bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of pyrazolines from methyl 4‐Oxooctadec‐2(e)‐Enoate and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Agarwal R. , Rauf A. , Ahmad M.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

Reactions of methyl 4‐oxooctadec‐2(E)‐enoate (I) with hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine and tolylhydrazine provided pyrazoline derivatives (IIa‐c) in excellent yields. The structures of pyrazolines (IIa‐c) were established by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. These pyrazoline derivatives showed antifungal and antibacterial activities.
Determining the critical micelle concentration of surfactants using a binary mixing system
Authors: Goheen Steven C. , Matsor Robert S.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

A simple method is described for measuring the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants using a computer‐driven mixing system and a variable wavelength spectrophotometer. Analyses using this method were typically done in 15 min. Detergents that were analyzed included sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate, Lubrol‐PX and Triton X‐100. Lubrol PX showed two phase transitions; other detergents appeared to have only one near their CMC. For sodium cholate, the CMC was more difficult to analyze than the others. This may have been due to its low aggregation number (≤ 4). Since this method successfully identified the CMC of these four detergents, it is likely that most, if not all, surfactants can be analyzed in the same manner.
Protease stabilization by carboxylic acid salts: Relative efficiencies and mechanisms
Authors: Crossin Michael C.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

Kinetic studies are presented on the inhibition of proteolysis by carboxylic acid salts on the synthetic substrate succinyl ala‐ala‐pro‐phe‐para nitroanilide. The inhibition of proteolysis/autodigestion is shown to be the major factor in the stabilization of a detergent protease [i.e., Maxatase (subtilisin Carlsberg)] in an unbuilt, liquid, heavy duty laundry formulation. The inhibition of autodigestion by a carboxylic acid salt as a function of pH parallels the protease stability increase during accelerated aging. Relative inhibition of proteolysis and protease stabilization by various carboxylic acid salts are compared.
Separation methods in processing edible oils
Authors: Butterworth E. R.
Published: August 2007

There are four generally recognized methods of separating undersirable portions of a fluid from that fluid: mechanical, which is filtration, settling or centrifuging; electrostatic precipitation; chemical, such as solvent extraction precipitation or adsorption; and thermal, such as distillation and freeze drying. Techniques of separation as applied to fats and oils are discussed in this paper.
Analysis of fats and oils
Authors: Dutton H. J.
Published: August 2007

Analytical information on fats and oils is required for trading, quality control, nutritional labeling and forensics. Development of analytical procedures was one of the historical reasons for the organization of the Society of Cotton Products Analysits; it continues as a major effort of the successor organization, the American Oil Chemists’ Society, through its Uniform Methods Committee and final publication of methods in the Society's “Official and Tentative Methods.” A review of the current status of methods development will be followed by a glimpse of methodological research currently underway.
Detection of spermaceti in a hand cream
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. , Kleiman Robert
Published: August 2007

The presence of spermaceti, an embargoed item, was confirmed in a sample of hand cream detained by federal agents. The identification was based on chromatographic characteristics of the intact wax esters and of their component fatty acids and alcohols. These acids and alcohols were combined in a manner so closely resembling spermaceti that they undoubtedly came from this source.
Sex Difference in Survival of Patients Treated by Surgical Resection for Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Hidaka Hideki , Hotokezaka Masayuki , Nakashima Shinya , Uchiyama Shuichiro , Maehara Naoki , Chijiiwa Kazuo
Published: August 2007

Background

Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for most of the esophageal cancers in Japan and is often related to excessive smoking and drinking. Although esophageal cancer occurs far more frequently in men than in women, it is not certain whether there are sex‐specific differences in morbidity and mortality after surgical resection of the esophagus. We conducted a study to determine the influence of sex on the short‐ and long‐term results of surgical resection in patients with esophageal cancer.

Methods

There were 295 patients with a newly diagnosed primary malignant neoplasm of the esophagus treated at our University hospital between January 1978 and December 2005. There were 185 patients (166 men, 19 women; age range 39–86 years) who underwent surgical resection for primary esophageal malignant neoplasms. Survival rates were calculated according to the Kaplan‐Meier method and tested with the log‐rank test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess independent predictors of survival.

Results

The cumulative amount of alcohol consumed and number of cigarettes smoked were significantly higher in men than in women. Postoperative complications occurred in 101 men (60.8%) and 9 women (47.4%), but significant sex differences in postoperative morbidity and mortality were not observed. Overall survival was significantly better for women than for men.

Conclusion

Postoperative morbidity and mortality do not appear to differ between men and women with esophageal cancer treated by surgical resection. Long‐term survival after surgical resection of the esophagus appears to be significantly better for women than for men.
Reflections on “literary awareness in Wei and Jin Dynasties”
Authors: Minli ZHAO
Published: August 2007

Literary awareness in the Wei and Jin Dynasties (Wei Chao 魏朝 CE 220–265; Jin Chao 晋朝 CE 265–420), as first proposed by Suzuki Torao, is not a “scientific” argument. From the relationships between “practicalism” and “literary awareness” as well as “individualism” and “lyric literature” in the Han (Han Chao 汉朝 BCE 206–CE 220) and Wei Dynasties, it can be seen that the fundamental drive of medieval literature was the social changes taking place during these dynasties, the emergence of the literati as a social stratum, and their attitude towards literature. The concept of “literary awareness in the Wei and Jin Dynasties” cannot describe the literary development in medieval China. As it misunderstands the essential characteristics in the development of Chinese literature, it should be discarded.
Ancient Chinese novels and folk religions
Authors: Xun SUN , Junwen ZHOU
Published: August 2007

This article traces the relationship between ancient Chinese novels and folk religions. Also this article will show how folk religions spread using the White Lotus Order and the Eight Trigram Order as two examples. The author draws the following conclusions. Firstly, as “popular literature”, ancient novels have a kind of natural connection with folk religions; secondly, the novels involving folk religions featured stories of persecution from feudal rulers; thirdly, when novelists write about the spread of folk religions, they often obscure the true nature of religions; fourthly, the connection between ancient novels and folk religions is incredibly complex.
Perception of “inner China” and legitimate Cathay concepts in the literature of Jin Dynasty
Authors: Yangzhong LIU
Published: August 2007

The royal government of the Jin Dynasty (Jin Chao 金朝 CE 1115–1234) had regarded itself as a legitimate Cathay dynasty while the Song (Song Chao 宋朝 CE 960–1279) and Jin were confronting each other in military and political affairs. The “inner China” notion and the legitimate Cathay perception were bred in the Jin Dynasty along with the historical trend of merging the Han nationality with all the other nationalities in China. The notion and the concept could also help prove the legality of the rule of China by the Jin Dynasty. The legitimate concept was very systematic and distinct and was displayed in three stages of literature in Jin Dynasty. The concept owned by the governors of the Jin had met its distillation in Zhongzhou ji 中州集 (Collections of Central Region Literati) written and compiled by Yuan, while the concept was finally acknowledged and accepted by the adherents of the Southern Song Dynasty (Nan Song 南宋 CE 960–1279).
Proximal femoral neck penetration after flexible intramedullary nailing for pediatric femur fractures: A rare complication
Authors: Carmichael Kelly D. , Schroeder Frank A.
Published: August 2007

Flexible intramedullary nailing is a common method used to treat pediatric femur fractures. Complication rates can be high, but most complications are considered minor and do not result in additional unplanned surgeries. Proximal nail penetration is a complication that has only been described once before. The penetration may be asymptomatic, but is still best to be avoided. Two cases of proximal nail penetration of the femoral neck region during nail insertion are presented. A review of the literature with regard to complications and suggestions for avoidance of proximal nail penetration is offered.
On‐ and off‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent soccer players: A multilevel study
Authors: Rutten Esther A. , Deković Maja , Stams Geert Jan J.M. , Schuengel Carlo , Hoeksma Jan B. , Biesta Gert J.J.
Published: August 2007

This study investigated to what extent team membership predicts on‐ and off‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior in (pre)adolescent athletes. Effects of team‐membership were related to characteristics of the team environment, such as relational support from the coach towards team members, fair play attitude and sociomoral reasoning within the team, and sociomoral climate. The sample consisted of N=331 male soccer players. Multilevel analyses revealed that 21% of the variance in off‐field antisocial behavior, and 8% and 14% of the variance in on‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior, respectively, could be attributed to characteristics of the sporting environment, including relational support from the coach, exposure to high levels of sociomoral reasoning about sports dilemmas, and positive team attitude toward fair play. The results highlight the importance of contextual factors in explaining both antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent athletes and emphasize the role of organized youth sports as a socialization context.
Enhanced sialylation of EPO by overexpression of UDP‐GlcNAc 2‐epimerase/ManAc kinase containing a sialuria mutation in CHO cells
Authors: Bork Kaya , Reutter Werner , Weidemann Wenke , Horstkorte Rüdiger
Published: August 2007

Sialylation (e.g. expression of sialic acid) plays a crucial role for function and stability of most glycoproteins. The key enzyme for the biosynthesis of sialic acid is the UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase/N‐acetylmannosamine‐kinase (GNE). Mutations in the binding site of the feedback inhibitor CMP‐sialic acid of the GNE leads to sialuria, a disease in which patients produce sialic acid in gram scale. Here, we report on the use in biotechnology of sialuria‐mutated GNE. Expression of the sialuria‐mutated GNE in CHO‐cells leads to increased sialylation of recombinant expressed erythropoietin (EPO). Our data show that sialuria‐mutated‐GNE over‐expressing cells are the perfect platform to express highly sialylated therapeutic proteins, such as EPO.
Complex formation between recombinant ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase of Allium cepa (L.)
Authors: Cumming Mathew , Leung Susanna , McCallum John , McManus Michael T.
Published: August 2007

Recombinant ATP sulfurylase (AcATPS1) and adenosine‐5′‐phosphosulfate reductase (AcAPR1) from Allium cepa have been used to determine if these enzymes form protein–protein complexes in vitro. Using a solid phase binding assay, AcAPR1 was shown to interact with AcATPS1. The AcAPR1 enzyme was also expressed in E. coli as the N‐terminal reductase domain (AcAPR1‐N) and the C‐terminal glutaredoxin domain (AcAPR1‐C), but neither of these truncated proteins interacted with AcATPS1. The solid‐phase interactions were confirmed by immune‐precipitation, where anti‐AcATPS1 IgG precipitated the full‐length AcAPR1 protein, but not AcAPR1‐N and AcAPR1‐C. Finally, using the ligand binding assay, full‐length AcATPS1 has been shown to bind to membrane‐localised full‐length AcAPR1. The significance of an interaction between chloroplastidic ATPS and APR in A. cepa is evaluated with respect to the control of the reductive assimilation of sulfate.
Higher bioavailability of isoflavones after a single ingestion of a soya-based supplement than a soya-based food in young healthy males
Authors: Vergne Sébastien , Bennetau-Pelissero Catherine , Lamothe Valérie , Chantre Philippe , Potier Mylène , Asselineau Julien , Perez Paul , Durand Marlène , Moore Nicholas , Sauvant Patrick
Published: August 2007

Soya isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, are the focus of numerous studies investigating their potential effects on health and results remain controversial. Bioavailability is clearly a crucial factor influencing their bioefficacy and could explain these discrepancies. This study aimed at assessing: (1) the isoflavone content of sixty-nine European soya-derivative products sold on the French market; (2) the bioavailability of isoflavones comparing supplement with food. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited in a randomized two-way crossover trial and received 35 mg isoflavones equivalent aglycone either through supplements or through cheese, both containing different patterns of isoflavone conjugates and different daidzein:genistein ratios. A specific ELISA method was used to assess the plasma and urinary concentrations of isoflavones and thus the pharmacokinetic parameters, which were then normalized to mg of each isoflavone ingested. Results showed that the normalized Cmax of daidzein (P = 0·002) and similarly the normalized AUC0 → ∞andCmaxof genistein (P = 0·002) from soya-based capsules were higher than that from soya-based cheese. In conclusion, this work completes studies on isoflavone bioavailability and presents new data regarding isoflavone concentrations in soya-derivative products. Assuming that isoflavone conjugation patterns do not influence isoflavone bioavailability, this study shows that isoflavones contained in capsules are more bioavailable than those contained in soya-based cheese. Although the supplement is more bioavailable, the relative importance of this is difficult to interpret as there is little evidence that supplements are biologically active in human subjects to date and further studies will be necessary for this specific supplement to prove its efficacy.
Impacts of agriculture on the parasite communities of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) in southern Quebec, Canada
Authors: KING K. C. , McLAUGHLIN J. D. , GENDRON A. D. , PAULI B. D. , GIROUX I. , RONDEAU B. , BOILY M. , JUNEAU P. , MARCOGLIESE D. J.
Published: August 2007

Given that numerous amphibians are suffering population declines, it is becoming increasingly important to examine the relationship between disease and environmental disturbance. Indeed, while many studies relate anthropogenic activity to changes in the parasitism of snails and fishes, little is known of the impact on the parasites of amphibians, particularly from agriculture. For 2 years, the parasite communities of metamorphic northern leopard frogs from 7 agricultural wetlands were compared with those from 2 reference wetlands to study differences in parasite community diversity and abundance of various species under pristine conditions and 3 categories of disturbance: only agricultural landscape, only pesticides, and agricultural landscape with pesticides. Agricultural (and urban) area was negatively related to species richness, and associated with the near absence of adult parasites and species that infect birds or mammals. We suggest that agriculture and urbanization may hinder parasite transmission to frogs by limiting access of other vertebrate hosts of their parasites to wetlands. The only parasite found at all localities was an unidentified echinostome infecting the kidneys. This parasite dominated communities in localities surrounded by the most agricultural land, suggesting generalist parasites may persist in disrupted habitats. Community composition was associated with dissolved organic carbon and conductivity, but few links were found with pesticides. Pollution effects may be masked by a strong impact of land use on parasite transmission.
Hierarchical dose response of E. coli O157:H7 from human outbreaks incorporating heterogeneity in exposure
Authors: TEUNIS P. F. M. , OGDEN I. D. , STRACHAN N. J. C.
Published: August 2007

The infectivity of pathogenic microorganisms is a key factor in the transmission of an infectious disease in a susceptible population. Microbial infectivity is generally estimated from dose–response studies in human volunteers. This can only be done with mildly pathogenic organisms. Here a hierarchical Beta-Poisson dose–response model is developed utilizing data from human outbreaks. On the lowest level each outbreak is modelled separately and these are then combined at a second level to produce a group dose–response relation. The distribution of foodborne pathogens often shows strong heterogeneity and this is incorporated by introducing an additional parameter to the dose–response model, accounting for the degree of overdispersion relative to Poisson distribution. It was found that heterogeneity considerably influences the shape of the dose–response relationship and increases uncertainty in predicted risk. This uncertainty is greater than previously reported surrogate and outbreak models using a single level of analysis. Monte Carlo parameter samples (α, β of the Beta-Poisson model) can be readily incorporated in risk assessment models built using tools such as S-plus and @ Risk.
Combined administration of serogroup B meningococcal vaccine and conjugated serogroup C meningococcal vaccine is safe and immunogenic in college students
Authors: HOLMES J. D. , MARTIN D. , RAMSAY C. , YPMA E. , OSTER P.
Published: August 2007

This study evaluated the first use of a combination of the lyophilized components of the conjugated group C vaccine Menjugate™ reconstituted with the liquid group B outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine MeNZB™. At 6-week intervals, healthy residential students received three doses of MeNZB alone or concomitantly with one dose of Menjugate (MeNZB+MenC). Short-lasting injection-site reactions of mild or moderate intensity were frequent in both groups. There were no vaccine-related serious adverse events. After three doses, the percentage of subjects with serum bactericidal assay (SBA) titres ⩾1:8 against the serogroup B strain NZ98/254 was 82% for MeNZB+MenC and 78% for MeNZB. All subjects in the MeNZB+MenC group achieved SBA titres ⩾1:8 against serogroup strain C11 and 67% in the MeNZB group. All SBA and ELISA responses of the combined vaccine were at least as good as for MeNZB alone. After vaccination, the pharyngeal carriage rate of any meningococcus in the vaccinated group had declined from 40% to 21%.
Sero-epidemiology as a tool to study the incidence of Salmonella infections in humans
Authors: SIMONSEN J. , STRID M. A. , MØLBAK K. , KROGFELT K. A. , LINNEBERG A. , TEUNIS P.
Published: August 2007

Although most foodborne infections are undiagnosed, the incidence of these infections is usually calculated from reported cases. We present a novel population-based method to estimate the incidence of non-typhoid Salmonella infections. From 154 patients with confirmed Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infection, we determined the kinetics of the antibody response. The estimated mean responses for the three classes of serum antibodies were combined such that the time from infection could be estimated from antibody measurements. Next, serum samples collected in 1983, 1986, 1992, and 1999 from the general population were analysed for antibodies. We demonstrated how these measurements can be translated into an estimate of the general incidence. Based on serology markers there were 13 exposures leading to seroresponse of Salmonella Enteritidis/1000 person-years in 1983; the similar number in 1999 was 217. This trend confirms the increase in the number of culture-confirmed cases reported to the national surveillance system.
Distribution of CBP genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in relation to vaccine types, penicillin susceptibility and clinical site
Authors: DESA M. N. , SEKARAN S. D. , VADIVELU J. , PARASAKTHI N.
Published: August 2007

Choline-binding proteins (CBP) have been associated with the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We screened, using PCR, for the presence of genes (cbpA, D, E, G) encoding these proteins in 34 isolates of pneumococci of known serotypes and penicillin susceptibility from invasive and non-invasive disease. All isolates harboured cbpD and cbpE whereas cbpA and cbpG were found in 47% and 59% respectively; the latter were more frequent in vaccine-associated types and together accounted for 77% of these isolates. No association was observed with penicillin susceptibility but 85% of non-invasive isolates were positive for these genes.
A logical analysis of aliasing in imperative higher-order functions
Authors: BERGER MARTIN , HONDA KOHEI , YOSHIDA NOBUKO
Published: August 2007

We present a compositional programme logic for call-by-value imperative higher-order functions with general forms of aliasing, which can arise from the use of reference names as function parameters, return values, content of references and parts of data structures. The programme logic extends our earlier logic for alias-free imperative higher-order functions with new operators which serve as building blocks for clean structural reasoning about programms and data structures in the presence of aliasing. This has been an open issue since the pioneering work by Cartwright–Oppen and Morris twenty-five years ago. We illustrate usage of the logic for description and reasoning through concrete examples including a higher-order polymorphic Quicksort. The logical status of the new operators is clarified by translating them into (in)equalities of reference names.
Recursive type generativity
Authors: DREYER DEREK
Published: August 2007

Existential types provide a simple and elegant foundation for understanding generative abstract data types of the kind supported by the Standard ML module system. However, in attempting to extend ML with support for recursive modules, we have found that the traditional existential account of type generativity does not work well in the presence of mutually recursive module definitions. The key problem is that, in recursive modules, one may wish to define an abstract type in a context where a name for the type already exists, but the existential type mechanism does not allow one to do so. We propose a novel account of recursive type generativity that resolves this problem. The basic idea is to separate the act of generating a name for an abstract type from the act of defining its underlying representation. To define several abstract types recursively, one may first ‘forward-declare’ them by generating their names, and then supply each one's identity secretly within its own defining expression. Intuitively, this can be viewed as a kind of backpatching semantics for recursion at the level oftypes. Care must be taken to ensure that a type name is not defined more than once, and that cycles do not arise among ‘transparent’ type definitions. In contrast to the usual continuation-passing interpretation of existential types in terms of universal types, our account of type generativity suggests adestination-passinginterpretation. Briefly, instead of viewing a value of existential type as something that creates a new abstract type every time it is unpacked, we view it as a function that takes as input a pre-existing undefined abstract type and defines it. By leaving the creation of the abstract type name up to the client of the existential, our approach makes it significantly easier to link abstract data types together recursively.
High‐precision earthquake location and three‐dimensional P wave velocity determination at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska
Authors: DeShon Heather R. , Thurber Clifford H. , Rowe Charlotte
Published: August 2007

Redoubt Volcano, Alaska poses significant volcanic hazard to the Cook Inlet region and overlying flight paths. During and following the most recent eruption in 1989–1990 the Alaska Volcano Observatory deployed up to 10 seismometers to improve real‐time monitoring capabilities at Redoubt and continues to produce an annual earthquake catalog with associated arrival times for this volcano. We compute a three‐dimensional P wave velocity model using double‐difference tomography combined with waveform cross‐correlation techniques to identify families of similar earthquakes and increase earthquake location precision at Redoubt. Absolute and differential times for well‐constrained events are used to simultaneously invert for hypocenter location and P wave velocity structure. Shot and earthquake arrival times recorded by temporary stations deployed on Redoubt in July 1991 supplement the catalog picks. Double‐difference tomography reduces uncertainties associated with absolute and relative earthquake locations and provides a clearer picture of three‐dimensional velocity heterogeneity. All Redoubt data available through November 2005 are relocated through the three‐dimensional model, and we investigate seismicity associated with the 1989–1990 eruption and compare cross‐correlation coefficients to identify similar earthquakes within the catalog. Waveform similarity is high at Redoubt, especially during the eruptive phases, and event families include long‐period shallow summit, hybrid, and both shallow summit and midcrust level volcano‐tectonic earthquakes. We do not resolve a low‐velocity feature in the three‐dimensional P wave model that can be interpreted as a source magma chamber and prefer the idea of an interconnected body of dikes and sills as the source of magma erupted in 1989–1990.
Evaluation of ocean models using observed and simulated drifter trajectories: Impact of sea surface height on synthetic profiles for data assimilation
Authors: Barron Charlie N. , Smedstad Lucy F. , Dastugue Jan M. , Smedstad Ole Martin
Published: August 2007

The impact of global Navy Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) sea surface height (SSH) on global Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) nowcasts of ocean currents is investigated in a series of experiments. The studies focus on two primary aspects: the role of NLOM horizontal resolution and the role of differences between the SSH means in NLOM and the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) climatology. To evaluate the impact of changes to the assimilation system, we compare observed drifter trajectories with trajectories simulated using global NCOM over 7‐day timescales. The results indicate general improvement in NCOM currents as a result of increasing NLOM horizontal resolution. The effects of accounting for the differences between NLOM and MODAS mean that SSH is less clear, with some regions showing a decline in simulation skill while others show improvement or little impact. These outcomes supported recommendations for operational transition to 1/32° global NLOM with continued refinement to methods accounting for differences in mean SSH.
Melt propagation and volcanism in mantle convection simulations, with applications for Martian volcanic and atmospheric evolution
Authors: O'Neill C. , Lenardic A. , Jellinek A. M. , Kiefer W. S.
Published: August 2007

Standard models for a warm, wet early Mars require a significant CO2‐H2O atmosphere in the past. The source for these phases is assumed to be volcanic degassing. However, no consistent, dynamical models exist relating volcanic degassing to evolving mantle temperatures. Here we use a range of thermal, geophysical, geological, and petrological constraints from Mars to constrain mantle convection model simulations of Mars' post‐Noachian stagnant lid evolution. We develop a methodology to self‐consistently calculate melt extraction from the mantle source region. Using a dike‐propagation algorithm, we can calculate the rate of volcanism and rate of volcanic degassing from these simulations and compare them with estimates for Mars. We find that Martian melt production rates are satisfied by a 200‐km thick lithosphere (surface heat flow 25 ± 5 mW/m3) for an intermediate Martian solidus. Core‐mantle temperatures cannot exceed ∼1850°C from geodynamo constraints, and the enrichment of heat‐producing elements into the crust is unlikely to exceed 25–50%. For hotter Martian mantle temperatures in the past, we find an evolution in rates of volcanism from >0.17 km3/yr for the early Hesperian to ∼1 × 10−4km3/yr at present, consistent with geological evidence. During this same interval, CO2flux would have declined from 8.8 × 107to 6.7 × 106kg/yr. If the early Hesperian supported a dense (>1 bar) atmosphere, this implies that the average loss rate of CO2from the atmosphere was 15 times greater than the maximum influx rate during this time.
Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 1. Ancient impact melt in the Isidis Basin and implications for the transition from the Noachian to Hesperian
Authors: Mustard J. F. , Poulet F. , Head J. W. , Mangold N. , Bibring J.‐P. , Pelkey S. M. , Fassett C. I. , Langevin Y. , Neukum G.
Published: August 2007

The Nili Fossae region located on the northwestern quadrant of the Isidis Basin, Mars, displays superb exposures of bedrock outcrops that reveal mineralogy and composition of the crust. Previous work has shown that this region exhibits the largest exposures of olivine‐dominated rock units on Mars. Visible‐infrared imaging spectrometer data acquired by OMEGA were calibrated to surface reflectance and analyzed to determine surface mineralogy. The dominant minerals identified are iron‐bearing mafic silicates (low‐ and high‐calcium pyroxene, olivine) and water‐bearing phyllosilicate (iron‐rich smectite clay). The strength and position of mineral absorption features were used to produce mineral indicator maps for the dominant species, and the maps were integrated with high‐resolution imaging from the THEMIS, MOC, and HRSC instruments, and MOLA topography. We show that olivine and phyllosilicate occur in spatially distinct outcrops; the olivine‐bearing rock unit is a meters‐ to tens of meters‐thick cap unit resting on phyllosilicate‐bearing bedrock, and the phyllosilicate units predate the Isidis basin‐forming event. On the basis of superposition, crosscutting, and geomorphic relationships, we interpret the emplacement of the olivine‐bearing units as having been contemporaneous with the Isidis impact event. By analogy with the Orientale basin on the Moon, we propose that the olivine‐bearing unit represents the surface exposure of the impact melt from the Isidis impact event. These results demonstrate that large regions of crust had been altered in the presence of water prior to the date of the Isidis basin‐forming event in the Late Noachian (≈3.96 Ga).
Formation of Mangala Valles outflow channel, Mars: Morphological development and water discharge and duration estimates
Authors: Leask Harald J. , Wilson Lionel , Mitchell Karl L.
Published: August 2007

The morphology of features on the floor of the Mangala Valles suggests that the channel system was not bank‐full for most of the duration of its formation by water being released from its source, the Mangala Fossa graben. For an estimated typical 50 m water depth, local slopes of sin α = ∼0.002 imply a discharge of ∼1 × 107 m3 s−1, a water flow speed of ∼9 m s−1, and a subcritical Froude number of ∼0.7–0.8. For a range of published estimates of the volume of material eroded from the channel system this implies a duration of ∼17 days if the sediment carrying capacity of the ∼15,000 km3 of water involved had been 40% by volume. If the sediment load had been 20% by volume, the duration would have been ∼46 days and the water volume required would have been ∼40,000 km3. Implied bed erosion rates lie in the range ∼1 to ∼12 m/day. If the system had been bank‐full during the early stages of channel development the discharge could have been up to ∼108 m3 s−1, with flow speeds of ∼15 m s−1 and a subcritical Froude number of ∼0.4–0.5.
Large‐scale deformation in a locked collisional boundary: Interplay between subsidence and uplift, intraplate stress, and inherited lithospheric structure in the late stage of the SE Carpathians evolution
Authors: Matenco L. , Bertotti G. , Leever K. , Cloetingh S. , Schmid S. M. , Tărăpoancă M. , Dinu C.
Published: August 2007

The interplay between slab dynamics and intraplate stresses in postcollisional times creates large near‐surface deformation, particularly in highly bent orogens with significant lateral variations in mechanical properties. This deformation is expressed through abnormal foredeep geometries and contrasting patterns of vertical movements. Intraplate folding is often the controlling mechanism, particularly when the orogenic belt is locked. The study of these tectonic processes in the SE Carpathians indicates a generalized subsidence period during latest Miocene–Pliocene times driven by the slab‐pull and an intraplate folding due to an overall Quaternary inversion. The latter accommodates ∼5 km ESE‐ward movement of this area with respect to the neighboring units, which creates complicated three‐dimensional deformation patterns potentially driven at a larger scale by the interaction between the Adriatic indentor and the entire Carpathians system. The lithospheric anisotropy inherited from the subduction times concentrates strain and induces large‐scale deformation far away from the active plate margins. This anisotropy is dynamic because of deep mantle processes related to the subducted slab during postcollisional times, such as thermal reequilibration or increase in slab dip.
Hydrothermal alteration and microbial sulfate reduction in peridotite and gabbro exposed by detachment faulting at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 15°20′N (ODP Leg 209): A sulfur and oxygen isotope study
Authors: Alt Jeffrey C. , Shanks Wayne C. , Bach Wolfgang , Paulick Holger , Garrido Carlos J. , Beaudoin Georges
Published: August 2007

Whole rock sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions of altered peridotites and gabbros from near the 15°20′N Fracture Zone on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge were analyzed to investigate hydrothermal alteration processes and test for a subsurface biosphere in oceanic basement. Three processes are identified. (1) High‐temperature hydrothermal alteration (∼250–350°C) at Sites 1268 and 1271 is characterized by 18O depletion (2.6–4.4‰), elevated sulfide‐S, and high δ34S (up to ∼2 wt% and 4.4–10.8‰). Fluids were derived from high‐temperature (>350°C) reaction of seawater with gabbro at depth. These cores contain gabbroic rocks, suggesting that associated heat may influence serpentinization. (2) Low‐temperature (<150°C) serpentinization at Sites 1272 and 1274 is characterized by elevated δ18O (up to 8.1‰), high sulfide‐S (up to ∼3000 ppm), and negative δ34S (to −32.1‰) that reflect microbial reduction of seawater sulfate. These holes penetrate faults at depth, suggesting links between faulting and temperatures of serpentinization. (3) Late low‐temperature oxidation of sulfide minerals caused loss of sulfur from rocks close to the seafloor. Sulfate at all sites contains a component of oxidized sulfide minerals. Low δ34S of sulfate may result from kinetic isotope fractionation during oxidation or may indicate readily oxidized low‐δ34S sulfide derived from microbial sulfate reduction. Results show that peridotite alteration may be commonly affected by fluids ± heat derived from mafic intrusions and that microbial sulfate reduction is widespread in mantle exposed at the seafloor.
Demographics of mesoscale eddies in the California Current
Authors: Stegmann Petra M. , Schwing Franklin
Published: August 2007

Demographics and variability of persistent mesoscale eddies in the California Current have been investigated in a systematic manner using a decade (1995–2004) of merged satellite altimeter data. The number of persistent eddies formed each year varied almost 3‐fold (4‐fold) for cyclones (anticyclones) and was strongly modulated by the 1997–1998 El Niño event. Over the 10‐year period, cyclone formation was maximum in both winter and summer while maximum anticyclone formation occurred only in winter. The majority of long‐lived eddies (≥70‐day lifespan) originated seaward of the 1000 m isobath, and with the exception of 2 anticyclones, did not form between 45° and 50°N. Maximum westward propagation of long‐lived eddies was almost 800 km with similar mean propagation speeds for cyclones and anticyclones.
Assessment of the use of current climate patterns to evaluate regional enhanced greenhouse response patterns of climate models
Authors: Whetton Penny , Macadam Ian , Bathols Janice , O'Grady Julian
Published: August 2007

The reliability of the enhanced greenhouse regional response of global climate models is often assessed by comparing their current climate simulation against observations. To evaluate this approach, we investigate the relationship between inter‐model similarity in patterns of current regional climate and inter‐model similarity in patterns of regional enhanced greenhouse response using data from a multi‐model database. Correlations of moderate magnitude are common, indicating the value of testing the current regional climate simulation of models. Notably, relationships vary significantly regionally (e.g., are weakest in the tropics), cross variables (e.g., current climate mean sea level pressure is related to temperature and precipitation change in some extra‐tropical regions) and can be insensitive to whether the current climate is assessed in the region concerned or globally. The concept demonstrated here can provide a basis for evaluating and weighting models for use in preparing projections of regional climate change.
Inverting self‐potential data for redox potentials of contaminant plumes
Authors: Linde Niklas , Revil André
Published: August 2007

We present an inversion method that uses self‐potential data to invert for the redox potentials of contaminant plumes. A two‐layered electrical conductivity structure, in which the boundary corresponds to the water table, is considered. Furthermore, the electrical‐dipole sources are assumed to be vertical and located at the water table. The inverse method is applied to surface self‐potential measurements made in the vicinity of the Entressen landfill (southern France). The estimated redox potentials correlate well with in situ measurements and their amplitudes are retrieved satisfactorily. This is the first method (to our knowledge) that can be used to estimate the redox potential of contaminant plumes non‐invasively and remotely without any in situ measurements.
L‐band microwave observations over land surface using a two‐dimensional synthetic aperture radiometer
Authors: Ryu Dongryeol , Jackson Thomas J. , Bindlish Rajat , Le Vine David M.
Published: August 2007

Antenna size is a major factor that has limited realization of the potential capabilities of L‐band (1.4 GHz) microwave radiometry to estimate surface soil moisture from space. However, emerging interferometric technology, called aperture synthesis, has been developed to address this limitation. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission will apply the technique to monitor these parameters at a global‐scale in the near future. The first airborne experiment using an aircraft prototype called the Two‐Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radiometer (2D‐STAR) was performed during Soil Moisture Experiment in 2003 (SMEX03). To gain insight, the L‐band brightness temperature data acquired by 2D‐STAR in Alabama was compared with C‐band data collected simultaneously by another aircraft instrument called the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR), and also compared with surface soil moisture measurements from in‐situ observations sites. Results show that there was fairly good radiometric sensitivity of the synthetic aperture radiometer to the soil moisture both in pasture and also in forest areas. The overall performance of the L‐band synthetic aperture radiometer in the presence of vegetation appears to be better than the C‐band real aperture radiometer.
Is the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones significantly underestimated prior to the availability of satellite observations?
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. , Guo Yanjuan
Published: August 2007

The number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones that may have been undetected before satellite observations are available is estimated by passing the cyclone tracks taken from 1976 to 2005 through ship observations from 1900 to 1965. The probability of detection is equated to the probability that the ships would have made wind observations of 18 m/s or higher had the tropical cyclones been present during the earlier years, based on the probability computed from actual wind observations around tropical cyclones during the satellite era. It is estimated that the number of tropical cyclones not making landfall over any continent or the Caribbeans may have been underestimated by up to 2.1 per year during 1904–1913, with this number decreasing to 1.0 per year or less during the 1920s and later decades. Our results suggest that the characteristics of North Atlantic tropical cyclone track statistics might have changed during the 20th century.
Sand suspension by vortex pairing
Authors: Williams J. J. , Metje N. , Coates L. E. , Atkins P. R.
Published: August 2007

In studies of oscillatory flow above rippled beds, appreciable quantities of suspended sediment are reported up to 10 ripple heights,ηR, above the bed. The well‐known convective and diffusive processes alone cannot account for this phenomenon. Evidence from a flow visualisation study suggests that vortex pairs generated during flow separation over ripple crests can generate jet‐like flows capable of ejecting entrained sediments far from the bed. The present study examines this hitherto unrecognised flow phenomenon and uses a simple model to show that particles can attain velocities greater than the propagation speed of a vortex pair and flows between vortex pairs have a potential to eject particles more than 10ηR, from the bed. Once free, sediment velocity is quickly reduced by the forces of drag and gravity and particles settle back to the bed.
Visualization of and Access to CloudSat Vertical Data through Google Earth
Authors: Chen Aijun , Leptoukh Gregory , Di Liping , Kempler Steven , Lynnes Christopher
Published: August 2007

Online tools, pioneered by the Google Earth (GE), are facilitating the way in which scientists and general public interact with geospatial data in real three dimensions. However, even in Google Earth, there is no method for depicting vertical geospatial data derived from remote sensing satellites as an orbit curtain seen from above. Here, an effective solution is proposed to automatically render the vertical atmospheric data on Google Earth. The data are first processed through the Giovanni system, then, processed to be 15-second vertical data images. A generalized COLLADA model is devised based on the 15-second vertical data profile. Using the designed COLLADA models and satellite orbit coordinates, a satellite orbit model is designed and implemented in KML format to render the vertical atmospheric data in spatial and temporal ranges vividly. The whole orbit model consists of repeated model slices. The model slices, each representing 15 seconds of vertical data, are placed on the CloudSat orbit based on the size, scale, and angle with the longitude line that are precisely and separately calculated on the fly for each slice according to the CloudSat orbit coordinates. The resulting vertical scientific data can be viewed transparently or opaquely on Google Earth. Not only is the research bridged the science and data with scientists and the general public in the most popular way, but simultaneous visualization and efficient exploration of the relationships among quantitative geospatial data, e.g. comparing the vertical data profiles with MODIS and AIRS precipitation data, becomes possible.
Estimating Mandibular Motion Based on Chin Surface Targets During Speech
Authors: Green Jordan R. , Wilson Erin M. , Wang Yu-Tsai , Moore Christopher A.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The movement of the jaw during speech and chewing has frequently been studied by tracking surface landmarks on the chin. However, the extent to which chin motions accurately represent those of the underlying mandible remains in question. In this investigation, the movements of a pellet attached to the incisor of the mandible were compared with those of pellets attached to different regions of the chin.

Method

Ten healthy talkers served as participants. Three speaking contexts were recorded from each participant: word, sentence, and paragraph. Chin position errors were estimated by computing the standard distance between the mandibular incisor pellet and the chin pellets.

Results

Relative to the underlying mandible, chin pellets moved with an average absolute and relative error of 0.81 mm and 7.30%, respectively. The movements of chin and mandibular pellets were tightly coupled in time.

Conclusion

The chin tracking errors observed in this investigation are considered acceptable for descriptive studies of oromotor behavior, particularly in situations where mandibular placements are not practical (e.g., young children or edentulous adults). The observed amount of error, however, may not be tolerable for fine-grained analyses of mandibular biomechanics. Several guidelines are provided for minimizing error associated with tracking surface landmarks on the chin.
The Discriminant Accuracy of a Grammatical Measure With Latino English-Speaking Children
Authors: Gutiérrez-Clellen Vera F. , Simon-Cereijido Gabriela
Published: August 2007

Purpose

To evaluate the discriminant accuracy of a grammatical measure for the identification of language impairment (LI) in Latino English-speaking children. Specifically, the study examined the diagnostic accuracy of the Test of English Morphosyntax (E-MST; Peña, Gutiérrez-Clellen, Iglesias, Goldstein, & Bedore (n.d.) to determine (a) whether use and exposure to Spanish had an effect on the performance of bilingual children compared with monolingual Latino children and (b) whether dialectal differences within Latino English speakers might result in performance differences and a greater incidence of misclassifications for children from Caribbean English backgrounds.

Method

One hundred and eleven children (i.e., 59 children with typical language development and 52 children with LI) were sampled from the Southwest and Northeast regions of the U.S. Southwestern children were of Mexican origin. Children from the Northeast were from Puerto Rican or Dominican backgrounds. Linear discriminant analyses evaluating group classifications on the basis of the E-MST were performed on exploratory and confirmatory data sets across 3 groups: Southwestern English-only proficient (SW EP) children, Southwestern English-dominant bilingual (SW EDB) children, and Northeastern (NE) children.

Results

Results of the exploratory discriminant analyses indicated good sensitivity for the SW EP children. The discriminant functions derived from the exploratory analysis were able to predict group membership in confirmatory discriminant analyses with fair sensitivity and good specificity for the SW EDB children and with fair sensitivity but poor specificity for the NE children. Children who were English-dominant bilingual were not more likely to be misclassified compared with their English-only proficient peers. However, nonmainstream English dialect differences appeared to affect classification accuracy and resulted in a greater number of misclassifications for the NE children with typical language development.

Conclusion

The measure seems to be suitable for identifying LI in SW children who are exposed to Spanish and/or who are English-dominant bilingual. Additional assessment tools will be needed to rule out the disorder in children who are exposed to African American or Caribbean English dialects.