bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Exchange Rate on the Economic Growth in the Turkish Economy
Authors: Karahan Özcan
Published: September 2020

The traditional view asserts that there is a positive relationship between the foreign exchange rate and economic growth. So much so that an increase in foreign exchange rates enhances the net export volume and thus positively affects economic growth due to the increasing total demand. However, structural economists argue that there is an inverse relationship between the exchange rate and economic growth. Especially in developing countries, the input structure of production depends on imported capital and intermediate goods, so an increase in exchange rates makes import production inputs more expensive and thus negatively affects economic growth. Turkey, leaving foreign exchange rate free float since 2002, has implemented the Inflation Targeting (IT) regime as the monetary policy. Therefore, Turkey has a real experience to analyse the role of exchange rate changes on economic growth. Accordingly, in our study, using the quarterly data between 2002-Q1 and 2019-Q1, the relationship between exchange rate and economic growth was examined by employing Johansen cointegration test, Granger causality test and Innovation Accounting Techniques. Empirical findings suggest that there is a negative causal relationship between exchange rates and economic growth, as claimed by structuralist economists. In terms of policy implications, it can be argued that, even under the inflation targeting regime in Turkey, both price and exchange rate stability should be provided together.
Dishkeya gen. nov., a New World endemic genus of leaf-mining Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera), transferred from Tischeria Zeller
Authors: Stonis Jonas R. , Solis M. Alma
Published: September 2020

We describe a new genus, Dishkeya Stonis, gen. nov., and a new species, Dishkeya gothica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., discovered feeding on Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb., Rhamnaceae. We discuss the diagnostics of Tischeria Zeller and Dishkeya gen. nov.; the latter is characterized by the absence of a juxta, the presence of a pseudognathos, and well-developed carinae of the phallus in the male genitalia. We newly combine Tischeria bifurcata Braun and Tischeria gouaniae Stonis & Diškus with Dishkeya and designate the latter species as the type species of the new genus. All species treated in the paper are illustrated with drawings or photographs of the male genitalia.
Effect of gibberellin on the use of reserve substances deposited in Vicia faba L. seeds at the phase of heterotrophic development under the conditions of photo- and skotomorphogenesis
Authors: Kuryata Volodymyr , Kuts Bohdana , Prysedsky Yuriy
Published: September 2020

Under conditions of a combination of an external (light/dark) factor and a hormonal factor (gibberellic acid) during germination, changes in the functioning of the source-sink system in heterotrophic phase of horse beans development were studied. The increase in the epicotyl, root and seedling length, both in light and dark, as well as in the dry matter of the mass of the seedling organs, was found under drug action. Reserve substances were used more intensively under gibberellin and skotomorphogenesis influence. It is evidenced by the minimum dry matter of cotyledons and higher reserve utilization rates for root and epicotyl formation. Gibberellin stimulated starch breakdown in both, but during germination in dark, the rate of starch use was higher. Other content of sugars in skotomorphic seeds was associated with more intensive outflow for organogenesis needs: formation of root and epicotyl structures. The changes in the content of starch were higher than the changes in nitrogen content in skotomorphic and photomorphic seedlings. This indicates that gibberellin stimulates hydrolysis of reserve protein only after starch hydrolysis in dark. No specific gibberellin regulation of phosphorus and potassium outflow from seeds for organogenesis needs was found, suggesting sufficient mineral nutrients supply to ensure their re-utilization during germination, photo- and skotomorphogenesis processes.
Projektarbejde på Bioanalytikeruddannelsen
Authors: Smith Julie , Johnsen Sys
Published: October 2020

Vejledningen er udarbejdet med fokus på Bioanalytikeruddannelsen, men vil også kunne anvendes af andre, der arbejder med den sundhedsvidenskabelige arbejdsmetode. Den vil kunne anvendes i forbindelse med projektarbejde, der inkluderer udarbejdelse af en skriftelig rapport som f.eks. litteraturstudie, projektbeskrivelse eller bachelorprojekt
Jóvenes transitando a la educación posobligatoria: el reflejo de la injusticia hermenéutica en sus discursos
Authors: Sánchez Rojo Alberto , Prieto Egido Miriam
Published: September 2020

Los factores que influyen en las elecciones de los jóvenes a la hora de transitar de la etapa educativa obligatoria a la posobligatoria han sido ampliamente estudiados. La confluencia de factores estructurales y de agencia en las transiciones escolares ha sido probada. Sin embargo, estos resultados no necesariamente reflejan la conciencia que los jóvenes tienen de dichos condicionantes, así como la medida en que consideran que estos les afectan. Sostiene Miranda Fricker (2017) que cuando una grieta en los recursos de interpretación colectivos hace que una o varias personas se encuentren en posición de desventaja con respecto a la comprensión de sus propias experiencias sociales, está teniendo lugar un caso de injusticia hermenéutica. Este trabajo, a través del análisis de 29 entrevistas desarrolladas con estudiantes de Bachillerato y Formación Profesional de cuatro centros de la ciudad de Madrid, pretende mostrar hasta qué punto los discursos de los jóvenes en torno a sus transiciones son representativos de este tipo de injusticia. Los resultados muestran la existencia de diferencias estructurales en las trayectorias seguidas por el alumnado de Bachillerato y de Formación Profesional, que se concretan en su carácter uniforme o discontinuo; sin embargo, los discursos de los y las jóvenes reflejan, por un lado, una negación de todo tipo de habitus, y, por otro lado, la consideración de las elecciones y transiciones como resultado de la voluntad y/o la capacidad individual, situando la responsabilidad de las elecciones y sus consecuencias en los sujetos.
(Des)vinculación escolar y procesos de acompañamiento en educación secundaria por clase y origen en un municipio de la región metropolitana de Barcelona
Authors: Pàmies Rovira Jordi , Sánchez-Martí Angelina , Carrasco Pons Silvia
Published: September 2020

El abandono prematuro de la educación y la formación (ATEF) afecta a uno de cada cinco jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años en España (Eurostat, 2019), con importantes diferencias por sexo y clase, y aún mayores por origen. Este artículo analiza la incidencia de la clase social y el origen como factores clave en la (des)vinculación escolar y el alcance de los procesos de acompañamiento escolar y local en las transiciones educativas. El trabajo se inscribe en uno de los dos spin-offs realizados en los municipios del Sabadell y El Prat de Llobregat, centrándose en este último, a partir del proyecto del FP7 Reducing Early School Leaving in Europe (RESL.eu, 2013-2018). Además de confirmar las diferencias por clase social y origen, los resultados subrayan el impacto que tienen las prácticas de acompañamiento y orientación sobre este alumnado dentro y fuera de los centros educativos y su articulación con la vinculación académica a la hora de favorecer las transiciones educativas a las etapas postobligatorias.
Antinociceptive modulation by the adhesion GPCR CIRL promotes mechanosensory signal discrimination
Authors: Dannhäuser Sven , Lux Thomas J , Hu Chun , Selcho Mareike , Chen Jeremy T-C , Ehmann Nadine , Sachidanandan Divya , Stopp Sarah , Pauls Dennis , Pawlak Matthias , Langenhan Tobias , Soba Peter , Rittner Heike L , Kittel Robert J
Published: September 2020

Adhesion-type GPCRs (aGPCRs) participate in a vast range of physiological processes. Their frequent association with mechanosensitive functions suggests that processing of mechanical stimuli may be a common feature of this receptor family. Previously, we reported that theDrosophilaaGPCR CIRL sensitizes sensory responses to gentle touch and sound by amplifying signal transduction in low-threshold mechanoreceptors (Scholz et al., 2017). Here, we show thatCirlis also expressed in high-threshold mechanical nociceptors where it adjusts nocifensive behaviour under physiological and pathological conditions. Optogenetic in vivo experiments indicate that CIRL lowers cAMP levels in both mechanosensory submodalities. However, contrasting its role in touch-sensitive neurons, CIRL dampens the response of nociceptors to mechanical stimulation. Consistent with this finding, rat nociceptors display decreasedCirl1expression during allodynia. Thus, cAMP-downregulation by CIRL exerts opposing effects on low-threshold mechanosensors and high-threshold nociceptors. This intriguing bipolar action facilitates the separation of mechanosensory signals carrying different physiological information.
Explicating anti-amyloidogenic role of curcumin and piperine via amyloid beta (Aβ) explicit pathway: recovery and reversal paradigm effects
Authors: Abdul Manap Aimi Syamima , Madhavan Priya , Vijayabalan Shantini , Chia Adeline , Fukui Koji
Published: September 2020

Previously, we reported the synergistic effects of curcumin and piperine in cell cultures as potential anti-cholinesterase and anti-amyloidogenic agents. Due to limited findings on the enrolment of these compounds on epigenetic events in AD, we aimed at elucidating the expression profiles of Aβ42-induced SH-SY5Y cells using microarray profiling. In this study, an optimized concentration of 35 µM of curcumin and piperine in combination was used to treat Aβ42 fibril and high-throughput microarray profiling was performed on the extracted RNA. This was then compared to curcumin and piperine used singularly at 49.11 µM and 25 µM, respectively. Our results demonstrated that in the curcumin treated group, from the top 10 upregulated and top 10 downregulated significantly differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05; fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ −2), there were five upregulated and three downregulated genes involved in the amyloidogenic pathway. While from top 10 upregulated and top 10 downregulated significantly differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05; fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ − 2) in the piperine treated group, there were four upregulated and three downregulated genes involved in the same pathway, whereas there were five upregulated and two downregulated genes involved (p < 0.05; fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ − 2) in the curcumin-piperine combined group. Four genes namelyGABARAPL1,CTSB,RAB5andAK5were expressed significantly in all groups. Other genes such asITPR1, GSK3B, PPP3CC, ERN1, APH1A, CYCSandCALM2were novel putative genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. We revealed that curcumin and piperine have displayed their actions against Aβvia the modulation of various mechanistic pathways. Alterations in expression profiles of genes in the neuronal cell model may explain Aβpathology post-treatment and provide new insights for remedial approaches of a combined treatment using curcumin and piperine.
Early childhood caries and its associations with sugar consumption, overweight and exclusive breastfeeding in low, middle and high-income countries: an ecological study
Authors: Folayan Morenike O. , El Tantawi Maha , Ramos-Gomez Francisco , Sabbah Wael
Published: October 2020

Aim

This ecological study examined the associations between the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), overweight, country’s per capita sugar consumption and duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

Methods

Per capita consumption of sugar in kilograms, percentage of children exclusively breastfed until 6 months of age, percentage of 0–5-year-old children with overweight status, and percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC were compared among low-income countries (LICs), middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). The association between the prevalence of ECC and the study variables, and the effect modification by income region were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. Regression coefficients, confidence intervals, partial eta squared and P-values for effect modification were calculated.

Results

The per capita sugar consumption in LICs was significantly lower than in MICs (P = 0.001) and HICs (P < 0.001). The percentage of infants who exclusively breastfed up to 6 months was significantly lower in HICs than in LICs (P < 0.001) and MICs (P = 0.003). The prevalence of overweight was significantly lower in LICs than in MICs (P < 0.001) and HICs (P = 0.021). The prevalence of ECC was significantly lower in HICs than in MICs (P < 0.001). Income was a significant modifier of the associations between the prevalence of ECC, per capita sugar consumption (P = 0.005), and exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months (P = 0.03). The associations between the prevalence of ECC and per capita sugar consumption at the global level and for MICs were stronger (partial eta squared = 0.05 and 0.13 respectively) than for LICs and HICs (partial eta squared <0.0001 and 0.003 respectively). Only in MICs was there a significant association between the prevalence of ECC and per capita sugar consumption (P = 0.002), and between the prevalence of ECC and the percentage of children exclusively breastfed up to 6 months (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Though the quantity of sugar consumption and exclusive breastfeeding may be a significant risk indicator for ECC in MICs, sugar consumption may be more of a risk indicator for ECC in HICs than in LICs, and vice versa for exclusive breastfeeding. Although ECC and overweight are both sugar-related diseases, we found no significant relationship between them.
AS POLÍTICAS NEOLIBERAIS NO BRASIL: SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA E SUPERIOR
Authors: Fávero Altair Alberto , Pasinato Darciel
Published: October 2020

O artigo tem por escopo discutir de que forma as políticas neoliberais se fazem presentes na educação brasileira, predominantemente a partir dos anos 1990, contribuindo para o aprofundamento das desigualdades sociais e na diminuição dos investimentos. Na intenção de atualizar e sistematizar algumas reflexões sobre a relação entre políticas neoliberais e educação, o ensaio caracteriza-se por um estudo teórico-bibliográfico, de cunho analítico-hermenêutico. Dentre os resultados destaca-se que o projeto neoliberal para a educação nacional, fez com que as instituições escolares viessem a se transformar em um local de produção instrumental de mão de obra semiespecializada, descuidando a formação de um sujeito crítico, reflexivo e emancipado.
Opioid prescribing trends in a Veterans Affairs emergency department and dental clinic before and after implementation of opioid-prescribing guidelines
Authors: Lavasani Rebecca , Chung Michelle , Beatty Allison , Lawrence Phillip , Unni Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Opioid overdose is highly prevalent among veterans. The Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued prescribing guidelines for managing chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the 2013 OSI and 2016 CDC guidelines on opioid-prescribing trends in the emergency department and dental clinic within the Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System.

Methods

In this retrospective, cohort study, opioid prescriptions were queried from January 1, 2013, through March 31, 2017, and separated into 3 groups: pre-OSI, post-OSI, and post-CDC. The primary outcome was to determine a decrease in opioid prescribing. Secondary outcomes included changes in concurrent benzodiazepine and naloxone prescriptions and prescriber status. Analysis of variance was used to determine a difference between study periods.

Results

There were 7339 opioid prescriptions identified. A statistically significant difference was found between the 3 groups in average number of opioids prescribed, morphine milligram equivalents per prescription, days' supplied, and medication quantity per prescription (P < .01). There was no significant difference between the 3 groups regarding morphine milligram equivalents per day (P = .24). Benzodiazepine prescribing remained the same. Concurrent naloxone prescriptions increased.

Discussion

The results demonstrate that days' supply, quantity, and morphine milligram equivalent per day in the post-CDC group were consistent with guideline recommendations. Concurrent naloxone prescribing increased throughout all time periods. Implementation of guidelines impacted opioid-prescribing trends, ultimately lessening potential for misuse and abuse. However, there is still need for improvement with reducing concurrent benzodiazepine prescriptions.
Start low, go fast? Antipsychotic titration patterns at an inpatient psychiatric hospital
Authors: Vadiei Nina , Chien Jonathan , Enwereji Jude , Myslinski Britt , Guzman Alexander
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Antipsychotics are commonly used to treat psychotic symptoms and severe mental illnesses. Treatment guidelines recommend antipsychotics be titrated quickly to therapeutic effect in the acute setting but acknowledge that determining the optimal dose is complicated by a delay between treatment initiation and therapeutic response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antipsychotic titration patterns in an inpatient psychiatric hospital.

Methods

This study is a retrospective chart review of adult patients admitted to a teaching hospital and initiated on an antipsychotic for treatment of psychosis between January and December 2018. Patients were excluded if they had substance-induced psychosis, delirium, were prescribed >1 antipsychotic, or had no antipsychotic dose changes. The primary outcome was the average titration rate of the newly initiated antipsychotic. Secondary outcomes included differences in titration rate between involuntary and voluntary admissions and other antipsychotic characteristics.

Results

Of 149 patients included, the majority had a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia. Antipsychotics were titrated on average every 2 days regardless of admission type. Eighteen percent of patients were titrated to guideline-recommended maximum doses, and it took, on average, 3 days for patients to reach their final dose during hospitalization. Average length of stay was 9 days, and 43.6% of patients were readmitted within 1 year.

Discussion

Antipsychotics are titrated rapidly in the inpatient setting despite a lack of evidence regarding the impact of titration rate on clinical outcomes. Further studies comparing slow versus rapid titration strategies are needed to elucidate the impact of this on patient outcomes.
Implementing integrated measurements of Essential Biodiversity Variables at a national scale
Authors: Bellingham Peter J. , Richardson Sarah J. , Gormley Andrew M. , Allen Robert B. , Cook Asher , Crisp Philippa N. , Forsyth David M. , McGlone Matt S. , McKay Meredith , MacLeod Catriona J. , van Dam‐Bates Paul , Wright Elaine F.
Published: September 2020

1. There is a global need for observation systems that deliver regular, timely data on state and trends in biodiversity, but few have been implemented, and fewer still at national scales. We describe the implementation of measurement of Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) on an 8 km × 8 km grid throughout New Zealand, with multiple components of biodiversity (vegetation, birds, and some introduced mammals) measured simultaneously at each sample point.

2. Between 2011 and 2017, all public land was sampled nationally (ca. 1,350 points) and some private land (ca. 500 points). Synthetic appraisals of the state of New Zealand's biodiversity, not possible previously, can be derived from the first measurement of species distribution, population abundance, and taxonomic diversity EBVs.

3. Native bird counts (all species combined) were about 2.5 times greater per sample point in natural forests and shrublands than in non‐woody ecosystems, and native bird counts exceeded those of non‐native birds across all natural forests and shrublands.

4. Non‐native plants, birds, and mammals are invasive throughout, but high‐rainfall forested regions are least invaded, and historically deforested rain shadow regions are most invaded.

5. National reporting of terrestrial biodiversity across New Zealand's public land is established and becoming normalised, in the same manner as national and international reporting of human health and education statistics. The challenge is extending coverage across all private land. Repeated measurements of these EBVs, which began in 2017, will allow defensible estimates of biodiversity trends.
A Highly‐Adhesive and Self‐Healing Elastomer for Bio‐Interfacial Electrode
Authors: Xu Zhicheng , Chen Litong , Lu Liangliang , Du Ruichun , Ma Wencan , Cai Yifeng , An Xiaoming , Wu Haomin , Luo Qiong , Xu Qiang , Zhang Qiuhong , Jia Xudong
Published: September 2020

Stretchable electrodes are playing important roles in the measurement of bio‐electrical signals especially in wearable electronic devices. These electrodes usually adopt commercial elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane or polystyrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene as substrates, which result in poor stability and reliability due to weak interfacial adhesion between electrodes and human skin. Here, dopamine is introduced into the hydrogen bonding based elastomer as pendent groups. The elastomer shows both mechanical strength and adhesion strength at the same time. It exhibits high stress at break (1.9 MPa) and high fracture strain (5100%). Significantly, it exhibits a high adhesive strength (≈62 kPa) and underwater adhesive strength (≈16 kPa) with epithelial tissue. Thus, a stretchable bio‐interfacial electrode is fabricated by spray‐coating silver nanowires on the elastic substrate, which is stretchable, self‐healable, and highly adhesive and suitable for electromyogram measurement.
Boosting the Photoactivity of Grafted Titania: Ultrasound‐Driven Synthesis of a Multi‐Phase Heterogeneous Nano‐Architected Photocatalyst
Authors: Giannakoudakis Dimitrios A. , Qayyum Abdul , Łomot Dariusz , Besenhard Maximilian O. , Lisovytskiy Dmytro , Bandosz Teresa J. , Colmenares Juan Carlos
Published: September 2020

The herein presented low‐power high‐frequency (500 kHz) ultrasound‐assisted precipitation synthesis (LPHF‐US) leads to a unique multiphase nano‐structured titanium dioxide, grafted with oxygen‐containing organic functionalities. The material exhibits a high porosity (surface area 326 m2 g−1 and total pores volume 0.484 cm3 g−1) and heterogeneous surface chemistry. In the used LPHF‐US synthetic protocol, the energy‐demanding calcination step leading to crystallization is eliminated and an organic residue is simultaneously grafted to the surface. That organic residue affects the anatase nanocrystals, size (4–7 nm), which are embedded in an amorphous titanium hydroxide network. This nanomaterial shows superior performance as a heterogenous photocatalyst either in a gaseous phase by decomposing toxic vapors of chemical warfare agents (a mustard‐gas surrogate), or in a liquid phase by selectively oxidizing benzyl alcohol, a model lignin‐biomass‐derived compound. The grafted organic phase enhances the catalyst's photoreactivity under visible light, by acting as a photosensitizer (antenna effect) and/or as a source of chromophores.
Ultra‐Uniform Nanocrystalline Materials via Two‐Step Sintering
Authors: Dong Yanhao , Yang Hongbing , Zhang Lin , Li Xingyu , Ding Dong , Wang Xiaohui , Li Ju , Li Jiangong , Chen I‐Wei
Published: September 2020

Nanocrystalline materials with superior properties are of great interest. Much is discussed about obtaining nanograins, but little is known about maintaining grain‐size uniformity that is critical for reliability. An especially intriguing question is whether it is possible to achieve a size distribution narrower than what Hillert theoretically predicted for normal grain growth, a possibility suggested—for growth with a higher growth exponent—by the generalized mean‐field theory of Lifshitz, Slyozov, Wagner (LSW), and Hillert but never realized in practice. Following a rationally designed two‐step sintering route, it has been made possible in bulk materials by taking advantage of the large growth exponent in the intermediate sintering stage to form a uniform microstructure despite residual porosity, and freezing the grain growth thereafter while continuing densification to reach full density. The bulk dense Al2O3 ceramic thus obtained has an average grain size of 34 nm and a size distribution much narrower than Hillert's prediction. Bulk Al2O3 with a grain‐size distribution narrower than the particle‐size distribution of starting powders is also demonstrated, as are highly uniform bulk engineering metals (refractory Mo and W‐Re alloy) and complex functional ceramics (BaTiO3‐based alloys with superior dielectric strength and energy capacity).
Self‐Healing of Electrical Damage in Polymers
Authors: Yang Yang , Dang Zhi‐Min , Li Qi , He Jinliang
Published: September 2020

Polymers are widely used as dielectric components and electrical insulations in modern electronic devices and power systems in the industrial sector, transportation, and large appliances, among others, where electrical damage of the materials is one of the major factors threatening the reliability and service lifetime. Self‐healing dielectric polymers, an emerging category of materials capable of recovering dielectric and insulating properties after electrical damage, are of promise to address this issue. This paper aims at summarizing the recent progress in the design and synthesis of self‐healing dielectric polymers. The current understanding to the process of electrical degradation and damage in dielectric polymers is first introduced and the critical requirements in the self‐healing of electrical damage are proposed. Then the feasibility of using self‐healing strategies designed for repairing mechanical damage in the healing of electrical damage is evaluated, based on which the challenges and bottleneck issues are pointed out. The emerging self‐healing methods specifically designed for healing electrical damage are highlighted and some useful mechanisms for developing novel self‐healing dielectric polymers are proposed. It is concluded by providing a brief outlook and some potential directions in the future development toward practical applications in electronics and the electric power industry.
Prior Anticoagulation in Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Meinel Thomas R. , Branca Mattia , De Marchis Gian Marco , Nedeltchev Krassen , Kahles Timo , Bonati Leo , Arnold Marcel , Heldner Mirjam R. , Jung Simon , Carrera Emmanuel , Dirren Elisabeth , Michel Patrik , Strambo Davide , Cereda Carlo W. , Bianco Giovanni , Kägi Georg , Vehoff Jochen , Katan Mira , Bolognese Manuel , Backhaus Roland , Salmen Stephan , Albert Sylvan , Medlin Friedrich , Berger Christian , Schelosky Ludwig , Renaud Susanne , Niederhauser Julien , Bonvin Christophe , Schaerer Michael , Mono Marie‐Luise , Rodic Biljana , Tarnutzer Alexander A. , Mordasini Pasquale , Gralla Jan , Kaesmacher Johannes , Engelter Stefan , Fischer Urs , Seiffge David J. ,   the Investigators of the Swiss Stroke Registry
Published: September 2020

Objective

The aim was to evaluate, in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and acute ischemic stroke, the association of prior anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) with stroke severity, utilization of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), safety of IVT, and 3‐month outcomes.

Methods

This was a cohort study of consecutive patients (2014–2019) on anticoagulation versus those without (controls) with regard to stroke severity, rates of IVT/mechanical thrombectomy, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2) at 3 months.

Results

Of 8,179 patients (mean [SD] age, 79.8 [9.6] years; 49% women), 1,486 (18%) were on VKA treatment, 1,634 (20%) on DOAC treatment at stroke onset, and 5,059 controls. Stroke severity was lower in patients on DOACs (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 4, [interquartile range 2–11]) compared with VKA (6, [2–14]) and controls (7, [3–15], p < 0.001; quantile regression: β −2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.6 to −1.7). The IVT rate in potentially eligible patients was significantly lower in patients on VKA (156 of 247 [63%]; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.67; 95% CI 0.50–0.90) and particularly in patients on DOACs (69 of 464 [15%]; aOR 0.06; 95% CI 0.05–0.08) compared with controls (1,544 of 2,504 [74%]). sICH after IVT occurred in 3.6% (2.6–4.7%) of controls, 9 of 195 (4.6%; 1.9–9.2%; aOR 0.93; 95% CI 0.46–1.90) patients on VKA and 2 of 65 (3.1%; 0.4–10.8%, aOR 0.56; 95% CI 0.28–1.12) of those on DOACs. After adjustments for prognostic confounders, DOAC pretreatment was associated with a favorable 3‐month outcome (aOR 1.24; 1.01–1.51).

Interpretation

Prior DOAC therapy in patients with AF was associated with decreased admission stroke severity at onset and a remarkably low rate of IVT. Overall, patients on DOAC might have better functional outcome at 3 months. Further research is needed to overcome potential restrictions for IVT in patients taking DOACs. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:42–53
Einfluss der Verteilung hydrophiler Monomere auf die Selbstassemblierung eines pH‐responsiven Copolymers: Kugeln, Würmer und Vesikel aus einer einzigen Copolymerkomposition
Authors: Zhang Junliang , Farias‐Mancilla Barbara , Kulai Ihor , Hoeppener Stephanie , Lonetti Barbara , Prévost Sylvain , Ulbrich Jens , Destarac Mathias , Colombani Olivier , Schubert Ulrich S. , Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Harrisson Simon
Published: September 2020

Eine Serie von Copolymeren, die 50 % Acrylsäure (AA) und 50 % Butylacrylat (BA) enthielten, jedoch unterschiedliche Zusammensetzungsprofile aufwiesen, wurden synthetisiert und ihr pH‐abhängiges Selbstassemblierungsverhalten untersucht. Dabei reichten die synthetisierten Profile von einem AA‐BA‐Diblockcopolymer bis zu einem Poly(AA‐grad‐BA)‐Copolymer mit linearem Gradienten. Während assemblierte Gruppen des AA‐BA‐Diblockcopolymers kinetisch gehemmt waren, zeigten die gradientenartigen Kompositionen reversible Änderungen der Größe und Morphologie als Reaktion auf Veränderung des pH‐Werts. Im Speziellen bildete ein Diblockcopolymer, das aus zwei ungeordneten Copolymersegmenten gleicher Länge (16 % bzw. 84 % AA‐Gehalt) bestand, kugelförmige Mizellen bei einem pH‐Wert >5, eine Mischung aus kugelförmigen und wurmartigen Mizellen bei pH 5 und Vesikel bei pH 4. Diese Anordnungen wurden durch dynamische Lichtstreuung (DLS), Kryo‐Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (Kryo‐TEM) und Kleinwinkelneutronenstreuung (SANS) charakterisiert.
Boron in Prebiological Evolution
Authors: Franco Ana , da Silva José Armando L.
Published: September 2020

Boron(III), as borate (or boric acid), mediates the synthesis of ribose, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides. These reactions are carried out under moderate temperatures (typically 70–95 °C) with organic molecules (or their derivatives) detected in interstellar space and inorganic ions found in minerals on Earth (and could occur during early stages of prebiotic evolution). Research in this century suggests that borate was a relevant prebiological reagent, thus reinforcing the RNA world hypothesis as an explanation for the origin of life. Herein, these developments on prebiological chemistry related to boron species are reviewed.
Effect of Hydrophilic Monomer Distribution on Self‐Assembly of a pH‐Responsive Copolymer: Spheres, Worms and Vesicles from a Single Copolymer Composition
Authors: Zhang Junliang , Farias‐Mancilla Barbara , Kulai Ihor , Hoeppener Stephanie , Lonetti Barbara , Prévost Sylvain , Ulbrich Jens , Destarac Mathias , Colombani Olivier , Schubert Ulrich S. , Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Harrisson Simon
Published: September 2020

A series of copolymers containing 50 mol % acrylic acid (AA) and 50 mol % butyl acrylate (BA) but with differing composition profiles ranging from an AA‐BA diblock copolymer to a linear gradient poly(AA‐grad‐BA) copolymer were synthesized and their pH‐responsive self‐assembly behavior was investigated. While assemblies of the AA‐BA diblock copolymer were kinetically frozen, the gradient‐like compositions underwent reversible changes in size and morphology in response to changes in pH. In particular, a diblock copolymer consisting of two random copolymer segments of equal length (16 mol % and 84 mol % AA content, respectively) formed spherical micelles at pH >5, a mix of spherical and wormlike micelles at pH 5 and vesicles at pH 4. These assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering, cryo‐transmission electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering.
MOF‐Directed Synthesis of Crystalline Ionic Liquids with Enhanced Proton Conduction
Authors: Xue Wen‐Long , Deng Wei‐Hua , Chen Hui , Liu Rui‐Heng , Taylor Jared M. , Li Yu‐kun , Wang Lu , Deng Yu‐Heng , Li Wen‐Hua , Wen Ying‐Yi , Wang Guan‐E , Wan Chong‐Qing , Xu Gang
Published: September 2020

Arranging ionic liquids (ILs) with long‐range order can not only enhance their performance in a desired application, but can also help elucidate the vital between structure and properties. However, this is still a challenge and no example has been reported to date. Herein, we report a feasible strategy to achieve a crystalline IL via coordination self‐assembly based reticular chemistry. IL1MOF, was prepared by designing an IL bridging ligand and then connecting them with metal clusters. IL1MOF has a unique structure, where the IL ligands are arranged on a long‐range ordered framework but have a labile ionic center. This structure enables IL1MOF to break through the typical limitation where the solid ILs have lower proton conductivity than their counterpart bulk ILs. IL1MOF shows 2–4 orders of magnitude higher proton conductivity than its counterpart IL monomer across a wide temperature range. Moreover, by confining the IL within ultramicropores (<1 nm), IL1MOF suppresses the liquid–solid phase transition temperatures to lower than −150 °C, allowing it to function with high conductivity in a subzero temperature range.
Preclinical characterization of alginate‐poly‐L‐lysine encapsulated HepaRG for extracorporeal liver supply
Authors: Pasqua Mattia , Pereira Ulysse , de Lartigue Claire , Nicolas Jonathan , Vigneron Pascale , Dermigny Quentin , Legallais Cécile
Published: September 2020

We recently demonstrated that HepaRG cells encapsulated into 1.5% alginate beads are capable of self‐assembling into spheroids. They adequately differentiate into hepatocyte‐like cells, with hepatic features observed at Day 14 post‐encapsulation required for external bioartificial liver applications. Preliminary investigations performed within a bioreactor under shear stress conditions and using a culture medium mimicking acute liver failure (ALF) highlighted the need to reinforce beads with a polymer coating. We demonstrated in a first step that a poly‐l‐lysine coating improved the mechanical stability, without altering the metabolic activities necessary for bioartificial liver applications (such as ammonia and lactate elimination). In a second step, we tested the optimized biomass in a newly designed perfused dynamic bioreactor, in the presence of the medium model for pathological plasma for 6 h. Performances of the biomass were enhanced as compared to the steady configuration, demonstrating its efficacy in decreasing the typical toxins of ALF. This type of bioreactor is easy to scale up as it relies on the number of micro‐encapsulated cells, and could provide an adequate hepatic biomass for liver supply. Its design allows it to be integrated into a hybrid artificial/bioartificial liver setup for further clinical studies regarding its impact on ALF animal models.
Animating explosion with exploding sound and rigid‐body sound
Authors: Liu Shiguang , Gao Si , Xu Siqi
Published: September 2020

Visual simulation of explosion animation can be found many applications in virtual reality. In addition to visual simulation, sound synthesis of explosion scenes is also indispensable. However, little attention has been paid to this research area. To this end, this paper proposes an automatic sound synthesis method for explosion scenes. Explosion animation consists of two major events, namely explosive event and interactive rigid‐body fracture event. Correspondingly, the sound for an explosion scene can be viewed as the combination of two components, that is, the exploding sound and the rigid‐body sound. Among them, the exploding sound often shows similarity in terms of characteristics in frequency domain, while the rigid‐body sound is rich in variations due to the unpredictable motion state and different materials of debris. As a result, for the synthesis of the rigid‐body sound, firstly, we extract the rigid‐body sounds from recording examples by the empirical mode decomposition method. On this basis, a new spectral flux based approach is developed to segment the extracted sounds into a grain dictionary. Then, a cascade sound synthesis method based on impulse response is designed to synchronize the rigid‐body sound for fracture events. For the synthesis of exploding sound, due to its similar characteristics in frequency domain, an example‐based automatic sound synthesis method is adapted in this paper. Finally, we propose a priority‐aware sound blending method to merge these two types of completely different sounds reasonably. Various experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of our new method.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors from the Roots of Caragana sinica
Authors: Park SeonJu , Kim Nanyoung , Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Kwak Hee Jae , Yang Hyun Wook , Kim Seung Hyun
Published: September 2020

Two new oligostilbenes, caragasinins D and E, along with four known compounds, kobophenol A, α‐viniferin, wistin, and 5‐hydroxy‐2‐[(4‐hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]‐3‐methoxybenzoic acid, were isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. These compounds were spectroscopically analyzed for their structures and configurations and compared with existing data. The configurations of caragasinins D and E were elucidated by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and time‐dependent density‐functional theory simulated ECD spectral data. All six compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against neuraminidase (NA) from Clostridium perfringens. Among the tested compounds, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐[(4‐hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]‐3‐methoxybenzoic acid demonstrated statistically significant NA inhibitory activity, which was comparable to the positive control, mangiferin.
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 induces differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human follicular fluid to oocyte‐like cell
Authors: Taheri Mahin , Saki Ghasem , Nikbakht Roshan , Eftekhari Ali R.
Published: September 2020

Follicular fluid (FF) is essential for developing ovarian follicles. Besides the oocytes, FF has abundant undifferentiated somatic cells containing stem cell properties, which are discarded in daily medical procedures. Earlier studies have shown that FF cells could differentiate into primordial germ cells via forming embryoid bodies, which produced oocyte‐like cells (OLC). This study aimed at isolating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from FF and evaluating the impacts of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) on the differentiation of these cells into OLCs. Human FF‐derived cells were collected from 78 women in the assisted fertilization program and cultured in human recombinant BMP15 medium for 21 days. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry staining characterized MSCs and OLCs. MSCs expressed germline stem cell (GSC) markers, such as OCT4 and Nanog. In the control group, after 15 days, OLCs were formed and expressed zona pellucida markers (ZP2 and ZP3), and reached 20–30 µm in diameter. Ten days after induction with BMP15, round cells developed, and the size of OLCs reached 115 µm. A decrease ranged from 0.04 to 4.5 in the expression of pluripotency and oocyte‐specific markers observed in the cells cultured in a BMP15‐supplemented medium. FF‐derived MSCs have an innate potency to differentiate into OLCs, and BMP15 is effective in promoting the differentiation of these cells, which may give an in vitro model to examine germ cell development.
Importance of thorough examination in foreign body exposure: An impressive case of asphyxiation with foam sealant
Authors: Chang Eileen , Chang Ian
Published: September 2020

Foreign body exposure requires a systematic exploration. There are no specific guidelines regarding cancer screening with prior toxin exposure. More research about the pathophysiology and management may further our knowledge and improve morbidity.
Electron‐Deficient Imidazolium Substituted Cp Ligands and their Ru Complexes
Authors: Mazzotta Fabio , Zitzer Georg , Speiser Bernd , Kunz Doris
Published: September 2020

The synthesis of electron‐poor mono‐, di‐ and tri(imidazolium)‐substituted Cp‐ylides is presented and their electronic properties are discussed based on NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray structure analyses, electrochemical investigations and DFT calculations as well as by their reactivity toward [Ru(CH3CN)3Cp*](PF6). With mono‐ and di(imidazolium)‐substituted cyclopentadienides the respective monocationic and dicationic ruthenocences are formed (X‐ray), whereas tri(imidazolium) cyclopentadienides are too electron‐poor to form the ruthenocenes. Cyclic voltammetric analysis of the ruthenocenes shows reversible oxidation at a potential that increases with every additional electron‐withdrawing imidazolium substituent at the Cp ligand by 0.53–0.55 V in an electrolyte based on a weakly coordinating anion. A reversible oxidation can be observed for the free 1,3‐disubstituted ligand as well.
Divergent Synthesis of γ‐Amino Acid and γ‐Lactam Derivatives from meso‐Glutaric Anhydrides
Authors: Smith Simon N. , Craig Ryan , Connon Stephen J.
Published: September 2020

The first divergent synthesis of both γ‐amino acid and γ‐lactam derivatives from meso‐glutaric anhydrides is described. The organocatalytic desymmetrisation with TMSN3 relies on controlled generation of a nucleophilic ammonium azide species mediated by a polystyrene‐bound base to promote efficient silylazidation. After Curtius rearrangement of the acyl azide intermediate to access the corresponding isocyanate, hydrolysis/alcoholysis provided uniformly high yields of γ‐amino acids and their N‐protected counterparts. The same intermediates were shown to undergo an unprecedented decarboxylation–cyclisation cascade in situ to provide synthetically useful yields of γ‐lactam derivatives without using any further activating agents. Mechanistic insights invoke the intermediacy of an unconventional γ‐N‐carboxyanhydride (γ‐NCA) in the latter process. Among the examples prepared using this transformation are 8 APIs/molecules of considerable medicinal interest.
Cationic Functionalisation by Phosphenium Ion Insertion
Authors: Riesinger Christoph , Dütsch Luis , Balázs Gábor , Bodensteiner Michael , Scheer Manfred
Published: September 2020

The reaction of [Cp′′′Ni(η3‐P3)] (1) with in situ generated phosphenium ions [RR′P]+ yields the unprecedented polyphosphorus cations of the type [Cp′′′Ni(η3‐P4R2)][X] (R=Ph (2 a), Mes (2 b), Cy (2 c), 2,2′‐biphen (2 d), Me (2 e); [X]−=[OTf]−, [SbF6]−, [GaCl4]−, [BArF]−, [TEF]−) and [Cp′′′Ni(η3‐P4RCl)][TEF] (R=Ph (2 f), tBu (2 g)). In the reaction of 1 with [Br2P]+, an analogous compound is observed only as an intermediate and the final product is an unexpected dinuclear complex [{Cp′′′Ni}2(μ,η3:η1:η1‐P4Br3)][TEF] (3 a). A similar product [{Cp′′′Ni}2(μ,η3:η1:η1‐P4(2,2′‐biphen)Cl)][GaCl4] (3 b) is obtained, when 2 d[GaCl4] is kept in solution for prolonged times. Although the central structural motif of 2 a–g consists of a “butterfly‐like” folded P4 ring attached to a {Cp′′′Ni} fragment, the structures of 3 a and 3 b exhibit a unique asymmetrically substituted and distorted P4 chain stabilised by two {Cp′′′Ni} fragments. Additional DFT calculations shed light on the reaction pathway for the formation of 2 a–2 g and the bonding situation in 3 a.
Enzymatic Formation of Indolactam Scaffold by C−N Bond‐Forming Cytochrome P450 Oxidases in Teleocidin Biosynthesis
Authors: Morita Iori , Mori Takahiro , Abe Ikuro
Published: September 2020

Teleocidins are potent protein kinase C activators, and possess a unique indole‐fused nine‐membered lactam structure. Teleocidin biosynthesis starts from the formation of a dipeptide by non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), followed by oxidative C−N bond formation by a cytochrome P450 oxidase, reverse‐prenylation by a prenyltransferase, and methylation‐initiated terpene cyclization by a C‐methyltransferase. This minireview focuses on recent research progress toward the elucidation of the molecular basis for the remarkable P450‐catalyzed intramolecular C−N bond‐forming reaction, which is challenging in synthetic chemistry, to generate the indolactam scaffold. In addition, precursor‐directed biosynthesis with the promiscuous P450 enzymes led to the formation of a series of unnatural and novel molecular scaffolds, including a sulfur‐substituted indolactam with a different conformation from that of indolactam V.
Between Aromatic and Quinoid Structure: A Symmetrical UV to Vis/NIR Benzothiadiazole Redox Switch
Authors: Rietsch Philipp , Sobottka Sebastian , Hoffmann Katrin , Popov Alexey A. , Hildebrandt Pascal , Sarkar Biprajit , Resch‐Genger Ute , Eigler Siegfried
Published: September 2020

Reversibly switching the light absorption of organic molecules by redox processes is of interest for applications in sensors, light harvesting, smart materials, and medical diagnostics. This work presents a symmetrical benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivative with a high fluorescence quantum yield in solution and in the crystalline state and shows by spectroelectrochemical analysis that reversible switching of UV absorption in the neutral state, to broadband Vis/NIR absorption in the 1st oxidized state, to sharp band Vis absorption in the 2nd oxidized state, is possible. For the one‐electron oxidized species, formation of a delocalized radical is confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemistry. Furthermore, our results reveal an increasing quinoidal distortion upon the 1st and 2nd oxidation, which can be used as the leitmotif for the development of BTD based redox switches.
The Use of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Chemical Valorization of Plastic Waste
Authors: Mark Lesli O. , Cendejas Melissa C. , Hermans Ive
Published: September 2020

Plastic solid waste (PSW) is an ever‐growing environmental challenge for our society, as it not only ends up in landfills but also in waterways and oceans and is consequently entering the food chain. A key strategy to overcome this problem while also preserving carbon resources is to use PSW as a feedstock, evolving towards a circular economy. To implement this, mechanical as well as chemical recycling technologies must be developed. Indeed, owing to the high volume of PSW generated each year, mechanical recycling alone is not adequate for addressing this global challenge. Because of this, chemical recycling via thermal and heterogeneous catalytic conversion has received growing attention. This process has the potential to take PSW and convert it into usable monomers, fuels, synthesis gas, and adsorbents under more sustainable conditions than thermal degradation. This Review highlights the recent research advances in catalytic technologies for PSW conversion and valorization.