bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact sensitization of mice to nickel sulphate and potassium dichromate
Authors: Kimber I. , Bentley A. N. , Hilton J.
Published: April 2006

The ability of nickel sulphate and potassium dichromate to induce contact sensitization in mice has been investigated. Topical exposure of mice to 0.5% potassium dichromate in dimethysulphoxide (DMSO) under occlusion resulted in specific contact sensitization in each of 7 experiments. Although sensitization to nickel sulphate under the same conditions was weak and somewhat variable, evidence for significant levels of contact allergy was obtained in 4 of 7 experiments. In addition, repeated topical application of both nickel sulphate and potassium dichromate in DMSO was found to result in the induction of lymphocyte proliferative responses in lymph nodes draining the site of exposure. These data indicate that epicutaneous exposure to both metal salts may cause specific contact in mice.
Allergic contact dermatitis from eosin
Authors: Tomb Roland R.
Published: April 2006

Before 1960, eosin sensitivity was not rare and lipstick cheilitis was very common. We report 4 patients soon in 1988 and 1989 who were sensitized to eosin from topical bacteriostatic preparations. All 4 patients had positive patch tests to eosin. The allergen is probably an impurity rather than eosin itself.
Nickel‐sulphate‐induced contact dermatitis in the guinea pig maximization test: a dose‐response study
Authors: Rohold Allan E. , Nielsen Gitte D. , Andersen Klaus E.
Published: April 2006

Nickel sulphate is a sensitizer in guinea pigs, but the frequency of sensitization varies from study to study. The dose‐response relationship for NiSO4 6H2O was evaluated in the guinea pig maximization test in this study, 6 intradermal (0.01%–3.0% aq.) and 6 topical (0.25% 10.0% pet.) concentrations were chosen for induction and NiSO46H2O 1% pet was used for challenge, based on the absence of skin irritation in a pilot study. Blind reading was performed. A logistic dose‐response model was applied to the challenge results. At 48 h, a linear relationship was obtained between the intradermal induction dose (but not topical dose) and the response, resulting in a maximum sensitization rate of 40% after 3% i.d. The reactivity disappeared at re‐challenge I week later. Following a booster closed patch on day 35, using NiSO4 pet., the animals were challenged with NiSO4 2% pet. and statistical analyses of 72‐h readings revealed a non‐linear dose‐response relationship, giving a maximum response Frequency of 40% after initial induction with NiSO4, 3% i.d. and 2% topical.
Chlorhexidine gluconate and acetate in patch testing
Authors: Knudsen Bodil B. , Avnstrorp Christian
Published: April 2006

Patch testing to chlorhexadine is usually performed with chlorhexidine gluconate aq. We report the results of 297 patients, almost all with leg ulcers, concomitantly tested with chlorhexidine acetate 1% aq. and chlorhexidine gluconate 1% aq, 39 patients had positive reactions to one of these compounds or to both, 36 positive reactions to the acetate were found, in contrast to 18 reactions to the gluconate. The reactions were considered relevant in 22 of 39 patients, since these patients had developed an eczema in an area where a chlorhexidine compound was used, and discontinuing the chlorhexidine compound resulted in improvement of the condition In 10 of these 22 patients, the diagnosis would have been missed if the gluconate only had been used for testing, while the acetate failed to diagnose 2 patients. In 109 patients without leg ulcers, inconclusive patch test readings (i.e., irritant reactions or weak positive reactions) were found in 17% with chlorhexidine acetate 1% aq., compared to 5% with chlorhexidine gluconate 1% aq., indicating a high degree of irritant potential of the acetate 1% aq. We consider that some positive reactions are lost if chlorhexidine gluconate 1% aq, only is used for patch testing, but that chlorhexidine acetate 1% aq. On the other hand, is an unacceptably strong irritant. We therefore suggest that further testing with chlorhexidine acetate 1 and 0.5% aq, should be performed, in parallel with chlorhexidine gluconate 1% aq. in order in establish appropriate test concentration, We find that up to 13% of the Sea ulcer patients in this study may be sensitized to chlorhexidine, and we recommend that the indications for the drug in leg ulcer patients should be reconsidered.
Computerized analysis of concomitant contact allergens
Authors: Edman Björn
Published: April 2006

A statistical study was conducted on 3697 patch‐tested patterns in order to find any cross‐reacting or concomitant allergens, 44 correlations were found 3 were well‐known cross‐reacting substances (e.g., benzocaine and p‐phenylenediamine). 7 were unlikely, probably random, findings and the remaining 27 were considered to be either new Cross‐reacting allergens (e.g., promethazine and azo dyes) or concomitant allergens found in the same kind of products (e.g., kickel and cobalt in alloys, ethylenediamine and neomycin in Kenacombin cream®, colophony and carba‐mix in adhesive bandage).
Chromated steel and contact allergy
Authors: Wass Urban , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

Steel surfaces can be treated with zinc and chromates to prevent the steel from rusting. Cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to the release of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from chromated surfaces have been reported. The main purpose of the present study was to develop a simple procedure for the determination of leachable Cr6+ that could be used in industrial applications to check the quality of chromated products and to establish a “threshold limit value” for such products. Occlusive tests were performed in chromate‐sensitive patients using chromated discs, and discs representing a release of 0.6 μg/cm2 or more elicited positive results in all patients tested. It was proposed that the mean release of Cr6+ from chromated parts should not exceed 0.3 μ/cm2. Approximately 1 out of 4 yellow chromated parts, collected from a chromating plant and a car assembly plant, gave values above this limit. Today, several tests are performed to evaluate the technical quality of the chromate layers. It is suggested that the present method should be added to the test program in order to reduce the risk of causing chromate allergy.
Quantification of allergic and irritant patch test reactions using laser‐Doppler flowmetry and erythema index
Authors: Gawkrodger David J. , McDonagh Andrew J. G. , Wright Andrew L.
Published: April 2006

The laser‐Doppler blood flow and erythema index were assessed in 16 patch test reactuibs caysed by irritants (1% aq. Sodium lauryl sulphate and 1%aq. Benzalkonium chloride) and in 13 varied allergic reactions, at 2 or 4 days. Both irritant and allergic responses produced satistically significant increases in laser‐Doppler flow index and erythema index compared to control sites (p<0.05 or less, using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test). A disproportionately greater increase in erythema index than in laser‐Doppler flow was seen in mild irritant reactions, compared to allergic, though the two could no be reliably distinguished by these tests. 2 non‐allergic nickel sulphate sites produced an increase in both blood flow and erythema without any clinical change. Petrolatum alone produced no significant change in either measurement. The laser‐Doppler flow showed an overall correlation with the erythema index (product moment method: r=0.55. p<0.001), but there was little correlation between these indices and patch test reactivity as judged clinically by conventional scoring. Generally, allergic and irritant patch test reactions could not be differentiated on the basis of laser‐Doppler flow index for mild irritant responses warrants further study in other irritant models.
Sensitivity to thimerosal and photosensitivity to piroxicam
Authors: de Castro J. L. Cirne , Freitas J. P. , Brandão F. Mewezes , Themido R.
Published: April 2006

17 patients allergic to thimerosal. with no previous history of photosensitivity or piroxicam ingestion. 2 patients with piroxicam‐induced photosensitivity, and 10 controls were patch or photopatch tested, with 1 or more of the following thimerosal, thiosalicylic acid, irradiated and non‐irradiated solutions of piroxicam alone, L‐cysteine alone and piroxicam plus l‐cysteine, and piroxicam in petrolatum, The results of the tests supported the hypothesis that there are cross reactions between thiosalicylic acid and piroxicam, a photosensitizer. The mechanism of the cross‐reactions may involve photoproduts of piroxicm and L‐cysteine, as patients allergic to thiosalicylic aid, who have positive photopatch tests to piroxicam, also had positive patch tests to the irradiated solution of piroxicam plus L., cysteine.
Frequency, spectrum and occupational relevance of type IV allergies to rubber chemicals
Authors: von Hintzenstern J. , Heese A. , Koch H. U. , Peters K. P. , Hornstein O. P.
Published: April 2006

3851 consecutive patients patch tested between January 1985 and March 1990 have been analysed for rubber allergies. The incidence of rubber allergy was 3.8% (n=145) In 80/145 patients (55%). the source of rubber sensitization was occupational, 67 of whom (84%) had acquired allergy from wearing rubber gloves a work. Most of them (36%) were employed in the health services. The most commonly positive rubber‐mix in this group was thiuram‐mix (72%) Followed by carba‐mix (25%.) 13/80 patients (16%) had occupational rubber allergy from industrial rubber products other than gloves. Patch tests revealed thiuram‐mix (62%) as the most commonly positive rubber‐mix but, in contrast to the group with glove‐induced rubber allergy, black‐rubber‐mix came second (38%) In 47/145 patients (32%) the source of rubber sensitization W8S non‐occupational; in 18/145 (13%) the origin remained unknown.
Patch testing with amalgam at various concentrations
Authors: von Mayenburg J. , Rakoski J. , Szliska C.
Published: April 2006

27 patients with positive D3 reactions on patch testing to 3 mercury screening allergens were patch listed with 13 mercury patch test preparations, 6 inorganic and 7 organic, and amalgam 20% pet. The 13 patients (all women) showing positive reactions to 20% amalgam were then patch tested to reducing concentrations. 2 patients reacted down to 1% 4 down to 2%, 4 down to 5%, 2 down to 10% and I only to 20%, a total of 10 of the 13 patients therefore reading to the 5% concentration of amalgam. The appropriate patch test concentration of amalgam is discussed and the clinical significance and female preponderance of amalgam reactivity suggested as being worthy of further investigation,
Health aspects of carbonless copy paper*
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: April 2006

In the past 20 years, there have been numerous reports of skin and mucous membrane allegedly caused by the use of carbonless copy paper, to such an client that some people in Europe were refusing to work with it and concern was expressed in the European Parliament. In view of its undoubted convenience and superiority over carbon paper, the author was asked by the Commission of the European Communities for a report. Based on visits to manufacturers and users and the investigation of complaints, the conclusion is that, as exposure to the constituents of the paper during its manufacture is considerably greater than in its use and no cases have arisen in his experience in the industry, the complaints are more likely to be attributable to “sick building syndrome” than to the specific effect of any component of The paper.
Pre‐employment screening for contact dermatitis among the pupils of a metal industry school
Authors: Kraus Sanja Milković , Muselinović NinaŽarkovic
Published: April 2006

79 male pupils of a metal industry school were investigated, none of whom had yet been occupationally exposed to metals or to cutting oils. In 1 or 2 years, depending on their grade and age, they would all be employees in the metal industry. Each was patch tested with nickel sulfate 5% pet, cobalt chloride 1% pet., and potassium dichromate 0.5% pet., and 28 had a positive reaction to 1 or more of the metals tested. This finding indicates the necessity not only fur pre‐employement patch testing in industries where contact dermatitis is likely to occur, but that patch testing should be done even earlier in school children, before they decide to enter certain occupations.
Skin physiological changes in employees in the fish processing industry immediately following work
Authors: Halkier‐Sørensen Lars , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

In order to explain the complaints of dry skin after work among employees in the fish processing industry, we Followed the skin Mood flow (SBF), skin surface temperature, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electrical capacitance on the volar aspect of the 3rd finger in 10 fillet workers, where measurements were performed just al the end of a working day and during the next hour. The results were compared with 10 normal controls. During work, a low SBF, temperature and TEWL, and a high capacitance were found. After work, the SBF, temperature and TEWL increased to values above normal within 10–15 min. While the electrical capacitance decreased lo subnormal values. A positive relation was demonstrated between skin temperature and TEWL, negative relations between temperature and capacitance, and between capacitance and TEWL. Our results in this field study confirm our clinical finding among workers in the fish processing industry: low occurrence of chapping and eczema during work and the development of dry skin after work.
In vivo transcutaneous penetration of nicotinates and sensitive skin
Authors: Berardesca Enzo , Cespa Maddalena , Farinelli Nadia , Rabbiosi Giacomo , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

Proclivity to develop irritant reactions and transcutaneous penetration of nictitates has been investigated in 20 subjects of both sexes, divided into reactors and nonreactors on the basis of the responses to irritant stimuli. 1% sodium knurly soleplate (patch application for 24 h) and 5% lactic acid in aqueous solutions were used to feted chemical and sensory (subjective) irritation. The vasodilatation induced was measured using chromameter for 1 h after tropism application of the chemical. The area‐under‐the‐curve response and the peak response were used to assess the in vivo penetration of ruddy nicotinate (10 mM in aqueous solution). Significant differences were found between reactors and non‐reactors. Non‐reactors showed a significantly decreased area‐under‐the‐Curve response and peak response to methyl nicotinate compared to reactors. Nicotinate‐induced vasodilatation has been used as a model to study transcutaneous penetration of chemicals; the correlation between increased penetration of nicotinates and skin hyperreactivity to irritant substances may suggest an increased transcutaneous penetration of water‐soluble chemicals in individuals with sensitive skin.
Euxyl K 400: a new sensitizer in cosmetics
Authors: Tosti Antonella , Guerra Liliana , Bardazzi Federico , Gasparri Franco
Published: April 2006

Euxyl K 400 is a preservative for cosmetics and toiletries containing 2 active ingredients, 1,2‐dibronio‐2,4‐dtcyynobutitn and 2‐phenoxyethanol. 2057 consecutive patients with contact dermatitis were patch tested with Euxyl K 400 2.5% pet. and ethanol. A positive patch test occurred in 24 patients (1.2%). The source of sensitization was traced in N patients to their cosmetics. Both leave‐on and rinse‐off products were responsible, Further patch tests with Euxyl K 400 0.5% pet. and phenoxyethanol 5% pet. were performed in 11 patients. A positive patch test to phenoxyethanol was detected in 1 of them. Only 3 patients showed to mild reaction to Euxyl K. 400 0.5% A provocative use test with a lotion preserved with Euxyl K 400 0.1% was positive in 5 of these 11 patients. Patients with Euxyl K 400 sensitivity showed a high prevalence of positive patch tests to other common ingredients of cosmetics. Since the use of Euxyl K 400 in cosmetic products is rapidly increasing, it should he included in the patch test series for patients with suspected cosmetic allergy.
Isothiazolinones (MCI/MI): 200 ppm versus 100 ppm in the standard series
Authors: Färm Gunilla , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

In an attempt to define the optimal test concentration for isothiazolinones. 200 and 100 ppm of 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4 isothiazolin‐3‐one 2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin 3‐one (MCI/MI) in aq. Solution were tested simultaneously in 918 consecutive eczema patients. 3.4% were positive to 200 ppm and 1.7% to 100 ppm. Indicating that up to 50% of the cases might have been missed. Among the 33 cases with positive reactions, 21 showed stronger reactions to 200 than to 100 ppm, while 9 had reactions of the same strength. Use testes were carried out in 7 cases, of which 2 were positive. MCI/MI plus other allergens), the outcome of the use tests and the optimal test concentration. Our present strategy is to use 200 ppm as an indicator and then to carry out serial dilution and use tests in each “positive” case.
Basal transepidermal water loss, skin thickness, skin blood flow and skin colour in relation to sodium‐lauryl‐sulphate‐ induced irritation in normal skin
Authors: Agner Tove
Published: April 2006

The influence of basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin thickness, blood flow and skin colour on susceptibility to sodium‐lauryl‐sulphate (SLS)‐induced irritant contact dermatitis was studied in 70 healthy volunteers. SLS 0.5% was applied as a patch test. For assessment of basal values and skin response to SLS, bioengineering methods were used: TEWL was measured by an evaporimeter, skin response to SLS, bioengineering methods were used: TEWL was measured by an evaporimeter, skin thickness by ultrasound A scan, blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry, and skin colour by a colorimeter. Using the L* a* b* system of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), By use of multiple regression analysis, it was demonstrated that basal TEWL was substantially related to skin susceptibility to SLS, high basal TEWL predicting an increased susceptibility to SLS Also increased light reflection from the skin. Indicating a fair skin was found to be associated with increased susceptibility to SLS.
Dandelion dermatitis
Authors: Lovell C. R. , Rowan M.
Published: April 2006

7 subjects, each giving a history suggesting dandelion dermatitis, were patch tested with extracts of dandelion as well us with other common members of the Compositae and to the sesquiterpene‐lactone‐ mix. All were positive to dandelion Extracts but only 2 reacted to the sesquiterpenes‐lactonemix. Alhough the mix is it useful screening test for chrysanthemum dermatitis, it may miss dandelion allergy.
Airborne contact dermatitis: an update
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Delleu H.
Published: April 2006

This review in an update of a previously published one on airborne‐induced contact dermatoses. Because reports in the literature often omit the term ‘airborne’, 12 volumes of Contact Dermatitis (July 1985 April 1991) were screened, and the cases cited were classified as to history, lesion locations, causative agents, and other factors. The number of reports of airborne dermatoses has increased considerably in recent years.
Nickel concentrations in fingernails as a measure of occupational exposure to nickel
Authors: Peters Kurt , Gammelgaard Bente , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

The nickel concentration in fingernails from 2 groups of people occupationally exposed to nickel was determined. In one group, comprising 83 persons moderately exposed to nickel, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) was 29.2 μg/g ± 56.7 μg/g and the median 13.8 μg/g (range 0.926–396 μg/g). In the other group, comprising 51 persons heavily exposed to nickel, the mean ± SD was 123 μg/g ± 289 μg/g and the median 29.9 μg/g (range 1.95–1770 μg/g). Both levels were significantly different from the normal nickel concentration in nails (p<0.001). The difference between the 2 levels was also significant (p<0.001). No correlation between the nickel concentration in fingernails and the duration of exposure could be demonstrated. It was concluded that the higher the nickel level in the fingernails, the greater is the possibility that the person is occupy Initially exposed to nickel. Nail analysis is suggested as a measure of occupational exposure to nickel.
Is a worker's understanding of their diagnosis an important determinant of outcome in occupational contact dermatitis?
Authors: Holness D. Linn , Nethercott James R.
Published: April 2006

The possible effect of an individual's knowledge of their diagnoses on their disease outcome was examined in a group of 230 workers with occupational contact dermatitis; The workers were surveyed with an interviewer‐administered questionnaire for an average of 5 years following a diagnosis of occupational contact dermatitis. 48% had allergic contact dermatitis and 52% had irritant contact dermatitis. There was a poor correlation between the workers' recalled diagnosis and the actual diagnosis, but better concordance with their recollection of patch test results. Only 33% correctly identified their diagnosis. Those who could not were approximately 2 × as likely to still have active dermatitis, to have more severe dermatitis and to note that their skin problem interfered with their work and home activities. Those who had no idea of their diagnosis were 3 × as likely to have these problems. These results raise the possibility that further efforts directed at the patient's education with respect to their condition might improve the outcome of their occupational skin disease.
Occupational and non‐occupational allergic contact dermatitis from beryllium
Authors: Vilaplans J. , Romaguera C. , Grimalt F.
Published: April 2006

There are various references to sensitization to beryllium in the literature. Since introducing a patch testing series for patients with suspected sensitization to metals, we have found 3 cases of sensitization to beryllium, of these 3 cases, we regard the first 2 as having relevant sensitization Beryllium chloride (l%. pet.) was positive in 3 patients and negative in 150 controls.
A multicentre study of contact sensitization in children
Authors: Ayla F. , Balato N. , Lembo G. , Patruno C. , Tosti. A. , Schena D. , Pigatto P. , Angelini G. , Lisi P. , Rafanelli A.
Published: April 2006

The results of 7 months of patch testing with a standard series of 26 allergens, in 323 children with eczerematous conditions or itching palmoplantar psoriasis under the age Of 14 years are reported. 114 (35.3%) of the children had 1 or more positive reactions to this standard series. 28 children (8,7%) were poly sensitive. On the basis of personal history, additional series of allergens and/or specific allergens were also tested, 61.7% (90/146) of positive reactions were considered relevant to the current dermatitis. Metals, medicaments, preservatives or fragrances, and shoe components were the major sources of contact sensitization. It is suggested that patch testing he done more frequently in evaluating dermatitis in children.
Patch testing with frullania during a 10‐year period: hazards and complications
Authors: Tomb Roland R.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis from frullania mainly affects people living in the country. The 2 most frequent species in Europe, Frullania dilatata and Frullania tamarisci, do not cross‐react: both species must be patch tested when frullania intolerance is suspected. Yet patch testing with Frullania may be hazardous 9 out of 37 cases recorded in Strasbourg correspond to active sensitization by the tests. Since routine testing is risky, only aimed testing can be recommended.
Diaper dermatitis: a study of contributing factors
Authors: Longhi F. , Carlucci G. , Bellucci R. , Di Girolamo R. , Palumbo G. , Amerio P.
Published: April 2006

A 44‐week clinical study was carried out on a large sample of the Italian infant population to measure the incidence of diaper (napkin) dermatitis and to identify the factors related to the development of diaper dermatitis. Factors such as age, sex, the presence of atopic dermatitis, the general state of health of the child, the use of drugs and the type of diaper used were recorded. At the end of the test, 2169 clinical dermatological examinations were performed. The frequency of episodes of diaper dermatitis was 15.2%. Statistical correlations between diaper dermatitis and age, presence of atopic dermatitis, and health conditions were found.
The sensitizing capacity of the antioxidants propyl, octyl, and dodecyl gallate and some related gallic acid esters
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Beyer W.
Published: April 2006

8 alkyl gallates, including the widely used antioxidants propyl, octyl, and dodecyl (= lauryl) gallate, have been subjected to experimental sensitization in guinea pigs. Using a modern sensitization procedure, the result showed that all gallates are moderate to strong contact sensitizers: dodecyl (=lauryl) gallate was found to be the strongest. A characteristic correlation between side chain length and mean response was observed, giving a maximum of sensitization at a length of 12 Carbon atoms (dodecyl gallate) A literature review revealed that the frequency of reports of allergic dermatitis from antioxidants of the gallate type has increased in the last 4 years. In most cases, the moderate sensitizer propyl gallate was the source of sensitization.
Contact allergy to tioconazole
Authors: Stubb Sakari , Heikkilä Hannell , Reitamo Sakari , Förström Lars
Published: April 2006

In 15 months, we detected allergic patch lest reactions to tioconazole in 14 patients. 9 of the 14 patients were allergic to additional imidazole derivatives used as antifungal agems. The positive patch test rreactions to tioconazole may have been caused either by simultaneous sensitization or more probably by cross‐reactivity between the various commercially used imidazole derivatives with a similar chemical structure. The abundant use of tioconazole in concentrated (up to 28%) topical formulations in Finland could be the major cause of the apparent increase in allergic reactions.
Results of routine patch testing with corticosteroid series in 2073 patients
Authors: Dooms‐Goossins A. , Morren M.
Published: April 2006

The patch test results of hi patients allergic lo at least 1 corticosteroid molecule are presented. These contact allergies were detected by testing with several corticosteroid s included in our standard patch test series between February 1988 and December 1990. Whenever possible, further investigations were conducted by means of a more complete corticosteroid series. We (mind corticosteroids to be the 7th most frequent allergen, positive results being obtained in 2.9% of all patients referred to our contact dermatitis unit. In this series, budesonide was the most common allergen and often gave simultaneous reactions with other corticosteroids.
Systemic quinine photosensitivity with photoepicutaneous cross‐reactivity to quinidine
Authors: Liunggren Bo , Hindsén Monica , Isaksson Marléne
Published: April 2006

A 75‐year‐old man developed an eczematous eruption on the face and dorsal aspects of the hands one July after 3 weeks' treatment with quinine, 0.25 g nightly, for nocturnal leg cramps. The photoreaction cleared within a week of quinine being stopped. UVA and UVB erythema threshold determinations, after the acute episode had subsided, were normal. A photopatch test was positive for irradiated quinine down to a concentration of 0.01% and for unirradiated quinine to 0.5%. The test with the isomer quinidine was positive only when irradiated, down to a concentration of 0.01%. Preirradiated samples of quinine and quinidine were negative. Whereas in contact allergy quinine and quinidine usually do not cross‐react, after systemic photosensitization, the 2 isomers probably form a common photoproduct, accounting for the cross‐reactivity
Hand dermatitis in the pottery industry
Authors: Wildinson S. M. , Heagerty and A. H. M. , English J. S. C.
Published: April 2006

Irritant hand dermatitis has long been recognized in the pottery industry. In our series, among workers handling glaze, sensitization to chromate was common and metals to other metals and to biocides also occurred. Allergy to oil additives was found in mould makers. Whilst irritant hand dermatitis does occur, allergy to metals and biocides should be looked for in workers handling glazes, and allergy in oil additives in mould makers.
Skin lesions due to okra (Hibiscus esculentus L): proteolytic activity and allergenicity of okra
Authors: Manda Fumi , Tadera Kenjiro , Aoyana Kohji
Published: April 2006

The present report, describes experimental studies on the proteolytic activity of the secretion on the surface of okra pods and the allergenicity of okra components, to clarify the etiology of skin lesions due to okra. Proteolytic activity was detected on the surface of immature okra pods and seemed to be sufficient to cause the skin lesions. Further, in vivo, intradermal injection of the enzyme solution prepared from immature okra pods led to increased capillary permeability in guinea pigs, in contrast to heated preparations. The fraction purified by preparative paper chromatography from an ethyl acetate extract of okra pods, showed moderate allergenicity in the guinea pig maximization lest. The present experimental evidence supports our suggestions from previous surveys that the proteolytic enzyme of okra may be responsible for development of skin lesions, and that allergic contact dermatitis may also play a part in addition to irritant contact dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis in hairdressers: the Italian experience
Authors: Guerra L. , Tosti A. , Bardazzi F. , Pigatto P. , Lisi P. , Santucci B. , Valsecchi R. , Schena D. , Angelini G. , Sertoli A. , Ayala F. , Kokeli F.
Published: April 2006

A multicenter study was performed in 9 Italian centers by members of the GIRDCA, to evaluate the frequency and source of contact sensitization in a group of 302 hairdressers with dermatitis. Occupational habits and use of preventive measures were specifically investigated both in these 302 hairdressers and in a further group of 240 hairdressers who answered a questionnaire. The result showed the presence of an occupationally relevant sensitization in 60.9% of the 302 hairdresses. This proportion included 52 hairdressers who had negative patch tests to the hairdresser' series but showed positive reactions to other allergens, such as nickel, rubber additives, preservatives and fragrances, which were judged relevant to their occupation. Among hair dyes, PPD caused 73 reactions (24.2%), PAP 32 reactions (10.6%), ONPPD 24 reactions (7.9%), and PTD 40 reactions (13.2%). A low incidence of sensitization was detected in our hairdressers to resorcinol and pyrogallol (1.3% for each substance). Among permanent wave allergens, positive reactions to GMTG were found in 11.3% of patients, while ATG gave a lower rate of positive reactions (5.0%). Allergic contact dermatitis due to APS was also relatively common (11.3%). 4 hairdressers in the study gave a positive reaction 30 min after a provocative lest with latex gloves, patch testing to the rubber series being negative, Enquiry regarding preventive measures revealed that the majority of hairdressers' use gloves when doing hair dyeing, but rarely use them for washing dyed hair or for doing permanent waving. The infrequent use of preventive measures by Italian hairdressers was confirmed by the results of the questionnaire, and possibly explains the high frequency of skin problems (12.5%) in the hairdressing population that was specifically interviewed.
Contact dermatitis in hairdressers' clients
Authors: Gurrra Liliana , Bardazzi Federico , Tosti Antonella
Published: April 2006

The aim of our study was to report the frequency of sensitization to hairdressing allergens in a group of patients with contact dermatitis, in whom previous treatments with hair dyes or permanent wave solutions were suspected to be the cause. 49 of 261 hairdressers' clients (18.7%). who were patch tested with the hairdressers' screening series in the years 1985–1990, showed one (27) or more (22) positive reactions to hairdressing chemicals. This study confirms hair dyeing to be the procedure associated with the highest risk of sensitization among hairdressers' clients. Among hair dye allergens, PPD is the most frequent sensitizer (7.3%). A low rate of sensitization to the PPD derivatives PAP. ONPPD and PTD was detected in these clients, there being no differences in the frequency of sensitization to to the 3 substances (4.2%, 4.6% and 4.6%, respectively). Only 0.4% of clients were positive to resorcinol. While pyrogallol showed a 2.3% rate of sensitization to sensitization. Sensitization to GMTG was found in 3.3% of patients. ATG was an infrequent sensitizer (1.1%) Allergic contact dermatitis due to APS is quite rare (2.7%), in view of the widespread use of this compound. A positive open patch test in 1 hairdresses' clint, who complained of generalied urticaria after hair bleaching, confirmed the diagnosis of immediate contact reaction due to APS. Sensitization to hairdressing allergens among consumers (18.7%) is possibly more frequent than sensitization to other cosmetic ingredients. We previously detected a 14.3% rate of sensitization to cosmetic ingredients in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis caused by cosmetics. On the other hand, reactions to cosmetic ingredients were also common in our patients. This may indicate that hairdressers' clients make greater use of cosmetics than average.
Prognosis of occupational chromate dermatitis
Authors: Halbert A. R. , Gebauer K. A. , Wall L. M.
Published: April 2006

To elucidate Further the natural history and prognosis of occupational chromate dermatitis, 120 affected patients, diagnosed between 1980 and 1989, were reviewed. The incidence of chromate dermatitis in Western Australia appeared to remain unchanged over the decade, 65% of patients were construction workers with cement‐induced chromate dermatitis, Workers at greatest risk of sensitization were those mixing bagged cement at the work site. The median age at onset of symptoms was 34 years, with 48% having been exposed to chromate for 5 years or less. Only 37% presented to the dermatologist within 12 months of developing symptoms 76% of patients had ongoing dermatitis at the time of review. Although 48% of the study population had completely changed their occupation to avoid chromate exposure, symptoms persisted in 69%. A delayed diagnosis of chromate sensitivity was noted to be a predictor of chronicity. In view of the potential chronicity of chromate dermatitis and its associated social and occupational impairment, we recommend the addition of ferrous sulphate‐while mixing bagged cement at the work site. This simple technique targets the workers at greatest risk of becoming sensitized.
Studies on the allergenicity of Baltic amber
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Boman Anders , Liden Carola
Published: April 2006

Baltic amber is a fossil resin deposited 36‐7 million years ago and one source may be the extinct tree (Pinus) succinifer. Palaeobotanical studies of amber have an extensive literature, but the aspect of allergenicity has not been addressed before. The aim of our study was to present the results from sensitization studies with Baltic amber and to discuss these in view of possible cross‐reactivity with contact allergens in colophony. It is concluded that allergens found in colophony can also be present in Baltic amber. The main resin acids were identified in an ether‐soluble extract of amber. Amber suspended in petrolatum caused positive patch test reactions in patients with contact allergy to colophony. Furthermore, animals sensitized to colophony showed positive reactions to amber necklace in patients with positive test reactions to amber and colophony was negative, which supports the view that amber in personal ornaments is not a clinical problem.
Erythema multiforme reaction to patch testing
Authors: O'Donnell B.F. , Tan C. Y.
Published: April 2006

A young woman developed erythema multiforme in association with multiple positive patch lest reactions. Sequential patch testing revealed 2 true positive reactions (colophony and fragrance mix), and was not associated with flare of erythema‐multiforme‐type lesions. The development of erythema multiforme should be included in the list of possible adverse reactions to patch testing, albeit a rare occurrence.
A survey of formaldehyde in shampoos and skin creams on the Danish market
Authors: Chandra Rastogi Suresh
Published: April 2006

To evaluate the exposure of the general population to formaldehyde from the use of cosmetic products, as well us to monitor whether cosmetic products oomph with national regulations, 285 shampoos, creams, etc., were analysed for formaldehyde. Identification and determination of formaldehyde was performed by the EEC method for the analysis of formaldehyde in cosmetic products. It was shown that 29.5% of the products investigated contained 0.001%‐0.147% total formaldehyde. In 10 of the products (3.5%), total formaldehyde content was > 0.05%. 8 of these products contained > 0.05% free formaldehyde. None of these products was labelled ‘contains formaldehyde’. 17 of the products investigated were declared to contain specific formaldehyde‐releasers. Formaldehyde could not be detected (detection limit 0.001%)in cosmetic products that were declared to contain Bronidox/Bronopol.
Occupational dermatitis in the aircraft industry: 35 years of progress
Authors: Castelain P.‐Y. , Com J. , Castelain M.
Published: April 2006

A comparison of the occupational dermatitis occuring in the same aircraft factory during 2 separate decades, 1955–1965 and 1981–1990 is, is presented. Subungual pulpitis is highly specific to this industry, because of the handling of resins and sealing agents. The number of cases dropped from 122 to 40, in accordance with progress: n preventive medicine Mini technological changes in the factory. Irritant contact dermatitis nevertheless remained appreciable, while allergic contact dermatitis greatly decreased.
Contact dermatitis from telefax paper
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta , Henriks‐Eckerman Maj‐Len
Published: April 2006

A nonatopic female secretary developed hand dermatitis after I year of full‐time work with telefax paper. Her dermatitis improved on sick leave and vacation and relapsed at work. Patch testing showed allergic reactions to several fragrances, balsam of Peru, colophony and neomycin. In 3 patch test sessions, her own telefax papers gave a doubtful reaction which persisted for 4 days, but it could not be determined whether the reactions were allergic or irritant. The colophony content of the telefax paper was about 1%, and it was possible that colophony in the telefax paper was responsible for the weak patch lest reactions. Accordingly, the contact dermatitis would have been allergic. The patient has now been relocated, does not handle telefax paper, and is symptomless. We concluded that our patient had an occupational hand contact dermatitis induced by telefax paper and possibly caused by coin phony allergy.
Electrical impedance applied to non‐invasive detection of irritation in skin
Authors: Ollmar Stig , Emtestam Lennart
Published: April 2006

Healthy volunteers were subjected to irritation by sodium lauryl sulphate at concentrations in the range 0.002% to 5.0% applied in Finn Chambers for 24 h. Test sites were visually assessed 1 h and 24 h niter cessation of exposure. At the same limes electrical impedance was measured with a new impedance device which allows non‐invasive local measurements to a controlled depth. Close agreement between concentration and an irritation index calculated from electrical impedance parameters was found over the whole concentration range for most test persons‐ At concentrations below 0.2%, visual scores were zero. These results suggest that electrical impedance can ht; used as an objective tool to record irritation, and furl her that electrical impedance might be a more sensitive method than the commonly used visual readings.
Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) dermatitis
Authors: Nakamura Takehiko
Published: April 2006

Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) is a mushroom which is eaten in Chinese: and Japanese meals and is nowadays the second most commonly produced edible mushroom in the world Shiitake was first described by Nakamura in 1977. This disease presents with very characteristic skin nabufestations. From April 1974 to April 1991, I have observed 51 patients with shiitake dermatitis the following description reviews the clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations and sources of shiitake dermatitis.
Final diagnoses in patients referred for patch testing
Authors: Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

The final diagnoses made in 989 patterns consecutively patch tested in 1990 have been reviewed. Among the men, their dermatitis was entirely occupational in 17.9% and partially so in 12.5%. Among the women, it was entirely occupational in 6.4%. and partially so in 9.5%. In both groups, irritants exceeded allergens is the cause, whereas allergens superseded irritants in the patients with a non‐occupational eczema caused or aggravated by external Factors. It seems likely that domestic irritants wore overlooked in patients with a non‐occupational dermatitis
Comparative study of TRUE Test and Finn Chamber patch test techniques in Singapore
Authors: Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

This is a report on a comparative study of the reactivity of TRUE test and Finn Chamber patch test techniques. 413 patients attending a contact dermatitis clinic in Singapore were simultaneously patch tested with panels 1 and 2 of the TRUE test standard series and with corresponding allergens (Hermal. Hamburg) using Finn Chambers. The left/right application of the TRUE test and Finn Chambers was randomized. The concordance of positive patch test reactions to the 2 test techniques was studied The number of patient with positive ructions was 38% and 42% for TRUE Test and Finn Chamber techniques, respectively (n.s.). The overall concordance of positive patch test reactions was 64%, (209/328) 13% (42/128) of positive reactions appeared on TRUE Test only and 24% (77% 328) on Finn Chamber only. When only relevant positive reactions were considered, the concordance fate was 67%; 11 6% Of positive reactions appeared on TRUE Test only and 21% on Finn Chamber only. Positive reactions to p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) and neomycin were more frequent with the Finn Chamber technique than with TRUE Test, i e., false negative reactions to PPD and neomyein were more likely to occur with TRUE Test. It appeared that the TRUE Test and Finn Chamber techniques were comparable when used for patch testing However false negative and false positive patch test reactions can occur when using either technique.
Eyelid dermatitis: an evaluation of 150 patients
Authors: Valsecchi R. , Imberti G. , Martino D. , Cainelli T.
Published: April 2006

This study was performed to evaluate eyelid dermatitis in a group of patients of our Allergy Unit between January 1990 and April 1991, Among the 1158 patients seen during this period. 150 had eyelid dermatitis: 135 females: and 15 males, with a mean age of 35 years. Of the 150 patients with eyelid dermatitis, 54 had eczema localized to the eyelids only, 49 to the eyelids and face, 19 to the eyelids and hands, and 28 to the eyelids and other sites. 98 patients (65,3%) were diagnosed as having allergic Contact dermatitis, 25 (16.6%) irritant contact dermatitis, 21 (14%) atopic dermatitis, and 6 (4%) seborrhoeic dermatitis. Patch lest Ructions to nickel sulphate. Kathon CG and fragrance‐mix occurred more frequently in patients with eyelid dermatitis then in those without.
Occupational dermatitis from exposure to polyurethane chemicals
Authors: Estander Tuula , Keskinen Helena , Jolanki Rhtta , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

In addition to asthma, contact dermatitis may also develop from occupational contact with polyurethane (PU) chemicals. 6 cases of allergic contact dermatitis from exposure to PU chemicals were diagnosed in 1974–990. The present paper summarizes the results and gives detailed descriptions of J such patients. 3 patients were allergic to 5 different diisocyanates (DICs), including 4,4‐di‐phenylmclhane DIC (MDI). toluene DIC (TDI), l.6‐hexamethylene DIC (HDI). and furthemiore to diaminodiphenylmenthane (MDA). 3 patients were sensitized by exposure to MDI. 2 of these reacted to MDI and MDA, and 1 to TDI in addition. 1 of the 3 patients reacted only in MDA, possibly formed by hydrolysis of MDI. Primary sensitization to MDA and cross‐allergy to MDI could explain the reactions of the patients exposed to MDI, but separate sensitization may also be possible. Patch tests with fresh petrolatum (pet.) mixtures were first made and a 2% concentration was recommended for MDI and TDI. In order lo determine the stability of DIC test substances, the lust 2 patients were tested with old lest substances. Tests with MDI 1.5% pet, and TDI 1.5% pet, 5.5 months and 15.5 months old, were positive. The results suggest that, when allergy to PU chemicals is suspected, patch tests should include, in addition lo MDA, at least MDI and TDI 1.5 2% pet. They also suggest that lest substances can he used for over a year, mid that allergy to MDA may paint to MDI exposure contained in PU chemicals.
An arm immersion model of compromised skin
Authors: Allenby C. F. , Baskitter D. A. , Dickens A. , Hawses E. G. , Brough H. C.
Published: April 2006

Patch testing and safety evaluation processes to assess the allergic or irritant potential of substances are usually performed on normal skin. However, the reactivity of compromised skin may be different. Consequently, it is important to have a test procedure which acts as a model for compromised skin and which reproduces on the target sites the cumulative insult which results from repealed exposure, working temperatures, hydration and the action of surfactants. The procedure described uses regular immersion of forearm skin in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate until an identifiable alteration of skin condition is produced. in this first report. the model system has been described in detail and the influence of skin compromise on the response to 3 irritants, citral, sodium dodecyl sulphate and nonanoic acid, has been assessed. The irritation potential of the materials varied, but each irritant produced a greater degree of reaction on skin compromised to be within the normal clinical range one might expect from housework.
Efficacy of skin barrier creams
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Schulze‐Dirks Astrid , Hoffmann Monika , Axthelm Inge , Kurte Antonius
Published: April 2006

An animal model for the evaluation of skin protective creams against chemical irritants is described. The irritants were applied daily for 2 weeks to shaved back skin of young guinea pigs: sodium tauryl sulphate (5% aq.: 30 min), sodium hydroxide (0,5% aq.; 2 min). and toluene (20′i. eth.; 2 mint. “The harrier cream was applied 2 h prior to and immediately after exposure to the irritant. Control animals were treated with the irritant only. The irritant reaction was scored on a 4–point scale for erythema and quantified with regard to transepidennal water loss (TEWL) by evaporime‐try and skin blood flow volume (BFV) by laser Doppler velocimetry. A total of 90 guinea pigs, consisting of” individual panels of 5 to 10 animals, was tested. While one barrier cream (Slokoderm) significantly suppressed the irritation due 10 sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene, the other (Contra‐Alkalh failed to do so and even aggravated the response, which was particularly evident with sodium hydroxide. This model may be useful in developing more effective barrier creams.