bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent increase of surface particulate matter concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea
Authors: Kim Hyun Cheol , Kim Soontae , Kim Byeong-Uk , Jin Chun-Sil , Hong Songyou , Park Rokjin , Son Seok-Woo , Bae Changhan , Bae MinAh , Song Chang-Keun , Stein Ariel
Published: June 2017

Recent changes of surface particulate matter (PM) concentration in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, are puzzling. The long-term trend of surface PM concentration in the SMA declined in the 2000s, but since 2012 its concentrations have tended to incline, which is coincident with frequent severe hazes in South Korea. This increase puts the Korean government’s emission reduction efforts in jeopardy. This study reports that interannual variation of surface PM concentration in South Korea is closely linked with the interannual variations of wind speed. A 12-year (2004–2015) regional air quality simulation was conducted over East Asia (27-km) and over South Korea (9-km) to assess the impact of meteorology under constant anthropogenic emissions. Simulated PM concentrations show a strong negative correlation (i.e. R = −0.86) with regional wind speed, implying that reduced regional ventilation is likely associated with more stagnant conditions that cause severe pollutant episodes in South Korea. We conclude that the current PM concentration trend in South Korea is a combination of long-term decline by emission control efforts and short-term fluctuation of regional wind speed interannual variability. When the meteorology-driven variations are removed, PM concentrations in South Korea have declined continuously even after 2012.
Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction in citrus: Potential of genomics-assisted breeding for fruit quality traits
Authors: Minamikawa Mai F. , Nonaka Keisuke , Kaminuma Eli , Kajiya-Kanegae Hiromi , Onogi Akio , Goto Shingo , Yoshioka Terutaka , Imai Atsushi , Hamada Hiroko , Hayashi Takeshi , Matsumoto Satomi , Katayose Yuichi , Toyoda Atsushi , Fujiyama Asao , Nakamura Yasukazu , Shimizu Tokurou , Iwata Hiroyoshi
Published: June 2017

Novel genomics-based approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) are expected to be useful in fruit tree breeding, which requires much time from the cross to the release of a cultivar because of the long generation time. In this study, a citrus parental population (111 varieties) and a breeding population (676 individuals from 35 full-sib families) were genotyped for 1,841 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotyped for 17 fruit quality traits. GWAS power and prediction accuracy were increased by combining the parental and breeding populations. A multi-kernel model considering both additive and dominance effects improved prediction accuracy for acidity and juiciness, implying that the effects of both types are important for these traits. Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with linear ridge kernel regression (RR) was more robust and accurate than GBLUP with non-linear Gaussian kernel regression (GAUSS) in the tails of the phenotypic distribution. The results of this study suggest that both GWAS and GS are effective for genetic improvement of citrus fruit traits. Furthermore, the data collected from breeding populations are beneficial for increasing the detection power of GWAS and the prediction accuracy of GS.
Hyperosmolarity-induced AQP5 upregulation promotes inflammation and cell death via JNK1/2 Activation in human corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Ren Yueping , Lu Huihui , Reinach Peter S. , Zheng Qinxiang , Li Jinyang , Tan Qiufan , Zhu Hanlei , Chen Wei
Published: June 2017

Tear film hyperosmolarity and anterior ocular inflammation are two clinical signs that may be indicative of dry eye disease (DED). This condition can cause pathological and functional changes to the anterior ocular surface tissues. A contributing factor may be dysfunctional aquaporin 5 (AQP5) water channels as they are the AQP subtype that expressed in the corneal epithelium and contribute to fluid efflux needed for corneal function. We determined if described hyperosmolarity-induced increases in proinflammatory cytokine expression and cell death are mediated through AQP5 upregulation and JNK1/2 MAPK signaling activation in both primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), and in a HCEC line. Real time RT-PCR identified rises in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, caspase-1, and AQP5 mRNA levels upon step increases in osmolarity up to 550 mOsm. Western blot analysis and the TUNEL assay identified corresponding rises in AQP5 and p-JNK1/2 protein expression and cell death respectively. JNK1/2 inhibition with SP600125, or siRNA AQP5 gene silencing reduced hypertonic-induced rises in proinflammatory cytokine expression and cell death. Taken together, hypertonicity-induced AQP5 upregulation leads to increases in proinflammatory cytokine expression and cell death through JNK1/2 MAPK activation. These results suggest that drug targeting AQP5 upregulation may be a therapeutic option in DED management.
Integrative self-sorting of coordination cages based on ‘naked’ metal ions
Authors: Bloch Witold M. , Clever Guido H.
Published: June 2017

In this review, we highlight recent approaches that facilitate integrative self-sorting of ’naked’ metal ions and ligands to form multi-component, heteroleptic cage structures.
Biredox ionic liquids: new opportunities toward high performance supercapacitors
Authors: Bodin C. , Mourad E. , Zigah D. , Le Vot S. , Freunberger S. A. , Favier F. , Fontaine O.
Published: June 2017

Nowadays, commercial supercapacitors are based on purely capacitive storage, and porous carbons are used as electrodes.
Structural switch from a multistranded G-quadruplex to single strands as a consequence of point mutation in the promoter of the human GRIN1 gene
Authors: Chaudhary Swati , Kaushik Mahima , Kukreti Ritushree , Kukreti Shrikant
Published: June 2017

Formation of a multistranded G-quadruplex in a sequence with point mutation in the promoter of the humanGRIN1gene associated with schizophrenia.
Synthesis, photophysical properties and DFT analysis of highly substituted pyrido carbazole-based “push pull” chromophores
Authors: Murali Karunanidhi , Sparkes Hazel A. , Pandiyan Baskaran Vijaya , Rajendra Prasad Karnam Jayarampillai
Published: June 2017

A series of new fluorescent pyrido[2,3-a]carbazole derivatives were synthesized based on a four component reaction with 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-one, malononitrile, and aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes in presence of NaOEt.
A rhodamine based fluorescent trivalent sensor (Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+) with potential applications for live cell imaging and combinational logic circuits and memory devices
Authors: Alam Rabiul , Bhowmick Rahul , Islam Abu Saleh Musha , katarkar Atul , Chaudhuri Keya , Ali Mahammad
Published: June 2017

A novel sensor (HL5) recognizes sensitively and selectively trivalent metal ions M3+ (M = Al, Fe and Cr) with prominent enhancement in emission intensities with logic gate circuits and memory devices with living cell imaging application.
Aromatic poly(ether ester)s derived from a naturally occurring building block nipagin and linear aliphatic α,ω-diols
Authors: Hu Keling , Zhao Dongping , Wu Guolin , Ma Jianbiao
Published: June 2017

Poly(ether ester) materials were synthesized from renewable nipagin and linear aliphatic α,ω-diols, and the thermal, crystalline and mechanical properties were investigated.
Tribochemistry of unsaturated fatty acids as friction modifiers in (bio)diesel fuel
Authors: De Barros Bouchet Maria Isabel , Martin Jean Michel , Forest Cyrielle , le Mogne Thierry , Mazarin Michaël , Avila José , Asensio Maria C. , Fisher Gregory L.
Published: June 2017

The impact of fatty acids on the lubricity of diesel and biodiesel fuels was investigated in steel/steel contacts at two different temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C.
Influence of different aid-sintering additives on the green-emitting β-SiAlON:Eu2+phosphors
Authors: Wang Hailong , Yang Zhiping , Wang Zhijun , Dong Xiuqin , Wei Dong , Li Zhenling , Tian Miaomiao
Published: June 2017

In this study, the influences of different aid-sintering additives on the synthesis of β-SiAlON:Eu2+phosphor were investigated.
The preparation of fluorine-containing polysiloxane low-melting glass and its effect on the tracking resistance and thermostability of addition-cure liquid silicone rubber
Authors: Liu Fengjiao , Zeng Xingrong , Lai Xuejun , Li Hongqiang
Published: June 2017

Enhancement of tracking resistance of ALSR by FPLMG with different FAS content.
Moderate oxidation levels of Ru nanoparticles enhance molecular oxygen activation for cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions via single electron transfer
Authors: Lin Mu , Dai Lin-Xiu , Gu Jun , Kang Li-Qun , Wang Yu-Hao , Si Rui , Zhao Ze-Qiong , Liu Wen-Chi , Fu Xuefeng , Sun Ling-Dong , Zhang Ya-Wen , Yan Chun-Hua
Published: June 2017

Ruthenium nanoparticles with altered surface oxidation states showed a volcano shaped relationship in molecular oxygen activation via single electron transfer for cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions.
Norsampsone E, an unprecedented decarbonyl polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol with a homoadamantyl core from Hypericum sampsonii
Authors: Tian Wen-Jing , Qiu Yu-Qin , Chen Jun-Jie , Yao Xiao-Jun , Wang Guang-Hui , Dai Yi , Chen Hai-Feng , Yao Xin-Sheng
Published: June 2017

Norsampsone E, an unprecedented polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol from Hypericum sampsonii, featured a homoadamantyl skeleton with the loss of the C-4 carbonyl.
Improved hydrogen release from ammonia borane confined in microporous carbon with narrow pore size distribution
Authors: Yang Zhuxian , Zhou Dan , Chen Binling , Liu Zongjian , Xia Qinghua , Zhu Yanqiu , Xia Yongde
Published: June 2017

Ammonia borane confined in microporous carbon with a narrow pore size significantly reduces the dehydrogenation temperature, prohibits by-products and improves the dehydrogenation rate.
A general strategy for generating gradients of bioactive proteins on electrospun nanofiber mats by masking with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Tanes Michael L. , Xue Jiajia , Xia Younan
Published: June 2017

Gradients of bioactive proteins on mats of electrospun nanofibers were generated by masking with bovine serum albumin.
Synthetic strategies and biomedical applications of I–III–VI ternary quantum dots
Authors: Girma Wubshet Mekonnen , Fahmi Mochamad Zakki , Permadi Adi , Abate Mulu Alemayehu , Chang Jia-Yaw
Published: June 2017

In this review, we discuss recent advances of I–III–VI QDs with a major focus on synthesis and biomedical applications; advantages include low toxicity and fluorescent tuning in the biological window.
In vivo self-assembly induced retention of gold nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal tumor treatment
Authors: Hu Xuefeng , Yang Peipei , He Jianping , Liang Ruijie , Niu Dechao , Wang Hao , Li Yongsheng
Published: June 2017

A simple route to fabricate peptide modified spherical gold nanoparticles with enhanced retention performance in tumor sites for improved photothermal treatment.
Phthalocyanine-based discotic liquid crystals switching from a molten alkyl chain type to a flying-seed-like type
Authors: Nakamura Hiromu , Sugiyama Kouki , Ohta Kazuchika , Yasutake Mikio
Published: June 2017

A series of phthalocyanine-based derivatives (m-CnOPhO)8PcCu (n= 1–20:2a–o) show two different types of mesomorphism: a flying-seed-like type forn= 1–5, a conventional molten alkyl chain type forn= 10–20, and both types forn= 6–9 in between.
One-dimensional CdSxSe1−x nanoribbons for high-performance rigid and flexible photodetectors
Authors: Peng Mingfa , Wen Zhen , Shao Mingwang , Sun Xuhui
Published: June 2017

High quality one-dimensional single crystalline cadmium sulfide selenide (CdSxSe1−x) nanoribbons were synthesized and fabricated as the high-performance rigid and flexible photodetectors.
Carbazolylphosphines and carbazolylphosphine oxides: facilely synthesized host materials with tunable mobilities and high triplet energy levels for blue phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Zhao Zifeng , Yu Gang , Chang Qiaowen , Liu Xiaochen , Liu Yang , Wang Liding , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Liu Weiping , Huang Chunhui
Published: June 2017

Selectively modulating the charge mobility of host materials by the oxidation of phosphines for highly efficient blue phosphorescent OLEDs.
Solution-processed copper arsenic sulfide thin films for photovoltaic applications
Authors: McClary Scott A. , Andler Joseph , Handwerker Carol A. , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: June 2017

The first thin films of novel semiconductor Cu3AsS4are synthesized through solution-based methods and display promise for photovoltaic applications.
Application of FTIR spectroscopy for traumatic axonal injury: a possible tool for estimating injury interval
Authors: Zhang Ji , Huang Ping , Wang Zhenyuan , Dong Hongmei
Published: June 2017

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a progressive and secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite extensive investigations in the field of forensic science and neurology, no effective methods are available to estimate TAI interval between injury and death. In the present study, Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy with IR microscopy was applied to collect IR spectra in the corpus callosum (CC) of rats subjected to TAI at 12, 24, and 72 h post-injury compared with control animals. The classification amongst different groups was visualized based on the acquired dataset using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least square (PLS). Furthermore, the established PLS models were used to predict injury interval of TAI in the unknown sample dataset. The results showed that samples at different time points post-injury were distinguishable from each other, and biochemical changes in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contributed to the differences. Then, the established PLS models provided a satisfactory prediction of injury periods between different sample groups in the external validation. The present study demonstrated the great potential of FTIR-based PLS algorithm as an objective tool for estimating injury intervals of TAI in the field of forensic science and neurology.
Experimental helium liquefier with a GM cryocooler
Authors: Choudhury Anup , Sahu Santosh
Published: June 2017

A helium liquefier has been developed with a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler using the cold enthalpy available at the first stage, the inter-stage, and the second stage of the cryocooler. Most of the enthalpy of the helium gas at 300 K is absorbed in the first stage by a coaxial heat exchanger and inter-stage region of the cryocooler. Pre-cooled helium gas is liquefied at the second stage heat exchanger where the final cooldown and condensation happens. The measured production capacity of the liquefier is 17.4 l/day at atmospheric pressure. The whole setup has been designed to work in a coaxial configuration where the two heat exchangers, the cryostat, and the dewar are symmetrically placed around the central axis.
On the effective potential of Duru-Kleinert path integrals
Authors: Sakoda Seiji
Published: June 2017

We propose a new method to evaluate the effective potential in the path integral for the fixed-energy amplitude as well as for the pseudotime evolution kernel in the formalism by Duru and Kleinert. Restriction to the postpoint or the prepoint prescriptions in formulating time sliced path integrals is avoided by leaving off the use of expectation values for correction terms. This enables us to consider an arbitrary ordering prescription and to examine the ordering dependence of the effective potential. To investigate parameter dependences, we introduce the ordering parameter α in addition to the splitting parameter λ in the formulation of the time sliced path integral. The resulting path integrals are found to be independent of the ordering parameter although the explicit dependence, given by a contribution proportional to (1−2λ)2, on the splitting parameter remains. As an application, we check the relationship between path integrals for the radial oscillator and the radial Coulomb system in arbitrary dimensions.
Point defects in Ga-implanted SiC: Experiment and theory
Authors: Alfieri G. , Knoll L. , Kranz L. , Minamisawa R. , Sundaramoorthy V.
Published: June 2017

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the electronic properties of Ga implanted silicon carbide (SiC). The dose of implanted Ga was selected to simulate the implant-tail region, typical of high-dose box-profile p-type doping implantation employed for device manufacture. Samples were electrically characterized by capacitance-voltage (C-V), deep level transient spectroscopy, and minority carrier transient spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the detected levels (seven majority carrier traps, five minority carrier traps) was investigated by performing an isochronal annealing prior to each characterization step. Density functional theory was employed to study both isolated (substitutional and interstitial Ga) and complex Ga-related defects (N- and vacancy-related) in order to gain more insight in the nature of the detected levels. Finally, based on the experimental and theoretical results, the possible role of Ga in the nature of the detected levels is discussed.
Generation of intermittent ion acoustic waves in whistler-mode turbulence
Authors: Saito S. , Nariyuki Y. , Umeda T.
Published: June 2017

A two-dimensional, fully kinetic, electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulation in a magnetized collisionless plasma has been performed, demonstrating the generation of intermittent ion acoustic waves in finite-amplitude whistler-mode turbulence. The self-consistent simulation shows that ion/ion acoustic instability can be driven as a consequence of the nonlinear evolution of whistler-mode turbulence. The instability triggering the generation of ion acoustic waves occurs intermittently in several local regions. We propose that the nonlinear development of the phase-space density that drives kinetic instabilities must be analyzed with greater care if the dissipation of plasma turbulence is to be understood.
Effect of soft-core potentials on inverse bremsstrahlung heating during laser matter interactions
Authors: Pandit Rishi R. , Sentoku Yasuhiko , Becker Valerie R. , Barrington Kasey , Thurston Jeremy , Cheatham Jonathan , Ramunno Lora , Ackad Edward
Published: June 2017

Inverse bremsstrahlung heating (IBH) is studied by using scattering theory for the interaction of intense lasers with matter using soft-core potentials. This involves three different kinds of interactions: (i) the interaction of the electrons with the external laser field, (ii) the electron-ion interaction, and (iii) the electron-electron interaction. In the interaction of rare-gas clusters with ultrashort laser pulses, nano-plasmas with high densities are created. A new scaling for the differential cross-section and the rate of energy absorption via IBH is derived which depends on the external laser field as well as electric field due to the other particles. When the particles are treated as charge distributions, the electric fields due to the other particles depend on a parameter of the non-Coulombic soft-core field, the potential depth, often used to avoid the Coulomb singularity. Thus, the rate of IBH also depends on the potential depth. Calculations are performed for electrons in a range of wavelength regimes from the vacuum ultraviolet to the mid-infrared. The rate of energy absorption via IBH is found to increase rapidly with increases in the potential depth and then quickly becomes mostly saturated at the Coulomb value for greater depths. The rate of energy absorption via IBH is found to be non-linear with laser intensities. The differential cross-section as well as the rate of energy absorption of IBH is found to increase with increases in laser wavelength. Finally, lower laser intensities saturate more slowly, requiring a larger potential depth to saturate.
Electron plasma wake field acceleration in solar coronal and chromospheric plasmas
Authors: Tsiklauri David
Published: June 2017

Three dimensional, particle-in-cell, fully electromagnetic simulations of electron plasma wake field acceleration applicable to the solar atmosphere are presented. It is established that injecting driving and trailing electron bunches into solar coronal and chromospheric plasmas results in electric fields (−(20−5)×106 V/m), leading to acceleration of the trailing bunch up to 52 MeV, starting from initial 36 MeV. The results provide one of the potentially important mechanisms for the extremely energetic solar flare electrons, invoking plasma wake field acceleration.
Photosynthesis of an epiphytic resurrection fern Davallia angustata (Wall .ex Hook. & Grev.)
Authors: Quinnell Rosanne , Howell Daniel , Ritchie Raymond J.
Published: June 2017

Davallia (Pachypleuria) angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) is a common epiphytic fern that grows on tree trucks and palm trees in south-east Asia. The plant is a resurrection plant, capable of rapid recovery from desiccation, but is not a CAM plant like some other epiphytic ferns. Under well-watered conditions Davallia shows a diurnal cycle of photosynthesis with maxima in mid-morning ~0900 hours (solar time). Under optimum conditions, the optimum irradiance (Eopt) = 879.3 ± 65.31 μmol photons m–2 s–1 or ~45% of full sunlight qualifying it as a sun plant. The maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETRmax) was 77.77 ± 3.423 μmol e– m–2 s–1 or, on a Chl a basis 350 ± 36.0 μmol g–1 (Chl a) s–1. The photosynthetic efficiency (α0) is α0 = 0.2404 ± 0.02076 e– photon–1 or 1.082 ± 0.137 e– photon m2 g–1 (Chl a). Eopt and maximum photosynthesis (ETRmax) are directly proportional to one another (y = mx, r = 0.8813, P < <0.001). The slope of the line is the average photosynthetic efficiency at optimum irradiance (ETRmax/Eopt or αEopt = 0.07505 ± 0.00262 e– photon–1), equivalent to a mean asymptotic photosynthetic efficiency (α0) of 0.2040 ± 0.00712 e– photon–1. This simple relationship between ETRmax and Eopt does not appear to have been noted before. There is some accumulation of titratable acid in the morning but no accumulation of organic acids at night. Davallia is not a CAM plant. A simple pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) protocol shows that Davallia is a homiochlorophyllous resurrection plant.
Limitations in Electrochemical Determination of Mass-Transport Parameters: Implications for Quantification of Electrode Kinetics Using Data Optimisation Methods
Authors: Mashkina Elena , Bond Alan M. , Simonov Alexandr N.
Published: June 2017

Voltammetric quantification of the electrode kinetics for the quasi-reversible reaction requires detailed experiment–theory comparisons. Ideally, predicted data derived from the theoretical model are fitted to the experimental data by adjusting the reversible potential (E0), heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant at E0 (k0), and charge transfer coefficient α, with mass-transport and other parameters exactly known. However, parameters relevant to mass transport that include electrode area (A), diffusion coefficient (D), and concentration (c), are usually subject to some uncertainty. Herein, we examine the consequences of having different combinations of errors present in A, D, and c in the estimation of E0, k0, and α on the basis of the a.c. (alternating current) voltammetric experiment–theory comparisons facilitated by the use of a computer-assisted parameter optimisation algorithm. In most cases, experimentally reasonable errors (<10 %) in the mass-transport parameters do not introduce significant errors in recovered E0, k0, and α values. However, a pernicious situation may emerge when a slight overestimation of A, D or c is included in the model and results in erroneous identification of a reversible redox process as a quasi-reversible one with a report of apparently quantifiable kinetic parameters k0 and α.
Exploring the traces of translation
Authors: Xu Mingwu , Tian Chuanmao
Published: June 2017

Translation traces embrace a wide range of inheritance forms in cultural production practices. Pseudo-originals disclose a kind of literary creation pattern which is a partial or full cross-lingual plagiarism of a text by a predecessor or a contemporary from another language-culture. Well-known quotations in a foreign language are frequently employed by speakers or writers via impromptu translating or memory-based appropriation from an available translation. These translated quotations may well be imitated by text producers to derive a large number of variations in the target culture. Plagiarisms or borrowings are also seen in retranslations of great world classics. As two largely uncharted territories, indirect translation and back translation make translation traces too weak to be located. The inheritance of translation beliefs indicates various genealogies, such as husband-wife genealogy, father-daughter genealogy and so on. Research on the origins of translative memes, their morphology and typology of transmission as well as their mutative reasons may create a new area for Translation Studies.
Manipulation as an ideological tool in the political genre of Parliamentary discourses
Authors: Cabrejas-Peñuelas Ana Belén
Published: June 2017

The present study analyzes the discursive strategies of manipulation in the political genre of a discourse in Parliament with an aim to convince the audience that the Prime Minister and his party are innocent of receiving illegal cash donations from a slush fund run in the party. For that purpose, we have usedVan Dijk’s (2006)scheme of strategies of manipulation at several levels of discourse (content, lexis, topics, syntax, rhetoric, and order of discourse). Findings of the study show that the Prime Minister’s speech presents characteristics of ideological discourse, since it follows a general strategy of positive in-group and negative out-group presentation, which has an overall legitimating function. At other levels of discourse, the denial of controversial actions is made manipulative by following strategies of emphasis of our positive and their negative actions with the final aim of self-legitimating himself and his discourse. The discourse is further made manipulative by using appropriate contextual constraints and defensible semantics of representation.
Language Variation on Jamaican Radio
Authors: Westphal Michael
Published: June 2017

This volume presents an in-depth analysis of language variation in Jamaican radio newscasts and talk shows. It explores the interaction of global and local varieties of English with regard to newscasters’ and talk show hosts’ language use and listeners’ attitudes. The book illustrates the benefits of an integrated approach to mass media: the analysis takes into account radio talk and the perception of the audience, it is context-sensitive, paying close attention to variation within and between genres, and it combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to demonstrate the complexity of language in the media. The book contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of World Englishes in the 21st century and endonormative stabilization processes in linguistically heterogeneous postcolonial speech communities, and shows how mass media both challenge and reproduce sociolinguistic stratification. This volume will be relevant for researchers interested in the fields of sociolinguistics, language attitudes, and language in the media.
Division and Discord among the Shia ʿUlamāʾ: New Lights on the Failure of the 1927 Anti-Conscription Movement in Iran
Authors: Yousefi Najm al-Din
Published: June 2017

This essay delves into the 1927 anti-conscription movement and the causes of its failure. It argues that the Shia ʿulamāʾ of Iran and Iraq suffered from endemic divisions within their ranks, which in turn kept them from agreeing on a unified position against the extensive socioeconomic and military reforms under Reza Shah. The essay sheds light on the government’s use of religious justification that facilitated modern reforms. It also demonstrates how certain elements within the clerical establishment helped the Reza Shah government to win the senior clerics over or at least neutralize their opposition. This allows us to discern the fluid boundaries of tradition and modernity as modernizing reforms checked the Shia ʿulamāʾ’s long-standing authority in Iranian society.
CARMIL family proteins as multidomain regulators of actin-based motility
Authors: Stark Benjamin C. , Lanier M. Hunter , Cooper John A.
Published: June 2017

CARMILs are large multidomain proteins that regulate the actin-binding activity of capping protein (CP), a major capper of actin filament barbed ends in cells. CARMILs bind directly to CP and induce a conformational change that allosterically decreases but does not abolish its actin-capping activity. The CP-binding domain of CARMIL consists of the CP-interaction (CPI) and CARMIL-specific interaction (CSI) motifs, which are arranged in tandem. Many cellular functions of CARMILs require the interaction with CP; however, a more surprising result is that the cellular function of CP in cells appears to require binding to a CARMIL or another protein with a CPI motif, suggesting that CPI-motif proteins target CP and modulate its actin-capping activity. Vertebrates have three highly conserved genes and expressed isoforms of CARMIL with distinct and overlapping localizations and functions in cells. Various domains of these CARMIL isoforms interact with plasma membranes, vimentin intermediate filaments, SH3-containing class I myosins, the dual-GEF Trio, and other adaptors and signaling molecules. These biochemical properties suggest that CARMILs play a variety of membrane-associated functions related to actin assembly and signaling. CARMIL mutations and variants have been implicated in several human diseases. We focus on roles for CARMILs in signaling in addition to their function as regulators of CP and actin.
Targeting EZH2 in cancer therapy
Authors: Yamagishi Makoto , Uchimaru Kaoru
Published: June 2017

Purpose of review

The present review introduces recent outstanding progress pertaining to Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), especially regarding its mode of action as a master regulator of chromatin, and provides molecular-based evidence for targeting EZH2 in cancer therapy. We discuss the active development of small molecules targeting the enzymatic activity of EZH2/polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2).

Recent findings

Genetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional dysregulation of EZH2 is frequently observed in many cancer types. EZH2 promotes tumorigenesis by altering the expression of numerous tumor suppressor genes. Furthermore, the executive molecular processes initiated by EZH2, such as NF-κB activation, microRNA silencing, tumor immune evasion, and noncanonical transcription regulation, appear to be the fundamental characteristics of each cancer. Systematic investigations have suggested coordinated regulation of the cancer epigenome wherein antagonistic complexes of both polycomb and SWI/SNF are involved. Frequent loss-of-function mutations in epigenetic factors, such as ARID1A, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, BAP1, and KDM6A, are likely to elicit the EZH2/PRC2-addicted situation. Our comprehensive understanding encourages the development of advanced strategies for the appropriate manipulation of the cancer epigenome. Moreover, a couple of small molecules that can effectively inhibit the enzymatic activity of EZH2/PRC2 have been translated into early-phase clinical trials.

The EZH2-mediated epigenome and subsequent transcriptome define cellular identity. Effective and specific strategies for the manipulation of EZH2/PRC2 may lead to the development of more precise cancer medicines.
An Overview of Stroke Infrastructure, Network, and Nursing Services in Contemporary Greece
Authors: Theofanidis Dimitrios , Fountouki Antigoni
Published: June 2017

This article describes the provision of stroke services in Greece and addresses the possible effects of the hospital rotation system. Unique to Greece is a centrally administered rotation system for hospital 24-hour on-call systems in the major cities. This means that a hospital may admit new patients only during specific 24-hour periods every 3 to 5 days. All Greek city hospitals must conform to this rotation basis for emergency and scheduled admissions. Patients with stroke arrive to designated rotation on-call hospital via ambulance or taxi or by private means and are first seen in the accident and emergency department where they are given priority attention accordingly and allocated to a neurology ward, medical ward, or stroke bay if the hospital has one. Occasionally, a neurosurgical consultation is sought; the patient may be admitted directly to a neurosurgery ward. Some attempts have been made to reach a degree of specialization in stroke bays, but with only a few of these, situated only in major cities, the vast majority of patients are still admitted to neurology or medical wards. Nurses and physicians in Greece continue to strive to improve outcomes for their patients with stroke despite adverse circumstances.
Pump in Parallel—Mechanical Assistance of Partial Cavopulmonary Circulation Using a Conventional Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Sinha Pranava , Deutsch Nina , Ratnayaka Kanishka , He Dingchao , Peer Murfad , Kurkluoglu Mustafa , Nuszkowski Mark , Montague Erin , Mikesell Gerald , Zurakowski David , Jonas Richard
Published: June 2017

Mechanical assistance of systemic single ventricle is effective in pulling blood through a cavopulmonary circuit. In patients with superior cavopulmonary connection, this strategy can lead to arterial desaturation secondary to increased inferior caval flow. We hypothesized that overall augmentation in cardiac output with mechanical assistance compensates for the drop in oxygen saturation thereby maintaining tissue oxygen delivery (DO2). Bidirectional Glenn (BDG) was established in seven swine (25 kg) after a common atrium had been established by balloon septostomy. Mechanical circulatory assistance of the single ventricle was achieved using an axial flow pump with ventricular inflow and aortic outflow. Cardiac output, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), common atrial pressure (left atrial pressure [LAP]), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2), and DO2 were compared between assisted and nonassisted circulation. Significant augmentation of cardiac output was achieved with mechanical assistance in BDG circulation (BDG: median [interquartile range {IQR}], 0.8 [0.9–1.15] L/min versus assisted BDG: median [IQR], 1.5 [1.15–1.7] L/min; p = 0.05). Although oxygen saturations and PaO2 trended to be lower with assistance (SaO2; BDG: median [IQR], 43% [32–57%]; assisted BDG: median [IQR], 32% [24–35%]; p = 0.07) (PaO2; BDG: median [IQR], 24 [20–30] mm Hg; assisted BDG: median [IQR], 20 [17–21] mm Hg; p = 0.08), DO2 was unchanged with mechanical assistance (BDG: median [IQR], 94 [35–99] ml/min; assisted BDG: median [IQR], 79 [63–85] ml/min; p = 0.81). No significant change in the LAP or PAP was observed. In the setting of superior cavopulmonary connection/single ventricle, the systemic ventricular assistance with a ventricular assist device (VAD) leads to increase in cardiac output. Arterial oxygen saturations however may be lower with mechanical assistance, without any change in DO2.
Favorable Effects on Pulmonary Vascular Hemodynamics with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices Are Sustained 5 Years After Heart Transplantation
Authors: Saidi Abdulfattah , Selzman Craig H. , Ahmadjee Abdulmohsin , Al-sarie Mohammad , Snow Gregory L. , Wever-Pinzon Omar , Alharethi Rami , Reid Bruce , Stehlik Josef , Kfoury Abdallah G. , Bader Feras
Published: June 2017

It is unclear whether pulmonary hemodynamics improvement with left ventricle unloading with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is sustained long term after heart transplant (HT). We sought to assess the effects on pulmonary vascular hemodynamics during continuous-flow (CF-LVAD) and pulsatile flow (PF-LVAD) support up to 5 years after HT. Invasive hemodynamics were evaluated before LVAD, before HT, and at 3 months, 1, and 3–5 years posttransplant. Thirty-eight patients were included in the study and divided into two groups according to the type of LVAD support. The two groups were well matched in age and gender. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm) and systolic PAP (PAPs) improved significantly in the PF-LVAD group (40 ± 10.6 to 19.8 ± 4.4 mm Hg and 62.7 ± 14.9 to 31.8 ± 5.9 mm Hg, respectively) and in the CF-LVAD group (37.4 ± 11.6 to 22.4 ± 7.7 mm Hg and 53.7 ± 18.0 to 34.6 ± 11.8 mm Hg, respectively). Reductions in PAPm and PAPs were more pronounced in PF-LVAD group than in CF-LVAD group (p = 0.005 and p = 0.03, respectively). After HT, the improvement in PAPm and PAPs was sustained after 3–5 years in patients who received PF-LVAD (22.6 ± 6.5 and 32.2 ± 9.2 mm Hg, respectively) and in patients who received CF-LVAD (22.2 ± 8.4 and 33.8 ± 9.6 mm Hg, respectively). In conclusion, long-term LVAD support resulted in significant improvement in PAPm and PAPs regardless of the pump generation. The improvement in hemodynamics observed during LVAD support was sustained 3–5 years posttransplant.
Monitoring Volume Status Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kim Chae Rim , Shin Jung-ho , Hwang Jin Ho , Kim Su Hyun
Published: June 2017

Fluid overload can be an independent risk factor of cardiovascular events and all-cause death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on chronic hemodialysis. We performed a retrospective study to investigate whether intermittent control of fluid status decreases the rate of these complications using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). In ESRD patients on chronic hemodialysis, we identified the ratio of extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW) every 6 months using InBody S10 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), which was measured within 30 minutes after dialysis initiation on the first dialysis day of the week. The uncontrolled group included 57 (40.1%) patients with all ECW/TBW measurements ≥0.40; in contrast, the controlled group included 85 (59.9%) with any measured ECW/TBW <0.40. Included patients were followed for 29 (12–42) months. The risk of cardiovascular events was higher in the uncontrolled group (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–5.1; p < 0.05) than it was in the controlled group; however, this difference disappeared after adjusting for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity index (not significant). On the other hand, the patients in the uncontrolled group had a higher risk of all-cause death than did those in the controlled group, independent of age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity index (HR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.4–16.1; p < 0.05). In conclusion, monitoring volume status using BIA may help to predict all-cause death in chronic hemodialysis patients. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm that strict volume control could reduce the rates of cardiovascular events and mortality in this population.
Preoperative Site Marking: Are We Adhering to Good Surgical Practice?
Authors: Bathla Sonia , Chadwick Michael , Nevins Edward J. , Seward Joanna
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Wrong-site surgery is a never event and a serious, preventable patient safety incident. Within the United Kingdom, national guidance has been issued to minimize the risk of such events. The mandate includes preoperative marking of all surgical patients. This study aimed to quantify regional variation in practice within general surgery and opinions of the surgeons, to help guide the formulation and implementation of a regional general surgery preoperative marking protocol.

Methods

A SurveyMonkey questionnaire was designed and distributed to 120 surgeons within the Mersey region, United Kingdom. This included all surgical trainees in Mersey (47 registrars, 56 core trainees), 15 consultants, and 2 surgical care practitioners. This sought to ascertain their routine practice and how they would choose to mark for 12 index procedures in general surgery, if mandated to do so.

Results

A total of 72 responses (60%) were obtained to the SurveyMonkey questionnaire. Only 26 (36.1%) said that they routinely marked all of their patients preoperatively. The operating surgeon marked the patient in 69% of responses, with the remainder delegating this task. Markings were visible after draping in only 55.6% of marked cases.

Conclusions

Based on our findings, surgeons may not be adhering to “Good Surgical Practice”; practice is widely variable and surgeons are largely opposed and resistant to marking patients unless laterality is involved. We suggest that all surgeons need to be actively engaged in the design of local marking protocols to gain support, change practice, and reduce errors.
Increased prefrontal activity with aging reflects nonspecific neural responses rather than compensation
Authors: Morcom Alexa M. , Henson Richard N. A. ,   for Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience
Published: June 2017

Elevated prefrontal cortex activity is often observed in healthy older adults despite declines in their memory and other cognitive functions. According to one view, this activity reflects a compensatory functional posterior-to-anterior shift, which contributes to maintenance of cognitive performance when posterior cortical function is impaired. Alternatively, the increased prefrontal activity may be less efficient or less specific, owing to structural and neurochemical changes accompanying aging. These accounts are difficult to distinguish on the basis of average activity levels within brain regions. Instead, we used a novel model-based multivariate analysis technique, applied to two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets from an adult-lifespan human sample (N=123 and N=115; approximately half female). Standard analysis replicated the age-related increase in average prefrontal activation, but multivariate tests revealed that this activity did not carry additional information. The results contradict the hypothesis of a compensatory posterior-to-anterior shift. Instead, they suggest that the increased prefrontal activation reflects reduced efficiency or specificity, rather than compensation.

Significance statement

Functional brain imaging studies have often shown increased activity in prefrontal brain regions in older adults. This has been proposed to reflect a compensatory shift to greater reliance on prefrontal cortex, helping to maintain cognitive function. Alternatively, activity may become less specific as people age. This is a key question in the neuroscience of aging. In this study, we used novel tests of how different brain regions contribute to long- and short-term memory. We found increased activity in prefrontal cortex in older adults, but this activity carried less information about memory outcomes than activity in visual regions. These findings are relevant for understanding why cognitive abilities decline with age, suggesting that optimal function depends on successful brain maintenance rather than compensation.
Close-packed structures with finite-range interaction: computational mechanics of layer pair interaction
Authors: Rodriguez-Horta Edwin , Estevez-Rams Ernesto , Neder Reinhard , Lora-Serrano Raimundo
Published: June 2017

The stacking problem is approached by computational mechanics, using an Ising next-nearest-neighbour model. Computational mechanics allows one to treat the stacking arrangement as an information processing system in the light of a symbol-generating process. A general method for solving the stochastic matrix of the random Gibbs field is presented and then applied to the problem at hand. The corresponding phase diagram is then discussed in terms of the underlying ∊-machine, or optimal finite-state machine. The occurrence of higher-order polytypes at the borders of the phase diagram is also analysed. The applicability of the model to real systems such as ZnS and cobalt is discussed. The method derived is directly generalizable to any one-dimensional model with finite-range interaction.
Exploring strategic agency in sustainability-oriented entrepreneur legitimation
Authors: Reynolds Orlagh , Sheehan Maura , Hilliard Rachel
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to look at the role played by three archetypal constructs pertaining to the individual sustainability-oriented entrepreneur, namely prior knowledge, sustainability orientation and sustainability intention, in legitimation behavior and explores their strategic utility.

Design/methodology/approach

The author studies legitimacy-seeking behavior in the case of ten sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs. A qualitative case study approach is used, capturing evidence of legitimation behavior in the startup phase through interviews, participant observation and documentation analysis.

Findings

Prior knowledge and sustainability orientation appear to offer little value beyond their role as necessary factors in maintaining legitimacy. Both appear to have limited strategic value for legitimation in comparison to sustainability intention. Intention as a construct embodies the “paradox” of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship, and learning to successfully overcome this paradox to strategically utilize intention in legitimation is crucial for these entrepreneurs.

Practical implications

Knowledge of these factors could assist sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs in strategically utilizing these factors as agency when dealing with diverse stakeholder expectations to achieve their enterprising goals. Strengthening knowledge on factors important for legitimacy is pertinent in supporting this shared value approach to entrepreneurship.

Originality/value

Little theoretical or empirical attention has been paid to the complexity of strategic legitimation behavior of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs. This paper provides novel empirical insight into what role these archetypal factors play in legitimation behavior and how they can be strategically utilized.
Regulatory focus theory and sustainable entrepreneurship
Authors: Fischer Denise , Mauer René , Brettel Malte
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of regulatory focus in sustainable entrepreneurship processes to answer questions on how sustainable entrepreneurs pursue their goals and what motivates them. Knowledge about an entrepreneur’s motivational attribute is essential when trying to understand new venture creation processes. To determine an entrepreneur’s affiliation with one of the two self-regulatory systems, promotion focus and prevention focus, it is helpful to establish whether he or she is motivated by growth and development goals (promotion) or rather by responsibility and security goals (prevention).

Design/methodology/approach

In a qualitative study of seven sustainable ventures, two semi-structured interview rounds with 14 founders were conducted. Archival data from internal and external sources were gathered, resulting in more than 80 text documents.

Findings

Findings reveal that the self-regulatory focus of sustainable entrepreneurs changes during the entrepreneurial process with regard to the temporal dynamics of motivation. While conceiving ideas, sustainable entrepreneurs engage in a prevention-focused self-regulatory process because social or ecological problems induce them to direct their attention toward sustainable development goals. During rollout, in contrast, they increasingly engage in a promotion-focused self-regulatory process and concentrate more on venture growth goals.

Practical implications

The results highlight the important role of a regulatory fit between key self-regulatory entrepreneurial behaviors and entrepreneurs’ regulatory orientation toward increased motivation and enjoyment when pursuing goals.

Originality/value

This study’s contributions extend and combine the theories of regulatory focus, entrepreneurial motivation, and entrepreneurial processes in the field of sustainable entrepreneurship. They are valuable for understanding the determinants of sustainable entrepreneurial action.