bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing stock‐outs effectively with order fulfilment systems
Authors: Pibernik Richard
Published: July 2006

Purpose

When approaching a stock‐out situation, a company should be able to actively manage the allocation of available products on the basis of customer requirements and priorities as well as contractual relationships. The purpose of this paper is to describe different order promising mechanisms and analyze how well they can contribute to the effective management of stock‐out situations.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides a formal description and analysis of alternative order promising mechanism applicable in make to stock systems. Numerical analysis is conducted based on the data of a pharmaceutical company.

Findings

The paper clearly points out the potential of alternative order promising mechanisms to alleviate the negative consequences associated with a temporary stock‐out situation.

Research limitations/implications

The paper does not consider implications of inventory pre‐allocation to customer classes. Further research should address the interplay between pre‐allocation and different order allocation mechanisms.

Practical implications

The results obtained from this analysis provide guidelines for manufacturers, retailers, and vendors of supply chain software on how to design and utilize order promising systems.

Originality/value

The paper provides a consistent formal approach to modelling order promising mechanisms, introduce new and innovative order promising mechanisms and provide valuable insight into their performance through numerical analysis.
Integrating logistics and information technology strategies for sustainable competitive advantage
Authors: Bourlakis Michael , Bourlakis Constantine
Published: July 2006

Purpose

To investigate the integration process of retailer's information technology strategy within logistics strategy and to find out those aspects of the retailer's distribution and operational performance that are mostly influenced via that integration.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative case study methodology is used where the managers of the major domestic and multinational firms operating in the Greek food multiple retail market are interviewed. The integration process of the information technology and logistics strategies of these retail firms is linked to their relevant distribution and operational functions. Secondary data for the Greek food multiple retail sector are also employed.

Findings

The findings show that logistics and information technology strategies are developed and implemented in a parallel way by both local and multinational food multiple retailers in Greece. A financial ratio analysis carried out for these firms, suggests that multinational firms possess greater operational efficiency at both secondary and in‐store distribution operations compared to domestic firms, something that is largely attributed to their integration of logistics and information technology operations. Multinational firms' superior operational efficiency is also resulting in a higher profitability performance.

Originality/value

The paper proposes that a successful integration process between the logistics and the information technology functions seems to confer a competitive advantage upon retailers' distribution operations. The paper will assist retail managers and researchers responsible for the development of logistics and information technology strategies to understand that fully absorbed information technology and logistics strategies and operations will be rewarded with superior pecuniary and operational efficiency benefits.
Analyzing the impact of information technology investments using regression and data mining techniques
Authors: Ko Myung , Osei‐Bryson Kweku‐Muata
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Many attempts to justify the business value of increased investments in information technology (IT) have shown mixed results. While findings from earlier studies have been conflicting, recent firm level studies indicate that IT investments have a positive impact on productivity. However, whether IT adds value to organizations is an on going debating issue. Thus, thus it is worth of further investigation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs multiple techniques – a regression, regression trees, and regression splines – and integrate the responses provided from each technique.

Findings

While IT investments have a positive impact on productivity, the impact is conditional and is not uniform but depends on the amounts invested in other related areas, such as non‐IT labor, non‐IT capital, and/or IT investments.

Practical implications

The IT impact on productivity can be maximized when investments in other related areas are considered together than when they are considered in isolation. Therefore, IT investment decisions should not be made without consideration of the levels of other investments within an organization to avoid any waste in additional investments in IT.

Originality/value

While most previous studies have studied in terms of its existence or non‐existence of the IT impact, we investigate the conditions under which the IT impact would or would not exist. Thus, our study provides with the opportunity for gaining a deeper understanding of the impact of IT investments on productivity.
Performance measurement: a remedy for increasing the efficiency of public services?
Authors: Greiling Dorothea
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Promoters of performance measurement are convinced that performance measurement can greatly contribute to an efficiency boost in the field of public services. The purpose of this article is to treat this as a hypothesis and examine this hypothesis from various theoretical perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach

After some introductory remarks dealing with terminology, the article examines the potential offered by performance measurement and performance‐based contracting for increasing the efficiency of public service delivery. As a framework for this investigation, several theories are used in order to obtain a theory‐driven answer.

Findings

The majority of the theories applied are sceptical about the assumption that performance measurement will act as an efficiency driver. All in all an ambivalent picture prevails.

Research limitations/implications

Further research is required into the factors which ensure that performance measurement will function as an efficiency driver for public services. Also, the empirical basis which investigates the relationship between performance measurement and efficiency is, up to now, very slim.

Originality/value

This paper looks into the chances of performance measurement – a central plank of new public management – as an efficiency driver. That performance measurement contributes significantly to an increase in efficiency is often articulated in official documents. This belief is treated throughout the paper as a hypothesis. The chances performance measurement may offer are examined from various theoretical angles. On a theoretical level, the paper contributes to obtaining a clearer picture of the potential performance measurement may offer.
Nucleophosmin: A versatile molecule associated with hematological malignancies
Authors: Naoe Tomoki , Suzuki Tatsuya , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Urano Takeshi
Published: July 2006

Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that plays multiple roles in ribosome assembly and transport, cytoplasmic–nuclear trafficking, centrosome duplication and regulation of p53. In hematological malignancies, the NPM1 gene is frequently involved in chromosomal translocation, mutation and deletion. The NPM1 gene on 5q35 is translocated with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in anaplastic large cell lymphoma with t(2;5). The MLF1 and RARA genes are fused with NPM1 in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(3;5) and acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(5;17), respectively. In each fused protein, the N‐terminal NPM portion is associated with oligomerization of a partner protein leading to altered signal transduction or transcription. Recently, mutations of exon 12 have been found in a significant proportion of de novo AML, especially in those with a normal karyotype. Mutant NPM is localized aberrantly in the cytoplasm, but the molecular mechanisms for leukemia remain to be studied. Studies of knock‐out mice have revealed new aspects regarding NPM1 as a tumor‐suppressor gene. This review focuses on the clinical significance of the NPM1 gene in hematological malignancies and newly discovered roles of NPM associated with oncogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 963–969)
Helicobacter pylori infection stimulates intestinalization of endocrine cells in glandular stomach of Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Takenaka Yoshiharu , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Mizoshita Tsutomu , Cao Xueyuan , Ban Hisayo , Ogasawara Naotaka , Kaminishi Michio , Tatematsu Masae
Published: July 2006

Intestinal metaplasia has been investigated extensively as a possible premalignant condition for stomach cancer but its pathogenesis is still not fully understood. In the present study, we examined the relationship between endocrine and mucous cell marker expression periodically after Helicobacter pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil model. The numbers of chromogranin A (CgA)‐positive, gastrin‐positive and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)‐positive cells in H. pylori‐infected groups was increased significantly compared with the non‐infected case. However, CgA‐positive and gastrin‐positive cells then decreased from 50 through 100 experimental weeks after H. pylori infection, whereas GIP‐positive cells increased. Coexistence of gastrin‐positive and GIP‐positive cells was detected in the same gastric and intestinal mixed phenotypic glandular‐type glands. In conclusion, the endocrine cell phenotype is in line with that of the mucous counterpart in the glands of H. pylori‐infected Mongolian gerbil stomach, supporting the concept that development of intestinal metaplasia is due to the abnormal differentiation of a stem cell. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1015–1022)
Development of an orthotopic transplantation model in nude mice that simulates the clinical features of human lung cancer
Authors: Kang Yun , Omura Motoko , Suzuki Akiko , Oka Takashi , Nakagami Yoshihiro , Cheng Chao , Nagashima Yoji , Inoue Tomio
Published: July 2006

The objective of the present study was to establish an orthotopic tumor transplantation model in nude mice that closely resembles the clinical features of human lung cancer. The human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line and the squamous cell carcinoma SQ5 cell line were used. Tumor cells suspended in serum‐free medium were injected directly into the main bronchi of anesthetized female Balb/c athymic nude mice (7–9 weeks old) with or without simultaneous administration of 0.01 M ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). In some experiments, lung carcinoma cells harvested from tumors transplanted subcutaneously were recultured and used for intratracheal implantation. Tumor nodules that formed in the lung were counted and confirmed by histological examination. Administration of A549 cells with EDTA resulted in a 70% engraftment rate (n = 10). Recultured A549 cells without and with EDTA resulted in 20% (n = 5) and 80% (n = 5) engraftment rates, respectively. Administration of SQ5 cells without or with EDTA formed 50% (n = 4) and 67% (n = 6) engraftment rates, respectively. Recultured SQ5 cells with EDTA further increased the engraftment rate to 100% (n = 6). Multiple tumors formed mainly in the left lung and the upper lobe of the right lung. Simultaneous administration of EDTA resulted in greater numbers of tumor nodules in the lung. Histological findings revealed that A549 tumor nodules were distributed primarily in alveoli. The SQ5 solid tumors invaded bronchioles and occupied the alveoli. This reproducible orthotopic transplantation model produced tumor growth that simulated the clinical features of human lung cancer. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 996–1001)
Point of care ultrasound for basic haemodynamic assessment: novice compared with an expert operator
Authors: Royse C. F. , Seah J. L. , Donelan L. , Royse A. G.
Published: July 2006

Miniaturisation of ultrasound equipment has led to the development of hand‐held echocardiography devices suitable for bedside evaluation of cardiac function. Basic assessment of the haemodynamic state can be performed using a limited transthoracic echocardiography examination. This study evaluated a third generation device (SonoSite Titan™) used by novice and expert operators. Limited transthoracic examination was performed on 30 healthy volunteers by an expert and a novice operator. The novice had performed 10 studies prior to data accrual. Agreement analysis was performed using weighted least products regression and Bland‐Altman analysis. Acceptable results for the novice were achieved following 20 studies (including practice sessions) for basic haemodynamic assessment and following 40 studies for all measured parameters. The SonoSite Titan is acceptable for basic transthoracic measurements to determine the basic haemodynamic state and cardiac output measurements. We recommend a minimum of 20 training studies for novice operators prior to clinical use.
Effect of orientation of a standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tube on success rates during awake flexible fibreoptic intubation*
Authors: Sharma D. , Bithal P. K. , Rath G. P. , Pandia M. P.
Published: July 2006

We conducted a randomised study in 70 patients to assess the effect of orientation of a standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tube on the ease of railroading the tube during awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation. Conventional orientation of the tube (with the bevel of the tube directed to the patient's left) was compared with orientation of the tube with the bevel facing posteriorly. The success rate of intubation at the first attempt was higher with the bevel oriented posteriorly (35/35; 100%) than with the conventional orientation (21/35; 60%; p = 0.0001), and the intubating time was shorter (median (range) 7 (5–11) s and 11 (5–60) s, respectively; p = 0.0001). We recommend that the tracheal tube should be aligned in this manner when railroading it over the fibrescope during awake fibreoptic orotracheal intubation.
Insertion of the double lumen tube in the difficult airway*
Authors: Satya‐Krishna R. , Popat M.
Published: July 2006

Isolation of a lung and one‐lung ventilation are commonly used during thoracic surgery. Insertion of double lumen tubes requires considerable skill and may be especially challenging in the difficult airway. We describe a method of inserting double lumen tubes in two patients with known difficult airways. This technique involves awake nasotracheal intubation followed by insertion of an oral double lumen tube under general anaesthesia.
Effects of treatment with somatostatin analogues on QT interval duration in acromegalic patients
Authors: Fatti Letizia Maria , Scacchi Massimo , Lavezzi Elisabetta , Giraldi Francesca Pecori , De Martin Martina , Toja Paola , Michailidis Georgios , Stramba‐Badiale Marco , Cavagnini Francesco
Published: July 2006

Objective  Cardiovascular disease is a major contributor to the increased mortality of acromegalic patients. Prolongation of the QT interval is considered an established risk factor for potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias, an event frequently observed in acromegaly. Changes in ventricular repolarization have been observed with the use of octreotide, one of the somatostatin analogues (SSA) currently used for the medical treatment of this disease. Furthermore, octreotide is listed among the drugs able to prolong the QT interval. Thus, we elected to study the effects of long‐term SSA administration on QT duration and left ventricular mass (LVM) in a group of acromegalic patients.

Design and patients  In a retrospective study, 30 acromegalic patients (19 women and 11 men, aged 25–77 years) were studied under basal conditions; 24 of them (15 women and nine men, aged 25–77 years) were studied again after 3–63 months of treatment (median 18 months) with SSA. Twenty‐four healthy volunteers served as controls.

Measurements  Patients and controls underwent electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis, and QT interval duration corrected for heart rate (QTc) was established according to the Bazett formula. In 17 of the SSA‐treated patients, M‐ and B‐mode echocardiography for the assessment of LVM index (LVMi) was performed.

Results  Baseline QTc was significantly longer in patients than in controls. SSA administration was followed by a significant decrease in QTc, which reached a mean value similar to that measured in the controls. In particular, treatment with SSA normalized QTc in three out of the six patients with abnormally elevated values at baseline. After treatment, a significant reduction in heart rate was recorded, while LVMi displayed a slight but not significant decrease.

Conclusions  Acromegalic patients frequently display an abnormally prolonged QT interval, a known risk factor for potentially fatal arrhythmias. Treatment of these patients with SSA is able to improve and even normalize this alteration, probably contributing to the beneficial effects of these drugs on cardiac rhythm in this endocrine disorder. The inclusion of octreotide in the list of drugs that may increase QTc should be reconsidered as regards its indication in acromegaly.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TANGANYIKA SOILS
Authors: MUIR A. , ANDERSON B. , STEPHEN I.
Published: July 2006

A series of soils from two areas of Tanganyika have been studied mineralogically. They are derived in the main from amphibolite, but only a small proportion of the more resistant ahminosilicate minerals survive in the soil. The clays (<1.4μ) of the red loams are characterized by a predominance of kaolinite, whereas the more poorly drained grey soils have a disordered kaolin. Other components of the clays are iron oxides and small amounts of illite. The pallid soils contain moderate amounts of montmorillonite in the weathering zone, some of which persists into the soil. The mbuga and black valley soils contain montmorillonite or iliite, with subordinate kaolin.
THE SOLUBILITY OF MOLYBDENUM IN SIMPLIFIED SYSTEMS AND AQUEOUS SOIL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Jones L. H. P.
Published: July 2006

Studies of the precipitation of molybdate by ferric iron and aluminium show that ferric molybdate has minimum solubility at pH 2.7 and that it is less soluble than aluminium molybdate which has minimum solubility at pH 4.8. Ferric molybdate is much less crystalline than aluminium molybdate.

The sorption of molybdate by hydrous ferric oxide, aluminium oxide, and clay minerals depends on pH and the concentration of molybdate in solution. When sorption by the solids is compared, hydrous ferric oxide is outstanding and the order of the others is: aluminium oxide> halloysite> nontronite> kaolinite.

The main process in the sorption studies was probably adsorption of molybdate by anion exchange with hydroxyl ions. Precipitation of aluminium molybdate was detected by X‐rays when aluminium oxide and halloysite were treated with concentrated molybdate solutions.

The sorption of molybdate by soils depends on the pH and the concentration of molybdate in solution. A krasnozem which was high in free ferric oxide sorbed the largest quantities of molybdate from solution. Its ability to sorb molybdate was substantially reduced after removing the free ferric oxide by the Mg‐oxalate method.
SOIL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN SOME REPRESENTATIVE SOILS1
Authors: CHANG S. C. , JACKSON M. L.
Published: July 2006

The distribution of soil inorganic phosphorus in soils was found to measure the degree of chemical weathering, the chemical weathering sequence being calcium phosphate, aluminium phosphate, iron phosphate, and occluded phosphate. The latter category includes reductant soluble iron phosphate and aluminium‐iron phosphate occluded in iron oxides. For example, three horizons of one Chernozem profile, a Dark Brown soil, and the calcareous C1 horizon of a Grey‐Brown Podzolic soil containqd 68–95 per cent. of their inorganic phosphorus in the form of calcium phosphate, the other forms decreasing exponentially in the sequence. The inorganic phosphorus of two Latosols increased exponentially in the order calcium phosphate (1%), aluminium phosphate (0–3%), iron phosphate (10–13 %), and occluded (reductant soluble) phosphate (66–78%). Three samples of podzolized soils contained intermediate, sigmoidal distributions of the four phosphates.

In two Miami silt loam profiles, the 0–002 N H2SO4‐extractable‐phosphorus test was much higher in the subsoils down to 31/2 ft. than in the surface soil, and was correlated mostly with the calcium‐phosphate content, somewhat with aluminium and iron phosphate, and none at all with occluded phosphates which constituted a high percentage of the total phosphorus. The higher content of available phosphorus in the subsoils and release of phosphorus in the surface soil by de‐ crease of A1 and Fe activity through liming most probably explain the lack of crop response to added phosphate fertilizer even though the surface soil had a low phosphorus test.

Application of phosphate fertilizer to Almena silt loam greatly increased the amount of aluminium and iron phosphate at three lime levels: only a slight increase of calcium phosphate occurred; at tge highest lime level. The amount of occluded phosphate remained unchanged by liming or fertilization. The relatively small increase of calcium phosphate through phosphate application is attributable partly to crop removal but is shown to be due mostly to formation of the less soluble iron and aluminium phosphates.
STUDIES ON THE ORGANIC MATERIAL EXTRACTED FROM SOILS AND COMPOSTS
Authors: JENKINSON DAVID S. , TINSLEY JOSEPH
Published: July 2006

A modification of the Sevag technique for removing proteins from aqueous solution was applied to sodium‐pyrophosphate and sodium‐sulphite extracts of the water‐insoluble part of a wheat‐straw compost. Fifty‐seven per cent. of the nitrogen in the sulphite extract and 42 per cent. of that in the pyrophosphate extract was removed by this technique. This material was isolated and found to give 55–60 per cent. of its nitrogen as α‐amino‐acid nitrogen on acid hydrolysis. The non‐hydrolysable part was very similar to lignin from wheat straw and is almost certainly derived from it with comparatively little modification. It follows that the term ligno‐protein or perhaps ‘ligno‐peptide’ provides a reasonable description of the material isolated.

The lignin in the ‘ligno‐protein’ was sulphonated to a slight extent by sodium sulphite during the extraction.
STUDIES ON A NIGERIAN FOREST SOIL
Authors: BATES J. A. R. , BAKER T. C. N.
Published: July 2006

The distribution of total, total organic, total inorganic, and extractable phosphorus was determined for samples from a Nigerian forest profile, and for the sand fractions and aggregate fractions of the fine earth. The soil P is accumulated in the surface soil. Below 2 in there is a marked fall in total P, reflecting a large decrease in the amount of organic P. Thereafter the total P is fairly constant down the profile. The concentration of P in the iron concretions is considerably higher than in the surrounding fine earth. In the gravel horizon, 12–30 in., over 80 per cent. of the total P at this level is immobilized in the concretions.

Only the surface soil contains appreciable amounts of P soluble in acetic acid, Truog's reagent, and NH4F. Below 2 in., the amount of P extractable by these reagents falls sharply. There is very little Ca‐bound phosphate below 2 in. Considerable amounts of P are extracted from all horizons by 0.1 N NaOH which extracts strongly adsorbed forms of P. The clay fraction of the topsoil contains large amounts of P soluble in NaOH.
CHANGES IN LEAF LITTER WHEN PLACED ON THE SURFACE OF SOILS WITH CONTRASTING HUMUS TYPES
Authors: BOCOCK K. L. , GILBERT O. , CAPSTICK C. K. , TWINN D. C. , WAID J.S. , WOODMAN M. J.
Published: July 2006

The dry‐weight losses of samples of oak and ash litter, enclosed in nylon hairnets and placed on two sites with contrasting humus forms, a mull and a moder, have been followed for a period of 14 months. Sub‐samples of the same oak litter disappear at similar rates on the two sites. Sub‐samples of the same ash litter disappear at different rates on the two sites, but always more quickly than oak litter. On the mull site the loss of whole ash leaflets as well as fragments of leaflets is considerable whereas oak leaves on both sites and ash leaflets on the moder site disappear mainly as small fragments. For both oak and ash litter the results from the mull site are more variable than those from the moder site, suggesting that there are differences in the heterotrophic activity on the two sites.
SOIL STRUCTURE AND FABRIC
Authors: BREWER R. , SLEEMAN J. R.
Published: July 2006

Definitions of structure, fabric, and texture, as used in pedology and geology, are proposed in which structure conforms to the broader concept of the soil physicist, fabric conforms to the concept as used in pedology by Kubiena (1938) and in sedimentary petrology (Pettijohn, 1949), and texture conforms to the broad concept as used in petrology (Rice, 1954). Fabric is a part of structure, and structure a part of texture. The term pedality is proposed for the study of what has been called structure in the field, and field grading for field texture. Kubiena's (1938) concepts of skeleton and plasma are defined more specifically, and the concepts of pedological features, and basic, elementary, primary, secondary, and tertiary structure introduced. Descriptive terms for structure are suggested and a descriptive system for soil materials proposed. Nomenclature of pedological features and the various levels of structure and fabric are discussed.
TRANSPORTED MATERIAL IN THE SOIL PROFILE
Authors: DIMBLEBY G. W.
Published: July 2006

In the course of a long series of investigations of acid soils by means of pollen analysis, it has been found that about a third of the soils studied contained old levels, more or less disturbed, buried beneath a later deposit of sand or gravel. Two of them were in soils buried beneath Bronze Age tumuli. The depth of covering was always less than 18 in., averaging about half that depth, so that the junction came within the present soil profile. It lay in the A2, B, or C horizons according to circumstances and was often indistinguishable in the field.

In about half the cases the pollen analysis suggested that the level which had been covered was a forest phase, and there is some indication that this may have occurred towards the end of the Atlantic or beginning of the Sub‐boreal period. One example is Late‐glacial in date and others post‐Atlantic or even recent.

There was close correlation at one site between the activities of Mesolithic man and subsequent soil movement and i t cannot be ruled out that disturbance of the forest climax may he the ultimate cause of this phenomenon in other cases too.

With only one exception, wherever the pollen data suggested a forest environment the soil was unbleached.
A TERTIARY‐QUATERNARY PEDOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGY FOR THE SOUTH‐EASTERN PORTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARID ZONE
Authors: JESSUP R. W.
Published: July 2006

The alternation of pluvial and non‐pluvial periods during the Tertiary‐Quaternary resulted in periodicity of soil formation and landscape development. Soils were formed during the pluvial periods, when the landscape was protected from erosion deposition by a well‐developed vegetative cover. Varying amounts of erosion and deposition occurred during the non‐pluvial periods, when the vegetative cover was sparser.

The Tertiary erosional periods were characterized by water erosion‐deposition and major changes of land form. During each of the Quaternary erosional periods the climate became desertic; there was widespread erosion by wind but little modification of the landscape.

The soils are of four different ages. In addition, surface silcretes were formed during another period of landscape stability. All of the soils in the region are paleosols.
SWELLING PRESSURE OF Na‐MONTMORILLONITE IN NaCl SOLUTIONS
Authors: WARKENTIN B. P. , SCHOFIELD R. K.
Published: July 2006

Pressures exerted against a confining restraint by Na‐montmorillonite in equilibrium with NaCl solutions were measured. The swelling pressures decreased with increasing NaCl concentration as predicted theoretically, but the rate of decrease was lower than calculated so that the ratio of observed to calculated pressure increased with increasing salt concentration.

These larger swelling pressures could result from a higher activity of the ions between interacting clay particles compared with the ions in the neutral salt of the dialysis solution. It is then not necessary to postulate a non‐osmotic force of repulsion.
PHOSPHATE EQUILIBRIA IN ACID SOILS
Authors: CHAKRAVARTI S. N. , TALIBUDEEN O.
Published: July 2006

Phosphate equilibria in fifty‐four acid soils are examined and referred to equilibria with variscite and strengite. The equilibrium phosphate concentration in British soils is governed by phosphate residues less basic than these compounds and is approximately similar to that obtained by treatments of montmorillonite with 10‐5 M phosphate solutions for 9 months. In Indian soils, both compounds are effective in controlling phosphate concentrations over the pH range 3·8‐5·7.

Kaolinite and glauconite treated with 10‐5 M phosphate for 9 months exhibit characteristics intermediate between the two groups of soils.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE WHITE‐SAND AREAS OF THE BERBICE FORMATION, BRITISH GUIANA
Authors: BLEACKLEY D. , KHAN E. J. A.
Published: July 2006

Superficial white sand, carrying a distinctive xerophytic scrub vegetation, associated with the Berbice Formation extends to depths of over 30 m. and has gradational contacts with flanking material. Discontinuous pans of humic material occur below. Shallower profiles show pronounced development of a humic B horizon overlying red sandy loam. The results suggest that the white sand was derived from sediments of a ferruginous nature with greater clay content, which supported a higher forest formation.
SELF‐DIFFUSION OF IONS IN SOIL
Authors: GRAHAM‐BRYCE I. J.
Published: July 2006

Self‐diffusion coefficients for Rb+, K+, and Sr++ have been measured in homoionic soils by determining the quantities of radioactive tracers crossing from labelled to initially unlabelled soil sections through ion‐exchange membrane barriers. Diffusion coefficients were considerably lower than in aqueous solution, and the value for Sr++ was approximately one‐tenth of those for the monovalentions. The diffusion of Rb+ in soils containing both Rb+ and Ca++ was also studied using various compactions and soil solution compositions. The results suggest that cations are able to diffuse along the charged surfaces of soil particles, but at a lower rate than in the free pore solution. Experiments on the effects of temperature suggest that the activation energy for the diffusion of Rb+ in the heteroionic soil was greater at low than at high bulk densities, a result which is interpreted in terms of surface movement.
THE EFFECT OF CLEARING A TROPICAL FOREST SOIL
Authors: CUNNINGHAM R. K.
Published: July 2006

Organic matter in tropical soils under forest is delicately balanced, the continuous addition of fresh material being offset by decomposition. The forest was removed from a soil in Ghana and three degrees of exposure were tested. Chemical and physical properties were measured from 1957 to 1960. Much organic C, total N, and organic P was lost from the soil of fully exposed plots, because soil temperatures increased and fresh organic matter was no longer provided by the forest. Rate of decomposition lessened with time. Decomposition under shade, though still rapid, was significantly slower than in exposed soil. After three years’ exposure the soil produced less mineral N and had smaller cation exchange capacity, exchangeable K, and lower pH than the shaded soil. Exposure also compacted the soil, impeded drainage through the 2–6 in. layer and made the soil erode more easily.
STUDIES ON SOIL POTASSIUM
Authors: BECKETT P. H. T.
Published: July 2006

The activity ratio aK/√(aCa±Mg) had the same value for all solutions in equilibrium with a chosen soil, regardless of their concentration (up to 0.06 M), or of the proportion of Ca to Mg.

The activity ratio may be expected to provide a satisfactory measure of the ruling chemical potential of labile K in a soil, provided it is not used to compare soils of widely different Ca (and Mg) status, or a few soils of which the activity ratio is not independent of the concentration of the soil solution.
GLAEBULES: THEIR DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION
Authors: BREWER R. , SLEEMAN J. R.
Published: July 2006

A broad group of pedological features has been recognized by their occurrence as three‐dimensional entities embedded in the matrix of soil materials. They have been named glaebules and are divided into sub‐groups on their internal fabric, mineralogy, distinctness as a unit, and shape. These features include nodules, concretions, and septaria which have all been recognized by the petrologist, and pedodes, papules, and glaebular haloes which are newly recognized features. An attempt is made to interpret the origin of these features in terms of processes of formation and inheritance versus formation in situ. This is based on interpretation of the characteristics used for their classification.
LOSS‐ON‐IGNITION AS AN ESTIMATE OF ORGANIC MATTER AND ORGANIC CARBON IN NON‐CALCAREOUS SOILS
Authors: BALL D. F.
Published: July 2006

Examination of data on North Wales soils shows that a good correlation exists between loss‐on‐ignition and organic C values, determined by Tinsley's method. Ignition for half an hour at 850° C, and for 16 hours at 375 ±5° C have both been employed. The latter has advantages over the former procedure. Regression lines and prediction limits for organic C from loss‐on‐ignition are given from the data obtained. Although these regressions are not necessarily expected to be generally applicable, examination of some published data suggests that closely similar expressions may be. The method, because of its simplicity, can be usefully applied in a wide range of survey, analytical and ecological studies, in spite of the known sources of error.
THE RELEASE OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM MUD
Authors: VÁMOS R.
Published: July 2006

Damage due to Has occurring in some acidic, heavy paddy soils and peaty fishponds is usually preceded by falls in temperature and atmospheric pressure. The O2, content of the water layer increases with the fall in the temperature and, as the redox‐level sinks in the mud, the superficial layer of the mud is oxidized and H2SO4 is formed which releases H2S from the sulphide in its environment. The decrease of atmospheric pressure lifts the gases including H2S from the hollows of the mud into the water layer and thence into the atmosphere. The gases carry colloidal particles and render the water turbid. The released H2S may result in root‐rot and deficiency diseases in the rice plants, and algae bloom and fish death in the ponds.
LATERITE AND LATERITIC SOIL IN COASTAL NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: MAUD R. R.
Published: July 2006

A description is given of the distribution and characteristics of a vesicular laterite associated with the Early Cainozoic erosion surface in coastal Natal, together with the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the soil formed by its decomposition. The relationship between cyclic erosion surfaces, the laterite, pre‐weathering, and the dominance of parent material in soil formation in coastal Natal clearly indicate the dependence of the processes of soil formation on the geomorphic history of this region.
THE MEASUREMENT AND MECHANISM OF ION DIFFUSION IN SOIL
Authors: NYE P. H.
Published: July 2006

If an exchangeable ion in soil diffuses along a liquid and solid pathway, its diffusion coefficient may be expressed as
image

where D, v, f, C are diffusion coefficient, volume fraction, impedance factor, and concentration terms and the suffixes l,S refer to liquid and solid.

The self‐diffusion coefficient of the ion is then
image

where D′, D′t, and D′s, are self‐diffusion coefficients. D and D′ will vary with concentration. In diffusion out of the soil to a zero sink, the appropriate average diffusion coefficient is, approximately, the self‐diffusion coefficient in the undisturbed soil. Diffusion of one ion species is influenced by other ions diffusing in the system through the diffusion potential set up. When ions are diffusing to plant roots, the diffusion potential is likely to be small.

A more likely, though more complicated, expression for D than the first equation above is derived by assuming the ion to follow solid and liquid pathways in series as well as in parallel.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SOLONETZIC SOILS IN THE GLACIAL LAKE EDMONTON BASIN OF ALBERTA
Authors: ARSHAD M. A. , PAWLUK S.
Published: July 2006

A mineralogical study was made on five geographically associated Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils from the glacial Lake Edmonton basin.

The investigation showed that montmorillonite was generally the dominant mineral present in the clay fraction while illite and kaolinite were next in abundance. Chlorite and interstratified clay minerals were present in very small amounts. The montmorillonite was identified as being transitional between beidellite and nontronite types. The high montmorillonite content of the B horizons of all profiles appeared to have resulted from the preferential translocation of this mineral as well as from chemical transformation of other silicate minerals.

The light‐mineral analysis showed weathering of feldspars in the sola although no significant differences were noted in the distribution of heavy minerals.
ALPINE SOILS OF NORTH‐EAST SCOTLAND
Authors: ROMANS J. C. C. , STEVENS J. H. , ROBERTSON L.
Published: July 2006

Many features of the alpine soils of NE. Scotland are related to altitude. The deep contemporary humose A horizon has formed in Post‐Boreal to recent times. Its formation was preceded by a phase of profile development characterized by very scanty A horizon development. This phase was interrupted by a stage of frost disturbance, probably equated with the Highland Re‐advance. The earliest part of the pedogenetic cycle is represented only by cryogenic redistribution of the fine fraction, within the parent material column, which occurred between 12,000 and 28,000 B.P.
DARK WELL‐DRAINED SOILS OF TUNDRA REGIONS IN WESTERN ALASKA
Authors: RIEGER S.
Published: July 2006

Four dark well‐drained soils in tundra areas near the Bering Sea coast of Alaska have similar morphology, but physical and chemical properties reflect those of the parent materials. Three of the soils are extremely acid and have low base‐status. These, together with comparable soils in the arctic and in high mountains at lower latitudes, are classified as Cryumbrepts. One, from basic rock, with slight acidity and fairly high base‐status is classified as a Cryoboroll. These soils have some characteristic in common with Cryandepts and Cryorthods of adjacent areas, but can readily be distinguished from them in the field.
THE MEASUREMENT AND MECHANISM OF ION DIFFUSION IN SOILS III. THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND SOIL‐SOLUTION CONCENTRATION ON THE SELF‐DIFFUSION OF IONS IN SOILS
Authors: ROWELL D. L. , MARTIN M. W. , NYE P. H.
Published: July 2006

The self‐diffusion coefficients of Cl, Na, Sr and phosphate have been measured in Upper Greensand, sandy clay loam (CEC 7.45 me/100 g.) between pF 1.8 and 5.4 and, for Na and phosphate, over a range of soil‐solution concentrations. An attempt has been made to estimate the relative contributions of solution‐ and exchangeable‐ions to diffusion. There is some indication that exchangeable Na may contribute to diffusion at the lowest moisture contents used, but little indication of this at pF 2.1 (15 per cent moisture content) when the proportion of ions on the solid was as high as possible. Exchangeable Sr appears to make no significant contribution to diffusion at any moisture content when the soil‐solution concentration is 0.1M. Exchangeable phosphate appears to make no contribution to diffusion at pF 2.1 between 5 × 10−6M and 9 × 10−4M.
CONTENT OF INOSITOL PENTA‐ AND HEXAPHOSPHATES IN SOME CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: McKERCHER R. B. , ANDERSON G.
Published: July 2006

The combined amounts of inositol penta‐ and hexaphosphates in a number of Canadian soils of differing origin have been measured. The esters were precipitated as barium salts from alkali extracts and purified by anion‐exchange chromatography; their identity was confirmed by paper‐partition chromatography. An alternative method involving precipitation of the esters as ferric salts in acid medium was found to give much lower values, probably because of incomplete precipitation.

Values for eighteen surface soils ranged from 20 to 71 and for twelve subsoils from 18 to 43 ppm P. The amounts found were related to the contents of both total phosphate and total organic phosphate, and accounted, on average, for 6 per cent of the former and 17 per cent of the latter. A correlation of +0.67 (P < 0.01) was found with orthophosphate retention capacity but correlations with soil N and C contents were poor. Amounts of the esters were higher in forest soils than in grassland soils.
OXYGEN UPTAKE AND NITRIFICATION AT VARIOUS MOISTURE LEVELS BY SOILS AND MATS FROM IRRIGATED PASTURES
Authors: RIXON A. J.
Published: July 2006

The oxygen uptake and nitrification rates of the organic layer (mat) and underlying soil from two irrigated white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pastures produced on different soil types, were measured at moisture tensions ranging from pF o to 4.2. The highest rate of oxygen uptake was at pF 2 for the mats and at pF 2.8 for the soils. The highest rate of nitrification was at pF 2.8 for both mats and soils. The rate of oxygen uptake/g organic C at moisture tensions greater than pF 2 was of the same order of magnitude for both mats and soils, despite their having widely different organic C contents. This was probably due to the organic matter in both mats and soils having similar C/N ratios. At moisture tensions of pF 2 and less, the oxygen uptake/g organic C was usually greater for the mats than for the soils and this reflected the differences in physical characteristics of the two horizons.

There was a greater production of nitrates in the mats than in the soils, at all moisture tensions. At low moisture tensions, there was no significant decrease in nitrates for the mats. Poorly aerated conditions prevailed at low moisture tensions in both soils and this coincided with low uptake of oxygen, respiratory quotients well in excess of unity, and a decrease in nitrate content, probably indicating denitrification.
THE EFFECTS OF DRYING AND AGEING TREE LEAVES ON THE ABILITY OF THEIR AQUEOUS EXTRACTS TO DISSOLVE FERRIC OXIDE
Authors: KING H. G. C. , BLOOMFIELD C.
Published: July 2006

The effect was studied of drying and ageing leaves on the ability of their water extracts to dissolve hydrous ferric oxide. Extracts of freshly collected picked and autumn‐fallen oak, beech, and larch leaves were compared with those of leaves from the same collections that were either freeze‐dried or dried at 105°C.

The iron‐dissolving properties of the fallen leaves were not significantly affected by either method of drying, but drying at 105°C greatly increased the activities of picked larch and beech leaves. Freeze‐drying had relatively little effect.

Larch needles lost their activity very quickly when aged aerobically for 8 months, while the activity of beech leaves decreased slowly. The activity of picked and fallen oak leaves increased dramatically during the first 1–2 weeks, and then decreased, rapidly at first; after 8 months the activity was still comparable with the initial value.

There was no direct relationship between the activities of the extracts and the pH or the concentrations of polyphenols.
ANDESITE WEATHERING
Authors: HENDRICKS D. M. , WHITTIG L. D.
Published: July 2006

Petrographic and quantitative mineralogical analyses of two andesites and their saprolite (weathered rock) from the Cascade Range in California reveal a mineral weathering sequence in the rocks related to crystal size and composition and to weathering environment. Both the hypersthene andesite and the olivine andesite studied have been subjected to moderate to intensive leaching by acid solutions percolating through the superjacent soil bodies. Although the two parent rocks differ in chemical and mineralogical composition, their weathering to saprolite has followed a similar progression. During early stages of weathering of both rocks, relatively large hypersthene phenocrysts are most resistant. Following in decreasing order of resistance in both cases are plagioclase phenocrysts and finegrained mafic minerals, olivine, and glassy matrix material. Quartz is relatively stable in the earliest weathering stages, but it decreases rapidly with increased weathering. Free iron oxides and clay increase with increased weathering. Amorphous clay dominates the early weathering stages, but as weathering progresses, kaolin increases relative to amorphous clay.
INDICATIONS OF PROVENANCE IN SOME ANGLESEY DRIFT SOILS
Authors: PETTERSSON M.
Published: July 2006

A study of the heavy mineralogy of the fine‐sand and stone fractions and the particle‐size distribution and CEC of samples from thirty Anglesey drift‐derived soils suggests that the soil stones are an unreliable guide to the parent material of the soil as a whole. The chief lines of evidence are: the small degree of dependency of soil‐ and stone‐heavy mineralogy, the slight translocation of most stones, and the great similarity of soils containing very different stone assemblages.
SOIL TEXTURE PATTERNS IN THE ALLUVIUM OF THE LOWER INDUS PLAINS
Authors: HOLMES D. A. , WESTERN S.
Published: July 2006

Soil texture was mapped in the immature alluvial soils of the Lower Indus plain. A disadvantage of soil texture as a mapping criterion in such soils is the great complexity of their textural patterns. The geomorphological background of the Lower Indus plains is examined, and a classification of texture and textural profiles is defined. The mapping unit proposed, the‘textural association', comprises a certain range of textural profiles within a given landform, related to each other by the modes of deposition which established that landform. It seems likely that the textural association could, in more detailed surveys, form the basis of a soil series classification.
SOIL STRUCTURE IN VERTISOLS OF THE BLUE NILE CLAY PLAINS, SUDAN
Authors: DE VOS t. N. C. J. H. , VIRGO K. J.
Published: July 2006

A survey of 1·5 million hectares of the Blue Nile clay plains has shown the majority of soils to belong to the order of Vertisols. The morphological characteristics of these soils are described and compared with similar soils in other parts of the world. Soil cracking, structure, surface mulching, and micromorphology are discussed in detail.

The use of crack width is considered to be unsatisfactory as one of the criteria for differentiating Vertisols and Entisols. Cracking may prove to be a useful criterion for land suitability classification. Three different types of surface mulch have been distinguished. A separation between soils possessing surface mulches and hard crusts is recommended at the family level.

The unequal stresses and strains which result from the swelling and shrinking processes are responsible for the aggregation and structure formation within these soils. Platy layers were found to restrict water penetration and root development. The term‘bicuneate’ is proposed for the description of the wedge‐like structure of the soils.

The micromorphology appeared to be strongly affected by pressure: numerous slickenside faces were recognized.