bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Fear of Pain in Headache
Authors: Black Anna Katherine , Fulwiler Joshua C. , Smitherman Todd A.
Published: April 2015

Background

Recurrent headache sufferers are often fearful of pain, which disrupts thought processes, interferes with daily activities, and may maintain headache‐related disability through avoidance and associated negative reinforcement.

Objective

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to (1) examine differences in fear of pain (FOP) between headache sufferers and non‐headache controls; (2) examine differences in FOP across primary headache diagnostic groups; (3) assess the extent to which FOP predicts headache variables (eg., severity, frequency, disability); and (4) determine whether FOP mediates the relationship between pain severity and headache‐related disability.

Methods

The sample consisted of 908 young adults (M age = 19.5 years; 64.9% female). Of those, 237 (26.1%) met the diagnostic criteria for episodic tension‐type headache (TTH), 232 (25.6%) for episodic migraine (167 [18.4%] without aura and 65 [7.2%] with aura), 38 (4.2%) for chronic migraine, and 19 (2.1%) for chronic TTH; 382 (42.1%) served as non‐headache controls.

Results

FOP differed among groups, with headache sufferers reporting greater FOP than those without headache; migraineurs typically endorsed greater FOP than those with TTH. Among those with headache, FOP significantly predicted headache severity (R2 = 6.1%) and frequency (R2 = 4.5%), and accounted for more variance in disability (R2 = 17.5%) than gender, anxiety, and depression combined (13.8%). Pain severity and disability were strongly associated (r = 0.61, P < .001), and FOP partially mediated this association (indirect effect point estimate = 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.23‐0.57).

Conclusions

FOP differentiates migraineurs from those without headache and plays a significant role in primary headache, particularly in headache‐related disability. Findings build upon and extend those from previous chronic pain studies and highlight the need for longitudinal and experimental studies to further explore this construct in headache.
Emancipation without Utopia: Subjection, Modernity, and the Normative Claims of Feminist Critical Theory
Authors: Allen Amy
Published: April 2015

Feminist theory needs both explanatory‐diagnostic and anticipatory‐utopian moments in order to be truly critical and truly feminist. However, the explanatory‐diagnostic task of analyzing the workings of gendered power relations in all of their depth and complexity seems to undercut the very possibility of emancipation on which the anticipatory‐utopian task relies. In this paper, I take this looming paradox as an invitation to rethink our understanding of emancipation and its relation to the anticipatory‐utopian dimensions of critique, asking what conception of emancipation is compatible with a complex explanatory‐diagnostic analysis of contemporary gender domination as it is intertwined and entangled with race, class, sexuality, and empire. I explore this question through an analysis of two specific debates in which the paradoxical relationship between power and emancipation emerges in particularly salient and seemingly intractable forms: debates over subjection and modernity. Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault, I argue that a negativistic conception of emancipation offers the best way for feminist critical theory to transform the paradox of power and emancipation into a productive tension that can fuel critique.
Trust and distrust between patient and doctor
Authors: Hawley Katherine
Published: April 2015

To trust someone is to have expectations of their behaviour; distrust often involves disappointed expectations. But healthy trust and distrust require a good understanding of which expectations are reasonable, and which are not. In this paper,Idiscuss the limits of trustworthiness by drawing on recent studies of trust in the context of defensive medicine, biobanking and cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions.
Eight weeks of dietary overfeeding increases renal filtration rates in humans: implications for the pathogenesis of diabetic hyperfiltration
Authors: Covington J. D. , Bray G. A. , Redman L. M. , Johannsen D. L. , Ravussin E.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Diabetic nephropathy is characterized at its onset by glomerular hyperfiltration. Prospective studies in humans measuring filtration rates with weight gain are lacking. We investigated renal filtration following weight gain induced by overfeeding.

Design

Eight weeks of overfeeding (40% above energy requirements, 44% fat, 15% protein and 41% carbohydrate) as well as a 6‐month follow‐up after the overfeeding intervention.

Subjects

Thirty‐five participants (age: 26.7 ±5.3 years; body mass index: 25.5 ± 2.2 kg m−2; 29 m/6f).

Measurements

Creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) from 24‐h urine collection, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), insulin sensitivity/glucose disposal rate (GDR) by a euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp, components from basic metabolic panels and serum lipid panels.

Results

Both eGFR and Ccr increased with overfeeding (P = 0.04) and serum lipids (all P < 0.05), along with a decrease in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.003). Fasting glucose concentration was not affected (P = 0.98), but the per cent change in Ccr correlated positively with the change in GDR with overfeeding (r = 0.39, P = 0.02). Six months following overfeeding, serum glucose was maintained, and no evidence of urinary glucose was observed at any time‐point.

Conclusions

These data suggest that renal hyperfiltration may act as a mechanism to preserve insulin sensitivity through maintenance of systemic glucose homoeostasis with caloric excess.
AN OVERVIEW OF NURSES’ MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: HOW IS EUROPE DOING?
Authors: de Barbieri Ilaria , Baumann Jacqueline , Casal Maria Cruz , Gurevich Andrey , Pancirova Jitka , Poulia Kalliopi‐Anna , Riemann Aase
Published: April 2015

Background

Nurses have an important role to play in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). An online survey conducted by the European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association (EDTNA/ERCA) in conjunction with Amgen (Europe) GmbH surveyed nephrology nurses’ knowledge of secondary hyperparathyroidism, treatment targets, current treatments, patient adherence and nephrology nurse training education needs. The survey's aim was to establish common practices being used by nurses in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and to identify nephrology nurses’ training and educational needs in order to improve patient care.

Methods

Design: Descriptive study. Measurements: An online survey of multiple choice and closed questions. Participants: A sample of nephrology nurses from Spain, Italy, France and the Netherlands.

Results

A total of 111 nurses completed the questionnaire (98% response rate, 82% of which were fully completed). Collected data revealed that there were specific aspects of SHPT patient management where nurses lacked confidence, despite the majority of respondents having 15 years nephrology nursing experience. These aspects included explaining the disorder and therapies to patients, managing side effects of drugs and appreciating the significance of controlling biochemical targets. Over 40% of the respondents felt they did not have sufficient training to support patients who were non‐compliant.

Conclusion

Nursing skills are integral to SHPT patient management as part of the multidisciplinary approach. The nurse's role is particularly important in patient assessment and monitoring, and in the provision of patient education and support, particularly with treatment adherence. Nephrology nurses who are better informed about SHPT and who receive training on practical patient care may improve the care of patients.
Surgical correction of gastro‐oesophageal intussusception with bilateral incisional gastropexy in three dogs
Authors: Murphy L. A. , Nakamura R. K. , Miller J. M.
Published: April 2015

Three dogs presented for evaluation of acute onset tachypnoea and dyspnoea following episodes of vomiting and/or regurgitation. Thoracic radiographs were suggestive of a gastro‐oesophageal intussusception in all three dogs; one dog also showed evidence of aspiration pneumonia. All three dogs underwent surgical correction with a bilateral incisional gastropexy. All dogs recovered from anaesthesia uneventfully and were discharged from the hospital 3 days after presentation. Persistent megaoesophagus was evident in all three dogs, and they are being chronically managed with a strict feeding regime and pro‐motility agents.
Effect of Screening Abdominal Ultrasound Examination on the Decision to Pursue Advanced Diagnostic Tests and Treatment in Dogs with Neurologic Disease
Authors: Tong N.M. , Zwingenberger A.L. , Blair W.H. , Taylor S.L. , Chen R.X. , Sturges B.K.
Published: April 2015

Background

Abdominal ultrasound examinations (AUS) are commonly performed before advanced neurodiagnostics to screen for diseases that might affect diagnostic plans and prognosis.

Objectives

Describe the type and frequency of abnormalities found by AUS in dogs presenting with a neurological condition, identify risk factors associated with abnormalities, and evaluate treatment decisions based on findings.

Animals

Seven hundred and fifty‐nine hospitalized dogs.

Methods

Retrospective study. Medical records of dogs presented from 2007 to 2009 for neurologic disease were searched for signalment, neuroanatomic localization, and AUS findings. Whether dogs had advanced neurodiagnostics and treatment was analyzed.

Results

Fifty‐eight percent of dogs had abnormal findings on AUS. Probability of abnormalities increased with age (P < 0.001). Nondachshund breeds had higher probability of abnormal AUS than dachshunds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87). Eleven percent of dogs did not have advanced neurodiagnostics and in 1.3%, this was because of abnormal AUS. Dogs with ultrasonographic abnormalities were less likely than dogs without to have advanced neurodiagnostics (OR = 0.3 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17, 0.52]), however, the probability of performing advanced diagnostics was high regardless of normal (OR = 0.95 [95% CI: 0.92, 0.97]) or abnormal (OR = 0.85 [95% CI: 0.81, 0.88]) AUS. Treatment was more often pursued in small dogs and less often in dogs with brain disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Findings from screening AUS had a small negative effect on the likelihood of pursuing advanced neurodiagnostics. Although it should be included in the extracranial diagnostic workup in dogs with significant history or physical examination abnormalities, AUS is considered a low‐yield diagnostic test in young dogs and dachshunds.
Cooperative action of the paralogous maize lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain proteins RTCS and RTCL in shoot‐borne root formation
Authors: Xu Changzheng , Tai Huanhuan , Saleem Muhammad , Ludwig Yvonne , Majer Christine , Berendzen Kenneth W. , Nagel Kerstin A. , Wojciechowski Tobias , Meeley Robert B. , Taramino Graziana , Hochholdinger Frank
Published: April 2015

The paralogous maize (Zea mays)LBD(Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain) genesrtcs(rootless concerning crown and seminal roots) andrtcl(rtcs‐like) emerged from an ancient whole‐genome duplication.RTCSis a key regulator of crown root initiation.

The diversity of expression, molecular interaction and phenotype ofrtcsandrtclwere investigated.

Thertcsandrtclgenes display highly correlated spatio‐temporal expression patterns in roots, despite the significantly higher expression ofrtcs. BothRTCSandRTCLproteins bind toLBDdownstream promoters and act as transcription factors. In line with its auxin inducibility and binding to auxin response elements ofrtcsandrtclpromoters,ARF34 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR34) acts as transcriptional activator. Yeast two‐hybrid screening combined with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments revealed conserved and unique interaction partners ofRTCSandRTCL. Thertclmutation leads to defective shoot‐borne root elongation early in development. Cooperative action ofRTCSandRTCLduring shoot‐borne root formation was demonstrated byrtcs‐dependent repression ofrtcltranscription in coleoptilar nodes.

AlthoughRTCSis instrumental in shoot‐borne root initiation,RTCLcontrols shoot‐borne root elongation early in development. Their conserved role in auxin signaling, but diverse function in shoot‐borne root formation, is underscored by their conserved and unique interaction partners.
Cell wall and cell growth characteristics of giant‐celled algae
Authors: Mine Ichiro , Sekida Satoko , Okuda Kazuo
Published: April 2015

Because of their large sizes and simple shapes, giant‐celled algae have been used to study how the structural and mechanical properties of cell walls influence cell growth. Here we review known relationships between cell wall and cell growth properties that are characteristic of three representative taxa of giant‐celled algae, namely, Valonia ventricosa, internodal cells of characean algae, and Vaucheria frigida. Tip‐growing cells of the genus Vaucheria differ from cells undergoing diffuse growth in V. ventricosa and characean algae in terms of their basic architectures (non‐lamellate vs. multilamellate) and their dependence upon pH and Ca2+ for cell wall extensibility. To further understand the mechanisms controlling cell growth by cell walls, comparative analyses of cell wall structures and/or associated growth modes will be useful. The giant‐celled algae potentially serve as good models for such investigations because of their wide variety of developmental processes and cell shapes exhibited.
An introduced population of Chorda asiatica (Chordaceae, Laminariales) in Puget Sound, Pacific coast of North America
Authors: Kawai Hiroshi , Hanyuda Takeaki , Mumford Thomas , Waaland J. Robert
Published: April 2015

Northeastern Pacific Ocean and northwestern Atlantic Ocean populations of Chorda species, which have not been examined in previous phylogenetic studies, were investigated. All specimens that were collected in Hood Canal, Puget Sound, WA, USA, Pacific coast of North America, showed identical ITS‐5.8S rDNA sequences, and they were included in the clade of Japanese Chorda asiatica. With morphological data added to the molecular data, they were identified as C. asiatica and were concluded to be non‐indigenous populations, most likely introduced with oyster spat together with Sargassum muticum. Specimens collected in New York, NY, USA, Atlantic coast of North America, were genetically closest to C. filum from Newfoundland and were identified as C. filum. The genetic divergence of the North Atlantic populations of C. filum was relatively small compared to that of Japanese C. asiatica considering their broader distributional ranges on both sides of the Atlantic.
Burial and Belonging
Authors: Balkan Osman
Published: April 2015

This article explores the role that funerary practices and burial decisions play in the construction of national and political identities amongstMuslim immigrants inGermany. Drawing on ethnographic research and interviews with Islamic undertakers, migrant families, and religious leaders inBerlin it argues that the act of burial serves as a powerful means to assert belonging in migratory settings. While local burial laws impact the feasibility ofIslamic funerary rites, this article suggests that family ties, ideas about the soil, and feelings of social exclusion play a larger role in shaping burial outcomes than the laws of the dead. By conferring a sense of fixity or permanence to identities that are more fluid or ambivalent in life, determining where a dead body belongs helps demarcate social and communal boundaries.
The Non‐Redundant Contributions of Marr's Three Levels of Analysis for Explaining Information‐Processing Mechanisms
Authors: Bechtel William , Shagrir Oron
Published: April 2015

Are all three of Marr's levels needed? Should they be kept distinct? We argue for the distinct contributions and methodologies of each level of analysis. It is important to maintain them because they provide three different perspectives required to understand mechanisms, especially information‐processing mechanisms. The computational perspective provides an understanding of how a mechanism functions in broader environments that determines the computations it needs to perform (and may fail to perform). The representation and algorithmic perspective offers an understanding of how information about the environment is encoded within the mechanism and what are the patterns of organization that enable the parts of the mechanism to produce the phenomenon. The implementation perspective yields an understanding of the neural details of the mechanism and how they constrain function and algorithms. Once we adequately characterize the distinct role of each level of analysis, it is fairly straightforward to see how they relate.
Multiple Domains in PEX16 Mediate Its Trafficking and Recruitment of Peroxisomal Proteins to the ER
Authors: Hua Rong , Gidda Satinder K. , Aranovich Alexander , Mullen Robert T. , Kim Peter K.
Published: April 2015

Peroxisomes rely on a diverse array of mechanisms to ensure the specific targeting of their protein constituents. Peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), for instance, are targeted by at least two distinct pathways: directly to peroxisomes from their sites of synthesis in the cytosol or indirectly via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the extent to which each PMP targeting pathway is involved in the maintenance of pre‐existing peroxisomes is unclear. Recently, we showed that human PEX16 plays a critical role in the ER‐dependent targeting of PMPs by mediating the recruitment of two other PMPs, PEX3 and PMP34, to the ER. Here, we extend these results by carrying out a comprehensive mutational analysis of PEX16 aimed at gaining insights into the molecular targeting signals responsible for its ER‐to‐peroxisome trafficking and the domain(s) involved in PMP recruitment function at the ER. We also show that the recruitment of PMPs to the ER by PEX16 is conserved in plants. The implications of these results in terms of the function of PEX16 and the role of the ER in peroxisome maintenance in general are discussed.
Pronounced differences in signal processing and synaptic plasticity between piriform‐hippocampal network stages: a prominent role for adenosine
Authors: Trieu Brian H. , Kramár Enikö A. , Cox Conor D. , Jia Yousheng , Wang Weisheng , Gall Christine M. , Lynch Gary
Published: April 2015

Key points

Extended trains of theta rhythm afferent activity lead to a biphasic response facilitation in field CA1 but not in the lateral perforant path input to the dentate gyrus.

Processes that reverse long‐term potentiation in field CA1 are not operative in the lateral perforant path: multiple lines of evidence indicate that this reflects differences in adenosine signalling.

Adenosine A1 receptors modulate baseline synaptic transmission in the lateral olfactory tract but not the associational afferents of the piriform cortex.

Levels of ecto‐5’‐nucleotidase (CD73), an enzyme that converts extracellular ATP into adenosine, are markedly different between regions and correlate with adenosine signalling and the efficacy of theta pulse stimulation in reversing long‐term potentiation.

Variations in transmitter mobilization, CD73 levels, and afferent divergence result in multivariate differences in signal processing through nodes in the cortico‐hippocampal network.

The present study evaluated learning‐related synaptic operations across the serial stages of the olfactory cortex‐hippocampus network. Theta frequency stimulation produced very different time‐varying responses in the Schaffer‐commissural projections than in the lateral perforant path (LPP), an effect associated with distinctions in transmitter mobilization. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) had a higher threshold in LPP field potential studies but not in voltage clamped neurons; coupled with input/output relationships, these results suggest that LTP threshold differences reflect the degree of input divergence. Theta pulse stimulation erased LTP in CA1 but not in the dentate gyrus (DG), although adenosine eliminated potentiation in both areas, suggesting that theta increases extracellular adenosine to a greater degree in CA1. Moreover, adenosine A1 receptor antagonism had larger effects on theta responses in CA1 than in the DG, and concentrations of ecto‐5’‐nucleotidase (CD73) were much higher in CA1. Input/output curves for two connections in the piriform cortex were similar to those for the LPP, whereas adenosine modulation again correlated with levels of CD73. In sum, multiple relays in a network extending from the piriform cortex through the hippocampus can be differentiated along three dimensions (input divergence, transmitter mobilization, adenosine modulation) that potently influence throughput and plasticity. A model that incorporates the regional differences, supplemented with data for three additional links, suggests that network output goes through three transitions during the processing of theta input. It is proposed that individuated relays allow the circuit to deal with different types of behavioural problems.
Scaffold-Based or Scaffold-Free Bioprinting: Competing or Complementing Approaches?
Authors: Ozbolat Ibrahim T.
Published: April 2015

Bioprinting is an emerging technology to fabricate artificial tissues and organs through additive manufacturing of living cells in a tissues-specific pattern by stacking them layer by layer. Two major approaches have been proposed in the literature: bioprinting cells in a scaffold matrix to support cell proliferation and growth, and bioprinting cells without using a scaffold structure. Despite great progress, particularly in scaffold-based approaches along with recent significant attempts, printing large-scale tissues and organs is still elusive. This paper demonstrates recent significant attempts in scaffold-based and scaffold-free tissue printing approaches, discusses the advantages and limitations of both approaches, and presents a conceptual framework for bioprinting of scale-up tissue by complementing the benefits of these approaches.
The Optimized Mechanical Transmission for the Gas Turbine Highway Truck
Authors: Schall M. M.
Published: April 2015

The horsepower size of the engines that are being used by the highway hauler trucking industry has been steadily increasing. The most obvious advantage for using a gas turbine engine for this application is the significant savings in weight and size over other types of prime movers. The mechanical transmission, for use in the heavy duty highway hauler tractor application, has been the standard of the industry because of its advantages in reliability, cost, efficiency, weight, size, and ease of maintenance. This paper describes some of the developments and improvements which have been made to the mechanical transmission that practically eliminates all the skills and effort required to operate the new generation of gas turbine highway hauler tractors. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the approaches which have been taken to optimize the mechanical transmission for the heavy duty gas turbine tractor application by proper selection of gear ratios to improve vehicle performance, and by the utilization of newly developed controls and drivetrain components that produces a more versatile mechanical transmission.
Gas Turbine Technology and the Engineering Curriculum: A Viewpoint
Authors: Shepherd D. G.
Published: April 2015

Current engineering curricula are characterized by stress on concepts and principles on one hand and by considerable freedom of choice on the other, and these qualities are expected to be continued and expanded. Academic instruction in particular technologies relating to current practice is minimal and it is therefore unrealistic to expect gas turbine studies to be directly viable. It is suggested that generalized courses in turbomachinery for background in the major gas turbine components and that topics of very broad coverage, such as pollution and energy supply, for facility in application of basic aerothermodynamics and combustion be utilized to provide the underlying disciplines for the development of gas turbine technology.
Evaluation of Phosphate Ester Base Fire-Resistant Fluids for Gas Turbines
Authors: Young W. C. , Elwell R. C. , McBride R. B.
Published: April 2015

Two phosphate ester base fire-resistant fluids were determined in laboratory testing to be superior or equivalent to the conventional petroleum base oils presently used to lubricate industrial gas turbines. This test program included tests of simulated performance, fluid stability, and fire resistance. Some differences were found between the two phosphate ester fluids although neither was judged superior to the other. Limited filed experience with these fluids has been satisfactory to date.
The Turbomachinery of the British Leyland 2S/350/R Engine
Authors: Hodskinson M. G. , Parker P. H.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the design and development of the compressor and turbines of the British Leyland 2S/350/R truck engine. The design of these components has to meet the cycle requirements for efficiency and operating range on the one hand and have the ability to withstand the steady and vibratory stresses on the other. In addition the design has been influenced both by manufacturing methods and by the fact that the engine has to operate in an automotive environment. The paper discusses how these often conflicting requirements have been satisfied in the latest version of the engine.
Gas Turbine Internal Inspection With Minimum Disassembly
Authors: Dunaiski R. M. , Freeman M. A. , Kennedy G. R.
Published: April 2015

Borescope techniques offer an opportunity to evaluate internal gas turbine condition with minimum disassembly and outage time. As part of an overall maintenance evaluation program, the Borescope is an additional tool available to the Maintenance Planner in reducing cost and increasing equipment availability and reliability.
Experiments on Hydrodynamic Gas Bearing Applied to Automotive Gas Turbine
Authors: Morishita Teru
Published: April 2015

A hydrodynamic gas bearing was developed for an automotive gas turbine whose output power and revolutions were 30 PS and 86,000 rpm, respectively. Experiments were performed on this gas bearing to clarify the relation among the load, film thickness and revolutions. Also, endurance tests was performed for wear during starts and stops. This paper describes these results.
Planning and Development for a New Generation of Gas Turbine Propelled Ships in the U.S. Navy
Authors: Goldman R. , Peterson R.
Published: April 2015

In the early 1970s, gas turbine technology had reached the stage where it became feasible to consider marinization of state-of-the-art aircraft engines. Approximately concurrently with these technological advances, the U.S. Navy had the need to project replacements for many of its conventionally propelled surface ships of World War II vintage. Characteristics of good fuel economy coupled with potentially viable reliability and maintenance characteristics conditioned the development of main and auxiliary gas turbine prime movers for ships. Ship design, therefore, was strongly influenced by previously unavailable power plant characteristics. New ships are building and others actively being designed to draw upon these technological advantages, and a broad base of support is being established to ensure the continued long range mobility of the U.S. Navy’s ships.
Gas Turbines in Ships: The Installation Problem
Authors: Neumann J.
Published: April 2015

This paper considers the major interfaces between the main propulsion gas turbine and its environment in the ship. Both hardware and software interfaces are recognized and accent is placed on the designer’s approach to them. The importance of proper appreciation of design restraints and requirements is underlined. The various problems are general, and have been listed and discussed in summary form. Their solution can be sought with vigor only when applied to the particular case of a given gas turbine in a firmly projected ship. Thus the paper discusses problems and asks questions; it does not offer any general solutions.
Environmental Performance of Industrial Gas Turbines
Authors: Johnson R. H. , Wilkes Colin
Published: April 2015

At this point in time, everyone is “for the environment” and this is true the world world over because the atmosphere is shared by peoples of all nations. Air pollution from hydrocarbon fuel combustion, both worldwide and local, is discussed by reviewing known measurements of contaminants. Application of gas turbines by industry is one way to provide power needs for attaining and maintaining an industrial society. Environmental performance of industrial gas turbines with respect to exhaust emissions and environmental impact is presented for oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and visible smoke. Results of recent abatement efforts are also presented together with estimates of potential improvements to show the place of the industrial combustion turbine in a world with growing concern for environmental improvement.
Combined Cycle for Process Gas Compression
Authors: Sieck R. E. , Baudat N. P. , Alyea J. I.
Published: April 2015

The desire to extract ethane and propane from the natural gas produced by off-shore wells in the Gulf of Mexico, led to the erection of the Cryogenic Gas Processing Plant near Erath, Louisiana. This paper describes the application of a combined cycle (gas/steam turbine) for gas compression and transmission. The installation is none of, if not, the largest and most efficient combined cycles in mechanical drive service, capable of handling over 1200 MMscf/d of gas. The installation incorporates a gas turbine rated 46,800 hp at ISO conditions and a steam turbine rated 29,700 hp. In addition, the cycle incorporates the use of gas turbine variable inlet guide vanes, a supplementary fired waste heat recovery boiler and forced draft fan for independent steam turbine operation.
An Automated Interactive Design System for Advanced Gas Turbines
Authors: Thomas K. M. , Piendel J. J.
Published: April 2015

In the past ten years there has been a dramatic increase in turbine inlet temperature in aircraft gas turbine engines. This increase has been made possible by the application of extensive air cooling to turbine parts. The attendent increase in turbine design complexity without an increase in engine design or development time has been made possible by the development of modern computers and computer programs. A computerized turbine automated design system (TADSYS) was developed at Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, which makes extensive use of computer graphics, to meet the needs of modern turbine design.
Economic Selection of Plant Cycles and Fuels for Gas Turbines
Authors: Wilson W. B. , Hefner W. J.
Published: April 2015

Energy costs can be reduced in most large process plants by the use of turbines to supply power and heat. Performance characteristics of gas turbines, gas turbine exhaust heat boilers and combined gas-steam turbine cycles, plus the typical heat balance diagrams included in this paper will help the reader visualize economic applications for turbines in different industrial plants. The effect different fuels have on gas turbine maintenance (costs and downtime) and other application parameters are included. The information provided will permit the user to assess his own situation and then select the most economic fuel for a specific gas turbine application.
Engineering Education in Turbomachinery
Authors: Boyce M. P.
Published: April 2015

The recent upsurge in the utilization of turbomachinery in the various industries has created a great interest in various educational programs in this area. The scope of engineering education in turbomachines is very broad. The undergraduate student and his initial relationship with this subject is only the first phase of this education. Extension coruses at various levels to the practicing engineer is another important phase. Graduate courses in this area with their inherent research projects rounds out the entire picture. The paper outlines the various courses of study for the different phases and also interrelates these phases to show how by an exchange of information the various groups might benefit from each other. The paper also deals with various basic research and educational test rigs which may be setup to benefit both graduate and undergraduate students.
Development of the Nissan YTP-12 Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Sumi Y. , Yamazaki S. , Kinoshita K.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the later progress of the Nissan YTP-12 gas turbine engine development. The mechanical design and the progress in its development are reviewed. The discussion includes mechanical arrangement, material, fuel control, major problems encountered and their solution. Component test, engine performance and durability test, and vehicle installation test are discussed briefly.
PACE 260 at Comanche, the First Two Years
Authors: Allison P. R. , Berman P. A.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the operating experience with the Westinghouse PACE 260 Combined Cycle Power Plant at Public Service Company of Oklahoma’s COMANCHE Station. This plant was the first PACE 260 unit to go into operation and had many new design features in the major components. The paper deals mainly with the problems that occurred and their solutions.
An Automotive Gas Turbine Control System
Authors: LeFevre H. P. , Lewis L. D. , McKinley L. E.
Published: April 2015

This paper is a report on progress in the development of a control system for an automotive gas turbine engine. Contained in the paper is a description of the automotive gas turbine control requirements together with a description of the resultant electronic mechanization. Design characteristics of interface elements, such as fuel delivery system, variable area control actuators, and system sensors are discussed.
Icing Problems: Review of Simulated Ice Ingestion Tests
Authors: Bagshaw K. W.
Published: April 2015

Occasionally, gas turbines are subjected to random ice ingestion, but due to the illusiveness of the ice, varying weather patterns, and intake and plenum systems ahead of the gas generator intake, it has been almost impossible from field experience to tabulate precise data, for design criteria for future equipment. The paper covers some of the research and development work which has been carried out to determine the varieties and size of ice being ingested, the effects on compressor components, and use of such data for existing equipment, and future gas generator designs. Intake and plenum designs past and future are briefly reviewed. It would appear there are solutions to substantially reduce icing incidents on most of the existing equipment, certainly costly incidents, and on future equipment, the problems should be eliminated.
An Examination of the Repeatability of Combustion Processes in a Homogeneous Stream of a Gaseous Fuel and Air
Authors: Karim G. A. , Sarpal G. S.
Published: April 2015

The present paper reviews some of the findings of an experimental investigation of flame initiation and spread characteristics in the controlled environment of a flowing homogeneous stream of fuel and air within a smooth cylindrical tubular reactor with a large length-to-diameter ratio; both steady and controlled pulsating flow conditions were considered with methane as a fuel. The role of some of the important factors influencing the combustion process, such as the flow characteristics and the imposition of pulsation of known frequency and amplitude, could be established. Particular attention was given to the extent of variations observed in these processes when tests were repeated under otherwise identical conditions.
Packaging of Gas Turbines Type 7 and Type S 7
Authors: Porchet F.
Published: April 2015

A few years ago, Sulzer introduced two new gas turbines to the market, namely the 9-MW single-shaft type 7 and split-shaft type S 7 machines. Twenty-six units have been delivered to date, and over 100,000 field operating hours accumulated. The positive experience with this machine has allowed an uprating to 10 MW. Changes in the structure of the market, particularly the importance of platform installations, have caused Sulzer to redesign the machine’s auxiliaries, which have been, to a great extent, integrated into the gas turbine package. Flexibility in the application of the machine, easy maintainability, and ruggedness were maintained by reducing the required space to less than half the ground area. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the improved turbine of today. The prototype is briefly described and operating experience is listed. The main part of the paper is devoted to a comprehensive description of the redesigned gas turbine package and its new auxiliary system.
Transfer of Heat in Rotating Systems
Authors: Gosman A. D. , Koosinlin M. L. , Lockwood F. C. , Spalding D. B.
Published: April 2015

A calculation procedure has been developed for predicting fluid-flow and heat-transfer phenomena in axisymmetrical, rotating, turbulent, steady flows, with special reference to those mainly confined within cavities. The procedure has been used for predicting boundary-layer flow between a rotating disk and a stationary one, and flow and heat transfer in a shrouded-disk system. Agreement with experimental measurements is satisfactory.
A Closed Circuit Variable Density Air Supply for Turbomachinery Research
Authors: Gostelow J. P. , Watson P. J.
Published: April 2015

A closed-circuit system is described which has been designed for testing the transonic blading of turbomachinery. The system is installed as the principal faci ity at the S.R.C. Turbomachinery Laboratory. A 1 ½-MW motor-driven compressor installation can be run continuously to produce air speeds up to Mach 1.35 in cascades of 80-cm2 throat area. The overall design of the buildings in relation to the problems of noise and vibration is considered. The choice of plant components and the typical operation of the system are described, including the flexibility achieved by running the compressors singly, in series or in parallel. A PDP-12 computer is used for on-line data analysis, with presentation of compressor characteristics. Details are given of the instrumentation employed including double-pass Schlieren, remote-controlled probe-traversing gear, and the scanning of transducer signals. Typical results from the testing of transonic linear cascades of turbine blades are given. The testing of annular cascades of vibrated blades is also described.
The Determination of Flame Propagation Rates in Explosive Media Employing Fiber Optics
Authors: Karim G. A. , Badr O.
Published: April 2015

This paper reviews the main findings of an experimental program directed toward establishing the main light transmission characteristics of typical fiber optics made of glass or plastics. The paper then describes the results of their application to establish remotely the spatial flame propagation rates in explosive media within long tubes.
A Method for Calculating Cascade/Channel Endwall Boundary Layer Crossflow
Authors: Kenny D. P.
Published: April 2015

A method is proposed for calculating cascade / channel endwall boundary-layer crossflow. It is based upon a numerical solution of the simple radial equilibrium equation for curved channel flow in the boundary layer with a foreknowledge of the mainstream boundary-layer conditions. The results consist of crossflow pathline patterns through the channel at various depths of the mainstream boundary layer complete with crossflow velocity and direction at any point in the channel. Secondary losses based on the crossflow energy plus the exit dump loss effect of the fluid collected in the corner vortex are shown to be calculable. The method is tested on two sets of published measurements for circular arc channels of turnings over 60 deg. Very good correlation of crossflow velocity in Johnston triangle form is indicated. An additional calculation method for tangentially moving endwalls, such as stator hub or rotor shroud, is presented for cascade geometries. Calculated results are presented for a highly loaded stator of 45-deg turning and the rotor of a 7.5:1 PR centrifugal compressor stage. The method is shown to successfully calculate the measured exit flow angle distribution for the stator.
Utility Experience With Regenerative Cycle Combustion Turbines
Authors: Jacob R. O. , Barta R. W. , Huhtanen P. H.
Published: April 2015

In the summer of 1974, Philadelphia Electric Company placed into service eight regenerative cycle combustion turbines at a site near Philadelphia. It is the first large-scale installation in which the regenerators will be subjected to a large number of starting cycles. The regenerators are of a revised design to function in this service without excessive cracking. The first year’s operating experience is discussed and data is presented on availability, starting reliability, and heat rate. Some of the major problems are reviewed and details on the solutions are presented.
High Carbohydrate Diet Induces Faster Final Sprint and Overall 10,000-m Times of Young Runners
Authors: Couto Patricia Guimaraes , Bertuzzi Romulo , de Souza Carla Caroline , Lima Hessel Marani , Kiss Maria Augusta Peduti Dal Molin , Roberto de-Oliveira Fernando , Eduardo Lima-Silva Adriano
Published: April 2015

This study analyzed the pacing employed by young runners in 10,000 m time-trials under 3 dietary regimens of different carbohydrate (CHO) intakes. Nineteen boys (13–18 years) ate either their normal CHO diet (56% CHO), high (70% CHO), or low (25% CHO) CHO diets for 48 hr; the boys then performed a 10,000 m run (crossover design). The high CHO diet led to faster final sprint (14.4 ± 2.2 km·h-1) and a better performance (50.0 ± 7.0 min) compared with the low CHO diet (13.3 ± 2.4 km·h-1 and 51.9 ± 8.3 min, respectively, p < .05). However, the final sprint and performance time in the high CHO or low CHO diets were statistically not significantly different from the normal CHO diet (13.8 ± 2.2 km·h-1 and 50.9 ± 7.4 min; p > .05). CHO oxidation rate during the constant load exercise at 65% of VO2max was elevated in high CHO diet (1.05 ± 0.38 g·min-1) compared with low CHO diet (0.63 ± 0.36 g·min-1). The rating of perceived exertion increased linearly throughout the trial, independently of the dietary regimen. In conclusion, the high CHO diet induced higher CHO oxidation rates, increased running speed in the final 400 m and enhanced overall running performance, compared with low CHO.
“It’s Not Just Your Dad, It’s Not Just Your Coach…” The Dual-Relationship in Female Tennis Players
Authors: Schmid Olivier N. , Bernstein Malayna , Shannon Vanessa R. , Rishell Catherine , Griffith Catherine
Published: April 2015

Tennis has been identified as an ideal context for examining the dynamics of parenting and coaching relationships (Gould et al., 2008) but coaching dual-role relationships remain unexplored in this sport and related investigations only included volunteer coaches (Jowett, 2008; Harwood & Knight, 2012). An open-ended interview approach was used to examine how female tennis players previously coached by their fathers (professional coaches) before competing in college tennis perceived their experiences with the dual-role relationship and the coaching transition. A holistic narrative approach was used to reconstruct retrospectively the stories of the participants’ experiences and understand their development. Despite some beneficial aspects, a majority of participants emphasized their challenging experiences with regards to their needs to manage blurred boundaries, receive paternal approval, and endure their fathers’ controlling and abusive behaviors. Coaching transitions helped normalize father-daughter relationships and provided insight into the respective needs that were fulfilled through the dual-role relationships.
Interferon-λ restricts West Nile virus neuroinvasion by tightening the blood-brain barrier
Authors: Lazear Helen M. , Daniels Brian P. , Pinto Amelia K. , Huang Albert C. , Vick Sarah C. , Doyle Sean E. , Gale Michael , Klein Robyn S. , Diamond Michael S.
Published: April 2015

Interferon-λ signaling tightens the blood-brain barrier and limits the ability of West Nile virus to infect the central nervous system in mice.
A technology platform to assess multiple cancer agents simultaneously within a patient’s tumor
Authors: Klinghoffer Richard A. , Bahrami S. Bahram , Hatton Beryl A. , Frazier Jason P. , Moreno-Gonzalez Alicia , Strand Andrew D. , Kerwin William S. , Casalini Joseph R. , Thirstrup Derek J. , You Sheng , Morris Shelli M. , Watts Korashon L. , Veiseh Mandana , Grenley Marc O. , Tretyak Ilona , Dey Joyoti , Carleton Michael , Beirne Emily , Pedro Kyle D. , Ditzler Sally H. , Girard Emily J. , Deckwerth Thomas L. , Bertout Jessica A. , Meleo Karri A. , Filvaroff Ellen H. , Chopra Rajesh , Press Oliver W. , Olson James M.
Published: April 2015

Simultaneous in vivo assessment of multiple cancer drugs and drug combinations using microinjection technology predicts systemic response in model tumors and has shown feasibility for assessment of drug efficacy in a pilot study in cancer patients.
Disseminated
Ureaplasma
infection as a cause of fatal hyperammonemia in humans
Authors: Bharat Ankit , Cunningham Scott A. , Scott Budinger G. R. , Kreisel Daniel , DeWet Charl J. , Gelman Andrew E. , Waites Ken , Crabb Donna , Xiao Li , Bhorade Sangeeta , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Dilling Daniel F. , Lowery Erin M. , Astor Todd , Hachem Ramsey , Krupnick Alexander S. , DeCamp Malcolm M. , Ison Michael G. , Patel Robin
Published: April 2015

Disseminated infection with
Ureaplasma
species causes fatal hyperammonemia syndrome in lung transplant recipients, likely by disrupting ammonia metabolism.
A palynological approach to the study of Quercus pyrenaica forest communities in the Spanish Central System
Authors: López-Sáez José Antonio , Alba-Sánchez Francisca , Sánchez-Mata Daniel , Abel-Schaad Daniel , Gavilán Rosario G. , Pérez-Díaz Sebastián
Published: April 2015

A total of 75 surface samples collected from mosses in the Quercus pyrenaica forests of the Spanish Central System mountains were analysed for their pollen content. The samples were taken from six different Quercus pyrenaica phytosociological associations between 443 and
1657 m a.s.l. and fall within distinct rainfall and temperature regimes. The aims of this paper are to provide new data on the modern pollen rain from Central Spain, and to perform these data using multivariate statistics (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) and
pollen percentages. We could distinguish first between unaltered and disturbed forest landscapes and among different Quercus pyrenaica forest associations based on climatic gradients (rainfall pattern, summer moisture). This analysis allowed us to identify a set of pollen taxa markers
which could assist in distinguishing these oak forest communities.