bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of airport conditions in resilience efforts: A review
Authors: Prihartanto Eko , Rohman M. Arif , Wiguna I Putu Artama
Published: September 2023

Airports, as one of the important transportation infrastructures in a country or region, play a role in the distribution of goods and people. This study aims to compile variables from a literature review to assess the condition of airport natural disaster preparedness. Airports have good resilience when facing natural disasters. This study compiles literature by collecting references from various sources, including journal articles, proceedings articles, and textbooks. So, there are nine factors, such as safety, infrastructure, passenger facilities, availability and performance, operational efficiency, service quality, and environmental sustainability. and thirty subfactors in assessing airport conditions in resilience efforts.
Estimation of the origin-destination matrix from national road traffic data in Central Java Province using the least squares method
Authors: Hermani Wahyuningsih Tri , Setyawan Ary , Syafi’i
Published: September 2023

Central Java Province has experienced increased movement due to economic, social, and cultural developments. This increased activity has caused transportation problems, highlighting the need for effective transportation planning. A commonly used method for transportation planning is the four-step technique. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the origin-destination (O-D) matrix for Central Java Province in 2022 and 2040. The traffic count method was utilized for calculating the O-D matrix in 2022, while the gravity method was employed for 2040. The results showed that the total movement for 2022 was 50,295 PCU/hour, while the projected amount for 2040 was 139,674 PCU/hour. In 2022, the action was primarily dominated by internal-internal trips, which account for 75% or 37,528 PCU/hour. In conclusion, the proposed approach has good validity, as indicated by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.677.
Science mapping of transit oriented development (TOD), typology and travel demand research
Authors: Sari Christina , Ismiyat  , Handayani Mudjihastuti , Basuki Yudi
Published: September 2023

Transit Oriented Development is a concept that is used as a tool to plan a compact area. Despite the growing interest in TOD research, there has yet to be a comprehensive review of the knowledge structure, research hotspots, and emerging trends regarding TOD research. This study tries to fill this gap based on data from Scopus, which is visualized with VosViewer, which will get trends and hotspots in TOD. The main objective of this study is to synthesize a collection of literature on TOD, typology, and travel demand, examine publication trends and topic patterns around TOD and travel demand, and visualize the interrelationships between authors, topics, sources, and geography. The results showed a significant increase in TOD research publication, with most articles published in the United States and China. The most productive authors are Cervero, Ewing, and Bertolini. Four hotspots of the frontier are determined by analysing the keywords of development-oriented model, typology, travel demand, and travel behaviour.
Liquefaction potential hazard study at UIN Datokarama, Palu City, Central Sulawesi
Authors: Mulki Azmi , Rifa’i Ahmad , Ismanti Sito
Published: September 2023

In June 2019, the Asian Development Bank approved emergency rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance (EARR) to help Indonesia rebuild better critical infrastructure damaged by the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake. One of the EARR sub-projects is the reconstruction of Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Datokarama that suffered significant damage from the combined effects of the tsunami and earthquake. The design for the building's reconstruction incorporated better principles of deconstruction, including pile foundations to ensure the facilities are earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction resistant. This study purpose is to evaluate liquefaction potential and estimate its severity or damage potential to structures in the reconstruction site. Liquefaction potential will be assessed in two ways, first by using soil deposits grain sizes distribution method from Japan technical standards for port and harbour facilities and second by safety factor against liquefaction (FOS) method using the SPT-based liquefaction triggering analysis with the revised magnitude scaling factor (MSF) relationship by Idriss and Boulanger. Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) from Iwasaki will be used for estimating liquefaction severity. The analysis is performed on dataset taken from 6 boreholes in location dominated by saturated sandy soil and shallow ground water. Based on the result, liquefaction potentially triggered at various depth with consistent LPI index at > 15, The reconstruction site has a very high liquefaction risk.
Liquefaction potential analysis in Yogyakarta – Bawen Toll Road section 3
Authors: Purba Shine Farroh , Ismanti Sito , Setiawan Angga Fajar
Published: September 2023

The Yogyakarta – Bawen Toll Road construction is one of the National Strategic Projects because it passes through four regencies in Central Java Province and the Special District of Yogyakarta. As the general consideration for infrastructure planning, it was required to consider preventing damages due to natural disasters, including liquefaction caused by an earthquake. The study area has a shallow groundwater table (<10 m), and earthquakes often occurred. Geological conditions showed that the lithologies in Yogyakarta – Bawen Toll Road Section 3 is dominated by silty sand, sandy silt, and gravel. This study aimed to analyze the liquefaction potential in the construction of Yogyakarta – Bawen Toll Road Section 3, especially STA 44+600 – 52+800. The potential liquefaction analysis is calculated using the Simplified Procedure Method based on Standard Penetration Test data. Furthermore, Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) is applied to determine the level of liquefaction potential. The most central part of the study area indicated no liquefaction potential. On the contrary, the northern and southern parts are indicated to have liquefaction potentials ranging from high to very high. According to the analysis results, it is recommended to have a mitigation plan against liquefaction in the area study.
Effect of fiber length on the consolidation parameters of coir fiber-reinforced soft clay
Authors: Widianti Anita , Diana Willis , Bahti Farid Nur
Published: September 2023

Coir fibers are natural fibers with high tensile strength and pressure resistance, making them an alternative soil reinforcement material. However, the effect of fiber length on improving soil consolidation properties has yet to be largely explored. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of the length and content of coir fibers on soft soil mechanical behavior through a series of one-dimensional consolidation tests. Fibers of >10 mm to 30 mm and >30 mm to 50 mm lengths were mixed randomly into the soil with varying content, ranging from 0.00% to 1.25% of the total weight of the mixture. The relationship between the effective stress and the void ratio was explored, unveiling that the void ratio of soil specimens reinforced with coir fibers decreased more gradually than those unreinforced. An increase in the fiber content reduced the compression index (Cc) value and enhanced the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) value, with longer fibers producing more significant values due to more excellent interactions between fibers. Fibers of >30 mm-50 mm yielded optimum Cc and Cv values at the fiber contents of 0.50% to 0.75%.
Performance of asphalt wearing course against the immersion effect of tidal flood (rob) with added materials polyethylene and fine aggregate slag
Authors: Sulistyo Juny Andry , Pratikso  , Mudiyono Rachmat
Published: September 2023

Rob or tide water is a flood of seawater or rising sea level caused by high tide inundating the land. Heavy traffic and tidal immersion on main roads result in permanent deformation require quality asphalt that is resistant to tidal immersion and traffic loads. The use of a combination of LDPE and aggregate slag is an unprecedented update. Polyethylene (PE) plastic waste provides water resistance therefore the combination can be a new Job Mix Formula that is able to withstand tidal immersion (rob) allowing it to be used in the construction of road structures (Flexible Pavement). The duration of immersion is 7 days, 14 days and 21 days and the soaking method consists of immerse with a continuous pattern and soaking with a periodic / cyclic pattern (intermittent). The best composition for Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course obtained in continuous soaking was 50% Slag aggregate and 6% LDPE while for intermittent soaking it was 0% and 50% Slag aggregate with 6% and 8% LDPE.
Evaluation of functional and structural conditions on flexible pavements using pavement condition index (PCI) and international roughness index (IRI) methods
Authors: Rifai Muji , Setyawan Ary , Handayani Fajar Sri , Arun Antonius Dipta
Published: September 2023

Road quality degradation affecting on safety and comfort of road users. It is necessary to carry out regular assessments of the functional and structural condition of the pavement. Evaluation of functional and structural conditions is carried out to maintain the good quality of road services. This research aims to evaluate the functional and structural conditions using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method and the functional condition of the road using the International Roughness Index (IRI) method. The tool used in testing functional conditions is the Hawkeye 2000 car which generates Pavement Condition Index data for each road segment, then calculates the average PCI value and the conditions on the road segment. From the analysis of the functional condition of the road pavement, the Pavement Condition Index value was obtained for Kudus East Ring Road Section at 57.05 (Fair), Pati Ring Road Section at 60.57 (Fair), and Wangon-Menganti Road Section at 78.35 (Satisfactory). From the results of the analysis of the functional condition of the road pavement, the International Roughness Index value was obtained for Kudus East Ring Road Section at 5.16 (Medium), Pati Ring Road Section at 4.94 (Medium), and Wangon-Menganti Road Section at 4.64 (Medium). The results of the correlation of the 2 parameters using SPSS on each successive road section show "weak correlation" with r = 0.2754; "moderate correlation" with r = 0.5534; and "no correlation" with r = 0.0435.
Readiness level of Muhammadiyah School in Bangun Jiwo Village against earthquake disaster
Authors: Monika Fanny , Prayuda Hakas , Rahmawati Kundari , Firjana Muhamad Evan , Wibowo Andri Ari
Published: September 2023

Yogyakarta is an earthquake-prone area, particularly in the Bantul regency, due to its nearness to volcanic routes. On May 27, 2006, during the Yogyakarta earthquake, it was recorded that 2,900 school buildings were damaged. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the current state of school readiness regarding the earthquake readiness of students, teachers, and school buildings. Muhammadiyah Kasihan and SMK Muhammadiyah Bangun Jiwo were evaluated as Muhammadiyah schools in Bangun Jiwo, Bantul Regency. This study used a questionnaire to determine the preparedness index based on a framework modified by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in collaboration with UNESCO/ISDR in 2006. Then each parameter was weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Based on the score level evaluation, the results indicated that MTS Muhammadiyah Kasihan had a moderate readiness index with a score of 64.99%. Low school preparedness policies, emergency response plans, and financial resources cause the average MTS preparedness index. Meanwhile, the readiness index of SMK Muhammadiyah Bangunjiwo is in the high category, with a score of 72.15% based on the score level assessment.
Remaining service life prediction using road structure performance data with pavement condition index (PCI) and Benkelman beam (BB) methods
Authors: Handayani Fajar Sri , Setyawan Ary , Pramesti Florentina Pungky , Widhiarti Nugraheni
Published: September 2023

The design life of a road is the amount of time a road can take from the time the road is used until the road requires major repairs. The inability of a pavement to reach its design life can be caused by several factors. These factors cause the uncertainty of the service life of the road, so that the remaining service life of the pavement becomes difficult to predict. This study will discuss the condition of the road pavement and predict the remaining service life on the Losari - Pejagan road, Demak ring road, and Rembang - Bulu road sections using the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) and Benkelman Beam (BB) methods. Based on the analysis of road condition assessment, the average PCI value for the Losari - Pejagan road section is 45.76 (poor), for the Demak Ring road section is 74.63 (satisfactory), and for the Rembang - Bulu road section is 50.41 (poor). The results of the analysis of the remaining service life using the PCI method found that 67.2% of all segments on the three road had a remaining service life of less than a year and 32.8% of all segments had a remaining service life of more than 1 year. Using the BB method, it was found that the remaining service life of 93.7% segments on the three road are less than a year and 6.7% segments are more than 1 year.
Evaluation of earthquake design variables on middle-low rise building with varied concrete-steel strength
Authors: Kimsan Masykur , Papalangi Vallentin Peliana , Perceka Wisena
Published: September 2023

Technological developments in material strength and earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete design still need to be implemented in areas with economic growth at the national average or below. The areas have a highly typical building design with a low to moderate category and will inevitably apply code requirements in line with the technology acceleration. Thus, it is necessary to provide a transition scheme of structure with normal to high-strength materials regarding their effectivity in construction, especially for middle-low rise buildings. This research examines earthquake design variables, i.e., response modification factor (R) and base shear design of some typical stories. We analyzed the structure with mixed concrete and steel reinforcement grades to 4-,6-,8-, and 10-story done in Midas Gen with pushover analysis. The data from the result analysis was then scrutinized to capture the structural performance. The analysis of the transition scheme of structure from normal to high-strength materials shows an increase in the strength of the structure to withstand shear forces. The structure ductility and drift differences for each approach scheme differ from the differences in the R-value representing structure ductility. Normal concrete and high-strength steel deliver better performance than other combinations. Normal Concrete-High Strength Steel's transition scheme demonstrates an adequate structure performance.
Enhancing the seismic performance of building using damage-avoidance shear wall hold-downs
Authors: Budi Luhur
Published: September 2023

Concrete coupled wall is one of the outstanding seismic resisting systems for mid to high-rise building structures located in a high seismic region. In this system, the link beam provides coupling action between the beam and the adjacent wall panel, which significantly increases the wall system's lateral stiffness and eventually reduce the footprint for the seismic resisting system. However, once the link beam is damaged due to a severe earthquake, it is difficult, costly, and time-consuming to be repaired, which results in business disruption and the increased building life cycle cost. To deal with these issues, the Resilient Slip Friction Joint (RSFJ) has recently been introduced and employed in the New Zealand construction industry. This novel technology does not only aim to provide “life safety” but also “immediate occupancy” criteria. The flag-shaped hysteresis of the RSFJs provides the required seismic performance, including a self-centring behaviour. This paper addresses the enhanced seismic performance of the structures using this system. An eight-storey reinforced concrete building is designed using the conventional forced-based design method, and its seismic performance is evaluated by non-linear static pushover and nonlinear dynamic time-history simulations. The results showed that this system can provide a high level of structural ductility while providing fully self-centring behaviour.
Corrosion potential of coated steel bar embedded in sea-water mixed mortar
Authors: Astuti Pinta , Zakri Radio Laode Abdul , Salsabila Farah , Aulia Afdhal Kresna , Rafdinal Rahmita Sari , Purnama Adhitya Yoga
Published: September 2023

Corrosion of embedded steel bars in concrete structures is the most impactful deterioration case in the world therefore many researchers and engineers are looking for the unknown mechanism related to the occurrence process, the effect of the damaged structures to its capacity and serviceability, and the intervention methods to control the rate of corrosion nowadays. One of the most prevalent liquid materials used in concrete is freshwater. However, the lack of freshwater for basic requirements in certain regions necessitates the adoption of an alternate material. Seawater, abundant in Indonesia, has the ability to substitute freshwater in concrete mixtures. However, its high concentration of chloride ions might raise the risk of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. The laboratory experiment was proposed to find the empirical test result of the performance of corrosion prevention to the seawater mix RC structures. Three type of cements (PPC, PCC, and PPC-PCC mixture) were used as binder and two type of protection (steel coating and no coating) were applied in this research. One day after specimen casting, it were demolded and cured under water condition until 28 days. After that, the cylindrical and beams specimens were tested and the cubical specimens were exposed to three conditions (air-dry, wet, and dry-wet cycle) until a half-year and the half-cell potential test was conducted periodically every week. Based on the results, it demonstrated that the steel coating is the most suitable corrosion prevention method and PCC is recommended to maintain the corrosion potential stable to be passive.
Evaluation of fly ash concrete in salt environment
Authors: Zaki Ahmad , Husnah
Published: September 2023

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with many buildings located in the coastal area. Seawater contains 3.5% salt, which can eat away at the strength and durability of concrete. Sodium salts can be dangerous when combined with reactive alkaline aggregates, and the crystallization of salts in concrete cavities can destroy them due to crystallization pressure. Concrete porosity is important to study, especially in beachfront buildings and buildings that intersect with the ground. In Riau Province, several companies operate AMP (Asphalt Mixing Plant) or paved mixture production units, which produce a large amount of fly ash or AMP waste. Research suggests that using only alkaline cement, using only alkaline cement, a mixture of 15% and 20% fly ash, can be more durable than concrete. This study used fly ash additives with seawater curing to determine the compressive strength of concrete with a curing life of 7, 14, and 28 days. This research was conducted because there was limited compressive strength research on concrete using a mixture of fly ash with seawater curing.
The impact of calcium hydroxide addition on HVFA mortar and concrete properties
Authors: Ringu Adrian Joener Pratomo , Andreas Evan , Antoni Antoni , Hardjito Djwantoro
Published: September 2023

Fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion, can be used as a cement substitute. High-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete refers to fly ash substituting more than 50% of the cement. Previous research has indicated a decrease in compressive strength with an increase in fly ash content. Moreover, HVFA concrete exhibits low early strength due to the limited availability of calcium hydroxide resulting from cement hydration, which is insufficient to drive the pozzolanic reaction. This study, therefore, introduces additional calcium hydroxide to the mixture to react with class C and F fly ash in HVFA concrete. The fly ash replaces 50% and 60% of the Portland cement by mass, and the study investigates the impact of adding calcium hydroxide at 10%, 20%, and 30% of the fly ash content by mass. The addition of calcium hydroxide to the HVFA concrete mixture resulted in decreased workability and accelerated initial setting time. However, this addition did not influence the early strength of the mortar and concrete. Interestingly, it was found that the compressive strength at 28 and 56 days increased with the increase in calcium hydroxide content. The increase in later-age strength was more pronounced in HVFA concrete with class F fly ash, which can be attributed to the enhanced availability of calcium hydroxide, thereby facilitating the pozzolanic reaction.
Mortar with fly ash as a partial cement replacement: Analysing the compressive strength and heat of hydration
Authors: Wibowo Andi Prasetiyo , Saidani Messaoud
Published: September 2023

Identifying sustainable alternatives and addressing the environmental impacts of cement production are becoming increasingly vital. Alternative materials, such as fly ash, can be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete and mortar. This study will examine the impact of early-age heat of hydration on compressive strength of mortar when cement is partially replaced by fly ash. The mix proportion used in this study was 1:3 (cement: fine aggregate) with a w/b ratio of 0.4. Furthermore, the replacement of cement with fly ash was calculated based on weight percentage proportions, ranging from 10, 30, and 50% of the cement weight. Fly ash can be effectively used as a substitute for cement to reduce thermal hydration and maintain acceptable levels of compressive strength. As the fly ash substitution rate increased, the thermal hydration of the samples decreased. Nevertheless, the increased strength level may serve as a counterbalance for the initially reduced strength of the mortar that contains fly ash.
The Electrocyclization of Heptatrienyl Anions
Authors: Orellana Arturo , Komijani Samira
Published: September 2023

The thermal electrocyclization of heptatrienyl anions is reviewed. We begin with a succinct background on the importance of cycloheptane rings in complex molecules and a brief survey of approaches to their synthesis. We also review the fundamental aspects of this electrocyclization manifold, relying on the Woodward–Hoffmann rules for pericyclic chemistry. Then we survey the literature, covering the burst of discovery in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and the more sporadic reports in from the 1990s to the present day.

1 Introduction

2 The Electrocyclization of Heptatrienyl Anions

3 Discovery and Early Development (1964–1975)

4 Recent Developments (1996–2023)

5 Concluding Remarks
Emergence of intelligent collective motion in a group of agents with memory
Authors: Masila Danny Raj , Mahore Rupesh
Published: September 2023

Intelligent agents collect and process information from their dynamically evolving neighborhood to efficiently navigate through it. However, agent-level intelligence does not guarantee that at the level of a collective; a common example is the jamming we observe in traffic flows. In this study, we ask: how and when do the interactions between intelligent agents translate to desirable or intelligent collective outcomes? To explore this question, we choose a collective consisting of two kinds of agents with opposing desired directions of movement. Agents in this collective are minimally intelligent: they possess only a single facet of intelligence, viz., memory, where the agents remember how well they were able to travel in their desired directions and make up for their non-optimal past. We find that dynamics due to the agent’s memory influences the collective, giving rise to diverse outcomes at the level of the group: from those that are undesirable to those that can be called “intelligent.” When memory is short term, local rearrangement of agents leads to the formation of symmetrically jammed arrangements that take longer to unjam. However, when agents remember across longer time-scales, their dynamics become sensitive to small differences in their movement history. This gives rise to heterogeneity in the movement that causes agents to unjam more readily and form lanes.
Simulated impact of fill tube geometry on recent high-yield implosions at the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Kuczek J. J. , Haines B. M.
Published: September 2023

Inertial confinement fusion capsules fielded at the National Ignition Facility are filled with deuterium and tritium fuel by means of a fill tube. The fill tube introduces a low-density pathway into the fuel region of the capsule that allows high Z contaminant to invade the hot spot during the course of the implosion. A recent series of nominally identical high-yield implosions on the NIF has exhibited significant variability in performance. We evaluate the impact of the fill tube in these implosions computationally to determine whether variations in fill tube geometry could have contributed to this variability. The main contrast between the fill tube geometry in the six shots was the outer diameter of the capsule bore hole, a conical hole into which the fill tube is inserted. In our simulations, the geometry of the bore hole can play a significant role in the development of nonlinear flows seeded by the fill tube. We find that the amount of space between the bore hole and the fill tube is the primary factor that determines the amount of contaminant jetted into the hot spot by the fill tube and, in turn, the level of yield reduction due to the fill tube in our simulations. As a consequence, some capsules with 5 μm fill tubes are predicted to outperform capsules with 2 μm fill tubes. We also find that micrometer-scale changes to bore hole size can impact fusion yields by up to four times near the ignition threshold. Nevertheless, simulation trends do not reproduce experimental yield trends, suggesting that the fill tube geometry was not the primary factor contributing to the observed variability in performance and that the fill tube could be masking sensitivity to other asymmetries such as other micrometer-scale capsule defects like voids that were not included in our simulations.
Enantiosensitive growth dynamics of chiral molecules on ferromagnetic substrates and the origin of the CISS effect
Authors: Spilsbury M. J. , Feito A. , Delgado A. , Capitán M. J. , Álvarez J. , de Miguel J. J.
Published: September 2023

The recent demonstration of the existence of an intimate relationship between the chiral structure of some materials and the spin polarization of electrons transmitted through them, what has been called the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, is sparking interest in many related phenomena. One of the most notorious is the possibility of using magnetic materials to apply enantioselective interactions on chiral molecules and chemical reactions involving them. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize the adsorption and growth kinetics of enantiopure organic molecules on magnetic (Co) and non-magnetic (Cu) substrates. While on these latter, no significant enantiosensitive effects are found, on spin-polarized, in-plane magnetized Co surfaces, the two enantiomers have been found to deposit differently. The observed effects have been interpreted as the result of one of the enantiomers being adsorbed in a transient, weakly bound physisorbed-like state with higher mobility due to limited, spin-selective charge transfer between it and the substrate. The study of these phenomena can provide insight into the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the CISS effect.
Ion-implanted Al0.6Ga0.4N deep-ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes
Authors: Jeong Hoon , Cho Minkyu , Xu Zhiyu , Mehnke Frank , Otte Nepomuk , Shen Shyh-Chiang , Detchprohm Theeradetch , Dupuis Russell D.
Published: September 2023

A deep-ultraviolet Al0.6Ga0.4N p–i–n avalanche photodiode (APD) structure was grown on a (0001) AlN bulk substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The wafer was fabricated into 20 μm diameter mesa APD devices both with and without ion-implantation with nitrogen ions on the periphery of the p-type region of the diode mesa and tested. The dark current density vs bias, photoresponse, and the optical gain of the APDs with and without ion implantation were compared. The devices fabricated with ion implantation showed improved performance, exhibiting lower dark current densities of ∼1 × 10−9 A/cm2 and a higher optical gain of ∼5.2 × 105 at a current density limit of 0.3 A/cm2. The average temperature coefficients of the reverse-bias breakdown voltage were also compared. Although the data showed negative coefficients for APDs fabricated both with and without ion implantation, the ion-implanted APDs showed an improvement relative to the devices fabricated without ion-implantation.
Ultrafast relativistic electron probing of extreme magnetic fields
Authors: Russell Brandon K. , Campbell Paul T. , Qian Qian , Cardarelli Jason A. , Bulanov Stepan S. , Bulanov Sergei V. , Grittani Gabriele M. , Seipt Daniel , Willingale Louise , Thomas Alexander G. R.
Published: September 2023

We investigate the suitability of using GeV laser wakefield accelerated electron beams to measure strong, B > 0.1 MT, magnetic fields. This method is explored as an alternative to proton deflectometry, which cannot be used for quantitative measurement using conventional analysis techniques at these extreme field strengths. Using such energetic electrons as a probe brings about several additional aspects for consideration, including beam divergence, detectors, and radiation reaction, which are considered here. Quantum radiation reaction on the probe is found to provide an additional measurement of the strength and length of fields, extending the standard deflectometry measurement that can only measure the path integrated fields. An experimental setup is proposed and measurement error is considered under near-term experimental conditions.
High accuracy, high dynamic range optomechanical accelerometry enabled by dual comb spectroscopy
Authors: Long D. A. , Stroud J. R. , Reschovsky B. J. , Bao Y. , Zhou F. , Bresler S. M. , LeBrun T. W. , Plusquellic D. F. , Gorman J. J.
Published: September 2023

Cavity optomechanical sensors can offer exceptional sensitivity; however, interrogating the cavity motion with high accuracy and dynamic range has proven to be challenging. Here, we employ a dual optical frequency comb spectrometer to readout a microfabricated cavity optomechanical accelerometer, allowing for rapid simultaneous measurements of the cavity’s displacement, finesse, and coupling at accelerations up to 24 g (236 m/s2). With this approach, we have achieved a displacement sensitivity of 2 fm Hz−1/2, a measurement rate of 100 kHz, and a dynamic range of 7.6 × 105, which is the highest we are aware of for a microfabricated cavity optomechanical sensor. In addition, comparisons of our optomechanical sensor coupled directly to a commercial reference accelerometer show agreement at the 0.5% level, a value that is limited by the reference’s reported uncertainty. Furthermore, the methods described herein are not limited to accelerometry but rather can be readily applied to nearly any optomechanical sensor where the combination of high speed, dynamic range, and sensitivity is expected to be enabling.
Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of electrocatalytic reactions using a first-principles approach
Authors: M Vasanthapandiyan , Singh Shagun , Bononi Fernanda , Andreussi Oliviero , Karmodak Naiwrit
Published: September 2023

The computational modeling of electrochemical interfaces and their applications in electrocatalysis has attracted great attention in recent years. While tremendous progress has been made in this area, however, the accurate atomistic descriptions at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces remain a great challenge. The Computational Hydrogen Electrode (CHE) method and continuum modeling of the solvent and electrolyte interactions form the basis for most of these methodological developments. Several posterior corrections have been added to the CHE method to improve its accuracy and widen its applications. The most recently developed grand canonical potential approaches with the embedded diffuse layer models have shown considerable improvement in defining interfacial interactions at electrode/electrolyte interfaces over the state-of-the-art computational models for electrocatalysis. In this Review, we present an overview of these different computational models developed over the years to quantitatively probe the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions in the presence of an electrified catalyst surface under various electrochemical environments. We begin our discussion by giving a brief picture of the different continuum solvation approaches, implemented within the ab initio method to effectively model the solvent and electrolyte interactions. Next, we present the thermodynamic and kinetic modeling approaches to determine the activity and stability of the electrocatalysts. A few applications to these approaches are also discussed. We conclude by giving an outlook on the different machine learning models that have been integrated with the thermodynamic approaches to improve their efficiency and widen their applicability.
Binary frequency shift keying modulation in spin torque oscillators with synthetic antiferromagnetic layer
Authors: Wang Yiyue , Zheng Cuixiu , Zhang Dalin , Chen Hao-Hsuan , Liu Yaowen
Published: September 2023

Antiferromagnets exhibit ultrafast magnetization precession, which has the potential to enable the development of terahertz spin torque nano-oscillators. By utilizing perpendicularly magnetized magnetic nanopillars with a synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) free layer, we have demonstrated through theoretical and numerical analysis that stable out-of-plane precession states can be achieved by applying current and an electric field. In the case of small current, the two magnetic layers of the SAF are in antiparallel alignment and rotate around the z-axis with the precession frequency decreasing as the current strength increases. When the current-induced spin torque is strong enough to fully overcome the antiferromagnetic coupling, the SAF free layer is driven into a scissor-like precession state around the z-axis with the frequency increasing with current. By selecting the appropriate combination of the current and electric field, the magnetization precession orbits and precession frequencies can be adjusted. These controllable procession orbits with tunable frequencies and fixed magnetization precession amplitude may be a promising candidate for implementing binary frequency shift keying modulation techniques.
Indium: A surfactant for the growth of ɛ/κ-Ga2O3 by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Karg Alexander , Hinz Alexander , Figge Stephan , Schowalter Marco , Vogt Patrick , Rosenauer Andreas , Eickhoff Martin
Published: September 2023

The influence of In on the growth of ɛ-Ga2O3 by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy is investigated. We demonstrate alloying of ɛ-Ga2O3 with In and describe its incorporation limits and catalytic effect on the growth kinetics. A special focus lies on the metal-rich growth regime, where we show that In acts as a surfactant for the ɛ-Ga2O3 growth. Both the In-incorporation and the ɛ-(In,Ga)2O3 growth rate follow a non-monotonous trend with increasing In-supply. Whereas both entities show an increase for low In-fluxes, they decrease again for very high In-fluxes, combined with the formation of an atomically smooth surface for layers with thicknesses of several hundred nanometers in this regime. Based on these results, the influence of the growth temperature and the amount of Sn, supplied to initiate the ɛ-Ga2O3 phase formation, is discussed, revealing their impact on the surfactant ability and incorporation of In. Using In as a surfactant, we demonstrate the pseudomorphic growth of ɛ-(In,Ga)2O3/ɛ-(Al,In,Ga)2O3 heterostructures with sharp interfaces and surfaces.
Experimental investigation on the coupling between the platform motion and the catenary flexible riser response
Authors: Gao Yue , Liu Wenli , Zhu Hongjun , Liu Hong , Zhou Tongming , Shao Yongbo
Published: September 2023

The vortex-induced vibration of a catenary flexible riser hinged underneath a two-degree-of-freedom horizontally oscillating platform is experimentally investigated in this work. The catenary riser with an aspect ratio of 125 was arranged in the water tank with its concave facing the oncoming flow. The dynamic behavior of the riser was measured in the depth-averaged Reynolds number range of 150–1880 using the non-intrusive optical technique with high-speed cameras. Meanwhile, the sway and surge of the platform were monitored with two laser displacement sensors. The experimental results indicate that the out-of-plane response of the riser is less affected by the sway of the platform in spite of the top-linked motion. There is no distinct alteration in both the response amplitude and frequency in comparison with a top fixed riser. In contrast, the surge of the platform has a great influence on the in-plane response of the riser. Four types of relative motion between the platform and flexible riser are identified. The relative motion and mode competition are the two main reasons for that. In addition, strong coupling and weak coupling between the platform motion and riser vibration are identified. A coupling length is proposed to quantify the interaction between the platform and the riser, which is closely related to the spatial mode competition. As the reduced velocity grows, the enhanced oscillation of the platform contributes to the elongated coupling length of the riser. However, the influence is gradually attenuated at higher depth-averaged reduced velocities, especially in the out-of-plane response. The coupling also exists between the in-plane and out-of-plane responses of the flexible riser. The platform motion has a suppressing effect on this coupling, especially at high-depth-averaged reduced velocities.
The reactive flow evolution of the polymer-bonded explosive PBX 9502: Experiments and model validation in extreme pressure regimes
Authors: Burns M. J. , Chiquete C. , Espy M. A.
Published: September 2023

The shock-to-detonation transition properties of the triaminotrinitrobenzene based PBX 9502 high explosive (HE) are experimentally and computationally explored in extremely high input pressure conditions. These include both slightly sub-Chapman–Jouguet and overdriven input pressure conditions, namely, ∼25 and ∼31 GPa, respectively. Our experiments capture the transient buildup of a shock-induced reaction via measurement of HE and polymethyl methacrylate window interface particle velocity profiles for a variety of sample thicknesses for this insensitive HE. These observations necessitate extremely thin explosive samples, and the high rates of reaction provide a considerable challenge to optical diagnostics. Samples at these thicknesses also provide an opportunity for evaluation of potential micro-structure effects on the resulting shock-to-detonation-transition measurements. To address this, the thin samples are also characterized via x-ray micro-computed tomography. Finally, a pair of previously established continuum-level detonation performance modeling approaches for PBX 9502 were used to analyze the experiments. The employed model variants crucially differ in their definition of each model’s empirical reaction rate functional form, utilization of shock state quantities, and local flow variable dependencies. As a result, the present experiments provide a novel platform to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative consequences stemming from these modeling choices in a challenging initiation scenario, largely beyond the chosen calibration range of either model. This new experimental information will provide a platform for both improved physics and model parameterizations for this well-studied explosive.
Assessment of icing effects on the wake shed behind a vertical axis wind turbine
Authors: Sheidani Armin , Salavatidezfouli Sajad , Stabile Giovanni , Barzegar Gerdroodbary Mostafa , Rozza Gianluigi
Published: September 2023

To shed light on the effect of the icing phenomenon on the vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) wake characteristics, we present a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulation of the flow field of H-Darrieus turbine under the icing conditions. To address continuous geometry alteration due to the icing and predefined motion of the VAWT, a pseudo-steady approach proposed by Baizhuma et al. [“Numerical method to predict ice accretion shapes and performance penalties for rotating vertical axis wind turbines under icing conditions,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 216, 104708 (2021)] was implemented, which enables the utilization of appropriate approaches for handling turbine rotation and turbulence prediction for each solver. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was utilized to perform a deep analysis of the wake and aerodynamics of the wind turbine for the clean and iced turbines with large eddy simulation turbulence method. Icing causes the leading edge vortex and trailing edge vortex to separate faster than the clean case resulting in a steeper drop in the power coefficient. As for POD modes, those of the streamwise component of velocity illustrated more difference in the amount of modal energy especially at the first modes proving that the icing phenomenon mainly affects the vortex shedding of the flow structures with larger energy and size. The modes of the transversal component of velocity of the clean and iced cases demonstrated more similarity in essence, which could also be understood from the accumulated energy curve.
Study on extensions of (modified) Korteweg–de Vries equations: Painlevé integrability and multiple soliton solutions in fluid mediums
Authors: Wazwaz Abdul-Majid , Alhejaili Weaam , El-Tantawy S. A.
Published: September 2023

This work develops two higher-dimensional extensions for both Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and modified KdV (mKdV) equations. We investigate the Painlevé integrability of each couple of the aforementioned two models. We show that the Painlevé integrability fails for one equation of each couple but holds true for the x-derivative of this model. We examine multiple soliton solutions for the integrable extensions of these two models by utilizing the bilinear form. The outcomes will contribute to a deep understanding of the propagation mechanism of the propagation and interaction of multi-solitons in a variety of nonlinear media, including sea waves, optical fibers, and plasma physics.
Resilience of hybrid herbivore–plant–pollinator networks
Authors: Wang Guangwei , Chen Guanrong , Zhang Hai-Tao
Published: September 2023

The concept of network resilience has gained increasing attention in the last few decades owing to its great potential in strengthening and maintaining complex systems. From network-based approaches, researchers have explored resilience of real ecological systems comprising diverse types of interactions, such as mutualism, antagonist, and predation, or mixtures of them. In this paper, we propose a dimension-reduction method for analyzing the resilience of hybrid herbivore–plant–pollinator networks. We qualitatively evaluate the contribution of species toward maintaining resilience of networked systems, as well as the distinct roles played by different categories of species. Our findings demonstrate that the strong contributors to network resilience within each category are more vulnerable to extinction. Notably, among the three types of species in consideration, plants exhibit a higher likelihood of extinction, compared to pollinators and herbivores.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of cavity flows driven by shear and internal heat generation for both Newtonian and viscoplastic fluids
Authors: Kefayati Gholamreza
Published: September 2023

Following our recent investigation [G. Kefayati, “Internally heated convection of viscoplastic fluids in enclosures using a lattice Boltzmann method,” Phys. Fluids 35, 013108 (2023)], this paper centers on exploring the influence of shear on internally heated convection and its flow within a square cavity. The study delves into the behavior of both Newtonian and viscoplastic fluids within this setup. The cavity features two vertical side walls that consistently maintain low temperatures, serving as isotherms. Meanwhile, the horizontal walls are adiabatic and provide thermal insulation. In this work, we present dimensional macroscopic equations and introduce innovative non-dimensional macroscopic equations. To generate shear, the top lid is continuously translated, and we quantify its intensity using the corresponding Richardson number. For investigating the viscoplastic behavior and defining the yielded (fluid) and unyielded (solid) zones, we employ an exact Bingham model, which relies on a unique tensor. To tackle the problem effectively, we develop a dimensionless lattice Boltzmann method to derive the specified macroscopic non-dimensional equations and subsequently solve the fluid motion scenario. Throughout the study, we introduce modified non-dimensional parameters, including the introduced yield number (Y), Reynolds number (R) ranging from 0 to 400, Prandtl number (Pr) ranging from 0 to 100, and the modified Grashof number (G) within the range of 104–106. By varying these parameters, we analyze their influence on streamlines, isotherms, and the regions of yield and unyielded zones. The obtained results revealed that shear plays a significant role in influencing fluid flow, heat transfer, and the behavior of the unyielded section within the enclosure.
Bayesian inference using MCMC algorithm of sine truncated Lomax distribution with application
Authors: Elgarhy Mohammed. , Alsadat Najwan , Hassan Amal S. , Chesneau Christophe
Published: September 2023

This study makes a significant contribution to the creation of a versatile trigonometric extension of the well-known truncated Lomax distribution. Specifically, we construct a novel one-parameter distribution known as the sine truncated Lomax (STLo) distribution using characteristics from the sine generalized family of distributions. Quantiles, moments, stress–strength reliability, some information measures, residual moments, and reversed residual moments are a few of the crucial elements and characteristics we explored in our research. The flexibility of the STLo distribution in terms of the forms of the hazard rate and probability density functions illustrates how effectively it is able to match many types of data. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation techniques are used to estimate the model parameter. The squared error loss function is employed in the Bayesian approach. To evaluate how various estimates behave, a Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out with the aid of a useful algorithm. Additionally, the STLo distribution has a good fit, making it a viable option when compared to certain other competing models using specific criteria to describe the given dataset.