bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silicon carbide nanowires grown on 4H-SiC substrates by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kotamraju Siva , Krishnan Bharat , Koshka Yaroslav , Sundaresan Siddarth , Issa Hany , Singh Ranbir
Published: October 2009

In this work, SiC nanowires (NWs) were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on commercial 4H-SiC substrates. The growth was conducted in an inductively heated hot wall CVD reactor traditionally used for homoepitaxy of 4H-SiC, operating at 150 Torr with H2 as the carrier gas. The growth experiments utilized the precursor chemistry that previously enabled the so-called low-temperature homoepitaxial growth of SiC – SiCl4 as the silicon precursor and CH3Cl as the carbon precursor. Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mode was employed. Two metal catalysts Au and Ni were used for NW growth in a wide range of growth temperatures from below 10500C to above 13000C. It was established that high precursor flow rates favor the regular epitaxial growth (though disturbed by the presence of the islands of the metal catalyst) at temperatures above 12000C. Reduction of the precursor flow rates and the growth temperature caused formation of micro-needles and eventually NWs. NW diameters in the range from below 10 to 100 nm were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Only SiC phase with no presence of Si, even for the growth temperatures down to 10500C, was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
New Advances in the Second-Line Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Hurwitz Jane L. , McCoy Francis , Scullin Paula , Fennell Dean A.
Published: October 2009

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.K., with small cell histology accounting for 15%–20% of cases. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is initially a chemosensitive disease, but relapse is common, and in this group of patients it remains a rapidly lethal disease with a particularly poor prognosis. The choice of second-line chemotherapy for patients with relapsed SCLC has been an area of difficulty for oncologists, and until recently there was no randomized evidence for its use over best supportive care (BSC). Topotecan is currently the only drug licensed in Europe and the U.S. for this indication, having been shown in a phase III trial to lead to longer overall survival and better quality of life than with BSC. In this article, we review the current evidence for the use of second-line cytotoxic therapy and also the emerging role of novel agents and targeted therapies in this setting. In particular, we explore the role of the Bcl-2 protein family, which are key regulators of mitochondrial apoptosis and are implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies. SCLC overexpresses antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family in ∼80% of cases. Several Bcl-2 inhibitors, including obatoclax, are currently entering clinical trials in SCLC and are an exciting area of drug development in the relapsed setting.
Genetic and phenotypic relationship between grain yield and components of grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Bocanski Jan , Sreckov Zorana , Nastasic Aleksandra
Published: October 2009

For efficient selection of grain yield, like the most importance economic trait, in regard to its on the great influence the environmental factors, has complex mode of inheritance and low heritability, is necessary to know genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of correlations between grain yield and morphological traits of the plant and ear which are influencing on the grain yield. The objective of this paper was to determine relationship between grain yield and morphological traits, in 8 inbred lines and their hybrids. Strong genetic and phenotypic correlations were found between grain yield and other studied traits, except between grain yield, on one side, and kernel row number where we found medium correlations. Between other studied traits, the highest values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of correlations were found between ear length and cob weight.
Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Douglas fir (Pseudosuga menziesii mirb. Franco) from Serbia
Authors: Tesevic Vele , Milosavljevic Slobodan , Vajs Vlatka , Djordjevic Iris , Sokovic Marina , Lavadinovic Vera , Novakovic Miroslav
Published: October 2009

The chemical composition of the essential oil of fresh young needles with twigs of Douglas fir (Pseudosuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ten compounds, accounting for 94.26 % of the oil, were identified. The main compounds found were bornyl acetate (34.65 %), camphene (29.82 %), ?-pinene (11.65 %) and santene (5.45 %). The antifungal activity of the essential oil was tested against various fungal species. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Douglas fir essential oil ranged from 1.5 to 4 ?g mL-1. The fungi most sensitive to the tested oil were Phomopsis helianthi, while Penicillium species, along with Microsporum canis, were the most resistant. Compared to the commercial fungicidal agent bifonazole, the studied essential oil demonstrated higher antifungal activity.
New S-alkylated 1,2,4-triazoles incorporating diphenyl sulfone moieties with potential antibacterial activity
Authors: Barbuceanu Stefania , Almajan Gabriela , Saramet Ioana , Draghici Constantin , Socoteanu Radu , Barbuceanu Florica
Published: October 2009

Alkylation of the 5-{4-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]phenyl}-4-(3/4-methylphenyl)- 2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 3a,b with various alkylation agents, i.e., ethyl bromide, phenacyl bromide and ethyl chloroacetate, afforded the S-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles 4-6a,b. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis and IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectroscopy. The newly synthesized products were tested for their antibacterial effects.
The influence of dispersive interactions on the binding affinities of ligands with an arylpiperazine moiety to the dopamine D2 receptor
Authors: Zlatovic Mario , Sukalovic Vladimir , Roglic Goran , Kostic-Rajacic Sladjana , Andric Deana
Published: October 2009

Several isosteric 1,3-dihydro-5-[2-(4-aryl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl]-2H-benzimidazole-2-thiones were used to investigate the interactions of different ligands with the binding site of the D2 receptor. Due to limitations of the simulation methods, docking analysis failed to show precisely the interactions that influence the binding affinity of the ligands. It is presumed that dispersive forces or more precisely edge-to-face interactions play an important role in the binding process, especially for the lipophilic part of the ligands. In order to confirm this hypothesis, ab initio calculations were applied on a model system in order to find the stabilization energies of potential edge-to-face interactions and then to correlate them with the ligand affinity. The obtained results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the strength of dispersive interactions and ligand affinity. It was shown that for the calculation of stabilization energies of modeled receptor-ligand complexes the Becke 'half-and-half' hybrid DFT method can be used, thus speeding up the usually long calculation time and reducing the required computer strength.
The effect of gamma radiation on the properties of activated carbon cloth
Authors: Sekulic Danijela , Babic Biljana , Kljajevic Ljiljana , Stasic Jelena , Kaludjerovic Branka
Published: October 2009

Activated carbon cloth dressing is an appropriate wound healing material due to its biocompatibility and adsorption characteristics. The influence of gamma radiation as a sterilization process on the adsorption and mechanical properties of activated carbon cloth was investigated. The specific surface area, micropore volume, pore size distribution, surface chemistry as well as the breaking load of activated carbon cloth before and after gamma radiation were examined. Characterization by nitrogen adsorption showed that the activated carbon cloth was a microporous material with a high specific surface area and micropores smaller than 1 nm. Gamma radiation decreased the specific surface area and micropore volume but increased the pore width. The sterilization process changed the surface chemistry quantitatively, but not qualitatively. In addition, the breaking load decreased but without any influence considering the further application of this material.
Lower-Extremity Amputation Risk After Charcot Arthropathy and Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Authors: Sohn Min-Woong , Stuck Rodney M. , Pinzur Michael , Lee Todd A. , Budiman-Mak Elly
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To compare risks of lower-extremity amputation between patients with Charcot arthropathy and those with diabetic foot ulcers.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort of patients with incident Charcot arthropathy or diabetic foot ulcers in 2003 was followed for 5 years for any major and minor amputations in the lower extremities.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 37 ± 20 and 43 ± 18 months, the Charcot and ulcer groups had 4.1 and 4.7 amputations per 100 person-years, respectively. Among patients <65 years old at the end of follow-up, amputation risk relative to patients with Charcot alone was 7 times higher for patients with ulcer alone and 12 times higher for patients with Charcot and ulcer.

CONCLUSIONS

Charcot arthropathy by itself does not pose a serious amputation risk, but ulcer complication multiplicatively increases the risk. Early surgical intervention for Charcot patients in the absence of deformity or ulceration may not be advisable.
Transforming conflict resolution education: applying anthropology alongside your students
Authors: Avruch Kevin
Published: October 2009

This article describes the role graduate students can play in transforming their education in the emergent field of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, as occurs at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution (ICAR), at George Mason University, Washington, DC. It also unpacks how anthropology plays a role in the education of these students at the Master's and Doctoral levels. The primary contribution of anthropology to the conflict resolution curriculum has been conceptual, around the notion of culture. Most of our MS graduates, and many PhDs, work in government or NGOs specialising in development, human rights or conflict resolution, coming from diverse backgrounds with mature life experiences and without prior training in anthropology. Only four of our 21 faculty are anthropologists. This article discusses why these diverse graduate students and their anthropological faculty viewed the traditional foundations of the field of conflict analysis and resolution as inadequate, and why it required an infusion of culture theory and understanding into their training and education.
Some conspicuous women in the Original Chronicle, Scotichronicon and Scotorum Historia
Authors: Royan Nicola
Published: October 2009

This piece argues that female characters in late medieval and early modern Scottish historiography can have a function beyond their individual identities. This function may be to represent the realm, particularly when under attack or in pursuit of justice; or, alternatively, to figure and to contain rebellion and dissent. Through selected examples from three narratives, the article explores the various emphases placed by different writers and suggests the significance of this for the wider interpretation of the historiography under consideration.
3-Hydroxy-4-[(phenylimino)methyl]phenyl Myristate
Authors: Ha Sie-Tiong , Ong Siew-Teng , Chong Yee-Ting , Yeap Guan-Yeow
Published: October 2009

A new Schiff base ester 3-hydroxy-4-[(phenylimino)methyl]phenyl myristate was synthesized and its IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectroscopic data are presented.
4-[(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylimino)methyl]phenyl Dodecanoate
Authors: Ha Sie-Tiong , Koh Teck-Ming , Win Yip-Foo , Ong Siew-Teng
Published: October 2009

A heterocycle, 4-[(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylimino)methyl]phenyl dodecanoate, was synthesized and its IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and MS spectroscopic data are presented. This new compound exhibited smectic A phase.
Identification of Tea Storage Times by Linear Discrimination Analysis and Back-Propagation Neural Network Techniques Based on the Eigenvalues of Principal Components Analysis of E-Nose Sensor Signals
Authors: Yu Huichun , Wang Yongwei , Wang Jun
Published: October 2009

An electronic nose (E-nose) was employed to detect the aroma of green tea after different storage times. Longjing green tea dry leaves, beverages and residues were detected with an E-nose, respectively. In order to decrease the data dimensionality and optimize the feature vector, the E-nose sensor response data were analyzed by principal components analysis (PCA) and the five main principal components values were extracted as the input for the discrimination analysis. The storage time (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 days) was better discriminated by linear discrimination analysis (LDA) and was predicted by the back-propagation neural network (BPNN) method. The results showed that the discrimination and testing results based on the tea leaves were better than those based on tea beverages and tea residues. The mean errors of the tea leaf data were 9, 2.73, 3.93, 6.33 and 6.8 days, respectively.
Efficient Aggregation of Multiple Classes of Information in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Qiu Xiaoling , Liu Haiping , Li Deshi , Yick Jennifer , Ghosal Dipak , Mukherjee Biswanath
Published: October 2009

Congestion in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can lead to buffer overflow, resource waste and delay or loss of critical information from the sensors. In this paper, we propose the Priority-based Coverage-aware Congestion Control (PCC) algorithm which is distributed, priority-distinct, and fair. PCC provides higher priority to packets with event information in which the sink is more interested. PCC employs a queue scheduler that can selectively drop any packet in the queue. PCC gives fair chance to all sensors to send packets to the sink, irrespective of their specific locations, and therefore enhances the coverage fidelity of theWSN. Based on a detailed simulation analysis, we show that PCC can efficiently relieve congestion and significantly improve the system performance based on multiple metrics such as event throughput and coverage fidelity. We generalize PCC to address data collection in a WSN in which the sensor nodes have multiple sensing devices and can generate multiple types of information. We propose a Pricing System that can under congestion effectively collect different types of data generated by the sensor nodes according to values that are placed on different information by the sink. Simulation analysis show that our Pricing System can achieve higher event throughput for packets with higher priority and achieve fairness among different categories. Moreover, given a fixed system capacity, our proposed Pricing System can collect more information of the type valued by the sink.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections
Authors: Baranek Thomas , Zucchini Nicolas , Dalod Marc
Published: October 2009

Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are cytokines essential for vertebrate antiviral defense, including against herpesviruses. IFN-I have potent direct antiviral activities and also mediate a multiplicity of immunoregulatory functions, which can either promote or dampen antiviral adaptive immune responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. There is strong evidence that pDCs could play a major role in the initial orchestration of both innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. Depending on their activation pattern, pDC responses may be either protective or detrimental to the host. Here, we summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding pDC implication in the physiopathology of mouse and human herpesvirus infections, and we discuss how pDC functions could be manipulated in immunotherapeutic settings to promote health over disease.
Elvitegravir: A New HIV Integrase Inhibitor
Authors: Shimura Kazuya , Kodama Eiichi N
Published: October 2009

Integration is a distinctive and essential process in the HIV infection cycle and thus represents an attractive antiviral drug target. Integrase inhibitors combined with other classes of drug might contribute to long-lasting suppression of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) replication for many patients. Of the numerous potential integrase inhibitor leads that have been reported, few have reached clinical trials and only one, raltegravir, has been approved (in late 2007) for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Another integrase inhibitor, elvitegravir, is currently showing promise in Phase III clinical studies. Once-daily administration of elvitegravir has a comparable antiviral activity to twice-daily of raltegravir in HIV-1-infected patients. Here, we highlight the salient features of elvitegravir: its chemical structure compared with representative integrase inhibitors, mechanism of action, in vitro and in vivo activity against HIV and other retroviruses, and the effect of integrase polymorphisms and resistance mutations on its anti-HIV activity.
Remembering why: Can people consistently recall reasons for their behaviour?
Authors: Kaasa Suzanne O. , Morris Erin K. , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: October 2009

We explored how consistent individuals are over time in their recall of the reasons why they engaged in a past behaviour. The study was inspired by a research survey submitted in a copyright infringement case. Study participants listed the reasons why they acquired a particular CD, and repeated the survey several months later. We assessed the consistency of responses across time overall and at the individual level. Results indicate that both forgetting and memory distortion were common. Different types of inconsistencies were identified, and these responses were predicted by characteristics of the original memory and of individuals' preferences towards the CD. Implications for the legal field are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium‐Ammoniak‐Lösungen: eine molekulare Betrachtung
Authors: Zurek Eva , Edwards Peter P. , Hoffmann Roald
Published: October 2009

Dieser Aufsatz gibt eine detaillierte Molekülorbitalanalyse der Strukturen und elektronischen Eigenschaften der vielfältigen Spezies, die in Lithium‐Ammoniak‐Lösungen auftreten. Als Spezies mit ungerader Elektronenzahl (Dublett‐Zustände) betrachten wir: e−@(NH3)n (das solvatisierte Elektron, wahrscheinlich ein dynamisches Ensemble von Molekülen), das Li(NH3)4‐Monomer und die [Li(NH3)4+ ⋅ e−@(NH3)n]‐Ionenpaare. Das 2s‐Elektron des Li besetzt ein diffuses Orbital, das hauptsächlich von den niedrigsten unbesetzten Molekülorbitalen (MOs) der Ammoniakmoleküle gebildet wird. Die einfach besetzten MOs sind zwischen den Wasserstoffatomen bindend; wir bezeichnen diese stabilisierende Wechselwirkung als H

magnified image

H‐Brücke. Im e−@(NH3)n befindet sich das Überschusselektron nicht im Zentrum des von den Ammoniakmolekülen gebildeten Käfigs. Denkbare Spezies mit zwei oder mehr schwach wechselwirkenden Elektronen bilden ebenfalls H

magnified image

H‐Brücken. Für diese Spezies finden wir, dass die Singulett‐Zustände (S=0) bei etwas tieferer Energie liegen als die Zustände mit ungepaarten Spins (S=1, 2…︁). TD‐DFT‐Rechnungen an verschiedenen Ionenpaaren zeigen, dass die drei intensivsten elektronischen Anregungen von den Übergängen aus dem SOMO (mit s‐Pseudosymmetrie) in die niedrigsten p‐artigen Niveaus stammen. Die optischen Absorptionsspektren sind weitgehend unabhängig vom Metall, und wir können die in das Sichtbare reichende Absorptionsflanke gut erklären. Letztere verursacht die “schöne blaue Farbe”, die Sir Humphry Davy vor 200 Jahren erstmals beobachtete.
A Molecular Perspective on Lithium–Ammonia Solutions
Authors: Zurek Eva , Edwards Peter P. , Hoffmann Roald
Published: October 2009

A detailed molecular orbital (MO) analysis of the structure and electronic properties of the great variety of species in lithium–ammonia solutions is provided. In the odd‐electron, doublet states we have considered: e−@(NH3)n (the solvated electron, likely to be a dynamic ensemble of molecules), the Li(NH3)4 monomer, and the [Li(NH3)4+ ⋅ e−@(NH3)n] ion‐pairs, the Li 2s electron enters a diffuse orbital built up largely from the lowest unoccupied MOs of the ammonia molecules. The singly occupied MOs are bonding between the hydrogen atoms; we call this stabilizing interaction H

magnified image

H bonding. In e−@(NH3)n the odd electron is not located in the center of the cavities formed by the ammonia molecules. Possible species with two or more weakly interacting electrons also exhibit H

magnified image

H bonding. For these, we find that the singlet (S=0) states are slightly lower in energy than those with unpaired (S=1, 2…︁) spins. TD–DFT calculations on various ion‐pairs show that the three most intense electronic excitations arise from the transition between the SOMO (of s pseudosymmetry) into the lowest lying p–like levels. The optical absorption spectra are relatively metal–independent, and account for the absorption tail which extends into the visible. This is the source of Sir Humphry Davy’s “fine blue colour” first observed just over 200 years ago.
Improvement in quality control for applications used by marine engineers
Authors: Orosa José A. , Oliveira Armando C.
Published: October 2009

At present, engineering students must learn an adequate programming language that allows them to easily automate typical problems. This result is more important when we require an adequate graphical representation of the problem, as is usually done in engineering. This study presents an optimal programming language for quality control analysis. The results show that Visual Basic for Applications is the most adequate language that reduces the programming time; moreover, it is compatible with limited resources. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 187–192, 2012
Systemic rapamycin without loading dose for restenosis prevention after coronary bare metal stent implantation
Authors: Stojkovic Sinisa , Ostojic Miodrag , Nedeljkovic Milan , Stankovic Goran , Beleslin Branko , Vukcevic Vladan , Orlic Dejan , Arandjelovic Aleksandra , Kostic Jelena , Dikic Miodrag , Tomasevic Miloje
Published: October 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the role of short oral administration of rapamycin, without loading dose, in the reduction of restenosis rate after bare metal stent implantation. Background: Previous studies suggest that the administration of oral rapamycin reduces angiographic restenosis after bare metal stent implantation. Methods: This was prospective, open‐label study of 80 patients randomized to either oral rapamycin (2 mg/day for 30 days, starting within 24 hr of stent implantation) or no therapy after implantation of a coronary bare metal stent. The primary study end point was incidence of angiographic binary restenosis and late loss at six months. The secondary end points were target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 6 months. Results: Angiographic follow up was completed in 72/80 (90%) of patients. In the rapamycin group, the drug was well tolerated (22.5% minor side effects) and was maintained in 100% of patients. At six months, the in‐segment binary restenosis was 10.5% in rapamycin group vs. 51.4% in no‐therapy group, P < 0.001) and the in‐stent binary restenosis was 7.9% in rapamycin group vs. 48.7% in no‐therapy group, P < 0.001. The in‐segment late loss was also significantly reduced with oral therapy (0.29 ± 0.39 vs. 0.86 ± 0.64 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). Similarly, after six months, patients in the oral rapamycin group also showed a significantly lower incidence of TLR and TVR (7% vs. 22.7%, respectively, P = 0.039) and MACE (7% vs. 22.7%, respectively, P = 0.039). Conclusions: This study showed that the administration of oral rapamycin (2 mg/day, without loading dose) during 30 days after stent implantation significantly reduces angiographic and clinical parameters of restenosis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary intervention with 4‐French catheters
Authors: Takeshita Satoshi , Tanaka Shinji , Saito Shigeru
Published: October 2009

Objectives: We sought to determine whether 4‐Fr percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with technical difficulties that might have an unfavorable impact on procedural parameters. Background: Four‐Fr PCI is often associated with difficulties in catheter manipulation, which may lead to greater time consumption and increased dye usage when compared with PCI employing larger guiding catheters. Methods: From July 2007 to March 2009, 62 patients underwent 4‐Fr PCI. Procedural characteristics were compared between patients who underwent 4‐Fr PCI in 2007 (early phase: 31 lesions in 26 patients) and those underwent in 2008 or later (later phase: 40 lesions in 36 patients). Results: Ad‐hoc coronary intervention (3% vs. 23%, P < 0.05) and deep‐vessel intubation (46% vs. 91%, P < 0.05) were observed less frequently in the late phase than the early phase. Fluoroscopy time (8 ± 6 min vs. 17 ± 15 min, P < 0.05) and the amount of contrast dye used (64 ± 33 mL vs. 90 ± 46 mL, P < 0.05) were significantly reduced in the late phase than the early phase. No access site‐related complications were observed in patients in either phase. Conclusions: The performance of 4‐Fr PCI requires a certain learning curve, following which a reduction in fluoroscopy time and use of contrast dye may be achieved. This improvement in procedural parameters and the low incidence of access site‐related complications might allow 4‐Fr PCI to serve as a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of coronary artery diseases. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pd0‐Mediated Rapid Coupling between Methyl Iodide and Heteroarylstannanes: An Efficient and General Method for the Incorporation of a Positron‐Emitting 11C Radionuclide into Heteroaromatic Frameworks
Authors: Suzuki Masaaki , Sumi Kengo , Koyama Hiroko , Siqin  , Hosoya Takamitsu , Takashima‐Hirano Misato , Doi Hisashi
Published: October 2009

The Pd0‐mediated rapid trapping of methyl iodide with an excess amount of a heteroaryl‐substituted tributylstannane has been investigated with the aim of incorporating a short‐lived 11C‐labelled methyl group into the heteroaromatic carbon frameworks of important organic compounds, such as drugs with various heteroaromatic structures, in order to execute a positron emission tomography (PET) study of vital systems. The reaction was first performed by using our previously developed CH3I/stannane/[Pd2(dba)3]/P(o‐CH3C6H4)3/CuCl/K2CO3 (1:40:0.5:2:2:2) system in DMF at 60 °C for 5 min (conditions A), however, the reaction gave low yields for various heteroaromatic compounds. Increasing the amount of phosphine ligand (conditions B) led to a significant improvement in the yield, but the conditions were still not suitable for a range of basic heteroaromatic structures. Use of the CuBr/CsF system (conditions C) also provided a result similar to that obtained under conditions B with an increased amount of the phosphine. Thus, pyridine and related heteroaromatic compounds remained less reactive substrates. The problem was overcome by replacing the DMF solvent with N‐methyl‐2‐pyrolidinone (NMP). The reaction in NMP at 60–100 °C for 5 min using a CH3I/stannane/[Pd2(dba)3]/P(o‐CH3C6H4)3/CuBr/CsF (1:40:0.5:16:2:5) combination (conditions D) gave the methylated products in yields of more than 80 % (based on the reaction of CH3I) for all of the heteroaromatic compounds listed in this study. Thus, the combined use of NMP and an increased amount of phosphine is important for promoting the reaction efficiently. The use of this general approach to rapid methylation has been well demonstrated by the synthesis of the PET tracers 2‐ and 3‐[11C]methylpyridines by using [Pd2(dba)3]/P(o‐CH3C6H4)3/CuBr/CsF (1:16:2:5) in NMP at 60 °C for 5 min, which gives the desired products in HPLC analytical yields of 88 and 91 %, respectively.
Synthesis of a Resorcylic Acid Lactone (RAL) Library Using Fluorous‐Mixture Synthesis and Profile of its Selectivity Against a Panel of Kinases
Authors: Jogireddy Rajamalleswaramma , Dakas Pierre‐Yves , Valot Gaëlle , Barluenga Sofia , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: October 2009

A library of resorcylic acid lactones (RAL) containing a cis‐enone moiety targeting kinases bearing a cysteine residue within the ATP‐binding pocket was prepared using a fluorous‐mixture synthesis and evaluated against a panel of 19 kinases thus providing important structure–activity trends. Two new analogues were then profiled for their selectivity against a panel of 402 kinases providing the broadest evaluation of this pharmacophores’ selectivity.
Synthetic Retinoids: Structure–Activity Relationships
Authors: Barnard Jonathan H. , Collings Jonathan C. , Whiting Andrew , Przyborski Stefan A. , Marder Todd B.
Published: October 2009

Retinoid signalling pathways are involved in numerous processes in cells, particularly those mediating differentiation and apoptosis. The endogenous ligands that bind to the retinoid receptors, namely all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9‐cis‐retinoic acid, are prone to double‐bond isomerisation and to oxidation by metabolic enzymes, which can have significant and deleterious effects on their activities and selectivities. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of synthetic retinoids, which are often much more stable, as well as being more active. Modification of their molecular structures can result in retinoids that act as antagonists, rather than agonists, or exhibit a large degree of selectivity for particular retinoid‐receptor isotypes. Several such selective retinoids are likely to be of value as pharmaceutical agents with reduced toxicities, particularly in cancer therapy, as reagents for controlling cell differentiation, and as tools for elucidating the precise roles that specific retinoid signalling pathways play within cells.
Azetidinones as Zinc‐Binding Groups to Design Selective HDAC8 Inhibitors
Authors: Galletti Paola , Quintavalla Arianna , Ventrici Caterina , Giannini Giuseppe , Cabri Walter , Penco Sergio , Gallo Grazia , Vincenti Silvia , Giacomini Daria
Published: October 2009

2‐Azetidinones, commonly known as β‐lactams, are well‐known heterocyclic compounds. Herein we described the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel β‐lactams. In vitro inhibition assays against HDAC isoforms showed an interesting isoform‐selectivity of these compounds towards HDAC6 and HDAC8. The isoform selectivity changed in response to modification of the azetidinone‐ring nitrogen atom substituent. The presence of an N‐thiomethyl group is a prerequisite for the activity of these compounds in the micromolar range towards HDAC8.
High content image cytometry in the context of subnuclear organization
Authors: De Vos W. H. , Van Neste L. , Dieriks B. , Joss G. H. , Van Oostveldt P.
Published: October 2009

The organization of proteins in space and time is essential to their function. To accurately quantify subcellular protein characteristics in a population of cells with regard for the stochasticity of events in a natural context, there is a fast‐growing need for image‐based cytometry. Simultaneously, the massive amount of data that is generated by image‐cytometric analyses, calls for tools that enable pattern recognition and automated classification. In this article, we present a general approach for multivariate phenotypic profiling of individual cell nuclei and quantification of subnuclear spots using automated fluorescence mosaic microscopy, optimized image processing tools, and supervised classification. We demonstrate the efficiency of our analysis by determination of differential DNA damage repair patterns in response to genotoxic stress and radiation, and we show the potential of data mining in pinpointing specific phenotypes after transient transfection. The presented approach allowed for systematic analysis of subnuclear features in large image data sets and accurate classification of phenotypes at the level of the single cell. Consequently, this type of nuclear fingerprinting shows potential for high‐throughput applications, such as functional protein assays or drug compound screening. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Significance of cell proliferation markers (Minichromosome maintenance protein 7, topoisomerase IIα and Ki‐67) in cavital fluid cytology: Can we differentiate reactive mesothelial cells from malignant cells?
Authors: Kimura Fumikazu , Kawamura Jumpei , Watanabe Jun , Kamoshida Shingo , Kawai Kenji , Okayasu Isao , Kuwao Sadahito
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether immunocytochemical expressions of proliferation markers, such as minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (MCM 7), topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα), and Ki‐67, in reactive mesothelial cells and malignant cells obtained from cavital fluids could be useful for their differential diagnosis. Samples diagnosed as reactive mesothelial cells (14 cases) or malignant tumors (28 cases) in cavital fluids were examined. Immunocytochemical staining of MCM 7, topo IIα, and Ki‐67 was performed with the universal immunoperoxidase polymer method. In reactive mesothelial cells, MCM 7 was stained in a fine granular pattern and its distribution was uniform in the nuclei. Topo IIα and Ki‐67 were stained in a coarse granular pattern and the distributions were the same as MCM 7. In contrast, in malignant cells, MCM 7 was stained in an irregular and fine granular pattern, and topo IIα and Ki‐67 were stained in a uniform and coarse granular pattern. Labeling indices of MCM 7 (cut‐off value; 30%, sensitivity; 100%, and specificity; 100%), topo IIα (cut‐off value; 15%, sensitivity; 89.3%, and specificity; 92.9%) and Ki‐67 (cut‐off value; 30%, sensitivity; 64.3%, and specificity; 92.9%) of malignant cells were significantly higher than those of reactive mesothelial cells. MCM 7, topo IIα, and Ki‐67 are different types of cell proliferation markers. MCM 7 and topo IIα, in particular, could be reliable tools for differential diagnosis between reactive mesothelial cells and malignant cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First Hexanuclear UIV and ThIV Formate Complexes – Structure and Stability Range in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Takao Shinobu , Takao Koichiro , Kraus Werner , Emmerling Franziska , Scheinost Andreas C. , Bernhard Gert , Hennig Christoph
Published: October 2009

The actinide(IV) hexanuclear [M6(μ3‐O)4(μ3‐OH)4(HCOO)12(LT)6] complexes were prepared (LT = H2O or CH3OH). Their structures were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis and XAFS spectroscopy. HCOO– acts as a bridging ligand, which prevents the formation of polynuclear hydrolysis species like UIV hydrous oxide colloids at least up to pH = 3.25, and stabilizes the nanosized clusters in solution. The charge of the hexamer is balanced by the O/OH ratio of the μ3‐bridges.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
On the birth of ancient civilizations: Comments on a paper by Eric R. Force
Authors: Guo Rongxing
Published: October 2009

Force's (2008) theory cannot explain the birth of several major ancient civilizations, including those in Egypt and China. In addition, most of the ancient civilizations considered in Force's research were not primary civilizations and they had been influenced to some extent by other, earlier civilizations. If one considers the world's major primary civilizations, then rivers and their cyclic nature of annual floods—not tectonic plate boundaries and earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions—were a greater catalyst to the birth of the world's oldest civilizations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paleoeskimo site taphonomy: An assessment of the integrity of the Tayara site, Qikirtaq Island, Nunavik, Canada
Authors: Todisco Dominique , Bhiry Najat , Desrosiers Pierre M.
Published: October 2009

A detailed taphonomic study was undertaken at the Tayara site in order to determine the impact of natural processes such as surface water flow on spatial patterning and site formation. The study focused on Paleoeskimo level II, which contains many lithics and significant faunal remains. Level II integrity was assessed through spatial analysis and by examining the size distribution of lithic artifacts and bone orientation. Experimental knapping aimed at replicating Paleoeskimo lithic technology was used to assess the possible size sorting of lithics. The study indicates that artifact burial by water‐laid sediments did not result in a selective impoverishment in small‐sized lithics. Statistically significant lithic concentrations and associations suggest that spatial distribution was not significantly modified by site formation processes. However, slight post‐depositional changes were presumably induced by water flows in the form of statistically significant horizontal bone reorientations. These occurred when gently flowing water inundated bone accumulations without inducing significant washing or sorting of smaller lithic debris. The spatial integrity evaluation of the level II assemblage reveals a low degree of spatial disturbance and disorganization of the material (i.e., limited entropy), which is likely related to low‐energy hydraulic forces and rapid burial soon after Paleoeskimo occupation. The grouping and deposition of much of the occupation debris is likely the result of Paleoeskimo activities (e.g., knapping and butchering), and the lithics and fauna specimens are probably at or very near their original location. These results show the behavioral significance of the grouping and deposition of debris in Tayara's level II. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ceramic production during the Middle Horizon: Wari and Tiwanaku clay procurement in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
Authors: Sharratt Nicola , Golitko Mark , Ryan Williams P. , Dussubieux Laure
Published: October 2009

As the only place simultaneously occupied by the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600–1000) Andean states, the Tiwanaku and the Wari, the Moquegua Valley in southern Peru is of critical importance to understanding relations between the two states. Visual studies of Tiwanaku and Wari ceramics in the valley have elucidated differences in form and decoration. The procurement of raw clays was central to the production of these ceramics, and understanding where people procured their clay may provide insight into the social and economic interactions between these two states. Survey of the Moquegua Valley indicates the extensive availability of raw clays. Results of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses of clays indicate that there is heterogeneity in the chemical signature of the valley's clays and that at least five different clay groups can be distinguished. Comparison of these clays with LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of ceramics from a Tiwanaku site and a Wari site demonstrates that although Tiwanaku and Wari colonists in Moquegua used locally available clays during the Middle Horizon, the clay sources exploited by potters from each state were different and derived from areas located within their respective middle and upper valley territories. This information provides a basis for future chemical analysis of ceramics from the Moquegua Valley and improved understanding of past social and economic interactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal socialization and child temperament as predictors of emotion regulation in Turkish preschoolers
Authors: Yagmurlu Bilge , Altan Ozge
Published: October 2009

This study investigated the role of maternal socialization and temperament in Turkish preschool children's emotion regulation. Participants consisted of 145 preschoolers (79 boys, 69 girls; Mage= 62 months), their mothers, and daycare teachers from middle‐high socioeconomic suburbs of Istanbul. Maternal child‐rearing practices and emotion socialization behaviours were examined together as interconnected constituents of parenting in relation to emotion regulation skills in young children. Mothers completed a set of questionnaires that measured their child's emotion regulation and temperament as well as their own emotion socialization and child‐rearing behaviours. Teachers also completed a scale that measured the child's ability to regulate emotions. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that child's reactivity negatively and persistence positively predicted emotion regulation. The interaction of maternal responsiveness and child approach–withdrawal also significantly predicted emotion regulation. Simple slope tests were conducted slicing the data in both directions. In the first instance, for children low in Approach, the simple slope of Responsiveness on emotion regulation score was significantly positive. In contrast, for children high in Approach, the simple slope of Responsiveness on emotion regulation score was not significant. In the second instance, for mothers average in Responsiveness, the simple slope of Approach on emotion regulation score was significantly positive. In contrast, for mothers high in Responsiveness, the simple slope of Approach on emotion regulation was not significant. These findings were considered within an interactional model in which positive parenting and inhibited temperament are significant predictors of emotion regulation in Turkish preschoolers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemosensitivity profile assay of circulating cancer cells: prognostic and predictive value in epithelial tumors
Authors: Gazzaniga Paola , Naso Giuseppe , Gradilone Angela , Cortesi Enrico , Gandini Orietta , Gianni Walter , Fabbri Maria Agnese , Vincenzi Bruno , di Silverio Franco , Frati Luigi , Aglianò Anna Maria , Cristofanilli Massimo
Published: October 2009

The prognostic value associated with the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic breast cancer by the CellSearch™ technology raise additional issues regarding the biological value of this information. We postulated that a drug‐resistance profile of CTCs may predict response to chemotherapy in cancer patients and therefore could be used for patient selection. One hundred 5 patients with diagnosis of carcinoma were enrolled in a prospective trial. CTCs were isolated from peripheral blood, and positive samples were evaluated for the expression of a panel of genes involved in anticancer drugs resistance. The drug‐resistance profile was correlated with disease‐free survival (DFS; patients in adjuvant setting) and time to progression (TTP; metastatic patients) in a 24‐months follow‐up. Objective response correlation was a secondary end point. Fifty‐one percent of patients were found positive for CTCs while all blood samples from healthy donors were negative. The drug‐resistance profile correlates with DFS and TTP (p < 0.001 in both). Sensitivity of the test: able to predict treatment response in 98% of patients. Specificity of the test: 100%; no sample from healthy subject was positive for the presence of CTCs. Positive and negative predictive values were found to be 96.5 and 100%, respectively. We identified a drug‐resistance profile of CTCs, which is predictive of response to chemotherapy, independent of tumor type and stage of disease. This approach may represent a first step toward the individualization of chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Focal amplifications are associated with high grade and recurrences in stage Ta bladder carcinoma
Authors: Nord Helena , Segersten Ulrika , Sandgren Johanna , Wester Kenneth , Busch Christer , Menzel Uwe , Komorowski Jan , Dumanski Jan P. , Malmström Per‐Uno , de Ståhl Teresita Díaz
Published: October 2009

Urinary bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with tumors ranging from papillary noninvasive (stage Ta) to solid muscle infiltrating tumors (stage T2+). The risk of progression and death for the most frequent diagnosed type, Ta, is low, but the high incidence of recurrences has a significant effect on the patients' quality of life and poses substantial costs for health care systems. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to search for predictive factors of recurrence on the basis of genetic profiling. A clinically well characterized cohort of Ta bladder carcinomas, selected by the presence or absence of recurrences, was evaluated by an integrated analysis of DNA copy number changes and gene expression (clone‐based 32K, respectively, U133Plus2.0 arrays). Only a few chromosomal aberrations have previously been defined in superficial bladder cancer. Surprisingly, the profiling of Ta tumors with a high‐resolution array showed that DNA copy alterations are relatively common in this tumor type. Furthermore, we observed an overrepresentation of focal amplifications within high‐grade and recurrent cases. Known (FGFR3, CCND1, MYC, MDM2) and novel candidate genes were identified within the loci. For example, MYBL2, a nuclear transcription factor involved in cell‐cycle progression; YWHAB, an antiapoptotic protein; and SDC4, an important component of focal adhesions represent interesting candidates detected within two amplicons on chromosome 20, for which DNA amplification correlated with transcript up‐regulation. The observed overrepresentation of amplicons within high‐grade and recurrent cases may be clinically useful for the identification of patients who will benefit from a more aggressive therapy.
Association between obesity and the risk of malignant lymphoma in Japanese: a case–control study
Authors: Kanda Junya , Matsuo Keitaro , Suzuki Takeshi , Hosono Satoyo , Ito Hidemi , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Seto Masao , Morishima Yasuo , Tajima Kazuo , Tanaka Hideo
Published: October 2009

Although marked differences in anthropometric characteristics and malignant lymphoma (ML) incidence suggest that the association between obesity and ML risk in Asian and non‐Asian populations may differ, few studies have investigated this association in Asian populations. Here, we conducted a sex‐ and age‐matched case–control study in a Japanese population using 782 cases and 3,910 noncancer controls in the hospital‐based Epidemiological Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for anthropometric characteristics were estimated using a conditional logistic regression model that incorporated smoking and alcohol intake. Recent body weight and body mass index (BMI) showed marginally significant association with ML risk (ORs [95% CIs] per 5‐unit increase in recent weight and BMI; 1.04 [0.99–1.09] and 1.11 [0.98–1.27], respectively). On the other hand, weight and BMI in early adulthood exhibited a strong association with ML risk (ORs [95% CIs] per 5‐unit increase in early adulthood weight and BMI; 1.11 [1.05–1.18] and 1.33 [1.13–1.55], respectively). Further, in women, a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, defined as obesity in Asian populations, during early adulthood was significantly associated with ML risk compared to the normal range of 18.5–22.9 kg/m2. By histological ML subtype, the point estimates of ORs for obesity relative to normal weight in early adulthood were over unity for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) as a whole and significant for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In conclusion, our study in Japanese subjects suggested that early adulthood obesity is associated with the risk of NHL, particularly DLBCL.