bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurorestoration after stroke
Authors: Azad Tej D. , Veeravagu Anand , Steinberg Gary K.
Published: May 2016

Recent advancements in stem cell biology and neuromodulation have ushered in a battery of new neurorestorative therapies for ischemic stroke. While the understanding of stroke pathophysiology has matured, the ability to restore patients' quality of life remains inadequate. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation and neurostimulation, focus on reestablishing the circuits disrupted by ischemia through multidimensional mechanisms to improve neuroplasticity and remodeling. The authors provide a broad overview of stroke pathophysiology and existing therapies to highlight the scientific and clinical implications of neurorestorative therapies for stroke.
Optogenetic modulation in stroke recovery
Authors: Pendharkar Arjun V. , Levy Sabrina L. , Ho Allen L. , Sussman Eric S. , Cheng Michelle Y. , Steinberg Gary K.
Published: May 2016

Stroke is one of the leading contributors to morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in the United States. Although several preclinical strategies have shown promise in the laboratory, few have succeeded in the clinical setting. Optogenetics represents a promising molecular tool, which enables highly specific circuit-level neuromodulation. Here, the conceptual background and preclinical body of evidence for optogenetics are reviewed, and translational considerations in stroke recovery are discussed.
Neuromodulation in intractable pain management: outcomes and predictors of revisions of spinal cord stimulators
Authors: Bir Shyamal C. , Konar Subhas , Maiti Tanmoy , Nanda Anil , Guthikonda Bharat
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE

Spinal cord stimulators (SCSs) appear to be safe and efficacious for chronic intractable back pain. Although there are many reports on percutaneous SCSs, there are very few studies on outcomes of paddle lead SCSs. In addition, the predictors of requirement for SCS revision have not been well established. Here, the authors review the outcome of a case series and attempt to identify the predictors of SCS revisions.

METHODS

The clinical and radiological information of 141 patients with intractable chronic pain who underwent SCS implantation within the past 20 years was retrospectively reviewed. Paddle lead SCSs were used in this series. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional-hazards regression.

RESULTS

Among 141 cases, 90 (64%) did not require any revision after SCS implantations. Removal of the SCS was required in 14 patients. The average pain score was significantly reduced (preimplantation score of 8 vs postimplantation score of 1.38; p < 0.0001). Younger age, male sex, obesity, a preimplantation pain score ≥ 8, and the presence of neuromuscular pain were identified as predictors of the overall requirement for SCS revision. However, only a preimplantation pain score ≥ 8 was identified as a predictor of early failure of the SCS.

CONCLUSIONS

Implantation of a paddle lead SCS is a relatively less invasive, safe, and effective procedure for patients with intractable back pain. Revision of the procedure depends on many factors, including younger age, male sex, associated neuromuscular pain, and severity of the pain. Therefore, patients with these factors, for whom implantation of an SCS is planned, should be closely followed for the possible requirement for revision.
The evolution of endovascular electroencephalography: historical perspective and future applications
Authors: Sefcik Roberta K. , Opie Nicholas L. , John Sam E. , Kellner Christopher P. , Mocco J , Oxley Thomas J.
Published: May 2016

Current standard practice requires an invasive approach to the recording of electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy surgery, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). The development of endovascular techniques offers a minimally invasive route to recording EEG from deep brain structures. This historical perspective aims to describe the technical progress in endovascular EEG by reviewing the first endovascular recordings made using a wire electrode, which was followed by the development of nanowire and catheter recordings and, finally, the most recent progress in stent-electrode recordings. The technical progress in device technology over time and the development of the ability to record chronic intravenous EEG from electrode arrays is described. Future applications for the use of endovascular EEG in the preoperative and operative management of epilepsy surgery are then discussed, followed by the possibility of the technique's future application in minimally invasive operative approaches to DBS and BMI.
MHD Boundary Layer Flow of Heat and Mass Transfer over a Stretching Sheet in a Rotating System with Hall Current
Authors: Ali M. , Alam M. S. , Chowdhury M. Z. U. , Alim M. A.
Published: May 2016

The present paper is an investigation of steady MHD free convection, heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible electrically conducting fluid over a stretching sheet in a rotating system under the influence of an applied uniform magnetic field with Hall current. The governing equations are transformed to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations which are then solved numerically by the shooting method. The numerical results concerned with the primary velocity, secondary velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, effects of various parameters on the flow fields are investigated and presented graphically. The results presented graphically illustrate that primary velocity field decrease due to increase of rotational and magnetic parameter but reverse results arises in case of Hall and heat generation parameter while secondary velocity decrease for stretching parameter and increase for Hall, rotational and magnetic parameter. The thermal boundary layer decreases for the increasing values of mentioned parameter. Also, concentration profiles decreases for increasing the values of magnetic parameter, rotational parameter, reaction parameter and Schmidt number but increases for heat generation and Dufour number. Finally, the numerical values of the skin friction, wall temperature gradient and concentration gradient are also shown in a tabular form.
Synthesis of Polysilsesquioxanes with Double-Decker Silsesquioxane Repeating Units
Authors: Hoque M. A. , Kawakami Y.
Published: May 2016

Polysilsesquioxanes were synthesized with end functional double-decker silsesquioxanes (DDSQ) and the polymers were characterized with 1H NMR, 29Si NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Polysilsesquioxane containing iso-butyl end capped DDSQ showed better solubility compared to that of methyl end capped DDSQ. Thermal properties investigated with TGA showed that the polymers exhibited exceptionally high stabilities in the range of 470-530°C even in both nitrogen and air atmosphere. The average residual weights of the polymers at 760°C were around 80% in the nitrogen atmosphere.
Effect of Topography and Soil Depth on Clay Content, Organic Matter Content, Active Acidity, Reserve Acidity and Cation Exchange Capacity of Some Tea Soils of Bangladesh
Authors: Sanaullah A. F. M. , Akhtaruzzaman M. , Uddin M. A.
Published: May 2016

Soil samples were collected from M. R. Khan tea-estate area of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh. Organic matter, active acidity, reserve acidity, cation exchange capacity, clay content and textural class of the collected soil samples for different topographic positions and depths were determined. The percentage of sand, silt and clay varied from 59.75 to 70.50, 12.50 to 20.00 and 14.50 to 22.75, respectively. Active acidity and reserve acidity of the soils varied from 4.13 to 5.82 and 3.46 to 4.84, respectively.  Organic matter content varied from 0.37% to 1.93%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from 11.42 to 24.86 cmolKg-1. Soils were acidic in nature with considerably high reserve acidity. The measured parameters of the soil samples were plotted and analyzed with reference to topography and depth. The parameters have been found to vary with sampling sites, depths and topography.
Agreement between Rheumatologist and Patient-reported Adherence to Methotrexate in a US Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Bharat Aseem , Chen Lang , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Harrold Leslie , Kremer Joel M. , Sommers Tanya , Pappas Dimitrios
Published: May 2016

Objective.

Rheumatologists have limited tools to assess medication adherence. The extent to which methotrexate (MTX) adherence is overestimated by rheumatologists is unknown.

Methods.

We deployed an Internet survey to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) participating in a US registry. Patient self-report was the gold standard compared to MTX recorded in the registry.

Results.

Response rate to the survey was 44%. Of 228 patients whose rheumatologist reported current MTX at the time of the most recent registry visit, 45 (19.7%) had discontinued (n = 19, 8.3%) or missed ≥ 1 dose in the last month (n = 26, 11.4%). For the subgroup whose rheumatologist also confirmed at the next visit that they were still taking MTX (n = 149), only 2.6% reported not taking it, and 10.7% had missed at least 1 dose.

Conclusion.

MTX use was misclassified for 13%–20% of patients, mainly because of 1 or more missed doses rather than overt discontinuation. Clinicians should be aware of suboptimal adherence when assessing MTX response.
Bariatric Surgery: What the Rheumatologist Needs to Know
Authors: Hassan Sobia , Hassan Chandra
Published: May 2016

A staggering 76 million adults are obese in the United States. It is known that obesity contributes to increased incidence and worse disease outcomes in many rheumatic conditions. Bariatric surgery has emerged as the most effective treatment modality for the morbidly obese, leading to substantial and sustained weight loss. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the findings of studies investigating the effect of substantial weight loss achieved through bariatric surgery on rheumatic disease and outcomes. Second, with an increasing number of patients undergoing bariatric surgery, it is important for the rheumatologist to have a basic understanding of the commonly performed bariatric procedures and to be aware of important nutritional deficiencies and medication restrictions that apply to this patient population.
GRAPPA Trainees Symposium 2015: A Report from the GRAPPA 2015 Annual Meeting
Authors: Milliken Michael , Generali Elena , Marin Josefina , Ritchlin Christopher T.
Published: May 2016

At the 2015 annual meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) in Stockholm, Sweden, rheumatology and dermatology trainees engaged in psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis research presented their work to meeting attendees in a trainees symposium. This report briefly reviews 6 oral presentations and 20 posters presented at the meeting.
International Dermatology Outcome Measures Initiative as Applied to Psoriatic Disease Outcomes: An Update
Authors: Merola Joseph F. , Armstrong April W. , Saraiya Ami , Latella John , Garg Amit , Callis Duffin Kristina , Gottlieb Alice B.
Published: May 2016

Previous publications have described the International Dermatology Outcome Measures (IDEOM) group, comprising patients, physicians, health economists, participating pharmaceutical industry partners, payers, and regulatory agencies. The goal of IDEOM is to create patient-centered, validated measures of dermatologic disease progression and treatment efficacy for use in both clinical trials and clinical practice. We provide an update of IDEOM activities as of our 2015 IDEOM meeting in Washington, DC, USA.
Development of a Flare Instrument for Use in Psoriatic Disease: A Report from the 2015 GRAPPA Annual Meeting
Authors: Moverley Anna R. , Waxman Robin , de Wit Maarten , Parkinson Andrew , Campbell Willemina , Brooke Melanie , Gossec Laure , Helliwell Philip S.
Published: May 2016

Objective.

The objective of this Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) initiative is to develop a questionnaire to determine the presence of a flare of disease activity in psoriatic disease (PsD), for use in clinical care and research settings.

Methods.

In 2014 and 2015, 2 online Delphi surveys of patients and physicians attempted to achieve consensus about items that might discriminate a flare of disease. In the first round, items were derived from previous qualitative studies with patients; in the second round, new items, suggested by both patients and physicians, were added. Survey results were discussed at the 2015 GRAPPA annual meeting, and 8 breakout groups discussed specific aspects of PsD flares.

Results.

Survey participants were patients (n = 103 and n = 57 in rounds 1 and 2) and physicians (n = 125 and n = 81). Items for flare covered 6 domains (joints, skin, emotion, participation, fatigue, and unclassified). Patients agreed that 20 items were important (10 joints, 1 participation, 8 fatigue, 1 unclassified), and physicians agreed on 23 items (5 skin, 11 joints, 4 participation, 3 unclassified). Eight items were selected as important by both groups: 7 joint items and 1 unclassified. Patients emphasized fatigue and physicians emphasized skin and participation. Breakout groups concluded that the components of a flare instrument should be derived from patients. A flare should be defined as a change in disease state requiring intervention.

Conclusion.

The concept of flare in PsD covers articular, skin, emotional, participation, and fatigue domains. Further work is required to specify items that represent these domains.
GRAPPA 2015 Research and Education Project Reports
Authors: Mease Philip J. , Helliwell Philip S. , Boehncke Wolf-Henning , Coates Laura C. , FitzGerald Oliver , Gladman Dafna D. , Deodhar Atul A. , Callis Duffin Kristina
Published: May 2016

At the 2015 annual meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA), attendees were presented with brief updates on several ongoing initiatives, including educational projects. Updates were presented on the treatment recommendations project, the development of simple criteria to identify inflammatory musculoskeletal disease, new patient/physician Delphi exercises, and BIODAM (identifying biomarkers that predict progressive structural joint damage). The publication committee also gave a report. Herein we summarize those project updates.
Enhancing the Communication of Suddenly Speechless Critical Care Patients
Authors: Rodriguez Carmen S. , Rowe Meredeth , Thomas Loris , Shuster Jonathan , Koeppel Brent , Cairns Paula
Published: May 2016

Background

Sudden speechlessness is common in critically ill patients who are intubated or have had surgery for head and neck cancer. Sudden inability to speak poses challenges for hospitalized patients because strategies to facilitate communication are often limited and unreliable.

Objective

To determine the impact of a technology-based communication intervention on patients’ perception of communication difficulty, satisfaction with communication methods, and frustration with communication.

Methods

A quasi-experimental, 4-cohort (control and intervention) repeated-measures design was used. Data were collected daily for up to 10 days. Patients in adult critical care units were followed up as they were transferred to other units within the institutions selected for the study. The impact of a technology-based communication system (intervention) was compared with usual care (control). Patients’ communication outcomes pertinent to communication with nursing staff that were evaluated included perception of communication ease, satisfaction with methods used for communication, and frustration with communication.

Results

Compared with participants in the control group, participants in the intervention group reported lower mean frustration levels (−2.68; SE, 0.17; 95% CI, −3.02 to −2.34; P < .001) and higher mean satisfaction levels (0.59; SE, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.91; P < .001) with use of the communication intervention. Participants in the intervention group reported a consistent increase in perception of communication ease during the hospital stay.

Conclusions

The results facilitated evaluation of a bedside technology-based communication intervention tailored to the needs of suddenly speechless critically ill patients.
Critical Care Nurses’ Perceived Need for Guidance in Addressing Spirituality in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Canfield Christina , Taylor Debi , Nagy Kimberly , Strauser Claire , VanKerkhove Karen , Wills Stephanie , Sawicki Patricia , Sorrell Jeanne
Published: May 2016

Background

The term spirituality is highly subjective. No common or universally accepted definition for the term exists. Without a clear definition, each nurse must reconcile his or her own beliefs within a framework mutually suitable for both nurse and patient.

Objectives

To examine individual critical care nurses’ definition of spirituality, their comfort in providing spiritual care to patients, and their perceived need for education in providing this care.

Methods

Individual interviews with 30 nurses who worked in a critical care unit at a large Midwestern teaching hospital.

Results

Nurses generally feel comfortable providing spiritual care to critically ill patients but need further education about multicultural considerations. Nurses identified opportunities to address spiritual needs throughout a patient’s stay but noted that these needs are usually not addressed until the end of life.

Conclusions

A working definition for spirituality in health care was developed: That part of person that gives meaning and purpose to the person’s life. Belief in a higher power that may inspire hope, seek resolution, and transcend physical and conscious constraints.
Development of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pupae exposed to entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Rossoni C. , Pereira F.F. , Kassab S.O. , Rodrigues A. , Barbosa R.H. , Zanuncio J.C.
Published: May 2016

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle, Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff), and Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian and Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are promising candidates for the control of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae) also can be used to control sugarcane borers plus leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in sugarcane. This observation motivated us to investigate whether entomopathogenic fungi can affect biological aspects of these parasitoids. Diatraea saccharalis pupae (24 hours in age) were exposed to parasitism by three females of each eulophid species for 72 hours and then placed in small tubes. A contact surface treated with 1 mL of fungal suspension was placed inside each tube with the parasitised pupae at concentrations of 1×109, 5×109, or 10×109 conidia mL−1 of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. Exposure to fungi reduced emergence of adult P. elaeisis, but not of T. howardi and T. diatraeae. Life cycle duration, progeny, and sex ratio of P. elaeisis were not affected by exposure. Exposure was associated with decreased longevity for both sexes of T. howardi and in males of P. elaeisis, but not at levels expected to affect their performance as biocontrol agents. In general, the exposure of eulophid species developing in pupae of D. saccharalis exposed to entomopathogenic fungi, did not compromise the biological aspects of these parasitoids.
Tonic Immobility and PTSD in a Large Community Sample
Authors: Hagenaars Muriel A.
Published: May 2016

People can be paralyzed when facing threat. Such paralysis, or peritraumatic “tonic immobility” (TI), is important as it seems associated with later PTSD development. However, the prevalence of TI is not known. This study investigated its prevalence in a large representative sample as well as its association with PTSD. 4781 participants from the general population completed measures of peritraumatic TI, peritraumatic fear, peritraumatic dissociation, trait anxiety, dissociative tendencies, behavioral inhibition, and PTSD symptoms. Extreme TI was rare in participants without PTSD (0.6% in those without trauma and 0.8% in those with trauma but without PTSD) but not in those with PTSD (7.6%). Moderate TI occurred more often (6.5%, 6.3% and 17.7% for participants without trauma, trauma without PTSD and trauma plus PTSD respectively). Extreme TI was more frequent in participants that experienced sexual violence, childhood emotional abuse, accidents and war-related traumas than in those that did not experience those traumas. In multivariate analyses TI, trait anxiety and dissociative tendencies predicted PTSD severity, with trait anxiety and TI being the most relevant predictors. These results stress the relevance of further exploration of TI responses.
The Attraction of Sugar: An Association between Body Mass Index and Impaired Avoidance of Sweet Snacks
Authors: Maas Joyce , Woud Marcella L. , Keijsers Ger P.J. , Rinck Mike , Becker Eni S. , Wiers Reinout W.
Published: May 2016

The present study investigated implicit approach-avoidance action tendencies towards snack foods (pictorial Approach-Avoidance Task), implicit approach-avoidance associations (verbal approach-avoidance Single-Target IAT) and affective associations (verbal positive-negative Single-Target IAT) with snack foods in a group of unselected student participants (N = 83). Participants with higher BMI scores had more difficulty to avoid sweet, but not salty snack foods on the Approach-Avoidance Task. Furthermore, as shown by both Single-Target IATs, there were no significant associations between BMI on the one hand and approach-avoidance associations and positive-negative affective associations on the other hand. BMI did show a positive correlation with errors made on all tasks. The results found on the Approach-Avoidance Task suggest that not increased approach, but impaired avoidance of sweet snacks, might be related to increased BMI. However, more research is needed to further disentangle these findings.
Study on Changes of Textural and Biochemical Properties of Tuna during Ultra-Low Temperature Storage
Authors: PAN Yu-ying , QIU Xiao-hua , YANG Jin-sheng
Published: May 2016

The effect of TPA and biochemical properties of Yellow Tuna during frozen storage at different temperatures(-18°C, -25°C, -35°C, -45°C, -55°C, -65°C) were studied by measuring the textural characteristics (the hardness, Springiness) salt-solubility of myofibrillar proteins, Ca2+ATPase activities. The results indicated that the hardness, springiness, actomyosin salt-solubility, Ca2+ATPase activities decreased during the process of frozen storage. Meanwhile, the frozen stored temperature showed great effect on the freezing denaturation of protein (P < 0.05). For the same longer of the storage time, the lower frozen temperature, the less extent of freeze denaturation; Stored in -18°C for three months, the content of Salt soluble protein reduced to zero; Stored in -25°C for 120 days, the content of salt soluble protein also reduced to zero; But stored in -55°C and -65°C, the change is very little. Ca2+ATPase activities also reduced to zero after stored in -18°C and -25°C for three months. But stored in -55°C and -65°C, there is no obvious change. Moreover, there is a Positive relationship between the change of texture profile and the content of Salt soluble protein, the lower the storage temperature, the less of the change of texture profile. Therefore, when it is stored in -55°C, the quality of Yellow Tuna can be maintained to the maximum extent within six months.
COD Removal of Edible Oil Content in Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Process
Authors: Tahir Aola Hussein Flamarz , Kariem Nagam Obeid , Ibrahim Shatha Abduljabbar
Published: May 2016

Different Advanced Oxidation Processes (Photo Fenton process, Fenton process and H2O2/UV) were studied in order to reduce COD from oily compounds aqueous solution using batch system. To get the optimum condition, different variables were studied for each of these processes; such as pH, time, concentration of H2O2, concentration of oil, concentration of FeSO4·7H2O and temperature as parameters. It was found that the optimal pH value for the three processes was 3 and the optimal temperature was 30oC for Photo-Fenton and UV/H2O2 system and 20oC for Fenton process. Photo-Fenton process gave a maximum COD reduction of 80.59 % (COD from 2684 to 521 mg/l), Fenton gave 53.22 % (COD from 2587-1130) and the combination of UV/H2O2 gave a COD reduction of 22.69 % (COD from 2450 to 1894). The percentage of removal found was after the total reaction time (180 min.). The optimum chemical reagents for Photo-Fenton, Fenton and UV/H2O2 were as the following H2O2 = 800 mg/l, 1500 mg/l and 2000 mg/l, Fe2SO4·7H2O = 60 mg/l, 100 mg/l.
Divalent Cations Affect the Stability and Structure of Dad2p, a Subunit of the Candida Albicans Kinetochore Dam1 Complex
Authors: Waldo Jennifer Turner , Dolma Tsering , Rouse Emily
Published: May 2016

The heterodecameric Dam1 complex is involved in establishing and maintaining the connection between the kinetochore and the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Biochemical studies of the reconstituted complex have shed light upon how it interacts with microtubules. However, little information about the biochemical properties of the isolated subunits has been available. This report examines the stability and structure of Dad2p, one of the Dam1 complex subunits isolated from Candida albicans. By employing differential scanning fluorimetry, protease protection and hydrodynamic analyses, we show that Dad2p is specifically responsive to the presence of divalent cations. This observation may be important for understanding the dynamic structure and regulation of the Dam1 complex in fungal cells.
The evolution of genetics to genomics
Authors: Branco Alan T.
Published: May 2016

Development of civilizations and the technology of Development improvement of crop and animals have been under human control for more than 10.000 years. Despite the term Genetics started being employed a few centuries ago, its practice is ancient and responsible for thriving of the human society to the point we see now. The recent advances in this fi eld started with the theories of evolution, mathematical models to predict traits, and studies at cellular level. The explosion of knowledge on the last few decades associated with the advancing of internet and computers led to advent of a new discipline in genetics: genomics. Here is discussed the transition from genetics to genomics and some of the main factors that were responsible for this progress. Nowadays genomics is part of most of life science studies and the outcomes are leading to outstanding discoveries on how the genome is precisely concerted; the fi ndings have been crucial to understand human illness and for development of personalized and more precise medical treatment.
Zika Virus and Public Health
Authors: Schram Patrícia Cintra Franco
Published: May 2016

Não se aplica
Problems with adherence to treatment among adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1
Authors: Pires Mônica Rocha , Bani Raissa Cazzonatto de Figueiredo , Lima Graziele Zamineli de , Haddad Maria Isabela Ramos , Takamoto Patrícia Mayumi , Pires Lúcia Alves da Rocha , Manganaro Márcia Marcondes , Croscioli Márcia Regina Felippe Bueno , Fernani Déborah Cristina Gonçalves Luiz , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos Marques , Freire Ana Paula Coelho Figueira , Pacagnelli Francis Lopes
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is a chronic degenerative disease with high impact on the lives of children and adolescents. The DM1 affects mainly children and young adults under 30 years old, with a predominance from 10 to 14 years old. As a chronic disease, involves changes in daily habits, being following the recommendations of health professionals one of the main conducts to achieve such changes, however, this follow-up is not easy and can directly infl uence the glycemic control and lead to complications. Objective: Identify the diffi culties of adolescent with DM1 to treatment adherence. The recommendations of this treatment are related to the blood glucose measurements, using a diet plan and insulin application. Methods: The study included 15 adolescent with DM1, of both genders, aged 10-19 years participating in a multidisciplinary group at an outpatient unit in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 13,93 ± 2.4 years, diagnosed with DM1 with an average time of 4.5 years. The following evaluations were employed:1) individual interviews for identifi cation and clinical characterization; 2) characterization of cardiovascular and metabolic parameters; 2) anthropometric assessment and 4) application of a questionnaire with questions about problems of blood glucose measurements, diet plan and insulin application. Data collection was performed before medical appointment with an endocrinologist in a hospital in São Paulo state. Results: The identifi ed diffi culties and cardio-metabolic variables showed the adolescents presented uncontrolled blood glucose levels, doing the rotation of insulin incompletely and face many daily diffi -culties to perform the appropriate treatment, being the most frequently reported the insulin application and proper nutrition. Conclusion: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes presented diffi culties in adherence to treatment, mainly o follow insulin treatment and proposals for changes in eating habits by following a diet. It is necessary that health professionals offer strategies and orientation to these individuals to improve the handling of their diffi culties that directly affect the course of the disease and leave them more susceptible to developing complications.
Dynamics of carbonate chemistry, production, and calcification of the Florida Reef Tract (2009–2010): Evidence for seasonal dissolution
Authors: Muehllehner Nancy , Langdon Chris , Venti Alyson , Kadko David
Published: May 2016

Ocean acidification is projected to lower the Ωar of reefal waters by 0.3–0.4 units by the end of century, making it more difficult for calcifying organisms to secrete calcium carbonate while at the same time making the environment more favorable for abiotic and biotic dissolution of the reefal framework. There is great interest in being able to project the point in time when coral reefs will cross the tipping point between being net depositional to net erosional in terms of their carbonate budgets. Periodic in situ assessments of the balance between carbonate production and dissolution that spans seasonal time scales may prove useful in monitoring and formulating projections of the impact of ocean acidification on reefal carbonate production. This study represents the first broad‐scale geochemical survey of the rates of net community production (NCP) and net community calcification (NCC) across the Florida Reef Tract (FRT). Surveys were performed at approximately quarterly intervals in 2009–2010 across seven onshore‐offshore transects spanning the upper, middle, and lower Florida Keys. Averaged across the FRT, the rates of NCP and NCC were positive during the spring/summer at 62 ± 7 and 17 ± 2 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively, and negative during the fall/winter at −33 ± 6 and −7 ± 2 mmol m−2 d−1. The most significant finding of the study was that the northernmost reef is already net erosional (−1.1 ± 0.4 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1) and midreefs to the south were net depositional on an annual basis (0.4 ± 0.1 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1) but erosional during the fall and winter. Only the two southernmost reefs were net depositional year‐round. These results indicate that parts of the FRT have already crossed the tipping point for carbonate production and other parts are getting close.
The prolonged southward IMF‐Bz event of 2–4 May 1998: Solar, interplanetary causes and geomagnetic consequences
Authors: Bisoi Susanta Kumar , Chakrabarty D. , Janardhan P. , Rastogi R. G. , Yoshikawa A. , Fujiki K. , Tokumaru M. , Yan Y.
Published: May 2016

A detailed investigation is carried out to understand the prolonged (∼44 h) weakly southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF‐Bz) condition during 2–4 May 1998. In situ observations, during the period, show the passage of an expanding magnetic cloud embedded in an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME), followed up by a shock and an interplanetary discontinuity driven by another ICME. It is the arrival of the ICMEs and the upfront shocks that caused the prolonged southward IMF‐Bz condition. The magnetic configuration of the source regions of the IMF associated with the ICME interval was also examined, which showed open magnetic field structures, emanating from a small active region on the north of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). The structures remained constantly to the north of the HCS, both on 29 April and 1 May, suggesting no change in their polarity. The draping of these outward directed radial field lines around the propagating CMEs in the shocked plasma explains the observed polarity changes of the IMF‐Bz at 1 AU. In addition, multiple enhancements were also detected in the geomagnetic field variations, which showed a distinct one‐to‐one correspondence with the density pulses observed at 1 AU, during 0700–1700 UT on 3 May. The spectral analyses of both the variations showed the same discrete frequencies of 0.48, 0.65, and 0.75 mHz, demonstrating that the solar wind density enhancements can cause detectable global geomagnetic disturbances. The observations, thus, provide a deeper insight into the possible causes and geomagnetic consequences of a prolonged weakly southward IMF‐Bz condition.
Uncertainty of mantle geophysical properties computed from phase equilibrium models
Authors: Connolly J. A. D. , Khan A.
Published: May 2016

Phase equilibrium models are used routinely to predict geophysically relevant mantle properties. A limitation of this approach is that nonlinearity of the phase equilibrium problem precludes direct assessment of the resultant uncertainties. To overcome this obstacle, we stochastically assess uncertainties along self‐consistent mantle adiabats for pyrolitic and basaltic bulk compositions to 2000 km depth. The dominant components of the uncertainty are the identity, composition and elastic properties of the minerals. For P wave speed and density, the latter components vary little, whereas the first is confined to the upper mantle. Consequently, P wave speeds, densities, and adiabatic temperatures and pressures predicted by phase equilibrium models are more uncertain in the upper mantle than in the lower mantle. In contrast, uncertainties in S wave speeds are dominated by the uncertainty in shear moduli and are approximately constant throughout the model depth range.
A case study of a density structure over a vertical magnetic field region in the Martian ionosphere
Authors: Duru F. , Gurnett D. A. , Diéval C. , Morgan D. D. , Pisa D. , Lundin R.
Published: May 2016

One of the discoveries made by the radar sounder on the Mars Express spacecraft is the existence of magnetically controlled structures in the ionosphere of Mars, which result in bulges in the ionospheric electron density contours. These bulges lead in turn to oblique echoes, which show up as hyperbola‐shaped features in the echograms. A hyperbola‐shaped feature observed over an isolated region of strong crustal magnetic field is associated with a plasma cavity in the upper ionosphere and a corresponding density enhancement in the lower levels of the ionosphere. We suggest that along open magnetic field lines, the solar wind electrons are accelerated downward and the ionospheric ions are accelerated upward in a manner similar to the field line‐driven auroral acceleration at Earth. This heating due to precipitating electrons may cause an increase in the scale height and may drive a loss of ionospheric plasma at high altitudes.
Cluster observations of reflected EMIC‐triggered emission
Authors: Grison B. , Darrouzet F. , Santolík O. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Masson A.
Published: May 2016

On 19 March 2001, the Cluster fleet recorded an electromagnetic rising tone on the nightside of the plasmasphere. The emission was found to propagate toward the Earth and toward the magnetic equator at a group velocity of about 200 km/s. The Poynting vector is mainly oblique to the background magnetic field and directed toward the Earth. The propagation angle
becomes more oblique with increasing magnetic latitude. Inside each rising tone
is more field aligned for higher frequencies. Comparing our results to previous ray tracing analysis we conclude that this emission is a triggered electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generated at the nightside plasmapause. We detect the wave just after its reflection in the plasmasphere. The reflection makes the tone slope shallower. This process can contribute to the formation of pearl pulsations.
Are target‐shooters more aggressive than the general population?
Authors: Erle Thorsten M. , Barth Niklas , Kälke Friederike , Duttler Gabriel , Lange Harald , Petko Andreas , Topolinski Sascha
Published: May 2016

Although psychological research shows that guns are aggressive cues, proponents of liberal gun control argue that people rather than guns are to blame for gun‐related violence. For instance, athletic target‐shooters might classify guns as athletic rather than aggressive stimuli and thus should not be more aggressive than the general population. The present work investigated aggression and emotion‐regulation in target‐shooters. A longitudinal study found that initial self‐reported aggression in target‐shooters was higher than in the general population and further increased over 1 year. Additionally, the sample exhibited deficient emotion‐regulation strategies, and this was related to self‐reported aggression. In contrast, their implicit self‐construct became more peaceful over time but was unrelated to all other measures. Two further cross‐sectional experiments explored the causal impact of athletic target‐shooting and other athletic activities (shooting a basketball) on aggression. Target‐shooters and basketball players were tested before and after their regular team practice and aggressive thoughts and feelings were measured. Target‐shooting but not basketball practice activated aggressive and anxiety‐related thought more strongly than positive thought. Future research avenues, implications for the indirect measurement of aggression, and possible interventions to decrease aggression in target‐shooters are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 43:3–13, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How do different dimensions of adolescent narcissism impact the relation between callous‐unemotional traits and self‐reported aggression?
Authors: Lee‐Rowland Lauren M. , Barry Christopher T. , Gillen Christopher T. A. , Hansen Laura K.
Published: May 2016

The current study examined the moderating influence that different aspects of narcissism have on the relation between callous‐unemotional (CU) traits and aggression in a sample of 720 adolescents (500 males), ages 16–19 enrolled in a 22‐week residential program. Findings from the two studies revealed that psychopathy‐linked narcissism as assessed by the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Frick & Hare, 2001;Antisocial process screening device. Toronto: Multi‐Health Systems.) and vulnerable narcissism as assessed using the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI; Pincus et al., 2009; Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.Psychological Assessment, 21, 365–379) significantly moderated the relation between CU traits and aggression in adolescents. Conversely, non‐pathological narcissism assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory for Children (NPIC; Barry, Frick, & Killian, 2003; The relation of narcissism and self‐esteem to conduct problems in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 139–152) and PNI grandiose narcissism did not significantly impact this relation. These results suggest that forms of narcissism most closely connected to internalizing problems combined with CU traits are associated with relatively heightened aggression in youth. The implications of these findings are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 43:14–25, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐Overpotential Electrocatalytic Water Splitting with Noble‐Metal‐Free Nanoparticles Supported in a sp3 N‐Rich Flexible COF
Authors: Mullangi Dinesh , Dhavale Vishal , Shalini Sorout , Nandi Shyamapada , Collins Sean , Woo Tom , Kurungot Sreekumar , Vaidhyanathan Ramanathan
Published: May 2016

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic polymers with tunable structures. Here, a COF is prepared using building units with highly flexible tetrahedral sp3 nitrogens. This flexibility gives rise to structural changes which generate mesopores capable of confining very small (<2 nm sized) non‐noble‐metal‐based nanoparticles (NPs). This nanocomposite shows exceptional activity toward the oxygen‐evolution reaction from alkaline water with an overpotential of 258 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The overpotential observed in the COF‐nanoparticle system is the best in class, and is close to the current record of ≈200 mV for any noble‐metal‐free electrocatalytic water splitting system—the Fe–Co–Ni metal‐oxide‐film system. Also, it possesses outstanding kinetics (Tafel slope of 38.9 mV dec−1) for the reaction. The COF is able to stabilize such small‐sized NP in the absence of any capping agent because of the COF–Ni(OH)2 interactions arising from the N‐rich backbone of the COF. Density‐functional‐theory modeling of the interaction between the hexagonal Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and the COF shows that in the most favorable configuration the Ni(OH)2 nanosheets are sandwiched between the sp3 nitrogens of the adjacent COF layers and this can be crucial to maximizing their synergistic interactions.
Design Principles for Optimum Performance of Porous Carbons in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Sahore Ritu , Levin Barnaby D. A. , Pan Mian , Muller David A. , DiSalvo Francis J. , Giannelis Emmanuel P.
Published: May 2016

A series of experiments is presented that establishes for the first time the role of some of the key design parameters of porous carbons including surface area, pore volume, and pore size on battery performance. A series of hierarchical porous carbons is used as a model system with an open, 3D, interconnected porous framework and highly controlled porosity. Specifically, carbons with surface areas ranging from ≈500–2800 m2 g−1, pore volume from ≈0.6–5 cm3 g−1, and pore size from micropores (≈1 nm) to large mesopores (≈30 nm) are synthesized and tested. At high sulfur loadings (≈80 wt% S), pore volume is more important than surface area with respect to sulfur utilization. Mesopore size, in the range tested, does not affect the sulfur utilization. No relationship between porosity and long‐term cycle life is observed. All systems fail after 200–300 cycles, which is likely due to the consumption of the LiNO3 additive over cycling. Moreover, cryo‐scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging of these carbon–sulfur composites combined with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) provides further insights into the effect of initial sulfur distribution on sulfur utilization while also revealing the inadequacy of the indirect characterization techniques alone in reliably predicting distribution of sulfur within porous carbon matrices.
Maternal phenotype, independent of family economic capital, predicts educational attainment in lowland nepalese children
Authors: Marphatia Akanksha A. , Devakumar Delan , Wells Jonathan C.K. , Saville Naomi , Reid Alice , Costello Anthony , Manandhar Dharma S , Osrin David
Published: May 2016

Objectives

Factors acting before children are born or reach school‐going age may explain why some do not complete primary education. Many relevant factors relate to maternal phenotype, but few studies have tested for independent associations of maternal factors relative to those characterizing the family in general.

Methods

Using data from a longitudinal study of 838 children in Dhanusha, Nepal, we used logistic regression models to test whether indices of maternal somatic and educational capital, or family economic capital, were independently associated with children having had ≤2 versus 3+ years of schooling at a mean age of 8.5 years. We also tested whether maternal age, children's early growth, and urban/rural location mediated such associations.

Results

Children had a higher risk of completing less schooling if their mothers were short, thin, anemic, and uneducated. Independently, lower family material assets and land acreage also increased children's odds of less schooling. There was an indication of gender differences, with the risk of poor educational attainment in girls associated with low maternal somatic and educational capital, whereas in boys the relevant factors were low maternal education and family land ownership.

Conclusions

Our analysis demonstrates that, independent of broader indices of family capital such as land or material assets, children's educational attainment is associated with factors embodied in maternal phenotype. Both somatic and educational maternal capital appeared important. A composite index of maternal capital could provide a new measurable proxy, prior to school entry, for identifying children at risk of completing fewer years of schooling. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:687–698, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of patients who fell into open drains: a report from a single emergency center in East Shizuoka
Authors: Jitsuiki Kei , Ohsaka Hiromichi , Ishikawa Kouhei , Yoshizawa Toshihiko , Omori Kazuhiko , Oode Yasumasa , Yanagawa Youichi
Published: May 2016

Aim

To clarify the characteristics of injuries caused by falling into an open drain.

Methods

A medical chart review was retrospectively carried out of all patients in East Shizuoka, Japan, who were injured due to falling into an open drain, and who were subsequently transported to hospital by ambulance or a physician‐staffed helicopter, between January 2013 and December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups, those treated as outpatients and those who were admitted to hospital.

Results

During the investigation period, there were 33 patients who had accidentally fallen into an open drain. The ages of the subjects ranged from 10 to 90 years, with an average age of 58.8 years. The average age of the subjects, the ratio of female patients, and the average injury severity score in the admission group were higher than that of the outpatient group. One patient in the admission group who had cardiac arrest due to a cervical cord injury eventually died.

Conclusion

Falls into open drains are especially frequent in elderly people and female patients, and older patients tend to more frequently require admission due to severe injury. To prevent injuries of this type, some measures are required to improve the safety of open drains.
Reduktive Umpolung von Carbonylderivaten mittels Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht: ein direkter Zugang zu vicinalen Diaminen und Aminoalkoholen über α‐Aminoradikale und Ketylradikale
Authors: Fava Eleonora , Millet Anthony , Nakajima Masaki , Loescher Sebastian , Rueping Magnus
Published: May 2016

Eine Aldimin‐Anilin‐ und Aldehyd‐Anilin‐Kupplung konnte durch eine von sichtbarem Licht vermittelte Photoredoxkatalyse realisiert werden. Die reduktive SET‐Umpolung diverser Carbonylderivate ermöglicht die Generierung von intermediären Ketyl‐ und α‐Aminoradikalanionen, die zur Synthese von wertvollen unsymmetrisch substituierten 1,2‐Diaminen und Aminoalkoholen genutzt werden.