bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast recovery of elastic constant in thin films studied by resonant-ultrasound spectroscopy
Authors: Nakamura N. , Nakashima T. , Ogi H. , Hirao M. , Nishiyama M.
Published: May 2010

This paper reports incredibly large and rapid evolution of elastic constants in deposited copper and silver films observed by the resonant-ultrasound spectroscopy. The evolution begins just after stopping the deposition with the temperature dependent recovery rate. To explain the mechanism, we propose a model, where the elastic constants at grain boundary regions increase by 67% at least. Diffusion of atoms along the grain boundary region is a possible reason, and we confirm that the activation energy is much smaller than that for grain-boundary diffusion in bulk materials. These results are explained by drastic structure change at grain boundaries, being similar to phase transition from liquid into solid phase.
An implicit solvent coarse-grained lipid model with correct stress profile
Authors: Sodt Alex J. , Head-Gordon Teresa
Published: May 2010

We develop a coarse-grained parametrization strategy for lipid membranes that we illustrate for a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer. Our coarse-graining approach eliminates the high cost of explicit solvent but maintains more lipid interaction sites. We use a broad attractive tail-tail potential and extract realistic bonded potentials of mean force from all-atom simulations, resulting in a model with a sharp gel to fluid transition, a correct bending modulus, and overall very reasonable dynamics when compared with experiment. We also determine a quantitative stress profile and correct breakdown of contributions from lipid components when compared with detailed all-atom simulation benchmarks, which has been difficult to achieve for implicit membrane models. Such a coarse-grained lipid model will be necessary for efficiently simulating complex constructs of the membrane, such as protein assembly and lipid raft formation, within these nonaqueous chemical environments.
Structural degradation of thin HfO2 film on Ge during the postdeposition annealing
Authors: Miyata Noriyuki , Yasuda Tetsuji , Abe Yasuhiro
Published: May 2010

Securing the thermal robustness of thin hafnium oxide (HfO2) film on the semiconductor surface is an important technical issue in the fabrication of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor devices, as the HfO2-based high-k gate stacks usually undergo high-temperature processes. In this study, the structural development of thin HfO2 film on a Ge surface during postdeposition annealing in an ultrahigh vacuum was examined to explore the origin for the initial degradation of thin HfO2 film. Void nucleation and subsequent two-dimensional void growth take place at 780–840 °C, while the chemical composition of the remaining Hf oxide is virtually stable. Both the void nucleation and growth processes show similar larger activation energy of about 10 eV. Based on the observed manner of void growth and the estimated activation energies, the authors propose that mass transport on the HfO2 surface is responsible for void nucleation in the HfO2 films on Ge. The authors also compare the present results with the previous studies on HfO2/Si structures, and suggest that similar surface process leads to the local Hf silicidation.
Room temperature deposited oxide p-n junction using p-type zinc-cobalt-oxide
Authors: Kim SeonHoo , Cianfrone J. A. , Sadik P. , Kim K.-W. , Ivill M. , Norton D. P.
Published: May 2010

Oxide semiconductors are attractive materials for thin-film electronics and optoelectronics due to compatibility with synthesis on large-area, inexpensive glass and flexible plastic substrate. However, development of thin-film electronics has been hampered by the limited number of semiconducting oxides that are p-type. Here, we report on the properties of zinc-cobalt-oxide (Zn–Co–O) films, deposited at room temperature using pulsed laser deposition, that exhibit p-type conduction. Films are deposited at room temperature in a background of oxygen using a polycrystalline ZnCo2O4 ablation target. The p-type conduction is confirmed by positive Seebeck coefficient and positive Hall coefficient. Both electrical resistivity and carrier density are dependent on oxygen background pressure used during deposition. Zn–Co–O films deposited in 50 mTorr oxygen pressure appear to be amorphous based on x-ray diffraction, and show an electrical conductivity as high as 21 S cm−1. Distinct rectifying current-voltage characteristics are observed for junctions between Zn–Co–O and n-type InGaZnO films, exhibiting a threshold voltage of ∼2.5 V. P-type Zn–Co–O appears promising for thin-film electronic device technology.
AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors based on InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well structures
Authors: Lee K. H. , Chang P. C. , Chang S. J. , Su Y. K. , Yu C. L.
Published: May 2010

We report an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well (MQW) structure. When InGaN/GaN MQW structure was inserted, InGaN layer has an opposite piezoelectric polarization field compared to AlGaN, which results in a very sharp rise of the conduction band. The raised potential barrier can help to improve carrier confinement and obtain a larger main peak transconductance of 111 mS/mm and satellite peak transconductance of 24 mS/mm, corresponding to AlGaN/GaN heterojunction and InGaN layer. MQW-based metal-oxide-semiconductor-HEMT was also fabricated and significantly reduced the leakage current and increased transconductance as a result of passivation by Ta2O5 gate oxide.
Linear plasmoid instability of thin current sheets with shear flow
Authors: Ni Lei , Germaschewski Kai , Huang Yi-Min , Sullivan Brian P. , Yang Hongang , Bhattacharjee Amitava
Published: May 2010

This paper presents linear analytical and numerical studies of plasmoid instabilities in the presence of shear flow in high-Lundquist-number plasmas. Analysis demonstrates that the stability problem becomes essentially two dimensional as the stabilizing effects of shear flow become more prominent. Scaling results are presented for the two-dimensional instabilities. An approximate criterion is given for the critical aspect ratio of thin current sheets at which the plasmoid instability is triggered.
Non-equilibrium dynamics of an active colloidal “chucker”
Authors: Valeriani C. , Allen R. J. , Marenduzzo D.
Published: May 2010

We report Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamics of a “chucker,” a colloidal particle that emits smaller solute particles from its surface, isotropically and at a constant rate kc. We find that the diffusion constant of the chucker increases for small kc, as recently predicted theoretically. At large kc, the chucker diffuses more slowly due to crowding effects. We compare our simulation results to those of a “point particle” Langevin dynamics scheme in which the solute concentration field is calculated analytically, and in which hydrodynamic effects arising from colloid-solvent surface interactions can be accounted for in a coarse-grained way. By simulating the dragging of a chucker, we obtain an estimate of its apparent mobility coefficient which violates the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We also characterize the probability density profile for a chucker which sediments onto a surface which either repels or absorbs the solute particles, and find that the steady state distributions are very different in the two cases. Our simulations are inspired by the biological example of exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria, as well as by recent experimental, simulation and theoretical work on phoretic colloidal “swimmers.”
Wetting of a solid substrate by a “civilized” model of ionic solutions
Authors: Oleksy Anna , Hansen Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2010

We use classical density functional theory (DFT) and an explicit solvent description to investigate the wetting and drying behavior of ionic solutions in contact with a charged solid substrate. The solvent is modeled by dipolar hard spheres, while the monovalent ions are oppositely charged hard spheres; cohesion is ensured by a Yukawa attraction between all three species. The free energy functional describing the inhomogeneous solution includes the best available fundamental measure description of excluded volume correlations in a ternary mixture of hard spheres, whereas all electrostatic and cohesive interactions are treated within the mean-field approximation. We find both first and second order wetting transitions which are rather little affected by ions at low and moderate concentrations, compared to the wetting behavior of the pure solvent. A novel drying scenario is predicted, where complete drying is prevented by the electrostatic attraction between a positively charged substrate and the anions, while near a negatively charged substrate, a first order transition with a predrying line is observed. The various scenarios are surprisingly similar to our previous predictions based on a “semiprimitive” model where the solvent particles carry no dipole, but the ion-ion interactions are reduced by a local dielectric permittivity.
Improving mechanical robustness of ultralow-k SiOCH plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition glasses by controlled porogen decomposition prior to UV-hardening
Authors: Urbanowicz A. M. , Vanstreels K. , Verdonck P. , Shamiryan D. , De Gendt S. , Baklanov M. R.
Published: May 2010

We report a new curing procedure of a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited SiCOH glasses for interlayer dielectric applications in microelectronic. It is demonstrated that SiOCH glasses with improved mechanical properties and ultralow dielectric constant can be obtained by controlled decomposition of the porogen molecules used to create nanoscale pores, prior to the UV-hardening step. The Young’s modulus (YM) of conventional SiOCH-based glasses with 32% open porosity hardened with porogen is 4.6 GPa, this value is shown to increase up to 5.2 GPa with even 46% open porosity, when the glasses are hardened after porogen removal. This increase in porosity is accompanied by significant reduction in the dielectric constant from 2.3 to 1.8. The increased YM is related to an enhanced molecular-bridging mechanism when film is hardened without porogen that was explained on the base of percolation of rigidity theory and random network concepts.
Properties of exchange bias in mesoscopic IrMn devices
Authors: Dimitrov D. V. , He Qing , Wang Dexin , Ballentine Craig
Published: May 2010

The angular distribution of exchange bias and its size dependence have been studied in MgO magnetic tunnel junctions with IrMn antiferromagnetic pinning layer. Device size was in the mesoscopic range where the finite number of antiferromagnet grains determines the statistical properties of exchange bias. These properties are not consistent with models of the antiferromagnet breaking into domains but are consistent with Fulcomer and Charap [J. Appl. Phys. 43, 4190 (1972)] of independent antiferromagnet grains.
A laser based reusable microjet injector for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Han Tae-hee , Yoh Jack J.
Published: May 2010

A laser based needle-free liquid drug injection device has been developed. A laser beam is focused inside the liquid contained in the rubber chamber of microscale. The focused laser beam causes explosive bubble growth, and the sudden volume increase in a sealed chamber drives a microjet of liquid drug through the micronozzle. The exit diameter of a nozzle is 125 μm and the injected microjet reaches an average velocity of 264 m/s. This device adds the time-varying feature of microjet to the current state of liquid injection for drug delivery.
Generation of wide color gamut visible light in rare-earth triply doped tantalum oxide crystalline ceramic powders
Authors: Gouveia-Neto A. S. , Bueno L. A. , da Costa E. B. , Silva E. A. , Ferrari J. L. , Lima K. O. , Gonçalves R. R.
Published: May 2010

Multicolor visible light emitting near-infrared (NIR)-excited Tm/Ho/Yb-codoped tantalum oxide nanopowders were produced using the sol-gel method. The generation of wide color gamut fluorescence in glass-ceramic with orthorhombic Ta2O5 nanocrystals dispersed into amorphous silica-based matrix is observed. The light emission spectroscopic properties of the rare-earth doped SiO2:Ta2O5 nanocomposites as a function of the tantalum content and temperature of annealing is examined. Simultaneously emitted multicolor fluorescence consisting of blue (480 nm), green (540 nm), and red (650 nm) upconversion signals in the SiO2:Ta2O5 system doped with holmium and thulium and sensitized with ytterbium, is demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that the proper choice of the rare-earth content and the NIR excitation power yielded the generation and control of the three primary colors and allows the emission of a balanced white overall luminescence from the glass-ceramic nanopowder samples.
Low-pressure planar magnetron discharge for surface deposition and nanofabrication
Authors: Baranov Oleg , Romanov Maxim , Wolter Matthias , Kumar Shailesh , Zhong Xiaoxia , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: May 2010

Current-voltage characteristics of the planar magnetron are studied experimentally and by numerical simulation. Based on the measured current-voltage characteristics, a model of the planar magnetron discharge is developed with the background gas pressure and magnetic field used as parameters. The discharge pressure was varied in a range of 0.7–1.7 Pa, the magnetic field of the magnetron was of 0.033–0.12 T near the cathode surface, the discharge current was from 1 to 25 A, and the magnetic field lines were tangential to the substrate surface in the region of the magnetron discharge ignition. The discharge model describes the motion of energetic secondary electrons that gain energy by passing the cathode sheath across the magnetic field, and the power required to sustain the plasma generation in the bulk. The plasma electrons, in turn, are accelerated in the electric field and ionize effectively the background gas species. The model is based on the assumption about the prevailing Bohm mechanism of electron conductivity across the magnetic field. A criterion of the self-sustained discharge ignition is used to establish the dependence of the discharge voltage on the discharge current. The dependence of the background gas density on the current is also observed from the experiment. The model is consistent with the experimental results.
Topological confinement in graphene bilayer quantum rings
Authors: Xavier L. J. P. , Pereira J. M. , Chaves Andrey , Farias G. A. , Peeters F. M.
Published: May 2010

We find localized electron and hole states in a ring-shaped potential kink in biased bilayer graphene. Within the continuum description, we show that for sharp potential steps the Dirac equation describing carrier states close to the K (or K′) point of the first Brillouin zone can be solved analytically for a circular kink/antikink dot. The solutions exhibit interfacial states which exhibit Aharonov–Bohm oscillations as functions of the height of the potential step and/or the radius of the ring.
Distinct electronic switching behaviors of triphenylamine-containing polyimide memories with different bottom electrodes
Authors: Liu Qisheng , Jiang Kejian , Wang Lihua , Wen Yongqiang , Wang Jingxia , Ma Ying , Song Yanlin
Published: May 2010

A synthetic polyimide poly[4,4′-bis(4-methloxytriphenylamine)-3,3′-biphenylenehexafluoro-isopropylidenediphthalimide] (MTPA-PI) was designed as a functional material for fabrication of memory devices, and two different switching behaviors were observed in the devices with different bottom electrode materials [indium tin oxide (ITO) or Al]. In an ITO/MTPA-PI/Al device, the memory could be switched on/off with the negative/positive voltage with the ON/OFF current ratios in the order of about 104, while in an Al/MTPA-PI/Al device, it shows different switching behaviors with much higher current ratios (up to 109) as compared with the ITO/MTPA-PI/Al device. The different switching mechanisms based on different bottom electrode devices were also discussed.
Comparison of thermal conductivity in nanodot nanocomposites and nanograined nanocomposites
Authors: Kang Chanyoung , Kim Hyoungjoon , Park Sung-Geun , Kim Woochul
Published: May 2010

Most recent increases in thermoelectric performance have come by reducing thermal conductivity through nanostructuring. Therefore, current research efforts focus mainly on bulk nanocomposites. We simulated the thermal conductivities of two types of nanocomposites. We nanostructured Tl0.02Pb0.98Te by (i) embedding InSb nanodots in it, creating a nanodot nanocomposite, and (ii) polycrystallizing it, creating a nanograined nanocomposite. The nanograined nanocomposite achieved lower thermal conductivity than did the nanodot nanocomposite due to the ability of the nanosized grains in nanograined nanocomposites to effectively scatter phonons over a wide range of frequencies, as long as the nanograined nanocomposite has sufficiently small grain size.
Modeling the capacitance-voltage response of In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor structures: Charge quantization and nonparabolic corrections
Authors: O’Regan T. P. , Hurley P. K. , Sorée B. , Fischetti M. V.
Published: May 2010

The capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic is calculated for p-type In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures based on a self-consistent Poisson–Schrödinger solution. For strong inversion, charge quantization leads to occupation of the satellite valleys which appears as a sharp increase in the capacitance toward the oxide capacitance. The results indicate that the charge quantization, even in the absence of interface defects (Dit), is a contributing factor to the experimental observation of an almost symmetric C-V response for In0.53Ga0.47As MOS structures. In addition, nonparabolic corrections are shown to enhance the depopulation of the Γ valley, shifting the capacitance increase to lower inversion charge densities.
Single photon emission from positioned GaAs/AlGaAs photonic nanowires
Authors: Heinrich J. , Huggenberger A. , Heindel T. , Reitzenstein S. , Höfling S. , Worschech L. , Forchel A.
Published: May 2010

Positioned AlGaAs nanowires with an embedded axial heterostructure GaAs quantum dot (QD) on a prepatterned substrate have been grown. The geometry of the nanowires allows for an outcoupling of the emitted light through the nanowire tip and thereby to probe a single nanowire directly on the growth substrate. Single QD linewidths as small as 95 μeV and photon antibunching were observed at continuous wave laser excitation with a second order autocorrelation function g(2)(0)=0.46. The results represent an attractive bottom-up fabrication approach for the realization of high efficiency photonic wire based single photon sources.
Terahertz photoluminescence from GaAs doped with shallow donors at interband excitation
Authors: Zakhar’in A. O. , Andrianov A. V. , Egorov A. Yu. , Zinov’ev N. N.
Published: May 2010

We report on the observation of efficient generation of terahertz radiation at continuous-wave interband excitation of n-GaAs at low temperatures. The radiative transitions, accompanying relaxation and trapping of photoexcited electrons to localized donor states or to empty states in impurity subband, lead to the emission of terahertz photons with a relatively high external quantum yield up to 0.3%.
Polarization control of electroluminescence from vertically stacked InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Inoue Tomoya , Asada Masaki , Yasuoka Nami , Kojima Osamu , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu
Published: May 2010

We have developed a technique to control the polarization dependence of quantum dot (QD)-semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) using vertically stacked self-assembled InAs QDs with moderately thick intermediate layers. By increasing the number of stacking layers, the transverse magnetic polarization component of electroluminescence (EL) from the cleaved edge surface of the SOA has been enhanced dramatically. Broadband and almost isotropic EL with a polarization difference of less than 1.2 dB has been demonstrated in a 1.3 μm optical communication band for nine-layer stacked QDs in the active region of the SOA.
Tunnel magnetoresistance with improved bias voltage dependence in lattice-matched Fe/spinel MgAl2O4/Fe(001) junctions
Authors: Sukegawa Hiroaki , Xiu Huixin , Ohkubo Tadakatsu , Furubayashi Takao , Niizeki Tomohiko , Wang Wenhong , Kasai Shinya , Mitani Seiji , Inomata Koichiro , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: May 2010

We fabricated fully epitaxial Fe/MgAl2O4/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions using plasma oxidation of an Mg/Al bilayer. The MgAl2O4 showed a (001)-oriented spinel-type structure, and there were few misfit dislocations at the interfaces between the MgAl2O4 and the two Fe layers due to a small lattice mismatch (∼1%). Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios up to 117% (165%) were obtained at room temperature (15 K). The bias voltage for one-half of the zero-bias TMR ratio (Vhalf) was relatively large, ranging from 1.0 to 1.3 V at room temperature, which is attributed to the small misfit dislocation density.
Crayfish process leaf litter in tropical streams even when shredding insects are common
Authors: Coughlan Jacqui F. , Pearson Richard G. , Boyero Luz
Published: May 2010

Comparisons of leaf-litter processing in streams suggest that tropical streams have fewer leaf shredders than temperate streams and that insect shredders might be replaced by other taxa such as Crustacea in tropical systems. Australian wet-tropical streams have abundant insect shredders, and also abundant crayfish, which may contribute to litter processing. We monitored litter input and retention in a Queensland rainforest stream to determine availability of litter in different seasons, and we conducted experiments to test the hypothesis that crayfish were important contributors to litter processing. Litter fall peaked in the late dry season and litter accumulated steadily in pools, whereas in riffles, the standing crop was maintained at a threshold level. All accumulated litter was washed from the stream during a flood. The crayfish, Cherax cairnsensis, readily fed on leaves. Its processing rate was related negatively to leaf toughness and positively to leaf nitrogen content. The crayfish assimilated up to 28.5% of the material processed at 24°C, and none at 11°C. These results confirm that there are alternatives to insect shredders in tropical streams, even when insect shredders are abundant.
Fish community structure in an intermittent river: the importance of environmental stability, landscape factors and within-pool habitat descriptors
Authors: Beesley L. S. , Prince J.
Published: May 2010

In rivers worldwide, hydrological persistence and variability (i.e. environmental stability) typically parallel longitudinal changes in habitat. This interaction complicates determination of the hierarchy of mechanisms that structure fish communities along rivers. In this study, we examined fish species richness and presence–absence in pools of an intermittent river system containing underground water storages (Fortescue River, north-west Australia), a system that was predicted to uncouple this relationship. Stability, measured by pool persistence, was unrelated to a pool's maximum depth or its position in the catchment, indicating partial decoupling. However, pool stability remained correlated with habitat diversity and log-transformed surface area. Model selection indicated that species richness was better described by pool stability and the landscape factor stream order than by within-pool habitat descriptors. Permanent pools low in the catchment contained more species than unstable pools in headwater streams. We conclude that the distribution of fish in the Fortescue River is shaped predominantly by processes of extirpation and re-colonisation. Management efforts in this river and similar intermittent systems should focus on the preservation of refuge pools, and limit the construction of barriers that limit dispersal.
Diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the Southern California Bight
Authors: Cartamil D. , Wegner N. C. , Aalbers S. , Sepulveda C. A. , Baquero A. , Graham J. B.
Published: May 2010

The common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, is the basis of the largest commercial shark fishery in California waters. We used acoustic telemetry to determine the diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of this species in the Southern California Bight (SCB), where commercial fishing for the common thresher shark is concentrated. Eight common threshers (fork length: 122–203 cm) were tagged with temperature and depth-sensing acoustic transmitters and tracked for periods ranging from 22 to 49 h. Tracked sharks preferentially utilized deep offshore waters, and avoided shallower waters over the continental shelf. Mean rate of movement (ROM ± s.d.) was 2.15 ± 0.46 km h−1. ROM and angular concentration (r, a measure of relative linearity) both showed a strong daytime pattern, with highest values at dawn that decreased throughout the day, whereas nocturnal ROM and r were less variable. Daytime vertical movements consisted of either vertical excursions below the thermocline or relatively level swimming within the upper portion of the thermocline. Nocturnally, all sharks remained within the mixed layer. These findings suggest that the common thresher shark is primarily a daytime predator, and have relevance for estimating how the alteration of the set depth of fishing-gear could affect catch rates of this species in the SCB.
Fine-scale variability in the dietary sources of grazing invertebrates in a temperate Australian saltmarsh
Authors: Saintilan Neil , Mazumder Debashish
Published: May 2010

Saltmarsh floristic diversity declines with increasing latitude on the Australian east coast, with the dominant tropical C4 grass Sporobolus virginicus being replaced progressively by a suite of mostly succulent C3 species. The temperate Towra Point saltmarsh consists of a mosaic of vegetation communities, including stands of the C4 saltmarsh grass Sporobolus virginicus, and the C3 succulents Suaeda australis and Sarcocornia quinqueflora. The contrasting stable isotope signatures of these plants provide an opportunity to determine the extent to which plant material is contributing to the diet of grazing invertebrates inhabiting these communities. The grazing crabs Parasesarma erythrodactyla and Helograpsus haswellianus, and the snail Littoraria luteola, were sampled for their carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures. In the Sarcocornia communities, crab and snail δ13C signatures could not be matched to the signature of dominant plants, but were close to the fine benthic material on the marsh surface. In the Sporobolus community, the δ13C signatures of the same species were enriched and closer to that of the dominant plant. Results suggest that grazing herbivores feed over very small spatial ranges within mosaics of vegetation on locally sourced benthic material, with S. virginicus plant material making a contribution to dietary carbon where present.
Environmental and ecological factors influencing dive behaviour in the freshwater snake Acrochordus arafurae: a field-based telemetric study
Authors: Pratt Kirstin L. , Campbell Hamish A. , Watts Matthew E. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: May 2010

Acrochordus arafurae is a fully aquatic, freshwater snake distributed throughout tropical Australia. To better understand the ecological factors influencing their behavioural repertoire, we remotely monitored field body temperature and diving in snakes free-ranging within their natural habitat. The body temperatures of A. arafurae exhibited a diel profile similar to the surface water temperature, and reflected the high proportion of time that snakes remained <1 m from the surface. The average dive depth was 0.62 m and 95% of dives had an average depth of 1 m or less. Snakes occasionally ventured into deeper water (>6 m), and there was a positive correlation between dive depth and duration. Average dive duration was 6.6 min and 84% of dives were terminated within 10 min, but all snakes performed dives >50 min during the 14-day observation period. We hypothesise that the dive behaviour was strongly influenced by predation pressure. The snakes partake in short dives within the aerobic dive limit to reduce the amount of time they need to spend at the surface on each breathing bout, reducing the risk of predation by birds. Predation is a strong selective force that might alter the time allocation during dive cycles.
Rhoticity in Brunei English
Authors: Sharbawi Salbrina , Deterding David
Published: May 2010

We might expect Brunei English to be non-rhotic, as the Englishes of both Singapore and Malaysia are non-rhotic and Brunei has strong ethnic, historical, economic and cultural ties with those two countries. The current study compares the R-colouring of read data from female undergraduates in Brunei and Singapore, and it finds that the Brunei data is substantially more rhotic than that of Singapore. It is suggested that this is for two reasons: the main indigenous language of Brunei is Brunei Malay, which is rhotic; and Brunei English is at an earlier stage of development than Singapore English and so it is more susceptible to outside influences, particularly from American media.
Mood and modality in finite noun complement clauses
Authors: Kanté Issa
Published: May 2010

The present paper presents a corpus-based contrastive analysis of modality in English and French finite noun complement clauses. On the one hand, we claim on the basis of cross-linguistic and semantic evidence that modality is a common intrinsic feature of nouns that license that/que complement clauses, and, as a consequence, that head nouns are modal stance markers. On the other hand, this paper shows that indicative-subjunctive alternation in that/que noun complement clauses is determined by the modality type of the governing noun. Contrastive analysis of French and English provides evidence to substantiate these claims.
Choice of strategies in realizations of epistemic possibility in English and Lithuanian
Authors: Usonienė Aurelia , Soliene Audrone
Published: May 2010

The paper deals with the qualitative and quantitative parameters of equivalence between the realizations of epistemic possibility in English and Lithuanian. The focus of the contrast is on the auxiliary and adverb strategies (van der Auwera et al. 2005) in English (can, could, may, might vs. maybe, perhaps, possibly) as opposed to the corresponding modal verb and adverb/particle strategies in Lithuanian (galeti “can/could/may/might” vs. gal, galgi, galbut, rasi, lyg ir “maybe/perhaps/possibly”). The purpose of the corpus-based study is to find out which means of expression are preferable in the two languages and what the scope of their meanings is. The paper will also look at the frequency of epistemic and non-epistemic use of the modal expressions in the original and in translation.
Crossing the Line in Quebec and Catalonia
Authors: O'Donnell Paul E.
Published: May 2010

The linguistically “mixed” marriage stands at the crossroads of important factors in the future of French in North America and Catalan in Europe: reversing language shift. While Quebec and Catalonia initially appear strikingly similar, one could easily conclude that if the couple exogamique is good for the future of Catalan, it will also favor francisation in Quebec. Strong evidence indicates that demographic, linguistic, socioeconomic, and even “life-style” factors may make linguistic exogamy favorable to Catalan, but marginally disadvantageous to Quebec French. With “mixed” couples (whether married or not) increasing in number in both countries, the linguistic outcome of the “mixed” household becomes increasingly important to language planners.
Mental health problems among internally displaced persons in Darfur
Authors: Hamid Abdalla A. R. M. , Musa Saif A.
Published: May 2010

War victims are regarded as one of the highest risk groups for mental disturbances. This study investigated the effects of the Darfur conflict on mental health of 430 internally displaced persons (IDPs) from three camps located around Fasher and Nyala towns. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select participants. Male participants represented 50.6% of the sample while female participants represented 49.4%. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28) were used in addition to a questionnaire measuring demographic variables and living conditions. It was hypothesized that high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and of nonpsychotic psychiatric symptoms will be evident. Results showed a high dissatisfaction rate (72%) with living conditions among IDPs. There was also high prevalence of PTSD (54%) and general distress (70%) among IDPs. Female participants showed more somatic symptoms than their male counterparts. Married participants were more distressed, anxious, and showed more social dysfunction, while single ones reported more avoidance symptoms. Significant differences related to date of displacement were found in PTSD and hyperarousal. The group of IDPs displaced in 2003 scored higher on these scales than those displaced in 2004 and 2005. There was also significant difference related to date of displacement in distress, somatic symptoms, depression, anxiety, and social dysfunction. IDPs displaced in 2003 scored higher on these scales. Results are discussed in light of the study hypotheses and previous findings. It is concluded that three factors might affect the dissatisfaction of IDPs with living conditions inside camps. These are: lack of employment, unsuitability of food items, and lack of security around camps. It was recommended that psychological support services should be among the prime relief services provided by aid agencies.
No need to fake it: Reproduction of the Asch experiment without confederates
Authors: Mori Kazuo , Arai Miho
Published: May 2010

In the present experiment, we replicated Asch's seminal study on social conformity without using confederates. We adapted a presentation trick in order to present two different stimuli secretly to groups of participants to create minorities and majorities without utilizing confederates. One hundred and four Japanese undergraduates (40 men and 64 women) carried out Asch‐equivalent tasks in same‐sex groups of four. In each group, we adapted the fMORI Technique to present the tasks such that one person (minority participant) observed different stimuli than the other three people (majority participants). The same nine stimulus sets that Asch had used were carefully reproduced as PowerPoint slides and projected onto a half‐transparent screen. As for the critical tasks, the top part of the standard lines appeared in either green or magenta so that two groups of participants would see them differently when they wore two types of polarizing sunglasses that filtered either green or magenta to make the lines appear longer or shorter. A post‐experimental questionnaire confirmed that no participant among either the minority or majority viewers noticed the presentation trick. The results showed that, in line with Asch's basic findings, the minority women participants conformed to the majority. However, our study produced two different results: While minority women conformed, minority men did not. Contrary to Asch's findings, the frequency of conformity of minority participants was almost the same regardless of whether the majority answered unanimously or not.
Stones from Bavaria: Iranian Lithography in its Global Contexts
Authors: Green Nile
Published: May 2010

This essay traces the circulation of the industrial commodities of lithographic presses and stones and compares the uses to which these commodities were put in Iran with other regions at the same time. Using Persian travelogues as sources on scientific exchange, the essay compares Iran's access to lithography with its spread through Europe, Russia and South and Southeast Asia. Using lithography as a gauge of Iran's integration into an industrializing global economy, it compares state-led Iranian attempts to access lithographic commodities with attempts by other regional powers to develop local sources for these ‘stones from Bavaria’. After tracing the role of Christian Evangelicalism in the technology's dissemination, the essay finally contextualizes Iranian uses of lithography in global developments in illustrated and newspaper printing.

Since the art of Lithography has risen to considerable celebrity, attempts have been made to discover the same species of stone…

– Aloys Senefelder, 1819
Iranian Writers, The Iranian Cinema, and The Case of Dash Akol
Authors: Nafici Hamid
Published: May 2010

From December 1930, when the first Iranian feature film was made to the 1980s, the connections between Persian literature and the Iranian cinema have been intimate, varied, and significant. In fact, an examination of the Iranian cinema in terms of the roles literature plays in it demonstrates that the cinema constitutes an important aspect of the sociology of the Iranian writer, especially from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s.

This essay surveys the role of literature and Iranian writers in the Iranian cinema and then focuses on a prominent example of the relationship between literature and movies, the popular 1971 film called Dash Akol, for the purpose of indicating differences in the aims and effects of the two art forms.
Translating policies into practice: the role of middle‐level administrators in language curriculum implementation
Authors: Wang Hong
Published: May 2010

This study explores middle‐level administrators' perceptions of the implementation of English as a foreign language curriculum policies in the Chinese tertiary context. Drawing on data collected from interviews with the department heads of six universities in a north‐western city in China, the article examines their perspectives on the national language policies and their roles in ensuring the implementation of these policies. The findings revealed a discrepancy between policy‐makers' intentions and administrators' implementation. Policy‐makers designed general, open‐ended and abstract policies to offer local universities some flexibility and autonomy in their delivery. However, administrators as intermediary individuals interpreted the open‐endedness of the curriculum policies in a different way than the policy‐makers had intended. Instead of using the built‐in flexibility to tailor methods of helping students to gain proficiency, they placed their emphasis on only one outcome – students' good scores on the national English test. The findings of this study point to the critical role that the department heads as middle‐level administrators must play in translating policies into practice, as well as underscoring the need for them to provide the necessary motivation and resources for the implementation to occur. These findings are relevant not only in the Chinese context, but also in other educational systems, as language curricula share commonalities in other ESL and EFL countries, which can learn useful lessons from the current study.
The position of history education in Scottish schools
Authors: Hillis Peter
Published: May 2010

The teaching of history has attracted more controversy and media attention than any other subject in the ongoing reform of the curriculum in Scottish primary and secondary schools, A curriculum for excellence. This gives head teachers increased powers to decide on the curriculum as long as it satisfies four general capacities rather than subjects. History must, therefore, continually justify its essential contribution to the education of Scotland's young people. Conversely, A curriculum for excellence provides an opportunity to review the teaching of history at all levels from primary through to upper secondary, with a further driver of change being an increased emphasis on Scottish history. Debates over history's ‘place in the sun’ and course content have taken place against a backdrop of significant changes to the teaching and learning of history with the greater use of sources, independent study and authentic learning, many of which draw on developments beyond Scotland, notably the ‘rich tasks’ employed in Queensland, Australia. One of the few certainties for history is that its capacity to spark controversy will be matched in discussions over course content and its place in the curriculum.
Trainee nondisclosure in supervision: What are they not telling you?
Authors: Mehr Kristin E. , Ladany Nicholas , Caskie Grace I.L.
Published: May 2010

Aims: The purposes of this study were to examine: (1) the content of and reasons for trainee nondisclosure in supervision, and (2) the influence of trainee anxiety and perception of the supervisory working alliance on amount of nondisclosure and willingness to disclose. Method: As the focus of the study was a single supervision session, qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 204 trainees about their most recent supervision session. Results: Within the single supervision session on which they reported, 84.3% of trainees withheld information from their supervisors. Trainees reported an average of 2.68 nondisclosures occurring in the session, with the most common nondisclosure involving a negative supervision experience. Trainee perception of a better supervisory working alliance was related to less nondisclosure and greater overall willingness to disclose in supervision. Higher trainee anxiety was related to greater nondisclosure and lower overall willingness to disclose in supervision. Implications: The implications of the findings for the practice of supervision are discussed and areas for further research are suggested.
How did compulsory personal therapy during counselling training influence personal and professional development?
Authors: Von Haenisch Carmen
Published: May 2010

Aim: This study explored the influence of personal therapy on professional and personal development in a qualitative investigation. Method: Six semi‐structured interviews were conducted and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: All participants recognised the important influence of personal therapy on personal growth. Influences on personal development were experienced in the physical, cognitive, emotional and spiritual worlds of participants. It was felt that skills, a better understanding of therapeutic relationships, and general support, enhanced professional development. Conclusion: In combination this can lead to an increase in self‐awareness and thus a more effective professionalism in counsellors.
Branding in Contraceptive Social Marketing: The Pakistani Experience
Authors: Samad Nayyer , Nwankwo Sonny , Gbadamosi Ayantunji
Published: May 2010

Branding is at best a complex phenomenon in conventional commercial settings and even more so in social marketing where the application of branding concepts and techniques are fairly recent but nevertheless gaining momentum. Against the backdrop of contraceptive social marketing programs implemented in Pakistan over the past 2 decades to promote the use of contraceptives, this article examines ways in which social marketing organizations used branding in a variety of ways to achieve positive behavioral changes and stronger market positioning. Using 3 illustrative case studies, our article provides a review of issues influencing branding in a highly regulated market-space. It finds that the development of trademarks and logos is fundamental to building a memorable brand, as is consistency of design and colors. Much of the techniques applied can be described as “pseudobranding”; (Hall & Jones, 2007) — conveying the identity of the product while not actually naming it.
Using a Social Marketing Framework to Transform an Education Program: Lessons from the Hispanic Obesity Prevention and Education (PESO) Program
Authors: Rivera Fernando I. , Lieberman Leslie Sue , Rivadeneyra Gloria M. , Sallas Anita M.
Published: May 2010

Programa de Educación Sobre la Obesidad (PESO) was a targeted intervention which intended to raise awareness about the obesity epidemic, reduce the proportion of overweight and obese adults, and promote the consumption of fruits and vegetables within the Hispanic community of Seminole County, Florida. It was funded through the Florida Department of Health statewide Hispanic Obesity and Prevention Program. The PESO program utilized a multidisciplinary design to implement and evaluate a nutrition education and obesity reduction program. The 4-month program was a collaborative effort of the Seminole County Health Department, University of Central Florida, and Iglesia Vida Nueva church in Seminole County. We used a social marketing framework to deliver the curriculum and structure some of the lessons. In addition, we utilized this framework to critique, redesign, and make recommendations for future programs.
Trust, Caution, and Condom Use with Regular Partners: An Evaluation of the Trusted Partner Campaign Targeting Youth in Four Countries
Authors: Hattori Megan Klein , Richter Kerry , Greene Jessica
Published: May 2010

Research suggests that youth do not use condoms because they trust their partner. This article describes the Trusted Partner regional behavior change communication campaign and uses data from Lesotho, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia to evaluate the impact of the campaign. Cross-sectional surveys of youth aged 15 to 24 were conducted in each country before and after the campaign. The surveys measured elements related to trust and condom use with a regular partner. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate the determinants of condom use and whether exposure to the campaign was associated with condom use. The evaluation of the campaign showed mixed results. The percent of youth recalling the campaign varied among countries: 32% in urban Lesotho, 54% in urban Mozambique, 16% in Uganda, and 39% in urban Zambia. In all 4 countries, sexual caution with a partner had a positive relationship with condom use. However, exposure to the campaign was only associated with condom use in Mozambique. These results from Mozambique indicate that more intense exposure may be necessary to achieve impact. Regional campaigns appear to be a cost-effective way to reach large numbers of youth, but more detailed measures of exposure should be pursued to improve program evaluations.
Current Themes in Social Marketing Research: Text-Mining the past Five Years
Authors: Dahl Stephan
Published: May 2010

Social marketing has advanced rapidly from its beginnings almost 40 years ago. This commentary takes a look at the current themes in published social marketing research by using text-mining to analyze articles published in the past 5 years. It also discusses the areas for future research, especially the need for published social marketing research to expand from mostly health-related application to other areas.