bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the foundations of natural philosophy in the writings of Aristotle against its classical background. The analysis focuses particularly on those aspects of Aristotle’s works which proved significant for later natural philosophers. These include observational respectfulness, and the need to develop a theōria of nature. The problems of Aristotle’s account of theōria are noted, including concerns about his account of the inductive process. Finally, the chapter notes some aspects of Aristotle’s natural philosophy that would prove influential in Christian, Jewish, and Islamic forms of natural philosophy during the Middle Ages.
The Parting of the Ways
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter documents the fragmentation of natural philosophy and its displacement by the notion of ‘natural science’ during the nineteenth century, particularly through the influence of Thomas H. Huxley. It explores the Enlightenment reformulation of Newtonian natural philosophy and the Romantic reaction against what was seen as an excessively objective and disengaged account of nature, focusing on writers such as Blake, Keats, and Wordsworth. During this period, the term ‘natural philosophy’ was gradually abandoned, as the distinct notion of ‘natural science’ began to gain influence in the 1830s. Huxley’s clear demarcation of ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’ can be seen as marking the end of any coherent notion of natural philosophy, which became fragmented into a set of disconnected components. The chapter reflects on the gains and losses of this development, laying the groundwork for an attempted retrieval of natural philosophy in the second part of this work.
Trend in Economic Growth 2010–2020
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

India, one of the five biggest emerging economies of the world, is known to be growing at a rapid pace. Tracing back history, post the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008, the country has exhibited remarkable recovery with the services sector being be a major growth driver along with other sectors. Analysing the state of the Indian economy, from 2010-2021, it has been observed that each year had its own set of challenges, which could have been in terms of high inflation, high fiscal deficit, high current account deficit (CAD), demand constraints, poor monsoon, etc. The Government and Reserve Bank of India through fiscal and monetary policy measures have tried to address the same. The chapter does a detailed trend analysis of the Indian economy since 2010 and discusses how the country has evolved into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
Investors’ Confidence
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The market capitalization of countries was badly hit due to the pandemic and Indian stock exchanges were no exception. The pandemic, brought about a scenario of gloom and uncertainty in the stock markets, with market crashing to five-year lows and trough points not witnessed ever since the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008. With investors having resorted to relentless selling during the initial period of the pandemic, with the passage of time the stock markets had been seen to be going against the tide and witnessing a rise. BSE Sensex had touched 37,929.24 as of 7 August 2020 as against having crashed to 25,981.24 on 23 March 2020 and has been on an upswing ever since until the Federal Reserve began tightening or hinted towards stepping back from the quantitative easing programme. The chapter discusses factors which led to investor confidence even in a period of a health outbreak.
Time for Big-Ticket Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

Despite faster than the expected economic recovery experts revised forecasts for 2020– 21 and 2021– 22, as there were few signals which did not gel well with the recovery mode. The chapter delves into and analyses the reasons for these alarming signs and discusses roadmap which can help build a robust policy environment. It looks into the constraints within which the Union Budget 2021-22 had to be developed and gives recommendations on policy reforms that can be adopted to help India move back into the trajectory of economic growth and become a self-reliant nation.
Historic Reforms in Agriculture
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The Indian Government had brought about sweeping landmark policy changes in the Indian agricultural sector on 5 June 2020. Critics stated that for the Indian industry, the dawn of liberalization happened in 1991, while for the Indian farmer, liberalization had set in with the three farm reform bills which were passed by the Parliament in the third week of September 2020. The Farm Act had endeavoured to bring about transparency in the agricultural sector and make it more efficient by enabling farmers to be able to sell their produce outside the mandis giving them the benefit of ‘my crop, my right’. The chapter analyses thereasons for the Act having been widely proclaimed to be a ‘game- changer’ for the Indian agricultural sector. With deliberations for liberalizing the Indian agricultural sector having been on the cards for quite some years, whether it was the NDA Government or the UPA Government in power, the three reformative Farm Acts had sought to build a scenario of ‘One India, One Agricultural Market’ for the benefit of farmers and sought to break the monopoly of Agriculture Produce Marketing Committees (APMC) by enabling farmers to be able to access markets directly and gain benefits of higher prices for their produce. Unfortunately, the government got the three farm Acts repealed in November 2021 as a section of the farmers could not be convinced about the positive impact on agriculture and farmers— as admitted by none other than the Prime Minister. An expert committee would examine the future course of action.
Giving Back to Society
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The grim picture painted by GDP numbers during the Covid-19 outbreak had begun ringing alarm bells for policy-makers and the Government machinery alike. There was an outcry by economists for a stimulus package along the lines provided by Governments of advanced economies running into trillions of dollars. While the Government of India ably responded to the need of the hour and provided a stimulus package to the tune of Rs. 20 lakh crores (equivalent to 10% of GDP), many deliberations post this announcement were pointing towards the fact that the stimulus was inadequate for reviving the Indian economy, and the Government must pull out all stops to get the economy back on track. The point that was being missed out here and what the chapter delves into was that the hands of the Government were tied due to the availability of limited fiscal space. The question that all of us need to answer is: In times of an unprecedented situation such as a health pandemic, is it the whole sole responsibility of the Government alone to step forward and take action in such difficult times OR should Corporates and citizens join hands with the Government and work towards nation building especially during a crisis in hand? Should not the wealthy and citizens with deep pockets rise to the occasion and be a partner in the Government’s efforts in bringing back the situation to normalcy? Given the health emergency and crisis situation, cash- rich corporates and wealthy individuals with deep pockets should co- create their CSR and philanthropic strategies as an effective response to the virus outbreak.
Petroleum Products Pricing
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

With petrol and diesel prices surging to a record high in India, the skyrocketing prices were a cause of worry for the Government and common man alike. Higher fuel prices lead to increased travel costs and keeping in mind that oil is an essential raw material for the industrial and agricultural sectors both, it would also lead to increased cost of production, thereby having a supply-side inflationary impact on the economy and negatively impacting household budgets. The reason for the spiralling price increase had been ascribed to output cuts by oil-producing nations. Looking at fuel prices from a different perspective, petrol and diesel prices in India consist of international prices of crude oil price, i.e. the base price; import duty; refinery cost; freight cost, central excise; state value-added tax; marketing companies’ margin and outlets’ margin. The current point of debate seeing the light of the day was that India had one of the highest tax rates on diesel and petrol of approximately 60% of the total price. In addition to rising crude oil prices in the international market, the heavy load of taxes had raised fuel prices to an all- time high and it was the pandemic affected revenue stream collection which was impeding both the Centre and States from considering a duty cut. Thus, the chapter analyses the likely impact of bringing petrol and diesel prices are brought under the ambit of GST.
Taxation Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

With the Prime Minister’s call to make India— a self-reliant nation, one of the key pillars for achieving the same is a stable policy and regulatory environment. Viewing taxes from the perspective of an avenue for mobilizing revenue to facilitate public expenditure would rather be a narrow outlook than building a transparent taxation policy that is able to encourage and woo businesses and corporations to set up shop in India, thereby promoting domestic manufacturing and production, employment opportunities and propelling the country into the path of economic growth. Tracing back history, it can be seen that the mindset of policymakers had witnessed a sea change since the beginning of the 1990s. The outcome of major changes in the tax regime has shown positive results in terms of cost of production, leading to horizontal expansion of standard of living; price stability and acceleration in growth rates. The chapter discusses how transparency in taxation is equally important and the current government with its approach of ‘Minimum Government and Maximum Governance’ and ‘Reform, Perform and Transform’ has been initiating measures in this context. It also delves into the simplification of GST in detail, recommends bringing petroleum products under GST and discusses the adverse impact that the retrospective tax has had on the business environment.
Labour Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

India is projected to have the highest working population between 2022 and 2034 with 4.75 million youth entering the workforce every year. Investor and employee-friendly labour laws will be key to harnessing the potential of this large workforce. Indian labour laws in sync with and conducive to promoting the evolving business regulatory environment can help reshape India’s growth trajectory and stimulate India’s growth aspirations. A simplified and modernized labour regulation and labour reforms have been the need of the hour to take care of the archaic Indian labour laws which have been acting as deterrents in attracting investment, especially foreign direct investment. The government should initiate steps to reform the outdated labour laws, which have acted as an impediment to attracting domestic and foreign direct investment. Agreeably, in September 2020, with the Parliament passing the three labour bills, the Government has been able to take a major step forward in the right direction. However, it would only be right to state that the work with regards to the extent antiquated and complicated labour laws is only half done and there are crucial issues such as the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, Contract Labour etc. that warrant attention from the viewpoint of building a positive business environment
Cooperative Federalism
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

With India having a federal system of governance in place, both the Centre and States have the freedom to operate and function in their allotted spheres of jurisdiction. Under the federal structure, responsibilities are distributed between the Centre and States, and division of powers is given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution in the three lists, i.e. Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. Developmental responsibilities such as healthcare, land policies, law and order are with the States, while the Centre is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, atomic energy, banking, and insurance. For the last three decades, States are being governed by different political parties while the Centre is governed by mostly coalition governments which otherwise means weak in command. To enable smooth administration, it is important that the Centre and States work in coordination with each other. The chapter discusses how keeping aside political differences once in the government, Central and State Governments should work hand in hand so that developmental, as well as welfare measures, are effectively implemented without any unnecessary hurdles.
The Superplot’s Beginning
Authors: Lesser Rachel H.
Published: October 2022

Although Zeus sets Achilleus’ plot in motion in Book 2, Homer suspends that plot from Books 3–7 in a narrative expansion that explores the larger myth of the Trojan War and provides context for Achilleus’ story. This chapter shows how the poet introduces new desiring subjects in Iliad 2 and 3 and situates their desires as the motivation for this Trojan War “superplot.” Key to this narrative causality is the erotic triangle of Menelaos, Paris, and Helen, which resembles the triangles of desire in Iliad 1. First, the poet presents Menelaos’ aggressive desire to take revenge on Paris for Helen’s abduction as the immediate cause of war, and then he explores the complex desires of Helen and the sexual lust (erōs) and yearning (himeros) of Paris as the original roots of the conflict, staging a re-enactment of their transgressive union facilitated by Aphrodite. These desiring subjects draw the audience away from Achilleus and his plot, and invest us in the superplot.
Desire for Lamentation
Authors: Lesser Rachel H.
Published: October 2022

This last chapter demonstrates how newly conceived Trojan desires together with Achilleus’ existing desires prolong the Iliad’s narrative and keep the audience engaged until they are remediated in Book 24. Hektor’s killing arouses the Trojan royal family’s longing for their lost champion, and in their desirous anguish, Priam, Hekabe, and Andromache attract the audience’s sympathy and empathy, complicating and extending our investment in the epic. Though Achilleus celebrates Patroklos’ funeral, his aggressive attachment to Hektor’s corpse keeps both himself and the Trojans from satisfying their yearning (himeros) or lust (erōs) for lamentation (goos) and relieving their underlying longings, and establishes a final triangle of desire with Priam as subject, Hektor as object, and himself as rival. This chapter explains how Priam’s supplication of Achilleus in the Iliad’s final book resolves the desires of both the Greek hero and the Trojans, and how the poem’s closing scenes gratify the audience, even as they also provoke our desire for more epic narrative.
Two Arguments for the Identity of Indiscernibles
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: October 2022

The goal of this book is to give two arguments for the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, the thesis that, necessarily, no two (concrete) objects differ solo numero—i.e., necessarily, no two objects differ only numerically. This is the weakest version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles. The book argues that there is no trivial version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, since what is usually known as the trivial version of the principle is consistent with objects differing only numerically. One argument for the Identity of Indiscernibles is based on Humean considerations excluding a certain kind of necessary connection between distinct objects, and the other is based on ideas about what grounds the having of certain properties by objects. There are more restricted versions of the Identity of Indiscernibles, which state that, necessarily, no two objects can be purely qualitatively indiscernible or intrinsically purely qualitatively indiscernible. Two new arguments are presented against these versions of the principle. Thus the book contains four new arguments about the Identity of Indiscernibles: two for the weakest version of the principle, and two against two stronger versions of the principle. It is also argued that one of the former two arguments can be extended to apply to abstract objects. The book concludes that, necessarily, there are no objects, whether abstract or concrete, that differ only numerically—equivalently: necessarily, there are no objects that share all their non-trivializing properties. The book also contains an extended discussion of trivializing and non-trivializing properties.
Introduction
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: October 2022

The Introduction presents and explains the goal of the book and it contains a synopsis of the book, detailing its structure and summarizing its content.
The Possibility of Black’s World
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that Black’s world, a world in which two iron spheres share all their purely qualitative properties, intrinsic and extrinsic, is possible. Three arguments for the possibility of objects sharing all their intrinsic purely qualitative properties are rejected. Then an argument for the possibility of objects sharing all their intrinsic purely qualitative properties is presented and explained. Building from that argument, an argument for the possibility of Black’s world is presented. This argument employs a subtraction principle. The argument is defended from various objections.
Dante as Visual Artist
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

There has been much recent work studying how medieval programmes of visual arts were designed to inspire penitential action. Picking up from that work, this second chapter sets out a methodology for drawing parallels between such structured viewing and experience of visual art and the ways in which gestural episodes are presented in the Commedia within programmes or itineraries through the architectural space of the poem. The chapter considers Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel, the mosaics of the Baptistery of San Giovanni of Florence, and other programmes of visual art alongside discussions of medieval devotional practices enabled by texts such as The Meditations on the Life of Christ and Dante’s Commedia. If we take the Commedia as a work also to be viewed, then new methodologies for reading texts as visual programmes can emerge from dialogue with visual culture studies.
Fixity and Flexibility
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

This chapter proposes a gestural reading of Visitation imagery for Ante-purgatory. The gestures and poses depicted in Inferno are thrown into question by the ‘new’ ethical and spiritual systems of the second canticle. Farinata’s infernal unbending and unyielding posture in the face of his neighbour’s suffering is visually countered with models of inclination towards the suffering of others in Purgatorio and Paradiso. Ante-purgatory is a key site where two gestural practices that correspond to diverging ethical attitudes come into contrast. Focusing on Purgatorio 5 and 6, this chapter examines choreographies of appeal and response that model different ideals of human virtue poised between classical and Christian examples in visual and literary art.
Asymmetrical Affections
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers what becomes of the purgatorial mode of inclination towards the other in Paradiso, focusing on the asymmetries of affect staged between Dante and the blessed souls he encounters, especially Beatrice and Cacciaguida. In Paradiso, where the luminosity of the souls renders them almost invisible in any detail to the narrating eye, the reader’s attention is sharply focused on the dynamism of souls reaching towards Dante with affection. This chapter reads these gestures of affection in Dante’s text with Botticelli’s drawings as commentary, a commentary that takes those gestures as the exclusive subject for the comprehension of the Paradiso and the work of vision that takes place there.
Introduction
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

The aim of the book is presented, which is to settle unresolved issues in the scholarship on ‘Ragnarök’, understood as the end and renewal of the world in Norse myth. These questions include the question of influence from Christianity or whether the Ragnarök myth is an expression of an older, native tradition; how such a native tradition arose and how old it is; and the spread and social context of the Ragnarök myth. The notion of ‘Ragnarök’ is analysed with emphasis on the meaning of the Old Norse røk. The medieval and modern reception of the term Ragnarök is briefly discussed. An outline of the research history structured thematically is given, introducing three main lines of thinking. The first sees the Ragnarök myth as a confluence of two or more myths that were separate from the beginning. The second interprets the Ragnarök myth against an Indo-European background. The third main line allots Christianity a decisive amount of influence. Finally, the importance of the comparative approach is underlined.
Vǫluspá
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

The chapter includes a detailed study of Vǫluspá, stanzas 39‒66, preceded by remarks on the poem’s origins, date, and extant textual versions. The question of Christian influence is addressed but the author considers it to be very slight. Previous interpretations and characteristic features of the poem are noted. Three independent strands of tradition are accepted, represented by Codex Regius, Hauksbók, and Snorri’s citations, respectively. These are translated and presented in parallel columns, followed by a philological commentary. The problem of stanza 66 is particularly discussed. The author concludes that the stanza belongs to the poem’s framework rather than the seeress’s vision.
Poetry and Mythographies
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

Further sources of the Ragnarök myth are investigated. The eddic poem of Vafþrúðnismál provides a coherent description of what will happen at the end of the world. Allusions to the myth are also found in Grímnismál, Hyndluljóð, and Lokasenna. In addition, two 10th-century skaldic poems, Eiríksmál and Hákonarmál, present the earliest evidence for the Ragnarök tradition. The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson compiled in the 1220s is the first to tell the story of Ragnarök as a coherent myth. All these texts are translated and commented upon. The shorter version of the Uppsala Edda is paralleled with that of the other medieval manuscripts. The Ragnarök myth appears to occupy a prominent place in Snorri’s mythography. The story of the battle at Bravellir as an eschatological myth is discarded.
The Comparative Contexts
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

The various contexts which form the comparative background to the Ragnarök myth are presented. These are limited to the religions of ancient Europe and Western Asia on the basis of cultural and geographical grounds. The textual sources of these contexts are introduced in more detail. Since the myth was handed down in a Christian milieu, this context is first discussed. Old Norse and Old English homilies constitute important comparative material, as well as epic poetry in Old German and Old English language. Christian apocalyptic traditions from Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages contribute to the understanding of the Ragnarök myth. Early Islam, represented by the Qur’ān, is marked by the impending Judgement Day. Celtic and Graeco-Roman conceptions bearing on the end of the world are analysed. Finally, the cosmic eschatology of ancient Iran provides a most illuminating comparative tradition.
The Signs of the End and the Final Battle
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

With this chapter the comparative analysis begins. Snorri’s account in Gylfaginning 51‒3 provides the thematic structure of the comparisons. The signs of the end and the cosmic upheavals announce the coming events. Monster animals and demonic beings that have been fettered are now let loose. In Jewish and Christian traditions we encounter Leviathan, Satan, and Antichrist. Iranian mythology features the ferocious dragon Azi Dahaka who will be killed by the hero Thraetaona (Middle Persian: Frēdōn). The Iranian myth shows striking similarities with the Scandinavian story about the wolf Fenrir. Scandinavian and Iranian ideas of heavenly warriors are compared to Christian conceptions where the martyrs are the warriors. The decisive moment comes with the great final battle. Its description once again unites Scandinavian myth with Iranian tradition.
Abouloff v Oppenheimer Revisited
Authors: Dickinson Andrew
Published: October 2022

This chapter tackles Lord Lawrence Collins' essay on the opinion of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in AK Investment CJSC v Kyrgyz Mobil Tel Ltd. The case of AK Investment involved enforcing a Kyrgyz judgment in the Isle of Man High Court. The case riddled with personal jurisdiction questions affected the Court of Appeal decision regarding Abouloff v Oppenheimer & Co. While questioning the requirements for service beyond jurisdictions, the Board considered the Court's jurisdiction on cross-claims brought by the judgment debtor against some foreign parties. The interests of justice and demands of comity would be served better if Courts started taking Collins' suggestion of nuanced approaches.
Discovery, Arbitration, and 28 USC §1782
Authors: Silberman Linda
Published: October 2022

This chapter assesses whether 28 USC § 1782, which provides for US judicial assistance to obtain evidence for use in foreign or international proceedings, extends to investor-state and/or private commercial arbitral tribunals. The first (and only) Supreme Court interpretation of § 1782 came in 2004 in Intel Corp v Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Intel involved an application by AMD, a US company, seeking discovery from Intel, another US company, in connection with a complaint that AMD had filed against Intel in the European Commission, alleging a violation of European competition law. An initial question before the district court was whether the Directorate General for Competition that was undertaking the initial investigation was a ‘tribunal’ at all so as to fall within § 1782. A second question was whether a ‘foreign-discoverability or admissibility’ rule should be imposed as a prerequisite to issuing an order to obtain information. In the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s decision in Intel, numerous commentators read the Court’s opinion to suggest that private arbitral tribunals are indeed within the scope of § 1782. The chapter then draws some comparisons with practice in the United Kingdom, looking at § 7 of the Federal Arbitration Act and the 1996 English Arbitration Act.
National Obstinacy and International Conventions
Authors: McClean David
Published: October 2022

This chapter shows how the ingrained ideas of the common law can affect, and distort, the interpretation of a civil law text. The text is article 17 of the two international conventions that have, since 1929, governed the liability of carriers by air: the Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the Montreal Convention of 1999. The point of article 17 is that the claimants (the injured passenger or the dependants of a deceased passenger) do not have to prove fault on the part of the pilot or the owner or operator of the aircraft. So far as article 17 is concerned, the presence or absence of fault is quite immaterial. A part of that is that the claimants do not have to produce the highly technical evidence needed to prove, for example, that the aircraft was defective or that its operation was in some way negligent. However, the cases so often seem to require the claimant to prove just that, that there was some abnormality in the aircraft, its operation, or the behaviour of the crew; otherwise the claim fails.
Adverbial Phrases
Authors: Fendel Victoria Beatrix Maria
Published: October 2022

Chapter 6 examines one area of nominal syntax; that is adverbial phrases. Greek and Coptic clearly diverge in this area with Greek drawing on both prepositional phrases and plain cases, whereas Coptic can only utilize the former option. The chapter is divided into three parts: Section 6.1 applies the concept of constructions to adverbial phrases. Section 6.2 details deviations by type of error. Section 6.3 evaluates the distribution of the observed errors against the predictor variables set out in Chapter 2. Section 6.4 briefly reviews some avoidance patterns relevant to the syntax of adverbial phrases.
Discourse Markers
Authors: Fendel Victoria Beatrix Maria
Published: October 2022

Chapter 7 is concerned with the organization of discourse. Classical and post-classical subordinators, coordinators, and particles are considered. Discourse-organisational trends in post-classical Greek, Coptic a4nd colloquial discourse more generally coincide, such that positive transfer and/or reinforcement is more frequent than in other areas of the morphosyntax. The chapter is divided into four parts. Section 7.1 describes and contextualizes the differences between Greek and Coptic discourse organization. Section 7.2 details deviations by type of error. Section 7.3 evaluates the distribution of the observed errors against the predictor variables set out in Chapter 2. Section 7.4 presents avoidance patterns relevant to the syntax of clause-linkage.
Formulaic Language
Authors: Fendel Victoria Beatrix Maria
Published: October 2022

Chapter 8 explores the 399 formulaic sections of our texts. The epistolary frame is a fixed set of formulae, the presence of which marks a text as a ‘letter’. The chapter is divided into five parts: Section 8.1 introduces the concept of a formula and highlights the differences between the Greek and Coptic epistolary frames. Section 8.2 describes the standard patterns and established variants and variations of each relevant formula. Section 8.3 contains the analysis of errors, both phraseological and grammatical. Section 8.4 evaluates the distribution of the observed errors against the predictor variables set out in Chapter 2. Section 8.5 presents errors regarding the syntax of personal names in formulaic contexts.
The Tinkering Mind
Authors: Vierkant Tillmann
Published: October 2022

Epistemic agency is a crucial concept in many different areas of philosophy and the cognitive sciences. It is crucial in dual process theories of cognition as well as theories of metacognition and mindreading, self-control, and moral agency. But what is epistemic agency? This book argues that epistemic agency has two distinct and incompatible definitions: it can either be understood as intentional mental action, or as a distinct non-voluntary form of evaluative agency. The core argument of the book demonstrates that both definitions lead to surprising and counterintuitive consequences. If epistemic agency is a form of intentional action, then this implies that the radical theory of extended cognition must be true. If, on the other hand, epistemic agency is not intentional action but evaluative agency, then intentional epistemic actions like deliberation are not truly cognitive but merely catalytic. Once established, the distinction between these two options sheds new light on various and diverse philosophical and psychological debates from dual process theories to debates on choice and self-control.
Response-Dependence and Aesthetic Theory
Authors: King Alex
Published: October 2022

Response-dependence theories have historically been very popular in aesthetics, and aesthetic response-dependence has motivated response-dependence in ethics. This chapter closely examines the prospects for such theories. It breaks this category down into dispositional and fittingness strands of response-dependence, corresponding to descriptive and normative ideal observer theories. It argues that the latter have advantages over the former but are not themselves without issue. Special attention is paid to the relationship between hedonism and response-dependence. The chapter also introduces two aesthetic properties that lead to wrong kinds of reasons problems for aesthetic response-dependence: insightfulness and the capacity to change one’s perspective. These properties do not have obvious parallels in the ethical domain, and so present an obstacle for response-dependence even in aesthetics. The chapter ends by examining replies on behalf of the response-dependence theorist, ultimately suggesting that a restricted form of response-dependence is the most promising way forward for fans of such theories.
Unconditional Care in Context
Authors: Sprinson John S. , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

Unconditional Care in Context examines the multiple, interacting social adversities that confront system-involved families and children and argues that intervention with these young people regularly fails to acknowledge the effects of these challenges. Assessment and treatment practices often focus only on relational and behavioral forces at work within individual children and their families. The book reviews the ways in which intervention in the child welfare, public behavioral health, education, and juvenile justice systems omits the daily realities of lives that are constrained and disrupted by the injuries of racism, the limitations imposed by poverty, the threat of eviction and homelessness, the danger of community violence and crime, and the compounding effects of social disconnection and isolation. These challenges never operate in isolation and are never brief or fleeting. Instead, for many system-involved families they are chronic and cumulative and amplify each other. They also can infiltrate internal life and undermine the developing child’s sense of personal agency and value. Unconditional Care in Context reviews the tangled effects of multiple social adversities and offers a roadmap to reclaiming these problems as appropriate, vital concerns of human service agencies and their workers. It offers concrete recommendations for “ecologically informed practice” at the level of the family, at the level of schools and communities, and at the level of state and national policy. Current examples of program innovations and policy initiatives that move in this direction are reviewed.
Introduction
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

The introduction outlines the book’s goal of more fully elaborating the concept of “the ecological stream.” The introduction details several foundational issues critical to working with families in a way that attends to the real circumstances of their lives. These include a value base for working with social context, the importance of attending to workers’ and clients’ social locations, problems of collaborating with public child-serving systems, the multiple potential levels of ecological intervention, and the importance of an enlarged perspective that attends to place and history. Finally, the domains of ecological risk covered in the book are presented. These include poverty, racism, housing, place or community, food and sleep, health and health care, social connectedness, the internalization of adversity, and systems themselves as sources of risk and harm.
Place
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter is concerned with the role of place or neighborhood in the lives of children and families who become involved with child-serving systems. Like housing, place has both a concrete, physical expression as well as psychological and emotional meanings. The chapter argues that many system-involved families reside in neighborhoods in which multiple ecological challenges are concentrated. This clustering of adversity illustrates how the effects of social context are multidimensional and play out over time. Local communities are described as places in which poverty, racism, deterioration of housing stock, underfunded schools, and environmental risk all interact. Effects on school readiness, academic achievement, exposure to loss and violence, access to supportive social networks and employment are reviewed. This complex machinery of adversity is found to be associated with maltreatment and entry into the child welfare system.
Systems as Ecological Adversities
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses the ways in which the public agencies tasked with supporting children and families can, despite having important missions and committed employees, add to the ecological burden confronting the families they serve. These agencies have complex functions that are sometimes internally contradictory or conflict with the roles of other public agencies. The chapter reviews a series of problems with how services are conceived, funded, and delivered that result in added stress and problematic outcomes for children and families. These problems include siloed and duplicative services, interventions that are purely reactive and require children and families to fail in some way before receiving support, services that are aimed only at individuals and families and not at problems of social context, and funding streams that push providers to define problems in purely diagnostic terms. Finally, these systems are not apart from the rest of society, so inevitably they reproduce injuries of race and class.
The Internalization of Adversity
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter is concerned with how events and forces in the external world—the various ecological adversities that have been discussed in prior chapters—can become internalized in the form of shame, erosion of a sense of personal agency, and loss of self-esteem. This internalization is seen as compounding the multiple direct effects of problems of social context. The chapter discusses the various negative social representations of racial groups, low-income people, and sexual minorities that circulate in American society and are regularly transmitted in media accounts, policy debates, and political discourse. Workers and policymakers in child-serving systems are not immune to these narratives, and they can affect how clients are viewed and treated and can inform policymaking. The internalization of such narratives may create additional barriers for clients that go well beyond the concrete constraints and injuries that already disrupt their relationships, their communities, and their family lives.
Some General Principles of Ecological Intervention
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the history of shifting efforts to address contextual variables in the various mental health disciplines and takes the position that attention to ecological challenges must always be present in work with system-involved families. It proposes that this work can progress on the micro level (engaging directly with clients around ecological challenges present in their lives), the meso level (working to make changes in settings such as schools and local child-serving systems and agencies to develop prevention programs), and the macro (engaging with broader issues of policy, the design of child-serving systems, program innovation, and problems in the delivery and configuration of services).
Ecological Intervention at the Micro Level
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of ecologically informed care, an approach to practice with individuals and families that calls attention to the multiple pathways by which ecological adversities contribute to the symptoms and behaviors of system-involved children. The chapter outlines general principles of this work and then offers a social-ecological approach to assessment that notes both process challenges and content areas that can be pursued (e.g., experiences of racism and discrimination, experiences with law enforcement, housing issues, problems paying bills, level of social connectedness). The importance of including ecological challenges in clinical formulations is stressed. Intervention is discussed in terms of working with internalized adversity, providing concrete supports, acting as a co-advocate, and listening for and amplifying narratives of agency and resilience.
Shapers of Islam in Southeast Asia
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2022

One of the largest Muslim populations in the world today resides in Southeast Asia. The region has also produced its own pedigree of reformers who have critiqued the limits of Islamic thought and propounded new lines of thinking on the road to constructing a better ummah. Shapers of Islam in Southeast Asia captures the progressive and pluralistic nature of Islamic reformism in Southeast Asia from the mid-twentieth century onward, a period that can now be regarded as the age of networked Islam. Offering a fresh conceptualization that could be well applied in other parts of the Islamic world, the book shows how several influential Muslim intellectuals have given rise to an “Islamic reformist mosaic” in Southeast Asia. Representing different strands of reformist thinking, these shapers of Islam form a unified and coherent frame of thought that distinguishes itself from the ultra-traditionalist and ultra-secularist leanings. This fascinating study is indispensable to anyone interested in understanding the challenges facing Islam and other religions in the modern world.
Introduction
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the ideas of the seven key Muslim intellectuals who have shaped Muslim minds in twentieth and twenty-first centuries Southeast Asia. It explains the concept of Islamic reformist mosaic. Islamic reformist is used here to refer to a long and unbroken line of fecund scholarship that derived its inspiration from two foundational sources – the Qur’an and Sunnah (Prophetic Tradition) with the primary intent of reform (islah) and renewal (tajdid) of the Muslim way of life. The word mosaic highlights the various strands of reformist thinking in Southeast Asia, each viewing their message of reform as most urgent and important. Even though these strands are diverse, they have coexisted, sometimes in a state of tension, and at other times in dialogue and mutual agreement.
Diversifying Performance
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

If, as a profession, music education can steer clear of assessing large ensemble performance based on a yearly festival, contest, or performance assessment, then it can move forward with exploring alternative forms of making good in performance. The times of thinking of quality music instruction at the secondary level as completely dependent upon how calculated and precise a performance we can give with a group of people performing from Western classical notation need to come to an end. This chapter considers ways in which music teaching can change with the times by diversifying performance to include multiple ways of making good.
The End Is the Beginning
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

Music Teacher as Music Producer is intended in some ways as a license to be different and a handbook on how to go about the business of practicing that difference. This final chapter revisits the themes of the book’s introduction—innovation, creativity, troubleshooting, the hero’s journey, being different, modern band, and play and improvisation—with a view to inspiring the reader to engage with the various pieces of technology involved in live performance and recording to extend the experience of teaching and learning. It concludes with reflections on using the past to look forward, measuring success and responding to failure, and diversity.
The New World of Self
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This book traces Heinz Kohut’s transformation of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. His psychology of empathy introduced a new paradigm of self that provides an alternative to one based on the drives that Freud and ego psychology favored. The book closely examines Kohut’s theoretical and clinical work in a series of chapters on empathy, the self, the selfobject, rage, self-state dreams, sexualization, the nature of healing in psychotherapy, the extension of self psychology to the humanities, and the spiritual dimension of Kohut’s thinking. The book is the first such examination of all Kohut’s work in the historical context of what preceded him and the approaches that have evolved in psychoanalysis as a direct result of his contributions. There are three main objectives of the book. First, each thematic chapter stands alone and can be read separately to understand a given dimension of Kohut’s thought. There is, however, a conceptual sequence in the book. The whole is larger than the sum of its parts. Kohut clarified for psychoanalysis the holistic nature of self, just as this book makes clear the totality of his theory. Second, the book relieves Kohut of his often dense language and makes him accessible to clinicians and scholars who have lost sight of his significance as the foundational thinker in psychoanalysis after Freud. Finally, all the clinical materials illustrating Kohut’s theories are from his own cases or from cases of those he supervised. The book is the most complete, readable, and thorough introduction to Kohut available.
Brahms in the Schumann Library
Authors: Phillips Reuben
Published: October 2022

One of the most important points of connection between the young Johannes Brahms and Robert and Clara Schumann was a shared love of literature and reading. Brahms had developed a passion for the writings of the German Romantics while still in Hamburg, and signed many of his earliest compositions as “the young Kreisler” after E. T. A. Hoffmann’s hapless capellmeister. This investigation considers one fascinating source to shed fresh light on Brahms’s rummaging in the Schumann library in Düsseldorf in 1854: his notebooks of literary quotations, commonly known as the Schatzkästlein, or little treasure chest, of the young Kreisler. The chapter demonstrates the striking extent to which Brahms, in assembling his quotations, set about repurposing some of Robert Schumann’s literary treasures and reflects on the crucially significant role played by literature in the development of Brahms’s own musical sensibility.
Plato’s Euthyphro
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Plato’s account of piety as found in his dialogue Euthyphro. The first section introduces Plato and the setting of the dialogue. The second section takes up the view that pious and impious actions should be identified with the sorts of things that the gods do and refrain from doing. The third section explores the view that the pious is whatever is dear to the gods. The fourth section considers an account according to which the pious is what all the gods love, and the impious what all the gods hate. In the fifth section, the chapter examines Euthyphro’s suggestion that piety is concerned with justice as it relates to the gods.
Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Augustine’s account of why we sin and who is to blame for our sinning. The first section sets out Augustine’s core view that we sin due to our free choices and that we are to be blamed for our sinning. The second section looks at Augustine’s proposal for reconciling human freedom and divine foreknowledge. In the third section, the chapter explores Augustine’s reasons for maintaining that God cannot be blamed for our sinning even though he foreknows that we will sin. The fourth section presents Augustine’s reasons for maintaining that it is not necessary that some humans sin. Finally, the fifth section discusses three views concerning the relationship between freedom and divine foreknowledge.