bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
32‐4: Late‐News Paper: OLED display Gamma LUT optimization based on Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Kim Hyunchul , Chang Sun‐il , Youn Sang Young , Foo Ken , Kim Taesung
Published: September 2020

The high‐end OLED display has multiple gamma Look‐Up Tables(LUT) to minimize any noticeable luminance changes occuring in driving mode transition. We analyze redundancy of LUTs and propose visually lossless LUT compression based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It reduces costly One‐Time‐Programmable(OTP) memory size, typically used for LUT storage in Driver IC, by more than 50% with less than 0.1 Mean Square Error(MSE) for 10 bit LUTs.
36‐1: Invited Paper: High‐Resolution Induced‐Electrohydrodynamic (iEHD) Jet Printing for Display
Authors: Byun Doyoung , Kang Giho , Bin Zhang , Jang Yonghee , Jeon Kwang Seon , Seong Baekhoon , Son Wonil , Nguyen Vu Dat
Published: September 2020

This talk includes an overview of high‐resolution electrohydrodynamic(EHD) jet printing method for display. With the EHD jet printing method, ones could overcome some limitations of conventional inkjet printing such as ink viscosity and pattern resolution. On the other hand, to eject drops by the EHD method, an electrode should supply charge to the ink so that there is possibility of electro‐chemical reaction on the electrode in a nozzle. Here, we present novel technology to prevent from the electro‐chemical reaction, which is named as induced‐EHD method. We present several research results for display applications such as fabrication of 1µm width electrode for thin film transistor(TFT), patterning quantum, and patterning pads for micro‐LED display.
37‐3: Power consumption of OLED and μLED displays
Authors: Hsiang En-Lin , Deng Ming-Yang , Huang Yuge , Gou Fangwang , He Ziqian , Lin Chih-Lung , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: September 2020

High optical efficiency and low power consumption are critical for display devices. We have analyzed and compared the power consumption of AMOLED and AM‐μLED displays for smartphones, notebooks and TVs under the same ambient contrast ratio. OLED exhibits a lower power consumption than μLED at low luminance, but μLED takes over at high luminance.
41‐1: Invited Paper: Recent Technology of Printed OLED Display and Its World's First Commercialization
Authors: Noda Kazuhiro , Komatsu Takahiro , Fukuda Toshihiro , Goto Masashi
Published: September 2020

In order to make the printing process de facto standard of OLED production process, we have been originally developing solution EL materials & devices, printing processes and printing equipment with excellent productivity. At the end of 2018, we developed a high resolution printing OLED monitor (21.6 inch 4K, 204ppi) that combines these technologies, and we succeeded in commercialization for the first time in the world.
50‐4: Standardizing Fundamental Criteria for Near Eye Display Optical Measurements: Determining the Eye‐box
Authors: Varshneya Rupal , Draper Russell S. , Penczek John , Pixton Bruce M. , Nicholas Terence F , Boynton Paul A.
Published: September 2020

The eye‐box is one of the fundamental characteristics of a near‐eye display. A complete 3D evaluation of the eye‐box is generally difficult and time consuming. A new efficient eye‐box measurement is demonstrated and compared with current methods.
52‐3: Fast‐response Cloud‐point Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Dammann Grating for LiDAR Applications Based on Double‐cell setup
Authors: Yuan Zheng-Nan , Sun Zhibo , Kwok Hoi-Sing , Srivastava Abhishek Kumar
Published: September 2020

A ferroelectric liquid crystal Dammann grating (FLCDG) based polarization modulated depth‐mapping system is proposed. Innovatively, combination of one FLC modulator and one FLCDG optic splitting apparatus is used as high‐speed shutter in this system. The application of FLCDG enables LiDAR as one‐shot capturing system instead of iterative scanning. Moreover, the proposed device shows a fast data‐collection period (5μs) for per 49 points with low cost.
54‐5: Measuring Direct Retinal Projection Displays
Authors: Penczek John , Austin Richard L. , Obheroi Sonika , Hasan Monirul , Cook Gavin J. , Boynton Paul A.
Published: September 2020

Direct retinal projection technology is a promising approach that can avoid vergence‐accommodation conflict. But it introduces new measurement challenges. We demonstrate an evaluation system that can perform spatial as well as direct absolute spectral‐based photometric and colorimetric measurements of these devices.
55‐1: Invited Paper: Self‐Assembled Cathode Patterning in AMOLED for Under‐Display Camera
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Chang Yilu , Wang Qi , Zhang Yingjie , Qiu Jacky , Helander Michael
Published: September 2020

Patterning of the cathode layer in top‐emission AMOLED displays is essential to achieve high performance in Under Display Camera (UDC) or Under Panel Sensor (UPS) applications for both small size and middle size panels. A novel ConducTorr™ Electrode that is based on a self‐assembly process has been achieved with comparable device performance versus traditional MgAg cathode. Using the ConducTorr™ Electrode material we demonstrated the first mass production ready cathode patterning process in a high‐resolution OLED.
62‐3: Design of High‐Performance Tandem Blue Devices for Quantum‐Dot OLED Display
Authors: Wang Linlin , You Juanjuan , Wu Chang-Yen , Yan Guang , Shen Yongqi , Bo Bin , Song Wenfeng , Sun Li , Quan Wei , Luo Chengyuan , Yu Donghui , Li Wei , Huang Wei , Yuan Guangcai , Shih Huai-Ting , Wu Zhongyuan
Published: September 2020

Highly efficient tandem blue OLEDs based on fluorescent materials were developed for quantum dot OLED applications. We optimize the optical micro‐cavity structure for maximal efficiency, and the dependence of luminescence on the thickness uniformity is theoretically and experimentally confirmed with two different type of blue emitters. We also demonstrate that the selection of charge generation layer (CGL) and electrontransporting material adjacent to CGL have significant impact on the electroluminescence performance of the tandem blue OLEDs. Here, a two‐stack tandem blue OLED achieves a current efficiency of 13.3 cd/A with a CIE coordinate of (0.137, 0.047) and a blue index (BI) of 287, which is approximately 1.7 times higher than that of single unit.
62‐4: Ultrathin Cu‐Ag Anode for High Light Outcoupling Efficiency by Eliminating Waveguide Mode in OLED
Authors: Park Yong-Bum , Jeong Changyeong , Guo L. J.
Published: September 2020

Extracting light from the waveguide mode in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) is most challenging as such optical mode is intrinsically formed due to materials and layered structure used in the device. Here, we show that a metal‐only transparent conductor based an ultrathin Cu‐Ag film can be used to eliminate the guided mode, thus enhancing light extraction efficiency in OLED.
65‐4: Control of Carrier Injection and Transport Behavior in QLEDs via Modulating Schottky Barrier
Authors: Kim Sun-Kyo , Kim Yong-Seog
Published: September 2020

Carrier injection and transport behavior in quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) was modulated by tuning mobility and Schottky barrier of charge transport layers. Theoretical analysis indicated that not only those 2 parameters investigated but also other parameters including density of charge traps and their energy level must be considered to match charge balance in the QD layers. Experimental results demonstrated that doping strategy could modulate Schottky barrier and mobility of charge transport layers as well as density of charge traps and their energy level. With the improved charge balance, the efficiency of the QLED device was improved from 26 to 38 cd/A.
71‐4: Imaging Luminance Measuring Devices (ILMDs) ‐ Characterization and Standardization with Respect to Display Measurements
Authors: Krüger Udo , Rotscholl Ingo , Fong Alexandre
Published: September 2020

Imaging Luminance Measuring Devices (ILMDs) have become indispensable in the field of display characterization. The ability to capture the entire display with one measurement and to examine it for specific characteristics is only possible with such a spatially resolving system. With the completion of work on CIE TC2‐59, ILMDs can now be characterized and compared. The following paper describes the basic terms surrounding the use of ILMDs. Furthermore, the characterization will be explained with some examples and the appropriate selection of the measuring instruments will be shown with examples ofsome tasks with respect the display ratings (i.e. average luminance and uniformity).
P‐18: Ultra‐Compact Multi‐Level Digital‐to‐Analog Converter based on Linear Multimodal Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Bestelink Eva , de Sagazan Olivier , Sporea Radu A.
Published: September 2020

A new device, the Multimodal Transistor (MMT), separates charge injection from conduction and achieves a linear dependence of drain current on its control gate voltage. This functionality is used to implement a highly compact digital‐to‐analog‐converter, capable of performing 3‐level, 3‐bit conversion with minimal error (1.2% of LSB).
P‐200: The Influence of Mechanical Characteristics on the performance of Optical laminating materials in Automotive applications
Authors: Lee Seung-A , Kim YoungJun
Published: September 2020

To enhance display performance in automotive applications with harsh condition, Silicone polymer was considered as crucial interfacial issues such as touch mura, yellow mura etc. in optical stack design. Five compositions based on siloxane polymer were prepared as optical laminating materials with different mechanical characteristics such as hardness, modulus, and damping factor. Their structures were adjusted by varying the H/vinyl ratio, hydrogen source ratio between crosslinking, and terminal‐group reaction. To investigate the influence of mechanical properties on their performance as laminating materials in the display, they were laminated between Touch screen panel and a LCD module. Thermal stress management ability under thermal shock condition and the distinction of luminance non‐uniformity associated with touch action were tested and summarized.
P‐52: A Novel Six‐Mask Low‐Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Architecture for TFT‐LCD Application
Authors: Luo Chengzhi , He Peng , Xu Yong , Song Dewei , Liu Guanghui , COOPER  , Tang Fuxiong , Ai Fei
Published: September 2020

A novel six‐mask LTPS TFT architecture is fabricated and used in TFT‐LCD. The light shielding layer and organic layer are removed. Furthermore, the pixel indium tin oxide and source drain patterns are developed in one halftone mask. To solve the issue of high photo leakage current, we have investigated the generation mechanism of Iphoto and established guidelines for reducing it. The optical and electrical characteristics of the six‐mask TFT‐LCD are comparable to those of conventional TFT‐LCD.
P‐206: Late‐News‐Poster: Lattice Patterned Micro Lens Array (MLA) Optical Films for Mini‐LED Back Light Units (BLUs)
Authors: Shen Bing , Aspell Jennifer , Rinehart Thomas , Patel Katie , Pope Matthew , Walker Kenneth
Published: September 2020

A spatially modulated, direct‐lit back light unit (BLU), also known as mini‐LED BLU, is becoming a preferred solution for a high dynamic range (HDR) LCD based display system. With localized dimming, an LCD based display can offer contrast characteristics that are similar to an emissive display system such as OLED. A major challenge facing mini‐LED BLU film stack design, is transforming the grid emission pattern of a mini‐LED array into a uniform luminance area light source. This is particularly true for mobile devices where BLU thickness, or optical distance (OD), must be minimized. We have demonstrated Micro‐Lens Array (MLA) solutions that efficiently eliminate hot spots induced by a mini‐LED array within extremely short OD. Films with various optical structures were analyzed and used to create a high‐performance optical layer within the mini‐LED BLU film stack. To further enhance performance, we propose and demonstrate the concept of a spatially modified MLA optical film with a "lattice" pattern matching the mini‐LED array. Lattice optical films were designed and fabricated at Bright View Technologies and substantial performance enhancements were experimentally demonstrated.
P‐129: Operating Frequency and Sensitivity Prediction of In‐Display Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensing Systems
Authors: Park Hyun Sung , Shin Hyundo , Kim Jisoo , Seo Yudeok , Seo Dongjin , Kim Yongjo
Published: September 2020

This work presents an operating frequency and sensitivity evaluation methodology for an ultrasonic fingerprint on display (FoD). Understanding the underlying physics of the complicated, highly coupled behavior of electromechanical sensors is indispensable for predicting the responses of ultrasonic waves in the multi‐layered system. And predicting the behavior of the ultrasonic waves in a multi‐layered display panel structure is critical for evaluating and optimizing its performance. In this work, we evaluated the optimal operating frequencies from Fabry‐erot resonance and represented acoustic pressure imaging at an operating frequency by developing the Finite Element Method (FEM) based numerical analysis models. This work allows engineers to predict behavior of devices, modify and optimize the designs efficiently
P‐146: Electrically Tunable Bandpass Filter with Narrow Bandwidth of 27 nm
Authors: Manda Ramesh , Pagidi Srinivas , Heo Yunjin , Hoon Sub Shin , Lee Hong Gwon , Park Hyoung Soo , Mun Daun , Lim Young Jin , Lee Seung Hee
Published: September 2020

We propose an electrically tunable narrow bandwidth bandpass filter in which the band gap of polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS‐BPLC) with distinct crystallographic orientations can be tuned on electric field sweeps from red to blue with a narrow bandwidth (27 nm). Owing to the narrow bandwidth which can cut specific wavelength, it could be used as a filter to enhance color gamut in LCDs. In addition, the proposed bandpass filter exhibits much wider viewing angle property than Cholesteric LC bandpass filter.
P‐222:Late‐News‐Poster:Mechanically‐Static Laser Speckle Reduction Solution
Authors: Chang Kai-Han , Seder Thomas , Harden John , Chien Liang-Chy
Published: September 2020

A mechanically‐static active diffuser with laser speckle reduction capability is demonstrated in this work. A nanoparticle‐doped liquid crystal medium with electrically‐activated time‐varying random domain is prepared and studied. It reduces the speckle contrast from 0.6 to 0.04, which is close to the reported detection limit of speckle by human perception, 0.03.
Additive Engineering Toward High‐Performance CsPbI3Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Yi , Liu Huicong , Li Weiping , Zhu Liqun , Chen Haining
Published: September 2020

All‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a lot of attention in the past few years because of their preeminent thermal stability compared with organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs. Among all kinds of all‐inorganic perovskites, CsPbI3perovskite with a proper bandgap of ≈1.7 eV becomes the most competitive candidate. However, its poor phase stability, hydrophobicity, and high‐density defects have limited the development of CsPbI3PSCs. To overcome these obstacles for achieving high‐performance CsPbI3PSCs, additive engineering has been widely used, which has rapidly promoted the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to over 19%. Herein, the progress of additive engineering in CsPbI3PSCs is systematically reviewed. First, the roles of additives in CsPbI3PSCs are introduced, including improving phase stability, increasing moisture resistance, and passivating defects. Then, the additive engineering is categorized (additive engineering in perovskites and at perovskite/hole transport layer interfaces) and reviewed in detail. Finally, future research directions on additive engineering are suggested for further enhancing stability and improving PCE.
Nested model averaging on solution path for high‐dimensional linear regression
Authors: Feng Yang , Liu Qingfeng
Published: September 2020

We study the nested model averaging method on the solution path for a high‐dimensional linear regression problem. In particular, we propose to combine model averaging with regularized estimators (e.g., lasso, elastic net, and Sorted L‐One Penalized Estimation [SLOPE]) on the solution path for high‐dimensional linear regression. In simulation studies, we first conduct a systematic investigation on the impact of predictor ordering on the behaviour of nested model averaging, and then show that nested model averaging with lasso, elastic net and SLOPE compares favourably with other competing methods, including the infeasible lasso, elastic, net and SLOPE with the tuning parameter optimally selected. A real data analysis on predicting the per capita violent crime in the United States shows outstanding performance of the nested model averaging with lasso.
Experimental analysis of punching shear in flat slabs with variation in the anchorage of shear reinforcement
Authors: Lima Henrique , Palhares Rodolfo , Sales de Melo Guilherme , Oliveira Marcos
Published: September 2020

This study experimentally assessed the behavior of interior slab–column connection in a system of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to symmetrical loading, with anchorage variation of shear reinforcement. Eight slab models (with equal flexural reinforcement and same dimensions) were assessed, being seven with shear reinforcement (different anchorages of shear reinforcement in the flexural reinforcement) and one slab for reference only reinforced for flexion. Experimental data were compared with the theoretical methods established by the following code designs: ACI 318 (2019), Eurocode 2 (2004), ABNT NBR 6118 (2014), and fib Model Code (2010). Although anchoring is an important parameter, it was found that the anchorage of the shear reinforcement in the flexural reinforcement did not significantly interfere with punching shear. The adopted shear reinforcement anchoring obtained better results concerning ultimate load only in the compressed longitudinal reinforcements.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Thermolysis Studies of Heteronuclear Transition Metal Aluminum Alcoholates
Authors: Küsel Sebastian , Krautscheid Harald
Published: September 2020

Heteronuclear alcoholate complexes [M{Al(OiPr)4}2(bipy)] (2‐M, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) and [M{Al(OcHex)4}2(bipy)] (3‐M, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) are formed by adduct formation of [M{Al(OiPr)4}2] (1‐M, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) with 2,2'‐bipyridine and transesterification reaction with cHexOAc. According to crystal structure analyses, in 2‐M and 3‐M the central transition metal ion M2+ is coordinated by two chelating Al(OR)4– moieties and one bipyridine ligand in an octahedral arrangement. Treating 1‐Cu with 2,2'‐bipyridine leads to a reduction process, whereat the intermediate [Cu{Al(OiPr)4}(bipy)2][Al(OiPr)4] (4) could be structurally characterized. During conversion of the iso‐propanolate ligands in 1‐Cu to cyclohexanolate ligands, Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ forming [Cu{Al(OcHex)4}(py)2] (5). UV/Vis‐spectra and results of thermolysis studies by TG/DTA‐MS are reported.
Hörklassen bei Patienten mit Vestibularisschwannom bei Verwendung deutschsprachiger Testverfahren
Authors: Rahne T. , Plontke S. K. , Vordermark D. , Strauss C. , Scheller C.
Published: September 2020

Hintergrund

Die Klassifikation der Hörfunktion bei Patienten mit Vestibularisschwannom wird oft nach Gardner und Robertson (1988) oder Maßgaben der American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS, 1995) vorgenommen. Diesen Klassifikationssystemen liegen englische Sprachtestverfahren zugrunde. Eine deutschsprachige Entsprechung existiert nicht. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Einflusses verschiedener Zielparameter auf die Hörklassifikation und die Ableitung einer Empfehlung für die Verwendung deutschsprachiger Testverfahren.

Material und Methoden

Die auf englischsprachigen Testverfahren für die Sprachaudiometrie beruhenden Regeln wurden für deutsches Sprachmaterial fortgeschrieben. Darauf basierend wurde an einer Kohorte von 91 Patienten mit Vestibularisschwannom Reintonhörschwellen, Sprachverständlichkeitsschwelle und Sprachverständlichkeit bei verschiedenen Schalldruckpegeln gemessen und das Hörvermögen nach den Klassifizierungen Gardner und Robertson (1988) und AAO-HNS (1995) kategorisiert.

Ergebnisse

Sowohl in der Gardner-Robertson-Klassifizierung als auch in der Klassifikation nach AAO-HNS ist die Anzahl der Patienten in den Hörklassen mit einer gut versorgbaren Hörschädigung (gemessen als Puretone-Average von drei (3PTA) oder vier Frequenzen (4PTA)) am höchsten, wenn der 3PTA0,5;1;2 kHz verwendet wurde, gefolgt vom 4PTA0,5;1;2;3 kHz, 4PTA0,5;1;2;4 kHz und 4PTA0,5;1;2;“3”kHz. Wird das maximale Sprachverstehen (Word Recognition Score, WRSmax) anstelle des WRS bei 40 dB Sensation Level (WRS40SL) verwendet, steigt die Anzahl der Patienten in den Hörklassen mit gut versorgbarer Hörschädigung unabhängig vom verwendeten Reintonhörschwellenmittelwert leicht.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Klassifizierung der Hörfunktion nach Gardner und Robertson sowie AAO-HNS kann im deutschsprachigen Raum angewendet werden. Für die Bestimmung der Sprachverständlichkeit bzw. der maximalen Sprachverständlichkeit kann der Freiburger Einsilbertest verwendet werden.
Antineutrophile-zytoplasmatische-Antikörper-assoziierte Vaskulitiden im Kindesalter
Authors: Brunner Jürgen
Published: September 2020

Eine Vaskulitis ist eine Entzündung der Blutgefäße und eine seltene Erkrankung. Vaskulitiden können als eigenständiges Krankheitsbild ohne bekannten Auslöser auftreten (primäre Vaskulitis). Eine Vaskulitis kann jedoch auch Folge einer anderen Erkrankung oder als Nebenwirkung von Medikamenten auftreten (sekundäre Vaskulitis). Da sich überall im Körper Blutgefäße befinden, können bei einer Vaskulitis prinzipiell alle Organe betroffen sein. Das erklärt auch die vielfältigen Beschwerden. Man unterscheidet Vaskulitiden der großen, mittelgroßen und kleinen Blutgefäße. Bei einigen primären Vaskulitiden kleiner Blutgefäße geht man davon aus, dass sie von einer speziellen Form von Autoantikörpern (antineutrophile zytoplasmatische Antikörper, ANCA) verursacht werden. Diese Antikörper werden von reifen B‑Zellen des Immunsystems gebildet Man spricht dann von ANCA-assoziierten Vaskulitiden oder ANCA-positiven Vaskulitiden.
Alterations in the mechanical, chemical and biocompatibility properties of low-cost polyethylene and polyester meshes after steam sterilization
Authors: Wiessner Reiko , Lorenz R. , Gehring A. , Kleber T. , Benz C. , Sander M. , Richter D.-U. , Philipp M.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

In Africa and other Low Resource Settings (LRS), the guideline-based and thus in most cases mesh-based treatment of inguinal hernias is only feasible to a very limited extent. This has led to an increased use of low cost meshes (LCMs, mostly mosquito meshes) for patients in LRS. Most of the LCMs used are made of polyethylene or polyester, which must be sterilized before use. The aim of our investigations was to determine changes in the biocompatibility of fibroblasts as well as mechanical and chemical properties of LCMs after steam sterilization.

Material and methods

Two large-pored LCMs made of polyester and polyethylene in a size of 11 x 6 cm were cut and steam sterilized at 100, 121 and 134 °C. These probes and non-sterile meshes were then subjected to mechanical tensile tests in vertical and horizontal tension, chemical analyses and biocompatibility tests with human fibroblasts. All meshes were examined by stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), LDH (cytotoxicity) measurement, viability testing, pH, lactate and glycolysis determination.

Results

Even macroscopically, polyethylene LCMs showed massive shrinkage after steam sterilization, especially at 121 and 134 °C. While polyester meshes showed no significant changes after sterilization with regard to deformation and damage as well as tensile force and stiffness, only the unsterile polyethylene mesh and the mesh sterilized at 100 °C could be tested mechanically due to the shrinkage of the other specimen. For these meshes the tensile forces were about four times higher than for polyester LCMs. Chemical analysis showed that the typical melting point of polyester LCMs was between 254 and 269 °C. Contrary to the specifications, the polyethylene LCM did not consist of low-density polyethylene, but rather high-density polyethylene and therefore had a melting point of 137 °C, so that the marked shrinkage described above occurred. Stereomicroscopy confirmed the shrinkage of polyethylene LCMs already after sterilization at 100 °C in contrast to polyester LCMs. Surprisingly, cytotoxicity (LDH measurement) was lowest for both non-sterile LCMs, while polyethylene LCMs sterilized at 100 and 121 °C in particular showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity 48 hours after incubation with fibroblasts. Glucose metabolism showed no significant changes between sterile and non-sterile polyethylene and polyester LCMs.

Conclusion

The process of steam sterilization significantly alters mechanical and structural properties of synthetic hernia mesh implants. Our findings do not support a use of low-cost meshes because of their unpredictable properties after steam sterilization.
The effect of zonal harmonics on dynamical structures in the circular restricted three-body problem near the secondary body
Authors: Bury Luke , McMahon Jay
Published: September 2020

The circular restricted three-body model is widely used for astrodynamical studies in systems where two major bodies are present. However, this model relies on many simplifications, such as point-mass gravity and planar, circular orbits of the bodies, and limiting its accuracy. In an effort to achieve higher-fidelity results while maintaining the autonomous simplicity of the classic model, we employ zonal harmonic perturbations since they are symmetric about the z-axis, thus bearing no time-dependent terms. In this study, we focus on how these perturbations affect the dynamic environment near the secondary body in real systems. Concise, easily implementable equations for gravitational potential, particle motion, and modified Jacobi constant in the perturbed model are presented. These perturbations cause a change in the normalized mean motion, and two different formulations are addressed for assigning this new value. The shifting of collinear equilibrium points in many real systems due to $$J_2$$

J
2

of each body is reported, and we study how families of common periodic orbits—Lyapunov, vertical, and southern halo—shift and distort when $$J_2$$

J
2

, $$J_4$$

J
4

, and $$J_6$$

J
6

of the primary and $$J_2$$

J
2

of the secondary body are accounted for in the Jupiter–Europa and Saturn–Enceladus systems. It is found that these families of periodic orbits change shape, position, and energy, which can lead to dramatically different dynamical behavior in some cases. The primary focus is on moons of the outer planets, many of which have very small odd zonal harmonic terms, or no measured value at all, so while the developed equations are meant for any and all zonal harmonic terms, only even terms are considered in the simulations. Early utilization of this refined CR3BP model in mission design will result in a more smooth transition to full ephemeris model.
Experimental copper exposure, but not heat stress, leads to elevated intraovarian thyroid hormone levels in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Suvi Ruuskanen , Giovanna Mottola , Katja Anttila
Published: September 2020

Climate change and pollution are some of the greatest anthropogenic threats to wild animals. Transgenerational plasticity—when parental exposure to environmental stress leads to changes in offspring phenotype—has been highlighted as a potential mechanism to respond to various environmental and anthropogenic changes across taxa. Transgenerational effects may be mediated via multiple mechanisms, such as transfer of maternal hormones to eggs/foetus. However, sources of variation in hormone transfer are poorly understood in fish, and thus the first step is to characterise whether environmental challenges alter transfer of maternal hormones to eggs. To this end, we explored the population variation and environmental variation (in response to temperature and endocrine disrupting copper) in maternal thyroid hormone (TH), transfer to offspring in a common fish model species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) using multiple approaches: (i) We compared ovarian TH levels among six populations across a wide geographical range in the Baltic Sea, including two populations at high water temperature areas (discharge water areas of nuclear power plants) and we experimentally exposed fish to (ii) environmentally relevant heat stress and (iii) copper for 7 days. We found that populations did not differ in intraovarian TH levels, and short-term heat stress did not influence intraovarian TH levels. However, copper exposure increased both T4 and T3 levels in ovaries. The next step would be to evaluate if such alterations would lead to changes in offspring phenotype.
An impact of macroeconomic stabilization on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises: the case of Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors: Pieloch-Babiarz Aleksandra , Misztal Anna , Kowalska Magdalena
Published: September 2020

Sustainable development is a socioeconomic development that respects environmental protection. It can be analyzed at a macro- and microscale. The goals of sustainable development are realized by ordinary people, politicians, organizations, and enterprises. At the enterprise level, sustainable development means an improvement in quantitative and qualitative conditions of running a business, the use of pro-ecological standards and solutions, and support of employee development. The sustainable development of enterprises depends on several factors, including macroeconomic conditions. The main aim of this paper is to show the impact of the macroeconomic stabilization on the sustainable development of the manufacturing enterprises in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). We examine only the CEECs which are the members of the European Union. Considering this, we focus on the eleven counties (i.e., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) in the period from 2008 to 2018. The main hypothesis is formulated as follows: Macroeconomic stabilization has a statistically significant impact on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises in the period from 2008 to 2018. The results of the study indicate that in all analyzed countries there is a statistically significant relationship between the indicator of sustainable development (SISDE) and the indicator of macroeconomic stabilization. The highest level of correlation was observed in Czechia, Poland, and Hungary, while the lowest in Estonia.
Revenue management with two fare classes in synchromodal container transportation
Authors: Van Riessen Bart , Mulder Judith , Negenborn Rudy R. , Dekker Rommert
Published: September 2020

The cargo fare class mix (CFCM) problem aims to find the optimal fare class mix for a given intermodal transportation network based on known client demands. It is based on a revenue management problem for aviation passengers, the fare class mix problem, but considering intermodal cargo transportation, two major differences apply. Firstly, the CFCM’s premise is that long-term commitments to customers must be provided, such that a customer has a guaranteed daily capacity. Secondly, cargo may be rescheduled or rerouted, as long as the customer’s delivery due date is met. Our goal is to balance revenue maximisation and capacity utilisation by optimally combining two delivery service levels. Therefore, the optimisation problem is to select fare class limits at a tactical level up to which transportation demand will be accepted on a daily basis at the operational level. Any accepted demand that does not fit on the available network capacity during operation, must be transported by truck at increased expenses for the network operator. In this paper, we propose a faster method than the previously proposed solution method for a single corridor network and we provide proofs for the optimality of the result. Using this, we extend the problem to an intermodal network of multiple corridors. We provide numerical results for different settings, in which we compare the baseline of individual corridor optimums with the result of using rerouting. Finally, we apply the methods in a case study for an intermodal transportation network in North-West Europe.
Improving printability of a thermoresponsive hydrogel biomaterial ink by nanoclay addition
Authors: Hu Chen , Hahn Lukas , Yang Mengshi , Altmann Alexander , Stahlhut Philipp , Groll Jürgen , Luxenhofer Robert
Published: September 2020

As a promising biofabrication technology, extrusion-based bioprinting has gained significant attention in the last decade and major advances have been made in the development of bioinks. However, suitable synthetic and stimuli-responsive bioinks are underrepresented in this context. In this work, we described a hybrid system of nanoclay Laponite XLG and thermoresponsive block copolymer poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazine) (PMeOx-b-PnPrOzi) as a novel biomaterial ink and discussed its critical properties relevant for extrusion-based bioprinting, including viscoelastic properties and printability. The hybrid hydrogel retains the thermogelling properties but is strengthened by the added clay (over 5 kPa of storage modulus and 240 Pa of yield stress). Importantly, the shear-thinning character is further enhanced, which, in combination with very rapid viscosity recovery (~ 1 s) and structure recovery (~ 10 s), is highly beneficial for extrusion-based 3D printing. Accordingly, various 3D patterns could be printed with markedly enhanced resolution and shape fidelity compared to the biomaterial ink without added clay.

Graphic abstract
Exploring the structure of digital literacy competence assessed using authentic software applications
Authors: Reichert Frank , Zhang James , Law Nancy W. Y. , Wong Gary K. W. , de la Torre Jimmy
Published: September 2020

Digital literacy competence (DL) is an important capacity for students’ learning in a rapidly changing world. However, little is known about the empirical structure of DL. In this paper, we review major DL assessment frameworks and explore the dimensionality of DL from an empirical perspective using assessment data collected using authentic software applications, rather than simulated assessment environments. Secondary analysis on representative data collected from primary and secondary school students in Hong Kong using unidimensional and multidimensional item response theory reveals a general dimension of digital literacy performance and four specific, tool-dependent dimensions. These specific DL dimensions are defined by the software applications that students use and capture commonality among students’ performance that is due to their familiarity with the assessment tools and contexts. The design of DL assessment is discussed in light of these findings, with particular emphasis on the influence of the nature of digital applications and environments used in assessment on the DL achievement scores measured.
The development of climate security discourse in Japan
Authors: Kameyama Yasuko , Ono Keishi
Published: September 2020

As the level of understanding about climate change has increased, the term “climate security” has been increasingly used in the rapidly growing literature on this subject. Although Japan has officially acknowledged the importance of tackling climate change, discussion of climate security has been almost nonexistent among Japanese governmental officials, politicians, and academics. Our aim was to trace discourses related to climate security in Japan to determine why so little exists in Japan and whether or not such discourse could suggest new areas for consideration to more comprehensively respond to the climate change problem. Because of different interpretations and uses of the term “climate security” in the existing literature, we first categorized existing approaches to climate security into four types and used this categorization to examine Japan’s discourse from these perspectives. Two of the approaches, namely “long-term irreversible planetary changes” and “short-term abrupt risks to individuals”, had been considered in Japan previously but without specific reference to the term climate security. The other two, “cause of conflict and violence” and “impacts to military and defense organizations”, however, had not been used and need to be included in discussions of climate change in Japan. Some of the topics not discussed in Japan include indirect economic losses of Japanese industries via supply chains, loss of Japan’s exclusive economic zone due to sea-level rise, and the potential inflow of refugees resulting from extreme weather patterns outside of Japan.
Bad dreams, bedtime anxiety, and trait anxiety in school-aged children
Authors: Schredl Michael
Published: September 2020

Background and objectives

Occasional nightmares (distressing dreams that awaking the sleeper) and bad dreams (distressing dreams that do not awaking the sleeper) are very common in children and adolescents. About 5% of children experience frequent nightmares (once a week or more often) and the question arises as to what factors contribute to significant nightmare distress which is basic for diagnosing a nightmare disorder.

Materials and methods

A sample of 624 school-aged children (10–16 years; mean age 12.45 ± 1.33 years) completed a dream questionnaire and an anxiety inventory.

Results

About 11% of the participants reported frequent bad dreams; 3.5% reported frequent bedtime anxieties due to bad dreams. Similar to the findings in adults, distress due to bad dreams was not only related to bad dream frequency but also to trait anxiety—controlling for the direct effect of trait anxiety on bad dream frequency, i.e., bad dream frequency and trait anxiety contributed independently to bedtime anxiety due to bad dreams. In the exploratory part, the cultural background of the children’s parents showed only minor effects on bad dreams.

Conclusion

Similar to nightmare studies in adults, bad dream frequency and trait anxiety contributed independently to bad dream distress. Based on the current diagnostic criteria of the nightmare disorder, it would be interesting to have the opportunity to treat children with significant distress due to nightmares or bad dreams and study the long-term benefit—given that many adult nightmare sufferers reported that their nightmares started in childhood.
A Novel Approach for Detecting Anomalous Energy Consumption Based on Micro-Moments and Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Himeur Yassine , Alsalemi Abdullah , Bensaali Faycal , Amira Abbes
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, analyzing, detecting, and visualizing abnormal power consumption behavior of householders are among the principal challenges in identifying ways to reduce power consumption. This paper introduces a new solution to detect energy consumption anomalies based on extracting micro-moment features using a rule-based model. The latter is used to draw out load characteristics using daily intent-driven moments of user consumption actions. Besides micro-moment features extraction, we also experiment with a deep neural network architecture for efficient abnormality detection and classification. In the following, a novel anomaly visualization technique is introduced that is based on a scatter representation of the micro-moment classes, and hence providing consumers an easy solution to understand their abnormal behavior. Moreover, in order to validate the proposed system, a new energy consumption dataset at appliance level is also designed through a measurement campaign carried out at Qatar University Energy Lab, namely, Qatar University dataset. Experimental results on simulated and real datasets collected at two regions, which have extremely different climate conditions, confirm that the proposed deep micro-moment architecture outperforms other machine learning algorithms and can effectively detect anomalous patterns. For example, 99.58% accuracy and 97.85% F1 score have been achieved under Qatar University dataset. These promising results establish the efficacy of the proposed deep micro-moment solution for detecting abnormal energy consumption, promoting energy efficiency behaviors, and reducing wasted energy.
Multidisciplinary approach for assessment of the factors affecting geohazard in karst valley: the case study of Gravina di Petruscio (Apulia, South Italy)
Authors: Andriani Gioacchino Francesco , Loiotine Lidia
Published: September 2020

Management plans, actions and strategies for preventing and mitigating natural disasters require detailed information on natural and human-induced geohazards for the area under evaluation. Karst areas are particularly prone to instability due to the natural fragility of their environment but are also vulnerable due to human activity. In-depth studies of the factors controlling mass movement processes, including land use over time, become crucial for understanding instability mechanisms and future landscape evolution, as well as for designing preventive measures and control techniques. The Murge area, in the central part of Apulia (South Italy), is crossed by a vast network of dry valleys, locally named lame and gravine, whose morphology may resemble the most well-known canyons and gorges of the world. The genesis of these dry valleys is controversial and still the subject of continued debate, although their origin is directly related to the geostructural setting and the uplift of the Apulia foreland since the middle Pleistocene. Each of these karst valleys has particular morphometric characteristics as well as their own morpho-evolutionary history strongly linked to the different types of fault or fracture on which they developed. Also, geological and geotechnical characteristics of the rock substrate channel, and historic human-made slope excavation or remodeling play an important role. Unfortunately, several tragic events which occurred during the last decades have shown the susceptibility of the Apulian dry valleys to natural hazards, sometimes caused by human activities. This paper proposes, by means of a case study on a dry valley called Gravina di Petruscio in the Arco Ionico Tarantino subregion, a multidisciplinary approach using traditional methods of investigation and combining results to arrive at a critical appraisal of information that are suitable for a geohazard susceptibility analysis in karst environments. Geological, geostructural and geomechanical surveys, together with petrographic observations in thin sections of the outcropping materials, allow to understand the genesis of the valley and then its evolution mainly due to slope retreat processes. Both sides of the valley have been found to be affected by planar slides, wedge slides, direct toppling and falls, while the caves, mostly modified by humans, are affected by thinning, spalling and crushing of pillars, and partial or total collapse of cave roofs. The predisposing and triggering factors of the most common mass movements are presented and discussed. Mitigation and prevention measures for future planning, and remedial engineering structures are reported.
Adaptive Multidimensional Scaling: Brand Positioning Based on Decision Sets and Dissimilarity Judgments
Authors: Bijmolt Tammo H.A. , Wedel Michel , DeSarbo Wayne S.
Published: September 2020

Assessing market structure by deriving a brand positioning map and segmenting customers is essential for supporting brand-related marketing decisions. We propose adaptive multidimensional scaling (ADMDS) for simultaneously deriving a brand positioning map and market segments using customer data on cognitive decision sets and brand dissimilarities. In ADMDS, the judgment task is adapted to the individual customer where dissimilarity judgments are collected only for those brands within a customers’ awareness set. Thus, respondent fatigue and unfamiliarity with the brands are circumvented thereby improving the validity of the dissimilarity data obtained, as well as the multidimensional spatial structure derived from them. Estimation of the ADMDS model results in a spatial map in which the brands and derived segments of customers are jointly represented as points. The closer a brand is positioned to a segment’s ideal brand, the higher the probability that the brand is considered and chosen. An assumption underlying this model representation is that brands within a customers’ consideration set are relatively similar. In an experiment with 200 respondents and 4 product categories, this assumption is validated. We illustrate adaptive multidimensional scaling model on commercial data for 20 midsize car brands evaluated by 212 members of an on-line consumer panel. Potential applications of the method and future research opportunities are discussed.
Projection of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Welfare of Remittance-Dependent Households in the Philippines
Authors: Murakami Enerelt , Shimizutani Satoshi , Yamada Eiji
Published: September 2020

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is inevitably affecting remittance-dependent countries through economic downturns in the destination countries, and restrictions on travel and sending remittances to their home country. We explore the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the welfare of remittance-dependent households using a dataset collected in the Philippines prior to the outbreak. First, we confirm that remittances are associated with welfare of households, particularly for those whose head is male or lower educated. Then, we use the revision of the 2020 GDP projections before and after the COVID-19 crisis to gauge potential impacts on households caused by the pandemic. We find that remittance inflow will decrease by 14–20% and household spending per capita will decline by 1–2% (food expenditure per capita by 2–3%) in one year as a result of the pandemic.
JUVENILE INFORMERS: IS IT APPROPRIATE TO USE CHILDREN AS COVERT HUMAN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES?
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A.
Published: September 2020

Recently, attention has been given to the question as to whether children should be used as covert human intelligence sources (CHIS), aka informers. Being a CHIS is a risky endeavour, particularly when the person is deployed against serious crime, for example, gang violence. Questions arise over the propriety of using adolescents as CHIS, and whether the regulation of covert sources serves to minimise the risk to them. This article considers the regulatory environment. It concludes that the use of juveniles as CHIS can be justified, but that additional safeguards must be put in place to ensure their safety.