bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Upper Limits of Oxidation States in Chemistry
Authors: Hu Shu‐Xian , Li Wan‐Lu , Lu Jun‐Bo , Bao Junwei Lucas , Yu Haoyu S. , Truhlar Donald G. , Gibson John K. , Marçalo Joaquim , Zhou Mingfei , Riedel Sebastian , Schwarz W. H. Eugen , Li Jun
Published: January 2018

The concept of oxidation state (OS) is based on the concept of Lewis electron pairs, in which the bonding electrons are assigned to the more electronegative element. This approach is useful for keeping track of the electrons, predicting chemical trends, and guiding syntheses. Experimental and quantum‐chemical results reveal a limit near +8 for the highest OS in stable neutral chemical substances under ambient conditions. OS=+9 was observed for the isolated [IrO4]+ cation in vacuum. The prediction of OS=+10 for isolated [PtO4]2+ cations is confirmed computationally for low temperatures only, but hasn't yet been experimentally verified. For high OS species, oxidation of the ligands, for example, of O−2 with formation of .O−1 and O−O bonds, and partial reduction of the metal center may be favorable, possibly leading to non‐Lewis type structures.
Modulation of saturation and chain length of fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of cocoa butter‐like lipids
Authors: Bergenholm David , Gossing Michael , Wei Yongjun , Siewers Verena , Nielsen Jens
Published: January 2018

Chain length and degree of saturation plays an important role for the characteristics of various products derived from fatty acids, such as fuels, cosmetics, and food additives. The seeds of Theobroma cacao are the source of cocoa butter, a natural lipid of high interest for the food and cosmetics industry. Cocoa butter is rich in saturated fatty acids that are stored in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs). One of the major TAG species of cocoa butter, consisting of two stearic acid molecules and one oleic acid molecule (stearic acid‐oleic acid‐stearic acid, sn‐SOS), is particularly rare in nature as the saturated fatty acid stearic acid is typically found only in low abundance. Demand for cocoa butter is increasing, yet T. cacao can only be cultivated in some parts of the tropics. Alternative means of production of cocoa butter lipids (CBLs) are, therefore, sought after. Yeasts also store fatty acids in the form of TAGs, but these are typically not rich in saturated fatty acids. To make yeast an attractive host for microbial production of CBLs, its fatty acid composition needs to be optimized. We engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains toward a modified fatty acid synthesis. Analysis of the fatty acid profile of the modified strains showed that the fatty acid content as well as the titers of saturated fatty acids and the titers of TAGs were increased. The relative content of potential CBLs in the TAG pool reached up to 22% in our engineered strains, which is a 5.8‐fold increase over the wild‐type. SOS content reached a level of 9.8% in our engineered strains, which is a 48‐fold increase over the wild type.
Quantification of Folic Acid in Human Serum Using Isotope Dilution Ultra‐High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hyung Seok‐Won , Lee Joonhee , Seo Hye‐Young , Kim Byungjoo
Published: January 2018

Analytical method for an accurate determination of folic acid in human serum has been established using isotope dilution ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ID‐UPLC/MS). Sample extract was prepared from 0.5 mL of human serum spiked with 13C5‐folic acid solution and then LC–MS/MS experiment was performed on multiple reaction monitoring mode for 20 min. The method was tested for repeatability using homogeneous human serum and it showed good repeatability with relative standard deviation of 1.8%. Further evaluation was carried out through NIST SRM 1955 samples (level I, II, and III) and the measurement results were in good agreement with the certified values with good reproducibility over two periods. It was also revealed that the obtained relative expanded uncertainty was 12% which is much smaller than that of previously reported methods, indicating that this method is very reliable and accurate for determining the content of folic acid in human serum.
Approaching the thermodynamic view of protein folding through the reproduction of Anfinsen's experiment by undergraduate physical biochemistry students
Authors: Fernandez‐Reche Andres , Cobos Eva S. , Luque Irene , Ruiz‐Sanz Javier , Martinez Jose C.
Published: January 2018

In 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “…his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation.” The understanding of this principle is crucial for physical biochemistry students, since protein folding studies, bio‐computing sciences and protein design approaches are founded on such a well‐demonstrated connection. Herein, we describe a detailed and easy‐to‐follow experiment to reproduce the most relevant assays carried out at Anfinsen's laboratory in the 60s. This experiment provides students with a platform to interpret by themselves the structural and kinetic experiments conceived to understand the protein folding problem. In addition, this three‐day experiment brings students a nice opportunity for protein manipulation as well as for the setting up of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(3):262–269, 2018.
Robotic‐assisted transradial diagnostic coronary angiography
Authors: Swaminathan Rajesh V. , Rao Sunil V.
Published: January 2018

Robotic percutaneous coronary interventions have recently been introduced in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Robotics offers benefits of greater precision for stent placement and occupational hazard protection for operators and staff. First generation systems were able to advance and retract coronary wires, balloons, and stents, but did not have guide control functions. The second‐generation robotic system (CorPath GRX) has an active guide management function offering the ability to move guide catheters. Expanding utilization of robotics to perform diagnostic coronary angiography would further reduce radiation scatter exposure and other occupational hazards to operators. This approach is particularly appealing in the setting of radial access, as universal radial diagnostic catheters can engage both the right and left coronary arteries without exchange. We describe here, the first two cases of such a procedure with the CorPath GRX robotic system.
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Malpartida Freddy R. , Zeng Xu
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a gas‐producing, necrotizing infection involving the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissue that is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Common causative organisms include Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. While most patients are being managed conservatively these days, nephrectomy may be needed in severe cases.
Azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava with segmental aneurysm, lung lobe torsion and pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog
Authors: Lockwood Ashley J. , Sinnott‐Stutzman Virginia B. , Mouser Pamela J. , Tsai Steven L.
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

This case highlights the management and diagnostic evaluation of a dog with two individually rare conditions (lung lobe torsion and vena cava aneurysm) that ultimately resulted in fatal pulmonary thromboembolism.
Saphenous nerve block as a diagnosis tool for chronic postsurgical pain of the left medial calf
Authors: Dîrzu Dan Sebastian , Boţ Theodor , Ciuce Constantin
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

Ultrasound‐guided saphenous nerve block above the knee may be a valuable diagnosis tool in patient presenting chronic pain of the calf.
Porous Organic Polymers Constructed from Tröger's Base as Efficient Carbon Dioxide Adsorbents and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Dai Zhifeng , Tang Yongquan , Sun Qi , Liu Xiaolong , Meng Xiangju , Deng Feng , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: January 2018

Through a radical solvothermal polymerization method, we synthesized two porous organic polymers based on Tröger's base (POP‐TB and POP‐Me‐TB) from the corresponding vinyl‐functionalized monomers (2,8‐divinyl‐6H,12H‐5,11‐methanodibenzo[b,f]diazocine and 2,8‐divinyl‐4,10‐dimethly‐6H,12H‐5,11‐ethanodibenzo[b,f]diazocine; v‐TB and v‐Me‐TB). The structure and porosity of these polymers are verified by using solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, SEM, TEM, N2 sorption isotherms, and CO2 sorption tests. They exhibit high surface areas and moderate pore volumes, which give high CO2 adsorption capacities (90 and 71 mg
 g−1 at 273 K and 60 and 44 mg
 g−1 at 298 K for POP‐TB and POP‐Me‐TB, respectively) under a CO2 pressure of 1 bar. In addition, they display excellent catalytic activities together with highly stability as heterogeneous catalysts in the benchmark Knoevenagel reactions.
Hierarchically Porous Carbon as a High‐Rate and Long‐Life Electrode Material for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Guo Junhong , Guo Hongwei , Zhang Li , Yang Baoping , Cui Jinfeng
Published: January 2018

In this study, cost‐effective hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) derived from starch was successfully prepared through a simple mixing and subsequent one‐step carbonization method. Based on the three‐dimensional interconnected hierarchically porous structure, HPC exhibits a high specific surface area of 2259.54 m2 g−1 and a specific capacitance of 385.7 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a three‐electrode system. When the as‐prepared carbon was employed to fabricate an aqueous symmetrical supercapacitor, the device displayed a high specific capacitance of 81.3 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and even at 20 A g−1 the specific capacitance remained 64 F g−1 (capacity retention rate of 78.72 % compares with that at 1 A g−1), demonstrating an outstanding rate performance. This supercapacitor maintained a capacity retention of 100 % after 60 000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1, indicating superior long‐term cycling stability. Furthermore, when the as‐prepared carbon was employed to fabricate a symmetrical supercapacitor in ionic liquid (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, EMIMBF4) electrolyte, it ultimately achieved an ultrahigh energy density of 133.94 Wh kg−1 (power density of 1997.51 W kg−1) and a capacity retention rate of 83.3 % was maintained after 5000 cycles throughout a wide operating potential window of 0–4 V at 10 A g−1.
The Mercury Problem in Artisanal and Small‐Scale Gold Mining
Authors: Esdaile Louisa J. , Chalker Justin M.
Published: January 2018

Mercury‐dependent artisanal and small‐scale gold mining (ASGM) is the largest source of mercury pollution on Earth. In this practice, elemental mercury is used to extract gold from ore as an amalgam. The amalgam is typically isolated by hand and then heated—often with a torch or over a stove—to distill the mercury and isolate the gold. Mercury release from tailings and vaporized mercury exceed 1000 tonnes each year from ASGM. The health effects on the miners are dire, with inhaled mercury leading to neurological damage and other health issues. The communities near these mines are also affected due to mercury contamination of water and soil and subsequent accumulation in food staples, such as fish—a major source of dietary protein in many ASGM regions. The risks to children are also substantial, with mercury emissions from ASGM resulting in both physical and mental disabilities and compromised development. Between 10 and 19 million people use mercury to mine for gold in more than 70 countries, making mercury pollution from ASGM a global issue. With the Minamata Convention on Mercury entering force this year, there is political motivation to help overcome the problem of mercury in ASGM. In this effort, chemists can play a central role. Here, the problem of mercury in ASGM is reviewed with a discussion on how the chemistry community can contribute solutions. Introducing portable and low‐cost mercury sensors, inexpensive and scalable remediation technologies, novel methods to prevent mercury uptake in fish and food crops, and efficient and easy‐to‐use mercury‐free mining techniques are all ways in which the chemistry community can help. To meet these challenges, it is critical that new technologies or techniques are low‐cost and adaptable to the remote and under‐resourced areas in which ASGM is most common. The problem of mercury pollution in ASGM is inherently a chemistry problem. We therefore encourage the chemistry community to consider and address this issue that affects the health of millions of people.
Acetoxymethyl Concept for Intracellular Administration of Carbon Monoxide with Mn(CO)3‐Based PhotoCORMs
Authors: Mede Ralf , Hoffmann Patrick , Neumann Clara , Görls Helmar , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Neugebauer Ute , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: January 2018

Targeted administration of carbon monoxide with CO releasing molecules (CORMs) inside of cells proved to be very challenging. Consequently, there are only very few reports on intracellular uptake of CORMs requiring high extracellular CORM loading because an equilibrium between extra‐ and intracellular concentrations can be assumed. Here we present a strategy for a targeted intracellular administration of manganese(I)‐based CORMs that are altered inside of cells to trap these complexes. Thereafter, carbon monoxide can be liberated by irradiation (photoCORMs). To achieve this innovative task, acetoxymethyl (AM) groups are attached at the periphery of the hydrophobic manganese(I) carbonyl complexes to not influence the CO release behavior. Inside of cells these AM substituents are cleaved by esterases yielding hydrophilic manganese(I) carbonyl compounds which are captured inside of cells. This objective is realized by using the bidentate bases 4‐(acetoxymethoxycarbonyl)phenyl‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methane (1) and 4‐(acetoxymethoxy)phenyl‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methane (4) at facial (OC)3MnBr fragments yielding CORM‐AM1 (2) and CORM‐AM2 (5), respectively. Besides synthesis, crystal structures and spectroscopic properties we present targeted administration and intracellular accumulation of these AM‐containing CORMs.
Sialyl Tn Unit with TFA‐Labile Protection Realizes Efficient Synthesis of Sialyl Glycoprotein
Authors: Takeda Naoki , Takei Toshiki , Asahina Yuya , Hojo Hironobu
Published: January 2018

Amino acids bearing 4‐methylbenzyl (MBn) and 4‐methoxybenzyl (MPM)‐protected sialic acid were synthesized and used for the 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid‐phase synthesis of a glycopeptide. The α‐sialyl linkage of the MBn‐protected unit was partially cleaved under the final deprotection by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In addition, the removal of several MBn groups were incomplete. On the other hand, the MPM‐protected unit gave the desired glycopeptide without decomposition of the α‐sialyl linkage. Using this unit, peptide thioesters of the tandem repeat unit of MUC1 mucin were synthesized by the N‐alkylcysteine (NAC) method and used for the one‐pot ligation by the thioester method. As a result, the three tandem repeats of MUC1 carrying sialyl Tn antigens were successfully synthesized.
Evidence for Novel Action at the Cell‐Binding Site of Human Angiogenin Revealed by Heteronuclear NMR Spectroscopy, in silico and in vivo Studies
Authors: Chatzileontiadou Demetra S. M. , Tsika Aikaterini C. , Diamantopoulou Zoi , Delbé Jean , Badet Josette , Courty José , Skamnaki Vassiliki T. , Parmenopoulou Vanessa , Komiotis Dimitri , Hayes Joseph M. , Spyroulias Georgios A. , Leonidas Demetres D.
Published: January 2018

A member of the ribonuclease A superfamily, human angiogenin (hAng) is a potent angiogenic factor. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy combined with induced‐fit docking revealed a dual binding mode for the most antiangiogenic compound of a series of ribofuranosyl pyrimidine nucleosides that strongly inhibit hAng's angiogenic activity in vivo. While modeling suggests the potential for simultaneous binding of the inhibitors at the active and cell‐binding sites, NMR studies indicate greater affinity for the cell‐binding site than for the active site. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations at 100 ns confirmed the stability of binding at the cell‐binding site with the predicted protein–ligand interactions, in excellent agreement with the NMR data. This is the first time that a nucleoside inhibitor is reported to completely inhibit the angiogenic activity of hAng in vivo by exerting dual inhibitory activity on hAng, blocking both the entrance of hAng into the cell and its ribonucleolytic activity.
Assessment of the antinociceptive and ulcerogenic activity of the tapentadol–diclofenac combination in rodents
Authors: Zapata‐Morales Juan R. , Alonso‐Castro Ángel J. , Granados‐Soto Vinicio , Sánchez‐Enriquez Sergio , Isiordia‐Espinoza Mario A.
Published: January 2018

Preclinical Research & Development

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tapentadol–diclofenac combination in three dose‐ratios in the mouse acetic acid‐induced visceral pain and their ulcerogenic activity on the stomachal mucous. Dose‐response curves were generated for tapentadol, diclofenac, and their combination in the acetic acid‐induced writhing test in mice. Moreover, the stomachs of animals were surgically removal and gastrointestinal ulcerogenic action of the combination was assessed. The isobolographic analysis, interaction index, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The isobolographic analysis and interaction index showed a similar antinociceptive activity for the three combinations of the analgesic mixture. Moreover, tapentadol and the proportions 1:1 or 3:1 of the analgesic combination caused a mild gastrointestinal damage. These data indicate that the systemic co‐administration of tapentadol and diclofenac produced a synergistic interaction in the acetic acid‐induced visceral pain test with an acceptable gastric damage profile in mice.
Transcoronary concentration gradients of circulating microRNAs in heart failure
Authors: De Rosa Salvatore , Eposito Francesca , Carella Cristina , Strangio Antonio , Ammirati Giuseppe , Sabatino Jolanda , Abbate Fabio Giovanni , Iaconetti Claudio , Liguori Vincenzo , Pergola Valerio , Polimeni Alberto , Coletta Silvio , Gareri Clarice , Trimarco Bruno , Stabile Giuseppe , Curcio Antonio , Indolfi Ciro , Rapacciuolo Antonio
Published: January 2018

Aims

Circulating levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) are emergent promising biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. Altered expression of miRNAs has been related to heart failure (HF) and cardiac remodelling. We measured the concentration gradients across the coronary circulation to assess their usefulness to diagnose HF of different aetiologies.

Methods and results

Circulating miRNAs were measured in plasma samples simultaneously obtained from the aorta and the coronary venous sinus in patients with non‐ischaemic HF (NICM‐HF, n = 23) ischaemic HF (ICM‐HF, n = 41), and in control patients (n = 11). A differential modulation of circulating levels of miR‐423, ‐34a, ‐21‐3p, ‐126, ‐199 and ‐30a was found across the aetiology groups. Interestingly, a positive transcoronary gradient was found for miR‐423 (P < 0.001) and miR‐34a (P < 0.001) only in the ICM‐HF group. On the contrary, a positive gradient was found for miR‐21‐3p (P < 0.001) and miR‐30a (P = 0.030) only in the NICM‐HF group. Finally, no significant variations were observed in the transcoronary gradient of miR‐126 or miR‐199.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that circulating levels of miRNAs are differentially expressed in patients with HF of different aetiologies. The presence of a transcoronary concentration gradient suggests a selective release of miRNAs by the failing heart into the coronary circulation. The presence of aetiology‐specific transcoronary concentration gradients in HF patients might provide important information to better understand their role in HF, and suggests they could be useful biomarkers to distinguish HF of different aetiologies.
Association between mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure throughout the follow‐up and cardiovascular events in acute myocardial infarction patients with systolic dysfunction and/or heart failure: an analysis from the High‐Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiative
Authors: Ferreira João Pedro , Duarte Kevin , Pfeffer Marc A. , McMurray John J.V. , Pitt Bertram , Dickstein Kenneth , Zannad Faiez , Rossignol Patrick ,   for the High‐Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiative
Published: January 2018

Background

Observational data have described the association of blood pressure (BP) with mortality as ‘J‐shaped’, meaning that mortality rates increase below a certain BP threshold. We aimed to analyse the associations between BP and prognosis in a population of acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients with heart failure (HF) and/or systolic dysfunction.

Methods and results

The datasets included in this pooling initiative are derived from four trials: CAPRICORN, EPHESUS, OPTIMAAL, and VALIANT. A total of 28 771 patients were included in this analysis. Arithmetic means of all office BP values measured throughout follow‐up were used. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death. The mean age was 65 ± 11.5 years and 30% were female. Patients in the lower systolic BP (SBP) quintiles had higher rates of cardiovascular death (reference: SBP 121–128 mmHg) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.26–2.74 for SBP ≤112 mmHg, and HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16–1.43 for SBP 113–120 mmHg]. The findings for HF hospitalization and MI were similar. However, stroke rates were higher in patients within the highest SBP quintile (reference: SBP 121–128 mmHg) (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.11–1.72). Patients who died had a much shorter follow‐up (0.7 vs. 2.1 years), less BP measurements (4.6 vs. 9.8) and lower mean BP (–8 mmHg in the last SBP measurement compared with patients who remained alive during the follow‐up), suggesting that the associations of low BP and increased cardiovascular death represent a reverse causality phenomenon.

Conclusion

Systolic BP values <125 mmHg were associated with increased cardiovascular death, but these findings likely represent a reverse causality phenomenon.
Comparing the effects of atrazine and an environmentally relevant mixture on estrogen-responsive gene expression in the northern leopard frog and the fathead minnow
Authors: Ali Jonathan M. , Knight Lindsey A. , D'Souza Del L. , Kolok Alan S.
Published: January 2018

In Nebraska, fish are exposed to herbicides in agricultural runoff. The study objectives were to determine 1) if fathead minnows and northern leopard frogs exposed to atrazine experience alterations in gene expression, and 2) whether these changes are elicited by a simulated herbicide mixture. Following a 7-d exposure to atrazine, female minnows were defeminized, whereas male frogs were feminized. The mixture did not elicit statistically significant effects in either species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1182–1188. © 2018 SETAC
Ecotoxicology of manufactured graphene oxide nanomaterials and derivation of preliminary guideline values for freshwater environments
Authors: Markovic Marijana , Kumar Anupama , Andjelkovic Ivan , Lath Supriya , Kirby Jason K. , Losic Dusan , Batley Graeme E. , McLaughlin Michael J.
Published: January 2018

The unique physical and chemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) have inspired a diverse range of scientific and industrial applications. The market value of GNMs is predicted to reach $US 1.3 billion by 2023. Common to many nanomaterials, an important and unresolved question is the environmental consequences of the increases in GNMs use. The current deficiencies in studies reporting ecotoxicology data for GNMs include differences in analytical methodologies for quantification, no standardized test guidelines, differences in morphology of GNMs, the lack of Chemical Abstract Service numbers, and the quality of the reported data. The assessment of potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms typically relies on guideline values based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) of toxicity data. We present preliminary water quality guideline values for graphene oxide NMs in freshwaters. Data include 10 species from 7 phyla (bacteria and fungi were not included). The most sensitive organism was found to be the freshwater shrimp Palaemon pandaliformis. The derived guideline values for 99, 95, 90, and 80% species protection were 350, 600, 830, and 1300 μg/L, respectively. These results will contribute to the regulatory derivations of future water quality guideline values for graphene-based NMs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1340–1348. © 2018 SETAC
Improving throughput in DMM with mobile‐assisted flow mobility
Authors: Peña Llerena Yarisley , Gondim Paulo R. L. , Lloret Jaime
Published: January 2018

The development of new applications and mobile devices has increased the data traffic in cellular networks and required throughput improvements, which can be achieved through heterogeneous access networks, where multimodal user devices able to establish simultaneous connections with different access networks are considered. Such connections and data offloading between Wi‐Fi and cellular networks provide load balancing and increase the throughput of heterogeneous cellular networks. Offloading can be performed at the network layer through the move of Internet Protocol (IP) flows, and mobility management solutions can be used as a basis for this purpose. This article proposes an architecture called Seamless IP Flow and Distributed Mobility Management (SIFDMM), which is based on a distributed mobility management solution and improves heterogeneous network throughput by moving IP flows between Wi‐Fi and LTE networks. SIFDMM mitigates congestion in the networks and causes no problem of single point of failure, scalability, and reliability of centralized solutions. An analytical comparison was performed for an effective demonstration of the throughput improvement in heterogeneous networks.
Transcription factors early growth response gene (Egr) 2 and 3 control inflammatory responses of tolerant T cells
Authors: Omodho Becky , Miao Tizong , Symonds Alistair L.J. , Singh Randeep , Li Suling , Wang Ping
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Impaired proliferation and production of IL2 are the hallmarks of experimental T cell tolerance. However, in most autoimmune diseases, auto‐reactive T cells do not display hyper proliferation, but inflammatory phenotypes.

Methods

We have now demonstrated that the transcription factors Egr2 and 3 are important for the control of inflammatory cytokine production by tolerant T cells, but not for tolerance induction.

Results

In the absence of Egr2 and 3, T cell tolerance, as measured by impaired proliferation and production of IL2, can still be induced, but tolerant T cells produced high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Egr2 and 3 regulate expression of differentiation repressors and directly inhibit T‐bet function in T cells. Indeed, decreased expression of differentiation repressors, such as Id3 and Tcf1, and increased expression of inflammatory transcription factors, such as RORγt and Bhlhe40 were found in Egr2/3 deficient T cells under tolerogenic conditions. In addition, T‐bet was co‐expressed with Egr2 in tolerant T cells and Egr2/3 defects leads to production of high levels of IFNγ in tolerant T cells.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrated that despite impaired proliferation and IL2 production, tolerant T cells can display inflammatory responses in response to antigen stimulation and this is controlled at least partly by Egr2 and 3.
DISORGANIZATION, FEAR AND ATTACHMENT: WORKING TOWARDS CLARIFICATION
Authors: Duschinsky Robbie
Published: January 2018

In 1990, M. Main and J. Solomon introduced the procedures for coding a new “disorganized” infant attachment classification for the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure (M.D.S. Ainsworth, M. Blehar, E. Waters, & S. Wall, 1978). This classification has received a high degree of interest, both from researchers and from child welfare and clinical practitioners. Disorganized attachment has primarily been understood through the lens of E. Hesse and M. Main's concept of “fright without solution,” taken to mean that an infant experiences a conflict between a desire to approach and flee from a frightening parent when confronted by the Strange Situation. Yet, looking back, it can be observed that the way Hesse and Main's texts were formulated and read has generated confusion; there have been repeated calls in recent years for renewed theory and clarification about the relationship between disorganization and fear. Responding to these calls, this article revisits the texts that introduced the idea of fright without solution, clarifying their claims through articulating more precisely the different meanings of the term fear. This clarified account will then be applied to consideration of pathways to infant disorganized behaviors.
Roles and Efforts of the Irrigation Sector in Myanmar Agricultural Practice
Authors: Than Mu Mu
Published: January 2018

Agriculture has always been the dominant sector in the economy of Myanmar. The agricultural sector contributes 22.1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (2014–2015), 20% of total export earnings and employs more than 61.2% of the labour force. At present, the country produces enough food to supply its people and export the surplus production. The total land area of Myanmar is 67.7 Mha (million hectares), and the cultivable land is 26% of the total area, i.e. 17.7 Mha, of which only about 12.0 Mha is net sown area. Also, Myanmar is rich in water resources potential, of which surface water is about 108 000 Mm3 of water volume per annum while groundwater potential is about 49 500 Mm3 in 8 river basins in the country. As a part of water resources utilization in the agricultural sector, 581 irrigation dams have been completed, further increasing the irrigable area of 2.78 Mha by the end of March 2016. Because of the traditional irrigation practice of plot‐to‐plot irrigation, water productivity (WP) is only 40%. In order to improve WP as well as environmental conservation, farmer participation is of vital importance for improving agricultural productivity and poverty alleviation by enhancing irrigation and drainage schemes in agricultural sector development. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Progress on the Exploration of the Biological Utility of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: You Youngmin
Published: January 2018

Molecular imaging employing cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes is one of the fastest growing research areas. In this minireview, the key advances in phosphorescent bioimaging and photodynamic applications employing cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes are introduced. Focus is on understanding the structure−property relationships, with the aim to provide useful guidance to future development of molecular materials showing the intended photofunctions. The research covered in this minireview demonstrates that cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes can serve as versatile platforms for biological applications.
Oblivious, paranoid, and disclosed negative ties: An examination of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between negative ties and job performance
Authors: Al‐Atwi Amer Ali
Published: January 2018

This study extends the literature on negative relationships by proposing a classification of negative ties that involve oblivious, paranoid, and disclosed ties. This classification provides a guide to explore the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationship of negative ties to individual job performance (productivity and task performance). Specifically, we hypothesize that (a) disclosed and oblivious ties can constrain opportunity to perform through structural empowerment and (b) disclosed and paranoid ties can constrain willingness to perform through psychological empowerment. Drawing on data from 121 faculty members working in a public college located in the south of Iraq, we found structural empowerment and psychological empowerment to be the mediating variables in the negative ties–performance relationship. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Chromatographic efficiency of polar capillary columns applied for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography
Authors: Waktola Habtewold D. , Mjøs Svein A.
Published: January 2018

The chromatographic efficiency that could be achieved in temperature‐programmed gas chromatography was compared for four capillary columns that are typically applied for analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Three different carrier gases, hydrogen, helium and nitrogen, were applied. For each experiment, the carrier gas velocities and the temperature rates were varied with a full 9 × 3 design, with nine levels on the carrier gas velocity and temperature rates of 1, 2 or 3°C/min. Response surface methodology was used to create models of chromatographic efficiency as a function of temperature rate and carrier gas velocity. The chromatographic efficiency was defined as the inverse of peak widths measured in retention index units. The final results were standardized so that the efficiencies that could be achieved within a certain time frame, defined by the retention time of the last compound in the chromatogram, could be compared. The results show that there were clear differences in the efficiencies that could be achieved with the different columns and that the efficiency decreased with increasing polarity of the stationary phase. The differences can be explained by higher resistance to mass transfer in the stationary phase in the most polar columns.
Diagnostic reliability of pretreatment biopsy in malignant nasoethmoidal tumors: A retrospective study of 77 cases
Authors: Schreiber Alberto , Rampinelli Vittorio , Ferrari Marco , Mattavelli Davide , Farina Davide , Battocchio Simonetta , Nicolai Piero
Published: January 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

Pretreatment biopsy is crucial in histology‐based management of malignant nasoethmoidal tumors, because misdiagnosis can lead to inadequate therapeutic planning. Factors influencing the reliability of biopsy were retrospectively investigated in a tertiary referral center.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

All patients who underwent biopsy, staging magnetic resonance, surgery, and histologic diagnosis for nasoethmoidal tumors in our hospital were retrospectively evaluated. Histologic discrepancy, histology, procedure for biopsy (biopsy under local anesthesia [OB], biopsy under local anesthesia and sedation [SB], or under general anesthesia [GB]), site of the lesion, and the biopsy volume were analyzed. Biopsy reliability rate (BRR) (preoperative biopsy confirmed after surgical treatment) and concordance rate (CR) (postoperative diagnosis identified in preoperative biopsy) were calculated. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify factors influencing histologic discrepancies.

Results

Seventy‐seven patients were included. Five (6.5%) minor and eight (10.4%) major histologic discrepancies were observed (16.9%). OB and SB showed significantly lower biopsy volumes than GB (P < .0001 and P = .002, respectively). The biopsy volume was significantly lower in cases with histologic discrepancies (P = .045). Squamous cell carcinoma was independently associated with lower BRR. Germ cell tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and sarcoma showed the lowest CR. Adenocarcinoma, mucosal melanoma, and olfactory neuroblastoma showed the highest BRR and CR.

Conclusions

The risk of misdiagnosis for nasoethmoidal tumors may be high even in referral centers. Especially when clinical and radiologic findings suggest a diagnosis different from adenocarcinoma, mucosal melanoma, and olfactory neuroblastoma, obtaining abundant material under general anesthesia may reduce the risk of diagnostic error and inadequate treatment.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 1772–1777, 2018
Protracted Colored Noise Dynamics Applied to Linear Polymer Systems
Authors: Peters Andrew J. , Nation Benjamin D. , Nicoloso Daniel , Ludovice Peter J. , Henderson Clifford L.
Published: January 2018

Molecular dynamics simulations of polymers are significantly limited because of the large time and length scales often required. In this paper, a simulation method known as Protracted Colored Noise Dynamics (PCND) is adapted to linear polymer simulations. This polymer PCND applies a time correlated random force (colored noise) along the backbone of the polymer chain, causing an increase in fluctuations on the length scale of individual chains. This form of PCND greatly increases the rate of diffusion of bulk homopolymers while not significantly altering chain conformation or crystal packing structure. It is then applied to a coarse‐grained polymer model to explore this method's ability to increase the rate at which equilibrium conformations are obtained. This polymer PCND drastically increases the kinetics of defect annihilation in block copolymer simulations with only small changes to the domain size. Application of molecular dynamics restores the correct domain size, indicating that the free energy landscape is not being significantly altered. The computational overhead associated with polymer PCND is minimal, and outweighed by the increased equilibration rate.
Simultaneous quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and for high iron concentration quantification with 3D ultrashort echo time sequences: An echo dependence study
Authors: Lu Xing , Ma Yajun , Chang Eric Y. , He Qun , Searleman Adam , von Drygalski Annette , Du Jiang
Published: January 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the echo dependence of 3D ultrashort echo time (TE) quantitative susceptibility mapping (3D UTE‐QSM) and effective transverse relaxation rate (
) measurement in the setting of high concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Methods

A phantom study with iron concentrations ranging from 2 to 22 mM was performed using a 3D UTE Cones sequence. Simultaneous QSM processing with morphology‐enabled dipole inversion (MEDI) and
single exponential fitting was conducted offline with the acquired 3D UTE data. The dependence of UTE‐QSM and
on echo spacing (ΔTE) and first TE (TE1) was investigated.

Results

A linear relationship was observed between UTE‐QSM measurement and iron concentration up to 22 mM only, with the minimal TE1 of 0.032 ms and ΔTE of less than 0.1 ms. A linear relationship was observed between
and iron concentration up to 22 mM only when TE1 was less than 0.132 ms and ΔTE was less than 1.2 ms. UTE‐QSM with MEDI processing showed strong dependence on ΔTE and TE1, especially at high iron concentrations.

Conclusion

UTE‐QSM is more sensitive than
measurement to TE selection. Both an ultrashort TE1 and a small ΔTE are needed to achieve accurate QSM for high iron concentrations. Magn Reson Med 79:2315–2322, 2018. © 2018 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A priori error estimates for optimal control problems with state and control constraints
Authors: Zhou Lixin
Published: January 2018

The Galerkin spectral method is used to approximate elliptic optimal control problems with integral state and control constraints in this paper. We derive the optimality conditions for the control problems by E. Casas' results, then a priori error estimates are provided. Some numerical examples are investigated to confirm the theoretical results and to show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Overcoming resistance to resistance in public administration: Resistance strategies of marginalized publics in citizen‐state interactions
Authors: Nisar Muhammad Azfar
Published: January 2018

There has been a general resistance to resistance studies in public administration (PA) research. Although previous research has documented instances of selective policy implementation by PA practitioners that put minority groups at a comparative disadvantage, we still have a limited understanding of the different ways in which these groups contest discriminatory administrative practices especially within non‐western developing countries. To address this gap, in this article, I discuss the various strategic responses the Khawaja Sira—a genderqueer group of Pakistan—employ in their interactions with the frontline police workers to contest their hyper‐surveillance and moral policing. The discussion illustrates that while Khawaja Sira mostly rely on individual acts of contestation in their interactions with police officers, the emerging leadership of the Khawaja Sira is enabling emergence of new forms of resistance based on social capital and collective protests. In addition to contributing to the limited literature on citizen perspectives and LGBT issues in PA research, the theoretical framework of resistance presented here can serve as a good template to analyze citizen responses to discriminatory frontline practice in other sociopolitical contexts as well.
Role of Wnt signalling in advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Ahmad Imran , Sansom Owen J
Published: January 2018

Recent next‐generation sequencing studies demonstrate that multiple pathways are often deregulated in advanced and metastatic prostate cancer (PC). In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, an elegant study by Jefferies et al used in vivo modelling to demonstrate how activation of the PI3K, WNT, and MAPK pathway converges on mTORC1 signalling to drive aggressive disease. The study also highlights that approaches to target advanced PC require intelligent combination of agents to target single/multiple signalling pathways in combination with androgen receptor (AR) blockade. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise program for children and adolescents with leukemia and lymphoma during treatment: A comprehensive review
Authors: Zucchetti Giulia , Rossi Francesca , Chamorro Vina Carolina , Bertorello Nicoletta , Fagioli Franca
Published: January 2018

An exercise program (EP) during cancer treatment seems to be a valid strategy against physiological and quality‐of‐life impairments, but scientific evidence of benefits among pediatric patients is still limited. This review summarizes the literature focused on randomized controlled trials of EP offered to patients during leukemia and lymphoma treatment. Studies published up to June 2017 were selected from multiple databases and assessed by three independent reviewers for methodological validity. The review identified eight studies, but several types of bias have to be avoided to provide evidence‐based recommendations accessible to patients, families, and professionals.
Design and fabrication of a composite coating to improve the environmental adaptability of combustible cartridges
Authors: Chen Shiyi , Shi Haiyue , Tian Shuchun , Li Zhongshan , Xiao Zhenggang
Published: January 2018

A combustible cartridge is a kind of porous composite material. It absorbs moisture easily, thus affecting its combustion performance. Usually, storage and protection methods of a combustible cartridge are based on multilayer coatings. However, increasing the number of coatings layers makes the coating process more complex and expensive. In this article, nano‐size titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were grafted with poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate). The fluorine‐containing nanocomposite material was used with nitrocellulose as the film‐forming material of a composite coating. Additives polysorbate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were separately used as a surfactant and antistatic agent. The final formula of coating was determined. Eventually, the multifunctional coating was deposited on the surface of a combustible cartridge using a spraying method to form the composite coating, and the preparation parameters of the composite coating were determined. Results demonstrate that the binary mixed solvent‐fluoropolymer composite coating on the surface of combustible cartridge can improve the mechanical properties and environmental adaptability. Moreover, the composite coating has no negative effects on the combustion performance of combustible cartridge, indicating a promising application in the coating of combustible cartridge to improve its environment adaptability. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:685–694, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Emergency airway and ventilator procedures for community based home care staff validation of an educational program
Authors: Ramsey Ann Marie , Brennan Sarah , Stricker Adam , Riek Kurt , Brown Dana , Gurtowsky Rachel , Sturza Julie , Filbrun Amy Goldstein
Published: January 2018

Background

Children discharged home with tracheostomy and chronic mechanical ventilator support are at high risk for complications and adverse events. Private duty nursing and home respiratory care services are a critical support necessary for successful discharge. The literature suggests that there are opportunities for home care staff (HCS) to improve upon the skills necessary to assess and intervene in an emergency thereby increasing the likelihood of improving long‐term outcomes.

Methods

HCS (RN, LPN, RRT) participated in a 4‐h session comprised of lecture and simulation. Lecture content focused on tracheostomy safety, operation of the Trilogy and LTV home ventilators, and review of their common alarms. Simulation included two scenarios simulating tracheostomy decannulation and mucous plugging events. Participant comfort with tracheostomy and ventilator management skills were measured on a five item self‐assessment tool and clinical knowledge was measured using an 11 item multiple choice skills test, both of which were completed before and after the session. We tested to see if there was a change in test scores from pre‐ to post‐intervention.

Results

Fifty‐four HCS participated in the program and provided complete data sets. The vast majority (68%) were registered nurses, followed by licensed practical nurses (19%) and respiratory therapists (12%). Participant self‐reported comfort with emergency skills prior to intervention was 3.2/5 which increased to 4.1/5 after intervention (P > 0.0001). Average test score prior to intervention was 62%, post intervention score increased to 82% which represented significant improvement (P > 0.0001).

Discussion

HCS are generally unprepared to intervene in an acute airway or ventilator emergency. This short, manageable program provided education that resulted in a significant improvement in both skill level and confidence.
Sensitivity and Stability Improvements of NEPE Propellants by Inclusion of FOX‐7
Authors: Xie Wuxi , Zhao Yu , Zhang Wei , Liu Yunfei , Fan Xuezhong , Wang Bozhou , He Wei , Yan Qi‐Long
Published: January 2018

The performances of NEPE (Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether) propellants containing 1,1 diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) were evaluated by means of theoretical calculation, combustion, mechanical and sensitivity experiments. It was found that, by the replacement of Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) with FOX‐7 in NEPE propellants, the density (ρ) was maintained to be the same 1.80 g cm−3, whereas the combustion temperature (Tc) decreased from 3700 K to 3592 K. The meaN molecular weight of combustion gas (Mc) was slightly increased (from 27.28 to 27.48 g mol−1) and the theoretical specific impulse (Ispo) was decreased from 2615 to 2560 N s kg−1. The content of FOX‐7 was in the range of 0 % to 34 % in the formulation of NEPE propellant. It was also shown that the burning rate was increased along with the elevated pressure exponents from 0.44 to 0.48. Moreover, the tensile strength of the propellants at +20 °C and +50 °C was improved from 0.84 and 0.68 MPa to 1.06 MPa and 0.75 MPa, respectively, while the maximum elongation decreased from 64.1∼86.1 % to 32.5∼45.3 %. In terms of safety, the friction sensitivity of the propellant was improved (initiation probability decreases from 100 % to 88 % under pressure of 2.45 MPa) and the impact sensitivity (H50) increased from 6.74 N m to 9.31 N m (2.5 kg hammer).