bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sigmoid colon morphology in the population groups of Durban, South Africa, with special reference to sigmoid volvulus
Authors: Madiba T.E. , Haffajee M.R.
Published: April 2011

Sigmoid volvulus demonstrates geographical, racial, and gender variation. This autopsy study was undertaken to establish morphological differences of the sigmoid colon and its mesocolon in which the length and other characteristics were assessed. A total of 590 cadavers were examined (403 African, 91 Indian, and 96 White). Length and height of the sigmoid colon and mesocolon were significantly longer in Africans, and mesocolon root was significantly narrower in Africans. Mesocolic ratio for Africans, Indians, and Whites was 1.1 ± 0.8, 1.8 ± 0.7, and 1.9 ± 1.0, respectively. Africans had a significantly high incidence of redundant sigmoid colon with the long‐narrow type and suprapelvic position predominating (P = 0.003); the opposite applied to the classic type. There was no difference in sigmoid colon length, mesocolon height, and width between males and females in all population groups. Among Africans, the long‐narrow type was more common in males, and the classic and long‐broad types were more common in females. Splaying of teniae coli and thickening of the mesentery were more common in Africans. Tethering of the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall was less common in Africans compared with other population groups. In conclusion, the sigmoid colon was longer, and the sigmoid mesocolon root was narrower in Africans compared with the other population groups, and the sigmoid colon had a suprapelvic disposition among Africans. In Africans, the sigmoid colon was longer in males with a long‐narrow shape. These differences may explain geographical and racial differences in sigmoid volvulus. Clin. Anat. 24:441–453, 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spin Canting and Metamagnetism in the First Hybrid Cobalt–Hypoxanthine Open Framework with umr Topology
Authors: Zhang Xu‐Hui , Hao Zheng‐Ming , Zhang Xian‐Ming
Published: April 2011

Hydrothermal reactions generated a cobalt–hypoxanthine framework [Co3(OH)4(Hpxt)2]⋅2 H2O (H2pxt=6‐hydroxypurine, 1⋅2 H2O), which became a microporous framework [Co3(OH)4(Hpxt)2] (1) through a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation. Compound 1⋅2 H2O shows a three‐dimensional umr topological structure with two types of spiral channels constructed by rod‐shaped {Co3(μ‐OH)4(N‐C‐N)2(N‐C‐C‐O)2} second building units (SBUs). The larger channel is filled by fourfold spiral water chains. An unprecedented μ5‐O6,N3,N7,N9 coordination mode of the Hpxt anion was observed. Both complexes 1⋅2 H2O and 1 qualitatively show similar metamagnetism from anti‐parallel to parallel ferromagnetic cobalt‐hydroxide chains. Compared with 1⋅2 H2O, a smaller Curie constant and more negative Weiss constant in 1 indicate that the helical water chains tend to suppress antiferromagnetic coupling between Co3(OH)4 ferromagnetic chains. Detailed magnetic studies of 1⋅2 H2O revealed that the competitive interactions between interchain antiferromagnetic exchange coupling and single‐ion anisotropy of CoII resulted in a partly canted antiferromagnetic sate in low fields. Anti‐parallel arrangement of adjacent ferromagnetic chains in middle fields gives 3D antiferromagnetic ordering, and magnetic ground states in high fields are a parallel arrangement of ferromagnetic chains.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Behaves as Hydrogen in the Intermolecular Self‐Interaction of Metal Aurides MAu4 (M: Ti, Zr, and Hf)
Authors: Jung Jaehoon , Kim Hyemi , Kim Jong Chan , Park Min Hee , Han Young‐Kyu
Published: April 2011

DFT calculations
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Structure, Magnetism, and Optical Properties of the Ordered Interlanthanide Copper Chalcogenides Ln2YbCuQ5 (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm; Q: S, Se): Evidence for Unusual Magnetic Ordering in Sm2YbCuS5.
Authors: Jin Geng Bang , Choi Eun Sang , Guertin Robert P. , Booth Corwin H. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: April 2011

The black title compounds are synthesized by reactions of the elements in Sb2Q3 (Q: S, Se) fluxes at 900 °C for 7 d and characterized by single crystal XRD, UV/VIS/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: A Structural Comparison Between a New Quaternary Nitride, Ba3GeMgN4, and Its Isostructural Sr Analogue.
Authors: Park Dong Gon , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: April 2011

Single crystals of Ba3GeMgN4 are synthesized by reaction of the corresponding metals and NaN3 in a sodium flux (sealed Nbtube, 760 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Family of Fast Sodium Ion Conductors: Na2M2TeO6 (M: Ni, Co, Zn, Mg).
Authors: Evstigneeva Maria A. , Nalbandyan Vladimir B. , Petrenko Aleksandr A. , Medvedev Boris S. , Kataev Aleksandr A.
Published: April 2011

The new solid electrolytes of title are synthesized by solid state reactions at 600—820 °C in air and characterized by powder XRD, redox titration, impedance, and polarization measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Physical Properties of Gd7NiPd2 Single Crystal.
Authors: Oboz M. , Talik E. , Kusz J. , Winiarski Kusz A.
Published: April 2011

A single crystal of the title compound is prepared by the Czochralski method from a levitated melt and characterized by single crystal XRD, XPS, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Indium‐Mediated Allenylation of N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Imino Ester: Efficient Synthesis of Optically Active α‐Allenylglycines.
Authors: Jin Shen‐Shuang , Xu Ming‐Hua
Published: April 2011

The synthetic utility of the method is demonstrated by conversion of ester (IIIa) into cis‐substituted proline derivatives in a highly diastereoselective way.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters by Inter‐ and Intramolecular Nitro‐Michael Additions Catalyzed by Bifunctional Thioureas.
Authors: Manzano Ruben , Andres Jose M. , Muruzabal Maria D. , Pedrosa Rafael
Published: April 2011

The method is used for the enantioselective synthesis of GW 3600 (X), a potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenanthridine or Isoquinoline Are Good Reagents for the Synthesis of Enamino Esters.
Authors: Nassiri Mahmoud , Heydari Reza , Hazeri Nourollah , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Milani Forough Jalili
Published: April 2011

A new method to synthesize a novel class of heterocyclic derivatives, e.g. (IV), (VI), and (IX) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization for Synthesis of Isoindolinones and Isoindolines.
Authors: Qian Bo , Guo Shengmei , Xia Chungu , Huang Hanmin
Published: April 2011

2‐Substituted azaarenes such as (II), (VI), and (X) are functionalized with N‐sulfonylaldimines using Sc(OTf)3 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A New, Efficient and Recyclable Lanthanum(III) Oxide‐Catalyzed C—N Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Murthy S. Narayana , Madhav B. , Reddy V. Prakash , Nageswar Y. V. D.
Published: April 2011

The inexpensive catalytic system is highly effective to the amination of aryl iodides with various primary and secondary amines or nitrogen heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds with the Simple Amide Catalyst [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2].
Authors: Yang Jian , Tilley T. Don
Published: April 2011

Fe(NTms2)2 represents a novel cost‐effective, environmentally benign catalyst for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: MCM‐41 Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Recyclable Catalysts for the Sequential Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Epoxides, CO2, and Methanol.
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Liguo , Liu Shimin , Li Xueli , Shi Feng , Deng Youquan
Published: April 2011

The title catalyst exhibits excellent performance and good reusability.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted Cyclobutanes and Alkylidenecyclobutanes by the Reaction of Cyclobutylmagnesium Carbenoids with Nucleophiles.
Authors: Satoh Tsuyoshi , Kasuya Takashi , Ishigaki Masashi , Inumaru Mio , Miyagawa Toshifumi , Nakaya Nobuhito , Sugiyama Shimpei
Published: April 2011

Treatment of 2‐chlorocyclobutyl p‐tolyl sulfoxides with Grignard reagents at low temperature generates cyclobutylmagnesium carbenoids which can be coupled with a variety of nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Methyl‐2‐cyclohexenones Catalyzed by Mercury(II) Salts and Their Microwave Assisted BiCl3 Catalyzed Aldol Condensations.
Authors: Zhang Chen , Wang Bi‐Song , Chen Shi‐Feng , Zhang Shao‐Qiao , Cui Dong‐Mei
Published: April 2011

Treatment of 1,6‐heptadiynes with water in the presence of HgSO4and TfOH allows mild access to 3‐methyl‐2‐cyclohexenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Di‐ and Triphenylamines: A Dramatic Accelerating Effect of 2‐Aminophenols.
Authors: Li Yaming , Wang Huifeng , Jiang Linlin , Sun Fangfang , Fu Xinmei , Duan Chunying
Published: April 2011

Copper‐catalyzed selective N‐arylation and N,N‐diarylation of o‐aminophenol derivatives with aryl halides is smoothly achieved using the self‐accelerating effect of o‐aminophenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds with 3‐Methyl‐2‐quinonyl Boronic Acids.
Authors: Veguillas Marcos , Ribagorda Maria , Carreno M. Carmen
Published: April 2011

The process results in efficient and unexpected formation of 5,5‐disubstituted cyclohexene‐1,4‐diones.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation of Olefins by the Mizoroki—Heck Reaction.
Authors: Peng Yong , Chen Jiuxi , Ding Jinchang , Liu Miaochang , Gao Wenxia , Wu Huayue
Published: April 2011

The reaction gives (E)‐internal olefins in good yields when aryl iodides are applied.
ChemInform Abstract: An Activated Catalyst RhH(PPh3)4‐dppe‐Me2S2 for α‐Methylthiolation of α‐Phenyl Ketones.
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Toriyama Fumihiko , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: April 2011

In continuation of a known principle, methylthio transfer reactions between p‐cyano‐α‐methylthioacetophenone (I) and different α‐phenyl ketones are described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Base‐Free, One‐Pot Diazotization/Cross‐Coupling of Anilines with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Mo Fanyang , Qiu Di , Jiang Yubo , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: April 2011

The process can be conducted in a one‐step or two‐step manner due to the reactivity of the substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective C3—C3 Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Between Unactivated Anilines and Indoles.
Authors: Wang Linfei , Han Zhaomeng , Fan Renhua
Published: April 2011

Both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups on the indole ring are tolerated, whereas an electron‐withdrawing group on the nitrogen atom of p‐toluidine is essential for the coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Catalyzed Alkylation of Indoles with Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols: Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Sanz Roberto , Miguel Delia , Martinez Alberto , Gohain Mukut , Garcia‐Garcia Patricia , Fernandez‐Rodriguez Manuel A. , Alvarez Estela , Rodriguez Felix
Published: April 2011

Direct alkylation of a variety of indole derivatives with propargylic alcohols containing a quaternary carbon at the propargylic position (II) and (IV) is smoothly achieved in the presence of TosOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Ene and Aldol Reactions with Isatins, Keto Esters, and Diketones: Reliable Approach to Chiral Tertiary Alcohols.
Authors: Aikawa Kohsuke , Mimura Shunsuke , Numata Yukinobu , Mikami Koichi
Published: April 2011

Chiral dicationic Pd complexes catalyze enantioselective ene and aldol reactions with various isatin derivatives to give 3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindole products bearing tertiary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Route to 5‐Chloropyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes and Their Behavior in the Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Zhong Weihui , Chen Xiao , Shen Yanyan
Published: April 2011

The title compounds (III) react in the Baylis—Hillman reaction to the compounds (V), (VII), and (IX) with incomplete conversion.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Practical Synthesis of 2‐Benzoylbenzothiazoles and 2‐Benzylbenzothiazoles.
Authors: Fan Xuesen , He Yan , Wang Yangyang , Xue Zaikun , Zhang Xinying , Wang Jianji
Published: April 2011

A novel tandem process including oxidative cyclization of 2‐aminothiophenols with aldehydes and subsequent benzylic oxidation allows the preparation of 2‐benzoylbenzothiazoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Sulfoximination of Azoles and Polyfluoroarenes under Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Miyasaka Mitsuru , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Kowalczyk Rafal , Bolm Carsten , Miura Masahiro
Published: April 2011

The combination of K3PO4 and DMF is crucial for high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Acid Promoted Aza‐Prins‐Ritter Reaction Sequence: A Novel Synthesis of 4‐Amidopiperidine Derivatives.
Authors: Reddy B. V. S. , Ramesh K. , Ganesh A. V. , Kumar G. G. K. S. N. , Yadav J. S. , Gree Rene
Published: April 2011

The protocol yields trans‐2,4‐disubstituted piperidines (IV) under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiospecific Approach to AB‐Ring System of the Diterpenes Fusicoccanes.
Authors: Srikrishna A. , Nagaraju Gopalasetty
Published: April 2011

A ring‐closing metathesis based approach to the AB‐ring system of fusicoccanes and ophiobolins is reported starting from the readily available (R)‐limonene (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Flavonol Glycosides from Sedum aizoon L.
Authors: Li Wei Lin , Luo Qiu Yan , Wu Li Qiang , Xiao Lei
Published: April 2011

Sedacin C (Ia) and D (Ib) are isolated from the whole plant of Sedum aizoon L.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials.
Authors: Coleman Jonathan N. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2011

Layered compounds such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, TaSe2, NbSe2, NiTe2, BN, and Bi2Te3 are exfoliated by sonication of powders of the materials in a number of solvents with varying surface tensions and deposited as individual flakes or formed into films.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Liquid‐Phase Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: April 2011

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Oxide Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Characterisation Techniques
Authors: Halasyamani P. Shiv
Published: April 2011

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Rings by Azide Chemistry
Authors: Gilchrist Thomas L. , Alves Maria Jose
Published: April 2011

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Staudinger Ketene—Imine Cycloaddition
Authors: Wright Stephen W.
Published: April 2011

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Myers—Saito Cyclization
Authors: Krawczyk Ewa , Dembinski Roman
Published: April 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pauson—Khand Reaction
Authors: Chupak Louis S.
Published: April 2011

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dieckmann Condensation
Authors: Maklad Noha S.
Published: April 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Simmons—Smith Cyclopropanation
Authors: Fuchter Matthew J.
Published: April 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Carbonylations
Authors: Godard Cyril , Ruiz Aurora , Dieguez Montserrat , Pamies Oscar , Claver Carmen
Published: April 2011

Review: 226 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Azides by Olefin Hydroazidation Reactions
Authors: Waser Jerome , Carreira Erick M.
Published: April 2011

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Bond Dynamics in Alcohol Clusters
Authors: Suhm Martin A.
Published: April 2011

Review: 291 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Essential Oils from Neotropical Myrtaceae: Chemical Diversity and Biological Properties
Authors: Stefanello Maria Elida Alves , Pascoal Aislan C. R. F. , Salvador Marcos J.
Published: April 2011

Review: 190 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transverse Field Spin Models: From Statistical Physics to Quantum Information
Authors: Dutta Amit , Divakaran Uma , Sen Diptiman , Chakrabarti Bikas K. , Rosenbaum Thomas F. , Aeppli Gabriel
Published: April 2011

Review: 482 refs.
Feasibility of an expressive‐disclosure group intervention for post‐treatment colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Carmack Cindy L. , Basen‐Engquist Karen , Yuan Ying , Greisinger Anthony , Rodriguez‐Bigas Miguel , Wolff Robert A. , Barker Trina , Baum George , Pennebaker James W.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:

Adjusting to cancer requires effective cognitive and emotional processing. Written and verbal disclosure facilitate processing and have been studied independently in cancer survivors. Combined written and verbal expression may be more effective than either alone, particularly for patients with difficult to discuss or embarrassing side effects. Thus, the authors developed and tested the efficacy of a 12‐session combined written and verbal expression group program for psychologically distressed colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.

METHODS:

Forty post‐treatment patients with CRC (stages I‐III) identified as psychologically distressed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were randomized to an intervention group (Healthy Expressions; n = 25) or standard care (control group; n = 15). Assessments were completed at baseline, Month 2, and Month 4 (postintervention). Primary outcomes were psychological functioning and quality of life (QOL).

RESULTS:

Most participants were women (63%), white (63%), and non‐Hispanic (75%). The Healthy Expressions group demonstrated significantly greater changes in distress compared with the control group at Month 2 on the BSI Global Severity Index (GSI) and the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES‐D) scores (P < .05 for each); differences in the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) global QOL scores approached significance (P = .063). The BSI GSI and Positive Symptom Total, CES‐D, and EORTC emotional functioning subscale scores were all significant at Month 4 (P < .05 for each).

CONCLUSIONS:

The Healthy Expressions program improved psychological functioning in CRC patients who reported experiencing distress. Findings demonstrate the program's feasibility and provide strong support for conducting a larger randomized trial. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and Application of New Guanidine Copper Complexes in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation
Authors: Bienemann Olga , Haase Roxana , Jesser Anton , Beschnitt Tanja , Döring Artjom , Kuckling Dirk , dos Santos Vieira Ines , Flörke Ulrich , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: April 2011

The synthesis and copper coordination of the ligandsTMGdipae (L1) and DMEGdipae (L2) is reported. The solid‐state structures of obtained copper complexes [Cu(TMGdipae)Cl] (C1), [Cu(TMGdipae)Br] (C2), [Cu(TMGdipae)I] (C3), [Cu(DMEGdipae)Cl] (C4), [Cu(DMEGdipae)Br] (C5) and [Cu(DMEGdipae)I] (C6) show a trigonal distorted [2+1] coordination of the copper atom and indicate interesting binding properties of aliphatic guanidine hybrid ligands. DFT analysis and calculation of the intramolecular charge transfer by NBO studies allow for a deeper insight into the binding competition between guanidine, amine and halide donor at copper(I). Tetramethylguanidine units act as stronger donors than dimethylethyleneguanidine units. Both ligands in combination with CuCl and CuBr were screened with regard to their activity in atom transfer radical polymerisation of styrene in bulk and in MeCN solution. The polymerisation occurs very fast and has good control. Kinetic studies on the best‐behaving system (2TMGdipae/CuBr) evidence that controlled radical polymerisation occurs until a conversion of 70 % and a polymerisation time of 100 min, after this a deviation towards higher molecular weights can be observed.
Depth‐integrated free‐surface flow with a two‐layer non‐hydrostatic formulation
Authors: Bai Yefei , Cheung Kwok Fai
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the derivation of a depth‐integrated wave propagation and runup model from a system of governing equations for two‐layer non‐hydrostatic flows. The governing equations are transformed into an equivalent, depth‐integrated system, which separately describes the flux‐dominated and dispersion‐dominated processes. The depth‐integrated system reproduces the linear dispersion relation within a 5 error for water depth parameter up to kd = 11, while allowing direct implementation of a momentum conservation scheme to model wave breaking and a moving‐waterline technique for runup calculation. A staggered finite‐difference scheme discretizes the governing equations in the horizontal dimension and the Keller box scheme reconstructs the non‐hydrostatic terms in the vertical direction. An semi‐implicit scheme integrates the depth‐integrated flow in time with the non‐hydrostatic pressure determined from a Poisson‐type equation. The model is verified with solitary wave propagation in a channel of uniform depth and validated with previous laboratory experiments for wave transformation over a submerged bar, a plane beach, and fringing reefs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of the Eulerian–Lagrangian localized adjoint method for solving advection–dispersion equations on highly heterogeneous media
Authors: Ramasomanana Fanilo , Younes Anis
Published: April 2011

The Eulerian–Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method (ELLAM) is well adapted for advection‐dominated transport problems. The method can use large time steps because the advection term is accurately approximated without any CFL restriction.

A new formulation of ELLAM was developed by Younes et al. (Adv. Water Resour. 2006; 29:1056–1074) for unstructured triangular meshes. This formulation uses only strategic numerical integration points and thus requires a very limited number of integration points (usually 1 per element). To avoid numerical dispersion due to interpolation when several time steps are used, the method continuously tracks characteristics, and only changes due to dispersion are interpolated at each time step.

In this work, we study the applicability and efficiency of this formulation for highly heterogeneous domains. The results show that (i) this formulation remains efficient even for highly heterogeneous domains, (ii) special care must be taken for the approximation of the dispersive term when large time steps are used, (iii) interpolation at intermediate times can be used to reduce memory requirement for problems with a large number of elements and small time steps, and (iv) the method can be used successfully for heterogeneous problems including injection and pumping wells, and remains much more efficient than the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method even when small time steps are required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kopswerk II headrace tunnel – construction of the pressure tunnel and associated works / Triebwasserstollen Kopswerk II – Bauarbeiten Druckstollen und Nebenanlagen
Authors: Schnetzer Herbert , Gerstner Reinhold
Published: April 2011

The article concerns the construction of the Kopswerk II pressure tunnel and associated works. Important details of the construction and construction sequence are described, particularly the logistics of a large site in the high mountains. In addition to a summary of the various drill and blast tunnels, the article concentrates on the TBM drive and the drilling and grouting works in the pressure tunnel.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den Bauarbeiten für den Druckstollen des Kopswerkes II und dessen Nebenanlagen. Dabei werden die Eckpfeiler der Bauausführung und des Bauablaufes, insbesondere auch die Logistik einer Baustelle im Hochgebirge beschrieben. Neben einem Abriss über die verschiedenen Sprengvortriebe wird vor allem über den TBM‐Vortrieb und die Bohr‐ und Injektionsarbeiten im Druckstollen berichtet.
First operational experience with a high‐pressure tunnel with innovative lining methods / Erste Betriebserfahrungen bei einem Hochdruckstollen mit innovativen Ausbaumethoden
Authors: Gober Hansjörg , Nackler Karl
Published: April 2011

A tunnel lining system of glass fibre reinforced (GRP) was used for the first time for the construction of the Feldsee pumped storage power station – integrated in the Fragant power station group of KELAG‐Kärntner Elektrizitäts‐AG. This innovative solution, together with the prestressed concrete backfilling, required more elaborate planning and very exact monitoring during construction, but proved considerably more cost effective compared to classic steel armouring. One of the most important questions was how the new system would overcome formation water pressure. The drainage of the tunnel after 20 months of operation has made it possible to gain the first practical experience and the conformation of the system.

Beim Bau des Pumpspeicherkraftwerks Feldsee – integriert in die Kraftwerksgruppe Fragant der KELAG‐Kärntner Elektrizitäts‐AG – kam erstmals eine Stollenpanzerung aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff (GFK) zur Anwendung. Diese innovative Lösung im Zusammenhang mit dem vorgespannten Hinterfüllbeton erforderte eine aufwendigere Planung und ein sehr genaues Monitoring während der Ausführung, war aber im Vergleich zur klassischen Stahlpanzerung erheblich kostengünstiger. Eine der Kernfragen war die Beherrschung des Gebirgswasserdrucks mit dem neuen System. Anlässlich einer Stollenentleerung nach 20monatiger Betriebszeit konnten erste praktische Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden, die das System bestätigten.
Cancer risk in chronic hepatitis B: Do genome-wide association studies hit the mark?
Authors: Casper Markus , Grünhage Frank , Lammert Frank
Published: April 2011

To identify susceptibility variants for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we conducted a genome-wide association study by genotyping 440,794 SNPs in 355 chronic HBV carriers with HCC and 360 chronic HBV carriers without HCC, all of Chinese ancestry. We identified one intronic SNP (rs17401966) in

KIF1B

on chromosome 1p36.22 that was highly associated with HBV-related HCC and confirmed this association in five additional independent samples, consisting of 1,962 individuals with HCC, 1,430 control subjects and 159 family trios. Across the six studies, the association with rs17401966 was highly statistically significant (joint odds ratio = 0.61,

P

= 1.7 × 10-18). In addition to

KIF1B

, the association region tagged two other plausible causative genes,

UBE4B

and

PGD

. Our findings provide evidence that the 1p36.22 locus confers susceptibility to HBV-related HCC, and suggest that KIF1B-, UBE4B- or PGD-related pathways might be involved in the pathogenesis of this malignancy.
Folic acid supplementation during early hepatocarcinogenesis: Cellular and molecular effects
Authors: Chagas Carlos Eduardo Andrade , Bassoli Bruna Kempfer , de Souza Camila Alexandre Soares , Deminice Rafael , Júnior Alceu Afonso Jordão , Paiva Sérgio Alberto Rupp , Dagli Maria Lúcia Zaidan , Ong Thomas Prates , Moreno Fernando Salvador
Published: April 2011

Folic acid (FA) supplementation during carcinogenesis is controversial. Considering the impact of liver cancer as a public health problem and mandatory FA fortification in several countries, the role of FA supplementation in hepatocarcinogenesis should be elucidated. We evaluated FA supplementation during early hepatocarcinogenesis. Rats received daily 0.08 mg (FA8 group) or 0.16 mg (FA16 group) of FA/100 g body weight or water (CO group, controls). After a 2‐week treatment, animals were subjected to the “resistant hepatocyte” model of hepatocarcinogenesis (initiation with diethylnitrosamine, selection/promotion with 2‐acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy) and euthanized after 8 weeks of treatment. Compared to the CO group, the FA16 group presented: reduced (p < 0.05) number of persistent and increased (p < 0.05) number of remodeling glutathione S‐transferase (GST‐P) positive preneoplastic lesions (PNL); reduced (p < 0.05) cell proliferation in persistent GST‐P positive PNL; decreased (p < 0.05) hepatic DNA damage; and a tendency (p < 0.10) for decreased c‐myc expression in microdissected PNL. Regarding all these parameters, no differences (p > 0.05) were observed between CO and FA8 groups. FA‐treated groups presented increased hepatic levels of S‐adenosylmethionine but only FA16 group presented increased S‐adenosylmethionine/S‐adenosylhomocysteine ratio. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed between experimental groups regarding apoptosis in persistent and remodeling GST‐P positive PNL, and global DNA methylation pattern in microdissected PNL. Altogether, the FA16 group, but not the FA8 group, presented chemopreventive activity. Reversion of PNL phenotype and inhibition of DNA damage and of c‐myc expression represent relevant FA cellular and molecular effects.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND ESTIMATION OF STAGE OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN A BASIN – A CASE STUDY
Authors: Pradeep Kumar G. N. , Srinivas P.
Published: April 2011

Rapid industrial development, urbanization and increase in agricultural production have led to freshwater shortage in many parts of the world. For sustainable development of water resources, it is imperative to make quantitative estimations of the available water resources. The study area, the Kurmapalli Vagu Basin, is located in the semi‐arid tropics of the Deccan Plateau and is a chronic drought‐prone, backward and endemic fluoride area. Hence evaluation of groundwater resources and stage of groundwater development of the Kurmapalli Vagu Basin was carried out utilizing remote sensing and geographical information system techniques in conjunction with conventional methods. The arithmetic average method was used to compute the total quantity of water from precipitation received by the basin. The groundwater resources were evaluated based on Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee norms. Groundwater recharge from rainfall, canals, return flow of irrigation, minor irrigation tanks and water conservation structures were also estimated. The total groundwater recharge and annual utilizable groundwater resources from various sources were computed. The net annual groundwater draft was estimated based on the number and type of wells and unit draft. The groundwater balance of the basin works out to be 1.95 MCM. The stage of groundwater development for the Kurmapalli Vagu Basin as on date works out to be 80.6% which falls in the semi‐critical category. Suggestions have been made for proper augmentation of groundwater resources. Further, to ensure sustainable development of the basin water‐harvesting structures have been proposed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Why do they have to grow up so fast?” Parental separation anxiety and emerging adults' pathology of separation‐individuation
Authors: Kins Evie , Soenens Bart , Beyers Wim
Published: April 2011

This study examined associations between parental separation anxiety, controlling parenting, and difficulties in the separation‐individuation process, as manifested in separation‐individuation pathology. In a sample of emerging adults involved in the process of home leaving (N=232) and their parents, it was found that parental separation anxiety is positively related to separation‐individuation pathology in emerging adults. Dependency‐oriented controlling parenting served as an intervening variable in the relationship between parents' feelings of separation anxiety and pathology of the separation‐individuation process in emerging adults. These associations were not moderated by emerging adults' residential status (i.e., living with parents or (semi‐)independently), suggesting that parental characteristics and behaviors remain important antecedents of separation‐individuation pathology even when one no longer lives in the parental household. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–18, 2011.
Relationship between the working alliance and social support on counseling outcome
Authors: Leibert Todd W. , Smith Julia B. , Agaskar Vaibhavee R.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the impact of two predictor variables, one representing extratherapeutic factors and one representing relationship factors, on outcome at a university counseling training clinic. A naturalistic design was used to collect session‐by‐session outcomes on 135 clients seen by 88 counselors. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test hypotheses about the effects of clients' pretreatment social support (extratherapeutic factor) and working alliance (relationship factor) at session 3 on change over time. Results showed that higher rated alliances predicted greater change over the first 8 sessions. When clients reported poorer social supports, the therapeutic alliance was even more important in predicting a positive outcome. Limitations of the design and implications for further outcome studies are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–11, 2011.
How do Himalayan areas respond to global warming?
Authors: Diodato Nazzareno , Bellocchi Gianni , Tartari Gianni
Published: April 2011

We study the interdecadal‐scale variability over the Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau (H/TP) to deepen the understanding of Earth's important ecosystem after the recent controversy about glaciers melting in the Himalayan Mountains. We present a new statistical reconstruction of annual temperature variability back to 1901 for the Pyramid Automated Weather Station of the Ev‐K2‐CNR Committee, located at the base of the Mount Everest. Our reconstruction using recorded weather station data compared with the Climate Research Unit temperature pattern data indicate that in recent decades the warming trend over the H/TP has been faster than during any equivalent period in the last century. Positive temperature anomalies (mostly observed after 1970) were found to be correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Pacifical Decadal Oscillation indices, but unevenly correlated with the Northern Hemisphere (NH) land‐surface temperature. Such decoupled response between H/TP and NH suggests the mechanisms of global warming are only marginally influencing the H/TP climate. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The Pivotal Role of the lymphovascular system in cancer metastasis: Future perspectives
Authors: Leong Stanley P.L. , Witte Marlys
Published: April 2011

Nodal status is the most important predictor in patients with solid cancer. In general, sentinel lymph node is the gateway to regional nodal metastasis and beyond. Biomarkers and gene profiles are being developed to stage and subgroup cancer patients more accurately for more effective personalized therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:639–641. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Imaging and Killing of Cancer Cells with Protein‐Activated Near‐Infrared Fluorescing Nanoparticles
Authors: Rungta Parul , Bandera Yuriy P. , Roeder Ryan D. , Li Yangchun , Baldwin William S. , Sharma Deepti , Sehorn Michael G. , Luzinov Igor , Foulger Stephen H.
Published: April 2011

We present a general approach for the selective imaging and killing of cancer cells using protein‐activated near‐infrared emitting and cytotoxic oxygen generating nanoparticles. Poly(propargyl acrylate) (PA) particles were surface modified through the copper‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition of azide‐terminated indocyanine green (azICG), a near‐infrared emitter, and poly(ethylene glycol) (azPEG) chains of various molecular weights. The placement of azICG onto the surface of the particles allowed for the chromophores to complex with bovine serum albumin when dispersed in PBS that resulted in an enhancement of the dye emission. In addition, the inclusion of azPEG with the chromophores onto the particle surface resulted in a synergistic ninefold enhancement of the fluorescence intensity, with azPEGs of increasing molecular weight amplifying the response. Human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) overexpress albumin proteins and could be employed to activate the fluorescence of the nanoparticles. Preliminary PDT studies with HepG2 cells combined with the modified particles indicated that a minor exposure of 780 nm radiation resulted in a statistically significant reduction in cell growth.

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OCT4 spliced variant OCT4B1 is expressed in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Gazouli Maria , Roubelakis Maria G. , Theodoropoulos George E. , Papailiou Joanna , Vaiopoulou Anna , Pappa Kalliopi I. , Nikiteas Nikolaos , Anagnou Nicholas P.
Published: April 2011

OCT4, a POU‐domain transcription factor is considered to be a key factor in maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells. Several OCT4 isoforms are differentially expressed in human pluripotent and non‐pluripotent cells. Reactivation of OCT4 expression is postulated to occur in differentiated cells that have undergone tumorigenesis. To examine OCT4 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and to assess the efficacy of OCT4 as a potential biomarker for CRC, in this study, we investigated its expression in CRC tissues, evaluated its relationship to various clinicopathological parameters and defined the isoform of OCT4 that was found to be expressed in CRC cases. Primary tumor tissues and matching adjacent non‐cancerous tissues were obtained from 84 CRC patients. OCT4 expression and isoform determination were documented by reverse transcription‐PCR and real‐time PCR. OCT4, Sox‐2, and NANOG localization were performed using immunohistochemistry. The isoforms expressed in the studied cases were confirmed by sequencing. Twenty biopsy specimens representing healthy tissues, retrieved from colonoscopy were studied in parallel as controls. OCT4 expression levels were higher in CRC tissues compared to matching, adjacent non‐cancerous tissues, and healthy controls. Additionally, the levels of OCT4 expression in CRC tissues correlated with tumor stage. OCT4 and Sox‐2 were localized in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of CRC cells. In all CRC cases, we found that the OCT4B1 isoform is expressed. Over‐expression of OCT4B1 was found in poorly and moderately differentiated CRC tissues. In conclusion, the data imply that OCT4B1 isoform may represent a potential biomarker for the initiation, progression, and differentiation of CRC. Mol. Carcinog. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embedded interfaces by polytope FEM
Authors: Zamani Arash , Eslami M. Reza
Published: April 2011

In this paper, the Polytope Finite Element Method is employed to model an embedded interface through the body, independent of the background FEM mesh. The elements that are crossed by the embedded interface are decomposed into new polytope elements which have some nodes on the interface line. The interface introduces discontinuity into the primary variable (strong) or into its derivatives (weak). Both strong and weak discontinuities are studied by the proposed method through different numerical examples including fracture problems with traction‐free and cohesive cracks, and heat conduction problems with Dirichlet and Dirichlet–Neumann types of boundary conditions on the embedded interface. For traction‐free cracks which have tip singularity, the nodes near the crack tip are enriched with the singular functions through the eXtended Finite Element Method.

The concept of Natural Element Coordinates (NECs) is invoked to drive shape functions for the produced polytopes. A simple treatment is proposed for concave polytopes produced by a kinked interface and also for locating crack tip inside an element prior to using the singularity enrichment. The proposed method pursues some implementational details of eXtended/Generalized Finite Element Methods for interfaces. But here the additional DOFs are constructed on the interface lines in contrast to X/G‐FEM, which attach enriched DOFs to the previously existed nodes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Gas Impurities on the Operation of Dielectric Barrier Discharges Fed with He, Ar, and Ar‐C3F6
Authors: Fanelli Fiorenza , d'Agostino Riccardo , Fracassi Francesco
Published: April 2011

The influence of N2, O2, air, and water vapor feed gas impurities on the operation of an atmospheric pressure parallel plate DBD fed with helium and argon was investigated. The addition of increasing amounts of these impurities, under fixed excitation frequency and applied voltage, is responsible above certain thresholds of two distinct phenomena, namely the transition from a homogeneous to a filamentary appearance of the discharge and the contraction of the discharge volume. Among the different contaminants N2 shows the highest threshold limit values, O2 and H2O the lowest ones, while air generally exhibits an intermediate behavior. The effect of feed gas impurities was also studied on the PE‐CVD of fluoropolymers from Ar‐C3F6 fed filamentary DBDs. Contaminants addition results in a decrease of the input power and of the deposition rate as well as in a change of the film morphology, however it does not influence significantly the chemical composition of the fluoropolymer film, the monomer depletion and the distribution of by‐products in the exhaust gas.

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Chemotherapy sensitivity recovery of prostate cancer cells by functional inhibition and knock down of multidrug resistance proteins
Authors: Sánchez Catherine , Mercado Alejandro , Contreras Héctor R. , Mendoza Patricia , Cabezas Juan , Acevedo Cristian , Huidobro Christian , Castellón Enrique A.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

In several cancer types, expression of multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins has been associated with lack of chemotherapy response. In advanced prostate cancer (PCa) the use of chemotherapy is mainly palliative due to its high resistance. Previously, we described that MDR phenotype in PCa could be related with high basal and drug‐induced expression of MDR proteins P‐Glycoprotein (P‐Gp), MRP1, and LRP.

METHODS

Using primary cell cultures from PCa patients, we evaluated the effect of function and expression inhibition of P‐Gp, MRP1, and LRP, on cell survival after chemotherapy exposure. Cells were treated with specific MDR protein substrates (docetaxel and mitoxantrone for P‐Gp, methotrexate for MRP1 and cisplatin for LRP) and pharmacological inhibitors (cyclosporine A, genistein and 3‐aminobenzamide), and cell survival was evaluated trough 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell cycle analysis. MRP1 activity was evaluated by FACS using the specific inhibitor MK571. Cells were transfected with MDR proteins siRNAs and treated with the corresponding substrates.

RESULTS

PCa cell resistance to MDR protein substrates was partially reversed, decreasing cell survival in around 20%, by treating primary cell cultures with specific pharmacological inhibitors. PCa cells transfected with siRNAs against MDR proteins decreased cell survival when treated with the corresponding drugs. Docetaxel was the most effective chemotherapeutic drug to induce cell death and decrease survival.

CONCLUSION

Low chemotherapy response in PCa could be explained, in part, by over‐expression of functional MDR proteins. Expression and function of these proteins should be evaluated to enhance efficacy of docetaxel‐based therapies of patients with hormone‐resistant PCa. Prostate 71:1810–1817, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Safety of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) and its Primary Protoalkaloid p‐Synephrine
Authors: Stohs Sidney J. , Preuss Harry G. , Shara Mohd
Published: April 2011

Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent p‐synephrine are widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products. However, questions are raised frequently regarding the safety of these ingredients. The potential inherent dangers associated with the use of products containing C. aurantium extract are frequently touted, while conversely, millions of doses of dietary supplements have been consumed by possibly millions of individuals in recent years. Furthermore, millions of people consume on a daily basis various juices and food products from Citrus species that contain p‐synephrine. This review summarizes current information regarding the safety of C. aurantium (bitter orange) extract and p‐synephrine based on human, animal and in vitro assessments as well as receptor binding and mechanistic studies. The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p‐synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVENT‐BASED WATER QUALITY SAMPLING METHOD FOR APPLICATION IN REMOTE RIVERS
Authors: Mackay A. K. , Taylor M. P.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the design and operation of a passive siphon sampler for the collection of event‐based water quality data from a remote dryland river. The materials used to construct the siphon sampler were modified to better adapt the design for the collection of non‐conservative water quality parameters and for use in high‐intensity flow conditions typical of Australia's dryland rivers. The performance of the siphon sampler was evaluated in a pilot study of water metals in the rising‐stage floodwaters of the upper Leichhardt River catchment, north‐west Queensland, Australia. Field blanks were used to quantify the extent of contamination of the collected waters by sampling media, atmosphere exposure or water intrusion during an event‐based collection period. The use of inert materials, such as high‐density polyethylene plastic, and careful cleaning with 10% nitric acid washes prior to use reduced environmental contamination of the collected sample. Below detectable levels of Pb and Zn and minor concentrations of Cu (1.8 and 1.3 μg L–1) were reported in rinsate and atmospheric blanks that were exposed in the field for less than 24 h. Atmospheric and flood blanks that remained in the field for greater than 2 weeks and remained in the siphon samplers throughout the duration of the flood events reported quantifiable concentrations of metals. For the case of the upper Leichhardt River catchment, the siphon sampler met the need of providing event‐based water collection data and offered a practical, low‐cost alternative to conventional event‐based sampling techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learners' epistemic criteria for good scientific models
Authors: Pluta William J. , Chinn Clark A. , Duncan Ravit Golan
Published: April 2011

Epistemic criteria are the standards used to evaluate scientific products (e.g., models, evidence, arguments). In this study, we analyzed epistemic criteria for good models generated by 324 middle‐school students. After evaluating a range of scientific models, but before extensive instruction or experience with model‐based reasoning practices, students generated lists of criteria of good scientific models. Students' individual lists of criteria were compared to expert criteria, identified by philosophers of science, and with findings from previous research on students' understanding of modeling. The most commonly listed criteria referred to the clarity, pictorial form, and explanatory function of models. Almost a quarter of the students included criteria relating to model fit with evidence. Students' criteria provided insights into their understanding of the explanatory and descriptive goals of models; the constitutive, communicative, and epistemic features of models; and the role of evidence in supporting models. Collectively, students demonstrated familiarity with a wide range of modeling ideas that can be leveraged in instruction to promote deeper understandings of the modeling practice. We argue that inquiry‐based science instruction should include a strong emphasis on epistemic criteria. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 486–511, 2011