bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calling phenology and detectability of a threatened amphibian (Litoria olongburensis) in ephemeral wetlands varies along a latitudinal cline: Implications for management
Authors: Lowe Katrin , Castley J. Guy , Hero Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2016

Amphibian reproductive biology and activity are highly sensitive to environmental cues. For amphibian conservation in the face of climate change, a clear priority is to investigate impacts of variable weather on breeding activity and detectability. This study assessed variation in the phenology, intensity and detectability of calling for a threatened temporary wetland breeding species, Litoria olongburensis. Acoustic and visual surveys were conducted monthly from August 2009 to July 2011 over the species latitudinal range in eastern Australia. Calling phenology of L. olongburensis varied spatially and temporally within and among latitudinal clusters. Detectability of frogs also varied among months and transects, and also with the type of survey conducted (visual vs. acoustic). Air temperature was a strong predictor for the onset of the calling season (early spring); however, peaks in calling abundances were primarily driven by monthly accumulated rainfall. The duration of the calling season varied among latitudinal clusters, becoming narrower moving south, reflecting clinal variation in weather patterns. This study presents a framework for amphibian species management using a combination of survey techniques and the climatic conditions influencing detectability. Applied along the latitudinal gradient, it provides data for predicting the likely impacts of climate change on amphibian activity and reproduction.
Analysis of pseudoprogression after corneal cross‐linking in children with progressive keratoconus
Authors: Schuerch Kaspar , Tappeiner Christoph , Frueh Beatrice E.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To analyse the long‐term efficacy of corneal cross‐linking (CXL) in children with keratoconus and to describe criteria for the detection of pseudoprogression.

Methods

Evaluation of retrospectively collected corneal topography (Placido system) and tomography (Scheimpflug system) results after CXL in children (age 18 or younger). Twenty‐five patients (33 eyes) were included. Follow‐up was assessed after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. Progression was defined as an increase in maximal keratometry (Kmax) of at least one dioptre (D) in 1 year.

Results

For the entire group, mean Kmax prior to CXL was 55.3 ± 7.3D and decreased significantly (p = 0.00001) after 1 year to 53.4 ± 7.4D. In 23 patients, the progression could be halted. Five cases of presumed progression were identified. One case showed marked steepening in Kmax 4 years after CXL, but the topographic parameters were unchanged. The tomography was repeated and showed that Kmax was stable. Two cases with limbal vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) worsened both in corneal tomography and topography. After resolution of the limbal inflammation, the Kmax values returned to the values before the inflammation. We found two cases of true progression both of which had advanced keratoconus prior to CXL with a preoperative Kmax of 64.4, respectively, 75.1D.

Conclusion

Our results confirm that CXL is effective in stabilizing keratoconus in children. True progression after CXL could only be verified in two of 33 eyes in a follow‐up period of 37.5 months (SD ± 10 months). Two different measuring methods can help to detect diagnostic discrepancies and prevent false conclusions. Moreover, limbal vernal changes can cause transient pseudoprogression, reversible upon sufficient treatment.
Retinal characteristics during 1 year of insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes: a prospective, controlled, observational study
Authors: Klefter Oliver Niels , Hommel Eva , Munch Inger Christine , Nørgaard Kirsten , Madsbad Sten , Larsen Michael
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To investigate changes in retinal metabolism, function, structure and morphology in relation to initiation of insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, CSII).

Methods

Visual acuity, retinopathy level, dark adaptation kinetics, retinal and subfoveal choroidal thickness, macular perfusion velocities, retinal vessel diameters and blood oxygen saturations were measured at baseline and after 1, 4, 16, 32 and 52 weeks in 31 patients with type 1 diabetes who started CSII and 20 patients who continued multiple daily insulin injections (MDI).

Results

One year of CSII reduced haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by 1.6% (17.8 mmol/mol) compared with 0.3% (3.1 mmol/mol) in the MDI group (p < 0.0001). Central retinal thickness increased by 1.5% in the CSII group (within‐group p = 0.0098; between‐group p = 0.063) without producing macular oedema. No detectable change was found in any other primary outcome measure. The proportion of patients with retinopathy worsening did not differ between groups. At baseline, longer disease duration was associated with higher retinal artery oxygen saturation (p = 0.014) and lower macular venous perfusion velocity (p = 0.045).

Conclusion

One year of CSII led to an HbA1c reduction relative to continued MDI and a small increase in retinal thickness but not to early retinopathy worsening or to changes in retinal vascular, structural or functional characteristics. Longer duration of type 1 diabetes appears to be associated with lower macular venous perfusion velocity and higher retinal artery oxygen saturation. The latter could potentially reflect cumulative glycaemia.
Music therapy can lower the heart rates of severely sick children
Authors: Uggla L , Bonde LO , Svahn BM , Remberger M , Wrangsjö B , Gustafsson B
Published: April 2016

Aim

Paediatric recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are at increased risk of developing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and there is a need to identify interventions that can alleviate stress in this group. The aim of this study was to examine the previously unexplored effect of music therapy on children undergoing HSCT, by analysing physiological parameters and comparing them with a control group.

Methods

We performed a randomised clinical pilot study of 24 patients up to the age of 16 undergoing HSCT at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. Music therapy, including expressive and receptive elements, was performed twice a week in the treatment group and compared to standard care in the control group. Physiological parameters were evaluated according to the hospital's protocols.

Results

The music therapy group had significantly reduced evening heart rates compared to the control group (p < 0.001), and the effect was sustainable for four to eight hours after the intervention. There were no significant differences in saturation or blood pressure observed between the groups.

Conclusion

Music therapy significantly lowered the heart rate of children undergoing HSCT for at least four to eight hours, indicating reduced stress levels and potentially lowering the risk of developing PTSD.
Associations between lower urinary tract dysfunction and health‐related quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Öborn Helena , Wettergren Lena , Herthelius Maria , Forinder Ulla
Published: April 2016

Aim

Little is known about the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of children with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated LUTD and other possible predictors of impaired HRQoL in children with conservatively treated moderate‐to‐severe CKD or with a kidney transplant.

Methods

All 64 children with CKD or a kidney transplant treated at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between June 2011 and December 2012 were approached and 59 children aged 8–18 were enrolled in the study. Lower urinary tract function was evaluated with voiding history, frequency and volume chart, uroflowmetry and postvoid ultrasound measurements. Self‐reported HRQoL was assessed with validated generic instruments.

Results

The HRQoL of the study cohort was as good as the general paediatric population, apart from the physical and psychological well‐being dimensions, and was no different to children with other chronic conditions. Urinary incontinence, but not LUTD in general, was associated with impaired HRQoL, as was having a kidney transplant and being female in some dimensions.

Conclusion

LUTD was common in children with CKD or a kidney transplant but did not affect their general HRQoL. Predictors of impaired HRQoL included incontinence, having had a kidney transplant and being female.
Early Discontinuation of Metformin in Individuals Treated with Inhibitors of Transporters of Metformin
Authors: Stage Tore Bjerregaard , Lee Moa P. , Hallas Jesper , Christensen Mette Marie Hougaard , Brøsen Kim , Christensen Kaare , Gagne Joshua J. , Pottegård Anton
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the risk of early discontinuation of metformin as a proxy for intolerance, associated with use of drugs known to inhibit transporters involved in metformin distribution. We analysed all incident users of metformin in Denmark between 2000 and 2012 (n = 132,221) and in a cohort of US patients (n = 296,903). Risk of early discontinuation of metformin was assessed using adjusted logistic regression for 28 drugs putatively inhibiting metformin transporters and four negative controls. Increased odds ratio of early discontinuation of metformin was only associated with codeine, an inhibitor of organic cation transporter 1 in both cohorts [adjusted odds ratio (OR) in Danish cohort (95% CI): 1.13 (1.02–1.26), adjusted OR in American cohort (95% CI): 1.32 (1.19–1.47)]. The remaining drugs were not associated with increased odds ratio of early discontinuation and, surprisingly, four drugs were associated with a decreased risk. These findings indicate that codeine use may be associated with risk of early discontinuation of metformin and could be used as a basis for further investigation.
Preschoolers affect others' reputations through prosocial gossip
Authors: Engelmann Jan M. , Herrmann Esther , Tomasello Michael
Published: April 2016

Providing evaluative information to others about absent third parties helps them to identify cooperators and avoid cheaters. Here, we show that 5‐year‐olds, but not 3‐year‐olds, reliably engage in such prosocial gossip. In an experimental setting, 5‐year‐old children spontaneously offered relevant reputational information to guide a peer towards a cooperative partner. Three‐year‐old children offered such evaluative information only rarely, although they still showed a willingness to inform in a non‐evaluative manner. A follow‐up study revealed that one component involved in this age difference is children's developing ability to provide justifications. The current results extend previous work on young children's tendency to manage their own reputation by showing that preschoolers also influence others' reputations via gossip.
Attributes of digital natives as predictors of information literacy in higher education
Authors: Šorgo Andrej , Bartol Tomaž , Dolničar Danica , Boh Podgornik Bojana
Published: April 2016

Digital natives are assumed to possess knowledge and skills that allow them to handle information and communication technologies (ICT) tools in a “natural” way. Accordingly, this calls for the application of different teaching/learning strategies in education. The purpose of the study was to test the predictive strength of some attributes of digital nativeness (ICT ownership, ICT experiences, internet confidence and number of ICT‐rich university courses) on the information literacy (IL) of 299 Slovenian university students. Correlation and regression analysis based on survey data revealed that the attributes of digital natives are poor predictors of IL. The principal findings are: ICT experiences expressed as the sum of the use of different applications do not necessarily contribute to IL; some applications have a positive and some a negative effect; personal ownership of smartphones, portable computers and desktop computers has no direct effect on IL, while ownership of a tablet computer is actually a negative predictor; personal ownership of ICT devices has an impact on ICT experiences and Internet confidence, and, therefore, an indirect impact on IL; and ICT‐rich university courses (if not designed to cultivate IL) have only a marginal impact on IL, although they may have some impact on ICT experiences and Internet confidence. The overall conclusion is that digital natives are not necessarily information literate, and that IL should be promoted with hands‐on and minds‐on courses based on IL standards.
Effects of target binding kinetics on in vivo drug efficacy: koff, kon and rebinding
Authors: Vauquelin Georges
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose

Optimal drug therapy often requires continuing high levels of target occupancy. Besides the traditional pharmacokinetic contribution, target binding kinetics is increasingly considered to play an important role as well. While most attention has been focused on the dissociation rate of the complex, recent reports expressed doubt about the unreserved translatability of this pharmacodynamic property into clinical efficacy. ‘Micro’‐pharmacokinetic mechanisms like drug rebinding and partitioning into the cell membrane may constitute a potential fix.

Experimental Approach

Simulations were based on solving differential equations.

Key Results

Based on a selected range of association and dissociation rate constants, kon and koff, and rebinding potencies of the drugs as variables, their effects on the temporal in vivo occupancy profile of their targets, after one or multiple repetitive dosings, have here been simulated.

Conclusions and Implications

Most strikingly, the simulations show that, when rebinding is also taken into account, increasing kon may produce closely the same outcome as decreasing koff when dosing is performed in accordance with the therapeutically most relevant constant [Lmax]/KD ratio paradigm. Also, under certain conditions, rebinding may produce closely the same outcome as invoking slow diffusion of the drug between the plasma compartment and a target‐containing ‘effect’ compartment. Although the present simulations should only be regarded as a ‘proof of principle’, these findings may help pharmacologists and medicinal chemists to devise ex vivo and in vitro binding kinetic assays that are more relevant and translatable to in vivo settings.
Falsely low immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 in routine analysis: how not to miss IgG4 disease
Authors: Egner W , Swallow K , Lock R J , Patel D
Published: April 2016

Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 disease can have apparently ‘normal’ levels of IgG4 due to antigen excess conditions. IgG4 measurement therefore appears falsely low. UK National External Quality Assurance Scheme (UK NEQAS) data and other reports have suggested that this problem occurred despite pre-existing antigen excess detection steps. To determine the clinical relevance of the problem, we examined the prevalence and characteristics of prozoning in our laboratory and patient cohorts. We establish that the prevalence of raised IgG4 in routine IgG4 analysis is low (< 1%) using one of the two routine methods in use in the United Kingdom. We show that subsequent assay modification appears to have reduced the likelihood of misleading readings. However, the original version of the assay prozoned to low levels (below 0·64 g/l) in 41% of high IgG4 samples in our patients. This may explain the previous reports of low sensitivity of raised IgG4 for IgG4RD, and predictive values should be re-evaluated in this disease using modified prozone-resistant protocols. All laboratories providing IgG4 measurements should verify that their assays are fit for the clinical quality requirement of detection raised IgG4 levels and must verify the upper limit of their reference ranges and freedom from prozoning.
Nickel on the market: a baseline survey of articles in ‘prolonged contact’ with skin
Authors: Ringborg Evelina , Lidén Carola , Julander Anneli
Published: April 2016

Background

In April 2014, the European Chemicals Agency defined the concept of ‘prolonged contact with skin’ as used in the EU nickel restriction.

Objectives

To establish a baseline of nickel‐releasing items on the Swedish market conforming with the EU nickel restriction according to the definition of ‘prolonged contact’ with the skin.

Methods

We performed a limited market survey in Stockholm, Sweden. Items with metallic parts that come into contact with the skin, except those explicitly mentioned in the legal text, were chosen. The dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test was used to evaluate nickel release.

Results

One hundred and forty‐one items belonging to one of three categories – accessories, utensils for needlework, painting and writing (called utensils), and electronic devices – were tested in the study. Forty‐four percent of all items were DMG test‐positive (releasing nickel), and 9% gave a doubtful DMG test result.

Conclusions

The large proportion of nickel‐releasing items in the present study shows clearly that broader parts of industry need to take action to prevent nickel allergy. The high proportion of DMG test‐positive items indicates that there is still much work to be done to reduce the nickel exposure of the population.
Skin health and safety at work in Croatian hairdressing apprentices
Authors: Samardžić Tea , Varnai Veda Marija , Bakotić Marija , Babić Željka , Brans Richard , Cvijetić Avdagić Selma , Štampar Šmaguc Darinka , Kovačević Iva , Macan Jelena
Published: April 2016

Background

The risk of developing occupational skin disease (OSD) is high in hairdressers, but may differ between countries.

Objective

To evaluate safety at work measures, and the prevalence and severity of skin symptoms and their impact on quality of life (QoL), among Croatian hairdressing apprentices.

Methods

Data on self‐reported skin symptoms, safety measures and QoL were collected for 101 final‐year apprentices. The presence and severity of skin lesions were assessed with the Osnabrueck Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured on the forearm and hand.

Results

Ninety‐one percent of apprentices reported wearing gloves while dyeing hair, 45% while rinsing hair dyes, and 4% while washing hair. A history of skin symptoms was found in 35% of apprentices, and a history of dry hands in 37%. Skin changes were clinically observed in 40% of apprentices, most frequently erythema, infiltration, and desquamation. The OHSI score ranged from 0 to 6. Only washing hands >20 times per day was positively associated with TEWL. A history of skin symptoms negatively correlated with self‐esteem, and social and mental functioning, and positively with anxiety and depression.

Conclusions

The results indicate the need for the continuation of efforts to establish effective primary preventive programmes for OSDs at national and EU levels.
Inflammatory cytokines induce caveolin‐1/β‐catenin signalling in rat nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis through the p38 MAPK pathway
Authors: Wang Jianxi , Chen Huajiang , Cao Peng , Wu Xiaodong , Zang Fazhi , Shi Liangyu , Liang Lei , Yuan Wen
Published: April 2016

Objectives

Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells is a major cause of intervertebral disc degeneration. To elucidate relationships between caveolin‐1 and cytokine‐induced apoptosis, we investigated the role of caveolin‐1 in cytokine‐induced apoptosis in rat NP cells and the related signalling pathway.

Materials and methods

Rat NP cells were treated with interleukin (IL)‐1β or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and knockdown of caveolin‐1 and β‐catenin was achieved using specific siRNAs. Then, apoptotic level of rat NP cells and expression and activation of caveolin‐1/β‐catenin signalling were assessed by flow cytometric analysis, qRT‐PCR, western blotting and luciferase assays. The relationship between the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and caveolin‐1 promoter activity was also determined by luciferase assays.

Results

IL‐1β and TNF‐α induced apoptosis, upregulated caveolin‐1 expression and activated Wnt/β‐catenin signalling in rat NP cells, while the induction effect of cytokines was reversed by caveolin‐1 siRNA and β‐catenin siRNA. Promotion of rat NP cell apoptosis and nuclear translocation of β‐catenin induced by caveolin‐1 overexpression were abolished by β‐catenin siRNA. Furthermore, pretreatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor or dominant negative‐p38, blocked cytokine‐dependent induction of caveolin‐1/β‐catenin expression and activity.

Conclusions

The results revealed the role of p38/caveolin‐1/β‐catenin in inflammatory cytokine‐induced apoptosis in rat NP cells. Thus, controlling p38/caveolin‐1/β‐catenin activity seemed to regulate IL‐1β‐ and TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in the NP during intervertebral disc degeneration.
Expression analysis of Baf60c during heart regeneration in axolotls and neonatal mice
Authors: Nakamura Ryo , Koshiba‐Takeuchi Kazuko , Tsuchiya Megumi , Kojima Mizuyo , Miyazawa Asuka , Ito Kohei , Ogawa Hidesato , Takeuchi Jun K.
Published: April 2016

Some organisms, such as zebrafish, urodele amphibians, and newborn mice, have a capacity for heart regeneration following injury. However, adult mammals fail to regenerate their hearts. To know why newborn mice can regenerate their hearts, we focused on epigenetic factors, which are involved in cell differentiation in many tissues. Baf60c (BRG1/BRM‐associated factor 60c), a component ofATP‐dependent chromatin‐remodeling complexes, has an essential role for cardiomyocyte differentiation at the early heart development. To address the function of Baf60c in postnatal heart homeostasis and regeneration, we examined the detailed expression/localization patterns of Baf60c in both mice and axolotls. In the mouse heart development, Baf60c was highly expressed in the entire heart at the early stages, but gradually downregulated at the postnatal stages. During heart regeneration in neonatal mice and axolotls, Baf60c expression was strongly upregulated after resection. Interestingly, the timing of Baf60c upregulation after resection was consistent with the temporal dynamics of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Moreover, knockdown of Baf60c downregulated proliferation of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. These data suggested that Baf60c plays an important role in cardiomyocyte proliferation in heart development and regeneration. This is the first study indicating that Baf60c contributes to the heart regeneration in vertebrates.
Stomagenesis versus myogenesis: Parallels in intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of transcription factor mediated specialized cell‐type differentiation in plants and animals
Authors: Putarjunan Aarthi , Torii Keiko U.
Published: April 2016

Although the last common unicellular ancestor of plants and animals diverged several billion years ago, and while having developed unique developmental programs that facilitate differentiation and proliferation specific to plant and animal systems, there still exists a high degree of conservation in the logic regulating these developmental processes within these two seemingly diverse kingdoms. Stomatal differentiation in plants involves a series of orchestrated cell division events mediated by a family of closely related bHLH transcription factors (TFs) to create a pair of mature guard cells. These TFs are in turn regulated by a number of upstream signaling components that ultimately function to achieve lineage specific differentiation and organized tissue patterning on the plant epidermis. The logic involved in the specification of the myogenic differentiation program in animals is intriguingly similar to stomatal differentiation in plants: Closely‐related myogenic bHLHs, known as MRFs (Myogenic Regulatory Factors) provide lineage specificity essential for cell‐fate determination. These MRFs, similar to the bHLHs in plants, are regulated by several upstream signaling cascades that succinctly regulate each differentiation step, leading to the production of mature muscle fibers. This review aims at providing a perspective on the emerging parallels in the logic employed by key bHLH transcription factors and their upstream signaling components that function to precisely regulate key cell‐state transition events in the stomatal as well as myogenic cell lineages.
Regulation of ecmF gene expression and genetic hierarchy among STATa, CudA, and MybC on several prestalk A‐specific gene expressions in Dictyostelium
Authors: Saga Yukika , Inamura Tomoka , Shimada Nao , Kawata Takefumi
Published: April 2016

STATa, a Dictyostelium homologue of metazoan signal transducer and activator of transcription, is important for the organizer function in the tip region of the migrating Dictyostelium slug. We previously showed that ecmF gene expression depends on STATa in prestalk A (pstA) cells, where STATa is activated. Deletion and site‐directed mutagenesis analysis of the ecmF/lacZ fusion gene in wild‐type and STATa null strains identified an imperfect inverted repeat sequence, ACAAATANTATTTGT, as a STATa‐responsive element. An upstream sequence element was required for efficient expression in the rear region of pstA zone; an element downstream of the inverted repeat was necessary for sufficient prestalk expression during culmination. Band shift analyses using purified STATa protein detected no sequence‐specific binding to those ecmF elements. The only verified upregulated target gene of STATa is cudA gene; CudA directly activates expL7 gene expression in prestalk cells. However, ecmF gene expression was almost unaffected in a cudA null mutant. Several previously reported putative STATa target genes were also expressed in cudA null mutant but were downregulated in STATa null mutant. Moreover, mybC, which encodes another transcription factor, belonged to this category, and ecmF expression was downregulated in a mybC null mutant. These findings demonstrate the existence of a genetic hierarchy for pstA‐specific genes, which can be classified into two distinct STATa downstream pathways, CudA dependent and independent. The ecmF expression is indirectly upregulated by STATa in a CudA‐independent activation manner but dependent on MybC, whose expression is positively regulated by STATa.
French academic's views on financial compensation of participants
Authors: Dualé Christian , Breysse Gaétan , Bories‐Azeau Béatrice , Cornu Catherine
Published: April 2016

Background

Whether and how participants in biomedical research should receive financial compensation is debated. We wished to explore how this issue was perceived by French professionals, focusing on different conditions of research.

Materials and methods

We surveyed referent responders of Clinical Investigation Centres, Research Ethics Committees and hospital administrative departments for clinical research, via referent responders who completed an online questionnaire on behalf of their respective teams. Financial compensation was addressed in terms of general perception, justifications, interpretation of French law, concrete clinical situations and compensation of incurred expenses. Descriptive analyses and correlations were carried out based on scalar responses.

Results

The questionnaire was answered by 54/116 (45·6%) centres. The ethical aspects of compensation were viewed differently by Clinical Investigation Centres and Research Ethics Committees, whereas the practical aspects were viewed similarly. Agreement to compensation for patients was lower than for healthy volunteers (74·1 vs. 98·2%). The most frequently cited justifications for compensation apart from the inconveniences of research were the potential risk and the absence of medical benefit. Most of the proposed expenses incurred were to be compensated, but agreement to reimbursement of petrol bills or childcare expense was lower.

Conclusions

Although some of the responses align with previous surveys in other countries, this information may help French professionals to harmonise their practices. We also addressed practical issues which could be studied in other European countries, for professionals and participants. Finally, the reluctance to compensate patients requires further study, taking into account welfare environment and consequences for recruitment.
The effect of Aloe vera gel on viability of dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Sholehvar Fatemeh , Mehrabani Davood , Yaghmaei Parichehr , Vahdati Akbar
Published: April 2016

Background

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can play a prominent role in tissue regeneration. Aloe vera L. (Liliaceae) contains the polysaccharide of acemannan that was shown to be a trigger factor for cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and dentin formation.

Aim

This study sought to determine the viability of DPSCs in Aloe vera in comparison with Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS).

Materials and Method

Twelve rabbits underwent anesthesia, and their incisor teeth were extracted; the pulp tissue was removed, chopped, treated with collagenase and plated in culture flasks. DPSCs from passage 3 were cultured in 24‐well plates, and after 3 days, the culture media changed to 10, 25, 50, and 100% concentrations of Aloe vera at intervals of 45 and 90 min and 3 and 6 h. Distilled water was used as negative and HBSS as positive control for comparison. The cell morphology, viability, population doubling time (PDT), and growth kinetics were evaluated. RT‐PCR was carried out for characterization and karyotyping for chromosomal stability.

Results

Aloe vera showed a significant higher viability than HBSS (74.74%). The 50% Aloe vera showed higher viability (97.73%) than other concentrations. PDT in 50% concentration was 35.1 h and for HBSS was 49.5 h. DPSCs were spindle shaped and were positive for CD73 and negative for CD34 and CD45. Karyotyping was normal.

Conclusions

Aloe vera as an inexpensive and available herb can improve survival of avulsed or broken teeth in emergency cases as a transfer media.
Non suicidal self injury resulting in dental trauma in an adolescent
Authors: Chandna Preetika , Srivastava Nikhil , Adlakha Vivek Kumar , Panthri Prerna
Published: April 2016

Background/Aim

Non‐suicidal self injury may be a possible etiologic factor for dental trauma in adolescents. The aim of this case report is to present a case of non‐suicidal self injury resulting in dental trauma in a 16 year old adolescent boy.

Case report

This report illustrates a case of non‐suicidal self injury in a 16 year old healthy boy with resultant trauma to the maxillary central incisors and the left lateral incisor (teeth 11, 21, and 22). Three tests were applied; Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence™ (WASI), Inventory of Statements about Self Injury (ISAS), and UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS); to assess the patient's intellectual and behavioral functioning. Dental treatment was rendered in the form of composite restorations on teeth 11, 21, and 22.

Results and discussion

The patient had a general intelligence quotient (IQ) of 92 (SD = 10.9), verbal score of 86.6 (SD = 14.6), and performance IQ of 93.4 (SD = 23.66) which implied that the intelligence levels were well within the normal range. The patient demonstrated self hitting behavior and predominantly intrapersonal functions of his NSSI on testing with the ISAS scale and elevated urgency scores on the UPPS scale. The total UPPS score was 115.9 and urgency score was 35.9. NSSI was an outlet for negative emotions and to release self directed anger. This resulted in dental trauma to teeth 11, 21, and 22.

Conclusion

NSSI may be an etiologic or risk factor for dental trauma in intellectually normal adolescents as seen in the present case. Self hitting, intrapersonal factors or self directed factors and impulsivity are more likely to predispose an adolescent toward performance of such behavior.
Journalists' attitudes towards homeopathy: survey data from Germany
Authors: Arendt Florian
Published: April 2016

Background

By selecting and shaping potential news content, journalists construct mediated realities that in turn can contribute to the public's mental picture of health, including issues related to controversial complementary and alternative medicines such as homeopathy. As previous research has shown, journalists' reporting is influenced by their own attitudes; thus, positive attitudes towards homeopathy may contribute to favourable, uncritical or even enthusiastic reporting.

Objectives

To investigate how journalists in Germany view homeopathy and whether demographics, organisational factors and attitudes towards conventional medicine influence journalists' attitudes towards homeopathy.

Method

We surveyed journalists in order to investigate their attitudes towards homeopathy, predicted by demographics (i.e. age, gender, education, political leaning), organisational factors (i.e. professional experience, senior position, working on health‐related content) and attitudes towards conventional medicine.

Results

Although the ‘average' journalists showed favourable attitudes towards homeopathy, the opinion climate was highly polarised. Women, journalists in senior positions and health journalists showed more positive attitudes towards homeopathy. Attitudes towards conventional medicine were unrelated to attitudes towards homeopathy.

Conclusion

Because journalists act as the ‘gatekeepers' of evidence‐based scientific knowledge, targeted scholarly attention on journalists' attitudes is important. A thorough understanding of journalists' attitudes may contribute to a better dissemination of evidence‐based scientific knowledge to the wider public. This may ultimately contribute to better‐informed patients who make their health decisions by considering evidence‐based knowledge instead of widely shared myths.
Coupled FEM–DBEM approach on multiple crack growth in cryogenic magnet system of nuclear fusion experiment ‘Wendelstein 7‐X’
Authors: Citarella R. , Lepore M. , Perrella M. , Fellinger J.
Published: April 2016

At the Max Planck Institute for plasma physics in Greifswald, Germany, the world's largest nuclear fusion experiment of modular stellarator type Wendelstein 7‐X has started plasma operation. The hot hydrogen plasma is confined in a plasma vessel by an electromagnetic field generated by 50 non‐planar and 20 planar superconducting coils. The superconducting coils are encased in cast stainless steel housings. The coils are bolted onto a central support ring and welded together by so called lateral support elements (LSEs). In this paper, a procedure, based on a global–local finite element method (FEM)–dual boundary element method (DBEM) approach, is developed to simulate the propagation of multiple cracks detected in LSEs and undergoing a fatigue load spectrum. The global stress analysis on the superconducting coils is performed by FEM whereas the sub‐modelling approach is adopted to solve the crack propagation in the DBEM environment. The boundary conditions applied on the DBEM submodel are the displacements calculated by the FEM global analysis, in correspondence of the cut surfaces (there are no body forces nor external loads applied on the submodel volume). Two cracks are simultaneously introduced, and a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis is performed. Results in terms of cracks growth rates and evolving crack shapes are provided, and the residual life of the component is forecast.
Overexpression of trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 as an independent marker for a poor prognosis and as a potential therapeutic target in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Xu Ning , Zhang Zhihong , Zhu Jin , Xu Lu , Li Yuhua , Duan Lei , Mao Yuan , Li Hongxia
Published: April 2016

Most patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and therapeutic options for these patients are limited. The identification of suitable biomarkers could be helpful for patients with EOC, who might benefit from targeted therapies even in advanced stages of the disease. Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) is highly expressed in various human malignant tumours; however, this has not been demonstrated clearly in EOC. In this study, we further evaluated whether TROP2 is a promising marker for EOC, and thus also a potential target for EOC immunotherapy. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis were employed to determine TROP2 mRNA and protein expression in both human EOC and normal ovarian cell lines. Additionally, TROP2 protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in 128 EOC tissue samples, 21 normal ovarian tissues and 18 normal fallopian tubes. The correlations between TROP2 protein expression and patients' clinicopathological features were investigated, and survival outcomes were analysed. TROP2 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated significantly in EOC cell lines compared with normal cell lines. The protein of TROP2 was expressed in the majority of EOC tissue samples (90.6%) and overexpressed in 75 (58.6%) of the 128 tumour samples. TROP2 overexpression was correlated with relevant clinicopathological characteristics and was associated with significantly shortened overall survival and disease‐free survival. Furthermore, TROP2 was an independent prognostic marker for EOCs as analysed by Cox regression. TROP2 was a potential biomarker for targeted therapy in patients with TROP2‐overexpressing EOC.
Comparison of PTCH1, COX‐2, p53, and Ki‐67 protein expression in basal cell carcinomas of nodular and superficial subtypes arising on the head and trunk
Authors: Khalesi Mohammad , Waterhouse Mary , Whiteman David C. , Johns Richard , Rosendahl Cliff , Hackett Timothy , Pollak Thomas , Kimlin Michael G. , Hacker Elke , Neale Rachel E. ,   the NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Sun and Health (CRESH)
Published: April 2016

Background

There is some evidence that basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) arising on different anatomic sites and developing to different histological subtypes differ in their pathophysiology. The expression of a number of proteins, including PTCH1, COX‐2, p53, and Ki‐67, is frequently altered in BCC development.

Objectives

This study sought to determine whether protein expression differs between BCCs at different anatomic sites and of different histological subtypes.

Methods

Expression of PTCH1, COX‐2, p53, and Ki‐67 proteins was compared between: (i) BCCs arising on the head (n = 55) and trunk (n = 53), and (ii) nodular (n = 52) and superficial (n = 43) BCCs. The intensity of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining (low, moderate, strong, very strong) for PTCH1 and COX‐2 proteins was measured and the proportions of p53‐ and Ki‐67‐positive cells quantified.

Results

The proportion of cells expressing Ki‐67 was higher in tumor tissue than in non‐malignant epidermis, whereas the opposite was found for PTCH1. The IHC staining intensity for PTCH1 was substantially greater in truncal BCCs than in BCCs on the head (odds ratio [OR] 3.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63–8.96). The intensity of staining for PTCH1 was greater for superficial than for nodular BCCs (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.53–8.97), and superficial BCCs showed a higher proportion of Ki‐67‐positive cells (OR 5.57, 95% CI 1.66–18.67).

Conclusions

These differences suggest that the pathophysiology of BCC differs between lesions on the head and trunk and between nodular and superficial subtypes, perhaps indicating differences in their etiology.
Applying a critical approach to investigate barriers to digital inclusion and online social networking among young people with disabilities
Authors: Newman Lareen , Browne‐Yung Kathryn , Raghavendra Parimala , Wood Denise , Grace Emma
Published: April 2016

Despite the seeming ubiquity of young people's Internet use, there are still many for whom access to the Internet and online social networking remains inequitable and patterned by disadvantage. The connection between information technology and young people with disabilities is particularly under‐researched. This article contributes to the field of critical information systems research by exposing significant barriers and facilitators to Internet accessibility for young people with disabilities. It uses Bourdieu's critical theory to explore how the unequal distribution of resources shapes processes of digital inclusion for young people with disabilities. It highlights access needs and experiences that are both disability and non‐disability related. The article draws on interviews in South Australia with 18 young people aged 10–18 years with a physical disability (such as cerebral palsy) or acquired brain injury and with 17 of their family members. Interviews evaluated participants' and parents' reflections on the benefits of a home‐based, goal‐oriented intervention to increase the young person's Internet use for social participation purposes. The Bourdieuian analysis demonstrated how varying levels of accrued individual and family offline capital resources are related to digital/online resources and disability‐specific online resources. This revealed how unequal resources of capital can influence technology use and hence digital inclusion for young people with disabilities. Our study demonstrates that young people with particular types of disabilities require intensive, personalised and long‐term support from within and beyond the family to ‘get online’. We conclude that Internet studies need to more frequently adopt critical approaches to investigate the needs of users and barriers to information technology use within sub‐groups, such as young people with disabilities. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Rigenera protocol in the treatment of surgical wound dehiscence
Authors: Marcarelli Marco , Trovato Letizia , Novarese Elvio , Riccio Michele , Graziano Antonio
Published: April 2016

The effective management of post‐operative wounds is important to prevent potential complications such as surgical‐site infections and wound dehiscence. The purpose of this study was to treat wound dehiscence in elderly patients who were subjected to orthopaedic surgical interventions. The dehisced wounds were treated with autologous micro‐grafts obtained using a promising CE‐certified medical device called Rigeneracons. This instrument is a biological disruptor of human tissues able to specifically select progenitor cells that, as already reported in previous studies, maintain high cell viability but mainly have a high regenerative potential, allowing the repair of damaged tissues. Autologous micro‐grafts obtained by Rigeneracons are ready to use and can be applied alone or in combination with biological scaffolds directly on the injured area. We observed in our patients a complete remission of dehisced wounds, on average, after 30 days from micro‐grafts application and a total wound re‐epithelialisation after 1 year from the surgical intervention. In conclusion, although we reported only three patients, autologous micro‐grafts can be considered a promising approach for the treatment of dehisced wounds, improving the wound‐healing process and in general the patient's quality of life without using other dressings.
Evaluation of Criteria to Detect Masked Hypertension
Authors: Booth John N. , Muntner Paul , Diaz Keith M. , Viera Anthony J. , Bello Natalie A. , Schwartz Joseph E. , Shimbo Daichi
Published: April 2016

The prevalence of masked hypertension (out‐of‐clinic daytime systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) ≥135/85 mm Hg on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM] among adults with clinic SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg) is high. It is unclear who should be screened for masked hypertension. The authors derived a clinic blood pressure (CBP) index to identify populations for masked hypertension screening. Index cut points corresponding to 75% to 99% sensitivity and prehypertension were evaluated as ABPM testing criterion. In a derivation cohort (n=695), the index was clinic SBP+1.3*clinic DBP. In an external validation cohort (n=675), the sensitivity for masked hypertension using an index ≥190 mm Hg and ≥217 mm Hg and prehypertension status was 98.5%, 71.5%, and 82.5%, respectively. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (n=11,778), the authors estimated that these thresholds would refer 118.6, 44.4, and 59.3 million US adults, respectively, to ABPM screening for masked hypertension. In conclusion, the CBP index provides a useful approach to identify candidates for masked hypertension screening using ABPM.
Temporal plasticity in thermal‐habitat selection of burbot Lota lota a diel‐migrating winter‐specialist
Authors: Harrison P. M. , Gutowsky L. F. G. , Martins E. G. , Patterson D. A. , Cooke S. J. , Power M.
Published: April 2016

In this study, animal‐borne telemetry with temperature sensors was coupled with extensive habitat temperature monitoring in a dimictic reservoir, to test the following hypotheses: behavioural thermoregulation occurs throughout the year and temperature selection varies on a diel and seasonal basis, in a winter‐specialist diel‐migrating fish. Burbot Lota lota demonstrated nightly behavioural thermoregulation throughout the year, with a large seasonal shift between selection for very cold temperatures (<2° C) optimal for reproduction during the spawning period and selection for warmer temperatures (12–14° C) optimal for hunting and feeding during non‐reproductive periods. During daylight hours, while L. lota avoided habitats warmer than optimal for reproduction and feeding during the spawning and non‐reproductive periods, respectively, active selection was limited to selection for 4–6° C habitat during the prespawning period. Although behavioural thermoregulation explained the night‐time migration, behavioural thermoregulation only partially explained daytime behaviour, indicating that diel migration is best explained by a combination of factors. Thus, thermal‐habitat selection was a good predictor of night‐time habitat occupancy in a diel‐migrating species. Together, these results show that thermal‐habitat selection by fishes may be important throughout the year and a more seasonally plastic behaviour than previously recognized.
Implementing healthier foodservice guidelines in hospital and federal worksite cafeterias: barriers, facilitators and keys to success
Authors: Jilcott Pitts S. B. , Graham J. , Mojica A. , Stewart L. , Walter M. , Schille C. , McGinty J. , Pearsall M. , Whitt O. , Mihas P. , Bradley A. , Simon C.
Published: April 2016

Background

Healthy foodservice guidelines are being implemented in worksites and healthcare facilities to increase access to healthy foods by employees and public populations. However, little is known about the barriers to and facilitators of implementation. The present study aimed to examine barriers to and facilitators of implementation of healthy foodservice guidelines in federal worksite and hospital cafeterias.

Methods

Using a mixed‐methods approach, including a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative, in‐depth interview, we examined: (i) barriers to and facilitators of implementation; (ii) behavioural design strategies used to promote healthier foods and beverages; and (iii) how implementation of healthy foodservice guidelines influenced costs and profitability. We used a purposive sample of five hospital and four federal worksite foodservice operators who recently implemented one of two foodservice guidelines: the United States Department of Health and Human Services/General Services Administration Health and Sustainability Guidelines (‘Guidelines’) in federal worksites or the Partnership for a Healthier America Hospital Healthier Food Initiative (‘Initiative’) in hospitals. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative survey data. Qualitative data were analysed using a deductive approach.

Results

Implementation facilitators included leadership support, adequate vendor selections and having dietitians assist with implementation. Implementation barriers included inadequate selections from vendors, customer complaints and additional expertise required for menu labelling. Behavioural design strategies used most frequently included icons denoting healthier options, marketing using social media and placement of healthier options in prime locations.

Conclusions

Lessons learned can guide subsequent steps for future healthy foodservice guideline implementation in similar settings.