bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of 2D vortex‐induced oscillations of a circular cylinder
Authors: Wei R. , Sekine A. , Shimura M.
Published: October 2005

In this paper a finite element version of the direct Laplacian method is applied to flows around an oscillating body, using the arbitrary Langrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) formulation for the partial domain around the body. This numerical calculation has been successfully conducted for vortex‐induced, cross‐flow oscillations of a circular cylinder under the same conditions as for Anagnostopoulos and Bearman's experiment (J. Fluids Struct., 6, 39–50 (1992)), in which the Reynolds number ranged between 90 and 150, a regime where the vortex street is fully laminar. The numerical calculation results have been compared with the experimental data in order to check the calculational accuracy.
Biological response to a new composite polymer augmentation device used for cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Dürselen Lutz , Häfner Monika , Ignatius Anita , Kraft Klaus , Hollstein Elke , Pokar Sven , Dauner Martin , Claes Lutz , Friemert Benedikt
Published: October 2005

A resorbable composite augmentation cord braided of poly(L‐lactide) and poly(L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) fibers was designed for the temporary protection of repaired cruciate ligaments. This study examined the biocompatibility of the new device and the influence of augmentation duration on ligament healing in a sheep model. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was cut close to the femoral insertion and reinserted with sutures. The repaired ACLs were augmented with the slowly degrading new composite cord and alternatively with a faster degrading polydioxanone cord (PDS). A tendon graft group (gold standard) served as control. Histological evaluation and biomechanical testing were performed after 6 months. The composite cord showed no signs of degradation, whereas the PDS was intra‐articularly resorbed. Both devices showed only minor foreign body reactions, proving their good biocompatibility. However, 9 of 11 composite cords had ruptured too early because of fatigue at the bone tunnel entrances. All operated knees were less stable than the nonoperated collateral joints. Knees equipped with the composite cord showed the largest anterior instabilities, whereas the PDS‐augmented group exhibited in some cases knee instabilities comparable with that of the tendon group. A positive effect of a longer mechanical protection by a slowly degrading augmentation could not yet be shown. The fatigue strength of the device still needs improvement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Micro‐tensile bond strength of sound and caries‐affected primary tooth dentin measured with original designed jig
Authors: Hosoya Yumiko , Kawada Eiji , Ushigome Toshiaki , Oda Yutaka , Garcia‐Godoy Franklin
Published: October 2005

To measure the micro‐tensile bond strength (MTBS) on sound and caries‐affected primary tooth dentin using an original designed jig that was developed for making symmetric and uniformly‐sized specimens for the micro‐tensile strength testing. The MTBS of dumbbell‐shaped specimens and matchstick‐shaped specimens were measured. Dumbbell‐shaped specimens: The occlusal surfaces of 15 sound primary molars were ground with a water‐cooled air turbine using a diamond bur. The adhesive systems and resin‐based composites were Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil AP‐X (SE group) and Single Bond and Z250 (SB group). Matchstick‐shaped specimens: Sixteen primary molars (5 sound and 11 carious) were used. The occlusal surfaces of sound teeth were ground with a water‐cooled air turbine using a diamond bur. Infected dentin was determined by a caries detecting dye solution and removed with a round‐shaped steel bur under water‐cooling and with a hand instrument. SE was applied. Data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD at p < 0.05. The MTBSs (MPa) for the dumbbell‐shaped specimens were 8.9 ± 7.0 in the SE group and 10.3 ± 5.8 in the SB group and that for the matchstick‐shaped specimens were 9.0 ± 6.3 in the sound–SE group and 9.2 ± 5.8 in the carious–SE group. No significant difference was observed among them. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, cell cycle regulation, toxicity, and tumorigenesis
Authors: Marlowe Jennifer L. , Puga Alvaro
Published: October 2005

Most effects of exposure to halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). It has long been recognized that the AHR is a ligand‐activated transcription factor that plays a central role in the induction of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and hence in xenobiotic detoxification. Of late, it has become evident that outside this well‐characterized role, the AHR also functions as a modulator of cellular signaling pathways. In this Prospect, we discuss the involvement of the AHR in pathways critical to cell cycle regulation, mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades, immediate‐early gene induction, and the functions of the RB protein. Ultimately, the toxicity of AHR xenobiotic ligands may be intrinsically connected with the perturbation of these pathways and depend on the many critical signaling pathways and effectors with which the AHR itself interacts. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the promoter for the α3 integrin gene in various tumor cell lines: Roles of the Ets‐ and Sp‐family of transcription factors
Authors: Katabami Kouji , Kato Takumi , Sano Rikio , Ogura Masaharu , Mizuno Hiromi , Itoh Saotomo , Tsuji Tsutomu
Published: October 2005

The α3β1 integrin is an adhesion receptor for extracellular matrix proteins, including laminin isoforms, and plays crucial roles in the organization of epithelial and endothelial tissues. The aberrant expression of this adhesion molecule on tumor cells is associated with their invasive and metastatic potentials. In the present study, we analyzed the elements essential for α3 integrin gene expression in various tumor cell lines with different tissue origins by luciferase assay. An approximately 0.3 kb fragment of the 5′‐flanking region of the mouse α3 integrin gene (−260/+84, relative to the major transcription start site) showed strong promoter activity in all six examined tumor cell lines. However, we found that these cell lines could be divided into two groups according to the level of dependency on the putative Ets‐transcription factor binding motif located at −133. This motif was previously shown to be crucial for α3 integrin expression in MKN1 gastric carcinoma cells. The gene expression in one group of cell lines was upregulated mainly by the Ets motif, whereas that in the other group was less dependent on the Ets motif. We then postulated that additional regulatory elements were responsible for the expression of α3 integrin, and found that a GC‐rich motif at −69 was another important element. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay using specific antibodies and a Western blot analysis of nuclear proteins revealed that the Sp3‐transcription factor bound to this GC‐rich motif. These results suggest that the Sp3 and Ets transcription factors cooperatively regulate α3 integrin gene expression and that the contribution of each element depends on the type of tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Construction of Polycation‐Based Non‐Viral DNA Nanoparticles and Polyanion Multilayers via Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly
Authors: Ren Kefeng , Ji Jian , Shen Jiacong
Published: October 2005

Summary: The multilayers of polycation‐based non‐viral DNA nanoparticles and biodegradable poly(L‐glutamic acid) (PGA) were constructed by a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique. Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) was used to condense DNA to develop non‐viral DNA nanoparticles. AFM, UV‐visible spectrometry, and TEM measurements revealed that the PEI‐DNA nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the multilayers. The well‐structured, easily processed multilayers with the non‐viral DNA nanoparticles may provide a novel approach to precisely control the delivery of DNA, which may have great potential for gene therapy applications in tissue engineering, medical implants, etc.

A TEM image of the cross section of a (PGA/PEI‐DNA nanoparticle)20 multilayer.

image

A TEM image of the cross section of a (PGA/PEI‐DNA nanoparticle)20 multilayer.
Deciphering the human nucleolar proteome
Authors: Couté Yohann , Burgess Jennifer A. , Diaz Jean‐Jacques , Chichester Christine , Lisacek Frédérique , Greco Anna , Sanchez Jean‐Charles
Published: October 2005

Nucleoli are plurifunctional nuclear domains involved in the regulation of several major cellular processes such as ribosome biogenesis, the biogenesis of non‐ribosomal ribonucleoprotein complexes, cell cycle, and cellular aging. Until recently, the protein content of nucleoli was poorly described. Several proteomic analyses have been undertaken to discover the molecular bases of the biological roles fulfilled by nucleoli. These studies have led to the identification of more than 700 proteins. Extensive bibliographic and bioinformatic analyses allowed the classification of the identified proteins into functional groups and suggested potential functions of 150 human proteins previously uncharacterized. The combination of improvements in mass spectrometry technologies, the characterization of protein complexes, and data mining will assist in furthering our understanding of the role of nucleoli in different physiological and pathological cell states. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 25:215–234, 2006
Inhibition of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase contributes to more stable levodopa plasma levels
Authors: Müller Thomas , Erdmann Christoph , Muhlack Siegfried , Bremen Dirk , Przuntek Horst , Woitalla Dirk
Published: October 2005

The short plasma half‐life limits the antiparkinsonian efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD). Administration of LD/CD with the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone in one tablet (LCE) may extend plasma half‐life of LD and thus its effect on motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The objectives of this study were to monitor the motor response to a switch from LD/CD to LCE by a simultaneous performance of an instrumental motor test and rating of motor symptoms and to compare the LD plasma behavior between both conditions in terms of stability. Twenty‐one treated PD patients received LD/CD and then the identical oral LD dosage of LCE within a standardized setting on 2 consecutive days. Rating better reflected the motor improvement after LD application than the instrumental test. Motor symptoms of PD patients decreased significantly more during the LCE than the LD/CD condition, probably due to significantly higher LD plasma levels and a significantly less pronounced fall of the LD concentrations following the second LD intake. Our study shows a more stable LD plasma behavior during LCE intake and accordingly a better effect on motor symptoms according to rating outcomes and motor test results to a lesser extent. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Psychogenic parkinsonism: A combination of clinical, electrophysiological, and [123I]‐FP‐CIT SPECT scan explorations improves diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Benaderette Sandrine , Fregonara Paolo Zanotti , Apartis Emmanuelle , Nguyen Charles , Trocello Jean‐Marc , Remy Philippe , Devaux Jean‐Yves , Askienazy Serge , Vidailhet Marie
Published: October 2005

We evaluated the concordance between independent clinical, electrophysiological, and [123I]‐FP‐CIT SPECT scan explorations as a staged procedure for an accurate diagnosis in 9 patients referred with a diagnosis of suspected psychogenic parkinsonism. Three patients were reclassified as pure psychogenic parkinsonism (PP), 6 with a form of combined psychogenic parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PP + PD), and none with pure Parkinson's disease (PD). Electrophysiological recordings showed the characteristics of psychogenic tremor in 5 of 7 patients with tremor. In two of these 5, PD tremor was also recorded. SPECT scan results were abnormal in five of 9 patients. In one case of clinically suspected PP + PD, SPECT scan results were normal. Long‐term follow‐up supported the final diagnosis of PP (initial clinical misdiagnosis). Electrophysiology contributes to the clinical diagnosis of psychogenic tremor and may help confirm associated organic PD tremor. [123I]‐FP‐CIT SPECT is a robust test to ascertain dopaminergic denervation and increase the confidence of the clinical and electrophysiological diagnosis of associated PD. A combination of clinical, electrophysiological, and [123I]‐FP‐CIT SPECT scan explorations improves diagnostic accuracy in order to distinguish PP from PP + PD. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Subthalamic nucleus influences spatial orientation in extrapersonal space
Authors: Witt Karsten , Kopper Florian , Deuschl Günther , Krack Paul
Published: October 2005

While the role of frontal and parietal cortex in spatial orientation has been studied extensively, the contribution of the basal ganglia and especially the subthalamic nucleus to spatial orientation remains less clear. Here we use subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) as a reversible model of functional lesioning to evaluate the influence of the STN in extrapersonal space orientation. To this end, 12 PD patients were examined 1 year after implantation of DBS electrodes in the STN after overnight withdrawal ofL‐dopa. Patients were tested in a pseudorandomized order while both stimulators, the right only, the left only, or no stimulator, were switched on. Patients performed line bisection and a reaction time task responding to stimuli of the middle, the left, and the right extrapersonal space. A separate assessment of the right and left hand responding to visual stimuli in each hemispace made it possible to distinguish hemispatial and hemimotor impairments. No asymmetries in space orientation were found when both stimulators were switched OFF, when both stimulators were switched ON, and when only the right stimulator was switched ON. When only the left subthalamic stimulation was switched ON, the reaction times of both hands to visual stimuli in the left extrapersonal hemispace increased significantly and the line bisection test showed a significant orientation to the right. These results lead to the conclusion that the STN and its cortical projections influence the network involved in visuospatial orientation. These patterns of symptoms of neglect demonstrate the influence of the STN on the attentional system of the nondominant hemisphere. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
An effective direct solution method for certain boundary element equations in 3D
Authors: Meyer A. , Rjasanow S.
Published: October 2005

The boundary element method for the Dirichlet problem in a three‐dimensional rotational domain leads to a system of linear equations with a full dense matrix having a special block structure. A direct solution method for such systems is presented, which requires O(N3/2 ln N) arithmetical operations only, using a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), where N denotes the number of unknowns on the boundary surface.
The resolvent problem for the stokes system in exterior domains: An elementary approach
Authors: Deuring Paul
Published: October 2005

We consider the Stokes system with resolvent parameter in an exterior domain:
equation image
under Dirichlet boundary conditions. Here Ω is a bounded domain with C2 boundary, and [λϵℂ\] − [∞, 0], ν >0. Using the method of integral equations, we are able to construct solutions (u, π) in Lp spaces. Our approach yields an integral representation of these solutions. By evaluating the corresponding integrals, we obtain Lp estimates that imply in particular that the Stokes operator on exterior domains generates an analytic semigroup in Lp.
Resonance frequencies of a cavity containing a compressible viscous fluid
Authors: Conca C. , Planchard J. , Vanninathan M.
Published: October 2005

The aim of this paper is to study the resonance spectrum of a cavity containing a compressible viscous fluid. This system admits a discrete infinite sequence of eigenvalues whose real parts are negative, which is interpreted as the damping effect introduced by viscosity. Only a finite number of them have non‐zero imaginary parts and this number depends on viscosity; a simple criterion is given for their position in the complex plane. The case of a cavity containing an elastic mechanical system immersed in the fluid is also examined; from a qualitative point of view, the nature of the resonance spectrum remains unchanged.
The boundary equation method in the third initial boundary value problem of the theory of elasticity. Part 2: Methods for approximate solutions
Authors: Chudinovich I. Yu.
Published: October 2005

This work considers the methods for solving approximately the four types of boundary equations arising when the third initial boundary value problem of the theory of elasticity is solved with the help of retarded elastic potentials. The convergence of these methods is proved.
Resonance phenomena in a semi‐infinite string with a periodic end
Authors: Werner P.
Published: October 2005

We study the propagation of linear waves, generated by a compactly supported time‐harmonic force distribution, in a semi‐infinite string under the assumption that the material properties depend p‐period‐ically on the space variable outside a sufficiently large interval [0, a]. The spectrum of the self‐adjoint extension A of the spatial part of the differential operator consists of a finite or countable number of bands and a (possibly empty) discrete set of eigenvalues located in the gaps of the continuous spectrum. We show that resonances of order t or t½, respectively, occur if either ω2 is an eigenvalue of A or (i) ω2 is a boundary point of the continuous spectrum of A and (ii) the corresponding time‐independent homogeneous problem has a non‐trivial solution which is p‐periodic or p‐semiperiodic for x > a (‘standing wave’).
Interface problem in holonomic elastoplasticity
Authors: Carstensen Carsten
Published: October 2005

The three‐dimensional interface problem with the homogeneous Lamé system in an unbounded exterior domain and holonomic material behaviour in a bounded interior Lipschitz domain is considered. Existence and uniqueness of solutions of the interface problem are obtained rewriting the exterior problem in terms of boundary integral operators following the symmetric coupling procedure.

The numerical approximation of the solutions consists in coupling of the boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM). A Céa‐like error estimate is presented for the discrete solutions of the numerical procedure proving its convergence.
Approximating sequences for heteroclinic orbits
Authors: Kazmierczak B.
Published: October 2005

In this paper we construct two approximating sequences for heteroclinic solution to a scalar ODE. These sequences do not ‘intersect’ and bound a unique real solution from below and above, thus enabling us to estimate this solution with any accuracy.
The stationary and non‐stationary stokes system in exterior domains with non‐zero divergence and non‐zero boundary values
Authors: Farwig Reinhard , Sohr Hermann
Published: October 2005

In an exterior domain Ω⊂ℝn, n ⩾ 2, we consider the generalized Stokes resolvent problem in Lq‐space where the divergence g = div u and inhomogeneous boundary values u = ψ with zero flux ∫∂Ωψ·N do = 0 may be prescribed. A crucial step in our approach is to find and to analyse the right space for the divergence g. We prove existence, uniqueness and a priori estimates of the solution and get new results for the divergence problem. Further, we consider the non‐stationary Stokes system with non‐homogeneous divergence and boundary values and prove estimates of the solution in L5(0, T;Lq(Ω)) for 1 < s, q < ∞.
Limiting behaviour of invariant manifolds for a system of singularly perturbed evolution equations
Authors: Ševčovič Daniel
Published: October 2005

In this paper we consider a class of specific singularly perturbed abstract evolution equations. It is shown that, for small values of the singular parameter, the invariant manifold for the perturbed equation is C1 close to that of the unpertubed equation. The results obtained are applied to the second‐order evolution equations with strong damping arising in the mathematical théory of viscoelasticity.
A Fujita‐type global existence—global non‐existence theorem for a system of reaction diffusion equations with differing diffusivities
Authors: Fila Marek , Levine Howard A. , Uda Yoshitaka
Published: October 2005

In this paper we condiser non‐negative solutions of the initial value problem in ℝN for the system

where 0 ⩽ δ ⩽ 1 and pq > 0. We prove the following conditions.

Suppose min(p,q)≥1 but pq1.

If δ = 0 then u=v=0 is the only non‐negative global solution of the system.

If δ>0, non‐negative non‐globle solutions always exist for suitable initial values.

If 0<⩽1 and max(α, β) ≥ N/2, where qα = β + 1, pβ = α + 1, then the conclusion of (a) holds.

If N > 2, 0 < δ ⩽ 1 and max (α β) < (N ‐ 2)/2, then global, non‐trivial non‐negative solutions exist which belong to L∞(ℝN×[0, ∞]) and satisfy 0 < u(X, t) ⩽ c∣x∣−2α and 0 < v(X, t) ⩽ c ∣x∣−2bT for large ∣x∣ for all t > 0, where c depends only upon the initial data.

Suppose 0 > δ 1 and max (α, β) < N/2. If N> = 1,2 or N > 2 and max (p, q)⩽ N/(N‐2), then global, non‐trivial solutions exist which, after makinng the standard ‘hot spot’ change of variables, belong to the weighted Hilbert space H1 (K) where K(x)  exp(¼∣x∣2). They decay like e[max(α,β)‐(N/2)+ε]t for every ε > 0. These solutions are classical solutions for t > 0.

If max (α, β) < N/2, then threre are global non‐tivial solutions which satisfy, in the hot spot variables

where where 0 < ε = ε(u0, v0) < (N/2)−;max(α, β).

Suppose min(p, q) ⩽ 1.

If pq ≥ 1, all non‐negative solutions are global.

Suppose min(p, q) < 1.

If pg > 1 and δ = 0, than all non‐trivial non‐negative maximal solutions are non‐global.

If 0 < δ ⩽ 1, pq > 1 and max(α,β)≥ N/2 all non‐trivial non‐negative maximal solutions are non‐global.

If 0 < δ ≥ 1, pq > 1 and max(α,β) < N/2, there are both global and non‐negative solutions.

We also indicate some extensions of these results to moe general systems and to othere geometries.
Diffusion limit for the linear boltzmann equation of the neutron transport theory
Authors: Banasiak J. , Mika J. R.
Published: October 2005

In this paper we present the asymptotic analysis of the linear Boltzmann equation for neutrons with a small positive parameter ϵ related to the mean free path, based upon the Chapman–Enskog procedure of the kinetic theory. We prove that if proper initial conditions derived by considering initial layer solutions are used, the diffusion equation gives the uniform approximation to the neutron density function with the O(ϵ2) accuracy.
Non‐linear stability for the Vlasov–Poisson system—the energy‐Casimir method
Authors: Rein Gerhard
Published: October 2005

The problem of stability of stationary solutions of the Vlasov–Poisson system has received a lot of attention in the physics literature, both in the stellar dynamics and the plasma physics cases. The energy‐Casimir method has been used to prove non‐linear stability for various conservative systems, but no rigorous application to the Vlasov–Poisson system has been given yet. We employ this method to prove non‐linear stability of stationary solutions for the plasma physics case in three geometrically different settings.
Completeness of the wave operators in scattering of classical waves by local perturbations of a cone shaped domain
Authors: Jochmann Frank
Published: October 2005

We consider wave propagation in a cone shaped unbounded domain which contains an inhomogeneous medium with non‐smooth coefficients. Existence and completeness of the wave operators are proved in the case of local perturbations of the domain and the coefficients.
Connectivity graphs on two‐dimensional surfaces and their application in robotics
Authors: Sun Kang , Lumelsky Vladimir J.
Published: October 2005

The problem of robot motion planning in an environment with obstacles can often be reduced to the study of connectivity of the robot's free configuration space. In turn, space connectivity can be analysed via the correspondingconnectivity graph. For two‐degree‐of‐freedom robots, the free configuration space presents atwo‐dimensional(2D)surface—a compact subspace of a 2D orientable compact manifold. This paper addresses the following abstract problem: given a compact 2D surface bounded by simple closed curves and lying in an orientable 2D manifold (a sphere, a torus, etc.) and given two points in the subspace, suggest a systematic way of defining the connectivity graph in the subspace, based on its topological properties. The use of space topology results in powerful, from the robotics standpoint, provable algorithms capable of on‐line motion planning in an environment with unknown obstacles of arbitrary shapes. This makes the method distinct from other techniques, which require complete information, algebraic representation of space geometry, and off‐line computation.
Asymptotic characterization of standing waves and of the static limit for a class of wave equations of higher order with a variable coefficient and time‐independent incitation
Authors: Winter Matthias
Published: October 2005

We consider the equation (−1)m∇m (p∇mu) + ∂u = ƒ in ℝn × (0, ∞) for arbitrary positive integers m and n and under the assumptions p − 1, ƒ ϵ C(ℝn) and p > 0. Even if the differential operator (−1)m∇m (p∇mu) has no eigenvalues, the solution u(x,t) may increase as t → ∞ for 2m ≥ n. For this case, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of u(x,t) as t → ∞. Furthermore, we characterize the functions occurring in these conditions as solutions of the homogeneous static equation (−1)m∇m (p∇mu) = 0, which satisfy appropriate asymptotic conditions at infinity. We also give an asymptotic characterization of the static limit.
Global solutions for operator Riccati equations with unbounded coefficients: A non‐linear semigroup approach
Authors: Kuiper Hendrik J.
Published: October 2005

Let X be a Banach space of real‐valued functions on [0, 1] and let ℒ(X) be the space of bounded linear operators on X. We are interested in solutions R:(0, ∞) → ℒ(X) for the operator Riccati equation

where T is an unbounded multiplication operator in X and the Bi(t)'s are bounded linear integral operators on X. This equation arises in transport theory as the result of an invariant embedding of the Boltzmann equation. Solutions which are of physical interest are those that take on values in the space of bounded linear operators on L1(0, 1). Conditions on X, R(0), T, and the coefficients are found such that the theory of non‐linear semigroups may be used to prove global existence of strong solutions in ℒ(X) that also satisfy R(t) ϵ ℒ(L1(0,1)) for all t ≥ 0.
General mathematical concept of compensation in sports science with quantitative analysis in the case of sprinting performance
Authors: Fuchs P. M.
Published: October 2005

In many of the known sports disciplines, especially in athletics, the criterion which determines the positions of the competitors is a simple physical value, mostly a time or a distance, and the athlete with the minimum or maximum, respectively, takes the first place. Moreover, sports science explains this criterion by a set of the so‐called basic abilities. Compensation means the balance of the inferiority of such a basic ability by the superiority of another one.

In the following paper, a general abstract concept to analyse compensation in a quantitative way is presented first. It can be applied to any discipline with a measurable criterion, if, in addition, the performance can be described by a kinematic function.

Second, the proceeding is worked out in detail for the short sprint based on the modelling of the velocity function of a sprinter and the indicators for his basic abilities in [6]. The two aspects of compensation, namely the set of indicators which belong to the same criterion and the improvement of the criterion caused by the improvement of a basic ability, are discussed in a quantitative way. They turn out to be describable by the mathematical structures of ‘surfaces of constant pure running time’ and certain gradients, respectively.
Study of a perforated thin plate according to the relative sizes of its different parameters
Authors: El Otmani S. , Sac‐Épée J.‐M. , Paulin J. Saint Jean
Published: October 2005

We are interested in the study of a thin plate, periodicially perforated by cylindrical holes, the axes of which are perpendicular to the plane of the plate. A horizontal section of the plate specifies its geometry, and shows a periodicity in the order of ϵ. The thickness of the plate is equal to e. The ratio of material is small, and is characterized by the parameter δ, the thickness of the bars being equal to ϵδ. In this paper, we study the dependence of displacements on e, ϵ and δ, and to give equivalent limits when e, then ϵ, and finally δ, tend towards zero. An interesting result obtained in this work is the negative Poisson coefficient of the final equivalent material. Although this coefficient is theoretically between −½ and 1, most materials encountered in practice have a positive one.
A low velocity approximation for the relativistic Vlasov‐Maxwell system
Authors: McGillen Donald J.
Published: October 2005

An approximation for the relativistic Vlasov‐Maxwell (RVM) system of partial differential equations in the one‐space, two‐momenta case is proposed. The speed of light, c, appears as a parameter in this system. The approximation is obtained by modifying certain integral operators appearing in integral representations, due to Glassey and Strauss, of the electric and magnetic fields, and replaces the hyperbolic Maxwell system with one that is elliptic in nature (for each fixed t). Solutions of the modified problem are shown to converge in a pointwise sense to solutions of (RVM) at the asymptotic rate of 1/c2 as c tends to infinity.
The problem of primary frost heave with frost penetration
Authors: Ding Zhengzhong
Published: October 2005

This paper is concerned with a mathematical model for the phenomenon of primary frost heave with frost penetration, which appears in the freezing process of wet soil. The problem is formulated in the form of a free boundary problem with two free boundaries. It is shown that there exists a unique classical solution for this problem.
A particle method for a self‐gravitating fluid: A convergence result
Authors: Di Lisio Roberto
Published: October 2005

We study an Hamiltonian system of N particles in ℝ3 interacting by a short‐range repulsive and a long‐range attractive potential. It is shown that the empirical measures associated to the positions and velocity of the system converge to the solutions of Euler equations for a self‐gravitating fluid, in the limit as the particle number tends to infinity, for a suitable scaling of the interactions.
On the effectiveness of returns policies in the price‐dependent newsvendor model
Authors: Granot Daniel , Yin Shuya
Published: October 2005

We study in this paper the price‐dependent (PD) newsvendor model in which a manufacturer sells a product to an independent retailer facing uncertain demand and the retail price is endogenously determined by the retailer. We prove that for a zero salvage value and some expected demand functions, in equilibrium, the manufacturer may elect not to introduce buybacks. On the other hand, if buybacks are introduced in equilibrium, their introduction has an insignificant effect on channel efficiency improvement, but, by contrast, may significantly shift profits from the retailer to the manufacturer. We further demonstrate that the introduction of buybacks increases the wholesale price, retail price, and inventory level, as compared to the wholesale price‐only contract, and that the corresponding vertically integrated firm offers the lowest retail price and highest inventory level. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
A spectral algorithm for envelope reduction of sparse matrices
Authors: Barnard Stephen T. , Pothen Alex , Simon Horst
Published: October 2005

The problem of reordering a sparse symmetric matrix to reduce its envelope size is considered. A new spectral algorithm for computing an envelope‐reducing reordering is obtained by associating a Laplacian matrix with the given matrix and then sorting the components of a specified eigenvector of the Laplacian. This Laplacian eigenvector solves a continuous relaxation of a discrete problem related to envelope minimization called the minimum 2‐sum problem. The permutation vector computed by the spectral algorithm is a closest permutation vector to the specified Laplacian eigenvector. Numerical results show that the new reording algorithm usually computes smaller envelope sizes than those obtained from the current standards such as the Gibbs—Poole—Stockmeyer (GPS) algorithm or the reverse Cuthill—McKee (RCM) algorithm in SPARSPAK, in some cases reducing the envelope by more than a factor of two.
The generalized Riemann problem method for the shallow water equations with bottom topography
Authors: Li Jiequan , Chen Guoxian
Published: October 2005

This paper extends the generalized Riemann problem method (GRP) to the system of shallow water equations with bottom topography. The main contribution is that the generalized Riemann problem method (J. Comput. Phys. 1984; 55(1):1–32) is used to evaluate the midpoint values of solutions at each cell interface so that the bottom topography effect is included in numerical fluxes, and at the same step the source term is discretized with an interface method in which only mid‐point values are plugged in. This scheme is well balanced between the flux gradient and bottom topography when incorporating the surface gradient method (SGM) (J. Comput. Phys. 2001; 168(1):1–25) into data reconstruction step, and it is also suitable for both steady and unsteady flow simulations. We illustrate the accuracy of this scheme by several 1‐D and 2‐D numerical experiments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material cloud method for topology optimization
Authors: Chang Su‐Young , Youn Sung‐Kie
Published: October 2005

Material cloud method (MCM), a new approach for topology optimization, is presented. In MCM, an optimal structure can be obtained by manipulating the sizes and positions of material clouds, which are material patches with finite sizes and constant material densities. The optimal distributions of material clouds can be obtained by MCM using fixed background finite element meshes. In the numerical analysis procedure, only active elements, where more than one material cloud is contained, are treated. Optimal material distribution can be element‐wise extracted from the distribution of material clouds. With MCM, an expansion–reduction procedure of design domain can be naturally realized through movements of material clouds, so that a true optimal solution can be found without any significant increase of computational costs. It is also shown that a clear material distribution with narrow region of intermediate density can be obtained with relatively fast convergence. Several numerical examples are shown. Some of the results are compared with those of the traditional density distribution method (DDM). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D hybrid mesh generation for reservoir simulation
Authors: Flandrin Nicolas , Borouchaki Houman , Bennis Chakib
Published: October 2005

A great challenge for flow simulators of new generation is to gain more accuracy at well proximity within complex geological structures. For this purpose, a new approach based on hybrid mesh modelling was proposed in 2D by Balaven et al. (Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Field Simulations, Whistler, Canada, 2000; 407–416). In this hybrid mesh, the reservoir is described by a structured quadrilateral mesh and drainage areas around wells are represented by radial circular meshes. In order to generate a global conforming mesh, unstructured transition meshes constituted by convex polygonal elements satisfying finite volume properties are used to connect these two structured meshes. The hybrid mesh allows us to take full advantage of the simplicity and practical aspects of structured meshes, while complexity inherent to unstructured meshes is introduced only where strictly needed. This paper presents the 3D extension of the generation of such a hybrid mesh (ECCOMAS, Jyväskylä, Finland, 2004). The proposed method uses 3D power diagrams to generate the transition mesh. Due to the round‐off errors, this mesh is modified in order to ensure the conformity with the structured meshes. In addition, some criteria are introduced to measure the mesh quality, as well as an optimization procedure to remove or to expand small edges of the transition mesh under finite volume properties constraints. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mixed method in structural optimization
Authors: Sander G. , Fleury C.
Published: October 2005

It is shown how existing methods based on optimality criteria can be generalized using a first order approximation for all the constraints. In this case, these methods can be presented as a particular case of mathematical programming methods that use a linear approximation of constraints expressed in the space of the inverse of the design variables. A mixed method is proposed that can present the main advantages of both classical methods.
Finite element analysis of sheet forming processes
Authors: Rebelo N. , Nagtegaal J. C. , Hibbitt H. D.
Published: October 2005

The paper discusses several aspects of the simulation of sheet forming processes using finite elements. We begin with a brief description of the class of problems treated, emphasizing the main deformation modes present. The choice of finite element type for modelling the sheet—continuum, shell, membrane, or special purpose—is discussed in realation to the geometrical simplifications made with respect to deformation. We pay particular attention to the kinematic implementation of membrane (plane stress) deformation. Modelling problems associated with the interaction between the sheet and dies are then discussed: in particular, problems related to rigid surface representation and friction. A simplified model of drawbeads is described, which allows for macro‐representation of this die detail. Some practical application examples are included to illustrate these points. The paper concludes with a general discussion of developments which we believe to be desirable for this type of simulation.
The adaptation of structured grids to numerical solutions for transonic flow
Authors: Catherall David
Published: October 2005

Methods are described for adapting a structured grid in response to a numerical solution, so that grid nodes become clustered where ‘solution activity’ is high, the aim being to reduce solution truncation errors without increasing the number of grid nodes employed, or modifying their connectivity. After introducing the concept of ‘equidistribution’, and discussing options for the measurement of solution activity, the paper concentrates mainly on two alternative techniques for producing smooth, regular grids which apply constraints on this equidistribution. The first technique described is based on a spring analogy, and is demonstrated here with examples of two‐ and three‐dimensional inviscid flows, and with two‐dimensional viscous flows. The second technique employs a Poisson grid generator with adaptive terms included in the control functions, and is demonstrated with a two‐dimensional inviscid flow. A third method is then introduced, termed the LPE method, which allows a compromise to be chosen between grids generated by solving Laplace equations, Poisson equations and equidistribution equations. Since this method is still being developed, results are currently limited and tentative.
An alternating technique for evaluating weight functions for 3‐D surface flaws in finite solid bodies
Authors: Liao C. Y. , Atluri S. N.
Published: October 2005

An efficient method, based on the Schwarz–Neumann alternating technique, is presented for computing weight functions of a general solid (3‐D as well as 2‐D), with embedded or surface‐flaw configurations. The total rate of change of the crack‐opening displacements, due to simple perturbations of crack‐dimension characteristics, is conveniently decomposed into the infinite‐domain and boundary‐correction parts. The former is determined from available analytical solutions of ideal‐shaped cracks, whereas the latter is computed numerically by imposing nil boundary‐traction requirements for the displacement field corresponding to the weight functions. Numerical examples, with solutions for 3‐D weighted‐average and local stress intensity factors, indicate that the proposed method is very accurate and efficient.
Solution structures of the reduced and Cu(I) bound forms of the first metal binding sequence of ATP7A associated with Menkes disease
Authors: DeSilva Tara M. , Veglia Gianluigi , Opella Stanley J.
Published: October 2005

The coding sequence for the first N‐terminal copper binding motif of the human Menkes disease protein (MNK1; residues 2–79) was synthesized, cloned, and expressed in bacteria for biochemical and structural studies. MNK1 adopts the βαββαβ fold common to all the metal binding sequences (MBS) found in other metal transport systems (e.g., the yeast copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase CCS, the yeast copper chaperone ATX1 bound to Hg(II), and most recently Cu(I), the bacterial copper binding protein, CopZ, and the bacterial Hg(II) binding protein MerP), although substantial differences were found in the metal binding loop. Similar to ATX1, MNK1 binds Cu(I) in a distorted linear bicoordinate geometry. As with MerP, MNK1 has a high affinity for both Hg(II) and Cu(I), although it displays a marked preference for Cu(I). In addition, we found that F71 is a key residue in the compact folding of MNK1, and its mutation to alanine results in an unfolded structure. The homologous residue in MerP has also been mutated with similar results. Finally, to understand the relationship between protein folding and metal affinity and specificity, we expressed a chimeric MBS with the MNK1 protein carrying the binding motif of MerP (CAAC‐MNK1); this chimeric protein showed differences in structure and the dynamics of the binding site that may account for metal specificity. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobility of electrons in a AlGaN/GaN QW: Effect of temperature, applied field, surface roughness and well width
Authors: Yarar Z. , Ozdemir Berrin , Ozdemir Metin
Published: October 2005

We study the dependence of low field mobility on various parameters such as well width and interface roughness for a two‐dimensional electron gas confined to a AlGaN/GaN quantum well as a function of temperature. The potential profile, the energy levels, electron concentrations and wave functions for each level are found from the self‐consistent numerical solution of Schrödinger and Poisson equations for the quantum well. Then the scattering rates for electrons due to acoustic phonons, optical phonons and interface roughness are obtained using the self consistently calculated wave functions. Ensemble Monte Carlo technique is used to find the drift velocities of the two‐dimensional electrons along the interface. The mobility of two‐dimensional electrons is extracted from these data. Electron transport properties of bulk GaN is also studied in order to compare the two and three‐dimensional mobility values. It is seen that electron mobilities upto 40 × 103 cm2/Vs can be obtained in a 2DEG confined to an AlGaN/GaN hetero interface. The results of simulation are compared with experimental findings and it is seen that the agreement between simulation and experiments in two dimensions is very satisfactory. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlations between Raman frequency shifts and the thermodynamic quantities close to the melting point in D2O ice
Authors: Karacali H. , Yurtseven H.
Published: October 2005

The Raman frequency shifts (1/ν) (∂ν/∂T)P and (1/ν) (∂ν/∂P)T of the translational mode are correlated to the specific heat Cp and to the thermal expansivity αp, respectively, in D2O ice. Close to the melting point, they correlate linearly, from which the values of the slope dP/dT have been deduced in D2O ice. Our calculated values of dP/dT are in very good agreement with the experimentally obtained value in this crystalline system. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase diagrams of a nanoparticle described by the transverse Ising model
Authors: Kaneyoshi T.
Published: October 2005

The phase diagrams of a ferroelectric small particle described by the transverse Ising model (TIM) are investigated by the use of two theoretical frameworks, namely the standard mean‐field theory and the effective‐field theory corresponding to the Zernike approximation. The particle is represented by a two‐dimensional array of pseudo‐spins with two types of exchange interactions (J in bulk and JS on the surface) and two types of transverse fields (Ω in the bulk and ΩS on the surface). We study the phase diagrams of this model, changing the size S of the particle and the ratios of JS/J and ΩS/Ω. We find that the critical behaviors are a little different from those found for the phase diagrams of ferroelectric thin films described by the TIM. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection of surface states anisotropies at GaAs(001)(2 × 4) decapped surfaces
Authors: Goletti C. , Emiliani V. , Schintke S. , Frisch A. M. , Esser N. , Fimland B. O.
Published: October 2005

The surface or bulk origin of the optical anisotropies detected by reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) at GaAs(001)(2 × 4) surfaces has been extensively investigated in the last years and a quite general agreement has been reached that the dominating character would be bulk‐like. Nevertheless, a very recent paper [F. Arciprete et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 081308(R) (2004)] has again issued the presence of surface states contributions in optical anisotropies, revealing a structure at 2.5 eV due to surface states, in addition to the well known features around 2.9 eV and 4.5 eV related to the bulk critical points E1 and E0′. We have carried out a new experiment to prove this conclusion by following the changes in the optical anisotropy of a GaAs(001)(2 × 4) surface in the range 2.0–5.0 eV induced by Ag/Sb‐codeposition. The interface Ag/GaAs(001) is known to be not reactive. Due to its surfactant effect, codeposition of Sb leads to a nearly epitaxial growth of the Ag overlayer. We show that at the early stages of deposition (nominally at 0.25 monolayer) an evident modification of the RAS spectrum is detected at 2.5 eV, well below the photon energy (2.9 eV) where bulk‐like anisotropies appear. We relate this modification to the disappearance of surface states characteristic of the (2 × 4) reconstruction, in excellent agreement with previous conclusions and experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy study of underpotential deposition of copper onto Au(110)
Authors: Smith C. I. , Farell T. , Lucas C. A. , Nichols R. J. , Weightman P.
Published: October 2005

The underpotential deposition of Cu on Au(110) has been monitored by Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS). The changes in the intensity of spectral features observed at 2.6 eV and 3.4 eV in the RA spectrum of Au(110) that are induced by the deposition of Cu occur on different timescales. It is suggested that these changes arise, respectively, from the partial quenching of surface states and from changes in surface morphology. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)