bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Histories of Empire
Authors: Benton Lauren
Published: April 2010

There is something logical and perhaps even comforting about linking the history of European expansion to a narrative about the slow but steady rationalization of space. Periodic advances in techniques of navigation and mapping, an increasing focus on boundaries in treaty-making between imperial rivals, and the accumulation of geographic knowledge of conquered and colonized territories by the colonizers – these trends appear as defining elements of the construction of global European power both in older imperial histories and in post-Foucauldian studies emphasizing social control and governmentality in colonial societies. ‘Mapping’ features in this telling as both a technology in the service of empire and as a metaphor for the colonial project of mastery through knowledge accumulation and control.
Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme
Authors: Rupert Linda M.
Published: April 2010

In 1729, an enslaved woman named Juana Isabel Curazao fled the island of Curaçao, a small Dutch entrepôt in the southern Caribbean, and made her way across calm waters to the northern coast of the nearby Spanish American mainland (present-day Venezuela), just forty miles down-current and downwind. After ostensibly converting to Catholicism Juana Isabel obtained her freedom and acquired a small plot of land in Curiepe, a town of free blacks which the Spanish had founded in 1721 to protect the coast from the incursions of English, French, and Dutch privateers. Juana Isabel planted cacao trees, hoping to profit from Europe's growing taste for chocolate. Defying Spanish colonial law that prohibited trade with foreigners, thousands of people like Juana Isabel surreptitiously sold cacao pods to Curaçaoan traders, usually small-scale Sephardic Jewish merchants or seafarers of African descent. The traders smuggled sacks of the pods back to Curaçao, where enslaved dockworkers loaded them onto large ocean-going vessels and shipped them to Dutch processing firms across the Atlantic. A generation later, in 1765, Juana Isabel's niece and heir, a free black woman named Ana María Mohele, began a long legal battle to retain the grove, which by then had grown into a 1,000-tree plantation. Spanish colonial authorities challenged Ana Maria's ownership of the land, claiming that her aunt's manumission and property grant both were invalid. Nevertheless, they only confiscated half the property, and allowed Ana Maria to keep the rest.
The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands
Authors: Aldrich Robert
Published: April 2010

At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.
Varieties of Asia? European Perspectives, c. 1600 – c. 1800
Authors: Rietbergen Peter J.A.N.
Published: April 2010

Perhaps, the story of Europe's views of Asia should begin with the question of when the term ‘Asia’, ‘Açu’, was introduced into what one must call the European perspective of the world. Meaning the 'sunrising’ in its original, Assyrian usage, it always seems to have denoted that part of the world which lay to the East. Once the Greek had adopted it to identify those lands which, precisely because they were threatening and near, they wanted to denote as ‘not theirs’, it became part of the dichotomy in which Europe was created as the geographical context for Greek civilisation, Hellas, while Asia -jealously viewed and, consequently, negatively judged - was the territory of the other, the enemy. From that time onwards, ‘Europe’ was part of the vocabulary the peoples of the Mediterranean used to structure the shores of their sea geographically.
Being White in Tropical Asia: Racial Discourses in the Dutch and Australian Colonies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Coté Joost
Published: April 2010

In the recent debates gripping the Australian national psyche regarding the ‘Stolen Children’ (the often forcible removal of Aboriginal children of mixed European descent from their Aboriginal mothers practiced for most of the twentieth century under Australian Federal law) little credence is given to now outdated notion of ‘half-caste’ which inspired the original legislation. Today, self-identification, regardless of colour and heritage, determines Aboriginal ethnicity. But ‘half-caste-ness’ constituted a powerful concept in the process of nation formation in colonial Australia and in other colonial contexts.
Between European and American Dominance: Mexican Foreign Trade in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bernecker Walther L.
Published: April 2010

Conventional accounts of economic links between the North Atlantic nations (USA/Europe) and Mexico state that the Europeans clearly dominated Mexican foreign trade in the first decades after national independence while the United States only achieved significance in Mexico's import-export trade in thePorfiriatoduring the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Such studies suggest that the United States only gradually discovered an interest in Mexico so that in previous decades the Europeans ruled the field unchallenged. It is generally overlooked that from quite early on Mexico was a part of North American foreign and trade policy because of geopolitical and economic considerations. The geopolitical component was the result of the geographic proximity of Mexico to its northern neighbour; the economic ties due to Mexico's silver mines, the intensive smuggling between North and South from the outset, and the constant increase in trade volume.
A Quick Note on the Archive of the Bolivian Foreign Office
Authors: Brienen Marten
Published: April 2010

Until fairly recently it could be said that the bulk of historical literature concerning Bolivia was in some way or another to do with its colonial past, and especially the role that silvermining played in that past. Luckily for those interested in Bolivian colonial history, the nation's capital houses the so-called ‘national archive’, which contains a plethora of historical documents, archives, and so on. This ‘national archive’ has proven quite adequate for these purposes.
A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries
Authors: McPherson Kenneth
Published: April 2010

Until fairly recently, histories of European imperial expansion in the Indian Ocean region have been written largely in terms of the endeavours of Europeans in creating and controlling empire. Only in the last couple of decades has recognition been given slowly to the role of the indigenous economic and political compradors, both large and small, who were vital to the evolution and sustenance of European colonial empires.
The Importance of Indonesianisasi during the Transition from the 1930s to the 1960s
Authors: Lindblad J. Thomas
Published: April 2010

The term indonesianisasi stands for the removal of Dutch tutelage and a subsequent fundamental reorientation of the economy of Indonesia at the time of decolonisation and during the years immediately after Dutch acknowledgement of Indonesian independence in December 1949. The term was initially used in a narrow sense designating the replacement of Dutch officials and managers by Indonesian nationals in the government bureaucracy and private firms in Indonesia during the years leading up to the nationalisation of remaining Dutch business assets in Indonesia in December 1957. There is a growing appreciation that the term needs to be applied i n a broader sense as the transfer of economic leadership in newly independent Indonesia with profound consequences for future economic development. This article forms a first exploration of the application of the term indonesianisasi in such a broad sense. It should be emphasised, therefore, that this is a starting-point of new research rather than the outcome of a completed undertaking.
Under the Watchful Eye of Mimī Bin cAbd Allāh: The Voyage of the Dutch Merchant Pieter Van den Broecke to the Court of Djacfar Bāshā in Sana'a, 1616
Authors: Brouwer C.G.
Published: April 2010

When on the morning of 4 May 1616, after having been received in state by cavalry, noblemen and citizens, Pieter van den Broecke descends from the splendidly caparisoned mount with which he has been presented; when his feet sink into the carpets of the audience-hall of the Castle of Sana's, then he realizes, striding along between two rows of dignitaries standing with crossed arms, that a crucial moment in his voyage to the court of the “Governor-General” of the Ottoman province of Yemen has come. Djacfar Bāshā is sitting enthroned on a platform, dressed as if he were “the monarch of the entire world”. The Dutch opperkoopman (”upper-merchant”), in his black suit, greets him with reverence, whereupon the beglerbegi commands him to sit down. What! Sit down, on the carpet, on the floor, he, Captain of the Dutch? What else could that mean, in this formal entourage, but his submitting to the wālī? Then his interpreter retrieves the situation: “Sir, may Allāh bless You! The Dutch captain cannot sit in the way we are accustomed to do …”
Witsen's World: Nicolaas Witsen (1641–1717) between the Dutch East India Company and the Republic of Letters
Authors: Rietbergen P.J.A.N.
Published: April 2010

In a collection of essays concerning the inevitably diverse vicissitudes of the representatives of that phenomenon collectively known as ‘the Company's servants,’ the inclusion of Nicolaas Witsen may come as a surprise. In our democratic age, he undoubtedly would have termed himself a ‘servant’ of the Dutch East India Company; in his own, more hierarchical times, he will have considered himself one of the Company's masters, as indeed he was. Whatever the powers of the Heren XVII may actually have been, Witsen for many years was one of the directors of the Amsterdam Chamber, the Company's most powerful division, and one of Amsterdam representatives to the bi-annual assembly which actually directed the Company's affairs at home, and tried to do so abroad, in its far-flung commercial empire, where other servants often held far greater, and less controlable power.
Babba Prabhu: The Dutch and a Konkani Merchant in Kerala
Authors: Jacob Hugo K.S'
Published: April 2010

The Konkani Brahmin Babba Prabhu served the Dutch in Kerala as a merchant, broker and envoy for many years. Nevertheless, the Dutch were divided in their opinion of him. Rijcklof van Goens trusted him in 1663 as a competent merchant, but a year later Hustaert called him a roguish Brahmin. He was alternately praised and blamed, until in 1691, when Hendrik Adriaan van Reede visited Malabar as a commissioner, he was charged with several difficult tasks and was granted rather exceptional privileges. However, after Van Reede's departure pressure was put on him to repay his debts to the Company. Admittedly we can only trace the changing Dutch opinions of Babba and not his opinion of them. No sources other than the Dutch archives are available to us. But they contain a mass of factual information. From these we will reconstruct Babba's relations with the Dutch.
A Madman in the City of Ghosts: Nicolaas Kloek in Pontianak
Authors: van Goor J.J.
Published: April 2010

In the many letters written by princes in the Indonesian archipelago to the Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company at Batavia, the relative status.is expressed in the address. Titles that are used range from “friend and ally” to “father” and “grandfather,” reflecting the formal relationship that had been laid down in the contracts. The address shows the position of the VOC occupied during the greater part of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The Dutch East India Company, though a large bureaucratic apparatus, was approached in a personified way. The formal distance to the Governor-General was expressed in terms derived from daily social life. It also makes one realize that a trading company had become an Asian ruler. In the Indonesian archipelago the VOC constituted an important political power.
The Indonesian Studies Program and the study of history
Authors: Day Anthony
Published: April 2010

The Dutch-Indonesian program in Indonesian Studies was inaugurated in January, 1975 as a four-year, bilateral exchange of research materials and personnel in het humanities and social sciences.

The principal aim of the Program, one which links its diverse aspects and activities, is to stimulate the use by Dutch and Indonesian scholars of the enormous body of information about Indonesia written in Dutch to ensure, in other words, that the traditions of scholarship on Indonesia which many Dutch and Indonesian scholars have worked to establish during the colonial period would continue to be developed as a new generation of Dutch and Indonesian researchers take up the study of Indonesian societies and cultures.
Guide to the sources for the history of the nations
Authors: Roessingh Marius
Published: April 2010

The volumes of this series are published for the greater part by Inter Documentation Company AG, Switzerland (IDC). They are all of the same format and contain a general introduction in English, French, and, if necessary, in the language of publication. It is stated in this introduction that the volumes for Belgium, The United Kingdom and the United States will appear separately. This also holds for the Netherlands (see below: ROESSINGH and VISSER, forthcoming). Except for the United States and the United Kingdom volumes, which list documents relating to the whole continent, the guide only takes into account sources relating to Africa south of the Sahara, from Mauritania and Sudan to the Cape of Good Hope and including Madagascar and the off-shore islands (see also below: the Inventory ed. by C.Giglio).
Ragi, Rice and Four-yard Dhoties
Authors: Perlin Enid
Published: April 2010

Turning to the history of Indian industrial labour conditions from a first degree in British and European history, with their wealth of first class literature on the industrial revolution, was something of a disappointment. The majority of Indianist historical studies in this field concentrate on the more institutional sides of unionisation, or on economic aspects, while much of the sociology of industrialisation (especially the material produced in the 1960's) to which I turned appeared to consist largely of blueprints for the distortion of whole cultures in the name of modernity and progress.
The Surinamica Collection in the Library of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology
Authors: Nagelkerke Gerard
Published: April 2010

The Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology of Leyden which was founded in 1851, has as objective ‘Furthering the study of the languages, geography, ethnology and history of Southeast Asia, the Pacific and the Caribbean and adjacent areas’ (article II of the Institute's statutes, 1976). This objective it tries to achieve through:

a. the establishment, maintenance and extension of the necessary scientific and administrative apparatus, in particular the library and other scientific departments;

b. the publication of a journal entitled Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, and other works;

c. the stimulation of scientific research, particularly in consultation with the Minister of Education and Science;

d. the maintenance of relations with other scientific organisations and institutions, inter alia through an exchange of publications.
The Development of the Nationalist Movement in the Netherlands East Indies; A Publication of Sources by R.C.Kwantes
Authors: Drooglever Pieter
Published: April 2010

In 1975, the eighth volume appeared in the series of publications of the committee 1900–1942 (CBNI) (of the Dutch historical association) for the publication of sources on the history of the N.E.I. The earlier publications of this series, which is now nearing completion, were arranged around the following themes: government policy on education, the People's Council and constitutional development, the nationalist movement till 1917 and the economic and financial policies of the NEI government. It was the job of drs. R.C.Kwantes (like dr. Van der Wai and mr. Creutzberg, a former official of the NEI government) to collect Dutch archival sources on the nationalist movement since 1917. With his first book he has brought his subject up to the middle of 1923. Two more volumes will be needed to cover the period till 1942. One of them may be expected in the course of 1978.
Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea
Authors: Souza G.B.
Published: April 2010

Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea, c. 1630–1753, is a topic that attracts little interest among European Expansion and East-Southeast Asian historians. This is unfortunate, since a great deal may be learned about early Sino and Southeast Asian-European relations by analysing Portuguese society in Macao and its diplomatic and economic relations with the Ming-Ch'ing dynasties and with the states within and bordering the South China Sea trading complex. Previous research was preoccupied with the nature of European colonial rivalry and comparisons between differing colonial systems; lamentably, it demonstrated litte interest in examining in detail the institutions of Portuguese society in Macao and their interactions with European and Asian society in a regional context. My research in this field began while an undergraduate honours student at Stanford University in 1971, was stimulated while a Master's degree student in Southeast Asian Area studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies in 1976, and should be completed in early 1980 when submitted as a doctoral dissertation at Trinity College, Cambridge University.
North-South Relations Reconsidered
Authors: van Dam Ferdinand
Published: April 2010

This article seeks to indicate both the nature and significance of the factors relevant to North-South relations and to show what their effect is on actual policies. In order to make the topic manageable the discussion has been grouped under three headings (debatable though such a classification may be): theory, politics, and economics.
Development: Theories, Research Designs, and Empirical Measures
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: April 2010

This paper is a report of ongoing work at the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economics, Historical Systems, and Civilizations. The premises of our research were published in “Research Proposal: Patterns of Development of the Modern World-System.” These premises can be stated briefly as follows.
Colonialism and Underdevelopment: Critical Remarks on the Theory of Dependency
Authors: von Albertini Rudolf
Published: April 2010

As historians, living in the contemporary world, we ask and are asked about the causes of underdevelopment. And, as most of the former colonies belong today to the underdeveloped countries of the Third World, we are confronted with the question as to what importance the colonial era plays in the history of these countries. There is a consensus that the history of colonialism can only be meaningful approached in the broader spectrum of underdevelopment and the specific problems of the Third World. There is no satisfaction in retreatingto the ostensibly objective approach of the historian and wanting tolimit ourselves in showing how colonialism came into being, what administrative structures arose, what economic policies were followed and finally how the colonized revolted and the process of decolonization got under way. Society will simply not allow us to do so. Equally, if not more important, is the question regarding the impact of colonialism on the colonized societies and how far it may be held responsible for the existing structures of underdevelopment.
Third World Development, Historians of the Expansion and “Relevance”
Authors: Winius George
Published: April 2010

One December afternoon in 1977, Drs. J.P. Pronk, Minister for Development Cooperation in the retiring Den Uyl cabinet, gave a talk in the Senate Chamber of Leiden University which nettled me at the time and has led me to do a good deal of reflecting since. For in it he made his view plain that history was only interesting to him when it was made relevant – in this case combined with other disciplines and applied to problems in the development of poorer nations. While I was annoyed with him, the irritation was scarcely personal because I reminded myself that government always thinks in terms of how to make academics perform useful services, perhaps instead of pondering whether Beowolf might have been written by a woman. One cannot become angry with government, either, in view of the fact it pays our salaries, directly in the case of the public universities and indirectly, through grants and subsidies, in the private ones. What's more, the social sciences are in large part directed to the description, if not the solution, of political, economic and social problems, and the study of history nowadays is as often paired administratively with these disciplines as it is with the humanities. We all know that political scientists, sociologists and anthropologists have been eager in recent years to ally themselves with government and try their hands at resolving domestic and international dilemmas.
Littoral et intérieur de l'Inde
Authors: Heesterman J.C.
Published: April 2010

L'Inde, on le sait, compte parmi les exemples de choix de ce qu'on appelle de nos jours le sous-développement. Le motif n'est pas récent. On le retrouve depuis le XVIIe siècle déjà dans les rapports et mémoires des Européens, employés des compagnies ou autres voyageurs. Tel ce directeur du comptoir hollandais à Surat qui s'indigne de l'inefficacité, de l'insouciance et de la corruption des autorités. Lors d'un incendie sérieux dans la ville aucun des notables ne fait quoique ce soit. D'ailleurs qu'est-ce qu'ils auraient pu faire en l'absence totale du matériel nécessaire? Pourtant Surat n'est pas un bled quelconque, mais une ville riche et importante. Plus grave encore, personne ne s'inquiete de ce que son ports'ensable progressivement à cause des alluvions apportées par la rivière. Non seulement personne ne s'en inquiète, mais on aggrave encore les choses en déchargeant le lest dans la rivière. En fin de compte notre témoin doute fort qu'aucune ville placée sous le régime des Mogols puisse durer pour longtemps). Est-ce le sous-développement pur et simple? Ou est-ce qu'il y a autre chose qui joue?
Asianism and the Duality of Japanese Colonialism, 1879–1945
Authors: Etō Shinkichi
Published: April 2010

This paper examines aspects of Asianism (Ajia-shugi) and colonialism (shokuminchishugi) in Japan's prewar relationship with Asia, to illustrate the contradictions and dilemmas of that relationship. Before beginning, it is perhaps wise to remind readers just what Japan's territorial possessions comprised. Japan acquired Taiwan as a colony in 1895, and the Caroline, Marshall, and Marianas Islands of the Pacific as a mandated territory in 1919. In the quarter of a century between those two datas, Japan's territory grew by nearly 80 percent. The picture may be summarized as follows:

Taiwan, South Sakhalin, and Korea were Japanese “territory” in the narrow sense of that word. By contrast, Kwantung, a leasehold, and the Pacific Islands, a mandate, were Japanese territory only in the broad sense of that word. But insofar as they submitted to Japanese sovereignty, they fall within the category of Japanese colonies.
Où se situe l'Afrique noire dans l'histoire du système mondial?
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: April 2010

La réflexion qui va suivre, qui pourrait s'intituler: “Origines et histoire d'une dépendance”, se situe dans le cadre de la réflexion d'Immanuel Wallerstein sur l' “Economie-Monde”). Ii s'agit en effet de rechercher les principes et les modalités suivant lesquels l'Afrique noire s'est intégrée, au-delà de la période négrière, au système mondial, suivant un schéma finalement analogue —mutatis mutandis— à celui décrit par l'auteur cité de l'intéegration de l'Amérique latine par 1'économie-monde en formation quelques trois siècles plus tôt.
The Third Workshop of the Centre: A Colloquium on ‘Companies and Trade’. Leiden, 19–21 April, 1978
Authors: Kolff D.H.A.
Published: April 2010

If the earlier workshops organized by the Centre, ‘Expansion and Reaction’ (1975) and ‘Reappraisals in Overseas History’ (1976), aimed at producing, respectively, a survey of some of the main problems involved in modern studies of the history of European expansion and a bibliographic overview of the same field as it appears to us to-day, the third colloquium at last got down to work on a specific historical issue. True, the theme of the trading companies of the ancien regime is a vast one, but the purpose of the workshop, as of the centre itself, was primarily comparative, and for this approach the theme chosen proved eminently fit.
A Tribute to Holden Furber
Authors: Meilink-Roelofsz M.A.P.
Published: April 2010

On the first day of the Conference Professor M.A.P. Meilink Roelofsz spoke briefly of a distinguished historian of maritime trade who was at that moment far away in America.
The Dutch Archives as a Source for the Study of the Indonesian Revolution (1945–1949) at the Regional Level
Authors: Cheong Yong Mun
Published: April 2010

In recent years, there has been an increase in attention devoted to the study of the Indonesian Revolution from the perspective of the various parts of the sprawling Indonesian archipelago rather than from the national stage at Jakarta. Such studies are of course very feasible. Many of the participants in the Revolution are still alive in their fifties or sixties or even older. Regional studies of the Revolution have also been given a further boost when most of the Dutch archival records for the period till 1950 were declared open in 1969. I believe that in addition to field work in Indonesia itself, a research stint in the Dutch archives will be of tremendous assistance. However most researchers cannot afford to stay in the Netherlands for months on end for one reason or the other. To ease the researchers' task of having to spend time exploring the archives themselves, I thought it would be useful to highlight some of the archival collections that would be relevant for the study of the Indonesian Revolution.
The Pro at Kew Gardens
Authors: Winius George
Published: April 2010

Although expansionists are concerned with only a small part of its total holdings, chiefly the records of the Colonial and Foreign Offices, the archives of the Public Record Office in London are nonetheless vital to researchers concerned with aspects of 18th and 19th century British imperalism. Hence it is that any change in the location or accessibility of these documents is bound to be of interest, even though nearly all of us trust the English and might assume that if documents are to be moved, it is probably because the old building at Chancery Lane finally ran out of space and that something more modern will await us.
Prizes Taken from the Sea
Authors: Kist Bas
Published: April 2010

Amsterdam' Rijksmuseum is world famous for its unsurpassable collection of 17th century Dutch paintings, but usually only the Dutch know that it has another dimension: that of a national historical repository. For example, every schoolboy knows (and every Englishman tries to forget) one permanent display: the ornate stern of the English flagship The Royal Charles, captured by Admiral de Ruyter in the Medway. The museum, however, is now striving to give history another, less trophyoriented dimension, as Assistant Curator Bas Kist, one of our readers, explains below.Kist, who recently spent several months digging up remains of the 17th century Smoorburgh settlement of Dutch whalers on Spitsbergen, is now in the final stages of proposing an exhibit of finds from the wrecks of Dutch East Indiamen. He stresses, by the way, that his observations are his own and do not necessarily represent the views of his employers.
The Expansion, Frontiers and Historical Archaeology: A Field for Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Lewis Kenneth E.
Published: April 2010

The colonial states of Europe have left behind a record of their past not only in the documents relating to their overseas adventures but also in the objects they discarded or left behind. Although archaeology is usually thought of as a discipline concerned primarily with prehistory and ancient high civilizations, it is also useful in investigating the relatively recent expansion of European settlement, a process about which much is still unknown (1). In America archaeology has often been successfully employed in studying colonial societies in all stages of their development (2). Archaeology's ability to add to our knowledge about the past is based upon the extent to which its methodology can extract information comparable to that commonly gleaned from documentary sources. It would please me greatly if historians who had hitherto worked only with documents would begin to consider whether or not there exist archaeological possibilities in their study fields; though I realize that this could not be so in every instance.
K.N.Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660-1760 (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
Authors: Mui Hoh-cheung , Mui Lorna H.
Published: April 2010

This scholarly and wide-ranging history of the East India Company's trade covers a scope not frequently found in studies in the area. In contrast to those who focus on the activities of a few Europeans amongst the teeming population of Asia, Dr. Chaudhuri has brought into meaningful relationship relevant movements and events of both continents. Such an approach enables him to illuminate the views and actions of contemporaries. Those of us accustomed to the description of the arbitrary extortions of despotic oriental governments may well take he.ed of the observation that ‘a trading organization that voluntarily offered 10,000 P.Sterling to its sovereign equated a payment of 500 P.Sterling to .an Asian prince with political extortion’ (p. 461).
Laser-driven nuclear fusion D+D in ultra-dense deuterium: MeV particles formed without ignition
Authors: Badiei Shahriar , Andersson Patrik U. , Holmlid Leif
Published: April 2010

The short D-D distance of 2.3 pm in the condensed material ultra-dense deuterium means that it is possible that only a small disturbance is required to give D+D fusion. This disturbance could be an intense laser pulse. The high excess kinetic energy of several hundred eV given to the deuterons by laser induced Coulomb explosions in the material increases the probability of spontaneous fusion without the need for a high plasma temperature. The temperature calculated from the normal kinetic energy of the deuterons of 630 eV from the Coulomb explosions is 7 MK, maybe a factor of 10 lower than required for ignition. We now report on experiments where several types of high-energy particles from laser impact on ultra-dense deuterium are detected by plastic scintillators. Fast particles with energy up to 2 MeV are detected at a time-of-flight as short as 60 ns, while neutrons are detected at 50 ns time-of-flight after passage through a steel plate. A strong signal peaking at 22.6 keV u−1 is interpreted as due to mainly T retarded by collisions with H atoms in the surrounding cloud of dense atomic hydrogen.
N:P:Si nutrient export ratios and ecological consequences in coastal seas evaluated by the ICEP approach
Authors: Garnier Josette , Beusen Arthur , Thieu Vincent , Billen Gilles , Bouwman Lex
Published: April 2010

The Indicator for Coastal Eutrophication Potential (ICEP) for river nutrient export of nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica at the global scale was first calculated from available measurement data. Positive values of ICEP indicate an excess of nitrogen and phosphorus over silica and generally coincide with eutrophication. The sign of ICEP based on measured nutrient fluxes was in good agreement with the corresponding one calculated from the Global‐NEWS models for more than 5000 watersheds in the world. Calculated ICEP for the year 2050 based on Global NEWS data for the four Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios show increasing values particularly in developing countries. For further evaluation of the ICEP at the outlet of the rivers of the world based on measurements, there is a need for additional determination silica fluxes and concentrations, which are scarcely documented.
Reexamination of the present stress state of the Atera fault system, central Japan, based on the calibrated crustal stress data of hydraulic fracturing tests obtained by measuring the tensile strength of rocks
Authors: Yamashita Futoshi , Mizoguchi Kazuo , Fukuyama Eiichi , Omura Kentaro
Published: April 2010

To investigate past faulting activity and the present physical state of intraplate faults in Japan, we reexamined the crustal stress measured by hydraulic fracturing tests (HFTs) incorporating the tensile strength of rocks. The tensile strength was measured by fracturing hollow cylindrical rock samples which were obtained close to the Atotsugawa, the Atera, and the Rokko‐Awaji fault systems in central Japan, where in situ stress measurements had been conducted with HFTs. The measured tensile strength data reveal that the reopening pressure was obviously biased in the conventional HFT with a large compliance system. We reestimated the reopening pressure using the measured tensile strength and recalculated the in situ stress around the Atera fault system. We found that the shear stress decreases toward the fault. Although the past long‐term slip direction of the Atera fault system has been considered to be left‐lateral from the geomorphological features, the reestimated stress suggests that the present slip direction is right‐lateral, a finding that is also supported by the present‐day horizontal crustal deformation observed by triangulation and GPS surveys. The amount of accumulated right‐lateral dislocation estimated from the stress data using the dislocation model of Okada (1992) was 2.1 m. Because the current slip rate from the GPS survey is 1.9 ± 1.4 mm/yr, the accumulation period of the right‐lateral dislocation becomes approximately 1100 ± 800 years if the slip rate is stable. This estimation suggests that during the latest earthquake the Atera fault system underwent right‐lateral dislocation.
On the robustness of global radially anisotropic surface wave tomography
Authors: Ferreira A. M. G. , Woodhouse J. H. , Visser K. , Trampert J.
Published: April 2010

A number of recent global tomographic studies have modeled three dimensional variations in the parameters of radial anisotropy. As yet there is limited agreement among such studies, suggesting significant uncertainties in the models, which could lead to divergent geodynamical interpretations. In this study we assess the robustness of lateral variations in radial anisotropy globally in the upper mantle and in the transition zone to determine the extent to which anisotropic parameters are constrained by a data set of over 10,000,000 fundamental and higher mode surface wave dispersion measurements. We carry out inversions for isotropic and radially anisotropic shear wave velocity, systematically changing regularization and using three different crustal models to remove the effects of the crust on the data. Using crustal corrections from different crustal models has an impact on the data fit comparable or larger than that obtained by including lateral variations of radial anisotropy in the modeling. Moreover, the use of crustal corrections from different a priori crustal models may lead to different images of radial anisotropy suggesting divergent geodynamical interpretations. This work suggests that the three‐dimensional determination of global radial anisotropy in the Earth's mantle using surface wave dispersion data is still an ongoing experiment.
Quantification of NO2 and SO2 emissions from the Houston Ship Channel and Texas City industrial areas during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study
Authors: Rivera Claudia , Mellqvist Johan , Samuelsson Jerker , Lefer Barry , Alvarez Sergio , Patel Monica R.
Published: April 2010

In August–September 2006, as part of the Second Texas Air Quality Study, NO2 and SO2 emissions from the Houston Ship Channel and Texas City industrial areas were quantified using mobile mini‐differential optical absorption spectroscopy instruments. The measured NO2 emissions from the Houston Ship Channel and Texas City industrial areas were 2542 and 452 kg h−1, respectively, yielding NOx emissions 70% and 43%, respectively, above the reported inventory values. Quantified SO2 emissions from the Houston Ship Channel area were 1749 kg h−1 and were found to be 34% above the values reported in the inventory. Short‐term variability of NO2 and SO2 emissions was found at the Houston Ship Channel. On 31 August 2006, a plume was detected at the HSC during three consecutive measurements, yielding a HCHO flux of 481 kg h−1. This event has been mainly attributed to photochemical production.
Estimation of the microphysical aerosol properties over Thessaloniki, Greece, during the SCOUT‐O3 campaign with the synergy of Raman lidar and Sun photometer data
Authors: Balis D. , Giannakaki E. , Müller D. , Amiridis V. , Kelektsoglou K. , Rapsomanikis S. , Bais A.
Published: April 2010

An experimental campaign was held at Thessaloniki, Greece (40.6°N, 22.9°E), in July 2006, in the framework of the integrated project Stratosphere‐Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (SCOUT‐O3). One of the main objectives of the campaign was to determine the local aerosol properties and their impact on the UV irradiance at the Earth's surface. In this article, we present vertically resolved microphysical aerosol properties retrieved from the inversion of optical data that were obtained from a combined one‐wavelength Raman/two‐wavelength backscatter lidar system and a CIMEL Sun photometer. A number of assumptions were undertaken to overcome the limitations of the existing optical input data needed for the retrieval of microphysical properties. We found acceptable agreement with Aerosol Robotic Network retrievals for the fine‐mode particle effective radius, which ranged between 0.11 and 0.19 for the campaign period. It is shown that under complex layering of the aerosols, general assumptions may result in unrealistic retrievals, especially in the presence of aged smoke aerosols. Furthermore, with this instrument setup, the inversion algorithm can also be applied successfully for the complex refractive index in cases of vertically homogeneous layers of continental polluted aerosols. For these inversion cases, the vertically resolved retrievals for the single‐scattering albedo resulted in values around 0.9 at 532 nm, which were in very good agreement with estimates from airborne in situ observations obtained in the vicinity of the lidar site.
Fabrication and characteristics of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals for magneto-optic spatial light phase modulators
Authors: Chung K. H. , Kato T. , Mito S. , Takagi H. , Inoue M.
Published: April 2010

We prepared the reflection type magnetophotonic crystals (R-MPC) to enhance the magneto-optic property of magneto-optic spatial light phase modulator (MOSLM). Magnetophotonic crystals have a localized wavelength by using a defect layer in which the magneto-optic property can be increased tremendously. By the calculation, it was revealed clearly that Kerr rotation can be enhanced with increasing the repetition number (k) which is the number of dielectric layer. In this study, Dy1.0Bi1.5Y1.0Fe3.8Al1.2O12 (DyBi:YIG) garnet material, of which Faraday rotation angle is about −3 deg/μm, was utilized as a defect layer. At the designed wavelength of 532 nm and k=5, SGGG/[SiO2/Ta2O5]2/DyBi:YIG/[SiO2/Ta2O5]k structure fabricated with garnet thickness of 347.6 nm showed Kerr rotation angle of 26° and reflectivity of 0.2% which is coincident considerably with the results (θk=30° and R=0.59%) calculated by the matrix approach method. The fabricated R-MPC-MOSLM structure exhibited the magneto-optic property of about 25 times higher than single garnet film in consideration of the thickness of magneto-optic material.
Demonstration of negative differential resistance in GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes at room temperature
Authors: Vashaei Z. , Bayram C. , Razeghi M.
Published: April 2010

GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and negative differential resistance with peak-to-valley ratios as high as 2.15 at room temperature was demonstrated. Effect of material quality on RTDs’ performance was investigated by growing RTD structures on AlN, GaN, and lateral epitaxial overgrowth GaN templates. Our results reveal that negative differential resistance characteristics of RTDs are very sensitive to material quality (such as surface roughness) and MOCVD is a suitable technique for III-nitride-based quantum devices.
Accurate frozen-density embedding potentials as a first step towards a subsystem description of covalent bonds
Authors: Fux Samuel , Jacob Christoph R. , Neugebauer Johannes , Visscher Lucas , Reiher Markus
Published: April 2010

The frozen-density embedding (FDE) scheme [Wesolowski and Warshel, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 8050 (1993)] relies on the use of approximations for the kinetic-energy component vT[ρ1,ρ2] of the embedding potential. While with approximations derived from generalized-gradient approximation kinetic-energy density functional weak interactions between subsystems such as hydrogen bonds can be described rather accurately, these approximations break down for bonds with a covalent character. Thus, to be able to directly apply the FDE scheme to subsystems connected by covalent bonds, improved approximations to vT are needed. As a first step toward this goal, we have implemented a method for the numerical calculation of accurate references for vT. We present accurate embedding potentials for a selected set of model systems, in which the subsystems are connected by hydrogen bonds of various strength (water dimer and F–H–F−), a coordination bond (ammonia borane), and a prototypical covalent bond (ethane). These accurate potentials are analyzed and compared to those obtained from popular kinetic-energy density functionals.
Measurements and effects of backstreaming ions produced at bremsstrahlung converter target in Dragon-I linear induction accelerator
Authors: Yu Haijun , Zhu Jun , Chen Nan , Xie Yutong , Jiang Xiaoguo , Jian Cheng
Published: April 2010

Positive ions released from x-ray converter target impacted by electron beam of millimeter spot size can be trapped and accelerated in the incident beam’s potential well. As the ions move upstream, the beam will be pinched first and then defocused at the target. Four Faraday cups are used to collect backstreaming ions produced at the bremsstrahlung converter target in Dragon-I linear induction accelerator (LIA). Experimental and theoretical results show that the backstreaming positive ions density and velocity are about 1021/m3 and 2–3 mm/μs, respectively. The theoretical and experimental results of electron beam envelope with ions and without ions are also presented. The discussions show that the backstreaming positive ions will not affect the electron beam focusing and envelope radius in Dragon-I LIA.
Electron beam transport analysis of W-band sheet beam klystron
Authors: Wang Jian-Xun , Barnett Larry R. , Luhmann Neville C. , Shin Young-Min , Humphries Stanley
Published: April 2010

The formation and transport of high-current density electron beams are of critical importance for the success of a number of millimeter wave and terahertz vacuum devices. To elucidate design issues and constraints, the electron gun and periodically cusped magnet stack of the original Stanford Linear Accelerator Center designed W-band sheet beam klystron circuit, which exhibited poor beam transmission (≤55%), have been carefully investigated through theoretical and numerical analyses taking advantage of three-dimensional particle tracking solvers. The re-designed transport system is predicted to exhibit 99.76% (cold) and 97.38% (thermal) beam transmission, respectively, under space-charge-limited emission simulations. The optimized design produces the required high aspect ratio (10:1) sheet beam with 3.2 A emission current with highly stable propagation. In the completely redesigned model containing all the circuit elements, more than 99% beam transmission is experimentally observed at the collector located about 160 mm distant from the cathode surface. Results are in agreement of the predictions of two ray-tracing simulators, CST PARTICLE STUDIO and OMNITRAK which also predict the observed poor transmission in the original design. The quantitative analysis presents practical factors in the modeling process to design a magnetic lens structure to stably transport the elliptical beam along the long drift tube.
Temperature dependences of mechanisms responsible for the water-vapor continuum absorption. II. Dimers and collision-induced absorption
Authors: Leforestier C. , Tipping R. H. , Ma Q.
Published: April 2010

We investigated the magnitude and temperature dependence (T dependence) of the dimer absorption in the region of 0–600 cm−1 and the collision-induced absorption (CIA) in the region of 0–1150 cm−1. Together with our previous study of the self water-vapor continuum contributions resulting from far-wing line shapes of the allowed H2O lines in the infrared window between 800 and 1150 cm−1, we find that the three mechanisms have completely different T dependence behaviors. The dimer absorption has the strongest negative T dependence and the continuum absorption from far wings of the allowed lines has a moderately strong negative one. Meanwhile, the CIA exhibits a mild T dependence. In addition, their T dependence patterns are quite different. The T dependence of the far-wing theory varies significantly as the frequency of interest ω varies. For CIA, in general, its T dependence is mildly negative, but becomes slightly positive in the window region between the H2O bands. In contrast, the T dependence of the dimer absorption varies slightly as ω varies. In the microwave and submillimeter region, its T dependence becomes uniform. Concerning the relative importance for each of these three mechanisms, we find that in the infrared widow, the far-wing contributions are the dominant source of the self-continuum. Within the band, its contributions are definitely responsible for the measured continuum data. But, it is impossible to draw quantitatively conclusions on its relative importance unless one is able to improve the accuracy of the local line calculations significantly. On the other hand, within the pure rotational band, the dimer absorptions are a minor contributor to the self-continuum measurements, and its role becomes more important in the microwave and submillimeter regions. Finally, based on our study we conclude that contributions to the self-continuum from CIA in the frequency region of 0–1150 cm−1 are negligible.