bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BDNF Regulates the Intrinsic Excitability of Cortical Neurons
Authors: Desai Niraj S. , Rutherford Lana C. , Turrigiano Gina G.
Published: November 2021

Neocortical pyramidal neurons respond to prolonged activity blockade by modulating their balance of inward and outward currents to become more sensitive to synaptic input, possibly as a means of homeostatically regulating firing rates during periods of intense change in synapse number or strength. Here we show that this activity-dependent regulation of intrinsic excitability depends on the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In experiments on rat visual cortical cultures, we found that exogenous BDNF prevented, and a TrkB–IgG fusion protein reproduced, the change in pyramidal neuron excitability produced by activity blockade. Most of these effects were also observed in bipolar interneurons, indicating a very general role for BDNF in regulating neuronal excitability. Moreover, earlier work has demonstrated that BDNF mediates a different kind of homeostatic plasticity present in these same cultures: scaling of the quantal amplitude of AMPA-mediated synaptic inputs up or down as a function of activity. Taken together, these results suggest that BDNF may be the signal controlling a coordinated regulation of synaptic and intrinsic properties aimed at allowing cortical networks to adapt to long-lasting changes in activity.
A Biochemical Blueprint for Long-Term Memory
Authors: Roberson Erik D. , Sweatt J. David
Published: November 2021

The greatest barrier to the long-term storage of information in a biological system is the inevitability of molecular turnover. In this review, we discuss the features required of any chemical mechanism capable of overcoming this obstacle, positing that a specific type of “mnemogenic”, or memory-forming, chemical reaction is the basis of the engram. We describe how molecules as diverse as protein kinases, prions, and transcription factors can participate in mnemogenic reactions, and outline a blueprint for memory that postulates mnemogenic reactions at the synapse and in the nucleus and considers the constraints imposed by requirements for high fidelity and the ability to forget. This sort of a priori analysis may facilitate directed experimental approaches to understanding the mechanisms of lifelong memory.
Give and take? Knowledge exchange between older and younger employees as a function of generativity and development striving
Authors: Fasbender Ulrike , Gerpott Fabiola H. , Unger Dana
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Knowledge exchange between older and younger employees enhances the collective memory of an organization and therefore contributes to its business success. The purpose of this paper is to take a motivational perspective to better understand why older and younger employees share and receive knowledge with and from each other. Specifically, this study focuses on generativity striving – the motivation to teach, train and guide others – as well as development striving – the motivation to grow, increase competence and master something new – and argues that both motives need to be considered to fully understand intergenerational knowledge exchange.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper takes a dyadic approach to disentangle how older employees’ knowledge sharing is linked to their younger colleagues’ knowledge receiving and vice versa. The study applied an actor-partner interdependence model based on survey data from 145 age-diverse coworker dyads to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Results showed that older and younger employees’ generativity striving affected their knowledge sharing, which, in turn, predicted their colleagues’ knowledge receiving. Moreover, the study found that younger employees were more likely to receive knowledge that their older colleagues shared with them when they scored higher (vs lower) on development striving.

Originality/value

By studying the age-specific dyadic cross-over between knowledge sharing and knowledge receiving, this research adds to the knowledge exchange literature. This study challenges the current age-blind view on knowledge exchange motivation and provides novel insights into the interplay of motivational forces involved in knowledge exchange between older and younger employees.
Opposing acceleration: the tragedy of resistance in Brazil
Authors: Moriceau Jean-Luc , Mendonça Carlos Magno Camargos , Marques Ângela Salgueiro
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The study aims to highlight and reflect on resistance to Brazil's illiberal accelerationist politics highlighting alternative possibilities based on affects and forms of relatedness.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on the case of public universities and the arts in today's Brazil, the authors point out a tragedy of resistance (when opposing change fuels its acceleration) and explore a strategy of lines of flight and becomings in the light of Deleuze and Guattari's perspective on acceleration.

Findings

Alongside an oppositional and reactive resistance, that is caught in a tragedy of resistance, the authors explore an alternative strategy that protects a plurality of life forms and forces and their becoming. This strategy differs from most critiques of accelerationism.

Originality/value

This strategy of resistance seems more faithful to Deleuze than the accelerationist strategies that claim to be inspired by him. The authors suggest another reading of the often quoted passage by Deleuze and Guattari. While Deleuze and Guattari favor continuous deterritorializations of the flows of desire, accelerationism reterritorializes these flows towards a (often) undesirable future.
The effect of corporate political advocacy on brand perception: an event study analysis
Authors: Klostermann Jan , Hydock Chris , Decker Reinhold
Published: November 2021

Purpose

In recent years, brands have increasingly engaged in corporate political advocacy (CPA; also termed brand activism or corporate sociopolitical activity) by taking positions on polarizing sociopolitical issues. Recent experimental research suggests that consumers respond to CPA based on its alignment with their own values, and that it typically induces an overall negative response. This study aims to provide additional insights by exploring consumer brand perceptions following CPA.

Design/methodology/approach

An event study of 106 CPA events and weekly consumer brand perception data was conducted. A regression model was used to investigate the moderating effects of CPA effort, concurrence and the strength of the online protests evoked by the CPA.

Findings

The results show that CPA had a negative effect on consumers’ brand perceptions and that the effect was stronger for customers relative to non-customers. The negative effect was attenuated by CPA concurrence and amplified by effort. Additionally, online protests were driven by the CPA effort and had a strong negative effect on brand perception. Online protests were stronger in the past, and, in turn, the negative effects of CPA on brand perceptions have slightly weakened in recent years.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the role of online protests following CPA and distinguishing consumer and customer responses. This study also provides converging evidence of the moderating effects of effort and concurrence identified in previous studies.
Current situation, challenges and future development directions of facilities management in Kosovo
Authors: Hoxha Visar , Hoxha Dhurata , Hoxha Jehona
Published: November 2021

Purpose

While facilities management (FM) in Kosovo is a constantly growing discipline, the studies so far in Kosovo have been scarce and too general. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the current situation of FM in Kosovo, identify challenges and recommend new future development directions of the sector with regard to capabilities of facility managers, integration of technology in FM and FM standardization.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study uses qualitative method by using semi-structured interviews with purposive sample of 20 FM professionals with experience of more than 15 years that cover public, private sector and international organizations.

Findings

The present study finds that FM in Kosovo is in its infancy stage, and it is mainly perceived as maintenance and cleaning with the low level of outsourcing. Generally, it was agreed that FM industry in Kosovo faces several challenges such as lack of budget, resources and staff; inappropriate FM planning; absence of uniform KPIs and low sensitivity of FM to sustainability. The study finally finds that FM in Kosovo can be enhanced only through integration of novel technologies, development of adaptive capability of facility managers and adequate FM standardization.

Research limitations/implications

The present study helps researchers and practitioners to understand the current situation of FM in Kosovo in terms of planning, outsourcing and primary purpose of FM in Kosovo. The study also provides an overview of challenges of FM in Kosovo, which can be used by researchers and practitioners to identify future development directions for the sector and profession.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the current knowledge about the state of development of FM in transitional countries such as Kosovo. The findings will identify future development areas of FM in Kosovo especially with regard to capability and skills of FM professionals and integration of technology in FM, which can be used by other countries facing the same perceptional and developmental challenges in FM.
Omnivory in predatory lady beetles is widespread and driven by an appetite for sterols
Authors: Ugine Todd A. , Krasnoff Stuart B. , Behmer Spencer T.
Published: November 2021

Animals maintain physiological and behavioural systems that allow them to detect and consume specific macro‐ and micronutrients to maximize their fitness. One common physiological system is the nutrient‐state‐dependent or demand‐driven appetite. These systems are well described for macronutrient regulation, but not for micronutrients.

Sterols are essential micronutrients that all animals need to survive. They are the backbone of many hormones, important in cell signalling and an integral component of cell membranes.

Lady beetles are globally distributed predators of insect herbivores. Adult sevenspotted lady beetles maintain a state‐dependent sterol appetite and consume plant tissues to obtain sterols, which improves their fitness. Additionally, sevenspotted lady beetles can detect sterols pre‐ingestion.

We used lady beetle species distributed across the three clades of the Coccinellini to determine (a) whether other beetle species maintain a state‐dependent sterol appetite, (b) if sterol structure affects beetles' state‐dependent sterol appetite and (c) whether lady beetles consume foliage in a sterol‐state dependent manner. Additionally, we determined (a) what sensory organ beetles use to detect sterols, (b) their limit of detection and (c) when during development their appetite manifests.

All six beetle species we tested maintained a state‐dependent appetite for sterols. Sterol structure affected beetles' propensity to feed on sterol‐treated disks, indicating that the number and position of double bonds in sterol molecules affects beetles' ability to detect or desire to feed on them. Only beetles in clade III fed on plant foliage in response to sterol limitation. Few beetles in any clade that were supplemented with sterols consumed plant tissue.

Beetles' appetite for sterols first appeared during the second larval stadium, and the rate of sterol consumption increased with age. Ablations of sensory organs revealed that beetles use their labial palps to detect sterols, and that they detect them at concentrations as low as 1ppm.

These data demonstrate that lady beetles across the Coccinellini maintain a state‐dependent appetite for an essential class of micronutrients. They also provide very strong evidence that lady beetles can taste sterols, raising the possibility that they maintain novel as‐yet undescribed gustatory receptors for an essential class of lipids.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Estimating the effect of terrorism on agricultural production in Nigeria
Authors: Okafor Godwin , Chikalipah Sydney
Published: November 2021

Nigeria has always been affected by terrorism but since the late 2000s, there has been a sharp increase in terrorist acts, perpetrated by Boko Haram and Fulani herdsmen terror groups. The rise in terrorism and insurgency has decimated communities and farmers have fled to protected camps. In view of that background, this paper estimates the effect of terrorism on agricultural output in Nigeria over the period 1971–2019. Our empirical results provide evidence which indicates that terrorism (as measured by the number of fatalities) has a negative and significant effect on agricultural output. Furthermore, this negative impact was larger over the period 2011–2019. This period corresponds with the onset of escalated violence from Boko Haram and Fulani herdsmen terror groups. The following policy implications were deduced. First, government should pursue credible policies in reducing the number ofviolent attacks on farmers. Second, nomadic cattle herders should be trained and encouraged to adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry. Third, government should equip forest rangers and guards to help safeguard rural and farming communities.
Banking sector competition and intermediation efficiency in Kenya
Authors: Kiemo Samuel , Kamau Anne
Published: November 2021

This paper seeks to evaluate efficiency and competition dynamics of the banking sector in Kenya for the period 2001–2017 using bank‐level data for 37 commercial banks. We apply non‐parametric data envelopment analysis to analyze measures of various aspects of efficiency in the banking sector. We also adopt Panzar–Rosse, H‐statistics to assess the level of competition in the banking sector. To examine the effect of efficiency on competition, panel estimators are applied. The study findings indicate that efficiency was on an upward trend and averaged 69%. The banking sector is characterized by monopolistic competition as shown by an H‐statistic of .59. Managerial ability measured by data envelopment analysis efficiency score was found to be an important factor in promoting competition for the Kenyan banking sector. The study shows that there is room for Kenyan banks to improve their efficiency by optimizing the scale of operations and continuing to adopt technology. This paper recommends policy makers to continue adopting policies that promote greater banking sector efficiency and competition.
Assessing Ghana's bilateral exports potential and gap
Authors: Boadu Michael Tutu , Obeng Camara Kwasi , Dasmani Isaac , Brafu‐Insaidoo William Gabriel
Published: November 2021

To generate sufficient foreign exchange earnings for economic transformation, Ghana needs to expand its export base. This study analysed Ghana's bilateral export potential and gap using the stochastic frontier gravity model for a panel of 61 key trading countries over the period 2000–2018. The results show a mean untapped export potential of US$1.1 billion and a mean gap of US$1 billion for Ghana. The tax burden of trading partners, poor infrastructure and low credit to the private sector limit the exploitation of Ghana's bilateral export potential. On the basis of these findings, it is recommended that the government and policy‐makers of Ghana should increase investment in trade‐related infrastructure, provide reliable and affordable electricity supply, deal decisively with corruption and negotiate for the elimination of all forms of barriers to increase export flows.
The role of all‐payer claims databases to expand central cancer registries: Experience from Colorado
Authors: Perraillon Marcelo C. , Liang Rifei , Sabik Lindsay M. , Lindrooth Richard C. , Bradley Cathy J.
Published: November 2021

Objective

To evaluate the quality of a multiyear linkage between the Colorado all‐payer claims database (APCD) and the Colorado Central Cancer Registry.

Data sources

Secondary 2012–2017 data from the APCD and the Colorado Cancer Registry.

Study design

Descriptive analysis of the proportion of cases captured by the linkage in relation to the cases reported by the registry.

Data collection/extraction methods

We used probabilistic linkage to combine records from both data sources for all patients diagnosed with cancer.

Results

We successfully linked 93% of the 146,884 patients in the registry. Approximately 63% of linked patients were perfect matches on five identifiers. Of partial matches, 81.6% were matched on four identifiers with missing or partial Social Security Numbers. The linkage rate was lower for uninsured patients at diagnosis (74.7%) or patients with private plans (89.4%) but close to 100% for Medicare and Medicaid enrollees. Most of the 29% of patients who did not have claims at the time of diagnosis were covered by private plans that may not submit claims.

Conclusions

APCD‐registry linkages are a promising source of data to conduct population‐based research from multiple payers. However, not all payers submit claims, and the quality of the data may vary by state.
Risk factors for infection‐related hospitalization in end‐stage renal disease patients during peri‐dialysis period
Authors: He Tianming , Wu Yuchi , Li Xiaocui , Yang Min , Lin Qizhan
Published: November 2021

Infection‐related hospitalization during the peri‐dialysis period (PDP) in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) has received less attention. Considering the limited data, we explored the risk factors in this population. Retrospective analysis using the data system to examine factors for infection in ESRD during PDP between January 2012 and December 2017. Patients were divided into infected group and non‐infected group according to the history of infection. Binary Logistic Regression Model was used to search for risk factors. A total of 478 patients were hospitalized during their PDP. One hundred and ninety patients developed infection (39.75%). Thirty‐six patients (18.95%) had two or more infection events, all due to recurrent respiratory infections. The respiratory system was the main site of infection (63.68%), followed by the urinary system and digestive system. Compared with the non‐infected group, the infected group had more patients with hypoproteinemia and coronary heart disease. The following factors: C‐reactive protein >15 mg/L, procalcitonin >1 ng/L, neutrophil percentage >75%, age >52.5 years, platelet >300 × 109/L, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and concomitant coronary heart disease were associated with the occurrence of infection in ESRD patients during PDP. Patients with ESRD have a high incidence of infection during the PDP, with respiratory infection most commonly seen. This research identified several factors associated with risk for infection, which should guide the design of infection prevention strategies.
Is the SEC captured? Evidence from political connectedness and SEC enforcement actions
Authors: Khokhar Abdul‐Rahman , Shahriari Hesam
Published: November 2021

This study examines the impact of political connectedness (PC) on enforcement actions by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Our analysis confirms that SEC is not captured and shows that firms or executives with stronger PC are more likely to be criminally charged or face bar or suspension than firms or executives with weaker PC. In addition, we document that imposed fines are relatively higher for prosecuted firms and executives with stronger PC. These findings are robust to inclusions of controls for Republican Congress, Republican President, and recent regulatory reforms and are not driven by endogeneity concerns and sample selection bias.
Property in transition: Legal fantasies, land “reforms,” and contracting peace in Colombia
Authors: Morris Meghan L.
Published: November 2021

In Colombia's attempts to bring its decades‐long conflict to a close, the state engaged in a broad endeavor to transition to a new era: the “post‐conflict.” In this process, state initiatives to grant land restitution, as well as peace negotiations with FARC guerrillas, billed property as critical to paving the path to peace. This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork in the region of Urabá to explore how and why the relationship between property and peace becomes such a compelling formula for imagining the future, even as projects to reconfigure property for peace keep failing. I argue that legal fantasies, particularly about property and the social contract, become necessary in order to give shape to an aspirational future state in moments of purported transition.
Managing the “hot spots”
Authors: FLEMING MARK D. , SHIM JANET K. , YEN IRENE , DUBBIN LESLIE , THOMPSON‐LASTAD ARIANA , HANSSMANN CHRISTOPH , BURKE NANCY J.
Published: November 2021

Health care systems in the United States are experimenting with a form of surveillance and intervention known as “hot spotting,” which targets high‐cost patients—the so‐called “super‐utilizers” of emergency departments—with intensive health and social services. Through a calculative deployment of resources to the costliest patients, health care hot spotting promises to simultaneously improve population health and decrease financial expenditures on health care for impoverished people. Through an ethnographic investigation of hot spotting's modes of distribution and its workings in the lives of patients and providers, we find that it targets the same individuals and neighborhoods as the police, who maintain longer‐standing practices of hot spotting in zones of racialized urban poverty. This has led to a convergence of caring and punitive strategies of governance. The boundaries between them are shifting as a financialized logic of governance has come to dominate both health and criminal justice. [health care, chronic illness, governance, policing, poverty, United States]
Developing methods to empirically study “institutional thickness” framework in cross‐border regions
Authors: Javakhishvili‐Larsen Nino
Published: November 2021

Institutional cross‐border interactions support the EU goals for regional development by creating joint local initiatives and cross‐border institutional cooperation networks. This paper aims to develop a new theoretical approach and methodological strategy for studying processes of cross‐border territorial integration within the EU. By building on the cross‐border institutional thickness (CBIT) conceptual framework, the paper analyses the policy targets in the cross‐border regional context. CBIT measures how its components support the required development or policy goals in different regions. Therefore, this paper provides theoretical and methodological approaches to the CBIT model and contributes to future studies in this field.
Riverscape approaches in practice: perspectives and applications
Authors: Torgersen Christian E. , Le Pichon Céline , Fullerton Aimee H. , Dugdale Stephen J. , Duda Jeffrey J. , Giovannini Floriane , Tales Évelyne , Belliard Jérôme , Branco Paulo , Bergeron Normand E. , Roy Mathieu L. , Tonolla Diego , Lamouroux Nicolas , Capra Hervé , Baxter Colden V.
Published: November 2021

Landscape perspectives in riverine ecology have been undertaken increasingly in the last 30 years, leading aquatic ecologists to develop a diverse set of approaches for conceptualizing, mapping and understanding ‘riverscapes’. Spatiotemporally explicit perspectives of rivers and their biota nested within the socio‐ecological landscape now provide guiding principles and approaches in inland fisheries and watershed management. During the last two decades, scientific literature on riverscapes has increased rapidly, indicating that the term and associated approaches are serving an important purpose in freshwater science and management. We trace the origins and theoretical foundations of riverscape perspectives and approaches and examine trends in the published literature to assess the state of the science and demonstrate how they are being applied to address recent challenges in the management of riverine ecosystems. We focus on approaches for studying and visualizing rivers and streams with remote sensing, modelling and sampling designs that enable pattern detection as seen from above (e.g. river channel, floodplain, and riparian areas) but also into the water itself (e.g. aquatic organisms and the aqueous environment). Key concepts from landscape ecology that are central to riverscape approaches are heterogeneity, scale (resolution, extent and scope) and connectivity (structural and functional), which underpin spatial and temporal aspects of study design, data collection and analysis. Mapping of physical and biological characteristics of rivers and floodplains with high‐resolution, spatially intensive techniques improves understanding of the causes and ecological consequences of spatial patterns at multiple scales. This information is crucial for managing river ecosystems, especially for the successful implementation of conservation, restoration and monitoring programs. Recent advances in remote sensing, field‐sampling approaches and geospatial technology are making it increasingly feasible to collect high‐resolution data over larger scales in space and time. We highlight challenges and opportunities and discuss future avenues of research with emerging tools that can potentially help to overcome obstacles to collecting, analysing and displaying these data. This synthesis is intended to help researchers and resource managers understand and apply these concepts and approaches to address real‐world problems in freshwater management.
Expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in adrenal adenoma correlates with clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism
Authors: Ahn Chang Ho , Na Hee Young , Park So Yeon , Yu Hyeong Won , Kim Su‐Jin , Choi June Young , Lee Kyu Eun , Kim Sang Wan , Jung Kyeong Cheon , Kim Jung Hee
Published: November 2021

Objective

Primary aldosteronism (PA) shows histological heterogeneity and clinical variability, including the coexistence of hypercortisolemia. Immunohistochemical analyses of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal tissues have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of PA. However, a comprehensive analysis of the association between enzyme expression and clinical characteristics of PA has rarely been conducted. We aimed to investigate the correlation between clinical characteristics and steroidogenic enzyme expression in PA.

Design

A retrospective case‐control study.

Patients

Consecutive patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for PA (n = 180). Patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome (CS) (n = 29) and nonfunctioning adenoma (n = 6) as comparator groups.

Measurements

A tissue microarray of adrenal adenomas was constructed and immunostained for CYP11B1, CYP11B2 and CYP17A1. The expression of the three enzymes was compared between PA and other adrenal diseases and between PA with and without mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE).

Results

Adrenal adenomas in PA showed lower CYP11B1, higher CYP11B2 and lower CYP17A1 expression than those in adrenal CS (p < .001). Nonfunctioning adenomas showed low expression of the three enzymes. PA with MACE showed higher CYP11B1 expression than PA without MACE. CYP11B1 expression was positively correlated with the severity of hypercortisolemia, and CYP11B2 was positively correlated with that of hyperaldosteronism. The expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 had a negative correlation. Patients with absent clinical improvement after adrenalectomy had lower CYP11B2 expression than those with complete success.

Conclusions

Variable expression of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal adenoma underlies the clinical heterogeneity of PA and is associated with treatment outcomes.
Preoperative mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist reduces postoperative hyperkalaemia in patients with Conn syndrome
Authors: Zhang Jinghong , Libianto Renata , Lee James C. , Grodski Simon , Shen Jimmy , Fuller Peter J. , Yang Jun
Published: November 2021

Background

The preoperative use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) in patients with unilateral forms of primary aldosteronism (PA) is not standardized. The current Endocrine Society Guidelines do not specifically recommend MRA treatment before surgery. It is unclear whether preoperative MRA can optimize perioperative blood pressure and potassium control, and reduce the incidence of postoperative hyperkalaemia.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the effect of MRA on the incidence of postoperative hyperkalaemia in addition to perioperative blood pressure and potassium concentration in patients undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for the treatment of PA.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary referral centres, Victoria, Australia.

Patients

A total of 96 patients who were diagnosed with unilateral forms of PA: 73 patients (‘MRA’ group) received preoperative MRA while 23 patients (‘No‐MRA’ group) did not.

Results

The prevalence of postoperative hyperkalaemia was significantly higher in the ‘No‐MRA’ group at 2–4 weeks after surgery, compared to the ‘MRA’ group (35% vs. 11%, p = .014). In a logistic regression, the use of MRA significantly predicted a lower incidence of postoperative hyperkalaemia after adjusting for age, sex, baseline aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio, potassium and preoperative eGFR. Before surgery, patients in the ‘MRA’ group had normalized blood pressure and potassium concentration requiring fewer antihypertensive medications and no potassium supplements.

Conclusion

Preoperative MRA use was associated with optimal perioperative blood pressure and normalized serum potassium in addition to a lower incidence of postoperative hyperkalaemia. MRA should be considered standard treatment for patients awaiting surgery for PA.
Buccal bone dimensional changes at immediate implant sites in the maxillary esthetic zone within a 4–12‐month follow‐up period: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mao Zhen , Lee Chun‐Teh , He Si Meng , Zhang Shu , Bao Jibo , Xie Zhi Gang
Published: November 2021

Objective

To evaluate the changes in buccal bone dimensions (CBD) following immediate implant placement in the maxillary esthetic zone and to identify the factors influencing the degree of buccal bone resorption for different placement and restoration protocols.

Material and methods

An electronic search was conducted using the EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and MEDLINE (PubMed) databases, combined with a manual and gray literature search, up to January 2021. Selected clinical studies had to report the changes in horizontal buccal bone dimension in maxillary immediate implantation sites (premolar to premolar) at baseline and at follow‐up visits within a year of implantation. A meta‐analysis was conducted to calculate the mean value of the changes in horizontal and vertical buccal bone dimensions (CHBD and CVBD) around implants. To further investigate the heterogeneity and identify factors associated with buccal bone loss after immediate implant placement, subgroup analysis and univariate meta‐regression were performed.

Results

From a total of 3498 articles, 4 randomized controlled trials and 12 nonrandomized controlled trials were included for analysis. The mean survival rate of 568 implants was 99.6%. The mean CHBD and CVBD values were 0.71 mm (95% confidence interval: [0.56, 0.86]) and 0.58 mm (95% confidence interval: [0.43, 0.72]), respectively. For possible factors that related to bone resorption, including buccal bone thickness, flap design, bone grafting, horizontal defect dimension, and restoration protocol, bone grafting was the only variable that significantly influenced CHBD.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone does not prevent buccal bone from resorption. Due to data heterogeneity and the small sample size of the studies included in the analysis, further well‐conducted, randomized controlled trials with homogeneous samples are required to investigate the correlation of CBD with different variables.
Lupus erythematosus: correlation of clinical and histological findings and proposal for a modified disease classification
Authors: Weldemann Anne , Ziepert Marita , Kreuz Markus , Dumann Konstantin , Simon Jan Christoph , Kunz Manfred , Ziemer Mirjana
Published: November 2021

Background

Classification of lupus erythematosus (LE) is conflicting as it is carried out from different starting points. Whereas dermatological classifications categorize LE morphologically based on specific cutaneous lesions, rheumatologic classifications are based on symptomatic aspects. Indeed, LE is a systemic autoimmune disease with variable acuity and organ involvement. All cutaneous disease patterns may occur in both limited‐cutaneous and systemic LE.

Patients and Methods

76 LE‐patients with complete clinical data, clinical photographs and biopsy of cutaneous manifestations as well as paraclinical findings were retrospectively analyzed. Based on a published two‐dimensional classification system that considers disease‐specific skin manifestations and final disease diagnosis separately, patients’ diagnoses were revised and compared with those in medical records. In addition, the extent to which patients could be clustered by diagnosis based on their LE‐specific skin manifestations, corresponding histopathological changes, and paraclinical data was investigated.

Results

After re‐evaluation, the proportion of patients with limited‐cutaneous LE decreased from 82% previously to 24%. More than two‐thirds of patients indeed showed intermediate or systemic LE. Disease‐specific skin manifestations, histologic characteristics and paraclinical data did not cluster with final diagnoses.

Conclusions

First, the work underlines the systemic character of the disease. Second, a two‐dimensional approach can help overcome classification difficulties in LE, as skin‐morphologic and symptomatic aspects can be considered separately.
Testing the mid‐range model: Attachment in a high risk sample
Authors: Mitsven Samantha G. , Prince Emily B. , Messinger Daniel S. , Tenenbaum Elena J. , Sheinkopf Stephen J. , Tronick Edward Z. , Seifer Ronald , Lester Barry M.
Published: November 2021

Infant attachment is a key predictor of later socioemotional functioning, but it is not clear how parental responsivity to infant expressive behavior is associated with attachment outcomes. A mid‐range model of responsivity holds that both unresponsive and highly reactive parental behaviors lead to insecure and disorganized attachment. We examined the relationship between maternal (and infant) contingent responsivity and attachment in a high‐risk sample. Participants were 625 infant‐mother pairs from a longitudinal study of children with and without prenatal drug exposure and variable levels of associated social risks. Infant‐mother pairs participated in the Face‐to‐Face/Still‐Face paradigm (FFSF) at 4‐months and in the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at 18‐months. A model incorporating both linear and quadratic responsivity effects indicated that mothers who were either very high (reactive) or very low (unresponsive) in responsivity were more likely to have infants with disorganized attachment outcomes. While maternal responsivity was associated with attachment disorganization, no associations between maternal responsivity, and attachment security/insecurity were detected. Infant responsivity to mother was not associated with attachment outcomes. The findings suggest the importance of mid‐range levels of maternal responsivity in the development of organized attachment among infants facing high levels of prenatal and social risk.
Ahead of maturation: Enhanced speech envelope training boosts rise time discrimination in pre‐readers at cognitive risk for dyslexia
Authors: Van Herck Shauni , Vanden Bempt Femke , Economou Maria , Vanderauwera Jolijn , Glatz Toivo , Dieudonné Benjamin , Vandermosten Maaike , Ghesquière Pol , Wouters Jan
Published: November 2021

Dyslexia has frequently been related to atypical auditory temporal processing and speech perception. Results of studies emphasizing speech onset cues and reinforcing the temporal structure of the speech envelope, that is, envelope enhancement (EE), demonstrated reduced speech perception deficits in individuals with dyslexia. The use of this strategy as auditory intervention might thus reduce some of the deficits related to dyslexia. Importantly, reading‐skill interventions are most effective when they are provided during kindergarten and first grade. Hence, we provided a tablet‐based 12‐week auditory and phonics‐based intervention to pre‐readers at cognitive risk for dyslexia and investigated the effect on auditory temporal processing with a rise time discrimination (RTD) task. Ninety‐one pre‐readers at cognitive risk for dyslexia (aged 5–6) were assigned to two groups receiving a phonics‐based intervention and playing a story listening game either with (n = 31) or without (n = 31) EE or a third group playing control games and listening to non‐enhanced stories (n = 29). RTD was measured directly before, directly after and 1 year after the intervention. While the groups listening to non‐enhanced stories mainly improved after the intervention during first grade, the group listening to enhanced stories improved during the intervention in kindergarten and subsequently remained stable during first grade. Hence, an EE intervention improves auditory processing skills important for the development of phonological skills. This occurred before the onset of reading instruction, preceding the maturational improvement of these skills, hence potentially giving at risk children a head start when learning to read. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0BfT4dGXNA
Prevalence and clinical correlates of impaired glucose tolerance in first‐episode versus chronic patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Li Shen , Chen Dachun , Xiu Meihong , Li Jie , Zhang Xiang Yang
Published: November 2021

Aim

Studies using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) have shown that impaired glucose metabolism presents in the early stages of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, there is a lack of studies on changes in glucose metabolism with the stage of the disease. We first explored the features of glucose metabolic pattern at different phases of male SCZ.

Methods

We recruited 83 male first episode drug‐naïve patients with SCZ (FEDN‐SCZ) and 64 male chronic patients with SCZ (CH‐SCZ), as well as 14 male healthy controls. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the psychopathology of patients. OGTT, fasting plasma glucose and lipid profiles of all participants were examined.

Results

While the impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) rate of male SCZ patients was higher than that of HC (P < .05), there was no difference in IGT prevalence between FEDN‐SCZ and CH‐SCZ. In male FEDN‐SCZ, LDL (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.11–6.29, P = .028) and PANSS total score (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00–1.06, P = .046) were positively correlated with IGT; in male CH‐SCZ, BMI (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.08–2.67, P = .023), PANSS total score (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70–0.96, P = .015) and positive symptoms (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.20–0.99, P = .046) were significantly correlated with IGT.

Conclusions

Our findings reflect different glucose metabolism patterns in different stages of SCZ.
Genome‐wide analysis of natural and restored eastern oyster populations reveals local adaptation and positive impacts of planting frequency and broodstock number
Authors: Hornick Katherine M. , Plough Louis V.
Published: November 2021

The release of captive‐bred plants and animals has increased worldwide to augment declining species. However, insufficient attention has been given to understanding how neutral and adaptive genetic variation are partitioned within and among proximal natural populations, and the patterns and drivers of gene flow over small spatial scales, which can be important for restoration success. A seascape genomics approach was used to investigate population structure, local adaptation, and the extent to which environmental gradients influence genetic variation among natural and restored populations of Chesapeake Bay eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. We also investigated the impact of hatchery practices on neutral genetic diversity of restored reefs and quantified the broader genetic impacts of large‐scale hatchery‐based bivalve restoration. Restored reefs showed similar levels of diversity as natural reefs, and striking relationships were found between planting frequency and broodstock numbers and genetic diversity metrics (effective population size and relatedness), suggesting that hatchery practices can have a major impact on diversity. Despite long‐term restoration activities, haphazard historical translocations, and high dispersal potential of larvae that could homogenize allele frequencies among populations, moderate neutral population genetic structure was uncovered. Moreover, environmental factors, namely salinity, pH, and temperature, play a major role in the distribution of neutral and adaptive genetic variation. For marine invertebrates in heterogeneous seascapes, collecting broodstock from large populations experiencing similar environments to candidate sites may provide the most appropriate sources for restoration and ensure population resilience in the face of rapid environmental change. This is one of a few studies to demonstrate empirically that hatchery practices have a major impact on the retention of genetic diversity. Overall, these results contribute to the growing body of evidence for fine‐scale genetic structure and local adaptation in broadcast‐spawning marine species and provide novel information for the management of an important fisheries resource.
Use of computed tomography angiography for the evaluation of a cutaneous haemangioma in a Standardbred horse
Authors: Merchán A. , Beaulieu A. , Côté N. , zur Linden A. , Koenig J. , Brooks A.
Published: November 2021

Cutaneous haeangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that arise from endothelial cells of blood vessels. Haemangiomas account for 0.6%–4% of all equine cutaneous neoplasms and the fetlock is the most commonly affected site. We describe the use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for the evaluation of a cutaneous haemangioma located on the plantarolateral aspect of the left hindlimb fetlock of a 9‐month‐old Standardbred colt. Computed tomography angiography of the affected fetlock was performed under general anaesthesia. The medial plantar artery was catheterised and a total volume of 50 ml of iodinated non‐ionic contrast medium (Iopamidol, 300 mg I/ml, Bracco Imaging Canada) was injected at a rate of 2 ml/s. Following contrast medium administration, the dorsal metatarsal artery and branches including the lateral and medial digital arteries were well demarcated. Two smaller lateral and medial arteries were also identified, forming the vascular network of the metatarsophalangeal joint. At the level of the haemangioma, two tortuous arteries arising from the lateral digital artery were identified, in addition to multiple small branches from nearby cutaneous arteries. These vessels supplied the homogeneously strongly contrast‐enhancing cutaneous mass. The initial goal of the CTA study was to map the vascular anatomy for arterial embolisation in conjunction with pharmacological therapy. Considering the involvement of multiple small arterial branches, complete surgical excision along with ligation of the two main supplying arteries was alternatively elected, resulting in a successful long‐term outcome.
Developmental orthopaedic disease and early osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in a 15‐month‐old Quarter Horse filly
Authors: Pimentel K. L. , Allen A. L. , Carmalt J. L.
Published: November 2021

A 15‐month‐old Quarter Horse filly presented for evaluation of hard swellings over the left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the right metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ). The TMJ swelling had been noted since she was weaned at 4 months of age and had slowly enlarged since then. Radiographs of both TMJs and the right MTPJ were performed, which revealed severe osteoarthrosis associated with osteochondrosis‐like lesions. The filly was subjected to euthanasia due to the poor prognosis for performance. Computed tomography and post‐mortem examination, including histopathology of the left TMJ, revealed early osteoarthritis (OA) associated with osteochondrosis‐like lesions of the left TMJ and the right MTPJ, while the right hind proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) was diagnosed with early OA.
Luteoma in two mares treated by ovariectomy
Authors: Combs E. , Beachler T. , Troy J. R. , Olds‐Sanchez A. , Howard J. M. , Fales‐Williams A. , Yaeger M. , Tatarniuk D. M.
Published: November 2021

A 15‐year‐old Paint mare (Case 1) and a 15‐year‐old Arabian mare (Case 2) were presented for aggressive and undesired behaviour. Reproductive evaluation revealed, initially, an enlarged ovary with a smaller/normal sized contralateral ovary in each case. Granulosa cell tumour (GCT) panel testing revealed elevated inhibin B in both cases and elevated anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels only in Case 1 determined from currently established reference ranges. Based on a presumptive diagnosis of GCT, bilateral standing ovariectomy was elected for both mares. In each case neoplastic tissue consistent with luteoma was detected only on histological examination in the smaller/normal sized left ovary; the right ovary appearing normal. Long‐term follow‐up was performed 1 year and 5 years post‐operatively by telephone. The owners were satisfied with the outcome and each patient demonstrated resolution of aggressive stallion‐like behaviour. Each case returned to the owners' intended use. In conclusion, luteoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for ovarian neoplasms in horses related to behavioural abnormalities, even in normal‐sized ovaries.
Antitumour drugs targeting tau R3 VQIVYK and Cys322 prevent seeding of endogenous tau aggregates by exogenous seeds
Authors: Annadurai Narendran , Malina Lukáš , Salmona Mario , Diomede Luisa , Bastone Antonio , Cagnotto Alfredo , Romeo Margherita , Šrejber Martin , Berka Karel , Otyepka Michal , Hajdúch Marián , Das Viswanath
Published: November 2021

Emerging experimental evidence suggests tau pathology spreads between neuroanatomically connected brain regions in a prion‐like manner in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau seeding, the ability of prion‐like tau to recruit and misfold naïve tau to generate new seeds, is detected early in human AD brains before the development of major tau pathology. Many antitumour drugs have been reported to confer protection against neurodegeneration, supporting the repurposing of approved and experimental or investigational oncology drugs for AD therapy. In this study, we evaluated whether antitumour drugs that abrogate the generation of seed‐competent aggregates of tau Repeat 3 (R3) domain peptides can prevent tau seeding and toxicity in Tau‐RD P301S FRET Biosensor cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrate that drugs that interact with the N‐terminal VQIVYK or the C‐terminal region housing the Cys322 prevent R3 dimerisation, abolishing the generation of prion‐like R3 seeds. Preformed R3 seeds (fibrils) capped with, or R3 seeds formed in the presence of VQIVYK‐ or Cys322‐targeting drugs have a reduced potency to cause aggregation of naïve tau in biosensor cells and protect worms from aggregate toxicity. These findings indicate that VQIVYK‐ or Cys322‐targeting drugs may act as prophylactic agents against tau seeding.