bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relocation Programs, Opportunities to Learn, and the Complications of Conversion
Authors: Johnson Odis
Published: May 2012

Since 1976, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has relocated low-income children of color from public housing communities to less racially and economically isolated neighborhoods in an effort to improve their developmental opportunities. This article provides the first comprehensive evaluation summary of seven relocation programs and the reasons why six of them failed to replicate the educational successes of the inaugural Gautreaux program. The author argues that children were not able to convert potentially greater opportunities to learn into educational success after they resettled due to four complications, including an absence of threshold effects in destination neighborhoods, the existence of cultural discontinuities, incompatibilities between HUD and educational policy and between educational institutions, and the uncertain relevance of neighborhoods and schools as sites of educational production.
First-Principles Calculations on the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Retro-Ene Reaction of Diallyl Amine in the Gas Phase
Authors: Izadyar Mohammad
Published: May 2012

A computational study has been carried out on the gas-phase retro-ene reaction of diallyl amine. The energies of the stationary points have also been evaluated with the B3LYP and MP2 methods on the optimized structure using the different basis sets. The kinetic activation parameters were calculated at 648 K to enable comparison with experimental data. Two probable mechanisms are suggested for the reaction. Since the radical mechanism produced a high activation energy conflicting with the experimental results, the concerted cyclic pathway of the retro-ene reaction was considered completely and comprehensively. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that the acidic character of the HI atom plays an important role in the reaction process. Wiberg bond indices were calculated throughout the reaction, and an asynchronousity value of 70% was obtained, confirming a distorted chair-like geometry for the transition state with the early and advanced natures of bond formation and bond cleavage. To provide a reasonable analysis of the critical points and the Laplacian of the electronic charge density in the TS, the atoms-in-molecule method was applied. Topological analysis showed the expected ring point for the best transition state corresponding to the cyclic six- membered structure. Comparison between the computational data and experiment showed a good agreement.
Synthesis of Functionalised 2,5-Diaminofurans by Reaction of Isocyanides, Acetylenic Esters and Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Mosslemin Mohammad H. , Anary-Abbasinejad Mohammad , Ghalehbandy Sharminehsadat
Published: May 2012

The reaction between two equivalents of an isocyanide, a dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and an acid anhydride at room temperature provides a simple and efficient one-pot route for the synthesis of 2,5-diaminofuran derivatives in high yields. The reaction is characterised by mild conditions, short reaction time and tolerance to various functional groups.
Synthesis and Tautomeric Structure of Novel 3-Arylazo-Imidazo[1,2-b]Pyrazolo[4,3-d]Pyridazines
Authors: Farghaly Thoraya A. , Shawali Ahmad Sami
Published: May 2012

Treatment of 3-acetyl-5-amino-4-cyano-1-phenylpyrazole with hydrazine hydrate afforded the hydrazone derivative. Reaction of the latter hydrazone with hydrazonoyl chlorides was found to be site selective as it afforded the corresponding formazan and not the amidrazone derivatives. The 1H NMR spectra of the formazan derivatives indicated that they exist as the bis-hydrazone tautomers. Acid-catalysed cyclisation of these dihydroformazans afforded the respective 9-amino-3-arylazo-6-methyl-8-phenyl-2-substituted-8 H-imidazo[1,2- b]pyrazolo[4,3- d]pyridazines whose electronic absorption spectra revealed that they exist predominantly in the arylazo tautomeric form. The structures of all compounds prepared were confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses. Also the mechanism of the reactions studied are discussed.
Applied Semantics and the Qur'an: Izutsu's Methodology as a Case Study
Authors: Al-Zarāl Ṣalāḥ Al-Dīn
Published: May 2012

This article focuses on the methodology of the Japanese scholar, Toshihiko Izutsu, as put forward in his God and Man in the Koran: Semantics of the Koranic Weltanschauung. This work is a semantic reading of the Qur'an in which its author utilises two paradigms, sometimes using a descriptive approach in order to interpret Qur'anic concepts in a situated time, and sometimes using an historical approach to explain the development of conceptual frameworks in pre-Islamic Arabia on the eve of Islam and at the time of the revelation.

In the Introduction, I give a general overview of modern semantic theory. Part One discusses applied semantics and explores the extent to which it can be applied as discourse analysis and the ways in which it can be a location for hermeneutical interpretation. Part Two will then discuss the works of Izutsu and his methodology in order to propose a suitable paradigm for interpreting the actual words of the Qur'anic vocabulary with respect to their semantic significations.
Squalicorax Chips a Tooth: A Consequence of Feeding-Related Behavior from the Lowermost Navesink Formation (Late Cretaceous: Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Monmouth County, New Jersey, USA
Authors: Becker Martin A. , Chamberlain John A.
Published: May 2012

Chipped and broken functional teeth are common in modern sharks with serrated tooth shape. Tooth damage consists of splintering, cracking, and flaking near the cusp apex where the enameloid is broken and exposes the osteodentine and orthodentine. Such damage is generally viewed as the result of forces applied during feeding as the cusp apex impacts the skeletal anatomy of prey. Damage seen in serrated functional teeth from sharks Squalicorax kaupi [1] and Squalicorax pristodontus [1] from the late Cretaceous lowermost Navesink Formation of New Jersey resembles that occurring in modern sharks and suggests similar feeding behavior. Tumbling experiments using serrated modern and fossil functional shark teeth, including those of Squalicorax, show that teeth are polished, not cracked or broken, by post-mortem abrasion in lowermost Navesink sediment. This provides further evidence that chipped and broken Squalicorax teeth are feeding-related and not taphonomic in origin. Evolution of rapid tooth replacement in large sharks such as Squalicorax ensured maximum functionality after feeding-related tooth damage occurred. Serrated teeth and rapid tooth replacement in the large sharks of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic afforded them competitive advantages that helped them to achieve their place as apex predators in today’s ocean.
Pharmacophore and Molecular Docking Guided 3D-QSAR Study of Bacterial Enoyl-ACP Reductase (FabI) Inhibitors
Authors: Lu Xiaoyun , Lv Man , Huang Kun , Ding Ke , You Qidong
Published: May 2012

Enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (FabI) is a potential target for the development of antibacterial agents. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) for substituted formamides series of FabI inhibitors were investigated using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques. Pharmacophore and molecular docking methods were used for construction of the molecular alignments. A training set of 36 compounds was performed to create the 3D-QSAR models and their external predictivity was proven using a test set of 11 compounds. Graphical interpretation of the results revealed important structural features of the formamides related to the active site of FabI. The results may be exploited for further optimization of the design of new potent FabI inhibitors.
Flexible Enantioselectivity of Tryptophanase Attributable to Benzene Ring in Heterocyclic Moiety of D-Tryptophan
Authors: Shimada Akihiko , Ozaki Haruka
Published: May 2012

The invariance principle of enzyme enantioselectivity must be absolute because it is absolutely essential to the homochiral biological world. Most enzymes are strictly enantioselective, and tryptophanase is one of the enzymes with extreme absolute enantioselectivity for L-tryptophan. Contrary to conventional knowledge about the principle, tryptophanase becomes flexible to catalyze D-tryptophan in the presence of diammonium hydrogenphosphate. Since D-amino acids are ordinarily inert or function as inhibitors even though they are bound to the active site, the inhibition behavior of D-tryptophan and several inhibitors involved in this process was examined in terms of kinetics to explain the reason for this flexible enantioselectivity in the presence of diammonium hydrogenphosphate. Diammonium hydrogenphosphate gave tryptophanase a small conformational change so that D-tryptophan could work as a substrate. As opposed to other D-amino acids, D-tryptophan is a very bulky amino acid with a benzene ring in its heterocyclic moiety, and so we suggest that this structural feature makes the catalysis of D-tryptophan degradation possible, consequently leading to the flexible enantioselectivity. The present results not only help to understand the mechanism of enzyme enantioselectivity, but also shed light on the origin of homochirality.
Thermal Conductivity Computations of Sintered Hollow Sphere Structures
Authors: Veyhl Christoph , Fiedler Thomas , Herzig Tobias , Öchsner Andreas , Bernthaler Timo , Belova Irina V. , Murch Graeme E.
Published: May 2012

The thermal conductivity of sintered hollow sphere structures (HSS) is investigated within the scope of this paper. For this purpose, finite element analyses based on micro-computed tomography images are performed on HSS structures. The complex geometry of the real sintered HSS sample is accurately captured with this new hybrid method. The numerical computations are investigated in three perpendicular directions (i.e., x, y and z) in order to examine the anisotropic material behaviour. The results indicate that sintered HSS reveals quasi-isotropic behaviour in terms of effective thermal conductivity. For the first time, the influence of the sphere wall thickness of real HSS is investigated. To this end, the computed tomography data is carefully manipulated by changing the thickness of the hollow sphere wall. The variation of the wall thickness alters the relative density and has a significant influence on the thermal conductivity. The influence of the relative density on the thermal conductivity reveals a linear dependency.
Condensation Reactions of 3-Oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals with Active Methylene Reagents: Formation of 2-Hydroxy- and 2-Amino-6-substituted-5-arylazonicotinates and Pyrido[3,2-c]cinnolines via 6π-Electrocyclization Reactions
Authors: Al-Mousawi Saleh M. , El-Apasery Morsy A.
Published: May 2012

3-Oxo-3-phenyl-2-(p-tolylhydrazono)propanal (1a) undergoes condensation with ethyl cyanoacetate in acetic acid in the presence of ammonium acetate to yield either 2-hydroxy-6-phenyl-5-p-tolylazonicotinic acid ethyl ester (6a) or 2-amino-6-phenyl-5-p-tolyl-azonicotinic acid ethyl ester (8), depending on the reaction conditions. Similarly, other 3-oxo-3-aryl-2-arylhydrazonopropanals 1a,b condense with active methylene nitriles 2c,d to yield arylazonicotinates 6b,c. In contrast, 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)-hydrazono]-3-oxo-3-phenyl-propanal (1c) reacts with ethyl cyanoacetate to yield ethyl 6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxo-2,6-dihydropyrido[3,2–c]cinnoline-3-carboxylate (11), via a novel 6π-electrocyclization pathway. Finally, 3-oxo-2-(phenylhydrazono)-3-p-tolylpropanal (1d) condenses with 2a–c to yield pyridazinones 13a–c.
Assessing the Accuracy of Georeferenced Point Clouds Produced via Multi-View Stereopsis from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery
Authors: Harwin Steve , Lucieer Arko
Published: May 2012

Sensor miniaturisation, improved battery technology and the availability of low-cost yet advanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have provided new opportunities for environmental remote sensing. The UAV provides a platform for close-range aerial photography. Detailed imagery captured from micro-UAV can produce dense point clouds using multi-view stereopsis (MVS) techniques combining photogrammetry and computer vision. This study applies MVS techniques to imagery acquired from a multi-rotor micro-UAV of a natural coastal site in southeastern Tasmania, Australia. A very dense point cloud ( < 1–3 cm point spacing) is produced in an arbitrary coordinate system using full resolution imagery, whereas other studies usually downsample the original imagery. The point cloud is sparse in areas of complex vegetation and where surfaces have a homogeneous texture. Ground control points collected with Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) are identified and used for georeferencing via a Helmert transformation. This study compared georeferenced point clouds to a Total Station survey in order to assess and quantify their geometric accuracy. The results indicate that a georeferenced point cloud accurate to 25–40 mm can be obtained from imagery acquired from ~50 m. UAV-based image capture provides the spatial and temporal resolution required to map and monitor natural landscapes. This paper assesses the accuracy of the generated point clouds based on field survey points. Based on our key findings we conclude that sub-decimetre terrain change (in this case coastal erosion) can be monitored.
Gas Sensors Based on One Dimensional Nanostructured Metal-Oxides: A Review
Authors: Arafat M. M. , Dinan B. , Akbar Sheikh A. , Haseeb A. S. M. A.
Published: May 2012

Recently one dimensional (1-D) nanostructured metal-oxides have attracted much attention because of their potential applications in gas sensors. 1-D nanostructured metal-oxides provide high surface to volume ratio, while maintaining good chemical and thermal stabilities with minimal power consumption and low weight. In recent years, various processing routes have been developed for the synthesis of 1-D nanostructured metal-oxides such as hydrothermal, ultrasonic irradiation, electrospinning, anodization, sol-gel, molten-salt, carbothermal reduction, solid-state chemical reaction, thermal evaporation, vapor-phase transport, aerosol, RF sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, gas-phase assisted nanocarving, UV lithography and dry plasma etching. A variety of sensor fabrication processing routes have also been developed. Depending on the materials, morphology and fabrication process the performance of the sensor towards a specific gas shows a varying degree of success. This article reviews and evaluates the performance of 1-D nanostructured metal-oxide gas sensors based on ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, In2O3, WOx, AgVO3, CdO, MoO3, CuO, TeO2 and Fe2O3. Advantages and disadvantages of each sensor are summarized, along with the associated sensing mechanism. Finally, the article concludes with some future directions of research.
A Vision-Based Dynamic Rotational Angle Measurement System for Large Civil Structures
Authors: Lee Jong-Jae , Ho Hoai-Nam , Lee Jong-Han
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we propose a vision-based rotational angle measurement system for large-scale civil structures. Despite the fact that during the last decade several rotation angle measurement systems were introduced, they however often required complex and expensive equipment. Therefore, alternative effective solutions with high resolution are in great demand. The proposed system consists of commercial PCs, commercial camcorders, low-cost frame grabbers, and a wireless LAN router. The calculation of rotation angle is obtained by using image processing techniques with pre-measured calibration parameters. Several laboratory tests were conducted to verify the performance of the proposed system. Compared with the commercial rotation angle measurement, the results of the system showed very good agreement with an error of less than 1.0% in all test cases. Furthermore, several tests were conducted on the five-story modal testing tower with a hybrid mass damper to experimentally verify the feasibility of the proposed system.
The evolutionary history of the white‐rayed species of Melampodium (Asteraceae) involved multiple cycles of hybridization and polyploidization
Authors: Rebernig Carolin A. , Weiss‐Schneeweiss Hanna , Blöch Cordula , Turner Barbara , Stuessy Tod F. , Obermayer Renate , Villaseñor Jose L. , Schneeweiss Gerald M.
Published: May 2012

• Premise of the study: Polyploidy plays an important role in race differentiation and eventually speciation. Underlying mechanisms include chromosomal and genomic changes facilitating reproductive isolation and/or stabilization of hybrids. A prerequisite for studying these processes is a sound knowledge on the origin of polyploids. A well‐suited group for studying polyploid evolution consists of the three species of Melampodium ser. Leucantha (Asteraceae): M. argophyllum, M. cinereum, and M. leucanthum.

• Methods: The origin of polyploids was inferred using network and tree‐based phylogenetic analyses of several plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and of fingerprint data (AFLP). Genome evolution was assessed via genome size measurements, karyotype analysis, and in situ hybridization of ribosomal DNA.

• Key results: Tetraploid cytotypes of the phylogenetically distinct M. cinereum and M. leucanthum had, compared to the diploid cytotypes, doubled genome sizes and no evidence of gross chromosomal rearrangements. Hexaploid M. argophyllum constituted a separate lineage with limited intermixing with the other species, except in analyses from nuclear ITS. Its genome size was lower than expected if M. cinereum and/or M. leucanthum were involved in its origin, and no chromosomal rearrangements were evident.

• Conclusions: Polyploids in M. cinereum and M. leucanthum are of recent autopolyploid origin in line with the lack of significant genomic changes. Hexaploid M. argophyllum also appears to be of autopolyploid origin against the previous hypothesis of an allopolyploid origin involving the other two species, but some gene flow with the other species in early phases of differentiation cannot be excluded.
L'autisme : vers une science au service de l'idéologie ?
Authors: Menéndez Ramón
Published: May 2012

Résumé Des décisions politiques récentes en France semblent aller dans le sens de promouvoir les techniques éducatives et comportementales dans la prise en charge des autistes. Cela se fait en opposition à la psychanalyse et au nom des progrès de la science. L’article décrit les aspects idéologiques et politiques du travail de Eric Schopler, connu pour avoir crée le programme TEACCH dans la prise en charge des enfants autistes et souvent cité comme modèle à suivre. Schopler a mis l’accent sur un travail avec leurs parents. Sans trop se soucier de la dimension subjective des enfants, il organise un réseau de parents d’autistes et fait pression sur les législateurs pour obtenir la reconnaissance de l’autisme en tant que handicap et pour le développement de sa technique pour en faire un programme d’Etat en Caroline du Nord (USA). Les aspects cliniques et scientifiques de son travail ne sont pas d’une grande rigueur.
Splendeurs et abîmes. À propos de l'interprétation en psychanalyse d'enfants
Authors: Utrilla Roblès Manuela
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’interprétation en psychanalyse d’enfants pose tous les problèmes du contre-transfert ; et en partant de la rencontre et de l’expérience analytique avec un enfant de 5 ans nommé Estrella (étoile), nous pouvons découvrir des mondes sans fin remplis des processus associatifs, tissés par des mots qui travaillent en filigrane la sexualité infantile sans pour autant la cerner, mouvements infinis entre les émois et le travail de pensée qui s’avère comme une forme d’amour, amour de contre-transfert.
Une arche pour survivre au déluge émotionnel. La forme vivante de l'interprétation dans l'analyse d'enfants
Authors: Ferro Antonino , Molinari Elena
Published: May 2012

Résumé En se basant sur leur expérience clinique, les auteurs s’interrogent sur la forme de l’interprétation dans la psychanalyse d’enfants, en privilégiant le modèle théorique bionien. Dans l’optique de Bion, il ne s’agit pas de découvrir des significations, mais de les coconstruire ; autrement dit, comme le soutien, l’interaction en analyse peut être pensée comme un « dreaming ensemble » où le rôle de l’interprétation se transforme : de son rôle classique qui renvoie à la transformation, elle passe à celui d’instrument pour construire un contenant mental plus développé et une fonction alpha plus efficace. Ce que l’on demande à l’analyste qui joue avec un enfant, c’est de produire à son tour un rêve de la veille sur ce qui est en train de se passer dans la relation en partageant l’émotion inconsciente qui la sous-tend, mais surtout on lui demande de le communiquer sous une forme qui ne perturbe pas le processus. La possibilité de transformer un élément bêta en élément alpha passe ainsi par une interprétation qui respecte la spécificité du processus qui caractérise l’analyse d’enfants et qui utilise le jeu comme une forme symbolique différente de la parole.
Émergences scéniques des expériences traumatiques archaïques en séance
Authors: Rodriguez Rodolfo
Published: May 2012

Résumé Certains traumatismes vécus avant l’acquisition du langage verbal sont d’abord clivés puis encapsulés dans une partie inconsciente de leur moi. Dans les cas cliniques que j’ai exposés, l’autre partie du moi se développe d’une façon névrotique (Jade) ou borderline (Mac). Plus tard, lors de l’analyse de ces enfants ou de ces adultes (Paul), avec un analyste disponible pour accueillir ce type de traumatisme, nous rencontrons deux phases distinctes. Dans un premier temps, le traumatisme fait surface au travers de jeux répétitifs infraverbaux dans un hallucinatoire agi. Ce n’est que dans un second temps que s’ensuivent des jeux représentationnels pour l’enfant et une mise en parole pour l’adulte. Dans l’émotionnel partagé des deux protagonistes de l’analyse, représentations de choses et représentations de mots se tissent dans une dérive narrative.
Les enjeux économiques de l'interprétation à l'enfant autiste
Authors: Danon-Boileau Laurent
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’objet de l’article est d’apprécier l’incidence économique de l’interprétation faite à l’enfant autiste et les conditions qui la rendent productive. À partir d’une vignette clinique personnelle et d’une reprise de la célèbre interprétation de Melanie Klein sur le jeu des trains du petit Dick, l’auteur souligne la nécessité de ne pas tenter d’interagir directement avec l’enfant et l’incidence organisatrice d’une interprétation qui lui est donnée « en côte à côte » et hors dialogue.
Saisir les mots par le corps. Interprétation et infraverbal dans l'analyse d'enfant
Authors: Lauras-Petit Agnès
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’accès du jeune humain au langage est conditionné par les expériences émotionnelles vécues et partagées avec des partenaires qui l’auront accompagné de leurs mots pour en saisir le sens. La défaillance de cette voie d’intégration du corporel et du psychique entrave l’apport habituellement structurant de l’interprétation de niveau symbolique dans la cure d’enfant. L’analyste se devra d’ajuster sa technique en acceptant de s’engager dans la régression jusqu’aux éprouvés de l’ infans et au langage sémiotique des tout-petits. Sa formation s’enrichira de ne pas s’en tenir à son analyse personnelle d’adulte, pour approfondir ses capacités à côtoyer l’infantile en lui.
Interprétation : du silence à la parole
Authors: Flores Teresa
Published: May 2012

Résumé Par la présentation de quelques vignettes cliniques, j’aimerais illustrer les moments tantôt très délicats et émouvants tantôt d’une énorme angoisse et agitation, vécus dans la création et établissement de la communication entre l’enfant et l’analyste dans la cure. Souvent dans le silence, le jeu et le dessin sont un moyen par lequel l’enfant donne expression à ses fantasmes et à ses conflits permettant à l’analyste d’entrer en contact avec ce que l’enfant n’a pas encore réussi à verbaliser – soit sur ce qui se passe dans son monde interne, soit dans la relation analytique. Par le déplacement sur le jeu et ses personnages, auxquels l’analyste et l’enfant peuvent attribuer différents rôles, il sera alors possible d’aborder d’une façon paisible des conflits que l’enfant ne serait pas capable de tolérer s’ils étaient directement verbalisés et interprétés. Par sa capacité contenant et de rêverie, l’analyste essayera de contenir et d’être en syntonie avec l’état émotionnel du patient à l’instar de ce qui se passe dans la relation mère-bébé, d’être un « analyste suffisamment bon ». Une faille de cette concordance pourrait déclencher chez l’enfant une souffrance intolérable manifestée par une énorme angoisse et agitation ou par un sentiment d’humiliation et de blessure narcissique aboutissant à un retrait ou à un rejet de l’analyste et de l’analyse.
L'hypocondrie, les destins pulsionnels et la quête en soi de l'objet des soins primaires
Authors: Stathopoulos Georgios
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’hypocondrie, notamment celle survenue à la suite d’une maladie organique grave, semble constituer une espèce d’autotraitement somatopsychique. À partir de deux textes freudiens, celui sur le narcissisme et celui sur les destins pulsionnels, l’auteur propose une étude des destins pulsionnels dans le cas de l’hypocondrie. Soulignant le rôle majeur de l’organe – source de la pulsion –, il soutient que l’hypocondrie constitue en définitive un mouvement antinarcissique de quête élémentaire d’un objet quelconque. L’hypocondrie, qui pose par définition la question de l’interdépendance permanente entre le psychique et le corporel, permet finalement une redéfinition des phénomènes somatopsychiques et se trouve ainsi au cœur de l’expérience analytique elle-même. L’intérêt de plus en plus grand des psychanalystes pour l’hypocondrie en témoigne.
La paix par le droit international dans la vision de deux juristes du xixe siècle : le débat Lorimer-Bluntschli
Authors: Arcidiacono Bruno
Published: May 2012

Résumé James Lorimer et Johann Caspar Bluntschli ont été parmi les juristes les plus éminents de leur époque. En 1877, après une phase historique émaillée de guerres, le premier proposa un plan de paix axé sur la fédéralisation politique de l’Europe ; le second lui opposa, l’année suivante, le projet d’une Société des Nations de nature différente, qui confierait un rôle décisif aux six puissances majeures agissant de concert. Mais ils considéraient l’un et l’autre que le droit international ne saurait admettre la perspective de la guerre, et ne pourrait donc exister pleinement sans une réforme radicale du système européen : moins que de « paix par le droit », leur démarche pourrait être qualifiée de « droit par la paix ».
Les juristes nazis face au traité de Versailles (1919-1945)
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2012

Résumé Du point de vue des démocraties occidentales, la politique étrangère nazie constitue une odieuse violation du droit, car elle contrevient aux dispositions du traité de Versailles et parce qu’elle nie les droits des autres nationalités. La politique nazie est cependant tout sauf une violence primaire dépourvue d’arguments. La littérature juridique consacrée au traité de Versailles permet d’envisager le point de vue nazi : la Paix de Versailles est, en fait, un acte de guerre ; cet acte de guerre vise à annihiler l’Allemagne du point de vue politique – en tant qu’État-nation – mais aussi en termes biologiques. Dès lors, cette fausse paix ne lie pas juridiquement l’Allemagne, car le droit n’est pas respect formel de dispositions écrites, mais action au service de la (sur-)vie du peuple allemand. L’Allemagne est fondée à n’obéir qu’à la seule norme qui vaille pour elle : non pas le droit international (Völkerrecht) , mais le droit de la nation (Volksrecht) , de la seule nation, du seul peuple qui vaille, le peuple allemand dont les intérêts vitaux sont le seul principe et la seule fin de l’action politique.
Les publicistes français et la ced, controverse doctrinale et engagement civique
Authors: Milet Marc
Published: May 2012

Résumé La signature du traité de Paris qui institue une Communauté européenne de défense est largement impulsée sous la pression des Américains soucieux d’intégrer l’Allemagne à la défense commune. De 1952 à 1954, l’opportunité de la ratification divise violemment les milieux politiques et intellectuels français. Fait méconnu, les professeurs de droit public prennent part au débat public au cours de l’été 1954 dans une importante controverse doctrinale publiée dans la presse nationale. La mise à jour de cet épisode permet de spécifier la nature de l’intervention intellectuelle des juristes de l’après-guerre, qui emprunte à la figure de l’intellectuel spécifique prenant fait et cause sur des questions de droit au nom d’un savoir spécialisé. La controverse juridique rappelle l’importance de la question du transfert de souveraineté dans les clivages qui ne se résument pas à un conflit de guerre froide. L’article contribue à la présentation des « jeux croisés autour du droit » dans la mesure où il montre la corrélation entre les engagements civiques et les prises de position doctrinales alors même que les protagonistes différencient les deux positionnements.
Lo que el tiempo educa: el ocio como construcción pedagógica y social
Authors: Caride Gómez José Antonio
Published: May 2012

El tiempo es una dimensión clave en la construcción de nuestras señas de identidad. Las reflexiones sobre su naturaleza y alcance han ocupado a la ciencia desde la antigüedad. Ahora se acentúan sus preocupaciones, caracterizándolo como un tiempo plural, construido social y culturalmente. De ahí la importancia de la educación y de los aprendizajes relativos al tiempo, que iniciándose en la infancia se prolongan a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital. En el conjunto de los denominados “tiempos sociales”, el ocio emerge como una necesidad y un derecho cívico, del que cabe esperar una contribución decisiva a la mejora del bienestar de las personas y de su calidad de vida. Educar en los valores y significados que aporta el ocio al desarrollo humano, es una tarea en la que la pedagogía debe comprometerse activamente. El artículo pone énfasis en el potencial educador del ocio, incidiendo en su capacidad innovadora y transformadora en la sociedad red.
Génesis de la comprensión experiencial del ocio en la modernidad tardía: Transformaciones del concepto de vivencia
Authors: Cuenca Amigo Jaime
Published: May 2012

En las últimas décadas se ha asentado en los Estudios de Ocio una comprensión experiencial del fenómeno del ocio. Para entender cabalmente las implicaciones de este paradigma teórico debe tenerse en cuenta el profundo cambio del concepto de experiencia que este supone. El presente artículo trata de contribuir a esta tarea recorriendo las transformaciones de la noción de vivencia, desde sus orígenes hasta el momento en que se asienta su comprensión actual. Con este propósito, se recogerán las sucesivas funciones que cumple el concepto en los discursos teóricos, así como su inserción en el uso lingüístico general, indicador de los cambios a nivel de las prácticas sociales. Se parte de una clara delimitación espacial y temporal, que refiere a Alemania entre los años 30 del siglo XIX y la misma década del siglo siguiente, puesto que es éste el escenario de los principales debates que preparan el significado actual del concepto de vivencia.
De complemento a motor: la transformación de la función del ocio y turismo en las estrategias de desarrollo local. El caso de la recuperación y valorización del patrimonio cultural
Authors: Noguera Tur Joan , Ferrándis Martínez Adrián , Riera Spiegelhalder Mar
Published: May 2012

En la sociedad fordista, la actividad productiva centró las estrategias de desarrollo de los territorios dejando en segundo término, en el mejor de los casos, la función del ocio y del turismo como “complementos” de las actividades productivas “principales”. La consolidación de la sociedad post-productivista desde la última década del pasado siglo ha supuesto profundas transformaciones en los valores y prioridades individuales y colectivas. Estos cambios han conllevado la implantación de una concepción radicalmente diferente respecto de la función del ocio y del turismo en la programación vital y, en consecuencia, en las estrategias institucionales y territoriales. El presente artículo aporta una discusión sobre los principios del desarrollo desde el territorio (local) y la función, cada vez más central, que tienen el ocio y el turismo en las estrategias de desarrollo territorial, a través de la presentación de una metodología y de los resultados de una investigación sobre la importancia de los recursos culturales en la configuración de estrategias endógenas de desarrollo local.
Retos y tendencias del ocio digital: Transformación de dimensiones, experiencias y modelos empresariales
Authors: García Álvarez Ercilia , López Sintas Jordi , Samper Martínez Alexandra
Published: May 2012

Las tecnologías digitales están transformando el ocio y la manera en la que se organiza. A pesar de su importancia, son escasos los trabajos que han abordado su estudio desde el mundo académico. En este artículo realizamos una revisión extensa de la literatura sobre ocio y tecnologías digitales con el objeto de contribuir al conocimiento elaborando un marco interpretativo del ocio digital. Proponemos que las tecnologías digitales aportan una nueva dimensión al ocio que altera sus propiedades dicotómicas tradicionales, situando a individuos y empresas entre una comprensión holística o separada de los mundos naturales y los construidos digitalmente. En el primer caso se borran los límites entre las propiedades dicotómicas del ocio y el trabajo, no así en el segundo. Una u otra concepción se evidencia en los diferentes grados en los que las transformaciones tienen lugar entre los individuos y en cómo las empresas resuelven los retos que aparecen.
L’anglais par les contextes : l’adaptation cinématographique et sa didactisation
Authors: Belluc Sylvain
Published: May 2012

Cet article vise, à travers la présentation d’une pratique d’enseignement que nous espérons innovante, à mettre en lumière les opportunités pédagogiques offertes par le genre de l’adaptation cinématographique dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères. Les supports utilisés sont le roman Heart of Darkness de Joseph Conrad et le film Apocalypse Now de Francis Ford Coppola. Parce que le récit de l’entreprise coloniale britannique s’y voit transposé dans une époque et un médium tous deux différents de l’original, Apocalypse Now inscrit la question de l’altérité au centre de sa réflexion, et la décline sous plusieurs modes : historique, ethnique et artistique. Une analyse croisée des deux œuvres permet alors de remplir un triple objectif : initier l’étudiant aux spécificités propres aux deux types de langage que sont le filmique et le littéraire, le sensibiliser aux divers niveaux de langue qui caractérisent le discours des personnages, et attirer son attention sur le contexte dans lequel chacune des œuvres s’inscrit. Cette activité de classe devient alors le vecteur d’une réflexion complexe, tant sur un plan esthétique que politique, sur l’identité et la différence, l’universel et le particulier.
Individual Prediction Reliability Estimates in Classification and Regression
Authors: Pevec Darko , Bosnic Zoran , Kononenko Igor
Published: May 2012

Current machine learning algorithms perform well in many problem domains, but in risk-sensitive decision making – for example, in medicine and finance – experts do not rely on common evaluation methods that provide overall assessments of models because such techniques do not provide any information about single predictions. This chapter summarizes the research areas that have motivated the development of various approaches to individual prediction reliability. Based on these motivations, the authors describe six approaches to reliability estimation: inverse transduction, local sensitivity analysis, bagging variance, local cross-validation, local error modelling, and density-based estimation. Empirical evaluation of the benchmark datasets provides promising results, especially for use with decision and regression trees. The testing results also reveal that the reliability estimators exhibit different performance levels when used with different models and in different domains. The authors show the usefulness of individual prediction reliability estimates in attempts to predict breast cancer recurrence. In this context, estimating prediction reliability for individual predictions is of crucial importance for physicians seeking to validate predictions derived using classification and regression models.
Landmark Sliding for 3D Shape Correspondence
Authors: Dalal Pahal , Wang Song
Published: May 2012

Shape correspondence, which aims at accurately identifying corresponding landmarks from a given population of shape instances, is a very challenging step in constructing a statistical shape model such as the Point Distribution Model. Many shape correspondence methods are primarily focused on closed-surface shape correspondence. The authors of this chapter discuss the 3D Landmark Sliding method of shape correspondence, which is able to identify accurately corresponding landmarks on 3D closed-surfaces and open-surfaces (Dalal 2007, 2009). In particular, they introduce a shape correspondence measure based on Thin-plate splines and the concept of explicit topology consistency on the identified landmarks to ensure that they form a simple, consistent triangle mesh to more accurately model the correspondence of the underlying continuous shape instances. The authors also discuss issues such as correspondence of boundary landmarks for open-surface shapes and different strategies to obtain an initial estimate of correspondence before performing landmark sliding.
Fault-Tolerant Control of Mechanical Systems Using Neural Networks
Authors: Huang Sunan , Tan Kok Kiong , Lee Tong Heng
Published: May 2012

Due to harsh working environment, control systems may degrade to an unacceptable level, causing more regular fault occurrences. In this case, it is necessary to provide the fault-tolerant control for operating the system continuously. The existing control techniques have given some ways to solve this problem, but if the system behaves in an unanticipated manner, then the control system may need to be modified, so that it handles the modified system. In this chapter, the authors are concerned with how this control system can be done automatically, and when it can be done successfully. They aimed in this work at handling unanticipated failure modes, for which solutions have not been solved completely. The model-based fault-tolerant controller with a self-detecting algorithm is proposed. Here, the radial basis function neural network is used in the controller to estimate the unknown failures. Once the failure is detected, the re-configured control is activated and then maintains the system continously. The fault-tolerant control is illustrated in two cases. It is shown that the proposed method can cope with different failure modes which are unknown a priori. The result indicates that the solution is suitable for a class of mechanical systems whose dynamics are subject to sudden changes resulting from component failures when working in a harsh environment.
Learning and Explaining the Impact of Enterprises’ Organizational Quality on their Economic Results
Authors: Pregeljc Marko , Štrumbelj Erik , Mihelcic Miran , Kononenko Igor
Published: May 2012

The authors employed traditional and novel machine learning to improve insight into the connections between the quality of an organization of enterprises as a type of formal social units and the results of enterprises’ performance in this chapter. The analyzed data set contains 72 Slovenian enterprises’ economic results across four years and indicators of their organizational quality. The authors hypothesize that a causal relationship exists between the latter and the former. In the first part of a two-part process, they use several classification algorithms to study these relationships and to evaluate how accurately they predict the target economic results. However, the most successful models were often very complex and difficult to interpret, especially for non-technical users. Therefore, in the second part, the authors take advantage of a novel general explanation method that can be used to explain the influence of individual features on the model’s prediction. Results show that traditional machine-learning approaches are successful at modeling the dependency relationship. Furthermore, the explanation of the influence of the input features on the predicted economic results provides insights that have a meaningful economic interpretation.
Machine Learning Algorithms for Analysis of DNA Data Sets
Authors: Yearwood John , Bagirov Adil , Kelarev Andrei V.
Published: May 2012

The applications of machine learning algorithms to the analysis of data sets of DNA sequences are very important. The present chapter is devoted to the experimental investigation of applications of several machine learning algorithms for the analysis of a JLA data set consisting of DNA sequences derived from non-coding segments in the junction of the large single copy region and inverted repeat A of the chloroplast genome in Eucalyptus collected by Australian biologists. Data sets of this sort represent a new situation, where sophisticated alignment scores have to be used as a measure of similarity. The alignment scores do not satisfy properties of the Minkowski metric, and new machine learning approaches have to be investigated. The authors’ experiments show that machine learning algorithms based on local alignment scores achieve very good agreement with known biological classes for this data set. A new machine learning algorithm based on graph partitioning performed best for clustering of the JLA data set. Our novel k-committees algorithm produced most accurate results for classification. Two new examples of synthetic data sets demonstrate that the authors’ k-committees algorithm can outperform both the Nearest Neighbour and k-medoids algorithms simultaneously.
Emergence Phenomenon and Fuzzy Logic in Meaningful Image Segmentation and Retrieval
Authors: Deb Sagarmay , Kulkarni Siddhivinayak
Published: May 2012

Content-based image retrieval is a difficult area of research in multimedia systems. The research has proven extremely difficult because of the inherent problems in proper automated analysis and feature extraction of the image to facilitate proper classification of various objects. An image may contain more than one object, and to segment the image in line with object features to extract meaningful objects and then classify it in high-level like table, chair, car and so on has become a challenge to the researchers in the field. The latter part of the problem, the gap between low-level features like colour, shape, texture, spatial relationships, and high-level definitions of the images is called the semantic gap. Until this problem is solved in an effective way, the efficient processing and retrieval of information from images will be difficult to achieve. In this chapter, the authors explore the possibilities of how emergence phenomena and fuzzy logic can help solve these problems of image segmentation and semantic gap.
Computational Intelligence Techniques for Pattern Recognition in Biomedical Image Processing Applications
Authors: Hemanth D. Jude , Anitha J.
Published: May 2012

Medical image classification is one of the most widely used methodologies in the biomedical field for abnormality detection in the anatomy of the human body. Image classification belongs to the broad category of pattern recognition in which different abnormal images are grouped into different categories based on the nature of the pathologies. Nowadays, these techniques are automated and high accuracy combined with low convergence rate has become the desired features of automated techniques. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are the highly preferred automated techniques because of superior performance measures. In this chapter, the application of AI techniques for pattern recognition is explored in the context of abnormal Magnetic Resonance (MR) brain image classification. This chapter illustrates the theory behind the AI techniques and their effectiveness for practical application in medical image classification. Few experimental results are also provided to aid the conclusions. Algorithmic approach of the AI techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy theory, and genetic algorithm are also dealt in this chapter.
An Introduction to Pattern Classification
Authors: Nakashima Tomoharu , Schaefer Gerald
Published: May 2012

In this chapter the authors present an overview of pattern classification. In particular, they focus on the mathematical background of pattern classification rather than discussing the practical analysis of various pattern classification methods, and present the derivation of classification rules from a mathematical aspect. First, the authors define the pattern space without the loss of generality. Then, the categorisation of pattern classification is presented according to the design of classification systems. The mathematical formulation of each category of pattern classification is also given. Theoretical discussion using mathematical formulations is presented for distance-based pattern classification and statistical pattern classification. For statistical pattern classification, the standard assumption is made where patterns from each class follow normal distributions with different means and variances.
A knowledge management framework to grow innovation capability maturity
Authors: Esterhuizen Denéle , Schutte Corne , Du Toit Adeline
Published: May 2012

Background: Innovation is a key prerequisite for being organisationally competitive. Therefore, it is imperative that enterprises grow and mature their innovation capability. Knowledge management plays a fundamental role in the ability of enterprises to innovate successfully.Objectives: There are no formal guidelines for using knowledge management to grow innovation capability maturity. The researchers intended to develop a knowledge management framework that enables innovation capability.Method: The scope of the research did not allow for the practical implementation of the framework. However, five industry and subject theory experts evaluated the applicability and usability of the framework.Results: All five experts reported that enterprises could use knowledge management tools and organisational facilitating conditions to allow innovation capability maturity to grow. The importance of the framework is that it gives guidelines for using knowledge management as a vehicle for growing innovation capability maturity.Conclusion: The framework determines whether enterprises’ organisational conditions and knowledge management tools are sufficient to sustain or grow their innovation capability maturity.
Serotonin Syndrome with Escitolapram and Concomitant Use of Cocaine: A Case Report
Authors: Malik Hamood Ur-Rehman , Kumar Krishan
Published: May 2012

Introduction

Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonergic activity in the central nervous system. It is characterized by mental status changes (eg, confusion, agitation, lethargy, coma), autonomic instability (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils), and neuromuscular hyperactivity (eg, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, rigidity, trismus). Serotonin syndrome classically occurs in patients receiving two or more serotonergic drugs, but it can occur with monotherapy. We report a case of a 20-year-old man who developed serotonin syndrome resulting from overdose of Escitolapram with concomitant use of cocaine. It is a very important area in medicine as serotonin syndrome should be suspected especially in drug abusers who are being treated with psychotropic agents for mental illnesses.