bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concentration Camp Memorials
Authors: Sprigge Martha
Published: July 2021

Concentration camps were a central part of East Germany’s commemorative politics. National antifascist memorials opened at three former concentration camps between 1958 and 1961. The narrative visitors encountered at these memorial sites valorized the camps political prisoners and devoted little—if any—attention to other victims of the Holocaust. Running corollary to these antifascist memorials were efforts to memorialize political victims of the camps in music. This chapter considers two forms of musical activity involved in concentration camp remembrance: collecting songs from the camps as part of the nation’s antifascist heritage, and composing new works about the Holocaust. Both forms of musical activity involved engaging with the memorial traces and spaces of the camps, which inadvertently facilitated more complicated narratives of the Nazi genocide to be voiced in music.
Introduction: The Art House in Space and Time
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

The context for Lenfilm’s productions in the Brezhnev era was shaped by both spatial and temporal factors. The studio, one of Leningrad’s most important enterprises and sites of cultural production, occupied a commanding position in the city center, and the mixture of imposing newbuild at the front and tumbledown yards behind lent it a character that was quite different from the USSR’s newer, homogeneous studio territories, such as Mosfilm and Kazakhfilm. Leningrad also had a specific character as a city with a highly developed artistic underground. However, filmmakers were employees of the state, and some degree of conformity was essential. Thus, the shift from the overt political mobilization of the Khrushchev era to the “inclusionary politics” of consensus that was requisite under Brezhnev had a significant impact upon the young filmmakers who joined Lenfilm from the 1960s onward. Yet, this should not be seen, as it often has been, in terms of “calcification” and loss of artistic integrity: the characteristic energy and optimism of the “Thaw” years were not necessarily the preferred emotional tone of all younger directors. Lenfilm is distinct from some Soviet studios precisely because its most creative time was from the late 1960s onward, rather than in the late 1950s and early 1960s, though adverse comparison with the 1930s, the so-called golden age of Chapaev, The Maxim Trilogy, and Member of the Government, still persisted when films were reviewed in the studio and beyond.
“Serious” Cinema and the Box Office
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Ideological pressure continued to bedevil film editing and production in the 1970s. This decade saw increasing financial pressure and an emphasis on budgetary control. A scandal about Aleksei German’s Operation “New Year” was related to the film’s representation of the “Great Patriotic War,” but also to the failure to comply with production targets. The fuss led to the sacking of Ilya Kiselev and the appointment of Communist Party apparatchik Viktor Blinov. Yet Blinov continued to subscribe to Lenfilm’s core values of artistic quality and respect for talent, with the result that conflicts with regulatory bodies persisted. This was exacerbated by the policies of Leningrad’s Party leader, Grigory Romanov, who kept the studio’s activities under tight scrutiny. In 1978, Blinov was dismissed. The next appointment as general director was Vasily Provotorov, and most of his short tenure of office was occupied with issues of work discipline, with the liveliest work done for TV rather than the big screen. But under his successor, Vitaly Aksenov, filmmakers had the opposite problem of autocratic control that paid little heed to the studio’s artistic ethos. The main development of Aksenov’s time as director, which ended after only three years, was a successful line in blockbuster romantic comedies, such as Vladimir Bortko’s The Blonde from around the Corner and Igor Maslennikov’s Winter Cherries. Otherwise, signs of discontent and malaise became ever stronger. The studio entered the Gorbachev years in a diminished condition, having sacrificed the artistic prestige that reached its heights in the mid-1970s.
Nonexistent Reality
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the understanding of “film art” that prevailed at Lenfilm during the last three decades of the Soviet Union’s existence. It was unusual for filmmakers at this period to produce manifestos or detailed discussions of their own artistic practices, but the studio discussions over nearly thirty years allow conclusions to be drawn about overall aesthetic aims. Though the term “socialist realism” was used seriously only by official figures from the film management and Communist Party worlds, filmmakers were deeply concerned with the representation of lived reality, even if they argued that reality should be refracted in ways that challenged the viewer’s interpretation and assailed accepted convention. As Joseph Heifitz put it, this was “socialist neorealism” rather than anything resembling the epic representations of the 1930s. For Bella Manevich, one of the studio’s leading designers, a striking example of an entirely convincing film was Roman Polanski’s Rosemary’s Baby, despite or because of the fact that the film was set in its own idiosyncratic world. Most characteristic of Lenfilm, though, was not the avant-garde excursion into alternative realities, but a kind of willed poverty that was carefully evoked and emulated also in a film of great significance for the era, Ilya Averbakh’s The Voice, about a dying actress who is working on the voice-over of her last film.
The Indifference of Time
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Gennady Shpalikov’s A Long Happy Life (1967) was pitched to Lenfilm as a movie about a young woman in a factory job. The eventual result was very different, focusing as it did on two people who meet by chance and whose relationship lasts just one day. This chapter examines the reception in the studio (where the movie puzzled its viewers, but Shpalikov, who already had a noted career as a scriptwriter, was permitted a great deal of freedom), and beyond. While A Long Happy Life had positive as well as negative coverage in the Soviet press, an attack in Pravda during the “Czechoslovak crisis” of 1968 sealed its fate, though since the late 1980s, the film has been considered one of the most important movies of its time. The chapter explores the paradoxical responses provoked by the transfer of personal material from Shpalikov’s biography, lyric poetry, and songs to the big screen, and especially the curiously affectless nature of the couple’s relationship, captured by its Soviet viewers in the disapproving word “indifference.”
Regulated Immediacy
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the work of Viktor Sokolov, a much-admired director at Lenfilm whose extensive work in genre films (production dramas, sports films, literary adaptations) made him relatively invisible to the critical establishment of his own day and later. Sokolov’s combination of emotional surges and a precise and critical eye for cinematic patterning made him difficult to classify at any time, and never more so than in A Day of Sunshine and Rain (1967), an unusual children’s film that explores the unexpected and fragile friendship of two young boys who have skipped school, but also the nature and purpose of art.
Cold War Fears
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the production and reception history of a notable Cold War Soviet thriller, The Dead Season, directed by Savva Kulish, a former cameraman and collaborator of Mikhail Romm and Maiya Turovskaya on a famous documentary about life in the Third Reich, Ordinary Fascism. Kulish’s background and his own Jewish descent prompted him to adopt a highly serious approach to the story of a former Nazi war criminal who is now resident in “a certain Western country.” Rather than an exciting adventure story, the film became an exploration of psychological tension, as the discussion here makes clear.
Spontaneous Music
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

The discussion here is focused on Dinara Asanova, an unusual figure at Lenfilm not just because of her Kirghiz background (she was one of only two Central Asian directors at the studio), but because of her commitment to using improvisation, a considerable feat given that the entire system of Soviet control assumed scripts would be filmed verbatim. As the chapter contends, the license allowed to Asanova was at least partly dependent upon the categorization of her as a specialist in “children’s films,” which acted as a convenient way of trivializing her activities. The film at the center of analysis here, Woodpeckers Don’t Get Headaches, is examined as a particularly revealing manifestation of Asanova’s aesthetic principles because its protagonist, the young jazz enthusiast Mukha, has autobiographical echoes and because the spontaneity of his performances and the compositional manner of the film are in obvious association.
Private Grief, Public Mourning
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Sergei Mikaelyan’s Widows (1976) is a highly unusual war movie because of its focus on civilians and on “postmemory,” the retrospective experience of the aftermath of conflict. Two elderly women campaign against the removal of the remains of two soldiers whom they found in a nearby field during the Great Patriotic War, and the publicity then inspires many people bereaved during the conflict to claim the remains as “theirs.” The chapter traces the origins of the story in a 1970 newspaper article and its slow transition to the big screen, not helped by assessors in the studio and at Goskino who found the material “tasteless.” As the analysis shows, the film raised uncomfortable questions about the significance of war memory in a new and changed society; Widows was to remain an admired movie that never quite made it into the canon.
Ludic Love
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the single movie made at Lenfilm by one of the USSR’s most important avant-garde directors, Kira Muratova. As she worked on the script, Muratova transformed a mild and sweet story about a pretty young factory worker, Lyuba, who was in love with two men at once, into a philosophical meditation on love. Yet any aspirations to deep thinking were constantly called into question by the playful nature of the representation. Music-hall effects, comedy repetition, and parodic echoes of Stalin-era official films jostle film noir and citations from new wave. Reactions at Lenfilm were wary, and the collaboration with Muratova ended at one film. But Getting to Know the Wide World remained Muratova’s favorite film even at the end of her life; though she resented the criticism that she got at Lenfilm, the frustration that it generated turned out to be creative.
The American War in Afghanistan
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

The American War in Afghanistan is a full history of the war in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2020. It covers political, cultural, strategic, and tactical aspects of the war and details the actions and decision-making of the United States, Afghan government, and Taliban. The work follows a narrative format to go through the 2001 US invasion, the state-building of 2002–2005, the Taliban offensive of 2006, the US surge of 2009–2011, the subsequent drawdown, and the peace talks of 2019–2020. The focus is on the overarching questions of the war: Why did the United States fail? What opportunities existed to reach a better outcome? Why did the United States not withdraw from the war?
The Country and Peoples of Afghanistan
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Two, entitled “The Country and Peoples of Afghanistan,” briefly overviews Afghan ethnic groups, tribes, religion, and history from pre-modern times to 1991.
The Taliban Emirate
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Three, entitled “The Taliban Emirate,” describes the civil war and Taliban regime of 1994 to 2001.
Taliban Rule, 2007–2010
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Eight, “Taliban Rule, 2007–2010,” examines the organization, motivations, and governance of the Taliban after their 2006 offensive and during the ongoing war.
War in the East
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Nine, “War in the East,” delves into the US military campaign in the east from 2006 to 2008, focusing on the battles in the mountains of Kunar and Nuristan.
Ghazni and the Andar Awakening
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Fifteen, “Ghazni and the Andar Awakening,” explores the surge in eastern Afghanistan and the 2012 tribal uprisings in Ghazni against the Taliban.
The Trump Administration
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Nineteen, “The Trump Administration,” covers the strategy of the Trump administration, the spread of the Islamic State into cities, and the selection of Maulawi Haybatullah as Taliban emir.
Cognitive Film and Media Ethics
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: July 2021

Cognitive Film and Media Ethics provides a grounding in the use of cognitive science to address key questions in film, television, and screen media ethics. This book extends prior works in cognitive media studies to answer normative and ethically prescriptive questions: what could make media morally good or bad, and what, then, are the respective responsibilities of media producers and consumers? Moss-Wellington makes a primary claim that normative propositions are a kind of rigor, in that they force media theorists to draw more active ought conclusions from descriptive is arguments. Cognitive Film and Media Ethics presents the rigors of normative reasoning, cognitive science, and consequentialist ethics as complementary, arguing that each seeks progressive elaboration on its own models of causality, and causal projections are crucial for any reflection on our moral responsibilities in the world. A hermeneutics of “ethical cognitivism” is applied in the latter half of the book, with each essay addressing a different case study in film, television, news, and social media: cinema that sets out to inspire moral dissonance in the viewer, satirical and humorous depictions of family drama in film and television, the politics of the romantic comedy, formal aspects of screen media bullying in an era dubbed the “television renaissance,” and contemporary problems in the conflation of news and social media. Cognitive Film and Media Ethics synthesizes current research in social psychology, anthropology, memory studies, emotion and cognition, personality and media selection, and evolutionary biology, integrating wide-ranging concepts from the various disciplines that make up cognitive theory to provide new vantages on the applied ethics of film and screen media.
A Unified Theory of Polarity Sensitivity
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: July 2021

This book examines polarity sensitivity—a ubiquitous phenomenon involving expressions such as anybody, nobody, ever, never, and somebody and their counterparts in other languages, with particular focus on Arabic. These expressions belong to different classes such as negative and positive polarity, negative concord, and negative indefinites, which led to examining their syntax and semantics separately. In this book, Ahmad Alqassas pursues a unified approach that relies on examining the interaction between the various types of polarity sensitivity. Treating this interaction is fundamental for scrutinizing their licensing conditions. Alqassas draws on data from Standard Arabic and the major regional dialects represented by Jordanian, Egyptian, Moroccan, and Qatari. The book provides a new perspective on the syntax–semantic interface and develops a unified syntactic analysis for polarity sensitivity. Through the (micro)comparative approach, Alqassas explains the distributional contrasts with a minimal set of universal syntactic operations such as Merge, Move, and Agree, and a fine-grained inventory of negative formal features for polarity items and their licensors. The features are simple invisibles that paint a complex landscape of polarity. The results suggest that syntactic computation of Arabic polarity (externally merged in the left periphery) is subservient to the conceptual–intentional interface. Alqassas argues for last resort insertion of covert negation operators in the CP layer to interpret non-strict NCIs, which is an extra mechanism that serves the semantic interface but adds to the complexity of syntactic computation. Likewise, head NPIs in the left periphery require licensing by operators higher than the tense phrase, adding more constraints on the syntactic licensing.
Perception and Perceptual Contents
Authors: Gasser-Wingate Marc
Published: July 2021

I examine Aristotle’s views on the contents of perception, and how they bear on the role perception plays in our learning. I defend a broad interpretation of perceptual objects and contents, on which we perceive not just colors, sounds, and so on, but Callias, lyres, loaves of bread, and whether Callias is near, and the lyre well-tuned, and the loaf baked. I consider how this broad perception relates to the characterization of sense-perception in De Anima, and whether it depends on some sort of “cognitive penetration” from the intellect. I then consider Aristotle’s claim that our perceptions are “of universals” even though we perceive particulars, and his description of our pretheoretical apprehension of “compound” universals. I argue that Aristotle thought we could be perceptually responsive to universals we do not yet recognize as such, and that this thought informs his generous take on the knowledge possessed by those with experience.
Perception in Aristotle’s Ethics
Authors: Gasser-Wingate Marc
Published: July 2021

How do Aristotle’s empiricist views bear on the role perception plays for the virtuous? Do they point towards a certain kind of ethical particularism, according to which universal rules could never adequately codify virtuous behavior? I argue they do not. Virtuous agents always need perception to determine what to do, and it is inexpedient for them to articulate general rules of conduct, but this is not because it is in principle impossible to do so, or because virtuous conduct does not admit of theoretical treatment. Still, perception and experience do play an indispensable role in the development and deployment of practical wisdom. For our learning to be virtuous depends on first-hand, personal experience that theoretical modes of thought could not provide. I end by considering what a practically-oriented treatment of virtuous conduct would look like, and how we might conceive of its ethical significance.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Gasser-Wingate Marc
Published: July 2021

This chapter draws together some of the main conclusions of the book: that perceptual cognition yields a form of knowledge valuable in itself, and which plays a central practical role even for those with more advanced forms of understanding, that this means we share an important part of our cognitive lives with nonrational animals, and that these features of Aristotle’s epistemology have important consequences for his account of our learning, and his conception of perception’s role as our most basic source of knowledge.
Newton and Spinoza
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: July 2021

This chapter investigates several arguments against Spinoza’s philosophy that were developed by Henry More, Samuel Clarke, and Colin Maclaurin. In the arguments More, Clarke, and Maclaurin aim to establish the existence of an immaterial and intelligent God precisely by showing that Spinoza does not have the resources to adequately explain the origin of motion. Attending to these criticisms grants us a deeper appreciation for how the authority derived from the empirical success of Newton's enterprise was used to settle debates within philosophy. The arguments by More and Clarke especially help to discern the anti‐Spinozism that can be detected in Newton's General Scholium (1713). Ultimately, the Newtonian criticisms of Spinoza offer us a more nuanced view of the problems that plague Spinoza's philosophy, and they also challenge the idea that Spinoza seamlessly fits into a progressive narrative about the scientific revolution.
Cases Without Controversies
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

Cases Without Controversies: Uncontested Adjudication in Article III Courts offers a new account of the power of federal courts in the United States to hear and determine uncontested applications to assert or register a claim of right. Familiar to lawyers in civil law countries as forms of voluntary or non-contentious jurisdiction, these uncontested applications fit uneasily with the commitment to adversary legalism in the United States. Indeed, modern accounts of federal judicial power often urge that the language of Article III of the U.S. Constitution limits federal courts to the adjudication of concrete disputes between adverse parties and rules out all forms of non-contentious jurisdiction. Said to rest on the so-called “case-or-controversy” requirement of Article III, this requirement of party contestation threatens the power of federal courts to conduct a range of familiar proceedings, such as the oversight of bankruptcy proceedings, the issuance of warrants, and the adjudication of applications for mandamus and habeas corpus relief. By recounting the tradition of naturalization and other uncontested litigation in antebellum America and coupling that tradition with an account of the important difference between cases and controversies, this book challenges the prevailing understanding of Article III. In addition to defending the power of federal courts to hear uncontested matters of federal law, this book examines the way the Constitution’s meaning has changed over time and suggests an interpretive methodology that would allow the U.S. Supreme Court to take account of the old and the new in defining the contours of federal judicial power.
Introduction
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This book’s introduction poses the problem of uncontested adjudication in the federal court system of the United States by focusing on the 2013 decision in United States v. Windsor. While in that case, the Supreme Court reached the merits despite the absence of a continuing dispute between the parties, Justice Antonin Scalia objected that doing so violated the adverse-party requirement, which he viewed as a constitutional requirement imposed by the case-or-controversy language of Article III. In arguing that federal courts may not entertain uncontested claims of right, Scalia’s dissent in Windsor nicely poses the question at the heart of this book. But the book reaches a different conclusion, based on the text and history of the Constitution, and the early practice of Article III courts. Having set the stage, the introduction offers an overview of the book’s argument. Part I describes the early practice of the antebellum federal courts, Part II the rise of the case-or-controversy rule in the early twentieth century, and Part III the continuing relevance of uncontested forms of adjudication. Synthesizing these strands, the book concludes that Article III courts can entertain proceedings to hear and determine uncontested applications to assert or register a claim of right under federal law.
Uncontested Proceedings on Federal Dockets in the Early Republic
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the forms of uncontested adjudication that appeared on the dockets of the federal courts in the early Republic. Prominent among these examples was the practice of petitioning on an ex parte basis for a grant of naturalized citizenship under a law the First Congress adopted in 1790 to assign such work to the federal courts. Other examples include warrant proceedings, prize and salvage litigation in the federal admiralty courts, and veterans’ pension claims. Federal courts in the period agreed to entertain such proceedings as proper subjects of Article III adjudication and treated the resulting judgments as final and binding determinations of the right in question. There was no suggestion that the case-or-controversy language, or anything else in Article III, foreclosed such adjudications.
The Progressive Response to Lochner: Limiting Justiciability
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter explains how the case-or-controversy requirement evolved in the decisional law of the federal courts in the first few decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on the views of Justices Louis Brandeis and Felix Frankfurter, the chapter details the way those jurists deployed the case-or-controversy rule to limit the power of federal courts to review and invalidate progressive legislation adopted to regulate the private sector. The chapter also describes resistance to the progressive program by scholars seeking to defend a role for the federal courts in issuing declaratory judgments.
Uncontested Adjudication and the Modern Case-or-Controversy Rule
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter explains how the nineteenth-century history of uncontested litigation undercuts the modern case-or-controversy rule as developed and applied in the twentieth century. That the antebellum federal courts were empowered to hear petitions for naturalized citizenship and other uncontested claims as cases under Article III undermines three key elements of the modern case-or-controversy rule: its suggestion that all plaintiffs invoking the judicial power must establish standing by identifying an injury in fact; its requirement that only claims that name an adverse party can be brought in federal court; and its linkage of cases and controversies, two distinct ideas, in an all-purpose case-or-controversy requirement.
A Practical Guide to Uncontested Adjudication
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides a primer on best practices in uncontested adjudication. Drawing lessons from the antebellum experience, the chapter reiterates the idea that important constitutional limits on federal adjudication—including the judicial finality requirement in Article III and the due process requirement of fair notice—fully apply to uncontested matters. The chapter further explains the importance of the judicial role in ensuring full development of the factual record in uncontested proceedings. The chapter explains how federal courts might best handle the uncontested adjudication of prisoner petitions through closer attention to the best practices outlined here. It concludes with a discussion of the federal judicial role in probate and domestic relations matters.
History and Theology of Call
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna
Published: July 2021

Chapter 2 examines the scriptural text through word definition and interpretation and traces the concept of call throughout, with attention to nuances of meaning. Next, this chapter explores the theological tradition of how call has been interpreted and articulated from the time of Jesus to the nineteenth century, in theological doctrines of call and vocation and in ecclesial practice and social convention. By identifying theological themes of call throughout Church history—from “sacrifice” in the Early Church to “monasticism” in the Middle Ages, from “priesthood of all believers” during the Protestant Reformation to “spiritual revelation” and “extraordinary call” of the Revival–Social Gospel era—this chapter traces the development of the institutionalized call from inclusive to more exclusive of women preachers. Then, in the rhetorical and homiletical witness of the church, this chapter uncovers how a prejudiced trope has restricted women’s call and place in the pulpit. And, finally, it reveals how women utilized rhetorical techniques and tactics in order to challenge convention and claim their call to preach.
Theology and Practice of Claiming Call
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna
Published: July 2021

Chapter 7 concludes this book by discussing the efficacy of rhetorical strategies in women’s call narratives and includes an evaluation of the different forms featured throughout this work. By claiming their call, and a contested call at that, the women discussed in previous chapters found new ways to exercise their voice and agency to attain ecclesial endorsement. Through a summary of this project’s analysis of women’s rhetoric, the chapter recovers historical narratives of call for contemporary homiletics. By reclaiming rhetorical strategies and tactics, the author offers practical applications for people struggling today, to help them construct their own narrative and provide scripts to claim their call to preach. Further, through different hermeneutical lenses, the author demonstrates how call can be re-interpreted and traditional biblical texts can be re-imagined in preaching sermons. Finally, the chapter brings a renewed focus on the continued debate over women’s ordination and, in effect, calls the question to end the discussion and allow women their rightful place in the pulpit.
Renegades
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

Renegades: Digital Dance Cultures from Dubsmash to TikTok interrogates the roles that Dubsmash, social media, and hip hop music and dance play in youth identity formation in the United States. It explores why Generation Z—so-called Zoomers—use social media dance apps to connect, how they use them to build relationships, how race and other factors of identity play out through these apps, how social media dance shapes a wider cultural context, and how community is formed in the same way that it might be in a club. These Zoomer artists—namely D1 Nayah, Jalaiah Harmon, TisaKorean, Brooklyn Queen, Kayla Nicole Jones, and Dr. Boffone’s high school students—have become key agents in culture creation and dissemination in the age of social media dance and music. These Black artists are some of today’s most influential content creators, even if they lack widespread name recognition. Their artistic contributions have come to define a generation. And yet, up until this point, the majority of influential Dubsmashers have not been recognized for their influence on US popular culture. This book tells their stories.
Digital Communities
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores Dubsmash and TikTok, two related but divergent social media apps. While providing a critical overview of the apps that facilitates the analysis that follows, this chapter examines their racial divide, arguing that Dubsmash is a Black space and that TikTok is a White space. An understanding of the racial politics of the social media dance world is essential to painting a full picture of how Zoomers of color navigate digital spaces to create content that then becomes the mainstream and to push against systems of White Supremacy, misogyny, homophobia, and the like.
This Bridge Called Dubsmash
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

This chapter analyzes the varied ways that Renegades build digital communities using Dubsmash and Instagram. It argues that online communities hold the potential to democratize access and reject coastal biases typically seen in popular US culture. The traditional entertainment centers of Los Angeles and New York City, while still important, are relegated to second-tier status behind cities such as Dallas, Houston, and Atlanta, in addition to less populated areas across the American South. By taking up digital space on an inclusive platform, Renegades re-center traditional scripts of community building, effectively demonstrating the necessity for culturally responsive communities. These Dubsmashers search for what is familiar and lay the groundwork for equity and inclusion from there, promoting a shared sense of values that enables a plurality of voices to rise to the top. The chapter uses the official Dubsmash Instagram account as a case study, unpacking the nuanced ways that Dubsmash promotes the work of its most well-known influencers alongside a growing set of Renegades who show brand loyalty by regularly engaging with the app and who promote this subset of hip hop culture through their micro-performances on Dubsmash. Specifically, this chapter explores the different ways that Dubsmash has used dance challenge and games to bring people together and further a sense of connection during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020.
Gone Viral
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores how Dubsmash and other music-based apps can become fundamental digital spaces for hip hop artists not only to shape a distinct identity but also to establish their careers, even as the apps also threaten to render these artists invisible in moments of virality that divorce content from creator. By closely reading the digital presence of Renegades TisaKorean, Brooklyn Queen, and Kayla Nicole Jones, this chapter explore how musicians position themselves as both music and dance content creators on Dubsmash to gain a following. The case of TisaKorean—the rapper who introduced the world to the now-iconic dance move the Mop—speaks to the power of going viral in the digital age. Likewise, hip hop artist Brooklyn Queen and comedian and rapper Kayla Nicole Jones have been able to leverage their popularity on Dubsmash, TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube to cement their music careers.
When Karen Slides into Your DMs
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

This chapter uses my experiences as both a Dubsmasher and a teacher to unpack the role that language plays in identity formation. Specifically, it analyzes outsiders’ perceptions of Renegades in tandem with the linguistic and theatrical ways that Renegades push against the dominant narrative. The argument is that the relationship between language, race, and power influences how Dubsmashers such as my students construct their identities through music as well as how others criticize those same identity formations. I again use my classroom as a case study, here focusing on what I refer to as “a tale of four messages,” or a one-hour period in January 2020 in which I posted a Dub of my students and me dancing to “COOKIE SHOP” by ZaeHD & CEO and then immediately received four messages—one hypercritical message from a White follower and three supportive messages from Black followers. This case study offers a point of departure to unpack the ways that White outsiders attempt to police language and, by extension, the cultures of my students and other Renegades.
Why Do People Discriminate against Jews?
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev
Published: July 2021

This book provides a new and innovative approach to answering the age-old question of why people discriminate against Jews. The authors argue that anti-Semitism and discrimination are distinct concepts. While anti-Semitism is a negative attitude toward Jews, discrimination is a negative real-world action taken against Jews. From this perspective, one can hold anti-Semitic beliefs but not discriminate, while another can discriminate against Jews but be less anti-Semitic in general. In this context, anti-Semitism is seen as a potential cause of discrimination against Jews, but not the only one. This book examines anti-Jewish discrimination using a two-pronged approach. First, it combines and integrates ideas and theories from classic studies of anti-Semitism with social science theories on the causes of discrimination. For example, social science theories developed to explain how governments justify discrimination against Muslims can help explain the processes that lead to discrimination against Jews. Similarly, conspiracy theories, a major topic in the anti-Semitism literature, are relatively unexplored in the social science literature as a potential instigator of discrimination. Second, the authors use previously unavailable data on discrimination against Jews in 76 countries with significant Jewish minority populations to analyze the patterns and causes of discrimination. They find that government-based discrimination against Jews is below average, but societal discrimination is higher against Jews than most other religious minorities. They focus on three potential causes: religious causes, anti-Zionism, and belief in conspiracy theories about Jewish power and world domination. While all of these factors cause discrimination against Jews, conspiracy theories are the strongest predictors.
Family Man
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 discusses how Franklin was not a model husband or father, though he dutifully provided for his wife, Deborah Read Franklin, and his three children (Francis and Sarah with Deborah and William, from a previous relationship). He flirted with a number of other women throughout his long life. But Franklin recognized the importance of marriage to civil society and wrote about it for humorous and serious purposes under another alias in his newspaper. His aliases included Anthony Afterwit. He also affirmed the equality of women in ways that were untypical of his time. Although Franklin was unconventional in his roles as husband and father, he was swimming in domestic currents that Protestantism had prompted with its reform of marriage as a secular institution.
Civic Uplift
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 addresses Franklin’s inherently sociable nature, which led him to join many organizations such as the Masons in Philadelphia. He founded the American Philosophical Society, and the Junto, out of which emerged the Library Company. These institutions were based on high-minded discussion of ideas and provisions for public health as well as ordinary efforts to improve Philadelphia’s physical conditions. The chapter outlines the founding of the College of Philadelphia, the Union Fire Company, and the Pennsylvania Hospital, as well as the improvement of sidewalks, installation of streetlights, and the creation of a private militia. It discusses Franklin’s commitment to life in Philadelphia—another connection to Protestantism which started as an urban faith and in much of its early development depended on institutions and churches located in cities.
The Intellectual
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 8 outlines how Franklin gained international fame for discoveries he made about electricity and the nature of lightning, not to mention the inventions he produced on the basis of this knowledge. The Philadelphian’s scientific achievements, which gained a notable place in the Enlightenment, were largely the product of a curiosity that was indefatigable, as well as a dedication to share information and learn about the discoveries of other natural philosophers. But it was also indirectly an outworking of Protestant understandings of the natural world. Although that outlook was responsible for disenchanting the Christian cosmos of medieval Christendom, it also encouraged inquiry that looked beyond spiritual significance to understanding how nature worked.
Autobiography
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 11 outlines Franklin’s return to America in time to offer advice to the new government and plans for a new constitution. He also wrote his Autobiography in instalments over the last fifteen years of his life, which was one part memoir, one part uplift. In some respects, it carried on Puritan conventions of introspection in journals and diaries. At the end of his life, friends and family pressed him to make a Christian profession. His well-lived life, with its work ethic and emphasis on self-help, he believed, was sufficient. The chapter also discusses his anti-slavery views, his friendship with Ezra Stiles, his deathbed scene and the views of his sister, Jane Mecom.
Drives
Authors: Riccardi Mattia
Published: July 2021

This chapter is concerned with Nietzsche’s mature notion of drives. After some preliminary considerations on Nietzsche’s usage of the term ‘drive’, it considers the conception of drives held by Schopenhauer and by Georg Schneider, whose work is the most important scientific source on which Nietzsche relies to elaborate his psychology of drives. It then moves on to Nietzsche’s own views about drives, investigating how such views emerge by the time he was working on Daybreak and how he later attempts to refine them by engaging with Schneider’s work in 1883. This refinement results in the notion of drives that Nietzsche employs more or less consistently in his mature works: drives are behavioural dispositions; they are genuinely psychological/mental (evaluative); and due to their urging nature Nietzsche conceives of them according to a proto-Freudian discharge model. The chapter also addresses the relation Nietzsche sometimes attempts to draw between the notion of ‘drive’ and that of ‘will to power’.
The Self
Authors: Riccardi Mattia
Published: July 2021

This chapter argues that Nietzsche distinguishes (in particular, in his Zarathustra) between the bodily self that is constituted by the drives and affects and the reflectively conscious self. According to the reading proposed by the author, the latter depends on the former. More precisely, the reflectively conscious self is just the personal-level upshot of the subpersonal order among drives and affects. The chapter also addresses Nietzsche’s diagnosis of the intuitive but mistaken conception of the conscious self as independent from our bodily constitution, and his belief that the sui generis usage of the first-person pronoun is among the sources of this illusion.
Self-Knowledge
Authors: Riccardi Mattia
Published: July 2021

This chapter is concerned with Nietzsche’s scepticism about introspective knowledge. More precisely, it is claimed that Nietzsche rejects the traditional conception of introspective self-knowledge as something that is direct and privileged. To the contrary, he argues that self-knowledge is interpretive, for it is obtained by applying to oneself the same folk-psychological framework we apply in order to read the mind of other people. Furthermore, and relatedly, Nietzsche claims that introspective self-knowledge involves a falsification of what we actually think and do. Finally, it is argued that Nietzsche does not conclude from this that self-knowledge is impossible, but rather that third-person psychological and genealogical inquiry about oneself is a more reliable source of self-knowledge than introspection.
The Will
Authors: Riccardi Mattia
Published: July 2021

This chapter shows that Nietzsche’s model of the will is largely indebted to that worked out by the late 19th-century French psychologist Théodule Ribot. Both Nietzsche and Ribot see the will as resulting from the hierarchical coordination of affective states and behavioural inclinations. The chapter also includes a detailed interpretation of aphorism 19 of Beyond Good and Evil (where Nietzsche puts forward his most detailed analysis of volition) and of other late passages, arguing that he sees the act of willing as determined by command-obedience relations among the drives and that he views volitional phenomenology as a partially illusory accompanying phenomenon.
The Ideal Type
Authors: Riccardi Mattia
Published: July 2021

This chapter considers Nietzsche’s picture of the ideal human being. It defends the thesis that Nietzsche’s ideal type possesses three essential features: psychological stability (understood as strength of will), psychological unity (understood, roughly, as lack of self-alienation), and the capacity to create one’s own values. The author contends that Nietzsche builds value creation into his picture of the ideal human because of the particular condition of his late-modern European readers, whom he perceives as being in the grip of the values of Judaeo-Christian morality, which causes the self to be divided. Hence, Nietzsche believes that the only way for late-modern Europeans to regain the kind of unity required for them to approximate, if not fully embody, his ideal type consists in rejecting those self-alienating values and creating new ones.
The Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Writing of Ireland’s History in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Canny Nicholas
Published: July 2021

This chapter contrasts the annalistic tradition expressing pride in ancestry that had prevailed for centuries in Gaelic Ireland with the twelfth-century writings of Gerald of Wales that convinced people of English descent in Ireland that the country had been brought into historical time through English conquest. It demonstrates how the sense that English culture was superior to Gaelic culture was heightened by humanist histories, notably those by Campion and Stanihurst. It then explains that as English society in Ireland remained Catholic when government and society in England were becoming self-consciously Protestant, the government encouraged Protestant apocalyptic authors, notably John Derricke and John Hooker, to write histories for Ireland that contended that England’s reform mission in Ireland had always been religious more than civil.
Secret Worlds
Authors: Stevens Martin
Published: July 2021

How do animals experience the world? Many animals experience a world far richer than ours, in sight, sound, and smell, and interact with each other in ways humans simply do not pick up, and which continue to surprise researchers. This book explores not only the wonder of animal senses, but how they work and how scientists go about investigating them. And, throughout, it considers how these senses came to be: the book explains that evolution is at the root of it all. Senses arose to enable animals to catch prey, to hide, and to mate more effectively, usually honed through fierce competition and arms races with predators. The result, over millions of years, is a wondrous panoply of ways of experiencing the world, against which our own senses often pale into insignificance.
A Plethora of Senses
Authors: Stevens Martin
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the variety of animal senses, how they work, what they are used for, and why such a staggering array of senses exists in nature. The senses found across animal species, and even among individuals of the same species, vary according to many factors. Animal senses are carefully refined through evolution and development for the things that matter most to them. To accomplish the numerous tasks every individual must perform, the senses are tuned to work best in the habitats where the creature lives and to acquire the best available sources of information. Sometimes, one or more of the senses are exquisitely tuned to a few crucial tasks an animal must perform in order to survive and reproduce successfully. Investment in different senses can also be flexible depending on the conditions under which an animal grows up. Through adaptation over many generations, species like blind cave fish can decrease investment in one sense in favour of another, but individual animals can also do this during their lives.
For My Eyes Only
Authors: Stevens Martin
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores how vision is used by animals and the diversity in ways of seeing. It first details how colour vision works, focusing on the example of honeybees, which, like humans, are trichromatic and have good colour vision. Bees have a dedicated ultraviolet (UV) receptor, and then one for seeing shortwave (blue) and mediumwave (green) light. Other animals deviate more substantially, in that they have either more or fewer receptors used in colour vision, and hence different ‘dimensions’ of colour perception. The chapter then considers how jumping spiders use UV vision in identifying known or suitable prey species, as well as in mating. It also looks at polarisation vision in mantis shrimp. Mantis shrimp are bizarre in the number of receptors they have, each sensitive to different parts of the light spectrum. Finally, the chapter assesses how toads recognize prey from non-prey. The toad’s visual system acts as a ‘feature detector’ based on several stages of visual processing, producing a quick and appropriate response to a set of criteria that reliably encode objects of particular importance—in this case, food.