bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Trends of DOM Character in Soils and Stream Change With Snowmelt Timing
Authors: Meingast Karl M. , Kane Evan S. , Marcarelli Amy M. , Wagenbrenner Joseph W. , Beltrone Vincent G.
Published: February 2023

In many watersheds, runoff occurring with snowmelt brings the largest pulse of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils to streams. Yet, exactly how soil and stream DOM fractions are altered as snowmelt timing changes is not well understood. We studied the optical character of DOM as it moved through a first‐order northern hardwood watershed through the snowmelt period. While stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC; mean = 4.6 mg C L−1) concentrations were not correlated with snowmelt flushing, stream DOM appeared humic‐like throughout the study period (humification index, HIX; mean = 10.9). Within the stream, we measured seasonal increases in an inverse index of DOM molecular weight and processing (spectral slope, S275–295; range = 0.0102–0.0214) and in an index of recently derived DOM (Biological Index, BIX; range = 0.2–1.1). We measured a decrease in an inverse index of DOM oxidation (ratio of Peak C to Peak A, or C/A; range = 0.59–2.01) through the snowmelt period. Stream BIX and C/A tracked those measured in the north aspect soils throughout the study. C/A was unique as it decreased from source to stream, likely reflecting the diagenesis of DOM through soils. These data suggest that changes in the timing of snowmelt and hydrologic connectedness within a watershed affect seasonal changes in stream DOM character. We suggest that watersheds with deep glacial till parent materials have stream connectivity limited by subsurface flow paths, with stream DOM character being determined largely by slow melt and a longer period of infiltration.
Finding Climate History in the Rafters of New York City Buildings
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: February 2023

When renovating in the Big Apple, you might acquire a several-hundred-year-old climate database along with your new kitchen and bath.
Noninvasive fluid bubble detection based on capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers
Authors: Yuan Jiawei , Li Zhikang , Ma Qi , Li Jie , Li Zixuan , Zhao Yihe , Qin Shaohui , Shi Xuan , Zhao Libo , Yang Ping , Luo Guoxi , Wang Xiaozhang , Teh Kwok Siong , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: February 2023

Ultrasonic fluid bubble detection is important in industrial controls, aerospace systems and clinical medicine because it can prevent fatal mechanical failures and threats to life. However, current ultrasonic technologies for bubble detection are based on conventional bulk PZT-based transducers, which suffer from large size, high power consumption and poor integration with ICs and thus are unable to implement real-time and long-term monitoring in tight physical spaces, such as in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) systems and dialysis machines or hydraulic systems in aircraft. This work highlights the prospect of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) in the aforementioned application situations based on the mechanism of received voltage variation caused by bubble-induced acoustic energy attenuation. The corresponding theories are established and well validated using finite element simulations. The fluid bubbles inside a pipe with a diameter as small as 8 mm are successfully measured using our fabricated CMUT chips with a resonant frequency of 1.1 MHz. The received voltage variation increases significantly with increasing bubble radii in the range of 0.5–2.5 mm. Further studies show that other factors, such as bubble positions, flow velocities, fluid medium types, pipe thicknesses and diameters, have negligible effects on fluid bubble measurement, demonstrating the feasibility and robustness of the CMUT-based ultrasonic bubble detection technique.
Targeting pyroptosis in breast cancer: biological functions and therapeutic potentials on It
Authors: Chen Cong , Ye Qianwei , Wang Linbo , Zhou Jichun , Xiang Aizhai , Lin Xia , Guo Jufeng , Hu Shufang , Rui Tao , Liu Jian
Published: February 2023

Pyroptosis is a lytic and inflammatory type of programmed cell death that is mediated by Gasdermin proteins (GSDMs). Attractively, recent evidence indicates that pyroptosis involves in the development of tumors and can serve as a new strategy for cancer treatment. Here, we present a basic knowledge of pyroptosis, and an overview of the expression patterns and roles of GSDMs in breast cancer. In addition, we further summarize the available evidence of pyroptosis in breast cancer progression and give insight into the clinical potential of applying pyroptosis in anticancer strategies for breast cancer. This review will deepen our understanding of the relationship between pyroptosis and breast cancer, and provide a novel potential therapeutic avenue for breast cancer.
De novo tissue formation using custom microporous annealed particle hydrogel provides long-term vocal fold augmentation
Authors: Pruett Lauren J. , Kenny Hannah L. , Swift William M. , Catallo Katarina J. , Apsel Zoe R. , Salopek Lisa S. , Scumpia Philip O. , Cottler Patrick S. , Griffin Donald R. , Daniero James J.
Published: February 2023

Biomaterial-enabled de novo formation of non-fibrotic tissue in situ would provide an important tool to physicians. One example application, glottic insufficiency, is a debilitating laryngeal disorder wherein vocal folds do not fully close, resulting in difficulty speaking and swallowing. Preferred management of glottic insufficiency includes bulking of vocal folds via injectable fillers, however, the current options have associated drawbacks including inflammation, accelerated resorption, and foreign body response. We developed a novel iteration of microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffold designed to provide persistent augmentation. Following a 14-month study of vocal fold augmentation using a rabbit vocal paralysis model, most MAP scaffolds were replaced with tissue de novo that matched the mixture of fibrotic and non-fibrotic collagens of the contralateral vocal tissue. Further, persistent tissue augmentation in MAP-treated rabbits was observed via MRI and via superior vocal function at 14 months relative to the clinical standard.
Independent control of COVID-19 vaccines by EU Official Control Authority Batch Release: challenges, strengths and successes
Authors: Milne Catherine , Wagner Ralf , Cano François , Bruysters Martijn , Waeterloos Geneviève , Pullirsch Dieter , Wierer Michael , Mallet Laurent
Published: February 2023

Vaccines have been a key tool in stemming the tide of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid development of effective vaccines against COVID-19, together with their regulatory approval and wide scale distribution has been achieved in an impressively short period thanks to the intense efforts of many. In parallel to vaccine development, the EU considered it important to prepare for the independent control of the COVID-19 vaccines, including testing, to help ensure that only vaccines that comply with the approved quality requirements reach the public and to help improve/increase public confidence in the vaccines. The existing EU Official Control Authority Batch Release (OCABR) system, co-ordinated by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM), was able to effectively respond to the need, through rapid co-ordination, work-sharing, advance planning and early interaction with manufacturers, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) and regulatory authorities. The Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs) involved in the OCABR activity, using the strength of the established system in the OCABR network and adaptations to the crisis conditions, were ready to release the first COVID-19 vaccine batches, after protocol review and testing, at the time of the conditional marketing authorisation for each of the COVID-19 vaccines, with no delay for batches reaching the public. Thanks to the dedication of resources by the EU and national authorities as well as by the EDQM, this was done without impacting the release of the other vaccines and human blood and plasma derived medicinal products, essential for public health. Transparency and communication of practices were important factors to support reliance on the OCABR outcome in non-EU countries, with the goal to improve access to vaccines in Europe and beyond. An overview of the process, legal background, challenges and successes of OCABR for COVID-19 vaccines as well as a look at the international perspective and lessons learned is provided.
Observation of near-inertial waves in the wake of four typhoons in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Gong Qinglong , Wang Qixiang , Chen Liang , Diao Yina , Xiong Xuejun , Sun Jilin , Lv Xianqing
Published: February 2023

Based on the velocity and temperature data recorded by two acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) at a mooring system deployed in the northern South China Sea (SCS), this study investigates the characteristics of near-inertial waves (NIWs) induced by typhoons Bebinca, Barijat, Mangkhut and Yutu in 2018. For the dynamical response, besides the motion of near inertial frequency induced by typhoons, the motion of 2 f ([1.80–2.20] f, f is the local inertial frequency) and f D1 (a harmonic wave with a frequency equal to the sum of frequencies of NIWs and diurnal tides) frequency will also increase. For near-inertial motions, the maximum near-inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) is confined to depths above 150 m. For stronger (weaker) wind forcing, the longer (shorter) the response time of the ocean to the atmospheric forcing is, and the shorter (longer) the response time is required in relaxation stage. There are upward and downward propagating energies after the passage of typhoons, and the upward propagating energy mainly occur in the stage of the geostrophic balance adjustment. The current structure suggests that the NIWs in the vertical direction are two antisymmetric rotary vortices in a near-inertial period, which is similar to the structure of the Langmuir circulation. Besides, the horizontal near-inertial currents (NICs) are much stronger than the vertical NICs, and the stronger the NIWs are, the stronger the horizontal NICs relative to the vertical NICs are. For the temperature response, the temperature variation reflects a clear stratified vertical structure. In the forcing stage, the upper layer becomes colder, the lower layer becomes warmer, and the thickness and intensity of the thermocline decrease. In the relaxation stage, the upper layer warms and the lower layer cools, and the thickness and intensity of thermocline increase.
An event-oriented database of meteorological droughts in Europe based on spatio-temporal clustering
Authors: Cammalleri Carmelo , Acosta Navarro Juan Camilo , Bavera Davide , Diaz Vitali , Di Ciollo Chiara , Maetens Willem , Magni Diego , Masante Dario , Spinoni Jonathan , Toreti Andrea
Published: February 2023

Droughts evolve in space and time without following borders or pre-determined temporal constraints. Here, we present a new database of drought events built with a three-dimensional density-based clustering algorithm. The chosen approach is able to identify and characterize the spatio-temporal evolution of drought events, and it was tuned with a supervised approach against a set of past global droughts characterized independently by multiple drought experts. About 200 events were detected over Europein the period 1981-2020 using SPI-3 (3-month cumulated Standardized Precipitation Index) maps derived from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) 5th generation reanalysis (ERA5) precipitation. The largest European meteorological droughts during this period occurred in 1996, 2003, 2002 and 2018. A general agreement between the major events identified by the algorithm and drought impact records was found, as well as with previous datasets based on pre-defined regions.
Changes of biomarkers for erythropoiesis, iron metabolism, and FGF23 by supplementation with roxadustat in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Yoshida Shunsuke , Saito Tomohiro , Shibagaki Keigo , Hirao Keiichi , Yuza Takatoshi , Tomosugi Naohisa , Honda Hirokazu
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to confirm changes in biomarkers of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism and serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) during darbepoetin-α treatment and then switching to the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat. A total of 28 patients on hemodialysis who received weekly doses of darbepoetin-α were switched to roxadustat. Biomarkers for erythropoiesis and iron metabolism and intact and C-terminal FGF-23 were measured in blood samples collected before the HD session on days − 7 (darbepoetin-α injection), − 4, and − 2, and days 0 (switch to roxadustat treatment, three times weekly), 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Erythropoietin and erythroferrone levels were elevated on day − 4 by darbepoetin-α injection and decreased to baseline levels at day 0. Levels of erythropoietin were not significantly increased by roxadustat supplementation, but erythroferrone levels were continuously elevated, similar to darbepoetin-α treatment. Hepcidin-25 and total iron binding capacity were significantly decreased or increased in patients treated with roxadustat compared with darbepoetin-α. Changes of intact and C-terminal FGF-23 levels were parallel to changes of phosphate levels during roxadustat treatment. However, the actual and percentage changes of intact FGF-23 and C-terminal FGF-23 in patients with low ferritin levels were greater than those in patients with high ferritin levels. Roxadustat might stimulate erythropoiesis by increasing iron usage through hepcidin-25, which was suppressed by erythroferrone in the physiological erythropoietin condition. Changes of intact FGF-23 and C-terminal FGF-23 levels might be affected by roxadustat in patients on hemodialysis, especially those with a low-iron condition.
MacroH2A histone variants modulate enhancer activity to repress oncogenic programs and cellular reprogramming
Authors: Mohammed Ismail Wazim , Mazzone Amelia , Ghiraldini Flavia G. , Kaur Jagneet , Bains Manvir , Munankarmy Amik , Bagwell Monique S. , Safgren Stephanie L. , Moore-Weiss John , Buciuc Marina , Shimp Lynzie , Leach Kelsey A. , Duarte Luis F. , Nagi Chandandeep S. , Carcamo Saul , Chung Chi-Yeh , Hasson Dan , Dadgar Neda , Zhong Jian , Lee Jeong-Heon , Couch Fergus J. , Revzin Alexander , Ordog Tamas , Bernstein Emily , Gaspar-Maia Alexandre
Published: February 2023

Considerable efforts have been made to characterize active enhancer elements, which can be annotated by accessible chromatin and H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). However, apart from poised enhancers that are observed in early stages of development and putative silencers, the functional significance ofcis-regulatory elements lacking H3K27ac is poorly understood. Here we show that macroH2A histone variants mark a subset of enhancers in normal and cancer cells, which we coined ‘macro-Bound Enhancers’, that modulate enhancer activity. We find macroH2A variants localized at enhancer elements that are devoid of H3K27ac in a cell type-specific manner, indicating a role for macroH2A at inactive enhancers to maintain cell identity. In following, reactivation of macro-bound enhancers is associated with oncogenic programs in breast cancer and their repressive role is correlated with the activity of macroH2A2 as a negative regulator of BRD4 chromatin occupancy. Finally, through single cell epigenomic profiling of normal mammary stem cells derived from mice, we show that macroH2A deficiency facilitates increased activity of transcription factors associated with stem cell activity.
Bubble-propelled micro/nanomotors: a robust platform for the detection of environmental pollutants and biosensing
Authors: Panda Suvendu Kumar , Kherani Nomaan Alam , Debata Srikanta , Singh Dhruv Pratap
Published: February 2023

Recently, bubble-propelled micro/nanomotors have been considered as the cutting-edge micro/nano-sensing tools that use their unique features for fast detection of various hazardous environmental pollutants and biosensing.
An indole diketopiperazine alkaloid and a bisabolane sesquiterpenoid with unprecedented skeletons from Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Jiang Yaqin , Chen Chunmei , Zhu Hucheng , Li Qin , Mao Lina , Liao Hong , Nan Yiyang , Wang Zhiping , Zhou Hongjian , Zhou Qun , Zhang Yonghui
Published: February 2023

Fumitryprostatin A, an indole diketopiperazine alkaloid with a tricyclic 5/6/5 skeleton and fuminoid A, a sesquiterpenoid with a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring, were isolated Aspergillus fumigatus. Fumitryprostatin A exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 14.6 μM.
Flavonoid derivative DMXAA attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury independent of STING signaling
Authors: Lu Lingling , Liu Weihua , Li Shumin , Bai Mi , Zhou Yu , Jiang Zhaohui , Jia Zhanjun , Huang Songming , Zhang Aihua , Gong Wei
Published: February 2023

Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is the main adverse effect of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and highly limits its clinical use. DMXAA, a flavonoid derivative, is a promising vascular disrupting agent and known as an agonist of STING. Although cGAS-STING activation has been demonstrated to mediate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), the role of DMXAA in this condition is unclear. Here, we defined an unexpected and critical role of DMXAA in improving renal function, ameliorating renal tubular injury and cell apoptosis, and suppressing inflammation in cisplatin-induced AKI. Moreover, we confirmed that DMXAA combated AKI in a STING-independent manner, as evidenced by its protective effect in STING global knockout mice subjected to cisplatin. Furthermore, we compared the role of DMXAA with another STING agonist SR717 in cisplatin-treated mice and found that DMXAA but not SR717 protected animals against AKI. To better evaluate the role of DMXAA, we performed transcriptome analyses and observed that both inflammatory and metabolic pathways were altered by DMXAA treatment. Due to the established role of metabolic disorders in AKI, which contributes to kidney injury and recovery, we also performed metabolomics using kidney tissues from cisplatin-induced AKI mice with or without DMXAA treatment. Strikingly, our results revealed that DMXAA improved the metabolic disorders in kidneys of AKI mice, especially regulated the tryptophan metabolism. Collectively, therapeutic administration of DMXAA ameliorates cisplatin-induced AKI independent of STING, suggesting a promising potential for preventing nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
ALMA ACA study of the H2S/OCS ratio in low-mass protostars
Authors: Kushwahaa Tanya , Drozdovskaya Maria N. , Tychoniec Łukasz , Tabone Benoît
Published: February 2023

Context. The identification of the main sulfur reservoir on its way from the diffuse interstellar medium to the cold dense star-forming cores and, ultimately, to protostars is a long-standing problem. Despite sulfur’s astrochemical relevance, the abundance of S-bearing molecules in dense cores and regions around protostars is still insufficiently constrained.

Aims. The goal of this investigation is to derive the gas-phase H2S/OCS ratio for several low-mass protostars, which could provide crucial information about the physical and chemical conditions in the birth cloud of Sun-like stars. This may also shed new light onto the main sulfur reservoir in low-mass star-forming systems.

Methods. Using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Atacama Compact Array (ACA) Band 6 observations, we searched for H2S, OCS, and their isotopologs in ten Class 0/I protostars with different source properties such as age, mass, and environmental conditions. The sample contains IRAS 16293-2422 A, IRAS 16293-2422 B, NGC 1333-IRAS 4A, RCrA IRS7B, Per-B1-c, BHR71-IRS1, Per-emb-25, NGC 1333-IRAS4B, Ser-SMM3, and TMC1. A local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model is used to fit synthetic spectra to the detected lines and to derive the column densities based solely on optically thin lines.

Results. The H2S and OCS column densities span four orders of magnitude across the sample. The H2S/OCS ratio is found to be in the range from 0.2 to above 9.7. IRAS 16293-2422 A and Ser-SMM3 have the lowest ratio, while BHR71-IRS1 has the highest. Only the H2S/OCS ratio of BHR71-IRS1 is in agreement with the ratio in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko within the uncertainties.

Conclusions. The determined gas-phase H2S/OCS ratios can be below the upper limits on the solid-state ratios by as much as one order of magnitude. The H2S/OCS ratio depends in great measure on the environment of the birth cloud, such as UV-irradiation and heating received prior to the formation of a protostar. The highly isolated birth environment (a Bok globule) of BHR71-IRS1 is hypothesized as the reason for its high gaseous H2S/OCS ratio that is due to lower rates of photoreactions and more efficient hydrogenation reactions under such dark, cold conditions. The gaseous inventory of S-bearing molecules in BHR71-IRS1 appears to be the most similar to that of interstellar ices.
Excited states and photodissociation mechanism of HMgNC and HMgCN
Authors: Trabelsi T. , Sghaier O. , Ferjani H. , Francisco J. S.
Published: February 2023

Context. The complexes HMgNC, MgNC, and MgCN were previously detected in the outer shells of the star IRC+10216 and were thought to be formed through radiative association of Mg+ and cyanopolyynes followed by dissociative recombination. The presence of these species in the outer shells of IRC+10216 consequently provoked a question regarding whether HMgNC could be an astronomical reservoir of MgNC and MgCN.

Aims. The aim of this study is to investigate the evolution of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states for HMgNC and HMgCN along the MgH, MgC, and MgN stretching coordinates. Additionally, the vertical excitation energies, photoabsorption cross section, and oscillator strengths of the lowest electronic singlet states are calculated.

Methods. Coupled cluster quantum chemistry methods were used to calculate the equilibrium electronic structure. Multi-reference methods were then used to characterize the photochemical pathways of the excited electronic states and simulate the electronic absorption spectrum.

Results. HMgNC and HMgCN are thermodynamically stable relative to the first dissociation limit and photostable in the near-ultraviolet–visible region (λ > 220 nm). Both isomers strongly absorb in the 170 nm < λ < 200 nm range and may produce MgNC and MgCN in their first excited state (A2Π). This process competes with the photoproduction of MgH and CN. The photodissociation to produce MgNC and MgCN in their ground states is not a plausible mechanism.
JWST high-redshift galaxy constraints on warm and cold dark matter models
Authors: Maio Umberto , Viel Matteo
Published: February 2023

Context. Warm dark matter is a possible alternative to cold dark matter to explain cosmological structure formation.

Aims. We study the implications of the latest JWST data on the nature of dark matter.

Methods. We compare properties of high-redshift galaxies observed by JWST with hydrodynamical simulations, in the standard cold dark matter model and in warm dark matter models with a suppressed linear matter power spectrum

Results. We find that current data are neither in tension with cold dark matter nor with warm dark matter models with mWDM >  2 keV, since they probe bright and rare objects whose physical properties are similar in the different scenarios.

Conclusions. We also show how two observables, the galaxy luminosity functions and the galaxy correlation function at small scales of faint objects, can be promising tools for discriminating between the different dark-matter scenarios. Further hints may come from early stellar-mass statistics and galaxy CO emission.
Closing in on the sources of cosmic reionization: First results from the GLASS-JWST program
Authors: Mascia S. , Pentericci L. , Calabrò A. , Treu T. , Santini P. , Yang L. , Napolitano L. , Roberts-Borsani G. , Bergamini P. , Grillo C. , Rosati P. , Vulcani B. , Castellano M. , Boyett K. , Fontana A. , Glazebrook K. , Henry A. , Mason C. , Merlin E. , Morishita T. , Nanayakkara T. , Paris D. , Roy N. , Williams H. , Wang X. , Brammer G. , Bradač M. , Chen W. , Kelly P. L. , Koekemoer A. M. , Trenti M. , Windhorst R. A.
Published: February 2023

The escape fraction of Lyman-continuum (LyC) photons (fesc) is a key parameter for determining the sources of cosmic reionization at z ≥ 6. At these redshifts, owing to the opacity of the intergalactic medium, the LyC emission cannot be measured directly. However, LyC leakers during the epoch of reionization could be identified using indirect indicators that have been extensively tested at low and intermediate redshifts. These include a high [O III]/[O II] flux ratio, high star-formation surface density, and compact sizes. In this work, we present observations of 29 4.5 ≤ z ≤ 8 gravitationally lensed galaxies in the Abell 2744 cluster field. From a combined analysis of JWST-NIRSpec and NIRCam data, we accurately derived their physical and spectroscopic properties: our galaxies have low masses (log(M⋆)∼8.5), blue UV spectral slopes (β ∼ −2.1), compact sizes (re ∼ 0.3 − 0.5 kpc), and high [O III]/[O II] flux ratios. We confirm that these properties are similar to those characterizing low-redshift LyC leakers. Indirectly inferring the fraction of escaping ionizing photons, we find that more than 80% of our galaxies have predicted fesc values larger than 0.05, indicating that they would be considered leakers. The average predicted fesc value of our sample is 0.12, suggesting that similar galaxies at z ≥ 6 have provided a substantial contribution to cosmic reionization.
Paraxial beams in fluctuating fusion plasmas: Diffusive limit and beyond
Authors: Weber Hannes , Maj Omar , Poli Emanuele
Published: February 2023

A paraxial expansion of the (ensemble-averaged) Wigner function in the relevant wave kinetic equation for electron cyclotron waves in fluctuating plasmas allows the derivation of phase-space equations similar to the equations for the Gaussian beam parameters in the paraxial WKB method [G.V. Pereverzev, Phys. Plasmas 5, 3529 (1998)]. This is relatively straightforward when the scattering of the wave field by density fluctuations can be described by a diffusion operator in refractive-index space. The general case is rather more complicated, yet we could find a heuristic construction of a paraxial Wigner function. Here we use a simple model, which has an analytical solution, to test both the theoretical validity of the diffusion approximation and the heuristic paraxial approach beyond the diffusion approximation.
New modelling capabilities to support the ITER EC H&CD System optimisation and preparation of plasma operation
Authors: Preynas Melanie , Schneider Mireille , Arroyo Jose Manuel , Beaumont Florent , Casal Natalia , Choe Munseok , Carannante Giuseppe , Gandini Franco , Henderson Mark A. , Omori Toshimichi , Pascal Sandrine ,   the ITER Scientist Fellow Network
Published: February 2023

The ITER Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) & Current Drive (ECCD) system is planned to be progressively installed and commissioned following the four stage approach of the ITER Research Plan. Starting with an injection of up to 5.8 MW from one Upper Launcher (UL) in the vacuum vessel to assist the plasma breakdown during First Plasma (FP) operation, the system will then be extended to achieve a capability of 20 MW injected power in Pre-Fusion Plasma Operation (PFPO) and Fusion Power Operation (FPO) phases. Development of optical modelling was required to characterize the optical performance of the FP configuration with the so-called First Plasma Protection Components. An optical 3D model using Zemax OpticStudio® has been developed and extended to the UL. Effects of higher order modes, thermal deformations and tolerances on the UL functionality have been characterized and are presented. Finally, in preparation of plasma operation and in the frame of the EC system upgrade layout optimisation, ECRH-ECCD modelling is being undertaken within the ITER Integrated Modelling and Analysis (IMAS) suite.
ECRF stray radiation studies in preparation of the operations of JT-60SA
Authors: Sozzi Carlo , Kajiwara Ken , Kobayashi Takayuki , Figini Lorenzo , Garzotti Luca , Moro Alessandro , Nowak Silvana , Taylor David
Published: February 2023

JT-60SA tokamak is equipped with an ECRF system since the beginning of its operational phase. Starting from two gyrotrons units during the Integrated Commissioning, applicable for core heating, assisted breakdown and assisted Wall Conditioning, the system capabilities will be progressively extended from the Initial Research phase for wider applications. The development of the full current plasma H mode scenario 2 (inductive, type I ELM, Ip=5.5 MA, BT=2.25 T, q95=3) is among the first scientific objectives of the research program. In preparation of this, predictive modelling of the current ramp-up in scaled versions of scenario 2 is being done, based on parameters previously published. In this scenario the ECRF power is injected from an early phase of the discharge. Such modelling provides the kinetic profiles giving the opportunity to estimate the expected amount of EC stray radiation during the ramp-up phase when the EC power absorption might be less than 100% and consequently the potential risk of damage of the in-vessel components is higher.
Nonlinear degradation of O-X-B mode conversion in MAST Upgrade
Authors: Senstius Mads Givskov , Freethy Simon James , Nielsen Stefan Kragh
Published: February 2023

Spherical tokamaks like the MAST Upgrade device are often operated in an overdense regime. As a consequence, conventional electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and current drive (ECCD) are typically not possible. MAST Upgrade is planned to investigate a mode coupling scheme known as O-X-B at high power, which may allow gyrotrons to heat and drive current in overdense plasmas by coupling electromagnetic waves to electrostatic electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) at the upper hybrid (UH) layer. However at the gyrotron beam intensities planned for MAST Upgrade, several nonlinear effects may degrade the linear mode coupling into EBWs. Using particle-in-cell simulations, parametric decay instabilities (PDIs) and stochastic electron heating (SEH) are investigated in the region near the UH layer. It is found that nonlinear effect could have a substantial impact on the O-X-B scheme in MAST Upgrade at high gyrotron intensities.
Operational domain for the new 3MW/1000s ECRH System on WEST
Authors: Fonghetti T. , Dumont R. , Giruzzi G. , Artaud J.-F. , Bernard J.-M. , Bouquey F. , Bourdelle C. , Delpech L. , Hillairet J. , Maget P. , Manas P. , Mollard P. , Morales J. , Ostuni V. , Robinet B. ,   the WEST team
Published: February 2023

The ECRH system formerly used in Tore Supra is being upgraded to start on WEST in 2023, at a power level of 1MW and frequency of 105 GHz. Its ultimate 3MW/1000s capability is expected to enlarge the WEST operational domain by increasing margins with respect to H-mode access, and by providing additional flexibility in terms of achievable scenarios using impurity and/or MHD control. This flexibility is made possible using an antenna based on three steerable mirrors for controlled power injection. In order to determine an appropriate range of EC wave injection angles for WEST scenarios, the fast and reliable ray-tracing code REMA has been interfaced with the WEST IMAS database. This allows the EC power damping rate to be quickly assessed, as well as deposition profiles to be predicted in realistic plasma conditions. Based on a typical WEST discharge at central magnetic field B0~3.6 T, central line-averaged electron density nl~4 × 1019 m−3 and central electron temperature Te0~3keV, ray-tracing calculations have been performed. Comprehensive poloidal and toroidal angle scans, as well as variations of Bt, nl and Te0 with respect to the reference parameters have allowed an adequate range of injection angles to be determined for efficient use of ECRH and/or ECCD in typical WEST scenarios, and compared with the mechanical limits set by the antenna mechanical characteristics. In order to further characterize the effect of this new power source in WEST scenarios, EC wave deposition and current profiles from ray-tracing calculations have been included in integrated simulation codes. It has been shown that this additional power source could allow central electron heating to be achieved, potentially alleviating the issue of radiative collapse caused by impurities observed in some situations.
Quantification of X3 absorption for ITER L-mode parameters in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Stober Jörg , Schubert Martin , Schneider Mireille , Denk Severin S. , Fischer Rainer , Poli Emanuele , Stieglitz Dirk , Willensdorfer Matthias , Loarte Alberto , Ricci Daria ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team,   Eurofusion MST-1 Team
Published: February 2023

For an early H-mode access in hydrogen, ITER considers operating at 1/3 of the full field using 170 GHz X-Mode for heating at the 3rdharmonic. The optical thickness for such a heating scheme depends onTe2. It is rather low in the ohmic phase (withTeabout 1-2 keV), but reaches high single pass absorption for the strongly EC heated plasma withTeexceeding 10 keV. Launching ECRH into an ohmic plasma may trigger a boot-strap process onTeif the additional power absorption due to increasingTeexceeds the additional power losses due to increased transport (which often tends to increase with input power). In this contribution we present measurements of the X3 absorption for the parameter range relevant for ITER, i.e.ne2 1019m−3,Te2keVin order to back up theoretical estimates used for the modeling so far. In ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) such low densities cannot be reached in H-mode such that dominant heating with NBI is not an option. For moderateTe, it is also not an option to use X3 heating as main heating, due to the excessive stray radiation threatening in-vessel components. This dilemma is solved with the 2-frequency EC system of AUG. The main central heating is done with the lower frequency of 105 GHz at the 2ndharmonic and full single pass absorption. Up to 3.5 MW of ECRH are used at that frequency to varyTe. Two other gyrotrons are used at 140 GHz to probe the X3 interaction close to the plasma center with a sequence of short blips. The expected values of single pass absorption are calculated with TORBEAM and vary from 7% to 70%. Below 40% single pass absorption the non-absorbed power triggers an arc in the tile gaps of the inner heat shield which screens the thermo-couples from the incoming beam such that they cannot be used. Between 40% and 80% single pass absorption, the predictions and measurements agree within the uncertainty of the measurement, unless we have clear evidence for non-linear interactions, which are not described by TORBEAM and which are not expected in ITER, but are due to some specific experimental choices for an isolated subset of our results.
New Q and V-band ECE radiometer for low magnetic field operation on LHD
Authors: Tokuzawa Tokihiko , Goto Yuki , Kuwahara Daisuke , Nishiura Masaki , Shimizu Takashi
Published: February 2023

To meet the demand for information on electron temperature fluctuations in low magnetic field experiments in the Large Helical Device (LHD), a new ECE radiometer covering the Q and V bands has been installed. Combination mirrors are installed in the vacuum vessel to focus the beam and efficiently propagate the radiated electron cyclotron waves. Notch filters are used to eliminate stray light from the gyrotron, and a 32-channel heterodyne radiometer is constructed using a filter bank system. As a result, oscillations of electron temperature and both electromagnetic and electrostatic fluctuations were successfully observed.
1.5 MW CW RF Loads for Gyrotrons
Authors: Ives Lawrence , Bui Thuc , Habermann Thomas , Collins George , Marsden David , Neilson Jeffrey , Horn Tim , Rock Chris
Published: February 2023

A new series of MW-class, RF loads were developed that can dissipate power levels exceeding 1.5 MW at frequencies from 28 GHz to 180 GHz. The new loads are designed to reflect less than 0.25% of the input power and operate continuously (CW). Stainless-steel and anodized aluminum versions were developed. The stainless steel version is designed to meet requirements for nuclear facilities, such as ITER, while the aluminum version is capable of power levels exceeding 2 MW CW. The aluminum version is also lighter and less expensive. This paper describes the design and capabilities of the loads.
MISTRAL campaign in support of W7-X long pulse operation
Authors: Oosterbeek Johan W. , Stern Mathias , Braune Harald , Ewert Karsten , Hirsch Matthias , Hollmann Frank , Killinger Andreas , Laqua Heinrich P. , Maquet Philippe , Marsen Stefan , Martínez-García Venancio , Moseev Dmitry , Noke Frank , Pak Sunil , Reintrog Arne , Stange Torsten , Wolf Robert C. , Zubieta-Lupo Rafael J. ,   the W7-X team
Published: February 2023

Following two initial campaigns [1], Stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) has now completed the construction phase by installation of active cooling of all plasma facing components. The machine is presently commissioned for the next campaign (OP2) aiming at 1 GJ per pulse, e.g. 100 s at 10 MW, eventually aiming at 18 GJ, e.g. 1800 s at 10 MW. The key heating system is the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system, consisting of 10 gyrotrons with power per gyrotron ranging from 0.6 MW up to 1.0 MW at 140 GHz. A phased upgrade of the installation is in progress with the addition of 2 gyrotrons and the development of 1.5 MW and 2.0 MW gyrotrons, such that at the end of the upgrade 4 gyrotrons will be available in each power class of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MW [2]. The increased ECRH power, combined with O2 and X3 heating schemes at high densities, will lead to increased microwave stray radiation. This is non-absorbed microwave power that diffuses inside the vessel and is incident on all in-vessel components including vacuum windows and attached diagnostic systems. A fraction of the stray radiation is absorbed by resistive or dielectric losses of these components, leading to thermal loads that scale with stray radiation levels and pulse length. At W7-X a high power microwave stray radiation launch facility ’MISTRAL’ is available that is used to qualify invessel components for use at specified microwave surface power densities [Wm−2]. This paper reports on MISTRAL campaigns in 2020 2021 for testing of stray radiation loads during OP2 in W7-X, as well as on an EUROfusion program assessing stray radiation loads on ITER components. A dedicated, absolutely calibrated, caloric load was developed for the campaign to obtain measurement of stray radiation power levels as well as to conveniently expose samples. Amongst other we report on shielding concepts using metal enclosures combined with microwave absorbing coatings and dielectric heating of vacuum windows.
Nos sœurs les plantes, une pensée interdisciplinaire pour aborder le vivant en termes de parenté
Authors: Grésillon Étienne , Bouteau François , Chartier Denis , Laurenti Patrick
Published: February 2023

La classification phylogénétique a mis fin à la distinction ontologique et scientifique entre les animaux et les plantes. Elle remet en question la partition entre ces deux règnes et réfute la thèse aristotélicienne dissociant les humains, les animaux et les plantes. « Les plantes nos sœurs » permet ici une réflexion sur le patrimoine biologique commun entre les animaux (humain compris) et les plantes. Pour comprendre ce qui relie les vivants, nous souhaitons apporter ici une pensée hybride combinant sciences de la vie et sciences humaines. Il s’agit, au moyen d’une approche interdisciplinaire, d’associer le développement de la phylogénie et des récentes découvertes sur le végétal, de présenter ce que les parcours évolutifs de l’animal et du végétal ont de commun ainsi que de comprendre les freins socioculturels liés à l’héritage aristotélicien et judéo-chrétien qui ont empêché de penser le vivant comme une parentèle. Les données récentes sur la « neurobiologie végétale » relancent une réflexion autour de ce qui est partagé entre les animaux et les plantes (sensibilité, capacité d’apprentissage, comportement, agentivité). Dans ce contexte, une vision de l’humain détaché des autres espèces n’est plus tenable. La vie des uns ne peut pas être déconnectée de la vie des autres.
Research on Narrative Strategies in Lifestyle Home Scene Vlogs – Take the life vlog with 1 million+ likes in shakeyin platform as an example
Authors: Ma Yifan
Published: February 2023

With the accelerating progress of the times, home life vlogs occupy a place in major social platforms as a short video form that can give users a short slow life feeling. In this paper, we analyze the unique narrative strategies of home vlogs in terms of narrative techniques and narrative styles with the help of angles, structures, sounds and shots, summarize the characteristics, and put forward corresponding suggestions.
Lu Xun needed by the times
Authors: Hao Mengyang
Published: February 2023

This article discuss Lu Xun’s various periods, including the main characteristics of the characters related journals, because Lu Xun caused various controversies in the contemporary era, the times are changing, society is developing. Lu Xun, as a great man, has been living in the blood of history. The process of Lu Xun’s works is a process of historical reappearance. At the same time, in different periods of history, there will be different words to evaluate him. Today, we will let Lu Xun lead us into his life, carry forward a new generation of socialist spiritual civilization, and work together for a brilliant future.
The Evolution of doppelgangers: Exploring the “Mo Yan” in Mo Yan’s Novels
Authors: Xie Zihan
Published: February 2023

There are two main types of doppelgangers in Mo Yan’s novels. The first is the use of his own personal experiences in his early works, where he takes on the persona of the main character and portrays him. The second is when Mo Yan takes the initiative to explore the techniques and structure of his novels and chooses to use the metafictional narrative technique, entering the narrative directly under his real name “Mo Yan”, exposing the fiction and confusing the real with the fake. The two doppelgangers have a sequential relationship in time and a progressive relationship in technique.
Research on the Teaching Reform of Translation Online Course for Business English Majors in Application-oriented Universities -- A Case Study of S University
Authors: Meng Qin , Liu Weiqing , Lv Yanan
Published: February 2023

With the advent of the information age, online education has developed rapidly. The teaching reform of translation online course for business English majors in application-oriented universities is an important means to cultivate high-quality application-oriented talents. In view of this need, this study has explored the teaching reform of translation online course for business English majors in application-oriented universities from the aspects of curriculum orientation and planning, teacher team construction, curriculum resources, teaching and management as well as teaching effect. Therefore, this study aims to improve the training quality of application-oriented talents, innovate the talent training mode and form teaching characteristics.
How does Disaster Impress Literature: A Primary Analysis of the Literary Turn in the Post-Pandemic in the Context of “Disaster Culture”
Authors: Hou Yujie
Published: February 2023

Every disaster outbreak in human history has either implicitly or explicitly promoted literary creation. The new epidemic sweeping today has become a great catastrophe common to all humankind since the new century. Under the epidemic, what does literature do? It is an inevitable question that must be answered in the post-epidemic era of literary transformation. Therefore, this paper, while feeling grateful for literature’s eagerness to respond to the call of reality and intervene in human psychological healing, creatively uses the concept of human destiny to look at the empirical and theoretical expansion of disaster narratives, explores the comprehensive and diversified expression of such “epidemic” themes in literary creation, and considers how to write about disasters while taking into account aesthetics In addition, we explore the comprehensive and diversified expressions of such “epidemic” themes in literary creation, and consider how disaster writing can take into account the three essential dimensions of individual trauma, collective experience, and identity construction while taking into account aesthetics, to continuously rewrite and even expand the connotation of epidemic literature and actively promote the literary turn in the post-epidemic era.
Translating humorous videos on social media: Meaning-making in a shared culture
Authors: Lyu Xuanxuan
Published: February 2023

This paper focuses on the practices by amateur subtitlers who translate and disseminate foreign humorous videos on social media, with particular attention on the meaning-making process involving raw material selection, subtitling, reception and interaction within the online community. Drawing on relevance theory, this paper proposes that meaning-making in social media environment is achieved by both subtitlers and viewers who jointly construct a mutual cognitive environment containing shared cultural information. To verify this hypothesis, it selects 10 pieces of humorous videos and collects the viewer comments from weibo to analyze how subtitlers manage to convey the humorous meaning and how viewers respond to the subtitled content and negotiate meaning to build a shared culture. Overall, this paper contributes to the emerging research focus on the participatory consumption and reception of translated audiovisual texts in the digital era.
Study on intercultural teaching of English teaches in higher vocational colleges
Authors: Yuan Huanwei , Li Aijun
Published: February 2023

Intercultural education is one important aspect of foreign language teachings nowadays. The ultimate goal of learning a foreign language is to improve intercultural communication abilities and realize cultural communication with foreigners. English teaching in higher vocational college hasn’t payed enough attention on intercultural education. Teachers are lacking in cognition, knowledge and practice of intercultural teaching. Based on the current situation of intercultural English teaching in higher vocational education, the paper proposes that English teachers should strengthen the cognition of intercultural teaching, improve their cultural knowledge and practise more in intercultural teaching.
Research on the Optimization of Marketing Strategies in the Context of Digital Marketing
Authors: Wang Zhaoming
Published: February 2023

The computer equipment company has been acting as an agent for a Fortune 500 manufacturer of intelligent connectivity devices in the provincial region for many years. In early 2020, due to the internal and external market environment, its product sales in the provincial market continued to decline significantly and its market share continued to shrink. In the face of fierce market competition, how to quickly transform marketing ideas, the use of big data and other advanced marketing methods, grasp the market demand, accurate target customers, through the expansion of sales scale and seize market share to achieve value-added revenue is a computer equipment companies to be solved the problem. Secondly, the macro environment and micro environment of computer equipment companies were analysed separately using PEST analysis and Porter’s five forces model analysis in the context of the development of China’s digital economy. The starting point of marketing strategy is customer demand, the landing point is customer service, and the core is to take customer demand as the starting point. This paper also further analyses the marketing environment of computer equipment companies by analysing consumer demand in terms of product diversity demand, higher cost performance demand, brand reputation credibility demand, and personalised demand for intelligent services.