bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic attenuation in magnetic insulator films: effects of magnon polaron formation
Authors: Zhuang Shihao , Hu Jia-Mian
Published: December 2022

A magnon and a phonon are the quanta of spin wave and lattice wave, respectively, and they can hybridize into a magnon polaron when their frequencies and wavenumbers match close enough the values at the exceptional point. Guided by an analytically calculated magnon polaron dispersion, dynamical phase-field simulations are performed to investigate the effects of magnon polaron formation on the attenuation of a bulk acoustic wave in a magnetic insulator film. It is shown that a stronger magnon–phonon coupling leads to a larger attenuation. The simulations also demonstrate the existence of a minimum magnon–phonon interaction time required for the magnon polaron formation, which is found to decrease with the magnetoelastic coupling coefficient but increase with the magnetic damping coefficient. These results deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of acoustic attenuation in magnetic crystals and provide insights into the design of new-concept spin interconnects that operate based on acoustically driven magnon propagation.
A bistable energy harvester with low base-acceleration and high root mean square output for train bogies: theoretical modeling and experimental validation
Authors: Tu Dilong , Zhang Yuan , Zhu Lei , Qin Yong , Du Yanping , Liu Mengzhou , Ding Ao
Published: December 2022

Energy harvesting provides potential power solutions for distributed sensors in rail transportation condition monitoring. However, reported harvesters have low efficiency and a narrow working bandwidth for rail transportation condition monitoring scenarios. An energy harvester is developed in this paper that has a higher energy output efficiency and a wider working bandwidth. The harvester is suitable for train monitoring scenarios. The key novelty lies in the combination of a spherical moving magnet and a cylindrical moving magnet to give a spherical–cylindrical coupled moving magnet, which not only maintains the advantage of low friction but also improves energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, analytical models are established to describe the dynamics of the harvester with different moving magnets (spherical, cylindrical, spherical–cylindrical coupled), and a theoretical framework is established to guide the design. The theoretical model is validated by developed prototypes and experimental results. The working bandwidth of the energy harvester with a spherical–cylindrical coupled moving magnet is 9.5–45.1 Hz at 2g and the output power reaches 18.2 mW at 40 Hz and 1200 Ω load. Compared with traditional energy harvesters with cylindrical and spherical moving magnets, the base excitation is lower and the normalized output power is higher. Thus, this energy harvester is more suitable for train monitoring scenarios.
Probes of axial and nonaxial hexadecapole deformation effects in nuclei around 230U
Authors: Song Zhuo , Wang Hua-Lei , Zhang Zhen-Zhen , Liu Min-Liang
Published: December 2022

The structure properties for even–even nuclei around 230U, located on the hexadecapole-deformation island, are investigated using the potential-energy-surface calculation within the framework of the macroscopic−microscopic model. The impact of different deformation degrees of freedom (including axial and nonaxial quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations) on total energy, shell, and pairing contributions is analyzed, based on the projected energy maps and curves. The single-particle structure is presented and briefly discussed. To a large extent, a much better agreement with experimental data and other theoretical results is obtained if the hexadecapole deformations, especially the axial one, are taken into account. These results could provide useful insights into understanding the effects of different quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations.
Electronic and thermal properties of Ag-doped single crystal zinc oxide via laser-induced technique
Authors: Xing Huan , Wang Hui-Qiong , Song Tinglu , Li Chunli , Dai Yang , Fu Gengming , Kang Junyong , Zheng Jin-Cheng
Published: December 2022

The doping of ZnO has attracted lots of attention because it is an important way to tune the properties of ZnO. Post-doping after growth is one of the efficient strategies. Here, we report a unique approach to successfully dope the single crystalline ZnO with Ag by the laser-induced method, which can effectively further post-treat grown samples. Magnetron sputtering was used to coat the Ag film with a thickness of about 50 nm on the single crystalline ZnO. Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was chosen to irradiate the Ag-capped ZnO samples, followed by annealing at 700 °C for two hours to form ZnO:Ag. The three-dimensional (3D) information of the elemental distribution of Ag in ZnO was obtained through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). TOF-SIMS and core-level x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated that the Ag impurities could be effectively doped into single crystalline ZnO samples as deep as several hundred nanometers. Obvious broadening of core level XPS profiles of Ag from the surface to depths of hundred nms was observed, indicating the variance of chemical state changes in laser-induced Ag-doped ZnO. Interesting features of electronic mixing states were detected in the valence band XPS of ZnO:Ag, suggesting the strong coupling or interaction of Ag and ZnO in the sample rather than their simple mixture. The Ag-doped ZnO also showed a narrower bandgap and a decrease in thermal diffusion coefficient compared to the pure ZnO, which would be beneficial to thermoelectric performance.
Flow control performance evaluation of a tri-electrode sliding discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Zheng 郑 Borui 博睿 , Liu 刘 Yuanpeng 园鹏 , Yu 喻 Minghao 明浩 , Jin 金 Yuanzhong 元中 , Zhang 张 Qian 倩 , Chen 陈 Quanlong 全龙
Published: December 2022

Tri-electrode sliding discharge (TED) plasma actuators are formed by adding a direct current (DC) exposed electrode to conventional dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators. There are three TED modes depending on the polarity and amplitude of the DC supply: DBD discharge, extended discharge and sliding discharge. This paper evaluates the electrical, aerodynamic and mechanical characteristics of a TED plasma actuator based on energy analysis, particle image velocimetry experiments and calculations using the Navier–Stokes equation. The flow control performances of different discharge modes are quantitatively analyzed based on characteristic parameters. The results show that flow control performance in both extended discharge and sliding discharge is more significant than that of DBD, mainly because of the significantly higher (up to 141%) body force of TED compared with DBD. However, conductivity loss is the primary power loss caused by the DC polarity for TED discharge. Therefore, power consumption can be reduced by optimizing the dielectric material and thickness, thus improving the flow control performance of plasma actuators.
Nonreciprocal negative refraction in a dense hot atomic medium
Authors: Yi Hai , Zhang Hongjun , Sun Hui
Published: December 2022

We investigate the electromagnetic properties of a four-level dense atomic gas medium with Doppler effect. It is shown that the relative permittivity and relative permeability of the medium can be negative simultaneously with low absorption in the same detuning interval on account of electromagnetically induced transparency. Furthermore, with the suitable parameters, the nonreciprocal negative refraction can be obtained due to the Doppler effect, and the nonreciprocity frequency band can be regulated by adjusting the temperature, the intensity of the control field and the atomic density in this hot atomic medium.
High-temperature ferromagnetism and strong π-conjugation feature in two-dimensional manganese tetranitride
Authors: Yan Ming , Xie Zhi-Yuan , Gao Miao
Published: December 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials have attracted tremendous research interest because of the promising application in the next-generation microelectronic devices. Here, by the first-principles calculations, we propose a two-dimensional ferromagnetic material with high Curie temperature, manganese tetranitride MnN4 monolayer, which is a square-planar lattice made up of only one layer of atoms. The structure is demonstrated to be stable by the phonon spectra and the molecular dynamic simulations, and the stability is ascribed to the π–d conjugation between π orbital of N=N bond and d orbital of Mn. More interestingly, the MnN4 monolayer displays robust 2D ferromagnetism, which originates from the strong exchange couplings between Mn atoms due to the π–d conjugation. The high critical temperature of 247 K is determined by solving the Heisenberg model using the Monte Carlo method.
Superposition formulas of multi-solution to a reduced (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation
Authors: Shao Hangbing , Sudao Bilige
Published: December 2022

We gave the localized solutions, the interaction solutions and the mixed solutions to a reduced (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation. These solutions were characterized by superposition formulas of positive quadratic functions, the exponential and hyperbolic functions. According to the known lump solution in the outset, we obtained the superposition formulas of positive quadratic functions by plausible reasoning. Next, we constructed the interaction solutions between the localized solutions and the exponential function solutions with the similar theory. These two kinds of solutions contained superposition formulas of positive quadratic functions, which were turned into general ternary quadratic functions, the coefficients of which were all rational operation of vector inner product. Then we obtained linear superposition formulas of exponential and hyperbolic function solutions. Finally, for aforementioned various solutions, their dynamic properties were showed by choosing specific values for parameters. From concrete plots, we observed wave characteristics of three kinds of solutions. Especially, we could observe distinct generation and separation situations when the localized wave and the stripe wave interacted at different time points.
Development of an undulator with adjustable horizontal gap and with electromagnet and permanent magnet for rapid polarization switching
Authors: Chung Ting-Yi , Chen Hui-Huang , Chu Yun-Liang , Chen Hsiung , Huang Jui-Che , Jan Jyh-Chyuan , Hwang Ching-Shiang
Published: December 2022

An undulator composed of an electromagnet (EM) and a permanent magnet (PM) has been developed to switch rapidly the right- or left-circularly polarized radiation. The polarization switching is achieved using the rapid change of polarity of excitation currents in the EM, which provides a vertical field in a fixed gap. A horizontal field is generated with a PM; the field strength is adjusted on altering its horizontal gaps. In addition to circularly polarized radiation, the structure fulfills the needs of horizontal and vertical linear polarization. In this paper, we discuss the compact structure and show a design to provide soft X-rays for TPS. The design considerations for this magnet include the design concept, magnetic materials, mechanical and coil structure, all of which are discussed in this paper.
Phase-Shimming of the BESSY II in-Vacuum APPLE II Undulator IVUE32 with Transverse Slides
Authors: Bahrdt J. , Grimmer S. , Scheer M.
Published: December 2022

The phase shimming of an in-vacuum APPLE II undulator requests a precise slit adjustment between neighbouring magnet rows besides the conventional gap tuning such as in an in-vacuum undulator. In an out-of-vacuum APPLE II, the slit between the magnet rows is precisely defined via a stiff needle bearing, which is located closely to the critical volume. In the APPLE II design, the slit adjustment must be done from outside of the vacuum chamber far away from the electron beam. In this article, we discuss the tolerances of systematic phase errors of various types and their relaxation with emittance and energy spread. We developed specific transverse slides for the slit adjustment to achieve full flexibility in phase tuning. We discuss their capability in slit adjustment precision in the readily assembled and evacuated system. The discussions are based on spectral and FEM-simulations.
Development of a cryogenic APPLE CPMUE15 at BESSY II
Authors: Rial E C M , Bahrdt J , Grimmer S , Meseck A , Scheer M
Published: December 2022

Building on the innovative design of the In-Vacuum APPLE IVUE32, a design for a 15mm period cryogenic elliptical undulator (CPMUE15) is proposed. The undulator is to be developed under the ATHENA collaboration. Initially designed to provide a radiator for the SINBAD facility at DESY, a comparison is made for a design to provide an Afterburner device for FLASH1.
Design of the nanopositioning and mechanical system for cavity-based X-ray free electron laser
Authors: Shu Deming , Kearney Steven , Anton Jayson , Mashrafi Sheikh , Shvydko Yuri , Lindberg Ryan , Jansma William , Toter William , Shi Xianbo , Assoufid Lahsen , White Marion , Fak Tan Tien , Zhu Diling , Gassner Georg , Alessandra Montironi Maria , Delong Joe , Lewis Wayne , Balakrishnan Namrata , Decker Franz-Josef , Nuhn Heinz-Dieter , Marcus Gabriel , Huang Zhirong , Kim Kwang-Je
Published: December 2022

With forming of an X-ray cavity with a set of narrow bandwidth diamond Bragg crystals and by storing and recirculating the output of an amplifier in an X- ray cavity so that the X-ray pulse can interact with following fresh electron bunches over many passes thus enabling the development of full temporal coherence, we will be able to build cavity-based X-ray FELs (CBXFELs) such as the X-ray free-electron laser oscillator (XFELO) and the X-ray regenerative amplifier free-electron laser (XRAFEL) [1, 2]. One of the key challenges to forming the X-ray cavity is the nanopositioning design and construction of the cavity mechanical system. In this paper, we present the design of the nanopositioning and mechanical system that is currently under construction for use in a proof-of-principle cavity-based X-ray free electron laser experiment at the LCLS-II at SLAC.
Design of nano-spintronics beamline at 3-GeV next-generation synchrotron radiation facility, NanoTerasu
Authors: Ohtsubo Yoshiyuki , Ueno Tetsuro , Iwasawa Hideaki , Miyawaki Jun , Horiba Koji , Inaba Kento , Agui Akane , Inami Nobuhito , Nakatani Takeshi , Imazono Takashi , Fujii Kentaro , Kimura Hiroaki , Takahasi Masamitu
Published: December 2022

A synchrotron radiation beamline in the soft- and tender-X ray energy range of 180-3000 eV with versatile polarization control has been designed for NanoTerasu, the 3-GeV next-generation synchrotron radiation facility at Tohoku, Japan. A series of four APPLE-II type undulators is adopted as a photon source to realize the required beam properties with high-speed polarization switching. The beamline optics is designed for a highly efficient and precise use of x-ray magnetic circular/linear dichroism (XMCD/XMLD) technique balancing high photon flux and energy resolution. The simulated performance of the segmented undulator together with the monochromator optics achieved the sufficiently high flux and energy resolution (E/ΔE) in whole target energy range. Two endstations with the different re-focus optics, one for marginal spot size with high flux and the other for ultimate focus down to ∼10 nm are also designed. The simulated performance of the beamline encourages the future researches of high-throughput and nm-focused spintronic measurements.
Study of a diamond channel cut monochromator for high repetition rate operation at the EuXFEL: FEA thermal load simulations and first experimental results
Authors: Tasca K R , Petrov I , Deiter C , Martyushov S , Polyakov S , Rodriguez-Fernandez A , Shayduk R , Sinn H , Terentyev S , Vannoni M , Zholudev S , Samoylova L
Published: December 2022

The recent start of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) provides a unique pulsed X-ray source of high spectral brilliance and high photon flux at a high repetition rate and opens the possibility for new scientific opportunities. However, the EuXFEL beam has a high peak power that is converted into a high cyclic thermal load on the optical elements, such as mirrors and monochromators, and is impossible to fully mitigate within the pulse train pattern. In the single crystal based X-ray monochromators, the increase of temperature leads to deformation of the crystal structure which affects the rocking curve and consequently the performance of these devices and the quality of the transmitted X-ray beam. To address the increase of temperature, we propose the use of a diamond channel-cut monochromator as an alternative to the current silicon monochromators. In this work we present the design and parameters of the diamond monochromator, heat load simulations and the surface and crystalline quality characterisation. The heat load simulations indicate a high performance of the monochromator under the pulse train of the EuXFEL and the characterisation demonstrates high crystal quality and its functionality as a double crystal monochromator.
Low line density blazed gratings with low blaze angles
Authors: Lemke S , Alimov S , Knedel J , Kutz O , Rudolph I , Seliger T , Sokolov A
Published: December 2022

Gratings installed in synchrotron beamlines and instruments have standard line densities ranging from ~300 L/mm up to 2400 L/mm with blaze angles from 0.3° to 2°. For FEL beamlines lower line densities and lower angles are required. To manufacture these in the required high quality poses some challenges with regard to the ruling process and the ion etching process. Our investigation and process results will be described here. Additionally, first results of the process on a grating substrate are demonstrated.
Eliptical mirror position correction based on caustic analysis
Authors: Campoi L B C , Costa G S R , Moreno G B Z L , Pinto A C , Martinez-Zelaya V R , Ferreira T R , Carvalho M , Archilha N L , Horita A Y , Segalla L F , Gobbi A L , Piazzetta M H O , Baraldi G L , Tolentino H C N
Published: December 2022

MOGNO is the micro and nano tomography dedicated beamline at Sirius, operating at three specific energies: 21.5, 39.0, and 67.7keV. Its optics is composed by a set of three mirrors (pre-KB + KB set), delivering a 3mrad cone beam, coming from a 100x100nm
2 main source. The pre-KB mirror must be aligned to produce a secondary source of 0.3 x 800.0µm
2, however, such an alignment is challenging, as deviations from it produce adverse effects on the beamline’s main source, enlarging it. Moreover, to evaluate a nanofocus a novel strategy is required. Here, it is proposed to use the fluorescence signal from a thin Au line deposited on a Si substrate scanning in the focus region along the horizontal plane, making it possible to visualize the beam’s caustic. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate the focus size, via the analysis of the gradient of the caustic along the direction perpendicular to beam propagation. Using the described strategy, it was possible to measure a focus size of 603±103nm and 668 ± 114nm, limited by control issues experienced during measurements.
Development of 150 Mpixel lens-coupled X-ray imaging detectors equipped with diffusion-free transparent scintillators based on an analytical optimization approach
Authors: Kameshima Takashi , Hatsui Takaki
Published: December 2022

X-ray microscopy experiments at synchrotron radiation facilities generally require X-ray imaging detectors with high spatial resolution and a wide field of view. For such purposes, lens-coupled X-ray imaging detectors are widely used. The SPring-8 X-ray microscopy beamlines require detectors that satisfy a 200 nm spatial resolution and over 50 mm field of view. We have carried out a systematic optical design based on an analytical optimization approach and elucidated that a set of five detector systems is able to meet these requirements. Their objective lenses have magnifications of 20x, 7x, 5.2x, 3.5x, and 1x. All the systems are designed to be equipped with 150 Mpixel CMOS image sensors. To verify our optimization approach, we have built a detector system with a magnification of 3.5x. The detector has successfully resolved 1.2 µm line-and-space patterns for the entire field of view, which is close to the optical diffraction-limited resolving power of 1.0 µm line-and-space patterns.
An integrated system for user-friendly X-ray intensity attenuation in a wide energy range
Authors: Lin Cheng-Yuan , Wang Chen-An , Chiang Liang-Chih , Yeh Yi-Qi , Su Chun-Jen , Liao Kuei-Fen , Shih Orion , Wu Wei-Ru , Chang Je-Wei , Liang Cheng-Chih , Lee Te-Hui , Huang Yen-Chih , Mansel Bradley , Jeng U-Ser
Published: December 2022

For undulator hard X-ray beamlines of a wide energy range, the beam intensity control is often needed to regulate the photon flux impinging on delicate detectors. Despite the capability of state-of-the-art X-ray pixel detectors being greatly advanced recently, the frontier undulator beamlines in synchrotron facilities often carry outstanding photon fluxes that are sometimes too high for certain measurements. Here, we report a developed protocol that allows intensity attenuation of an X-ray beam in the 4-23 keV energy range with flexible attenuation factors; a prototype is installed and tested on the 13A biological small-angle X-ray scattering beamline of the 3 GeV Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan. The intensity attenuation system is modified from a commercially available pneumatically actuated, vacuum-type precision X-ray attenuator of ADC ABS-300; the system provides beam attenuation factors covering 8 orders of intensity attenuation for an X-ray beam in 4-23 keV. This was achieved with selected combinations of 10 sets of metal foils comprising different thicknesses of Al, Ti, Cu, and Ta foils. A user-friendly protocol is established to automatically compare a subscribed attenuation factor with all the possible attenuation factors from the 1024 combinations of the 10 sets of foils in the X-ray energy used, and determine a set of the metal foils having a best-matched attenuation factor. Calculation of beam intensity attenuations with the selected foils is coded with Python and integrated into the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). The input of an attenuation factor is done through a graphical display of the attenuator system based on the Control System Studio (CSS). The developed X-ray beam attenuation system provides a convenient and intuitive beam intensity control and has the potential to be adopted in future beamlines.
Combining diagnostics, modeling, and control systems for automated alignment of the TES beamline
Authors: Nash B. , Abell D.T. , Nagler R. , Moeller P. , Keilman M. , Pogorelov I. , Goldring N. , Rakitin M. , Lynch J. , Giles A. , Walter A. , Maldonado J. , Morris T. , Bak S. , Du Y.
Published: December 2022

X-ray beamlines are essential components of all synchrotron light sources. Practical operations involve frequent variation in beamline component positions and orientation, particularly when photon beam parameters shift due to experimental needs, or due to variations in the incoming photon beam. The alignment process can be time consuming and takes away from valuable beam time for experimental data collection. We describe progress in the automation of certain alignment tasks on the tender-energy X-ray spectroscopy (TES) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). The beamline is controlled using the BlueSky software in which high level experimental plans guide the beamline components during an experiment. Numerous software packages exist for beamline modeling, and they may be tied to the beamline control system using a package we are continuing to develop called Sirepo-Bluesky. The photon beam distribution may be measured with fluorescent screens, and a relation between beam and machine state can be found by varying the mirror and aperture settings over a multi-dimensional range. We describe the results of such parameter varying measurements and how we are combining Sirepo-Bluesky with machine learning methods and reduced models to automate mirror alignment on the TES beamline.
Magnetic Sample Environment for in-situ SAXS/WAXS Measurements on Magnetic Nanoparticles with Shape Anisotropy
Authors: Skroblin D , Cibik L , Klemke B , Deumer J , Gollwitzer C
Published: December 2022

A vacuum-compatible magnetic sample environment has been developed and installed at the four-crystal monochromator beamline of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) at the synchrotron radiation facility BESSY II in Berlin, Germany. The design is based on a water-cooled electromagnetic coil setup and is aimed to provide a magnetic flux density of up to 900 mT at the sample position. The magnetic field is applied in order to align or arrange magnetic nanoparticles which can then be measured using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). This can be beneficial in the analysis of particles with arbitrary shape. The corresponding scattering patterns are collected as 2D images on vacuum-compatible variants of the PILATUS 1M and PILATUS 100K detectors.
Spectral shape of resonant x-ray magnetic diffraction from GdAl2
Authors: Adachi H.
Published: December 2022

We have numerically examined the spectral shape of the ratio of the intensity variation upon the magnetization reversal for the 444 reflection of the ferromagnetic intermetallic compound GdAl2 in the vicinity of the Gd L
2 edge and succeeded in roughly reproducing the experimental spectra for two different magnetization directions simultaneously. The main features of the spectral shape are described in terms of the conventional dispersion effects and the resonant magnetic scattering of electric dipole transitions.
Microstructure-texture-micro-strain evolution during tensile deformation of α+β titanium alloy using in-situ Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and CPFEM simulation
Authors: Ghosh Atasi , Jain Roopam , Brokmeier Heinz-Guenther , Gurao Nilesh
Published: December 2022

The evolution of micro-strain and crystallographic texture of each phase of α+β Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy generated during tensile deformation has been estimated numerically and then compared with the experimental results. It has been carried out based on the Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Model (CPFEM) simulation of the stress-strain curve till the uniform elongation for the equiaxed microstructure is generated synthetically. The synthetic microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V has been developed using the microstructure feature parameters (such as grain size, phase fraction, and grain orientation). The polycrystal stress-strain behaviour for the same has been simulated using the representative orientation distribution function data obtained from the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) scans. The present investigation discusses the mechanism of strain-partitioning during uniform elongation using CPFEM simulation in conjunction with EBSD-based experimental misorientation data to rationalize our observation.
Quality assessment of induction furnace control for biomass ash fusibility determination
Authors: Lis S , Tomasik M , Szul T
Published: December 2022

The quality of the control of an induction furnace for the determination of ash meltability at high temperature by the tube method was evaluated. For this purpose, the dynamic characteristics of the control object were measured and recorded on the test stand. The characteristics was the basis for developing a simulation model of the object. This model was tuned and its correspondence to the object was confirmed by computer simulation. Based on this model simulation models of the control system were created in the configuration with controllers, parallel PID and PID+DD. During subsequent computer simulations, control parameters were determined and the effect of the noise signal on the modelled system was evaluated. To evaluate the quality of the control, integral quality indices were used.
Identification of the degree of load on the farm tractor operator in the spatial structure of the treated field
Authors: Kiełbasa P. , Zagórda M.
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study was to spatially identify the degree of mental fatigue of a farm tractor operator within the experimental field during grain sowing. In addition, to determine possible relationships between field space conditions and operator mental workload. The study was conducted on a John Deere 6210R tractor aggregated with a Horsch Pronto 4D seeder. The operator operated the tractor's on-board computer, the seeder's control computer, and a Trimble CFX-750 satellite navigation system. The mental workload of the tractor operator was monitored using a Muse 2 headband. The headband allows monitoring of brainwave activity, position and acceleration of the operator's head movements, and heart rate. It was found that the average value of attention was as high as 58% and was characteristic for seeding in the central part of the field (yellow) and in the north-western part of the field. The areas that required a much higher level of operator concentration (about 80%) were located in the southeastern part of the field and in the western part of the field. The applied research methodology allowed to generate spatial maps of the operator's level of mental engagement and thus to locate the value of mental engagement in a specific area of the field. On the basis of maps of spatial variation of the level of attention engagement by the operator, it is possible to generate information on which parts of the field on the farm will require special attention.
Investigation of flood embankment seepage using logistic regression with ICA
Authors: Kozłowski E , Król K , Niderla K , Rymarczyk T
Published: December 2022

This article analyzes the application of logistic regression with the use of ICA to detect leakages and leakages in flood embankments. As a result of the study, a model analysis was carried out where electrical impedance tomography tests were performed for one and for two rows of electrodes. For the results obtained, it was possible to verify the evaluation of the usefulness of the algorithms in the reconstruction of images derived from electrical impedance tomography. The proposed solution is a method that is non-invasive, and thus the embankment does not have to be destroyed for testing. Additionally, it should be emphasised that it is suitable for spatial imaging. The presented solution is a non-invasive method for assessing the structure of embankments, which is well suited for spatial imaging. The implemented algorithm shows promise in image reconstruction.
Identification of surface defects using deep and transfer learning
Authors: Kłosowski G , Kulisz M
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study was to employ a previously trained (pre-trained) convolutional neural network called Resnet101 in conjunction with deep machine learning approaches in order to construct an algorithm for classifying cracks in the photos that were evaluated. Adjustments were made to the ultimate layer, which resulted in the fully connected layer being altered. Specifically, the basic 1000-output fully connected layer in Resnet101 was replaced with a binary-classification layer, which consisted of two categories: an image with cracks and an image without cracks. In this study, we investigate whether or not it is possible to use deep neural networks to accomplish the rapid and entirely automated detection of flaws by utilizing analyzed photographs as the data source. The research that was done led to the discovery that a pre-trained convolutional neural network that makes use of support vector machines to train a fully connected layer is quite an efficient option, and that the acquired forecasting algorithm allows the categorization of faults with extremely good accuracy. The proposed classification algorithm is 99 percent efficient. In material inspection tasks, this idea can be used to find cracks and other flaws in the material, such as those that could be found in a number of public structures like buildings, roads, and bridges.
Concentration measurement of coloured solution using optofluidic approach
Authors: Dali M.R.M. , Robi F.I.M. , Ahmad K.A. , Muhammad Z. , Omar A.F. , Sulaiman M.S. , Rahman M.F.A.
Published: December 2022

In analytical process, measurement of concentration of solution based on colorimetric sensing is normally performed using commercial devices such as colorimeter and spectrophotometer. This approach has several disadvantages such as involving a large volume of reagent and analyte during testing and measurement, unextendible and expensive. Such problem can be solved by replicating its function using a simple optofluidic device with capability of carrying out colorimetric testing with low volume of analyte and reagent. Other benefits of optofluidic devices platforms includes ability to be expanded for automated sensing and mixing for various analytical based reaction. The measurement device works based on the absorbance of absorbance of light, which is related to Beer-Lambert law principles with LED and photodiode as its main optical components. The samples were prepared for concentration ranges between 0.2 to 2.0 M for testing. As a result, it is observed that these concentrations produce a linear voltage calibration curve with correlation coefficient, R2
equal to 0.9944. By using the obtained calibration curve, the final absorbance calculation gives an acceptable linear absorbance concentration with R2
equal to 0.9751 for the tested samples. As a conclusion, these microfluidic platforms not only have a good measurement performance, but also have advantages in terms of its portability and have potential to be implemented for real time application.
Ex-situ doping of ZnO structures as potential random lasers
Authors: Azmi Atiqah Nabieha , Yong Pung Swee , Ahmad Kamil Wan Maryam Wan
Published: December 2022

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were formed on a glass substrate using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for three hours at 96 °C. Doping of aluminum (Al) was realised by dipping into aluminum nitrate solution. XRD spectra shows reduced (002) peak related to the crystallinity of the synthesized ZnO with increasing doping concentrations. Doping with 35 mM exhibited highest Al concentration of 11.78 %. An apparent shift in bandgap energy with increasing doping concentration provides further evidence of doping occurring in the sample. Random lasing was observed at a pumping threshold of 9.0 mW and spectral width of 1.09 nm. Overall results indicate promising potential for random lasing to occur in ZnO nanorods doped under ex-situ doping conditions.
Examination of limonene concentrations using tapered plastic optical fiber sensors
Authors: Anbalagan Thanigai , Haroon Hazura , Rahim Hazli Rafis Abdul , Johari Siti Halma
Published: December 2022

A tapered plastic optic fiber (POF) was developed and demonstrated for monitoring different concentrations of limonene. The working mechanism of the sensor was dependent on the evanescent field interaction between light and the POF tapered region. The tapered POF was fabricated using a polishing-etching method to accomplish different waist diameters of 0.7 mm, 0.65 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.55 mm, and 0.5 mm in a 2 cm sensing region. The experiment was carried out with a blue LED with a wavelength of 400 nm and the output voltage was observed. As the concentration of the limonene solutions increased from 20% to 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, the refractive index also increased to 1.39, 1.41, 1.43, 1.44, and 1.47, respectively. The sensitivity of the sensor increased as the tapered waist diameter was reduced. The key benefits of this sensor are its ease of handling and fabrication in comparison to other types of sensors.
Performance of copper and palladium metal-semiconductor Schottky diode for optoelectronics
Authors: Zheng Kevin Ooi , Halim Mohd Mahadi
Published: December 2022

The growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs) have been performed by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method on ITO glass substrate. The optical properties along with the structural of ZnO NRs were studies by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) analysis. A 100 nm of Cu metal and Pd metal were deposited on top of synthesized ZnO NRs via sputtering. The electrical properties including I-V characteristics, rectifying ratio, Schottky Barrier Height (SBH) and ideality factor were investigated. Difference in work function for both metals resulting in different I-V characteristics, hence different value of rectifying ratio, SBH and ideality factor. The Cu sample possessed rectifying ratio, SBH and ideality factor of 1.07, 0.66 eV and 6.1 respectively, while Pd sample exhibits 87.84, 0.43 eV and 5 respectively. These intriguing values made possible for these metals to potentially serve as contact for ZnO-based optoelectronics devices, e.g LED, and random laser.
Squeezing over Two Octaves of Frequency Difference with Second Harmonic Coupling
Authors: Julius R , Ibrahim A-B M A
Published: December 2022

Using the quasiprobability positive P of phase space representation, we examine the features of squeezing over two octaves of frequency difference with each octave integrating two-channel nonlinear waveguides. The second harmonic coupling of the light fields is taken into account in the current arrangement. We discovered that single-mode squeezing is decreased by second harmonic coupling.
Pd single atom supported on N-doped egg tray graphene as formic acid dehydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Liu Cheng , Liu Wei , Miao Mao-sheng , Liu Jing-yao
Published: December 2022

Graphene and many 2D carbon allotropes are good support materials for single-atom catalysts (SACs) and have been successfully applied to many catalytic reactions. Herein, based on the egg tray graphene (ETG), a carbon allotrope constructed in our previous report, we designed ETG and three N-doped ETG supported Pd SACs, Pd@ETG-N
x
(x= 0–3), for dehydrogenation of formic acid (HCOOH) by density functional theory. Our calculations show that ETG is easier for N doping than graphene, and Pd single atom can be stably adsorbed on the ETG with different N doping concentrations. Major pathways of formic acid dehydrogenation and dehydration were identified. We found that HCOOH dehydrogenation proceeds along the COOH-mediated pathway on each catalyst. With the increased N content in the substrate, the activity and H2 selectivity of Pd SACs are greatly improved. Especially, among these four SACs, Pd@ETG-N3 shows the best catalytic performance, which is even better than Pd(111). Furthermore, electronic analysis was made to reveal the metal-support interactions and the origin of the activity trend of Pd@ETG-N
x
. Our study reveals the unique potential of carbon allotropes in catalyst design, and provides theoretical insights for rational design of efficient catalysts by adjusting the support and the coordination environment.
Molecular dynamics study on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys with bimodal structure
Authors: Li Guo , Wang Ruipeng , Cai Qixing , Zhang Feng , Zhu Dasheng , Li Fengtian
Published: December 2022

In order to study the effects of coarse grain size and Ni content on the mechanical properties, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of nanocrystalline (NC) Ni-W alloys with bimodal structure is carried out. The bimodal NC Ni-W alloys samples are established by embedding coarse grain into the fine grain matrix. The solute Ni atoms in the alloys are segregated in the grain boundary affected zone (GBAZ) through severe plastic deformation (SPD). The uniaxial tensile simulation of the samples shows that the coarse grain size and Ni content have obvious effects on the mechanical properties of bimodal NC Ni-W alloys. The dislocation activities and deformation mechanism of the NC Ni-W alloys are discussed in detail by observing the atomic configurations and strain evolutions diagrams obtained by MD simulation. At the same time, the phenomenon of Hall-Petch relationship and inverse Hall-Petch relationship is also observed in the research process.
Comparing the Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests When Disease Is Characterized by an Ordinal Scale
Authors: Obuchowski Nancy A
Published: December 2022

In diagnostic medicine, the true disease status of a patient is often represented on an ordinal scale—for example, cancer stage (0, I, II, III, or IV) or coronary artery disease severity measured using the Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) scale (none, minimal, mild, moderate, severe, or occluded). With advances in quantitation of diagnostic images and in artificial intelligence (AI), both supervised and unsupervised algorithms are being developed to help physicians correctly grade disease. Most of the diagnostic accuracy literature deals with binary disease status (disease present or absent); however, tests diagnosing ordinal-scaled diseases should not be reduced to a binary status just to simplify diagnostic accuracy testing. In this paper, we propose different characterizations of ordinal-scale accuracy for different clinical use scenarios, along with methods for comparing tests. In the simplest scenario, just the proportion of correct grades is considered; other scenarios address the magnitude and direction of misgrading; and at the other extreme, a weighted accuracy measure with weights based on the relative costs of different types of misgrading is presented. The various scenarios are illustrated using a coronary artery disease example where the accuracy of AI algorithms in providing patients with the correct CAD-RADS grade is assessed.
Does Alcohol Withdrawal Influence Arterial Stiffness and Classical Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease for Persons With Alcohol Use Disorder?
Authors: Szołtysek-Bołdys Izabela , Zielińska-Danch Wioleta , Sarecka-Hujar Beata , Słodczyk-Mańkowska Ewa , Kozar-Konieczna Aleksandra , Sobczak Andrzej
Published: December 2022

Aims

The amount and pattern of cigarette and alcohol consumption are highly associated with cardiovascular risk. The aim of the present study was the assessment of changes in arterial stiffness and classical risk factors for cardiovascular disease after alcohol withdrawal and detoxification in persons with alcohol use disorder.

Methods

Two hundred and forty-one individuals (men and women) participated in the investigation. The photoplethysmographic method was applied to assess arterial stiffness in three stages within 6 weeks. Participants were divided into subgroups based on age and sex. Analyses were performed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.

Results

Different variations in time of stiffness index (SI) and reflection index (RI) values were recorded. Some increases in triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and a decrease in high-density lipoproteins were observed in all analyzed groups. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DP) changed significantly during the 3 weeks of the study only in a group of younger men. The SI is correlated with age and gender. No correlation of RI with sex was found; however, RI was strongly correlated with age, pulse and DP.

Conclusions

The presented study shows that some groups of patients (older women and younger men) after detoxification may be particularly vulnerable to vascular system disorders, i.e. arterial stiffness, making it suggested to include additional observation during therapy.
Aesthetic Implantation of Calcium Hydroxylapatite Does Not Interfere With Radiological Assessment of Bones in the Dorsum of the Hands
Authors: Moradi Amir , Ðaković Rada , Odena Gemma
Published: December 2022

Background

Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) is a radiopaque dermal filler used to provide volume correction in the dorsum of the hand.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether CaHA implantation in the dorsum of the hand interferes with radiological assessment by obscuring the bones.

Methods

This 2-year, prospective, single-center, open-label study enrolled 20 subjects with Merz Hand Grading Scale (MHGS) grades ranging from moderate (MHGS 2 or 3; n = 10) to very severe (MHGS 4; n = 10). All subjects received an initial CaHA treatment and were offered up to 3 retreatments to provide volume correction in the dorsum of the hands, over a period of 18 months. Bone obscuration was assessed by blinded, licensed radiologists responsible for interpreting plain radiographs (X-rays).

Results

CaHA was seen to be present in 100% of hands in Month 1 X-rays and in 83.3% in Month 24 X-rays, but no bone obscuration was reported in any X-rays at any evaluated time point.

Conclusions

According to blinded radiologists, treatment with CaHA in the dorsum of the hand does not obscure radiographic assessment of the bones seen on X-rays up to 24 months after initial injection. The safety of CaHA retreatment was also demonstrated by the lack of bone obscuration after multiple retreatments.
Photoperiod and rainfall are associated with seasonal shifts in social structure in a songbird
Authors: Welklin Joseph F , Lantz Samantha M , Khalil Sarah , Moody Nicole M , Karubian Jordan , Webster Michael S
Published: December 2022

Seasonally breeding animals often exhibit different social structures during non-breeding and breeding periods that coincide with seasonal environmental variation and resource abundance. However, we know little about the environmental factors associated with when seasonal shifts in social structure occur. This lack of knowledge contrasts with our well-defined knowledge of the environmental cues that trigger a shift to breeding physiology in seasonally breeding species. Here, we identified some of the main environmental factors associated with seasonal shifts in social structure and initiation of breeding in the red-backed fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus), an Australian songbird. Social network analyses revealed that social groups, which are highly territorial during the breeding season, interact in social “communities” on larger home ranges during the non-breeding season. Encounter rates among non-breeding groups were related to photoperiod and rainfall, with shifting photoperiod and increased rainfall associated with a shift toward territorial breeding social structure characterized by reductions in home range size and fewer encounters among non-breeding social groups. Similarly, onset of breeding was highly seasonal and was also associated with non-breeding season rainfall, with greater rainfall leading to earlier breeding. These findings reveal that for some species, the environmental factors associated with the timing of shifts in social structure across seasonal boundaries can be similar to those that determine timing of breeding. This study increases our understanding of the environmental factors associated with seasonal variation in social structure and how the timing of these shifts may respond to changing climates.