bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The possible negative consequences of underground dam and reservoir construction and operation in coastal karst areas: an example of the hydro-electric power plant (HEPP) Ombla near Dubrovnik (Croatia)
Authors: Roje-Bonacci T. , Bonacci O.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The Ombla Spring represents a typical abundant coastal karst spring located in the vicinity of the town of Dubrovnik (Croatia). Its outlet is at an altitude of 2.5 m above sea level (m a.s.l.) and the water from it immediately flows into the Adriatic Sea. The minimum and maximum measured discharges are 3.96 m3 s−1 and 117 m3 s−1, respectively. The Trebišnjica River traverses through its catchment. The mean annual discharge, after the canalization of over 60 km of its watercourse with spray concrete (in the time span 1981–2011), is 24.05 m3 s−1. Before massive civil engineering work which took place during 1968–1980, the mean annual discharge was 28.35 m3 s−1. There is a project for construction of the hydro-electric power plant (HEPP) Ombla, which will exclusively use groundwater from the Ombla Spring karst aquifer. The underground dam will be constructed about 200 m behind the existing karst spring outflow in the karst massif, by injecting a grout curtain. The top of the grout curtain is planned to be at an altitude of 130 m a.s.l. This karst system is complex, sensitive, vulnerable and ecologically extremely valuable. The grout curtain, as well as the HEPP Ombla development, could lead to extremely dangerous technical and environmental consequences. In this paper some probable, negative consequences of the HEPP Ombla construction and development are explained. The HEPP Ombla could result in many large and hard-to-predict negative consequences which are specific for this particular HEPP, for example (1) severe spring discharge change; (2) unpredictable regional groundwater redistribution; (3) threatening of endemic fauna; (4) induced seismicity; (5) induced sinkholes; (6) occurrence of landslides; (7) conflict regarding internationally shared karst aquifers; (8) intensification of karst flash floods; (9) sea water intrusion in coastal karst aquifer; etc.
Observing Muostakh Island disappear: erosion of a ground-ice-rich coast in response to summer warming and sea ice reduction on the East Siberian shelf
Authors: Günther F. , Overduin P. P. , Baranskaya A. , Opel T. , Grigoriev M. N.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Observations of coastline retreat using contemporary very high resolution satellite and historical aerial imagery were compared to measurements of open water fractions and summer air temperatures. We analyzed seasonal and interannual variations of thawing-induced cliff top retreat (thermo-denudation) and marine abrasion (thermo-abrasion) on Muostakh Island in the southern central Laptev Sea. The island is composed of ground-ice-rich permafrost deposits of Ice Complex type that render it particularly susceptible to erosion along the coast, resulting in land loss. Based on topographic reference measurements during field campaigns, we generated digital elevation models using stereophotogrammetry, in order to block adjust and ortho-rectify aerial photographies from 1951 and GeoEye, QuickBird, WorldView-1, and WorldView-2 imagery from 2010 to 2012 for change detection. Coastline retreat for erosive segments ranged from −13 to −585 m and was −109 ± 81 m (–1.8 ± 1.3 m a−1) on average during the historical period. Current seasonal dynamics of cliff top retreat revealed rapid thermo-denudation rates of –10.2 ± 4.5 m a−1 in mid summer and –4.1 ± 2.0 m a−1 on average during the 2010–2012 observation period. Using sea ice concentration data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and air temperature time series from Tiksi, we calculated seasonal duration available for thermo-abrasion, expressed as open water days, and for thermo-denudation, based on thawing degree days. Geomorphometric analysis revealed that total ground ice content on Muostakh is made up of equal amounts of intrasedimentary and macro ground ice, while its vertical hourglass distribution provides favorable local preconditions for subsidence and the acceleration of coastal thermo-erosion under intensifying environmental forcings. Our results showed a~close relationship between mean summer air temperature and coastal thermo-erosion rates, in agreement with observations made for various permafrost coastlines different from East Siberian Ice Complex coasts elsewhere in the Arctic. Seasonality and recent interannual variations of coastline retreat rates suggest that the combination of macro ground ice distribution in the ground and changes in enviromental forcing generate a cyclicity in coastal thermo-erosion, that is currently increasing in frequency.
Statement by H.E. Mr. Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ, President of Mongolia at the 67th Session of the United Nations General Assembly
Authors: Elbegdorj Tsakhia
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.77 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 5-8
The 19th Ministerial Council Meeting’s Statement by H.E. Mr. Luvsanvandan BOLD, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Mongolia
Authors: Bold Luvsanvandan
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.78 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 9-11
Chinggis Khan’s Vision of World Rule, and How it Remade China
Authors: Man John
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.84 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 81-84
Effective Use of Performance Requirements and Investment Incentive
Authors: Boroo Zuzaan
Published: August 2013

This paper reviewed a theoretical background rationalizing performance requirements, particularly employment and training requirements which are used by host countries in conjunction with investment incen­tives as a FDI policy means to achieve economic objectives. And it discusses main observations from the study and proposes some policy alternatives helpful for the government of Mongolia to benefit from FDI through performance requirements in conjunction with investment incentives.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.86 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 97-108
Ethnic Immigration Policy Implementation (1992- 2009)
Authors: Amangul Shugatai
Published: August 2013

After Kazakhstan declared its independence, it became a large perform­er in the worldwide international migration process. The attraction of social and economic stability (with an increase in the level of liv­ing standard), stable ethno-demographic and population growth, no nationalist struggles as well as positive geopolitical situations, have lead to a huge flow of immigrants to Kazakhstan in the years since independence. In this study, I have suggested that results of the ethnic immigration policy include strengthening the national identity, creating a positive effect on the ethno-demographic outcomes, and increasing the number of the population size over the last nineteen years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.87 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 109-117
The Concept of National Security
Authors: Editor The
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.88 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 118-128
Meeting the Demand for Leadership Development
Authors: Murray Thomas A. , Schultz Stacie M.
Published: August 2013

Due to its unique, flexible structure and low cost, virtually any student can participate in the Applied Tailored Leadership Adventure for Success (ATLAS) Leadership Certificate Program at the University of Arizona.
Sparse leaky‐LMS algorithm for system identification and its convergence analysis
Authors: Salman Mohammad Shukri
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a novel adaptive filter for sparse systems is proposed. The proposed algorithm incorporates a log‐sum penalty into the cost function of the standard leaky least mean square (LMS) algorithm, which results in a shrinkage in the update equation. This shrinkage, in turn, enhances the performance of the adaptive filter, especially, when the majority of unknown system coefficients are zero. Convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm is presented, and a stability criterion for the algorithm is derived. This algorithm is given a name of zero‐attracting leaky‐LMS (ZA‐LLMS) algorithm. The performance of the proposed ZA‐LLMS algorithm is compared to those of the standard leaky‐LMS and ZA‐LMS algorithms in sparse system identification settings, and it shows superior performance compared to the aforementioned algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boron‐Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Microelectrode Arrays Monitor Cardiac Action Potentials
Authors: Maybeck Vanessa , Edgington Robert , Bongrain Alexandre , Welch Joseph O. , Scorsone Emanuel , Bergonzo Philippe , Jackman Richard B. , Offenhäusser Andreas
Published: August 2013

The expansion of diamond‐based electronics in the area of biological interfacing has not been as thoroughly explored as applications in electrochemical sensing. However, the biocompatibility of diamond, large safe electrochemical window, stability, and tunable electronic properties provide opportunities to develop new devices for interfacing with electrogenic cells. Here, the fabrication of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with boron‐doped nanocrystalline diamond (BNCD) electrodes and their interfacing with cardiomyocyte‐like HL‐1 cells to detect cardiac action potentials are presented. A nonreductive means of structuring doped and undoped diamond on the same substrate is shown. The resulting BNCD electrodes show high stability under mechanical stress generated by the cells. It is shown that by fabricating the entire surface of the MEA with NCD, in patterns of conductive doped, and isolating undoped regions, signal detection may be improved up to four‐fold over BNCD electrodes passivated with traditional isolators.
Prenatal presentation and postnatal evolution of a patient with Jansen metaphyseal dysplasia with a novel missense mutation in PTH1R
Authors: Savoldi Gianfranco , Izzi Claudia , Signorelli Marino , Bondioni Maria Pia , Romani Chiara , Lanzi Gaetana , Moratto Daniele , Verdoni Lucio , Pinotti Moira , Prefumo Federico , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Pilotta Alba
Published: August 2013

Wave‐shaped ribs were detected at prenatal ultrasound in a 20+1 week female fetus. At birth, skeletal radiographs showed marked hypomineralization and suggested hypophosphatasia. However, elevated blood calcium and alkaline phosphatase excluded hypophosphatasia and raised the possibility of Jansen metaphyseal dysplasia. Molecular analysis of the PTH/PTHrP receptor gene (PTH1R) showed heterozygosity for a previously undescribed transversion variant (c.1373T>A), which predicts p.Ile458Lys. In vitro evaluation of wild type and mutant PTH/PTHrP receptors supported the pathogenic role of the p.Ile458Lys substitution, and confirmed the diagnosis of Jansen metaphyseal dysplasia. This disorder may present prenatally with wavy ribs and in the newborn with hypomineralization, and may therefore be confused with hypophosphatasia. The mottled metaphyseal lesions typically associated with this disease appear only in childhood. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoelectronics Meets Biology: From New Nanoscale Devices for Live‐Cell Recording to 3D Innervated Tissues
Authors: Duan Xiaojie , Lieber Charles M.
Published: August 2013

High spatiotemporal resolution interfaces between electrical sensors and biological systems, from single live cells to tissues, is crucial for many areas, including fundamental biophysical studies as well as medical monitoring and intervention. Herein, we summarize recent progress in the development and application of novel nanoscale devices for intracellular electrical recording of action potentials and the effort of merging electronic and biological systems seamlessly in three dimensions by using macroporous nanoelectronic scaffolds. The uniqueness of these nanoscale devices for minimally invasive, large‐scale, high spatial resolution, and three‐dimensional neural activity mapping are highlighted.
Three‐Dimensional MoS2 Hierarchical Nanoarchitectures Anchored into a Carbon Layer as Graphene Analogues with Improved Lithium Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , Hu Changwen , Cao Minhua
Published: August 2013

Much attention has recently been focused on the synthesis and application of graphene analogues of layered nanomaterials owing to their better electrochemical performance than the bulk counterparts. We synthesized graphene analogue of 3D MoS2 hierarchical nanoarchitectures through a facile hydrothermal route. The graphene‐like MoS2 nanosheets are uniformly dispersed in an amorphous carbon matrix produced in situ by hydrothermal carbonization. The interlaminar distance between the MoS2 nanosheets is about 1.38 nm, which is far larger than that of bulk MoS2 (0.62 nm). Such a layered architecture is especially beneficial for the intercalation and deintercalation of Li+. When tested as a lithium‐storage anode material, the graphene‐like MoS2 hierarchical nanoarchitectures exhibit high specific capacity, superior rate capability, and enhanced cycling performance. This material shows a high reversible capacity of 813.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 after 100 cycles and a specific capacity as high as 600 mAh g−1 could be retained even at a current density of 4000 mA g−1. The results further demonstrate that constructing 3D graphene‐like hierarchical nanoarchitectures can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of electrode materials.
CdTe1‐xSex/Cd0.5Zn0.5S core/shell quantum dots: core composition and property
Authors: Yang Ping , Cao Yongqiang , Li Xiaoyu , Zhang Ruili , Liu Ning , Zhang Yulan
Published: August 2013

Alloy CdTe1‐xSex quantum dots (QDs) have been fabricated by an organic route using Cd, Te and Se precursors in a mixture of trioctylamine and octadecylphosphonic acid at 280 °C. The variation of photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength of the CdTe1‐xSex QDs compared with CdTe QDs confirmed the formation of an alloy structure. The Se component drastically affected the stability of CdTe1‐xSex QDs. A Cd0.5Zn0.5S shell coating on CdTe1‐xSex cores was carried out using oleic acid as a capping agent. CdTe1‐xSex/Cd0.5Zn0.5S core/shell QDs revealed dark red PL while a yellow PL peak was observed for the CdTe1‐xSex cores. The PL efficiency of the core/shell QDs was drastically increased (less than 1% for the cores and up to 65% for the core/shell QDs). The stability of QDs in various buffer solutions was investigated. Core/shell QDs can be used for biological applications because of their high stability, tunable PL and high PL efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of pure and Li+ activated Alq3 complexes for green and blue organic light emitting diodes and display devices
Authors: Bhagat S. A. , Borghate S. V. , Thejo Kalyani N. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: August 2013

Pure and Li+‐doped Alq3 complexes were synthesized by simple precipitation method at room temperature, maintaining the stoichiometric ratio. These complexes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet‐visible absorption and Fourier transform infrared and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals the crystalline nature of the synthesized complexes, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirm the molecular structure, the completion of quinoline ring formation and presence of quinoline structure in the metal complex. Ultraviolet‐visible and PL spectra revealed that Li+ activated Alq3 complexes exhibit the highest intensity in comparison to pure Alq3 phosphor. Thus, Li+ enhances PL emission intensity when doped into Alq3 phosphor. The excitation spectra lie in the range of 383–456 nm. All the synthesized complexes other than Liq give green emission, while Liq gives blue emission with enhanced intensity. Thus, he synthesized phosphors are the best suitable candidates for green‐ and blue‐emitting organic light emitting diode, PL liquid‐crystal display and solid‐state lighting applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Recyclable Self‐Supported Chiral Catalysts for the Enantioselective α‐Hydrazination of β‐Ketoesters
Authors: Torres Maria , Maisse‐François Aline , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane
Published: August 2013

Multitopic chiral copper complexes based on bis(oxazoline) have been applied in the enantioselective α‐hydrazination of β‐ketoesters. High yields and excellent enantioselectivities were obtained. Furthermore, the catalytic systems have been recovered in up to ten cycles without loss of activity or enantioselectivity. The formation of coordination polymers [polytopic ligand–Cu]n has been confirmed by UV/Vis titrations. Significant metal leaching was observed on increasing the topicity of the ligand. The nature of the catalyst was studied by nonlinear effect experiments.
Electrosteric Activation by using Ion‐Tagged Prolines: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation
Authors: Bottoni Andrea , Lombardo Marco , Miscione Gian Pietro , Montroni Elisa , Quintavalla Arianna , Trombini Claudio
Published: August 2013

We have recently proposed the empirical concept of electrosteric activation to explain the improved catalytic performances observed for a series of ion‐tagged catalysts compared to the parent tag‐free structures. Here, the results of a combined experimental and computational investigation on the asymmetric aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, catalyzed by a family of tag‐free and ionic‐tagged prolines, are presented. Whereas diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities remain very high in all cases examined, the ion‐tagged catalyst cis‐4‐(2‐(3‐methyl‐imidazol‐3‐ium‐1‐yl)acetoxy)‐proline bistriflimide, cis‐7, displays a remarkably high activity compared to its tagged trans analogue and to the tag‐free catalysts cis and trans‐4‐(2‐phenylacetoxy)‐proline 8. A computational investigation of ion‐tagged and tag‐free model systems shows that the transition state involving cis‐7 is stabilized by a complex interplay of hydrogen bonds (in particular, those involving the counter ion oxygen atoms and the hydrogen atoms of the ionic tag), π‐stacking interactions involving the aldehyde phenyl ring, and similar π interactions between the proline carboxyl group and the imidazole ring. The overall effect of these interactions accounts for the observed enhanced activity.
A β‐Enaminone‐Initiated Multicomponent Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Indoloquinolizines and Benzoquinolizines from Acyclic Precursors
Authors: Suryavanshi Padmakar A. , Sridharan Vellaisamy , Menéndez J. Carlos
Published: August 2013

The cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN)‐catalyzed sequential multicomponent reaction between tryptamine, α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, and β‐dicarbonyl compounds affords highly substituted indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizines in a single synthetic operation. Two rings are generated through the creation of two CC and two CN bonds by a domino process comprising initial β‐enaminone formation, followed by individual Michael addition, 6‐exo‐trig cyclization, iminium formation, and Pictet–Spengler steps. Furthermore, the reaction is diastereoselective and affords exclusively compounds with a trans relationship between the H‐2 and H‐12b protons. The use of amines bearing a less nucleophilic side chain aromatic ring (5‐bromotryptamine, 3,4‐dimethoxyphenylethylamine) prevents the Pictet–Spengler final step and leads to N‐indolylethyl or N‐phenylethyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines, which are cyclized to the corresponding indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizines or benzo[a]quinolizines in the presence of HCl in methanol/water. Treatment of the fused quinolizine derivatives with sodium triacetoxyborohydride led to the corresponding indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizidines or benzo[a]quinolizidines, possessing four stereogenic centers, as mixtures of two diastereomers.
Aerobic Iron‐Based Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Enables Efficient Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Coumestrol‐Based Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Authors: Kshirsagar Umesh A. , Parnes Regev , Goldshtein Hagit , Ofir Rivka , Zarivach Raz , Pappo Doron
Published: August 2013

An iron‐based cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) approach was applied for the diversity‐oriented synthesis of coumestrol‐based selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), representing the first application of CDC chemistry in natural product synthesis. The first stage of the two‐step synthesis of coumestrol involved a modified aerobic oxidative cross‐coupling between ethyl 2‐(2,4‐dimethoxybenzoyl)acetate and 3‐methoxyphenol, with FeCl3 (10 mol %) as the catalyst. The benzofuran coupling product was then subjected to sequential deprotection and lactonization steps, affording the natural product in 59 % overall yield. Based on this new methodology other coumestrol analogues were prepared, and their effects on the proliferation of the estrogen receptor (ER)‐dependent MCF‐7 and of the ER‐independent MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells were tested. As a result, new types of estrogen receptor ligands having an acetamide group instead of the 9‐hydroxyl group of coumestrol were discovered. Both 9‐acetamido‐coumestrol and 8‐acetamidocoumestrol were found more active than the natural product against estrogen‐dependent MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 30 and 9 nM, respectively.
Sequential One‐Pot Addition of Excess Aryl‐Grignard Reagents and Electrophiles to O‐Alkyl Thioformates
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Morikawa Kenta , Maruyama Toshifumi
Published: August 2013

The sequential addition of aromatic Grignard reagents to O‐alkyl thioformates proceeded to completion within 30 s to give aryl benzylic sulfanes in good yields. This reaction may begin with the nucleophilic attack of the Grignard reagent onto the carbon atom of the O‐alkyl thioformates, followed by the elimination of ROMgBr to generate aromatic thioaldehydes, which then react with a second molecule of the Grignard reagent at the sulfur atom to form arylsulfanyl benzylic Grignard reagents. To confirm the generation of aromatic thioaldehydes, the reaction between O‐alkyl thioformates and phenyl Grignard reagent was carried out in the presence of cyclopentadiene. As a result, hetero‐Diels–Alder adducts of the thioaldehyde and the diene were formed. The treatment of a mixture of the thioformate and phenyl Grignard reagent with iodine gave 1,2‐bis(phenylsulfanyl)‐1,2‐diphenyl ethane as a product, which indicated the formation of arylsulfanyl benzylic Grignard reagents in the reaction mixture. When electrophiles were added to the Grignard reagents that were generated in situ, four‐component coupling products, that is, O‐alkyl thioformates, two molecules of Grignard reagents, and electrophiles, were obtained in moderate‐to‐good yields. The use of silyl chloride or allylic bromides gave the adducts within 5 min, whereas the reaction with benzylic halides required more than 30 min. The addition to carbonyl compounds was complete within 1 min and the use of lithium bromide as an additive enhanced the yields of the four‐component coupling products. Finally, oxiranes and imines also participated in the coupling reaction.
CUDA accelerated molecular surface generation
Authors: D'Agostino Daniele , Clematis Andrea , Decherchi Sergio , Rocchia Walter , Milanesi Luciano , Merelli Ivan
Published: August 2013

A proper and efficient representation of possibly complex and large molecular surfaces is an important task in bioinformatics and biophysics. Molecular surfaces indeed are used for different aims, in particular, for computation, as visual support tools for biologists, in electrostatics problems involving implicit solvents (e.g. while solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equation) or for molecular dynamics simulations. This is the reason why, in literature, a multitude of algorithms that differ on the basis of the adopted representation and the approach/technology used were proposed. In this paper we present a CUDA‐based software component able to produce high‐resolution molecular surfaces based on the Van der Waals, solvent accessible, Richards–Connolly and blobby definitions. The component was designed to be used in heterogeneous visualization pipelines; therefore, the representation of the molecular surfaces suits both the direct visualization and the efficient storing for following processing steps. Experimental results show speedup figures between 39.3 and 88.4 considering molecules of different sizes and surface resolutions, resulting in meshes of up to 258.6 million triangles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Viologen‐Linked BODIPY Dyes
Authors: Frath Denis , Yarnell James E. , Ulrich Gilles , Castellano Felix N. , Ziessel Raymond
Published: August 2013

New boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes linked to viologen are prepared and their photophysical and electrochemical properties are investigated. Both synthesized molecules have similar electronic absorption spectra with the absorption maximum localized at 517 and 501 nm for dye 1 and dye 2, respectively. They exhibit well‐defined redox behavior, highlighting the presence of BODIPY and viologen subunits, with little perturbation of the redox potential of both subunits with respect to the parent compounds. Both dyes are heavily quenched by photoinduced electron transfer from the BODIPY to the viologen subunit. The transient absorption technique demonstrates that dye 2 forms the viologen radical within a timeframe of 7.1 ps, and that the charge‐separated species has a lifetime of 59 ps. Sustained irradiation of dye 2 in the presence of a tertiary amine allows for the accumulation of BODIPY–methyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (BODIPY–MV+), as observed by its characteristic absorption at 396 and 603 nm. However, dye 2 does not generate catalytic amounts of hydrogen under standard conditions.
Limit‐cycle stable control of current‐mode dc‐dc converter with zero‐perturbation dynamical compensation
Authors: Lu Wei guo , Lang Shuang , Li Anxin , Iu Herbert Ho‐Ching
Published: August 2013

Regarding the non‐limit‐cycle instabilities, which commonly exist in the feedback‐controlled switching power converters, a new zero‐perturbation dynamical compensation method is proposed based on a simplified self‐stable dynamical compensation condition in this paper. With a current‐mode Buck converter as the subject of investigation, the corresponding self‐stable perturbation control equation is given. At the same time, the system stability boundary is obtained based on the investigation of the system eigenvalues, and hence, the working range of control parameters is determined. Finally, the presented simulation and experiment results reveal that the new zero‐perturbation dynamical compensation controller is easily realized with an analog circuit and it will not sacrifice the working range of the original reference current compared with the traditional slope compensation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of THz Radiation by Laser Plasma Interaction
Authors: Singh M. , Sharma R. P.
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the three wave parametric decay process to generate the Terahertz (THz) radiations in magnetized plasma. The pump wave (Laser beam) is considered in the extraordinary mode (x‐mode), propagating perpendicular to the background magnetic field. This pump wave decays into an upper hybrid wave and a THz wave which is in magnetosonic mode. The appropriate expressions for the coupling coefficients of the threewave interaction and THz wave amplitude have been derived. Subsequently, the growth rate of this decay instability is also calculated. Various laser and plasma parameters were optimized and we report efficiency of the order of ∼1.4 × 10–2 for current scheme. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Empirical examination of the interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Goddard E. , Salerno L. , Hibbs R. , Raenker S. , Naumann U. , Arcelus J. , Ayton A. , Boughton, DClinPsy N. , Connan F. , Goss, DClinPsy K. , Lacey H. , Laszlo B. , Morgan J. , Moore K. , Robertson D. , Schreiber‐Kounine C. , Sharma S. , Whitehead L. , Schmidt U. , Treasure J.
Published: August 2013

Objective

A cognitive interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa (AN) was first proposed in 2006 and updated in 2013 (Schmidt and Treasure, J Br J Clin Psychol, 45, 343‐366, 2006; Treasure and Schmidt, J Eat Disorders, in press.). The aim of this study was to test the interpersonal component of this model in people with AN requiring intensive hospital treatment (inpatient/daypatient).

Method

On admission to hospital women with AN or eating disorder not otherwise specified (AN subtype; n = 152; P) and their primary carers (n = 152; C) completed questionnaires on eating symptoms (P), depression and anxiety (P, C), accommodation and enabling (C), and psychological control (C). Structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships among these components.

Results

Carers' expressed emotion and level of psychological control were significantly related to carers' distress, which in turn, was related to patients' distress. This pathway significantly predicted eating symptoms in patients.

Discussion

The cognitive interpersonal maintenance model of eating disorders (EDs) was confirmed in part and suggests that interventions targeting interpersonal maintaining factors such as carer distress might impact on patient outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:867–874)
Do end of treatment assessments predict outcome at follow‐up in eating disorders?
Authors: Lock James , Agras W. Stewart , Le Grange Daniel , Couturier Jennifer , Safer Debra , Bryson Susan W.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To examine the predictive value of end of treatment (EOT) outcomes for longer term recovery status.

Method

We used signal detection analysis to identify the best predictors of recovery based on outcome at EOT using five different eating disorder samples from randomized clinical treatment trials. We utilized a transdiagnostic definition of recovery that included normalization of weight and eating related psychopathology.

Results

Achieving a body weight of 95.2% of expected body weight by EOT is the best predictor of recovery for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). For adults with AN, the most efficient predictor of weight recovery (BMI > 19) was weight gain to greater than 85.8% of ideal body weight. In addition, for adults with AN, the most efficient predictor of psychological recovery was achievement of an eating disorder examination (EDE) weight concerns score below 1.8. The best predictor of recovery for adults with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) was a frequency of compensatory behaviors less than two times a month. For adolescents with BN, abstinence from purging and reduction in the EDE restraint score of more than 3.4 from baseline to EOT were good predictors of recovery. For adults with binge eating disorder, reduction of the Global EDE score to within the normal range (<1.58) was the best predictor of recovery.

Discussion

The relationship between EOT response and recovery remains understudied. Utilizing a transdiagnostic definition of recovery, no uniform predictors were identified across all eating disorder diagnostic groups. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:771–778)
Total Syntheses of (+)‐Valiolamine and (–)‐1‐epi‐Valiolamine from Naturally Abundant (–)‐Shikimic Acid
Authors: Quan Na , Nie Liang‐Deng , Zhu Rui‐Heng , Shi Xiao‐Xin , Ding Wei , Lu Xia
Published: August 2013

Total syntheses of (+)‐valiolamine (1) and (–)‐1‐epi‐valiolamine (2) from the naturally abundant (–)‐shikimic acid are described. Ethyl 3‐epi‐5‐O‐methylsulfonyl‐shikimate (3), as the key common intermediate, was first synthesized in five steps in 74 % overall yield, and then converted into the targets 1 and 2 in seven steps in 48 and 41 % overall yield, respectively.
Tetrazole‐Substituted Five, Six, and Seven‐Membered Cyclic Amines Bearing Perfluoroalkyl Groups – Efficient Synthesis by Azido‐Ugi Reaction
Authors: Shmatova Olga I. , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: August 2013

The application of perfluoroalkylated cyclic imines in azido‐Ugi reactions was studied. It was shown that the reaction allows access to five‐, six‐ and seven‐membered perfluoroalkylated cyclic amines connected to a tetrazole ring. The scope and limitations of this approach are discussed. When benzyl isocyanide was used in the azido‐Ugi reaction, it was shown that the tetrazole products could easily be debenzylated by catalytic hydrogenation to form 1H‐tetrazoles in excellent yields.
Properties of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)/Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composite Membrane for High Temperature PEMFCs
Authors: Yu D. M. , Sung I. H. , Yoon Y. J. , Kim T.‐H. , Lee J. Y. , Hong Y. T.
Published: August 2013

Composite membranes are prepared using sulfonated poly (arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) copolymers and the incorporation of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for high temperature (120 °C) proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The CNT is functionalized with sulfonated groups that are expected to support the improvement of water absorption and mechanical properties. The SPAES copolymers are synthesized with sulfonation degree (DS) = 0.5 and the sulfonated CNT (s‐CNT) is dispersed into the SPAES copolymers in varying ratios to fabricate the composite membranes. In this study, the proton conductivity, water uptake, and single cell test of the composite membrane are investigated for verifying the effects of the enhancement at high temperature and low humidity. The composite membrane containing 0.2 wt.% s‐CNT increases proton conductivity approximately 45% at 120 °C and 50% relative humidity and enhances the tensile strength by about 1.3 times compared to the pristine membrane. However, the proton conductivity and water absorption shows a decline when more than 0.2 wt.% s‐CNT is added in the composite membrane, due to the aggregation of the s‐CNT, which serves as a proton barrier. For the single cell test, the developed composite membrane with 0.2 wt.% s‐CNT exhibits a notable performance for high temperature PEMFC.
Comparative Study of On‐Line Membrane Electrode Assembly Activation Procedures in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Zhiani M. , Majidi S. , Taghiabadi M. M.
Published: August 2013

The major objectives of this study are to identify the best activation procedure between commonly used procedures that can significantly reduce the conditioning duration and to understand the change in interfacial properties during conditioning. In order to do that, three on‐line activation procedures were employed for activating of identical MEAs in PEMFC and studied by polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These methods are constant current (0.25 A cm–2) for 19 h, constant voltage (0.6 V) for 9 h, and USFCC protocol.

The best performance was achieved by USFCC protocol within 15 h, but by constant voltage procedure, 96% of mentioned protocol was obtained during 6 h. So constant voltage activation proceeded remarkably fast, and most of the activation process was achieved in the first few hours.

Obtained results from Nyquist plots during/after MEA conditioning indicate mentioned process are irreversible and interfacial structures of MEAs are different even after finishing of MEA break‐in. It could be affected the MEA performance and even its durability. These results are consistence with the obtained performance of activated MEAs either in H2/air or H2/O2 PEMFC. We found the mentioned constant current procedure consume long time without reaching to expectable performance even after 19 h.
Synthesis of Ultrafine Size Platinum Nanoparticles on Defective Graphene with Enhanced Performance Towards Methanol Electro‐Oxidation
Authors: He C.‐L. , Jiang Y.‐X. , Rao L. , Wang Q. , Zhang B.‐W. , Li Y.‐Y. , Sun S.‐G.
Published: August 2013

Graphene nanosheets (GS) were formed by the thermal‐expansion method. Large micropores about 1–2 nm were produced, which might provide abundant anchor sites for fixing catalyst. Platinum nanoparticles (NPs) supported on exfoliated GS (Pt/GS) were synthesized through an improved impregnation approach and mixture gas (5% H2 in N2) reduction. SEM and TEM images indicated the simple and clean method can effectively synthesize Pt with uniform dispersion and small size (below 3 nm) on the 2D specific and stratiform GS. The different amounts of Pt loaded on carbon carriers have been investigated respectively to evaluate the preferable electrocatalyst. Experimental results showed that Pt/GS of 20 wt.% initiated CO oxidation at the lowest onset potential in comparison with the commercial Pt/C (JM), indicating a higher CO tolerance of Pt/GS catalysts. In addition, Pt/GS of 20 wt.% exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity and high durability towards methanol oxidation. The high performance is exclusively attributed to synergistic effects of exfoliated GS and ultrafine size Pt NPs. Combining a melt‐diffusion strategy with the effective reduction of Pt precursors by the hydrogen gas, this present method is easy to scale up and possesses a significant potential for synthesizing anode electro‐catalyst of direct methanol fuel cells.
Effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for depressive symptoms in male veterans: 6‐month follow‐up
Authors: Chueh Ke‐Hsin , Chang Tsai‐Yun
Published: August 2013

Objective

The purpose of this study was to use group reminiscence therapy (GRT) as a nursing intervention to evaluate the post‐test, 3‐month and 6‐month effects on depressive symptoms for institutionalised male veterans after a 4‐week intervention.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental design and purposive sampling was conducted at a veteran's nursing home in Northern Taiwan. A total of 21 male veterans were studied to measure the effect of GRT. Eleven participants were in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. The experimental group activity was held twice weekly for 4 weeks. The Taiwan Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms and geriatric depression among male veterans. The generalised estimating equation was used for data analysis.

Results

The male veterans in this study had a mean age of 82 years (SD = 5.8); 47.62% were between 70 and 79 years old, 61.90% were illiterate and 90.48% were without a partner. After 4 weeks of GRT, the experimental group significantly improved their depressive symptoms and geriatric depression in the post‐test, 3‐month and 6‐month follow‐up data compared with the control group. These activities can reduce their depressive symptoms following the intervention.

Conclusion

A 4‐week, eight‐session GRT can effectively reduce depressive symptoms among institutionalised male veterans for a 6‐month period. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatio‐temporal entropy analysis of the magnetic field to help magnetic cloud characterization
Authors: Ojeda G. A. , Mendes O. , Calzadilla M. A. , Domingues M. O.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this work is to create a methodology to characterize the dynamics of magnetic clouds (MCs) from signals measured by satellites in the interplanetary medium. We have tested spatio‐temporal entropy (STE) technique to study 41 MCs identified by other authors, where the plasma sheath region has been identified. The STE was implemented in Visual Recurrence Analysis software to quantify the order in the recurrence plot. Some tests using synthetic time series were performed to validate the method. In particular, we worked with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) components Bx, By, Bz of 16 s. Time windows from March 1998 to December 2003 for some MCs were selected. We found higher STE values in the sheaths and 0 STE values in some of the three components in most of the MCs (30 among 41 events). The trend is the principal cause of the lower STE values in the MCs. Also, MCs have magnetic field more structured than sheath and quiet solar wind. We have done a test considering the magnetic components of a cylindrically symmetric force‐free field constructed analytically, with the result of 0 STE value. It agrees with the physical assumption of finding 0 STE values when studying experimental data in MC periods. The new feature just examined here adds to the usual features, as described in Burlaga et al. (1981), for the characterization of MCs. The STE calculation can be an auxiliary objective tool to identify flux ropes associated with MCs, mainly during events with no available plasma data but only with IMF.
Solar cycle variations in polar cap area measured by the superDARN radars
Authors: Imber S. M. , Milan S. E. , Lester M.
Published: August 2013

We present a long‐term study, from January 1996 to August 2012, of the latitude of the Heppner‐Maynard Boundary (HMB) measured at midnight using the northern hemisphere Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). The HMB represents the equatorward extent of ionospheric convection and is used in this study as a measure of the global magnetospheric dynamics. We find that the yearly distribution of HMB latitudes is single peaked at 64° magnetic latitude for the majority of the 17 year interval. During 2003, the envelope of the distribution shifts to lower latitudes and a second peak in the distribution is observed at 61°. The solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling function derived by Milan et al. (2012) suggests that the solar wind driving during this year was significantly higher than during the rest of the 17 year interval. In contrast, during the period 2008–2011, HMB distribution shifts to higher latitudes, and a second peak in the distribution is again observed, this time at 68° magnetic latitude. This time interval corresponds to a period of extremely low solar wind driving during the recent extreme solar minimum. This is the first long‐term study of the polar cap area and the results demonstrate that there is a close relationship between the solar activity cycle and the area of the polar cap on a large‐scale, statistical basis.
Active tectonics of the St. Elias orogen, Alaska, observed with GPS measurements
Authors: Elliott Julie , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Larsen Christopher F.
Published: August 2013

We use data from campaign and continuous GPS sites in southeast and south central Alaska to constrain a regional tectonic block model for the St. Elias orogen. Active tectonic deformation in the orogen is dominated by the effects of the collision of the Yakutat block with southern Alaska. Our results indicate that ~37 mm/yr of convergence is accommodated along a relatively narrow belt of N‐NW dipping thrust faults in the eastern half of the orogen, with the present‐day deformation front running through Icy Bay and beneath the Malaspina Glacier. Near the Bering Glacier, the collisional thrust fault regime transitions into a broad, northwest dipping décollement as the Yakutat block basement begins to subduct beneath the counterclockwise rotating Elias block. The location of this transition aligns with the Gulf of Alaska shear zone, implying that the Pacific plate is fragmenting in response to the Yakutat collision. Our model indicates that the Bering Glacier region is undergoing internal deformation and could correspond to the final stage of offscraping and accretion of sediments from the Yakutat block prior to subduction. Predicted block motions at the western edge of the orogen suggest that the crust is laterally escaping along the Aleutian fore arc.
Minimax filtering for sequential aggregation: Application to ensemble forecast of ozone analyses
Authors: Mallet Vivien , Nakonechny Alexander , Zhuk Sergiy
Published: August 2013

This paper presents a new algorithm for sequential aggregation of an ensemble of forecasts. At any forecasting step, the aggregation consists of (1) computing new weights for the ensemble members represented by different numerical models and (2) forecasting with a weighted linear combination of the ensemble members. We assume that the time evolution of the weights is described by a linear equation with uncertain parameters and apply a minimax filter (and also Kalman filter, for comparison) in order to estimate the vector of weights given “observations”. The “observation” equation for the filter compares the aggregated forecast with the analysis determined in a data assimilation cycle together with its variance. The minimax approach allows one to work with flexible uncertainty description: deterministic bounding sets for uncertain parameters in weight's equation, and error covariance matrices for the “observational” errors. Our key contribution is an uncertainty estimate of the aggregated forecast, for which we introduce an evaluation test. The performance of the method is assessed for the forecast of ground‐level ozone daily peaks over Europe, for the year 2001. Compared to forecasts generated by classical data assimilation, the root mean square error is decreased by 16% for prediction of the analyses and by 20% for prediction of the observations.
Water isotopic variability in response to mesoscale convective system over the tropical ocean
Authors: Kurita Naoyuki
Published: August 2013

In tropical regions, the empirical negative relationship between the isotopic content of precipitation and rainfall amount, known as the “amount effect”, has been used as a rationale for paleohydroclimate reconstruction from isotope records. However, there is still no comprehensive physical explanation for this empirical effect. Here we reconsider the well‐known amount effect using newly available isotope data for both surface water vapor and precipitation obtained from shipboard observations. In this study, we hypothesized that stratiform rainfall associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a key process in reducing tropical water isotopic concentrations and tested this hypothesis with an idealized MCS model. Our conceptual model reasonably accounted for several observed features and indicated that isotopic reductions in tropical oceanic regions reflect a precipitating system's change. Relatively high isotope ratios corresponded to disorganized convection. On the other hand, MCSs were characterized by lower isotope ratios with increasing stratiform area. In addition, the amplitude of this isotopic depletion was related to the scale of the precipitation system. The lowest isotopic ratios were observed during the passage of large‐scale disturbances—corresponding to the Madden‐Julian oscillation convective envelope—in which MCSs are embedded. This means that the frequent appearance of MCSs results in further decreases in the isotopic ratio of surface vapor and precipitation. From this, we conclude that the amount effect can be interpreted as the development of a precipitation system from an isolated convection cell into a large‐scale system containing several MCSs and that past large‐scale convective activity can be reconstructed from isotope records.
A new material for the icy Galilean moons: The structure of sulfuric acid hexahydrate
Authors: Maynard‐Casely H. E. , Wallwork K. S. , Avdeev M.
Published: August 2013

This study presents a newly identified water‐rich crystalline form of sulfuric acid hydrate, H2SO4•6H2O, a hexahydrate. The method of formation of this material suggests that sulfuric acid hexahydrate (SAHx) could be an abundant material on the surface of Jupiter's Galilean ice moons, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The structure of SAHx was determined by the combined use of synchrotron X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction data. The structural arrangement of SAHx exhibits the same water layer topology that has been determined for sulfuric acid octahydrate (SAO), but differs in the stacking of this water layer and the interlayer species. SAHx is observed to form over a large range of solution compositions and displays stability over the temperature range 80 to 190 K.