decided without a clear definition of the management objectives. They were very generic and largely ignored site-specific forest stand conditions. Most commonly practised silvicultural operations were cleaning and selective harvesting, which were similar for all forest blocks, though they varied in respect of forest stand conditions. The time series analysis of the inventory data showed that pole-sized trees were consistently removed in all four periods and emphasis was on extracting good quality trees without considering its effects on the stand. The study concludes that the current forest inventory is not very relevant in making a choice about silvicultural operations and the current practices might cause economic and ecological losses. Hence, we argued for identifying minimum forest management requirement necessary for the sustainable forest management that the silvicultural operations should be decided based on the management objectives and conditions of the forest, considering the ecological and economic value of the forest. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page : 65-75
Applications of single-tree selection guideline following a DBq approach on Nepal’s community forests
Authors: Cedamon E. , Paudel G. , Basyal M. , Nuberg I. , Shrestha K. K.
Published: July 2018

There is growing interest by forest users, government forest officers and policy makers on maximising forest goods and livelihood provisions from community forestry in a sustainable manner. However, the way several mature community forests are currently managed based on selection, e.g. negative thinning and crown thinning, is questionable as it results to decline in forest stock, timber quality and regeneration. To assist forest users in managing their community forests, an action research was implemented in Kavre and Lamjung to manage planted Pine (Pinus spp.) and naturally regenerated Sal (Shorea robusta) through selection system. This paper describes the q-factor and its relevance for sustainable community forest management in Nepal. The simple guideline for selection system introduced to 30 community forest users groups in six sites are presented for wider adoption and policy recommendation.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalSpecial Issue No. 4, 2018, Page: 104-112