bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
House and Table
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

Stephanus raises the question whether our cognate words for “diakonia” are ever technical terms for officebearers and their functions in diplomacy between states. This book's earlier survey of the words within the area of message might appear to have left a door open for such a further specialized application of the words, which could then, as Stephanus himself points out, be seen as being reflected in Paul's phrase about “the ministers of God” in the role of bearing the message of the gospel. Stephanus instances only Thucydides 1.133 and Pollux 8.137, 138 as diplomatic language and provides readings like “embassy”, “envoy”, “to act as an ambassador”. His interpretation arises from the idea that a legate carries out the commands of a prince or civic authority with the result that this service on behalf of such a public authority is in reality a public office.
Spokesmen and Emissaries of Heaven
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

The preceding chapter illustrated that a substantial part of Christian usage relates to the passing on of revelation and in so doing conforms to the general usage where the cognate words for “diakonia” appear in connection with message from the gods and with the notion of mediation. The present chapter examines usage relating to traveling in the name of a community or in the name of an evangelist. The abstract noun and the verb related to “diakonia” are prominent among terms used by Paul in discussing the collection for the poor in Jerusalem. The abstract noun occurs twice in Luke's account of the mission from Antioch to Jerusalem (Acts 11:27–30; 12:25). In the letter to Philemon from his prison, Paul writes warm words of commendation of Onesimus, the Christian slave he is sending back to Philemon, the rightful owner.
Commissions under God, Church, and Spirit
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

Christian literature has so far furnished no indication that Christians created a terminology for “diakonia” based on the cognates under study. One phrase in the prescript to Paul's letter to the Philippians is translated in many ways, from “the bishops and deacons” to “church leaders and helpers”. Whether or not Paul introduced the title in the prescript of the Philippians as an honorific designation or takes up from the Philippians a title for officers of the “overseers” within their Hellenistic community, there is no doubt that in I Tim. 3 we meet such officers who with some certainty we can call “deacons”. To delineate the role of the deacon in Ignatius accurately it is necessary, as in the Pastoral epistles, to distinguish usage in respect of deacons from occasional other usage denoting the bishop's godly commission as head of the church or signifying that certain individuals, whether deacons or other members of the community, are godly representatives of one church to another on a godly mission.
The Gospels
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines whether “diakonia” is a suitable designation for the churches' responsibility to redeem the oppressed and the dispossessed. Related to that by reason of today's prevailing view of the diaconate is the question of which direction the study ought to take us in if we are to arrive at defining more satisfactorily the character and role of ordained diaconate today. Next, on the broader scene of ministry, are some reflections on the relationship between ministry and charism. Closer to the nub are the succeeding considerations as to where ecumenism now stands on its already long journey towards an agreed understanding of ministry. This discussion also considers the ultimate question of just what early Christians considered that ministry to be without which a group of Christians did not constitute a church. Finally, the chapter asks whether today, according to that early Christian view, women can take up that kind of ministry.
Paradoxes of Freedom
Authors: McFarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This is a study of the historical and philosophical conception of liberty. Centring his argument upon the Romantic exaltation of freedom that followed the psychic explosion of the French Revolution, the author identifies freedom as one of the three chief transcendencies, along with love and religion, by which humanity orientates itself. Departing from contemplation of the significance of the revolutionary motto ‘live free or die’, he examines the apotheosis of freedom along with its vicissitudes, and indicates, by an examination ranging from Shakespeare and Luther to the writings of Nietzsche and Wagner, both the reasons for the supreme valuation of freedom and the nature of the hindrances, in theory and in fact, that enmesh the actual realization of freedom. The book concludes with a sombre assessment of the future of freedom as an orientating transcendence.
Love, Death, and the Value of Freedom
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the literature on the relationship between love, death, and the value of freedom. It explains that the equation of love and death, mentioned in the first chapter as the prime analogue for the linking of freedom and death, comes from a different cultural realm. Despite this, love and freedom have a powerful connection in that they share an ultimate summit in human esteem. This chapter analyses the relevant works of several writers, including William Wordsworth, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Reading in the Periodical Press
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the ways in which reviews and articles served to consolidate Victorian and Edwardian assumptions about women as readers. In the case of magazine articles — apart from those which offered practical advice about methods of reading — women readers were encountered in a number of guises. First, they formed a frequent category of reference or appeal in book reviews. Second, types of the woman reader appear in many chatty, conversational articles. Third are those articles which claimed to investigate precisely what girls or women were reading. And finally, the question of access to suitable reading material for working-class women, particularly in cities, leads into the way in which women’s reading practices were considered as part of the whole debate about how best to set up facilities in public libraries. In all of this, the different audiences for periodicals are presented with a variety of assumptions about the woman reader, deriving from, and in their turn serving different social and ideological stances.
Reading Practices
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks at the accounts of those who have something to relate concerning their own reading practices. Evidence of what individual women were actually reading throughout the Victorian and early Edwardian period, and the ways in which they incorporated references to their reading activities into autobiographies, letters, and journals, considerably complicates our view of the woman reader, challenging many of the generalizations advanced by contemporary commentators. It emphasizes the extreme heterogeneity of readers and their texts throughout the period and provides a set of examples and narratives through which we may examine the relationship between theory and practice. Simultaneously, it reminds us of the specificities of circumstance, the variables of parental occupation and family affluence, of urban or rural lives, of religious affiliations, enthusiastic relatives, and modes of education which militate against establishing neat patterns of generalization, whether contemporaneous or retrospective. Many of the women who thought it valuable to publish their autobiographies were to some degree unusual in that they were in the public eye, whether as writers, educationists, activists in the women’s movement, or administrators.
The Shakespearian Playing Companies
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

This book is the first history of the professional acting companies who brought drama to London in William Shakespeare’s time. The book provides a general history of company development from the 1560s, when the first of the major companies belonging to great lords began regularly to offer their plays at court and in London, to 1642, when by Act of Parliament they were closed down. Only in London were the playing companies able to secure purpose-built premises (such as The Globe or The Fortune), and to foster a thriving theatrical and literary culture. This was in direct contrast to much of the rest of England, which was overtly hostile to professional theatre. In the second part of the book, there are detailed and fascinating accounts of each of the forty companies that played in London during the period, including Shakespeare’s company, The Chamberlain’s/King’s Men. Although professional playing was very much a collective endeavour, remarkable individuals emerge — from impresarios such as Philip Henslowe, Christopher Beeston, Richard Gunnell, and Richard Heton, to stars like Richard Burbage and Edward Alleyn. Thoroughly grounding its discussion in the highly mobile social and political historical context, the book focuses on the plays themselves and the distinctive repertory traditions that led the different companies to stage them. These companies, and the growth of the London theatrical culture, are the factors which helped produce Shakespeare and to put into practice Shakespearian conceptions of drama.
Leicester’s Men, 1559–1588
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

When the practice of self-advertisement by using one’s company to entertain the court became an established practice in the 1570s, Leicester’s Men ran into some difficulties. The chief reason was that among the more outspoken of Leicester’s enemies was the Lord Chamberlain, the earl of Sussex. It was probably this enmity that prompted Leicester to take exceptional steps in strengthening the position of his players through the 1570s. The security he obtained for them with the patent of 1574 gave his leading player, James Burbage, enough confidence to build the Theatre in Shoreditch in 1576. Hence, to some degree Leicester can be seen as the noble who enabled the playing companies to get their first real foothold ‘at home’ in London. This chapter looks at the history of Leicester’s Men, their performances from 1559 to 1588, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Queen’s Men, 1583–1603
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

There is no tangible evidence about what prompted the queen, or her agent, the Privy Council’s secretary Francis Walsingham, to set up the Queen’s Men, a new and monopolistic playing company with her patronage, on March 10, 1583. One possible reason must have been the weight of the city’s hostility to playing, and the need for the court to give some protection to the leading players, or at least enough to permit them to play in London and so fulfil their duties in the Christmas revels. The negotiations that the new Lord Chamberlain took in hand with the Lord Mayor in 1584 over accommodation for the Queen’s company in London indicate that this last motive was at least as strong as the others. The claim that support for the leading playing companies was necessary in order to ensure the annual supply of plays to the court now became the Privy Council’s standard argument in defence of playing. This chapter looks at the history of the Queen’s Men, their performances from 1583 to 1603, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
Hunsdon’s/Chamberlain’s/King’s Men, 1594–1608
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

Henry Carey was evidently a supporter of plays and playing throughout his life. He worked closely with his son-in-law, Charles Howard, putting national policy and loyalty to his queen first, only sponsoring a company himself when he was not in authority over playing on the queen’s behalf. An early company in the livery of Carey, Lord Hunsdon, is recorded playing between 1564 and 1566, followed by a ten-year gap till 1576, then at York on September 8, 1580 and elsewhere in the following years. After the then Lord Chamberlain, Sussex, died in 1583 and the major playing companies were decapitated to make the Queen’s Men, all the patrons of the remaining companies with a foothold in London seem to have backed or been fended off. Carey certainly went along with that. This chapter looks at the history of Hunsdon’s/Chamberlain’s/King’s Men, their performances between 1594 and 1608, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Blackfriars Boys, 1600–1613, and the King’s Revels Boys, 1607–1608
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The company of boys that in 1600 found its playhouse in the Blackfriars venture which, four years previously, had been lost by the Chamberlain’s Men, had an ironist of sorts behind it. Henry Evans, a scrivener and entrepreneur, had worked with a group of Chapel Children at Farrant’s Blackfriars in the 1580s. He was payee at court in December 1584 for the company that was then briefly known as Oxford’s Children. His earlier time with the Chapel Children may have prompted him to set up a new company in the new Blackfriars playhouse which he chose to call ‘the Children of the Chappell’. He was relying on people’s memories to secure him a place in the exclusive neighbourhood that had brought down a ban on the playhouse four years earlier, and was using the familiar old name for the players from a royal choir-school to which he had no right. This chapter looks at the history of the Blackfriars Boys, their performances between 1600 and 1613, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Jacobean Royal Children’s Companies: The Duke of York’s/Prince Charles’s (I) Company, and the Lady Elizabeth’s Men
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The story of the London playing companies that the royal children patronized is not well-documented. King James, having taken one company for himself and then allocated two more to his son and his wife, may have taken a personal hand in giving his two younger children companies when they were thought to be old enough, but how active the young patrons were in providing for their companies it is impossible to say. At first, the companies were assumed to owe some allegiance to their specific patrons when they performed at court. The two younger royal children, for instance, had special performances laid on for their personal pleasure. For the first years, most plays were performed to the king and Prince of Wales. This chapter looks at the history of the Jacobean royal children’s companies: The Duke of York’s/Prince Charles’s (I) Company and the Lady Elizabeth’s Men. It focuses on their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Caroline Amphitheatre Companies: The King and Queen of Bohemia’s Men, 1626–1631, Prince Charles’s (II) Men, 1631–1642 and the Red Bull Company, 1626–1642
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

For all the increasing distinction that playgoers made in Caroline years between the hall-playhouse companies and the amphitheatre companies, grouping them separately by the kind of playhouse they performed in can be misleading. Aside from the King’s Men straddling the two kinds of venue, the fact that one of the ‘citizen’ companies switched places with a hall company without any visible sign of discomfort either for their repertory, their acting style, or their playgoers suggests that company loyalty was never as fixed as audience loyalty. The court put its thumb into some of the hall-playhouse activities, but below that level of rich plums the general run of audiences proved more loyal to the playhouses than to individual playing companies and their repertories. This chapter looks at the history of the Caroline amphitheatre companies: the King and Queen of Bohemia’s Men, Prince Charles’s (II) Men, and the Red Bull Company. It focuses on their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Argument Concerning Animal Sacrifice
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

No one has yet analysed Adversus nationes 7 to see if there is any connection between Arnobius' argument concerning animal sacrifice and Porphyry's philosophical doctrines on the same subject found in his Abstinentia. This is what this chapter sets out to do. Porphyry's disqualification of Christ as the via universalis animae liberandae, and his attempt to offer such a way to the non-philosopher, appears to have been a principal reason why Arnobius has attempted to prove that Christ is the only via salutis animae universalis. The latter has also apparently taken Porphyry's criticism of the faith just as seriously as Eusebius did in the PE and DE. And like Eusebius, he can use the same argument not only to ‘prove’ that Christianity is the only way of universal salvation for the soul, but also to provide evidence clearly demonstrating the fact that everything about Graeco–Roman religious culture is a lie.
Re Reading, Rewriting
Authors: Shepherd David
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the most important general issues raised by the analysis of several Soviet metafictions. These issues include the status of the author as grounding for critical discourse about texts and the associated role of readers and critics in constituting and consolidating the hierarchical relations which underpin accounts of literary development and quality. This chapter also discusses the opinion of critics and philosophers on literary criticism.
Statistics and Symposia: LʼHomme aux quarante écus
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses one of the works of Voltaire: the LʼHomme aux quarante écus. A few years after it was published, the LʼHomme aux quarante écus was ordered to be burned by the Parlement of Paris and was also placed on the list of forbidden works by the Vatican. The LʼHomme aux quarante écus soon earned a reputation for being hastily conceived and is described as a rather irritable outburst against the economic theorists of the Physiocrats. Some of the features of this literary work that are examined in this chapter include the story's protagonist, the narrative lines or the conte, and the value of modernity presented.
Man in the World: Le Monde comme il van, Zadig, Memnon, and Lettre dʼun turc
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses four of Voltaire's works, which are centered on anthropology and ethics. One of Voltaire's literary tools present in these four stories is the problem of evil, with Leibniz and the Pope as two of his targets. Nevertheless, Voltaire shows that he never completely lost faith in a rational God, which can be seen in the Histoire de Jenni. The voyage of reason has become the central narrative device that is used in most of Voltaire's contes.
Education and ‘Merry Hissing’: Histoire dʼun bon brahmin, Pot-pourri, Le Blanc et le noir, Jeannot et Colin, Petite digression, and Aventure indienne.
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the different works that Voltaire wrote during the 1760s. It was during this time that the debate regarding education in France had reached its peak. The main issue surrounding this debate was whether education in the country should be handled by the State or the Church. Through these stories, Voltaire showed that mankind shares the same notions of right and wrong and that moral education is what counts. This is best effected by listening to reason. These works also include the different philosophies and philosophers as purveyors of fiction, including Descartes, Spinoza, and Pascal.
Blaise Cendrars, Prose du Transsibérien et de la petite Jeanne de France(1913)
Authors: Scott Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Cendrars' Prose du Transsibérien. It discusses Cendrars' cavalier attitude to syllable, his choice for the cadence-accentual mode, a prosodic mode which centres the measure on its accent rather than on its syllabic count, and the line on the number of measures rather than on the number of syllables. Within the context of the Cendrars'poem, the chapter focuses on the train journey as an exploration and enactment of rhythmic possibilities, and of their limits, in free verse.
Reinventing the BBC in the 1950s
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

While the scale of current events may be unprecedented, they are far from unique. Step back 30 years and consider how the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responded to new circumstances, to those shifts in ideology and technology which respect not regulations and traditions and which mean that either the institution evolves or perishes. This chapter sets its sights firmly on broadcasting in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Implicitly it is about the strong parallels with events and conditions today: the ideological challenge of commercial television, the antagonisms implicit in the breaking of the monopoly, and a forcing of a reexamination of the BBC's cultural leadership; the potential economic problems caused by a declining audience share threatening the integrity of the licence fee; and the rise of a new technology, television.
Conquerors, Culture, and Communication: The Intellectual Roots of Post-war German Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the establishment of public service broadcasting in post-war Germany. Or, perhaps more accurately, it is about the intellectual history within which that history is embedded. The Allied powers were haunted by their inheritance, the shattered remnants of a gangster state, the ultimate abuse of centralised power. Their thinking, however, was also much influenced by a sense of the pressures which political parties had placed on broadcasting before Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Despite its great artistic achievements, German broadcasting had not then been in a healthy condition. The regional broadcasting organisations were grouped together under the Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft, in which the Post Office held the majority of shares. The Reith of German broadcasting, Dr Hans Bredow, spoke of how the dead hand of party political control led to colourless reporting, a lack of actuality, and an unnatural neutrality towards the events of the day.
Hamlet: Thy Commandment All Alone
Authors: Fisch Harold
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on Hamlet, where Shakespeare wrestles openly and unremittingly with the contradictions of art and memory. It argues that radical shift in the consciousness of time and memory which marks off Shakespearian tragedy from that of the Greeks and Romans, has something to do with the revolutionary impact of the Bible in the intervening centuries and especially in Shakespeare’s own time with the rise of Reformation Biblicism. From this point of view Hamlet is a crucial example.
Samson and the Poetics of Covenant
Authors: Fisch Harold
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyses Samson Agonistes as a model of covenantal discourse or midrash. It argues that Samson Agonistes is not merely an example of midrashic discourse; it is also a reflection on the nature of such discourse. One would almost want to say that such discourse is the subject of the poem. If Urania in Paradise Lost is the agent of covenantal hermeneutics then Samson Agonistes provides us with an even better model in Samson himself. The chapter discusses the hero’s paradoxical combination of power and constraint as a reflexive image of the poet. In particular, Samson seemed to symbolize the relation of the poet with his source.
Mock on Voltaire Rousseau
Authors: Fisch Harold
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that Blake both identified with the spirit of the Enlightenment and found his most passionately held convictions threatened by that spirit. The clearest and subtlest statement of this situation is his poem, ‘Mock on, Mock on, Voltaire, Rousseau’. Here Blake actually foregrounds the dual focus that we are considering, making it the very matter of the poem. He presents the duality itself, the fundamental agon within himself and within the spiritual history of his time with such lucidity that he comes as near as anywhere in his writing to overcoming it. Blake here brilliantly combines the two voices of which we have spoken by a kind of dialogic interplay, with the poet-narrator taking both sides in the dialogue.
Introduction
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger
Published: October 2011

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied
Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

This is a study of the politics of the pivotal province of Holland and of its role in the political system of the Dutch Republic as a whole in the 17th century. It treats the reality of politics from the ground up. The book explores the politics of the towns of Holland in detail, examines the province's political system, and assesses the ways in which Holland influenced the policies of the Dutch Republic in its Golden Age. It argues, controversially, that not only did the decentralised political system of the Republic work well, but that a more unified state would have been a failure. Its approach to this subject sets politics in its economic and social context, and offers insights into the practical politics of the Dutch during the period when they played a major role on the world stage.
Independent Nations: The Parochial Administration of the Poor Law and Beyond
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the essence and parochial administration of the poor law, which articulated authority within parishes, sharply defining the office-holding elite of leading ratepayers, and establishing complex networks of power, paternalism and dependence. Attempts to cultivate the habit of industry, administration and administrative reform, and amendment are also described.
Reconstructing Gothic History
Authors: Heather P. J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter introduces the broad outlines of the political history of the Goths in the migration period. It surveys the major surviving sources, both archaeological and literary, and how they have been pieced together in modern historical reconstructions. The chapter also attempts to demonstrate the extent of the influence of Jordanes and then tests the reliability of the Getica against what can be taken from other sources.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the impact of the French Revolution and international war in the 1790s on the formation of the modern French state. This book aims to identify the precise interplay of factors generating state bureaucracy during the revolution, especially after 1791. It attempts to explain how power struggles between legislators, ministers, generals, and army contractors determined the nature, timing, and scope of changes to army control and administration.
Fragmenting Executive Power
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the so-called second revolution in France during the summer of 1792 which resulted in the fragmentation of executive power. This revolution, catalysed by the Paris Commune, completed the revolutionary shift to a fully democratic state elite that was started by the French Revolution. The conflict between the War Ministry and the military establishment also contributed to the violent vortex of revolutionary politics that steadily fragmented executive power until the state could no longer manage a war effort without instruments of terror.
Irish Violence and Roman Intrigue, 1847–1848
Authors: KERR DONAL A.
Published: October 2011

While the lord lieutenant and the bishops were grappling as best they could with the problems posed by the Famine, European attention was focusing on Rome. By 1847 Pius IX’s position had become the centre of intense diplomacy, a pivotal point in the liberal and revolutionary movements as the events that took place in Italy began to have an impact on other European countries. The British government felt obliged to enter into this world of political manoeuvres. The events that took place in Rome and the decisions taken there were to influence government attitudes up to and beyond the Ecclesiastical Titles Act three years later. The repercussions of the Mahon murder and the wave of violent denunciations it evoked were damaging enough. Other events in the momentous year of 1848 were to affect relations between Britain and Ireland. A revolutionary fever swept Europe and Ireland had not remained immune.
The Church: Authority and Revolution
Authors: KERR DONAL A.
Published: October 2011

The revolutionary movement of 1848 has generally been written off as a farcical shambles. 1848 had been an astounding year, full of contrasts and contradictions, not least for the Church. The tight discipline imposed by bishops limited their scope, and the discouraging sequence of events in France and Italy, which Clarendon exploited effectively as counter-revolutionary propaganda, made them draw back. The hopelessness of an ill-prepared insurrection finally made them decide either to stand aloof or to prevent their people from taking part in it. It was a chastening moment for the clergy. For almost 20 years Russell had been maturing a plan to achieve the integration of the Catholic Church into the United Kingdom as a central part of his whole Irish policy. Now, after suppressing the rebellion, the government was in a strong position.
The Queen’s Colleges or the Catholic University?
Authors: KERR DONAL A.
Published: October 2011

While anger at the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill had united English and Irish Catholics, both laity and clergy, it had not brought unity to the Irish bishops. The question of the Queen’s Colleges still sharply divided them. Archbishop Murray remained calmly, if not obstinately, convinced of the value of the colleges despite the shock of the Titles bill. His long and excellent record as pastor and administrator for 40 years gave him a high standing within and without his own Church. Opposing those who accepted the Queen’s Colleges was a zealous group of bishops and priests who had distrusted the scheme from the start as dangerous to the faith and morals of Catholic youth. After the death of Murray, a Catholic university became feasible. The death of Murray removed a major obstacle. The Church had opted against integration into the state system and had set up a parallel Catholic system.
Modern Scholars and their Methods
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

A new era in the study of Irish saints' Lives begins with the work of the Revd William Reeves (1813–1891), a learned curate to whom preferment in the Church of Ireland came only late in life. Reeves frequently cites from the Lives of other Irish saints from the medieval collections, and his papers in the library of Trinity College include a number of transcripts of Lives, often made from the Bollandist edition, collated with the two Dublin manuscripts. The year 1882 marks a turning-point in the history of hagiography. In that year, publication of Analecta Bollandiana began, a major indicator of the reorganization achieved by Fr. Charles De Smedt (1831–1911) in the work of the Bollandists. His new methods included the systematic cataloguing of hagiographical manuscripts in European libraries and an increase in the linguistic range and detail of the Acta Sanctorum from the first volume of November. This chapter looks at other modern scholars of Irish saints' Lives and the methods they used, including Revd Charles Plummer and James Kenney.
Manuscripts of the Dublin Collection
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

The best-known Irish collection of vitae, commonly referred to as the Codex Kilkenniensis, survives in two parchment manuscripts, both now in Dublin libraries. The contents of these manuscripts are called the Dublin collection. This manuscript was probably that now in Marsh's Library. Revd William Reeves denied this connexion, identifying the Marsh's Library manuscript with the volume Patrick Fleming referred to as the Codex Ardmachanus. The latter identification he sufficiently proved, but he failed to establish that this was different from John Colgan's Kilkenniensis. Colgan had an extremely high opinion of the Lives of this collection, assigning some of them to the late sixth century, and others to dates in the seventh century. For the two manuscripts, Revd Charles Plummer's symbols M and T are retained, but the symbol D is introduced to represent the recension common to both.
A Group of Texts Shared by S and O
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

In his discussion of the Oxford collection, Revd Charles Plummer refers to ten texts where the recension of S is identical with that in O. Characteristically, he lists the Irish saints in alphabetical order: Baithéne, Ciarán of Saigir, Coemgen, Colmán of Dromore, Comgall, Fintán alias Munnu, Moling, Molua, Senán, and Tigernach. Plummer lists texts where S and O cover much the same ground, but show another recension. The Lives he mentions in this connexion are those of SS. Aed mac Bricc, Ailbe, Cainnech, Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, Colmán Elo, Columba of Terryglas, Finán, Finnian of Clonard, Fintán of Clonenagh, Flannán, Fursu, Maedóc, and Ruadán. The qualifications added in the footnotes remove the impression that this second list consists of texts which all exhibit a similar relationship to one another. One of the extant manuscripts of O was written before the S-collection was assembled.
The O'Donohue Group of Texts in SDO
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks at a group of nine Irish saints' Lives preserved in all three collections, together with a possible tenth, the Life of St Columba of Terryglass, in S and O. This group is known as the O'Donohue group, whose definition rests on formal, textual, and linguistic arguments. The O'Donohue group consists of texts which are long and detailed in form in S and were available to both D and O, the compilers of which edited the texts according to their habits. The evidence of a number of textual errors detectable even in the different recensions establishes the existence of a common archetype. The forms of Irish names, whose antiquity Revd Charles Plummer noticed in passing, consistently adhere to Old Irish orthography while the Latin vocabulary includes words which had become obsolete or had changed their meaning by the time the later recensions in D and O were made.
The End of the War
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

Winston Churchill's references to Spain in May 1944 intensified fears in the Soviet Union of the formation of a Western bloc, a long held axiom of Russian foreign policy. So far as the United States was concerned, no bloc was yet envisaged and certainly not one which would include Francisco Franco. If Churchill's speech had been a miscalculation, difficulties increased a month later, when, during the United States Senate debate on foreign policy, questions were asked as to whether Churchill had extracted promises of aid from Franklin D. Roosevelt before 1941. By the end of 1944, disquiet in the United States and Britain on the Spanish question was rising. There were also reservations as evidence continued of Franco's support for the Axis powers. It was during September that the British realized that their own position in Spain in contrast to that of the United States was rapidly slipping.
The Monarchist Option
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

During the first post-war phase, British and American analysts examined separately the possibility of restoration of the Spanish monarchy as one of the main options for replacing Francisco Franco with a regime more acceptable to democratic opinion. Questions surrounding the restoration movement which flourished after the war are central to an understanding of the innately contrasted differences in formulation of foreign policy towards Spain of, on the one hand, the monarchical democracy of Britain locked in retreat from empire, and on the other, the republican democracy of the United States determined to enjoy the fruits of its recent success on the international scene. However, growing consensus for a monarchical solution came too late and was never convincing enough to gain the vital support of the British and the Americans who by then were intent on consolidating what security they had in Europe and were in no mood for doubtful experiments.
The Senate, Spain, and the North Atlantic Treaty
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

In addition to economic questions, in early 1949 the Franco problem was prominent again on the agenda of Britain, France, and the United States as they braced themselves for the next session at the United Nations (UN). Having failed to bring Francisco Franco in to the rapidly shaping bipolar system through the back door of the Marshall Plan, attention in the United States turned again to the possibility of rescinding the UN resolution on withdrawing ambassadors from Spain. The submission of the North Atlantic Treaty to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for pre-ratification hearings provided the opportunity for the Senate to review Harry S. Truman's foreign policy as a whole. The central issue in the Senate was the inconsistency of Truman's policy.
The European Context
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

The historiography of Hispano-United States relations during the Cold War has been dominated for the past thirty years by studies of the latter's negotiations for, and signing of, base agreements with Spain in September 1953. In the post-Cold War era, the significance of the 1953 agreements lies as much in the light that they cast on Spain's role in the global rivalry between Western powers, and shifting power patterns, as in the impact these had on Spain itself. Striking differences in attitude of the United States and Britain towards Spain illuminate their changing roles in the Western Mediterranean, as the gateway to the Middle East to which the Straits of Gibraltar were the key. The question of the western Mediterranean was always closely bound to Spain's Iberian neighbours, Gibraltar and Portugal. The Rock of Gibraltar was the fortress which had long ensured Britain's access to the Mediterranean. Aside from its celebrated rich resources of mercury, copper, and other minerals, the Spanish potential for uranium bearing ores was also of interest to other countries.
The ‘Tail of the Kite’
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

By 1950, American public opinion had swung into a clear majority in favour of bringing Spain into the NATO. This was a climate in which the American Chiefs of Staff, long sold on the strategic importance of Spain, and backed by powerful commercial lobbies, could at last begin to make headway. For those few military planners in the know, the critical need for nuclear minerals added to their belief that the United States could no longer afford to wait on European approval. If Europe would not co-operate over Spain, the United States would go it alone. There was another equally pressing aspect of the nuclear question, that is, the need for bases to accommodate nuclear primed bombers, and give cover from the south of the kind it was hoped that British nuclear bases afforded from northern Europe. The subject of Spain was now routinely incorporated in intensive ongoing bilateral military talks with Britain and in updating United States long-term nuclear strategic planning.
The Accords and British Reaction
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: October 2011

After successfully blocking United States economic aid to Spain for some time, President Harry S. Truman finally authorized credit for Spain, whittled down from the original proposal of $100 million to $62.5 million. United States military and commercial interest in Spain was now undisguised, and Truman's stance on the issue was ever more isolated in the context of current formulation of American foreign policy as a whole. Since the beginning of 1949, the State Department had been conducting detailed negotiations with France for base rights in French territory in Mediterranean and North African areas. Agreements signed in September 1953 were a series of twenty-seven accords or pacts covering Defense, Economic Aid, and Mutual Defense Assistance. This chapter examines Britain's reaction to the military bases agreements signed by the United States with other countries, the rise to power of the Conservative Party in British politics, and the aftermath of the base agreements.
Social Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reflections on Policy Challenges
Authors: von Braun Joachim
Published: October 2011

This chapter deals with the formal elements of social-security provision, as these may form important building blocks of social-security systems in the long run. It points out that for a considerable time to come, social-security policy in sub-Saharan Africa will have to concentrate on the basic needs of food and health. The chapter further emphasizes that food-security policy and health and sanitation policy are, therefore, cornerstones for social-security policy, and observes that existing formal social-security systems in Africa tend to be urban biased and to serve the privileged rather than the poor. It opines that broader approaches to social security, however, have a part to play in development and actually do already play a significant role; yet, in most instances they are, at this stage, not State-based, but rather community- and family-based systems.
The Development of a System: Adam Smith and the Physiocrats
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart
Published: October 2011

Adam Smith's early writings on economics (apart from two short fragments on the division of labour) are contained in the two sets of lecture notes currently available to us and in the document first discovered by W. R. Scott and described by him as an ‘Early Draft’ of the Wealth of Nations. The account that Smith provides in the second set of lecture notes is concerned with an economic system featuring the activities of agriculture, manufacture, and commerce where these activities are characterized by a division of labour, with the patterns of exchange facilitated by the use of money. There are three main features of the central analysis: the treatment of the division of labour, the analysis of price and allocation, and the exposure of the mercantile fallacy. This chapter also discusses Smith's account of the physiocratic system, which consists of proprietors, cultivators, manufacturers, and merchants. It also considers Smith's application of the basic principles of the system to a relatively neglected area of physiocracy — international trade.
The Responsibilities of Office
Authors: LUCAS J. R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the responsibility of officials, judges, and members of the professions. Professions have collective responsibilities not only to their clients and to the community at large, but to potential clients too. There is a standing temptation to restrict entry to the profession by raising the standard required, which provides a Rolls Royce service for those who get it, but means that many go without their Fords. With medical services in particular, one does indeed need to be careful, but medical auxiliaries who are actually available do more for health than highly qualified doctors who are not. A profession needs to take the wider view. So, too, in a different way, lawyers ought to take collective action about the dilatoriness of the law. It is easy for the individual solicitor or barrister to drag his heels when it is in the interests of his client to do so, and pass the buck when his client is suffering from the law's delays, and blame the other side, the courts, or the Inland Revenue. But society suffers. And the legal profession, if it is a profession at all, should take responsibility for identifying and remedying the causes of its failure to serve society properly.
Conditionals
Authors: McCall Storrs
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that the branched model provides a clear and definite answer to the question of truth-conditions not only for counterfactuals, but also for all conditionals with contingent antecedent and consequence. It illustrates that some conditionals have truth-values, some have only probability values, and some have both. In order to separate the two classes of conditional this chapter first attempts to establish a pre-theoretic line between them, based on considerations of grammar and linguistic usage. Subsequently it explains how this intuitive, everyday distinction may be grounded in theory.
Shakespeare: Scepticism and Tragedy
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: October 2011

Cavell understands that the problematic known to philosophy as scepticism is under examination in Shakespearean texts in the form of tragedy. This chapter examines his reading of The Winter's Tale in some detail. Cavell understands our relation to Shakespearean dramatic art in terms of his model of redemptive reading. This aspect of Cavell's interest in Shakespeare is woven into every one of the readings of particular plays he has published since ‘The Avoidance of Love’. Just as his understanding of the nature of scepticism is altered by its specific appearance and development in each of those plays, so his understanding of the process of redemption or recovery that the plays themselves work to achieve in their audience is differently inflected in each case. Perhaps the most important of these readings, in terms of their influence on Cavell's conception of both levels of his interpretative project, is his essay on The Winter's Tale entitled ‘Recounting Gains, Showing Losses’.
‘Philosophy Cannot Say Sin’
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents a serious critique of Cavell' overall project. The claim that the standard lines of criticism fail to provide good reasons for rejecting Cavell's project is not to claim that this project is beyond criticism. It identifies two main aspects of Cavell's project that remain unaddressed: the political dimension of Emersonian perfectionism and the relation between Cavell's philosophical practice and the writings of certain pivotal figures in modern Christianity (especially Kierkegaard).
Reason, Imagination, and Moral Experience
Authors: Denham A. E.
Published: October 2011

The epistemic status of moral discourse turns in part on the explanation of divergent moral beliefs. Whether differences of moral opinion there are best explained by a failure accurately to represent specifically moral features of actions and characters, or whether they are better explained by cognitively blameless differences of preference and desire, not only matters to the cognitive claims of moral discourse. The answer to this question should also shed light on the phenomenology of moral experience and the epistemology of moral judgement. Crispin Wright's arguments suggest that an inferential account of moral belief can only be avoided by positing some anomalous faculty of moral perception. This chapter argues that the genesis of moral experience is one in which cognition and affect are jointly implicated, but that their cooperation does nothing to undermine the thought that moral discourse is, for the most part, both conceptually autonomous and genuinely representational. The concepts of moral reasons, rational conflict, moral competence, imagination, and basic moral judgements are also discussed.