bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maps of beauty and disease: thoughts on genetics, confidentiality, and biological family
Authors: Ladd Mary
Published: July 2010

The author explores the ethics of decision-making and confidentiality in donor insemination through the narrative of her experience having two children with a sperm donor who was later discovered to carry a gene for a serious heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Contrasting individualist and communitarian ethical models, she questions understandings of confidentiality that hamper the construction of a medical family tree, especially when prognosis and treatment depend on the larger familial profile of the disease. She also emphasises that for the patient family the discovery of biological family through the lens of transmitted illness leads to a shift in family identity that goes beyond the purely medical.
Making sense of real-time behavior
Authors: Underwood Sarah
Published: July 2010

Data captured by sensors worn on the human body and analyzed in near real-time could transform our understanding of human behavior, health, and society.
Outcome in Advanced Ovarian Cancer following an Appropriate and Comprehensive Effort at Upfront Cytoreduction: A Twenty-Year Experience in a Single Cancer Institute
Authors: Marszalek Anne , Alran Séverine , Scholl Suzy , Fourchotte Virginie , Plancher Corinne , Rosty Christophe , Meyniel Jean Philippe , De Margerie Vincent , Dorval Thierry , De La Rochefordière Anne , Cottu Paul , Petrow Peter , Sastre-Garrau Xavier , Salmon Rémy Jacques
Published: July 2010

Objectives. The purpose of this retrospective evaluation of advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients was to compare outcome with published findings from other centers and to discuss future options for the management of advanced ovarian carcinoma patients.Methods. A retrospective series of 340 patients with a mean age of 58 years (range: 17–88) treated for FIGO stage III and IV ovarian cancer between January 1985 and January 2005 was reviewed. All patients had primary cytoreductive surgery, without extensive bowel, peritoneal, or systematic lymph node resection, thereby allowing initiation of chemotherapy without delay. Chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in combination with alkylating agents before 2000, whereas carboplatin and paclitaxel regimes were generally used after 1999-2000. Overall survival and disease-free survival were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test.Results. With a mean followup of 101 months (range: 5 to 203), 280 events (recurrence or death) were observed and 245 patients (72%) had died. The mortality and morbidity related to surgery were low. The main prognostic factor for overall survival was postoperative residual disease (P<.0002), while the main prognostic factor for disease-free survival was histological tumor type (P<.0007). Multivariate analysis identified three significant risk factors: optimal surgery (RR=2.2for suboptimal surgery), menopausal status (RR=1.47for postmenopausal women), and presence of a taxane in the chemotherapy combination (RR=0.72).Conclusion. These results confirm that optimal surgery defined by an appropriate and comprehensive effort at upfront cytoreduction limits morbidity related to the surgical procedure and allows initiation of chemotherapy without any negative impact on survival. The impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve resectability while lowering the morbidity of the surgical procedure is discussed.
Results on the Existence and Convergence of Best Proximity Points
Authors: Abkar Ali , Gabeleh Moosa
Published: July 2010

We first consider a cyclic "Equation missing"-contraction map on a reflexive Banach space "Equation missing" and provide a positive answer to a question raised by Al-Thagafi and Shahzad on the existence of best proximity points for cyclic "Equation missing"-contraction maps in reflexive Banach spaces in one of their works (2009). In the second part of the paper, we will discuss the existence of best proximity points in the framework of more general metric spaces. We obtain some new results on the existence of best proximity points in hyperconvex metric spaces as well as in ultrametric spaces.
Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Renal Failure Following Fenofibrate Therapy: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Danis Ramazan , Akbulut Sami , Ozmen Sehmus , Arikan Senay
Published: July 2010

Fenofibrate, a fibric acid derivative, is used to treat diabetic dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyperlipidemia, administered alone or in combination with statins. Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a pathological condition involving skeletal muscle cell damage leading to the release of toxic intracellular material into circulation. Its major causes include muscle compression or overexertion; trauma; ischemia; toxins; cocaine, alcohol, and drug use; metabolic disorders; infections. However, rhabdomyolysis associated with fenofibrate is extremely rare. Herein we report a 45-year-old female patient who was referred to our department because of generalized muscle pain, fatigue, weakness, and oliguria over the preceding 3 weeks. On the basis of the pathogenesis and clinical and laboratory examinations, a diagnosis of acute renal failure secondary to fenofibrate-induced rhabdomyolysis was made. Weekly followups for patients who are administered fenofibrate are the most important way to prevent possible complications.
Improving Evidence-Based Care for Heart Failure in Outpatient Cardiology Practices
Authors: Fonarow Gregg C. , Albert Nancy M. , Curtis Anne B. , Stough Wendy Gattis , Gheorghiade Mihai , Heywood J. Thomas , McBride Mark L. , Inge Patches Johnson , Mehra Mandeep R. , O'Connor Christopher M. , Reynolds Dwight , Walsh Mary Norine , Yancy Clyde W.
Published: July 2010

Background—

A treatment gap exists between heart failure (HF) guidelines and the clinical care of patients. The Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting (IMPROVE HF) prospectively tested a multidimensional practice-specific performance improvement intervention on the use of guideline-recommended therapies for HF in outpatient cardiology practices.

Methods and Results—

Performance data were collected in a random sample of HF patients from 167 US outpatient cardiology practices at baseline, longitudinally after intervention at 12 and 24 months, and in single-point-in-time patient cohorts at 6 and 18 months. Participants included 34 810 patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (≤35%) and chronic HF or previous myocardial infarction. To quantify guideline adherence, 7 quality measures were assessed. Interventions included clinical decision support tools, structured improvement strategies, and chart audits with feedback. The performance improvement intervention resulted in significant improvements in 5 of 7 quality measures at the 24-month assessment compared with baseline: β-blocker (92.2% versus 86.0%, +6.2%), aldosterone antagonist (60.3% versus 34.5%, +25.1%), cardiac resynchronization therapy (66.3% versus 37.2%, +29.9%), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (77.5% versus 50.1%, +27.4%), and HF education (72.1% versus 59.5%, +12.6%) (each
P
<0.001). There were no statistically significant improvements in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use or anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. Sensitivity analyses at the patient level and limited to patients with both baseline and 24-month quality measure data yielded similar results. Improvements in the single-point-in-time cohorts were smaller, and there were no concurrent control practices.

Conclusions—

The Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting, a defined and scalable practice-specific performance improvement intervention, was associated with substantial improvements in the use of guideline-recommended therapies in eligible patients with HF in outpatient cardiology practices.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00303979.
Complexity, Parsing, and Factorization of Tree-Local Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar
Authors: Nesson Rebecca , Satta Giorgio , M. Shieber Stuart
Published: July 2010

Tree-Local Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TL-MCTAG) is an appealing formalism for natural language representation because it arguably allows the encapsulation of the appropriate domain of locality within its elementary structures. Its multicomponent structure allows modeling of lexical items that may ultimately have elements far apart in a sentence, such as quantifiers and wh-words. When used as the base formalism for a synchronous grammar, its flexibility allows it to express both the close relationships and the divergent structure necessary to capture the links between the syntax and semantics of a single language or the syntax of two different languages. Its limited expressivity provides constraints on movement and, we posit, may have generated additional popularity based on a misconception about its parsing complexity.

Although TL-MCTAG was shown to be equivalent in expressivity to TAG when it was first introduced, the complexity of TL-MCTAG is still not well understood. This article offers a thorough examination of the problem of TL-MCTAG recognition, showing that even highly restricted forms of TL-MCTAG are NP-complete to recognize. However, in spite of the provable difficulty of the recognition problem, we offer several algorithms that can substantially improve processing efficiency. First, we present a parsing algorithm that improves on the baseline parsing method and runs in polynomial time when both the fan-out and rank of the input grammar are bounded. Second, we offer an optimal, efficient algorithm for factorizing a grammar to produce a strongly equivalent TL-MCTAG grammar with the rank of the grammar minimized.
Does GIZA++ Make Search Errors?
Authors: Ravi Sujith , Knight Kevin
Published: July 2010

Word alignment is a critical procedure within statistical machine translation (SMT). Brown et al. (1993) have provided the most popular word alignment algorithm to date, one that has been implemented in the GIZA (Al-Onaizan et al., 1999) and GIZA++ (Och and Ney 2003) software and adopted by nearly every SMT project. In this article, we investigate whether this algorithm makes search errors when it computes Viterbi alignments, that is, whether it returns alignments that are sub-optimal according to a trained model.
Linguistically Annotated Reordering: Evaluation and Analysis
Authors: Xiong Deyi , Zhang Min , Aw Aiti , Li Haizhou
Published: July 2010

Linguistic knowledge plays an important role in phrase movement in statistical machine translation. To efficiently incorporate linguistic knowledge into phrase reordering, we propose a new approach: Linguistically Annotated Reordering (LAR). In LAR, we build hard hierarchical skeletons and inject soft linguistic knowledge from source parse trees to nodes of hard skeletons during translation. The experimental results on large-scale training data show that LAR is comparable to boundary word-based reordering (BWR) (Xiong, Liu, and Lin 2006), which is a very competitive lexicalized reordering approach. When combined with BWR, LAR provides complementary information for phrase reordering, which collectively improves the BLEU score significantly.

To further understand the contribution of linguistic knowledge in LAR to phrase reordering, we introduce a syntax-based analysis method to automatically detect constituent movement in both reference and system translations, and summarize syntactic reordering patterns that are captured by reordering models. With the proposed analysis method, we conduct a comparative analysis that not only provides the insight into how linguistic knowledge affects phrase movement but also reveals new challenges in phrase reordering.
De novis libris iudicia How Ideal is the Oldest Ideal Greek Novel?
Authors: De Temmerman Koen
Published: July 2010

In this review article, I first offer a critical discussion of S.D. Smith’s Greek Identity and the Athenian Past in Chariton: The Romance of Empire (Groningen 2007). Subsequently, I analyze in detail what I consider to be one of the most important contributions of the book; this is Smith’s identification of what I would call ‘epistemological relativism’ as a pattern underlying Chariton’s narrative technique. I single out two thematic areas in which this pattern is particularly relevant and make some additions of my own regarding specific readings by Smith in each area. I argue that these two thematic strands challenge the widely-held view that Chariton is one of the most prototypical representatives of the genre of the ideal Greek novel.
Pragmatism, Power, and Politics: A Pentecostal Conversation with President Obama's Favorite Theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr
Authors: Richie Tony Lee
Published: July 2010

In conversation with Reinhold Niebuhr, this essay explores ecumenical, economical, and political theology and practice against a contextual backdrop of recent developments in Cuba relative to the United States with specific implications for North American Pentecostal Christians. First, it argues that Niebuhr's Christian realism and Pentecostalism's pragmatic orientation may be allies in addressing economic and political issues; and second, his perspective on the spiritual nature and proper use of power may inform Pentecostalism's traditional approach to power so as to expand its parameters for more precise political and social implementation. Further, the contemporary relevance of this discussion is framed and informed by President Barack Obama's vaunted appropriation of Niebuhr in a creative integrative practice of faith and politics.
Reading in Tongues: The Case for a Pneumatalogical Hermeneutic in Conversation with James K. Smith
Authors: Coombs Clayton
Published: July 2010

James K. Smith's recent article "Thinking in Tongues" has made an important contribution in mining Pentecostal instincts and practices for their theological foundations and implications. He not only strikes a chord with Pentecostal readers, but presents a powerful apologetic for Pentecostal theology to non-Pentecostal readers also. The following article uses Smith's thinking as a springboard to introduce a distinctively Pentecostal hermeneutic that seeks an encounter with the Spirit in the reading of the text and is rooted in the mission of the church.
The Pathos of Theology as a Pneumatological Derivative or a Poiemata of the Spirit? A Review Essay of Reinhard Hütter's Pneumatological and Ecclesiological Vision of Theology
Authors: Studebaker Steven
Published: July 2010

Reinhard Hütter is a leading theologian who has made important contributions to ecclesiology, pneumatology, and Christian rationality, but his most fundamental one is to the nature of theology and theological method. What makes his work of particular interest to Pentecostals is its attempt to give theology a pneumatological and ecclesiological ground. He suggests that the pathos of theology is doctrina and core church practices; theology receives its character and content from church doctrine and practices. Although successful in respect to his ecclesiological program, his proposal does not give theology a direct pneumatological ground and pathos. Nevertheless, his notion that theology receives its pathos from church doctrine and practices can be adapted to suggest a pneumatological pathos of Christian experience and theology. The result is a proposal that the Holy Spirit conditions the pathos of Christian experience and theology, which provides a theological and explicitly a pneumatological pathos not only for Pentecostal experience and theology but also for the role of Pentecostal experience in developing a uniquely "orthopathic" ecumenical contribution to Christian theology.
Why We Cannot Make History. Some Remarks on a Lesson from Early Historicism
Authors: Vogt Peter
Published: July 2010

There are various perspectives from which the meaning of historicism can be understood. Historically, the interpretation of historicism has predominantly been interested in either questions concerning historical methodology, or the relationship between the natural and human sciences, or the normative consequences of historicism. My intention is not to cast doubt upon the legitimacy of these different research approaches, but rather to supplement them by confronting the meaning of historicism from the perspective of a different question. Did historicism in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries formulate a notion of historical chance or of historical contingency, a notion of what is neither necessary nor impossible in history but rather the result of accident and chance? To answer this question, I begin with Reinhart Koselleck’s interpretation of historicism presented in two rather short essays, “Der Zufall als Motivationsrest in der Geschichtsschreibung” and “Über die Verfügbarkeit von Geschichte”. In the next step of my analysis, I confront Koselleck’s interpretation of the historicist sensibility for contingency and chance with Odo Marquard’s conceptual distinction between two notions of contingency and chance. This line of argumentation gives rise to a definition of historicism as a theoretical sensibility for the “fatefully accidental” (Marquard). I further support this claim with an analysis of Savigny’s legal history, of Schleiermacher’s theology and of the “anti-Faustian” (Werner Busch) art of Caspar David Friedrich. Historicism ultimately teaches us that history is never the exact outcome of the intentions of historical actors. Though human beings undeniably act in history, they cannot make history or at least cannot make it as they please. It is in this regard that I find, in my concluding remarks, Hermann Lübbe’s description of historicism as a “sermon of human finitude” to be wholly accurate.
Changes at the Top: A Cross-country Examination over the 20th Century of the Rise (and Fall) in Rank of the Top Cities in National Urban Hierarchies
Authors: Polèse Mario , Denis-Jacob Jonathan
Published: July 2010

The paper documents the evolution of rank orders for cities at the top of national urban hierarchies (top 10 cities, where possible). Ranks for the year 2000 are compared with 1950 for 74 nations and with 1900 for 52 nations, covering 375 and 288 cities respectively. Rank correlations with the year 2000 are calculated for both years. The rank order of cities in Europe shows significantly less variation over time than those for the New World and developing nations, consistent with the view that urban hierarchies harden as they mature. Changes in rank at the very top (rank 1) are rare. Where they occur, such changes can often be traced to political events that alter the direction of trade or the city’s role as central place. The results provide evidence both for and against locational fundamentals and cumulative causation arguments. The entrenched advantages of the first big cities to emerge are undeniable; but ‘fundamentals’ can be undermined by political events and by technological change.
Trading Years for Perfect Health: Results From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Ayalon Liat , King-Kallimanis Bellinda L.
Published: July 2010

Objective: To evaluate the preferences of an ethnically diverse national sample of older Americans regarding length of life versus health quality. Method: A time trade-off task administered as part of the 2002 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. Results: Respondents equated 6.86 ( SD = 3.46) years of perfect health with 10 years of life in imperfect health. Women and those who ranked their health less favorably were more likely to give up years of life for perfect health. Relative to Whites, Blacks were more willing to live longer in imperfect health. Those of lower levels of education were more likely to prefer 10 years of life in imperfect health. Discussion: There is wide variability in responses to the time trade-off task that is partially associated with self-rated health, gender, ethnicity, and education.
Does Primary Language Influence the Receipt of Influenza and Pneumococcal Immunizations Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults?
Authors: Farmer Gail C. , Papachristou Theodora , Gotz Cindy , Yu Fei , Tong Denise
Published: July 2010

Objectives: To examine (a) the influence of primary language on the receipt of influenza and pneumococcal immunizations and (b) the feasibility of being immunized in a nontraditional setting. Method: The population was multiethnic, linguistically diverse, community-dwelling, low income, older adults in California. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 164 participants (response rate 82%). Questions from BRFSS and CHIS were used.The questionnaire was implemented in six languages. Results: Influenza vaccination within the past 12 months was reported by 75.3%, but only 50.6% reported ever receiving the pneumococcal vaccine. Immunization predictors: Influenza—insurance through MediMedi, rating one’s health as excellent/good, living with another person, and English as a primary language; pneumococcal—insurance through MediMedi and English as a primary language. Majority were willing to be immunized in nontraditional setting, especially those with limited English proficiency. Discussion: Need exists for cultural and linguistically appropriate immunization outreach methods for older adults and practitioners.
Characteristic Length and Time Scales Associated with the Impact of an Elasto-plastic Particle with a Large Hard Plane Surface
Authors: Weir Graham
Published: July 2010

In this paper we analyze plastic collisions between spherical nano-scaled particles and a large hard plane. We assume for most of the paper that surface tension between the particle and plane accelerates the particle to a speed which is large compared with its initial speed. The subsequent maximum width and depth of plastic indentation of the particle by the plane is independent of the initial speed of the particle, being a function of particle size, and material properties. This depth of indentation is independent of particle size, and if it is assumed equal to one interatomic spacing in the colliding particle, then a relationship is derived linking nano-scale yield strength to the elastic modulus of the particle. Similarly, should surface tension overcome the elastic recoil process so that the particle is captured on the surface of the plane, then the period of the surface oscillations of the particle depends on the particle size and on material properties. This special regime for nano-scale collisions allows a dimensional argument to approximate the relative importance of fluid viscosity between the particle and plane, relative to plastic processes, even though the corresponding continuum mathematical problem is ill-defined. Finally, we identify a condition which determines when a collision process can be assumed to be a localized phenomenon, and argue that when this condition is not satisfied, then complex dynamical motions are likely.
Elevated frequencies of highly activated CD4+ T cells in HIV+ patients developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Authors: Antonelli Lis R. V. , Mahnke Yolanda , Hodge Jessica N. , Porter Brian O. , Barber Daniel L. , DerSimonian Rebecca , Greenwald Jamieson H. , Roby Gregg , Mican JoAnn , Sher Alan , Roederer Mario , Sereti Irini
Published: July 2010

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a considerable problem in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. To identify immunologic correlates of IRIS, we characterized T-cell phenotypic markers and serum cytokine levels in HIV patients with a range of different AIDS-defining illnesses, before and at regular time points after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Patients developing IRIS episodes displayed higher frequencies of effector memory, PD-1+, HLA-DR+, and Ki67+ CD4+ T cells than patients without IRIS. Moreover, PD-1+ CD4+ T cells in IRIS patients expressed increased levels of LAG-3, CTLA-4, and ICOS and had a Th1/Th17 skewed cytokine profile upon polyclonal stimulation. Elevated PD-1 and Ki67 expression was also seen in regulatory T cells of IRIS patients. Furthermore, IRIS patients displayed higher serum interferon-γ, compared with non-IRIS patients, near the time of their IRIS events and higher serum interleukin-7 levels, suggesting that the T-cell populations are also exposed to augmented homeostatic signals. In conclusion, our findings indicate that IRIS appears to be a predominantly CD4-mediated phenomenon with reconstituting effector and regulatory T cells showing evidence of increased activation from antigenic exposure. These studies are registered online at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557570 and NCT00286767.
Delivery of chemotherapeutic agents using drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells to treat murine ovarian tumors
Authors: Kim Daejin , Hoory Talia , Monie Archana , Wu Annie , Hsueh Wei-Ting , Pai Sara I , Hung Chien-Fu
Published: July 2010

Background

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecologic malignancies in the United States. Advanced ovarian cancers are difficult to cure with the current available chemotherapy, which has many associated systemic side effects. Doxorubicin is one such chemotherapeutic agent that can cause cardiotoxicity. Novel methods of delivering chemotherapy without significant side effects are therefore of critical need.

Methods

In the current study, we generated an irradiated tumor cell-based drug delivery system which uses irradiated tumor cells loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin.

Results

We showed that incubation of murine ovarian cancer cells (MOSEC) with doxorubicin led to the intracellular uptake of the drug (MOSEC-dox cells) and the eventual death of the tumor cell. We then showed that doxorubicin loaded MOSEC-dox cells were able to deliver doxorubicin to MOSEC cells in vivo. Further characterization of the doxorubicin transfer revealed the involvement of cell contact. The irradiated form of the MOSEC-dox cells were capable of treating luciferase-expressing MOSEC tumor cells (MOSEC/luc) in C57BL/6 mice as well as in athymic nude mice resulting in improved survival compared to the non drug-loaded irradiated MOSEC cells. Furthermore, we showed that irradiated MOSEC-dox cells was more effective compared to an equivalent dose of doxorubicin in treating MOSEC/luc tumor-bearing mice.

Conclusions

Thus, the employment of drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells represents a potentially innovative approach for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for the control of ovarian tumors.
Chromosomal instability in Streptomyces avermitilis: major deletion in the central region and stable circularized chromosome
Authors: Chen Wei , He Fei , Zhang Xiaojuan , Chen Zhi , Wen Ying , Li Jilun
Published: July 2010

Background

The chromosome of Streptomyces has been shown to be unstable, frequently undergoing gross chromosomal rearrangements. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear, with previous studies focused on two chromosomal ends as targets for rearrangements. Here we investigated chromosomal instability of Streptomyces avermitilis, an important producer of avermectins, and characterized four gross chromosomal rearrangement events, including a major deletion in the central region. The present findings provide a valuable contribution to the mechanistic study of genetic instability in Streptomyces.

Results

Thirty randomly-selected "bald" mutants derived from the wild-type strain all contained gross chromosomal rearrangements of various types. One of the bald mutants, SA1-8, had the same linear chromosomal structure as the high avermectin-producing mutant 76-9. Chromosomes of both strains displayed at least three independent chromosomal rearrangements, including chromosomal arm replacement to form new 88-kb terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), and two major deletions. One of the deletions eliminated the 36-kb central region of the chromosome, but surprisingly did not affect viability of the cells. The other deletion (74-kb) was internal to the right chromosomal arm. The chromosome of another bald mutant, SA1-6, was circularized with deletions at both ends. No obvious homology was found in all fusion sequences. Generational stability analysis showed that the chromosomal structure of SA1-8 and SA1-6 was stable.

Conclusions

Various chromosomal rearrangements, including chromosomal arm replacement, interstitial deletions and chromosomal circularization, occurred in S. avermitilis by non-homologous recombination. The finding of an inner deletion involving in the central region of S. avermitilis chromosome suggests that the entire Streptomyces chromosome may be the target for rearrangements, which are not limited, as previously reported, to the two chromosomal ends.
Cultural Intimacy and Subversive Disorder: The Politics of Romance in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Neofotistos Vasiliki P.
Published: July 2010

Using the example of intimate relations between ethnic Albanian men and ethnic Macedonian women in the Republic of Macedonia, I explore the utility of Michael Herzfeld's invaluable insights into the interconnections among state power, cultural intimacy, and subversive disorder in states where different groups compete for state power. In these states, the absence of conditions that are conducive to the production of cultural intimacy points to the articulation of the state with socially constructed and embedded understandings of what might count as just, proper, and legitimate official response to violations of moral canon.
Intimate Engagements of the Public Kind
Authors: Soysal Levent
Published: July 2010

Cultural intimacy, both the book and the concept, privileges the nation-state as the site of doing and writing ethnography and understanding sociality in a world customarily designated "globalizing." Not only have we placed our lives and sociality increasingly outside the privacy of our homes and offices; importantly, intimacies are experienced in virtual worlds where privacy proper as well as conventional idioms of ethnographic practice are no longer operational. This paper deploys public intimacy as the opposite, not as a kind, of cultural intimacy in a way to explore and elucidate new formations of intimacy in a world saturated with globalizing economies of circulation, imitation, and sociability.
Sampling Practices and Social Spaces: Exploring a Hip-Hop Approach to Higher Education
Authors: Petchauer Emery
Published: July 2010

Much more than a musical genre, hip-hop culture exists as an animating force in the lives of many young adults. This article looks beyond the moral concerns often associated with rap music to explore how hip-hop as a larger set of expressions and practices implicates the educational experiences, activities, and approaches for students. The article draws from a multisite, phenomenological study of 6 students involved with hip-hop at a large, public university to illustrate two specific findings: (a) how students used hip-hop sampling as an approach and practice in education, and (b) how hip-hop spaces and practices were integrated into students’ educational lives on campus.
"Because I was in pain, I just wanted to be treated": Competing Therapeutic Goals in the Performance of Healing HIV/AIDS in Rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Taylor Tonya N.
Published: July 2010

Zimbabwe is experiencing one of the most severe AIDS epidemics in the world, with an estimated one out of seven people infected with HIV. For both palliative care and pragmatic treatment of HIV-related opportunistic infections, people turn to Un'anga (the traditional system of health and healing), not as a substitute for Western therapeutics but as an alternative explanatory model for the diagnosis and management of illness. Through the use of highly charged symbols and ritualized communication, n'angas (traditional healers) seek to transform patients' understandings and experiences of HIV-related illness. Using performance theory and discourse analysis, this article seeks to expand our understanding of how competing therapeutic goals in the performance of healing affect the structure and content of performance, its subsequent meaning, and the therapeutic effect on those afflicted with HIV.
The "System" as a Reading Technology: Pedagogy and Philosophical Criticism in Condillac's Traité des systêmes
Authors: Schwegman Jeffrey
Published: July 2010

This article reexamines Condillac's Traité des systêmes (1749) and the broader Enlightenment controversy over "systems." Historians have often read this work as an epistemological treatise: an expression of the empiricist rejection of seventeenth-century rationalism. Yet a different picture emerges when we consider its pedagogical aims. Condillac sought not only to refute his opponents, but also to train readers how to evaluate philosophical arguments on their own, promoting a streamlined critical technique that involved parsing texts for a reductive logical structure. In the process, he helped construct an enduring stereotype of the seventeenth-century philosophers as rigidly systematic thinkers.
Statistik and History in the German Enlightenment
Authors: van der Zande Johan
Published: July 2010

Eighteenth-century German Statistik was an empirical and descriptive discipline of "the land and the people." As the study of material conditions it provided governments with information to assess the strength of their own state in comparison with others. Its adherents' claim that Statistik was a useful science, however, was severely tempered by their empirical method and holistic view of society. As a "science of the present" it was seriously challenged by the recognition of the essential historicity of its subject matter. Both circumstances explain the decline of Statistik from which mathematical statistics, political economy, and political historiography profited.
A descriptive study to determine the opinions of community band members regarding the effectiveness of comprehensive musicianship
Authors: Augustin Cathy
Published: July 2010

Various comprehensive musicianship teaching methods have been used in school instrumental programs throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The intention of this study was to determine the attitudes of adult community band members on the use of comprehensive musicianship
teaching methods within rehearsals. Members of the South of the River Community Band were asked to complete a survey containing twenty forced-choice statements. The survey included statements concerning the band member's attitudes towards learning additional information about the music being
prepared. In conclusion the members of the South of the River Community Band were found to be accepting of learning additional musical knowledge during a rehearsal. Continuing a program such as this, and promoting the idea of incorporating comprehensive musicianship to other adult ensembles,
is a viable option worth pursuing.
Everyone deserves music: the role of music in the lives of two older Australians
Authors: De Vries Peter
Published: July 2010

The role that music plays in the lives of two older Australians is explored. Based on interview data, the lived musical experiences of a professional musical performer whose life has been immersed in music is contrasted with an amateur listener of music who, later in life, has turned to presenting music appreciation to retirees. Despite their very different ways of engaging with music in later life, similar themes in their musical experiences emerged, namely: their engagement with music is a social experience; a sense of agency in the way they engage with music is valued; music is an integral part of their lives; there is an emphasis on the importance of learning and maintaining music knowledge and skills; and music is seen as being important in the lives of other people.
The experience of acting: A synthesis of concepts and a clinical vignette
Authors: Orkibi Hod
Published: July 2010

This article illuminates the experience of acting through a synthesis of concepts from therapy, arts, and philosophy. Through the lens of performance theory, the author first addresses the difference between acting in the context of formal theatrical acting and acting in the context
of drama-based psychotherapy. By applying Sartrean concepts the author characterizes the experience of witnessing in the case of tangible and permanent works of art versus witnessing in the case of embodied and ephemeral performing arts. A distinction between two contrasting modes of dramatic
presence, being-in-drama and being-for-drama, is provided. Drawing on Moreno (1953), Landy (1983), Boal (1995), and Bolton (1984), the author argues that these two opposing modes of dramatic presence coexist simultaneously in the experience of aesthetic-dramatic distance, conceptualized
here as being-via-drama. Finally, a clinical vignette is provided to illustrate the experience of acting in drama-based psychotherapy.
Trivalent Arsenic Inhibits the Functions of Chaperonin Complex
Authors: Pan Xuewen , Reissman Stefanie , Douglas Nick R , Huang Zhiwei , Yuan Daniel S , Wang Xiaoling , McCaffery J Michael , Frydman Judith , Boeke Jef D
Published: July 2010

The exact molecular mechanisms by which the environmental pollutant arsenic works in biological systems are not completely understood. Using an unbiased chemogenomics approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that mutants of the chaperonin complex TRiC and the functionally related prefoldin complex are all hypersensitive to arsenic compared to a wild-type strain. In contrast, mutants with impaired ribosome functions were highly arsenic resistant. These observations led us to hypothesize that arsenic might inhibit TRiC function, required for folding of actin, tubulin, and other proteins postsynthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that arsenic treatment distorted morphology of both actin and microtubule filaments. Moreover, arsenic impaired substrate folding by both bovine and archaeal TRiC complexes in vitro. These results together indicate that TRiC is a conserved target of arsenic inhibition in various biological systems.
Neuropsychological Status in Children After Repair of Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Quartermain Michael D. , Ittenbach Richard F. , Flynn Thomas B. , Gaynor J. William , Zhang Xuemei , Licht Daniel J. , Ichord Rebecca N. , Nance Michael L. , Wernovsky Gil
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:

The majority of previous studies that described the neuropsychological effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children were performed after surgery in infancy for complex congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to limit confounding variables and isolate potential independent effects of CPB by describing neuropsychological function in school-aged children after repair of acyanotic CHD.

METHODS:

This was a prospective study of patients who were aged 5 to 18 years and undergoing repair of acyanotic CHD. Neuropsychological testing battery included assessment of intelligence, memory, motor, attention, executive function, and behavior before and 6 months after CPB. The independent effects of anesthesia, surgery, and hospitalization on neuropsychological function were assessed by testing a surgical control group of patients who were undergoing repair of pectus deformities. In addition, an outpatient group of children with mild CHD were enrolled to assess the practice effects of serial testing.

RESULTS:

Patients included CPB (n = 35), surgical control (n = 19), and nonsurgical (n = 12). Groups were comparable in age, gender, and race and demonstrated similar unadjusted group mean scores on baseline and 6-month follow-up neuropsychological testing. When adjusted for practice effects, the CPB group performed similar to the non-CPB groups in all assessed neuropsychological domains, with the exception of 1 of 4 tests of executive function.

CONCLUSIONS:

When controlling for the non-CPB effects of surgery (eg, hospitalization, anesthesia, thoracotomy) and the practice effects of serial testing, there were no consistent independent effects of CPB on neuropsychological status in a cohort of children and adolescents 6 months after repair of acyanotic CHD.
Retinopathy of Prematurity in 7 Neonatal Units in Rio de Janeiro: Screening Criteria and Workload Implications
Authors: Zin Andrea A. , Moreira Maria Elisabeth Lopes , Bunce Catey , Darlow Brian A. , Gilbert Clare E.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:

The goals were to determine optimal screening criteria for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 7 neonatal units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to explore the workload implications of applying different criteria.

METHODS:

Infants with birth weights of ≤2000 g or gestational age of <37 weeks were examined by 3 ophthalmologists in 7 of the largest units in Rio de Janeiro, during a 34-month period. ROP was classified by using the international classification, and laser treatment was given to infants developing type 1 ROP.

RESULTS:

A total of 3437 (87%) of 3953 eligible infants were examined, of whom 124 (3.6% [range: 2.1%–7.8%]) were treated. Eleven infants were treated for aggressive posterior ROP. Appropriate screening criteria for the 2 NICUs with high survival rates (ie, ≥80% among infants with birth weights of <1500 g) would be ≤1500 g or <32 weeks. For NICUs with low survival rates (ie, <80%), appropriate criteria would be ≤1500 g or ≤35 weeks. UK, US, and previous Brazilian criteria would all miss infants needing treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:

ROP programs in Brazil should use the wider criteria of ≤1500 g or ≤35 weeks until further evidence-based criteria become available, although this would mean a slight increase in workload across the city, compared with use of the narrower criteria in the better units. Whether survival rates can be used as a proxy to indicate screening criteria requires further investigation.
Social networks, risk dyads, and their role in the epidemiology and prevention of drug related infectious diseases
Authors: Gyarmathy V. Anna , Rácz József
Published: July 2010

Olyan kockázati magatartásformák esetében, ahol a fertőzés társas kapcsolatokon (például közös kábítószer- és injektálóeszköz-használaton vagy szexuális kapcsolatokon) alapul, a prevenciónak is (többek között) a szociális hálózat útját kell követnie. Korábbi kutatások kimutatták, hogy a nagyobb és sűrűbb hálózatokban nagyobb valószínűséggel fordul elő a közös injektálóeszköz-használat, illetve hogy a központibb, azaz népszerűbb egyének sokkal gyakrabban bocsátkoznak kockázati magatartásba, illetve fertőződnek meg vagy adják tovább a fertőzést. A szociális hálózaton alapuló megelőzésben a prevenció elsődleges célszemélyeit a központi személyek alkotják, és tőlük terjed a megelőzéssel kapcsolatos információ a hálózat perifériásabb helyzetű tagjai felé. A leghatékonyabb megelőzés akkor várható, ha a magas kockázati kategóriákhoz tartozó, magas presztízzsel rendelkező személyeket megcélzó, szociális hálózatokon alapuló megelőző munkát egyidejűleg kiegészíti egyénekre irányuló tanácsadásos megelőzés és/vagy párkapcsolatokon alapuló tanácsadás is. A hazai injektáló kábítószer-használók körében is ilyen több fronton történő prevenciós tevékenység lenne a leghatásosabb az injektáló magatartási kockázat csökkentésére. E populációban szükség van megelőző munkára, bármilyen formában is álljon rendelkezésre, hogy a jelenlegi hazai HCV- és HIV-epidemiológiai helyzet tovább ne romoljon, és egy, az általános lakosságra előbb vagy utóbb mindenképpen átterjedő HIV-járvány ne alakuljon ki.
Formation of Mixed Layer Minerals by Potassium Fixation in Montmorillonite
Authors: Dyal R. S. , Hendricks S. B.
Published: July 2010

The amount of ethylene glycol retained by a clay is used as an index of interlayer swelling. Potassium montmorillonites after drying at 100° C show markedly lower glycol retention than do calcium and hydrogen montmorillonites. X‐ray diffraction data indicate that these potassium clays are in part unsolvated between silicate layers, and in part solvated with two layers of ethylene glycol.
Boron Content of Alfalfa as Influenced by Boron Supply
Authors: Dible W. T. , Berger K. C.
Published: July 2010

The object of this investigation was to explain the variations in the boron content of boron deficient alfalfa and to outline a procedure for sampling plants which will give a more accurate measure of the plant boron status.

Alfalfa, grown in nutrient solutions where the boron was excluded during a stage of active elongation of the plant, contained 8 ppm of boron in the apical part of the shoot and 23 ppm in the total shoot. Plants receiving a continuous supply of boron had equal distribution in apical and basal parts of the shoot. In field experiments, as the available soil moisture became limiting in the surface foot of soil, the boron content of the apical leaves of the alfalfa shoot was decreased from 30 to 20 ppm while the boron content of the bottom leaves remained at 30 ppm. Apical portions of boron deficient plants in several fields contained about 8 ppm.

Because of the immobility of boron in the alfalfa shoot, a sharp reduction of boron supply can result in boron deficiency symptoms on alfalfa plants with relatively high amounts of boron in the total shoot. Therefore, the indicative analysis is of the apical part of the alfalfa shoot.
Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Investigations of Clay‐adsorbed Organic Colloids: 1. Preliminary Investigations
Authors: Stevenson F. J. , Marks Joy D. , Varner J. E. , Martin W. P.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and composition of the organic colloids extracted from Brookston clay with neutral sodium pyrophosphate solution. The number of electrically homogeneous organic colloids present on the clay was determined electrophoretically. Some of the amino acids and monosaccharides in the hydrolysate of the colloids were identified by paper chromatography.

It was found that the colloidal extract consisted of one main component, a brownish‐black material, with a second present in small concentration. The electrophoretic mobility of the second component corresponded closely to that of nucleoproteins.

Eight amino acids: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, valine and leucine, were identified. Two sugars, galacturonic acid and xylose, were also present together with an unidentified spot which was probably a mixture of mannose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose. Traces of ribose and glucurone were detected.
The Effect of Calcium on the Growth of Soybeans Supplied with Ammonium Nitrogen
Authors: Siegel J. J. , Hough H. W. , Turk L. M.
Published: July 2010

Nitrification was inhibited in soils treated with fumigants, resulting in the accumulation of ammonium. A study was made of the effects of this reduced form of nitrogen on the growth of soybeans. Soybeans were grown in sterile nutrient cultures and were supplied nitrogen in the form of nitrate, ammonium, or amino acids at varying levels of calcium.

The plants receiving ammonium had a higher content of protein and matured earlier but did not produce as much vegetative growth. High calcium levels in the nutrient solution resulted in the best plant growth where the source of nitrogen was ammonium. The total mineral cation uptake was lower in the ammonium‐supplied plants than in those supplied with nitrate indicating that ammonium enters into the cation balance.

Soybeans grown on soils fumigated with Dowfumes N, W‐40, and MC‐2 responded favorably to high levels of calcium. The plants grew rapidly and had a high protein content although the total mineral cation uptake was less than that of the untreated soils. A high level of calcium is necessary where ammonium is the source of nitrogen.