bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of and Calcium Requirements for Histamine Release from Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells Treated with Concanavalin A
Authors: Truneh A. , Pearce F.L.
Published: July 2009

Concanavalin A (Con A) produced a selective release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells in the presence and absence of added calcium. Secretion under both conditions was enhanced by adenosine, but only the former release was potentiated by phosphatidyl serine (PS). The latter release was abolished by depletion of intracΕllular reservoirs of calcium and probably reflected mobilization of these stores. A brief exposure to chelating agents enhanced the response to Con A whereas supramaximal concentrations of calcium depressed the response. This result suggests that superficial calcium-stores in the membrane may regulate movement of the cation into the cytosol. The activated state induced by Con A and PS was particularly stable and did not decay with time over a 30 min period. The kinetics of the release process were independent of added calcium, indicating that calcium-translocation is not the rate-limiting step in the exocytotic mechanism.
Metabolic Requirements for Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte Lipoxygenase Activity
Authors: Walker J.R. , Parish H.A.
Published: July 2009

Lipoxygenase product formation by rabbit PMNs on exposure to the divalent ionophore A23187 was dependent upon pH, metabolic energy and substrate availablity. Formation of 5-HETE and 5,12-diHETE (the major arachidonate oxygenation products) was inhibited by calcium depletion, by the metabolic inhibitors iodoacetate and 2-deoxy-glucose, and by the substrate inhibitor TYA. The reaction had a pH optimum of 7.0–7.5 Colchicine, cytochalasin B and isoprenaline had no significant effects on HETE formation.
Depression of Contact Sensitivity to Oxazolone by the Paramyxovirus of Newcastle Disease
Authors: Caruso Calogero , Palmeri Patrizia , Dieli Francesco , Bellina Livia , Benvegna Salvatore , Cillari Enrico , Salerno Alfredo
Published: July 2009

The paramyxovirus of Newcastle disease (NDV) impairs the contact sensitivity to oxazolone in CBA/J mice: in vitro treatment with the infectious virus inhibits the passive transfer of contact sensitivity. Experiments performed with three different virus preparations demonstrate that only the infectious virus is able to inhibit the hypersensitivity reaction while treatment of virus by heat or ultraviolet irradiation wipes out its inhibitory activity. These results suggest that I-NDV depresses the response to oxazolone by its action on T immunoblasts which mediate the response to contactant.
T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Chronic Dermatophytosis
Authors: Petrini Björn , Kaaman Taavi
Published: July 2009

T lymphocytes with Fc receptors for IgM (Tm cells) or IgG (Tg cells), known under certain conditions to exert help or suppression, and T-helper and T-suppressor cells, defined by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies, were determined in 7 patients with chronic dermatophytosis. There appeared to be a relation between severity of the disease and decreased proportion of Tm cells with concomitant increase of Tg cells. However, only in 1 severe case there was also a shift of T-helper and T-suppressor cells as defined by monoclonal antibodies.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Autoantibody Response
Authors: Fujiwara Michio , Kariyone Ai
Published: July 2009

In spleen of normal mice, there are relatively large numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) against syngeneic or allogeneic red blood cells treated with bromelain (Br. MRBC) and the numbers of PFC remarkably increase by the injection of bacterial lipopolysacchaiide (LPS). In this report, age-related change in the anti-Br. MRBC PFC response was studied in vivo and in vitro. It was revealed that mean numbers of splenic anti-Br. MRBC PFC increased in both untreated and LPS-injected mice with age (3–14 months). The increase in anti-Br.MRBC PFC detected in LPS-stimulated spleen was dependent on the numbers of PFC in untreated spleen, but not related to the numbers of anti-TNP PFC nor the degree of 3H-thymidine incorporation assessed in in vitro culture. These results imply that enhanced anti-Br.MRBC PFC response was not merely due to polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes. Reasons for increased PFC numbers were analyzed in special references to suppressor activities. The experimental results were obtained suggesting that suppressors were not involved in anti-Br.MRBC PFC response. There were also no marked differences in the acceptability of suppressive signals between young and older spleen cells. It was concluded that hightened anti-Br.MRBC PFC response in older mice might be due to spontaneous increase in the size of Br.MRBC-reactive clone.
Lymphokine Production by PHA-Stimulated Human Lymphocytes is Enhanced by Interferon
Authors: Blomgren Henric , Einhorn Stefan
Published: July 2009

Human interferon (IFN) was examined for its capacity to modify the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-triggered release of mitogenic factors (MF) from human lymphocytes in vitro. It was observed that the presence of partially purified leukocyte IFN (IFN-α) during the PHA pulsing of the lymphocytes increased their subsequent release of factors which were mitogenic for fractionated T cells. A similar effect was also observed when lymphocytes were exposed to IFN-α prior to PHA pulsing. The possibility that substances in the IFN preparations other than IFN are responsible for the above effect is ruled out by the finding that a pure fibroblast IFN (IFN-β) preparation also augmented the MF release by PHA-pulsed lymphocytes.
Suppression of IgE Antibody Response by the Fatty Acid-Modified Antigen
Authors: Segawa Akihisa , Borges Mario Sanchez , Yokota Yoshihiro , Matsushima Ayako , Inada Yuji , Tada Tomio
Published: July 2009

Ovalbumin (OA) of hens was chemically coupled with fatty acids (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid). These hydrophobically modified antigens were unable to react with mouse antiserum against native OA and were incapable of eliciting primary and secondary anti-OA antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Preadministration of these modified antigens, especially of palmitoyl OA (OA-pal), suppressed both primary and secondary anti-OA IgE antibody responses without affecting IgG antibody production. Administration of OA-pal after the primary immunization resulted in a rapid decrease of the ongoing anti-OA IgE antibody production and inhibited the anamnestic anti-OA IgE antibody response upon subsequent immunization with OA. The passive transfer of spleen cells from OA-pal-treated animals with OA-primed spleen cells suppressed the adoptive secondary anti-OA IgE antibody response in irradiated recipients. The suppressive effect was abrogated by treatment with an anti-T-cell antiserum indicating that suppressor T cells were primed by administration of hydrophobically modified antigens.
T Cell Subpopulations and Their Functions in vitro
Authors: Gu Shao-Qui , Ros Anne-Marie , von Stedingk Lars-Victor , Thyresson Nils , Wasserman Jerzy
Published: July 2009

T lymphocyte subpopulations and their in vitro activities were determined in patients with alopecia areata (AA) and alopecia universalis (AU). The frequencies of T cells with receptors for IgG and T cells with receptors for IgM were determined in 16 cases. The IgG and IgM production of B lymphocytes cocultured with autologous and allogeneic T lymphocytes in the presence of PWM was determined in 12 and 9 cases, respectively, and the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of unfractionated lymphocytes was examined in 6 cases. Patients with AA and AU had a higher proportion of Tg cells and more pronounced ADCC of unfractionated peripheral lymphocytes than normal persons. Furthermore, PWM-induced Ig production of B lymphocytes in the presence of autologous T lymphocytes seemed to be lower than that of controls.
Immunosuppressive Effects of Tween 80 on Mice
Authors: Barnett John B.
Published: July 2009

The effects of Tween 80 on the humoral immune response, as measured by the Jerne plaque assay, was determined. Mice treated with Tween 80 showed a significant depression in the number of primary (IgM) plaques without a significant difference in the number of secondary (IgG) plaques. In addition, the cell-mediated responses were assessed by contact hypersensitivity to oxazolone. Mice treated with Tween 80 showed no significant decrease in contact sensitivity. Thus, the suppression caused by Tween 80 affected only the primary humoral immune response.
Regulation of Allergic Reactions by Aerobic Corynebacterium equi Extract, CEF
Authors: Ezoe Hisanori , Furuichi Kiyoshi , Katoh Hisao , Obara Tadashi
Published: July 2009

A water-soluble fraction (CEF) obtained from Corynebacterium equi was administered intradermally or intravenously into Sprague-Dawley rats. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was elicited in these rats along with the controls by sensitization with mouse anti-DNP serum and challenge with the corresponding antigen. PCA reactions were markedly inhibited by the pretreatments of the rats with CEF. Similar treatments of the animals 2–4 h after the sensitization did not inhibit PCA. Inhibitory activity of CEF in the pretreated animals was shown to be dose-dependent. Incubation of rat peritoneal mast cells with CEF effectively blocked the binding of murine IgE antibodies to the cells as evidenced by the failure of the treated cells to bind the antibodies. Furthermore, antigen-induced histamine release from rat mast cells, which were sensitized with murine IgE antibodies, was reduced significantly by CEF treatment of the cells prior to the sensitization. Results of this study indicated that CEF inhibits the PCA in rats, presumably by blocking the binding of heterocytotropic antibodies to Fc receptor of mast cells.
Inhibition of in vitro Allogeneic Reactions with Disodium Cromoglycate
Authors: McIntyre J.A. , Neerunjun E.D. , Faulk Page , Papamichail M.
Published: July 2009

The antiallergic drug disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) selectively inhibits allogeneic responses in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions, but does not affect cell viability or suppress lymphocyte responses to mitogens. Preincubation experiments with DSCG were without effect, indicating that the drug does not bind to unstimulated lymphocytes. Timed studies demonstrated maximal MLC inhibition when DSCG was added during the first 12 h of culture and no effect if added later than 72 h. Both natural killing and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays proceeded normally in the presence of optimal MLC-inhibitory concentrations of DSCG. CML reactions were eliminated, however, by the presence of drug during generation of cytotoxic T cells. The proposed mode of action for DSCG is blocking of calcium influx across cell membranes, thereby inhibiting the release of mast cell and basophil granules in hypersensitivity reactions. Such a mechanism would seem unlikely for DSCG-mediated lymphocyte effects as several calcium-dependent lymphocyte functions are not obstructed.
Complement Activation Requirements for Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes: Influence of Purified C3ahu and C5ahu on Histamine Release
Authors: Hartman, Jr. Thomas , Glovsky Michael
Published: July 2009

The activation of human sera for histamine release by zymosan and anti-BSA-BSA complexes at equivalence was dose dependent and associated with a marked fall in CH50, C3 and C5 hemolytic activities. Heat-aggregated IgG, though able to fix > 90% of human CH50 activity and produce a lesser fall in C3 and C5 activities than zymosan and BSA-anti-BSA complexes, was unable to induce basophil histamine release. Chemically purified human C3a and C5a each caused histamine release from human basophils; C5a was more potent than C3a. In addition, neither zymosan nor BSA-anti-BSA complexes released histamine when incubated with homozygous C3-deficient serum. The addition of C3a and C5a at suboptimal concentrations produced an additive effect of histamine release.
Migration of Fluoresceinated Pig Lymphocytes in vivo: Technical Aspects and Use in Studies of Autologous and Homologous Cell Survival for up to Three Weeks
Authors: Binns R.M. , Blakeley D. , Licence S.T.
Published: July 2009

Optimum conditions were determined for FITC and RITC labelling of pig blood lymphocytes with bright fluorescence and high viability and for their enumeration during their long survival after infusion in vivo. For at least 9 days, FITC-labelled autologous lymphocytes and lymphocytes from MHC-identical donors showed no detectable difference in patterns of survival in the blood. After initial equilibration with extra-vascular lymphoid tissues, the fall-off suggested the expected presence of populations with a variety of life-spans, with some autologous labelled lymphocytes surviving beyond 3 weeks. A trace of cytotoxic antibody specific for labelled cells developed in these pigs later and could be boosted by a further FITC-labelled cell infusion.
Adoptive Transfer of ‘Persistent’ IgE Responses in Mice in the Absence of Secondary Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Holt P.G. , Leivers S. , Batty J.
Published: July 2009

Spleen cells were prepared from Balb/c mice immunized 30 days previously with alum-precipitated ovalbumin (OA), which manifested high, persistent titres of anti-OA IgE and IgG. The adoptive transfer of 5.0 × 107 such cells to X-irradiated syngeneic recipients produced comparable persistent IgE/IgG responses, in the absence of secondary antigenic challenge. Fractionation procedures indicated that the nylon-wool adherent population from the spleen was the most active in effecting transfer of the response. However, donor T-cells were also required, as pretreatment of the cellular inoculum with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum ablated transfer. The inclusion of serum containing anti-OA IgG (but not IgE) in the cellular inoculum also blocked the transfer.
Anomalous Effects of Disodium Cromoglycate
Authors: Alm Per E. , Bloom Gunnar D. , Henriksson Roger
Published: July 2009

The effects of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on in vitro histamine release from peritoneal and pleural mast cells, and a possible interference with adrenergic mechanisms was studied. Parallel to this study, the effects of DSCG on the well-established adrenoceptor-mediated amylase release from parotid glands were investigated. It was found that DSCG in low concentrations potentiates histamine release from peritoneal mast cells. Furthermore, this potentiation is enhanced by α-adrenoeeptor blockade and diminished by β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Histamine release from pleural mast cells is affected inversely to peritoneal cells, that is, the secretion is inhibited by DSCG at a high concentration but not at a low one. The inhibition is unaffected by α-blockers but totally abolished by the β-antagonist propranolol. The amylase release induced by norepinephrine, mediated via β1-adrenoceptors, is depressed by DSCG. The β-antagonist-sensitive amylase release induced by phentolamine is also inhibited by DSCG. Finally, DSCG alone induces amylase release from the parotid gland. These results would seem to indicate that DSCG exerts some α-adrenoceptor activity. However, it is not possible, at present, to state whether this activity is of agonistic nature. DSCG has effects which with respect to pattern, correspond well to the action of β-adrenoceptor agonists.
Demonstration of Accelerated and Increased Migration Inhibition Factor Release in vivo in a PPD Retest Reaction
Authors: van Maarsseveen A.C.M.Th. , Bomhof G. , Scheper R.J.
Published: July 2009

Sites at which positive skin-test reactions have been elicited exhibit an accelerated (so-called ‘retest’) reaction upon local reinjection of the antigen used for primary skin testing. When using a peritoneal cavity inflammation model in guinea pigs, local migration inhibition factor (MIF) release in vivo was studied in both primary and retest reactions to purified protein derivative. Increased retest reactivity could be demonstrated to coincide with an instantaneous and intense local MIF release. Estimation of both the absolute number and the antigen specificity of lymphocytes present in the peritoneal cavity at the time of retesting (170 h after primary testing) showed that the early burst of MIF release is primarily due to nonspecific local retention of increased numbers of lymphocytes.
Inhibition of Protein A-Induced Lymphocyte Colony-Forming Cells by Con A-Generated Suppressor Cells or Their Culture Fluid
Authors: Nemoto H. , Shibasaki M. , Suzuki S. , Kuroume T.
Published: July 2009

Concanavalin A (Con A)-treated human lymphocytes or their culture fluid suppressed protein A-induced lymphocyte colony formation by more than 40%. The suppressor factor was produced primarily by Con A-stimulated T lymphocytes and maximal production occurred on the 2nd day of culture with 10 μg Con A, a condition optimal for the induction of suppressor T cells. This suggests that the factors are released by suppressor T cells. We hypothesize that suppressor T cells exert a negative control on clonal proliferation of lymphocytes.
Effect of Irradiation on Concanavalin A-Induced Suppression of Mitogen Responses in Human Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Petrini B. , Wasserman J. , Blomgren H. , Glas U. , Baral E. , Strender L.-E.
Published: July 2009

Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced and Con A-inducible human suppressor lymphocytes were examined for their radiosensitivity (16 Gy). It was observed that X-ray exposure of Con A-induced suppressor cells abolished some of the suppressive activity. Exposure of lymphocyte preparations did not prevent the subsequent induction by Con A of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting mitogen responses of lymphocytes. The relative size of the Con A-inducible suppressor population in the blood was not changed in breast cancer patients after local radiation therapy.
Preferential Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Chemically Modified Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Authors: Staab Hans-Jürgen , Anderer Alfred
Published: July 2009

Modification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with various chemicals was investigated. Modification of CEA with dimethylsulfate or acetic anhydride resulted in derivatives which preferentially induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against native CEA in mice. The strength of the DTH reaction was dependent on the number and chemical nature of modifying groups as well as on the immunizing dose. The strongest DTH reaction without detectable formation of antibodies was achieved by low dose immunization using heavily methylated CEA.
Suppression of IgE Antibody Production in Sensitized Mice and Rats by Tolerogenic Conjugates of Synthetic Hydrophilic Polymers with Antigen or Hapten: Effect on Antigen-Induced Histamine Release from Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Holford-Strevens V. , Lee W.Y. , Kelly K.A. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

IgE antibodies were produced in mice and rats by immunization with ragweed pollen extract (RAG) or dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP3-OA). Treatment of these animals with tolerogenic conjugates of (i) the antigen (RAG or OA) with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), or (ii) DNP with polyvinyl alcohol (DNP-PVA) resulted, within 7–14 days, in a fall in circulating IgE antibodies and in mast cell sensitivity, as assessed by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the in vitro antigen-induced histamine release (HR) test, respectively. The reduction in responsiveness was more marked in mice than rats; 10 days after a booster immunization, the IgE antibody titres in the RAG-mPEG-treated group of mice were approximately 10-fold lower than in the saline-treated group, with a 100-fold difference in cell sensitivity. DNP-PVA treatment of mice produced a more than 10-fold reduction in IgE anti-DNP titres with a substantial reduction in histamine release.
Immunogenetic Studies in Essential Hypertension among Black Patients
Authors: Patel Raman , Johnson Jarone , Ansari Ali
Published: July 2009

Serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) and HLA phenotype frequency were studied in 100 black subjects with essential hypertension and 100 normotensive black controls matched for age and sex. 11% of hypertensive individuals had a positive serum ANA test compared with 2% of controls (p < 0.01). Among the hypertensive patients, positive serum ANA test was seen exclusively in patients who were receiving treatment with methyldopa. Although ANA also correlated with hypertensive vascular damage as assessed by retinal and EKG abnormalities, this was believed to have been due to the higher dose of methyldopa that may have been required to treat hypertension in these more severe cases. A statistically significant correlation of HLA-A11 and HLA-B12 with hypertension was observed, but only studied when uncorrected for the number of HLA specificities. It was concluded that autoantibody formation in essential hypertension is most likely to have been a consequence of antihypertensive drug therapy. In addition, further studies using larger number of patients and controls might more clearly establish the question of whether or not HLA is associated with essential hypertension.
Enhanced Cellular Immune Response to Type I Collagen in Patients with Periodontal Disease
Authors: Mammo W. , Singh Gyan , Dolby A.E.
Published: July 2009

Lymphoblastic responses to native and denatured homologous type I collagen were significantly greater in 28 patients with chronic periodontal disease than in the control group of 28 subjects matched for age and sex. In the disease group, the lymphoblastic responses tended to increase with increasing severity of the disease and the responses in females, matched for age and severity of disease, were higher than in the males.
Tolerance Induction via Antigen Inhalation: Isotype Specificity, Stability, and Involvement of Suppressor T Cells
Authors: Holt P.G. , Leivers S.
Published: July 2009

Mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin (OA) once weekly for 5 min on 6 occasions, prior to systemic challenge with soluble or alum-adsorbed (AH-OA) antigen. Mice challenged with AH-OA manifested profound IgE isotype-specific tolerance; those challenged with soluble OA initially manifested anamnestic IgE/IgG responses, but secondary intraperitoneal immunization 13 days later with soluble OA revealed IgE isotype-specific tolerance. The tolerized mice contained splenic suppressor T cells which inhibited IgE but not IgG responses in an adoptive transfer assay. Tolerance was still demonstrable in mice 6 months after the cessation of aerosol exposures. Exposure of low IgE responder rat strains to aerosolized OA tolerized for both IgE and IgG responses.
Is Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor Identical with Leukotriene B?
Authors: Czarnetzki Beate M.
Published: July 2009

Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) is a chemotactic factor for eosinophils and neutrophils that is non-peptide in nature. By several lines of evidence, this substance is closely similar or identical to 5,12-di-HETE (leukotriene B). Common denominators include their derivation from arachidonic acid, their cells of origin, their physicochemical characteristics and their biological activity. Differences in the ECF activity generated by different types of leukocytes suggest, however, that isomers of leukotriene B or as yet unidentified molecules might be involved. For this reason, ECF should not be called leukotriene B at this point of time.
Potentiated Reagin Response to Ovalbumin in Schistosoma mansoni Infected Rats and in Rats Treated with a Soluble Metabolic Product from Adult Worms
Authors: Rousseaux-Prévost Roselyne , Dessaint Jean-Paul , Capron André
Published: July 2009

Infection by Schistosoma mansoni in the rat was found able to maintain high levels of reaginic antibody to an unrelated antigen, ovalbumin, mainly when infection was carried out 14 days after immunization. In addition, administration of a soluble metabolic product of living worms, the immunosuppressive activity of which was removed by dialysis, was also effective in inducing a potentiated response to ovalbumin.
IgE and Haemagglutinating Antibody Production in Mice following Intranasal Immunization with Ryegrass Pollen
Authors: McCaskill A.C. , Hosking C.S. , Hill D.J.
Published: July 2009

Repeated intranasal immunization of mice with whole ryegrass pollen (RGP) led to the development of high circulating titres of both IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies. Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BPV) was required at the time of initial immunization, although its repeated use did not affect IgE production. Antibody production was maintained at high levels for greater than 4 months. Significant differences were found in the ability of different batches and strains of BPV to induce IgE production.
Anaphylactic and Precipitating Antibody Responses of Aging A/J Female Mice
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. , Grove Nancy J. , Miller Janet L.
Published: July 2009

Aging A/Jax female mice were compared with young controls for abilities throughout life to make IgG1 and IgE anaphylactic antibodies and precipitins to chicken conalbumin (CA) and methylated human serum albumin (MeHSA) injected in five different regimens of immunization. These regimens consisted of various combinations of injections of antigen in water-in-oil emulsion or in saline. CA induced those antibodies well, MeHSA poorly. The mice were able to respond nearly equally at all ages, a finding differing from earlier ones for at least two reasons: (1) neither antigen used is related to any in mouse food, and (2) the regimens of immunization caused sustained antigenic stimulation together with induction of T cell responses, which could have compensated for otherwise expected age-weakening of necessary TH cell functionings. We conclude that A/J female mice can make good anaphylactic and precipitating antibody responses to new antigens throughout life.
C3a-Induced Lysosomal Enzyme Secretion from Human Neutrophils
Authors: Showell Henry J. , Glovsky Michael , Ward Peter A.
Published: July 2009

C3a-induced lysosomal enzyme secretion from human peripheral neutrophils in a noncytolytic, dose-dependent (10–100 μg/ml) process. Release of both primary and secondary granule constituents occurred when neutrophils were exposed to C3a plus cytochalasin B, however, C3a alone induced limited release of lysozyme. A competitive antagonist of the formyl-peptide receptor on neutrophils, t boc (phe-leu)2-phe, did not block the release induced by C3a. Arachidonic acid antagonists, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and quercetin caused dose-dependent inhibition of release induced by C3a plus cytochalasin B, however, lysozyme release induced by C3a in the absence of cytochalasin B was minimally affected. Indomethacin at high concentration (> 10––5M) had similar inhibitory effects.
Effect of EDTA on the Solid Phase Clq Immune Complex Assay
Authors: Davey Michael P. , Korngold Leonhard
Published: July 2009

A solid-phase Clq immune complex (IC) assay (C1q-SP) is described. Wells of microtiter plates are coated with Clq, sera diluted 1:40 are added, and complexed IgG bound to the solid phase is detected by peroxidase-labeled protein A. This assay selectively binds aggregated human gammaglobulin and soluble IC prepared in vitro. Treatment of sera with EDTA prior to Clq-SP analysis interferes with the test.
Selective Inhibition by Betamethasone of Allergen-Induced Release of SRS-A from Human Lung
Authors: Hammond Christina V. , Hammond Michael D. , Taylor William A.
Published: July 2009

Passively sensitized human lung, when incubated with the appropriate allergen, released histamine and slow-reacting substance (SRS-A). Betamethasone sodium phosphate (5–100 μg/ml), preincubated with the lung overnight, suppressed, in a dose-related manner, the release of SRS-A without having an effect on the release of histamine. Preincubation for only 1 h produced little effect on the release of SRS-A or of histamine. These results hay help to explain some of the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids in allergic asthma.
Antibodies to Type II Collagen Measured by Mixed Reverse (Solid-Phase) Passive Antiglobulin Haemadsorption
Authors: Coombs R.R.A. , Gurner B.W. , Oldham G. , Barnes M.J. , Kieffer Marianne
Published: July 2009

The mixed reverse (solid-phase) passive antiglobulin haemadsorption reaction has proved to be an excellent method for measuring antibodies to collagen which, for the purposes of the assay, is deposited on the surface of polystyrene microtitration wells by evaporation from acetic acid solution.
Histamine in Nasal Secretions and Serum May Be Elevated during Viral Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Smith Thomas F. , Remigio Linda K.
Published: July 2009

This study investigated histamine concentration in nasal secretions from children who had viral respiratory tract infection. It demonstrated that (1) there may be appreciable histamine in nasal secretions during viral respiratory tract infection; (2) concentration of histamine in serum may be elevated at the same time; and (3) children with past medical or family history of atopy had more histamine in nasal secretions during viral infections than did nonatopic children.
Effects of Levamisole and D-Penicillamine on Leucocyte Migration into Sponge Exudates in Rats
Authors: West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Locally administered levamisole and copper levamisole enhanced leucocyte migration into inert sponges implanted into rats for either 4 or 48 h. The stimulated cell was the polymorphonuclear neutrophil. Penicillamine and its copper complex were ineffective. However, all four compounds were effective in enhancing leucocyte migration into sponges implanted into arthritic rats when the drugs were incorporated into the sponges before implantation. Their overall antirheumatic actions may thus have common elements.
In vitro Effect of Asbestos Fibers on Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function
Authors: Doll James , Stankus Richard P. , Goldbach Susan , Salvaggio John E.
Published: July 2009

Incubation of chrysotile and amphibole asbestos fibers with normal human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) resulted in a significant stimulation of PMN metabolic activity and generation of toxic oxygen by-products as measured by chemiluminescence (CL). Although all asbestos fibers tested were cytotoxic to PMN, cytotoxicity and CL varied disproportionately with fiber type. Anthophyllite asbestos produced the greatest PMN cytotoxicity. It also depressed PMN phagocytosis of latex beads the most and induced the greatest PMN CL response of the fiber types examined. We postulate that asbestos-induced release of toxic oxygen by-products from PMN which have infiltrated into the pulmonary alveoli may contribute to disease pathogenesis in asbestosis.
Experimental Antigen-Antibody Complex Disease in Mice
Authors: Devey M.E. , Bleasdale K. , Collins M. , Steward M.W.
Published: July 2009

Chronic antigen-antibody complex disease (A-ACD) was induced in mice by daily injections of HSA. The disease was characterized by death, intense glomerular basement membrane deposition of complexes in the kidneys, proteinuria and an impairment of the glomerular filtration rate. In mice that had been selectively bred to produce antibody of low affinity to protein antigens injected in saline, the incidence of chronic A-ACD was 61% compared to 21% in mice selectively bred to produce antibody of high affinity. Low affinity female mice produced approximately ten times as much free antibody to HSA as did low affinity males and high affinity males and females, but this did not result in an increased incidence of chronic A-ACD in low affinity female mice. Low affinity female mice also had the highest levels of circulating antigen-antibody complexes detected by conglutinin and Clq binding assays, but there was no correlation between the presence of high levels of complexes in serum and tissue damage. In both lines of mice the mean affinity of free antibody to HSA started low and increased with time and the number of injections of antigen. However, development of chronic A-ACD in individual low affinity mice appeared to be associated with a failure to produce this time-associated increase in antibody affinity. These results are discussed with reference to the relevance of the measurement of the amount and affinity of free antibody in serum and the levels of ciruclating antigen-antibody complexes to the production of tissue damage in this model of chronic A-ACD.
Anti-DNA, Anti-Deoxyribonucleoprotein and Rheumatoid Factor Measured by ELISA in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren’s Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Karsh Jacob , Halbert Seymour P. , Anken Milton , Klima Emily , Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: July 2009

Serum concentrations of anti-DNA and anti-deoxyribonucleoprotein (NP) antibodies were measured in parallel by standardized ELISA methods with a polyvalent anti-immunoglobulin conjugate in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). High levels of these antibodies predominated in systemic lupus erythematosus. While an appreciable incidence of antibodies also occurred in SS and RA, they were mostly at lower levels. By using heavy chain-specific anti-immunoglobulin conjugates, IgG antibodies to both DNA and NP were found in SLE more frequently and at higher levels than were IgM antibodies. In contrast, IgM antibodies to DNA and NP predominated in SS and RA. The immunoglobulin class of the anti-DNA and anti-NP responses in a given SLE patient were not infrequently different. For example, a patient might show a very high IgG but low IgM anti-DNA value, with the reverse being true for anti-NP. IgG anti-DNA antibodies were significantly associated with depressions of C3. During changes in SLE serology, normalization of DNA binding by Farr radioimmunoassay and/or complement was most frequently associated with normalization of the IgG anti-DNA antibody concentrations. In patients simultaneously possessing elevated levels of anti-DNA, anti-NP and rheumatoid factor (RF), absorption with aggregated human IgG usually decreased only the RF activity. In some, however, such absorption decreased all three antibody values simultaneously. The latter findings support observations that some RF possess antinuclear properties.
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Strain II Guinea Pigs I.
Authors: Schuyler Mark , Schmitt D. , Steinberg D.
Published: July 2009

A model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in syngeneic animals would allow experiments designed to determine immunopathogenesis of HP. Strain II guinea pigs were treated with Micropolyspora faeni and challenged with intratrachael M. faeni. Lung histology 4 days thereafter was quantitatively evaluated. Intratrachael administration of M. faeni caused interstitial and intraalveolar collections of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. Sensitized (pretreated with M. faeni) animals’ lungs had more extensive pathology than unsensitized animals. 3 weeks after challenge with M. faeni, pulmonary histopathology regressed to granulomatous interstitial infiltration, similar to that found in chronic HP in humans. We conclude that the pulmonary histopathologic response of sensitized strain II guinea pigs to intratrachael M. faeni resembles human HP.
Pathomechanisms of Dextran-Induced Anaphylactoid/Anaphylactic Reactions in Man
Authors: Hedin Harriet , Richter Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

Immune complex-mediated (type III) anaphylaxis is shown to be the pathomechanism of severe dextran-induced anaphylactic reactions in man. Mild reactions may be either antibody-dependent or not. Patients with severe reactions have regularly high titers of preformed, circulating dextran-reactive antibodies and represent a small subpopulation of high responders to dextran. Upon infusion of clinical dextran, noxious immune complexes are formed, leading to mediator release and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Consequently, application of the hapten inhibition principle is recommended for prevention of such reactions.
Non-IgG1 Nature of Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity Factor in Contact Sensitivity
Authors: Katayama Ichiro , Nishioka Kiyoshi , Nishida Kenju , Doi Toshiaki
Published: July 2009

Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH)-inducing factor was demonstrated in immune sera obtained from dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-sensitized animals 2 weeks after sensitization (DNP-GPS-2W). It showed hapten specificity and worked dose dependently. It was fractionated into a non-γ-globulin fraction by Sephadex G-150 gel filtration following ammonium sulfate desalting and CM-cellulose chromatography. The factor was eluted into a fraction of a little smaller molecular weight than bovine serum albumin on Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. It passed through an antiguinea pig IgG1 column and was absorbed to a DNP-BGG column. On SDS-PAGE it failed to show any staining band because of low protein concentration. From these results CBH factor appearing in circulation in contact-sensitized animals was thought to be a somewhat different molecule from that of Askenase’s factor, i.e. IgG1 antibody.
Processing of Orally Absorbed Immunogen
Authors: Lim P.L. , Rowley D.
Published: July 2009

The absorption of immunogen from the adult mouse intestine was demonstrated. This was shown indirectly by the ability of oral doses of a bacterial antigen to prime an animal for an anamnestic, systemic response, and directly by the ability of absorbed material from the plasma in vivo or everted gut sacs in vitro to prime normal mice when injected intravenously. In all cases, the resultant, systemic response in the recipient animals was qualitatively different (presumably due to IgA production) from that obtained in mice primed intravenously with the native antigen.
Characterization and Mitogenesis of Feline Lymphocyte Populations
Authors: Rojko Jennifer L. , Hoover Edward A. , Finn Becky L. , Olsen Richard G.
Published: July 2009

Feline lymphocyte populations from blood, spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow were examined for the following markers: rosette formation with guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE-T cells); surface feline thymocyte antigen (T cells); surface immunoglobulin (B cells); cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (preB cells, plasma cells); receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcyR-positive T and B cells), and the third component of complement (CR-positive cells – primarily B cells). The blastogenic responses of feline lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen, lymph node (LN), thymus and marrow were investigated using the following mitogens: Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dextran sulfate (DxS), concanavalin A (conA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Feline T lymphocytes identified by rosette formation with GPE and surface thymocyte antigen were present in thymus, spleen, LN, blood and, rarely, in marrow. T cell subsets, but not B cell subsets, were differentiated according to mitogen activation. Cells responding to PHA were immature, nonrecirculating cells, which were most strongly activated in thymus [stimulation index (SI = 12)], lymph node(SI = 11) and spleen (SI = 6). PWM-responsive cells were relatively mature, recirculating lymphocytes of widespread distribution and blastogenesis was greater in spleen (SI = 36) and LN (SI = 29), followed by thymus (SI = 23) and blood (SI = 15). Con A was a potent mitogen for cells of spleen (SI = 113), blood (SI = 80) and LN (SI = 77), but not thymus (SI = 7), suggesting that the con-A-inducible cell was a mature, recirculating, postthymic cell. Optimal mitogenic response to the B cell mitogen, LPS, was dependent upon increased cell concentrations (3 × 105 versus 1 × 105 per microtiter well) and increased incubation time (5 days versus 3 days). Surface IgG- and IgM-bearing lymphocytes and CR-bearing cells from spleen and blood were stimulated preferentially. DxS was moderately mitogenic for CR-bearing lymphocytes in spleen (SI=4), LN (SI=3) and blood (SI = 3), but not marrow (SI= 1).
Thymus Dependence of the Adoptive Transfer of Intestinal Mastocytopoiesis in Trichinella spiralis-lnfected Mice
Authors: Parmentier H.K. , Ruitenberg E.J. , Elgersma Anneke
Published: July 2009

The relationship between the gut and mesenteric lymph node in the kinetics of mucosal mast cells (MMC) was further analysed. A Trichinella-induced synchronous proliferation of MMC occurred in the intestine of thymus-bearing and not in athymic mice, both at sites of parasite invasion (jejunum) and elsewhere (caecum) and in the mesenteric lymph node. The mastocytopoietic ability could be adoptively transferred with immune mesenteric lymph node cells to the jejunum and caecum of infected thymus-bearing recipients. The enhanced mastocytopoiesis which was both antigen- and thymus-dependent, was only observed for the stroma intestinal mast cells (IMC) and not for the intraepithelially located globule leucocytes (GL). The data suggest a common source for IMC in intestinal mucosae and support the idea that IMC and GL are two independent cell populations.
Specific Inhibition of Contact Sensitivity in the Guinea Pig following Tolylene Diisocyanate Inhalation
Authors: Doe J.E. , Hicks R. , Milburn G.M.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were exposed by head only inhalation for 5 h to concentrations of approximately 1 ppm of tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) and 14 days later pinnal application of TDI on 3 consecutive days was followed by a dermal application of TDI after a further 7 days. The degree of contact sensitivity, measured 24 h later, showed that prior inhalation inhibited the skin reaction to TDI but it did not change the skin reaction to chlorodinitrobenzene (DNCB) in guinea pigs sensitised and challenged similarly with DNCB. The inhibition lasted up to 9 weeks. However, it did not occur in guinea pigs after intranasal instillation (instead of inhalation) and only occurred after oral dosage with TDI when the dose was relatively high. Treatment with cyclophosphamide before TDI inhalation reversed the inhibition of contact sensitivity, suggesting an involvement of suppressor cells.
Fractionation and Biological Characterization of Olea europea Pollen Extract
Authors: Vela Carmen , Platas Consuelo , Gurbindo Covadonga , Tricas Lourdes , Subiza Eliseo , Garcia Rosa , Lahoz Carlos
Published: July 2009

Preliminary fractionation of Olea europea pollen extract has been performed. At least 10 antigenic fractions have been found by crossed electrophoresis. After Sephadex gel filtration, two fractions with a molecular weight of 160,000 and 65,000 have been obtained. The fractions were evaluated for allergenic activity by two in vitro techniques: polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay (PTRIA) and basophil degranulation test (BDT), and by skin tests. All tests indicated that the most reactive fractions were those in the 65,000 molecular weight peak. BDT has been shown to be a very reliable method as compared with histamine release and other parameters. Although common antigenic fractions have been found for Lollium perenne and O. europea, no cross-allergenicity has been shown by PTRIA inhibition.
Inhibitory Effect of Traxanox Sodium on IgE-Mediated Histamine Release from Passively-Sensitized Mast Cells of the Rat in vitro
Authors: Goto Kazuhiro , Hisadome Masao , Terasawa Michio
Published: July 2009

Traxanox sodium, a benzopyranopyridine derivative showing a potent oral antiallergic activity in the rat, was compared with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) for ability to block the release of histamine from the rat mast cell in vitro. Traxanox sodium showed dose-, antigen- and time-dependent inhibition of the IgE-mediated release of histamine. The 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.04 μM for traxanox sodium, 1 μM for DSCG and 660 μM for theophylline. All these drugs blocked the release of histamine potentiated by preincubation of the mast cell with 10 μM adenosine at lower concentrations than those which could inhibit the IgE-mediated histamine release. In addition, traxanox sodium at concentrations of 1–100 μM inhibited the histamine release caused by 0.25 μg/ml compound 48/80 in the presence and absence of calcium, and the drug at 100 μM slightly inhibited the release caused by 0.2 μg/ml ionophore A23187. These results suggest that traxanox sodium is a more potent inhibitor than DSCG on the histamine release from the mast cells of the rat, and a part of its antiallergic action is due to a selective inhibition of the immunological release of allergic mediators from the mast cell.
Increased Complement-Mediated Leukocytic Histamine Release in Atopics
Authors: Radermecker M. , Maldague M.P. , Gustin M.
Published: July 2009

Complement-mediated leukocytic histamine release was compared in normal and atopic subjects using isolated leukocytes or heparinized blood. Leukocytes were treated with zymosan-activated autologous serum, whereas blood was directly incubated with zymosan particles. Histamine released from basophils into the leukocyte supernatant or plasma was measured spectrofluorometrically and expressed in percent of total histamine. In atopies, the mean histamine release (47% for leukocytes and 12% for blood) was significantly higher than in normals (30% and 5%, respectively). Individual variations were large in both groups, and a good concordance was noted between the two techniques. By cross-experiments using activated isologous serum from AB donors instead of autologous serum, it was demonstrated that individual variability was not due to differences in the intensity of complement activation. Passive sensitization of normal leukocytes with IgE antibodies increased their ability to release histamine in the presence of activated serum. Thus, high complement-mediated leukocytic histamine release is more commonly found in atopies, and appears to be secondary to an intrinsic abnormality of basophils. It is suggested that complement activation and subsequent inflammation could play, especially in house dust-caused asthma, a more important role than previously appreciated. Moreover, an exaggerated mediator releasability as may occur even in nonatopic subjects, could possibly explain some predisposition to interstitial pulmonary diseases caused by inhalants capable of activating complement.
In vitro Effect of Ethanol on Subpopulations of Human Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Gilhus Nils Erik , Matre Roald
Published: July 2009

Mononuclear cells from 10 healthy blood donors were incubated with ethanol at 37°C for 30 min. An ethanol concentration of 10.0 g/l reduced the percentage of active E rosette-forming cells (E RFC) from 25.0 ± 12.1 to 16.218.7, and the percentage of total E RFC from 70.3 ± 8.5 to 59.7 ± 13.5 (p <0.01 for both). The percentage of cells with phagocytizing capacity was reduced from 11.7 ± 5.4 to 7.0 ± 5.0 by the ethanol treatment (p <0.01). Incubation with ethanol at a concentration of 1.0 g/l also significantly reduced the number of active and total E RFC and of phagocytizing cells. Ethanol at a concentration of 0.1 g/l did not influence these cell subpopulations. The number of EA RFC and EAC RFC were not influenced by ethanol.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection in the Rat: Effects of Surgical Removal of Peyer’s Patches, Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Spleen
Authors: Heatley R.V. , Befus A.D. , Bienenstock J.
Published: July 2009

The influence of the surgical removal of Peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen has been examined on the host response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat. In animals subjected to these procedures, no effects were observed on whole blood or plasma histamine levels, peripheral blood leucocytosis or reaginic antibody levels, intestinal mast cell numbers or histamine content, nor on faecal egg output.
Properties of the Solubilized Placental Receptor for IgG
Authors: Matre R. , Tönder O.
Published: July 2009

The Fc receptor activity in placental extracts prepared using EDTA and 2-mercaptoethanol was assayed using an indirect hemagglutination technique with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit IgG. The agglutinating activity of the extract was not affected by storage at ––70°C, by rapid freezing and thawing, by treatment with periodic acid, formaldehyde, neuraminidase, trypsin, pronase, or phospholipase C. Papain abolished the activity, indicating that the receptor is a protein. Reduction and alkylation had no effect on the agglutinating activity, indicating that -S-S-bonds are not important for binding. In the presence of 0.6 M NaCl the agglutinating activity was abolished, indicating that electrostatic interactions are of significance. The solubilized Fc receptor shows so many similarities to the previously studied in situ Fc receptor that they are probably identical.