bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History of Rabies in Trinidad: Epidemiology and Control Measures
Authors: Seetahal Janine , Vokaty Alexandra , Carrington Christine , Adesiyun Abiodun , Mahabir Ron , Hinds Avery , Rupprecht Charles
Published: July 2017

Vampire bat-transmitted rabies was first recognized in Trinidad during a major outbreak reported in 1925. Trinidad is the only Caribbean island with vampire bat-transmitted rabies. We conducted a literature review to describe the changing epidemiology of rabies in Trinidad and give a historical perspective to rabies prevention and control measures on the island. The last human case of rabies occurred in 1937 and although no case of canine-transmitted rabies was reported since 1914, sporadic outbreaks of bat-transmitted rabies still occur in livestock to date. Over the last century, seven notable epidemics were recorded in Trinidad with the loss of over 3000 animals. During the 1950s, several measures were effectively adopted for the prevention and control of the disease which led to a significant reduction in the number of cases. These measures include: vampire bat population control, livestock vaccination, and animal surveillance. However, due to lapses in these measures over the years (e.g., periods of limited vampire control and incomplete herd vaccination), epidemics have occurred. In light of the significant negative impact of rabies on animal production and human health, rabies surveillance in Trinidad should be enhanced and cases evaluated towards the design and implementation of more evidence-based prevention and control programs.
PS16dtm: A Tidal Disruption Event in a Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy
Authors: Blanchard P. K. , Nicholl M. , Berger E. , Guillochon J. , Margutti R. , Chornock R. , Alexander K. D. , Leja J. , Drout M. R.
Published: July 2017

We present observations of PS16dtm (also known as SN 2016ezh), a luminous transient that occurred at the nucleus of a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy hosting a 106
M
⊙ black hole. The light curve shows that PS16dtm exhibited a plateau phase for ∼100 days, during which it showed no color evolution, maintained a blackbody temperature of

K, and radiated at approximately the Eddington luminosity of the supermassive black hole (SMBH). The spectra exhibit multicomponent hydrogen emission lines and strong Fe ii emission, show little time evolution, and closely resemble the spectra of NLS1s while being distinct from those of Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn). Moreover, PS16dtm is undetected in the X-rays to a limit an order of magnitude below an archival X-ray detection of its host galaxy. These observations strongly link PS16dtm to activity associated with the SMBH and are difficult to reconcile with an SN origin or known forms of active galactic nucleus (AGN) variability. Therefore, we argue that PS16dtm is a tidal disruption event (TDE) in which the accretion of the stellar debris powers the rise in the continuum and excitation of the preexisting broad-line region, while obscuring the X-ray-emitting region of the preexisting AGN disk. We predict that PS16dtm will remain bright for years and that the X-ray emission will reappear on a similar timescale as the accretion rate declines. Placing PS16dtm in the context of other TDEs, we find that TDEs in AGN galaxies are more efficient and reach Eddington luminosities, likely due to interaction of the stellar debris with the preexisting accretion disk.
Integração entre o conhecimento teórico e aulas experimentais no ensino de física a distância: um estudo exploratório do depoimento de acadêmicos
Authors: Veloso Maria Sônia Silva de Oliveira , Neto Agostinho Serrano de Andrade
Published: July 2017

Como ocorre a integração entre os conceitos físicos lecionados em aulas “teóricas” de física e a sua subsequente utilização em experimentos em laboratório didáticos, em cursos de Licenciatura em Física a distância no País? Para responder a esta pergunta, realizamos entrevistas com um total de vinte oito estudantes (e analisamos as características dessas salas virtuais) que participaram dessas disciplinas em algumas instituições do país, avaliando detalhadamente dez deles em uma abordagem qualitativa. Nosso objetivo é investigar os tipos de mediação utilizadas pelo curso, de forma curricular, e as utilizadas espontaneamente pelos estudantes, de forma extracurricular. Nossa pesquisa revela que as duas formas de mediação mais importantes para a integração do conhecimento “teórico” e “experimental” são a mediação social das videoaulas de outros professores, bem como a mediação hipercultural de simulações computacionais disponíveis na rede, permitindo aos estudantes revisitarem tanto as aulas teóricas como as experimentais para um melhor aprendizado.
A construção do sujeito feminino em La Majorité Opprimée : embates ideológicos
Authors: Santana Bárbara Melissa
Published: July 2017

Este artigo se propõe a analisar a construção do sujeito feminino no curta metragem francês La Majorité Opprimée (2010). Há como embasamento teórico, as concepções teóricas do Círculo de Bakhtin sobre a noção de sujeito e de signo ideológico além de referências dos Estudos de Gênero masculino e feminino, como considerações de Judith Butler. Na obra, a representação da desigualdade de gênero como conflito ideológico que reflete e refrata ideologias nos leva a pensar sobre os embates ideológicos que são parte da formação social do sujeito, ponto sobre o qual se pauta essa discussão.
O ENSINO DA SAÚDE PÚBLICA VETERINÁRIA NOS CURSOS DE GRADUAÇÃO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA DA DA REGIÃO SUDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Cruz Carolina Alvarenga , Olivari Marina Beanucci Delamonica , Paula Eric Mateus Nascimento , Meirelles-Bartoli Raphaella Barbosa , Bürger Karina Paes
Published: July 2017

O mundo globalizado pede por profissionais aptos a trabalhar sob o conceito “Um mundo, uma saúde”. Por isso, médicos veterinários tornam-se importantes atores no gerenciamento de saúde, e a educação em Medicina Veterinária deve estar preocupada em formar profissionais aptos a atender às necessidades exigidas pela sociedade. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o diagnóstico de situação sobre o ensino de Saúde Pública Veterinária nos cursos de graduação em Medicina Veterinária da região Sudeste do Brasil, além de traçar o perfil do estudante desse curso na região. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da análise das matrizes curriculares dos cursos, e para traçar o perfil do estudante e identificar seus conhecimentos à respeito de Saúde Pública Veterinária, foram elaborados e aplicados dois tipos de questionários individuais. Os resultados demonstraram que as disciplinas não contemplam de forma adequada a área de atuação da Saúde Pública Veterinária, e o perfil curativo ainda é enfatizado. Em relação ao perfil do estudante, percebe-se que o graduando, na sua maioria composto pelo gênero feminino, ingressa nas Instituições muito jovem sem ter a certeza da profissão escolhida, opta pela carreira pelo gosto pelos animais e admiração e com uma visão clínica, pré formada da profissão, persistindo no foco da medicina veterinária curativa e não preventiva. Por isso, mostra-se necessária a reestruturação no ensino médico-veterinário, para que o egresso consiga atender às exigências mundiais e se inserir no mercado de trabalho de modo a contribuir para um bem comum: a saúde.
OSTEOSSÍNTESE VERTEBRAL LOMBAR EM CÃO UTILIZANDO PARAFUSOS CORTICAIS E POLIMETILMETACRILATO ODONTOLÓGICO – RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Camargo Mauro Henrique Bueno , Carneiro Peri Mesquita , Ganzagi Diego , Corrêa Aline Francielle , Fiorato Camila André , Mendes Ligia Maria Pereira , Moro Samis Pesquero , DE Conti Juliano Bortolo
Published: July 2017

Traumatismos do esqueleto axial são geralmente causados por atropelamentos, quedas, brigas, ou por projétil de arma de fogo, podendo gerar contusões, luxações e/ou fraturas vertebrais, ou, ainda, secção medular. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever a técnica de osteossíntese vertebral, realizada no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, utilizando-se parafusos corticais associados ao polimetilmetacrilato, aplicada em um cão, SRD, fêmea, com aproximadamente seis meses de idade, pesando três quilos, com fratura oblíqua do corpo vertebral de L6 e desvio ventral do fragmento distal. Após incisão na linha média dorsal, e localização da fratura, a mesma foi reduzida com o auxílio de pinças de apreensão óssea, e dois orifícios foram realizados no corpo vertebral de L6 e de L7, onde os parafusos foram inseridos, de forma que as cabeças dos mesmos ficassem elevadas em relação aos corpos vertebrais, e, em seguida, acondicionaram-se duas porções de polimetilmetacrilato sobre os mesmos. A dermorrafia foi realizada de forma convencional. Após a cirurgia, o paciente apresentou retomada voluntária da deambulação no décimo dia, e obteve controle da micção no 32° dia. A continência fecal apresentou melhora parcial 46 dias após a cirurgia, porém, permaneceu com déficit de propriocepção e ausência de dor superficial até os 62 dias de avaliação. A utilização da resina acrílica odontológica, associada a parafusos corticais, se mostrou eficiente, promovendo boa redução e estabilidade da fratura. Depois de 62 dias de avaliação clínica, o animal não apresentou sinais de infecção ou rejeição ao acrílico, porém estudos futuros em longo prazo se fazem necessários.
Structural Health Monitoring System of Composite Beams with Surface Bonded and Embedded Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors
Authors: Değerliyurt Boray , Karataş Cansu , Şahin Melin , Yaman Yavuz
Published: July 2017

Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are frequently being used for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of aerospace structures. One of the most important advantages of using FBG sensors is that it is possible to embed them into composites. In this paper, manufacturing methods of composite specimens with embedded FBG sensors are given. To avoid stress concentrations at ingress/egress regions of fibre optic wires, PTFE (Teflon) tubes were used during manufacturing. Moreover, FBG connectors melt at high curing temperatures. Therefore, those connectors were cut and after manufacturing, these connectors were spliced back to the FBG sensors. Embedded FBG’s were then checked and the correct wavelength data were taken. All the sensors were observed as intact and ready for bending tests. Procedure for bending tests is also explained including applied loads, boundary conditions, test setup and the peripheral equipment. Results of bending tests show that the system is an appropriate one for SHM purposes.
Preparation of La0.7Sr0.3Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF 7328) by Combination of Mechanochemical and Solid State Reaction
Authors: Nurherdiana Silvana Dwi , Sholichah Nikmatin , Iqbal Rendy Muhamad , Sahasrikirana Mutya Sandei , Utomo Wahyu Prasetyo , Akhlus Syafsir , Nurlina  , Fansuri Hamzah
Published: July 2017

Structure evolution and morphology of La0.7Sr0.3Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (LSCF 7328) were investigated during two different preparation methods namely mechanochemical and combination of mechanochemical-solid state. The result shows that no characteristic peak of perovskite oxide was found on the diffractogram of the product of sole mechanochemical method at 600 rpm and up to 12 h of high energy milling process. On the other hand, the manual grinding method that was followed by solid state calcination produces irregular particle size. Due to the result, the combination of both methods was proposed to obtain the fine structure formation and particle size distribution. Rietveld refinement was used to investigate the lattice distortion. It was found that unit cell remains unchanged at increasing milling time. Moreover, the combination method produces regular particle size at milling time of 0.5 h. At longer milling time, the more regular particle size is formed which comes from highly energy transfer of milling.
Experimental Assessment on Effects of Growth Rates Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Different Conditions of pH, Temperature, Light Intensity and Photoperiod
Authors: Ahmad Latiffi Nur Atikah , Radin Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira , Apandi Najeeha Mohd , Tajuddin Ramlah Mohd
Published: July 2017

An experimental study using microalgae Scenedesmus sp. growth rates are conducted in varies of environmental conditions that aim to access the growth rates yields of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. tolerance and capability sustain in fluctuations condition of wastewater may permit. Synthetic aqueous of Basal Bold Medium (BBM) was used to cultivate in batch mode using reactor flask under different abiotic parameters such as pH, temperature, lux intensity and photo period. These conditions are chosen due to its influential key on microalgae growth yields, metabolism and nature of environmental where microalgae utilization took place. The initial concentrations of microalgae are kept constant at initials of 1000cells/ml as per APHA (2012) standards and other environmental factors are varies based on the nature of selected wastewater and surrounding nature. The maximum yields of Scenedesmus sp. specific growth rates subjected to abiotic conditions are pH range from pH7 to pH8, temperature is 25°C to 30°C, photoperiod is 12/12 (Light/Dark)(hr) and lux intensity of 4000. Significant of these findings shows microalgae Scenedesmus sp. can easily grow and adapt well in fluctuating of nature conditions as the optimums are precisely close to nature conditions.
Recurrent intracranial Rosai-Dorfman disease: Management of a challenging case
Authors: Das Sudeep , Biswas Ahitagni , Roy Soumyajit , Sable Mukund , Singh Daljit , Jana Manisha , Sharma Mehar , Julka Pramod
Published: July 2017

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare, idiopathic, benign histioproliferative disorder. Extranodal involvement is seen in around 25–40% of patients. Central nervous system manifestation of RDD is uncommon and suprasellar location of the lesion is a distinct rarity. Surgery is the cornerstone of management of intracranial RDD. However, tumor recurrence or regrowth is a potential problem. Hence, low dose conformal radiotherapy (RT) should be considered in patients undergoing sub-total resection or having unresectable recurrent disease. Though cranial RT usually leads to satisfactory improvement of symptoms and long-term disease stabilization or regression, in few patients there may be an eventual progression of disease for which systemic chemotherapy may be considered. We have highlighted the salient features of this enigmatic disease by citing a case of a 50-year-old male patient with suprasellar RDD treated by maximal safe surgery and deferred radiation therapy on progression.
Meninos que brincam com bonecas viram meninas? Diferenças de gênero nas brincadeiras de crianças de 4 a 5 anos
Authors: Junges Rafaela , Schwertner Suzana Feldens
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo é fruto da pesquisa realizada para o Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) de Pedagogia, cujo tema é Gênero na Educação Infantil. Buscou-se conhecer como as crianças interagem com brinquedos trazidos de casa ou presentes na escola, bem como perceber se há diferença na escolha dos brinquedos por meninos e meninas. Além disso, investigou-se se haveria relação entre as cores presentes nos brinquedos e as diferenças de gênero. Trata-se de uma abordagem de cunho qualitativo, uma vez que nos interessam as expressões, movimentos e as falas das crianças em sua singularidade. A metodologia utilizada foi a cartográfica, que permite uma escuta sensível, um olhar atento sobre os territórios a serem investigados. Foram feitas observações e registros das atitudes e reações das crianças nos momentos de brincadeiras na escola, livres ou definidos pela investigação. A pesquisa revelou que a marcação das diferenças de gênero não são propostas pelas crianças, mas pelo meio em que estão inseridas, especialmente pelos pais e pela sociedade em geral. Percebeu-se, também, que a partir do momento em que se coloca a temática em discussão, as crianças parecem entender e questionar os estereótipos de gênero presentes no contexto por meio dos brinquedos. Entendem, igualmente, que o brincar é uma expressão livre, que não precisa ser marcada pelos estereótipos de gênero. Ao final, destacamos que os estudos de gênero merecem mais atenção por parte dos pesquisadores da Educação Infantil e que a temática precisa ser mais discutida por todos os envolvidos.
Development of a Precipitation-Area Curve for Warning Criteria of Short-Duration Flash Flood
Authors: Bae Deg-Hyo , Lee Moon-Hwan , Moon Seun-Keun
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This paper presents quantitative criteria for flash flood warning that can be used to rapidly assess flash flood occurrence based on only rainfall estimates. This study was conducted for 200 small mountainous sub-catchments of the Han River basin in South Korea because South Korea has recently suffered many flash flood events with short duration. Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) was defined as the depth of rainfall of a given duration required to cause minor flooding at the outlet of a small stream basin and was estimated using threshold runoff (TR) and antecedent soil moisture conditions in all the sub-basins. The soil moisture conditions were estimated during the flooding season, i.e., July, August and September, over 7 years (2002~2009) using the Sejong University Rainfall Runoff (SURR) model. A ROC analysis was used to obtain optimum rainfall values and a generalized precipitation-area curve (P-A curve) was developed for flash flood warning thresholds. The threshold function was derived as P-A curve due to the reason that the precipitation threshold with short duration is highly related to basin area than any other variables. Generalized thresholds for flash flood warning were obtained for rainfall rates of 42, 32 and 20 mm/h in sub-basins with areas of 22~40 km2, 40~100 km2 and > 100 km2, respectively. The proposed P-A curve was validated based on actual flash flood events in different sub-basins, which showed the viability of the proposed criteria to capture actual flash floods using only the rainfall rate and area of a sub-basin. The key advantage of this method is possible to issue flash flood warnings without the need to run entire hydro-meteorological model chains in the region where the short-duration flash flood frequently occurred.
Fitting diameter distribution models to data from forest inventories with concentric plot design
Authors: Nanos Nikos , Sjöstedt de Luna Sara
Published: July 2017

Aim: Several national forest inventories use a complex plot design based on multiple concentric subplots where smaller diameter trees are inventoried when lying in the smaller-radius subplots and ignored otherwise. Data from these plots are truncated with threshold (truncation) diameters varying according to the distance from the plot centre. In this paper we designed a maximum likelihood method to fit the Weibull diameter distribution to data from concentric plots.Material and methods: Our method (M1) was based on multiple truncated probability density functions to build the likelihood. In addition, we used an alternative method (M2) presented recently. We used methods M1 and M2 as well as two other reference methods to estimate the Weibull parameters in 40000 simulated plots. The spatial tree pattern of the simulated plots was generated using four models of spatial point patterns. Two error indices were used to assess the relative performance of M1 and M2 in estimating relevant stand-level variables. In addition, we estimated the Quadratic Mean plot Diameter (QMD) using Expansion Factors (EFs).Main results: Methods M1 and M2 produced comparable estimation errors in random and cluster tree spatial patterns. Method M2 produced biased parameter estimates in plots with inhomogeneous Poisson patterns. Estimation of QMD using EFs produced biased results in plots within inhomogeneous intensity Poisson patterns.Research highlights:We designed a new method to fit the Weibull distribution to forest inventory data from concentric plots that achieves high accuracy and precision in parameter estimates regardless of the within-plot spatial tree pattern.
Business Cycles with Spirit of Capitalism and Conspicuous Consumption in a Multi-Country Growth Model
Authors: Zhang Wei-Bin
Published: July 2017

This paper generalizes the global economic growth model with spirit of capitalism, social status, and conspicuous consumption recently proposed by Zhang (2016). Zhang’s model examines the role of spirit of capitalism, social status, and conspicuous consumption in national and international economic development, trade patterns, and distribution of income and wealth between countries. The multi-country growth model treats social status and wealth accumulation as endogenous variables. This paper generalizes the model by Zhang through making all exogenous constant parameters as exogenous time-dependent parameters. We demonstrate how the system reacts to exogenous periodic perturbations.
Catholic Social Teaching in an Era of Downsizing
Authors: McCann Dennis P.
Published: July 2017

The paper attempts to provide a basis for exploring the continued relevance of Catholic social teaching to business ethics, by interpreting the historic development of a Catholic work ethic and the traditions of Catholic social teaching in light of contemporary discussions of economic globalization, notably those of Robert Reich and Peter Drucker. The paper argues that the Catholic work ethic and the Church's tradition of social teaching has evolved dynamically in response to the structural changes involved in the history of modern economic development, and thus is well poised to speak to the ethical challenges implicit in the advent of a knowledge-based society. In order to test this thesis, the author sketches an approach to the ethicalchallenge of corporate downsizing that he believes illustrates the continued relevance of Catholic social teaching to business ethics.
Ruiz-Galvez Priego, M.: La Europa atlántica en la Edad del Bronce. Un viaje a las raíces de la Europa Occidental, Barcelona, 1998.
Authors: Aranda Luis
Published: July 2017

La autora recoge, en ocho capítulos, seis años de duro trabajo que han dado como resultado una muy interesante obra sobre el modo de vida de las comunidades del II milenio a.C. ubicadas geográficamente en el extremo occidental de nuestro continente europeo. El libro ofrece valiosos enfoques interpretativos muy novedosos que suponen un mayor acercamiento a la realidad histórica.
Intensive Probation
Authors: Taylor Emmeline
Published: July 2017

Intensive probation is an intermediate sanction administered in the community. It is often considered to be a punishment that straddles the divide between community sanctions and custodial sentences in terms of severity. The rationale provided for the introduction of intensive probation is that it could potentially contribute to relieving a prison infrastructure buckling under the weight of decades of increasing incarceration. Intensive probation varies in design and execution but often encompasses a mix of frequent contact with corrections supervisors, access to treatment, community facilities, and constant monitoring facilitated by an increasingly sophisticated range of surveillance technologies.
Hedonistic Calculus
Authors: Woodward Vanessa
Published: July 2017

In 1789, Jeremy Bentham developed the idea of the hedonistic calculus. The theoretical algorithm was proposed as a method of examining the moral worth or value of an act. Bentham, a utilitarian philosopher, believed that an act was good based upon the outcome of the act, specifically, if it provided more happiness for more people than harm. The hedonistic calculus remains integral in criminology, particularly rational choice and deterrence theories.
Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Seewald Katharina , Yundina Elena , Endrass Jérôme
Published: July 2017

Juvenile offenders are rarely incarcerated in prison. Instead, they are placed in correctional facilities providing various forms of interventions to reduce their risk of reoffending and future behavioral problems. In general, those interventions can be divided into rehabilitative and deterrent approaches. Numerous systematic reviews and meta‐analytic results suggest a much higher effectiveness in reducing future criminal behavior of interventions following the rehabilitative approach compared to programs following the deterrent approach (such as boot camps or “Scared Straight” programs). Rehabilitative programs following the “Blueprint” Guidelines such as the Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) Program, Functional Family Therapy (FFT), and Multisystemic Therapy (MST) show substantial effect in reduction of crime rates in delinquent juveniles. Furthermore, cost–benefit analyses also show their efficacy with positive cost–benefit ratios.
Parole
Authors: Smith Sarah
Published: July 2017

Parole typically refers to the process whereby offenders are released from prison before serving their entire sentence, yet remain under community supervision for a period of time. It has been used to reduce prison overcrowding, to respond to labor demands, to encourage offender rehabilitation, and to mitigate the harshness of the penal code. Parole is controversial and was minimized during the “get tough” era of crime control, but has recently experienced a resurgence as several changes have forced policymakers to reconsider the correctional policies of the past few decades. Prison overcrowding crises, the exorbitant costs of prison expansion, the minimal impact of imprisonment on reducing crime rates, and financial crises since 2008 have encouraged policymakers to reinstitute indeterminate sentencing and parole. Notwithstanding these changes, parole is not proven effective at reducing rates of reoffending. The use of evidence‐based practices and increased funding appear integral to improving the utility of parole.
Greenwood,Peter
Authors: Turner Susan
Published: July 2017

Peter Greenwood is an American criminologist known for his work in delinquency prevention and juvenile justice, sentencing and corrections, economic analysis of sentencing and intervention programs, violence prevention, and law enforcement and prosecution. As the first director of the Criminal Justice Program at RAND Corporation and executive director of the Association for the Advancement of Evidence‐Based Practice, he has evaluated the effectiveness of many justice interventions and synthesized information on effective juvenile justice programs and principles for stakeholders and policymakers. He has also provided the field with methods for estimating the benefits and costs of justice interventions. Peter Greenwood currently works as an advocate for the adoption and use of evidence‐based practices and policies.
Latessa,Edward
Authors: Holsinger Alexander M.
Published: July 2017

Edward (Ed) J. Latessa is an American professor of criminal justice who studies offender assessment, treatment interventions, and community corrections. He is well known for his work toward improving correctional systems across the United States and his research testing and further developing best practices in behavioral change. He has been, and remains, a leader in bridging the gap between theory and practice, bringing transformational research from the academic environment to the field, while building lasting partnerships between institutions of higher education and local, state, and Federal correctional systems.
MacK
enzie,
D
oris
L
ayton
Authors: Tunstall Ashley M. , Gover Angela R.
Published: July 2017

Doris Layton MacKenzie is an American criminologist best known for her scholarly contributions in the subfield of corrections within the discipline of criminology and criminal justice. She held academic positions at University of Maryland, Louisiana State University, and at Pennsylvania State University. MacKenzie is known nationally and internationally as an expert on numerous scholarly topics in the field, including what works to reduce crime in the community, experimental designs, boot camps, inmate adjustment to prison, the impact of intermediate sanctions on recidivism, long‐term offenders, methods of predicting prison populations, and the self‐report criminal activities of probationers and boot camp inmates. MacKenzie has published more than 150 research articles, book chapters, and research reports that have made significant contributions to theory, research methodology, and policy. She has been the recipient of various awards and honors throughout her career, including ones from the Academy of Experimental Criminology and American Society of Criminology.
O
wen,
B
arbara
Authors: Behounek Elaina
Published: July 2017

Barbara Owen is a researcher, teacher, advocate for female offenders, and author of two books, as well as many book chapters, research articles, and technical reports. Her contributions have been recognized with many awards, including the Saltzman Award for Contributions to Practice, Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, President's Award from the Western Society of Criminology, and the University of Cincinnati Award from the American Probation and Parole Association. She is currently professor emeritus in the Department of Criminology at California State University, Fresno. Her work has helped shape policy regarding gender‐responsive programs and practice for female offenders.
Health Care in Prison
Authors: Potter Roberto Hugh
Published: July 2017

This entry outlines key court decisions that have framed the debate over health care delivery in correctional facilities across the United States. The incidence and prevalence (amount and distribution) of substance abuse, mental illness, and contagious and chronic diseases, among inmates in jails, detention centers, and prisons is presented. Standards and recommendations regarding correctional health care are examined, as well as barriers to the provision of these services. Public health issues associated with the provision of health care in correctional settings are discussed, as well as practical and research implications for social scientists in correctional health care.
HIV‐Positive Inmates
Authors: Potter Roberto Hugh
Published: July 2017

This entry includes a brief history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in US prisons and jails. After a survey of methods used to measure HIV in prisons and jails, an overview of trends in HIV prevalence and characteristics of those living with HIV in correctional facilities is provided. The entry then examines reasons for the changes in HIV‐related trends in correctional populations, especially the role of improved treatment and health care delivery. A discussion of “importation” of disease versus intra‐facility transmission is provided, as well as the relationship between the communities from which HIV‐positive individuals come to corrections and the burden of disease encountered in correctional systems. Finally, both the substantive and symbolic functions of HIV in correctional settings are addressed.
Gendreau,Paul Edouard
Authors: Goggin Claire
Published: July 2017

Paul Edouard Gendreau (1940–), OC PhD, is a Canadian psychologist who has worked in corrections as an experimental scientist and clinician since the early 1960s. His contributions to correctional theory and practice have had a measurable impact on government policy, resulting in meaningful improvements to correctional systems throughout North America and around the world. Having held academic appointments in a number of universities, he has also played a seminal role in mentoring successive cohorts of students who have gone on to careers in correctional psychology.
Harris,MaryBelle
Authors: Trost Jennifer
Published: July 2017

Mary Belle Harris (1874–1957) served from 1925 to 1941 as the guiding force and superintendent of the Federal Industrial Institution for Women in Alderson, West Virginia. This was the first federal correctional institution for women in the United States. As part of Progressive Era prison reforms, she promoted individualized treatment and classification, inmate self‐government, and a women only, gender‐specific rehabilitative approach for women offenders.
International Criminal Court Detention Center
Authors: Shon Leah
Published: July 2017

The International Criminal Court Detention Center was established as one of the integral structures of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It is located within the prison complex in The Hague in the Netherlands. This entry contains details of the operations and objectives of the ICC Detention Center. Pursuant to both the Regulations of the Court and the Registry, the ICC Detention Center has functioned as a holding facility in compliance with the ICC order, and as an international judicial institution.
Incarceration Rates
Authors: Purser Christopher W.
Published: July 2017

From 1974 to 2009, the United States experienced an unprecedented rise in incarceration as a method of correction. In particular, during this 35‐year period, prison populations rose by over 800%, and incarceration rates increased by over 400%. Despite this overarching trend, data have suggested a slight decline in incarceration rates beginning in 2009. Incarceration rates historically have been structured by sociodemographic variables, such as gender, race, and social class. While incarceration rates are appreciably higher for males, data suggest a slight, but consistent increase of the female segment of incarcerated populations. Trends point to a higher rate of incarceration for juveniles. Members of lower‐class minority groups – African Americans in particular – have been historically overrepresented in incarceration statistics, although there is substantial regional variation in those disparities.
L
atin
A
merican Prison Gangs
Authors: Rodriguez John Jacob
Published: July 2017

Latin American prison gangs have existed in the streets since the 1920s, but had not been officially identified in prisons until the 1950s. This entry highlights three prison gangs that have caught the attention of the criminal justice system in the United States. The first is the Mexican Mafia, thought to be the oldest such gang in America. The second is the Latin Kings, the largest Latin street gang, and which also makes its presence known in prisons across the United States. The third is the Mara Salvatrucha (MS‐13), which law enforcement agencies consider to be America's most violent prison gang.
M
andela,
N
elson
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana
Published: July 2017

Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was a political activist and former President of South Africa. As a leader of the African National Congress (ANC), Mandela directed peaceful protests as well as armed resistance against the South African government – fighting for equal rights for the black majority. The significant role he played in leading and directing political activism against the government resulted in his being imprisoned for 27 years on charges of sabotage and treason. Throughout his incarceration, he continued to fight for democracy and equal rights between blacks and whites in South Africa. After his release in 1990, Mandela helped bring an end to the apartheid regime, and – in the nation's first democratic election – was elected as South Africa's first black president in 1994. Throughout his life until his death on December 5, 2013, Nelson Mandela advocated for peace and democracy in South Africa and internationally.
Gramsci,Antonio
Authors: Martensen Kayla
Published: July 2017

Antonio Gramsci was born in 1891 on the island of Sardinia. Gramsci became well known for his work in journalism, which critically focused on the social climate of the time. He became the secretary of the Turin section of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1917. In 1921, Gramsci became a central committee member of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), and later led the organization from 1924 to 1926. He was arrested in 1926 as part of an effort to dismantle the PCI. On June 4, 1928, Gramsci was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment. Pointing to Gramsci, the prosecutor famously stated, “for 20 years we must stop this brain from functioning.” Gramsci's most notable contributions developed from his writings while imprisoned, collected in the volumePrison Notebooks. Arguably, the most popular contribution of Gramsci's thought is his writing on hegemony. In 1937, Gramsci died in Rome at age 46.
Efficacy of robust optimization plan with partial‐arc VMAT for photon volumetric‐modulated arc therapy: A phantom study
Authors: Miura Hideharu , Ozawa Shuichi , Nagata Yasushi
Published: July 2017

This study investigated position dependence in planning target volume (PTV)‐based and robust optimization plans using full‐arc and partial‐arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The gantry angles at the periphery, intermediate, and center CTV positions were 181°–180° (full‐arc VMAT) and 181°–360° (partial‐arc VMAT). A PTV‐based optimization plan was defined by 5 mm margin expansion of the CTV to a PTV volume, on which the dose constraints were applied. The robust optimization plan consisted of a directly optimized dose to the CTV under a maximum‐uncertainties setup of 5 mm. The prescription dose was normalized to the CTV D99% (the minimum relative dose that covers 99% of the volume of the CTV) as an original plan. The isocenter was rigidly shifted at 1 mm intervals in the anterior‐posterior (A‐P), superior‐inferior (S‐I), and right‐left (R‐L) directions from the original position to the maximum‐uncertainties setup of 5 mm in the original plan, yielding recalculated dose distributions. It was found that for the intermediate and center positions, the uncertainties in the D99% doses to the CTV for all directions did not significantly differ when comparing the PTV‐based and robust optimization plans (P > 0.05). For the periphery position, uncertainties in the D99% doses to the CTV in the R‐L direction for the robust optimization plan were found to be lower than those in the PTV‐based optimization plan (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrated that a robust optimization plan's efficacy using partial‐arc VMAT depends on the periphery CTV position.
Impact of Stopping Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors on Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Burden of Disease
Authors: Ghiti Moghadam Marjan , ten Klooster Peter M. , Vonkeman Harald E. , Kneepkens Eva L. , Klaasen Ruth , Stolk Jan N. , Tchetverikov Ilja , Vreugdenhil Simone A. , van Woerkom Jan M. , Goekoop‐Ruiterman Yvonne P. M. , Landewé Robert B. M. , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , van de Laar Mart A. F. J. , Jansen Tim L. ,   the Dutch National POET Collaboration
Published: July 2017

Objective

To determine the impact of stopping tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment on patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) of physical and mental health status, health utility, pain, disability, and fatigue in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

In the pragmatic, 12‐month POET trial, 817 RA patients with ≥6 months of remission or stable low disease activity were randomized 2:1 to stopping or continuing TNFi. In case of flare, TNFi was restarted at the discretion of the rheumatologist. PROs were assessed every 3 months.

Results

TNFi was restarted within 12 months in 252 of 531 patients (47.5%) in the stop group. At 3 months, mean PRO scores were significantly worse in the stop group, and a larger proportion of patients experienced a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) on all PROs. Effect sizes (ES) were strongest for health utility (ES −0.24) and pain (ES −0.30). Mean scores improved again after this point, but disability scores remained significantly different at 12 months. After 12 months, the relative risk of experiencing an MCID ranged from 1.16 for mental health status to 1.58 for fatigue. Mean PRO scores for patients restarting TNFi within 6 months were no longer significantly different from those that did not restart TNFi at 12 months.

Conclusion

Stopping TNFi had a significant negative short‐term impact on a broad range of PROs. Long‐term negative consequences appeared to be limited, and outcomes in patients needing to restart TNFi within the first 6 months tended to be restored at 12 months.
Microtubular Fuel Cell with Ultrahigh Power Output per Footprint
Authors: Miao Shiding , He Shulian , Liang Mengnan , Lin Gungun , Cai Bin , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: July 2017

A novel realization of microtubular direct methanol fuel cells (µDMFC) with ultrahigh power output is reported by using “rolled‐up” nanotechnology. The microtube (Pt‐RuO2‐RUMT) is prepared by rolling up Ru2O layers coated with magnetron‐sputtered Pt nanoparticles (cat‐NPs). The µDMFC is fabricated by embedding the tube in a fluidic cell. The footprint of per tube is as small as 1.5 × 10−4 cm2. A power density of ≈257 mW cm−2 is obtained, which is three orders of magnitude higher than the present microsized DFMCs. Atomic layer deposition technique is applied to alleviate the methanol crossover as well as improve stability of the tube, sustaining electrolyte flow for days. A laminar flow driven mechanism is proposed, and the kinetics of the fuel oxidation depends on a linear‐diffusion‐controlled process. The electrocatalytic performance on anode and cathode is studied by scanning both sides of the tube wall as an ex situ working electrode, respectively. This prototype µDFMC is extremely interesting for integration with micro‐ and nanoelectronics systems.
2D Frameworks of C2N and C3N as New Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Jiantie , Mahmood Javeed , Dou Yuhai , Dou Shixue , Li Feng , Dai Liming , Baek Jong‐Beom
Published: July 2017

Novel layered 2D frameworks (C3N and C2N‐450) with well‐defined crystal structures are explored for use as anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time. As anode materials for LIBs, C3N and C2N‐450 exhibit unusual electrochemical characteristics. For example, C2N‐450 (and C3N) display high reversible capacities of 933.2 (383.3) and 40.1 (179.5) mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 10 C, respectively. Furthermore, C3N shows a low hypothetical voltage (≈0.15 V), efficient operating voltage window with ≈85% of full discharge capacity secured at >0.45 V, and excellent cycling stability for more than 500 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance (especially of C3N) can be attributed to their inherent 2D polyaniline frameworks, which provide large net positive charge densities, excellent structural stability, and enhanced electronic/ionic conductivity. Stable solid state interface films also form on the surfaces of the 2D materials during the charge/discharge process. These 2D materials with promising electrochemical performance should provide insights to guide the design and development of their analogues for future energy applications.
Highly Efficient Perovskite–Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Reaching 80% of the Theoretical Limit in Photovoltage
Authors: Rajagopal Adharsh , Yang Zhibin , Jo Sae Byeok , Braly Ian L. , Liang Po‐Wei , Hillhouse Hugh W. , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: July 2017

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite multijunction solar cells have immense potential to realize power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) beyond the Shockley–Queisser limit of single‐junction solar cells; however, they are limited by large nonideal photovoltage loss (V
oc,loss) in small‐ and large‐bandgap subcells. Here, an integrated approach is utilized to improve the V
oc of subcells with optimized bandgaps and fabricate perovskite–perovskite tandem solar cells with small V
oc,loss. A fullerene variant, Indene‐C60 bis‐adduct, is used to achieve optimized interfacial contact in a small‐bandgap (≈1.2 eV) subcell, which facilitates higher quasi‐Fermi level splitting, reduces nonradiative recombination, alleviates hysteresis instabilities, and improves V
oc to 0.84 V. Compositional engineering of large‐bandgap (≈1.8 eV) perovskite is employed to realize a subcell with a transparent top electrode and photostabilized V
oc of 1.22 V. The resultant monolithic perovskite–perovskite tandem solar cell shows a high V
oc of 1.98 V (approaching 80% of the theoretical limit) and a stabilized PCE of 18.5%. The significantly minimized nonideal V
oc,loss is better than state‐of‐the‐art silicon–perovskite tandem solar cells, which highlights the prospects of using perovskite–perovskite tandems for solar‐energy generation. It also unlocks opportunities for solar water splitting using hybrid perovskites with solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiencies beyond 15%.
Layer‐Tunable Phosphorene Modulated by the Cation Insertion Rate as a Sodium‐Storage Anode
Authors: Huang Zhaodong , Hou Hongshuai , Zhang Yan , Wang Chao , Qiu Xiaoqing , Ji Xiaobo
Published: July 2017

Liquid phase exfoliation of few‐layer phosphorene (FL‐P) is extensively explored in recent years. Nevertheless, their deficiencies such as ultralong sonication time, limited flake size distribution, and uncontrollable thicknesses are major hurdles for the development of phosphorene‐based materials. Herein, electrochemical cationic intercalation has been introduced to prepare phosphorene, through which large‐area FL‐P without surface functional groups can be efficiently attained (less than 1 h). More importantly, its layer number (from 2 to 11 layers) can be manipulated by changing the applied potential. The as‐obtained phosphorene delivers superior sodium‐storage performances when directly utilized as an anode material in sodium‐ion batteries. This electrochemical cation insertion method to prepare phosphorene should greatly facilitate the development of phosphorene‐based technologies. Moreover, this work provides the possibility for the scalable preparation of monolayer 2D materials by exploring intercalation ions. Additionally, the successful electrochemical exfoliation of phosphorene can promote the application of electrochemical exfoliation in other 2D materials.
Fast and Robust Quantum Information Transfer in Annular and Radial Superconducting Networks
Authors: Kang Yi‐Hao , Shi Zhi‐Cheng , Huang Bi‐Hua , Song Jie , Xia Yan
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we propose a protocol to achieve fast and robustness quantum information transfer (QIT) in annular and radial superconducting networks, where each quantum node is composed of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) inside a coplanar waveguide resonator (CPWR). The process is based on reversely constructing time‐dependent control Hamiltonian by designing evolution operator. With the protocol, the maximal population of lossy intermediate states and the amplitudes of pulses can be easily controlled by two corresponding control parameters. Therefore, one can design feasible pulses for QIT with great flexibility. Besides, the speed of the QIT here is much faster compared with that with adiabatic QIT. Moreover, numerical simulations show that the protocol still possesses high fidelity when lossy factors and imperfect operations are taken into account. Therefore, the protocol may provide a useful way to manipulate quantum information networks.
Synthesis of the Epimeric Secosteroids Strophasterols A and B
Authors: Sato Shuntaro , Fukuda Yuki , Ogura Yusuke , Kwon Eunsang , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: July 2017

Two epimeric rearranged ergostanes, strophasterols A and B, with an unprecedented carbon skeleton were synthesized from ergosterol, both in 17 steps via a common secosteroidal intermediate. The conversion of ergosterol into the pivotal intermediate involved an efficient acid‐catalyzed double‐bond migration from ring B to ring D, oxidative cleavage of the double bond, and a completely diastereoselective acyl radical cyclization to form an isolated cyclopentanone ring unique to this recently discovered family of steroidal compounds produced by mushrooms. The intermediate was transformed stereodivergently into two epimeric cyclopentane derivatives through hydrogenation using two types of catalysts. One epimer was elaborated into strophasterol B by utilizing peracid oxidation of an iodide to provide an epoxide directly, and the other epimer was elaborated into strophasterol A, which is known to be a suppressor of endoplasmic reticulum stress.