bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in B-Cell Malignancies
Authors: C. Moore, PharmD, BCPS, BCOP, DPLA Donald , Thompson, PharmD Daniel
Published: May 2021

The B-cell receptor signaling pathway plays an integral role in the proliferation and survival of malignant B cells. Targeting the B-cell receptor pathway via the inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) has evolved the treatment of a variety of B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Currently, there are three BTK inhibitors approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration: ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib. This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety, dosing, drug-drug interactions, and implications for advanced practitioners of BTK inhibitors in the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
Antropología Social. Iniciación a la disciplina
Authors: Hernández Garre José Manuel , De Maya Sánchez Baldomero
Published: May 2021

La aspiración de este texto es iniciar al neófito en las principales generalidades de la antropología social. A lo largo de sus páginas se abordarán cuestiones introductorias como la definición de sus conceptos elementales, su recorrido histórico, sus especialidades, su papel en el marco de las ciencias sociales, sus escuelas de pensamiento, las peculiaridades del enfoque etnográfico, la noción de cultura, la teoría de la alteridad, las diferentes estrategias de adaptación, distribución y producción, los sistemas de organización política y social, las formas de resolución de conflictos, las tipologías de familia, matrimonio y filiación o las creencias y prácticas religiosas. Pensamos que el texto puede ayudar en la comprensión y difusión de los conceptos primordiales desarrollados en el seno de la disciplina. Se pretende mejorar la comprensión de nuestra existencia en sociedad dando sentido a los marcos culturales en los que habitamos, discriminando los axiomas que nos caracterizan en cuanto animal público. La adquisición de estas generalidades y puntos comunes de la disciplina pueden enriquecer tanto al futuro científico social en ciernes como al aprendiz autodidacta ávido de comprensión.
Virkeligheder og religionshistorie: En introduktion til ontologier ifølge Philippe Descola
Authors: Lundager Jensen Hans J.
Published: May 2021

ENGLISH SUMMARY: A presentation of Philippe Descola’s model of four ontol-ogies (animism, totemism, analogism, and naturalism) and six forms of attach-ment (gift, exchange, etc.) and an argument for their relevance for the academic study of religion. The four ontologies overlap partly with Robert Bellah’s stages of cultural-religious evolution: Animism and totemism dominate in tribal religions, analogism in archaic and post-axial religions, naturalism (or natura-culturalism) in the post-Christian modernity.

DANSK RESUME: En præsentation af Philippe Descolas model over fire ontolo-gier (animisme, totemisme, analogisme og naturalisme) og seks relationsformer (gave, bytte m.m.) med argumentation for deres relevans for religionsvidenskaben. De fire ontologier relateres til Robert Bellahs religionshistoriske stadier: Animisme og totemisme dominerer i tribale religioner, analogisme i arkaiske og post-aksiale religioner og naturalisme i den post-kristne modernitet.
Entraînement aux habiletés parentales pour préparer les enfants à l’école : quelles caractéristiques parentales, familiales et des enfants prédisent l’engagement?
Authors: Bédard Samantha , Letarte Marie-Josée , Lemelin Jean-Pascal , Laventure Myriam
Published: May 2021

Les programmes d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales (PEHP) peuvent prévenir les problèmes associés à une faible préparation à l’école. Un défi majeur concerne toutefois l’engagement des participants au programme, près de la moitié ne les complétant pas. Or, l’engagement des parents a une incidence sur les bénéfices qu’en retirent les parents et les enfants. La présente étude porte sur les prédicteurs de toutes les composantes comportementales de l’engagement participatif : l’assiduité, l’implication dans les rencontres et la réalisation des devoirs. Une recension a permis d’identifier que des caractéristiques des parents, des enfants et de la famille sont associées à l’engagement. Cependant, peu d’études considèrent simultanément les trois composantes de l’engagement ainsi que des prédicteurs relevant des caractéristiques des parents, des enfants et de la famille. La présente étude vise à identifier les prédicteurs des trois composantes de l’engagement participatif. L’échantillon se compose de 89 parents ayant participé au PEHP « Ces années incroyables » et ayant un enfant d’âge préscolaire à risque sur le plan de la préparation à l’école. Les résultats montrent que les parents plus satisfaits du programme et qui ont un emploi sont plus assidus. Les parents qui adoptent des pratiques parentales plus positives avant le programme, qui sont satisfaits du programme et dont le revenu familial est plus élevé sont plus impliqués dans les rencontres. Les parents issus de familles monoparentales réalisent moins leurs devoirs. Différentes pistes d’intervention pouvant favoriser l’engagement dans un PEHP offert en contexte de prévention sont abordées dans la discussion.
Information flow, cell types and stereotypy in a full olfactory connectome
Authors: Schlegel Philipp , Bates Alexander Shakeel , Stürner Tomke , Jagannathan Sridhar R , Drummond Nikolas , Hsu Joseph , Serratosa Capdevila Laia , Javier Alexandre , Marin Elizabeth C , Barth-Maron Asa , Tamimi Imaan FM , Li Feng , Rubin Gerald M , Plaza Stephen M , Costa Marta , Jefferis Gregory S X E
Published: May 2021

The hemibrain connectome provides large-scale connectivity and morphology information for the majority of the central brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Using this data set, we provide a complete description of the Drosophila olfactory system, covering all first, second and lateral horn-associated third-order neurons. We develop a generally applicable strategy to extract information flow and layered organisation from connectome graphs, mapping olfactory input to descending interneurons. This identifies a range of motifs including highly lateralised circuits in the antennal lobe and patterns of convergence downstream of the mushroom body and lateral horn. Leveraging a second data set we provide a first quantitative assessment of inter- versus intra-individual stereotypy. Comparing neurons across two brains (three hemispheres) reveals striking similarity in neuronal morphology across brains. Connectivity correlates with morphology and neurons of the same morphological type show similar connection variability within the same brain as across two brains.
Post-translational flavinylation is associated with diverse extracytosolic redox functionalities throughout bacterial life
Authors: Méheust Raphaël , Huang Shuo , Rivera-Lugo Rafael , Banfield Jillian F , Light Samuel H
Published: May 2021

Disparate redox activities that take place beyond the bounds of the prokaryotic cell cytosol must connect to membrane or cytosolic electron pools. Proteins post-translationally flavinylated by the enzyme ApbE mediate electron transfer in several characterized extracytosolic redox systems but the breadth of functions of this modification remains unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 31,910 prokaryotic genomes that provides evidence of extracytosolic ApbEs within ~50% of bacteria and the involvement of flavinylation in numerous uncharacterized biochemical processes. By mining flavinylation-associated gene clusters, we identify five protein classes responsible for transmembrane electron transfer and two domains of unknown function (DUF2271 and DUF3570) that are flavinylated by ApbE. We observe flavinylation/iron transporter gene colocalization patterns that implicate functions in iron reduction and assimilation. We find associations with characterized and uncharacterized respiratory oxidoreductases that highlight roles of flavinylation in respiratory electron transport chains. Finally, we identify interspecies gene cluster variability consistent with flavinylation/cytochrome functional redundancies and discover a class of ‘multi-flavinylated proteins’ that may resemble multi-heme cytochromes in facilitating longer distance electron transfer. These findings provide mechanistic insight into an important facet of bacterial physiology and establish flavinylation as a functionally diverse mediator of extracytosolic electron transfer.
Learner question’s correctness assessment and a guided correction method: enhancing the user experience in an interactive online learning system
Authors: Pal Saurabh , Pramanik Pijush Kanti Dutta , Maity Aranyak , Choudhury Prasenjit
Published: May 2021

In an interactive online learning system (OLS), it is crucial for the learners to form the questions correctly in order to be provided or recommended appropriate learning materials. The incorrect question formation may lead the OLS to be confused, resulting in providing or recommending inappropriate study materials, which, in turn, affects the learning quality and experience and learner satisfaction. In this paper, we propose a novel method to assess the correctness of the learner's question in terms of syntax and semantics. Assessing the learner’s query precisely will improve the performance of the recommendation. A tri-gram language model is built, and trained and tested on corpora of 2,533 and 634 questions on Java, respectively, collected from books, blogs, websites, and university exam papers. The proposed method has exhibited 92% accuracy in identifying a question as correct or incorrect. Furthermore, in case the learner's input question is not correct, we propose an additional framework to guide the learner leading to a correct question that closely matches her intended question. For recommending correct questions, soft cosine based similarity is used. The proposed framework is tested on a group of learners' real-time questions and observed to accomplish 85% accuracy.
Taxonomic description and phylogenetic placement of two new species ofSpalangiopelta(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Ceinae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Authors: Moser Marina , Burks Roger A. , Ulmer Jonah M. , Heraty John M. , van de Kamp Thomas , Krogmann Lars
Published: May 2021

Spalangiopeltais a small genus of chalcid wasps that has received little attention despite the widespread distribution of its extant species. The fossil record of the genus is restricted to a single species from Miocene Dominican amber. We describe two new fossil species,Spalangiopelta darlingisp. n. andSpalangiopelta semialbasp. n. from Baltic amber. The species can be placed within the extant genusSpalangiopeltabased on the distinctly raised hind margin of the mesopleuron. 3D models reconstructed from µCT data were utilized to assist in the descriptions. Furthermore, we provide a key for the females of all currently knownSpalangiopeltaspecies. The phylogenetic placement of the fossils within the genus is analyzed using parsimony analysis based on morphological characters. Phylogenetic and functional relevance of two wing characters, admarginal setae and the hyaline break, are discussed. The newly described Baltic amber fossils significantly extend the minimum age ofSpalangiopeltato the Upper Eocene.
The paeonol target gene autophagy-related 5 has a potential therapeutic value in psoriasis treatment
Authors: Zhang Qian , Shi Hongqiao , Zhang Jiaan , Jiang Chenxue , Zhou Chunxiang
Published: May 2021

Background

Paeonol is a potent therapy for psoriasis. This study aimed to screen out paeonol-targeted genes in psoriasis and validate the potential of using paeonol for the management of psoriasis.

Methods

Microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the lesional skin samples and the overlapping genes between DEGs and paeonol- and psoriasis-related genes were defined as potential targets for psoriasis. After being treated with si-ATG5 and pc-ATG5, human HaCaT cells were treated with 100 ng/ml IL-22 and 10 ng/ml TNF-α with and without paeonol. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, Beclin 1, ATG5, and p62 in HaCaT cells were determined using ESLIA, PCR, and Western blot analysis.

Results

A total of 779 DEGs were identified in the lesional skin samples compared with the non-lesional tissues. The autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) gene was the only gene that overlapped between the DEGs and genes related to paeonol and psoriasis. Cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β), and ATG5 expression were increased in IL-22/TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT (model) cells compared with control. Paeonol treatment rescued all changes. si-ATG5 transfection increased inflammation and apoptosis in model cells compared with controls. pc-ATG5 prevented IL-22/TNF-α-induced changes in HaCaT cells. Also, si-ATG5 decreased p62 and Beclin 1 proteins, while pc-ATG5 increased them both.

Conclusions

ATG5-dependent autophagy plays a crucial role in psoriasis. The ATG5 gene might be a therapeutic target for the management of in vitro psoriasis.
Characterization of Bioactive Sesquiterpenes, Organic Acids and Their Derivatives from the Leaves of Psidium guajava Linn
Authors: U. Igwe Okenwa , Abii T.
Published: May 2021

The isopropanolic extract of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn was analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fourteen different phytochemical compounds have been characterized, including 1, 3, 3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, (2.06%), 4, 11, 11-trimethyl-bicyclo [7.2.0] undec-4-ene (6.26%), (E,E,E)-2, 6, 6, 9-tetramethyl-1, 4, 8-cycloundecatriene (1.05%), eudesma-4(14),11-diene (5.07%), guaia-1(10), 11-diene (4.63%), 3, 7, 11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol(4.01%), 1,3-dimethyl-8-(1-methylethyl)-tricyclo [4.4.0.0(2,7)] dec-3-ene (1.66%), 1, 1, 4, 7-tetramethyl-decahydro-1H-cycloprop[e] azulen-4-ol (11.00%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.53%), 4, 4, 8-trimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0(1,5)] dodecane-2, 9-diol (2.78%), L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate (20.43%), 7-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (3.81%), 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (2.24%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (33.47%). The presence of these bioactive compounds in the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn could be the reason behind its use for the treatment of diseases and infections in herbal medicine in Nigeria.
Analytical Solution of a Non-isothermal Flow in Cylindrical Geometry
Authors: Nwaigwe Chinedu , Amadi Innocent Uchenna
Published: May 2021

This study proposes analytical solution to the problem of transport in a Newtonian fluid within a cylindrical domain. The flow is assumed to be dominated along the channel axis, and is taken to be axi-symmetric. No-slip boundary condition is considered for velocity while the temperature and concentration have Dirichlet boundary values. The resulting problem is transformed into a set of non-trivial variable coefficient differential equations in a cylindrical geometry. By adopting the series solution method of Frobenius, the closed-form analytical solutions are derived for the flow variables. We conduct an analysis of the derived model, and showed that, indeed, the flow variables are axi-symmetric. We also state and prove another theorem to show that the derived concentration model is positivity preserving – meaning that it yields positive concentration - provided the boundary value is non-negative. Finally, we present graphical results for the flow variables and discuss the effect of the relevant flow parameters. The results showed that (i) an increase in the cooling parameter, reduces the fluid velocity, (ii) the temperature decreases as the cooling parameter increases   and (iii) an increase in the injection parameter, leads to increase in the concentration.
Risk Identification of Lijiadagou Landslide and Debris Flow Hazards Chain in Yong'an Town, Fengjie County of Chongqing City
Authors: Song Q. H. , Ren S. C. , LI X. L. , Chen B. L. , Li K. , Tan D. J.
Published: May 2021

Lijiadagou landslide and debris flow hazards chain in Yong’an Town of Fengjie county is one of the representative geohazards. By using satellite remote sensing technology, field investigation and observation, survey and analysis, mechanical analysis and other technical means, this paper makes qualitative or semi quantitative analysis on the hazard environment, instability probability, vulnerability analysis of elements at risk, risk loss, etc. The risk factors of Lijiadagou landslide and debris flow were identified. The conclusion shows that the unique landform and climate of Lijiadagou lay a foundation for the occurrence of multiple debris flows in the history. Under the alternate control of multiple factors such as the nature of the rock and soil mass, the stratum structure that controls the sliding, the complex geomorphic environment, continuous heavy rainfall and the rise and fall of the water level, there are high risks of landslides and debris flows, threatening about  6,000 residents in the middle and front range of Lijiadagou. The risk economic loss of hazards is about 80 million yuan, and will cause serious social impact. It is urgent to strengthen monitoring and early warning, and at the same time take targeted measures against the landslide source  area to cut off the hazards chain from the source, so as to achieve a multiplier effect with half the effort.
Public-private Partnership Approaches for Scaling up Zinc with ORS
Authors: MacDonald Vicki , Addo-Yobo Joseph
Published: May 2021

Objectives: Based on evidence from four previous private sector programs, USAID's SHOPS project, in partnership with the Ghana Health Service,  developed a strategy to maximize availability of, demand for, and use of zinc plus oral rehydration solution (ORS) for the treatment of pediatric diarrheas. This abstract describes the private sector-focused strategy for addressing high diarrhea prevalence among children under five in Ghana.

Methods: SHOPS established a conducive policy and regulatory environment, engaging stakeholders from both sectors; collaborated with regulatory bodies to train over 10,000 chemical sellers and pharmacy staff and 350 clinicians in diarrhea management; partnered with pharmaceutical manufacturers to increase availability of quality, affordable products; developed an innovative campaign to increase awareness and demand; and partnered with NGOs to promote use through community mobilization. We conducted in-depth interviews and mystery client surveys with providers to assess reported and actual prescribing behavior.

Results: Private sector sales of zinc tablets increased ten-fold after training providers and 300% after the media campaign, treating over 2 million children with diarrhea to date. Most (75%) providers mentioned zinc as their preferred diarrhea treatment; 65% actually prescribed zinc with ORS as treatment. Retail audits confirm over 60% of chemist shops and pharmacies carry zinc and ORS.  These results are notable in that zinc was completely unknown and unavailable in Ghana prior to the initiation of the program in 2012.

Conclusions: In a single year, significant progress in scaling up diarrhea treatment was realized through strategic partnerships with the private sector in Ghana.
Validation of a Photo Atlas for Food Portion Estimation for a National 24-hr Recall Dietary Survey in Kenya
Authors: Bukania Zipporah , Kungu Jacqueline , Murage Lucy , Mugambi Gladys , Wefwafwa Terry
Published: May 2021

Objectives: Reliance on respondents’ individual recall ability for accurate dietary data collection is always a challenge. We developed a photo atlas to aid respondents in recall of foods eaten during the interactive 24 hr recall multiple pass approach for data collection during the Kenya National Micronutrient Survey 2011. Photographs of foods are preferred for estimating portion sizes because the amount eaten is easier for the respondent to visualize. However, it was necessary to validate the photo atlas before using it.

Methods: Seven common Kenyan food items were chosen for validation of the atlas: cassava root, tomatoes, eggplant, raw chicken wings and legs, watermelon and fried dough. Each color photo displayed three differently sizes of each food item to capture “large,” “medium,” and “small”. Actual food portions were used for comparison with the photos. Volunteers were asked to rate the level of similarity between the actual-life food item and the item in the photograph on a scale of 1 to 5. Five indicated “Perfect Match” and one indicated “Not a Match.” 84 volunteers from KEMRI and Kibera were conveniently selected for the validation exercise.

Results: Exact matches were highly observed in all sizes of whole foods (onions (52.4; 61.9%; 59%), tomatoes (59.5%; 58.3%; 63.1%) and eggplants 35.7%; 27.4% and 63.1%) compared to sliced food items. No significant differences observed between female and male matches of food items.

Conclusions: Identification of difficult to recall foods can be presented as food albums and used as dietary data collection tools.
Frequency of Sensorineural Hearing Loss among Children with Pyogenic Meningitis
Authors: Baig Salman , Khan Muhammad Salman , Iqbal Nasima , Mumtaz Tayyaba , Hussain Ashfaq , Zafar Urooj
Published: May 2021

Aim: To find out the frequency of sensorineural hearing loss among children with pyogenic meningitis.

Study Design: Cross-sectional.

Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Ziauddin university hospital during the period of July 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: About 96 participants were enrolled in the study between the age group of one month up to 12 years. Patients were included on the basis of clinical presentation and laboratory findings of pyogenic meningitis. An expert audiologist performed the brainstem evoked response audiometry test before discharging the patient from the hospital. For data analysis SPSS version-20 was used. All the quantitative variables were calculated as mean with standard deviation while qualitative data were presented as frequency and percentages. To find out association between variables, the Mann Whitney U-test and chi-square test was applied while P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant.

Results: Mean age with standard deviation was 6.8 ±2.3.  Majority of the study participants were boys (57%). The frequency of sensorineural hearing loss was 17%. It was more among females than their male counter parts that was 64.7% and 35.3% respectively but no significant association was reported. The younger age group was having higher frequency of sensorineural hearing loss (47.1%), followed by the age group of 6-8 years (29.4%) and the very small number of participants were affected from the age group of 9-12 years (23.5%) but all the age groups were having no significant association with frequency of hearing loss.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that sensorineural hearing loss is the most common complication reported among the children with pyogenic meningitis in current setup so there is a need of early evaluation of hearing problems in all patients diagnosed with pyogenic meningitis.
A Comprehensive Mini Review on Co-Crystallization Process
Authors: Das Ananga Mohan , Amin Ruhul , Sarma Satyabrat , Dey Biplab Kumar , Alam Faruk
Published: May 2021

Co‑crystal chemistry has recently attracted supramolecular scientists. Co-crystals are comprising of hydrogen bonding assembly between different molecules. Many issues related to the performance characteristics of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be resolved using the co-crystallization approach. A proper understanding of the crystal structure of an API is required for the successful formation of co-crystals with the selected co‑former. Co-crystal chemistry has recently attracted scientists from the super molecules. Co crystals consist of the assembly of hydrogen bonds between various molecules. Many problems related to the performance characteristics of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be solved using the method of co-crystallization. Co-Crystals offer an alternate pathway where any API, paying little mind to be acidic, essential, or ionizable gatherings, might be co-gem. This aspect also helps to complement existing methods by reintroducing molecules with limited pharmaceutical profiles based on their non-ionizable functional groups.
Efficacy of Capparis spinosa Linn Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Giardia Lambia Cysts In vitro
Authors: Mohamadian Aram , Mirzaei Asad , Abbasi Naser , Naserifar Razi , Feizi Jalil , Karimi Parviz , Khorshidi Ali , Maspi Nahid , Abdi Jahangir
Published: May 2021

Aims: Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. There are some side effects and the reports of parasite resistance to metronidazole as the first line treatment of giardiasis. Therefore, it is essential to discover an effect and safe drug to treat giardiasis.

Methodology: In this study, the anti-parasitic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Capparis spinosa Linn (C. spinosa) leaves and fruits with different concentrations (4 to 0.125 mg/ml) was assessed against human isolates of the G. lamblia cysts and incubated at 37℃. After staining Giardia cysts with 0.1% eosin, the lethal percentage and 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of fruit and leave C. spinosa L extracts and metronidazole on G. lamblia cysts were calculated after 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours.

Results: Anti-giardia activity of fruit and leaf extracts of C. spinosa was different between concentrations and time points (p<0.005). The lethal effect of both C. spinosa L extracts and metronidazole increased significantly in a concentration - and time–dependent response (P<0.0001). The highest lethal percentage of G. lamblia cysts was observed a concentration of 4 mg / ml of fruit (100%) and leaf (44%) extracts of C. spinosa L after 48 hours, respectively. LC50 values were 0.38 ± 0.02mg/ml for fruit extract, 2.32 ± 0.1 mg/ml for leaf extract and 0.53 ± 0.03 µg/ml for metronidazole after 48hours.

Conclusion: C. spinosa can be effective in eliminating Giardia cyst of contaminated environments and water.
The Influence of Mechanical-stress on the Quartz Filter Features
Authors: Ao Gao , Gang Xia , Yong Kong
Published: May 2021

In order to study the effect of mechanical-stress on the quartz filter output, based on the elasto-optical effect of quartz crystal, the relationship between berifringent difference of quratz plate and mechanical-stress is deduced, the experimental system is set up by using Ultra-6600 UV spectrophotometer, and received the transmission spectrum of Lyot quartz birefringence filter, the transmission spectrum was investigated theoretically and experimentally in detail. The results show that when applied different mechanical stresses, the center wavelength of quartz birefringent filter changed, and the drifting direction of the center wavelength is related to the size of applied mechanical stress, the drifting size of the center wavelength is related to the direction of applied mechanical stress. It is helpful for the manufacturing, correct design and application of quartz birefringence filter.
MEMS‐ and MOEMS‐Based Visible and Near‐Infrared Spectrometers
Authors: Antila Jarkko , Tuohiniemi Mikko , Rissanen Anna , Kantojärvi Uula , Lahti Markku , Viherkanto Kai , Kaarre Marko , Malinen Jouko , Näsilä Antti
Published: May 2021

The trend in near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is to go toward on‐site, in‐field, on‐the‐go applications with calibration‐free instruments and off‐the‐shelf chemometrics software. Micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) and micro‐opto‐electro‐mechanical systems (MOEMS) represent manufacturing techniques and components, capable of enabling highly miniaturized, robust, and low‐cost sensors and actuators. This article presents common MEMS and MOEMS manufacturing techniques and gives an insight into the demands of NIR spectroscopic applications. The main instrument categories are covered by a short theory followed by examples. Most thoroughly handled topics are Fourier‐transform spectrometers (FTSs), Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs), and dispersive spectrometers. Two other categories are also separately presented, namely light modulator systems and tunable MEMS light sources. We give an overview on NIR spectroscopy and its special requirements regarding the realization of MEMS spectrometers.
SBRT treatment of abdominal and pelvic oligometastatic lymph nodes using ring‐mounted Halcyon Linac
Authors: Pokhrel Damodar , Webster Aaron , Stephen Joseph , St Clair William
Published: May 2021

Purpose/objectives

This work seeks to evaluate the plan quality, treatment delivery efficiency, and accuracy of single‐isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) of abdominal/pelvic oligometastatic lymph nodes (LNs) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) on Halcyon Linac.

Materials and Methods

After completing the in‐house multitarget end‐to‐end phantom testing and independent dose verification using MD Anderson’s single‐isocenter/multi‐target (lung and spine target inserts) thorax phantom, eight patients with two to three abdominal/pelvic oligometastatic LNs underwent highly conformal single‐isocenter VMAT‐SBRT treatment using the Halcyon Linac 6MV flattening filter free (FFF) beam. Targets were identified using an Axumin PET/CT scan co‐registered with planning CT images and a single‐isocenter was placed between/among the targets. Doses between 25 and 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions were delivered. Patients were treated every other day. Plans were calculated in Eclipse with advanced AcurosXB algorithm for heterogeneity corrections. For comparison, Halcyon VMAT‐SBRT plans were retrospectively generated for SBRT‐dedicated TrueBeam with a 6MV‐FFF beam using identical planning geometry and objectives. Target coverage, conformity index (CI), dose to 2 cm away from each target (D2cm) and dose to adjacent organs‐at‐risk (OAR) were evaluated. Additionally, various treatment delivery parameters including beam‐on time were recorded.

Results

Phantom measurements showed acceptable spatial accuracy of conebeam CT‐guided Halcyon SBRT treatments including compliance with MD Anderson’s single‐isocenter/multi‐targets phantom credentialing results. For patients, the mean isocenter to tumor center distance was 3.4 ± 1.2 cm (range, 1.5–4.8 cm). The mean combined PTV was 18.9 ± 10.9 cc (range, 5.6–39.5 cc). There was no clinically significant difference in dose to LNs, CI, D2cm and maximal doses to OAR between single‐isocenter Halcyon and Truebeam VMAT‐SBRT plans, although, Halcyon plans provided preferably lower maximal dose to adjacent OAR. Additionally, total monitor units, beam‐on time and overall treatment time was lower with Halcyon plans. Halcyon’s portal dosimetry demonstrated a high pass rate of 98.1 ± 1.6% for clinical gamma passing criteria of 2%/2 mm.

Conclusion

SBRT treatment of abdominal/pelvic oligometastatic LNs with single‐isocenter VMAT on Halcyon was dosimetrically equivalent to TrueBeam. Faster treatment delivery to oligometastatic LNs via single‐isocenter Halcyon VMAT can improve clinic workflow and patient compliance, potentially reducing intrafraction motion errors for well‐suited patients. Clinical follow‐up of these patients is ongoing.
The α2δ‐1/NMDA receptor complex is involved in brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice
Authors: Li Jingchen , Song Guoqiang , Jin Qianxu , Liu Liqiang , Yang Liang , Wang Yuanyu , Zhang Xuesong , Zhao Zongmao
Published: May 2021

Background

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common cerebrovascular disease, seriously threatens human health and has severe secondary injuries, while existing treatment methods have many limitations. α2δ‐1 is a subunit of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and can act on glutamate receptor N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) to relieve neuropathic pain.

Methods

We first performed ICH modeling on WT mice and Cacna2d1 knockout (KO) mice. The expression levels of GluN1 and α2δ‐1 were measured by Western blot and q‐PCR, and the interaction between the two proteins was evaluated by co‐precipitation. The neuronal apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL assay, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors were assessed by ELISA. The nerve functions of mice were evaluated using behavioral experiments including corner turn test and forelimb use asymmetry. Cerebral hematoma was indicated by brain water content and lesion volume.

Results

ICH up‐regulated the expression levels of α2δ‐1 and GluN1. KO of Cacna2d1 significantly reduced the ICH‐induced apoptosis. The treatment of gabapentin on α2δ‐1 also significantly reduced the occurrence of apoptosis. KO of Cacna2d1 also reduced the ICH‐induced levels of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, neural functions were also significantly improved.

Conclusion

Cacna2d1 KO alleviates cerebral hematoma in ICH mice, exhibits a significant regulating effect on its secondary injuries such as neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, and restores the nerve functions of ICH mice. Loss of Cacna2d1 can provide useful therapeutic clues for ICH treatment.
Advanced Photocatalysts: Pinning Single Atom Co‐Catalysts on Titania Nanotubes
Authors: Zhou Xin , Hwang Imgon , Tomanec Ondřej , Fehn Dominik , Mazare Anca , Zboril Radek , Meyer Karsten , Schmuki Patrik
Published: May 2021

Single atom (SA) catalysis, over the last 10 years, has become a forefront in heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, and most recently also in photocatalysis. Most crucial when engineering a SA catalyst/support system is the creation of defined anchoring points on the support surface to stabilize reactive SA sites. Here, a so far unexplored but evidently very effective approach to trap and stabilize SAs on a broadly used photocatalyst platform is introduced. In self‐organized anodic TiO2 nanotubes, a high degree of stress is incorporated in the amorphous oxide during nanotube growth. During crystallization (by thermal annealing), this leads to a high density of Ti3+‐Ovsurface defects that are hardly present in other common titania nanostructures (as nanoparticles). These defects are highly effective for SA iridium trapping. Thus a SA‐Ir photocatalyst with a higher photocatalytic activity than for any classic co‐catalyst arrangement on the semiconductive substrate is obtained. Hence, a tool for SA trapping on titania‐based back‐contacted platforms is provided for wide application in electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry. Moreover, it is shown that stably trapped SAs provide virtually all photocatalytic reactivity, with turnover frequencies in the order of 4 × 106h−1in spite of representing only a small fraction of the initially loaded SAs.
Mesoporous Coatings with Simultaneous Light‐Triggered Transition of Water Imbibition and Droplet Coalescence
Authors: Khalil Adnan , Rostami Peyman , Auernhammer Günter K. , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette
Published: May 2021

A systematic study of gating water infiltration and condensation into ceramic nanopores by carefully adjusting the wetting properties of mesoporous films using photoactive spiropyran is presented. Contact angle measurements from the side reveal significant changes in wettability after irradiation due to spiropyran/merocyanine‐isomerization, which induce a wetting transition from dry to wet pores. The change in wettability allows the control of water imbibition in the nanopores and is reflected by the formation of an imbibition ring around a droplet. Furthermore, the photoresponsive wettability is able to overcome pinning effects and cause a movement of a droplet contact line, facilitating droplet coalescence, as recorded by high‐speed imaging. The absorbed light not only effectuates droplet merging but also causes flows inside the drop due to heat absorption by the spiropyran, which results in gradients in the surface tension. IR imaging and particle tracking is used to investigate the heat absorption and temperature‐induced flows, respectively. These flows can be used to manipulate, for example, molecular movement inside water and deposition inside solid mesoporous materials and are therefore of great importance for nanofluidic devices as well as for future water management concepts, which include filtering by imbibition and collection by droplet coalescence.
Interfacial Liquid Film Transfer Printing of Versatile Flexible Electronic Devices with High Yield Ratio
Authors: Chen Yihao , Liu Xin , Ma Yinji , Chen Ying , Lu Bingwei , Feng Xue
Published: May 2021

Emerging flexible electronic devices differ widely in terms of material, shape, scale, and structure. The conventional solid‐contact stamp transfer printing method easily causes cracks and interfacial delamination in large‐area, intricately‐patterned multilayered devices. Liquid film transfer printing (LTP) is presented as a strategy to obtain flexible devices with a high yield ratio regardless of the device material, scale, shape, and structure. In this technique, the liquid film is used to hydrolyze and break the chemical bonds between the film and silicon wafer substrate. Thus, there is less stress on the device during the transfer process. In addition, the buoyancy and surface tension of the liquid film help the flexible device to unroll itself on the liquid surface. In the experiments, flexible devices of different types and with extreme properties consistently achieved a transfer printing yield ratio of 98.57%. The sensitivity of temperature sensor change before and after LTP is less than 2%. The real‐time and visualized comparisons of the stress distribution and evolution during LTP and solid‐contact methods demonstrated that the LTP maximum strain is 70% smaller than the latter method. Thus, LTP has great potential for sophisticated and system‐level flexible device transfer printing and integration.
The Exfoliation of Crystalline Covalent Triazine Frameworks by Glycerol Intercalation
Authors: Liu Jing , Liu Manying , Wang Xueqing , Wang Kewei , Jin Shangbin , Tan Bien
Published: May 2021

It is a huge challenge to exfoliate covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) into large‐area CTF sheets, because of the ultrastrong triazine linkage and its high crystallinity. Herein, a glycerol intercalation strategy is reported to exfoliate bulk crystalline CTF‐HC1 into large‐area crystalline E‐CTF‐HC1 sheets. The three vibration states of glycerol molecules at 25, 90, and 300 °C are a key role in the process of CTFs exfoliation. As the temperature increases, the vibration energy increases. When the temperature reaches 300 °C, the vibration energy becomes large enough to make the glycerol occupy the CTF layer spacing at the vibrational state of the maximum cross section, resulting in the exfoliation of CTFs. The specific capacitance of the exfoliated E‐CTF‐HC1 electrode (342.15 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) is about 3.3 times higher than that of bulk CTF‐HC1 electrode (104.04 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1).
Biodegradable PEDOT:PSS/Clay Composites for Multifunctional Green‐Electronic Materials
Authors: Lee Seunghyeon , Hong Yeongbeom , Shim Bong Sup
Published: May 2021

Plastics are now causing challenging environmental issues, especially electronic waste (E‐waste) and microplastics. While no single solution exists to address all these complex problems, superworms’ ingestion behavior toward plastics provides an innovative way to reduce plastic pollutions. Here, it is demonstrated that poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/montmorillonite (MMT) composites are biodegradable with versatile multifunctionalities originating from natural nacre‐inspired layered nanostructures. While their physical performances are modulated interdependently, eco‐biodegradability of the MMT/PEDOT:PSS composites are confirmed by the superworm's ingestion behaviors and their chemical changes after digestion. The electrically conductive composites with PEDOT:PSS also exhibit excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, flame retardancy, long‐term water stability, flexibility, and electrochemical properties. Combined with these inherent multifaceted properties, the eco‐biodegradable features of the MMT/PEDOT:PSS composites open a new direction to use electronic materials for emerging eco‐friendly applications, including green‐electronics, bioelectronics, and edible‐electronics.
Recent Insights on Catalyst Layers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Zhu Weikang , Huang Tong , Zheng Chenyang , Pei Yabiao , Shen Guoqiang , Nie Zixi , Xiao Di , Yin Yan , Guiver Michael D.
Published: May 2021

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) performance have significantly improved in the last decade (>1 W cm−2), and is now comparable with that of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). At high current densities, issues in the catalyst layer (CL, composed of catalyst and ionomer), like oxygen transfer, water balance, and microstructural evolution, play important roles in the performance. In addition, CLs for AEMFCs have different requirements than for PEMFCs, such as chemical/physical stability, reaction mechanism, and mass transfer, because of different conductive media and pH environment. The anion exchange ionomer (AEI), which is the soluble or dispersed analogue of the anion exchange membrane (AEM), is required for hydroxide transport in the CL and is normally handled separately with the electrocatalyst during the electrode fabrication process. The importance of the AEI–catalyst interface in maximizing the utilization of electrocatalyst and fuel/oxygen transfer process must be carefully investigated. This review briefly covers new concepts in the complex AEMFC catalyst layer, before a detailed discussion on advances in CLs based on the design of AEIs and electrocatalysts. The importance of the structure–function relationship is highlighted with the aim of directing the further development of CLs for high‐performance AEMFC.
Recent Progress on Electrical and Optical Manipulations of Perovskite Photodetectors
Authors: Wang Fang , Zou Xuming , Xu Mengjian , Wang Hao , Wang Hailu , Guo Huijun , Guo Jiaxiang , Wang Peng , Peng Meng , Wang Zhen , Wang Yang , Miao Jinshui , Chen Fansheng , Wang Jianlu , Chen Xiaoshuang , Pan Anlian , Shan Chongxin , Liao Lei , Hu Weida
Published: May 2021

Photodetectors built from conventional bulk materials such as silicon, III–V or II–VI compound semiconductors are one of the most ubiquitous types of technology in use today. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in emerging photodetectors based on perovskite materials driven by the growing demands for uncooled, low‐cost, lightweight, and even flexible photodetection technology. Though perovskite has good electrical and optical properties, perovskite‐based photodetectors always suffer from nonideal quantum efficiency and high‐power consumption. Joint manipulation of electrons and photons in perovskite photodetectors is a promising strategy to improve detection efficiency. In this review, electrical and optical characteristics of typical types of perovskite photodetectors are first summarized. Electrical manipulations of electrons in perovskite photodetectors are discussed. Then, artificial photonic nanostructures for photon manipulations are detailed to improve light absorption efficiency. By reviewing the manipulation of electrons and photons in perovskite photodetectors, this review aims to provide strategies to achieve high‐performance photodetectors.
A Wearable Sustainable Moisture‐Induced Electricity Generator Based on rGO/GO/rGO Sandwich‐Like Structural Film
Authors: Chen Si , Xia Hong , Ni Qing‐Qing
Published: May 2021

Green energy conversion is the first choice in solving contemporary energy pollution and shortages. In this work, a flexible moisture‐induced electricity generator is developed. Graphene oxide (GO) film is simply region‐treated by bilateral ultraviolet irradiation to obtain two special structural films—reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/GO/rGO sandwich‐like structural (rGrSF) film and rGrSF–GO composite film. The special sandwich‐like structure endows films with the capability to easily transport water molecules and difficultly release moisture that improves the adaptability of generator to environmental change. A single moisture‐induced electricity generator (MIEG) could supply an open circuit voltage of 215.7 mV for more than 3 h. 9 MIEGs successfully powered a light emitting diode (LED) in 1 h under moisture, and its total discharging process took about 5.5 h in a normal room condition, in which the LED kept lit for 1 h. Additionally, with outstanding flexibility, high stability, and reproducibility, the generator shows the potential in application of wearable electronics and it can generate sustainable electricity in the face of suddenly changes in humidity.
Auxin increased adventitious root development in the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees
Authors: Hossain Md. Sanower , Urbi Zannat , Phang Ing Chia
Published: May 2021

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees is an economically high‐demand medicinal plant for its traditional uses and overwhelming pharmacological properties. However, the current agricultural production of A. paniculata is insufficient to meet its pharmacological demand. Developing a rapid and efficient propagation technique is crucial to meet its increasing demand. This study assessed the ability of the auxins indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) to simulate adventitious root development in the young apical shoot (YAS) and old apical shoot (OAS) cuttings of A. paniculata. This investigation found that 3.0 mM IBA was better for achieving rapid growth (6.33 ± 0.42 d) of adventitious root in YAS cuttings, where the number of roots per cutting was 40 ± 1.29, with an average length of 4.11 ± 0.20 cm (mean ± SE; n = 6). Overall, YAS cuttings were comparatively more efficient to induce adventitious roots compared with OAS cuttings. The rapid regeneration of A. paniculata plantlets using IBA within a short time suggests that this plant can be propagated on a mass scale and that IBA can be used to accelerate production. Further study for evaluating soaking duration on the adventitious rooting in A. paniculata would be worthy.
Large‐scale plasma proteomic profiling identifies a high‐performance biomarker panel for Alzheimer's disease screening and staging
Authors: Jiang Yuanbing , Zhou Xiaopu , Ip Fanny C. , Chan Philip , Chen Yu , Lai Nicole C.H. , Cheung Kit , Lo Ronnie M.N. , Tong Estella P.S. , Wong Bonnie W.Y. , Chan Andrew L.T. , Mok Vincent C.T. , Kwok Timothy C.Y. , Mok Kin Y. , Hardy John , Zetterberg Henrik , Fu Amy K.Y. , Ip Nancy Y.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Blood proteins are emerging as candidate biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We systematically profiled the plasma proteome to identify novel AD blood biomarkers and develop a high‐performance, blood‐based test for AD.

Methods

We quantified 1160 plasma proteins in a Hong Kong Chinese cohort by high‐throughput proximity extension assay and validated the results in an independent cohort. In subgroup analyses, plasma biomarkers for amyloid, tau, phosphorylated tau, and neurodegeneration were used as endophenotypes of AD.

Results

We identified 429 proteins that were dysregulated in AD plasma. We selected 19 “hub proteins” representative of the AD plasma protein profile, which formed the basis of a scoring system that accurately classified clinical AD (area under the curve  = 0.9690–0.9816) and associated endophenotypes. Moreover, specific hub proteins exhibit disease stage‐dependent dysregulation, which can delineate AD stages.

Discussion

This study comprehensively profiled the AD plasma proteome and serves as a foundation for a high‐performance, blood‐based test for clinical AD screening and staging.
Zurückziehung: Asymmetric Alkenyl Catellani Reaction for the Construction of C−N Axial Chirality
Authors: Wu Chenggui , Liu Ze‐Shui , Shang Yong , Liu Chang , Deng Shuang , Cheng Hong‐Gang , Cong Hengjiang , Jiao Yinchun , Zhou Qianghui
Published: May 2021

The Accepted Article version of the above article, published online on 25 May 2021 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn by agreement between the corresponding author, the journal′s Executive Committee, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH, Weinheim. The withdrawal has been agreed upon due to significant conceptual similarities with another of the authors' recently published articles, which was not disclosed during the peer review process.