bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
p53-dependent induction of P2X7 on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells regulates hematopoietic response to genotoxic stress
Authors: Tung Lin Tze , Wang HanChen , Belle Jad I. , Petrov Jessica C. , Langlais David , Nijnik Anastasia
Published: October 2021

Stem and progenitor cells are the main mediators of tissue renewal and repair, both under homeostatic conditions and in response to physiological stress and injury. Hematopoietic system is responsible for the regeneration of blood and immune cells and is maintained by bone marrow-resident hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Hematopoietic system is particularly susceptible to injury in response to genotoxic stress, resulting in the risk of bone marrow failure and secondary malignancies in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Here we analyze the in vivo transcriptional response of HSPCs to genotoxic stress in a mouse whole-body irradiation model and, together with p53 ChIP-Seq and studies in p53-knockout (p53KO) mice, characterize the p53-dependent and p53-independent branches of this transcriptional response. Our work demonstrates the p53-independent induction of inflammatory transcriptional signatures in HSPCs in response to genotoxic stress and identifies multiple novel p53-target genes induced in HSPCs in response to whole-body irradiation. In particular, we establish the direct p53-mediated induction of P2X7 expression on HSCs and HSPCs in response to genotoxic stress. We further demonstrate the role of P2X7 in hematopoietic response to acute genotoxic stress, with P2X7 deficiency significantly extending mouse survival in irradiation-induced hematopoietic failure. We also demonstrate the role of P2X7 in the context of long-term HSC regenerative fitness following sublethal irradiation. Overall our studies provide important insights into the mechanisms of HSC response to genotoxic stress and further suggest P2X7 as a target for pharmacological modulation of HSC fitness and hematopoietic response to genotoxic injury.
Endocytic protein intersectin1-S shuttles into nucleus to suppress the DNA replication in breast cancer
Authors: Zhang Huikun , Guo Zhifang , Liu Xiaoli , Zhao Yawen , Chen Yongzi , Zhang Ming , Fu Li , Gu Feng , Ma Yongjie
Published: October 2021

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. However, the well-known molecular biomarkers are not enough to meet the needs of precision medicine. In search for novel targets in this regard, we reported ITSN1 (intersectin1) as one of the candidates through mRNA microarray analysis. In the present study, we reported that endocytic protein ITSN1-S exists not only in the cytoplasm but also in nuclei of breast cancer cells. ITSN1-S′ functional nuclear localization signal is within its residues 306–312. Its nuclear export signal (NES) resides within its SH3 domains. We also found, the interaction between the CC domain of nuclear ITSN1-S and the NT domain of nuclear DNA helicase II (NDH II) directly suppressed the DNA replication and nascent DNA synthesis by inhibiting the R-loops resolution in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the interaction between the EH domains of cytoplasmic ITSN1-S and PI3KC2α inhibit cell migration and invasion by inactivating the PI3KC2α-AKT pathway. Our results were confirmed in both ITSN1 gene knockout cells and in vivo assays. Finally, our clinical data showed a potential application of the combined consideration of the cytoplasmic and nuclear ITSN1-S as an independent prognosis factor. In conclusion, our study revealed ITSN1-S′ novel positioning in the nuclei of breast cancer cells, its function in suppressing DNA replication, and its potential application in improved breast cancer prognosis.
Higher-order phosphatase–substrate contacts terminate the integrated stress response
Authors: Yan Yahui , Harding Heather P. , Ron David
Published: October 2021

Many regulatory PPP1R subunits join few catalytic PP1c subunits to mediate phosphoserine and phosphothreonine dephosphorylation in metazoans. Regulatory subunits engage the surface of PP1c, locally affecting flexible access of the phosphopeptide to the active site. However, catalytic efficiency of holophosphatases towards their phosphoprotein substrates remains unexplained. Here we present a cryo-EM structure of the tripartite PP1c–PPP1R15A–G-actin holophosphatase that terminates signaling in the mammalian integrated stress response (ISR) in the pre-dephosphorylation complex with its substrate, translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). G-actin, whose essential role in eIF2α dephosphorylation is supported crystallographically, biochemically and genetically, aligns the catalytic and regulatory subunits, creating a composite surface that engages the N-terminal domain of eIF2α to position the distant phosphoserine-51 at the active site. Substrate residues that mediate affinity for the holophosphatase also make critical contacts with eIF2α kinases. Thus, a convergent process of higher-order substrate recognition specifies functionally antagonistic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the ISR.
Construction of protocell-based artificial signal transduction pathways
Authors: Chen Chong , Wang Xuejing , Wang Ying , Tian Liangfei , Cao Jinxuan
Published: October 2021

In this review, we highlight the recent advances in how to build different artificial paracrine-like signaling pathways and juxtacrine-like signaling pathways.
Searching for methyllysine-binding aromatic cages
Authors: Vann Kendra R. , Vishweshwaraiah Yashavantha L. , Dokholyan Nikolay V. , Kutateladze Tatiana G.
Published: October 2021

Methylation of lysine residues plays crucial roles in a wide variety of cell signaling processes. While the biological importance of recognition of methylated histones by reader domains in the cell nucleus is well established, the processes associated with methylation of non-histone proteins, particularly in the cytoplasm of the cell, are not well understood. Here, we describe a search for potential methyllysine readers using a rapid structural motif-mining algorithm Erebus, the PDB database, and knowledge of the methyllysine binding mechanisms.
The many ways that nature has exploited the unusual structural and chemical properties of phosphohistidine for use in proteins
Authors: Kalagiri Rajasree , Hunter Tony
Published: October 2021

Histidine phosphorylation is an important and ubiquitous post-translational modification. Histidine undergoes phosphorylation on either of the nitrogens in its imidazole side chain, giving rise to 1- and 3- phosphohistidine (pHis) isomers, each having a phosphoramidate linkage that is labile at high temperatures and low pH, in contrast with stable phosphomonoester protein modifications. While all organisms routinely use pHis as an enzyme intermediate, prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes and plants also use it for signal transduction. However, research to uncover additional roles for pHis in higher eukaryotes is still at a nascent stage. Since the discovery of pHis in 1962, progress in this field has been relatively slow, in part due to a lack of the tools and techniques necessary to study this labile modification. However, in the past ten years the development of phosphoproteomic techniques to detect phosphohistidine (pHis), and methods to synthesize stable pHis analogues, which enabled the development of anti-phosphohistidine (pHis) antibodies, have accelerated our understanding. Recent studies that employed anti-pHis antibodies and other advanced techniques have contributed to a rapid expansion in our knowledge of histidine phosphorylation. In this review, we examine the varied roles of pHis-containing proteins from a chemical and structural perspective, and present an overview of recent developments in pHis proteomics and antibody development.
Structural biology of human telomerase: progress and prospects
Authors: Nguyen Thi Hoang Duong
Published: October 2021

Telomerase ribonucleoprotein was discovered over three decades ago as a specialized reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric repeats to the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase plays key roles in maintaining genome stability; and its dysfunction and misregulation have been linked to different types of cancers and a spectrum of human genetic disorders. Over the years, a wealth of genetic and biochemical studies of human telomerase have illuminated its numerous fascinating features. Yet, structural studies of human telomerase have lagged behind due to various challenges. Recent technical developments in cryo-electron microscopy have allowed for the first detailed visualization of the human telomerase holoenzyme, revealing unprecedented insights into its active site and assembly. This review summarizes the cumulative work leading to the recent structural advances, as well as highlights how the future structural work will further advance our understanding of this enzyme.
How activated NLRs induce anti-microbial defenses in plants
Authors: El Kasmi Farid
Published: October 2021

Plants utilize cell-surface localized and intracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and to activate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming and the initiation of a form of programmed cell death of infected cells. Cell death initiation is mainly associated with the activation of nucleotide-binding LRR receptors (NLRs). NLRs recognize the presence or cellular activity of pathogen-derived virulence proteins, so-called effectors. Effector-dependent NLR activation leads to the formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, termed resistosomes. Resistosomes can either form potential calcium-permeable cation channels at cellular membranes and initiate calcium influxes resulting in activation of immunity and cell death or function as NADases whose activity is needed for the activation of downstream immune signaling components, depending on the N-terminal domain of the NLR protein. In this mini-review, the current knowledge on the mechanisms of NLR-mediated cell death and resistance pathways during plant immunity is discussed.
Thermodynamic and structural basis of temperature-dependent gating in TRP channels
Authors: Diaz-Franulic Ignacio , Verdugo Christian , Gonzalez Felipe , Gonzalez-Nilo Fernando , Latorre Ramon
Published: October 2021

Living organisms require detecting the environmental thermal clues for survival, allowing them to avoid noxious stimuli or find prey moving in the dark. In mammals, the Transient Receptor Potential ion channels superfamily is constituted by 27 polymodal receptors whose activity is controlled by small ligands, peptide toxins, protons and voltage. The thermoTRP channels subgroup exhibits unparalleled temperature dependence -behaving as heat and cold sensors. Functional studies have dissected their biophysical features in detail, and the advances of single-particle Cryogenic Electron microscopy provided the structural framework required to propose detailed channel gating mechanisms. However, merging structural and functional evidence for temperature-driven gating of thermoTRP channels has been a hard nut to crack, remaining an open question nowadays. Here we revisit the highlights on the study of heat and cold sensing in thermoTRP channels in the light of the structural data that has emerged during recent years.
An integrated view of innate immune mechanisms in C. elegans
Authors: Harding Benjamin W. , Ewbank Jonathan J.
Published: October 2021

The simple notion ‘infection causes an immune response' is being progressively refined as it becomes clear that immune mechanisms cannot be understood in isolation, but need to be considered in a more global context with other cellular and physiological processes. In part, this reflects the deployment by pathogens of virulence factors that target diverse cellular processes, such as translation or mitochondrial respiration, often with great molecular specificity. It also reflects molecular cross-talk between a broad range of host signalling pathways. Studies with the model animal C. elegans have uncovered a range of examples wherein innate immune responses are intimately connected with different homeostatic mechanisms, and can influence reproduction, ageing and neurodegeneration, as well as various other aspects of its biology. Here we provide a short overview of a number of such connections, highlighting recent discoveries that further the construction of a fully integrated view of innate immunity.
How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections
Authors: Marongiu Laura , Valache Mihai , Facchini Fabio A. , Granucci Francesca
Published: October 2021

The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to sense viral pathogens and orchestrate a proper immune response makes them one of the key players in antiviral immunity. Different DC subsets have complementing functions during viral infections, some specialize in antigen presentation and cross-presentation and others in the production of cytokines with antiviral activity, such as type I interferons. In this review, we summarize the latest updates concerning the role of DCs in viral infections, with particular focus on the complex interplay between DC subsets and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being initiated by a vast array of immune receptors, DC-mediated antiviral responses often converge towards the same endpoint, that is the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, the inherent migratory properties of DCs make them a double-edged sword and often viral recognition by DCs results in further viral dissemination. Here we illustrate these various aspects of the antiviral functions of DCs and also provide a brief overview of novel antiviral vaccination strategies based on DCs targeting.
Ferroptosis and NRF2: an emerging battlefield in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lane Darius J.R. , Metselaar Billie , Greenough Mark , Bush Ashley I. , Ayton Scott J.
Published: October 2021

Ferroptosis is an iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent cell death modality and emerging evidence indicates that ferroptosis has great explanatory potential for neuronal loss and associated CNS dysfunction in a range of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, Motor neuron disease, Friedreich ataxia (FRDA)). Ferroptotic death results from lethal levels of phospholipid hydroperoxides that are generated by iron-dependent peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic and adrenic acids, which are conjugated to specific phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs)). The major cellular protector against ferroptosis is glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a membrane-associated selenoenzyme that reduces deleterious phospholipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding benign phospholipid alcohols in a glutathione-dependent manner. Other complementary protective systems have also been identified that act to bolster cellular defences against ferroptosis. Many pharmacological modulators of the ferroptosis pathway have been identified, targeting proteins involved in iron homoeostasis and autophagy; the production and detoxification of lipid peroxides, and cyst(e)ine/glutathione metabolism. While a growing number of cell signalling pathways converge to regulate the ferroptosis cascade, an emerging understanding of ferroptosis regulation suggests that the ferroptotic ‘tone’ of cells can be set by the transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which transcriptionally controls many key components of the ferroptosis pathway. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the relationship between ferroptosis and NRF2 signalling. With a focus on the role of ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we discuss how therapeutic modulation of the NRF2 pathway is a viable strategy to explore in the treatment of ferroptosis-driven neurodegeneration.
Numerical wear study of metal‐on‐ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene‐based cervical total disc arthroplasty by coupling finite element analysis and multi‐body dynamics
Authors: Xin Hua , Zhang Lei , Diao Hao , Jia Junhong , Jin Zhongmin
Published: October 2021

In this study, the effects of in vivo (head flexion‐extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation) and in vitro (ISO 18192‐1) working conditions on the wear of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHWMPE)‐based cervical disc prosthesis were studied via numerical simulation. A finite‐element‐based wear prediction framework was built by using a sliding distance and contact area dependent Archard wear law. Moreover, a pre‐developed cervical spine multi‐body dynamics model was incorporated to obtain the in vivo conditions. Contact mechanic analysis stated that in vitro conditions normally led to a higher contact stress and a longer sliding distance, with oval or crossing‐path‐typed sliding track. In contrast, in vivo conditions led to a curvilinear‐typed sliding track. In general, the predicted in vivo wear rate was one order of magnitude smaller than that of in vitro. According to the yearly occurrence of head movement, the estimated total in vivo wear rate was 0.595 mg/annual. While, the wear rate given by the ISO standard test condition was 3.32 mg/annual. There is a significant impact of loading and kinematic condition on the wear of UHMWPE prosthesis. The work conducted in the present study provided a feasible way for quantitatively assessing the wear of joint prosthesis.
Siamese tracking combing frequency channel attention with adaptive template
Authors: Pang Haibo , Xie Meiqin , Liu Chengming , Ma Rongqi , Han Linxuan
Published: October 2021

Siamese network based the tracker is a hot topic in the field of visual object tracking. However, Siamese trackers still have a robustness gap compared with state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. Therefore, focusing on the issue, this letter adds Frequency Channel Attention (FCA) and adaptive template feature map to the framework of Siamese neural network. FCA can enhance feature representation of effective channels and improve feature discrimination by modeling the correlation between each channel of the image. In this algorithm, by theoretical analysis and experimental validation, restriction is broken through a simple yet effective FCA network sampling strategy and a Siamese‐FCA tracker with significant performance gain is successfully trained. Meanwhile, in order to better adjust the proportion between target and background, the tracker selects suitable size of the target feature map. Moreover, extensive ablation studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed tracker. Fairly, the experimental results of five test benchmarks, including OTB2013, OTB2015, VOT2016, VOT2018 and UAV123 datasets, shows that the proposed algorithm performs outstanding. In particular, the issue of similarity and small target tracking failure is overcome. The average running frame rate reaches 86 frames per second, which can meet the real‐time requirements.
TRC‐YOLO: A real‐time detection method for lightweight targets based on mobile devices
Authors: Wang Guanbo , Ding Hongwei , Yang Zhijun , Li Bo , Wang Yihao , Bao Liyong
Published: October 2021

Object detection is one of the main tasks of computer vision. Object detection algorithms usually rely on deep convolutional neural networks, which require the host device to have high computing capabilities, greatly limiting the application of object detection methods for mobile devices with limited computing capabilities, such as embedded devices. Among the current object detection algorithms, the you only look once (YOLO) series takes both speed and accuracy into consideration and is one of the most commonly used methods for object detection. In this article, TRC‐YOLO is proposed, which improves the mean average precision (mAP) and real‐time detection speed of the model while reducing the size of the model. In TRC‐YOLO, the convolution kernel of YOLO v4‐tiny is pruned and an expansive convolution layer is introduced into the residual module of the network to produce an hourglass Cross Stage Partial ResNet (CSPResNet) structure. A receptive field block (RFB) that simulates human vision is also added, increasing the receptive field of the model and strengthening the feature extraction ability of the network. In addition, the convolutional block attention module is applied, which combines spatial attention and channel attention, to enhance the effective features of the model and reduce the negative impact of noise on the model. The size of the TRC‐YOLO model is 17.8 MB, which is 5.9 MB smaller than YOLO v4‐tiny, and the model parameter is 2.983 billion floating point operations per second (BFLOP/s) (3.834 BFLOP/s less than YOLO v4‐tiny). In addition, TRC‐YOLO achieves a real‐time performance of 36.9 frames per second on a Jetson Xavier NX, and its mAP on the PASCAL VOC dataset is 66.4 (3.83 higher than YOLO v4‐tiny). In addition, the mAP of TRC‐YOLO on the MS COCO dataset is 37.7, which is 1.9 higher than that of the baseline model.
Improved quadruple sparse census transform and adaptive multi‐shape aggregation algorithms for precise stereo matching
Authors: Huang Chih‐Hsuan , Yang Jar‐Ferr
Published: October 2021

Stereo matching is an important computer vision tool for three‐dimensional (3D) positioning, 3D visual representation, precision detection and recognition with 3D information. For 3D visual representation, for example, the depth image‐based rendering (DIBR) needs high accuracy depth maps to synthesise multiple views for 3D naked‐eyes displays. It is hard to predict high‐precision disparity for smooth regions and occlusion areas by traditional census‐based stereo matching methods. In this work, two new improved algorithms, called the improved quadruple sparse census transform and the adaptive multi‐shape aggregation, are proposed to achieve a precise stereo matching system. Instead of a binary threshold, the improved quadruple auxiliary census function with an adaptive threshold and the patch mean can raise the discrimination performance for better stereo matching. The selected sparse census patch is proposed to reduce the computation of the pixel‐matching cost. For effective aggregation of matching costs, multi‐shape windows and a texture‐aware algorithm is suggested to decide a suitable window. The proposed adaptive multi‐shape aggregation method performs better and solves the discontinuous depth problem occurring near the object boundaries. Experimental results show that the proposed stereo matching system with the proposed quadruple sparse census transform and multi‐shape cost aggregation achieves better raw depth maps than the existing algorithms for stereo matching.
Analysis and optimization of speed regulation ability with field weakening of the stator hybrid laminated remanufactured motor
Authors: Song Shouxu , Xia Yan
Published: October 2021

To improve the efficiency, a 13 kW used vehicle permanent magnet synchronous motor was remanufactured, whose stator core was replaced by a combination of amorphous alloy laminations and silicon steel laminations. But the speed regulation ability with field weakening of the remanufactured motor limits its development towards high speed direction. Taking the remanufactured motor as the object, based on the theory of speed regulation with field weakening, the maximum speed range was improved by increasing direct‐axis inductance, and the structural optimization parameters affecting the direct‐axis inductance were analysed. The two‐dimensional inductance superposition method was proposed to calculate the direct‐axis and quadrature‐axis inductance of the remanufactured motor, and its accuracy and feasibility were verified by finite element simulation. The segmented structure of the V‐type permanent magnet was used, and the motor structure was optimised from three aspects: the width and position of magnetic bridge and the magnetic pole implantation depth. The orthogonal experiments were designed to determine the best parameter combination. The results show that the direct‐axis inductance of the optimised remanufactured motor is increased by 16.33%, and the performance of speed regulation with field weakening is improved significantly.
Prediction on freezing fraction and collision coefficient in ice accretion model of transmission lines using icing mass growth rate
Authors: Yang Lin , Hu Zhihao , Nian Lupeng , Hao Yanpeng , Li Licheng
Published: October 2021

Freezing fraction and collision coefficient are the key parameters in the ice accretion model, which should be calculated to predict the icing trend for transmission lines. Here a mathematical relation between freezing fraction and collision coefficient was derived using the simplified head balance model of transmission lines icing. Combined with the empirical formula of the liquid water content in air, a calculation method of the freezing fraction and collision coefficient was proposed using the ice surface temperature of transmission lines and the icing mass growth rate. The method to measure the icing mass growth rate based on online monitoring data and icing experiments was proposed. The icing experiments were carried out in the low‐temperature ice chamber with the same parameters as the online monitoring environmental parameters. The values of the freezing fraction and collision coefficient were calculated by using the online monitoring data and icing experiments data respectively, the calculation results were compared. The maximum relative differences between the calculation results from the online monitoring data and the icing experiments data do not exceed 18%, which proves the validity of the calculation method of the freezing fraction and collision coefficient in ice accretion model of transmission lines.
Mixed‐integer stochastic evaluation of battery energy storage system integration strategies in distribution systems
Authors: Sepúlveda Rangel Camilo Alberto , Canha Luciane Neves , Sperandio Mauricio , Miranda Vladimiro
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a new approach to the problem of defining an investment policy in battery energy storage systems in active distribution networks, taking into account a diversity of uncertainties. The proposed methodology allows the selection of type, capacity, and location of battery energy storage systems in distribution networks with distributed generation and electric vehicle charging stations. A mixed‐integer stochastic programming problem is cunningly approached with a metaheuristic, where fitness calculation with stochastic scenarios is performed by introducing an approximation to the operation costs in the form of a polynomial neural network, generated according to the Group Method of Data Handling—GMDH method, with strong computing speeding‐up. The quality of this approximation for heavy Monte Carlo simulations is assessed in a first case study using a 33‐bus distribution test system. The optimization planning model is then validated in the same test system using real data collected from solar and wind sources, demand, prices, and charging stations. Four types of batteries are compared considering degradation impact. The results demonstrate the practicality and advantages of this process.
Detecting adversarial examples by additional evidence from noise domain
Authors: Gao Song , Yu Shui , Wu Liwen , Yao Shaowen , Zhou Xiaowei
Published: October 2021

Deep neural networks are widely adopted powerful tools for perceptual tasks. However, recent research indicated that they are easily fooled by adversarial examples, which are produced by adding imperceptible adversarial perturbations to clean examples. Here the steganalysis rich model (SRM) is utilized to generate noise feature maps, and they are combined with RGB images to discover the difference between adversarial examples and clean examples. In particular, a two‐stream pseudo‐siamese network that fuses the subtle difference in RGB images with the noise inconsistency in noise features is proposed. The proposed method has strong detection capability and transferability, and can be combined with any model without modifying its architecture or training procedure. The extensive empirical experiments show that, compared with the state‐of‐the‐art detection methods, the proposed approach achieves excellent performance in distinguishing adversarial samples generated by popular attack methods on different real datasets. Moreover, this method has good generalization, it trained by a specific adversary can defend against other adversaries effectively.
Disentangled representation learning GANs for generalized and stable font fusion network
Authors: Qin Mengxi , Zhang Ziying , Zhou Xiaoxue
Published: October 2021

Automatic generation of calligraphy fonts has attracted broad attention of researchers. However, previous font generation research mainly focused on the known font style imitation based on image to image translation. For poor interpretability, it is hard for deep learning to create new fonts with various font styles and features according to human understanding. To address this issue, the font fusion network based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) and disentangled representation learning is proposed in this paper to generate brand new fonts. It separates font into two understandable disentangled features: stroke style and skeleton shape. According to personal preferences, various new fonts with multiple styles can be generated by fusing the stroke style and skeleton shape of different fonts. First, this task improves the interpretability of deep learning, and is more challenging than simply imitating font styles. Second, considering the robustness of the network, a fuzzy supervised learning skill is proposed to enhance the stability of the fusion of two fonts with considerable discrepancy. Finally, instead of retraining, the authors' trained model can be quickly transferred to other font fusion samples. It improves the efficiency of the model. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of efficiently and stably generating the new font images with multiple styles. The source code and the implementation details of our model are available at https://github.com/Qinmengxi/Fontfusion.
Fourth‐order nonlinear distortion to the power spectrum of RF amplifiers
Authors: Yang Xianzhen , Li Shiyu , Li Fu
Published: October 2021

Even‐order intermodulation distortions are often considered easy to filter in narrowband radio frequency (RF) wireless systems because they are usually located far away from the desired passband and adjacent bands. However, even‐order intermodulation distortions have recently attracted more interest with the increasing popularity of wideband RF applications. The authors' previous work was devoted to establishing the power spectrum model of second‐order intermodulation distortion. Motivated by the latest efforts on RF power amplifier linearization with second‐order and fourth‐order intermodulation, our focus now is to establish a power spectrum model of fourth‐order intermodulation distortion which can be used to discuss the fourth‐order impacts on the passband and adjacent bands. Here, together with the authors' previous work on the odd‐order intermodulation, a relatively comprehensive power spectrum model is presented here, including second‐, third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐order intermodulation, which offers a broader view for spectrum planners and RF designers. With qualitative and quantitative reasoning, we further explain that higher‐order (i.e., ) IM distortions of a weakly nonlinear amplifier are indeed negligible. The experiment measurement at the end of this paper validates the spectrum model.
Compressed domain image retargeting in hierarchical wavelet trees
Authors: Hsin Hsi‐Chin
Published: October 2021

This paper presents an efficient algorithm with content aware spatial scalability for effective displaying on various screens of different sizes. It combines the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm and the multiscale seam carving (MSC) algorithm in the compressed domain. As seams of insignificant wavelet trees can be discarded as early as possible, the burden of unnecessary computation and memory space is alleviated. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is preferable to other existing pixel‐domain algorithms.
S8-Mediated Cyclization of Bis(2-aminophenyl) Disulfide/Diselenide with Arylacetylenes/Styrenes: Access to 2-(Arylmethyl)-1,3-benzothiazoles/benzoselenazoles
Authors: Wu Hongli , Gan Haifeng , Feng Caojian , Zhao Lihuan , Cao Mengru
Published: October 2021

A novel S8-mediated approach to benzothiazoles/benzoselenazoles from bis(2-aminophenyl) disulfides/diselenides and phenylacetylenes or styrenes has been developed. 2-(Arylmethyl)-1,3-benzoselenazoles were comprehensively synthesized for the first time. The reactions proceeded in moderate to excellent yields, and with a gram-scale application.
New Insights in Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Patients with Primary Brain Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Winther-Larsen Anne , Sandfeld-Paulsen Birgitte , Hvas Anne-Mette
Published: October 2021

Patients with primary brain tumors have a high incidence of thrombosis and hemorrhage. The underlying mechanism is believed to be derangement of their hemostatic system. To get nearer a clarification of this, we aimed to systematically review the existing literature regarding primary and secondary hemostasis as well as fibrinolysis in patients with primary brain tumor. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched on December 15, 2020, without time restrictions. Studies were included if they evaluated at least one blood coagulation and/or fibrinolysis parameter in patients with primary brain cancer. In total, 26 articles including 3,288 patients were included. Overall, increased activity of secondary hemostasis was observed as increased prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and endogenous thrombin generation levels were found in glioma patients compared with controls. Furthermore, data showed a state of hypofibrinolysis with increased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and prolonged clot lysis time in glioma patients. In contrast, no consistent increase in the primary hemostasis was identified; however, data suggested that increased sP-selectin could be a biomarker of increased venous thromboembolism risk and that increased platelet count may be prognostic for survival. Lastly, data indicated that fibrinogen and D-dimer could hold prognostic value. In conclusion, this review indicates that an increased activity of secondary hemostasis and impaired fibrinolysis could be important players in the pathogeneses behind the high risk of thromboembolisms observed in brain cancer patients. Thus, long-term thromboprophylaxis may be beneficial and additional studies addressing this issue are wanted.
Salvage of Infected Cardiac Implantable Electrical Devices with Subpectoral Plane Pocket Revision
Authors: Chatterjee Pallab , Sharma Anuj Kumar , Pratap Pranay , Dabas Ajay , Mishra Bharat , Mehare Samiksha
Published: October 2021

Introduction Infection of cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs) may lead to serious complications. Complete CIED explantation is expensive, requires expertise, not free from complications, and may not be an option in patients with device dependence.

Aim To highlight that carefully selected infected CIEDs can be salvaged by placing the device in a subpectoral pocket below the pectoralis major muscle. We conducted a retrospective descriptive observational study.

Material and Methods Twelve patients (10 male and two female) with erosion, exposure or infection of infraclavicular, subcutaneously placed CIED were treated over a 30-month period between July 2018 and December 2020. The technique involved debridement and excision of a peridevice capsule, creating a subpectoral pocket beneath the pectoralis major muscle, and placing the CIED in a new pocket with total muscle coverage and closure of skin without tension.

Results Twelve patients (m = 10; f = 2) with a mean age of 65 years (range, 46–82 years) presented with infection of CIED within 9 months of implantation. None had sepsis or endocarditis. In nine patients, CIEDs were successfully salvaged with relocation to subpectoral pocket. Mean follow-up was 20 months (range, 8–30 months). Three out of 12 developed reinfection that ultimately required CIED explantation. There was no mortality.

Conclusion In the absence of sepsis or endocarditis, infected CIEDs may be attempted at salvage by subpectoral pocket placement. This obviates the need for potentially risky explantation or replacement of expensive CIEDs.
An Analysis of the Femoral Drilling Angle to Avoid Tunnel Collision during Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction on the Knee
Authors: Kawanishi Yusuke , Kobayashi Makoto , Yasuma Sanshiro , Fukushima Hiroaki , Kato Jiro , Murase Atsunori , Takenaga Tetsuya , Yoshida Masahito , Kuroyanagi Gen , Kawaguchi Yohei , Nagaya Yuko , Murakami Hideki , Nozaki Masahiro
Published: October 2021

Concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction has been reported as an effective technique for providing rotational control of the knee. However, the intraoperative risk of collision with an ACL tunnel during the drilling for the femoral ALL tunnel has been described. The purpose of this study was to investigate the various femoral drilling procedures to avoid tunnel collisions during combined double-bundle ACL and ALL reconstruction. Nine cadaveric knees were used in this study. ACL drilling was performed through the anteromedial portal to footprints of the posterolateral bundle at 120° (PL120) and 135° (PL135) knee flexion and the anteromedial bundle at 120° (AM120) and 135° (AM135) knee flexion. ALL drilling was performed at 0° (Cor0-ALL) and 30° (Cor30-ALL) coronal angles using a Kirschner wire (K-wire). The distance between the ALL footprint and ACL K-wire outlets, axial angles of ALL K-wires colliding with ACL K-wires, and distances from the ALL footprint to the collision point were measured. From these values, the safe zone, defined as the range of axial angles in which no collisions or penetrations occurred, was identified by simulation of tunnels utilized for reconstruction grafts in each drilling procedure. The point-to-point distance from the ALL footprint to the K-wire outlet was significantly greater in the AM120 than the AM135 (13.5 ± 3.1, 10.8 ± 3.2 mm; p = 0.048) and in the PL135 than the PL120 (18.3 ± 5.5, 16.1 ± 6.5 mm; p = 0.005) conditions, respectively. During an ACL drilling combination of PL135/AM120, a safe zone of > 45° in Cor30-ALL was identified. With a narrow safe zone during the PL135/AM120 combination only, the risk of femoral tunnel collisions in combined double-bundle ACL and ALL reconstruction is high. AM drilling at 120° and PL drilling at > 135° knee flexion, combined with ALL drilling at 30° coronal angle and > 45° axial angle, may reduce this risk.
Konsortialkredite: Gemeinsam stark
Authors: Dathe David
Published: October 2021

Das Diakonie Klinikum Jung-Stilling in Siegen – Akut- und Notfallkrankenhaus im Dreiländereck Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen und Rheinland-Pfalz – hat große Pläne, die die Zukunft des Hauses sichern sollen. Einige sind bereits umgesetzt. Die Finanzierung der Bauvorhaben erfolgt über einen Konsortialkredit. Das hat entscheidende Vorteile.
Finanzielle Sanierung: Vom kranken Haus zum Krankenhaus
Authors: Hartwig Tobias , Mall Bodo , Puke Stephan
Published: October 2021

Die Ergebnisse des Krankenhaus Rating Reports 2021 belegen einmal mehr, dass die wirtschaftliche Situation vieler Kliniken angespannt ist und – auch aufgrund der Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie – zunehmend schwieriger wird. Die erfolgreiche Restrukturierung des Klinikums Peine zeigt allerdings, dass es gut möglich ist, mit den Sanierungsinstrumenten des Insolvenzrechts ein krankes Haus wieder zum Krankenhaus zu machen.
Zentrallager von Asklepios: Versorgung auf neuem Niveau
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: October 2021

Die Asklepios Kliniken errichten zurzeit ihr neues Zentrallager in Bad Oldesloe. Nach der Fertigstellung soll es nicht nur die eigenen Einrichtungen, sondern auch Krankenhäuser außerhalb des Konzerns, Arztpraxen und den Consumerbereich mit medizinischen Produkten beliefern.
Directional off-axis acoustic-vortex beams passing through a preassigned point
Authors: Ding Ning , Ma Qingyu , Li Yuzhi , Guo Gepu , Tu Juan , Zhang Dong
Published: October 2021

As a special kind of tweezers, the acoustic-vortex (AV) beam with a bent or inclined trajectory shows its great significance in contactless manipulations, especially for objects behind obstacles. By introducing additional phase delays to the traditional single-side ring-array of planar transducers, directional off-axis acoustic-vortex (OA-AV) beams passing through a preassigned point are constructed. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements of the axial and cross-sectional profiles for OA-AV beams of different orders with various radial offsets are conducted for transducers of various radiation patterns. An approximately linear trajectory of OA-AV beams with the slope determined by the preassigned point is demonstrated. The axial distribution of OA-AV beams formed by the main-lobes and side-lobes with corresponding zero-pressure nodes is decided by the directivity of the sources, while the vortex radius can be adjusted by the topological charge. By combining with the technologies of ultrasonic imaging, acoustic treatment, particle assembly, and targeted drug delivery, the precise positioning and flexible regulation of tilted OA-AV beams can be applied to accurately route acoustic packets along a predictable trajectory in three dimensions, suggesting more promising potentials of obstacle-avoidant object manipulation in biomedical applications.
High efficiency InGaN nanowire tunnel junction green micro-LEDs
Authors: Liu Xianhe , Sun Yi , Malhotra Yakshita , Pandey Ayush , Wu Yuanpeng , Sun Kai , Mi Zetian
Published: October 2021

We report on the study of InGaN nanowire green light emitting diodes (LEDs) with lateral dimensions varying from ∼1 to 10 μm. For a device with an areal size ∼3 × 3 μm2, a maximum external quantum efficiency ∼5.5% was directly measured on wafer without any packaging. The efficiency peaks at ∼3.4 A/cm2 and exhibits ∼30% drop at an injection current density ∼28 A/cm2. Detailed analysis further suggests that a maximum external quantum efficiency in the range of 30%–90% can potentially be achieved for InGaN nanowire micro-LEDs by optimizing the light extraction efficiency, reducing point defect formation, and controlling electron overflow. This study offers a viable path for achieving ultrahigh efficiency micro-LEDs operating in the visible.
Preliminary research of a V-band coaxial relativistic transit-time oscillator with traveling wave output structure
Authors: Deng Bingfang , He Juntao , Ling Junpu , Song Lili , Wang Lei
Published: October 2021

A V-band coaxial relativistic transit time oscillator is presented. Different from the traditional transit time oscillator, in order to improve the power handling capacity, we replace the traditional standing wave extractor with a traveling wave output structure. The operation characteristic of modulation cavity is also different from traditional transit time oscillators. The electron load conductance of modulation cavity is designed to be positive to reduce the maximum surface electric field. The device is investigated by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation and preliminary experiment. In PIC simulation, an output microwave of 689 MW at 60.16 GHz is obtained with a diode voltage of 400 kV and beam current of 5.0 kA. The saturation time is 22 ns and efficiency is 34.5%. In experiment, the radiation pattern of the system is measured, and output power is calculated. A 135 MW V-band microwave at 60.20 GHz is obtained with a diode voltage of 405 kV and beam current of 5.1 kA.
Spin-momentum locked interface modes based on transverse resonance and Zak phase in finite thickness dielectric slabs
Authors: Singh Shreya , Bisharat Dia’aaldin , Sievenpiper Dan
Published: October 2021

The field of topological photonics has made great strides in the past decade with many new designs based on bandgap and band inversion structures that provide robust, unidirectional, and reflection-free propagation of energy. The topological invariant or Chern number of a metamaterial guarantees the existence of topologically protected edge modes. However, its mathematical application to real systems is not always straightforward and can be greatly simplified by reducing the dimensional complexity of the problem by the calculation of a Zak phase that determines the topological phase in just one dimension. This work explores two methods of creating interface modes with finite height dielectric slabs: (1) transverse resonance through variable edge truncation of a photonic crystal (PhC) or cell sliding and (2) a uni-axial topological phase by means of scaling the internal features of a unit cell. The proposed metamaterial devices use the same C4v symmetric unit cell structure on both sides of the interface and are finite in all three dimensions, allowing for easy fabrication, excitation, and implementation in real-world applications. The all-dielectric design also enables an easy transition to and from conventional PhC waveguides and lends itself well to operation in frequencies spanning across the microwave and optical spectrum without concerns of additional metallic losses in the THz region.
Determination of the symmetry groups of radiation hydrodynamics equations and the compatible equations of state and opacities
Authors: Robert Ch.
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to find all the symmetry groups of the radiation hydrodynamics equations with no a priori assumptions on the equations of state (EOS) and opacities. As shown in earlier works, the application of the Lie group technique to such a system of equations leads to invariance conditions in the form of linear differential equations, which, up until now, were only partially solved. In this paper, using the same technique and under the same assumptions, but with a simpler formulation, we show that these equations can be entirely solved analytically. This result enables us to list all the one-parameter groups that may be symmetry groups of the system. To be actually so, they must be associated with suitable EOS and opacities whose general expressions are also given. The interesting point is that some of them can be chosen so as to fit realistic data for EOS and opacities. Using this property, we propose a method to design low-scale experiments to simulate radiative processes, which would involve too much energy to have experimented with at their full scale. In addition, we derive the reduced systems associated with the one-parameter symmetry groups found. We show that some classical self-similar problems can be extended to more general EOS and opacities, and we treat in detail the self-similar expansion of a semi-infinite medium submitted to an internal source of energy.