bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wearable Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells Achieved by a Crystallographic Size Effect
Authors: Rao Li , Meng Xiangchuan , Xiao Shuqin , Xing Zhi , Fu Qingxia , Wang Hongyu , Gong Chenxiang , Hu Ting , Hu Xiaotian , Guo Rui , Chen Yiwang
Published: April 2021

Tin‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate a potential application in wearable electronics due to its hypotoxicity. However, poor crystal quality is still the bottleneck for achieving high‐performance flexible devices. In this work, graphite phase‐C3N4(g‐C3N4) is applied into tin‐based perovskite as a crystalline template, which delays crystallization via a size‐effect and passivates defects simultaneously. The double hydrogen bond between g‐C3N4and formamidine cation can optimize lattice matching and passivation. Moreover, the two‐dimensional network structure of g‐C3N4can fit on the crystals, resulting an enhanced hydrophobicity and oxidation resistance. Therefore, the flexible tin‐based PSCs with g‐C3N4realize a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.56 % with negligible hysteresis. In addition, the PSCs can maintain 91 % of the initial PCE after 1000 h under N2environment and keep 92 % of their original PCE after 600 cycles at a curvature radius of 3 mm.
Structural Transformative Antioxidants for Dual‐Responsive Anti‐Inflammatory Delivery and Photoacoustic Inflammation Imaging
Authors: Zhao Caiyan , Chen Jingxiao , Ye Jiamin , Li Zhi , Su Lichao , Wang Junqing , Zhang Ye , Chen Jinghua , Yang Huanghao , Shi Jinjun , Song Jibin
Published: April 2021

We have synthesized a PEGylated, phenylboronic acid modified L‐DOPA pro‐antioxidant (pPAD) that can self‐assemble into nanoparticles (pPADN) for the loading of a model glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) through 1,3‐diol/phenylboronic acid chemistry and hydrophobic interactions for more effective treatment of inflammation. Upon exposure to ROS, pPADN convert into the active form of L‐DOPA, and a cascade of oxidative reactions transform it into antioxidative melanin‐like materials. Concomitantly, the structural transformation of pPADN triggers the specific release of Dex, along with the acidic pH of inflammatory tissue. In a rat model of osteoarthritis, Dex‐loaded pPADN markedly mitigate synovial inflammation, suppress joint destruction and cartilage matrix degradation, with negligible in vivo toxicity. Moreover, in situ structural transformation makes pPADN suitable for noninvasive monitoring of therapeutic effects as a photoacoustic imaging contrast agent.
Effect of the Ligand Backbone on the Reactivity and Mechanistic Paradigm of Non‐Heme Iron(IV)‐Oxo during Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Biswas Jyoti Prasad , Ansari Mursaleem , Paik Aniruddha , Sasmal Sheuli , Paul Sabarni , Rana Sujoy , Rajaraman Gopalan , Maiti Debabrata
Published: April 2021

The oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactivity of the non‐heme [FeIV(2PyN2Q)(O)]2+ (2) containing the sterically bulky quinoline‐pyridine pentadentate ligand (2PyN2Q) has been thoroughly studied with different olefins. The ferryl‐oxo complex 2 shows excellent OAT reactivity during epoxidations. The steric encumbrance and electronic effect of the ligand influence the mechanistic shuttle between OAT pathway I and isomerization pathway II (during the reaction stereo pure olefins), resulting in a mixture of cis‐trans epoxide products. In contrast, the sterically less hindered and electronically different [FeIV(N4Py)(O)]2+ (1) provides only cis‐stilbene epoxide. A Hammett study suggests the role of dominant inductive electronic along with minor resonance effect during electron transfer from olefin to 2 in the rate‐limiting step. Additionally, a computational study supports the involvement of stepwise pathways during olefin epoxidation. The ferryl bend due to the bulkier ligand incorporation leads to destabilization of both
and
orbitals, leading to a very small quintet–triplet gap and enhanced reactivity for 2 compared to 1. Thus, the present study unveils the role of steric and electronic effects of the ligand towards mechanistic modification during olefin epoxidation
Carbon dioxide adducts from DOPO‐grafted polyethylenimines as both blowing agents and flame retardants for polyurethanes
Authors: Zeng Jianming , Luo Wenli , An Jianing , Xie Xingyi
Published: April 2021

The high risk of flammability of polyurethane foams (PUFs) and the high global warming potentials of polyurethane (PU) blowing agents rank key problems to be solved in PUF industry. Herein, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO)‐grafted polyethylenimines (PEIs) are synthesized via Atherton–Todd reaction, with grafting rate ranging from 13.3% to 28.3%. The grafted PEIs further react with CO2 to obtain corresponding CO2 adducts (DOPO‐PEI‐CO2s). On the one hand, these CO2 adducts can disperse into PU foaming mixture to release CO2 as a climate‐friendly blowing agent. The resultant PUFs possess a density about 56 kg m−3 and a compressive strength over 200 kPa, suitable for some industrial applications. On the other hand, the DOPO grafting endows the PUFs with moderate flame retardancy, increasing the PUFs' limiting oxygen index value from 19.7 to 25 vol%, and decreasing the horizontal burning speed from about 360 mm min−1 down to 130 mm min−1. This study for the first time provides a type of polyurethane (PU) raw material that can serve as both blowing agents and flame retardants.
Brandschutztechnischer Nachweis von historischen Stahlstützen am praktischen Beispiel
Authors: Sothmann Jörg , Winkler Michael , Molochnikova Olga
Published: April 2021

Die Historie des Gewerbehofs Wiesendamm 22–30 in Hamburg geht auf das Jahr 1917 zurück. Das Gebäude wurde für die Maschinenfabrik Heidenreich & Harbeck errichtet und in den Folgejahren erweitert, umgebaut, ausgebaut, aufgestockt, tw. rückgebaut und umgenutzt. Bezüglich des Tragwerks wurde es 1937 wesentlich erweitert. Nun wurde das Gebäude einer neuen Nutzung als Theater zugeführt. Im Zuge des Brandschutzkonzepts und der Abstimmungen mit der Bauaufsicht wurde die Anforderung feuerbeständig für das Tragwerk, insbesondere für die Stahlstützen festgelegt. Im Rahmen der Ausführungsplanung wurde mit allen Beteiligten abgestimmt, dass eine brandschutztechnische Bemessung der Stützen mit einem Naturbrandszenario und einer gleichwertigen Sicherheit zu feuerbeständigen Stützen umgesetzt werden soll. Die Herausforderung dabei liegt insbesondere in der Tatsache, dass über 70 Stützen im Brandfall zu betrachten sind. Dabei liegen zehn unterschiedliche Querschnitte, sechs unterschiedliche Knicklängen und sechs verschiedene Belastungen vor. Weiterhin sind diese Stützen über das ganze Gebäude verteilt und weisen unterschiedlichste thermische Einwirkungen im Brandfall auf. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass die Anwendbarkeit der Spannungs‐Dehnungsbeziehung sowie der thermischen Materialkennwerte im Brandfall aus DIN EN 1993‐1‐2 bei dem Stahl aus 1917 fraglich ist. Im Zuge einer wirtschaftlichen und einfachen Bemessung im Brandfall wurden die Stützen bez. der thermischen Einwirkung gruppiert und entsprechende Brandsimulationen mit dem Feldmodell FDS durchgeführt. Hinsichtlich der mechanischen Beanspruchung wurden die ungünstigen Stützen ermittelt, den Gruppen aus der thermischen Einwirkung zugeordnet und im Brandfall bemessen. Zur Absicherung der Bemessung im Brandfall wurden Proben aus den Stützen entnommen und sowohl bei Normaltemperatur als auch bei hohen Temperaturen bez. der Festigkeiten und der Spannungs‐Dehnungsbeziehungen untersucht. Begleitend von Literaturrecherchen konnten die Grundlagen für die mechanischen Simulationen festgestellt werden. In dem Beitrag werden das Vorgehen, die Berechnungen und auch die Versuchsergebnisse beschrieben.
A case report of pneumomediastinum in a COVID‐19 patient treated with high‐flow nasal cannula and review of the literature: Is this a “spontaneous” complication?
Authors: Cancelliere Anna , Procopio Giada , Mazzitelli Maria , Lio Elena , Petullà Maria , Serapide Francesca , Pelle Maria Chiara , Davoli Chiara , Trecarichi Enrico Maria , Torti Carlo ,   The IDTM UMG COVID‐19 Group
Published: April 2021

Oxygen support with high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is gentler than mechanical ventilation and may provide significant benefits, but more studies are needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of different respiratory supports in patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia.
On the Structural Assignments Underlying R. B. Woodward's Most Personal Data That Led to the Woodward–Hoffmann Rules: Subramania Ranganathan's Key Role and Related Research by E. J. Corey and A. G. Hortmann
Authors: Tantillo Dean J. , Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: April 2021

In the early 1960s, as part of R. B. Woodward's isoxazole route to vitamin B12, Subramania Ranganathan uncovered two coupled sets of stereospecific reactions, a thermal set and a photochemical set. These four reactions illustrated the alternating configurations that were the major data points that prompted the solution of the no‐mechanism problem. Though Ranganathan's reactions played a major role, according to Woodward, in the development of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules, they were published only as part of the documentation of a lecture given by Woodward in 1966. The authors of this paper have uncovered Subramania Ranganathan's 1964 postdoctoral report and have used modern quantum chemical theory to predict the 1H NMR spectra for Ranganathan's key compounds, providing support for the structure assignments made by Woodward and Ranganathan. A similar set of alternating, stereospecific reactions was observed by E. J. Corey and Alfred Hortmann in their 1963 total synthesis of dihydrocostunolide. We also have applied the computational process used for Ranganathan's compounds to Hortmann's compounds, now also including the calculation of coupling constants, and find computational support for Corey and Hortmann's structure assignments.
A Cyclometalated IrIII Complex Conjugated to a Coumarin Derivative Is a Potent Photodynamic Agent against Prostate Differentiated and Tumorigenic Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Novohradsky Vojtech , Markova Lenka , Kostrhunova Hana , Kasparkova Jana , Ruiz José , Marchán Vicente , Brabec Viktor
Published: April 2021

A cyclometalated IrIII complex conjugated to a far‐red‐emitting coumarin, IrIII‐COUPY (3), was recently shown as a very promising photosensitizer suitable for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Therefore, the primary goal of this work was to deepen knowledge on the mechanism of its photoactivated antitumor action so that this information could be used to propose a new class of compounds as drug candidates for curing very hardly treatable human tumors, such as androgen resistant prostatic tumors of metastatic origin. Conventional anticancer chemotherapies exhibit several disadvantages, such as limited efficiency to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered the main reason for chemotherapy resistance, relapse, and metastasis. Herein, we show, using DU145 tumor cells, taken as the model of hormone‐refractory and aggressive prostate cancer cells resistant to conventional antineoplastic drugs, that the photoactivated conjugate 3 very efficiently eliminates both prostate bulk (differentiated) and prostate hardly treatable CSCs simultaneously and with a similar efficiency. Notably, the very low toxicity of IrIII‐COUPY conjugate in the prostate DU145 cells in the dark and its pronounced selectivity for tumor cells compared with noncancerous cells could result in low side effects and reduced damage of healthy cells during the photoactivated therapy by this agent. Moreover, the experiments performed with the 3D spheroids formed from DU145 CSCs showed that conjugate 3 can penetrate the inner layers of tumor spheres, which might markedly increase its therapeutic effect. Also interestingly, this conjugate induces apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer DU145 cells associated with calcium signaling flux in these cells and autophagy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that a photoactivatable metal‐based compound is an efficient agent capable of killing even hardly treatable CSCs.
Reactions on a 1,2‐Dicarbonyl Moiety of a Fullerene Skeleton
Authors: Hashikawa Yoshifumi , Li Jiayue , Okamoto Shu , Murata Yasujiro
Published: April 2021

A 1,2‐dicarbonyl moiety on a cage‐opened fullerene skeleton is one of suitable building blocks for the further derivatization. Herein, we discuss the chemical transformation of a 1,2‐dicarbonyl compound into β‐oxo‐phosphorus ylide, acid anhydride, and α‐methylene carbonyl derivatives. Despite possessing a sterically small methylene unit in the last one, the release of an encapsulated water molecule was significantly supressed whereas the β‐oxo‐phosphorus ylide bearing three bulky p‐tolyl groups on the P‐atom enabled the faster insertion/release dynamics, implying the flexibility of the phosphonium substituent. The replacement of the carbonyl group with phosphorus ylide and methylene units largely varied electrochemical properties of the fullerene skeleton, likely arising from the anionic charge delocalized over the entire molecule and removal of an electron‐withdrawable carbonyl group, respectively.
Isolation of an Antiaromatic 9‐Hydroxy Fluorenyl Cation
Authors: Duvinage Daniel , Mebs Stefan , Beckmann Jens
Published: April 2021

Fluorenyl cations are textbook examples of 4π electron antiaromatic five‐membered ring systems. So far, they were reported only as short‐lived intermediates generated under superacidic conditions or by flash photolysis. Attempts to prepare am‐terphenyl acylium cation by fluoride abstraction from a benzoyl fluoride gave rise to an isolable 9‐hydroxy fluorenyl cation that formed by an intramolecular electrophilic attack at a flanking mesityl group prior to a 1,2‐methyl shift and proton transfer to oxygen.
Uniform Nanowires Containing a Heterogeneousπ‐Conjugated Core of Controlled Length, Composition and Morphology
Authors: Nie Jiucheng , Tao Daliao , Huang Xiaoyu , Lu Guolin , Feng Chun
Published: April 2021

In this work, it is demonstrated for the first time that heterojunction nanowires, consisting of a gradient and segmented‐like heterogeneous π‐conjugated core with controllable length, composition and morphology, can be generated by co‐self‐seeding of oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) (OPV)‐ and oligo(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (OPE)‐containing block copolymers in spite of different chain lengths and molecular conformation for OPE and OPV. More importantly, based on the understanding of the formation of heterogeneous core by the co‐self‐seeding approach, a “heating/cooling” seeded growth route was developed, by which linear and branched heterojunction nanowires containing a segmented heterogeneous π‐conjugated core of controlled length, composition and morphology can be obtained. This work provides a versatile platform to generate heterojunction nanowires with excellent controllability in length, composition, and morphology.
Short‐DNA Specific Blocker PCR for Efficient and Simple Enrichment of Cell Free Fetal DNAs with Short Lengths
Authors: Liao Yangwei , Tang Xiaofeng , Ming Zhihao , Ren Lida , Zhang Wei , Xiao Xianjin
Published: April 2021

Main observation and conclusion

As an innate characteristic, DNA length has attracted more and more attention. The length of some important biomarkers such as ctDNA (Circulating tumor DNA) and cffDNA (Cell free fetal DNA) is shorter than that of cell‐free DNA. Researchers have utilized the difference in length to increase the abundance of ctDNA or cffDNA in total cell‐free DNA to overcome the difficulties in detection due to their low abundance. They have developed short‐stranded DNA enrichment technology, which complemented the blind spots of the application range of typical enrichment technology based on DNA sequence differences. However, the existing short‐stranded DNA enrichment technology cannot possess high efficiency and simplicity simultaneously. Herein, we developed the SSB‐PCR (Short‐DNA Specific Blocker PCR) technology to enrich the short‐stranded DNA in an efficient and simple way. Through theoretical and experimental verification, it was proved that this method could increase the abundance of short‐stranded DNA by more than 10 times. Based on this, we have found an application scenario for this method in cffDNA enrichment. Further, a procedure was established to perform a reliable diagnosis of the genotype of cffDNA samples. We believe that this method has great potential to achieve accurate, fast, and cost‐effective non‐invasive prenatal testing.
A model for wave abrasion on underwater bedrock, with an application to rapidly downwearing tephra cones adjacent to Surtsey Island in Iceland
Authors: Sunamura Tsuguo
Published: April 2021

Wave abrasion is a major erosional process shaping shallow‐water coastal bedrock morphologies. In spite of various erosion studies having been conducted on underwater bedrock features, modelling research for wave‐induced abrasion is limited. Based on an existing formula for bedrock abrasion by fluid flows, this study obtains a predictive equation for the rate of wave abrasion, which is given by a function of a shear stress of wave‐induced, oscillatory bottom flow and the resistivity of bedrock. A model is derived from this equation to describe temporal change in abrasion depth of subaqueous bedrock. The model is applied to rapidly abrading summits of two submarine tephra cones, Jólnir and Syrtlingur, both residing adjacent to the Surtsey volcanic island in Iceland. Nearly horizontal platforms develop as a result of abrasion. Jólnir is a site exposed to storm‐wave attack, while Syrtlingur is a sheltered site. The modelling based on design storm waves is found to well describe temporal change in erosion depth in the middle to late stage of the platform evolution at the two sites. The result of model calculations indicates that: (1) deep‐water wave energy of waves causing abrasion at Syrtlingur is 33% that of waves responsible for abrasion at Jólnir; (2) the efficacy of abrasion occurring at Syrtlingur is about four times higher than that at Jólnir; and (3) the wave base (i.e. the maximum water depth for bedrock erosion) is 51.5 m for Jólnir and 34.4 m for Syrtlingur.
Rodundwerk I, neuer Kraftabstieg – Konzeption und Ausführung
Authors: Innerhofer Guntram , Bickel Lukas
Published: April 2021

As a result of several feasibility studies from which sound economic and technical arguments emerged, the decision was made to construct a new headrace system for the Rodundwerk I consisting of a low pressure tunnel, a shallow pressure shaft parallel to the surface slope and a subsequent high‐pressure penstock gallery. The new distribution pipeline was designed as a concrete‐encased gravity abutment. Construction started at the beginning of May 2020 and since then excavation work has progressed according to plan. Particular attention had to be addressed to the impact of construction operations on the existing power plant structures. Hence, a detailed monitoring concept was established concerning the vibration transmission in the rock mass. Excavation works are carried out partly by tunnel boring machine, partly by drilling and blasting and, once the critical threshold of vibration has been reached, by alternative methods. By continuously adjusting the blasting parameters (charge amount, ignition timing), it was possible to minimise the detonation‐related effects in the vicinity of the existing structures.
Außergewöhnliche Aufgabenstellungen an die Injektionstechnik im Kraftwerksbau in exponierten Lagen
Authors: Kogler Kurt , Hechenbichler Johann
Published: April 2021

Power station construction has always posed very complex problems for engineers. The dimensions of such construction works, their geographical location and the effects on people and nature reflect not only the great public interest but also show how extensive and challenging the design and construction of such construction works can be. Grouting technology is a reliable partner for waterproofing, consolidation and prestressing measures in power station construction and in such exposed locations, provides special solutions for the particular local conditions. The following article describes through selected examples grouting solutions for the refurbishment and new construction of hydropower facilities, concentrating on the implementation of specialised civil engineering measures on international power station projects.
The frontotemporal organization of the arcuate fasciculus and its relationship with speech perception in young and older amateur singers and non‐singers
Authors: Perron Maxime , Theaud Guillaume , Descoteaux Maxime , Tremblay Pascale
Published: April 2021

The ability to perceive speech in noise (SPiN) declines with age. Although the etiology of SPiN decline is not well understood, accumulating evidence suggests a role for the dorsal speech stream. While age‐related decline within the dorsal speech stream would negatively affect SPiN performance, experience‐induced neuroplastic changes within the dorsal speech stream could positively affect SPiN performance. Here, we investigated the relationship between SPiN performance and the structure of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), which forms the white matter scaffolding of the dorsal speech stream, in aging singers and non‐singers. Forty‐three non‐singers and 41 singers aged 20 to 87 years old completed a hearing evaluation and a magnetic resonance imaging session that included High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging. The groups were matched for sex, age, education, handedness, cognitive level, and musical instrument experience. A subgroup of participants completed syllable discrimination in the noise task. The AF was divided into 10 segments to explore potential local specializations for SPiN. The results show that, in carefully matched groups of singers and non‐singers (a) myelin and/or axonal membrane deterioration within the bilateral frontotemporal AF segments are associated with SPiN difficulties in aging singers and non‐singers; (b) the structure of the AF is different in singers and non‐singers; (c) these differences are not associated with a benefit on SPiN performance for singers. This study clarifies the etiology of SPiN difficulties by supporting the hypothesis for the role of aging of the dorsal speech stream.
Circulating hybrid cells predict presence of occult nodal metastases in oral cavity carcinoma
Authors: Henn Tara E. , Anderson Ashley N. , Hollett Yvette R. , Sutton Thomas L. , Walker Brett S. , Swain John R. , Sauer David A. , Clayburgh Daniel R. , Wong Melissa H.
Published: April 2021

Background

Levels of circulating hybrid cells (CHCs), a newly identified circulating tumor cell (CTC), correlate with disease stage and progression in cancer. We investigated their utility to risk‐stratify patients with clinically N0 (cN0) oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), and to identify patients with occult cervical lymph node metastases (pN+).

Methods

We analyzed peripheral blood samples for CHCs with co‐expression of cytokeratin (tumor) and CD45 (leukocyte) from 22 patients with cN0 OCSCC using immunofluorescence microscopy, then correlated levels with pathologic lymph node status.

Results

CHC levels exceeded CTCs and correlated with the presence of both clinically overt (p = 0.002) and occult nodal metastases (p = 0.006).

Conclusions

For evaluated cN0 OCSCC patients, those with cN0 → pN+ status harbored elevated CHC levels compared to patients without occult disease. Our findings highlight a promising blood‐based biologic assay with potential utility to determine the necessity of surgical neck dissection for staging and treatment.
Effects of multislip and distinct heat source on MHD Carreau nanofluid flow past an elongating cylinder using the statistical method
Authors: Sabu Alappat Sunny , Areekara Sujesh , Mathew Alphonsa
Published: April 2021

This study focuses on studying the impact of multiple slip effects on the hydromagnetic Carreau nanofluid flow over an elongating cylinder considering a linear heat source and exponential space‐based heat source. Suitable transformations are used in converting the highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations governing the flow into a system of ordinary differential equations and hence resolved using the Runge–Kutta method of order four coupled with the shooting method. BVP5C and RKF45 are used to compare the numerical accuracy and an excellent agreement is noted. The parallel effect of parameters on Nusselt number is studied using surface plots and the corresponding effects are scrutinized using multiple linear regression. It is observed that the linear heat source parameter, thermal slip parameter and exponential space‐based heat source parameter demote the heat transfer rate. The consequence of different parameters on drag coefficient and mass transfer are quantified using a linear regression slope.
The association of infant temperament and maternal sensitivity in preterm and full‐term infants
Authors: Vaccaro Suzanne M. , Tofighi Davood , Moss Natalia , Rieger Rebecca , Lowe Jean R. , Phillips John , Erickson Sarah J.
Published: April 2021

Infants who experience sensitive caregiving are at lower risk for numerous adverse outcomes. This is especially true for infants born preterm, leading them to be more susceptible to risks associated with poorer quality caregiving. Some research suggests that preterm and full‐term infants differ on temperament, which may contribute to these findings. This study aimed to investigate associations between infant temperament (negative emotionality, positive affectivity/surgency, and orienting/regulatory capacity) and maternal sensitivity among infants born preterm (M = 30.2 weeks) and full term. It was hypothesized that mothers of infants born preterm and mothers of infants with more difficult temperaments would display lower sensitivity, indicated by lower responsiveness to nondistress, lower positive regard, and higher intrusiveness. Videotaped play interactions and a measure of temperament (Infant Behavior Questionnaire) were coded for 18 preterm and 44 full‐term infants at 9 months (corrected) age. Results suggest that mothers of preterm and full‐term infants differed significantly in responding to their infants, but these results cannot be explained by infant temperament. Preterm status and sociodemographic risk emerged as correlates of maternal behavior, such that mothers of infants born preterm and mothers with greater sociodemographic risk displayed lower levels of maternal sensitivity.
Update on feline toxoplasmosis
Authors: Caney Sarah
Published: April 2021

Background: Toxoplasmosis is the clinical disease caused by infection with the obligate intracellular coccidian parasiteToxoplasma gondii. T gondiiis present throughout the world and can affect most mammals. Infection is common, although disease caused byT gondiiis rare. Up to 50 per cent of all cats are believed to have been infected with this organism at some point in their life, although the prevalence of infection varies according to the cat's lifestyle and geographical location (Lappin 2010, Dubey and Lappin 2012, Hartmann 2015). Clinical disease often involves the CNS, muscles, eyes and respiratory system and can be fatal in some cases. Diagnosis can be challenging, but many cats respond rapidly and very successfully with appropriate antimicrobial treatment.

Aim of the article: This article provides an update of the diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis in cats.
Communicating in a Covid‐19 world: ‘the good, the bad and the ugly'
Authors: Aylott Anne‐Marie Svendsen
Published: April 2021

In 2020, we were introduced to a new reality. Nobody could have predicted the scale of the global Covid‐19 pandemic, with all the changes it entailed and the upheavals to not only the way we work, but the way in which we interact with each other. The pandemic has highlighted some key learning points about how to function as a team, not just in an increasingly virtual world, but in an ever‐changing work environment. A year on from when the pandemic first hit, let's look at how we can apply these to our future ways of working, focusing on the aspects of the past year that have been good, bad and ugly.
Voluntary disclosure volume: Evidence from acquiring firm's press releases during M&A
Authors: Wang Jing
Published: April 2021

This study examines the determinants and effects of firms’ merger and acquisition voluntary disclosure. It focuses on the press releases disclosed by acquiring firms during the transaction period. The findings suggest that management provides more news updates for stock financed transactions compared to those without stock finance. Larger deals with more economic significance tend to disclose more news during the transaction period. The news update volume during the transaction period is positively related to the stock performance at resolution. The news update does not hype the stock price and is not associated with the acquiring firm's long‐term market performance.
The quest to develop an effective therapy for neuroblastoma
Authors: Bhoopathi Praveen , Mannangatti Padmanabhan , Emdad Luni , Das Swadesh K. , Fisher Paul B.
Published: April 2021

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common solid extracranial tumor developing in pediatric populations. NB can spontaneously regress or grow and metastasize displaying resistance to therapy. This tumor is derived from primitive cells, mainly those of the neural crest, in the sympathetic nervous system and usually develops in the adrenal medulla and paraspinal ganglia. Our understanding of the molecular characteristics of human NBs continues to advance documenting abnormalities at the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome levels. The high‐risk tumors have MYCN oncogene amplification, and the MYCN transcriptional regulator encoded by the MYCN oncogene is highly expressed in the neural crest. Studies on the biology of NB has enabled a more precise risk stratification strategy and a concomitant reduction in the required treatment in an expanding number of cases worldwide. However, newer treatment strategies are mandated to improve outcomes in pediatric patients who are at high‐risk and display relapse. To improve outcomes and survival rates in such high‐risk patients, it is necessary to use a multicomponent therapeutic approach. Accuracy in clinical staging of the disease and assessment of the associated risks based on biological, clinical, surgical, and pathological criteria are of paramount importance for prognosis and to effectively plan therapeutic approaches. This review discusses the staging of NB and the biological and genetic features of the disease and several current therapies including targeted delivery of chemotherapy, novel radiation therapy, and immunotherapy for NB.
What initiates evidence‐based reasoning?: Situations that prompt students to support their design ideas and decisions
Authors: Siverling Emilie A. , Moore Tamara J. , Suazo‐Flores Elizabeth , Mathis Corey A. , Guzey S. Selcen
Published: April 2021

Background

As engineering becomes increasingly incorporated into precollege classrooms, it is important to explore students' ability to engage in engineering practices. One of these practices, engaging in argument from evidence, has been well studied in science education. However, it has not yet been fully explored in engineering education.

Purpose

This study aims to identify the classroom situations that prompt students to justify their engineering design ideas and decisions. The following research question guided the study: What initiates the need for fifth‐ to eighth‐grade students to use evidence‐based reasoning (EBR) while they are generating solutions to engineering design problems in engineering design‐based science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) integration units?

Methods

Within the naturalistic inquiry methodology, we analyzed student team audio recordings from the implementation of seven different engineering design‐based STEM integration curricula across three school districts to identify instances of EBR and categorize the situations that led to them.

Results

This analysis produced seven categories of situations that prompted students to use EBR. Two of these categories, responding to adult and documenting, were teacher‐prompted; students frequently justified their design ideas and decisions when talking with adults or responding to prompts on worksheets. The other five categories were student‐directed: negotiating, correcting, validating, clarifying with team, and sharing. These categories occurred without direct prompts from adults or documents.

Conclusions

This study offers implications for teachers and curriculum developers about how to explicitly integrate scaffolds for EBR into design‐based curricula as well as what situations teachers can look for to observe student‐directed use of EBR.
Molecular characterization of HTLV‐1 genomic region hbz from patients with different clinical conditions
Authors: Cucco Marina Silveira , de Moraes Laise Eduarda Paixão , de Oliveira Andrade Felipe , Khouri Ricardo , Galvão‐Castro Bernardo , Araujo Thessika Hialla Almeida , de Almeida Rego Filipe Ferreira , Gois Luana Leandro , Barreto Fernanda Khouri , Santos Luciane Amorim
Published: April 2021

The human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1) is associated with severe pathologies, such as HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), adult T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma (ATLL), and infective dermatitis associated with the HTLV‐1 (IDH). Interestingly, HTLV‐1 infection does not necessarily imply the development of pathological processes and it is unknown why some patients remain asymptomatic carriers (AC). Despite some mutations in the HTLV‐1 genome appear to influence the outcome of HTLV‐1, there are few studies that characterize molecularly the hbz region. This study aimed to perform the molecular characterization of hbz gene isolated from patients with different clinical outcomes. A total of 15 sequences were generated and analyzed with 571 sequences previously published. The analises showed that the R119Q mutation seems to be related to HTLV‐1 clinical conditions since the frequency of this HBZ mutation is significantly different in comparison between AC with HAM/TSP and ATLL. The R119Q mutation is possibly a protective factor as the frequency is higher in AC sequences.
Bacterial endophytes: Molecular interactions with their hosts
Authors: Dudeja Surjit S. , Suneja‐Madan Pooja , Paul Minakshi , Maheswari Rajat , Kothe Erika
Published: April 2021

Plant growth promotion has been found associated with plants on the surface (epiphytic), inside (endophytic), or close to the plant roots (rhizospheric). Endophytic bacteria mainly have been researched for their beneficial activities in terms of nutrient availability, plant growth hormones, and control of soil‐borne and systemic pathogens. Molecular communications leading to these interactions between plants and endophytic bacteria are now being unrevealed using multidisciplinary approaches with advanced techniques such as metagenomics, metaproteomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteogenomic, microRNAs, microarray, chips as well as the comparison of complete genome sequences. More than 400 genes in both the genomes of host plant and bacterial endophyte are up‐ or downregulated for the establishment of endophytism and plant growth‐promoting activity. The involvement of more than 20 genes for endophytism, about 50 genes for direct plant growth promotion, about 25 genes for biocontrol activity, and about 10 genes for mitigation of different stresses has been identified in various bacterial endophytes. This review summarizes the progress that has been made in recent years by these modern techniques and approaches.
Excitation Mechanisms of Whispering Gallery Modes with Direct Light Scattering
Authors: Zambrana‐Puyalto Xavier , D'Ambrosio Davide , Gagliardi Gianluca
Published: April 2021

In optics, whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are modes of light that arise in cylindrically symmetric structures. Their intensity profile is strongly confined around the interface of the structure, and their Q‐factors are some of the highest ever measured with light. Here, the physical mechanisms governing the coupling of a tangential beam into a WGM of a microsphere are analytically demonstrated. For that, Mie theory and the symmetries of light are made use of. It is demonstrated that the coupling mechanism is not related to any evanescent tunnelling effect. Rather, it is shown that it has to do with the angular momentum matching between the available inner WGMs of the sphere and the angular momentum content of the incident beam. The model is valid for any homogeneous sphere, for any wavelength, and for any incident cylindrically symmetric beam, focused or not. It quantitatively predicts the optical coupling efficiency to the resonator for any tangential position of the incident beam. And it sketches four different regimes of interaction depending on the beam position with respect to the sphere, properly matching experimental resonance spectra observed with free‐space laser scattering.
Vaginal Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Treatment and Changes in Vaginal Biomechanical Parameters
Authors: Lauterbach Roy , Gutzeit Ola , Matanes Emad , Linder Revital , Mick Ido , Aharoni Saar , Gruenwald Ilan , Wiener Zeev , Lowenstein Lior
Published: April 2021

Background and Objectives

Vaginal fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser treatment has emerged in the past two decades as a non‐surgical option for vaginal tightening. Mounting evidence supports the effectiveness and safety of this treatment for female sexual dysfunction. A newly developed vaginal tactile imaging (VTI) technique accurately evaluates the biomechanical parameters of the female pelvic floor and vagina, including tissue elasticity, pelvic support, and pelvic muscle function in high definition. In the current study, we evaluated changes in objective biomechanical parameters using VTI, following vaginal CO2 laser treatment for vaginal tightening and sexual dysfunction.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort between June 2018 and January 2020. Inclusion criteria were vaginal looseness, decreased local sensation during sexual intercourse, and sexual dysfunction. All the participants were treated with a vaginal carbon dioxide laser. They underwent a gynecological evaluation based on the Vaginal Health Index (VHI) and sexual function assessment according to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Vaginal biomechanical parameters were assessed by VTI. Initial evaluations were performed at the pre‐treatment consult visit, 1 week prior to the first treatment and at a 6‐month post‐treatment follow‐up visit.

Results

Twenty‐five women were included in the final analysis. Compared with baseline, the post‐treatment mean scores for vaginal elasticity and tightening were higher (54.8 ± 5.2 vs. 41.5 ± 6.3, P = 0.0027 and 1.97 ± 0.25 vs. 1.32 ± 0.31, P = 0.0014, respectively). Post‐treatment increases were demonstrated in pelvic muscle contraction strength (25.9 ± 3.5 vs. 16.5 ± 4.2, P = 0.0011) and in reflex pelvic muscle contraction (2.93 ± 0.44 vs. 2.12 ± 0.47, P = 0.0022); the mean FSFI and VHI scores were higher following treatment (28.47 ± 1.73 vs. 21.12 ± 1.58, P = 0.036 and 19.15 ± 1.27 vs. 11.6 ± 0.97, P = 0.0032).

Conclusions

The quantification of vaginal biomechanical parameters using VTI technology offers objective evidence of the beneficial effect of vaginal CO2 laser treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Synthesis of Polymer Brushes Via SI‐PET‐RAFT for Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria
Authors: Ng Gervase , Judzewitsch Peter , Li Mingxiao , Pester Christian W. , Jung Kenward , Boyer Cyrille
Published: April 2021

Biofilms are a persistent issue in healthcare and industry. Once formed, the eradication of biofilms is challenging as the extracellular polymeric matrix provides protection against harsh environmental conditions and physically enhances resistance to antimicrobials. The fabrication of polymer brush coatings provides a versatile approach to modify the surface to resist the formation of biofilms. Herein, the authors report a facile synthetic route for the preparation of surface‐tethered polymeric brushes with antifouling and visible light activated bactericidal properties using surface‐initiated photoinduced electron transfer‐reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (SI‐PET‐RAFT). Bactericidal property via the generation of singlet oxygen, which can be temporally and spatially controlled, is investigated against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. In addition, the antibacterial properties of the surface can be recycled. This work paves the way for the preparation of polymer films that can resist and kill bacterial biofilms
Are You Ready?
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: April 2021

Since the election of President Biden, we have been raising cautionary flags about the impact the new administration will have on union organizing and on how labor law is interpreted to impact employers. Changes in only the first two months of the Biden presidency have been rapid and include: an abrupt change of leadership in the NLRB General Counsel's office, President Biden's injection of himself into a major union election at Amazon, and the House of Representatives' passage of the PRO Act that will make it harder for employers to defeat unions.
Disparities, service delays shown in study of children in ED
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2021

New research examining lengthier emergency department (ED) visits for children with mental health issues reveals a dearth of child psychiatrists and community supports, observing a need for improved access to mental health care and equity, according to the authors. The study was published April 5 in Pediatrics.
New MH funding grants to support adolescents of color, LGBTQ+
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2021

Observing the significant barriers adolescents of color and the LGBTQ+ community face to access mental health care and services, a collaborative fund created during the pandemic to provide resources to these populations announced grant funding to more than 88 not‐for‐profit organizations across the country.
MicroRNA‐17‐5p restrains the dysfunction of Ang‐II induced podocytes by suppressing secreted modular calcium‐binding protein 2 via NF‐κB and TGFβ signaling
Authors: Xu Mingzhu , Yi Mengqiu , Li Na
Published: April 2021

Glomerulonephritis, also known as nephritis syndrome (nephritis for short), is a common kidney disease. Previous research has proved that microRNAs (miRNAs) frequently regulate various diseases including nephritis. Nonetheless, the biological function and molecular mechanism of miR‐17‐5p are unclear in nephritis. In the current study, RT‐qPCR analysis showed that miR‐17‐5p was downregulated in Ang II‐induced podocytes. Also, according to the results from RT‐qPCR analysis, CCK‐8 assay, flow cytometric analysis, western blot analysis, and ELISA miR‐17‐5p elevation alleviated Ang II‐induced podocyte injury. Besides, luciferase reporter assay, western blot and RT‐qPCR analyses revealed that SMOC2 was targeted by miR‐17‐5p in Ang II‐induced podocytes. Additionally, rescue assays demonstrated that overexpressed SMOC2 counteracted the influence of overexpressed miR‐17‐5p on cell injury of Ang II‐induced podocytes. Moreover, our data suggested that miR‐17‐5p‐SMOC2 axis regulated TGFβ and NF‐κB signaling activation in Ang II‐induced podocytes. SMOC2 regulated cell viability, apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in Ang II‐induced podocytes via TGFβ signaling, and SMOC2 regulated inflammation in Ang II‐induced podocytes through NF‐κB signaling. Overall, our study demonstrated that miRNA‐17‐5p restrained the dysfunction of Ang‐II induced podocytes by suppressing SMOC2 via the NF‐κB and TGFβ signaling.
Brian Theodore Wicks
Authors: Wicks Victoria , Laurence Chris , Owen John , Ryan Donal , Parker Janice , Jordan Tony
Published: April 2021

As a vet working in mixed practice, he relished the camaraderie of working with colleagues, farmers and clients, and developed a special interest in cattle fertility. He was considered to be a ray of sunshine.
Idiosyncratic reaction of topiramate in a Maine Coon cat
Authors: Du John , Draper William E.
Published: April 2021

A 1.5‐year‐old Main Coon neutered male cat was presented for cluster epileptic seizures. The cat was first treated with phenobarbital; however, it had to be discontinued due to anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Topiramate was then initiated. Shortly thereafter, a persistent neutropenia developed and the topiramate was stopped. The epileptic seizures are now adequately controlled by levetiracetam extended release 500 mg every 12 hours and the neutropenia had resolved. This is the first report of adverse drug reaction of topiramate in cats.
Raw and modified palygorskite in water treatment applications for low‐concentration ammonium removal
Authors: Gianni Eleni , Lazaratou Christina Vasiliki , Panagopoulos Georgios , Sarantari Panagiota , Martsouka Fotini , Papagiannopoulos Konstantinos , Panagiotaras Dionisios , Papoulis Dimitrios
Published: April 2021

Raw palygorskite (Pal) samples went under acid (H‐Pal), NaCl (Na‐Pal), and CaCl2 treatment (Ca‐Pal) in order to be examined as ammonium (NH4+) sorbents from aqueous solutions. The samples were characterized by XRD and FT‐IR techniques to examine potential structural differences after modifications, and batch kinetic experiment series were applied to determine the optimal conditions for NH4+ removal. According to thermodynamic analysis, the removal reaction for sodium‐ and calcium‐treated samples was endothermic (ΔΗ0 > 0, 1.65 kJ/mol and 24.66 kJ/mol, respectively), in contrast with the exothermic reactions of raw and acidic‐treated palygorskite samples (ΔΗ0 < 0, −37.18 kJ/mol and −27.56 kJ/mol respectively). Moreover, each sample presented a different order of sorbed ions preference, whereas the strong affinity for Ca2+ sorption was common in all cases since the NH4+ removal inhibited. Nevertheless, a similar pattern was followed for raw and modified samples at isotherm study, rendering the linear form of Freundlich isotherm to express better the NH4+ sorption on palygorskite sample, indicating that it is a heterogeneous procedure. In all cases, the NH4+ maximum uptake was within 15 min using 8 g/L of each sorbent, especially for the Na‐Pal sample, which could reach almost 100% removal of low concentration NH4+.

Practitioner Points

Modified palygorskite samples were tested for NH4+ removal from aqueous solutions.

NaCl‐treated palygorskite had the higher removal efficiency, which could reach almost 100% removal of low concentration NH4+.

NH4+ maximum uptake was within 15 minutes using 8 g/L of each sorbent.

NH4+ adsorption was an endothermic reaction for NaCl‐ and CaCl2‐treated palygorskite sorbents.

NH4+ adsorption was an exothermic reaction for raw and acid‐treated palygorskite sorbents.
Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren: Das Lange Level 4
Authors: Mitteregger Mathias , Banerjee Ian
Published: April 2021

Dieser Sammelband steht am Ende der vierjährigen Forschungsarbeit, die durch die Daimler und Benz Stiftung an der TU Wien ermöglicht wurde. Die Einschätzung der Potentiale und Wirkungen automatisierter und vernetzter Fahrzeuge hat sich in dieser Zeit grundlegend gewandelt. Die Ergebnisse des Kernteams und jene der internationalen AutorInnen dieses Sammelbandes haben auf unterschiedliche Weise beigetragen.
Strategic spatial planning, “smart shrinking,” and the deployment of CAVs in rural Japan
Authors: Banerjee Ian , Furutani Tomoyuki
Published: April 2021

The experiments taking place around connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in global innovation networks today are largely technological in nature. This research takes a relational view of CAVs by investigating how they can be conceptualized within the larger context of strategic spatial planning. To do so, it takes Japan as a case study and explores how the current government is applying the tools of its new National Spatial Strategy (NSS) to strategically steer the development of its main economic and social sectors, including transport and the deployment of CAVs.