bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE AGE, MASS, AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF STAR CLUSTERS IN M51
Authors: Chandar Rupali , Whitmore Bradley C. , Dinino Daiana , Kennicutt Robert C. , Chien L.-H. , Schinnerer Eva , Meidt Sharon
Published: June 2016

We present a new catalog of 3816 compact star clusters in the grand design spiral galaxy M51 based on observations taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. The age distribution of the clusters declines starting at very young ages, and can be represented by a power law,

, with

. No significant changes in the shape of the age distribution at different masses is observed. The mass function of the clusters younger than

can also be described by a power law,

, with

. We compare these distributions with the predictions from various cluster disruption models, and find that they are consistent with models where clusters disrupt approximately independent of their initial mass, but not with models where lower mass clusters are disrupted earlier than their higher mass counterparts. We find that the half-light radii of clusters more massive than

and with ages between 100 and 400

are larger by a factor of ≈3–4 than their counterparts that are younger than 107 years old, suggesting that the clusters physically expand during their early life.
WHITE-LIGHT FLARES ON CLOSE BINARIES OBSERVED WITH KEPLER
Authors: Gao Qing , Xin Yu , Liu Ji-Feng , Zhang Xiao-Bin , Gao Shuang
Published: June 2016

Based on Kepler data, we present the results of a search for white light flares on 1049 close binaries. We identify 234 flare binaries, of which 6818 flares are detected. We compare the flare-binary fraction in different binary morphologies (“detachedness”). The result shows that the fractions in over-contact and ellipsoidal binaries are approximately 10%–20% lower than those in detached and semi-detached systems. We calculate the binary flare activity level (AL) of all the flare binaries, and discuss its variations along the orbital period (P
orb) and rotation period (P
rot, calculated for only detached binaries). We find that the AL increases with decreasing P
orb or P
rot, up to the critical values at P
orb ∼ 3 days or P
rot ∼ 1.5 days, and thereafter the AL starts decreasing no matter how fast the stars rotate. We examine the flaring rate as a function of orbital phase in two eclipsing binaries on which a large number of flares are detected. It appears that there is no correlation between flaring rate and orbital phase in these two binaries. In contrast, when we examine the function with 203 flares on 20 non-eclipse ellipsoidal binaries, bimodal distribution of amplitude-weighted flare numbers shows up at orbital phases 0.25 and 0.75. Such variation could be larger than what is expected from the cross section modification.
MAGNETAR FIELD EVOLUTION AND CRUSTAL PLASTICITY
Authors: Lander S. K.
Published: June 2016

The activity of magnetars is believed to be powered by colossal magnetic energy reservoirs. We sketch an evolutionary picture in which internal field evolution in magnetars generates a twisted corona, from which energy may be released suddenly in a single giant flare, or more gradually through smaller outbursts and persistent emission. Given the ages of magnetars and the energy of their giant flares, we suggest that their evolution is driven by a novel mechanism: magnetic flux transport/decay due to persistent plastic flow in the crust, which would invalidate the common assumption that the crustal lattice is static and evolves only under Hall drift and Ohmic decay. We estimate the field strength required to induce plastic flow as a function of crustal depth, and the viscosity of the plastic phase. The star’s superconducting core may also play a role in magnetar field evolution, depending on the star’s spindown history and how rotational vortices and magnetic fluxtubes interact.
Le roi et ses alliés, cohésion et dissensions dans l’ alliance achéenne homérique
Authors: Scheid-Tissinier Évelyne
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : Réunie par Agamemnon, l’alliance achéenne mise en scène dans l’ Iliade , est composée de contingents venus de toutes les régions du monde grec et fonctionne comme une communauté organisée selon trois niveaux hiérarchiques : le roi, les chefs (les basileis ) qui ont choisi de se joindre à l’alliance, et les troupes, les laoi , qui ont accompagné leurs chefs devant Troie. Les raisons d’être de cette guerre sont formulées de manière à associer étroitement l’ensemble des Achéens à l’entreprise, définie comme une vengeance destinée à répondre à l’enlèvement d’Hélène. Si Agamemnon possède en principe sur l’ensemble de la coalition un pouvoir surplombant, dans les faits, le roi ne montre pas toujours les qualités qui lui permettraient d’exercer une autorité indiscutée. D’où le surgissement de conflits qui sont autant de forces centrifuges susceptibles de mettre en péril la cohésion de l’alliance. Le but de cette étude est d’analyser la manière dont sont maintenus les équilibres entre le roi et les chefs alliés d’une part, entre le roi et l’ensemble des hommes des troupes d’autre part, à travers l’usage politique qui est fait de l’approbation, des remontrances et du blâme.
Les commandements alliés dans le monde grec de la deuxième guerre médique à la bataille de Chéronée
Authors: Boëldieu-Trevet Jeannine
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : À partir de sources littéraires et épigraphiques, la contribution envisage les différentes formes que donnèrent les cités grecques au commandement dans le cadre des alliances ( symmachiai ) en insistant sur les problèmes de vocabulaire, entre autres dans les textes de traités du v e  et iv e  siècle. Elle aborde la question des fondements juridiques et historiques à commander en chef et les problèmes de l’exercice du commandement en cours d’opérations en fonction du rapport des forces.
Symmachia et hégémonie sur les peuples guerriers de Thrace, du royaume odryse à la domination macédonienne
Authors: Rufin Solas Aliénor
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : La notion de symmachia hégémonique, entendue comme système d’alliances guerrières inégales avec une puissance dominante, est proposée pour décrire la nature de la domination des Odryses en Thrace au moment de la guerre du Péloponnèse, ainsi que les relations établies entre Philippe II et ses voisins de l’intérieur de la Thrace.
Habitats and nutritional composition of selected edible insects in Zimbabwe
Authors: Musundire R. , Zvidzai C.J. , Chidewe C. , Samende B.K. , Chemura A.
Published: June 2016

Edible insects are gaining recognition as food with potential of contributing to attainment of household food security. In sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable use of insects as food is threatened by lack of data on host plants and habitatassociations. In addition, lack of nutritional data on most edible insects reduces consumer confidence and limits integration of insect consumption with other food sources. This study was undertaken to review, collate and assembledispersed information of some edible insects of Zimbabwe. Data on species identities, host plants and habitats weregathered for 14 species from reputable literature sources and Bulawayo Natural History Museum records. In addition, nutritional assessments were carried out on 10 widely consumed insects in Zimbabwe. Standard ecological samplingprocedures were used to collect insect specimens. Proximate analyses were conducted following the Association of Official Analytical Chemists standard procedures using dried pulverised material. Majority (60%) of reviewedinsects had reliable host plants and habitats records. More than half of these were recorded in agro-ecosystems. On dry matter basis, protein content ranged from 22%(Gryllotalpa africana) to 55.4% (Gonimbrasia belina); fat content ranged from 10.8% (G. africana) to 41.6% (Macrotermes natalensis). Ash content was >10% in the ground dwellingG. africana (12.6%) andEulopida mashona larvae (10.9%). Wide species differences were recorded for carbohydrate content; 0.4% inM. natalensis and 47.2% inG. africana. Carbohydrates content was inversely relatedto protein and fat contents for all insects. Energy and fat contents were positively related in all the insects. Overall, insect species from this study have high proximate constituents that can match plant and animal products diets andcan be considered as potential viable alternative nutritious food sources. Findings from this study are expected to promote greater recognition of insects as food in Zimbabwe and encourage up-scaling of their sustainable utilisation.
Consumption of the variegated grasshopper in Africa: importance and threats
Authors: Kekeunou S. , Tamesse J.L.
Published: June 2016

Zonocerus variegatus(Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) is a crop pest widely distributed in Africa. It is an insecttraditionally consumed by humans in Africa. It is therefore important to make an inventory on the consumption ofZ. variegatusin order to identify its strengths and weaknesses. This literature review shows thatZ. variegatusis collected in field crops and fallows and is best consumed after being fried in red oil with salt and pepper.Z. variegatusconsumption brings to the human body several organic and inorganic substances such as fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins. However, a cross-section of the African population do not consumeZ. variegatusbecause consumption of this grasshopper is not part of their customs and/or because of rotten-odours rejected by this insect. When disturbed, it secretes a pungent smelly substance that can justify the rejection expressed against this insect bypredators. The rejection of this insect by predators raised the issue of its toxicity. The toxicity ofZ. variegatuswould be linked to the presence of alkaloids in the body of this grasshopper. Before the widespread consumption of this insect in our societies, it is important to continue research on: (1) the role ofZ. variegatusas a vector (transmissionof diseases); and (2) its ability to poison animals and humans. The outcome of these researches, might enlightenus on the role this insect could play in the mismatch that exists today between rapid population growth in Africa and the availability of foods.
Contribution to the knowledge of entomophagy in Africa
Authors: Niassy S. , Ekesi S.
Published: June 2016

The use of insects as food and feed is probably one of the most exciting topics in entomology in recent times. It is estimated that over 2 billion people worldwide consume insects and with the expanding interest on the subject, an exponential increase of this figure is highly likely. Insects are the largest and the most diverse group of organisms in the animal kingdom, with over 1 million species identified. Globally over 2,000 species are known to be edible and Africa alone consumes ~500 different species.
Intermittent Drying of Porous Materials: A Review
Authors: Rufino Franco C.M. , Barbosa de Lima A.G.
Published: June 2016

Hygroscopic materials can suffer variations in water content and temperature according to ambient air conditions. In the case of agricultural products, control the moisture and temperature is of paramount importance for the conservation of their quality and to avoid losses. In this context, the drying is one of the most widely used methods for this purpose. Various drying techniques are reported in the literature,in order to increasingly improve the final product quality and saving energy used. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the latest advances in intermittent drying research from the standpoint of quality after-drying product and energy efficiency. The most applied modeling techniques are highlighted and considerations for its use are shown.
The Rising Damp in Cultural Heritage: From Physical and Numerical Analyse to Practical Application
Authors: Delgado João M.P.Q. , Guimarães A.S. , de Freitas V.P.
Published: June 2016

The main goal of this work is to present a complete review of rising damp treatment in building heritage using a technique developed in our group to estimate and mitigate the height of the rising damp front and to predict the improvements of some experimental treatment techniques. The paper present a mathematical and a numerical analyse of the problem; an experimental and a practical application of the technique developed. This work is distributed into six main sections, in addition to this general Introduction:
This book chapter is divided in several sections. Initially, it is presented the “state of the art” synthesis, where it is studied the techniques traditionally used for the rising damp treatment, showing the existing limitations on its application in monumental heritage and in old or ancient buildings, with specific characteristics. Then, it is performed the idea and the operating principle of the new technique, known as the wall base ventilation system, on the basis of previously conducted studies.
An analytical, numerical and “in-field” study it is presented based in a case study described in detail. Finally, it is done a critical analysis of the results obtained, projecting the future work.
Influence of High Temperature Heat Sources on the Moisture and Temperature Distribution in a Real/Virtual Foundry Sand Mould
Authors: Popielarski Paweł , Ignaszak Zenon
Published: June 2016

The problem described in the paper concerns the thermo-physical properties of the green mould material to which the cast iron is most often poured. The study includes the experiment of pouring the cast iron plate into green bentonite-sand mould. The temperature fields of casting and in different zones of the mould were recorded. The goal of the study was to determine the substitute thermo-physical properties of mould sand containing the over-moisture zone by means of simulation tests (inverse problem). An originality of the related research is an attempt to take into account the effects of the global thermal phenomena occurring in the quartz sand bonded by bentonite-water binder, by application of the substitute thermal coefficients without using the coupled modeling. In the simulation tests in order to achieve the effect of rapid heating of the mould (below temperatures 100 °C) by poured cast iron (T>1300 °C), the function of the latent heat source and the modified values of substitute thermal conductivity and substitute specific heat of the molding sand were used. In order to facilitate the solution, the mould was divided into zones, in which different starting humidity of molding sand was assumed.
Loss of Immune Tolerance Is Controlled by ICOS in Sle1 Mice
Authors: Mittereder Nanette , Kuta Ellen , Bhat Geetha , Dacosta Karma , Cheng Lily I. , Herbst Ronald , Carlesso Gianluca
Published: June 2016

ICOS, a member of the CD28 family, represents a key molecule that regulates adaptive responses to foreign Ags. ICOS is prominently expressed on T follicular helper (TFH) cells, a specialized CD4+ T cell subset that orchestrates B cell differentiation within the germinal centers and humoral response. However, the contribution of ICOS and TFH cells to autoantibody profiles under pathological conditions has not been thoroughly investigated. We used the Sle1 lupus-prone mouse model to examine the role of ICOS in the expansion and function of pathogenic TFH cells. Genetic deletion of ICOS impacted the expansion of TFH cells in B6.Sle1 mice and inhibited the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells. The phenotypic changes observed in B6.Sle1-ICOS–knockout mice were also associated with a significant reduction in class-switched IgG, and anti-nucleosomal IgG-secreting B cells compared with B6.Sle1 animals. The level of vascular cell adhesion protein 1, a molecule that was shown to be elevated in patients with SLE and in lupus models, was also increased in an ICOS-dependent manner in Sle1 mice and correlated with autoantibody levels. The elimination of ICOS-expressing CD4+ T cells in B6.Sle1 mice, using a glyco-engineered anti-ICOS–depleting Ab, resulted in a significant reduction in anti-nucleosomal autoantibodies. Our results indicate that ICOS regulates the ontogeny and homeostasis of B6.Sle1 TFH cells and influences the function of TFH cells during aberrant germinal center B cell responses. Therapies targeting the ICOS signaling pathway may offer new opportunities for the treatment of lupus and other autoimmune diseases.
Role of cranial computed tomography in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with generalised seizures
Authors: Van Zyl Chris , Hurter Delmé , Sood Vishesh , Koning Lizanne
Published: June 2016

Background: Emergency neuroimaging of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with generalised new onset seizures (NOS) and a normal post-ictal neurological examination remains controversial, with the general impression being that emergency imaging is necessary because immunosuppression may blur clinical indicators of acute intracranial pathology. The objectives of our study were to establish whether cranial computed tomography (CT) affects the emergency management of HIV-positive patients with generalised NOS and a normal post-ictal neurological examination.Method: We conducted a prospective descriptive observational study. Consecutive HIVpositive patients of 18 years and older, who presented to the Kimberley Hospital Complex’s Emergency Department within 24 hours of their first generalised seizures and who had undergone normal post-ictal neurological examinations, were included. Emergency CT results as well as CD4-count levels were evaluated.Results: A total of 25 HIV-positive patients were included in the study. The results of cranial CT brought about a change in emergency care management in 12% of patients, all of them with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3 .Conclusion: We suggest that emergency cranial CT be performed on all HIV-positive patients presenting with generalised NOS and a normal post-ictal neurological examination, particularly if the CD4 count is below 200 cells/mm3.Keywords: HIV; Seizures; CT Brain
Sinonasal Fungal Infections and Complications: A Pictorial Review
Authors: Gavito-Higuera Jose , Mullins Carola Birgit , Ramos-Duran Luis , Sandoval Hugo , Akle Nassim , Figueroa Ramon
Published: June 2016

Fungal infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses can be categorized into invasive and non-invasive forms. The clinical presentation and course of the disease is primarily determined by the immune status of the host and can range from harmless or subtle presentations to life threatening complications. Invasive fungal infections are categorized into acute, chronic or chronic granulomatous entities. Immunocompromised patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, HIV and patients receiving chemotherapy or chronic oral corticosteroids are mostly affected. Mycetoma and Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis are considered non-invasive forms. Computer tomography is the gold-standard in sinonasal imaging and is complimented by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as it is superior in the evaluation of intraorbital and intracranial extensions. The knowledge and identification of the characteristic imaging patterns in invasive – and non- invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is crucial and the radiologist plays an important role in refining the diagnosis to prevent a possible fatal outcome.
Hygiene Practices During Food Preparation in Rural Bangladesh: Opportunities to Improve the Impact of Handwashing Interventions
Authors: Nizame Fosiul A. , Leontsini Elli , Luby Stephen P. , Nuruzzaman Md. , Parveen Shahana , Winch Peter J. , Ram Pavani K. , Unicomb Leanne
Published: June 2016

This study explored the steps of food preparation, related handwashing opportunities, current practices, and community perceptions regarding foods at high-risk of contamination such as mashed foods and salads. In three rural Bangladeshi villages, we collected qualitative and observational data. Food preparation was a complex and multistep process. Food preparation was interrupted by tasks that could contaminate the preparers' hands, after which they continued food preparation without washing hands. Community members typically ate hand-mixed, uncooked mashed food and salad as accompaniments to curry and rice at meals. Hand-mixed dried foods were mostly consumed as a snack. Observers recorded handwashing during preparation of these foods. Among 24 observed caregivers, of 85 opportunities to wash hands with soap during food preparation, washing hands with soap occurred twice, both times after cutting fish, whereas washing hands with water alone was common. A simple and feasible approach is promotion of handwashing with soap upon entering and re-entering the food preparation area, and ensuring that everything needed for handwashing should be within easy reach.
Hematological Indices in Malian Children Change Significantly During a Malaria Season and with Increasing Age: Implications for Malaria Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Diakite Mahamadou , Miura Kazutoyo , Diouf Ababacar , Konate Drissa , Keita Abdoul S. , Doumbia Saibou , Diakite Seidina , Traore Karim , Doumbouya Mory , Anderson Jennifer M. , Fairhurst Rick M. , Long Carole A.
Published: June 2016

Standard hematological indices are commonly used in malaria epidemiological studies to measure anemia prevalence and calculate blood parasite densities. In Africa, few studies have investigated how these indices change during a malaria transmission season and with increasing age. To address these knowledge gaps, we collected blood from 169 healthy Malian children aged 3–12 years before (May 2010) and after (January 2011) a transmission season. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Ht), white blood cell (WBC) count, and WBC subsets were measured in paired blood samples, and the data were stratified by month (May, January) and age group (3–5, 6–8, and 9–12 years). From May to January, RBC count (4.53–4.70 × 106/μL; P < 0.0001), Hb level (11.5–11.9 g/dL; P < 0.0001), and Ht (37.1–39.2%; P < 0.0001) increased, and WBC count (6.46–5.96 × 103/μL; P = 0.0006) decreased. From May to January, the prevalence of WBC subsets also changed: 35–43% neutrophils, 6.5–7.6% monocytes, and 53–45% lymphocytes (P < 0.001). These seasonal changes were not associated with the number of malaria episodes experienced in the interim or the presence of RBC polymorphisms. In May, Hb (11.2, 11.4, and 11.8 g/dL; P = 0.0013) and Ht (36.5%, 36.7%, and 38.1%; P = 0.0154) increased and WBC count (8.04, 6.43, and 5.76 × 103/μL; P < 0.0001) decreased with age group; similar differences were observed in January. These data suggest that season- and age-based reference values for hematological indices are needed to better estimate anemia prevalence and parasite density in malaria epidemiological studies.
Increases in Entamoeba histolytica Antibody–Positive Rates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected and Noninfected Patients in Japan: A 10-Year Hospital-Based Study of 3,514 Patients
Authors: Yanagawa Yasuaki , Nagata Naoyoshi , Watanabe Koji , Tsukada Kunihisa , Teruya Katsuji , Kikuchi Yoshimi , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Akiyama Junichi , Uemura Naomi , Oka Shinichi
Published: June 2016

Serological evidence of the epidemiological trends in Entamoeba histolytica infection is scarce, especially in nonendemic countries. We aimed to determine the antibody-positive rates over a 10-year period, and compare the trends between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected and –noninfected patients. We reviewed 3,514 patients who underwent antibody testing during the study periods, which were divided into five annual categories: 2004–2005, 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2010–2011, and 2012–2013. Anti-E. histolytica antibody was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The antibody-positive rate increased yearly from 2004–2005 to 2012–2013 (P < 0.001), although there was no increase in the annual number of antibody tests. This trend was seen among males (18.6–28.3%; P < 0.01), females (5.4–28.2%; P < 0.01), HIV-infected patients (18.4–26.9%; P < 0.001), and non-HIV-infected patients (14.6–36.8%; P < 0.001), and HIV-infected men who have sex with men (19.4–29.1%; P < 0.001). Among antibody-positive patients, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with high (≥ 1,600) titers (0.7–12.9%; P < 0.001), whereas this trend was not seen in patients with low (100) or intermediate (200–800) titers (P = 0.282 and 0.409, respectively). This large hospital-based study demonstrated that positive anti-E. histolytica antibody rates increased over 10 years, even though the annual number of antibody tests remained constant. Moreover, this trend was identified in non-high-risk patients (females and non-HIV-infected patients) as well as in high-risk patients. The proportion of patients with high antibody titers significantly increased among the antibody-positive patients.
The Relationship Between Social Capital and Selfreported Health in China
Authors: Xue Xindong , Mo Erxiao , Reed W. Robert
Published: June 2016

This paper uses the 2005 and 2006 China General Social Survey (CGSS) to study the relationship between social capital and self-reported health in China. It is the most comprehensive analysis of this subject to date, both in the sizes of the samples it analyses, in the number of social capital variables it investigates, and in its treatment of endogeneity. The authors identify social trust, social relationships, and social networks as important determinants of self-reported health. The magnitude of the estimated effects are economically important, in some cases being of the same size or larger than the effects associated with age and income. Their findings suggest that there is scope for social capital to be a significant policy tool for improving health outcomes in China.
Sociale stijging of daling? Beroepsmobiliteit van non-EU-migranten in Nederland, Noorwegen, Portugal en het Verenigd Koninkrijk
Authors: Snel Erik , Pereira Sónia , t Hart Margrietha
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this article is to identify the occupational mobility trajectories of non-EU migrant workers in Europe and to test empirical data against the neoclassical human capital theory that predicts upward occupational mobility in the course of time and the segmented labour market theory that predicts immigrant’s confinement to secondary segments of the labour market. We use survey and semi-structured interviews (2,514 and 357 respectively) with migrants from three origin countries (Brazil, Morocco, Ukraine) in four destination countries (the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom). Using both quantitative analysis and complementary qualitative evidence, we find support for the segmented labour market hypothesis of limited upward occupational mobility in the course of time after migration. However, immigrants with longer residence in the destination country have higher changes of upward occupational mobility, giving also support to the human capital theory. Frail legal status negatively impacts upward mobility changes. Men experience upward mobility more often than women. Following education in the destination country also positively affects the changes of upward mobility. Therefore, destination countries should have policies that enable immigrants to enhance their human capital.
De Keulse kwestie: over de culturalisering van geweld en genderongelijkheid
Authors: Römkens Reneé
Published: June 2016

De Keulse kwestie: over de culturalisering van geweld en genderongelijkheid
Dubieuze merite, reëel precariaat: een sociaal en cultureel rapport dat het verschil zou kunnen maken
Authors: Elchardus Mark
Published: June 2016

Dubieuze merite, reëel precariaat: een sociaal en cultureel rapport dat het verschil zou kunnen maken
Een groeiende kloof in onze tijd
Authors: Dronkers Jaap
Published: June 2016

Een groeiende kloof in onze tijd.Boekbespreking: Herman van de Werfhorst (red.) (2015) Een kloof van alle tijden. Verschillen tussen lager en hoger opgeleiden in werk, cultuur en politiek.
Characteristics of aerosol pollution during heavy haze events in Suzhou, China
Authors: Tian Mi , Wang Huanbo , Chen Yang , Yang Fumo , Zhang Xiaohua , Zou Qiang , Zhang Renquan , Ma Yongliang , He Kebin
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Extremely severe haze weather events occurred in many cities in China, especially in the east part of the country, in January 2013. Comprehensive measurements including hourly concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical components (water-soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)) and related gas-phase precursors were conducted via an online monitoring system in Suzhou, a medium-sized city in Jiangsu province, just east of Shanghai. PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less) frequently exceeded 150 µg m−3 on hazy days, with the maximum reaching 324 µg m−3 on 14 January 2013. Unfavorable weather conditions (high relative humidity (RH), and low rainfall, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure) were conducive to haze formation. High concentrations of secondary aerosol species (including SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, and SOC) and gaseous precursors were observed during the first two haze events, while elevated primary carbonaceous species emissions were found during the third haze period, pointing to different haze formation mechanisms. Organic matter (OM), (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 were found to be the major contributors to visibility impairment. High concentrations of sulfate and nitrate might be explained by homogeneous gas-phase reactions under low RH conditions and by heterogeneous processes under relatively high RH conditions. Analysis of air mass trajectory clustering and potential source contribution function showed that aerosol pollution in the studied areas was mainly caused by local activities and surrounding sources transported from nearby cities.
Variability in 14C contents of soil organic matter at the plot and regional scale across climatic and geologic gradients
Authors: van der Voort Tessa Sophia , Hagedorn Frank , McIntyre Cameron , Zell Claudia , Walthert Lorenz , Schleppi Patrick , Feng Xiaojuan , Eglinton Timothy Ian
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) forms the largest terrestrial pool of carbon outside of sedimentary rocks. Radiocarbon is a powerful tool for assessing soil organic matter dynamics. However, due to the nature of the measurement, extensive 14C studies of soil systems remain relatively rare. In particular, information on the extent of spatial and temporal variability in 14C contents of soils is limited, yet this information is crucial for establishing the range of baseline properties and for detecting potential modifications to the SOM pool. This study describes a comprehensive approach to explore heterogeneity in bulk SOM 14C in Swiss forest soils that encompass diverse landscapes and climates. We examine spatial variability in soil organic carbon (SOC) 14C, SOC content and C : N ratios over both regional climatic and geologic gradients, on the watershed- and plot-scale and within soil profiles. Results reveal (1) a relatively uniform radiocarbon signal across climatic and geologic gradients in Swiss forest topsoils (0–5 cm, Δ14C  =  130 ± 28.6, n = 12 sites), (2) similar radiocarbon trends with soil depth despite dissimilar environmental conditions, and (3) micro-topography dependent, plot-scale variability that is similar in magnitude to regional-scale variability (e.g., Gleysol, 0–5 cm, Δ14C 126 ± 35.2, n = 8 adjacent plots of 10  ×  10 m). Statistical analyses have additionally shown that Δ14C signature in the topsoil is not significantly correlated to climatic parameters (precipitation, elevation, primary production) except mean annual temperature at 0–5 cm. These observations have important consequences for SOM carbon stability modelling assumptions, as well as for the understanding of controls on past and current soil carbon dynamics.
Development of an adjoint model of GRAPES–CUACE and its application in tracking influential haze source areas in north China
Authors: An Xing Qin , Zhai Shi Xian , Jin Min , Gong Sunling , Wang Yu
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The aerosol adjoint module of the atmospheric chemical modeling system GRAPES–CUACE (Global–Regional Assimilation and Prediction System coupled with the CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment) is constructed based on the adjoint theory. This includes the development and validation of the tangent linear and the adjoint models of the three parts involved in the GRAPES–CUACE aerosol module: CAM (Canadian Aerosol Module), interface programs that connect GRAPES and CUACE, and the aerosol transport processes that are embedded in GRAPES. Meanwhile, strict mathematical validation schemes for the tangent linear and the adjoint models are implemented for all input variables. After each part of the module and the assembled tangent linear and adjoint models is verified, the adjoint model of the GRAPES–CUACE aerosol is developed and used in a black carbon (BC) receptor–source sensitivity analysis to track influential haze source areas in north China. The sensitivity of the average BC concentration over Beijing at the highest concentration time point (referred to as the Objective Function) is calculated with respect to the BC amount emitted over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Four types of regions are selected based on the administrative division or the sensitivity coefficient distribution. The adjoint sensitivity results are then used to quantify the effect of reducing the emission sources at different time intervals over different regions. It is indicated that the more influential regions (with relatively larger sensitivity coefficients) do not necessarily correspond to the administrative regions. Instead, the influence per unit area of the sensitivity selected regions is greater. Therefore, controlling the most influential regions during critical time intervals based on the results of the adjoint sensitivity analysis is much more efficient than controlling administrative regions during an experimental time period.
Dissolved oxygen prediction using a possibility theory based fuzzy neural network
Authors: Khan Usman T. , Valeo Caterina
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A new fuzzy neural network method to predict minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a highly urbanised riverine environment (in Calgary, Canada) is proposed. The method uses abiotic factors (non-living, physical and chemical attributes) as inputs to the model, since the physical mechanisms governing DO in the river are largely unknown. A new two-step method to construct fuzzy numbers using observations is proposed. Then an existing fuzzy neural network is modified to account for fuzzy number inputs and also uses possibility theory based intervals to train the network. Results demonstrate that the method is particularly well suited to predicting low DO events in the Bow River. Model performance is compared with a fuzzy neural network with crisp inputs, as well as with a traditional neural network. Model output and a defuzzification technique are used to estimate the risk of low DO so that water resource managers can implement strategies to prevent the occurrence of low DO.
Hail storm hazard in urban areas: identification and probability of occurrence by using a single-polarization X-band weather radar
Authors: Capozzi Vincenzo , Picciotti Errico , Mazzarella Vincenzo , Budillon Giorgio , Marzano Frank Silvio
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This work exploits the potentiality of hail warning, based on single-polarization X-band weather radar measurements and tested on a large and well-documented data set of thunderstorm events in southern Italy near Naples. Even though X-band radars may suffer of two-way path attenuation especially at long ranges, due to their relatively low cost their use is rapidly increasing for short-range applications such as urban environments. To identify hail through radar measurements, two different methodologies have been selected and adapted to X-band data within the study area: one uses the Waldvogel (WAL) approach, whereas the other one uses the Vertically-Integrated Liquid Density (VIL-Density) product. The study aims at developing a Probability-of-Hail (POH) index in order to support hail risk management at urban scales. In order to find the optimal threshold values to discriminate between hail and severe rain, an extensive intercomparison between outcomes of the two methodologies and ground truth observations of hail has been performed, using a 2 x 2 contingency table and statistical scores. The results show that both methods are accurate for hail detection in the area of interest, although VIL-Density product is less satisfactory than WAL method in terms of false alarm ratio. The relationship between the output of these two methodologies and POH has been derived through a heuristic approach, using a third-order polynomial fitting curve. As an example, the POH indexes have been applied for the thunderstorm event occurred on 21 July 2014, proving to be reliable for hail core detection.
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF PLUTO AND CHARON USING NEW HORIZONS DATA
Authors: Moore J. M. , Spencer J. R. , McKinnon W. B. , Howard A. D. , White O. M. , Umurhan O. M. , Schenk P. M. , Beyer R. A. , Singer K. , Stern S. A. , Weaver H. A. , Young L. A. , Ennico Smith K. , Olkin C. ,   New Horizons Geology and Geophysics Imaging Team
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Pluto and Charon exhibit strikingly different surface appearances, despite their similar densities and presumed bulk compositions. Systematic mapping has revealed that much of Pluto’s surface can be attributed to surface-atmosphere interactions and the mobilization of volatile ices by insolation. Many mapped valley systems appear to be the consequence of glaciation involving nitrogen ice. Other geological activity requires or required internal heating. The convection and advection of volatile ices in Sputnik Planum can be powered by present-day radiogenic heat loss. On the other hand, the prominent mountains at the western margin of Sputnik Planum, and the strange, multi-km-high mound features to the south, probably composed of H2O, are young geologically as inferred by light cratering and superposition relationships. Their origin, and what drove their formation so late in Solar System history, is under investigation. The dynamic remolding of landscapes by volatile transport seen on Pluto is not unambiguously evident in the mapping of Charon. Charon does, however, display a large resurfaced plain and globally engirdling extensional tectonic network attesting to its early endogenic vigor.
EU-FP7-iMARS: ANALYSIS OF MARS MULTI-RESOLUTION IMAGES USING AUTO-COREGISTRATION, DATA MINING AND CROWD SOURCE TECHNIQUES: PROCESSED RESULTS – A FIRST LOOK
Authors: Muller Jan-Peter , Tao Yu , Sidiropoulos Panagiotis , Gwinner Klaus , Willner Konrad , Fanara Lida , Waehlisch Marita , van Gasselt Stephan , Walter Sebastian , Steikert Ralf , Schreiner Bjoern , Ivanov Anton , Cantini Federico , Wardlaw Jessica , Morley Jeremy , Sprinks James , Giordano Michele , Marsh Stuart , Kim Jungrack , Houghton Robert , Bamford Steven
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Understanding planetary atmosphere-surface exchange and extra-terrestrial-surface formation processes within our Solar System is one of the fundamental goals of planetary science research. There has been a revolution in planetary surface observations over the last 15 years, especially in 3D imaging of surface shape. This has led to the ability to overlay image data and derived information from different epochs, back in time to the mid 1970s, to examine changes through time, such as the recent discovery of mass movement, tracking inter-year seasonal changes and looking for occurrences of fresh craters. Within the EU FP-7 iMars project, we have developed a fully automated multi-resolution DTM processing chain, called the Coregistration ASP-Gotcha Optimised (CASP-GO), based on the open source NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) [Tao et al., this conference], which is being applied to the production of planetwide DTMs and ORIs (OrthoRectified Images) from CTX and HiRISE. Alongside the production of individual strip CTX & HiRISE DTMs & ORIs, DLR [Gwinner et al., 2015] have processed HRSC mosaics of ORIs and DTMs for complete areas in a consistent manner using photogrammetric bundle block adjustment techniques. A novel automated co-registration and orthorectification chain has been developed by [Sidiropoulos & Muller, this conference]. Using the HRSC map products (both mosaics and orbital strips) as a map-base it is being applied to many of the 400,000 level-1 EDR images taken by the 4 NASA orbital cameras. In particular, the NASA Viking Orbiter camera (VO), Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Context Camera (CTX) as well as the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) back to 1976. A webGIS has been developed [van Gasselt et al., this conference] for displaying this time sequence of imagery and will be demonstrated showing an example from one of the HRSC quadrangle map-sheets. Automated quality control [Sidiropoulos & Muller, 2015] techniques are applied to screen for suitable images and these are extended to detect temporal changes in features on the surface such as mass movements, streaks, spiders, impact craters, CO2 geysers and Swiss Cheese terrain. For result verification these data mining techniques are then being employed within a citizen science project within the Zooniverse family. Examples of data mining and its verification will be presented.
ESTIMATE OF DTM DEGRADATION DUE TO IMAGE COMPRESSION FOR THE STEREO CAMERA OF THE BEPICOLOMBO MISSION
Authors: Re C. , Simioni E. , Cremonese G. , Roncella R. , Forlani G. , Langevin Y. , Da Deppo V. , Naletto G. , Salemi G.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The great amount of data that will be produced during the imaging of Mercury by the stereo camera (STC) of the BepiColombo mission needs a compromise with the restrictions imposed by the band downlink that could drastically reduce the duration and frequency of the observations. The implementation of an on-board real time data compression strategy preserving as much information as possible is therefore mandatory. The degradation that image compression might cause to the DTM accuracy is worth to be investigated. During the stereo-validation procedure of the innovative STC imaging system, several image pairs of an anorthosite sample and a modelled piece of concrete have been acquired under different illumination angles. This set of images has been used to test the effects of the compression algorithm (Langevin and Forni, 2000) on the accuracy of the DTM produced by dense image matching. Different configurations taking in account at the same time both the illumination of the surface and the compression ratio, have been considered. The accuracy of the DTMs is evaluated by comparison with a high resolution laser-scan acquisition of the same targets. The error assessment included also an analysis on the image plane indicating the influence of the compression procedure on the image measurements.
MAPPING OF PLANETARY SURFACE AGE BASED ON CRATER STATISTICS OBTAINED BY AN AUTOMATIC DETECTION ALGORITHM
Authors: Salih A. L. , Mühlbauer M. , Grumpe A. , Pasckert J. H. , Wöhler C. , Hiesinger H.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The analysis of the impact crater size-frequency distribution (CSFD) is a well-established approach to the determination of the age of planetary surfaces. Classically, estimation of the CSFD is achieved by manual crater counting and size determination in spacecraft images, which, however, becomes very time-consuming for large surface areas and/or high image resolution. With increasing availability of high-resolution (nearly) global image mosaics of planetary surfaces, a variety of automated methods for the detection of craters based on image data and/or topographic data have been developed. In this contribution a template-based crater detection algorithm is used which analyses image data acquired under known illumination conditions. Its results are used to establish the CSFD for the examined area, which is then used to estimate the absolute model age of the surface. The detection threshold of the automatic crater detection algorithm is calibrated based on a region with available manually determined CSFD such that the age inferred from the manual crater counts corresponds to the age inferred from the automatic crater detection results. With this detection threshold, the automatic crater detection algorithm can be applied to a much larger surface region around the calibration area. The proposed age estimation method is demonstrated for a Kaguya Terrain Camera image mosaic of 7.4 m per pixel resolution of the floor region of the lunar crater Tsiolkovsky, which consists of dark and flat mare basalt and has an area of nearly 10,000 km2. The region used for calibration, for which manual crater counts are available, has an area of 100 km2. In order to obtain a spatially resolved age map, CSFDs and surface ages are computed for overlapping quadratic regions of about 4.4 x 4.4 km2 size offset by a step width of 74 m. Our constructed surface age map of the floor of Tsiolkovsky shows age values of typically 3.2-3.3 Ga, while for small regions lower (down to 2.9 Ga) and higher (up to 3.6 Ga) age values can be observed. It is known that CSFD-derived absolute model ages can exhibit variations although the surface has a constant age. However, for four 10-20 km sized regions in the eastern part of the crater floor our map shows age values differing by several hundred Ma from the typical age of the crater floor, where the same regions are also discernible in Clementine UV/VIS color ratio image data probably due to compositional variations, such that the age differences of these four regions may be real.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF PLUTO AND CHARON USING NEW HORIZONS DATA
Authors: Schenk P. M. , Beyer R. A. , Moore J. M. , Spencer J. R. , McKinnon W. B. , Howard A. D. , White O. M. , Umurhan O.M. , Singer K. , Stern S. A. , Weaver H. A. , Young L. A. , Ennico Smith K. , Olkin C. ,   New Horizons Geology and Geophysics Imaging Team
Published: June 2016

Abstract. New Horizons 2015 flyby of the Pluto system has resulted in high-resolution topographic maps of Pluto and Charon, the most distant objects so mapped. DEM’s over ~30% of each object were produced at 100-300 m vertical and 300-800 m spatial resolutions, in hemispheric maps and high-resolution linear mosaics. Both objects reveal more relief than was observed at Triton. The dominant 800-km wide informally named Sputnik Planum bright ice deposit on Pluto lies in a broad depression 3 km deep, flanked by dispersed mountains 3-5 km high. Impact craters reveal a wide variety of preservation states from pristine to eroded, and long fractures are several km deep with throw of 0-2 km. Topography of this magnitude suggests the icy shell of Pluto is relatively cold and rigid. Charon has global relief of at least 10 km, including ridges of 2-3 km and troughs of 3-5 km of relief. Impact craters are up to 6 km deep. Vulcan Planum consists of rolling plains and forms a topographic moat along its edge, suggesting viscous flow.