bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Torus partition function of the six-vertex model from algebraic geometry
Authors: Jacobsen Jesper Lykke , Jiang Yunfeng , Zhang Yang
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We develop an efficient method to compute the torus partition function of the six-vertex model exactly for finite lattice size. The method is based on the algebro-geometric approach to the resolution of Bethe ansatz equations initiated in a previous work, and on further ingredients introduced in the present paper. The latter include rational Q-system, primary decomposition, algebraic extension and Galois theory. Using this approach, we probe new structures in the solution space of the Bethe ansatz equations which enable us to boost the efficiency of the computation. As an application, we study the zeros of the partition function in a partial thermodynamic limit of M × N tori with N ≫ M. We observe that for N → ∞ the zeros accumulate on some curves and give a numerical method to generate the curves of accumulation points.
Correspondence between thermal and quantum vacuum transitions around horizons
Authors: Ai Wen-Yuan
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Recently, there are comparable revised interests in bubble nucleation seeded by black holes. However, it is debated in the literature that whether one shall interpret a static bounce solution in the Euclidean Schwarzschild spacetime (with periodic Euclidean Schwarzschild time) as describing a false vacuum decay at zero temperature or at finite temperature. In this paper, we show a correspondence that the static bounce solution describes either a thermal transition of vacuum in the static region outside of a Schwarzschild black hole or a quantum transition in a maximally extended Kruskal-Szekeres spacetime, corresponding to the viewpoint of the external static observers or the freely falling observers, respectively. The Matsubara modes in the thermal interpretation can be mapped to the circular harmonic modes from an O(2) symmetry in the tunneling interpretation. The complementary tunneling interpretation must be given in the Kruskal-Szekeres spacetime because of the so-called thermofield dynamics. This correspondence is general for bubble nucleation around horizons. We propose a new paradox from black holes as a consequence of this correspondence.
Factors associated with scientific misconduct and questionable research practices in health professions education
Authors: Maggio Lauren , Dong Ting Dong , Driessen Erik , Artino Jr. Anthony
Published: March 2019

Introduction Engaging in scientific misconduct and questionable research practices (QRPs) is a noted problem across fields, including health professions education (HPE). To mitigate these practices, other disciplines have enacted strategies based on researcher characteristics and practice factors. Thus, to inform HPE, this study seeks to determine which researcher characteristics and practice factors, if any, might explain the frequency of irresponsible research practices.

Method In 2017, a cross-sectional survey of HPE researchers was conducted. The survey included 66 items adapted from three published surveys: two published QRP surveys and a publication pressure scale. The outcome variable was a self-reported misconduct score, which is a weighted mean score for each respondent on all misconduct and QRP items. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, reliability and correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression modelling.

Results and Discussion In total, 590 researchers completed the survey. Results from the final regression model indicated that researcher age had a negative association with the misconduct score (b = -0.01, β = -0.22, t = -2.91, p <0.05), suggesting that older researchers tended to report less misconduct. On the other hand, those with more publications had higher misconduct scores (b = 0.001, β = 0.17, t = 3.27, p < 0.05) and, compared with researchers in the region of North America, researchers in Asia tended to have higher misconduct scores (b = 0.21, β = 0.12, t = 2.84, p < 0.01).
Public Debt as a Form of Public Finance
Authors: Wagner Richard E.
Published: March 2019

Economists commit a category mistake when they treat democratic governments as indebted. Monarchs can be indebted, as can individuals. In contrast, democracies can't truly be indebted. They are financial intermediaries that form a bridge between what are often willing borrowers and forced lenders. The language of public debt is an ideological language that promotes politically expressed desires and is not a scientific language that clarifies the practice of public finance. Economists have gone astray by assuming that a government is just another person whose impulses toward prudent action will restrict recourse to public debt and induce rational political action.
“Negotiating the Border”: Zimbabwean Migrant Mothers and Shifting Immigration Policy and Law in South Africa
Authors: Thebe Vusilizwe , Maombera Pamela
Published: March 2019

Based on an extended study of Zimbabwean women migrants in the Gauteng Province of South Africa, this article focuses on these women both as mothers and as labor migrants, seeking to understand their migration intentions in relation to changing policy and law in South Africa. It also focuses on their responses to the changes in policy as they seek to renegotiate the border. The strategies adopted by the women in negotiating the border not only demonstrate their agency, but are also intricately linked to their migration intentions. Their responses are critical to our understanding of contemporary migration in the region.
3358 Developmental Outcomes of Aicardi Goutieres Syndrome
Authors: Adang Laura , Patel Akshilkumar , Sherbini Omar , Kramer-Golinkoff Julia , Shults Justine , Vanderver Adeline
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare, lysosomal storage disorder caused by decreased enzymatic activity of arylsulfatase A. This can be the result of mutations in the ASA gene, or in rare cases PSAP. Historically, MLD has been subdivided into 3 forms based on age of onset: late infantile, juvenile, and adult. These subtypes were defined decades ago, prior to the appreciation of the full clinical spectrum of this lysosomal storage disorder and the advent of genetic testing. As a consequence, these empiric age-based historical definitions do not fully account for the spectrum of disease and are not founded in evidence-based analysis of phenotypic cohorts. Additionally, the antiquated definitions do not fully predict presenting features or disease course, and they fail to stratify outcomes in the few therapies currently available to treat this disease. As novel targeted therapeutics are developed, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the clinical presentation and natural history of MLD. Without properly defined sub-populations, it is difficult to design a therapeutic clinical trial that can demonstrate efficacy in a heterogeneous group. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this project, we collected the retrospective natural history of over 50 individuals from around the world. We created an electronic database in REDCap to able to longitudinally collect clinical information. Using this retrospective natural history approach to understanding the disease course of individuals affected by MLD, we were able to characterize age of onset, delay to diagnosis, and common presenting features. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our results suggest distinct clinical phenotypic subgroups, with distinct presentations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: With a better understanding of the natural history of MLD, we will be able to better counsel families and to design clinical trials with more coherent cohorts and more appropriate clinical endpoints.
3111 Heart Rate Variability as a Predictor of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults
Authors: Oyeyemi Deborah , Berger Miles , Roberts Kenneth C. , Giattino Charles M. , Woldorff Marty G. , Colon-Emeric Cathleen , Devinney Michael J. , Bunning Thomas , Zhou Junhong , Lipsitz Lewis A. , Whitson Heather E.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this project is to determine whether HRV, collected peri-operatively, is predictive of cognitive decline among older adults who undergo elective surgery/anesthesia. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This project is a part of the ongoing INTUIT/PRIME study, which is collecting pre- and post-operative cognitive testing, fMRI imaging, CSF samples, and EEG recordings from 200 older adults (age ≥ 60) undergoing elective non-cardiac/non-neurologic surgery scheduled to last > 2 hours at Duke University Medical Center and Duke Regional Hospital. This project utilizes data from the first 60 INTUIT participants who contributed continuous heart rate data before and during surgery. Participants undergo cognitive testing prior to surgery (baseline) and at 6 weeks after surgery. Our primary dependent variable is the change in the composite score from baseline to 6-weeks. Delirium is assessed in the hospital with the twice daily 3D-CAM tool, so we will report the proportion of individuals with 6-week cognitive decline who exhibited delirium in the days following surgery. Participants’ echocardiogram (ECG) recordings are extracted pre- and intraoperatively from B650/B850 patient monitors with VSCapture software. HRV is defined as the variability between successive R-spikes or inter-beat-intervals on ECG. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that lower intraoperative HRV is associated with worse cognitive decline at 6 weeks after surgery. As secondary objectives, we will determine whether pre-operative HRV or change in HRV (from pre-operative to intra-operative measures) are predictive of cognitive decline after surgery. We expect that in-hospital delirium will be detected in a higher proportion of those with 6-week cognitive decline, compared to those with stable or improved cognition at 6 weeks. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: HRV may address the present need for pre- and intra-operative cognitive risk stratification in the elderly. Physiological indices like HRV have the potential to dramatically change our understanding of CI in older adults undergoing surgery, as they offer an accessible, cost-effective, and non-invasive means whereby clinicians, particularly those unfamiliar with the nuances of geriatric and CI/dementia-related care, can monitor patients and refer those at high-risk of CI after surgery for early intervention.
3525 Improvement in Suicidal Ideation after Repeated Ketamine Infusions: Relationship to Reductions in Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Pain
Authors: Albott Cristina Sophia , Lim Kelvin O. , Forbes Miriam K. , Thuras Paul , Wels Joseph , Tye Susanna , Shiroma Paulo
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Given the heightened risk for suicide seen in individuals with PTSD+MDD, this report explored the effect of repeated ketamine infusions on SI in a cohort of veterans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Veterans with PTSD+MDD (n = 15) received six intravenous infusions of 0.5 mg/kg ketamine on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday schedule over a 12-day period. All subjects endorsed SI at baseline. Outcome measures included the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score, MADRS suicidal ideation item, and PTSD symptom Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) subscales (intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and marked alterations in arousal and reactivity), and visual analog scale of pain. Measures were collected immediately before and 24-hours after each infusion. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Significant improvement in SI was observed 24-hours after the first infusion (Z = 3.21; p = .001) and remained significantly improved at all other post-infusion time points. Improvement in SI at the conclusion of the infusion series was significantly correlated with PTSD subscales of avoidance (r(12) = .610, p = .021), negative alterations in cognition and mood (r(12) = .786, p = .001), alterations in arousal and reactivity (r(12) = .729, p = .003), and pain (r(12) = .591, p = .013), even when controlling for improvement in symptoms of depression. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The present analysis provides evidence of improvement in SI in a cohort of veterans with PTSD+MDD. Improvements in suicidality were correlated with PTSD symptom subscales and pain independent of improvement in depression. This report extends the interpersonal theory of suicide as it applies to posttraumatic pathology by demonstrating a significant association between improvements in all subclusters of PTSD, improvement in pain and improvement in suicidal ideation.
3318 Phosphorus Absorption in Healthy Adults and in Patients with Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Stremke Elizabeth , Wiese Gretchen , Wright Amy , Moe Sharon , Moorthi Ranjani , Gallant Kathleen Hill
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aim of this study is to compare intestinal phosphorus absorption in healthy adults and moderate stage chronic kidney disease patients in the context of a controlled feeding study METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants are 30-75 years old and include 10 healthy subjects and 10 moderate-staged CKD patients. Each subject pool will be enrolled in a 9-day study period including 7 days of controlled feeding of a 1500 mg phosphorus diet. Following the controlled feeding, two days of absorption tests will take place (oral and IV tests) utilizing radioisotopic phosphorus to calculate fractional absorption efficiency. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Current enrollment has produced 7 total matched subject (current n = 14/20). Four of the 7 pairs of completed subjects are female and 3 of 7 are black. Preliminary kinetic modeling data from the first enrolled subject show a moderate CKD patient with fractional absorption of 0.375. With forthcoming analyses, we expect that this fractional absorption result will not be statistically different from this subject’s matched pair, nor will each groups average absorption be different from the other. Additionally, we expect absorption to be maintained even with changes in secondary outcomes measures in serum (FGF23, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and total phosphorus) in CKD patients. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Lack of statistical difference in fractional phosphorus absorption between gropus would support that intestinal phosphorus absorption is inappropriately normal in CKD patients compared to healthy adults, despite evidence of abnormal phosphorus homeostatic mechanisms. Future studies will consider the effect of dietary P restriction, the most common nutrition intervention in moderate stage CKD, on fractional absorption efficiency in CKD.
3049 Prenatal care as a protective factor for preterm birth and smoking during pregnancy in nulliparous patients: a propensity score analysis
Authors: Houston-Ludlam Alexandra Noel , Cahill Alison G. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Heath Andrew C.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Preterm birth rates have been rising in the United States, and reducing preterm birth is a high-priority clinical and public health concern. There are no existing strategies to reduce preterm birth in nulliparous individuals. The present study aims to evaluate prenatal care as a protective factor for preterm birth in this population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Missouri birth record data for child birth years 1993-2016 were used to create a sample of 325,088 singleton births to nulliparous women, themselves born in MO 1975-1985. Logistic regressions, stratified by maternal race (White, African-American, Asian, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Other), were used to predict preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestational age) as a function of 1) initiation of prenatal care of by end of first trimester and 2) Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index, with sociodemographic covariates of child birth year, maternal age, highest educational level, and marital status (four level variable, including married yes/no, and partner named on birth record, yes/no). Subsequent analyses will use this logistic regression to create a propensity score predicting smoking during pregnancy using birth record parental sociodemographic characteristics, stratified by maternal race. Primary analyses will focus on the role of prenatal care in predicting smoking during pregnancy and preterm birth risk within propensity score stratum. Secondary analyses will consider the role of other risk factors, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal DUI history, on preterm birth risk. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary logistic regressions predicting preterm birth were analyzed, stratified by maternal race. In White mothers, preterm birth prevalence was 8.2%, and risk was significantly increased by maternal age ≤ 15 and ≥ 31, being unmarried, and by receiving no prenatal care, yet unaffected by timing of prenatal care initiation. For African-American mothers, preterm birth prevalence was 11.9%, and risk was significantly increased by being unmarried and both by not initiating prenatal care by end of first trimester and receiving no prenatal care. Preliminary samples were too small for solid inferences for other races. Anticipated results are that after propensity score match, earlier initiation of prenatal care will show modest protective effect on preterm birth, but other characteristics such as maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and DUI status will show stronger effects on predicting preterm birth risk. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: By evaluating the role of prenatal care initiation and delivery on preterm birth, this work provides an evidence base for prenatal care schedules and for understanding the interplay of sociodemographics, healthcare delivery, and individual characteristics in the context of preterm birth risk and potentially reduce negative health outcomes.
3547 Relationship between smoking and alcohol use status: variations in candidate genes associated with addiction and successful quitting smoking
Authors: Shaheen Magda , Brown Amira , Pan Deyu , Schrode Katrina
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Previous studies showed that 52% of smokers were unsuccessful in quitting smoking. Smoking in alcoholics is 2-3 times that of the general population with 50%-80% of alcoholics smoking regularly. Studies have linked several genetic variants to addiction. We examined the relation between successful quitting smoking, alcohol use, and genetic data for CYP2A6, CYP2B6, DRD2, DRD1 and GABRB1 alleles. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed data from NHANES III 1988-1994 for socioeconomic factors, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), alcohol status, successful quit smoking, and genetic data for CYP2A6, CYP2B6, DRD2, DRD1 and GABRB1 alleles. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between successful quit smoking and genotypes adjusting for other variables. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.3 (design & weight). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 2,269 smokers, 57% were current smokers, 35% were heavy drinkers, 24% were both smokers & heavy drinkers and 41% successfully quitted smoking. Successfully quit smoking was associated with CYP2A6 (rs28399433-TG) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-11.9, p = 0.03), CYP2B6 (rs2279343-AA and AG) (AOR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.5-3.5, p = 0.0003 for AA & AOR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.2-4.2, p = 0.01 for AG) and DRD1 (rs4532-AA) (AOR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.01-4.6, p = 0.04). Among heavy drinkers, those with CYP2A6 (rs28399433-TG) and CYP2B6 (rs2279343-AA and AG) were more likely to successfully quit smoking and those with CYP2A6 (rs5031017-GG) and GABRB1 (rs1442099-CC) were less likely to successfully quit smoking (p<0.05). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We concluded that while rs28399433-TG, rs2279343-AA & AG positively impacted the success to quit smoking, rs5031017-GG & rs1442099-CC negatively impacted the success in quitting smoking both overall and specifically in heavy drinker smokers.
3154 Resolution of right atrial congestion before LVAD implantation is associated with improved outcomes
Authors: Gulati Gaurav , Sutaria Nilay , Vest Amanda , DeNofrio David , Kawabori Masashi , Couper Gregory , Kiernan Michael
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Increased right atrial pressure is known to be a predictor of poor outcomes after LVAD implantation. Whether resolution of right heart congestion prior to LVAD implantation is associated with more favorable outcomes is not well understood. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed LVAD recipients from our institution from 1/1/2015 to 2/28/2018. We excluded patients bridged to LVAD with ECMO support. Patients with admission right atrial pressure (RAPadmit) and implant RAP (RAPimplant) ≥ 14 mmHg were defined as having persistent congestion, while patients with RAPadmit ≥ 14 mmHg and RAPimplant < 14 mmHg were defined as having resolved congestion. Baseline characteristics between groups were compared using the Chi-square and unpaired t-tests. Time to death or RVAD was compared between groups using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 57 LVAD recipients with RAPadmit ≥ 14 mmHg, 14 (25%) had persistent congestion at the time of LVAD implantation. While there were no statistically significant differences between groups, patients with persistent congestion were more likely to be INTERMACS profile 1 (21.4% vs 9.5%), less likely to have a destination therapy device strategy (28.6% vs 34.9%), less likely to have moderate or severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (64.3% vs 83.7%), and had similar RAPadmit (20.4 mmHg vs 18.9 mmHg) compared to patients with resolved congestion. Median follow up was 307 days. Patients with persistent congestion had a higher frequency of death or RVAD implantation compared to those with resolved congestion (50% vs 14%, HR 3.75, 95% CI 1.25–11.25, p=0.02). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Among patients with elevated RAP at admission, patients with persistently elevated RAP at the time of LVAD implantation had worse outcomes than patients who were able to be decongested prior to surgery. These data support optimization of RV filling pressures prior to LVAD surgery.
3341 Sex Differences in Vitamin D and Urinary Stone Disease
Authors: Di Florio Damian Nicolas , Douglass Erika J. , Bruno Katelyn A. , Hill Anneliese R. , Mathews Jessica E. , Haley William E. , Fairweather DeLisa
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: More men than women develop urinary stones and their prevalence alters in women with menopause suggesting a steroidal influence. In men the incidence of stones is highest during July and August suggesting that environmental factors such as Vitamin D (VitD), a steroid, may affect stone formation. Previous studies have found differences in the development of stones between men and women; however, the reasons for sex differences in stone formation and type remain unclear. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We examined VitD levels in men and women (n = 18,753) that had no diseases based on a lack of an ICD-9 or ICD-10 code in their electronic medical record. We found that normal, healthy women had significantly higher levels of sera VitD compared to men (p = 6x10-6). We then examined whether sex differences existed for key endpoints/data from the Mayo Clinic Urinary Stone Disease (USD) Registry, which has around 1,600 urinary stone patients that are well-phenotyped according to sex, age and stone type. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Control women were found to have higher sera VitD levels than men, but the sex difference no longer exists in kidney stone disease patients. When we further separated by race, we found that differences in VitD levels reappeared; this suggests that race also plays a role in sera VitD variances. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We are developing a disease severity score, which we will use to correlate to sera VitD levels in patients according to sex, age and race. Future analyses will take into account whether subjects had VitD and calcium supplementation. This project begins to explore the mechanism behind the sex differences known to exist in urinary stone disease, which is critically needed to provide improved diagnosis and therapy for this debilitating disease.
3542 Torsade de pointes/QT prolongation risks with antibiotics: A contemporary analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
Authors: Teng Chengwen , Gaspar Daryl Kevin S. , Frei Christopher
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Macrolides, linezolid, imipenem-cilastatin, fluoroquinolones, penicillin combinations, and ceftriaxone are known to be associated with Torsade de pointes/QT prolongation (TdP/QTP). Other antibiotics may also lead to TdP/QTP, but no study has systemically compared TdP/QTP risks of different antibiotics using recent data. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between TdP/QTP and antibiotics in recent years using the FDA Adverse Event Report System (FAERS). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: FAERS reports from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 were analyzed. The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) was used to identify TdP/QTP cases. We calculated the Reporting Odds Ratios (RORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the association between antibiotics and TdP/QTP. An association was considered to be statistically significant when the lower limit of the 95%CI was greater than 1. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 2,042,801 reports (including 5,221 TdP/QTP reports) were considered, after inclusion criteria were applied. Macrolides had the greatest proportion of TdP/QTP reports, representing 2.9% of all macrolide reports. TdP/QTP RORs (95%CI) for the antibiotics were (in descending order): macrolides 11.73 (9.74-14.12), linezolid 9.39 (6.45-13.68), amikacin 8.94 (4.22-18.92), imipenem-cilastatin 5.01 (2.38-10.56), fluoroquinolones 4.67 (3.96-5.52), penicillin combinations 3.52 (2.56-4.86), cephalosporins 1.90 (1.14-3.16), metronidazole 1.49 (0.74-2.99), vancomycin 1.26 (0.70-2.28), clindamycin 0.83 (0.27-2.58), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 0.82 (0.31-2.18), and amoxicillin 0.57 (0.18-1.78). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study confirms prior evidence for TdP-QTP risks with macrolides, linezolid, imipenem-cilastatin, fluoroquinolones, penicillin combinations, and cephalosporins. This study provides new evidence for TdP-QTP risks with amikacin. Macrolides had the highest TdP/QTP ROR among the antibiotics evaluated in this study.
3098 Combined Eating Disorder and Weight Loss Online Guided-Self Help Intervention: A Pilot Study
Authors: Monterubio Grace Elise , Wilfley Denise E. , Fitzsimmons-Craft Ellen E.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Among college students with binge-type eating disorders who are overweight (BMI >25), does use of an online, guided self-help program for EDs combined with healthy weight-loss (WL) methods lead to reductions in ED symptoms and weight loss compared to controls referred to standard in-person treatment (Student Health Services)? Aim 1: Develop online, guided self-help program for intervention of ED psychopathology and weight reduction. Aim 2: Implement online, guided self-help program for intervention of ED psychopathology and weight reduction. Aim 3: Follow-up to track remission of ED psychopathology and symptoms and WL maintenance. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Up to N=60 college students who meet the criteria (clinical or sub-clinical binge-type ED and have a BMI > 25) and elect to participate will complete a baseline survey to enroll in the study, then will be randomized into a condition. Students in the intervention group (n=30) will be offered 8 weeks of online, guided self-help intervention for ED and WL. Students in the control group (n=30) will receive an email message encouraging them to seek support from Student Health Services for their WL and eating behavior concerns, along with appropriate contact information. All participants will receive follow-up 9 weeks after completing initial baseline, and a final follow-up survey 6-months after completing their baseline. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Analysis of intervention and control groups will compare average Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) scores and WL (change in BMI) at the end of the intervention (9 weeks) and at 6-month follow-up. Group comparisons will be assessed via two-way mixed model ANOVA. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Online, guided self-help interventions have been used for WL, as well as for treatment of EDs separately, but no program exists to manage these conditions together. Thus, the use of online intervention for ED psychopathology and WL in individuals with clinical and sub-clinical EDs is the next step. The goal of this study is to implement a program to reduce weight and shape concerns, reduce disordered eating symptoms, such as bingeing, and compensatory behaviors associated with binge-type EDs, while also reducing weight for individuals with EDs and comorbid overweight/obesity. This project will pilot an online, guided self-help ED intervention that offers cognitive behavioral based tools to improve ED symptoms in college students, while also teaching the healthy methods of behavioral WL, for students with clinical/sub-clinical binge-type EDs with comorbid overweight/obesity in order to examine effectiveness of the program compared to referral to Student Health Services for ED and WL concerns. Furthermore, the use of an online, guided self-help intervention is more scalable and can circumvent many of the barriers to traditional in-person treatment.
3032 MKit: Pilot Results of Primary Prevention Sexual Violence WebApp
Authors: Munro-Kramer Michelle , Cannon Lindsay , Bauermeister Jose , Kusunoki Yasamin , Ngo Quyen , Stephenson Rob
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Sexual violence (SV) is a public health crisis. High rates of SV are observed among college-age youth, yet holistic interventions are currently lacking. The purpose of this study was to conduct a pilot feasibility and acceptability test of a WebApp, MKit, which translates a clinical life skills approach to influence the health and well-being of university students. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We randomized two residence halls at a public university in the Midwest into a control group (n=139) that received typical university programming around SV and healthy relationships, or an intervention group (n=122) receiving MKit and the usual SV programming. We used online surveys to assess acceptability, feasibility, and usability at 3- and 5-months. Focus groups were conducted with a subsample of participants at 5-months to further investigate safety. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The mean number of uses of MKit was 2.84 in a 5-month period. The majority of intervention participants endorsed the acceptability and usability of MKit as easy to use, well integrated, accessible, and easy to learn quickly. There were no concerns regarding personal safety. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: MKit provides a promising resource platform to deliver messages regarding healthy relationships and SV within the university context. By delivering SV-related content through a holistic life skills approach, MKit may offer new opportunities to reach and engage a wide range of students on how to foster healthy relationships.
3580 What percent of unnecessary ED visits for chronic conditions can be reduced by extant telemedicine devices?
Authors: Abiola Simeon , Arcoleo Kimberly
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study will elucidate what percent of unnecessary ED visits for chronic conditions can be reduced by extant telemedicine devices, and which telemedicine devices can yield the greatest reduction in unnecessary ED visits for chronic conditions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We intend to use the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) to estimate the percent of ED visits, with a chronic condition as the principal diagnosis, were only evaluation and management services were rendered. The NEDS is the largest publicly available, all-payer ED database, providing national estimates of ED visits. The NEDS contains information on patient demographics, principal diagnosis (captured by ICD-9-CM codes and defined as the main reason for bringing the patient to the hospital), and procedure codes using Current Procedural Terminology, Fourth Edition (CPT-4). Patients with a chronic condition will be identified using Chronic Condition Indicator developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and, from them, patients who only received “evaluation and management” services will be extracted using the CPT-4 codes 99281–99283 and G0380–G0383. Then using our previously developed database, wherein FDA-approved OTC medical devices were allied to chronic conditions by applying the transitive property of equality between telemedicine devices – measurement and measurement – conditions pairs, we will elucidate what percent of unnecessary ED visits for chronic conditions which can be reduced by extant telemedicine devices. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate multiple OTC telemedicine devices will be necessary to evaluate and manage common principal conditions. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Telemedicine is seen as a potentially powerful tool for improving healthcare and reducing cost. UnitedHealthcare, the largest US insurance provider, has partnered with Doctors on Demand, the largest players in the telemedicine app space, and other app-based telemedicine services to provide on-demand access to physicians. However, to reach the full potential of telemedicine, and more specifically towards reducing unnecessary ED visits for chronic conditions, telemedicine services need to include capabilities that will allow for the evaluation and management of chronic conditions. This study is a pragmatic first step towards understanding what telemedicine devices would best augment existing telemedicine services to reduce unnecessary ED utilization.
3128 Copula-Based Regression Models for Correlated Bivariate Binary Outcomes: Application to Ophthalmologic Data Structures
Authors: Alqahtani Haifa , Kwagyan John
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To account for association between the pair of binary outcomes, we adopt the Clayton and Frank copulas to indirectly specify their joint distributions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We propose a regression model for the joint modelling of correlated bivariate outcomes using copulas. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: develop full maximum likelihood inference.
3007 Addressing Community Health Needs through Community Engagement Research Advisory Boards
Authors: Patten Christi , Albertie Monica L. , Chamie Chara A. , Brockman Tabetha A. , Gorfine Mary , Nicholas Rosa , Bock Martha J. , Okamoto Janet M. , Penheiter Sumedha G. , Balls-Berry Joyce E.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Over 80% of CTSA programs have a community advisory board (CAB), an effective strategy to increase community engagement (CE) in research. Little is known about how the research discussed with CABs aligns with community priorities (i.e., bi-directionality). This program evaluation assessed the health topics presented by researchers to the CABs linked to our CE Program at all three Mayo Clinic sites (MN, AZ, and FL) for relevance to local community needs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Two coders classified Mayo researcher presentations to our CABs from 2014-2018 for relevance to needs identified in the local 2013 and/or 2016 County Health Needs Assessments and specific topic(s); with high levels of agreement (Kappa=0.90). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, of the 65 presentations 41 (63%) addressed one or more local health needs (47% MN, 60% FL, 80% AZ). Cross-cutting health topics addressed at 2 sites were physical activity/obesity/nutrition and mental health. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Findings were shared with our CABs to obtain input on future directions. The FL and AZ CABs are systematic in seeking out or initiating research projects that address local health needs, an approach the MN site is interested in adopting. Ultimately, it is important to demonstrate improved health outcomes with CTSA-based CE research strategies. Understanding community health needs and depth of researchers in those areas may help to focus priorities for demonstrating such outcomes.
3151 It all starts with a dialogue – Stimulating Engaged Research Opportunities through Stakeholder-Academic Resource Panel (ShARPs)
Authors: Robles-Schrader Grisel M. , Serrato Josefina , Padilla Roxane , Fagen Michael
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The foci of this evaluation is to:. determine if cultural and contextual adaptations identified by community stakeholders via ShARP sessions change research design/implementation/dissemination strategies. examine changes in stakeholder engagement by the research team after the initial ShARP session. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CCH staff measured session effectiveness for multiple stakeholders at multiple time points. Researchers and community stakeholders completed surveys to assess process and function at the end of the session. CCH staff follow-up with researcher team members approximately 12-18 months after the session to assess longer term outcomes and changes resulting from stakeholder input gathered at the ShARP. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS:. 16 ShARPs sessions were hosted in a three year period. o 4 hosted in Spanish o 2 focused solely on youth populations. 141 stakeholders representing diverse professional backgrounds participated in sessions and represented a cross section of: o Ages: 12- 17 (5%); 18-24 (6%); 25-34 (24%); 35-44 (23%); 45-54 (12%); 55-64 (9%); 65 and older (13%); No Response (8%) o Gender Identities: Female (62%); Male (34%); Transgender (0%); No Response (4%) o Race/Ethnicities: Asian, Pacific Islander (13%); African American/Black (28%); Hispanic/Latino/x (25%); Native Americans, First Nations, American Indian (0%); Caucasian/White (24%); Multiracial (2%); No Response (9%). Feedback from research teams (aggregate of Strongly Agreed/Agreed responses) o ShARP panel was made up of relevant stakeholders (97%) o ShARP session was worthwhile (100%) o Stakeholder input will improve my research project (100%) o I would engage stakeholders in future projects (40%). Feedback from community stakeholders (aggregate of Strongly Agreed/Agreed responses) o ShARP session worthwhile (89%) o I have an increased understanding of research after participating in this session (89%) o Based on the experience, would consider providing input on a research study in the future (90%) o This session was the first time I was asked to provide input on a research study (46%) DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Preliminary results indicate engaging stakeholders in research can provide cultural and contextual adaptations that increase research relevance and feasibility in any phase of research. Conversely, stakeholders indicated an increased understanding of research. This poster will feature stakeholder and researcher perspectives. Increasing dialogues between research teams and community stakeholders can improve research design and relevance. The ShARPs programs aims to increase these types of dialogues which can be especially important for research teams who are unsure of who or how to begin engaging stakeholders in research. Gathering additional data via follow-up interviews will help us better understand the impact this program has on long term stakeholder engagement in research.
3089 Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance of LGR5, a Cancer Stem cell Marker in Peritoneal Metastasis of a Colorectal Origin
Authors: Ihemelandu Chukwuemeka
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is expressed on Wnt/β-catenin-dependent adult stem cell populations of the colon. Cancer stem cells are hypothesized to be the driving force behind tumor progression and metastasis, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Our aim was to analyze the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of LGR5 expression in a cohort of colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A total of 49 Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of primary or metastatic tumors and their respective normal tissues were collected from the tissue bank for time period 2009-2015. LGR5 expression was assessed at the protein level through immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of tissue microarray (TMA) constructs consisting of pairs of tumor and normal colon tissue. The correlation between LGR5 expression and clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis was assessed by statistical analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 49 patient sample, 30(61.22%) were female vs. 19 (38.78%) males. Age range at initial diagnosis ranged from 31.7 years to 84.4 years, with a median age of 61.29 years. Duration of follow-up ranged from 1 – 9 years with a median of 5 years.LGR5 expression was higher in colorectal cancer than in normal mucosa. In univariate survival analysis overexpression of LGR5 was significantly associated with improved survival (p=0.002).Of significance, LGR5 positivity was an independent prognostic marker for better prognosis in a multivariate survival analysis adjusting for prognostic variables age, stage, gender, tumor histology and grade (HR 2.67. 95% CI 1.01-7.00, P = 0.046). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: LGR5 was significantly over expressed in colorectal cancer compared to normal tissues. LGR5 was noted to be an independent prognostic variable for an improved survival outcome in colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis, making LGR5 a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis.
3559 Mechanisms of sebaceous skin microbial community remodeling through microenvironment modulation.
Authors: McCoy William Howard , Rosa Bruce , Martin John , Mitreva Makedonka , Henderson Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To understand the mechanisms of how a non-antimicrobial can reshape a commensal microbe community to cure a ubiquitous human disease. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Whole genome sequencing of bacterial isolates, metabolomic investigations of previously collected skin microbe isolates from patients, and structural investigations of a protein from these skin microbes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Metabolic pathways associated with adaptation to a changing skin microenvironment, novel antimicrobial characterization, and a structural understanding of a novel nutrient acquisition protein. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Multiple angles of this investigation are poised to improve current non-antimicrobial dermatologic treatments and they have the potential to impact microbe-related diseases in other human microenvironments.
3131 ONCOSTREAMS: NOVEL DYNAMICS PATHOLOGICAL MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN GLIOBLATOMA GROWTH AND INVASION
Authors: Comba Andrea , Dunn Patrick , Argento Anna E , Kadiyala Padma , Motsch Sebastien , Kish Phillip , Kahana Alon , Zamler Daniel , Muraszko Karin , Castro Maria G , Lowenstein Pedro R
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Oncostreams represent a novel growth pattern of GBM. In this study we uncovered the cellular and molecular mechanism that regulates the oncostreams function in GBM growth and invasion. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We studied oncostreams organization and function using genetically engineered mouse gliomas models (GEMM), mouse primary patient derived GBM model and human glioma biopsies. We evaluated the molecular landscape of oncostreams by laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by RNA-Sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Oncostreams are multicellular structures of 10-20 cells wide and 2-400 μm long. They are distributed throughout the tumors in mouse and human GBM. Oncostreams are heterogeneous structures positive for GFAP, Nestin, Olig2 and Iba1 cells and negative for Neurofilament. Using GEMM we found a negative correlation between oncostream density and animal survival. Moreover, examination of patient’s glioma biopsies evidenced that oncostreams are present in high grade but no in low grade gliomas. This suggests that oncostreams may play a role in tumor malignancy. Our data also indicated that oncostreams aid local invasion of normal brain. Transcriptome analysis of oncostreams revealed 43 differentially expressed (DE) genes. Functional enrichment analysis of DE genes showed that “collagen catabolic processes”, “positive regulation of cell migration”, and “extracellular matrix organization” were the most over-represented GO biological process. Network analysis indicated that Col1a1, ACTA2, MMP9 and MMP10 are primary target genes. These genes were also overexpressed in more malignant tumors (WT-IDH) compared to the less malignant (IDH1- R132H) tumors. Confocal time lapse imagining of 3D tumor slices demonstrated that oncostreams display a collective motion pattern within gliomas that has not been seen before. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In summary, oncostreams are anatomically and molecularly distinctive, regulate glioma growth and invasion, display collective motion and are regulated by the extracellular matrix. We propose oncostreams as novel pathological markers valuable for diagnosis, prognosis and designing therapeutics for GBM patients.
3332 Overexpression of CD44 is involved in the development of the early endometriotic lesion in a xenograft model
Authors: Knudtson Jennifer , McLaughlin Jessica , Santos Marlen Tellez , Tekmal Rajeshwar R , Schenken Robert
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Previously, we showed decreased development of endometriotic lesions in CD44 knockout mice compared to control.(1) CD44 has 10 different variants and a standard form. Menstrual endometrial cells (MECs) from women with endometriosis have increased adhesion and also express higher levels of CD44 variant 6 (v6) than v3, compared to MECs from women without endometriosis. (2) Here, we assessed the effects of CD44 standard (CD44s), CD44v3 and CD44v6 overexpression (OE) on immortalized human endometrial epithelial (iEECs) and stroma cells (hESCs) in vivo attachment in a nude mouse xenograft model. 1. Knudtson JF, Tekmal RR, Santos MT, et al. Impaired Development of Early Endometriotic Lesions in CD44 Knockout Mice. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 2016;23(1):87-91. 2. Griffith JS, Liu YG, Tekmal RR, Binkley PA, Holden AE, Schenken RS. Menstrual endometrial cells from women with endometriosis demonstrate increased adherence to peritoneal cells and increased expression of CD44 splice variants. Fertility and sterility. 2010;93(6):1745-1749. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Overexpression of CD44s, CD44v3 and CD44v6 was carried out using lipofectamine and their expression verified with qRT-PCR in iEEC and hESCs. Nude mice, 8-10 week old, were injected with estrogen 1 week prior to injection of iEECs and hESCs (n=7 per group). The cells were counted after transfection and at least 300,000 iEECs and 300,000 hESCs were injected per mouse. The transfected cells were tagged with cell tracker red (iEECs) and green (hESCs). Forty-eight hours after injection into the xenograft, the mice were sacrificed. The cells were counted using fluorescent stereo microscopy (FSM). Percent attachment was calculated based on the number of cells visualized by FSM divided by the number of transfected cells injected. Unpaired student t-test was performed to analyze differences in the percent attachment of the cells. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The majority of cells were attached to the peritoneum. There was increased attachment of hESCs with OE of CD44v6 compared to control (p=0.03). CD44v6 OE did not change attachment of iEECs. There was no difference in attachment in iEECs or hESCs with OE of CD44s or CD44v3. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Overexpression of CD44v6 increases attachment of ESCs to PMCs in an in vivo xenograft model. Menstrual endometrial cell type and CD44 variants play a complex role in the development of the early endometriotic lesion.