bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New antenna positioner improves NIST’s capabilities
Authors: Kangiser Greg , Camell Dennis
Published: July 2002

Antenna and electric field probe calibration requires precise positioning and movement throughout a known RF field. Measurements are usually made in an anechoic chamber. A robotic six‐axis antenna positioner was needed that would work in this environment at NIST. Discusses NIST’s vendor‐selection process for the new positioner and how the positioner has enhanced their capabilities. Also chronicles the design, technical challenges and manufacture of the positioner by Mek‐A‐Nize Engineering & Robotics, Inc., the vendor selected by NIST to provide the turnkey robotic antenna positioner.
Robots and automation put on a show
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: July 2002

Reports on the Robot & Automation show held at the Birmingham National Exhibition Centre alongside the MACH 2000 and other principal manufacturing shows. Some of the robot applications developed by exhibiting systems integrators are described including installations for monitoring clean room staff, acid etching of perfume bottles, laser welding of photocopier chassis and laser cutting of automotive plastic trim parts. None of the large robot manufacturers exhibited but some of the key suppliers of SCARA robots were present. The report also covers some of the robots on display in the MACH exhibition. It particularly focuses on robots for automation of EDM that is dominated by two specialist EDM equipment suppliers, not the conventional robot builders.
Off‐line programming: a success for the automotive industry
Authors: Rooks Brian W.
Published: July 2002

Examines the developing uses of off‐line programming (OLP) in the automotive industry, particularly in the areas of robot welding and robot painting of vehicle bodies. States that this is due to the development of graphical simulation tools and outlines their role in “right first time” policies. Looks at applications of OLP at Volvo, Capponi Alesina (Fiat’s largest, painting subcontractor) and Applied Manufacturing Technologies, a US manufacturing systems design house. Describes the use of OLP in painting machines and truck painting, and in spot welding truck bodies.
Robots in space into the 21st century
Authors: Weisbin C.R. , Lavery D. , Rodriguez G.
Published: July 2002

Describes the technological developments which are establishing the foundation for an exciting era of in situ exploration missions to planets, comets and asteroids with advanced robotic systems. Also outlines important concurrent terrestrial applications and spin offs of the space robotics technology. These include high‐precision robotic manipulators for microsurgical operations and dexterous arm control systems.
Manufacturing automation brings Hozelock productivity improvements and consistent quality
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: July 2002

Hozelock is a major user of plastics in its garden equipment products, and since flotation in 1993, has spent £26 million on new facilities at its Aylesbury moulding plant and its Birmingham assembly plant and warehouse. Investments have included new injection moulders with robot take‐out on the larger machines and two automated manufacturing cells. One of the cells, now in operation at Birmingham, produces a water sprinkler gear box using a mixture of a manual and robot stations. The other cell, recently commissioned at Aylesbury, manufactures hose connectors in a system that uniquely links injection moulders to an automatic assembly machine.
Biomechanical grippers: important elements of biomechanical robots
Authors: Marcincin Jozef N. , Smrcek Juraj
Published: July 2002

Presents both description and overview of the emerging field of biomechanical grippers and shows the prototype of biomechanical gripper called the Presov biomechanical robot gripper. Biomechanical robots and biomechanical grippers belong under biorobotics and bioengineering systems. Basic components of biorobotics include biomechanisms, biocontrol, biointelligence and biosensors. The Presov Biomechanical Robot Gripper is an electrically‐driven, multi‐fingered dextrous gripper, which has many features that conventional industrial robot grippers do not have. This gripper has been developed in the Department of Industrial Robotics of the Technical University in Presov, Slovak Republic.
Hexapods to take over?
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: July 2002

A man with a mission is Ghassan Matar, managing director of Geodetic Technology International, a company that is beginning to make its mark in rapid prototyping and machine tool applications. But that is just the beginning. The hexapod technology used in its machines can be turned equally to any application requiring a volumetric repeatability of 10µm at the working end, and the end effector can be a milling cutter, a gripper, a water jet cutter, a laser or other device. Jack Hollingum went to meet him and Eric Harris, product specialist.
A mechatronic wrist unit for precision tasks
Authors: Shirinzadeh Bijan
Published: July 2002

Notes that there are many areas where fine positioning of a robotic device carrying a specialized end‐effector is required. Describes a mechatronic wrist unit with fine motion capabilities for such applications. The wrist unit was designed as a four‐axis system with three revolute and one prismatic. The implementation is carried out in two stages. In the first stage, one prismatic axis and one revolute axis are implemented. Focuses attention on the underlying techniques for the development of this wrist unit given the requirements for weight and accuracy. Also describes the actuation mechanism and control strategies for the mechatronic wrist unit. Also presents the results of the experiments carried out for performance analysis.
Learn to use a Wheelbarrow
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: July 2002

Explains a simulation system, the Wheelbarrow Mk 8 Plus control training simulator, developed by Anite Systems to be used by the army for training operators of remote vehicles for making safe explosive devices.
Robot automation in the mould shop
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: July 2002

British toolmakers are not renowned for their investment in advanced manufacturing technology. In spite of this mould and die maker, Fletcher & Hamilton has taken the ultimate step and installed the first robotic EDM cell in the UK at its Cheltenham plant. This new facility was introduced following a BIMBO that has transformed the company into a profitable operation specialising in the manufacture of moulding tools for the caps/enclosures, medical and pharmaceutical industries. The philosophy surrounding this transformation is described together with the set‐up and operation of the EDM cell.
Experiments in robotic fettling using visual feedback
Authors: Shirinzadeh Bijan , Roberts Michael
Published: July 2002

Increasingly, the laborious task of removing burrs on castings is being automated with the introduction of robots. This is largely to ensure higher level of consistency and efficiency generally not possible with manual fettling. These burrs are unpredictable in size and shape, and if not removed, can lead to major problems in automated factory lines. Fettling is an important area in advanced robotic applications. This paper presents a strategy using a compliant wrist unit to obtain forces during robotic fettling. A specialised fettling wrist unit incorporating a remote centre of compliance (RCC) unit and a CCD camera is described. Experiments are carried out to evaluate the feasibility of this method. Fettling experiments are also performed using a force/torque sensing unit. A comparison of the results of these experiments is provided. The process parameters for fettling are described and relationships among these are established.
Vision guided flexible feeding made easy
Authors: Sorensen Steve , Stringham Russell
Published: July 2002

Flexible feeding is an emerging alternative to traditional part feeding methods. This alternative greatly enhances the versatility of a manufacturing workcell by using a robot manipulator and sophisticated sensing devices such as machine vision, thereby significantly reducing both cost and set up time. This article explores the benefits of a new model in PC‐based robot control, which makes the development of flexible feeders and similar applications much easier than using traditional robot programming environments. It also explores how a programming paradigm based on a well‐defined model of the workcell greatly simplifies both the logic of the application and the calibration of the physical machine.
Vision systems in the automotive industry
Authors: Wilson Mike
Published: July 2002

Discusses the application of low cost laser based seam tracking systems to welding robots in the automotive industry.
Detroit and Hanover Shows reveal new robots, controllers and simulation tools
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

This article reviews the Industry Fair in Hanover and the International Robots & Vision Show in Detroit. Outlines two new assembly applications being performed by robot. Describes the latest robot technology to be introduced to the market. Highlights new control technology and simulation tools.
Decommissioning of nuclear facilities using remotely operated equipment
Authors: Parr Mike
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the design development and testing of the remotely operated equipment which will be deployed to decommission the redundant Caesium Extraction Plant located at the British Nuclear Fuels plc Sellafield site in Cumbria, UK. The radioactive environment in which the project has to be carried out presents a number of unique challenges to the engineers involved. To carry out the project extensive new facilities are to be constructed. It is from these facilities that the Decommissioning Machine (DCM) will be deployed to remove the equipment located within the Caesium Plant. The DCM will be operated from a separate control room and observed by CCTV. Construction of the new facility is nearing completion with decommissioning operations due to start in year 2000.
Features Magna wins award for dashboard assembly
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

Current rapid prototyping processes are mainly based on layered manufacturing techniques using 2.5D slices. Defines manufacturing by means of 2.5D slices as a zero order approximation. A disadvantage of this approximation is the staircase effect, requiring thin layers to be used. If the outer surfaces of the slices can be inclined, speaks of a first order approximation. This approximation is achieved by linear interpolation between adjacent contours, resulting in ruled slices. Describes a method to approximate a given model geometry in a layered fashion not exceeding a user defined error δ using either a zero or a first order approximation and an adaptive layer thickness. Analyses the model geometry for curvature and inclination in order to determine the adaptive layer thickness. Provides a method for matching corresponding contours from adjacent slices. Several test objects have been processed using both zero and first order approximation. Shows that the first order approximation significantly reduces the number of required layers for a given δ when compared to the zero order approximation.
ISATA highlights trends in automotive assembly techniques
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

Reports from the ISATA conference on new manufacturing processes which are affecting car assembly techniques. Outlines how hydroforming reduces weight and eliminates welding processes. Describes the latest developments in laser welding carried out by Volvo, Mercedes‐Benz and BMW. Reviews a self‐piercing fastening system which is adapted to the new aluminium and lightweight steels now being introduced in car design.
Islands of automation
Authors: Matthews Richard
Published: July 2002

Presents two case studies offering alternative solutions to the automatic assembly of moulded parts, which require further subassembly activities and inspection. Each illustrates the approach that is resulting in pioneering new concepts and designs, based on sound engineering principles.
Some aspects of real‐time production control in distributed flexible assembly systems
Authors: Ranky Paul G.
Published: July 2002

Owing to the advance of communications and automation technologies it is now common, that a product is designed in one part of the world, manufactured often in another continent, assembled again somewhere else and sold (with various minor customization changes) everywhere in the world. In other words we need to deal with a variety of combinations of local design and manufacture/ assembly and global design and manufacture/ assembly, on‐demand, truly just‐in‐time. We have to recognize that traditional, mass‐produced, highly‐controlled static and rigid design and assembly methods cannot cope with the increased amount of information, knowledge and inter‐referencing requirements of the customers of this rapidly changing world. The challenge is to assemble products on demand at a high quality and relatively low cost in the forthcoming “Knowledge Age”. This paper propagates the above by shedding some light on the challenges, as well as by offering generic algorithmic solutions to the problem of dynamic scheduling with integrated robot tool management and multimedia support in distributed, lean and flexible assembly and design systems (including flexible assembly systems employing human operators as well as robots) that operate on a globally distributed basis.
Integral attachment using snap‐fit features: a key to assembly automation. Part 6 ‐ evaluating alternatives for design optimization
Authors: Genc Suat , Messler Robert W. , Gabriele Gary A.
Published: July 2002

Once alternative attachment concepts for a specific application have been generated, an evaluation tool needs to be used to select the “best” attachment concept based on given design objectives. Part 6 of this series presents a quantitative evaluation tool to select the optimal attachment concept based on structural performance, ease of manufacture, or ease of assembly as primary design objectives. Ways to consider secondary objectives in the evaluation process to handle design problems with multiple objectives are also presented.
Assembly techniques evolve in new and old directions
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

Reports on Euro Assemblage ’98, the biennial exhibition of assembly technology, held recently in Paris. Outlines growing trends towards cam‐driven assembly lines. Describes new developments in diode laser technology which enable plastic welding to be performed.
How are we doing in mechatronics?
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: July 2002

Mechatronics received close attention in October 1998, first at a day conference organized by the IEE looking at the Japanese experience, and then at a lecture on intelligent mechatronics. Japanese experience was looked at from the standpoint of Tom Salusbury, who had been Science and Technology Secretary at the British Embassy in Tokyo, and David Wilson, of Cambridge Consultants, who had been on two fact‐finding visits. These were followed by two speakers, Stephen King and Rick Burbridge, who worked for subsidiaries of Japanese companies, and Ian Ross, whose company, KeyMed, is closely associated with Olympus in Japan. Intelligent mechatronics was reviewed by the new chairman of IEE’s Control Division, Geoff Roberts.
Method for automatic tool selection for disassembly planning
Authors: O’Shea Benjamin , Kaebernick Hartmut , Grewal S.S. , Perlewitz H. , Müller K. , Seliger G.
Published: July 2002

A method for the automatic selection of tools in a disassembly or assembly environment is described. The method uses a cluster graph to represent the product in a fashion suitable for the simple identification of part inter‐relationships within the product. This graphical representation of the product is then converted directly into a dynamic programming model. To this dynamic programming model cost data are added and the optimum tool selection path is produced.
Monomolecular Langmuir‐Blodgett films – tomorrow’s sensors?
Authors: Monkman Gareth
Published: July 2002

Describes the fabrication of Langmuir‐Blodgett films and their various applications as pyrometers, capacitive sensors, fluorescence and liquid crystal displays.
Screen printable polymer piezoelectrics
Authors: Papakostas Thomas , White Neil
Published: July 2002

The use of polymer thick‐film technology for the implementation of piezoelectric sensors opens up the way towards the low‐cost production of piezoelectric sensing devices. A novel polymer thick‐film piezoelectric paste is presented and compared with other piezoelectric materials. The main advantages of these films are the low processing temperature, their flexibility and the ease of creating patterns with feature sizes as small as 200μm. Various applications are proposed demonstrating the potential of these screen printable polymer piezoelectrics.
New sensors for new machine vision applications
Authors: Soini Antti
Published: July 2002

Provides details of a variety of industrial inspection systems that received funding from the European Union’s HPCN‐TTN (High Performance Computing Network‐Technology Transfer Nodes) programme. Describes the inspection systems and the commercial benefits that were obtained.
Towards a breakthrough in the detection of contaminants in food
products
Authors: Patel D , Davies E R , Hannah I
Published: July 2002

Outlines research work [by the Machine Vision Group at Royal Holloway]
into an x‐ray inspection system able to detect contaminants in
packaged food products. Describes the analysis of a four‐stage machine
vision structure that includes image formation, pre‐processing,
feature extraction and decision. The system was tested on various food
products and contaminants with the resultant conclusions that the
contamination detection system was adaptive and worked with many types of
products and contaminants. Refinements in the final decision making stage are
being implemented by the use of expert [neural] networks.
Digital signal processing
Authors: McFarlane Andy
Published: July 2002

Reviews the underlying principles of digital signal processing (DSP) with little recourse to mathematics. Aims to encourage experimentation to obtain a feel for the processes involved. DSP provides a powerful numeric means of extracting useful information from sensor data applied to a system. Discusses the basic concepts of such processing techniques and introduces some useful algorithms.
Three‐dimensional vision technology offers real‐time inspection capability
Authors: Wolfson Wendy , Gordon Steven J.
Published: July 2002

Describes a three‐dimensional machine vision technology for inspecting and measuring on‐line production. States that the 4DI three‐dimensional imager, a new machine vision technology developed by Intelligent Automation Systems, combines speed and accuracy to perform 100 per cent on‐line inspection and measurement of volumes and surfaces in real‐time. Until recently, neither conventional measurement techniques such as co‐ordinate measurement machines nor non‐contact optical technologies could inspect 100 per cent of production on‐line three‐dimensionally, being either too slow or too sensitive to ambient light. The 4DI uses structured laser light, multiple cameras and triangulation to capture moving or stationary objects. States this technology allows objects of different sizes, ranging from several feet to fractions of an inch to be imaged. States the system has no moving parts, it is robust in industrial environments.
Integrated sensor systems for environmental monitoring
Authors: Brecht Andreas
Published: July 2002

Discusses the requirements in environmental monitoring ‐ primarily in aqueous environments. Detection of substances below the ppb‐level may be required. Many analytes lack intrinsic properties suitable for direct detection by a sensor. Therefore, separation, concentration, and chemical conversion may be required. Sensors may require calibration and conditioning. Efforts are taken to integrate these functions with sensor components to give integrated sensor systems, which allow unattended operation in the environment.
Miniature sensors using high density screen printing
Authors: Robertson Chris
Published: July 2002

Screen printing is a traditional low cost technique for production of electronic circuitry. Conventionally, screen printing is capable of no smaller than 200‐250 micron line and space (500 micron pitch) geometry in anything other than low volume production. In recent years, ERA has been developing a novel approach to screen printing which circumvents the problems with a traditional mesh screen and thereby allows dimensions down to 50 micron line and space to be printed consistently. A major European Commission sponsored project ‐ HIDENIMP ‐ has just commenced with the objective of transferring this manufacturing technology to European industry across a broad range of applications. These include microwave devices (where control of edge definition and gap is important), displays (where minimising track width enhances appearance), precision resistors (where the more controlled deposition characteristics of the μ‐Screen can be used and trimming minimised) and environmental sensors.
Validity of process under the Party Wall etc. Act 1996
Authors: Bowden David
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the entire process leading to the making of a valid award under section 10 of the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. The powers and duties of the appointed surveyors, the validity of their appointment, and the effect of their awards are examined. The validity of some of the commonly used award clauses is also commented upon. The paper also considers agreements between the parties insofar as they might affect a dispute and the subsequent award. Finally, examples are provided as to where liability might lie for failure to produce a valid award, with important warnings for appointed surveyors.
Domestic subsidence insurance claims ‐ is there a role for the chartered building surveyor?
Authors: Bussey Andrew , Hoxley Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the findings of a research project which investigates the market for the chartered building surveyor to act as the “panel expert” for insurance companies in domestic subsidence claims cases. The key players in the process of a claim are considered and hypotheses, that building surveyors are discriminated against in favour of engineers, and that this is due to the training of each profession, are stated. The hypotheses are tested by questionnaire studies of building surveying firms, insurance companies, loss adjusters and higher education institutions. The hypotheses are largely confirmed but the results throw interesting light on the subject. The paper concludes with recommendations for professional bodies and universities to assist those surveyors wishing to practise in an increasingly important area of work.
Playing back the past: part 1 ‐ deciphering old structures and the work of the RCHME
Authors: Mack Simon
Published: July 2002

Postulates the metaphor of a “video camera” to discuss the way old structures accumulate physical signs of the events they have existed through. Outlines the nature and purpose of the RCHME, its constitution, size, and its obje ctives of: survey, curating and making available its archives, and recording of “threatened buildings”. Suggests why the past is regarded as significant and how historical research operates by piecing together evidence. Explains how old structures contribute their stored evidence to this process.
The development of ground floor constructions: part 8 (review and summary)
Authors: Douglas James
Published: July 2002

Reviews the development of ground floor constructions. Explores the reasons for insulating the various types of ground floor constructions. Discusses the reasons for and methods of enhancing the thermal efficiency of floors. Shows that the earliest type of insulated floor was of lime concrete construction. Modern ground floors, whether suspended or ground‐supported, must be insulated to an adequate level to achieve a more sustainable construction.
Factors influencing design development time of commercial properties in Singapore
Authors: Sui Pheng Low , T’ng Daniel L.L.
Published: July 2002

The fundamental principles of project management governing time, cost and quality should be closely adhered to right from the conceptual design stage in property development to ensure minimal design changes that can have subsequent implications on the overall development of a project. The prognosis of a not so well‐thought out design can be costly once tenders are confirmed. This paper aims to identify the differences in the role perceptions between the client’s project managers and the consultant architects and to determine the major factors that will have a significant influence on the design development time of commercial properties. The study involves a questionnaire survey to determine these factors. The survey findings focus on the size of the design team and client’s in‐house team, communications and decision making in relation to the design development time of completed commercial projects.
Benchmarking metrics used in UK facilities management
Authors: Massheder Keith , Finch Edward
Published: July 2002

This is the second of two papers looking at the use of benchmarking in the UK (the preceding paper appeared in the previous issue of Facilities). It looks specifically at the types of metric used to assess facility performance. The study is based on a survey of 25 of the top 100 UK organisations.
Towards the prediction of evacuation behaviours for people with learning difficulties
Authors: Shields T.J. , Smyth B. , Boyce K.E. , Silcock G.W.H.
Published: July 2002

Facilities to cater for the needs of people with learning difficulties are provided in a range of accommodation which includes new build and adapted buildings. Issues related to the life safety of building occupants with learning difficulties, particularly where there are sleeping risks, have not been given sufficient prominence. To assist facilities managers in the difficult task of prioritising space and resource allocations, a method for development of assessing the evacuation capabilities of residents with learning difficulties is offered for discussion.
Empathetic design and post‐occupancy evaluation
Authors: Finch Edward
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a case study evaluation of an innovative educational facility at the University of Reading, designed by the American modernist architect, Rick Mather. The paper presents some conceptual concerns regarding “inquiry” based evaluation and advocates the use of “empathetic” evaluation currently practised in other industries. Questionnaire based approaches throw little light on the impact of building design on new workplace practices currently being experimented with in intelligent office buildings. Empathetic evaluation may help to redress this.
Investment property portfolio management and financial derivatives: Paper 2
Authors: McAllister Patrick , Mansfield John R.
Published: July 2002

A previous paper (Vol. 16 No. 3) examined the potential contribution of derivative products to the mitigation of some of the problems and risks associated with direct property investment. This paper analyses the property‐related derivative products that have been developed. Particular attention is paid to the products developed by Barclay de Zoete Wedd ‐ property index certificates (PIC), property index forwards (PIF) and property index notes (PIN) ‐ and property basket warrants issued by Goldman Sachs and SBC Warburg. It is argued that institutional attitudes to derivatives are key to their success. Previous research on this issue is reviewed. It is concluded that the development of PICs has “broken the ice” with investors and should generate increased interest in and use of derivative products in the property sector by UK and overseas institutional investors.
The commercial property development process
Authors: Fisher Peter , Collins Tony
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the development of commercial real estate in broadly capitalist economies. Rational project planning for such development is not well advanced. Property advisers agree that the development process is infinitely flexible; circumstances alter cases. There is much objective knowledge about aspects of development, although decisions are often based on subjective personal experience. Academic research from various disciplines has concentrated on the process, providing a framework of ideas but little empirical support. How development projects evolve depends upon structural forces that are not only economic, and the actors who become involved. This paper argues that the nature of the site is also important. Analysis of literature suggests a model based on four “dimensions”, structure, actors, site and events. Two case studies from Newcastle upon Tyne and Cape Town are used to test this theory; these were researched largely by interviewing the actors. Software for development is underdeveloped. Financial appraisal packages merely crunch the numbers provided. Existing software does little to alert actors to opportunities, constraints and pitfalls or assist them with decisions. Research should aim to develop decision‐support software of real practical use to actors in the management of projects.
Four years of academic library co‐operation in Chile “Alerta al Conocimiento”
Authors: Luisa Arenas Maria , Paz Morel Maria , Jasmén Anita Maria
Published: July 2002

“Alerta al Conocimiento” is a private corporation owned by Chilean universities. The paper looks at the benefits of the service in terms of increasing access to information, improving the efficiency of document supply, reducing the acquisition costs and reducing the delivery times from publishers to libraries. Also includes projections for the next three years including a “virtual library” project being planned with a grant from the Andrew Mellon Foundation.
Using the Web of Science® for unmediated document delivery
Authors: Crowley Gwyneth H. , Hart Judith L.
Published: July 2002

Due to the significant cost of interlibrary loan services and the pressure to provide better access to journal articles, a pilot project on unmediated document delivery was designed as an option for interlibrary loan requests at Texas A&M University (TAMU). Graduate students and faculty members of the Educational Psychology and Psychology Departments were given access, at no cost, to the electronic document delivery service of the Institute of Scientific Information’s (ISI) Web of Science®. Participants were asked to order only items not owned by the TAMU General Libraries. Data gathered included the item(s) ordered, the cost of each item, and the users’ experience level with electronic systems. Key factors examined were the patron’s inclination to check the catalogue, total and average costs, ease of use, willingness of patrons to use the system, and the problems incurred.
Charging users for interlibrary loans in UK university libraries ‐ a new survey
Authors: Clinton Pat
Published: July 2002

This survey is a follow‐up to one undertaken in 1994. The aim was to discover latest library practice regarding charging and other related issues for interlibrary loans in UK university libraries. Of the 325 questionnaires sent, 170 (52 per cent) responded and of those, 120 libraries (70 per cent) provided an ILL service. A total of 117 libraries from 120 gave details on their ILL charging policy, with 76 libraries from the 117 (65 per cent) charging and a small number regulating ILLs on a quota system. Only a handful of libraries which currently do not charge have plans to or are considering doing so in the near future. The most popular charges made to groups of users were £1 per request to students and staff and £7‐£10 to externals. Where a flat rate per request was in operation, the most common charges were £5, £1 and £2, respectively. The use of electronic sources is playing an increasingly important role in document delivery, with bibliographical databases encouraging demand for requests, full‐text databases (especially in particular subject areas such as business information) allowing access to articles from journal titles to which the library does not subscribe and the use of electronic documents also for items not held locally.
Meeting the document supply needs of distance learners
Authors: Vassie Roderic
Published: July 2002

The need for university libraries to adapt their services to the different demands imposed by distance learning is explored in the context of the increasing importance of this method of course delivery to the higher education sector, particularly in the UK. A number of questions are raised, including: What is meant by the term “remote user”? Who should pay for document delivery? Is there a convenient way to uphold the principle of library privilege? What effect may distance learners’ previous educational experience have on demand for their information services?
Optimization of geometrically non‐linear structures based on a multi‐point approximation method and adaptivity
Authors: Polynkine A.A. , Van Keulen F. , Toropov V.V.
Published: July 2002

Presents an approach for optimal design of geometrically non‐linear structures, using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The optimization technique adopted is based on the multi‐point approximation method. The finite element method is used for the structural analysis. Reformulation of the optimal design problem is applied to circumvent complications caused by the non‐linear behaviour of the structure. The latter may lead to bifurcations, limit points and/or significant reduction of the structural stiffness for individual intermediate designs generated by an optimization algorithm. Discretization errors are controlled using AMR. To reduce computational costs, the requested global and local discretization errors are not taken as fixed values but are specified on the basis of the current status of the optimization process. In the beginning relatively large errors are accepted, while as the process progresses discretization errors are reduced. The method is applied to thin‐walled structures with geometrically non‐linear behaviour.
Static‐explicit elastic plastic finite element simulation and virtual manufacturing of sheet metal forming
Authors: Nakamachi Eiji
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of a static‐explicit type finite‐element formulation based on non‐linear elastic plastic shells, non‐linear contact friction and Barlat anisotropic plasticity with modified corner theory. Newly introduces the spin of the anisotropic axes as a means of deriving the objective stress rate. Demonstrates that a C0 continuous shell is an efficient finite element for large‐scale computation. Uses membrane shell theory to derive a kinematic description of the external contact force. Offers an explanation of the ways in which the material, press load and lubrication affect the deformation and strain localization in the automotive sheet metal forming process. Demonstrates a trial of virtual manufacturing incorporating finite‐element simulation, a visualized inspection system and a heuristic process optimization scheme.
Elastic/crystalline‐viscoplastic finite element analysis of dynamic deformation of sheet metal
Authors: Nakamachi Eiji , Dong Xianghuai
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of a dynamic‐explicit type finite‐element formulation based on elastic/crystalline‐viscoplastic theory to predict the dynamic forming limits of sheet metal. Formulates an evolution equation governing all the slip stages of a single crystal, by modifying Pierce and Bassani’s crystalline plasticity models. Interprets precisely the experimentally observed hardening evolution. Takes account of the importance of the strain rate and temperature sensitivity of the material in predicting dynamic plastic instability. Analyses the deformation and strain localization in a rectangular sheet under stretching, in relation to the plane strain assumption, using the numerical results to demonstrate the influences of tension force and temperature on strain localization, and to show the temperature dependence of shear band formation. Demonstrates that the deviation of tension direction from the axis of symmetry of a single crystal causes non‐simultaneous sliding between primary and conjugate slip systems, resulting in S‐shaped non‐symmetrical deformation.
Dynamic‐explicit elastic plastic finite‐element simulation of hemispherical punch‐drawing of sheet metal
Authors: Nakamachi Eiji , Huo Tongru
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of a dynamic‐explicit finite‐element simulation code based on anisotropic elastic‐plastic theory and non‐linear contact friction theory. Points out that whereas in industrial production the dynamic‐explicit finite‐element code has proved to be an efficient and robust tool for sheet metal forming, in the automobile industry sheet metal forming is usually a quasi‐static process; therefore seeks to make clear the dynamics of deformation and strain and to evaluate mass scaling, damping scaling and material viscosity scaling parameters. Introduces the penalty method and the kinematic description method as means to derive a rate‐type contact force formulation employing the four‐node degenerated shell finite element. Also introduces the jewely patch scheme to describe the tool geometry. Analyses the hemispherical punch deep‐drawing of a square plate and compares this with the experimental results. Confirms the applicability of the newly developed finite‐element code to the quasi‐static forming process.
Automated solution procedures for negotiating abrupt non‐linearities and branch points
Authors: Dutta Amit , White Donald W.
Published: July 2002

In the inelastic stability analysis of plated structures, incremental‐iterative finite element methods sometimes encounter prohibitive solution difficulties in the vicinity of sharp limit points, branch points and other regions of abrupt non‐linearity. Presents an analysis system that attempts to trace the non‐linear response associated with these types of problems at minor computational cost. Proposes a semi‐heuristic method for automatic load incrementation, termed the adaptive arc‐length procedure. This procedure is capable of detecting abrupt non‐linearities and reducing the increment size prior to encountering iterative convergence difficulties. The adaptive arc‐length method is also capable of increasing the increment size rapidly in regions of near linear response. This strategy, combined with consistent linearization to obtain the updated tangent stiffness matrix in all iterative steps, and with the use of a “minimum residual displacement” constraint on the iterations, is found to be effective in avoiding solution difficulties in many types of severe non‐linear problems. However, additional procedures are necessary to negotiate branch points within the solution path, as well as to ameliorate convergence difficulties in certain situations. Presents a special algorithm, termed the bifurcation processor, which is effective for solving many of these types of problems. Discusses several example solutions to illustrate the performance of the resulting analysis system.
A fast Euler solver for the solution of three‐dimensional rotational compressible flows
Authors: Fortunato Bernardo
Published: July 2002

Provides very accurate 3D compressible internal flow results computed by means of a fast Euler solver. This methodology separately integrates compatibility conditions, written in terms of generalized Riemann variables, along appropriate bicharacteristic lines. The three‐dimensional flow problem is thus reduced to a sequence of simple quasi one‐dimensional problems. Demonstrates the merits of the present approach by means of the application to the solution of the flow in a Stanitz elbow and by comparison with numerical results, computed by means of other theoretical methods, and with the experimental results.
Analysis of free vibrations of helicoidal beams
Authors: Alghamdi S.A. , Mohiuddin M.A. , Al‐Ghamedy H.N.
Published: July 2002

As structural members, circular helicoidal bars are frequently used in the construction industry for a variety of practical and/or aesthetical reasons. While these bars (curvilinear beams) might represent the most practical alternative for carrying loads in a specified structural configuration, the three dimensional structural response has been found to be superior compared to that of other forms of structural members under a general state of loading. Presents the results of a study that has been designed to investigate the free vibration characteristics of this type of bar. The study reported is limited to the analysis of free vibrations utilizing the method of dynamic transport matrix (DTM), and the finite elements method (FEM). A comparative study of the results provided by the DTM is presented to assess the vibration characteristics of circular helicoidal bars and circular bars. The results indicate: the inherent structural superiority of the three dimensional behaviour of circular helicoidal bars; and the computational efficiency of the DTM as compared to the FEM.
Design optimisation of a semi‐solid tyre using response surface approximations
Authors: Roux W.J. , du Preez R.J. , Stander N.
Published: July 2002

A general approach for the construction of global approximations to structural behaviour using response surface methodology is presented. The computation and use of these approximations are demonstrated using a semi‐solid tyre example. The use of these global approximations to the responses made it viable to utilise the capabilities of non‐linear analysis software in design optimisation. The insight gained from a preliminary low fidelity model was utilized in a two‐stage approach to achieve the maximum benefit from a more expensive high fidelity model. The resulting high‐accuracy approximations greatly reduced the cost of subsequent design calculations such as multidisciplinary and discrete optimisation.
Approximate inverse banded matrix techniques
Authors: Gravvanis George A.
Published: July 2002

A new class of approximate inverse banded matrix techniques based on the concept of LU‐type factorization procedures is introduced for computing explicitly approximate inverses without inverting the decomposition factors. Explicit preconditioned iterative schemes in conjunction with approximate inverse matrix techniques are presented for the efficient solution of banded linear systems. Applications of the method on a linear system are discussed and numerical results are given.
Non‐linear transformation of freeform curves and surfaces for CAD
Authors: Lee Y.T. , Fang L.
Published: July 2002

Non‐linear transformation of freeform curves and surfaces is useful in computer‐aided design and computer graphics. It is highly desirable that the original and transformed curves or surfaces are defined using the same representation. But freeform curves and surfaces defined by control points are invariant only under affine transformations, and not so under non‐linear transformations. This paper develops a method that can perform non‐linear transformations of freeform curves to specific accuracies, while retaining the same representation. It involves first applying the transformation to the control points and then modifying them so that the resulting curve and the exact transformed curve are equal at a specific number of points, which is the number of control points. Refinement to the approximation is made by increasing the number of control points. A method for measuring the maximum positional error has been implemented and this is used to facilitate an algorithm for automatic refinement. Extension of the method for surfaces is also given.
Determinants and benefits of global strategic marketing planning formality
Authors: Chae Myung‐Su , Hill John S.
Published: July 2002

Global strategic marketing planning has become increasingly important with the advent of worldwide competition and the growing rapidity of change in the international marketplace. In this article, research and commentaries from the strategic management and international marketing planning literatures are brought together in a model examining what factors influence global strategic marketing planning formality, and whether competitive and organizational benefits accrue from the process. Responses from 90 multinational corporations were subjected to a LISREL analysis. Corporate culture, supply chain elements, foreign regulations and competition were identified as key determinants of planning formality. Considerable non‐financial benefits also accrue as planning formality increases.
New developments in innovation
Authors: Poolton Jenny , Ismail Hossam
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine some recent developments in the field of new products innovation. As a starting point, the reader is introduced to a brief history of management, setting innovation in its historic context. Some major issues facing new products managers are then briefly reviewed, and three recent developments in the innovation literature are discussed. These are: the growing role of improvisation in new product development as a reaction to conventional planning models; the role of “heart” in the workplace as a means of improving the creative potential of organisations; and the importance of qualitative‐based approaches as a means of tapping into the latent and unmet needs of consumers.
Top managers in local government: influences on development
Authors: Williams Richard S. , Matthewman Lisa
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a study of factors that have influenced the career development of senior managers in local government. It extends earlier work on business chief executives and chief officers of police carried out by Margerison and Kakabadse. It was found that the influences could be categorized into three main groups: two kinds of personal attributes – ability factors, motivational factors – and the third group comprising situational factors. Certain of the individual factors are consistent with the findings from competency research. While there are some differences from the earlier research the extent of the similarity is more striking, suggesting the enduring importance of many influencing factors across both time and employment sector.
Primary care organisation and management – Evidence from a total purchasing pilot
Authors: Hurst Keith , Harrison Stephen , Ride Trevor
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the experience of a single pilot in total primary care purchasing (TPP) between 1995 and 1997. The article’s structure is based on a framework created from the seven original objectives of the pilot and 12 themes emerging from qualitative data analysis. Data are mainly drawn from interviews with participants. Interesting and useful findings emerge. For example, the TPP was able to build positive relationships with other local actors and amongst its GPs, though these did not necessarily lead to agreement or compliance. The TPP undertook conventional health needs assessment, but experienced difficulty reviewing referral practice and controlling the volume of secondary care services, contributing to problems of financial control. Though TPP has been abolished, the findings have implications for successors.
New technologies for electrical testing: PWB cost impact
Authors: Vaucher Christophe
Published: July 2002

While PWB selling prices keep on decreasing at the average rate of 6 percent per year, the cost of advanced electrical testing is escalating in a dangerous way. Today, investing in a new test capacity has become one of the most strategic decision for a PCB manufacturer, and not only on the leading edge side. This paper will investigate what will be the impact of emerging test technologies on the cost of manufacturing tomorrow’s PWBs.