bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hitherto undocumented variation of the inferior mesenteric artery in man
Authors: Benton Robert S. , Cotter William B.
Published: February 2005

The variation appeared in a cadaver, male, Negro, 71 years old. Estimated stature and weight: 6′1″ and 180 lbs. Stated cause of death: Bronchopneumonia.

In place of a single inferior mesenteric trunk, two arteies orginated from the aorta 2.6 cm apart, the inferior one located 3 cm superior to the bifurcation of the aorta. The superior artry was directed superiorly and gave origin to two branches: one to the superior portion of the descending colon and another which supplied the entirety of the transverse colon. The inferior artery also gave rise to two branches: one to the inferior portion of the descending colon and the other to the sigmoid colon and rectum.

The superior mesenteric artery gave rise to one major trunk to the colon, which divided into ileocolic and right colic branches only.

The marginal artery of the colon was well developed and patent throughout its length.

Search of the literature, to date, has revealed no description of this variation. Two references to a variation in which the inferior mesenteric artery gave rise to a branch corresponding to the middle colic artery have been found. There is a paucity of literature regarding variations of the inferior mesenteric artery. Consequently it is uncertain whether this is due to lack of observation, small amount of variation, or both.
Fine structure of bone as seen on fracture and cleavage planes by electron microscopy
Authors: Vose George P.
Published: February 2005

Surface replicas were made of fracture surfaces and cleavage planes of specimens of human femoral cortex. Examination by electron microscopy indicated no consistent differences in submicroscopic structure when fractures were produced by compression, tension, torsion or bending. Small apertures, ranging from 200 to 1,500 Å in diameter, permeated the extra‐canalicular bone. Higher magnifications indicated that the majority of apertures were truncated canals which were enclosed by collagen fibrils with axes aligned longitudinally with the direction of the canals. When canaliculi were observed in cross section, fibrils were observed to radiate at right angles from the canalicular axis for approximately 1 μ. No differences in submicroscopic structure were observed between adult bone and that of a 12‐year old child.
Congenital deficiency of the vertebral pedicle
Authors: Wells L. H.
Published: February 2005

Three examples of unilateral partial absence of the vertebral pedicle have been described, involving respectively a last lumbar and a first and a second sacral vertebra. The condition in the first sacral vertebra is associated with spina bifida occulta, so that part of the vertebral arch forms an independent bony element. In the lumbar vertebra the deficiency is anterior to the transverse process, but does not involve the costal element; in the sacral vertebrae it is between the transverse and superior articular processes. The superior articular process of the lumbar vertebra on the affected side is deformed so that the direction of its articular surface is reversed.

It is suggested that pedicle defects result from degenerative changes in the neural process prior to ossification. Deformities of the articular processes may be related to the occasional presence of a separate center of ossification for the inferior articular process.
Histochemical correlates for differences in functional activity of kidneys from active and cold‐stored summer bats (Myotis lucifugus)
Authors: Melman Arnold , Rosenbaum Robert M.
Published: February 2005

Fourteen female Myotis lucifugus from a summer colony were adapted to laboratory conditions for periods up to 60 days. Animals were then divided and exposed to the following conditions: (I) active bats exposed to normal summer laboratory temperature and humidity; (II) active bats exposed to normal summer laboratory temperature but low humidity; (III) cold‐stored bats; (IV) cold‐stored bats exposed to low humidity. All cold‐stored bats entered a state of apparent deep hibernation, carrying out characteristic reflexes upon being awakened. Their thyroid glands showed significant loss of secretory activity.

Staining for ATPase activity (method of Wachstein and Meisel) on formalin‐fixed sections of kidney showed that there was increased infolding as well as increased enzymic activity of the plasma membranes of the proximal convolutions from all cold‐stored bats. Proximal convolutions from kidneys of active bats showed decreases in the degree of invagination of the plasma membranes with apparently expanding basal lamellae. Acid phosphatase activity (Gomori) was confined to “phagosomes” in the proximal convolutions of active bats; cold‐stored bats showed no activity. Staining with the periodic Schiff method showed irregular staining of the brush border of tubules from active bats; cold‐stored animals showed a regular brush border with this method. The results suggest that the histochemical methods employed reveal differences in kidney function between the active and cold stored animals.
Structural changes in the ovaries of IF mice due to age and various other states: Demonstration of spontaneous pseudopregnancy in grouped virgins
Authors: Mody Jer K.
Published: February 2005

The ovaries of inbred IF mice were studied at ages ranging from 16 to 70 weeks in four experimental groups: virgins grouped in fours, virgins rendered anosmic by removal of the olfactory lobes, females kept with vasectomized males (i.e. pseudopregnant) and post‐breeding females.

The ovarian structural changes taking place with age are described, pointing out the differences in findings with other strains of mice. Further, two structures termed “anovular buds” and “dark‐staining epithelial cells” have been distinguished as separate entities arising from invaginations of proliferating germinal epithelium, especially in old ovaries.

The ovaries of virgins were similar to those of pseudopregnancy group of mice and showed a large number of corpora lutea. In both groups, uterine endometriosis occurred and the estrous cycles were of a pseudopregnancy type. Further, good lobular development in the mammary glands of the virgins is seen as in the pseudopregnancy group of mice. These similarities furnish evidence for the occurrence of spontaneous pseudopregnancy in grouped IF virgin mice.

When spontaneous pseudopregnancy is prevented by removal of the olfactory lobes, the ovaries become precociously senile. The atrophic ovaries, have a loose folded germinal epithelium around the shrunken ovary, contain many atretic follicles and are conspicuously lacking in intact corpora lutea. The uteri are thin and threadlike. The lobular acinar development of the mammary glands is inhibited.
Effect of serial transplantation on the growth of neonatal pancreas in the hamster
Authors: House E. L. , Jacobs M. S. , Pansky B.
Published: February 2005

Neonatal pancrease was implanted in the cheek pouches of cortisone‐treated normal and diabetic hamsters. They were permitted to remain in these sites for: 5–6; 13; 15–16; 19–20; 26 and 36 days, at which times small pieces were transferred to the pouches of cortisone‐treated secondary hosts. The size of the growth was measured at intervals in both hosts. After a final measurement, 23–25 day after transplant, the graft in the secondary host was removed and prepared for histological study. Growth in the secondary hosts was compared both with that found in a large group of similarly‐treated hamsters and with the growth of this same material while it grew in the primary host. In general, except for one or two brief time periods, there was either no significant size difference or the growth in the secondary host was significantly less than in primary hosts. Histological studies of transplants from secondary hosts showed very poor pancreatic differentiation. In no case was recognizable islet tissue found in the pouches of secondary hosts.
Spatial variations between certain cranial and cerebral structures and the anterior and posterior commissures of the living human
Authors: Bauserman Steven , Meyers Russell , Fry William J.
Published: February 2005

Recorded are the quantitated empirical findings and statistical variations of spatial configurations prevalent among certain cranial and cerebral structures related to the intercommissural line as encountered in 50 stereotactically‐performed, radio‐opaque lateral ventriculograms of the living human. A physicomathematical technique of mensuration was devised to overcome the difficulties that regularly arise when fixed postmortem specimens are employed to study the same relationships. Clearly, the reliability of human stereotactic atlases is a function of the technique of mensuration employed.

Mean length of the intercommissural line was 24.50, and Range 20.90 to 30.90 mm. Mean distance from inferiormost aspect of sella turcica to posteriormost aspect of anterior commissure was 28.30, Range 23.80 to 36.60 mm. Mean length of line from “center” of external auditory meatus to anteriormost aspect of posterior commissure was 43.36, Range from 35.2 to 49.3 mm. Mean angle formed by “line” of orbital roof and intercommissural line was 19.78° and Range, 8.50° to 29.50°. Mean angle between Reid's base line and intercommissural line was +0.04°, Range, from −9.90° to +10.20°. Mean angle between line from “center” of external auditory meatus to anteriormost aspect of posterior commissure and Reid's base line was 97.93°, Range 85.40° to 120.45°.

The least variable relationships of the six studied were the distances (a) from the external auditory meatus to the posterior commissure and (b) from the floor of the sella turcica to the anterior commissure.
Histochemical studies on the yolk nucleus in the oogenesis of Indian Reptiles
Authors: Guraya Sardul S.
Published: February 2005

The yolk nucleus of the young oocyte of reptiles is situated in the juxta‐nuclear cytoplasm. It is a homogeneous spherical mass and histochemical tests indicate that it is rich in RNA and proteins. It constitutes a center of high synthetic activity. Lipid inclusions of diverse nature and mitochondria appear in abundance in association with the yolk nucleus. Eventually the yolk nucleus disintegrates and its RNA‐containing substance as well as the other inclusions are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. During yolk formation, lipid inclusions and mitochondria are absorbed by the cytoplasm but the yolk nucleus substance continues to persist among the growing yolk bodies which arise de novo from the cytoplasm. This occurs possibly under the activity of RNA‐containing substance of the yolk nucleus, mitochondria and lipid inclusions.
On the ultrastructure of spinal nerve roots in the frog (Rana pipiens)
Authors: Pick Joseph , Gerdin Carin , Delemos Carmen
Published: February 2005

An electron microscopical study was made of the seventh and tenth ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots and peripheral nerves of adult frogs, to determine whether or not tunicated and sheathed nerve fibers extend into the spinal cord and into the periphery. The nerves were exposed under urethane anesthesia, fixed in 1%, veronal acetate‐buffered osmium tetroxide (pH‐7.6) plus 0.495 gr/10 ml sucrose, and refrigerated over two hours. Thin cross and longitudinal sections were made and examined with a Siemens electron microscope. A few tunicated fibers were found in the peripheral nerve, but not in the spinal nerve roots which consisted of myelinated and unmyelinated (Gasser‐type) axons. Therefore, tunicated and sheathed nerve fibers were restricted to sympathetic ganglia. This was the more likely, because intrinsic neurons are absent in the sympathetic, and nearly all axons are myelinated in caudal rami communicantes. It was further suggested that preganglionic fibers, after entering, and postganglionic fibers before leaving the sympathetic ganglion changed their myelin sheaths, and appeared as tunicated and sheathed fibers. No structural differences between afferent and efferent cholinergic or adrenergic fibers could be detected in spinal roots. Large vesicles with dark centers, probably containing catecholamine, and dense punctate granules, occurring in sympathetic fibers, were virtually absent in spinal root fibers.
Estrogen‐induced changes in the golgi apparatus and lipid of the uterine epithelium of the rat in the normal cycle
Authors: Elftman Herbert
Published: February 2005

The Golgi apparatus of the uterine epithelium of the rat starts to increase in size during the transition from diestrus to proestrus and continues to enlarge until it reaches its maximum development in estrus. Regression takes place during metestrus. The accumulation of phospholipid at the base of the epithelial cell, characteristic of diestrus, decreases in quantity as the Golgi apparatus increases in size and reappears as the Golgi apparatus regresses. Both of these changes are responses to circulating estrogen and form part of the complex series of reactions by means of which this hormone exercises its control over reproductive function.
The intrahepatic and intracellular distribution of copper following chronic administration of the metal in the diet
Authors: McNary William F.
Published: February 2005

A histochemical and electron microscopic study of the liver in rats fed a diet containing excess amounts of copper was made to demonstrate the intrahepatic, intralobular and intracellular distribution of the metal.

Histochemically copper was demonstrated first at the periphery of the hepatic lobuleand appeared throughout the lobule as the amount of metal increased. Within the hepaticcell copper was demonstrated in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. As the amount of metal in the liver increased occasional perinuclear caps or plaques were formed. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of livers with high copper content differed from normal by the presence of light brown pigment. Copper was demonstrated histochemically in the spleen and kidneys of copper fed animals as well as in the liver.

Electron microscopic studies of the hepatic cells from copper fed rats revealed numerous irregular dense bodies and pigment granules in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. The dense bodies were enclosed by a single membrane and contained granular material. The appearance of these pericanalicular bodies was associated with loss of histochemical acidphosphatase activity.
Variations in osteoblastic activity with age by the osteoid seam index
Authors: Villanueva Antonio R. , Sedlin Elias D. , Frost Harold M.
Published: February 2005

The need for the replacement of pre‐existing osseous tissue due to various physiologic and pathophysiologic demands is fulfilled by the resorption‐formation processes of the skeleton. These processes can be broadly categorized into two phases: Internal remodelling or the replacement occurring within the periostealendosteal envelope, and growth remodelling or the remodelling occurring at the periosteal‐endosteal surfaces during growth. The authors reason that changes in the numbers of new osteons found in cortex with age would provide insights into the mechanism (s) governing the production of these centers of new bone formation.

Undecalcified cross‐sections of human rib from 139 relatively normal subjectsranging from one month to 84 years of age were prepared by Frost's method and stained with 1% basic fuchsin. The total number of osteons containing active osteoidseams was determined. The surface area of each cross‐section was measured and the data converted to a unit of number of seams/mm2 of cortex. The largestnumber of seams/mm2 occurred in infancy, with a gradual decline until the fourth decade. This was followed by a subsequent rise with a secondary peak in the seventh decade. The differences in means of the fourth and seventh decade were significant at the 1% level. Similar changes were noted in specimens of clavicle in 34 of the study cases.

It is felt that the data indicates a net suppressive effect by gonadal hormones on the process of internal remodelling of diaphyseal cortex. Since the numbers of seams present at any given instant are representative of previous events affecting differentiation of the mesenchymal cell, the data indicates that the mechanism(s) controlling this process in the internal remodelling of rib and clavicle cortex may be independent of the mechanism(s) controlling differentiation of mesenchymal cells in growth and maturation of the skeleton.
An enzymatic‐histochemical study of the corpus uteri of the mouse
Authors: Thiery Michel , Willighagen Roelof G. J.
Published: February 2005

The authors have investigated in the component parts of the uterine corpus of the C3H/N mouse the distribution pattern of 15 enzymes, some of them for the first time. In the endometrial epithelium alkaline and acid phosphatase, 5‐nucleotidase, adenosinetriphosphatase, β‐glucuronidase, NADD, NADPD, and the dehydrogenases studied, were found to show cyclical variations in intensity and localization which parallel the estrogen impregnation of the animal. Cyclical variations in intensity were found in the endometrial stroma for the activity of alkaline phosphatase, adenosinetriphosphatase, and β‐glucuronidase. Analogous variations in the myometrium are reported for alkaline phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase. A relationship between the functional activity of fibroblasts and the intensity of the activity of alkaline phosphatase is suspected in the subepithelial connective tissue. Macrophages show activity of a variety of enzyme systems. Their high acid phosphatase activity is to be attributed to storage of organic substances deriving from the breakdown of the endometrial epithelium. A similar relationship between enzyme activity and storage function is suspected for β‐glucuronidase. The sudden increase in the aminopeptidase activity in the endometrial epithelium and stroma at the end of the estrous cycle may be the expression of the intense catabolic phenomena which characterize this phase.
Normal and abnormal expansion of the lungs of newborn infants obtained at autopsy III. The pattern of aeration as affected by gestational and postnatal age
Authors: Gruenwald Peter
Published: February 2005

Lungs of 482 infants were examined by artificial inflation. The pattern of aeration is recognized best when expansion is incomplete. It varies strikingly with maturity: inpreviable fetuses (approximately 1,000 gm or less) and in mature infants (above 2,000 to 2,500 gm) air is distributed at random. In viable premature infants with a birth weight between these two groups, aeration of the bronchi and respiratory bronchioles without expansion of the alveoli (atelectasis of prematurity) is accomplished with relative ease, whereas opening of the alveoli requires much higher pressure. In infants born too small for their gestational age, the pattern of expansionfollows gestational age rather than birth weight. If the normal surface active lining of the air spaces is inactivated or absent, the stability of expansion is reduced and extensive collapse occurs at each expiration. This favors in the lungs of premature infants the recurrence, and eventually persistence of atelectasis of prematurity. Expansion by liquid media shows that the architecture of these atelectatic lungs is normal. The tendency toward atelectasis of prematurity is a function of prematurity, and is independent of the formation of hyaline membranes.
Pigment granule formation in slate, a coat color mutant in the mouse
Authors: Pierro Louis J.
Published: February 2005

Slate (slt) is an autosomal recessive mutation which affects the pigment granule attributes, size, shape and number, in the cortex and medulla of the hair, in the epithelial melanocytes of the eye, and in the neural crest‐derived melanocytes of the uveal tract and Harderian gland. Pigment granules are reduced in number in all of the pigmented sites, they are unusually large, and they are quite irregular in shape. In addition, there is a tendency of slt granules to clump together in the medulla of the hair.

Studies of pigment granule genesis in the epithelial, uveal and Harderian gland melanocytes indicate that the reduced number of granules found in the presence of slt is due both to the synthesis of fewer melanin granules, and to the fusion of individual granules into progressively larger pigmented bodies. Granule size thus increases at the expense of granule number. Since granule shape becomes more irregular as granule size increases, it appears that the effects of slt on pigment granule size, numberand shape are inter‐related.
Gross effects on rabbit embryos and membranes of X‐irradiation in the blastocyst stage
Authors: Inman Ottilie R. , Markivee C. R.
Published: February 2005

Rabbit blastocysts in right uterine horns of 20 does were x‐irradiated with 150 r or 200 r at 3.5 days of gestation, and compared with untreated litter‐mates at 9.5 days. Irradiation increased pre‐implantation mortality and significantly reduced average embryonic size. Mortality was 11.1% elevated in each group, but stunting increased with increased irradiation. At 150 r and 200 r respectively, 46.1% and 69.2% of irradiated embryos were smaller than the smallest litter‐mate control. Large litter size caused almost 45% of the stunting in the 150 r group, but did not affect the 200 r group. In each group were some irradiated embryos of normal size, many stunted embryos, and a few grossly malformed and retarded. Moderate degrees of size reduction occurred less frequently among controls. In stunted embryos, experimental or control, the allantois usually failed to make uterine contact. Living irradiated embryos examined in utero frequently had areas of the yolk sac in which no blood could be seen. In both extra‐embryonic and intra‐embryonic vessels, their blood was distinctly paler than that of controls. Damage to hematopoietic tissue is probably a frequent result of prenatal irradiation. Stunting and allantoic retardation, which may contribute to the rabbit's normally high prenatal mortality, are increased by x‐ irradiation.
Relation between microanatomy and functional properties of the coronary arteries (Dog)
Authors: Boucek Robert J. , Takashita Ruth , Fojaco Rita
Published: February 2005

The different anatomic properties of the three major coronary arteries of the dog were revealed by reconstruction of serial histologic sections. It was found that while the right and circumflex arteries consist of sequential segments of muscles arising and inserting into the adventitia, the anterior descending has a distinctly different muscle pattern. In the right coronary artery, six muscle bundles occur in short segments (0.6 mm in length), while only four arranged in longer segments (1.6 mm) characterize the circumflex artery. Two of the four muscle bundles in the anterior descending follow a spiral course down the entire length of the artery, while the other two execute a short spiral with a staggered origin from collagen septa 0.6 mm apart. Of the two types of branching from the major arteries one has no muscle connection, while the other has muscle continuity with the major artery. Innervation of the major arteries occurs at the muscle origin and insertion sites. Nerves penetrate to the intima of the right, circumflex and the structurally independent branches, suggesting interesting reflex control for vasomotion. Movements of the coronary arteries as followed by cineangiographic techniques are apparently determined by the gross movements of the heart, the neuromuscular features of the arteries, and the location of the branches.
Erythrocyte diameter in tragulus javanicus, the chevrotain or mouse deer
Authors: Duke Kenneth L.
Published: February 2005

Erythrocytes in fixed organs of Tragulus javanicus, the mouse deer or chevrotain, were measured and found to average 1.5 m̈ in diameter. This confirms Gulliver's observations, made over a century ago, of the minuteness of these cells. It appears, from the literature, that Tragulus was considered to be a musk deer by Gulliver and others in his day. This probably accounts for the listing by most text‐books, even recent ones, of the musk deer as having the smallest mammalian erythrocyte. How the musk ox got into the picture is somewhat of a mystery. It is the mouse deer (Tragulus) that has the smallest erythrocyte, not the musk deer (Moschus) and most certainly not the musk ox (Ovibos).
Quantitative studies of areal boundaries in myelin preparations of the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Vota Uja
Published: February 2005

With the aid of a simple photometer, myelin preparations (Weigert‐Pal 50 m̈ thick) of six different regions of the human cerebral cortex were scanned. For each region a plot of optical density as a function of the distance from the surface of the cortex was obtained along a number of neighboring vertical lines. The validity of the concept of sharp areal boundaries was questioned on the basis of these data, and it was found that the cortical architectonics must be interpreted much less strictly than heretofore, and it should be realized that sharp boundaries between some areas do not exclude continuous gradations between others.
The locking mechanism of the hip joint
Authors: Roberts W. H.
Published: February 2005

This study is based upon observations made upon the hip joints of 12 embalmed cadavers. Windows were made into the joints and the effects of extension and flexion of the femur, produced both actively and passively, were noted. Particular attention was paid to associated movements. Use was made of x‐rays as well as direct observation.

It was determined that, as the femur extends it abducts and medially rotates; a terminal medial rotation takes up the last of the slack in the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. The locked position therefore is brought about by these three movements. There is no evidence of any medial displacement or translation of the femoral head on extension, as is commonly stated to occur. The passively extended femur also abducts and tends to rotate medially whereas the flexed femur laterally rotates and falls into a position about midway between abduction and adduction. The same general effects are reproducibile in the skeleton articulated in such a way as to leave hip motion practically unhindered. This would indicate that the ligaments play a passive role, restricting motion within physiological limits. The shape of the acetabulum and the direction toward which it faces, together with the topography of the articular surface of the head of the femur, are no doubt responsible for the associated movements.
Dissection of the human brain as a method for its fractionation by weight
Authors: Jenkins Thomas W. , Truex Raymond C.
Published: February 2005

Twenty human brains were weighed as fresh specimens and for varying periods of time following fixation in 10% formol. Meninges and blood vessels were removed, the brain stem was trimmed uniformly and a final total cleaned brain weight was thereby obtained. Ten brains (group I) were specially dissected to determine the respective weights of eight brain subdivisions. Ten fixed brains (group II) were boiled for 20 minutes, then refixed in formol for 30 days. Group II specimens were then dissected into the same eight subdivisions.

The use of standardized procedures and meticulous dissection yielded surprisingly uniform fractionation of the specimens in both groups I and II. This study indicates that precise gross dissection can be used as an accurate method of subdividing the human brain by weight.
The effect of trypan blue on the serum proteins of the fetal rat
Authors: Beaudoin Allan R. , Kahkonen Dorothy
Published: February 2005

Pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with a teratogenic dose of trypan blue (14 mg/100 g or 20 mg/100 g body weight) on the eighth day of gestation. Fetal blood was collected from control and experimental fetuses on the twentieth day of pregnancy. Serum was obtained from pooled blood samples of two to three fetuses. Paper electrophoresis was carried out in a Spinco model R system using barbital buffer at pH 8.6. The paper strips were subsequently stained with bromphenol blue and their density measured in a Spinco Analytrol to determine the relative concentration of each component. Total protein was measured in a Bausch and Lomb Serum Protein Meter. The predominant malformations seen in abnormal fetuses were apparent anophthalmia, 59%; hydrocephalus, 37%; and exencephaly, 19%. Other malformations were noted but with less frequency. Twenty‐day fetuses from trypan blue treated mothers had a significantly lower total protein concentration (1.50 g/100 ml) than control fetuses (1.95 g/100 ml). A comparison of the absolute protein concentration of the serum fractions revealed significant differences between control and experimental fetuses in beta globulin, alpha‐1 globulin, and albumin. In each instance the absolute concentration was less in the fraction from fetuses of trypan blue treated mothers. Fetal gamma, alpha‐2, and alpha‐3 globulins were not affected by the maternal treatment.
Abnormalities of pulmonary and other vessels in rat fetuses from maternal pteroylglutamic acid deficiency
Authors: Monie I. W. , Nelson M. M.
Published: February 2005

Maternal pteroylglutamic acid (PGA or folic acid) deficiency from the ninth to eleventh days of gestation produced in rat fetuses a variety of congenital abnormalities of the pulmonary and other vessels. These included single pulmonary artery, absence of the ductus arteriosus, single coronary artery, stenosis of the pulmonary trunk, persistent truncus arterious, and termination of the pulmonary veins in the right atrium or left anterior vena cava. Study of young PGA‐deficient embryos showed a number of these anomalies in the course of development. Many of the abnormalities encountered resembled those occurring in man.
A study of valves in the arteries of the rodent brain
Authors: Shanklin William M. , Azzam Nabil A.
Published: February 2005

This study is based on the cerebral arteries of 15 rats, 4 white mice, 2 Syrian hamsters and 3 guinea pigs. Elevated areas of tissue formed by the intima were stained metachromatically by cresyl violet in the rat, mouse and Syrian hamster, however none were found in the guinea pig. All areas of metachromasia were associated with a branching of the artery. These protuberances varied from rudimentary to typical valves. These protuberances in the mouse and hamster in general were more rudimentary than in the rat. In the rat there were from 40 to 79 areas of metachromasia. These arteries had a well developed internal elastic membrane separating the base of the valve from the pars media.
Ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of vesicle‐like bodies in agranular interphase cells cultured from Triturus viridescens
Authors: Amenta Peter S.
Published: February 2005

In flattened cells cultured from the heart of Triturus viridescens, cytoplasmic vesicles possessing a decreased refractive index were observed in the vicinity of the nucleus. The vesicles displayed a bubbling phenomenon when viewed by dark medium phase contrast microscopy and recorded by time lapse photography. Usual fat stains failed to reveal the vesicles in fixed preparations. DaFano's and Aoyama's methods employing silver imparted a brown‐yellow color to the vesicles, but because the cell nucleus also stained the same color, no identification could be advanced.

Heterochromatic microbeams of ultraviolet light focused into the vesicular complex caused swelling and fusion of the vesicles, followed by regression in size until they could no longer be seen. Cytoplasmic irradiation adjacent to and at relatively great distances from the vesicles failed to evoke this reaction from the vesicles. An interesting side effect was recorded in the nucleus: a diminished granularity of the chromatin. This effect was likened to previously recorded cytoplasmic irradiation effects; that of nuclear pyknosis in eosinophils, and spindle destruction in early mitotic cells. Irradiation of fat droplets caused none of these effects. Further studies are aimed at defining the nature of these vesicles, with emphasis on the vesicles being pinocytotic vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi vesicles.
The mesonephric‐testicular connection in man and some mammals
Authors: Marin‐Padilla Miguel
Published: February 2005

In the testes of man and some other mammals a structure is formed during reproductive age, designated a “receptacle”. This structure which is not present during infancy represents the first communication of the seminiferous tubules to an extragonadal organ the rete “organ,” the receptacles received the mature spermatozoa which later are transported to the mesonephric excretory duct through the rete tubules. The receptacles are the distal end of the rete tubules and are considered as coelomic funnels.

The epithelium of the receptacles, the tubuli recti and rete tubules is identical in infantile and mature testes and of a different type than the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.

The receptacle consists of a distal dilatation of the tubuli recti in which the seminiferous tubule invaginates following the ruptures of their walls. Identical receptacles are present in man, horse (Equus caballus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus), white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felix domesticus), hamster (mesocricetus auratus) and woodhuck (Marmota monax). In the mule (sterile offspring of a mare and a jackass) the receptacles lack communications.

The presence of mature spermatozoa is believed to be the proper stimulus for the formation of the receptacles which established the communications between the seminiferous tubules and the rete tubules.

The receptacles, tubuli recti and rete testis are part of an organ which accomplished the connection of the gonad to its mesonephric excretory system.
“Ex Vacuo” growth of adipose tissue in rats and mice
Authors: Hausberger Franz X.
Published: February 2005

The excessive growth of fatty tissue around atrophic organs has been described in humans as “hypertrophy ex vacuo”. Since adipose tissue receives its blood supply from smaller branches of arteries which also supply organs or muscles, it has been suggested that increased amounts of blood could be diverted from the inactive organs to the surrounding fatty tissue and promote its growth. This theory was investigated, using rats and mice of different strains. One testis, the artery of which also supplies the epididymal fat pad, was removed, and the animals sacrificed 3‐4 weeks later. Growth of the affected fat pad in both rats and mice of normal body composition was significantly reduced. Removal of the testis in adult yellow‐obese mice during periods of weight gain produced a moderate but significant weight increase of the affected fat body.
Polynuclear ova and polyovular follicles in the ovaries of young guinea pigs
Authors: Collins D. C. , Kent H. A.
Published: February 2005

NOrmal and atypical follicular structures were classified and counted in the ovaries of guinea pigs 3 to 11 weeks of age. The per cent of primary and secondary follicles remain almost constant throughout the period of observation. Corpora lutea appeared at the fifth week and reached what appeared to be the mature level by the sixth week. The per cent of follicles having polynuclear ova reached an early peak at four weeks and decreased sharply at five weeks postpartum. The per cent of polyovular follicles increased to a low peak at nine weeks and decreased in frequency thereafter. The frequencies of atretic follicles with polynuclear ova and of quency thereafter. The frequencies of atretic follicles with polynuclear ova and of atretic polyovular follicles were significantly higher than that of atretic normal follicles. The results of this study were compared to simular observations on the Swiss mouse, Golden Hamster and Sprague‐Dawley rat. The data were discussed in relation to gonadotripic hormone levels.
Weights and linear measurements of the body and organs of the tiger salamander, before and after metamorphosis, compared with the adult
Authors: Latimer Homer B. , Roofe Paul Gibbons
Published: February 2005

Body weight and length, weights of 14 organs and 15 linear measurements are presented from 97 Amblystoma tigrinum melanosticum before metamorphosis and 57 specimens after metamorphosis. These data are compared with similar measurements (previously published) on adult salamanders.

Body weight and weights of the digestive tube and its subdivisions, liver, pancreas, spleen, eyeballs and brain are heavier in the larvae. The body weight decreases more than many of the organs and hence the percentage weights of the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gonads, eyeballs and brain are larger, relatively, in the post‐metamorphosis salamanders.

Since body length is not significantly changed, the percentage lengths are much the same. Length of the digestive tube and its parts, jaw width and the width of the body at pectoral, belly and pelvic regions are all longer in the larvae. The limbs are the only percentage lengths greater in the post‐metamorphosis salamanders.

All of the weights and all of the linear measurements are significantly correlated with body weight or length, respectively.

Four organs show increases in percentage weights at all three periods: gonads, lungs, liver and spleen. Two others have an increase in post‐metamorphosis: heart and kidneys. The digestive tube and its parts and the pancreas have a relative decrease at the end of metamorphosis. The eyeballs are relatively largest in the post‐metamorphosis, and smallest in the adults.
Evocation of regrowth phenomena in anuran limbs by electrical stimulation of the nerve supply
Authors: Bodemer Charles W.
Published: February 2005

Experiments reveal that growth reactions may be evoked in amputated forelimbs of fully adult Rana pipiens and R. catesbiana by electrical stimulation of the normal limb nerve supply. The evoked growths were generally small cones, 5–10 mm in length; none developed into limbs of normal size and morphology, but some formed digits and cartilage and developed striated muscle. The combined influences of trauma, effected by salt treatment, and electrical stimulation of the nerve produced more growths than trauma or stimulation alone.
A histochemical and histophysical survey of the effects of different fixatives on the thyroid gland of rats
Authors: Bélanger Leonard F. , Bois Pierre
Published: February 2005

Fixation of the thyroid gland with formaldehyde‐ethanol‐acetic acid retains a larger proportion of colloid constituents than aqueous formaldehyde.

Comparative histochemistry has revealed a larger proportion of protein, arginine, cabohydrates and iodinated material.

The heterogeneous staining pattern was not observed after aqueous formaldehyde fixation.

The intracellular globules and the early iodinated fraction of the colloid were similarly stained.

Intracellular globules were not observed in aqueous formaldehyde‐fixed tissues.

Only the more slowly labeled fraction of the colloid (large follicles), was stained by toluidine blue and also by bromphenol blue without mercury, indicative of basic proteins.
The time of origin of the parabiotic anastomosis
Authors: Sodicoff Marvin , Binhammer Robert T.
Published: February 2005

The course of development of parabiotic anastomosis was followed with respect to time in Holtzman (Sprague‐Dawley) parabionts. Comparison of non‐irradiated pairs was made to pairs in which one of the partners had received 800 r. The development of the anastomosis was studied by determining the per cent transfer of CR51 labeled erythrocytes (which represented a cellular element) and radio‐iodinated serum albumin (which represented a molecular element) from one partner to the other. Erythrocytes were found in the non‐injected animal in small numbers at 22 hours after pairing; at 47 hours the rate of transfer became much more rapid. RISA was detected in the non‐injected partner as early as five hours after pairing and accumulated steadily thereafter. Irradiation had no effect on the course of development of the parabiotic anastomosis as evidenced by similarity of accumulation rates of Cr51 labeled erythrocytes and RISA when compared to the non‐irradiated pairs.
A new sealing compound for museum jars
Authors: Joram Philip R.
Published: February 2005

A plastic sealing compound for museum jars is described. It has the consistancy of toothpaste and is applied in a similar manner directly to the museum jar from a tube. No catalyst or mixing is required. Moisture in the air cures the plastic in 12–24 hours. After the extruded “rope” is applied, the lid is placed on the jar and the jar set aside for the cure. After cure any excess can be trimmed with a scalpel.
An improved method for evaluating osteogenesis in vitro
Authors: Shaw Joseph L. , Bassett C. Andrew L.
Published: February 2005

A simple, rapid method is presented which permits qualitative evaluation of osteogenesis in tissue culture. Eleven‐day embryonic chick tibiae, with distal and proximal condyles removed, were grown in organ culture for two weeks. Explants demonstrated subperiosteal osteogenesis, bridging of fracture defects, and formation of bone, de novo, over the cut cartilaginous end surfaces of explants.

The method presented herein has several advantages over those previously described and may be adopted for an in vitro assay of materials to determine direct effects on osteogenesis. Large quantities of explants can be prepared easily and cultured to yield consistantly abundant quantities of osteoid. Bone which is formed over ends of anlage is particularly significant by virtue of its position. New bone formed elsewhere in explants, with the possible exception of the fracture sites, however, is difficult to distinguish from bone present before onset of cultivation. Further more, osteogenesis which occurs over the cut cartilaginous ends after a week of culture, probably results from favorable environmental conditions in vitro and not from cellular activity “preprogrammed” in ovo.

In addition to osteogenesis, alteration of cartilage cells and matrix were observed in this system. Chondrocytes in the cut ends of the anlagen became spheroidal and resembled osteoblasts. Bone formation, however, was not observed about these cells. In and about lacunae of degenerating chondrocytes at the ends of the anlagen, collagen fibers appeared.
Malformations induced in the mouse by thalidomide
Authors: Dipaolo Joseph A. , Gatzek Helmut , Pickren John
Published: February 2005

Pregnant mice of Swiss ICR/Ha and the A/St and the C3H/He inbred strains were given thalidomide by oral intubation for four or five days beginning six or seven days postconception. Congenital anomalies including skeletal malformations were induced with doses of 31 to 250 mg of thalidomide per kg of body weight. Skeletal malformations of the long bones, head and trunk were seen in radiographs; soft tissue malformations were limited to structural malformations of the brain, seen in histological preparations.

Because of the relatively small number of Swiss and C3H mice used, no attempt was made to discern the severity or pattern of malformations presented by each strain.
Comparative observations of the hearts of mongrel and Greyhound dogs
Authors: Schneider Henry P. , Truex Raymond C. , Knowles Jack O.
Published: February 2005

A study of 40 racing Greyhounds and 60 mongrel dogs provided comparative data on the respective components of the canine electrocardiogram. Additional data revealed that the Greyhound had a heart weight — body weight ratio of 1.25 gm, a heart rate of 115 beats per minute, a systolic blood pressure of 254 mm of Hg, and a diastolic pressure of 139 mm of Hg. These findings in an athletic animal are compared with similar observations in untrained animals. The significance of this basic information is presented and discussed.
Comparative histochemistry of the gastric mucosa: A survey of the common laboratory animals and man
Authors: Ragins Herzl , Dittbrenner Mary , Diaz Justo
Published: February 2005

A comparative histological and histochemical study of the gastric mucosa was done with the frog, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog and man. Enzymatic histochemical studies were done to demonstrate acid phosphatase (PbS and azo‐dye methods), thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP‐ase) and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity. Cytoplasmic organelles were stained in some cases by three of the above methods i.e. acid phosphatase (PbS) activity marked the lysosomes, TPP‐ase activity marked the Golgi apparatus and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity marked the mitochondria. The acid phosphatase activity of the four major cell types was markedly different in the various species. The activity shown by both methods in individuals of a given species coincided well except in the rabbit and the dog. TPP‐ase activity demonstrated the Golgi region in the surface cells of all species except the guinea pig and the frog. The Golgi zones of zymogen cells showed strong activity only in the cat, while the parietal cell Golgi was not demonstrated in any of the species. NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity in the parietal cells was strong in all animals except the mouse and the rat where staining was faint. The relationship between the lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus, as demonstrated histochemically in the gastric cells of the nine species, is discussed. The functional significance of these different enzymatic patterns has yet to be determined.
Placental and fetal development during multiple bovine pregnancy. Anatomical and physiological studies
Authors: Hafez E. S. E. , Rajakoski E.
Published: February 2005

Cattle were injected with PMS, bred and slaughtered 3, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after ovulation and the genital tracts dissected. From 30 to 90 days of pregnancy the percentage increase in the weight of single embryos was 85 times as much as the increase in crown‐rump length. The volume of amniotic fluid increased 580 times in the second month of pregnancy and increased twice during the third month of pregnancy. The allantochorion did not lengthen between 60 and 90 days of pregnancy. At 30 days of pregnancy there was no significant difference in the crown‐rump length or the weight of embryos of singles, twins, triplets, quadruplets or quintuplets. The volume of placental fluid per embryo was higher in singles than in twins and triplets; the volume of placental fluids per embryo decreased further in quadruplets and quintuplets. The weight of the placental membranes per embryo was heavier in singles than in twins, triplets and quadruplets; the weight of membranes was markedly decreased in quintuplets. The effects of overcrowding in utero on the conceptus was more pronounced at 60 days than at 30 days and in quintuplets than in triplets and quadruplets. Anastomosis of vascular supply of allantochorions occurred as early as 30 days of pregnancy.
A rapid exposure of the facial nerve
Authors: Laurenson R. D.
Published: February 2005

This article describes a rapid exposure of the facial nerve by splitting the parotid gland along the faciovenous plane originally described by Patey and Ranger ('57).

Scissors are thrust deep into the gland along the venous plane, and then opened to expose the facial nerve. This has been done in approximately 30 dissecting room subjects.
The epaxial muscles of the golden hamster
Authors: Salih Mohamad S. , Kent George C.
Published: February 2005

The epaxial musculature of the golden hamster based on 180 specimens has been described as follows. The Longissimus dorsi Group: L.d. pars cervicis, L.d. pars thoracis, L.d. pars lumborum, Extensor caudae lateralis. Muscles Primarily Cervical in Location: Splenius, Complexus, Biventer cervicis Semispinalis cervicis, Rectus capitis dorsalis major, Rectus capitis dorsalis minor, Rectus capitis lateralis, Obliquus capitis inferior, Obliquus capitis superior, Longus atlantis. Muscles Primarily Thoracic in Location: Spinalis dorsi, Iliocostalis. Short Deep Epaxial Bundles: Multifidus spinae, Extensor caudae medialis, Intertransversarii, Interspinales.