bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
39.19.1.2 Alkaneselenolates of Group 1, 2, and 13–15 Metals (Update 2013)
Authors: Santi C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing the preparation of acyclic alkaneselenolates of metals in groups 1, 2, and 13–15. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2001–2012, and some aspects of the reactivity of these compounds are also described.

Alkaneselenolates are usually prepared in situ under inert conditions and are immediately used for subsequent reactions, most typically nucleophilic substitutions.
39.19.2.3 Alkaneselenolates of Group 3–12 Metals (Update 2014)
Authors: Polo A. , Real J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 39.19.2) describing methods for the synthesis of transition metal selenolates and their applications in organic synthesis. Synthetic methods developed in recent years concern both terminal and bridging alkaneselenolates. New applications for this class of compounds in organic synthesis have not been proposed. However, compounds of this class have been postulated as catalytic intermediates in some reactions, such as transition-metal-catalyzed Se-C bond formation via cross-coupling reactions.
39.26.6.2 Cyclic Alkaneselenolates of Group 3–12 Metals (Update 2014)
Authors: Polo A. , Real J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 39.26.6) describing methods for the synthesis of cyclic alkaneselenolates of transition metals and their applications in organic synthesis. Synthetic methods developed in recent years concern diselenolates, aminoselenolates, and selenolates with a metal-carbon bond. New applications for this class of compounds in organic synthesis have not been proposed.
39.32.2.2 Alkanetellurolates of Group 3–12 Metals (Update 2014)
Authors: Polo A. , Real J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 39.32.2) describing methods for the synthesis of transition metal alkanetellurolates and their applications in organic synthesis. Synthetic methods developed in recent years concern both terminal and bridging alkanetellurolates. New applications for this class of compounds in organic synthesis have not been proposed. However, they have been postulated as catalytic intermediates in some transition-metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions.
39.39.6.2 Cyclic Alkanetellurolates of Group 3–12 Metals (Update 2014)
Authors: Polo A. , Real J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 39.39.6) describing methods for the synthesis of cyclic alkanetellurolates of transition metals and their applications in organic synthesis. Synthetic methods developed in recent years focus principally on the synthesis of ditellurolates and aminotellurolates. New applications for this class of compounds in organic synthesis have not been proposed.
3.1.1.1.2 Reaction with (Het)Arylmetals or (Het)Arenes
Authors: Werner E. , Sigman M. S.
Published: May 2016

The intermolecular Heck reaction, in which a vinylic C—H bond is replaced by a C—C bond under palladium catalysis, is an indispensible tool for synthetic organic chemists. The reasons for this reliance include predictable regioselectivity in the formation of the new C—C bond when electronically biased alkenes are used, and the dependable delivery of configurationally pure E-alkene products. When palladium(II) salts are employed as catalysts in conjunction with organometallic reagents, an external oxidant is required to render the reaction catalytic. This strategy enables the reaction to perform well under mild conditions as compared to the elevated temperatures typically required when using palladium(0) catalysts. A critical review of the reagents and conditions capable of performing such transformations upon electron-deficient alkene substrates is presented.
3.1.1.1.3 Reaction with Arene- or Hetarenecarboxylic Acids or Derivatives, or Related Compounds
Authors: Zhang M. , Su W.
Published: May 2016

This chapter presents the synthesis of aryl-substituted alkenes via transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylative, decarboxylative, or desulfinylative Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reactions.
3.1.1.1.4 Reaction with Nonaromatic Halides, Sulfonates, or Related Compounds
Authors: Weimar M. , Fuchter M. J.
Published: May 2016

The Heck reaction is a widely used method in organic synthesis. This report concerns the development of methodologies to apply Heck-type chemistry to electron-poor alkenes with one or more electron-withdrawing groups and alkenyl and other nonaromatic electrophiles.
3.1.1.3.2 Reaction with Arylboronic Acids or Derivatives or Aroyl Halides
Authors: Lindh J. , Larhed M.
Published: May 2016

The use of electron-rich alkenes in Heck reactions was originally associated with poor regiocontrol, resulting in unwanted mixtures of regioisomers, thus severely hampering the utility of electron-rich alkenes. Today, excellent regiocontrol can be obtained by employing suitable reaction conditions. The use of electron-rich alkenes, such as enamides and vinyl ethers, in coupling reactions with arylboron compounds under cationic conditions provides easy access to the corresponding aryl ketones. Additionally, vinyl acetate can function as a convenient ethene precursor to form styrenes in coupling reactions with arylboron compounds.
3.1.1.3.3 Reaction with Nonaromatic Alkenyl Halides or Alkenyl Sulfonates
Authors: Nilsson P.
Published: May 2016

The intermolecular coupling of two sp2-hybridized carbons is normally conveniently performed via, for example, a Suzuki or Stille reaction. However, easy access to suitably equipped starting materials, i.e. a boron or tin derivative and an aryl/vinyl halide, is not always straightforward, especially if there is an intention to couple two alkenes, thus forming conjugated dienes. In such cases the corresponding palladium(0)-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck vinylation procedure becomes interesting since the vinyl halide (or pseudohalide) is coupled to the other alkene via a 1,2-insertion/β-hydride elimination process and thereby offers a complementary set of coupling partners as starting materials, as well as giving good stereoselectivity. In addition, heteroatom-substituted alkenes present an opportunity for subsequent transformations on the functionalized 1,3-diene, in contrast to cross couplings where the heteroatom constitutes a part of the leaving group. This chapter summarizes developments in the field of Mizoroki–Heck vinylation of electron-rich alkenes using alkenyl—X species (X = halide, sulfonate), focusing on reactions where high yields and regioselectivities are achieved using robust protocols.
3.1.1.5 Alkenes with Metal-Directing Groups as Reaction Components
Authors: Trejos A. , Odell L. R.
Published: May 2016

The use of electron-rich alkenes in Heck reactions was originally associated with poor regiocontrol, resulting in unwanted mixtures of regioisomers, thus severely hampering the utility of electron-rich alkenes. Chelation control has arisen as an attractive strategy to dictate the product outcome, as the directing effect of these substrates and the favorable formation of five- or six-membered chelates result in excellent regioselectivities. Today, excellent regiocontrol can be obtained by employing alkenes containing suitable catalyst-presenting groups. In addition, high levels of stereocontrol can also be obtained by using appropriate chiral catalyst presenting groups.
3.1.2.1 Formation of Carbocycles
Authors: Geoghegan K. , Evans P.
Published: May 2016

The intramolecular Mizoroki–Heck reaction is an important method for the formation of cyclic molecules, which would often be nontrivial to assemble by alternative means. Coupling between an sp2-hybridized carbon atom and an alkene generates a C—C bond which is included within a newly formed ring. In the absence of an additional coupled process, a new alkene is also generated. A variety of ring sizes may be accessed in this class of reaction and in many instances the adducts may be isolated in excellent chemical yield. The process is typically effected under the influence of palladium catalysis and the many published examples indicate that a variety of functionalities may be tolerated without interference. Within this chapter, examples have been selected from the recent literature to illustrate the utility of this method for the construction of carbocyclic compounds.
2.1.2 In Situ Generation of the α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Component by Wittig-Type Reaction
Authors: Alavijeh N. S. , Ghabraie E. , Balalaie S.
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes various multicomponent reactions (MCRs) involving in situ generated α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds formed by Wittig-type reactions.
2.1.3 With Isocyanide Participation
Authors: Shaabani A. , Sarvary A. , Shaabani S.
Published: May 2016

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions represent a very important synthetic method for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with potential biological and medicinal activities. The nucleophilic property of isocyanides makes them a popular reactant class for the development of novel multicomponent reactions. One of the isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction approaches involves the generation of a dipolar intermediate by the addition of isocyanides to electron-deficient α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates; the dipolar intermediate can then be captured efficiently by various dipolarophiles such as CH-, NH-, and OH-acids, electron-deficient alkenes, and imines to form diverse cycloadducts.
2.6.2 Catalytic Metal Participation
Authors: Arndtsen B. A. , Tjutrins J.
Published: May 2016

Transition-metal-catalyzed multicomponent reactions are of great utility in organic synthesis. These transformations exploit the reactivity of metal catalysts to both activate simple substrates toward reactions, and control how they react, thereby allowing the assembly of structurally complex products in an efficient fashion via the coupling of simple building blocks. This chapter highlights a number of important examples of such transformations, with a focus on those that lead to formation of three or more bonds, from substrates that are both widely available and easily tuned.
1.1.2 Asymmetric Hydroformylation of Alkenes
Authors: Godard C. , Perandones B. F. , Claver C.
Published: May 2016

Asymmetric hydroformylation is a very promising catalytic reaction that produces chiral aldehydes from inexpensive feedstocks (alkenes and syngas) in a single step under essentially neutral reaction conditions. Asymmetric hydroformylation offers a great potential for the fine chemical industry since enantiomerically pure or enriched aldehydes can be obtained through hydroformylation of a variety of substrates using the appropriate chiral-phosphorus-modified rhodium catalyst. This chapter presents the successful transformations of benchmark and specific substrates, organized according to the substitution pattern.
1.1.4 Nonconventional Reaction Media: Hydroformylation, Carbonylation, and Hydroxycarbonylation of Alkenes
Authors: Mortreux A. , Sauthier M. , Monflier E. , Tilloy S.
Published: May 2016

This chapter focuses on catalytic reactions involving the use of carbon monoxide and alkenes together with tertiary substrates such as hydrogen, alcohols, amines, or water where the catalyst recovery and recycling has been emphasized via the use of biphasic media. These atom-economical catalytic reactions result in the synthesis of aldehydes, esters, amines, and carboxylic acids, as well as polyketones, where the activity and regioselectivity concerns have been addressed.
1.1.9 Hydrocyanation of Alkenes
Authors: Tauchert M. E.
Published: May 2016

Hydrocyanation of alkenes is an atom-economical reaction to install a functionalized C-1 building block into a molecule. The reaction can be run to yield either the linear or the branched nitrile product. Branched nitriles can be produced in moderate to good enantiomeric excess. A detailed overview of the mechanism of nickel-catalyzed hydrocyanation is provided to help assess the scope and limitations of this reaction.
1.1.10 Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of Methyl and Cyanide
Authors: Goldfuss B.
Published: May 2016

Conjugate additions of methyl and cyanide nucleophiles to Michael acceptors are powerful methods for stereoselective homologation. New ligands and a variety of copper sources today enable highly enantioselective nucleophilic 1,4-methylations. Besides Grignard reagents, methylzinc reagents and trimethylaluminum are well established as nucleophilic methyl sources. Enantioselective cyanations of alkenes, aldehydes, or imines can be accomplished with metal catalysts (e.g., based on nickel, aluminum, or titanium) or organocatalysts, mostly employing silyl cyanides or acetone cyanohydrin as the cyanide source.
1.1.11 Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitromethane
Authors: Ballini R. , Petrini M.
Published: May 2016

The enantioselective conjugate addition of nitromethane to electron-poor alkenes is a powerful synthetic strategy allowing the introduction of a single carbon linked to a nitrogen atom in its higher oxidation state. The installation of a newly generated stereocenter in enantioenriched form and the subsequent reduction of the nitro group to an amino functionality represents a flexible gateway to the preparation of optically active amino-containing compounds. Organocatalytic methods are the most exploited procedures for this purpose and may involve activation of the carbonyl group in the corresponding enones and enals by optically active secondary amines (iminium ion catalysis). Activation of nitromethane using thiourea derivatives is also a viable approach to attain the corresponding adducts with high enantioselectivity. Chiral complexes of lanthanum, aluminum, and copper are also successfully used for this purpose and are substantially based on the activation of both nitromethane and the Michael acceptor.
1.3.2 Cyanation of Ketones, Aldehydes, and Imines
Authors: Lin L. L. , Liu X. H. , Feng X. M.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of various cyanohydrins and α-aminonitriles is achieved through the cyanation of aldehydes, ketones, aldimines, and ketimines using different cyanide sources and is catalyzed by chiral or achiral organic or metallic catalysts.
2.1.1 Cyanohydrin Formation/Henry Reaction
Authors: Steiner K. , Glieder A. , Gruber-Khadjawi M.
Published: May 2016

Enantiopure cyanohydrins and β-nitro alcohols serve as versatile building blocks for a broad range of chemical and enzymatic reactions, resulting in highly valuable products for many applications. Hydroxynitrile lyases comprise a diverse group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible cleavage of cyanohydrins to carbonyl compounds and hydrogen cyanide. The enzymes have been studied broadly concerning their substrate scope, specificity, structure, and reaction mechanism, and many have been successfully applied and engineered for the synthesis of cyanohydrins from laboratory to industrial scale. Both R- and S-cyanohydrins are accessible from a broad variety of substrates and, in most cases, high yields and enantiopurities can be obtained after enzyme and reaction engineering. Recent progress in the development and optimization of heterologous expression systems make recombinant hydroxynitrile lyases available in the quantities needed for industrial production. The procedures for safe handling of cyanides are also well-defined and established. In addition, some hydroxynitrile lyases are able to catalyze the nonnatural asymmetric Henry reaction. Although the enzyme activities are rather low, the enzymatic synthesis of enantiopure β-nitro alcohols shows promising results.
2.1.5 Addition to C=N Bonds
Authors: Ilari A. , Bonamore A. , Boffi A.
Published: May 2016

The Pictet–Spengler reaction consists of a Mannich-type cyclization in which an electron-rich aromatic carbon attacks a C=N bond, in the form of an electrophilic iminium ion, thus yielding a heterocyclic scaffold and generating a new asymmetric center. In this chapter, the substrate scope and limitations of the best-known Pictet–Spenglerase enzymes are discussed in order to pave the way for development of a general biocatalytic strategy for the stereoselective addition to the C=N bond.
2.3.2 Addition of Water to C=C Bonds
Authors: Resch V. , Hanefeld U.
Published: May 2016

While chemists struggle to find efficient methods to perform the asymmetric addition of water, nature employs countless enzymes (called hydratases or hydro-lyases) to perform this reaction using substrates with both activated and nonactivated double bonds. However, compared to the vast number of hydratases involved in metabolic pathways in nature, only a few are described for their use in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, their potential in asymmetric catalysis has been recognized and some hydratases are used on a large scale in industrial processes. Since hydratases perform the addition of water, water is used as both a solvent and a reagent, opening up a very efficient and green route to both secondary and tertiary alcohols. This chapter focuses on hydratases that catalyze interesting reactions and are tested beyond their biochemical characterization.
2.4.2 Imine Reductases
Authors: Leipold F. , Hussain S. , France S. P. , Turner N. J.
Published: May 2016

Imine reductases catalyze the asymmetric reduction of imines to the corresponding chiral amines. The excellent enantioselectivities achieved in these conversions make this biocatalyst an attractive addition to the toolbox for chiral amine synthesis. This chapter details recent developments in the application of different classes of imine reductases in the synthesis of chiral amines as well as amino acids.
1.1.4 Arylation Using a Ruthenium(II) Catalyst
Authors: Seki M.
Published: May 2016

The C—H arylation of α-functionalized benzenes proceeds smoothly in the presence of a ruthenium(II) catalyst. Key factors which control the reaction (catalyst, leaving group, additive, phosphine ligand, and base) are thoroughly discussed in terms of the efficiency and practicality of the process. Of particular interest is the synthesis of biaryls by means of C—H arylation, as these constitute a key feature of some important pharmaceutical compounds.
1.1.5 Vinylation Using a Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Dornan P. K. , Dong V. M.
Published: May 2016

This chapter covers methods for the vinylation of non-heteroaromatic arene C—H bonds with palladium catalysts. Both oxidative methods (dehydrogenative coupling of an arene with an alkene) and direct arylation methods (coupling of an arene with a vinyl halide or equivalent) are discussed. In many cases, directing groups are used to enhance reactivity and ensure site-selective vinylation. Examples of non-directed cases are also discussed. These vinylation methods are advantageous over other cross-coupling methods since pre-activation of the arene component (via an aryl halide or arylmetal species) is not necessary.
1.1.7 Metal-Catalyzed C—H Alkylation Using RX Compounds
Authors: Yi C. S.
Published: May 2016

This review covers transition-metal-catalyzed C(sp2)—H alkylation methods via carbon—heteroatom bond cleavage. The first part of the review delineates catalytic C(sp2)—H alkylation methods for arene and alkene substrates using various alkyl halides. Subsequently, alkylation by cleavage of C—B, C—Si, and C—Sn bonds is described. Finally, C(sp2)—H alkylation via C—O and C—S bond cleavage is reviewed.
Preface: The 5th International Workshop on X-ray Mirror Design, Fabrication, and Metrology
Authors: Assoufid Lahsen , Goldberg Kenneth , Yashchuk Valeriy V.
Published: May 2016

Recent developments in synchrotron storage rings and free-electron laser-based x-ray sources with ever-increasing brightness and coherent flux have pushed x-ray optics requirements to new frontiers. This Special Topic gathers a set of articles derived from a subset of the key presentations of the International Workshop on X-ray Mirrors Fabrication (IWXM-2015) and Metrology held at Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA, July 14–16, 2015. The workshop objective was to report on recent progress in x-ray synchrotron radiation mirrors fabrication as well as on new developments in related metrology tools and methods.
So-called ‘relaxation’ mode located at 0.1 cm−1 in the low-frequency Raman spectra of ethylene glycol - acetone mixtures
Authors: Amo Y. , Kameda Y. , Usuki T.
Published: May 2016

Low frequency Raman spectra of ethylene glycol(EG) and acetone mixtures are investigated by high-resolution double monochrometer. A broad peak located at 0.1 cm−1 in susceptibility spectra is compared with the dielectric loss spectra. Both Raman relaxation time(τMRT1) and dielectric relaxation time(τD1) are determined by the model fitting method. The ratio τMRT1/τD1 does not depend on static dielectric constant of mixtures and is almost constant, ≈3.2, from 1.0 (pure EG) to 0.3 mole fraction. This result indicates that both τMRT1 and τD1 are determined by the same molecular dynamics.
The dynamic of non-communicable disease control policy in Indonesia
Authors: Christiani Yodi , Dugdale Paul , Tavener Meredith , Byles Julie E.
Published: May 2016

Objective
The aim of the present study was to examine non-communicable disease (NCD) policy formation and implementation in Indonesia.

Methods
Interviews were conducted with 13 Indonesian health policy workers. The processes and issues relating to NCD policy formation were mapped, exploring the interactions between policy makers, technical/implementation bodies, alliances across various levels and the mobilisation of non-policy actors.

Results
Problems in NCD policy formation include insufficient political interest in NCD control, disconnected policies and difficulty in multisectoral coordination. These problems are well illustrated in relation to tobacco control, but also apply to other control efforts. Nevertheless, participants were optimistic that there are plentiful opportunities for improving NCD control policies given growing global attention to NCD, increases in the national health budget and the growing body of Indonesia-relevant NCD-related research.

Conclusion
Indonesia’s success in the creation and implementation of NCD policy will be dependent on high-level governmental leadership, including support from the President, the Health Minister and coordinating ministries.

What is known about the topic?
The burden of NCD in Indonesia has increased gradually. Nationally, NCD-related mortality accounted for 65% of deaths in 2010. Indonesia is also a country with the highest burden of tobacco smoking in the world. However, the government has not instituted sufficient policy action to tackle NCDs, including tobacco control.

What does this paper add?
This paper deepens our understanding of current NCD control policy formation in Indonesia, including the possible underlying reason why Indonesia has weak tobacco control policies. It describes the gaps in the current policies, the actors involved in policy formation, the challenges in policy formation and implementation and potential opportunities for improving NCD control.

What are the implications for practitioners?
An effective NCD control program requires strong collaboration, including between government and health professionals. Health professionals can actively engage in policy formation, for example through knowledge production.
Developing the rural health workforce to improve Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Gwynne Kylie , Lincoln Michelle
Published: May 2016

Objective The aim of the present study was to identify evidence-based strategies in the literature for developing and maintaining a skilled and qualified rural and remote health workforce in Australia to better meet the health care needs of Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) people. Methods A systematic search strategy was implemented using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and checklist. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied, and 26 papers were included in the study. These 26 papers were critically evaluated and analysed for common findings about the rural health workforce providing services for Aboriginal people. Results There were four key findings of the study: (1) the experience of Aboriginal people in the health workforce affects their engagement with education, training and employment; (2) particular factors affect the effectiveness and longevity of the non-Aboriginal workforce working in Aboriginal health; (3) attitudes and behaviours of the workforce have a direct effect on service delivery design and models in Aboriginal health; and (4) student placements affect the likelihood of applying for rural and remote health jobs in Aboriginal communities after graduation. Each finding has associated evidence-based strategies including those to promote the engagement and retention of Aboriginal staff; training and support for non-Aboriginal health workers; effective service design; and support strategies for effective student placement. Conclusions Strategies are evidenced in the peer-reviewed literature to improve the rural and remote workforce for health delivery for Australian Aboriginal people and should be considered by policy makers, funders and program managers. What is known about the topic? There is a significant amount of peer-reviewed literature about the recruitment and retention of the rural and remote health workforce. What does this paper add? There is a gap in the literature about strategies to improve recruitment and retention of the rural and remote health workforce for health delivery for Australian Aboriginal people. This paper provides evidence-based strategies in four key areas. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the present study are relevant for policy makers, funders and program managers in rural and remote Aboriginal health.
RNA interference-based technology: what role in animal agriculture?
Authors: Bradford B. J. , Cooper C. A. , Tizard M. L. , Doran T. J. , Hinton T. M.
Published: May 2016

Animal agriculture faces a broad array of challenges, ranging from disease threats to adverse environmental conditions, while attempting to increase productivity using fewer resources. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological phenomenon with the potential to provide novel solutions to some of these challenges. Discovered just 20 years ago, the mechanisms underlying RNAi are now well described in plants and animals. Intracellular double-stranded RNA triggers a conserved response that leads to cleavage and degradation of complementary mRNA strands, thereby preventing production of the corresponding protein product. RNAi can be naturally induced by expression of endogenous microRNA, which are critical in the regulation of protein synthesis, providing a mechanism for rapid adaptation of physiological function. This endogenous pathway can be co-opted for targeted RNAi either through delivery of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) into target cells or by transgenic expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Potentially valuable RNAi targets for livestock include endogenous genes such as developmental regulators, transcripts involved in adaptations to new physiological states, immune response mediators, and also exogenous genes such as those encoded by viruses. RNAi approaches have shown promise in cell culture and rodent models as well as some livestock studies, but technical and market barriers still need to be addressed before commercial applications of RNAi in animal agriculture can be realised. Key challenges for exogenous delivery of siRNA include appropriate formulation for physical delivery, internal transport and eventual cellular uptake of the siRNA; additionally, rigorous safety and residue studies in target species will be necessary for siRNA delivery nanoparticles currently under evaluation. However, genomic incorporation of shRNA can overcome these issues, but optimal promoters to drive shRNA expression are needed, and genetic engineering may attract more resistance from consumers than the use of exogenous siRNA. Despite these hurdles, the convergence of greater understanding of RNAi mechanisms, detailed descriptions of regulatory processes in animal development and disease, and breakthroughs in synthetic chemistry and genome engineering has created exciting possibilities for using RNAi to enhance the sustainability of animal agriculture.
Intercropping black oat (Avena strigosa) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) can increase pasture leaf production compared with their monocultures
Authors: Duchini Paulo G. , Guzatti Gabriela C. , Ribeiro-Filho Henrique M. N. , Sbrissia André F.
Published: May 2016

Multi-species pastures have been viewed as a means to increase forage production relative to monocultures through enhanced three-dimensional occupation of the canopy, which will intercept and use the incident radiation more efficiently. For this to occur, increased production of photosynthetically active tissues such as leaves is required. We tested the hypothesis that intercropping of black oats (Avena strigosa Schum.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can increase total and leaf forage production compared with their monocultures. Monocultures and mixed pastures of black oat and annual ryegrass were established, and their tiller morphogenetic and structural traits, as well as components of herbage production, were measured throughout the usage period of the pastures. There was no difference between treatments for total growth rate (77.1 kg dry matter (DM) ha–1 day–1), but annual ryegrass pastures presented the greatest stem growth rate (38.1 kg DM ha–1 day–1). Taking into account only the vegetative phase, the intercropped pasture produced 20% more leaf than the monocultures. There were no differences between species, either in monoculture or intercropped, for phyllochron, final leaf length, leaf elongation duration and leaf elongation rate. The most important modification in morphogenetic variables due to the inter-specific competition was an increase in senescence rate of annual ryegrass leaves. The average specific green leaf weight in the intercropping pastures corresponded to 84.6% and 137.5% of those values observed for black oat and annual ryegrass pastures, respectively. On the other hand, the intercropping pastures presented 43.5% more tillers than the black oat pastures and 17.8% fewer tillers than the annual ryegrass pastures. It is suggested that intercropping black oat and annual ryegrass does not change tiller ontogenetic processes and that the association of their different size and shape in intercropped pastures could increase pasture leaf production over their monocultures.
Variation among individual bulls in the distribution of acrosomal tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa
Authors: Arai Miyuki M. , Minami Kenta , Ogura Yukari , Otsuka Nagisa , Hama Shohei , Harayama Hiroshi , Sakase Mitsuhiro , Fukushima Moriyuki
Published: May 2016

In Japanese black cattle, AI severely subfertile males have occasionally been found. In order to solve this problem, we previously asserted the need for exact examinations of acrosomal tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and acrosome morphology in cryopreserved spermatozoa. In the present study, we further investigated acrosomal tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in spermatozoa before cryopreservation and examined possible relationships between these phosphoproteins and acrosome stability. Ejaculated, epididymal and cryopreserved spermatozoa were subjected to examinations of general characteristics (motility, shape and acrosome morphology) and indirect immunofluorescence of acrosomal phosphoproteins. Unlike all general characteristic parameters, the distribution of acrosomal tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in ejaculated and cauda epididymal spermatozoa varied considerably among bulls and was linked to the maintenance of morphologically normal acrosomes in cryopreserved spermatozoa or ejaculated spermatozoa after 270 min incubation. Moreover, the distribution of these phosphoproteins was arranged in the spermatozoa of the proximal epididymides. These findings indicate that acrosomal tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins are distributionally arranged during early process of sperm maturation, that their distribution of cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa are largely different among bulls, and that varied states of acrosomal phosphoproteins may result in individual differences in acrosome stability among bulls.
High uptake of shared electronic health records among HIV-infected patients at an Australian sexual health clinic
Authors: Farrugia Parsons Bianca , Ryder Nathan
Published: May 2016

The uptake of an opt-in system for integrating the health information of HIV-infected patients of an Australian sexual health clinic into the regional shared electronic health record (EHR) is described. A medical record audit was performed to determine the number and demographic characteristics of HIV-infected patients in the study’s sexual health clinic opting in and out of inclusion in the regional shared EHR. The majority of these HIV-infected patients (70%, 95% CI: 58–79%) took up the option of including their HIV-related records into the regional shared electronic health record.
Medial septal GABAergic projection neurons promote object exploration behavior and type 2 theta rhythm
Authors: Gangadharan Gireesh , Shin Jonghan , Kim Seong-Wook , Kim Angela , Paydar Afshin , Kim Duk-Soo , Miyazaki Taisuke , Watanabe Masahiko , Yanagawa Yuchio , Kim Jinhyun , Kim Yeon-Soo , Kim Daesoo , Shin Hee-Sup
Published: May 2016

Significance

Two different kinds of exploratory behavior, object and place, have been proposed. Their distinction has been debated, however, because of the lack of solid experimental evidence to support their heterogeneity. In this report, we show neural evidence for the heterogeneity of exploratory behaviors. Thus, we demonstrate that T-type Ca2+channels in the septo-hippocampal GABAergic pathway play a specific role in control of exploratory behavior of novel objects. In addition, we show that type 2 but not type 1 hippocampal theta rhythm is associated with object exploration.
Neuronal energy-sensing pathway promotes energy balance by modulating disease tolerance
Authors: Shen Run , Wang Biao , Giribaldi Maria G. , Ayres Janelle , Thomas John B. , Montminy Marc
Published: May 2016

Significance

The
Drosophila
coactivator cAMP-regulated transcription coactivator (Crtc) functions in neurons to promote energy balance. We found that Crtc and its binding partner cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) maintain metabolic homeostasis by stimulating the expression of the neuropeptide-Y–like neuropeptide short neuropeptide F (sNPF). Loss of sNPF disrupted gut epithelial integrity and increased immune response gene expression, leading to decreases in triglyceride and glycogen stores. Conversely, overexpression of Crtc or sNPF in neurons of wild-type flies attenuated the immune response and enhanced starvation resistance. By enhancing gut barrier integrity, the CREB/CRTC pathway maintains energy homeostasis in response to stress.
‘You Will Take This Sacred Book’: The Musical Strambotto as a Learned Gift
Authors: Zanovello Giovanni
Published: May 2016

The MS Modena, Biblioteca Estense e Universitaria, α.F.9.9 is by far the most lavish collection produced in the short-lived history of the musical frottola. In its pages, unassuming four-voice secular settings are preceded by citations from Pliny and Isidore and surrounded by dazzling illuminations of birds, fruits and plants. If splendour is never amiss in gifts, one must wonder what the relationship was between the components of this intriguing artefact. In this article I investigate the gift value of the source by examining the musical repertory and style in conjunction with its other features. I propose that musical strambotti enabled fifteenth-century educated Italians to perform symbolic gestures associated with ancient music. The repertory was also perfectly congruous with the poetic and decorative choices made for the manuscript. The examination of this peculiar source helps shed more light on the musical strambotto, its uses and its implied cultural associations.
Automatic attentional orienting to other people's gaze in schizophrenia
Authors: Langdon Robyn , Seymour Kiley , Williams Tracey , Ward Philip B.
Published: May 2016

Explicit tests of social cognition have revealed pervasive deficits in schizophrenia. Less is known of automatic social cognition in schizophrenia. We used a spatial orienting task to investigate automatic shifts of attention cued by another person's eye gaze in 29 patients and 28 controls. Central photographic images of a face with eyes shifted left or right, or looking straight ahead, preceded targets that appeared left or right of the cue. To examine automatic effects, cue direction was non-predictive of target location. Cue–target intervals were 100, 300, and 800 ms. In non-social control trials, arrows replaced eye-gaze cues. Both groups showed automatic attentional orienting indexed by faster reaction times (RTs) when arrows were congruent with target location across all cue–target intervals. Similar congruency effects were seen for eye-shift cues at 300 and 800 ms intervals, but patients showed significantly larger congruency effects at 800 ms, which were driven by delayed responses to incongruent target locations. At short 100-ms cue–target intervals, neither group showed faster RTs for congruent than for incongruent eye-shift cues, but patients were significantly slower to detect targets after direct-gaze cues. These findings conflict with previous studies using schematic line drawings of eye-shifts that have found automatic attentional orienting to be reduced in schizophrenia. Instead, our data indicate that patients display abnormalities in responding to gaze direction at various stages of gaze processing—reflected by a stronger preferential capture of attention by another person's direct eye contact at initial stages of gaze processing and difficulties disengaging from a gazed-at location once shared attention is established.
Trade Policy Coordination and Food Price Volatility
Authors: Gouel Christophe
Published: May 2016

Many countries adjust their trade policies counter‐cyclically with food prices, to the extent that the use of restrictions by food‐exporting countries has occasionally threatened the food security of food‐importing countries. These trade policies are inconsistent with the terms‐of‐trade motivation often retained to characterize the payoff frontier of self‐enforcing trade agreements, as they can worsen the terms of trade of the countries that apply them. This article analyzes trade policy coordination when trade policies are driven by terms‐of‐trade effects and a desire to reduce domestic food price volatility. This framework implies that importing and exporting countries have incentives to deviate from cooperation at different periods: the latter when prices are high and the former when prices are low. Since staple food prices tend to have asymmetric distributions, with more prices below than above the mean but with occasional spikes, a self‐enforcing agreement generates asymmetric outcomes. Without cooperation, an importing country uses its trade policy more frequently because of the concentration of prices below the mean, but an exporting country has a greater incentive to deviate from a cooperative trade policy because positive deviations from the mean price are larger than negative ones. Thus, the asymmetry of the distribution of commodity prices can make it more difficult to discipline export taxes than tariffs in trade agreements.
How similar is the stellar structure of low-mass late-type galaxies to that of early-type dwarfs?
Authors: Janz J. , Laurikainen E. , Laine J. , Salo H. , Lisker T.
Published: May 2016

We analyse structural decompositions of 500 late-type galaxies (Hubble T-type ≥6) from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G; Salo et al.), spanning stellar mass range of about 107 to a few times 1010 M⊙. Their decomposition parameters are compared with those of the early-type dwarfs in the Virgo cluster from Janz et al. They have morphological similarities, including the fact that the fraction of simple one-component galaxies in both samples increases towards lower galaxy masses. We find that in the late-type two-component galaxies both the inner and outer structures are by a factor of 2 larger than in the early-type dwarfs, for the same stellar mass of the component. While dividing the late-type galaxies to low- and high-density environmental bins, it is noticeable that both the inner and outer components of late types in the high local density galaxies are smaller, and lie closer in size to those of the early-type dwarfs. This suggests that, although structural differences between the late- and early-type dwarfs are observed, environmental processes can plausibly transform their sizes sufficiently, thus linking them evolutionarily.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Identify Environmental Justice Issues in an Inner-City Community and Inform Urban Planning
Authors: Mansyur Carol Leler , Jeng Hueiwang Anna , Holloman Erica , DeBrew Linwood
Published: May 2016

The Southeast CARE Coalition has been using community-based participatory research to examine environmental degradation in the Southeast Community, Newport News, Virginia. A survey was developed to collect assessment data. Up to 66% of respondents were concerned about environmental problems in their community. Those with health conditions were significantly more likely to identify specific environmental problems. The top 5 environmental concerns included coal dust, air quality, crime, water quality, and trash. The community-based participatory research process is building community capacity and participation, providing community input into strategic planning, and empowering community members to take control of environmental justice issues in their community.
Extended V-Y Advancement Flap Reconstruction of a Large Posterior Upper Midline Trunk Defect
Authors: Fukudome Eugene Y. , Bharadia Deepak R. , Helm Douglas L. , Sinha Indranil
Published: May 2016

Large posterior upper trunk defects can be challenging to reconstruct. Trapezius or latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps are principally utilized for reconstruction; however, some defects may not be amenable to this standard approach. Here, we describe a patient with a full-thickness skin and subcutaneous tissue loss of the upper back and inferior cervical region after dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resection. A large, extended V-Y flap was used for closure of this wound secondary to its location, size, and orientation. This approach preserves shoulder function, allows for readvancement of the flap as needed, and is a reconstructive option for patients with large upper back defects.
Parenteral or enteral nutrition: do you have the choice?
Authors: Oshima Taku , Singer Pierre , Pichard Claude
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review

The review focuses on the use of parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition in critically ill patients to optimize the nutrition care throughout the ICU stay. The key message is: you have the choice!

Recent findings

Enteral nutrition has been recommended for critically ill patients, whereas parenteral nutrition has been considered harmful and to be avoided. However, recent studies have challenged this theory. They demonstrated that enteral nutrition is frequently associated with energy and protein undernutrition, whereas parenteral nutrition becomes deleterious only if overfeeding is induced. Measuring energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, in most cases, enables accurate determination of the energy needs to optimize the prescription of nutrition. Protein targets should also be considered for adequate feeding. Parenteral nutrition can be used as a supplement or as an alternative to enteral nutrition in case of gastrointestinal intolerance, to enable adequate energy, and protein provision.

Parenteral nutrition is a powerful tool to optimize nutrition care of critically ill patients to improve clinical outcome, if prescribed according to the individual needs of the patients. After 3–4 days of attempt to feed enterally, enteral nutrition or parenteral nutrition can be used alternatively or combined, as long as the target is reached with special attention to avoid hypercaloric feeding.
Unperturbed vs. post-transplantation hematopoiesis: both in vivo but different
Authors: Busch Katrin , Rodewald Hans-Reimer
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has yielded tremendous information on experimental properties of HSCs. Yet, it remains unclear whether transplantation reflects the physiology of hematopoiesis. A limitation is the difficulty in accessing HSC functions without isolation, in-vitro manipulation and readout for potential. New genetic fate mapping and clonal marking techniques now shed light on hematopoiesis under physiological conditions.

Recent findings

Transposon-based genetic marks were introduced across the entire hematopoietic system to follow the clonal dynamics of these tags over time. A polyclonal source downstream from stem cells was found responsible for the production of at least granulocytes. In independent experiments, HSCs were genetically marked in adult mice, and the kinetics of label emergence throughout the system was followed over time. These experiments uncovered that during physiological steady-state hematopoiesis large numbers of HSCs yield differentiated progeny. Individual HSCs were active only rarely, indicating their very slow periodicity of differentiation rather than quiescence.

Noninvasive genetic experiments in mice have identified a major role of stem and progenitor cells downstream from HSCs as drivers of adult hematopoiesis, and revealed that post-transplantation hematopoiesis differs quantitatively from normal steady-state hematopoiesis.
Lipoprotein(a) apheresis
Authors: Pokrovsky Sergei N. , Afanasieva Olga I. , Ezhov Marat V.
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review

Currently, different methods for extracorporeal elimination of atherogenic apolipoprotein B100 containing lipoprotein particles are used in clinical practice. Most of them effectively remove both lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and LDL. The aim of this review is to highlight research describing the clinical advantages of specific Lp(a) immunosorption compared with other lipoprotein apheresis systems.

Recent findings

Data on the utility of lipoprotein apheresis in patients with elevated Lp(a) level are limited. However, several longitudinal studies demonstrated improvement in cardiovascular outcomes when both Lp(a) and LDL cholesterol levels were decreased with different apheresis systems. The main limitation of these trials is the absence of a control group. First developed in 1991, studies on apheresis with a specific immunosorbent to Lp(a) were small and noncontrolled before 2000s. The only prospective controlled clinical trial utilising Lp(a) apheresis (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02133807), demonstrated regression of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis when Lp(a) was removed weekly for 18 months.

Lipoprotein apheresis usually affects multiple lipoproteins, and there are minimal data regarding the effect of specific removal of Lp(a) alone. There is a need for randomized controlled trial with specific Lp(a) apheresis to investigate its effect on cardiovascular outcomes.