bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Pathogenesis Following Single and Double Infection with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Brudeseth B. E. , Castric J. , Evensen Ø.
Published: April 2003

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were bath challenged with viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) virus or infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus or with both viruses simultaneously. The viral distribution and development of histologic lesions were examined using immunohistochemistry, while virus titer in kidney was determined by viral titration in cell culture. Single infections with VHS virus and IHN virus showed similar distributions of virus in internal organs. The early identification of virus in gill epithelium, 1 and 2 days postinfection (PI) for VHS virus and IHN virus, respectively, indicates that this organ is the point of entry for both viruses. The detection of VHS virus at 1 day PI and 3 days PI for IHN virus is indicative of kidney and spleen being the target organs for these viruses. A simultaneous infection of VHS virus and IHN virus resulted in both viruses establishing an infection. Further double infection did not result in a statistically significant lower titer of both viruses in kidney but a more restricted distribution of IHN virus in internal organs compared with the single infected group. The most striking finding is that, for IHN virus, virus was not detected in the brain in situ in the double-infected group. This study provides support for the conclusion that simultaneous infection with two piscine rhabdoviruses in a susceptible host results in some degree of interaction at the cell level, leading to a reduced systemic distribution of IHN virus.
Trichinella nativa and T. spiralis Induce Distinguishable Histopathologic and Humoral Responses in the Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Authors: Sukura A. , Näreaho A. , Mikkonen T. , Niemi M. , Oivanen L.
Published: April 2003

Three experimental groups of six male raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) each were formed by placing one of three littermates from six litters into each group. One group was inoculated with pigorigin Trichinella spiralis, the second was inoculated with raccoon dog-origin T. nativa, and the third served as a control group. The infective dose was 1,000 larvae/kg of body weight. Every third week, biopsies from M. triceps brachii were taken, and serum samples were collected for up to 12 weeks postinfection. In the early phase of the infection, cysts of both parasites were elongated cylinders that later became more spherical. However, at the end of the experiment, the cysts of T. nativa were more rounded than those of T. spiralis (mean length/width = 2.5 versus 1.5 in T. spiralis versus T. nativa, respectively). Both species accumulated a collagen-rich capsule around the nurse cell, but the capsule was thicker in T. nativa. In both parasites, the total surface area of the sagittal section of the cyst was equal. Inflammation was more intense around T. nativa cysts. Specific antibodies were recognizable 2 weeks after infection by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot. In western blots, serum from both T. nativa- and T. spiralis-infected animals recognized the same components, but reaction with the homologous antigen was stronger. The same pattern was also seen in the ELISA. Immunoreactive epitopes were localized only in internal organs and cuticula of larvae in muscle.
Overexpression of the Sis Oncogene in a Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line
Authors: Levine R. A.
Published: April 2003

Specific oncogenes that contribute to the pathogenesis of canine osteosarcoma (OS) have not been identified. In the process of characterizing four OS cell lines, we have found one cell line, CO8, that overexpresses the sis oncogene, which encodes the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-α. The expression of an important downstream transcriptional target of the PDGF signaling pathway, c-myc, is also elevated fourfold. Conditioned medium from CO8 alone specifically induces tyrosine phosphorylation and therefore the activation of the PDGF-α and PDGF-β receptors on murine 3T3 cells. All of the canine OS lines tested contain PDGF receptors and therefore are capable of responding to PDGF. Given the importance of PDGF in promoting cell proliferation, migration, and cell survival, the activation of the sis oncogene and the resultant growth factor autocrine loop potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of a subset of canine osteosarcomas.
Ganglioradiculitis (Sensory Neuronopathy) in a Dog: Clinical, Morphologic, and Immunohistochemical Findings
Authors: Porter B. , Schatzberg S. , McDonough S. , Mertens D. , de Lahunta A.
Published: April 2003

A 9-year-old Labrador Retriever was diagnosed with ganglioradiculitis (sensory neuronopathy). This idiopathic disease of mature dogs is characterized by a profound loss of sensory nerve function due to mononuclear inflammatory infiltration of peripheral ganglia and spinal nerve roots, with destruction of sensory neurons. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that the infiltrating cells are primarily T lymphocytes and that immunoglobulins are not present on the cell membranes of affected neurons. The pathogenesis of ganglioradiculitis remains unclear, but the evidence points to a cell-mediated immune mechanism.
Campylobacter-induced Fetal Death in a Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Baze W. B. , Bernacky B. J.
Published: April 2003

A pregnant 4-year-old rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta) was presented with a history of acute vaginal bleeding. Physical examination revealed an open cervix. An ultrasound scan demonstrated a viable early third-trimester fetus, approximately 16 weeks of gestational age. Hematology results showed that the monkey was anemic, with a normal leukogram and Döhle bodies. A subsequent cervical culture was positive for Campylobacter fetus. The fetus died 3 days later, and a necropsy of the fetus and placenta was performed. Microscopic examination of the placenta revealed villitis, perivillitis, and deciduitis with S-shaped and gull wing-shaped bacteria. C. fetus was considered the cause of the placental lesions and fetal death; however, the pathogenesis of the infection (hematogenous vs. ascending from the maternal genital tract) was not clear. This is the first report of a Campylobacter-induced fetal death in the rhesus monkey. Because macaques can be asymptomatic carriers and Campylobacter-induced diarrhea is common, this finding has implications for breeding success in nonhuman primate breeding colonies.
A Selectin Inhibitor Decreases Neutrophil Infiltration during Acute Mannheimia haemolytica Pneumonia
Authors: Radi Z. A. , Brogden K. A. , Dixon R. A. , Gallup J. M. , Ackermann M. R.
Published: April 2003

The degree to which the selectin inhibitor TBC1269 reduces neutrophil infiltration in specific microscopic locations of the lung during acute pneumonia of neonates was determined. Neonatal calves were inoculated intrabronchially with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica or saline, and lung tissue was collected at 2 and 6 hours postinoculation (PI). One 6-hour group inoculated with M. haemolytica received TBC1269 intravenously before and after inoculation with M. haemolytica. Infiltrates of neutrophils were significantly higher in the alveolar lumen and septae but lower in the bronchial lumen and epithelium at 6 hours PI than at 2 hours PI. Significantly fewer neutrophils ( P > 0.05) were present in the alveolar lumen and septae, and the bronchiolar lumen and lamina propria in the lungs of TBC1269-treated calves compared with untreated calves at 6 hours PI. TBC1269 did not alter the infiltration into bronchi and blood vessels or the expression of the selectin-independent adhesion molecule, ICAM-1. This work suggests that during acute pneumonia of neonates 1) neutrophil infiltrates progressively increase in the alveolar lumens and septae but decrease in the bronchial lumen and epithelium with time, 2) TBC1269 reduces neutrophil infiltration into specific regions of alveoli and bronchioles rather than uniformly throughout the lung, and 3) selectin inhibition does not affect the location and intensity of ICAM-1 expression.
Mitochondriopathy with Regional Encephalic Mineralization in a Jack Russell Terrier
Authors: Gruber A. D. , Wessmann A. , Vandevelde M. , Summers B. A. , Tipold A.
Published: April 2003

A 10-month-old female Parson Jack Russell Terrier was euthanatized because of therapy-resistant ataxia, hypermetria, and deafness that had first been observed at 10 weeks of age. Severe, bilateral, symmetrical neuronal degeneration and mineralization of the brain were found in the cochlear and cerebellar nuclei, dorsal areas of the medulla oblongata, the vestibulocochlear nerve, plexus choroideus, and within the granule cell layer of the ventral cerebellar hemispheres. The mineralized deposits were located free in the parenchyma, around intact or degenerate neurons, in myocytes of small- and medium-sized arteries, and around capillaries. Hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes showed oncocytotic change with increased numbers of enlarged or misshapen mitochondria filled with densely packed cristae and electron-dense inclusions. Skeletal myocytes had only minor increases in the number of mitochondria. The microscopic and ultrastructural lesions were consistent with mitochondrial encephalopathy with similarities to mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes in humans.
Three Cases of Ovarian Epidermoid Cysts in Cattle
Authors: Edwards J. F.
Published: April 2003

Three cases of bovine, ovarian epidermoid cysts were diagnosed as unilateral benign lesions in three out of 1,971 cows at slaughter. A stratified, cornifying, and squamous epithelium without associated skin adnexal structures or tissues from other embryonic tissue layers lined the cysts. The cysts were small, usually multiple, and contained keratin debris. Macroscopically, they resembled abscesses. These are benign, congenital lesions that are a separate entity from dermoids and teratomas, and they appear to have a higher incidence in cattle with Bos indicus breeding.
Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Swine Naturally Infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Cho W.-S. , Chae C.
Published: April 2003

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was detected and localized in 15 pigs with naturally occurring pleuropneumonia using a 437–base pair digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe in an in situ hybridization protocol. Histopathologic changes in the acute stage were characterized by coagulative necrosis of lung parenchyma, hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, edema, fibrin deposition, and infiltration of lung parenchyma by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in nine pigs. In chronic lesions, a thick layer of granulation tissue surrounded foci of pulmonary necrosis in six pigs. All 15 pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, confirmed by bacterial isolation, had distinct positive hybridization signals for COX-2 in bronchial, bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and type I pneumocytes. COX-2 expression was detected primarily in neutrophils from pigs with acute lesions and primarily in alveolar macrophages from pigs with chronic lesions. The results suggest that a prostanoid product of COX-2 is an important component of the inflammatory response to acute and chronic A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
A Familial Peripheral Neuropathy and Glomerulopathy in Gelbvieh Calves
Authors: Panciera R. J. , Washburn K. E. , Streeter R. N. , Kirkpatrick J. G.
Published: April 2003

Nine Gelbvieh calves originating in four herds and clinically presenting with rear limb ataxia/ paresis had histopathologically confirmed peripheral neuropathy and a proliferative glomerulopathy. Degenerative lesions were severe in peripheral nerves, dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots, and less marked in dorsal fasciculi of the spinal cord. Cell bodies of spinal ganglia were minimally diseased; ventral horn neurons occasionally had central chromatolysis and nuclear displacement. Glomerular lesions ranged from mild mesangial hypercellularity to glomerulosclerosis. Pedigree analysis of affected animals from one herd indicated a strong familial relationship and probable hereditary basis for the syndrome.
Adrenal Cortical Carcinomas with Myxoid Differentiation in the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Peterson R. A. , Kiupel M. , Capen C. C.
Published: April 2003

A total of 15 adrenocortical carcinomas with myxoid differentiation from 15 ferrets were evaluated in this retrospective study. Six of these ferrets (40%) either were euthanatized or died due to invasive and/or metastatic disease. The myxoid component was a variable part (between 5% and 95%) of the adrenal cortical neoplasm and consisted of sheets and cords of small, polygonal neoplastic cells that formed lumenlike spaces. Such spaces contained a variable amount of alcian blue (pH 2.5)-positive mucinous product (i.e., acidic mucopolysaccharides). Neoplastic cells were negative for the argentaffin reaction, but immunohistochemically they were strongly positive for vimentin and α-inhibin and lightly positive for synaptophysin. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-labeling indices (LI) of adrenal cortical neoplastic cells within the myxoid component of the neoplasm were significantly elevated ( P < 0.05) compared with those of typical neoplastic adrenal cortical cells or the adjacent nonneoplastic zona reticularis. Ultrastructurally, cells in the myxoid component exhibited a typical adrenocortical phenotype characterized by cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, prominent rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and zonula adherens. This lesion was interpreted as an adrenal cortical carcinoma with myxoid differentiation and appeared to be highly malignant based on PCNA LI, rate of invasion into adjacent tissue, and metastasis (6/15). This report is the first description of this histologic variant in the ferret, which morphologically resembled the rare myxoid variant of adrenocortical carcinoma described in humans.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Doré M. , Lanthier I. , Sirois J.
Published: April 2003

Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in various cancers in humans. However, expression of COX-2 has not been investigated in canine mammary tumors. Normal mammary gland ( n = 4), simple or complex adenomas ( n = 63), and simple or complex adenocarcinomas ( n = 84) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that COX-2 was not expressed in the normal gland but was detected in 24% of adenomas and in 56% of adenocarcinomas ( P < 0.001). The incidence of COX-2 expression and the intensity of the COX-2 signal were higher in adenocarcinomas than in adenomas ( P < 0.001). These results demonstrate for the first time that COX-2 is induced in a proportion of canine mammary tumors and that COX-2 expression is more frequent and more intense in malignant than in benign tumors, suggesting a potential role for COX-2 in canine mammary tumorigenesis.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of a Malignant Intestinal Carcinoid in a Dog
Authors: Sako T. , Uchida E. , Okamoto M. , Yamamoto E. , Kagawa Y. , Yoshino T. , Hirayama K. , Taniyama H.
Published: April 2003

An intestinal carcinoid with multiple metastases was identified in a 5-year-old male Shih Tzu with a clinical history of anemia, fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, intermittent diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and progressive emaciation. There was a yellowish-white mass 15 mm in diameter in the anterior jejunum and white nodules consistent with metastases in many organs. Histopathologically, the mass consisted of neoplastic cells arranged in lobules, trabeculae, or closely interdigitating islands of cells. Neoplastic cells were generally polygonal with round hyperchromatic nuclei, modest amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, and eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. Mitoses were common. Rosette formations of tumor cells were apparent in metastatic tumors. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells stained positive for cytokeratin 13, synaptophysin, protein gene product 9.5, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, serotonin (5-HT), and Leu-7. Serum 5-HT concentrations for this dog were increased 10-fold compared with those of normal dogs. All findings were consistent with a diagnosis of a malignant intestinal carcinoid.
Facile Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Arylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Majo Vattoly J. , Prabhakaran Jaya , Mann J. John , Dileep Kumar J. S.
Published: April 2003

An efficient palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of 3‐arylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines has been investigated. The key step in the synthesis is a Suzuki biaryl coupling of 3‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethyl‐7‐aminopyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines with arylboronic acids to provide 3‐arylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines in moderate to good yield. The synthetic utility of this methodology has been demonstrated by a concise and convergent synthesis of R121920, a potent CRHR1 antagonist recently undergoing clinical evaluations.
Microencapsulated Osmium Tetroxide‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Water without Using Organic Cosolvents
Authors: Ishida Tasuku , Akiyama Ryo , Kobayashi Shū
Published: April 2003

The asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefin using phenoxyethoxymethyl‐polystyrene (PEM)‐based microencapsulated osmium tetroxide (PEM‐MC OsO4) proceeded smoothly in water as the sole solvent. The catalyst was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and reused several times without loss of activity.
Auslegung thermisch und stofflich gekoppelter Destillationskolonnen mittels Gesamtkostenoptimierung
Authors: Wenzel S. , Röhm H.‐J.
Published: April 2003

No abstracts.
Lamellenzerstäubung von Suspensionen mit strukturviskosen Stoffeigenschaften
Authors: Schütz S. , Breitling M. , Piesche M.
Published: April 2003

No abstracts.
Anwendungen der Zytometrie in der Biotechnologie
Authors: Marx A. , Hewitt C.J. , Grewal R. , Scheer S. , Vandré K. , Pfefferle W. , Kossmann B. , Ottersbach P. , Beimfohr C. , Snaidr J. , Augé C. , Reuss M.
Published: April 2003

No abstracts.
Large scale‐Produktion von Liposomen als typische Vertreter partikulärer Trägersysteme
Authors: Vorauer‐Uhl K. , Wagner A. , Katinger H.
Published: April 2003

No abstracts.
Membranbelebungsverfahren mit vermehrter biologischer Phosphorelimination (EBPR)
Authors: Adam C. , Kraume M. , Gnirss R. , Lesjean B.
Published: April 2003

No abstracts.
Lewis Acidic Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids: Novel Reaction Media for the Synthesis of 4‐Chloropyrans
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Reddy Basi V. S. , Reddy Maddi Sridhar , Niranjan Namelikonda , Prasad Attaluri R.
Published: April 2003

1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloroaluminate [bmim]Cl·AlCl3 (N = 0.56−0.67) ionic liquid has been employed as an alternative reaction medium to conventional acid catalysts for Prins cyclizations, to produce 4‐chlorotetrahydropyran derivatives in excellent yields and in short reaction times. The ionic liquid plays a dual role as both catalyst and solvent, providing a rapid and efficient route to the synthesis of chlorotetrahydropyrans. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Field evaluation and comparison of two models for simulation of soil‐water dynamics
Authors: Parsinejad M. , Feng Y.
Published: April 2003

The growing interest in simulation of water and solute movement in soils is in response to the need for development of solutions for various agricultural and environmental management problems. In order to be able to adopt models for simulation of the effects of various soil management practices with confidence, it is important that the capabilities of these models and credibility of their results be tested. In this study, predicted soil‐water contents by the simple LEACHW and comprehensive ecosys models are compared against field measurements using TDR during a selected period with heavy precipitation. A detailed examination of actual soil‐water status, during and after intense precipitation events showed an underestimation of actual drainage fluxes by LEACHW. Such events contribute most in the production of drainage fluxes. Differences in algorithm adopted by the two models are presented and discussed. The algorithm of ecosys resulted in more dynamic water fluxes between layers, which has resulted in better‐predicted results than LEACHW, especially at the soil surface. Overall, performance of the two models was found to be reasonable for prediction of soil‐water. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ long‐term redox potential measurements in a dyked marsh soil
Authors: Mansfeldt Tim
Published: April 2003

The long‐term measurement of soil redox potential (EH) by permanently installed Pt electrodes may be restricted by electrode breakdown (electrode rupture and resin leakage) and contamination, especially under wet and strongly reducing soil conditions. The EH of a slightly alkaline (pH 7.1 to 7.3) Calcaric Gleysol developed from marine sediment in the dyked marsh of Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany, was monitored weekly during a 4‐year period using permanently installed Pt electrodes. Measurements were performed in fivefold at 10, 30, 60, 100, and 150 cm. Furthermore, water table level was recorded. Sulfide occurred in 150 cm as a heritage of the previous marine environment. Mean water table level was 84 cm below the soil surface but was characterized by both short‐term and seasonally strong fluctuations. Levels of water table ranged from 33 to >200 cm below soil surface. In consistence with water table level, the EH continually decreased with soil depth. Mean redox conditions were oxidizing at 10 (550 mV) and 30 cm (430 mV), weakly reducing at 60 cm (230 mV), and moderately reducing at 100 (120 mV) and 150 cm depth (–80 mV). Soil hydrology differed markedly during the study as expressed by periods of water saturation for each depth. This was reflected by Pt electrodes response, since period of water saturation and EH were significantly negatively correlated as calculated for each year and depth (rs = –0.971; n = 20; P < 0.01). The 60‐cm depth was most frequently influenced by water table fluctuations, showed the largest EH range (920 mV) and the most distinct seasonal pattern in EH. Good function of the electrodes in this depth can be concluded even after long time of installation in soil. Although established in a sulfide‐bearing environment, three of five electrodes at 150 cm showed a substantial increase (+500 mV) in EH during summer of the third and fourth years of investigation, which had low water tables. It is not clear whether the non‐response of two electrodes was due to electrode contamination or spatial variation in EH. When operating in reducing systems, this problem can be circumvented by installing a large number of electrodes or by a regular replacement of electrodes. Using properly constructed and permanently installed Pt electrodes, soil EH can be monitored for extended periods under wet and reducing soil conditions.
Electron gas with polaronic effects: beyond the mean‐field theory
Authors: Bassani F. G. , Cataudella V. , Chiofalo M. L. , De Filippis G. , Iadonisi G. , Perroni C. A.
Published: April 2003

The occurrence of polaronic behaviour in real solids is often accompanied by strong exchange and correlation effects in the electron gas besides being strongly entangled to the phononic degrees of freedom. Such effects can be relevant for the instability towards Wigner crystallization or charge density waves, or yet for the polaron role in high‐Tc superconductors and in manganites. The inclusion of exchange and correlation in the coupled electron–phonon system is thus highly desirable. In this work, we exploit the density functional theory and its time‐dependent extension to construct an appropriate effective potential useful for studying the properties of interacting polarons. The validity and the possible developments of this approach are discussed, and future applications are proposed.
Electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Iadonisi G. , Cantele G. , Marigliano Ramaglia V. , Ninno D.
Published: April 2003

The single particle spectrum of a charged particle in a nanometric ellipsoidal quantum dot is calculated taking also into account the surface polarization effects. Furthermore the optical properties of the absorption coefficient also depending on the light polarisation are discussed and compared with the experimental data.
Path integral quantization of Fermi–Pasta–Ulam solitons
Authors: Schulman L. S.
Published: April 2003

Anomalous decay of luminescence in certain doped alkali halides can be explained by assuming inhibition of crystal relaxation by a factor of a billion (109). This remarkable slowdown is in turn accounted for by the creation of soliton‐like excitations, breathers, due to oscillations in the crystal. These oscillations, significantly anisotropic, are caused by light‐induced excitation of the impurity followed by Jahn–Teller‐effect distortion. Classically, the dynamical variables of the breather are confined to a KAM torus. A quantum theory of these breathers is most easily approached using semiclassical techniques, in this case by means of the EBK (Einstein–Brillouin–Keller) formula. In previous work this formula was justified using methods of partial differential equations, in particular the Hamilton Jacobi equation. In the present article the EBK spectrum is justified both by path integral methods and by quantization in canonically transformed variables, a procedure shown to retain O(ħ) accuracy (but not in general better). From the latter method, additional phase and spectral possibilities are seen to occur, going beyond the 1/2 and 1/4 extensions that Keller found for the formulas of Einstein and Brillouin.
Large polaron in an asymmetrical rectangular quantum well
Authors: Bibik A. I. , Gerlach B. , Smondyrev M. A.
Published: April 2003

The polaron energy and the effective mass are calculated for an electron confined in an asymmetrical finite quantum well constructed of Alx lGa1–xAs/GaAs/Alx rGa1–x rAs layers. To simplify the study we suggest a model in which parameters of a medium are averaged over the ground‐state wave function. Our model reproduces the correct three‐dimensional asymptotics at both small and large widths. We obtained a rather monotonous behavior of the polaron energy as a function of the confining potential width and found a peak of the effective mass. A comparison with theoretical results by other authors is made.
Estimation of Aqueous Solubility By The General Solubility Equation (GSE) The Easy Way
Authors: Sanghvi Tapan , Jain Neera , Yang Gang , Yalkowsky Samuel H.
Published: April 2003

The General Solubility Equation (GSE) provides a simple method of estimating the molar aqueous solubility of an organic non‐electrolyte in water (Sw) as a function of its celsius melting point (MP) and octanol‐water partition coefficient (Kow):
log Sw = − 0.01 (MP‐25) − log Kow + 0.5
The melting term of the GSE is based upon the Clausius‐Clapyron equation and Walden's rule. The aqueous activity coefficient is assumed to be the reciprocal of the octanol‐water partition coefficient. The constant is based upon the molarity of pure octanol. There are no fitted parameters in the GSE.
Extension of the GSE to weak electrolytes in buffered aqueous solutions is straightforward. The concentration of the ionized species, Si, is accounted for by incorporating one additional term, which contains the pKa of the solute and pH of the solution. For a weak acid,
Stotal = Sw + Si = Sw [1 + 10(pH‐pka)]
The solubility of a weak electrolyte in unbuffered waster requires further consideration because the solute will determine the pH of the solution. It is shown that in unbuffered media
Stotal = Sw + Si = Sw + (SwKa)1/2
Thus, it is not necessary to explicitly know the pH of the saturated solution to estimate the solubility of a weak electrolyte in water.
The GSE is validated on data set of over a thousand compounds, covering a wide range of structural categories. The GSE is compared to a number of other solubility estimation techniques using the criteria of accuracy of fit, applicability, parsimony, conveniences, and elegance.
On the 17O correction for CO2 mass spectrometric isotopic analysis
Authors: Assonov Sergey S. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M.
Published: April 2003

To calculate δ13C from raw CO2 isotope data, the ion beam ratio of m/z 45 to 44 is corrected for the contribution arising from the contribution of 17O‐bearing molecules. First, a review on the current state of 17O‐corrections for CO2 mass spectrometry is presented. The three correction algorithms that are generally in use, however, do produce biased δ13C values, and the bias is actually larger than the precision of modern isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The origin of this bias is twofold: different values for 17RVPDB‐CO2 as well as different values for λ are used in the correction algorithms. Despite both values being of high importance, large discrepancies between the absolute values published for 17RVPDB‐CO2 appear to be the main reason for the δ13C biases. Next, the question of how to choose the value of λ to best be used is considered. Natural (e.g. tropospheric) CO2 as well as primary reference materials (PDB and NBS‐19), having been in isotope exchange with water, are assumed to lie on the fractionation line for waters. On this ground, λ = 0.5281 ± 0.0015, as determined for waters (Meijer and Li, Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 1998; 34: 349–369), is suggested to be a base for the 17O‐correction algorithm. Finally, an approach to determine the absolute value for 17RVPDB‐CO2, based on data of relative isotope measurements on two CO2 gases having a large 17O difference, is discussed and algebraic formulas are considered. Experimental data and new numerical values determined for 17RVPDB‐CO2 and 17RVSMOW are given in a companion paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polar marine ecosystems: major threats and future change
Authors: Clarke Andrew , Harris Colin M.
Published: April 2003

This review of polar marine ecosystems covers both the Arctic and Antarctic, identifying the major threats and, where possible, predicting their possible state(s) in 2025. Although the two polar regions are similar in their extreme photoperiod, low temperatures, and in being heavily influenced by snow and ice, in almost all other respects they are very different. The Arctic Ocean is a basin surrounded by continental landmasses, close to, and influenced by, large populations and industrial activities. In contrast, the Southern Ocean is contiguous with all the other great oceans and surrounds a single land mass; Antarctica is remote from major centres of population and sources of pollution. Marine environments in both polar regions have been highly disturbed by fishing activity, but, in terms of pollution, some areas remain among the most pristine in the world. There are, however, both local and global pressures. Over the 2025 time horizon, the greatest concern for the Arctic is probably the ecological implications of climate change, particularly insofar as sea ice extent and duration are likely to be affected. Such changes are not expected to be as pronounced in the Southern Ocean over this time period, and concerns are related more to direct threats from harvesting of marine living resources, and the ability to manage these fisheries sustainably. In both polar regions, the capacity of marine ecosystems to withstand the cumulative impact of a number of pressures, including climate change, pollution and overexploitation, acting synergistically is of greatest concern.
Locus of Control and Academic Efficacy in the Thoughts of Life and Death of Young Quebec University Students
Authors: Labelle Réal , Lachance Lise
Published: April 2003

Abstract: This study evaluated the role of control and efficacy expectations in the thoughts of life and death of 50 male and 50 female university students and investigated sex differences in this regard. It followed a correlational design and employed measures of tridimensional locus of control, expectations of academic efficacy, thoughts of life and death. A comparison of means revealed that male students did not differ from their female counterparts on any of the variables under study. Stepwise regression coefficients indicated that the two cognitive factors accounted more for thoughts of death than for thoughts of life; expectations of academic efficacy were the single variable that most explained variance. Regression equations by sex showed that thoughts of life were associated with internality and expectations of academic efficacy in females, and that thoughts of death were associated with expectations of academic inefficacy in males. The university counseling personnel should be especially sensitive to youths presenting with expectations of externality and of academic inefficacy. The latter variable seems to be particularly important, regardless of sex.
Female sex pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): trap optimization and application in IPM trials
Authors: Cork A. , Alam S.N. , Rouf F.M.A. , Talekar N.S.
Published: April 2003

Delta and wing traps baited with synthetic female sex pheromone of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée were found to catch and retain ten times more moths than either Spodoptera or uni-trap designs. Locally-produced water and funnel traps were as effective as delta traps, although ‘windows’ cut in the side panels of delta traps significantly increased trap catch from 0.4 to 2.3 moths per trap per night. Trap catch was found to be proportional to the radius of sticky disc traps in the range 5–20 cm radius, discs with a 2.5 cm radius caught no moths. Wing traps placed at crop height caught significantly more moths than traps placed 0.5 m above or below the crop canopy. Replicated integrated pest management (IPM) trials (3 × 0.5 ha per treatment) were conducted in farmers fields with young and mature eggplant crops. Farmers applied insecticides at least three times a week in all check and IPM plots. In addition pheromone traps were placed out at a density of 100 per ha and infested shoots removed weekly in the 0.5 ha IPM plots. Pheromone trap catches were reduced significantly from 2.0 to 0.4 moths per trap per night respectively in check and IPM plots in a young crop and 1.1 to 0.3 moths per trap per night in check and IPM plots respectively in a mature crop. Fruit damage was significantly reduced from an average of 41.8% and 51.2% in check plots of young and mature crops respectively to 22% and 26.4 respectively in the associated IPM plots. Significant differences in pheromone trap catches and fruit damage were attained four and two weeks respectively after IPM treatments began in the mature crop whereas in the immature crop significant differences were not observed for the first eight to nine weeks respectively. The relative impact of removing infested shoots and mass trapping on L. orbonalis larval populations was not established in these trials but in both cases there was an estimated increase of approximately 50% in marketable fruit obtained by the combination of control techniques compared to insecticide treatment alone.
Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of cereal stemborers, and its host range expansion in Ethiopia
Authors: Getu E. , Overholt W. A , Kairu E. , Omwega C.O.
Published: April 2003

Three lepidopteran cereal stemborers, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller, and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) were collected from maize and sorghum in Ethiopia. The noctuid stemborers are indigenous to Africa while C. partellus is an introduced species from Asia. In 1999, the Asian stemborer parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Braconidae) was found to be widespread in Ethiopia, even though it had never been released in the country. In addition to attacking Chilo partellus, Cotesia flavipes was reared from B. fusca and S. calamistis. The origin of C. flavipes in Ethiopia may have been Somalia where it was released in 1997 near the border with eastern Ethiopia. Percent parasitism of borers by C. flavipes was higher in eastern Ethiopia than other surveyed regions, and parasitism was higher in 2000 than 1999. Parasitism was higher when cereals were intercropped with other plants and when wild grass hosts of stemborers were present.
A PATTERN RECOGNITION APPROACH TO ROBUST VOICED/UNVOICED SPEECH CLASSIFICATION USING FUZZY LOGIC
Authors: BERITELLI FRANCESCO , CASALE SALVATORE , RUSSO MARCO
Published: April 2003

In the field of mobile communications new robust Voiced/Unvoiced (V/UV) classification algorithms are required in that correct voicing detection is a crucial point in the perceived quality and naturalness of a very low bit-rate speech coding system. The paper shows that a valid and more convenient alternative to deal with the problem of voicing decision is to use methodologies like fuzzy logic which are suitable for problems requiring approximate rather than exact solutions, and which can be represented through descriptive or qualitative expressions. The Fuzzy Voicing Detector proposed is based on a pattern recognition approach in which the matching phase is performed using three fuzzy rules. The rules have been obtained using FuGeNeSys, a new hybrid learning tool based on Genetic Algorithm and Neural Networks. The fuzzy classifier is computationally very simple and more efficient than traditional methods, which are affected by misclassification errors, above all in the presence of background noise.
WAVELET ORTHONORMAL DECOMPOSITIONS FOR EXTRACTING FEATURES IN PATTERN RECOGNITION
Authors: TANG YUAN Y. , LIU JIMING , MA HONG , LI BING F.
Published: April 2003

In this paper, a novel approach based on the wavelet orthonormal decomposition is presented to extract features in pattern recognition. The proposed approach first reduces the dimensionality of a two-dimensional pattern, and thereafter performs wavelet transform on the derived one-dimensional pattern to generate a set of wavelet transform subpatterns, namely, several uncorrelated functions. Based on these functions, new features are readily computed to represent the original two-dimensional pattern. As an application, experiments were conducted using a set of printed characters with varying orientations and fonts. The results obtained from these experiments have consistently shown that the proposed feature vectors can yield an excellent classification rate in pattern recognition.
Electron Transfer Process of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Modified Cytochrome c in Imidazolium Type Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki , Suzuki Chiiko , Fukumoto Kenta , Yoshizawa Masahiro , Fujita Kyoko
Published: April 2003

Modification of cytochrome c (cyt.c) by poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains enabled the protein soluble in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid without denaturation. However, as the solution was full of ions, suitable supporting electrolyte (KCl) was essential for the electron transfer reaction of cyt.c in the ionic liquid to attain adequate ion size for the active center.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of (E)‐2‐(Alkylthio)alka‐1,3‐dienes from Allenes and Dialkyl Disulfides with Concomitant Hydride Transfer
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Suwa Atsushi , Fujimoto Kenji , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: April 2003

Reaction of dialkyl disulfides or diselenides with allenes is catalyzed by a rhodium‐phosphine complex and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid giving (E)‐2‐alkylthio(seleno)‐1,3‐dienes and (E)‐2‐alkylthio(seleno)‐2‐alkenes. Unlike the reaction of alkynes, the reaction of allene is accompanied by hydride transfer.
Successful repositioning of an Amplatzer duct occluder immediately after inadvertent embolization in the descending aorta
Authors: Pfammatter Jean‐Pierre , Meier Bernhard
Published: April 2003

A case is described of the inadvertent embolization of an Amplatzer duct occluder in the descending aorta in a 10‐year‐old girl. It was possible to snare the device and bring it in its normal position in the aortic ductus ampulla. With a second snare, the recessed screw of the device could be caught and the device was successfully pulled back into the ductus. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;59:83–85. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partially versus Exhaustively Carbamoylated Cyclodextrins: NMR Investigation on Enantiodiscriminating Capabilities in Solution
Authors: Uccello‐Barretta Gloria , Ferri Lelia , Balzano Federica , Salvadori Piero
Published: April 2003

The enantiodiscriminating efficiency of exhaustively carbamoylated, mixed carbamoylated/silylated, and partially carbamoylated cyclodextrins in solution has been compared by NMR spectroscopy. Investigation of the origin of the observed chiral discrimination was also carried out. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Comparison between signal‐to‐noise ratio, liver‐to‐muscle ratio, and 1/T2 for the noninvasive assessment of liver iron content by MRI
Authors: Fenzi Alberto , Bortolazzi Mirko , Marzola Pasquina
Published: April 2003

Purpose

To compare different MRI‐derived parameters, i.e., liver signal‐to‐noise ratio (LSNR), liver‐to‐muscle ratio (LMR) and liver transversal relaxation rate (R2), in terms of their correlation with the ex vivo determined iron content in an experimental model of liver iron overload.

Materials and Methods

Multi‐echo spin echo (SE) images of the liver were acquired at 4.7 T from a group of 33 male wistar rats subjected to a high iron content diet for feeding periods ranging from 2 to 50 days. Liver transversal relaxation time, liver signal‐to‐noise ratio, and liver‐to‐muscle ratio were measured over the same region of interest in order to get a direct comparison between these parameters. After MRI experiments, the rats were sacrificed and the liver iron content was measured ex vivo by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Results

The iron content is better correlated to the LSNR than to the other parameters (LMR, R2).

Conclusion

The finding that liver signal‐to‐noise ratio is better correlated to the iron content than the liver T2 relaxation rate is relevant for clinical applications of MRI because a T2 determination is more time‐consuming, both for acquisition and postprocessing of images, than a simple SNR determination. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:589–592. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality and symptom sensitivity predictors of alprazolam withdrawal in panic disorder
Authors: ROY-BYRNE P. , RUSSO J. , POLLACK M. , STEWART R. , BYSTRISKY A. , BELL J. , ROSENBAUM J. , CORRIGAN M. H. , STOLK J. , RUSH A. J. , BALLENGER J.
Published: April 2003

Background. Discontinuation of benzodiazepine (BZ) treatment results in a well-characterized withdrawal syndrome in 40–50% of anxious patients. While numerous studies have established the role of BZ dose, treatment duration, half-life, potency, rate of withdrawal and severity of underlying anxiety disorder in predicting severity of withdrawal symptoms, fewer studies have examined the role of psychological and personality factors.

Method. In 123 panic disorder patients undergoing gradual tapered discontinuation of alprazolam in conjunction with pre-treatment with carbamazepine or placebo, the relationship between measures of ‘symptom sensitivity’ and ‘harm avoidance’, and severity of withdrawal symptoms measured as peak severity of symptoms, time before taper needed to be slowed due to symptoms, and ability to complete taper, was examined.

Results. After controlling for the less substantial effects of dose, treatment duration, pre-taper anxiety and panic attack frequency, measures of symptom sensitivity and harm avoidance accounted for an additional 3–6% of withdrawal variance.

Conclusions. These results show an effect of symptom sensitivity and harm avoidance on BZ withdrawal symptoms, comparable to prior findings linking dependent personality characteristics to withdrawal severity. Failure to show the expected effect on ability to complete taper may be due to either the more symptomatic nature of the patients in this study.
Cathartic Effect of Suicide Attempts Not Limited to Depression
Authors: Sarfati Yves , Bouchaud Blandine , Hardy-Baylé Marie-Christine
Published: April 2003

Summary: The cathartic effect of suicide is traditionally defined as the existence of a rapid, significant, and spontaneous decrease in the depressive symptoms of suicide attempters after the act. This study was designed to investigate short-term variations, following a suicide attempt by self-poisoning, of a number of other variables identified as suicidal risk factors: hopelessness, impulsivity, personality traits, and quality of life. Patients hospitalized less than 24 hours after a deliberate (moderate) overdose were presented with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression and Impulsivity Rating Scales, Hopelessness scale, MMPI and World Health Organization's Quality of Life questionnaire (abbreviated versions). They were also asked to complete the same scales and questionnaires 8 days after discharge. The study involved 39 patients, the average interval between initial and follow-up assessment being 13.5 days. All the scores improved significantly, with the exception of quality of life and three out of the eight personality traits. This finding emphasizes the fact that improvement is not limited to depressive symptoms and enables us to identify the relative importance of each studied variable as a risk factor for attempted suicide. The limitations of the study are discussed as well as in particular the nongeneralizability of the sample and setting.
μν
Authors: VYSOTSKY M.
Published: April 2003

The present situation and hopes on bounding (founding) neutrino magnetic moment in future are reviewed.
ADAPTIVE GABOR FILTERS FOR PHASE-BASED DISPARITY ESTIMATION
Authors: CRESPI BRUNO , TECCHIOLLI G.
Published: April 2003

The phase-difference-based technique has become a widespread method for depth and optical flow estimation because of superior performance and better theoretical groundings. The technique is based on the convolution of the stereo image pair with Gabor filters. Gabor filters contains two parameters, the width and the tuning frequency. In order to optimize performance, these parameters have to be chosen in accordance to the characteristics of the visual signal. In this article we propose an automatic technique to locally adapt the filter parameters to the input signal. In the first part, we analyze the performance of the phase-difference-based technique for disparity estimation with respect to the choice of the Gabor filter parameters. In particular we characterize the effects of phase nonlinearities on the quality of disparity estimates. In the second part, a novel technique is introduced that reduces phase nonlinearity by means of an adaptive mechanism for the tuning frequency. The performance improvement produced by the adaptive filter is demonstrated using different types of images. Results show the proposed technique allows a significant improvement of disparity estimation.