bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Early Activation ofCD8+T Cells Is Dependent on Type I IFN Signaling following Intramuscular Vaccination of Adenovirus Vector
Authors: Hemmi Masahisa , Tachibana Masashi , Tsuzuki Sayaka , Shoji Masaki , Sakurai Fuminori , Kawabata Kenji , Kobiyama Kouji , Ishii Ken J. , Akira Shizuo , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki
Published: May 2014

Few of the vaccines in current use can induce antigen- (Ag-) specific immunity in both mucosal and systemic compartments. Hence, the development of vaccines that realize both mucosal and systemic protection against various pathogens is a high priority in global health. Recently, it has been reported that intramuscular (i.m.) vaccination of an adenovirus vector (Adv) can induce Ag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in both systemic and gut mucosal compartments. We previously revealed that type I IFN signaling is required for the induction of gut mucosal CTLs, not systemic CTLs. However, the molecular mechanism via type I IFN signaling is largely unknown. Here, we report that type I IFN signaling following i.m. Adv vaccination is required for the expression of type I IFN in the inguinal lymph nodes (iLNs), which are the draining lymph nodes of the administration site. We also showed that the type I IFN signaling is indispensable for the early activation of CTLs in iLNs. These data suggested that type I IFN signaling has an important role in the translation of systemic innate immune response into mucosal adaptive immunity by amplifying the innate immune signaling and activating CTLs in the iLN.
Zingiber officinale: A Potential Plant against Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Al-Nahain Abdullah , Jahan Rownak , Rahmatullah Mohammed
Published: May 2014

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease particularly affecting elderly people which leads to massive bone destruction with consequent inflammation, pain, and debility. Allopathic medicine can provide only symptomatic relief. However, Zingiber officinale is a plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, which has traditionally been used for treatment of RA in alternative medicines of many countries. Many of the phytochemical constituents of the rhizomes of this plant have therapeutic benefits including amelioration of RA. This review attempts to list those phytochemical constituents with their reported mechanisms of action. It is concluded that these phytochemicals can form the basis of discovery of new drugs, which not only can provide symptomatic relief but also may provide total relief from RA by stopping RA-induced bone destruction. As the development of RA is a complex process, further research should be continued towards elucidating the molecular details leading to RA and drugs that can stop or reverse these processes by phytoconstituents of ginger.
Study on the Drag Reducing Channel Fluids by Experiments and DNS Using Giesekus Model
Authors: Gu Weiguo , Wang Dezhong , Kawaguchi Yasuo
Published: May 2014

Both experimental and numerical studies are simultaneously performed for fully developed water and surfactant solution channel flow. The comparison aims at the surfactant solution flow in experiment with mass concentration of 25 ppm at Re = 1000 and Giesekus model with Weissenberg numbers of 10 and 40 at Reτ = 150. Big differences are found between the experimental and DNS results by comparing the distributions of velocity fluctuations, Reynolds shear stress, and so on. Although large drag reduction appears in DNS, Giesekus model has some limitations in describing the fluid characteristics and viscoelasticity of the surfactant solution.
Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse by a Novel Brazilian Pentose Fermenting YeastScheffersomyces shehataeUFMG-HM 52.2: Evaluation of Fermentation Medium
Authors: Antunes F. A. F. , Chandel A. K. , Milessi T. S. S. , Santos J. C. , Rosa C. A. , da Silva S. S.
Published: May 2014

Bioconversion of hemicellulosic sugars into second generation (2G) ethanol plays a pivotal role in the overall success of biorefineries. In this study, ethanol production performance of a novel xylose-fermenting yeast,Scheffersomyces shehataeUFMG-HM 52.2, was evaluated under batch fermentation conditions using sugarcane bagasse (SB) hemicellulosic hydrolysate as carbon source. Dilute acid hydrolysis of SB was performed to obtain sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SBHH). It was concentrated, detoxified, and supplemented with nutrients in different formulations to prepare the fermentation medium to the yeast evaluation performance.S. shehataeUFMG-HM 52.2 (isolated from Brazilian Atlantic rain forest ecosystem) was used in fermentations carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks maintained in a rotator shaker at 30°C and 200 rpm for 72 h. The use of a fermentation medium composed of SBHH supplemented with 5 g/L ammonium sulfate, 3 g/L yeast extract, and 3 g/L malt extract resulted in 0.38 g/g of ethanol yield and 0.19 g L.h of volumetric productivity after 48 h of incubation time.
Novel Insights into miRNA in Lung and Heart Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Kishore Amit , Borucka Jana , Petrkova Jana , Petrek Martin
Published: May 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding regulatory sequences that govern posttranscriptional inhibition of genes through binding mainly at regulatory regions. The regulatory mechanism of miRNAs are influenced by complex crosstalk among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within miRNA seed region and epigenetic modifications. Circulating miRNAs exhibit potential characteristics as stable biomarker. Functionally, miRNAs are involved in basic regulatory mechanisms of cells including inflammation. Thus, miRNA dysregulation, resulting in aberrant expression of a gene, is suggested to play an important role in disease susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of miRNA as diagnostic marker in pathogenesis of lung inflammatory diseases and in cardiac remodelling events during inflammation. From recent reports, In this context, the information about the models in which miRNAs expression were investigated including types of biological samples, as well as on the methods for miRNA validation and prediction/definition of their gene targets are emphasized in the review. Besides disease pathogenesis, promising role of miRNAs in early disease diagnosis and prognostication is also discussed. However, some miRNAs are also indicated with protective role. Thus, identifications and usage of such potential miRNAs as well as disruption of disease susceptible miRNAs using antagonists, antagomirs, are imperative and may provide a novel therapeutic approach towards combating the disease progression.
Breast Cancer in Young Brazilian Women: Challenge for the Oncology Care
Authors: Gravena Angela Andréia Franca , Dell Agnolo Catia Milene , Lopes Tiara Cristina Romeiro , Demitto Marcela de Oliveira , Mello William Augusto de , Borghesan Deise Helena Pelloso , Brischiliari Sheila Cristina Rocha , Carvalho Maria Dalva de Barros , Pelloso Sandra Marisa
Published: May 2014

Objective. To investigate and compare aspects of breast cancer in young women (<40 years old) with older women (>40 years old). Methods. Retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical, and exploratory study based on data from 2009 to 2012 obtained from the Breast Cancer Information System (SISMAMA) and the Unified Health System Information Data (DATASUS). The studied population consisted of women (n=31.195) with malignant breast cancer. The analysed variables were education level, race, nodule detection at the clinical examination or image studies, presence of palpable axillary lymph nodes, surgical approach, and tumor histological type and grade. Results. There was increasing detection of breast cancer cases in young women among the studied years. Young women had more palpable lymph nodes (OR 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18–1.39), ductal carcinoma as the most frequent histologic type (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.53), and grades II and III tumor (OR 16.01 , 95% CI: 13.30 to 19.28 ). The lesion detection by clinical examination was higher in women <40 years (OR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.45). Conclusion. Although there are early detection measures related to breast cancer, they are not the usual practice of the young female public, suggesting the need for a review of existing public policies in the country.
Docking Applied to the Prediction of the Affinity of Compounds to P-Glycoprotein
Authors: Palestro Pablo H. , Gavernet Luciana , Estiu Guillermina L. , Bruno Blanch Luis E.
Published: May 2014

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is involved in the transport of xenobiotic compounds and responsible for the decrease of the drug accumulation in multi-drug-resistant cells. In this investigation we compare several docking algorithms in order to find the conditions that are able to discriminate between P-gp binders and nonbinders. We built a comprehensive dataset of binders and nonbinders based on a careful analysis of the experimental data available in the literature, trying to overcome the discrepancy noticeable in the experimental results. We found that Autodock Vina flexible docking is the best choice for the tested options. The results will be useful to filter virtual screening results in the rational design of new drugs that are not expected to be expelled by P-gp.
Nucleoporin Gene Fusions and Hematopoietic Malignancies
Authors: Fahrenkrog Birthe
Published: May 2014

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the sole gateways between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and they mediate all macromolecular trafficking between these cellular compartments. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly selective and precisely regulated and as such an important aspect of normal cellular function. Defects in this process or in its machinery have been linked to various human diseases, including cancer. Nucleoporins, which are about 30 proteins that built up NPCs, are critical players in nucleocytoplasmic transport and have also been shown to be key players in numerous other cellular processes, such as cell cycle control and gene expression regulation. This review will focus on the three nucleoporins Nup98, Nup214, and Nup358. Common to them is their significance in nucleocytoplasmic transport, their multiple other functions, and being targets for chromosomal translocations that lead to haematopoietic malignancies, in particular acute myeloid leukaemia. The underlying molecular mechanisms of nucleoporin-associated leukaemias are only poorly understood but share some characteristics and are distinguished by their poor prognosis and therapy outcome.
Multimodal Surgical and Medical Treatment for Extensive Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis in an Elderly Diabetic Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Di Carlo Paola , Pirrello Roberto , Guadagnino Giuliana , Richiusa Pierina , Lo Casto Antonio , Sarno Caterina , Moschella Francesco , Cabibi Daniela
Published: May 2014

Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for invasive mucormycosis with rhinocerebral involvement. Acute necrosis of the maxilla is seldom seen and extensive facial bone involvement is rare in patients with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. An aggressive surgical approach combined with antifungal therapy is usually necessary. In this report, we describe the successful, personalized medical and surgical management of extensive periorbital mucormycosis in an elderly diabetic, HIV-negative woman. Mono- or combination therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) and posaconazole (PSO) and withheld debridement is discussed. The role of aesthetic plastic surgery to preserve the patient’s physical appearance is also reported. Any diabetic patient with sinonasal disease, regardless of their degree of metabolic control, is a candidate for prompt evaluation to rule out mucormycosis. Therapeutic and surgical strategies and adjunctive treatments are essential for successful disease management. These interventions may include combination therapy. Finally, a judicious multimodal treatment approach can improve appearance and optimize outcome in elderly patients.
Hormonal and Hydroxycinnamic Acids Profiles in Banana Leaves in Response to Various Periods of Water Stress
Authors: Mahouachi Jalel , López-Climent María F. , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio
Published: May 2014

The pattern of change in the endogenous levels of several plant hormones and hydroxycinnamic acids in addition to growth and photosynthetic performance was investigated in banana plants (Musa acuminatacv. “Grand Nain”) subjected to various cycles of drought. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for six periods with subsequent rehydration. Data showed an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels, a transient increase in salicylic acid (SA) concentration, and no changes in jasmonic acid (JA) after each period of drought. Moreover, the levels of ferulic (FA) and cinnamic acids (CA) were increased, and plant growth and leaf gas exchange parameters were decreased by drought conditions. Overall, data suggest an involvement of hormones and hydroxycinnamic acids in plant avoidance of tissue dehydration. The increase in IAA concentration might alleviate the senescence of survival leaves and maintained cell elongation, and the accumulation of FA and CA could play a key role as a mechanism of photoprotection through leaf folding, contributing to the effect of ABA on inducing stomatal closure. Data also suggest that the role of SA similarly to JA might be limited to a transient and rapid increase at the onset of the first period of stress.
Oxidative Stress and Histological Changes in a Model of Retinal Phototoxicity in Rabbits
Authors: Saenz-de-Viteri Manuel , Heras-Mulero Henar , Fernández-Robredo Patricia , Recalde Sergio , Hernández María , Reiter Nicholas , Moreno-Orduña Maite , García-Layana Alfredo
Published: May 2014

Photochemical damage occurs after an exposure to high energy radiation within the visible spectrum of light, causing morphological changes in the retina and the formation of superoxide anion. In this study we created a model of phototoxicity in rabbits. Animals were exposed to a light source for 120 minutes and were sacrificed immediately or one week after exposure. Outer nuclear layer and neurosensory retina thickness measurements and photoreceptor counting were performed. Caspase-1 and caspase-3 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Dihydroethidium was used to evaluate in situ generation of superoxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured in retinal homogenates as indicators of lipid peroxidation. The total antioxidant capacity and oxidative ratio were also determined. Retinas from rabbits exposed to light showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation than the unexposed animals and a decrease in outer nuclear layer and neurosensory retina thickness. Our study demonstrates that light damage produces an increase in retinal oxidative stress immediately after light exposure that decreases one week after exposure. However, some morphological alterations appear days after light exposure including apoptotic phenomena. This model may be useful in the future to study the protective effect of antioxidant substances or new intraocular lenses with yellow filters.
Application of PCR-ELISA in Molecular Diagnosis
Authors: Sue Mei Jean , Yeap Swee Keong , Omar Abdul Rahman , Tan Sheau Wei
Published: May 2014

Polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA) is an immunodetection method that can quantify PCR product directly after immobilization of biotinylated DNA on a microplate. This method, which detects nucleic acid instead of protein, is a much more sensitive method compared to conventional PCR method, with shorter analytical time and lower detection limit. Its high specificity and sensitivity, together with its semiquantitative ability, give it a huge potential to serve as a powerful detection tool in various industries such as medical, veterinary, and agricultural industries. With the recent advances in PCR-ELISA, it is envisaged that the assay is more widely recognized for its fast and sensitive detection limit which could improve overall diagnostic time and quality.
Ratio Estimator in Adaptive Cluster Sampling without Replacement of Networks
Authors: Chutiman Nipaporn , Chiangpradit Monchaya
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we study the estimators of the population total in adaptive cluster sampling by using the information of the auxiliary variable. The numerical examples showed that the ratio estimator in adaptive cluster sampling without replacement of networks is more efficient than the ratio estimators in adaptive cluster sampling without replacement of units.
Yiqihuoxuejiedu Formula Inhibits Vascular Remodeling by Reducing Proliferation and Secretion of Adventitial Fibroblast after Balloon Injury
Authors: Zhao Ming-Jing , Wu Ai-Ming , Wang Jie , Chang Hong , Gao Yong-Hong , Liu Hui-Min , Lv Xi-Ying , Lei Huan , Sun Qing-Qin , Xu Ying , He Ying-Kun , Wang Shuo-Ren
Published: May 2014

Vascular remodeling occurs in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Adventitial remodeling may be a potential therapeutic target. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula uses therapeutic principles from Chinese medicine to supplement Qi, activate blood circulation, and resolve toxin and it has been shown to inhibit vascular stenosis. To investigate effects and mechanisms of the formula on inhibiting vascular remodeling, especially adventitial remodeling, rats with a balloon injury to their common carotid artery were used and were treated for 7 or 28 days after injury. The adventitial area and α‐SMA expression increased at 7 days after injury, which indicated activation and proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula reduced the adventitial areas at 7 days, attenuated the neointima and vessel wall area, stenosis percent, and α‐SMA expression in the neointima, and reduced collagen content and type I/III collagen ratio in the adventitia at 28 days. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula had more positive effects than Captopril in reducing intimal proliferation and diminishing stenosis, although Captopril lowered neointimal α‐SMA expression and reduced the collagen content at 28 days. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula has inhibitory effects on positive and negative remodeling by reducing adventitial and neointimal proliferation, reducing content, and elevating adventitial compliance.
A Biopsychosocial Profile of Adult Canadians with and without Chronic Back Disorders: A Population-Based Analysis of the 2009-2010 Canadian Community Health Surveys
Authors: Bath Brenna , Trask Catherine , McCrosky Jesse , Lawson Josh
Published: May 2014

Chronic back disorders (CBD) are a significant public health concern. Profiling Canadians with CBD and the associated biopsychosocial factors at a national population level is important to understand the burden of this condition and how clinicians, health systems, and related policies might address this potentially growing problem. We performed a secondary analysis of the 2009 and 2010 Canadian Community Health Surveys to calculate prevalence and to better understand the differences between people with and without CBD. An estimated 20.2% of the adult Canadian population reports having back problems lasting for 6 months or more. Among people with CBD, there was significantly greater likelihood of living in a more rural or remote location, being Aboriginal, being a former or current smoker, being overweight, having other chronic health conditions, having greater activity limitations, having higher levels of stress, and having lower perceived mental health. People who were single/never married or had an ethnicity other than Caucasian or Aboriginal were less likely to report having CBD. These results contribute to a growing body of research in the area that may assist with strategic prioritization and tailoring of health promotion efforts and health services for people with CBD, particularly among vulnerable groups.
New species and new records of eunicids (Polychaeta, Eunicidae) from Taiwan
Authors: HSUEH PAN-WEN , LI YAN-HUEI
Published: May 2014

Seven species of eunicids were found from rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats on the coasts of Taiwan. These polychaetous worms belong to two genera, Eunice Cuvier, 1817 and Nicidion Kinberg, 1865. Among them, five species are new to science, namely Eunice jihueiensis sp. nov., Eunice reticulata sp. nov., Eunice shihmenensis sp. nov., Eunice taoi sp. nov., and Nicidion megabalanicola sp. nov., Eunice annulicirrata Miura, 1986 and Eunice dilatata Grube, 1877, are documented for the first time from this geographic region. A key to the genus and species of these eunicids is provided.
What is Ecdyonurus sumatranus Ulmer, 1939? A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Rhithrogena in the Oriental Region (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae)
Authors: SARTORI MICHEL
Published: May 2014

The species Ecdyonurus sumatranus Ulmer, 1939 was described from Sumatra based on a female imago and a single nymph. It was designated as the type-species of the genus Ecdyonuroides Dang, 1967, erected because of the peculiar morphology of the nymph. This genus was put into synonymy later and the species is currently known as Thalerosphyrus sumatranus (Ulmer, 1939). The female imago holotype of Ecdyonurus sumatranus Ulmer, 1939 is reinvestigated and revealed to belong to the genus Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881. The combination Rhithrogena sumatrana (Ulmer, 1939) comb. nov. is thus proposed. The nymphs described by Ulmer (1939) from Java sub. nom. Rhithrogena parva (?) are associated to this species, and are redescribed with new material coming from Java and Lombok. Rhithrogena parva (Ulmer, 1912) is redescribed based on the syntype series from Taiwan and male genitalia are illustrated for the first time. Supplementary description is provided for the nymph of Rh. parva and for the one of Rh. ampla Kang & Yang, 1994, also from Taiwan. The status of the subgenus Tumungula Zhou & Peters, 2004 is briefly discussed. The nymph associated by Ulmer (1939) to Ecdyonurus sumatranus is renamed Thalerosphyrus lamuriensis sp. nov. The genus Ecdyonuroides Dang, 1967 is considered as a synonym of Rhithrogena syn. nov.
Fuzzy Logic Classification of S-Band Polarimetric Radar Echoes to Identify Three-Body Scattering and Improve Data Quality
Authors: Mahale Vivek N. , Zhang Guifu , Xue Ming
Published: May 2014

The three-body scatter signature (TBSS) is a radar artifact that appears downrange from a high-radar-reflectivity core in a thunderstorm as a result of the presence of hailstones. It is useful to identify the TBSS artifact for quality control of radar data used in numerical weather prediction and quantitative precipitation estimation. Therefore, it is advantageous to develop a method to automatically identify TBSS in radar data for the above applications and to help identify hailstones within thunderstorms. In this study, a fuzzy logic classification algorithm for TBSS identification is developed. Polarimetric radar data collected by the experimental S-band Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), are used to develop trapezoidal membership functions for the TBSS class of radar echo within a hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA). Nearly 3000 radar gates are removed from 50 TBSSs to develop the membership functions from the data statistics. Five variables are investigated for the discrimination of the radar echo: 1) horizontal radar reflectivity factor ZH, 2) differential reflectivity ZDR, 3) copolar cross-correlation coefficient ρhv, 4) along-beam standard deviation of horizontal radar reflectivity factor SD(ZH), and 5) along-beam standard deviation of differential phase SD(ΦDP). These membership functions are added to an HCA to identify TBSSs. Testing is conducted on radar data collected by dual-polarization-upgraded operational WSR-88Ds from multiple severe-weather events, and results show that automatic identification of the TBSS through the enhanced HCA is feasible for operational use.
Changes of the Annual Precipitation over Central Asia in the Twenty-First Century Projected by Multimodels of CMIP5
Authors: Huang Anning , Zhou Yang , Zhang Yaocun , Huang Danqing , Zhao Yong , Wu Haomin
Published: May 2014

Based on the outputs of historical and future representative concentration pathway (RCP) experiments produced by 28 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), future changes in climatic mean, interannual standard deviation (ISD), and long-term trends of the annual precipitation over central Asia (CA) have been estimated. Under different emission scenarios during the twenty-first century, the climatic mean and ISD (long-term trends) of the annual precipitation over CA projected by the five best models’ ensemble mean show very similar (quite different) spatial patterns to those in the twentieth century. Relatively stronger increasing rates (over 3 mm decade−1 in RCP2.6 and over 6 mm decade−1 in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) are located over northern CA and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Compared to the situations in the twentieth century, the climatic mean, ISD, and long-term trends of the projected annual precipitation over most of CA under different emission scenarios exhibit robust increasing changes during the twenty-first century. The projected increasing changes in the climatic mean (ISD) of the CA annual mean range from 10% to 35% (10%–90%) under different emission scenarios with relatively large increases over Xinjiang, China (northern CA and Xinjiang). The increasing trends of the annual precipitation over most of CA are projected to intensify with relatively large increases (over 3–9 mm decade−1) located over northern CA, the Tian Shan Mountains, and northern Tibet during the twenty-first century. In addition, the intensities of the increasing changes in the climatic mean, ISD, and trends of CA annual precipitation are intensified with the emissions increased correspondingly. Further analyses of the possible mechanisms related to the projected changes in precipitation indicate that the increases of the annual precipitation over CA in the twenty-first century are mainly attributed to the enhanced precipitable water that results from strengthened water vapor transport and surface evaporation.
Southern Hemisphere Cloud–Dynamics Biases in CMIP5 Models and Their Implications for Climate Projections
Authors: Grise Kevin M. , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: May 2014

This study quantifies cloud–radiative anomalies associated with interannual variability in the latitude of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) midlatitude eddy-driven jet, in 20 global climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Two distinct model types are found. In the first class of models (type I models), total cloud fraction is reduced at SH midlatitudes as the jet moves poleward, contributing to enhanced shortwave radiative warming. In the second class of models (type II models), this dynamically induced cloud radiative warming effect is largely absent. Type I and type II models have distinct deficiencies in their representation of observed Southern Ocean clouds, but comparison with two independent satellite datasets indicates that the cloud–dynamics behavior of type II models is more realistic.

Because the SH midlatitude jet shifts poleward in response to CO2 forcing, the cloud–dynamics biases uncovered from interannual variability are directly relevant for climate change projections. In CMIP5 model experiments with abruptly quadrupled atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the global-mean surface temperature initially warms more in type I models, even though their equilibrium climate sensitivity is not significantly larger. In type I models, this larger initial warming is linked to the rapid adjustment of the circulation and clouds to CO2 forcing in the SH, where a nearly instantaneous poleward shift of the midlatitude jet is accompanied by a reduction in the reflection of solar radiation by clouds. In type II models, the SH jet also shifts rapidly poleward with CO2 quadrupling, but it is not accompanied by cloud radiative warming anomalies, resulting in a smaller initial global-mean surface temperature warming.
Ensemble Kalman Filter Analyses and Forecasts of a Severe Mesoscale Convective System Using Different Choices of Microphysics Schemes
Authors: Wheatley Dustan M. , Yussouf Nusrat , Stensrud David J.
Published: May 2014

A Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)-based ensemble data assimilation system is used to produce storm-scale analyses and forecasts of the 4–5 July 2003 severe mesoscale convective system (MCS) over Indiana and Ohio, which produced numerous high wind reports across the two states. Single-Doppler observations are assimilated into a 36-member, storm-scale ensemble during the developing stage of the MCS with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach encoded in the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). The storm-scale ensemble is constructed from mesoscale EnKF analyses produced from the assimilation of routinely available observations from land and marine stations, rawinsondes, and aircraft, in an attempt to better represent the complex mesoscale environment for this event. Three EnKF simulations were performed using the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) one- and two-moment and Thompson microphysical schemes. All three experiments produce a linear convective segment at the final analysis time, similar to the observed system at 2300 UTC 4 July 2003. The higher-order schemes—in particular, the Thompson scheme—are better able to produce short-range forecasts of both the convective and stratiform components of the observed bowing MCS, and produce the smallest temperature errors when comparing surface observations and dropsonde data to corresponding model data. Only the higher-order microphysical schemes produce any appreciable rear-to-front flow in the stratiform precipitation region that trailed the simulated systems. Forecast performance by the three microphysics schemes is discussed in context of differences in microphysical composition produced in the stratiform precipitation regions of the rearward expanding MCSs.
Neighborhood Correlates of Sitting Time for Australian Adults in New Suburbs
Authors: Foster Sarah , Pereira Gavin , Christian Hayley , Knuiman Matthew , Bull Fiona , Giles-Corti Billie
Published: May 2014

The neighborhood influences on walking are well recognized, yet less is known about how the environment impacts sedentary behaviors. This study used a social-ecological model to examine the correlates of sitting time, independent of walking behavior. Objective built environment measures and self-reported community participation were examined for associations with sitting time for 1,179 residents in Perth, Western Australia. Neighborhood built environment and social factors were significantly associated with women’s sitting time only. In particular, the presence of community infrastructure was negatively associated with women’s weekday sitting (relative reduction = 0.951; p = .037), but statistical significance weakened after accounting for community participation (relative reduction = 0.951; p = .057). Community participation was independently associated with both women’s weekday and weekend sitting (both p < .001). More walkable neighborhoods may help limit women’s sitting time by providing better access to community infrastructure, as local venues may afford additional opportunities for social interaction and participation.
The “Right Stuff” for a Solo Sailboat Circumnavigation of the Globe
Authors: Kjærgaard Anders , Leon Gloria R. , Venables Noah C.
Published: May 2014

This case study assessed the psychological strengths and stability of attitudes and values of a 29-year-old male who successfully completed a 260-day solo sailboat circumnavigation of the globe. Personality findings indicated positive psychological functioning; high scores on traits of boldness, agreeableness, and openness; and mid-range on extraversion. An internal locus of control belief orientation was evident from the pre- to post-voyage evaluation periods. Personal values of hedonism, universalism, and stimulation were the highest rated values over the course of the voyage. Positive adaptation was reflected in perceptions of personal growth, endorsement of positive experiences, and flexibility in using a variety of coping strategies depending on the situation. The mid-range level of extraversion and high trait agreeableness may be adaptive characteristics, reflecting comfort in solitude while possessing the ability and interest in communicating with others as a means of stimulation and social support.
Epistolary craft and the literary field
Authors: Bower Rachel
Published: May 2014

This essay examines the epistolary craft of Monica Ali’s bestselling first novel, Brick Lane (2003), drawing on tools offered by Pierre Bourdieu’s model of the literary field. On one hand, the novel’s relation with its source texts, and attempt to forge an adequate literary material for banglabhashi (Bengali speaking) and oral narratives, signals a rejection of economic profit and pursuit of symbolic capital. On the other, Ali faces the overwhelming market demand for an accessible, marketable and saleable ‘big book’ for the English-language reader. The lack of fit between the spontaneous spoken language of the material that Ali attempts to present and the epistolary conventions that she uses, is subordinated to the need to conform with market requirements, masking what is a more challenging literary work than critics have allowed for. The ambition to present non-written and non-anglophone elements through English-language epistolarity therefore remains latent in the novel, but is ultimately traduced to the logic of the field of anglophone trade-publishing.
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do
Authors: Spencer Renée , Basualdo-Delmonico Antoinette , Walsh Jill , Drew Alison L.
Published: May 2014

Endings in youth mentoring relationships have received little empirical attention despite the fact that many relationships do end. The present study utilized qualitative interview data collected from participants in a longitudinal study of community-based mentoring relationships to examine how and why the relationships ended and how participants experienced these endings. Interviews with 48 pairs of mentors and youth and the youth’s parent or guardian conducted at the time the mentoring relationship ended were analyzed. Three types of procedural endings (formal goodbye planned and completed, formal goodbye planned but not completed, and agency ended) were identified as were five main reasons for relationship endings (changes in life circumstances, youth dissatisfaction or disinterest, mentor dissatisfaction, gradual dissolution, and mentor abandonment). Interrelationships between ending types and reasons are discussed, as are the roles of relationship strength and program support in these processes.
Sequential Information Integration and Belief Trajectories II
Authors: Chung Sungeun , Fink Edward L.
Published: May 2014

A mathematical function for belief trajectories in response to a series of negative incongruent pieces of information was proposed based on the sequential information integration model (SIIM), and the function was tested in two studies. In Study 1 ( N = 167), political candidates’ party affiliation information was given for initial candidate evaluation, and then belief change over time (11 times) in response to a series of negative incongruent information about the candidates was observed. Consistent with the hypothesized mathematical function, in both studies, belief trajectories monotonically decreased. In Study 2 ( N = 177), negative incongruent information regarding candidates caused a greater over-time decline in candidate evaluation for those who did not receive initial issue-position information than for those who did receive initial issue-position information, and a greater over-time decline in candidate evaluation for those with weak party identification than for those with strong party identification was observed.
Accurately Detecting Flirting
Authors: Hall Jeffrey A. , Xing Chong , Brooks Seth
Published: May 2014

This article reports two studies on the accuracy of flirting detection. In Study 1, 52 pairs ( n = 104) of opposite-sex heterosexual strangers interacted for 10 to 12 minutes, then self-reported flirting and perceived partner flirting. The results indicated that interactions where flirting did not occur were more accurately perceived than interactions where flirting occurred. In Study 2, twenty-six 1-minute video clips drawn from Study 1 were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental conditions that varied flirting base rate and the traditional sexual script. Participant observers ( n = 261) attempted to determine if flirting occurred. The results indicated that base rate affected accuracy; flirting was more accurately detected in clips where flirting did not occur than in clips where flirting occurred. Study 2 also indicated that female targets’ flirting was more accurately judged than male targets’ flirting. Findings are discussed in relation to theory and courtship context.
Novel thermoplastic natural rubber based on polyamide 12 blends
Authors: Nakason C , Narathichat M , Kummerlöwe C , Vennemann N
Published: May 2014

Dynamically cured 60/40 epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/polyamide 12 (PA-12) and unmodified natural rubber (NR)/PA-12 blends with different types of curing systems (i.e. sulfur- and peroxide-cured systems) were prepared. It was found that mixing torque, shear viscosity, tensile strength, hardness, stress relaxation, thermal, and oil resistance properties of the ENR/PA-12 blends were higher than those of the NR/PA-12 blends. This is attributed to the chemical interaction between polar functional groups in ENR and PA-12 molecules which caused the formation of ENR-grafted PA-12. Smaller vulcanized rubber domains dispersed in the PA-12 matrix was observed in the dynamically sulfur-cured ENR/PA-12 blends. This is attributed to higher shear and elongational viscosities during mixing operation at high temperature. However, the peroxide-cured blends exhibited higher relaxation property, oil resistance, and cross-link density than those of the sulfur-cured blends due to strong reversion effect observed in the sulfur-cured system.
Shaping parties’ legitimacy: Internal regulations and membership organisations in post-communist Europe
Authors: Gherghina Sergiu
Published: May 2014

For more than two decades post-communist political parties have sought to increase their popular legitimacy. The membership organisation is one way to achieve this goal, but its size varies considerably across parties. This article contributes to research on the causes of membership variation by analysing the effects of party statute regulations. In doing so, it controls for previous explanations such as age, ideology, incumbency, and electoral support. The analysis focuses on 28 parliamentary parties from six Eastern European countries between 2005 and 2008, using qualitative content analysis and statistics. The empirical evidence supports the expectation that political parties with more regulations benefit from having larger membership organisations. The multivariate analysis shows statute provisions to be the second-best predictors of membership size.
A case of a large cardiac lipoma with coronary artery disease
Authors: Kanemitsu Shinji , Hirano Koji , Shimono Takatsugu , Shimpo Hideto
Published: May 2014

Cardiac lipomas are extremely rare benign tumors. They usually remain asymptomatic and are detected incidentally. We report an unusual case of a 60-year-old man who presented with a large epicardial lipoma found unexpectedly during coronary artery examinations. Coronary angiography revealed advanced 3-vessel coronary artery disease. We successfully performed simultaneous curative surgery for the large cardiac lipoma and coronary artery bypass grafting. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of lipoma; it weighed 450 g and had a stalk connected to the left atrium.
Surgery for an adult with tetralogy of Fallot and acquired heart disease
Authors: Hamamoto Masaki , Morifuji Kiyohiko
Published: May 2014

We experienced the rare case of an elderly woman with uncorrected tetralogy of Fallot. She also had significant mitral and tricuspid regurgitation with deteriorated ventricular function and ischemic coronary artery disease. We performed a radical repair of the tetralogy of Fallot, valvular operations for the mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, and coronary artery bypass grafting. Although mechanical circulatory support was required postoperatively, she recovered well to New York Heart Association functional class II.
Clinical Complications in Outpatient Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Tendas Andrea , Niscola Pasquale , Cupelli Luca , Scaramucci Laura , Giovannini Marco , Piccioni Daniela , Dentamaro Teresa , Perrotti Alessio Pio , de Fabritiis Paolo
Published: May 2014

The aim of our research is to evaluate the rate, the type, the severity, the causative factors, and the pathogenesis of complications during the course of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Complications among MDS patients on outpatient management were prospectively recorded and classified. During an 18-month observation period, complications emerging in 48 outpatients with MDS, of whom 15 (31%) were on active treatment and 33 (69%) were receiving best supportive care alone, were recorded and analyzed. Out of 48 patients (median age, 72 years), 34 (71%) experienced complications; a total number of 92 events were recorded; most frequently observed events were infections (43 events, 47%) and bleeding (11 events, 12%). Complications are a frequent issue in MDS; preventive measures should be directed toward the most frequently observed complications.
Albumin—Beyond Fluid Replacement in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery
Authors: Moret Enrique , Jacob Matthias W. , Ranucci Marco , Schramko Alexey A.
Published: May 2014

Maintaining vascular barrier competence, preventing interstitial edema, and keeping microcirculation intact is crucial to achieve an optimal outcome in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB). Blood contact with roller pumps and foreign surfaces during CPB induces shear stress and a pressure drop across the pump boot that leads to transient systemic activation of the inflammatory and hemostatic systems. Moreover, patients after CPB often need volume resuscitation using the smallest possible amount of colloid solution because of fluid overload. For this purpose, human-derived albumin may be preferred over synthetic colloids because CPB priming with albumin preserves oncotic pressure, prevents platelet adhesion, and likely induces less consumption of coagulation factors. In patients with increased bleeding or renal failure, albumin is a safe alternative because of its minimal side effects. Large, randomized clinical trials comparing the benefit of albumin versus other fluids are warranted in the future to define albumin’s distinct role in select high-risk surgical populations.
Major League Baseball Attendance
Authors: Ahn Seung C. , Lee Young H.
Published: May 2014

Although Major League Baseball has a long history, most studies of attendance have focused on recent years because important explanatory data, such as ticket prices, are often missing for earlier periods. This study fills gaps in the data by analyzing individual team attendance records between 1904 and 2012. If important missing variables are determined using common factors that can influence between-team attendance, the attendance function can be estimated by a panel factor model. Our results indicate that the determinants of fans’ attendance decisions have changed over time. In earlier years (1904-1957), the home team’s win record was the only significant team characteristic influencing attendance. However, in recent years (1958-2012), outcome uncertainty, size, and quality of the stadium, and playing styles have also influenced fan attendance.
Differential Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Gene in Wounds of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Cases With Susceptible -1562C>T Genotypes and Wound Severity
Authors: Singh Kanhaiya , Agrawal Neeraj K. , Gupta Sanjeev K. , Mohan Gyanendra , Chaturvedi Sunanda , Singh Kiran
Published: May 2014

Coordinated extracellular matrix deposition is a prerequisite for proper wound healing which is mainly orchestrated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Diabetic wounds generally show compromised wound healing cascade and abnormal MMP9 concentration is one of the cause. Our group have recently shown that the polymorphism -1562 C>T in the promoter region of MMP9 gene is associated with pathogenesis of wound healing impairment in T2DM patients. In present study we have done expression profiling of MMP9 gene in the wound biopsy of DFU cases. Expression level of MMP9 mRNA was then compared with susceptible -1562 C>T genotypes (TT and CT) as well as with different grades of wounds. We also screened the promoter region of MMP9 gene to see the methylation state of CpGs present there. Our study suggests that levels of MMP9 mRNA increase significantly with the wound grades. Moreover, the MMP9 levels in diabetic wounds were also dependent on -1562 C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP9. Diabetic wounds also showed a significant unmethylated status of MMP9 promoter compared to control wounds. In conclusion, The risk genotypes of -1562 C>T polymorphism along with lack of methylation of CpG sites in MMP9 gene promoter may result in altered expression of MMP9 in wounds of T2DM cases resulting into nonhealing chronic ulcers in them.
Before the “Triple Bottom Line”
Authors: Wilson Barbara Brown
Published: May 2014

Those who aspire to practice “sustainable development” often bemoan the difficultly of achieving the ideal balance of the three E’s made famous in the Brundtland Report: economy, ecology, and equity. Further, developments produced in the name of “sustainability” are commonly critiqued for their lack of regional climatic and cultural sensitivity. But Avion Village, a 600-unit affordable housing project built by the US Defense Department’s Mutual Ownership Housing Pilot Program in 1941—designed for innovative efficiency by Richard Neutra, made regionally appropriate by David Williams, and sold to residents as “mutually owned” by Colonel Lawrence Westbrook— illustrated the possibilities of triple bottom line development well before the language of sustainability emerged.
A Prolonged Rhythmic Midtemporal Discharge in a Child Without Seizures
Authors: Fawaz Ahmad , Nasreddine Wassim , Bustros Stephanie , Kayed Deeb Maxwell , Beydoun Ahmad
Published: May 2014

Rhythmic midtemporal discharge (RMTD) is one of the benign epileptiform variants, typically consisting of runs of 4-Hz to 7-Hz activity, lasting up to 10 seconds and maximal over the midtemporal area. We report a child who, during an admission for diagnostic closed-circuit television (CCTV) and electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, was found to have prolonged rhythmic monomorphic discharges, alternating over both midtemporal areas, with one of the discharges lasting up to 82 minutes. An analysis of the dominant frequency, during the longest discharge, showed that it was monomorphic throughout. On the basis of various features of these discharges, we concluded that they represented RMTD of unusual duration.