bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive models are indeed useful for causal inference
Authors: Nichols James D. , Cooch Evan G.
Published: January 2025

The subject of investigating causation in ecology has been widely discussed in recent years, especially by advocates of a structural causal model (SCM) approach. Some of these advocates have criticized the use of predictive models and model selection for drawing inferences about causation. We argue that the comparison of model‐based predictions with observations is a key step in hypothetico‐deductive (H‐D) science and remains a valid approach for assessing causation. We draw a distinction between two approaches to inference based on predictive modeling. The first approach is not guided by causal hypotheses and focuses on the relationship between a (typically) single response variable and a potentially large number of covariates. We agree that this approach does not yield useful inferences about causation and is primarily useful for hypothesis generation. The second approach follows a H‐D framework and is guided by specific hypotheses about causal relationships. We believe that this has been, and continues to be, a useful approach to causal inference. Here, we first define different kinds of causation, arguing that a “probability‐raisers‐of‐processes” definition is especially appropriate for many ecological systems. We outline different scientific “designs” for generating the observations used to investigate causation. We briefly outline some relevant components of the SCM and H‐D approaches to investigating causation, emphasizing a H‐D approach that focuses on modeling causal effects on vital rate (e.g., rates of survival, recruitment, local extinction, colonization) parameters underlying system dynamics. We consider criticisms of predictive modeling leveled by some SCM proponents and provide two example analyses of ecological systems that use predictive modeling and avoid these criticisms. We conclude that predictive models have been, and can continue to be, useful for providing inferences about causation.
Low‐Carbon Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Based on the Master–Slave Game
Authors: Li Songda , Wang Xinmei , Tan Xuying , Li Lei , Zhao Yi , Yu Ming
Published: January 2025

With the integration of distributed power generation into the grid, the economic incentive trading market mechanism becomes an effective method to promote carbon emission reduction in microgrids. In this paper, the carbon flow of the integrated energy system is calculated, the carbon emission model and the carbon flow tracing model of the integrated energy system are established, and the optimization model aiming at low‐carbon operation of the integrated energy system is constructed based on the master–slave game model. For the user side of the energy system, the dynamic carbon price and electricity price established by the model play a good role in peaking and valley filling for the load part, improving the operation stability of the power system, realizing the optimal scheduling of the power grid system under the background of electric‐carbon coupling trading, and encouraging each microgrid entity to participate in the electric‐carbon coupling trading actively. The calculation results show that electric‐carbon coupling trading facilitates the flexible operation of power grid systems and improves economic benefits. When combined with carbon emission flow in operation, it can promote the low‐carbon and clean power system, encourage distributed renewable resources to connect to the power grid, reduce the carbon content of the power system, enable users to actively participate in low‐carbon demand response, and promote the effective carbon emission reduction of a multi‐microgrid system.
An Intelligent Frequency Control Scheme for Inverting Station in High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System
Authors: Saleem  , Raza Muhammad Amir , Umer Syed Waqar , Faheem Muhammad , Jumani Touqeer Ahmed , Yameen Muhammad
Published: January 2025

Power system stability is crucial for the reliable and efficient operation of electrical grids. One of the key factors affecting power system stability is the frequency of the alternating current (AC) system while connected with High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system. Changes in load demand can lead to frequency deviations, which can have detrimental effects on the stability and performance of the power system. Frequency should therefore be controlled within predefined limits in order to prevent unexpected disturbances that may cause problems to connected loads or even cause the entire system to fail. A broad simulation model of the HVDC transmission system is developed using MATLAB software to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers such as Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and optimization of Proportional‐Integral‐Derivative (PID) controller using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based control strategy for addressing the frequency instability problems. To assess how well the ANFIS, ANN, and PID‐PSO controller controls frequency in HVDC transmission system, several situations were simulated, including load disturbances and changes in operational circumstances. The result reveals that the ANN controller performs more accurate results in HVDC transmission system than the other proposed control and, displaying its capacity to successfully reduce frequency deviations and maintained a controlled frequency 50 Hz. Adopted method suggested the easy integration of HVDC with AC grid and enhances the system power quality and stability.
Combining SKY92 gene expression profiling and FISH (according to R2‐ISS) defines ultra‐high‐risk Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Hofmann Annika , Engel Benedict , Vogt Cornelia , Nerreter Silvia , Tamamushi Yoko , Schmitt Friederike , leberzammer Maria , Stanojkovska Emilia , Truger Marietta , Xiao Xianghui , Riedhammer Christine , Steinhardt Maximilian J. , John Mara , Mersi Julia , Han Seungbin , Munawar Umair , Waldschmidt Johannes M. , Haferlach Claudia , Einsele Hermann , Rasche Leo , Kortüm K. Martin
Published: January 2025

The definition of high‐risk (HR) multiple myeloma (MM) is still a matter of debate. We prospectively evaluated the HR detection using FISH in combination with SKY92 gene expression profiling in 258 MM patients (newly diagnosed [ND] MM: n = 109; relapsed/refractory [RR] MM: n = 149). HR SKY92 was significantly enriched in RRMM (57/121, 47.1%) compared with NDMM (17/95, 17.9%) (p < 0.0001). RRMM patients with HR SKY92 showed significantly shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.0001) than SKY92 standard‐risk (SR). In NDMM, HR SKY92 also indicated a significantly inferior PFS (p < 0.0001) in comparison with SR. We combined SKY92 with FISH (HR: t(4;14), del17p, +1q21 according to R2‐ISS) in 181 patients (NDMM: n = 79; RRMM: n = 102). We found a discrepancy between both risk stratification systems, with only 49 (27.1%) patients being defined as HR by both SKY92 and FISH (“double HR”). In terms of survival outcomes, “double HR” presented a negative prognostic factor for PFS in both NDMM (p < 0.0001) and RRMM (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, “double‐HR” patients showed the worst OS (p = 0.000 13) in RRMM. Additionally, whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed CRBN mutation (n = 3) and bi‐allelic events (mutation and/or deletion) in TP53 (n = 7) and TNFRSF17 (n = 1). Altogether, we provide the first prospective real‐world evidence that the combination SKY92 and FISH (according to R2‐ISS) identifies a subset of patients with ultra‐HR MM, and WGS complements SKY92 and FISH in MM risk stratification.
The impact of hysterectomy for benign uterine tumors on subsequent ovarian reserve, lower urinary tract symptoms, and sexual function: A prospective multidirectional short‐term analysis
Authors: Hsiao Yu‐Ju , Chuang Fei‐Chi , Yang Tsai‐Hwa , Huang Kuan‐Hui , Chen Wen‐Hsin , Kung Fu‐Tsai
Published: January 2025

Objective

To evaluate the effects of hysterectomy for benign uterine tumors on subsequent ovarian reserve, sexual function, and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Methods

The present study was a prospective longitudinal analysis that recruited patients aged 35–45 years who underwent simple hysterectomy without oophorectomy for symptomatic benign uterine tumors. Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) and serum sex hormone profiles, including follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and total testosterone, were measured at four timepoints: before hysterectomy, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Participants completed the following questionnaires at these timepoints: Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI‐6), Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7), and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence and Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ‐12) short form.

Results

A total of 36 patients completed the study. Serum AMH levels significantly declined post‐hysterectomy compared with preoperative levels. Both UDI‐6 and IIQ‐7 scores significantly decreased post‐hysterectomy compared with preoperative scores. No differences were observed in serum FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels before and after hysterectomy. No significant differences were found in the short form of PISQ‐12 before and after hysterectomy.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that simple hysterectomy with ovarian preservation had detrimental effects on ovarian reserves, whereas LUTS showed improvement. Furthermore, sexual dysfunction was not likely to occur within the first postoperative year.
Left Ventricular Hemodynamic Forces Changes in Fabry Disease: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Li Jialin , Liang Shichu , Xu Ziqian , Wan Ke , Pu Lutong , Wang Jie , Han Yuchi , Chen Yucheng
Published: January 2025

Background

Hemodynamic force (HDF) from cardiac MRI can indicate subclinical myocardial dysfunction, and help identify early cardiac changes in patients with Fabry disease (FD). The hemodynamic change in FD patients remains unclear.

Purpose

To explore HDF changes in FD and the potential of HDF measurements as diagnostic markers indicating early cardiac changes in FD.

Study Type

Single‐center, prospective, observational study.

Population

Forty‐six FD patients (age: 38 ± 12, females: 45.65%) and 46 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls (HCs).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T, cardiac MRI including steady‐state free precession cine imaging (during multiple breath‐holds), phase‐sensitive inversion recovery sequence for late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging, and motion‐corrected modified Look–Locker inversion recovery sequence for T1 mapping.

Assessment

Analysis of strains and HDF were performed on the cine imaging. HDF parameters includes apical‐basal force, systolic impulse, systolic peak, systolic‐diastolic transition, diastolic deceleration, and atrial thrust. Moreover, FD patients were categorized with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH+) (the maximal wall thickness >12 mm) or without LVH (LVH−). Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI) score was calculated to measure the progression of FD.

Statistical Tests

Group comparison tests, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were performed. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

FD patients showed significantly lower native T1 (1161.1 ± 55.4 vs. 1202.8 ± 42.0 msec) and higher systolic impulse (33.8 ± 9.9 vs. 24.8 ± 9.5%). The systolic impulse in HDF analysis increased even in the pre‐hypertrophic stage. The increased myocardial global longitudinal strain (r = 0.419) and systolic impulse (r = 0.333) showed positive correlations with a higher MSSI score. The AUC of systolic impulse and global native T1 showed no significant difference (0.764 vs. 0.790, P = 0.784).

Data Conclusion

Increased systolic impulse and systolic peak can be observed in FD patients. Systolic impulse showed potential ability for screening pre‐LVH FD patients and correlated with disease severity in FD patients.

Plain Language Summary

This study explored hemodynamic changes in patients with Fabry disease (FD) using hemodynamic force (HDF) analysis based on cardiac MRI. 46 FD patients were included and analysis of cardiac function, native T1, strains, and hemodynamic changes on cardiac MRI images were performed. The results showed that systolic impulse and systolic peak of HDF analysis were increased in FD patients, and systolic impulse may increase even in the pre‐hypertrophic stage. Systolic impulse was correlated with disease severity in patients with FD, which may be a potential image‐based diagnosis and monitoring marker in FD patients.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Illness perception, cardiovascular disease risk factors knowledge, medication knowledge, and adherence among post‐myocardial infarction patients who completed phase 2 intensive cardiac rehabilitation program
Authors: Koh Hock Peng , Tang Jiaa Yinn , Jagan Nirmala , Khong Ying Sin , R. Nagarajah Jivanraj , Lim Karen Seok Chuang , Mukundadevan Vijayan
Published: January 2025

Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the principal cause of death globally and in Malaysia. In Malaysia, a 4‐ to 6‐week subacute cardiac rehabilitation following hospital discharge is available for individuals who have experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) and involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes physicians, pharmacists, and other health care professionals.

Aim

This study aimed to assess the illness perception, CVD risk factor knowledge, medication knowledge, and adherence among individuals who completed a phase 2 intensive cardiac rehabilitation program after post‐MI and their associated parameters.

Method

This single‐centre, prospective study recruited individuals who had had a MI and participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program at a tertiary hospital from 1 August 2019–31 May 2020 using convenience sampling. Primary endpoints included Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) score, CVD risk factor score, medication knowledge score (assessed using the Dose, Frequency, Indication, and Method of Administration [DFIT] method), medication adherence (assessed using A Single Question [ASQ]), and hospital readmission within 30 days. Associations between these endpoints were analysed. Ethical approval was granted by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health Malaysia (Reference no: NMRR‐19‐1091‐48 132) and the study conforms with Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants via distribution of a patient information sheet to potential participants explaining their participation was voluntary and all data would be anonymised. Written consent forms were obtained from all participants prior to their completion of the questionnaire.

Results

Sixty‐seven participants with a mean age (±standard deviation) of 53.8 (±8.4) years and predominantly male (n = 53, 79.1%) were recruited. The median BIPQ, CVD risk factor, and medication knowledge scores (interquartile range [IQR]) were 34 (IQR 29–39), 3 (IQR 2–4), and 87.5 (IQR 75.0–94.0), respectively. Most (n = 60, 89.6%) participants adhered to medications. Eleven (16.4%) participants had hospital readmission within 30 days. A higher BIPQ (p = 0.037) and medication knowledge scores (p = 0.046) were significantly associated with medication adherence.

Conclusion

Individuals who completed the intensive phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation program after a MI demonstrated moderate illness perception of their CVD and good medication knowledge, both of which were associated with medication adherence. However, their knowledge of CVD risk factors was suboptimal and required attention. To improve the overall outcomes, cardiac rehabilitation programs need to be re‐strategised.
Dependence of Oleic Acid Ozonolysis Rate on Film Thickness From Surface to Bulk Phases: Experimental and Modeling Approaches
Authors: Hata Hiroo , Hoshino Shoma , Fujita Michiya , Tonokura Kenichi
Published: January 2025

The surface and bulk reactions involved in alkene ozonolysis were investigated via reaction‐system modeling using oleic acid (OA) as the representative alkene. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) confirmed the production of several products, including ketones and esters, as reported previously. Kinetic analysis of the experimental results indicated that the ozonolysis rate‐constant was 14.6 times higher on the OA surface than in the liquid‐bulk phase. Reaction‐diffusion equation modeling of the surface/bulk kinetics of OA ozonolysis indicated that approximately 80% of the ozonolysis occurred on the surface of the OA thin films, over different thickness ranges, with the same result observed for all thicknesses examined (0.5–10 µm). The rate constants of the surface and bulk phase kinetics and the diffusivity of the reaction system do not affect the heterogeneousness of OA ozonolysis, indicating that the constant kinetics of surface/bulk reactions could be applied to the various size of particulate matter evaluated by air quality modeling.
Calcium carbonate and phosphorus interactions in inland waters
Authors: Corman Jessica R.
Published: January 2025

Phosphorus, an element essential to all life, is impacted by calcium carbonate (CaCO3) co‐precipitation and dissolution dynamics across aquatic ecosystems. Changes to climate, hydrology, and eutrophication, coupled with differences in terminology related to naming CaCO3‐producing ecosystems (i.e., chalk, carbonate, karst, travertine), point to the urgency and challenges in understanding this portion of the phosphorus cycle. Forms of CaCO3 vary across inland aquatic ecosystems, from “whiting events” in open waters to massive travertine or tufa formations to cemented layers on basal resources. And, across lakes, streams, and wetlands, periphyton mats and microbialites may form in photic regions. These biogenic carbonate structures beg the question: if aerobic photosynthesis promotes CaCO3 precipitation, but CaCO3 precipitation sequesters P, is this a challenge or opportunity for organisms? This review considers that question and others to better characterize this unexpectedly dynamic and influential portion of a major biogeochemical cycle.
Exponential Stability of Higher Order Fractional Neutral Stochastic Differential Equation Via Integral Contractors
Authors: Chalishajar Dimplekumar N. , Kasinathan Dhanalakshmi , Kasinathan Ramkumar , Kasinathan Ravikumar
Published: January 2025

The well‐posedness results for mild solutions to the fractional neutral stochastic differential system with Rosenblatt process with Hurst index is discussed in this article. To demonstrate the results, the concept of bounded integral contractors is combined with the stochastic result and sequencing technique. In contrast to previous publications, we do not need to specify the induced inverse of the controllability operator to prove the stability results, and the relevant nonlinear function does not have to meet the Lipschitz condition. Furthermore, exponential stability results for neutral stochastic differential systems with Poisson jump have been established. Finally, an application to demonstrate the acquired results is discussed. We demonstrate the fractional Zener model for wave equation obeying the viscoelastic materials as a practical application of the system studied, which is a generalization of classical wave equation.
New Oscillation Criteria for H‐Difference Equation With Oscillatory Periodic Coefficients
Authors: Bolat Yasar , Gokteke Reyhan
Published: January 2025

In this manuscript, new oscillation criteria are given for solutions of h‐order delay difference equation in the equation (1.1). There, four cases of are considered: for , as oscillatory periodic sequences with periods and and a quickly oscillating sequence such that . It is well‐known that coefficient functions have a very important role in the behavior of the solutions of an equation. The coefficient sequence has been considered as positive sequences in all oscillation criteria so far. But it is considered as oscillatory periodic sequences and quickly oscillatory sequences for the first time in this study. We use a new technique to prove our results. Also, some examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the main results.
Incidence of Radiologically Confirmed Fractures in Adults With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Langlands Gavin , McKechnie Jennifer , Farrugia Maria E. , Wong Sze Choong
Published: January 2025

Introduction/Aims

An increased risk of low trauma fractures is well documented in children and adolescents with duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). There is limited evidence regarding the fracture incidence of adults with DMD. The aim of this study was to examine radiologically confirmed fractures in adults with DMD and review bone health monitoring.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of all adult males ≥ 16 years with DMD under the care of adult physicians in the West of Scotland (2013–2022). Information regarding fractures, bone health monitoring, and bisphosphonate therapy was collected.

Results

Thirty‐six men (median age at first visit 18.8 years) with DMD were included. Twelve were taking corticosteroids at first review, and a further 12 had previously been taking corticosteroids that were discontinued in childhood or adolescence. The fracture incidence rate was higher in the corticosteroid group (888.9 per 10,000 person years (95% CI 242.2–2275.9)) than in those not on corticosteroids (156.3 per 10,000 person years (95% CI 32.2–456.6)). Eighteen had lateral spine radiographs for vertebral fracture assessment and 15 had a DXA scan for bone density assessment during the follow‐up period.

Discussion

The fracture incidence in adult men with DMD is more than double that of UK men aged 18–49 years old, with an even higher incidence in those treated with corticosteroids. Fewer than half of the study population underwent bone monitoring. There is a need for enhanced clinical guidance for the monitoring and management of osteoporosis during transition and throughout adulthood.
Cerebrovascular Reactivity Mapping in Brain Tumors Based on a Breath‐Hold Task Using Arterial Spin Labeling
Authors: Calvo‐Imirizaldu Marta , Solis‐Barquero Sergio M. , Aramendía‐Vidaurreta Verónica , García de Eulate Reyes , Domínguez Pablo , Vidorreta Marta , Echeveste José I. , Argueta Allan , Cacho‐Asenjo Elena , Martinez‐Simon Antonio , Bejarano Bartolomé , Fernández‐Seara María A.
Published: January 2025

Hemodynamic measurements such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) can provide useful information for the diagnosis and characterization of brain tumors. Previous work showed that arterial spin labeling (ASL) in combination with vasoactive stimulation enabled simultaneous non‐invasive evaluation of both parameters, however this approach had not been previously tested in tumors. The aim of this work was to investigate the application of this technique, using a pseudo‐continuous ASL (PCASL) sequence combined with breath‐holding at 3 T, to measure CBF and CVR in high‐grade gliomas and metastatic lesions, and to explore differences across tumoral‐peritumoral regions and tumor types. To that end, 27 patients with brain tumor were studied. Baseline CBF and CVR were measured in tumor, edema, and gray matter (GM) volumes‐of‐interest (VOIs). Peritumoral ipsilateral ring‐shaped VOIs were also generated and mirrored to the contralateral hemisphere. Differences in baseline CBF and CVR were evaluated between contralateral and ipsilateral GM, contralateral and ipsilateral peritumoral rings, and among VOIs and tumor types. CBF in the tumor was higher in grade 4 gliomas than metastases. In grade 4 gliomas, edema had lower CBF than the tumor and contralateral GM. CVR values were different between grade 3 and grade 4 gliomas, and between grade 4 and metastases. CVR values in the tumor were lower compared to the contralateral GM. Differences in CVR between contralateral and ipsilateral‐ring VOIs were also found in grade 4 gliomas, presumably suggesting tumor infiltration within the peritumoral tissue. A cut‐off value for CVR of 27.9%‐signal‐change is suggested to differentiate between grade 3 and grade 4 gliomas (specificity = 83.3%, sensitivity = 70.6%). In conclusion, CBF and CVR mapping with ASL offered insights into the perilesional environment that could help to detect infiltrative disease, particularly in grade 4 gliomas. CVR emerged as a potential biomarker to differentiate between grade 3 and grade 4 gliomas.
Open‐Loop Control of Shallow Water Waves in a Tube With Moving Boundary in Material‐Fixed Coordinates
Authors: Mayer Luca , Woittennek Frank
Published: January 2025

Open‐loop control design for a one‐dimensional shallow water model with moving boundary and arbitrary cross section is considered. Despite the moving boundary, the transition to material‐fixed coordinates allows to reformulate the model on a constant spatial domain. The focus is on achieving smooth transitions between steady states. Apart from the transition to material‐fixed coordinates, the control design closely resembles the procedure already developed for the original model. Introducing the water level at the nonactuated boundary as a flat output, the given boundary value problem is linked to a Cauchy boundary value problem. The latter can be solved by the method of characteristics. The parameterization of the solutions of the shallow water equations obtained this way simplifies the control design. Numerical validation of the design relies on energy‐preserving spatial discretization.
The relevance of traditional knowledge for modern landscape management: Comparing past and current herding practices in Mongolia
Authors: Batdelger Gantuya , Oborny Beáta , Batjav Batbuyan , Molnár Zsolt
Published: January 2025

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is increasingly acknowledged as key to sustainability and to the successful adaptation of local communities to rapid changes. However, implementing TEK is a major challenge in most parts of the world.

A book published 80 years ago by Sambuu Jamsran, a Mongolian agricultural minister in the 1930s, provides a unique opportunity to compare the past versus present knowledge and practices of semi‐nomadic herders. Sambuu collected information from highly respected herders during a dialogue workshop about the proper management of herds and pastures. This cooperation between a politician and the herders yielded a valuable collection of ‘best practices’.

We aimed to assess the relevance of this traditional knowledge for the successful adaptation of local communities in present Mongolia. We interviewed 31 middle‐aged or older herders about 69 pieces of advice extracted from Sambuu's book. Two questions guided our inquiries: (1) Do you agree with the advice? (2) Do people in your region adhere to it? If so, why, if not, why?

Most recommendations were still accepted as valid (77%) by herders; however, only a smaller proportion was followed (49% of all). The interviews revealed some key reasons for the abandonment of certain traditional practices in the post‐1990 era, driven by fast social‐economic changes, even though the herders were aware that the traditional practices were more proper and sustainable. The practices that were abandoned the most were those that required greater time investment, were less compatible with modern lifestyles or needed closer cooperation and better functioning institutions.

In conclusion, the Mongolian semi‐nomadic herding system exhibits adaptability to new conditions, but the development of proper new practices by herders or the government may take considerable time. As in many cases around the world, there is a time lag between the changes and the herders' responses to these changes. Herders' TEK has a vital role in developing locally adaptive solutions, while institutions have a critical role in formulating policy that can mitigate the negative impacts of rapid changes while fostering tradition‐based, sustainable and innovative practices for the future.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
The homogenization of China's city flowers and city trees
Authors: Cheng Zhuo , Wu Ziyi , Chen Weizhe , Li Wenxuan , Lin Chen , Zhang Qing , Long Chunlin
Published: January 2025

Cultural homogeneity, similar to the loss biodiversity, is a significant global issue that is increasingly gaining attention. City flowers and city trees (CFTs) serve as emblematic cultural symbols of modern cities, often referred to as the ‘green business card’. While many cities have established CFTs in recent decades, there are instances of inconsistencies and irrationalities in the selection process. This study conducts a statistical analysis of CFTs in prefecture‐level cities in China, detailing their distribution, species diversity, historical evolution, establishment reason and applications.

China has designated city flowers for 270 cities and city trees for 256 cities, employing over 75 kinds of city flowers and 94 species of city trees. The top 10 plants selected as city flowers represent 66.7% of all designated city flowers, while the top 10 plants chosen as city trees account for 60.5% of all designated city trees.

The main reasons for the establishing CFTs are culture and landscape. It is noteworthy that in cities where CFTs are implemented for reasons that remain unclear, they constitute 20.4% and 26.6%, respectively.

It has been determined that most of the CFTs are used for urban greening, with 80% of the city's flowers, and 84% of the city's trees being used.

Our study highlights the high level of species homogeneity among CFTs in China and identifies the lack of clarity in the rationale behind their selection in many cities. The study provides recommendations to address these issues and offers insights for cities that have yet to determine their CFTs.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Pivotal role of venous blood gas analysis in the detection of metabolic acidosis due to laxative abuse in an anorexia nervosa patient: A case report
Authors: Miwa Satoshi , Ishida Takuto , Mizuno Masafumi
Published: January 2025

Background

Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, and purging behaviors can cause a fatal electrolyte and acid–base imbalance. Routine laboratory testing during inpatient care is essential because these patients often provide inaccurate information about their diet and purging behaviors. However, blood gas analysis for an acid–base evaluation is rarely performed in the psychiatric setting because psychiatrists are not accustomed to evaluating the results. This case highlights severe metabolic acidosis caused by excessive laxative use during inpatient care.

Case Presentation

A 62‐year‐old female patient was admitted with suspected anorexia nervosa. She had stringently controlled her weight since her 20s, initiating laxative use in her 30s. In her 60s, she was referred to our hospital for suspected anorexia nervosa. On admission, her body mass index was 11.0 kg/m². Persistent complaints of severe constipation prompted an escalation in her laxative regimen. Abdominal radiographs demonstrated marked gas retention, corroborating her complaint. On hospital day 84, she abruptly lost consciousness with watery fecal incontinence. Her venous blood gas analysis demonstrated hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis caused by bicarbonate loss secondary to diarrhea. After regaining consciousness, she explained that watery stools were her typical bowel pattern. Discontinuation of laxatives ameliorated her condition.

Conclusion

In this case, venous blood gas analysis was pivotal in detecting metabolic acidosis resulting from excessive laxative use. Physiological changes due to purging can be better evaluated by incorporating venous blood gas analysis into routine assessment. Further clinical studies are required to validate its utility in managing anorexia nervosa.
Lessons Learned From Characterizing Long COVID Among US Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Lu Yun , Lindaas Arnstein , Izurieta Hector S. , Cozen Myrna , Menis Mikhail , Shi Xiangyu , Steele Whitney R. , Wernecke Michael , Chillarige Yoganand , Kelman Jeffrey A. , Forshee Richard A.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To characterize long‐term effects of COVID‐19 among older adults (aged ≥ 65 years).

Methods

This retrospective descriptive study utilized Medicare Fee‐for‐Service beneficiaries' claims to characterize post‐COVID condition diagnosis code usage, long COVID (defined as post‐COVID condition diagnoses made ≥ 28 days after an initial COVID‐19 diagnosis) incidence, patient demographics, and concurrent diagnoses.

Results

During April 1, 2020 to May 21, 2022, 193 691 (0.6%) of 31 847 927 Medicare beneficiaries were diagnosed with post‐COVID conditions using ICD‐10‐CM diagnosis codes U09.9 and B94.8, regardless of prior COVID‐19 diagnosis. Post‐COVID condition diagnosis rate was higher among nursing home residents (18.7 per 1000 person‐years) than community‐dwelling beneficiaries (2.8). Among community‐dwelling beneficiaries with a post‐COVID condition diagnosis, 17.5% did not have any prior COVID‐19 diagnosis code U07.1 recorded. Among beneficiaries with COVID‐19 diagnosis, there were no significant sex, age, or race/ethnicity differences between those with post‐COVID conditions ≥ 28 days after COVID‐19 (i.e., long COVID) and those without post‐COVID conditions. Certain myopathies and interstitial pulmonary disease codes were disproportionately present concurrently with long COVID compared to COVID‐19.

Conclusions

In this large study of 32 million Medicare beneficiaries, we found approximately 194 000 post‐COVID condition diagnoses. Post‐COVID condition diagnosis rate was higher among nursing home residents, highlighting the substantial burden of COVID‐19 in this vulnerable population. Community‐dwelling beneficiaries were less likely to seek medical care for COVID‐19 events than nursing home residents, which may suggest differences in COVID‐19 severity and respiratory disease detection between these populations. Long COVID risk after COVID‐19 infection may be similar across demographic groups.
A proposed model for filler incorporation in polymer fluids in a twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Campbell Gregory A. , Wetzel Mark D. , Andersen Paul , Spalding Mark A. , Chen Alisa , Golba Joseph
Published: January 2025

Twin‐screw (T/S) extruders are used in the plastics, food, and other industries to perform a variety of critical tasks, or unit operations. Key steps in a modular barrel and screw configuration include solid transport, melting, filler incorporation, filler dispersion and distribution, chemical reactions, degassing, and melt pumping. This paper focuses on the development of a new model to predict the incorporation of particulate fillers into a polymer fluid composite with the production of stable agglomerate aggregates. Since there are little data available in the literature, the model parameters developed are somewhat speculative. However, the predicted trends appear to be consistent with the authors experience with laboratory and industrial compounding processes. The authors recognize that when data becomes available, the model mechanism and parameters will likely need to be updated.

Highlights

Model of dispersion of filler in co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder.

Compressed agglomerate development during polymer–filler composite production.

Effect of agglomerate particle–particle cohesive force on size reduction.
Comprehensive risk assessment approach for storage tank facilities against hazards including fire, explosion, and earthquake
Authors: Sari Ali , Öztürk Sezer
Published: January 2025

Storage tank facilities hold significant importance for the industries, economies, and environments of countries. In the past, these facilities have suffered extensive damage due to one or more accidents or natural disasters occurring simultaneously, such as earthquakes, fires, explosions, terrorist attacks, tsunamis, forest fires, or toxic gas releases. In some cases, these incidents have resulted in loss of life and injuries, while in others, they have led to substantial economic losses. Thus, providing the safety of these facilities against various incidents and disasters and conducting comprehensive risk analyses are of paramount importance. In this study, a thorough literature review on various disaster/accident impacts on storage tank facilities was conducted, and analyses were performed under fire, explosion, and earthquake scenarios. The results obtained were then used to conduct risk calculations. The risk calculations separately examined scenarios with and without the inclusion of domino effects.
Chemical structure‐biological activity of 1,4‐naphthoquinone analogs as potential Aedes aegypti larvicides
Authors: Kim Seong Jong , Khan Md Imdadul H. , Estep Alden S. , Cantrell Charles L. , Le Hoang V.
Published: January 2025

Background

1,4‐Naphthoquinone compounds have shown pesticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, a key vector of diseases such as dengue and Zika. However, limited knowledge of their structure–activity relationships has hindered their optimization for pesticide development. This study investigates the structure–activity relationships of 1,4‐naphthoquinone, particularly 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone and its derivatives.

Results

A series of 1,4‐naphthoquinones with modifications at the C‐2, C‐5, and C‐8 positions were synthesized and tested for larvicidal activities against Ae. aegypti. The presence of chlorine substituents at the C‐2 position significantly increased mosquito larval mortality. In contrast, 2‐hydroxy and 2‐methoxy groups were less effective, highlighting the importance of the C‐2 substituent in determining larvicidal activity. The compounds were tested on both pyrethroid‐susceptible Orlando 1952 (ORL1952) and permethrin‐resistant Puerto Rico (PR) strains of Ae. aegypti. While compound 1d exhibited the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50) against ORL1952 larvae, it showed minimal activity against the PR strain, which is resistant. The most promising compounds, 1 and 4a, showed LC50 values of 2.764 and 4.916 ppm in the ORL strain, and 2.548 and 4.878 ppm in the PR strain, respectively.

Conclusion

Chlorine substitution at the C‐2 position of 1,4‐naphthoquinones enhances larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti, while 2‐hydroxy and 2‐methoxy substitutions reduce efficacy. Certain compounds, such as 1 and 4a, show potential as broad‐spectrum agents effective against both susceptible and resistant strains of Ae. aegypti, highlighting their promise for further development as mosquito control agents. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
First‐Principles Study on the Influence of Cu/Ag/Au Doping with Different Valence States and Point Defects on the p‐Type Conductivity of ZnO
Authors: Zhang Hanye , Bai Yang , Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Ke , Jin Zhenjun
Published: January 2025

Herein, the impact of Cu/Ag/Au doping with different valence states on the p‐type conductivity of ZnO‐doped materials, as well as the coexistence of Zn vacancy (VZn) and H interstitial (Hi), is investigated using first‐principles calculations within the context of density functional theory. Under rich O conditions, dopant systems are more accessible to create and steady. The Fermi level of the dopant enters the valence band, resulting in an ionization impurity concentration that exceeds the critical threshold for ionization impurities, thereby exhibiting the characteristics of p‐type degeneracy. Hi can promote conductivity in the a‐axis while reducing conductivity in the c‐axis direction. The Zn34Ag2+HiO36(VZn0) system has the highest p‐type conductivity along the a‐axis direction, whereas the Zn34Ag2+HiO36(VZn0) system has the highest p‐type conductivity along the c‐axis direction.
Effects of GaAs Buffer Layer on Structural, Magnetic, and Transport Properties of Magnetic Topological Insulators Cry(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 and Vy(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 Films
Authors: Nakazawa Yusuke , Akiho Takafumi , Kanisawa Kiyoshi , Irie Hiroshi , Kumada Norio , Muraki Koji
Published: January 2025

Herein, the effects of a GaAs buffer layer on the structural, magnetic, and transport properties of Cry(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 magnetic topological insulator (MTI) thin films are studied and compared with those of Vy(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3, which are recently reported. Similar to the case of Vy(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3, growth on a GaAs buffer layer leads to some distinctly different properties than direct growth on InP substrates. These include improved interface quality confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, enhanced magnetic coercive fields, and smaller resistivity peaks at the magnetization reversals. Furthermore, the Bi‐ratio dependence of the carrier density reveals that the interface property also affects the Fermi level. These results demonstrate the importance of the buffer layer in controlling the electronic properties of the MTI films.
Robust Sliding Mode Control for a Class of Gantry Crane System With Time‐Varying Disturbances
Authors: Zhang Jiayang , Wu Wei
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a sliding mode controller (SMC) to address the control problem of the gantry crane system affected by the time‐varying boundary disturbances. Through the application of Lagrangian‐Hamiltonian mechanics, the gantry crane system is modeled as a set of partial differential equations. Utilizing operator semigroup theory, it demonstrates that a closed‐loop system is well‐posed. By employing Lyapunov functional theory and extended Krasovskii‐LaSalles' invariance principle, the asymptotic stability is confirmed. To demonstrate the effectiveness and comparative advantages of the proposed control method, numerical contrast simulations are conducted. Furthermore, comparative experiments are conducted to validate the designed controller.
Breaking the Silence: Ending the Stigma Around Gender‐Based Violence
Authors: Edward Majani
Published: January 2025

Gender‐based violence (GBV) remains a global epidemic, profoundly affecting the physical, psychological, and socio‐economic well‐being of survivors while perpetuating gender inequalities. Despite progress in addressing GBV, stigma continues to hinder effective prevention, response, and survivor support. Stigma, rooted in harmful cultural norms, victim‐blaming attitudes, and systemic gender biases, isolates survivors, discourages reporting, and perpetuates impunity for perpetrators. This article explores the multifaceted role of stigma in exacerbating GBV, its devastating consequences on individuals and communities, and the urgent need to dismantle it. Key strategies for ending stigma include challenging cultural norms through community engagement and storytelling, empowering survivors with safe spaces and leadership opportunities, educating communities to dispel myths and promote gender equality, and strengthening policies to ensure justice and comprehensive support. The article highlights the importance of collaboration among governments, NGOs, healthcare systems, media, and male allies in creating a stigma‐free environment. By fostering inclusive dialogue and sustained collective action, we can break the silence around GBV, empower survivors, and build a more equitable and violence‐free society.
Multiple Imputation for Longitudinal Data: A Tutorial
Authors: Wijesuriya Rushani , Moreno‐Betancur Margarita , Carlin John B. , White Ian R. , Quartagno Matteo , Lee Katherine J.
Published: January 2025

Longitudinal studies are frequently used in medical research and involve collecting repeated measures on individuals over time. Observations from the same individual are invariably correlated and thus an analytic approach that accounts for this clustering by individual is required. While almost all research suffers from missing data, this can be particularly problematic in longitudinal studies as participation often becomes harder to maintain over time. Multiple imputation (MI) is widely used to handle missing data in such studies. When using MI, it is important that the imputation model is compatible with the proposed analysis model. In a longitudinal analysis, this implies that the clustering considered in the analysis model should be reflected in the imputation process. Several MI approaches have been proposed to impute incomplete longitudinal data, such as treating repeated measurements of the same variable as distinct variables or using generalized linear mixed imputation models. However, the uptake of these methods has been limited, as they require additional data manipulation and use of advanced imputation procedures. In this tutorial, we review the available MI approaches that can be used for handling incomplete longitudinal data, including where individuals are clustered within higher‐level clusters. We illustrate implementation with replicable R and Stata code using a case study from the Childhood to Adolescence Transition Study.
Modulating Electronic Spin State of Perovskite Fluoride by Ni─F─Mn Bond Activating the Dynamic Site of Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang Shuang , Chen Jiaqin , Li Rong , Wang Xin , Sun Zemin , Lin Liu , Yue Wenbo
Published: January 2025

Establishing the relationship between catalytic performance and material structure is crucial for developing design principles for highly active catalysts. Herein, a type of perovskite fluoride, NH4MnF3, which owns strong‐field coordination including fluorine and ammonia, is in situ grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and used as a model structure to study and improve the intrinsic catalytic activity through heteroatom doping strategies. This approach optimizes spin‐dependent orbital interactions to alter the charge transfer between the catalyst and reactants. As a result, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of NH4MnF3 on CNTs is significantly enhanced by partial substitution of Mn sites with Ni, such as a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.86 V and a limiting current density of 5.26 mA cm−2, which are comparable to those of the commercial Pt/C catalysts. Experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that the introduction of Ni promotes lattice distortion, adjusts the electronic states of the active Mn centers, facilitates the transition from low‐spin to intermediate‐spin states, and shifts the d‐band center closer to the Fermi level. This study establishes a novel approach for designing high‐performance perovskite‐based fluoride electrocatalysts by modulating spin states.
Single‐Step Production of Doubly Re‐entrant Microstructures Through Reaction‐Diffusion Photolithography for Omniphobic Surfaces
Authors: Bae Hyung Han , Kim Jong Bin , Lee Hwan‐Young , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: January 2025

Omniphobic surfaces, which repel virtually any liquid regardless of its wettability, have been developed using doubly re‐entrant microstructures. Although various microfabrication techniques have been explored, these often require multiple complex steps. In this study, reaction‐diffusion photolithography (RDP) is used to fabricate micropost arrays with doubly re‐entrant geometries through a single‐step ultraviolet (UV) exposure process. To create a doubly re‐entrant structure consisting of a central, elongated micropost topped with a short ridge, a photomask featuring a circular window surrounded by a narrow ring‐shaped window is employed. This configuration is utilized in the RDP process, which relies on radical polymerization. Vertical growth of the structure from the photomask is achieved by introducing strong UV attenuation along the vertical axis, enabled by increasing the photoinitiator concentration. Concurrently, the growth of the ridge is slowed down by designing the ring window with minimal dimensions. This promotes rapid oxygen diffusion into the ring region, where the radicals generated by UV exposure are consumed through reactions with oxygen, thereby delaying the polymerization. This approach enables precise fabrication of full‐length central microposts with short ridges in a single step. The resulting doubly re‐entrant structures show high contact angles across various liquids and exhibit robust omniphobic performance.