bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal microbiota profile and clinical correlations in advanced EGFR-WT and EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Saifon Woraseth , Sensorn Insee , Trachu Narumol , Oranratnachai Songporn , Charoenyingwattana Angkana , Runcharoen Chakkaphan , Monnamo Nanamon , Sukkasem Warawut , Inchareon Pimpin , Suwatanapongched Thitiporn , Chansriwong Phichai , Ativitavas Touch , Panvichian Ravat , Chantratita Wasun , Reungwetwattana Thanyanan
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Difference in clinical responses to cancer therapy in each patient is from several factors. Gastrointestinal microbiota is one of the reasons. However, this correlation remains unknown. This study aims to explore correlation between gastrointestinal microbiota profile and clinical outcomes in Thai advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status.

Methods

We enrolled 13 patients with advanced EGFR–wild-type (WT) NSCLC who received chemotherapy and 15 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC who received EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We collected fecal samples at baseline and first disease evaluation and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing by NGS to assess microbiota profile. The correlations between gastrointestinal microbiota and clinical variables were studied.

Results

The clinical characteristics were balanced between the cohorts, excluding significantly higher albumin levels in the EGFR-mutant group. Albumin was the only significant clinical factor affecting the treatment response in multivariate analysis (ORR 15.6%, P = 0.03). Proteobacteria counts were higher in the EGFR-WT group, whereas Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes counts were higher in the EGFR-mutant group. The alpha diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome was significantly higher in the EGFR-mutant group (Shannon index: 3.82 vs. 3.25, P = 0.022). Following treatment, Proteobacteria counts were lower and Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes counts were higher in both cohorts; the changes were more prominent in the EGFR-WT cohort. No significant correlation between microbiota profile and treatment response were demonstrated in our study. However, beta diversity was significantly different according to severity of adverse events. Enrichment of Clostridia and Bacteroidia was associated with higher adverse event risk in the EGFR-WT cohort.

Conclusions

Proteobacteria was dominant in Thai lung cancer patients both EGFR-WT and EGFR-mutant, and this phylum maybe associate with lung cancer carcinogenesis. Chemotherapy altered the gastrointestinal microbiota, whereas EGFR-TKIs had less effects. Our findings highlight the potential predictive utility of the gastrointestinal microbiota for lung cancer carcinogenesis. Studies with larger cohorts and comparison with the healthy Thai population are ongoing to validate this pilot study.
Long-term outcomes at 24- and 36-month follow-up in the intervention arm of the randomized controlled trial of Prompt Mental Health Care
Authors: Smith Otto R. F. , Sæther Solbjørg M. M. , Haug Ellen , Knapstad Marit
Published: September 2022

Background

Whether long-term symptom improvement is maintained after treatment in services such as the Norwegian Prompt Mental Health Care (PMHC) and the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies is not yet known. In this prospective study, we investigate whether improvements observed at 6-month follow-up are maintained at 24- and 36-month follow-up among clients who received PMHC.

Method

Data from the treatment arm of the randomized controlled trial of PMHC were used (n = 459). The main outcomes were (reliable) recovery rate and symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7). Primary outcome data at 24- and 36-months follow-up were available for 47% and 39% of participants, respectively. Secondary outcomes were work participation, functional status, health-related quality of life, and positive mental well-being. Sensitivity analyses with regard to missing data assumptions were conducted for the primary continuous outcomes.

Results

Improvements were maintained at 24- and 36-month follow-up for symptoms of depression and anxiety, (reliable) recovery rate, and health-related quality of life. Small linear improvements since 6-month follow-up were observed for work participation, functional status, and positive mental well-being. Sensitivity analyses did not substantially alter the findings for symptoms of depression and anxiety mentioned above.

Conclusions

Our findings support the long-term effectiveness of PMHC, but results should be interpreted with caution due to lacking follow-up data at 24- and 36-month in the control group, and substantial attrition.
Production of surfactant-stable keratinase from Bacillus cereus YQ15 and its application as detergent additive
Authors: Zhang Rong-Xian , Wu Zhong-Wei , Cui Hai-Yang , Chai Ying-Nan , Hua Cheng-Wei , Wang Peng , Li Lan , Yang Tian-You
Published: September 2022

Background

With the growing concern for the environment, there are trends that bio-utilization of keratinous waste by keratinases could ease the heavy burden of keratinous waste from the poultry processing and leather industry. Especially surfactant-stable keratinases are beneficial for the detergent industry. Therefore, the production of keratinase by Bacillus cereus YQ15 was improved; the characterization and use of keratinase in detergent were also studied.

Results

A novel alkaline keratinase-producing bacterium YQ15 was isolated from feather keratin-rich soil and was identified as Bacillus cereus. Based on the improvement of medium components and culture conditions, the maximum keratinase activity (925 U/mL) was obtained after 36 h of cultivation under conditions of 35 °C and 160 rpm. Moreover, it was observed that the optimal reacting temperature and pH of the keratinase are 60 °C and 10.0, respectively; the activity was severely inhibited by PMSF and EDTA. On the contrary, the keratinase showed remarkable stability in the existence of the various surfactants, including SDS, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, and Triton X-100. Especially, 5% of Tween 20 and Tween 60 increased the activity by 100% and 60%, respectively. Furtherly, the keratinase revealed high efficiency in removing blood stains.

Conclusion

The excellent compatibility with commercial detergents and the high washing efficiency of removing blood stains suggested its suitability for potential application as a bio-detergent additive.
The hypoxia-driven crosstalk between tumor and tumor-associated macrophages: mechanisms and clinical treatment strategies
Authors: Bai Ruixue , Li Yunong , Jian Lingyan , Yang Yuehui , Zhao Lin , Wei Minjie
Published: September 2022

Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment recently. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which have a large impact on tumor development and immunotherapy. TAMs massively accumulate within hypoxic tumor regions. TAMs and hypoxia represent a deadly combination because hypoxia has been suggested to induce a pro-tumorigenic macrophage phenotype. Hypoxia not only directly affects macrophage polarization, but it also has an indirect effect by altering the communication between tumor cells and macrophages. For example, hypoxia can influence the expression of chemokines and exosomes, both of which have profound impacts on the recipient cells. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the intricate interaction between cancer cells and TAMs in the hypoxic TME is relevant to poor prognosis and increased tumor malignancy. However, there are no comprehensive literature reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying the hypoxia-mediated communication between tumor cells and TAMs. Therefore, this review has the aim to collect all recently available data on this topic and provide insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies for reducing the effects of hypoxia.
Systematic review of accelerometer-based methods for 24-h physical behavior assessment in young children (0–5 years old)
Authors: Lettink Annelinde , Altenburg Teatske M. , Arts Jelle , van Hees Vincent T. , Chinapaw Mai J. M.
Published: September 2022

Background

Accurate accelerometer-based methods are required for assessment of 24-h physical behavior in young children. We aimed to summarize evidence on measurement properties of accelerometer-based methods for assessing 24-h physical behavior in young children.

Methods

We searched PubMed (MEDLINE) up to June 2021 for studies evaluating reliability or validity of accelerometer-based methods for assessing physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), or sleep in 0–5-year-olds. Studies using a subjective comparison measure or an accelerometer-based device that did not directly output time series data were excluded. We developed a Checklist for Assessing the Methodological Quality of studies using Accelerometer-based Methods (CAMQAM) inspired by COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN).

Results

Sixty-two studies were included, examining conventional cut-point-based methods or multi-parameter methods. For infants (0—12 months), several multi-parameter methods proved valid for classifying SB and PA. From three months of age, methods were valid for identifying sleep. In toddlers (1—3 years), cut-points appeared valid for distinguishing SB and light PA (LPA) from moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). One multi-parameter method distinguished toddler specific SB. For sleep, no studies were found in toddlers. In preschoolers (3—5 years), valid hip and wrist cut-points for assessing SB, LPA, MVPA, and wrist cut-points for sleep were identified. Several multi-parameter methods proved valid for identifying SB, LPA, and MVPA, and sleep.

Despite promising results of multi-parameter methods, few models were open-source. While most studies used a single device or axis to measure physical behavior, more promising results were found when combining data derived from different sensor placements or multiple axes.

Conclusions

Up to age three, valid cut-points to assess 24-h physical behavior were lacking, while multi-parameter methods proved valid for distinguishing some waking behaviors. For preschoolers, valid cut-points and algorithms were identified for all physical behaviors. Overall, we recommend more high-quality studies evaluating 24-h accelerometer data from multiple sensor placements and axes for physical behavior assessment. Standardized protocols focusing on including well-defined physical behaviors in different settings representative for children’s developmental stage are required. Using our CAMQAM checklist may further improve methodological study quality.

PROSPERO Registration number

CRD42020184751.
A humanized 4-1BB-targeting agonistic antibody exerts potent antitumor activity in colorectal cancer without systemic toxicity
Authors: Cheng Lian-sheng , Cheng Yong-feng , Liu Wen-ting , Shen Aolin , Zhang Dayan , Xu Tingjuan , Yin Wu , Cheng Min , Ma Xiaopeng , Wang Fengrong , Zhao Qun , Zeng Xiaoli , Zhang Yan , Shen Guodong
Published: September 2022

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and the patient survival rate remains unacceptably low. The anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody-based immune checkpoint inhibitors have been added to CRC treatment regimens, however, only a fraction of patients benefits. As an important co-stimulatory molecule, 4-1BB/CD137 is mainly expressed on the surface of immune cells including T and natural killer (NK) cells. Several agonistic molecules targeting 4-1BB have been clinically unsuccessful due to systemic toxicity or weak antitumor effects. We generated a humanized anti-4-1BB IgG4 antibody, HuB6, directed against a unique epitope and hypothesized that it would promote antitumor immunity with high safety.

Methods

The antigen binding specificity, affinity and activity of HuB6 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), biolayer interferometry (BLI) and flow cytometry. The antitumor effects were evaluated in humanized mice bearing syngeneic tumors, and possible toxicity was evaluated in humanized mice and cynomolgus monkeys.

Results

HuB6 showed high specificity and affinity for a binding epitope distinct from those of other known 4-1BB agonists, including utomilumab and urelumab, and induced CD8 + T, CD4 + T and NK cell stimulation dependent on Fcγ receptor (FcγR) crosslinking. HuB6 inhibited CRC tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, and the antitumor effect was similar with urelumab and utomilumab in humanized mouse models of syngeneic CRC. Furthermore, HuB6 combined with an anti-PD-L1 antibody significantly inhibited CRC growth in vivo. Additionally, HuB6 induced antitumor immune memory in tumor model mice rechallenged with 4 × 106 tumor cells. Toxicology data for humanized 4-1BB mice and cynomolgus monkeys showed that HuB6 could be tolerated up to a 180 mg/kg dose without systemic toxicity.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that HuB6 should be a suitable candidate for further clinical development and a potential agent for CRC immunotherapy.
Breastfeeding initiation, duration, and experiences of mothers of late preterm twins: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Jonsdottir Rakel B. , Flacking Renée , Jonsdottir Helga
Published: September 2022

Background

Twins and late preterm (LPT) infants are at an increased risk of being breastfed to a lesser extent than term singletons. This study aimed to describe the initiation and duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding at the breast for mothers of LPT twins and term twins during the first 4 months and to explore the breastfeeding experiences of mothers of LPT twins.

Methods

A sequential two-sample quantitative–qualitative explanatory mixed-methods design was used. The quantitative data were derived from a longitudinal cohort study in which 22 mothers of LPT twins and 41 mothers of term twins answered questionnaires at one and four months after birth (2015–2017). The qualitative data were obtained from semi-structured interviews with 14 mothers of LPT twins (2020–2021), based on results from the quantitative study and literature. Analysis included descriptive statistics of quantitative data and deductive content analysis of the qualitative data, followed by condensation and synthesis.

Results

All mothers of LPT twins (100%) and most mothers of term twins (96%) initiated breastfeeding. There was no difference in any breastfeeding during the first week at home (98% versus 95%) and at 1 month (88% versus 85%). However, at 4 months, the difference was significant (44% versus 75%). The qualitative data highlighted that mothers of LPT twins experienced breastfeeding as complex and strenuous. Key factors influencing mothers’ experiences and decisions were their infants’ immature breastfeeding behaviors requiring them to express breast milk alongside breastfeeding, the burden of following task-oriented feeding regimes, and the lack of guidance from healthcare professionals. As a result, mothers started to question the worth of their breastfeeding efforts, leading to changes in breastfeeding management with diverse results. Support from fathers and grandparents positively influenced sustained breastfeeding.

Conclusions

Mothers of LPT twins want to breastfeed, but they face many challenges in breastfeeding during the first month, leading to more LPT twins’ mothers than term twins’ mothers ceasing breastfeeding during the following months. To promote and safeguard breastfeeding in this vulnerable group, care must be differentiated from routine term infant services, and healthcare professionals need to receive proper education and training.
Prevalence of lung atelectasis in sedated dogs examined with computed tomography
Authors: Reimegård Elin , Lee Helena T. Nyman , Westgren Frida
Published: September 2022

Background

Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lung is known to be a valuable tool when investigating lung pathology of the dog. During CT-scan the dog needs to be immobilized and general anesthesia has historically been considered as gold standard although being a more expensive and time-consuming alternative to sedation. Today, modern high speed multidetector CT-scanners offer new possibilities for sedation as an alternative. Both anesthesia and sedation can cause lung atelectasis, and this can be problematic when reading the CT-images since it potentially can masque or mimic lung pathology leading to misdiagnosis. The objective of this prospective analytic study was to investigate the prevalence of lung atelectasis and changes in lung attenuation over time in dogs that receive intravenous sedation and positioned in sternal recumbency.

Results

20 dogs without known lung pathology underwent three consecutive CT-scans of the lung; the first scan was initiated as soon as the dog was sufficiently sedated, the second scan approximately 5 min after the first one and the last scan after the dog’s orthopaedic scan was completed. The dogs received intravenous sedation in a combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol and were kept positioned in a strict sternal recumbency during sedation and exam. Each lung lobe was individually examined in an axial plane and measurements of dorsal, ventral, and mean lung attenuation were made. Atelectasis or areas with poorly aerated lung tissue were not detected as all parts of the lobes were normally aerated at all three scans. A statistically significant increase in lung attenuation between the first and the second scan (P = 0.03) and between the first and the third scan (P = 0.0004) was seen in the ventral part of the lobes.

Conclusions

This study indicates that CT-examination of the lungs can be performed on sedated dogs that are kept in a sternal recumbency without development of atelectasis. It also suggests that there is an early correlation between time and increase in lung attenuation.
Future of industry 5.0 in society: human-centric solutions, challenges and prospective research areas
Authors: Adel Amr
Published: September 2022

Industry 4.0 has been provided for the last 10 years to benefit the industry and the shortcomings; finally, the time for industry 5.0 has arrived. Smart factories are increasing the business productivity; therefore, industry 4.0 has limitations. In this paper, there is a discussion of the industry 5.0 opportunities as well as limitations and the future research prospects. Industry 5.0 is changing paradigm and brings the resolution since it will decrease emphasis on the technology and assume that the potential for progress is based on collaboration among the humans and machines. The industrial revolution is improving customer satisfaction by utilizing personalized products. In modern business with the paid technological developments, industry 5.0 is required for gaining competitive advantages as well as economic growth for the factory. The paper is aimed to analyze the potential applications of industry 5.0. At first, there is a discussion of the definitions of industry 5.0 and advanced technologies required in this industry revolution. There is also discussion of the applications enabled in industry 5.0 like healthcare, supply chain, production in manufacturing, cloud manufacturing, etc. The technologies discussed in this paper are big data analytics, Internet of Things, collaborative robots, Blockchain, digital twins and future 6G systems. The study also included difficulties and issues examined in this paper head to comprehend the issues caused by organizations among the robots and people in the assembly line.
Supplementing the early diet of broilers with soy protein concentrate can improve intestinal development and enhance short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes and short-chain fatty acids, especially butyric acid
Authors: Zhang Qianyun , Zhang Shan , Wu Shu , Madsen Marianne Hjøllund , Shi Shourong
Published: September 2022

Background

Research on nutrition in early-life commonly focuses on the maturation of the intestine because the intestinal system is crucial for ensuring continued growth. To explore the importance of early nutrition regulation in animals, soy protein concentrate (SPC) was added to the early diet of broilers to investigate its effects on amino acid digestibility, intestinal development, especially intestinal microorganisms, and broiler metabolites. A total of 192 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) male broilers were randomly assigned to two experimental treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds. The control group was fed a basal diet (control), and the treatment group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 12% SPC (SPC12) during the first 10 d (starter phase). From d 11 to 21 (grower phase) and d 22 to 42 (finisher phase), a basal diet was fed to both treatment groups.

Results

SPC reduced the pH value and acid-binding capacity of the starter diet (P < 0.05, d 10); SPC in the early diet enhanced the gizzard weight (P < 0.05, d 10 and d 42) and the ileum weight (P < 0.05, d 10) and decreased the weight and length of the jejunum (P < 0.05, d 10) and the relative length of the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05, d 10). At the same time, SPC enhanced villus height (P < 0.05, d 10) and muscle thickness in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05, d 10) and increased the number of goblet cells in the duodenum (P < 0.05, d 10). Meanwhile, SPC increased the Chao1 index and the ACE index (P < 0.05, d 10) and altered the composition of caecal microflora at d 10. SPC also increased the relative abundance of Alistipes, Anaerotruncus, Erysipelatoclostridium, Intestinimonas and Flavonifractor bacteria (P < 0.05, d 10). At the same time, the concentrations of caecal butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also increased in the SPC12 group (P < 0.05, d 10).

Conclusions

In summary, the results showed that supplementing the starter diet of broilers with SPC has a significant effect on the early development of the intestine and the microflora.

Graphical abstract
Simulative comparison of concepts for simultaneous control of heat flow and outlet temperature of heat exchangers for highly flexible use in the test facility “District LAB”
Authors: Lottis Dennis , Kallert Anna
Published: September 2022

An important measure for decarbonising the heating sector is the transformation of existing district heating (DH) systems into low-emission heating grids based on renewable heat sources. The test facility for DH applications “District LAB (D-LAB)” is currently being set up in order to support the transition by enabling the experimental investigation of various transformation measures. It consists mainly of a Flexible Heating Grid (FHG), which connects several decentralised Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) and is fed by a central generation plant. The HIL units in the FHG should be able to map almost any heat producer or consumer, so that a wide range of investigation scenarios is possible. In order to fulfil this requirement, the Heat Exchanger (HEx) that connects the HIL units with the FHG must extract or feed a defined heat flow from the grid and at the same time ensure a defined secondary-side outlet temperature. In a literature research conducted to the best of our knowledge, it turned out that in all technical applications only one outlet temperature is controlled. Therefore a suitable control concept had to be developed. This has been done by extensive simulative investigations, which are presented in this paper. Two control concepts, (I) “decoupled PID controller”, (II) “Characteristic Field (CF)-Based Control”, were self-developed and compared with each other. In order to represent a large spectrum of possible operating conditions with regard to the transformation of DH systems, 48 investigation scenarios based on target value steps were defined and used for the comparison. Subsequently, the average performance using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as well as the time dependant step responses were examined. It turned out that, the CF-based concept appears to be more suitable for use in the D-LAB. It is conceivable that these results can also be transferred to other test facilities in which both, the heat flow and one outlet temperature need to be controlled.
Max-consensus protocol to determine the regulated node in distributed voltage regulation
Authors: Danner Dominik , de Meer Hermann
Published: September 2022

Literature that deals with optimal voltage regulation in the power distribution grid often neglects the impact of communication on their control strategies or makes hard assumptions about the communication network. This paper extends a nearly optimal reactive power allocation mechanisms for distributed renewable energy sources with communication considerations and proposes a max-consensus-based communication schema to determine the regulated node in a distributed manner. The proposed consensus mechanisms is validated by co-simulation of a multi-agent system, the IEEE 906 low voltage test feeder and a simple communication simulator to evaluate the impact of message delay and communication network topology.
Vulnerable individuals and changes in suicidal behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea
Authors: Lee Gi Eun , Kim Jong Won , Lee Kyeong Ryong , Hong Dae Young , Park Sang O , Kim Sin Young , Baek Kwang Je , Jeon Hong Jun
Published: September 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major threat to mental health and is associated with an increased risk of suicide. An understanding of suicidal behaviours during the pandemic is necessary for establishing policies to prevent suicides in such social conditions.

Aims

We aimed to investigate vulnerable individuals and the characteristics of changes in suicidal behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with suicide attempts who visited the emergency department from February 2019 to January 2021. We analysed the demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors and rescue factors of patients, and compared the findings between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods.

Results

In total, 519 patients were included. During the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, 303 and 270 patients visited the emergency department after a suicide attempt, respectively. The proportion of suicide attempts by women (60.1% v. 69.3%, P = 0.035) and patients with a previous psychiatric illness (63.4% v. 72.9%, P = 0.006) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, patients’ rescue scores during the pandemic were lower than those during the pre-pandemic period (12 (interquartile range: 11–13) v. 13 (interquartile range: 12–14), P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Women and people with previous psychiatric illnesses were more vulnerable to suicide attempts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide prevention policies, such as continuous monitoring and staying in touch with vulnerable individuals, are necessary to cope with suicide risk.
Blood Pressure Classification Using the 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline and Heart Failure in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Kaneko Hidehiro , Yano Yuichiro , Lee Hokyou , Lee Hyeok-Hee , Okada Akira , Suzuki Yuta , Itoh Hidetaka , Matsuoka Satoshi , Fujiu Katsuhito , Michihata Nobuaki , Jo Taisuke , Takeda Norifumi , Morita Hiroyuki , Nishiyama Akira , Node Koichi , Kim Hyeon Chang , Yasunaga Hideo , Komuro Issei
Published: September 2022

PURPOSE

Despite the growing recognition of the importance of hypertension in patients with cancer, little is known about whether high blood pressure (BP) among patients with cancer is associated with incident heart failure (HF) and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and what BP levels are linked to these events. We examined the association of BP classification on the basis of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association BP guideline with the risk of HF and CVD events in patients with cancer.

METHODS

We studied 33,991 patients with a history of breast, colorectal, or stomach cancer (median age, 53 years; 34.1% men). Patients receiving treatment with BP-lowering medications or having a history of CVD including HF were excluded. Using BP measurements at baseline, 33,991 participants were categorized as having normal BP (n = 17,444), elevated BP (n = 4,733), stage 1 hypertension (n = 7,502), or stage 2 hypertension (n = 4,312). The primary outcome was HF.

RESULTS

Over a mean follow-up of 2.6 ± 2.2 years, 779 HF events were recorded. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) for HF were 1.15 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.44) for elevated BP, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.49) for stage 1 hypertension, and 1.99 (95% CI, 1.63 to 2.43) for stage 2 hypertension. A stepwise increase in risk with BP categories was also observed in other CVD events. This association was observed even in patients undergoing active cancer treatment. The relationship between hypertension and the risk of developing HF in patients with cancer was confirmed in the Korean National Health Insurance Service database.

CONCLUSION

Medication-naïve stage 1 and 2 hypertension was associated with a greater risk of HF and other CVD events in patients with cancer. Our results suggest the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration (eg, oncologists and cardiologists) to establish the optimal management strategy for hypertension in patients with cancer.
Black Disability Politics
Authors: Schalk Sami
Published: September 2022

In Black Disability Politics Sami Schalk explores how issues of disability have been and continue to be central to Black activism from the 1970s to the present. Schalk shows how Black people have long engaged with disability as a political issue deeply tied to race and racism. She points out that this work has not been recognized as part of the legacy of disability justice and liberation because Black disability politics differ in language and approach from the mainstream white-dominant disability rights movement. Drawing on the archives of the Black Panther Party and the National Black Women’s Health Project alongside interviews with contemporary Black disabled cultural workers, Schalk identifies common qualities of Black disability politics, including the need to ground public health initiatives in the experience and expertise of marginalized disabled people so that they can work in antiracist, feminist, and anti-ableist ways. Prioritizing an understanding of disability within the context of white supremacy, Schalk demonstrates that the work of Black disability politics not only exists but is essential to the future of Black liberation movements.
Worker-like behavioral and physiological phenotype in queens with removed wings in a ponerine ant
Authors: Pyenson Benjamin , Albin-Brooks Christopher , Burhyte Corinne , Liebig Jürgen
Published: September 2022

Many highly eusocial insects are characterized by morphological differences between females which are especially pronounced in ants. How these differences associate with particular behavioral and physiological phenotypes can illuminate early ant evolution. In ants, the morphological queen usually possesses a larger thorax with wings compared to a wingless worker. While queens specialize in reproduction, workers help with nonreproductive tasks and show various levels of reproductive degeneration. Here, we investigated the level of behavioral and physiological plasticity within queens in the ant species Harpegnathos saltator which shows limited queen-worker dimorphism. We found that the experimental removal of wings led to the expression of worker behaviors and physiology by examining young queens with wings, known as alate gynes, and those whose wings have been experimentally removed or naturally shed, known as dealate gynes. Compared to alate gynes, dealate gynes displayed higher frequencies of behaviors that are naturally shown by workers during reproductive competition. In addition, dealate gynes exhibited a worker-like range of ovarian activity. Like workers, they lacked the putative sex pheromones on their cuticle characteristic of dispersing gynes. Because gynes activate a worker-like phenotype after wing removal, the essential difference between the queen and worker in this species is a dispersal polyphenism. If the queen plasticity observed in H. saltator reflects the early stages of ant eusociality, a dispersal dimorphism rather than a distinct reproductive dimorphism might represent an early step in ant evolution.
Mapping Market Structure Evolution
Authors: Matthe Maximilian , Ringel Daniel M. , Skiera Bernd
Published: September 2022

The paper develops a novel methodology for uncovering changes in firms’ competitive positions in evolving market structure maps.
The Returns to Nonmarket Strategies During Institutional Transitions: Investor Reactions to Actor and Tie Characteristics
Authors: Gatignon Aline , Gama Marina A. B. , DeMello Rodrigo B.
Published: September 2022

We explain how investor perceptions of nonmarket strategies’ legitimacy, and thereby value, change during institutional transitions toward greater legal compliance. Indirect influence strategies should be better aligned with the transition and therefore become more legitimate than those associated with direct co-optation and control. Moreover, investors should assess this alignment based on two defining characteristics of firms’ nonmarket strategies, namely, the nonmarket actors and the ties involved. We, therefore, expect investors to value firms’ ties to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) more than to political actors and ties formed via donations more than board ties. We test our hypotheses in the context of seven police raids that took place in Brazil in 2014; these raids launched “Operation Car Wash,” an anticorruption probe that signaled to investors a shift toward greater legal compliance at that point in time. Ultimately, we find that firms benefited the most when both nonmarket actors and ties were aligned with the institutional transition (i.e., NGO donations), and they suffered the most when both characteristics were misaligned (i.e., political board ties). Our findings integrate nonmarket strategies’ political and social facets by showing how actor and tie characteristics jointly explain their success or failure. They also contribute to explaining which firms will be better positioned to weather institutional transitions between legal capture and legal compliance.

Funding: This work was supported by Getúlio Vargas Pesquisa-Fundação Getúlio Vargas; Govil Family Faculty Scholar Award; Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.

Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1616 .
High Resolution Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy in the Vacuum Ultraviolet
Authors: Snyder Patricia Ann
Published: September 2022

Molecules which absorb different amounts of left and right circularly polarized light can be studied by a type of absorption spectroscopy called circular dichroism. Circular dichroism is the difference in absorption for left and right circularly polarized light expressed as absorbance (AL-AR) or molar extinction coefficient (εL-εR), as a function of wavelength.
Potential Medical Applications of UV Free-Electron Lasers
Authors: Esserman Laura , Conradson Steven
Published: September 2022

Reliable, high power CO2, YAG, and Ar ion lasers are common medical instruments, having become the tool of choice in surgical applications as delicate as the repair of detached retinas and as coarse as the removal of polyps from the colon. For these lasers, the destruction of the selected tissue is a thermal process. The laser is simply a convenient means for delivering a sufficient amount of power to the required area to effect pyrolysis. Although obviously quite useful, it belies the impression of the laser as a superbly precise instrument since thermal decomposition is a rather dirty and crude process in terms of the reaction products and the inability to prevent damage to adjacent tissue. If, however, the excitation wavelength is lowered to the UV region below ca. 300 nm the decomposition mechanism changes. Instead of being limited to exciting vibrations and rotations in the exposed material, radiant energy is deposited into the covalent bonds of the biopolymer molecules, causing their direct fragmentation.
Highly-Charged Ion Precision Spectroscopy Using Free Electron Laser Radiation
Authors: Church D. A. , Kravis S. D.
Published: September 2022

The characteristics of radiation potentially available from proposed rf-linac free electron lasers1 are considered here for precision spectroscopy of highly-charged ions. Such ions are usually produced in environments not conducive to precision measurements, such as high temperature plasmas or fast ion beams. However, highly-charged recoil ions with eV energies have been produced by impact of fast, stripped ions on atomic targets2, and, using synchrotron radiation, multi-charged ions have been formed at thermal energies by K-shell photoionization followed by Auger emission and electron shake-off3. Using each of these cold ion sources, multi-charged ions have been stored under ultra-high vacuum conditions in Penning4,5 or radio-frequency6 ion traps, while maintaining the low energies at which the ions were generated. Long term storage at low energy in a near perturbation-free environment is consequently a reality for multi-charged ions, and experiments can be designed to exploit these properties for both spectroscopic7 and collision8 measurements. In particular, we discuss precision measurements on hydrogen-like multi-charged ions analagous to measurements on singly-charged alkalai-like ion hyperfine structures made using conventional pulsed laser techniques.9 Precision measurements of interest include, for example, studies of the Z-dependence of the Lamb shift in hydrogen-like and helium-like ions, and studies of the fine structure of helium-like ion n=2 states.
Applications of a Free Electron Laser to Atomic and Molecular Physics
Authors: Samson James A. R.
Published: September 2022

With crossed beam experiments in atomic and molecular physics, the gas pressure in the sample chamber is typically of the order of 5 x 10−5 Torr. Furthermore, many of the more interesting investigations such as photoelectron and fluorescence spectroscopy of specific processes have photoionization cross sections in the vicinity of 0.1 Mb (10−19 cm2) or less. In a 1cm path length, therefore, the fraction of photons absorbed is only about 10−7. These absorbed photons produce ions, electrons, and fluorescence from excited states. Whether we use photoelectron spectroscopy to study electrons or monochromators to disperse the fluorescence radiation, we sample only a small fraction of that produced. Signals are, therefore, extremely small. Because of the lack of intense light sources in the VUV, many interesting experiments cannot be performed. As a practical example of what can be achieved by a high flux source, we present here some results using undispersed synchrotron radiation from Tantalus, the low-energy (240 MeV) storage ring at Stoughton, Wisconsin.
Application of UV/VUV Free-Electron Lasers to Photoionization Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Woodin R. L. , Bomse D. S.
Published: September 2022

Chemists typically use photoionization and photoionization mass spectroscopy for two types of experiments. In one case, the goal is measurement of thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties. In the other case, reaction mechanisms and kinetics are probed; photoionization is used for selective identification of key species in a complex reacting mixture. The utility of photoionization stems from the ability to tie thermodynamic values to accurately measured wavelengths and the sensitivity of ion (or electron) detection.
Scientific and Technological Applications of Free-Electron Lasers in Ultraviolet Photon-Stimulated Desorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Haglund R. F.
Published: September 2022

Discussions of photon-surface interactions have traditionally been cast in terms of the collective properties (e.g., the heat capacity or the optical susceptibility) of the irradiated material. However, the development of lasers and synchrotron light sources, coupled with innovative applications of both mass and optical spectroscopy, is making it possible to study photon-surface interactions at an atomic scale by determining the quantum states of atoms and molecules at and near material surfaces. Short-wavelength free-electron lasers operating in the XUV and VUV regions of the spectrum offer some exciting prospects for novel photon-matter interaction experiments which take advantage of the FEL's intrinsic properties of narrow bandwidth, high intensity, short temporal pulse length and coherence. In this review, we examine some of the ways in which free-electron lasers in the VUV and XUV can lead both to new tools for studying photon-surface interactions through uv-photon-stimulated-desorption (PSD) spectroscopy, and to new developments in optical technology which might help solve certain pressing technological needs of XUV FELs.
Lithography with Free-Electron Lasers Compared with Deep UV, X-Ray, and Ion Lithography
Authors: Watts R. K.
Published: September 2022

Projection printing is the imaging of a mask pattern onto a wafer by means of a projection system. Because it combines high resolution with low defect density it is the favored optical method. For a given number of smallest features resolvable by the system (typically 108 to 109), smaller features are obtained in the image if the image field is kept small. Today the favored projection printer is the 5× or 10× reduction wafer stepper which exposes typically 20 mm diameter fields using 436 nm (or 405 nm) light and having a numerical aperture, NA ≈ 0.4 The Rayleigh resolution of such a system is R = λ/2NA = 0.6μm and Raleigh depth of focus W = ±λ/2(NA)2 = ±1.4 μm. In a production environment the available resolution is somewhat worse. New steppers operating at λ = 365 nm are being introduced for better solution. Under development are steppers using excimer laser light sources operating at λ = 248 nm for even higher resolution.1 Reducing the wavelength is preferable to increasing the numerical aperture, because the depth of focus is more sensitive to changes in NA, and is already quite small. The limiting resolution of a stepper with a conventional transmissive mask is about 0.3 μm. From figure 1 it can be seen that such high resolution will be needed for chip production before the end of the century.
Application of a UV FEL to Studies of the Photoablation of Organic Polymers and Tissue
Authors: Srinivasan R. , Deutsch Thomas F.
Published: September 2022

A simple and convenient source of laser radiation in the ultraviolet region became available with the invention of the excimer laser in the 1970’s. Studies of the interaction of UV laser pulses with solid organic matter such as synthetic polymers and biological tissue led to the discovery in 1982 (1-4) of the phenomenon of "ablative photodecomposition" which results in the breakup of the structure of the organic solid by photons and the expulsion of the fragments at supersonic velocities. The result is an etch pattern in the solid, with a geometry that is defined by the light beam. The principal advantages in using UV rather than visible or infrared laser radiation for this purpuse lie in the precision (± 2000 Å) with which the depth of the cut can be controlled and the lack of thermal damage to the substrate to a microscopic level.
UV Source Characteristics of The Storage Ring Free Electron Laser
Authors: Deacon David A. G.
Published: September 2022

A storage ring based free electron laser was the technology used to produce the first visible radiation from an FEL [1], and still holds the record for short wavelength operation and total photons produced by any FEL facility below 1 micron. This performance record is a result of the high brightness available in existing storage ring machines. High electron beam brightness is the central requirement for short wavelength free electron lasers. Since the optical gain drops for shorter wavelength, the threshold for a given machine depends on its brightness. While the "old" storage ring machine ran out of steam at 463 nm [2], the two "new" machines will operate down to 120 nm (Orsay, 1988) and 50 nm (Stanford, 1990).
Ultra-High-Resolution Photoelectron Spectroscopy Applied to Superconductors
Authors: Lynch David W.
Published: September 2022

VUV and soft x-ray vuv lasers allow higher resolution photoelectron spectroscopy of solids than is now possible. Currently, the best resolution (incident photon and analyzed electron), of the order of 10 meV, has been achieved with line sources, which allow very little tuning of the photon energy. Synchrotron radiation and high-resolution monochromators allow continuous tuning, but with a resolution of the order of 50-100 meV. Undulators on storage rings should improve this to perhaps 10 meV. Free electron lasers offer an improvement in resolution which is needed to address certain important problems in condensed matter physics.
Angle Dependent Photoemission with High Resolution
Authors: Kevan S.D.
Published: September 2022

In the past 15 years, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) has progressed from a fairly low energy and momentum resolution technique useful primarily in performing general surveys to one capable of detailed, high resolution studies of surface and bulk electronic structure.1-3The primary reason for this progress is the increasing availability of sophisticated instrumentation. In particular, the various desirable characteristics of synchrotron radiation - high photon flux and brightness, tunable photon energy, and linear polarization - have allowed increasingly higher resolution and thus higher precision experiments to be performed. Future advances in producing vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray photons, including undulators and free electron lasers, will enhance even further the capabilities of the technique.
New Research Opportunities in Atomic Photoionization With a High Intensity Narrow Bandwidth Photon Source*
Authors: Krause Manfred O.
Published: September 2022

Rarely ever has there been a period in atomic photoionization studies that the researcher has not felt a keen need for a greater photon flux, for a greater brilliance and for a higher energy resolution. This still holds true whether we concentrate on the very low photon energy region from 5 to 20 eV, the moderate energy region from 20 to 100 eV or the more energetic photons above 100 eV. However, at this juncture, photon sources are expected to become available in the near future which promise to deliver a very high flux of narrow-band photons with a small divergence into a very small area. This combination of parameters amounts to a high spectral brilliance, which is 18 2 predicted to be 10 photons/s(mm·mr)2 0.001% BW at the sample target from 1 to a few hundred eV for a free-electron laser (FEL) photon source. Which problems will sources of this or similar performance allow us to solve?