bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGI crimes? The role of criminal law in mitigating existential risks posed by artificial general intelligence
Authors: Mamak Kamil
Published: August 2024

The recent developments in applications of artificial intelligence bring back discussion about risks posed by AI. Among immediate risks that need to be tackled here and now, there is also a possible problem of existential threats related to Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). There is a discussion on how to mitigate those risks by appropriate regulations. It seems that one commonly accepted assumption is that the problem is global, and thus, it needs to be tackled first of all on an international level. In this paper, I argue that national criminal laws should also be considered one of the possible regulatory tools for mitigating threats posed by AGI. I propose to enact AGI crimes that complement the varieties of legal responses to existential risks that might motivate and speed up further regulatory changes.
Hypofractionated radiotherapy plus PD-1 antibody and SOX chemotherapy as second-line therapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer: a single-arm, phase II clinical trial
Authors: Wang Qin , Tong Fan , Qiao Li , Qi Liang , Sun Yi , Zhu Yahui , Ni Jiayao , Liu Juan , Kong Weiwei , Liu Baorui , Du Juan
Published: August 2024

Purpose

To assess the efficacy and safety of concurrent hypofractionated radiotherapy plus anti-PD-1 antibody and SOX chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC) after failure of first-line chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients with pathologically confirmed mPC who failed standard first-line chemotherapy were enrolled. The patients were treated with a regimen of hypofractionated radiotherapy, SOX chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors at our institution. We collected the patients’ clinical information and outcome measurements. The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was the primary endpoint of the study, followed by disease control rate (DCR), objective response rate (ORR), median overall survival (mOS) and safety. Exploratory analyses included biomarkers related to the benefits.

Results

Between February 24, 2021, and August 30, 2023, twenty-five patients were enrolled in the study, and twenty-three patients who received at least one dose of the study agent had objective efficacy evaluation. The mPFS was 5.48 months, the mOS was 6.57 months, and the DCR and ORR were 69.5% and 30.4%, respectively. Among the seven patients who achieved a PR, the median duration of the response was 7.41 months. On-treatment decreased serum CA19-9 levels were associated with better overall survival. Besides, pretreatment inflammatory markers were associated with tumor response and survival.

Conclusions

Clinically meaningful antitumor activity and favorable safety profiles were demonstrated after treatment with these combination therapies in patients with refractory mPC. On-treatment decreased serum CA19-9 levels and pretreatment inflammatory markers platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) might be biomarkers related to clinical benefits.

Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=130211, identifier: ChiCTR2100049799, date of registration: 2021–08-09.
Deciphering the interplay of HPV infection, MHC-II expression, and CXCL13+ CD4+ T cell activation in oropharyngeal cancer: implications for immunotherapy
Authors: Yan Shida , Zhang Xing , Lin Qiaohong , Du Mingyuan , Li Yiqi , He Shuai , Chen Jingtao , Li Xiyuan , Bei Jinxin , Chen Shuwei , Song Ming
Published: August 2024

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has become an important etiological driver of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), leading to unique tumor characteristics. However, the interplay between HPV-associated tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) remains an enigma.

Methods

We performed a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on HPV-positive (HPV+) and HPV-negative (HPV‒) OPSCC tumors, each for three samples, and one normal tonsil tissue. Ex vivo validation assays including immunofluorescence staining, cell line co-culture, and flow cytometry analysis were used to test specific subtypes of HPV+ tumor cells and their communications with T cells.

Results

Through a comprehensive single-cell transcriptome analysis, we uncover the distinct transcriptional signatures between HPV+ and HPV‒ OPSCC. Specifically, HPV+ OPSCC tumor cells manifest an enhanced interferon response and elevated expression of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), potentially bolstering tumor recognition and immune response. Furthermore, we identify a CXCL13+CD4+ T cell subset that exhibits dual features of both follicular and pro-inflammatory helper T cells. Noteworthily, HPV+ OPSCC tumor cells embrace extensive intercellular communications with CXCL13+CD4+ T cells. Interaction with HPV+ OPSCC tumor cells amplifies CXCL13 and IFNγ release in CD4+T cells, fostering a pro-inflammatory TME. Additionally, HPV+ tumor cells expressing high MHC-II and CXCL13+CD4+ T cell prevalence are indicative of favorable overall survival rates in OPSCC patients.

Conclusions

Together, our study underscores a synergistic inflammatory immune response orchestrated by highly immunogenic tumor cells and CXCL13+CD4+ T cells in HPV+ OPSCC, offering useful insights into strategy development for patient stratification and effective immunotherapy in OPSCC.
Intramedullary nailing of proximal humerus fractures does not achieve superior functional results to non-operative treatment in the long term
Authors: Henssler Leopold , Pfeifer Christian , Riedl Moritz , Schneider Teresa , Kobeck Miriam , Alt Volker , Berner Arne , Kerschbaum Maximilian , Klute Lisa
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Non-operative treatment (NOT) of proximal humerus fractures (PHF) has regained significance due to recent evidence. Additionally, positive outcomes of plate osteosynthesis and fracture arthroplasty prompt a reassessment of the role of intramedullary nailing (IMN). While favorable short and medium-term results have been documented following IMN, little is known regarding functional outcomes and quality of life in the long-term.

Methods

Data from 180 patients with dislocated PHF of Neer types III, IV and V, treated at our level-I trauma center between 2004 and 2014 using IMN or NOT therapy, were scanned. Patients were re-evaluated after a minimum of 5 years to assess functional outcomes (age- and sex-adapted Constant Score, QuickDASH), quality of life (SF12), and complications or reoperations.

Results

Out of the initially identified 180 patients, 51 were unavailable for follow-up (FU) and 71 had deceased during the FU period. Functional outcomes and quality of life was, therefore, assessed in 58 patients (30 IMN, 28 NOT) with an average age at injury of 68 years after a mean FU time of 10.3 ± 3.4 years. Epidemiological patient characteristics did not exhibit significant differences between the two groups (p > .05). The functional outcome assessed by age- and sex-adapted Constant Score (NOT: 74 ± 28; IMN: 68 ± 24; p = .438), QuickDASH (NOT: 25 ± 27; IMN: 31 ± 23; p = .374) or quality of life using the SF12 (p > .05) revealed no significant disparities in long-term outcomes between the treatment groups. 10 of 30 patients in the IMN group underwent surgical revision to address complications, exceeding mere implant removal. Conversely, no patient in the NOT group underwent a revision surgery during the FU period.

Conclusions

In the long-term, functional and quality of life-related outcomes of IMN did not diverge significantly from those of NOT, while causing a higher incidence of follow-up interventions.
Favourable mid-term isokinetic strength after primary THA combined with a modified enhanced recovery after surgery concept (ERAS) in a single blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Reinhard Jan , Schiegl Julia Sabrina , Pagano Stefano , Leiss Franziska , Kappenschneider Tobias , Maderbacher Günther , Grifka Joachim , Greimel Felix
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Muscular deficits as part of severe osteoarthritis of the hip may persist for up to two years following total hip arthroplasty (THA). No study has evaluated the mid-term benefit of a modified enhanced-recovery-after-surgery (ERAS) concept on muscular strength of the hip in detail thus far. We (1) investigated if a modified ERAS-concept for primary THA improves the mid-term rehabilitation of muscular strength and (2) compared the clinical outcome using validated clinical scores.

Methods

In a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial we compared patients receiving primary THA with a modified ERAS concept (n = 12, ERAS-group) and such receiving conventional THA (n = 12, non-ERAS) at three months and one year postoperatively. For assessment of isokinetic muscular strength, a Biodex-Dynamometer was used (peak-torque, total-work, power). The clinical outcome was evaluated by using clinical scores (Patient-Related-Outcome-Measures (PROMs), WOMAC-index (Western-Ontario-and-McMaster-Universities-Osteoarthritis-Index), HHS (Harris-Hip-Score) and EQ-5D-3L-score.

Results

Three-months postoperatively, isokinetic strength (peak-torque, total-work, power) and active range of motion was significantly better in the modified ERAS group. One year postoperatively, the total work for flexion was significantly higher than in the Non-ERAS group, whilst peak-torque and power did not show significant differences. Evaluation of clinical scores revealed excellent results at both time points in both groups. However, we could not detect any significant differences between both groups in respect of the clinical outcome.

Conclusion

With regard to muscular strength, this study supports the implementation of an ERAS concept for primary THA. The combination with a modified ERAS concept lead to faster rehabilitation for up to one-year postoperatively, reflected by significant higher muscular strength (peak-torque, total-work, power). Possibly, because common scores are not sensitive enough, the results are not reflected in the clinical outcome. Further larger randomized controlled trials are necessary for long-term evaluation.
Noise in operating theatres, is it safe?
Authors: Ayoola Maliha , Abelleyra Lastoria Diego Agustín , Casey Laura , Dardak Sara , Rupra Roshan , Hing Caroline Blanca , Radcliffe Sarah , Kellett Catherine
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is a condition caused by repeated exposure to loud noise, with operating theatre personnel potentially at risk. The aims of this study were to establish the typical noise levels in orthopaedic theatres and to compare these to The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005.

Materials and methods

We measured the average noise levels in 40 trauma and orthopaedic surgeries in a single centre. We used the Decibel X app to take measurements, then performed corrections to ascertain noise levels at the surgeon’s ear (Leq). The daily noise exposure level for theatre staff for each procedure (LEP, d) and the LEP, d over an average 8-hour working day when performing different groups of procedures were calculated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test and the Pearson coefficient of correlation.

Results

The LEP, d lower action value (80 dBA) as set by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) was met by performing a single revision total knee replacement or a right open ankle debridement. Assuming three procedures are conducted per list, lists consisting of joint replacements (82 dBA) or medium elective procedures (81 dBA) exceed this lower limit. Additionally, lists comprising large and medium bone fractures would be within 1 dB of the limit (79 dBA and 79 dBA, respectively). Soft tissue (74 dBA), arthroscopic (73 dBA), and small bone fracture (71 dBA) procedures had the lowest LEP, d. The greatest contributors to noise levels were surgical instruments. The number of people in the room made a significant difference to noise levels (p = 0.032).

Conclusions

We have established the baseline noise levels in various orthopaedic procedures. Measures should be taken to meet UK regulations. Further research should determine suitable measures for protection from hearing damage for theatre staff and evaluate the risks high noise levels pose to patients.
Primary tumor resection for asymptomatic colorectal cancer patients with synchronous unresectable metastases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and case-matched studies
Authors: Huang Jun , Zhou Jiahao , Zhang Ping , Wu Qingbin , Wang Ziqiang
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The value of upfront primary tumor resection (PTR) for asymptomatic unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients remains contentious. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic significance of upfront PTR for asymptomatic unresectable mCRC.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed on June 21st, 2024. To minimize the bias and ensure robust evidence, only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case-matched studies (CMS) that compared PTR followed by chemotherapy to chemotherapy alone were included. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while cancer-specific survival (CSS) served as the secondary outcome.

Results

Eight studies (three RCTs and five CMS) involving 1221 patients were included. Compared to chemotherapy alone, upfront PTR followed by chemotherapy did not improve OS (hazard ratios [HR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–1.04, P = 0.17), but was associated with slightly better CSS (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40–0.88, P = 0.009).

Conclusions

The current limited evidence indicates that upfront PTR does not improve OS but may enhance CSS in asymptomatic unresectable mCRC patients. Ongoing trials are expected to provide more reliable evidence on this issue.
Predictors of improvement in disease activity in childhood and adolescent Crohn’s disease: an analysis of age, localization, initial severity and drug therapy — data from the Saxon Registry for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children in Germany (2000–2014)
Authors: Weidner Jens , Zoch Michele , Kern Ivana , Reinecke Ines , Bathelt Franziska , Manuwald Ulf , Peng Yuan , Henke Elisa , Rothe Ulrike , Kugler Joachim
Published: August 2024

The escalating worldwide prevalence of Crohn’s disease (CD) among children and adolescents, coupled with a trend toward earlier onset, presents significant challenges for healthcare systems. Moreover, the chronicity of this condition imposes substantial individual burdens. Consequently, the principal objective of CD treatment revolves around rapid inducing remission. This study scrutinizes the impact of age, gender, initial disease localization, and therapy on the duration to achieve disease activity amelioration. Data from the Saxon Pediatric IBD Registry in Germany were analyzed over a period of 15 years. In addition to descriptive methods, logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to identify correlations. Furthermore, survival analyses and Cox regressions were utilized to identify factors influencing the time to improvement in disease activity. These effects were expressed as Hazard Ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals. Data on the clinical course of 338 children and adolescents with CD were available in the registry. The analyses showed a significant correlation between a young age of onset and the severity of disease activity. It was evident that treatment with anti-TNF (Infliximab) was associated with a more favorable prognosis in terms of the time required for improvement in disease activity. Similarly, favorable outcomes were observed with the combination therapies of infliximab with enteral nutrition therapy and Infliximab with immunosuppressants.

Conclusion: Our analysis of data from the Saxon Pediatric IBD Registry revealed that the timeframe for improvement of disease activity in pediatric Crohn’s disease is influenced by several factors. Specifically, patient age, treatment modality, and initial site of inflammation were found to be significant factors. The study provides important findings that underline the need for individualized treatment.
Impacts of invasion on a freshwater cleaning symbiosis
Authors: Bell Spencer S. , McElmurray Philip , Creed Robert P. , Brown Bryan L.
Published: August 2024

Organismal invasions have repeatedly been cited as a driving force behind the loss of biodiversity. Unlike many other impacts of invasion, the effect of invasion on native symbiont communities has received less attention. The introduction of invasive hosts presents a potential opportunity to native symbionts; invasive hosts could benefit native symbionts through providing a novel host environment that improves symbiont fitness relative to their fitness on native hosts. Alternatively, invasive hosts could noncompetent hosts for native symbionts, resulting in negative impacts on native symbiont abundance and diversity. Crayfish in the northern hemisphere host diverse assemblages of obligate annelid symbionts (P: Anellida, O: Branchiobdellida). Two invasive crayfish hosts in the genus Faxonius have been introduced and are interacting with the native crayfish hosts and their symbionts in three watersheds in western Virginia, USA. Previous studies suggest that the invasive host F. cristavarius is a less competent host for symbionts compared to native hosts in the genus Cambarus. We carried out an extensive survey in these watersheds to determine impacts of varying degrees of invasion on branchiobdellidan abundance and diversity. We also conducted a complementary host replacement experiment to investigate how increases in the relative abundance of invasive hosts contributes to observed patterns of symbiont abundance and diversity in the field. In our survey, as the proportion of invasive hosts at a site increased, branchiobdellidan abundance and diversity declined significantly. In the experiment, the worms dispersed onto both native and invasive hosts. As the percentage of noncompetent F. cristavarius hosts increased, the survival of branchiobdellidans declined. Both symbiont survival and opportunities for successful dispersal are reduced as this noncompetent invasive host progressively displaces native hosts, which imperils the integrity of native host-symbiont systems. Given that many native hosts accrue significant fitness benefits from their relationships with native symbionts, including hosts in our study system, losses of beneficial symbionts may produce a positive feedback loop that decreases invasion resistance of native species, exacerbates the effects of invasions, and presents a major conservation issue in invaded systems.
Employing of machine learning and wearable devices in healthcare system: tasks and challenges
Authors: Saad Hend S. , Zaki John F. W. , Abdelsalam Mohamed M.
Published: August 2024

Disease outbreaks are nowadays a critical issue despite the development and rapid growth of technology. One of the major challenges facing healthcare professionals and healthcare industries is disease prevention and control by technology. Due to busy work schedules, maintaining a healthy lifestyle has become impossible, so the solution to these previous challenges is the intelligent health monitoring system. Over the past few years, a lot of research has been done on the use of Machine learning (ML) techniques in healthcare applications. With wearable devices, ML greatly helps in tracking human activities and vital signs as well as helping to monitor and diagnose patients’ health so it plays a huge role in elderly care. Research and development of more applications for wearable devices has been underway in the past five years, due to significant technological advances in medical sensors. Despite the widespread use of wearable devices, there is little research on machine learning applications of these devices. This paper presents a review of the different areas of recent ML research for healthcare wearable devices. It also discusses the different challenges facing ML applications on wearable devices.
Rock Mass Classification Systems: A Useful Rock Mechanics Tool, Often Misused
Authors: Alejano Leandro R.
Published: August 2024

Rock mass classification systems (RMCS) were developed in the seventies of the last century. They were born in response to the need to establish indicative design criteria for tunnel support. But they also focused on rating the quality of the rock, putting numbers in geology that allowed the rock mass to be classified and its parameters computed. RMCS attempted to consider the most relevant geomechanical aspects affecting the rock mass, including parameters related to rock structure and joint surface conditions. However, to be used as design approaches, they covered parameters not related to the rock mass itself (excavation orientation, stress state…). This multiple focus, together with other intrinsic limitations, has introduced some confusion in its application. A discussion is presented on the application of RMCS to solve rock engineering problems based on the author’s experience, addressing the geological background and their applications. The author reports on some small-scale rock engineering studies including the results of basic RMCS, presenting the potential problems encountered, if any, and the usefulness of the approach in relation to the objectives of the study. While a “design as you go” approach, based on RMCS of the tunnel face combined with observations, measurements and expertise, has often been successful, its direct application for design purposes without further considerations tends to produce problems. Very useful and almost necessary for comparative purposes, these simple approaches may, however, not always produce the right answers to design questions or may lead to wrong decisions if used without additional thoughtful considerations.
Advances in the multidisciplinary surgical approach to primary spinal sarcomas: insights from a retrospective case series on outcomes and survival
Authors: Lenga Pavlina , Dao Trong Philip , Kleineidam Helena , Unterberg Andreas W. , Krieg Sandro M. , Ishak Basem
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The management of spinal sarcomas is complex, given their widespread involvement and high recurrence rates. Despite consensus on the need for a multidisciplinary approach with surgery at its core, there is a lack of definitive guidelines for clinical decision-making. This study examines a case series of primary spinal sarcomas, focusing on the surgical strategies, clinical results, and survival data to inform and guide therapeutic practices.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgical resection for primary spinal sarcomas between 2005 and 2022. The study focused on gathering data on patient demographics, surgical details, postoperative complications, overall hospital stay, and mortality within 90 days post-surgery.

Results

The study included 14 patients with a primary diagnosis of spinal sarcoma, with an average age of 48.6 ± 12.6 years. Chondrosarcoma emerged as the most common tumor type, representing 57.1% of cases, followed by Ewing sarcoma at 35.7%, and synovial sarcoma at 7.1%. Patients with chondrosarcoma were treated with en-bloc resection, while the patient with synovial sarcoma underwent intra-lesional excision and those with Ewing sarcoma received decompression and tumor debulking. Postoperative assessments revealed significant improvements in neurological conditions. Notably, functional status as measured by the Karnofski Performance Index (KPI), improved substantially post-surgery (from 61.4 to 80.0%) The mean follow-up was 34.9 ± 9.2 months. During this time period one patient experienced fatal bleeding after en-bloc resection complications involving the vena cava. None of the patient needed further surgery.

Conclusions

Our 16-year study offers vital insights into managing primary spinal sarcomas, showcasing the effectiveness of surgical intervention, particularly en-bloc resection. Despite their rarity and complexity, our multidisciplinary treatment approach yields improved outcomes and highlights the potential for refined surgical strategies to become standardized care in this challenging domain.
Covalent modification of chitosan surfaces with a sugar amino acid and lysine analogues
Authors: Dorn Tobias , Finšgar Matjaž , Stana Kleinschek Karin , Steindorfer Tobias , Thonhofer Martin , Wrodnigg Tanja M. , Kargl Rupert
Published: August 2024

This work explores the modification and characterization of chitosan thin films as a model for functionalized polysaccharide interfaces. The solid–liquid interface of oligo- and polysaccharides is crucial for various biological processes such as cell adhesion and recognition. By covalent surface modification of the chitosan via amide formation with different small molecules containing carboxylic acids, e.g. specially designed glycoside hydrolase inhibitors, interactions with biomolecules and living cells could potentially be controlled in the future. As a first step towards this aim, three fluorescent compounds were conjugated onto nanometric chitosan thin films. The layers were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy, to proof the covalent attachment of the target molecules. By this analysis, a uniform and chemically stable covalent attachment of the target molecules on the chitosan thin films could be demonstrated under various conditions. This publication serves as a proof-of-concept-study for further biofunctionalization, pattering, and interaction studies involving polysaccharide interfaces, glycosidase inhibitors, proteins, or living cells.

Graphical abstract
Critical climate-stress moments for semi-arid farming systems in India
Authors: Srinidhi Arjuna , Smolenaars Wouter , Werners Saskia E. , Hegde Sahana , Rajapure Ganesh , Meuwissen Miranda P. M. , Ludwig Fulco
Published: August 2024

In the face of the increasing frequency of climate stresses, climate change projections can help in adaptation planning and resilience-building. However, typical climate change projections, such as annual average rainfall and temperature increases, are not helpful for farmers in understanding specific climate risks, like crop loss, and making adaptation decisions. Our study aims to identify and characterise context- and time-specific climate stresses in terms of climate conditions of concern to improve the understanding of future climate risks and enhance the climate resilience of semi-arid farming systems in India. Utilising the concept of critical climate-stress moments, we employ an innovative bottom-up methodology integrating insights from focus group discussions with farmers, key informant interviews, and an ensemble of downscaled and bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP-6) models. Our case studies include (i) a mixed crop-livestock farming system, (ii) a horticulture-based farming system, (iii) a cash crop–dominant farming system, and (iv) a cereal-dominant farming system. The specific climate conditions of concern identified were (i) increasing volume of late-monsoon rainfall, (ii) rising winter temperatures, (iii) increase in the number of days with temperatures exceeding 40 °C, (iv) increase in days with heavy rainfall (> 25 mm), and (v) increasing rainfall during the dry season. Identifying these critical moments improves understanding of both the temporal and spatial variations in climate risks, providing valuable inputs for targeted and implementable climate resilience–building actions. We recommend revising national and state action plans on climate change by utilising such region-specific assessments of critical climate-stress moments.
Application of image recognition technology in pathological diagnosis of blood smears
Authors: Cheng Wangxinjun , Liu Jingshuang , Wang Chaofeng , Jiang Ruiyin , Jiang Mei , Kong Fancong
Published: August 2024

Traditional manual blood smear diagnosis methods are time-consuming and prone to errors, often relying heavily on the experience of clinical laboratory analysts for accuracy. As breakthroughs in key technologies such as neural networks and deep learning continue to drive digital transformation in the medical field, image recognition technology is increasingly being leveraged to enhance existing medical processes. In recent years, advancements in computer technology have led to improved efficiency in the identification of blood cells in blood smears through the use of image recognition technology. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the methods and steps involved in utilizing image recognition algorithms for diagnosing diseases in blood smears, with a focus on malaria and leukemia. Furthermore, it offers a forward-looking research direction for the development of a comprehensive blood cell pathological detection system.
The changes of coagulation profiles in Kawasaki disease and its associations with clinical classification, intravenous immunoglobulin responsiveness and coronary artery involvement
Authors: Li Dao Ting , Yang Qian , Xia Cai Yun , Zhang Yan Fang , Cai Ying , Wu Shu Qi , Jiang Qi , Hu Peng
Published: August 2024

Coagulation disorders are common in Kawasaki disease (KD). The main objectives of the present study were to probe the associations of coagulation profiles with clinical classification, IVIG responsiveness, coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) in the acute episode of KD. A total of 313 KD children were recruited and divided into six subgroups, including complete KD (n = 217), incomplete KD (n = 96), IVIG-responsive KD (n = 293), IVIG-nonresponsive KD (n = 20), coronary artery noninvolvement KD (n = 284) and coronary artery involvement KD (n = 29). Blood samples were collected within 24-h pre-IVIG therapy and 48-h post-IVIG therapy. Coagulation profiles, conventional inflammatory mediators and blood cell counts were detected. Echocardiography was performed during the period from 2- to 14-day post-IVIG infusion. In addition, 315 sex- and age-matched healthy children were enrolled as the controls. (1) Before IVIG therapy, coagulation disorders were more prone to appear in KD patients than in healthy controls, and could be overcome by IVIG therapy. FIB and DD significantly increased in the acute phase of KD, whereas reduced to normal levels after IVIG therapy. (2) PT and APTT were significantly longer in patients with complete KD when compared with their incomplete counterparts after IVIG therapy. (3) The larger δDD, δFDP and the smaller δPT, δINR predicted IVIG nonresponsiveness. (4) The higher δDD and δFDP correlated with a higher risk for CAAs (DD: r = −0.72, FDP: r = −0.54). Coagulation disorders are correlated with complete phenotype, IVIG nonresponsiveness and CAA occurrence in the acute episode of KD, and can be rectified by synergistic effects of IVIG and aspirin.
Functional description of fiber orientation in paperboard based on orientation tensors resulting from μ-CT scans
Authors: Kloppenburg Greta , Li Xiangfeng , Dinkelmann Albrecht , Finckh Hermann , Neumann Johannes , Simon Jaan-Willem
Published: August 2024

Modern $$\upmu$$
μ
-CT scans offer non-destructive three-dimensional microstructure analysis of various materials. Despite small density contrasts, this technology also accurately captures the complex network structure of paper and paperboard. It provides detailed insight into the fiber orientation distribution in paper, which was previously unattainable with existing measurement methods. The image analysis results are applicable for numerical fiber network models, and simulations based on these models can significantly improve our understanding of the microstructural influence on macrostructural paper properties, such as strength, stiffness, and curl tendency. This work presents a new method for investigating the microstructural fiber orientation in paperboard. Orientation tensors obtained from $$\upmu$$
μ
-CT scan image processing are extracted and evaluated. Based on the direction of the orientation tensor’s first eigenvector, the fiber orientation distribution is determined and then approximated by periodic and non-periodic probability density functions (PDFs). In this study, 40 commercial paperboard samples, each consisting of three plies, were analyzed. From a given set of commonly used PDFs, the best fitting ones have been identified based on their original location in the paper roll and on their ply. It was found that the von Mises PDF provided the most accurate representation of fiber orientation distribution in the middle ply, while the Elliptical PDF was the most suitable for the outer plies. Moreover, a more pronounced fiber orientation anisotropy was observed at the edges of the paper roll than in its center. The best PDFs and their function parameters are provided to allow for direct usage in numerical microstructure models of paperboard, thus enhancing their representativeness.
The Italian Constitutional Court and recentralization along the pendulum of regionalism
Authors: Filippetti Andrea , Rondinella Sandro , Tuzi Fabrizio
Published: August 2024

This paper employs a quantitative analysis of the disputes between central and regional government concerning the role of the Italian Constitutional Court, focusing on the context of decentralization initiated during the late 1990s. The econometric evidence demonstrates a significant decrease in favourable outcomes for regional governments following the process of recentralization, which was commenced by central government in 2011 in response to a major financial crisis. The results of this study support the perspective of a centralistic attitude of the courts in litigation concerning subnational governments and provide fresh insights into the role of the courts in the relationship between recentralization and major economic crises.
Academic community engagement on social networking sites, creative behaviour and work performance: The mediating mechanisms of knowledge sharing and relationship quality
Authors: Nguyen Ninh , Dang-Van Thac , Vo-Thanh Tan , Thai Trung Dam-Huy , Nguyen Hoang Viet
Published: August 2024

Researchers have increasingly engaged in academic communities on social networking sites (SNSs). This study seeks to examine the impact of academic community engagement on Facebook (ACEF) on researchers’ creative behaviour and work performance, with the mediating mechanisms of relationship quality and knowledge sharing. Data were obtained from 213 researchers in an emerging country, i.e., Vietnam. Results of structural equation modelling demonstrate that ACEF indirectly influences researchers’ creative behaviour and work performance in dualistic approaches. In particular, the relationships between ACEF and work performance and between ACEF and creative behaviour are positively mediated by relationship quality. Furthermore, knowledge sharing positively mediates the ACEF-creative behaviour and relationship quality-creative behaviour links. This study is among the first to develop and validate a unique model explaining the mechanism through which ACEF impacts researchers’ work and behavioural outcomes. The findings have important implications for researchers and educational institutions in promoting academic community engagement on SNSs, which can enhance knowledge sharing, creative behaviour and work performance.
Collaborative Robotics: A Survey From Literature and Practitioners Perspectives
Authors: Montini Elias , Daniele Fabio , Agbomemewa Lorenzo , Confalonieri Matteo , Cutrona Vincenzo , Bettoni Andrea , Rocco Paolo , Ferrario Andrea
Published: August 2024

Collaborative robotics possesses the potential to revolutionise industrial automation by offering affordable and accessible solutions with reasonable skill requirements. However, identifying the most valuable and appropriate applications for this technology remains a challenge. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review to analyse the existing collaborative robotics applications, and the results showed that only a limited number of applications can be considered true collaboration, with even fewer classified as intelligent collaboration. The study comprised a survey designed to offer valuable insights to not only enhance the state-of-the-art analysis in the identification of existing challenges in the field of collaborative robotics but also to provide motivation to guide future advancements. By leveraging the survey results, researchers and practitioners will be better equipped to navigate the complex landscape of collaborative robotics and develop innovative solutions to tackle the identified challenges. This study also informs on the latest research and development in the field.
Large Deviations of Invariant Measures of Stochastic Reaction–Diffusion Equations on Unbounded Domains
Authors: Wang Bixiang
Published: August 2024

This paper is concerned with the large deviation principle of invariant measures of the stochastic reaction–diffusion equation with polynomial drift driven by additive noise defined on the entire space $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

. Since the standard Sobolev embeddings on $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

are not compact and the spectrum of the Laplace operator on $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

are not discrete, there are many issues for proving the large deviations of invariant measures in the case of unbounded domains, including the difficulties for proving the compactness of the level sets of rate functions, the uniform Dembo–Zeitouni large deviations on compact sets as well as the exponential tightness on compact sets. Currently, there is no result available in the literature on the large deviations of invariant measures for stochastic PDEs on unbounded domains, and this paper is the first one to deal with this issue. The non-compactness of the standard Sobolev embeddings on $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

is circumvented by the idea of uniform tail-ends estimates together with the arguments of weighted spaces.
Half a century of citizen science tag-recapture data reveals stock delineation and cross-jurisdictional connectivity of an iconic pelagic fish
Authors: Goddard Belinda K. , Guillemin Tristan A. , Schilling Hayden T. , Hughes Julian M. , Brodie Stephanie , Green Corey P. , Harcourt Robert , Huveneers Charlie , Ierodiaconou Daniel , Suthers Iain M. , Taylor Matthew D. , Tracey Sean R. , Camilieri-Asch Victoria , Clarke Thomas M. , Dwyer Ross G. , Hilbert Clay , Holdsworth John , Mitchell Jonathan , Pepperell Julian , Simpson Emma , Udyawer Vinay , Jaine Fabrice R. A.
Published: August 2024

Tag-recapture programs to monitor the movements of fish populations are among some of the longest-running citizen-science datasets to date. Here, using half a century of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi, Carangidae) tag-recapture data collected through citizen-science projects, we report novel insights into population connectivity in Australia and New Zealand (NZ). Despite the importance of kingfish in commercial and recreational fisheries, substantial knowledge gaps about their stock structure and connectivity between jurisdictions hinder current management efforts. Between 1974 and 2022, 63,432 releases and 4636 recaptures (7.3%) of tagged kingfish were collected in Australia and NZ. Most tagged individuals (51.4%) were recaptured within 10 km of their original release location up to 14 years post-release (mean: 225 days), indicating some degree of site fidelity. However, 656 (14.2%) kingfish were recaptured over 100 km from their release location, with one fish travelling at least 2834 km in 702 days. Seasonal variability was evident for releases and recaptures, with more releases occurring in summer and autumn in most jurisdictions. Network analysis of recaptures revealed no connectivity between tagged kingfish from western and eastern Australia, supporting genetic delineation. By contrast, extensive connectivity exists across eastern Australia and NZ, with 87 kingfish moving between five Australian state jurisdictions, 316 individuals travelling across 15 bioregions and six kingfish moving between Australia and NZ. Our findings provide important new insights into the structure and connectivity of the eastern Australia kingfish stock and suggest increased collaboration between state and international fisheries jurisdictions may support improved stock assessment and management.
De-novo assembly of a reference genome for a critically threatened Aotearoa New Zealand tree species, Syzygium maire (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Balkwill Colan G. , Deslippe Julie R. , Horton Paul , David Charles , Wu Chen , Koot Emily , Ritchie Peter , Blissett Wayne , Chagné David
Published: August 2024

Aotearoa New Zealand’s swamp forests have experienced significant habitat loss in fewer than two hundred years. Many of the country’s tree species are endemic with sparse to no genetic information available to underpin conservation strategies. Syzygium maire, Aotearoa’s only endemic Syzygium species, is a culturally and ecologically important component of swamp forest habitats. Unfortunately, populations of S. maire have been greatly reduced, heavily fragmented and are susceptible to the emergent pathogen Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust), posing eminent danger of a further decline of the species. We sought to develop genomic resources to inform conservation management of S. maire. To this end, we used long read, high accuracy sequencing technology to produce a highly complete reference quality genome for S. maire. The genome sequence was named ‘Ngā Hua o te Ia Whenua’ by the local Māori tribe where the tree used for genome sequencing grows. We assess whether genome-level divergence with other Myrtaceae may have followed geographic isolation of the species. We detect conservation of large scale synteny between three Syzygium species and Eucalyptus grandis, providing support for the stability of Syzygium genomes across evolutionary time. We annotate genes implicated in fungal pathogen defence, identifying several hundred putative NLR genes, including putative homologs of previously identified Austropuccinia psidii resistance genes. Finally, we evaluate the genetic relationships of individuals of a small, isolated population of trees. We find evidence of high levels of kinship and inbreeding within small and isolated S. maire populations, informing local-scale conservation strategies for the species. Our findings enable practical conservation actions and provide resources for larger scale studies of S. maire and other Syzygium species in the future.
The prognostic role of MRI-based radiomics in tongue carcinoma: a multicentric validation study
Authors: Tagliabue Marta , Ruju Francesca , Mossinelli Chiara , Gaeta Aurora , Raimondi Sara , Volpe Stefania , Zaffaroni Mattia , Isaksson Lars Johannes , Garibaldi Cristina , Cremonesi Marta , Rapino Anna , Chiocca Susanna , Pietrobon Giacomo , Alterio Daniela , Trisolini Giuseppe , Morbini Patrizia , Rampinelli Vittorio , Grammatica Alberto , Petralia Giuseppe , Jereczek-Fossa Barbara Alicja , Preda Lorenzo , Ravanelli Marco , Maroldi Roberto , Piazza Cesare , Benazzo Marco , Ansarin Mohssen
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Radiomics is an emerging field that utilizes quantitative features extracted from medical images to predict clinically meaningful outcomes. Validating findings is crucial to assess radiomics applicability. We aimed to validate previously published magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics models to predict oncological outcomes in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Materials and methods

Retrospective multicentric study on OTSCC surgically treated from 2010 to 2019. All patients performed preoperative MRI, including contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (CE-T1), diffusion-weighted sequences and apparent diffusion coefficient map. We evaluated overall survival (OS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), cause-specific mortality (CSM). We elaborated different models based on clinical and radiomic data. C-indexes assessed the prediction accuracy of the models.

Results

We collected 112 consecutive independent patients from three Italian Institutions to validate the previously published MRI radiomic models based on 79 different patients. The C-indexes for the hybrid clinical-radiomic models in the validation cohort were lower than those in the training cohort but remained > 0.5 in most cases. CE-T1 sequence provided the best fit to the models: the C-indexes obtained were 0.61, 0.59, 0.64 (pretreatment model) and 0.65, 0.69, 0.70 (posttreatment model) for OS, LRRFS and CSM, respectively.

Conclusion

Our clinical-radiomic models retain a potential to predict OS, LRRFS and CSM in heterogeneous cohorts across different centers. These findings encourage further research, aimed at overcoming current limitations, due to the variability of imaging acquisition, processing and tumor volume delineation.
The protective effects of antioxidants against endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress on bull sperm
Authors: Younus Ali MD , Yamanaka Takahiro , Shimada Masayuki
Published: August 2024

Oxidative stress, caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, affects sperm function by damaging morphology and reducing metabolic activity, leading to reduced fertilization ability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oxidative stress on bull sperm and to evaluate the efficacy of targeted antioxidants in mitigating these detrimental effects. Fresh bull semen samples were subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antimycin treatments to induce oxidative stress, and the antioxidants PQQ, ergothioneine, and vitamin C were applied to counteract the induced stress. Sperm motility, viability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of sperm were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry. The treatment with H2O2 rapidly decreased sperm viability, and antimycin-induced mitochondrial ROS mainly decreased sperm motility; PQQ and vitamin C effectively reduced mitochondrial ROS, while ergothioneine and vitamin C reduced cytosolic ROS. In frozen-thawed sperm, oxidative stress was elevated in both cytoplasm and mitochondria, and all three antioxidants improved sperm motility by inhibiting ROS production. Furthermore, the localization of oxidized lipids (4-hydroxynonenal) in sperm was detected using immunofluorescence, indicating that oxidative stress affects the head and midpiece of sperm. These findings highlight the potential of targeted antioxidants to mitigate the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on bull sperm and provide valuable insights to improve semen quality and optimize the use of antioxidants in artificial insemination.
Micropropagation and genetic transformation of Byblis liniflora
Authors: Coronado-Martín Alberto , Martin-Vásquez Constanza , Jáquez Marybel , Bahaji Abdellatif , Atarés Alejandro
Published: August 2024

Byblis, a small genus of carnivorous plants predominantly found in Australia, is characterized by its passive trapping mechanism and unique floral features. The chemical composition of Byblis, including identified phenylethanoid glycosides, particularly acteoside, highlights its pharmacological potential with various biological activities. In vitro culture techniques have been established for propagation, with micropropagation protocols developed for different Byblis species. However, information on genetic transformation, vital for trait modification and enhanced pharmacological interest, remains limited. This study focuses on optimizing micropropagation, adventitious regeneration, and genetic transformation methods for Byblis liniflora. Adventitious regeneration rates were highest in medium with reduced Murashige and Skoog salts (MS/10) and sucrose (3 gL−1) concentrations. Zeatin supplementation (1 mgL−1) further improved regeneration rates and bud development with 100% of regenerated root explants and 8.8 shoots per explant. Liquid MB3 medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 5 mgL−1 facilitated efficient rooting and acclimatization. The establishment of an efficient Rhizobium-mediated genetic transformation method yielded transgenic plants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Molecular analysis confirmed transgene integration, marking the first successful genetic transformation in the Byblis genus. These advancements pave the way for exploring gene function and enhancing pharmacological properties, thereby broadening our understanding and utilization of carnivorous plants like Byblis.