bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS URBANAS DE TRANSPORTES: UMA ANÁLISE DO PROJETO ROTA VIÁRIA NA AVENIDA BERNARDO VIEIRA EM NATAL-RN
Authors: Nascimento Gerson Gomes do
Published: August 2014

O objetivo, deste trabalho, se constituiu em analisar a organização socioespacial desta avenida após sua transformação no ano de 2007-2009 via políticas públicas urbanas de transportes, levando em consideração a grande desorganização do fluxo de veículos nesta. Aplicamos formulários com quatro atores diretamente envolvidos nessa questão: os motoristas de ônibus, os transeuntes da avenida, os comerciantes e os motoristas de carros particulares bem como consultamos também órgãos municipais (SEMURB e STTU). Concluímos que tais transformações, a maneira como foram executadas não agradou nem tampouco solucionou os graves problemas socioespaciais ali existentes tais como: roubos, poluição sonora, falta de estacionamento, perda de consumidores, congestionamentos entre outros.
EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL EMANCIPATÓRIA NA ESCOLA: POSSIBILIDADES DA PRÁTICA EDUCATIVA DOCENTE
Authors: Bento Izabela Carvalho , Thomazi Áurea Regina Guimaraes
Published: August 2014

A educação ambiental é um tema transversal que deve estar presente em todas as disciplinas do ensino fundamental e médio, devido ao posicionamento em que a nossa natureza se encontra, principalmente nos dias atuais, início do século XXI. Este tema tornou-se importante por dar suporte ao professor para que ele possa trabalhar com os alunos o tema relacionado ao meio ambiente de forma mais participativa, crítica e consciente, com a intenção de desacelerar a destruição dos nossos recursos naturais e proteger mais a natureza,

incluindo o próprio ser humano e sua qualidade de vida.

Este artigo apresenta o trabalho desenvolvido nas escolas de ensino fundamental e médio do município de Aimorés (MG), promovido pelo Instituto Terra, como um caso bem-sucedido em educação ambiental, mostrando que é possível modificar uma realidade natural local com educação ambiental no contexto escolar, em uma perspectiva emancipatória na qual o aluno é mais dinâmico, crítico e participativo em suas atitudes em relação ao meio ambiente.
EDUCAÇÃO SEXUAL NO CONTEXTO FAMILIAR E ESCOLAR: IMPASSES E DESAFIOS
Authors: Gonçalves Randys Caldeira , Faleiro José Henrique , Malafaia Guilherme
Published: August 2014

O presente artigo é resultado de uma revisão da literatura e tem como objetivo abordar os impasses e desafios no desenvolvimento da educação sexual por parte de pais e educadores, bem como discutir o valor da educação sexual emancipatória na formação dos jovens. Os resultados evidenciados a partir de diferentes estudos demonstram que muitas famílias privam seus filhos da educação sexual emancipatória, pelo valor negativo atribuído a sexualidade, por acreditarem que os filhos são “seres assexuados”, por considerarem que o diálogo antecipa a prática sexual e por se sentirem despreparados e tímidos em tratar do assunto oriundo da deseducação sexual na qual foram vítimas. Evidenciou-se que nas escolas a educação sexual não tem abarcado as ansiedades dos adolescentes. Contrariamente, esta tem ocorrido de forma limitada, aliada, sobretudo, aos aspectos biológicos e reprodutivos do indivíduo, negando assim, toda a amplitude prazerosa e benéfica que a mesma propicia. Conclui-se, portanto, que maior atenção deve ser dada à temática sexualidade e sua abordagem nas escolas e nas relações entre pais e filhos. Maior aproximação entre pais, filhos e escolas mostra-se como importante estratégia e ser adotada, assim como o estímulo a debates nas instituições educacionais, consideradas espaços privilegiados para a aprendizagem e realização de reflexões de temas socialmente relevantes.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE DESEMPENHO DE REDES RESIDENCIAIS IEEE 802.11N E HOMEPLUG AV
Authors: Campos Antonio Luiz P. S. , Trindade Eduardo Lima da , Moreira Ricardo César de Oliveira
Published: August 2014

Este artigo apresenta uma análise comparativa dos padrões 802.11n e Homeplug AV, abordando melhorias desses padrões com relação aos seus anteriores. São realizados testes do desempenho de cada padrão em ambiente residencial, considerando como parâmetro analisado a taxa de transmissão. O interesse foi determinar o desempenho relativo destas tecnologias, considerando a taxa de transmissão em função da distância de transmissão, do tamanho dos pacotes e do número de nós ativos na rede.
GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS DE SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE: AVALIAÇÃO DOS PROCEDIMENTOS ADOTADOS NO HOSPITAL DA CIDADE DE GUAPORÉ-RS
Authors: Oliveira Carla Raquel Dall´Agnese Reolon de , Pandolfo Adalberto , Martins Marcele Salles , Gomes Aline Pimentel , Dal Moro Leila
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho constitui-se de um diagnóstico dos resíduos hospitalares gerados no hospital da cidade de Guaporé-RS, à luz da atual legislação brasileira. Neste trabalho são apresentados a concepção metodológica, o levantamento de dados e a sistematização de informações, que possibilitaram atender ao objetivo deste estudo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas, aplicação de questionários, observação in loco, análise do Programa de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde (PGRSS). Pelas entrevistas e observações in loco, foi possível constatar que o hospital estudado não possui um sistema de gestão de Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde integralmente de acordo com as atuais legislações brasileiras. Pelo estudo conclui-se sobre a necessidade de adaptação do estabelecimento pesquisado às atuais legislações, além de um programa de educação continuada em serviço.
PORTAIS EDUCACIONAIS E SUAS CARACTERÍSTICAS: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA O ESTADO DA ARTE
Authors: Bottentuit Junior João Batista
Published: August 2014

Neste artigo pretende-se discutir acerca da Internet, sua evolução, bem como explorar uma das categorias de sites que mais tem crescido nos últimos tempos: os portais. Atualmente, é possível observar a sua existência em todos os campos de atuação, tais como os empresariais, jornalísticos, políticos e também educacionais. Assim, discute-se de forma mais detalhada as características dos portais educacionais e suas aplicabilidades, além disso, apresenta-se alguns exemplos de estudos realizados tanto no Brasil como em Portugal no âmbito dos portais educacionais.
Pain Management for Animals Used in Science: Views of Scientists and Veterinarians in Canada
Authors: Fenwick Nicole , Duffus Shannon , Griffin Gilly
Published: August 2014

To explore the challenges and opportunities for pain management for animals used in research an interview study with 9 veterinarians, 3 veterinarian-scientists and 9 scientists, all engaged in animal-based studies in Canada, was carried out. Our broader aim was to contribute to further discussion of how pain can be minimized for animals used in science. Diverse views were identified regarding the ease of recognizing when animals are in pain and whether animals hide pain. Evidence of inconsistencies in pain management across laboratories, institutions and species were also identified. Clarification of the interactions between scientific objectives and pain management are needed, as well as a stronger evidence base for pain management approaches. Detailed examination of pain management for individual invasive animal models may be useful, and may support the development of model-specific pain management protocols.
Circuit Simulation for Solar Power Maximum Power Point Tracking with Different Buck-Boost Converter Topologies
Authors: Shiau Jaw-Kuen , Lee Min-Yi , Wei Yu-Chen , Chen Bo-Chih
Published: August 2014

The power converter is one of the essential elements for effective use of renewable power sources. This paper focuses on the development of a circuit simulation model for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) evaluation of solar power that involves using different buck-boost power converter topologies; including SEPIC, Zeta, and four-switch type buck-boost DC/DC converters. The circuit simulation model mainly includes three subsystems: a PV model; a buck-boost converter-based MPPT system; and a fuzzy logic MPPT controller. Dynamic analyses of the current-fed buck-boost converter systems are conducted and results are presented in the paper. The maximum power point tracking function is achieved through appropriate control of the power switches of the power converter. A fuzzy logic controller is developed to perform the MPPT function for obtaining maximum power from the PV panel. The MATLAB-based Simulink piecewise linear electric circuit simulation tool is used to verify the complete circuit simulation model.
Normal Roles for Dietary Fructose in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Authors: Laughlin Maren
Published: August 2014

Although there are many well-documented metabolic effects linked to the fructose component of a very high sugar diet, a healthy diet is also likely to contain appreciable fructose, even if confined to that found in fruits and vegetables. These normal levels of fructose are metabolized in specialized pathways that synergize with glucose at several metabolic steps. Glucose potentiates fructose absorption from the gut, while fructose catalyzes glucose uptake and storage in the liver. Fructose accelerates carbohydrate oxidation after a meal. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that fructose may also play a role in the secretion of insulin and GLP-1, and in the maturation of preadipocytes to increase fat storage capacity. Therefore, fructose undergoing its normal metabolism has the interesting property of potentiating the disposal of a dietary carbohydrate load through several routes.
Analysis of Vehicle Detection with WSN-Based Ultrasonic Sensors
Authors: Jo Youngtae , Jung Inbum
Published: August 2014

Existing traffic information acquisition systems suffer from high cost and low scalability. To address these problems, the application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied, as WSN-based systems are highly scalable and have a low cost of installing and replacing the systems. Magnetic, acoustic and accelerometer sensors have been considered for WSN-based traffic surveillance, but the use of ultrasonic sensors has not been studied. The limitations of WSN-based systems make it necessary to employ power saving methods and vehicle detection algorithms with low computational complexity. In this paper, we model and analyze optimal power saving methodologies for an ultrasonic sensor and present a computationally-efficient vehicle detection algorithm using ultrasonic data. The proposed methodologies are implemented and evaluated with a tiny microprocessor on real roads. The evaluation results show that the low computational complexity of our algorithm does not compromise the accuracy of vehicle detection.
Relevance-Based Template Matching for Tracking Targets in FLIR Imagery
Authors: Paravati Gianluca , Esposito Stefano
Published: August 2014

One of the main challenges in automatic target tracking applications is represented by the need to maintain a low computational footprint, especially when dealing with real-time scenarios and the limited resources of embedded environments. In this context, significant results can be obtained by using forward-looking infrared sensors capable of providing distinctive features for targets of interest. In fact, due to their nature, forward-looking infrared (FLIR) images lend themselves to being used with extremely small footprint techniques based on the extraction of target intensity profiles. This work proposes a method for increasing the computational efficiency of template-based target tracking algorithms. In particular, the speed of the algorithm is improved by using a dynamic threshold that narrows the number of computations, thus reducing both execution time and resources usage. The proposed approach has been tested on several datasets, and it has been compared to several target tracking techniques. Gathered results, both in terms of theoretical analysis and experimental data, showed that the proposed approach is able to achieve the same robustness of reference algorithms by reducing the number of operations needed and the processing time.
Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Silviu-Dan Fanny
Published: August 2014

Pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis is a multifactorial inflammatory and infectious disorder. It likely reflects a dysfunction at the site of the interaction between host and environmental factors in the nose and sinuses. Our limited understanding of this common childhood disease makes it difficult to diagnose and to treat effectively. This review focuses on the scope of manifestations particular to the pediatric form of the disease, diagnostic challenges, and epidemiologic data. The normal development of sinuses in children, the role of inflammation, and biofilm and immune responses in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis in pediatric patients are discussed. Predisposing and comorbid factors contributing to this disorder or associated with it are described. The current investigational and therapeutic approaches are presented, including recommendations for imaging and medical and surgical therapy. Various aspects of the disease that are still subject of controversy are underscored. Advice for what constitutes a reason to involve a multidisciplinary collaboration in the care of a child with chronic rhinosinusitis is provided.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2014;43(8):e201–e209.]
Clinical Dilemmas in Evaluating the Short Child
Authors: Garganta Melissa D. , Bremer Andrew A.
Published: August 2014

Concerns about a child’s growth are one of the most common topics parents voice during general pediatric office visits and are a leading cause for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. There are a variety of conditions that lead to short stature in children; however, in the absence of true pathology, idiopathic short stature and constitutional delay are the most frequent causes. This article reviews the general approach to evaluating the short child and clinical signs that should prompt further evaluation and referral. We also address the unique psychological issues that these children face and approaches to counseling families with a child with idiopathic short stature.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2014;43(8):321–327.]
Adolescent Hallux Valgus Revisited
Authors: Marshall Tyler J. , Shung Joseph R. , Khoury Joseph G.
Published: August 2014

Treatment of adolescent hallux valgus with first metatarsal double osteotomy is well described in the literature. Unfortunately, first metatarsal phalangeal joint stiffness and deformity recurrence have been reported at relatively high rates. The authors revisit a technique aimed at preventing these complications. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(8):531–535.]
IFN-γ Primes Macrophage Activation by Increasing Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog via Downregulation of miR-3473b
Authors: Wu Cong , Xue Yiquan , Wang Pin , Lin Li , Liu Qiuyan , Li Nan , Xu Junfang , Cao Xuetao
Published: August 2014

The classical activation of macrophages, one of major innate effector cells, requires IFN-γ pretreatment (priming) and subsequent TLR stimuli (triggering). The priming effect of IFN-γ can promote macrophages to secrete higher level of proinflammatory cytokines but lower level of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing microbicidal and tumoricidal activity of macrophages. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for IFN-γ–priming effect on macrophage activation remain to be fully understood. microRNAs (miRNAs) are now emerging as important regulators in immune response, including signaling transduction in immune cell function. In this study, we explored the effect of IFN-γ on miRNA expression profiling in macrophages and tried to identify the definite miRNA involved in the priming effect of IFN-γ. We discovered that miR-3473b, which was significantly downregulated after IFN-γ priming, could attenuate the priming effect of IFN-γ. miR-3473b promoted Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling and IL-10 production through directly targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) to suppress activation of macrophages and inflammatory response. Our data indicate that IFN-γ beefs up macrophage innate response and cytotoxicity by downregulating miR-3473b to release PTEN from suppression, and then the increase of PTEN contributes to the full activation of IFN-γ–primed macrophages. Our results provide mechanistic insight to priming effect of IFN-γ on macrophage classical activation by identifying an IFN-γ/miR-3473b/PTEN regulatory loop in the regulation of macrophage function.
IFNαR Signaling in Effector but Not Regulatory T Cells Is Required for Immune Dysregulation during Type I IFN–Dependent Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Srivastava Shivani , Koch Lisa K. , Campbell Daniel J.
Published: August 2014

Type I IFNs are a family of proinflammatory cytokines that are essential for antiviral immunity but whose overexpression is associated with several autoimmune disorders. In this study, we asked how chronic IFN overexpression regulates the activity of different cell types and how this contributes to immune dysfunction during IFN-associated inflammatory diseases. We show that in mice that chronically overproduce type I IFNs owing to loss of the DNA exonuclease Trex1, inflammatory disease completely depends on IFNαR signaling in T cells. Although IFNs directly inhibited the proliferation and activation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, this was neither required nor sufficient for development of inflammatory disease. Rather, chronic IFN expression directly promoted the expansion and activation of effector T cells, and disease development was completely dependent on IFNαR signaling in these cells. Thus, chronic IFN expression can drive inflammatory disease via its direct effects on effector, but not regulatory, T cells.
Missed opportunities in child healthcare
Authors: Jonker Linda , Stellenberg Ethelwynn L.
Published: August 2014

Background: Various policies in health, such as Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses, were introduced to enhance integrated service delivery in child healthcare. During clinical practice the researcher observed that integrated services may not be rendered.Objectives: This article describes the experiences of mothers that utilised comprehensive child health services in the Cape Metropolitan area of South Africa. Services included treatment for diseases; preventative interventions such as immunisation; and promotive interventions, such as improvement in nutrition and promotion of breastfeeding.Method: A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological approach was applied to explore the experiences and perceptions of mothers and/or carers utilising child healthcare services. Thirty percent of the clinics were selected purposively from the total population. A convenience purposive non-probability sampling method was applied to select 17 mothers who met the criteria and gave written consent. Interviews were conducted and recorded digitally using an interview guide. The data analysis was done using Tesch’s eight step model.Results: Findings of the study indicated varied experiences. Not all mothers received information about the Road to Health book or card. According to the mothers, integrated child healthcare services were not practised. The consequences were missed opportunities in immunisation, provision of vitamin A, absence of growth monitoring, feeding assessment and provision of nutritional advice.Conclusion: There is a need for simple interventions such as oral rehydration, early recognition and treatment of diseases, immunisation, growth monitoring and appropriate nutrition advice. These services were not offered diligently. Such interventions could contribute to reducing the incidence of child morbidity and mortality.
Revisiting Ectopic Pregnancy: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Petrides Artemis , Dinglas Cheryl , Chavez Martin , Taylor Sharon , Mahboob Sabrina
Published: August 2014

Ectopic pregnancies occur in approximately 1.4% of all pregnancies and account for 15% of pregnancy-related deaths. Considering the high degree of mortality, recognizing an ectopic pregnancy is important. Signs and symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy are nonspecific and include pain, vaginal bleeding, and an adnexal mass. Therefore, imaging can play a critical role in diagnosis. There are different types of ectopic pregnancies, which are tubal, cornual, cesarean scar, cervical, heterotopic, abdominal, and ovarian. Initial imaging evaluation of pregnant patients with pelvic symptoms is by ultrasonography, transabdominal, transvaginal or both. We review the sonographic appearance of different types of ectopic pregnancies that will aid in accurate and prompt diagnosis.
Implications of Ambient Glucose Variation on the Target-to-Background Ratio of Hepatic Tumors By 18FDG-PET Imaging
Authors: Jolepalem Prashant , Flynt Lesley , Rydberg John N. , Wong Ching-Yee Oliver
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

To investigate the effects of ambient glucose on quantitative analysis of hepatic tumors on 2-deoxy-2-(18F)-fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and to establish a method for glucose correction.

Patients and Methods:

Eighty-six patients with hepatic lesions identified on 18FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) were analyzed. The serum glucose level (Glc) was recorded prior to imaging, and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) in the hepatic tumors and the average SUV in normal liver were determined. The inverse relationship of SUV to glucose can be defined as d (SUV)/d (Glc) = g*SUV/(Glc), where g is the glucose sensitivity. Simulations using glucose level from 70 to 250 mg/dl were performed to evaluate the effects of Glc on the maximum SUV of malignant hepatic lesions and normal liver.

Results:

By logarithmic transformation and linear regression, g for metastasis was significantly higher than that for normal liver (−0.636 ± 0.144 vs. −0.0536 ± 0.0583; P = 0.00092). Simulation studies showed that the SUV in malignant lesions will decrease rapidly when Glc level is >120 mg/dl, while background liver remains relatively constant up to 250 mg/dl.

Conclusion:

The tumor FDG uptake is much more sensitive to ambient glucose level variation than the background liver. Therefore, correction by the glucose sensitivity factor will result in more accurate SUV measurements and make semi-quantitative analysis of 18FDG PET scans more reliable.
Imaging of Dual Ophthalmic Arteries: Identification of the Central Retinal Artery
Authors: Louw Louise , Steyl Johan , Loggenberg Eugene
Published: August 2014

Identification of the origin of the central retinal artery (CRA) is imperative in tailoring angiographic studies to resolve a given clinical problem. A case with dual ophthalmic arteries (OAs), characterized by different origins and distinct branching patterns, is documented for training purposes. Pre-clinical diagnosis of a 9-year-old child who presented with a sharp wire in the left-side eyeball was primarily corneal laceration. For imaging, a selected six-vessel angiographic study with the transfemoral approach was performed. Embolization was not required and the wire could be successfully removed. Right-side OA anatomy was normal, while left-side dual OAs with external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) origins were seen. The case presented with a left-side meningo-ophthalmic artery (M-OA) anomaly via the ECA, marked by a middle meningeal artery (MMA) (origin: Maxillary artery; course: Through foramen spinosum) with normal branches (i.e. anterior and posterior branches), and an OA variant (course: Through superior orbital fissure) with a distinct orbital branching pattern. A smaller OA (origin: ICA; course: Through optic foramen) with a distinct ocular branching pattern presented with the central retinal artery (CRA). The presence of the dual OAs and the M-OA anomaly can be explained by disturbed evolutionary changes of the primitive OA and stapedial artery during development. The surgical interventionist must be aware of dual OAs and M-OA anomalies with branching pattern variations on retinal supply, because of dangerous extracranial–intracranial anastomotic connections. It is of clinical significance that the origin of the CRA from the ICA or ECA must be determined to avoid complications to the vision.
Q Fever in French Guiana
Authors: Eldin Carole , Mahamat Aba , Demar Magalie , Abboud Philippe , Djossou Félix , Raoult Didier
Published: August 2014

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is present worldwide. Recent studies have shown that this bacterium is an emerging pathogen in French Guiana and has a high prevalence (24% of community-acquired pneumonia). In this review, we focus on the peculiar epidemiology of Q fever in French Guiana. We place it in the context of the epidemiology of the disease in the surrounding countries of South America. We also review the clinical features of Q fever in this region, which has severe initial presentation but low mortality rates. These characteristics seem to be linked to a unique genotype (genotype 17). Finally, we discuss the issue of the animal reservoir of C. burnetii in French Guiana, which is still unknown. Further studies are necessary to identify this reservoir. Identification of this reservoir will improve the understanding of the Q fever epidemic in French Guiana and will provide new tools to control this public health problem.
The Limits of Conceptual Thinking
Authors: Bernet Rudolf
Published: August 2014

This article emphasizes the importance of a conceptual analysis of our experience of the real world, it explores new forms of conceptual thinking, and it investigates their inherent and persistent limits. It shows that the limits are on both sides of conceptual thinking—in what allows for it and in what possibly escapes it. I begin by summarizing Heidegger's and Deleuze's objections against making philosophical thinking a matter of a subject that re-cognizes, represents to itself, and conceptualizes identical objects. In a second step I make use of Deleuze to explore the possibility of a new form of conceptual philosophical thinking that operates without the presuppositions of the (Kantian) “image of thought.” The last part of the article then deals with how Husserl, Bergson, and Spinoza promote a form of intuitive thinking that overcomes the limits of what we can conceptually conceive.
Nietzsche on Causation
Authors: Rayman Joshua
Published: August 2014

Snowed by his affirmation of certain model natural sciences, popular naturalist readings of Nietzsche, which assert that he is “engaged in giving causal explanations of various human phenomena,” fail to account for his critique of causality. This critique is at the heart of his critiques of metaphysics and natural science, for causality is the mechanism by which metaphysical concepts are generated and nature is transformed into a system of universal laws. I explain this connection by reference to his Aristotelian interpretation of causality and examine the radical entailments of this critique.
Frederico Carlos Hoehne: viagem à Araucarilândia
Authors: Franco José Luiz de Andrade , Drummond José Augusto
Published: August 2014

O texto examina o pensamento do botânico brasileiro Frederico Carlos Hoehne (1882-1959) no que diz respeito à proteção da natureza e ao uso “racional” dos recursos naturais, usando como bases o seu relato sobre uma viagem de campo realizada em 1928 aos estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina e um texto posterior (de 1951) de sua autoria sobre reflorestamento e manutenção de habitats. Hoehne foi um pioneiro no tema entre os cientistas brasileiros do século XX e contribuiu para a emergência de umaconsciência ambientalista no Brasil. A sua abordagem combinava argumentos científicos com apelos estéticos e difundia a percepção de que a natureza deveria desempenhar um papel importante na constituição da identidade nacional brasileira.
O manganês do Amapá: o seu papel no desenvolvimento regional e nacional do Brasil (1957-1998)
Authors: Drummond José Augusto
Published: August 2014

O texto discute o papel desenvolvimentista do manganês de Serra do Navio (Amapá), entre 1957 e 1998. Serra do Navio foi uma das maiores minas de manganês do mundo enquanto o Brasil se tornou uma potência siderúrgica. Embora o aço exija a adição de manganês, os achados indicam que os dois fenômenos foram independentes entre si. A grande siderurgia brasileira cresceu vigorosamente consumindo manganês de outros estados, o que permitiu exportar grande parte do manganês amapaense sem causar escassez do mineral no país. Além disso, a ausência de uma grande siderurgia no Amapá impediu o aproveitamento do seu limitado potencial desenvolvimentista. ERRATA:Na página 62, onde se lê:“Não faltou manganês para o crescimento da nossa siderurgia. Ao contrário, a oferta interna de manganês foi abundante, e um fator limitante ao crescimento da siderurgia.”Leia-se:“Não faltou manganês para o crescimento da nossa siderurgia. Ao contrário, a oferta interna de manganês foi abundante, e não um fator limitante ao crescimento da siderurgia.”
Aglomeração industrial, governança e meio ambiente: conceitos e premissas da abordagem do desenvolvimento territorial sustentável
Authors: De Oliveira Menezes Elaine Cristina , Freire Vieira Paulo Henrique
Published: August 2014

O resgate atento da literatura sobre o conceito de ecodesenvolvimento desempenhou um papel de indiscutível relevância para compreender como as dinâmicas produtivas territoriais impactam sobre o meio ambiente. Observa-se que os estilos de desenvolvimento contemporâneos não vêm favorecendo a internalização da problemática socioambiental nas práticas usuais de planejamento e gestão. É no âmbito desse escopo que se situa a discussão proposta neste estudo, cujo objetivo é analisar quais as contribuições das teorias de desenvolvimento territorial e das discussões sobre a sustentabilidade socioambiental para a abordagem do desenvolvimento territorial sustentável. Os aspectos metodológicos adotados neste estudo estão pautados numa abordagem predominantemente qualitativa, baseada na revisão seletiva da literatura pertinente ao tema. Fundamenta-se na pesquisa bibliográfica, obtida de fontes secundárias, de obras de renome nacional e internacional sobre as dinâmicas produtivas territoriais, governança e sustentabilidade socioambiental. No âmbito do resgate conceitual que norteou a construção deste ensaio, tem-se o desenvolvimento territorial sustentável como um processo em construção, tendo como ponto de partida a problemática da degradação socioambiental e sua relação com estratégias de desenvolvimento de longo prazo. No seio desse conceito-chave destaca-se, por um lado, a contribuição da abordagem territorial que trouxe inovações no campo socioeconômico e sociopolítico; por outro lado, as contribuições das discussões sobre sustentabilidade, fundamentadas no ecodesenvolvimento, também resgatam elementos imprescindíveis para a gestão territorial e socioambiental. Conclui-se pela necessidade de estudos empíricos que integrem essa problemática e que possam fazer avançar esse novo enfoque de planejamento e gestão: o desenvolvimento territorial sustentável.
A cadeia de logística reversa de resíduos de serviços de saúde dos hospitais públicos de Minas Gerais: análise a partir dos conceitos da nova Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Authors: Pereira André Luiz , Pereira Sandra Rosa
Published: August 2014

A problemática do meio ambiente tem sido motivo de preocupação das nações em virtude das consequências das atividades antrópicas na qualidade de vida da população e ambiental. A Organização das Nações Unidas – ONU, enquanto organismo internacional de congregação das nações, tem promovido a discussão e o envolvimento dos países para a adoção de medidas de responsabilização com o meio ambiente. O Brasil, do ponto de vista jurídico, tem avançado positivamente na implementação de mecanismos que propiciam políticas ambientais. Exemplos desta preocupação estão no caráter protecionista destacado na Constituição da República de 1988, os variados conselhos, sistemas ambientais e, mais recentemente, a edição da Lei 12.305/10, disciplinando aspectos importantes relacionados à gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. A lei atenta para a prevenção da geração de Resíduos Urbanos e a segurança ambiental e das pessoas. Assim, este estudo qualitativo descritivo-exploratório aborda a Logística Reversa de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde para os hospitais públicos mineiros, o papel e as responsabilidades do poder público e da iniciativa privada. Como conclusão, os hospitais públicos mineiros precisam passar por grande readequação de modo a atender aos requisitos legais da Lei 12.305/10.
Trajetória e perspectivas da gestão privada do saneamento na América Latina: contrastes e aproximações entre Brasil e Argentina
Authors: Vargas Marcelo Coutinho , De Gouvello Bernard
Published: August 2014

Com base na literatura especializada e na pesquisa de algumas fontes primárias, o texto examina os contrastes e as aproximações na trajetória das políticas de saneamento pró-mercado implantadas no Brasil e na Argentina durante os anos 1990, procurando entender como políticas semelhantes, adotadas em conjunturas similares, tiveram alcance e resultados tão diversos, à luz das noções de “capital social” e “dependência da trajetória”. Procura examinar igualmente as perspectivas atuais de desenvolvimento da gestão privada dos serviços deste setor em ambos os países.
Projetos globais e resistências locais: pescadores artesanais e Unidades de Conservação no litoral, Rio de Janeiro – Brasil
Authors: Pereira Monica Cox de Britto , Mello Yasmim Ribeiro
Published: August 2014

Este artigo aborda impasses em regiões litorâneas em torno de áreas protegidas e destino de população tradicional no Domínio da Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Existem resistências antigas por parte de pescadores tradicionais frente à especulação imobiliária. A política ambiental muitas vezes encontra-se referenciada no conceito de natureza intocada considerada virgem, da qual o ser humano não faz parte, tanto nas unidades de conservação de proteção integral como nas de uso sustentável. A Área de Proteção Ambiental de Maricá abriga, há três séculos, comunidade de pescadores artesanais. A implantação de um resort por um grupo luso-espanhol está em negociação pelo município e vem cerceando e ameaçando os pescadores locais. Impõe-se uma natureza mercadoria à venda para turistas em choque com uma natureza que por várias gerações foi concebida tendo como base a convivência, a reprodução familiar e a segurança alimentar. O Parque Estadual da Tiririca, Niterói, enfrenta dilemas para sua delimitação e garantia do direito da permanência de comunidade tradicional de pescadores no Morro das Andorinhas. Os casos pesquisados são, dentre inúmeros, exemplos de municípios com presença de comunidades vivendo da tradição da pesca e da agricultura que acabam sendo cerceados de suas atividades na terra. Transformações marcadas por expressiva desigualdade social e subalternização à lógica de dominação, a partir de uma visão reducionista que reforça a concepção de natureza virgem e a elitização dessas áreas verdes.
Genetic parameters of live body weight, body measurements, greasy fleece weight, and reproduction traits in Makuie sheep breed
Authors: Jafari Shoja , Hashemi Ali , Darvishzadeh Reza , Manafiazar Ghader
Published: August 2014

Genetic parameters of production and reproduction traits were estimated using 39,926 records from 5,860 individual progenies of 163 sires and 1,558 dams. The data were collected at Makuie Sheep Breeding and Raising Station (Maku, Iran) from 1989 through 2013. Nineteen traits were classified in four main groups: a) live body weight traits, b) body measurement traits, c) greasy fleece weight traits, and d) reproduction traits. Year of birth, lamb sex, age of dam, and birth type were considered as fixed effects in the animal model. Four different animal models that are differentiated by including or excluding maternal effects were fitted for each trait. The Akaike information criterion was used to determine the most appropriate model for each trait. Parameters were overestimated substantially when maternal effects, either genetic or environmental, were ignored from the models. By ignoring the maternal effects, the traits could be classified into three main groups: body live weight traits with high heritability (0.34-0.46), body measurement and greasy fleece weight traits with medium heritability (0.11-0.27) and reproduction traits with low heritability (0.03-0.20). The genetic correlations among the traits ranged from-0.41 to 0.99. The estimated genetic parameters may be used to set up short/long term breeding program for the selection purpose of Makuie sheep breed.
Observations of stratospheric sudden warmings in Earth rotation variations
Authors: Neef Lisa , Walther Sophia , Matthes Katja , Kodera Kunihiko
Published: August 2014

Stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are extreme events in the polar stratosphere that are both caused by and have effects on the tropospheric flow. This means that SSWs are associated with changes in the angular momentum of the atmosphere, both before and after their onset. Because these angular momentum changes are transferred to the solid Earth, they can be observed in the rate of the Earth's rotation and the wobble of its rotational pole. By comparing observed Earth rotation variations to reanalysis data, we find that an anomaly in the orientation of the Earth's rotational pole, up to 4 times as large as the annual polar wobble, typically precedes SSWs by 20–40 days. The polar motion signal is due to pressure anomalies that are typically seen before SSW events and represents a new type of observable that may aid in the prediction of SSWs. A decline in the length of day is also seen, on average, near the time of the SSW wind reversal and is found to be due to anomalous easterly winds generated in the tropical troposphere around this time, though the structure and timing of this signal seems to vary widely from event to event.
Capillary pinning and blunting of immiscible gravity currents in porous media
Authors: Zhao Benzhong , MacMinn Christopher W. , Huppert Herbert E. , Juanes Ruben
Published: August 2014

Gravity‐driven flows in the subsurface have attracted recent interest in the context of geological carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, where supercritical CO2 is captured from the flue gas of power plants and injected underground into deep saline aquifers. After injection, the CO2 will spread and migrate as a buoyant gravity current relative to the denser, ambient brine. Although the CO2 and the brine are immiscible, the impact of capillarity on CO2 spreading and migration is poorly understood. We previously studied the early time evolution of an immiscible gravity current, showing that capillary pressure hysteresis pins a portion of the macroscopic fluid‐fluid interface and that this can eventually stop the flow. Here we study the full lifetime of such a gravity current. Using tabletop experiments in packings of glass beads, we show that the horizontal extent of the pinned region grows with time and that this is ultimately responsible for limiting the migration of the current to a finite distance. We also find that capillarity blunts the leading edge of the current, which contributes to further limiting the migration distance. Using experiments in etched micromodels, we show that the thickness of the blunted nose is controlled by the distribution of pore‐throat sizes and the strength of capillarity relative to buoyancy. We develop a theoretical model that captures the evolution of immiscible gravity currents and predicts the maximum migration distance. By applying this model to representative aquifers, we show that capillary pinning and blunting can exert an important control on gravity currents in the context of geological CO2 storage.
Fermi Level Pinning and Orbital Polarization Effects in Molecular Junctions: The Role of Metal Induced Gap States
Authors: Van Dyck Colin , Geskin Victor , Cornil Jérôme
Published: August 2014

Understanding the alignment of molecular orbitals and corresponding transmission peaks with respect to the Fermi level of the electrodes is a major challenge in the field of molecular electronics. In order to design functional devices, it is of utmost importance to assess whether controlled changes in the electronic structure of isolated compounds are preserved once they are inserted in the molecular junctions. Here, light is shed on this central issue by performing density functional theory calculations on junctions including diarylethene‐based molecules. It is demonstrated that the chemical potential equalization principle allows to rationalize the existence or not of a Fermi level pinning (i.e., same alignment in spite of a varying ionization potential in the isolated compounds), pointing to the essential role played by metal induced gap states (MIGS). It is further evidenced that the degree of level pinning is intimately linked to the degree of orbital polarization when a bias is applied between the two electrodes.
Supramolecular Hydrogels for Long‐Term Bioengineered Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Yeom Junseok , Kim Su Jin , Jung Hyuntae , Namkoong Hong , Yang Jeonga , Hwang Byung Woo , Oh Kyunghoon , Kim Kimoon , Sung Young Chul , Hahn Sei Kwang
Published: August 2014

Synthetic hydrogels have been extensively investigated as artificial extracellular matrices (ECMs) for tissue engineering in vitro and in vivo. Crucial challenges for such hydrogels are sustaining long‐term cytocompatible encapsulation and providing appropriate cues at the right place and time for spatio‐temporal control of the cells. Here, in situ supramolecularly assembled and modularly modified hydrogels for long‐term engineered mesenchymal stem cell (eMSC) therapy are reported using cucurbit[6]uril‐conjugated hyaluronic acid (CB[6]‐HA), diaminohexane conjugated HA (DAH‐HA), and drug‐conjugated CB[6] (drug‐CB[6]). The eMSCs producing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) remain alive and emit the fluorescence within CB[6]/DAH‐HA hydrogels in mice for more than 60 d. Furthermore, the long‐term expression of mutant interleukin‐12 (IL‐12M) by eMSCs within the supramolecular hydrogels results in effective inhibition of tumor growth with a significantly enhanced survival rate. Taken together, these findings confirm the feasibility of supramolecular HA hydrogels as 3D artificial ECMs for cell therapies and tissue engineering applications.
Contact‐Induced Mechanisms in Organic Photovoltaics: A Steady‐State and Transient Study
Authors: Cowan Sarah R. , Li Jian V. , Olson Dana C. , Ratcliff Erin L.
Published: August 2014

The role of the contacts in thin‐film, blended heterojunctions (<100 nm thick) organic photovoltaics is explored, specifically considering concepts of carrier selectivity, injection, and extraction efficiency, relative to recombination. Contact effects are investigated by comparing two hole‐collecting interlayers: a phosphonic acid monolayer on indium tin oxide (ITO) and a nickel oxide thin film. The interlayers have equivalent work functions (≈5.4 eV) but widely variant energy band offsets relative to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the acceptor (electron blocking versus not), which are coupled to large differences in carrier density. Trends in open‐circuit voltages (VOC) as a function of light intensity and temperature are compared and it is concluded that the dominant mechanism limiting VOC for high density of states contacts is free carrier injection, not surface recombination or extraction barriers. Transient photocurrent decay measurements confirm excess reinjected carriers decrease the extraction efficiency via increased recombination and decrease free carrier lifetime, even at high internal electric fields, due to space charge accumulation. These results demonstrate that the energetics and injection dynamics of the interface between interlayers and high carrier density electrodes (typically ITO and metals) must be considered with fabrication and processing of interlayers, in addition to possible carrier selectivity and the interface with the active layer.
Exploring the relationship between employer recordkeeping and underreporting in the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
Authors: Wuellner Sara E. , Bonauto David K.
Published: August 2014

Background

Little empirical data exist to identify the reasons for underreporting in the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) non‐fatal occupational injury and illness data.

Methods

We interviewed occupational injury and illness record keepers from Washington State establishments that participated in the 2008 BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore recordkeeping and business practices that may explain SOII's incomplete case capture compared with WC claims data.

Results

Most participants (90%) did not comply with OSHA recordkeeping regulations. Other factors including using workplace injury data to evaluate supervisors' or SOII respondent's job performance, recording injuries for a worksite that operates multiple shifts, and failing to follow SOII instructions were more common among establishments with unreported WC claims.

Conclusion

Business practices that incentivize low injury rates, disorganized recordkeeping, and limited communication between BLS and survey respondents are barriers to accurate employer reports of work‐related injuries and illnesses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1133–1143, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density estimates and nesting‐site selection in chimpanzees of the Nimba Mountains, Côte d'Ivoire, and Guinea
Authors: Granier Nicolas , Hambuckers Alain , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Huynen Marie‐Claude
Published: August 2014

We investigated nesting behavior of non habituated chimpanzees populating the Nimba Mountains to document their abundance and their criterions of nesting‐site selection. During a 19‐month study we walked 80 km of transects and recces each month, and recorded 764 nests (mean group size = 2.23 nests) along with characteristics of vegetation structure and composition, topography, and seasonality. Population density estimated with two nest count methods ranged between 0.14 and 0.65 chimpanzee/km2. These values are lower than previous estimates, emphasizing the necessity of protecting remaining wild ape populations. Chimpanzees built nests in 108 tree species out of 437 identified, but 2.3% of total species comprised 52% of nests. Despite they preferred nesting in trees of 25–29 cm DBH and at a mean height of 8.02 m, we recorded an important proportion of terrestrial nests (8.2%) that may reflect a cultural trait of Nimba chimpanzees. A logistic model of nest presence formulated as a function of 12 habitat variables revealed preference for gallery and mountain forests rather than lowland forest, and old‐growth forest rather than secondary forests. They nested more frequently in the study area during the dry season (December–April). The highest probability of observing nests was at 770 m altitude, particularly in steep locations (mean ground declivity = 15.54%). Several of the reported nest characteristics combined with the existence of two geographically separated clusters of nest, suggest that the study area constitutes the non‐overlapping peripheral areas of two distinct communities. This nest‐based study led us to findings on the behavioral ecology of Nimba chimpanzees, which constitute crucial knowledge to implement efficient and purpose‐built conservation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:999–1010, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.