bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Phosphate Glass/Hydroxyapatite Scaffold for Palate Repair
Authors: Wattanutchariya Wassanai , Yenbut Pornpatima
Published: May 2014

Bone grafting is the standard treatment for cleft palate patients. However, a downside to this method is that it requires multiple surgeries to fill the gap in the mouth. Bone tissue engineering can be employed as a solution to this problem to fabricate artificial bone based on synthetic biomaterials. The objectives of this study focus on preparing phosphate glass and hydroxyapatite (HA) as well as developing appropriate forming conditions for scaffold based on the polymeric replication method. Various glass compositions and sintering temperatures were examined in order to investigate scaffold structure, compressive strength, and biodegradability. Amounts of CaO and sintering temperatures were varied in order to explore their impacts on scaffold properties. Results from XRD clearly show that phosphate glass and HA can be successfully synthesized using natural materials. It was also found that polymeric foam replication can be successfully used for scaffold fabrication and the scaffold microstructure revealed that the appropriate pore size for bone tissue engineering is in the 240 360 μm range. Results indicate that biodegradability can be regulated by the amount of CaO used. For example, specimens with the highest level of biodegradability were obtained from 30 mol% of CaO composition. The highest compressive strength (6.54 MPa) was obtained from scaffold containing 40 mol% of CaO, sintered at 750 °C.
Characterization and Optimized Ageing Parameters of Aluminium Alloy AA6110
Authors: Kodwichian Adisorn , Juijerm Patiphan
Published: May 2014

Copper containing aluminium alloy AA6110 is introduced to automotive industries for the last few decades. An understanding of its precipitation sequence and mechanical properties during ageing treatment is valuable to optimize some heat treatment processes in the automotive manufacturing. Therefore, in this study, the precipitation sequence, microstructures and mechanical properties of copper containing aluminium alloy AA611 were investigated. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) with regular heating rate of 10 °C/min was performed on the solid solution heat treated aluminium alloy AA6110 for the precipitation sequence investigation. Solid solution heat treated samples were aged at different temperatures and times. Hardness values of differently aged aluminium alloy AA6110 were measured to determine optimized parameters of the ageing process. It was found that the maximum hardness value of 141 HV was detected at an ageing temperature of 160 °C for about 12 hr. Tensile properties and microstructures using transmission electron microscope (TEM) of specimens aged at a temperature of 160 °C with different ageing time will be investigated and shown.
A Study Comparative of Cu and Cu-Zn Electrode during Electrical Discharge Machining on Martensitic Stainless Steel AISI 410
Authors: Saodaen Rattikorn , Janmanee Pichai , Wonthaisong Somchai , Muttamara Apiwat
Published: May 2014

The objective of this research is to study comparisons of Cu and CuZn electrodes, during Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of martensitic stainless AISI 410. The workpiece material was a rectangular plate, measuring 30x50x5 mm. The conditions of the EDM process were 3.0mm depth and 2.0 mm diameter, with variables of parameter being: currents, on/off-times and open circuit voltages of spark. Evaluation of the electrical discharge was conducted using Material Removal Rate (MRR), Electrode Wear Ratios (EWR) and Arithmetical Mean Roughness (Ra), respectively. The results found that CuZn electrode materials provide higher MRR and EWR than electrode materials of Cu. Also, when considering the melting of white layer, initial melts found that the white layer surface material is also good for the integrity of the state park, and it was additionally also found that when the current level increases, then that will rise accordingly.
Surface Roughness of Mold Steel AISI-P20 and AISI-1050 during Milling Machining
Authors: Janmanee Pichai , Wonthaisong Somchai , Saodaen Rattikorn , Ithisoponakul Somsak
Published: May 2014

The objective of this research is to study and compare quality milling surfaces, and the effects of plastic mould steels AISI-1050 and AISI-P20, in a milling process with various parameters based on experimental conditions, such as: 1) feed rates at 45, 50 and 55 mm/min, 2) spindle speeds of 510, 572 and 637 rpm, and 3) milling levels at 3, 5, and 10 mm, respectively, using a 10 mm twin flute ended type mill. The experimental results found that plastic mould steels which had the best quality milling surface were AISI-P20 and AISI-1050, with roughnesses of 2.627 μm and 2.120 μm, respectively. Quality milling surfaces were milled by using the most suitable parameter feed rate of 45 mm/min, a spindle speed of 637 rpm and a cut depth level of 3 mm, for both tested grades. However, characteristics of milling surfaces and wear of the mill end were directly influenced by changes of parameters for all test conditions. As a result, the quality of milling surfaces also changed.
Investigation of Nickel Aluminum Bronze Alloy under Hot Compression Test
Authors: Anantapong Jutamas , Suranuntchai Surasak , Manonukul Anchalee , Uthaisangsuk Vitoon
Published: May 2014

The characteristics of Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloy (NAB) after hot deformation were investigated. The NAB alloy have been studied by dilatometer according to study the influence of hot deformation on microstructure of NAB alloy by dilatometer in the temperature range 800 - 950 °C, strain rate 10s-1 and cooling rate 40 and 100 °C/s. The experimental results showed that peak stress in relation to the involved deformation temperature, peak stresses at a constant strain rate decreased with an increase of deformation temperature. It was found that volume fraction of the β phase significantly increased with increasing temperature and cooling rate. The variation of this phase affected macro hardness of the investigated alloy. By higher temperatures, amount of β phase increased as well as the macro hardness of the NAB alloy.
Determination of Material Parameter of Gelatin-Carboxymethylcellouse Scaffold with Dehydrothermal Crosslinking Technique Using Curve Fitting Method
Authors: Siroros Nad , Promma Nattawit
Published: May 2014

Biocompatible material called scaffold helps patient suffering from skin loss or skin disorder such as burn and ulcer. The scaffold allows the wound healing process to occur in suitable condition and heal faster. There are varieties of commercial scaffold available but it is also relatively expensive. This research seeking to develop new affordable scaffold using gelatin blended with carboxymethylcellouse (CMC) to strengthen the porous structure. Moreover, the strength of the scaffold by using thermal crosslinking technique is called dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment. At this stage, identification of material parameter, in this case, shear modulus is necessary. The behavior of the material is foam-like hyperelastic material. The large deformation theory has been use to derive the constitutive equation to obtain the engineering stress equation in form of Blatz-Ko hyperelastic model. The stress-strain curve obtained from compressing test. The curve fitting method was used to identify the shear modulus of the scaffold. As a result the scaffold with 80:20 gelatin-CMC ratios is dominant and shows highest shear modulus of 12.85±3.77 kPa. However, this is can be improved. Further discussion and suggestion is given at the end of the research.
Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Kerf Quality of Flame Jet Cutting
Authors: Nuntadusit Chayut , Muangjunburee Prapas , Suwanmala Nattaphum , Wae-Hayee Makatar
Published: May 2014

The aim of this research is to study heat transfer rate of impinging flame jet and cutting quality of steel plate using flame jet. The cutting torch was used for heating on the impingement surface, and it was used for cutting the steel plate samples. LPG at constant flow rate of 0.14 kg/s was mixed with pure oxygen at varied flow rate corresponding to equivalence ratio, =0.78, 0.93 and 1.16. The nozzle-to-plate distance was examined at h=3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mm. Heat transfer rate on the impingement surface was measured using water cooled heat flux sensor. In order to investigate cutting quality, steel plate with 6 mm in thickness was cut by this flame jet with cutting speed at 260 mm/min. The surface roughness, slag quantity and kerf characteristics were considered for cutting quality. The results show that the flame jet for condition of =0.78 at h=4 mm gives the highest heat transfer rate. The flame jet for condition of =0.93 at h=6 mm is optimal for using cutting steel plate in this study.
Influences of the Ratios of High-Calcium Fly Ash to Low-Calcium Fly Ash on the Strength and Drying Shrinkage of Geopolymer Mortar
Authors: Charoenchai Ridtirud , Chindaprasirt Prinya
Published: May 2014

New types of binders are being developed as an alternative to traditional cement. These alternatives are developed to have better properties and to be more environmentally friendly. Geopolymer is a novel binder that is produced from by-products such as fly ash, rich hushes ash and bio mass ash. In this experiment, fly ash, which was a by-product from electrical-generating power plants, was used during the synthesis of geopolymer. According to ASTM standard C168, fly ash is categorized into two types: class F and class C. This research focuses on the effects of using both types of fly ashes on mechanical properties of geopolymer. The experiment studies the changes on setting time, drying shrinkage and compressive strength of geopolymer mortar when 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent of total weight of class F fly ash (LCF) is substituted with class C counterpart (HCF). The study used sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as alkali activators. The samples were cured for 24 hours either at an ambient temperature of 25°C or at an elevated temperature of 60°C.The result showed that the setting time of pure LCF geopolymer mortar was 6 times longer than that of the pure HCF ones. In addition to setting time, the specimens with 25 percent of their total binders weight replaced by HCF appeared to have the highest strength. However, the increase in HCF also increased the drying shrinkage by 6 and 12times when the specimens were cured at25°C and at 60°C respectively
Effects of Carbonation on the Specific Surface BET of Cement Mortar Measured by Two Different Methods: Nitrogen Adsorption and Water Adsorption
Authors: Pham Son Tung , Prince William
Published: May 2014

The objective of this work was to examine the microstructural changes caused by the carbonation of normal mortar. Samples were prepared and subjected to accelerated carbonation at 20°C, 65% relative humidity and 20% CO2concentration. The evolutions of the pore size distribution and the specific surface area during carbonation were calculated from the adsorption - desorption isotherms of water vapour and nitrogen. Conflicts observed in the results showed that the porous domains explored by these two methods are not the same due to the difference in molecular sizes of nitrogen and water. These two techniques therefore help to complementarily evaluate the effects of carbonation. The study also helped to explain why results in the literature diverge greatly on the influence of carbonation on specific surface area.
Optimizing Mix Proportion of Lightweight Concrete Containing Plastic Waste by Taguchi Method
Authors: Dulsang Nattakan , Chindaprasirt Prinya , Posi Patcharapol , Hiziroglu Salim , Sutaphakdee Pattraporn , Dangsawat Ruth , Kasemsiri Pornnapa
Published: May 2014

In this study, mix proportion parameters of lightweight concrete (LWC) containing ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) plastic waste from footwear manufacture were investigated by employing Taguchis method and ANOVA statistics. The mixtures were designed in a L9 orthogonal array with four factors viz., water/cement, water content, EVA content and sand/cement. The results showed that EVA content and water/cement ratio had the significant effect on density and compressive strength of LWC. The density and compressive strength of the LWC containing EVA waste ranged from 1172 to 1441 kg/m3 and from 3.5 to 10.8 MPa, respectively. It can be concluded that the obtained LWC can be classified as masonry concrete. The best possible levels for mix proportions were determined to optimize density and compressive strength of the samples.
Ductility Enhancement of High Strength RC Columns Using Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)
Authors: Rodsin Kittipoom
Published: May 2014

The principal aim of this research is to improve the seismic performance of high strength concrete (HSC) reinforced columns using fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) by mixing steel fiber into the concrete. Two reinforced concrete columns 200mm x 300mm in cross-section with a height of 1250 mm were tested under cyclic lateral loading. The first specimen was casted using high strength concrete of 100 MPa and the second specimens were also casted using similar concrete strength but the steel fiber of 0.5% by volume was added to the concrete in the plastic hinge region. Both columns were subjected to lateral cyclic load until the failure occurs. The test results showed that the use of FRC in the plastic hinge region could significantly improve column displacement ductility. The maximum drift at column failure at 4.5% for non-ductile column could increase to 8% in FRC column. It is evident that the cracks in FRC column are much smaller properly spread in the plastic hinge region and hence the plastic hinge could be able to rotate without lateral strength being compromised. In FRC column, concrete spalling was observed in a very high drift (7%) and bar buckling occurred at around 8% drift whilst in HSC column concrete spalling and bar buckling occurred at only 3.5% and 4% drift respectively. It was evident that the use of steel fiber in HSC columns could significantly improve seismic performance of the column.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of LDPE Plastic Wastes over Mortar Cement Catalyst
Authors: Srakeaw Veeranuch , Yodjai Siriporn , Wetwatana Unalome
Published: May 2014

A CaO based catalyst synthesized from mortar previously used in construction was chosen for pyrolysis of LDPE plastic waste. The samples were calcined at temperatures of 500 and 800 °C for comparison purpose. After calcination, two mixed oxides were obtained, denoted as catalyst A and B. The chemical composition of the metal oxide catalysts and the liquid products of the pyrolysis were characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Simulated Distillation - Gas Chromatography (SD-GC), respectively. The XRF analysis indicated that the catalyst, reformed from the mortar cement, consisted of CaO, silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and alumina (aluminium (III) oxide, Al2O3) as the main constituents, though, the composition of each compound differed because of the influence of calcination temperature. Catalyst A had 41.96% of CaO, 4.27% of Al2O3 and 30.82% of SiO2 when the catalyst B had 37.04% of CaO, 2.38% of Al2O3 and 37.31% of SiO2. The amount of CaO in the catalyst B was found to be less in catalyst A. The catalyst A gave higher percentage yield of naphtha oil (48±1.14%v/v), compared to catalyst B (21±1.26%v/v). The performance of this catalyst (A) towards the pyrolysis of plastic wastes was compared to commercial grade ZSM-5 and FCC catalysts. It was found that the catalyst A, CaO based catalyst, reformed from the mortar cement, gave the highest yield of naphtha oil (48±1.14%v/v) compared to ZSM-5 (26±1.52%v/v) and FCC (16±1.09%v/v). The optimum operating temperature for the pyrolysis was found at 410 °C (in the temperature range 370 °C to 450 °C) and the optimum catalyst (A) composition was 0.3 %w/w of mortar cement catalyst in LDPE. This optimum condition gave 86.67± 0 %w/w of liquid, 12.49± 0.24 %w/w of gas and 0.84± 0.24 %w/w of solid. The catalyst A showed the best performance amongst all the catalysts towards the pyrolysis process of plastic wastes.
Uncertainty Model of Concrete Elastic Modulus Effect to Critical Reinforced Concrete Buckling Load
Authors: Vongchavalitkul Sanguan
Published: May 2014

There are differences in each countrys design code for concrete elastic modulus that cause uncertainty in stability analysis of critical buckling load column. This paper investigates the impact of uncertainty on concrete elastic modulus for designing of critical buckling load of building column. The statistical data on materials and applied load being collected in Thailand are used together with an investigation on the uncertainty of the concrete elastic modulus in the design code from 8 countries. Finally the Monte Carlo simulation is used to find out the stability index in term of reliability index. The results show that the uncertainty of the concrete elastic modulus plays an important role in stability analysis and should be considered in the design.
Effects of Speed Bumps and Humps on Motorcycle Speed Profiles
Authors: Satiennam Wichuda , Satiennam Thaned , Urapa Pornsiri , Phacharoen Tussawan
Published: May 2014

In developed countries, the use of speed humps and bumps have evolved from extensive research and testing which been properly designed and standardized. On the contrary in developing countries, no systematic and scientific studies have been carried out on that environment, especially the study on the effects that the motorcyclists response to the humps and bumps. This study therefore reveals the riders behavior when negotiating their speed to the devices. A case study was conducted in the provincial cities of Thailand where the motorcycle was a major mode of transportation. Six locations with speed humps and bumps were selected. Vehicles passing times were simultaneously recorded at 12 points along each traffic calmed link. From these data, a speed profile for each individual vehicle and for a link could be derived. It is found that speed humps and bumps have critically different impacts on motorcycle rider and passenger car driver. The smaller size speed bumps could effectively control the rider speed but have diverse impacts on the driver. These speed differences could post more safety deficiency to the site. The effect of the device on riders behavior, however, is restricted to a short spatial range (about 20-30 m before and after the device). For the speed humps, the motorcycle speeds are quite varied depending mainly on the road terrain. It is found that the motorcyclists have significant lower acceleration rate on the upgrade terrain when compared to the passenger car. Therefore, it is important to take all these rider characteristics into considerations when design the road humps to control vehicle speed in the developing countries.
A Study of Potential Electric Motorcycle Use to Support a Low Carbon Society: Case of a Developing Asian City
Authors: Satiennam Thaned , Satiennam Wichuda , Tankasem Phongphan , Jantosut Piyanat , Thengnamlee Jessadaporn , Khunpumphat Weerut
Published: May 2014

The objective of this study is to explore the potential for electric motorcycles to support a developing Asian city to be a low carbon society. The study surveyed the attitudes of motorcyclists to determine the proportion of motorcyclists willing to use an electric motorcycle and also estimated the reduction of CO2 emission from the transport sector in Khon Kaen city, Thailand. The approach Bottom-Up2 by road network with the transport demand forecasting model and emission factors by vehicle type were used to calculate CO2 emissions for each road link. 16% of motorcyclists currently using gasoline motorcycles would be willing to use electric motorcycles in the near future. To evaluate CO2 emission reduction, the future condition with introduced electric motorcycles was compared to the future do-nothing condition in the same future year. The evaluation result reveals that the electric motorcycle introduction could reduce 2.4% of CO2 emitted by the transport sector from the future do-nothing condition.
Evaluation of Accessibility to Evacuation Centers in Asian Developing City
Authors: Luathep Paramet , Jaensirisak Sittha
Published: May 2014

As the rapid growth of urbanization, risk of flooding in Asian developing cities has been increasing. Though local agencies have integrated their efforts to develop flood preparedness strategies, deploy early warning systems, and plan for evacuations, the cities are particularly vulnerable. This paper aims at evaluating accessibility to evacuation centers in Asian developing city. Hat Yai city (Thailand) was selected as a case study. In this paper, the accessibility was evaluated by travel time between evacuees houses and evacuation centers. The accessibility time to the public evacuation centers were determined. The sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between evacuation demand and total travel time in the network. Finally, traffic conditions on evacuation routes were evaluated.
Serious Game for Fire Safety Evacuation Plan
Authors: Sacfung Akekachai , Sookhanaphibarn Kingkarn , Choensawat Worawat
Published: May 2014

Virtual worlds are successfully used for training a personal skill in an emergency situation. In this paper, we present a serious game for fire evacuation training in any public places like office buildings, conventional centers, hotels, and universities. The goal of fire safety evacuation plan is to minimize the damage, i.e. the number of injured people and casualties. In this paper, we built a virtual environment where imitates a classroom building in Bangkok University. We described a design process and development approach for achieving the objectives of evacuation training. The user evaluation was also conducted, showing that the prototype can be used effectively for training a fire drill at other public places.
Motorcyclist's Helmet Wearing Detection Using Image Processing
Authors: Marayatr Thepnimit , Kumhom Pinit
Published: May 2014

Motorcycle accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in many countries. Due to various social and economic factors, this type of vehicle is becoming increasingly popular. The helmet is the main safety equipment of motorcyclists but many drivers do not use it. If a motorcyclist is without helmet an accident can be fatal. This paper presented an automatic method for vehicle detection, motorcycles classification on public roads and a system for automatic detection of motorcyclists without helmet. For processing, in first step, we detect vehicles that moving real-time by extracting back ground out from front ground using back subtraction then enhancing it using threshold and mathematical morphology method. In the second step, we classify between motorcycle and other vehicles. Area is applied for feature extraction and neural network is applied for classification. In the final step, Hough transform is applied for detecting a helmet. From the experimental results, the accuracy rates of the motorcycle classification and helmet detection were 98.22% and 77%, respectively.
Developed Driving Cycles for a Passenger Vehicle in Khon Kaen
Authors: Buasri Panhathai , Munyuen Chaowish , Sookananta Bongkoj
Published: May 2014

Traction forces that vehicles use to propel their wheels depend on efficiencies of motors, power transmissions, and vehicle constructions. Behavior of driver on acceleration or deceleration varies responding to road conditions, traffic lights, and driving styles. Average speed estimation of the vehicle under known road conditions can be obtained from the standard driving cycles such as the urban driving cycle by NEDC and the highway fuel economy test cycle (HWFET) by EPA. An urban area, Khon Kaen province located in Northeastern part of Thailand, mostly has flat and rough road conditions that have not been well recorded. In this study a GPS device was installed on a midsize vehicle to record speed and time on roundtrip test drives. In this paper, the data on speed of the vehicle traveled from Department of Electrical Engineering, Khon Kaen University to four nearby locations were investigated than compared with standard driving cycles. These data offer greater knowledge and development in power consumption of electric vehicles and transportation sector.
Effect of Body Size on Accumulation of Po210 in Mussel, Perna viridis, at Samut Sakhon Province
Authors: Porntepkasemsan Boonsom , Srisuksawad Kanitha , Permnamthip Vorapot
Published: May 2014

Levels of 210Po in mussel (Perna viridis) collected from green mussel farming area at the Samut Sakhon province during the period of 2012 are presented. Parameters including total tissues wet weight and dry weight, maximum length, and the physiological performance of mussels using Condition Index were measured. The type of fluctuations observed with 210Po concentrations are interpreted as a seasonal effect which peaks of high concentrations in wet season and low concentrations in dry season. Analysis of 210Po activities in mussel (activity per individual) revealed the lower activities in smaller sized mussels (2.0-2.5 cm) and the higher in the larger sized group (6.5-7.0 cm). In the contrary, 210Po concentrations decreased with increasing shell length, or with increasing body size. The 210Po body burdens (activity per mussel) varied from 2.413 to 17.183 mBq while the 210Po concentrations were ranged from 2.511 to 4.474 Bq.Kg-1 ww. The results indicated that larger mussels were transfer lower 210Po concentrations to consumer on a weight basis. It is concluded that the apparent seasonal fluctuation of radionuclide concentration were mostly caused by mussel body size fluctuation and not by radionuclide body burden fluctuation.
Efficiency of Bamboo Waste Activated Carbon on Acid Dye Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Suwanasing Kanuengnit , Poonprasit Mudjalin
Published: May 2014

This research aims to produce activated carbon from bamboo waste (used bamboo chopsticks), activated by low-cost and non-toxic chemical substance (Sodium Chloride, NaCl), as an option for silk dyeing wastewater treatment in a small cottage industry. Initially, used bamboo chopsticks were carbonization at 600 °C to produce bamboo charcoal. Then the charcoal was activated using three different methods: (a) soaking in the NaCl solution at the charcoal to NaCl (weight/weight) ratio of 1:1; (b) burning at 800 °C; and (c) activating using the previously mentioned 2 methods together by soaking in the NaCl solution at the ratio of 1:1 then burning at 800 °C. The activated carbons physical characteristics study has found that the activated carbon activated using the third method had the highest BET specific surface area of 327.69 m2/g, total specific pore volume of 0.18 mg/l, and average pore size of 22.52 Å. The adsorption study of the activated carbon activated by NaCl and temperature used synthetic wastewater of red acid dye (AR114) with the initial concentrations of 20 mg/l. The study results have showed that the activated carbon activated by NaCl and temperature reached equilibrium within 180 minutes, and had the color removal efficiency of 77.36%. The adsorption isotherm study results have indicated that the acid dye adsorption of the activated carbon activated by NaCl and temperature followed the Langmuir isotherm.
Emission of Oxide of Nitrogen from Household Activity in Rayong Province, Thailand
Authors: Khaosang Jutamas , Thepanondh Sarawut
Published: May 2014

This study is aimed to determine the emission of oxide of nitrogen (NOx), released from combustion of LPG, used in households cooking. The emission factor and emission inventory of NOX for the household activity are developed taking into consideration local characteristic of the household in Thailand. Activities data in this study are collected in Rayong province. These data will serve and assist in developing the emission database under the Pollutant Release and Transfer Registration (PRTR) program. Emission factors of NOx, based on amount of LPG usage per household per year are calculated for different size of household. These values are 142.2, 213.3 and 426.6 kg of NOx /1000 household/year for small, medium and large sizes of household, respectively. It is estimated that the total amount of NOx emissions from households LPG cooking will be about 60.31 tons per year in Rayong province.
Emission Factor of VOCs from Non-Point Source: Case Study of Chemical Laboratory
Authors: Wimolrattanasil Thanasorn , Thepanondh Sarawut
Published: May 2014

Laboratory is one of non-point source, which use chemical substance for an experimental analysis and which may release chemical into an environment. There is a lack of information about the release of chemical to the environment from laboratory activity. In this study, releasing of volatile organic compound from school, university and commercial laboratories are estimated. Direct measurement of target chemical concentrations in laboratory are taking into account the normal practice in each laboratory. Emission factors of ethyl acetate are calculated as 383.09, 174.13 and 445.53 kg (release to air) per 1000 kg of amount of usage for school laboratory (opened room), school laboratory (closed room) and university laboratory, respectively. Results of this study indicated that emission rate of VOCs from chemical laboratory will be dramatically decreased as a result of installation of VOCs treatment.
Potential of Using Natural Materials as Support Media in Anaerobic Filter for Tapioca Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Phiwluang Worapong , Poonprasit Mudjalin
Published: May 2014

Tapioca starch manufacturing generated a large amount of wastewater containing high organic matter contents. Wastewater from tapioca starch manufacturing thus had a high potential for biogas recovery. In Thailand, biogas recovery from tapioca wastewater has been performed via a UASB system for large-scale manufacturers and a cover lagoon system for small-to medium-scale manufacturers. Settling the UASB system on a tapioca starch processing site required high investment and operation cost, whilst settling the cover lagoon system required a land area. There were a number of studies identifying that the anaerobic filter system, using natural materials as support media, had a high efficiency for treatment and biogas recovery of agro-industrial wastewater containing high organic contents. This research was begun with the idea to seek for a proper technique for treatment and biogas recovery, with high effectiveness and low cost, of wastewater from small-to medium-scale tapioca production plants. The studied materials, used as support media, were two natural materials (burnt corn cobs and charcoal) and synthesis material (plastic balls). The research experiment has been undertaken, using three laboratory-scale anaerobic filter reactors. The initial findings have showed that wastewater treatment efficiencies, as well as biogas production capacities, of the two reactors containing selected natural support media types and the one containing synthesis media type were in the same range. The COD removal efficiencies were 95.42% to 97.90%. The SS removal efficiencies were 78.12% to 85.32%. The methane contents of biogas produced were 73.45% to 75.06%.
Characteristics of Bacterial Cellulose Production from Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Khami Sunun , Khamwichit Wipawee , Suwannahong Kowit , Sanongraj Wipada
Published: May 2014

There are increasing demands to substitute the plastic from the petrochemical industry with bacterial cellulose which were produced from microorganisms as Acetobactor xylinum strain. The aim of this study was to produce bacterial cellulose from banana peels which are agricultural waste around Walailak University area. The banana peels were used as a carbon source together with nutrient medium for the growth of bacteria. The ratio between Hestrin and Schramm nutrient medium (HS) with banana peel to DI water was 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5 (%V/V). Sugar content in banana peel (control) was 4.0% Degree Brix. The initial pH was 6.0 and sugar contents varied in this study were 5.5%, and 11% Degree Brix. A.xylinum dosages used in the cultivation were 5, 6.67, and 8.33 (%V/V) respectively. The cultivation times were 15 days at the temperature of 30 °C. As a result, the highest yield of produced bacterial cellulose was 19.46 gram and the best condition which maximum yield of bacterial cellulose 1.95% can be obtained was 11% (Brix) of sugar content, 6.67 (%V/V) of A.xylinum added, and 1:1.5 of banana peel to DI water. The physical properties of bacterial cellulose were studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy which shown adsorption spectrum at 3279, 2915, 1627 and 1013 cm-1 corresponding to the-OH,-CH,-CH2 and carboxyl function groups, respectively. Glass transition Temperature (Tg) was 116.85°C. Tensile strength was measured with UTM and had average value of 41.13±5.43 Mpa. The bacterial cellulose had moisture content of 90.00±0.02%. The synthesized bacterial cellulose can be used as adsorption media and also has its chemical properties like petroleum polymer. Result suggested that the similar property can be observed when compared with petroleum plastic, however with the exception of methyl group (CH3). Methyl group which can be found in plastic synthesized from petrochemical is responsible for the strength of plastic. Thus, bacterial cellulose, synthesized in this study, is not as strong as petrochemical plastic. But it can be used to produce bio-plastics because of the-CH and-CH2 functional group attached. With the similar physical and chemical properties to those of petrochemical plastic, bacterial cellulose can be used as biopolymer.
Occurrence of Estrogens in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Surface Water in Bangkok Area, Thailand
Authors: Ruchiraset Apaporn , Chinwetkitvanich Sopa
Published: May 2014

This study is the beginning of attempts to obtain existing data of estrogens contamination in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Bangkok Metropolitan area. Influents and effluents of seven WWTPs in Bangkok, and water samples from Bang-sue canal (receiving water from Chatuchak (CTC)-WWTP) and Chaopraya River (as receiving water from Chongnonsri (CNS)-WWTP) were collected by grab sampling. The sampling and analyses were done three times in a year round, during March to April 2010, October 2010, and January 2011. 17β-estradiol (E2) was found as in the majority in most samples including the surface water samples. In addition, the results of receiving water samples in both locations show that downstream (of discharged point) estrogens were a little higher than upstream ones. This could imply that WWTPs might be the important sources of estrogens contamination in surface (receiving) waters in Bangkok area and that the biological wastewater treatment processes currently used in WWTPs could not completely remove these estrogens.
Marine Litter Observed by Tidal Circulation at Phi Phi Islands, Andaman Sea
Authors: Junlah Rungtip , Worachananant Pasinee , Vannarat Sornthep
Published: May 2014

Background: Saphan Hin is well known park located in the southern east coast of Phuket. Marine litter, especially light and floatable litter such as plastic, is known to be the cause of death in marine animals. Therefore, prediction of light floatable marine litter will greatly help to understand behavior of marine litter transportation at Saphan Hin and leads to proper waste management in vulnerable areas.
Mercury Emission from Artisanal Buladu Gold Mine and its Bioaccumulation in Rice Grains, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
Authors: Mallongi Anwar , Pataranawat Poranee , Parkpian Preeda
Published: May 2014

Available forms of mercury (Hg) released from artisanal gold mine activities could be taken up increasingly by plants via root and leaf stomata. Total mercury (THg) concentrations in dry deposit, surface soil and rice grains were investigated as well as the potential risks in september 2011 from three rice fields of concern. The results revealed that the concentrations of THg in dry deposition, top soil (0 to 5 cm depth), sub soil (6 to 10 cm depth) and rice grains (Oriza sativa L.) both brown (once milled) and white (twice milled) grains were ranged from 166 to 322 m-2 day-1, 484 to 4244 μg kg-1dw, 122 to 1812 μg kg-1ww, and 113 to 1084 μg kg-1ww, respectively. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for dry deposition, top soil and sub soil were ranged from 3 to 7, 5 to 42 and 5 to 36, respectively. Target hazard quotient (THQ) for brown and white rice grains consumptions were found in the range of 0.1 to 1.6 and 0.1 to 1.0, respectively. THQ values through brown rice consumption exceeded the guideline (>1) presented that the brown rice in these areas should not be safe for consumption and are at risks for the whole lifespan. However, the THQ values of both brown and white rice grains in some areas were still low and should be safe for the whole life span consumption.
The Effect of pH in the Tap Water on Nutrient Release from Slow Release Fertilizers
Authors: Buates Jittrera , Chawakitchareon Petchporn , Anuwattana Rewadee
Published: May 2014

The objective of this research is to study the nutrient release behaviors on slow release fertilizer (Osmocote® N13:P13:K13, 3 month release formulation). The fertilizer was added into distilled water which adjusted pH of 6.5 and 7.5. The nutrient release behaviors were determined by collecting samples every 1 week and analyzed the nutrient contents in samples by scientific methods. As the result, for the total N release behavior, it may be considered that at lower pH condition tended to release more than that at higher one, for the P (shown by P2O5) and K (shown by K2O) release behaviors may be high at high pH condition.
Roof Fruit and Vegetable Garden, is Accurate as the Element Eco Green Settlement, Housing in the City Today? Case Study: House Live in Downtown Surabaya Indonesia
Authors: Uniek Praptiningrum W.
Published: May 2014

To implement an architecture work, such as residential , residential houses and the like , atmosphere and a healthy environment has a very important role . To be categorized as a good architecture work , the building should be : interesting in terms of the appearance, comfortable to occupied, beautiful views , safety in construction , have the local wisdom and friendly to nature and the environment . In the era of globalization , these values began to shift , especially residential buildings , residential on the center of the city. For examples, narrow courtyard, the dominance of concrete and glass building material , and barren surrounding environments , green plants are very minimal . The selection of building materials , such as air conditioning with its CFC content , electronic equipment within the building that are not environmentally friendly , the complement of air pollution both within and outside the residential buildings This happens due to the high price of land in urban area , community and individualism are more viscous , the long-term health awareness that less attention , and prioritizing practicality in activities and maintenance of their home . In Surabaya, Eco Green to meet the government regulation has been established and implemented for green space solutions. And impact of global warming have already exceeded the 30 % required . But the percentage of RTH Private relative still small. also RTH option is needed in order more efficient in land and comsution,provide more benefits such value . Fruit and Vegetable Roof Garden , has not been widely applied , particularly for the residential in the city's center such as Surabaya . The purpose of the assessment is to analyze the results of several researchers who have collected additional benefits obtained on the utilization of natural resources including the application of roof greening fruit and vegetable garden at home, if applicable accurate to a big city like Surabaya . .The method used in this study is to do with the spaciousness survey , study references , browsing through the internet , collect some data from studies that have been done by some competent source , then perform the analysis . While the results obtained are not significantly appear on the application of the RTH Privat, even trend looks to be making investments that material's large profit-oriented , ease of maintenance and trends , compared with consideration would preserve local knowledge , and friendliness to the environment and natural healthy . It can be seen from the increasing number of existing homes , both of the simple type , medium and luxury using modern building materials , with a fairly large area of the building and the lack of balance in an open area for reforestation , especially with the application
Flood Routing in Reservoirs Using Synthetic Unit Hydrograph: The Case of Bung Takreng Reservoir in Yom Basin, Thailand
Authors: Chaibandit Khanittha , Konyai Supasit
Published: May 2014

The disastrous flood that inundated many areas of the Chao Phraya basin in 2011 caused many detrimental effects on the countrys economy and society. It is vital for all concerned to better plan and manage these effects in order to minimize future disasters areas. Flood reduction requires water flow detention or deceleration of during the storm water season. The construction of water detention ponds is one solution that should be taken into account. This study investigated the reduction of water flow in Yom basin (a sub-basin of Chao Phraya basin) using the synthetic unit hydrograph to synthesize deluge parameters. The objectives of this case study are to utilize natural lowland areas upstream of Yom Basin, namely Bung Takreng, Bung Kheerang, and Bung Raman. These three swamps are adjacent to one another, so one detention pond system could be constructed. The relationship between volume (S) and height (H) of the detention pond system was found to be S=18866224.8H1.15based on the analysis of elevation data using Geographic Information System (GIS). The estimated inflow to the detention pond at different return periods was based on the synthetic unit hydrograph. The maximum flow rate was analyzed by flood routing through a modeled reservoir system. The reservoir system was assigned a 3 m height dyke over the spillways, dividing into 2 m for the peak drainage and 1 m freeboard. Flood routing was performed at the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. We obtained the following safe lengths of spillway: 30, 70, 100, 140, 175, and 210 m, respectively. The detention pond system can detain water for 4 hr and reduce the peak flow in Yom River to 81.83, 84.44, 77.26, 81.00, 90.81, and 89.81m3/sec or 9.37, 5.75, 4.08, 3.30, 3.15, and 2.71 percent, respectively. Findings of this study can be applied in decision making regarding the construction size of the reservoirs. In addition, the results can be applied in developing other areas into detention ponds.
Rheological Properties and Extrudate Swell of PHBV-Bagasse Composites
Authors: Dangtungee Rapeephun , Siengchin Suchart , Puritung Chayada
Published: May 2014

Polyhydroxybutylate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) is biodegradable aliphatic polyester that produced by a wide range of microorganism. In this research aims to study the melt rheological and extrudate swelling behavior of PHBV filled with bagasse. The composites prepared by melt mixing (Two roll mill and Twin screw extruder). The effects of processing techniques for PHBV powder and bagasse loading, aspect ratio (particle size i.e. x<150μm, 150<x<250μm and x>250μm) and, surface treatment of bagasse were investigated by capillary rheometry at 180 °C. The dispersion of the bagasse was inspected by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A different compositions based on PHBV/bagasse were investigated according to the following weight ratios, i.e. 100/0, 95/5, 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30 wt% respectively. The results showed that the PHBV/bagasse composites exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour as the shear stress and extrudate swell increased with increasing shear rate while shear viscosity decreased. The apparent shear stress and apparent shear viscosity increased with increasing bagasse loading and, at a given apparent shear rate, the apparent shear stress increased slightly with increasing bagasse particle size. However, detrimental bagasse agglomeration was clearly observed to take place for sample with bagasse loading in excess of 20 wt%. The surface treatment of bagasse was carried out using silane coupling agent and benzoic acid. The results proved the effect of functionalization on the interfacial adhesion between PHBV and bagasse. Also, there was also further confirmed by rheology behaviour and SEM-EDS image.
Management of the Schmutzdecke Layer in a Slow Sand Filter to Reuse Drainage Water from a Greenhouse
Authors: Livingston Peter , Slack Donald
Published: May 2014

Recycling of the nutrient solution used to irrigate fruit and vegetables in greenhouses can increase water use efficiency and reduce the contamination of local water sources. The nutrient solution cannot be recycled without treatment because of potential contamination of the entire plant system with bacteria, viruses, and/or fungi. Ozonation, pasteurization and chemigation are the typical techniques used, but are often expensive and not always effective [. Slow sand filter (SSF) is a technology that is relatively inexpensive to purchase and operate. Data was collected from two SSF to verify treatment efficacy and associated hydraulic characteristics. The SSF was able to consistently produce water with a turbidity less than 1 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) and with the infiltration capacity to treat 0.27 m3 m-2 h-1 of greenhouse effluent; which, equates to treating 3,600 L d-1 of drainage water from a 1,000 m2 greenhouse. The recovery rate for the filter was an average of 110 minutes. Ideal growing conditions for bacteria responsible for the treatment of the water in the SSF included warm and consistent water temperature, high nutrient content, and organic loading in the water. The SSF was able to sustain the hydraulic loading rate of 0.27 m3 m-2 h-1 for 16 days. At the end of this period the organic layer that was present at the sand/water interface reduced the infiltration rate because of the formation of the Schmutzdecke layer (SL). An air/water jet cleaning system scoured the SL and suspended it so that it could be drained.
Java Predictors for Water Level Forecast Based on Daily Gage Height
Authors: Heednacram Apichat , Werapun Warodom
Published: May 2014

Water level prediction for supporting the right decision making is crucial. The study of daily gage height in Lam Phi-Kun Canal provides essential information to plan for flood prevention and hydroelectric generation of this canal. Daily gage heights in 2011 were used as training instances. We forecasted the gage heights for year 2012 using four different predictors, namely, Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, MLPDQ1 and MLPDQ2. The latter two algorithms are named after our improvements to the existing Multilayer Perceptron by introducing a concept of time-dependent data division and a concept of weight adjustments of the polynomial trend line. Our proposed algorithms are implemented in Java language. The performance evaluation reveals that our two algorithms have distinctly smaller errors than the traditional two predictors. The average errors of our algorithms are less than one meter. We recommend our algorithms for other applications such as rainfall forecasting, sediment forecasting, sales forecasting, and energy consumption trends.