bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Japanese Way of Legal Thinking
Authors: Kawashima Takeyoshi
Published: March 2019

Ladies and gentlemen, it's a very great honor for me to be able to speak to you on the subject entitled, The Japanese Way of Legal Thinking. As you probably know, many westerners believe in a myth which has developed concerning the psychology of the Japanese people. The myth tells us that many things in Japanese culture are completely opposite to everything in the western society. There is some basis for this belief. For example, when we want to call someone to come toward us, we use a wave of the hand for this purpose. However, in western society this signal is almost universally interpreted to mean waving good-bye to the person. Since the end of World War II with increased contacts between Japanese and westerners there has been a greater understanding about the psychology of the Japanese. Today, there seems to be less and less basis for this myth. At the same time, there does, however, exist a way of legal thinking which is specific to Japanese culture and her people.
Laws and Regulations in Japan
Authors: Ishii Goro
Published: March 2019

What the Anglo-American refers to as “law,” the German calls “Recht” and the Frenchman “droit,” the Japanese calls “ho,” a term imported from ancient China. Searching back for its oldest meaning, we find that it is a compound ideograph comprised of a character originally signifying a kind of sacred beast which accused criminals were forced to touch, its reaction instantly determining guilt or innocence, and an abbreviated form of the character for water, an ancient symbol of impartiality. Thus the original meaning combines both the concepts of revealing guilt and of fairness, a characteristic shared with the western terms. In addition, the character is used in numerous other meanings, including institution, restraint, permanence, reason or truth, exemplar, standard, and means.
Current Legal Research in Singapore
Authors: Lian Koh Kheng
Published: March 2019

In one sense, legal research is undertaken by those who teach, by those who practice and by those who judge. While not underestimating the importance of such research, I will focus attention on research with certain objectives: research which is published or intended for publication.
Where to Look for Your Treaties2
Authors: Parry Clive
Published: March 2019

Much of the immense bibliographical problem involved in the study and practice of international law is both predictable and inevitable, following as it does from the fact that the discipline is necessarily international. There is bound to be, that is to say, French, German, Italian and Roumanian documentation in relation to any matter in which the States of France, Germany, Italy and Roumania are equally concerned. Only occasionally are there linguistic, but still not necessarily textual, simplications where two States, such as Spain and Argentina or Australia and the United States, speak the same language. There was of course once a diplomatic tongue—first Latin, later French—with pretensions to universal application. But even in a monophone international society the multiplication of texts is not excluded as the termNotes identiquesmakes clear.
Normalization of Relations Between the United States and China: Acts and Documents
Authors: Sipkov Ivan
Published: March 2019

The normalization of relations and their broadening in various fields between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China was a major historical, political and diplomatic event. It went through several stages and involved types of international acts and documents. Without a doubt, these developments had a definite impact on the internal legislative, administrative and judicial programs and policy of the countries involved. They also affected the community of nations and the relations therein. As a result, they may be grouped into three categories based on their purpose and the countries or international organizations referred to: 1) Relations within the United Nations; 2) U.S.-China relations; and 3) U.S.-Taiwan relations.
Lawyers in Europe
Authors: McNeill Ella
Published: March 2019

This short bibliography compiled by the library staff of the Honourable Society of The Middle Temple, London, under the supervision of Ms. Ella McNeill, Librarian and Keeper of the Records, is intended to draw attention to some of the recent provisions for lawyers wishing to practise in member states of the European Communities.
Photocopying In Australian Libraries Developments In Copyright Law
Authors: Lahore James
Published: March 2019

Problems of copyright infringement involved in the extensive and largely uncontrolled use of coin operated photocopying machines in libraries, particularly University libraries, have become the most acute in Australian copyright law at the present time. These problems are not of course unique to Australia, but the recent decision of the High Court in University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd has created a serious and difficult situation for libraries for which a workable solution has not yet been found. In 1974 the Australian government appointed a Committee, known as the Franki Committee, to examine the question of the reprographic reproduction of copyright works in Australia and to recommend any alterations to the copyright law and any other measures considered necessary to effect a proper balance of interest between owners and users of copyright materials in respect of reprographic reproduction. The Committee has not yet made its report and it is not known whether any recommendations will be made which will assist libraries in arriving at a solution to the legal problems now facing them where selfservice coin operated photocopying machines are made available for use by readers.
Linguistic Obstacles to the Effective Exchange of Legal Documentation
Authors: Bailey James F.
Published: March 2019

When the topic for this paper was first proposed to this author, the exact suggestion was “to write about the language problem as a barrier to publication of legal works in developing countries and their international distribution.” This author must hasten, then, to add that he makes no claim to being an expert in languages and linguistics; however, he does claim some familiarity with foreign languages and foreign law, does have strong interests in these areas, and therefore agreed to attempt such a paper. If he misuses exact linguistic terminology or commits some unwitting faux pas, he begs the reader's indulgence and hopes thereby to avoid igniting any language warfare or great intellectual brou-ha.
A Review of the Lagos University Library Manual Cataloguing Process
Authors: Jegede Oluremi
Published: March 2019

The overriding principle behind cataloguing library books is to be able to describe them in such a way that each book is unique and can be easily identified on the library shelves. This identity is further enhanced by the call-mark assigned to a particular book during the classification process by cataloguers. This operation is one of the highly technical professional duties in the library world. Libraries, therefore place much premium on their cataloguing sections and in some libraries professional librarians who are cataloguers are better remunerated than their colleagues working in other sections.
Report on Proposed National Periodicals Center in the United States
Authors: Hood Howard A.
Published: March 2019

Recognizing the high value of information and knowledge, as well as the need for a safe and efficiently retrievable storage of the records of such knowledge, the Congress of the United States established some years ago an independent agency known as the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. This agency was entrusted with the responsibility of developing and recommending a plan leading to the improvement of library and information services in the United States. Its work has progressed slowly. Various committees and task forces have been appointed, and they are in the process of conducting their investigations and preparing their reports.
Thesaurus Problems as Exemplified by the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals
Authors: Steiner W. A.
Published: March 2019

The present reporter has been associated with the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (IFLP) from its inception in 1959, first as Assistant Editor and, for the last five years, als General Editor; his remarks will be confined to matters of which he has had direct experience in his work for the IFLP.
The Australian Law Librarians’ Group
Authors: Brian Rob
Published: March 2019

Since my last report in this Journal (vol. 1, no. 1, March, 1973, pp. 9-15) quite a few things have happened in the law library field in Australia. I shall deal with the more tangible items first.
Principal Source Material on European Community Legislation
Authors: Gerald F. N. Fitz , Emringer L.
Published: March 2019

The international seminar on selected law problems of the European Communities, organized by IALL at the European Academy in Bergisch-Gladbach near Cologne in August 1975, brought out clearly the difficulty, for those external to the secretariats of the different Community institutions, of identifying the source-texts of Community law. Even the Community speakers themselves were not always sure-footed in their passage through the documentary morass. This note is an attempt to set up a few rudimentary signposts.
Law Libraries and Law Collections in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Kreuzer Karl
Published: March 2019

Law libraries are the stepchildren of legal and general library literature. This observation made by Kurt Schwerin a decade ago is still valid in the Federal Republic of Germany. No comprehensive publications exist to describe the history, current status or the prospective tasks of our law libraries. The few articles published on the topic describe only one library or one group of libraries. The reports published by juridical institutes often contain useful information on the respective libraries. Another source of information on law libraries may be found in the guides published by several law libraries to facilitate the use of their holdings.
The American Association of Law Libraries 1906–1973
Authors: Boner Marian
Published: March 2019

In the spring of 1906 the librarian of the Iowa State Library wrote to a few of his colleagues suggesting that at the next meeting of the American Library Association they should join in establishing an organization of law librarians. Accordingly, in July of that year, they gathered at Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island, and organized the American Association of Law Libraries. The twenty-four original members were almost equally divided between States libraries, law school libraries, and local or county bar associations. These groups still form a large part of the membership, although government libraries and private firm collections are also strongly represented.
Scholarship and Grants Program
Authors: Bird Viola A.
Published: March 2019

In the twenty years that the scholarship program has been in operation it has undergone many changes but has experienced a steady and meaningful development. It came into existence in 1953 when funds contributed by law book publishers made it possible for three young members to attend the first institute and annual meeting. In spite of the changes which have been made since then, the program has never lost sight of its initial purpose: “to give financial assistance to people who possess potential ability in law librarianship and who show promise of future usefulness and permanence in the profession.”
A Review of the Literature on the Antitrust Laws of the United States
Authors: Calvani Terry
Published: March 2019

The attempt by the United States government to preserve competition and its benefits has produced a succession of legislation, popularly known as the antitrust laws, which began with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. This law prohibits combinations in restraint of trade and monopolization of trade. The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 established a federal agency to enforce antitrust and outlawed “unfair” competition. The Clayton Act, passed in the same year and amended by the Robinson–Patman Act in 1936, forbids price discrimination, mergers, and other actions when judged destructive of competition.

These statutes have generated an enormous quantity of litigation and have stimulated a plethora of literature. The following article, written by an expert who teaches and writes in the. field of antitrust, describes the more important works on the subject which, taken together, could constitute a basic collection of antitrust literature for law libraries inside and outside the United Slates.
Law Book Trade in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Schwarz Volker
Published: March 2019

The Federal Republic of Germany, including West Berlin, has some 9,000 commercial enterprises engaged in publishing and book distribution. Of these, 2,268 are Verlage (publishing houses) located in 480 cities and 6,672 are Buchhandlungen (bookstores) in 1,585 cities. By far the largest number of the better-known enterprises are concentrated in Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich and Stuttgart. Most publishing houses are small to medium-sized. In 1975 one-third produced only one imprint a year. Three-quarters of all publishers produced between one and ten imprints a year. Only 3 per cent of all publishers produced between 51 to 100 imprints a year and 2.6 per cent more than 100 imprints. Approximately 70 per cent of all publishers have a yearly turnover of up to one million DM and 70 per cent of the bookstores have a turnover of up to DM 500,000. Some 60 publishing houses have placed emphasis in their production on works dealing with law and public administration. Between 100 to 200 bookstores specialize in the distribution of this literature.
Le perfectionnement et la systematisation de la législation en Roumanie
Authors: Jakota Mihai , Piticaru Gheorghe
Published: March 2019

Considerable changes took place in Romanian law after the conclusion of the Second World War and the establishment of the Romanian Socialist Republic. Pre-war legislation was not abolished in toto. It was replaced gradually by new laws more suited to the new government programs.

During the early period of legislative change and reform, there was no option for systematic and codified modification of the existing law. Therefore, a greater than usual emphasis was placed on ministerial decrees, orders, instructions, and regulations. These, as well as the regulations and instructions of other government agencies, proliferated extensively. More recently, some of these temporary legislative methods either have been repealed or have become obsolete through passage of time.

The ensuing uncertainty of repealed statutes and other legislative provisions eventually led to the adoption of the following legal measures:

1)

Establishment of a consultative body, known as the Legislative Council;

2)

Creation of a register (or index) of legislation in force (for this purpose the entire legislation before 1973 was scanned and, as a result, 2300 laws and other legislative acts were cancelled and another 3000 were found to have lost significance);

3)

Establishment of a clear program of legislation, with fixed objectives for the areas of law requiring improvement and codification;

4)

Formulation of a set of rules (methodology) governing all legislative activity and dealing with the initiation and passage of legislation, legislative drafting, delegation of legislative power, public discussion of legislative projects, and other matters pertaining to the making of laws.
The Italian Parliament and Legislative Publications: A Concise Survey
Authors: Pisano Vittorfranco S.
Published: March 2019

This year the Italian Parliament celebrates the thirtieth anniversary of its formation under the Republican Constitution of 1947, which went into effect on January 1st of the following year. Because of the parliamentary system established by the Constitution, the role of the Italian Parliament extends far beyond the law-making function.
United States Tax Materials: A Selected Bibliography for the Foreign Attorney
Authors: Schoenblum Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2019

The foreign attorney new to the field of US taxation is likely to find it an alien, frustrating terrain, crisscrossed by a forbidding network of vaguely interrelated statutory provisions. His initial reaction will undoubtedly be to seek out a competent text to guide him through the maze. But selecting the right text may prove a chore in itself. Some works assume an initial familiarity with the area which the attorney will lack; others may gloss over a particular point of interest or not address it at all; conversely, the work may narrowly focus on an aspect of taxation with which the attorney has little concern.
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Guide to Research and Literature
Authors: Germain Claire M.
Published: March 2019

On January 1, 1988, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the Convention) became effective in the United States. In general, the Convention (also referred to as the “Vienna Sales Convention,” the “Sales Convention,” the “CISG,” or the “UN Convention”) applies to contracts for the sale of goods between enterprises having their places of business in different countries, provided these countries have adopted the Convention. Freedom of contract, however, is a fundamental principle of the Convention, and the parties may opt out or modify the effects of its provisions.
The Wide World of the World-Wide Web
Authors: Raisch Marylin J.
Published: March 2019

A prominent jurist once described the law as a “seamless web.” This description of linked knowledge actually applies to all fields of scholarship and investigation, and it is not only lawyers who experience the need to move through the library constantly, each open text citing another or suggesting another avenue of inquiry. The pile of open books on the library table, and the constant recourse to catalogue and stacks, epitomize the image and the process of textual research, both for the advanced scholar and for the school-child writing her first essay. Computers clearly have the capacity to enhance the quality of our lives, but in my opinion their contribution to library reference work lies chiefly in this: to liberate us from the “up-and-down-and-fetch” mode of research as well as the “scissors-and-paste” method of text revision. This liberation is promised today in the hypertext features of all Windows-based or icon-clicking applications in use now, particularly with the incorporation of graphics and images, be they decorative or illustrative, from Netscape creatures to art, archaeology, or architecture.
The Official Version Authenticating, Preserving and Citing Legal Information in Digital Form
Authors: Crocker C. Anne
Published: March 2019

In November of 1997, the Canadian Association of Law Libraries/Association canadienne des bibliothèques de droit, and the Legal Research Network staged a symposium titled The Official Version. The purpose of the symposium was to address some of the problems and challenges related to legal documentation in digital form. Most of us in the profession in Canada refer to it as “the summit”, an allusion to the rather arrogant sub-title: “A National Summit to Solve the Problems of Authenticating, Preserving and Citing Legal Information in Digital Form”.
Self-Executing Treaties and the Impact of International Law on National Legal Systems: A Research Guide
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie
Published: March 2019

The effects of international law on the domestic legal order of the various countries of the world are manifold and so are the issues covered in this bibliography. In some countries, some international treaties or treaty provisions can be invoked before and applied by national judges. These are the so-called self-executing treaties or treaty provisions. Whether treaties are self-executing is a domestic legal question for national judges to decide on an ad hoc basis. In other countries, no treaty can be applied by a national judge unless it has been transformed into national legislation by an act of the national legislature. The concept of self-executing treaties has much less significance in these countries. This difference relates to two theories of international law known as monism and dualism. Under these theories, the international and domestic legal order are considered as one indivisible hierarchy or as two separate hierarchies respectively.
Electronic Publication of Scholarly Information in Law: A View from the United States
Authors: Danner Richard A.
Published: March 2019

This article examines the potential effects of the developing user-centered, networked information environment on scholarly communication in law. By “user-centered, networked information environment,” I mean the emerging environment for legal research and scholarship, in which most seekers and users of legal information will have ready desktop access to a networked computer and to applications that will allow them to communicate with colleagues around the world and enable them to retrieve increasing amounts of the information they need to be productive directly via the Internet, without needing to rely on locally held print sources.
Estonian Legal Culture on the Threshold to the 21st Century
Authors: Järvelaid Peeter
Published: March 2019

The Republic of Estonia is one of those European countries for which the year 1918 meant a deep and radical change in the development of their states. During the last decade, these states – Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic (the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in 1918), Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have all become Member States of or applicant countries to the European Union. On 28 July 1922, the Republic of Estonia was de jure recognized by the Government of the United States. This was an important act, since soon afterwards, on 22 September 1922, Estonia became a member of the League of Nations. Estonia had thus become a subject of international law.
Legislative Research: Essential Roles and Standards of Excellence
Authors: Robinson William H.
Published: March 2019

“Knowledge willforever govern ignorance; and if a people would govern themselves, theymustfirst arm themselves with the power that knowledge brings.”

James Madison (4th President of the United States, and credited with being the primary author of the U.S. Constitution)

The founding fathers of the U.S. Constitution had an abiding faith in the power that knowledge bestows. The notion that “knowledge is power” dates back to the teachings of philosophers (from Bacon to Nietzsche), and was understood and practiced long before that by statesmen, scoundrels, and spies of all ages. The ancient Chinese ruled for millennia by maintaining a monopoly on knowledge and education.
Women's Rights and Legislative Reforms: An Overview
Authors: Agnes Flavia
Published: March 2019

The Indian Constitution with its mandate of equality (Art. 14), non-discrimination on the basis of sex (Art. 15) positive discrimination in favor of women (or affirmative action) (Art. 15(3)) equality and non-discrimination in employment and service conditions (Art. 16), right to life and liberty (Art.21) is an important instrument for the protection of women in India. Although certain protective legislation was enacted in the first thirty years after the Constitution came into being, it is only during the last three decades that women's concerns were highlighted in the official discourse and in the public domain. One major contributory factor towards this change has been the Report of the Status of Committee for Women brought out in 1974 as the background country paper for the forthcoming United Nations Conference in 1975 – the International Year of the Women.
Academic Libraries and Copyright Issues in Ghana: The University of Ghana in Focus
Authors: Darkey Emmanuel Mensah , Akussah Harry
Published: March 2019

This paper briefly outlines what copyright is, the main actors in the copyright phenomenon, and the need to maintain a balance among them. The paper further discusses the difficulty in upholding copyright in relation to access to information in the University of Ghana, problems associated with the use of digital materials, the inadequacy of the permitted use principle, and the failure of copyright legislation to address the needs of the library and other groups or institutions.
Danish Data Protection with Respect to Law Libraries
Authors: Blume Peter
Published: March 2019

Data protection and information privacy are essential parts of lex informatica. The purpose of legal rules is to sustain a modern development and adjustment of the fundamental right to privacy, taking the realities of the information society into consideration. The aim is to protect the individual against misuse of personal information that may violate the private sphere and simultaneously to protect against surveillance with the purpose of governing behavior. Privacy protection is furthermore important, since personal information, which always has had economic value to a much larger degree, has become a commodity today. There are many reasons sustaining data protection, and legal regulation is very broad covering all parts of society. Merely a fragment of this issue is being considered in the following.
The Past and Present of South African Law
Authors: du Bois François
Published: March 2019

In January 1672, nearly twenty years after the Dutch East India Company had established an outpost at Africa's Cape of Good Hope, a case was adjudicated by the rudimentary local judicial body, the Council of Justice, the significance of which was evident even then. The facts were simple. Members of the indigenous population were accused of having robbed and assaulted European servants of the Company. The legal question before the Council, however, was an intricate one. Did it have jurisdiction over the accused and could it apply to them the same law as would have been applied if the roles of perpetrator and victim had been reversed? The prosecutor successfully urged an affirmative answer. Citingthe Roman Emperor Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis, he argued that: “Since the law of nature is implanted in all reasonable creatures, the Hottentots cannot be excluded therefrom. They are consequently subject to the law of nature and therefore also the law of nations …”
Indexing Open Access Law Journals…or Maybe Not
Authors: Hart Edward T.
Published: March 2019

At the 2007 Charleston Conference, Elaine Yontz and Jack Fisher, library science professor and librarian respectively at Valdosta State University, gave a presentation on their study of indexing by the leading information science indexers of the seventy-eight open access journals (OAJ) listed for library and information science in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). They discovered that less than 47% of the journals listed in the DOAJ were indexed. Additional observations made were the relative newness of many of the library science journal titles listed in DOAJ, the breadth of languages in which OAJ were being published, and the quality of many of the publishers or groups behind the journals. Yontz and Fisher are concerned that American scholars overlook these potentially helpful journals because of the lack of indexing.
Under the Turkish Blanket Legislation: The Recovery of Cultural Property Removed from Turkey
Authors: Özel Sibel
Published: March 2019

The modern Turkish state arose from remnants of ancient civilizations. The remains of these civilizations represent Anatolian history and reveal much about life in ancient times.
A Binding Separation: The New Zealand-Australia Partnership in Free Access to Law
Authors: Buckingham Donna
Published: March 2019

While both New Zealand and Australia have a shared history, each tells a separate story of sovereignty. Both began as British colonies and, when Australia became a federation in 1901, there was opportunity for New Zealand to join. It chose not to do so. To use an image from Moori, New Zealand's indigenous language, it decided to paddle its own waka (canoe). A century and a bit later, the New Zealand Legal Information Institute (NZLII) is another iteration of that drive to differentiate, born of a hope that an indigenous online identity might help to build more comprehensive free access to its legal information.
IALL 2011 Conference Report: The 30th Annual Course on International Law Librarianship†
Authors: Morante Montse
Published: March 2019

The 30th Annual Course on International Law Librarianship was held in Kuala Lumpur, between the 4-8 December 2011, thanks to the hospitality of the University of Malaya. The venue was the Faculty of Law and all the lectures took place at the Auditorium Tun Mohamed Suffian. Seventy-eight delegates arrived from seventeen countries to Malaysia's capital to learn about the Dynamics of Malaysian Law in the Global World.
Meeting the Needs of Comparative and International Legal Research in Australia: A Library Project—A Report and Proposal*
Authors: Rowe Gerard C. , Brian Rob
Published: March 2019

Common Law systems have always practiced a fairly consistent comparative legal research and scholarship. Initially through the mere exportation of rules and principles from England this was a somewhat centripetal comparative law but it has passed through various modes of radial, circumferential, centrifugal and ultimately polycentric comparisons and cross-fertilizations. Nevertheless, this exercise in comparative law, also in Australia, has remained largely within the boundaries of the Common Law world. It is no longer possible for legal research to be conducted wholly within the boundaries of a single legal system, even that of the enlarged Common Law. Legal researchers need to look beyond the borders of their own jurisdictions. Hardly any legal system today is capable of operating without international interactions requiring a knowledge of foreign legal systems, and many legal problems, or socio-economic problems which law must help to solve, may find useful models elsewhere. In Australia there are needs for reform in fields such as intellectual property, banking or consumer law, and for providing qualified advice including predictions of developments in foreign legal systems to ensure that foreign commerce and trade is fully informed of potential benefits and disadvantages to be found under foreign law. Australia must also be able to take its proper place in fields such as international environmental protection, and to take advantage of potentially beneficial developments in dispute resolution techniques. All of these situations are ones in which, by looking outside their national and even Common Law framework, Australian legal researchers will be better placed to provide concrete benefits to Australian society.
UNHCR, Human Rights and Refugees Collection and Dissemination of Sources
Authors: Mason Elisa
Published: March 2019

In a statement to the 52nd session of the Commission on Human Rights, then UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali characterized Geneva as the “city of human rights.” Interestingly, the first organization he used to illustrate his point was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. While others may share this view of UNHCR as a “human rights organization,” UNHCR–at least on the policy level-has been slower to adopt this self-image. At the same time, it is easy to categorize UNHCR's Centre for Documentation and Research (CDR) as a “refugee and human rights” information centre because it sets out specifically to collect materials which fall within the human rights domain. To give you a better sense of the context in which CDR develops its collections, I would like to first review UNHCR's activities as they relate to refugees and human rights, then conduct a brief demonstration of a database which provides access to a significant repository of human rights documentation. Then you can decide for yourselves whether or not UNHCR indeed qualifies as a “human rights organization”!
How to Conduct Research in Russian Law
Authors: Roudik Peter
Published: March 2019

The basis of the current and future Russian legal system has been determined in the Constitution of 1993, which proclaims Russia to be a democratic federal law-based state with a republican form of government. Like the basic laws of the majority of the other post-communist states, the constitution balances description with prescription. It is a transformational document, which accepts reality while aspiring to something greater. Therefore, discussing the laws of Russia and of the other former Soviet republics (all of which during the last five years adopted new Constitutions), we have to take into account the realities of political life, which may explain many existing difficulties with the implementation of all these laws.
Indigenous Rights: Recent Developments in International Law
Authors: Debeljak Julie
Published: March 2019

“Indigenous peoples have been deprived of vast land holdings, and access to life sustaining resources, and they have suffered … activ[e] suppress[ion of] their political and cultural institutions. As a result indigenous people have been crippled economically and socially, their cohesiveness as communities has been damaged or threatened, and the integrity of their cultures has been undermined.”
The Irish Legal System
Authors: Binchy William
Published: March 2019

It is perhaps the vanity of every generation to believe that it is experiencing a unique moment of radical cultural transformation; yet there do seem grounds for believing that this is so in relation to the Irish legal system. In the past decade there have been changes, at a structural and philosophical level, of an intensity that has not previously occurred over centuries.
Library of Congress Religious Law Classification Schedules: Elegant, Flexible and User-Friendly
Authors: Diamond Lucia
Published: March 2019

The Library of Congress recently issued new classification schedules for the law of the Roman Catholic Church and for the History of Canon Law. The schedules were developed by Dr. Jolande E. Goldberg of the Library of Congress with input from librarians and scholars from many countries. During the final months of their development, we spoke, individually and together, to several groups of librarians to introduce them to the elegant structure of these forthcoming schedules and to get reaction from librarians who had, and had not been, involved earlier in the development process. My role was to provide some context to the content of the schedules. I discussed the concept of religious law for purposes of these schedules and introduced the historical development of religious law, particularly that of the Roman Catholic Church.
Why the First Law School in the United States was Established in Connecticut
Authors: Collier Christopher
Published: March 2019

The education of all lawyers everywhere in the British American colonies before 1784 was by apprenticeship. Aspirants to the profession, usually without any prior college education at all, read law in the office of an established practitioner. The most important part of this training occurred during the sessions of the local, county, and colony courts when the neophyte would observe, listen carefully, and take notes. After a time, sometimes only months, sometimes two to three years, the student would be examined cursorily and, with senior members of the bar attesting to his good character, admitted to practice. A few whose parents could afford it would travel to London and read law there at the Inns of Court.
Central and Eastern Europe & The Republics of the Former Soviet Union: Guide to Current Sources of Laws and Other Documents in English
Authors: Kiszely Marta
Published: March 2019

Due to the rapid changes in the legal systems of Central and Eastern European countries and the republics of the former Soviet Union, the question that researchers and librarians nowadays face is how to get current foreign materials in English in a reliable published form. Only two years ago the problem was that there were no comprehensive, consistent, and current sources in English translations. Today the problem is not so much finding sources as being certain of the reliability and continuity of the available sources. There is a boom in new publications and services (both primary and secondary, both in paper and in electronic format), but one cannot always count on them for timely, regular publication, and consistent scope of coverage.
More Organizational Changes at the United Nations
Authors: Schaaf Robert W.
Published: March 2019

As noted in the last column (IJLI, v. 22, no. 1) a number of organizational changes occurred in major United Nations organs in the summer of 1993 prior to the opening of the 48th session of the General Assembly, September 21, 1993. Even minor changes are likely to affect the Organization's documentation and details are provided to help explain. The preceding column concentrated on changes in the Security Council, but this time concentration is on the General Assembly, the only organ in which all 184 states are members.
The Protection of Human Rights in the European Union: Overview and Bibliography
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie
Published: March 2019

The treaties establishing the European Communities (“EC”) are virtually silent on the protection of human rights. Some earlier, more ambitious plans for European integration, the European Defense Community and the draft Statute of a European Political Community, dealt with the issue to some extent. However, these plans had failed and the EC founding fathers wanted to confine the treaty to the bare necessities of an economic community. They probably also thought that as the scope of Community law was essentially limited to economic and technical issues, human rights problems would not occur. Judicial practice would prove the contrary.
The Possible Dream: Perfecting Bilingual Law Dictionaries by Distinguishing Better Examples from Bad Examples
Authors: Kim-Prieto Dennis , van Laer Conrad J.P.
Published: March 2019

As the practice of law crosses national (and linguistic) borders with increasing frequency, the need for tools that facilitate the transnational practice of law becomes more acute. Bilingual legal dictionaries (BLDs) are one critical such tool, as they offer access to legal systems as well as the languages of these systems. Unfortunately, librarians have offered scant criticism of BLDs, many of which are not particularly useful. This article summarizes critical problems with BLDs and offers an approach to resolving these problems by focusing upon the quality of the entries, or definitions, that BLDs provide.
Ecological requirements and relative impact of threats affecting the Austral RailRallus antarcticus: monitoring methodology considerations for an imperative conservation status re-evaluation
Authors: DE MIGUEL ANDRÉS , FASOLA LAURA , ROESLER IGNACIO , MARTIN LUCÍA , COSSA NATALIA , GIUSTI EMILIA
Published: March 2019

Since its rediscovery in 1998, two major threats have been mentioned for the enigmatic Austral RailRallus antarcticus: cattle management by burning grass and rushes and predation by American minkNeovison vison. Added to the lack of a protocol to monitor this secretive bird, ever-growing threats make it necessary to study its global situation in depth to take accurate and urgent management decisions. We firstly studied how threats to the Austral Rail currently impact their occupancy and relative density (RD) at a wetland scale and habitat features associated with its presence at survey site scale inside wetlands in Santa Cruz province, Argentina. We additionally developed a monitoring protocol to detect the rail effectively and promptly by studying responses to playback with two different vocalisations at different times of the day and season. Both threats evaluated were negatively related to occupancy and RD of the Austral Rail, especially mink presence appearing to have an additive effect. We propose American mink control as crucial for Austral Rail conservation, while it would also be necessary to conserve a portion of wetlands exempt from burning and cattle presence. At survey sites, its presence was positively related with c.1–1.5 m tall rushes, whilst rails avoided low- density rush areas that resulted after management of rushes with fire to create pasture. To detect rails, both vocalisations can be confidently used at any time of the day and season. The poor knowledge about species ecology, mismanagement of vegetation in wetlands, expansion of American mink in Patagonia, construction on two dams in the Santa Cruz river basin, added to the already modified humidity conditions due to global climate change, force us to suggest that the Austral Rail should be considered as globally ‘Endangered’ (EN), to ensure the consideration of the species in management decisions.
Money and modernization in early modern England
Authors: Palma Nuno
Published: March 2019

Classic accounts of the English industrial revolution present a long period of stagnation followed by a fast take-off. However, recent findings of slow but steady per capita economic growth suggest that this is a historically inaccurate portrait of early modern England. This growth pattern was in part driven by specialization and structural change accompanied by an increase in market participation at both the intensive and extensive levels. These, I argue, were supported by the gradual increase in money supply made possible by the importation of precious metals from America. They enabled a substantial increase in the monetization and liquidity levels of the economy, hence decreasing transaction costs, increasing market thickness, changing the relative incentive for participating in the market and allowing agglomeration economies to arise. By making trade with Asia possible, precious metals also induced demand for new desirable goods, which in turn encouraged market participation. Finally, the increased monetization and market participation made tax collection easier. This helped the government to build up fiscal capacity and as a consequence to provide for public goods. The structural change and increased market participation that ensued paved the way for modernization.
Semi-liberal constitutionalism
Authors: STOPLER GILA
Published: March 2019

The article examines the conceptual category of semi-liberal constitutionalism and offers some thoughts on the unique normative challenges that arise in the resolution of human rights conflicts in semi-liberal constitutional systems. Under the definition offered a semi-liberal constitutional system is a system that meets two conditions: first, it exhibits a simultaneous dual normative commitment to liberal rights and principles and to other values or interests that result in enduring and significant restrictions on some of these rights; second, this dual normative commitment is constitutive and is expressed in the basic elements of the system. Describing the problem of shaping and interpreting normative commitments in a semi-liberal constitutional regime, the article argues that an insufficient understanding of semi-liberal normativity may result in skewed reasoning by both courts and policymakers trying to resolve human rights conflicts in semi-liberal constitutional regimes, because the application of liberal rights reasoning in semi-liberal settings neglects the power differentials inherent in such systems and tends to overprotect the rights of some at the expense of the rights of others. Offering Israel as an example of a semi-liberal constitutional system and using one aspect of its semi-liberal nature – the structure of its religion–state relations and specifically of its religious personal laws – the article analyses three decisions of the Israeli Supreme Court, pointing to the special difficulties arising in such settings and offering critiques and corrections to the Court’s rulings where applicable.
Homelessness at discharge and its impact on psychiatric readmission and physician follow-up: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Laliberté V. , Stergiopoulos V. , Jacob B. , Kurdyak P.
Published: March 2019

Aims

A significant proportion of adults who are admitted to psychiatric hospitals are homeless, yet little is known about their outcomes after a psychiatric hospitalisation discharge. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of being homeless at the time of psychiatric hospitalisation discharge on psychiatric hospital readmission, mental health-related emergency department (ED) visits and physician-based outpatient care.

Methods

This was a population-based cohort study using health administrative databases. All patients discharged from a psychiatric hospitalisation in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 2011 and 31 March 2014 (N = 91 028) were included and categorised as homeless or non-homeless at the time of discharge. Psychiatric hospitalisation readmission rates, mental health-related ED visits and physician-based outpatient care were measured within 30 days following hospital discharge.

Results

There were 2052 (2.3%) adults identified as homeless at discharge. Homeless individuals at discharge were significantly more likely to have a readmission within 30 days following discharge (17.1 v. 9.8%; aHR = 1.43 (95% CI 1.26–1.63)) and to have an ED visit (27.2 v. 11.6%; aHR = 1.87 (95% CI 1.68–2.0)). Homeless individuals were also over 50% less likely to have a psychiatrist visit (aHR = 0.46 (95% CI 0.40–0.53)).

Conclusion

Homeless adults are at higher risk of readmission and ED visits following discharge. They are also much less likely to receive post-discharge physician care. Efforts to improve access to services for this vulnerable population are required to reduce acute care service use and improve care continuity.
The Weight Loss Effects of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin B6: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Obese and Overweight Women
Authors: Novin Zahra Shakibay , Ghavamzadeh Saeed , Mehdizadeh Alireza
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), with vitamin B6 have been reported to improve fat metabolism and muscle synthesis. We hypothesized that supplementation with BCAA and vitamin B6 would result in more weight loss and improve body composition and blood markers related to cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to determine whether the mentioned supplementation would affect weight loss, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors during weight loss intervention. To this end, we performed a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial in 42 overweight and obese women (BMI = 25–34.9 kg/m2). Taking a four-week moderate deficit calorie diet (–500 kcal/day), participants were randomized to receive BCAA (6 g/day) with vitamin B6 (40 mg/day) or placebo. Body composition variables measured with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis, homeostatic model assessment, and plasma insulin, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar were measured. The result indicated that, weight loss was not significantly affected by BCAA and vitamin B6 supplementation (–2.43 ± 1.02 kg) or placebo (–1.64 ± 1.48 kg). However, significant time × treatment interactions in waist to hip ratio (P = 0.005), left leg lean (P = 0.004) and right leg lean (P = 0.023) were observed. Overall, supplementation with BCAA and vitamin B6 could preserve legs lean and also attenuated waist to hip ratio.