bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Career Assessment Strategies for Women in Management
Authors: Russell Joyce E. A. , Eby Lillian T.
Published: October 2007

With the influx of women into management positions, researchers and practitioners have examined the career-related issues facing women managers (Powell, 1988). Their focus has been on documenting the unique issues facing women managers, and the individual and organizational strategies that can be used to assist them (Russell, 1993). The present article extends this research by reviewing a number of career assessment devices that may be useful for counseling women managers. Over 45 strategies are described that address both internal issues confronting women managers (e.g., burnout, disillusionment, self-efficacy, limited political skills, role conflict) and external barriers (e.g., backlash, work-family conflicts, little access to mentoring relationships, social isolation, sex-role stereotypes). A discussion of the research on career assessment tools for women managers is provided with prescriptions for future research and practice.
An Austrian Peasant Village under Rural Industrialization
Authors: Khera Sigrid
Published: October 2007

Due to the spread of manufacturing plants into rural areas, agriculture is no longer the only source of income in a village, but has become one among several other possibilities for making a living. At the same time, agriculture has become highly mechanized, which has eliminated the need for hired labor. In their economic needs, farm owners and landless people have become independent from each other. This paper discusses the former and the present social and economic relationships between these two groups.
Connecting Grids Using Communication Satellites
Authors: Bhatt H.S. , Kotecha H.J. , Singh B.K. , Bandyopadhyay K. , Patel V.H. , Dasgupta A.
Published: October 2007

Grid computing is viewed as a strong alternative to traditional supercomputers and mainframes. Grid computing is expanding its horizon to replace the current Internet as well as to address issues related to data sharing, collaboration, security, economics, and so forth. We treat a grid as a single global computer for a given community connecting all types of resources. Most of the current grid research is based on high-speed terrestrial networks. Emerging communications satellites are not restricting their applications only to telecommunication, but also aim to provide an alternative to terrestrial links in computing fields. This paper describes the supplementary features of both technologies and explores the possibility of handshaking between the two. It also presents the architecture and discusses possible experiments leading to live applications.
GANESH: Grid Application Management and Enhanced Scheduling
Authors: Bhatt H.S. , Patel R.M. , Kotecha H.J. , Patel V.H. , Dasgupta A.
Published: October 2007

Grid computing is emerging as the next generation computing environment. Various meta-computing and distributed computing environments are becoming grid compliant with the aim of achieving interoperability. We have developed a web-based development environment for distributed computing that supports heterogeneous resources and provides ease of use. We present herewith GANESH that achieves grid compliance using Globus and also extends features for added value. This paper describes GANESH architecture and its services, and explains its grid compliance and extended features. We also explain in this paper how and where it is interoperable with other environments.
Scaling Properties of Common Statistical Operators for Gridded Datasets
Authors: Zender Charles S. , Mangalam Harry
Published: October 2007

An accurate cost model that accounts for dataset size and structure can help optimize geoscience data analysis. We develop and apply a computational model to estimate data analysis costs for arithmetic operations on gridded datasets typical of satellite- or climate model-origin. For these dataset geometries our model predicts data reduction scalings that agree with measurements of widely used geoscience data processing software, the netCDF Operators (NCO). I/O performance and library design dominate throughput for simple analysis (e.g. dataset differencing). Dataset structure can reduce analysis throughput ten-fold relative to same-sized unstructured datasets. We demonstrate algorithmic optimizations which substantially increase throughput for more complex, arithmetic-dominated analysis such as weighted-averaging of multi-dimensional data. These scaling properties can help to estimate costs of distribution strategies for data reduction in cluster and grid environments.
Where are we Twenty Years On?—A Review of Australian Music Education Research for the period 1978-1997
Authors: Stevens Robin S.
Published: October 2007

In 1984, Lett undertook a review of the state of Australian music education research for the period to 1978. The present article considers the developments that have taken place since that time through a review of scholarly opinion to identify the principal themes and issues that have emerged since Lett's (1984) article. There is also an analysis of approximately 350 research theses completed or in progress to 1997. Conclusions are drawn regarding the level of the higher degree work being undertaken (honours, masters and doctoral degrees), the demographic spread across the various states, the distribution of music education research across the major educational research paradigms, and the focus of research in relation to both content / subject and educational level. The article also identifies general trends and issues in relation to these aspects as well as making recommendations for promoting music education research in the future.
Mentorship: The Meaning of the Relationship for Musicians
Authors: Hays Terrence , Minichiello Victor , Wright Peter
Published: October 2007

This article describes the importance of mentor relationships in the training of musicians. Using in-depth interviews with professional musicians, the study describes the construction and meaning of mentorships in the training of musicians and shows mentorship to be meaningful for both the mentor and the protégé. It identifies key functions relating to both the psychosocial and career development of the protégé. Results highlight the need for music teachers and music administrators to be more aware of the developmental importance of the mentor relationships in their teaching.
Music Teachers' Role in Preparing Students for Live Symphonic Experiences
Authors: Brand Manny
Published: October 2007

This study investigated the effect of varying the extent of music teacher involvement and training with concert-related instructional materials on student achievement and interest in music following live symphonic experiences. Three hundred and ninety-two middle school students were randomly assigned to one of six music teachers for the purposes of receiving pre-concert instruction. These six music teachers were randomly assigned to one of three different levels of involvement and training relative to the development and use of pre-concert instructional materials. Steps were taken to minimize teacher differences confounding with teacher involvement and training.

There were no significant differences in music achievement or interest scores among middle school subjects based on the extent of their music teacher's involvement and training with pre-concert instructional materials. Based on this study, there are no benefits, specifically in terms of student achievement or interest, in music teachers having a high degree of involvement or training with concert-related instructional materials. Future researchers may wish to examine possible affective benefits when music teachers are involved in the design of and training with concert-related instructional materials.
Making Choral Rehearsing Seductive: Implications for Practice and Choral Education
Authors: Durrant Colin
Published: October 2007

What makes a successful choral rehearsal and performance? What are the essential skills and characteristics of the conductor / teacher? Such intriguing questions have been the subject of a number of research studies, but few have used description of the encounter to gain insight into the area. This article outlines research into effective choral conducting by exploring aspects of the choral phenomenon. Five contrasting musical encounters, from Finland, USA and UK, between the conductor/teacher and singers are described. The conductors' strategies and rehearsal styles are analysed and some conclusions and implications are drawn in order to develop ways in which such activity might be encouraged and enhanced within schools, churches and the wider community.
Popular Music and Music Teacher Education: Relationships Between Course Content and Course Design
Authors: Dunbar-Hall Peter , Wemyss Kathryn
Published: October 2007

The planning of a course in popular music for pre-service music education trainees raises issues through which relationships between course content and course design can be analysed. Specifically, ways in which teaching approach, course delivery, and assessment tasks are responses to students' backgrounds and Australian music syllabus expectations for the teaching of popular music are discussed. Investigation of popular music practices and aesthetics from music education perspectives demonstrates how music teaching and learning strategies can be derived from the characteristics of music being studied.
Where is Music Education in Our Primary Schools?
Authors: Russell-Bowie Deirdre
Published: October 2007

For several decades classroom primary music education has been seen to be unsatisfactory. Several arts in education reports were produced in the 1960s and 1970s and each recommended that specialist teachers be appointed to schools, that schools have adequate resources and facilities, that children have the opportunity for instrumental tuition, that adequate teacher training be provided for student teachers and that a new curriculum be developed, based on children's developmental stages. In 1985 a new music syllabus was launched in NSW, but, seven years later, a study undertaken in four regions of the state indicated that music education was in the same unsatisfactory situation as it was before the implementation of the syllabus. Unless significant policy changes occur in NSW primary education, in relation to music education, the future looks bleak for children of the future.
The 'Reform' of Teacher Education in England
Authors: Swanwick Keith
Published: October 2007

Teacher education is increasingly being questioned. In England, politicians and others have misinterpreted statistics on teacher performance to imply that initial teacher training is at fault. In spite of evidence and argument, moves to place training either entirely or mostly in schools are well advanced. Funding for training is bound to follow this re-distribution of professional input and the whole area of educational studies (in England at least) has become problematic, as funds are taken out of education departments of universities and given directly to schools. The only way forward is to identify the essential elements of curriculum subjects- in our case music - and stress the unique and necessary elements of teacher education that cannot be generalised to the school setting.
Strategies to Facilitate Student Composing
Authors: Hogg Noela
Published: October 2007

In this ethnographic study of classroom music programs, 43 secondary schools in England and Australia were visited and 380 music lessons involving more than 50 classroom music teachers were observed. Though the focus was on junior secondary classrooms, the findings have relevance across a wider age range. In this article, aspects of this project are presented, the first being the identification of the three underlying teaching perspectives, music as knowledge, music as accomplishment and music as an empowering agent and the affirmation that the teaching of music is most effective when it is approached from a music as an empowering agent perspective. The three syllabus structures used by teachers who projected this focus are briefly outlined, and 16 strategies to facilitate student composing identified during the reflective period that followed the observation of 131 lessons are presented.
How Professional Performers Manage Performance Anxiety
Authors: Roland David
Published: October 2007

Many treatment studies have been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of standard psychological treatments for musical performance anxiety. However, little has been undertaken in the way of naturalistic studies to examine the strategies employed by successful professional performers in managing performance anxiety. This study attempts to ascertain these strategies as a basis for developing programs for the education and training of developing musicians and those prone to experiencing performance anxiety. Thirty professional performers from the classical and jazz fields, with a national and international profile and soloist experience, were interviewed on an in-depth basis by the researcher. It was found that these performers all experienced some degree of performance anxiety and viewed it as an accepted and positive part of performing provided they were able to maintain control of it. They achieved this by preparation prior to performing and using a variety of musical, cognitive, behavioural and lifestyle strategies. Most performers felt that a better understanding of these strategies should be provided in the training of musicians.
A HyperMedia Listening Station for the College Music Literature Class
Authors: Hughes Thomas
Published: October 2007

Recent advances in computer-controlled devices combined with the advent of audio compact discs have opened wide ranging possibilities for applications in music education. Students from an undergraduate music literature class were chosen to participate in a study (n=34). Students in the experimental group (n=17) utilised a computer-driven listening station while students in a control group utilised a typical repeated-hearing strategy. A Likert-scale questionnaire served as a pretest and assessed the students' knowledge of composers and works with no significant difference being found between the experimental and control groups. At the conclusion of the study, a recognition test was administered. Subjects in the experimental group had a significantly higher score (p >.001) on the posttest than the control group. The results suggest that listening station use improves the ability of undergraduate music majors to develop a recognition ability for basic music repertoire.
Music Notational Software based on Children's Own Symbolic Representations of Sound
Authors: MacGregor Rob
Published: October 2007

The use of computer hardware and software in the music classroom setting is becoming commonplace. For software to be effective at a primary school level, it must take into account the way that children use sound and the way that they notate those sounds. This paper describes part of a study which examined the way in which primary school children notated music to determine if this was adaptable to a software interface. The study involved 179 children and results suggest that the children appeared to have their own symbol system which (a) appears to be pitch based, (b) caters for loudness and duration of notes, and (c) does not appear to follow melodic contour. A pilot learner interface, based on this method of notation, is described.
Of Garage Bands and Song-getting: The Musical Development of Young Rock Musicians
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: October 2007

This paper explores systems of music transmission, teaching and learning in evidence within the rehearsals of rock bands. Informants were nine musicians in two Seattle rock bands, all white males, ranging in age from fourteen to sixteen. Through interviews and observations of practice sessions, 'song-getting' and' skill-building' processes were noted. Attention was given to the young musicians' analytical listening behaviours, their evaluative remarks, and the social interactions of the groups' leaders as 'expert' musical models with other members of the group. Early home and school musical musical influences were examined, and ways in which the school music curriculum might be made more relevant to the needs and interests of young rock musicians are discussed.
Lifelong Learning: An Emerging Research Agenda for Music Education
Authors: Myers David E
Published: October 2007

Research in lifelong music learning can provide a basis for relating school music programs more closely with the larger society. In addition, understanding of relationships between adult development and music learning can broaden the scope and depth of life-span education in music. Three fruitful areas for developing a research agenda include: adult development and learning; creativity; and intergenerational learning. Implications for research involve forging stronger links between the nature of adult learners and appropriate practices in music education.
The Establishment of the Music Curiculum in South Australia: The Role of Alexander Clark
Authors: Southcott Jane
Published: October 2007

Alexander Clark, a trained tonic sol-faist, became an Inspector of South Australian schools in 1884. Under his guidance music secured a place in state-supported schooling. Clark was an enthusiastic, committed educator who lead by example and encouragement. He was warmly regarded and respected by his peers, teachers and school pupils. He championed the cause of music, pushed for teacher training in the subject, and was its strongest advocate in the public domain. Despite retrenchment from the inspectorate he continued his fight for music and was still teaching and conducting at the time of his death in 1913. This paper seeks to outline his career and contribution to the development of music in state schooling in South Australia. Effectively, Clark established the content and delivery practices of school music. Clark's efforts on behalf of the discipline were tireless and his enthusiasm converted many. His contribution requires documentation and acknowledgment.
Basic and Applied Qualitative Research in Music Education
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: October 2007

Qualitative research can contribute significantly to both applied, and to basic research, opening intellectual avenues that have not been explored in the past. In this paper, I present a unified view of five prominent qualitative methdologies ('genres'): educational criticism; formative research; and action research in the applied orientation, and ethnography and phenomenology in the basic orientation. The analysis of these genres is developed along six parameters: goals; the issues these genres enable us to explore; the intellectual traditions in which they are embedded; the role of theory; the perspectives from which researchers operate; and the writing style which they employ. These aspects are illustrated by concrete examples of research.
Why Mozart? Information Processing Abilities of Gifted Young Musicians
Authors: Geake John G.
Published: October 2007

An information processing model based on the neuropsychology of Alexander Luria was employed to investigate individual differences among normal and musically gifted children in their perception of pitch sequences with various degrees of structural coherence. The Luria model has three orthogonal dimensions of information processing: successive and simultaneous synthesis for encoding information, and executive synthesis which involves attention. It was hypothesised that music perception involves the cooperative interaction of these three information processing dimensions. Children with demonstrated musical precocity were compared with normal children on the three Luria model dimensions and on their perception of musical structure. The results highlighted the importance of metacognitive processes for realising extreme musical talent.
Letting Go of Papa's Hand: Music Education Without Music?
Authors: Lees Heath
Published: October 2007

It seems to be the destiny of Music Education that it be tied in junior relationship with other subjects - Music of course, and more recently, Anthropology. Understood as Education in Music, the subject is assumed to concern itself with how music is taught and learned. The author suggests that Music Education should also be understood, in questions of research, as Education about Music, thus allowing it to make a more direct contribution to the Humanities, and in particular, to cultural studies. By way of a case-study, the article outlines the ways in which Education about Music influenced a generation of writers in 19th-century France, and spread itself 'secretly' into their literary work.
Invented Notations: A View of Young Children's Musical Thinking
Authors: Barrett Margaret
Published: October 2007

The research reported in this article describes some of the ways in which young children use idiosyncratic symbols (invented notations) to encode their compositional experiences in music. These symbols may be viewed as vehicles for conveying meaning and are precursors to the development of the culturally agreed symbol systems of the adult literate world. The investigation was naturalistic in design and focused on children's individual responses to simple compositional tasks completed in an early childhood setting. A number of categories of symbolisation emerged from the data collected, suggesting that as children become more experienced in encoding their responses, their recordings become less context-bound and more concerned with ideas and concepts.
Themes and Variations on the Creative Process: Tales of Three Cultures
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan , Teicher Judith
Published: October 2007

At issue here is the description and comparison of the manners and forms of improvisation in three disparate cultures - southern Indian, Sub-Saharan Africa (from the Akan and Ewe of Ghana to the Shona of Zimbabwe), and Vietnam. Culture-specific distinctions as well as crosscultural similarities of improvisation are examined, with the intent of illuminating some of the traits worthy of application in the raising up of young people to be musically expressive and inventive in their creative and re-creative performances. The association of aural skill development with the realization of the individual power of invention is found as a critical commonality across the three cultures, a principal theme among the cultural variations.
Knowing the subject versus knowing the child: striking the right balance for children aged 7-11 years
Authors: Mills Janet
Published: October 2007

Almost all children in England aged from 11 to 14 years are taught music by a specialist teacher. On the other hand, children aged from 5 to 7 years are nearly always taught music by their class teacher. This paper addresses the issue of how children in the intervening years, that is children aged 7 to 11 years, might best be taught. It focuses on the music teaching in ten primary schools. Of the three most effective schools in the sample, one bases its music curriculum on specialist teaching, and the other two use a system based on class teaching. In the sample as a whole, there is no clear relationship between the teachers' qualifications in music, and the quality of their music teaching.
Assessing Music Performance: Issues and Influences
Authors: McPherson Gary E. , Thompson William F.
Published: October 2007

Assessing musical performance is common across many types of music education practice, yet research clarifying the range of factors which impact on a judge's assessment is relatively scarce. This article attempts to provide focus to the current literature, by proposing a process model of assessing musical performance that identifies some of the main elements that affect a judge's assessment in formal performance settings such as competitions, auditions, recitals, Eisteddfods and graded examinations. The article includes a review of the literature according to the categories defined in the model and suggestions which are intended to form the basis for further research in the area.
The Importance of Context: Who's Teaching Music?
Authors: Whitaker Nancy
Published: October 2007

This article presents the results of an examination of the music instruction in two urban schools as part of a larger context of music and the other arts in school settings. The role of music in the schools, as viewed by arts agencies, psychologists, administrators, or teachers, is expressed in contradictory terms. Music education is either dead in urban schools or revitalized through arts partnerships, is optimally delivered by classroom teachers, music specialists, or artists, and exists either for its own sake or to enhance student understanding of other disciplines. These contradictions create a context for this study of two urban schools. The findings included: 1) most of the music instruction is done by classroom teachers with some assistance from music specialists; 2) the assistance from music specialists is long-term and designed to fit the unique needs of the school community as expressed by the instructional staff and school leadership; 3) the curricular orientation is more than functional: teachers are capable of moving to a more musically-sophisticated orientation; 4) the music instruction in both schools requires the classroom teachers to become expressive performers and teachers; and 5) at the academically-pressured school, many of the teachers do not view the arts instruction as a threat to academic success. The teachers viewed music involvement as a subject in its own right as well as a part of integrated instruction. These two schools represent a new paradigm for urban arts instruction: a context in which teachers are supported in collaborative and innovative methods of instruction that are specific to the needs of a given class, grade level and school.
Early Childhood Musical Development
Authors: Welch Graham F.
Published: October 2007

Musical perception, cognition and behaviour are species-specific capabilities that, like language, originate in basic neurological structures. Musical development in early childhood is a complex product of human potential interfacing with, and being mediated by, socio-cultural influences and opportunities. At any given moment, musical behaviour reflects this interaction and synthesis, creating observable differences between individuals as they follow their own particular developmental 'route' through society's myriad musical 'pathways'. Observed musical behaviour should not be seen as being immutably 'fixed', but open to continued change and development, particularly for those who are within a nurturing educational context (whatever its degree of formalisation). Although development may be faster or slower for particular individuals, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that, with appropriate support, all young children can achieve a degree of mastery in the contemporary musical idioms of their maternal culture.
Metcalf Laboratory School: A Report on a Model for Preservice Music Teacher Field Experiences
Authors: Snyder David W.
Published: October 2007

This article reports on the first year of a collaborative effort between the instrumental methods students at Illinois State University and the beginning band and string program at Metcalf Laboratory School in Normal, Illinois, U.S.A. The curriculum of the University's methods course and the practices of the band and string program at Metcalf were aligned to allow preservice teachers from the university to work alongside the instrumental staff at Metcalf. The pedagogy learned in the methods classroom was put into practice.

The university students benefited from 1) extended teaching time with the Metcalf students, (2) regular demonstration and feedback from both the university and Metcalf supervisor, (3) opportunities for peer evaluation, and (4) planned periods of reflection. The instrumental students at Metcalf achieved higher levels of proficiency on their instruments and progressed faster due to the increase in individual attention.
Mediated Orality: The Role of Popular Music in the Changing Tradition of Children's Musical Play
Authors: Marsh Kathryn
Published: October 2007

Children's musical play traditions are frequently perceived to be threatened by the influences of the media and popular music. This article maintains that mediated popular music forms a part of the oral transmission process which characterises children's musical play. Specific reference is made to children's playground singing games in which children's creative manipulation of material derived from popular music forms is discussed. Such uses are seen to empower children and to reinforce play traditions, rather than dissipate them.
Sexual Selection Revisited — Towards a Gender-Neutral Theory and Practice
Authors: Ah-King Malin
Published: October 2007

In a recent issue of this journal, Vandermassen suggested that feminists should include sexual selection theory and evolutionary psychology in a unifying theory of human nature. In response, this article aims to offer some insight into the development of sexual selection theory, to caution against Vandermassen's unreserved assimilation and to promote the opposite ongoing integration — an inclusion of gender perspectives into evolutionary biology. In society today, opinions about maintaining traditional sex roles are often put forward on the basis of what is natural and how animals behave. However, the natural sciences have proved to be pervaded by gendered values and interests; Darwin's theory of sexual selection has been criticized for being male biased, and partly due to the unwillingness of Darwin's scientific contemporaries to accept female choice, research has been overwhelmingly focused on males. More recently, theory has become less gender biased and research has come to include a large variety of issues not present in the first version of the theory. However, there is a need to increase the awareness of gender bias in order to develop a gender-neutral evolutionary biology.
The Professional Identity of Gameworkers
Authors: Deuze Mark , Martin Chase Bowen , Allen Christian
Published: October 2007

/ The lack of clear crediting standards is a constant concern in the computer and video game industry. On an academic level, this concern has a regrettable parallel: of all the hundreds of thousands of professional culture creators in the media world, the ones whose lives are studied the least are game developers. Our paper maps the key issues which inform and influence the working lives and professional identities of professionals in the global computer and videogame industry. In our analysis of gamework as an example of the production of culture, we synthesize interviews with game developers, scholarly and trade publications, game developers' weblogs and online forum postings, as well as informal discussions and exchanges with people inside the industry.
Homo Deludens
Authors: Kücklich Julian
Published: October 2007

/ This paper intends to map the possibilities as well as the dangers of using cheats in games research. It starts out from an understanding of games as entities in which the impulse to play is inextricably linked to the desire to cheat, as the close etymological kinship of the Latin terms ludo (I play) and deludo (I cheat) suggests. Therefore, it can be argued that, in order to understand a game, one must play not only by its rules but also with its rules. This will be demonstrated using examples drawn from my own games research experience, addressing the ethical, methodological and epistemological implications of this practice.
The Game of Being Mobile
Authors: Hjorth Larissa
Published: October 2007

/ In media cultures of late, the synergy between two global dominant industries — mobile communication and gaming — has attracted much attention and stargazing. As part of burgeoning global media cultures, gaming and mobile media are divergent in their adaptation at the level of the local. In some locations where broadband infrastructure is strong and collectivity is emphasized (such as South Korea), online multiplayer games prevail. In locations where convergent mobile technologies govern (such as Japan), mobile gaming platforms dominate. In order to address the uneven adoption and definitions of mobile gaming, this paper will focus on the convergence between mobile technologies and gaming in the Asia-Pacific. By focusing on a phenomenon that prevails in both realms and cute culture, this paper will also consider how consumption and production of new technologies are conceptualized in the region. This paper argues that by looking at the phenomenon of cute culture, we can gain insight into the divergent definitions of gaming and mobility in the region, which in turn reflect the continuing localized nature of contemporary global culture.
Let Me Take You to The Movies
Authors: Sotamaa Olli
Published: October 2007

/ This article examines the contested issue of player productivity, with a focus on the multifaceted relations between players and the game industry. These relations are explored using the movie studio simulation The Movies (Lionhead Studios, 2005) as a case study. Firstly, through an examination of the game, some of the prevailing game industry's practices, and their relations to the ones applied amongst other creative industries (particularly the film industry) are introduced. Secondly, the game, and especially the accompanying moviemaking editor, is analysed from the perspective of `transformative play'. Further, the reasons behind, and consequences of, allowing the players to make and distribute short movies of their own are contemplated. Finally the article addresses the mechanisms of control and reward that are applied by the corporate actors in relation to The Movies. The article suggests that in the age of commodified play, players face trade-offs all the time. Therefore, the study of rules that has become central in game studies has to be expanded to the `out-game rules' defined by the corporate players.
An Exploration of Fourth Generation Evaluation in Practice
Authors: Lay Margaret , Papadopoulos Irena
Published: October 2007

The use of the constructivist paradigm to undertake so called `fourth generation evaluation' (FGE) has been promoted by its initial proponents (Guba and Lincoln) since the late 1980s. Despite this its use is still rarely favoured over the conventional positivist scientific approach.This paper explores the applicability of some of the main principles of FGE in relation to an evaluation undertaken by the authors.
Assessing fluid responsiveness: the role of dynamic haemodynamic indices
Authors: Ercole Ari
Published: October 2007

Intravenous fluid infusion is a simple way of improving cardiac output and oxygen delivery in shock. However, the consequences of fluid overload can be serious. Direct measurement of cardiac output after fluid administration may not always be feasible and simple measures of arterial or central venous pressure are poor indicators of hypovolaemia and fluid responsiveness. Measures based on the change in these parameters with variation in preload such as occurs during the respiratory cycle are more powerful predictors of the cardiovascular response to filling as they relate to the shape of the cardiac output performance curve. In this article, we describe the origin, interpretation and limitations of such dynamic indices.
The early management of gunshot wounds Part II: the abdomen, extremities and special situations
Authors: Whitfield C. , Garner J.P.
Published: October 2007

The management of gunshot wounds of the abdomen and extremities is evolving with centres who treat large volumes of such injuries tending to the application of a policy of selective non-operative management. This article discusses the management of gunshot wounds to the abdomen and extremities and reviews the evidence supporting these changing practices. Special situations such as wounding by shotguns or air rifles are also examined as are the special considerations needed when dealing with the gunshot injured pregnant women or in a child.
The Protestant Sect Credit Machine
Authors: Cornwell Benjamin
Published: October 2007

The new economic sociology contends that personal relationships and trust play key roles in structuring economic activity. Max Weber's 1906 essay, `Churches and Sects,' epitomizes the new economic sociology argument. The piece not only details the origins of and individual motivations behind social capital formation in sects, it also shows how congregation-based social capital facilitated the emergence of capitalism in America. I supplement Weber's work with that of contemporary scholars to provide social-capital-based explanations of capitalism in northern Italy, the Netherlands, and England, all emphasizing the significance of credit.
Re-examining Mead
Authors: Carreira Da Silva Filipe
Published: October 2007

Despite decades of scholarship on G.H. Mead (1863—1931), we are still far from an adequate estimate of the full scope of his contributions. In this article, I examine the standard caricature that portraits Mead as an essentially idealist thinker, without much to say on the `material conditions of reproduction' of modern industrialized societies. Focusing on Habermas's version of this interpretation, I try to show that if `science and democracy' is a common theme amongst classical pragmatists, Mead is the only of these to whom we owe a communicative social theory that systematically connects science's problem-solving nature to democracy's deliberative character by means of social psychology that establishes the social nature of the human self. To suggest otherwise is to ignore that Mead's intellectual edifice is perhaps best described as a system in a state of flux, a structure that comprises three ever-evolving pillars: experimental science, social psychology, and democratic politics.
Social Ethics and Logic
Authors: Gangas Spiros
Published: October 2007

This essay considers an issue that Durkheimian scholarship has largely bypassed: namely the conceptual affinities between Durkheim's and Hegel's epistemological and moral projects. Developing key themes from both thinkers, it is argued that Hegel's categories are present in various crucial Durkheimian configurations, especially those that deal with the structure of modern society and its epistemological justification. Durkheim's partial misunderstanding of Hegel regarding the modern state does not abstract from his implicit debt to the latter's systematic exposition of the reconciliation between the `particular' and the `universal', the `individual' and `society'. Because of this misconception, many significant interpretations place Durkheim strictly within the Kantian paradigm without drawing sufficiently the Hegelian threads in Durkheim's attempt to correct Kant. Conducive to the defence of this point is Durkheim's epistemology, his teleological organicism and his reflections on freedom and causality in the backdrop of major social reconstructions such as the French Revolution and socialism. In this attempt to bring forth this affinity, emphasis is given to the axiological and normative dimension of Durkheim's thought through the lens of moderation as a principle which also fits Hegel's system.
Electrospun Porous Mats for High Efficiency Filtration
Authors: Dotti F. , Varesano A. , Montarsolo A. , Aluigi A. , Tonin C. , Mazzuchetti G.
Published: October 2007

Submicron size fibers (so-called nanofibers) are easily produced with an electrospinning apparatus from polymer solutions of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), and polyamide-6. Electrospinning seems the most powerful tool for fabricating polymer nanofibers. Fibers were directly deposited in the form of random fiber webs with high area-to-volume ratio and small porous size on ordinary nonwoven filters of PET microfibers. Morphology and diameter distribution of the electrospun filaments were characterized by SEM investigations. The flow resistance of the produced composite filters are evaluated by means of air permeability measurements. The electrospun fibers have diameters ranging from about 70—500 nm and are interconnected each other to form thin webs that have very small pore size. After the electrospinning treatment, the air permeability of the filter media decreases 6—17 times showing a significant change of flow resistance that can be controlled by the thickness of nanofibers layer and the pore size. High efficiency nano-microfibers composite filters could be used in a wide range of applications, ranging from air cleaning for automotive to environment conditioning or liquid filtration.
3-D Textiles for Advanced Cement Based Matrix Reinforcement
Authors: Roye Andreas , Gries Thomas
Published: October 2007

This article gives a definition for the wording 3-D textiles and presents the latest developments in the field of 3-D textile production. The double needle bar raschel technology has been improved by inserting straight reinforcement yarns inserted bi-axially on both sides of the textile. This is a completely new approach and allows a wide range of new applications. One major application of the bi-axially reinforced spacer fabrics is the `textile reinforced concrete' (TRC). In TRC, ready-made textiles can be used instead of single fibers in order to take full advantage of the fiber strength. As the 3-D textiles can be positioned conforming the load situation in three dimensions, they show a superior behavior from technical and economical point of view. A completely new type of 3-D-fabric is presented — warp knitted spacer fabrics for concrete applications.
Study of Fabric Assemblies used by Combat Paratrooper in the Cone Calorimeter
Authors: Kotresh T.M. , Indushekar R. , Subbulakshmi M.S. , Vijayalakshmi S.N. , Krishna Prasad A.S. , Padaki V.C. , Agrawal Ashwini K.
Published: October 2007

This work investigates the effect of surface fabric on the burning behavior of fabric assembly used by paratroopers when exposed to a heat flux of 50 kW/m2 in a cone calorimeter. Three types of surface fabrics and two types of insulative materials are considered in the present study. The surface fabric, contrary to expectations, has a marginal effect on the burning behavior of fabric assemblies as indicated by peak heat release rate, average heat release rate, and total heat release.
Measuring the Thermal Conductive Property of Protective Fabrics to Radiant Heat Exposure
Authors: Zhu Fanglong  , Zhang Weiyuan
Published: October 2007

A novel experimental apparatus called thermal simulating box is designed to evaluate the heat transmission of protective fabrics subject to radiation/ convection heat flux representative of typical high temperature occupational environments. The cold side of the test sample is maintained around human body skin temperature as high as 36°C, however, the hot side was exposed to dry hot air. An indirect method based on thermal-electric analog principle is proposed to measure the thermal conductivity of protective fabric. Protective fabrics made with flame-resistant cotton, Nomex, PANOF and fabrics from fiberglass are measured. Experiments show how the hot plate temperature, air pressure, air gap thickness affect thermal conductivity of test samples.
Recovery and Reuse of Waste PVC Coated Fabrics. Part 1: Experimental Procedures and Separation of Fabric Components
Authors: Adanur Sabit , Zhenwei Hou  , Broughton Royall M.
Published: October 2007

The polyester in the base fabrics (PET) and the polyvinyl chloride coating (PVC) along with plasticizers and adhesive/glue were separated from a commercial coated fabric by a scheme of chopping, grinding, and extracting with a selected preferred aqueous MEK solution. A novel recovering method called swelling method is introduced to separate and reuse waste PVC coated PET fabrics. In comparison with other recycling techniques, the swelling method is a simple procedure with minimal environmental impact. The selection of the swelling agent of methylethyl ketone (MEK) was made after an analysis of the physical and chemical properties of several chemicals. Phase separation was found in the MEK/water system that serves as swelling bath. The two phases exist over a wide concentration range. The behavior of the swelling system and the swelling properties of recovered components were investigated by parameters, such as refractive index, swelling degree, and the average particle size of recovered PVC.
Practical Reason, Value and Action
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: October 2007

How should we decide which theory of practical reason is correct? One possibility is to link each conception of practical reason with a theory of value, and to assess the first in combination with the second. Recently some philosophers have taken a different approach. They have tried to link theories of practical reason with theories of action instead. I try to show that it can be illuminating to think of practical reason in terms of the success conditions of action, but ultimately this is in addition to, rather than a substitute for, relating practical reason to value as well. I set out three different conceptions of action and corresponding success conditions, and explain how each is linked to a particular conception of practical reason and, in two cases, to a theory of value too. My goal is to describe these different accounts, rather than to defend any in particular, though I will suggest that some are more satisfactory than others.
Echo and Mirror: Clone Hysteria, Genetic Determinism and Star Trek Nemesis
Authors: Tranter Kieran , Statham Bronwyn
Published: October 2007

This essay examines the hysteria that surrounded cloning and the law that this hysteria called forth in Australia in 2002. Through a parallel reading of two accounts of clones, the public record of cloning that ended with the Prohibition of Human Cloning Act 2002 (Cth), and Star Trek: Nemesis, it argues that instead of fearing the clone, it is clone hysteria that should be feared. Star Trek: Nemesis exposes the constitute anxieties (clone as double, clone as artefact) of clone hysteria, and offers a partial critique. In doing so it points to the foundational place of genetic determinism in thinking about cloning. Although its critique turns out to be illusionary, the film highlights the need for addressing genetic determinism in clearer thinking and lawmaking about clones and cloning. Law, Culture and the Humanities 2007; 3: 361—380
From Offworld Colonies to Migration Zones: Blade Runner and the Fractured Subject of Jurisprudence
Authors: Hutchings Peter J.
Published: October 2007

Looking again at Blade Runner (dir. Ridley Scott, 1982) — after Tampa, after 9/11 — 2019 seems all too close to 20032. Australia's Christmas Island, America's Guantànamo Bay are our offworld colonies, and the disposable “skinjobs” come in a variety of darker colours than those of Scott's film. Through a re-reading of Blade Runner, this paper argues that the theory of right which would be adequate to such a world is the right of the outlaw, for this is a world in which right is subject to power, in which state “law” undoes and exceeds its own foundations. Law, Culture and the Humanities 2007; 3: 381—397
Asimov's Posthuman Pharisees: The Letter of the Law Versus the Spirit of the Law in Isaac Asimov's Robot Novels
Authors: Leslie-McCarthy Sage
Published: October 2007

This article examines the ways in which the Robot Novels of Isaac Asimov provide a useful case study for important posthuman legal considerations. In advocating an understanding of law and justice that focuses on the spirit of justice as opposed to formalistic considerations, Asimov demonstrates the challenges that artificial intelligence or robots may pose to the posthuman legal system. It analyzes the legal concerns raised in each of the Robot Novels: The Caves of Steel (1954), The Naked Sun (1956), The Robots of Dawn (1983) and Robots and Empire (1985), and suggests that Asimov's portrayal of posthuman justice emphasizes the necessity of formulating “law” that is underpinned by a notion of the fundamental kinship of “intelligent” beings rather than a nominal equality within what is fundamentally a slave society. Law, Culture and the Humanities 2007; 3: 398—415