bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Storage Conditions on Consumer and Chemical Assessments of Raw ‘Nonpareil’ Almonds Over a Two‐Year Period
Authors: Pleasance Emily A. , Kerr William L. , Pegg Ronald B. , Swanson Ruthann B. , Cheely Anna N. , Huang Guangwei , Parrish Daniel R. , Kerrihard Adrian L.
Published: January 2018

Raw almonds are a major commodity, yet much is unknown about how storage conditions determine their shelf life. The storage stability, as measured by consumer assessments and chemical measures, of raw almonds was determined for samples stored in cardboard boxes and polypropylene packaging for 2 years at 4, 15, 25, and 35 °C, and at 50% and 65% relative humidity (RH). Samples stored in unlined cartons always failed (>25% rejection) before their counterparts stored in polypropylene bags under identical environmental conditions. Models determined that polypropylene packaging (as opposed to unlined cardboard cartons) extended the time until sample rejection by more than 7 months. Temperature and RH were both negatively associated with storage time until failure. Flavor was a greater contributor to consumer acceptability than texture or odor, while peroxide values and free fatty acids were of greater importance in predicting raw almond consumer quality than measures of conjugated dienes or 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances.

Practical Application

The results of this study will allow almond producers to determine packaging types and environmental storage conditions that provide shelf life of a specified time.
Lead Isotope Analysis of Tooth Enamel from a Viking Age Mass Grave in Southern Britain and the Constraints it Places on the Origin of the Individuals
Authors: Evans J. A. , Pashley V. , Chenery C. A. , Loe L. , Chenery S. R.
Published: January 2018

Lead analysis of tooth enamel from individuals recovered from a Viking Age burial pit in southern England provides further evidence for their childhood origins outside Britain. All except one of the men have very low Pb concentrations that exclude anthropogenic Pb exposure. Strontium and oxygen isotope compositions identify a core group of men who have Pb isotope compositions of 208Pb/206Pb = 2.065 ± 0.021 (n = 20, 2SD) that, when compared with data from European soils, appear to exclude a childhood in the Scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden and Finland, whereas areas of Northern continental Europe cannot be excluded.
Becoming Kinder: Prosocial Choice and the Development of Interpersonal Regret
Authors: Uprichard Brian , McCormack Teresa
Published: January 2018

Three experiments examined children's ability to feel regret following a failure to act prosocially. In Experiment 1, ninety 6‐ to 7‐year‐olds and one hundred seven 7‐ to 9‐year‐olds were given a choice to donate a resource to another child. If they failed to donate, they discovered that this meant the other child could not win a prize. Children in both age groups then showed evidence of experiencing regret, although not in control conditions where they had not made the choice themselves or their choice did not negatively affect the other child. In Experiment 2, eighty‐five 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds and one hundred nine 7‐ to 9‐year‐olds completed the same task; only the older group showed evidence of regret. In Experiment 3, with one hundred thirty‐four 6‐ to 7‐year‐olds, experiencing regret was associated with subsequently making other prosocial choices.
SAVED BY THE MORNING BELL: SCHOOL START TIME AND TEEN CAR ACCIDENTS
Authors: Bostwick Valerie K.
Published: January 2018

Adolescents today suffer from chronic sleep deprivation due to a combination of biological changes to the circadian clock and early morning school bell times. Many school districts are now considering delaying high school start times to accommodate the sleep schedules of teens. This paper explores whether such policy changes can have an unexpected impact on teen car accident rates. This impact could function both through a direct effect on teen sleep deprivation and indirectly through changes to the driving environment, that is, shifting the time and conditions under which teens commute to school. By focusing on late‐night accidents and employing a difference‐in‐differences strategy using adult drivers as a control group, I find evidence of a persistent sleep deprivation mechanism. A 15‐minute delay in school start time causes a significant decrease in late‐night teen accidents of approximately 23%. However, I also find evidence of an opposing mechanism that is present during the morning commuting hours. A 15‐minute delay in high school start time leads to a 21% increase in morning teen car accidents. (JEL I29, J13, R41)
Cryptic Emotions and the Emergence of a Metatheory of Mind in Popular Filmmaking
Authors: Cutting James E. , Armstrong Kacie L.
Published: January 2018

Hollywood movies can be deeply engaging and easy to understand. To succeed in this manner, feature‐length movies employ many editing techniques with strong psychological underpinnings. We explore the origins and development of one of these, the reaction shot. This shot typically shows a single, unspeaking character with modest facial expression in response to an event or to the behavior or speech of another character. In a sample of movies from 1940 to 2010, we show that the prevalence of one type of these shots—which we call the cryptic reaction shot—has grown dramatically. These shots are designed to enhance viewers’ emotional involvement with characters. They depict a facial gesture that reflects a slightly negative and slightly aroused emotional state. Their use at the end of conversations, and typically at the end of scenes, helps to leave viewers in a state of speculation about what the character is thinking and what her thoughts may mean for the ongoing narrative.
A metabolic syndrome in terrestrial ectotherms with different elevational and distribution patterns
Authors: Žagar Anamarija , Carretero Miguel A. , Marguč Diana , Simčič Tatjana , Vrezec Al
Published: January 2018

The metabolic performance of ectotherms is expected to be driven by the environment in which they live. Ecologically similar species with contrasting elevation distributions occurring in sympatry at mid‐elevations, provide good models for studying how physiological responses to temperature vary as a function of adaptation to different elevations. Under sympatry, at middle elevations, where divergent species ranges overlap, sympatric populations are expected to have similar thermal responses, suggesting similar local acclimation or adaptation, while observed differences would suggest adaptation to each species’ core range. We analysed the metabolic traits of sympatric species pairs from three ectotherm groups: reptiles (Reptilia: Lacertidae), amphibians (Amphibia: Salamandridae) and beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), living at different elevations, in order to test how adaptation to different elevations affects metabolic responses to temperature. We experimentally tested the thermal response of respiration rate (RR) and estimated potential metabolic activity (PMA) at three temperature regimes surrounding the groups’ optimal activity body temperatures. RR was relatively similar among groups and showed a positive response to increasing temperature, which was more pronounced in the high‐elevation species of reptiles and beetles. Relative to RR, PMA displayed a stronger and more consistent positive response to increased temperature in all three groups. For all three groups, the average biochemical capacity for metabolism (PMA) was higher in the range‐restricted, high‐elevation species, and this difference increased at higher temperatures in a consistent manner. These results, indicating consistent pattern in three independently evolved animal groups, suggest a ubiquitous adaptive syndrome and represent a novel understanding of the mechanisms shaping spatial biodiversity patterns. Our results also highlight the importance of geographic patterns for the mechanistic understanding of adaptations in physiological traits, including species’ potential to respond/adapt to global climate changes.
Association between 1p13 polymorphisms and peripheral arterial disease in a Chinese population with diabetes
Authors: Qin Jiangyuan , Tian Jinli , Liu Guanhua , Zhang Yazhong , Tian Luobing , Zhen Yanfeng , Zhang Hewei , Xu Jing , Sun Xueling , Fang Hui
Published: January 2018

Aims/Introduction

Variants on chromosome 1p13 have been associated with coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction risk in different ethnic groups. The present study aimed to investigate the association between 1p13 polymorphisms and the development of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in a Chinese population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

1p13 polymorphisms, rs599839, rs646776 and rs12740374, were assessed in a cohort of 882 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients including 440 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with PAD (DM + PAD group) and 442 patients without PAD (DM group). Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan assay.

Results

Compared with the DM group, the frequencies of the minor G allele of both rs599839 and rs646776 and the minor T allele of rs12740374 decreased (P = 0.013, P = 0.019 and P = 0.005, respectively), and the frequencies of rs599839 AG + GG, rs646776 AG + GG and rs12740374 CT+TT genotypes were statistically significantly decreased as well (P = 0.017, P = 0.011 and P = 0.007, respectively) in the dominant model in the DM + PAD group than in the DM group. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes duration, coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction showed that the genotypic distribution of rs599839 AG + GG, rs646776 AG + GG and rs12740374 CT + TT remained statistically different between the DM and DM + PAD group (P = 0.014, P = 0.003 and P = 0.004, respectively). The frequencies of haplotype GGT were statistically significantly different between groups (P = 0.08).

Conclusions

The present study strongly supports that genotypes of rs599839, rs646776 and rs12740374 on 1p13 are protective factors for diabetic PAD in a Chinese population. Haplotype GGT generated by rs599839, rs646776 and rs12740374 might also decrease the risk of the disease.
Cenicriviroc, a cytokine receptor antagonist, potentiates all‐trans retinoic acid in reducing liver injury in cholestatic rodents
Authors: Yu Dongke , Cai Shi‐Ying , Mennone Albert , Vig Pamela , Boyer James L.
Published: January 2018

Background & Aims

Cholestatic liver injury is mediated by bile acid‐induced inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that superior therapeutic effects might be achieved by combining treatments that reduce the bile acid pool size with one that blocks inflammation.

Methods

Bile duct‐ligated (BDL) rats and Mdr2(Abcb4)−/− mice were treated with all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA), a potent inhibitor of bile acid synthesis, 5 mg/kg/d by gavage, or Cenicriviroc (CVC), a known antagonist of CCR2 and CCR5, 50 mg/kg/d alone or in combination for 14 days and 1 month respectively.

Results

All‐trans retinoic acid alone reduced bile acid pool size and liver necrosis in BDL rats. However, the combination with CVC further reduced liver to body weight ratio, bile acid pool size, plasma liver enzyme, bilirubin, liver necrosis and fibrosis when compared to the atRA treatment. The assessment of hepatic hydroxyproline content further confirmed the reduced liver injury concurrent with reduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines emphasizing the synergistic effects of these two agents. Profiling of hepatic inflammatory cells revealed that combination therapy reduced neutrophils and T cells but not macrophages. The superior therapeutic effects of combination treatment were also confirmed in Mdr2−/− mice where a significant reduction in plasma liver enzymes, bilirubin, liver fibrosis, bile duct proliferation and hepatic infiltration of neutrophils and T cells and expression of cytokines were found.

Conclusions

Multitargeted therapy is an important paradigm for treating cholestatic liver injury. The combination of CVC with atRA or other FXR activators may warrant a clinical trial in patients with cholestatic liver disease.
The Morality of Disordered Eating and Recovery in Southern Italy
Authors: Cheney Ann M. , Sullivan Steve , Grubbs Kathleen
Published: January 2018

Scholars have traced the processes through which moral subjectivities are constituted in culturally meaningful ways through eating disorders and recovery practices, demonstrating how subjective meanings of eating disorders and recovery from them are imbued with moral undertones and become meaningful ways of existing within specific historical and cultural contexts. Drawing on ethnographic insights and interviews with young women with disordered eating histories in southern Italy, we show how suffering from eating disorders and recovery from them enables women to retool their identities and craft moral selves. We draw attention to the value of medical anthropology in the care and comprehension of well‐being of girls and women suffering from disordered eating.
Efficacy of peritoneal dialysis in neonates presenting with hyperammonaemia due to urea cycle defects and organic acidaemia
Authors: Celik Muhittin , Akdeniz Osman , Ozgun Nezir
Published: January 2018

Aim

Newborns with inborn errors of metabolism can present with hyperammonaemic coma. In this study, we evaluated the effect of peritoneal dialysis on plasma ammonium levels and on the short‐term outcome in neonatal patients with urea cycle defects and organic acidaemia.

Methods

Data from infants with hyperammonaemia due to urea cycle defects or organic acidaemia treated with dialysis were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The results of patient groups (group I, survived; and group II, died) were compared.

Results

Fourteen neonates were enrolled in this study. In group I, plasma ammonium levels before dialysis were median (IQR) 1652 μg/dL (1165–2098 μg/dL); in group II, they were 1289 μg/dL (1070–5550 μg/dL). There was no statistically significant difference. Urea cycle defects were diagnosed in eight, and organic acidaemia in six patients. The duration of a blood ammonia level >200 μg/dL was longer in group II (P = 0.04). A <60.8% decline in the ammonia level from the beginning of dialysis to the 12th hour of dialysis carried a 3.33‐fold higher risk of mortality, when compared with a greater decline. Five patients with urea cycle defects, and one with organic acidaemia, died. The mortality risk was 8.33‐fold (95% CI = 0.63–90.86) higher for patients with urea cycle defects than for those with organic acidaemia.

Conclusion

In patients with hyperammonaemia treated with peritoneal dialysis, the rate of ammonia removal and the underlying aetiology appear to be important prognostic factors. Neonates with organic acidaemia who are admitted to centres without continuous renal replacement therapy facilities can be effectively treated with peritoneal dialysis.
Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity
Authors: Brundrett Mark C. , Tedersoo Leho
Published: January 2018

Contents

Summary
1108

I.
Introduction
1108

II.
Mycorrhizal plant diversity at global and local scales
1108

III.
Mycorrhizal evolution in plants: a brief update
1111

IV.
Conclusions and perspectives
1114

References
1114

The majority of vascular plants are mycorrhizal: 72% are arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), 2.0% are ectomycorrhizal (EcM), 1.5% are ericoid mycorrhizal and 10% are orchid mycorrhizal. Just 8% are completely nonmycorrhizal (NM), whereas 7% have inconsistent NM–AM associations. Most NM and NM–AM plants are nutritional specialists (e.g. carnivores and parasites) or habitat specialists (e.g. hydrophytes and epiphytes). Mycorrhizal associations are consistent in most families, but there are exceptions with complex roots (e.g. both EcM and AM). We recognize three waves of mycorrhizal evolution, starting with AM in early land plants, continuing in the Cretaceous with multiple new NM or EcM linages, ericoid and orchid mycorrhizas. The third wave, which is recent and ongoing, has resulted in root complexity linked to rapid plant diversification in biodiversity hotspots.
Passive transfer models of myasthenia gravis with muscle‐specific kinase antibodies
Authors: Verschuuren Jan J.G.M. , Plomp Jaap J. , Burden Steve J. , Zhang Wei , Fillié‐Grijpma Yvonne E. , Stienstra‐van Es Inge E. , Niks Erik H. , Losen Mario , van der Maarel Silvère M. , Huijbers Maartje G.
Published: January 2018

Myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies to muscle‐specific kinase (MuSK) is characterized by fluctuating fatigable weakness. In MuSK MG, involvement of bulbar muscles, neck, and shoulder and respiratory weakness are more prominent than in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) MG. MuSK autoantibodies are mainly of the IgG4 subclass, and as such are unable to activate complement, have low affinity for Fc receptors, and are functionally monovalent. Therefore, the pathogenicity of IgG4 MuSK autoantibodies was initially questioned. A broad collection of in vitro active immunization and passive transfer models has been developed that have shed light on the pathogenicity of MuSK autoantibodies. Passive transfer studies with purified IgG4 from MuSK MG patients confirmed that IgG4 is sufficient to reproduce clear clinical, electrophysiological, and histological signs of myasthenia. In vitro experiments revealed that MuSK IgG4 autoantibodies preferably bind the first Ig‐like domain of MuSK, correlate with disease severity, and interfere with the association between MuSK and low‐density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 4 and collagen Q. Some patients have additional IgG1 MuSK autoantibodies, but their role in the disease is unclear. Altogether, this provides a rationale for epitope‐specific or IgG4‐specific treatment strategies for MuSK MG and emphasizes the importance of the development of different experimental models.
The Influence of Changes of Islam and Politics Relations in 20th Century on the Strategy of Belt and Road
Authors: Li Yan
Published: January 2018

In the early twentieth century, with the independence of the Islamic nations, the religion of Islam withdrew from the traditional unification of religion and state (caesaropapism) to private life. The secularization of Islam has taken its course and its political characteristics have weakened. In the process of globalization of economy, politics and culture, the development of all countries became uneven and imbalanced. In the mid-to-late 20th century, it turned out that the secularization and modernization advocated by the nationalist had failed to effectively solve the development problems which the Muslim countries faced. This made Islam continue to strengthen its position in both domestic and international political life of Muslim countries. The traditional religious identity has become a powerful tool for the domestic cohesion and international fight against power. The analysis of the changes of Islamic religion and politics relations in 20th century can help to understand and reflect on the frequent ethnic and international conflicts in the world at present. Such changes will also affect the development strategy of China’s Belt and Road initiative.
Brokerage in Action
Authors: Obstfeld David
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses social network structure and process to explain how brokerage functions to get new things done. First, innovative action is described as often unfolding in triads through brokerage. Second, the chapter explains how network structure sets the context for action, emphasizing the distinction between open and closed social network structures. Third, the chapter distinguishes between brokerage as action and brokerage as structure. Fourth, the chapter considers the brokerage process, first by defining it and then by proposing three fundamental brokerage orientations or behaviors: conduit, tertius gaudens, and tertius iungens. Finally, the chapter revisits Fligstein’s idea of social skill, or the ability to induce cooperation, to argue that inducing cooperation to get new things done is achieved by strategically combining the three brokerage orientations toward action.
Creative Projects
Authors: Obstfeld David
Published: January 2018

A theory of the creative project—the underexamined, nonroutine trajectory for getting new things done—is the focus of this chapter. First, the chapter draws on insights from pragmatist philosophy with respect to the interplay of routine and nonroutine action. Next, the chapter summarizes the organizational literature’s treatment of routine and nonroutine innovative action and their expression in the learning-curve construct. The chapter next introduces a conceptual framework for action trajectories in project-based and routine-based innovation. The chapter then explores the role of brokerage and knowledge articulation in creative projects. This is followed by a brief examination of meta-routines and meta-trajectories. Next, the chapter provides exploratory criteria for making distinctions between innovation in creative projects and innovation in organizational routines. Finally, the chapter concludes with a hypothetical case of the Apple Watch to illustrate the concepts introduced here.
Mobilizing for Routine-based Innovation: NewCar’s Manual Shifter Redesign Initiative
Authors: Obstfeld David
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates the BKAP model with an extended ethnographic case to show how network and knowledge processes interact to produce routine-based innovative action over time. The chapter first provides relevant context for the automotive design process, after which the author walks through the extended case in three phases of activity and analysis: the first phase involves disruption of the existing design routine and the initial challenges experienced by the manual shifter “crunch team” in its efforts to respond to that disruption; the second and third phases contrast two pairs of actors (two engineers and two sets of designers) who attempt to mobilize support for innovation. In both phase two and phase three, successful innovation advocates mobilized action through brokerage and knowledge articulation to get new things done.
A Deeper Examination of Social Skill
Authors: Obstfeld David
Published: January 2018

The relational astuteness that underlies brokerage process and knowledge articulation is the major focus of this chapter. One’s ability to encode a communication has to work hand in hand with the ability to read one’s audience, in order to shape the knowledge that is to be articulated and manage relationships. The chapter first examines the social astuteness that underpins a dyadic exchange, drawing on Mead’s symbolic interactionist perspective and the communication practices of role taking, self as object, imaginative rehearsal, and behavioral adaptation. The chapter then extends that approach to the triadic perspective emphasized in this book. The chapter next explores perspective articulation in greater depth and then turns to riffing—another facet of social skill—where actors draw on the voice or lived-in experience of another individual or category of individuals to drive innovation. The chapter concludes with field observations to capture the influential program manager’s social skill.
Additional Applications and Implications
Authors: Obstfeld David
Published: January 2018

This chapter applies the BKAP model of action to a number of important theoretical and empirical puzzles that have been confronted by organization theorists in particular and by social scientists more generally. Specifically, the chapter explores the applicability of the BKAP model to central issues in artistic movements with a case study of the Ballets Russes in early twentieth-century France, entrepreneurship theory, and collective action. The chapter then turns to several other issues related to organizing and strategy and the individual and firm level, including dynamic capability, microfoundations of organizing, supply chain management, sensemaking, ambidexterity, transactive memory systems, emotional intelligence, and job crafting. From there the chapter turns to implications for mobilizing action across the analogue-digital divide, and for education, social inequality, and social mobility. The chapter concludes by relating the author’s approach to de Tocqueville’s “science of association.”
Introduction
Authors: Bernes Jasper
Published: January 2018

An overview of the argument of the book, the Introduction discusses postwar literature and art in light of the transformation of advanced capitalist economies, in particular the shift from the production of goods to the provision of services and the expansion of white-collar and in-person service work. Through an examination of some key examples, Bernes argues that the neo-avant-garde language of “participation,” aiming to overcome the hierarchical relationship between writer and reader, artist and audience, anticipated and contributed to a shift in management theory toward new horizontal forms of corporate structure, undertaken in response to the widespread rebellion against the “anachronistic authoritarianism” of the postwar workplace. Bernes summarizes the main chapters of the book as well as its conclusions and finishes with a general discussion of periodization and historicization, elucidating his unique methodology in light of Marxist debates about historical causality.
The Feminization of Speedup
Authors: Bernes Jasper
Published: January 2018

Engaging debates around the status of unpaid reproductive labor, this chapter investigates Bernadette Mayer’s multifarious project Memory, which is simultaneously a performance, a conceptual work, an installation, and an epic poem. In attempting to document, down to the smallest detail, every aspect of her life for thirty days—using photographs, audio recordings, and written notation—Mayer effectively demonstrates the subsumption of the entirety of life by the protocols and routines of work as well as the transformation of the relationship between unpaid reproductive work and feminized wage labor. Mayer’s “total” artwork, which merges different technologies into a single apparatus, prefigures the reorganization of office work around the personal computer, a technology that has probably done more than anything else to ensure that work and home life are unified by enabling white-collar workers to accomplish tasks from home and, in that sense, never leave work.
A New Theory and Approach to Studying Unilateral Orders
Authors: Belco Michelle , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 presents an organizational model to chart the process of when in the policy process a unilateral order is issued. This model conceptualizes the use of unilateral orders based on the dual roles of the executive at one of three stages in the policy-making process: at the agenda-setting stage before bills have been introduced into the legislative process, during the president’s bargaining with Congress after bills have reached the agenda, and when the president is implementing law passed by Congress. This provides a basis for exploring the theoretical expectations derived from the institutional and power-sharing arrangements.
The Everyday, History, and Possibility
Authors: Galperin William H.
Published: January 2018

Although the “everyday” has long been synonymous with malaise, anomie, and routine, the conditions surrounding its emergence in the romantic period, where it names a possible world that has been missed or overlooked, are recapitulated and extended in twentieth century thought. In the conceptual moves undertaken by Martin Heidegger in Being and Time and by Henri Lefebvre in his three-volume Critique of Everyday Life, the everyday is dependent, practically as well as dialectically, on an entrenched orientation typically associated with idealism, or with romanticism in its “standard” formation, that “being-in-the-world” (Heidegger) both predates and supersedes. A similar conception of the everyday obtains in the writings of political theorist Jane Bennett, whose sense of an enchanted materialism echoes both Lefebvre and philosopher Stanley Cavell in stressing the “extraordinary that lives amid the familiar and the everyday” and the larger assemblage to which we all belong.
Figuring the Child-Heart
Authors: Zur Dafna
Published: January 2018

The child-heart became a salient concept in Japan and Korea in the 1920s, and in Korea it drove fresh and diverse content in conjunction with the emerging visual turn in print media. This chapter explores the mechanisms of the child-heart concept that served as the foundation of children’s literature in Korea, and it argues that texts and images in children’s magazines worked together to create a natural and affectively privileged child. The concept of the child-heart made the child visible for the first time, and facilitated the building of a cultural literacy of text and image. At the same time, the manner in which it hinged on the relationship between child and nature reflected a certain degree of nostalgic yearning that coded future aspirations at a time when the colonization of Korea made such dreams uncertain at best.
Writing the Language of the Child-Heart
Authors: Zur Dafna
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces one of the important contributions of children’s writers to Korean literary history, namely, their intervention in the debates on the “gap” between the spoken and written languages and the perceived inability of literature to capture and respond to the spirit of the people. While Kim Tong-in and Yi Kwang-su are largely credited with the development of a modern literary vernacular, this chapter shows that because of the conception of the affective nature of the child-heart as one that deserved both respect and appropriate content, Pang Chŏng-hwan developed techniques that were appropriate for the child-heart through his theories of and application of the craft of writing and folktale adaptations. This piece of linguistic and literary history gives a more comprehensive picture of how child-specific language began to play a role in the development of young readers’ print culture.
The Proletarian Child Strikes Back
Authors: Zur Dafna
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores children’s literature during a time when new leftist visions demanded that content and form be merged to better capture the child-heart. Proletarian writers wrote against the bourgeois child-heart and translated it into a moral instinct and outrage over the exploitation of the working class. These writers, many of whom went on to become prominent literary figures in North Korea, sought to create a child-heart that, unlike the angelic disposition of its bourgeois counterpart, was fueled by resentment and choreographed action. Noting the transnational connections with proletarian cultures in Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States, this chapter examines the content and language of leftist writing and points to emerging developments in children’s literature that spilled over into the formative period of 1950s North Korea, which became home to many of the prominent writers and illustrators active in the mid-twenties and thirties.
Building an Institutional Investor’s Collaborative Network and Social Capital
Authors: Monk Ashby , Sharma Rajiv , Sinclair Duncan L.
Published: January 2018

Drawing on social capital theory, this chapter provides the key theoretical validation for why it is crucial for institutional investors to build their social capital. It argues that one of the key value propositions of financial intermediaries is the network that they are able to tap into when facilitating the investment management process, whether it be for sourcing opportunities, attracting investor capital, or acquiring proprietary knowledge. This argument is backed up by the literature, specifically when one understands in detail the structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions of social capital. The chapter provides practical guidance on how institutional investors can overcome some of their own long-term investment challenges by building an effective and efficient network. After providing key considerations for network-building, the chapter analyzes some of the major membership and roundtable initiatives that have been created to help institutional investors collaborate and achieve their long-term investment objectives.
Subtype-Specific Selection for Resistance to Fluoroquinolones but Not to Tetracyclines Is Evident in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Beef Cattle in Confined Feeding Operations in Southern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Webb Andrew L. , Selinger L. Brent , Taboada Eduardo N. , Inglis G. Douglas
Published: January 2018

Campylobacter jejuni
was longitudinally isolated from beef cattle housed in four confined feeding operations (CFOs) in Southern Alberta, Canada, over 18 months. All of the cattle were administered a variety of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) nontherapeutically and metaphylactically during their time in the CFOs. In total, 7,966
C. jejuni
isolates were recovered from cattle. More animals were colonized by the bacterium after >60 days in the CFO (interim) than were individuals upon entry at the CFO (arrival). Subtyping and resistance to seven AMAs were determined for 1,832 (23.0%) and 1,648 (20.7%) isolates, respectively. Increases in the proportion of isolates resistant to tetracycline were observed at all four CFOs between sample times and to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid at one or more CFOs. The vast majority of isolates resistant to tetracycline carried
tetO
, whereas ciprofloxacin resistance was predominantly attributed to mutations in the
gyrA
gene. Although considerable diversity was observed, a majority of
C. jejuni
isolates belonged to one of five predominant subtype clusters. There was no difference in subtype diversity by CFO, but the population structure differed between sample times. Selection for resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was subtype dependent, whereas selection for resistance to tetracycline was not. The findings indicate that a proportion of cattle entering CFOs carry resistant
C. jejuni
subtypes, and the characteristics of beef cattle CFOs facilitate transmission/proliferation of diverse subtypes, including those resistant to AMAs, which coupled with the densities of CFOs likely contribute to the high rates of cattle-associated campylobacteriosis in Southern Alberta.

IMPORTANCE
A small proportion of cattle entering a CFO carry
Campylobacter jejuni
, including subtypes resistant to AMAs. The large numbers of cattle arriving from diverse locations at the CFOs and intermingling within the CFOs over time, coupled with the high-density housing of animals, the high rates of transmission of
C. jejuni
subtypes among animals, and the extensive use of AMAs merge to create an ideal situation where the proliferation of diverse antimicrobial-resistant
C. jejuni
subtypes is facilitated. Considering that Southern Alberta reports high rates of campylobacteriosis in the human population and that many of these clinical cases are due to
C. jejuni
subtypes associated with cattle, it is likely that the characteristics of beef cattle CFOs favor the propagation of clinically relevant
C. jejuni
subtypes, including those resistant to medically important AMAs, which constitute a risk to human health.
Contrasting Function of Structured N-Terminal and Unstructured C-Terminal Segments of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PPE37 Protein
Authors: Ahmad Javeed , Farhana Aisha , Pancsa Rita , Arora Simran Kaur , Srinivasan Alagiri , Tyagi Anil Kumar , Babu Madan Mohan , Ehtesham Nasreen Zafar , Hasnain Seyed Ehtesham
Published: January 2018

Pathogens frequently employ eukaryotic linear motif (ELM)-rich intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) to perturb and hijack host cell networks for a productive infection.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
has a relatively high percentage of IDPs in its proteome, the significance of which is not known. The
Mycobacterium
-specific PE-PPE protein family has several members with unusually high levels of structural disorder and disorder-promoting Ala/Gly residues. PPE37 protein, a member of this family, carries an N-terminal PPE domain capable of iron binding, two transmembrane domains, and a disordered C-terminal segment harboring ELMs and a eukaryotic nuclear localization signal (NLS). PPE37, expressed as a function of low iron stress, was cleaved by
M. tuberculosis
protease into N- and C-terminal segments. A recombinant N-terminal segment (P37N) caused proliferation and differentiation of monocytic THP-1 cells, into CD11c, DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin)-positive semimature dendritic cells exhibiting high interleukin-10 (IL-10) but negligible IL-12 and also low tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion—an environment suitable for maintaining tolerogenic immune cells. The C-terminal segment entered the macrophage nucleus and induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis of host cells. Mice immunized with recombinant PPE37FL and PPE37N evoked strong anti-inflammatory response, validating the
in vitro
immunostimulatory effect. Analysis of the IgG response of PPE37FL and PPE37N revealed significant immunoreactivities in different categories of TB patients,
viz.
pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), vis-a-vis healthy controls. These results support the role of IDPs in performing contrasting activities to modulate the host processes, possibly through molecular mimicry and cross talk in two spatially distinct host environments which may likely aid
M. tuberculosis
survival and pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
To hijack the human host cell machinery to enable survival inside macrophages, the pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
requires a repertoire of proteins that can mimic host protein function and modulate host cell machinery. Here, we have shown how a single protein can play multiple functions and hijack the host cell for the benefit of the pathogen. Full-length membrane-anchored PPE37 protein is cleaved into N- and C-terminal domains under iron-depleted conditions. The N-terminal domain facilitates the propathogen semimature tolerogenic state of dendritic cells, whereas the C-terminal segment is localized into host cell nucleus and induces apoptosis. The immune implications of these
in vitro
observations were assessed and validated in mice and also human TB patients. This study presents novel mechanistic insight adopted by
M. tuberculosis
to survive inside host cells.
Evaluation of Preexisting Anti-Hemagglutinin Stalk Antibody as a Correlate of Protection in a Healthy Volunteer Challenge with Influenza A/H1N1pdm Virus
Authors: Park Jae-Keun , Han Alison , Czajkowski Lindsay , Reed Susan , Athota Rani , Bristol Tyler , Rosas Luz Angela , Cervantes-Medina Adriana , Taubenberger Jeffery K. , Memoli Matthew J.
Published: January 2018

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein is currently the primary target of licensed influenza vaccines. Recently, broadly reactive antibodies that target the stalk region of the HA have become a major focus of current novel vaccine development. These antibodies have been observed in humans after natural infection with influenza A virus, but the data are limited. Using samples and data from the uniquely controlled setting of an influenza A/H1N1 virus human challenge study of healthy volunteers, we performed a secondary analysis that for the first time explores the role of anti-HA stalk antibody as a human correlate of protection. An anti-HA stalk antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed on samples from 65 participants challenged with a 2009 H1N1pdm virus. Pre- and postchallenge anti-HA stalk titers were then correlated with multiple outcome measures to evaluate anti-HA stalk antibody titer as a correlate of protection. Anti-HA stalk antibody titers were present before challenge and rose in response to challenge in 64% of individuals. Those individuals with higher titers at baseline were less likely to develop shedding, but not less likely to develop symptoms. Similar to the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer, the baseline anti-HA stalk antibody titer did not independently predict a decrease in the severity of influenza disease, while the antineuraminidase (neuraminidase inhibition [NAI]) titer did. As a correlate of protection, the naturally occurring anti-HA stalk antibody titer is predictive of a reduction of certain aspects of disease similar to HAI titer, but the NAI titer is the only identified correlate that is an independent predictor of a reduction of all assessed influenza clinical outcome measures.

IMPORTANCE
This is the first study to evaluate preexisting anti-HA stalk antibodies as a predictor of protection. We use a healthy volunteer influenza challenge trial for an examination of the role such antibodies play in protection. This study demonstrates that anti-HA stalk antibodies are naturally generated in response to an infection, but there is significant variability in response. Similar to antibodies that target the HA head, baseline anti-HA stalk antibody titer is a correlate of protection in terms of reduced shedding, but it is not a predictor of reduced clinical disease or an independent predictor of disease severity. These results, in the context of the limited data available in humans, suggest that vaccines that induce anti-HA stalk antibodies could play a role in future vaccine strategies, but alone, this target may be insufficient to induce a fully protective vaccine and overcome some of the issues identified with current vaccines.
Exploration of genetic selection in rice leaf length and width
Authors: Yang Yaolong , Zhang Mengchen , Xu Qun , Feng Yue , Yuan Xiaoping , Yu Hanyong , Wang Yiping , Wei Xinghua
Published: January 2018

Leaf length and width are two of the most important components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant architecture and directly contribute to yield. The genetic effects of leaf length and width are controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study, a double haploid (DH) population derived from a cross of O. sativa subsp. japonica cultivar ‘Maybelle’ and subsp. indica cultivar ‘Baiyeqiu’ (‘BYQ’) was used to determine genetic effects on leaf length and width. Analysis of phenotypic effects indicated that all of the detected traits exhibited continuous, transgressive distributions in the DH population. Correlation analysis revealed a strong association between the two adjacent leaves for the same trait. A total of 25 QTLs within 17 genetic intervals distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 were detected for rice leaf length and width, with likelihood of odds values that ranged from 2.75 to 10.62. Among these loci, two major QTLs, which were located in the intervals RM3262–RM3452 and RM16432–RM7472, played very important roles in regulating leaf length and width, respectively. Diversity analysis of the two major QTLs revealed that the genetic interval RM16432–RM7472 should be an optimal target for rice breeding programs, and may inspire new research efforts.
Lattice design for the CEPC double ring scheme
Authors: Wang Yiwei , Su Feng , Bai Sha , Zhang Yuan , Bian Tianjian , Wang Dou , Yu Chenghui , Gao Jie
Published: January 2018

A future Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) has been proposed by China with the main goal of studying the Higgs boson. Its baseline design, chosen on the basis of its performance, is a double ring scheme; an alternative design is a partial double ring scheme which reduces the budget while maintaining an adequate performance. This paper will present the collider ring lattice design for the double ring scheme. The CEPC will also work as a W and a Z factory. For the W and Z modes, except in the RF region, compatible lattices were obtained by scaling down the magnet strength with energy.
On one-loop corrections to the CPT-even Lorentz-breaking extension of QED
Authors: Mariz T. , Maluf R. V. , Nascimento J. R. , Petrov A. Yu.
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we describe the quantum electrodynamics added by Lorentz-violating CPT-even terms in the context of the standard model extension. We focus our attention on the fermion sector, represented by the CPT-even symmetric Lorentz-breaking tensor [Formula: see text]. We adopt a generic form that parametrizes the components of [Formula: see text] in terms of one four-vector, namely, [Formula: see text]. We then generate perturbatively, up to the third order in this tensor, the aether-like term for the gauge field. Finally, we discuss the renormalization scheme for the gauge propagator, by taking into account [Formula: see text] traceless [Formula: see text] and, trivially, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text].
CloudMF
Authors: Ferry Nicolas , Chauvel Franck , Song Hui , Rossini Alessandro , Lushpenko Maksym , Solberg Arnor
Published: January 2018

While the number of cloud solutions is continuously increasing, the development and operation of large-scale and distributed cloud applications are still challenging. A major challenge is the lack of interoperability between the existing cloud solutions, which increases the complexity of maintaining and evolving complex applications potentially deployed across multiple cloud infrastructures and platforms. In this article, we show how the Cloud Modelling Framework leverages model-driven engineering and supports the DevOps ideas to tame this complexity by providing:
(i)
a domain-specific language for specifying the provisioning and deployment of multi-cloud applications, and
(ii)
a models@run-time environment for their continuous provisioning, deployment, and adaptation.
B Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Promotes Tumor Invasion and Predicts Poor Prognosis of Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Li Jiali , Yin Mingzhu , Song Wanjing , Cui Fengyun , Wang Wei , Wang Shuyang , Zhu Hongguang
Published: January 2018

Background/Aims: It is well established that many non-trophoblastic tumors secrete HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and that such secretion is correlated with the poor prognosis of tumor patients. This study aims to analyze the correlation between β-HCG expression and outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC) and understand its role in CRC pathology Methods: We detected the mRNA and protein expression of β-HCG in human CRC tissues with RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and we compared the clinical-pathological characteristics, prognosis and progression between the β-HCG positive and negative groups. We also generated CRC cell lines with β-HCG over-expression as well as β-HCG stable knockout, and evaluated cell function and mechanism in vitro and in vivo. Results: Fifty out of 136 CRC patients (37%) expressed β-HCG at the invasive front. Clinical-pathological data showed that β-HCG was positively correlated with Dukes staging (P=0.031) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.012). Survival analysis suggested that the patients with high expression of β-HCG had poorer prognosis than those with low β-HCG expression (P=0.0289). β-HCG expression level was also positively correlated with tumor invasion in early-stage CRC patient tissues (P=0.0227). Additionally β-HCG promoted the migration and invasion of CRC in vitro and in vivo but had no effect on the proliferation of tumor cells. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that β-HCG was ectopically expressed in the CRC patients and its high expression correlated with poor prognosis of early-stage CRC. Additionally it worked as an oncogene that promotes the migration and invasion of CRC by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).