bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHOD OF ANALYTIC EVOLUTION OF FLAT DISTRIBUTION AMPLITUDES IN QCD
Authors: TANDOGAN ASLI , RADYUSHKIN ANATOLY V.
Published: November 2011

A new analytical method of performing ERBL evolution is described. The main goal is to develop an approach that works for distribution amplitudes that do not vanish at the end points, for which the standard method of expansion in Gegenbauer polynomials is inefficient. Two cases of the initial DA are considered: a purely flat DA, given by the same constant for all x, and an antisymmetric DA given by opposite constants for x ≷ 1/2. For a purely flat DA, the evolution is governed by an overall [Formula: see text] dependence on the evolution parameter t times a factor that was calculated as an expansion in t. For an antisymmetric flat DA, an extra overall factor |1 - 2x|2t appears due to a jump at x = 1/2. A good convergence was observed in the t ≲ 1/2 region. For larger t, one can use the standard method of the Gegenbauer expansion.
Transparent Inflatable Column Film Dome for Nuclear Stations, Stadiums, and Cities
Authors: Bolonkin Alexander , Neumann Shmuel , Friedlander Joseph
Published: November 2011

In a series of previous articles, one of the authors published designs of the AB Dome which can cover a city, important large installations or subregions by a transparent thin film supported by a small additional air overpressure. The AB Dome keeps the outside atmospheric conditions from the interior protecting a city from chemical, bacterial, and radioactive weapons (wastes). The design in this article differs from previous one as this design employs an inflatable columns which does not need an additional pressure (overpressure) inside the dome and is cheaper in construction (no powered air pumping station) and in operation (no special entrance airlock and permanent pumping expense). When dome is supported by columns, no overpressure is required inside the dome which is important when the dome covers a damaged nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor may produce radioactive gases and dust, and, as inflatable domes are not typically hermetically sealed, the increased pressure inside the dome can leak out gas and dust into the atmosphere. The suggested design does not have this drawback. Positive pressure gradients expel dust particles—neutral pressure gradients will not. (Negative pressure gradients may even be possible in certain configurations.)
Global Existence of Cylinder Symmetric Solutions for the Nonlinear Compressible Navier‐Stokes Equations
Authors: Huang Lan , Zhai Fengxiao , Zhang Beibei
Published: November 2011

We prove the global existence of cylinder symmetric solutions to the compressible Navier‐Stokes equations with external forces and heat source in R3 for any large initial data. Some new ideas and more delicate estimates are used to prove this result.
Rosiglitazone Restores Endothelial Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome through PPARγ- and PPARδ-Dependent Phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS
Authors: Zhao Zhigang , Luo Zhidan , Wang Peijian , Sun Jing , Yu Hao , Cao Tingbing , Ni Yinxing , Chen Jing , Yan Zhencheng , Liu Daoyan , Zhu Zhiming
Published: November 2011

Vascular endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated in metabolic syndrome (MS). Chronic administration of rosiglitazone ameliorates endothelial dysfunction through PPARγ-mediated metabolic improvements. Recently, studies suggested that single dose of rosiglitazone also has direct vascular effects, but the mechanisms remain uncertain. Here we established a diet-induced rat model of MS. The impaired vasorelaxation in MS rats was improved by incubating arteries with rosiglitazone for one hour. Importantly, this effect was blocked by either inhibition of PPARγor PPARδ. In cultured endothelial cells, acute treatment with rosiglitazone increased the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS and the production of NO. These effects were also abolished by inhibition of PPARγ, PPARδ, or PI3K. In conclusion, rosiglitazone improved endothelial function through both PPARγ- and PPARδ-mediated phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, which might help to reconsider the complex effects and clinical applications of rosiglitazone.
Multiple Attractors for a Competitive System of Rational Difference Equations in the Plane
Authors: Kalabušić S. , Kulenović M. R. S. , Pilav E.
Published: November 2011

We investigate global dynamics of the following systems of difference equations xn+1 = β1xn/(B1xn + yn),

yn+1 = (α2 + γ2yn)/(A2 + xn),
n = 0, 1, 2, …, where the parameters β1,

B1,
β2,
α2,
γ2,
A2 are positive numbers, and initial conditions x0 and y0 are arbitrary nonnegative numbers such that x0 + y0 > 0. We show that this system has up to three equilibrium points with various dynamics which depends on the part of parametric space. We show that the basins of attractions of different locally asymptotically stable equilibrium points or nonhyperbolic equilibrium points are separated by the global stable manifolds of either saddle points or of nonhyperbolic equilibrium points. We give an example of globally attractive nonhyperbolic equilibrium point and semistable non‐hyperbolic equilibrium point.
Convergence of Locally Square Integrable Martingales to a Continuous Local Martingale
Authors: Yurachkivsky Andriy
Published: November 2011

Let for each n ∈ ℕ      Xn be an ℝd‐valued locally square integrable martingale w.r.t. a filtration (ℱn(t), t ∈ ℝ+) (probability spaces may be different for different n). It is assumed that the discontinuities of Xn are in a sense asymptotically small as n → ∞ and the relation holds for all t > s > 0, row vectors z, and bounded uniformly continuous functions f. Under these two principal assumptions and a number of technical ones, it is proved that the Xn′s are asymptotically conditionally Gaussian processes with conditionally independent increments. If, moreover, the compound processes (Xn(0), 〈Xn〉) converge in distribution to some , then a sequence (Xn) converges in distribution to a continuous local martingale X with initial value and quadratic characteristic H, whose finite‐dimensional distributions are explicitly expressed via those of .
Temperament and Character in Psychotic Depression Compared with Other Subcategories of Depression and Normal Controls
Authors: Goekoop Jaap G. , De Winter Remco F. P.
Published: November 2011

Background. Support has been found for high harm avoidance as general vulnerability trait for depression and decreased self-directedness (SD) as central state-related personality change. Additional personality characteristics could be present in psychotic depression (PD). Increased noradrenergic activation in PD predicts the involvement of reward dependence (RD).Methods. The data during the acute episode and after full remission from the same subjects, that we used before, were reanalyzed. The dependence of the 7 dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory version 9 on PD, three other subcategories of depression, and a group of normal controls was tested by MANCOVA.Results. Low RD at both time points, and low Cooperativeness during the acute episode, were found as additional characteristics of PD.Conclusion. The combination of two premorbid temperaments, high HA and low RD, and the development of a state-related reduction of two character functions, SD and CO, may be the precondition for the development of combined depressive and psychotic psychopathology.
Diversity in Drought Traits among Commercial Southeastern US Peanut Cultivars
Authors: Devi Mura Jyostna , Sinclair Thomas R.
Published: November 2011

Commercial peanut cultivars in the USA are often grown under soil and environmental conditions resulting in intermittent periods of water deficit. Two plant traits have been identified that result in conservative use of water and allow sustained growth during drought: (1) restricted transpiration rate under high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and (2) earlier closure of stomata in the soil-drying cycle resulting in decreased daily transpiration rate. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there was diversity in these two putative traits for drought resistance among nine US commercial peanut cultivars. When the response to VPD was measured at an average temperature of C, eight of the nine cultivars expressed a restricted transpiration rate at high VPD. However, at C none of the cultivars exhibited a restriction of transpiration rate at high VPD. No differences were found among the nine cultivars in their response to soil drying.
Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Rheumatoid Arthritis. A Systematic Review Literature
Authors: Benucci Maurizio , Saviola Gianantonio , Manfredi Mariangela , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo , Atzeni Fabiola
Published: November 2011

The cost effectiveness of treatments that have changed the “natural history” of a chronic progressive disease needs to be evaluated over the long term. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the standard treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and should be started as early as possible. A number of studies have shown that they are effective in improving disease activity and function, and in joint damage. Our review was focused on revision and critical evaluation of the studies including the literature on cost effectiveness of DMARDs (cyclosporine A, sulphasalazine, leflunomide, and methotrexate). The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations showed that traditional DMARDs are cost effective at the time of disease onset. They are less expensive than biological DMARDs and can be useful in controlling disease activity in early RA.
Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells in Antiviral Immunity
Authors: Marshall Nikki B. , Swain Susan L.
Published: November 2011

CD4 T cells that acquire cytotoxic phenotype and function have been repeatedly identified in humans, mice, and other species in response to many diverse pathogens. Since CD4 cytotoxic T cells are able to recognize antigenic determinants unique from those recognized by the parallel CD8 cytotoxic T cells, they can potentially contribute additional immune surveillance and direct effector function by lysing infected or malignant cells. Here, we briefly review much of what is known about the generation of cytotoxic CD4 T cells and describe our current understanding of their role in antiviral immunity. Furthering our understanding of the many roles of CD4 T cells during an anti‐viral response is important for developing effective vaccine strategies that promote long‐lasting protective immunity.
Charge-Carrier Transport in Thin Film Solar Cells: New Formulation
Authors: Velazquez-Perez Jesús E. , Gurevich Yuri G.
Published: November 2011

Solar cells rely on photogeneration of charge carriers in p-n junctions and their transport and subsequent recombination in the quasineutral regions. A number of basic issues concerning the physics of the operation of solar cells still remain obscure. This paper discusses some of those unsolved basic problems. In conventional solar cells, recombination of photogenerated charge carriers plays a major limiting role in the cell efficiency. High quality thin-film solar cells may overcome this limit if the minority diffusion lengths become large as compared to the cell dimensions, but, strikingly, the conventional model fails to describe the cell electric behavior under these conditions. A new formulation of the basic equations describing charge carrier transport in the cell along with a set of boundary conditions is presented. An analytical closed-form solution is obtained under a linear approximation. In the new framework given, the calculation of the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell diode does not lead to unphysical results.
Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal-Derived Anticancer Modalities: From Tradition to Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Zaid Hilal , Silbermann Michael , Ben-Arye Eran , Saad Bashar
Published: November 2011

The incidence of cancer is increasing in the developed countries and even more so in developing countries parallel to the increase in life expectancy. In recent years, clinicians and researchers advocate the need to include supportive and palliative care since the establishment of the diagnosis and throughout the duration of treatment, with the goal of improving patients' quality of life. This patient-centered approach in supportive care is also shared by various traditional and complementary medicine approaches. Traditional Arab-Islamic medicine offers a variety of therapeutic modalities that include herbal, nutritional, and spiritual approaches. Physicians and scholars, such as Avicenna (980–1037), Rhazes (965–915), Al Zahrawi (936–1013), and Ibn al Nafis (1218–1288) referred to cancer etiology in various medicinal texts and suggested both preventive and therapeutic remedies to alleviate suffering. This review presents research data related to the anticancer activities of herbs used in Arab-Islamic medicine and allude to their potential role in improving the quality of life of cancer patients.
Advances in the Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Authors: Swarnam Kamala , Soraisham Amuchou S. , Sivanandan Sindhu
Published: November 2011

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a common cause of severe respiratory distress in term infants, with an associated highly variable morbidity and mortality. MAS results from aspiration of meconium during intrauterine gasping or during the first few breaths. The pathophysiology of MAS is multifactorial and includes acute airway obstruction, surfactant dysfunction or inactivation, chemical pneumonitis with release of vasoconstrictive and inflammatory mediators, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN). This disorder can be life threatening, often complicated by respiratory failure, pulmonary air leaks, and PPHN. Approaches to the prevention of MAS have changed over time with collaboration between obstetricians and pediatricians forming the foundations for care. The use of surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has led to the decreased mortality and the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use. In this paper, we review the current understanding of the pathophysiology and management of MAS.
Dose-Dependent Change in Elimination Kinetics of Ethanol due to Shift of Dominant Metabolizing Enzyme from ADH 1 (Class I) to ADH 3 (Class III) in Mouse
Authors: Haseba Takeshi , Kameyama Kouji , Mashimo Keiko , Ohno Youkichi
Published: November 2011

ADH 1 and ADH 3 are major two ADH isozymes in the liver, which participate in systemic alcohol metabolism, mainly distributing in parenchymal and in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver, respectively. We investigated how these two ADHs contribute to the elimination kinetics of blood ethanol by administering ethanol to mice at various doses, and by measuring liver ADH activity and liver contents of both ADHs. The normalized AUC (AUC/dose) showed a concave increase with an increase in ethanol dose, inversely correlating with β.CLT(dose/AUC) linearly correlated with liver ADH activity and also with both the ADH-1 and -3 contents (mg/kg B.W.). When ADH-1 activity was calculated by multiplying ADH-1 content by itsVmax⁡/mg (4.0) and normalized by the ratio of liver ADH activity of each ethanol dose to that of the control, the theoretical ADH-1 activity decreased dose-dependently, correlating with β. On the other hand, the theoretical ADH-3 activity, which was calculated by subtracting ADH-1 activity from liver ADH activity and normalized, increased dose-dependently, correlating with the normalized AUC. These results suggested that the elimination kinetics of blood ethanol in mice was dose-dependently changed, accompanied by a shift of the dominant metabolizing enzyme from ADH 1 to ADH 3.
Surveillance and Monitoring of Dialysis Access
Authors: Kumbar Lalathaksha , Karim Jariatul , Besarab Anatole
Published: November 2011

Vascular access is the lifeline of a hemodialysis patient. Currently arteriovenous fistula and graft are considered the permanent options for vascular access. Monitoring and surveillance of vascular access are an integral part of the care of hemodialysis patient. Although different techniques and methods are available for identifying access dysfunction, the scientific evidence for the optimal methodology is lacking. A small number of randomized controlled trials have been performed evaluating different surveillance techniques. We performed a study of the recent literature published in the PUBMED, to review the scientific evidence on different methodologies currently being used for surveillance and monitoring and their impact on the care of the dialysis access. The limited randomized studies especially involving fistulae and small sample size of the published studies with conflicting results highlight the need for a larger multicentered randomized study with hard clinical end points to evaluate the optimal surveillance strategy for both fistula and graft.
A New Generation Method for Spatial-Temporal Correlated MIMO Nakagami Fading Channel
Authors: Zhu Qiu-Ming , Yu Xiang-Bin , Wang Jun-Bo , Xu Da-Zhuan , Chen Xiao-Min
Published: November 2011

A new generation method for spatial and temporal correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Nakagami fading channel is proposed, which has low complexity and is applicable for arbitrary fading parameters and prespecified correlation coefficients of different subchannel. The new scheme can be divided into two steps: (1) generate independent Nakagami fading sequences for each subchannel based on a novel rejection method; (2) introduce the temporal and spatial correlation based on the relationships between Rayleigh, Gamma, and Nakagami random processes. The analysis and simulation results show that the proposed simulator has a good agreement with the theoretical model on fading envelope distribution, spatial-temporal correlation characteristic.
Ti3+ in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application
Authors: Xiong Liang-Bin , Li Jia-Lin , Yang Bo , Yu Ying
Published: November 2011

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most investigated crystalline oxide in the surface science of metal oxides. Its physical and chemical properties are dominantly determined by its surface condition. Ti3+ surface defect (TSD) is one of the most important surface defects in TiO2. According to publications by other groups and the studies carried out in our laboratory, the formation mechanism of TSD is proposed. The generation, properties, and photocatalytic application of TSD are overviewed; the recent exploration of TSD is summarized, analyzed, and evaluated as well in this paper.
Multilayer Mie Scattering Model for Investigation of Intracellular Structural Changes in the Nucleolus and Cytoplasm
Authors: Saltsberger S. , Steinberg I. , Gannot I.
Published: November 2011

Light scattering from biological cells has been used for many years as a diagnostic tool. Several simulation methods of the scattering process were developed in the last decades in order to understand and predict the scattering patterns. We developed an analytical model of a multilayer spherical scattering cell. Here, we describe the model and show that the results obtained within this simple method are similar to those obtained with far more complicated methods such as finite-difference time-domain (FDTD). The multilayer model is then used to study the effects of changes in the distribution of internal cell structures like mitochondria distribution or nucleus internal structures that exist in biological cells. Such changes are related with cancerous processes within the cell as well as other cell pathologies. Results show the ability to discriminate between different cell stages related to the mitochondria distributions and to internal structure of the nucleolus.
Does Yohimbine Hydrochloride Facilitate Fear Extinction in Virtual Reality Treatment of Fear of Flying? A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Meyerbroeker Katharina , Powers Mark B. , van Stegeren Anda , Emmelkamp Paul M.G.
Published: November 2011

Background: Research suggests that yohimbine hydrochloride (YOH), a noradrenaline agonist, can facilitate fear extinction. It is thought that the mechanism of enhanced emotional memory is stimulated through elevated noradrenaline levels. This randomized placebo-controlled trial examined the potential exposure-enhancing effects of YOH in a clinical sample of participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for a specific phobia (fear of flying). Methods: Sixty-seven participants with fear of flying were randomized to 4 sessions of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) combined with YOH (10 mg), or 4 sessions of VRET combined with a placebo. Treatment consisted of 4 weekly 1-hour exposure sessions consisting of two 25-minute virtual flights. At pre- and post- treatment, fear of flying was assessed. The YOH or placebo capsules were administered 1 h prior to exposures. The manipulation of the noradrenaline activity was confirmed by salivary α-amylase (sAA) samples taken pre-, during and post-exposure. Results: Forty-eight participants completed treatment. Manipulation of noradrenaline levels with YOH was successful, with significantly higher levels of sAA in the YOH group when entering exposure. Results showed that both groups improved significantly from pre- to post-treatment with respect to anxiety reduction. However, although the manipulation of noradrenaline activity was successful, there was no evidence that YOH enhanced outcome. Conclusions: Participants improved significantly on anxiety measures independently of drug condition, after 4 sessions of VRET. These data do not support the initial findings of exposure-enhancing effects of YOH in this dosage in clinical populations.
Ulinastatin, a Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor, for the Initial Treatment of Patients With Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Kanai Takashi , Ishiwata Takahiro , Kobayashi Tohru , Sato Hiroki , Takizawa Mari , Kawamura Yoichi , Tsujimoto Hiroshi , Nakatani Keigo , Ishibashi Naoko , Nishiyama Mitsunori , Hatai Yoshiho , Asano Yuh , Kobayashi Tomio , Takeshita Seiichiro , Nonoyama Shigeaki
Published: November 2011

Background—

Markedly activated neutrophils or higher plasma levels of neutrophil elastase are involved in the poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and the formation of coronary artery lesions (CAL) in patients with acute Kawasaki disease. We hypothesized that ulinastatin (UTI), by both direct and indirect suppression of neutrophils, would reduce the occurrence of CAL.

Methods and Results—

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of patients with Kawasaki disease between 1998 and 2009. Three hundred sixty-nine patients were treated with a combination of UTI, aspirin, and IVIG as an initial treatment (UTI group), and 1178 were treated with a conventional initial treatment, and IVIG with aspirin (control group). The baseline characteristics did not demonstrate notable differences between the two groups. The occurrence of CAL was significantly lower in the UTI group than in the control group (3% versus 7%; crude odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25–0.86;
P
=0.01). The OR adjusted for sex, Gunma score (the predictive score for IVIG unresponsiveness), and dosage of initial IVIG (1 or 2 g/kg) was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.17–0.60;
P
<0.001). In addition, most CAL occurred in patients requiring additional rescue treatment and the proportion of those patients was significantly lower in the UTI group than in the control group (13% versus 22%; crude OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.38–0.73;
P
<0.001). The adjusted OR was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.20–0.44;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

UTI was associated with fewer patients requiring additional rescue treatment and reduction of CAL in this retrospective study.
Defying De-Stalinization: Albania's 1956
Authors: Mëhilli Elidor
Published: November 2011

Drawing on recently declassified Albanian, Soviet, East German, and Western archival sources, as well as a rich historiography on Nikita Khrushchev's secret speech and the Hungarian revolution of 1956, this article investigates the little-known events of 1956 in Albania. Rejecting de-Stalinization, the Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha was able to vindicate his position against Yugoslavia's brand of socialism abroad, fortify his rule at home, and claim more aid from Moscow, Beijing, and the Soviet bloc. This article discusses the Tirana Party Conference of April 1956, treating the Albanian Party of Labor (the Communist party) as an “information society.” The article assesses deliberations over security and ideology at the highest levels and demonstrates how tiny Albania came to embody, in exaggerated form, both the promises and the perils of socialist exchange, in addition to mirroring the profound inconsistencies of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign.
Modeled and Observed Variations in Storm Divergence and Stratiform Rain Production in Southeastern Texas
Authors: Hopper Larry J. , Schumacher Courtney
Published: November 2011

Storm divergence profiles observed by an S-band Doppler radar are compared to ensemble simulations of 10 disparate precipitating systems occurring in warm-season, weakly baroclinic, and strongly baroclinic environments in southeastern Texas. Eight triply nested mesoscale model simulations are conducted for each case using single- and double-moment microphysics with four convective treatments (i.e., two convective parameterizations and explicit versus parameterized convection at 9 km). Observed and simulated radar reflectivities are objectively separated into convective, stratiform, and nonprecipitating anvil columns and comparisons are made between ensemble mean echo coverages and levels of nondivergence (LNDs). In both the model and observations, storms occurring in less baroclinic environments have more convective rain area, less stratiform rain area, and more elevated divergence profiles.

The model ensemble and observations agree best for well-organized leading-line trailing-stratiform systems. Excessive convective area fractions are simulated for several less-organized cases, especially those whose ensemble mean LNDs are about 1–2 km more elevated than observed. Simulations parameterizing convection on the intermediate grid produced less-elevated divergence profiles with smaller magnitudes compared to their explicit counterparts. In one warm-season case, utilizing double-moment microphysics when parameterizing convection on both outer grids generated lower LNDs associated with variations in convective intensity and depth, detraining less ice to anvil and stratiform regions at midlevels relative to its single-moment counterpart. Similarly, mesoscale convective vortex simulations employing an ensemble-based versus a single-closure convective parameterization on both outer grids produced the least-elevated heating structures (closer to observed), resulting in the weakest midlevel vortices.
Evidence of Bottom-Trapped Currents in the Kuroshio Extension Region
Authors: Bishop Stuart P. , Watts D. Randolph , Park Jae-Hun , Hogg Nelson G.
Published: November 2011

As part of the Kuroshio Extension System Study, observations from five current meter moorings reveal that the abyssal currents are weakly bottom intensified. In the framework of linear quasigeostrophic flow, the best fitted vertical trapping depths range from 8 to 15 km in the absence of steep topography, but one mooring near an isolated seamount exhibited vertical trapping that was more pronounced and energetic with a vertical trapping depth of 5 km. The ratios of current speeds and geostrophic pressure streamfunctions at the sea surface compared to the bottom are 88% in the absence of steep topography, 63% near an isolated seamount, and overall on average 83% of their value at a reference depth of 5300 m. It is hypothesized that weakly depth-dependent eddies impinging upon topographic features introduce to the flow the horizontal length scales of the topography, and these smaller lateral scales are subject to bottom intensification.
Thickness-Weighted Mean Theory for the Effect of Surface Gravity Waves on Mean Flows in the Upper Ocean
Authors: Aiki Hidenori , Greatbatch Richard J.
Published: November 2011

The residual effect of surface gravity waves on mean flows in the upper ocean is investigated using thickness-weighted mean (TWM) theory applied in a vertically Lagrangian and horizontally Eulerian coordinate system. Depth-dependent equations for the conservation of volume, momentum, and energy are derived. These equations allow for (i) finite amplitude fluid motions, (ii) the horizontal divergence of currents, and (iii) a concise treatment of both kinematic and viscous boundary conditions at the sea surface. Under the assumptions of steady and monochromatic waves and a uniform turbulent viscosity, the TWM momentum equations are used to illustrate the pressure- and viscosity-induced momentum fluxes through the surface, which are implicit in previous studies of the wave-induced modification of the classical Ekman spiral problem. The TWM approach clarifies, in particular, the surface momentum flux associated with the so-called virtual wave stress of Longuet-Higgins. Overall, the TWM framework can be regarded as an alternative to the three-dimensional Lagrangian mean framework of Pierson. Moreover, the TWM framework can be used to include the residual effect of surface waves in large-scale circulation models. In specific models that carry the TWM velocity appropriate for advecting tracers as their velocity variable, the turbulent viscosity term should be modified so that the viscosity acts only on the Eulerian mean velocity.
Automation in Surgery
Authors: Manzey Dietrich , Luz Maria , Mueller Stefan , Dietz Andreas , Meixensberger Juergen , Strauss Gero
Published: November 2011

Objective: Human performance consequences of a new technology of image-guided navigation (IGN) support for surgeons are investigated.

Background: Navigated control (NC) represents an advancement of IGN technology. In contrast to currently available pointer-based systems, it represents a higher degree of automation that supports processes not only of information analysis and integration but also of intraoperative decision making.

Method: In the first experiment, 14 surgical novices performed a simulated mastoidectomy with and without NC support. Effects of provision of the system were analyzed with respect to different measures of surgical performance and outcome, workload, and situation awareness. In the second experiment, 21 advanced medical students were trained to perform a mastoidectomy by practicing it either with or without NC support. It was investigated to what extent the provision of the system during practice would affect the acquisition of surgical skills.

Results: The results reveal that NC support can reduce both the risk of intraoperative injuries and complications as well as the physiological effort of surgeons. “Cost effects” compared to a conventional (i.e., not supported) surgery emerged with respect to the time needed for the surgery, increased subjective workload, reduced spare capacity, and a reduced level of situation awareness. However, no significant effects on processes of skill acquisition were found.

Conclusion: NC systems can contribute to improved patient safety. Most of the cost effects seem to be related not to the basic principle of NC but to its current technological implementation.

Application: The results have consequences for the design and clinical use of automated navigation support.
Comment on Carpenter and Ross (2009)
Authors: Niedt Christopher
Published: November 2011

In an October 2009 Urban Studies article, Dick Carpenter and John Ross present new research on eminent domain in the US. The authors study areas where local governments plan to acquire property via eminent domain and convey that property to other private owners. They show that area residents are disproportionately members of “less politically powerful populations” and situate their findings within critical urban theory. This response argues that, although Carpenter and Ross do make a useful empirical contribution to the literature, there is an unacknowledged dissonance between their theoretical and normative frameworks and those of most critical urban theorists. The latter understand redevelopment within the broader context of neo-liberalism and structural inequality, and advocate equitable and community-controlled redevelopment. While Carpenter and Ross’ position on neo-liberalism and community control is unclear, they are affiliated with an organisation that prioritises individual property rights rather than equity.
Political Decision-making and the Local Provision of Public Goods: The Case of Municipal Climate Protection in the US
Authors: Krause Rachel M.
Published: November 2011

The municipal political decision-making dynamic has typically been studied in regard to the provision of locally public goods and services whose benefits, while diffuse, are tied to a particular geography. This research extends current knowledge by empirically examining the local production of a global public good: climate protection. It utilises an original nation-wide dataset on the greenhouse gas-reducing activities that have been implemented by city governments in the US. These data enable the development of a more comprehensive measure of local climate protection than has been used in previous quantitative research. Several theories of local political decision-making are tested to determine the factors that influence the extent of municipal involvement in climate-protecting activities. Results suggest that local governments’ fiscal and human capacities are key determinants of involvement.
Women and news: A long and winding road
Authors: Ross Karen , Carter Cynthia
Published: November 2011

Feminist news researchers have long argued that in the macho culture of most newsrooms, journalists’ daily decisions about what is newsworthy remain firmly based on masculine news values. As such, issues and topics traditionally seen to be particularly relevant to women tend to be pushed to the margins of the news where the implicit assumption is that they are less important than those which interest men. In so doing, men’s views and voices are privileged over women’s, thereby contributing to the ongoing secondary status of women’s participation as citizens. In this article, we draw upon data we collected from the UK and the Republic of Ireland as part of the larger, 108-country study, which comprised the 2010 Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP). We argue that while there have been some positive improvements in women’s representation as news actors, sources and journalists in the British and Irish news media since the first GMMP day of monitoring in 1995, women’s voices, experiences and expertise continue to be regarded by news industries as less important than those of men. Such a situation undermines and under-reports women’s contribution to social, economic and cultural life and in so doing, diminishes democracy.
Immunotoxicant Screening and Prioritization in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Luebke Robert
Published: November 2011

Current immunotoxicity testing guidance for drugs, high production–volume chemicals, and pesticides specifies the use of animal models to assess potential biomarkers of immune system effects (e.g., lymphoid organ and bone marrow indices, histopathology) or actual measures of immune function (e.g., responses to challenge with antigens or pathogens). These assays are resource intensive and often require special training or experience to ensure reliable results. Alternative in vitro assays to detect immunosuppression and allergic hypersensitivity have the potential to reduce animal use and testing costs and increase immunotoxicity screening and prioritization efforts. Alternative models to detect immunosuppression tend to address broad modes of action because suppression may be caused by a wide variety of events; current in vitro models access the supply of innate and adaptive immune system cells as well as cellular markers associated with function, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and proliferation. Events leading to the induction of allergic hypersensitivity, particularly contact hypersensitivity, are more restricted, and alternative methods currently exploit chemical properties and activation of defined cell populations to detect and estimate the potency of skin sensitizers.
The Identity Trap
Authors: Donohue William A.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this article is to create a framework for thinking about how language themes propagated in radio broadcasts start to degenerate into the reification of a culture that tolerates and even encourages classification and dehumanization. Understanding these language themes becomes an early warning system that begins to signal the beginning of a genocidal spiral. This framework is termed the Identity Trap, and it demonstrates how various linguistic conventions combine to establish a social context that builds up the speaker’s social identity while denigrating the “enemy’s” social identity, which provides the rationale for escalating conflict against that enemy. Two broadcasts from the 1994 Rwandan genocide are used as examples.
Hirayama Disease in Children From North America
Authors: Ghosh Partha S. , Moodley Manikum , Friedman Neil R. , Rothner A. David , Ghosh Debabrata
Published: November 2011

Hirayama disease has been mainly reported from Asia; only a few cases are from the Western hemisphere, particularly North America. This is a retrospective chart review of patients < 18 years, diagnosed with Hirayama disease from a single center over 10 years. We diagnosed 6 children (4 boys), 15.1 ± 1.2 years of age. Symptom onset was 3 months to 3 years before presentation. All had unilateral or bilateral asymmetric distal upper extremity weakness without objective sensory loss. Oblique amyotrophy and cold paresis were noted in 5. On electromyography, acute-on-chronic denervation was most frequently noted in cervical-8 (C8) and thoracic-1 (T1) myotomes followed by cervical-7 (C7) myotome in both upper limbs, sparing C5–C6 myotomes. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 3. Symptoms progressed over a mean of 16.5 months. Treatment consisted of placement of cervical collar. Heightened awareness of this entity among pediatric neurologists in North America will lead to early diagnosis and intervention, avoiding unnecessary investigations.
The 1911 Revolution: An end and a beginning
Authors: Dirlik Arif , Prazniak Roxann
Published: November 2011

The 1911 Revolution was a momentous event in bringing down the monarchical institution with a history of 2,000 years. Yet its consequences were ambiguous, it was overshadowed by the more radical revolution that followed in 1949, and it was stigmatized by the defeat of the Kuomintang, which claimed it as its own. Its ‘revolutionariness’ has been in question even as it has been celebrated as a turning point in modern Chinese history. This discussion reaffirms the revolutionary significance of the event, but also suggests that it is best viewed as a ‘high peak’ in a revolution of long duration that is yet to be completed. The current regime in China has revived aspects of monarchical culture and practices that revolutionaries sought to abolish in 1911. Most importantly, the promise of full citizenship for all that animated the 1911 Revolution remains unfulfilled, which may explain the contemporary regime’s nervousness over the celebration of its 100th anniversary.
The ‘revolution’ of 1911 revisited: A review of contemporary studies in China
Authors: Guo Wang
Published: November 2011

Reviewing the last decade of Chinese-language scholarship on the 1911 Revolution, this article suggests that we should view the Revolution in richer ways, rather than simply focusing on the political event on 10 October 1911. By contextualizing the revolution in its world, this article argues that it is necessary to view 1911 in its own terms and in global perspective in order to articulate historical continuities and discontinuities beyond 1911. How did, does, and will the spirit of modern revolution function and reshape the mental landscape in China’s past, present, and future? The revolution is considered here to be not only a transhistorical source of transformation but also part of the restructuring of social life and ideals. Revolution has become the ontological ground of China’s modern society. The meaning of the spirit of revolution lay in providing the Chinese people with a space of hope, where they could transcend current disappointment and discontent, and pursue political, economic, and cultural visions to fundamentally change their world. For individuals, revolution offered a means of meeting personal needs; for the nation, the revolution has meant the unending pursuit of ‘standing up, enriching up, and strengthening up’.
A study on the characterization of FEP-g-PVBSA membranes as polymer electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Fei Geng , Hwang Mi-Lim , Shin Junhwa
Published: November 2011

Poly(vinylbenzyl sulfonic acid)-grafted poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP- g-PVBSA) electrolyte membrane was prepared by radiation-induced grafting of vinylbenzyl chloride onto FEP film with subsequent sulfonation processes. An energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to observe the cross-sectional distribution behaviors of the hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups and hydrophobic fluorine groups. The characteristics of an ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water and methanol uptake, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity as a function of the degree of grafting were studied. The IECs and water uptakes of membranes with different degrees of grafting (36 to 102%) were measured in the range of 0.8 to 1.62 meq g−1 and 10 to 30%, respectively. The proton conductivity was higher than that of a Nafion 212 membrane (6.1 E−02 S cm−1), when the degree of grafting reached 60%. The methanol permeability and uptake of the FEP- g-PVBSA membrane was significantly lower than that of the Nafion 212 membrane, and even the degree of grafting reached 102%.
Shock train leading-edge detection in an isolator using genetic algorithm
Authors: Chang J , Li B , Bao W , Yu D
Published: November 2011

Inlet unstart is a complex phenomenon which would dramatically degrade the performance of hypersonic vehicles. Shock train leading-edge (STLE) detection is fundamental to inlet unstart prevention control of scramjet engine. First, the numerical solution of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations for the hypersonic inlet is obtained and the results provide the dataset of STLE detection. Based on genetic algorithm, an STLE detection method is proposed in this article to achieve accurate STLE locations with a sensor array of least amount of sensors. The validity of the method is then testified by comparing the calculated STLE locations with actual ones originated by datasets.
Summa DB: A research note about an Italian accounting history database
Authors: Antonelli Valerio , D’Alessio Raffaele
Published: November 2011

This paper details the preparation, structure, uses and availability of a database (known as Summa DB) which collects and codifies many aspects of the accounting history literature contributed by Italian authors. There are a total of 1,253 units of analysis: 1,197 Italian language publications printed from 1861 to 2010, and 56 international articles and books printed from 1976 to 2010. For each publication, the data collected includes the date and type of publication, the period studied, the accounting history field, sources of data, the affiliations of the authors, and the accounting methods examined. The aim of this paper is to show how Summa DB can provide researchers with multidimensional data which can assist in solving some problems emerging from applying the “Comparative International Accounting History” (CIAH) perspective.
The Value of Research and Its Evaluation in Business Schools
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Greer Charles R.
Published: November 2011

Critics have characterized academic research as being of little practical or commercial value. Such criticism of scholarly research, as opposed to applied research, resonates with detractors who do not appreciate the evolving role of business schools in providing foundational research. The authors contend that scholarly research helps develop knowledge in fields such as strategic management, enhances the value of later applied research, and provides content for courses. Not all research is of high quality, however, so the evaluation of research is critical. The authors examine several considerations for evaluation, such as journal rankings, interdisciplinary evaluation, and breadth of approach.
A new flexible coupler for earth system modeling developed for CCSM4 and CESM1
Authors: Craig Anthony P. , Vertenstein Mariana , Jacob Robert
Published: November 2011

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) has been developed over the last decade, and it is used to understand past, present, and future climates. The latest versions of the model, CCSM4 and CESM1, contain totally new coupling capabilities in the CPL7 coupler that permit additional flexibility and extensibility to address the challenges involved in earth system modeling. The CPL7 coupling architecture takes a completely new approach with respect to the high-level design of the system. CCSM4 now contains a top-level driver that calls model component initialize, run, and finalize methods through specified interfaces. The top-level driver allows the model components to be placed on relatively arbitrary hardware processor layouts and run sequentially, concurrently, or mixed. Improvements have been made to the memory and performance scaling of the coupler to support much higher resolution configurations. CCSM4 scales better to higher processor counts, and has the ability to handle global resolutions up to one-tenth of a degree.
The management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in residential homes: Does Tai Chi have any role for people with dementia?
Authors: Tadros George , Ormerod Sara , Dobson-Smyth Penny , Gallon Mark , Doherty Donna , Carryer Angela , Oyebode Jan , Kingston Paul
Published: November 2011

Dementia is a common illness that is increasing in frequency and set to challenge the resources and expertise of health and social care services over the coming years. Increasingly, there has been interest in the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), as they are both common and associated with a range of negative outcomes. BPSD are associated with the admission of people with dementia to care homes. Limited resources and lack of knowledge in permanent care settings often lead to BPSD being managed with antipsychotic medications, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is evidence for the benefits of exercise within care home settings, although only a few studies include those with cognitive impairment. Tai Chi is a mind-body exercise combining relaxed physical movement and meditation, and has been suggested to have many health benefits. This article discusses the rationale and available options for treating BPSD and the current practice and reviews theliterature regarding the benefits of exercise and, in particular, Tai Chi in the management ofBPSD.