bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation Between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Cummings-John Tamara
Published: February 2014

As contemplated by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (‘Court’), the United Nations and the Court entered into a Relationship Agreement in 2004. The Relationship Agreement provides a framework for cooperation between the United Nations and the Court, including through logistical or administrative support to the Court, in particular in countries where the Prosecutor has opened investigations or is conducting preliminary examinations. The United Nations also provides substantive support and judicial assistance to the Court’s organs, in particular to the Prosecutor, but also increasingly now to the Defence, by making available documents and information generated or obtained by the United Nations and its various field presences. United Nations staff and experts have also been made available to the Court for interview and some have testified before the Court, for which the United Nations Secretary-General has to waive their immunity. This commentary provides an update on recent developments in two areas of cooperation between the United Nations and the court: information sharing, and contact with persons subject to warrants or summonses.
Locating the Social and Mobile: A Case Study of Women’s Use of Kakao Social Mobile Media in Seoul
Authors: Hjorth Larissa
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The rise of locative, social, and mobile media in the form of smartphones has been as uneven as it has been dynamic. Given recent debates in global media about surveillance and location-based media, this paper provides some nuanced examples of how everyday smartphone users are reflecting upon location-based services within the smartphone convergence. In particular, this paper considers how the unique ways location-based services are, and are not, being taken up within a context once lauded for its new media uptake, South Korea. I consider some of the resistances to services such as geo-tagging that are partly informed by issues around corporate (Samsung) surveillance and also partly about a more prosaic view to sharing details via social mobile media.
The Internet and Taiwan’s New Civic Movement in the Information Age: Hung Chung-chiu’s Case (2013)
Authors: Hung Chin-fu
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Using the case of the death of a 24-year old Taiwanese soldier, Hung Chung-chiu (洪仲丘), this article investigates the evolving phenomenon of Taiwan’s new civic movement that is highly mediated and empowered by Information and Communications Technologies (icts). Examining the case of a tragic death of Army Corporal Hung, this article argues that enhanced public engagement and awareness of citizens’ rights in the military will ultimately further strengthen Taiwan’s civil society and will eventual help consolidate Taiwan’s young democracy.
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World: An Experiment in Real Exploration, Actual Travel, Constructed Worlds, and Emancipation (in/from Japan)
Authors: Goto-Jones Chris
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This paper experiments with the idea that travel writing could be a valid and useful mode through which to study certain videogames. By embracing the notions that space is a social construction and that the virtual worlds of some videogames constitute architectural spaces in a manner that is more than analogous to an urban space, it maintains that these constructed worlds are real places to visit, and hence that exploration within them is also real. Furthermore, the paper considers the ways in which travel in general, and travel in(to) videogames in particular, contributes to the experience of emancipation in technology-rich societies. Using the example of Japan (as one of the global powerhouses of videogame creation and consumption), the paper considers the interaction and intersection of the virtual and the actual, in mutually enriching and liberating ways, which are viewed in terms of their social and political function. It also cautions about the ethics and politics of knowledge involved in the deployment of travel writing as a method in the interrogation of videogames, concluding with a methodological sketch for a way ahead. It illustrates and demonstrates its argument with three original travelogues.
Phylogenetic studies in Smallanthus (Millerieae, Asteraceae): a contribution from morphology
Authors: Vitali Maira Soledad , Viera Barreto Jessica Noelia
Published: February 2014

We present a cladistic analysis of all the species of Smallanthus. Six taxa within Rumfordia, Ichthyothere, Acanthospermum and Tridax served as outgroups. We evaluated the monophyly and the relationships between the species of Smallanthus through a maximum parsimony study based on morphological data. The matrix included 31 qualitative characters from floral and vegetative parts of the specimens. We also explored the phylogenetic significance of treating quantitative characters as continuous. Only one most parsimonious tree was obtained. In agreement with previous phylogenetic studies based on molecular data, we recovered a monophyletic Smallanthus. The presence of ray corollas, densely pubescent at the base, was the synapomorphy that defined Smallanthus. Smallanthus microcephalus and two other major clades were recovered. The first clade included S. glabratus, S. fruticosus, S. jelskii and S. pyramidalis, while the second one contained the remaining species of Smallanthus. The analysis recovered one species of Rumfordia as sister to Smallanthus. We present a new combination, Smallanthus cocuyensis, based on morphological analysis of the type specimen.
A new aetosaur from the Upper Triassic of the Santa Maria Formation, southern Brazil
Authors: ROBERTO-DA-SILVA LÚCIO , DESOJO JULIA B. , CABREIRA SÉRGIO F. , AIRES ALEX S. S. , MÜLLER RODRIGO T. , PACHECO CRISTIAN P. , DIAS-DA-SILVA SÉRGIO
Published: February 2014

Aetosaurs are armored pseudosuchian archosaurs widespread in Upper Triassic units. In South America, four taxa were previously recorded: Aetosauroides scagliai, Neoaetosauroides engaeus, Aetobarbakinoides brasiliensis, and Chilenosuchus forttae. Herein we describe a new Late Triassic juvenile aetosaur from the Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil, Polesinesuchus aurelioi gen. et sp. nov., increasing the paleobiodiversity of this interesting group to five taxa in Western Gondwana. The holotype is composed of cranial (parietal and braincase) and postcranial elements (cervical, dorsal, sacral, caudal vertebrae, both scapulae, a humerus, ilium, pubis, ischium, tibia, a partial right pes, and anterior and mid-dorsal paramedian osteoderms). It belongs to a juvenile individual, as its neurocentral sutures are open in all vertebrae, and also due to its small size. However, future paleohistological investigation is necessary to fully corroborate this assumption. This new taxon is distinguished from all other aetosaurs by the presence of an unique combination of character states (not controlled by ontogeny) such as: cervical vertebrae with prezygapophyses widely extending laterally through most of the anterior edge of the diapophyses; absence of hyposphene articulations in both cervical and mid-dorsal vertebrae; presence of a ventral keel in cervical vertebrae; anterior and mid-dorsal vertebrae without a lateral fossa in their centra; expanded proximal end of scapula; anteroposteriorly expanded medial portion of scapular blade; a short humerus with a robust shaft; and a dorsoventral and very low iliac blade with a long anterior process which slightly exceeds the pubic peduncle. Regarding its phylogenetic relationships, the present analysis placed Polesinesuchus as the sister taxon of Aetobarbakinoides and both as sister taxa of the unnamed monophyletic clade Desmatosuchinae plus Typothoracisinae.
Comments on “Effect of Electric Charge on Collisions between Cloud Droplets”
Authors: Tinsley Brian A. , Zhou Limin
Published: February 2014

Fletcher’s simple model for the electric force between charged conducting spheres (with reference to cloud droplets) is compared with an exact model and also with another approximate model. His results for the charge ratio as a function of the distance at which the force of attraction changes to one of repulsion differs from that of the other treatments by a factor of 4 at large separations (where the effects of approximations should be negligible) and by a factor of 8 at small separations. The reasons for the discrepancy are explored, and the other treatments are found to be reliable. The attractive force is present for a much larger range of separations, and for more meteorologically plausible charge ratios, than in Fletcher’s results. The general results are discussed in the context of confounding effects of droplet inertia, which is the dominant factor in collisions unless there are very high droplet charges. Inertia is much less important for collisions of charged aerosol particles and cloud droplets, and an important application of models of electric-force calculations is in electrically enhanced scavenging in clouds that are weakly charged by current flow in the global atmospheric electric circuit.
Variability of Observed Energy Fluxes during Rain-on-Snow and Clear Sky Snowmelt in a Midlatitude Mountain Environment
Authors: Garvelmann J. , Pohl S. , Weiler M.
Published: February 2014

Hourly observations of 65 snow monitoring stations were used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the surface energy balance during snowmelt in the Black Forest region of southwestern Germany. The study focuses on two rain-on-snow (ROS) events in December 2012 and a clear sky period at the beginning of March 2013 using the same study locations. ROS and clear sky were chosen since they are completely different snowmelt conditions in terms of energy exchanges and dynamics. The results show that snowmelt was dominated by turbulent exchanges at the open field sites and by both turbulent exchanges and net longwave radiation in the forest during ROS. The energy available for snowmelt can be almost identical at open and forest locations during ROS, and a constant energy flux even during night was directed toward the snowpack. During the clear sky conditions, net shortwave radiation was the dominating term in the open, whereas net shortwave and net longwave radiation were most important in the forest. A diurnal signal with positive energy balance during daylight and negative energy balance in the night was observed, with considerably reduced energy available for snowmelt in the forest. Furthermore, the stratified sampling design revealed the strong influence of the canopy and the topography at the locations on the observed energy fluxes. Elevation, aspect, and leaf area index (LAI) were the most important predictor variables during ROS, whereas aspect and LAI were most influential during the clear sky period. The study highlights the distinct spatial variability of the individual energy balance terms over a relatively small area during the differing snowmelt conditions.
Correction of UVS-AB-T UV Radiometers Using a Radiative Transfer Model
Authors: Xia Dong , Tan Haobo , Chen Ling , Mo Weiqiang , Yuan Zhiyang , Gao Si
Published: February 2014

Observation of UV radiation is of major importance to human health and to the calculation of photochemical reaction rates. However, the sensitivity of UV radiometers decays because of equipment aging. A correction method is therefore proposed by using a decrement formula that is approximately a quadratic function of time and is obtained by fitting the clear-sky observation data from an aged UVS-AB-T UV radiometer with the data simulated by the Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) radiative transfer model. The corrected data from the older radiometer are verified by the data from another newer radiometer on selected clear-sky days. The results show a high correlation and a low bias between the radiometers, and the mean of the corrected data from the older radiometer is 94.5% of that from the newer radiometer. After a long time of use, the decrement of the observation data would increase dramatically and errors of the data after correction would still be significant. In Dongguan, China, a recommendation is made that a UV radiometer should not be used for more than 5 years when the decrement rate reaches 50%.
An Application of the Helmholtz Theorem in Extracting the Externally Induced Deformation Field from the Total Wind Field in a Limited Domain
Authors: Cao Jie , Ran Lingkun , Li Na
Published: February 2014

A new application of the Helmholtz theorem that divides the horizontal wind into purely rotational, purely divergent, and harmonic deformational flow is put forward in this study. The formulas and methods, with consideration of avoiding the nonunique problem in solving the two Poisson equations with coupled boundary conditions, are constructed and tested for applicability and accuracy in an ideal experiment. Numerical tests show that the three extracted components together with the reconstructed wind almost recover the ideal fields by using the extended Helmholtz theorem, while other methods fail. The physical meaning of the extracted externally induced deformational flow is explained in the context of its connection to frontogenesis in a real weather event. It may provide potential usage in analyzing certain types of real weather.
The Discrete and the Continuous in Freud’s “Remembering, Repeating and Working Through”
Authors: Friedman Lawrence
Published: February 2014

There are two crucial passages in Freud’s “Remembering, Repeating and Working Through” that require the analyst to think about entities in the mind while at the same time thinking about the mind as a continuum of activity. Although that is a challenging paradox, the passage that allows the analyst to find discrete memories in the patient’s continuous behavior was easily absorbed into psychoanalytic custom. In the reverse direction, however, the description of the patient finding his way from the analyst’s discrete interpretations to his own continuous experience of strain was most often pasted over with superfluous platitudes. A practical reason for this aversion is suggested.
From Formlessness to Structure? The Institutionalization of Competitive Party Systems in Africa
Authors: Weghorst Keith R. , Bernhard Michael
Published: February 2014

Giovanni Sartori once described African party systems as “formless.” Our contribution challenges this view in an era of resurgent multipartism that swept through the subcontinent in the early 1990s and continues until today. The article brings together contemporary research on African party systems with the wider disciplinary literature on party system institutionalization. Using a data set including all continuous election sequences in Africa from 1950 to 2008, we find that Africa has some of the most volatile party systems ever recorded and yet, tremendous diversity across regimes. We test the relative impact of political institutions, economic performance, the history of party system development, and social cleavage structure on party system institutionalization in Africa. We find that its party systems have been shaped by a set of factors unique to the subcontinent, but some of the general global patterns of party system development hold true in Africa as well.
Explaining Regional Autonomy Differences in Decentralized Countries
Authors: Sambanis Nicholas , Milanovic Branko
Published: February 2014

Why do groups want to secede and where is demand for self-determination most likely to arise? We argue self-determination demand is moderated by the projected economic costs of policy autonomy. The trade-off between income and sovereignty implies that, other things being equal, richer regions are more likely to demand more autonomy. This trade-off suggests that relative regional income is a key predictor of autonomy demands. We show evidence of this using new data collected at the level of second-tier administrative sub-divisions in 48 decentralized countries. Consistent with a demand-and-supply model of self-determination, we find that levels of policy autonomy are positively correlated with relative regional income, regional population share, natural resource endowment, and regional inter-personal inequality. Ethnically distinct regions have lower sovereignty, which could explain higher levels of conflict in these regions, but this association is conditional on controlling for the interactive effects between ethnic distinctiveness and regional inter-personal inequality.
Strength Determination of Brittle Materials as Curved Monolithic Structures
Authors: Hooi P. , Addison O. , Fleming G.J.P.
Published: February 2014

The dental literature is replete with “crunch the crown” monotonic load-to-failure studies of all-ceramic materials despite fracture behavior being dominated by the indenter contact surface. Load-to-failure data provide no information on stress patterns, and comparisons among studies are impossible owing to variable testing protocols. We investigated the influence of nonplanar geometries on the maximum principal stress of curved discs tested in biaxial flexure in the absence of analytical solutions. Radii of curvature analogous to elements of complex dental geometries and a finite element analysis method were integrated with experimental testing as a surrogate solution to calculate the maximum principal stress at failure. We employed soda-lime glass discs, a planar control (group P, n = 20), with curvature applied to the remaining discs by slump forming to different radii of curvature (30, 20, 15, and 10 mm; groups R30-R10). The mean deflection (group P) and radii of curvature obtained on slumping (groups R30-R10) were determined by profilometry before and after annealing and surface treatment protocols. Finite element analysis used the biaxial flexure load-to-failure data to determine the maximum principal stress at failure. Mean maximum principal stresses and load to failure were analyzed with one-way analyses of variance and post hoc Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The measured radii of curvature differed significantly among groups, and the radii of curvature were not influenced by annealing. Significant increases in the mean load to failure were observed as the radius of curvature was reduced. The maximum principal stress did not demonstrate sensitivity to radius of curvature. The findings highlight the sensitivity of failure load to specimen shape. The data also support the synergistic use of bespoke computational analysis with conventional mechanical testing and highlight a solution to complications with complex specimen geometries.
A Qualitative Study of Job Placement Provider Decisions in Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Fleming Allison R. , Phillips Brian N. , Kaseroff Ashley , Huck Garrett E.
Published: February 2014

A modified consensual qualitative research approach was taken to determine factors that influence job placement services in selected state Vocational Rehabilitation agencies. Thirty-five counselors, supervisors, and administrators participated in semistructured interviews on job placement and how they determine whether the counselor or another professional (e.g., in-house placement specialist, community rehabilitation provider) provides the direct service. Results indicated that several factors were noted by at least half of the participants, including anticipated intensity of services needed by the client, counselor caseload size/available time, existing employer relationships, availability of a placement service provider, and placement skills. Results highlight the impact of consistently high client volume on placement services, particularly for individuals with the most significant disabilities. Implications related to the current state of policy and practice for placement services, as well as potential future directions, are discussed.
Structural equation models of VMT growth in US urbanised areas
Authors: Ewing Reid , Hamidi Shima , Gallivan Frank , Nelson Arthur C , Grace James B
Published: February 2014

Vehicle miles travelled (VMT) is a primary performance indicator for land use and transportation, bringing with it both positive and negative externalities. This study updates and refines previous work on VMT in urbanised areas, using recent data, additional metrics and structural equation modelling (SEM). In a cross-sectional model for 2010, population, income and freeway capacity are positively related to VMT, while gasoline prices, development density and transit service levels are negatively related. Findings of the cross-sectional model are generally confirmed in a more tightly controlled longitudinal study of changes in VMT between 2000 and 2010, the first model of its kind. The cross-sectional and longitudinal models together, plus the transportation literature generally, give us a basis for generalising across studies to arrive at elasticity values of VMT with respect to different urban variables.
The location patterns of artistic clusters: A metro- and neighborhood-level analysis
Authors: Grodach Carl , Currid-Halkett Elizabeth , Foster Nicole , Murdoch James
Published: February 2014

Analysing census and industry data at the metro and neighbourhood levels, this paper seeks to identify the location characteristics associated with artistic clusters and determine how these characteristics vary across different places. We find that the arts cannot be taken overall as an urban panacea, but rather that their impact is place-specific and policy ought to reflect these nuances. However, our work also finds that, paradoxically, the arts’ role in developing metro economies is as highly underestimated as it is overgeneralised. While arts clusters exhibit unique industry, scale and place-specific attributes, we also find evidence that they cluster in ‘innovation districts’, suggesting they can play a larger role in economic development. To this end, our results raise important questions and point toward new approaches for arts-based urban development policy that look beyond a focus on the arts as amenities to consider the localised dynamics between the arts and other industries.
Alterations in scale: Patterns of change in main street networks across time and space
Authors: Porta Sergio , Romice Ombretta , Maxwell J Alexander , Russell Peter , Baird Darren
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a morphological study of 100 main street networks from urban areas around the world. An expansion in the scale of main street networks was revealed using a unique heuristic visual method for identifying and measuring the lengths of main street segments from each of the study areas. Case studies were selected and grouped according to corresponding urban design paradigms, ranging from antiquity to present day. This research shows that the average lengths of main street segments from networks of historic (i.e. ancient, medieval, renaissance, baroque and industrial) and informal case studies are much smaller relative to those from networks of more contemporary case studies (i.e. Garden City, Radiant City and New Urbanism). This study provides empirical evidence in support of prior, observational claims suggesting a consistent pattern in the smaller scale of main street networks from traditional urban areas, termed the ‘400-metre rule’. Additionally, it makes the case for further empirical research into similarly recursive spatial patterns within other elements of urban form (i.e. plots, blocks, etc.) that, if discovered, could aid in future urban design efforts to help provide the framework for more ‘human-scale’ urban environments.
Developing a competency-based assessment approach for student learning
Authors: Dunning Pamela T
Published: February 2014

Higher education accrediting bodies are increasing the emphasis on assessing student learning outcomes as opposed to teaching methodology. The purpose of this article is to describe the process used by Troy University’s Master of Public Administration program to change their assessment approach from a course learning objective perspective to a student learning outcome perspective as they prepare for specialized reaccreditation through the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs and Administration. The article illustrates how the program moved from measuring individual course learning objectives to a more holistic approach that focuses on a set of universal required competencies that relate to the program’s mission and public service values. Also described are the challenges in making this paradigm shift.
Piloting a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Family Members Living With Individuals With Severe Mental Disorders
Authors: Polo-López Rocío , Echeburúa Enrique , Berry Katherine , Salaberría Karmele
Published: February 2014

Living with a person who experiences mental health problems can have an adverse effect on well-being. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a psychological treatment for relatives of people with mental health problems, byusing an interrupted time-series design. The sample comprised 20 individuals, who completed assessment measures at baseline and 6 months later. Sixteen of these participants then received the treatment and were assessed again at the end of the program. There were no significant changes in outcomes between the baseline and the second assessments done 6 months later and there were significant improvements in well-being following treatment The program shows promise as a treatment for relatives of people with mental health problems and therefore warrants further evaluation in more controlled studies.
The Empirical as Conceptual
Authors: Zhan Mei
Published: February 2014

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is often considered an “experiential medicine.” As such, it is seen as in need of conceptual elevation by scientific experiments and theorization, which actualize and undermine scientized forms of TCM. This essay argues that the predicaments of TCM are thoroughly modern and must be understood within the “Modern Constitution” in which the production and proliferation of asymmetries are both constitutive of and obscured by modern knowledge production. This essay dislodges these asymmetries through transdisciplinary engagements with TCM. This transdisciplinary approach, as I will show, allows us to animate the experiential in order to unsettle the relations between the empirical and the conceptual, the concrete and the abstract, and the contingent and the universal. Most importantly, it enables reconsiderations of the experiential and the empirical as conditions for thinking, doing, and being that insist on immanence, move analogously, and travel sideways. Thus, rather than wanting conceptual uplifting, TCM as an experiential medicine could not only work as a critique of the Modern Constitution but also force a conceptual disruption from within by insisting on the empirical as conceptual.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Provides Effective Relief as Observed by Health Care Use Pre‐ and Postoperatively
Authors: Benninger Michael S. , Holy Chantal E.
Published: February 2014

Objective

To analyze the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on overall health care utilization for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Study Design

Retrospective administrative database analysis.

Setting

All US‐based primary and secondary sites of care.

Subjects and Methods

A cohort of patients with ESS (Current Procedural Terminology codes 31254‐31288) in 2008 and at least 5 years of continuous medical and drug plan enrollment were included (n = 9105). Inpatient and outpatient medical history (including prescriptions) was analyzed from weeks −104 to +104 postoperatively.

Results

Health care utilization was constant up to −6 months preoperatively, at a per‐patient per‐week (PPPW) average of $11.75 (prescriptions, $2.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), $2.32‐$2.56]; inpatient care, $ 0.82 [95% CI, $ 0.43‐$1.20]; outpatient care, $8.49 [95% CI, $7.90‐$9.08]). At −26 weeks preoperatively, a continuous increase from baseline levels was observed up to week −3, reaching an average PPPW of $95.37 (prescriptions, $13.74 [95% CI, $12.51‐$14.96]; inpatient care, $2.73 [95% CI, $1.76‐$3.70]; and outpatient care, $78.90 [95% CI, 73.65‐$84.14]). From week −3 to surgery, outpatient events and prescriptions increased significantly, suggesting a decision to operate and costs associated with preoperative management. Postoperatively, costs declined rapidly, reaching baseline levels by 13 weeks postoperatively. Adverse events were reported in 388 patients (2.94% cases of hemorrhage, 0.14% cases of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 0.58% cases of orbital complications), and 572 (6.28%) patients had revision surgery.

Conclusion

Patients with CRS incur ongoing, baseline levels of health care utilization. Preoperatively, CRS‐related health care needs are more than 8‐fold greater than those at baseline. Following ESS, health care needs declined rapidly and reached baseline levels within 13 weeks postoperatively.
Dissecting intramural hematoma of esophagus after thrombolytic therapy: A case report
Authors: Hajsadeghi Shokufeh , Agah Shahram , Iranpour Aida , Chehrehgosha Haleh , Ghanooni Amir Hossein , Forghani Foroogh
Published: February 2014

Esophageal hematoma is a relatively rare event. We report a case of severe chest pain associated with myocardial infarction and recurrent chest pain after administration of a thrombolytic agent. The chest pain was different from the presenting symptom and accompanied by 2 episodes of hematemesis. Esophageal hematoma was confirmed after endoscopy and computed tomography. Esophageal hematoma is a relatively rare event after thrombolytic therapy.
Innominate artery injury from disseminated tuberculosis
Authors: Chow Oliver S , Huang Joe T , Sambol Justin T , Bolanowski Paul J , Lovoulos Constantinos J
Published: February 2014

A 49-year-old man presented with chest pain and was found to have hemorrhage and drainage from a chest wound secondary to disseminated tuberculosis involving the sternum and ankle. He then developed acute hemorrhage from an innominate artery pseudoaneurysm originating just below a severely diseased sternoclavicular junction. A staged approach was used to manage his pathology given the life-threatening bleeding and his debilitated condition. He underwent endovascular stent grafting to exclude the pseudoaneurysm, followed by aggressive debridement of the affected sternal area.
Creating positive out-group attitudes through intergroup couple friendships and implications for compassionate love
Authors: Welker Keith M. , Slatcher Richard B. , Baker Lynzey , Aron Arthur
Published: February 2014

Building personal relationships with out-group members is an important catalyst of positive intergroup attitudes. In a 2 × 2 experimental design, Caucasian and African American individuals and couples were randomly assigned to interact in either cross-race or same-race individual dyads and couple pairs. Participants completed pretest measures of race attitudes and engaged in a high self-disclosure closeness-induction task with an in-group or out-group race member in pairs of couples or individuals and completed measures of self-disclosure and intergroup attitudes. These results suggest that intergroup contact in the presence of romantic partners may be particularly effective for improving intergroup attitudes. We explore the implications of these results for developing compassionate love toward out-groups.
Dynamic assessment of elicited imitation: A case analysis of an advanced L2 English speaker
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A. , Zhang Haomin (Stanley)
Published: February 2014

The focus of this paper is on the design, administration, and scoring of a dynamically administered elicited imitation test of L2 English morphology. Drawing on Vygotskian sociocultural psychology, particularly the concepts of zone of proximal development and dynamic assessment, we argue that support provided during the elicited imitation test both reveals and promotes the continued growth of emerging L2 capacities. Following a discussion of the theoretical and methodological background to the study, we present a single case analysis of one advanced L2 English speaker (L1 Korean). First, we present overall scores, which include three types: an “actual” score, based on first responses only; a “mediated” score, which is weighted to account for those abilities that become possible only with support; and a learning potential score, which may be used as a predictor of readiness to benefit from further instruction. Second, we illustrate how an item analysis can be useful in developing a detailed diagnostic profile of the learner that accounts for changes in the learner’s need for, and responsiveness to, support over the course of the task. In concluding, we consider the implications of our approach to dynamically assessing elicited imitation tasks and directions for further research.
Families at war? Relationships between ‘survivors’ of wrongful conviction and ‘survivors’ of serious crime
Authors: Jenkins Siôn
Published: February 2014

Following the quashing of an unsafe conviction, the appellant and their supporters often rejoice that their quest for justice has been successful and that the appellant has been released from their wrongful imprisonment. For the survivors of crime involved in the criminal case, including those suffering bereavement after homicide, the appellant’s release from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) can engender feelings of resentment and hostility. This article will examine relationships between survivors of wrongful conviction and survivors of crime often involved in the same criminal case. The article argues that the antipathy between the families contributes to undermining both parties’ desire for emotional healing and recovery.
Do Cities Have Broad Shoulders? Does Motown Need a Haircut? On Urban Branding and the Personification of Place
Authors: Brown Stephen , Campelo Adriana
Published: February 2014

Once regarded as dens of iniquity, injurious to human health and social welfare, cities are increasingly seen as a savior for our species. The world is becoming ever more urban and the benefits of city living – ecological benefits, educational benefits, financial benefits, well-being benefits (Glaeser 2011) – are ever more widely recognized. Marketing too is embracing the urban imperative. Recent years have witnessed a surge in geo-branding and scape-based scholarship generally. This essay reflects on the proliferation of place marketing publications and draws macromarketers’ attention to a hitherto overlooked aspect of the literature. Namely, our propensity to personify places, to treat them as living things, as organic entities – as people, in effect – that grow, flourish and finally pass away. Metaphors also suffer from the ravages of time, as do ostensibly healthy academic disciplines like marketing.
Capn4 mRNA level is correlated with tumour progression and clinical outcome in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhuang Qianfeng , Qian Xi , Cao Yunjie , Fan Min , Xu Xianlin , He Xiaozhou
Published: February 2014

Objective

To investigate the mRNA and protein levels of calpain small subunit-1 (Capn4) in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), to analyse the relationship between Capn4 mRNA level and pathological stage of ccRCC, and to examine the potential of Capn4 as a prognostic factor in ccRCC.

Methods

mRNA and protein levels of Capn4 were measured in pairs of tumour tissues and matched adjacent nontumour tissue obtained from patients with ccRCC by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Associations of the mRNA level of Capn4 with pathological tumour stage and the overall survival of ccRCC patients were also analysed.

Results

Capn4 mRNA and protein level were significantly higher in ccRCC tumour tissues compared with adjacent nontumour tissues as assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Higher Capn4 mRNA levels were observed in patients with more advanced pathological stage of ccRCC and were also associated with decreased overall survival of patients with ccRCC.

Conclusions

The findings from this study indicate that Capn4 has the potential to be an independent prognostic indicator for ccRCC.
Influence of goal-directed therapy with balanced crystalloid–colloid or unbalanced crystalloid solution on base excess
Authors: Krebbel Holger , Feldheiser Aarne , Müller Olga , Boemke Willehad , Sander Michael , Perka Carsten , Wernecke Klaus-Dieter , Spies Claudia
Published: February 2014

Objective

To investigate changes in standard base excess (SBE) when administering two different infusion regimens for elective hip replacement within a goal-directed haemodynamic algorithm.

Methods

This prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study enrolled patients scheduled for primary hip replacement surgery, who were randomized to receive either an unbalanced crystalloid (chloride: 155.5 mmol/l) or a 1 : 1 mixture of a balanced crystalloid and a balanced colloid (6% w/v hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42; chloride: 98 and 112 mmol/l, respectively). Fluid management was goal-directed to optimize stroke volume using oesophageal Doppler.

Results

A total of 40 patients (19 female/21 male) participated in the study. After surgery, median (25–75% percentiles) SBE was significantly lower in the unbalanced group compared with the balanced group: −2.0 mmol/l (−3.1 to −1.1) versus −0.4 mmol/l (−1.2 to 0.7), respectively. This difference was mainly due to greater plasma chloride concentrations in the unbalanced group. The amount of study medication required to reach haemodynamic stability (median 1200 ml) did not differ between the two groups.

Conclusion

SBE decreased in the unbalanced group without influence on fluid requirements and haemodynamic stability.
The Relationship Between Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Asthma
Authors: Knudson C. J. , Varga S. M.
Published: February 2014

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Most infants who experience wheezing episodes also exhibit evidence of an ongoing respiratory viral infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children and is a common cause of wheezing in infants and young children. In the past several decades, a number of studies have demonstrated a relationship between infants with severe RSV infections and the subsequent development of asthma later during childhood. This review provides an overview of data that suggests a severe RSV infection early in childhood is linked to development of asthma later in life. In addition, the current and potential future use of various animal models to gain additional insight into the relationship between RSV and asthma is discussed.
Histologic Grading of Canine Mast Cell Tumor
Authors: Sabattini S. , Scarpa F. , Berlato D. , Bettini G.
Published: February 2014

Mast cell tumor (MCT) is a common canine cutaneous neoplasm with variable biological behavior. A 2-tier histologic grading system was recently proposed by Kiupel et al to reduce interobserver variation and eliminate prognostic uncertainty of the Patnaik system. This study compared the ability of these 2 grading systems to predict survival in a cohort of dogs with MCTs. However, surgical margins were unknown, and the risk of developing new/metastatic MCTs was not studied. Histologic grade was assessed according to both systems for 137 surgically resected cutaneous MCTs. The relationship between grade and survival was evaluated. According to the Patnaik system, 18 MCTs (13.1%) were classified as grade I, 83 (60.6%) as grade II, and 36 (26.3%) as grade III. Grade III was associated with a poorer prognosis ( P < .001), but no significant difference between grades I and II was detected. Grading according to the Patnaik system was based on consensus grading among 3 pathologists, and interobserver variability was not considered. All grade I MCTs were low grade in the Kiupel system, and all grade III were high grade. Among grade II, 71 (85.6%) were low grade, and 12 (14.4%) were high grade, with a 1-year survival probability of 94% and 46%, respectively ( P < .001). The 2-tier system had a high prognostic value and was able to correctly predict the negative outcomes of some grade II MCTs. Data also confirm that histologic grading cannot predict biological behavior of each MCT and should be supplemented with molecular methods for more accurate prognostication.
Indigenous geographies III
Authors: Coombes Brad , Johnson Jay T. , Howitt Richard
Published: February 2014

Working with Indigenous peoples has stretched geographers’ presumptions about appropriate modes of engagement and representation. Early feminist geography prompted methodological experimentation that exercised significant and lasting influence on the discipline. The politics of working with Indigenous peoples yields similarly significant insights about research leadership and methodological choices that are now recognized more widely. We juxtapose the prevailing ethnographic and collaborative approaches to researching Indigenous peoples against Indigenes’ preference for leading research into their lives. Ethical concerns about recent geographical research suggest a need to reconceptualize participation, action and representation.
Fathers and Mothers of Children With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Al-Yagon Michal
Published: February 2014

This study compared emotional and coping resources of two parent groups with children ages 8 to 12 years—children with learning disabilities (LD) versus with typical development—and explored how mothers’ and fathers’ emotional resources (low anxious/avoidant attachment, low negative affect, and high positive affect) may explain differences in parents’ coping resources (active/avoidant coping with a child-related problem, sense of coherence). Parents ( N = 410) comprised 107 couples with LD children and 98 couples with typically developing children. Significant group differences emerged on parental coping strategies, and significant sex differences emerged too, more so in the LD group. As hypothesized, parental emotional resources contributed to coping resources, although this differed partially between groups. Discussion focuses on the unique value of emotional resources for coping resources in both populations.
Assessing the Educational and Support Needs of Nursing Staff Serving Older Adults
Authors: Perry Tam E. , Ziemba Rosemary
Published: February 2014

Given the expected changes in demography and dependent care ratios, communities are preparing for the needs of older populations. Sometimes, communities form coalitions to address health-care needs. This case study evaluates a coalition/university partnership formed to assess the educational and support needs of nursing staff who are taking care of older adults across all service settings in one geographically defined community. A 17-member community-based coalition contracted with researchers from an external university to determine the perceptions of three key stakeholder groups: older adults and their families, all levels of nursing staff, and agency administrators. By applying principles of Participatory Action Research (PAR), this case study presents the challenges faced in the community-based coalition/university research team partnership. This coalition/research partnership is unique, differing from most academic examples of PAR because nursing professionals initiated the partnership.
Long-term sampling of CO2 from waste-to-energy plants: 14C determination methodology, data variation and uncertainty
Authors: Fuglsang Karsten , Pedersen Niels Hald , Larsen Anna Warberg , Astrup Thomas Fruergaard
Published: February 2014

A dedicated sampling and measurement method was developed for long-term measurements of biogenic and fossil-derived CO2 from thermal waste-to-energy processes. Based on long-term sampling of CO2 and 14C determination, plant-specific emission factors can be determined more accurately, and the annual emission of fossil CO2 from waste-to-energy plants can be monitored according to carbon trading schemes and renewable energy certificates. Weekly and monthly measurements were performed at five Danish waste incinerators. Significant variations between fractions of biogenic CO2 emitted were observed, not only over time, but also between plants. From the results of monthly samples at one plant, the annual mean fraction of biogenic CO2 was found to be 69% of the total annual CO2 emissions. From weekly samples, taken every 3 months at the five plants, significant seasonal variations in biogenic CO2 emissions were observed (between 56% and 71% biogenic CO2). These variations confirmed that biomass fractions in the waste can vary considerably, not only from day to day but also from month to month. An uncertainty budget for the measurement method itself showed that the expanded uncertainty of the method was ± 4.0 pmC (95 % confidence interval) at 62 pmC. The long-term sampling method was found to be useful for waste incinerators for determination of annual fossil and biogenic CO2 emissions with relatively low uncertainty.
Conjugate heat transfer simulation of turbine blade high efficiency cooling method with mist injection
Authors: Jiang Yuting , Zheng Qun , Yue Guoqiang , Dong Ping , Gao Jie , Yu Feilong
Published: February 2014

The idea of utilizing a finely dispersed water-in-air mixture has been proven to be a feasible technique to produce very high cooling rates. The accuracy of numerical simulation program for conjugate heat transfer methodology is verified with the Mark II transonic high pressure turbine stator which is cooled by internal convection through radial round pipes, and different turbulence models and transition models are employed to analyze the influence on results. On the basis of it, the mist cooling is simulated under typical gas turbine operating conditions for internal convective cooling to discuss the improvement of cooling performance. Though the results indicate that mist cooling can decrease the temperature of boundary layer without impact on the temperature of the mainstream and the thickness of boundary layer, the cooling capacity is limited by inadequate evaporation of mist. Considering the distribution of thermal stress and mist evaporation, a compound cooling blade of film cooling with trailing edge ejection is acquired which is modified from the blade of Mark II internal convective cooling; the effects of various parameters including mist concentration and mist diameter on the improvement of cooling performance are investigated, meanwhile the impact of curvature on cooling efficiency and mist trajectory is analyzed finally.
Design and fabrication of multi-cavity injection mold using hot runners and direct edge gates
Authors: Seo Tae-Il , Song Byeong-Uk , Lee Jeong-Won
Published: February 2014

A hot runner system can provide many advantages to plastic injection mold engineers for improving product quality. In edge gate systems in particular, the gate traces can appear on the side of products rather than the top. However, it is difficult to establish hot runner systems using edge gates because of their structural differences from conventional gate systems. This article presents the entire process of preparing a 48-cavity plastic injection molding system with edge gates. This process consists of 48-cavity injection mold design, structural analysis, verification of design plans, filling analysis of multi-cavity, cooling channel design on the basis of cooling analysis, fabrication of the mold system, and test injection. All presented computer-aided engineering analyses were conducted using ANSYS and MoldFlow.