bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A transformer model for learning spatiotemporal contextual representation in fMRI data
Authors: Asadi Nima , Olson Ingrid R. , Obradovic Zoran
Published: September 2022

Representation learning is a core component in data-driven modeling of various complex phenomena. Learning a contextually informative representation can especially benefit the analysis of fMRI data because of the complexities and dynamic dependencies present in such datasets. In this work, we propose a framework based on transformer models to learn an embedding of the fMRI data by taking the spatiotemporal contextual information in the data into account. This approach takes the multivariate BOLD time series of the regions of the brain as well as their functional connectivity network simultaneously as the input to create a set of meaningful features that can in turn be used in various downstream tasks such as classification, feature extraction, and statistical analysis. The proposed spatiotemporal framework uses the attention mechanism as well as the graph convolution neural network to jointly inject the contextual information regarding the dynamics in time series data and their connectivity into the representation. We demonstrate the benefits of this framework by applying it to two resting-state fMRI datasets, and provide further discussion on various aspects and advantages of it over a number of other commonly adopted architectures.
Responses of infective juveniles of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita) to amino acids
Authors: Jiang Ye , Huang Minghui , Li Chunjie , Hua Cui , Qin Ruifeng , Chang Doudou , Jiang Dan , Zhao Lei , Wang Xuan , Yu Jinyao , Wang Congli
Published: September 2022

Plant-parasitic nematode infective juveniles (J2) use phytochemical signals released into the rhizosphere to locate host roots. Amino acids are the second most abundant metabolites of root exudates, but it is unknown if they are associated with J2 chemotaxis. In this study, J2 chemotaxis and mortality of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. hapla) were examined in response to 15 amino acids and the corresponding pH values for tested amino acid solutions were measured. Responses varied by amino acid and among the species. Significant attraction, determined by J2 count within amino acid solution dispensers after 24 h exposure, occurred with 19 out of 45 J2-amino acid combinations. Heterodera glycines, M. hapla and M. incognita were attracted to nine, three and seven amino acids, respectively. Strongest attractions were to acidic polar amino acids aspartate and glutamate (H. glycines, M. hapla) and basic polar arginine (M. hapla), as previously reported, acid and basic pH attracting nematodes, thereby indicating that pH might be one of the attraction factors for these amino acids. All three nematodes exhibited clustering behaviours, such as halo or balling formations, just outside amino acid solution dispensers, with H. glycines, M. hapla and M. incognita responding to four, 12 and two amino acids, respectively. Six of 15 amino acid solutions, representing a range of pH values, caused increased mortality. Certain aspartate and glutamate affected both H. glycines and M. hapla; arginine, aspartate, cysteine, lysine, methionine affected M. incognita; and cysteine caused complete mortality in M. hapla. All the results suggest that amino acids affect nematode attraction and mortality.
Predation drives convergent evolution of the thick and baggy cuticle in nematodes
Authors: Ichiishi Kanata , Ekino Taisuke , Kanzaki Natsumi , Shinya Ryoji
Published: September 2022

The nematode cuticle is an important structure that provides protection from abiotic environmental stresses and natural enemies. The cuticle ultrastructure of a Myolaimus species (culture code NKZ384) isolated from Kyoto, Japan, was examined in relation to its avoidance of predation by an aphelenchoidid predator, Seinura caverna. The survivability of Myolaimus sp. co-cultured with the predator was examined and compared with those of four Poikilolaimus spp. previously reported by the present authors. Myolaimus and two of the four Poikilolaimus spp. share a ‘baggy’ cuticle and resisted predation effectively. However, the ultrastructure differed between these two genera: i.e., the cuticle of Myolaimus sp. is seven-zoned, while that of P. regenfussi and P. oxycercus is five-zoned. In addition, Myolaimus sp. does not possess the characteristic osmophilic zone reported in Poikilolaimus spp. Therefore, although the ultrastructure differs, the thick and baggy cuticle found in these two phylogenetically distant genera exhibits functional convergence to resist predation.
Saying ‘I Do’ to Feminism
Authors: Trudeau Elizabeth , Jorgensen Abigail
Published: September 2022

Do Christian women who identify as feminist act differently than those who do not? Scholars have pointed out that religious women may exhibit beliefs about gender equality, whether or not they identify as feminists. But do women who choose to identify explicitly as feminists differ in their behavior from women who do not? We answer this question by analyzing 307 qualitative survey responses from Christian women in the U.S. about an important point in their lives, when gender and religious identities become particularly salient and fraught: weddings. We found that explicit feminists thought and acted differently compared to “implicit” and “non” feminists. Further, Protestant and Catholic feminists used different strategies to intersect their feminist and religious identities. We conclude that the decision to identify explicitly as a feminist or not does not just represent a semantic difference between Christian women but a real difference in both beliefs and actions.
A new species of Austrophasiopsis Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Nepal, with systematic notes on the genus
Authors: SHIMA HIROSHI , TACHI TAKUJI
Published: September 2022

A new species of Austrophasiopsis Townsend from Nepal, Austrophasiopsis caliginosa sp. nov., is described and illustrated. Two known species, A. formosensis Townsend and A. luteipennis Mesnil, are redescribed and illustrated and a key to the three species is provided. Based on a morphological study, Austrophasiopsis is moved from its current position in the tribe Minthoini to the Leskiini (Tachininae) where it is considered close to Solieria Robineau-Desvoidy.
Platycrus—a remarkable new genus of the tribe Platynaspini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Laos
Authors: SZAWARYN KAROL , ŚLIPIŃSKI ADAM
Published: September 2022

A new remarkable ladybird beetle Platycrus laotanus gen. et sp. nov. is described from Laos. It is placed in the tribe Platynaspini, but it differs from the remaining members of the tribe by having unusually expanded legs, a peculiar pocket-like structure to accommodate the tarsi in repose, and the antennae consisting of 11 antennomeres. Detailed morphological description and illustrations are provided. Taxonomic placement of the newly described taxon is discussed, and a transfer of the genera Crypticolus Strohecker and Hornious Weise from Platynaspini to Coccinellinae as incerte sedis.
Changes in ENSO Characteristics in Model Simulations with Considerably Altered Background Climate States
Authors: Siuts Thea , Bayr Tobias , Lübbecke Joke F.
Published: September 2022

Changes in the background climate are known to affect El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) by altering feedbacks that control ENSO’s characteristics. Here, the sensitivity of ENSO variability to the background climate is investigated by utilizing two Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), simulations in which the solar constant is altered by ±25 W m−2. The resulting stable warm and cold climate mean state simulations differ in terms of ENSO amplitude, frequency, diversity, asymmetry, and seasonality. In the warm run, ENSO reveals a larger amplitude and occurs at higher frequencies relative to the cold and control runs as well as observations. The warm run also features more eastern Pacific El Niños, an increased asymmetry, and a stronger seasonal phase locking. These changes are linked to changes in the mean state via the amplifying and damping feedbacks. In the warm run, a shallower mean thermocline results in a stronger subsurface–surface coupling, whereas the cold run reveals reduced ENSO variability due to a reduced Bjerknes feedback in accordance with a deeper mean thermocline and enhanced surface wind stress. A strong zonal advective and upwelling feedback further contribute to the large ENSO amplitude in the run with a warmer mean state. In the cold run, ENSO events are partly forced by anomalous shortwave radiation. However, in light of the large temperature contrast between the simulations of up to 6 K in the tropical Pacific, the relatively small changes in ENSO variability highlight the robustness of ENSO dynamics under vastly different climate mean states.
Role of a Pacific Easterly Wave in the Genesis of Hagupit (2008)
Authors: Zhao Chen , Li Tim , Bi Mingyu
Published: September 2022

The Advanced version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model is used to investigate the influence of an easterly wave (EW) on the genesis of Typhoon Hagupit (2008) in the western North Pacific. Observational analysis indicates that the precursor disturbance of Typhoon Hagupit (2008) is an easterly wave (EW) in the western North Pacific, which can be detected at least 7 days prior to the typhoon genesis. In the control experiment, the genesis of the typhoon is well captured. A sensitivity experiment is conducted by filtering out the synoptic-scale (3–8-day) signals associated with the EW. The absence of the EW eliminates the typhoon genesis. Two mechanisms are proposed regarding the effect of the EW on the genesis of Hagupit. First, the background cyclonic vorticity of the EW could induce the small-scale cyclonic vorticities to merge and develop into a system-scale vortex. Second, the EW provides a favorable environment in situ for the rapid development of the typhoon disturbance through a positive moisture–convection feedback.
Short-Term Visibility Prediction Using Tree-Based Machine Learning Algorithms and Numerical Weather Prediction Data
Authors: Kim Bu-Yo , Belorid Miloslav , Cha Joo Wan
Published: September 2022

Accurate visibility prediction is imperative in the interests of human and environmental health. However, the existing numerical models for visibility prediction are characterized by low prediction accuracy and high computational cost. Thus, in this study, we predicted visibility using tree-based machine learning algorithms and numerical weather prediction data determined by the local data assimilation and prediction system (LDAPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration. We then evaluated the accuracy of visibility prediction for Seoul, South Korea, through a comparative analysis using observed visibility from the automated synoptic observing system. The visibility predicted by machine learning algorithm was compared with the visibility predicted by LDAPS. The LDAPS data employed to construct the visibility prediction model were divided into learning, validation, and test sets. The optimal machine learning algorithm for visibility prediction was determined using the learning and validation sets. In this study, the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) algorithm showed the highest accuracy for visibility prediction. Comparative results using the test sets revealed lower prediction error and higher correlation coefficient for visibility predicted by the XGB algorithm (bias: −0.62 km, MAE: 2.04 km, RMSE: 2.94 km, and R: 0.88) than for that predicted by LDAPS (bias: −0.32 km, MAE: 4.66 km, RMSE: 6.48 km, and R: 0.40). Moreover, the mean equitable threat score (ETS) also indicated higher prediction accuracy for visibility predicted by the XGB algorithm (ETS: 0.5–0.6 for visibility ranges) than for that predicted by LDAPS (ETS: 0.1–0.2).
Increase in Rate of Hospitalizations for Pediatric Intentional Acetaminophen Ingestion at a Single Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Moss Rachel E. , Hertzberg Emily H. , Person Hannibal , Stoffels Guillaume , Zackai Sheemon , Bucuvalas John , Gillen Jennifer K.
Published: September 2022

Objectives:

Social disruption due to COVID-19 has detrimentally affected American adolescents’ emotional well-being. Within our system, pediatric acetaminophen ingestions increased in 2020, compared with previous years. We sought to evaluate the rate of hospitalizations for acetaminophen self-harm ingestions and self-harm of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Study Design:

We identified patients (aged 0-23) from billing data with diagnosis of acetaminophen ingestion with self-harm intent (ICD-10 code T391X2A), from a multicenter urban, quaternary health care system. We performed retrospective chart review from 2016 to 2020 and performed statistics using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression model.

Results:

From 2016 to 2020, there were 25 790 discharges of adolescents with 65 acetaminophen self-harm ingestion and 148 self-harm discharges. Of the 65 acetaminophen patients, 75% identified as female and 54% identified as non-white; 71% with Medicaid insurance. The proportion of acetaminophen ingestion and self-harm admissions increased from 0.13% in 2016 to 0.46% by 2020 and 0.42% in 2016 to 0.73% by 2020, respectively. The odds of acetaminophen ingestion admission increased by 28% each additional year (odds ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 1.53; P = .006). There was not enough evidence to conclude that the log-odds of a self-harm ingestion were linearly related to time ( P = .06).

Conclusions:

Acetaminophen ingestion for self-harm has significantly increased, while overall self-harm has increased to a lesser, nonsignificant degree. Primarily females of color and those with Medicaid insurance are affected. It is important to note this growing, disturbing trend, and to continue to screen for depression in our adolescent community and ensure access to mental health resources.
Professionalising the police pragmatically
Authors: McCanney John , Taylor Julie C , Morris Karen
Published: September 2022

The College of Policing has stated its intention to have policing recognised as a profession. In pursuit of this ambition, they have created a Code of Ethics and introduced a graduate entry requirement for new recruits. These changes reflect common features of established professions such as medicine and the law.

Another common feature of established professions is an established body of knowledge that informs professional practice. The College has developed a Crime Reduction Toolkit as the genesis of a knowledge base for policing. The evidence presented on the toolkit is generally based on random control trials and their systematic review. While this is accords with the evidence-based approach supported by the College and others it has been criticised as being too quantitative. Some commentators have argued that it overlooks the qualitative approaches such as ethnography which have been the traditional research approach to the study of policing and ignores the voice of practitioners. It is generally accepted that to date research has had little impact on policing practice.

This article argues for the adoption of a pragmatic philosophical framework for the development and application of a professional knowledge-based for policing. Pragmatic philosophy would facilitate the incorporation of both qualitative and quantitative research into the creation of a knowledgebase. Furthermore, pragmatism is an action-oriented philosophy that accords with the College of Policing’s ‘what works’ agenda, and would not only accommodate practitioner research but provides a structure for changes to current practices that are needed if the police are to become a profession
Analysis of Classroom Discipline-Related Content in Elementary Education Journals
Authors: Hardman Elizabeth L. , Smith Stephen W.
Published: September 2022

For most elementary teachers, maintaining classroom discipline is a daily concern, one that can be rewarding and at the same time a source of frustration. The inclusion of students with emotional or behavioral disorders and other students with behavioral problems can strain even the most competent classroom teachers and may add to the already increasing demands to maintain discipline in today's classrooms. Because maintaining positive classroom discipline is one of the foremost concerns of teachers and other education professionals, we analyzed the discipline-related content of a purposively selected sample of 13 elementary education journals published over a 10-year period, determining the number and type of articles published and the articles’ thematic content. We found that only 1 % of the articles were about classroom discipline, and the content often failed to define specifically and substantively the teacher's role in identifying and mediating behavior problems. We argue that the attention to classroom discipline in elementary education journals is not commensurate with teachers’ level of concern about classroom discipline and that scholars in elementary education may not perceive this topic to be an important curriculum issue and/or a primary responsibility of the classroom teacher.
Race and climate change: Towards anti-racist ecologies
Authors: Tilley Lisa , Ranawana Anupama M , Baldwin Andrew , Tully Tyler M
Published: September 2022

Global South scholars have long documented and theorised their communities’ struggles against the ecological degradation, toxic contamination, and climate change–related extreme weather events which result from the overlapping ills of colonialism, imperialism, and racial capitalism. Building on that existing work, contributors to this collection extend and deepen understandings of the material entanglements of race and ecology in our contemporary conjuncture. Speaking from various scales and locations, including the Caribbean, Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Palestine, the authors reflect on those sites while also collectively recovering and amplifying lineages of thought on ecology from across the South. As the contributions collected here show, the traps set by global structures of race also direct mainstream climate solutions back towards the expropriation, premature death, or prevention of birth of peoples of colour by various means, from militarised conservation to eugenic populationism. Confronting the racial logics of both ecological harm and its supposed solutions is therefore a key task of this collection. As a collective, however, the issue’s contributors also carve out paths to reparation and structural change which form the contours of an anti-racist ecology for our times.
Refractory postherpetic neuralgia in a multiple myeloma patient with lenalidomide maintenance therapy: a case report
Authors: Cao Xueqin , Wu Gang , Jiao Bo , Zhang Xianwei
Published: September 2022

Herpes zoster is not common in multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with lenalidomide-based regimens. We report an MM patient in his late 60s who received lenalidomide as maintenance treatment and whose condition was complicated with refractory postherpetic neuralgia. The patient received antiviral treatment and analgesia immediately after the diagnosis of herpes zoster. Two months later, the patient received acupuncture, radiofrequency treatment, and even spinal cord stimulation, which failed to relieve the pain. Consequently, we performed high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical and thoracic nerves. Then, stellate ganglion block, left C5/C6/C7/C8 nerve root block, and left thoracic 1, 2 paravertebral nerve block were performed with the assistance of real-time ultrasound. The pain was immediately relieved after treatment; however, the symptoms reappeared 2 days later. At 5 months after treatment, the patient still experienced severe pain. We suggest that MM patients complicated with postherpetic neuralgia are refractory to treatment. Starting nerve block therapy, pulsed radiofrequency, and other interventional therapies as early as possible could be a more optimal treatment plan for these patients.
Anthropophagy, European enlightenment, science and technology studies, and responsible knowledge construction in Brazil
Authors: da Costa Marques Ivan
Published: September 2022

Many parts of the world receive from abroad not only objects of technology, but also scientific discoveries, and organizing elements and practices as well. Since these entities materially comprehend a formidable part of their modes of existence, let us say that non-Western countries result from ontologies/epistemologies that in large part come from abroad. This manifested coloniality emerges in the feeling of contradiction between national realities and the ideological prestige of the Western imperial centers that serve as models to them. This configures a malaise that is deeply rooted in educated Brazilians. I discuss lines of flight from that malaise in an articulation that configures a philosophical and political novelty in Brazil. In examples concerning computing in Brazil, I juxtapose elements of STS, the metaphorical anthropophagic movement, and the European Enlightenment project, to enact a more symmetrical, dialogical, and inclusive world by constructing ‘respectful enough’ stories. In doing so, the anthropophagic movement, previously in practice restricted to the artistic realms, incorporates sciences and technologies. In each of these stories, the enlightened motto ‘daring to know’ is juxtaposed with the anthropophagic metaphorical motto ‘eat the stranger’ around modern Western scientific and technological issues in local situated ways.
The mechanism of radiotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma in promoting protein SIRT6-mediated deacetylation of RBBP8 to enhance the sensitivity of targeted therapy
Authors: Wang Jiying , Sheng Zhaoying , Dong Zhiyi , Wu Qiongya , Cai Yong
Published: September 2022

Background

Lung cancer has the fastest increase in morbidity and mortality, and is one of the most threatening malignant tumors to human health and life. Both radiotherapy and targeted therapy are typical treatments after lung cancer surgery. Radiotherapy is a means of locally killing cancer lesions, and it plays an important role in the entire management of lung cancer. Gefitinib is one of the most commonly used targeted therapy drugs in the treatment of lung cancer. The purpose of this project is to explore the mechanism by which deacetylation of RBBP8 mediated by radiotherapy-promoting protein SIRT6 in lung adenocarcinoma enhances the sensitivity of targeted therapy.

Methods

In both the cell experiments and the animal experiments, the samples were divided into five groups: Model group, RT group, CT group, RT+CT group, and RT+CT+inhibitor group. The CCK8 method was used to detect the viability of each group of cells. The flow cytometry experiment was used to analyze the apoptotic characteristics of each group of cells. The scratch test was used to detect the migration ability of each group of cells. Transwell invasion test was used to determine the invasion ability of each group of cells. The lung tumor tissues of each group of mice were collected to analyze the tumor size, volume, and metastasis characteristics. The TUNEL experiment was used to detect the apoptosis characteristics of the cells in the lung cancer tissues of each group mice. Immunohistochemistry experiments were used to analyze the distribution and relative expression characteristics of protein SIRT6 in mouse lung cancer tissues. The colorimetric experiments were used to detect the activity of Caspase 3 and Caspase 8 in each group. Western blot method was used to detect the expression of SIRT6, RBBP8, and MYC in each group.

Results

In each experiment, the results of the experiment have mutually proven consistency, and there is no contradiction. In addition to the Model group, the other 4 groups used different treatment methods. The better the curative effect, the lower the cell viability of cancer cells and the higher the apoptotic ratio. This is reflected in the CCK8 test, flow cytometry analysis, cell scratch test, Transwell cell migration test, and TUNEL detection. At the same time, colorimetric detection and Western blot analysis also analyzed the levels of SIRT6, RBBP8 and other cancer-related proteins in each group at the molecular level, implying the importance of SIRT6 protein in the treatment process.

Conclusion

Our project has proved that radiotherapy can promote the protein SIRT6 to deacetylate RBBP8 proteins, and ultimately enhance targeted therapy drug sensitivity.
Productive and Unproductive Sectors’ Interactions in Brazil: A Miyazawa Analysis
Authors: Morrone Henrique , Marquetti Adalmir Antonio , Miebach Alessandro Donadio
Published: September 2022

This article employs Miyazawa’s method to investigate the interaction between productive and unproductive sectors during the 2002–2014 period in Brazil. The results showed a growing dependence of productive on unproductive sectors together with a rise in the unproductive share in the economy, particularly after 2008. Our ﬁndings stressed the relationship between the rising importance of unproductive industries and lower total output growth, as emphasized by the classical-Marxian literature.

JEL Classification: B51, C67, P16
A Moment in Time
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: September 2022

Time is often reflected in a linear, chronological order. It is considered a basic unit of reference for institutions that employ nurses, and it is referred to as nursing time. This article raises a discussion regarding ethical thinking for the meaning of time as glimpsing the moment and its importance for persons’ living quality. Implications for nurse practice and the future of nurse education shall be undertaken.
Health Research in a Jail: Methodological Challenges
Authors: Pascoe Kelsey J. , Walsh Elaine , Gage Bruce C. , Van Son Catherine
Published: September 2022

Strict regulations are in place for conducting research with prisoners. Published studies are limited that focus on improving the health and well-being of incarcerated persons. Subsequently, institutional review boards established methods to guide researchers in conducting fair and ethical research in carceral settings. The authors of this paper discuss some of the methodological challenges that exist when conducting research with incarcerated persons. Unique methodological challenges were found during the process of conducting a research study inside a jail setting. The authors discuss challenges and provide guidance for future studies. Despite challenges, researchers can conduct studies that can benefit incarcerated persons.
CFD and experimental study of heat dissipation from an anti-coning, pin vented, inboard mounted brake disc
Authors: Mingozzi Filippo , Verdin Patrick G , Gucci Lorenzo , Tirovic Marko
Published: September 2022

Anti-coning brake discs are known for their superior NVH characteristics when compared to other disc designs, but also for poorer heat dissipation. Cooling characteristics of such a disc design are studied numerically and experimentally on a specially developed Thermal Spin Rig. The disc is installed inboard on a high-performance off-road vehicle, with portal axles and wheel drives, resulting in nearly fourfold higher disc rotational speeds in comparison to the wheel speeds. Being exposed to the free-flowing air and rotating much faster makes this application well worth the attention and deeper study in terms of disc cooling. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses show a detailed distribution of air velocities and pathlines, temperatures, pressures, and convective heat transfer coefficients. The results are all very coherent, conveying very useful information, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Their cumulative effect has been successfully validated by comparing the CFD predicted average convective heat transfer coefficients ( hconv) with the experimental results obtained on the Thermal Spin Rig, in a controlled environment. CFD results show to be very close to average hconv values calculated from measured cooling curves. The agreement is very good for the wide temperature and speed range. The overall relative differences are under 5%, and in most cases under 3%, except for the low disc rotation speeds, which show a maximum relative difference of 12.5% calculated at 200 rpm, for the disc heated to 300°C. Such outcomes give confidence in the CFD results for future work in both disc design and vehicle installations.
The effect of renewable energy and economic conditions on the environmental degradation in China
Authors: Chien Fengsheng
Published: September 2022

Environmental degradation has been recognized as a global issue due to high energy consumption and economic growth. This situation needs researchers to focus on, thereby, the current article examined the impact of renewable energy production (REP), energy import, renewable energy consumption (REC), gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in China. The study considered secondary data and extracted it from the World Bank database covering the period 1981 to 2018. The current article has examined the stationarity of the constructs using Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests and investigated the association among constructs using the quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) model. The data revealed that REP, energy import, and REC, had a significant and negative linkage with CO2 emission in China. In contrast, GDP, inflation, and FDI are linked with CO2 emission in a positive manner. The article also guided the policymakers regarding the policy development related to reducing carbon emissions using renewable energy production and consumption.
Explaining public support for demanding activation of the unemployed: The role of subjective risk perceptions and stereotypes about the unemployed
Authors: Rossetti Federica , Meuleman Bart , Baute Sharon
Published: September 2022

In recent decades, European welfare states have adopted demanding active labour market policies (ALMPs), aimed at increasing labour market participation through imposing stricter work-related obligations and benefit cuts in case of job offer rejection. This article investigates whether support for such demanding ALMPs is driven by risk perceptions of future unemployment and negative stereotypes about unemployed persons. Insights into the role of risk perceptions and stereotypes offer opportunities to gain a better understanding of the impact of structural variables. Drawing on data from the European Social Survey 2016 in 21 European countries, the analysis reveals that higher subjective risk of unemployment decreases support for these ALMPs substantially, whereas negative perceptions of the unemployed increase support. However, these factors play at the individual level only and do not explain country-level differences in support of demanding ALMPs. The notable cross-national variation in support of activation policies is found to be unrelated to economic factors and to the strictness of activation requirements for unemployment benefits.
Social Psychological Research on Racism and the Importance of Historical Context: Implications for Policy
Authors: Trawalter Sophie , Higginbotham Gerald D. , Henderson Kyshia
Published: September 2022

Psychology is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it affects behavior. In the context of intergroup relations and, specifically, the study of racism, the tight focus on mind and behavior has meant an incomplete understanding of racism and, crucially, an incomplete—and sometimes harmful—accounting of ways to redress it. Here, we put forth and summarize a long-standing but oft-neglected critique that psychology, by neglecting historical and systemic racism, offers incomplete and sometimes harmful solutions to redressing racism. We then discuss four examples of research that, by connecting psychology to history, might lead the way to better solutions. We close by joining others who have suggested that psychology must acknowledge historical and systemic racism and offering guidance for how researchers and psychology as a field might do this.
Intra-household Gender Disparity in Private Tuition: Evidence from West Bengal
Authors: Sengupta Indrani , Ghosh Priyanta
Published: September 2022

The article focuses on intra-household gender disparity in private tuition in West Bengal. By employing Engel curve framework and hurdle model with household-level data from NSS 71st Round (2014–2015), the article establishes that there is significant gender bias in favour of girls for the age group 15–20 years. This is contrary to the general perception of gender bias against girls. It has also been found that at the same age group, there is a significant difference in enrolment of girls and boys in private schools where boys are mostly enrolled in private schools. This finding suggests that girls are discriminated at the decision of formal schooling, but there is an attempt to compensate for it at a later stage when credentials become important to signal in the labour market or marriage market.
MGNREGA in the Drought-Affected Talukas in Karnataka: Lessons for the COVID-19 Induced Calamity and Reverse Migration
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Madheswaran S.
Published: September 2022

This article examines the performance of MGNREGA in select drought-affected talukas of Karnataka during the drought years and crisis situations. Furthermore, drawing from the past comparative performances in the drought- and the non-drought-affected talukas, this study attempts to identify MGNREGA’s strengths, weaknesses and opportunity in view of the unprecedented COVID-19-driven reverse migration. The evidence shows that drought-affected talukas, particularly in the poorest regions, show strong positive responses to MGNREGA and utilise programme funds. However, lack of standing instructions and automatic applicability of enhanced entitlement and the cumbersome process of fund release impose limits on the accelerated benefits to the aspiring households. Funds to meet the increased demand for work during the crisis periods require significant high order grant releases to avoid rationing. But MGNREGA may be an unequal match for humongous calamities like COVID-19 that induced the return of large hordes of migrant workers to some of the poorest regions in the country. Crises of such magnitude require swifter and proportionate responses like the special programme Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan conceived by the central government.
Hostile-emotional excess of zeal in public social media: A case study of an online firestorm against an organization
Authors: Rost Katja , Stahel Lea
Published: September 2022

Caused by perceived norm violations, online firestorms confront organizations with large volumes of hostile-emotional comments on public social media leading to a damage to reputation or the cancellation of products and projects. Relying on social norm theory we analyze how people express perceived norm violations in their online comments and how this relates to their use of hostile-emotional online sanctions. We distinguish negative externalities; propriety judgements; excess of zeal, which combines negative externalities with propriety judgements; and no justification, meaning no speculations about why norm violations occurred, as four types of motive for hostile verbal expression. Using hostile-emotional sanctioning is differently associated with these motives: (1) weak association with negative externalities to maintain credibility; (2) moderate association with propriety judgements as a result of altruistic punishments; (3) moderate association with no justification, triggered by arousal; and (4) strong association with an excess of zeal because norm enforcers believe that a latent group exists which rewards them with positive sanctions for working toward the common goal and punishes them with negative sanctions for shirking. We analyze one specific online protest signed by 305,122 people that led to a massive hostile-emotional firestorm against an organization. We find that 37% of the 44,173 individuals who additionally commented their protest participation were hostile and/or emotional. As predicted, we find that compared to the other motives, the excess of zeal is most likely to motivate hostile-emotional sanctions. Overall, our theory and findings explain why most online firestorms are hard to stop: with an excess of zeal, a latent group of norm enforcers must be appeased.
Offsetting Game—Framing Environmental Issues in the Design of a Serious Game
Authors: Nygren Nina V. , Kankainen Ville , Brunet Lucas
Published: September 2022

Background

Biodiversity crisis requires researchers to reflect on tools and strategies to engage with different stakeholders. We propose that serious games can be designed to introduce stakeholders to a novel environmental policy tool and to communicate research on environmental issues. Our case is biodiversity offsetting (BDO), a novel policy tool aiming to reconcile nature conservation with other land uses. As any media, games offer certain framings of the issues they communicate about—some aspects are made more salient than others. However, frame analysis has not been widely used to analyze the design choices or the messages communicated by games. We analyze how these framings are designed into a game communicating about environmental issues.

Aim

To intervene in the emerging public discussion on BDO in Finland, we designed a land use board game and during the design process, played it with public and private stakeholders who would soon encounter and implement biodiversity offsetting policies in Finland. The aim of this article is to describe how our framings of BDO affected the design process and how those framings interacted with the design decisions we made. With our analysis, we want to contribute to the understanding of how framings and design choices interact in game design and how paying attention to framings is especially important for the design of SGs.

Method

We analyze how our framings of biodiversity offsetting and our design choices interact in game design. Our understanding of biodiversity offsetting guided our game design, but the design choices also contribute to the framing of the issue itself.

Results

Game design choices strongly frame the topic of the game and thus influence the function of a serious game. Thus, the framings of the topic should be considered carefully during the game design process, especially in the context of serious games.
Predictors of Discussing Lung Cancer Screening with a Health Care Provider Among Current and Former Smokers in HINTS: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Anderson Shacoria L. , Livingston Melvin D. , Higgins Kristin A. , McBride Colleen M.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Lung cancer screening is greatly underutilized among those who may benefit from early detection.

Methods

We analysed data from a subsample (n = 929) of the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey. We tested multivariable logistic regression models of associations of cancer worry, information insufficiency, and perceived information gathering capacity with reports of having discussed lung cancer screening with a health care provider.

Results

Among former smokers, no factors were associated significantly with lung cancer screening information seeking. However, for current smokers, extreme cancer worry was positively and significantly associated with having discussed lung cancer screening with a health care provider (OR: 12.95; 95% CI: 2.11, 79.39).

Conclusion

To increase uptake of lung cancer screening, public health campaigns and healthcare providers will face the dual challenge of increasing perceived need for screening among former smokers while directing current smokers with high levels of worry to see the benefits of early detection.
Family Structure Diversity and Youth Health Care Access and Interactions With Health Care Providers
Authors: Beckmeyer Jonathon J. , T. Russell Luke
Published: September 2022

Using data from the 2019 National Survey of Children’s Health, we evaluated family structure differences in youth health care access and experiences. We found youth living with their married biological/adoptive parents generally had greater health care access than youth living in structurally diverse families. Differences, however, varied based on which aspect of health care access was examined and the specific types of structurally diverse families youth were living in. Youth living in single-father and other relative-headed families showed the most consistent differences in health care access from youth living with their married biological/adoptive parents. In terms of health care experiences, youth living in several structurally diverse families were more likely to have had time alone with health care providers. Furthermore, there were differences in family-centered care, but the effect size and magnitude of the differences were small.
The Case for Multidimensional Co-Parenting Behaviors as Sources of Chronic Stress: Understanding Pathways to Mental Health Symptomology Among Divorced and Separating Adults
Authors: Ferraro Anthony J. , Lucier-Greer Mallory
Published: September 2022

The co-parenting relationship matters for postdivorce parental adjustment. This study explores the relative impact of different forms of co-parenting behaviors, coupled with an individual’s psychological resources, in explaining parent mental health in recently divorced or separated parents ( n = 355). A latent variable structural equation model was fit to examine pathways between dimensions of co-parenting (support, overt conflict, self-controlled covert conflict, and externally controlled covert conflict), various psychological resources (satisfaction with the divorce decree, perceived competence of the co-parent, and self-efficacy), and adverse mental health symptomology. Significant direct pathways were identified between overt co-parenting conflict and adverse mental health. Indicators of co-parenting quality were tied differentially to various resources. Indirect effects were found for both self-controlled covert conflict and overt conflict on adverse mental health symptomology through self-efficacy. Leverage points and considerations for health professionals and practitioners working with divorcing parents are discussed.
“Hold your nose and harness these men”: Sexual vulnerability in a hyper-masculine organization – A barrier or a resource?
Authors: Karazi-Presler Tair , Wasserman Varda
Published: September 2022

Based on 34 in-depth interviews with women in the Israeli military, this article explores how the sexual vulnerability of women in power positions is used as both a disciplining power and a resource for agency that enables them to negotiate a hyper-masculine organizational culture. Juxtaposing theoretical insights from the CMS literature on sexuality within organizations with those arising from the Butlerian conceptualization of vulnerability, we offer an analytical framework for understanding women’s sexual vulnerability in hyper-masculine environments, not exclusively as a victimization process but also as a significant survival practice designed for coping with their organizational exclusion. Accordingly, the theoretical contribution of this article allows for a nuanced examination of subjects experiencing exclusion and devaluation as they constitute their political subjectivity in hostile work environments.
Harnessing a direct scan-to-modeling approach for structural mechanics
Authors: Yang Shuzhen , Harris Devin K
Published: September 2022

To ensure the safety and reliability operation of infrastructures, accurate and rapid condition assessment of in-service infrastructures is extremely imperative. Image technologies and techniques, as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) tool, have created new opportunities to achieve this. It is able to resolve sub-millimeter details including surface flaws and defects, providing a foundation for quantitatively linking observable features to operational performance. This linkage is possible when the quantified feature is directly integrated into tools suitable for describing mechanical response, such as the finite element method. However, the workflow associated with this integration is indirect and presents challenges. This work creates a pathway for a direct scan-to-model strategy suitable for translating condition data derived from a 3D laser scanning system into a computation model capable of describing the mechanical response of the component. The geometric characterization capabilities of the proposed approach and the influence of scan resolution on the geometric characterization are explored. Results of this study provide the foundation of a computational framework for establishing the fundamental link between visually observable geometric changes and the numerical models that engineers use to understand the performance of engineered systems.
Evaluation of subjective discomfort of the seated human body exposed to vertical vibration using dynamic body pressure
Authors: Gao Kaizhan , Zhang Zhifei , Luo Qiao , He Yansong
Published: September 2022

Pressure distribution has been regarded as a crucial parameter for static comfort evaluation of the seated human body. However, the association between the pressure distribution and subjective rating, exposed to vertical vibration, is still unclear. This study devotes to characterizing the vibration discomfort of the seated human body on a foam seat using dynamic body pressure distribution and investigating the associations between them. First, the dynamic body pressure of twelve subjects seated on a foam seat exposed to vertical random excitation was measured at frequencies from 0.5 to 20 Hz with six magnitudes (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 m/s2 r.m.s.). Meanwhile, the subjective discomfort rating of the foam seat was evaluated with the relative magnitude estimation method. Then, the influence of vibration magnitude on subjective discomfort ratings and dynamic body pressure indicators was investigated. The results show that with the increase of vibration magnitude, the mean average dynamic pressure, the mean peak dynamic pressure, the mean dynamic contact area, and the normal dynamic force had no significant change. On the contrary, the subjective discomfort ratings, normal dynamic force change rate root-mean-square, and the indicators related to pressure change rate root-mean-square increased significantly. Finally, the relation between the subjective discomfort ratings and dynamic body pressure indicators was analyzed using Stevens’ power law. The linear regression fitting accuracy of the average dynamic pressure change rate root-mean-square, peak dynamic pressure change rate root-mean-square, area pressure change rate root-mean-square, and normal dynamic force change rate root-mean-square with discomfort ratings were above 95%. The four dynamic body pressure indicators are highly correlated with the subjective discomfort ratings, which can be used as objective indicators for vibration discomfort evaluation.
Here, there, or delaware? How corporate threats distort democracy
Authors: Jayaram Athmeya , Sridharan Vishnu
Published: September 2022

Concern for corporate influence on democratic decisions has mostly focused on campaign funding and access to legislators. While these are certainly worrisome, corporations have another tool to influence decisions, which they are increasingly using. They can threaten to move their operations or cancel expansion plans in a municipality unless its public officials pass (or kill) certain policies. In one sense, this is business as usual. Companies have the right to decide where to operate, and it is important for officials to consider how policy will impact local businesses that provide jobs and tax revenue. On the other hand, companies can use these threats to get their way on any policy, whether or not it impacts them. How do we tell when this kind of corporate action is illegitimate? We argue that such actions are illegitimate when they violate democratic norms of reason-giving, which occurs when companies offer the public “created” rather than “natural” reasons for their proposed policy.