bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elastic scattering of 13C and 14C isotopes on a 208Pb target at energies of approximately five times the Coulomb barriers*
Authors: Yang 杨 Guo 过 , Duan 段 Fang-Fang 芳芳 , Wang 王 Kang 康 , Yang 杨 Yan-Yun 彦云 , Sun 孙 Zhi-Yu 志宇 , Guimarães Valdir , Pang 庞 Dan-Yang 丹阳 , Chen 陈 Wen-Di 文棣 , Jin 金 Lei 磊 , Xu 许 Shi-Wei 世伟 , Ma 马 Jun-Bing 军兵 , Ma 马 Peng 朋 , Bai 白 Zhen 真 , Wang 汪 Ling-Hao 凌昊 , Liu 刘 Quan 泉 , Ong 王 Hooi-Jin 惠仁 , Lv 吕 Bing-Feng 冰锋 , Guo 郭 Song 松 , Raju Mukhi Kumar , Wang 王 Xiu-Hua 秀华 , Li 李 Rong-Hua 荣华 , Zhang 张 Yu-Hu 玉虎 , Zhou 周 Xiao-Hong 小红 , Hu 胡 Zheng-Guo 正国 , Xu 徐 Hu-Shan 瑚珊
Published: December 2023

The elastic scattering angular distributions of

C at 340 MeV and

C at 294 MeV and 342 MeV on a

Pb target, which correspond to approximately five times the Coulomb barriers, were measured at the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou. The data were analyzed within the optical model and continuum-discretized coupled-channels (CDCC) framework, and the results of both calculations could effectively account for the experimental data. The differential cross sections of elastic scattering revealed no particular suppression at the Coulomb nuclear interference peak angles, suggesting that the breakup coupling effects on the elastic scattering angular distributions were negligibly small in this incident energy region. The contributions from the couplings with inelastic states to the elastic cross sections were of minor importance within the angular range covered by these experiments.
Active generation and control of radial electric field by local neutral beamlets injection in tokamaks
Authors: Xu Xingyuan , Xu Yingfeng , Ye Kaixuan , Hu Youjun , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao , Jin Yifei
Published: December 2023

The radial electric field plays an important role in plasma confinement in tokamaks and can be generated through neutral beam injection. In this study, we propose a model for calculating the radial electric field resulting from tangential local neutral beamlet injection, aiming to externally control and improve plasma confinement. The Neutral beamlet ion and Energetic particles Orbit mover and Electric field solver code has been developed to analyze this issue, and its simulation results have been validated against results from other codes as well as measurements from correlation reflectometers. The charge separation is primarily caused by the redistribution and loss of beam ions due to magnetic gradient and curvature drift as well as collision effects, and it is maintained through continuous beamlet injection. The electric field is calculated using Poisson’s equation, taking into account both classical and neoclassical polarization effects. The results demonstrate that despite the high losses and low heating efficiency associated with localized beamlets, they are capable of generating a significant radial electric field characterized by a steep gradient. This presents opportunities for external control of the electric field, potentially enhancing plasma confinement.
Psychic Distance
Authors: Håkanson Lars
Published: December 2023

The term “psychic distance” has its origin in analyses of international trade patterns. However, it came to have major impact primarily in international business research, denoting the intangible costs associated with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of information about foreign markets, influencing geographical patterns and entry modes in the internationalization process of the firm. “Psychic distance” initially designated individual perceptions, but later operationalizations typically defined it as a country-level characteristic, most frequently in form of the so-called Kogut–Singh index of cultural distance based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. The concept’s origin and subsequent evolution created ambiguities and conundrums that survive to this day. These include the question whether to conceive and measure psychic distance at an individual-level or a country-level construct, the intriguing possibility that individuals may, perhaps systematically, under- or overestimate psychic distances, and how to determine empirically the existence and source of such misperceptions. Others emanate from the use of the metaphor of “distance,” which misleadingly suggests that psychic distances have the same characteristics as geographic distances, such as, for example, symmetry and stability. Recent research has resolved some of these issues; others are in need of further study.
Japanese Textiles in East Africa
Authors: Suzuki Hideaki
Published: December 2023

Between the 1920s and 1980s, East African consumers were strongly attracted to Japanese textiles, especially cotton, and Japanese manufacturers paid careful attention to that market. The relationship between the both east and west ends of the historical Indian Ocean developed when Japan was in the industrialization phase, which was led by its textile industry at a time during the postabolition period when East Africans were developing a keen interest in the new fashions, which contributed to their keenness to create a new self-identification. Nonetheless, the situation cannot be understood simply by looking at the general relationship between Japan and East Africa. In fact, from the mid-1910s onward, there were many occasions when the Chinese market—the largest for all Japanese products, including textiles—boycotted Japanese products. Then came the Great Depression, when the creation of bloc economies and the raising of tariffs negatively affected Japan’s textile exports to its existing major markets such as the United States, India, and China. On the other hand, there was a space for Japanese textiles to enter the East African market under the free trade principle of the Congo Basin Treaties, which Japan ratified in 1919. Japanese textile exports to East Africa eventually peaked in 1935 but then declined until they ceased altogether during the 1940s as a consequence of World War II and the devastation of Japan immediately postwar. However, beginning in the 1950s, the trade revived and went on to again occupy a large market share, which it maintained until the early 1980s. The history of Japanese textiles in East Africa is more than simply one part of the history of Japan’s relationship with Africa; rather, it is a topic which embeds conjunctions and entanglements of local, regional, and global contexts as well as interaction between consumer and producer—and not forgetting the middlemen.
Language Ideologies
Authors: Rhodes Catherine R.
Published: December 2023

Language ideologies are a mediating device that helps people make sense of the relationship between linguistic and other communicative patterns and socially salient categories. Language ideologies are used to evaluate socially perceivable behavior as meaningful with respect to issues of power, authority, and difference. They can be understood as a framework for linking certain uses of language (or other communicative forms) with certain social positionalities. The study of language ideologies involves examining the social work language users do through their behaviors, activities, and social relations. As a concept grounded in indexical processes, analyzing the social work of language ideologies requires a semiotic framework that can make clear how people evaluate context, which can also evidence their understanding of social distribution. This article defines key terms in language ideologies research, provides a brief history of the development of the concept, discusses methodological considerations when studying language ideologies, explores scholarship on the making of social difference through linguistic ideological work, and discusses key areas of research interest.
Fourier Transform from the Symmetric Square Representation of PGL2 and SL2
Authors: Laumon Gérard , Letellier Emmanuel
Published: December 2023

Let $G$ be a connected reductive group over $\overline{{\mathbb{F}}}_{q}$ and let $\rho ^{\vee }:G^{\vee }\rightarrow \mathrm{GL}_{n}$ be an algebraic representation of the dual group $G^{\vee }$. Assuming that $G$ and $\rho ^{\vee }$ are defined over ${\mathbb{F}}_{q}$, Braverman and Kazhdan defined an operator on the space ${{\mathcal{C}}}(G({\mathbb{F}}_{q}))$ of complex valued functions on $G({\mathbb{F}}_{q})$. In this paper we are interested in the case where $G$ is either $\mathrm{SL}_{2}$ or $\mathrm{PGL}_{2}$ and $\rho ^{\vee }$ is the symmetric square representation of $G^{\vee }$. We construct a natural $G\times G$-equivariant embedding $G\hookrightarrow{{\mathcal{G}}}={{\mathcal{G}}}_{\rho }$ and an involutive operator (Fourier transform) ${{\mathcal{F}}}^{{{\mathcal{G}}}}$ on the space of functions ${{\mathcal{C}}}({{\mathcal{G}}}({\mathbb{F}}_{q}))$ that extends Braverman-Kazhdan’s operator.
Defining Optimal Doses of Liposomal Amphotericin B Against Candida auris: Data From an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Beredaki Maria-Ioanna , Sanidopoulos Ioannis , Pournaras Spyros , Meletiadis Joseph
Published: December 2023

Background

Candida auris isolates exhibit elevated amphotericin B (AMB) minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). As liposomal AMB (L-AMB) can be safely administered at high doses, we explored L-AMB pharmacodynamics against C. auris isolates in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) dilution model.

Methods

Four C. auris isolates with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) AMB MICs = 0.5–2 mg/L were tested in an in vitro PK/PD model simulating L-AMB pharmacokinetics. The in vitro model was validated using a Candida albicans isolate tested in animals. The peak concentration (Cmax)/MIC versus log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL reduction from the initial inoculum was analyzed with the sigmoidal model with variable slope (Emax model). Monte Carlo analysis was performed for the standard (3 mg/kg) and higher (5 mg/kg) L-AMB doses.

Results

The in vitro PK/PD relationship Cmax/MIC versus log10 CFU/mL reduction followed a sigmoidal pattern (R2 = 0.91 for C. albicans, R2 = 0.86 for C. auris). The Cmax/MIC associated with stasis was 2.1 for C. albicans and 9 for C. auris. The probability of target attainment was >95% with 3 mg/kg for wild-type C. albicans isolates with MIC ≤2 mg/L and C. auris isolates with MIC ≤1 mg/L whereas 5 mg/kg L-AMB is needed for C. auris isolates with MIC 2 mg/L.

Conclusions

L-AMB was 4-fold less active against C. auris than C. albicans. Candida auris isolates with CLSI MIC 2 mg/L would require a higher L-AMB dose.
Interstitial lung disease caused by niraparib in ovarian cancer patient: a case report and literature review
Authors: Shono Masato , Murakami Kosuke , Ohta Mamiko , Nakai Hidekatsu , Matsumura Noriomi
Published: December 2023

Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DIILD) is one of the most common and important adverse drug reactions. Still, the details of the clinical presentation of DIILD caused by poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are unknown.

A 73-year-old Japanese woman was started on niraparib maintenance therapy after radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade serous carcinoma originating from the fallopian tube. Forty-seven days after starting niraparib, she presented to the hospital with dyspnea and was diagnosed with DIILD caused by niraparib. The drug was discontinued, and the patient was treated with steroid pulse therapy, and her condition improved.

In clinical trials of PARP inhibitors, DIILD was reported in 0.13% of patients with olaparib, but no DIILDs, including pneumonia or pneumonitis, were reported in any patient with niraparib. This is the first report of DIILD caused by niraparib worldwide. In the future, the frequency of DIILD caused by niraparib should be clarified in real-world data.
Co-option of an Astacin Metalloprotease Is Associated with an Evolutionarily Novel Feeding Morphology in a Predatory Nematode
Authors: Ishita Yuuki , Onodera Ageha , Ekino Taisuke , Chihara Takahiro , Okumura Misako
Published: December 2023

Animals consume a wide variety of food sources to adapt to different environments. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the acquisition of evolutionarily novel feeding morphology remain largely unknown. While the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans feeds on bacteria, the satellite species Pristionchus pacificus exhibits predatory feeding behavior toward other nematodes, which is an evolutionarily novel feeding habit. Here, we found that the astacin metalloprotease Ppa-NAS-6 is required for the predatory killing by P. pacificus. Ppa-nas-6 mutants were defective in predation-associated characteristics, specifically the tooth morphogenesis and tooth movement during predation. Comparison of expression patterns and rescue experiments of nas-6 in P. pacificus and C. elegans suggested that alteration of the spatial expression patterns of NAS-6 may be vital for acquiring predation-related traits. Reporter analysis of the Ppa-nas-6 promoter in C. elegans revealed that the alteration in expression patterns was caused by evolutionary changes in cis- and trans-regulatory elements. This study suggests that the co-option of a metalloprotease is involved in an evolutionarily novel feeding morphology.
Language model-based B cell receptor sequence embeddings can effectively encode receptor specificity
Authors: Wang Meng , Patsenker Jonathan , Li Henry , Kluger Yuval , Kleinstein Steven H
Published: December 2023

High throughput sequencing of B cell receptors (BCRs) is increasingly applied to study the immense diversity of antibodies. Learning biologically meaningful embeddings of BCR sequences is beneficial for predictive modeling. Several embedding methods have been developed for BCRs, but no direct performance benchmarking exists. Moreover, the impact of the input sequence length and paired-chain information on the prediction remains to be explored. We evaluated the performance of multiple embedding models to predict BCR sequence properties and receptor specificity. Despite the differences in model architectures, most embeddings effectively capture BCR sequence properties and specificity. BCR-specific embeddings slightly outperform general protein language models in predicting specificity. In addition, incorporating full-length heavy chains and paired light chain sequences improves the prediction performance of all embeddings. This study provides insights into the properties of BCR embeddings to improve downstream prediction applications for antibody analysis and discovery.
Proportions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Antimicrobial-Resistant P aeruginosa Among Patients With Surgical Site Infections in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Yuhui , Zhang Li , Wang Jian , Chen Zongyue , Tong Liang , Wang Zhenkun , Li Gaoming , Luo Yu
Published: December 2023

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogens in surgical site infections (SSIs). However, comprehensive epidemiological and antibiotic resistance details for P aeruginosa in Chinese SSIs are lacking. We evaluated the proportions and antimicrobial resistance of P aeruginosa among patients with SSIs in China.

Methods

Relevant papers from January 2010 to August 2022 were searched in databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Weipu. A meta-analysis was performed to analyze the proportions and 95% confidence interval (CIs) of P aeruginosa among patients with SSIs. Meta-regression analysis was used to investigate the proportion difference among different subgroups and antimicrobial resistance.

Results

A total of 72 studies met inclusion criteria, involving 33 050 isolated strains. The overall proportion of P aeruginosa among patients with SSIs was 16.0% (95% CI, 13.9%–18.2%). Subgroup analysis showed higher proportions in orthopedic (18.3% [95% CI, 15.6%–21.0%]) and abdominal surgery (17.3% [95% CI, 9.9%–26.2%]). The proportion in the central region (18.6% [95% CI, 15.3%–22.1%]) was slightly higher than that in other regions. Antibiotic resistance rates significantly increased after 2015: cefoperazone (36.2%), ceftriaxone (38.9%), levofloxacin (20.5%), and aztreonam (24.0%). Notably, P aeruginosa resistance to ampicillin and cefazolin exceeded 90.0%.

Conclusions

The proportion of P aeruginosa infection among patients with SSIs was higher than the data reported by the Chinese Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, indicating rising antimicrobial resistance. The existing antimicrobial drug management plan should be strengthened to prevent a hospital epidemic of drug-resistant P aeruginosa strains.
Keyboard Reductions and the Arrangement of Enlightenment Knowledge
Authors: Sheehan Desmond
Published: December 2023

What did it mean to “reduce” music in the eighteenth century? This chapter applies media-archeological methods to keyboard reductions in late eighteenth-century Germany and argues that the format of the Klavierauszug belonged to a larger proliferation of simplified instruction books and printed extracts (Auszüge), premised on a new logic of literary compression. It centers around two of Prussia’s most prolific music editors, Johann Adam Hiller in Leipzig and Johann Carl Friedrich Rellstab in Berlin. Their arrangements reveal several assumptions about techniques of knowledge reduction: how one turned complex sets of information into simpler, more legible forms. As Hiller and Rellstab conceived of it, the keyboard reduction was not a skeletal transcription harkening back to a more substantial original, but the distillation of musical knowledge that sought to capture the techno-affective core of a piece. Through this ethic of reduction, musical scores were invested with a new historical objectivity.
Baltic Calendrical Folklore
Authors: Seljamaa Elo-Hanna
Published: December 2023

This chapter uses the concept of “Baltic calendrical folklore” as a lens to examine how the region’s multi-tiered history is stratified into layers of ideas and customs pertaining to time and time reckoning. There exists in all three Baltic countries an established scholarly and popular notion of a distinctively ethnonational calendar with peasants’ annual holiday cycle at its core, and this chapter explores how and why this is the case. It gives an overview of the study of calendrical folklore in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, starting from the Soviet era and moving back in time to nineteenth-century folklore-collecting campaigns, only to return to the present. The chapter also examines interactions between successive foreign rules and natives, describing intersections between regional and religious traditions as well as contestations surrounding calendrical customs originating in the Soviet era. Also discussed is the more recent impact of UNESCO’s concept of intangible cultural heritage.
Modern and Contemporary Muslim Feminist Literature
Authors: Cooke Miriam
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews Arab, Iranian, and American novels, short stories, memoirs, and poems that engage with modern Muslim women’s concerns about the ways in which they have been held back from enjoying their rights as equal members of the Muslim communities in which they live. Although not without precedent, Muslim feminist literature is a modern phenomenon that was promoted in early twentieth-century Muslim women’s journals. The word “feminism” (nisā’iyya/nisāwiyya) took time to be accepted, especially against the backdrop of European colonial occupation of broad swathes of territory in Asia and Africa. In such areas, fear of association with the British colonizers, who pushed a self-serving colonial feminist policy in order to turn women against their men, made writers cautious about advocating an openly prowomen agenda. Nevertheless, a feminist consciousness did develop in the nineteenth century and gained momentum through the twentieth century, as manifested in a number of literary works penned by Muslim women authors. The works surveyed in this chapter document these women’s resistance and pushback against misogynist interpretations of specific Islamic texts and their attempts to promote instead gender egalitarian and women-friendly construals of the same.
Women’s Rights and Duties in Classical Legal Texts
Authors: DeLong-Bas Natana J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a broad overview of the construction of the scholarly study of classical Islamic law pertaining to women and gender from the nineteenth century through the present. Such studies typically focus on the rediscovery and reinterpretation of the foundational texts of the Qur’ān and ḥadīth and on the distinction between Sharīʿa as universal values and objectives of the law versus fiqh as human-developed jurisprudence particular to a given context. Deconstruction of categories of women, rights and duties, and classical legal literature are engaged with attention to marriage, divorce, motherhood, and children.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Iran
Authors: Golestaneh Seema
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on various forms of women’s activism in nineteenth-, twentieth-, and twenty-first-century Iran, with “activism” broadly conceived. It highlights intellectual histories and ethnographies of Iranian women’s political and religious engagements, which range from broad overviews to studies of specific individuals, periodicals, and movements, as well as those works that engage in critical interventions within the field itself. Key debates in the field include the question of the “origin” of the women’s movements in the early twentieth century, the role of women in prerevolutionary leftist organizations, particularly the abandonment and/or co-option of women-led groups by said organizations, and how contemporary Iranian feminists must navigate the geopolitics of international feminism as well as pressure from certain domestic forces that are antagonistic to their cause.
Women in the Mosque
Authors: Katz Marion
Published: December 2023

Since the 1970s, scholars have drawn attention to a marked increase in women’s presence and activity in mosques internationally. The earliest research on this topic focused largely on the perceived tension between the liberatory implications of women’s increasing visibility in mosques and the conservative gender ideologies that those women often promoted. More recently, scholars have questioned the identification between women’s presence in the mosque and their presence in the public sphere, pointing both to the public dimensions of women’s ritual activities outside of the mosque and to the varied degrees of publicness of mosque-based activities. They have also drawn attention to different factors conditioning women’s access to and perceptions of mosques, including the varying relationships between mosques and the state and the women’s class identity. In addition, scholars have begun to broaden their inquiry to examine the relationship between mosques and Islamic masculinities.
Modern Rereadings of the Ḥadīth through a Gendered Lens
Authors: El Fadl Khaled Abou
Published: December 2023

This article focuses on modern rereadings of the ḥadīth literature and the sunna of the Prophet, which have played an inestimable role in shaping the theology and law of Islam. While the ḥadīth and sunna preserve the collective memory of liberating moments for Muslim women, much of this tradition also upholds and perpetuates the institutions of patriarchy and male dominance. This chapter starts out by exploring “tension reports” in the Islamic narrative tradition that are alleged historical memories of the exercise of women’s agency in a fashion that challenged or defied the institutions of patriarchy at the time of the Prophet or his Companions. This is followed by a discussion of what I describe as the misogynistic reports in the ḥadīth literature and the three main interpretive or thematic stratagems employed by Muslim women scholars in wrestling with the Prophetic tradition and its meaning in the modern world. The focus is mostly on the scholarship of Muslim women writing in the English language. The chapter concludes by arguing that the ḥadīth and sunna are critical components of the Islamic tradition, and this tradition must continue to serve as the source for dynamic and inventive solutions, even to deeply entrenched challenges such as patriarchy.
Women as Transmitters of Knowledge
Authors: Sayeed Asma
Published: December 2023

The transmission of religious knowledge by premodern Muslim women has attracted increased attention in recent decades among academics as well as the lay public. This topic has implications well beyond women’s education alone. It is also of substantial interest to those concerned with Islamic feminism, women’s mobility and empowerment, and the social construction of gender. It is also an avenue for exploring the history of Muslim education, early and classical Muslim social history, and subfields of Islamic learning such as ḥadīth, law, Qurʾān and its exegesis, and Sufism. This chapter provides an overview of major trajectories in academic studies of the topic and also presents the history of women’s participation within a major arena of religious knowledge, namely ḥadīth transmission.
Muslim Women as a Cultural Trope
Authors: Bullock Katherine
Published: December 2023

This review chapter summarizes and analyzes the academic literature on cultural discourses about Muslim women post–September 11, with specific attention to the War on Terror. The focus is on three themes: (1) the War on Terror’s tropes as a continuation of colonial and orientalist themes; (2) the role of imperial feminism; and (3) continuities and discontinuities in representations of Muslim women and men. The chapter shows that rather than debates over key themes, there are largely variations on the three aforementioned themes. Scholars point to contemporary continuities in colonial and orientalist binaries of the “civilized” and “superior” West needing to save the Muslim women of the “backward” and “inferior” East. They highlight the unsavory role of Western feminists in supporting the War on Terror, and spotlight the anti-Muslim racism resulting from these two aspects in domestic policies meant to “manage” Muslims in the West.
Women as Economic Actors in the Premodern Islamic World
Authors: Sonbol Amira
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the topic of Muslim women’s participation in their communities’ economy during the premodern period. A general conclusion of the chapter is that women’s participation in the economic life of their communities was normative and their contributions were essential to the continuity and vitality of their communities and families. Depending on class, place, and environment, women invested in agricultural land, or urban businesses, such as retail shops or coffee-houses. Others united together to invest in buying real estate and rentals or production and sale of goods like butter or olive oil. Still others worked as vendors and peddlers, often taking on goods on commission and peddling them for a profit. Hard labor was also usual for women who worked as domestics in agriculture, stone quarries, or factories. Islam guaranteed the right to own property for both men and women, and neither was forbidden from being financially active, investing, holding, or spending wealth, inherited or earned. As this chapter shows, the social system was actually rhizomatic, relations were interconnected, and business and financial undertakings were shared and depended on the community as a whole.
Charities, Philanthropic Organisations, and International Development
Authors: Beard Jennifer L.
Published: December 2023

This chapter offers a concise genealogy of charity by sketching out three interconnected ways in which narratives, discourses, disciplinary techniques, and institutions of charity have verged into contemporary phenomena familiar to the law and development scholar. These are the objectification of the poor, the constitution of humanitarian publics, and the linking of human advancement with Western epistemology and the sovereign state. These explorations pay particular attention to the ways in which charity is entwined with English law, and what this can teach those interested in law and development about the imperial effects of Western specificity, as well as the complex, narrative power of concepts that describe human betterment. For those interested in the ‘law’ in law and development, this chapter also makes useful observations about the good embedded in concepts like charity or development.
International Law, Development, and the Making of a Chinese Model
Authors: Zhang Kangle
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines how the meeting of international law and the development project made possible and continues making what could be broadly termed the Chinese development model. International law and the development project have done so by prescribing and validating norms of (economic) governance, shaping societal arrangements, and, more recently, enabling China-led development projects globally. These are achieved through legal concepts, orthodox ideas of development, and an enveloping and penetrative global economic structure that normalises unequal relationships of the past.
EU-Led Development
Authors: Erdem Türkelli Gamze
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on EU-led development as a particular articulation of EU policy vis-à-vis developing countries. It first traces the colonial origins of the then European Economic Community’s (EEC) engagement with the so-called overseas countries and territories (OCTs) through the legal provisions underpinning that engagement in the Rome Treaty. The second section of the chapter moves on to explore development as a domestic and foreign policy imperative in the European Union. This section tackles development in the EEC and later the EU as a domestic tool of European integration, situating EU-led development within the processes of enlargement and deepening characterising European integration. The section also recounts the story of development as a coaxial instrument of foreign and economic policy. The third section focuses on the three-pronged development cooperation policy based on aid, trade, and investment. The fourth and final section discusses the future of EU-led development.
The Evolution of Development and the South Asian Experience
Authors: Saeed Raza
Published: December 2023

Since its independence, South Asia has been the quintessential theatre for development—its economic and political shifts have mirrored and shaped the conceptual changes within the development paradigm. It has seen the region move from state-led modernisation to the weakening of state-centred development and then the adoption of neoliberal policies in the name of globalisation. And this union has become so naturalised that even in the face of contradictions emerging from the practice of development, the region has chosen to reform and expand the discourse rather than challenge it. At the same time, South Asia as the laboratory for development not only shows the major trends, but also the contradictions of development—the socio-economic inequality, displacement of individuals in the name of mega projects, problems of modern-day slavery and bonded labour, and weakening of welfare priorities of the states. The most important question that this chapter raises is how and why, despite development’s faltering promises, the answers sought by developing regions such as South Asia are formulated from within the paradigm. The chapter turns to the notion of development as religion to understand how development paradigm operates as a theological paradigm and prospers regardless of all its internal contradictions.
From Poverty and Development to People’s International Law
Authors: Mattei Ugo , Salomon Margot E.
Published: December 2023

Poverty is the direct consequence of property accumulation masked by the rhetoric of growth, development, and shared prosperity. International law has played a decisive role in the design of this schema, as a powerful engine for the transformation of commons into capital. This chapter undresses international law, exposing it as a depoliticised technology that has served as a powerful transnational vehicle to globalise exploitive practices of humans and commons. The chapter posits that nothing less than a critique of the phenomenology of international law and its substitution with a commons-based approach to institutions will allow the poor to recover. From there this work presents the commons alternative, a turning away from the logic of domination and consumption, and a repatriation of the law to sovereign communities and the conditions under which a new and legitimate people’s international law can emerge.
International Tax Law and Development
Authors: Stewart Miranda , Nidumolu Prasanna
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses international tax law and development in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and their predecessor, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It explores the place of taxation in the global development project, including its role in financing for development and the argument that governments should ‘learn to tax’. The chapter then discusses international taxation rules and administration and explains the twenty-first century attempts to reform international taxation to address globalisation and digitalisation of the economy, and especially to tax large multinational enterprises (MNEs). It outlines major reform initiatives, including initiatives of the OECD and the United Nations (UN) as well as briefly discussing alternative possibilities for more equitable tax rules and administration.
Labour and Labour Law in the Project of International Development
Authors: Ashiagbor Diamond , Rittich Kerry
Published: December 2023

Colonialism and the modern project of development are deeply entangled—with labour provided by the Global South directly feeding processes of industrialisation in the Global North. Yet while labour has been central to development, it has played a marginal role, as its normative subject, the worker in a ‘standard employment relationship’, bears little resemblance to work and workers in developing countries. Orthodox understandings of modernisation hold that formalisation of labour, land, markets, and finance provide a path to development and progress for workers. This chapter offers a corrective to that view, indicating how regulatory initiatives concerning trade, labour standards, land, and entrepreneurialism, along with private law mechanisms, form part of the broader law of work, effectively determining the rights and protections of workers.
Women and the Family in International Law and Development
Authors: Buss Doris
Published: December 2023

Informed by feminist political economy and field research on women’s livelihoods in informal gold mining and law reform, this chapter traces women and the family as targets of international development. The chapter begins with a brief consideration of family, gender and law reform within projects of empire, particularly in the 18th century, before moving to explore feminist critical reframing of economic and familial relations and how these were understood in dominant development thinking on the family in the 1980s and 1990s. Women’s economic roles and their familial and caring roles have been reframed anew in the “post-Washington consensus” period, in which language of ‘women’s empowerment’ has gained traction. This is discussed in the final section of the paper in relation to the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law database.
Gender and Sexuality in International Law and Development
Authors: Heathcote Gina , Lwabukuna Olivia
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the way knowledge on gender and sexuality is ingrained, assumed, invisibilised, or rendered hypervisible, across the intertwined projects of international law and development. The authors argue that the progressions and sites of transnational feminist knowledge generation present significant intellectual nodes for the field of international law and development. At the same time, the interrogation of contemporary lawmaking in development agendas offers important feedback to inform future approaches to gender and sexuality. The chapter offers a study of local legal encounters around access to land in Tanzania to disrupt assumptions about the framing of legal knowledge, and to show how diverse transnational feminisms both inform and are distinct from global constructions of gender and sexuality within international law and development.
International Law and Sustainable Development
Authors: Natarajan Usha
Published: December 2023

Sustainable development was conceptualised in the late 1980s by international development experts in response to concerns that development wreaked an insupportable degree of systemic environmental harm, which needed to be addressed in a manner cognisant of global development inequalities. This chapter explores to what extent the concept of sustainable development as utilised by international laws and institutions has answered these concerns, observing three ways in which sustainable development has replicated rather than rectified pre-existing development harms. First, sustainable development has entrenched the assumption that infinite economic growth is desirable and possible. Second, it services the need to periodically reinvent development in the face of past failures. Third, it reinforces the long-standing turn away from root causes of underdevelopment and towards palliative measures in international law and institutions. In these ways, while sustainable development makes the important point that development should be both environmentally and socially beneficial, it is used in a manner that renders such development impossible.
Climate Finance and Governance
Authors: Araneta-Alana Nina
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the meaning of ‘climate finance’ under international law and academic scholarship. It makes the observation that while the term is widely used in contemporary literature, the meaning of ‘climate finance’ is hardly fixed. Economists, social scientists, and lawyers have understood and defined climate finance in different ways. A significant number of authors use climate finance in the context of business and investments. Some authors use climate finance in the context of development goals and poverty reduction. Some authors discuss climate finance by referring to an obligation of developed countries to provide recompense to developing countries. In order to make sense of the dissonance, the chapter traces the change in the meaning of climate finance under international law from its origins under the Rio Declaration to the Paris Agreement, and further to present conceptions under recent instruments and literature. It argues that there has been a shift in the way climate finance has been conceptualised and that the very meaning of climate finance has been a site of political contestation. What started as an obligation of developed countries grounded in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities has, in modern imaginings led by developed countries and international organisations, taken shape largely as investment and debt, and intertwined with development objectives.
Human Rights and Development
Authors: Hoffmann Florian F. , Hanna Rached Danielle
Published: December 2023

The chapter charts the historical entanglement of human rights and both development discourse and policy as well as the ‘law and development’ movement from its antecedents in the ‘right to development’ and to the dominance of today’s rights-based development. It then illustrates the complexities of rights-based development policy with an analysis of Brazil’s Structural Cooperation in Health initiative. It concludes with an outlook on ‘rights and development’ both as an intellectual project and a policy framework at a moment when the role and legitimacy of human rights has, again, come to be questioned more fundamentally.
Educational Materials as a Technology for International Law and Development
Authors: Samtani Sanya
Published: December 2023

Education has been a central feature across models of development. This chapter discusses the crucial role played by one aspect of education: educational materials. Educational materials consist of published works that are key to the integrated process of teaching and learning. International human rights law contains a right to education that includes a right of access to educational materials with corresponding state obligations. Concurrently regulating access is international copyright law that creates a market for these materials and restricts their unauthorised use with limited exceptions. This chapter explains how these intersecting regulatory frameworks throw into stark relief clashing developmental models. Although recent international treaties seek to bridge this gap, international institutional structures continue to prioritise the market-based model requiring payment for access. The chapter concludes by drawing on law and practice in resource-constrained states to demonstrate how domestic law can shift the needle towards a rights-based model for access and consequently development from below.
Behaviour as a Technology of Development
Authors: Klein Elise
Published: December 2023

Minds and behaviour are key frontiers in the regulation and maintenance of international development and law. There has been, of late, a shift to the more explicit mobilisation of behaviouralism within policy interventions in both the global North and South, with a focus on augmenting individual subjectivities. The focus of this chapter will be on how behavioural technologies have become a technology of international development and law. This chapter will first reflect on the co-constitutive histories of behavioural technologies with international development. Second, it will examine the contemporary politics of behavioural technologies arising in international development including two emerging areas: the technologies promoted by the World Bank’s World Development report, and the rise of behavioural digital technology. Of particular note are the related ‘psychopolitics’ associated, including the neoliberal subjectivities promoted through individual efficiency, the coloniality of knowledge production, and the ongoing depoliticisation of global accumulation by dispossession.
Reinventing Sovereignty
Authors: Merino Roger
Published: December 2023

Indigenous nations have historically adapted, reinterpreted, and appropriated the conceptual apparatus of international law to fight dispossession, displacements, and subjugation. They have appealed to notions such as territory and self-determination to express a different kind of sovereignty. Scholars have conceptualised this process with different terms, such as ‘shared’ or ‘overlapped’ sovereignty, ‘multiple’ or ‘relational sovereignty’, ‘nested sovereignty’, and ‘parallel sovereignty’. Whereas these perspectives tend to emphasise the need to accommodate Indigenous sovereign claims within state institutions, this chapter examines how Indigenous nations are not only accommodating their claims but seek to transform the very foundations of Western state forms. By exploring the historical meaning of sovereignty, autonomy, and self-determination in Indigenous anti-colonial and post-colonial struggles, the chapter argues that the time has come for Indigenous nations to remove colonial legacies in state structures. Not without challenges, contradictions, and internal conflicts, the quest for plurinationality is the expression of this process.
The Global Economic Order and Development
Authors: Alessandrini Donatella , Okonjo Jeremmy
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on how international economic law (IEL) and institutions have shaped and continue to shape the post/colonial relationship between the world economic order and ‘development’, a relationship which is neither fixed nor immutable but whose nexus IEL and institutions are able to sustain in powerful ways, thereby precluding different political economic imaginaries and arrangements. The authors argument is that IEL (and in particular trade, investment, financial law, and regulation) contributes to this nexus through a combination of international agreements, hard and soft law, local and national norms, standards, market actors such as credit rating agencies, and digital technologies and practices, which are engaged in the ideological and performative reproduction of particular modes of economic organisation. Making IEL worldmaking functions visible is, the authors argue, a necessary step towards articulating demands for more desirable political economic arrangements.
Development, International Law, and the State
Authors: Eslava Luis , Murphy Caitlin , Pahuja Sundhya
Published: December 2023

This chapter traces three specific ways in which the state interacts with the worlds made, imagined, and resisted by those who live with the contradictory realities of international law and development. First, we look at how international law and development disciplines populations through the state form and its institutions. Second, it looks at how the state itself takes up international developmentalist logics to continue this disciplining work. Third, it looks at the ways in which the state has also been a site of resistance towards the pervasive projects of international law and development. The chapter seeks to denaturalise the received legal and developmental wisdom about what some states ‘can’ do and other states are ‘unable’ to do. The chapter asks that the reader consider, instead, how one might think of what a state ‘is’, particularly in the so-called developing world. The chapter outlines how the state enables the operation of international law while organising the human and non-human worlds according to a developmentalist logic. Never straightforward, and always crisscrossed by intense contestation, this process defines both the lived reality of the state and of international law and development.
The Bretton Woods Institutions
Authors: Rado Robi
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a theoretically and historically inflected account of the role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in the development project. After a brief overview of the creation of these institutions at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the chapter examines their principal activities. These institutions are said to promote the success of the development project, through the application of the ‘state of the art’ in development knowledge and the provision of finance. The chapter describes this (dominant) account of the work of these institutions, as well as some of the main perspectives from which this account is challenged. The chapter concludes that the World Bank and International Monetary Fund play enormously important roles in governing both the development project, and relations between the Global North and the Global South. In many ways, these institutions are custodians of the development orthodoxy.
Knowledge Accumulation through Natural Experiments
Authors: Callis Anna , Dunning Thad , Tuñón Guadalupe
Published: December 2023

Scholars often extoll the benefits of knowledge accumulation. Natural experiments, however, are often thought of as idiosyncratic and one-off studies that may not therefore contribute to cumulative learning. This chapter explores this case against natural experiments. It emphasizes two key dimensions of knowledge about causal effects—generalizability and mechanisms—and underscores three empirical strategies for boosting accumulation: comparing studies in which (1) context varies but treatments and outcomes are similar; (2) different treatments are employed in the same context and with the same outcome measures; and (3) similar treatments are carried out in the same context with distinct, but related, outcomes. Surveying examples of natural experiments across different substantive areas, the authors find that scholars can leverage these strategies to foster cumulative learning. However, several features of these designs and of their use do pose barriers to understanding of generalizability and mechanism. The chapter outlines several ways in which knowledge accumulation using natural experiments can be further enhanced.