bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical and future perspectives of agricultural land abandonment and carbon sequestration
Authors: Bell Stephen M. , Prishchepov Alexander V. , Schillaci Calogero , Goll Daniel , Ciais Philippe
Published: February 2023

For as long as agriculture has existed, agricultural land abandonment (ALA) has been a globally relevant land use change. Depending on the timescale considered and the definitions and methods used, spatial estimates of historical ALA range in the several hundreds of millions of hectares. ALA implies the spontaneous recovery of ecosystem properties towards pre-disturbance states. Because agricultural lands are often degraded and carbon depleted, the natural ability of abandoned agricultural lands to act as carbon sinks has been, and will continue to be, a significant component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Here, we provide a brief snapshot of the history of ALA, its drivers, and its known ecosystem carbon impacts from ancient times to the present, especially since the mid-20th century. We then explore the current and future implications of ALA-derived carbon sequestration in Europe, focussing on soil organic carbon based on synthesized published data (chronosequences and paired plots) and land surface model estimates. The majority of abandoned agricultural lands serve as carbon sinks, but there are clear scenarios where carbon may be lost or unchanged even after several years post-agriculture. Our results show that management of abandoned agricultural lands must consider multiple factors such as past land use practices (e.g., croplands vs pastures, past crop types, etc.), future land use management practices (e.g., natural or assisted restoration), local climate variables, and the present soil quality and carbon stock to ensure steady carbon sequestration following agricultural cessation. To avoid lost opportunities for climate change mitigation, ALA requires dedicated research and policy attention because: 1) it is a widespread, ongoing global land use change; 2) it does not always result in carbon sequestration; 3) its carbon gains are often lost in the first few decades when agriculture is re-established; 4) and it can facilitate wildfires which can also reverse carbon gains.
Geochemical analysis in the area of a medieval Cistercian manorial farm
Authors: Janovský Martin , Horák Jan , Klír Tomáš , Ferenczi Laszlo
Published: February 2023

A multi-element and multivariate geochemical analysis has been carried out at a medieval farm site and village settlement, which belonged to the Cistercian monastery of Plasy (in W Bohemia). The results of our geochemical survey have been evaluated in context of the LiDAR survey covering the same area and the available historic maps (Habsburg Military surveys), which helped to locate relict landscape features and land-use changes. Approximately 300 samples were taken in a grid point pattern within the courtyard of the farm, as well as randomly, in the surrounding areas, in order to identify geochemical signals related to the observable surface phenomena. We have applied different analytical techniques, including PCA, log-transformation and isometrical log-transformation, and through spatial interpolation (IDW) it was possible to link  signals of both anthropogenic and geogenic character to archaeological, cultural and land-use phenomena. The results illuminated more intensive anthropogenic impact in connection to the courtyard area, and the intravillain area of the village, and additionally helped to locate different land-use activities in the  surrounding area (agricultural and possibly industrial). In that regard, this methodology was successfully applied to trace anthropogenic impact beyond narrowly defined archaeological sites. This abstract has been reformulated on the basis of our recently published paper (Horák et al 2023).Horák, J., Janovský, M.P., Klír, T., Malina, O., Ferenczi, L., 2023. Multivariate analysis reveals spatial variability of soil geochemical signals in the area of a medieval manorial farm. Catena 220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106726This abstract is part of the research project: “Monastic manors and the landscape impact of Cistercian estate management: A landscape archaeological and historical ecological study on Plasy Abbey“ financed by the GAČR - Czech Science Foundation, grant No. 21-25061S.
Emissions of the urban biocide terbutryn from facades to soil and stormwater system estimated over three decades
Authors: Laura Sereni , Tobias Junginger , Sylvain Payraudeau , Gwenael Imfeld
Published: February 2023

Urban biocides, such as terbutryn, are widely used in facade paints and renders to reduce algae growth and are released with each rain event. Cities are increasingly adopting sustainable stormwater management associated to the sponge city concept, involving infiltration and retention systems and less water in sewer systems. Although biocides and their transformation products have been detected in groundwater, knowledge of the distribution and the infiltration of biocides and transformation products on the district scale is currently missing. Here we aimed at comparing classical and sustainable stormwater management (i.e., infiltration trench and pond) in terms of distribution and hot spots of biocide infiltration at the district scale (2.4 ha). In addition, we assessed the transport of biocides and their transformation products (TP) from facades to soil and stormwater retention systems. We combined a field campaign (6 months), including regular soil and water sampling and description of the water balance using hydroclimatic parameters and land use data, with a modelling approach to estimate and predict biocides leaching and degradation over three decades. The concentrations of terbutryn and TP (from 3 to 300 ng.L-1)in water regularly exceeded the predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) of terbutryn. Our modelling approach underscored prevailing (27-73%) biocide infiltration towards groundwater close to facades while a smaller biocide fraction (7-39%) reached the infiltration trench and the pond. The model enabled estimating the distribution of biocides and transformation products among urban compartments, i.e., topsoil close to facades, infiltration and retention systems and deeper soils toward groundwater, for various urban surface-soil interfaces. The interfaces included infiltration through gravel layer close to facade, pavements and vegetated soils and infiltration through trenches, ponds and wells. By comparing integrated scenarios of water management and painting of facades, our results are a first step to evaluate the chronic emission of biocides and TP from facades to evaluate risks and benefits of transition scenarios towards a biocide-free city.
Pliocene climate variability on glacial-interglacial timescales (PlioVAR): lessons learned from multi-proxy reconstructions of sea-surface temperatures and data-model comparisons
Authors: McClymont Erin , Hi Sze Ling , Ford Heather , Tindall Julia , Haywood Alan ,   PlioVAR Working Group
Published: February 2023

The Pliocene epoch (~2.6-5.3 million years ago) offers an opportunity to study a climate state in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Compared to today, the late Pliocene was characterised by a globally warmer climate, with reduced continental ice volume and reduced ocean/atmosphere circulation intensity. Towards the end of the Pliocene, there was a marked increase in glaciation in the northern hemisphere and atmospheric CO2 concentrations declined.The Past Global Changes (PAGES) PlioVAR working group co-ordinated a synthesis of marine data to characterise spatial and temporal variability of Pliocene climate, underpinned by high quality data sets and robust stratigraphies. Here we present some of the main findings of this synthesis effort, including new assessments of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during the KM5c interglacial (~3.2 million years ago) and Pliocene-Pleistocene intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation. We outline our approaches to integrating multi-proxy reconstructions of sea-surface temperatures from a globally distributed suite of marine sediment cores, which included a review and assessment of the impacts of SST calibration choice and interpretation. We show that an improved relationship between proxy data and climate models could be generated by focussing on a single interglacial. Differences between proxies, and between proxies and models, tended to be associated with surface ocean fronts or currents, although seasonality may also be important. The transition towards enhanced northern hemisphere glaciation at the end of the Pliocene had asynchronous trends and patterns in SST as well as benthic stable isotope records. We consider how these results might inform our understanding of past climate forcings and feedbacks during both warm intervals of the past and the development of larger ice sheets in the northern hemisphere. Additional proxy data is required from high-latitude regions of both hemispheres, to assess polar amplification and meridional temperature gradients. Co-ordinated multiproxy SST analyses will also significantly enhance our understanding and interpretation of the signals they record, and provide additional detail for comprehensive data-model comparisons.
Evaluating the Uncertainties of the Global Atmospheric Sulphur Budget in a Multi-Model Framework
Authors: Brodowsky Christina , Aquila Valentina , Bekki Slimane , Dhomse Sandip , Laakso Anton , Mann Graham , Niemeier Ulrike , Quaglia Ilaria , Rozanov Eugene , Sekiya Takashi , Tilmes Simone , Timmreck Claudia , Yu Pengfei , Zhu Yunqian , Sukhodolov Timofei
Published: February 2023

Sulphate aerosol in the stratosphere recently became an interactive part of many global climate models and its uncertainties are not yet well constrained. Stratospheric sulphate aerosol is modulated by natural emissions of several sulphur-containing species, including volcanic eruptions, as well as anthropogenic emissions. If not directly injected into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions, sulphate aerosols and their precursors are transported into the stratosphere via the tropical tropopause. While there have been some model intercomparison activity for the large volcanic eruptions, the background conditions of sulphur species and in particular the stratospheric aerosol layer have thus far not been addressed at all. Evaluating the background conditions in global models allow to identify modelling issues that are usually masked by larger perturbations such as volcanic eruptions, yet may still be of importance after such a perturbation. Some key factors causing differences between models include different microphysical schemes, chemical schemes, as well as transport and cross-tropopause fluxes. In this work, we use 8 models and available observational data to quantify the full background atmospheric sulphur cycle (burdens, fluxes, and their variability) and investigate its uncertainties within the framework of the Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP). We focus on stratospheric aerosol and its transport with the Brewer-Dobson-Circulation, as well as the influence of the polar vortices. We find significant inter-model variations in the background burden of the major sulphur species. Seasonal cycles agree well in the southern hemisphere, whereas the northern hemisphere shows more inter-model differences due to the individual representations of the northern polar vortex.
Wildfire effects on rockfalls: a brief overview
Authors: Sarro Roberto , Perez-Rey Ignacio , Tomás Roberto , Alejano Leandro R. , Hernández-Gutiérrez Luis Enrique , Mateos Rosa María
Published: February 2023

Forested mountain regions in Europe are at risk of wildfires and rockfalls. Almost 600,000 forest fires affecting some 7.5 M ha have been recorded in Spain over the last fifty years. This is a serious problem that threatens to intensify due to the effects of climate change. In addition to the negative consequences associated with the wildfires themselves, such as the destruction of biodiversity, increased surface runoff, desertification and reduced water quality, they can also have cascading effects, triggering other types of hazards, such as rockfalls. Understanding the processes and conditions leading to rockfalls - during and after a forest fire - is therefore a major challenge for the scientific community in order to determine the real risk to the population and infrastructure.The increase in rockfalls associated with forest fires is related to several factors. These factors affect (i) the rock massif where the source areas are located, (ii) the propagation area and (iii) the affected area. Source areas are mainly affected by forest fires by altering the rock massif and its properties. A variety of factors may contribute to the degradation of rocks, such as thermal weathering, the opening of cracks and discontinuities, or a decrease in rock resistance. An alteration in slope material and loss of vegetation are observed in the propagation area, which affects the range of blocks. Furthermore, extinguishing activities themselves can cause blocks to become unstable, and the extreme temperatures reached degrade the protection measures (dynamic barriers, nets, bolting, etc.). Furthermore, when the vegetation is removed from burned areas, the risk perception from rockfalls in burned areas increases, leaving the threatening boulders and the rock massif itself more clearly exposed. In this contribution, the main factors influencing the increase in rockfalls after wildfires are analysed.
Observations of the Agulhas Current by along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar
Authors: Elyouncha Anis , Eriksson Leif
Published: February 2023

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offers the possibility to observe the sea surface circulation with very high spatial resolution. These observations are particularly relevant in coastal areas and shelf seas. SAR has been routinely providing valuable information on sea surface winds and waves for many decades. During the last decade, a new application of SAR measurements based on the analysis of the Doppler shift has emerged, opening the possibility to measure directly the surface currents. There are still however many unresolved questions and challenges. One of the challenging questions is the wave-current interaction and its effect on the wind and wave retrieval. The Agulhas Current is the strongest western boundary currents in the southern hemisphere. The region of the Agulhas Current is characterized by a complex upper ocean dynamics involving a wide range of mesoscale and submesoscale processes. It thus provides an ideal natural laboratory for oceanographers and remote sensing sensors and techniques. Unique acquisitions of the interferometric SAR TanDEM-X over the Agulhas Current with very high spatial resolution (100 - 200 m) are analyzed. Maps of SAR-derived surface velocity are compared to model data. The SAR velocity images accurately capture the boundary and the intensity of the Agulhas Current. Moreover, these maps show unprecedented fine structure of the Agulhas Current and its interaction with the wave field. The pattern depicted by the backscatter images is on the other hand very variable from scene to scene depending on the wind and sea state. Only in particular cases, the current structure can be discerned from the backscatter. The influence of the Agulhas Current on the wind and wave field retrieval is investigated. The inversion of the backscatter to wind speed without taking the current into account lead artificially high estimates of SAR-derived wind speeds. Note that the wind and wave field retrieval will also impact the current retrieval via the wave-induced Doppler shift. These SAR observations are analyzed together with collocated existing products of ocean surface wind, ocean surface current, sea surface temperature and significant wave height. Our analysis indicates that wave-current interactions in regions of strong current shear produce very different signatures of sea surface roughness. The roughness signatures depend on the wave propagation direction relative to the current. A case of particularly enhanced roughness, probably due wave breaking events, is discussed.
Bank strength and erodibility in the Amazon River and their control on large-scale river morphodynamics
Authors: Brückner Muriel , Aalto Rolf , Paes de Almeida Renato , Best Jim , Nicholas Andrew , Ashworth Phil , Ianniruberto Marco
Published: February 2023

Large anabranching sand-bed rivers are characterised by dynamic lateral channel migration, bar aggradation and floodplain accretion. On the Amazon River, variations in bank and floodplain sediments exert a primary control on channel migration rates. In a reach near Tefé, Brazil, the Solimões River shows different migration dynamics along its north and south banks, suggesting that bank strength plays a role in the large-scale and long-term channel and floodplain evolution. Here we present measurements of lower bank strength and sediment resuspension in 29 locations along and across the Solimões River to investigate their spatial variability in sediments of different age and origin by means of a cohesion strength meter and a Pilcon Shear Vane. Results show that the north bank consists mainly of late Holocene sandy and silty deposits, whereas the south bank is characterised by frequent Pleistocene outcrops of cohesive muds and diagenetic iron cements and concretions. The south-bank Pleistocene deposits have on average three times higher bank strength than the younger floodplain deposits along the north bank. When comparing the locations of the Pleistocene deposits with lateral migration rates along both banks for two 40 km reaches, we observe that these sediments occur mainly where the south bank has been eroded, suggesting that they are revealed when the river migrates. Our results suggest: (1) that lateral migration uncovers the less erodible layers that can then deflect the flow towards the north bank; (2) that outcrops of resistant Pleistocene deposits might be abundant underneath the northern alluvial floodplain; and (3) spatial variations in bank erodibility exert a first-order local control on the planform morphology and lateral dynamics of the river. We suggest that such variations in erodibility are equally important for the morphodynamics of other large sand bed rivers that show evidence for the presence of resistant Pleistocene sediments, such as the Nile, Mekong and Mississippi Rivers.
Enhanced mixing by floating wind farms in stratified shelf seas
Authors: Lincoln Ben , Rippeth Tom
Published: February 2023

The drive to achieve net zero carbon has motivated the development of offshore wind into deeper waters further from shore. The relatively weak tidal currents and deep water of future development sites means that infrastructure will, for the first time, be deployed at scale in seasonally stratified waters.   Current designs for floating turbines have sub-structures which penetrate this stratification.  Flow past such substructures generates turbulent wakes which can regionally enhance the very low levels of internal mixing observed in the seasonal thermocline. These low natural mixing rates drive nutrient fluxes which sustain phytoplankton growth at the subsurface chlorophyl maximum through the summer months and are responsible for 50% of the primary production in shelf seas.  Since this production supports the marine food web, changes to the physical drivers will fundamentally impact the marine food web.  Therefore, an anthropogenic source of turbulent mixing at the seasonal thermocline, has the potential to cause fundamental biogeochemical changes, impacting ecosystems, and fisheries in shelf seas. We present new measurements of strongly elevated turbulence within wakes at a shallow water wind farm.  Strongly enhanced mixing is observed in the wake, and across the wider wind farm area and is associated with reduced stratification.    These observations and our estimates for deeper water wakes suggest that mixing from these structures can be significant, and further research is essential to quantify the impact of this new source of anthropogenic mixing.
Can mantle convection by distant rifting induce intraplate volcanism?
Authors: Jang Min-Seok , So Byung-Dal
Published: February 2023

Rifting is a large-scale planetary evolution process that forms a new oceanic crust with mid-ocean ridges in an extensional environment. In this process, mantle convection occurred and material circulates, forming a volcano in the surrounding area. It is well known that mantle flow of rifting causes volcanism, but most of the volcanic processes are concentrated in the mid-ocean ridge and rift center axis. Recently, many of theory (lithosphere delamination, edge-driven convection, slab tearing, etc.) have been discussed to explain intra-plate volcanic mechanisms at non-plume and non-extension conditions. However, has been rarely studying the correlation between intra-plate volcanism and distant rifting. To identify the origin of occurring volcanoes in the continental margin and intra-plate is necessary studying to evolution mechanism and lower mantle. The formation of rifting and continental margin is closely related, and it is assumed that mantle convection significantly affects intra-plate volcanism. Well known through previous studies that mantle convection Along the rifting axis affects various evolution such as rift propagation, ridge jump, rift fail or end tip with transform fault. In this study, we estimate the possibility mantle convection can induce intra-plate volcanism at rifting end tip and continental beyond the margin. We adopt the open-source finite element geodynamics software, ASPECT, which makes a 3-D rifting model for observing the evolution process and mantle convection below the continental margin. 
Eight years of continuous Rockall Trough transport observations from moorings and gliders
Authors: Burmeister Kristin , Fraser Neil , Drysdale Lewis , Jones Sam , Cunningham Stuart , Inall Mark , Fox Alan
Published: February 2023

The Rockall Trough (RT) is a key pathway for warm and salty water flowing northward, a process which plays a key role in dictating the western European climate. The picture of the mean circulation and variability in the RT is still emerging, as the record of continuous transport observations has only recently been extended to eight years. Here, for the first time, we present the temporally extended record of RT volume, heat and freshwater transports. An important feature of the RT circulation is the European Slope Current (ESC) which is poorly constrained by ship-based, mooring, and satellite observations. To tackle this, we gathered around 150 glider transects over 2.5 years which capture the ESC velocity field in unprecedented detail. The data are sufficient to characterise both the mean state and the emergent seasonal variability of the ESC, and reveal the year-round presence of a southward countercurrent at depth. Variability in the strength and structure of this previously unstudied feature modulates net northward transport in the eastern boundary current system.We also utilise these observations for monitoring the basin-wide overturning circulation as part of the newly developed OSNAP_I transect. We will present the first results from that programme.
Performance analysis of a U-Net landslide detection model
Authors: Gonzalez Alvarez Itahisa , Leeming Kathryn , Novellino Alessandro , Taylor Sophie
Published: February 2023

Image segmentation algorithms are a type of image classifier that assigns a label to each individual pixel in an image. U-Nets, initially developed for the analysis of biomedical images and now widely used in a variety of fields, are an example of such algorithms. It has been shown that U-Nets are specially interesting when working with small training datasets and combined with data augmentation techniques.In this study, we used satellite images with labelled landslide masks from known events to train a U-Net to identify areas of potential landslide. These landslide masks are time-consuming to create, resulting in a small initial training set. Even when working with U-Nets, the success of machine learning and AI tools depends on the availability and quality of training data, as well as the algorithm settings during the training process. Tuning machine learning models to achieve the best performance possible from limited amounts of data is important to generate trustworthy results that can be used to advance the knowledge of landslide events around the world.Here, we show the differences in algorithm performance as we use different types of data augmentation and model parameters. We also explore and assess the effects on performance of options such as including different satellite bands, terrain information and alternative colour band representations.
Influence of flooding variability on the vegetation development of Amazonian peatlands
Authors: Sassoon Dael , Roucoux Katherine H. , Lawson Ian T. , Fletcher William J. , Ryan Peter , Honorio Coronado Euridice N. , del Aguila Pasquel John , Bishop Thomas , Åkesson Christine
Published: February 2023

Over the past two decades, the existence of intact peatlands in lowland Amazonia has been demonstrated, including a vast area of potential peat-forming vegetation of around 43,617 km2 in the Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB), in the Loreto Department of north-east Peru. Peat sampling and floristic assessments have revealed the presence of peat in four ecosystem types in the PMFB: palm swamps, peatland pole forests, open peatlands, and, more rarely, in seasonally flooded forests. However, recent field investigations and palynological studies show that temporal changes in vegetation in peatlands may have been driven by changes in the degree of flooding, suggesting greater complexity in the controls on peatland development and in the spatiotemporal relationships between ecosystems than current conceptual models allow. Here we present new high-resolution palynological, geochemical and radiocarbon data from an open peatland sampled in the PMFB near San Roque village on the Marañón river. Our study aims to: (1) reconstruct past vegetation changes; (2) investigate the interaction between the fluvial system and the peatland’s vegetation dynamics over time; (3) determine how patterns of ecological and fluvial change at San Roque compare with records from other peatland types in the wider PMFB. Downcore palynology on the dated SAR_T3_03_B peat core provides a vegetation record spanning the last 4,300 years documenting changes in ecological associations over time. Between 4,300 and 3,180 cal yr BP, prior to peat accumulation, our data shows  pronounced fluvial influence with high amounts of inorganic material and pollen assemblages from taxa related to open water conditions. Since the beginning of peat accumulation around 3,180 Cal yr BP, palynological and geochemical data suggest conditions related to predominantly herbaceous communities. Core scanning micro-XRF provides proxy evidence for episodes of fluvially-derived minerogenic input during the period of peat accumulation (3,180–440 Cal yr BP). Simultaneous increases in flood-tolerant taxa (e.g. Symmeria paniculata, Alchornea sp., Myrtaceae) support the inference of intervals with increased frequency and depth of river flooding. From around 440 Cal yr BP, we infer the establishment of M. flexuosa palms linked to lower flooding, which persists today. Compared with other regional sequences, the San Roque record is distinctive because of this notable influence of flooding regime on the ecosystem, which impacted on the vegetation succession through changes in flood levels and nutrient inputs. The dynamics of the sediment-laden Marañón River therefore emerges as a major driver in vegetation change and trajectory of peatland development during the last four millennia.
Micro-structural characterisation of weak layers of submarine landslides
Authors: Gatter Ricarda , BN Murthy Madhusudhan , Huhn Katrin
Published: February 2023

Submarine landslides are common on all sediment bearing submarine slopes worldwide. They have the potential to damage expensive subsea infrastructure such as pipelines or telecommunication cables, and generate hazardous tsunamis. Numerous studies have shown that weak layers embedded within the slope stratigraphy play a crucial role in controlling the formation of submarine landslides; however, very little is known about their internal structure and composition. Although weak layers seem to be an essential pre-conditioning factor for slope failure, many questions remain unanswered, such as where with respect to weak layers do failure planes form: within the weak layer, above or below it? Previous studies usually relied on sedimentological and geotechnical sediment core and in-situ analyses to investigate weak layers. These analyses, however, do not provide insights into the internal structure of the sediments on a micro-scale level and hence, lack information needed to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate weak layers. Here, we present a new approach towards weak layer investigation that is based on high-resolution micro-Computed Tomography (µCT) imaging. µCT is used to visualise, and qualitatively and quantitatively investigate selected sediment samples taken from within weak layers and the background sediment of submarine landslides. Our results show clear compositional and structural differences between individual sub-units of the investigated weak layers, as well as the background sediment. These differences can be attributed partly to different sediment types, i.e. coarse- versus fine-grained sediments, but also reveal a dependency on the sedimentation regime. We find that pore space distribution is highly spatially variable and works on a sub-millimetre scale. Such high variability may be masked by standard bulk porosity measurements, which require larger (several centimetre) sediment samples and only provide information averaged over the entire sample. The identification of small-scale changes, however, appears to be crucial for the formation of weak layers. Our results therefore demonstrate the huge potential of µCT to investigate the internal structure of weak layers, obtaining information that is not resolved and lost in other analytical methods.
Conductometric sensors for atmospheric applications
Authors: Dumitru Marius , Filipescu Mihaela , Dumitrache Florian , Mihailescu Andreea
Published: February 2023

This paper reports on the deposition of tin oxides nanoparticles thin films by MAPLE (Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation) for use as conductometric gas sensors. First gas sensors based on SnO₂ were developed by Naoyoshi Tagouchi in 1968; the importance of this material for gas sensing applications grew according to the needs of improved gas detecting sensibility and variety. The target was obtained by freezing a solution of tin oxide nanoparticles obtained by Laser Pyrolysis using tetramethyl tin and ethylene combined with an oxidized at-mosphere as reactive gas mixture. Two types of nanopowders samples have been selected: the first contains mainly tin(II) oxide whereas the second contains mainly tin(IV) oxide. The as prepared samples were also thermally treated at 300⁰C for 3 hours in order to decrease the proportion of the SnO phase. One of the thermally treated powders exhibits an almost pure SnO₂ phase as determined from the XRD pattern. The resulted thin films were analyzed by X-Ray diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and Electron Microscopy for structural and morphological properties; preliminary electrical tests were conducted and the results show good capability for methane detection.
Effect of various fertilizer doses on soil N2O and CO2 emissions in cropland soils in Hungary
Authors: Mészáros Ádám , Magyar Boglárka , Omoding Nicholas , Balogh János , Fóti Szilvia , Pintér Krisztina , Percze Attila , De Luca Giulia , Nagy Zoltán
Published: February 2023

Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions has been a priority for climate scientists for decades. As a result, the spatial and temporal dynamics of emissions have been widely studied, but to date, we still do not fully understand the main drivers of the variation in patterns. The aim of our research is to quantify the spatio-temporal variability of these greenhouse gases under various nutrient supply conditions and different tillage practices (plow or cultivator) on sandy-clay and loam soils.Our measurements took place near Kartal on loam soil and near Gödöllő on sandy-clay soil, in Central Hungary, in 2022 on winter wheat. CO2 and N2O fluxes are analyzed with Li-cor gas analyzers (LI-870 CO2/H2O Analyzer and LI-7820 N2O/H2O Trace Gas Analyzer) connected to the 8200-01S Smart Chamber. We can track both modest changes brought on by natural factors (precipitation, temperature variations) and the impact of more significant artificial factors (fertilization, type of tillage) on the N2O and CO2 flux using these rather sensitive devices. In Kartal, 24, and in Gödöllő 40 KG-PVC rings with a diameter of 20 cm were placed in the study areas and measured on a weekly basis. In Kartal half of the collars received fertilizer, and the other half was covered during the application. In Gödöllő, 8 different treatments can be distinguished, resulting from a combination of 3 different fertilizer doses (0kg/ha, 75kg/ha, and 150kg/ha), 2 tillage methods (plow and cultivator), and soil conditioners. The collars protrude 4 cm from the soil and the inner soil surface has been cleared of vegetation. The gas exchange between soil and air is measured for 3 minutes on each collar, while simultaneously measuring soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation cover (LAI) near the collars. Soil samples were taken monthly to a depth of 15 cm, and 50 cm from the collars.Based on our observation, in the case of N2O emission, there are significant differences between the two study areas. On average N2O emissions in Gödöllő were higher than in Kartal. Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly higher in areas receiving higher doses of fertilizer. For 150kg/ha, the highest value was 42 g N m2, while for 0kg/ha and 75kg/ha, lower values of around 16-20 g N m2 were observed. With average emissions of 420–500 g C m2, there are no discernible variations in cumulative CO2 emission across treatments. However, the temporal variation of both GHG emissions shows differences due to the persistent drought in summer. During the rainy season, spring and autumn, a more intense N2O and CO2 flux were observed due to soil respiration.
The resonant tidal evolution of the Earth-Moon distance
Authors: Farhat Mohammad , Auclair-Desrotour Pierre , Boué Gwenaël , Laskar Jacques
Published: February 2023

Ever since the Moon formed close to the Earth, it has been forced by tidal interactions to drift away through orbital angular momentum pumping. Available geological data provide snapshots of the lunar orbital history, the earliest registered to date at ~3.2 Ga. However, a complete theoretical reconstruction of the lunar orbit, which traces its evolution from the present state to a post-impact nosy neighbor at ~4.5 Ga was missing. Namely, previous tidal models attempting this reconstruction are either empirical, or numerically costly, and are always incompatible with the well-constrained lunar age. We undertake a systematic exploration of the time-varying tidal dissipation in the Earth’s oceans and solid interior to provide, for the first time, a history of the lunar orbit that fits the present measurement of its recession and the estimated lunar age. Our work extends a lineage of earlier works on the semi-analytical treatment of fluid tides on varying bounded surfaces, allowing us to mimic the time-varying effect of continentality on Earth. We further couple the oceanic response with solid bodily tidal deformations using an Andrade rheology. The modeled oceanic tidal response is effectively barotropic and is parametrized by only two parameters describing the oceanic thickness and the timescale of dissipation. Our resulting tidal response reconstructs a history of the lunar orbit that is predominantly shepherded by robust resonant excitations in the Earth’s paleo-oceans. This lunar orbital reconstruction is in good agreement with the available geological proxies, which predicates the dominance of long-wavelength flows in controlling the tidal history, instead of the continentality-driven basin modes. The generated tidal resonances caused significant and, relatively, rapid variations in the lunar semi-major axis, the Earth’s length of the day, and the Earth’s obliquity. Consequently, these astronomical features should have driven significant paleo-climatic variations through tidal heating and the changing insolation. 
Climate service for managing the heat hazard risk in urban areas using all-sky land surface temperature
Authors: Dumitrescu Alexandru , Cheval Sorin
Published: February 2023

This work describes an exploratory approach to assist decision-makers in urban areas for addressing heat hazard risks in near real-time (https://rebrand.ly/suhi_eu). The proposed service utilizes MSG Land Surface Temperature - All Sky (MLST-AS) data to compute the surface urban heat island (SUHI) and other relevant indicators for major cities in Europe on a daily basis.The MLST-AS data has a temporal resolution of 30 minutes and a spatial resolution of 3.1 km2 at nadir. The SUHI is a measure of the difference in temperature between urban and rural areas and can significantly impact the local climate and environment. The climate service, which is based on a Shiny application written in R and Python, provides an interactive format that allows users to visualize the daily evolution of the SUHI computed from the MLST-AS data for each city, as well as relevant indicators computed at each grid point for the entire European continent. The SUHI is calculated using the methodology proposed in a previous study (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101056) and the results are presented in an easy-to-use format suitable for a wide range of end users, including policymakers, city planners, and the general public. The use of the MLST-AS data allows for accurate and detailed analysis of the SUHI and other indicators in these cities, providing valuable information for urban planning and climate adaptation efforts. The main outcome of this work is the development of an interactive tool for understanding and analysing the SUHI and other indicators in European cities, which can have important implications for urban design and climate resilience measures.This study has been funded by the project Synergies between Urban Heat Island and Heat Wave Risks in Romania: Climate Change Challenges and Adaptation Options (SynUHI) PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1695. We gratefully acknowledge the use of the European Weather Cloud in the context of this research.
Geodetic instrumentation to validate altimetry sea-level measurements in the Noumea Lagoon – New results from the GEOCEAN-NC 2019 field mission
Authors: Chupin Clémence , Ballu Valérie , Testut Laurent , Tranchant Yann-Treden
Published: February 2023

The Lagoon surrounding New Caledonia is a site of high interest for satellite altimetry, both for classical nadir missions and for the new SWOT wide swath mission, with dedicated calibration/validation (Cal/Val) experiments planned in 2023 during its 1-D repeat orbit.This poster provides updated results from the 3-weeks campaign GEOCEAN-NC 2019, where various geodetic sea-level observing systems were deployed in the Lagoon (e.g. GNSS Buoy, pressure sensor, CalNaGeo GNSS towed carpet). By combining these data, we reconstruct the dynamics of the lagoon at a point of interest where 3 altimetric tracks intersect (i.e. 1 Jason and 2 Sentinel-3a tracks), and then virtually transfer the Noumea tide gauge records at this particular location.  With this approach, we reconstruct two long sea-level time series (i.e. in-situ and altimetry) in the heart of the Lagoon, enabling us to compute altimetry biases and inter-mission biases comparable to those of historical Cal/Val sites for the whole Jason 1/2/3 period and for Sentinel-3a. This update of our results allows us to extend the comparison with new data from year 2022, and consolidate the vertical reference frame used to link our sensors. It is also an opportunity to try to reconcile sea-level rise trends with vertical land movements of permanent GNSS stations, which remains an issue in this area.
Tektonika: breaking barriers in scientific publishing one manuscript at a time
Authors: Perez-Diaz Lucia , Lacassin Robin , Magee Craig , Gouiza Moh ,   the Tektonika community
Published: February 2023

Science, without effective dissemination, has a very short life. And yet most scientific research is hidden away behind exclusive and expensive paywalls imposed by traditional publishing models. Tektonika is a community-led diamond open-access journal (DOAJ: free for authors, free for readers) publishing peer reviewed research in geology and tectonics. It is a grass-roots initiative driven by the enthusiasm and devotion of a wide and diverse spectrum of Earth Scientists from around the globe, intended to shape a new landscape for publishing in the geosciences. In its first seven months (June-December 2022)year, it received 22 manuscript submissions, covering a range of topics from active tectonic geodesy to microstructures. Two accepted manuscripts are being published online in January 2023, respectively seven and six months after initial submission. At the same time, 6 manuscripts are at the revision stage (either waiting for author’s to submit their revised version, or already attending a second round of reviews). A year ago, at EGU22, Tektonika opened its doors to manuscript submissions. One year later, we return to reflect on the journal’s first year of life and discuss what might be next for the growing body of DOAJs established over recent years.
Inferring the dynamics of StorAge Selection functions from GR4J
Authors: de Lavenne Alban , Tournebize Julien , Henine Hocine , Andréassian Vazken
Published: February 2023

Models based on StorAge Selection (SAS) functions are useful tools for understanding of factors controlling transit time distribution (TTD) and catchment-scale solute export. SAS functions describe the sampling of different ages in catchment storage that produces river discharge. This sampling may vary over time, for instance according to soil moisture:  the young water fraction is generally higher in wet conditions and lower in dry conditions. In this work, we investigated how the dynamic of this sampling could be related to the different fluxes and model states of the hydrological model GR4J. Different coupling strategies are tested over the French Orgeval catchment (ORACLE observatory, 104 km²) using chloride concentrations as a conservative tracer. The modelling results allowed to verify that the groundwater contribution, and in particular that outside the topographic catchment (intercatchment groundwater flow), strongly influences the age of the river flow. This study thus opens perspectives to better constrain the modelling of groundwater contribution to the river flow within the GR4J model.
Planet size controls the redistribution of heat producing elements and volatiles from mantle to crust
Authors: Schmidt Julia Marleen , Noack Lena
Published: February 2023

Upon melting inside planetary upper mantles, trace elements which are incompatible in the solid rock – such as heat producing elements or volatiles - are redistributed into the melt. If the melt is less dense than the surrounding material, the melt transports the elements towards the surface, where it enriches the crust and leaves a depleted upper mantle behind. In the case of heat producing elements, this process can affect the thermal evolution and crust production of a planet, whereas in the case of volatiles, the outgassing and atmosphere evolution can be influenced. With the help of mineral/melt partition coefficients, we are able to quantify the amount of the redistributed elements and can therefore infer the impact on the aforementioned planetary processes. Mineral/melt partition coefficients depend highly on pressure, temperature, and composition. However, due to a lack of high-pressure experiments and models, they were typically taken as constant in mantle evolution models.In this study, we developed a 1D interior evolution model and included a pressure, temperature, and melt composition dependent mineral/melt partition coefficient model that is applicable for higher pressures (Schmidt & Noack, 2021). We apply the model to the five planetary bodies Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, and Mars and show that the planet size has a significant effect on the partition coefficients and therefore on the redistribution of heat producing elements and volatiles. This makes most partition coefficients based on low-pressure experiments with an Earth-based composition quite inaccurate in interior evolution models. We quantify the resulting effects on the thermal evolution, crust production, and outgassing rate. Additionally, we vary other starting parameters and compare how this affects the amount of the elements that were redistributed into the crust or outgassed into the atmosphere. These findings help us to understand the effect of depth-dependent redistribution for different types of rocky planets and might be relevant for a wide range of mantle evolution models which include mantle melting and trace element redistribution.Schmidt, J.M. and Noack, L. (2021): Clinopyroxene/Melt Partitioning: Models for Higher Upper Mantle Pressures Applied to Sodium and Potassium, SysMea, 13(3&4), 125-136.
Jupiter’s magnetodisc and magnetospheric currents during Juno’s prime mission.
Authors: Provan Gabrielle , Nichols Jon , Cowley Stan , Wilson Rob , Bagenal Fran , Connerney Jack
Published: February 2023

We study Jupiter’s magnetic field and plasma parameters during Juno’s prime mission, using data from Juno’s FGM magnetometer and ion measurements from the  Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment Ion (JADE-I) sensor on Juno.  We compare the observed poloidal magnetic field and  plasma density, angular velocity and temperature profiles, with predictions from the Nichols et al. (2015)  axisymmetric magnetic vector potential model.  This  magnetodisc model balances the j x B force of the azimuthal magnetodisc currents with the outwards forces of the plasma pressure gradient, plasma pressure anisotropy and the centrifugal force associated with the rotating plasma.  By varying the model parameters for each orbit we model how Jupiter’s mass outflow rate, plasma angular velocity and ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ plasma temperatures and densities vary throughout Juno’s prime mission.  We further examine how changes in magnetospheric conditions are related to variations in the magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling parameters, in particular by studying the azimuthal and radial currents and the ionospheric field-aligned current density. 