bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Pembelajaran PAI Berbasis WEB
Authors: Wildan Ahmad Mi'razfauzi  , Muhammad Salimi  , Seipah Kardipah
Published: August 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui Pengembangan Pembelajaran PAI Berbasis Web sejauh mana pembelajaran PAI berbasis Web yang merupakan aktfitas pembelajaran menggunakan jaringan internet untuk menyampaikan dan memfasilitasi ketika dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan kajian pustaka (library research). Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi terhadap berbagai literature terkait dengan kepemimpinan profetik, termasuk berbagai hasil penelitian yang relevan dengan fokus kajian. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Peranan internet dalam pendidikan sangat menguntungkan karena kemampuanya dalam mengelola data dengan jumlah yang sangat besar. Perkembangan-perkembangan tersebut harus direspon juga dalam pembelajaran PAI. Materi-materi PAI ke depan juga harus dikemas dalam Web, sehingga memudahkan siswa mengakses materi PAI. Materi Web PAI juga sebagai sumber belajar lain yang memungkinkan siapa saja untuk mengakses atau mengunduhnya.
IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN RISIKO TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI SMA AL-HADI KOTA BANDUNG
Authors: Rabani Rai Aulia Rabani
Published: August 2024

Abstrak
Pada zaman modern ini teknologi menjadi media yang sering digunakan dalam melakukan aktivitas tidak terkecuali pada bidang pendidikan. Dalam bidang pendidikan, teknologi ini menjadi media pembelajaran yang membantu proses belajar mengajar baik itu untuk pengajar ataupun peserta didik. Penerapan teknologi dalam pembelajaran tentunya akan ada risiko-risiko yang akan dihadapi. Kemunculan risiko tersebut tentunya harus diatasi untuk tetap menjaga kelancaran berjalannya suatu proses pembelajaran. Untuk itu, perlu adanya pengimplementasian manajemen risiko dalam kegaiatan belajar mengajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang pengimplementasian manajemen risiko teknologi informasi dalam pembelajaran. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah pengimplementasian manajemen risiko teknologi informasi dalam pembelajaran di SMA Al-Hadi Kota Bandung. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi langsung mengamati kegiatan pembelajaran, wawanara langsung untuk memperoleh data atau informasi yang lebih akurat, kemudian mendengar pendapat mengenai pengelolaan permasalahan yang terjadi, dan yang terakhir dengan studi dokumentasi. Risiko-risiko yang muncul dalam pengimplementasian teknologi informasi di SMA Al-Hadi ini terkait dengan kendala-kendala teknis dalam sarana dan prasarana teknologi informasi yang digunakan.
Professionalism in healthcare: Time to renew commitment
Authors: Harper Joann C. , Silka Paul A.
Published: August 2024

This paper re-examined professional behavior because of its prominent significance to healthcare safety and outcomes. The authors sought to better understand what factors contribute to what is seemingly an erosion of professional behavior within the modern healthcare environment. To date, publications focus on educational and institutional factors, applied locally to organizational and academic programs to teach, mentor professionalism and remediate misbehavior. The literature was studied to inform educators and practitioners alike of what may be unexplored drivers to witnessed unprofessional behaviors and to validate our current experience. First, a brief overview of the contemporary history and the classical tenets of professionalism were undertaken and then a three-pronged approach investigated potential influences that might affect professional behavior: (1) the effects of popular culture using social media as a proxy; (2) a review of academic education and training through the formal and informal curricula; and (3) the commodification of healthcare as a proxy for secular change. There were no discoveries that compared studies to evaluate the direct effects of popular culture and secular change on professional behaviors over time, since secular forces evolve, and societal variables don’t remain constant. However, findings indicated that while proper behavior declarations abound through professional organizations and academic curricula, professionalism wanes in the current health care environment. We assert that the external drivers within our respective secular societies be considered with more significant emphasis to weigh the root causes of unprofessional behavior to recognize and respond to these forces. Given the covenant to uphold professional values to promote patient safety and ethical dispositions, we call for the renewal of professionalism with the requisite industry, academic and secular insight to succeed.
AWARENESS AND UTILIZATION OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE (CAM) THERAPIES IN MANAGING MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS AT DORAYI PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION CENTER, KANO, NIGERIA.
Authors: Abubakar Aisha Baffa
Published: August 2024

The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is growing among people in both developed and developing countries, including Nigeria, this study aims to explore the utilization of complementary and alternative therapy among mentally ill patients diagnosed at Dorayi Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Kano. The study's objectives are to determine what factors influence use, which CAM modalities are most frequently used, how CAM practices could be integrated with conventional mental health treatments, and how effective different CAM interventions are at managing symptoms related to various mental health conditions. This research used an explanatory mixed method design; 150 mentally ill patients at the Dorayi Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center in Kano were included in the quantitative study, and key informants, including psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses who treat mentally ill patients, were interviewed for the qualitative study. The findings of the study showed that 34.7% of the respondents are young adults and 56% have no formal education. The study further revealed that awareness of CAM therapies used by mentally ill patients at Dorayi Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center is poor since only 10% of the respondents were aware of it and utilization of CAM therapies was high as 87% of the respondents reported using some forms of CAM therapies. The study concludes that cultural and religious variables are the primary determinants of the high prevalence of CAM therapy utilization in the management of mentally ill patients. Herbal medication and prayer therapy—more especially, reciting and consuming the Qur'an (in the form of rubutu)—are the most often utilized among these treatments. To improve treatment outcomes, however, prayer therapy and recreational therapy must be incorporated into conventional mental health care to address the spiritual and emotional needs of mentally ill patients. The development of established guidelines, evidence-based research, partnerships with CAM practitioners, and training programs for psychiatric staff are the main goals of the strategies for incorporating complementary and alternative medicine into conventional. Therefore, the study recommends that during rehabilitation sessions, mentally ill patients and their relatives should receive health education about the various CAM therapy alternatives available for managing their illness. This is with a view of increasing the level of awareness and enhancing treatment outcomes.
PERVASIVE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT EDUCATION DURING ADVERSE SITUATIONS IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Noha Asmaul Husna
Published: August 2024

Education is a humanitarian right. The alarming increase in armed conflict, forceful displacements, health, and climatic disasters, along with other crises dramatically impact the education system in the long term. Pervasive computing technology can provide a smooth interaction to support education during a crisis. The paper, therefore, aims to discuss the support that pervasive computing technologies can provide during a crisis for the Least Developed Countries like Bangladesh with the least possible cost. The paper highlights different real-life cases in Bangladesh and then uses secondary data from 2006 to 2020 to understand the relation at the times when education was hampered for the adverse situation. Based on the findings the importance of the application of pervasive computing and necessary recommendations are given which may help the state and locals in responsibility to support education at such times.
EVALUATING PATIENT UTILIZATION AND SATISFACTION OF SOCIAL WORK SERVICES IN A HOSPITAL SETTING
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Minh , Nguyen Hai Trung , Le Anh Thi
Published: August 2024

Purpose: This study aims to explore the utilization patterns of social work consulting services by patients within a hospital setting and assess patient satisfaction with these services to identify areas for improvement and enhance patient care and support. Methods: Utilizing a convenience sample of 130 patients from Trung Vuong Hospital, we conducted a survey to investigate patients’ engagement with social work consulting services and their satisfaction levels. The study employed descriptive statistics data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the most utilized social work service is patient orientation upon hospital entry (88.4%), highlighting the importance of initial patient support. However, specialized services, such as support for victims of violence (1.6%) and coordination with organizations for social work (1.6%), are significantly underutilized, with many patients citing a lack of perceived need. Patient satisfaction was highest for emergency support services (mean=4.50), suggesting the value of social work in addressing critical needs, while routine services like patient orientation received slightly lower satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The study underscores the critical role of social workers in healthcare, particularly in patient orientation and emergency support. There is a clear need for increased awareness among patients about the range of available social work services and for more patient-centered approaches to enhance engagement and satisfaction. The findings advocate for healthcare settings to prioritize personalized and comprehensive orientation services and address barriers to accessing specialized social work support.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS OF ORGANIZATION CULTURE AND MOTIVATION WHICH AFFECT EMPLOYEES WORK IN THE CITY OF BANDAR LAMPUNG
Authors: Purnamasari Dinda Ayu , Sodirin Sodirin , Sari Deviana
Published: August 2024

Objek penelitian ini adalah Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kota Bandar Lampung yang beralamat di Jl. Doktor Susilo No.1 Kelurahan Sumur Batu Kecamatan Teluk Betung Utara Kota Bandar Lampung. Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kota Bandar Lampung adalah merupakan unsur pelaksana otonomi daerah yang melaksanakan urusan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Bandar Lampung yang dipimpin oleh seorang Kepala Dinas yang berkedudukan dan bertanggung jawab kepada Walikota melalui Sekretaris Daerah. Masalah yang dihadapi adalah masalah budaya organisasi dapat terlihat dari kurangnya kesetiaan pegawai kepada organisasi. Permasalahan yang timbul berkaitan dengan motivasi adalah masih rendahnya keinginan pegawai untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan sesuai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan Hipotesis penelitian yang diajukan adalah “diduga budaya organisasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai, diduga mpotivasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai dan diduga budaya organisasi dan motivasi sama-sama berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai. Pengumpulan data penelitian ini menggunakan metode teknik total sampling artinya jumlah seluruh pegawai yaitu 52 orang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, maka dapat disimpulkan hipotesis pertama yang ditolak yaitu gaya budaya organisasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai. Untuk hipotesis kedua diterima yaitu motivasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai. Dan hipotesis ketiga diterima yaitu budaya organisasi dan motivasi secara simultan mempunyai pengaruh yang erhadap kinerja pegawai di Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kota Bandar Lampung.
Narcological situation and assessment of the alcohol and drug dependence treatment service activities in Moscow compared with the national average for the 2012–2021
Authors: Koporov S. G. , Bryun E. A. , Koshkina E. A. , Smirnovskaya M. S. , Koshkin E. A.
Published: August 2024

The paper analyzes the data from the forms of Federal statistical observation No. 11 No. 37 for 2011-2020 and statistical materials of the Ministry of Health of Russia, characterizing the activities of medical organizations providing specialized alcohol and drug treatment and allowing monitoring of the drug situation.

Over the past 5 years, there has been a decrease in the number of patients seeking alcohol and drug treatment in Moscow, the decline rate in Russia was much lower. Among registered patients, alcohol users accounted for about 70%; drug addicts - two times less. In the Russia, the percentage of drug addicts is more than two times less than in Moscow.

The indicator of the general incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction tended to decrease. The rate of primary incidence of narcological disorders has more than halved over a five-year period in Moscow.

The efficiency and quality of alcohol and drug treatment services are determined by a number of indicators. This is most clearly characterized by remission rates, which in Moscow have shown a stable growth over the past 5 years. The percentage of alcohol and drug addicted patients included in inpatient rehabilitation programs out of the number of patients hospitalized due to addiction diseases in 2020, both in Moscow and in Russia, remained practically unchanged compared to 2016.

The proportion of alcohol and drug addicted patients included in outpatient rehabilitation programs out of the number of patients under dispensary observation in Moscow in 2020 increased compared to 2016. The rate of removal from dispensary observation registers of patients with alcoholism, as well as those with drug addiction, in connection with recovery has increased in Moscow over the past 5 years, and it has slightly decreased in Russia.

Evaluation of the activities of medical organizations allows us to detect trends, reveal individual shortcomings and develop proposals for management decisions.
Epidemiological aspects of the wet form of age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Yakupova E. M.
Published: August 2024

Purpose. Assessment of the prevalence of the wet form of age-related macular degeneration in the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Materials and methods. The Ural Eye and Medical Study conducted based on the Ufa Eye Research Institute. The study involved 5899 respondents aged 40 and older.

Results. The wet form of age-related macular degeneration found in 276 study participants – 6.9%, among them 6.6% of men, 7.0% of women, 9.0% of urban residents, 4.1% of rural residents. The prevalence of the wet form of age-related macular degeneration gradually increased with increasing age of the respondents, amounting to 1.6% in the age group of 40–49 years and reaching 18.8% in the age group of 90–99 years. The prevalence of the wet form of age-related macular degeneration was higher among urban residents (9.0%) than among rural residents (4.1%).
NORAD : Remaining Relevant
Authors: Dawson Michael
Published: August 2024

The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is now over sixty years old and remains one of the principal institutions in both Canada-U.S. defence relations and the bilateral relationship more generally. Through active participation with our more powerful neighbour in the defence of North America in NORAD, Canada achieves key strategic goals: "defence against help" (from the U.S.) and a voice in our own defence.
 
NORAD's missions have evolved with the changing geostrategic and technological contexts but remain centred around aerospace warning, aerospace control against air-breathing threats, including terrorist use of aviation and most recently, maritime warning. Two factors necessitate significant modernisation of NORAD's capabilities. First is the challenge posed by revisionist national policies in Russia, China and the so-called rogue states of North Korea and Iran. The second is the adoption in Russia and to a lesser extent in China of a new generation of precision weaponry including long range, stealthy cruise missiles and bombers, low-yield nuclear weapons and advanced conventional weapons. Russia, in particular, has articulated a doctrine of nuclear use suggesting that nuclear weapons might be used to terminate armed conflicts (through escalation) threatening the Russian homeland and neighbourhood. Both North Korea and Iran are developing long range ballistic missiles and North Korea is now a nuclear weapons power; while neither of these states is irrational, their behaviour could be unpredictable.
 
The ability to blunt coercive strikes directed against North America would be essential to allow time for diplomacy before retaliatory use of force might be politically necessary for a U.S. president. NORAD's existing warning systems and fighter-interceptors are reaching the end of their lives. Their replacement will pose significant policy questions, including choices of technologies, location of sensors, possible public-private partnerships and new or modernised airfields in the Far North of Canada, among others.
 
The Canadian Government in its defence policy statement, Strong, Secure, Engaged, has placed a high priority on replacing the existing North Warning System and the RCAF fighter fleet. Given the bi-national nature of NORAD, Canadian follow through on these commitments will be closely watched in Washington by those charged with homeland defence.
Climate Change Solutions - Sensible or Misguided?
Authors: Isaacs Eddy
Published: August 2024

The landmark Paris Agreement to address climate change, officially entered into force in November 2016 and has now been ratified by 185 of 197 Parties to the Convention. The agreement sets a course for all countries to limit global temperature rise to below 20 C and preferably to below 1.50 C. The latest report of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided warnings that global warming is becoming irreversible and the adverse impacts of climate change on human societies is calamitous. The IPCC report also carries a positive message that it is still possible to limit global warming to a 1.5 °C increase and described several technology pathways that countries could use to reduce their emissions.
But are the technology pathways promoted by the IPCC and being pursued by countries well-founded and coherent such that they have a possibility of achieving the desired net zero emissions by 2050? Are countries developing the right strategies and taking immediate action to address decarbonization of their energy systems? What are the policy-relevant indicators on how fast and by how much emissions can be reduced? Are there monumental changes in the energy system driven by technology, competitiveness and social innovation that will fundamentally impact climate policy?
To address the above questions, this study will review the history of climate change agreements and will examine the IPCC illustrative strategies to limit temperature increase to 1.50 C.
Discussion will also be centered on emerging technology pathways for displacing fossil fuels including nuclear energy, renewable energy (non-biomass), bioenergy, natural gas as a ‘bridge fuel’, carbon capture utilization and storage and CO2 retention and negative emissions. It will be shown that despite enthusiastic support for climate mitigation there are many serious policy and engineering obstacles to the series of pathways required for greenhouse gas reductions by mid-century. We argue that emissions from bioenergy should be treated in the same way as emissions from fossil fuels and this leaves many developed countries in a deep hole for reducing emissions. Based on the analysis in this study, recommendations are made for Canada to pursue strategic policy directions and the design of unique and rational innovation programs.
Where in the World are Canadian Oil and Gas Companies? 2017
Authors: Larson Braeden
Published: August 2024

Studying the year-over-year global presence of Canadian oil and gas companies in 218 countries provides a comprehensive picture of industry trends and patterns of exploration, production and services abroad. The Where in the World (WIW) project began tracking these trends in 2011. This paper examines data collected in 2017, which reveals a reduction in the level of Canadian companies’ activities overseas between 2015 and 2017.In 2017, 118 Canadian oil and gas companies operated in 73 countries worldwide. 2017 highlighted the broad decline of Canadian oil and gas companies’ activities, in terms of the total number of Canadian companies operating internationally, the number of countries that the companies are active in, and the total Canadian produced levels of oil, natural gas liquids (NGL) and natural gas.There were 79 Canadian exploration and production (E&P) companies that were actively engaged in operations in 55 countries in 2017. This was a decrease of 29 companies and 22 countries from the 2015 Where in the World study. Canadian E&P companies produced a total of 721,488 barrels of oil equivalent a day (boe/d) of oil, NGL and natural gas in 30 of the 55 countries where Canadian activity occurred, a decrease of 36 per cent in comparison to 2015. In total, Canadian international production of hydrocarbons in 2017 was 0.497 per cent of the total production of international hydrocarbons.North America continues to be the primary destination for both Canadian E&P and service companies’ international activities and operations. Of the 118 Canadian oil and gas companies that operated internationally, 67 operated in the United States.In 2017, 39 service companies spread their expertise and technology to a total of 43 countries, 11 fewer countries than in 2015, and three fewer in comparison to 2011, the year the Where in the World study began. It is noteworthy to highlight that the major reduction in the presence of service companies occurred in Africa, which accounted for approximately 21 per cent of this decrease. Nine of the 11 countries, or 82 per cent of the countries, where service companies no longer operate were located in Africa. Overall, 2017 will be distinguished for the notable and continued decrease of Canadian oil and gas companies compared to 2011, when 255 companies were active in 106 countries, and 2015, when 161 companies were active in 96 countries.
Energy and Environmental Policy Trends: Will Electric Vehicle Rebates Spur Widespread Adoption?
Authors: Shaffer Blake
Published: August 2024

On May 1st, the Federal government rebate payment for electric vehicle (EV) purchases came into effect. The program offers buyers of EVs a $5,000 credit, or $2,500 for the purchase of a short range plug-in hybrid vehicle. And these can be stacked on a $5,000 credit in B.C. and an $8,000 credit in Quebec. The new EV rebate programs raises several questions. Chief among them is whether or not the government should be subsidizing electric vehicles at all?
The Effect of Corporate Income Tax on the Economic Growth Rates of the Canadian Provinces
Authors: Dahlby Bev , Ferede Ergete
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates the long-run effects of the corporate income tax (CIT) rate on the economic growth of Canadian provinces using annual panel data for the period 1981-2016. We find evidence of a statistically significant negative long-term relationship between the provincial statutory CIT rate and economic growth. The model has the properties of a neo-classical growth model in that a reduction in the CIT rate “temporarily” increases the growth rate of the economy before returning to its long-run run growth rate. However, the temporary growth effects are economically significant and persistent. According to our preferred specification of the econometric model, one percentage point reduction in a provincial government’s statutory CIT rate increases the growth rate by 0.12 percentage points four years after the initial CIT rate cut and increases real per capita GDP by 1.2 percent in the long-run. We use the model to simulate the recently announced reduction in the CIT rate in Alberta from 12 percent in 2018 to 8 percent in 2022. The simulation results indicate that the growth rate of real per capita GDP would increase by 0.92 percentage points in 2022 and by 0.28 percentage points in 2029. The model also predicts that real per capita GDP would be 2.5 percent higher in 2022 and 6.5 percent higher in 2029. This would translate into employment increases of approximately 58,000 in 2022 and 172,000 by 2029. Our results indicate that provincial governments could significantly improve economic performance by lowering provincial corporate income tax rates.
Nurturing Global Growth Companies: Time For a New Policy Toolkit
Authors: Lortie Pierre
Published: August 2024

The recent report of the Council of Canadian Academies (2018) on the state of science, technology and industrial R&D in Canada provides an authoritative assessment of where Canada stands relative to our major competitors.  The CCA report reveals that Canada remains strong in several fields of research; the recent Nobel awards in widely different domains of physics to Arthur B. McDonald ( 2015) and Donna Strickland ( 2018) and the granting of the A.M. Turing Award to Canadian computer scientists Yoshua Bengio (2019) and Geoffrey Hinton (Toronto, 2019), provide ample support for this assessment. More generally, Canadian scientists are highly regarded; their average citation rank is above the world average in all fields and Canada stands in fourth place in terms of research reputation.  Of particular concern, however, is that compared to other OECD countries.
The Future of Canadian Trade Policy: Three Symposia on Canada’s Most Pressing Trade Policy Challenges
Authors: Beaulieu Eugene
Published: August 2024

The global economy has gone through dramatic and rapid changes over the past 20 years and the current environment is a challenging and evolving landscape for practitioners to manage. Meanwhile, economic research on international trade is also evolving with theory and empirical evidence on a rapidly changing global economy and policy space. What are the key challenges and opportunities facing Canada in a rapidly changing global economy and what are the most important and relevant international policy directions being developed? To examine these and related questions, leading institutions and scholars organized three events where they discussed the direction of Canadian trade policy and trade policy research. The University of Calgary’s School of Public Policy, the University of Ottawa’s CN-Paul M. Tellier Chair on Business and Public Policy in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, and Global Affairs Canada partnered to bring together leading scholars, stakeholders and trade policy experts to address Canada’s most pressing trade policy issues. Topics included the effect of new technology on trade, progressive trade policy, the rise of protectionism, changes in global supply chains, and the role of academia in the formulation of trade policy, among others.  The result was the development of new directions for the study and practice of trade policy in Canada.  This report summarizes the findings of these meetings to make them accessible to scholars and policymakers. The programs for each of the three symposia are provided as an appendix.
The three symposia were developed by a research planning team that included Eugene Beaulieu, Shenjie Chen, John Curtis, Judit Fabian, Patrick Leblond, Meredith Lilly, and Marie-France Paquet.
Bloated Bureaucrats or Underappreciated Public Servants? How do Public and Private Sector Wages Compare in Alberta?
Authors: Mueller Richard
Published: August 2024

A year before the United Conservation Party was elected in Alberta, the final budget from the NDP government allocated some $21.6 billion to public sector salaries, wages and benefits, or 38.4 percent of the total expenditures of $56.2 billion (government of Alberta 2018). The same budget estimated a deficit of $8.8 billion.[1] With the general distaste in Alberta for budget deficits, coupled with current low energy revenues and the political improbability of introducing a sales tax as a steady and predictable revenue stream, the province is left with few options to reduce the budgetary shortfall and to keep the debt‐GDP ratio from increasing. If revenues cannot be enhanced, then expenditures must be controlled to reduce any budgetary shortfall. The fact that public‐sector earnings comprise such a large expenditure item means that this compensation is an obvious target for any expenditure‐reduction exercise. The fact that so many Albertans have recently lost lucrative employment in the private sector, while the public sector has remained relatively unscathed, has left public sector workers as obvious targets in any cost‐cutting exercise. In short, many Albertans are demanding that they receive value for their tax dollars when it comes to the provision of public services, and with public sector compensation such a large line item in the budget, it is inevitable that this compensation will be scrutinized.
 
[1] The estimated deficit has since decreased to $6.9 billion (Government of Alberta 2019).
Trade Policy Trends: CETA Ratification
Authors: Klemen Dylan , Beaulieu Eugene
Published: August 2024

This paper provides an outline of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union (EU).  This includes outlining which European countries have ratified the deal and the relative size of Canada’s trade and investment relationships with all EU countries.
Reviewing Bill C-59, An Act Respecting National Security Matters 2017: What’s new, what’s out, and what’s different from Bill C-51, A National Security Act 2015?
Authors: Nesbitt Michael
Published: August 2024

In 2015, Canada’s national security law landscape received some long-overdue attention in the form of Bill C-51, the Anti-Terrorism Act 2015. It was the culmination of a series of smaller initiatives that had given attention to national security law in Canada, but also a direct response to two terrorist attacks that left two Canadians dead in October 2014. Bill C-51 did indeed reinvigorate discussions around national security law in Canada, but in so doing it became a lightning rod for criticism. Bill C-59, An Act Respecting National Security Matters 2017 was not passed until June 2019, but it was nevertheless a direct response to Bill C-51 and the criticisms it faced. Yet for the most part, Bill C-59 amended but did not repeal the important new powers found in Bill C-51, even the most controversial powers; instead, Bill C-59 can be seen, in part, as a technical-legal Bill that largely entrenched the powers first conceived of in Bill C-51 by putting them on firmer legal (constitutional) footing. But Bill C-59 was also much more than a series of legal/constitutional improvements: its legislative scope went much further afield from the Bill C-51 regime, amending the authorities of agencies—like the Communications Security Establishment—that had been untouched by Bill C-51, while also greatly expanding national security oversight and review through the creation of important new bodies. The purpose of this paper is to compare these two important pieces of national security legislation with a view to explaining what these legislation reforms did, why the reforms were undertaken, and to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the most controversial of the reforms under each Bill. The idea is to offer an overview and comparison of these important national security legislative initiatives and, in so doing, explain where Canada stands today, in the wake of this massive legislative overhaul. But by identifying what has already been addressed, this also allows us to identify next-steps and, in particular, where should be the focus of future legislative reforms in the area of national security. Three recommendations then flow from this conclusion: first, national security legislation must be reformed with greater consistency than has happened in the past; second, as an immediate matter of priority, Canada must address its “intelligence-to-evidence” problem, that is the system by which it converts—or fails to convert—raw intelligence into the sort of evidence usable by courts of law; and third, enforcement of Canada’s national security laws must now take priority, in particular by prosecuting returning foreign fighters and far right extremists where their activities meet the threshold of a terrorism offence, as well as terrorist financing to a greater degree than Canada has seen to date.
Economic Policy Trends: The Gendered Implications of an Infrastructure-Focused Recovery: Issues and Policy Thoughts
Authors: Cameron Anna , Morin Vanessa , Tedds Lindsay
Published: August 2024

Alberta is banking on sizable investments in infrastructure as it looks to resuscitate an economy devastated by the double blow of an oil price crash and global pandemic. The fiscal injection announced in Alberta’s Recovery Plan lifts infrastructure spending to $10 billion, and will fund what Premier Jason Kenney calls the biggest build in Alberta’s history. Historic as it may be, the approach leaves women behind.
Evidence-Based and Community Engaged Pandemic Responses for Calgary
Authors: Kohek Jessica , Edwards Meaghan , Milaney Katrina , Zwicker Jennifer
Published: August 2024

Pandemics unduly burden those who are already economically and socially disadvantaged by poverty, disability, marginalization, and other vulnerabilities. Global pandemics increase disparities experienced by society’s most vulnerable, as inadequacies in systems-level protections make services challenging to access during emergencies. Families are specifically at risk, especially if they experience economic and social disparity concurrently with the pandemic. This study focuses on examining the way COVID-19 has exacerbated challenges to evidence based practice (EBP) implementation for community organizations in Calgary. Here we describe circumstances that make families vulnerable, the community organizations that support these families during the pandemic, and challenges with implementing EBP. To better understand policy barriers and facilitators as they relate to EBP access throughout the pandemic in Calgary, we conducted focus groups using the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) with diverse individuals representing local community organizations. Participants articulated the structural disparities that impede access to community-based EBP during the pandemic, and recognized potential solutions. The major themes uncovered in the research, as they apply to barriers to evidence-based service provision, included reduced revenue streams, access to technology, and lack of collaborative communication within and between ministries, as well as sectors. Proposed solutions to these barriers included person-centred policy and program approaches and reciprocal partnerships.
Community-Based Environmental Monitoring (CBEM) for Meaningful Incorporation of Indigenous and Local Knowledge Within the Context of the Canadian Northern Corridor Program
Authors: Sidorova Jen , Virla Luis D.
Published: August 2024

Meaningful incorporation of Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts is key to accelerating effective action plans. This study argues that community-based environmental monitoring (CBEM), if done properly, can be more effective in incorporating ILK than environmental impact and monitoring based only on Western science. The paper examines successful elements, benefits, challenges and limitations in the existing CBEM studies that incorporate ILK to recognize how to design comprehensive CBEM policy for large-scale infrastructure projects such as the Canadian Northern Corridor (CNC) concept.
Based on a proposed framework for CBEM implementation (CBEM-IF), the study examines three Canadian CBEM case studies: berry pollution monitoring (AB), water quality monitoring (AB, BC, NWT, NT, SK and YT) and caribou monitoring (QC and NL), to evaluate lessons learned and to inform future CNC policy development. This study illustrates how knowledge co-production provides more opportunities for actions in sustainable development and incorporates emotional and spiritual components that entail different conceptualizations of human-nature connectedness. CBEM facilitates the incorporation of ILK and science, engages community members in the monitoring process and produces research outcomes which stakeholders perceive as more legitimate and relevant. CBEM can be a powerful tool in land-use conflict resolution, and it represents an inexpensive approach to monitoring the Arctic and near-North. Indigenous leadership, technology incorporation and equal partnership with communities, and availability of institutional guidelines were identified as required to enable the proper implementation of CBEM programs within the CNC. However, certain limitations of CBEM include lack of policy and guidelines; high reliance on volunteers; lack of standardized methods; focus on specific types of a landscape; general issues with TEK incorporation into science; and policy issues due to the incommensurabilityof Western science and the ILK epistemologies. Such challenges can be generalized as technical, organizational, financial and environmental issues and can be addressed by applying successful elements from previous international and Canadian CBEM studies. The authors suggest a series of policy recommendations to enable the implementation of CBEM as a means for meaningful incorporation of ILK on sustainable development projects and the CNC.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Canadian Agriculture: Policies and Reduction Measures
Authors: Fouli Ymène , Hurlbert Margot , Kröbel Roland
Published: August 2024

Despite numerous national and international climate conferences, meetingsand workshops leading to various greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets and agreements since the 1970s, total GHG emissions in Canada continue to increase. They reached 729 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2 eq) in 2018, with the Canadian agricultural sector contributing approximately 10 per cent of total GHGs emitted. Different regions of the country contribute different levels, face different challenges and have different capacities to address their GHG emissions.
Designing climate guidelines, programs, policies and adopting best management practices (BMPs) that promote relevant local and regional adaptation and mitigation efforts is important. Mechanisms such as setting a carbon price, cap- and-trade systems and tax-based policies contribute to decreased GHG emissions. GHG emissions in Canada are regulated at the federal level via a national carbon pricing policy and provinces have set limitations on GHG emissions via pricing or taxation. Agriculture has the potential to mitigate GHG emissions by applying BMPs that reduce emissions and increase carbon storage in soils. Meanwhile, the pressure is increasing on the agricultural sector to increase production, both for local commodities and those destined for export, to feed a growing population.
This paper explores agricultural policies and measures that encourage farmers and producers across Canada to reduce their GHG emissions. Specifically, national and provincial measures and implications are presented and compared to international measures and outcomes. Finally, recommendations are made for future climate policy research and adoption.
Provincial Transfers and Financing Municipal Infrastructure in Alberta
Authors: Dahlby Bev , McMillan Melville
Published: August 2024

Municipal finances have been an ongoing public issue in Alberta. See for example, McMillan and Dahlby (2014), Dahlby and McMillan (2021) and Peterson (2021).  These issues have recently become more prominent as the Alberta government has adopted a variety of policies that impact municipal finances as well as announcing plans to transition the Municipal Sustainability Initiative program to the Local Government Fiscal Framework.  This has created new uncertainties about municipal finances, especially in the context of provincial government fiscal restraint.
Lonely at the Top: An Examination of the Changing Dynamics for Chief Administrative Officers in Alberta Municipalities
Authors: Graham Kate , Helmer Jesse
Published: August 2024

This paper explores administrative viability in Alberta’s municipalities by investigating a critical ingredient in municipalities’ ability to deliver local public services: the chief administrative officer (CAO). Specifically, this paper aims to identify the patterns that are emerging with respect to the role and tenure of municipal CAOs in Alberta, and the implications for Alberta’s municipalities. Using a mixed-methods approach that blends qualitative and quantitative analysis, this paper presents several important findings:
● The average tenure of a CAO in Alberta is now well under the length of one term of council. CAO tenure is generally shorter in smaller municipalities. More concerningly, the average length of tenure has been in a steady state of decline for the past two decades.
● The number of CAO transitions, including acting and interim roles, has been increasing in all types of municipalities – in some types of municipalities, double or triple the rate of CAO transitions in earlier time periods. The days of long-serving CAOs outside of cities appear to be waning, as the length of one council term becomes a harder cap on CAO tenure in those communities.
● The role of CAO involves important on-the-job learning. No two municipalities are the same; even two terms of council within the same municipality can have quite different dynamics. Shorter CAO tenures and higher rates of turnover mean more costly transitions – not just in dollars and organizational disruption, but in the time to reach peak performance.
● Current and past CAOs clearly identify the increasingly tenuous political dynamics as a leading driver in role dissatisfaction and reasons for decisions to join or depart from a municipality. There seems to be consensus that the political dynamics are getting worse, not better. Among many other insights about the contemporary experiences of CAOs, this emerged as the central theme.
 
The chief argument of this paper is that the success and stability of CAOs is a leading indicator of administrative viability. Currently, measures of this indicator are ringing alarm bells. Efforts towards strengthening the foundations of municipal governance – particularly role clarity, improved relations between council and staff, and intentional efforts to building trust and respectful decorum between CAOs and councils – are all needed to improve administrative viability in Alberta’s municipalities.
Catching the Brass Ring: Oil Market Diversification Potential for Canada
Authors: Moore Michal C. , Flaim Sam , Hackett David , Grissom Susan W. , Crisan Daria , Hornavar Afshin
Published: August 2024

This paper examines the nature and structure of the Canadian oil export market in the context of world prices for heavy crude oil and the potential price differential available to Canadian producers gaining access to new overseas markets. Success in this arena will allow Canada to reap incredible economic benefits. For example, the near term benefits for increased access to Gulf Coast markets after mid-continent bottlenecks are removed, are significant, representing nearly 10$ US per barrel for Canadian producers. On the Pacific Coast, the world market is represented by growing capacity for heavy crude products in emerging Asian markets including Japan, Korea and China and existing heavy crude facilities in California and the west coast. Here, in the reference scenario for California and Asia the benefits are assumed to begin in 2020. The differential value range in California in 2020 is estimated at $7.20US per barrel and escalates to $8.77US by 2030. In Asia, the benefit range is estimated to grow from $11.15US per barrel in 2020 to $13.60US in 2030. Those higher prices for Canadian heavy oil would translate into significant increases in profits, jobs and government revenues. With better access and new pipeline capacity, oil producers will see more efficient access to international markets which can add up to $131 billion to Canada’s GDP between 2016 and 2030 in the reference scenario. This amounts to over $27 billion in federal, provincial and municipal tax receipts, along with an estimated 649,000 person-years of employment. Alberta will be the principal but not sole beneficiary from increased access to world market pricing. Most provinces and territories will realize fiscal and economic gains from the distribution and sale of products reflecting reduced costs and increased access to refineries for heavy oil. The key to this change is the elimination of current bottlenecks in transport and the expansion of a network of pipelines that can move Canadian crude oil to locations reflecting minimal discounts from world market prices. As this paper demonstrates with hard facts and figures, the rewards are too great to ignore.
Dancing with the Dragon: Canadian Investment in China and Chinese Investment in Canada
Authors: Smart Josephine
Published: August 2024

While Canadian trade and investment with China is today relatively modest, with China well on track to displace the United States as the world’s largest economy, Canada must make it a priority to prepare for a future characterized by dramatically increased trade and investment between our two countries. This paper sheds light on some the issues and measures Canadian governments will have to consider as they look to establish safe and prosperous relationships with China. To begin with, Canadians choosing to invest in China must be prepared for the risk inherent in that country’s peculiar “capitalism with socialist characteristics.” The Chinese state continues to play an interventionist role in many significant sectors in the economy, and the strategy behind China’s overseas investment in countries such as Canada is specifically aimed at furthering China’s own national security goals and geopolitical influence. Canadians wishing to do business in China will also require great cultural competency. The cultural institution known as guanxi — in which gifts to sway influence are considered an acceptable, even desirable practice — persists in China, with even native Chinese unclear on where to draw the line between “good” guanxi and “bad” corruption. At home, Canadians may soon be forced to confront questions about how much of our own land security and natural resource security we are willing to compromise by permitting Chinese investment to gather up our farmland and key industries. Canadians should decide sooner, not later, how well our own strategic interests are served by permitting unrestricted Chinese investment in our economy. In anticipation of these issues, Canada’s federal and provincial governments should provide increased support for a more comprehensive training and research infrastructure that better prepares Canadians for the growing bilateral trade between our countries. They should also reinvest in the monitoring and regulatory enforcement for food and product safety to ensure that Canadians remain protected from unsafe Chinese imports.