bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of fetal dose sparing between a C‐arm linac and an O‐ring linac in a SIB‐VMAT sarcoma treatment for a pregnant patient: A technical note and case report
Authors: Rivais Wesley , Constine Louis , Pacella Matthew , Joyce Neil , Nagey Maimuna , Webster Matthew , Yoon Jihyung , Jung Hyunuk , Tanny Sean , Lemus Olga Maria Dona , Zheng Dandan
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To compare the effect of two linacs designs on fetal dose sparing on a pregnant patient, including estimation of the fetal dose, and the effect of a lead apron.

Methods

A patient with a high‐grade sarcoma located in the right knee/lower thigh was prescribed 51 Gy (1.7 Gy/Fx) with a simultaneous‐integrated‐boost (SIB) of 60 Gy to a smaller volume, starting in the 26th gestational week. Volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT) plans with 6MV‐FFF were developed using identical dosimetric constraints on a Varian Truebeam Edge with HD‐MLC and a Varian Halcyon with double‐stacked MLC. Based on patient dimension measurements, an anthropomorphic phantom was constructed using a Rando phantom and saline bags in the patient's Vac‐Lok bag. Phantom measurements were performed using OSLDs and TLDs placed at three different planes, corresponding to the pubis, the umbilicus, and the fundus based on patient measurements and projected gestational age, to estimate the fetal dose. Three experimental scenarios were measured, each with CBCT‐based image guidance for an accurate, reproducible setup: Edge, Halcyon, and Halcyon with a tri‐folded lead apron (0.5 mm × 3 = 1.5 mm Pb) over the phantom abdomen.

Results

Plan quality and total MUs are comparable between the Edge and Halcyon plans. The OSLD‐measured whole‐course dose to the pubis, umbilicus, and fundus were 18.8, 13.1, and 11.7 cGy, respectively, on Halcyon, on average 27.8% lower than Edge. The repeatability within either dosimeter was good, although TLD showed systematically lower doses. Importantly, both dosimetry systems showed a lower measured fetal dose for the Halcyon plan compared with the Edge plan. Adding a tri‐folded lead apron over the abdomen did not meaningfully lower the measured dose.

Conclusion

In this case study, Halcyon demonstrated a better sparing of out‐of‐field fetal dose compared to TrueBeam Edge. It was shown that lead aprons do not provide additional fetal dose sparing.
Transcriptional Profiling of Tofacitinib Treatment in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Implications for Treatment Response Prediction
Authors: Eloseily Esraa , Pickering Alex , Dhakal Sanjeev , Ruperto Nicolino , Brunner Hermine I. , Grom Alexei A. , Thornton Sherry ,   for the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group and the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation
Published: November 2024

Objective

To assess changes in gene expression following tofacitinib treatment and investigate transcription patterns as potential predictors of treatment response in patients with active juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Whole‐blood samples were collected from patients with JIA at baseline and after 18 weeks of open‐label tofacitinib treatment. Patients who achieved a JIA–American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response of 70% or above at week 18 were classified as treatment responders (TRs), whereas those with at most a JIA–ACR30 were classified as poor responders (PRs). Differential gene expression and gene ontology overrepresentation analyses were performed to compare RNA expression between week 18 and baseline samples, as well as between PR and TR samples at baseline.

Results

Samples from 67 patients at baseline and 60 patients at week 18 were analyzed. After 18 weeks of tofacitinib treatment across all patients with JIA, 883 genes showed significant differential expression (week 18 to baseline). The most strongly down‐regulated genes were overrepresented within interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) and type I and type II interferon pathways, whereas up‐regulated genes were enriched in ontologies related to neuronal cell processes and cell signaling. Comparing PRs and TRs at baseline, 663 genes showed differential expression. Up‐regulated genes were overrepresented within ontologies including activation of MAPK activity (P = 9.40 × 10−5), myeloid cell development (P = 8.13 × 10−5), activation of GTPase activity (P = 0.00015), and organelle transport along microtubules (P = 0.00021).

Conclusion

Tofacitinib treatment in JIA down‐regulated genes in interferon and IL‐7 signaling pathways regardless of effectiveness. Furthermore, baseline up‐regulation of MAPK signaling may predict poor response to tofacitinib treatment in JIA.
Synergistic Effects of Solid and Solvent Additives on Film Morphology Enable Binary Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency of Over 19%
Authors: Shi Keli , Lai Jing , Xia Xinxin , Jeong Seonghun , Zhu Can , Zhou Liuyang , Guo Jing , Zhang Jinyuan , Yang Changduk , Li Xiaojun , Meng Lei , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Qiu Beibei , Li Yongfang
Published: November 2024

Regulating the film morphology features of the photoactive layer is critically important for developing high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs). Adding solvent or solid additives is widely used to realize fine‐tuned film morphology. However, most high‐performance OSCs are processed only using single component additive, either solvent additive or solid additive. Herein, two structurally similar analogs of 1‐benzothiophene (BT) and benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophene (BDT) are applied as volatilizable solid additives and are used with the well‐known solvent additive 1‐chloronaphthalene (CN), respectively. Comprehensive morphology analysis revealed that the addition of BT with better volatilization can promote the formation of stronger molecular packing and desirable phase separation, resulting in higher charge mobility and more efficient charge separation. However, the insufficient volatilization of BDT caused excessive aggregation, leading to severe recombination. Consequently, the PMZ‐10:Y6 based binary OSCs treated with the hybrid additives of CN and BT delivered a notable efficiency of 19.03%, which is one of the best values of the Y6‐based binary devices reported so far. Overall, this work highlights the importance of hybrid additive strategy and the reasonable combination of solid and solvent additives in further advancing the development of OSCs field.
White Light Emission in Europium‐Doped Inorganic Perovskite Single Matrix
Authors: He Junyu , Sun Tongqing , Li Min , Chu Anshi , Zhuang Xiujuan
Published: November 2024

The realization of stable single‐component white light emission in metal halide perovskites is still challenging due to the fast halide ion migration and narrow luminescence bands. In this work, all‐inorganic single CsPbClxBr3−x perovskite microplates with stable red‐blue‐green triple color light emission are prepared by introducing europium ions Eu3+ as dopants. Eu doping effectively suppresses ion migration and enables two spatially separated halide phases with stable dual‐wavelength emissions. Furthermore, the incorporation of Eu3+ compensates for the absence of red‐light emission, thereby yielding a superior white emission with exceptional quality. The color rendering index of triple‐color‐emitting perovskites can be tuned successfully by controlling the halogen ratios, and the optimal microplate achieved a Commissions Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.32). The results present a new enlightenment for the preparation of low‐cost single‐component white light materials.
Mo‐Doped Perovskite Cathode Enables High‐Performance Cycling‐Stable Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shen Jianyu , Wang Yuxiao , Li Zhipeng , Tang Weihua
Published: November 2024

Manganese compounds have emerged as promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). But their broader applications are impeded by such cathodes' poor structure stability and sluggish ion transportation. Herein, these limitations are addressed by proposing high‐valence Mo doping regnant LaMnO3 perovskite oxide cathodes to develop high‐performance rate stable AZIBs. The optimized doped cathode contributes a highest specific capacity of 445 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1, which maintains 206 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 and accompanies with a remarkable capacity retention of 114% beyond 1000 cycles for continuous charge/discharge process. The doping of multivalent Mo is revealed to boost the energy storage capacity and stabilize the electrode structure via various ex situ characterization and theoretical calculations. Importantly, the incorporation of Mo facilitates the acceleration of reaction kinetics and sufficient charge transfer with H+ and Zn2+ as dual charge carriers, where H+ plays a dominant role. This work provides a new perspective on developing innovative perovskite oxide cathodes with high‐valence metal doping for AZIBs.
Intervening to Preserve Function in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy with a Porous Hydrogel and Extracellular Matrix Composite in a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model
Authors: Hayashi Yasunari , Fujii Taro , Kim Seungil , Ozeki Takahiro , Badylak Stephen F. , D'Amore Antonio , Mutsuga Masato , Wagner William R.
Published: November 2024

Multiple hydrogels are developed for injection therapy after myocardial infarction, with some incorporating substances promoting tissue regeneration and others emphasizing mechanical effects. In this study, porosity and extracellular matrix‐derived digest (ECM) are incorporated, into a mechanically optimized, thermoresponsive, degradable hydrogel (poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐MAPLA)) and evaluate whether this biomaterial injectate can abrogate adverse remodeling in rat ischemic cardiomyopathy. After myocardial infarction, rats are divided into four groups: NP (non‐porous hydrogel) without either ECM or porosity, PM (porous hydrogel) from the same synthetic copolymer with mannitol beads as porogens, and PME with porosity and ECM digest added to the synthetic copolymer. PBS injection alone is a control group. Intramyocardial injections occurred 3 days after myocardial infarction followed by serial echocardiography and histological assessments 8 weeks after infarction. Echocardiographic function and neovascularization improved in the PME group compared to the other hydrogels and PBS injection. The PME group also demonstrated improved LV geometry and macrophage polarization (toward M2) compared to PBS, whereas differences are not observed in the NP or PM groups versus control. These results demonstrate further functional improvement may be achieved in hydrogel injection therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy by incorporating porosity and ECM digest, representing combined mechanical and biological effects.
Interfacial Engineering of MoxSy via Boron‐Doping for Electrochemical N2‐to‐NH3 Conversion
Authors: Alsabban Merfat M. , Peramaiah Karthik , Genovese Alessandro , Ahmad Rafia , Azofra Luis Miguel , Ramalingam Vinoth , Hedhili Mohamed. N. , Wehbe Nimer , Cavallo Luigi , Huang Kuo‐Wei
Published: November 2024

The electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia (NH3) through the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient temperature and pressure is emerging as an alternative approach to the conventional Haber–Bosch process. However, it remains a significant challenge due to poor kinetics, low nitrogen (N2) solubility in aqueous electrolytes, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which can significantly impact NH3 production rates and Faradaic efficiency (FE). Herein, a rationally designed boron‐doped molybdenum sulfide (B‐Mo‐MoxSy) electrocatalyst is reported that effectively enhances N2 reduction to  NH3 with an onset potential of −0.15 V versus RHE, achieving a FE of 78% and an NH3 yield of 5.83 µg h⁻¹ cm⁻2 in a 0.05 m H2SO4(aq). Theoretical studies suggest that the effectiveness of NRR originates from electron density redistribution due to boron (B) doping, which provides an ideal pathway for nitrogenous species to bind with electron‐deficient B sites. This work demonstrates a significant exploration, showing that Mo‐based electrocatalysts are capable of facilitating artificial N2 fixation.
Hydronium‐Crosslinked Inorganic Hydrogel Comprised of 1D Lepidocrocite Titanate Nanofilaments
Authors: Mieles Matthew , Walter Adam D. , Wu Simeng , Zheng Yue , Schwenk Gregory R. , Barsoum Michel W. , Ji Hai‐Feng
Published: November 2024

When a few drops of acid (hydrochloric, acrylic, propionic, acetic, or formic) are added to a colloid comprised of 1D lepidocrocite titanate nanofilaments (1DLs)–2 × 2 TiO6 octahedra in cross‐section–a hydrogel forms, in many cases, within seconds. The 1DL synthesis process requires the reaction between titanium diboride with tetramethylammonium (TMA+), hydroxide. Using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the mass percent of TMA+ after synthesis is determined to be ≈ 13.1 ± 0.1%. The TMA+ is completely removed from the gels after 2 water soak cycles, resulting in the first completely inorganic, TiO2‐based hydrogels. Ion exchanging the TMA+ with hydronium results in gels with relatively strong hydrogen bonds. The hydrogels' compression strengths increased linearly with 1DL colloid concentration. At a 1DL concentration of 45 g L−1, the compressive strength, at 80% deformation when acrylic acid is used, is ≈325 kPa. The strengths are ≈ 50% greater after the TMA+ is removed. The removal of all residual organic components in the hydrogels, including TMA+, is confirmed by qNMR, Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and TGA/DSC. The 1DL phase is retained after gelation, TMA+ removal, and 80% compression.
Bacterial Cellulose Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Zheng Zi‐Jian , Ye Huan , Guo Zai‐Ping
Published: November 2024

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produced via the fermentation of various microorganisms. It has an interconnected 3D porous network structure, strong water‐locking ability, high mechanical strength, chemical stability, anti‐shrinkage properties, renewability, biodegradability, and a low cost. BC‐based materials and their derivatives have been utilized to fabricate advanced functional materials for electrochemical energy storage devices and flexible electronics. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of BC‐related functional materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. The origin, components, and microstructure of BC are discussed, followed by the advantages of using BC in energy storage applications. Then, BC‐related material design strategies in terms of solid electrolytes, binders, and separators, as well as BC‐derived carbon nanofibers for electroactive materials are discussed. Finally, a short conclusion and outlook regarding current challenges and future research opportunities related to BC‐based advanced functional materials for next‐generation energy storage devices suggestions are proposed.
Photoreceptor‐Like Signal Transduction Between Polymer‐Based Protocells
Authors: Heuberger Lukas , Korpidou Maria , Guinart Ainoa , Doellerer Daniel , López Diego Monserrat , Schoenenberger Cora‐Ann , Milinkovic Daela , Lörtscher Emanuel , Feringa Ben L. , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: November 2024

Deciphering inter‐ and intracellular signaling pathways is pivotal for understanding the intricate communication networks that orchestrate life's dynamics. Communication models involving bottom‐up construction of protocells are emerging but often lack specialized compartments sufficiently robust and hierarchically organized to perform spatiotemporally defined signaling. Here, the modular construction of communicating polymer‐based protocells designed to mimic the transduction of information in retinal photoreceptors is presented. Microfluidics is used to generate polymeric protocells subcompartmentalized by specialized artificial organelles. In one protocell population, light triggers artificial organelles with membrane‐embedded photoresponsive rotary molecular motors to set off a sequence of reactions starting with the release of encapsulated signaling molecules into the lumen. Intercellular communication is mediated by signal transfer across membranes to protocells containing catalytic artificial organelles as subcompartments, whose signal conversion can be modulated by environmental calcium. Signal propagation also requires selective permeability of the diverse compartments. By segregating artificial organelles in distinct protocells, a sequential chain of reactions mediating intercellular communication is created that is further modulated by adding extracellular messengers. This connective behavior offers the potential for a deeper understanding of signaling pathways and faster integration of proto‐ and living cells, with the unique advantage of controlling each step by bio‐relevant signals.
Smoothening Perfluoroalkylated Surfaces: Liquid‐Like Despite Molecular Rigidity?
Authors: Koochak Parham , Kiseleva Mariia S. , Lepikko Sakari , Latikka Mika , Ras Robin H. A. , Wong William S. Y.
Published: November 2024

The rational design of surfaces at the molecular level is essential toward realizing many engineering applications. However, molecular‐scale defects affect processes such as triboelectrification, scaling, and condensation. These defects are often detectable via contact angle hysteresis (CAH) measurements. Liquid‐like surfaces exhibit extremely low CAH (≤5°) and rely on the use of highly flexible molecular species such as long‐chain alkyls or siloxanes. Their low glass transition temperatures lead to the so‐termed self‐smoothing behavior, reducing sensitivity to defects formed during fabrication. However, utilizing rigid molecular species such as perfluoroalkyl chains often results in higher hysteresis (10° to 60°) as defects are not self‐smoothed after fabrication. Consequently, state‐of‐the‐art perfluoroalkylated surfaces often show sub‐optimal interfacial properties. Here, a customizable chemical vapor deposition process creates molecularly‐thick, low‐defect surfaces from trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyl)silane. By implementing moisture‐exposure controls, highly homogenous surfaces with root‐mean‐square roughness below 1 nm are fabricated. CAH is achieved down to ≈4° (average: 6°), surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art by ≈5°. Reduction of CAH (26° to 6°) results in condensation suppression, decreasing surface droplet density by one order and surface droplet coverage by 40%. This work guides the synthesis of high‐quality surfaces from tri‐functional perfluoroalkylsilanes with liquid‐like properties despite their molecular rigidity.
Ultra‐Low Threshold Resonance Switching by Terahertz Field Enhancement‐Induced Nanobridge
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hun , Kim Moohyuk , Roh Yeeun , Kim Myung‐Ki , Seo Minah
Published: November 2024

Ongoing efforts spanning decades aim to enhance the efficiency of optical devices, highlighting the need for a pioneering approach in the development of next‐generation components over a broad range of electromagnetic wave spectra. The nonlinear transport of photoexcited carriers in semiconductors at low photon energies is crucial to advancements in semiconductor technology, communication, sensing, and various other fields. In this study, ultra‐low threshold resonance mode switching by strong nonlinear carrier transport beyond the semi‐classical Boltzmann transport regime using terahertz (THz) electromagnetic waves are demonstrated, whose energy is thousands of times smaller than the bandgap. This is achieved by employing elaborately fabricated 3D tip structures at the nanoscale, and nonlinear effects are directly observed with the THz resonance mode switching. The nanotip structure intensively localizes the THz field and amplifies it by more than ten thousand times, leading to the first observation of carrier multiplication phenomena in these low‐intensity THz fields. This experimental findings, confirmed by concrete calculations, shed light on the newly discovered nonlinear behavior of THz fields and their strong interactions with nanoscale structures, with potential implications and insights for advanced THz technologies beyond the quantum regime.
Adenosine‐Dependent Arousal Induced by Astrocytes in a Brainstem Circuit
Authors: Zhu Yuwei , Ma Jiale , Li Yulan , Gu Mengyang , Feng Xiang , Shao Yujin , Tan Lei , Lou Hui‐fang , Sun Li , Liu Yijun , Zeng Ling‐hui , Qiu Zilong , Li Xiao‐ming , Duan Shumin , Yu Yan‐qin
Published: November 2024

Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep‐wake behavior. However, how astrocytes govern a specific sleep‐arousal circuit remains unknown. Here, the authors show that parafacial zone (PZ) astrocytes responded to sleep‐wake cycles with state‐differential Ca2+ activity, peaking during transitions from sleep to wakefulness. Using chemogenetic and optogenetic approaches, they find that activating PZ astrocytes elicited and sustained wakefulness by prolonging arousal episodes while impeding transitions from wakefulness to non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Activation of PZ astrocytes specially induced the elevation of extracellular adenosine through the ATP hydrolysis pathway but not equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) mediated transportation. Strikingly, the rise in adenosine levels induced arousal by activating A1 receptors, suggesting a distinct role for adenosine in the PZ beyond its conventional sleep homeostasis modulation observed in the basal forebrain (BF) and cortex. Moreover, at the circuit level, PZ astrocyte activation induced arousal by suppressing the GABA release from the PZGABA neurons, which promote NREM sleep and project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). Thus, their study unveils a distinctive arousal‐promoting effect of astrocytes within the PZ through extracellular adenosine and elucidates the underlying mechanism at the neural circuit level.
Risk stratification of residual abscess after surgical treatment for gastroduodenal perforation
Authors: Ishikawa Kana , Yao Siyuan , Kumode Takashi , Tanino Keisuke , Matsui Yugo , Honma Shusaku , Hosokawa Shinichi , Murakami Teppei , Kan Takatsugu , Nakajima Sanae
Published: November 2024

Aims

Residual abscess is a major complication after emergency surgery for gastroduodenal (GD) perforation. However, there is little evidence regarding potential risk factors contributing to its development. Establishing a risk stratification strategy would be valuable for the entire management process.

Methods

This single‐center, retrospective study analyzed 115 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for GD perforation between 2010 and 2023 at a secondary emergency care hospital. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of residual abscesses. Potential risk factors for abscess formation were evaluated from various aspects.

Results

The incidence of residual abscesses was 19.1% (22 of 115). Multivariable analysis revealed that current use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (odds ratio [OR] 3.76, p = 0.037), cancer chemotherapy (OR 13.56, p = 0.005), and preoperative renal dysfunction (OR 4.72, p = 0.018) were independent predictors. A potential scoring model could be created using these three parameters, and the number of risk factors correlated with the likelihood of developing a residual abscess (0 vs. 1 vs. ≥2; 6.2% vs. 29.4% vs. 50.0%, p < 0.001). From a bacteriological point of view, the presence of Enterococcus in the ascites culture was closely related to its occurrence with 100% probability. Moreover, regarding early detection of this complication, C‐reactive protein on postoperative d 5 had the highest predictive ability with an area under the curve of 0.818.

Conclusion

The risk of residual abscess formation after surgical treatment of GD perforation can be assessed utilizing both preoperative and postoperative information.
Self‐Driving Lab for Solid‐Phase Extraction Process Optimization and Application to Nucleic Acid Purification
Authors: Putz Sebastian , Döttling Jonathan , Ballweg Tim , Tschöpe Andre , Biniyaminov Vitaly , Franzreb Matthias
Published: November 2024

Sorptive bioprocesses are the basis for numerous biotechnological applications such as enzyme immobilization, biosensors, controlled drug delivery, water treatment, and molecular purification. Yet due to the complexity of these processes, their optimization is still time, labor, and cost‐intensive. This research presents a flexible self‐driving laboratory (SDL) designed for the accelerated development and optimization of solid‐phase extraction processes. As a use case, the SDL was used to optimize a DNA purification process using silica magnetic beads. Through the integration of robotics, machine learning, and data‐driven experimentation, the SDL demonstrates a highly accelerated process optimization with minimal human intervention. In the multistep purification approach, the system is able to optimize buffer compositions for DNA extraction from complex samples, demonstrating effectiveness in both conventional chaotropic salt‐based methods and innovative chaotropic salt‐free buffers. The study highlights the SDL's capability to autonomously refine process parameters, achieving significant enhancements in yield and purity of the product. This blueprint for future self‐driving optimization of bioprocess parameters showcases the potential of autonomous systems to revolutionize biochemical process development, offering insights into scalable, environmentally sustainable, and cost‐effective solutions.
α‐Solanine and α‐Tomatine Affect the Retrocerebral Complexes of Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas atratus Beetles
Authors: Adamski Zbigniew , Nikolaou Polyxeni , Marciniak Pawel
Published: November 2024

Presently, the European Commission is moving forward with a plan to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and increase the percentage of organic farming by 2030; this plan demands increased availability of biopesticides for organic farming. Glycoalkaloids are a class of molecules found in certain plants, including tomatoes and potatoes, which contain sugar and an alkaloid group. These compounds are known to have insecticidal properties, as they can act as natural defenses against insect pests. This study examined how a biological substance, glycoalkaloids, affects mortality and the retrocerebral complex of two beetle species, Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas atratus. More specifically, we focused on two glycoalkaloids, α‐solanine and α‐tomatine. Although these two insects belong to the same taxonomic family, they were not equally susceptible to these substances. In the mortality test, we observed that the T. molitor beetle seemed more susceptible, whereas the changes in the retrocerebral complex were more significant in the case of Z. atratus. In general, the effects vary between substances and insects, and changes in the retrocerebral complex may impair the reproduction of insects.
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Authors: Nigrovic Peter A.
Published: November 2024

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a state of immune hyperactivation that can result in life‐threatening multisystem end‐organ dysfunction. Often termed a “cytokine storm,” MAS occurs among the rheumatic diseases most typically in Still's disease but also in systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease. MAS can also accompany infection, malignancy, and inborn errors of immunity. This review provides a practical, evidence‐based guide to the understanding, recognition, and management of MAS in children and adults, with a primary focus on MAS complicating Still's disease.
Consensus analysis for heterogeneous multiagent systems subject to input saturation
Authors: Ma Yuwan , Yang Qingsheng , Zhan Xisheng , Wu Jie
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the consensus problem of heterogeneous multiagent systems (HMASs) consisting of first‐order and second‐order agents, where second‐order linear and second‐order nonlinear agents are included in the second‐order agents. Firstly, the consensus problem of HMASs without input saturation is studied in the first part. However, in practical applications, due to the physical limitations of actuators, saturation often occurs. Therefore, we focus on the consensus problem of HMASs with input saturation in the second part. Then based on the knowledge of Lyapunov stability theory and graph theory, it gives sufficient conditions for these HMASs to reach consensus, which ensures that each agent eventually reaches consensus. Eventually, the effectiveness of the theory is verified by performing simulations.
What role does the environment play in language development? Exploring the associations among socioeconomic status, parent language input, and language skills in school‐aged children with autism
Authors: Pecukonis Meredith , Butler Lindsay K. , Tager‐Flusberg Helen
Published: November 2024

Language development in children with autism is influenced by proximal (e.g., parent language input) and distal (e.g., socioeconomic status) environmental constructs. Studies have found that “rich and responsive” parent language input supports autistic children's language development, and recent work has reported positive associations between measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and child language skills. However, little is known about how these proximal and distal environmental constructs interact to shape language development in autism. In a sample of 74 autistic school‐aged children, the present study investigated the associations among measures of SES, the quantity and quality of language produced by parents and children during home‐based dyadic parent–child interactions, and children's expressive and receptive language skills. Results showed that annual household income was positively associated with parent number of total words (NTW), parent number of different words (NDW), and parent mean length of utterance (MLU), while neither parent education level nor annual household income were significantly associated with measures of child language skills. Parent MLU was positively associated with child MLU and child expressive language skills. Findings suggest that annual household income may influence both the quantity and quality of parent language input, and that parent MLU, a qualitative measure of parent language input, may play a particularly important role in shaping autistic children's expressive language development. Future research should study longitudinal associations among SES, parent language input, and child language skills, as identifying environmental predictors of language skills in autism may facilitate the creation of more effective interventions that support language development.
Pharmacological Inhibition of the Spliceosome SF3b Complex by Pladienolide‐B Elicits Craniofacial Developmental Defects in Mouse and Zebrafish
Authors: Hoshino Yukiko , Liu Shujie , Furutera Toshiko , Yamada Takahiko , Koyabu Daisuke , Nukada Yuko , Miyazawa Masaaki , Yoda Tetsuya , Ichimura Koichiro , Iseki Sachiko , Tasaki Junichi , Takechi Masaki
Published: November 2024

Background

Mutations in genes encoding spliceosome components result in craniofacial structural defects in humans, referred to as spliceosomopathies. The SF3b complex is a crucial unit of the spliceosome, but model organisms generated through genetic modification of the complex do not perfectly mimic the phenotype of spliceosomopathies. Since the phenotypes are suggested to be determined by the extent of spliceosome dysfunction, an alternative experimental system that can seamlessly control SF3b function is needed.

Methods

To establish another experimental system for model organisms elucidating relationship between spliceosome function and human diseases, we administered Pladienolide‐B (PB), a SF3b complex inhibitor, to mouse and zebrafish embryos and assessed resulting phenotypes.

Results

PB‐treated mouse embryos exhibited neural tube defect and exencephaly, accompanied by apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation in the neural tube, but normal structure in the midface and jaw. PB administration to heterozygous knockout mice of Sf3b4, a gene coding for a SF3b component, influenced the formation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs). Despite challenges in continuous PB administration and a high death rate in mice, PB was stably administered to zebrafish embryos, resulting in prolonged survival. Brain, cranial nerve, retina, midface, and jaw development were affected, mimicking spliceosomopathy phenotypes. Additionally, alterations in cell proliferation, cell death, and migration of CNCCs were detected.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that zebrafish treated with PB exhibited phenotypes similar to those observed in human spliceosomopathies. This experimental system may serve as a valuable research tool for understanding spliceosome function and human diseases.
The Impact of Maternal Passive Tobacco Smoke on Neonatal Myocardiopathy in Mice
Authors: Kawish Naseer , Abbasi Muddasir Hassan , Khawar Muhammad Babar , Akhtar Tasleem , Arif Amin , Majid Ayesha , Sheikh Nadeem
Published: November 2024

Background

Tobacco smoke has a global impact, particularly on pregnant women and their newborns. An emerging body of research suggests that passive tobacco smoking is a significant contributor to congenital cardiovascular disorders (CVDs).

Aim of the Study

This study aimed to mimic the effects of passive tobacco smoke (PTS) on neonates exposed throughout the gestational period.

Methods

Female mice (DPC = 0) were exposed to PTS; 24 cigarettes/day with an interval of 10 min between each cigarette in a specialized smoke chamber from conception to birth. Histopathological analysis was employed to evaluate PTS‐induced cardiac damage in neonates.

Results

The results revealed significant alterations in cell structure, namely, widened interstitial spaces, hemorrhage, pyknotic nuclei, inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition, and fibrosis.

Conclusion

Maternal exposure to PTS during pregnancy may lead to neonatal myocardiopathy.
Orphan genes are not a distinct biological entity
Authors: Pereira Andres Barboza , Marano Matthew , Bathala Ramya , Zaragoza Rigoberto Ayala , Neira Andres , Samano Alex , Owoyemi Adekola , Casola Claudio
Published: November 2024

The genome sequencing revolution has revealed that all species possess a large number of unique genes critical for trait variation, adaptation, and evolutionary innovation. One widely used approach to identify such genes consists of detecting protein‐coding sequences with no homology in other genomes, termed orphan genes. These genes have been extensively studied, under the assumption that they represent valid proxies for species‐specific genes. Here, we critically evaluate taxonomic, phylogenetic, and sequence evolution evidence showing that orphan genes belong to a range of evolutionary ages and thus cannot be assigned to a single lineage. Furthermore, we show that the processes generating orphan genes are substantially more diverse than generally thought and include horizontal gene transfer, transposable element domestication, and overprinting. Thus, orphan genes represent a heterogeneous collection of genes rather than a single biological entity, making them unsuitable as a subject for meaningful investigation of gene evolution and phenotypic innovation.
CHARM and EvoETR: Precision epigenetic tools for gene silencing
Authors: Pillai Anirudh , Verma Vasundhara , Galande Sanjeev
Published: November 2024

With the advent of gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, it has become possible to edit genomic regions of interest for research and therapeutic purposes. These technologies have also been adapted to alter gene expression without changing their DNA sequence, allowing epigenetic edits. While genetic editors make edits by cutting the genome at specified regions, epigenetic editors leverage the same targeting mechanism but act based on the epigenetic modifier fused to them, such as a methyltransferase. Here, we discuss two recently employed epigenetic editors (epi‐editors) that silenced target genes involved in disease to mitigate their effects. Neumann et al. reported the construction of an epigenetic editor called CHARM that could methylate and silence the prion gene in mouse brains and subsequently switch itself off. Additionally, Capelluti et al. developed an epi‐editor called EvoETR that knocked down Pcsk9 in the murine liver to reduce LDL levels. We aim to highlight the design principles underlying the design of these epi‐editors to inform future editor designs.
Stakeholder attention and ambidextrous green innovation: Evidence from China
Authors: Cheng Peng , Zhang Jianye , Chen Jiayi , Zheng Yaoyue , Li Zhi
Published: November 2024

Based on stakeholder theory, resource dependency theory, and institutional theory, this study focuses on exploring how primary and secondary stakeholder attention differentially influences corporate green innovation. Specifically, it distinguishes between exploratory and exploitative green innovation and further analyzes how formal institutional pressures (environmental regulations, ERs) and informal institutional pressures (public environmental concern, PEC) moderate the relationship between stakeholder attention and green innovation. By analyzing empirical data from A‐share listed companies in China from 2011 to 2021, the study finds that primary stakeholder attention often suppresses green innovation, while secondary stakeholder attention has a positive driving effect. Notably, the negative impact of primary stakeholder attention is mainly confined to exploitative innovation, whereas the positive influence of secondary stakeholder attention promotes both exploratory and exploitative green innovation. Moreover, the research confirms that ERs and PEC, as key factors of the institutional environment, play crucial roles in reinforcing these differential impacts. They intensify the negative effects of primary stakeholder attention on green innovation and amplify the positive impact of secondary stakeholder attention. This study enriches the field of stakeholder theory, resource dependency theory, and institutional theory, offering theoretical support and practical guidance for firms' sustainable development and green transformation.
Evaluation of the Prognostic Value of the Mayo Additive Staging System and Minimal Residual Disease in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients
Authors: Song Yichuan , Zhao Rui , Fu Wenxuan , Zhao Jing , Wang Qingtao , Zhang Rui
Published: November 2024

Introduction

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the Mayo additive staging system (MASS) and minimal residual disease (MRD) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients.

Methods

A total of 238 NDMM patients were enrolled in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. Fluorescence in‐situ hybridization and next‐generation flow cytometry were used to examine cytogenetic abnormalities and MRD, respectively. The patients were classified into three groups to compare the effects on progression‐free survival (PFS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to identify the survival‐related factors.

Results

For MASS group, the PFS was significant difference in MASS I, II, and III patients (p = 0.0006); the patients with sustained MRD‐negative, non‐sustained MRD‐negative, sustained MRD‐positive, and non‐sustained MRD‐positive were divided into Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The Group 1 patients had superior PFS than Groups 2 and 3 patients (p < 0.05), but no difference in PFS was observed for Group 2 versus Group 3, Group 2 versus Group 4, and Group 3 versus Group 4 patients. For the MASS and MRD groups, among Groups 2, 3, and 4, MASS I patients had a superior PFS, while III patients showed the opposite result. Strikingly, no difference in PFS for Group 1 patients regardless of the MASS stage was observed. Despite being in MASS II and III, the PFS of Group 1 patients was longer than those with the other three groups. Response to treatment was an independent prognostic factor for MM patients.

Conclusion

Patients with an accumulation of high‐risk factors and MRD‐positive have poor outcomes. Sustained MRD‐negative may improve high‐risk patients' prognoses.
Decoupled Edge Physics Algorithms for Collaborative XR Simulations
Authors: Kokiadis George , Protopsaltis Antonis , Morfiadakis Michalis , Lydatakis Nick , Papagiannakis George
Published: November 2024

This work proposes a novel approach to transform any modern game engine pipeline, for optimized performance and enhanced user experiences in extended reality (XR) environments decoupling the physics engine from the game engine pipeline and using a client‐server architecture creates a scalable solution, efficiently serving multiple graphics clients on head‐mounted displays (HMDs) with a single physics engine on edge‐cloud infrastructure. This approach ensures better synchronization in multiplayer scenarios without introducing overhead in single‐player experiences, maintaining session continuity despite changes in user participation. Relocating the Physics Engine to an edge or cloud node reduces strain on local hardware, dedicating more resources to high‐quality rendering and unlocking the full potential of untethered HMDs. We present four algorithms that decouple the physics engine, increasing frame rates and Quality of Experience (QoE) in VR simulations, supporting advanced interactions, numerous physics objects, and multiuser sessions with over 100 concurrent users. Incorporating a Geometric Algebra interpolator reduces inter‐calls between dissected parts, maintaining QoE and easing network stress. Experimental validation, with more than 100 concurrent users, 10,000 physics objects, and softbody simulations, confirms the technical viability of the proposed architecture, showcasing transformative capabilities for more immersive and collaborative XR applications without compromising performance.
Preparation and Optimization of Hydrophilic Modified Pullulan Encapsulated Tetracycline for Significant Antibacterial and Anti‐Biofilm Activity Against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates
Authors: Asgari Mahtab , Rezaeizadeh Golnoosh , Ghajari Ghazal , Azami Zahra , Behshood Parisa , Talebi Fatemeh , Piri Gharaghie Tohid
Published: November 2024

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia), resistant to antibiotics, is a hazardous illness and a well‐known worldwide public health issue. The present investigation included the preparation of formulations of tetracycline encapsulated in pullulan (referred to as HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline). The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these formulations against strains of S. maltophilia in terms of their antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm properties. The physicochemical characteristics of HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline were analyzed using a field scanning electron microscope, X‐ray dispersion, Zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering analysis. The antibacterial and anti‐biofilm activity was assessed using minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration and broth micro‐dilution. In addition, the biocompatibility of HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline was assessed by investigating its cytotoxicity on the human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) normal cell line using the MTT test. The HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline formulation successfully prevented biofilm formation, measuring 179.7±2.66 nm in size and with an encapsulation efficiency of 84.86±3.14 %. It exhibited a biofilm growth inhibition rating of 69 % and significantly down‐regulated the expression of the smf‐1, rpfF, rmlA, and spgM biofilm genes in S. maltophilia strains (p<0.05).

Furthermore, the HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline formulation exhibited a 4 to 6‐fold increase in antibacterial efficacy compared to unbound tetracycline. The HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline formulation demonstrated cell viability of over 90 % at all doses tested against HDF normal cells. The findings of the current investigation demonstrate that HM‐PULL‐Tetracycline enhances the bactericidal and anti‐biofilm properties without causing harm to healthy human cells. This suggests that Could be a promising approach for medication administration.
Evaluation of Dermal Wound Healing Potential: Phytochemical Characterization, Anti‐Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut. Latex
Authors: Segueni Khaoula , Chouikh Atef , Eddine Laouini Salah , Bouafia Abderrhmane , Laid Tlili Mohammed , Laib Ibtissam , Boudebia Ouafa , Khelef Yahia , Abdullah Mahmood M. S. , Abdullah Johar Amin Ahmed , Bin Emran Talha
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the wound‐healing potential of Euphorbia guyoniana latex (EGL) in male Wistar rats, along with its biochemical composition and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis identified moderate levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, with HPLC revealing five phenolic compounds. EGL demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in DPPH assays, surpassing ascorbic acid in protecting red blood cells. Its performance in the ß‐carotene‐linoleic acid assay was robust, though its FRAP assay results were weaker. EGL also exhibited significant anti‐inflammatory activity, comparable to Acetylsalicylic acid, and showed antibacterial effects against Listeria innocua. In Vivo, EGL‐infused ointments accelerated wound healing, reducing epithelialization periods to 12–16 days, with a higher wound contraction rate compared to controls. The study concludes that EGL, rich in bioactive compounds, holds potential as a promising natural agent for wound healing, owing to its potent antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.
Chemoenzymatic Cyclization by Vanadium Chloroperoxidase for Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxyisochroman‐1‐Ones
Authors: Krongyut Chisanu , Wiriya Nittaya , Saiyasombat Worakrit , Chansaenpak Kantapat , Sripattanakul Sineenat , Kamkaew Anyanee , Lai Rung‐Yi
Published: November 2024

4‐Hydroxyisochroman‐1‐ones belong to the class of the secondary metabolite 3,4‐dihydroisocoumarins. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities. These compounds can be synthesized through halocyclization using hypervalent iodine species or N‐bromosuccinimide, followed by hydrolysis. Nonetheless, the reactions required specific conditions and generated toxic byproducts. In this study, Curvularia inaequalis vanadium chloroperoxidase (CiVCPO) catalyzed the chemoenzymatic cyclization of 2‐vinylbenzoic acids with different electron‐donating groups (1 a–1 e) to produce good yields of 4‐hydroxyisochroman‐1‐ones (3 a–3 e) by adding KBr and H2O2 in citrate buffer (pH 5). The reaction mixture contained 30 % DMSO to improve substrate solubility without enzyme activity loss. The condition is more environmentally friendly than chemical methods. Therefore, it offers an alternative approach for synthesizing 4‐hydroxyisochroman‐1‐ones.
ZNF655 involved in the progression of multiple myeloma via the activation of AKT
Authors: Kou Haiming , Jiang Shuqin , Wu Xueqiong , Jing Changhua , Xu Xinxin , Wang Jiaju , Zhang Cui , Liu Wenting , Gao Yan , Men Qian , Lu Ping , Lv Zhenhui
Published: November 2024

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy, and the number of MM patients is increasing year by year. Zinc finger protein 655 (ZNF655) has been shown to regulate various biological processes and is implicated in the progression of many diseases. However, the roles of ZNF655 in MM progression remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of ZNF655 on progression by detecting the alteration of the phenotypes and tumorigenesis induced by ZNF655 knockdown in MM. The expression level of ZNF655 in MM was clarified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Furthermore, loss‐of‐function assays in vitro and in vivo was investigated the biological functions of ZNF655 in MM. These findings revealed that ZNF655 depletion remarkably inhibited MM cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle, and induced cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, ZNF655 was found to regulate AKT in MM. In conclusion, this study indicated that ZNF655 regulated the progression of MM via AKT activation and downregulation of ZNF655 may be a promising antitumor strategy in MM.