bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMMON AND SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF FINE FRAGRANCES ON THE MOOD OF WOMEN
Authors: RÉTIVEAU A.N. , IV E. CHAMBERS , MILLIKEN G.A.
Published: February 2005

The effect of three pleasant fine women's fragrances on the mood of women was assessed. The three fragrances had similar hedonic values but different sensory characteristics. The fragrances elicited nonspecific effects on mood. All three fragrances’ impact on mood was influenced by initial mood and lasted up to three hours, i.e., as long as the scent was still noticeable. Trends revealed that all three fragrances decreased negative affect and increased vigor. Also, independent of their hedonic value, the three fragrances elicited specific mood patterns. With the “woody citrus coniferous” scent, respondents experienced higher hostility and tension. The “floral chypre citrus” fragrance decreased anger and confusion. The “floral woody” scent had the lowest Total Mood Disturbance score and lowered depression, tension and confusion.
Capacity, consent, and selection bias in a study of delirium
Authors: Adamis D , Martin F C , Treloar A , Macdonald A J D
Published: February 2005

Objectives:To investigate whether different methods of obtaining informed consent affected recruitment to a study of delirium in older, medically ill hospital inpatients.

Design:Open randomised study.

Setting:Acute medical service for older people in an inner city teaching hospital.

Participants:Patients 70 years or older admitted to the unit within three days of hospital admission randomised into two groups.

Intervention:Attempted recruitment of subjects to a study of the natural history of delirium. This was done by either (a) a formal test of capacity, followed by either a request for consent or an attempt at obtaining assent from a proxy, or (b) a combined informal capacity/consent process.

Main outcome measures:Prevalence and severity of delirium, and, as case mix measures, length of hospital stay and destination on discharge.

Results:Recruitment of subjects through establishing formal capacity and then informed consent was less successful (43.9%v74% of those approached) and, compared with those recruited through the usual combined capacity/consent approach, yielded a sample with less cognitive impairment, lower severity of delirium, lower probability of case note diagnosis of delirium and lower rate of entering a care home.

Conclusions:Methods of obtaining informed consent may significantly influence the case mix of subjects recruited to a study of delirium. Stringent testing of capacity may exclude patients with delirium from studies, thus rendering findings less generalisable. A different method is necessary to achieve an ethical balance between respecting autonomy through obtaining adequate informed consent and avoiding sample bias.
To have or to be: ways of caregiving identified during recovery from the earthquake disaster in Taiwan
Authors: Chiang H-H , Lu Z-Y , Wear S E
Published: February 2005

The aim of this article is to report the results of therapy sessions conducted with survivors of an earthquake that struck Luku Township in Nantou County, central Taiwan, in September 1999. The sessions explored survivors’ feelings, interactions, and interpretations of the crisis, as well as their roles in post-earthquake relief efforts. The participants were teachers and administrators from four primary schools. The results indicated three distinct forms of caring, namely: encumbered caring, connected caring, and reflected caring. The findings were used to construct a framework for caregiver self-monitoring. They also suggest that therapy groups provide an inner space that self-regulates the frustrations arising from this type of experience, for both caregivers and survivors. The intrasubjective and intersubjective dialogues within the groups are essentially reflective practices for improving services and generating new knowledge about medical ethics.
The physician and prison hunger strikes: reflecting on the experience in Turkey
Authors: Oguz N Y , Miles S H
Published: February 2005

The medical ethics of a physician’s relationship with a prisoner who is participating in a collective hunger strike has become a major public, professional, and governmental concern in The Republic of Turkey. This article examines the Turkish experience and debate about physician ethics during prison hunger strikes. It is hoped that this analysis will be of use to those formulating policy in similar situations.
Pharmacogenetics, ethical issues: review of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics Report
Authors: Corrigan O P
Published: February 2005

In September this year the Nuffield Council on Bioethics held a meeting to disclose and discuss the main findings of their newly published report on the ethical issues associated with developments in pharmacogenetics research. The basics of pharmacogenetics science is briefly outlined, and then the extent to which the report was successful in addressing (or at least highlighting) the attendant social, ethical, and policy implications of pharmacogenetics research is evaluated.
Physicians’ evaluations of patients’ decisions to refuse oncological treatment
Authors: van Kleffens T , van Leeuwen E
Published: February 2005

Objective:To gain insight into the standards of rationality that physicians use when evaluating patients’ treatment refusals.

Design of the study:Qualitative design with indepth interviews.

Participants:The study sample included 30 patients with cancer and 16 physicians (oncologists and general practitioners). All patients had refused a recommended oncological treatment.

Results:Patients base their treatment refusals mainly on personal values and/or experience. Physicians mainly emphasise the medical perspective when evaluating patients’ treatment refusals. From a medical perspective, a patient’s treatment refusal based on personal values and experience is generally evaluated as irrational and difficult to accept, especially when it concerns a curative treatment. Physicians have a different attitude towards non-curative treatments and have less difficulty accepting a patient’s refusal of these treatments. Thus, an important factor in the physician’s evaluation of a treatment refusal is whether the treatment refused is curative or non-curative.

Conclusion:Physicians mainly use goal oriented and patients mainly value oriented rationality, but in the case of non-curative treatment refusal, physicians give more emphasis to value oriented rationality. A consensus between the value oriented approaches of patient and physician may then emerge, leading to the patient’s decision being understood and accepted by the physician. The physician’s acceptance is crucial to his or her attitude towards the patient. It contributes to the patient’s feeling free to decide, and being understood and respected, and thus to a better physician–patient relationship.
COULOMB BLOCKADE OSCILLATIONS OF CONDUCTANCE AT FINITE ENERGY LEVEL SPACING IN A QUANTUM DOT
Authors: VOROJTSOV SERGUEI
Published: February 2005

We find an analytical expression for the conductance of a single electron transistor in the regime when temperature, level spacing and charging energy of a grain are all of the same order. We consider the model of equidistant energy levels in a grain in the sequential tunneling approximation. In the case of spinless electrons, our theory describes transport through a dot in the quantum Hall regime. In the case of spin-½ electrons, we analyze the line shape of a peak, shift in the position of the peak's maximum as a function of temperature and the values of the conductance in the odd and even valleys.
MULTIPURPOSE HYSTERESIS CNN
Authors: ITOH MAKOTO , CHUA LEON O.
Published: February 2005

In this paper, we propose a multipurpose hysteresis CNN (cellular neural network) made of first-order cells with hysteresis switches. The hysteresis CNN has applications not only in image processing, but also in pattern formation, nonlinear wave propagation and associative and dynamic memories, because each hysteresis CNN cell has two operating modes, namely, a bistable multivibrator mode and a relaxation oscillator mode.
EXPONENTIAL FACTORS AND DARBOUX INTEGRABILITY FOR THE RÖSSLER SYSTEM
Authors: ZHANG XIANG
Published: February 2005

We characterize all generators of the exponential factors for the Rössler system by using weight homogeneous polynomials and the method of characteristic curves for solving linear partial differential equations. Moreover, using Darboux polynomials and exponential factors we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions in order that the Rössler system has a Darboux first integral.
ON THE NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIMIT CYCLES IN A CUBIC SYSTEM
Authors: HAN MAOAN , ZHANG TONGHUA , ZANG HONG
Published: February 2005

This paper concerns the number of limit cycles in a cubic system. Eleven limit cycles are found and two different distributions are given by using the methods of bifurcation theory and qualitative analysis.
INTEGRATING LEGACY SITES INTO WEB SERVICES WITH WEBXCRIPT
Authors: CHIU DICKSON K. W. , KOK DANNY , LEE ALEX K. C. , CHEUNG S. C.
Published: February 2005

Despite the recent uprising of the Web Services technology for programmatic interfaces of business-to-business (B2B) E-commerce services (e-services) over the Internet, most existing sites can only support human interactions with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) through web browsers. Automating third-party client access into Web Services generally requires developing sophisticated programs to simulate human access by handling HTML pages. However, these HTML interfaces vary across web sites, and are often subject to changes. Client maintenance is therefore tedious and expensive. Even for the site owner, it may still require much effort in redeveloping the underlying presentation and application logics. This motivates our study for the requirement and the formulation of a conceptual model for such automation. Based on the requirement, we develop a novel approach to automating dialogs with web-based services (particularly for cross-organizational processes), using a high-level script language, called WebXcript language. The language provides features for HTML forms-based dialogues and eXtended Markup Language (XML) messaging. The XML syntax of WebXcript further enables convenient user authoring and easy engine development with extensively available XML tools. It supports expected responses and exception handling. We further propose a wrapper architecture based on WebXcript to integrate legacy sites into Web Services, where Web Service Definition Language (WSDL) interfaces are generated from high-level mappings from database or WebXcript parameter definitions. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach with examples in integrating distributed information, online ordering, and XML messaging, together with discussions on our experiences and the advantages of our approach.
Characteristics of Heavily Si-Doped GaAs grown on (111)A Oriented Substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy as Compared with (100) growth
Authors: Okano Yoshimichi , Seto Hiroyuki , Katahama Hisashi , Nishine Shiro , Fujimoto Isao , Suzuki Takeo
Published: February 2005

Electrical and Optical characteristics of heavily Si-doped GaAs (111)A films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were studied in comparison with those of (100) and (111)B films in relation to the occupation sites of dopant atoms determined by X-ray quasi-forbidden reflection (XFR) measurements. In the case of (100) growth, most of the doped Si atoms occupy Ga sites and the carrier saturation above [Si]∼6 × 1018 cm-3 is dominantly caused by the formation of SiGa complexes, not by compensation due to SiAs acceptors. On the contrary, Si atoms in the (111)A films occupy As sites and act as acceptors up to [Si]∼6 × 1019 cm-3. At higher doping, they start to occupy Ga sites resulting in the saturation of carrier concentration.
Mechanism of Ga Implantation-Induced Intermixing of GaAs-AlGaAs Material
Authors: Hirayama Yoshiro
Published: February 2005

Ga implantation-induced intermixing is examined in terms of dose dependence and interdiffusion characteristics under conditions of dual implantation of As and Ga. At ion doses below 1015 cm-2, intermixing is mainly enhanced by the diffusion of defects. In the ion-dose region below 3×1013 cm-2, both implantation-induced damage and stoichiometric disturbances contribute to the formation of diffusing defects. The damage effect becomes dominant in the dose region around 1014 cm-2. In the dose region above 1015 cm-2, almost all interdiffusion is governed by atom coilision due to implantation.
Silicon HBT with a Low-Resistivity Amorphous SiCx Emitter
Authors: Kuwagaki Mamoru , Imai Kazuo , Ogino Toshio , Amemiya Yoshihito
Published: February 2005

A Si hetero bipolar transistor (Si HBT) with a low resistivity amorphous silicon carbide (SiC
x
) emitter is studied. The emitter is formed by means of a capacitive coupling plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) system. The HBT current gain is compared with that of a polysilicon-emitter transistor. A higher current gain is observed, although the carrier concentration of the SiC
x
emitter is one order less than that of the polysilicon emitter. The effect of posthydrogenation treatment in improving current gain is also described.
Critical Current Density and Coupling Nature of Grains in Textured Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductors
Authors: Kumakura Hiroaki , Togano Kazumasa , Maeda Hiroshi , Yanagisawa Eiji , Morimoto Takeshi
Published: February 2005

The J
c-H property of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O tape was improved by a combination of the doctor blade and cold working preparation processes. A.C. complex susceptibility measurement indicates that this improved property is attributable to the improvement in the intergrain coupling along the current direction due to the grain orientation alignment in the tape.
Composition Dependence on the Superconducting Properties of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
Authors: Endo Utako , Koyama Satoshi , Kawai Tomoji
Published: February 2005

Superconductors with a nominal composition close to the ideal high-T
c phase, (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O
y
, were prepared to study the effect of composition variation on the superconducting properties. It was found that the deviation from the ideal composition delicately affects the T
c(0), and that even a small surplus of Ca and Cu is enough to make it lower to around 95 K. In order to obtain a pure 110 K phase which allows a large current flow to yield a T
c(0) above 100 K, the composition must be strictly controlled around Sr:Ca:Cu=2:2:3 with the smallest excess of Ca and Cu. Lead was revealed to occupy Bi sites supplying positive holes to the system along with Sr defects.
Superconductivity in the Bi2Sr3-xLnxCu2Oy System and the Excess of Hole Concentration in Bi2Sr2CanCu1+nOy (n=0 and 1)
Authors: Den Tohru , Akimitsu Jun
Published: February 2005

A new family of high-T
c superconductors of Bi2Sr3-x
Ln
x
Cu2O
y
(Ln=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Y) has been found by means of resistivity and magnetization measurements. The highest superconducting transition temperature was obtained when the substitution concentration x was about 0.3. The X-ray powder diffraction measurement showed that Bi2Sr2-x
Ln
x
CuO
y
(221 phase) is stable for x<0.3 and Bi2Sr3-x
Ln
x
Cu2O
y
(232 phase) becomes major when x exceeds 0.3. The 232 phase has the same structure as Bi2Sr2CaCu2O
y
. It is also demonstrated that the hole number p of [Cu-O]+p
in Bi2Sr2CuO
y
and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O
y
is excessive compared with the proper value giving the highest T
c.
Superconductivity of New Compounds in the Systems Tl-Ln-Sr-Cu-O (Ln=Pr and Nd) and Tl-Pb-Ln-Sr-Cu-O (Ln=Pr, Nd and Sm)
Authors: Itoh Takao , Uchikawa Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

Superconductivity of new compounds with the T
c at about 40 K in the Tl-Ln-Sr-Cu-O (Ln=Pr and Nd) and the Tl-Pb-Ln-Sr-Cu-O (Ln=Pr, Nd and Sm) systems has been revealed through the temperature dependence of the resistivity and ac susceptibility. Introduction of PbO into the Tl-Ln-Sr-Cu-O system is found to stabilize the superconducting phase. The structure of the material in the Tl-Pb-Ln-Sr-Cu-O system can be regarded as tetragonal, and the composition may be described as (Tl, Pb)(Ln, Sr)2CuO
x
with the Ln/Sr molar ratio of 0.5.
EXAFS Study on Fe-Doped YBa2Cu3Oy
Authors: Koizumi Akihisa , Maeda Hironobu , Bamba Naruhiko , Maruyama Hiroshi , Takayama-Muromachi Eiji , Shi Jun , Shimizu Kazuaki , Mino Michinobu , Yamazaki Hitoshi
Published: February 2005

An extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) method was applied to YBa2Cu3-x
Fe
x
O
y
with x=0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. Fe atoms are surrounded by six oxygen atoms with a distance of about 1.85 Å, and they mainly substitute for the Cu(1) site over the whole concentration range. The local structures around Cu atoms and Y atoms are also reported.
Phase Diagram and Crystal Growth of NdBa2Cu3O7-y
Authors: Oka Kunihiko , Saito Masatoshi , Ito Masahiro , Nakane Kenji , Murata Keizo , Nishihara Yoshikazu , Unoki Hiromi
Published: February 2005

The phase diagram of a binary system between NdBa2Cu3O7 and 3BaCuO2·2CuO has been studied. A liquidus line which is favourable for obtaining NdBa2 Cu3O7 single crystals from solution is found to exist in a rather wide range compared with that of YBa2Cu3O7. Single crystals of NdBa2Cu3O7-y
have been grown by both the slow-cooling method and the top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) method, in accordance with the obtained phase diagrams of the NdBa2Cu3O7-3BaCuO2·2CuO system and our earlier Y2O3-CuO-BaO system.
Preparation of the High-Tc Superconductive Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Film by Pyrolysis of Organic Acid Salts
Authors: Shimojima Hiromasa , Tsukamoto Keizou , Yamagishi Chitake
Published: February 2005

The high-T
c superconductive Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O film on Ag substrate was prepared by the pyrolysis of organic acid salts. The temperature for the high-T
c phase formation was 830–835°C in air. The film heated at 832°C contained a large amount of the high-T
c phase (2223 phase).
XPS Study of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting Thin Films Prepared by the rf-Sputtering Method
Authors: Fukui Atsuo , Enomoto Hiroyuki , Natsume Hidetaka , Takano Yoshiki , Mori Natsuki , Ozaki Hajime
Published: February 2005

The charge fluctuation of Cu ions in the superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system was investigated using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy in thin films prepared by the rf-sputtering method. It was confirmed that long-time annealing was essential to form the high-T
c phase in thin films of this Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. From the peak decompositions of the Cu 2p3/2 core-level spectra obtained after Ar ion etching, the content ratio of the Cu2+ state to the Cu+ state was found to increase with an increase of the high-T
c phase content in the films.
Effect of Indium-Tin Oxide Buffer Layers on Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O Thin Films with Glass Substrates
Authors: Fujino Kozo
Published: February 2005

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) thin films were examined as a buffer layer between high-T
c superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films and glass substrates. It was found that ITO film can become a diffusion barrier between the superconducting film and glass substrate, and that it does not cause any cracks in Y-Ba-Cu-O film if an appropriate silicate glass substrate is chosen. The superconducting film deposited on ITO/Glass below 700°C has shown onset transition temperatures up to 91 K and zero resistivity temperatures at 50 K.
Characterization of Maghemite Thin Films Prepared by Spin-Coating a Gel Solution
Authors: Takahashi Naoyuki , Kakuda Noriyoshi , Ueno Akifumi , Yamaguchi Kazuhiro , Fujii Toshitaka
Published: February 2005

Thin magnetic films consisting of aggregated γ-Fe2O3(maghemite) fine particles were prepared by spin-coating a gel solution of iron (III) nitrate dissolved in ethylene glycol on glass substrates. Film thickness was controlled by adjusting the viscosity and stirring time of the get solution. As-coated films were calcined in air at various temperatures up to 600°C. The calcined films were confirmed by transmission electron microscope observation to consist of fine iron oxide particles. The small coercive force (≦250 Oe) of the films is well explained in terms of the shape and size of the iron oxide particles, and the variation of magnetization with calcination temperature is closely related to the crystallographic transition of maghemite phase to hematite phase.
Direct Observation of the Segregated Microstructures within Co-Cr Film Grains
Authors: Maeda Yasushi , Takahashi Masaya
Published: February 2005

The existence of a segregated microstructure within sputtered 4.1 µm-thick Co-22 at%Cr film grains is proved directly by high-spatial-resolution X-ray microanalysis. The results indicate the existence of grains comprising a Cr-rich core surrounded by a Co-rich ring, and an indication of Cr-enriched grain boundaries. This microstructure coincides well with the latent microstructure revealed by selective wet-etching with dilute aqua regia.
The Parametric Soliton Laser with Low Pedestal
Authors: Suzuki Kazunori , Nakazawa Masataka , Haus Hermann A.
Published: February 2005

The parametric soliton laser with a low pedestal is realized by inserting a band pass filter. The soliton laser operates via parametric four-photon mixing in a single-mode fiber, in which the pump wavelength is set close to the zero dispersion wavelength. The center wavelength of the Stokes soliton is 1.575 µm when the pump wavelength is set at 1.526 µm. The band pass filter of 60 nm bandwidth passes only the Stokes component. Then, the pedestal observed in the autocorrelation trace decreases to less than 8% of the soliton part.
A New Li-Al Pair Luminescence in ZnSe
Authors: Ibuki Sumiaki
Published: February 2005

The luminescence spectra of Li and Al codoped ZnSe crystals have been investigated. In these crystals, a new luminescence band is observed around 490 nm. Time-resolved spectra and the excitation power dependence of this emission indicate that this originates from the transitions between donor-acceptor pairs. Furthermore, it seems reasonable that this is related to a new complex acceptor center consisting of substitutional and interstitial Li ions.
A New Approach to an Efficient and Low-Cost Solid Solar Cell by Employing a Semiconductor Coated with Ultrafine Metal Islands
Authors: Nakato Yoshihiro , Nishiura Shinji , Oshika Hironori , Tsubomura Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

Solar cells based on a new junction, “transparent conductor/thin insulator having ultrafine conductive channels/semiconductor” (C/IC/S), are proposed. This proposal is based on our previous finding that photoelectrochemical cells made of semiconductor electrodes covered with very fine metal islands generate remarkably high photovoltages. A solid-state cell was constructed by depositing platinum islands on n-type silicon, oxidizing the naked part, and depositing a thin gold film above it. The result proved the effectiveness of the metal islands, leading to the development of silicon solar cells of a new type having high conversion efficiencies.
Electrooptic Coefficient r33 in Proton-Exchanged z-Cut LiTaO3 Waveguides
Authors: Li Yu-Shan , Tada Kunio , Murai Toru , Yuhara Toshiya
Published: February 2005

LiTaO3 TM-mode planar optical waveguides have been fabricated on a z-cut substrate through one-step proton exchange in benzoic acid below 250°C. The effective diffusion coefficient is measured as D=D
0 exp
(-E
a/k
T) with D
0 of 3.61×1017 µm2/h and the activation energy E
a of 1.82 eV. In the single-mode waveguides, the propagation loss is as low as 0.7 dB/cm at the light wavelength of 633 nm. The electrooptic coefficient in these waveguides is measured as 28.4±0.4 pm/V at 633 nm, and almost negligible electrooptic degradation is observed compared with the bulk LiTaO3.
Ultraviolet Photoemission and Inverse Photoemission Spectra of K0.30MoO3
Authors: Ogawa Susumu , Namatame Hirofumi , Taniguchi Masaki , Fujisawa Masami , Suga Shigemasa , Nohara Shinichi , Misu Akira , Terashima Kazuo , Yamamoto Ryoichi
Published: February 2005

Vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectra (UPS) of the blue bronze K0.30MoO3 were measured at 80 and 293 K by using synchrotron radiation. The spectrum at 80 K showed an enhancement of the photoemission intensity at the binding energies (E
B) of around 0.1 and 1.0 eV compared with that at 293 K. These results are interpreted as due to the reduced zone effect by the Peierls transition taking place at 180 K. The inverse photoemission spectrum measured at room temperature has shown that the density of the unoccupied conduction band states is rather low near the Fermi level (E
F) and has a broad maximum around 2.5 eV above E
F.
A Novel Growth Technique for Single-Crystal Fibers: The Micro-Czochralski (µ-CZ) Method
Authors: Ohnishi Norio , Yao Takafumi
Published: February 2005

A novel growth technique (micro-Czochralski method; µ-CZ) for single-crystal fibers is proposed. The technique is a modified Czochralski method in which a single-crystal fiber is pulled from the source melt wetting the surface of a tiny platinum resistance heater.
LiNbO3 fibers around 100 µm in diameter and 70 mm in length with either c <0001 > or X <2 1̄1̄ 0 > axes have routinely been pulled at a speed of 0.4–1 mm/sec. The fibers exhibit growth characteristics such as growth striations and growth ridges which are similar to those of as-grown crystal boules.
The Formation of Pyrolytic Carbon on a Nickel Sheet
Authors: Wada Hiroshi , Suzuki Tomonari , Yoshimoto Yoshikazu , Yoshida Masaru , Nakajima Shigeo
Published: February 2005

Pyrolytic carbon films were deposited on nickel sheets by pyrolysis of benzene at 1000°C. The surface morphology and the degree of graphitization of the deposited carbon films depended on the benzen concentration of the supplied gas. A large amount of nickel was extruded from the nickel substrate to the surface of the carbon film at a certain concentration of benzene.
Desorption of the Excess Gallium Atoms at the Surface of Gallium Arsenide and Application to Atomic Layer Epitaxy
Authors: Sugiyama Nao-haru , Isu Toshiro , Katayama Yoshifumi
Published: February 2005

Desorption of the excess gallium atoms at the gallium arsenide surface is studied by means of an alternating source supply method. The activation energy of the desorption is estimated to be 2.5 eV, which is substantially smaller than that of the sublimation of Ga atoms from GaAs crystal (4.9 eV). Using this desorption behavior, the possibility of atomic layer epitaxy by molecular beam epitaxy is examined.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Cleaved Si and GaAs Surfaces in Air
Authors: Tanimoto Masafumi , Furuta Tomofumi , Kuriyama Youichi
Published: February 2005

Microstructures on cleaved Si and GaAs surfaces were directly observed in air by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Although an atom-resolved image of surface structures was not obtained, microstructures 15–40 nm in size and 1–30 nm in height were imaged. The comparison between STM and SEM images indicated that STM images reflect the microstructures on cleaved Si and GaAs surfaces. These results revealed that STM measurements are applicable to the characterization of semiconductor surface structures even in air.
Photoemission and RHEED Studies of Bonding Properties at the CaF2/GaAs(001) Interface
Authors: maruo Yasuko Yamada , Oshima Masaharu , Waho Takao , Kawamura Tomoaki
Published: February 2005

Surface-sensitive analysis with synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy is performed to determine the bonding properties of MBE-grown CaF2 films on GaAs(001) substrates for different substrate temperatures. Ca atoms in the unoxidized state and in the 1+ oxidation state exist at the interface at high (about 580°C) substrate temperature as a result of CaF2 dissociation reaction; the RHEED pattern which appears only in the high temperature condition, is related to Ca atoms in both the unoxidized state and the 1+ oxidation state. At low (about 420°C) substrate temperature, CaF2 does not dissociate.
Structural Model for the Negative Electron Affinity Surface of O/Cs/Si(001)2×1
Authors: Abukawa Tadashi , Kono Shozo , Sakamoto Tsunenori
Published: February 2005

A wide-terrace single-domain Si(001)2×1 surface has been used to prepare a single-domain Si(001)2×1-Cs surface and a negative electron affinity (NEA) surface of single-domain O/Cs/Si(001)2×1. An X-ray photoelectron diffraction study has reinforced the reliability of a Cs double-layer model for the Si(001)2×1-Cs surface. X-ray photoelectron diffraction for the NEA surface has revealed that the Cs double-layer is preserved and adsorption of oxygen takes place in a hollow site on a level that is coplanar with the lower Cs layer.
Epitaxial Growth of Organic Thin Films by Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Hara Masahiko , Sasabe Hiroyuki , Yamada Akira , Garito Anthony F.
Published: February 2005

Epitaxial growth of an organic ultrathin film has been confirmed for the first time by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) during film growth. Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) films were grown heteroepitaxially on a cleaved face of MoS2 under high vacuum of ca. 4×10-9 torr by a newly developed organic molecular beam epitaxy technique. The RHEED pattern revealed that epitaxially grown CuPc has its own lattice constant, which is completely different from that of MoS2 even at the initial deposition stage.
Fluorine-Doped Tin Dioxide Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Decomposition of Metallic Complex Salts
Authors: Maruyama Toshiro , Kitamura Kenji
Published: February 2005

Fluorine-doped tin dioxide thin films were prepared by thermal decomposition of metallic complex salts. Films of high transparency and low electric resistivity (2.68×10-3 Ω·cm) were obtained by dip coating glass substrates with a raw-material solution followed by heating at 500°C for 60 min in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Absorption Spectrum of Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Solution
Authors: Yoshino Katsumi , Nakao Kenji , Onoda Mitsuyoshi
Published: February 2005

The absorption edge of poly(3-hexylthiophene) in toluene demonstrates a remarkable red shift upon application of high hydrostatic pressure. A band gap as small as 1.7 eV has been evaluated in this solution under hydrostatic pressure. This is much smaller even than that of a nonsubstituted polythiophene film (2.0 eV) and is explained by the increased co-planarity due to the decreased torsion angle between neighboring thiophene rings.
Diffusion Coefficient and Reaction Rate Constant of the SiH3 Radical in Silane Plasma
Authors: Itabashi Naoshi , Kato Kozo , Nishiwaki Nobuki , Goto Toshio , Yamada Chikashi , Hirota Eizi
Published: February 2005

By using infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy, the rotational temperature and the number density of the SiH3(X̃2A1) radical were measured in a pulsed SiH4/H2 discharge. The decay of the absorption intensity was also measured as a function of the filling gas pressure for the line Q(6, 6)(1- ← 0+) of the SiH3 ν2 fundamental band to determine the effective diffusion coefficients (D(SiH3 in H2) and D(SiH3 in SiH4)) and the reaction rate constant (k) of the SiH3 radical.
A New Method for Obtaining A Clean SiO2-Si Interface Using NH3-O2 Oxidation
Authors: Tseng Yen-Chuan , Shono Katsufusa
Published: February 2005

The growth rate of SiO2 on a Si wafer obtained in an atmosphere of NH3 added to dry O2 was found to lie between the rates obtained with dry O2 and with steam oxidation. Although the as-grown SiO2-Si interface had characteristic instabilities, hydrogen annealing at 430°C yielded a CV curve with a deviation less than 50 mV from the ideal calculated one. The clean interface properties were also confirmed by observing the drain characteristics of MOS transistors with not only a thin channel oxide but also a thick field oxide.
Rhodamine 6G-Resazurin Energy Transfer Dye Laser
Authors: Sabry M. M. F. , Mekawey F. M.
Published: February 2005

An efficient operation of mixed dye system of Rh 6G-Resazurin of various concentrations with different ratios is shown. The tuning range of 90 nm in the pump power of a N
2 laser of 50 kW is achieved.
Optical and Electrical Characterization of BSO Crystals
Authors: Sawada Takayuki , Hirao Tetsuya , Ohara Hiroyuki , Ujihara Kikuo
Published: February 2005

Optical and electrical properties of undoped BSO crystals were simultaneously measured and compared. Material parameters determined from optical measurements such as steady-state diffraction efficiency versus light-induced grating spacing and recording time versus light-induced grating spacing characteristics agree well with those determined from electrical measurements, including steady-state photocurrent under a uniform illumination and interference fringe illumination, and transient photocurrent after application of a short light pulse, when a simple band transport model is used for the analyses. The result indicates that the simple electrical measurements are useful for rapid assessment of the crystal as well as for predicting the photorefractive properties.
Characterization of InP Grown by OMVPE Using Tertiary-butylphosphine for the Phosphorous Source
Authors: Takeda Yoshikazu , Araki Soichiro , Noda Susumu , Sasaki Akio
Published: February 2005

InP layers were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) at atmospheric pressure using trimethylindium (TMI) and tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) as source gases. Specular surfaces were obtained at growth temperatures between 550°C and 600°C and at the V/III ratio of 79. Electrical and optical characterizations were carried out to elucidate the behavior of unintentionally doped impurities in the grown layers. All the epitaxial layers showed n-type conductivity. The highest electron Hall mobilities were 3800 cm2V-1s-1 at 300 K and 12000 cm2V-1s-1 at 77 K with the electron concentrations of 7.5×1015 cm-3 and 6.8×1015 cm-3, respectively. Possible impurity sources were discussed.
Structure and Electrical Properties of Polyacetylene Yielding a Conductivity of 105 S/cm
Authors: Tsukamoto Jun , Takahashi Akio , Kawasaki Kikuko
Published: February 2005

We have prepared polyacetylene (ν-(CH)
x
) yielding a conductivity of more than 105 S/cm, by making some modifications on Naarmann et al.'s method. Structural analyses of this polymer were carried out by use of various analysis techniques such as SEM, IR and resonance Raman spectroscopy to characterize ν-(CH)
x
. No distinct differences in structure between conventional polyacetylene and ν-(CH)
x
were observed except for morphology and specific gravity. Upon iodine doping, conductivity increases stepwisely, which may suggest the formation of a staging structure and/or the transformation to metallic phase. However, in the temperature dependence of conductivity, we could not find any differences which distinguish the metallic ν-(CH)
x
from conventional polyacetylene.
Flashover Characteristics of Impulse Voltages on Solid Dielectric Surfaces under High Humidity
Authors: Hasegawa Seiichi , Akagami Hideo
Published: February 2005

For the design of electrical insulating devices, it is very important to observe discharge phenomena on the needle-to-plate electrode gap under high humidity. In this study, impulse flashover phenomena in a needle-to-circular-electrode gap on solid dielectric surfaces under a high humidity condition have been discussed. As a result, it was found that impulse flashover voltages are greatly influenced by both horizontal and vertical gap lengths. When the horizontal gap length is shorter than the vertical one, the flashover characteristics approach those in air. On the other hand, if the horizontal gap length is longer than the vertical one, characteristics more closely approach those on the dielectric surface. The flashover characteristics also depend upon the polarity of the needle electrode. The characteristics for positive polarity seems to be similar to those in air, and those for negative polarity approach the creepage characteristics on the dielectric surface.
Experimental Investigation on Temporal Evolution of Beam Plasma Discharge
Authors: Dodo Taro , Abe Yukio , Kamata Seiji , Han-Tao Ji , Sugawa Masao , Takahashi Kuniaki , Kawashima Nobuki
Published: February 2005

A pulse (∼200 µs) of electron beam (0.3∼1.5 kV, 2∼20 mA) is injected into Argon gas (10-5∼10-4 Torr) in a magnetic field (50∼300 G). A two-stream instability develops from low frequency (∼MHz) to high frequency (∼100 MHz) in proportion to the increase of the plasma frequency. When the instability frequency reaches the cyclotron frequency, the wave energy is rapidly transferred by cyclotron damping to the plasma and an ionization avalanche (beam plasma discharge) occurs.
The Electron Temperature in a Narrow-Discharge-Tube Noble-Gas Positive-Column Plasma
Authors: Kaneda Teruo , Ohsone Yasufumi , Hosokawa Tatsuzo , Chang Jen-Shih
Published: February 2005

The electron temperature in a 3-mm ID narrow-discharge-tube noble-gas positive-column plasma was measured. The experiments were conducted for the gas pressure from 0.1 to 10 Torr and the discharge current from 10 to 40 mA. The results show that except for helium gas, the electron temperature in a narrow-discharge-tube positive column does not depend monotonically on gas pressure, whereas significant discharge current dependence has been observed.
Electronic Structure of Nonstoichiometric Boron Nitride Films
Authors: Sakuma Akimasa
Published: February 2005

The density of states of π bands in boron nitride films is evaluated by assuming the films to be a substitutional disordered system in a two-dimensional hexagonal network. The Hamiltonian is described with a simple tight binding model and the calculations are carried out by using an extended version of the coherent potential approximation including atomic correlation. For completely disordered systems, no forbidden gap is found even in B/N=1, contrary to the experimental findings. When we start from periodic boron nitride (h-BN), on the other hand, where the energy gap is approximately 5 eV, the change in the composition ratio of B/N>1 turns out to narrow the gap due to the occurrence of new states. We suggest that the emergence of such a subband shows the crucial role of the decrease in the optical band gap of boron-rich films.
Level Excitation Cross Sections of Atomic Fragments in Low-Energy Electron Impact Dissociation of Group IV Hydrides
Authors: Kono Kyaw , Goto Toshio
Published: February 2005

The decay curves of atomic emissions observed in the low-energy electron impact excitation of GeH4, SiH4, and CH4 molecules were measured to evaluate the contributions of cascade transitions to the line emissions. By separating the cascade contributions from the fragment emission cross sections, level excitation cross sections were determined for the Ge I 5s 1Po, Si I 4s 1Po, and C I 3s 1Po levels. The measurements were carried out at the electron energies of 100 eV and around 30 eV. In every case, it was found that about half of these emissive fragments were produced by the radiative cascade from higher levels.
Computer-Controlled Levelling for a Pneumatic Antivibration Table
Authors: Tanaka Mitsuru
Published: February 2005

A pneumatic antivibration table with a new automatic level controlling system is developed and the performance is tested. The hardware for controlling the level is operated by an 8-bit microcomputer in order to reduce long-term drift in the vertical level of the table and to give flexibility to the hardware when applying it to automatic level control of various antivibration pneumatic tables. Continuous operation without maintenance for more than a year has proven its reliability and shown residual levelling error of around 20 µm. Antivibration characteristics under the controlling operation and the effects of an earthquake and loading of heavy apparatus on the table are checked.
Long-Running-Time (T=0.45 K) Germanium Bolometer for Far Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Satoh Naoki , Tanaka Yasumoto , Nagasaka Keigo
Published: February 2005

A long-running-time (T=0.45 K) germanium bolometer which has a compact charcoal adsorption pump with a novel 3He gas condenser has been constructed. The refrigerator provides continuous cooling of the bolometer element at 0.45 K for 24-hour measurements of spectra in the range 2 to 40 cm-1. Utilizing this bolometer system, transmission spectroscopy has been carried out successively, maintaining the temperature of the sample below 40 K and that of the bolometer element below 1.5 K without a thermal cycle. This experimental setup is essential for obtaining a reproducible spectrum of MEM(TCNQ)2. Thus, each resultant spectrum has good reproducibility even after one-week-long experiments.
Suppression of Increase in Impurity in Single-Bunch Mode for the UVSOR Storage Ring
Authors: Tobiyama Makoto , Kasuga Toshio , Yonehara Hiroto , Hasumoto Masami , Kinoshita Toshio , Matsudo Osamu , Nakamura Eiken , Sakai Kusuo , Yamazaki Jun'ichiro
Published: February 2005

A beam scraper system to prevent the increase in impurity in the single-bunch mode of the UVSOR electron storage ring was installed in the nonzero momentum dispersion section. The scraper cuts electrons thrown out of the RF buckets with a certain amount of momentum gain due to the Touschek effect, that can be captured by the following buckets. The system completely suppressed the growth of the impurity.
Epitaxial Growth of High Quality Diamond Film by the Microwave Plasma-Assisted Chemical-Vapor-Deposition Method
Authors: Shiomi Hiromu , Tanabe Keiichirou , Nishibayashi Yoshiki , Fujimori Naoji
Published: February 2005

High-quality diamond epitaxial films were obtained on Ib diamond (100) substrates by means of the microwave plasma-assisted chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) method. For the source gas, CH4 and H2 gases were used in different CH4 concentrations (CH4/H2), from 1 vol% to 8 vol%. At CH4/H2=6%, the surfaces of the films were smooth and streaks were observed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Raman spectra showed that they had no graphitic components. In contrast, Raman spectra showed that both the (110) epitaxial films and the polycrystalline films grown at CH4=6% had graphitic components.
Photoluminescence Properties of GaAs/AlAs Short-Period Superlattices
Authors: Nakayama Masaaki , Tanaka Isao , Kimura Ikuo , Nishimura Hitoshi
Published: February 2005

We have systematically investigated the photoluminescence (PL) properties of (GaAs)10/(AlAs)
m
and (GaAs)
l
/(AlAs)
l
superlattices with m=2–20 and l=8–18 monolayers in the wide temperature range from 5 to ∼300 K. Two types of PL bands appear in the superlattices with m≥6 and l≤12: the type-I PL between the Γ electrons and the Γ heavy holes of GaAs, and the type-II PL between the X electrons of AlAs and the Γ heavy holes of GaAs. The layer-thickness dependences of the type-I and type-II PL energies in both the (GaAs)10/(AlAs)
m
and (GaAs)
l
/(AlAs)
l
superlattices are explained by the results calculated on the basis of an effective-mass approximation with a valence-band-offset ratio of 0.34. We discuss the Γ-X crossover in the conduction band, the anisotropy of the X electron state, and the temperature dependences of the intensities and energies of the type-I and type-II PL bands.
Fabrication of Quantum Wires by Ga Focused-Ion-Beam Implantation and Their Transport Properties
Authors: Nakata Syunji , Yamada Syoji , Hirayama Yoshiro , Saku Tadashi , Horikoshi Yoshiji
Published: February 2005

Quantum wire structures are defined on a modulation-doped AlGaAs/GaAs wafer grown by MBE using highly resistive regions formed by focused-Ga-ion-beam scanning and subsequent annealing. These fabricated wires show positive magnetoconductance and universal conductance fluctuations at low temperature. A Schottky electrode is placed on these wires and magnetoresistance characteristics are measured by changing the gate voltage at a fixed temperature. Ballistic electron transport is confirmed for a short wire, 0.6 µm in length, whereas universal conductance fluctuations are observed for a long wire, 2.4 µm in length, and the relationship between the phase coherent length and the conductance is obtained asLin∝G0.7from the gate voltage dependence on fluctuation amplitude.
Two-Time Three-Equation Method for Analysis of Oxidation-Enhanced and -Retarded Diffusions and Growth of Oxidation Stacking Faults in Silicon
Authors: Okino Takahisa , Yoshida Masayuki
Published: February 2005

For analysis of oxidation-enhanced and -retarded diffusion (OED and ORD) and oxidation stacking faults (OSF) in Si, two out of the three equations for OED, ORD and OSF were used. The equation for a local equilibrium between self-interstitials and vacancies was also used. Thus three equations were used. Two time values were taken in these three equations. In the previous paper (Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1988) 967), the experimental results were modified in order to obtain physically reasonable solutions. But this is not good. In the present work, therefore, the equations were simultaneously solved without modifying experimental results. It was concluded that the equation of OSF should not be used.
Amorphous-Silicon Thin-Film Transistors with Silicon Dioxide Gate Grown in Nitric-Acid Gas
Authors: Zhang Hongyong , Kanoh Hiroshi , Yamaji Shunji , Sugiura Osamu , Matsumura Masakiyo
Published: February 2005

A low-temperature thermal-oxidation method of silicon wherein nitric acid in gas phase is used as an oxidizing agent has been developed. Five nanometers-thick oxide was grown within 24 h at temperatures below 350°C. Interface and bulk characteristics were as good as those of high-temperature thermal oxide grown by conventional methods. The new oxide has been applied successfully to the gate insulator of amorphous-silicon thin-film transistors. It was found that the transistor had stabler characteristics than the conventional one with plasma-deposited silicon nitride.
A Note on the Possibility of Conductivity Enhancement in Fast Ion Conductor Superlattices
Authors: Aniya Masaru
Published: February 2005

Based on the experimental evidence accumulated on solid dispersion, a possible conductivity enhancement in a superlattice system composed of ionic materials is suggested. The possibility of conductivity enhancement in a fast ion conductor superlattice is also discussed.
Improvement of a Corona-Preionized TEA-CO2 Laser by Means of High-Frequency Corona Discharge
Authors: Nakamura Keiji , Yamabe Chobei , Horii Kenji
Published: February 2005

It is reported that the input and output energy density of about 220 J/1 and 14 J/1, respectively, are obtained in a corona-preionized TEA-CO2 laser with the superposition of the high-frequency corona discharge (HFCD) on the main discharge. There is an optimum delay time between the initiation of the HFCD current and the main discharge. Also, it is necessary for the HFCD current to have a high peak value, a short-period oscillation and a duration of more than 1 µs to increase the laser output and to suppress the glow-to-arc transition. These conditions for the HFCD current are satisfied by the reduction of both resistance and inductance in the HFCD circuit.
Sensory Control and Organization of Neural Networks Mediating Coordination of Multisegmental Organs for Locomotion
Authors: Büschges Ansgar
Published: February 2005

It is well established that locomotor patterns result from the interaction between central pattern generating networks in the nervous system, local feedback from sensory neurons about movements and forces generated in the locomotor organs, and coordinating signals from neighboring segments or appendages. This review addresses the issue of how the movements of multi-segmented locomotor organs are coordinated and provides an overview of recent advances in understanding sensory control and the internal organization of central pattern generating networks that operate multi-segmented locomotor organs, such as a walking leg. Findings from the stick insect and the cat are compared and discussed in relation to new findings on the lamprey swimming network. These findings support the notion that common schemes of sensory feedback are used for generating walking and that central neural networks controlling multi-segmented locomotor organs generally encompass multiple central pattern generating networks that correspond with the segmental structure of the locomotor organ.