bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Present State of the Grimsby Trawl Fishery, with especial reference to the Destruction of Immature Fish
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

It will be within the recollection not only of the comparatively small section of the community which is consciously interested in fishery matters, but of all those whom a sense of public duty or a lack of other occupation compels to some acquaintance with the current topics of the day, that the question of the deterioration of our sea fisheries commenced some few years back to assume something approaching to prominence. One of the earlier indications of the importance with which the question was invested, in the minds of those principally concerned, was the formation, in 1882, by a number of fish merchants, smack-owners, and others, of the National Sea Fisheries Protection Association,—a title which may well be forgiven for its length, in consideration of the happy augury it holds out of the enduring nature of the Association's services to one of our most deserving industries.
The Distribution Of Some Plankton Animals In The English Channel And Approaches: III. Theories About Long-Term Biological Changes, Including Fish
Authors: Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

Various biological and environmental changes that have been observed during the present century in the area of the western English Channel are briefly described, and then theories that have been put forward to account for them discussed and compared critically with one another.

At the moment, the rise in sea temperature and a possible accompanying change in emphasis of water movements offers the best explanation of all the changes. Such a theory is obviously applicable to the replacement of coldwater northern forms by warmer-water species that has taken place in many habitats (e.g. demersal fishes, pelagic fishes, intertidal zone). A decline in number of macroplankton animals, including the pelagic young of some demersal fish, can be regarded as another aspect of the temperature change, in part related to a shift in distributional boundaries, but also influenced by the replacement of herring by pilchard, which has apparently led to increased stocks of pelagic fish, and perhaps a higher level of predation throughout the year. It is suggested that the plankton production cycle may have become slightly smoother, and possibly a little more efficient, with less' wastage' to the bottom-fauna, the biomass of which may also have suffered indirectly from the increased stocks of pelagic fish.
The Visual Pigments of Some Deep-Sea Elasmobranchs
Authors: Denton E. J. , Shaw T. I.
Published: May 2009

The retinae of three species of deep-sea shark, Centrophorus squamosus, Centroscymnus coelolepis and Deania calcea, have been studied. All had goldencoloured photosensitive pigments, similar to those of deep-sea teleosts. The absorption maxima for the unbleached pigments lay between 472 and 484 m/n. The retina of the hake (Merluccius merluccius) was studied for comparison; its retinal pigment absorbed maximally at 495-5 mix. Some observations on the retinae of the moray eel (Muraena helena) and the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are also described.
The Interstitial Fauna of Some North Wales Beaches
Authors: Boaden P. J. S.
Published: May 2009

This paper lists over 100 species, mostly new records for Britain, found in the interstices of sand and shell gravel from North Wales beaches. The distribution of these species, other than the Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria) and the Gastrotricha, is given. The distribution of this fauna in relation to the substrate is discussed and species typical of fine-, medium- and coarse-particled substrates are listed.
Adaptations of two Intertidal Isopods II. Comparison betweenCampecopea HirsutaandNAESA BIDENTATA(Sphaeromatidae)
Authors: Wieser Wolfgang
Published: May 2009

In the investigation described in this paper, respiration, resistance to desiccation and feeding behaviour of .the mid- to upper-tidal isopod Campecopea hirsuta was studied and compared with the analogous parameters of behaviour in the lower intertidal species Naesa bidentata

C. hirsutaoccurs in the middle part of the shore where it can be found within empty shells ofChthamalus.Its preferred habitat, however, is the lichenLichina pygmaeathe vertical distribution of which extends from OD to MHWS.

Campecopea hirsuta feeds on the blue-green algae that make up the outer layer of the lichen L. pygmaea. When continuously submerged the isopod feeds in bursts, the timing of which is different in different specimens. This mode of feeding under experimental conditions is taken as reflecting the rhythmic way of life of this species in its natural environment but it seems to be controlled by endogenous factors. Naesa bidentata, on the other hand, does not display such endogenous rhythms in its feeding behaviour.
Studies on the Physiology of Digestion inCorophium Volutator
Authors: Agrawal V. P.
Published: May 2009

It has been observed that the pH in the different parts of the alimentary canal of Corophium is nearer neutrality; while the medium in the ventral hepatopancreatic caeca is more acidic, being in the neighbourhood of 6.2.

Investigations on the qualitative estimation of enzymes indicate that none of the enzymes are secreted by the gut proper. However, the ventral caeca only secrete many of the carbohydrate splitting enzymes; proteases and lipase are also secreted by the caecal cells of Corophium

It has also been estimated that the optimum pH for the activity of the caecal amylase lies in the neighbourhood of 5.8.
Aspects of the Biology of Laminaria Hyperborea: II. Age, Weight and Length
Authors: Kain Joanna M. , Jones N. S.
Published: May 2009

A method of determining the age of Laminaria hyperborea by examination of a longitudinal median section of the lower stipe and holdfast was found to be reliable for at least the first 4 years.
The Fecundity of Plaice From the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

This paper is concerned with the number of eggs in the roes of ripening female plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., caught off La Rochelle during the winter of 1960–61. The fecundity of plaice has been studied over a number of years in fish collected over a wide area (Bagenal, 1958,19600,6,1962) and the results given in this paper apply to plaice caught as near the southern limit of their distribution as possible. Although plaice have been recorded from farther south (Wimpenny, 1953), La Rochelle is the most southerly port where they can be obtained in sufficient numbers.
The Metabolism During Starvation of Balanus Balanoides
Authors: Barnes H. , Barnes Margaret , Finlayson D. M.
Published: May 2009

There is some reduction in oxygen uptake of isolated bodies on starvation when carbohydrate is being utilized.

There is a gross discrepancy between the oxygen demand as measured in isolated bodies and the available substrate; respiration is probably reduced during inanition.

It is suggested that the moulting cycle is coupled to the metabolic activity in an obligatory fashion rather than being dominated by the kind of hormonal control found in decapods.
Observations on the Fine Structure of the Pyramimonas Stage of Halosphaera and Preliminary Observations on Three Species of Pyramimonas
Authors: Manton I. , Oates K. , Parke M.
Published: May 2009

The entire cell surface, including the flagellar surfaces, of three species of Pyramimonas and of two different strains of Pyramimonas-hke zooids of Halosphaera are shown to be covered with scales in at least two layers, namely, an underlayer of very small scales arranged directly on the flagella membrane or plasmalemma and one or more outer layers of much larger scales of different character. On one and the same cell the shapes of the scales of all layers are different on the flagella from those on the body. Among all the taxa studied the flagella scales are very similar but those of the bodies are specifically differentiated; details are illustrated in the plates. In two taxa {Halosphaera and Pyramimonas amylifera) the outer scales on the flagella have been shown to be consistently arranged in 9 longitudinal rows; numerical information is not available for the other taxa studied but they are not expected to be different. The presence of an unusual type of flagellar hair has also been noted though those have not yet been studied in detail.
Contributions to Marine Bionomics: III. The Systematic Features, Habits, and Respiratory Phenomena of Portumnus nasutus (Latreille)
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: May 2009

The crab whose habits I now describe has not previously been recorded as an inhabitant of British seas. I found two specimens, both male, imbedded in a patch of coarse shell sand on the south side of Drake's Island at low water, spring tides: one on August 11th, 1896, and the other on the following day.
Director's Report
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: May 2009

The number of workers who have occupied tables at the Laboratory during the winter months has not been large. It becomes increasingly evident that the amount of work which can be carried on during this period of the year must depend upon the number of naturalists who can be employed by the Association to undertake general or special investigations. At the present moment our funds will only permit of the employment of one such naturalist, who is engaged in fishery investigations. My own time is so much occupied with administrative and other duties, that comparatively little of it can be devoted to scientific research. It may be worth while to point out once more that whilst the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries is allowed an annual sum of £35,000 for salaries alone, a considerable portion of which is devoted to the payment of naturalists engaged in research, the total income of the Marine Biological Association amounts to only about £2000 a year.
Heterotrophic Utilization of Dissolved Organic Compounds in the Sea II. Observations on the Responses of Heterotrophic Marine Populations to Abrupt Increases in Amino Acid Concentration
Authors: Williams P. J. Le B. , Gray R. W.
Published: May 2009

In the sea, heterotrophic bacteria and other micro-organisms oxidize dissolved organic material. This process is important to the seasonal biological cycle of matter there because it is responsible for the return of an appreciable fraction of the inorganic nutrients (Andrews & Williams, 1971). It is also important in the process whereby the sea purifies itself of added dissolved organic pollutants: domestic and industrial wastes and spillages. These two processes, especially the latter, pose important and unanswered questions. One in particular is the behaviour of these heterotrophic populations when subjected to sudden increases in the concentration of an organic substrate. This will occur to some degree under natural conditions in sea water during or after a phytoplankton bloom and will occur to a considerable degree when pollutants are run into the sea.
Rhythmic Behaviour of the Intertidal AmphipodBathyporeia Pelagica
Authors: Fincham A. A.
Published: May 2009

Several authors have studied the rhythmic behaviour of amphipods, including Papi (1955) who demonstrated an endogenous solar time sense inTalitrus saltatorwhich was used for navigation. Talitrids were also investigated by Featherston & Maclntyre (1957) who suggested that changes in light intensity triggered the nocturnal foraging activity. Enright (1961, 1962, 1963) tested the effects of pressure, temperature, light intensity, absence of sand and shaking on rhythmic behaviour of the intertidal and in-faunal amphipodSynchelidium.The activity rhythm ofCorophium volutatorhas been reported by Morgan (1965) in which a peak occurred on the early ebb. Various rocky shore Peracarida including species ofGammarusalso perform vertical migrations into the surf at night (Jansson & Källander, 1968); the inhibiting effect of light was proven by experiments with controlled illumination.
Feeding in nudibranch larvae
Authors: Thompson T. E.
Published: May 2009

No account exists of the mechanism of food collection of nudibranch larvae, and, in fact, it has been considered unlikely that feeding does take place in these forms. Thorson (1946, p. 275) states ‘Nudibranch larvae will normally take no—or only little—food from the plankton’.
On the structure, biology and systematic position ofPharus legumen(L.)
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: May 2009

The species with which this paper deals was originally included by Linne in the genusSolenand was there retained to be included under that name in the magnificently illustrated account of this genus by Deshayes (1845–48). It was later placed in a new genusCeratisolenby Forbes & Hanley (1853) who considered that it formed ‘the connecting link between the Solenidae and Solecurtidae’. This procedure was followed by Jeffreys (1865). More recently the Solecurtidae were shown by Graham (1934b) having ‘regard to such features as shape, presence of a cruciform muscle and the structure of the foot, siphons, adductor and pedal muscles, supra-axial extension of the outer demibranch, palps, and style-sac and intestine’, to belong to the Tellinacea, a view fully supported by this author (Yonge, 1949). Assigned later to the genusPharuswhich has priority overCeratisolen, this ‘connecting link’ of Forbes & Hanley continued to be associated with the Solenacea by Thiele (1935) in his great systematic account of the Mollusca.
The food ofMeganyctiphanes norvegica(M. Sars), with an assessment of the contributions of its components to the vitamin a reserves of the animal
Authors: Fisher L. R. , Goldie E. H.
Published: May 2009

The importance ofMeganyctiphanes norvegica(M. Sars) as a source of vitamin A for its predators has been demonstrated by Fisher, Kon & Thompson (1955). Basing their conclusions on the observations of Macdonald (1927) on the feeding ofM. norvegicain Loch Fyne, Fisher, Kon & Thompson (1954) and Kon (1954) suggested a possible scheme of accumulation of vitamin A in the animal. They also made cursory examinations of the stomach contents from animals caught in the same area and their findings appeared to agree fairly well with those of Macdonald, except that from his results he concluded that phytoplankton was a major item in the diet. This conclusion has been disputed by Einarsson (1945) who called for more detailed investigation of fresh material in order to obtain a clearer picture of the feeding of north Atlantic euphausiids. Such information would be of great value in the study of the vitamin A chain in the plankton. We have, therefore, examined the stomach contents ofM. norvegicaover nearly two years to try to detect every type of food that might be eaten. In addition to our own survey, Dr J. Mauchline (1959) of the Marine Station, Millport, made a more intensive study of the food in relation to the diurnal migrations in July and November.
The early growth stages and adult structure of the lophophore of Macandrevia cranium (Müller) (Brachiopoda, Dallinidae)
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

Although it has been stated (Thomson, 1927, p. 234; Elliott, 1953, p. 264) that the descending branches of the loop in dallinids, so far as is known, grow from the crura only, yet figures supporting this statement have not so far been published, not even by Beecher (1895) who described the very early stages of lophophore and loop in Dallinella (=Terebratalia) obsoleta (Dall). Tiny specimens of Macandrevia cranium dredged by R. V. ‘Sarsia’ have now made it possible for such figures to be published. It is a point of some importance as it is one of the characters given by Thomson (1927, p. 234) as distinguishing the Dallininae from the Mühlfeldtiinae (= Megerliinae Muir-Wood, 1955) and the Magellaniinae (= Terebratellinae, see Muir-Wood, 1955), for in the two latter groups the descending branches of the loop grow from both crura and septum to unite in the middle. At the time Thomson was writing, young growth stages of the loop of a member of the Laqueinae were not known. Since then, Konjoukova (1948, 1957) has studied the development of Laqueus californicus—which she placed in the Dallininae—and according to her the descending branches on reaching the septum join with it. She does not, however, figure any intermediate stages between absence of descending branches and complete ones. In 1941 Laqueinae was raised to family rank by Yabe and Hatai (see Muir-Wood, 1955, p. 93).
The ecology ofEchinus esculentusL. Quantitative distribution and rate of feeding
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

In order to provide more factual information on the effect ofEchinuspredation (Forster, 1958), further diving observations have been made during 1958. A rocky areajust west of the Tinker Shoal was explored by chance and a populationof Echinusdiscovered. As this area is much more readily accessible than Stoke Point rock, where most of the diving has been carried out, it was possible to establish a marker buoy and make a number of dives on exactly the same position. In the course of these dives I have attempted to measure the numerical density of the urchins and the rate of their browsing on the rock surface. LaterEchinus‘counts’ were made at many other positions near Plymouth (Text-fig. 1).
Notes on the species of the pteromedusan genus Tetraplatia Busch, 1851
Authors: Ralph Patricia M.
Published: May 2009

The affinities, structure and distribution of species of the genus Tetraplatia Busch, 1851 have been discussed recently by Hand (1955), Beyer (1955) and Rees & White (1957 a), but ever since these curious bipyramidal medusae (without a typical medusan bell, marginal tentacles, or gastrovascular canals) were described by Busch they have provided much interest for the systematise There is unanimous agreement that the clearly discernible nematocyst tracts, and the body wall of ectoderm and endoderm separated by a thick, well-defined mesogloea, place them within the Cnidaria as known at present. Tetraplatia is usually regarded as the only member of the hydrozoan order Pteromedusae, but Komai (1939) strongly advocates scyphozoan rather than hydrozoan affinities. The purpose of this paper, however, is not to discuss the broad relationships of the Pteromedusae, but to give further evidence that Tetraplatia chuni Carlgren, 1909 is a good species. (The structure and affinities of Tetraplatia will be discussed in another paper.)
Variations in the activity of the thyroid gland of the cod,Gadus callariasL., in relation to its migrations in the Barents Sea I. Seasonal changes
Authors: Woodhead A. D.
Published: May 2009

Relatively little is known of the exact role of the thyroid gland in teleosts. Although the results of a few studies have suggested that the thyroid influences respiratory metabolism, as in the higher vertebrates, a greater number of experiments have failed to show that either treatment of fish with thyroid hormones or inactivation of the gland produces any significant effect upon the oxygen consumption of the fish. Thyroid activity has been linked with reproduction in some fish, although there is little evidence to show that the relation-ship is more than coincidental. The thyroid has also been connected with osmoregulation, but reviewing this work Pickford (1957) concludes that the relation with osmoregulation is only a secondary or collateral one. Recently Hoar (1953, 1955) has suggested that the thyroid may control the migratory response of fish. However, in the migratory species which have been studied in detail, the salmon,Salmo salarL. andOnchorhynchusspp. and the eel,Anguilla vulgaris, changes in the salinity of the environment during their migrations were complicating factors since salinity changes alone have been shown to stimulate thyroid activity in non-migratory fish (Olivereau, 1954).
Note on the Occurrence of Arthopyrenia foveolata at Plymouth
Authors: Batten Lily
Published: May 2009

When shore-collecting for marine algæ at Plymouth in early April, an organism which has now been identified as a calcareous lichen was brought to my notice by Dr. Orton. It occurred in large patches on the rocks both above and below high-water mark in the neighbourhood of the Marine Biological Station, and was also very frequent on the limpets and barnacles in the vicinity. When examined with a lens, the thallus of the lichen was observed to be thickly dotted either with perithecia or with well-marked pits which had apparently been previously occupied with fruits. The lichen was found to be identical with the species collected in Robin Hood Bay, Yorkshire, by E. M. Holmes, in 1901, and described by A. Lorrain Smith as Arthopyrenia foveolata. Arthopyrenia differs from Verrucaria in the fact that the associated alga is Trentepohlia, and the above species is easily distinguished by the pits which occur on the thallus.

The same species has been recorded by M. C. Knowles from various places round the coast of Ireland, including the western shore of Blacksod Bay. It occurred on limestone rocks at about high neap-tide level, and also on live and dead barnacles where it was almost always associated with colonies of Rivularia atra. At Plymouth, the frequent occurrence of the lichen on limpet shells is a conspicuous feature in the distribution.
A New Species of the Genus Acanthephyra [Crustacea: Natantia]: First Discovered and Described in Ms Notes by Dr Stanley W. Kemp
Authors: Foxton P.
Published: May 2009

During recent cruises of R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ in the eastern North Atlantic an investigation has been made of the depth distribution and diurnal migration of the pelagic fauna in selected oceanic areas. This continuing programme has entailed intensive mid-water sampling with opening-closing nets, fishing discrete depth horizons mainly within the upper 1000 m but also on occasion at greater depths. Hauls made during the cruise of January-April 1968 in a position 11°N, 20°W, south-east of the Cape Verde Islands, yielded 43 specimens of an apparently new species of the genus Acanthephyra. A further 113 specimens were taken during a subsequent cruise to the same area and the species has also been recorded in a sample collected in the Indian Ocean during the International Indian Ocean Expedition.

Having examined the literature and concluded that the species was undescribed the author referred to the large collection of decapod Crustacea that had been amassed as a result of cruises of ships of the Discovery Committee made prior to 1939. This material, together with that taken on the Dana Expeditions, had formed the subject of Dr Stanley W. Kemp's extensive studies on the Oplophoridae (Kemp, 1939), consequently the carefully preserved, labelled, and identified specimens represent a unique reference collection. It proved to contain five specimens identical to those taken at 11°N in 1968. Not unexpectedly Kemp had realized their uniqueness and had not only designated the type but named it. A description, however, was never published although it was prepared and has in part survived.
Incubation of the English Prawn Palaemon Serratus
Authors: Phillips Graham
Published: May 2009

When beginning research into the cultivation of marine shrimps and prawns, it is usually the most worth while of the local species that is chosen for study. From this it follows that in tropical regions the penaeids tend to be favoured, especially following the pioneering work of Hudinaga (1942) with Penaeus japonicus (Bate), whereas in the temperate regions of Europe and Canada it is the carideans that are receiving most attention, particularly the palaemonids. One notable exception is the advanced study of the Asiatic Giant Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), which was initiated in Malaysia and subsequently taken up in Hawaii and Great Britain (Ling, 1962).

Doubtless each chosen species has its merits, but overriding importance must be attached to ease of mating, for this imposes an immediate limit on the reliability of the whole process and holds the key to the selective breeding of improved strains. Indeed, it has been pointed out that reliance on wild-spawned animals is a major obstacle to commercial development (Tabb et al., 1969) and such vagaries in the supply of young shrimps has already limited some research (Cook & Murphy, 1969).

Under captive conditions it has proved a great deal easier to mate carideans than penaeids, but the continuing part played by caridean females in incubating the eggs over a contracted period is a disadvantage. Relieving the ovigerous females of this task would allow the eggs to be incubated at greatly increased densities in conditions no longer dictated by the females. Further, it would lead to the more effective use of the female during the period she would otherwise be incubating.
The Distribution of Trace Elements in Some Species of Phytoplankton Grown in Culture
Authors: Riley J. P. , Roth Igal
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In common with other plants, marine phytoplankton will only thrive if they are able to obtain essential trace elements. There is some evidence that shortages of available iron and manganese may occasionally restrict the growth of these organisms (Harvey, 1939, 1947). However, other essential trace metals are present in the sea at concentrations which, although very low, appear to be adequate to sustain abundant growth. The concentrations of trace elements necessary for optimum growth differ considerably from species to species (see e.g. Harvey, 1947; Goldberg, 1952). Krauss & Porter (1954) have demonstrated that manganese, iron and zinc are taken up by the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa in proportion to their concentrations in the medium. However, this is not true for all elements, at least so far as the larger algae are concerned (Young & Langille, 1958). The concentrations of trace elements present in phytoplankton grown in culture may also depend on the age and density of the culture. Thus, Hayward (1969) has shown that although iron and zinc were initially rapidly taken up by Phaeodactylum tricornutum from a medium rich in chelated forms of these metals, their concentrations in the cells decreased as their numbers increased. The uptake of trace elements is not confined to those which have a definitely established physiological function.
Retinal Structure inPlatytroctes Apus, A Deep-Sea Fish with a Pure Rod Fovea
Authors: Locket N. A.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The retinae of deep sea fishes have been studied by optical microscopy by several authors. Brauer's (1908) work is the most important early account, and the major recent work is that of Munk (1966a). In this monograph he reviews previous papers including that of Contino (1939), Franz (1907), Hanyu & Ali (1962), Verrier (1931), Vilter (1953, 1954a,b) and Wunder (1958), and also describes the eyes of a number of species himself. Since then Munk (1966band 1968) has described other species by optical microscopy. Locket (1969, 1970) has used electron microscopic methods of fixation to study two species by optical and electron microscopy. These two fishes,Poromitra nigrofulvusandSternoptyx diaphana, are not closely related and have different retinal structures.Poromitrahas banks of rods in its retina, a condition first described by Vilter (1953) inBathylagus;Sternoptyxhas a single layer of long rods, a condition also found in the present species. The earlier authors worked on material collected during research expeditions and preserved in alcohol or formalin. During the 1966 biological cruise of R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ Locket was able to fix eyes from deep-sea fish with a view to electron microscopy. Though the fixation is not perfect, it does preserve much ultrastructural detail and interspecies variation in retinal structure can be studied in this material.
On Some British Marine Tardigrada, Including two New Species of Batillipes
Authors: Pollock Leland W.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Until recently only two marine members of the phylum Tardigrada were known to occur in Britain. Echiniscoides sigismundi (Schultze), was found associated with mussels (Green, 1950) and intertidal barnacles (Crisp & Hobart, 1954). The interstitial species, Batillipes mirus Richters, was located at beaches in North Wales (Boaden, 1963) and Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland (Boaden, 1966).

Interstitial tardigrades have been reported from several localities around the North Sea. The fauna of the German coast is particularly well studied; Schultze, 1867; Richters, 1908, 1909; Schulz, 1935, 1951, 1953; Grell, 1937; Remane, 1940; Freidrich, 1963; Riemann, 1966a, b; Schmidt, 1969. This German fauna includes three species of Batillipes and single representatives of five other genera. In addition, E. sigismundi and B. mirus have been found in Norway (Tambs-Lyche, 1939–40). Along the French coast of the English Channel, eight species from six genera are reported. While most studies originated at RoscofT, including Cuénot, 1892; Cantacuzène, 1951; Guèrin, 1960; Swedmark, 1951, 1955, 1956a; Swedmark & Teissier, 1967; Thulin, 1942, two species of Batillipes have been located elsewhere on the northern coast of France (Renaud-Debyser & Salvat, 1963).

In recent surveys of beaches in Britain, additional tardigrades have been located. Gray & Rieger (1971) reported their occurrence at several beaches on the north-east coast of Yorkshire, especially at Stoupe Beck, Robin Hood's Bay and Filey Beach near Scar-borough. Also, A. D. Mclntyre has found them in his collections at Firemore Bay in Loch Ewe on the west coast of Scotland. This paper describes specimens generously provided from these two studies.
A Simple Method to Determine the O:N Ratio of Small Marine Animals
Authors: Snow N. B. , Williams P. J. Leb.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The atomic ratio of oxygen-consumed to ammonia-nitrogen excreted by marine organisms (O:N ratio) is more conveniently and precisely determined with current analytical procedures than the respiratory quotient (R.Q.). When an organism is oxidizing protein exclusively the O: N ratio will be low, less than 7; it will be high when either fat or carbohydrate is oxidized.
Observations by Means of Cine Photography on the Behaviour of the Haptonema in Plankton Flagellates of the Class Haptophyceae
Authors: Leadbeater B. S. C.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Initially the haptonema was recorded as a ‘little additional flagellum’ by Scherffel (1899) when he describedPhaeocystis globosa. Similarly, the haptonema was referred to as the ‘third flagellum’ on the apparently tri-flagellate, brackish-waterPrymnesium saltansMassart (Massart, 1920). Two further brackish water species ofPrymnesiumwere described by Carter (1937) and all were characterized by a very short immobile ‘third appendage’. Lackey (1939) found a freshwater organism similar toPrymnesiumbut it possessed a ‘third flagellum’ several times the length of the true flagella. He re-corded that the third appendage was held out rigidly when the cell was at rest but during rapid swimming he was unable to see it and thought that this was due to an extremely rapid beat. He named his new organismChrysochromulina parvaandC. parvaLackey is now the type species of a considerable genus.

Parke, Manton & Clarke (1955,1956,1958,1959) made a study of the light microscopy and fine structure of numerous marine species ofChrysochromulina. Their results showed that the ‘third flagellum’ differed in appearance and structure from that of a true flagellum and hence they decided to call this organelle ahaptonemaowing to its thread-like form and its ability to adhere to a smooth surface (Parke, Manton & Clarke, 1955). Their observations revealed that the haptonema could attach to a surface by an ‘adhesive tip’ and that the majority of species could coil their haptonemata into a helix and extend it again. In some species, e.g.C. strobilus(Parke, Manton & Clarke, 1959), the haptonema was usually tightly coiled whilst the cell was swimming.
Ultrastructure of the ‘Zooxanthella’Endodinium Chattoniiin Situ
Authors: Taylor D. L.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Recent experiments with symbiosis in the flatwormConvoluta roscqffensisGraff (Provasoli, Yamasu & Manton, 1968; Provasoli, Yamasu & Mabuchi, 1969) reveal an important area in the investigation of algal-invertebrate associations, demonstrating the potential of studies based on the principle of cross-infections using various experimental symbionts. The studies which these authors describe are feasible only if detailed taxonomic data are available to facilitate rapid identification of symbiontsin situ. This kind of experimentation is impossible in symbiotic systems involving ‘zooxanthellae’, because of the general failure to provide adequate descriptions of the genera and species included in this ill-defined group. Admittedly, the situation shows signs of improvement. We now know that the ‘zooxanthella’ associated withC. convolutaAbildgaard is a diatom belonging to the genusLicmophora(Ax & Apelt, 1965; Apelt, 1969), the morphological criteria for the identification ofSymbiodinium microadriaticumFreudenthal have been redefined (Taylor, 1969 a) and a revised taxonomic description of this species is now available (Kevin, Hall, McLaughlin & Zahl, 1969). Nevertheless, we are still a long way from achieving a representative collection of well known experimental symbionts for use in comparative studies. It therefore seems worthwhile (not merely an exercise in micro-taxonomy and micro-horticulture) to continue to collect, identify and describe the range of genera and species that may be hidden among the ‘zooxanthellae’. The present paper is one in a series (see Taylor, 1969a,b,c) intended to explore the potential variety of these organisms.
The Fauna of the Salcombe Estuary
Authors: Allen E. J. , Todd R. A.
Published: May 2009

In connection with the work of the Plymouth Laboratory it has been the custom of the Marine Biological Association for several years past to extend its operations during the summer months to the various harbours on the coast of Devon and Cornwall, with a view to making a comparative study of the faunas found in the different localities and of correlating, so far as that may be possible, differences in the character of the fauna with differences in the physical conditions prevailing in each. In former years this has been done by making occasional visits, lasting generally for a few days only, in our small steamer, the Busy Bee. It was found, however, that if investigations of this character were to be satisfactorily carried out some arrangement would have to be made for remaining in one locality for longer periods, and working each harbour in turn in more detail. Mr. J. W. Woodall kindly came to our assistance and purchased the hull of an old cruising yacht, which he caused to be fitted as a small floating laboratory and house-boat, and placed at our disposal for use in connection with the researches. This vessel, the Dawn, which can be towed by our own steamer, has been stationed at Salcombe during the present summer and has proved herself to be very well adapted to the work for which she was intended. We have also to thank Mr. Woodall for defraying the expenses of keeping the Dawn at Salcombe.
Two new species of Pogonophora from the north-east Atlantic
Authors: Southward Eve C.
Published: May 2009

In May 1958 it was thought that all species of Pogonophora so far discovered in the north-east Atlantic belonged to the genusSiboglinumCaullery (Southward & Southward, 1958). Since then I have had the opportunity of examining further collections from deep water off the British Isles and Spain. At least two species of multitentaculate pogonophores have been discovered, and re-examination of some material collected in May 1958 shows that one of the species was also present in these collections. Although considerable material belonging to other species remains to be worked up it has been thought worth while to describe these two species first. One is widespread and can be locally abundant, while the other is the largest pogonophote so far found in the Atlantic. Both are the first Atlantic representatives of their respective genera.
Observations on herring spawning and larval distribution in the Firth of Clyde in 1958
Authors: Parrish B. B. , Saville A. , Craig R. E. , Baxter I. G. , Priestley R.
Published: May 2009

Apart from the extensive egg surveys carried out by Norwegian workers (Runnstrom, 1941) most of the investigations on the spawning of the Atlantic Herring have depended on studies of the distribution of the spawning fish, on captures of newly hatched larvae, and on records of the occurrence of herring eggs in the stomachs of predatory fish species (principally haddock). With the exception of recent observations by Bolster and Bridger (1957), attempts to sample egg concentrations quantitatively in the North Sea and neighbouring areas have usually proved abortive. In consequence little is known of the distribution and density of eggs on the spawning grounds, their percentage fertilization, mortality during the egg stage, hatching rate, and the relationship between the distribution of eggs and the nature of the sea-bed.
Digestion in sea anemones
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

A sea anemone, normally a passive-looking animal, reacts to suitable food-stuffs by a series of fairly complicated activities. When its tentacles encounter solid food there is, first of all, a discharge of cnidae, which poison living prey and adhere to the food mass. These cnidae are independent effectors, responding directly to external excitation (Pantin, 1942). Next, the tentacles clasp the food and bend towards the mouth; they push the food into the mouth, and the pharynx draws it down into the coelenteric cavity where it is digested (Pantin & Pantin, 1943).
On the biology of the opisthobranchPleurobranchus membranaceus
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Slinn D. J.
Published: May 2009

On 5 November 1958 our attention was drawn, by Mr A. K. Nagabhushanam, to the presence in Port Erin bay of large numbers of swimming gastropods. These gastropods proved on examination to bePleurobranchus membranaceus(Montagu), a species generally believed to be exclusively benthic in habit. This paper is a report on this occurrence and on some aspects of the biology of P.membranaceus.

For 4 days these animals were abundant in the bay and hundreds could have been captured with a hand-net from the steps of the Raglan Pier. Only approximately forty specimens were taken, this number being ample for our purpose. Between 5 and 9 November, numbers were stranded on the beach by the receding tide. Although many local fishermen consented to look out for these easily recognizable animals, and the Port Erin research vessels were out each day, no record of their swimming outside the bay was obtained, although specimens were occasionally dredged. On 9 November they disappeared from the bay without trace, and otter trawl and D-net hauls in the bay yielded only two further specimens; none were found on frequent shore collecting expeditions. However, on 2 December five more specimens were captured swimming near the Raglan Pier and occasional individuals were seen in the same place on 9 December. During the periods of their abundance it was ascertained that they swam during the hours of darkness as well as in daytime.
The reactions of the limpet,Patella vulgataL., to certain of the ionic constituents of sea water
Authors: Arnold D. C.
Published: May 2009

It has been shown (Arnold, 1957) that when exposed to air the common British limpet,Patella vulgataL., reacts to splashing with normal or moderately diluted sea water by raising the front edge of the shell, and that the amount of this movement can be correlated with the degree of dilution and with the tide level from which the animals are obtained. A basically similar result was obtained by the use of solutions of sodium chloride. The precise factors influencing the limpets were not identified. Additional data can now be presented on these and other reactions ofP. vulgataas a contribution towards further definition of these factors.
The Euphausiidæ in the Neighbourhood of Plymouth. III.Thysanoessa Inermis.
Authors: Lebour Marie V
Published: May 2009

In a former paper (Lebour, 1924) attention was called to the eggs, Calyptopis and first Furcilia stages of Thysanoessa inermis together with the form neglecta, which was regarded as a different species, mainly on account of the size of the eggs shed by the females in glass jars in the aquarium, those of the neglecta form being much smaller than those of the inermis form. Certain differences were also found between the males of the two forms.

Having through the kindness of Mr. C. F. Hickling obtained a number of Thysanoessa from the Atlantic Slope, chiefly in the region of the Smalls trawling ground, I found both forms present, which were usually much larger than those from the Channel, and presented certain other differences. Specimens of the two forms from both localities were sent to Dr. H. J. Hansen, of Copenhagen, who has kindly examined them and pronounced them all to belong to the same species,e.g. Thysanoessa inermis. It is an interesting fact that the specimens from the Smalls district are usually much larger than those from the Channel, and the neglecta form has the long legs much longer and stouter. Specimens from Iceland, for which I am indebted to Dr. Hansen, are also of a large size.

As Hansen has already pointed out (1911, 1915), Thysanoessa inermis which has a wide range of distribution has two forms, a short-legged form, formerly known as Rhoda inermisand a long-legged form, formerly known as Thysanoessa neglecta; these may be referred torespectively as the inermis and neglecta forms.
The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. II. The Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes in the Day-time in the Plymouth Area, with a Note on the Eggs of certain Species
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

1. Horizontal hauls were made with a “stramin” ring-trawl and a silk net at different depths in 1924 and 1925 to determine the vertical distribution of the pelagic post-larval stages of Teleostean fish in daylight. The depths at which the nets fished on every occasion were obtained by means of a graphic depth-recorder.

2. It was indicated that there are specific differences in the behaviour of the post-larvae of various fishes as to their vertical distribution in daylight, some preferring the surface layers, others apparently indifferently distributed from surface to bottom, and others preferring the deeper layers and avoiding the surface; of these last it was found that some

species became abundant at deeper levels than others. A tentative list of distribution types is given on page 107. 3. Eesults emphasise the necessity when examining the horizontal distribution of young fish of sampling all layers : oblique hauls are to be desired fishing at as many levels as possible. 4. Mention is made of seasonal distribution : the year 1924 appeared to differ from 1925 in that certain post-larvae which were prevalent in the plankton well into June or July in the former year were cut short a month earlier in 1925.The post-larvae of Molva molva and of Lophius piscatorius were unusually abundant in 1924 ; post-larval Gobies (Gobiidce) and Wrasses (Labridce) were extremely scarce in 1925 during the months April to beginning of August.
On the Penetration of Light into Sea Water.
Authors: Poole H. H. , Atkins W. R. G.
Published: May 2009

1. A description is given of some measurements of the penetration of light into sea-water carried out near Plymouth in the autumn of 1925 by means of photo-electric cells, the current through the cell being, measured by a method, previously described, which is not affected by the motion of the ship.

2. The absorption coefficients found for off-shore waters down to 30 metres are smaller than the average of those found by several recent observers in various localities, but considerably larger than those found by Shelford and Gail for the deeper waters of Puget Sound. The coefficients tend.to increase with increase of depth, and are generally larger for in-shore waters. The clearest water, 20 miles out in the English Channel, gave an absorption coefficient 0-110 for the upper 10 metres, 0-117 for the second, and 0-133 for the third. This water, with glassy surface, transmitted 0-54% of the vertical illumination to 34-8 metres, 28-3% to 8-9 metres, at which depth a white disc was just visible, and 71-2% to 1-5 metres.
Experiments on the Mendelian Inheritance of Eye-colour in the Amphipod Gammarus chevreuxi
Authors: Sexton E. W. , Wing. M. B.
Published: May 2009

1. Twenty-one thousand, five hundred and fourteen (21,514) amphipods of the species Gammarus chevreuxi Sexton have been examined for eyecolour, 21.302 referred to in this paper, and 212 in other experiments, not included.

2. The normal eye-colour of this species is black, with a superficial reticulation of opaque white pigment.

3. The pigmentation of the eye is very variable within limits. Eyes have been observed either partially or entirely lacking in the coloured pigment of the retinular cells, or with either a partial or entire lack, or else an excess of the opaque white pigment.

4. The red strain appears to have arisen as a “sport” in the second generation of offspring of the first animals captured. No red-eyed animals have yet been found in natural conditions, although many thousands have been brought in from time to time and examined. Those counted for the purpose while the work for this paper was in progress numbered 8697, but this figure does not include the many thousands previously observed. Experiments have been made repeatedly with a view of getting the Red strain again from the Pure Black, but with no success.
Order Semaeostomeae
Authors: Kramp P. L.
Published: May 2009

Scyphomedusae with umbrella margin cleft into lappets; without a coronal furrow and without pedalia; with (or without) hollow marginal tentacles and with marginal rhopalia; with a single central mouth opening provided with four large curtain-like or gelatinous lips; with gonads in sac-like folds of the endodermal wall of the subumbrella.
The Moulting and Growth-Stages of Gammarus, with Descriptions of the Normals and Intersexes of G. cheureuxi
Authors: Sexton E. W.
Published: May 2009

Many of the difficultics found in naming and classifying Crustacea are due to the extraordinary modifications caused by growth and sex, and the confusion arising from our lack of knowledge of these developmental stages has led to many errors.
The Zoea of Eurynome aspera
Authors: Gurney Robert
Published: May 2009

The Zoea of Eurynome aspera has already been twice described—namely, by Kinahan (1857) and Cano (1893), but there is some discrepancy between the two accounts which an observation made at Plymouth in April, 1922, fully explains.

Kinahan observed the larva immediately on hatching and described it as having neither rostrum nor dorsal spine; whereas Cano describes it as having both.
Quelques mots sur la variabilité du Pycnogonum littorale, Ström
Authors: Bouvier M. E.-L.
Published: May 2009

Durant mon séjour au Laboratoire de Biologie maritime de Plymouth, j'ai eu l'occasion d'examiner un lot très important de Pycnogonum littorale, Ström, qui se trouvait dans les collections de l'établissement depuis le 8 juillet 1908. Ce lot ne comprenait pas moins de 3268 individus. Il avait été recueilli au Barbican Pool, vieux port de Plymouth, dans les filets de pêcheurs qui avaient fait leur capture, disaient-ils, à 200 milles O.N.O. des Iles Scilly. Les exemplaires étaient beaucoup plus nombreux, mais le Laboratoire n'avait pas cru devoir en conserver davantage.
On Some Plymouth Holothurians
Authors: Orton J. H.
Published: May 2009

Some of the specific and differential characters of these two species have already been enumerated by Pace (1). Subsequently Norman (2) denied that these two forms were different, so that the literature on them was left in an unsatisfactory state. On investigating these two forms, however, I have obtained sufficient evidence-from the characters of the gonadial tubes, the calcareous collars, and the young of both forms-to verify the observations of Pace and to meet satisfactorily the objections put forward by Norman against them. The differential characters of these two species as given by Pace (loc. cit.) have been verified in an unpublished investigation by Mr. W. De Morgan and by the present writer.