bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Aquaporin Diversity in Elateroidea: Insights From RNA‐Seq Data Sets
Authors: Amaral Danilo Trabuco
Published: September 2024

Osmoregulation, the physiological regulation of water and ion balance, is vital for the survival of both aquatic and terrestrial insects. In freshwater aquatic insects, such as those within the Lampyridae family, this function is important due to the natural variation of aquatic habitats. Aquaporins play a key role in this process by facilitating the rapid transport of water molecules across cell membranes, maintaining cellular water balance, and adapting to changes in external salinity. In this study, I investigate the genetic diversity and expression levels of aquaporins in Elateroidea, particularly focusing on the Lampyridae family, using transcriptomic data and in silico analyses. The results reveal the diversity of aquaporins and compare gene expression patterns between freshwater aquatic Lampyridae and terrestrial Elateroidea species, such as Lycidae, Phengodidae, and Elateridae. Phylogenetic analyses identify seven distinct clades of aquaporins and uncovered gene duplication events related to the diversification of Elateridae and Lampyridae. A comparative abundance analysis indicated higher aquaporin expression in aquatic fireflies, aligning with the need for efficient osmoregulation in aquatic environments. Additionally, stage‐specific expression patterns in Aspisoma lineatum (Neotropical firefly) and Aquatica lateralis (Paleartic firefly) suggest species‐specific strategies for coping with osmotic challenges during development. This study provides insights into the evolutionary adaptations of aquaporins in Elateroidea, highlighting their importance in both aquatic and terrestrial insect physiology.
High‐efficiency bioconversion of phytosterol to bisnoralcohol by metabolically engineered Mycobacterium neoaurum in a micro‐emulsion system
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Ke Xia , Dong Hongduo , Liu Zhiqiang , Zheng Yuguo
Published: September 2024

21‐Hydroxy‐20‐methylpregn‐4‐en‐3‐one (4‐HBC, bisnoralcohol) is a crucial intermediate for the synthesis of steroidal drugs. Significant challenges including by‐products formation and poor substrate solubility were still confronted in its main synthetic route by microbial conversion from phytosterol. Construction of a direct bioconversion pathway to 4‐HBC and an efficient substrate emulsion system is therefore urgently required. In this study, three novel isoenzymes of 3‐ketosteroid‐Δ1‐dehydrogenase (KstD) and 3‐ketosteroid 9α‐hydroxylase (KsH) in Mycobacterium neoaurum were excavated and identified as KstD4, KstD5, and KsHA3. A strain capable of fully directing the synthesis of 4‐HBC was metabolically engineered via serial genetic deletion combined with enhanced expression of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx2) and enoyl‐CoA hydratase (EchA19). Moreover, a micro‐emulsion system combined with soybean oil and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin improved substrate solubility and bioavailability. In batch fermentation, molar yield of 96.7% with 39.5 g L−1 4‐HBC was obtained from 50 g L−1 phytosterol. Our findings demonstrate the potential for industrial‐scale biosynthesis of 4‐HBC.
Infectious meningitis. Why are the leptomeninges preferentially involved? Electron microscopic insights
Authors: Boezaart André P. , Server Anna , Tubbs Richard Shane , Carrera Ana , Reina Francisco , Reina Miguel A.
Published: September 2024

In infectious meningitis, pathogens preferentially attack the leptomeninges (pia mater and arachnoid) rather than the pachymeninges (dura mater). This study aims to provide ultra‐anatomical insights from our extensive collection of electron microscopy images and propose mechanisms, highlighting structures that favor the introduction, adherence, colonization, and proliferation of microorganisms leading to spinal meningitis. Over several years, we analyzed an extensive collection of transmission and scanning electron microscopy images of human spinal meninges captured in our laboratories. Upon examining 378 of those images, we identified potential sites for the iatrogenic or hematogenic introduction and adherence of microorganisms, as well as sites for their colonization and proliferation. These included the outer surface of the spinal dural sac, structures within the epidural space, and the spinal dural sac itself, which comprises compact dura mater with interwoven collagen fibers and tightly bound arachnoid cells. Also, the subdural (extra‐arachnoid) compartment, consisting of fragile neurothelial cells prone to rupture under force, formed an acquired spinal subdural space, a new subarachnoid compartment, limited by arachnoid trabeculae, that surrounded the nerve roots and spinal cord and the pia mater. Macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and plasma cells were also observed within the dura mater, arachnoid layer, arachnoid trabeculae, and pia mater. These images illustrate how the characteristics of the meningeal layers could contribute to bacterial adhesion and proliferation at various locations, inducing selective inflammation during (iatrogenic) spinal meningitis. In addition, the images help to explain why magnetic resonance imaging enhancement appears preferentially at specific sites.
Impact of systolic dominant pulmonary venous flow morphology on outcomes after mitral transcatheter edge‐to‐edge repair
Authors: Samimi Sahar , Hatab Taha , Bou Chaaya Rody , Kharsa Chloe , Qamar Fatima , Faza Nadeen , Little Stephen H. , Atkins Marvin D. , Reardon Michael J. , Kleiman Neal S. , Nagueh Sherif F. , Zoghbi William A. , Zaid Syed , Goel Sachin S.
Published: September 2024

Background

The prognostic significance of intraprocedural pulsed‐wave Doppler analysis of pulmonary venous flow (PVF) during mitral transcatheter edge‐to‐edge repair (TEER) remains understudied. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of systolic dominant‐PVF (SD‐PVF) morphology post‐TEER.

Methods

In a retrospective analysis from December 2019 to December 2022, patients undergoing mitral TEER were categorized into SD‐PVF and systolic blunting (SB)‐PVF groups based on post‐TEER morphology. The primary endpoint was a composite of all‐cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization at 1 year. We investigated the association of PVF morphology post‐TEER with the primary endpoint at 1 year using Cox regression and compared the prognostic accuracy of PVF variables through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Among 187 patients (mean age 76.4 ± 10.5 years, 51.3% primary etiology), residual mitral regurgitation (MR) ≤mild was observed in 147 (82.4%) patients and 105 (56.2%) had SD‐PVF post‐TEER. Patients with SD‐PVF had a lower incidence of >2+ residual MR after clip deployment, at 30 days (2.1% vs. 13.1%; p = 0.005) and at 1 year (1.4% vs. 9%; p = 0.08). SD‐PVF post‐TEER was independently associated with the primary endpoint (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.39–0.87; p = 0.009). ROC curve analysis of the prognostic accuracy of SD‐PVF demonstrated an AUC of 0.64 (95% CI = 0.54–0.73), comparable to other quantitative measures of PVF.

Conclusion

Assessing PVF morphology after clip deployment offers a simple prognostic tool for patients undergoing mitral TEER. Multicenter cohorts will be necessary to further investigate its prognostic value.
IPr*F – Highly Hindered, Fluorinated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Utecht‐Jarzyńska Greta , Shi Shicheng , Gao Pengcheng , Jarzyński Szymon , Mahbubur Rahman Md. , Lalancette Roger , Szostak Roman , Szostak Michal
Published: September 2024

The introduction of fluorine atom has attracted considerable interest in molecular design owing to the high electronegativity and the resulting polarization of carbon–fluorine bonds. Simultaneously, sterically‐hindered N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have received major interest due to high stabilization of the reactive metal centers, which has paved the way for the synthesis of stable and reactive organometallic compounds with broad applications in main group chemistry, inorganic synthesis and transition‐metal‐catalysis. Herein, we report the first class of sterically‐hindered, fluorinated N‐heterocyclic carbenes. These ligands feature variable fluorine substitution at the N‐aromatic wingtip, permitting to rationally vary steric and electronic characteristics of the carbene center imparted by the fluorine atom. An efficient, one‐pot synthesis of fluorinated IPr*F ligands is presented, enabling broad access of academic and industrial researchers to the fluorinated ligands. The evaluation of steric, electron‐donating and π‐accepting properties as well as coordination chemistry to Au(I), Rh(I) and Se is presented. Considering the unique properties of carbon–fluorine bonds, we anticipate that this novel class of fluorinated carbene ligands will find widespread application in stabilizing reactive metal centers.
Efficient Fe3O4/Fe Redox Cycle with Biomass Waste Glycerol for Net Carbon Benefit CO2 Reduction
Authors: Cheng Jiong , Yang Yang , Liu Xu , Yan Ning , Jin Fangming
Published: September 2024

CO2 utilization is a critical aspect of achieving a sustainable carbon cycle, particularly in the context of global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. Drawing inspiration from geological chemistry, Fe‐based hydrothermal CO2 reduction into valuable chemicals has emerged as a promising CO2 utilization strategy. However, the lack of a sustainable and direct Fe regeneration approach presents a notable challenge to the widespread adoption of this strategy. Herein, we propose a method for the direct reduction of Fe3O4 to Fe using biodiesel‐waste glycerol. This method yields a remarkable 97.9 wt % of reduced Fe, which exhibits a high activity for CO2 (HCO3−) reduction to formic acid, maintaining a level of ~90 %. Our investigation reveals that the Fe3O4 reduction involves a direct hydrogen transfer from hydroxyl groups to lattice O atoms on the surface of Fe3O4, forming reductive H species. The presence of a polyhydroxy structure in glycerol facilitates the stabilization of surface H species, thereby enhancing the reduction efficiency process. Based on this mechanism, we explore the potential of using various polyols derived from woody biomass, which exhibit similar capabilities for the reduction of Fe3O4 as glycerol. These findings establish an efficient and sustainable Fe3O4/Fe redox cycle, which integrates waste biomass into circular carbon economy solutions and contributes to the overall net carbon benefit of CO2 utilization.
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkoxyamines for Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Authors: Lee Kevin , Yom Clairissa , Gilberti Dante , Tahsin Saira , Meza Jacob , Stewart Jamere , Boone David , Xing Yalan
Published: September 2024

Photoredox catalysis and synthetic electrochemistry have begun to find their spot in a synthetic chemist's toolbox. Apart from their use of renewable reagents (light and electricity respectively), these methods have enabled pathways that were previously viewed as inaccessible. It is therefore essential to develop methods to further advance the fields of photoredox catalysis and synthetic electrochemistry. Alkoxyamines have been viewed as prime building blocks for photoredox and synthetic electrochemists because of their facile reactivity to oxidatively cleave C−O bonds. This review begins with addressing the first method developed for generating carbocations via a mesolytic cleavage pathway, and then highlights the recent approaches to utilizing photoredox and synthetic electrochemistry on oxidative cleavage of alkoxyamines for nucleophilic substitution reactions. To demonstrate its applicability, this review also highlights its utilization in the enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐calycanthidine and (−)‐psychotriasine.
Liquid Piston Compression Heat Transfer Prediction via Thermal‐Resistance Network: Simulation, Experimental Validation, and Liquid Carryover Evaluation
Authors: Middleton Luke , Bernagozzi Marco , Morgan Rob , Milton Gareth , Atkins Andrew , Atkins Penny
Published: September 2024

Liquid piston compressors gain attention due to their potential for more efficient and isothermal compression compared to traditional solid piston compressors. Liquid piston compressors use a liquid column instead of a solid piston, allowing for innovative mechanisms to enhance heat transfer and achieve near‐isothermal compression. However, a validated analytical model for heat transfer in liquid piston compressors is still needed to understand the exhaust phase within a liquid piston. In this work, a thermal network model, able to predict the polytropic index to within 8% of the experimental results, is proposed. Moreover, thorough experimentation is conducted to measure the amount of liquid carried over to better understand the exhaust phase. In the results, it is revealed that the piston carries over 13–21 mL of liquid within the exhaust gas for 10–23 s of stroke. Notably, the difference in liquid carried over for the three‐stroke times is not statistically significant, indicating that the liquid carried over is a function of liquid piston design and not stroke time. Finally, most liquid piston applications consider only water; hence, for the first time, this research assesses the stability of a cycle using a nonflammable hydraulic fluid (Fuchs 46 M red) to enhance compressor longevity and material compatibility.
Total posterior quadrant disconnection for drug‐resistant epilepsy in children
Authors: Yu Hao , Liu Chang , Sun Yu , Wang Yao , Liu Qingzhu , Ji Taoyun , Wang Shuang , Liu Xiaoyan , Jiang Yuwu , Wu Ye , Cai Lixin
Published: September 2024

Objective

To assess seizure outcomes, prognostic factors, and developmental changes in children undergoing total posterior quadrant disconnection (PQD) for drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of children with DRE who underwent total PQD surgery. The study focused on Engel's classification for seizure outcomes, exploring correlation of preoperative data and surgical effectiveness, and predictors of seizure prognosis. It involved a comparative analysis of developmental levels pre‐ and 3 months postoperatively using Griffiths Mental Development Scales‐China (GMDS‐C), and the correlation between clinical characteristics and GMDS‐C results.

Results

Out of 61 pediatric patients, 70.5% showed no seizure recurrence postoperatively. In the univariate analysis, interictal electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), and acute postoperative seizure (APOS) were significantly related to surgical prognosis. In multivariate analysis, interictal EEG and APOS were identified as predictors of seizure prognosis. Survival analysis indicated significant associations between MRI, interictal EEG, FDG‐PET, APOS and postoperative seizure occurrence. Preoperative GMDS‐C levels were significantly correlated with epilepsy duration, seizure frequency, interictal EEG, and FDG‐PET. GMDS‐C scores improved postoperatively, while developmental quotients remained stable.

Significance

For patients with structural abnormalities in the entire posterior quadrant, thorough preoperative assessment and timely total PQD surgery can effectively control seizures without causing neurological development deterioration. APOS and interictal EEG abnormalities beyond the posterior quadrant are predictors for seizure prognosis but should not be deemed contraindications for surgery.

Plain Language Summary

Due to lack of analysis on pediatric total PQD cases, 61 pediatric patients who underwent total PQD surgery were retrospectively enrolled. Seizure and development results were collected and analyzed as dependent variables. The study found that 70.5% of patients were seizure‐free and showed development improvement, with no deaths or severe complications reported. Prognosis predictors included APOS and interictal EEG abnormalities beyond the posterior quadrant.
Small Fish, Big Problems: Life History, Conservation, and the Future of the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
Authors: Mortensen Jacob G. , Turner Thomas F. , Dudley Robert K. , Platania Steven P.
Published: September 2024

The Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus is a small-bodied minnow emblematic of a reproductive guild endemic to rivers of the North American Great Plains. This species has been lost from over 90% of its historical range. The species was federally listed as endangered in 1994 and intensive conservation efforts over the past three decades have averted its extinction in the wild. This article synthesizes the life history of the species, causes of decline and existing threats, and prospects for recovery considering ongoing conservation efforts. Restoring multiple self-sustaining populations remains questionable given large-scale, irreversible changes to the Rio Grande basin, though the resiliency of the species and established conservation programs hold at least some potential for advancing recovery beyond simply preventing extinction.
Invasive genetic testing for isolated increased nuchal translucency of 3.0–3.4 mm: Results from cohort analysis with 604 fetuses
Authors: Jing Xiang‐Yi , Xiao Zhi‐Qing , Li Dong‐Zhi
Published: September 2024

Synopsis

Isolated increased nuchal translucency of 3.0–3.4 mm was associated with increased risk of chromosomal anomalies and monogenic syndromes.
Successful management of a combined penile and urethral fracture
Authors: Lachkar Salim , Boualaoui Imad , Ibrahimi Ahmed , El Sayegh Hachem , Nouini Yassine
Published: September 2024

Introduction

This case highlights a rare occurrence of combined penile fracture and urethral injury in a 35‐year‐old male, emphasizing the critical need for accurate diagnosis and precise surgical intervention in such cases.

Case presentation

After a mishap during sexual intercourse, the patient faced intense penile pain, swelling, and urethrorrhagia. Advanced diagnostic methods, particularly MRI, confirmed a disruption in the tunica albuginea within the left corpora cavernosa. The patient underwent emergent surgical repair, addressing both urethral and corpora cavernosa injuries, leading to a successful postoperative course.

Conclusion

This case report underscores the paramount importance of comprehending and effectively managing complex urological traumas. Timely and appropriate surgical intervention is crucial for ensuring optimal patient recovery and well‐being in instances of combined penile and urethral injuries.
Characteristics of Candida albicans Derived From HIV‐Positive Individuals With Oral Candidiasis: Genotyping, Phenotypic Variation, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation
Authors: Erfaninejad Maryam , Mahmoudabadi Ali Zarei , Hashemzadeh Mohammad , Maraghi Elham , Fatahinia Mahnaz
Published: September 2024

Background

Oral candidiasis (OC) is one of the most common mucosal infections in those afflicted with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to provide detailed information on the phenotype, genotype, antifungal susceptibility, and biofilm formation ability of oral Candida albicans isolated from HIV‐infected patients with OC.

Methods

A total of 25 C. albicans isolates were collected from oral lesions of HIV‐infected patients referred to Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The antifungal susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI M27 guideline (fourth edition). The crystal violet method was used to evaluate the biofilm formation ability of isolates. Different phenotypes were identified on yeast extract‐peptone‐dextrose agar medium supplemented with phloxine B. Genotyping analysis of the isolates was performed using high‐resolution melting (HRM) assays and ABC genotyping.

Results

The highest and lowest susceptibility of the C. albicans isolates was found for fluconazole 24 (96%) and ITC 18 (72%), respectively. Forty‐eight percent of the isolates had high biofilm formation ability and exhibited gray cell type. The most common genotype was genotype B (52%). HRM analysis of HIS3, EF3, and CDC3 markers showed three, four, and five different groups, respectively.

Conclusion

Investigating the phenotype, antifungal susceptibility and biofilm formation ability of the C. albicans isolates obtained from oral lesions of HIV‐infected patients revealed that the dominant genotypes in the current research could cause more serious infections from the oral source. We recommend further research with a larger sample size to determine the molecular epidemiology of C. albicans among HIV patients in Iran.
Association of Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Levels of ALAS1 with the Risk of Anti‐Tuberculosis Drug‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Han Bing , He Yiwen , Zhu Min , Zhang Meiling , Lu Lihuan , Xu Xiaoyan , He Xiaomin , Yi Honggang , Tang Shaowen
Published: September 2024

The accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the liver caused by isoniazid and rifampicin through the disorder of heme biosynthesis was considered an important mechanism of anti‐tuberculosis drug‐induced liver injury (ATLI). Alanine synthase 1 (ALAS1) is a rate‐limiting enzyme in the process of heme synthesis. This study aimed to investigate the association between ALAS1 gene polymorphism, serum ALAS1 level, and the risk of ATLI. This study was a case‐control study including 58 ATLI cases and 192 controls. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ALAS1 gene were selected for genotyping and serum ALAS1 concentrations were detected using ELISA kits. There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution of four SNPs between the ATLI cases and the controls under different genetic models. Patients carrying the GG genotype of SNP rs352163 in controls had higher baseline ALAS1 levels than those in ATLI cases (243.6 vs 290.2 ng/L, P = .034), and patients with baseline ALAS1 < 337.85 ng/L had a higher risk of ATLI than those with ALAS1 ≥ 337.85 ng/L (HR = 2.679, 95% CI: 1.360‐5.278, P = .004). Our findings indicated that the serum ALAS1 concentrations in the ATLI cases were lower than those in the controls, and the lower baseline ALAS1 levels can be associated with higher ATLI risk.
Prediction of individual performance and verbal intelligence scores from resting‐state fMRI in children and adolescents
Authors: He Ningning , Kou Chao
Published: September 2024

The neuroimaging basis of intelligence remains elusive; however, there is a growing body of research employing connectome‐based predictive modeling to estimate individual intelligence scores, aiming to identify the optimal set of neuroimaging features for accurately predicting an individual's cognitive abilities. Compared to adults, the disparities in cognitive performance among children and adolescents are more likely to captivate individuals' interest and attention. Limited research has been dedicated to exploring neuroimaging markers of intelligence specifically in the pediatric population. In this study, we utilized resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores of 170 healthy children and adolescents obtained from a public database to identify brain functional connectivity markers associated with individual intellectual behavior. Initially, we extracted and summarized relevant resting‐state features from whole‐brain or functional network connectivity that were most pertinent to IQ scores. Subsequently, these features were employed to establish prediction models for both performance and verbal IQ scores. Within a 10‐fold cross‐validation framework, our findings revealed that prediction models based on whole‐brain functional connectivity effectively predicted performance IQ scores(
) but not verbal IQ scores(
). Results of prediction models based on brain functional network connectivity further demonstrated the exceptional predictive ability of the default mode network (DMN) and fronto‐parietal task control network (FTPN) for performance IQ scores (
). The above findings have also been validated using an independent dataset. Our findings suggest that the performance IQ of children and adolescents primarily relies on the connectivity of brain regions associated with DMN and FTPN. Moreover, variations in intellectual performance during childhood and adolescences are closely linked to alterations in brain functional network connectivity.
Long‐lasting behavioral and neurochemical effects of early‐life environmental enrichment in rats submitted to neonatal morphine administration
Authors: de Freitas Nascimento Matheus Gabriel , de Castro Josimar Macedo , Medeiros Liciane Fernandes , Fiuza Khetrüin Jordana , de Oliveira Thais Collioni , de Sousa Morais Iala Thais , Bosco Tenille Dal , Caumo Wolnei , Stein Dirson J. , Torres Iraci L. S.
Published: September 2024

The present study examined the medium‐ and long‐term effects of early environmental enrichment (EE) on neuromotor, nociceptive, cognitive, behavioral, and neurochemical parameters in newborn rats repeatedly exposed to morphine. The study employed 90 Wistar rats: 10 adult nulliparous females and 80 male pups. Litter was split into standard and EE housing. Following, half of each litter received saline (S) or morphine (M) injections, resulting in four groups: SC + S, EE + S, SC + M, and EE + M. EE was applied from PND1 to PND21, while morphine or saline was given daily (5 μg/s.c.) from PND8 to PND14. Neuromotor development was similar between groups. In the OF test, morphine reduced outer and total crossings, whereas EE increased inner crossings and rearings. Adult rats showed a decrease in outer and total crossings and grooming and an increase in rearing. EE increased the number of protected and unprotected head dipping. Adult rats showed an increase in protected head dipping. Adult rats showed a lower recognition index, and, when exposed to EE, a lower anxiety index and analgesia. EE increased brainstem and hippocampal BDNF levels. Adult rats had increased hypothalamus, spinal cord, and brainstem BDNF levels, an increase in the spinal cord, and decreased hypothalamus TNF‐α levels. This study demonstrated that early‐life EE raises BDNF levels in the brainstem and hippocampus of rats and modifies their behaviors (such as nociception, exploration, and anxiety) in a state‐dependent manner (morphine and age).
Special issue on systematic reviews and meta‐analyses in engineering education: Highlights and future research directions
Authors: Adesope Olusola O.
Published: September 2024

It gives me great pleasure to explore and synthesize the unique and synergistic contributions of 14 articles for this important special issue, as well as to set future directions for the field of engineering education. Given that evidence‐based syntheses help shape key research advances in the medical, psychological, and educational fields, we sought papers that used state‐of‐the‐art methods for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses to explore fundamental topics in engineering education. We received many excellent manuscripts, and eventually accepted 14 for this special issue. They cover a range of topics, including reading and writing in engineering, the use of concept maps for assessment in engineering, and other key topics. Most papers used systematic review methods, while three used scoping reviews and bibliometric methods. However, none used meta‐analysis. Although this is surprising, it presents an opportunity to call for more rigorous experimental and quantitative research on key topics in engineering education. Experimental studies can uncover cause and effect relationships and enable researchers to draw inferences more easily. While I advocate for all traditions of rigorous research, the collection of reviews in this special issue points to a pressing need for more experimental studies in the field of engineering education.
Near‐surface wind variability in Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shelf region, East Antarctica: A four‐decade SOM analysis
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Xiao Enzhao , Zhang Tijun , Sun Bo
Published: September 2024

Near‐surface wind fields in the Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shelf region of East Antarctica play a crucial role in the formation and variability of Antarctic Bottom Water, a cold, dense water mass that sinks and spreads across the deep ocean basins influencing ocean circulation and modulating earth's climate system. This study investigates the primary modes of variability of these wind fields using the self‐organizing map (SOM) method and data from the latest version of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ReAnalyses (ERA5), spanning four decades from 1979 to 2020. While the wind field climatology, characterized by small seasonal variation, is dominated by katabatic and large‐scale forcing, the spatial patterns of the primary variability modes are mainly influenced by synoptic system activities. The overall trend in annual wind speed anomalies is positive across the study region, with the exception of the southwestern part and central Prydz Bay. However, significant trends are observed in only two out of nine SOM nodes (nodes 4 and 9), which collectively explain less than 30% of the averaged trends over the region. The interannual variability in the seasonal occurrences of certain nodes is linked to several well‐known climate modes, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Southern Annular Mode and Zonal Wavenumber 3. Our results provide a reference for forecasting the occurrence frequency of specific patterns, which could help mitigate the impact of extreme wind events through improved forecasting.
Human activities increased compound drought and heat events over China during 1961–2014
Authors: Wang Xiaoxin , Lang Xianmei , Jiang Dabang
Published: September 2024

Compared to independent drought or extreme heat events, compound drought and heat events (CDHEs) can pose more adverse impacts on ecosystems and human society. As the anthropogenic influence on CDHEs in China remains largely unquantified, we analyse both observed and simulated changes in the occurrence of CDHEs over China from 1961 to 2014, and perform detection and attribution analyses utilizing an optimal fingerprinting method, based on observations, reanalysis data and numerical experiments from seven Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. Upward trends are found in observed CDHEs during 1961–2014 over the majority of China, especially in the last two decades. The increase in CDHEs is largely attributed to human influence. Anthropogenic forcing is detectable in the observed CDHEs changes in the whole China and its eastern region. Furthermore, a three‐signal analysis indicates that greenhouse gases play a key role in increasing CDHEs over China, while natural forcing has a negligible effect. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions also play a detectable role in offsetting the greenhouse gas‐induced increase of CDHEs over China.
Understanding the variability of the proximal femoral canal: A computational modeling study
Authors: Ramesh Angelika , Henckel Johann , Hart Alister , Di Laura Anna
Published: September 2024

Statistical shape modeling (SSM) offers the potential to describe the morphological differences in similar shapes using a compact number of variables. Its application in orthopedics is rapidly growing. In this study, an SSM of the intramedullary canal of the proximal femur was built, with the aim to better understanding the complexity of its shape which may, in turn, enhance the preoperative planning of total hip arthroplasty (THA). This includes the prediction of the prosthetic femoral version (PFV) which is known to be highly variable amongst patients who have undergone THA. The model was built on three dimensional (3D) models of 64 femoral canals which were generated from pelvic computed tomography images including the proximal femur in the field of view. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the mean shape derived from the model and each segmented canal. Five prominent modes of variations representing approximately 84% of the total 3D variations in the population of shapes were found to capture variability in size, proximal torsion, intramedullary femoral anteversion, varus/valgus orientation, and distal femoral shaft twist/torsion, respectively. It was established that the intramedullary femoral canal is highly variable in its size, shape, and orientation between different subjects. PCA‐driven SSM is beneficial for identifying patterns and extracting valuable features of the femoral canal.
Conducting power analysis for meta‐analysis with dependent effect sizes: Common guidelines and an introduction to the POMADE R package
Authors: Vembye Mikkel Helding , Pustejovsky James Eric , Pigott Therese Deocampo
Published: September 2024

Sample size and statistical power are important factors to consider when planning a research synthesis. Power analysis methods have been developed for fixed effect or random effects models, but until recently these methods were limited to simple data structures with a single, independent effect per study. Recent work has provided power approximation formulas for meta‐analyses involving studies with multiple, dependent effect size estimates, which are common in syntheses of social science research. Prior work focused on developing and validating the approximations but did not address the practice challenges encountered in applying them for purposes of planning a synthesis involving dependent effect sizes. We aim to facilitate the application of these recent developments by providing practical guidance on how to conduct power analysis for planning a meta‐analysis of dependent effect sizes and by introducing a new R package, POMADE, designed for this purpose. We present a comprehensive overview of resources for finding information about the study design features and model parameters needed to conduct power analysis, along with detailed worked examples using the POMADE package. For presenting power analysis findings, we emphasize graphical tools that can depict power under a range of plausible assumptions and introduce a novel plot, the traffic light power plot, for conveying the degree of certainty in one's assumptions.
Contribution of ultrasound‐assisted protein structural changes in marinated beef to the improved binding ability of spices and flavor enhancement
Authors: Li Chukai , Sun Yangying , Pan Daodong , Zhou Changyu , He Jun , Du Lihui
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Marination is an important part of air‐dried beef processing, and traditional methods are inefficient and produce inconsistent results. Ultrasound, as a novel technology, can be combined with traditional marination methods. The study aimed to investigate the improvement of beef flavor by ultrasound‐assisted marination. At the same time, the potential relationship between the alteration of meat protein and flavor quality by ultrasound‐assisted marinating was further investigated to enable better flavor modulation and research.

RESULTS

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that the spice flavor of beef was significantly enhanced by 500 W ultrasound‐assisted marination. Meanwhile, the experimental results demonstrated that the ultrasound‐assisted marination promoted the unfolding of beef myofibrillar protein structure, which increased the number of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding sites, enhanced the electrostatic effect and improved the functional properties of the protein. Ultrasound‐assisted marination significantly enhanced the binding ability of beef myofibrillar proteins to flavor compounds compared with conventional marination. An electronic nose confirmed that this resulted in a significant increase in the flavor of the marinated meat.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound‐assisted marination effectively enhanced the flavor of marinated meat, which was closely related to the development of protein conformation. The results of this study have important implications for the food industry and the role of protein unfolding processes in flavor modulation. In particular, the findings can be practically applied to improving meat flavor under ultrasound‐assisted marination. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Colorectal cancer care continuum: Navigating screening, treatment, and outcomes disparities
Authors: Jackson Adelso Tejada , Megafu Olajumoke , Abdullahi Diri , Amajoyi Robert
Published: September 2024

This review investigates the disparities in colorectal cancer screening, treatment, and outcomes among different racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups. Although there has been progress, notable disparities continue to exist as a result of socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and systemic prejudices. Approaches to tackle these challenges involve expanding screening access, enhancing healthcare utilization, addressing socioeconomic obstacles, ensuring fair treatment, and boosting representation in research.
Impact of Minimally Invasive Surgery on Early and Late Outcomes of Patients With Gastric Cancer Treated Using Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Araruna Gustavo Ferreira , Ribeiro Heber S. C. , Torres Silvio M. , Diniz Alessandro L. , Godoy André L. , Farias Igor C. , Costa Wilson L. , Coimbra Felipe J. F.
Published: September 2024

Background

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common neoplasm and the third leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for Stages II–III resectable tumors, but the comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus open gastrectomy (OG) post‐neoadjuvant therapy has not been adequately investigated.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on patients with clinical Stage II and III gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by either MIS or OG between 2007 and 2020. Propensity score matching was utilized to compare the clinical and surgical outcomes, morbidity, and mortality, and the influence of MIS on 3‐year survival rates was evaluated.

Results

After matching, no statistical differences in clinical aspects were noted between the two groups. MIS was associated with increased D2 lymphadenectomy, curative intent, and complete neoadjuvant therapy. Furthermore, this therapeutic approach resulted in reduced transfusion rates and shorter hospital stays. Nonetheless, no significant differences were observed in global, clinical, or surgical complications or mortality between the two groups. Weight loss emerged as a significant risk factor for complications, but MIS did not independently affect survival rates. Extended resection and higher American Society of Anesthesiology scores were independent predictors of reduced survival.

Conclusion

MIS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer appears to be a viable option, with oncological outcomes comparable to those of OG, less blood loss, and shorter hospital stays. Although MIS did not independently affect long‐term survival, it offered potential benefits in terms of postoperative recovery and morbidity. Further studies are needed to validate these findings, especially across diverse populations.
A 20‐Year Review of Inorganic Photochromic Materials: Design Consideration, Synthesis Methods, Classifications, Optical Properties, Mechanism Models, and Emerging Applications
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Zheng Xu , He Huijie , Boutinaud Philippe , Xiao Sanshui , Xu Jiamin , Wang Chuanlong , Hu Yihua , Kang Fengwen
Published: September 2024

Inorganic photochromic materials (i.e., in‐PCMs) are developed as a research hot point in the lighting field due to their excellent optical characteristics, impressive  body color modulation, etc. The aim of this work is to make a review on the developments of multi‐metals in‐PCMs (i.e., min‐PCMs) in the past 20 years. The review is structured based on the reversible coloration, crystal hosts, doped ions, PC properties, and mechanism of min‐PCMs and their applications. The synthesis methods of min‐PCMs are reviewed first and then the min‐PCMs are classified according to the types of the doped ions (i.e., single rare‐earth (i.e., RE) ion, multi RE ions, non‐RE ions, and/or the coupled arrangement of these ions). Meanwhile, the min‐PCMs co‐doped with RE and non‐RE ions, together with RE‐ and/or non‐RE‐doped and co‐doped dual crystal matrix, are also disclosed. In the 4th section, we underline the PC mechanisms and show the perspectives on how to produce the PC and obtain the related min‐PCMs. After that, diverse emerging applications of min‐PCMs are summarized, which include optical storage, anti‐counterfeiting, bio‐imaging, light detection, temperature sensing, photocatalysis, and smart windows. In the end, we conclude this review and forecast the promising opportunities and potential challenges of min‐PCMs in the future.
Note on intrinsic metrics on graphs
Authors: Lenz Daniel , Schmidt Marcel , Seifert Felix
Published: September 2024

We study the set of intrinsic metrics on a given graph. This is a convex compact set and it carries a natural order. We investigate existence of largest elements with respect to this order. We show that the only locally finite graphs which admit a largest intrinsic metric are certain finite star graphs. In particular, all infinite locally finite graphs do not admit a largest intrinsic metric. For infinite graphs which are not locally finite the set of intrinsic metrics may be trivial as we show by an example. Moreover, we give a characterization for the existence of intrinsic metrics with finite balls for weakly spherically symmetric graphs.
A comprehensive review on the development of chiral Cu, Ni, and Zn complexes as pharmaceutical agents over the past decades: Synthesis, molecular structure and biological activity
Authors: Kazemi Zahra , Moini Nakisa , Rudbari Hadi Amiri , Micale Nicola
Published: September 2024

Chirality is a fundamental and widespread geometric structural property in living organisms that most biomacromolecules including nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, possess. Consequently, the development of chiral drugs capable of binding specific targets have gradually gained wide attention in recent decades due to their selective effects on a broad spectrum of biological events ranging from cell metabolism to cell fate. In this context, the synthesis of chiral compounds as promising therapeutic candidates has assumed a major role in drug discovery. Among them, chiral metal complexes have attracted considerable interest due to their unique and intriguing structural features that could enable overcoming side effects and drug‐resistance phenomena of metal−based drugs currently in the market such as cisplatin. In the current scenario, an in‐depth overview of non‐platinum chiral complexes needs to be presented and carried forward. Therefore, in this perspective article, an update of the scientific development of bioactive chiral copper, zinc and nickel complexes have been reported since they have not been thoroughly reviewed so far. Specifically, we focused the article mainly on metal complexes containing chiral ligands (type 2 chirality) as in literature they are more numerous than those with chirality at the metal center (type 1 chirality). Herein, not only their biological activity but also their mechanism of action is summarized. Furthermore, in the final section of the article we have highlighted copper‐based complexes as those with a superior biological activity profile and greater prospects for development as a drug.
Lower limb nerve ultrasound: A four‐way comparison of acquired and inherited axonopathy, inherited neuronopathy and healthy controls
Authors: Pelosi Luciana , Coraci Daniele , Mulroy Eoin , Leadbetter Ruth , Padua Luca , Roxburgh Richard
Published: September 2024

Introduction/Aims

In a recent study, we showed that nerve ultrasound of the upper limbs could distinguish inherited sensory neuronopathy from inherited axonopathy; surprisingly, no differences were found in the lower limb nerves. In this study, we compared lower limb nerve ultrasound measurements in inherited neuronopathy, inherited axonopathy, and acquired axonopathy.

Methods

Tibial and sural nerve ultrasound cross‐sectional areas (CSAs) of 34 healthy controls were retrospectively compared with those of three patient groups: 17 with cerebellar ataxia with neuronopathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS), 18 with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 2 (CMT2), and 18 with acquired length‐dependent sensorimotor axonal neuropathy, using ANOVA with post‐hoc Tukey honestly significance difference (HSD) (significance level set at p < .05).

Results

The nerve CSAs of CANVAS and CMT2 patients were not significantly different. Both the tibial and the sural nerve CSAs were significantly smaller in CANVAS and CMT2 compared with the acquired axonal neuropathy group. Tibial nerve CSAs of CANVAS and CMT2 were significantly smaller than controls. Tibial and sural nerve CSAs of the acquired axonal neuropathy group were also significantly larger than the controls'.

Discussion

Ultrasound of the lower limb nerves distinguished inherited from acquired axonopathy with the nerve size respectively reduced and increased in these two groups. This has potential implication for the differential diagnosis of these diseases in clinical practice.
Neuroma morphology: A macroscopic classification system
Authors: Raasveld Floris V. , Weigel Daniel T. , Liu Wen‐Chih , Mayrhofer‐Schmid Maximilian , Gomez‐Eslava Barbara , Tereshenko Vlad , Hwang Charles D. , Wainger Brian J. , Renthal William , Fleming Mark , Valerio Ian L. , Eberlin Kyle R.
Published: September 2024

Introduction/Aims

Neuromas come in different shapes and sizes; yet the correlation between neuroma morphology and symptomatology is unknown. Therefore, we aim to investigate macroscopic traits of excised human neuromas and assess the validity of a morphological classification system and its potential clinical implications.

Methods

End‐neuroma specimens were collected from prospectively enrolled patients undergoing symptomatic neuroma surgery. Protocolized images of the specimens were obtained intraoperatively. Pain data (Numeric rating scale, 0–10) were prospectively collected during preoperative interview, patient demographic and comorbidity factors were collected from chart review. A morphological classification is proposed, and the inter‐rater reliability (IRR) was assessed. Distribution of neuroma morphology with patient factors, was described.

Results

Forty‐five terminal neuroma specimens from 27 patients were included. Residual limb patients comprised 93% of the population, of which 2 were upper (8.0%) and 23 (92.0%) were lower extremity residual limb patients. The proposed morphological classification, consisting of three groups (bulbous, fusiform, atypical), demonstrated a strong IRR (Cohen's kappa = 0.8). Atypical neuromas demonstrated higher preoperative pain, compared with bulbous and fusiform. Atypical morphology was more prevalent in patients with diabetes and peripheral vascular disease.

Discussion

A validated morphological classification of neuroma is introduced. These findings may assist surgeons and researchers with better understanding of symptomatic neuroma development and their clinical implications. The potential relationship of neuroma morphology with the vascular and metabolic microenvironment requires further investigation.