bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetrical warfare Strategy and its Implications to the Black Sea Regional
Security in 21st Century: Non-State Aggressive Actors and Terrorism
Authors: Maisaia Vakhtang , Beselia Magdana
Published: May 2021

Today, military politics have became a dominant factor in the aegis of the
contemporary international and regional security, and this provision is
also relevant in the Black Sea Region. The nature of military politics
presupposes the existence of asymmetric threats, which is revealed in the
implementation of functional politics by the states and implies the
following components: power, chance, astonishment, armed forces, their
doctrines, and armaments. The asymmetric military identification is vital
to recognize at the regional level, with the example of the Black Sea
Region and it’s involvement of so-called ‘Non-State Aggressive Actors’
(DAESH, Al-Qaeda, etc.). After the Russian annexation of Crimea, the
Black Sea Region would be designated as a conflict zone and therefore
NATO has reinforced it’s eastern security policy accordingly. The
International Community witnessed that there are two regional
hegemons: Russia and Turkey, pursuing their own geopolitical and
economic interests in the Black Sea region and the region around the
Caspian Sea (including one that sees regional power interests). Recently,
China, as a global power in its own right, with its ‘One Belt and One
Road’ Initiative (OBOR), expresses it’s own interests toward the region,
Influence of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty Termination on the
Regional Security of Central Asia
Authors: Cebotari Svetlana , Stejaru Selena
Published: May 2021

In recent years, we have seen an aggravation of relations between the
leading nuclear powers. These relations have entered a phase of
irreconcilable contradictions and political problems. This paper is
devoted to the problem of preserving the nuclear-free status of Central
Asian countries. The study of this issue is very relevant in the context of
the intensified global geopolitical struggle between Russia, China, the
United States, and Iran. The authors used the method of expert survey
and scenario approach to study the stated issues. Based on the data
obtained, scenarios for the development of the geopolitical situation in
the region under consideration were developed.
The Role of the UN Security Council in COVID-19 Crisis Management
Authors: Cebotari Svetlana , Stejaru Selena
Published: May 2021

Currently, we experience a conditional reality imposed by the COVID19 pandemic, with both immediate and long-lasting repercussions on
the international system and the behavior of each state. For this reason
and because the new virus has a dynamic evolution in time and space,
research of the impact of the new virus is needed not only from a
biogenetic perspective but also in the context of other fields, including
the international relations realm. The events we are witnessing at the
present challenge to keep up with transformations taking place in the
international arena, especially those in the field of virology. As
epidemics over time, viruses that cause them to change and occur
constantly remain only the fact that they will always influence not only
interpersonal relations but impose conditions for new realities in the
system of international relations. This article aims to highlight the main
gaps in the work of the institution responsible for maintaining peace
and security in the international arena, especially in the context of the
COVID-19 crisis.
Religion and Demography: Causality or Correlation?
Authors: Beňuška Tomáš
Published: May 2021

The article is focused on finding out whether religion and demography is
causality, correlation, or anything at all, since the last decades we can
see enormous regional disparities considering demographic patterns in
different parts of the world governed (to a certain extent)
by different religions. In the first part is the article oriented towards the
relation between religion and demography and what attitudes different
religions hold towards matters of sexuality, births, and fertility
stimulation as these aspects are essential for issues regarding
demography. In the second part of the article, we apply the theoretical
approach from the first part to the contemporary religious landscape and
prognoses by using quantitative, comparative, and deductive methods.
The Incoming Revolution in the World Banking and Financial System
Authors: Furgacz Przemysław
Published: May 2021

Manifold and ongoing developments seem to hint that humanity is just
ahead of historic shifts in global banking as well as the financial system.
The landmark changes at this moment are unavoidable. The ultra-loose
monetary policies practiced by the leading central banks in recent years
for a record-breaking period have not resulted in a permanent
enhancement of the global economic situation but barely extended the
inevitable agony of the current global financial system for additional
several years. The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant global economic
crisis only made things worse. These simple facts beg the following
questions: what future global financial system would probably look like?
What currency is going to substitute the role hitherto fulfilled by the
crumbling U.S. dollar? How painful the upcoming giant changes will be
for societies? What the incoming revolution in geo-economics will mean
for geopolitics? Unfortunately, financial boom and bust cycles are not
the thing of the past but rather seem to be inextricably linked to the way
the modern financial system works. This decisively needs to be reformed.
The harbingers of epochal changes are on the horizon. The author will
describe them in the paper.
‘THREE SEAS’ AREA PAN-REGIONAL SECURITY PROVISIONS AND ITS GEOPOLITICAL CONSEQUENCES – SECURITY DILEMMA VS. SECURITY DEADLOCK
Authors: MAISAIA Vakhtang , KARELI Salome
Published: May 2021

The geostrategic area that generally could be labelled as the ‘Three Seas’(TSI) pan-region (Baltic Sea-Adriatic Sea-Black Sea geostrategic space) has already been described as a hotspot and as an unstable zone caused by interference of not only global but also regional hegemon powers. The main cause of instability by the global power actors is defined as being described as a ’New Cold War’ game where Eastern and Central Europe as well as the Black Sea zone are becoming a new geostrategic ‘Rimland’ for the game. The area is the primary sphere of major interests for political regional organizations, including the EU and NATO, with increasing importance of the area from a geostrategic standpoint. The instability clause is being inspired by new challenges – violent non-state actors (like DAESH, Al-Qaida, etc.), black transit transactions (drug and arms smuggling), all types of terrorist entities, separatism war-gamers, low intensified conflicts, violent human rights violations, etc. All of these factors lead toward the emergence of a hybrid warfare concept r in regional security stability. Asymmetric challenges imposed by hybrid warfare initiators caused more. Unfortunately all these new challenges cause the development of new types of security infringement with involvement of non-state actors in regional geopolitics can be newly identified as ‘National Security Deadlock’ – political ruleship of the country and special conditions of political condition when any decision taken by the political leadership more increases risks occasion from internal as well as external origins. The jargon introduced and invented by the author of the abstract, namely linked with the situation in the geostrategic area, including the Caucasus region. even actors of international security systems also inflame the situation in the region and reach up to a level of security dilemma. Hence, two security challenges are competing at the area and causing the most dangerous situation on the spot.
THE SOUTH CAUCASIAN UNION – CHALLENGING GEOPOLITICAL CONCEPT REVISITED
Authors: CHAPICHADZE Khatuna
Published: May 2021

In the paper, we discuss a very complex and contestable idea, proposed and developed by us already for several years, about strengthening the uneasy political, economic, social, cultural and most significantly – security relationships between the three South Caucasian countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, towards forming new geopolitical centre in the south-eastern shore of the Black Sea, or more precisely, just in the middle of the Black and Caspian Seas; in one of the most important and complicated regions in the world. The South Caucasian Union (SCU) concept has quite reasonable historical roots and although not successful enough until now, however certain examples, which could serve as preconditions, whether predispositions more: the existence of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR) (22 April-28 May 1918) and even the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR) (1922-1936). Along with the corresponding consideration of the region’s hardest internal conflicts, at the same time globally so meaningful, and especially almost the dilemmatic dispute of Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh (NK), but not limited to, we have drawn some feasible conflict-resolution scenarios under the effective SCU model, which ensuring first of all security or in particular, protection of independence and sovereignty of the South Caucasian states as their basic interests, is to logically counterweight any threats coming from bigger, more powerful and ambitious regional competitors, whether dominants and due to evident aggression, from – Russia, in specific.
INTERMARIUM, JAKO KONCEPCJA DZIAŁAŃ HYBRYDOWYCH. WCZORAJ I DZIŚ
(INTERMARIUM AS AN IDEA OF THE HYBRID WAR. IN THE PAST AND IN THE PRESENT DAYS)
Authors: SURDYK Krzysztof
Published: May 2021

Swego rodzaju rewitalizacja idei Intermarium po 1990 r., skłania do bliższego przyjrzenia się tej idei, takiej, jaką była postrzegana w okresie międzywojennym i porównania jej z obecnymi wizjami utworzenia regionu ścisłej współpracy politycznej, ekonomicznej i militarnej na obszarze pomiędzy Morzami Bałtyckim, Czarnym i Śródziemnym. Porównanie to sprzyja tworzeniu pewnych analogii pomiędzy metodami forsowania tej idei w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych ubiegłego wieku, a realizowanymi obecnie sposobami osiągania celów polityczno-ekonomicznych z wykorzystaniem tzw. wojen hybrydowych. W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe działania wykorzystywane dla promowania koncepcji Intermarium w okresie międzywojennym, w tym uzupełniającą ją, inną wizję geopolityczną – prometeizm. Dostrzeżono pewne analogie między tymi działaniami, a realizowanymi obecnie przedsięwzięciami na obszarze Międzymorza. Scharakteryzowano te przedsięwzięcia jako elementy wojny hybrydowej. Zwrócono uwagę na sprzeczność interesów mocarstw jądrowych w tym regionie, co może prowadzić do konfrontacji. Jednak ze względu na wzajemny szantaż jądrowy konfrontacja ta ma przede wszystkim charakter hybrydowy z elementami wojen ekonomicznych, informacyjnych i dyplomatycznych. Podkreślono rolę i znaczenie służb specjalnych w tego typu działaniach.
THE LITTLE ENTENTE – EXPECTATIONS AND OUTCOMES
Authors: MISZCZUK Marcin
Published: May 2021

This article presents information concerning a European regional pact, formed during the interwar period – the Little Entente. The aim of the study is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of an alliance between the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the history of its creation. The influence that the Little Entente made on the history of Europe is very often overlooked. Though the alliance ultimately did not survive the strong pressure of the European powers, effective organisational structures and the successes of common foreign policy were a guideline for the integration of the Central and Eastern European countries in the future. The deliberate way in which foreign policy was conducted improved significantly alliance members position on the international area. The first part of the article relates to the historical background and describes both the historical and political environment of interwar Europe as well as indicates the most important moments during the process of the creation of an alliance. The next part describes links between the Little Entente and the French government. The main part of the study refers to the successes this alliance achieved as well as to the events that contributed to the collapse of this pact. This paper contains also a part connected with the heritage of the Little Entente. The last part of an article summarises the considerations of the content.
THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE – AN ASPECT OF CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE IN EUROPE
Authors: MOŻGIN Wiktor MOŻGIN
Published: May 2021

Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.
IDEA TRÓJMORZA, A STOSUNKI POLSKO-LITEWSKIE (THE IDEA OF THE THREE SEAS AND POLISH-LITHUANIAN RELATIONS)
Authors: CZICHOS Aleksander
Published: May 2021

The Three Seas concept has returned in Polish foreign policy in the form of regional projects implemented by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Covering primarily transport, energy security and digitization, but not forgetting about military security. The goal of jointly undertaken undertakings is to quickly catch up the region's many years of arrears with Western Europe. Twelve countries from the region, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, got involved in Three Seas stating that the agreement does not constitute competition for the EU or NATO. At many common points of this action differences arise due to personal interests of some countries. Polish-Lithuanian relations are part of the Three Seas project, which improved after a long time, after the presidential election in Lithuania won by Gitanas Nauseda. The first meetings of the presidents of Poland and Lithuania have already shown their similar positions on many issues concerning both countries. It is hope for further favourable development of bilateral and multilateral contacts in the region.
PRO-WESTERN POLICY OF THE NEW UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT
VOLODYMYR ZELENSKY AS THREAT FOR POSSIBLE RUSSIAN CONCEPT OF
UKRAINE FEDERALIZATION
Authors: JASTRZĘBSKA Olga
Published: May 2021

The election of a new president of the Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, was for many analysts and ordinary citizens of Ukraine a big astonishment. The new head of the state is a complete debutant on Ukraine's political scene and will be having to make many decisions, related to the shape of foreign policy, especially in determining the vectors of its development. President, often emphasizing the will of further integration with European and Atlantic structures must reckon with Russia's interferences in any attempts which can bring Ukraine closer to the Western structures. Ukraine's federalization concept can be considered as one of such undertakings. Treated by Russian politics as a remedy for political and national cleavages, is received by Ukrainian politicians as a first step to destroy the state unity. This concept also has been negatively received by president Zelensky. His resolute answer for federalization proposal is associated with many questions: is his openly pro-Western foreign policy a serious threat for Russia's vision of Ukraine as a federal state? Despite Zelensky’s objection will he agree to be a partial federalization due to the ongoing conflict in the Eastern part of Ukraine? And how this concept can influence the frames of his presidency in the context of planned rapprochement with the West?
GEOPOLITICAL CONTOURS OF MODERN INFORMATION WARFARE RUSSIAN-US CONFRONTATION LINE FROM BALTIC SEA TO BLACK SEA
Authors: ZEDELASHVILI Thornike
Published: May 2021

The international security environment, which needs to be upgraded to security mechanisms, does not have two views. The level of threats, risks and challenges of information warfare is quite high. Protecting yourself from the information war and its most powerful component - disinformation - is not easy, although every country tries to protect itself in a complex way, but at least every state must have its own effective defense mechanisms. Measures and measures taken by individual countries are often not sufficient. The efficiency of the information war was facilitated by scientific and technological advancements, which led to the manipulation and control of certain masses. In this respect, it is important to involve international organizations, develop strategic documents and defense mechanisms.We often emphasize that technology development has both pros and cons. Let's imagine two sides of the same coin. Nevertheless, we should not miss the third theoretical issue, namely, raising the awareness and educating the masses. The information warfare is always aimed at consciousness and the main target of propaganda is a person who is not versed in modern technology, has no idea of the Internet system and the production of ‘fake news’. Unfortunately, today's ”fake news”has become so widespread throughout the world that if you are not properly trained, you may find it very difficult to tell the lie and the truth. Education, special methodological programs, this is one of the important parts of the global problem.
Black Sea Region Security, Cyber Warfare, and New Technologies
Authors: Zelelashvili Thornike
Published: May 2021

In the wake of technological advances, cyber-attacks are becoming more
dangerous, becoming a part of everyday life and an element of all
conventional warfare. For Black Sea countries as well as the rest of the
world, security is paramount. In discussing the issue, we must analyse the
opportunities that the countries of the Black Sea basin have, first of all, the
threats posed by Russia. This unpredictable state is carrying out the
occupation of territories, military aggression, and large-scale cyber-attacks
in this region, which is not a guarantee of peace and security. Russia is
trying to influence almost the whole world and especially the Black Sea
region – Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia with large-scale
cyber-hacking attacks and continuous disinformation fake news. Against the
background of cyberattacks and misinformation propaganda, it is difficult to
determine what kind of safe environment can be created in this region. This
requires new research, recommendations, scientific papers, defence
strategies. Cooperation with the EU and NATO needs to be strengthened.
Following the Warsaw Summit, the Euro-Atlantic Alliance enacted Article 5
of the Washington Treaty, that is, the principle of ‘collective defence’ in
terms of cyber warfare, cyber-attacks, and cyberterrorism. The topic
discusses the cybersecurity issues and defence mechanisms of the countries
of the Black Sea region, as well as the ongoing processes in the field of
cybersecurity in this region. The paper discusses the threats and risks posed
by Russia in the field of cybersecurity, as well as its impact on world politics.
The Role of Kremlin Propaganda Machine in the ‘Frame-Games’ of International Agenda
Authors: Urushadze Maia
Published: May 2021

Nowadays, when the international agenda resembles a training ground for ‘framegames’ of influential international players, all political actors try to strengthen
their interpretation and position themselves as a force to be reckoned with. Among
the propaganda machines that are operating at full capacity the Russian
propaganda machine is the one one of which we should talk about today. Although
Russia's soft power is not named among the influential soft power forces in the
international rankings, its influence in the post-Soviet space is still noticeable. The
Kremlin is not a dominant interna-tional actor that would be able to use widely the
components of economic or cultural soft power, but the informational influence is
still high. Moscow successfully exploits the contributions of other forces and
adopts them to its own interests. Therefore, it is impossible to talk about
strengthening the Regional Cooperation in Europe and the Euro-Atlantic Area
without considering Russia's factor. I will try to briefly illustrate the obvious and
hidden scale of information pressure by which Russia, as an external force, is able
to realize its political, military and economic goals. I would also like to point out
that the military actions aimed at expanding the Kremlin's influence outside Russia
have started with military aggression against Georgia.
TOWARDS RESILIENCE. EUROPEAN CYBERSECURITY STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
Authors: Gajewski Tomasz
Published: May 2021

Cyberspace has become critical domain of contemporary societies and states.
Growing presence and dense network of various activities have resulted in
transformation of strictly technical dimension into nervous system of the world.
Naturally, with humans’ immersion in cyberspace, the catalogue of threats is
growing exponentially - from risks to individuals’ security through hazards to
corporate, government entities to threats to complex social systems. Resilience
of the latter depends on cyberspace. The aim of the paper is to analyse EU’s
approach to growing dangers, with European Cybersecurity Strategy as main
research field. Document will be employed to conduct the study.
Terror in europe and its sources in illegal migration from the south. How to distinguish one from the other and contain both
Authors: IONIŢĂ Crăişor C.
Published: May 2021

Currently, Europe has to face new risks and threats, including terrorist attacks,
illegal migration, and hybrid warfare that transcend the common security
aspects and have further roots beyond its borders, in unsolved hot spot areas,
like Eastern and Southern neighbourhood. Today rapid developments in the
political and economic fields made terrorism a common problem for all the
countries in the world. This is also true for European countries because, with
the Madrid bombing of the Atocha Rail Station, where, for the first time in the
history of terrorism, two organizations were involved together (Al Qaida and
ETA) in committing a violent action, we can speak about the internationalisation of terror and the shift of its political objectives towards those nations
supporting the United States in the International War on Terror. Since the 2014
Ukrainian crisis and Syrian conflict, including here military actions to counter
the Salafi Jihadist militant group and alleged former Al Qaida affiliate in the
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a period of increased Islamic
terrorist activity has taken place in Europe, often referred to as the Wave of
Terror in Europe. Terrorists employed a wide range of tactics to support
implementation of their overall strategies. In Europe, as we saw in the past
events, terrorist organisations have mostly been employing old tactics such as
bombing, arson, assassination and suicide attack to achieve their goals. The
big issue for terror in Europe is the mix of some of these classical acts with new
methods including the use of computer devices, driving transportation means
against crowds, shooting and stabbing their targets, in order to transmit
proposed messages. The European security context forced more and more
European states to take “hard” measures for eliminating the danger of those terrorist organizations. A lot of books have been written and many analyses
have been made since the 90s. However, the terrorists modify their tactics and
weapons according to new conditions. Moreover, they co-operate with each
other and gain a more Mafia like characteristic. Even, terrorist organizations
and other crime organizations are going faster than the sovereign countries in
the field of cooperation. Consequently, the terrorist organizations, instead of
being annihilated, gain more power, with every countermeasure.
CONFLICT ZONES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: CEBOTARI Svetlana , BUDURINA-GOREACII Carolina
Published: May 2021

One of the problems that are present not only on the international arena, but
also on the work table, in the laboratories of virologists, in the scientific
discourse of polymologists, political scientists, economists and specialists in
other fields refers to the problem of the impact of COVID-19 virus on conflict
zones. Although in the first three months of 2020 all the attention of the
international community was focused on the emergence of COVID-19 virus and
its impact on citizens, society and interpersonal relationships, it is worth
paying attention to the conflict zones present in the world. At the end of the
virus emergence, the international community's attention to conflict zones
seems to be redirected to the issue of COVID-19. The purpose of this article is
to analyze the impact of COVID-19 virus on conflict zones that are present on
the international arena, such as those on the African continent, the Middle
East, the Latin American continent and Europe.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - SCENE OF AMERICAN-CHINESE CONFRONTATIONS
Authors: CEBOTARI Svetlana , BEVZIUC Victoria
Published: May 2021

The activity of the World Health Organization is now becoming a topic in
disputes between the big power centres – the USA and China. The role of the
WHO is also becoming a research topic not only for researchers in medical
sciences, but also for political specialists in international relations. With the
COVID-19 crisis, the WHO is becoming a scene of the major challenges – the
USA and China. This Article aims to highlight the USA and China relations
with reference to the work of the WHO, including the effectiveness of the
organization with a global pandemic such as that of the COVID-19.
Georgia relations after the 2008 War
Authors: Gibradze Gorda
Published: May 2021

The article discusses the role of NATO in the Russian-Georgian military
conflict, their impact on regional security. The origin of the conflict was
mainly caused by the new Geopolitical situation in the epoch of formation of
multi-polar world order, where the main focus was made on the period of
the establishment of new relations between the United States and Russia.
The main reasons for the origin of the conflicts and the dynamics of their
development are also presented in the work. The role of the countries
involved in the conflict between the parties, which have a great impact on
the geopolitical situation of the region. How did Georgia go through 10
years, what conclusions did it make or did not manage to make after the war
with Russia, what has changed or has not changed in the country's domestic
and foreign policy priorities. For the security system of Georgia tendencies
existing in the relations between Russia and the West, internal political
developments in Russia and Ukraine are particularly important. Research of
the ways of originating the conflicts in the modern world is becoming
increasingly important. The article analyzes the directions that have
contributed to the origin and development of the conflict. For all the
international turmoil and tensions, it caused, the Five-Day War in Georgia
was a limited military operation for a military organization such as
Russia’s. On a strategic level, the war was combined with other measures
such as diplomatic ones, but militarily it cannot qualify as a grand military
operation. It was successful in that it reached the main military objective of
the operation, to take irreversible control of Abkhazia and South Ossetia,
but the Russian casualties and the deficiencies and problems it struggled
with during the operation have implications for the future development of its
military. This is obvious from the analyses made in Russia and from
statements from its military and political leadership.
Transformacja człowieka w jednostkę organizacyjną w prawie handlowym – dopuszczalność, charakter prawny, przesłanki i skutki prawne
Authors: Kozieł Grzegorz
Published: May 2021

Opracowanie dotyczy problematyki dopuszczalności, charakteru prawnego, przesłanek i skutków prawnych transformacji człowieka w znaczeniu prawnym,
tj. osoby fizycznej w jednostkę organizacyjną na gruncie prawa handlowego. Przedstawiono w nim zagadnienie dopuszczalności i charakteru prawnego transformacji
osoby fizycznej w jednostkę organizacyjną, przesłanki transformacji (przekształcenia)
osoby fizycznej prowadzącej działalność gospodarczą – tzw. przedsiębiorcy jednoosobowego w jednoosobową spółkę kapitałową, przesłanki transformacji (przekształcenia) osób fizycznych będących wspólnikami spółki cywilnej w spółkę handlową, a także najważniejsze konsekwencje prawne tych transformacji człowieka (osoby fizycznej) w jednostkę organizacyjną. W podsumowaniu opracowania umieszczono sygnalizacyjnie najważniejsze wnioski wynikające z dokonanej w nim analizy.
Gęstościowe charakterystyki i równanie modelowe strumienia grawiosmotycznego
Authors: Ślęzak Andrzej , Jasik-Ślęzak Jolanta
Published: May 2021

Przedstawiono gęstościowe
charakterystyki strumienia grawiosmotycznego
oraz model matematyczny owego strumienia,
opracowany na podstawie formalizmu KedemKatchalsky’ego. Korzystając z otrzymanych
równań, wykonano obliczenia dla układu
dwóch membran z octanu celulozy (Nephrophan) oraz wodnych roztworów KCl i
amoniaku. Otrzymane wyniki badań wskazują,
że układ dwumembranowy zawierający w
przedziale międzymemranowym roztwór
ternary o gęstości równej gęstości wody znajdującej się w przedziałach zewnętrznych, mo-że
spełniać rolę grawireceptora.
Rodzicielstwo w rodzinie z dzieckiem z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną
Authors: Orlikowska Magdalena , Bołtuć Iwona
Published: May 2021

W artykule przedstawiono funkcjonowanie rodziny, w której pojawia się dziecko z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną. Zostały
opisane role jakie przejawiają rodzice i pełnione
przez nich funkcje. Pojawienie się dziecka z
niepełnosprawnością intelektualną może
zmienić dotychczasowe relacje zachodzące w
rodzinie oraz wpływa na jej funkcjonowanie.
Interes spółki kapitałowej przez pryzmat interesu wspólników (akcjonariuszy)
Authors: Kozak Tomasz
Published: May 2021

W niniejszym artykule poddano szczegółowej analizie normę art. 249. § 1. oraz
art. 422. § 1. kodeksu spółek handlowych w zakresie możliwości zaskarżania uchwał wspólników (akcjonariuszy), które są godzące w interes spółki kapitałowej. Przedstawiono dwie główne koncepcje pojmowania interesu spółki. Przedstawiono także koncepcje kompromisowe, które zapatrują się na pojęcie interesu spółki przez pryzmat interesu wspólników (akcjonariuszy), traktują to pojęcie jako wskazówkę do rozstrzygania kolizji interesów oraz zbliżają do ujęcia w sposób abstrakcyjny złotego środka pomiędzy swobodnym, autonomicznym podejmowaniem decyzji przez wspólników (akcjonariuszy) a zabezpieczeniem spółki przed jej dewastacją.
ZASADY FAIR PLAY W BIZNESIE – ZAGADNIENIA WPROWADZAJĄCE
DO PROBLEMATYKI UMÓW PROFESJONALNYCH
Authors: Tanajewska Renata
Published: May 2021

Tezą niniejszego artykułu jest to,
że umowy w obrocie profesjonalnym powinny
przede wszystkim zapewnić wykonanie przedmiotu zobowiązania. Interes stron powinien być
drugorzędną kwestią z tego względu, że układając stosunek zobowiązaniowy, miały świadomość, do czego się zobowiązują i na jakich
warunkach. Zasady fair play powinny stanowić
dyrektywę interpretacyjną wyznaczającą prawny sens ustalonego stosunku prawnego. Jednakże zasady fair play nie funkcjonują powszechnie w obrocie prawnym ani gospodarczym. Obecnie, układając profesjonalne relacje,
dba się o odpowiednie zabezpieczenie interesu
jednej ze stron, niż o zabezpieczenie samego
zobowiązania. Większość zasad stosowanych w
szeroko definiowanym prawie ma swoje źródło
w prawie rzymskim. Przy opracowaniu stawianego problemu wykorzystano dogmatyczną
metodę badawczą, analityczną metodę badawczą, analizę orzecznictwa oraz w sposób fragmentaryczny metodę prawnoporównawczą.
Style przywiązania kształtowane w rodzinie i ich wpływ na rozwój emocjonalny dziecka
Authors: Potaczała- Perz Katarzyna
Published: May 2021

The article concerns the aspect of
early childhood attachment that takes place
in a dyad between a child and its primary
caregiver, most often its mother.
A substantial role of the "mother figure" in
the process of shaping the bond has been
emphasized, especially her availability,
readiness and openness to respond to
signals sent by the child.
The article presents four attachment styles
that are shaped in the family and have
a significant impact on a child's emotional
development. The most common and most
beneficial for a child is the secure
attachment style, in which the idea of a
mother as a "safe base" shapes the sense of
security and trust. Unfortunately, there are families in which
non-safe attachment styles are formed:
anxious-ambivalent style, avoidant style
and disorganized style. Each of them
adversely affects a child's development and
its subsequent functioning among other people.
And it would seem that so little is needed
to build a trustful relationship with a child.
Just to be there. Just to love. Just to
recognize the child's needs and adequately
react to them.
Investigation of Improved Cooperative Coevolution for Large-Scale Global Optimization Problems
Authors: Vakhnin Aleksei , Sopov Evgenii
Published: May 2021

Modern real-valued optimization problems are complex and high-dimensional, and they are known as “large-scale global optimization (LSGO)” problems. Classic evolutionary algorithms (EAs) perform poorly on this class of problems because of the curse of dimensionality. Cooperative Coevolution (CC) is a high-performed framework for performing the decomposition of large-scale problems into smaller and easier subproblems by grouping objective variables. The efficiency of CC strongly depends on the size of groups and the grouping approach. In this study, an improved CC (iCC) approach for solving LSGO problems has been proposed and investigated. iCC changes the number of variables in subcomponents dynamically during the optimization process. The SHADE algorithm is used as a subcomponent optimizer. We have investigated the performance of iCC-SHADE and CC-SHADE on fifteen problems from the LSGO CEC’13 benchmark set provided by the IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation. The results of numerical experiments have shown that iCC-SHADE outperforms, on average, CC-SHADE with a fixed number of subcomponents. Also, we have compared iCC-SHADE with some state-of-the-art LSGO metaheuristics. The experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm is competitive with other efficient metaheuristics.
Five-Fingered Passive Force Feedback Glove Using a Variable Ratio Lever Mechanism
Authors: Guo Yuan , Yang Xiuping , Wang Haitong , Zhang Yuru , Xu Weiliang , Wang Dangxiao
Published: May 2021

Force feedback gloves allow users to touch and manipulate virtual objects intuitively. Compared with gloves providing active feedback force, gloves with passive feedback force are promising in terms of safety and low weight, but simulating the variable stiffness of virtual objects is more challenging. Addressing this difficulty, we propose a five-fingered glove with passive force feedback employing a variable ratio lever mechanism. The stiffness of the proposed glove is tuned by changing the structural stiffness of this mechanism rather than by applying torque control at each joint of the finger. The switch between free and constrained space is realized in real time by locking/unlocking the revolute joints of the glove using a servo motor. Furthermore, a predictive control mode is proposed to reduce the response time of the control system, and the actual response time is less than the limit of the delay (45 ms) that humans can perceive between visual and haptic stimuli. Experimental results show that the linear stiffness at the fingertip ranges from 0.89 to 619.89 N/m, and the maximum backdrive force of the proposed glove is less than 0.147 N.
Environmental Management, Human Resource Management and Green Human Resource Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Molina-Azorin José F. , López-Gamero Maria D. , Tarí Juan José , Pereira-Moliner Jorge , Pertusa-Ortega Eva M.
Published: May 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to integrate the literature on human resource management (HRM) and environmental management. Moreover, the paper shows the role that green human resource management (GHRM) plays in environmental management activities. This article examines the main relationships between human resource management and environmental strategy, emphasizing reciprocal influences. Moreover, the main human resource practices used in the literature are examined. In addition, methodological approaches that can be appropriate to advance the study of the link between human resource management and environmental strategy are proposed. Ideas for future research are also provided. As the role of human capital in implementing environmental management is a mature field of research, a new topic known as green human resource management has emerged. We examine studies that analyze both the relationship between general human resource management and environmental strategy and between green human resource management and environmental strategy.
Understandings of Social Innovation within the Danish Public Sector: A Literature Review
Authors: Scupola Ada , Fuglsang Lars , Gallouj Faiz , Vorre Hansen Anne
Published: May 2021

Social innovation is an emerging theme within innovation theory, and so is the concept of public service innovation networks for social innovation (PSINSIs). The purpose of this article is to explore how social innovation in Danish public services is conceptualised and enacted through the lenses of public service innovation networks for social innovation. To do this, a thorough integrative review of the literature dealing with the Danish context is conducted. The Danish context is interesting in order to investigate these network arrangements, firstly because they are not well understood in the context of the Nordic welfare states, which Denmark is part of, and then because municipalities and civil society have historically had a mutually dependent relationship in Denmark. The article highlights that social innovation is framed in several ways in the Danish public sector. In particular, the results show that the literature can be grouped according to four themes: (1) samskabelse (co-creation), (2) collaboration with civil society, (3) social entrepreneurs and social innovation and (4) public–private innovation partnerships. Moreover, the article presents and discusses a number of Danish empirical projects that may be understood through the lens of the PSINSI framework. Hence, the paper contributes with new theoretical perspectives, in addition to contributing to practice.
Bacillus-Based Probiotic Treatment Modified Bacteriobiome Diversity in Duck Feces
Authors: Naumova Natalia B. , Alikina Tatiana Y. , Zolotova Natalia S. , Konev Alexey V. , Pleshakova Valentina I. , Lescheva Nadezhda A. , Kabilov Marsel R.
Published: May 2021

The intestinal health of poultry is of great importance for birds’ growth and development; probiotics-driven shifts in gut microbiome can exert considerable indirect effect on birds’ welfare and production performance. The information about gut microbiota of ducks is scarce; by using high throughput metagenomic sequencing with Illumina Miseq we examined fecal bacterial diversity of Peking ducks grown on conventional and Bacillus-probiotic-enriched feed. The probiotic supplementation drastically decreased the presence of the opportunistic pathogen Escherichia/Shigella, which was the major and sole common dominant in all samples. Seventy other bacterial species in the ducks’ fecal assemblages were found to have probiotic-related differences, which were interpreted as beneficial for ducks’ health as was confirmed by the increased production performance of the probiotic-fed ducks. Bacterial α-biodiversity indices increased in the probiotic-fed group. The presented inventory of the duck fecal bacteriobiome can be very useful for the global meta-analysis of similar data in order to gain a better insight into bacterial functioning and interactions with other gut microbiota to improve poultry health, welfare and production performance.
Development of Extra-Early Provitamin A Quality Protein Maize Inbreds with Resistance/Tolerance to Striga hermonthica and Soil Nitrogen Stress
Authors: Oyekale Solomon A. , Badu-Apraku Baffour , Adetimirin Victor O. , Unachukwu Nnanna , Gedil Melaku
Published: May 2021

A hemiparasitic plant, Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth and soil nitrogen stress are the key constraints to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in sub-Saharan Africa, where commonly cultivated maize is the normal endosperm type that is deficient in provitamin A, tryptophan and lysine (PVATL). Seventy-six extra-early maize inbreds with provitamin A, tryptophan, and lysine qualities (TZEEIORQ) were developed to address these constraints, and four checks were assessed under Striga, low and high nitrogen conditions at three locations in Nigeria. The inbreds were further genotyped with two beta-carotene hydroxylase 1 (crtRB1) markers, and their seeds were quantified for provitamin A content. Significant (p < 0.01) genetic variations were observed for grain yield and other agronomic attributes of the inbreds under varying environmental conditions. Levels of PVATL for the inbreds ranged from 2.21–10.95 µg g−1, 0.04–0.08%, and 0.19–0.39%, respectively. Beta-carotene marker, crtRB1-3′TE, was polymorphic and grouped the inbreds into two. The marker was effective in identifying inbreds with moderate provitamin A content. Inbreds TZEEIORQ 5, TZEEIORQ 52, and TZEEIORQ 55 exhibited resistance to Striga, tolerance to nitrogen stress with moderate levels of PVATL and could be invaluable sources of favorable alleles for breeding nutritionally improved maize varieties with resistance/tolerance to Striga and soil nitrogen stress.
Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) Proteomic Analysis of Saliva in Horses with Acute Abdominal Disease
Authors: Muñoz-Prieto Alberto , Escribano Damián , Contreras-Aguilar María Dolores , Horvatić Anita , Guillemin Nicolas , Jacobsen Stine , Cerón José Joaquín , Mrljak Vladimir
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the salivary proteome in horses with acute abdominal disease (AAD) using a tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic approach. The saliva samples from eight horses with AAD were compared with six healthy horses in the proteomic study. Additionally, saliva samples from eight horses with AAD and eight controls were used to validate lactoferrin (LF) in saliva. The TMT analysis quantified 118 proteins. Of these, 17 differed significantly between horses with AAD and the healthy controls, 11 being downregulated and 6 upregulated. Our results showed the downregulation of gamma-enteric smooth muscle actin (ACTA2), latherin isoform X1, and LF. These proteins could be closely related to an impaired primary immune defense and antimicrobial capacity in the mucosa. In addition, there was an upregulation of mucin 19 (MUC19) and the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) associated with a protective effect during inflammation. The proteins identified in our study could have the potential to be novel biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring the physiopathology of the disease, especially LF, which decreased in the saliva of horses with AAD and was successfully measured using a commercially available immunoassay.
Bacterial Quality, Prevalence of Pathogens, and Molecular Characterization of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Korean Dairy Farm Environments
Authors: Ryu Sangdon , Shin Minhye , Yun Bohyun , Lee Woongji , Choi Hyejin , Kang Minkyoung , Oh Sangnam , Kim Younghoon
Published: May 2021

Raw milk acts as a mediator of major foodborne pathogenic bacterial infections. However, the sources of pathogens that contaminate milk are often unclear. This study assessed the prevalence of sanitary quality-indicating bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, coliform, and yeast/molds), including seven foodborne pathogens, in a dairy farm environment and processing plant in Korea. The microbiological analysis showed that a few sites, such as vat bottoms, room floors, drain holes, and niches, showed high microbial loads in most dairy farms. Based on quantitative microbial tests, Bacillus cereus was detected in three farms and Staphylococcus aureus was detected in only one farm. Among them, S. aureus JDFM SA01 isolated from a milk filter showed strong biofilm formation and toxicity to the host Caenorhabditis elegans. Subsequently, RNA-seq was performed to characterize the biofilm formation ability of S. aureus JDFM SA01. In biofilms, the significant upregulation of genes encoding microbial surface components and recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promotes adhesion might explain the increased viability and biomass of biofilms. This study provided insight into the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and microbial contamination levels across dairy farms.
Effect of Fortified Feed with Phyto-Extract on the First Physical Barrier (Mucus) of Labeo rohita
Authors: Fazio Francesco , Naz Saira , Habib Syed Sikandar , Hashmi Mehmood Ahmed Husnain , Ali Muhsin , Saoca Concetta , Ullah Mujeeb
Published: May 2021

The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of two different fortified feeds with different concentrations of two important medicinal plants (Withania coagulans and Zingiber officinale) on the mucosal immunity of Labeo rohita. After a dietary intervention, mucus was tested against five pathogenic bacteria (in-vitro), while experimental fish were tested against the ectoparasite (Lernaea) (in-vivo). Our results revealed that all fish groups fed with different concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2%) of Z. officinale had low molecular weight proteins and did not develop any significant signs of parasitic infection, with low mortality rate; whereas the groups that were fed with W. coagulans (particularly with 1% and 2%), including a control group, developed rapid signs of infection with high mortality rate. The highest hemagglutination titer value was recorded for the fish fed with 1% and 1.5% of Z. officinale. The lowest value was found for the fish fed with 2% of W. coagulans. The mucus of all fish of fortified groups was active and inhibited the growth of tested bacterial pathogens as compared to the control group. Further, Z. officinale groups showed greater efficacy against bacteria as compared to the W. coagulans groups. In conclusion, Z. officinale can be considered as a potential and functional ingredient in aquaculture feed. Furthermore, future studies should be conducted to investigate more details on the subject.