bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democratization by Elections? Opposition Weakness in Africa
Authors: Rakner Lise , van de Walle Nicolas
Published: July 2009

Abstract: The position of opposition parties in national legislature is critical to any strategy of "democratization by elections". But the third wave of democratization in Africa has resulted in only a limited increase in political competition. Regardless of the nature and quality of electoral institutions, opposition parties have remained numerically weak and fragmented, and unable to carry out their role as a political counterweight to the victorious party and president. The performance of opposition parties indicates that we should question whether Africa's multiparty systems really are progressing. At the very least, the pace of democratic progress has been exceedingly slow.
China Since Tiananmen: Authoritarian Impermanence
Authors: Nathan Andrew J.
Published: July 2009

Abstract: Like all contemporary nondemocratic systems, the Chinese system suffers from weak legitimacy at the level of regime type. The most likely form of transition for China remains the model of Tiananmen, when three elements came together: a robust plurality of disaffected citizens, a catalytic event, and a split in the leadership. Had China chosen the path of dialogue in 1989, it might be more stable today.
Democratization by Elections? Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East
Authors: Lust Ellen
Published: July 2009

Abstract: This article reconsiders the relationship between authoritarian elections and democratization. Examining legislative elections in the Middle East, it argues that elections are best understood as "competitive clientelism," a competition between elites over privileged access to a limited set of state resources that they can then distribute to their clients. This drives the behavior of voters and candidates in systematic ways that promote proregime parliaments and allow incumbent elites to manage elections largely through institutional rules rather than extralegal manipulation. The article concludes by considering mechanisms that may more effectively help to foster democratization, given the logic of authoritarian elections.
Bangladesh's Fresh Start
Authors: Alamgir Jalal
Published: July 2009

Recent elections have reestablished procedural democracy in Bangladesh. An alliance led by the center-left Awami League defeated a nationalist-Islamist coalition by a landslide. Democratic consolidation will depend on the new government's ability to deliver basic justice and security, which had deteriorated alarmingly since 2001 under a corrupt and semiauthoritarian government that gave Islamist extremists a free reign in an otherwise moderate country and eventually prompted a military takeover. Despite pressing economic needs, the government will now need to invest in rebuilding state and democratic institutions to reduce the lingering threats of extremism and authoritarianism.
Moldova's "Twitter Revolution"
Authors: Mungiu-Pippidi Alina , Munteanu Igor
Published: July 2009

Few Europeans had heard of Moldova, a tiny state on the EU's eastern flank, before seeing images of the strife that broke out there in early April 2009 after the Communist Party (PCRM) won reelection in a landslide. Except for their international context, the events in Moldova did not differ substantially from those that sparked the color revolutions in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine, but this difference in context led to a different outcome. What was missing in Moldova? The short answer is a unified opposition that could put itself in the driver's seat.
China Since Tiananmen: Rural Protest
Authors: O'Brien Kevin J.
Published: July 2009

Abstract: Although China's farmers did not play a large role in the 1989 protests, they have been quite contentious since. Rural unrest has been triggered in part by reforms and in part by savvy "peasant leaders" who quickly seize opportunities that appear. Recently, many protest leaders have concluded that tame forms of contention are ineffective and that violence and other attention-grabbing tactics are needed. But is rural China about to explode? Not likely. The organization of contention remains low, claims tend to be circumscribed, and incidents are usually small-scale and local. Protest can deflect extraction and send unpopular cadres packing, but there is little evidence that it poses a threat to the regime. That Beijing tolerates so much unrest may even be an indicator of its confidence. Should it begin to treat farmers' grievances like those of Tibetans or Falun Gong supporters, then we will know that the leadership is shaken and the regime is weakening.
Scottish Democracy in a Time of Nationalism
Authors: Gallagher Tom
Published: July 2009

The Scottish National Party (SNP) controls Scotland's devolved government just as support for complete separation from the rest of Great Britain is growing. The party is cautious about strengthening the democratic basis of Scottish governance and its nationalism is paradoxical. The SNP recoils from popular sovereignty being an enthusiastic backer of the European Union's plans for a post-national Europe. It also gives similar endorsement to radical forms of multiculturalism. But for all its incoherence it stands a real chance of breaking up the 300-year union state mainly due to the failure of its opponents to devise a convincing British counter-narrative or indeed a form of broad nationalism that falls short of separation.
The Turnover in El Salvador
Authors: Colburn Forrest D.
Published: July 2009

On 15 March 2009, Mauricio Funes, the candidate of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN)–a former guerrilla movement that laid down its arms in 1992 and reconstituted itself as a political party–won the presidential election in El Salvador, marking the country's first peaceful turnover of power since the nation-state became independent in 1821. But sweeping social and political change will probably be elusive; instead, political and economic constraints are apt to lead to a surprising continuity in public policy.
China Since Tiananmen: The Labor Movement
Authors: Lee Ching Kwan , Friedman Eli
Published: July 2009

Abstract: The twenty years since 1989 have brought two major developments in worker activism. First, whereas workers were part of the mass uprising in the Tiananmen Movement, there is today hardly any sign of mobilization that transcends class or regional lines. Second, a long-term decline in worker power at the point of production is going on even as workers gain more power (at least on paper) outside the workplace. New labor laws have broadened workers' rights and engendered mobilization outside official limits, even as legal and bureaucratic procedures have also atomized and depoliticized labor activism.
Malaysia's Electoral Upheaval
Authors: Chin James , Huat Wong Chin
Published: July 2009

In the March 2008 General Elections, the ruling Barisan Nasional (National Front) lost its two-third majority. It was the first time since independence that the Opposition was able to threaten the BN. This paper looks at the roles played by Anwar Ibrahim, the Opposition and civil society in this historical election, and argues that Malaysian politics will never be the same again. Although race and religion remain the core of the system, cross ethnic voting and the wide use of the internet to campaign may herald the start of a real competitive electoral system.
Nicaragua: Progress Amid Regress?
Authors: Anderson Leslie E. , Dodd Lawrence C.
Published: July 2009

This essay examines Nicaragua's municipal elections of November 2008 against the backdrop of Daniel Ortega's return to the nation's presidency in 2006. While Ortega has engaged in authoritarian practices, municipal-level Sandinista politicians have helped foster a vibrant local democracy. Engaging citizens in local problem-solving, they have dominated municipal elections since 2001, winning most major municipalities again in 2008. Sandinista success has pushed Liberals toward a more policy-oriented versus clientelistic approach to local government and generated a more responsive and competitive municipal politics nation-wide. These developments, contrasted with Ortega's behavior, indicate that Nicaragua is experiencing progressive and regressive forces in its democratization process.
China Since Tiananmen: A New Rights Consciousness?
Authors: Perry Elizabeth J.
Published: July 2009

Abstract: Despite the suppression of the Tiananmen Uprising of 1989, popular protest in China has by all accounts escalated steadily over the ensuing two decades. These protests have spread to virtually every sector of Chinese society, prompting more than a few observers to proclaim the emergence of a "rising rights consciousness" that poses a protodemocratic challenge to the authority and durability of the Communist state. This essay proposes instead that what we are seeing in China today reflects a much older rules consciousness , in which savvy protesters frame their grievances in officially-approved terms in order to negotiate a better bargain with the authoritarian state.
Filling the Newspaper Gap: Leigh Hunt, Blackwood’s, and the Development of the Miscellany
Authors: Stewart David
Published: July 2009

Blackwood’s Magazine effected, as the magazine itself put it, “a new era in periodical literature” upon its launch in October 1817. Central to discussions of Blackwood’s impact on the republic of letters has been the magazine’s political standpoint, particularly what is perceived to be a reactionary outburst against the reformist Leigh Hunt and the “Cockney School” of writers grouped around his Examiner newspaper. Hunt’s innovatory journalism at The Examiner and elsewhere offered a new kind of miscellaneity which proved successful in appealing to a newly enlarged reading audience. It was a model which influenced Blackwood’s directly. Blackwood’s did indeed focus obsessivelyon Hunt. But this article proposes that that focus should be recognized as a perverse form of tribute, a recognition of Hunt’s determining influence on the formal development of a new breed of magazines.
“I Am, My Dear Slanderer, Your Faithful Malignant Demon”: Harriet Martineau and the Westminster Review’ s Comtist Coterie
Authors: Logan Deborah A.
Published: July 2009

Between 1852 and 1858, Harriet Martineau contributed to the Westminster Review under John Chapman’s editorship. This discussion outlines Martineau’s relationship with the Westminster Review as a writer, as part of the cutting-edge socio-literary Chapman circle, and as an investor who, for a time, held its mortgage. Martineau’s financial investment proved to be ill-advised, as did her professional involvement with the bohemian “Comtist coterie” that congregated at 142 Strand. Circumstances shaping this history include public and private, familial and professional, the morally high-handed and scandalous, comprising a lively melodrama that involved some of the most prominent literati of the 1850s.
“Chieftaness,” “Great Duchess,” “Editress! Mysterious Being!”: Performing Editorial Identities in Florence Marryat’s London Society Magazine
Authors: Palmer Beth
Published: July 2009

This article examines Florence Marryat’s editorship of the shilling monthly London Society from 1872 to 1876. Reading the archival correspondence between Marryat and her mostly male contributors it becomes clear that their ambivalence about female editorial authority is reflected in their re-writings of Marryat’s identity. However, rather than being defined or contained by the ways in which her contributors figured her, Marryat enacted multiple editorial identities as empowering performative strategies. These identities are played out in London Society ’s articles and illustrations and become the means by which she made her mark on the magazine and negotiated its niche in the periodical marketplace.
“The Weird Message from the Past”: Material Epistemologies of Past, Present, and Future in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Zimmerman Virginia
Published: July 2009

This essay investigates preservation as both subject and aim of the periodical Nineteenth Century . In four articles published between 1877-1890, material remains, such as the Elgin Marbles, a dog’s footprint, and maps of London, are offered as traces that must be preserved to ensure the endurance of the past into the present and of the present into the future. Informed by archaeology, these artifacts present the interpretation of material remains as a defining task of the Victorian age. An artifact at the core of the investigation is the Nineteenth Century itself, preserved in binding, microfilm and digital code.
Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women transitioning from alendronate therapy
Authors: Kendler David L , Roux Christian , Benhamou Claude Laurent , Brown Jacques P , Lillestol Michael , Siddhanti Suresh , Man Hoi-Shen , Martin Javier San , Bone Henry G
Published: July 2009

Patients treated with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis may discontinue or require a switch to other therapies. Denosumab binds to RANKL and is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption that has been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and decrease fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This was a multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study in 504 postmenopausal women ≥ 55 years of age with a BMD T-score of −2.0 or less and −4.0 or more who had been receiving alendronate therapy for at least 6 months. Subjects received open-label branded alendronate 70 mg once weekly for 1 month and then were randomly assigned to either continued weekly alendronate therapy or subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg every 6 months and were followed for 12 months. Changes in BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover were evaluated. In subjects transitioning to denosumab, total hip BMD increased by 1.90% at month 12 compared with a 1.05% increase in subjects continuing on alendronate (p < .0001). Significantly greater BMD gains with denosumab compared with alendronate also were achieved at 12 months at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and 1/3 radius (all p < .0125). Median serum CTX levels remained near baseline in the alendronate group and were significantly decreased versus alendronate (p < .0001) at all time points with denosumab. Adverse events and serious adverse events were balanced between groups. No clinical hypocalcemic adverse events were reported. Transition to denosumab produced greater increases in BMD at all measured skeletal sites and a greater reduction in bone turnover than did continued alendronate with a similar safety profile in both groups. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Clinical risk factors for osteoporotic fracture: A population-based prospective cohort study in Korea
Authors: Lee Seung Hun , Khang Young-Ho , Lim Kyeong-Hye , Kim Beom-Jun , Koh Jung-Min , Kim Ghi Su , Kim Hyungrae , Cho Nam H
Published: July 2009

Clinical risk factors (CRFs), either alone or in combination with bone mineral density, are used to determine the fracture risk for clinical assessment and to determine intervention thresholds. Because fracture risk is strongly affected by ethnicity and population-specific differences, we sought to identify Korean-specific CRFs for fracture, in combination with quantitative ultrasound (qUS) measurements of the radius and tibia. A total of 9351 subjects (4732 men and 4619 women) aged 40 to 69 years were followed for a mean of 46.3 ± 2.2 months. We obtained CRF information using a standardized questionnaire and measured anthropometric variables. Speed of sound at the radius (SoSR) and tibia (SoST) were measured by qUS. Fracture events were recorded using a questionnaire, and a height-loss threshold was used as an indicator of vertebral fracture. Relative risks were calculated by Cox regression analysis. A total of 195 subjects (61 men and 134 women) suffered low-trauma fractures. Older age, lower body mass index (BMI), and previous fracture history were positively associated with fracture risk in both sexes. Decreased hip circumference, lack of regular exercise, higher alcohol intake, menopause, and osteoarthritis history were further independent CRFs for fracture in women. However, neither SoSR nor SoST was independently associated with fracture risk. In this study, we identified the major Korean-specific CRFs for fracture and found that smaller hip circumference was a novel risk factor. This information will allow optimal risk-assessment targeting Koreans for whom treatment would provide the greatest benefit. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Development and Application of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Partition Coefficients of Tributyltin in the Forth and Clyde Canal, Glasgow, Scotland
Authors: Bangkedphol S. , Keenan H. E. , Davidson C. , Sakultantimetha A. , Dyer M. , Songsasen A.
Published: July 2009

Tributyltin (TBT) was widely used in the past as a biocide for boats. This has led to widespread environmental contamination. Most analytical methods are based on high resolution techniques with complicated sample preparation. For this study, a simple application of an analytical method was developed using HPLC/UV. The developed method was studied to determine TBT, dibutyltin, and monobutyltin in sediment and water samples. The separation was performed in isocratic mode on a cyanopropyl column with a mobile phase of hexane containing 5 % tetrahydrofuran and 0.03 % acetic acid. This method was confirmed using standard GC-MS techniques and verified by statistical paired t-test method. Under the experimental conditions used, the limit of detection of TBT and DBT were 0.70 and 0.50 ppm, respectively. An optimized extraction method for butyltins in water and sediment samples was developed by using hexane containing 0.05 %–0.5 % tropolone, and 0.2 % sodium chloride in water at pH1.7. The quantitative extraction of butyltin compounds in a certified reference material (BCR-646) and naturally contaminated samples was achieved with recoveries ranging from 95 % to 108 % and precision of 0.02 %–1.00 % relative standard deviation. This developed method was used to determine the contamination level of butyltins in environmental samples collected from the Forth and Clyde canal, Scotland, United Kingdom. The values obtained exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard values. Partition coefficients are major parameters influencing the behavior of pollutants, therefore the methodology developed was used to determine experimentally the partition coefficients Koc, Kd, and Kow. The comparison between values obtained experimentally and computational default model values (EPI Suite V 3.20) showed disparity. In terms of bioaccumulation, the implications of this finding may lead to greater biomagnification in the food chain.
Characterization of optimal risk allocations for convex risk functionals
Authors: Kiesel Swen , Rüschendorf Ludger
Published: July 2009

In this paper we consider the problem of optimal risk allocation or risk exchange with respect to convex risk functionals, which not necessarily are monotone or cash invariant. General existence and characterization results are given for optimal risk allocations minimizing the total risk as well as for Pareto optimal allocations. We establish a general uniqueness result for optimal allocations. As particular consequence we obtain in case of cash invariant, strictly convex risk functionals the uniqueness of Pareto optimal allocations up to additive constants. In the final part some tools are developed useful for the verification of the basic intersection condition made in the theorems which are applied in several examples.
On a stochastic version of the trading rule “Buy and Hold”
Authors: Shiryaev Albert , Novikov Alexander A.
Published: July 2009

The paper deals with the problem of finding an optimal one-time rebalancing strategy assuming that in the Black–Scholes model the drift term of the stock may change its value spontaneously at some random non-observable (hidden) time. The problem is studied on a finite time interval under two criteria of optimality (logarithmic and linear). The methods of the paper are based on the results for the quickest detection of drift change for Brownian motion.
“The Spider Is Alive”: Reassessing Becker's Theory of Artistic Conventions through Southern Italian Music
Authors: Blackstone Lee Robert
Published: July 2009

Howard Becker wrote that art is constructed, and understood, according to conventions. However, Becker does not adequately explain how artists negotiate historical circumstances affecting their work. Using the southern Italian phenomenon of tarantism and its music, I address how contemporary musicians employ conventions to transform sounds with deviant connotations. The alteration of musical conventions reflects material social conditions in the Salento region and provides insight into the formation of a Salentinian cultural movement's ideology. By accounting for how social groups contend with history, I argue that sociologists must reconsider the theory of artistic conventions.
Thinking with the Mind, Syncing with the Body: Ballet as Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Interaction
Authors: Kleiner Sibyl
Published: July 2009

Symbolic interactionist theory describes self‐consciousness as arising through symbolic interaction. I use one empirical case, ballet training, to suggest that symbolic interaction can, by producing self‐consciousness, cultivate unself‐consciousness. Using in‐depth interviews with twenty‐three individuals reporting on training experiences in six countries and twenty‐three American states, I show that dancers can learn, through self‐conscious symbolic interaction, how it feels to embody what an audience sees, as they strive to train their bodies to portray an institutionalized aesthetic. The embodiment of technique facilitates a markedly unself‐conscious “flow” experience while performing. In contrast, having an acute awareness of embodying an incompatible physiology inhibits flow and often motivates dancers to self‐select out of ballet. These interactionist sources of “nonsymbolic” interaction both evoke and suppress “mind” through social interaction.
How the therapist does authority: Six strategies for substituting client accounts in the session
Authors: Bartesaghi Mariaelena
Published: July 2009

Combining talk and textual data from a family therapy clinic, this paper examines six discourse strategies therapists employ during first sessions of therapy to reframe and ultimately substitute client accounts with a therapeutic version of the problem. These are: metalinguistic actions; institutional positioning; speaking for the client; speaking through the client; re-authoring emotions; invoking a notion of ‘communication’ as a technological skill. Arguing that asymmetry is both a resource and a co-participatory dynamic of therapeutic interaction, I analyse therapeutic asymmetry in terms of unequal accountability between therapist and client and tie session strategies to a larger institutional praxis of un-authorization of client accounts and ways of accounting. Thus, while clients may go to therapy expecting to be heard on their own, first-person terms, therapy works by exchanging those terms in favour of an expert, third person vocabulary of institutional accounting that clients cannot claim. I define therapeutic authority as the ability of the therapist, but not the client, to strategically intervene in the session in order to put forth versions of problems for which the therapist is not directly accountable, and to which the client has no access.
A narrative of resistance: Presentation of self when parenting children with asthma
Authors: Cohn Ellen S. , Cortes Dharma E. , Hook Julie M. , Yinusa-Nyahkoon Leanne S. , Solomon Jeffrey L. , Bokhour Barbara
Published: July 2009

Using a social constructivist perspective and narrative analysis, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate how an understanding of self-presentation in interactions may inform health care interventions. We examine how a single African American mother, living in poverty, presents her sense of self in the context of obtaining and providing asthma care for her children. By analyzing four separate encounters – two interviews with the children's mother, the clinical encounter between the mother and her children's doctor, and an interview with the doctor, we gain an understanding of the mother's self-presentation and identity and the doctor's view of the mother. The analyses reveal the mother's consistent desire to protect her children in an unpredictable social world. By examining self-presentation, behavior that is typically construed as non-adherence is reframed as resilience, one mother's attempt to assert control. We argue that an understanding of identity production may enable practitioners and patients to create collaborative interventions. The analysis presented in this paper points to the need for a co-constructed intervention that allows for choice and control and honors the mother's sense of self.
Stories of chickens and dogs: A narrative metaphor for the analysis of encounters in the veterinary clinic
Authors: Antia Bassey E. , Kwasari Andrew R.
Published: July 2009

This article analyses veterinary interviews obtained from the city of Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria, from a perspective that blends Mishler's construct of voices with the narrative critique that has evolved from studies of medical care. Although consulting vets studied occasionally show proof of narrative rationality, including the facilitation of, and attentiveness to, the ‘voice of the lifeworld’, consideration of the broader biographical and environmental context of the clinical presentation, and so on, we also observe a number of negative clinical and public health outcomes of the consultations. The latter underscore the need for narrative ethics to be institutionalized in veterinary training and care. Indeed, the fact of veterinary practice involving an inarticulate patient and a caretaker who alone is able to construct the illness experience of the animal provides a strong rationale for the cultivation of narrative rationality by professionals in this area of care.
Decoration or communication? A qualitative study of images displayed around the bedsides of hospitalized children
Authors: Jordens Christopher R.C. , Lewis Peter , Kerridge Ian H.
Published: July 2009

It is common to find images displayed around the bedsides of sick children who are hospitalized for extended periods. We report a qualitative study of bedside displays that is based on photographs taken at the bedside, and interviews with eight female patients and seven mothers of young children in an Australian paediatric hospital. We found that a variety of people contributed to the displays in different ways, and that the displays served a wide variety of purposes. We offer a general explanation of hospital bedside displays based on our analysis of the data collected for this study, and we differentiate three related domains for further research into hospital bedside displays. We conclude that bedside displays accomplish much more than decoration alone, and should be understood as aesthetic interventions that serve a wide range of communicative purposes.
Multiple Pro197Substitutions in the Acetolactate Synthase of Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) Confer Resistance to Tribenuron
Authors: Kaloumenos Nikolaos S. , Dordas Christos A. , Diamantidis Grigorios C. , Eleftherohorinos Ilias G.
Published: July 2009

Variations in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene sequence were determined from 28 populations of corn poppy resistant (R) to tribenuron and from 6 populations susceptible (S) to this herbicide. TheALSgene fragment (634 bp) sequence revealed in R populations five point mutations at the codon Pro197, and among them the substitution of Pro197by Ala was the most common. The sequencing chromatograms revealed that nine R individuals had only the mutantALSgene and were homozygous (RR), 18 R individuals had both the wild type and the mutantALSgene and were heterozygous (RS), whereas one R individual was heterozygous but with two different mutantALSalleles (R1R2). The use of restriction digestion profile analysis to verify the DNA sequence results by detecting the existence of point mutations at the codon 197 managed to distinguish the R and S alleles and confirmed the results obtained from the sequencing chromatograms analysis. The secondary protein structure prediction suggested the formation of novelβ-strands for each of the five mentioned amino acid substitutions that was not present in wild type ALS around the mutant site. These findings support the hypothesis that the substitution of Pro197by Ser, Thr, Ala, Arg, or Leu resulted in altered secondary structure, which stabilizes an ALS tertiary conformation that prevents tribenuron binding and thus confers resistance to this herbicide.
Factors Affecting the Outcrossing Rate between Clearfield™ Rice and Red Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Shivrain Vinod K. , Burgos Nilda R. , Sales Marites A. , Mauromoustakos Andy , Gealy David R. , Smith Kenneth L. , Black Howard L. , Jia Melissa
Published: July 2009

The commercialization of imazethapyr-resistant (Clearfield™, CL) rice in the southern United States has raised serious concerns about gene flow to red rice, producing imazethapyr-resistant red rice populations. Our objectives were to determine the impact of planting date, CL cultivars, and red rice biotypes on outcrossing rate; and to investigate the relative contribution of flowering time of CL rice and red rice biotypes, together with air temperature and relative humidity (RH), on outcrossing rate. Field experiments were conducted at Stuttgart, Rohwer, and Kibler, AR, from 2005 to 2007, at three or four planting times from mid-April to late May. ‘CL161’ (inbred cultivar) and ‘CLXL8’ (hybrid) rice were planted in nine-row plots, with red rice planted in the middle row. Twelve red rice biotypes were used. The flowering of red rice and CL rice, air temperature, and RH were recorded. Red rice seeds were collected at maturity. To estimate outcrossing rate, resistance to imazethapyr was evaluated in subsequent years and confirmed using rice microsatellite markers. CLXL8 rice flowered 2 to 4 d earlier than CL161 rice, and flowering was completed within 1 wk in all plantings. The flowering duration of most red rice biotypes ranged from 4 to 17 d. Flowering synchrony of red rice biotypes and CL rice ranged from 0 to 100% at different plantings. In general, CLXL8 had greater flowering overlap and higher outcrossing rate with red rice than did CL161 rice. The outcrossing rate of red rice biotypes ranged from 0 to 0.21% and 0 to 1.26% with CL161 and CLXL8 rice, respectively. The outcrossing rate differed within each planting date (P < 0.05). Outcrossing was generally lower in mid-May and late May than in mid-April and late April planting times. Flowering synchrony and outcrossing rate were not correlated (r2 < 0.01). Outcrossing with CL161 was primarily influenced by red rice biotype. A minimum air temperature of > 24 C in the evening also favors outcrossing with CL161. With CLXL8 rice, outcrossing was most affected by RH. When RH was < 54%, outcrossing was less (0.12%) than when RH was ≥ 54% (0.38%). With CLXL8 rice, a minimum RH of ≥ 54%, from mid-morning to noon, increased outcrossing with red rice. To fully understand the interaction effects of these factors on outcrossing with red rice, controlled experiments are needed.
Influence of Weed Management Practices and Crop Rotation on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Population Dynamics and Crop Yield-Years III and IV
Authors: Davis Vince M. , Gibson Kevin D. , Bauman Thomas T. , Weller Stephen C. , Johnson William G.
Published: July 2009

Horseweed is an increasingly common and problematic weed in no-till soybean production in the eastern cornbelt due to the frequent occurrence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation, winter wheat cover crops (WWCC), residual non-glyphosate herbicides, and preplant application timing on the population dynamics of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and crop yield. A field study was conducted from 2003 to 2007 in a no-till field located at a site that contained a moderate infestation of GR horseweed (approximately 1 plant m−2). The experiment was a split-plot design with crop rotation (soybean–corn or soybean–soybean) as main plots and management systems as subplots. Management systems were evaluated by quantifying in-field horseweed plant density, seedbank density, and crop yield. Horseweed densities were collected at the time of postemergence applications, 1 mo after postemergence (MAP) applications, and at the time of crop harvest or 4 MAP. Viable seedbank densities were also evaluated from soil samples collected in the fall following seed rain. Soybean–corn crop rotation reduced in-field and seedbank horseweed densities vs. continuous soybean in the third and fourth yr of this experiment. Preplant herbicides applied in the spring were more effective at reducing horseweed plant densities than when applied in the previous fall. Spring-applied, residual herbicide systems were the most effective at reducing season-long in-field horseweed densities and protecting crop yields since the growth habit of horseweed in this region is primarily as a summer annual. Management systems also influenced the GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype population structure after 4 yr of management. The most dramatic shift was from the initial GR : GS ratio of 3 : 1 to a ratio of 1 : 6 after 4 yr of residual preplant herbicide use followed by non-glyphosate postemergence herbicides.
Factors That Affect the Duration of the Interval Between the Completion of Palliative Chemotherapy and Death
Authors: Hashimoto Kenji , Yonemori Kan , Katsumata Noriyuki , Hotchi Marika , Kouno Tsutomu , Shimizu Chikako , Tamura Kenji , Ando Masashi , Takeuchi Masahiro , Fujiwara Yasuhiro
Published: July 2009

Learning Objectives

Formulate an end-of-life treatment plan for end-of-life patients who choose palliative chemotherapy. Select advanced cancer patients who are candidates for hospice care. Educate patients regarding the merits of hospice care versus palliative chemotherapy near the end-of-life stage and help them make decisions reflecting their goals.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Resource use and seed dispersal by red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in a Colombian Andean forest
Authors: Giraldo Paula , Gómez-Posada Carolina , Martínez Jesús , Kattan Gustavo
Published: July 2009

As part of a study of responses by red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) to forest fragmentation, we studied red howlers in an extensive forest including a habitat mosaic of old-growth forest, secondary forest of different ages, and non-commercial monospecific plantations of exotic Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) and pines, to produce baseline information on resource use and their role as seed dispersers. We followed three troops for six months, encompassing a dry and a wet season; in total, they fed on 48 species of trees, including fruits, leaves and flowers, but each group relied on a limited set of species available within its home range, particularly in the Moraceae and Cecropiaceae. This contrasts with lowland forest, where howlers feed on a larger variety of species. We observed no season of generalized fruit scarcity, as is the case in the lowlands. However, localized fruit scarcities in howler home ranges occurred. Howlers fed on relatively small quantities of leaves when fruit was available, and became primarily folivorous when fruit was unavailable. Howlers transported a mean of 2.3 species of seeds per fecal sample, to a mean distance of 116 m from the parent tree. More importantly, howlers are transporting seeds to ash and pine plantations, helping to enrich these habitats.
Registro de ocorrência de Cebus kaapori (Cebidae: Primates) na APA Lago de Tucuruí
Authors: Cunha Fernanda Almeida , Lopes Maria Aparecida , Dantas Sidnei Melo , Carmo Nívia Aparecida Silva , Silva Suleima Socorro Bastos
Published: July 2009

No abstract
Consumption of Carapa guianensis bark by Cebus capucinus in La Reserva Biológica Indo-Maíz, Nicaragua
Authors: Hanson Thor
Published: July 2009

No abstract
Consumo de néctar por Aotus lemurinus y su rol como posible polinizador de las flores de Inga edulis (Fabales: Mimosoideae)
Authors: Marín-Gómez Oscar Humberto
Published: July 2009

No abstract
NASD Rule 2711 and Changes in Analysts' Independence in Making Stock Recommendations
Authors: Chen Chih-Ying , Chen Peter F.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: This study provides evidence of changes in how analysts generate stock recommendations after the SEC's approval of NASD Rule 2711 in May 2002, which introduced regulatory reforms to enhance the independence of analysts' research. We investigate the relations of analysts' stock recommendations with intrinsic value estimates (based on analysts' earnings forecasts relative to the stock prices, V/P) and with investment-banking-related conflicts of interest during the 1994–2005 period. We find a stronger relation between analysts' stock recommendations and V/P and a weaker relation between analysts' stock recommendations and conflicts of interest in the post-Rule period than prior to the implementation of the Rule. Moreover, the increases in the relation between stock recommendations and V/P after the implementation of the Rule are greater for the stocks recommended by analysts with greater potential conflicts of interest. Our findings suggest that the implementation of Rule 2711 has enhanced analysts' independence.
Fraud Brainstorming Using Computer-Mediated Communication: The Effects of Brainstorming Technique and Facilitation
Authors: Lynch Antoinette L. , Murthy Uday S. , Engle Terry J.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: This study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of computer-mediated brainstorming in the context of the SAS No. 99 mandated fraud brainstorming requirement. Results indicate that brainstorming effectiveness is significantly higher for teams brainstorming electronically relative to teams using traditional face-to-face brainstorming. There is no significant difference in brainstorming effectiveness between electronic interactive brainstorming and electronic nominal brainstorming. Brainstorming effectiveness is significantly higher for teams receiving content facilitation relative to teams not receiving content facilitation. The post-brainstorming fraud risk assessments are significantly higher than the pre-brainstorming assessments in all treatment conditions, indicating that the SAS No. 99 mandated brainstorming session has the intended effect. This research informs audit practice by demonstrating that computer-mediated fraud brainstorming can be more effective than face-to-face brainstorming and also by establishing the effectiveness of content facilitation for improving the quality of the fraud risk factors generated by auditors.
Balancing the Dual Responsibilities of Business Unit Controllers: Field and Survey Evidence
Authors: Maas Victor S. , Mateˇjka Michal
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: We examine how business unit (BU) controllers balance their dual roles of providing information for both local decision-making (local responsibility) and corporate control (functional responsibility). The existing literature suggests that organizations can improve the quality of financial reporting and internal controls by increasing the emphasis on the functional responsibility of BU controllers. In this study, we rely on prior literature and insights from field interviews to argue that such an increase also leads to role ambiguity and conflict, which in turn can lead to an increased tolerance of data misreporting. We test our predictions using survey responses of 134 BU controllers. As predicted, we find that the emphasis on the functional responsibility of BU controllers is positively associated with role conflict and role ambiguity, both of which are related to data misreporting at the BU level.
The Contribution of the Harvard Business School to Management Control, 1908–1980
Authors: Zeff Stephen A.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper documents and discusses the evolution of management control, which includes management and financial accounting, in the Harvard Business School (HBS) from 1908 to 1980. Primary emphasis is placed on the roles of the key movers, Ross G. Walker and Robert N. Anthony. The successive alterations in the configuration and content of the MBA courses in the Business School, based on a reading of the course catalogues, faculty papers and other documents on file in Baker Library, and interviews and correspondence with many of the principals, together with an examination of the series of text- and casebooks published by HBS accounting faculty, are the factual basis for this historical study. Concomitant developments at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago are also brought into the analysis. An appendix contains a complete list of the HBS accounting faculty during the time span under study.
An Empirical Analysis of the Incentive-Action-Performance Chain of the Principal-Agent Model
Authors: Callen Jeffrey L. , Morel Mindy , Fader Christina
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: This study empirically investigates the incentive-action-performance chain on cross-sectional plant data in the context of a just-in-time (JIT- plant manufacturing environment. Incentives in this study are of the “soft” goal-oriented variety rather than direct compensation. The empirical analysis is implemented using ordinary least squares and Heckman two-stage regressions to account for the potential endogeneity of the JIT adoption decision. We find that plant performance outcomes are associated with actions, namely, the breadth and intensities of plant JIT practices adopted by plant management, but are not associated with performance incentives. However, we find that the JIT adoption decision is associated with incentives. We further find that it is the essential inventory incentive aspects of JIT, such as increasing inventory turns and reducing scrap/waste, that motivate JIT adoption rather than other, arguably less central incentive aspects of JIT, such as product quality. Overall, our results are consistent with the predictions of the implicit “career” incentives Principal-Agent model but not with predictions of the standard explicit incentives Principal-Agent model.
Misconceptions Students Bring to Qualitative Research
Authors: Kelly Melissa A. , Kaczynski Daniel J.
Published: July 2009

This paper explores graduate students’ misconceptions about qualitative research and demonstrates how a learner‐centered approach can support formative adjustments in instructional design and delivery of a qualitative research course. Among the qualitative data sources used in the study was students’ work in the course, as well as observations made by the instructor. A two‐stage analysis process, using NVivo software, generated two broad categories of students’ misconceptions: technical skills and design considerations. An examination of the depth of students’ work provided insight into how they approached and corrected misconceptions. Among the implications of these findings is the need for qualitative research instructors to continually anticipate, monitor, and actively respond to students’ misconceptions to counter negative effects of students’ faulty thinking. An instructor who gives little forethought to the issue of systematically and formatively adjusting course content to resolve learning dissonance may be hindering student learning and encumbering the development of future qualitative researchers. On one level, students’ misconceptions become a diagnostic tool to help the instructor correct students’ flawed thinking; on a higher level, an in‐depth exploration of the origins of the misconceptions can engage educators in curriculum reform efforts to promote cross‐curricular building of research competencies. Rather than supporting the divisions between qualitative and quantitative research, graduate reform should promote a learner‐centered systemic approach to formative improvements, thus strengthening cohesion among all forms of research methodology.
The use of (future) search conferences as a qualitative improvement tool ‐ Three Australian examples
Authors: Hurworth Rosalind
Published: July 2009

A (future) search conference is a carefully planned, custom‐designed, participative event embedded in a longer process of planning and improvement. Its main focus is to create ideas for future action that is to be implemented by the participants. This paper outlines what a search conference is and, by using recent Australian examples associated with homelessness, community development and Indigenous affairs, how it can be a useful qualitative research tool.
Examining the role of social and dialogic interactions when creating a fifth‐grade democratic classroom community
Authors: Klockow Jeanne A
Published: July 2009

Qualitative methodology is used to examine social and dialogic interactions, in a fifth‐grade classroom known as ‘Freedom Falls’. The author discusses social interaction through dialogue as a means of constructing a democratic classroom community for students. In this case study, through descriptive data, classroom dialogue is examined from the collective group to individual members. The author explains how she discovered that meanings about democracy in the classroom were transferred from the collective group to the individual members, and ways of expressing democratic practices in the classroom enhanced students’ participation as active classroom members responsible for their classroom culture.
Creating a research community
Authors: Neville Bernie
Published: July 2009

This article describes one academic’s approach to creating a research community among a diverse group of higher degree students within an individualistic research culture. The approach is characterised by acceptance of a wide range of interests and methodologies, attention to the relational and emotional needs of students, the collaborative sharing of information, ideas and problems, and a recognition that imagination and intuition are essential elements of a meaningful scientific investigation. Particular techniques for facilitating this process are described.
Qualitative Research and Professional Practice ‐ Evaluation of the Hy Vong Moi (New Hope) Program
Authors: Seibold Carmel
Published: July 2009

This paper reports on an evaluation of the ‘Hy Vong Moi’ (New Hope) program aimed at providing emotional, physical and cultural support to new parents of Vietnamese origin living in the Greater Dandenong area, Melbourne, Australia, and who are experiencing problems relating to drug use within their families. Six young Australian Vietnamese women participated in the program. Data were collected via questionnaires, focus groups, diaries and the case worker’s journal. Analysis was ongoing in keeping with a participatory research approach. All the women who participated in the program, involving the setting up of a parents/mothers playgroup as well as provision of education and support, reported very positively on the program. All agreed that the formal help they received had made an enormous difference in their lives and was assisting them to integrate into Australian culture with potentially positive benefits for their children. The additional support through the parents/mothers playgroup allowed formation of new friendships, the sharing of experiences and the acquisition of new skills, including parenting skills. All wanted the program and the parents/mothers playgroup to continue as a means of providing further assistance to them and others.