bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of oxaliplatin‐ and curcumin‐mediated antiproliferative effects in colorectal cell lines
Authors: Howells Lynne M. , Mitra Anita , Manson Margaret M.
Published: February 2007

Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, despite markedly improved response rates to current systemic therapies. Oxaliplatin either alone or incorporated into 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin regimes has resulted in increased survival rates, particularly with regards to metastatic colorectal carcinoma. The chemopreventive polyphenol curcumin, which is currently in clinical trial, has been advocated for use in colorectal cancer either singly or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, the antiproliferative capacity of both compounds was compared in HCEC (normal‐derived), HT29 (p53 mutant adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (p53wt adenocarcinoma) colorectal cell lines to determine whether effects were cell‐type specific at pharmacologically achievable doses, and whether the combination resulted in enhanced efficacy. Both oxaliplatin and curcumin displayed marked antiproliferative capacity at therapeutic concentrations in the two tumor cell lines. Order of sensitivity to oxaliplatin was HCT116>HT29>HCEC, whereas order of sensitivity to curcumin was HT29>HCT116>HCEC. HCT116 cells underwent induction of G2/M arrest in response to both oxaliplatin (irreversible) and curcumin (reversible). Apoptosis was induced by both agents, and up to 16‐fold induction of p53 protein was observed in response to the combination. Antiproliferative effects in HT29 cells were largely cell cycle independent, and were mediated by induction of apoptosis. Effects were greatly enhanced in both cell lines when agents were combined. This study provides further evidence that curcumin may be of use in therapeutic regimes directed against colorectal cancer, and suggests that in combination with oxaliplatin it may enhance efficacy of the latter in both p53wt and p53 mutant colorectal tumors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The amplified WWP1 gene is a potential molecular target in breast cancer
Authors: Chen Ceshi , Zhou Zhongmei , Ross Jeffrey S. , Zhou Wei , Dong Jin‐Tang
Published: February 2007

The amplification of the q21 band of chromosome 8 (8q21) occurs in a large percentage of breast cancers. WWP1, an HECT domain‐containing ubiquitin E3 ligase located in the 8q21 region, negatively regulates the TGF‐β tumor suppressor pathway. To characterize the role of WWP1 in breast cancer, we analyzed WWP1 gene dosage and expression level as well as WWP1's function. A copy number gain of WWP1 was found in 51% (18/35) of breast cancer cell lines and in 41% (17/41) of primary breast tumors. Expression of WWP1 mRNA was analyzed with real‐time RT‐PCR, Northern blot, and Western blot. WWP1 mRNA is up‐regulated in 58% (19/33) of breast cancer cell lines, and overexpression of WWP1 is significantly correlated with a gene copy number gain. In a panel of cDNA from primary breast tumors and normal tissues, expression of WWP1 in tumors is significantly higher than that in normal tissues. Functionally, RNAi‐mediated WWP1 knockdown significantly induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in the MCF7 and HCC1500 breast cancer cell lines. Consistently, WWP1 inhibition activated caspases. Forced overexpression of WWP1 by the lentiviral system in 2 immortalized breast epithelial cell lines MCF10A and 184B5 promoted cell proliferation. These results suggest that genomic aberrations of WWP1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atypical pseudocysts of the pancreas: An ultrasonographic evaluation
Authors: Laing Faye C. , Gooding Gretchen A. W. , Brown Thomas , Leopold George R.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonograms of most pseudocysts have a typical appearance — sharply defined, smooth wall, ovoid, located in the region of the pancreas. However, in reviewing the sonographic appearance of pseudocysts, other ultrasonographic characteristics may occasionally be encountered. Eleven patients with atypical pseudocysts are presented. The demonstration of multiple septations, multiple echoes within a sonolucent mass, and even failure to enhance posteriorly should not exclude the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst in the proper clinical setting. The value of serial scans is also stressed. In this series, it was possible to suggest the diagnosis of infection, hemorrhage, and rupture of pseudocysts by demonstrating cysts with more typical appearances on prior examinations.
Real time observation of left atrial myxoma with high speed b mode echocardiography
Authors: Hibi Norio , Fukui Yoichi , Nishimura Kinya , Miwa Arata , Kambe Tadashi
Published: February 2007

Four patients with left atrial myxoma were studied using high speed B mode echocardiography with a mechanical sector scanning system. In all four patients, a mass of echoes was recognized in the left atrial chamber during systole. Its lower portion protruded into the left ventricle through the mitral orifice in diastole. The degree of protrusion of the tumor echo varied. An analysis of three cross sections, long axis of left ventricle, sagittal and horizontal axes, showed that the tumor moved anterosuperiorly to posteroinferiorly in the left‐sided heart chambers. Its movement was clearly observed in real time. The echo pattern from the tumor had an appearance of mottling, not layering. The myxomas were successfully removed from the left atrial chambers by surgical intervention in all cases.
Portal vein invasion demonstrated by ultrasound
Authors: Miller Edward I. , Thomas Roger H.
Published: February 2007

Two patients evaluated by ultrasound for abdominal masses were found to have thrombus within their central portal veins. Their cases are presented with angiographic correlation. Both are proven cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. The importance of evaluation of the portal vein in patients with liver neoplasms is discussed.
The normal pancreas: Acoustic characteristics and frequency of imaging
Authors: Filly Roy A. , London Stuart S.
Published: February 2007

This article reports the results of a study designed to evaluate both pancreatic echogenicity and success of visualizing recognizable pancreatic tissue. The acoustic characteristics of the normal pancreas were compared with those of the liver. Of 100 scans reviewed, 65 scans (65 percent) depicted recognizable pancreatic tissue. Two cases were discarded on the basis of hepatocellular disease, and one case was discarded because of hepatic metastases. Thirty‐two cases demonstrated pancreatic echogenicity greater than that of the liver, and 30 cases demonstrated pancreatic echogenicity equivalent to that of the liver. We found no normal pancreas that displayed less echogenicity than the liver. A hypothesis is offered to explain the observed results.
Echo doppler detection of pulmonary stenosis by time‐interval histogram analysis
Authors: Goldberg Stanley J. , Areias Jose C. , Spitaels Silja E. C. , de Villeneuve Volkert H.
Published: February 2007

We conducted this investigation to determine the clinical utility of time‐interval histogram (TIH) analysis of the output of the range‐gated pulsed Doppler in children with pulmonary stenosis. The interpreters and performers of the test were kept as blind as possible to the diagnosis. Fourteen children with valvular pulmonary stenosis and 52 control subjects were evaluated. Diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization in 13 of 14 experimental analyses and 43 of 52 control analyses. The TIH criterion tested was a frequency dispersion greater than 1 cm in vertical amplitude or a dispersion greater than one‐third of the amplitude of the total complex in larger complexes. Both evaluators detected those children with pulmonary stenosis in 13 of 14 instances. Only one examiner detected the abnormality in the other child. Both examiners found pulmonary flow disturbances by TIH evaluation in 16 of 52 controls; one examiner found flow disturbances in 3 other controls. None of these children had a discernible pulmonary valve gradient at catheterization. In most instances the latter flow disturbances represented series effects of disturbed flow. Small numbers of false negative and false positive results occurred, but the results of detection of true pulmonary stenosis were significant (p < 0.0001). This investigation demonstrates the clinical utility of TIH evaluation for detecting pulmonary stenosis.
Differential diagnosis of hypoechoic and anechoic masses with gray scale sonography: New observations
Authors: Bree Robert L. , Silver Terry M.
Published: February 2007

With the technological advances in gray scale sonography that have permitted the use of higher‐frequency transducers and expansion of the acoustic dynamic range, increasing problems in differentiating solid masses and fluid‐filled masses have become apparent. These difficulties can be overcome by strict adherence to proper scanning techniques, which involve transducer selection, tissue attenuation compensation, and alterations in patient position. The availability of variable‐dynamic‐range signal processing and the use of real‐time scanning can further increase one's confidence in the correct interpretation of these masses. The primary criteria for determining that a mass is fluid‐filled have been expanded to include the presence of reverberation echoes, the “lateral shades” sign, and the presence of septations. In the past, hypoechoic masses with low‐level internal echoes were termed “complex.” Both fluid‐filled masses and solid masses may fall into this category. By use of the sonographic criteria, an attempt should be made to determine whether a mass is primarily fluid‐filled or solid. Specific anatomic locations and pathologic conditions in which differential diagnosis may be difficult are illustrated; these include abdominal masses, hepatic and renal masses, and pelvic masses.
Ultrasound characteristics of abdominal abscesses involving foreign bodies (gauze)
Authors: Sekiba Kaoru , Akamatsu Nobuo , Niwa Kuniyasu
Published: February 2007

Three cases of abdominal abscesses involving gauze were studied by B‐mode ultrasound. Thick irregular boundary echoes and irregular internal echoes of high amplitude were most characteristic. The ultrasound tomograms are presented, and their characteristics are discussed.
Cancer therapy with ultrasound: A historical review
Authors: Kremkau Frederick W.
Published: February 2007

The 45‐year history of research in cancer therapy involving ultrasound may be divided into the four periods of initiation, enthusiasm, pessimism, and revival. There have been three approaches to the subject: studies have sought to measure the effects on tumors of (a) ultrasound alone, (b) ultrasound in combination with radiotherapy, and (c) ultrasound in combination with chemotherapy. With the first approach the results have varied. In some cases, decreased growth rates or regressions of tumors have been reported; in other cases, either no effect has been observed or growth has been increased. With the second approach, for some tumors, combined treatment has produced greater effects on tumors than has x‐ray alone, whereas in other tumors the addition of ultrasound has produced no change. With the third approach, enhancement of the effects of drugs has been observed in melanoma and mouse tumor cells treated with ultrasound and several anticancer drugs. The mechanism of action in most (but not all) cases has appeared to be absorption heating. The potential of ultrasound to provide local tumor control and to enhance other therapy modes has motivated the current efforts by several groups to further study and understand its actions on malignancies.
Diagnostic ultrasound in breast cancer: Analysis of retrotumorous echo patterns correlated with sonic attenuation by cancerous connective tissue
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiji
Published: February 2007

Echographic diagnosis of breast cancer has been used in clinical medicine for the past several years. Echographic findings and characteristics suggesting differentiation between malignant and benign tumors have been reported by various investigators. These signs are analyzed in correlation with histological findings, especially cancerous connective tissue and nonconnective tissue and retrotumorous shadow patterns in clinical echograms of various breast cancers. Special reference is made to ultrasound attenuation related to bioacoustical tissue characteristics. This causal mechanism provides a stepping‐stone for further improvements in ultrasound apparatus designed for clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. Furthermore, it may stimulate basic research on the bioacoustical properties of ultrasound reflection, absorption, and velocity.
Transducer beam pattern test object
Authors: Hefner Lance V. , Parks John A. , Goldstein Albert
Published: February 2007

A new test object has been developed that generates images of transducer beam patterns on B‐mode hardcopy. The extent and depth of the transducer focal zone are measured from these images. The predictions made from test object images were verified in the clinical images obtained from two 3.5‐MHz focused transducers. Using the test object images, we have found that we can make a more rational selection of transducer for each clinical situation.
Ultrasound criteria for in utero diagnosis of microcephaly
Authors: Kurtz Alfred B. , Wapner Ronald J. , Rubin Carl S. , Cole‐Beuglet Catherine , Ross R. Douglas , Goldberg Barry B.
Published: February 2007

Microcephaly (small head) is clinically important only if there is concomitant micrencephaly (small brain). Extensive studies on patients in mental institutions have shown that there is close correlation among microcephaly, micrencephaly, and mental retardation when the head is more than three standard deviations below the norm. If the small head is less than two standard deviations below the norm, no strong correlation exists with either small brain or mental retardation. High‐resolution ultrasound permits imaging of the fetal head in utero, allowing accurate evaluation of head size and detection of intracranial anomalies. The microcephalics detected in utero over a 2‐year period form the basis of this series, showing close correlation with the known clinical data on children with microcephaly. An approach to ultrasound detection and evaluation of fetal microcephaly is proposed.
Pseudo‐mitral‐valve echogram following prosthetic mitral valve replacement
Authors: Kessler Kenneth M. , Rahim Abdur , Rodriguez Daniel , Kaplan Sherman R. , Samet Philip
Published: February 2007

Echocardiographic recordings from a patient with a prosthetic mitral valve revealed echoes within the left ventricular cavity that mimicked the motion pattern of a „normal”︁ anterior mitral leaflet. The echo pattern was continuous, recorded from multiple views, and by two‐dimensional images it was localized to the level of the papillary muscles. Although thrombus and vegetation are possibilities, this echo probably originates from a pliable chordal structure severed but not removed at the time of surgery. The apparent responsiveness to hemodynamic influences was striking, and we suggest that the prevalence and pathophysiologic implications of such findings are of potential import.
Neural tube defect discovered at routine ultrasound evaluation
Authors: Lavery J. Patrick , Kubarych Sandra F. , Queenan John T.
Published: February 2007

A case is presented in which a major CM was discovered during routine ultrasound evaluation. Radiographic techniques offered ancillary assistance in establishing the diagnosis.
The significance of sonographic gallbladder wall thickening
Authors: Sanders Roger C.
Published: February 2007

The value of gallbladder thickening in predicting the presence of acute cholecystitis was assessed by reviewing gallbladder sonograms for 150 normal patients, 15 fasting normal patients, 24 patients with proven acute cholecystitis, 24 patients with ascites or an alcoholic history, and 50 patients with surgically proven chronic cholecystitis and gallstones. Thickened gallbladder walls were found in all patients with ascites, 45 percent of patients with acute cholecystitis, and approximately 10 percent of those with chronic cholecystitis. The finding of gallbladder wall thickening is suggestive evidence of acute cholecystitis, but it is not a pathognomonic finding.
Effects of transient regional ischemia on left ventricular diastolic function
Authors: Conetta Donald A. , Christie Leonard G. , Feldman Robert L. , Nichols Wilmer W. , Pepine Carl J. , Conti C. Richard
Published: February 2007

Simultaneous left ventricular echograms and high‐gain pressure recordings were made during 30 s of regional myocardial ischemia induced by snare occlusions of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) or left circumflex (LCx) coronary arteries in open‐chest dogs. Left ventricular diastolic diameter (d) and pressure (p) were measured during slow filling. A normalized (for diameter D) distensibility estimate (DE = Δd/Δp/D) was calculated, as were slow filling slopes (SFSs) of the septum and posterior wall. After occlusion, significant (p < 0.05) decreases of DE and anterior and posterior left‐ventricular‐wall mid‐diastolic normalized slow‐filling slopes (ASFS/D and PSFS/D) were observed. Correlations were noted between percentage decreases of DE and ASFS/D (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001) and PSFS/D (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001). No significant differences between decreases of DE and SFS were noted between ischemic and non‐ischemic regions. Transient regional myocardial ischemia was associated with a generalized alteration in left ventricular filling patterns in mid‐diastole.
Improved echocardiographic evaluation of the closed‐chest canine: Methods and anatomic observations
Authors: Baylen Barry G. , Garner Daniel J. , Laks Michael M. , Yoshida Yoshiro , Emmanouilides George C.
Published: February 2007

This report describes an improved and convenient method of obtaining echocardiograms from the precordial surface of the closed‐chest conscious dog. All major cardiac structures were identified using contrast echocardiography. Anatomic relations and the orientation of cardiac structures to the ultrasound transducer in the position of study were established by postmortem examinations. Good quality echocardiograms were obtained from nine of 11 conscious dogs. Highly significant correlations were found when comparing left ventricular systolic time intervals measured from simultaneous echo and pressure recordings. This method has advantages over other echo techniques; namely, elimination of surgical intervention, displacement of interfering lung tissue, and wider field available for study with a minimum of reverberation artifact. The ability to obtain echocardiograms from the chronic experimental dog under physiologic conditions might provide new and improved applications of echocardiography for the evaluation of human cardiac disorders.
Capabilities and limitations of pulsed Doppler sonography in carotid imaging
Authors: Berry Silvia M. , O'Donnell Joseph A. , Hobson Robert W.
Published: February 2007

Pulsed Doppler ultrasonic imaging of the extracranial carotid arteries was performed in 118 patients (226 arteries) in whom selective contrast arteriograms were available for comparison to ultrasonic images. Specificity for the detection of normal and stenosis less than 50% was 84%, whereas sensitivity for detecting stenosis greater than 50% and occlusion of the internal carotid arteries was 89%. Overall accuracy was 85%. Capabilities and limitations in the use of the technique are presented in selected case reports.
Sonographic characteristics of congenital uterine abnormalities and associated pregnancy
Authors: Jones Thomas B. , Fleischer Arthur C. , Daniell James F. , Lindsey Anne M. , James A. Everette
Published: February 2007

Faulty development of the mullerian duct system results in various uterine, vaginal, and renal abnormalities. Complete or partial absence of mullerian duct fusion and/or canalization results in septate, bicornuate, or double uterus; the specific anomaly depends upon the degree of fusion and canalization. Unilateral renal agenesis is frequently associated. Three cases of uterine anomalies associated with pregnancy are presented. When a pregnancy occurs in one side of a double uterus, the nonpregnant side may simulate a solid pelvic mass, such as a leiomyoma. In anomalies where there is a communication between two uterine cavities, the nonpregnant side may acquire the appearance of a cystic mass. Pregnancy associated with uterine anomalies carries significant morbidity.
Ultrasonic effects on alveolar macrophages in suspension
Authors: Leake Eva S. , Wright Mary Jo , Kremkau Frederick W.
Published: February 2007

Rabbit alveolar macrophages in suspension were exposed to 5 or 10 min of continuous 2‐MHz ultrasound with 5, 10, and 15 W/cm2 spatial average intensities. Viability as determined by dye exclusion decreased with increasing intensity. Pressure experiments indicated that this was a result of acoustic cavitation. Ultrasound induced clumping of cells and often reduced membrane ruffling. Some cells were disintegrated. Cells that appeared to be otherwise intact had swollen mitochondria with ruptured cristae.
Reproducibility of echocardiography in chronic congestive heart failure
Authors: Unverferth Donald V. , Lewis Richard P. , Leier Carl V. , Magorien Raymond D. , Fulkerson Phillip K.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to define the reproducibility of serial echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular size and function. Fourteen patients in stable condition after heart failure (Group I) had five weekly outpatient echocardiograms performed by a single technician with blinded interpretation. The average end‐diastolic diameter (EDD) of all patients was 68 mm, with a mean standard deviation of 4 mm and a 95% confidence interval of 8 mm. The average end‐systolic diameter (ESD) was 58 mm; the 95% confidence interval was 6 mm. The % Δ D averaged 15.7%; the 95% confidence interval was 5.6%. A group of four patients with heart failure (Group II) had daily echocardiograms while undergoing continuous hemodynamic monitoring. Pulmonary capillary blood pressure and thermodilution cardiac outputs were stable throughout the 4‐day study period. Daily morning echographic measurements were constant, with the 95% confidence interval of the EDD being only 4 mm. The ESD and % Δ D had 95% confidence intervals of 2 mm and 3.2%, respectively. The narrow range of measurements (narrow confidence intervals) demonstrates the excellent reproducibility of these echocardiographic parameters.
Ultrasonic features of preeclampsia
Authors: Carroll Barbara
Published: February 2007

Preeclampsia, the hypertension of pregnancy, is a high‐risk obstetric situation that can be monitored ultrasonically. Ultrasonic features commonly associated with preeclampsia, including decreased total intrauterine volume (TIUV), oligohydramnios, and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), are presented and their possible prognostic implications discussed.
Ultrasonic prediction of complications following normal vaginal delivery
Authors: Lipinski J. Kenneth , Adam A. Hunter
Published: February 2007

One hundred uncomplicated pregnancies of primigravida and secundigravida gestation were scanned within 24 hr of delivery. The ultrasonic appearances of the uterus were categorized into three groups: (1) empty uterus; (2) cavity separation indicating blood or clot; and (3) dense cavity echoes representing retained tissue. The presence of blood and clot in the puerperium is a common occurrence that resolves spontaneously. Retained tissues of conception were present in 10 cases and were passed spontaneously in four women within the first 3 days postpartum. The presence of retained tissue after the fourth day is support for surgical evacuation of the uterus. Gray‐scale ultrasonic examination was accurate in diagnosing all of these cases.
Sonography of polypoid gastric lesions by the fluid‐filled stomach method
Authors: Kremer Heinrich , Gröbner Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

The fluid‐filled stomach allows visualization of the gastric wall on real‐time ultrasonic examination. In four cases with small focal gastric wall lesions (two cases with hyperplastic polyps, one with pseudopolypoid lesions, and one with polypoid infiltration of the gastric mucosa by maligant lymphoma), typical ultrasonic pictures were demonstrated. The polypoid lesions were located on the anterior and posterior gastric walls and at the gastric fundus, respectively. All who use the gastric sonic window for imaging the pancreas or the left upper abdomen should be aware that focal gastric lesions are also observable.
Fetal echocardiography: Present and future applications
Authors: Roczen Rebecca Schulz
Published: February 2007

Fetal heart motion was observed by T‐M‐mode echocardiography from the twelfth to fortieth week of gestation in 47 apparently normal pregnancies. In the earliest case (at 12 weeks), cardiac pulsations were recorded in a fetus in which the heart sounds couldnot be detected by Doppler ultrasound. The left and right ventricular dimensionsand left‐to‐right ventricular ratios were determined in 24 of the 35 fetuses in which high‐quality images were obtained. Interventricular septal motion was evaluated in 30 of these 35 fetuses. Potential clinical applications of echocardiography in evaluating fetal status are also presented.
Cardiovascular abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chia B. L. , Mah Evelyn P. K. , Feng P. H.
Published: February 2007

Echocardiographic examinations of 21 unselected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus revealed a wide variety of abnormalities. The abnormalities consisted of substantial pericardial effusion in five patients (24%) and a thickened pericardium in six patients (29%);significantly larger left atrial and left ventricular dimensions and significantly smaller ejection fraction percentages, fractional shortening of the left ventricle, and rate of early diastolic mitral valve closure compared to that in a control group of subjects; and paradoxical and hypokinetic movement of the septum in one patient (5%) each.

The presence of pericardial effusion and a thickened septum and a decrease in the ejection fraction percentage, fractional shorteningof the left ventricle, and mitral valve diastolic closing velocity showed no correlation with previous hypertension, the presence or absence of anemia, renal failure, serum levels of proteins, and duration of patients' illnesses.

Long‐term follow‐up studies to determine the implications of these subclinical cardiac abnormalities using noninvasive techniques (such as echocardiography) is vitally important.
The length of the uterine cervix and its significance
Authors: Zemlyn Seymour
Published: February 2007

Sonographic measurement of 150 pregnant and nonpregnant uteri indicate that the uterine cervix is about 2.5 cm in length in the nongravid and is seldom or never more than 6 cm in length during pregnancy. This information is used to better identify the level of the internal cervical os, especially in evaluating early placenta previa. If careful sonography is used to identify the lowest attachment of the placenta and the cervical tip, placenta previa could be excluded when the placenta is more than 6 cm from the cervical tip. This seems reliable in clinical practice and reduces the unreasonably high level of early placenta previa predictions and the attendant anxiety of mother and obstetrician.
Sonographic monitoring of ovarian follicular development
Authors: Fleischer Arthur C. , Daniell Facog James F. Md, , Rodier Jacqueline , Lindsay Annie M. , James A. Everette
Published: February 2007

Serial sonographic examinations were performed on 15 volunteers five days during the expected midcycle. The 75 sonographic studies were evaluated in a nonbiased manner, and the following features were assessed: (1) the presence or absence of a follicle within the ovary; (2) if present, the average dimension of the follicle; (3) the ability to delineate both ovaries; and (4) the presence of associated changes, such as involution of the follicle, echogenic texture within the follicle, or fluid in the cul‐de‐sac. The sonographic findings were correlated with serial leutinizing hormone (LH) assays as well as basal body temperature charts. As defined in the study, the correlation between the sonographic findings and hormonal determination were considered excellent in 70% of the cases, good in 20%, and poor in 10%. Both ovaries were delineated in 73% of the examinations performed, thus substantiating the ability of sonography to detect maturing ovarian follicles.
A microcomputer measuring system applied to real‐time ultrasound video imaging
Authors: Godfrey Keith A. , Flanagan Gordon J. , Gerrard Jean , Lind Tom
Published: February 2007

The high‐resolution graphics facility of a microcomputer has been synchronized with real‐time ultrasound images on a television monitor, allowing quick and accurate measurements of linear distances, arc lengths, perimeter lengths, and areas, whether regular or irregular in shape. No particular knowledge of computers is required, as the program gives step‐by‐step directions. However, the full facilities of a 48K microcomputer using BASIC language remain accessible, which is a considerable advantage over equivalent measuring systems currently available.
Slice‐thickness artifacts in gray‐scale ultrasound
Authors: Goldstein Albert , Madrazo Beatrice L.
Published: February 2007

We have become increasingly aware of the presence of a type of image artifact normally appearing in anechoic areas (eg, cyst, bladder, gallbladder) and giving the appearance of “sludge” or “debris.” These artifactual echoes may be caused by the fact that the finite width of the transducer beam pattern produces a finite thickness of the patient scan plane. All echoes produced in this “thick” scan plane are misinterpreted as being due to structures in the normally assumed “thin” scan plane. We have tested and verified this hypothesis by simulating soft tissue interfaces with 400 grit silicon carbide sandpaper in a water tank. A set of clues are proposed to enable the rapid identification of these artifacts.
Detection of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage utilizing real‐time and static ultrasound
Authors: Johnson Michael L. , Rumack Carol M. , Mannes Eric J. , Appareti Kevin E.
Published: February 2007

Accurate assessment of neonatal brain anatomy and pathology can now be obtained with commercially available ultrasound equipment. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) has a 50% to 60% incidence in premature infants under 32 wk gestational age and is felt to be one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Computerized tomography (CT) has been the standard for detecting ICH; this study demonstrates that ultrasound is equally accurate and sensitive. Real‐time examination through the anterior fontanelle resulted in 100% accuracy when compared with CT in a prospective study. Compound axial scans through the parietal bone were not as accurate, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 85%. If available, good quality real‐time, transfontanelle sector ultrasound should be the screening procedure of choice for detecting and following intracranial hemorrhage in the high‐risk premature infant.
The use of ultrasound in the assessment of normal fetal growth: A review
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carpenter Robert J.
Published: February 2007

This review presents the basic principles underlying the quantitative assessment of normal fetal growth using ultrasound. Data on fetal growth derived from measurements of body, head, chest, and abdominal dimensions, are summarized, compared, and evaluated. Fetal volume and weight determination are also discussed. Most of the data evaluated were obtained in cross‐sectional studies, but we present the preliminary results of our longitudinal study of fetal growth for comparison.
Ruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of valsalva: Two pulsed doppler echocardiographic studies
Authors: Yokoi Kiyoshi , Kambe Tadashi , Ichimiya Satoshi , Toguchi Masao , Itoh Ken‐ichi , Nanki Michio , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Yanagisawa Kiyoshi , Hibi Norio , Nishimura Kinya
Published: February 2007

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) was performed on two cases with ruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva into the right ventricle. PDE revealed a wide band pattern throughout the cardiac cycle when the sample volume was placed within the aneurysm. In the right ventricle below the aneurysm, a continuous disturbed flow in case 1 and a diastolic turbulence in case 2, was widely recorded, respectively. In contrast, the flow pattern of the right ventricular outflow tract distal to the aneurysm showed a systolic disturbed flow in both cases. These PDE findings were consistent with the shunt flows in angiocardiography.
Pitfalls in ultrasonic determination of total intrauterine volume
Authors: Grossman Michael , Flynn John J. , Aufrichtig David , Handler Curtis R.
Published: February 2007

Calculation of total intrauterine volume (TIUV) has become an important part of obstetric sonography in the evaluation of possible intrauterine growth retardation. However, a number of problems with the measurements and the calculation itself limit the reliability of this determination. More reliable measurements may be obtained through rigid standardization of technique. However, a certain amount of inaccuracy is inherent in the procedure and cannot be corrected.
Feasibility of detailed M‐mode echocardiographic examination in markedly obese adults: Prospective study of 50 patients
Authors: Zema Michael J. , Caccavano Michele
Published: February 2007

A study that investigated the applicability of M‐mode echocardiography in a group of obese adults who were referred to the clinical echocardiographic laboratory is summarized. The M‐mode echocardiographic imaging technique, as performed with currently available equipment, permitted visualization of the cardiac anatomy in a majority of the patients. Comparable clinical information may be difficult to obtain by other methods.
Inferior vena cava echocardiography
Authors: Meltzer Richard S. , McGhie Jackie , Roelandt Jos
Published: February 2007

The inferior vena cava can be imaged during echocardiography from the subcostal transducer position as an echo‐free space at a depth ranging from 6 to 15 cm from the abdominal wall. The normal inferior vena cava M‐mode echocardiogram has an “a” and “v” pulsation pattern similar to that seen in the jugular venous tracing and exhibits prominent cyclic respiratory changes. Since right atrial activity can be seen as a pulsation on the M‐mode inferior vena cava tracing, specific patterns can be observed during cardiac arrhythmias. In right heart failure the inferior vena cava is usually distended, with diminished respiratory collapse. In tricuspid regurgitation, contrast injected into an arm appears in the inferior vena cava during the “v” wave. “A‐wave synchronous” inferior vena cava contrast or a contrast appearance unrelated to the cardiac cycle, frequently with deep inspiration, does not suggest tricuspid regurgitation.
Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for assessing ultrasonic imaging system performance and for training ultrasonographers: Part I
Authors: Madsen Ernest L. , Zagzebski James A. , Frank Gary R. , Greenleaf James F. , Carson Paul L.
Published: February 2007

Three prototype anthropomorphic breast phantoms are discussed. The phantoms were constructed using ultrasonically tissue‐mimicking materials; these materials mimic various tissue parenchymae in terms of attenuation, speed of sound, density, and scatter level. Realistic artifacts related to refraction and reflection at interfaces between different simulated parenchymae are produced. The phantoms represent premenopausal breasts, and they complement one another. Two of them represent the dense breasts of women under 30 years of age, and one represents that of a woman between 35 and 40 years of age. Of the former two, one produces what is apparently above‐average refraction effects in the region of the peripheral fat layer; the other produces more typical refraction effects. Simulated tumors, cysts, and calcifications of various sizes are suspended in the glandular regions. Such phantoms are valuable for use in developmental testing of state‐of‐the‐art ultrasound machines, quality assurance testing of clinical machines, and training of sonographers in breast imaging.
Prospective evaluation of the sonographic murphy sign in suspected acute cholecystitis
Authors: Ralls Philip W. , Halls James , Lapin Stewart A. , Quinn Michael F. , Morris Una L. , Boswell William
Published: February 2007

The sonographic Murphy sign, the presence of maximal tenderness elicited over a sonographically localized gallbladder, has been considered useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. We prospectively evaluated this sign in 427 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of acute cholecystitis. The overall accuracy of the sonographic Murphy sign in the 219 patients with sufficient confirmation to be included in the statistical analysis was 87.2%. Sensitivity was 63% and specificity was 93.6%. The predictive value of a positive sign was 72.5%, while the predictive value of a negative sign was 90.5%. The sonographic Murphy sign is a useful, albeit imperfect, adjunct in the assessment of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.
Transplant immunity in hamsters treated with ultrasound
Authors: Hare John D. , Linke Charles A. , Child Sally Z. , Fridd Charlotte W. , Carstensen Edwin L. , Davis Henry T.
Published: February 2007

Hamsters with subcutaneous fibrosarcomas were treated by excision and by exposure to 5‐MHz ultrasound for six minutes at an intensity of 3 W/sq cm. Rates for successful elimination of the tumors were between 80% and 90% and were not significantly different for the two methods of treatment. After 30 days, the animals were challenged with the same tumor cells. Animals successfully treated with ultrasound or excision required at least 10 times as many cells to produce a tumor as controls, indicating that eradication of the tumor by ultrasound induced a level of transplant immunity at least as good as that resulting from surgical excision.
Ultrasound volume measurements comparing a prolate ellipsoid method with a parallel planimetric area method against a known volume
Authors: Geirsson Reynir T. , Christie Alexander D. , Patel Naren
Published: February 2007

A comparison of a prolate ellipsoid method and a parallel planimetric area method for measuring volumes with ultrasound was made using phantom models of water‐filled balloons scanned under set conditions. Correlation with actual volumes was significantly better with the parallel planimetric area method (p < 0.02) with 93.3% of parallel planimetric area measurements being within 5% of the actual volume compared with only 33.4% of measurements obtained with the prolate ellipsoid method. For uterine volume measurements, a parallel planimetric area method is the more suitable.
Fetal head and abdominal circumferences: I. Evaluation of measurement errors
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carpenter Robert J.
Published: February 2007

Several sources of error associated with the measurement of fetal head and abdominal circumferences (HC, AC) were examined using dynamic image ultrasound. Statistically significant systematic intraobserver errors were not seen unless technical differences in the images were present (HC only) and the range for random errors was 4–5% (2 SD) for both measurements. Although differences in the procedures used to acquire images for measurement had some effect on accuracy (HC only), the primary source of variations in measurements made by different investigators was the measurement methods. Different measuring devices gave different results and different investigators used the same devices differently. Under optimal measuring conditions, the interobserver error for experienced investigators was 1.2 (±4.3 SD)% for HC and 2.4 (±1.6 SD)% for AC. Comparison of prenatal and postnatal measurements indicated that there were no systematic differences for HC but for AC, the prenatal measurements were 6% greater. Random differences were ±6% (2 SD) for HC and ±13% (2 SD) for AC.
Fetal head and abdominal circumferences: II. A critical re‐evaluation of the relationship to menstrual age
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carpenter Robert J.
Published: February 2007

Dynamic image ultrasound was utilized to re‐examine the changes in head and abdominal circumferences (HC, AC) with gestational age in normal fetuses. Data collected in a cross‐sectional study of fetal growth were evaluated using mathematical modeling techniques. The results of this analysis indicated that a linear‐cubic function optimally fits the HC data (R2 = 97.3%) while the AC data was fitted optimally by a linear function (R2 = 95.5%). The predicted values calculated from these functions were in very close agreement [mean deviation (absolute value): 1.97% (HC), 1.38% (AC)] with those calculated from average functions for HC and AC obtained in a previous longitudinal growth study. Variability was not constant throughout pregnancy for either HC or AC. With HC the normal range changed from ±1.5 cm to ±2.5 cm at 28 wk (menstrual age). The AC variability increased progressively with increasing menstrual age and was shown to be related to the predicted AC value. The normal range was found to be 13% of the predicted AC value throughout pregnancy. Based on these results, a new set of normal HC and AC values for the 12–40 wk (menstrual age) period is presented.
Ultrasonographic patterns in hepatic hemangiomas
Authors: Mirk Paola , Rubaltelli Leopoldo , Bazzocchi Massimo , Busilacchi Paolo , Candiani Francesco , Ferrari Francesco , Giuseppetti Gianmarco , Maresca Giulia , Rizzatto Giorgio , Volterrani Luca , Zappasodi Franco
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐one cases of hepatic hemangioma were examined by ultrasound, and three main sonographic patterns were identified. In 14 cases hyperechoic focal areas were observed, in five cases larger hemangiomas exhibited a complex pattern, and in two cases hemangiomas appeared as rounded sonolucent areas with distal enhancement mimicking cysts. Hemangiomas may have significantly variable ultrasonographic features. According to the authors' experience, only in cases of hyperechoic well‐defined lesions in asymptomatic patients can a definite diagnosis of hemangioma be made.
Distortions of ultrasonic field introduced by the rib cage in echocardiography
Authors: Savakus Adam D. , Shung K. Kirk , Miller Norman B.
Published: February 2007

In ultrasonic examination of the heart, the anatomy and motion of heart structures can be observed by placing the ultrasonic transducer over an intercostal window adjacent to the sternum. The ultrasonic beam may be reflected, refracted, or scattered from its path by the ribs and soft tissues before reaching the target of interest. This interaction between the tissues and ultrasound beam, which introduces significant changes in ultrasonic beam characteristics, may result in considerable degradation of the lateral resolution of the ultrasonic system, determined largely by the beam width. In this paper, the effect of rib cage on the beam characteristics is examined. It is shown that the rib cage can produce severe distortions of the ultrasonic beam, namely, asymmetry in beam cross‐section, alteration in beam diameter, and deflection of the beam from its central path. It is also demonstrated that this distortion is dependent upon transducer diameter, width of the intercostal window, and transducer angulation relative to the breast plate.
Two‐dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of intracardiac transvenous pacemaker leads
Authors: Meier Bernhard , Felner Joel M.
Published: February 2007

A two‐dimensional (2‐D) echocardiographic study was performed on 40 consecutive patients presenting for a routine check‐up of their transvenous pacemaker devices, in order to assess the visibility of the intracardiac portion of the pacemaker lead.

In 34 patients (85%) the presence of the lead could be demonstrated satisfactorily. In 4 of these 34 patients the entire intracardiac portion of the pacing wire was imaged, in 20 the distal fragment bearing the electrode(s) was seen, and in 10 an intermediate segment was visible. In 6 of the 40 patients (15%) the lead was not visible. In 3 of these 40 patients it was virtually impossible to image any cardiac structure. The less than 100% visibility of the pacing wire may be due to our randomized patient group with a high mean age of 75 years.

We conclude that during follow‐up examinations or when problems arise in patients with transvenous pacemakers, 2‐D echocardiography may be an alternative to roentgenograms, especially if simultaneous information about heart function is desired or septal perforation is suspected. However, chest roentgenograms are still more accurate and remain the technique of choice under normal circumstances.
Tricuspid valve prolapse: A common occurrence in the click‐murmur syndrome
Authors: Schlamowitz Robert A. , Gross Steven , Keating Edward , Pitt William , Mazur John
Published: February 2007

Isolated mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may represent one end of a spectrum of disease involving dysfunction of multiple cardiac valves. Eighty‐nine consecutive patients with MVP diagnosed by two‐dimensional echocardiography (2‐D echo) were prospectively studied specifically to determine the incidence of tricuspid valve prolapse (TVP) and its clinical correlations. Criteria for prolapse of the atrioventricular (A‐V) valves by 2‐D echo included extension of the valve leaflets behind an imaginary line defining the valve annulus.

Forty‐one of 82 patients with MVP had associated TVP. No significant differences existed between patients with isolated MVP and combined A‐V valve prolapse with regard to sex, clinical history, symptoms, or physical examination.

The parasternal long axis view was more sensitive than the apical four chamber view in diagnosing prolapse of either mitral or tricuspid valves.

Thus, TVP is a frequent concomitant of MVP and occurs with equal frequency in both young and old patients.
Pancreatic duct diameter: Sonographic measurement in normal subjects
Authors: Hadidi Ali
Published: February 2007

In a prospective ultrasonic study of the pancreatic duct, 233 sonograms were obtained from 49 normal subjects. The duct in the regions of the head‐neck and body was measured in the transverse/oblique planes. The mean diameter of the duct in the area of the head‐neck was 3 mm; in the body proximal and distal to the neck, duct diameters were 2.1 and 1.6 mm, respectively.
Direct measurement of left ventricular ejection time from echocardiographic posterior wall excursion time: Validation of technique
Authors: Osborn Roger C. , Roitman David I. , Kansal Santosh , Sheffield L. Thomas
Published: February 2007

Echocardiography has proven useful in determining systolic time intervals. Left ventricular mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening has been calculated utilizing the left ventricular ejection time measured in several manners, usually from the echocardiographic aortic valve opening time or indirect carotid pulse tracing. Left ventricular ejection time is related to the time of posterior wall excursion in patients without conduction defects or segmental wall motion abnormalities. Thus, a single echocardiographic view can measure ventricular diameters and approximate ejection time simultaneously without other echocardiographic or phonocardiographic measurements which may be cumbersome to obtain, particularly during dynamic echocardiographic studies.
Septa of bertin: A sonographic pseudotumor
Authors: Mahony Barry S. , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Laing Faye C.
Published: February 2007

The sonographic features of six renal “pseudotumors” representing septa of Bertin are described. Septa of Bertin are isoechoic with renal parenchyma and demonstrate a characteristic splaying of the central sinus echoes. CT performed in all six cases revealed the “mass” to be normally enhancing renal cortex. The characteristic radiographic features of septa of Bertin are reviewed and the split sinus sign is discussed.