bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratification, Race/Ethnicity and
Authors: Kaplan David H.
Published: May 2019

This entry examines the different ways by which ethnicity/race and stratification are conjoined. It first looks into how separate ethnic groups can be placed within ranked systems, and various means by which social stratification is manifest. It then explores how stratification can heighten and even create ethnic distinctions. Finally, it shows how ethnic stratification, especially when coupled with spatial segregation, actively damages the life prospects and opportunities for members of subordinate ethnic groups.
Viagra
Authors: Kościańska Agnieszka
Published: May 2019

Viagra (
sildenafil citrate
) is the most popular sexuopharmaceutical (i.e., sexual lifestyle drug) used to treat erectile dysfunctions. Since its first appearance on the market in 1998, Viagra has been at the center of controversies related to the message it conveys about sexuality, gender, and relationships. Social scientific interest in Viagra also developed shortly after the drug was introduced. Researchers point to Viagra's contribution to the biomedicalization, commodification, and commercialization of sexuality. The wider influence of sexuopharmaceuticals on gender politics and on the representation of sexuality in popular culture has likewise been the subject of scientific inquiry.
World Economic Forum
Authors: Pigman Geoffrey Allen
Published: May 2019

The World Economic Forum is a knowledge‐generating, non‐governmental organization, a multi‐stakeholder venue for debating issues of global governance.
Parameter identification of linear time‐invariant systems using dynamic regressor extension and mixing
Authors: Aranovskiy Stanislav , Belov Alexey , Ortega Romeo , Barabanov Nikita , Bobtsov Alexey
Published: May 2019

Dynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM) is a new technique for parameter estimation that has proven instrumental in the solution of several open problems in system identification and adaptive control. A key property of the estimator is that, by generation of scalar regression models, it guarantees monotonicity of each element of the parameter error vector that is a much stronger property than monotonicity of the vector norm, as ensured with classical gradient or least‐squares estimators. On the other hand, the overall performance improvement of the estimator is strongly dependent on the suitable choice of certain operators that enter in the design. In this paper, we investigate the impact of these operators on the convergence properties of the estimator in the context of identification of linear single‐input single‐output time‐invariant systems with periodic excitation. The most important contribution is that the DREM (almost surely) converges under the same persistence of excitation (PE) conditions as the gradient estimator while providing improved transient performance. In particular, we give some guidelines how to select the DREM operators to ensure convergence under the same PE conditions as standard identification schemes.
All‐in‐One Phototheranostics: Single Laser Triggers NIR‐II Fluorescence/Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Photothermal/Photodynamic/Chemo Combination Therapy
Authors: Wang Qi , Dai Yeneng , Xu Jingzeng , Cai Jie , Niu Xinrui , Zhang Lei , Chen Runfeng , Shen Qingming , Huang Wei , Fan Quli
Published: May 2019

Development of single near‐infrared (NIR) laser triggered phototheranostics for multimodal imaging guided combination therapy is highly desirable but is still a big challenge. Herein, a novel small‐molecule dye DPP‐BT is designed and synthesized, which shows strong absorption in the first NIR window (NIR‐I) and fluorescence emission in the second NIR region (NIR‐II). Such a dye not only acts as a dual‐modal contrast agent for NIR‐II fluorescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, but also serves as a combined therapeutic agent for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The single NIR laser triggered all‐in‐one phototheranostic nanoparticles are constructed by encapsulating the dye DPP‐BT, chemotherapy drug DOX, and natural phase‐change materials with a folic acid functionalized amphiphile. Notably, under NIR laser irradiation, DOX can effectively release from such nanoparticles via NIR‐induced hyperthermia of DPP‐BT. By intravenous injection of such nanoparticles into Hela tumor‐bearing mice, the tumor size and location can be accurately observed via NIR‐II fluorescence/PA dual‐modal imaging. From in vitro and in vivo therapy results, such nanoparticles simultaneously present remarkable antitumor efficacy by PTT/PDT/chemo combination therapy, which is triggered by a single NIR laser. Overall, this work provides an innovative strategy to design and construct all‐in‐one nanoplatforms for clinical phototheranostics.
Optimized White Reflectance in Photonic‐Network Structures
Authors: Utel Francesco , Cortese Lorenzo , Wiersma Diederik S. , Pattelli Lorenzo
Published: May 2019

3D disordered networks are receiving increasing attention as they represent a versatile architecture for highly scattering materials. However, due to their complex morphology, little is known about the interplay between their structural and optical properties. A simple algorithm that allows for the generation of photonic‐network structures inspired by that of the Cyphochilus beetle, famous for the bright‐white reflectance of its thin cuticular scales, is described. This model allows the degree of structural anisotropy and filling fraction of the network to be varied independently, revealing the key contribution of these two parameters to the overall scattering efficiency. Rigorous numerical simulations show that structures obtained with the use of this algorithm can exceed the broadband reflectance of the beetle while using less material, providing new insight into the design of advanced scattering materials.
Polarization‐Sensitive Ultraviolet Detection from Oriented‐CdSe@CdS‐Dot‐in‐Rods‐Integrated Silicon Photodetector
Authors: Ge Yong , Zhang Mengjiao , Wang Lei , Meng Linghai , Tang Jialun , Chen Yu , Wang Lingxue , Zhong Haizheng
Published: May 2019

Polarization can be used to distinguish artificial objects in complicated environments. The development of polarization‐sensitive detection at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths has been substantially delayed by the difficulties in fabricating anisotropic materials and optical elements for polarization modulation. Polarization‐sensitive UV detection is developed by combining an electron‐multiplying charge‐coupled device (EMCCD) with a polarized luminescence downshifting material that benefits from an oriented‐CdSe@CdS‐dot‐in‐rods‐embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite film. With mechanical‐stretching‐induced orientation, the composite film shows emission polarization with an optimized ratio up to 0.52 ± 0.02. This integrated detection system can respond to linearly polarized 405 nm light with a signal difference up to 23%, showing its potential for use in UV polarization‐enhanced imaging for object recognition.
On the Design of Host–Guest Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Should the Guest be Physically Blended or Chemically Incorporated into the Host for Efficient Emission?
Authors: Tang Shi , Murto Petri , Wang Jia , Larsen Christian , Andersson Mats R. , Wang Ergang , Edman Ludvig
Published: May 2019

It has recently been demonstrated that light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) can be designed to deliver strong emission with high efficiency when the charge transport is effectuated by a majority host and the emission is executed by a minority guest. A relevant question is then: should the guest be physically blended with or chemically incorporated into the host? A systematic study is presented that establishes that for near‐infrared‐(NIR‐) emitting LECs based on poly(indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (PIDTT) as the host and 4,7‐bis(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐silolo[3,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]‐thiadiazole (SBS) as the guest the chemical‐incorporation approach is preferable. The host‐to‐guest energy transfer in LEC devices is highly efficient at a low guest concentration of 0.5%, whereas guest aggregation and ion redistribution during device operation severly inhibits this transfer in the physical‐blend devices. The chemical‐incorporation approach also results in a redshifted emission with a somewhat lowered photoluminescence quantum yield, but the LEC performance is nevertheless very good. Specifically, an NIR‐LEC device comprising a guest‐dilute (0.5 molar%) PIDTT‐SBS copolymer delivers highly stabile operation at a high radiance of 263 µW cm−2 (peak wavelength = 725 nm) and with an external quantum efficiency of 0.214%, which is close to the theoretical limit for this particular emitter and device geometry.
New invasive image velocimetry applicable to dense multiphase flows and its application in solid–liquid suspensions
Authors: Wang Haoliang , Li Xiangyang , Mao Zai‐Sha , Yang Chao
Published: May 2019

An invasive image velocimetry (IIV) is developed for measurement of multiphase flows, which starts from the photographs taken by a vision probe and then determines the flow fields after a series of images processing steps. It overcomes the limitations of laser‐based velocimetries, especially inapplicability to dense multiphase flows. The measurement results using IIV in the single phase stirred tank agree well with those by laser Doppler velocimetry except for the region close to impeller. The disagreement could mainly be attributed to long frame intervals so that the one‐quarter rule of correlation evaluation cannot be satisfied. As it is applied in solid–liquid systems with particles loads above the upper limit of laser‐based techniques without refractive matching, the direct and indirect interactions between particles and liquid are preliminarily analyzed based on instantaneous solid–liquid flows. More accurate mean velocities are obtained which provides a useful benchmark for computational fluid dynamics modeling validation in dense multiphase flow.
Summary of the 3rd international symposium on arthrogryposis
Authors: Dahan‐Oliel Noémi , Hall Judith , Samargian Ani , Sawatzky Bonita , van Bosse Harold
Published: May 2019

The 1st international symposium on arthrogryposis (ISA) was held in 2007 in Birmingham, UK, to bring together a multinational group of experts in the field of arthrogryposis, patients and their families to discuss various aspects of care for individuals with Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC). These “lessons learnt” set the tone for the 2nd ISA held in Saint Petersburg, Russia in 2014. Clinical and research advances have recently been made in the field of arthrogryposis and were shared at the 3rd ISA, in Philadelphia, in 2018. Highlights of the 3ISA and future directions are presented.
Metal‐Free Transamidation of Primary Amides using Trimethylsilyl Chloride
Authors: Yu Subeen , Ho Song Kwang , Lee Sunwoo
Published: May 2019

A metal‐free transamidation of primary amides was developed. Trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) acted as the activator in transamidation. In the presence of TMSCl, primary amides reacted with primary amines to yield transamidated secondary amides in NMP solvent. The transamidation of benzamide with secondary amines for the formation of tertiary amides succeeds in an NMP/CHCl3 solvent mixture.
Impact of type of emergency department on the outcome of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kaneda Kotaro , Yagi Takeshi , Todani Masaki , Nakahara Takashi , Fujita Motoki , Kawamura Yoshikatsu , Oda Yasutaka , Tsuruta Ryosuke
Published: May 2019

Aim

To assess whether the outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) differ between patients treated at tertiary or secondary emergency medical facilities.

Methods

Data from the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest (JAAM‐OHCA) registry between June 2014 and December 2015 were analyzed and compared between patients treated at tertiary (tertiary group) and secondary (secondary group) emergency medical facilities. The primary outcome of this study was a favorable neurological outcome at 1 and 3 months after OHCA, defined as a Glasgow–Pittsburgh cerebral performance category of 1 or 2.

Results

Between June 2014 and December 2015, a total of 13,491 patients with OHCA were registered in the JAAM‐OHCA registry. Of these, 12,836 were eligible in the present analysis, with 11,583 in the tertiary group and 1,253 in the secondary group. The proportions of patients with favorable neurological outcomes in the tertiary group were significantly higher than those in the secondary group at 1 (4.7% versus 2.0%, P < 0.001) and 3 (3.5% versus 1.6%, P < 0.001) months after OHCA. Even after adjusting for baseline characteristics of patients, treatment at a tertiary emergency medical facility was independently associated with favorable neurological outcomes at 1 (odds ratio, 2.856, 95% confidence interval, 1.429–5.710; P = 0.003) and 3 (odds ratio, 2.462, 95% confidence interval, 1.203–5.042; P = 0.014) months after OHCA.

Conclusion

The neurological outcomes of patients with OHCA treated at tertiary emergency medical facilities were better than those of patients treated at secondary emergency medical facilities.
Direct Observation of Primary C−H Bond Oxidation by an Oxido‐Iron(IV) Porphyrin π‐Radical Cation Complex in a Fluorinated Carbon Solvent
Authors: Morimoto Yuma , Shimaoka Yuki , Ishimizu Yuri , Fujii Hiroshi , Itoh Shinobu
Published: May 2019

Oxido‐iron(IV) porphyrin π‐radical cation species are involved in a variety of heme‐containing enzymes and have characteristic oxidation states consisting of a high‐valent iron center and a π‐conjugated macrocyclic ligand. However, the short lifetime of the complex has hampered detailed reactivity studies. Reported herein is a remarkable increase in the lifetime (80 s at 10 °C) of FeIV(TMP+.)(O)(Cl) (2; TMP=5,10,15,20‐tetramesitylporphyrin dianion), produced by the oxidation of FeIII(TMP)(Cl) (1) by ozone in α,α,α‐trifluorotoluene (TFT). The lifetime is 720 times longer compared to that of the currently most stable species reported to date. The increase in the lifetime improves the reaction efficiency of 2 toward inert alkane substrates, and allowed observation of the reaction of 2 with a primary C−H bond (BDEC‐H=ca. 100 kcal mol−1) directly. Activation parameters for cyclohexane hydroxylation were also obtained.
PEG–Anthracene Hydrogels as an On‐Demand Stiffening Matrix To Study Mechanobiology
Authors: Günay Kemal Arda , Ceccato Tova L. , Silver Jason S. , Bannister Kendra L. , Bednarski Olivia J. , Leinwand Leslie A. , Anseth Kristi S.
Published: May 2019

There is a growing interest in materials that can dynamically change their properties in the presence of cells to study mechanobiology. Herein, we exploit the 365 nm light mediated [4+4] photodimerization of anthracene groups to develop cytocompatible PEG‐based hydrogels with tailorable initial moduli that can be further stiffened. A hydrogel formulation that can stiffen from 10 to 50 kPa, corresponding to the stiffness of a healthy and fibrotic heart, respectively, was prepared. This system was used to monitor the stiffness‐dependent localization of NFAT, a downstream target of intracellular calcium signaling using a reporter in live cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs). NFAT translocates to the nucleus of CFbs on stiffening hydrogels within 6 h, whereas it remains cytoplasmic when the CFbs are cultured on either 10 or 50 kPa static hydrogels. This finding demonstrates how dynamic changes in the mechanical properties of a material can reveal the kinetics of mechanoresponsive cell signaling pathways that may otherwise be missed in cells cultured on static substrates.
Gold‐catalyzed [4+2] Annulations of Dienes with Nitrosoarenes as 4 π Donors: Nitroso‐Povarov Reactions
Authors: Chen Ching‐Nung , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: May 2019

This work reports the first success of the nitroso‐Povarov reaction, involving gold‐catalyzed [4+2] annulations of nitrsoarenes with substituted cyclopentadienes. In this catalytic sequence, nitrosoarenes presumably attack gold‐π‐dienes by a 1,4‐addition pathway, generating allylgold nitrosonium intermediates to complete an intramolecular cyclization. Acyclic dienes are also applicable substrates, and affording oxidative nitroso‐Povarov products.
Argentination of Fluoroform: Preparation of a Stable AgCF3 Solution with Diverse Reactivities
Authors: Xiang Jia‐Xiang , Ouyang Yao , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: May 2019

The transformation of a large‐volume industrial by‐product and stable greenhouse gas fluoroform (HCF3) to useful products has recently received significant attention. Now, a simple and scalable preparation of AgCF3 by treatment of HCF3 with t‐BuOK and AgOAc is disclosed. The reactivity of the HCF3‐derived AgCF3 has been demonstrated by hydrotrifluoromethylation of alkenes and C−H trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes. This work not only provides a new avenue for the utilization of HCF3, but also presents a reliable and easy‐to‐execute synthesis of the relatively stable AgCF3 solution.
The Discrepancy of Fatty Acid Composition of Astaxanthin Esters and Total Fatty Acids in Photoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis
Authors: Zhang Chu‐Wen , Zhang Feng‐Lin , Dong Shu‐Jun , He Yong‐Yi , Xu Xiao‐Ming , Peng Juan , Yuan Jian‐Ping
Published: May 2019

Chlorella zofingiensis has great potential for astaxanthin and fatty acid production. This study investigated the accumulation of astaxanthin and total fatty acids (TFA), the fatty acid compositions of astaxanthin esters and TFA in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic C. zofingiensis, respectively. The results displayed that in photoautotrophic cells, 18:3 was the most predominant fatty acid, followed by 16:0, 18:2, and 18:1, while astaxanthin mono‐esters (mono‐AE) contained only 16:0 and 18:0, and astaxanthin di‐esters (di‐AE) contained 16:0 mostly, followed by 18:1, 18:0, 18:2, and 18:3. C. zofingiensis accumulated the highest level of astaxanthin and TFA under heterotrophic conditions fed with 30 g L−1 glucose. The percentage of 18:1 in TFA, mono‐AE, and di‐AE increased from 10.05%, 0%, and 17.76% to 35.80%, 14.84%, and 50.12%, respectively; in contrast, the percentages of 18:3 in TFA and di‐AE were observed to decrease from 40.42% and 7.59% to 9.56% and 1.30%, respectively, in comparison with those in photoautotrophic ones. The RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) results showed that the expressions of the genes in astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways were increased under this heterotrophic condition. These results indicated differential accumulation of AE and TFA, especially fatty acid compositions of TFA and AE in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cells, suggesting a positive correlation between astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis.
Desulfurization performance comparison of a 162‐kW marine diesel engine's exhaust gas based on two kinds of alkaline liquid scrubbing models
Authors: Wang Jinxin , Kuang Min , Yang Guohua , Hu Xuehui , Xu Yang , Fan Peifei
Published: May 2019

A cascade‐scrubbing technology was proposed to improve the current once‐through desulfurization solutions. Desulfurization experiments were performed for a 162‐kW marine diesel engine's exhaust gas so as to confirm the alkali‐lean/alkali‐rich lye cascade‐scrubbing advantages compared with the closed‐loop solution. In the closed‐loop scrubbing model, desulfurization efficiency presented multiple change patterns, such as initially decreasing but then increasing with the liquid–gas ratio, decreasing with SO2 concentration, and increasing with Na/S. At the high SO2 concentration of 2,860 mg/Nm3 and Na/S = 2, desulfurization complying with emission control area's (ECA's) requirements necessitated a liquid–gas ratio above 4.5 L/Nm3. Although raising Na/S could decrease the liquid–gas ratio requirement, the alkali‐utilization efficiency dropped. In the alkali‐lean/alkali‐rich lye cascade‐scrubbing model under the same SO2 and Na/S conditions, the auxiliary scrubbing section allowed a desulfurization capacity of 500–750 mg/Nm3 with an alkali‐rich liquid–gas ratio of 1–2 L/Nm3. With the alkali‐rich lye fed at liquid–gas ratios of 1, 1.5, and 2 L/Nm3, the main scrubbing section's alkali‐lean lye necessitated liquid–gas ratios of 2.8, 2.4, and 3.1 L/Nm3 to comply with ECA's requirements, respectively. Two setups approaching the former two liquid–gas ratio assembles (i.e., a total liquid–gas ratio of 4 L/Nm3 gaining a high alkali‐utilization efficiency above 98%) thus confirmed that this cascade‐scrubbing model was superior to the closed‐loop solution in cutting the liquid–gas ratio requirement and alkali consumption, because of the latter necessitating a liquid–gas ratio of 4.5 L/Nm3 at Na/S = 2 or 4 L/Nm3 at Na/S = 2.16 but with the alkali‐utilization efficiency dropping below 91%.
Synthesis of ethylene and butyl methacrylate‐based copolymer by emulsion polymerization
Authors: Borphukan Somip , Saikia Maitrayee , Baruah Urmilla , Gautam Arvind , Baruah Shashi D. , Saikia Prakash J.
Published: May 2019

The emulsion copolymerization of ethylene with butyl methacrylate (BMA) was carried out in an aqueous medium at 60 °C under moderate reaction conditions. The polymer system is well controlled with a linear increase in the molecular weight (Mn) versus ethylene feed pressure and narrow molecular weight distributions (>1.36) were observed throughout the copolymerization reaction. The spectroscopic analyses confirm the presence of acrylate functional as well as methylene group in the synthesized poly(ethylene‐co‐BMA) copolymer. Morphological behavior of poly(ethylene‐co‐BMA) has been studied using SEM and TEM analyses. Thermal stability of the copolymers was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and it was observed that the copolymer is stable up to 380 °C. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the amorphous behavior of poly(ethylene‐co‐BMA). Dynamic light scattering measurement confirms the formation of poly(ethylene‐co‐BMA) nanoparticles. The particle size of copolymer nanoparticles were in the range of 85–108 nm with low polydispersity indexes (>0.2). The viscous and the elastic property of the copolymer were investigated and established that at high temperature elastic behavior predominant over viscous effect. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47994.
Online monitoring of reactive compatiblization of poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 blend with different compatibilizers
Authors: Petruš Josef , Kučera František , Jančář Josef
Published: May 2019

Improvement of poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 (PLA/PA6) miscibility is approached by reactive compatibilization with using different reactive agents. Specifically, compatibilizing efficiency of commercially available Joncryl ADR‐4368 (Joncryl) and free‐radical initiator 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐bis(tert‐butylperoxy)hexane (L101) is compared to that of laboratory synthesized compatibilizers (poly(lactic acid) grafted with itaconic anhydride (PLA‐g‐IAH) and poly(itaconic anhydride) (PIAH) by online rheology monitoring in internal mixer and oscillatory rheometer. The change of morphology and particle‐size distribution is evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the extent of PLA‐PA6 miscibility is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and newly formed polymer phases are identified by high‐resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HR‐TGA) and solvent extraction in formic acid. Although Joncryl exhibits the most promising results in PLA‐PA6 compatibility, other compatibilizers also exhibit specific benefits for PLA/PA6 blend or individual polymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48005.
Impact of human disturbance on the thermoregulatory behaviour of the endangered ringed sawback turtle (Graptemys oculifera)
Authors: Heppard Jessica M. , Buchholz Richard
Published: May 2019

Human recreational disturbance of riverine environments may be contributing to population declines of aquatic organisms worldwide. Aquatic turtles that are heavily dependent on basking in sunlight to maintain an optimal body temperature may abandon basking perches because they perceive humans as potential predators.

The impact of boat traffic, the availability of basking structures, and various environmental factors on the basking behaviour of the ringed sawback turtle (Graptemys oculifera) was assessed at two sites on the Pearl River, Mississippi, USA. This information was used to model the likely effects of human disturbance on the body temperature of large female turtles.

Both the duration of basking and the percentage of turtles in a basking group that abandoned their basking perch were influenced by the availability of alternative basking sites, frequency of boat traffic, boat speed enforcement zones (‘wake’ or ‘no wake’), boat type, air temperature, weather conditions, and Julian day. A simulation model of anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed adult female ringed sawbacks showed that disturbance probably decreases the mean daily body temperature, especially at higher disturbance probabilities and in May, when the air temperature is low.

Management recommendations are provided that minimize the adverse effects of unintentional human disturbance of the ringed sawback to enable more effective conservation of this endangered, endemic species. Such methods are likely to be useful elsewhere as recreational disturbance becomes a greater conservation issue worldwide.
Phylogenetic Perspectives on Catarrhine Talo‐Crural Joint Phenotypic Plasticity
Authors: Simons Evan A. , Turley Kevin , Frost Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

Previous investigations of the primate talo‐crural joint (TCJ; specifically on the talus and distal tibia) have demonstrated that substrate preference significantly influences morphology, but this association is not necessarily found in subadults. This has been interpreted as the result of a plastic, behaviorally induced response of bone due to substrate use. In this investigation, we use geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate ontogenetic phenotypic plasticity in the catarrhine TCJ. Osteological specimens from four African hominoid and four cercopithecid species, divided into subadult and adult developmental stages based on molar eruption, formed the study group. We tested for phylogenetic signal in the shape of both the talar and tibial articular surfaces, at both developmental stages. We then used phylomorphospaces to examine the evolution of shape differences at each developmental stage for each element, and to determine if substrate usage is associated with shape in this phylogenetic context. A significant phylogenetic signal was found for both articular surfaces in subadults, but not adults. In phylomorphospace, both talar and tibial articular morphologies show an association with substrate preference in adults, but not in subadults. Our results provide confirmation of the significant effect of habitual substrate usage and the consequences of bone remodeling during ontogeny on the shape and presentation of the TCJ. These results also suggest caution when using adult talo‐tibial shapes to evaluate phylogenetic relationships as TCJ morphology can be considered as a palimpsest, with substrate usage overwriting phylogenetic information in adult specimens. Anat Rec, 302:1977–1984, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Graphene oxide‐l‐arginine nanogel: A pH‐sensitive fluorouracil nanocarrier
Authors: Malekimusavi Hanieh , Ghaemi AmirHossein , Masoudi Ghasem , Chogan Faraz , Rashedi Hamid , Yazdian Fatemeh , Omidi Meisam , Javadi Shohreh , Haghiralsadat Bibi Fatemeh , Teimouri Masoumeh , Faal Hamedani Naghmeh
Published: May 2019

Nowadays, putting forward an accurate cancer therapy method with minimal side effects is an important topic of research. Nanostructures, for their ability in controlled and targeted drug release on specific cells, are critical materials in this field. In this study, a pH‐sensitive graphene oxide‐l‐arginine nanogel was synthesized to carry and release 5‐fluorouracil. Optimized conditions using statistical analysis, based on the maximum relative viscosity of nanogel, were evaluated: 5.489 for the concentration of l‐arginine and 2.404 for pH. The prepared nanogels were characterized using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. The fluorouracil release was measured by the dialysis bag method, UV spectrophotometry, and fluorouracil calibration diagram. Results proved the successful controlled release of fluorouracil at pH 5.4 and the beneficial role of graphene‐oxide‐ l‐arginine‐ fluorouracil nanogel in eliminating cancer cells.
The Perceptions of Australian Workers about Caring for Sexually Exploited Children in Residential Care
Authors: McKibbin Gemma , Humphreys Cathy
Published: May 2019

Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a problem for children and young people living in out‐of‐home care (looked after children). As part of a broader action research project aiming to prevent both harmful sexual behaviour carried out by children and young people and CSE in out‐of‐home care, four focus groups were undertaken with 17 workers at three Victorian residential houses in 2017. The findings reported in this paper were generated through the research question:What do workers perceive as the key challenges in caring for children and young people vulnerable to CSE in out‐of‐home care?Three major themes were identified: (i) children and young people going missing from home; (ii) children and young people not identifying as victims; and (iii) frontline police response unhelpful when children and young people missing. The design of prevention and response strategies to combat CSE must take into account the challenges identified by workers to ensure the best possible sexual abuse prevention outcomes for children and young people living in residential care.

‘What do workers perceive as the key challenges in caring for children and young people vulnerable to CSE in out‐of‐home care?'

Key Practitioner Messages

Children and young people need to be educated about the tactics used by perpetrators so that they can recognise if they are being groomed or exploited.

Residential staff need to be upskilled about how to respond to children and young people at the point that they are leaving the house for the purpose of CSE.

Workers need to be empowered to make decisions about the day‐to‐day welfare of the children and young people in their care.

Multiagency collaboration is vital in preventing and responding to CSE, and efforts should be upscaled across all local government areas.
Virtual titration laboratory experiment with differentiated instruction
Authors: Wu Bo‐Jyun , Wong Sai‐Keung , Li Ta‐Wei
Published: May 2019

This paper studies users' learning perception in a virtual titration experiment with differentiated instruction. We develop a virtual reality chemistry lab and use leap motion to detect users' hand gestures for operations. Users wear a head‐mounted display and use their bare hands to interact with virtual objects to perform a titration experiment. Our system implements a complete titration process and provides assistance tools for learning and operating virtual items. We report the essential ideas for building the system. We applied differentiated instruction to study the learning effectiveness of users under different learning intensities. Two groups of students with and without chemistry background participated in a user study. Our results indicated that the virtual reality chemistry lab could enhance and promote users' learning confidence under suitable learning intensities.
Self‐Immobilizing Oxidoreductases for Flow Biocatalysis in Miniaturized Packed‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Peschke Theo , Bitterwolf Patrick , Rabe Kersten S. , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: May 2019

The industrial implementation of enzymes in flow biocatalysis microreactors is expected to be essential for the emergence of a bio‐based circular economy. Major challenges concern the efficient immobilization of delicate enzymes inside miniaturized reactors without compromising their catalytic activity. We describe the exploitation of the widely used His‐tag system in a microfluidic packed‐bed reactor that contains ketoreductase‐functionalized magnetic beads. In a continuous process, these reactors produced highly stereoselective (R)‐configured alcohols (d.r. 99:1) with an average conversion of > 90 % for more than 4 days. We believe that such miniaturized flow reactors can be of great utility for future sustainable production processes.
Equipment and Separation Units for Flow Chemistry Applications and Process Development
Authors: Bittorf Lukas , Reichmann Felix , Schmalenberg Mira , Soboll Sebastian , Kockmann Norbert
Published: May 2019

Process development and small‐scale production gets more and more important in fine chemistry and pharmaceutical production. An equipment toolbox assists process synthesis presented in this contribution. A microfluidic calorimeter can measure kinetic and thermodynamic reaction data with commercial plate reactors. A tubular reactor coiled with 90° bends allows for long residence time with low axial dispersion, also known as coiled flow inverter (CFI). A similar setup is used for continuous‐flow cooling crystallization. Small‐scale columns with rotating internals are employed for distillation and liquid‐liquid extraction. Main emphasis will be put on automation and scale‐up in future steps.
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Hydrogen Production from Water Assisted by Alternative Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Xu You , Zhang Bin
Published: May 2019

Water electrolysis has been considered a promising avenue for ultrapure hydrogen production. However, the energy efficiency of conventional water electrolysis technologies is severely hampered by the kinetic limitations of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Over the past decade, an innovative hybrid water electrolysis strategy of replacing the OER with more facile oxidation reactions and coupling with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been developed and demonstrated its utility of addressing the critical challenges in conventional water electrolysis. In this Review, we summarize the recent progress concerning electrochemical hydrogen production from water through hybrid water electrolysis technology, with special emphasis on the selection of electrocatalysts and alternative anodic oxidation reactions as well as the related mechanisms involving in electrochemical reactions. Finally, the current challenges and some perspectives are also discussed for the future development of hybrid water electrolysis technology.
Analysis of Non‐Isothermal Viscous Flow Coalescence at Micro Scale
Authors: Kamyabi Mohammadmahdi , Sotudeh‐Gharebagh Rahmat , Zarghami Reza , Saleh Khashayar
Published: May 2019

The non‐isothermal coalescence of two spherical bodies caused by capillary‐induced viscous flow was analyzed. Based on this analysis, a new dimensionless number (K number) was introduced for defining thermal coalescence regimes. Based on the value of this number, coalescence may or may not be affected by thermal effects in different cases. To make this clearer, the conventional coalescence models of Frenkel‐Eshelby and Pokluda were modified by assuming viscosity as a temperature dependent variable. This was conducted by considering the effects of temperature on the viscosity of the involved material through evaluating different expressions including linear and Reynolds and Williams‐Landel‐Ferry (WLF) equations. The results of the modified models for the bridge growth rate show that temperature changes significantly affect the kinetics of coalescence, particularly when the characteristic times of coalescence and heat conduction are in the same order, i.e., moderate K numbers. This analysis is applicable for diverse situations since viscous flow coalescence occurs in various physical and industrial applications of particles or droplets.
Use of axial dispersion and plug flow models for determination of axial mixing and mass transfer coefficient in an l‐shaped pulsed packed extraction column
Authors: Khooshechin Sajad , Safdari Jaber , Moosavian Mohammad Ali , Mallah Mohammad Hassan
Published: May 2019

In this study, the volumetric overall mass transfer and phases axial mixing coefficients have been investigated in a pilot plant of an L‐shaped pulsed packed extraction column by using two liquid systems of toluene/acetone/water andn‐butyl/acetone/water. The mass transfer performance has been evaluated using two methods of axial dispersion and a plug flow model. The effect of the operational variables and physical properties, including the dispersed and continuous phases flow rates, pulsation intensity, and interfacial tension, on mass transfer and phases axial mixing coefficients have been considered. It has been found that the pulsation intensity and the continuous phase flow rate seriously affect the mass transfer coefficient, however, the dispersed phase flow rate has a weaker effect. Also, the axial mixing of a phase is strongly affected by the pulsation intensity and the flow rate of the phase itself and it is not affected by the second phase flow rate. Finally, new correlations are proposed to accurately predict the mass transfer and axial mixing coefficients.
Quantitative Evaluation of Wastewater Feed Quality for Struvite Crystallization
Authors: Li Bing , Boiarkina Irina , Yu Wei , Young Brent
Published: May 2019

Phosphorus recovery via struvite crystallization is a promising technology for closing the loop in the phosphorus life cycle. However, the spatial and temporal variation of wastewater composition has a detrimental effect on the produced struvite purity, thus reducing its economic value. To address this challenge, this paper investigates the effect of the wastewater composition on struvite purity using response surface models and an artificial neural network. Further principal component analysis indicated that high phosphorus removal efficiency and high struvite purity depend heavily on the wastewater composition and can be improved through magnesium addition in most cases. However, when the wastewater is simultaneously rich in calcium and low in phosphorus, struvite crystallization becomes economically unfeasible, even with supplementary magnesium. The model developed can be used as a preliminary tool to check whether the desired product is attainable and if, and how much, magnesium would need to be used to compensate for low product quality in various wastewater streams.
Changes in microbiota of Baltic Sea coastal sediments caused by nonylphenol contamination
Authors: Polyak Yulia
Published: May 2019

The effect of nonylphenols (NPs) on the sediment microbial population was investigated in laboratory experiments. Adaptation of sediment microorganisms to NP contamination proceeds through the evolution of NP‐tolerant populations and the reduction of stress by biodegradation of NPs. The amount of bacteria that is able to degrade NPs in contaminated sediments was positively correlated with the total heterotrophic bacteria counts, indicating that the pattern of change was associated with NPs. The disappearance of NPs from the sediments by microbial degradation demonstrated a half‐life of 43–71 days. NP contamination resulted in decreased sediment microbial diversity. A decrease in both the Shannon diversity index and Pielou evenness index together with an increase in Simpson's dominance index were common change patterns observed across NP‐contaminated sediment samples. The observed changes in microbial diversity were sustainable. There was a very slow re‐establishment of the original diversity, particularly in the fungal community of NP‐contaminated sediments.
Giving primacy to the voices of people affected by cancer (PABC) in shaping educational innovations—An exploratory qualitative study
Authors: Anstey Sally , Hale Rachel , Ryan Jane , Tyler Helen , Girt Eleri , Radley Lesley , Nathan Martina , Job Claire , Chivers Erica , Cleves Anne , Tish Sam , Gould Dinah
Published: May 2019

Background

The number of adults diagnosed with cancer is increasing. Life beyond cancer poses many challenges for individuals and their families; many of those challenges are characterised by health uncertainties both physical and emotional. Evidence suggests that appropriate education improves care and patient outcomes specifically reducing the long‐term adverse effects of cancer and its treatments and increasing adjustment. Less evidence exists as to how meeting holistic rehabilitation needs, monitoring those surviving cancer long‐term, and supporting self‐management are enabled by health care professional (HCP) education.

Aims

The aims of this study were to explore the experiences of people affected by cancer (PABC) as a long‐term condition and to use the themes emerging from their experiences to develop online bespoke educational resources/tools.

Methods and Results

A project team of professionals and PABC worked together on a qualitative study to explore the challenges and consequences of life beyond cancer. This paper presents the data from the exploratory focus group, analysed using thematic analysis to identify both common and unique perspectives in PABC experiences. Four themes were identified: the meaning of “survivorship”; the impact of cancer; long‐term needs/expectations; and the role of HCPs and education in meeting needs. These themes were compared with existing literature to enable understanding and “sense making” of the participants' life beyond cancer and to inform the development of the educational resources based on a fictitious patient story to be presented in a future publication.

Conclusions

Derived from the PABC stories, a scripted story digitally recorded has been embedded with information and resources. Consultation with additional patient, professional, and public groups helped develop the work into an educational module for nurses and allied health care professionals.
A 2‐ to 12‐GHz 65‐nm transmit/receive CMOS DP8T switching matrix for ultra‐wideband antenna arrays
Authors: Azhari Afreen , Kikkawa Takamaro
Published: May 2019

An ultra‐wideband 2‐ to 12‐GHz transmit/receive (T/R) double‐pole–eight‐throw (DP8T) switching matrix is developed with a 65‐nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process for a radar‐based breast cancer detection system. The measured average insertion losses are 5.2, 7, and 10.6 dB at 2, 6, and 12 GHz, respectively, with input and output matching bandwidths of 2 to 12 GHz and a third‐order input intercept point (IIP3) of 31 dBm at 8 GHz. The power consumption is less than 1 mW for a 1.2‐V power supply. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported DP8T CMOS switching matrix to replace the conventional mechanical switch to control a portable radar antenna.
Connected macroalgal‐sediment systems: blue carbon and food webs in the deep coastal ocean
Authors: Queirós Ana Moura , Stephens Nicholas , Widdicombe Stephen , Tait Karen , McCoy Sophie J. , Ingels Jeroen , Rühl Saskia , Airs Ruth , Beesley Amanda , Carnovale Giorgia , Cazenave Pierre , Dashfield Sarah , Hua Er , Jones Mark , Lindeque Penelope , McNeill Caroline L. , Nunes Joana , Parry Helen , Pascoe Christine , Widdicombe Claire , Smyth Tim , Atkinson Angus , Krause‐Jensen Dorte , Somerfield Paul J.
Published: May 2019

Macroalgae drive the largest CO2 flux fixed globally by marine macrophytes. Most of the resulting biomass is exported through the coastal ocean as detritus and yet almost no field measurements have verified its potential net sequestration in marine sediments. This gap limits the scope for the inclusion of macroalgae within blue carbon schemes that support ocean carbon sequestration globally, and the understanding of the role their carbon plays within distal food webs. Here, we pursued three lines of evidence (eDNA sequencing, Bayesian Stable Isotope Mixing Modeling, and benthic‐pelagic process measurements) to generate needed, novel data addressing this gap. To this end, a 13‐month study was undertaken at a deep coastal sedimentary site in the English Channel, and the surrounding shoreline of Plymouth, UK. The eDNA sequencing indicated that detritus from most macroalgae in surrounding shores occurs within deep, coastal sediments, with detritus supply reflecting the seasonal ecology of individual species. Bayesian stable isotope mixing modeling [C and N] highlighted its vital role in supporting the deep coastal benthic food web (22–36% of diets), especially when other resources are seasonally low. The magnitude of detritus uptake within the food web and sediments varies seasonally, with an average net sedimentary organic macroalgal carbon sequestration of 8.75 g C·m−2·yr−1. The average net sequestration of particulate organic carbon in sediments is 58.74 g C·m−2·yr−1, the two rates corresponding to 4–5% and 26–37% of those associated with mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds, systems more readily identified as blue carbon habitats. These novel data provide important first estimates that help to contextualize the importance of macroalgal‐sedimentary connectivity for deep coastal food webs, and measured fluxes help constrain its role within global blue carbon that can support policy development. At a time when climate change mitigation is at the foreground of environmental policy development, embracing the full potential of the ocean in supporting climate regulation via CO2 sequestration is a necessity.
Enhancing collaboration between ecologists and computer scientists: lessons learned and recommendations forward
Authors: Carey Cayelan C. , Ward Nicole K. , Farrell Kaitlin J. , Lofton Mary E. , Krinos Arianna I. , McClure Ryan P. , Subratie Kensworth C. , Figueiredo Renato J. , Doubek Jonathan P. , Hanson Paul C. , Papadopoulos Philip , Arzberger Peter
Published: May 2019

In the era of big data, ecologists are increasingly relying on computational approaches and tools to answer existing questions and pose new research questions. These include both software applications (e.g., simulation models, databases and machine learning algorithms) and hardware systems (e.g., wireless sensor networks, supercomputing, drones and satellites), motivating the need for greater collaboration between computer scientists and ecologists. Here, we outline some synergistic opportunities for scientists in both disciplines that can be gained by building collaborations between the computer science and ecology research communities, with a focus on the benefits to ecology specifically. We also identify past contributions of computer science to ecology, including high‐frequency environmental sensor technology, advanced supercomputing capacity for ecological modeling, databases for long‐term and high‐frequency datasets, and software programs for ecological analyses, to anticipate future potential contributions. These examples highlight the power and potential for further integration of computer science technology and ideas into the ecological research community. Finally, we translate our own experiences working together as a team of computer scientists and ecologists over the past decade into a conceptual framework with recommendations for supporting productive collaborations at the interface of the two disciplines. We specifically focus on how to apply best practices of team science for bridging computer science and ecology, which we advocate will substantially benefit ecology long‐term.