bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of through‐thickness crack shape on plasticity induced crack closure
Authors: BRANCO R. , RODRIGUES D. M. , ANTUNES F. V.
Published: March 2008

In most of the previous three‐dimensional (3D) numerical studies of plasticity induced crack closure (PICC), ideal shapes have been assumed for the cracks. The aim of present paper is to study the effect of crack shape on PICC. With this objective a 3D numerical model was developed to predict PICC in middle‐tension (MT) specimens with different thicknesses and crack shapes. The radial size of crack tip elements and the stabilization of closure level were studied to ensure the quality of numerical predictions. Simultaneously, an independent numerical model was developed to predict crack shape evolution, stable crack shapes and corresponding K distributions. Crack closure was found to produce a significant tunnelling effect, with maximum values of ΔK and Kmax at the surface. The curved crack presented significant plastic deformation near the free surface which has a high impact on the computation time, compared to the straight crack. The modification of ΔK and Kmax with crack shape produced a variation of 38% in opening values at the interior positions, but relatively small variations at the surface. Considering the great influence of crack shape on PICC, it is fundamental to model realistic crack shapes.
Imagery or meaning? Evidence for a semantic origin of category‐specific brain activity in metabolic imaging
Authors: Hauk Olaf , Davis Matthew H. , Kherif Ferath , Pulvermüller Friedemann
Published: March 2008

Category‐specific brain activation distinguishing between semantic word types has imposed challenges on theories of semantic representations and processes. However, existing metabolic imaging data are still ambiguous about whether these category‐specific activations reflect processes involved in accessing the semantic representation of the stimuli, or secondary processes such as deliberate mental imagery. Further information about the response characteristics of category‐specific activation is still required. Our study for the first time investigated the differential impact of word frequency on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to action‐related words and visually related words, respectively. First, we corroborated previous results showing that action‐relatedness modulates neural responses in action‐related areas, while word imageability modulates activation in object processing areas. Second, we provide novel results showing that activation negatively correlated with word frequency in the left fusiform gyrus was specific for visually related words, while in the left middle temporal gyrus word frequency effects emerged only for action‐related words. Following the dominant view in the literature that effects of word frequency mainly reflect access to lexico‐semantic information, we suggest that category‐specific brain activation reflects distributed neuronal ensembles, which ground language and concepts in perception‐action systems of the human brain. Our approach can be applied to any event‐related data using single‐stimulus presentation, and allows a detailed characterization of the functional role of category‐specific activation patterns.
Role for the NR2B subunit of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor in mediating light input to the circadian system
Authors: Wang L. M. , Schroeder A. , Loh D. , Smith D. , Lin K. , Han J. H. , Michel S. , Hummer D. L. , Ehlen J. C. , Albers H. E. , Colwell C. S.
Published: March 2008

Light information reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells that utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter. A variety of evidence suggests that the release of glutamate then activates N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors within the SCN and triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to phase shifts in the circadian system. In this study, we first sought to explore the role of the NR2B subunit in mediating the effects of light on the circadian system of hamsters and mice. We found that localized microinjection of the NR2B subunit antagonist ifenprodil into the SCN region reduces the magnitude of light‐induced phase shifts of the circadian rhythm in wheel‐running activity. Next, we found that the NR2B message and levels of phospho‐NR2B vary with time of day in SCN tissue using semiquantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Functionally, we found that blocking the NR2B subunit with ifenprodil significantly reduced the magnitude of NMDA currents recorded in SCN neurons. Ifenprodil also significantly reduced the magnitude of NMDA‐induced Ca2+ changes in SCN cells. Together, these results demonstrate that the NR2B subunit is an important component of NMDA receptor‐mediated responses within SCN neurons and that this subunit contributes to light‐induced phase shifts of the mammalian circadian system.
Sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease
Authors: Lee P. J. , Raniga S. , Biyani D. K. , Watson A. J. M. , Faragher I. G. , Frizelle F. A.
Published: March 2008

Background  Sacrococcygeal pilonidal is a common disease in active young adults. Many surgical methods have been proposed, although no clear consensus as to the optimal treatment has been reported. This review looks at the different surgical techniques available and examines the reported results of primary healing, recurrent disease and complications (including delayed healing).

Method  A literature search using the Medline database was performed to locate English language articles on surgery for pilonidal disease. Further articles were obtained from the references cited in the literature initially reviewed.

Results  Management should be tailored according to the individual and whether the disease is acute or chronic. Treatment should take into consideration hospital stay and return to work. Simple excision, curettage, partial lateral wall excision, or marsupialisation, are simple techniques with good results. They can be used for the initial surgery but their use is not recommended for recurrent disease. The modified rhomboid flap for recurrent disease has consistently shown positive results in terms of complication rates and recurrence.

Conclusion  We would recommend tailored treatment with simple excision for initial presentation and the modified rhomboid flap for recurrent disease.
Phylogenetic comparison of spicule networks in cryptobranchiate dorid nudibranchs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina)
Authors: Penney Brian K.
Published: March 2008

Many dorid nudibranchs possess large numbers of calcareous spicules in their mantle, gill, rhinophores and foot. However, the arrangements of these structures and their differences among taxa are poorly known. Spicule networks were stained with Alizarin red and compared among 12 species of cryptobranchiate dorid nudibranchs and four outgroups. Three general types of networks were found: a cobweb‐like, unbraced framework of one or few spicules per side; a ramifying system of thick, spiculated tracts; and a lattice‐like arrangement of distinct radial and circumferential tracts. The Discodorididae species investigated shared a cobweb‐like network and papillae supported by a ring of spicules, while the Porostomata showed consistent characters leading to a lattice‐like network with larger spicules in the central notum. The Dorididae studied were not cohesive, but each species shared characters with the aforementioned groups. Therefore, spicule network form may provide new characters to help resolve the phylogeny of Doridina.
Induced thermotolerance and tissue Hsc70 in juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
Authors: Arkush Kristen D. , Cherr Gary N. , Clegg James S.
Published: March 2008

We examined Hsc70 in gill, liver and caudal fin from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before (ambient, ~12 °C) and after a sublethal heat shock of 25 °C for 1 h. Increased levels were observed for at least 48 h in all three tissues. Attempts to demonstrate isoforms of this heat‐shock protein were not successful using four different antibodies. However, one of these antibodies recognized isoforms in brine shrimp and oysters, two organisms in which the heat‐shock response has been well characterized. Extracts of those organisms and coho salmon tissues were run on the same gels and evaluated on the same Western blots, at the same time. We believe that our results provide a reliable account of Hsc70 in these fish under these conditions. Limited experiments showed that induced thermotolerance was achieved in these coho salmon, lasting for about 1 week after the sublethal heat shock. These data suggest that increased levels of Hsc70 are correlated with induced thermotolerance in these fish.
Why are so many boreal freshwater fishes anadromous? Confronting ‘conventional wisdom’
Authors: McDowall Robert M
Published: March 2008

Suggestions that anadromy predominates in northern high latitudes because boreal marine seas have high primary productivity are questioned. Instead, post‐Pleistocene invasion of far northern fresh waters, which became inhabitable as Pleistocene temperatures ameliorated, via coastal seas, is suggested as a primary cause for northern distributions of widely anadromous fish families. Also, cold temperature preferences may be implicated in determining the ranges of these families, as well as the inhospitability of far northern fresh waters and the lack of ecosystem space to support the huge populations of boreal anadromous fishes. Moreover, there are significant numbers of tropical anadromous fish species.
A review and synthesis of demand management, capacity management and performance in health‐care services
Authors: Jack Eric P. , Powers Thomas L.
Published: March 2008

Responses to demand uncertainty in the field of health‐care services is a very timely research issue because of ongoing changes in demand patterns that are driven by demographics and recent changes in the delivery of these services. Despite its importance to researchers, the literature on demand management, capacity management and performance in health care has not been extensively reviewed. The present paper addresses this need by analyzing and synthesizing 463 articles published between 1986 and 2006. The key contributions of this work are the analysis and synthesis of research on demand management, capacity management and performance, along with an agenda to guide future research in this important area.
Deconstructing the Linearity of Grace: The Risk and Reflexive Paradox of Mary's Immaculate Fiat
Authors: RICHES AARON
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Beginning from Pope Pius IX's doctrinal definition in Ineffabilis Deus, this article explores the circular paradox of the Virgin Mary's immaculate fiat. Fully contingent on Christ's work of reconciliation (and ‘immaculate’ by virtue of it), Mary's fiat paradoxically precedes that work and consents to it. The article suggests that this circularity is integral to the intimate bond that unites Mary's fiat to the Son's kenosis on the cross. Her fiat thus points the way of redeemed creation into the reflexivity of God's own intra‐trinitarian communication. Mary is hereby read as ‘the way to prayer’, the ‘epiphany’ of the Holy Spirit (as Alexander Schmemann names her) who cries ‘Abba, Father’ on behalf of those who do not know how to pray.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With and Without Papilloedema in a Consecutive Series of Patients With Chronic Migraine
Authors: Vieira DSS , Masruha MR , Gonçalves AL , Zukerman E , Senne Soares CA , da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti M , Peres MFP
Published: March 2008

Chronic migraine (CM) has been associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilloedema (IIHWOP), a significant percentage of these cases occurring in obese patients with intractable headache. A prospective study from February 2005 to June 2006 was made of 62 CM patients who fulfilled International Headache Society diagnostic criteria and had cerebral magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and lumbar puncture (LP) done. Two patients were excluded, six (10%) with elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) open pressure (OP), five with body mass index (BMI) > 25. None of the patients had papilloedema or abnormal MRV. BMI and CSF OP were significantly correlated ( r = 0.476, P < 0.001, Pearson's correlation test). Obesity (defined as BMI > 30) was a predictor of increase in intracranial pressure (defined as OP > 200 mmH2O) ( f = 17.26, 95% confidence interval 6.0, 8.6; P < 0.001). From our study we strongly recommend that not only intractable CM patients with high BMI, but also first diagnosed patients with BMI > 30 should be systematically evaluated by a LP to rule out IIHWOP.
Re-Centring British Government: Beliefs, Traditions and Dilemmas in Political Science
Authors: Smith Martin J.
Published: March 2008

Bevir and Rhodes have offered a useful addition to the tools of political scientists by developing an interpretivist approach to political science. Interpretation is a crucial mechanism for understanding the social world but one that has been underused in political analysis. This article welcomes Bevir and Rhodes’ emphasis on interpretivism but suggests that there are a number of problems in the way they use the approach. In particular: they use a narrow definition of interpretivism; they caricature the nature of existing work in political science; the concept of tradition does too much work; and they pay insufficient attention to power and power relations.
Structure, Agency and Power in Political Analysis: Beyond Contextualised Self-Interpretations
Authors: Glynos Jason , Howarth David
Published: March 2008

This article evaluates Mark Bevir and Rod Rhodes’ interpretive approach to political analysis by examining their account of social change. Their work is significant because they have endeavoured to construct a distinctive approach which strikes a productive balance between philosophical reflection and analytical attention to the empirical domain. Moreover, in elaborating their approach, Bevir and Rhodes wage a war along a number of fronts: positivism, institutionalism and post-structuralism, and so an analysis of their work enables us to take stock of a range of contemporary methods and approaches. In considering their underlying presuppositions and commitments, we pay particular attention to their account of human agency and its relationship to social structures and political power.

While we agree with much of their critique of positivism, naturalism, realism and institutionalism, we argue that Bevir and Rhodes risk overplaying the role of interpreting the individual beliefs and desires of relevant actors to the detriment of a wider net of social practices and logics. Moreover, in challenging their understanding of the post-structuralist approach to political analysis we develop its resources to enrich the possibilities of a critical interpretivism, moving beyond concepts like tradition, dilemma and situated agency. Put more precisely, we argue that the radical contingency of social structures and human agency – their structural incompleteness – discloses new ways of understanding both their character and their mutual intertwining. For example, we develop the categories of lack, dislocation and political identification to think human agency and its relation to wider social structures. More broadly, we argue that an approach developed around different sorts of logics – social, political and fantasmatic – goes some way to steering a different course between a pure thick descriptivism that focuses principally on individual beliefs and desires on the one hand, and a concern with causal laws and mechanisms on the other.
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OFLAMINARIA SACCHARINA(L.) LAMOUR. (PHAEOPHYTA) AT THE SOUTHERN LIMIT OF ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE NOTHWESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN1,2
Authors: Lee Jin‐Ae , Brinkhuis Boudewijn H.
Published: March 2008

Laminaria saccharina(L) Lamour. Sporophytes were monitored monthly from October 1982 to September 1983 to investigate reproduction phenology and relationshiops to growth paatterns aaat its southern limit of distribution in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (Long Island Soundd). Plants exhibited an annual growth pattern. Growth raate, bladelehgth, maximum width, area, stiipe lehgth an wet weight swhoed the same seasonal pattern and reached maximum values between May and June. Only blade thickness continued to increase tthrooughout the ovservation period. Blade dissintegration occurred dduring August and September.

Reproductive sporophytes occurred throughout the observation period; the greatest frequency of appearance occurred in October (43.8%) and June (37.8%). The blade area covered by sori ranged from 2.4% (Janaury) to 6.1% (August). Meiospore release under laboratory conditions was maximum in May and minimum in July. No meio‐spores were released in August Sporulation was not correlated with meristematic growth of nitrogen content How ever, reproductive plants were generally larger and thicker throughout the sporulation period, and had a greater carbort content is spring than nonreproductive plants. Fecundity and reproductive success of female gametophytes were maximum in spring and minimum in winter. The growth of early sporophyte stages in the laboratory was greatest in early spring; however, juvenile macroscopic stages were hardly observed in the field during summer months due to warm water temperatures. “Over‐summering” of gamelophytes and / or microscopic sporophytes may account for the annual cycle ofLaminariaat its southern limit of distribution.
DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND EVIDENCE FOR POLYPLOIDY IN NORTH AMERICAN ZYGNEMATACEAE (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: McCourt Richard M. , Hoshaw Robert W. , Wang Jen‐Chyong
Published: March 2008

Large‐scale collections of Zygnemataceae in the continental United States of America were made between March and August in 1982, 1983, and 1984. Collections were made on a 31000‐km transect through 35 states. Zygnemataceae were found at 318 sites was inspected. Temperature average 19°C and pH averaged 6.1 over all sites. Algal strains in collections were identified to genus, characterized for filament width, chloroplast number, and end wall type, then photographed and isolated into unialgal culture. Spirogyra was the most common genus collected(632 strains), followed in abundance by Zygnema (174 Strains) and Mougeotia (135 strains). These three genera contained 95% of the strains collected and were equally widely distributed. Strains of the three genera frequently occurred together; no genus displayed evidence of habitat specialization among the three habitat types: flowing water, permanent ponds or lakes, and temporary pools. In Spirogyra, strains with plane (flat) end walls were four times more abundant than those with replicate (interlocking) end walls. Spirogyra with plane end walls showed more variation in filament width than Zygnema, Mougeotia, or Spirogyra with replicate end walls. In Spirogyra with plane end walls, filament width was correlted with nuclear DNA content and number of strains found per collection site was twice that of other genera or Spirogyra, with replicate end walls. Spirogyra strains wider than 70 μm were more frequent on the northern part of the transect. It is proposed that polyploidy may be of widespread occurrence in Spirogyra with plane end walls and that associated morphological plasticity may account for the high apparent specied diversity and survival of the genus in a wider variety of microhabitats than occupied by other Zygnemataceae.
THE INLAND CHAETOCEROS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICA1
Authors: Rushforth Samuel R. , Johansen Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2008

Five taxa of Chaetoceros occur in inland waters of North America. These most commonly occur in waters with elevated total dissolved solids in arid regions of the western United States and Canada. Chaetoceros amanita Cleve‐Euler is characterized by consistently forming relatively long chains of cells and having very spinose primary resting spore valves. Chaetoceros elmorei Boyer also forms long chains of cells which are connected by evident valvar processes; spores are nearly always smooth. Chaetoceros muelleri Lemm. may form short chains with processes between sibling valves, but also produces solitary cells lacking processes. Chaetoceros muelleri var. subsalsum (Lemm.)Johansen et Rushforth is similar to the nominate but never produces cells with Processes. Both of the C. muelleri varieties produce spores with smooth primary valves. Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfeld is characterized by a noncolonial habit, cells lacking processes and the production of resting spores with warty to some what spinose primary valves.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CELL WALL COMPONENTS OF ACTINOCYCLUS SUBTILIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Andersen H. A. , Medlin L. K. , Crawford R. M.
Published: March 2008

The frustule of Actinocyclus subtilis (Greg.) Ralfs has been examined in detail with light and electron microscopy. The complex valve structure can only he appreciated fully by means of thin‐sections. The loculate areola is closed to the inside by a basket of organic material, which is supported by a system of radiating, lightly silicified ribs. The basket is easily destroyed by acid cleaning, thus leaving an open hole (foramen). The loculus is connected to the outside by a system of interconnecting channels, whose external openings are too small to be resolved by the SEM. Between the locules of the valve face is a complex system of bullulae.

The labiate processes are slightly tilted from the vertical axis vis à vis the valve mantle. Fibrillar material and mucilage are present within each labiate process, observations not reported previously. Histochemistry indicates that acid mucopolysaccharides are present within the lumen of the labiate process. We propose that the secretion of mucilage is related to the rotational, but directed movement noted in this centric diatom.

The pseudonodulus is a solid silica plate subtended on the inside by a disc of organic material external to the cytoplasm.

The relationship between Actinocyclus, Hemidiscus, Roperia, Charcotia and Azpeitia is discussed based on these new findings of valve morphology. Also the relationship between the families Hemidiscaceae and Coscinodiscaceae is discussed.
THE OCCURRENCE AND STRUCTURE OF FLAGELLAR SCALES IN SOME FRESHWATER CRYPTOPHYTES1
Authors: Lee Robert Edward , Kugrens Paul
Published: March 2008

Flagellar scales were found in seven out of eleven fresh‐water cryptophytes investigated by shadowing whole cells. All scales examined were 140 to 170 nm in diameter and had a basic seven‐sided rosette pattern with delicate interlacing. The results of this study indicate that flagellar scales are common in cryptophytes.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CARPOSPOROPHYTE AND CARPOSPOROGENESIS IN THE PARASITIC RED ALGA PLOCAMIOCOLAX PULVINATA SETCH, (GIGARTINALES, PLOCAMIACEAE) 1
Authors: Kugrens Paul , Delivopoulos Stylianos G.
Published: March 2008

The ultrastructure of the carposporophyte and carposporogenesis is described for the parasitic red alga Plocamiocolax pulvinata Setch. After presumed fertilization the zygote nucleus is apparently transferred to the auxiliary cell which initiates gonimoblast cell production. These gonimoblast cells differentiate into storage or generative cells. Storage gonimoblast cells (SGC) are large and multinucleate, contain large quantities of starch and are located nearest the auxiliary cell, when compared to the smaller uninucleate, devoid of starch, generative gonimoblast cells (GGC) that form terminal lobes of carpospores. In addition, compressed membrane bodies and annulate lamellae are common in these cells. During carposporophyte maturation the amount of starch in the SGC's decreases and eventually the auxiliary cell, as well as SGC's, degenerate. Generative gonimoblast cells (GGC's) cleave repeatedly to form carpospores which are interconnected by small pit connections. Stage one‐carpospores are recognized by their elongated shape, the formation of small
DOES BLUE LIGHT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF CHAETOCEROS PROTUBERANS (BAGILLARIOPHYGEAE)?1
Authors: Gostan Jacques , Lechuga‐Deveze Carlos , Lazzara Luigi
Published: March 2008

If one wishes to distinguish chromatic effects from irradiance effects on metabolism. it is technically invalid to expose cells lo irradiances of equal photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) unless PAR is absorbed in totality. Therefore, the effects of blue light on growth and cellular concentrations of carbon, protein and carbohydrate of the diatom Chaetoceros protuberans Lauder, (in semi‐continuous cultures), were studied by exposing the cells to irradiances of equal photosynthetically usable radiation (PUR), of white (PURw) and blue (PURb) light. Three average levels: PURw=PURb=56, 125 and 13 μ m−2.s−1 were used in the stated sequence.

With increasing PUR the relative concentration of carbohydrate increased in both types of light. The efficiency of this increase was not modified by blue light. The relative concentration of protein remained constant in white light out the efficiency of net protein production improved at the lowest blue light irradiance. The saturation threshold of this chromatic effect was higher in C. proluberans than in the Chlorophyceae. The chromatic change did not affect the average cell doubling rate, calculated over (5 or 6 days) an observation which does not agree with recently published work.
EFFECT OF CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON STARCH AND AGAR CONTENTS OF GRACILARIA SP. (RHODOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Rotem Avi , Roth‐Bejerano Nurit , Arad Shoshana (Malis)
Published: March 2008

The red marine alga Gracilaria sp. (collected on Israel's Mediterranean shore) was grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The effects of the medium (natural seawater or enriched seawater) and of irradiance on the following parameters were studied: growth rate, dry weight, content of pigments, CO2 fixation rate, starch content, and the quality and quantity of agar. The total agar content was higher in algae grown in natural seawater than in those grown in enriched seawater and decreased only slightly with increasing irradiance. The agar composition was also different in algae grown in the two media. The starch content was higher in algae grown in natural seawater than in algae grown in enriched seawater, and in algae in both media it increased with increasing irradiance. Since the starch content in Gracilaria can reach 21% on a dry weight basis, it is important to correct for in when determining the agar content.
WATER COLUMN PRODUCTIVITY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DISPLACED BENTHIC DIATOMS IN WELL‐MIXED SHALLOW ESTUARIES1
Authors: Shaffer Gary P. , Sullivan Michael J.
Published: March 2008

We attempted to determine the extent to which benthic diatoms contribute to water column primary productivity in shallow‐water estuaries and to elucidate the primary mechanisms responsible for suspending the diatoms. A perliminary study conducted in Mugu Lagoon, California indicated that productivity of ocean water entering the lagoon during flood tides was often several orders of magnitude less than that of the same water mass about 3 h later. Benthic pennate diatoms displaced from the sediments into the water column accounted for the increase. A more detailed study was conducted in Barataria Estuary, Louisiana where, for one month, daily measurements were made of benthic and water column productivity and several other environmental variables. During the month, the relationship between water column and benthic primary productivity varied from strongly negative to weakly negative to positive. K‐systems analysis indicated that factors comprised of wave height, meteorological tides, astronomical tides, and benthic productivity and standing crop accounted for the full range of variation in water column productivity. Benthic pennate diatoms, represented an average of 74% of the diatom taxa in water column samples. We conclude that the primary productivity of well‐mixed shallow estuarine waters is often greatly aumented by displaced benthic algae.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN FIFTY‐ONE SPECIES OF MARINE DIATOMS1
Authors: Stauber Jennifer L. , Jeffrey S. W.
Published: March 2008

The photosynthetic pigments of 51 species (71 isolates) of tropical and sub‐tropical diatoms from 13 out of 22 families were examined. These were the Thalassiosiraceae, Melosiraceae, Coscinodiscaceae, Rhizosoleniaceae, Biddulphiaceae, Chaetoceraceae, Lithodesmiaceae, Eupodiscaceae, Cymatosiraceae, Diatomaceae, Naviculaceae, Nitzschiaceae and Phaeodactylinaceae. Pigments were analyzed by cellulose and polyethylene thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and reverse‐phase high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC). All species contained chlorophylls a and c2and the carotenoids carotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin. In addition, 14 species (20 isolates) contained one or more of four minor carotenoids, which were not identified further. One species,Thalassiothrix heteromorpha, contained small amounts of a 19′‐butanoyloxyfucoxanthin‐like pigment, in addition to fucoxanthin.

Chlorophyll c2was present in all the diatoms tested and occurred together with chlorophyll c1in 88% of them. The presence of both chlorophylls c1and c2therefore can no longer be considered a universal characteristic of the diatom class. Where chlorophyll c1was absent or occurred in trace amounts only (8 species, 11 isolates), it was usually replaced by a new chlorophyll c pigment designated chlorophyll c3, recently characterized from several prymnesiophytes and one chrysophyte. Exceptions wereNitzschia closterium(CS‐114), which contained only chlorophyll c2, andNitzschia bilobata(CS‐47), which contained all three chlorophylls (c1, c2and c3) in approximately equal amounts. Five species that contained chlorophylls c1and c2also contained chlorophyll c3in trace quantities

Quantitative pigment analyses of the 71 isolates showed that chlorophyll concentrations ranged from 0.02 μg. 106cells−1in the smallest diatom,Extubocellulus spinifer, to 174.4 μg. 106cells−1in one of the largest diatoms,Coscinodiscussp. under the standard growth conditions used. The mean molar ratio of chlorophylla:cin the 72 isolates was 3.33, with a range of 1.65–7.25.

The close similarity between diatom and prymnesiophyte pigmentation was confirmed. Each class has three patterns of pigmentation: viz species with chlorophylls c1and c2and‘true’fucoxanthin, species with chlorophylls c3and c2and‘true’fucoxanthin, and species with chlorophylls c3and c2and fucoxanthin derivatives.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS IN THE SARCINOIDCHLOROKYBUS ATMOPHYTICUS(CHLOROPHYTA, CHAROPHYCEAE) REVEALED BY RAPID FREEZE FIXATION AND FREEZE SUBSTITUTION1
Authors: Lokhorst Gijsbert M. , Sluiman Hans J. , Star Wim
Published: March 2008

Mitosis and cytokinesis in vegetative cells of the sarcinoid green alga Chlorokybus atmophyticus Geitler were examined with rapid freeze fixation, freeze substitution, and transmission electron microscopy. The taxonomic placement of C. atmophyticus in the class Charophyceae sensu Stewart and Mattox is corroborated by some mitotic and cytokinetic features including development of a microtubular sheath around the prophase nucleus, the almost constant chromosome to pole distance during anaphase, telophase nuclei widely separated by a persistent interzonal spindle, and centripetal plasma membrane invagination. Features, previously unknown in the Charophyceae, include the specific position of the peroxisome lying between the nucleus and adjacent cell wall during interphase and mitosis, the extensive array of microtubules radiating from the centrioles located at the presumptive poles at prophase, involvement of coated vesicles in the furrowing process, and occurrence of transversely aligned cleavage microtubules. Placement of Chlorokybus in the order Klebsormidiales is proposed.
THE OCCURRENCE OF FLAGELLATED EGGS IN LAMINARIA ANGUSTATA (PHAEOPHYTA, LAMINARIALES)1
Authors: Motomura Taizo , Sakai Yoshio
Published: March 2008

Eggs of laminaria angustata Kjellman were shown to have two flagella. Compared with flagella of other phaeophycean swarmers, those of Laminaria eggs have several unique characters such as lack of mastigonemes, widely spaced basal bodies and no flagellar rootlets. The flagella abscise during egg liberation.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DURING HEAT SHOCK IN THE MARINE DIATOM NITZSCHIA ALBA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Lai Yiu‐Kay , Li Chia‐Wei , Hu Ching‐Hwa , Lee Man‐Ling
Published: March 2008

Protein synthesis in the diatom Nitzschia alba Lewin and Lewin was drastically altered when the cells were incubated at a supraoptimal temperaeture. Quantitatively, the overall protein synthesis was greatly suppressed as indicated by teh rate of [35S] methionine incorporation. The extent of suppression of protein synthesis was proportional to the severity of the heat‐shock treatment which was a combination of elevated temperature and treatment duration.

The in viro synthesized proteins were also qualitativelty anlayzed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Dependeing on the treatment condition, a set of heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) were induced. They were best detected when the cells were subjected to shocks of 35°C for 60 min or 40°C for 10 min followed by a 60 min labelling at 30°C. The results revealed 16 HSps which had moluecular weights ranging from 24–94 kD and isoelectric points ranging from 5.50–7.10. Some of the HSps were identical in molelcular weights but with differeentr isoelectric points.

The induction and accumulation of HSPs in Nitzschia alba were transitory. Prologned heat‐shock treatments resulted in a complete cessation of protein syntehsis and no further induction of HSPs. In all aspects, the heat shock response of diatoms was similar to that in higher plants such as soybean, maize and tobacco but differenet from most animal systems.
TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF NORTHEAST PACIFIC MARINE ALGAE1
Authors: Lüning Klaus , Freshwater Wilson
Published: March 2008

Temperature tolerance (1 week exposure time) was investigated in 49 species of benthic marine macroalgae and two seagrass species from San Juan Island (Washington) or Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Positive net photosynthesis was the parameter used to detect survival. Most algal species survived ‐1.5° C (the lowest applied temperature), and none 30° C. The most heat‐tolerant, eurythermal algal species survived 28° C: these were Ahnfeltia plicata, Mastocarpus papillatus (as crustose tetrasporophyte), Endocladia muricata, and Sargassum muticum. In contrast, most representatives of the Laminariales exhibited a cold‐stenothermic character: Cymathere triplicata, Pleurophycus gardneri, Hedophyllum sessile, Postelsia palmaeformis survived up to only 15° C, and Laminaria saccharina, L. groenlandica, L. setchellii to 18° C. As to the seagrass species, Zostera marina survived a temperature range of ‐ 1.5 to 30° C and Phyllospadix scouleri a range of ‐ 1.5 to 25° C. For many of the sublittoral species there was agreement between maximum survived temperatures in our experiments and average maxima of summer temperatures at the southern geographical limits of the species. Specimens of four species exhibited upper survival limits similar to those of conspecifics in the North Atlantic; namely, Desmarestia ‘aculeata, D. viridis, Plocamium cartilagineum, and Ahnfeltia plicata. These results favor the interpretation of upper temperature survival limits as conservative taxonomic traits.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE RED ALGA PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM: CORRELATION TO GROWTH RATE1
Authors: Cohen Zvi , Vonshak Avigad , Richmond Amos
Published: March 2008

The lipid and fatty acid composition of Porphyridium cruentum was determined as a function of light intensity, temperature, pH, and salinity. In cultures cultivated at the optimal temperature under non‐limiting light conditions, eicosapentaenoic acid was the main polyunsaturated fatty acid. When growth rate was reduced by decreased light intensity, increased cell concentration, suboptimal temperature, suboptimal pH, or increased salinity, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and that of arachidonic acid increased, the latter becoming the major polyunsaturated fatty acid.
ZONATION OF DEEP WATER BENTHIC ALGAE IN THE GULF OF MAINE1
Authors: Vadas Robert L. , Steneck Robert S.
Published: March 2008

Algal community structure is described for a deep‐water rock pinnacle in the Gulf of Maine. Three depth zones of algal dominance were apparent consisting of 1) leathery macrophytes (to 40 m), 2) foliose red algae (to 50 m) and 3) crustose algae (fleshy crusts to 55 m and coralline crusts to 63 m). Microscopic filamentous and erect calcareous algae were also present but inconspicuous. Upright macroscopic filamentous and thin sheet‐like forms were not observed on the pinnacle. Sea anemones (Metridium senile) dominated some vertical faces and abrupt prominences in the shallowest regions of the pinnacle (to 24 m) and locally appeared to set the upper vertical limits of kelp and possibly foliose reds. Laminaria sp. formed an open park‐like canopy from 24 to 30 m whereas Agarum cribrosum, the deepest kelp, grew as isolated individuals to 40 m. Peyssonnelia sp. and Leptophytum laeve were the deepest occurring fleshy (to 55 m) and calcareous crusts (to 63 m), respectively. The occurrence of these algae at record depths for the Gulf of Maine and for cold water marine environments may be the result of an absence of large herbivores and the high productivity potential of the benthos in these relatively clear waters. By compiling data on depth distribution patterns world‐wide, it is evident that the three zone structure of algal morphologies observed in the Gulf of Maine is a global phenomenon.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF FERTILIZATION IN A CRYPTOMONAD1
Authors: Kugrens Paul , Lee Robert E.
Published: March 2008

By means of various electron microscopic techniques, the ultrastructure of fusing gametes in a cryptomonad is described for the first time. The isolate used in this study is bisexual, and vegetative cells may act as isogametes. Plasmogamy usually is initiated at the posterior end of one gamete and the mild‐ventral region of the other gamete. A posterior, pointed protuberance may be a specialized mating structure which initiates the fusion process. Fusion proceeds toward the anterior end, forming a quadriflagellate cell which becomes spherical and settles to the bottom of the culture flask. The quadriflagellate, spherical cell contains two nuclear‐nucleomorph‐chloroplast complexes which remain intact throughout karyogamy. During karyogamy the nuclei are positioned close to each other and become lobed on the sides where fusion takes place. At the points where the lobes touch, the nuclear membranes break down and direct karyogamy is initiated. Nuclear fusion continues and eventually a single zygotic nucleus is formed. The zygote nucleus and the two nucleomorphs and chloroplasts become enclosed in a common periplastidial compartment. The nucleomorphs, however, remain apart and do not fuse. Meiosis presumably is zygotic, but the stages of post‐karyogamy remain to be elucidated.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A NEW SAND‐DWELLING DINOFLAGELLATE, SCRIPPSIELLA ARENICOLA SP. NOV1
Authors: Horiguchi Takeo , Pienaar Richard N.
Published: March 2008

A new dinoflagellate, Scrippsiella arenicola Horiguchi et Pienaar sp. nov., is described from tidal pools with sandy substrates along the east coast of South Africa. S. arenicola exhibits a vertical migratory rhythm which is in synchrony with the tidal cycle. It is a medium‐sized armoured dinoflagellate with many rod‐shaped chloroplasts. Thecal plate arrangement is pp, x, 4′, 3a, 7′, 6c, 5′, 2″ and 4s. The 2a and 3a plates are separated from each other. S. arenicola has several unique ultrastructural features. Electron‐dense fibres are found on the protruded part of the thecal plates, such as on the ornamental projections or extremities of the lists. In addition to the 9 + 2 axoneme, additional fibres are found in the free moving part of the longitudinal flagellum. The portion of the transverse flagellum covered by the left sulcal list possesses a dense array of mastigonemes which connect the flagellum and the cell. The flagellar pore platelets differ from ordinary thecal plates in their thickness and fibrous nature. The ultrastructure of the apical stalk and its associated structures is described. The vertical migration and mode of cell division is also described.
Do Palliative Consultations Improve Patient Outcomes?
Authors: Casarett David , Pickard Amy , Bailey F. Amos , Ritchie Christine , Furman Christian , Rosenfeld Ken , Shreve Scott , Chen Zhen , Shea Judy A.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether inpatient palliative consultation services improve outcomes of care.

DESIGN: Retrospective telephone surveys conducted with family members of veterans who received inpatient or outpatient care from a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facility in the last month of life.

SETTING: Five VA Medical Centers or their affiliated nursing homes and outpatient clinics.

PARTICIPANTS: Veterans had received inpatient or outpatient care from a participating VA in the last month of life. One family member completed each survey.

MEASUREMENTS: The telephone survey assessed nine aspects of the care the patient received in his or her last month of life: the patient's well‐being and dignity (4 items), adequacy of communication (5 items), respect for treatment preferences (2 items), emotional and spiritual support (3 items), management of symptoms (4 items), access to the inpatient facility of choice (1 item), care around the time of death (6 items), access to home care services (4 items), and access to benefits and services after the patient's death (3 items).

RESULTS: Interviews were completed with 524 respondents. In a multivariable linear regression model, after adjusting for the likelihood of receiving a palliative consultation (propensity score), palliative care patients had higher overall scores: 65 (95% confidence interval (CI)=62–66) versus 54 (95% CI=51–56; P<.001) and higher scores for almost all domains. Earlier consultations were independently associated with better overall scores (β=0.003; P=.006), a difference that was attributable primarily to improvements in communication and emotional support.

CONCLUSION: Palliative consultations improve outcomes of care, and earlier consultations may confer additional benefit.
Isolating the Information Content of Equity Analysts' Recommendation Changes, Post Reg FD
Authors: Goff Delbert , Hulburt Heather , Keasler Terrill , Walsh Joe
Published: March 2008

We investigate the information content of equity analysts' recommendation changes subsequent to the passage of Regulation Fair Disclosure. We find that analyst upgrades (downgrades) are associated with positive (negative) abnormal returns. Overall, stock prices tend to react significantly more strongly to recommendation changes accompanied by news events than to those that are not. Even so, returns around recommendation changes not accompanied by news are significantly different from zero. This result holds after controlling for firm‐specific variables and the incidence of multiple simultaneous recommendation changes. We conclude that analyst recommendation changes, in and of themselves, are informative.
The irritant potential of n‐propanol (nonanoic acid vehicle) in cumulative skin irritation: a validation study of two different human in vivo test models
Authors: Clemmensen A. , Andersen F. , Petersen T. K. , Kalden H. , Melgaard A. , Andersen K. E.
Published: March 2008

Background/purpose: Human in vivo cumulative irritation tests with low‐grade irritants simulate real‐life exposure to skin irritants. The test outcome depends not only on the substance tested but also on the design of the assay. More than one experimental irritant is usually used because chemicals have diverse mechanisms of action on the skin. We used sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nonanoic acid (NON) in three different concentrations plus their vehicles, water and n‐propanol, respectively, to validate our test models and to optimize test concentrations.

Methods: Healthy volunteer forearm skin was exposed in two different cumulative test models: a repeated open model (ROAT) and an exaggerated wash test model. ROAT: 10‐min daily exposures for 5+4 days (no irritation on weekend) to SLS 0% (water), 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% on the right arm and NON 0% (n‐propanol neat), 10%, 20% and 30% on the left arm. Wash test: induction of irritation by three daily washings for 6 days and maintenance of the dermatitis by two daily washings for 12 days with SLS 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% or NON 0%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Reactions were evaluated clinically and instrumentally (transepidermal water loss, colorimetry and hydration) at sequential time points. Additionally, for the wash test, subjective pain scores were obtained from the volunteers.

Results: In the ROAT, n‐propanol exhibited irritation potential at the level of SLS 1.0% and, by visual scoring, was only found to be significantly different from the two highest concentrations of NON (20% and 30%). In the wash test, n‐propanol was much less irritating than SLS, and it could only be distinguished statistically from NON (any concentration) by visual reading. For both test models, n‐propanol, by instrumental measurements, was not significantly different from any NON concentration.

Conclusion: In cumulative irritation test assays, n‐propanol appears to be quite irritant itself and may thus be a significant contributor to NON irritation. Moreover, n‐propanol was more irritant in the ROAT compared with the wash test.
Utilisation of dental services in a university hospital palliative and long‐term care unit in Geneva
Authors: Schimmel Martin , Schoeni Patricia , Zulian Gilbert B. , Müller Frauke
Published: March 2008

Objectives:  Dental care plays an important role in the multidisciplinary approach, which is used in palliative and long‐term care to address the complex needs of terminally ill patients. The aim of this study was to assess the utilisation of dental services in a University Hospital Palliative and Long‐term Care Unit.

Material and method:  Over an observation period of 13 months, structured questionnaires were filled in after each dental appointment. The survey covered three main topics: the initiation and incentive from the dental consultation, particular difficulties because of the patient’s health or the hospital’s organisation as well as the accomplished treatment.

Results:  Two hundred and seventy‐five questionnaires from a total of 102 patients were available for analysis. The patients’ median age was 83 years (SD 10.3, range 49–101 years), 63 were female, 39 male. A majority of first appointments were initiated by a physician (n = 49 of 102), mainly because of pain (n = 62 of 275). 10.5% of the appointments were cancelled on the same day. Only one‐fifth of the patients were able to reach the practice on foot. Six used a walking stick and 54 relied on a wheelchair. Eighteen patients needed to be seen in their bed. The most frequently performed procedures were extractions and removal of denture sore spots (n = 67 of 275) followed by the manufacturing of new dentures (n = 38 of 275). In more than 17% of the appointments, no particular treatment was performed.

Conclusion:  The utilisation of dental services in terminally ill and severely compromised elderly patients shown justifies a dental service in a palliative care or geriatric hospital setting. The particular dental work profile requires a practitioner with empathy and professional experience.