bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
СЦЕНІЧНИЙ ОБРАЗ УКРАЇНКИ ЯК ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ СТАНОВИЩА ЖІНКИ НА ЗЛАМІ XIX–XX СТОЛІТЬ
Authors: Pohutsa Natalia
Published: March 2019

Мета статті – дослідити соціокультурні причини, які зумовили формування переважно трагічного образу жінки на сцені українського професійного театру. Створені, в обмеженому театральному просторі М. Заньковецькою, образи жінок із народу розкривали силу характеру, глибину почуттів, духовну красу українки, приреченої на страждання силою обставин, однак не жалюгідної, а величної у важких випробуваннях. Художня правда сценічного образу відображала правду життя й характер українки, а через глядацьке сприйняття виявляла також ставлення до жінки в традиційній українській культурі, носієм якої був масовий український глядач. Методологія дослідження полягає в застосуванні історико-порівняльного, культурологічного та мистецтвознавчого методів. Зазначений методологічний підхід дозволяє розкрити художню правду сценічного образу українки як відображення правди життя гнобленого народу, проаналізувати історичні, культурологічні й естетичні аспекти еволюції українського театрального простору. Реалізація поставленої мети передбачає вирішення таких завдань: охарактеризувати особливості становлення і розвитку професійного українського театру; визначити причини обмеження театрального простору; виявити взаємозалежність обмеженого театрального простору та сценічного образу українки, створеного М. Заньковецькою. Висновки. Виявлено, що театральний простір, у якому функціонував класичний український театр, був обмежений комплексом урядових заборон. З’ясовано також, що специфіка глядацької аудиторії, котра на зламі XIX–XX ст. представляла неповноструктурне українське суспільство, була одним із чинників відсутності в репертуарі українського театру драматичних творів з життя інтелігенції.
ХАРАКТЕРНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕЛОДИКИ БЛЮЗУ
Authors: Журба Яніна Олексіївна
Published: March 2019

Мета роботи. У роботі представлені результати проведеного дослідження, яке спрямоване на виявлення характерних особливостей мелодики блюзу, їх походження та впливу на створення блюзового фонізму. Методологія дослідження. У дослідженні використаний системний підхід, який є характерним для культурологічних досліджень. Також застосовані загальнонаукові методи: порівняння, систематизація та узагальнення. Наукова новизна. На основі проведеного в роботі аналізу вперше в українському мистецтвознавстві виявлені характерні особливості блюзової мелодики, подано їх походження та класифікація. Висновки. До основних рис, що найяскравіше характеризують мелодику блюзу можна віднести пентатонічність, її походження та наявність «плаваючих ступенів». Саме ці характеристики створюють унікальний фонізм блюзу, який чітко виділяється на тлі величезної різноманітності музичних стилів та сфер сучасної музичної культури.
КАТЕГОРІЯ СТИЛЮ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ НАУКОВЦІВ
Authors: Наку Анастасія Валеріївна
Published: March 2019

Мета роботи узагальнити досвід уживання й аналізу категорії стилю в науковій літературі. Методи дослідження. Основою даного дослідження є джерела, в яких було проаналізовано процес формування категорії стилю. Проведено аналіз змін, що відбувалися з дефініцією «стиль» у контексті соціокультурних процесів. Наукова новизна. У дослідженні було виявлено, що різні періоди становлення стилю мали свої характеристики та особливості. У мистецтвознавстві, літературознавстві, в галузі дизайну одягу та ін. сферах культури цей термін багатозначний, світоглядно та методологічно орієнтовний, тому й суперечливий. У статті вперше категорія стилю розглядається в контексті стильових напрямів та мікростилів, які можуть бути презентовані як різноаспектні складові впливу на колекції європейських дизайнерів одягу поч. ХХІ ст. Висновки. Проаналізувавши численні праці науковців у сфері мистецтва, естетики, філософії, літературознавства, fashion-індустрії, можемо зазначити, що категорія стилю тлумачиться в різних галузях не ідентично та характеризується багатозначністю. У fashion-індустрії це поняття може потрактовуватися як явище загальноестетичне та соціокультурне.
THE MUSICAL FILM COMEDY “THE INTRIGUER” AS A TURNING POINT IN THE FATE OF UKRAINIAN THEATRE AND FILM DIRECTOR YA. I. URINOV
Authors: Bezruchko Oleksandr
Published: March 2019

In this article investigational vital and creative way of the Ukrainian theatrical actor, stage-director of theatre and cinema, scenario writer, Honoured artist of the Kirghiz’s Soviet Socialistic Republic, Honoured worker of arts of the Burat’s Autonomous Soviet Socialistic Republic Yakiv Isaakovich Yrinov and influence on his further fate of musical comedy movie «Schemer».
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TELEVISION VARIETY WORKS
Authors: Sovhyra Tetiana
Published: March 2019

In the articles found out the production process (creation) compositions of television variety and investigated maintenance of «script», «scenario plan», «assembly list», «score» and so on. Based on the theoretical study features similarities stage variety and television revealed patterns of interaction between this arts.
Tobit or not Tobit?
Authors: Stewart Jay
Published: March 2019

Time-diary surveys collect detailed information about individuals' activities over a short period of time, typically one day. Thus, it is common to see zero time spent in many activities, even for individuals who regularly do the activity. Because of the large number of zeros, Tobit would seem to be the natural approach. However, once it is recognized that these zeros arise not from censoring, but from a mismatch between the reference period of the data (the diary day) and the period of interest (typically much longer than a day), it is not clear that Tobit is appropriate.

I examine the bias associated with alternative procedures for estimating the marginal effects of covariates on time use. I begin by adapting the infrequency of purchase model to time-diary data and showing that OLS estimates are unbiased. Next, using simulated data, I examine the bias associated with three procedures that are commonly used to analyze time-diary data – Tobit, the Cragg [11] two-part model, and OLS. I find that the estimated marginal effects from Tobit are biased and that the bias increases with the fraction of zero-value observations. The two-part model performs significantly better, but generates biased estimates when the number of zeros is a function of the covariates. Only OLS generates unbiased estimates in all of the simulations considered here.
Workday, holiday and calendar adjustment: Monthly aggregates from daily diesel fuel purchases
Authors: Leamer Edward E.
Published: March 2019

Most data sets used by economists are collected with after-the-fact surveys and the time aggregation is done by the survey respondents who produce, for example, monthly aggregates not actual transactions. 21st century digital transaction technologies will increasingly allow the collection of actual transactions, which will create an important new set of opportunities for forming time aggregates. This paper uses a transaction-by-transaction data set on purchases of diesel fuel by over-the-road truckers to form a monthly diesel volume index from 1999 to 2012 purged of weekday, holiday and calendar effects. These high-frequency data allow new and more accurate ways to correct for (1) the variability in the weekday composition of months and (2) the drift of holiday effects between months. These corrections have substantial effects on month-to-month comparisons.
Measuring and quantifying lifestyles and their impact on public choices: The case of professional football in Munich
Authors: Ahlfeldt Gabriel M. , Maennig Wolfgang , Ölschläger Michaela
Published: March 2019

Lifestyle data are rarely used in multivariate economic and social studies because the data describe the probability of having a categorical attribute. We propose a novel conversion of lifestyle data into metric scale values. Examining the 2001 referendum on the Allianz-Arena in Munich, our analysis demonstrates that refined indicators of value and strata orientation outperform the typical oriented indicators of economic wealth, in terms of capturing the spatial distribution of support and opposition to the project.
The Impact of Inflation on the Monetary Stocks of the Firm
Authors: Brooks Leroy , Buckmaster Dale
Published: March 2019

This empirical examination provides preliminary evidence on the ability of companies to manage monetary working capital during an inflationary period. Changes in monetary working capital are disaggregated into volume, inflation, and residual (behavioral) components. After eliminating the volume effect, many firms still had large monetary stock changes. The residual or behavioral factor frequently accounted for a greater change in the balances than changes in prices. Thus, an accounting or financial planning estimate of a monetary working capital balance that is adjusted for volume and inflation price changes is not sufficient to explain changes in monetary working capital balances. Financial managers need to establish forecasting, monitoring, and control procedures to better manage monetary working capital stocks.
A Comparison of Anticipatory Surveys and Econometric Models in Forecasting U.S. Business Investment,
Authors: Landefeld J. Steven , Seskin Eugene P.
Published: March 2019

This paper compares the performance of several anticipatory surveys of U.S. business investment with each other and with projections generated by large-scale econometric models. The Commerce Department survey outperformed both the McGraw-Hill and Merrill Lynch surveys. The relatively strong representation of small and medium size firms in the Commerce survey appear to be the major factor in its superiority over the other surveys. The Commerce Department survey of business expectations also outperformed forecasts derived from either the Data Resources Inc. or the Wharton econometric models.
A Note on the Savings Rate
Authors: Heien Dale , Nuckton Carole
Published: March 2019

This paper deals with the manner in which personal savings are computed in the National Income and Product Accounts. In particular it focuses on the treatment of the imputed flow of services from the stock of durables, especially housing. This paper presents an alternative estimate of personal savings based on a household cash flow concept. The estimate is then compared with the NIPA and the FRB estimates of personal savings. The new computed rate shows a much sharper decline than the NIPA or FRB rates.
Data Analysis, Specification, and Estimation of an Aggregate Relationship for Sales of Natural Gas per Customer
Authors: Herbert John H.
Published: March 2019

It is shown in this paper that attention to data issues is able to shed additional light on a much studied market using data, which while not the best, is frequently the type of data available for study. The appropriate use of heating degree day data for such analysis is treated in detail. Regression diagnostics are used as tools for analysis. The examination of the interaction between data issues, the historical context of the data, and residual analysis can result in new and informative ways of specifying a relationship. Results in this study and in a similar study are also compared.
The Duration and Intensity of Investment in Independent Research and Development Projects
Authors: Lichtenberg Frank R.
Published: March 2019

Many important decisions about the allocation of research and development resources are made at the project level, but previous investigators have had very limited access to project-level research and development data. This paper contains analyses of the duration and intensity of investment in individual projects reported in the Defense Department's “Independent Research and Development” Data Bank, which includes longitudinal data on thousands of projects conducted by contractors during (approximately) 1980–1985. These data enable us to achieve three objectives: (1) to determine the statistical properties (moments and quantiles) of the distributions of completed projects by two measures of duration (calendar years and man-years) and by a measure of intensity (employment of scientists and engineers); (2) to discriminate between alternative hypotheses concerning the nature of the “hazard function” of independent research and development investment; and (3) to determine the properties of project sponsors' estimates (forecasts) of the duration and intensity of investment.
Quality in the MBA Program: Inputs, Outputs or Value Added?
Authors: Hamlen, Jr. William , Southwick, Jr. Lawrence
Published: March 2019

The usual method of evaluating the output of an institution of higher education is to ask knowledgeable people their opinions of its quality. This paper uses several measures of the quality of MBA programs to compare with student capability measures and the salary of graduates. A high correlation among all these measures is found. Because these do not measure the true product of the institution which is the value added, another measure is sought. The measure proposed for determining the value added is shown to be uncorrelated with the standard quality measures.
FASB Statement 33 Data Base: Compositional Characteristics, Potential Uses, and Sources of Measurement Error
Authors: Dugan Michael T. , Shriver Keith A.
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this article is to discuss the compositional characteristics, potential uses, and sources of measurement error of an economic data base system(EDBS) sponsored by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). This EDBS contains current cost data detailing the effects of changing prices on approximately 1,500 companies for the years 1979–1984. These current cost data appear to be useful for empirical studies about the effects of changing prices on users or firms in accounting research, industrial organization and macroeconomic modeling in economics research, and the predictive ability of analysts in finance research.
Subpopulation Comparisons of Aptitude Scores of the 1980 High School Seniors
Authors: Sahai Hardeo
Published: March 2019

This paper compares subpopulations using aptitude scores obtained from a test battery administered to the 1980 high school seniors in the base year survey. The procedures and methods used to select the sample were designed to yield a data base that can be statistically projected to represent the national population of approximately 3,040,000 1980 high school seniors. Subpopulation comparisons were performed to reveal the differences in aptitude scores by age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and census region. The mean scores of males and females were comparable, although males scored, on the average, somewhat higher than females on the mathematics component. Asians/Pacific Islanders scored higher than other racial/ethnic groups on all subtests except Vocabulary and Reading, where whites scored somewhat higher. The mean scores of whites were higher than those of either blacks or Hispanics on all measures used. There were notable differences in the mean test scores of various Hispanic subgroups, with the mean scores of Cubans exceeding Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, or other Hispanics by a considerable margin. A positive correlation was encountered between test scores and the socioeconomic status or level of education attained by the examinee's mother. Geographically, students in New England had the highest average scores, followed, in order, by those in the Middle Atlantic, West North Central, East North Central, Pacific, Mountain, South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central regions.
Measuring Services Output – the Wharton Index of Services Production
Authors: Adams F. Gerard , Faulhaber Gerald , Siwaraksa Subhak
Published: March 2019

Output of services is increasing rapidly and accounts for more than half of the nation's gross domestic product, yet there is no current official measure of service production. This paper discusses a new measure of service output, the Wharton Index of Service Production (WISP). Based on employment data and productivity trends, this measure is being computed on a current basis and provides a long time span of data for numerous service sectors.
Public Use Microdata: Disclosure and Usefulness
Authors: McGuckin Robert H. , Nguyen Sang V.
Published: March 2019

Official statistical agencies such as the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics collect enormous quantities of microdata in statistical surveys. These data are valuable for economic research and market and policy analysis. However, the data cannot be released to the public because of confidentiality commitments to individual respondents. These commitments, coupled with the strong research demand for microdata, have led the agencies to consider various proposals for releasing public use microdata.

Most proposals for public use microdata call for the development of surrogate data that disguise the original data. Thus, they involve the addition of measurement errors to the data. In this paper, we examine disclosure issues and explore alternative masking methods for generating panels of useful economic microdata which can be released to researchers. While our analysis applies to all confidential microdata, applications using the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Research Data Base (LRD) are used for illustrative purposes throughout the discussion.
Estimation Errors of Measuring Housing Quality from Tax Records
Authors: Megbolugbe Isaac F.
Published: March 2019

Hedonic measurement of housing quality is normally based on a wide range of data including information on structural, neighborhood, and geographic attributes of the housing stock. Readily accessible tax assessment database across many U.S. communities typically contain limited data on housing structural attributes. It is always very expensive to augment such variables with additional data on housing neighborhood and location. Consequently, hedonic estimation of quality based on these limited data perennially suffers specification bias. Because few hedonic variables are capable of proxying the statistical influence of omitted ones, there is really no need for more expensive data that some analysts insist are necessary for proper use of hedonic index to make housing quality judgments. This makes tax records a valuable source of information for hedonic estimation.
The Multisectoral Dynamic Model of IRI: A Policy Simulation
Authors: Mandarino Nicola
Published: March 2019

IRI (“Istituto per la Ricostruzione lndustriale”) is the largest mixed-state enterprise of Italy: because of its size and scope, the question has often arisen on how IRI's policy decisions are influenced and in turn influence the Italian economy. This paper attempts to indicate a method for the evaluation of this interrelationship via input-output techniques.

A dynamic input-output model partitioned between IRI and the Rest Of the Country has been built in order to endogenize investments, such a crucial factor in corporate strategies. Moreover, the I/O framework has been used to analyze the effects of corporate shifts in the sectoral portfolio diversification, where acquisition and selling policies can substantially modify the production structure of a large company.

The policy exercise presented here builds on the compilation of an extensive database, mainly focused on evaluating sectoral capital stocks from establishment data. The results of the model are discussed to envisage how 1991–95 IRI's sectoral investments and production plans will be affected by the macroeconomic scenarios. On the other hand, since IRI plans are adjusted annually, an application of the proposed methodology may point out to policy-makers which changes are needed in investment outlays in order to achieve economic targets.
Development of Estimates of Emergency Operating Capacity for 4-Digit SIC Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Belzer D.B. , Kellogg M.A. , Roop J.M.
Published: March 2019

With the increased likelihood of budget reductions in defense expenditures, the question of how the United States might respond to a future national emergency is a key concern of many policy planners. As part of the planning process, national emergency planners require estimates of available productive capacity during emergency conditions to allow development of integrated policies for industrial preparedness.

The paper summarizes the concepts, methods, and results of a study of emergency operating capacity (EOC) at the 4-digit standard industrial code (SIC) industry level of aggregation. The data used for empirical estimation are the historical capacity utilization measures collected by the Bureau of Census in the Survey of Plant Capacity (SPC). These utilization measures are used in conjunction with industry output measures to develop estimates of “practical” capacity by 4-digit SIC industry. Data collected in the SPC on weekly plant hours are used to obtain preliminary estimates of the additional “emergency” capacity expected from plant operation of 7 days per week, 24 hours per day.
Alternative Data for the Dynamic Modelling of the East European Transformation
Authors: Blangiewicz Maria , Bołt Tadeusz W. , Charemza Wojciech W.
Published: March 2019

This paper describes attempts to improve the quality of data used for the dynamic econometric analysis of East European economies in their transition period from a planned to a market economy. It gives general requirements for an ‘ideal’ set of data used for dynamic macroeconomic analysis and reflects on some particular data problems related to the modelling of the economy in transition. It exemplifies the methodology by showing the way the alternative price indices(that is covering jointly the state controlled and uncontrolled sectors of the economy) are constructed. Furthermore, it describes the approximation of the alternative annual households' incomes data. It also shows how the observable quarterly series on wages are used for the Kalman filter approximation of quarterly incomes.
Comparison of Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Estimates from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey and the Consumer Expenditure Survey
Authors: Walden Daniel C. , Miller Richard , Cohen Steven B.
Published: March 2019

The 1987 National Expenditure Survey was conducted by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, USPHS to provide an assessment of the health care utilization, expenditures, sources of payment and health coverage of the civilian noninstitutional population.

The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) is sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides a continuous and comprehensive flow of data on the buying habits of consumers though the collection of information on the expenditures, income, and socio-demographic characteristics of customer units. It is designed to support Consumer Price Index revisions and social and economic analyses.

Differences in family out-of-pocket expenditures for hospital services, physician services, services by other practitioners, lab tests and x-ray services, nursing services, eye glasses and contact lenses, dental services, prescription medicines are compared. Differences in the distributions of these expenditures are explored as are the association of differences with population characteristics.
A Comparison of the U.S. Census Summary Tape Files 1A and 3A in Measuring Residential Segregation
Authors: Li Chun-Hao , Bagaka's Joshua G. , Darden Joe T.
Published: March 2019

This paper examines the difference in results obtained from using Summary Tape Files 1A (STF1A) and 3A (STF3A) in measuring residential segregation. The 1A file contains data for the whole population, while the 3A file is based on estimates derived from a sample of the 1990 census. Computation of segregation indexes for the 45 largest metropolitan areas (MSA/PMSA) in the United States, using both files, revealed large differences. The differences were found to be correlated negatively with the percentage of the minority group population in the metropolitan area.
Constructing a Lifetime Nursing Home Use Data Base from a Sample of Discharges
Authors: Carlson Barbara Lepidus , Kemper Peter , Murtaugh Christopher M.
Published: March 2019

This paper describes the methodology used in selecting and reweighting discharge level data from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey so that it represents a sample of decedents who used nursing homes sometime during their lives. Such a strategy allows for the analysis of lifetime nursing home use and financing with a level of information that previously was not available. Adjustments to the existing weight included those for unit nonresponse, multiple probabilities of selection, and differential follow-up periods, as well as a ratio adjustment to bring the distribution of nursing home users with and without use in the last year of life in line with an external distribution from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey. A comparison of weighted estimates is made between the reweighted Nursing Home Survey data and the Mortality Followback data.
CPS Earnings Data for the Self-Employed: Words of Caution for Use and Interpretation
Authors: Devine Theresa J.
Published: March 2019

This paper examines several problems that one faces when using self-employment earnings data from the Annual Demographic Files for the 1976–91 March CPS, including: (i) variation in earnings definitions across different classes of workers (wage-and-salary, unincorporated self-employed, and incorporated self-employed workers), (ii) changes in earnings definitions between years,(iii) relatively high nonresponse rates for the self-employed (about 30 percent, versus 17–19 percent for wage-and-salary workers), and (iv) inaccurate coding of earnings imputation flags in the public use files. In short, the evidence presented here suggests that how one handles each of these problems can have a significant effect on estimates of the returns to time spent self-employed.

The author thanks John Coder, Enrique Lamas, Chuck Nelson, and Ed Welnaik for their willingness to answer her long list of questions about Census procedures, and Joyce Mlakar, John Morgan, and Amy Pavelko for their help in sorting out the tax code. Support from the Census Research Fellow Program and the National Science Foundation (SES 90–23–776 and SES 90–103–07) is gratefully acknowledged.
Measurement of Florida temporary residents using a telephone survey
Authors: Galvez Janet , McLarty Carol
Published: March 2019

Literature on temporary migrants is sparse compared to the varied impacts in locales affected. Both the aging of the US population and an increase in telecommuting argue for more research in this area rather than less. One reason for the lack of studies is the absence of good data. This paper examines methodologies reported in the literature and suggests an “add-on” telephone survey design that is replicable. In this paper, results from a cross section of a Florida telephone survey are compared to results obtained using a similar instrument in Arizona. The telephone survey promises both cost effectiveness and a design that can be repeated in different locations. This methodology, applied across states and areas, will provide a unified approach to collecting data on temporary migrants in the US population.
Forecasting GNP with noisy data: a case study
Authors: Howrey E. Philip
Published: March 2019

Forecasts of real GNP are based on preliminary estimates of National Income and Product Accounts data which will subsequently be revised. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the decrease in forecast accuracy which results from the use of preliminary rather than revised data. It is found that forecasts of the level of real GNP are very sensitive to data revision, but forecasts of the rate of growth of real GNP are relatively impervious to data revision. Over the period 1986–1991, the period during which real GNP was reported in constant 1982 dollars, the variance of forecast errors of the level of real GNP was four times what it would have been if the finally revised data had been available at the time the forecasts were made. The error variance of forecasts of the rate of growth of real GNP was only about 5 percent greater using preliminary data. These empirical results for the 1986–1991 period are consistent with theoretically determined error bounds for forecasts from trend stationary and difference stationary models with autoregressive disturbances.
Linking substance and practice: a case study of the relationship between socio-economic structure and population estimation
Authors: McKibben Jerome N. , Swanson David A.
Published: March 2019

Population estimation methods designed for the state/provincial and county levels generally exhibit high levels of accuracy. However, there are persistent shortcomings that have not been resolved through methodological development. We argue that at least some of these shortcomings would be better understood by linking these methods with the substantive socio-economic and demographic dynamics that clearly must be underlying the changes in population that the methods are designed to measure. To illustrate our main point, we conduct a case study of Indiana over two periods, 1970–1980 and 1980–1990. Indiana is selected because a common population estimation method exhibits a common problem over the two periods: its coefficients change. We link these changes to Indiana's transition to a post-industrial economy and describe how this transition operated through demographic dynamics that ultimately affected the estimation model. The results of the case study not only suggest substantive explanations for changes in the model but also the changes that are likely until the next census – the working life of the model. In turn, these changes provide information about anticipated changes in the model's coefficients which can be used to modify them in order to maximize accuracy over the model's working life. We conclude that while these results are limited in their application, they suggest additional research along these lines would benefit population estimation methods.
Economic interpretations of the statistical discrepancy
Authors: Klein L.R. , Makino J.
Published: March 2019

Through many comprehensive revisions of the National Income and Product Accounts(NIPA) of the US, a significant discrepancy has persisted, namely that between the estimate of the headline total now called Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from the side of expenditures or from the side of imcome payments. This discrepancy is not trivial (now in the neighborhood of $-\$100^+$ bn.); it is not random; it is wrongly attributed exclusively to the income side estimates. There have been interesting proposals for systematically allocating it among NIPA entries according to some statistical rule. Students of the discrepancy, over the years, have noted systematic variation with respect to international trade, inventory investment, total output and other variables. In recent years, the income side total has given a different estimate of the historical rate of change of output per worker, obviously an extremely important statistic. In a fresh examination of the discrepancy through 1996 (quarterly), we find, in this paper, suggestive correlation with business earnings, itself a very important but difficult magnitude to measure. If the NIPA data are to be used in an important way for policy guidance, a more careful treatment based on economic and statistical analysis is called for.
An approach to longitudinally matching Current Population Survey(CPS) respondents
Authors: Madrian Brigitte C. , Lefgren Lars John
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we propose an approach for evaluating the trade-offs inherent in different approaches used to match Current Population Survey (CPS) respondents across various CPS surveys. Because there is some measurement error in both the variables used the identify individuals over time and in the characteristics of individuals at any point in time, any procedure used to match CPS respondents has the possibility of both generating incorrect matches and failing to generate potentially valid matches. We propose using the information contained in the variable on whether an individual lived in the same house on March 1 of the previous year as a way to gauge these trade-offs. We find that as measured by reported residence one year ago, increasing the fraction of ``invalid'' merges that are rejected usually comes at a cost of decreasing the fraction of ``valid'' merges that are retained. However, there are clearly some approaches that are superior to others in the sense that they result in both a higher fraction of ``invalid'' merges being rejected and a higher fraction of ``valid'' merges being retained.
The quality of rural population estimates from the American Community Survey
Authors: McLaughlin Diane K. , Melz Heidi M. , Lichter Daniel T. , Gardner Erica L.
Published: March 2019

The new American Community Survey (ACS) provides a unique and unprecedented opportunity to monitor changing community social and economic conditions in the U.S. between the decennial Censuses. In this paper, we provide a description of the ACS, and we evaluate ACS data quality for the 1996 rural test site -- Fulton County, Pennsylvania -- on the basis of response rates, allocation rates, and the comparability of ACS estimates of county population characteristics with the decennial census results and with local administrative records. Our analysis provides encouraging evidence that the ACS, when fully implemented, will provide high-quality data that allow public policy analysts, marketing firms, and social scientists to track rural and small area social and population changes during the post-censal period.
Goodness-of-fit tests for rating scale data: Applying the minimum chi-square method
Authors: Zeis Charles , Regassa Hailu , Shah Abhay , Ahmadian Ahmad
Published: March 2019

This paper discusses the concept of goodness-of-fit tests for 5-point rating scale data. Major problems of such tests include the lack of formulation of parameter estimates needed to run the tests, and the lack of computer capabilities for major statistical packages. We address these by implementing the minimum chi-square method. Steps for carrying out this method are outlined. Results of fitting 484 5-point Likert scale variables from diverse Management and Marketing surveys are fitted to normal, lognormal, beta, gamma, and Weibull distributions. Results show, among other things, that some continuous distribution is not an unreasonable fit for 49% tested.
The chain-additivity issue and the US national economic accounts
Authors: Ehemann Christian , Katz Arnold J. , Moulton Brent R.
Published: March 2019

When the US Bureau of Economic Analysis adopted chain-type quantity indexes in 1996, real gross domestic product (GDP) and its components, when measured in units of the currency of a particular reference year, were no longer additive. We discuss some of the problems with the additive, fixed-weighted aggregates these estimates replaced, as well as problems that arise when users treat the new "chained dollar" aggregates as if they were additive. Using properties of the Fisher index formula, we describe new tools for economic analysis that traditionally relied on the additivity of fixed- weighted GDP aggregates. We also describe some tools that have been developed for the compilation and review of chain-type estimates. Finally, we discuss Claude Hillinger's proposed methods for creating an additive set of real aggregates and present empirical results that lead us to be skeptical about their usefulness.
The quadratic approximation lemma and decompositions of superlative indexes
Authors: Diewert W. Erwin
Published: March 2019

It was shown in 1976 that a difference in a quadratic function of N variables evaluated at two points is exactly equal to the sum of the arithmetic average of the first order partial derivatives of the function evaluated at the two points times the differences in the independent variables. In the present paper, this result is generalized and the resulting generalized quadratic approximation lemma is used to establish all of the superlative index number formulae that were derived in Diewert [4]. In addition, some new exact decompositions of the percentage change in the Fisher and Walsh superlative indexes into N components are derived. Each component in this decomposition represents the contribution of a change in a single independent variable to the overall percentage change in the index. Finally, these components are given economic interpretations.
Forms and rates of economic and physical depreciation by type of assets in Canadian industries
Authors: Hwang Jang C.
Published: March 2019

This paper introduces a method for performing large-scale studies of forms and rates of economic and physical depreciation by type of assets in Canadian industries. A fractional function representation for the form of economic depreciation is introduced where the numerator represents the form of economic depreciation without adjustment, and the denominator represents the form of either the gross or the net physical depreciation. This representation provides a clear picture of the relationship in both form and rate between economic and physical depreciation. The forms of economic and physical depreciation (except the gross physical depreciation) are all convex, while the exceptional one is concave.

This is one of the research papers studied at Statistics Canada in the evolving search for a better methodology for estimating depreciation patterns. Based on the findings of this paper, with more survey data available, and following a more conventional approach, a project is currently underway at Statistics Canada. Gross physical depreciation will be considered as one of the adjustment factors for the price-age-date profile.
Counting the disabled: Using survey self-reports to estimate medical eligibility for social security's disability programs
Authors: Dwyer Debra , Hu Jianting , Vaughan Denton R. , Wixon Bernard
Published: March 2019

We develop methodology to identify medical eligibility for Social Security's Disability programs using publicly available data. Using a structural model of Social Security's disability determination process estimated on a sample of applicants, we make out-of-sample predictions of medical eligibility for non-beneficiaries in the general population aged 18–64. This methodology defines an observable, publicly-available indicator of disability consistent with Social Security's definition. This would be useful in a wide number of applications and may be of particular interest to empirical labor economists. We find that 2.9% of this population were medically eligible but not receiving disability benefits early in 1992. Our methodology permits use of publicly available survey data to analyze medical criteria that determine who receives disability benefits. We consider effects of sample selection adjustments, sample restrictions, and several methods of estimating eligibility from continuous probabilities. Our preferred measure outperforms the conventional single variable model based on the "prevented" measure.
On a dual measure of the utilization rate of capital
Authors: Durand René
Published: March 2019

The measurement of capital services remains one of the most difficult task for growth accountants despite the breakthrough developments made over the last four decades and, in particular, following the numerous suggestions made to correct the measure of capital services for changes in capacity utilization. Building upon the work of Berndt and Fuss [1], this paper attempts to contribute to the latter issue. Establishing a parallel with the labour input, the author derives a formal measure for the rate of capacity utilization of capital which is based on observable dual price variables.
Estimating sampling variance from the current population survey: A synthetic design approach to correcting standard errors
Authors: Jolliffe Dean
Published: March 2019

Answering essentially any question with sample data requires variance estimates and these estimates depend critically on the sample design. The design information necessary to estimate variances for sample statistics from the US Current Population Survey (CPS) is not publicly released in order to protect respondent confidentiality. To circumvent this problem, the US Census Bureau provides a variance estimation methodology but it is only valid for a few specific point estimates. This paper discusses shortcomings of the Census Bureau methodology and proposes an alternative, general approximation methodology that produces variance estimates for a significantly wider class of statistics, including regression analysis. The proposed approach is based on resorting the data and assigning subsequent observations to synthetic clusters in a manner that creates similarities with the actual CPS sample. The synthetic design approach successfully approximates a baseline for comparison in 34 of the 37 sample estimates considered.
Ideal indices and indicators for two or more factors
Authors: Balk Bert M.
Published: March 2019

The index number problem is known as that of decomposing an aggregate change into symmetric factors, the number of which usually is two. This paper discusses the generalization to more than two factors, reviews the proposals from the literature, and adds a simple solution.
Monotonicity in price relatives: A price index paradox
Authors: Hill Robert J.
Published: March 2019

A new axiom for price indexes is proposed, referred to here as monotonicity in price relatives. This axiom requires that if prices of all goods and services rise more in country A than in country B, then the price index for A must exceed that for B. Although monotonicity in price relatives seems fundamental, all the main weighted price index formulae (including all known superlatives) and even some elementary price indexes violate it. The implications of this somewhat paradoxical finding for the index number literature are explored. It is shown that violation of monotonicity in price relatives is only a concern for elementary price indexes, thus strengthening the case for Jevons over Dutot, since the latter violates this axiom.
Produced and non-produced inputs: Once and for all?
Authors: Durand René
Published: March 2019

This note extends the notion of produced inputs to human capital services and shows that the measure of the productivity residual is nil when inputs are produced. The standard growth accounting literature often confuses the services of produced human capital services with the hours of work of skilled workers, explaining why attempts to mine out the productivity residual have failed. The note also criticizes the improper specification of technical progress in the production function when using produced inputs and suggests a reinterpretation of some often uses notions or expressions.
Pitfalls of using unit values as a price measure or price index
Authors: Bradley Ralph
Published: March 2019

In many well known studies, unit values are often used in place of observed prices when constructing price indexes or modeling demand systems. This study shows that one cannot get consistent estimates by replacing prices with their unit values. When computing price indexes, the use of unit values or unit value indexes will misspecify substitution effects and mismeasure the true price. The use of unit values as a price regressor in an aggregate demand model will misspecify the model even though the functional form of the demand model is correct. I then present empirical investigations using cereal sales data to evaluate a well known paper that estimated the welfare gain of a new cereal brand. I show that the use of unit values in this study biases the estimate of the welfare gain of the new brand. JEL Codes: C43, C51. Keywords: Unit value, cost of living index, aggregation consistency.
A comparison of household and medical provider reported health care utilization and an estimation strategy to correct for response error
Authors: Cohen Steven B. , Wun Lap-Ming
Published: March 2019

In health care surveys similar to the MEPS, the use of additional administrative data and medical records for survey participants permits additional methodological investigations and evaluations to examine the accuracy of household reported data. When differentials are observed in the response profiles through these evaluations and comparisons, the design permits well specified adjustment and estimation strategies to correct for measurement error. In addition to serving as the primary source for the expenditures in the MEPS, the design of the Medical Provider Component provides data that could potentially facilitate adjustments to household reported utilization data that correct for reporting errors (both under-reporting and over-reporting(telescoping errors)), under the assumption that the medical provider reports are the gold standard. In this paper, we examine the level of concordance between household and medical provider utilization reports. An adjustment strategy to correct for response error attributable to household utilization reports is also presented.
Hypothesis tests when decomposing differences in the first moment
Authors: Yun Myeong-Su
Published: March 2019

Recently the Oaxaca decomposition for wage differentials has been extended to study the differences in the first moment. For example, this type of decomposition can be used to study differences in labor market participation rates by race, where the participation equation may be estimated by logit or probit. This paper develops a simple test for the significance of characteristics and coefficients effects in a decomposition analysis of differences in the first moment at aggregate and individual variable levels. In order to derive the test statistics, the asymptotic variances of the characteristics and coefficients effects at both aggregate and individual variable levels are calculated using the well-known delta method. The significance test for the Oaxaca decomposition is incorporated as a special case of this proposed test.
An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models
Authors: Fairlie Robert W.
Published: March 2019

The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is widely used to identify and quantify the separate contributions of group differences in measurable characteristics, such as education, experience, marital status, and geographical differences to racial and gender gaps in outcomes. The technique cannot be used directly, however, if the outcome is binary and the coefficients are from a logit or probit model. I describe a relatively simple method of performing a decomposition that uses estimates from a logit or probit model. Expanding on the original application of the technique in Fairlie [3], I provide a more thorough discussion of how to apply the technique, an analysis of the sensitivity of the decomposition estimates to different parameters, and the calculation of standard errors. I also compare the estimates to Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition estimates and discuss an example of when the Blinder-Oaxaca technique may be problematic.
General policy needs for information in the 21st century, and challenges facing the Census Bureau in meeting these expectations
Authors: Riche Martha Farnsworth
Published: March 2019

Important transitions under way here and abroad suggest that the framework of our informal national measurement system must evolve to meet new policy needs. Current trends signal that this framework must allow for designing policy responses to a likely shift in global power. Perhaps the other major new change relates to changes in the environment, especially as these changes interact with the population, housing, and economic domains that the census measures. In this paper, I address broad framework questions, and sketch out likely directions for policy measurement, with particular attention to interactions across what have been designed as discrete measurement domains.