bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPONSES TO MANAGERIALISM: HOW MANAGEMENT PRESSURES AFFECT MANAGERIAL RELATIONS AND LOYALTIES IN EDUCATION
Authors: NOORDEGRAAF MIRKO , DE WIT BAS
Published: October 2012

Management pressures in fields like education force managers to control professionals. This generates friction. Professionals will not easily comply with control objectives; they feel responsible for clients and quality. Researchers have studied how professionals are affected and how they resist managerial interference. How managers themselves are affected by managerialism, whether they adopt control logics and are ‘driven away’ from work floors, is hardly studied. This paper studies how school managers relate to managerialism and whether they are primarily loyal to managerial agendas, or to professional workers and clients. On the basis of a qualitative study, we conclude that school managers are importantmediators of managerialism. They feel loyal to performance pressures, but also to teachers and pupils. How they act in specific situations depends on how they deal with this frictionwithinmanagerial work.
Multiple sclerosis and restless legs syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schürks M. , Bussfeld P.
Published: October 2012

Background and purpose

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been reported to occur more frequently in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in people without MS.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies investigating RLS in patients with MS published through April 2012. We calculated the prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RLS in patients with MS and people without MS as well as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of the association between MS and RLS based on data from the publications. We then calculated pooled effect estimates for the association between MS and RLS.

Results

We identified 24 studies. RLS prevalence amongst patients with MS ranged from 12.12% to 57.50% and from 2.56% to 18.33% amongst people without MS. Heterogeneity amongst studies was high (RLS prevalence in patients with MS I2 = 94.4%; RLS prevalence amongst people without MS I2 = 82.2%). Hence, we did not pool the prevalence data for meta‐analysis. Heterogeneity amongst studies investigating the association between MS and RLS was moderate (I2 = 53.6%). Pooled analysis indicates that MS is associated with a fourfold increased odds for RLS (pooled OR = 4.19, 95% CI 3.11–5.66). This association was smaller amongst studies published as full papers (pooled OR = 3.94, 95% CI 2.81–5.54) than amongst studies published as abstracts only (pooled OR = 6.23, 95% CI 3.25–11.95).

Conclusion

This systematic review indicates that RLS prevalence amongst patients with MS ranges from 12.12% to 57.50% in different populations. Pooled analysis further indicates that the odds of RLS amongst patients with MS are fourfold higher compared to people without MS.
Frontiers of rapid itch relief: a review of methylprednisolone aceponate
Authors: Ponte L. García , Ebert U.
Published: October 2012

In a paediatric population, the successful management of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) should include the careful evaluation and selection of available therapies, based not only on demonstrated safety and tolerability in small children and infants, but also on their evidence‐based, anti‐pruritic benefits. Moreover, the speed of anti‐pruritic effect should be considered a significant parameter in treatment selection. The fourth‐generation topical corticosteroid (TC) methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) is a potent anti‐inflammatory agent with a demonstrated fast and effective itch relief profile in children and infants (as young as 2 months) with AD. Compared with traditional TCs, MPA has a significantly improved therapeutic index; that is, increased potency without a proportionate increase in side effects. In addition to its established efficacy, the once‐daily application and broad range of available formulations make MPA an optimal choice for acute and maintenance therapy in paediatric patients with AD‐related pruritus.
Effective use of methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1% in a 9‐month‐old infant with atopic eczema and sleep disturbance
Authors: Machado S.
Published: October 2012

A 9‐month‐old infant, with no family history of atopy, presenting with erythematous, itchy plaques, and sleep disturbance, was diagnosed with atopic eczema (AE). Previous treatment with topical hydrocortisone and emollients had little effect. The infant was treated nightly with methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) 0.1% (Advantan®) cream, in addition to emollients and an oral antihistamine. After 1 week of once‐daily MPA 0.1% treatment, followed by 1 week of alternate‐day treatment with Advantan, significant improvements in AE symptoms and sleep were observed. The patient's caregiver reported overall treatment satisfaction and no side effects of Advantan. For this infant with newly diagnosed AE, Advantan improved symptoms and sleep quality in a safe and well‐tolerated manner.
Methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1% in the treatment of pruritic lichenified eczema in a 3‐year‐old child with chronic atopic dermatitis
Authors: Torrelo A.
Published: October 2012

A 3‐year‐old girl with a > 2‐year history of atopic dermatitis (AD) and known egg allergy, presented with an extensive AD flare including exudative eczematous lesions and lichenification on her flexures. The patient reported intense pruritus and showed signs of scratching on her trunk, arms, buttocks and thighs. After 2 weeks of twice‐daily application of methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) 0.1% (Advantan®), temporary withdrawal of emollients, and mild bathing/cleanser use, the eczematic condition was considered clear, and marked improvement of all treated lesions (including disappearance of scaling) were observed. No side effects of Advantan were reported; the patient's parents expressed a high level of satisfaction with treatment. Advantan was safe and effective in controlling a severe pruritic flare of chronic AD in a small child.
Alleviation of a severe pruritic flare‐up in a 13‐year‐old child with chronic atopic dermatitis treated with methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1%
Authors: Khamaganova I.
Published: October 2012

A 13‐year‐old girl with a 12‐year history of atopic dermatitis (AD), testing positive for inhalation and foodborne allergens, presented with season‐dependent, highly pruritic AD lesions and lichenification on her cheeks, trunk, forearms, and ankle joints. After immediate treatment with oral antihistamine, followed by once‐daily methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) 0.1% (Advantan®) cream for the facial lesions and Advantan ointment for treatment of the trunk and extremities for 7 days, marked improvement of AD signs (e.g., redness and lichenification) was noted. Pruritus was completely alleviated. No side effects were reported for Advantan. By combining multiple formulations of Advantan, treatment was tailored to successfully treat a widespread flare in this adolescent patient with chronic AD.
Morphology, function and evolution of the pseudothumb in the Otton frog
Authors: Iwai N.
Published: October 2012

Frogs and toads normally have four toes on the forelimbs and five on the hindlimbs. An exception is the Otton frog Babina subaspera, which has regained the pseudothumbs. The morphology and use of pseudothumbs in Otton frogs were compared between the sexes. The pseudothumbs, which are longer and thicker in males than in females, encase a prepollical spine that occasionally cuts through the tissue as it is projected from the sheath. The males had visible spines and demonstrated a jabbing response more often than did females. Males were observed to use their pseudothumbs in male–male combat over females or breeding nests, as well as during amplexus. There was no evidence that females use their pseudothumbs. It is suggested that pseudothumbs first evolved as an anchor for amplexus, but that they are now used as a weapon in combat as well, giving males higher fitness. The study of pseudothumbs in the Otton frog will facilitate further study of related topics of interest, including extra fingers in vertebrates, self‐damaging structures and developmental constraints in the hands.
The neurophysiological performance of visuospatial working memory in children with developmental coordination disorder
Authors: ALLOWAY TRACY PACKIAM
Published: October 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Tsai et al. on pages 1114–1120 of this issue.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: rare or underrecognized in children?
Authors: PROBERT REBECCA , SAUNDERS DAWN E , GANESAN VIJEYA
Published: October 2012

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a clinicoradiological diagnosis comprising ‘thunderclap’ headaches and reversible segmental vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries, occasionally complicated by ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. We report a case of RCVS in a 13‐year‐old male with severe thunderclap headaches and no focal neurological signs. Brain imaging showed multiple posterior circulation infarcts; cerebral computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and catheter angiography showed multifocal irregularity and narrowing, but in different arterial segments. Laboratory studies did not support a diagnosis of vasculitis. Symptoms resolved over 3 weeks; magnetic resonance angiography 3 months later was normal and remained so after 2 years. We highlight the typical clinical features of RCVS in this case and suggest that the diagnosis should be considered in children with thunderclap headaches or stroke syndromes where headache is a prominent feature, especially if cerebrovascular imaging studies appear to be evolving or discrepant.
Community nurses' experiences of ethical problems in end‐of‐life care in the patient's own home
Authors: Karlsson Margareta , Karlsson Christina , Barbosa da Silva António , Berggren Ingela , Söderlund Maud
Published: October 2012

Aim

To gain a deeper understanding of community nurses' experiences of ethical problems in end‐of‐life care in the patient′s own home.

Method

Ten female nurses from five different communities with experience of end‐of‐life care were interviewed. A hermeneutic approach inspired by Gadamer was used to analyse the qualitative data from the interviews.

Findings

In the first step of interpretation, two themes emerged: Uncomfortable feelings and Lack of cooperation and in the second step, one theme Lack of security emerged. Finally, the overall interpretation revealed the theme Feelings of loss of control in end‐of‐life care in the patient's own home.

Conclusion

The nurses exhibited commitment and a desire to do good when caring for patients in the end‐of‐life phase, even if they sometimes experienced feelings of lack of control. This implies that, when confronted with care‐related issues, they have the power to both act and react. This study aimed to increase understanding of ethical problems that arise in end‐of‐life care in the patient's own home and revealed the need to take the patients', relatives' and nurses' perspectives on health and suffering into consideration to ensure good end‐of‐life home care.
Response to ‘Combining sustainable agricultural production with economic and environmental benefits’
Authors: SUMBERG JAMES , ANDERSSON JENS , GILLER KEN , THOMPSON JOHN
Published: October 2012

We suggest that a recent commentary piece in The Geographical Journal on Conservation Agriculture (CA) and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) (Kassam and Brammer 2012 was misleading because it drew very selectively from the literature, and presented its conclusions as both widely accepted and uncontroversial. Kassam and Brammer's intervention in the continuing debates around CA and SRI can be understood as a manifestation of the new ‘contested agronomy’. While Kassam and Brammer call on geographers to do research that will promote the spread of CA and SRI, we suggest that this misconstrues and devalues the potential contribution of geography and social science more generally to agricultural development.
Selective Cytopheretic Inhibitory Device With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and Portable Sorbent Dialysis
Authors: Pino Christopher J. , Farokhrani Amin , Lou Liandi , Smith Peter L. , Johnston Kimberly , Buffington Deborah A. , Humes H. David
Published: October 2012

Selective cytopheretic inhibitory device (SCD) therapy is an immunomodulatory treatment provided by a synthetic biomimetic membrane in an extracorporeal circuit, which has shown promise in preclinical large animal models of severe sepsis as well as in clinical trials treating patients with acute kidney injury and multiple organ failure. During SCD therapy, citrate is administered to lower ionized calcium levels in blood for anticoagulation and inhibition of leukocyte activation. Historically, citrate has been known to interfere with sorbent dialysis, therefore, posing a potential issue for the use of SCD therapy with a portable dialysis system. This sorbent dialysis SCD (sorbent SCD) would be well suited for battlefield and natural disaster applications where the water supply for standard dialysis is limited, and the types of injuries in those settings would benefit from SCD therapy. In order to explore the compatibility of sorbent and SCD technologies, a uremic porcine model was tested with the Allient sorbent dialysis system (Renal Solutions Incorporated, Fresenius Medical Care, Warrendale, PA, USA) and concurrent SCD therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation. The hypothesis to be assessed was whether the citrate load required by the SCD could be metabolized prior to recirculation from systemic blood back into the therapeutic circuit. Despite the fact that the sorbent SCD maintained urea clearance without any adverse hematologic events, citrate load for SCD therapy caused an interaction with the sorbent column resulting in elevated, potentially toxic aluminum levels in dialysate and in systemic blood. Alternative strategies to implement sorbent‐SCD therapy will be required, including development of alternate urease‐sorbent column binding chemistry or further changes to the sorbent‐SCD therapeutic circuit along with determining the minimum citrate concentration required for efficacious SCD treatment.
Matrix Stiffness in Three‐Dimensional Systems Effects on the Behavior of C3A Cells
Authors: Huang Xiaobo , Hang Ruiqiang , Wang Xiaoguang , Lin Naiming , Zhang Xiangyu , Tang Bin
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro how the modulation of stiffness in a three‐dimensional (3D) system independently influenced the behaviors of hepatocytes. Cells of a human hepatocyte cell line, C3A, which have been used in a clinically tested bioartificial liver support system, were conducted as cell models. Using a 3D system of “mechanically tunable” alginate hydrogels, matrix stiffness was modeled by corresponding to values in normal and fibrotic livers. Through observing the cellular morphology, viability, functional protein analysis, and gene expression, the effect of the 3D matrix stiffness on C3A cells was investigated. When cultured in stiff hydrogels (12 Kpa), C3A cells adopt a growth arrested and dedifferentiated phenotype, whereas in soft hydrogels (1 Kpa), they remain differentiated phenotype. The behavior of C3A cells can be modulated via independent tuning of mechanical stimuli in the 3D alginate hydrogels, which is different from that in the two‐dimensional (2D) systems. The results indicate the importance of matrix stiffness choice for liver tissue engineering.
The Protective Effect of St. Thomas Cardioplegia Enriched With Zacopride on the Isolated Rat Heart
Authors: Wu Bei , Long Cun , Hei Feilong , Wang Shilei
Published: October 2012

The activation of the heart inward rectifier potassium channel (IK1) can reduce the injury of myocardial cells by shortening the action potential duration and reducing intracellular calcium overload. Zacopride is a selective IK1 agonist and suppresses triggered arrhythmias in rat hearts. This investigation studied the effects of St. Thomas (ST) cardioplegia enriched with Zacopride on the isolated rat heart model. Sprague‐Dawley rat hearts were harvested and perfused for 20 minutes with 37°C Krebs‐Henseleit (KH) buffer followed by 15 minute perfusion with 4°C calcium‐free KH buffer in the Control group (Con, n = 8), ST cardioplegia in the ST group (ST, n = 8) and ST cardioplegia with Zacopride in the STZ group (STZ, n = 8). After 45 minutes of arresting, all hearts were reperfused with 37°C KH buffer for 60 minutes. Hearts in the STZ group arrested faster than the Con and ST groups (9.25 ± 2.38 s vs. 72.25 ± 8.1 s, 12.75 ± 2.87 s). The recovery of the left ventricular developed pressure, ± dP/dtmax, heart rate, and coronary flow in the STZ group is significantly better than the other two groups during reperfusion. Compared with the Con and ST groups, the STZ group showed significant decreases in the maximum carciac troponin I level (P < 0.05) and the infarct size (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase level in the STZ group increased during the first 20 minutes of reperfusion (P < 0.05). ST cardioplegia enriched with Zacopride has beneficial effects against ischemia‐reperfusion injury in this isolated rat heart model.
Arrival ≠ Survival
Authors: Reid J. Leighton , Holl Karen D.
Published: October 2012

Seed dispersal is commonly a limiting process in ecosystem recovery, and several recent studies have proposed novel methods for overcoming this important biological barrier, particularly in tropical pastures. Multiple experiments in various regions have shown that bird perches attract birds and increase seed dispersal but not seedling recruitment in degraded habitats. New bat‐focused restoration applications, such as roost boxes and fruit oils, have proven capable of attracting animals and augmenting seed dispersal, but these applications have yet to be vetted by seedling establishment data. Seeds and seedlings in pastures have low probability of survival, attributable to predation, dessication, rot, and competition with ruderal vegetation. As such, these novel applications are unlikely to have the desired effect of accelerating tropical forest succession. Given that seed dispersal is meaningless if arriving seeds cannot survive, and that seedling recruitment measurements are not prohibitively difficult to take, we suggest that studies of novel seed dispersal techniques should include a measure of seedling recruitment. Without this information, it cannot be assumed that such applications accelerate forest recovery.
Adaptive Cluster Sampling in the Context of Restoration
Authors: Bried Jason T.
Published: October 2012

Abundance is an important population state variable for monitoring restoration progress. Efficient sampling often proves difficult, however, when populations are sparse and patchily distributed, such as early after restoration planting. Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) can help by concentrating search effort in high density areas, improving the encounter rate and the ability to detect a population change over time. To illustrate the problem, I determined conventional design sample sizes for estimating abundance of 12 natural populations and 24 recently planted populations (divided among two preserves) of Lupinus perennis L. (wild blue lupine). I then determined the variance efficiency of ACS relative to simple random sampling at fixed effort and cost for 10 additional planted populations in two habitats (field vs. shrubland). Conventional design sample sizes to estimate lupine stem density with 10% or 20% margins of error were many times greater than initial sample size and would require sampling at least 90% of the study area. Differences in effort requirements were negligible for the two preserves and natural versus planted populations. At fixed sample size, ACS equaled or outperformed simple random sampling in 40% of populations; this shifted to 50% after correcting for travel time among sample units. ACS appeared to be a better strategy for inter‐seeded shrubland habitat than for planted field habitat. Restoration monitoring programs should consider adaptive sampling designs, especially when reliable abundance estimation under conventional designs proves elusive.
Long‐Term Open‐Label Safety Study of Rizatriptan Acute Treatment in Pediatric Migraineurs
Authors: Hewitt David J. , Pearlman Eric , Hämäläinen Mirja , Lewis Donald , Connor Kathryn M. , Michelson David , Ceesay Paulette , Assaid Christopher , Bachman Robert , Harper Mozley Lyn , Dupre Nicole , Strickler Nancy , Mahoney Erin , Lines Christopher , Ho Tony W.
Published: October 2012

Objective

To evaluate the safety/tolerability of rizatriptan in the long‐term acute treatment of migraine in pediatric patients.

Background

Acute migraine treatment options for children are limited. A recent single‐attack trial demonstrated that rizatriptan is effective in eliminating migraine headache pain in this population. We evaluated the long‐term safety and efficacy of rizatriptan when used for intermittent acute treatment.

Methods

Open‐label study in pediatric migraineurs ages 12‐17 years. Patients weighing <40 kg received rizatriptan (orally disintegrating tablet) 5 mg, and those weighing ≥40 kg received 10 mg. Patients could treat up to 8 mild/moderate/severe migraine attacks per month for up to 12 months. One dose of study medication was allowed in a 24‐hour period.

Results

A total of 674 patients were enrolled, and 606 patients were treated with study medication (N = 583 for 10 mg, N = 23 for 5 mg). The mean duration in the study was 292 days, and the mean number of doses of study medication taken was 20. Over the course of the study within 14 days post‐any‐dose, 66.0% (400) of the 606 treated patients had any adverse event, 2.3% (14) discontinued due to an adverse event, 2.6% (16) had a serious adverse event, and 23.4% (142) had a triptan‐related adverse event. Of the 16 patients with serious adverse events within 14 days post‐any‐dose, the adverse events in 3 were considered drug‐related; all 3 patient's adverse events were classified as serious only because they were associated with an overdose (use of >1 dose of study medication in a 24‐hour period). The mean percentage of patient's attacks with pain freedom at 2‐hours post‐dose was 46.3%; this was relatively consistent over time (Months 1‐3 = 43.7%, Months 4‐6 = 51.9%, Months 7‐9 = 49.9%, Months 10‐12 = 49.5%).

Conclusion

Rizatriptan was generally safe and well tolerated in the long‐term acute treatment of migraine in pediatric patients aged 12‐17 years and demonstrated a consistent treatment effect over time.
Risks and adverse outcomes associated with emergency‐release red blood cell transfusion
Authors: Mulay Sudhanshu B. , Jaben Elizabeth A. , Johnson Pamela , Badjie Karafa , Stubbs James R.
Published: October 2012

Background

Group O red blood cell (RBC) units are used for emergency transfusions and are often uncrossmatched when transfused. We sought to determine the risk of alloimmunization and identify acute adverse outcomes of this practice.

Study Design and Methods

The transfusion medicine database was searched for emergency‐release transfusion (ERT) episodes from January 2006 through December 2010. The data collected included age and sex of the recipient, blood bank history, survival after the ERT episode, antibody screen results, antibody identifications, and compatibility of released units.

Results

A total of 1444 ERT episodes took place involving 1407 patients. A total of 4144 RBC units were released. Of the 129 positive antibody screens, 34 had no antibody on further work‐up, 14 had autoantibodies, 48 had a single antibody specificity, and 25 had multiple antibody specificities. Seven patients developed an antibody that could be attributed to the ERT episode, and 15 patients developed an antibody after ERT and additional RBC transfusions. There were 32 reported suspected transfusion reactions. No acute hemolytic transfusion reactions were reported. Seven patients were given a total of 10 incompatible RBC units. Of these patients, one developed a delayed serologic transfusion reaction. The rate of alloimmunization attributable to ERT was 3%. Overall, the rate of incompatible transfusion was less than 0.3% and the rate of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction was approximately 0.02%.

Conclusion

There is minimal risk associated with the release of emergency uncrossmatched blood in the setting of an acutely bleeding patient. [Correction statement added after online publication 15‐Oct‐2012: the number of patients with autoantibodies, single antibody specificity and multiple antibody specificity has been update.]
Supplier Development Responsibility and NPD Project Outcomes: The Roles of Monetary Quantification of Differences and Supporting‐Detail Gathering
Authors: Wynstra Finn , Anderson James C. , Narus James A. , Wouters Marc
Published: October 2012

Firms increasingly rely on suppliers to perform tasks in new product development (NPD). Research has only recently begun to focus on the processes to manage this supplier development responsibility, and has hardly investigated how firms collect and analyze information regarding the cost and performance of alternative supplier offerings. Our study addresses this gap, through a field survey among 144 paired samples of project leaders and cost analysts involved in the same NPD projects. On the basis of literature and qualitative research, we conceptualize a substantive model. We first use a substantive validity assessment to vet the measures for the proposed constructs. We then test the substantive model with structural equation modeling using a multiple‐sample analysis. The results strongly show that monetary quantification of differences and detail gathering play significant roles in successfully leveraging supplier development responsibility. The findings support the hypothesis that the extent of development responsibility that suppliers have leads the development team to a more focused monetary quantification of the differences in alternative supplier offerings. Monetary quantification of differences has a significant, positive effect on the extent of supporting‐detail gathering and on the development speed of the project, whereas supporting‐detail gathering has a significant, positive effect on the product advantage of the new product as well as development speed. These findings are robust across the two functional perspectives. Our study complements the literature on interfirm control and monitoring by demonstrating the effects of selective and focused output controls.
A Study of the Attitude toward Convergent Products: A Focus on the Consumer Perception of Functionalities
Authors: Lee Sungkyu , Lee Jong‐Ho , Garrett Tony C.
Published: October 2012

The convergent product is an increasingly important phenomenon in the marketplace. The convergent product allows the developer to include more and more diverse functionalities into their products, which can satisfy a broad range of consumer needs. However, failures of convergent products arouse the need to understand its functionalities, and the optimal combination of functionalities and their relationships to attitude and purchase intention. In addition, because convergent product has the potential to offer more diverse functionality, we consider if this will have impacts on instrumental and emotional needs fulfillment and attitude and purchase intention. Additionally, consumer innovativeness was examined to ascertain if there were differences among consumers on their classification of the functionalities, or if it will moderate functional diversity, needs fulfillment, and product attitude. Using the Kano model, this study examined the nature of these relationships by examining the functionalities of a smartphone. Overall, our results show that the convergent products that include functionalities from two of the three categories of the Kano model, must‐have and attractive, were rated more positively. Consumer innovativeness differences were found. Consumers with high innovativeness considered must‐have and one‐dimensional functionalities the most important, and consumers with low innovativeness considered all three important, although one‐dimensional functionalities were considered significantly less important. Although increasing functional diversity positively raises product attitude and purchase intention, it tends to raise emotional needs fulfillment only once instrumental needs have been met, especially for respondents showing low innovativeness. The findings should arouse interest about factors that should not be overlooked when developing new convergent products.
The Skill Set of the Successful Collaborator
Authors: O'Leary Rosemary , Choi Yujin , Gerard Catherine M.
Published: October 2012

In this article, the authors focus on members of the U.S. Senior Executive Service who choose collaboration as a management strategy to increase performance and, in particular, their views of the skill set of a successful collaborator. Based on the current literature on collaboration and networks, these executives might be expected to identify strategic thinking and strategic management as the most important skills. Contrary to expectations, the federal executives most frequently mentioned individual attributes and interpersonal skills as essential for successful collaboration, followed by group process skills, strategic leadership skills, and substantive/technical expertise. The article provides empirical substantiation of the previous literature, with one major difference: the strong reporting of the importance of individual attributes by federal executives (much more than previously reported by other scholars in the field). Strategic leadership skills, strategic management skills, and technical skills matter, but they are not the most important factors behind successful collaborations, according to federal executives.
Governance, Privatization, and Systemic Risk in the Disarticulated State
Authors: Carboni Julia L. , Milward H. Brinton
Published: October 2012

With the United States grappling with the greatest economic downturn since the Great Depression, questions are emerging about whether outsourcing contributes to the instability of government service production. In this article, the authors explore systemic risk in privatized service implementation networks. Reliance on networks of private agents for service production contributes to the disarticulated and fragmented state and increases the potential for systemic crisis if shocks to the network occur, putting vulnerable clients at risk. Government must focus on understanding systemic risk in networked governance arrangements and building resilient networks to avoid crises, the authors argue. Finally, potential research on systemic risk in networked governance arrangements is discussed.

In public administration as governance, it is essential that we do not diminish our institutions to such an extent that we lose our capacity to support the development of sound public policy, as well as our ability to effectively implement that policy.
The Teleprompter Presidency: ComparingObama's Campaign and Governing Rhetoric
Authors: Olson Jeremiah , Ouyang Yu , Poe John , Trantham Austin , Waterman Richard W.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

Are the skills presidents require to be elected the same skills they will need once they assume office? Is there a change in rhetoric between presidential campaigning and presidential governing? The objective of this article is to examine those questions.

Methods

We compare candidate Barack Obama's campaign speeches with his governing speeches to determine if his rhetoric on the campaign trail provides the basis for his later governance. We compare speeches on certainty, positivity, and inclusiveness.

Results

We find that, in general, Obama's campaign and governing rhetoric are consistent, suggesting that he used the rhetoric of the campaign to help build a basis for governance. We find no statistical difference in the level of certainty or inclusiveness that he used before or after taking office.

Conclusions

We conclude that most differences between presidential campaign rhetoric and governing rhetoric, at least in the case of Barack Obama, seem to be caused by the specifics of the political environment.
History, Global Distribution, and Nutritional Importance of Citrus Fruits
Authors: Liu YuQiu , Heying Emily , Tanumihardjo Sherry A.
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  Although the mysteries of its history and origin remain unsolved, worldwide cultivation and high‐demand production for citrus fruit (genus Citrus in family Rutaceae) make it stand high among fruit crops. Growth of the citrus industry, including rapid development of the processing technology of frozen concentrated orange juice after World War II, has greatly expanded with international trade and steadily increased consumption of citrus fruits and their products during the past several decades. Characterized by the distinct aroma and delicious taste, citrus fruits have been recognized as an important food and integrated as part of our daily diet, playing key roles in supplying energy and nutrients and in health promotion. With low protein and very little fat content, citrus fruits supply mainly carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Fresh citrus fruits are also a good source of dietary fiber, which is associated with gastrointestinal disease prevention and lowered circulating cholesterol. In addition to vitamin C, which is the most abundant nutrient, the fruits are a source of B vitamins (thiamin, pyridoxine, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and folate), and contribute phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and limonoids. These biological constituents are of vital importance in human health improvement due to their antioxidant properties, ability to be converted to vitamin A (for example, β‐cryptoxanthin), and purported protection from various chronic diseases.
Processing of Salted Cod (Gadus spp.): A Review
Authors: Oliveira Helena , Pedro Sónia , Nunes Maria Leonor , Costa Rui , Vaz‐Pires Paulo
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  The main objective of this review is to summarize the present state of knowledge of different ways of processing cod, giving emphasis to salting, drying, and desalting steps. As an introduction, a description of the main characteristics of the Gadidae family and cod species, the general chemical composition of fresh cod, and a reference to farmed cod is included. Statistics on world fishery and aquaculture cod production are also reviewed. It is expected that this review will contribute to build a current picture of the technical and scientific knowledge on the cod processing situation, helping to move forward and to support future developments in this important seafood industry.
Interventions Promoting Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Hispanic Population: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Gonzalez Sussy A. , Ziebarth Terin H. , Wang Jing , Noor Attiya B. , Springer Daira L.
Published: October 2012

Purpose: To review the literature on the interventions used in the promotion of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the Hispanic population.

Organizing Construct: CRC screening and Hispanic Americans

Methods: Literature published between 1999 and 2010 was reviewed using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus, and Cochrane Library using the key words colorectal cancer, colorectal cancer screening, and Hispanic Americans.

Findings: The studies reviewed highlighted various methods of culturally appropriate CRC screening promotion in Hispanic Americans. All studies showed an increase in fecal occult blood test (FOBT) completion and to some degree an improvement in overall CRC knowledge.

Conclusions: The need for increased CRC screening and awareness studies in the Hispanic population is apparent. Future studies should use colonoscopy, a more sensitive test, to better evaluate CRC screening outcomes in Hispanics.

Clinical Relevance: Participation in isolated studies involving FOBT does not necessarily lead to long‐term understanding of CRC and the appropriate screening needed, hence the need for ongoing CRC education and promotion in primary care.
Constraining null models with environmental gradients: a new method for evaluating the effects of environmental factors and geometric constraints on geographic diversity patterns
Authors: Wang Xiangping , Fang Jingyun
Published: October 2012

The relative effects of climate and geometric constraints on geographic diversity patterns have long been controversial. We developed a new method to assess the role of geometric constraints in shaping altitudinal richness patterns. We showed how plant species richness on four mountains in southwest China are shaped by geometric constraints and environmental gradients together. Contrary to previous studies, our results suggested that: 1) small‐ and large‐ranged species richness were largely controlled by the same environmental gradients, and differed mainly in the effect of geometric constraints. 2) The contribution of geometric constraints (in addition to environmental gradients) to explaining species richness was greater when species richness peaked at low altitudes than at mid‐altitudes, suggesting that geometric constraints may be very important when richness peaks are far away from mid‐domains. 3) Relating species richness directly to environmental factors (the most widely used method in biodiversity studies) may be misleading when geometric constraints may be affecting the richness pattern, because this method may overestimate the effect of environmental factors by failing to distinguish the confounding effect of geometric constraints. Instead, the effect of environmental factors can be evaluated with an underlying gradient derived from small‐ranged species. 4) The geometric constraints effect cannot be fully evaluated by pure geometric constraints models, and is better evaluated with range‐based models constrained with environmental gradients. 5) If the generality of our findings is supported for other taxa on other gradients, then many previous studies on the effects of climate and of geometric constraints on geographic diversity patterns may need to be re‐visited.
Resource separation analysis with moose indicates threats to caribou in human altered landscapes
Authors: Peters Wibke , Hebblewhite Mark , DeCesare Nicholas , Cagnacci Francesca , Musiani Marco
Published: October 2012

Species recovery is often impeded by inadequate knowledge on mechanisms of community interactions that cause and exacerbate species endangerment. Caribou and wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus are declining in many regions of their circumpolar range likely because of human‐induced landscape changes. In general, their niche specialization enables Rangifer to survive in nutrient‐poor habitats spatially separated from other ungulates and their shared predators. Research has indicated that shifts in primary prey distribution following human landscape alteration may result in spatial overlap with Rangifer. We studied overlap relationships of woodland caribou R. t. caribou and moose Alces alces, quantified by their differential use of environmental resources, and evaluated the role of human landscape alteration in spatial separation in south‐western Canada. Anthropogenic conversion of old‐growth forests to early seral stands is hypothesized to decrease the spatial separation between caribou and moose, the dominant prey for wolves Canis lupus, contributing to increased caribou mortality. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was first used to examine coarse scale resource separation across our study area. Second, at a finer spatial scale, we used logistic regression to compare resource‐ and spatial separation of sympatric pairs of 17 moose and 17 caribou. Finally, we tested if the frequency of predator‐caused caribou mortalities was higher in regions with higher moose resource use. Although environmental resource separation was strong at the coarser scale, we observed substantial spatial overlap (>50%) at the finer scale. In summer we reported a significant positive relationship between spatial overlap of moose and caribou and the degree of human landscape alteration. Most importantly, locations of caribou mortalities corresponded with areas of high resource use by moose in summer. Thus, consistent with the spatial separation hypothesis, our research suggests that early successional forest stages may decrease spatial separation between caribou and moose, resulting in increased mortality risk for threatened caribou.
From random walks to informed movement
Authors: Fronhofer Emanuel A. , Hovestadt Thomas , Poethke Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2012

The analysis of animal movement is a large and continuously growing field of research. Detailed knowledge about movement strategies is of crucial importance for understanding eco‐evolutionary dynamics at all scales – from individuals to (meta‐)populations. This and the availability of detailed movement and dispersal data motivated Nathan and colleagues to published their much appreciated call to base movement ecology on a more thorough mechanistic basis. So far, most movement models are based on random walks. However, even if a random walk might describe real movement patterns acceptably well, there is no reason to assume that animals move randomly. Therefore, mechanistic models of foraging strategies should be based on information use and memory in order to increase our understanding of the processes that lead to animal movement decisions.

We present a mechanistic movement model of an animal with a limited perceptual range and basic information storage capacities. This ‘spatially informed forager’ constructs an internal map of its environment by using perception, memory and learned or evolutionarily acquired assumptions about landscape attributes. We analyse resulting movement patterns and search efficiencies and compare them to area restricted search strategies (ARS) and biased correlated random walks (BCRW) of omniscient individuals.

We show that, in spite of their limited perceptual range, spatially informed individuals boost their foraging success and may perform much better than the best ARS. The construction of an internal map and the use of spatial information results in the emergence of a highly correlated walk between patches and a rather systematic search within resource clusters. Furthermore, the resulting movement patterns may include foray search behaviour. Our work highlights the strength of mechanistic modelling approaches and sets the stage for the development of more sophisticated models of memory use for movement decisions and dispersal.
Antioxidant responses to water deficit by drought‐tolerant and ‐sensitive sugarcane varieties
Authors: Cia M.C. , Guimarães A.C.R. , Medici L.O. , Chabregas S.M. , Azevedo R.A.
Published: October 2012

Water deficit is the major yield‐limiting factor of crop plants. The exposure of plants to this abiotic stress can result in oxidative damage due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant‐stress response of drought‐tolerant (SP83‐2847 and SP83‐5073) and drought‐sensitive (SP90‐3414 and SP90‐1638) sugarcane varieties to water‐deficit stress, which was imposed by withholding irrigation for 3, 10 and 20 days. The drought‐sensitive varieties exhibited the lowest leaf relative water content and highest lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and proline contents during the progression of the drought‐stress condition. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities changed according to variety and stress intensity. SP83‐2847 exhibited higher CAT and APX activities than the other varieties in the early stage of drought, while the activities of GPOX and GR were the highest in the other varieties at the end of the drought‐stress period. A Cu/Zn SOD isoenzyme was absent at the end of drought period from the SP90‐3414‐sensitive variety. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation and early accumulation of proline may be good biochemical markers of drought sensitivity in sugarcane.
Comparative larval energetics of an ophiuroid and an echinoid echinoderm
Authors: Whitehill Elizabeth A. G. , Moran Amy L.
Published: October 2012

The morphologically convergent larvae of the echinoderm classes Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea have been suggested to be functionally dissimilar when it comes to their capacities to feed, but little is known about whether these larvae are similar in terms of energetics. Here, we compare the energetics of early development of a tropical ophiuroid, Ophiocoma alexandri, and a temperate to tropical echinoid, Arbacia punctulata, two species with similarly sized eggs. Measurements of respiration and constituent analyses were performed on eggs and unfed larvae of both species. Members of both species showed an increase in oxygen consumption during morphogenesis followed by a lower, static rate once morphogenesis was complete (3 d for O. alexandri and 1.3 d for A. punctulata). Compared to the echinoid larvae, the ophiuroid larvae developed more slowly and had peak respiration rates that were 3.1× lower. Eggs of O. alexandri contained significantly more protein and significantly less triacylglycerol than eggs of A. punctulata. Energy utilization, as calculated via respiration measurements, closely matched decreases in energy content from the eggs to larvae as measured with biochemical constituent assays. Larvae of A. punctulata used 1.4× more energy to reach the pluteus stage than larvae of O. alexandri, and used 4× more energy during the first 9 d of larval life. These data suggest that echinoid larvae require more energy to develop to the feeding stage than ophiuroid larvae, and likewise have higher requirements for maintenance metabolism. Ophiuroid larvae may be more tolerant of low food levels due to their very low metabolic rates, but this advantage may be offset by their slower rate of development.
Prospects for scalability: Relationships and uncertainty in responsive regulation
Authors: Ford Cristie
Published: October 2012

Many of the very significant insights inIanAyres andJohnBraithwaite's 1992 book,Responsive Regulation, have transcended the book's time. At the same time, on the 20th anniversary of its publication, two things about the book are striking. The first is the direct, personal relationship on which the regulatory interaction is premised. The second is the boundedness and manageability of the regulatory project. At least in prudential regulation of global financial institutions in the wake of the recent financial crisis (though surely elsewhere too), neither of these features can be taken for granted. This brief essay seeks to open a preliminary conversation about responsive regulation in terms of its scalability. It considers whether as a practical matter, responsive regulation can be scaled up to more diffuse, multiparty, logistically complex contexts, such as financial regulation. As a matter of representation, it asks whether by projecting the focal object, the responsive relationship, outward, responsive regulation distorts our image of regulation in other contexts (or even in responsive regulation's own home environment). The essay closes by arguing that in order to incorporate responsive regulation's considerable discursive and relational benefits into regulatory environments like global financial regulation, it needs to be buttressed by additional regulatory technologies.