bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing P300 modulations: Target‐to‐target interval versus infrequent nontarget‐to‐nontarget interval in a three‐stimulus task
Authors: Steiner Genevieve Z. , Brennan Michelle L. , Gonsalvez Craig J. , Barry Robert J.
Published: November 2012

This study examined temporal determinants of the P300 component of the ERP in a three‐stimulus visual oddball task. Frequent standards, with equiprobable targets and infrequent nontargets, were utilized. We tested whether the infrequent nontarget‐to‐nontarget interval (infrequent NNI) influences P300 amplitudes and latencies analogously to the target‐to‐target interval (TTI). EEG was recorded from 27 participants, and response time and P300 effects of TTIs and infrequent NNIs were assessed. Increases in TTI augmented target P300 amplitudes and decreased latencies and response times. However, this modulation of P300 amplitude was weak for manipulations of infrequent NNI. P300 latencies increased initially before decreasing across infrequent NNI levels. Together, these findings support the notion that the P300 has an underlying temporal mechanism that is modulated by motivationally significant events. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Trace Element Classification Diagrams of Pyroclastic Rocks from the Volcanic Districts of Central Italy: the Case Study of the Ancient Roman Ships of Pisa
Authors: Marra F. , D'Ambrosio E.
Published: November 2012

Identification of the volcanic material (pozzolan) stored in a Roman ship of the fourth to third century bce, wrecked in the ancient harbour of Pisa (central Italy), was based on ratios of selected trace elements. The compositions of the major volcanic products erupted by the volcanoes of the Roman province, including the volcanic districts of Latium (Vulsini, Vico, Monti Sabatini and the Alban Hills) and Campania (Roccamonfina, the Phlegraean Fields, Ischia, Procida and Vesuvius) are compared with the pozzolan from the Pisa ship. Superposition of the Zr/Y, Nb/Y and Nb/Zr ratios of the pyroclastic material from the wrecked ship (computed from the published literature) allows correlation with the products of the Onano eruption from the Vulsini Volcanic District. The Vulsini rocks outcrop extensively in a sector drained by the hydrographic network of the Fiora River, which has been a well‐developed commercial water trade route since Etruscan times, with a river port and a sea port connected to the important town of Vulci, and, since 273 bce, part of the larger Roman harbour system of Cosa.
Attachment and the investment model: Predictors of relationship commitment, maintenance, and persistence
Authors: ETCHEVERRY PAUL E. , LE BENJAMIN , WU TSUI‐FENG , WEI MEIFEN
Published: November 2012

This research examines adult attachment and the investment model. Study 1 tests anxiety and avoidance predicting romantic relationship commitment, mediated by satisfaction, alternatives, and investments. Additional studies added outcomes of relationship maintenance (Study 2) and persistence (Study 3). In all 3 studies, satisfaction, alternatives, and investments mediated the associations between anxiety and avoidance and relationship commitment. A direct effect of avoidance on commitment remained. The investment model variables mediated the effect of anxiety and avoidance on accommodation and willingness to sacrifice (Study 2) and relationship persistence (Study 3). Direct effects remained for avoidance on accommodation and anxiety on persistence. The mediated model was supported for men and women, proximal and long‐distance relationships, and college student and community samples.
The parasomnias: Mechanisms and treatment
Authors: Tinuper Paolo , Bisulli Francesca , Provini Federica
Published: November 2012

Although parasomnias should be considered benign conditions without a deleterious impact on sleep quality and quantity, especially in children, it is important to recognize and properly diagnose these phenomena. Moreover, parasomnias may be misdiagnosed as epileptic seizures, in particular seizures with a predominant complex motor behavior as seizures occurring in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), leading to unnecessary and expensive investigations and prolonged and unsuccessful treatment. In this article we describe the clinical and neurophysiologic features of the most common parasomnias, giving the most reliable elements of differential diagnosis between parasomnias and epileptic nocturnal seizures, namely the typical seizures occurring in NFLE. The diagnostic value of history‐taking, video‐polysomnography, home video recording, and diagnostic scales is discussed. Next we describe the intriguing aspect of the frequent coexistence, in the same family and even in the same patients, of epileptic and parasomniac attacks, giving a common neurophysiologic interpretation. Finally some brief indications to the treatment of parasomnias are suggested.
Migraine in the borderland of epilepsy: “Migralepsy” an overlapping syndrome of children and adults?
Authors: Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité Dorothée , Parisi Pasquale
Published: November 2012

Gowers gave migraine a place in the borderland of epilepsy, justified by many relations and the fact that distinction of these two diseases is difficult. Gowers based his ideas on clinical histories from his patients, and he concluded that in extremely rare instances one may develop while the other goes on. In modern times, patient testimonies of the problem of differentiating migraine from epilepsy are given in health‐chat Websites. It shows clearly that distinction between the two conditions is still problematic and that migralepsy is either nonexisting or extremely rare as Gowers noticed.
Cardiac syncope
Authors: Anderson Joseph , O’Callaghan Peter
Published: November 2012

Clinicians who diagnose and manage epilepsy frequently encounter diagnoses of a nonneurological nature, particularly when assessing patients with transient loss of consciousness (T‐LOC). Among these, and perhaps the most important, is cardiac syncope. As a group, patients with cardiac syncope have the highest likelihood of subsequent sudden death, and yet, unlike sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) for example, it is the norm for these tragic occurrences to be both easily predictable and preventable. In the 12 months following initial presentation with cardiac syncope, sudden death has been found to be 6 times more common than in those with noncardiac syncope (N Engl J Med 309, 1983, 197). In short, for every patient seen with T‐LOC, two fundamental aims of the consultation are to assess the likelihood of cardiac syncope as the cause, and to estimate the risk of future sudden death for the individual. This article aims to outline for the noncardiologist how to recognize cardiac syncope, how to tell it apart from more benign cardiovascular forms of syncope as well as from seizures and epilepsy, and what can be done to predict and prevent sudden death in these patients. This is achieved through the assessment triad of a clinical history and examination, risk stratification, and 12‐lead electrocardiography (ECG).
Chronic Hypertrophic Ganglioneuritis Mimicking Spinal Nerve Neoplasia: Clinical, Imaging, Pathologic Findings, and Outcome after Surgical Treatment
Authors: Ródenas Sergio , Summers Brian A. , Saveraid Travis , Denning Andrew , Marioni‐Henry Katia
Published: November 2012

Objective

To report the clinical, imaging, pathologic findings, surgical planning, and long‐term outcome after surgery in a dog with neurologic deficits because of a hypertrophic ganglioneuritis that compressed the spinal cord.

Study Design

Clinical report.

Animal

An 8‐year‐old male intact Yorkshire terrier.

Methods

The dog had ambulatory tetraparesis and neurologic examination was consistent with a C1‐C5 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed enlargement of the left C2 spinal nerve causing compression of the spinal cord. The main differential diagnosis was spinal nerve neoplasia with compression and possibly spinal cord invasion. On ultrasonography, there was enlargement of the spinal nerve and fine needle aspiration did not show evidence of neoplasia. Fascicular biopsy of the spinal nerve was consistent with enlargement because of chronic inflammation (hypertrophic neuritis).

Results

Hemilaminectomy followed by durotomy and rhizotomy allowed resection of an intradural‐extramedullary mass that was the enlarged left C2 spinal nerve. Histopathology was consistent with a hypertrophic ganglioneuritis. Thirteen months later the dog remained free of clinical signs.

Conclusion

Hypertrophic neuritis affecting the spinal nerves may be misdiagnosed as spinal nerve neoplasia that in dogs is usually malignant with a poor prognosis. Focal spinal nerve lesions with compression of the spinal cord evident on MRI may be inflammatory and are not necessarily a neoplastic condition.
Effects of a Cross‐linked Hyaluronic Acid Based Gel on the Healing of Open Wounds in Dogs
Authors: Hadley Heather S. , Stanley Bryden J. , Fritz Michele C. , Hauptman Joe G. , Steficek Barbara A.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To compare effects of a cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA) based gel (CMHA‐S) to a standard wound management protocol on the healing of acute, full‐thickness wounds in dogs.

Study Design

A prospective, controlled, experimental study.

Animals

Purpose‐bred, adult, female beagles (n = 10).

Methods

Two 2 × 2 cm wounds were surgically created bilaterally on the trunk of each dog and each side randomized to treatment (CMHA‐S) or control (CON) groups. Total and open wound areas were measured with digital image planimetry at 15 time points. From these data, percent contraction and percent epithelialization were calculated. Tissue biopsies were obtained at 6 time points and histologic features were scored.

Results

Total wound area was significantly larger and percent contraction was significantly less in CMHA‐S compared to CON wounds at all data points between days 9 and 18. At day 25, and for the remainder of the study, CMHA‐S wounds were smaller and contracted more than CON wounds, reaching significance at day 32. Percent epithelialization was significantly less in CMHA‐S compared to CON wounds at all data points after day 11. Histologically, fibroblastic cellular infiltration was significantly higher in CMHA‐S wounds at day 21.

Conclusions

CMHA‐S wounds healed more slowly than CON wounds. This HA‐based gel is not indicated in acute, full‐thickness skin wounds in dogs as administered in this study. However, treatment may be beneficial in the mid‐to‐late repair stage of healing, or if scar minimization is desired. Further studies to evaluate the effects of the CMHA‐S gel on canine wounds are indicated.
Long‐Term Functional Outcome of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Versus Extracapsular Repair in a Heterogeneous Population of Dogs
Authors: Nelson Samantha A. , Krotscheck Ursula , Rawlinson Jeremy , Todhunter Rory J. , Zhang Zhiwu , Mohammed Hussni
Published: November 2012

Objective

To compare the long‐term outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and extracapsular repair (ECR) for treatment of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL).

Study Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

Normal adult dogs (control, n = 79); dogs with unilateral CCL disease (n = 38).

Methods

Dogs had TPLO (n = 15) or ECR (n = 23) for treatment of RCCL. Force plate gait analysis was performed for the control group at one time point and for treatment groups at serial points: preoperatively, 2 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Symmetry indices (SIs) were calculated between operated and unoperated pelvic limb for ground reaction forces (GRFs), including peak vertical force (PVF), contact time (CT), and vertical impulse (VI). GRFs of the treatment groups and control group were compared using a general linear model and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results

At 8 weeks, for PVF and VI, the TPLO group had more symmetric limb loading than the ECR group at the walk and trot. SIs of the TPLO group were not different from the control group by 6 months to 1 year postoperatively. SIs for the ECR group were less symmetrical than the control group at all time periods. Using survival analysis, median time to normal function was no different at the walk between groups, but was shorter for the TPLO group for VI and PVF.

Conclusions

Dogs achieved normal limb loading faster after TPLO than ECR. TPLO resulted in operated limb function that was indistinguishable from the control population by 1 year postoperatively.
Evaluation of MRI Criteria for Cavernous Sinus Invasion in Pituitary Macroadenoma
Authors: Sol Yu Li , Lee Seung‐Koo , Choi Hyun Seok , Lee Yun Hee , Kim Jinna , Kim Sun‐Ho
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

This study was designed to evaluate various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for cavernous sinus (CS) invasion in preoperative evaluation of pituitary macroadenoma.

METHODS

The sellar MRIs of 63 patients (47 female, 16 male; age 17‐67 years, mean of 42 years) who underwent surgery for pituitary macroadenoma were retrospectively reviewed. The following MR signs were assessed and compared with intraoperative findings, and statistical analyses were performed: (1) presence of hypointense‐line suggestive of medial wall of CS on high‐resolution coronal T2‐weighted image, (2) presence of entire rim‐enhancement around the intracavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) (“periarterial enhancement”), (3) location of the tumor in relation to the lateral intercarotid lines, and (4) angle of tumor encasement around the intracavernous ICA.

RESULTS

CS invasion was highly probable if periarterial enhancement was not depicted (positive predictive value, 86%; P < .001). Valuable criteria of CS invasion by logistic regression analysis were the absence of periarterial enhancement (P = .043, odds ratio = 5.23) and the angle of intracavernous ICA encased by the tumor (P = .029, odds ratio = 1.017) with a threshold value of 136.5° with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 78.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI criteria may be helpful in evaluating the presence of CS invasion in pituitary macroadenoma.
Microvascular Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Seidel Günter , Roessler Florian , Al‐Khaled Mohamed
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

Microvascular imaging (MVI), a new ultrasound technology, is used to analyze brain perfusion at the patient's bedside. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of MVI in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

METHODS

Nineteen patients suffering from AIS (mean age, 70.9 ± 12.2 years; 47% female; mean NIHSS‐score, 12 ± 8) were investigated within the first 12 hours after symptom onset. We used the iU22 (Philips) system (S5–1 probe; low‐mechanical index; depth, 13 cm), and 2 bolus injections of an ultrasound contrast agent (2.4 mL SonoVue™ per injection). The area of maximal perfusion deficit (AMPD) was compared with infarction on follow‐up cranial computed tomography (CT) and NIHSS score 24 hours after stroke onset.

RESULTS

Of 19 patients, 15 patients (79%) had sufficient insonation conditions. Of these patients, 12 had infarctions. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting infarctions with ultrasound perfusion imaging were 91% and 67%, respectively. A significant correlation existed between the AMPD and NIHSS score at 24 hours after symptom onset (P= .023), and with occlusion of the internal carotid artery (P= .005).

CONCLUSION

Performing bedside MVI in the early phase of AIS provides information on brain parenchyma perfusion and prognosis of AIS.
The Effects of Changing Anti‐Discrimination Legal Standards on the Evaluation of Older Workers
Authors: Cox Cody B. , Barron Laura
Published: November 2012

Recent court decisions have raised evidentiary standards for demonstrating age discrimination, which may also impact attitudes toward older workers. In 2 studies, we explored the relationship between perceived legal protections and attitudes toward older workers. In Study 1, perceptions of current discrimination laws predicted attitudes toward older workers. In Study 2, participants received a training module that either discussed the recent ruling or previous law. When the new ruling was presented, older targets were rated less capable of change and less suitable for their jobs than were otherwise equivalent younger targets. Individuals high in power distance were particularly susceptible to this effect. Implications of the importance of age anti‐discrimination laws are discussed.
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: Characterization, Etiology, and Management
Authors: Facelle Thomas M. , Sadeghi-Nejad Hossein , Goldmeier David
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a potentially debilitating disorder of unwanted genital sensation and arousal that is generally spontaneous and unrelenting. Since its first description in 2001, many potential etiologies and management strategies have been suggested.

Aim

To review the literature on PGAD, identify possible causes of the disorder, and provide approaches to the assessment and treatment of the disorder based on the authors' experience and recent literature.

Methods

PubMed searches through July 2012 were conducted to identify articles relevant to persistent sexual arousal syndrome and PGAD.

Main Outcome Measures

Expert opinion was based on review of the medical literature related to this subject matter.

Results

PGAD is characterized by persistent sensations of genital arousal in the absence of sexual stimulation or emotion, which are considered unwanted and cause the patient at least moderate distress. The proposed etiologies of PGAD are plentiful and may involve a range of psychologic, pharmacologic, neurologic, and vascular causes. PGAD has been associated with other conditions including overactive bladder and restless leg syndrome. Assessment should include a through history and physical exam and tailored radiologic studies. Treatment should be aimed at reversible causes, whether physiologic or pharmacologic. All patients should be considered for cognitive therapy including mindfullness meditation and acceptance therapy.

Conclusions

PGAD likely represents a range of conditions manifesting in unwanted genital sensations. Successful treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach and consideration of all reversible causes as well as cognitive therapy.
The Pars Intermedia: An Anatomic Basis for a Coordinated Vascular Response to Female Genital Arousal
Authors: Shih Cheryl , Cold Christopher J. , Yang Claire C.
Published: November 2012

Introduction

The pars intermedia is an area of the vulva that has been inconsistently described in the literature.

Aim

We conducted anatomic studies to better describe the tissues and vascular structures of the pars intermedia and proposed a functional rationale of the pars intermedia in the female sexual response.

Methods

Nine cadaveric vulvectomy specimens were used. Each was serially sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome.

Main Outcome Measures

Histologic ultrastructural description of the pars intermedia.

Results

The pars intermedia contains veins traveling longitudinally in the angle of the clitoris, supported by collagen-rich stromal tissues. These veins drain the different vascular compartments of the vulva, including the clitoris, the bulbs, and labia minora; also, the interconnecting veins link the different vascular compartments. The pars intermedia is not composed of erectile tissue, distinguishing it from the erectile tissues of the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris as well as the corpus spongiosum of the clitoral (vestibular) bulbs.

Conclusions

The venous communications of the pars intermedia, linking the erectile tissues with the other vascular compartments of the vulva, appear to provide the anatomic basis for a coordinated vascular response during female sexual arousal.
Psychological Impact of Peyronie's Disease: A Review
Authors: Nelson Christian J. , Mulhall John P.
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Peyronie's disease (PD) is characterized by an accumulation of scar tissue in the tunica albuginea of the penis that causes curvature and deformity. PD can result in psychological distress, depression, or anxiety, which often goes untreated.

Aims

To review the current literature on the psychological impact of PD, educate healthcare providers about the psychological components of the disease, and propose interventions that address the psychological and sexual challenges patients and their partners may encounter.

Methods

We performed a MEDLINE search, limited to English, using the terms “Peyronie's disease” AND “psychological” OR “psychosocial,” and select references were included for review.

Main Outcome Measure

Critical review of the currently available English language literature.

Results

PD and its associated deformity often impairs sexual relations and frequently leads to psychological and psychosocial sequelae for affected individuals. Many men experience depression, low self-esteem, and emotional distress; these problems markedly diminish the quality of life for affected individuals. The literature suggests that as many as 81% of men report “emotional difficulties,” 48% report clinically meaningful depression (26% moderate; 21% severe), and 54% report relationship problems due to PD. The challenges imposed by PD include alterations in sexual relationships, restrictions on intimacy, social isolation, and stigmatization, all of which are linked and reinforce each other. Physicians may be unaware of the psychological sequelae suffered by patients and their partners.

Conclusions

Improved awareness and education about the psychological consequences and treatment options for PD are necessary among healthcare providers. To best help patients and optimize outcomes, a team-based approach is needed that includes psychosocial assessment and appropriate resource referrals for the patient and his sexual partner.
Effect of surgeon experience on postoperative plasma cortisol and C‐reactive protein concentrations after ovariohysterectomy in the dog: a randomised trial
Authors: Michelsen J , Heller J , Wills F , Noble GK
Published: November 2012

Objective

To determine if postoperative C‐reactive protein (CRP) or cortisol concentrations were significantly changed between dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy by an experienced or inexperienced surgeon. As part of the Charles Sturt University teaching program, 45 bitches from an animal shelter were surgically sterilised between March and October 2010.

Methods

The dogs were randomly assigned to surgeons, with 37 sterilised by veterinary undergraduates and 8 by experienced surgeons. Blood samples were collected preoperatively and at 2, 4 and 6 h postoperatively. A standard midline ovariohysterectomy was performed and detailed records kept.

Results

The median surgery time for experienced surgeons was 17 min versus 87 min for inexperienced surgeons. Anaesthesia time and blood loss were greater among the inexperienced surgeons. The CRP concentration increased significantly postoperatively for all animals (P < 0.001). Bitches sterilised by inexperienced surgeons had a significantly greater rise in CRP at 4 and 6 h post‐surgery (P = 0.046). Serum cortisol concentrations were found to increase significantly over time for all animals (P < 0.001), but were not affected by surgeon experience.

Conclusion

The results suggest that inexperienced surgeons affect their patients differently to experienced surgeons, potentially through tissue trauma or anaesthetic duration. The lack of difference in the cortisol concentrations reflects the large number of triggers for cortisol release and, potentially, that there was little difference between the groups in terms of perceived pain in the presence of good analgesia. Serum CRP concentration may be a more sensitive measure than serum cortisol of differences in surgical trauma.
Deforestation beyond borders: Addressing the disparity between production and consumption of global resources
Authors: Mills Busa Julianne H.
Published: November 2012

Analysis of production and trade data from 176 countries reveals that patterns of wood product consumption and harvest differ significantly across income groups. Poorer countries’ consumption consists primarily of domestic fuelwood, yet between 1972 and 2009, low‐income countries harvested >171 million hectares of forest products for export. High‐income countries were the only group to act as net importers, suggesting that rich countries practice preservation within borders but appropriate resources from poorer countries to sustain consumption. Harvests in poorer countries do occur at relatively low harvest efficiencies, implying that losses may be attenuated via technological improvement. However, efficiency does not mitigate the effects of high consumption. Despite exceptionally high efficiencies, high‐income countries are still responsible for just as much (or more) consumption‐driven forest loss as any other group. These findings highlight the importance of reducing consumption and suggest that neither technocentric solutions nor national‐level conservation policies are sufficient means to preserve global forests.
Sampling stochasticity leads to overestimation of extinction risk in population viability analysis
Authors: Herrick Gabriel I. , Fox Gordon A.
Published: November 2012

Which method should be used for estimating extinction risk? We present four separate estimates of extinction risk for the threatened pine lily (Lilium catesbaei Walter), based on two methods of estimating abundance (direct abundance counts and Jolly–Seber abundance estimates) and two methods of estimating extinction risk (direct simulation of the stochastic exponential growth (SEG) model, and the diffusion approximation). We compare the accuracy of these four combinations with a simulated data set where simulated‐true population abundance and extinction risk is known. The Jolly–Seber method of abundance estimation in combination with direct estimation of extinction risk is the least biased combination of the four methods tested. We conclude that Jolly–Seber (or other mark‐recapture) estimates should be used in combination with direct simulation of the SEG, when sampling error is expected. For the pine lily, we conclude that risk of extinction is low in the population studied.
Effect of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice on oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole in Wistar rats
Authors: Ravi Punna Rao , Vats Rahul , Kora Upendra Reddy
Published: November 2012

Objectives

The objective of this study was to explore potential drug–drug/food interactions of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice, known hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 inhibitors, on single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole, a substrate of CYP 1A2 enzymes.

Methods

Pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole were determined in Wistar rats after single-dose co-administration with ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice. In-vitro metabolic inhibition studies using rat and human liver microsomes and intestinal absorption studies of riluzole in a rat everted gut-sac model were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of interaction. A validated HPLC method was employed to quantify riluzole in the samples obtained in various studies.

Key findings

Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with riluzole caused significant increase in systemic exposure of riluzole (area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration and mean residence time were found to increase). Co-administration of grapefruit juice with riluzole did not cause any significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole. In-vitro metabolism studies demonstrated significant inhibition of riluzole metabolism when it was co-incubated with ciprofloxacin or grapefruit juice. No significant change was observed in apparent permeability of riluzole.

Conclusions

Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with riluzole increases the systemic levels of riluzole and thereby the oral pharmacokinetic properties of riluzole while co-administration of grapefruit juice with riluzole has no significant effect.
Synthesis and characterisation of novel Co(II) complexes of pyrazole carboxylate derivated of sulfonamide as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Authors: Büyükkidan Nurgün , Büyükkidan Bülent , Bülbül Metin , Kasimoğullari Rahmi , Serdar Murat , Mert Samet
Published: November 2012

Objectives

Two new metal complexes, diaquabis(4-benzoyl-1,5-diphenyl-N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide)cobalt(II) dihydrate (2) and diaquabis(ethyl-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-3-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate)cobalt(II) monohydrate (4), containing sulfonamide have been synthesized by the reaction of Co(II) with 4-benzoyl-1,5-diphenyl-N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (1) and ethyl-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-3-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (3), respectively.

Methods

The structures of Co(II) complexes 2 and 4 have been characterised by spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. Human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA-I and hCA-II) were purified from erythrocyte cells by affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effects of ligands 3 and 4, acetazolamide as a control compound and the newly synthesized complexes on the activity of hydratase and esterase of these isoenzymes have been studied in vitro.

Key findings

The concentration of compounds 2 and 4 producing a 50% inhibition of hydratase activity (IC50 values) were 0.473 ± 0.025 and 0.065 ± 0.002 μm for hCA-I and 0.213 ± 0.015 and 0.833 ± 0.021 μm for hCA-II, respectively. The IC50 values of synthesized compounds 2 and 4 for esterase activity were, 0.058 ± 0.006 and 0.297 ± 0.015 μm for hCA-I and 0.110 ± 0.010 and 0.052 ± 0.002 μm for hCA-II, respectively. In relation to esterase activity, the inhibition equilibrium constants (Ki) were determined as 0.039 ± 0.004 and 0.247 ± 0.035 μm on hCA-I and 0.078 ± 0.002 and 0.363 ± 0.015 μm on hCA-II for 2 and 4, respectively.

Conclusions

The synthesized compounds 2 and 4 had effective inhibitory activity (P < 0.0001) on hCA-I and hCA-II than the corresponding free ligands, 1 and 3, and acetazolamide. Compounds 2 and 4 might be considered as potential inhibitors.
The roles of unit leadership and nurse–physician collaboration on nursing turnover intention
Authors: Galletta Maura , Portoghese Igor , Battistelli Adalgisa , Leiter Michael P.
Published: November 2012

Aim

To report a study of the relationship between variables at the group and individual level with nurses' intention to leave their unit.

Background

Workplaces are collective environments where workers constantly interact with each other. The quality of working relationship employees develop at the unit‐level influences both employee outcomes and unit performance by shaping employee attitudes.

Design

The study was a cross‐sectional design with self‐administered questionnaires.

Methods

A questionnaire including measures of leader–member exchange and nurse–physician collaboration analysed at group‐level and affective commitment and turnover intention analysed at individual level, was administered individually to 1018 nurses in five Italian hospitals. Data were collected in 2009.

Results

A total of 832 nurses (81·7% response rate) completed questionnaires. The results showed that affective commitment at individual level completely mediated the relationship between leader–member exchange at group‐level and nursing turnover intention. Furthermore, the cross‐level interaction was significant: at individual level, the nurses with high levels of individual affective commitment towards their unit showed low levels of turnover intention and this relationship was stronger when the nurse–physician collaboration at group‐level was high.

Conclusion

This study showed the importance for organizations to implement management practices that promote both high‐quality nurse–supervisor and nurse–physician relationships, because they increase nurses' identification with their units. Individual affective commitment is an important quality for retaining a workforce and good nurses' relationship at group‐level relationships with both supervisors and physicians are instrumental in developing identification with the work unit. Thus, the quality of relationship among staff members is an important factor in nurses' decision to leave.
Nursing intellectual capital theory: operationalization and empirical validation of concepts
Authors: Covell Christine L. , Sidani Souraya
Published: November 2012

Aims

To present the operationalization of concepts in the nursing intellectual capital theory and the results of a methodological study aimed at empirically validating the concepts.

Background

The nursing intellectual capital theory proposes that the stocks of nursing knowledge in an organization are embedded in two concepts, nursing human capital and nursing structural capital. The theory also proposes that two concepts in the work environment, nurse staffing and employer support for nursing continuing professional development, influence nursing human capital.

Design

A cross‐sectional design.

Methods

A systematic three‐step process was used to operationalize the concepts of the theory. In 2008, data were collected for 147 inpatient units from administrative departments and unit managers in 6 Canadian hospitals. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to determine if the indicator variables accurately reflect their respective concepts.

Results

The proposed indicator variables collectively measured the nurse staffing concept. Three indicators were retained to construct nursing human capital: clinical expertise and experience concept. The nursing structural capital and employer support for nursing continuing professional development concepts were not validated empirically.

Conclusion

The nurse staffing and the nursing human capital: clinical expertise and experience concepts will be brought forward for further model testing. Refinement for some of the indicator variables of the concepts is indicated. Additional research is required with different sources of data to confirm the findings.
Comparative phylogeography of the ants Myrmica ruginodis and Myrmica rubra
Authors: Leppänen Jenni , Vepsäläinen Kari , Anthoni Hannele , Savolainen Riitta
Published: November 2012

Aim

Here we compare the phylogeographies of the ants Myrmica ruginodis and Myrmica rubra. We test the hypotheses that owing to differences in their cold tolerance and life‐history traits, M. ruginodis has less differentiated populations, a weaker phylogeographical structure and some Pleistocene refugia further north than M. rubra.

Location

The Palaearctic region, from western Europe to Siberia and from Fennoscandia to the northern parts of the Mediterranean peninsulas and Turkey.

Methods

We sequenced mitochondrial DNA from M. ruginodis samples collected in 53 localities, and used the GenBank sequences of M. rubra individuals from 95 localities, presented in previous work. We studied the genetic diversity of M. ruginodis, the differentiation of its populations, and the geographical distribution and expansion of its haplogroups.

Results

Populations of M. rubra were genetically slightly more differentiated than those of M. ruginodis, but we did not obtain differences in their phylogeographical structures. Both species had a west–east phylogeographical structure with secondary contact zone in between, and many haplogroups were widely distributed.

Main conclusions

The different life histories of the species (monogyne–monocalic versus polygyne–polycalic) seem to have affected population differentiation on a local rather than a phylogeographical scale. Myrmica ruginodis survived the last glaciation in several refugia in the Mediterranean peninsulas and probably in Siberia – as did M. rubra – but also in Turkey. Circumstantial evidence supported the hypothesis of additional, more northerly refugia of the cold‐tolerant M. ruginodis close to the southern edge of the permafrost of the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas for M. rubra a northern refugium in western Europe may have also existed. Post‐glacial recolonization of both species took place from both the south‐west and south‐east, and probably also from the east. The origins of the eastern lineages of M. ruginodis were, however, difficult to localize, which stresses the importance of extensive sampling in the east when studying the phylogeography of European taxa.
A New Universal Simplified Adhesive: 6‐Month Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Mena‐Serrano Alexandra , Kose Carlos , De Paula Eloisa Andrade , Tay Lidia Yileng , Reis Alessandra , Loguercio Alessandro D. , Perdigão Jorge
Published: November 2012

Statement of the Problem

Multimode adhesives, which can be used as etch‐and‐rinse or as self‐etch adhesives, have been recently introduced without clinical data to back their use.

Purpose of the Study

To evaluate the 6‐month clinical performance of Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using two evaluation criteria.

Methods/Materials

Thirty‐nine patients participated in this study. Two hundred restorations were assigned to four groups: SU‐TEm: etch‐and‐rinse + moist dentin; SU‐TEd: etch‐and‐rinse + dry dentin; SU‐SEet: selective enamel etching; and SU‐SE: self‐etch. The composite resin Filtek Supreme Ultra (3M ESPE) was placed incrementally. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months using both the World Dental Federation (FDI) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Statistical analyses were performed with Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance by rank and McNemar test for significance in each pair (α = 0.05).

Results

Only four restorations (SU‐SE: 3 and SU‐TEm: 1) were lost after 6 months (p > 0.05 for either criteria). Marginal discoloration occurred in one restoration in the SU‐SE group (p > 0.05 for either criteria). Only 2/200 restorations were scored as bravo for marginal adaptation using the USPHS criteria (one for SU‐SE and one for SU‐SEet, p > 0.05). However, when using the FDI criteria, the percentage of bravo scores for marginal adaptation at 6 months were 32%, 36%, 42%, and 46% for groups SU‐TEm, SU‐TEd, SU‐SEet, and SU‐SE, respectively (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The clinical behavior of the multimode adhesive does not depend on the bonding strategy at 6 months. The FDI evaluation criteria are more sensitive than the USPHS criteria.

Clinical Significance

At 6 months, the clinical behavior of the new multimode adhesive Scotchbond Universal was found to be reliable when used in noncarious cervical lesions and may not depend on the bonding strategy employed.
Targeted deletion of the antisilencer/enhancer (ASE) element from intron 1 of the myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) in mouse reveals that the element is dispensable for Plp1 expression in brain during development and remyelination
Authors: Pereira Glauber B. , Meng Fanxue , Kockara Neriman T. , Yang Baoli , Wight Patricia A.
Published: November 2012

Myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) expression is temporally regulated in brain, which peaks during the active myelination period of CNS development. Previous studies with Plp1‐lacZ transgenic mice demonstrated that (mouse) Plp1 intron 1 DNA is required for high levels of expression in oligodendrocytes. Deletion‐transfection analysis revealed the intron contains a single positive regulatory element operative in the N20.1 oligodendroglial cell line, which was named ASE (antisilencer/enhancer) based on its functional properties in these cells. To investigate the role of the ASE in vivo, the element was deleted from the native gene in mouse using a Cre/lox strategy. Although removal of the ASE from Plp1‐lacZ constructs profoundly decreased expression in transfected oligodendroglial cell lines (N20.1 and Oli‐neu), the element was dispensable to achieve normal levels of Plp1 gene expression in mouse during development (except perhaps at postnatal day 15) and throughout the remyelination period following cuprizone‐induced (acute) demyelination. Thus, it is possible that the ASE is non‐functional in vivo, or that loss of the ASE from the native gene in mouse can be compensated for by the presence of other regulatory elements within the Plp1 gene.
Nerve growth factor‐mediated regulation of pain signalling and proposed new intervention strategies in clinical pain management
Authors: McKelvey Laura , Shorten George D. , O'Keeffe Gerard W.
Published: November 2012

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the founding member of the neurotrophins family of proteins. It was discovered more than half a century ago through its ability to promote sensory and sympathetic neuronal survival and axonal growth during the development of the peripheral nervous system, and is the paradigmatic target‐derived neurotrophic factor on which the neurotrophic hypothesis is based. Since that time, NGF has also been shown to play a key role in the generation of acute and chronic pain and in hyperalgesia in diverse pain states. NGF is expressed at high levels in damaged or inflamed tissues and facilitates pain transmission by nociceptive neurons through a variety of mechanisms. Genetic mutations in NGF or its tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA, lead to a congenital insensitivity or a decreased ability of humans to perceive pain. The hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) encompass a spectrum of neuropathies that affect one's ability to perceive sensation. HSAN type IV and HSAN type V are caused by mutations in TrkA and NGF respectively. This review will focus firstly on the biology of NGF and its role in pain modulation. We will review neuropathies and clinical presentations that result from the disruption of NGF signalling in HSAN type IV and HSAN type V and review current advances in developing anti‐NGF therapy for the clinical management of pain.
Betaine attenuates Alzheimer‐like pathological changes and memory deficits induced by homocysteine
Authors: Chai Gao‐Shang , Jiang Xia , Ni Zhong‐Fei , Ma Zhi‐Wei , Xie Ao‐Ji , Cheng Xiang‐Shu , Wang Qun , Wang Jian‐Zhi , Liu Gong‐Ping
Published: November 2012

Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) may induce memory deficits with β‐amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Simultaneous supplement of folate and vitamin B12 partially restored the plasma homocysteine level and attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ accumulation and memory impairments induced by Hhcy. However, folate and vitamin B12 treatment have no effects on Hhcy which has the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype mutation. In this study, we investigated the effects of simultaneous supplement of betaine on Alzheimer‐like pathological changes and memory deficits in hyperhomocysteinemic rats after a 2‐week induction by vena caudalis injection of homocysteine (Hcy). We found that supplementation of betaine could ameliorate the Hcy‐induced memory deficits, enhance long‐term potentiation (LTP) and increase dendritic branches numbers and the density of the dendritic spines, with up‐regulation of NR1, NR2A, synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and phosphorylated synapsin I protein levels. Supplementation of betaine also attenuated the Hcy‐induced tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD‐related sites through activation protein phosphatase‐2A (PP2A) with decreased inhibitory demethylated PP2AC at Leu309 and phosphorylated PP2AC at Tyr307. In addition, supplementation of betaine also decreased Aβ production with decreased presenilin‐1 protein levels. Our data suggest that betaine could be a promising candidate for arresting Hcy‐induced AD‐like pathological changes and memory deficits.
The Octadecaneuropeptide Stimulates Somatolactin Release from Cultured Goldfish Pituitary Cells
Authors: Azuma M. , Wada K. , Leprince J. , Tonon M.‐C. , Uchiyama M. , Takahashi A. , Vaudry H. , Matsuda K.
Published: November 2012

The present study aimed to investigate the distribution of the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) in the goldfish brain and to look for a possible effect of ODN on somatolactin (SL) release from pituitary cells. A discrete population of ODN‐immunoreactive neurones was localised in the lateral part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis. These neurones sent projections through the neurohypophyseal tract towards the neurohypophysis, and nerve fibres were seen in the close vicinity of SL‐producing cells in the pars intermedia. Incubation of cultured goldfish pituitary cells with graded concentrations of ODN (10−9–10−5 m) induced a dose‐dependent stimulation of SL‐β, but not SL‐α, release. ODN‐evoked SL release was blocked by the metabotrophic endozepine receptor antagonist cyclo1–8[DLeu5]OP but was not affected by the central‐type benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil. ODN‐induced SL release was suppressed by treatment with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U‐73122 but not with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H‐89. These results indicate that, in fish, ODN produced by hypothalamic neurones acts as a hypophysiotrophic neuropeptide stimulating SL release. The effect of ODN is mediated through a metabotrophic endozepine receptor positively coupled to the PLC/inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate/protein kinase C‐signalling pathway.
Bisphosphonates‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a preliminary study of salivary interleukins
Authors: Bagan Jose , Sheth Chirag C. , Soria Jose M. , Margaix Maria , Bagan Leticia
Published: November 2012

Objective

The aim of this preliminary study was analyze the possible alterations in some salivary interleukins, usually associated with the inflammatory processes.

Material and Methods

The study comprised three groups: group 1, with 26 cases with bisphosphonates‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). Group 2, with 29 patients who had received iBF but without BRONJ. Group 3, with 26 control patients not treated with BF and without oral lesions.

We collected unstimulated whole saliva in all groups. A semiquantitative study was performed based on a cytokine array panel. We used the proteome profiler array for the study. We analyzed: Interleukin 1 alpha (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), and interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β).

Results

We found higher salivary values for all the cytokines studied in group 1 than in group 2 and 3. IL‐1β showed the major differences compared with control group. (P < 0.05)

Conclusions

This preliminary study confirms that there are alterations in these interleukins in patients with BRONJ. These results give support to further additional salivary studies on these biomarkers by quantitative measures.