bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INSECT AND HOST ODORS IN THE AGGREGATION OF THE WESTERN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Vité J. P. , Pitman G. B.
Published: December 2009

Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec. responded in flight to combinations of insect- and host-produced volatiles. Emergent female beetles crushed at −70 °C, as well as synthetic exo-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane (“brevicomin”) attracted both sexes of the western pine beetle when offered with oleoresin freshly tapped from the host, Pinus ponderosa Laws. Offered separately, these materials were inactive. Crushed emergent Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. males per se, however, attracted flying D. brevicomis in appreciable numbers. Dominance of either host odor or insect pheromone appeared to govern the sex ratio of the responding insects.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THREE SPECIES OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE): II. TRAIL FORMATION AND GROUP FORAGING
Authors: Ayre G. L.
Published: December 2009

Methods of trail formation and organization of group foraging by the ants Formica obscuriventris Mayr, Myrmica americana Weber, and Crematogaster lineolata (Say) were studied under laboratory conditions. Each species was able to organize group travel to a persistent food source. M. americana and C. lineolata achieved this by using trail pheromones, the former species using these pheromones only to establish the trail and the latter using them in all stages of foraging. F. obscuriventris apparently did not use trail pheromones and each individual learned the route to the food independently.
THE TEMPERATURE PREFERENCE OF THE GRASSHOPPER MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Dyck V. A.
Published: December 2009

Nymphs and adults of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) were placed, one stage at a time, into a temperature choice chamber. Their behavior was observed while a temperature gradient was established and then allowed to collapse. The grasshoppers aggregated and remained quiescent at a temperature of about 38 °C. An implication of this preferred temperature regarding behavior in the field is discussed.
FOOD SEEKING AND SURVIVAL IN PREDACEOUS COCCINELLID LARVAE
Authors: Boldyrev M. I. , Wilde W. H. A.
Published: December 2009

Survival of Adalia bipunctata (L.) emerging from eggs laid some distance from prey locations, depended on the ability or the larvae to reach a prey location on a host plant. Distances between egg clusters and prey locations, when less than 63 cm in laboratory cages, had little effect on larval survival. Pathways used by a larva to prey was more important than distance. Larvae that had access to prey via pathways, reached prey as distant as 63 cm from eclosion sites.Cannibalistic predation by these larvae on eggs increases their survival chances when prey are scarce.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ORTHOPTERA (ACRIDOIDEA: ACRIDIDAE) FROM SONORA, MEXICO
Authors: Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

Astehelius crypticus, a new genus and species of Orthoptera from Sonora, Mexico, is described. This taxon closely resembles the oedipodine genus Heliastus but is shown to belong to a different subfamily, the Gomphocerinae.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE FLIGHT PATTERN OF TWO GNATHOTRICHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) SPECIES
Authors: Rudinsky J. A. , Schneider I.
Published: December 2009

Studies in a Douglas-fir stand showed that the crepuscular flight pattern of Gnathotrichus retusus (Lec.) and G. sulcatus (Lec.) depends upon an interaction of light intensity and temperature. After the primary temperature threshold of 58°F is reached, light intensities above 2,000 ft-c retard flight activity, while both higher light intensity and darkness terminate flight.
ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF EGG PROTEINS FROM SEVERAL INSECT TAXA
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

Egg-protein patterns from 23 insect species representing seven orders were obtained by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The patterns were species specific and highly reproducible. Those for congeneric species were very similar and family resemblances were apparent. The usefulness of egg-protein patterns in phylogenetic studies and in the analysis of closely related species was suggested.
MOSQUITOES OF MANITOBA: II. THE EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON HATCHING OF EGGS OF AEDES VEXANS AND AEDES ABSERRATUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Brust R. A. , Costello R. A.
Published: December 2009

Optimum storage conditions for eggs of Aedes vexans (Meigen) were found to be a temperature of 2 °C and a saturated atmosphere. These conditions are also suitable for storing eggs of Aedes abserratus (Felt and Young) but this species can be stored at lower temperatures. When eggs of both species are stored at 2 °C and placed in a hatching medium at 2 °C, hatching begins in A. abserratus but not in A. vexans. A comparable hatch in the latter occurs at 10°–15 °C. Desiccation and death of A. vexans embryos occur rapidly at a low relative humidity (20%) and a high temperature (21 °C) but slowly at low relative humidity and a low temperature (4 °C). Eggs that lose a substantial amount of water will still hatch and the larvae develop normally, but hatching time is delayed. The hatching time may be twice as long as in eggs kept in a saturated atmosphere at similar temperatures, indicating that embryos must regain some of the lost water before hatching can occur.
NEW SPECIES OF TARSONEMUS (ACARINA: TARSONEMIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH BARK BEETLES
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

Four new species of Tarsonemus are described and illustrated: T. ips, T. triarcus, T. subcorticalis, and T. endophloeus. All are subcortical associates of bark beetles in conifers. A key is provided to distinguish these species and other tarsonemids which commonly coexist in habitats provided primarily by ipine bark beetles.
A NUMERICAL FACTOR FOR THE TAXONOMIC SEPARATION OF PTEROSTICHUS PENSYLVANICUS AND P. ADSTRICTUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Barlow C. A. , Adisoemarto S. , Graham J. E.
Published: December 2009

A discriminant function is derived which effectively distinguishes Pterostichus pensylvanicus Lec. from P. adstrictus Eschz. The function is Z = −0.0861X + 0.1657Y, where X = total length of the pronotum at the midline, and Y = distance from widest part of the pronotum to its base. If Z is equal to or less than a critical value, Z0 = 0.0607, the specimen is identified as pensylvanicus; if Z is greater than Z0, it is adstrictus. The rate of error of the function for 182 specimens tested was 2%.
BIOLOGY OF HABROBRACON LINEATELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Laing D. R. , Caltagirone L. E.
Published: December 2009

Habrobracon lineatellae Fischer has been imported from Lebanon into California in the course of a project on the biological control of the peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller). The navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella (Walker), is used as a host to mass-culture this parasite. Its biology is similar to that of other species in the genus, for the female paralyzes the host before oviposition and the larvae develop ectoparasitically. Females begin to paralyze hosts 2 to 26 days after emergence, and oviposition is initiated 1 day after they begin this host paralyzation. The number of eggs per female varies from 32 to 954. A maximum of 12 larvae of H. lineatellae can develop on 1 larva of P. transitella. When virgin females are held for 4 days and then placed with sexually active males for the rest of their lives, the sex ratio of the progeny is 53% female. The adults do not host feed. Females fed honey–water live an average of 105 days (range 51 to 166 days).
AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
Authors: Pitman G. B. , Vité J. P.
Published: December 2009

Populations of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. aggregate on pine trees in response to a combination of host- and insect-produced volatiles. Release of the insect-generated volatiles by defecation coincides with the release of host volatiles as resin exudes from the galleries initiated by the female beetles. When tested with oleoresin under field conditions, synthetic trans-verbenol, the major insect pheromone, was highly attractive to both sexes of D. ponderosae. Also, emergent female Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec. and Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. crushed to powder at −70 °C were attractive; emergent females of both species are known to contain large amounts of trans-verbenol. Trans-verbenol per se, however, was not attractive to walking or flying D. ponderosae.
SCALPONOTATUS, A NEW GENUS NEAR SLATEROCORIS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

A new genus Scalponotatus is described, with nine new species from North America: maturus from Arizona and California, and albicornis, albipes, capitatus, chillcotti, howdeni, insignis, mexicanus, and mimosus from Durango, Mexico. Strongylocoris albibasis Knight is placed in this genus (n. comb.). A key is provided and male genitalia of all the species are illustrated.
OVIPOSITION, DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS, AND CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT OF EGGS OF VIRGIN FEMALES OF THE GRASSHOPPERMELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: December 2009

Virgin females ofMelanoplus sanguinipes(Fabricius) crowded in cages laid normal egg pods whereas solitary ones did not. An average of 8.3 pods per female were laid at a rate of 0.12 pod per female-day. This is less than those laid by fertilized females, and the difference seems to be in the rate of mobilization of materials for the eggs; 56.5% of the eggs showed no development. The remainder developed to varying stages and 5.6% hatched. Diploid, haploid, and subdiploid chromosome numbers were found in parthenogenetic embryonic tissue.
THE BIOLOGIES OF PSEUDOHYLESINUS TSUGAE AND P. GRANDIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN WESTERN HEMLOCK
Authors: McGhehey J. H. , Nagel W. P.
Published: December 2009

The life histories of Pseudohylesinus tsugae Swaine and P. grandis Swaine were investigated in young coastal stands of western hemlock. Both P. tsugae and P. grandis had one generation a year with two broods and four larval instars. P. grandis usually overwintered as a teneral adult and P. tsugae as a fourth instar larva. Within thinned stands P. tsugae preferred fresh stumps for breeding material, whereas P. grandis preferred fresh slash. The adult females of both species fed in the inner-bark region of standing, live host trees before initiating egg galleries in slash or stumps.
EFFECT OF DIETARY SERINE ON SURVIVAL AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OFORYZAEPHILUS SURINAMENSIS(COLEOPTERA: SILVANIDAE)
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: December 2009

Newly hatchedOryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) were reared on a chemically-defined diet at 32 ± 2 °C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. Addition of serine to the diet containing glycine was not beneficial to the insect and became harmful at a concentration greater than 10.0 mg/g. Serine was able to replace glycine almost completely in the glycine-free diet for this insect. The results suggest that glycine, but not alanine or threonine, is the precursor for serine biosynthesis inO.surinamensis. They also suggest that serine and glycine are not completely interconvertible by this organism.
THE AMOUNT OF FOLIAGE CONSUMED OR DESTROYED BY LABORATORY-REARED LARVAE OF THE BLACK-HEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS VARIANA
Authors: Werner Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Sitka spruce produces twice as many needles per linear inch of twig as western hemlock. Defoliation by the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), is more severe on hemlock than spruce because of differences in the phenological development of the hosts and in the feeding behavior of first- and second-instar larvae on each of the hosts.
LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND DAMAGE OF CHRYSOBOTHRIS ORONO (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE) ON RED PINE IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

Chrysobothris orono Frost, a buprestid which attacks living red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.), has a 2-year life cycle and two separate broods in Michigan. Adults emerge from May to July. The eggs are laid singly, usually on the southwest side of a tree; the fifth and sixth whorls from the top are the preferred oviposition sites. Larval eclosion usually occurs in early June. Each larva excavates a cell in the bark and causes the flowing pitch to coagulate into a large pitch mass. The first three instars feed in the bark and the last two instars feed in the xylem. Advanced larvae may reach the fourth instar by fall of the first year; overwintering occurs in the third and fourth instars. The fifth instar, which appears in the spring of the second year, bores a short L-shaped gallery in the xylem and plugs it with frass and wood chips to form a pupal cell. It pupates in the spring of the third year. Adults emerge by chewing through the plug and pitch mass. The bark cell and xylem gallery seldom injure the tree directly, but they remain as defects in the bole after the wounds have healed. Because damage is slight and the insect population low, C. orono is not likely to become an important forest pest.
THE EFFECT OF PREDATOR AGE ON THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS TO THE PREY SIZE OF GALLERIA MELLONELLA
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of age on the functional response of the pentatomid predator Podisus maculiventris (Say), reared in a simple glass jar universe on different prey sizes of Galleria mellonella (L.). Holling’s (1959) ’disc’ equation accurately described the predator’s response at all prey sizes up to 50 days of life. For nymphs, the calculated ’rate of discovery’, a, increased as the predator age increased, but the time of handling prey, b, decreased; for both adult males and females, these calculated values increased gradually up to the 50th day. The relationship between predator age and numbers of prey killed, and predator age and amount of prey body contents consumed (food consumption), was linear at all prey sizes, but mainly negatively so. Prey size was an important component of the predation process for all stages of the predator.It is concluded that ’hunger’ is an important parameter of the attack model since the degree of predator satiation bears directly on b-type activities which in turn affects a-type activities. These findings indicate that under field conditions P. maculiventris will kill more small-sized lepidopterous prey larvae than large-sized ones, and that, because of the greater prey defense of the latter, their survival from predator attacks will increase. These actions may be of considerable importance in the survival of lepidopterous host species.
EFFECT OF FOOD AVAILABILITY ON RATES OF LOSS OF 45CALCIUM FROM HYPHANTRIA CUNEA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Coleman David C. , Monk Carl D. , Callahan J. Thomas
Published: December 2009

Final instar larvae of fall webworms, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), were labelled to equilibrium levels on persimmon leaves containing 45Ca. Loss rates of 45Ca from the larvae were followed in the laboratory after either feeding larvae on unlabelled leaves, or starving other larvae.Initial loss-rate characteristics were different in the two feeding treatments, but biological half-lives were not significantly changed. Feeding shifts the time at which the lower loss-rate comes into effect.
NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FEEDING HABITS IN EMPIDIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Downes J. A. , Smith S. M.
Published: December 2009

Most Empididae are predators on living insects, but a few instances of other feeding habits have been discovered. It is shown thatAnthalia bulbosa(Ocydromiinae) eats the pollen of several flowers, and other possible cases of pollen-eating in Ocydromiinae and Empidinae are discussed.Micropborus obscurus(Empidinae) feeds on dead insects trapped in spiders’ webs, in agreement with Laurence’s finding forM.crassipes; and several reports of Clinoceratinae feeding on dead insects at the water’s edge are assembled. This diversity of feeding habit finds a parallel in Ceratopogonidae.In Empididae the protein-rich meal, whether of insect prey, dead insects, or dead pollen, is taken in typical cases by both males and females, as would be expected on systematic grounds. The sexual differentiation of hunting and feeding habits (males hunting, perhaps not feeding; females non-hunting, receiving prey by transfer at mating) is a specialized feature restricted to theEmpis–Hilara–Rhamphomyiagroup (Empidinae).
CHALCIDOID (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA LEAF-CUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA, IN CANADA
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: December 2009

Megachile rotundata (F.) is a domesticated bee used to pollinate alfalfa in southern Alberta. There it may have four species of parasites, all chalcidoids. These parasites are removable by water traps before the hives are set in the field. Three of these parasites, Monodontomerus obscurus Westw., Dibrachys maculipennis Sz., and Pteromalus venustus Wlkr,, are European in origin. The first seems not to be established in Canada; the latter two have been reared from Canadian species of Megachile and thereby may prove a source of parasitism. The fourth species, Melittobia chalybii Ashm., is a widespread, nearctic, multivoltine species and is known as a laboratory pest of hymenopterous nests; it is likely to be the major parasite in rotundata nests. A key is given for the parasitic species.
A STUDY ON ENERGETICS OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Based on bomb calorimeter determinations, the calorific values of four sizes of larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) fed to nymphs and adults of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) increased with increase in larval size. Correspondingly, these values for P. maculiventris nymphs in fourth and fifth instars and adults, male and female, increased when the predator fed on larger larvae. Increases in energy consumption resulted in increases in energy loss due to respiration and egestion for nymphs and adults of the predator. For unfed males and females, calorific values decreased with age, i.e., as initial body energy reserves were used up.No significant differences in mean calorific values were observed for fertile and infertile eggs laid by females reared at each of the four diet levels. This suggests that the amount of energy utilized by females in the production of eggs is fairly constant, irrespective of the amount of energy consumed at each diet level.Energy budgets for nymphs of P. maculiventris showed that gross efficiency of growth for second- and third-instar nymphs was inversely proportional to energy consumed; however, no such relationship was observed for fourth and fifth instars. For males, energy budgets showed that at all diet levels little growth took place during adult fife, with gross efficiency at diet levels 1 to 4 ranging from 0.88 to 2.20%. For females, some growth occurred at all levels of diet during the first 35 days of adult life, mainly as a result of the production of eggs. Gross efficiency during this period ranged from 5.5 to 13.6%. Efficiency of reproduction at diet levels 1 to 4 ranged from 37.26 to 45.35% during the first 35 days of adult life and from 39.46 to 51.16% for the next 20 days.
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF SIXTH-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Khan M. R. , Kasting R.
Published: December 2009

Results of a qualitative survey of some digestive enzymes of sixth-instar larvae of the pale western cutworm are reported. An extract prepared from the mesenteron (midgut) and its contents showed activity for the enzymes, proteinase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, amylase, α-glucosidasc, α-galactosidase, and lipase. There was also evidence for a β-glucosidase activity in the brei prepared from the mesenteron. A brei of salivary glands showed activities for α-glucosidase and amylase, as well as a strong proteinase. These enzymes were not found in brei prepared from the stomodaeum (foregut) or proctodaeum (hindgut). There was no evidence for polygalacturonase, celiulase, β-galactosidase, or carboxypeptidase in any part of the digestive system.Values of pH for extracts from the different parts of the digestive system were: proctodaeum, 7.2; mesenteron, 8.2; stomodaeum, 7.8; and salivary glands, 7.8.
TRANSFER OF SPERM BY IRRADIATED HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND RELATIONSHIP TO FECUNDITY
Authors: Flint Hollis M. , Kressin Elaine L.
Published: December 2009

Untreated male tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), fail to transfer sperm in about 15–20% of their matings. Tobacco budworms sterilized by 45 krad significantly fail to transfer sperm in about 50% of their matings. Females that received a spermatophore but had no sperm in their spermathecae produced the same numbers of eggs as virgin females. Females with sperm in their spermathecae laid the same numbers of eggs, whether the sperm came from irradiated or untreated males.Irradiated males did not transfer sperm to the spermathecae of the female because sperm were not incorporated into the spermatophore. The failure to incorporate sperm into the spermatophore occurred because the sperm in the male reproductive system did not move from the duplex to the simplex area where the spermatophore is formed. Males irradiated after mating were able to transfer sperm in a second mating as well as untreated males.
OCCURRENCE OF MYCANGIA IN THE BARK BEETLE DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Farris S. H.
Published: December 2009

Paired mandibular mycangia are present in both sexes of the bark beetle Dryocoetes confusus Sw. These fungus repositories were not found in either sex of another bark beetle of the same genus, Dryocoetes affaber Mann.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF HOSTS AND PARASITIZATION BY SPALANGIA DROSOPHILAE (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Legner E. F.
Published: December 2009

Single females of Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead searching for 80 puparia of Hippelates collusor (Townsend), arranged in clumped or linear distributions, oviposited randomly producing equal numbers of progeny from cither host arrangement. Mixed groups of linear and clumped puparia caused changes in behavioral patterns that resulted in reduced progeny production, thus showing parasitization to be nonrandom. Host destruction was, nevertheless, greater in an all-clumped distribution, tile greater acceptance of clumped groups resulting in a greater number of progeny. Mixed groups involving a choice between linear or clumped distributions demonstrated the greater acceptance of clumped groups. Direct observation showed that the all-dumped distribution elicited the greatest overall initial attraction for hosts and subsequent movement to other areas. It was concluded that maximum host destruction resulted when completely random behavior was involved. A recognition of this, however, required a knowledge of behavior, host condition, and progeny production. The question of evaluating an exotic parasite’s effectiveness before introduction is discussed.
BETULAPHIS VIRIDIS, A NEW SPECIES OF APHID COLLECTED ON BETULA PENDULA IN ONTARIO (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Betulaphis viridis is described and illustrated. It is a bright green species that occurs on the upper surfaces of the leaves of Betula pendula Roth and is known only from Ontario.
A NEW PROCEDURE ALLOWING REPLICATED MINIATURE LARVICIDE TESTS IN A LARGE RIVER
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

DDT and DDD emulsifiable formulations were tested against aquatic invertebrates in small plots in rapids in the St. Lawrence River. Pollution was minimal; less than 0.0044% of the river discharge was treated in each rest.The weakest dosage of DDD, 0.8 p.p.m.-minutes, disabled many Trichoptera and Diptera; the strongest, 12.0 p.p.m.-minutes, did not eliminate any one Order of insects except perhaps Plecoptera. A dosage of 6.0 p.p.m.-minutes was selected for tests on a larger scale against shadfly larvae (mainly Trichoptera). Net-spinning Trichoptera were more sensitive than case-bearers. Of the non-insect organisms, amphipods were relatively sensitive but their populations were rapidly restored by immigration. Oligochaetes and molluscs were least affected.The use of small plots in a large river required special equipment and techniques: a larvicide dispenser (to be described separately), the use of concentrated milk as a dye to aid in the survey of plot boundaries, the transfer of disabled organisms to fresh water to compare recovery rates, and a formula combining data from samples of both disabled and surviving organisms to estimate per cent kill.
REARING THE CABBAGE MAGGOT WITH AND WITHOUT DIAPAUSE
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

Data presented demonstrate that induction of pupal diapause in the cabbage maggot,Hylemya brassicae(Bouché), involves a relationship between photoperiodic, temperature, and light intensity conditions provided for the flies, eggs, and larvae. Generally, a short daylength of 12 hours for the flies induces pupal diapause, whereas a 16-hour photoperiod dictates continuous development without diapause. However, the expected response can he partially or almost completely reversed depending upon, conditions of photoperiod and temperature provided for eggs and larvae. Decreasing temperatures combined with low light intensities and short photoperiods for flies and larvae cause almost all pupae to enter diapause, and high temperatures tend to offset the influence of a short daylength or a downward trend in photoperiodic exposures provided for the flies and larvae. Diapause development proceeds to completion at a wide range of temperatures but high levels at certain times result in high mortality. Growth development following the completion of diapause development is inhibited by temperatures above 22 °C, whereas the final or adult developmental stage continues to completion at an increasing rate with increasing temperatures.
POTENTIAL CONTROL OF ECTOPARASITES OF VERTEBRATES BY SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF BLOOD WITH MIXTURES CONTAINING ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , French E. B.
Published: December 2009

High mortality occurred in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus Ståhl after feeding through an artificial membrane on defibrinated mammalian blood containing injectable antibiotic mixtures.
INFLUENCE DE L’INFECTION VIRALE (POLYÈDRIE NUCLÉAIRE) SUR LA FORMATION D’ACIDE URIQUE CHEZ LA LARVE DE NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Valéro J. R.
Published: December 2009

The uric acid content of the fats and the whole organism was determined by the Technicon spectrocolorimeter method for all instars of healthy and nuclear-polyhedrosis-infected larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd. The results obtained revealed that (a) in healthy larvae the uric acid content gradually increased from 20 to 470 p.p.m. from the first to the fifth instar inclusively and (b) in virus-infected larvae the uric acid content was always greater than in healthy larvae. It increased from 21 to 493 p.p.m. from the first to the beginning of the fourth instar, reached a maximum of 830 p.p.m. at the end of the fourth instar, and decreased to 680 p.p.m. at the fifth instar.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PUPAL COLORATION IN NEOPHASIA MENAPIA
Authors: Downton W. John S. , Ross D. A.
Published: December 2009

Both laboratory-reared and field-collected pupae of the pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia F. and F., exhibited varying degrees of dark pigmentation. Most of the pupae, however, lacked this characteristic. Pupal coloration was not due to sexual differences, parasitism, or the quantity of food available during development. Although light was necessary for pigment formation, the effect was nullified by providing light-green foliage or a white background for the larva on which to pupate. Dark-green foliage of the previous growth year had an intermediate effect. Larvae that pupated on twigs or against a black background developed heavy pigmentation.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF ATROMETUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Schmid J. M.
Published: December 2009

The Nearctic species of the genus Atrometus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) north of Mexico are revised. Three previously recognized Nearctic species, A. praediscae, A. clavipes, and A. evetrivorus, are synonymized with A. geniculatus Holmgren from the Palearctic Region. A new species A. badius and a new subspecies A. geniculatus obscurus are described. A key is presented for the separation of the species and subspecies.
A SEROLOGICAL COMPARISON OFPISSODES STROBIANDP.APPROXIMATUS(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Peckham David J.
Published: December 2009

The serological relationships ofPissodes strobi(Peck) andP.approximatusHopkins were examined using turbidimetric and immunodiffusion analyses.Hylobius palesHbst. was used for heterologous comparisons. When turbidimetric analyses were performed using anti-strobisera, heterologous reactions withP.approximatuswere stronger than homologous reactions. Moreover, immunodiffusion tests substantiated this. These results appear to have broken a cardinal rule of serology: that hererologous reactions do not exceed homologous reactions in magnitude.These results could he due to a simple quantitative variation in the antigen extracts or to possible cross-reactivity between antigenically similar proteins. Another possibility is that the two populations are not separate species. Evidence obtained in this study seems to be in accord with cytological evidence obtained hi previous studies and does not support the designation ofP.approximatusas a valid species.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL NATURE OF ACARICIDE DEPOSITS ON THEIR ACTION
Authors: Yu S. J. , Morrison F. O.
Published: December 2009

Five particle types of tetradiphon, three of chloropropylate, and two of Pentac (bis(pentachloro-2,4-cyclopentadien-1,yl) were prepared in similar formulations and tested as sprays against different stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch on bean leaves. The residual, combined topical and residual, and the systemic effects of the formulations were recorded. The target sizes presented by T. urticae stages and by the ranges over which they moved and fed were determined and the numbers of particles per unit area deposited on bean leaves by the formulations used, counted. Positive correlations were shown in all instances between smallness of particle size, number of particles per unit area, and effectiveness, but the relationships between these factors were complex. It is concluded that effectiveness is influenced by a number of factors of which particle size and shape are two which are important but that their effects are often greatly modified by some of the other factors.
A METHOD OF SAMPLING THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID ON FRASER FIR IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Amman Gene D.
Published: December 2009

Populations of the balsam woolly aphid on Fraser fir trees were sampled without replacement. Sampling frequency was based on the embryological period of the aphid at mean monthly temperatures in the field. The sample for each date consisted of 16 pieces of bark, 1/2 in. diameter, from each of 10 trees. Precision of the method was usually within ±10% of the mean. The largest proportion of variance was within trees. Stratification of samples by levels within trees decreased variance estimates.Frequency distributions of counts of most stages of the aphid approximated the negative binomial distribution. Therefore, data were transformed to logarithms in order to approximate the normal distribution.
TRANSFER OF THE GENUS MELOCOSA FROM PISAURIDAE TO LYCOSIDAE, AND A KEY TO THE NEARCTIC GENERA OF LYCOSIDAE (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA)
Authors: Leech Robin
Published: December 2009

The genus Melocosa Gertsch, 1937, is transferred from Pisauridae to Lycosinae in the Lycosidae. The genus Melocosa is defined, and its characteristics indicate relationship to the genus Tarentula. Male and female specimens of the type species are described in detail and drawings of diagnostic characteristics are given. A key to the Nearctic genera of Lycosidae is given.
A NON-DIAPAUSE STRAIN OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Pickford R. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

A non-diapause strain of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), has been developed over the past 12 years by selecting for rearing those grasshoppers that hatched from eggs not previously cooled. Because this strain can be reproduced at the rate of six to seven generations per year it is proving to be a useful experimental animal.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. VI
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa are described: Pseudopolygrammodes n. gen., type-species Polygrammodes priscalis Caradja, western China; Proteurrhypara n. gen., type-species Opsibotys ocellalis Warren (= Pyrausta discimaculalis Hampson), Japan; Proteurrhypara ocellalis apoialis n. subsp., Hokkaido, Japan; P. chekiangensis n. sp., W. Tien-mu Shan, China; P. occidentalis n. sp., Li-Kiang, N. Yuennan, China; Opsibotys perfuscalis n. sp., Honshu, Japan; and O. flavidecoralis n. sp., Li-Kiang, China. Pyrausta fuscobrunnealis South is transferred to Opsibotys.
CEPEGILLETTEA VIRIDIS A NEW APHID FROM ONTARIO, WITH A REVIEW OF THE GENUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Cepegillettea viridis new species is a large green aphid known only from swamp or low birch, Betula pumila L., in Ontario. Its relationships with the other known species, myricae (Patch) and betulifoliae Granovsky, are noted and a key to species is given.
PRISTIPHORA ACIDOVALVA, A NEW SAWFLY ON WILLOW (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

Pristiphora acidovalva is described as a new sawfly on willow. It has been collected from New Brunswick to British Columbia in Canada. The new species is compared with P. leucostoma (Lindqvist), which it closely resembles.
THE LARVAE OF PRISTIPHORA ACIDOVALVA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Miller W. J.
Published: December 2009

The full-grown larva of Pristiphora acidovalva Wong, a newly recognized sawfly on willow, is described and the occurrence of the species in Ontario is discussed.
TRANSFER OF CACOGRAPHIS COLOMBIANA FROM MIDILINAE TO NYMPHULINAE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF MIDILAMBIA N. GEN. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Midilambia n. gen. is described for Cacographis colombiana Schaus. A lectotype is designated for the species, which is transferred from Midilinae to Nymphulinae.
JAMAICAN SCARABAEIDAE: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS (COLE OPTERA)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

Notes and records are given for the species in the nine subfamilies of Scarabaeidae occurring on Jamaica. New records for Jamaica include Ataenius scabrelloides Pet. and Ataenius havanensis Balth. in the Aphodiinae, and Hybosorus illigeri Reiche in the Hybosorinae. The following new taxa are described: Cioeotus farri n. sp. and Cloeotus pecki n. sp. in the Acanthocerinae; Anomala sandersoni n. sp. in the Rutelinae; Stenocrates beckeri n. sp., Calypsoryctes dynastoides n. g., n. sp., and Epiphileurus jamaicensis n. sp. in the Dynastinae. Reasons are given for considering the deletion of at least four names from the lists of Jamaican Scarabaeidae.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONOPHTHORUS SHOOT-INFESTING BEETLES AND CONOPHTHORUS RESINOSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): I. COMPARATIVE LIFE HISTORY STUDIES IN MICHIGAN
Authors: McPherson J. E. , Wilson L. F. , Stehr F. W.
Published: December 2009

Life histories of Conophthorus beetles attacking the shoot tips of jack, red, Scotch, and ponderosa pines were studied and compared with the life history of the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins. The tip-infesting beetles have not been morphologically separated from C. resinosae. The beetles attacking the shoots of jack, red, Scotch, and ponderosa pines have similar life histories which differ from that of C. resinosae. The latter is distinctly univoltine, while the tip-infesting beetles appear to be bivoltine. Also, dates of appearance and seasonal development differ.
A NEW PHYTOSEIID (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA) FROM APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Specht H. B. , Rasmy Aly H.
Published: December 2009

The female of Amblyseius duncansoni n. sp., is described and illustrated. It was taken in Nova Scotia from the bark of dormant apple trees in early winter and prior to bud burst.
TYPES OF NYMPHULINAE, SCOPARIINAE, CYBALOMIINAE, ODONTIINAE, EVERGESTINAE, AND PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN THE ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, LENINGRAD, WITH SELECTIONS OF LECTOTYPES
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Holotypes, lectotypes, and syntypes of pyralid moths of the subfamilies Nymphulinae, Scopariinae, Cybalomiinae, Odontiinae, Evergestinae, and Pyraustinae studied by the author at the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad in 1964 are catalogued. Types of 93 names are discussed; lectotypes are designated for 54 nominal species; 13 nominal species are listed for which type material could not be located. Four names are considered to be nomina nuda.
EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURE ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF AEDES VEXANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Trpiš Milan , Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: December 2009

The most suitable temperature for larval development of Aedes vexans Meigen was found to be 25 °C. At this temperature 86% of the larvae survived and pupated in 7 days. At 10°, 15°, 20°, and 30 °C larval development time was 46, 22, 10, and 8 days and survival rates were 17, 56, 74, and 71%, respectively. At 5 °C mortality was 100% in the first-instar stage, the last larva dying 12 days after hatching. Adults emerged in 2 to 5 days after being transferred into water at 25 °C, males emerging 2 days before the females.
FIRST RECORD OF CISSEPS FULVICOLLIS (LEPIDOPTERA: AMATIDAE) AS AN ECONOMIC DESTRUCTIVE INSECT ON GRAIN CORN IN CANADA
Authors: Hudon Marcel , Perron J. P.
Published: December 2009

In mid-July 1969, an extremely heavy population of the yellow-collared scape-moth, Cisseps fulvicollis (Hübner), was observed in a 45-acre field of grain corn at Napierville, Que. Larval feeding was heavily concentrated on the lower leaves of the plants, leaving only the mid-rib of the leaves unattacked. Approximately 92% of the pupae were parasitized by Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) and Ichneumon sp. of the group winkleyi, thereby reducing the moth population quite substantially. From samples of ears taken at harvest in the unattacked and infested portions of the field, the reduced yield was evaluated at about 7%.This is apparently the first published record of this amatid moth as an economic injurious insect on grain corn in Canada.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND IMMATURE STAGES OF NEOCHIROSIA ATRIFRONS (DIPTERA: SCATOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Neff S. E.
Published: December 2009

This species is a member of the Delininae whose species with known life histories all attack plants belonging to the Liliaceae and Orchidaceae. Eggs are laid singly or in groups of up to 15 eggs on the abaxial surface of Veratrum viride leaves. Larvae produce extensive blotch mines as they feed upon the mesophyll layer. Puparia are formed in the soil, and the pupa is the overwintering stage of this univoltine species. A table outlining larval attributes of the Scatophaginae and Delininae is given.
DISPERSAL AND ESTABLISHMENT OF PLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: December 2009

Pleolophus basizonus (Gravenhorst) is a parasitoid from Europe introduced in Canada and liberated between 1939 and 1949 to supplement natural mortality factors of sawfly populations. Three recoveries reported in the literature show that the parasitoid has dispersed 81 km at 4.3 km per year in Ontario, between 109 and 161 km at 4.5 and 5.6 km per year in Quebec, and 172 km at 8.6 km per year in Michigan. Dispersal occurs by walking, possibly by short flights and by water while the parasitoid is within the host cocoon. Female parasitoids do not fly unless disturbed and dispersal by water cannot account for their movement in Quebec. In observation trays, the mean rate of travel on the ground by female parasitoids was 20.9 cm per minute. This speed is sufficient to account for the rates of dispersal recorded in the field. The parasitoid was present in every jack pine stand sampled between 1965 and 1968 in the western part of the St. Maurice River watershed in Quebec. The most abundant host was Neodiprion swainei Middleton. Absolute population estimates indicate that the parasitoid responds positively to host density and that it is an important addition to the native parasitoid complex.
A NEW LIPOPTENA FROM CHILE, WITH A KEY TO THE NEW WORLD SPECIES (DIPTERA: HIPPOBOSCIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Maa T. C.
Published: December 2009

Lipoptena pudui n. sp. was taken from the cervid Pudu pudu (Molina), in central Chile. This is the first ked-fly known from this species of pygmy South American deer. The new species is closely related to L. guimaraesi Beq. and is characterized chiefly by the long narrow palpi and the non-constricted pronotum. A revised key to the New World species of Lipoptena is presented.
DDT RESIDUES IN ROBINS AND EARTHWORMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONTAMINATED FOREST SOILS
Authors: Dimond John B. , Belyea Glenn Y. , Kadunce Raymond E. , Getchell A. Stanley , Blease John A.
Published: December 2009

Residue analysis of forest soils sprayed once at 1 lb/acre showed little breakdown of DDT through 9 years after application. In the absence of appreciable downward trend, residue persistence could not be estimated beyond stating that it appears to persist much longer than the 10 years suggested by others. Persistent residues are largely restricted to the upper soil litter. Residues pass from soils to earthworms to robins throughout the 9-year period studied. It is suggested that this relationship may persist for as long as 30 years after a single application to the forest. Biological magnification of residues in robins is demonstrated. Significance of these residue levels is discussed.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS GLUTOPS (DIPTERA: PELECORHYNCHIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

The genus Glutops Burgess is here considered to comprise eight species, three previously described from North America, a Japanese species transferred through synonymy, and four western North American species herein described as new. A key to the eight species is given.
VOLATILIZATION OF DDT-14C AND LINDANE-14C FROM TREATED SURFACES, AND METABOLISM OF DDT-14C BY HOUSE FLY PUPAE
Authors: Quraishi M. Sayeed
Published: December 2009

Measurement of radioactivity immediately after application on house fly puparia was found to be the most accurate measure of the weight of radioactive insecticide applied topically and resulted in precise evaluation of the data. Use of radioactive chemicals and microcoulometric determinations indicates that considerable quantities of DDT-14C, heptachlor epoxide - 14C, and lindane-14C, volatilize from applied surfaces, a factor which should not be neglected during penetration studies. Metabolites of DDT were studied by GLC. Only DDE was obtained from flies which emerged from treated puparia of a DDT-resistant strain. Puparial washing 24 hours after treatment yielded some DDE indicating partial metabolism of DDT to DDE on the surface of the cuticle.
A NEW IBALIID WASP FROM NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPOIDEA, IBALIIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Ibalia gigantea, is described from material received from the Forestry Station in Calgary, Alberta, and from the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa.
EFFECTS OF INBREEDING ON CLOSED POPULATIONS OF PREDACEOUS MITES (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: Poe S. L. , Enns W. R.
Published: December 2009

Populations of Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, predators of Tetranychus urticae Koch, were reared under homogeneous environmental conditions by inbreeding without introducing new germ plasm.Mites from 1-year-old inbred cultures had high mortality in all stadia and generally lower viability. Oviposition was reduced and a high percentage of eggs failed to hatch. Further inbreeding resulted in the production of only sterile female mites. These data cast serious doubt on the possibility of genetically improving populations of predaceous mites with only limited germ plasm resources.
EFFECTS OF ABIES GRANDIS RESIN ON THE ATTACK BEHAVIOR AND BROOD SURVIVAL OF SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berryman A. A. , Ashraf M.
Published: December 2009

Scolytus ventralis females attack their host, Abies grandis, at random in the beginning of the flight period. The success of these attacks, as manifested by the length of the gallery, is determined by the rapidity of the host’s resinous response, attacking females being repelled by resin flow. Aggregation occurs on both resistant and susceptible hosts but is directly associated with the degree of gallery elongation. Resinosis occurring after brood establishment reduces survival, having its greatest impact on the early developmental stages. Mortality from resinosis is inversely related to attack density.
A BIOSYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENUS MUSCIDIFURAX (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Kogan Marcos , Legner E. F.
Published: December 2009

Extensive collections of synanthropic fly parasitoids in animal excrement accumulations in the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Chile, Denmark, Israel, and South Africa yielded seven forms of a Muscidifurax complex which were totally or partially reproductively isolated. Morphological studies of female and male parasitoids coupled with biological and zoogeographical information permitted the identification of five sibling species. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders 1910 is redescribed and four additional species are described as new: M. zaraptor, from the southwestern United States; M. raptoroides from Central America and Mexico; M. uniraptor from Puerto Rico, and M. raptorellus from Uruguay and Chile. Biological notes are added to the descriptions, and it was postulated that the genus is undergoing a process of speciation with local populations slowly becoming reproductively isolated and eventually giving rise to morphologically distinguishable entities. Most evidence suggests the establishment of Muscidifurax in the New World, concomitant with or shortly following the establishment of muscoid flies in accumulated excrement. Scanning electronmicroscopy was used in the analysis of some morphological structures.
AN HYMENOPTEROUS INSECT, THE PARASITOID ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR, REARED AXENICALLY ON A CHEMICALLY-DEFINED SYNTHETIC DIET
Authors: Yazgan S. , House H. L.
Published: December 2009

An unique development in insect dietetics is announced, namely, the rearing of an hymenopteran — Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), an ichneumonid endoparasitoid of other insects — axenically on a chemically-defined synthetic diet. First heuristic attempts produced a yield of about 17% adults.
THE EFFECTS OF THE INSECTICIDES SUMITHION AND PHOSPHAMIDON ON POPULATIONS OF FIVE SPECIES OF CARABID BEETLES AND TWO SPECIES OF LYCOSID SPIDERS IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Freitag R. , Poulter F.
Published: December 2009

In the summer of 1969, one year following a spray program to control spruce budworm with Phosphamidon and Sumithion in northwestern Ontario, five species of carabids and two species of lycosids were studied to assess the long term effects of insecticide spray on forest floor arthropods. For 15 weeks in the summer of 1969, beetles and spiders were almost always more numerous in the control area than in the sprayed area. Populations of the spiders and beetles are briefly discussed.
JAMAICAN CYRTINUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

The four Jamaican species of Cyrtinus LeConte are briefly reviewed. Cyrtinus jamaicensis n. sp. and Cyrtinus granulifrons n. sp. are described, and additional distributional records are given for Cyrtinus sandersoni Howden and Cyrtinus farri Howden.