bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Belief in a zero-sum game and subjective well-being across 35 countries
Authors: Różycka-Tran Joanna , Piotrowski Jarosław P. , Żemojtel-Piotrowska Magdalena , Jurek Paweł , Osin Evgeny N. , Adams Byron G. , Ardi Rahkman , Bălțătescu Sergiu , Bhomi Arbinda Lal , Bogomaz Sergey A. , Cieciuch Jan , Clinton Amanda , de Clunie Gisela T. , Czarna Anna Z. , Esteves Carla Sofia , Gouveia Valdiney , Halik Murnizam H. J. , Kachatryan Narine , Kamble Shanmukh Vasant , Kawula Anna , Klicperova-Baker Martina , Kospakov Aituar , Letovancova Eva , Lun Vivian Miu-Chi , Cerrato Sara Malo , Muehlbacher Stephan , Nikolic Marija , Pankratova Alina A. , Park Joonha , Paspalanova Elena , Pék Győző , de León Pablo Pérez , Šolcová Iva Poláčková , Shahbaz Wahab , Ha Truong Thi Khanh , Tiliouine Habib , Van Hiel Alain , Vauclair Christin-Melanie , Wills-Herrera Eduardo , Włodarczyk Anna , Yahiiaiev Illia I. , Maltby John
Published: May 2019

This article presents a short research report on the relationship between perceived antagonism in social relations measured using the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) scale, life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect. Given that individuals who believe that life is like a zero-sum game are likely to perceive their daily interactions with others as unfair, we expected that individuals with high BZSG experience more negative affect and fewer positive one, resulting in a lower satisfaction with life. In addition, we examined whether country-level BZSG may play a moderating role in these associations. Data were collected from student samples (N = 7146) in 35 countries. Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived social antagonism in social relations is negatively associated with satisfaction with life and that this relationship is mediated by both positive and negative affect at the individual level. The relation of individual BZSG and negative affect on satisfaction with life were weaker in societies with higher country-level BZSG, suggesting that the effects of BZSG may be less detrimental in these countries. These findings extend previous knowledge about predictors of life satisfaction and suggest that social beliefs might also be an important factor that influences subjective well-being. The contribution of the study is that the separate treatment of life satisfaction and positive and negative affect may be helpful in many research situations, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective.
m6A Regulates Neurogenesis and Neuronal Development by Modulating Histone Methyltransferase Ezh2
Authors: Chen Junchen , Zhang Yi-Chang , Huang Chunmin , Shen Hui , Sun Baofa , Cheng Xuejun , Zhang Yu-Jie , Yang Yun-Gui , Shu Qiang , Yang Ying , Li Xuekun
Published: May 2019

N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A), catalyzed by the methyltransferase complex consisting of Mettl3 and Mettl14, is the most abundant RNA modification in mRNAs and participates in diverse biological processes. However, the roles and precise mechanisms of m6A modification in regulating neuronal development and adult neurogenesis remain unclear. Here, we examined the function of Mettl3, the key component of the complex, in neuronal development and adult neurogenesis of mice. We found that the depletion of Mettl3 significantly reduced m6A levels in adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) and inhibited the proliferation of aNSCs. Mettl3 depletion not only inhibited neuronal development and skewed the differentiation of aNSCs more toward glial lineage, but also affected the morphological maturation of newborn neurons in the adult brain. m6A immunoprecipitation combined with deep sequencing (MeRIP-seq) revealed that m6A was predominantly enriched in transcripts related to neurogenesis and neuronal development. Mechanistically, m6A was present on the transcripts of histone methyltransferase Ezh2, and its reduction upon Mettl3 knockdown decreased both Ezh2 protein expression and consequent H3K27me3 levels. The defects of neurogenesis and neuronal development induced by Mettl3 depletion could be rescued by Ezh2 overexpression. Collectively, our results uncover a crosstalk between RNA and histone modifications and indicate that Mettl3-mediated m6A modification plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and neuronal development through modulating Ezh2.
Characterizing the Current State of Training Courses Available to US Disaster Professionals
Authors: Kirsch Thomas , Keim Mark , Strauss-Riggs Kandra
Published: May 2019

Objective:

The objective of this study is to characterize US-based disaster training courses available to disaster response and disaster health professionals. Its purpose is to better inform policies and decision-making regarding workforce and professional development to improve performance.

Methods:

Courses were identified from 4 inventories of courses: (1) National Library of Medicine Disaster Lit database; (2) TRAIN National Learning Network; (3) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Preparedness Course Catalog; and (4) Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers. An online search used 30 disaster-related key words. Data included the course title, description, target audience, and delivery modality. Levels of learning, target capability, and function were categorized by 3 expert reviewers. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results:

There were 3662 trainings: 2380 (65%) for professionals (53% for public health); 83% of the courses were distance learning, with 16% via classroom. Half of all trainings focused on 3 of 37 disaster capabilities and 38% of them were related to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE). The educational approach was knowledge-based for all courses and 99.6% imparted only lower levels of learning.

Conclusion:

Despite thousands of courses available, there remain significant gaps in target audience, subject matter content, educational approaches, and delivery modalities, particularly for health and public health professionals.
The Wave Formation and Sonic Boom due to a Delta Wing
Authors: Oswatitsch K , Sun Y C
Published: May 2019

By employment of the analytical method of characteristics and of a limiting procedure suitable for dealing with the trailing edge expansion, the influence of near-field flow on the far-field wave formation has been investigated for an incident flat delta wing with supersonic leading edges. Though confined in its scope to the front shock in the vertical plane of symmetry of the wing and to a homogeneous atmosphere without density and temperature gradients, the present analysis reveals features of flow which are interesting from the standpoint of the general theory of three-dimensional supersonic flow. It is found that the front shock due to a delta wing will as a rule be cancelled at a finite distance from the wing by the plane-wave expansion emanating from the trailing edge. The over-expansion must then give rise to a rear shock separate from the front one. Thus, at least in the plane of symmetry, a sharp-front wave signature can not, in general, be expected from the wing at a distance beyond the terminating point of the front shock. The boom signature then will be qualitatively different from that of a body of revolution. The general non-equivalence of a wing to a body of revolution in this respect should evoke some rethinking about sonic boom prediction and alleviation.
Dynamical Behaviour of a Materially Damped Flexible Towed Cable
Authors: Cannon T C , Genin J
Published: May 2019

The three-dimensional equations of motion of a flexible towed cable are developed. A closed-form approximation for the equilibrium shape of a cable subjected to arbitrary aerodynamic loading is developed and used in the study of a heavy, vibrating tow cable. Natural frequencies of vibration and cable shapes are computed for typical cables and are shown to be in good agreement with exact, numerically obtained values.
A New Solution of the Turbulent Near-Wake Recompression Problem
Authors: Shamroth S J , McDonald H
Published: May 2019

A method is presented for predicting the behaviour of a two-dimensional supersonic turbulent near-wake during the recompression process. In contrast to most previous extensions of Crocco-Lees strong interaction theory, the proposed analysis includes a transverse momentum integral equation. In addition, a modified strip method for conservation of streamwise momentum replaces the usual integral equations. Although a straightforward treatment of the equations results in the appearance of a singularity analogous to the well-known Crocco-Lees critical point, it is shown that solutions can be obtained which do not exhibit a singular behaviour, either by posing the problem as a boundary-value problem rather than an initial-value problem or by making a suitable approximation which suppresses the quasi-elliptic behaviour of the equations. Both procedures lead to an unambiguously defined uniqueness condition for the near-wake recompression solution.
Response of Helicopter Rotor Blades to Random Loads near Hover
Authors: Lakshmikantham C , Rao C V Joga
Published: May 2019

The response of a flexible helicopter rotor blade to random loading is investigated, the random input being the vertical velocity component. The model takes into account blade flexibility in bending as well as torsion, and also general root rigidity. The spectral density and the mean square value of the transverse displacement are computed for both hingeless and hinged rotor blades and the results are evaluated.
A Comparison of Two Prediction Methods with Experiment for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers with Air Injection
Authors: Thomas G D , Verma V K , Squire L C
Published: May 2019

Two prediction methods for compressible turbulent boundary layers with air injection have been developed. The results from the two methods are compared with experiment for constant pressure flows at Mach numbers from 1.8 to 3.6. In general the results from the two methods and from experiment are in close agreement. However, there are some differences at the higher Mach numbers and it is suggested that both methods need further development for use at Mach numbers above 3.
Effects of Contraction Geometry on Non-Isotropic Free-Stream Turbulence
Authors: Klein A , Ramjee V
Published: May 2019

The effects of contraction geometry on non-isotropic free-stream turbulence were investigated experimentally. Eight nozzles of circular cross-section, having different contour shapes and various non-dimensional lengths, were tested. The contraction ratio was 10:1. The results are compared with test data for isotropic turbulence and with a well-known linear theory. It is found that the variation of the lateral component of turbulent energy along the nozzles is similar to that with isotropic free-stream turbulence, whereas the behaviour of the longitudinal component is entirely different. The change of turbulence depends on local contraction ratio only.
The Mixing Length Derived from Kármán’s Similarity Hypothesis
Authors: Nishioka Michio , Iida Shūsuke
Published: May 2019

From Kármán’s similarity hypothesis, we derive the equation which describes the mixing length in terms of the turbulent shear stress. For a boundary layer with linear stress distribution, the equation is in reasonable agreement with Bradshaw’s measurements. For a boundary layer with injection, it is shown that injection has an appreciable effect upon the mixing length when (vw/2) /(τ/ρ)1/2becomes comparable to the Kármán constant. Close similarity is also pointed out between the hypotheses due to Kármán and Townsend. Moreover, the diffusion constant in Townsend’s hypothesis is determined to be 0.25, which is in good agreement with the value 0.2 obtained by Townsend from one experiment.
Use of Surface Fences to Measure Wall Shear Stress in Three-dimensional Boundary Layers
Authors: Vagt J D , Fernholz H
Published: May 2019

If surface fences are to be applied for measuring skin friction in three-dimensional boundary layers they must be calibrated for both magnitude and direction of the shear stress. Results of the calibration for fences of different height are given. Furthermore, a manufacturing process and a mounting procedure are described to obtain surface fences with identical calibration curves.
Separated Flow Past a Slender Delta Wing at Incidence
Authors: Barsby J E
Published: May 2019

Solutions to the problem of separated flow past slender delta wings for moderate values of a suitably defined incidence parameter have been calculated by Smith, using a vortex sheet model. By increasing the accuracy of the finite-difference technique, and by replacing Smith’s original nested iteration procedure, to solve the non-linear simultaneous equations that arise, by a Newton’s method, it is possible to extend the range of the incidence parameter over which solutions can be obtained. Furthermore for sufficiently small values of the incidence parameter, new and unexpected results in the form of vortex systems that originate inboard from the leading edge have been discovered. These new solutions are the only solutions, to the author’s knowledge, of a vortex sheet leaving a smooth surface.

Interest has centred upon the shape of the finite vortex sheet, the position of the isolated vortex, and the lift, and variations of these quantities are shown as functions of the incidence parameter. Although no experimental evidence is available, comparisons are made with the simpler Brown and Michael model in which all the vorticity is assumed to be concentrated onto an isolated line vortex. Agreement between these two models becomes very close as the value of the incidence parameter is reduced.
The Transonic Aerofoil Problem with Embedded Shocks
Authors: Nørstrud Helge
Published: May 2019

The integral equation approach to the mixed flow problem of infinite wings at high subsonic speeds is adopted for non-circulatory and circulatory (lifting) flows. The solutions are determined from a system of non-linear algebraic equations and, to ensure always unique solutions, the method of differentiation with respect to a parameter has been applied. The resulting Cauchy problem is then solved with the linearised flow solution as the initial value vector. For the case of embedded shocks in the flow field, the method of steepest descent has been added to the calculation scheme. Results for subcritical and supercritical flows past aerofoils are given and compared with solutions obtained by finite-difference techniques.
Further Solution of the Corner Boundary-Layer Equations
Authors: Zamir M
Published: May 2019

Similar solutions of an equation governing the flow in the plane of symmetry of a corner boundary layer with favourable pressure gradient are extended to a “critical” value of the pressure gradient for which no solution could be found previously. It is shown that the failure to achieve this result in the past was due to the “singular” nature of this solution rather than to its non-existence as one was tempted to suspect. The existence and uniqueness of this crucial solution are demonstrated and the solution itself is obtained to a high degree of numerical accuracy. Criticism of the theory on which this corner boundary-layer equation is based is discussed in an Appendix.
Hypersonic Swirling Flow past Blunt Bodies
Authors: Smith Roger
Published: May 2019

The effect of swirl on the high speed flow past blunt bodies is analysed by assuming constant density in the region between the shock wave and the body. For small swirl the stand-off distance is only slightly affected, but it is shown that there is a critical value of the swirl parameter which, if exceeded, will cause a jump in the position of the shock. This is demonstrated by solving the full constant-density equations for the flow past a sphere and by a perturbation expansion in powers of the density ratio across the shock for a more general body shape. The perturbation solution shows that the pressure coefficient on the body is constant at the critical swirl number.
Generalisation of Watson’s Formulae and Applications to Aerofoil Theory
Authors: Stern J
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a contribution to Watson’s formulae and gives analogous formulae for the higher derivatives of the functions ψm and ϵm of classical aerofoil theory. In Appendix A these formulae are related to Thwaites’s method of solving Theodorsen’s non-linear integral equation. The resultant equations are also given in matrix form, which enables the calculations to be mechanised by using automatic computers.
The Influence of Non-linear Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics on the Power Spectral Response of Aircraft to Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Christopher P A T , Dunn J M H
Published: May 2019

The power spectral technique has been extended to show the effect of aerodynamic non-linearities on the normal acceleration response of a rigid aircraft in the cruise configuration. Non-linearities in the normal force and pitching moment variations with incidence have been considered. The resulting changes from the linear root-mean-square values of normal acceleration were only 3 to 5½% for a root-mean-square vertical gust velocity of 20 m/s.
Coping with Hebraic Legalism: The Chorus inSamson Agonistes
Authors: Sadler Lynn Veach
Published: May 2019

The Chorus of Milton'sSamson Agonistesis highly platitudinous because it relies on Old Testament traditional wisdom to account for Samson's experience. It is groping within that kind of wisdom to understand the significance of what is happening to Samson, while his experience cannot be made explicable on the basis of Old Testament legalism. Trying to cope with the Chorus, critics often speak of the “different levels of awareness” in the poem and tend to press a division between Samson and his Chorus, too frequently insisting that the separation obtained is even greater at the end of the work. Professor Summers, for example, ascribes this tension between the protagonist and the Hebraic Chorus to the disparity between heroic and non-heroic experience: “…the Chorus is often wrong in typically unheroic ways, and … only as a result of the action does it acquire ‘true experience’ and understanding. Those Danites, friends and contemporaries of Samson, represent the ‘conventional wisdom’ of the drama; but the premise of the poem is that conventional wisdom is inadequate for tragic experience. If it were otherwise, there would be no function for the tragedy; the community would already have been saved …” The Chorus (with Manoa) is impercipient; but the fact that it follows after Samson, noting his changes and his actions and often repeating his attitudes, attests to a unity between Samson and the Chorus which Professor Summers' otherwise excellent treatment misses. Christian heroism does not, as he seems to suggest, depend upon separation, but upon communion with others, even as a true relationship with God, for Milton, removes the obscurities from one's relationships with other men. Milton plays off Samson's former selfheroism — which does separate him from his people — against the true heroism of the ending; responsiveness to the latter pulls the Chorus and Samson together.
Reason and the Religion of the Counter-Culture
Authors: Shea F. X.
Published: May 2019

The subject and title for this paper came to me as inspiration from on high during the strike, Spring, 1969. A group of students in various states of hairy disarray, barefoot and grimacing, were banging on my desk and shouting over my phone when the thought for this paper cut across my consciousness.
Cyclical Changes in the Level of the Equity and Gilt-Edged Markets
Authors: Pepper G. T. , Thomas R. L.
Published: May 2019

Our earlier paper ‘The money supply, economic management and the gilt-edged market’ (J.I.A.96, 1) introduced the money supply as being ‘of importance to investment, in general because of possible changes in the economic management in the United Kingdom, and in particular because of the possible implications for the gilt-edged market’. To a large extent these changes have come about; the Authorities are now placing greater emphasis than in 1969 on controlling the money supply and support for the gilt-edged market was withdrawn when the Bank of England published Competition and Credit Control in May 1971.

2. The present paper is more fundamental for investment. The introduction to the earlier paper referred to our main research project into the uses of the financial statistics which were first published in 1962 as a result of the Radcliffe Committee Report. Changes in the management of the economy and the gilt-edged market were side issues, however important; the present paper describes some of the interim conclusions of the main project which is still continuing.
On Calculation of Moments of the Value of a Life Assurance Liability
Authors: Taylor G. C.
Published: May 2019

Pollard and Pollard pointed out that, while it has been conventional to refer to Ax, as ‘the present value of an assurance of one on a life aged x’, this value is a random variable (denoted by Ãx) with mean Ax.
Multiple Criminal Trials
Authors: Shalgi Moshe
Published: May 2019

The prohibition against multiple trials for the same matter is a basic principle of criminal law and long a principle deeply rooted in European tradition. Many jurisdictions consider it important enough to deserve inclusion in their constitutions. Nevertheless the relevant provisions have been applied in quite diverse patterns throughout the various common law jurisdictions, and within each of them have developed unsystematically. They have been the subject of severe criticism down to the present time.

Three main doctrines have been developed in the common law jurisdictions:

(a)Former trial:This is better known in England asautrefois acquitandautrefois convict, and in the United States as double jeopardy. A man can be tried only once for his criminal behaviour. Once a lawful verdict has been rendered he is protected against further prosecution for the same matter. Underautrefois acquitandautrefois convicta verdict must have been formerly pronounced in the matter which is charged in the subsequent indictment. Under double jeopardy it is enough that the defendant has been in jeopardy of conviction (for the same matter) in former proceedings.
The 1972 Revision of the Rules of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai
Published: May 2019

The Rules of Court which the International Court of Justice adopted in 1946, on the commencement of its existence, were essentially a reproduction of the Rules of Court adopted by the Permanent Court of International Justice on March 11, 1936 with such alterations as became necessary after the changes incorporated in the new Court's Statute, in comparison with that of the Permanent Court. When the Court adopted those Rules it did so with the intention of undertaking a more thorough revision after more experience of the judicial function had been acquired. Since then, the Court has had the matter under review, but for over twenty years nothing concrete has emerged.

The Court has had a rough passage in this period. This is demonstrated by insufficient judicial business, bitter debates on its role in the United Nations both in connection with advisory opinions and in connection with the inclusion of jurisdictional clauses in multilateral treaties drawn up in United Nations meetings, widespread mistrust of the Court as an institution and of judicial settlement as a mode for the pacific settlement of international disputes, and a general malaise attending everything to do with the Court.
Laesio Enormis and the Talmudic Law of Ona'ah
Authors: Sperber Daniel
Published: May 2019

It is well-known that Jewish law forbids ona'ah “overreaching”; that is to say: the act of wronging a person by selling him an article for more than its real (market) value, or, conversely, purchasing from him an article for less than its real value (M. Bava Mezia 3.4, seq.). According to (anonymous—stam) Tannaitic halacha (law), the right to claim against ona'ah was always in the hands of the injured party, and whichever side constituted the injured party (be it the vendor or the purchaser), that side had the right to choose either to declare the transaction void, or to make up, or receive the difference (T. Bava Mezia 4.3). Another view, that of R. Judah (ha-Nasi, flor. c. 170–220), is however recorded. R. Judah states that regardless of which side is the injured party, the choice as to whether to annul the transaction or to settle the difference always lies in the hands of the vendor (B. Bava Mezia 50b, Y. Bava Mezia 4.3). This (minority) view was rejected in the Amoraic period by the great Palestinian scholar R. Johanan (flor. c. 250–79), so that the later halacha follows the anonymous (majority) Tannaitic ruling (Y. Bava Mezia 4.3).

The degree fixed in Tannaitic sources for ona'ah was one-sixth (M. Bava Mezia 4.3, 7; T. Bava Mezia 3.9). That is to say, anything less than one-sixth above or below the market price was not considered ona'ah, and the transaction was valid, while one-sixth or more constituted ona'ah, invalidating the transaction, unless the injured party (stam) or the vendor (R. Judah) agreed to settle the difference.
Registration of Security Interests: Some Flaws in the System
Authors: Weismann Joshua
Published: May 2019

The notion that a security interest could be created in any kind of property through registration rather than through transfer of possession seemed, until a few years ago, to be impractical and undesirable. When the Pledges Bill was debated in theKnesset, in 1965, the Minister of Justice objected to such a notion, saying that it was too revolutionary, and that it would cause many technical difficulties. Yet, when the debate on the Pledges Bill was over, a new Pledges Law was passed which introduced this very revolutionary notion of registration as a possible substitute for transfer of possession.

The Pledges Law, 1967, sec. 4, provides that:

A pledge shall be effective against other creditors of the debtor—

(1) in the case of property in respect of which some other law contains special provisions applicable to the matter—in accordance with those provisions;

(2) in the case of movable property and securities in respect of which no other law contains special provisions applicable to the matter and which have been deposited with the creditor or with a bailee other than the debtor on behalf of the creditor—upon the deposit thereof as aforesaid and so long as they are deposited;

(3) in the case of movable property and securities not deposited as aforesaid and in any other case—upon the registration of the pledge in accordance with regulations made under this Law: Provided that against a creditor who knew or should have known of the pledge it shall be effective even without registration.
The Treatment of Jewish Law in American Decisions
Authors: Baron A. Frank
Published: May 2019

The application of foreign law in American courts forms the subject matter of much comparative law writing. Two alternative approaches are usually adopted by the comparative legal scholars. One studies pleading and proof of foreign law in American courts; the other studies the substantive use of foreign law by American courts. No studies of the actual use of Jewish law by American courts are to be found. In what follows an attempt will be made to fill the gap and to draw some conclusions concerning the relevance and advantages to the courts, the parties and society generally of such use of Jewish law.

All reported cases which have expressly made some use of Jewish law are collected and analyzed in this article. In addition, the application of Jewish law to the resolution of conflicts presently handled by the courts is discussed.

The reported judgments in which a party's appeal to Jewish law was considered relevant are classified according to American law classifications as opposed to Jewish law classifications. Finally, the actual relevance and the relevance in the eyes of the presiding judge of the Jewish law to the controversy before the court is examined.
Berberine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines by suppressing TLR4-mediated NF-ĸB and MAPK signaling pathways in rumen epithelial cells of Holstein calves
Authors: Zhao Chenxu , Wang Yazhou , Yuan Xue , Sun Guoquan , Shen Bingyu , Xu Feng , Fan Guyue , Jin Meiyu , Li Xinwei , Liu Guowen
Published: May 2019

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) can increase the level of inflammation and induce rumenitis in dairy cows. Berberine (BBR) is the major active component of Rhizoma Coptidis, which is a type of Chinese anti-inflammatory drug for gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of BBR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rumen epithelial cells (REC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. REC were cultured and stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of different concentrations of BBR. The results showed that cell viability was not affected by BBR. Moreover, BBR markedly decreased the concentrations and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in the LPS-treated REC in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, Western blotting analysis showed that BBR significantly suppressed the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88) and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitory kappa B (IκBα), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in LPS-treated REC. Furthermore, the results of immunocytofluorescence showed that BBR significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS treatment. In conclusion, the protective effects of BBR on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in REC may be due to its ability to suppress the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that BBR can be used as an anti-inflammatory drug to treat inflammation induced by SARA.
The U.S. Energy Outlook and its Implications for Domestic and Foreign Policy
Authors: McLean John G.
Published: May 2019

I welcome this opportunity to speak about the U.S. energy outlook and its implications for domestic and foreign policy. Recent events provide persuasive evidence that energy problems, in all their many ramifications, will rank high on our list of national priorities for at least the next two decades.

My remarks will be divided into three parts. First, I will summarize the facts with regard to the U.S. energy outlook. Second, I will outline some of the economic and political implications of those facts. And third, I will suggest some of the priorities and constraints which the facts will impose on our domestic and foreign policies in the years ahead.
Cystic echinococcosis and other helminth infections of wild boar in northeastern and northwestern regions of Tunisia
Authors: Lahmar Samia , Torgerson Paul R. , Mhemmed Hana , Tizaoui Lamia , Mhadhbi Néjib , Bani Abdelkader , Driss Hanan , Ghrissi Nébiha , Makhzoumi Manel , Ben Houidi Amel , Dhibi Mokhtar , Said Yousra , Pozio Edoardo , Boufana Belgees
Published: May 2019

This study identified helminth species of wild boar (Sus scrofa) originating from northeastern and northwestern regions of Tunisia using 297 lungs, 297 livers, 264 intestinal tracts, 120 samples of muscle tissue (tongue, masseter, diaphragm, inter-costal) and 232 faecal samples derived from a total of 591 animals. Host gender was registered for the lung and liver wild boar group, which included 163 males and 134 females. All animals, excluding those used to retrieve muscular samples, were classified into three age classes, <2 (n= 212), 2–3 (n= 208) and ⩾4 years old (n= 141). Helminth fauna of the examined wild boar included 14 parasite species: one trematode (adult,Brachylaemus suis), three cestodes (metacestodes ofEchinococcus granulosus,Taenia hydatigenacysticercus, adult,Hymenolepis diminuta), nine nematodes (adults ofMetastrongylus apri,Metastrongylus pudendotectus,Ascarops strongylina,Globocephalus urosubulatus,Physocephalus sexalatus,Gnathostoma hispidum,Gongylonema pulchrumand eggs ofStrongyloides ransoniandCapillariaspp.) and one acanthocephalan (adult,Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus).Trichinellalarvae were not recovered from any of the 30 wild boar examined. Results showed a 73.5% global prevalence of infection with visceral helminths, 67.3% of which were lung and hepatic infections and 80.3% of helminths were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract. The most prevalent parasite wasM. hirudinaceus(61.7%) while the highest intensity of infection was observed forMetastrongylusspp. The most prevalent cestode wasE. granulosus(18.9%). This is the first detailed study on helminth infections of wild boar from a North African country.
Comparative Effects of Three EPTC Antidotes
Authors: Chang F. Y. , Stephenson G. R. , Bandeen J. D.
Published: May 2019

In growth room studies,N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (hereafter referred to as R-25788) was the most effective of three antidotes for the reduction of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) injury to corn (Zea maysL. ‘United Hybrid 106’). R-25788 reduced EPTC injury to corn as a seed treatment, as an incorporated soil spray, or in nutrient solution in quartz sand nutrient culture. CDAA (N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) was also an EPTC antidote for corn when applied to the soil or in nutrient solution but was itself toxic to corn when applied as a seed treatment. The antidote 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (hereafter referred to as naphthalic anhydride) was less effective than R-25788 as a seed treatment and was ineffective when applied to the soil. Naphthalic anhydride was the only one of the three antidotes which also reduced EPTC toxicity to green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.].
Physiological Effects of Ultra-High Temperatures on Corn
Authors: Ellwanger T. C. , Bingham S. W. , Chappell W. E.
Published: May 2019

Twelve-day-old corn seedlings (Zea mays L. ‘Funk's G-83’) were exposed to thermal conditions (482 C for 125 msec) approximating those used for flame weed control. Tissue dehydration was evident within 1 min after flame application. One hour after flame exposure, the water content of shoot tissues was 6% less than in nonflamed shoots. Transpirational water loss 16 hr after flame application was reduced by 68% when compared to that of nonflamed seedlings. Assimilation of 14CO2 by flamed seedlings, while substantially decreased when compared with that of nonflamed seedlings, continued on a limited basis even in the most severely injured leaf tips.
Biological Control of Northern Jointvetch in Rice by An Endemic Fungal Disease
Authors: Daniel J. T. , Templeton G. E. , Smith R. J. , Fox W. T.
Published: May 2019

An endemic anthrocnose disease of northern jointvetch [Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P.] incited by the fungusColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomenewas discovered in 1969 at Stuttgart, Arkansas. When grown on solid or in liquid media, the organism grew rapidly and sporulated abundantly. From 1970 through 1972 water sprays of the fungus spores at 2 to 15 million spores per milliliter in 94 to 374 L/ha controlled northern jointvetch grown in the growth chamber, greenhouse, and field. The fungus controlled plants ranging from 5 to 66 cm tall. The disease developed on northern jointvetch most rapidly at temperatures of 23 to 32 C and at relative humidities above 80%. An incubation period of 4 to 7 days and up to 5 weeks was usually required to kill the weeds. The fungus was specific forAeschynomenespecies since it was very virulent onA. virginicaand only slightly virulent on Indian jointvetch (A. indicaL.). It did not affect rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), or 12 other common field, forage, and vegetable crops or 15 common weeds.
Factors Influencing Release of Fenac from Polyethylene Matrices
Authors: Harris Frank W. , Norris Steven O. , Post Larry K.
Published: May 2019

Fenac [(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid] and its sodium salt were incorporated in polyethylene matrices under varied conditions to afford a series of herbicide-polyethylene formulations. Diffusion within the matrix determined the rates at which the herbicides were released from the formulations into water. Release rates of the herbicides were altered significantly if (a) the formulation curing conditions were varied, (b) the initial amount of herbicide in the matrix was varied, (c) the solubility of the herbicide was changed, or (d) if an additive was used. The results indicate that herbicide diffuses from the matrix through water-filled cracks and capillary channels.
Effect of Alachlor, Butylate, and Chlorbromuron on Carbofuran Distribution and Metabolism in Barley and Corn
Authors: Penner Donald , Early Roy W.
Published: May 2019

The 14C-labelled insecticide, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate (carbofuran), supplied to the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Larker’) and corn (Zea mays L. ‘Mich 400’) seedlings was readily taken up and transported to the shoots. Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] did not inhibit carbofuran metabolism in barley or corn. Butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) slightly inhibited carbofuran metabolism in corn roots. Chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] inhibited carbofuran metabolism by decreasing the concentration of 14C found in the acetone-insoluble residue and the methanol-soluble fraction in barley shoots. Chlorbromuron increased the carbofuran content and decreased the 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate (3-hydroxycarbofuran) content of the chloroform-soluble fraction in both barley shoots and roots. Chlorbromuron did not affect carbofuran metabolism in corn.
Diffusion of Atrazine, Propachlor, and Diazinon in a Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Ritter W. F. , Johnson H. P. , Lovely W. G.
Published: May 2019

The effect of soil temperature, soil moisture content, and soil bulk density on the diffusion of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), and diazinon [O,O-diethylO-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate] in Ida silt loam soil was studied in the laboratory. Diffusion coefficients of 1.90, 1.36, and 0.63 mm2/day at 27 C for propachlor, atrazine, and diazinon, respectively, show in a relative way the expected movement of these chemicals in Ida silt loam soil. The greatest amount of movement occurred with high temperatures and high moisture contents. Soil moisture had more effect on atrazine movement than on propachlor movement, and very little effect on diazinon movement. Movement for all chemicals decreased with an increase in bulk density.
Dissipation of Dicamba from Grassland Soils of Texas
Authors: Scifres C. J. , Allen T. J.
Published: May 2019

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) dissipated in 4 weeks and in 9 to 16 weeks when sprayed on grassland soils of Texas at 0.28 kg/ha and 0.56 kg/ha, respectively. At three of four locations ranging from humid to semiarid and from clay to sandy loam and sampled from 9 to 63 weeks after treatment, usually residues were no deeper than 120 cm and never deeper than 150 cm. However, dicamba residues were detected 120 cm deep 53 weeks after application of granules at 1.68 or 2.24 kg/ha to sand of semiarid grassland. Since dicamba sprays are usually applied at 0.56 kg/ha or less for grassland restoration in Texas, it is unlikely that residues of dicamba will persist in soil through the growing season from spring applications.
A Rapid Procedure to Evaluate the Effect of Pesticides on Nitrification
Authors: Thorneburg R. P. , Tweedy J. A.
Published: May 2019

A laboratory procedure for evaluating the effect of pesticides on nitrification in soil proved to be simple to perform, reproducible, and offers a procedure for rapid screening of a large number of chemicals in a short period. The recovery of added nitrate by extracting with distilled water was essentially 100% complete. The conversion of added ammonium to nitrate by the soil microorganisms was nearly complete after the 2-week incubation period. Nitrification in soil treated with several different herbicides and insecticides was determined by our procedure. A nitrification inhibitor, N-Serve3 (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine) was included as a standard. None of the herbicides or insecticides inhibited nitrification and the N-Serve completely inhibited nitrification during the 2-week incubation.
Johnsongrass Control in Soybeans with Dalapon and Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Parochetti J. V.
Published: May 2019

Treatments were applied to heavily infested johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] in the field for 3 years. Half of each treated plot was cultivated 5 weeks after planting soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) applied to johnsongrass foliage 7 to 10 days before plowing plus either of the following three preplant incorporated herbicides, trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], or vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate), gave 85, 68, and 82% johnsongrass control, respectively, at the end of a 3 year study. The preemergence incorporated herbicides applied following plowing and two diskings resulted in poor (35 to 50%) johnsongrass control with significant yield reductions in 2 of the 3 years. When the preemergence incorporated herbicides were applied following two diskings and eight rototillings, johnsongrass control was 62% after 3 years which was significantly less than the 79% control resulting from dalapon plus preemergence herbicides. Cultivation 5 weeks after planting soybeans increased johnsongrass control 22, 35, and 36% and soybean yields 439, 370, and 320 kg/ha in 1969, 1970, and 1971, respectively, over comparable plots without cultivation.
Action and Fate of 2,4-D and Dicamba in Trumpetcreeper
Authors: Thompson L. , Slack C. H. , Augenstein R. D. , Herron J. W.
Published: May 2019

Trumpetcreeper [Campsis radicans(L.) Seem.] grown from 10-cm root sections was more susceptible to foliar applications of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) than trumpetcreeper grown from 45-cm root sections. Dicamba controlled trumpetcreeper better than did 2,4-D, particularly trumpetcreeper grown from 45-cm root sections. More14C-dicamba than14C-2,4-D was absorbed through the foliage and translocated to the roots of trumpetcreeper grown from 10-cm roots. No14C-2,4-D was detected in the 45-cm roots; however,14C-dicamba was recovered from both the upper and the lower sections of the 45-cm roots.
Commercial Herbicide Influence on Corn Oil Composition
Authors: Wilkinson R. E. , Hardcastle W. S.
Published: May 2019

Qualitative and quantitative oil content of corn (Zea maysL.) kernels as influenced by herbicides was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] at 0 to 6.7 kg/ha, atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] at 0 to 5.6 kg/ha, linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] at 0 to 3.4 kg/ha, prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] at 0 to 3.4 kg/ha, and cyanazine [2-[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl]amino-2-methylpropionitrile] at 0 to 7.8 kg/ha were evaluated. Oil quantity was not greatly influenced by any of the herbicides; however, percentage corn oil fatty acid composition was altered to a minor but statistically significant degree by each of the herbicides. The use of alachlor, cyanazine, atrazine, linuron, or prometryne on corn at recommended rates or at rates greater than currently recommended field application rates did not induce serious changes in either total oil content or fatty acid distribution in corn.
Factors Affecting the Uptake of Endothall-14C by Hydrilla
Authors: Haller William T. , Sutton D. L.
Published: May 2019

Placing hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillataRoyle) in 2.7 and 5.4 μM solutions of carbon-14-labeled endothali [7-ox = abicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid] under controlled conditions resulted in a sigmoid-shaped uptake curve for both herbicide concentrations. Apical sections of hydrilla, which included the apical bud, absorbed greater amounts of endothall-14C than sections excised from the center of the plant below the apical bud. Low concentrations of copper as copper sulfate pentahydrate solutions of 0.4 and 2.0 μM in combination with endothall-14C increased the amount of radioactivity found in hydrilla, but copper concentrations of 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 μM inhibited endothall-14C uptake. The greatest uptake by hydrilla in 5.4 and 2.7 μM solutions of endothall-14C exposed to temperatures of 10, 20, and 30 C occurred in the 20 and 30 C solutions, respectively. Endothall-14C uptake was studied under light intensities of 0, 540, 5400, and 21,500 lux. Uptake of radioactivity from 2.7 and 5.4 μM solutions of endothall-14C was greatest at 540 and 21,500 lux, respectively.
Effect of Herbicides on the Growth ofChlorellaandBacillususing the Paper Disc Method
Authors: Thomas V. M. , Buckley L. J. , Sullivan J. D. , Ikawa Miyoshi
Published: May 2019

Twenty herbicides were tested for activity in a paper disc agar bioassay. The growth ofChlorella pyrenoidosaChick was inhibited by dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), diquat [6,7-dihydropyrido(1,2-a:2′,1′-c)pyrazinediium ion], paraquat (1,1′-dimetnyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), 3′,4′-dichloro-2-methylvaleranilide, propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea]. The growth ofBacillus subtilisCohn was inhibited by dinoseb, diquat, paraquat, and 3′,4′-dichloro-2-methylvaleranilide. This assay usingC. pyrenoidosaorB. subtilisoffers a convenient means for the testing of herbicides.
Enhancement of Foliar Activity of Linuron with Carbaryl
Authors: DelRosario D. A. , Putnam A. R.
Published: May 2019

Enhanced foliar injury was obtained with sprays containing the herbicide linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] and the insecticide carbaryl (napthyl-N-methylcarbamate) in tolerant carrot (Daucus carotaL. ‘Chantenay’). Synergism occurred when the compounds were applied as tank mixes or applied at 1 day intervals. The photosynthetic rate of parsnip (Pastinacea sativaL. ‘Hollow Crown’) leaf discs exposed to both chemicals was greatly reduced when compared to tissues receiving linuron or carbaryl alone. Carbaryl enhanced the penetration of14C-linuron into intact carrot leaves and parsnip leaf discs. The rate of linuron metabolism was also decreased in the presence of carbaryl. Both of these factors may contribute to the enhanced toxicity obtained with this combination of pesticides.
Johnsongrass Control in Corn with Soil Incorporated Herbicides
Authors: Roeth F. W.
Published: May 2019

Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] control in corn (Zea maysL.) was studied from 1970 to 1972 using consecutive annual applications of alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide) at 3.4 kg/ha, butylate (S-ethyi diisobutylthiocarbamate) at 4.5, 9.0, and 13.4 kg/ha, and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.4, 6.7, and 13.4 kg/ha. In 1970, control was less than 60% for all herbicides, and there was no significant rate response. In 1971 butylate and EPTC at all rates provided 79 to 93% control. Alachlor gave 49% control. In 1972 control was similar to 1971. Control with one cultivation was additive to these herbicidal effects. Seed treatment with 0.5% 1,8-naphthalic anhydride adequately protected the corn from herbicide injury. Corn yields were closely correlated with johnsongrass control.