bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Political Science of War in the System of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Belozerov Vasily K.
Published: March 2021

The article substantiates the possibility and necessity of the development of the political science of war in Russia as a relatively independent branch of political science. To solve this problem, a retrospective review of the emergence and development of a political component in the system of scientific knowledge about war is provided. This process was controversial in Russia. Some credible thinkers, including military scientists, denied the science of war as such. The study of war as a political phenomenon was usually disregarded. Eventually, in the pre-revolutionary period, there prevailed the free-from-politics paradigm of understanding war (the ways and means of its conduct, its causes and consequences for an individual, society, and government agencies). Such an approach had negative consequences for political elite, training of military personnel, and public consciousness, which was especially evident in the period of social disasters. During the Soviet period of history, as a result of the indoctrination of social sciences, the politicized study of war had prevailed, which also did not ensure its holistic perception and had negative consequences in the preparation and handling of military force. A comparison of the approaches of military science and social sciences shows that they study the phenomenon of war in fragments, within the framework of their method. At the same time, many valuable scientific works on philosophy, sociology, and psychology of war have been prepared. In conditions when it is generally recognized that war is a continuation of politics, the undeveloped political science of war is illogical, its absence does not provide a holistic perception of this complex phenomenon. The article concludes that nowadays Russia has the necessary prerequisites and conditions for the development of the political science of war.
The Problem of Understanding in Russian Idealism of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: V.S. Solovyov and S.N. Trubetskoy
Authors: Glebov Oleg A.
Published: March 2021

The paper examines the doctrine of understanding in Russian idealism from the late 19th to early 20th century. The author discusses the main ontological and epistemological concepts in the philosophy of V.S. Solovyov and his follower S.N. Trubetskoy. The paper offers a historical and philosophical reconstruction of the concept of understanding based on the analysis of V.S. Solovyov's Lectures on Divine Humanity and S.N. Trubetskoy's work On the Nature of Human Consciousness. According to Solovyov, the study of understanding is possible if we presume an unconditional principle that premises being as the One. Based on this premise, it is demonstrated that the unconditional principle allows to know everything without having knowledge of each subject separately, and this, in turn, is understanding process. Trubetskoy's theory of understanding is premised on the concept of soborny (gathered) mind, which defines mind as joint knowledge about all spheres of existence. The article shows that the main position shared by the Russian thinkers is the unconditional principle serving as the basis for life and mind without which the existence of either the universal or the particular is impossible. The author concludes that such a principle is a cognitive relation to the world, which unconditionality is the condition for understanding the reality as indivisible. Understanding, as presented by V.S. Solovyov and S.N. Trubetskoy, is the true understanding of the unity of existence in all its manifestations, that is, a synthesis of the sensual, rational, moral, and aesthetic.
The Concept and Formula of Happiness: Historical and Contemporary Criteria
Authors: Kolesnikova Galina I.
Published: March 2021

The article presents a historical and philosophical analysis of happiness as a socio-cultural phenomenon, considers the proposed criteria and components of the state of happiness as well as proposes the author's integrative definition of happiness. The relevance of this study is determined by the importance of the actual humanitarian indicators in assessing socio-political progress. As a result of the analysis of how the concept of happiness was historically formed and developed, it was shown that (a) the concept of happiness became widespread in the humanitarian discourse relatively late, (b) its predecessors are the ancient Greek concepts ofagathon(the good) andeudaimonia(welfare, prosperity, supreme good), (c) in Western European philosophy, the understanding of good is contradictory and includes a wide range of meanings, from utilitarian to axiological, (d) the content of the concept of happiness includes two aspects: one is in the person's power and the other is determined by external factors. The article analyzes modern theories of happiness and feelings of life satisfaction as well as scientific studies of the components of the state of happiness. As a result of the analysis of these approaches, it is shown that in most modern studies, the emphasis in understanding happiness is placed on either socio-biological or socioeconomic factors. The author examines the criteria for the state of happiness. The author quotes other researchers and proposes certain steps as an algorithm for determining happiness, i.e., a formula for happiness. The importance of harmony of the following components of the human personality and life is substantiated: the belief system (and living in accordance with one's beliefs), abilities (and the possibility of their implementation in professional, cognitive activity), geographical location of residence, as well as social circle (and the balance of socio-psychological proximity and distancing).
Philosophy of Music in the Mirror of the Contemporary Age. Article 1
Authors: Klujev Alexander S.
Published: March 2021

The article examines the situation that has developed in the contemporary age and being named differently: postmodernism, post-postmodernism, digital modernism, metamodernism, etc. It is noted that, despite the difference in naming, all the terms indicate a global crisis of culture and man. The three most important signs of this crisis are identified: (1) degradation of a man – the predominance of his animal nature; (2) total technicism; (3) oblivion of national traditions, sacred things. These features are briefly explained. It is concluded that the basis of these signs is the loss of human spirituality. It is stated that music has extraordinary opportunities to elevate the spiritual needs of a person. It is emphasized that these opportunities contributed to the strengthening of the impact of religious practices within various worships – shamanism, Zoroastrianism, Sufism, and others, which ensured the maintenance of the humanity of the world. It is believed that the use of spiritual-creative possibilities of music will help overcome the existing global crisis and prepare the formation of the era of culture and man, the era called a New Humanism by M. Eliade. It is argued that there are composers in Russia and in other countries today who purposefully use the spiritual-creative potential of music in their work to overcome the crisis that has arisen. We offer an interview with one of them – Russian composer Dmitry Stefanovich. In conclusion, it is noted that the following articles will continue to analyze the processes taking place in contemporary culture, and, in this regard, there will be presented stories about music and interviews with composers from Russia and other countries.
Kathāvatthu (“Points of Controversy”) as a Primary Source of Early Buddhist Philosophy
Authors: Lozhkina Anastasiya V.
Published: March 2021

This article focuses on the under-researched Buddhist textKathāvatthu(“Points of Controversy”) and aims to better determine its place within Indian philosophy. We consider how the text was compiled, its contents, and main characteristics (such as its genre, its classification lists –mātika). To understand some of those characteristics, we suggest viewing them as shared with the whole Pali Canon (a large body of heterogeneous texts, of which theKathāvatthuis part). This article also illustrates the issues of translating religious and philosophical texts from the Pāli language. Particularly, we highlight that theKathāvatthubelongs to the part of Pāli Canon known as theAbhidhamma Piṭaka, and consider how this influences the philosophical discourse presented in this text. We analyze the historical and philosophical content of theKathāvatthu. We argue that such content of this work is consistently revealed in the discussion of issues controversial for the schools of Early Buddhism. At the beginning of the text, there are the most significant questions for Early Buddhism (about the subject (pudgala), about the one who has reached perfection –arhat). As we get closer to the end of the text, the importance of the issues discussed diminishes. Its final part contains the latest questions. The discussion in each question depends on the logical method of the eight refutations, the use of lists (mātika), and the position of the Theravada school to which the final version of the text belongs. In the article, special attention is paid to the determination of theKathāvatthugenre. We conclude that the genre of this work can be considered as a unique example of religious and philosophical dialogue in Early Buddhist literature.
Patron-Client Relationship in Fisherman Community in Tanjung Limau Village, Kelurahan Gunung Elai Kecamatan Bontang Utara, Bontang City
Authors: Firzan Muhammad , Erawan Endang
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:

The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret the characteristics of fishermen and retainer in Tanjung Limau, to describe and interpret the comparison of the resources owned by the two, to describe and interpret their functions and roles in the fisherman-retainer relationship pattern, to describe and Interpreting the relationship patterns that exist between fishermen and punggawa. The results show that the Tanjung Limau fishermen generally still catch fish using traditional fishing gear, and use boat sizes that vary from small to large. With this variation of fishing gear, the population involved in business in this sector is stratified into several layers, such as the retainer of boat owners and fisherman laborers who operate boats. The relationship between the retainer and the fishermen's workers has three interrelated elements, namely economic relations, social relations, and political relations. From these problems can be compared the difference in resources between the two. The retainer with a higher socio-economic status uses his influence and resources to protect the worker. So that the fisherman worker feels he has a debt of gratitude to the retainer, causing the worker to always obey and obey the retainer.

ABSTRAK:

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi karakteristik para nelayan dan punggawa di Tanjung Limau, untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi perbandingan sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh keduanya, untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi fungsi- fungsi dan peran mereka dalam pola hubungan nelayan-punggawa, untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi pola-pola hubungan yang terjalin antara para nelayan dan punggawa, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Masyarakat nelayan Tanjung Limau pada umumnya masih menangkap ikan dengan alat tangkap tradisional, serta menggunakan ukuran perahu yang bervariasi dari ukuran yang kecil hingga ukuran yang besar. Dengan adanya variasi alat tangkap tersebut maka penduduk yang terlibat dalam usaha pada sektor ini terstratifikasi ke dalam beberapa lapisan seperti, punggawa pemilik kapal dan buruh nelayan yang mengoperasikan kapal. Hubungan antara sang punggawa dan para buruh nelayan memiliki tiga unsur yang saling berkaitan yaitu hubungan ekonomi, hubungan sosial dan hubungan politik. Dari permasalahan tersebut bisa dibandingkan perbedaan sumber daya diantara keduanya. Sang punggawa dengan status sosial-ekonominya yang lebih tinggi menggunakan pengaruh dan sumber dayanya untuk menyediakan perlindungan-perlindungan terhadap si buruh. Sehingga si buruh nelayan merasa memiliki hutang budi terhadap sang punggawa menyebabkan si buruh selalu patuh dan taat kepada sang punggawa.
Model of inelastic deformation of shape memory alloys
Authors:   A. A. Movchan  Institute of Applied Mechanics, RAS, Movchan A. A.
Published: March 2021

Предложен вариант модели фазово-структурного деформирования сплавов с памятью формы, в рамках которого параметром изотропного упрочнения для процесса деформирования по структурному механизму является интенсивность собственной фазово-структурной деформации мартенситной части представительного объема материала. Получено решение задачи об обратном термоупругом фазовом превращении в заневоленном стержне с предварительно заданной растягивающей или сжимающей деформацией. Исследовано влияние на решение значения параметра трансляционного упрочнения.
O PROFESSOR E A SUA SAÚDE MENTAL
Authors: Pereira Batista Cicero
Published: March 2021

Este é um relato de experiência, que teve como objetivo realizar uma intervenção em uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental, com ênfase na saúde mental do professor. A fundamentação teórica utilizada foi a psicodinâmica do trabalho, com contribuições da psicologia social. O método foi a observação participante, totalizando 32 horas de observação, conforme um roteiro previamente estabelecido para a realização de um diagnóstico organizacional. A intervenção foi pontual, realizada em três encontros para discussão de temas relevantes à realidade dos professores identificados no diagnóstico. Nesses encontros, foram discutidas as relações interpessoais no ambiente de trabalho e a relação entre família e escola. A análise de todo o processo apontou quatro temáticas: organização do trabalho, formação, remuneração e municipalização. Concluiu-se que a organização do trabalho prejudicava a saúde dos professores, acarretando sofrimento psíquico.
ANÁLISE AO PLANO NACIONAL DE DIREITOS HUMANOS lll1
Authors: Pereira Batista Cicero
Published: March 2021

O estudo analisa do Plano Nacional de Direito Humano III, tema de grande relevância acadêmica, considerando de maneira geral, nos dias atuais, analisar se a ciência jurídica tem desenvolvido seu papel mais satisfatoriamente, possibilitando que as interações sociais se estabeleçam em sua grande maioria de modo pacífico e que as pessoas e diversos setores do Estado possam coexistir. Direitos humanos é tema amplo, de grande importância, uma expressão corrente hoje em dia, de tal forma, consolidada nas lutas dos povos, o que se pode pensar que sempre haja sido assim. Como direitos fundamentais, a ideia de direitos humanos remonta a história da humanidade, vive-se num momento histórico em que o Direito é o principal responsável por organizar as relações jurídicas entre os indivíduos, devendo permitir o convívio entre os diversos cidadãos e mantendo uma ordem perante toda a sociedade. É de se enfatizar, portanto, que os direitos e garantias consagrados em Tratados Internacionais sobre direitos humanos gozam de natureza constitucional, ao passo que os direitos advindos dos tratados comuns (também denominados de tradicionais, aos quais se chega por eliminação) detêm força hierárquica infraconstitucional. A discussão acerca dos direitos humanos tomou maior relevância quando da emancipação das classes proletárias no aspecto político e social de cada Estado, sobretudo, respaldado pelo espírito da democracia.
Indonesia’s Tourism Sector Is Ready To Skyrocket After The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Angelia
Published: March 2021

Indonesia is a country that is rich in diversity. Indonesia's diversity, which includes more than 17 thousand islands, more than 300 ethnic groups, more than 700 languages, world heritage sites, and the third largest biodiversity, is a great potential for tourism development (Tayibnapis and Sundarini 2020).
Tugas PI
Authors: Sitanayah Jean Michael
Published: March 2021

The new policy to provide broad flexibility to capture lobster seeds is the same as opening up massive exploitation and welcoming the extinction of lobster seeds in Indonesia. The commitment of lobster seed exporters to develop cultivation is very doubtful and is suspected of using partnerships with lobster cultivators as an effort to obtain a lobster seed export license only. After obtaining the license, the exporters are predicted to break the partnership agreement. Therefore, there needs to be an evaluation, given that business actors are not ready with supporting facilities and infrastructure to carry out the cultivation. This qualitative research leads to a case study of the impact of a new policy regarding the export of lobster seeds on the sustainability of lobster in Indonesia. This study uses primary data and secondary data to explore and explain the impact of Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 12 of 2020 in order to draw general conclusions and support the theory.
TUGAS SITASI PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
Authors: Dina
Published: March 2021

SITASI PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
Incompleteness theorems in social sciences and humanities
Authors: Khuc Quy Van
Published: March 2021

Incompleteness theorems in social sciences and humanities
Tugas review perekonomian indonesia
Authors: digna Maria
Published: March 2021

Perkembangan digital ekonomi
Effect of Leaf Extract (Jatropha curcas L.) Towards the Microbiolagic Quality of Layang Fish TPC (Decapterus sp.) At Room Temperature Storage
Authors: Husain Rahim , Yapanto Lis M , Umar Zainab Y
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of Jatropha Curcas L. leaf extract on the freshness quality of Layang Fish (Decapterus sp.) At room temperature storage. The research consisted of two stages, namely preliminary research and main research. Preliminary research is determining the concentration of castor leaves. The main research is the concentration of Jatropha leaves used, which is 16% with a storage time of 10 hours, 14 hours, 18 hours and 22 hours. The test was carried out organoleptically (hedonic quality) and TPC. This design uses kruskall wallis for organoleptic data (hedonic quality), CRD to obtain TPC results. Organoleptic data and TPC that had a significant effect were tested by Duncan's continued test. The results showed that the fresh fly fish preserved with 16% castor leaf extract was able to maintain the quality of the fresh fly fish for 14 hours of storage. The chemical test results showed that the fresh fly fish with 16% castor leaf extract in 14 hours of storage, the microbiological quality obtained ALT value of 5.03 CFU / g, this fulfills SNI 2729.2013 concerning fresh fish.
MENYUSUI BERDASARKAN PERFEKTIF SOSIAL DAN BUDAYA
Authors: Angraeni Suci
Published: March 2021

Pemberian ASI eksklusif secara nasional yang dipengaruhi oleh interaksi dari berbagai faktor sosial, demografi, biologi, pre dan postnatal, dan psikologi. Meskipun berbagai studi menunjukkan bahwa Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan pada bayi maupun ibunya, namun hasilnya belum sesuai dengan yang harapkan. Kemajuan modernisasi merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya perubahan sosial, budaya maupun ekonomi, sehingga dampaknya berpengaruh terhadap menurunnya dukungan pada ibu menyusui. Data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2007 menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ASI eksklusif mengalami penurun sebesar 30,2% dan peningkatan pemberian susu formula sebesar 11% pada tahun 2013. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hubungan perilaku Pemberian ASI Eksklusif berdasarkan perspektif sosial budaya
How Indonesia Companies Survive The Global Economic Disruption
Authors: elviona adra
Published: March 2021

With the global economic disruption or economic crisis that has hit and disrupted the global economy is a situation where companies should be able to evaluate a series of strategic macroeconomic activities and strive to make their companies more flexible and resilient.
MENYUSUI DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL BUDAYA
Authors: imam Muh. Alif al
Published: March 2021

Asi adalah makanan alami serta makanan yang sangat optimal untuk bayi yang berusia 6 bulan, karena mampu menyediakan semua nutrisi yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada bayi.selain itu, peran ibu dalam memberikan Asi pada bayinya adalah dapat menyebabkan penurunan resiko infeksi selama masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya, seperti (asma, dermatitis) dan dengan IQ lebih tinggi dan pada ibu akan menurunkan terjadinya resiko seperti kanker payudara, diabetes serta kanker ovariumFaktor sosial budaya pada tahun 2002 menjelaskan bahwa hal-hal yang mendorong sebagian besar ibu untuk memberikan asi adalah karena naluri sebagai wanita yang baru melahirkan, merupakan kodrat, rasa tanggung jawab serta adanya dorongan ekonomi.Hal yang melatarbelakangi ibu tidak memberika asi ekslusif antara lain yaitu ibu yag beranggapan bahwa asi bukanlah makanan yang terbaik yang diberikan pada bayi, karena ibu tidak mengetahui manfaat kolostrum sebagai asi yang sangat berguna bagi kekebalan tubuh bayi, asi diberikan secara ekslusif atau asi saja tanpa memberikan makanan tambahan kepada bayi yang berusia 6 bulan, asi mengandung seluruh zat yang dibutuhkan bayi sampai brusia 6 bulan.
Karinna Wahono_130217355_KP A_UTS PI
Authors: Wahono Karinna
Published: March 2021

which is an archipelagic country stretches from Sabang to Merauke. Therefore, Indonesia has many tourist attractions that are even famous to foreign countries. This can be an opportunity for the government to increase the country's foreign exchange.research journal
Differential expression of cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: March 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding the cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2, CSTF2, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. CSTF2 was also differentially expressed in the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer. CSTF2 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of CSTF2 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in patients with basal subtype cancer. CSTF2 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Alexander Anggriawan_130218154_KP A
Authors: Anggriawan Alexander
Published: March 2021

Transforming business and human resources is the best alternative for companies in Indonesia to survive in the midst of global economic uncertainty. Given that changes in business concepts are highly driven and patterned by advances in information technology. Indonesia company have to generate new values in all aspect so that performance can increase and the companies are able to survive.
Tugas review perekonomian indonesia
Authors: digna Maria
Published: March 2021

Perkembangab digital ekonomi
Kesehatan ibu hamil dari perspektif sosial culture budaya
Authors: ridwan Muh
Published: March 2021

Kehamilan dan persalinan merupakan fase krisis dalam kehidupan seorang wanita. Peristiwa ini memiliki dampak pada bagaimana seorang wanita melewati fase transisi untuk menjadi ibu termasuk kesehatan fisik dan mentalnya dan juga kesejahteraan keluarga secara keseluruhan (Beech and Phipps, 2004: 61). Van Gennep (1960) dalam Winson (2006) menggambarkan status sosial seorang wanita pada saat hamil berada pada status marginality di mana dia mulai berperilaku berbeda dari biasanya misalnya dengan memperhatikan pola makan, aktifitas, dan lain-lain. Masyarakat di berbagai budaya memberi perhatian pada fase krisis ini. Pada masa kehamilan ada banyak ritual yang harus dilakukan yang menandakan bahwa masyarakat di budaya mana pun menganggap kehamilan sebagai peristiwa yang luar biasa, bukan hanya dalam kehidupan wanita hamil itu sendiri tetapi juga suami dan keluarganya. Perhatian masyarakat terhadap ibu yang sedang hamil merupakan bentuk dukungan sosial. Menurut McCourt (2006) ada tiga komponen kunci dukungan sosial yaitu dukungan emosional, dukungan informasi dan dukungan praktis. Dukungan emosional ditunjukkan dengan hubungan yang hangat, persaudaraan, persahabatan dan keinginan untuk mendengar. Saran dan informasi yang baik merupakan contoh dari dukungan informasi. Sedangkan dukungan finansial pada ibu hamil, pijat untuk mengurangi ketidaknyamanan merupakan bentuk nyata dukungan praktis. Dukungan sosial selama kehamilan sangat penting untuk mengurangi stress. Selama kehamilan dukungan dapat menimbulkan rasa percaya diri pada wanita bahwa dia memiliki persiapan yang cukup untuk melahirkan. Menurut Oakley (1990) dalam Mander (2001) dukungan sosial berperan positif pada kesehatan, secara tidak langsung mengurangi bahaya yang disebabkan stress, mengurangi resiko terpapar stress dan memudahkan penyembuhan dari kondisi stress seperti sakit.Bukan hanya calon ibu, calon ayah pun berada pada periode transisi atau marginalitas (Van Gennep, 1960) dalam Blackshaw (2003). Hal ini karena meskipun kehamilan dan persalinan merupakan peristiwa yang dialami perempuan, secara fisik dan sosial, laki-laki terlibat secara mendalam pada kelahiran anak-anak-nya. Pada berbagai budaya calon ayah memiliki peranan untuk melakukan ritual tertentu selama periode kehamilan.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDONESIAN TOURISM SECTOR SECTOR IN ITS NATURAL BEAUTY
Authors: Kasim Indah Ayu Lestari
Published: March 2021

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDONESIAN TOURISM SECTOR SECTOR IN ITS NATURAL BEAUTY
Why evolutionary psychology should abandon modularity
Authors: Pietraszewski David , Wertz Annie E.
Published: March 2021

A debate surrounding modularity—the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules—has held philosophers and psychologists captive for nearly forty years. Concern about this thesis—which has come to be known as the massive modularity debate—serves as the primary grounds for skepticism of evolutionary psychology’s claims about the mind. Here we will suggest that the entirety of this debate, and the very notion of massive modularity itself, is ill-posed and confused. In particular, it is based on a confusion about the level of analysis (or reduction) at which one is approaching the mind. Here, we will provide a framework for clarifying at what level of analysis one is approaching the mind, and explain how a systemic failure to distinguish between different levels of analysis has led to profound misunderstandings of not only evolutionary psychology, but also of the entire cognitivist enterprise of approaching the mind at the level of mechanism. We will furthermore suggest that confusions between different levels of analysis are endemic throughout the psychological sciences—extending well beyond issues of modularity and evolutionary psychology. Therefore, researchers in all areas should take preventative measures to avoid this confusion in the future.
“Master” of None: Institutional Language Change Linked to Reduced Gender Bias
Authors: Bailey April , Dovidio John , LaFrance Marianne
Published: March 2021

Concern that masculine generic language (e.g., man to mean humanity) perpetuates gender inequity has led several institutions to formally discourage its use. While previous experimental research indicates that generic terms like man bring more exemplars of men than women to mind, only recently have researchers begun exploring additional consequences of gendered language. Understanding the range of processes affected is of particular importance when evaluating real-world policies. Yale University recently changed the title of a leadership role from master to head. The present study (N=341) investigated what exemplars come to mind (i.e., cognitive accessibility) while also probing memory for women and men in the leadership role both before and after Yale’s language policy change. Students exposed to master generated a male exemplar more than would be expected by the incidence of men and recognized actual men than women in the role more accurately (d’) in a face recognition task. Among students exposed to head, both biases were eliminated. The previous literature shows that masculine generic language brings men to mind. The present work demonstrates a similar effect but in an applied context while further documenting consequences for memory. Gender-inclusive language polices have potential to reduce gender biased thinking with applied significance.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Social Identification and Health in Organizational Contexts
Authors: Steffens Niklas K , Haslam S. Alex , Schuh Sebastian , Jetten Jolanda , van Dick Rolf
Published: March 2021

We provide a meta-analytical review examining two decades of work on the relationship between individuals’ social identifications and health in organizations (102 effect sizes, k = 58, N = 19,799). Results reveal a mean-weighted positive association between organizational identification and health (r = .21, T = .14). Analysis identified a positive relationship for both workgroup (r = .21) and organizational identification (r = .21), and in studies using longitudinal/experimental (r = .13) and cross-sectional designs (r = .22). The relationship is stronger (a) for indicators of the presence of well-being (r = .27) than absence of stress (r = .18), (b) for psychological (r = .23) than physical health (r = .16), (c) to the extent that identification is shared among group members, and (d) as the proportion of female participants in a sample decreases. Overall, results indicate that social identifications in organizations are positively associated with health but that there is also substantial variation in effect size strength. We discuss implications for theory and practice and outline a roadmap for future research.
The link between stereotypical leader traits and perceived electability: Do Black women politicians face double jeopardy?
Authors: Mosier Amanda Elizabeth , Pietri Evava
Published: March 2021

This paper examined whether Black women political candidates face double jeopardy in voter perceptions of electability due to Black women being perceived as having fewer traditional leader traits compared to White male, White female, and Black male candidates. Due to increasing political polarization in the U.S., concerns over electability are at the forefront of many voters’ minds when casting their ballots. Traditional conceptions of electability are built upon racialized and gendered notions of what traits connote an effective leader; thus, women and racial minority candidates are often perceived as less electable compared to White men. However, research has not adequately examined the intersectional aspect of electability bias. The current study proposed a double jeopardy effect: we expected that participants (n = 454) would perceive Black women, compared to White men, White women, and Black men, as lower in competence and leadership ability, which would lead to lower electability perceptions and voting intentions. Unexpectedly, there were mixed findings for the effects of race/gender on competence and leadership ability, and we did not find any evidence that candidate race/gender related to electability or voting intentions. We discuss potential explanations for these null findings and suggest avenues for future research.
Three-year-olds’ comprehension of contrastive and descriptive adjectives: Evidence for contrastive inference
Authors: Davies Catherine , Lingwood Jamie , Ivanova Bissera , Arunachalam Sudha
Published: March 2021

Combining information from adjectives with the nouns they modify is essential for comprehension. Previous research suggests that preschoolers do not always integrate adjectives and nouns, and may instead over-rely on noun information when processing referring expressions (Fernald, Thorpe, & Marchman, 2010; Thorpe, Baumgartner, & Fernald, 2006). This disjointed processing has implications for pragmatics, apparently preventing under-fives from making contrastive inferences (Huang & Snedeker, 2013).Using a novel experimental design that allows preschoolers time to demonstrate their abilities in adjective-noun integration and in contrastive inference, two visual world experiments investigate how English-speaking three-year-olds (N=73, Mage=44 months) process size adjectives across syntactic (prenominal; postnominal) and pragmatic (descriptive; contrastive) contexts. We show that preschoolers are able to integrate adjectives and nouns to resolve reference accurately by the end of the referring expression, in a variety of pragmatic and syntactic contexts and in the presence of multiple distractors. We reveal for the first time that they can contrastively infer, given a slowed speed of presentation and visually salient size contrasts. Our findings provide evidence for a continuity in the development of pragmatic skills, which do not appear to be linked to children’s language proficiency or speed of processing.
What Does Science Say About Orton-Gillingham Interventions? An Explanation and Commentary on the Stevens et al. (2021) Meta-Analysis
Authors: Solari Emily , Petscher Yaacov , Hall Colby
Published: March 2021

A recent meta-analysis published in Exceptional Children (Stevens et al., 2021) looked at the effects of Orton-Gillingham (OG) reading interventions on reading outcomes for students who have word reading difficulties. The results of the study have led to questions and lively conversation among practitioners and reading researchers. One of the things that is important about science is that it is constantly evolving: this is true in education science as much as it is in the health sciences. Because this journal is committed to translating empirical findings from reading research in order to make education science accessible to practitioners, the intent of this commentary is to provide a clear description of the findings reported in this recent meta-analysis, addressing the degree to which they align with those reported in similar reviews of OG interventions. We discuss the degree to which the findings represent an evolution of reading science and their implications for instructional practice, policy, and future research.
Self-Esteem depends on beliefs about the rate of change of social approval
Authors: Low Alexis An Yee , Hopper William John Telesfor , Angelescu Ilinca , Mason Liam , Will Geert-Jan , Moutoussis Michael
Published: March 2021

A major challenge in understanding the neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders is to rigorously quantify subjective metrics that lie at the core of mental illness, such as low self-esteem. Self-esteem can be conceptualized as a ‘gauge of social approval’ that increases in response to approval and decreases in response to disapproval. Computational modelling approaches have shown that learning signals that represent the difference between received and expected social approval drive changes in self-esteem. However, it is unclear whether self-esteem based on social approval should be understood as a value updated through associative learning, or as a belief about the self, updated by new evidence depending on how strongly it is held. Our results show that belief-based models explain self-esteem dynamics in response to social evaluation better than associative learning models. Importantly, our findings suggest that in the short term, self-esteem signals the direction and rate of change of one’s beliefs about approval within a group, rather than one’s social position.
Effects of Wearing Face Masks While Using Different Speaking Styles in Noise on Speech Intelligibility During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Yi Hoyoung , Pingsterhaus Ashly , Song Woonyoung
Published: March 2021

The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in the recommended/required use of face masks in public. The use of a face mask compromises communication, especially in the presence of competing noise. It is crucial to measure the potential effects of wearing face masks on speech intelligibility in noisy environments where excessive background noise can create communication challenges. The effects of wearing transparent face masks and using clear speech to facilitate better verbal communication were evaluated in this study. We examined listener word identification scores in the following four conditions:(1) type of mask condition (i.e., no mask, transparent mask, and disposable face mask), (2) presentation mode (i.e., auditory only and audiovisual), (3) speaking style (i.e., conversational speech and clear speech), and (4) with two types of background noise (i.e., speech shaped noise and four-talker babble at −5 signal-to-noise ratio). Results indicate that in the presence of noise, listeners performed less well when the speaker wore a disposable face mask or a transparent mask compared to wearing no mask. Listeners correctly identified more words in the audiovisual presentation when listening to clear speech. Results indicate the combination of face masks and the presence of background noise negatively impact speech intelligibility for listeners. Transparent masks facilitate the ability to understand target sentences by providing visual information. Use of clear speech was shown to alleviate challenging communication situations including compensating for a lack of visual cues and reduced acoustic signals.
Learning to hesitate
Authors: Descamps Ambroise , Massoni Sébastien , Page Lionel
Published: March 2021

We investigate how people make choices when they are unsure about the value of the options they face and have to decide whether to choose now or wait and acquire more information first. In an experiment, we find that participants deviate from optimal information acquisition in a systematic manner. They acquire too much information (when they should only collect little) or not enough (when they should collect a lot). We show that this pattern can be explained as naturally emerging from Fechner cognitive errors. Over time participants tend to learn to approximate the optimal strategy when information is relatively costly.
The New "Good Samaritans": Digital Helpers During Pandemic Times in Canada
Authors: Mata Fernando , Dumoulin Jennifer
Published: March 2021

During times of crises such as the present COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, digital helpers emerge as key agents of the promotion of digital literacy in society. Using data from the CPSS-5 national survey, the authors looked at the digital help provided by individuals to various demographic cohorts during the pandemic period in Canada. This survey comprised 3,961 adult respondents aged 15 years old who were interviewed in September, 2020. Digital helpers assisted fellow Canadians in through navigating digital technologies such as videoconferencing, online voice chats, online shopping sites or educational resources. Digital helpers comprised 48% of the total adult population where the most typical form was the assistance of adult respondents aged 18 to 64 years old. Assistance to specific demographic cohorts such as children, teens and seniors varied according to the socio-demographic profiles of helpers. Multivariate analysis of seven typical types of digital help suggests that the likelihood of digital help increased with a younger age of the helper, the presence of a child living at home, university education, urban residence status and/or living in large households. Overall, digital help outcomes appeared to be linked to the life course position of the individual and the types of family or non family networks situated around the helper. The role of young married women living with children and other individuals as the new "Good Samaritans" of digital help is relevant in this regard.
Integrating Illness Management into Identity Verification Processes
Authors: Maietta Justin Thomas
Published: March 2021

Individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) can experience conflict between self-presentation and their symptoms or management regimens. In this article, I explain how these individuals might use their illness management techniques to aid in successfully self-presenting, or having their identities verified. Interview respondents associate conflicts brought on by symptoms or management regimens with identity processes and report some instances when illness management enables them to successfully perform identities. Researchers have previously found ways that individuals work to renegotiate or preserve their identities by suppressing or hiding their illnesses. I additionally highlight instances where individuals embrace illness management to successfully perform identities, a process I call integrating illness management into the identity verification process. The importance of research on access to illness management tools and education is emphasized, as researchers aid individuals not only in maintaining good health, but also being their best social selves.
Persepsi Mahasiswa Terhadap Pembelajaran Daring Pada Mata Kuliah Akuntansi Di Era New Normal
Authors: Prasetio Tio , Hariyani Reni
Published: March 2021

Abstrak  - Wabah Covid-19 memberikan banyak pelajaran hidup yang baru bagi masyarakat. Salah satunya dalam dunia pendidikan yaitu dengan diselenggarakannya pembelajaran daring di era new normal. Kendala dalam belajar daring ditemukan oleh mahasiswa, khususnya pada mata kuliah akuntansi yang berisi mayoritas praktik hitung-hitungan. Sehingga mahasiswa perlu melakukan adaptasi dengan kebiasaan baru secara cepat dalam proses pembelajaran daring. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa terhadap pembelajaran daring pada mata kuliah akuntansi di era new normal. Metode penelitian  ini  yaitu deskriptif kualitatif yang berfokus pada tiga aspek yaitu materi pengajaran, metodologi mengajar, dan soft skill.  Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Program Studi Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Budi Luhur dan mahasiswa Program Studi Sekretari Akademi Sekretari Budi Luhur. Dengan sampel berjumlah 127 responden yang  diambil menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data dalam mengukur persepsi mahasiswa dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kategori interpretasi skor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk rata-rata persentase aspek materi pengajaran masuk dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebesar 50,67%. Aspek metodologi mengajar memiliki rata-rata persentase masuk dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebesar 46,75%. Dan untuk rata-rata persentase aspek soft skill masuk kategori rendah yaitu sebesar 46,6%. Sehingga pembelajaran tatap muka sangat diperlukan dalam mata kuliah akuntansi yang membutuhkan pendampingan dan penjelasan materi kuliah secara langsung dari dosen.  Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran daring, akuntansi, mahasiswa.
The Demand for Public Administration Education in the Czech Republic
Authors: Kulaç Onur , Sobotková Lucie , Sobotka Martin
Published: March 2021

Public administration is overwhelmingly crucial in providing citizens with the best accessible, affordable, effective, and efficient services. Governments need qualified human resources for satisfactory employment processes. Therefore, higher education institutions play a crucial role in supplying the education in the field of public administration. Universities and various institutes from all over the world have numerous public administration education programmes. In this context, students as well as professionals have a wide range of opportunities to get an education in public administration so as to be employed in the public or relevant sectors. In parallel with globalisation and the development of information technologies, new professions have started to emerge and significant changes have been observed in people’s learning preferences. The Czech Republic is one of the significant Central European countries to offer an education in public administration. To this end, the study examines public administration education in the Czech Republic and looks more closely at public administration education at the University of Pardubice, which offers programmes in the area of public administration and the public sector. The analysis is performed based on a statistical evaluation of students’ interest over a span of 16 years. Finally, the demand for public administration education at the University of Pardubice is analysed in order to put forth the current state of public administration
education by comparing it with other relevant faculties in the Czech Republic. The conclusion of the study is devoted to considerations on the possibilities of supporting education in the Czech Republic. More consistent supervision from the position of the state seems appropriate, but also support for a family policy aimed at reconciling professional and family life.
ON THE PROBLEM OF GENRE EVOLUTION
Authors:   Nizhnevartovsk State University, Sebeleva Anastasia Valerievna , Moilashova Olga Vladislavovna ,   Nizhnevartovsk State University
Published: March 2021

Modern researchers have difficulties in establishing clear boundaries of genres. Scientists opinions on these issues differ. The complexity of the classification of works is associated with historical changes in literature, which entail the evolution of genres. The authors of the article attempt to systematize the data of the theory of literature and determine the stable content and formal features of the genre.
GEOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES CHAMBER PEGMATITES
Authors:   Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting, Pavlidis Sofia Borisovna
Published: March 2021

This article is devoted to the analysis of the genetic features of chamber pegmatites of Volyn. The author dwells in detail on their mineral composition, describes the connection of pegmatites with containing rocks. Special attention in the work is paid to pegmatite formation, the stages of formation of chamber pegmatites.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF GOODS PROMOTION AT REMOTE MODE OF SALE IN THE TRADE ORGANIZATION
Authors:   Nizhnevartovsk State University, Angelutsa Vitaly Fedorovich
Published: March 2021

The relevance of the research theme is due to the fact that the modern abundance of trading organizations requires the development and implementation of a marketing policy, the main purpose of which is to attract the maximum number of customers and generate stable revenues. This article analyzes the features of remote trading in the Nizhnevartovsk district. The purpose of this study is to develop events to improve the system for promoting goods with a remote method of sale in a trading organization using the example of the activities «Stylish for a penny».
The Adapted Program as the Main Tool of Modeling the Educational Environment of Students with Disabilities in the System of Secondary Vocational Education
Authors: Polyakova Nadezhda Petrovna , Bogatyreva Olga Leonidovna
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The problems of inclusive education in the system of secondary vocational education have recently become particularly relevant due to the increasing number of students with limited health opportunities and disabilities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find the best ways to build an educational route for students of these categories. Such an educational trajectory should not only include special conditions that ensure the satisfaction of the special educational needs of such students, but also be aimed at mastering the professional competencies necessary for a modern competitive individual in the labor market.
The main tool for implementing the inclusive model of education should be considered an adapted educational program of secondary vocational education. However, the implementation mechanism of this normative document still continues to raise many questions and difficulties. That is why this study was conducted, which involved teachers and masters of vocational training in the system of secondary vocational education, aimed at identifying the difficulties that arise in the implementation of adapted educational programs.
The obtained results demonstrated the ambiguity of the current situation in the field of building and implementing an inclusive model in the system of secondary vocational education and allowed us to offer the authors possible solutions to these situations.