bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Orexinergic Projection from Perifornical Hypothalamus to Raphe Pallidus Increases Rat Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis
Authors: Tupone Domenico , Madden Christopher J. , Cano Georgina , Morrison Shaun F.
Published: November 2011

Orexin (hypocretin) neurons, located exclusively in the PeF-LH, which includes the perifornical area (PeF), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and lateral portions of the medial hypothalamus, have widespread projections and influence many physiological functions, including the autonomic regulation of body temperature and energy metabolism. Narcolepsy is characterized by the loss of orexin neurons and by disrupted sleep, but also by dysregulation of body temperature and by a strong tendency for obesity. Heat production (thermogenesis) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to the maintenance of body temperature and, through energy consumption, to body weight regulation. We identified a neural substrate for the influence of orexin neurons on BAT thermogenesis in rat. Nanoinjection of orexin-A (12 pmol) into the rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa), the site of BAT sympathetic premotor neurons, produced large, sustained increases in BAT sympathetic outflow and in BAT thermogenesis. Activation of neurons in the PeF-LH also enhanced BAT thermogenesis over a long time course. Combining viral retrograde tracing from BAT, or cholera toxin subunit b tracing from rRPa, with orexin immunohistochemistry revealed synaptic connections to BAT from orexin neurons in PeF-LH and from rRPa neurons with closely apposed, varicose orexin fibers, as well as a direct, orexinergic projection from PeF-LH to rRPa. These results indicate a potent modulation of BAT thermogenesis by orexin released from the terminals of orexin neurons in PeF-LH directly into the rRPa and provide a potential mechanism contributing to the disrupted regulation of body temperature and energy metabolism in the absence of orexin.
Morphological Characterization of the Entire Interneuron Population Reveals Principles of Neuromere Organization in the Ventral Nerve Cord ofDrosophila
Authors: Rickert Christof , Kunz Thomas , Harris Kerri-Lee , Whitington Paul M. , Technau Gerhard M.
Published: November 2011

Decisive contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of the nervous system have been made by studies performed at the level of single, identified cells in the fruit flyDrosophila. While all the motor neurons and glial cells in thoracic and abdominal segments of theDrosophilaembryo have been individually identified, few of the interneurons, which comprise the vast majority of cells in the CNS, have been characterized at this level. We have applied a single cell labeling technique to carry out a detailed morphological characterization of the entire population of interneurons in abdominal segments A1–A7. Based on the definition of a set of spatial parameters specifying axonal projection patterns and cell body positions, we have identified 270 individual cell types as the complete hemisegmental set of interneurons and placed these in an interactive database. As well as facilitating analyses of developmental processes, this comprehensive set of data sheds light on the principles underlying the formation and organization of an entire segmental unit of the CNS.
Site-selective time resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy of Eu and Cm doped LaPO4
Authors: Holliday K. S. , Babelot C. , Walther Clemens , Neumeier S. , Bosbach Dirk , Stumpf Th.
Published: November 2011

Samples of LaPO4 doped with Eu
3+
or Cm
3+
were synthesized by a hydrothermal process which resulted in a solid solution at temperatures less than conventional processing. Time resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy was used to probe the incorporated Eu
3+
or Cm
3+
in order to gain structural information on its local environment. This revealed that Eu
3+
and Cm
3+
incorporate on the La site as expected. The emission spectrum of Eu
3+
resolves the fully degenerate 5-fold splitting of the peaks in the F2 transition due to the low symmetry of the site, confirming previous calculations. A minor site in the Eu
3+
doped sample is identified as coordinated with hydroxide contamination. Direct excitation of Cm
3+
doped samples show the presence of “satellite” species. Although these spectral features have been observed in Cm
3+
doped LuPO4 and YPO4, this is the first time that these satellites are resolved into their individual species. These are hypothesized to be due to a disturbance in the ideal structure which creates a break in the equivalence of the four lanthanum sites within a unit cell. The 4-fold ground state splitting of all species is identical, although slightly shifted, indicating similar environments. The fluorescence lifetimes were long (1.2 ms for Cm and 3.6 ms for Eu) indicating an absence of water in the immediate coordination sphere due to the incorporation of the doping ion.
Influência do dano físico na fisiologia pós-colheita de folhas de taioba
Authors: Mendes Teresa Drummond Correia , Santos Joice Simone dos , Vieira Luciana Marques , Cardoso Deise Silva Castro Pimentel , Finger Fernando Luiz
Published: November 2011

Folhas de taioba danificadas fisicamente tornam-se amarelas e escuras na região do dano. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do dano físico sobre o metabolismo pós-colheita de folhas de taioba. Para esse fim, avaliou-se o teor de clorofila e o acúmulo de compostos fenólicos solúveis em discos foliares de taioba que continham furos realizados com uma agulha em um dos lados da folha, simulando os danos sofridos no campo e transporte. O lado não danificado foi usado como tratamento controle. Para a avaliação da produção de etileno e CO2, discos foliares danificados e intactos foram infiltrados com ácido 1-carboxílico-1-aminociclopropano (ACC) ou com água desionizada. Houve acentuada queda de clorofila nas primeiras 24 horas após a colheita, porém, o dano físico não estimulou a degradação da clorofila ou elevação da produção de etileno. Entretanto, nos discos foliares danificados e infiltrados com ACC, houve aumento transiente na produção de etileno após 4 horas da realização do dano. Essa resposta demonstra que a enzima ACC sintase não é estimulada pelo dano e a enzima ACC oxidase tem sua atividade aumentada apenas por um curto período. Em contrapartida, as folhas danificadas tiveram maior acúmulo de compostos fenólicos e elevada taxa respiratória.
Temperatura mínima de relva em Santa Maria, RS: climatologia, variabilidade interanual e tendência histórica
Authors: Streck Nereu Augusto , Gabriel Luana Fernandes , Heldwein Arno Bernardo , Buriol Galileo Adeli , Paula Gizelli Moiano de
Published: November 2011

O objetivo do trabalho foi calcular as estatísticas descritivas para caracterizar a climatologia da temperatura mínima de relva, a mínima do ar a 5 cm do solo coberto com grama (Tmr), em Santa Maria (RS), associar a variabilidade interanual desse parâmetro com o fenômeno ENOS e verificar se há tendência de alteração na série histórica deste elemento meteorológico. Foram usados dados diários de temperatura mínima de relva, medidos no período de 1.o de maio de 1970 a 31 de dezembro de 2009, registrados na Estação Climatológica Principal de Santa Maria (latitude: 29º43'S, longitude: 53º43'W e altitude: 95 m). Classificaram-se os anos em anos de El Niño (EN), La Niña (LN) e Neutros (N), considerando-se o período de 1.º/7 a 30/6 do ano seguinte. A média mensal de temperatura mínima de relva variou de 6,9 ºC em julho a 17,3 ºC em janeiro, com mínima absoluta de -8,4 ºC em junho e máxima absoluta de 28,6 ºC em outubro. Há sinal do ENOS sobre a temperatura mínima de relva nos meses de outono, inverno e primavera, de modo que esta é maior em anos de EN, menor em anos de LN e intermediária em anos Neutros. Houve aumento na temperatura mínima de relva no período de 1970-2009 em abril, junho, outubro, novembro e dezembro, com início do aumento principalmente na década de 80. Nos demais meses não foram verificadas significativas tendências de ordem climática.
Associação entre fissura e perfil antropométrico em dependentes de crack
Authors: Balbinot Alexandre Dido , Alves Gabriel Soares Ledur , Amaral Junior Alpheu Ferreira do , Araujo Renata Brasil
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: Verificar a variação da fissura de dependentes de crack no decorrer da internação e a associação com perfil antropométrico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa com delineamento transversal (n = 30). Avaliaram-se o perfil de consumo de substâncias psicoativas; dados sociodemográficos; variáveis antropométricas (peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal, relação cintura-quadril, perímetros, dobras cutâneas e diâmetro ósseo); e fissura avaliada por meio do Cocaine Craving Questionnaire Brief. As coletas de dados ocorreram nas 24 horas iniciais e finais do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento significativo do percentual de gordura e diminuição significativa da fissura. Não se evidenciou associação entre variáveis antropométricas e fissura, tanto no início como ao final da internação. CONCLUSÃO: Houve significativa diminuição na fissura e modificação na composição corporal, entretanto não houve correlação entre essas variáveis.
Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e fatores associados em uma população assistida por equipes do Programa Saúde da Família
Authors: Moreira Juliana Kelly Pinto , Bandeira Marina , Cardoso Clareci Silva , Scalon João Domingos
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de casos suspeitos de transtornos mentais comuns em uma população assistida por uma equipe do Programa Saúde da Família e investigar os fatores associados à ocorrência dessa morbidade. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de levantamento, de corte transversal. A amostra, composta por 277 sujeitos, foi obtida por meio do método de amostragem aleatória do tipo sistemática. Para a coleta de dados, foram aplicados o Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e um questionário sociodemográfico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global de casos suspeitos de transtornos mentais comuns na população alvo foi de 43,70%. O sexo feminino apresentou uma taxa de prevalência significativamente mais elevada (48,37%), quando comparado ao sexo masculino (34,41%). A variável "renda familiar" apresentou uma relação inversa com a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns. A análise de regressão logística indicou que apenas as variáveis "uso de medicamento" e "renda familiar" estavam associadas significativamente à suspeita de casos de transtornos mentais comuns. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontaram uma elevada prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns nessa população alvo, comparativamente aos dados de outros estudos semelhantes, indicando a necessidade de um cuidado especial por parte da Atenção Primária à Saúde, em particular para as famílias caracterizadas pelos fatores associados ao transtornos mentais comuns apontados nesta investigação.
Eficácia do treinamento de habilidades fonológicas em crianças de risco para dislexia
Authors: Fadini Cíntia Cristina , Capellini Simone Aparecida
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVOS: identificar os sinais da dislexia em escolares de 1ª série e verificar a eficácia do programa de treinamento fonológico em crianças de risco para a dislexia que freqüentam a 1ª série escolar e investigar dentre as crianças de risco que não apresentaram melhora após o treinamento se há presença do quadro de dislexia por meio de diagnóstico interdisciplinar. MÉTODO: participaram deste estudo 30 crianças de 1ª série de ensino público, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 6 a 7 anos de idade. Neste estudo foi realizada a adaptação brasileira da pesquisa sobre treinamento de habilidades fonológicas composta de pré-testagem, intervenção e pós-testagem. Em situação de pré e pós-testagem, todas as crianças foram submetidas à aplicação do teste para a identificação precoce dos problemas de leitura e aquelas que apresentaram desempenho inferior a 51% das provas do teste foram divididas em Grupo I (GI): composto por 13 crianças submetidas ao programa de treinamento; e em Grupo II (GII): composto por 17 crianças não submetidas ao programa de treinamento. RESULTADOS: os resultados deste estudo revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes, evidenciando que das 13 crianças submetidas ao programa, 11 apresentaram melhor desempenho em situação de pós-testagem em relação à pré-testagem. Apenas 2 crianças não responderam à intervenção proposta, sendo submetidas à avaliação interdisciplinar. CONCLUSÃO: a realização do programa de treinamento das habilidades fonológicas foi eficaz para as crianças de risco para dislexia, comprovados pela melhora das habilidades fonológicas e de leitura em situação de pós-testagem em relação à pré-testagem.
Aspectos temporais auditivos: produção de conhecimento em quatro periódicos nacionais
Authors: Terto Sulamita da Silva Marcelino , Lemos Stela Maris Aguiar
Published: November 2011

TEMA: o presente artigo foi produzido com base na revisão de artigos publicados desde o ano 2005 em quatro periódicos nacionais importantes na área da Fonoaudiologia (Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica, Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia, Revista CEFAC e Revista Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia) a respeito dos aspectos temporais auditivos. Este estudo aponta para três temas abordados: Aspectos temporais, Ordenação temporal e Resolução temporal. OBJETIVO: delinear o perfil da produção de conhecimento na área de aspectos temporais auditivos tendo como referência quatro periódicos nacionais. CONCLUSÃO: o levantamento realizado nesta pesquisa permitiu verificar que existe um número reduzido de estudos nacionais relacionados ao tema sobre aspectos temporais auditivos. Considerando-se somente os quatro periódicos nacionais, menos de 9% das produções científicas abordaram essa temática.
Aspectos térmico-biológicos da germinação de sementes de cornichão anual sob diferentes temperaturas
Authors: Lopes Rodrigo Ramos , Franke Lúcia Brandão
Published: November 2011

O objetivo neste trabalho foi determinar as temperaturas mínima, ótima e máxima para a germinação de sementes de Lotus subbiflorus Lag. utilizando-se como parâmetros a porcentagem, a velocidade, a frequência, a entropia informacional de germinação e a entalpia líquida de ativação. O experimento foi realizado em dois lotes com quatro subamostras, cada uma de 100 sementes, e os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey. Foram utilizadas oito temperaturas constantes (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC) com a presença de fotoperíodo. Esta espécie germina numa faixa de temperatura com valores mínimos entre 0 e 5ºC, ótimos entre 15 e 20 ºC e máximos entre 30 e 35 ºC. A velocidade de germinação apresentou-se linearmente dependente da temperatura. Os maiores valores de velocidade de germinação, que ocorreram entre 15 ºC e 20 ºC abaixo e acima desta faixa decresceram significativamente. Os menores valores de entropia informacional ocorreram entre 15 e 20 ºC, mostrando maior sincronização do processo germinvatio nessas temperaturas. O ponto mínimo da entalpia foi atingido a 278 K e o máximo, a 303 K e 290,5 K, ponto no qual a curva cruzou o eixo da abscissa
Wien peaks and the Lambert W function
Authors: Stewart Seán M.
Published: November 2011

Exact expressions for the wavelengths where maxima occur in the spectral distribution curves of blackbody radiation for a number of diferent dispersion rules are given in terms of the Lambert W function. These dispersion rule dependent "Wien peaks" are compared to those wavelengths obtained in a setting independent of the dispersion rule chosen where the "peak" wavelengths are taken to be those obtained on dividing the total radiation intensity emitted from a blackbody into a given percentile. The account provides a simple yet accessible example of the growing applicability of the Lambert W function in physics.
Aspectos da natureza da ciência e do trabalho científico no período inicial de desenvolvimento da radioatividade
Authors: Cordeiro Marinês Domingues , Peduzzi Luiz O.Q.
Published: November 2011

Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo histórico do período de desenvolvimento da radioatividade, de 1899 a 1913, como referencial capaz de subsidiar discussões relativas à natureza da ciência e a aspectos do trabalho científico compartilhados por correntes epistemológicas pós-positivistas. No âmbito da física moderna, a radioatividade e sua história têm sido bastante negligenciadas pela literatura especializada. Nessa perspectiva, espera-se contribuir para uma formação mais crítica e atual de futuros docentes e cientistas.
O início da revolução científica: questões acerca de Copérnico e os epiciclos, Kepler e as órbitas elípticas
Authors: Damasio Felipe
Published: November 2011

A revolução científica pode ter datado seu início com o trabalho de Copérnico e o seu ápice ocorreu com Isaac Newton. Porém, muito tem sido discutido de forma imprecisa a respeito da motivação de Copérnico e Kepler para que desenvolvessem seus trabalhos. Neste artigo será descrito questões acerca da versão corrente de que a complexidade dos epiciclos do sistema ptolomaico seria a motivação principal para a revolução copernicana. Ainda é discutida a possibilidade de que na formulação por Kepler de sua primeira lei tenha havido inspiração em ideia de outra pessoa.
Cilengitide: The First Anti-Angiogenic Small Molecule Drug Candidate. Design, Synthesis and Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Mas-Moruno Carlos , Rechenmacher Florian , Kessler Horst
Published: November 2011

Cilengitide, a cyclic RGD pentapeptide, is currently in clinical phase III for treatment of glioblastomas and in phase II for several other tumors. This drug is the first anti-angiogenic small molecule targeting the integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1. It was developed by us in the early 90s by a novel procedure, the spatial screening. This strategy resulted in c(RGDfV), the first superactive αvβ3 inhibitor (100 to 1000 times increased activity over the linear reference peptides), which in addition exhibited high selectivity against the platelet receptor αIIbβ3. This cyclic peptide was later modified by N-methylation of one peptide bond to yield an even greater antagonistic activity in c(RGDf(NMe)V). This peptide was then dubbed Cilengitide and is currently developed as drug by the company Merck-Serono (Germany). This article describes the chemical development of Cilengitide, the biochemical background of its activity and a short review about the present clinical trials. The positive anti-angiogenic effects in cancer treatment can be further increased by combination with “classical” anti-cancer therapies. Several clinical trials in this direction are under investigation.
X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDX studies on technological evolution of the oxide-fluoride ceramic flux for submerged arc-surfacing
Authors: Sokolsky V.E. , Roik A.S. , Davidenko A.V. , Kazimirov V.P. , Lisnyak V.V. , Galinich V.I. , Goncharov I.A.
Published: November 2011

The ceramic flux for submerged arc-surfacing with main component composition
MgO (10.0 wt. %)-Al2O3 (25.0 wt. %)-SiO2 (40.0 wt. %)-CaF2 (25.0 wt. %) was
prepared in a disk dryer-granulator using a sodium/potassium silicate
solution as a binder. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) collected at r.t.
identified ?- phase of quartz, Al2O3, MgO and CaF2 of the initial components
in the samples taken after granulation and subsequent annealing at 600 ?C. In
contrast to the low temperature annealing, anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) is the main
phase in the composition of the samples remelted at 1500 ?C and quenched
subsequently. Chemical analysis performed by means of scanning electron
microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM/EDX)
detects that the grains of the remelted samples possess the same Ca : Al : Si
elemental ratio as anorthite. High temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) was
used to examine structural transformation in the solid at 600 ?C < T < 1200
?C and stages of thermal evolution of ceramic flux were determined. The
ceramic flux melts completely at the temperature above 1350 ?C. The intensity
pattern of the flux melt was obtained by X-ray diffraction of scattered
X-rays at 1450 ?C. After calculating the structure factor (SF), the radial
distribution function (RDF) was evaluated and used to calculate the
structural basicity of the flux melt.
Influence of Al addition on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of Fe76.5-xCu1Si13.5b9Alx amorphous alloys
Authors: Sun Y.Y. , Song M.
Published: November 2011

This paper fabricated Fe76.5-xCu1Si13.5B9Alx (x=0,1,2,3,5,7 at.%) amorphous
ribbons using singleroller melt-spinning method. The effect of Al content on
the thermal stability and mechanical properties was investigated. The results
indicated that Al addition have little effect on the amorphous formation
ability of the alloys. On the other hand, increasing the Al content can
substantially increase Tx2, which corresponds to the crystallization of Fe
borides. Nanoindentation tests indicated that hardness of the alloys increase
slightly with increasing the Al content, and Young?s modulus has a
complicated relationship with the Al content.
Ethics and politics: Significance and renewal of "the philosophy of human affairs"
Authors: Stanovcic Vojislav
Published: November 2011

The author discusses the opposing opinions and different behaviour related to two significant problems. The first one deals with the relation between ethics and politics, both in the practical political activities and in the theoretical approaches (apologies or criticisms, that is analyses) to "the political". Dealing with the relation between "the rule of law" on the one hand and the political will or willfulness on the other, the author concludes that the rule of law implies the rule of the relatively sensible regulations and that their matalegal, metatheoretical basis includes moral assumptions and moral and religious norms, principles and categories, for example the notions of justice, reward, punishment, freedom, human rights, but also a series of other orders, instructions, prohibitions, taboos, some of which also have the instrumental nature and are used to achieve certain humanistic goals. The second problem deals with the relation between regulations and instructions in logic and ethics. These two problems are closely related because man?s every conscious activity observes or disregards some "logic" and/or "ethics". Simplified and politically expressed, the first problem appears as a question whether "the state cause" could justify political amoralism ? whether pure force, i.e. coercion creates law. The problem of the relation between logic and ethics appears as a contradiction, as a discrepancy, the conflict between logic and ethics used to realize or do things, and an insight about an activity which instructs the thinker or doer towards conlusions or activities of one kind, while his moral consciousness ethics or religious feeling instruct him to act in a completely different way, that is to act in the other direction. This is the conflict between the logic in the insights related to moral consciousness (conscience) or to the religious feelings of the subject who acquires knowledge and who should draw conclusions about certain practical activities.
Novica Kraljevic: One of our neglected sociologists of law
Authors: Basta Danilo
Published: November 2011

In his Parisian doctoral dissertation from 1939 (which was for the first time translated into Serbian in 2004), as well as in his shorter paper The Subject and Meaning of Law (Predmet i smisao prava) from 1940, Novica Kraljevic (1906-1942) supports the standpoint that one should abandon any attempt to develop the science of law, the only discipline which is methodologically and epistemologically capable of formulating explicative statements about the homogeneous subject of law as a social, living and dynamic social fact.
On the ethnogenetic processes in Pancevo and its surroundings
Authors: Barjaktarovic Mirko
Published: November 2011

This paper discusses inter-ethnic contacts and ethonogenetic processes in lower Banat. This part of the Danube region attracted various nations (the Dacians, Romans, Celts, Avars, Slavs, Hungarians, Romanians, Germans) from ancient times. From the 18th century, one could follow the cultural influences of western Europe which came with the settled Germans. After World War II, the Serbs, Macedonians, Moslems were settled there instead of the emigrated Germans. Thus the inter-ethnic contacts of different nations continued further on. Still, in this part of Banat, from Middle Ages the basic ethnic characteristics have been related to the Serbs.
Basic characteristics of the genealogy of the Marko family
Authors: Marko Jan
Published: November 2011

nema
Basic tendencies in the change of social structure of the Russian society in the conditions of globalization and transformation
Authors: Goljenkova Zinaida
Published: November 2011

U radu se, u najkracim crtama, izlazu osnovne tendencije promena drustvene strukture u Rusiji, koje se odvijaju u slozenim uslovima globalizacijske transformacije tog drustva. Na pocetku rada se konstatuje da nastanak nove socijalne strukture u Rusiji prati i promena naucne paradigme, koja se sastoji u napustanju marksistickog teorijsko-metodoloskog pristupa i usvajanju teorija socijalne stratifikacije. Autorica se oslanja na teorijsko-metodolosku zamisao P. Sorokina, koja se sastoji u prihvatanju sledecih kriterijuma raslojavanja u nekom drustvu: ekonomski, profesionalni i politicki. Na osnovu tih kriterijuma pristupa se socijalnoj stratifikaciji kao nejednakosti drustvenih grupa koja pociva na materijalnom bogatstvu nejednakom statusu (onih koji upravljaju i onih kojima se upravlja) i na drustvekom prestizu (koji nastaje kao posledica razlike u nivou obrazovanja i profesionalne pripreme), ali i na stepenu prilagodjavanja transformacionim procesima. Transformacioni procesi, od pocetka 90-ih godina 20. veka uslovili su prepoznatljivu osobenost ruskog drustva koja se ocituje u njegovoj polarizaciji na siromasne i bogate. Ta polarizacija je zahvatila sve sfere drustvenog zivota Rusije, ukljucujuci i sferu kulture (dostupnost kulturnih dostignuca, mogucnost ostvarivanja kulturnih potreba, stil zivota nacin koriscenja slobodnog vremena i sl). Sve to govori da je socijalna baza konfliktnosti ruskog drustva veoma siroka, sto se odrazava na spori razvoj gradjanskog drustva i adaptaciju gradjana na nove drustvene uslove. Socijalna struktura ruskog drustva ima sve bitne osobenosti klasnoslojne diferencijacije. Osnova te diferencijacije se nalazi u materijalnom polozaju ljudi. Na osnovu tog kriterijuma moguce je u savremenom ruskom drustvu primetiti sve ostriju granicu izmedju sledecih grupa nejednakosti ("resursnih grupa"): grupa siromasnih (koja obuhvata oko 65%), grupa malo imucnih (14%) grupa srednje imucnih (21%) i grupa visokoimucnih/bogatih (ostalo). Takva struktura ruskog drustva u fazi transformacije javlja se u okviru protivrecnih procesa globalizacije, sto jos vise utice na narastanje broja marginalnih delova stanovnistva i utice da to drustvo poprima bitne osobine "brazilizacije" ("brazilifikacija").
Transformational processes and modernization of social structure in post-soviet Russia
Authors: Zivanov Sava
Published: November 2011

The paper presents several basic arguments which corroborate the researches of the Russian sociologist Zinaida Golenkova aabout transformational processes in postsoviet Russia, specially about the processes which led to the changes in the social structure of the Russian society. The author believes, relying also on the researches of other Russian scientists, that the transformation of the post-soviet Russian society occurs within the historical type which is called "the social engineering". Unlike the other two types of historical transformation ("modification" within a specific type of social relations and the changes created in "the bourgeois-democratic revolutions"), "the social engineering" implies a specific violation of the historical reality of a society. In author's opinion, "the social engineering" is characteristic both for the revolutionary transformation of Russia in 1917 and for its transformation in the last decade of the 20th century. Namely, the transformations realized in Russia in the last decade of the 20th century to a great degree represent "social engineering", because they are realized with the help of the instruments of political power, by the forceful reforms from the top, in order to form the social-economic structure according to the models which were historically created in significantly different social environments. In that sense, the post-soviet transformation of the Russian society could be designated as a state of social chaos. Such a state to a great degree created a specific social system, which is argu-mentatively discussed in the research studies of Z. Golenkova.
Mobility of central and Eastern European societies at the beginning of the post-socialist transformation
Authors: Cvejic Slobodan
Published: November 2011

This paper gives a comparative overview of inter-generational mobility in 7 countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Serbia, at an early stage of postsocialist transformation. The analysis was based upon surveys organized in these countries in 1993. Basic findings show that a great social and economic transformation does not lead to a great structural mobility. The processes of formation and reproduction of the strata of political and economic managers and small entrepreneurs to some extent make an exception in this sense. These processes are marked by higher openness as compared to other strata. In such a comparative framework Serbia appears to be structurally the most closed one, more closed even than other countries that could be classified as countries with a blocked transformation (Bulgaria and Russia). Very high self-reproduction of managerial and middle strata make an essence of the low mobility of the Serbian society.
Sources for the study of trends and structures of the population: With a special reference to the structure of population according to marital status
Authors: Nedeljkovic Sladjana
Published: November 2011

Population is of great significance in all spheres of social and economic life; the total number of population, natural population growth (natality and mortality) and its structure in various categories. Considering the marital status, the structure of population is one of the most important indicators of the composition of population, since it indicates the one of the most important factors of the reproduction of population. It specially refers to those countries which are like our country, since their greatest natality in most cases comes from legal marriages. The most complete structure of population, according to the marital status, comes from the registers, which are made during the considerable time intervals (10 years, most offen). Vital statistics also analyzes the natural movement of population, Knowing the marital status of the population, which (in)directly influences publishing the date of the number of those who got married and divorced, is not sufficient for the analyses of the population's development. Considering the complexity of the examined phenomenon - not being officially married - the use of complementary sources of data imposes itself as a fundamental principle. One necessarily needs to use the knowledge of various sciences and scientific disciplines. Besides sociology, demography, statistics, ethnology history, there will be also theological literature. The goal of this work is to find the other possible sources of data about the marital behaviour of the population: for we are the witnesses of the increased number of the informal relationships. Before they get married, it has almost become a sort of rule that a young couple "lives together", and only after that, they eventually get married or separate.
Basic issues of social integration
Authors: Ratkovic-Njegovan Biljana
Published: November 2011

Modem state-political integration processes include more than formation of new supranational organizations with a dominating institutional aspect of integration (global parliament, global government) and universalization of political and economic liberalism, and on the plane of citizenship identity - a "loyality transfer from the old to the new centre". These processes also include some accompanying ones regarding political and social (re)organization of particular countries, especially those on the dramatical transition path, in search for their own development strategy, while simultaneously taking part in wider integrations. Internal state and society (national and social) integration is the key issue of some countries' future. Therefore the issue of state (national) integration and its major postulates is both an important theoretic subject and the interest position of the majority of transitional countries.
On I-convergence in random 2-normed spaces
Authors: Mursaleen M. , Alotaibi Abdullah
Published: November 2011

Recently the concepts of statistical convergence and ideal convergence have been studied in 2-normed and 2-Banach spaces by various authors. In this paper we define and study the notion of ideal convergence in random 2-normed space and construct some interesting examples.
Information Management of Genome Enabled Data Streams for Pseudomonas syringae on the Pseudomonas-Plant Interaction (PPI) Website
Authors: Lindeberg Magdalen
Published: November 2011

Genome enabled research has led to a large and ever-growing body of data on Pseudomonas syringae genome variation and characteristics, though systematic capture of this information to maximize access by the research community remains a significant challenge. Major P. syringae data streams include genome sequence data, newly identified type III effectors, biological characterization data for type III effectors, and regulatory feature characterization. To maximize data access, the Pseudomonas-Plant Interaction (PPI) website [1] is primarily focused on categorization of type III effectors and curation of effector functional data represented in the Hop database and Pseudomonas-Plant Interaction Resource, respectively. The PPI website further serves as a conduit for incorporation of new genome characterization data into the annotation records at NCBI and other data repositories, and clearinghouse for additional data sets and updates in response to the evolving needs of the research community.
Pectenotoxin-2 from Marine Sponges: A Potential Anti-Cancer Agent—A Review
Authors: Kim Gi-Young , Kim Wun-Jae , Choi Yung Hyun
Published: November 2011

Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), which was first identified as a cytotoxic entity in marine sponges, has been reported to display significant cytotoxicity to human cancer cells where it inhibits mitotic separation and cytokinesis through the depolymerization of actin filaments. In the late stage of endoreduplication, the effects of PTX-2 on different cancer cells involves: (i) down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members and IAP family proteins; (ii) up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-receptor 1/receptor 2 (DR4/DR5); and (iii) mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, PTX-2 induces apoptotic effects through suppression of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in several cancer cells. Analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins showed that PTX-2 increases phosphorylation of Cdc25c and decreases protein levels of Cdc2 and cyclin B1. Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and Cdk2, which are associated with the induction of endoreduplication, were upregulated. Furthermore, it was found that PTX-2 suppressed telomerase activity through the transcriptional and post-translational suppression of hTERT. The purpose of this review was to provide an update regarding the anti-cancer mechanism of PTX-2, with a special focus on its effects on different cellular signaling cascades.
Sleep and Heat Related Changes in the Cognitive Performance of Underground Miners: A Possible Health and Safety Concern
Authors: Legault Glenn
Published: November 2011

This review describes some of the literature pertaining to sleep deprivation, shift working, and heat exposure. Consequences of each on human cognitive function, particularly with respect to vigilance and attentional capacity are reviewed. Individually, each of these factors is known to impair human cognition; however, we propose the possibility that for miners working in hot underground environments and who are assigned to rotating shifts, the combination may leave miners with significant degrees of fatigue and decreased ability to focus on tasks. We suggest that such decreased capacity for vigilance is a source of concern in an occupational health and safety context.
Collective Odor Source Estimation and Search in Time-Variant Airflow Environments Using Mobile Robots
Authors: Meng Qing-Hao , Yang Wei-Xing , Wang Yang , Zeng Ming
Published: November 2011

This paper addresses the collective odor source localization (OSL) problem in a time-varying airflow environment using mobile robots. A novel OSL methodology which combines odor-source probability estimation and multiple robots’ search is proposed. The estimation phase consists of two steps: firstly, the separate probability-distribution map of odor source is estimated via Bayesian rules and fuzzy inference based on a single robot’s detection events; secondly, the separate maps estimated by different robots at different times are fused into a combined map by way of distance based superposition. The multi-robot search behaviors are coordinated via a particle swarm optimization algorithm, where the estimated odor-source probability distribution is used to express the fitness functions. In the process of OSL, the estimation phase provides the prior knowledge for the searching while the searching verifies the estimation results, and both phases are implemented iteratively. The results of simulations for large-scale advection–diffusion plume environments and experiments using real robots in an indoor airflow environment validate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed OSL method.
Pathways of Microvascular Permeability in the Synovium of Normal and Diseased Human Knees
Authors: SIMKIN PETER A. , BASSETT JOHN E.
Published: November 2011

Objective.

Our study uses the entire proteomes of serum and synovial fluid (SF) to characterize the avenues of microvascular egress of plasma proteins, and quantifies that traffic in normal and diseased human knees.

Methods.

Paired aliquots of serum and SF were collected from 17 knees of 11 subjects who died without evident joint disease and 16 patients with clinical effusions, fractionated by gel filtration chromatography and analyzed as continuous plots of the SF/serum concentration ratio versus molecular radius from 1 to 12 nanometers (nm). Curve-stripping methodology, a 3-pore model, and known protein kinetics were then applied to estimate the dimensions of and the net outflow through fenestral, “small,” and “large” apertures in the microvascular endothelium.

Results.

The 3-pore model correlated highly with the observed data (r = 0.992 in normal and 0.980 in arthritis), yielding the following mean values: for the fenestra, the normal radius (nm) was 1.75 and the effused 3.5, and the normal flow (μl/min) was 1.74 and the arthritic 22.0; for the small pore, the normal radius was 8.6 and the effused 8.5, and the normal flow was 1.5 and the arthritic flow 9.1; for the large pore, the normal radius was 40 and the effused 36, and the normal flow was 0.24 and the arthritic flow 15.5.

Conclusion.

These findings provide the first functional definition of synovial, endothelial fenestrae; reveal that the “increased vascular permeability” of inflammation is not limited to interendothelial gaps; present evidence suggesting that glycocalyceal damage and aquaporin upregulation may affect permeability in arthritic synovium; and define a straightforward methodology for interpretation of biomarker concentrations in arthritic SF.
Descentrar el sujeto. Erving Goffman y la teorización del sujeto
Authors: Marrero-Guillamón Isaac
Published: November 2011

Este artículo agrupa y ordena las aportaciones de Erving Goffman y la sociología situacional-interaccionista a la reflexión en torno al sujeto. En concreto, aborda el impacto que esta perspectiva tiene en la concepción moderna del sujeto y su contribución a una teorización relacional del mismo. El origen interactivo del sujeto, su multiplicidad constituyente y la importancia de las relaciones superficiales en su configuración como ente social serían tres de las principales ideas desarrolladas por la perspectiva situacional-interaccionista a este respecto. El artículo concluye planteando la posibilidad de tomar este conjunto de afirmaciones como punto de partida para una teoría del sujeto, así como algunas de las dificultades que esto entrañaría.
Specification, Development, and Verification of CASCADAS Autonomic Computing and Networking Toolkit
Authors: Manzalini Antonio , Brgulja Nermin , Minerva Roberto , Moiso Corrado
Published: November 2011

Increasing complexity, heterogeneity, and dynamism of current networks (telecommunications, ICT, and Internet) are making current computational and communication infrastructures brittle, inefficient, and almost unmanageable. As a matter of fact, computing and storage are progressively embedded in all sorts of nodes and devices that are interconnected through a variety of (wireless and wired) technologies in Networks of Networks (NoNs). Dynamicity, pervasivity, and interconnectivity of future NoNs will increase the complexity of their management, control, and optimization more and more, and will open new challenges for service delivery in such environments. Autonomic communications principles and technologies can provide effective computing and networking solutions overcome these bottlenecks and to foster such challenging evolution. This chapter presents the main concepts of an autonomic communications toolkit designed and developed in the EU project CASCADAS for creating and supervising service networking ecosystems, structured as ensembles of distributed and cooperating autonomic components. Moreover, it describes several use-cases developed for its validation and demonstration and reports the experimental results to assess the toolkit performances. A brief overview of future research directions concludes the chapter.
Profiting from IDM Innovations
Authors: Nizam Bakrudeen Hyder Ali , Kumar Senthil Kumar Praveen , Jayaraman Trichy Ranganathan
Published: November 2011

This chapter focuses on how enterprises can profit from radical and incremental innovations in the IDM marketplace. It describes the roles played, importance, and impact of the two innovations in the business ecosystem. Using the ADVISOR Framework, we analyze the case study of iPhone for radical innovation and various examples such as Google, Microsoft applications, and Amazon.com for incremental innovation. We also outline the business model achieved by making a comparison between radical and incremental innovations.
Disruptions in the IDM Marketplace
Authors: Jian Huang , Dezheng Daniel Tan , Buyi Ren
Published: November 2011

The proliferation of digital video content and the diffusion of broadband Internet networks have resulted in the growth of online video and video on demand as forms of time-shifted television. This chapter examines time-shifted-television as a disruptive influence to traditional broadcast television. The conceptual framework of syndicators, aggregators, and distributors (SAD Framework) is used to analyze the market for time-shifted television. This chapter examines the issues and challenges faced by time-shifted television to cross the chasm and gain adoption in the mainstream market. Finally, using the VISOR framework, we also examine the business models which could enable time-shifted television to cross the chasm.
Exploiting P2P in New Media Distribution
Authors: Mansukhani Marcus , Ye He , Zhaoran Ma
Published: November 2011

P2P is currently the most contentious area of Interactive Digital Media on the Internet. It continues to grow in popularity at a phenomenal rate while media producers are seemingly stuck in a cycle of who needs to be prosecuted to prevent this form of piracy, and the majority feel that content should be paid for either to own or to rent with a Digital Rights Management time bomb. An alternative method of paying for the licence to download is presented by two self styled media futurists, and they conclude that it is easier for the industry to adapt to a market based on something that continues to feel like free rather than trying to enforce a model that is clearly not working at the moment and brands hundreds of millions of Internet users criminals. One proposal is that a US$5 monthly licence would produce an income of US$3 billion to the music industry. We explore how this could be extended to the digital media.
A Neuro-Fuzzy Partner Selection System for Business Social Networks
Authors: Wong T. T. , Sze Loretta K.W.
Published: November 2011

Enterprises are now facing growing global competition and the continual success in the marketplace depends very much on how efficient and effective companies are able to respond to customer demands. Business social network sites (BSNS) have provided a powerful tool to link up manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and customers. Among the emerging business social networks, decision support functionality addressing the issue of selecting business partners is an important domain to be studied, and it is the objective of this chapter to propose a practical partner selection decision support system. Essentially, a neural-network data mining system is used to generate information for subsequent fuzzy multi-objective analysis. It demonstrates the benefits of integrating information technology, artificial intelligence, and multi-objective decision making to form a practical aid that capitalizes on the merits of BSNS. A special feature is that the trust among companies can be incorporated as an evaluation criterion.
The Use of Social Technology to Support Organisational Knowledge
Authors: Alqahtani Fayez Hussain , Watson Jason , Partridge Helen
Published: November 2011

In the current economy, knowledge has been recognized to be a valuable organisational asset, a crucial factor that aids organisations to succeed in highly competitive environments. Many organisations have begun projects and special initiatives aimed at fostering better knowledge sharing amongst their employees. Not surprisingly, information technology (IT) has been a central element of many of these projects and initiatives, as the potential of emerging information technologies such as Web 2.0 for enabling the process of managing organisational knowledge is recognised. This technology could be used as a collaborative system for knowledge management (KM) within enterprises. Enterprise 2.0 is the application of Web 2.0 in an organisational context. Enterprise 2.0 technologies are web-based social software that facilitate collaboration, communication, and information flow in a bidirectional manner: an essential aspect of organisational knowledge management. This chapter explains how Enterprise 2.0 technologies (Web 2.0 technologies within organisations) can support knowledge management. The chapter also explores how such technologies support the codifying (technology-centred) and social network (people-centred) approaches of KM, towards bridging the current gap between these two approaches.