bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bumps in the Road to IFRS Adoption: Is a U-Turn Possible?
Authors: Selling Thomas I.
Published: March 2013

SYNOPSIS

In this commentary, I address the question of adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards in the United States. I argue that ten claims made in support of IFRS adoption, by leading proponents in two recent speeches, should be rejected; and consequently, the Securities and Exchange Commission should have long ago made a “U-turn” on its related rulemaking proposal.
Switching to Sulphonylureas in Children With iDEND Syndrome Caused by KCNJ11 Mutations Results in Improved Cerebellar Perfusion
Authors: Fendler Wojciech , Pietrzak Iwona , Brereton Melissa F. , Lahmann Carolina , Gadzicki Mariusz , Bienkiewicz Malgorzata , Drozdz Izabela , Borowiec Maciej , Malecki Maciej T. , Ashcroft Frances M. , Mlynarski Wojciech M.
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE

Activating mutations in the KCNJ11 gene, encoding the Kir6.2 subunit of the KATP channel, result in permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. They also may cause neurologic symptoms such as mental retardation and motor problems (iDEND syndrome) and epilepsy (DEND syndrome). Sulphonylurea (SU) treatment is reported to alleviate both the neurologic symptoms and diabetes in such cases. The study aimed to establish the magnitude and functional basis of the effect of SUs on the neurologic phenotype in children with iDEND using neuroimaging before and after insulin replacement with glibenclamide.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

To localize and quantify the effect of glibenclamide administration, we performed single-photon emission computed tomography in seven patients with different mutations in KCNJ11. In five patients, measurements before and after initiation of SU treatment were performed.

RESULTS

Significant changes in single-photon emission computed tomography signal intensity after transfer to SU therapy were restricted to the cerebellum, consistent with previous data showing high Kir6.2 expression in this brain region. Cerebellar perfusion improved for both left (P = 0.006) and right (P = 0.01) hemispheres, with the mean improvement being 26.7 ± 7.1% (n = 5). No patients showed deterioration of cerebellar perfusion on SU therapy. Electrophysiological studies revealed a good correlation between the magnitude of KATP channel dysfunction and the clinical phenotype; mutant channels with the greatest reduction in adenosine 5′-triphosphate inhibition were associated with the most severe neurologic symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude it is likely that at least some of the beneficial effects of SU treatment on neurodevelopment in iDEND patients result from improved cerebellar perfusion.
The renaissance of the neuron doctrine: Cajal rebuts the Rector of Granada
Authors: Partsalis Agesilaos , Blazquez Pablo , Triarhou Lazaros
Published: March 2013

The Spanish histologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and the Italian anatomist Camillo Golgi, who were jointly awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries on the structure of the nervous system, are two of the most notable figures in neuroscience. It was the’ Golgi method’ that enabled Cajal to gather evidence and defend neuronism (the contiguity of neurons as independent cellular units) against his chief rival’s reticularism (the intracellular continuity of the cytoplasm among neurons in a widespread reticulum). Seven months after his Nobel lecture in Stockholm, Cajal wrote a powerful article which he titled’ El renacimiento de la doctrina neuronal’ (the rebirth, revival, or renaissance of the neuron doctrine) as a response to an insurrection of reticularist ideas. This new wave of reticularism was instigated in Spain by the pathologist Eduardo García Solá, Rector of the University of Granada at the time, and stemmed from the interpretation of nerve regeneration experiments conducted by the German physiologist Albrecht von Bethe in Strassburg (today Strasbourg, France) and the Hungarian histologist Stephan von Apáthy in Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania). Cajal’s article was hosted by four different journals (three in Spain and one in Argentina). It constitutes an important testimony for the history of the neuron theory that has gone unheeded thus far. Therefore, we provide an English translation of Cajal’s Spanish paper, placing it in the context of evolving notions during that first decade of the twentieth century crucial for neurobiology.
The role of neurotrophins in major depressive disorder
Authors: Jiang Cheng , Salton Stephen
Published: March 2013

Neurotrophins and other growth factors have been advanced as critical modulators of depressive behavior. Support for this model is based on analyses of knockout and transgenic mouse models, human genetic studies, and screens for gene products that are regulated by depressive behavior and/or antidepressants. Even subtle alteration in the regulated secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), for example, due to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-encoded Val-Met substitution in proBDNF that affects processing and sorting, impacts behavior and cognition. Alterations in growth factor expression result in changes in neurogenesis as well as structural changes in neuronal cytoarchitecture, including effects on dendritic length and spine density, in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex. These changes have the potential to impact the plasticity and stability of synapses in the CNS, and the complex brain circuitry that regulates behavior. Here we review the role that neurotrophins play in the modulation of depressive behavior, and the downstream signaling targets they regulate that potentially mediate these behavioral pro-depressant and antidepressant effects.
Diffusion MR imaging: How to get the maximum from the experimental time
Authors: Santis Silvia
Published: March 2013

Diffusion-based MR imaging is the only non-invasive method for characterising the microstructural organization of brain tissue in vivo. Diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) is currently routinely used in both research and clinical practice. However, other diffusion approaches are gaining more and more popularity and an increasing number of researchers express interest in using them concomitantly with DT-MRI. While non tensor-based methods hold great promises for increasing the specificity of diffusion MR imaging, including them in the experimental routine inevitably leads to longer experimental times. In most cases, this may preclude the translation of the full protocol to clinical practice, especially when these methods are to be used with subjects that are not compatible with long scanning sessions (e.g., with elderly and pediatric subjects who have difficulties in maintaining a fixed head position during a long imaging session).

The aim of this review is to guide the end-users on obtaining the maximum from the experimental time allocated to collecting diffusion MRI data. This is done by: (i) briefly reviewing non tensor-based approaches; (ii) reviewing the optimal protocols for both tensor and non tensor-based imaging; and (iii) drawing the conclusions for different experimental times.
Foreword
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

The appearance in Canada of another review under university auspices, should not be taken as an indication that the University of Toronto intends to enter into competition with those who have for a number of years, with much success and at no small cost to themselves, ministered through their publications to the cultural life of the Dominion. They have provided well for wide and diversified interests. The demands of history, also, are well met by the Canadian Historical Review, which now for many years has been published by the University of Toronto, under the supervision of a committee of the leading historians of the Dominion. But those who have been responsible for inaugurating this venture are of the opinion that there is an unoccupied place in the fields of literature and of scientific and philosophic thought. These fields are difficult to cultivate; for in not driving the critical ploughshare too deep, it is hard to avoid being superficial. Nor must quality be sacrificed by too strict observance of geographical boundaries. While we fertilise our fields to produce finer home-grown literature and clear thinking, we shall not scorn the seed which has proved its quality in older civilisations.
The Problem of Spiritual Authority in England
Authors: Barker Ernest
Published: March 2013

The spiritual experience of humanity may be regarded as the spiritual authority for humanity. The profoundest depths which our race has plumbed; the steepest heights it has climbed—these become, in each sphere of the spirit (art or poetry or religion), the standard or authority for succeeding generations. One of the forms of spiritual experience, a form so distinctive that it is sui generis, is that which is called the religious. This is the experience attained, the depths plumbed, the heights climbed, by the Founder of a new faith, and by those who, either in his own days or in after ages, have followed him through the general range of his experience. The religious experience of the Founder and his followers or apostles is the religious authority for those who accept—and not only accept, but also embrace—the fact of that experience. It is the standard or authority of their lives in the religious sphere of the spirit. A passionate belief may long to extend the control of that authority into other spheres of the spirit, and may seek as the belief of the Middle Ages sought, to bring art and letters—truth and beauty—under its sway. It may even seek to carry the control into the material worlds of politics and economics; it may attempt to make States and Societies subordinate to the ultimate canon of religious experience and the authority of that experience. But that lies beyond our scope.
Greek Comedy
Authors: Woodhead
Published: March 2013

It is a striking example of the vitality of Greek genius that tragedies and comedies, which were composed for a single performance in the state theatre of the god, Dionysus, at Athens, are still read more than 2300 years after they were produced. We may look rather ruefully at the meagre remnants of that great theatrical period; and we realize in reading these how difficult it is to reconstruct in our imagination the scene of production—the open-air theatre with -its throng of spectators in their picturesque attire, the costumes and masks of the performers, and above all the music and dancing which formed so important a part of the ceremonies. But we have at least the satisfaction of a glimpse at the kind of entertainment offered to the Athenian public in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.: and Professor Norwood's scholarly volume lifts the curtain and enables us to see more intimately that procession of ancient comic dramatists who gave their best to Athens during these two great centuries. It is a sane and thorough piece of work; and when one reads here and there, in text and footnotes, some of the extravagant theories to which he does not subscribe, one submits all the more readily to the services of so trustworthy a guide.
Civilization Versus Culture
Authors: Maciver
Published: March 2013

The price we pay for being civilized is that we live in a peculiarly unstable world. The world of nature is capricious and unpredictable in detail, but beneath its caprice there is a fundamental rhythm and regularity. The world of man offers no such assurance. It is as restless as his own spirit. Let us imagine for a moment that the only changes we had to face were those of the established order of nature, of the organic life that passes from youth to age, of the periodic sequence of day and night, of spring and fall, of the changing moons which divide the Indian year. Let us imagine that there were no industrial and social revolutions, no scientific discoveries, no disturbing inventions, no complicated systems of finance and politics which crack and are repaired, which break and are replaced, no challenge of new creeds and new philosophies which upturn the order of our thought. Let us, in brief, think ourselves back into a more primitive or a more static society. In such a society, whatever its disadvantages, men have the sense of being at home. Their individual lives may be subject to grievous hazards, but their mental world is secure. They may be utterly ignorant of the causes of things, but they are never at a loss to explain them. Whatever befalls, they suffer no inward bewilderment. Whatever nature does to them, in spite of physical and spiritual terrors and all the tragedies of life, they are still her believing children.
Sir Frederick Banting
Authors: Best
Published: March 2013

Sir Frederick Banting died in Newfoundland on February 21, as the result of a flying accident. He was on his way to England in the service of the Canadian government. Canada has lost a great citizen, the University and the medical profession one of their most distinguished scientists, and humanity a practical benefactor without equal in this generation.
The Achievement of Bergson
Authors: Hendel Charles
Published: March 2013

Henri Bergson has been the genius of philosophy in our time. He had an original vision of life and existence, and communicated it with such fine art that it became a considerable ingredient of the general philosophy of the age. His own work is thus a case of "the miracle of artistic creation" which he described in his last book: "A work of genius which begins by disconcerting people will create, little by little, simply by its very presence, a conception of its art and an artistic atmosphere that will allow of its comprehension: then, in retrospect, its quality of genius is appreciated. Otherwise it would remain in the end merely what it was in the beginning, simply disconcerting."
Drama
Authors: Milne
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1940.
Glimpses of the University at Work from 1907 Until the First World War (I)
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

At the request of the Editors I will try to recall for the QUARTERLY some of the asepcts of University life from my appointment as President until the first Great War. At the end of March, 1907, just before my wife and I were about to sail from Boston for the Mediterranean to spend the summer in Europe, I was, to my utter surprise, asked to come to Toronto on my way, to meet the Governors of the University, who were then endeavouring to secure a President. I had heard that Professor (now Sir Michael) Sadler of Manchester had been approached but could not then leave England. The interested academic public of Canada were just as much surprised as I had been at the proposal, to learn a few weeks later that an unknown young Principal of a Presbyterian College in Halifax had been appointed, and they wondered whether it was not a very rash decision.
John Galt, Dramatist
Authors: Needler
Published: March 2013

For many years John Galt's chief ambition was to be a dramatist, and to dramatic composition he returned after he had attained a prominent place in other fields. His plays are now not easily accessible, and are read today only by the close student of the history of English drama. And yet Galt achieved through them something more than what he himself calls “that respectable degree of mediocrity which the world, without repining, soon forgets.” Galt is otherwise immortal as the author of a unique gem of English prose, The Annals of the Parish, to mention only this work from his sixty-odd volumes of fiction, poetry, biography, history, travel, and political and economic writings. Besides, he is deserving of fame as one of the great Empire-builders.
The Mind of Edward Gibbon (I)
Authors: Cochrane
Published: March 2013

My subject is the mind of Edward Gibbon. I shall not concern myself (except incidentally) with his life and achievement as a member of what Goldsmith called the “commonwealth of polite letters.” Nor shall I undertake to assess the value of his work, in the sense in which it has been examined and passed magna cum laude by Bury, to rank with that of Thucydides and Tacitus. My object is rather to consider the principles in terms of which Gibbon envisages human nature and human history, and which thus determine his attitude to the problems raised by the collapse of ancient civilization. This means that our attention will be directed not so much to his thinking as to the preconceptions (whether implicit or explicit) which govern his thought. And we shall argue that while, of course, his general outlook was that of the so-called Age of Reason, his specific presumptions were those of what its exponents (oddly enough, from our modern standpoint) called “experimental science” furthermore that, when Gibbon claims to speak as a philosophic historian, he consciously and deliberately aligns himself with this particular movement of thought, finding in it the clue to an understanding of “that memorable series of revolutions which, in the course of about thirteen centuries, gradually undermined, and at length destroyed, the solid fabric of human greatness”; “the greatest, perhaps, and most awful scene in the history of mankind.”
Sir Oliver Lodge
Authors: Douglas A. Vibert
Published: March 2013

It is not always easy to appraise the influence of a man of science who has achieved eminence in his chosen field. To do so becomes an almost impossible task when the scientist lays science aside as his major interest and turns to the realm of psychic phenomena. Thereafter many scientists look upon him with a feeling of distrust, the average man is incredulous and makes disparaging comments, while people least qualified to judge of the value and significance of psychic research are loudest in their scorn and ridicule. A scientific reputation built up by long years of arduous labour and genuine achievement can suffer almost complete eclipse in this way. Only a relatively few sober scholars will not be misled: they will judge the scientific work at its true worth, undisturbed by the subsequent or overlapping activities of the same man in the psychic field. They will acknowledge his greatness even though they may have little or no sympathy with investigation into occult phenomena.
Reviews
Authors: McInnis Edgar , Woodhead  , Burpee Lawrence , Markon Robert
Published: March 2013

S. D. Clark, The Social Developoment of Canada, reviewed by Edgar McInnis

Bruce Hutchison, The Unknown Country, reviewed by Edgar McInnis

G. M. A. Grube The Drama of Euripides, reviewed by W. D. Woodhead

Samuel Eliot MorisonAdmiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, reviewed by Lawrence J. Burpee

Dr. Kot Five Centuries of Polish Learning, reviewed by Robert L. Markon
“Our Poets”: A Sketch of Canadian Poetry in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Smith
Published: March 2013

Canadian poetry, in the most general terms, is the record of life in Canada as it takes on significance when all the resources of sensibility, intelligence and spirit are employed in experiencing it or in understanding it. Some of our poets have concentrated on what is individual and unique in Canadian life, and others upon what it has in common with life everywhere. The one group has attempted to describe and interpret whatever is essentially and distinctively Canadian and thus come to terms with what is only now ceasing to be a colonial environment. The other, from the very beginning, has made an heroic effort to transcend colonialism by entering into the universal, civilizing culture of ideas.
The Structure of The Merchant's Tale
Authors: Sedgewick G. G.
Published: March 2013

There is nothing new in this paper except perhaps, in the way of assemblage and emphasis. Nevertheless, this sort of thing, if done better than it will now be done, might properly be excused. The Merchant and his performance figure largely in discussions of chronology, order, sources, and analogues of The Canterbury Tales; and all this, of course, is basic and invaluable. But, apart from a remarkable essay by Professor Tatlock, there has been no really substantial examination of the poem's art, no full study of the object as in itself it really is—and that still remains, surely, a function of criticism. This paper merely attempts to underline certain phases of Chaucer's workmanship as he handles what is often considered to be a “plot suited to the Hottentot,” as an outraged scholar has called it.
The Greatest English Novelist
Authors: Carter A. E.
Published: March 2013

Richardson is the greatest English novelist, and the least read. The first part of that statement may arouse some surprise, but few people will disagree with the second. To the common reader, as he wanders vaguely in the stacks in search of some likely volume with which to pass the week-end, the substantial tomes of Richardson are a terrifying apparition. The Works of Samuel Richardson: the expanse of gilded leather occupies half a shelf. Is it a collection of novels or an encyclopaedia? The common reader is disconcerted. He sees three titles only, and Pamela, he notes, runs to four volumes, Clarissa to eight, Grandison to six. If he pulls one out, he finds that it is written in the form of letters. And what letters! : As long, many of them, as an average short story. The letter form is little favoured nowadays, even when the letters are short, even when there is only one volume of them. The common reader puts the book back with a shudder. And unless at some later date, he comes across a passing reference to Richardson in a volume of literary history, that is his first and last encounter with the author of Clarissa.
French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin W.E.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books published in 1947.
Highland Song and Lowland Ballad
Authors: Dunn Charles
Published: March 2013

During the height of the debate in the eighteenth century concerning the genuineness of James Macpherson's translations from the Gaelic, Samuel Johnson decided to visit the homeland of Ossianic poetry. His repudiations of Macpherson's claims, which only increased in violence after this exploration of the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773, will not concern us here. In the course of his annihilation of the rash pretender, however, Johnson expressed two assumptions which deserve a fuller discussion than is usually afforded them. The first of these, to interpret his remarks in the widest sense, is that a culture can possess no literature without books. Finding in the Highlands and Islands neither printed books nor manuscripts of Gaelic poetry, but only oral traditions which he did not investigate circulating in a tongue which he did not understand, he wrote: “When a language begins to teem with books, it is tending to refinement. . . . But diction, merely vocal, is always in its childhood . . . .There may possibly be books without a polished language, but there can be no polished language without books.” Extending this reasoning, he declared Gaelic to be “a rude speech of a barbarous people who had few thoughts to express, and were content, as they conceived grossly, to be grossly understood.”
T. S. Eliot: “The Music of Ideas”
Authors: Brotman Bosley
Published: March 2013

Any line, if drawn without deviation, is simply carried farther away from its origin, and ultimately loses itself, or loses at least its connection with its beginning and source. If, however, this line is led back to the starting-point, as in the circle, it describes a satisfying and perfect figure; it perfects, by enclosing space. This principle is fundamental to any classic unity in art.
Franz Kafka: A Critical Problem
Authors: Margeson John
Published: March 2013

The influence of Franz Kafka has been widely proclaimed in recent years, both in Europe and in America. But it has become increasingly clear that he is a victim of cults. Little groups of intellectuals who have followed the leaders, from the commissar to the yogi end of the spectrum, speak of Kafka as the true prophet for the modern world, the one who has revealed the mysteries of existence and who has pictured crude materialism for the nightmare it is. In fact, the reading of Kafka is often a prerequisite for admission to these groups. On the other hand, there is no doubt at all that his novels have stimulated important work by other writers. The allegorical novel is becoming an increasingly popular mode of expression, and writers like Rex Warner owe something to Kafka's books.
George Odger (1820–1877) A Founder of the British Labour Movement
Authors: Armytage W. H. G.
Published: March 2013

“By far the ablest mid-century Labour politician.” So one of the latest historians of the nineteenth century sums up the personality and activities of George Odger. The Webbs held a similar view. “An orator of remarkable power, he swayed popular meetings at his will, and was the idol of Metropolitan Radicalism. But he was no mere demagogue. Beneath his brilliant rhetoric and emotional fervour there lay a large measure of political shrewdness ... .” Even Odger's more acute contemporaries, who were not blinded by the storm of prejudice that any radical was bound to arouse, recognized his intrinsic worth. Matthew Arnold, for instance, who found little to praise in the England of his day could write of George Odger without malice that he “represents the beautiful and virtuous mean of our present working class,” and he contrasts him with the noisy Bradlaugh, a typical member of what he called “the populace.”
The Centenary of Sir Walter Scott
Authors: Wallace
Published: March 2013

Men have always been interested in anniversaries, whether of events in their own lives or the lives of others. When we can say that a great man was born or a great battle fought exactly one hundred or one thousand years ago, the event takes on in our minds a fresh reality, and temporarily at least we feel that we have defeated the rolling years in their task of blotting out all human happenings. To one of a studious or scholarly bent it is, therefore, a most natural thing to use these recurring anniversaries as an opportunity for revising one's judgment as to the significance of the men or events which have preceded us. Indeed, much of the best literary criticism of the present century has been written as a contribution to these secular celebrations.
The Metaphysics of Ibsenism
Authors: Steinhauer
Published: March 2013

Ibsen's apparently inexhaustible capacity for contradicting himself has sorely tried the patience of commentators and critics. Take, for example, the most characteristic of all Ibsen themes: the right of the individual to realize his self-so characteristic, that it has practically become synonymous with the name Ibsen. Yet just what is Ibsen's conviction on this question? Brand, written in 1866, is a vigorous denunciation of self-sacrifice and a plea for self-realization. Peer Gynt, which appeared the very next year, exposes the villainy of self-realization. A Doll's House, Ghosts, Rosmersholm advocate self-realization. But Pillars of Society, An Enemy of the People, The Wild Duck and Hedda Gabler preach self-sacrifice.
The Thunder Bird of the Mountains
Authors: Barbeau Marius
Published: March 2013

Four of us were busy around a small campfire, cooking our luncheon on the beach, while our little troupe of Indians had moved away to the edge of the bush. The discovery we had made thrilled us-a row of totem poles, the tallest and finest we had yet seen, and completely lost in this remote forest. We were still further spellbound by the native pageantry which we had just witnessed at the foot of those impressive memorial columns, where carved figures rose out of the shrubbery and climbed upon each other into the sky.
Goldwin Smith
Authors: Underhill Frank
Published: March 2013

It is now twenty-three years since Goldwin Smith died. During his career, both in England and in Canada, he was engaged in almost continuous controversy; and during the last thirty-nine years of his life he resided in a city which, while it respected him highly for his attainments, abhorred his political views and never made much attempt to understand him. Though he had been a Regius Professor of History, his own writings were mostly in the nature of journalism, and they are already largely forgotten by Canadians, who, as inveterate newspaper readers, are a people with short memories. His secretary, Mr. Arnold Haultain, who was his literary executor, has left us the only attempt at a full-length portrait that we have; it was painted when Mr. Haultain was smarting a little from a sense of ill-treatment, and it shows much more concentration upon the warts than upon the rest of the face. Besides, no man was ever more completely unfitted by temperament for understanding the real elements of Goldwin Smith's greatness than was Mr. Haultain. He had a naive instinctive admiration for everything which his chief detested. He bubbled with enthusiasm for the Chamberlainite imperialism of the late 1890'S and early 1900'S, and he believed firmly that Rudyard Kipling was a poet.
Wordsworth and the Classics
Authors: Bush Douglas
Published: March 2013

While every age considers its estimate of great writers of the past to be the true and final one, we of the present may perhaps be allowed to think that in some essential ways we are closer to the real Wordsworth than even Arnold was, though Arnold, according to Quiller-Couch, had a tendency to regard himself as Wordsworth's widow. The Victorians, beset by science and scepticism, and groping for an undogmatic faith, reverenced the poet who gave them a natural religion; we, who have got far beyond such naive gropings and recoil from a plaster embodiment of virtue and nobility, feel a new respect for the poet who gave to society a natural daughter. Wordsworth has become, so to speak, one of ourselves, and we can look at him as at any inhabitant of our brave new world. We know that some of his essential roots were in the so-called age of reason, we know more about his philosophic and poetic evolution, we do not neglect the Prelude and the Excursion, and we recognize Wordsworth as the most richly germinal of all the romantic poets.
Economic Adaptations
Authors: Drummond
Published: March 2013

During periods of acute economic depression there becomes manifest a general disposition to take stock of our economic organization. Its sudden failure to work smoothly and its long convalescence become obvious to all of us, for all of us are affected in one way or another. Many, forced to think of these things for the first time, imagine that all this is unusual or can be easily rectified. But what really happens during a depression is a painful exaggeration of all the economic maladjustments and stresses that are taking place in lesser degree all the time. So when we ask ourselves what ought to be done to correct a depression, we are really implying the broader question: what ought to be done to make our economic organization function in such a way as to reduce its pernicious social by-products to a minimum? A very large question indeed. It is a question, however, which is being answered all the time. It is being answered piecemeal in the way that, with the growing consciousness of these evils, society meets problem by problem and attempts to apply the necessary correctives.
Mozart and Salieri (Pushkin)
Authors: Clark
Published: March 2013

A translation of Alexander Pushkin's Mozart and Salieri by A. F. B. Clarke.
Wordsworth's Letter to Mathetes
Authors: Hayakawa S. Ichiyé
Published: March 2013

Wordsworth's Letter to Mathetes has been strangely neglected by the critics. Yet it offers direct and valuable aid in understanding his poetry. It was written in reply to two young men, since identified as John Wilson (" Christopher North") and, his friend Alexander Blair. They had sought from Coleridge's ambling periodical The Friend advice on the proper guidance and conduct of life in youth. Theirs was the perennial problem of youthful enthusiasts: how, confronted with a varied world and without experience, were they to steer a wise course, to avoid giving themselves to unworthy causes, false ideals, vain pursuits? Their world is full of opportunities, causes, movements, and aims which solicit their interest and offer possible paths of endeavour; but such is their "present moral and intellectual state" that variety of opportunity is "little else than variety of danger." The young they hold, are formed with a capacity for good; but they are impressed by "the difficulties from within and from without, which may oppose the natural development of true feeling and right opinion." And so they put their problem to The Friend.
Gulliver's Travels: A Comedy of Humours
Authors: Kelling Harold
Published: March 2013

Faced with the contradictory reactions to Gulliver's Travels, varying from indignation to laughter, we may as well admit that it is impossible to reach critical agreement as to the appropriate emotional response to the book. No amount of critical argument is likely to convince a shocked reader that he really should like Gulliver's Travels. But we can agree-or see more clearly where we disagree-about the structure of the book. I shall, then, concern myself with this element, particularly with the function of Gulliver in the structure, rather than with either the proper emotional response or the other concerns of most criticism of Gulliver's Travels: Swift's intention, his personality, and the historical events of his period.
Goldwin Smith, Liberal
Authors: Wallace Elisabeth
Published: March 2013

Born in 1823, in the third year of George IV's reign, Goldwin Smith lived to see the accession of George V in 1910. He could remember, as a small boy of nine, the excitement created by the disputes over the First Reform Act, and as a ten year old the abolition of slavery. His memory went back to the days when the stocks and the curfew were both common, the night-watchman still called the hours through the streets, and the morning fires were lit in the bedrooms with the flint and steel of the era before matches. In after years he liked to recall the fact that he had heard Addington, prime minister of England in 1802, talk of Pitt, and that the Duke of Wellington, who lived in the next parish, had long been familiar to him as a neighbour. He lived to deplore the hazards created in Toronto by the influx of horseless carriages into the once peaceful streets.
Thoreau, Field Naturalist
Authors: Lucas Alec
Published: March 2013

Writers who discuss Thoreau's study of nature tend to neglect or belittle his knowledge of his subject. He was “a natural historian of the intellect,” says Sherman Paul in an excellent, recent paper on Walden. He “saw and recorded nothing new,” observes John Burroughs. He never looked at nature straight in the eye, implies Van Wyck Brooks. These writers concern themselves for the moot part, however, with Walden and A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers; yet the Journals and the essays “Wild Apples” and “The Succession of Forest Trees” must also be considered in an estimate of Thoreau's work. The fact is that Thoreau is both philosopher and scientist—a field naturalist, one of the forerunners of an increasing number of people who today visit the woods and fields simply for the personal pleasure of quiet hours spent in learning something about the plants and animals they find there. Typical of a field naturalist's work, Thoreau's has a breadth of interest, a sketchiness, and a fusion of thought and feeling, of observation and speculation qualities that exclude him from a place among the great pioneer naturalists but not from one among the finest nature-writers.
Publications in Other Languages
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of works published in other languages (besides French and English) in Canada in 1953.
The Business Enterpriser
Authors: Keirstead
Published: March 2013

Traditional economics, while providing a place for the business enterpriser as one of the agents of production, assigns to him a most modest role. The assumptions which are necessary for the determination of stationary equilibrium do more than simplify the economist's task of analysis: they also simplify the function of the enterpriser in the economic model to the extent that he hardly appears at all. In this model and under the accepted assumptions there are no changes in the tastes, incomes, or behaviour of consumers, and no changes in the conditions of production and supply. No innovations are made in the methods of production or distribution, no changes take place in the value of money. The behaviour of competitors can occasion no alarm because, while they have perfect knowledge of what our enterpriser may propose, so does he know perfectly, and in advance, their dispositions.
The Politics of George Orwell
Authors: King Carlyle
Published: March 2013

When George Orwell left Eton he was so heartily sick of being a poor boy among rich boys that instead of proceeding to the university he immediately went into the ranks of the British governing class. He joined the Indian Imperial Police and spent five years, from 1922 to 1927, carrying the white man's burden in Burma and accumulating thereby an intolerable weight of guilt that took him many years to expiate. He left Burma with a very bad conscience. For five years he had been part of an evil system, an oppressive and hypocritical racket, and he was haunted by the faces of the people whom he had treated as if they were sub-human:
Fiction
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1958.
La Poésie
Authors: Sylvestre Guy
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1958.
Romans et Théâtre
Authors: Duhamel Roger
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian novels and books on theatre published in 1958.
Physical Science Ancient and Modern
Authors: Allen Frank
Published: March 2013

Science, like all departments of human history, has had its great epochs of development. In these periods men of commanding genius appeared in surprisingly large numbers, each of whom was able to make some definite contribution to the body of scientific knowledge which determined the character of the age. In the earlier stages of advancement, outbursts of activity were succeeded by periods of stagnation lasting for centuries, during which men rested satisfied with former achievements, authority became venerated, and those innovators were sternly repressed who dared to challenge ancient knowledge and disturb the calmness of assured repose. In some way, difficult to understand, a new epoch of extraordinary activity succeeded the stagnation, as though a period of rest were required for fresh intellectual energy to accumulate by which the inertia of centuries was overcome and the mind carried to new triumphs.
Personality, Property, and Communism
Authors: Maritain Jacques
Published: March 2013

The following article makes no pretence either of treating the problem of property in its full extent or of propounding a new theory of property. It relates simply to the doctrine expounded by St. Thomas and his commentators, a doctrine of which it presupposes some knowledge. Its purpose is merely, in a deliberately brief and schematic form, to draw attention to certain fundamental principles bearing on the metaphysic of man's being and action, principles which in our opinion dominate the problem but which have not always been disengaged with sufficient care.
The Montaigne Quater-Centenary
Authors: Stewart Herbert
Published: March 2013

Sainte-Beuve once described Montaigne as “the wisest Frenchman that ever lived.” The year just past was crowded with centenaries, but the place given to this one in the journalism of countries very different in culture and tradition shows a certain unique quality in the feeling it aroused. Has Sainte-Beuve's tribute been endorsed? What, in particular, suggested to him the epithet “wisest,” and how far has later criticism justified it?
Review Articles
Authors: Goudge  , Blissett William
Published: March 2013

Sol Tax, ed., Evolution after Darwin, I. The Evolution of life: Its Origins, History, and Future,; II. The Evolution of Man: Mind, Culture, and Society; III. Issues of Evolution, reviewed by T.A. Goudge

Jonas A. Barish, Ben jonson and the Language of Prose Comedy, reviewed by William Blissett

Elizabethan and Jacobean Studies, reviewed by William Blissett

Alvin Kernan, The Cankered Muse: Satire of the English Renaissance, reviewed by William Blissett

Robert Ornstein, The Moral vision of Jacobean Tragedy, reviewed by William Blissett

F.P. Wilson, Seventeenth Century Prose: Five Lectures, reviewed by William Blissett
The Central Problem of Philosophy
Authors: Sparshott
Published: March 2013

This paper offers no solution to the problem of its title. Those who still think that title pretentious should bear in mind that the centre of even the largest circle is a single point that has no dimensions; that, if Leibniz and others are to be believed, one may regard as the centre of the Universe any point which it is for the time being convenient to treat as such; and that, as the inspection of any doughnut will show, the centre of a thing is not always the part of it which offers most for one to get one's teeth into.
Robert Browning's Pluralistic Universe: A Reading of The Ring and The Book
Authors: Johnson
Published: March 2013

William James's devotion to Browning's poetry can be confidently dated from the summer of 1858, when the James family had returned from Europe to take up residence in Newport. In his autobiographical Notes of a Son and Brother Henry James gives credit to John La Farge for at this time "revealing" Browning to him and his brother, although their parents had apparently been long familiar with the poet's work. In 1858 William was sixteen and Henry a year younger; but the interest thus early instilled was an enduring one. Eleven years later Minnie Temple, writing to her cousin Henry in Switzerland, a few months before her untimely death, commands his presence in North Conway that summer, the given reason being: "I can't wait longer than that for the Browning readings." "Which would have been of The Ring and the Book," Henry comments. And in July of the same year Henry, who had remained in Europe, received a letter from his mother which described William dawdling away the morning in a hammock under the pines "with a volume of Browning in his hand." This volume, it seems safe to conjecture, would have contained a portion of Browning's masterpiece, which had been published in four instalments between November 1868 and February 1869.
Henry James's Antinomies
Authors: Powers Lyall
Published: March 2013

Henry James is often described as an international novelist, in recognition of the fact that the structnral tension of many of his novels and tales arises from the opposition in them of "America" to "Europe." And he has likewise gained renown for his numerous stories of writers and artists, the structural tension of which usually results from the opposition of, in general terms, "art" and "the world." Now so far as the "international theme" is concerned, America is, of course, the new land, the land of innocence; and the American hero who ventures forth from it is consequently "new," naive, innocent, and very often possessed of that moral spontaneity which James so prized in the American girl. Europe is the old land, heavy with tradition, knowing, girded by convention. The naive American is typically exposed to the conventional Old World, and his problem is to learn and understand its ways, to come to terms with it; in fact, this usually means that he must experience the evil of this old, old world and recognize it for what it is. The best of the naive Americans suffer from this experience, are "ground in the very mill of the conventional," and even die from the exposure. The worst of them, who become Europeanized Americans, adopt the imitable manners, assume the conventional behaviour; the result is a polished veneer over a spiritual voi—-Gilbert Osmond, Caroline Spencer's cousin, Chad Newsome, and so on. Of course, James depicts his America and especially his Europe with convincing realism; it should be clear, nevertheless, that in these novels and tales he uses the international situation metaphorically: the innocent American submitting himself to the experience of Europe is James's expression of the necessary human condition—man facing his situation in the world; it is his representation of the human dilemma. This essay will be principally concerned with the other opposition I mention above, that is, with James's examination ofa particular aspect of the human dilemma, the aspect of it which touched him most personally—the dilemma of the artist.
Reviews
Authors: Robson John , Kreisel Henry , Maclean Kenneth , Pascal Roy , Goetz Marketa
Published: March 2013

William C. Havard, Henry Sidgwick: Later Utilitarian Political Philosophy, reviewed by John M. Robson

Walter E. Houghton, The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830–1870, reviewed by John M. Robson

Anna Jean Mill, ed., John Mill's Boyhood Visit to France: Being a Journal and Notebook Written by John Stuart Mill in France, 1820–21, reviewed by John M. Robson

Fraser Neiman, ed., Essays Letters, and Reviews by Matthew Arnold, reviewed by John M. Robson

R.K. Webb, Harriet Martineau: A Radical Victorian, reviewed by John M. Robson

Vera Wheatley, The Life and Work of Harriet Martineau, reviewed by John M. Robson

Thomas Woods, Poetry and Philosophy: A Study in the Thought of John Stuart Mill, reviewed by John M. Robson

Jerome Beaty, Middlemarch from Notebook to Novel: A Study of George Eliot's Creative Method, reviewed by Henry Kreisel

David Daiches, The Novel and the Modern World, reviewed by Henry Kreisel

Monroe Engel, The Maturity of Dickens, reviewed by Henry Kreisel

Barbara Hardy, The Novels of George Eliot: A Study in Form, reviewed by Henry Kreisel

Jerome Thale, The Novels of George Eliot, reviewed by Henry Kreisel

Eliseo Vivas, D.H. Lawrence; The Failure and the Triumph of Art, reviewed by Henry Kreisel

Thomas W. Copeland, Lucy S. Sutherland and George H. Guttridge, eds., The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, Vol. 1–3, reviewed by Kenneth Maclean

H.V.F. Somerset, A Note-Book of Edmund Burke: Poems, Characters, Essays and Other Sketches in the Hands of Edmund and William Burke Now Printed for the First Time in Their Entirety, reviewed by Kenneth Maclean

J.T. Boulton, ed., A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful, reviewed by Kenneth Maclean

Thomas H.D. Mahoney, Edmund Burke and Ireland, reviewed by Kenneth Maclean

Charles Parkin, The Moral Basis of Burke's Political Thought: An Essay, reviewed by Kenneth Maclean

Peter J. Stanlis, Edmund Burke and the Natural Law, reviewed by Kenneth Maclean

Gottfried Keller, Green Henry, reviewed by Roy Pascal

Barker Fairley, Wilhelm Raabe: an Introduction to his Novels, reviewed by Marketa Goetz
Les Études Sociales
Authors: Bonenfant Jean-Charles
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on French-Canadian social studies published in Canada in 1961.