bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Picoplankton community structure before, during and after convection event in the offshore waters of the Southern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Najdek M. , Paliaga P. , Šilović T. , Batistić M. , Garić R. , Supić N. , Ivančić I. , Ljubimir S. , Korlević M. , Jasprica N. , Hrustić E. , Dupčić-Radić I. , Blažina M. , Orlić S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper documents the picoplankton community's response to changes in oceanographic conditions in the period between October 2011 and September 2012 at two stations belonging to the South Adriatic Pit (SAP). The recorded data include the community's abundance, composition, prokaryotic production rates and bacterial metabolic capacity. The sampling period included an intense sea cooling with formation of exceptional, record-breaking dense water. We documented an especially intense winter convection episode that completely diluted the core of Levantine intermediate waters (LIW) in a large area encompassing the SAP's center and its margin. During this convection event the whole picoplankton community had significantly higher abundances with a recorded picoeukaryotic peak at the SAP margin. In the post-convection phase in March, prokaryotic heterotrophic production strongly increased in the entire SAP area (up to 50 times; 456.8 nM C day−1). An autotrophic biomass increase (up to 5 times; 4.86 μg L−1) and a disruption of a close correspondence between prokaryotic heterotrophic biomass production and cell replication rates were observed only in the center of the SAP, which was not under the influence of LIW. At the SAP's margin such an effect was attenuated by LIW, since the waters affected by LIW were characterized by decreased concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, decreased autotrophic biomasses, and by increased bacterial biomass production balanced with cell replication rates as well as by the domination of Synechococcus among autotrophic picoplankton. The metabolic capacity was lowest in spring when autotrophic biomass largely increased, while the highest levels found in the pre-convection phase (October 2011) suggest that the system was more oligotrophic before than after the convection event. Furthermore, we showed that metabolic capacity is a trait of bacterial community independent of environmental conditions and tightly linked to cell replication and substrate availability. In contrast, the bacterial community composition appears to be strongly influenced by physico-chemical characteristics of waters (e.g., temperature and nutrients) and environmental forcing (e.g., convection and LIW). Our results showed that the two oceanographic phenomena of the Southern Adriatic, strongly relevant for the total production of the Adriatic Sea, winter convection and LIW intrusion, regulate the changes in picoplankton community structure and activities.
Gas emissions at the continental margin west off Svalbard: mapping, sampling, and quantification
Authors: Sahling H. , Römer M. , Pape T. , Bergès B. , dos Santos Fereirra C. , Boelmann J. , Geprägs P. , Tomczyk M. , Nowald N. , Dimmler W. , Schroedter L. , Glockzin M. , Bohrmann G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. We mapped, sampled, and quantified gas emissions at the continental margin west of Svalbard during R/V Heincke cruise He-387 in late summer 2012. Hydroacoustic mapping revealed that gas emissions were not limited to a zone just above 396 m below sea level (m b.s.l.). Flares from this depth gained significant attention in the scientific community in recent years because they may be caused by bottom water-warming induced hydrate dissolution in the course of global warming and/or by recurring seasonal hydrate formation and decay. We found that gas emissions occurred widespread between about 80 and 415 m b.s.l. which indicates that hydrate dissolution might only be one of several triggers for active hydrocarbon seepage in that area. Gas emissions were remarkably intensive at the main ridge of the forlandet moraine complex in 80 to 90 m water depths, and may be related to thawing permafrost. Focused seafloor investigations were performed with the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) "Cherokee". Geochemical analyses of gas bubbles sampled at about 240 m b.s.l. as well as at the 396 m gas emission sites revealed that the vent gas is primarily composed of methane (> 99.70%) of microbial origin (average δ13C = −55.7‰ V-PDB). Estimates of the regional gas bubble flux from the seafloor to the water column in the area of possible hydrate decomposition were achieved by combining flare mapping using multibeam and single beam echosounder data, bubble stream mapping using a ROV-mounted horizontally-looking sonar, and quantification of individual bubble streams using ROV imagery and bubble counting. We estimated that about 53 × 106 mol methane were annually emitted at the two areas and allow a large range of uncertainty due to our method (9 to 118 × 106 mol yr−1). These amounts, first, show that gas emissions at the continental margin west of Svalbard were in the same order of magnitude as bubble emissions at other geological settings, and second, may be used to calibrate models predicting hydrate dissolution at present and in the future, third, may serve as baseline (year 2012) estimate of the bubble flux that will potentially increase in future due to ever-increasing global-warming induced bottom water-warming and hydrate dissolution.
Spatial variability and the fate of cesium in coastal sediments near Fukushima, Japan
Authors: Black E. , Buesseler K. O.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Quantifying the amount of cesium incorporated into marine sediments as a result of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident has proven challenging due to the limited multi-core sampling from within the 30 km zone around the facility, the inherent spatial heterogeneities in ocean sediments, and the potential for inventory fluctuations due to physical, biological, and chemical processes. Using 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 134Cs profiles from 20 sediment cores, coastal sediment inventories were reevaluated. A minimum 137Cs sediment inventory of 100 ± 50 TBq was found for an area of 55 000 km2 using cores from this study and a total of 130 ± 60 TBq using an additional 181 samples. These inventories represent less than 1% of the estimated 15–30 PBq of cesium released during the FDNPP disaster and constitute ~ 90% of the total coastal inventory of 137Cs remaining in 2012. The time needed for surface sediment activities (0 to 3 cm) at the 20 locations to reduce by 50% via bioturbation was estimated to range from 0.4 to 26 years, indicating a much greater persistence of cesium in the sediments relative to coastal water activities. However, due to the observed variability in mixing rates, grain size, and inventories, additional cores are needed to further improve estimates and capture the full extent of cesium penetration into the shallow coastal sediments, which was deeper than 14 cm for all cores retrieved from water depths less than 150 m.
A mimetic, semi-implicit, forward-in-time, finite volume shallow water model: comparison of hexagonal–icosahedral and cubed-sphere grids
Authors: Thuburn J. , Cotter C. J. , Dubos T.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A new algorithm is presented for the solution of the shallow water equations on quasi-uniform spherical grids. It combines a mimetic finite volume spatial discretization with a Crank–Nicolson time discretization of fast waves and an accurate and conservative forward-in-time advection scheme for mass and potential vorticity (PV). The algorithm is implemented and tested on two families of grids: hexagonal–icosahedral Voronoi grids, and modified equiangular cubed-sphere grids. Results of a variety of tests are presented, including convergence of the discrete scalar Laplacian and Coriolis operators, advection, solid body rotation, flow over an isolated mountain, and a barotropically unstable jet. The results confirm a number of desirable properties for which the scheme was designed: exact mass conservation, very good available energy and potential enstrophy conservation, consistent mass, PV and tracer transport, and good preservation of balance including vanishing ∇ × ∇, steady geostrophic modes, and accurate PV advection. The scheme is stable for large wave Courant numbers and advective Courant numbers up to about 1. In the most idealized tests the overall accuracy of the scheme appears to be limited by the accuracy of the Coriolis and other mimetic spatial operators, particularly on the cubed-sphere grid. On the hexagonal grid there is no evidence for damaging effects of computational Rossby modes, despite attempts to force them explicitly.
Modelling the NO emissions from wildfires at the source level
Authors: Pérez-Ramirez Y. , Santoni P.-A. , Darabiha N.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. There is a growing interest to characterize fire plumes in order to control air quality during wildfire episodes and to estimate the carbon and ozone balance of fire emissions. A numerical approach has been used to study the mechanisms of NO formation at the source level in wildfires given that NO plays an important role in the formation of ground-level ozone. The major reaction mechanisms involved in NO chemistry have been identified using reaction path analysis. Accordingly, a two-step global kinetic scheme in the gas phase has been proposed herein to account for the volatile fuel-bound nitrogen (fuel-N) conversion to NO, considering that the volatile fraction of fuel-N is released as NH3. Data from simulations using the perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) code from CHEMKIN-II package with a detailed kinetic mechanism (GDF-Kin® 3.0) have been used to calibrate and evaluate the global model under typical wildfire conditions in terms of the composition of the degradation gases of vegetation, the equivalence ratio, the range of temperatures and the residence time.
The Influence of Corporate Ownership Structure and Board Members’ Skills on the Accounting Conservatism: Evidence from Non-Financial Listed Firms in Amman Stock Exchange
Authors: Omar Al-Sraheen Dea’a Al-Deen , Fadzil Faudziah Hanim Bt , Ismail Syed Soffian Bin Syed
Published: May 2014

The purpose of the current study is to examine the influence of ownership structure and board members’ skills in the practice of accounting conservatism of Jordanian listed firms. The data were obtained from the annual reports of 116 Jordanian listed firms for year 2011. By using the multiple regression analysis, the results show that the influence of corporate ownership structure and board skills on accounting conservatism were somewhat varied. All variables were a positive relationship with the conservatism with the exception of the board multiple directorship which has negative relationship with conservatism. Five hypotheses were developed and offered in this paper, institutional ownership and board financial expertise were supported, while family ownership, board tenure and board multiple directorships were not supported due to the higher level of P-value compared to 0.05. These results refer that corporate governance plays a vital role in enhancing the level of conservatism and reducing the agency conflict. Further, regulators bodies in Jordan should increase the effectiveness role of corporate governance in Jordanian companies in order to enhance the quality of financial reports. In addition, this study opens up avenues for more studies on accounting conservatism not only in Jordan, but also in other countries where this area of study is lacking.
La violencia escolar entre iguales en el aula de clase: una perspectiva desde la educación en derechos humanos
Authors: Carias Borjas Consuelo Patricia
Published: May 2014

La violencia escolar en los centros educativos, es la más grande amenaza que obliga a los niños y niñas, a sumirse en el denominado “triángulo de la violencia: agresor, víctima y espectador” (Olweus, 1998).La violencia escolar se define como “toda aquella que se produce en el sistema escolar. Puede dirigirse contra los alumnos, los profesores o la propiedad privada. Los actos violentos tienen lugar en las instalaciones escolares (Serrano.2005). En Honduras, los datos sobre violencia escolar, tema de esta investigación, no son alarmantes y no porque no se den con una significativa regularidad, sino porque las estadísticas e investigaciones son exiguas. Por lo general, los casos de violencia escolar que se registran son aquellos que se convierten en noticia o escándalo juvenil. La sociedad hondureña se encuentra a la expectativa, pues cada vez son más los casos que van surgiendo sobre violencia escolar, un fenómeno social, cuya tendencia se inclina a la poca información que poseen docentes, padres y madres de familia y, lo que es peor aún, los mismos/as estudiantes, agregando además a esta situación la escasa documentación que registre estudios que sobre el tema se hayan hecho. Lo que sí es evidente es que la violencia escolar, ya es parte del diario vivir de los y las jóvenes estudiantes, en nuestros centros educativos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/paradigma.v20i32.1415 Paradigma: Revista de Investigación Educativa. Año 20. No. 32; 53-76
Reflexiones acerca de la cultura en la Teoría estética de Adorno
Authors: Mwewa Christian Muleka , Brolese do Nascimento Sarita
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/paradigma.v20i32.1420 Paradigma: Revista de Investigación Educativa. Año 20. No. 32; 153-174
Ciudades Mártires de Honduras
Authors: César Díaz Géografo Pablo
Published: May 2014

Este mes de octubre de 2013 se cumplen 15 años desde que en 1998 el huracán Mitch arrasó completamente con la ciudad de Morolica, en Choluteca. Aún cuando las condiciones que llevaron a tal desastres siguen latentes en muchas comunidades de nuestro país no hemos tenido investigaciones serias que nos ayuden a entender el porqué la contundencia de y el impacto de tal fenómeno en Morolica. En 2007, junto a un grupo de estudiantes de Trabajo Educativo Social, y con el auspicio del departamento de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán, iniciamos una investigación orientada a entender qué había pasado, cuáles fueron las condiciones que posibilitaron la destrucción completa de la ciudad. Todo esto desde una perspectiva geográfica. Aun cuando han pasado 6 años de dicho acercamiento, y la mayoría de los estudiantes colaboradores ya se han graduado, el problema sigue ahí. Muchos municipios de Honduras siguen conviviendo en similares condiciones geográficas y con la amenaza constante de las fuerzas de la naturaleza. Después de la experiencia de Morolica nos trasladamos a identificar similares condiciones geográficas en municipios como Sulaco y Oropolí. Estos trabajos siguen inéditos esperando salir a la luz para ofrecer una visión diferente al problema de los desastres y lo que nosotros debemos hacer ante la ocurrencia de los mismos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/paradigma.v20i33.1423 Paradigma: Revista de Investigación Educativa. Año 20. No. 33; 23-50
Métodos y Técnicas de investigación Cualitativa y Cuantitativa en Geografía
Authors: Aguilar Herrera Fredis Mateo
Published: May 2014

La temática abordada en relación a los métodos y técnicas de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa en geografía tiene brinda a los lectores un esbozo general a nivel descriptivo de estos paradigmas metodológicos aplicados en el campo de las ciencias naturales y sociales, asimismo establecer una caracterización teórica y de manera ejemplificada dichas metodologías y técnicas con el objetivo que los investigadores en temas geográficos comprendan y determinen a su vez una de ellas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/paradigma.v20i33.1425 Paradigma: Revista de Investigación Educativa. Año 20. No. 33; 79-89
Hospital costs and profitability related to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Authors: Pratt William Robert , Belloit Jerry D.
Published: May 2014

On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). This law was one of the most controversial and transforming pieces of legislation impacting health care delivery in recent history. The legislation was created in response to rising health care costs and the belief that, in part, cost shifting of indigent uninsured care to paying patients would reduce the overall costs of health care. The recent Supreme Court decision upholding the individual mandate portion of the law is expected to significantly reduce the number of uninsured. Using operational data from 212 hospitals in California, this study examines the anticipated impact on hospital costs, profitability, and some patient outcome benchmarks from the restructuring of health care delivery in the United States by the PPACA.
Implementation of person-centred care: management perspective
Authors: Alharbi Tariq Saleem , Carlström Eric , Ekman Inger , Olsson Lars-Eric
Published: May 2014

Objective: In this study the implementation of a care model was examined in a public hospital in Sweden. The aim was to identify, from the management perspective, barriers and facilitators with respect to the implementation. A further aim was to study the explanatory power of a theoretical framework, normalization process theory (NPT). Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all of the members of a hospital departments’ managerial group. Interview transcripts were analysed by means of directed deductive content analysis, applying NPT as theoretical frame work. Results: The respondents identified factors, which were perceived as facilitating or obstructing the implementation process. These factors were; organizational culture, distribution of power, patient characteristics, resistance to change, teamwork, efficiency, time and speed of implementation. The theoretical framework, NPT, was partly supported by the data. There was however an absence of collective action and reflexive monitoring constructs. Conclusion: The implementation process, according to NPT, was incomplete and there was a risk that it could regress to the previous work routines. However, implementation theories, including NPT, do not have a timeframe for the implementation process. Even though theories are able of describing in detail the steps for successfully embedding and sustaining an innovation, they do not describe or identify factors influencing the speed of the implementation. A possible reason might be that time is a subjective factor.
Stepwise Training for Reconstructive Microsurgery: The Journey to Becoming a Confident Microsurgeon in Singapore
Authors: Ramachandran Savitha , Ong Yee-Siang , Chin Andrew YH , Song In-Chin , Ogden Bryan , Tan Bien-Keem
Published: May 2014

Microsurgery training in Singapore began in 1980 with the opening of the Experimental Surgical Unit. Since then, the unit has continued to grow and have held microsurgical training courses biannually. The road to becoming a full-fledged reconstructive surgeon requires the mastering of both microvascular as well as flap raising techniques and requires time, patience and good training facilities. In Singapore, over the past 2 decades, we have had the opportunity to develop good training facilities and to refine our surgical education programmes in reconstructive microsurgery. In this article, we share our experience with training in reconstructive microsurgery.
Effects of the Diabetic Condition on Grafted Fat Survival: An Experimental Study Using Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Jung Jae A , Kim Yang Woo , Cheon Young Woo , Kang So Ra
Published: May 2014

Background Autologous fat grafts have been widely used for cosmetic purposes and for soft tissue contour reconstruction. Because diabetes mellitus is one of the major chronic diseases in nearly every country, the requirement for fat grafts in diabetes patients is expected to increase continuously. However, the circulation complications of diabetes are serious and have been shown to involve microvascular problems, impairing ischemia-driven neovascularization in particular. After injection, revascularization is vital to the survival of the grafted fat. In this study, the authors attempted to determine whether the diabetic condition inhibits the survival of injected fat due to impaired neovascularization.

Methods The rat scalp was used for testing fat graft survival. Forty-four seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to a diabetic group or a control group. 1.0 mL of processed fat was injected subcutaneously into the scalp of each rat. The effect of diabetes was evaluated by calculating the volume and the weight of the grafted fat and by histologically analyzing the fat sections.

Results The surviving fat graft volume and weight were considerably smaller in the diabetic group than in the control group (P<0.05), and histological evaluations showed less vascularity, and more cysts, vacuoles, and fibrosis in the diabetic group (P<0.05). Cellular integrity and inflammation were not considerably different in the two groups.

Conclusions As the final outcome, we found that the presence of diabetes might impair the survival and the quality of fat grafts, as evidenced by lower fat graft weights and volumes and poor histologic graft quality.
Risk Factors for Complications after Reconstructive Surgery for Sternal Wound Infection
Authors: Hashimoto Ichiro , Takaku Mitsuru , Matsuo Shinji , Abe Yoshiro , Harada Hiroshi , Nagae Hiroaki , Fujioka Yusuke , Anraku Kuniaki , Inagawa Kiichi , Nakanishi Hideki
Published: May 2014

Background Although the utility of flaps for the treatment of sternal wound infections following median sternotomy has been reported for 30 years, there have been few reports on the risk factors for complications after reconstruction. The objective of this investigation was to identify factors related to complications after the reconstruction of sternal wound infections.

Methods A retrospective analysis of 74 patients with reconstructive surgery after sternal wound infection over a 5-year period was performed. Clinical data including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, bacterial culture, previous cardiac surgery, wound depth, mortality rate, type of reconstructive procedure, and complication rate were collected.

Results The patients' BMI ranged from 15.2 to 33.6 kg/m2 (mean, 23.1±3.74 kg/m2). Wound closure complications after reconstructive surgery were observed in 36.5% of the cases. The mortality rate was 2.7%. Diabetes mellitus significantly affected the rate of wound closure complications (P=0.041). A significant difference in the number of complications was seen between Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (P=0.011). There was a correlation between harvesting of the internal thoracic artery and postoperative complications (P=0.048). The complication rates of the pectoralis major flap, rectus abdominis flap, omentum flap, a combination of pectoralis major flap and rectus abdominis flap, and direct closure were 23.3%, 33.3%, 100%, 37.5%, and 35.7%, respectively.

Conclusions Diabetes mellitus, S. aureus, harvesting of the internal thoracic artery, and omentum flap were significant factors for complications after reconstruction. The omentum flap volume may be related to the complications associated with the omentum flap transfer in the present study.
Upper Arm Contouring with Brachioplasty after Massive Weight Loss
Authors: Han Hyun Ho , Lee Min Cheol , Kim Sang Hwa , Lee Jung Ho , Ahn Sang Tae , Rhie Jong Won
Published: May 2014

Background
As the obese population increases in Korea, the number of patients who are trying to lose weight has been increasing steadily. In these patients, skin laxity and deformation of the body contour occurs, which could possibly be corrected by various body contouring surgeries. Here, we introduce the brachioplasty method and our experience of various body contouring surgeries performed in our center.

Methods From November 2009 to August 2011, five cases of brachioplasty were performed. When the patient presented with sagging of the lateral inframammary crease and bat wing deformity in the axilla, extended brachioplasty was performed; in this case, the deformation of the axilla and lateral chest was corrected at the same time. A traditional brachioplasty was performed when contouring was needed only for skin laxity in the upper arm.

Results Complications, such as hematomas or nerve injuries, were not evident. Some patients experienced partial wound dehiscence due to tension or hypertrophic scars found during the follow-up. In general, all of the patients were satisfied with the improvement in their upper arm contour.

Conclusions Given the demands for body contouring surgery, the number of brachioplasty surgical procedures is expected to increase significantly, with abdominoplasty comprising a large portion of these surgeries. For the brachioplasty procedure, preparation and preoperative consultation regarding design of the surgery by experienced surgeons was important to prevent complications such as nerve damage or hematoma formation.
Exploration et classification de livres à compter : interactions et complémentarités entre apprentissages littéraires et mathématiques
Authors: Camenisch Annie
Published: May 2014

Dans la perspective d’apprentissages interdisciplinaires, cet article présente les résultats d’une analyse de contenu menée sur un échantillon de livres à compter et révèle des interactions et complémentarités entre littérature et mathématiques. S’appuyant sur la didactique des mathématiques et sur une analyse littéraire, il propose une classification originale de livres à compter en fonction des structures mathématiques et narratives sous-jacentes. Ces analyses aboutissent à des propositions didactiques où une approche littéraire de ces livres favorise des apprentissages mathématiques et où les mathématiques deviennent le vecteur révélateur de valeurs littéraires implicites.
Le français parlé en Acadie : description et construction d’une « variété »
Authors: Arrighi Laurence
Published: May 2014

L’examen d’études consacrées à l’analyse des formes du français en Acadie permet de faire ressortir diverses modalités de traitement qui ont contribué à construire une certaine image de ce français. Les représentations proposées mettent particulièrement en lumière le fait qu’une « variété de langue » est toujours tributaire des travaux qui la décrivent et qui, ce faisant, la constituent. Pour cette raison, la présente contribution propose, dans une perspective critique, d’interroger les acteurs et les actions mobilisés dans le processus de description linguistique en Acadie, et ce, en mettant en lumière les choix théoriques et méthodologiques de quelques travaux marquants.
L’immigration francophone en Acadie : langue, nation et minorité
Authors: Violette Isabelle
Published: May 2014

Cet article fait ressortir les tensions qui découlent des liens entre langue et nationalisme en regard des politiques d’immigration et des parcours migratoires francophones en Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick. Il est montré que le milieu associatif militant légitime l’immigration en puisant dans une idéologie modernisante de la nation qui fait du français le marqueur collectif central. À partir de récits d’immigrants francophones, je relève toutefois deux contradictions sous-jacentes à ce nationalisme linguistique : d’une part, le partage d’une même langue ne suppose pas nécessairement un engagement envers la « cause » linguistique ; d’autre part, des éléments de légitimité et de solidarité autres que la langue ont aussi une influence en matière d’inclusion dans l’acadianité.
La participation des Acadiens à la construction d’un territoire commun de gouvernance économique dans le « Grand Sud-Est » du Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Allain Greg , Chiasson Guy
Published: May 2014

Dans le contexte d’une redéfinition des identités territoriales valorisant les espaces locaux et régionaux, la présente recherche explore le rapport acadien au territoire à travers la construction d’un nouvel espace collectif, le « Grand Sud-Est » du Nouveau-Brunswick. Ce territoire, qui n’est nulle part reconnu institutionnellement, s’est bâti à partir d’initiatives conjointes menées par des agences de développement économique de la région. La forte croissance du Moncton métropolitain depuis une vingtaine d’années a resserré les liens économiques avec ses périphéries rurales francophones et entraîné la formation d’un « territoire vécu » régional. Cependant, une réorganisation récente des organismes de développement régional dans la province pose la question de la survie de ce territoire d’ancrage.
Imaging the fate of histone Cse4 reveals de novo replacement in S phase and subsequent stable residence at centromeres
Authors: Wisniewski Jan , Hajj Bassam , Chen Jiji , Mizuguchi Gaku , Xiao Hua , Wei Debbie , Dahan Maxime , Wu Carl
Published: May 2014

The budding yeast centromere contains Cse4, a specialized histone H3 variant. Fluorescence pulse-chase analysis of an internally tagged Cse4 reveals that it is replaced with newly synthesized molecules in S phase, remaining stably associated with centromeres thereafter. In contrast, C-terminally-tagged Cse4 is functionally impaired, showing slow cell growth, cell lethality at elevated temperatures, and extra-centromeric nuclear accumulation. Recent studies using such strains gave conflicting findings regarding the centromeric abundance and cell cycle dynamics of Cse4. Our findings indicate that internally tagged Cse4 is a better reporter of the biology of this histone variant. Furthermore, the size of centromeric Cse4 clusters was precisely mapped with a new 3D-PALM method, revealing substantial compaction during anaphase. Cse4-specific chaperone Scm3 displays steady-state, stoichiometric co-localization with Cse4 at centromeres throughout the cell cycle, while undergoing exchange with a nuclear pool. These findings suggest that a stable Cse4 nucleosome is maintained by dynamic chaperone-in-residence Scm3.
Community‐Developed Geoscience Cyberinfrastructure
Authors: Richard Stephen M. , Pearthree Genevieve , Aufdenkampe Anthony K. , Cutcher‐Gershenfeld Joel , Daniels Mike , Gomez Basil , Kinkade Danie , Percivall George
Published: May 2014

Discoveries in the geosciences are increasingly taking place across traditional disciplinary boundaries. The EarthCube program, a community‐driven project supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, is developing an information‐ and tool‐sharing framework to bridge between disciplines and unlock the modern geosciences' transformative potential.
Louisville Seamount Chain: Petrogenetic processes and geochemical evolution of the mantle source
Authors: Vanderkluysen Loÿc , Mahoney John J. , Koppers Anthony A. P. , Beier Christoph , Regelous Marcel , Gee Jeffrey S. , Lonsdale Peter F.
Published: May 2014

The Louisville Seamount Chain is a ∼4300 km long chain of submarine volcanoes in the southwestern Pacific that spans an age range comparable to that of the Hawaiian‐Emperor chain and is commonly thought to represent a hot spot track. Dredging in 2006 recovered igneous rocks from 33 stations on 22 seamounts covering some 49 Myr of the chain's history. All samples are alkalic, similar to previous dredge and drill samples, providing no evidence for a Hawaiian‐type tholeiitic shield‐volcano stage. Major and trace element variations appear to be predominantly controlled by small but variable extents of fractional crystallization and by partial melting. Isotopic values define only a narrow range, in agreement with a surprising long‐term source homogeneity—relative to the length scale of melting—and overlap with proposed fields for the “C” and “FOZO” mantle end‐members. Trace element and isotope geochemistry is uncorrelated with either seamount age or lithospheric thickness at the time of volcanism, except for a small number of lavas from the westernmost Louisville Seamounts built on young (<20 Ma old) oceanic crust. The Louisville hot spot has been postulated to be the source of the ∼120 Ma Ontong Java Plateau, but the Louisville isotopic signature cannot have evolved from a source with isotopic ratios like those measured for Ontong Java Plateau basalts. On the other hand, this signature can be correlated with that of samples dredged from the Danger Islands Troughs of the Manihiki Plateau, which has been interpreted as a rifted fragment of the “Greater” Ontong Java Plateau.
Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Doxorubicin‐Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoparticle in Combination with Endostar for Effective Treatment of Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Li Mingqiang , Tang Zhaohui , Lin Jian , Zhang Yu , Lv Shixian , Song Wantong , Huang Yubin , Chen Xuesi
Published: May 2014

The multi‐modal combination therapy is proved powerful and successful to enhance the antitumor efficacy in clinics as compared with single therapy modes. In this study, the potential of combining chemotherapy with antiangiogenic therapy for the treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer is explored. Towards this aim, OEGylated carboxymethyl cellulose–(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)oxirane (CMC–ME2MO) is prepared by treating CMC with ME2MO in the alkaline aqueous solution, and used to efficiently carry doxorubicin (DOX) with high drug‐loading content (16.64%) and encapsulation efficiency (99.78%). As compared to free DOX, the resulting nanoparticles show not only the favorable stability in vitro but also the prolonged blood circulation, improved safety and tolerability, optimized biodistribution, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced antitumor efficacy in vivo, indicates a potential utility in cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, the combination of the DOX‐loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles and antiangiogenic drug endostar provides synergistic effects of chemotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy, which shows the highest efficiency in tumor suppression. The combination approach of the DOX‐containing nanomedicine and endostar for efficient treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer is first proposed to demonstrate the synergistic therapeutic effect. This synergistic combination proves to be a promising therapeutic regimen in cancer therapy and holds great potential for clinical application.
The glomerulopathy of sickle cell disease
Authors: Ataga Kenneth I. , Derebail Vimal K. , Archer David R.
Published: May 2014

Sickle cell disease (SCD) produces many structural and functional abnormalities in the kidney, including glomerular abnormalities. Albuminuria is the most common manifestation of glomerular damage, with a prevalence between 26 and 68% in adult patients. The pathophysiology of albuminuria in SCD is likely multifactorial, with contributions from hyperfiltration, glomerular hypertension, ischemia‐reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and endothelial dysfunction. Although its natural history in SCD remains inadequately defined, albuminuria is associated with increased echocardiography‐derived tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity, systemic blood pressure, and hypertension, as well as history of stroke, suggesting a shared vasculopathic pathophysiology. While most patients with albuminuria are treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, there are no published long‐term data on the efficacy of these agents. With the improved patient survival following kidney transplantation, SCD patients with end‐stage renal disease should be considered for this treatment modality. Given the high prevalence of albuminuria and its association with multiple SCD‐related clinical complications, additional studies are needed to answer several clinically important questions in a bid to adequately elucidate its pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment. Am. J. Hematol. 89:907–914, 2014. © 2014 The Authors American Journal of Hematology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IL‐6(−572/−597) polymorphism and expression in HBV disease chronicity in an Indian population
Authors: Saxena Roli , Chawla Yogesh Kumar , Verma Indu , Kaur Jyotdeep
Published: May 2014

Objectives

This study evaluated the association among IL‐6(−572) and IL‐6(−597) genotypes, haplotypes, mRNA, and protein levels with hepatitis B virus (HBV)–Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in India.

Methods

For this, 403 participants (153 controls, 61 inactive HBV‐carriers, 65 chronic‐active HBV patients, 63 HBV‐cirrhotics, and 61 HBV–HCC participants) were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP), ELISA, and RT‐PCR methods were used for assessing polymorphism, protein, and the mRNA levels, respectively, of IL‐6.

Results

The study revealed that the IL‐6(−572) GC genotype shared a positive association with hepatitis among controls, and a negative association with cirrhosis and consequent HCC development among carriers. However, the CC genotype shared a significant negative association with cirrhosis among controls and carriers. The IL‐6(−597G>A), GA genotype acted as a potential protective factor for hepatitis, cirrhosis, and subsequent HCC development among carriers. The GA and CG haplotypes acted as a vital risk factor for HCC among controls and carriers. On the contrary, the CA haplotype was found to be a potential protective factor for HCC among carriers. Besides, the IL‐6 levels significantly increased with cirrhosis development, as compared to carriers and hepatitis subjects.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings indicate a potential role of IL‐6(−572/−597) genotypes in HBV disease pathogenesis in an Indian population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:549–555, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disability training in the genetic counseling curricula: Bridging the gap between genetic counselors and the disability community
Authors: Sanborn Erica , Patterson Annette R.
Published: May 2014

Over the past two decades, disability activists, ethicists, and genetic counselors have examined the moral complexities inherent in prenatal genetic counseling and considered whether and in what ways genetic counseling may negatively affect individuals in the disability community. Many have expressed concerns about defining disability in the context of prenatal decision‐making, as the definition presented may influence prenatal choices. In the past few years, publications have begun to explore the responsibility of counselors in presenting a balanced view of disability and have questioned the preparedness of counselors for this duty. Currently, the Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling (ACGC) only minimally includes disability training in their competencies for genetic counselors, and in their accreditation requirements for training programs. In an attempt to describe current practice, this article details two studies that assess disability training in ABGC‐accredited genetic counseling programs. Results from these studies demonstrate that experience with disability is not required by the majority of programs prior to matriculation. Though most program directors agree on the importance of including disability training in the curriculum, there is wide variability in the amount and types of training students receive. Hours dedicated to disability exposure among programs ranged from 10 to 600 hours. Eighty‐five percent of program directors surveyed agree that skills for addressing disability should be added to the core competencies. Establishing a set of disability competencies would help to ensure that all graduates have the skills necessary to provide patients with an accurate understanding of disability that facilitates informed decision‐making. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ontogeny of talo‐crural appositional articular morphology among catarrhine taxa: Adult shape reflects substrate use
Authors: Turley Kevin , Frost Stephen R.
Published: May 2014

The upper ankle joint forms a single articular plane between organism and the foot and substrate. Singular warp analysis shows that its shape reflects substrate use. This study explores whether the differences in shape are genetic with a developmental trajectory evident during ontogeny or epigenetic and the result of substrate use by the individual. A total of 418 matched distal tibial and proximal talar landmarked surfaces from adult and subadult specimens from 12 diverse catarrhine taxa were studied. Specimens were grouped by molar eruption (M1, M2, and M3) for comparative analysis. Generalized Procrustes analysis, multivariate regression, relative warp analysis, singular warp analysis, and permutation tests were used. Singular warp analysis for the entire cohort was highly significant in the first singular warp, with the adult taxa sorting by substrate use. All 173 subadults clustered with an adult “arboreal” shape profile. Among Hominoidea, adults (M3) sorted by substrate use with Pan paniscus and Hylobatidae assuming an “arboreal” shape separate from Pan troglodytes and the remaining taxa with “terrestrial” shape. Cercopithecoid adults sorted by substrate use as well, with the M3 specimens of Papio hamadryas and Macaca thibetana demonstrating a “terrestrial” shape. Differences in mode of locomotion did not affect the findings in the first singular warp. Results confirmed the convergence of talo‐crural shape among superfamilies based on substrate use and divergence in shape within Pan and Macaca, based on substrate use. The shape differences among adults (M3) are consistent with a plastic response to the behavioral stimulus of substrate use. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:447–458, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying asymmetry: Ratios and alternatives
Authors: Franks Erin M. , Cabo Luis L.
Published: May 2014

Traditionally, the study of metric skeletal asymmetry has relied largely on univariate analyses, utilizing ratio transformations when the goal is comparing asymmetries in skeletal elements or populations of dissimilar dimensions. Under this approach, raw asymmetries are divided by a size marker, such as a bilateral average, in an attempt to produce size‐free asymmetry indices. Henceforth, this will be referred to as “controlling for size” (see Smith: Curr Anthropol 46 (2005) 249‐273). Ratios obtained in this manner often require further transformations to interpret the meaning and sources of asymmetry. This model frequently ignores the fundamental assumption of ratios: the relationship between the variables entered in the ratio must be isometric. Violations of this assumption can obscure existing asymmetries and render spurious results. In this study, we examined the performance of the classic indices in detecting and portraying the asymmetry patterns in four human appendicular bones and explored potential methodological alternatives. Examination of the ratio model revealed that it does not fulfill its intended goals in the bones examined, as the numerator and denominator are independent in all cases. The ratios also introduced strong biases in the comparisons between different elements and variables, generating spurious asymmetry patterns. Multivariate analyses strongly suggest that any transformation to control for overall size or variable range must be conducted before, rather than after, calculating the asymmetries. A combination of exploratory multivariate techniques, such as Principal Components Analysis, and confirmatory linear methods, such as regression and analysis of covariance, appear as a promising and powerful alternative to the use of ratios. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:498–511, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The safety and performance of a maxillary sinus ostium self‐dilation device: a pilot study
Authors: Hathorn Iain , Habib Al‐Rahim , Santos Rachelle Dar , Javer Amin
Published: May 2014

Background

Balloon dilation is now commonly used to open sinus ostia while preserving mucosa and minimizing trauma. A new maxillary sinus ostium (MSO) self‐dilation device that functions on the principle of osmosis, absorbing a small amount of fluid from the surrounding tissues, can be placed into the MSO under endoscopic visualization and slowly enlarge its outer diameter. The slower dilation may further minimize tissue damage and scarring compared to the currently available balloon dilation systems. The MSO self‐dilating expansion device has never been studied before in clinical trials; the purpose of this pilot study is to determine the safety and performance of the device in human subjects.

Methods

Twelve chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients presenting with maxillary sinus inflammation requiring FESS were enrolled. The device was inserted into the MSO at the start of surgery and removed after 60 minutes. Endoscopic evaluation for patency was performed immediately after removal, and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Adverse events were recorded intraoperatively and at each subsequent visit.

Results

The device was successfully inserted in 100% of cases attempted (19/19 MSOs, 12 patients). Seventeen (89%) devices remained in the MSO for 60 minutes and dilated to a mean diameter of 4.8 ± 0.5 mm. One patient was withdrawn from the study. No adverse events occurred during insertion or removal of the device. At 3 months postinsertion 14 of 15 MSO dilated (93%) were confirmed patent.

Conclusion

Placement of an osmotic self‐dilating expansion device in human MSO is safe, achievable and effective at dilating the ostia.
Color‐Discriminating Retinal Configurations of Sensory Rhodopsin I by Photo‐Irradiation Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Yomoda Hiroki , Makino Yoshiteru , Tomonaga Yuya , Hidaka Tetsurou , Kawamura Izuru , Okitsu Takashi , Wada Akimori , Sudo Yuki , Naito Akira
Published: May 2014

SRI (sensory rhodopsin I) can discriminate multiple colors for the attractant and repellent phototaxis. Studies aimed at revealing the color‐dependent mechanism show that SRI is a challenging system not only in photobiology but also in photochemistry. During the photoreaction of SRI, an M‐intermediate (attractant) transforms into a P‐intermediate (repellent) by absorbing blue light. Consequently, SRI then cycles back to the G‐state. The photoreactions were monitored with the 13C NMR signals of [20‐13C]retnal‐SrSRI using in situ photo‐irradiation solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The M‐intermediate was trapped at −40 °C by illumination at 520 nm. It was transformed into the P‐intermediate by subsequent illumination at 365 nm. These results reveal that the G‐state could be directly transformed to the P‐intermediate by illumination at 365 nm. Thus, the stationary trapped M‐ and P‐intermediates are responsible for positive and negative phototaxis, respectively.
Scorpionate‐Type Coordination in MFU‐4l Metal–Organic Frameworks: Small‐Molecule Binding and Activation upon the Thermally Activated Formation of Open Metal Sites
Authors: Denysenko Dmytro , Grzywa Maciej , Jelic Jelena , Reuter Karsten , Volkmer Dirk
Published: May 2014

Postsynthetic metal and ligand exchange is a versatile approach towards functionalized MFU‐4l frameworks. Upon thermal treatment of MFU‐4l formates, coordinatively strongly unsaturated metal centers, such as zinc(II) hydride or copper(I) species, are generated selectively. CuI‐MFU‐4l prepared in this way was stable under ambient conditions and showed fully reversible chemisorption of small molecules, such as O2, N2, and H2, with corresponding isosteric heats of adsorption of 53, 42, and 32 kJ mol−1, respectively, as determined by gas‐sorption measurements and confirmed by DFT calculations. Moreover, CuI‐MFU‐4l formed stable complexes with C2H4 and CO. These complexes were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The demonstrated hydride transfer to electrophiles and strong binding of small gas molecules suggests these novel, yet robust, metal–organic frameworks with open metal sites as promising catalytic materials comprising earth‐abundant metal elements.
Direct Assembly of 3,4‐Difunctionalized Benzofurans and Polycyclic Benzofurans by Phenol Dearomatization and Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction
Authors: Han Zhaomeng , Zhang Liang , Li Zhiming , Fan Renhua
Published: May 2014

A method to directly convert 2‐alkynylphenols to 3,4‐difunctionalized benzofurans and polycyclic benzofurans was developed. This protocol involves a hypervalent‐iodine‐mediated oxidative dearomatization to break the aromaticity of 2‐alkynylphenols, and a palladium‐catalyzed domino reaction to install two functional groups at the C3 and the C4 positions and restore the aromaticity of benzofurans.