bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time series forecasting methods for the Baltic dry index
Authors: Katris Christos , Kavussanos Manolis G.
Published: April 2021

This paper forecasts the daily Baltic Dry Index (BDI) using time series and machine learning methods. Significant business cycles and freight rate volatility present in the ocean‐going shipping industry make the ability to forecast freight rates and cycles extremely important for business decisions. Data‐driven model selection based on data characteristics is performed through ARIMA, fractional ARIMA (FARIMA), and ARIMA and FARIMA models with GARCH and EGARCH errors. The corresponding machine learning techniques utilized are feed‐forward fully connected artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector regression (SVR), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). Among others, FARIMA and MARS models are used for the first time in forecasting the BDI. Diebold–Mariano tests reveal that time series and machine learning approaches have comparable performance. However, combinations of forecasts of the selected models lead to better forecasting accuracy overall. Bai and Perron tests are utilized to check the robustness of the results over different cycles through the detection of breakpoints in the series.
Open Science in regulatory environmental risk assessment
Authors: Brock Theo C. M. , Elliott Kevin C. , Gladbach Anja , Moermond Caroline , Romeis Jörg , Seiler Thomas-Benjamin , Solomon Keith , Peter Dohmen G.
Published: April 2021

A possible way to alleviate the public skepticism toward regulatory science is to increase transparency by making all data and value judgments used in regulatory decision making accessible for public interpretation, ideally early on in the process, and following the concepts of Open Science. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges in strengthening Open Science initiatives in regulatory environmental risk assessment (ERA). In this discussion paper, we argue that the benefits associated with Open Science in regulatory ERA far outweigh its perceived risks. All stakeholders involved in regulatory ERA (e.g., governmental regulatory authorities, private sector, academia, and nongovernmental organizations), as well as professional organizations like the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, can play a key role in supporting the Open Science initiative, by promoting the use of recommended reporting criteria for reliability and relevance of data and tools used in ERA, and by developing a communication strategy for both professionals and nonprofessionals to transparently explain the socioeconomic value judgments and scientific principles underlying regulatory ERA. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1229–1242. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

KEY POINTS

Open Science is important to increase transparency and trust in regulatory Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA). Open Science requires that data, tools, and value judgments used in decision making are made accessible for public interpretation. Benefits associated with Open Science outweigh its perceived risks. Open Science in regulatory ERA is supported by promoting the use of reporting criteria for reliability and relevance of data and tools.
Agrochemical occurrence on colocated wildflowers and wild bees collected near beef cattle feed yards and row crops
Authors: Peterson Eric M. , Green Frank B. , Subbiah Seenivasan , Emert Amanda , Smith Philip N.
Published: April 2021

It is well established that agrochemicals can pose significant threats to native pollinators; however, relatively little is known about pollinator risks associated with agrochemicals that are used on beef cattle feed yards. Recently, feed yard-derived agrochemicals and those from row crop agriculture were quantified on wildflowers growing on the High Plains, USA. To better characterize pollinator risks on the High Plains, we collected colocated wildflowers and foraging bees across three field seasons for analytical determination of residual agrochemicals. Agrochemicals were detected and quantified on the majority of wildflowers (85%) and nearly half of bees (49%). Permethrin was the most frequently detected analyte on wildflowers (32%) and bees (17%). Flower hazard quotients and flower hazard indices were calculated to deterministically evaluate risk to foraging pollinators. Mean flower hazard quotients exceeded one for 5/16 analytes (31%), and flower hazard quotients calculated for 30% of wildflowers were greater than 50. Flower hazard quotients for clothianidin exceeded 400 for 14% of wildflowers, which portends conditions conducive to frequent bee mortalities. Flower hazard indices were greater on wildflowers from mid-July to mid-September as compared with wildflowers collected earlier in the summer, which coincides with row crop planting and increased prevalence of feed yard flies. Hazard quotients and hazard index values calculated from agrochemical residue data suggest that pollinators frequenting wildflowers near beef cattle feed yards and row crops on the High Plains are at risk from both individual sources, and more so when considered in combination. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:163–173. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Beef cattle feed yard and row crop agrochemicals were detected and quantified on the majority of wildflowers (85%) and nearly half of bees (49%) collected on the High Plains of the United States. Flower hazard quotients and flower hazard indices were calculated to deterministically evaluate risk to foraging pollinators. Over 30% of wildflowers sampled contained agrochemicals at concentrations that pose elevated risk to pollinators and 14% of wildflower samples contained agrochemicals that could result in extensive bee mortalities.
Lessons learned from a corporate manufacturer on driving the adoption of nature-based solutions
Authors: Davis Jarod , Guertin France , Guidry Todd , Rogers Martha , Saunders Zen , Uhl Michael
Published: April 2021

Companies are increasingly focused on driving the adoption of nature-based solutions across their organizations. Yet, implementing nature-based solutions within existing regulatory frameworks poses a unique set of challenges. In this paper, we present three nature-based solution case studies from The Dow Chemical Company and The Nature Conservancy's nearly 10-year collaboration. In the first case study, we focus on the potential benefits of reforestation to support the state's air quality improvement efforts. Ultimately, federal and state authorities did not approve of the reforestation project. Following this early setback, the collaboration team developed a suite of science-based tools that could be used to better advocate for government approval for the implementation of nature-based solutions. In the second case study, we highlight how one of these tools, the Ecosystem Services Identification & Inventory Tool, was used to improve communications about the benefits of nature-based solutions with regulatory agencies. In this case, Dow ultimately received approval for the restoration of a wetland to remediate an existing ash pond. Finally, the third case study highlights how engaging the right expertise through collaboration between the private sector and conservationists can improve land management strategies. Overall, this paper emphasizes the importance of robust conservation science, tools and expertise, and thoughtful collaboration as necessary means of driving the adoption of nature-based solutions both within a company and by its regulating entities. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:74–81. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

This paper emphasizes the importance of robust conservation science, tools and expertise, and thoughtful collaboration as necessary means of driving the adoption of nature-based solutions both within a company and by their regulating entities.
Dietary intake and plasma phospholipid concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated and trans fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort
Authors: Aglago Elom K. , Murphy Neil , Huybrechts Inge , Nicolas Geneviève , Casagrande Corinne , Fedirko Veronika , Weiderpass Elisabete , Rothwell Joseph A. , Dahm Christina C. , Olsen Anja , Tjønneland Anne , Kaaks Rudolf , Katzke Verena , Schulze Matthias B. , Masala Giovanna , Agnoli Claudia , Panico Salvatore , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita Bas H. , Derksen Jeroen W. G. , Skeie Guri , Gram Inger Torhild , Brustad Magritt , Jakszyn Paula , Sánchez Maria‐Jose , Amiano Pilar , Huerta José María , Ericson Ulrika , Wennberg Maria , Perez‐Cornago Aurora , Heath Alicia K. , Jenab Mazda , Chajes Veronique , Gunter Marc J.
Published: April 2021

Epidemiologic studies examining the association between specific fatty acids and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk are inconclusive. We investigated the association between dietary estimates and plasma levels of individual and total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), industrial‐processed trans (iTFA), and ruminant‐sourced trans (rTFA) fatty acids, and CRC risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Baseline fatty acid intakes were estimated in 450 112 participants (6162 developed CRC, median follow‐up = 15 years). In a nested case‐control study, plasma phospholipid fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography in 433 colon cancer cases and 433 matched controls. Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Cox and conditional logistic regression, respectively. Dietary total SFA (highest vs lowest quintile, HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.80; 95%CI:0.69‐0.92), myristic acid (HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.83, 95%CI:0.74‐0.93) and palmitic acid (HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.81, 95%CI:0.70‐0.93) were inversely associated with CRC risk. Plasma myristic acid was also inversely associated with colon cancer risk (highest vs lowest quartile, ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.51; 95%CI:0.32‐0.83), whereas a borderline positive association was found for plasma stearic acid (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.63; 95%CI:1.00‐2.64). Dietary total MUFA was inversely associated with colon cancer (per 1‐SD increment, HR1‐SD = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.85‐0.98), but not rectal cancer (HR1‐SD = 1.04, 95%CI:0.95‐1.15, Pheterogeneity = 0.027). Dietary iTFA, and particularly elaidic acid, was positively associated with rectal cancer (HR1‐SD = 1.07, 95%CI:1.02‐1.13). Our results suggest that total and individual saturated fatty acids and fatty acids of industrial origin may be relevant to the aetiology of CRC. Both dietary and plasma myristic acid levels were inversely associated with colon cancer risk, which warrants further investigation.
Longitudinal evaluation for COVID‐19 chest CT disease progression based on Tchebichef moments
Authors: Tang Lu , Tian Chuangeng , Meng Yankai , Xu Kai
Published: April 2021

Blur is a key property in the perception of COVID‐19 computed tomography (CT) image manifestations. Typically, blur causes edge extension, which brings shape changes in infection regions. Tchebichef moments (TM) have been verified efficiently in shape representation. Intuitively, disease progression of same patient over time during the treatment is represented as different blur degrees of infection regions, since different blur degrees cause the magnitudes change of TM on infection regions image, blur of infection regions can be captured by TM. With the above observation, a longitudinal objective quantitative evaluation method for COVID‐19 disease progression based on TM is proposed. COVID‐19 disease progression CT image database (COVID‐19 DPID) is built to employ radiologist subjective ratings and manual contouring, which can test and compare disease progression on the CT images acquired from the same patient over time. Then the images are preprocessed, including lung automatic segmentation, longitudinal registration, slice fusion, and a fused slice image with region of interest (ROI) is obtained. Next, the gradient of a fused ROI image is calculated to represent the shape. The gradient image of fused ROI is separated into same size blocks, a block energy is calculated as quadratic sum of non‐direct current moment values. Finally, the objective assessment score is obtained by TM energy‐normalized applying block variances. We have conducted experiment on COVID‐19 DPID and the experiment results indicate that our proposed metric supplies a satisfactory correlation with subjective evaluation scores, demonstrating effectiveness in the quantitative evaluation for COVID‐19 disease progression.
Effects of plant species identity override diversity effects in explaining sedimentation within vegetation in a flume experiment
Authors: Kretz Lena , Koll Katinka , Seele‐Dilbat Carolin , van der Plas Fons , Weigelt Alexandra , Wirth Christian
Published: April 2021

During floods, sediments suspended in river water deposit on floodplains. Thus, floodplains are a key to improving river water quality. Yet, the factors that determine the amount of fine sediment that deposits on floodplains are largely unknown. Plant diversity typically increases structural diversity, whereas the vegetation structure and the structural characteristics of individual species are known to influence sedimentation. We hypothesised that species diversity, in addition to species identity, may promote sediment retention. Our study aimed to disentangle the effects of species richness and species identity, via differences in vegetation structure, on sediment retention within herbaceous vegetation patches. In a flume experiment, we investigated sedimentation on 30 vegetation patches (40 × 60 cm2). We created patches with five different species‐richness levels (3, 4, 6, 8, and 11 species), each replicated six times. Species were randomly selected from 14 common floodplain species. We inundated the patches with silt‐ and clay‐rich water and measured the amount of accumulated sediment on the vegetation and on the ground underneath it. Species richness significantly increased sedimentation underneath the vegetation (R2 = 0.17). However, including species identity effects in a structural equation model, we showed that individual species' presence largely drove these effects. Alopecurus pratensis had a direct negative effect on sedimentation on the vegetation, whereas Bromus inermis and Elymus repens had indirect positive effects through an increase in total biomass (R2 = 0.42). Elymus repens had a direct negative, and Urtica dioica a direct positive effect on sedimentation underneath the vegetation (R2 = 0.38). Our results indicate that selecting the most effective species, rather than as many species as possible, may have the greatest benefits for promoting sedimentation. Overall, we conclude that floodplain management that aims to increase sediment retention should alter the vegetation structure of meadows by increasing vegetation biomass.
Integration of experimental functional analysis procedural advancements: Progressing from brief to extended experimental analyses
Authors: Henry Justine E. , Kelley Michael E. , LaRue Robert H. , Kettering Tracy L. , Gadaire Dana M. , Sloman Kimberly N.
Published: April 2021

Despite the utility of experimental functional analysis methodology, not all applications produce differentiated results. Factors such as interaction effects or methodological inefficiencies may compromise the likelihood of obtaining differentiated outcomes. Various studies have addressed methods to improve the efficiency of experimental functional analysis methodology (e.g., analysis of within‐session responding). In the current study, we describe an updated model for progressing from brief to extended experimental analyses. The model incorporates several procedural refinements developed over the past 20+ years of experimental functional analysis research and additional conditions to confirm or annul findings. We present data for 20 participants who were referred for assessment and treatment of a variety of behavior problems (e.g., stereotypy, aggression, self‐injury). We generally terminated the analyses when response patterns were consistent with established best‐practice functional analysis methodology. Results showed conclusive interpretations were obtained for 100% of participants.
Ultraviolet B irradiation decreases CXCL10 expression in keratinocytes through endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Ohnishi Tomokazu , Hisadome Mitsuhiro , Joji Kusuyama , Chiba Norika , Amir Muhammad Subhan , Kanekura Takuro , Matsuguchi Tetsuya
Published: April 2021

Ultraviolet radiation is one of the standard treatment selections for psoriasis. interferon (IFN)‐γ and IFN‐γ‐induced CXCL10, which are highly expressed by keratinocytes in psoriasis lesion, are therapeutic targets for psoriasis. In this study, we found that ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation inhibited IFN‐γ signaling events, including STAT1 phosphorylation and induction of CXCL10 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in keratinocytes. IFN‐γ‐induced expression of CXCL10 mRNA in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line, and human epithelial keratinocytes were also inhibited by H2O2 or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducers. Conversely, a mixture of antioxidants, Trolox and ascorbic acid, and the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal partially counteracted the inhibitory effect of UVB on IFN‐γ‐induced CXCL10 mRNA expression in HaCaT cells. We also found that UVB and ER stress reduced IFN‐γ receptor 1 protein levels in the plasma membrane fraction of keratinocytes. These observations suggested that ER stress and the generation of reactive oxygen species are essential for the inhibitory effect of UVB on IFN‐γ‐induced CXCL10 mRNA in keratinocytes.
Using Instagram as a tool to enhance anatomy learning at two US dental schools
Authors: Nguyen Vuvi H. , Lyden Elizabeth R. , Yoachim Shayla D.
Published: April 2021

Although growing evidence supports the inclusion of social media in education, no studies to date have investigated the potential role of Instagram in anatomy education for dental students. Anatomists at University of Texas School of Dentistry (UTSD) and University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) College of Dentistry created unique Instagram pages supplemental to traditional pedagogy, aiming to provide easily‐accessible, interactive content for our tech‐savvy students. The aim of this study was to evaluate students’ perspectives of the use of social media in education and their respective professor's Instagram page. In the fall of 2020, 170 students (86 from UTSD and 84 from UNMC) voluntarily participated in a survey via Qualtrics. The majority of respondents (85.1%) had seven or more years of experience with social media, and 96.9% of students reported using social media as a source of information with 92.5% using for educational purposes. All students agreed that their respective professor's page has been helpful for anatomy study and review, added to their understanding of anatomy, is convenient, engaging, and professional. While consistent themes emerged between cohorts, UNMC students had a higher level of agreement regarding their page's added relevance to learning in the class/clinic (p = 0.0016), while UTSD students reported feeling more comfortable asking their professor questions through Instagram (p = 0.015). Among all variables, female students and Generation Z students responded more favorably than male or Generation Y counterparts. Here, the authors describe benefits and considerations for others interested in using Instagram as an educational tool.
De novo frameshift variants of HNRNPU in patients with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy: Two case reports and literature review
Authors: Song Zhenfeng , Zhang Ying , Yang Chengqing , Yi Zhi , Li Fei , Xue Jiao , Yang Xiaofan , Li Baomin
Published: April 2021

Variants in HNRNPU have been reported in patients with epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile 54 (OMIM 602,869). We hereby describe two children from different families with autosomal dominance early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy and summarize the genotype and phenotype of reported individuals.

Whole‐exome sequencing analysis was applied to the patients. De novo frameshift variants in the HNRNPU, c.143_149del7 (p.G48Afs*11) and c.1282delC(p.G429Afs*53) were identified. This is the first time to report Chinese patients with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy caused by HNRNPU variants, and so far, these variants have not been reported in population gene database. This study expands our knowledge of HNRNPU variants and emphasizes the importance of early gene diagnosis.
Equivalence class analysis of responding consistent with the relational frame of opposition
Authors: Alonso‐Alvarez Benigno , Pérez‐González Luis Antonio
Published: April 2021

We replicated and extended studies showing that contextual cues for matching stimuli from 2 separate equivalence classes control the same derived relations as contextual cues for opposition frames in RFT studies. We conducted 2 experiments with 6 college students. In Phase 1, they received training in a conditional discrimination AB. Then, they received training for maintaining AB with X1 as context, and for reversing the sample–comparison relations of AB, with X2. In Phase 2, X1 functioned as context for matching same‐class stimuli, and X2 functioned as context for matching separate‐class stimuli. In Phase 3, X2 controlled the same derived arbitrary relations as cues for opposition frames in RFT studies. This functional equivalence may suggest that X2 functioned as a cue for opposition frames. In Phase 4, participants matched different stimuli with X2 as context, instead of matching most different (opposite) stimuli. In addition, Different, a cue for matching different stimuli, controlled the same derived arbitrary relations as X2. These results are incompatible with X2 being a cue for opposition frames. Contextual control over equivalence and responding by exclusion can explain these outcomes. The implications of these findings for RFT studies on opposition frames are discussed.
Synergistic effect of graphene oxide/calcium phosphate nanofiller in a dentin adhesive on its dentin bond integrity and degree of conversion. A scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, micro‐Raman, and bond strength study
Authors: Almutairi Basil , Kattan Hiba F. , BinMahfooz Abdulelah M. , Qutub Osama A. , Basunbul Ghadeer , ArRejaie Aws S. , Farooq Imran , Vohra Fahim , Abduljabbar Tariq
Published: April 2021

The objective was to formulate and analyze a dentin adhesive incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticle and calcium phosphate (CaP) composite. Methods comprising of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro‐Raman spectroscopy, shear bond strength (SBS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize nanoparticle composite, dentin bond toughness, degree of conversion (DC), and adhesive‐dentin interaction. Postsynthesis of GO nanoparticles, they were functionalized with CaP using standard process. The GO‐CaP composite was not added to experimental adhesive (negative control group, GO‐CaP‐0%), and added at 2.5 and 5 wt% to yield GO‐CaP‐2.5% and GO‐CaP 5% groups, respectively. Teeth were set to form bonded samples utilizing adhesives in three groups for SBS testing, with and without thermocycling. The homogenous diffusion of GO‐CaP composite was verified in the adhesive. Resin tags having standard penetrations were observed on SEM micrographs. The EDX analysis confirmed the occurrence of calcium, phosphorus, and carbon ions in the composite containing adhesives. The SBS test revealed highest mean values for GO‐CaP‐5% followed by GO‐CaP‐2.5%. The FTIR spectra verified the presence of apatite peaks and the micro‐Raman spectra showed characteristic D and G bands for GO nanoparticles. GO‐CaP composite in dentin adhesive may improve its bond strength. The addition of 5 wt% resulted in a bond strength that was superior to all other groups. GO‐CaP‐5% group demonstrated lower DC (to control), uniform distribution of GO and CaP composite within adhesive, appropriate dentin interaction, and resin tag formation.
Alteration of type I interferon response is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in virologically suppressed HIV‐1‐infected male patients
Authors: Santinelli Letizia , De Girolamo Gabriella , Borrazzo Cristian , Vassalini Paolo , Pinacchio Claudia , Cavallari Eugenio Nelson , Statzu Maura , Frasca Federica , Scordio Mirko , Bitossi Camilla , Viscido Agnese , Ceccarelli Giancarlo , Mancone Massimo , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Antonelli Guido , d'Ettorre Gabriella , Scagnolari Carolina
Published: April 2021

Given human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1)‐infected patients have alterations in the type I interferon (IFN‐I) pathway and are also at elevated risk of atherosclerosis, we evaluated IFN‐I response and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) association in HIV‐1‐infected patients. Transcript levels of IFN‐α/β and IFN‐stimulated gene 56 (ISG56) were evaluated by RT/real‐time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from asymptomatic HIV‐1‐positive male patients at high risk of developing CVD (n = 34) and healthy subjects (n = 21). Stenosis degree (≥ or <50%), calcium volume score, calcium Agatston score, and myocardial extracellular volume were examined by coronary computerized tomography scan. Carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT), Framingham risk score, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) score, and risk score developed by data collection on adverse effects of anti‐HIV drugs (D:A:D) were also measured. Increased IFN‐α, IFN‐β, and ISG56 levels were observed in all HIV‐1‐infected males compared to healthy controls (p < .001 for all genes analyzed). HIV‐1‐infected patients with a stenosis degree ≥50% showed a higher Framingham risk score (p = .019), which was correlated with IFN‐β and ISG56 levels. HIV‐1‐infected males with enhanced IFN‐I levels and stenosis displayed a higher ASCVD calculated risk (p = .011) and D:A:D score (p = .004). Also, there was a trend toward higher IFN‐α and ISG56 mRNA levels in HIV‐1‐positive patients with an increased cIMT (p > .05). Dysregulation of IFN‐I response might participate in the pathogenesis of HIV‐1‐associated CVD.
Evidence of the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in atmospheric air and surfaces of a dedicated COVID hospital
Authors: Dubey Abhishek , Kotnala Garima , Mandal Tuhin K. , Sonkar Subash C. , Singh Vijay K. , Guru Sameer A. , Bansal Aastha , Irungbam Monica , Husain Farah , Goswami Binita , Kotnala Ravindra K. , Saxena Sonal , Sharma Sudhir K. , Saxena Kirti N. , Sharma Chhemendra , Kumar Suresh , Aswal Dinesh K. , Manchanda Vikas , Koner Bidhan C.
Published: April 2021

The present study was conducted from July 1, 2020 to September 25, 2020 in a dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) hospital in Delhi, India to provide evidence for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus in atmospheric air and surfaces of the hospital wards. Swabs from hospital surfaces (patient's bed, ward floor, and nursing stations area) and suspended particulate matter in ambient air were collected by a portable air sampler from the medicine ward, intensive care unit, and emergency ward admitting COVID‐19 patients. By performing reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for E‐gene and RdRp gene, SARS‐CoV‐2 virus was detected from hospital surfaces and particulate matters from the ambient air of various wards collected at 1 and 3‐m distance from active COVID‐19 patients. The presence of the virus in the air beyond a 1‐m distance from the patients and surfaces of the hospital indicates that the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has the potential to be transmitted by airborne and surface routes from COVID‐19 patients to health‐care workers working in COVID‐19 dedicated hospital. This warrants that precautions against airborne and surface transmission of COVID‐19 in the community should be taken when markets, industries, educational institutions, and so on, reopen for normal activities.
Characterization of T lymphocytes in severe COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Fenoglio Daniela , Dentone Chiara , Parodi Alessia , Di Biagio Antonio , Bozzano Federica , Vena Antonio , Fabbi Marina , Ferrera Francesca , Altosole Tiziana , Bruzzone Bianca , Giacomini Mauro , Pelosi Paolo , De Maria Andrea , Bassetti Matteo , De Palma Raffaele , Filaci Gilberto
Published: April 2021

In this observational study, 13 patients with severe COVID‐19 and 10 healthy controls were enrolled. The data concerning the analysis of circulating T cells show that, in severe COVID‐19 patients, the expansion of these cell compartments is prone to induce antibody response, inflammation (CCR4+ and CCR6+ TFH) and regulation (CD8+ Treg). This pathogenic mechanism could lead us to envision a possible new form of biological target therapy.
Can molecular mimicry explain the cytokine storm of SARS‐CoV‐2?: An in silico approach
Authors: Obando‐Pereda Gustavo
Published: April 2021

PARP14 and PARP9 play a key role in macrophage immune regulation. SARS‐CoV‐2 is an emerging viral disease that triggers hyper‐inflammation known as a cytokine storm. In this study, using in silico tools, we hypothesize about the immunological phenomena of molecular mimicry between SARS‐CoV‐2 Nsp3 and the human PARP14 and PARP9. The results showed an epitope of SARS‐CoV‐2 Nsp3 protein that contains consensus sequences for both human PARP14 and PARP9 that are antigens for MHC Classes 1 and 2, which can potentially induce an immune response against human PARP14 and PARP9; while its depletion causes a hyper‐inflammatory state in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients.
Possible effects of air temperature on COVID‐19 disease severity and transmission rates
Authors: Kang Dominique , Ellgen Clifford , Kulstad Erik
Published: April 2021

Currently available data are consistent with increased severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) replication at temperatures encountered in the upper airways (25–33°C when breathing room temperature air, 25°C) compared to those in the lower airways (37°C). One factor that may contribute to more rapid viral growth in the upper airways is the exponential increase in SARS‐CoV‐2 stability that occurs with reductions in temperature, as measured in vitro. Because SARS‐CoV‐2 frequently initiates infection in the upper airways before spreading through the body, increased upper airway viral growth early in the disease course may result in more rapid progression of disease and potentially contribute to more severe outcomes. Similarly, higher SARS‐CoV‐2 viral titer in the upper airways likely supports more efficient transmission. Conversely, the possible significance of air temperature to upper airway viral growth suggests that prolonged delivery of heated air might represent a preventative measure and prophylactic treatment for coronavirus disease 2019.
SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b antagonizes type I and III interferons by targeting multiple components of the RIG‐I/MDA‐5–MAVS, TLR3–TRIF, and cGAS–STING signaling pathways
Authors: Han Lulu , Zhuang Meng‐Wei , Deng Jian , Zheng Yi , Zhang Jing , Nan Mei‐Ling , Zhang Xue‐Jing , Gao Chengjiang , Wang Pei‐Hui
Published: April 2021

The suppression of types I and III interferon (IFN) responses by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) contributes to the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The strategy used by SARS‐CoV‐2 to evade antiviral immunity needs further investigation. Here, we reported that SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b inhibited types I and III IFN production by targeting multiple molecules of innate antiviral signaling pathways. SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b impaired the induction of types I and III IFNs by Sendai virus and poly (I:C). SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b inhibited the activation of types I and III IFNs induced by the components of cytosolic dsRNA‐sensing pathways of RIG‐I/MDA5‐MAVS signaling, including RIG‐I, MDA‐5, MAVS, TBK1, and IKKε, rather than IRF3‐5D, which is the active form of IRF3. SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b also suppressed the induction of types I and III IFNs by TRIF and STING, which are the adaptor protein of the endosome RNA‐sensing pathway of TLR3‐TRIF signaling and the adaptor protein of the cytosolic DNA‐sensing pathway of cGAS–STING signaling, respectively. A mechanistic analysis revealed that the SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b protein interacted with RIG‐I, MDA‐5, MAVS, TRIF, STING, and TBK1 and impeded the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. In addition, SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b facilitated the replication of the vesicular stomatitis virus. Therefore, the results showed that SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b negatively regulates antiviral immunity and thus facilitates viral replication. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanism through which SARS‐CoV‐2 impairs antiviral immunity and provides an essential clue to the pathogenesis of COVID‐19.
Varied spatiotemporal changes in wind speed over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings in the past decades
Authors: Ding Jin , Cuo Lan , Zhang Yongxin , Zhang Cunjie
Published: April 2021

The means and changes of annual and monthly wind speed and their extremes over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings (TPS) in 1970–1999, 2000–2005 and 2006–2015 are investigated. The correlations between eight atmospheric circulation indices and wind speed variables are also investigated for possible mechanisms of wind speed change over the region. The study shows that the strongest wind appears during February–June, whereas the weakest wind appears in October–January. Weak annual extreme wind concentrates in the southern Gansu, the central Sichuan, the western Yunnan, and near the boarders of Qinghai, Tibetan Autonomous Region and Sichuan. Strong annual extreme wind occurs in the western and central Xinjiang, the central Tibetan Autonomous Region, and the western Qinghai and Gansu. Above 3,600 m, mean and extreme wind speed increases significantly with elevation. Monthly and annual mean wind speed show negative trends over the TPS in 1970–1999 as well as in 2006–2015 but to a lesser extent while 2000–2005 witnesses increasing wind speed. During 1970–1999, Tibetan Plateau High and westerlies respectively show the strongest negative and positive effects on wind speed changes but their influences weaken in 2000–2015 for which Western Pacific Subtropical High and Indian Summer Monsoon appear to play a more important role. The observed decreasing wind speed in 1970–1999 and 2006–2015 is largely due to decreasing zonal and meridional wind speed while for 2000–2005, the observed increasing wind speed is related to the increasing meridional wind speed.
Individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction practice underloading strategies during daily activity
Authors: Chan Ming‐Sheng , Sigward Susan M.
Published: April 2021

Underloading the surgical limb has been described in biomechanical studies across recovery time points following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr). This study aimed to examine the extent to which laboratory findings translate to daily activities. Limb loading was quantified during a sit‐to‐stand task in laboratory testing and throughout 2 days of daily activity in 15 individuals 114.8 (17.2) days post‐ACLr and 15 controls. Vertical force impulse calculated from force platform (laboratory) and pressure insoles (daily) was used to quantify limb loading. Between‐limb symmetry was calculated for limb loading and knee strength measures, 2 × 2 GLM repeated measures determined a significant group‐by‐limb interaction on daily limb loading. Surgical limb daily loading was lower compared to nonsurgical (p < .001; effect sizes [ES] = 0.63), and control matched limbs (surgical: p = .037, ES = 0.80 and nonsurgical: p = .02, ES = 0.89). No group differences were found in total daily loading (summed loading between limbs; p = .18; ES = 0.50) and time performing weight‐bearing activities (p = .32; ES = 0.36). Pearson's correlation determined that between‐limb symmetry in daily loading was related to sit‐to‐stand loading (r = .62; p = .01) and knee extensor strength symmetry (r = .6; p = .02) in the ACLr group. These data support the presence of underloading behaviors in individuals 10–14 weeks following ACLr that are consistent with previous biomechanical studies and current biomechanical data. Knee extensor weakness was related to greater underloading. Asymmetrical loading quantified in the laboratory is practiced throughout the day in individuals post‐ACLr. Practice afforded by daily activities represents powerful contributors to learning of a pattern that contrasts the goal of rehabilitation exercises.
Preferences for Communication About End‐of‐Life Care in Atypical Parkinsonism
Authors: Saranza Gerard , Villanueva Emilio Q. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: April 2021

Background

Studies on preferences regarding discussions on end‐of‐life care (EOLC), advance care planning (ACP), medical assistance in dying (MAiD), and brain donation have not yet been conducted in patients with atypical parkinsonism (AP).

Objective

The aim of this study was to know the preferences of patients with AP regarding discussions on EOLC, ACP, MAiD, and brain donation.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted in patients clinically diagnosed with AP. An adapted questionnaire that assessed various potential factors that affect patients' preferences regarding EOLC and ACP was sent through postal mail to 278 patients.

Results

A total of 90 completed questionnaires were returned. Most patients preferred to discuss at the time of diagnosis information about the disease, its natural course, treatment options, and prognosis. In contrast, they preferred that EOLC and ACP be discussed when the disease has progressed. No demographic or disease‐related factors were found to be predictors of the patient's preferences. Notably, most patients (63.3%) had previous actual discussions on these issues. Less than a third of patients were open to discussions about MAiD and brain donation; older age and the importance of spirituality and religion decreased the odds of discussing these.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that patients with AP have preferences regarding the timing of the discussion of the different themes surrounding EOLC and ACP. A needs‐based approach in initiating and conducting timely discussions on these difficult but essential issues is proposed. A thorough explanation and recognition of a patient's beliefs are recommended when initiating conversations about MAiD and brain donation. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Existence results for second‐order semilinear stochastic delay differential equation
Authors: Singh Ajeet , Shukla Anurag
Published: April 2021

This article is devoted towards some necessary conditions for the existence of the mild solution of ‘second‐order semilinear stochastic delay differential equations’ having a variable delay in the state with the help of Banach fixed point theorem and theory of cosine family which is strongly continuous. In the last section, we have discussed an example to understand the theory of provided results in a better manner.
Library‐driven approach for fast implementation of the voxel spread function to correct magnetic field inhomogeneity artifacts for gradient‐echo sequences
Authors: Liu Ying , Ye Qiong , Zeng Feiyan , Jiang Xiaohua , Cai Bin , Lv Weifu , Wen Jie
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Previously developed Voxel Spread Function (VSF) method (Yablonskiy, et al, MRM, 2013;70:1283) provides solution to correct artifacts induced by macroscopic magnetic field inhomogeneity in the images obtained by multi‐Gradient‐Recalled‐Echo (mGRE) techniques. The goal of this study was to develop a library‐driven approach for fast VSF implementation.

Methods

The VSF approach describes the contribution of the magnetic field inhomogeneity effects on the mGRE signal decay in terms of the F‐function calculated from mGRE phase and magnitude images. A pre‐calculated library accounting for a variety of background field gradients caused by magnetic field inhomogeneity was used herein to speed up the calculation of F‐function. Quantitative R2* maps from the mGRE data collected from two healthy volunteers were generated using the library as validation.

Results

As compared with direct calculation of the F‐function based on a voxel‐wise approach, the new library‐driven method substantially reduces computational time from several hours to few minutes, while, at the same time, providing similar accuracy of R2* mapping.

Conclusion

The new procedure proposed in this study provides a fast post‐processing algorithm that can be incorporated in the quantitative analysis of mGRE data to account for background field inhomogeneity artifacts, thus can facilitate the applications of mGRE‐based quantitative techniques in clinical practices.
Quantification of magnetic resonance spectroscopy data using a combined reference: Application in typically developing infants
Authors: Larsen Ryan J. , Gagoski Borjan , Morton Sarah U. , Ou Yangming , Vyas Rutvi , Litt Jonathan , Grant P. Ellen , Sutton Bradley P.
Published: April 2021

Quantification of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) data is commonly performed by referencing the ratio of the signal from one metabolite, or metabolite group, to that of another, or to the water signal. Both approaches have drawbacks: ratios of two metabolites can be difficult to interpret because study effects may be driven by either metabolite, and water‐referenced data must be corrected for partial volume and relaxation effects in the water signal. Here, we introduce combined reference (CRef) analysis, which compensates for both limitations. In this approach, metabolites are referenced to the combined signal of several reference metabolites or metabolite groups. The approach does not require the corrections necessary for water scaling and produces results that are less sensitive to the variation of any single reference signal, thereby aiding the interpretation of results. We demonstrate CRef analysis using 202 1H‐MRS acquisitions from the brains of 140 infants, scanned at approximately 1 and 3 months of age. We show that the combined signal of seven reference metabolites or metabolite groups is highly correlated with the water signal, corrected for partial volume and relaxation effects associated with cerebral spinal fluid. We also show that the combined reference signal is equally or more uniform across subjects than the reference signals from single metabolites or metabolite groups. We use CRef analysis to quantify metabolite concentration changes during the first several months of life in typically developing infants.
Increased Brain Reward Responsivity to Food‐Related Odors in Obesity
Authors: Han Pengfei , Roitzsch Clemens , Horstmann Annette , Pössel Maria , Hummel Thomas
Published: April 2021

Objective

Food odors serve as powerful stimuli signaling the food quality and energy density and direct food‐specific appetite and consumption. This study explored obesity‐related brain activation in response to odors related to high‐ or low‐energy‐dense foods.

Methods

Seventeen participants with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2; 4 males and 13 females) and twenty‐one with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2; 9 males and 12 females) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan in which they received chocolate (high‐energy‐dense food) and cucumber (low‐energy‐dense food) odor stimuli. Participants’ olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed by the “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips” tests, respectively.

Results

Compared with normal‐weight controls, participants with obesity had lower odor sensitivity (phenylethyl alcohol) and decreased odor discrimination ability. However, participants with obesity demonstrated greater brain activation in response to chocolate compared with cucumber odors in the bilateral inferior frontal operculum and cerebellar vermis, right ventral anterior insula extending to putamen, right middle temporal gyrus, and right supramarginal areas.

Conclusions

The present study provides preliminary evidence that obesity is associated with heightened brain activation of the reward and flavor processing areas in response to chocolate versus cucumber odors, possibly because of the higher energy density and reinforcing value of chocolate compared with cucumber.
MYOD1 as a prognostic indicator in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Ahmed Atif A. , Habeebu Sultan , Farooqi Midhat S. , Gamis Alan S. , Gonzalez Elizabeth , Flatt Terrie , Sherman Ashley , Surrey Lea , Arnold Michael A. , Conces Miriam , Koo Selene , Dioufa Nikolina , Barr Frederic G. , Tsokos Maria G.
Published: April 2021

Background/objectives

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is characterized by the expression of the myogenic regulatory protein MYOD1. Histologic types include alveolar, embryonal (ERMS), and spindle cell sclerosing RMS (SRMS). SRMS harbors MYOD1 mutations in a subset of adult cases in association with poor prognosis.

Design/methods

To study the level of MYOD1 protein expression and its clinical significance, we have analyzed variable numbers of pediatric (<18 years of age) and adult (age range ≥18 to 35 years) ERMS and SRMS cases for presence or absence of MYOD1 immunoreactivity in correlation with clinical outcome and MYOD1 L122R mutations.

Results

Lack of MYOD1 immunoreactivity, identified in 23.8% of nonalveolar RMS (non‐ARMS) cases, was more prevalent in SRMS (44%) than ERMS (17.2%) and was significantly associated with low overall survival and unfavorable tumor sites (p < .05). Lack of MYOD1 immunoreactivity was not associated with MYOD1 L122R mutations, which were identified in 3/37 (8%) cases including only two of 31 (6.5%) pediatric cases, one of 11 or 9% pediatric SRMS, and one case of infant ERMS.

Conclusion

These studies highlight the prognostic role of MYOD1 in non‐ARMS. Lack of MYOD1 immunoreactivity is associated with poor prognosis in ERMS and SRMS. MYOD1 gene mutations are generally infrequent in pediatric RMS. Although mutations are predominant in SRMS, they may exceptionally occur in infantile ERMS.
Temperature‐dependent interlaminar behavior of unidirectional composite laminates: Property determination and mechanism analysis
Authors: Cao Junchao , Meng Xianghao , Gu Jiahui , Zhang Chao
Published: April 2021

Delamination damage is a critical concern for composites—especially for aircraft structures—considering their complex service conditions, which include extreme temperatures and impact threats. This study considers the effect of temperature (−20°C to 110°C) on the mode‐I interlaminar failure behavior for unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite laminates, through a series of experiments. A simple double compliances method (DCM) without the measurement of crack length was employed to determine mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, and the accuracy of DCM at different temperatures was validated by comparing the results obtained from DCM with those calculated using ASTM methods. The comparison indicates that fracture toughness values determined from DCM are consistent with those from ASTM methods, and the predicted crack lengths from DCM show little difference with experimentally measured crack lengths. The experimental results reveal the significant sensitivity of mode I interlaminar failure behavior with the environmental temperature. Both the peak load and initial interlaminar fracture toughness increases with the increase of test temperature. It is found that propagation fracture toughness shows different temperature sensitivity at high temperatures (50°C to 110°C) than that under low temperatures (−20°C to 25°C). The crack propagation speed tends to be a constant value during the tests and decreases with the increase of test temperature. The fractography analysis illustrates a transition of the mode of failure from fiber–matrix interface debonding at lower temperatures to matrix cleavage at higher temperatures.