bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hoxie Frederick E.
Published: April 2016

The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History guides readers to major topics and themes in the Native American past and helps them to identify major resources for further study and research. The book presents the story of the indigenous peoples who lived—and live—in the territory encompassed by the modern United States. Its chapters, by both Native and non-Native scholars, describe the major aspects of the historical change that occurred over the past 500 years as the continent was transformed from an “undiscovered” Native land to the seat of the world’s most powerful nation-state. It accomplishes this task with chapters that focus on significant periods of upheaval and change, place-based histories of major centers of indigenous culture, and overviews of major aspects of Indian community and national life.
Late Scholastic Just War Theory
Authors: Schwartz Daniel
Published: April 2016

This chapter addresses some of the major just war questions engaged by late scholastic theologians such as Francisco de Vitoria, Gabriel Vázquez, Francisco Suárez, and Luis de Molina. The chapter starts by presenting their favored judicial model of war and then focuses on three ius ad bellum requirements: just cause, legitimate authority, and right intention. This section also discusses the positions of the late scholastics on the possibility of wars that are just on both sides, the moral equality of soldiers, and the moral gravity of the subject’s refusal to fight in his country’s morally doubtful wars. The following section explores ius in bello. It examines the principle that innocents in war are immune from direct targeting and exceptions to this principle, the moral rules governing the side-effect killing of innocents in war, and the morally permitted defensive means available to potential victims of such side-effect harms.
Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Authors: Zettle Robert , Gird Suzanne
Published: April 2016

Acceptance and mindfulness-based interventions are part of the third generation of cognitive–behavioral therapies (Hayes, 2004). Among these approaches, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) enjoy the greatest empirical support in the treatment and prevention of depression. Despite some similarities, ACT and MBCT differ on philosophical, methodological, and strategic dimensions. Outcome literature is more extensive for MBCT; empirical support for putative therapeutic processes specific to each appears to be stronger for ACT. Increasingly both approaches have been extended into clinical areas previously occupied by the other, with ACT being used for prevention of depression and MBCT for treatment of acute depressive symptoms. These developments have made it possible to indirectly compare their therapeutic impact and suggest shared mechanisms of action. Randomized clinical trials in which ACT and MBCT are directly evaluated on common outcome and process variables are recommended to more fully explicate these comparisons.
Justice, Procreation, and the Costs of Having and Raising Disabled Children
Authors: Wasserman David
Published: April 2016

Is it wrong for prospective parents not to select against having children with disabilities because these children impose substantial costs on society? Recent writers such as Stephen John have argued that the state should fund prenatal diagnosis based on expected cost savings and that parents who have had a reasonable opportunity to avoid having a child with a disability should bear some of the additional costs of raising the child. This chapter offers three responses to these social cost arguments: claims about increased costs and reduced productivity are greatly exaggerated, modern states subsidize many similar costs of childrearing and do not attempt to limit the number of children per family to reduce these costs, and luck-egalitarian theories of justice do not adequately respect the institution of the family.
Reclassification of four Polynucleobacter necessarius strains as representatives of Polynucleobacter asymbioticus comb. nov., Polynucleobacter duraquae sp. nov., Polynucleobacter yangtzensis sp. nov. and Polynucleobacter sinensis sp. nov., and emended description of Polynucleobacter necessarius
Authors: Hahn Martin W. , Schmidt Johanna , Pitt Alexandra , Taipale Sami J. , Lang Elke
Published: April 2016

Genome comparisons based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of four strains currently classified as

Polynucleobacter necessarius

subsp.

asymbioticus

resulted in ANI values of 75.7–78.4 %, suggesting that each of those strains represents a separate species. The species

P

.

necessarius

was proposed by Heckmann and Schmidt in 1987 to accommodate obligate endosymbionts of ciliates affiliated with the genus Euplotes. The required revision of this species is, however, hampered by the fact, that this species is based only on a description and lacks a type strain available as pure culture. Furthermore, the ciliate culture Euplotes aediculatus ATCC 30859, on which the description of the species was based, is no longer available. We found another Euplotes aediculatus culture (Ammermann) sharing the same origin with ATCC 30859 and proved the identity of the endosymbionts contained in the two cultures. A multilocus sequence comparison approach was used to estimate if the four strains currently classified as Polynucleobacter
necessarius subsp. asymbioticus share ANI values with the endosymbiont in the Ammermann culture above or below the threshold for species demarcation. A significant correlation (R2 0.98, P<0.0001) between multilocus sequence similarity and ANI values of genome-sequenced strains enabled the prediction that it is highly unlikely that these four strains belong to the species

P

.

necessarius

. We propose reclassification of strains QLW-P1DMWA-1T (=DSM 18221T=CIP 109841T), MWH-MoK4T (=DSM 21495T=CIP 110977T), MWH-JaK3T (=DSM 21493T=CIP 110976T) and MWH-HuW1T (=DSM 21492T=CIP 110978T) as Polynucleobacter asymbioticus comb. nov., Polynucleobacter duraquae sp. nov., Polynucleobacter yangtzensis sp. nov. and Polynucleobacter sinensis sp. nov., respectively.
Characterization of a thalamic nucleus mediating habenula responses to change in illumination
Authors: Cheng Ruey-Kuang , Krishnan Seetha , Lin Qian , Kibat Caroline , Jesuthasan Suresh
Published: April 2016

Background

Neural activity in the vertebrate habenula is affected by changes in ambient illumination. The nucleus that links photoreceptors with the habenula is not well characterized. Here, we describe the location, inputs and potential function of this nucleus in larval zebrafish.

Results

High-speed calcium imaging shows that onset and offset of light evokes a rapid response in the dorsal left neuropil of the habenula, indicating preferential targeting of this neuropil by afferents mediating response to change in irradiance. Injection of a lipophilic dye into this neuropil led to bilateral labeling of a nucleus in the anterior thalamus that responds to onset and offset of light, and that receives innervation from the retina and pineal organ. Lesioning the neuropil of this thalamic nucleus reduced the habenula response to light. Optogenetic stimulation of the thalamus with channelrhodopsin-2 caused depolarization in the habenula, while manipulation with anion channelrhodopsins inhibited habenula response to light and disrupted climbing and diving that is evoked by irradiance change.

Conclusions

A nucleus in the anterior thalamus of larval zebrafish innervates the dorsal left habenula. This nucleus receives input from the retina and pineal, responds to increase and decrease in irradiance, enables habenula responses to change in irradiance, and may function in light-evoked vertical migration.
Conceptual modelling of the public sphere in public libraries
Authors: Widdersheim Michael M. , Koizumi Masanori
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to construct a conceptual model of the public sphere in public libraries. Various international authors over the past 20 years have associated the public sphere with public libraries, but these associations have yet to be clarified and synthesized in a comprehensive way.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study used qualitative content analysis to identify the dimensions of the public sphere in public libraries. The study’s scope included annual reports from an urban US public library system from 1900 to 2010.

Findings

– Six dimensions of the public sphere in public libraries are described with examples. The dimensions are: core criteria; internal public sphere; external public sphere; collect and organize discourse; perform legitimation processes; and facilitate discourse. Three of these dimensions are newly identified. The six total dimensions are synthesized into a comprehensive conceptual model with three discourse arenas: governance and management; legitimation; and commons.

Originality/value

– This study is distinctive because it used a data-based, empirical approach to public libraries to an abstract sociological concept. Three dimensions of the model are new to library studies literature and therefore represent new potential areas of inquiry. The resulting conceptual model is useful for both practitioners and researchers in the public library sector. Further, the model contributes to existing social and political theory.
“The most passionate cover I’ve seen”: emotional information in fan-created U2 music videos
Authors: Rasmussen Pennington Diane
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore how both producers and consumers of user-created music videos on YouTube communicate emotional information.

Design/methodology/approach

– In total, 150 filmic documents containing fan-generated versions of U2’s “Song for Someone” were purposively collected. The author used discourse analysis to understand the types of videos created, the communication of emotional information from both the producers and the consumers, the social construction of emotion in the filmic documents, and elements of intertextuality that represented emotion.

Findings

– Fans created videos containing cover versions, original versions of the song with new visual content, and tutorials about how to play the song. Producers of cover versions communicated emotional information, especially tenderness, through facial expression, their surroundings, and corresponding musical elements. Producers’ visual content expressed emotion through meaningful photographs and sad stories. Producers’ descriptions revealed emotion as well. Emotions were individually experienced and socially constructed. Consumers conveyed emotion through likes, dislikes, and expressive positive comments. Intertextuality communicated passion for U2 through tour references, paraphernalia displays, band photographs, imitating the band, and musical mashups.

Practical implications

– Information science can work towards a new generation of multimedia information retrieval systems that incorporate emotion in order to help users discover documents in meaningful ways that move beyond keyword and bibliographic searches.

Originality/value

– This is one of the earliest research papers in the area of emotional information retrieval (EmIR).
Cross‐level effects of high‐performance work systems (HPWS) and employee well‐being: the mediating effect of organisational justice
Authors: Heffernan Margaret , Dundon Tony
Published: April 2016

In this cross‐level study, we examine the mediating influence of employee perceptions of the fairness of human resource practices associated with the high‐performance work systems model. Data were collected from 187 employees in three companies in Ireland. Using cross‐level analyses, employee perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice were found to mediate the relationship between high‐performance work systems and job satisfaction, affective commitment and work pressure. The findings also point to a ‘management by stress’ HPWS relationship, suggesting diminished employee well‐being, less satisfaction and lower commitment. The research adds to our understanding of the mechanisms through which human resource practices influence employee outcomes and contributes to debates that move beyond the polemic high versus low employee well‐being debates of HRM. The discussion reviews the theoretical and practical implications of these results.
Unpacking the black box: understanding the relationship between strategy, HRM practices, innovation and organizational performance
Authors: Chowhan James
Published: April 2016

The links between HRM practices and organizational performance have received considerable research attention as significant contributors to sustained competitive advantage. However, the processes that link HRM practices and organizational performance are not fully understood. This study examines the relationships between skill‐enhancing, motivation‐enhancing and opportunity‐enhancing bundles of practices, innovation and organizational performance, and looks at the mediating effect of innovation over time at the workplace level. The results indicate that the temporal pathway from skill‐enhancing practices to innovation to organizational performance is positive and significant even after controlling for reverse causality. Strategic activity is also explored and is found to be a significant moderator. This is an indication of the importance of aligning strategy with HRM practices and innovation to achieve improved organizational performance outcomes.
Connecting empowerment‐focused HRM and labour productivity to work engagement: the mediating role of job demands and resources
Authors: Van De Voorde Karina , Veld Monique , Van Veldhoven Marc
Published: April 2016

Integrating the strategic HRM literature with key aspects of the job demands‐resources (JDR) model, we propose in this study that empowerment‐focused HRM and labour productivity influence work engagement of employees by shaping task‐related resources and demands. A total of 311 employees nested within 46 work units of a general hospital rated their task‐related resources, demands and work engagement. The line managers from these work units rated the implemented empowerment‐focused HR practices in, and the relative labour productivity of, their work unit. Results indicate that job variety positively mediates the influence of empowerment‐focused HRM on work engagement. In addition, job demands negatively mediate the influence of labour productivity on work engagement. The findings shed light on the way empowerment‐focused HRM and labour productivity influence work engagement and highlight the importance of taking into account key aspects of the JDR model (job demands and resources for employees during work) as mediating mechanisms.
The more the better … or is it? The contradictory effects of HR practices on knowledge‐sharing motivation and behaviour
Authors: Andreeva Tatiana , Sergeeva Anastasia
Published: April 2016

This article examines how individual‐level antecedents such as motivation and ability to share knowledge mediate the relationship between HR practices and knowledge‐sharing behaviour. The results of a survey of 329 secondary school teachers reveal the contradictory effects of different HR practices on the mediating roles of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to share knowledge and subsequent knowledge‐sharing behaviour of teachers. The study demonstrates that opportunity‐enhancing HR practices act as a moderating condition that activates either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation to share knowledge and may completely offset the effect of motivation‐enhancing HR practices. The study makes a distinctive contribution by demonstrating how certain combinations of HR practices aimed to enhance knowledge sharing might in fact be a costly solution for organisations, as they activate different mediating mechanisms in the HRM–knowledge‐sharing behaviour link.
The choice of the ability estimate with asymptotically correct standardized person‐fit statistics
Authors: Sinharay Sandip
Published: April 2016

Snijders (2001, Psychometrika, 66, 331) suggested a statistical adjustment to obtain the asymptotically correct standardized versions of a specific class of person‐fit statistics. His adjustment has been used to obtain the asymptotically correct standardized versions of several person‐fit statistics including the statistic (Drasgow et al., 1985, Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol., 38, 67), the infit and outfit statistics (e.g., Wright & Masters, 1982, Rating scale analysis, Chicago, IL: Mesa Press), and the standardized extended caution indices (Tatsuoka, 1984, Psychometrika, 49, 95). Snijders (2001), van Krimpen‐Stoop and Meijer (1999, Appl. Psychol. Meas., 23, 327), Magis et al. (2012, J. Educ. Behav. Stat., 37, 57), Magis et al. (2014, J. Appl. Meas., 15, 82), and Sinharay (2015b, Psychometrika, doi:10.1007/s11336‐015‐9465‐x, 2016b, Corrections of standardized extended caution indices, Unpublished manuscript) have used the maximum likelihood estimate, the weighted likelihood estimate, and the posterior mode of the examinee ability with the adjustment of Snijders (2001). This paper broadens the applicability of the adjustment of Snijders (2001) by showing how other ability estimates such as the expected a posteriori estimate, the biweight estimate (Mislevy & Bock, 1982, Educ. Psychol. Meas., 42, 725), and the Huber estimate (Schuster & Yuan, 2011, J. Educ. Behav. Stat., 36, 720) can be used with the adjustment. A simulation study is performed to examine the Type I error rate and power of two asymptotically correct standardized person‐fit statistics with several ability estimates. A real data illustration follows.
Controls on erosion patterns and sediment transport in a monsoonal, tectonically quiescent drainage, Song Gianh, central Vietnam
Authors: Jonell Tara N. , Clift Peter D. , Hoang Long V. , Hoang Tina , Carter Andrew , Wittmann Hella , Böning Philipp , Pahnke Katharina , Rittenour Tammy
Published: April 2016

The Song Gianh is a small‐sized (~3500 km2), monsoon‐dominated river in northern central Vietnam that can be used to understand how topography and climate control continental erosion. We present major element concentrations, together with Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, of siliciclastic bulk sediments to define sediment provenance and chemical weathering intensity. These data indicate preferential sediment generation in the steep, wetter upper reaches of the Song Gianh. In contrast, detrital zircon U‐Pb ages argue for significant flux from the drier, northern Rao Tro tributary. We propose that this mismatch represents disequilibrium in basin erosion patterns driven by changing monsoon strength and the onset of agriculture across the region. Detrital apatite fission track and10Be data from modern sediment support slowing of regional bedrock exhumation rates through the Cenozoic. If the Song Gianh is representative of coastal Vietnam then the coastal mountains may have produced around 132 000–158 000 km3of the sediment now preserved in the Song Hong‐Yinggehai Basin (17–21% of the total), the primary depocenter of the Red River. This flux does not negate the need for drainage capture in the Red River to explain the large Cenozoic sediment volumes in that basin but does partly account for the discrepancy between preserved and eroded sediment volumes.OSLages from terraces cluster in the Early Holocene (7.4–8.5 ka), Pre‐Industrial (550–320 yearBP) and in the recent past (ca. 150 yearBP). The older terraces reflect high sediment production driven by a strong monsoon, whereas the younger are the product of anthropogenic impact on the landscape caused by farming. Modern river sediment is consistently more weathered than terrace sediment consistent with reworking of old weathered soils by agricultural disruption.
Incidence of permanent hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy with or without central neck dissection for thyroid carcinoma: a nationwide claim study
Authors: Seo Gi Hyeon , Chai Young Jun , Choi Hyung Jin , Lee Kyu Eun
Published: April 2016

Objective

Permanent hypocalcaemia is the most common and serious complication after total thyroidectomy (TT). This study examined the impact of central neck dissection (CND) and institutional volume on rates of permanent hypocalcaemia by analysing data held in the nationwide claim database of South Korea.

Design

Data from patients who underwent TT due to thyroid carcinoma from 2007–2013 were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. Of these, patients prescribed more than 1000 mg of elemental calcium for more than 288 days during the first 360 days postsurgery were defined as having permanent hypocalcaemia.

Results

In total, 192 333 patients (32 988 male and 159 345 female) were eligible for analysis. Of these, 52 707 (27·4%) underwent TT alone and 139 626 (72·6%) underwent TT plus CND. The incidence of permanent hypocalcaemia was greater in the TT plus CND group than in the TT alone group (5·4% vs 4·6%, P < 0·001). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted risk for permanent hypocalcaemia in the TT plus CND group was 1·20 (P < 0·001). CND did not raise the rates of permanent hypocalcaemia in institutes with a low volume of annual cases (<200), whereas permanent hypocalcaemia was more common in the TT plus CND group than in the TT alone group (3·5% vs 2·9%, P = 0·002) in institutes with a large volume of annual cases (≥800).

Conclusions

TT plus CND was associated with a greater risk of permanent hypocalcaemia than TT alone. Surgeons should consider the risk of permanent hypocalcaemia when deciding whether to perform CND.
The Effectiveness of E‐Learning Systems: A Review of the Empirical Literature on Learner Control
Authors: Sorgenfrei Christian , Smolnik Stefan
Published: April 2016

E‐learning systems are considerably changing education and organizational training. With the advancement of online‐based learning systems, learner control over the instructional process has emerged as a decisive factor in technology‐based forms of learning. However, conceptual work on the role of learner control in e‐learning has not advanced sufficiently to predict how autonomous learning impacts e‐learning effectiveness. To extend the research on the role of learner control in e‐learning and to examine its impact on e‐learning effectiveness, this study reviews 54 empirical articles on learner control during the period 1996–2013. The findings are then applied to derive a conceptual framework as a reference model to illustrate how learner control affects e‐learning effectiveness. The findings provide new insights into the role and different dimensions of learner control in e‐learning with implications for learning processes and learning outcomes.
The Determinants of Students’ Perceived Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in University Online Education: An Update*
Authors: Eom Sean B. , Ashill Nicholas
Published: April 2016

A stream of research over the past decade that identifies predictors of e‐learning success suggests that there are several critical success factors (CSFs) that must be managed effectively to fully realize promise for e‐learning. Grounded in constructivist learning theories, this study advances previous work on CSFs in university online education. Structural equation modeling is applied to examine the determinants of students’ satisfaction and their perceived learning outcomes in the context of university online courses. The independent variables of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic), student self‐regulation, dialogue (instructor‐student, and student‐student), instructor, and course design are examined as potential determinants of online learning outcomes. A total of 372 responses from students who have completed at least one online course at a university in the Midwestern United States were used to examine the structural model. Findings indicate that instructor‐student dialogue, student‐student dialogue, instructor, and course design significantly affect students’ satisfaction and learning outcomes. However, both extrinsic student motivation and student self‐regulation have no significant relationship with user satisfaction and learning outcomes. Finally, intrinsic student motivation affects learning outcomes but not user satisfaction. The findings suggest that course design, instructor, and dialogue are the strongest predictors of user satisfaction and learning outcomes.
Life strategies of cephalopod paralarvae in a coastal upwelling system (NW Iberian Peninsula): insights from zooplankton community and spatio‐temporal analyses
Authors: Roura Álvaro , Antón Álvarez‐Salgado X. , González Ángel F. , Gregori María , Rosón Gabriel , Otero Jaime , Guerra Ángel
Published: April 2016

The early life stages of cephalopods ‐ octopods, squids, sepiolids and ommastrephids ‐, are uncommon in zooplankton samples and little is known about their life strategies. Accordingly, cephalopod paralarvae were examined in the upwelling ecosystem of the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain) at night from 2008 to 2010. Multivariate analyses and generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to explore relationships between cephalopod paralarvae and the zooplankton communities that they inhabited in 2008. In addition, the foraging strategy and prey preferences of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae within these communities were determined. Multivariate and GLM results showed a strong association of cephalopod paralarvae with coastal and frontal zooplankton communities. Octopus paralarvae were shown to be specialist predators with a strong preference for decapod zoeae in each of the communities examined. Using the three years of sampling, GLM analyses of paralarval spatio‐temporal variations in relation with the upwelling strength showed a positive relationship with upwelling intensity for O. vulgaris and sepiolids, as well as contrasting temporal, horizontal and vertical distributions for the different paralarvae analysed. Under strong upwelling events, Octopus paralarvae were more abundant in surface waters, whereas the abundance of loliginids and sepiolids was higher in the water column. This vertical behaviour in conjunction with the physical conditions of the Western Iberian Upwelling ecosystem suggests the coexistence of two different life strategies: a coastal strategy displayed by loliginid and sepiolid paralarvae that are retained over the shelf, and an oceanic strategy displayed by O. vulgaris paralarvae that are dispersed far from the shelf.
Variability of preferred environmental conditions for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae in the Gulf of Mexico during 1993–2011
Authors: Domingues Ricardo , Goni Gustavo , Bringas Francis , Muhling Barbara , Lindo‐Atichati David , Walter John
Published: April 2016

The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is the primary spawning ground for western Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). In this work, information reported by previous studies about the preferred environmental conditions for the occurrence of bluefin tuna larvae in the GOM is integrated into a dimensionless index, the BFT_Index. This index is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of areas with favorable environmental conditions for larvae within the GOM during 1993–2011. The main findings of this work are that: (i) the proposed index successfully captures the spatial and temporal variability in the in situ occurrence of bluefin tuna larvae; (ii) areas with favorable environmental conditions for larvae in the GOM exhibit year‐to‐year spatial and temporal variability linked with mesoscale ocean features and sea surface temperature; and (iii) comparison of the BFT_Index‐derived variability with recruitment of age‐0 fish estimated from recent stock assessment indicates that changes in environmental conditions may drive a relevant component (~58%) of the recruitment variability. The comparison with the recruitment dataset further revealed the existence of key regions linked with recruitment in the central/northern GOM, and that the Loop Current may function as a trap for larvae, possibly leading to low survival rates. Above (below) average conditions for occurrence of larvae in the GOM during spring were observed in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006–2008, and 2011 (1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003 and 2010). Results reported here have potential applications to assessment of bluefin tuna.
Type‐specific clinical characteristics of adenovirus‐associated influenza‐like illness at five US military medical centers, 2009–2014
Authors: Koren Michael A. , Arnold John C. , Fairchok Mary P. , Lalani Tahaniyat , Danaher Patrick J. , Schofield Christina M. , Rajnik Michael , Hansen Erin A. , Mor Deepika , Chen Wei‐Ju , Ridoré Michelande , Burgess Timothy H. , Millar Eugene V.
Published: April 2016

Background

Adenovirus is a recognized cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). The proportion of ILI attributable to adenovirus is not known. Moreover, knowledge gaps remain with respect to the epidemiologic, virologic, and clinical characteristics of adenovirus‐associated ILI among otherwise healthy individuals.

Methods

An observational, longitudinal study of <65‐year‐old patients with febrile ILI at five medical centers was conducted from 2009 to 2014. Nasopharyngeal specimens obtained at enrollment were first tested by single‐reaction PCR for adenovirus, then further evaluated by a multiplex PCR assay for other respiratory viral pathogens. Symptoms over a 28‐day period were collected.

Results

We enrolled 1536 individuals, among whom 43 (2·8%) were positive for adenovirus. The median age of cases was 3·4 years (range: 4 months to 41 years). Three were hospitalized. Species and serotype information was available for 33 (76·7%) cases. Species C (n = 21) was the most common, followed by B3 (n = 9) and one each of E4a, D46, and A. Species C infections were more frequent in children (P < 0·01). Half of the cases were positive for at least one other respiratory viral pathogen. Symptoms were generally mild and most commonly included cough (90%), fatigue (79%), rhinorrhea (74%), loss of appetite (71%), and sore throat (64%). Children with non‐C adenovirus infection were more likely to report sore throat (P = 0·05) and hoarseness (P = 0·06) than those with species C infection.

Conclusions

Adenovirus is frequently detected with other respiratory viruses. Persons with non‐C adenovirus infections reported more severe symptoms, suggesting there may be species‐specific differences in virulence and/or host response to infection.
The Economy: A Brexit Vote Winner?
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: April 2016

A NatCen study suggests that, in the upcoming vote on Britain's membership of the EU, economic arguments are likely to trump cultural concerns. Brian Tarran reports
Single 3‐Minute versus Double 4‐Minute Freeze Strategy for Second‐Generation Cryoballoon Ablation: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: CICONTE GIUSEPPE , SIEIRA‐MORET JUAN , HACIOGLU EBRU , MUGNAI GIACOMO , DI GIOVANNI GIACOMO , VELAGIC VEDRAN , SAITOH YUKIO , CONTE GIULIO , IRFAN GHAZALA , BALTOGIANNIS GIANNIS , HUNUK BURAK , STROKER ERWIN , BRUGADA PEDRO , DE ASMUNDIS CARLO , CHIERCHIA GIAN‐BATTISTA
Published: April 2016

Single 3 vs. Double 4 Strategy in CB ablation

Introduction

Second‐generation cryoballoon (CB‐Adv) ablation is highly effective in achieving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with promising mid‐term clinical outcome. However, the ideal freezing strategy is still under debate. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single 3‐minute approach compared to the conventional 4‐minute plus bonus application using CB‐Adv.

Methods and Results

One hundred and sixty patients (67% male; mean age 58.0 ± 13.3 years) underwent PVI using CB‐Adv for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Among 160 patients, 80 received a single 3‐minute approach (3‐mns group), while the remaining 80 conventional 4‐minute plus bonus‐freeze (4‐mns group). Mean procedure and fluoroscopy times were 90.6 ± 15.8 and 18.3 ± 6.9 in the 4‐mns group, 75.2 ± 17.1 and 13.5 ± 8.7 in the 3‐mns group (P < 0.001, respectively). First‐freeze isolation rate was 91.6% in the 4‐ versus 90.6% in the 3‐mns group (P = 0.78). Persistent phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) occurred in 6/80 (3.5%) in the 4‐mns group and 4/80 in the 3‐mns group (P = 0.75). The overall freedom from ATas 2 years after the procedure was 78.1% (125/160): 77.5% (62/80 patients) in the 3‐mns and 78.8% (63/80 patients) in the 4‐mns group (P = 0.82). In multivariate analysis, time to PVI and nadir temperature independently predicted ATa recurrences (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

CB‐Adv ablation for PAF is highly effective, resulting in 78% 2‐year freedom from arrhythmic recurrences. A “single 3‐minute strategy” showed equal efficacy as compared to the conventional 4‐minute plus bonus freeze approach at 2‐year follow‐up, providing shorter procedure and fluoroscopy time. Nadir temperature and time to PVI were predictors of arrhythmic recurrences. “Bonus‐freeze” strategy might be unnecessary.
First‐in‐Man Experience With the ClearLumen Thrombectomy System as an Adjunctive Therapy in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: Biasco Luigi , Götberg Matthias , Harnek Jan , Lundin Anders , Kandzari David E. , De Backer Ole , Olivecrona Göran K.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To describe the first‐in‐man experience with the ClearLumen Thrombectomy System (Walk Vascular, Irvine, CA) and report on its safety, feasibility and efficacy when used as an adjunctive therapy during primary PCI.

Background

Thrombus aspiration (TA) aims to improve microvascular perfusion but currently available devices are not optimal.

Methods

Prospective, single‐centre, non‐randomized, safety, and efficacy trial. Patients with acute STEMI were enrolled and the investigational device was used for thrombus aspiration. Safety was evaluated as the overall rate of device related complications while efficacy as the rate of successful device deployment and culprit vessel reperfusion. The composite endpoint based on the achievement of at least two of the following three criteria—TIMI flow 3 and/or myocardial blush grade ≥2 at completion of the case and ST‐resolution >70% at 90 minutes after vessel reperfusion—was also evaluated.

Results

Over a 3 months period 20 patients were enrolled in the study. Culprit lesion was successfully reached with the investigational device in 19 patients (95%). The pre‐specified combined endpoint was met in 16 out of 19 patients (84.2%). Three patients not meeting the combined end point had procedure related, non TA associated, adverse event. Only 2 minor procedural adverse event occurred after thrombus aspiration.

Conclusions

This first‐in‐man experience with the ClearLumen Thrombectomy System demonstrates initial promising results on safety and efficacy when used as an adjunctive therapy during primary PCI. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:155–161)
Planning for disasters involving children in Australia: A practical guide
Authors: Grindlay Joanne , Breeze Katina Mai
Published: April 2016

Children comprise 19% of the Australian population. Children are at risk of higher morbidity and mortality in disaster events than adults; however, there is a paucity of paediatric‐specific disaster preparedness in Australia. Paediatric disaster plans should be developed, tested and renewed regularly. Plans need to address unaccompanied and unidentified children, medical and psychosocial needs and family reunification. Specific management is required for chemical, biological and radiological events.
Intravenous maintenance fluid therapy in children
Authors: McNab Sarah
Published: April 2016

Intravenous fluids are frequently used in paediatrics but have been associated with significant adverse outcomes. Understanding the composition of fluid prescribed and administering an appropriate rate is essential for safe fluid administration, along with regular monitoring. Recent evidence has shown that using an isotonic fluid with a sodium concentration similar to plasma can decrease the risk of hyponatraemia without an increase in adverse effects. This should lead to a change in guidelines: isotonic fluid should now be used as the primary maintenance intravenous fluid given to the majority of children.
Point‐of‐care ultrasound in paediatric emergency medicine
Authors: O'Brien Adam J , Brady Robyn M
Published: April 2016

Point‐of‐care ultrasound (POC US) is an adjunct to clinical paediatric emergency medicine practice that is rapidly evolving, improving the outcomes of procedural techniques such as vascular access, nerve blocks and fluid aspiration and showing the potential to fast‐track diagnostic streaming in a range of presenting complaints and conditions, from shock and respiratory distress to skeletal trauma. This article reviews the procedural and diagnostic uses, both established and emerging, and provides an overview of the necessary components of quality assurance during this introductory phase.
Common sports‐related musculoskeletal injuries presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Browne Gary J , Barnett Peter LJ
Published: April 2016

Young athletes are specialising in sports at a younger age, placing the developing musculoskeletal system under considerable stress. Overuse injuries such as apophysitis are chronic in nature and account for a large proportion of musculoskeletal injuries suffered by young athletes; however, with an increased emphasis on success in sport, tendinopathy and fatigue fractures are now being reported with increasing frequency, in the adolescent population. Correct diagnosis and early protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation therapy is critical, along with supervised rehabilitation an expert in paediatric and adolescent sports medicine. Acute traumatic knee injury and ankle sprain account for most acute injuries. Although most are soft tissue in nature, radiography may be useful in specific situations before early initiation of protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation therapy. These injuries will also require follow‐up by an expert in paediatric and adolescent sports medicine to confirm the diagnosis and instigate ongoing rehabilitation and/or orthopaedic referral. Many of these injuries are preventable and due consideration should be given to simple prevention strategies.
Melatonin rescues zebrafish embryos from the parkinsonian phenotype restoring the parkin/PINK1/DJ‐1/MUL1 network
Authors: Díaz‐Casado María E. , Lima Elena , García José A , Doerrier Carolina , Aranda Paula , Sayed Ramy KA , Guerra‐Librero Ana , Escames Germaine , López Luis C , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío
Published: April 2016

Multiple studies reporting mitochondrial impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) involve knockout or knockdown models to inhibit the expression of mitochondrial‐related genes, including parkin, PINK1, and DJ‐1 ones. Melatonin has significant neuroprotective properties, which have been related to its ability to boost mitochondrial bioenergetics. The meaning and molecular targets of melatonin in PD are yet unclear. Zebrafish are an outstanding model of PD because they are vertebrates, their dopaminergic system is comparable to the nigrostriatal system of humans, and their brains express the same genes as mammals. The exposure of 24 hpf zebrafish embryos to MPTP leads to a significant inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I and the induction of sncga gene, responsible for enhancing γ‐synuclein accumulation, which is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, MPTP inhibited the parkin/PINK1/DJ‐1 expression, impeding the normal function of the parkin/PINK1/DJ‐1/MUL1 network to remove the damaged mitochondria. This situation remains over time, and removing MPTP from the treatment did not stop the neurodegenerative process. On the contrary, mitochondria become worse during the next 2 days without MPTP, and the embryos developed a severe motor impairment that cannot be rescued because the mitochondrial‐related gene expression remained inhibited. Melatonin, added together with MPTP or added once MPTP was removed, prevented and recovered, respectively, the parkinsonian phenotype once it was established, restoring gene expression and normal function of the parkin/PINK1/DJ‐1/MUL1 loop and also the normal motor activity of the embryos. The results show, for the first time, that melatonin restores brain function in zebrafish suffering with Parkinson‐like disease.
High consumption of commercial food products among children less than 24 months of age and product promotion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Pries Alissa M. , Huffman Sandra L. , Adhikary Indu , Upreti Senendra Raj , Dhungel Shrid , Champeny Mary , Zehner Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

Commercially produced complementary foods can help improve nutritional status of young children if they are appropriately fortified and of optimal nutrient composition. However, other commercially produced snack food products may be nutritionally detrimental, potentially increasing consumption of foods high in salt or sugar and displacing consumption of other more nutritious options. Helen Keller International, in collaboration with the Nepal government, implemented a study to assess mothers' utilization of commercial food products for child feeding and exposure to commercial promotions for these products. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 309 mothers of children less than 24 months of age across 15 health facilities. Utilization of breastmilk substitutes was low, having been consumed by 6.2% of children 0–5 months of age and 7.5% of children 6–23 months of age. Approximately one‐fourth (24.6%) of children 6–23 months age had consumed a commercially produced complementary food in the prior day. Twenty‐eight percent of mothers reported observing a promotion for breastmilk substitutes, and 20.1% reported promotions for commercially produced complementary foods. Consumption of commercially produced snack food products was high at 74.1% of children 6–23 months. Promotions for these same commercially produced snack food products were highly prevalent in Kathmandu Valley, reported by 85.4% of mothers. In order to improve diets during the complementary feeding period, development of national standards for complementary food products is recommended. Nutritious snack options should be promoted for the complementary feeding period; consumption of commercially produced snack food products high in sugar and salt and low in nutrients should be discouraged.
Assessment of corporate compliance with guidance and regulations on labels of commercially produced complementary foods sold in Cambodia, Nepal, Senegal and Tanzania
Authors: Sweet Lara , Pereira Catherine , Ford Rosalyn , Feeley Alison B , Badham Jane , Mengkheang Khin , Adhikary Indu , Gueye Ndèye Yaga Sy , Coly Aminata Ndiaye , Makafu Cecilia , Zehner Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

National legislation and global guidance address labelling of complementary foods to ensure that labels support optimal infant and young child feeding practices. This cross‐sectional study assessed the labels of commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) sold in Phnom Penh (n = 70), Cambodia; Kathmandu Valley (n = 22), Nepal; Dakar Department (n = 84), Senegal; and Dar es Salaam (n = 26), Tanzania. Between 3.6% and 30% of products did not provide any age recommendation and 8.6−20.2% of products, from all sites, recommended an age of introduction of <6 months. Few CPCF products provided a daily ration (0.0−8.6%) and 14.5−55.6% of those that did exceeded the daily energy recommendation for complementary foods for a breastfed child from 6 to 8.9 months of age. Only 3.6−27.3% of labels provided accurate and complete messages in the required language encouraging exclusive breastfeeding, and almost none (0.0−2.9%) provided accurate and complete messages regarding the appropriate introduction of complementary foods together with continued breastfeeding. Between 34.3% and 70.2% of CPCF manufacturers also produced breastmilk substitutes and 41.7−78.0% of relevant CPCF products cross‐promoted their breastmilk substitutes products. Labelling practices of CPCF included in this study do not fully comply with international guidance on their promotion and selected aspects of national legislation, and there is a need for more detailed normative guidance on certain promotion practices in order to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding.
Cross‐sectional survey shows that follow‐up formula and growing‐up milks are labelled similarly to infant formula in four low and middle income countries
Authors: Pereira Catherine , Ford Rosalyn , Feeley Alison B. , Sweet Lara , Badham Jane , Zehner Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

This cross‐sectional survey assessed the characteristics of labels of follow‐up formula (FUF) and growing‐up milk (GUM) compared with infant formula (IF), including cross‐promotion practices between FUF/GUM and IF manufactured by the same company, sold in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Kathmandu Valley, Nepal; Dakar Department, Senegal; and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All products were imported. A wide recommended age/age range for introduction was provided by manufacturers across all sites, with products with an age recommendation of 0–6 months being most prevalent in three sites, representing over a third of all products. Various age categories (e.g. 1, 1+ and Stage 1) commonly appeared on labels. A number of descriptive names (e.g. infant formula and milk formula) per category of age of introduction were used with some appearing across more than one category. Images of feeding bottles were found on most labels across all age categories, but prevalence decreased with older age categories. The majority of FUF/GUM manufactured by IF companies across all sites displayed at least one example of cross‐promotion with one or more of the company's IF: two‐thirds or more contained similar colour schemes/designs and similar brand names; 20–85% had similar slogans/mascots/symbols. A wide and potentially confusing range of ages/categories of introduction and descriptive names were found, and cross‐promotion with IF was common on FUF/GUM labels. Global guidance from normative bodies forms the basis of most low and middle income countries policies and should provide specific guidance to prohibit cross‐promotion between FUF/GUM and IF, and all three categories should be classified as breastmilk substitutes.