bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforce the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells via glutamine restriction
Authors: Nabe Shogo , Yamada Takeshi , Suzuki Junpei , Toriyama Koji , Yasuoka Toshiaki , Kuwahara Makoto , Shiraishi Atsushi , Takenaka Katsuto , Yasukawa Masaki , Yamashita Masakatsu
Published: October 2018

The antitumor activity of activated CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment seems to be limited due to their being metabolically unfit. This metabolic unfitness is closely associated with T‐cell exhaustion and impairment of memory formation, which are barriers to successful antitumor adoptive immunotherapy. We therefore assessed the role of glutamine metabolism in the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells using a tumor‐inoculated mouse model. The adoptive transfer of tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells cultured under glutamine‐restricted (dGln) conditions or CD8+ T cells treated with specific inhibitors of glutamine metabolism efficiently eliminated tumors and led to better survival of tumor‐inoculated mice than with cells cultured under control (Ctrl) conditions. The decreased expression of PD‐1 and increased Ki67 positivity among tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells cultured under dGln conditions suggested that the inhibition of glutamine metabolism prevents CD8+ T‐cell exhaustion in vivo. Furthermore, the transferred CD8+ T cells cultured under dGln conditions expanded more efficiently against secondary OVA stimulation than did CD8+ T cells under Ctrl conditions. We found that the expression of a pro‐survival factor and memory T cell‐related transcription factors was significantly higher in CD8+ T cells cultured under dGln conditions than in those cultured under Ctrl conditions. Given these findings, our study uncovered an important role of glutamine metabolism in the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells. The novel adoptive transfer of tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells cultured in glutamine‐restricted conditions may be a promising approach to improve the efficacy of cell‐based adoptive immunotherapy.
FBXW7 modulates malignant potential and cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma through NOTCH1 and MCL1
Authors: Mori Akiko , Masuda Kunihiro , Ohtsuka Hideo , Shijo Masahiro , Ariake Kyohei , Fukase Koji , Sakata Naoaki , Mizuma Masamichi , Morikawa Takanori , Hayashi Hiroki , Nakagawa Kei , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Naitoh Takeshi , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Unno Michiaki
Published: October 2018

The ubiquitin ligase F‐box and WD repeat domain‐containing 7 (FBXW7) is responsible for degrading diverse oncoproteins and is considered a tumor suppressor in many human cancers. Inhibiting FBXW7 enhances the malignant potential of several cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of FBXW7 in cholangiocarcinoma. We found that FBXW7 expression was associated with clinicopathological outcomes in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Both disease‐free and overall survival were significantly worse in the low‐FBXW7 group than in the high‐FBXW7 group (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model indicated that FBXW7 was the most important independent prognostic factor for disease‐free (P = .006) and overall (P = .0004) survival. We also showed that the two FBXW7 substrates, NOTCH1 and myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1), regulate cholangiocarcinoma progression. Depletion of FBXW7 resulted in NOTCH1 accumulation and increased cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and self‐renewal. Interestingly, when cells were stimulated with cis‐diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) (cisplatin), FBXW7 suppression induced MCL1 upregulation, which reduced the sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to apoptosis, indicating that FBXW7‐mediated ubiquitylation is context‐dependent. These results indicate that FBXW7 modulates the malignant potential of cholangiocarcinoma through independent regulation of NOTCH1 and MCL1.
Needs of families of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh: A qualitative study
Authors: Nuri Reshma Parvin , Aldersey Heather Michelle , Ghahari Setareh
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Families of children with disabilities often have needs related to the care of their child with a disability. Although there has been extensive exploration of family needs in high‐income contexts, there is little known about this issue in low and middle‐income countries like Bangladesh. In this study, we explored the needs of families of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh. Such understanding is important as it will help to improve services for children with disabilities and their families.

Methods

We used a qualitative approach and interviewed 20 family members of children with cerebral palsy who visited the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed, Bangladesh. We thematically analyzed data from semistructured interviews.

Results

Five different themes were found on needs of families with children with disabilities: (a) financial needs, (b) needs for disability‐related services, (c) needs for family and community cohesion, (d) informational needs, and (e) emotional needs. Participants overwhelmingly reported that financial needs were their highest priority.

Conclusion

Needs of families of children with disabilities must be considered in rehabilitation services to improve children's outcomes. Further studies are required to explore needs of families of children with disabilities who do not have access to rehabilitation services.
Comparison of allogeneic and autogenous bone grafts for augmentation of alveolar ridge defects—A 12‐month retrospective radiographic evaluation
Authors: Kloss Frank R. , Offermanns Vincent , Kloss‐Brandstätter Anita
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare three‐dimensional alterations following the use of autogenous versus allogeneic onlay grafts for augmentation at single tooth defects.

Materials and methods

Alveolar bone width at specific implant sites were assessed using sagittal and cross‐sectional CBCT images prior grafting and at three subsequent time points. Twenty‐one patients received autogenous bone blocks harvested from the retromolar region and another 21 patients received freeze‐dried cancellous allogeneic bone blocks.

Results

The vertical and horizontal dimensions did not significantly differ between autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts at any time point. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in graft remodeling rates between autogenous (mean shrinkage rate after 12 months: 12.5% ± 7.8%) and allogeneic onlay grafts (mean shrinkage rate after 12 months: 14.4% ± 9.8%).

Conclusions

Freeze‐dried cancellous allogeneic bone blocks showed equivalent volumetric shrinkage rates as autogenous bone blocks when used for treating circumscribed bone defects classified as Type‐II to Type‐IV according to the ITI‐treatment guide categories. Therefore, it is not necessary to over‐contour the alveolar ridge when using allogeneic blocks for treating single tooth defects, but to apply the same procedure as when using autogenous blocks.
Does transanal local resection increase morbidity for subsequent total mesorectal excision for early rectal cancer?
Authors: Coton C. , Lefevre J. H. , Debove C. , Creavin B. , Chafai N. , Tiret E. , Parc Y.
Published: October 2018

Aim

Local excision is recommended for early rectal cancer (pT1). Complementary total mesorectal excision (cTME) is warranted when bad pathological features are present. The impact of a prior local resection on the outcome remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess if prior local excision increases the morbidity of a subsequent cTME compared with primary TME.

Methods

From 2001 to 2016 all patients who underwent TME after local excision for rectal adenocarcinoma were studied. All were matched (1:1) with patients who underwent primary TME, without neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. The matching factors included age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score and type of surgery. Short‐term morbidity and pathological examination of the resected specimen were compared.

Results

Forty‐one patients were included (14 women, 34%, mean age 65 ± 11 years), comprising classic transanal excision (66%) and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (34%), and were matched to 41 patients who had primary TME. cTME was significantly longer (315 min ± 87 vs 275 min ± 58, P = 0.03). The overall morbidity was 48.8% in the local excision group vs 31.7% in the control group (P = 0.18). Surgical morbidity was 31.7% vs 26.8% (P = 0.8). Anastomotic related morbidity was similar (local excision 17% vs TME 14.6%, P = 0.84) and the mean length of stay was similar (14 days) in both groups. There was a tendency to a worse quality of mesorectal excision in the cTME group (17% vs 5%, P = 0.15).

Conclusion

Local excision prior to TME for early rectal cancer tends to increase overall morbidity and may worsen the quality of the mesorectal plane but should be considered as a surgical approach in select cases.
The utility of the Milan System as a risk stratification tool for salivary gland fine needle aspiration cytology specimens
Authors: Song Sharon J. , Shafique Khurram , Wong Lawrence Q. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Montone Kathleen T. , Baloch Zubair
Published: October 2018

Objective

To perform a retrospective investigation of our institutional experience with salivary gland fine needle aspirations (FNA) through the framework of The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) and assess the risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each diagnostic category.

Methods

All salivary gland FNAs performed from January 2009 to December 2016 were retrospectively categorised according to the MSRSGC. When available, pre‐operative cytological results were correlated with subsequent histological follow‐up.

Results

In total, 893 FNAs were reviewed. The specimens were retrospectively classified as nondiagnostic (ND: 13.5%), non‐neoplastic (NN: 16.1%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS: 10.8%), benign neoplasm (BN: 34.9%), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP: 8.2%), suspicious for malignancy (SM: 2.7%) and malignant (M: 13.8%). Histological follow‐up was available for 429 cases (48%); the majority (68.1%) were benign. The risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each category were as follows: ND: 64.5%, 16.1%; NN: 42.9%, 17.9%; AUS: 79.6%, 30.6%; BN: 100%, 2.2%; SUMP: 100%, 46.6%; SM: 94.7%, 78.9%; and M: 100%, 98.5%.

Conclusions

The MSRSGC is a useful classification scheme for stratifying salivary gland lesions according to their associated risk of malignancy and guiding clinicians toward appropriate management. Diagnostic pitfalls are seen in a small proportion of cases and a multidisciplinary approach for assessing salivary gland pathology is essential in their evaluation.
The Recovery Strengths Questionnaire for alcohol and drug use disorders
Authors: Rettie Hannah C. , Hogan Lee M. , Cox W. Miles
Published: October 2018

Introduction and Aims

The Recovery Strengths Questionnaire (RSQ) is a 15‐item self‐report questionnaire that assesses an addicted individual's recovery strengths. This study aimed to validate the RSQ as a measure of recovery capital.

Design and Methods

As part of a larger study, 151 participants in addiction recovery groups from across the UK completed the RSQ. Participants also completed the Assessment of Recovery Capital questionnaire and provided some demographic information.

Results

The RSQ was found to be psychometrically sound, with high internal consistency and concurrent validity with the Assessment of Recovery Capital. RSQ scores were positively correlated with length of time in recovery and length of membership in recovery groups, and the scores could be used to discriminate between those in early and late recovery. Principal components analysis revealed a two‐factor structure of recovery capital. These two factors were named ‘within‐group recovery strengths’ and ‘externally generated recovery strengths’, and it was found that only the within‐group factor scale (i.e. resources developed within recovery groups) predicted length of time in recovery and recovery groups.

Discussion and Conclusions

These results highlight the important role that recovery groups can play in an individual's recovery, and they provide an alternative factor structure to the one‐factor structure of the Assessment of Recovery Capital.
Unequal contributions of species’ persistence and migration on plant communities’ response to climate warming throughout forests
Authors: Bertrand Romain
Published: October 2018

Community reshuffling is lagging behind climate warming for many taxa, thereby generating a climatic debt. However, only few studies have attempted to assess the underlying factors that explain this debt. Here I examine how effects of species’ migration and persistence on the current climatic debt vary spatially in forest herbaceous communities throughout the French territory. I show that Mediterranean communities are responding to climate warming through both high species’ migration and persistence effects, while alpine forest is the only ecosystem where species’ migration overtakes species’ persistence mechanisms. Such an approach seems promising in assessing the underlying mechanisms of the biodiversity response to climate change locally, and it can be applied for conservation issues to assess biodiversity sensitivity and optimize its management.
Network analysis by simulated annealing of taxa and islands of Macaronesia (North Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Torre Giancarlo , Fernández‐Lugo Silvia , Guarino Riccardo , Fernández‐Palacios José María
Published: October 2018

With the aim of explaining the role that taxa and island features have in biogeographical patterns, we processed presence–absence matrices of all the Macaronesian native species of ten different taxa (arthropods, birds, bryophytes, fungi, lichens, mammals, mollusks, pteridophytes, reptiles and spermatophytes) through simulated annealing analysis. Distribution patterns among the archipelagos were pinpointed, along with the different biogeographic roles played by islands and species groups. All the networks analysed resulted to be significantly modular and the structure of biogeographic modules reflects known past connections among the archipelagos and the current drivers of species distribution. The role assigned to the species supports some biological (ecological amplitude, degree of endemicity) and functional (long‐distance dispersal and persistence abilities) traits of their respective biota and justifies their position in recent models of biogeographical distribution. Whereas it was expected that the modules identified by the spermatophytes and arthropods would reflect the compartmentalization of archipelagos quite well, this was also the case for much more vagile taxa, such as fungi or lichens. Conversely, results obtained for pteridophytes and bryophytes suggest that for those taxa geographic distance and/or macroclimatic conditions are less important than the size, age and orography of an island to determine the modularity of island groups. On the other hand, dry, species‐poor islets, act as connectors, tending to cluster together for different taxa, independently of their archipelagic adscription, whereas large, high, humid islands tend to form network or module hubs representing regional centers of speciation and dispersal.
Thermoforming method to effectively maintain mouthguard thickness: Effect of moving the model position just before vacuum formation
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Bando Yogetsu
Published: October 2018

Background/Aims

Mouthguards can reduce the risk of sports‐related injuries but the sheet material and thickness have a large effect on their efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the thermoforming technique that moves the model position just before vacuum formation.

Materials and Methods

Ethylene vinyl acetate sheets of 4.0‐mm thickness and a vacuum forming machine were used. The working model was placed with its anterior rim positioned 40 mm from the front of the forming table. Three forming conditions were compared: (a) The sheet was formed when it sagged 15 mm at the top of the post under normal conditions (control); (b) the sheet frame was lowered to and heated at 50 mm from the level of ordinary use, and the sheet was formed when it sagged 15 mm (LH); and (c) the sheet frame at the top of the post was lowered and covered on the model when it sagged 15 mm. Subsequently, the rear side of the model was pushed to move it forward 20 mm, and it was then formed (MP). Sheet thickness after fabrication was determined for the incisal edge, labial surface, and buccal surface using a specialized caliper accurate to 0.1 mm. Thickness differences among forming conditions were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests.

Results

A significant difference was observed for all measurement points, and the thickness after formation increased in the order of control, LH, and MP. Particularly on the labial surface, MP was able to yield about 1.7 times the thickness (about 3.1 mm) of the control.

Conclusion

The forming method of moving the model forward just before vacuum formation was effective for suppressing the mouthguard thickness reduction, which is capable of securing the labial thickness at 3 mm or more with a single layer.
The association of childhood sleep problems with the prevalence of traumatic dental injury in schoolchildren
Authors: Todero Sara R. B. , Cavalcante‐Leão Bianca L. , Fraiz Fabian C. , Rebellato Nelson L. B. , Ferreira Fernanda M.
Published: October 2018

Background/Aim

Sleep quality exerts an influence on attention level and motor skills and is associated with accidental injuries in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between traumatic dental injury and sleep behaviour in children.

Material and Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in a small city in southern Brazil with a representative sample of schoolchildren aged 8‐10 years (n = 537). Weight and height were measured, and examinations were performed for the determination of clinical occlusion and traumatic dental injury. The parents answered the Sleep Behaviour Questionnaire and questions addressing socio‐demographic characteristics.

Results

The prevalence of traumatic dental injury was 22% (95% CI: 19‐26) and was higher among children who woke three to four times per night (PR = 3.30; 95% CI: 2.47‐4.39), those who fell asleep in the parental bed (PR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09‐1.83), those who were not in a good mood on waking up in the morning (PR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02‐1.65), those who became sleepy while sitting and/or studying (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09‐2.24) and while watching TV (PR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.0005‐1.97) and those who had bad dreams (PR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.76). The Poisson multiple regression model with a multilevel approach revealed that the prevalence of traumatic dental injury was 1.51‐fold higher among children with daytime drowsiness (PR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.11‐2.04) after adjusting for socio‐demographic, occlusal and anthropometric variables.

Conclusion

Sleep problems were associated with a higher prevalence of traumatic dental injury among the children analysed.
Phytophthora species detected in the rhizosphere of Alnus glutinosa stands in the Floodplain Forests of Western Turkey
Authors: Aday Kaya Ayse Gülden , Lehtijärvi Asko , Şaşmaz Yusuf , Nowakowska Justyna A. , Oszako Tomasz , Doğmuş Lehtijärvi Hatice Tuğba , Woodward Stephen
Published: October 2018

The occurrence of Phytophthora species in Alnus glutinosa stands in the Karacabey and Iğneada floodplain forests was investigated. Twenty‐seven soil samples taken from the rhizosphere of declining trees (without bark symptoms) were baited for Phytophthora. In total, 311 Phytophthora isolates were obtained following culturing on selective medium. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and the ITS sequences of the rDNA, Phytophthora plurivora accounted for 83% of the rhizosphere isolates. In addition to P. plurivora, P. gonapodyides (9%), P. chlamydospora (3.8%), P. lacustris (2.5%) and P. aff. cactorum (2%) were isolated from the surveyed areas. No P. × alni was detected in the present work. This paper is the first to report the isolation of P. plurivora and P. aff. cactorum from the rhizosphere of Alnus species in Turkey.
Physical activity and exercise as a universal depression prevention in young people: A narrative review
Authors: Pascoe Michaela C. , Parker Alexandra G.
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim of this narrative summary was to examine the efficacy of physical activity and exercise as a universal prevention for depression in young people.

Methods

We conducted a search of the literature in the open‐access evidence database of controlled trials and systematic reviews in youth mental health, an initiative between Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and headspace, National Youth Mental Health Foundation. In April 2018, we searched for all papers published between 1980 and 2017 relating to “Depressive Disorder” under the “Universal Prevention” illness stage and classified as “Physical activity/Exercise” under the treatment/intervention classification. Systematic reviews, randomized control trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials were all included.

Results

A total of 11 papers were returned. Three of these studies were observational and eight studies were controlled trials. The reviewed studies indicate that exercise and physical activity might be an effective universal depression prevention intervention for young people. Three of the controlled studies had a passive control group or no control group and only one study had longer‐term follow‐up. No trial used a longitudinal design to determine if interventions prevent the onset of new cases of depression.

Conclusions

The studies reviewed in the current review demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between physical activity, exercise and adolescent mental health. The results of the current review suggest that physical activity and exercise programs designed to increase the level of activity in young people should be implemented to be attractive and achievable to young people that may have poor psychological health.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1‐mediated calcium mobilization in the neonatal hippocampal marginal zone
Authors: Taketo Megumi
Published: October 2018

The hippocampal marginal zone contains Cajal–Retzius (C‐R) cells and participates in the regulation of cortical development. Two subtypes of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), mGluR1 and mGluR5, are found in the central nervous system and are considered to regulate neuronal excitability. The release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores is thought to be a main consequence of activation of these receptor subtypes. In hippocampal C‐R cells, the expression of mGluR1 has been showed using immunohistochemical techniques, but its function has not been elucidated. In this study, Ca2+ mobilization through mGluR1 activation was demonstrated in the neonatal rat hippocampus. In marginal zone C‐R cells, intracellular Ca2+ elevation was detected by fluorescence imaging after the application of a group I mGluR‐specific agonist. This response was prevented by application of an mGluR1 antagonist but was not changed by application of an mGluR5 antagonist. The intracellular Ca2+ elevation induced by mGluR1 activation was still observed in Ca2+‐free perfusate, indicating the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. γ‐Aminobutyric acid and ionotropic glutamate receptor‐mediated intracellular Ca2+ elevation was also detected in mGluR1‐possessing neurons, although the former was much smaller than that mediated by mGluR1. These results indicate that mGluR1 is functionally expressed in C‐R cells in the neonatal marginal zone and regulates cell function through the elevation of intracellular Ca2+.
Management of psychogenic non‐epileptic seizures: a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Gasparini S. , Beghi E. , Ferlazzo E. , Beghi M. , Belcastro V. , Biermann K. P. , Bottini G. , Capovilla G. , Cervellione R. A. , Cianci V. , Coppola G. , Cornaggia C. M. , De Fazio P. , De Masi S. , De Sarro G. , Elia M. , Erba G. , Fusco L. , Gambardella A. , Gentile V. , Giallonardo A. T. , Guerrini R. , Ingravallo F. , Iudice A. , Labate A. , Lucenteforte E. , Magaudda A. , Mumoli L. , Papagno C. , Pesce G. B. , Pucci E. , Ricci P. , Romeo A. , Quintas R. , Sueri C. , Vitaliti G. , Zoia R. , Aguglia U.
Published: October 2018

The International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a diagnostic scheme for psychogenic non‐epileptic seizure (PNES). The debate on ethical aspects of the diagnostic procedures is ongoing, the treatment is not standardized and management might differ according to age group. The objective was to reach an expert and stakeholder consensus on PNES management. A board comprising adult and child neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, pharmacologists, experts in forensic medicine and bioethics as well as patients’ representatives was formed. The board chose five main topics regarding PNES: diagnosis; ethical issues; psychiatric comorbidities; psychological treatment; and pharmacological treatment. After a systematic review of the literature, the board met in a consensus conference in Catanzaro (Italy). Further consultations using a model of Delphi panel were held. The global level of evidence for all topics was low. Even though most questions were formulated separately for children/adolescents and adults, no major age‐related differences emerged. The board established that the approach to PNES diagnosis should comply with ILAE recommendations. Seizure induction was considered ethical, preferring the least invasive techniques. The board recommended looking carefully for mood disturbances, personality disorders and psychic trauma in persons with PNES and considering cognitive‐behavioural therapy as a first‐line psychological approach and pharmacological treatment to manage comorbid conditions, namely anxiety and depression. Psychogenic non‐epileptic seizure management should be multidisciplinary. High‐quality long‐term studies are needed to standardize PNES management.
Multiple sclerosis – a review
Authors: Dobson R. , Giovannoni G.
Published: October 2018

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest non‐traumatic disabling disease to affect young adults. The incidence of MS is increasing worldwide, together with the socioeconomic impact of the disease. The underlying cause of MS and mechanisms behind this increase remain opaque, although complex gene–environment interactions almost certainly play a significant role. The epidemiology of MS indicates that low serum levels of vitamin D, smoking, childhood obesity and infection with the Epstein–Barr virus are likely to play a role in disease development. Changes in diagnostic methods and criteria mean that people with MS can be diagnosed increasingly early in their disease trajectory. Alongside this, treatments for MS have increased exponentially in number, efficacy and risk. There is now the possibility of a diagnosis of ‘pre‐symptomatic MS’ being made; as a result potentially preventive strategies could be studied. In this comprehensive review, MS epidemiology, potential aetiological factors and pathology are discussed, before moving on to clinical aspects of MS diagnosis and management.
Disturbed sleep in cluster headache is not the result of transient processes associated with the cluster period
Authors: Lund N. L. T. , Snoer A. H. , Petersen A. S. , Beske R. P. , Jennum P. J. , Jensen R. H. , Barloese M. C. J.
Published: October 2018

Background and purpose

Cluster headache (CH) is characterized by severe, unilateral attacks of pain and a high nocturnal attack burden. It remains unknown whether perturbations of sleep are solely present during the CH bout. Therefore, we aimed to investigate differences in sleep between the bout and remission period in patients with episodic CH and, secondly, to compare patients in the two phases with controls.

Methods

Patients with episodic CH (aged 18–65 years), diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd edition, were admitted for polysomnography at the Danish Center for Sleep Medicine in bout and in remission. The macrostructure of sleep, including arousals, breathing parameters, limb movements and periodic limb movements, was compared with 25 age‐, sex‐ and body mass index‐matched healthy controls.

Results

There were no differences in any of the sleep parameters for patients in bout (n = 32) compared with patients in remission (n = 23). Attacks were unrelated to sleep stages, presence of apnea episodes, periodic limb movements, limb movements and arousals. In bout, patients had longer sleep latency (18.8 vs. 11.7 min, P < 0.05) and rapid eye movement sleep latency (1.7 vs. 1.2 h, P < 0.05) than controls and sleep efficiency was lower (82.5% vs. 86.5%, P < 0.05). Patients in remission only had a longer sleep latency compared with controls (17.5 vs. 11.7 min, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The results support the presence of a continuing or slowly recovering disturbance of sleep outside the bout rather than a disturbance occurring secondary to attacks. Further, we confirm that there is no relation between CH attacks and specific sleep stages or between CH and breathing parameters.
Adiponectin profile at baseline is correlated to progression and severity of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Signoriello E. , Lus G. , Polito R. , Casertano S. , Scudiero O. , Coletta M. , Monaco M. L. , Rossi F. , Nigro E. , Daniele A.
Published: October 2018

Background and purpose

Adiponectin is a cytokine linking energy metabolism and immune system. After being assembled, adiponectin circulates as oligomers of different molecular weight, i.e. low, medium and high (HMW) molecular weight. These have the most potent biological effects. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the human central nervous system. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression levels of both total adiponectin and its oligomerization state in the serum from 99 patients with MS at baseline (i.e. not influenced by therapies). We also investigated the potential relationships between adiponectin and disease progression and severity.

Methods

Adiponectin was quantified and visualized by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting and fast protein liquid chromatography. During the follow‐up (3.6 ± 2.20 years), the patients were evaluated using total annualized relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale score.

Results

Total adiponectin is statistically higher in patients with MS compared with matched controls (12.18 vs. 10.02 μg/mL, P = 0.001). Interestingly, the adiponectin oligomerization state is altered in MS, with an increase of HMW oligomers. In addition, patients with MS with higher levels of adiponectin at baseline have significantly higher risk of progression and severity (Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, 3.84 vs. 2.44, P = 0.001). No statistical difference in adiponectin expression was found between active and inactive patients with MS and among the different forms of disease.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that adiponectin and its HMW oligomers are greatly involved in MS autoimmune disorder representing a potential biomarker to predict worse MS prognosis and severity. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the properties of adiponectin and HMW oligomers in MS.
High burden of neurological disease in the older general population: results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Wolfson C. , Fereshtehnejad S.‐M. , Pasquet R. , Postuma R. , Keezer M. R.
Published: October 2018

Background and purpose

Our objective was to study the association between the presence of a neurological disease and the comorbidity burden as well as healthcare utilization (HCU).

Methods

Using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), we examined the burden of five neurological conditions. The CLSA is a population‐based study of approximately 50 000 individuals, aged 45–85 years at baseline. We used multivariable Poisson regression to identify correlates of comorbidity burden and HCU.

Results

The lifetime prevalence of five neurological diseases is presented: epilepsy, Parkinson's disease/parkinsonism, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, multiple sclerosis and migraine. We found the somatic and psychiatric comorbidity burden to be higher in those individuals with a neurological disease (an 18–45% mean increase in the number of chronic conditions) as compared with the comparison group without a neurological disease, except for Parkinson's disease/parkinsonism. The presence of a neurological disease was associated with only a modest increase in the probability of visiting a general practitioner but was associated with a greatly increased probability of visiting a medical specialist (up to 68% more likely) or an emergency department (up to 79% more likely) and an overnight hospitalization (up to 108% more likely).

Conclusions

We found striking associations between our neurological diseases and increased comorbidity burdens and HCU. These findings are important for informing public policy planning as well as driving avenues for future research. The present study established the CLSA as an important research platform for the study of neurological conditions in an aging general population.
Molecular recognition of the beta‐glucans laminarin and pustulan by a SusD‐like glycan‐binding protein of a marine Bacteroidetes
Authors: Mystkowska Agata Anna , Robb Craig , Vidal‐Melgosa Silvia , Vanni Chiara , Fernandez‐Guerra Antonio , Höhne Matthias , Hehemann Jan‐Hendrik
Published: October 2018

Marine bacteria catabolize carbohydrate polymers of algae, which synthesize these structurally diverse molecules in ocean surface waters. Although algal glycans are an abundant carbon and energy source in the ocean, the molecular details that enable specific recognition between algal glycans and bacterial degraders remain largely unknown. Here we characterized a surface protein, GMSusD from the planktonic Bacteroidetes‐Gramella sp. MAR_2010_102 that thrives during algal blooms. Our biochemical and structural analyses show that GMSusD binds glucose polysaccharides such as branched laminarin and linear pustulan. The 1.8 Å crystal structure of GMSusD indicates that three tryptophan residues form the putative glycan‐binding site. Mutagenesis studies confirmed that these residues are crucial for laminarin recognition. We queried metagenomes of global surface water datasets for the occurrence of SusD‐like proteins and found sequences with the three structurally conserved residues in different locations in the ocean. The molecular selectivity of GMSusD underscores that specific interactions are required for laminarin recognition. In conclusion, our findings provide insight into the molecular details of β‐glucan binding by GMSusD and our bioinformatic analysis reveals that this molecular interaction may contribute to glucan cycling in the surface ocean.
Ticket to spawn: Combining economic and genetic data to evaluate the effect of climate and demographic structure on spawning distribution in Atlantic cod
Authors: Langangen Øystein , Färber Leonie , Stige Leif C. , Diekert Florian K. , Barth Julia M. I. , Matschiner Michael , Berg Paul R. , Star Bastiaan , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Jentoft Sissel , Durant Joël M.
Published: October 2018

Climate warming and harvesting affect the dynamics of species across the globe through a multitude of mechanisms, including distribution changes. In fish, migrations to and distribution on spawning grounds are likely influenced by both climate warming and harvesting. The Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod (Gadus morhua) performs seasonal migrations from its feeding grounds in the Barents Sea to spawning grounds along the Norwegian coast. The distribution of cod between the spawning grounds has historically changed at decadal scales, mainly due to variable use of the northern and southern margins of the spawning area. Based on historical landing records, two major hypotheses have been put forward to explain these changes: climate and harvesting. Climate could affect the distribution through, for example, spatial habitat shifts. Harvesting could affect the distribution through impacting the demographic structure. If demographic structure is important, theory predicts increasing spawner size with migration distance. Here, we evaluate these hypotheses with modern data from a period (2000–2016) of increasing temperature and recovering stock structure. We first analyze economic data from the Norwegian fisheries to investigate geographical differences in size of spawning fish among spawning grounds, as well as interannual differences in mean latitude of spawning in relation to changes in temperature and demographic parameters. Second, we analyze genetically determined fish sampled at the spawning grounds to unambiguously separate between migratory NEA cod and potentially smaller sized coastal cod of local origin. Our results indicate smaller spawners farther away from the feeding grounds, hence not supporting the hypothesis that harvesting is a main driver for the contemporary spawning ground distribution. We find a positive correlation between annual mean spawning latitude and temperature. In conclusion, based on contemporary data, there is more support for climate compared to harvesting in shaping spawning ground distribution in this major fish stock in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Usefulness of OLGA and OLGIM system not only for intestinal type but also for diffuse type of gastric cancer, and no interaction among the gastric cancer risk factors
Authors: Yun Chang Yong , Kim Nayoung , Lee Jaebong , Lee Ju Yup , Hwang Young Jae , Lee Hye Seung , Yoon Hyuk , Shin Cheol Min , Park Young Soo , Kim Jin‐Wook , Lee Dong Ho
Published: October 2018

Background

The operative link on gastric atrophy (OLGA) and operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia (OLGIM) stages have been suggested for risk estimation of gastric cancer (GC). However, usefulness of OLGA/OLGIM systems in diffuse type of GC was not investigated so far. The aims of this study were to evaluate the OLGA/OLGIM systems in estimating the GC risk according to Lauren's classification and to investigate the interaction among the risk factors.

Materials and methods

The OLGA/OLGIM stages were evaluated in 1398 (765 control and 633 GC patients) who were prospectively enrolled in the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Synergistic interaction among the risk factors for GC was calculated using an additive model.

Results

Among 387 intestinal‐type GC patients, 71 (18.3%) were high‐risk OLGA stages (III, IV) and 113 (29.2%) were high‐risk OLGIM stages (III, IV). Of the 246 patients with diffuse‐type GC, 36 (14.6%) were high‐risk OLGA stages and 39 (15.9%) were high‐risk OLGIM stages. Multivariable analysis revealed family history of GC, Helicobacter pylori infection, high‐risk OLGA stages, and high‐risk OLGIM stages as independent risk factors for GC regardless of histologic type (odds ratios [ORs] 1.78, 1.94, 2.63, and 3.18, respectively). There was no significant risk modification among the H. pylori infection, family history of GC, and high‐risk OLGA/OLGIM stages.

Conclusion

High‐risk OLGA/OLGIM stages are important prediction markers for GC regardless of H. pylori infection or family history of GC not only for the intestinal type but also for diffuse‐type GC.
Involving young people in cyberbullying research: The implementation and evaluation of a rights‐based approach
Authors: Dennehy Rebecca , Cronin Mary , Arensman Ella
Published: October 2018

Background

Cyberbullying is an international Public Health concern. Efforts to understand and address it can be enhanced by involving young people. This paper describes a rights‐based collaboration with young people in a qualitative exploration of cyberbullying. It describes the establishment, implementation and evaluation of a Young Person's Advisory Group as well as identifying the impact on the research process and the young people involved.

Methods

Sixteen postprimary school students met with researchers on five occasions in a youth centre. Sessions focused on building the young people's capacity to engage with the research, designing the qualitative study, interpreting study findings and evaluating the collaboration process.

Results

The Advisory Group highlighted a lack of understanding and appropriate action with regard to cyberbullying but believed that their involvement would ultimately help adults to understand their perspective. Evaluation findings indicate that members were supported to form as well as express their views on the design, conduct and interpretation of the research and that these views were acted upon by adult researchers. Their involvement helped to ensure that the research was relevant and reflective of the experiences, interests, values and norms of young people.

Conclusion

Young people can contribute a unique perspective to the research process that is otherwise not accessible to adult researchers. The approach described in this study is a feasible and effective way of operationalizing young people's involvement in health research and could be adapted to explore other topics of relevance to young people.
“Green” UV‐LED gel nail polishes from bio‐based materials
Authors: Zareanshahraki Forough , Mannari Vijay
Published: October 2018

Objective

Gel nail polishes represent an advanced class of nail polishes, with the ability to cure under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and consequently demonstrate improved properties and greater durability compared to conventional nail polishes. Most gel nail polishes available today are based on petrochemical resources, making them unsustainable. Bio‐based materials are excellent renewable resources, with high potential for meeting final‐product performance, cost, and environmental needs. In addition, bio‐based materials can be modified to make them amenable to being cured by advanced Light Emitting Diode (LED) resources that consume low energy and are safer for human exposure compared to conventional UV‐mercury lamps. Consumer preference for use of products made from bio‐based sources has been clearly growing.

On the other hand, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) technology roadmap, a considerable amount of basic chemical building blocks should be derived from plant‐based renewable materials in near future. However, to the best of our knowledge, bio‐based nail products have not been sufficiently explored. Therefore, to keep pace with environmental regulations and consumer preference, there is an unmet opportunity to develop novel, sustainable nail gel polishes with considerable bio‐renewable content.

In this study, two sustainable UV‐LED curable gel nail polish prototypes–one high‐solids zero‐volatile organic content (VOC) and the other waterborne, both with considerable bio‐renewable content, were designed.

Methods

Both formulations were cured under both UV‐mercury and UV‐LED radiation sources in order to evaluate their curing efficiency under a UV‐LED source. Also, their performance was compared with a commercial petro‐based benchmark.

Results

The high‐solids formulation demonstrated promising performance, exceeding that of the benchmark in opacity, chemical properties, gloss, and pendulum hardness, while the waterborne formulation met most of the desirable requirements with some significant technical benefits, including low odour and higher renewable raw material content.

Conclusion

These novel gel nail polishes are greener alternatives to the current products in the market with high potential for promising consumer acceptance.
Influence of the emollient on emulsions containing lamellar liquid crystals: from molecular organization towards applicative properties
Authors: Terescenco D. , Savary G. , Picard C. , Clemenceau F. , Merat E. , Grisel M.
Published: October 2018

Objective

The sensory perception of cosmetic emulsions is complex as it is governed by an important number of parameters like the choice of raw materials, their interactions, the structural organisation of the system, etc. The aim of the present work was to go further in the interpretation of the emollient‐surfactant interactions, towards the emulsions applicative properties. For this purpose, two systems containing liquid crystals of the lamellar type were formulated, differing only in the selected emollient.

Methods

First, the liquid crystals types were checked using different tools like the optical microscopy under the bright and polarized light, the wide‐angle X rays diffraction and, finally, thermogravimetric analysis. Next, two sensory attributes, namely compression force and difficulty of spreading, were evaluated by a sensory panel. In addition to that, complementary instrumental characterizations (flow tests, textural analysis and contact angle measurements) were performed in order to understand how the panel could discriminate the products.

Results

The results showed that isohexadecane emollient induces the α‐gel structures, while caprylic capric triglycerides favour the formation of the lamellar liquid crystals near to α‐gel. For the compression force, the results point out that there is no direct interaction between the oil phase and the skin. For this attribute, depending on its chemical structure, emollient impacts the human perception only by changing the lamellar phase type. Concerning the difficulty of spreading, both the emulsion structure and the emollient properties should be considered. Immediate perception is impacted by the emulsions destruction, making the droplet roll one on each other. Then, once the droplets monolayer is disrupted, the emollient comes into direct contact with the skin. In this case, the perception is governed by the direct affinity of the emollient with the skin, nonpolar emollients being easier to spread if compared to polar ones.

Conclusion

The sensory perception is guided not only by the choice of the raw materials but also by their interactions. It was shown that the chemical structure of the emollients affected the molecular organization of liquid crystals present in the emulsion and, consequently, directly or indirectly its sensory perception.
Effect of reducing acid‐etching duration time on compressive strength and bonding of a universal adhesive to calcium silicate cements
Authors: Shafiei F. , Doozandeh M. , Gharibpour F. , Adl A.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To assess the effect of acid‐etching duration time on the compressive strength, microstructure and shear bond strength of All‐Bond Universal adhesive to MTA‐Angelus (AMTA), and Biodentine (BD).

Methodology

Forty‐eight cylindrical specimens (4 mm in diameter, 6 mm in height) of AMTA in four groups and 48 specimens of BD in four groups (n = 12) were prepared and stored for 72 h. The control groups were unetched whilst the three experimental groups were acid‐etched for 5, 10 and 15 s, respectively, followed by compressive strength testing. The effect of the various acid‐etching times on surface micromorphology was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Similar groups were bonded using All‐Bond Universal and Aelite Flo and shear bond strength was tested. Data were analysed using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests.

Results

10‐s and 15‐s acid‐etching reduced the compressive strength of AMTA and BD (P < 0.001), while 5‐s etching did not (P ≤ 0.86). In all the groups, BD had greater compressive strength compared to AMTA. Contrary to BD, the three etched AMTA groups had significantly higher shear bond strength compared to the control group (P < 0.001), with no significant differences between them. The etched groups of AMTA had shear bond strengths comparable to all the BD groups. Scanning electron microscope observations indicated variable surface morphologies such as remnant crystals and cracking/eroding in all our groups of AMTA; though these differences were less prominent for BD.

Conclusions

Shortening the acid‐etching time to 5 s resulted in a beneficial effect in terms of resin bonding for AMTA while preventing the detrimental effect of 10‐s and 15‐s etching on the compressive strength of AMTA and BD. However, the three etching times had no effect on resin–BD bond.