bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy issues, and challenges in Canadian management of the Atlantic fisheries
Authors: AKIBA OKON
Published: July 2002

Despite steady injection of public funds by successive administrations, the Canadian fishery industry is characterized by resource depletion, vessel tie-ups, and overcapacity, which have led to plant closures and rising unemployment. This paper assesses the progress Canadian marine policies have been making towards rational use and conservation of fisheries and promotion of employment and economic development in fishing communities since 1977.

The analysis begins with the creation of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and its rationale in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), namely conservation. State subsidies for fleet upgrading, industry modernization, marketing, and the introduction of quota systems, such as the individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and enterprise quotas (EQs), are identified as the key policy initiatives which might realize an economically-viable fishing industry in the post-1977 period. These policies produced corporate expansion and prosperity in the mid-1980s, but there followed corporate losses because of Canadian over-dependence on American markets and sharp quota cuts.

With regard to conservation, shortcomings are identified in the virtual population analysis model (VPA), and the inability of the Department of Fisheries to monitor fishing effort by domestic and foreign vessels. The need for radical change in the future direction of marine policies is emphasized and arguments made which support the following objectives: elimination of ecologically-harmful fishing technologies; use of community quotas (with a modified individual quota system); strengthening of community management systems and development of co-management approaches to fisheries management, involving government and fishing communities.
The importance of place in partnerships for regional environmental management
Authors: WESTING ARTHUR H. , MICHAELS SARAH , MASON ROBERT J. , SOLECKI WILLIAM D.
Published: July 2002

During the past decade, 'partnership' has become a watchword for regional environmental management (Bronars & Michaels 1997). Partnerships, in the context of environmental conservation, can be defined as collaborative efforts to achieve shared management objectives which engage, but are not limited to, non-profit groups, for-profit companies, government agencies, and landowners.
On the use of shape grammars as expert systems for geometry-based
engineering design
Authors: AGARWAL MANISH , CAGAN JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

Production systems have traditionally been used in
engineering to aid the designer in generating designs
in domains not significantly influenced by geometry. However,
in geometric-based domains such as mechanical engineering,
their popularity has been limited. This work proposes the
use of shape grammars as the framework for engineering
expert systems. Shape grammars are shown to have all the
generation and analysis capabilities of traditional production
systems, while being able to represent knowledge about
both the functionality and the form of a product. Additionally,
the parametric nature of shape grammars, their ability
to deal with physical form rather than abstract elements,
and their ability to recognize emergent shapes give them
significant advantages over traditional production systems
for geometry-based engineering design.
Modelling business processes and enterprise activities at
the knowledge level
Authors: DE SOUZA ROBERT , YING ZHAO ZHEN , YANG LIU CHAO
Published: July 2002

As manufacturing systems become more sophisticated
and complicated, effective managers know how they play
a crucial role in managing an enterprise and managers know
how to deal with their dynamics and uncertainty. In this
article, a formalism based on the computer-integrated manufacturing
open-system architecture (CIMOSA) reference model is presented
to specify the business processes and enterprise activities
at the knowledge level. The formalism uses an integration
of multiple types of knowledge, including precise, muddy,
and random symbolic and numerical knowledge to systematically
represent enterprise behavior and functionality. To support
the modelling process, a prototype is developed and an
example for a maintenance activity is presented to demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Defining configuring
Authors: BROWN DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

This paper is intended to serve as part of the
context in which the other papers in this special issue
should be read. Its main goal is to revisit the basic definition
of the configuration task, on which many people depend,
to show some of its flaws, and to point out how it shapes
thinking about the problem. We are concerned about characterizing
the reasoning processes used to produce a configuration.
Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak caused by Salmonella
enterica serovar Newport in Finland and the United Kingdom
Authors: LYYTIKÄINEN O. , KOORT J. , WARD L. , SCHILDT R. , RUUTU P. , JAPISSON E. , TIMONEN M. , SIITONEN A.
Published: July 2002

Between December 1997 and January 1998 an increase in the number of isolates of Salmonella
enterica serovar Newport, a serotype rarely causing indigenous infections in Finland, was
detected. This included two clusters of gastroenteritis following funeral meals. An inquiry via
Enter-net revealed a concomitant increase in cases of S. Newport in the United Kingdom. To
investigate the Finnish outbreak, a total of 56 S. Newport strains (22 from the outbreak
period, 27 from pre- and post-outbreak period, and 7 from imported food producing animals)
were studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); selected isolates were also phage
typed. Two retrospective questionnaire studies evaluating food exposures among the funeral
attendants were conducted. All isolates from the clusters had an identical PFGE pattern which
was also found in 13 infections temporally close to but not associated with the clusters. The
Finnish outbreak was caused by the same phage type as the one in the United Kingdom. In
both clusters, an epidemiological link between illness and exposure to cured ham was found. In
conclusion, the outbreak was not limited to the two clusters but was more widely spread both
in and outside Finland. Early alarm systems of food-borne outbreaks and collaboration
between European countries are needed for investigating international outbreaks.
Selective phonological impairment: a case of apraxia of speech
Authors: Dogil Grzegorz , Mayer Jörg
Published: July 2002

The present study proposes a new interpretation of the underlying
distortion in APRAXIA OF SPEECH. Apraxia of speech, in its pure
form, is the
only neurolinguistic syndrome for which it can be argued that phonological
structure is selectively distorted.

Apraxia of speech is a nosological entity in its own right which co-occurs with aphasia only occasionally. This…conviction rests on
detailed descriptions of patients who have a severe and lasting disorder
of speech production in the absence of any significant impairment of
speech comprehension, reading or writing as well as of any significant
paralysis or weakness of the speech musculature.

(Lebrun 1990: 380)

Based on the experimental investigation of poorly coarticulated speech
of
patients from two divergent languages (German and Xhosa) it is argued
that apraxia of speech has to be seen as a defective implementation of
phonological representations at the phonology–phonetics interface.
We
contend that phonological structure exhibits neither a homogeneously
auditory pattern nor a motor pattern, but a complex encoding of
sequences of speech sounds. Specifically, it is maintained that speech
is
encoded in the brain as a sequence of distinctive feature configurations.
These configurations are specified with differing degrees of detail
depending on the role the speech segments they underlie play in the
phonological structure of a language. The transfer between phonological
and phonetic representation encodes speech sounds as a sequence of vocal
tract configurations. Like the distinctive feature representation, these
configurations may be more or less specified. We argue that the severe
and
lasting disorders in speech production observed in apraxia of speech are
caused by the distortion of this transfer between phonological and
phonetic representation. The characteristic production deficits of apraxic
patients are explained in terms of overspecification of phonetic representations.
Convergent evolution of plant chemical discrimination by omnivorous and herbivorous scleroglossan lizards
Authors: Cooper William
Published: July 2002

Because sensory capacities and responsiveness must correspond to adaptively important environmental cues, they may require evolutionary modification to match shifts in the adaptive milieu. Many lizards identify prey by tongue‐flicking, especially actively foraging species of Scleroglossa, the speciose lizard taxon that includes snakes. Correspondence between diet and chemosensory responsiveness, although known in two genera of colubrid snakes, has not been established in lizards because most species are generalist predators. Omnivory and herbivory are uncommon among scleroglossans, but have evolved frequently enough to permit tests of the hypothesis that shifts to plant consumption have been accompanied by acquisition of responsiveness to plant food chemicals. Based on literature surveys I traced the evolution of scleroglossan lizard diet and food chemical discrimination. Three tests taking phylogenetic relationships into account (concentrated changes tests, Pagel's tests, and a modification of Ridley's test) showed that correlated evolution has occurred, with strong responses to plant chemicals having evolved convergently in at least five taxa that underwent shifts from insectivory to omnivory or herbivory. In all four origins of omnivory and herbivory in taxa derived from ancestral active foragers, lizards retained prey chemical discrimination. In the single origin of omnivory in an ancestrally ambush foraging taxon, both plant and prey chemical discrimination evolved de novo. These findings show that one aspect of chemosensory identification of food has been evolutionarily adjusted to diet in a major group of vertebrates.
The development of the genital ducts in Limnodriloidinae (Tubificidae, Clitellata)
Authors: Gustavsson Lena M.
Published: July 2002

The development of the male duct and spermatheca is studied in three species of the marine Limnodriloidinae (Tubificidae): Limnodriloides rubicundus; Tectidrilus bori; Thalassodrilides ineri. All tubificids are hermaphroditic with paired male ducts, female ducts and, as a rule, spermathecae. The male duct comprises a funnel, followed by a vas deferens, an atrium and, frequently, a copulatory structure. There may also be a diffuse or compact prostate gland in association with the male duct. In the three species studied, the funnel and vas deferens originate from peritoneal (mesodermal) cells in the posterior septa of the testes segment. The atrium develops from an invagination of the epidermis (ectoderm). The vas deferens and atrium subsequently connect to each other, and a continuous duct from the testes segment to the exterior is formed. The prostate gland originates from large peritoneal cells occurring in a delimited area on the outer surface of the atrium; other small peritoneal cells surrounding the whole atrium give rise to muscle fibres. The spermatheca develops from an invagination of the epidermis, and is thus of ectodermal origin. The morphology and position of the genital ducts have been and are important for the classification of the oligochaetes. However, different parts of the male duct have been named without regard to whether they are homologous or not. One way to establish stronger primary hypotheses of homology is to study the detailed morphology and/or the development of the genital ducts.
Erratum: The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom
on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school
Authors: KELLAM SHEPPARD G. , LING XIANGE , MERISCA ROLANDE , BROWN C. HENDRICKS , IALONGO NICK
Published: July 2002

The number of children was incorrect in the original article published in 1998. The
paragraphs (pp. 169 and 170) that contain the values are here reprinted. We regret the errors and
any problems they may have caused.
A comparison of four approaches to the calculation of conservation laws
Authors: WOLF THOMAS
Published: July 2002

The paper compares computational aspects of four approaches to compute conservation
laws of single Differential Equations (DEs) or systems of them, ODEs and PDEs. The only
restriction, required by two of the four corresponding computer algebra programs, is that each
DE has to be solvable for a leading derivative. Extra constraints for the conservation laws can
be specified. Examples include new conservation laws that are non-polynomial in the functions,
that have an explicit variable dependence and families of conservation laws involving arbitrary
functions. The following equations are investigated in examples: Ito, Liouville, Burgers,
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili, Karney–Sen–Chu–Verheest, Boussinesq, Tzetzeica, Benney.
The functional-differential equation
y′(t)=Ay(t)
+By(qt)
+Cy′(qt)
+f(t)
Authors: LEHNINGER HARALD , LIU YUNKANG
Published: July 2002

An initial value problem for the functional differential equation

y′(t)
=Ay(t)
+By(qt)
+Cy′(qt)
+f(t), t ≥ t0 > 0

where A, B, C are complex matrices,
q∈(0, 1), and f is a vector of continuous functions,
is
considered in this paper. Its solution is represented in terms of
the fundamental solution via the
variation-of-constants formula. For some special cases, the fundamental
solutions are
formulated as piecewise Dirichlet series. The variation-of-constants
formula is used to analysis
the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of some scalar equations, including
one with variable
coefficients related to coherent states of the q-oscillator
algebra in quantum mechanics.
A coherence theorem for Martin-Löf's type theory
Authors: HEDBERG MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

In type theory a proposition is represented by a type, the type
of its proofs. As a consequence,
the equality relation on a certain type is represented by a binary family
of types. Equality on
a type may be conventional or inductive. Conventional equality means that
one particular
equivalence relation is singled out as the equality, while inductive
equality – which we
also call identity – is inductively defined as the ‘smallest
reflexive relation’. It is sometimes
convenient to know that the type representing a proposition is collapsed,
in the sense that all
its inhabitants are identical. Although uniqueness of identity proofs for
an arbitrary type is
not derivable inside type theory, there is a large class of types for which
it may be proved.
Our main result is a proof that any type with decidable identity has unique
identity proofs.
This result is convenient for proving that the class of types with decidable
identities is closed
under indexed sum. Our proof of the main result is completely formalized
within a kernel
fragment of Martin-Löf's type theory and mechanized using ALF.
Proofs of auxiliary lemmas
are explained in terms of the category theoretical properties of identity.
These suggest two
coherence theorems as the result of rephrasing the main result in a context
of conventional
equality, where the inductive equality has been replaced by, in the former,
an initial category
structure and, in the latter, a smallest reflexive relation.
Affective aspects of student authoring for foreign language learning
Authors: NIKOLOVA OFELIA R.
Published: July 2002

This study compares the attitude toward instruction of two groups of participants:
control subjects who used a multimedia instructional module for French created by the researcher,
and experimental subjects who created their own module. Quantitative data did not yield
statistically significant differences in their attitudes. In the light of additional qualitative
data, possible reasons for this result are discussed: high level of satisfaction with the novelty
of instruction for both groups; computer problems, lack of adequate orientation, lack of real
outlet for the module and difficulty of the texts for the experimental group. Included are
conclusions and recommendations for further research.
Communication interventions in dementia
Authors: Powell Jennie A.
Published: July 2002

Communication is integral to human life. During the communication process, an idea or concept is received by an individual either from another individual or from the physical environment. Person-to-person transmission of ideas could be through the medium of spoken/written language or through non-verbal media such as body language, gesture or facial expression. Ideas or concepts communicated from the physical environment allow the individual to function within that environment. For example, the concept of traffic must be understood, so as to allow safe and effective day-to-day functioning, whilst comprehension of the concept of a CD player could allow the individual to acquire appropriate auditory stimulation for relaxation and enjoyment.
Gerontology on the World Wide Web
Authors: Jenkins Richard Dean
Published: July 2002

The World Wide Web (WWW) has much to offer clinicians, nurses, scientists and all those concerned with gerontology, including our patients and their relatives. This article reviews the history and structure of the WWW, outlines the basics of how to use it and what is available for the gerontologist. This is not a comprehensive list of all known webpages in gerontology, since this would not be possible, given the ever-changing nature of the WWW. Instead, this article offers a background knowledge and introduction to the types of resources that are available, enabling more productive use of the WWW for finding information in gerontology.
Minority Rights as an International Question
Authors: Fink Carole
Published: July 2002

In response to the atrocities committed during and after the First World War and the need to create a stable east European settlement, the diplomats in Paris constructed the world's first system of international protection for minorities. The League of Nations, charged with the enforcement of the Minority Treaties, set up a cautious ‘political’ system, which failed either to shield minorities or pacify their governments. No international system was revived after the Second World War, but since the fall of communism, Europe – looking forward to the future as well as back to the past – has organised new supranational institutions to protect endangered religious and national groups.
Historicising ‘1968’
Authors: Mausbach Wilfried
Published: July 2002

Ingrid Gilcher-Holtey, ed., 1968 – Vom Ereignis zum Gegenstand der Geschichtswissenschaft (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1998), 307 pp., [euro]36.81, ISBN 3-525-36417-2. Andrew Feenberg and Jim Freedman, When Poetry Ruled the Streets: The French May Events of 1968, with a Foreword by Douglas Kellner (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001) 192 pp., $18.95, ISBN 0-7914-4966-1. Gerhard Fels, Der Aufruhr der 68er. Zu den geistigen Grundlagen der Studentenbewegung und der RAF (Bonn: Bouvier, 1998) 286 pp., [euro] 23,01, ISBN 3-4160-2816-3. Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert and Detlef Junker, eds., 1968: The World Transformed (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 490 pp., $54.95, ISBN 0-521-64141-1 (hb) $18.95, ISBN 0-521-64637-5 (pb). Ingo Juchler, Die Studentenbewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland der sechziger Jahre: Eine Untersuchung hinsichtlich ihrer Beeinflussung durch Befreiungsbewegungen und – theorien aus der Dritten Welt (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1996), 459 pp., [euro]63.40, ISBN 3-428-08556-6. Michael Kimmel, Studentenbewegungen der 60er Jahre. Frankreich, BRD und USA im Vergleich (Vienna: WUV-Universitätsverlag, 1998), 276 pp., [euro]14.31, ISBN 3-8511-4378-7. Gerd Koenen, Das rote Jahrzehnt: Unsere kleine deutsche Kulturrevolution 1967–1977 (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 2001), 554 pp., [euro]25.51, ISBN 3-4620-2985-1. Wolfgang Kraushaar, 1968 als Mythos, Chiffre und Zäsur (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2000), 370 pp., [euro]24.54, ISBN 3-9309-0859-X. Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, 1958–1974 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 903 pp., £25.00, ISBN 0-19-210022-X. Lutz Schulenburg, ed., Das Leben ändern, die Welt verändern. 1968. Dokumente und Berichte (Hamburg: Edition Nautilus, 1998), 471 pp., [euro]20.35, ISBN 3-8940-1289-7.

1998 brought yet another outpouring of jubilee literature marking the thirtieth
anniversary of that momentous year 1968. This time, however, there was a noticeable
increase in books with a definite scholarly agenda. Thus, the title Ingrid
Gilcher-Holtey adapted for her edited volume from François Furet may well
capture the gist of a growing feeling: historians are eager to overcome the timeworn
recollections of movement apologists and their adversaries and they are
beginning to subject the 1960s to more objective analysis.
Radial basis functions
Authors: Buhmann M. D.
Published: July 2002

Radial basis function methods are modern ways to approximate multivariate
functions, especially in the absence of grid data. They have been known,
tested and analysed for several years now and many positive properties have
been identified. This paper gives a selective but up-to-date survey of several
recent developments that explains their usefulness from the theoretical point
of view and contributes useful new classes of radial basis function. We consider
particularly the new results on convergence rates of interpolation with radial
basis functions, as well as some of the various achievements on approximation
on spheres, and the efficient numerical computation of interpolants for very
large sets of data. Several examples of useful applications are stated at the
end of the paper.
On the Minimum Number of k-Cliques in Graphs with Restricted Independence Number
Authors: NIKIFOROV V.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the following problem of Erdős:

Determine the minimum number of k-cliques in a graph of order n with independence
number [ges ] l.

We disprove the original conjecture of Erdős which was stated in 1962 for all but a finite
number of pairs k, l, and give asymptotic estimates for l = 3,
k [ges ] 4, and l = 4, k [ges ] 4.
Common Subsequences and Supersequences
and their Expected Length
Authors: DANČÍK VLADO
Published: July 2002

Let f(n, k, l) be the expected

length of a longest common subsequence of l sequences of
length n over an alphabet of size k. It is known that
there are constants
γ(l)k such that
f(n, k, l)→
γ(l)kn as n→∞,

and we show that γ(l)k=
Θ(k1/l−1) as k→∞.

Bounds for the corresponding constants for the expected length of a shortest
common
supersequence are also presented.
Activation of embryonic genome in chick
Authors: Zagris N. , Kalantzis K. , Guialis A.
Published: July 2002

The earliest stages of development in most animals are under the control of maternally inherited information. The initiation of embryonic gene expression has been reported at the mid-blastula in amphibians and the mid-2-cell stage to the early morula in mammals. In chick embryos, embryonic gene expression was detectable at stage X (morula) and showed marked activation at stage XIII (blastula) with a gradual increase thereafter. Synthesis of rRNA and tRNA was low at stage X and was already the major class of RNA at stage XIII in chick embryos. The observed upregulation of RNA synthesis seems to coincide with a period of extensive fine structural differentiation when the first major cellular migrations start and signal the formation of the primitive streak in the chick embryo.
Isolation and collection of two populations of viable sperm cells from the pollen of Plumbago zeylanica
Authors: Zhang Zhaojie , Xu Huiling , Singh Mohan B. , Russell Scott D.
Published: July 2002

A protocol is described for individually collecting two populations of sperm cells, Svn and Sua, from pollen of Plumbago zeylanica. Pollen grains were burst in 10 mM MOPS buffer containing 0.8 M mannitol (pH 4.6). Paired sperm cells released from pollen were separated using a microinjector. Svn and Sua were then collected individually with a microinjector, based upon known size differences. Collected sperm cells were washed with isolation medium and transferred to liquid nitrogen until use. Fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) test of isolated sperm cells showed a positive reaction, indicating that the isolated sperm cells are viable; most of the sperm cells retain viability for at least 2 h.
A skill score based on economic value for probability forecasts
Authors: Wilks D S
Published: July 2002

An approach to evaluating probability forecasts for dichotomous events, based on their economic value over all possible cost/loss ratio decision problems, is proposed. The resulting Value Score (VS) curve shows non‐dimensionalised relative economic value as a function of the cost/loss ratios for different decision‐makers, over their full meaningful range. The VS curve is similar in terms of computational mechanics and graphical display to the Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, but the ROC curve is shown to be insensitive to either conditional or unconditional biases and thus to reflect potential rather than actual skill. The possibility of collapsing the VS curve into a single scalar score is addressed, and it is shown that the results can depend very strongly on the assumed distribution of cost/loss ratios in the community of forecast users. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of the vertical reflectivity profile for identification of anomalous propagation
Authors: Alberoni P P , Andersson T , Mezzasalma P , Michelson D B , Nanni S
Published: July 2002

Anomalous propagation (anaprop), analogous to the upper mirage in the visual wavelengths, is still a major problem in radar meteorology. This phenomenon assumes particular importance in automatic recognition and estimation of rainfall. Anaprop echoes from terrain features such as hills and coasts often give echoes up to 50–60 dBZ, equivalent to heavy rain or hail in severe thunderstorms. Anaprop echoes from sea waves may be comparable in strength to those from moderate precipitation and also form similar patterns. Based on the evidence that the vertical reflectivity profile of precipitation is quite different from the anaprop profile, two methods for anaprop identification are presented. The method proposed by the Servizio Meteorologico Regionale (SMR, Italy) simply uses the operational scan procedure to discriminate between precipitation and anaprop. At the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute an ‘ad hoc’ scan strategy has been developed in order to obtain much more detail of the lowest reflectivity profile. A number of statistical parameters have been used to achieve a better discrimination between precipitation, land and sea clutter. A number of case studies, representing different echo intensities and patterns, and including a case of anaprop with embedded precipitation, are presented to assess the impact of these methods. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Potential use of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System in cases of extreme weather events
Authors: Petroliagis T , Buizza R , Lanzinger A , Palmer T N
Published: July 2002

The combined use of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) high‐resolution operational model, at T213 spectral triangular truncation and with 31 vertical levels (T213L31), and the Ensemble Prediction System (EPS), during cases of intense Mediterranean storms, is studied. In particular, it is discussed how EPS products can be used to provide a measure of confidence in the high‐resolution precipitation forecast. Three case studies (two extreme events plus one false‐alarm case) are analysed. The first event took place between 21 and 22 October 1994 over Greece, where heavy rainfall led to local flash‐floods in many areas that cost the loss of 12 lives, and caused significant property damage. The second event occurred in northwest Italy (and some parts of southern France) exactly two weeks later. More than 60 lives were lost and the cost of damage was enormous. For both these cases, the EPS probability values for precipitation occurrence supported the medium‐range T213L31 prediction, which proved to be successful. A third case is also investigated, where the high‐resolution forecast suggested heavy rainfall over northern Italy but was not supported by the EPS. The T213L31 prediction for this case was poor. Finally, the reliability of EPS probability predictions is discussed. It is shown that probability forecasts of low‐level temperature and wind show considerable skill. Reliability statistics of clusters of large‐scale flow show considerable skill as well. Probabilistic precipitation predictions are less skilful, possibly due to the EPS model resolution. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.
Conditioning stochastic properties of daily precipitation on indices of atmospheric circulation
Authors: Kiely Gerard , Albertson John D , Parlange Marc B , Katz Richard W
Published: July 2002

Time series of daily precipitation, at Valentia, Ireland, are examined using conditioned chain‐dependent processes. The conditioning is carried out using two different indices of large‐scale atmospheric circulation. The first conditioning index relates to mean monthly sea level pressure (SLP), conditioned as either above or below the historic monthly mean. The second conditioning index is based on the geostrophic wind direction (GWD), conditioned as being inside or outside the historic storm quadrant for the month. For each conditioning index, there are two conditioned daily models and they differ in the parameters that relate to both occurrence and intensity and therefore to changes in the distribution of monthly total precipitation. The results of conditioning the daily precipitation on SLP are compared with conditioning on GWD. The GWD conditioned model gave similar results to the SLP conditioned model for the wetter months, but performed poorly for the summer season. Combining the two SLP conditioned daily models into an induced model, which is a mixture of the two chain dependent processes, produces a variance for monthly total precipitation that is closer to the observed value than the unconditioned chain‐dependent model. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
The accident to a Boeing 737, 7T‐VEE, on approach to Coventry Airport on 21 December 1994
Authors: Pike William S
Published: July 2002

Meteorological aspects of a fatal aircraft accident which resulted from collision with a fog‐shrouded 132 Kv suspension transmission tower (an electricity pylon) on approach to Coventry Airport are discussed. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Splitting-merging model of Chinese word
tokenization and segmentation
Authors: YAO YUAN , LUA KIM TEN
Published: July 2002

Currently, word tokenization and segmentation are still a hot topic in natural language
processing, especially for languages like Chinese in which there is no blank space for word
delimitation. Three major problems are faced: (1) tokenizing direction and efficiency; (2)
insufficient tokenization dictionary and new words; and (3) ambiguity of tokenization and
segmentation. Most existing tokenization and segmentation methods have not dealt with the
above problems together. To tackle the three problems in one basket, this paper presents a
novel dictionary-based method called the Splitting-Merging Model (SMM) for Chinese word
tokenization and segmentation. It uses the mutual information of Chinese characters to find the
boundaries and the non-boundaries of Chinese words, and finally leads to a word segmentation
by resolving ambiguities and detecting new words.
A definition and short history of Language Engineering
Authors: CUNNINGHAM HAMISH
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the nature, history and current characteristics of Language Engineering,
which is contrasted with Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics, and
which is shown to have attained its own distinct identity in recent years. Major trends in
the field are examined, including its focus on large-scale practical tasks and on quantitative
evaluation of progress, and its willingness to embrace a diverse range of techniques. The
importance of software engineering in this context is noted, as are some sociological aspects
of the practitioner group.
Continuum model of mnemonic and amnesic phenomena
Authors: LEISMAN GERALD , KOCH PAUL
Published: July 2002

Amnesia in its various forms is characterized by
defects in one or more components of a complex system.
Implantation of short-term memory occurs in the hippocampus,
while long-term memory is essentially located in the neocortex;
these regions are interconnected through complex synaptic
structures. In the hippocampus, physiological data show
that, as predicted by Hebb, excitatory synapses between
nearby excitatory cells become strengthened by simultaneous
activation. In contrast with this local process, the preponderance
of clinical and experimental evidence indicates that cortical
recall of a “memory” is the reconstruction
of fragments stored in different synaptically distant brain
regions. A mathematical model of memory must reconcile
this apparent contradiction as well as explain how many
different memories and “ideas” can be assembled
within a given anatomical area. Continuum theory, which
treats an ensemble of “cell assemblies”
or neural networks, offers a step in this direction. Linear
analysis using this approach shows that it is the nature
of the neural continuum to generate activity waves of wavelength
greater than synaptic connection ranges. These waves grow
under certain circumstances, and their wavelength is controlled
by the synaptic parameters. Both hippocampal and cortical
tissue are subject to such wave growth. In the hippocampus,
the local Hebbian strengthening controls the global wave
growth, making the difference between wave decay and growth.
The cortical wave structure can become very complex, so
that reproducible memory recall as well as “creative
thought” can be accommodated in the theory. Deficits
in the functioning of the system may also be evaluated
potentially by means of “goodness-of-fit” of
the clinical and spatially resolved data with the model.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 593–607.)
Asymmetrical hand force persistence and neuroleptic
treatment in schizophrenia
Authors: PURDON SCOT E. , WOODWARD NEIL D. , FLOR-HENRY PIERRE
Published: July 2002

The recent development of an isometric instrument for
the precise quantification of hand force persistence has
created a novel opportunity for the evaluation of potential
motor asymmetries in schizophrenia and their response to
treatment. A study of asymmetries in the unmedicated state
may provide insight into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia,
whereas alterations of asymmetries in response to antipsychotic
medication could assist the delineation of a cerebral mechanism
for the effects of pharmacotherapy. The hand force persistence
of 21 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia was compared
to 21 age, gender, and handedness matched normal controls.
The effect of neuroleptic treatment on hand force persistence
was then evaluated on a subset of 10 patients after at
least 30 days of treatment. The anticipated asymmetry was
evident in the unmedicated sample that showed impaired
right hand force persistence compared to the normal control
sample. The prospective comparison showed an alleviation
of the asymmetry resulting from an improvement of right
hand force persistence with treatment. In addition to providing
further support to a primary left hemisphere cerebral involvement
in schizophrenia, the present results suggest that prior
investigations of motor asymmetry may have been compromised
by the study of medicated patients. The apparently paradoxical
improvement of motor skill may relate to the substantial
number of patients treated with 2nd generation neuroleptic
medications which may implicate an improvement in left
hemisphere physiology in the cognitive advantages of the
novel treatments. (JINS, 2001, 7, 606–614.)
Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive
testing immediately following sports concussion
Authors: BARR WILLIAM B. , McCREA MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Neuropsychology, with its emphasis on standardized and empirically
based methods, has made a number of scientific contributions
to address growing concerns about concussions resulting from
sports injuries. This study employs a test–retest paradigm
to determine the immediate effects of concussion in high-school
and college athletes. The Standardized Assessment of Concussion
(SAC) was administered to 1,313 male athletes prior to the
beginning of the competitive season. Reliable change indices
and multiple regression models were computed on retest scores
obtained from 68 noninjured athletes who were readministered
the SAC at either 60 or 120 days following baseline testing.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were
used to test these models with data obtained on 50 athletes
tested immediately following concussion. The results indicate
that a decline of 1 point on the SAC at retesting classified
injured and noninjured participants with a level of 94% sensitivity
and 76% specificity. The RCI and multiple regression models
provided comparable levels of group classification, but provided
cut-offs that are conservative for use with this population.
The results support and extend previous research findings
indicating that the SAC is a valid instrument for detecting
the immediate effects of mild traumatic brain injury.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 693–702.)
Neurobehavioral functioning in asymptomatic HIV-1 infected
women
Authors: Stern Robert A. , Arruda James E. , Somerville Jessica A. , Cohen Ronald A. , Boland Robert J. , Stein Michael D. , Martin and Eileen M.
Published: July 2002

Numerous reports have assessed the neuropsychological
functioning of medically asymptomatic HIV-1 infected men.
However, to date there have been no published studies of
the neuropsychological functioning of asymptomatic HIV-1
infected women, even though women represent the fastest-growing
demographic group of HIV-1 infected individuals. In this
investigation, 31 women (17 asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive,
14 seronegative) were administered a battery of neurocognitive
and neuropsychiatric instruments. Participants in both
groups were matched for age, education, months since injection
drug use, and substance use. Group comparisons revealed
no significant differences in any of the neurocognitive
or neuropsychiatric measures. The results of this preliminary
study suggest that clinically significant differences in
neurobehavioral function are unlikely in medically asymptomatic
HIV-1 infected women compared to seronegative controls.
However, additional studies are needed with larger sample
sizes and with careful attention to possible confounding
or masking variables. (JINS, 1998, 4,
172–178.)
Brain structural and cognitive correlates of clock drawing
performance in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: CAHN-WEINER DEBORAH A. , SULLIVAN EDITH V. , SHEAR PAULA K. , FAMA ROSEMARY , LIM KELVIN O. , YESAVAGE JEROME A. , TINKLENBERG JARED R. , PFEFFERBAUM ADOLF
Published: July 2002

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is widely used in
the assessment of dementia and is known to be sensitive
to the detection of deficits in neurodegenerative disorders
such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). CDT performance
is dependent not only on visuospatial and constructional
abilities, but also on conceptual and executive functioning;
therefore, it is likely to be mediated by multiple brain
regions. The purpose of the present study was to identify
component cognitive processes and regional cortical volumes
that contribute to CDT performance in AD. In 29 patients
with probable AD, CDT performance was significantly related
to right-, but not left-hemisphere, regional gray matter
volume. Specifically, CDT score correlated significantly
with the right anterior and posterior superior temporal
lobe volumes. CDT scores showed significant relationships
with tests of semantic knowledge, executive function, and
visuoconstruction, and receptive language. These results
suggest that in AD patients, CDT performance is attributable
to impairment in multiple cognitive domains but is related
specifically to regional volume loss of right temporal
cortex. (JINS, 1999, 5, 502–509.)
Green national accounting: why and how?
Authors: ASHEIM GEIR B.
Published: July 2002

The present paper gives an overview of the theory of green national accounting. Three purposes of green national accounting (measurement of welfare equivalent income, sustainable income, or net social profit) and two measures (Green NNP and wealth equivalent income) are considered. Under the assumption of no exogenous technological progress, Green NNP is shown to equal wealth equivalent income if there is a constant interest rate or if consumption is constant. It is established as a general result that sustainable income [les ] wealth equivalent income [les ] welfare equivalent income, while Green NNP [les ] welfare equivalent income under no exogenous technological progress and a constant utility discount rate. Green NNP is shown to measure gross social profit rather than net social profit.
Situating the invention in interactive music
Authors: IMPETT JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

This article considers the notion of the invention as an instrumental
concept in designing an interactive music system. The derivation of the
idea is traced from Dreyfus' Bach and the Patterns of Invention. Issues of
the nature of the interactive musical context are problematised on the basis
of ideas from Adorno and Lyotard. The invention is presented as a mechanism
for implementing the concepts of the embodiment and distribution of musical
activity, which are shown to be generalisable. The relationship of composer
and computer is considered in the light of a ‘prosthetic culture’. It
is suggested that a crucial property of the invention is that of
self-simulation.
An evolutionary approach to algorithmic composition
Authors: MANZOLLI JONTAS , MORONI ARTEMIS , VON ZUBENS FERNANDO , GUDWIN RICARDO
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an end-user interface that allows realtime parametric
control of sound events resulting in an interactive environment, in which
evolutionary computation is applied to algorithmic composition. The
resulting system, Vox Populi, uses genetic algorithms to generate and
evaluate a sequence of chords played as MIDI data. Harmonic, tonal and
voice range fitness are used to control musical features. Based on the
ordering of consonance of musical intervals, the notion of approximating
a sequence of notes to its harmonically compatible note or tonal centre
is used. This method employs fuzzy formalism and is posited as an
optimisation approach based on factors relevant to hearing music.
LEARNING AND EXCESS VOLATILITY
Authors: Bullard James , Duffy John
Published: July 2002

We introduce adaptive learning behavior into a general-equilibrium life-cycle economy with capital accumulation. Agents form forecasts of the rate of return to capital assets using least-squares autoregressions on past data. We show that, in contrast to the perfect-foresight dynamics, the dynamical system under learning possesses equilibria that are characterized by persistent excess volatility in returns to capital. We explore a quantitative case for theselearning equilibria. We use an evolutionary search algorithm to calibrate a version of the system under learning and show that this system can generate data that matches some features of the time-series data for U.S. stock returns and per-capita consumption. We argue that this finding provides support for the hypothesis that the observed excess volatility of asset returns can be explained by changes in investor expectations against a background of relatively small changes in fundamental factors.
EXPECTATIONS, FORECASTING, AND PERFECT FORESIGHT
Authors: Böhm Volker , Wenzelburger Jan
Published: July 2002

The paper studies the nature of expectations formation rules for
deterministic economic laws with an expectations feedback
within the framework of dynamical systems theory. In such systems,
the expectations formation rules, called predictors, have a dominant
influence. The concept of a perfect predictor, which generates
perfect-foresight orbits, is proposed and analyzed. Necessary and sufficient
conditions are given
for which local as well as global perfect foresight is possible.
The concept is illustrated for the general linear model
as well as for models of the cobweb type. For the standard overlapping
generations model
of economic growth, the existence of perfect predictions depends
strongly on the savings behavior of the agents and on the
technology.
Political Expertise, Interdependent Citizens, and the Value Added Problem in Democratic Politics
Authors: Huckfeldt Robert , Ikeda Ken'ichi , Pappi Franz Urban
Published: July 2002

In this paper we are primarily concerned with political expertise, interest, and agreement as factors that might accelerate the flow of information between citizens. We examine dyadic exchanges of information as a function of two primary sets of factors: the characteristics of the citizens in the dyadic relationship and the characteristics of the larger network within which the dyad is located. Moreover, we compare political communication within dyads across several different national contexts: Germany, Japan, and the United States. We assume that citizens are more likely to obtain information from people they trust, but why do they trust some individuals more than others? Is the frequency of communication predicated on shared political preferences? Or is it based on one citizen's assessment regarding the political expertise of another? The answers to these questions have important implications for whether social communication and social capital create added value in the collective deliberations of democratic politics.
A C. elegans mediator protein confers regulatory selectivity on lineage-specific expression of a transcription factor gene
Authors: Zhang Hong , Emmons Scott W.
Published: July 2002

The Caenorhabditis elegans caudal homolog, pal-1, is required for neurogenesis in the male tail. We show that expression ofpal-1 in the postembryonic neuroblast cell V6 can be initiated by two alternate pathways. One pathway, acting in wild type, requires a regulatory element in the fifth pal-1 intron. The other pathway, independent of this element, is normally repressed by the newly identified gene sop-1, which encodes a homolog of the mammalian Mediator complex protein TRAP230. In sop-1 mutants,pal-1 is activated by a pathway that is stimulated bybar-1/β-catenin, a component of the Wnt signal transduction pathway. The results support a physiological role of the Mediator complex in conveying regulatory signals to the transcriptional apparatus.
Conservation, Regulation, Synteny, and Introns in a Large-scale C. briggsae–C. elegans Genomic Alignment
Authors: Kent W. James , Zahler Alan M.
Published: July 2002

A new algorithm, WABA, was developed for doing large-scale alignments between genomic DNA of different species. WABA was used to align 8 million bases of Caenorhabditis briggsae genomic DNA against the entire 97-million-base Caenorhabditis elegansgenome. The alignment, including C. briggsae homologs of 154 genetically characterized C. elegans genes and many times this number of largely uncharacterized ORFs, can be browsed and searched on the Web (http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/∼kent/intronerator). The alignment confirms that patterns of conservation can be useful in identifying regulatory regions and rarely expressed coding regions. Conserved regulatory elements can be identified inside coding exons by examining the level of divergence at the wobble position of codons. The alignment reveals a bimodal size distribution of syntenic regions. Over 250 introns are present in one species but not the other. The 3′ and 5′ intron splice sites have more similarity to each other in introns unique to one species than in C. elegans introns as a whole, suggesting a possible mechanism for intron removal.