bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-spectral light-field imager for ultra-high temperature measurement
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Huang Mingrui , Fang Hua , Zeng Fei , Zhang Dingwu , Shi Shengxian
Published: August 2024

We have developed a multi-spectral light-field (MSLF) imager for high-temperature measurements ranging from 973 K to 2973 K. By integrating an optical-filter-array (OFA) in front of the main lens, the MSLF imager can simultaneously capture both the spatial and spectral information of high-temperature objects. To achieve accurate measurements for ultra-high temperatures, we simulated the effects of wavelength selection on the intensity of MSLF images, so as to determine the optical parameters for different temperature ranges. An in-house MSLF imager was constructed and blackbody tests were conducted to verify the design. In blackbody experiments, 700-850 nm OFA was used for temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1673 K. And for temperature above 1673 K, the 500-650 nm OFA was employed. It is important to note that, except for the OFA, all other optical components remain unchanged. The experimental results indicate that the MSLF imager, equipped with 500-650 nm and 700-850 nm OFAs, can achieve a measurement accuracy better than 0.4% across a broad range of 973-2973 K. Furthermore, a 50% increase in measurement accuracy can be achieved with the proposed wavelength calibration method.
Asymmetric χ(2)-translated optical frequency combs assisted by avoided mode crossing in concentric ring resonators
Authors: Wu Pengzhuo , Tang Xingyu , Yang Yatao , Wang Yifan , Yan Yongxian , Pan Ziyu , Zhang Xucheng , You Mingjian , Liu Zhenyu , Bao Changjing , Ji Xingchen , Li Yi , Zhao Qiancheng
Published: August 2024

χ(2)-translated microcomb generation in microresonators that possess both χ(2) and χ(3) nonlinear responses opens the door for ultra-broadband integrated comb sources. The interplay between the second- and third-order nonlinearities within a fixed coupling coefficient fertilizes complicated cavity dynamics which is of paramount scientific and technological potential. However, this coupling coefficient can be drastically wavelength-dependent, which is lack of consideration in previous studies. Here, we extend the range of coupling strengths to a full description and propose a new approach to delineate the spectral response of the interactions between the χ(2) and χ(3) nonlinearities. Critically, the underpinned physics is enabled by avoided mode crossing (AMX) in concentric double-ring microresonators. We demonstrate that the evolution of the anti-symmetric mode at fundamental wavelengths disrupts spectral symmetry, leading to asymmetric χ(2)-translated optical frequency combs at second-harmonic wavelengths. Simultaneous generation of skewed two-color optical frequency combs is numerically realized in an exemplary gallium phosphide-on-insulator platform with a coupling constant from 133.3 m-1W-1/2 to 7.4 m-1W-1/2, showing reasonable agreement with our theoretical model. Our findings provide a novel approach to shaping the optical frequency comb, which may facilitate potential applications in self-referencing and frequency metrology with desired comb spectral shapes.
Observations of two-dimensional electron gases in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors using up-converted photoluminescence excitation
Authors: Chen Yu-Ting , Chen Lu-Hsun , Wu Chii-Bin , Chang Sheng Hsiung , Yuan Chi-Tsu , Wen Wen-Yu , Chiu Ching-Hsueh , Hsu Hertz , Hsueh Wei Jen , Lee Yueh-Jian , Shen Ji-Lin
Published: August 2024

Up-converted photoluminescence excitation (UPLE) spectra of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown on Si substrates have been investigated. Based on the temperature dependence of UPLE, the 3.335-eV excitation peak is attributed to the two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. A two-step two-photon absorption process through real intermediate quantum-well states is suggested to be responsible for the up-converted luminescence in the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Full transmission of vectorial waves through 3D multiple-scattering media
Authors: Lin Ho-Chun , Wei Hsu Chia
Published: August 2024

A striking prediction from the random matrix theory (RMT) in mesoscopic
physics is the existence of “open channels”: waves that use multipath
interference to achieve perfect transmission across an opaque
disordered medium even in the multiple-scattering regime. Realization
of such open channels requires a coherent control of the complete
incident wavefront and has only been achieved for scalar waves in two
dimensions (2D) so far. Here, we utilize a recently proposed
“augmented partial factorization” full-wave simulation method to
compute the polarization-resolved scattering matrix from 3D vectorial
Maxwell’s equations and demonstrate the existence of open channels in
3D disordered media. We examine the spatial profile of such open
channels, demonstrate the existence of a bimodal transmission
eigenvalue distribution, and study the effects of incomplete
polarization control and finite-area illumination. The simulations
provide full access to all spatiotemporal properties of the complex
wave transport in 3D disordered systems, filling the gap left by
experimental capabilities.
Cascaded multi-phonon stimulated Raman scattering near second-harmonic generation in a thin-film lithium niobate microdisk
Authors: He Yuxuan , Yan Xiongshuo , Wu Jiangwei , Liu Xiangmin , Chen Yuping , Chen Xianfeng
Published: August 2024

High-quality microresonators can greatly enhance light–matter interactions and are excellent platforms for studying nonlinear optics. Wavelength conversion through nonlinear processes is the key to many applications of integrated optics. The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) process can extend the emission wavelength of a laser source to a wider range. Lithium niobate (LN), as a Raman active crystalline material, has remarkable potential for wavelength conversion. Here, we demonstrate the generation of cascaded multi-phonon Raman signals near the second-harmonic generation (SHG) peak in an X-cut thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microdisk. Fine tuning of the specific cascaded Raman spectral lines has also been made by changing the pump wavelength. Raman lines can reach a wavelength up to about 80 nm away from the SHG signal. We realize the SFG process associated with Raman signals in the visible range as well. Our work extends the use of WGM microresonators as effective optical upconversion wavelength converters in nonlinear optical applications.
Topological Photonics: introduction to the feature issue
Authors: Zhang Baile , Fleury Romain , Price Hannah , Zhen Bo
Published: August 2024

We introduce the feature issue of Optical Materials Express on Topological Photonics.
Asynchronous, semi-reverberant elastography
Authors: Schmidt Ginger , Bouma Brett E. , Uribe-Patarroyo Néstor
Published: August 2024

Optical coherence elastography measures elasticity—a property correlated with pathologies such as tumors due to fibrosis, atherosclerosis due to heterogeneous plaque composition, and ocular diseases such as keratoconus and glaucoma. Wave-based elastography, including reverberant elastography, leverages the properties of shear waves traveling through tissue primarily to infer shear modulus. These methods have already seen significant development over the past decade. However, existing implementations in OCT require robust synchronization of shear wave excitation with imaging, complicating widespread clinical adoption. We present a method for complete recovery of the harmonic shear wave field in an asynchronous, conventional frame-rate, raster-scanning OCT system by modeling raster-scanning as an amplitude modulation of the displacement field. This technique recovers the entire spatially and temporally coherent complex-valued shear wave field from just two B-scans, while reducing the time scale for sensitivity to motion from minutes to tens of milliseconds. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first successful demonstration of reverberant elastography on a human subject in vivo with a conventional frame-rate, raster-scanning OCT system, greatly expanding opportunity for widespread translation.
The Na+/K+-ATPase generically enables deterministic bursting in class I neurons by shearing the spike-onset bifurcation structure
Authors: Behbood Mahraz , Lemaire Louisiane , Schleimer Jan-Hendrik , Schreiber Susanne
Published: August 2024

Slow brain rhythms, for example during slow-wave sleep or pathological conditions like seizures and spreading depolarization, can be accompanied by oscillations in extracellular potassium concentration. Such slow brain rhythms typically have a lower frequency than tonic action-potential firing. They are assumed to arise from network-level mechanisms, involving synaptic interactions and delays, or from intrinsically bursting neurons. Neuronal burst generation is commonly attributed to ion channels with slow kinetics. Here, we explore an alternative mechanism generically available to all neurons with class I excitability. It is based on the interplay of fast-spiking voltage dynamics with a one-dimensional slow dynamics of the extracellular potassium concentration, mediated by the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase. We use bifurcation analysis of the complete system as well as the slow-fast method to reveal that this coupling suffices to generate a hysteresis loop organized around a bistable region that emerges from a saddle-node loop bifurcation–a common feature of class I excitable neurons. Depending on the strength of the Na+/K+-ATPase, bursts are generated from pump-induced shearing the bifurcation structure, spiking is tonic, or cells are silenced via depolarization block. We suggest that transitions between these dynamics can result from disturbances in extracellular potassium regulation, such as glial malfunction or hypoxia affecting the Na+/K+-ATPase activity. The identified minimal mechanistic model outlining the sodium-potassium pump’s generic contribution to burst dynamics can, therefore, contribute to a better mechanistic understanding of pathologies such as epilepsy syndromes and, potentially, inform therapeutic strategies.
Examining representation of women in leadership of professional medical associations in India
Authors: Singh Pratishtha , Sriram Veena , Vaid Sonali , Nanda Sharmishtha , Keshri Vikash R.
Published: August 2024

Women constitute 70% of the global health workforce but are significantly underrepresented in leadership positions. In India, professional medical associations (PMAs) play a crucial role in shaping policy agenda in the health sector, but very little is known about gender diversity in their leadership. Therefore, we analysed the gender representation of current and past leaderships of Indian PMAs. Data of the current and past national leadership and leadership committees of 46 leading PMAs representing general, specialities, and super-specialities were extracted from their official websites. Gender composition of leadership was analysed using a sequential approach. For Indian Medical Association (IMA), the largest Indian PMA, an analysis of its 32 sub-chapters was also undertaken. The findings revealed that only 9 (19.5%) out of 46 associations are currently led by a woman. Leadership committees of half the associations have less than 20% women, while there were no women in the central committee of nine PMAs. Among past presidents, information was publicly available for 31 associations and all of them have had less than 20% of women presidents till date. Among the 64 individuals currently serving as presidents and secretaries of 32 sub-chapters of IMA, only three (4.6%) are women. Even in associations closely related to women’s health, such as obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and neonatology, unequal representation persists, highlighting male dominance. These results demonstrate significant gender disparities in PMA leadership in India, necessitating urgent efforts to promote gender equality. Gender-transformative leadership is crucial to develop gender-sensitive health care policies and practices which can serve as a catalyst for broader societal change.
Equity considerations in clinical practice guidelines for traumatic brain injury and the criminal justice system: A systematic review
Authors: Colclough Zoe , Estrella Maria Jennifer , Joyce Julie Michele , Hanafy Sara , Babineau Jessica , Colantonio Angela , Chan Vincy
Published: August 2024

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is disproportionately prevalent among individuals who intersect or are involved with the criminal justice system (CJS). In the absence of appropriate care, TBI-related impairments, intersecting social determinants of health, and the lack of TBI awareness in CJS settings can lead to lengthened sentences, serious disciplinary charges, and recidivism. However, evidence suggests that most clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) overlook equity and consequently, the needs of disadvantaged groups. As such, this review addressed the research question “To what extent are (1) intersections with the CJS considered in CPGs for TBI, (2) TBI considered in CPGs for CJS, and (3) equity considered in CPGs for CJS?”.

Methods and findings

CPGs were identified from electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO), targeted websites, Google Search, and reference lists of identified CPGs on November 2021 and March 2023 (CPGs for TBI) and May 2022 and March 2023 (CPGs for CJS). Only CPGs for TBI or CPGs for CJS were included. We calculated the proportion of CPGs that included TBI- or CJS-specific content, conducted a qualitative content analysis to understand how evidence regarding TBI and the CJS was integrated in the CPGs, and utilised equity assessment tools to understand if and how equity was considered. Fifty-seven CPGs for TBI and 6 CPGs for CJS were included in this review. Fourteen CPGs for TBI included information relevant to the CJS, but only 1 made a concrete recommendation to consider legal implications during vocational evaluation in the forensic context. Two CPGs for CJS acknowledged the prevalence of TBI among individuals in prison and one specifically recommended considering TBI during health assessments. Both CPGs for TBI and CPGs for CJS provided evidence specific to a single facet of the CJS, predominantly in policing and corrections. The use of equity best practices and the involvement of disadvantaged groups in the development process were lacking among CPGs for CJS. We acknowledge limitations of the review, including that our searches were conducted in English language and thus, we may have missed other non-English language CPGs in this review. We further recognise that we are unable to comment on evidence that is not integrated in the CPGs, as we did not systematically search for research on individuals with TBI who intersect with the CJS, outside of CPGs.

Conclusions

Findings from this review provide the foundation to consider CJS involvement in CPGs for TBI and to advance equity in CPGs for CJS. Conducting research, including investigating the process of screening for TBI with individuals who intersect with all facets of the CJS, and utilizing equity assessment tools in guideline development are critical steps to enhance equity in healthcare for this disadvantaged group.
Extracellular domain, hinge, and transmembrane determinants affecting surface CD4 expression of a novel anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct
Authors: Zenere Giorgio , Wu Chengxiang , Midkiff Cecily C. , Johnson Nathan M. , Grice Christopher P. , Wimley William C. , Kaur Amitinder , Braun Stephen E.
Published: August 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have demonstrated clinical potential, but current receptors still need improvements to be successful against chronic HIV infection. In this study, we address some requirements of CAR motifs for strong surface expression of a novel anti-HIV CAR by evaluating important elements in the extracellular, hinge, and transmembrane (TM) domains. When combining a truncated CD4 extracellular domain and CD8α hinge/TM, the novel CAR did not express extracellularly but was detectable intracellularly. By shortening the CD8α hinge, CD4-CAR surface expression was partially recovered and addition of the LYC motif at the end of the CD8α TM fully recovered both intracellular and extracellular CAR expression. Mutation of LYC to TTA or TTC showed severe abrogation of CAR expression by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Additionally, we determined that CD4-CAR surface expression could be maximized by the removal of FQKAS motif at the junction of the extracellular domain and the hinge region. CD4-CAR surface expression also resulted in cytotoxic CAR T cell killing of HIV Env+ target cells. In this study, we identified elements that are crucial for optimal CAR surface expression, highlighting the need for structural analysis studies to establish fundamental guidelines of CAR designs.
Length of hospital stay and associated factors among adult surgical patients admitted to surgical wards in Amhara Regional State Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Ethiopia
Authors: Hurisa Dadi Habtamu , Habte Netsanet , Mulu Yenework
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Hospitals across the country are facing increases in hospital length of stay ranging from 2% to 14%. This results in patients who stay in hospital for long periods of time being three times more likely to die in hospital. Therefore, identifying factors that contribute to longer hospital stays enhances the ability to improve services and quality of patient care. However, there is limited documented evidence on factors associated with longer hospital stays among surgical inpatients in Ethiopia and the study area.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the length of hospital stay and associated factors among adult surgical patients admitted to surgical wards in Amhara Regional State Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2023.

Methods

An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 452 adult surgical patients from April 17 to May 22, 2023. Data were collected based on a pretested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, medical record review, and direct measurement of BMI. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. The collected data were cleaned, entered into EpiData version 4.6.0 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used. Variables with a p value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were considered statistically significant.

Results

In the current study, the prevalence of prolonged hospital stay was 26.5% (95% CI: 22.7, 30.8). Patients referred from another public health facility (AOR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.14, 6.14), hospital-acquired pneumonia (AOR = 3.64; 95% CI: 1.43, 9.23), duration of surgery ≥110 minutes (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.25, 5.16), being underweight (AOR = 5.21; 95%CI: 2.63, 10.33) and preoperative anemia (AOR = 3.22; 95% CI: 1.77, 5.86) were factors associated with prolonged hospital stays.

Conclusion

This study found a significant proportion of prolonged hospital stays among patients admitted to surgical wards. Patients referred from another public health facility, preoperative anemia, underweight, duration of surgery ≥110 minutes, and hospital-acquired pneumonia were factors associated with prolonged hospital stay. Early screening and treatment of anemia and malnutrition before surgery can shorten the length of stay.
The effect of a single dose of methylphenidate on attention in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: D’Aiello Barbara , Di Vara Silvia , De Rossi Pietro , Vicari Stefano , Menghini Deny
Published: August 2024

The co-occurrence Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated to difficulties in regulating adverse states, elevated functional impairment, deficits in Executive Functions and high risk for psychopathology. Recent studies have shown that ODD is a negative predictor of a positive response to methylphenidate (MPH) treatment for ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents and that patients with a diagnosis of comorbid ADHD and ODD are less likely to respond favorably to pharmacological treatment with MPH. We conducted a naturalistic study to understand the clinical characteristics of drug-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD that influence the response to MPH by measuring the effect on attention. Specifically, we investigated whether a single dose of MPH differently affects the performance of 53 children and adolescents with ADHD with or without ODD comorbidity. In addition, participant characteristics such as symptom severity, functional impairment, and associated behavioral and emotional symptoms at baseline were examined to better understand what aspects affect the response to MPH. We found that a single dose of MPH improved the attention of children and adolescents with ADHD without ODD more than those with comorbid ADHD and ODD, resulting in reduced reaction times. Our findings indicated that children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and ODD and those with ADHD alone did not exhibit differences in measures of attention prior to taking MPH, nor in demographic variables (age, intelligence quotient, gender), clinical characteristics related to symptom severity, and adaptive behaviors. However, we observed differences between the two groups in certain behavioral aspects, including the Dysregulation Profile and disruptive behaviors. Assessing symptoms in combination with the presence of ADHD can be beneficial in determining which individuals would derive the greatest benefits from treatment.
Deep transfer learning-based bird species classification using mel spectrogram images
Authors: Baowaly Mrinal Kanti , Sarkar Bisnu Chandra , Walid Md. Abul Ala , Ahamad Md. Martuza , Singh Bikash Chandra , Alvarado Eduardo Silva , Ashraf Imran , Samad Md. Abdus
Published: August 2024

The classification of bird species is of significant importance in the field of ornithology, as it plays an important role in assessing and monitoring environmental dynamics, including habitat modifications, migratory behaviors, levels of pollution, and disease occurrences. Traditional methods of bird classification, such as visual identification, were time-intensive and required a high level of expertise. However, audio-based bird species classification is a promising approach that can be used to automate bird species identification. This study aims to establish an audio-based bird species classification system for 264 Eastern African bird species employing modified deep transfer learning. In particular, the pre-trained EfficientNet technique was utilized for the investigation. The study adapts the fine-tune model to learn the pertinent patterns from mel spectrogram images specific to this bird species classification task. The fine-tuned EfficientNet model combined with a type of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) namely Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long short-term memory (LSTM). RNNs are employed to capture the temporal dependencies in audio signals, thereby enhancing bird species classification accuracy. The dataset utilized in this work contains nearly 17,000 bird sound recordings across a diverse range of species. The experiment was conducted with several combinations of EfficientNet and RNNs, and EfficientNet-B7 with GRU surpasses other experimental models with an accuracy of 84.03% and a macro-average precision score of 0.8342.
Synergistic fields: Unveiling the potential win-win relationship between esports performance and traditional sports participation
Authors: Tang Di , Ma Ruisi , Chung Peichi , Ho Wai-keung , Sum Kim-wai Raymond
Published: August 2024

This cross-sectional study investigated the association between participation in traditional sports and esports performance, analyzing data from 1,549 survey respondents, with a specific focus on 617 individuals assessed for their esports capabilities. The analysis suggests that participation in traditional sports is associated with enhanced performance in first-person shooters. However, no similar association was observed in multiplayer online battle arena games across various platforms. Furthermore, although no substantial link was found between overall gameplay duration and esports performance for the majority of the games examined, time spent playing Honor of Kings was significantly associated with improved in-game rankings, likely due to its unique matchmaking and rating system. The findings also indicate that participants from different categories of traditional sports show no significant differences in esports performance, suggesting similar physical and athletic requirements across these sports. This underscores the necessity for further exploration and methodological refinement to investigate the associations between specific types of physical exercise and enhancements in esports performance. Additionally, esports participants demonstrated higher levels of engagement in traditional sports compared to their non-esports counterparts, suggesting potential reciprocal benefits between esports and physical exercise. Future research should further investigate these mutual advantages. Conducting additional rigorous empirical research to substantiate these associations is essential for the sustainable development of esports.
Racial/ethnic differences in pre-pregnancy conditions and adverse maternal outcomes in the nuMoM2b cohort: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Meredith Meghan E. , Steimle Lauren N. , Stanhope Kaitlyn K. , Platner Marissa H. , Boulet Sheree L.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To determine how pre-existing conditions contribute to racial disparities in adverse maternal outcomes and incorporate these conditions into models to improve risk prediction for racial minority subgroups.

Study design

We used data from the “Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b)" observational cohort study. We defined multimorbidity as the co-occurrence of two or more pre-pregnancy conditions. The primary outcomes of interest were severe preeclampsia, postpartum readmission, and blood transfusion during pregnancy or up to 14 days postpartum. We used weighted Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals, and we used mediation analysis to evaluate the contribution of the combined effects of pre-pregnancy conditions to racial/ethnic disparities. We also evaluated the predictive performance of our regression models by racial subgroup using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) metric.

Results

In the nuMoM2b cohort (n = 8729), accounting for pre-existing conditions attenuated the association between non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity and risk of severe preeclampsia. Cardiovascular and kidney conditions were associated with risk for severe preeclampsia among all women (aRR, 1.77; CI, 1.61–1.96, and aRR, 1.27; CI, 1.03–1.56 respectively). The mediation analysis results were not statistically significant; however, cardiovascular conditions explained 36.6% of the association between non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity and severe preeclampsia (p = 0.07). The addition of pre-pregnancy conditions increased model performance for the prediction of severe preeclampsia.

Conclusions

Pre-existing conditions may explain some of the association between non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity and severe preeclampsia. Specific pre-pregnancy conditions were associated with adverse maternal outcomes and the incorporation of comorbidities improved the performance of most risk prediction models.
Effects of light curing on silver diamine fluoride-treated carious lesions: A systematic review
Authors: Min Saw Nay , Duangthip Duangporn , Detsomboonrat Palinee
Published: August 2024

Objective

This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential benefits and underlying mechanisms of combining SDF with light curing, based on available studies.

Materials and methods

A systematic search of publications was conducted with the keywords “silver diamine fluoride” or “silver fluoride” and “dental light curing,” “LED curing,” “dental laser,” and “dental polymerization” in 4 databases: PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify English-language articles published up to March 2023. Duplicate publications were deleted. Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts and excluded irrelevant publications. The full text of the remaining publications was retrieved. Studies investigating the effect of light-curing on SDF-treated carious lesions were included.

Results

The 175 publications initially found included 5 laboratory studies investigating the effects of light curing on 38% SDF-treated dentine carious lesions, but no clinical study was found. Four of these studies were conducted on extracted primary teeth, and one was on extracted permanent teeth. SDF with light curing increased microhardness (n = 3, p < .05) showed a higher mineral density (n = 1, p < .041) and had more silver ion precipitation in infected dentine (n = 1, p < .016) compared to SDF without light curing. Moreover, no significant differences in the antibacterial activity were observed between SDF with light curing and SDF alone (n = 1, p > .05).

Conclusion

Drawing from the limited number of laboratory studies, incorporating light curing subsequent to the SDF application yields potential favorable outcomes that include augmented microhardness, elevated mineral density, and heightened silver ion precipitation within infected dentine. Future clinical research is required to confirm or refute the benefit of light curing on SDF-treated carious lesions.
Development of a Global Physical Literacy (GloPL) Action Framework: Study protocol for a consensus process
Authors: Carl Johannes , Mazzoli Emiliano , Mouton Alexandre , Sum Raymond Kim-Wai , Singh Amika , Niederberger Marlen , Martins João , Kriellaars Dean , Green Nigel , Elsborg Peter , Dudley Dean A. , Cairney John , Barratt Jaime , Barnett Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

Background

The holistic concept of physical literacy (PL) has gained growing attention in recent research, policy, and practice. Many important policy documents of the physical activity and educational fields (e.g., Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 by the World Health Organization, UNESCO’s Quality Physical Education guidelines for policymakers) have specified PL. However, a clear framework for action is needed, as most initiatives across the world are fragmented, lack a prospective orientation, can benefit from conceptual clarification, and are not linked to effective translation into practice. Therefore, we aim to consensually develop a Global Physical Literacy (GloPL) Action Framework to define goals and principles (asking what is needed) as well as actions and ways (asking how these can be achieved) to move PL forward.

Materials and methods

We apply a three-stage group Delphi technique involving three representation groups: (a) geographical representatives to achieve global coverage of perspectives; (b) representatives of special thematic interest reflecting prominent gaps of current PL activities; and (c) representatives of societies from the broad field of physical activity and health to facilitate dissemination. The process will begin with an individual pre-Delphi exercise, in which experts generate initial ideas for the framework, followed by a four-eye document analysis to derive themes for the discussion. Subsequently, the experts will meet face-to-face in three online rounds to discuss and prioritize the themes. Interspersed formal voting with pre-defined agreement thresholds (via descriptive statistics) will inform the inclusion of themes within the final framework.

Conclusions

A global consensus on goals, principles, actions, and ways for the development of PL has the potential to provide a largely accepted roadmap for future activities in research, policy, and practice. The co-production approach will help disseminate the GloPL Action Framework and benefit work in relevant application fields of physical activity and health worldwide.
Returning to work with long covid in the UK during lockdown and other COVID-19 restrictions: A qualitative study
Authors: Boutry Clement , Patel Priya , Holmes Jain , Radford Kathryn , Bolton Charlotte E. , Evangelou Nikos , das Nair Roshan , Morriss Richard
Published: August 2024

Few previous studies have considered the experiences of people with long covid returning to work beyond symptoms in terms of employer and other support factors. The aim of this research was to understand the experience of returning to work for those with long covid symptoms in contrast to the non-long covid group who had not experienced COVID-19 during the time restrictions were imposed to limit the spread of COVID-19 infection. Twenty-one participants with long covid and 13 participants who had not had COVID-19 were interviewed. Themes were identified from transcripts using framework analysis. Participants with long covid experienced difficulties returning to work, particularly from fatigue, cognitive symptoms and breathlessness. Symptoms were heterogeneous and fluctuated in severity over time. A lack of understanding from colleagues and managers sometimes led to a premature return to work without adequate support, associated with further long covid relapse. Outside-of-work, support was salient for a successful return to work. The standard phased return offered by employers may be too short and rigid for some people with long covid. They may benefit from a tailored intervention to support a return to work that targets symptom management, and engages with work colleagues, managers, and family members.
High-performing teams: Is collective intelligence the answer?
Authors: Rowe Luke I. , Hattie John , Munro John
Published: August 2024

Background/objectives

The concept of a general factor of collective intelligence, proposed by Woolley et al. in 2010, has spurred interest in understanding collective intelligence within small groups. This study aims to extend this investigation by examining the validity of a general collective intelligence factor, assessing its underlying factor structure, and evaluating its utility in predicting performance on future group problem-solving tasks and academic outcomes.

Methods

Employing a correlational study design, we engaged 85 university students in a series of complex cognitive tasks designed to measure collective intelligence through individual, group, and predictive phases.

Results

Contrary to the hypothesized single-factor model, our findings favor a two-factor model influenced by Cattell’s theory of crystalized and fluid intelligence. These two factors accounted for substantial variance in group performance outcomes, challenging the prevailing single-factor model. Notably, the predictive validity of these factors on group assignments was statistically significant, with both individual and collective intelligence measures correlating moderately with group assignment scores (rs = .40 to .47, p < .05).

Conclusions

Our research suggests that collective intelligence in small group settings may not be uniformly governed by a single factor but rather by multiple dimensions that reflect established theories of individual intelligence. This nuanced understanding of collective intelligence could have significant implications for enhancing group performance in both educational and organizational contexts. Future research should explore these dimensions and their independent contributions to group dynamics and outcomes.
Three months use of Hybrid Closed Loop Systems improves glycated hemoglobin levels in adolescents and children with type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Authors: WANG Yuan-yuan , YING Hui-min , TIAN Fang , QIAN Xiao-lu , Zhou Zhen-feng
Published: August 2024

Background

Longer outpatient studies have demonstrated that hybrid closed loop (HCL) use has led to a concomitant reduction in glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) by 0.3%–0.7%. However, reports have also indicated that HbA1c levels are not declined in the long-term use of HCL. Therefore, we wonder that 3 months use of HCL could improve glycated hemoglobin levels in adolescents and children with T1D.

Methods

Relevant studies were searched electronically in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase utilizing the key words “Pediatrics or Child or Adolescent”, “Insulin Infusion Systems” and “Diabetes Mellitus” from inception to 17th March 2024 to evaluate the performance of HCL on HbA1c in adolescents, and children with T1D.

Results

Nine studies involving 927 patients were identified. Three months use of HCL show a beneficial effect on HbA1c management (p <0.001) as compared to standard of care in adolescents and children with T1D, without evidence of heterogeneity between articles (I2 = 40%, p = 0.10). HCL did significantly increase the overall average percentage of hypoglycemic time between 70 and 180 mg/dL (TIR) (p <0.001; I2 = 51%). HCL did not show a beneficial effect on hypoglycemic time <70 mg/dL and <54 mg/dL (p >0.05). The overall percentage of hyperglycemic time was significantly decreased in HCL group compared to the control group when it was defined as >180 mg/dL (p <0.001; I2 = 83%), >250 mg/dL (p = 0.007, I2 = 86%) and >300 mg/dL (p = 0.005; I2 = 76%). The mean glucose level was significantly decreased by HCL (p <0.001; I2 = 58%), however, no significant difference was found in coefficient of variation of sensor glucose (p = 0.82; I2 = 71%) and daily insulin dose (p = 0.94; I2 <0.001) between the HCL group and the control group.

Conclusions

HCL had a beneficial effect on HbA1c management and TIR without increased hypoglycemic time as compared to standard of care in adolescents and children with T1D when therapy duration of HCL was not less than three months.

Trial number and registry URL

CRD42022367493; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, Principal investigator: Zhen-feng Zhou, Date of registration: October 30, 2022.
Seismic hazard analysis and financial impact assessment of railway infrastructure in the US West Coast: A machine learning approach
Authors: Maneerat Patcharaporn , Rungskunroch Panrawee , Persaud Patricia
Published: August 2024

This research examines the seismic hazard impact on railway infrastructure along the U.S. West Coast (Washington, Oregon and California), using machine learning to explore how measures of seismic hazard such as fault density, earthquake frequency, and ground shaking relate to railway infrastructure accidents. By comparing linear and non-linear models, it finds non-linear approaches superior, particularly noting that higher fault densities and stronger peak ground shaking correlate with increased infrastructure accident rates. Shallow earthquakes with magnitudes of 3.5 or greater and hypocentral depths <20 km also exhibit a pronounced correlation with the incidence of railway infrastructure accidents The study extends to financial impact analysis through Net Present Value and Monte Carlo Simulation, and evaluates damage costs from 2000–2023 to guide financial planning and risk management strategies. It highlights the crucial role of advanced financial tools in optimizing maintenance and long-term planning that could result in better preparedness in high seismic hazard regions and emphasizes the need for robust risk management strategies in enhancing railway operational safety that considers the local and regional tectonic and seismic activity and local ground shaking intensity.
Exploring the recurrent states of football teams’ tactical organization on the pitch during Brazilian official matches
Authors: Moura Felipe Arruda , Bueno Murilo José de Oliveira , Caetano Fabio Giuliano , Silva Maisa , Cunha Sergio Augusto , Torres Ricardo da Silva
Published: August 2024

Football teams’ tactical organization on the pitch is usually represented by the surface area. Considering the different shapes adopted by the teams during the match, the role of the tactical variability for success is lacking. The aim of this study was to explore and to evaluate the association between recurrent states of tactical organization and technical performance during football matches. A total of 28 teams of Brazilian First Division Championships were analysed. Teams’ surface area shapes were represented by the maximum value of the Multiscale Fractal Dimension in each timestamp, producing a time series. Recurrences of states of tactical organization were determined via recurrence plots and recurrence quantitative analysis during attacking and defending phases, and considering the whole match. The outcomes were correlated with nine traditional technical performance indicators. The main results showed that structural recurrence or variability on tactical organization is associated with performance success during the defending and attacking actions. Recurrence plot and measures based on the recurrence density proved to be valuable tools to represent teams’ dynamics.
The transformation of 20-year social participation policies of older people in China: Network analysis and text analysis
Authors: Mei ZiQi , Li WeiTong , Chen JunYu , Yin HaiYan , Song YuLei , Tu WenJing , Ding ZiChun , Bai YaMei , Jin ShengJi , Xu Guihua
Published: August 2024

Background

Social participation of older adults is a crucial component of China’s aged care services and an important strategy for actively addressing the aging population. Analyzing policy texts on older people’s social participation can inform future policy formulation and the development of relevant programs.

Objectives

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the transformation of China’s social participation policies for older people from 1999 to 2023, employing institutional network analysis and policy text analysis.

Method

A two-dimensional policy analysis framework was constructed based on the perspective of “policy tools and social participation stages.” Using Rost Content Mining 6.0 and Nvivo 11.0 Plus software, 55 national-level policy texts were coded. Structural analysis of policy-issuing subjects and topic words was conducted to visualize the findings.

Results

The analysis revealed that the policy-issuing subjects demonstrated strong authority but weak coordination, with a lack of communication and cooperation across subjects. The use of policy tools was imbalanced, with an over-reliance on supply-type tools and insufficient use of demand-type tools. Additionally, the lack of effective policy tools to support various social participation stages has limited policy implementation.

Conclusion

With technological advancement and changing needs of the elderly population, there is a need for a more systematic and forward-looking top-level design of elderly social participation policies: accelerating the systematization and precision of technological elements in policies for elderly social participation, integrating social organizations via technological platforms to mobilize diverse stakeholder engagement, and addressing the digital divide between the elderly and new technologies is imperative.
An untargeted comparative metabolomics analysis of infants with and without late-onset breast milk jaundice
Authors: Cui Mingxuan , Guo Qianying , Zhao Shilong , Liu Xinran , Yang Chen , Liu Peng , Wang Linlin
Published: August 2024

Background: Late-onset breast milk jaundice (LBMJ) is a common form of hyperbilirubinemia, which can result in serious complications for newborns with persistently high bilirubin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in fecal metabolites between breastfed infants with and without LBMJ in order to elucidate potential biological mechanisms. Methods: Biological samples were collected from 12 infants with LBMJ and 12 healthy individuals. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was utilized for non-targeted determination of fecal metabolites. Principal components analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and differential metabolite analysis were performed in both positive ion mode and negative ion mode for the two groups. Additionally, the KEGG database was employed to comprehensively analyze the pathways of differential metabolites. Results: There were no significant differences in maternal and neonatal demographic characteristics between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results of PCA and cluster heat map analysis in both modes showed that there were significant differences in metabolites between the two groups. Among 751 differential metabolites (DMs) detected in positive ion mode, 720 were up-regulated in the case group while 31 were down-regulated. In negative ion mode, 1891 DMs were detected, including 817 up-regulated metabolites and 1074 down-regulated metabolites in the case group. Analysis of differential metabolic pathways showed that the DMs of the two groups were mainly annotated and enriched in Biotin metabolism, N-Glycan biosynthesis, Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, Pyrimidine metabolism, and Pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Conclusion: Significant differences exist in fecal metabolites between LBMJ infants and healthy controls. The study of differential metabolic pathways provides insights into the mechanism of LBMJ.
A novel framework for enhancing transparency in credit scoring: Leveraging Shapley values for interpretable credit scorecards
Authors: Hlongwane Rivalani , Ramabao Kutlwano , Mongwe Wilson
Published: August 2024

Credit scorecards are essential tools for banks to assess the creditworthiness of loan applicants. While advanced machine learning models like XGBoost and random forest often outperform traditional logistic regression in predictive accuracy, their lack of interpretability hinders their adoption in practice. This study bridges the gap between research and practice by developing a novel framework for constructing interpretable credit scorecards using Shapley values. We apply this framework to two credit datasets, discretizing numerical variables and utilizing one-hot encoding to facilitate model development. Shapley values are then employed to derive credit scores for each predictor variable group in XGBoost, random forest, LightGBM, and CatBoost models. Our results demonstrate that this approach yields credit scorecards with interpretability comparable to logistic regression while maintaining superior predictive accuracy. This framework offers a practical and effective solution for credit practitioners seeking to leverage the power of advanced models without sacrificing transparency and regulatory compliance.
Quantitative trait loci analysis for molecular markers linked to agricultural traits of Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Ryu Jae-San , Park Bokyung , van Peer Arend F. , Na Kyeong Sook , Lee Song Hee
Published: August 2024

Pleurotus ostreatus is a global mushroom crop with nutritional and medicinal benefits. However, the genetic basis of several commercial traits remains unknown. To address this, we analyzed the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for two representative cultivars, "Heuktari" and "Miso," with apparently distinct alleles. A genetic map with 11 linkage groups was constructed, in which 27 QTLs were assigned to 14 traits. The explained phenotypic variations in QTLs ranged from 7.8% to 22.0%. Relatively high LOD values of 6.190 and 5.485 were estimated for the pinheading period and the number of valid stipes, respectively. Some QTL-derived molecular markers showed potential enhancement rates of selection precision in inbred lines, especially for cap shape (50%) and cap thickness (30%). Candidate genes were inferred from the QTL regions and validated using qRT-PCR, particularly for the cysteine and glutathione pathway, in relation to cap yellowness. The molecular markers in this study are expected to facilitate the breeding of the Heuktari and Miso lines and provide probes to identify related genes in P. ostreatus.