bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English as a Medium of Instruction at Turkish State Universities
Authors: Taquini Reninni , Finardi Kyria R. , Amorim Gabriel B.
Published: June 2017

This paper reports a study that explores the role of English as a language of instruction (or English Medium Instruction (EMI)) in the Turkish higher education system problematizing it in Turkey in terms of the country’s possible inclusion in the European Union and globalization discourses as well as the possible exclusion of Turkish students who do not speak English. With that aim, a study was carried out to analyze the offer of EMI courses at the Turkish universities and the use of English in that context. Data were collected from the Turkish universities websites and the analyses show that there are more state than private universities in the country, most of which have websites in English whereas only 25% offer EMI courses and/or programs to attract international students. The discussion of the data addresses the use of English in the internationalization of higher education in relation to possible implications of offering EMI courses in that context.
Morphological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Twitter: Educational Implications
Authors: Dashti Abdulmohsen A. , Dashti Fatimah
Published: June 2017

The influx of English borrowed items into Kuwait has recently considerably increased, driven by both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, mainly through new electronic media, and direct contact with the donor language. Kuwaitis, especially, the new generation heavily make use of English loanwords in mobile devices applications such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and others. It is significant to note that a recipient language (in this case KA) discloses different morphological and phonological features that affect loan words. This paper investigates the morphological adaptation of English loanwords as used by Kuwaitis in twitter. Results indicate that Kuwaitis heavily use and adapt loan words morphologically in twitter and in everyday speech. Significant educational implications were collected as well from interviewing 50 students.
Perioperative Blood Management in Pediatric Spine Surgery
Authors: Oetgen Matthew E. , Litrenta Jody
Published: June 2017

Blood management strategies are integral to successful outcomes in many types of orthopaedic surgery. These strategies minimize blood loss and transfusion requirements, ultimately decreasing complications, improving outcomes, and potentially eliminating risks associated with allogeneic transfusion. Practices to achieve these goals include preoperative evaluation and optimization of hemoglobin, the use of pharmacologic agents or anesthetic methods, intraoperative techniques to improve hemostasis and cell salvage, and the use of predonated autologous blood. Guidelines can also help manage allogeneic transfusions in the perioperative period. Although the literature on blood management has focused primarily on arthroplasty and adult spine surgery, pediatric spinal fusion for scoliosis involves a large group of patients with a specific set of risk factors for transfusion and distinct perioperative considerations. A thorough understanding of blood management techniques will improve surgical planning, limit transfusion-associated risks, maintain hemostasis, and optimize outcomes in this pediatric population.
Comparative Structural Modeling of Vitamin D3 Containing Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium
Authors: Melnikov Petr , Gaúna Ana Nogueira , Zanoni Lourdes Z. , Oliveira Lincoln C.S. de , Nascimento Valter A.
Published: June 2017

The comparative structural modeling of vitamins D3 containing sulfur, selenium and tellurium in oxygen site has provided detailed information about the bond lengths and bond angles, filling the gap in the structural characteristics of virtual VD3 variants. The investigation using the molecular mechanics technique with good approximation confirmed the information available on X-ray refinements for the natural VD3. It was shown that Ch-H and Ch-C bond lengths grow in parallel with the increasing chalcogen ionic radii and practically insensitive to the presence of the organic moiety. These findings demonstrate a higher polarity of VD3S-H, VD3Se-H and VD3Te-H as compared to VD3. It maybe suggested that enhanced polarity can have a positive impact on hydroxylation processes.
Use of Quantile Regression in Determining Factors Associated with BMI Among Vulnerable Adolescents in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf Oyindamola B. , Adebowale Ayo S. , Bamgboye Elijah A. , Odusote Temitayo , Iyabode Olusanmi , Ladipo Oladapo A.
Published: June 2017

Body Mass Index has been investigated using the traditional regression methods which may not provide a complete picture of the effects of the independent variables when the outcome is continuous and skewed. Information on the nutritional status of vulnerable adolescents in Nigeria is scanty thereby hindering appropriate intervention by policy decision-makers. We investigated the nutritional status of vulnerable adolescents by examining their body mass index (BMI). A cross-sectional survey of vulnerable adolescents, aged 10-17 years was conducted in three local government areas in Rivers state, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information on the economic status, means of livelihood and accessibility to education, nutrition and health of the adolescents. Quantile regression models were fitted to the data. About 39% of the 494 adolescents were underweight, 49.8% had normal weight, 5.5% were overweight while 6.1% were obese. Age was a significant predictor of BMI for the males at the 50th quantile. Adolescent males that experienced food insecurity showed lower BMI compared to those who were food secured. Age, sex, food insecurity and household economy were determinants of BMI among vulnerable adolescents.
PERCOLATION TRANSITION AND TOPOLOGY
Authors: Jouannot-Chesney Patricia , Jernot Jean-Paul , Lantuéjoul Christian
Published: June 2017

A number of bidimensional random structures with increasing densities are simulated to explore possible links between Euler-Poincaré characteristic (EPC), or connectivity, and percolation threshold. For each structure model, the percolation threshold is compared with a number of typical points (extrema, zero crossings...) of the EPC curve. From these exercises, it can be concluded that the percolation threshold cannot be generally predicted using the evolution of the EPC.
ON THE PRECISION OF THE NUCLEATOR
Authors: González-Villa Javier , Cruz Marcos , Cruz-Orive Luis M.
Published: June 2017

The nucleator is a design unbiased method of local stereology for estimating the volume of a bounded object. The only information required lies in the intersection of the object with an isotropic random ray emanating from a fixed point (called the pivotal point) associated with the object. For instance, the volume of a neuron can be estimated from a random ray emanating from its nucleolus. The nucleator is extensively used in biosciences because it is efficient and easy to apply. The estimator variance can be reduced by increasing the number of rays. In an earlier paper a systematic sampling design was proposed, and theoretical variance predictors were derived, for the corresponding volume estimator. Being the only variance predictors hitherto available for the nucleator, our basic goal was to check their statistical performance by means of Monte Carlo resampling on computer reconstructions of real objects. As a plus, the empirical distribution of the volume estimator revealed statistical properties of practical relevance.
“Autoimmune Epilepsy”: Encephalitis with Autoantibodies for Epileptologists
Authors: Bien Christian G. , Holtkamp Martin
Published: June 2017

Autoimmune encephalitides may account for epilepsies of so far unknown cause. These “autoimmune epilepsies” may respond well to immunotherapy. More than a dozen autoantibodies have been found with this constellation; therefore, broad autoantibody testing of serum-CSF pairs offers the best diagnostic yield. Several particular features raise the suspicion of an autoimmune cause in otherwise unexplained seizure disorders.
Simultaneous Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) with Modified Nanoporous Pumpellyite Zeolite
Authors: Mohammadi Sayed Zia , Shamspur Tayebeh , Shahsavani Elham , Fozooni Samieh
Published: June 2017

A procedure for determination of trace levels of Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a preconcentration system has been proposed. In this system, we used modified nanoporous pumpellyite zeolite loaded with 2-phenyl-4-[1-(2-thienyl) methylidene]-5-oxazolone as a sorbent for extracting Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) ions from real samples. Several parameters such as pH of the sample solution, amount of nanoporous pumpellyite zeolite, amount of ligand, volumes of sample and eluent, type of eluent, flow rates of sample and eluent, and the effects of diverse ions on the preconcentration were investigated. The LODs for Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) in the original solution were 2.6, 1.3, 3.2, and 1.1 ng/mL, respectively. The preconcentration factor was 250 for Zn and Ni, 100 for Cd, and 125 for Cu. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace metal ions in certified reference material tea leaves and water samples with satisfactory results.
A Quick Assay for the Quantitation of Deoxynivalenol in Grain Samples by Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection
Authors: Vega Victor A , Young Michelle , Dorsey LaTisha
Published: June 2017

A quick and effective extraction of deoxynivalenol (DON) in food samples is described. The samples were extracted using 80% acetonitrile–water solution, followed by a second extraction using an 80% methanol–water solution. The extract was then subjected to an immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup. Quantification of isolated analyte was obtained by LC with UV detection at 220 nm. LC-UV parameters were optimized with a C18 LC column resulting in a 6 min run time. Certified reference materials (CRMs) of three different matrixes at three different levels were analyzed. Wheat, barley, and corn samples containing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.9 mg/kg, respectively, were analyzed. Recoveries from all CRM samples were calculated using an external standard curve (Figure 1) and ranged from 80 to 102%. Confirmation of DON in the sample extracts was accomplished using LC/MS. This method provides a rapid, specific, and robust assay for the analysis of DON with an uncertainty measurement of 12.2% and method detention limit of less than 0.125 mg/kg. Other methods that do not use an IAC produce dirty extracts that sometimes require washing the chromatographic column after each sample injection. The method presented here does not require washing the column, which leads to faster LC analysis time/sample.
Validation of Modifications to the ANSR® Salmonella Method for Improved Ease of Use
Authors: Caballero Oscar , Alles Susan , Walton Kayla , Gray R. Lucas , Mozola Mark , Rice Jennifer
Published: June 2017

This paper describes the results of a study to validate minor reagent formulation and procedural changes to the ANSR® Salmonella method, AOAC Performance Tested Method™ 061203. In order to improve ease of use and diminish risk of amplicon contamination,
the lyophilized reagent components were reformulated for increased solubility, thus eliminating the need to mix by pipetting. In the alternative procedure, an aliquot of the lysate is added to lyophilized ANSR reagents, immediately capped, and briefly mixed by vortex. Results of the validation
study with ice cream, peanut butter, dry dog food, raw ground turkey, raw ground beef, and sponge samples from a stainless steel surface showed no statistically significant differences in performance between the ANSR method and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical
Manual or U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Services Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedures. Results of inclusivity and exclusivity testing were unchanged from those of the original validation study; exclusivity was 100% and inclusivity
was 99.1% with only a single strain of Salmonella Weslaco testing negative. Robustness testing was also conducted, with variations to lysis buffer volume, lysis time, and sample volume having no demonstrable effect on assay results.
C Cell and Follicular Epithelial Cell Precursor Lesions of the Thyroid
Authors: Scognamiglio Theresa
Published: June 2017

Context.—

The identification of precursor or dysplastic lesions in the thyroid is difficult. Pathology of the C cell has been extensively studied, and the preneoplastic nature of C-cell hyperplasia in the setting of familial medullary thyroid carcinomas is well established. However, the distinction between neoplastic and physiologic/reactive C-cell hyperplasia remains a challenge. Unlike C cells, the existence of a precursor lesion of follicular cell–derived tumors is less well established, and a dysplastic or preneoplastic follicular lesion has not been well defined.

Objective.—

To discuss putative precursor lesions in the thyroid arising from C cells and follicular epithelial cells.

Data Sources.—

Data were obtained from a review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature.

Conclusions.—

Although the preneoplastic nature of C-cell hyperplasia in the setting of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma is well recognized, the preneoplastic nature/malignant potential of reactive/physiologic C-cell hyperplasia and its role in the development of sporadic, medullary thyroid carcinoma is still unclear. Current data suggest that benign follicular lesions may have malignant potential, and there may be a multifocal progression from benign to malignant. Atypical follicular lesions in the background of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis may represent dysplastic or premalignant lesions.
Adsorption of Malathion Onto Copper and Iron Surfaces Relevant to Water Infrastructure
Authors: Harper Willie F. , Flemings William , Bailey Kandace , Lee Walter , Felker Daniel , Gallardo Vicente , Magnuson Matthew , Phillips Rebecca
Published: June 2017

This study investigated the adsorption of malathion to copper (Cu) and iron surfaces, including microspheres and pipe specimens similar to those in drinking water infrastructure. The solid phase concentration of malathion on the virgin and used Cu pipe specimens was generally between 0.2 and 1 mg/g. The adsorption capacity for Cu and iron microspheres was greater than those of the pipe specimens because of their higher surface‐area‐to‐volume ratios. Copper materials adsorbed more malathion than comparable iron materials. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Cu and iron surfaces revealed peaks at 164 eV (S 2p) and 135 eV (P 2p), which suggests that malathion chemically bonded to the surfaces of the specimens. Metal oxides likely formed stable bonds with phosphorus through pi conjugation. These findings are the first to show that malathion can chemically adhere to Cu and iron pipe materials. This insight is critical for understanding the decontamination strategies needed for water networks.
STABILITY OF SUPERCOOLING SOLUTIONS OF CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEMS IN CLASSICAL THEORY OF NEW PHASE FORMATION
Authors: Slivchenko Evgeniy S. , Isaev Vadim N. , Samarskiy Alexander P. , Blinichev Valerian N.
Published: June 2017

Theoretical and experimental evaluations of crystallization systems solutions stability to overcooling were summarized. The general regulariries of the kinetics of the crystallization process are discussed from the standpoint of the classical theory of the formation and growth of new-phase particles. During the analysis of the process of periodic homogeneous crystallization kinetic diagram, three characteristic periods were revealed: the period of resistance to supercooling, the period of crystal growth, and the period of recrystallization. The nature of the processes determining the duration of the characteristic periods has been established. The applicability of the mathematical apparatus of the new phase formation classical theory for calculating the basic and particular functionals of the crystallization system is substantiated. Relations are given that make it possible to calculate the main and particular functionals of the crystallization system stability for supercooling. The analysis of crystallization system category influence on the magnitude of limit supercooling and periodic homogenous crystallization induction period extreme was made. Parameters of the resistance to supercooling of supersaturated aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic substances certain classes under periodic homogeneous crystallization are presented. Conclusions are drawn regarding the position of the main and particular functionals extrema of the crystallization system. The correctness of the conclusions is confirmed by an analysis of the experimental data on the crystallization kinetics of a number of inorganic and organic substances from aqueous and aqueous-organic solvents. On the example of periodic homogeneous crystallization process of the vitamin B1 thiamin bromide from the water-ethanol solution, a complete series of the crystallization system main and particular functionals extremum positions the are constructed. The regularities of the influence of the organic component concentration in a binary solvent on the stability functionals of the crystallization system are noted.Forcitation:Slivchenko E.S., Samarskiy A.P., Isaev V.N., Blinichev V.N. Stability of supercooling solutions of crystallization systems in classical theory of new phase formation. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 88-93.
ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL POLLUTION OF IVANOVO CITY WITH HEAVY METALS AND OIL PRODUCTS
Authors: Mashkin Dmitry V. , Izvekova Tatyana V. , Gushchin Andrei A. , Grinevich Vladimir I.
Published: June 2017

In given study the results of measurements of heavy metals content (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn) and oil hydrocarbons in a soil cover of Ivanovo city are presented. The chemical pollution of soils was estimated with the comparison of obtained results with normalized values as well as on parameters which are indicators of unfavorable impact on a population health that is on the coefficient of concentration of chemical substance (Kc) and total parameter of chemical pollution (Zc). It has been established that the content of lead and oil products exceeds the standardized values by a factor of 6.7 and 3.9 times, respectively, and for all other controlled compounds their concentrations in all the test samples exceed the background values, with the exception of cobalt and manganese. For a determination of level pollution and for revealing main sources of anthropogenic impact the territory under study was divided on the following zones:  buffer areas of gasoline stands, zones with the intensive vehicular traffic and residential zones. On Zc value the residential zones refer to category of permissible level of pollution (Zc<16) whereas territories near roads and gasoline stands are characterized with the average level of pollution (16<Zc<32). The dynamics of the change in the value of the complex indicator of the level of chemical contamination of soil (Zc) for the period from 1999 to 2014 indicates a deterioration in the environmental condition of the soil, namely, the value of Zc increased from 12 to 18, which is probably associated with growth of vehicles (an average increase of 6% per year). On the basis of the method of geochemical mapping the reasonable assumption was made that the main contribution to soil contamination is provided by local sources of city.Forcitation:Mashkin D.V., Izvekova Т.V., Gushchin A.A., Grinevich V.I. Assessment of level pollution of Ivanovo city with heavy metals and oil products. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 94-99
Extensive horizontal gene transfer in cheese-associated bacteria
Authors: Bonham Kevin S , Wolfe Benjamin E , Dutton Rachel J
Published: June 2017

Acquisition of genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows microbes to rapidly gain new capabilities and adapt to new or changing environments. Identifying widespread HGT regions within multispecies microbiomes can pinpoint the molecular mechanisms that play key roles in microbiome assembly. We sought to identify horizontally transferred genes within a model microbiome, the cheese rind. Comparing 31 newly sequenced and 134 previously sequenced bacterial isolates from cheese rinds, we identified over 200 putative horizontally transferred genomic regions containing 4733 protein coding genes. The largest of these regions are enriched for genes involved in siderophore acquisition, and are widely distributed in cheese rinds in both Europe and the US. These results suggest that HGT is prevalent in cheese rind microbiomes, and that identification of genes that are frequently transferred in a particular environment may provide insight into the selective forces shaping microbial communities.
The Anopheles gambiae 2La chromosome inversion is associated with susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Africa
Authors: Riehle Michelle M , Bukhari Tullu , Gneme Awa , Guelbeogo Wamdaogo M , Coulibaly Boubacar , Fofana Abdrahamane , Pain Adrien , Bischoff Emmanuel , Renaud Francois , Beavogui Abdoul H , Traore Sekou F , Sagnon N’Fale , Vernick Kenneth D
Published: June 2017

Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.
The Morphosyntax of Negative Pronouns Constructions in Jordanian Arabic
Authors: Abdel Razaq Issa , Mahameed Mohammed
Published: June 2017

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric distribution of negation strategies in verbless constructions in Jordanian Arabic and similar dialects. In particular, negative pronouns constructions present two major problems for analyses of sentential negation. The first problem lies in the use of the verbal negation strategy in such constructions although they are verbless. The second problem is the merger of subject pronouns that are clear maximal projections with the negative marker occupying the head of the negative projection. To solve these problems, the paper provides an analysis that is based on the morphosyntactic properties of negative pronouns as well as the discourse properties of the constructions in which they occur. To account for the merger between the pronoun and the head of the negative, the study demonstrates that such pronouns belong to the class of weak bound subject pronouns that undergo head movement to Neg to check and delete its uninterpretable [+D] feature. The proposed analysis treats negative pronouns constructions as topic-comment structures that involve a fronted DP followed by a complete string of predication. As such, the paper concludes that the use of the marked negation strategy is a natural outcome given the discourse properties associated with topic-comment constructions to which negative pronouns constructions belong.
A study of the progression of damage in an axially loaded Branta leucopsis femur using X-ray computed tomography and digital image correlation
Authors: Mustansar Zartasha , McDonald Samuel A. , Sellers William Irvin , Manning Phillip Lars , Lowe Tristan , Withers Philip J. , Margetts Lee
Published: June 2017

This paper uses X-ray computed tomography to track the mechanical response of a vertebrate (Barnacle goose) long bone subjected to an axial compressive load, which is increased gradually until failure. A loading rig was mounted in an X-ray computed tomography system so that a time-lapse sequence of three-dimensional (3D) images of the bone’s internal (cancellous or trabecular) structure could be recorded during loading. Five distinct types of deformation mechanism were observed in the cancellous part of the bone. These were (i) cracking, (ii) thinning (iii) tearing of cell walls and struts, (iv) notch formation, (v) necking and (vi) buckling. The results highlight that bone experiences brittle (notch formation and cracking), ductile (thinning, tearing and necking) and elastic (buckling) modes of deformation. Progressive deformation, leading to cracking was studied in detail using digital image correlation. The resulting strain maps were consistent with mechanisms occurring at a finer-length scale. This paper is the first to capture time-lapse 3D images of a whole long bone subject to loading until failure. The results serve as a unique reference for researchers interested in how bone responds to loading. For those using computer modelling, the study not only provides qualitative information for verification and validation of their simulations but also highlights that constitutive models for bone need to take into account a number of different deformation mechanisms.
Ainsworth, William Harrison
Authors: Mourão Manuela , Jacobs Edward
Published: June 2017

William Harrison Ainsworth (1805–1882) was one of the most popular English writers of the early and mid‐Victorian period. He owned and edited several periodicals, and was best known for his historical novels, some of which featured a historical criminal as the hero. Today, he is considered a marginal literary figure; however, his extraordinary impact on the literary scene and on the audiences of his time make him an essential subject of study for those interested in the period.
Animals
Authors: McDonell Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Animals of all species appear to varying degrees of significance across all Victorian literary genres. Victorian perceptions of animals reveal a society whose conflicting attitudes of kindness and cruelty towards animals is part of its legacy to globalizing modernity. Routinely represented as metaphors or allegories for human traits, animals have been discussed as surrogates for human concerns. Recent Victorian literary scholarship, however, has engaged with such questions as the permeability of the human/animal distinction, interrelationships between biological and generic taxonomies, nonhuman agency, the legitimacy of animal metaphor, and the materiality of animal lives in relation to situated knowledges and practices.
Art
Authors: Frankel Nicholas
Published: June 2017

Where previous periods are notable for maintaining sharp distinctions between the visual and literary arts, the Victorian period is remarkable for the number, diversity, and success of its efforts to bring literature and art into a seamless union. Early in the period, visual artists came to play a central role in the genesis of Victorian literature: the period's dominant literary form, the novel, owed much to its illustrators, while poets, especially women, became increasingly reliant on the art gift book. Victorian poets, essayists, and novelists of both sexes frequently took the visual arts as models, while painters, sculptors and photographers took inspiration from literature. This symbiosis was especially pronounced in the Pre‐Raphaelite and aesthetic movements, which were movements in both literature and art. Such was the resulting expansion in the concept of art that by the Victorian period's end, novelists and poets no less than painters and illustrators could speak unhesitatingly of themselves as artists.
Besant, Annie
Authors: MacKay Carol H.
Published: June 2017

Annie Besant (1847–1933) devoted her life to seeking truth and fighting for the betterment of humankind. Starting out in England, she moved from Christianity to Secularism, along the way publishing birth control literature, arguing for women's rights, and editing her own journal,
Our Corner
, which increasingly promoted the socialism she came to endorse. Her conversion to Theosophy in 1889 soon led to her worldwide leadership of the Theosophical Society and a prominent role in advancing Home Rule for India, which she made her permanent home in 1894. She twice wrote her life story, before and after her conversion to theosophy, and these two autobiographies – just eight years apart – reveal both the tensions and continuity in her lifelong struggle to realize spiritual vision and social commitment.
Besant, Walter
Authors: Gabriele Alberto
Published: June 2017

Walter Besant (1836–1901): novelist, playwright, founding member and secretary of several societies (Palestine Exploration Fund, Society of Authors), journalist, editor. His kaleidoscopic representation of London alternates between scenes depicting the East End's working poor, upper‐class spiritualist circles, and the variegated humanity living in London's boarding houses. In his dystopian novel
The Revolt of Man
(1882) he imagines a Great Transition to a future republican government advancing women in all positions of power while keeping class relations intact; in later novels he describes women's cooperatives and institutions such as the Hospital for Women in Marylebone Road as well as nonconventional domestic partnerships, like that between two men working in musical theatre.
Bridges, Robert
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: June 2017

Robert Bridges was a prolific poet and prosodic theorist. His poetic experiments and critical writing about the varieties of verse forms possible in English have been largely overshadowed by the movements associated with Anglo‐American modernism. Bridges's contributions to poetic theory rival and complicate the conventional narratives of the so‐called rise of free verse. Bridges's work to understand and promote a variety of possible poetic modes in English was at once historical and future facing. Not only his prosodic thinking but his work on English pronunciation, phonetic spelling, and the state of English literary teaching influenced both linguistic and literary theories of prosody and phonetics well into the twentieth century.
Butler, Samuel
Authors: Gooch Joshua
Published: June 2017

Though he worked in many mediums and on many topics, Samuel Butler (1835–1902) was known during his lifetime as the author of the utopian satire
Erewhon
(1872). However, the posthumous publication of his journals and semi‐autobiographical novel
The Way of All Flesh
(1902) reframed Butler as a blunt critic of Victorian culture and morality. Butler also published a range of texts, including neo‐Lamarckian responses to Darwin, additional novels and literary commentaries, prose translations of and commentaries on Homer, and travelogues of northern Italy. Butler was also drawn to the visual arts, studying painting as a young man and practicing photography later in life.
Caffyn, Kathleen Mannington
Authors: Hetherington Naomi
Published: June 2017

Kathleen Mannington Caffyn was a late‐Victorian and Edwardian popular novelist and short‐story writer. She launched her literary career with the success of
A Yellow Aster
(1894). Published under the pseudonym Iota, it was associated with the New Woman phenomenon on account of the heroine's experimental approach to marriage. It has received comparatively little attention in literary studies of the New Woman on account of its failure to challenge conventional gender relations. However, Caffyn is of interest in rethinking the relationship between feminism, popular culture, and the marriage problem novel and in tracing the Irish and colonial roots of the New Woman.
Censorship
Authors: Leckie Barbara
Published: June 2017

The role of print censorship has often been overlooked in the Victorian period. Nevertheless, both legal and extra‐legal forms of censorship for obscene libel and the debates to which they gave rise offer important insights into the ways in which the Victorians defined literature and obscenity, freedom of expression, and the perceived social efficacy of print. Press and stage censorship also contribute to the period's regulatory mechanisms. Legal forms of Victorian print censorship include laws related to the seizure of obscene materials, legal definitions of obscenity, and trials for allegedly obscene printed matter. Extra‐legal forms of censorship include self‐censorship, family‐censorship, and the roles performed by vice societies, libraries, and publishers. The law throughout the period targeted those who circulated or sold material perceived to be obscene. Both the law defining obscenity (articulated in 1868) and the attitudes and debates expressed in the context of print censorship had a lasting impact on print regulation into the twentieth century.
Children's literature
Authors: Nelson Claudia
Published: June 2017

The Victorian era saw a dramatic renegotiating of earlier British understandings of childhood, a willingness to cater to (and profit from) children's desire for leisure. While the Victorians did not invent children's literature, they dramatically expanded not only the number but also the scope of published works whose primary target was the young. Increasingly segmented by class, gender, and age, Victorian children's texts reveal a range of understandings of the purpose of reading and the reader's emotional and experiential needs. Arguably, the achievement of Victorian children's fiction, in particular, was to develop for the child reader what earlier fiction reserved for adults.
Clare, John
Authors: Weiner Stephanie Kuduk
Published: June 2017

John Clare (1793–1864), poet, wrote about nature and village life, about reading and observing the world, and about his experience of personhood. He wrote in a wide array of poetic forms, from sonnets to verse tales, from biting satire to ballads. Whatever the genre, his most characteristic work trains an acutely perceptive intelligence on its subject matter, which it renders in a language that is mimetically precise, metaphorically resonant, and sensuously arresting.
Classical culture
Authors: Fiske Shanyn
Published: June 2017

While the Greek and Roman classics influenced many aspects of the eighteenth century, this impact became more widespread in the nineteenth century, pervading both popular and high culture and playing a fundamental role in the reshaping of thought as England encountered new challenges posed by such forces as the Industrial Revolution, radical changes in class structure, the expansion of the British Empire, and shifting gender relations. These social, political, and ideological transformations demanded new frameworks of thought, and the Victorians sought guidance from classical sources (primarily Greek) as they struggled to redefine themselves within their new reality. The function of the classics as both a platform for constructing a more liberal democracy and as a tool for imagining the possibilities for such a society has drawn increasing critical attention in recent years as scholars have explored the reasons why Victorian writers – particularly those disenfranchised by reason of their gender, class, or race – turned to the classics to reconceive themselves and their world.
Conrad, Joseph
Authors: Donovan Stephen
Published: June 2017

Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) was an early modernist who wrote extensively on the themes of empire, revolutionary politics, and, above all, life at sea.
Heart of Darkness
(1899), a novella based on his traumatic service as a steamer captain in the Congo Free State, is one of the most extensively taught and studied works of modern literature. A prolific contributor to periodicals, Conrad established himself as the English‐speaking world's preeminent writer on the sea through aesthetically innovative works such as
The Nigger of the “Narcissus
” (1897), “Youth” (1898),
Lord Jim
(1900), and
Typhoon
(1902).
Cook, Eliza
Authors: Easley Alexis
Published: June 2017

Eliza Cook (1812–89) was one of the most popular poets in Great Britain from the late 1830s to the 1860s. She was also the editor of
Eliza Cook's Journal
(1849–54), a radical weekly aimed primarily at women and the literate working classes. In the 1840s, Cook was known for her iconoclastic “masculine” dress and her romantic friendship with American actress Charlotte Cushman.
Cooper, Thomas
Authors: Sanders Mike
Published: June 2017

Thomas Cooper (1805–92) was one of the most significant working‐class autodidacts of the Victorian period and one of the most important poets associated with the Chartist movement. In addition to his poetry, Cooper produced radical journalism, prose fiction, and a variety of religious and theological works, as well as two volumes of autobiography. He is best known for his Chartist epic,
The Purgatory of Suicides
(1845).
Corvo, Baron (Frederick William Rolfe)
Authors: Mahoney Kristin
Published: June 2017

“Baron Corvo” (Frederick William Rolfe, 1860–1913) is remembered for his Decadent short stories and proto‐modernist novels as well as the Arcadian photographs he took of Italian youths. His dense, difficult writings reflect his interest in Catholicism and same‐sex desire as well as his highly conservative political beliefs. Though he insisted he wished to be a popular writer, he never achieved commercial success. He suffered in poverty and obscurity for most of his life, but his works and biography served as objects of fascination for collectors and cultish reception communities in the twentieth century.
Cullwick, Hannah and Munby, Arthur Joseph
Authors: Ehnenn Jill
Published: June 2017

The diaries of Hannah Cullwick, maid of all work, and Arthur Munby, upper‐middle‐class civil servant, minor poet and photo collector, provide an important picture of nineteenth‐century life that bridges class divides and challenges gender stereotypes. Cullwick's and Munby's diaries and his poetry and photos document their unusual cross‐class relationship and their play with power dynamics and gender roles.
Dance and Literature
Authors: Leighton Mary Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

Nineteenth‐century dance and literature represented interrelated aesthetic forms: both social and stage dance furnished rich opportunities for literary representation, while the emergent genre of narrative ballet derived its plots from literature. With its intricate steps, patterns, and partnerings, social dance could reinforce class and gender hierarchies, but it could also subvert them; similarly, Romantic (1830s–1840s) and later ballets provided audiences with possibilities for multiple readings, often subverting class and gender boundaries. Given dance's ubiquity as popular entertainment, as well as readers’ familiarity with its formal conventions, dance proved not only a productive setting and an apt thematic device for authors, but also a source of imagery and structuring formal element even in texts without dance scenes.
Davidson, John
Authors: Austin Linda M.
Published: June 2017

Known since his death as a poet of Fleet Street drudgery, John Davidson (1857–1909) was, more accurately, a satirist who wielded allegory and myth in increasingly belligerent attacks on English populism. He wrote poetry in several styles: impressionistic nature lyrics, eclogues, and ballads in medieval settings concerning weak leadership and lost ideals. Davidson began his career writing adventure and allegorical fiction and pastoral plays; and after the 1890s turned to tragedies and long poems in blank verse that he called “testaments.” These screeds link Christianity with repressive bourgeois culture and advance a scientific materialism that celebrates human physicality and English might.
Fairies
Authors: Talairach‐Vielmas Laurence
Published: June 2017

Fairies permeated Victorian culture and were found in novels, plays, ballets, paintings, and even advertising. The widespread presence of fairies throughout the Victorian period may be explained by the development of folklore scholarship and is closely connected to new definitions of the natural world, especially after the publication of Charles Darwin's
On the Origin of Species
in 1859. Fairies helped trace changes in representation, especially when artists and writers dealt with representations of women or of nature. As fairies became part and parcel of contemporary discourses on the natural world, they also participated in toning down tensions linked to the advent of evolutionary theory and made the Victorians aware of their own endangered ecosystem.
Field, Michael
Authors: Vadillo Ana Parejo
Published: June 2017

This article discusses the work of Michael Field (the joint pseudonym of Katharine Bradley and her niece Edith Cooper). It examines their collaboration and their publication history by focusing on the three distinct genres in which they published so prolifically: lyric poetry, poetic drama, and life writing. Michael Field's experimentalism is assessed, and they are placed as avant‐garde writers of the period.
Gilbert and Sullivan
Authors: Williams Carolyn
Published: June 2017

W. S. Gilbert (librettist) and Arthur Sullivan (composer) wrote fourteen works of musical theater from 1871 to 1896, later called the “Savoy Operas” after the Savoy Theatre, purpose‐built in 1881 by producer Richard D'Oyly Carte to house them. The best‐known works in their highly successful series are
H.M.S. Pinafore
(1878),
The Pirates of Penzance
(1879),
Patience
(1881),
Iolanthe
(1882), and
The Mikado
(1885). The operas are absurdist, parodic and satirical, but are played in a deadpan style and are punctuated with resonantly affective scenes. They exhibit (and, to some extent, inaugurate) a recognizable strain of English humor that involves a great deal of self‐critique, making fun of English institutions, the law, the professions, gender relations, and empire. The Gilbert and Sullivan operas are one influential precursor of the modern “musical.” References to Gilbert and Sullivan are still widespread in anglophone literature and culture.
Hardy, Thomas
Authors: Shires Linda M.
Published: June 2017

Prolific novelist, short‐story writer, and poet, Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) is forever connected to the landscape of southern England he called Wessex. Though he reached a mass audience during his lifetime, it was only during the second half of the twentieth century that scholars secured his reputation as one of the major writers of Victorian and modern literature. Brilliantly innovative in his handling of mixed genres and discourses in narrative, he experimented widely with words, stanza forms, and meter in poetry. Influenced by Gothic architecture and the visual arts, Hardy explored the power of the image to capture feeling. His poetry enacts how the mind registers both external reality and the shock of new awareness, when unburied emotions impinge on the present. While his fiction questions cultural assumptions and Victorian morality, his poetry transformed the meditative lyric, elegy, pastoral, and epic for modern times.
India, English language poetry
Authors: Gibson Mary Ellis
Published: June 2017

English language poets in India wrote in a polyglot context, comprised of classical and vernacular European and Asian languages. Their poems drew from orientalist learning, classical Sanskrit and Persian, and British poetic traditions to create a lively and often contentious field. Major poets in the long nineteenth century included Sir William Jones, James Atkinson, Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, Toru Dutt, and Rudyard Kipling.
Juvenilia and juvenile writers
Authors: Langbauer Laurie
Published: June 2017

Sometimes categorized as “child authors” or “literary juvenilia,” juvenile writers and juvenilia have been important literary categories since the early nineteenth century. Noted juvenile writers include Thomas Chatterton, Henry Kirke White, and Marjory Fleming; Leigh Hunt, Robert Southey, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, Felicia Hemans, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote as adults. The manuscript juvenilia of Jane Austen and the Brontës are well known. The child authors Daisy Ashford, Julia Cooley, Hilda Conkling, and Nathalia Crane exemplify young writers prominent after the Victorian period. Anne Frank and Malala Yousafzai have maintained a modern presence for the juvenile tradition. Literary scholarship has increasingly recovered other young writers. Attention to juvenilia and the published juvenile tradition refines historical comprehension regarding youth, expands understanding of topics such as “natural genius” by exposing youth's part in them, and extends literary history by deepening understanding of contemporareous authors’ reputations, audience reception, and related movements (Romanticism or the self‐taught and women's traditions) by which juvenile writing has been subsumed.
Langham Place Group
Authors: Schroeder Janice
Published: June 2017

The Langham Place Circle was a feminist activist organization that formed in the late 1850s to advocate changes regarding women's access to employment and educational opportunities. Led by Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Bessie Rayner Parkes, Emily Faithfull, and others, the Langham Place Circle launched several monthly feminist magazines that promoted the group's reform initiatives and raised awareness of women's claims to legal rights and social and economic equality. The Langham Place Circle helped foster a feminist press and public in mid‐Victorian England.
Law
Authors: Krueger Christine L.
Published: June 2017

Law and literature offer insights into Victorian ideas of justice, truth, power, and national identity. Literature intersected with all three branches of law: statute law, common law, and equity. Statute law reconstituted political, economic, and social relations; trials provided drama in law and literature. Literature was subject to law; statutes governed seditious libel, blasphemy, obscenity, and copyright. Still, changing conditions of publication and reading contributed to the growing influence that public opinion exerted on law. Charles Dickens, George Eliot, and Robert Browning are among the many writers who addressed legal themes. Neither law nor literature consistently supported progressive ideas, and radicalism was suppressed in both fields. Rarely can a direct causal link be drawn between literary advocacy and a verdict or an enactment of a statute. Nevertheless, the dynamic between law and literature produced the new narratives, voices, subjectivities, and theories of representation required to create a liberal democracy.
Lear, Edward
Authors: Barton Anna
Published: June 2017

Edward Lear (1812–88), ornithological artist, landscape painter, and travel writer, is best remembered as the self‐appointed nonsense laureate of the Victorian period. His nonsense, which took a number of forms – including limericks, songs, botanical drawings, and alphabets – was written for children but is of enduring interest for its lyricism, its semantic playfulness and its anarchic potential, as well as for the sidelong view of Victorian history and culture that it offers to poets and readers of poetry of all ages.
Liberalism
Authors: Malachuk Daniel S.
Published: June 2017

Liberalism upholds individual freedom as the highest political value. When John Locke first proposed this, it was an outlandish theory; today it constitutes the modern moral order, and liberalism is the premier political theory of modernity. After a century of theoretical writings describing the institutions that best promote individual freedom, liberals in western Europe and North America began to forge these institutions during the age of revolution. Pre‐twentieth‐century liberals argued primarily with antimodern defenders of hierarchical authority, who sincerely doubted the value of individual freedom. In the Victorian era this argument was often conducted indirectly, through debates about institutional reform. The most important such debate was about the franchise; three other illuminating debates were about the nation, the family, and the market.