bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fifty years after: Egbert, an early Upper Palaeolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon
Authors: Bergman Christopher A. , Stringer Christopher B.
Published: October 2008

De tous les sites du Levant, c'est l'abri sous roche de Ksar Akil, au Liban, qui a produit la plus longue séquence connue du Paléolithique supérieur. Ksar Akil a été fouillé dans les années 1937-1938 par une équipe de Boston College, Massachusetts. Le travail de cette équipe, bien que loin du niveau atteint à l'heure actuelle, était bon pour l'époque et les artifacts découverts alors représentent les seuls témoignages complets de toute la période du Paléolithique supérieur. En 1938, des ossements humains, faisant probablement partie d'une sépulture contenant deux adolescents, ont été trouvés à un niveau du Paléolithique supérieur remontant vraisemblablement à 35.000 av. J.C., ou même plus tôt. Le crâne et la mandibule d'« Egbert », découverts dans le niveau XVII, ne peuvent à l'heure actuelle être étudiés qu'au moyen de moulages. Ceux-ci montrent que le spécimen est à l'évidence moderne et gracile, en provenance d'un enfant dont la mort, selon nos critères actuels, se serait située vers l'âge de huit ans.
Geometric Kebaran sites in Nahal Rut Area, Western Negev, Israel
Authors: Gilead I. , Marder Ofer
Published: October 2008

The Nahal Rut — Nahal Nizzana area is very rich in sites of the Terminal Pleistocene times. The report below describes the cultural assemblages of four Geometric Kebaran sites adjacent to Nahal Rut : Nahal Rut 48A - Nahal Rut 48D. These are four clusters which are a few hundred meters apart. The lithic assemblages are dominated by the trapeze/rectangles although there are some intrusive elements. Of special interest are decorated ostrich egg shell fragments and beads found in two of the sites.
Gashed Clay Cones at Ganj Dareh, Iran
Authors: Broman Morales Vivian , Smith Philip E. L.
Published: October 2008

In the early Neolithic site of Ganj Dareh many of the clay cones have been deliberately modified by gashes stabbed into the plastic material. The purpose is unclear. The feature may be peculiar to this site.
Neolithic Chipped Stone Technology at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan : The Status of the PPNC Phase
Authors: Rollefson G. O.
Published: October 2008

Les fouilles effectuées en 1984 dans le secteur sud du gisement d'Ain Ghazal, en Jordanie, ont révélé artefacts et structures dans un contexte Néolithique acéramique. Stratigraphiquement, ceux-ci étaient situés sous des couches à poterie identifiées comme appartenant à la phase yarmoukienne du Néolithique céramique. Dans les couches acéramiques, de nombreux traits font toutefois supposer que l'ensemble acéramique était distinct de la phase culturelle PPNB, bien connue, et attestée sur de nombreux sites du Nord, Centre et Sud Levant. Ces différences conduisirent à suggérer qu'à 'Ain Ghazal existait une phase culturelle au début du 6e millénaire, jusqu'alors non reconnue, que nous avons appelée PPNC.

Récemment, les fouilles de 1984 ont fourni assez d'éléments pour autoriser une description de l'assemblage lithique et permettre de

caractériser certains aspects technologiques de plusieurs échantillons lithiques des niveaux Yarmoukien et PPNC. Les résultats de cette recherche confirment qu'en plus des autres aspects distinctifs de ces dépôts culturels, le PPNC représente une période de transition entre le PPNB acéramique et le début du Néolithique céramique, avec ses caractéristiques propres.
Archaeological Survey in Southwest Yemen, 1990
Authors: Whalen Norman M. , Pease Davis W.
Published: October 2008

In the summer of 1990 a research team surveyed a series of alluvial fans in southwest Yemen for Lower Pleistocene sites related to the earliest human migration from Africa into Asia. The team found thirty sites and collected 2 381 artefacts of Middle and Upper Pleistocene age. Most sites were multicomponent with artefacts of different time periods widely scattered on the surface. The oldest sites were Middle Acheulean, which was widespread and appeared on all sites except two.
New Observations about the Nile Valley Middle Palaeolithic : Safaha Method and Lateralization of Levallois Flakes
Authors: Van Peer P.
Published: October 2008

Two new observations about Nile Valley Middle Palaeolithic technology and typology are presented in this paper. One is related to the Levallois reduction sequence and another to the secondary modification of Levallois flakes. Furthermore, the bearing of both observations on such issues as the evidence for handedness and interassemblage variability in the Nile Valley Middle Palaeolithic is examined.
Le Peuplement ancien du Kech-Makran. Travaux récents.
Authors: Besenval R.
Published: October 2008

The recent surveys and excavations by a French-Italian expedition in Kech-Makran, Pakistan, allow us to propose a chronological frame, still preliminary, for the ancient past of this region, nearly unknown till now.
The Geological Setting of Palaeolithic Sites at Tabaqat Fahl, Jordan.
Authors: Macumber Phillip G.
Published: October 2008

La zone de 10 km qui couvre la région de Tabaqat Eahl et les deux wadis la limitant - w. al-Hammeh et w. Jirm al-Moz - a connu une occupation plus ou moins continue qui pourrait remonter à 0,5 million d'années. Elle comprend des sites qui s'échelonnent du Paléolithique inférieur (Masharia) à l'Epipaléolithique (Wadi Hammeh) ainsi que les sites de Pella qui, sur le wadi Jirm, sont occupés depuis l'Age du Bronze jusqu'à la période ommeyade, pour ne pas mentionner le village actuel de Tabaqat Eahl. Cette séquence d'occupation apparaît comme l'une des plus longues mises en évidence en Orient.
Egyptian Old Kingdom Patterns of Animal Use and the Value of Faunal Data in Modeling Socioeconomic Systems.
Authors: Redding Richard W.
Published: October 2008

Analysis of faunal remains from the Nile Delta site of Kom el-Hisn has yielded a model of Old Kingdom rural animal production tactics. Kom el-Hisn was a locus of specialized, centrally controlled cattle and sheep herding with pigs and goats reared for local consumption. This analysis generates predictions of the structure of a faunal sample from a site provisioned by a central authority. These predictions are tested with the faunal sample from the workers' village at the Giza pyramid complex. The success of the test indicates the potential of faunal data in socioeconomic structure in food societies.
Les importations d'obsidienne sur les sites des IXe-VIIe millénaires B.P. du Djebel Sinjar
Authors: Bader Nikolaï O. , Merpert Nikolaï Ja. , Munchaev Rauf M.
Published: October 2008

The problem of the origin of the obsidian found in Neolithic sites of North-East Iraq, in the Sinjar region, is addressed in four papers. These village sites have been excavated by a team of Russian archaeologists (R. Munchaev, N. Merpert and N. Bader). Obsidian artefacts were found, in great number in the first times of occupation, then in decreasing number during the 6th and 5th millennia.

Obsidian, however, is not found near the sites. The nearest sources are located to the North-West, in the Anatolian Taurus mountains, at a distance of more than 400 km.

Some technological and typological criteria (pressure debitage. so-called "Çayönü" tools), original in the Sinjar, are found with the same characteristics in older or contemporaneous sites in the Taurus. Following a sampling of obsidian sources of south-eastern Turkey, already analysed and, published in this journal, chemical analyses using different methods were undertaken in order to establish the source of the raw material used in the Sinjar. The results of these analyses raise the problem of the differentiation of two sources which could have been used by the Neolithic people (C. Chataigner). X-ray fluorescence analyses were made in Rome (V. Francaviglia) and neutronic activation analyses at Orléans (В. Gratuze). The study of an archaeological problem, i.e. the diffusion of obsidian in the Neolithic Near East and the intersite relations which it implies, leads to another problem, of a geochemical and. geological nature, that is the characterization of obsidian sources.

Key-words : Iraq, Sinjar, obsidian sources. X-ray fluorescence, neutronic activation.
The vertebrate fauna from the Natufian level at Jebel es-Saaïdé (Saaïdé II), Lebanon
Authors: Churcher Charles S.
Published: October 2008

Les restes de vertébrés mis au jour dans les sondages préliminaires effectués sur le site naloufien de Saaïdé II, sur la pente orientale des Monts du Liban, représentent une faune de forêt mixte et de savane avec des zones humides. Les 22 taxons de vertébrés identifiés sont les suivants: Reptiles ( I ), tortue grecque, méditerranéenne (Testudo graeca); Oiseaux (7): aigle impérial ? ( Aquila cf ?heliaca), canard pilet (Anas acuta), sarcelle d'hiver (Anas crecca), nette rousse (Netta rufïna), oie rieuse (Anser anser ou A. albifrons), grande outarde (Otis tarda) et pigeon biset (Columba ?livia); Mammifères (14) : hérisson (Erinaceus europaeus), homme (Homo sapiens,), lièvre (Lepus capensis), spalax (Spalax ?kebarensis), chacal (Canis aureus syriacus), renard ? (Vulpes ?vulpes), blaireau (Mellivora capensis), marte (Martes ?foina), lynx ? (Lynx lynx ?), cerf (Cervus elaphus), chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus), gazelle (Gazella gazella), chèvre (Capra aegagrus) ou ibex (С. ibex), aurochs (Bos primigenius). Cet ensemble suggère que les Natoufiens de Jebel es-Saaïdé chassaient à la fois le cerf dans les forêts à feuilles caduques des Monts du Liban, la gazelle, le lièvre et des rongeurs dans les prairies du bassin du Litani et de l'Asi ainsi que les oiseaux d'eau le long des torrents, tandis que l'aurochs pouvait être traqué près de l'eau ou dans les forêts.

Mots clés : Néolithique, Naloufien, Vertébrés. Ecologie, Saaïdé II, Beqaa, Liban.
The Jamal cave is not empty : recent discoveries in the Mount Carmel caves, Israel
Authors: Weinstein-Evron Mina , Tsatskin Alexander
Published: October 2008

La grotte de Jamal, dans le Mont Carmel, comprend peu de matériel lithique du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. L'élude géologique et les analyses micromorphologiques indiquent un mode de déposition complexe, ainsi que des processus post-dépositionnels intenses et de longue durée, essentiellement érosion et effondrement karstique. Les fluctuations du niveau édaphique semblent avoir joué un rôle majeur dans l'histoire géologique de la grotte. Toute discussion de la fonction du site et de son paléoenvironnement doit prendre en compte la proximité de la grotte de Tahoun. En effet, les deux sites faisaient probablement partie du même complexe culturel et dépendaient du même système hydrologique.

Mots clés : Mont Carmel, Grotte Jamal, Paléolithique ancien et moven.
Possibilité et nécessité de la calibration des datations C-14 de l'archéologie du Proche-Orient
Authors: Evin J.
Published: October 2008

For several years there has been a certain amount of confusion as to the terminology of archaeological dates. Indeed, some archaeologists use radiocarbon dates B.C. or B.P. while others calibrate them into real years. In 1993 the appearance in Radiocarbon of a calibration curve covering the whole of the Holocene, and going even beyond, though without as much precision, allows one now to envisage a way of systematically converting to real time the dates for the whole of the recent archaeology of the Near East.

We recall that, fundamentaly, calibrating involved a new way of interpreting the dates. We can discern that for certain periods, the method provides a greater amount of precision, while for others it produces a largely indeterminate chronology, for example in the course of the 10th Millennium B.C. (for B.C. read "Cal. B.C."). This means that we must take into account the real length of the diverse cultural phases which have been defined in the Atlas of sites of the Near East. It is now established that certain of these phases are considerably longer than the radiocarbon calendar would have led us to believe. Thus, with the new possibilities for calibration, the entire chronology of the Holocene can be put into real years and one can also get quite a good idea as to the last millennia of the Late Glacial period. Furthermore, for the most recent periods, conversion to the historical calendar con now be made without difficulty.
An Analysis of the microliths at Kharaneh IV, phase D, Square A20/37
Authors: Muheisen Mujahed , Wada Hisahiko
Published: October 2008

The lithics of the epipalaeolithic site of Kharaneh IV, in Jordan, are dominated by the presence of microliths in the four phases of its occupation. This article analyses of the microliths of phase D, the most recent, which is characterized by geometric microliths, by trapezes in particular.
Tell Es-Sukhne North : an Early Bronze Age II Site in Jordan
Authors: Chesson Meredith S. , Flender Matthias , Genz Hermann , Hourani Fuad , Kuijt Ian , Palumbo Gaetano
Published: October 2008

Outside of the Jordan Valley, the Early Bronze Age II of northern Jordan remains largely uninvestigated, though surveys have identified EB II sites throughout the region. Surface collections and test excavations at Tell es-Sukhne North in the central Zarqa Basin provide evidence of settlement and economic organization at a multi-component EB II site : identified extensive architectural remains, significant lithic and ceramic materials, including a cylinder seal impression. This paper presents an overview of the archaeological research at Tell es-Sukhne North within a general discussion of known Early Bronze Age II sites along the semi-arid ecotone of the central Zarqa Basin.
Résultats d'une analyse de traces organiques fossiles dans une "faisselle" harappéenne
Authors: Bourgeois Guy , Gouin P.
Published: October 2008

The analysis of organic traces from a sherd of perforated vessel attests the presence of fatty acids that characterize milky products. When tested through other analyses, these results might confirm the ethnoarchaeological hypothesis according to which these vases were used as cheese-drainers.
Le Rôle du Levant dans l'évolution de l'humanité au Pléistocène supérieur
Authors: Vandermeersch Bernard
Published: October 2008

The present paper deals with the importance of the sites and fossils discovered in the Near East, where two Homo sapiens groups were identified in the Middle Palaeolithic Mousterian layers : Neandertals and Modern Humans. The main chronostratigraphical problems and their interpretations are discussed. The data confirm the presence in the Levant of Near Eastern Neandertal and Modern Human lineages from at least 1 50 Ky., relating the most ancient documents respectively to Tabun 1 and Zuttiyeh individuals. The coexistence of both human groups having the same cultural background along the whole Middle Paleolithic is demonstrated, while the possibility of interbreeding is not excluded. The well documented presence of Modern Humans in the considered region is compared with the available information from Asia, Europe and Africa, especially insisting on the problematic origin of Modern Humans and their dispersal.
Pratiques funéraires et sacrifices d'animaux en Mongolie à la période proto-historique. Du perçu au signifié. A propos d'une sépulture Xiongnu de la vallée d'Egyin Gol (Région péri-Baïkal).
Authors: Crubezy Éric , Martin Hélène , Giscard Pierre-Henri , Batsaikhan Z. , Erdenebaatar Diimaajav , Maureille Bruno , Verdier Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

Etude d'un kourgane du IIe siècle de notre ère, situé au nord de la Mongolie. Au fond de la fosse, une chambre funéraire en bois contient un cercueil, qui a livré les restes d'un homme jeune, s'intégrant parfaitement dans la variabilité mongoloïde, auquel étaient associés sept pointes de flèches et les restes d'un arc. A côté de la chambre funéraire, les restes d'un autre coffre, contenant deux baguettes en os, ont été mis au jour. Au fond de la fosse, à l'extérieur des coffres, une niche avait été creusée en sape. Elle contient principalement les restes de l'extrémité céphalique et des extrémités distales des pattes, d'un cheval, de 3 bovines, et de 8 caprines. L'étude de la saison d'abattage des animaux par l' intermédiaire de l'analyse, par lames minces, des dépôts de cément, jointe aux comparaisons avec des données archéologiques et historiques provenant de la même région du monde, permettent de s'interroger sur la signification de ces restes.
Habuba Kebira ou la naissance de l'urbanisme.
Authors: Vallet Régis
Published: October 2008

Habuba Kabira was extensively explored in the seventies and has become a major site for our understanding of the urban process in the Fertile Crescent in the 4th millennium ВС. The large amount of archaeological data collected from the site has, so far, been poorly used. However, a careful spatial analysis enables us to recognize the structure and the evolution of the site. Habuba Kabira was given a true urban layout, the first one in History for which we have evidence. Urukians were able to divide the urban field into regular parcels, to hierarchize the road system provided with a net of drain pipes. The urban layout was disturbed by various events, but its different stages can be reconstructed. The process was supervised by a few families of high social status. Furthermore, the evolution of the monumental complex on the tell Kannas acropolis seems to have followed the progressive growth of the city, a phenomenon which supports a new interpretation of outstanding buildings. This set of evidence figures out an urban society which was much more hierarchiz.ed and integrated than expected at that time. Finally, this approach draws new perspectives in palaeodemography.
Les Couteaux yarmoukiens polis sur plaquette du site de Shayyeh, vallée du Zarqa, Jordanie.
Authors: Palumbo Gaetano , Parenti Fabio
Published: October 2008

Présentation de deux pièces retouchées obtenues sur plaquette de silex polie provenant du gisement de Shayyeh découvert récemment dans la vallée du Zarqa en Jordanie. Ce site date incontestablement du Yarmoukien. Les pièces, dont le processus de polissage était jusqu'alors inconnu, ont de grandes ressemblances morphologiques avec d'autres pièces provenant de sites de la même période.
Évolution de l'environnement en Anatolie de 20 000 à 6 000 BP.
Authors: Kuzucuoglu Catherine , Roberts Neil
Published: October 2008

Anatolia is characterized by strong regional contrasts. Numerous sedimentary archives allow the reconstruction of its Quaternary environmental history. Formerly more extensive mountain glaciation is testimony to past changes in snow-line, although the glacial chronology remains to be established. In this review, we focus on two main palaeoclimatic archives ; firstly, pollen-based evidence of palaeo-vegetation, and secondly, fluctuations in the water level and salinity of closed lake basins.

At around the LGM, Anatolia experienced a substantial expansion of cold steppe vegetation at the expense of forest and woodland. Coinciding with this, closed lakes were far more extensive than at present, a combination best explained by a reduction in evaporation and evapotranspiration losses, accompanied by higher catchment runoff coefficients. Several large lakes appear to have undergone a major water level regression prior to the onset of warming, suggesting an intensification of climatic aridity, although lake levels rose once more during the Late-Glacial period. The impact of warming towards the end of the Pleistocene had a regionally-differented effect on vegetation. In South-West and North Turkey, forest re-advance was interrupted by a period of inferred colder, drier climate which may correspond to the Younger Dryas chronozone. In central and East Turkey, forests and woodland only began to return during the early Holocene, and maximum tree cover was not achieved until ca. 6,000 BP (conv. BP). While there exists evidence for Holocene climatic variations, they are as yet poorly defined and understood.

The major changes in climate which occurred from the Pleniglacial to the early Holocene radically changed the environmental resource base available to prehistoric societies, and seem certain to have had an important effect on human adaptations.
Geometric objects from LPPNB Es-Sifiya, Wadi Mujib, Jordan
Authors: Mahasneh Hamzeh M. , Gebel Hans Georg K.
Published: October 2008

We present preliminary information on a production area for clay geometric objects and figurines recovered from the Late PPNB site Es-Sifiya in, southern Jordan. The area contained the products of a single manufacturing event: 475 complete and fragmentary animal and "human" figurines, geometries, and fired discarded modeling waste. The geometric objects found in this hitherto unique primary context are discussed with respect to formal analysis, including metric data, and the possible symbolism of their context.
Ras Shamra et Mersin : état de la question
Authors: De Contenson H.
Published: October 2008

A réévaluation of cultural links between Ras Shamra and Mersin leads to emphasize on architectural similarities (quadrangular buildings and circular silos) in Mersin XXIV-XX and Middle Halaf Ras Shamra. IVC, strong connections in Late Halaf ceramics of Mersin XIX-XVIII and Ras Shamra IVB-A as well as in Halaf- Ubaid Transition Mersin XVII and Ras Shamra 1 1 1С, and very few relationships during Ubaid Mersin XVI-XV and Ras Shamra IIIB.
Réflexions sur l’état des recherches concernant la Préhistoire récente du Proche et du Moyen-Orient.
Authors: Perrot Jean
Published: October 2008

Communal buildings, rounded and. sunken are characteristic of the Late Mureybetian (PPNA Horizon) in the Euphrates valley. They belong to two different types. The earliest ones were found at Mureybet and Jerf el Ahmar. They have exactly the same plans, with, radial subdivisions forming small cells. They were probably multifunctional (storage, meetings, rituals). The latest ones were only found in the transition phase between PPNA and PPNB at Jerf el Ahmar. Their only feature is a bench, which backs onto the wall and continues around the entire interior, forming an hexagon and embellished by decorated stone slabs. They were places for meeting and/or for ritual. In this way they are the forerunners of the Early PPNB sanctuaries of Anatolia.
Les bâtiments communautaires de Jerf el Ahmar et Mureybet Horizon PPNA (Syrie).
Authors: Stordeur Danielle , Brenet Michel , Der Aprahamian Gérard , Roux J.C.
Published: October 2008

Des bâtiments communautaires arrondis et enterrés caractérisent le Mureybétien récent (Horizon PPNA) de la vallée de l'Euphrate. Ils sont de deux types, qui se succèdent dans le temps. Les plus anciens ont été trouvés à Mureybet et à Jerf el Ahmar. De plan identique, ils sont tous subdivisés en cellules rayonnantes. Leur fonction était sans doute polyvalente (stockage, réunions, rituels). Les plus récents illustrent la phase de transition PPNA-PPNB de Jerf' el Ahmar. Ils ne comportent qu'une banquette périphérique hexagonale ornée de dalles en calcaire décorées. Aucune structure de stockage n'y est prévue, il s'agit de lieux de réunion d'ordre social et/ou rituel. En ce sens ils sont les précurseurs des «sanctuaires » du PPNB ancien anatolien.
Fauna from the Early Natufian Site of Upper Besor 6 in the Central Negev, Israel.
Authors: Horwitz Liora Kolska , Goring-Morris A. N.
Published: October 2008

: Les recherches menées en bordure des hauteurs du Neguev central sur le site Upper Besor 6 ont révélé la première attestation, dans cette région, d'un camp de base de prédateurs présentant des vestiges d'architecture durable associés à des installations domestiques. Le site fut fondé lors du Ramonien final aux alentours de 12 500 BP (non calibré), équivalent local du Natoufien ancien mais il continua à être en usage pendant le Natoufien final ; il fut fréquenté sporadiquement pendant le Harifien. Les fouilles livrèrent un assemblage faunique qui provient pour l'essentiel de la première phase d'occupation, celle du Ramonien final. Les espèces identifiées sont la gazelle des montagnes (Gazella gazella), Г ibex fCapra ibexj et un équidé de grande taille que l'on pense pouvoir identifier comme étant l'âne sauvage nubien (Equus africanusj, l'Autruche (Struthio camelusj dont des fragments d'œufs, certains décorés, furent recueillis ainsi que de grandes quantités de coquilles de dentales (Dentalium spj. Ces données sont discutées en fonction de celles fournies par d'autres assemblages du Natoufien ancien provenant des zones arides du Levant sud.
L'émergence des arts du feu : le traitement thermique des roches siliceuses
Authors: Inizan Marie-Louise , Tixier Jacques
Published: October 2008

The antiquity of fire-using crafts goes back to the Solutrean, a 20 000 years old prehistoric culture of western Europe, when heat treatment was first applied to siliceous rocks for pressure-retouching. It is recognized that this preliminary treatment makes pressure-flaking easier (both débitage and retouching). The technique is now also linked to pressure débitage, the origin of which may be traced back to the Sibero-Mongol Upper Palaeolithic, at the end of the Pleistocene. According to this hypothesis, Eastern (the Middle East, Inner and Central Asia, Egypt) pressure débitage and heat treatment would have the same origin. These associated techniques represent excellent cultural markers of penetration routes into North America, Central or Southern Asia, or Europe. From the Neolithic onwards, chalcedonies such as the agates and carnelians used for ornaments or luxury items were also heat-treated in order to control the rock's colour and microfibrous texture. A comprehensive frame of reference for the study of archaeological artefacts has been developed through experimentation (USA, France), and ethnographic observations such as those carried out in India for example. Recognizing heat-treated products with the naked eye is fraught with uncertainties. Thermoluminescence (TL), sample-destructive, and electronic spin resonance (ESR), which can be non-destructive, are the main laboratory methods used to assess the temperature reached during heat treatment, circa 300 С being the most effective.
Feu et archéoanthropologie au Proche-Orient (épipaléolithique et néolithique). Le lien avec les pratiques funéraires. Données nouvelles de Çayönü (Turquie)
Authors: Le Mort Françoise , Erim-Özdögan Asli , Özbek Metin , Yilmaz Yasemin
Published: October 2008

Many burned skeletal remains have been found in the Çayönü Skull Building. The upper layer yielded 71 skulls and some post-cranial remains which might have been burned during the intentional burning of the building. In the earlier layer BM la, there were also many burned human remains. A burned bone deposit from this layer was studied using taphonomic approach so as to reconstruct the burial phases. It appears that the bones were selected prior to their deposit in the pit ; they were then broken in situ by natural process and finally burned may be due to the burning of the building. Although burned human bones are frequently uncovered at Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic sites, a relation with mortuary practices can rarely be established. The earliest cremations date back to the end of the Neolithic period (Halaf culture) but burned human bones have been uncovered from a number of older sites. Most of them were probably accidentally burned. At a few sites (Kebara, Jerf el Ahmar, Dja' de el Mughara, Aşikh, Nahal Hemar), the burning of the human remains might be connected to mortuary practices. It appears that the practice of plastering skulls during the PPNB period is the only mortuary practice involving fire with certainty, even if indirectly.
Feu et industrie osseuse. Un marqueur d'identité culturelle
Authors: Sidéra I.
Published: October 2008

This article deals with heat treatment on bone artefacts, the effect of which was to add colour and shine. The subject is worthy of attention because of the widespread presence of this form of heat treatment in Natufian and neolithic material in the Near East (at least 12 % of an assemblage was treated in this manner).

With the limited evidence available, all aspects related to heating are examined : identification of heating, the technique employed and the possible origins of the different types of "patina". It is concluded that this was a stage in the manufacturing process that was deliberately applied to a selection of objects within certain assemblages. Rather than a necessity, it was related to the representation of objects and a cultural factor. Furthermore, its geographical distribution is coherent : the Near East, Mediterranean, south-east and central Europe. In the neolithic cultures of these regions, heat treatment is associated with a set of representative techniques. It is thus a reflection of cultural identity, and from this point of view it is a sign of the diffusion of the neolithic from a Near-Eastern source, just as later in western Europe it is one of the markers of the diffusion of the Mediterranean neolithic.
Environnement et économie végétale à Qal'at al-Bahreïn aux périodes Dilmoun et Tylos. Premiers éléments d'archéobotanique
Authors: Tengberg Margareta , Lombard Pierre
Published: October 2008

The study of plant remains (charcoal, carbonized seeds and fruits, mudbrick impressions) from Qal'at al-Bahrain (Bahrain archipelago, Arabian/Persian Gulf) has allowed us to reconstruct the ancient vegetation as well as the site 's plant economy, from the end of the 3rd millennium ВС until the Seleucid-Parthian period. Wood was both exploited locally (from mangroves, open woodlands and halophytic communities) and imported from other regions of the Middle East. Irrigated palm-gardens — in which numerous cultivais such as date-palms, barley, wheat, luzern, coriander, sesame, cotton, grape, jujuba and pomegranate were grown — constituted, the base of the local economy.
New Symbols of a New Power in a "Royal" Tomb from 3 000 BC Arslantepe, Malatya (Turkey)
Authors: Frangipane Marcella , Di Nocera Gian Maria , Hauptmann Andreas , Morbidelli Philippe , Palmieri A. , Sadori Laura , Schultz Michael , Schmidt-Schultz Tyede
Published: October 2008

The paper presents the extraordinary discovery at Arslantepe, on the borderline of the large period VI A public area, of an isolated burial from the very beginning of the 3rd millennium (period VI В) with imposing size and construction features , complex ritual, and very rich funerary gifts, which seems to be ascribable to a high-status person. The high rank of the man buried in this tomb was also stressed by the presence of four adolescents probably sacrificed on the stone slabs covering the cist grave with the main personage. Various specialists present the results of their investigations (typological connections, anthropological and paleopathological features, metal composition, geological provenance of the stone slabs, identification of wood remains and. C14 date) converging in an interdisciplinary study which allows to debate the cultural and ethnic identity of the deceased, the external relationships evidenced by the tomb, its cultural/historical significance in the development of the site. The unusual characteristics of this tomb, its dating to the period immediately after the collapse of the Mesopotamian-type palatial system, the presence in it of both handmade red-black Transcaucasian pottery and light-coloured wheel-made pottery in the local VI A tradition, open the debate on the role the Transcaucasian component may have played both in the collapse of the powerful religious/ administrative 4th millennium centre at Arslantepe and in the radical changes that took place in the political and socio-economic systems of the Eastern Anatolian communities at the beginning of the third millennium.
New human remains from Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel). The place of the Kebara hominids in the Levantine Mousterian fossil record
Authors: Tillier Anne-marie , Arensburg Baruch , Vandermeersch Bernard , Chech M.
Published: October 2008

Les fouilles conduites dans la grotte de Kébara, située dans la partie méridionale du Mont Carmel (nord-ouest d 'Israël) ont livré un nombre important de restes humains associés à un contexte archéologique moustérien. Le premier spécimen mis au jour en 1965, au cours des fouilles de M. Stekelis, représente un squelette incomplet d 'un enfant de moins d 'un an. Près de deux décennies plus tard, un squelette d'adulte était découvert en 1983, la seconde année d'une nouvelle série de fouilles (étalée sur neuf ans) menée par une équipe interdisciplinaire. Ces deux premiers individus et quelques dents isolées dénommées Kebara 3 et 4 ont déjà été publiés. Cet article porte pour l 'essentiel sur le reste de la documentation anthropologique, mise au jour lors des fouilles les plus récentes ou identifiée au sein de la faune provenant de fouilles anciennes. Une révision de l 'enfant Kebara 1 prenant en compte les découvertes faites ultérieurement est ensuite proposée. Enfin la fréquence des restes humains est analysée selon une triple perspective, démographique, pathologique et taphonomique.
Elusive Complexity : New Data from late Halaf Domuztepe in South Central Turkey
Authors: Carter Elizabeth , Campbell Stuart , Gauld Suellen
Published: October 2008

Domuztepe est situé au sud de la partie centrale de la Turquie entre les villes de Kahramanmaraş et Gaziantep. D 'une superficie d 'environ 20 hectares, Domuztepe est l 'un des plus grands établissements du 6e millénaire connu à ce jour. Les recherches ont porté sur les niveaux Halaf récent (Néolithique récent) qui se trouvent approximativement à 2 m de la surface et que les dates C14 permettent de dater entre ca. 5 700 et 5 450 ВС (cal.). Les résultats présentés ici concernent le large terrassement artificiel observé, la, fouille d 'un complexe élaboré de sépultures collectives ; et, pour les couches les plus récentes, le dégagement de structures architecturales les unes rondes, les autres rectililignes. Nous présentons en détail ce qui peut être mis en relation avec les rites qui auraient accompagné l'enterrement de 35-40 individus. Les ensembles céramique, glyptique et de pierre sont brièvement décrits et un aperçu de la paléo-économie est donné. En conclusion une discussion est proposée sur ce qui peut, sur ce site, suggérer l'émergence d'une certaine complexité de l'organisation sociale.
Peuplement protohistorique du Kech-Makran au 3e millénaire av. J.-C. : l'assemblage céramique de la période IIIc sur le site de Miri Qalat
Authors: Besenval R. , Didier Aurore
Published: October 2008

Depuis 1989, le Kech-Makran (sud-ouest du Pakistan) est inclus dans une perspective de recherche globale sur les peuplements anciens du sud des confins indo-iraniens. La fouille du site de Miri Qalat a permis de définir une longue séquence chrono-culturelle depuis le 5e millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu'à la période Islamique récente. Dans l'ensemble l'étude de la production céramique du Makran au 3e millénaire av. J.-C. souligne une spécificité artisanale propre à la région marquée par des liens étroits avec les régions avoisinantes du sud-est iranien, de la péninsule omanaise et du sud de l 'Afghanistan. L 'assemblage céramique de la période II le du site de Miri Qalat, précédant la période de l 'occupation Indus dans une séquence chronologique continue, montre notamment des analogies bien établies avec le matériel de Bampur V-VI vers 2500 av. J.-C. Cet article présente les différentes catégories de poteries qui composent cet assemblage et met en évidence un certain nombre de correspondances stylistiques et technologiques existant entre ce matériel et les céramiques collectées dans la plaine du Dasht (Makran occidental) pour la première moitié du 3e millénaire. L 'analyse de la culture matérielle de la période IIIc, très significative, permet d'apprécier l'originalité et l'évolution de la tradition artisanale du Kech-Makran au 3e millénaire av. J.-C.
La politique culturelle portugaise depuis la révolution démocratique
Authors: Prado Coelho Eduardo
Published: October 2008

The Portuguese cultural policy, if considered as a real political project (i.e. strategically coherent, conceptually defined and based on the correspondant administrative means) is a rather recent idea. After the brilliant ideological period of the post Revolution process, and the following one, marked by some confusion and hesitations, a real ministerial structure with its cultural programme have been created which domain is extended to all Portuguese cultural sectors. Such a project is largely inspired by the Jack Lang's model, even if it takes into account the critics expressed towards it. Its attempt is to break with a liberal policy logic without forgiving the economical dimensions of contemporary culture. In order to better understand such a situation, it is necessary to examine its historical roots and evaluate the effects of decades of political and cultural isolationnism, which has been rather recently eliminated through the process of European Integration.
Le "creuset" catalan ? Construction nationalitaire et capacité d'intégration
Authors: Barbosa Célia
Published: October 2008

La Catalogne se projette comme un pays d'immigration et un espace d'intégration. Pays d'immigration dans la mesure où depuis la fin du XIXe siècle les migrations interrégionales accompagnent le processus de développement économique du pays. L'arrivée de migrants extracommunautaires ne débute qu'à partir des années 80. L'existence de partis nationalitaires va donner au débat sur l'intégration une tonalité spécifique. Ce référentiel s'est construit à un moment historique précis alors que la Catalogne était dans une phase de construction militante de son territoire. Ce référentiel semble encore être à l'œuvre même si des premières remises en cause commencent à apparaître.
Questions autour des politiques publiques d'immigration en Italie
Authors: Allasino Enrico
Published: October 2008

Les politiques locales en faveur des immigrés en Italie constituent un cadre complexe et articulé. Elles sont fortement différenciées : cette diversité est liée aux différents modèles de développement et de gouvernement du territoire. La législation nationale se met en place difficilement, la politique de concertation entre acteurs publics et privés est encore dans une phase initiale, des formes de discrimination institutionnelle ont été souvent signalées. Cet article propose quelques thèmes de débat, en particulier : l'articulation entre identité nationale et identités locales, les effets de l'autoritarisme dans l'administration publique italienne, le rôle du troisième secteur dans l'orientation des politiques publiques en matière d'immigration.
Penser l'État-providence et ses transformations en Europe
Authors: Martin Claude
Published: October 2008

The Esping-Andersen 's book is now translated in French. This is a major contribution to all reflexion on comparative analysis of Welfare-States. This paper sets out its theoretical and empirical fondations and relates the debates and critics that it continues to cause on three points : the treatment of women 's question, the status of Southern Europe in its model, its connection with the contemporary transformations of Welfare.
Dernière étape avant Rome ? Les élections régionales italiennes du 16 avril 2000
Authors: Caciagli Mario , Baccetti Carlo , Négrier Emmanuel
Published: October 2008

Le scrutin régional italien du 16 avril 2000 prenait en compte, pour la première fois, la réforme électorale tendant à désigner personnellement les candidats à la présidence. Ce dispositif faisait partie d'un mouvement plus global destiné à renforcer le poids des régions, souvent considérées comme assez faibles en Italie. La personnalisation du pouvoir n'est pas très perceptible pour ce scrutin, marqué par un succès politique du centre-droit. Après avoir évalué en détail les dynamiques politiques qui ont marqué ces élections, les auteurs analysent, région par région, l'étendue, numériquement modeste, de la victoire de Berlusconi. Ils considèrent le poids des mutations dans le système d'alliance comme largement dominant pour expliquer la situation actuelle et les perspectives qui s'ouvrent pour 2001.
Samuel Huntington et "le choc des civilisations". "Civilisation religieuse" ou cosmosystème ?
Authors: Contogeorgis Georges
Published: October 2008

L'ouvrage de Samuel Huntington "Le Choc des civilisations" est en apparence fondé sur un appareillage empirique et conceptuel convaincant. Pourtant, l'observation des sources historiques, la partialité des arguments évoqués, et l'évitement de tout ce qui pourrait venir contredire la thèse "officiellement défendue" fait de ce livre un pur produit de l'idéologie nord-américaine contemporaine. Aussi présenter ce livre et, surtout en critiquer les fondements à partir d'une autre réflexion historique et philosophique, tel est le projet de cette contribution.
La revendication d'une paternité: Les hauts fonctionnaires français et le "style" administratif de la Commission européenne (1958-1988)
Authors: Mangenot Michel
Published: October 2008

Far from suddenly appearing in the 1980s, the French "style" of the European Commission is in fact the result of early investments made by French national civil servants when seconded to Brussels. Arriving in 1958 at a time of great incertitude and when they were marginalized within their own country, these civil servants strongly influenced the community-level administration, its practices in general and its relationship to politics in particular. If this investment was for many years resisted by members of Galullist governments responsible for European policy, it laid the groundwork for a more legitimate generation of civl servants, led by Jacques Delors, to push for this style of administration within the Commission. If the institutional and ideological positions observed are marked by great stability, it is the rise in social and professional profiles of seconded officials which provides explanations for the change observed in the 1985-90 period, a change which also necessitates the adaptation of the concept of path dependency.
Réflexions sur la société espagnole
Authors: Linz Juan J
Published: October 2008

In this text written at the end of the 1980s, Juan Linz provides a sociological reading of the state of Spanish society. In particular, he revisits a number of major socio-political changes which have affected Spain since the end of Franquism. Indeed, this text can be considered as a document that is no less than a milestone for the histgory of sociology in Spain, a paradox given that the author calls in this article for the overtaking of sociology by historical sociology. Indeed, the point made here is that the social weight of a political past must not prevent a people from working upon their collective memory. Last but not least, this article provides a glimpse of an unknown aspect of the work ofthepolitologo de Yale: his empircial analysis of political behaviour. In this respect, and in majestic fashion, the text carries on the "Rokkanien "approach to articulating the social and the political
Les élites ministérielles en Grèce de 1974 à l'an 2000
Authors: Sotiropoulos Dimitri A. , Borikas Dimitri
Published: October 2008

This article presents provisional results of a new study on the social composition of Greek ministerial elites in 1974-2000. During that period, this elite seems to have become younger over time. The ministerial elite is dominated by males, a fact that has not changed over time. The majority of ministers have been lawyers. However, with the passage of time, members of other liberal professions (such as engineers and economists) have been able to occupy ministerial posts. This tendency was already discernible during the colonels 'regime and became more visible in the decades of the 1980s and the 1990s. During the closing years of the twentieth century the number of journalists and university professors among Greek ministers has also risen. This shows an on-going evolution of the representation of different professions among the ministerial elites. Finally, the number of ministers who have been educated abroad has decreased over time. It seems that changes at the level of ministerial elites occur more slowly than the evolution of society. Such changes may be accounted for by the emergence of a new role for the state in society.
Le recul de l'État fort et la nouvelle mobilisation antisémite dans la France contemporaine
Authors: Birnbaum Pierre
Published: October 2008

The author of this article explores the causes of the aggravation of anti-Semitic violence in France, a country where — despite outbreaks of nationalist fever such as the Dreyfus affair — the Jewish community has invented for itself a model of a Diaspora living in complete integration in a nation state characterized by a universalist ideology. A central hypothesis is put forward. The encouragement of« communitarian construction from the bottom and from the top » by public authorities over the past 20 years has impacted Jewish society, forcing it increasingly to conceive of itself as an organized community among others. In this context, the logics of collective negotiation and confrontation with other communities have replaced the traditional vertical links between individuals and the state.
Une approche dialectique des politiques publiques : l'héritage de L'État en action
Authors: Jobert Bruno
Published: October 2008

Revisiting « L'État en action », one of its coauthors proposes a re-evaluation of its central research program and implications. In the context of a decline of the nation-state, is the relation between the central and the local symbolic construction of public order still critical ? Answering this question in the affirmative, the author finds that the very definition of public policies remains linked to their position in the public sphere, notably by way of various levels of government. Retracing their origins in the sociology of organizations, the article discusses the notions of forum, « référentiel », and discursive coalitions, resituating them a framework in which the role of ideas regains its full importance for the understanding of public policy.
Comparaison et aires culturelles régionales : L'Europe du Sud et les modèles de Rokkan
Authors: Seiler Daniel-Louis
Published: October 2008

Finding his starting point in the theories of Stein Rokkan, the author seeks better to conceptualize a problematic cultural area: southern Europe. In doing this, he privileges two lines of attack: On the one hand he bases his approach on a conceptual map of Europe, that is to say a model of macro-analysis that takes note of historical specificities in national state building. Later, he envisages a more general paradigm taking into account four fundamental cleavages. His use of this framework provides an interesting snapshot of the changes that have transformed partisan systems over the long term.
Le Portugal entre l'Atlantique et l'Europe
Authors: Tavares Ribeiro Maria Manuela
Published: October 2008

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, Portugal was occupied with the question of Africa. Theintention of buildinga multiracial and multicultural society, the acceptance and integration of other cultures and cultural institutions all seemed incompatible with the absolute superiority of European civilization. If it could not distance itself from the Atlantic, Portugal never ceased being European. Neither did it have to abandon the Atlantic in order to enter into Europe. A number of other European countries, after all, have maintained non-European commitments. The end of the imperial cycle, after a thirteen-year war that prevented the country's economic growth, has only rarely been considered as a shock for the nation. Numerous are those that continue to emphasize Portugal's links with Brazil, the western hemisphere and, most importantly, with Africa. The revolution of 25 April 1974 and the consolidated democracy that followed have created the conditions for Portugal's integration into a democratic and pluralist Europe. Tolèrent of ideological diversity, this new Europe ensures the preservation of national identities.