bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urinary cytology as an adjunct to bacteriology in the laboratory investigation of canine bladder disease
Authors: BREARLEY M. J. , COOPER J. E. , WEDDERBURN N.
Published: April 2008

The results of cytological and bacteriological examination of 73 urine samples from dogs are presented. In 37 cases bacteria of potential clinical significance were isolated, a further six were considered to be contaminated, and from the remaining 30 either only a very scant growth or none at all was obtained. Cytology supported a diagnosis of cystitis in 28 cases and was highly suggestive of malignancy in another five. There were eight cases of bacteriuria where the cytological evidence was not indicative of cystitis. None of the 36 cases from which no potentially significant bacteria were isolated had a cytological profile suggesting an inflammatory process. It is proposed that urinary cytology may be a useful adjunct to bacteriology, especially where the significance of a bacteriuria cannot be assessed by quantitative counts. Cytology may also be of value for the early detection of urothelial carcinoma.
Peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphosarcoma in a dog
Authors: PRESTHUS JOHN , TEIGE JON
Published: April 2008

A case of peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphosarcoma in a dog is described.

A 6‐year‐old flat‐coated Retriever male was presented with urinary incontinence and lameness of the right hind leg. Five days after hospitalization the dog developed a right‐sided facial paralysis. The dog was destroyed 3 weeks after admittance. The post‐mortem examination revealed lymphosarcoma in the stomach and a peripheral neuropathy mainly affecting the femoral and facial nerves.

The possible connection between the lymphosarcoma and the peripheral neuropathy is discussed.
A case of dumb rabies and trypanosomiasis in an eight‐week‐old puppy
Authors: OKOLO M. I. O.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐week‐old male puppy affected with trypanosomiasis and dumb rabies was presented at the University of Nigeria Veterinary Hospital. The dog had a septic wound on the side of the face. The clinical signs suggested trypanosomiasis and this diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory examination. After treatment with Berenil and antibiotics, the puppy apparently recovered, but a week later became anorectous and recumbent. Dumb rabies was suspected and the dog died in a quarantine kennel less than 24 hours later. Negri bodies were detected in brain smears from the dog and a mouse inoculation test was performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Dumb rabies poses serious public health hazards to dog owners and their families, as well as to those occupationally exposed to dogs.
Severe sperm abnormalities with subsequent recovery following on scrotal oedema and posthitis in a Bulldog
Authors: OETTLÉ E. E. , SOLEY J. T.
Published: April 2008

A 5‐year‐old Bulldog was examined for breeding soundness 6, 10 and 26 weeks after suffering from a posthitis, which extended caudally to include the scrotum. On first semen examination, Spermac‐stained smears examined under the light microscope showed that 50 per cent of the spermatozoa had abnormal heads, and a further 20 per cent had other abnormalities. On second examination, the head abnormalities were reduced to 38 per cent, although the total abnormality count was 92 per cent. The various abnormalities noted with the light microscope were confirmed by the transmission electron micrographs, which revealed a variety of bizarre head abnormalities, diadem defects, acrosomal cysts and Dag defects. Between the second and third examinations the dog sired a litter of six pups, and on third examination had a normal spermiogram.
Infections with feline leukaemia virus detected upon post‐mortem examination
Authors: REINACHER MANFRED
Published: April 2008

Cats submitted for post‐mortem examination have been studied for persistent FeLV infection using immune histological methods. Persistent FeLV infection turned out to cause the most frequent lethal infectious disease of the cat. In the post‐mortem material, 16 per cent of the cats were found positive whereas 3 per cent can be assumed for the normal feline population. FeLV‐positive animals die from FeLV‐associated non‐tumourous conditions in 75 per cent of the cases rather than from leucosis. The most important non‐tumourous conditions are anaemia, feline infectious peritonitis, inflammation of the respiratory tract and liver degeneration. Important differences have been found between the various forms of leucosis which can also be distinguished in the small animal practice concerning their association with FeLV infection. Variations between 20 and 90 per cent have been found.
Diabetes mellitus: an update
Authors: MILNE ELSPETH M.
Published: April 2008

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and glucose intolerance. Several factors are known to contribute to the disease, ie, obesity, immune‐mediated insulin resistance, and the diabetogenic hormones glucagon, growth hormone and glucocorticoids.

Recently, a number of developments have taken place in the management of human diabetes mellitus which may be applicable to dogs and cats. These include the use of diets high in soluble, non‐absorbable carbohydrates which lower post‐prandial increases in blood glucose.

The more complex causes of instability, ie, insulin‐induced hyperglycaemia, rapid metabolism of insulin and insulin resistance can be diagnosed by hospitalizing the patient and measuring blood glucose at four hour intervals for 24 hours.

In human medicine, new techniques for controlling diabetes mellitus are pancreatic implants, constant infusion pumps for insulin and the use of the hormone somatostatin which suppresses glucagon secretion, but not all may be applicable to veterinary medicine.
Immunocytological confirmation of a diagnosis of canine distemper using cells in urine
Authors: BROWN R. A. Ll. , MORROW A. , HERON I. , CHONG S. N.
Published: April 2008

Immunofluorescent staining of epithelial cells present in urine of early clinical cases of canine distemper confirmed the presumptive diagnosis by revealing fluorescing intracytoplasmic inclusions. Positive results were not obtained in urine samples from control dogs nor from samples from dogs ill for more than three weeks. The urine samples, with added preservative, still yielded positive results after 5 days storage at 37°C or 21 days storage at 18°C.
Regulatory peptides
Authors: VAILLANT C.
Published: April 2008

The peptidergic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract was clearly affected in these six cases of Feline Dysautonomia. Most notably there was a striking depletion of VIP‐immunoreactivity. However, the lesions in Feline Dysautonomia are not selective for neurons containing this particular peptide, since a reduction in substance P‐ and Met‐enkephalin‐immunoreactivity was also found. Depletion of these three neuropeptides does not correlate well with the clinical finding of gastrointestinal atony, since only substance P has excitatory actions on gut smooth muscle (Iversen, 1982). Both VIP and enkephalin have inhibitory actions, acting directly on smooth muscle or via the myenteric plexus respectively (Fahrenkrug and Emson, 1982; North and Egan, 1982). However, as there was no specificity in the distribution of lesions, at least in terms of peptidergic nerves, it is probable that other types of nerves in the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the gut are affected, and contribute to the loss of tone.

The depletion of neuropeptide immunoreactivity does not distinguish between a loss of peptidergic neurons and a loss of peptide content. However, in routinely stained sections there was little evidence of neuronal loss: only a small number of abnormal, apparently degenerating, nerve cell bodies was seen in the enteric plexuses. Thus, it is possible that levels of immunoreactive materials are reduced in peptidergic nerves. At the ultrastructural level, Griffiths and Sharp (1983) have found disorganized rough endoplasmic reticulum and a depletion of ribosomes in neurons from affected cats, and it is possible that impaired peptide synthesis may contribute to the observed reduction in immunoreactivity. In contrast to the findings in the peptidergic innervation, the peptide‐containing endocrine cells appeared to be unaffected. At least, glucagon‐and somatostatin‐IR cells in the colon were not depleted in number.

Thus, in Feline Dysautonomia, while there was little evidence of neuronal lesions in the gastrointestinal tract on routine histological examination, there was a marked loss of neuropeptide immunoreactivity. Neuropeptide immunohistochemistry would appear, therefore, to be more sensitive in detecting neuronal abnormalities in this disease. At present however, it cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for Feline Dysautonomia, as regulatory peptides are known to be involved in several other diseases of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (Vaillant and others, 1982; Bloom and Polak, 1982). Further studies are required to distinguish the enteric neuropeptide abnormalities in Feline Dysautonomia from those occurring in other disorders affecting the feline gut.
A catheter technique for biopsy of dogs with chronic nasal disease
Authors: LOVE S. , BARR A. , LUCKET V. M. , LANE J. G.
Published: April 2008

A method of catheter biopsy of intranasal tissue is described. This technique was evaluated in 23 dogs referred with a history of chronic nasal disease. The technique was successful in providing diagnostically useful tissue in 15 of the cases and was shown to be a safe, inexpensive and useful diagnostic aid.
Severe cardiopulmonary responses following metrizamide injection into the central canal of the spinal cord of two dogs
Authors: CLUTTON R. E.
Published: April 2008

The severe cardiopulmonary and electrocardiographic changes occurring after inadvertent metrizamide (Amipaque) administration into the central canal of the spinal cord are described in two dogs. These changes were characterized by respiratory arrest and severe tachyarrhythmias. The successful resuscitative measures are described and the possible mechanisms of the responses are discussed.
Nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia due to phosphofructokinase deficiency in an English Springer Spaniel
Authors: ROUDEBUSH PHILIP , EASLEY J. ROGER , HARVEY JOHN W.
Published: April 2008

A five‐year‐old female English Springer Spaniel was evaluated for chronic episodic anaemia, pigmenturia and icterus. There was increased erythrocyte pyruvate kinase activity, increased in vitro erythrocyte alkaline fragility, decreased erythrocyte 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate activity and severely decreased erythrocyte phosphofructokinase activity. The clinical features and haematological values were identical with erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency and resulting nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia recently described in this breed.
BSAVA SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE: The responsible use of chloramphenicol in small animal practice. 2. Clinical considerations
Authors: HARPER R. C.
Published: April 2008

The indications and contraindications for the use of chloramphenicol are reviewed and some suggestions made regarding the use of this drug in small animal practice.
Sensory neuropathy in a Border Collie puppy
Authors: WHEELER SIMON J.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, electrophysiological and pathological features of a purely sensory polyneuropathy in a Bordie Collie puppy are described. It was found to be ataxic, with a loss of proprioception and of pain sensation. Electrophysiological testing confirmed that the neuropathy was restricted to sensory function. Examination of nerve biopsy material revealed an axonopathy.
Prediction of mature values of conformation characteristics for young German shepherd dogs
Authors: VERRYN S. D. , GEERTHSEN J. M. P.
Published: April 2008

A series of 19 different conformation characteristics, including the body length, front and hind heights, and bodyweight, was measured on German shepherd dogs ranging from 180 days old to fully mature dogs. Regressions were derived for the prediction of mature values. Variable growth rates did not have a significant effect on the accuracy of the predicted mature values.
Is it hereditary?: 1. The cause of disease
Authors: THRUSFIELD M.
Published: April 2008

There is an increasing awareness of the role of heredity in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and the veterinarian can expect to be asked to comment on a possible genetic contribution to the cause of disease. This article is the first of three that describe the modes of inheritance of hereditary diseases in the context of current concepts of causality, and outline techniques for identifying hereditary components of the cause of disease, so that the practitioner can give a reasoned answer to the question: Ts it hereditary?' The first article introduces the subject and considers causality.
The isolation of Pasteurella‐like organisms from the tonsillar region of dogs and cats
Authors: BALDRIAS LOINDA , FROST A. J. , O'BOYLE DENISE
Published: April 2008

Pasteurella sp. were isolated from tonsillar swabs obtained from 100 dogs and 100 cats; isolation rates were 92 per cent and 99 per cent respectively. Isolates were identified according to recent taxonomic data. P. multocida subsp. multocida and subsp. septica were common in cats but not in dogs. P. canis was common in both dogs and cats. Compared with strains from dogs, those from cats were more pathogenic for mice. Many of the species isolated are considered potential human pathogens.
Use of a one‐piece drainage system in the treatment of a closed angle glaucoma in a dog
Authors: BEDFORD P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

Unilateral closed angle glaucoma was controlled for a 12 month plus period in a dog using a one‐piece (Joseph) drainage implant. The implant consists of a valved anterior chamber tube which is attached to a large surface area strap placed under conjunctiva, Tenon's capsule and rectus muscles. The tube bypasses the closed iridocorneal angle, and the intraocular pressure has been maintained within the normal range by aqueous absorption from a large subconjunctival scar sac which has developed around the strap. Additional hypotensive therapy has not proved necessary, and untoward sequelae associated with the presence of the implant within the ocular tissues have not occurred.
Post traumatic contraction of the diaphragm synchronous with the heartbeat in a dog
Authors: MAINWARING C. J.
Published: April 2008

A case of unilateral left‐sided contraction of the diaphragm synchronous with the heartbeat following an automobile accident is described in a dog. Plain radiographs revealed no abnormality, but the condition was diagnosed using fluoroscopy.
Propofol anaesthesia in cats
Authors: BREARLEY J. C. , KELLAGHER R. E. B. , HALL L. W.
Published: April 2008

Propofol was administered to 49 cats to induce anaesthesia. The mean dose required was 6.8 mg/kg and this was not affected by prior administration of acepromazine maleate. In 27 cases, propofol was also used as the principal maintenance agent (mean dose rate 0.51 mg/kg/minute). Inductions were very smooth and problem free. Intubation was easily achieved in 15 cats with the aid of local desensitisation by lignocaine spray or neuromuscular relaxation by suxamethonium. Heart rate did not vary significantly during induction or maintenance of anaesthesia but respiratory rates did fall significantly. Recovery from anaesthesia was remarkably smooth in all cases and there was no significant difference in recovery times between the cats in which halothane was the principal maintenance agent and cats which received propofol alone. Side effects were seen during recovery in eight cats and included retching, sneezing and pawing of the face.
Evaluation of the efficacy of oxfendazole against larval and adult Toxascaris leonina in the dog
Authors: JACOBS D. E. , PILKINGTON J. G. , REID J. F. S.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of oxfendazole, given at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg for three consecutive days, against adult and larval Toxascaris leonina was determined in four litters of naturally infected adolescent greyhounds. When administered to five dogs 10 weeks after exposure to infectiori, oxfendazole gave an efficacy value of 100 per cent as determined by comparison of the numbers of adult worms expelled and the numbers remaining at subsequent post mortem examination. When medication was given only five weeks after exposure to infection, the number of immature T. leonina in 10 treated pups was found to be reduced by 92‐1 per cent as compared with 10 matched, untreated controls. Incidental infections of Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala were adequately controlled but the treatment was less effective against Trichuris vulpis and Strongyloides species.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Sex incidence
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

This paper was presented at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists and The International Society of Veterinary Ophthalmologists in New Orleans, Louisiana, November, 1986.

The higher incidence of Sjogren's syndrome in the female sex is well recognised and, more recently, attention has been drawn to the greater number of cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog occurring in the female than in the male, particularly in the West Highland white terrier. Similarly, in the mouse laboratory model for Sjogren's syndrome more severe lesions were found in the female. In a recent toxicity study 5‐aminosalicylic acid caused keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog and in this trial the females had lower average Schirmer tear test readings in all the dose groups, progression was more pronounced in the female and there was a higher incidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the female than in the male.
Retinal diseases in the dog and cat: an overview and update
Authors: CURTIS R.
Published: April 2008

This article reviews recent developments in the field of canine and feline retinal disease, with emphasis on the hereditary retinopathies.
The normal response to repetitive motor nerve stimulation in dogs
Authors: Malik R. , Ho S. , Church D. B.
Published: April 2008

The responses of certain muscles to stimulation at different frequencies has been studied in normal dogs. Repetitive stimulation at 10 and 20 Hz resulted in a smooth, progressive decremental response when the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was recorded from the plantar, and to a lesser extent the palmar, interosseous muscles. In contrast, there was a slight incremental response when the CMAP was recorded from the cranial tibial muscle. Studies using a competitive neuromuscular blocking agent have suggested that the plantar interosseous muscles have a greater proportion of low efficacy synapses in comparison with the other muscles studied. The cranial tibial muscle may therefore be more suitable for assessing neuromuscular transmission than the distal limb muscles.
Diagnosis of spinal disease in dogs
Authors: Wheeler S. J.
Published: April 2008

Diagnosing spinal conditions in dogs requires an ability to conduct and interpret a neurological examination and a knowledge of ancillary diagnostic tests. This paper discusses the approach to the dog in which spinal disease is suspected, the performance of the neurological examination, and the diagnostic aids available. The differential diagnosis of various presenting syndromes is also considered.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dapsone in the beagle dog
Authors: Hekman P. , van Rens P. , Rietvel E. C. , Coert A.
Published: April 2008

The plasma concentration of dapsone (4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl‐sulphone) was measured after intravenous and oral administration (±5 mg/kg) to female beagle dogs.

Analysis of the plasma concentrations showed a bioavailability of the tablet of 99 per cent. The biological half‐life in plasma was estimated to be 13±4 hours after intravenous and 11±5 hours after oral application.

In order to test the pharmacokinetic models for their validity a chronic experiment was performed with one dog. The plasma curve, predicted from the oral single‐dose data, closely matched the measured experimental data points, which indicates that the applied models are likely to be correct.
Malignant melanoma of the larynx in a dog
Authors: Ndikuwera J. , Smith D. A. , Obwolo M. J.
Published: April 2008

Laryngeal dysfunction due to neoplastic disease is rare. Consequently, little is known about the behaviour or treatment of these tumours (Crow 1980). Clinical signs common to most laryngeal tumours include hoarseness and sometimes complete loss of voice (Wheeldon and others 1982). The signs develop over many months and later include stertorous breathing and dyspnoea (Harvey 1981). This case report was a malignant melanoma of the larynx and perilaryngeal tissues.
Inherited bleeding disorders of dogs and cats
Authors: Littlewood J. D.
Published: April 2008

The congenital bleeding disorders of domestic animals usually mimic closely the same disorders in man and are inherited in a similar fashion. Classical haemophilia (haemophilia A, factor VIII deficiency) and haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) occur in both dogs and cats and are sex‐linked conditions. Affected animals are almost always male and heterozygote females are asymptomatic carriers. Offspring of a carrier female have a 50 per cent chance of inheriting the defective X‐chromosome and, on average, half of the sons will be affected and half of the daughters will be carriers. Diagnosis of affected animals is confirmed by specific factor assay. Carriers may be identified with a statistical certainty of greater than 80 per cent. Canine von Willebrand's disease is a less severe disorder due to a defect of platelet adhesion. It is an autosomal trait, inherited in most breeds in an incompletely dominant fashion.
Control of inherited retinal degeneration in dogs and cats in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bedford P.G. C.
Published: April 2008

The term progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is synonymous with inherited blindness in both dogs and cats as the result of retinal degeneration. In fact several types of degeneration occur within this complex, but the ophthalmoscopic features are well recognised and practical disease control is possible through routine examination. However, effective measures demand the whole‐hearted support of the breeds involved, and only extensively applied examination schemes in which there is a central pooling and use of results are likely to produce the degree of disease control necessary, Test‐mating and electrorelinograph (ERG) examination also have a part to play in the identification of normal genotypes, but the application of routine ophthalmoscopic examination, perhaps associates with Kennel Club registration, currently offers the most effective way forward.
Diet‐related zinc‐responsive skin disease in dogs: a dying dermatosis?
Authors: Thoday K. L.
Published: April 2008

In the United Kingdom, most cases of zinc‐responsive skin disease in dogs result from feeding soya and, or, cereal‐based diets, possibly, in some animals, in association with an apparent inherent defect of zinc absorption. Most such diets are not deficient in zinc but contain excessive quantities of other substances which reduce its availability for absorption. Important clinical signs include a dull, harsh coat with or without achromotrichia, erythema, seborrhoea sicca, bilaterally symmetrical, circular to linear, white/yellow crusts affecting the head, limbs, scrotum and perineum, ceruminous otitis and peripheral lymphomegaly. The diagnosis is suggested by the history, physical signs, laboratory tests and the examination of skin biopsies and is confirmed by an unequivocal response to oral zinc supplementation (10 mg/kg zinc sulphate once daily with food) while keeping the original diet unchanged. Non‐specific laboratory tests (serum alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and thyroxine concentrations before and after thyroid stimulating hormone administration) reported by others as being abnormal in some cases of zinc‐responsive dermatosis have been unhelpful but a plasma zinc concentration below the mean of the reference range supports the diagnosis. The classical histological change of zinc‐responsive dermatoses, parakeratosis, has been seen in only 64 per cent of cases biopsied. Long term management necessitates a change in diet to canned meat and biscuit. Long term therapy is not required. Many manufacturers of diets predisposing to the condition are now adding additional zinc to their diets resulting in a dramatic reduction in the numbers of new cases of the condition being seen.
Atopy in pet animals
Authors: Kunkle G.
Published: April 2008

The pathomechanism of canine and feline atopy has not been totally defined. Immunotherapy has been shown to be effective. The diagnosis of canine and feline atopy is still fraught with complications. Several new drugs may be useful in the treatment of canine and feline atopy.
Parasitic skin diseases in cats
Authors: Grant D. I.
Published: April 2008

Parasites are important causes of skin disease in cats. In this article 10 species of parasites (Table 1) will be discussed. In the United Kingdom, the flea is the most important single cause of skin disease in cats. The most common flea found is Ctenocephalides felis, with hedgehog, dog and rodent fleas being found occasionally.
Coaxial anaesthetic circuits in small animals
Authors: Cullen L. K.
Published: April 2008

The coaxial circuits, the Bain and Lack, are suitable anaesthetic circuits for use for small animals. The advantages and disadvantages of these circuits are considered in this review article along with recommendations for an adequate fresh gas flow.
Analgesic effects of acupuncture in thoracolumbar disc disease in dogs
Authors: Still J.
Published: April 2008

The analgesic effects of acupuncture were studied in 38 dogs affected by acute thoracolumbar disc disease, type I to IV. Steel acupuncture needles were inserted into selected acupuncture points. Stimulation time was 20 minutes. Electrical stimulation of needles, ear‐acupuncture, vitamins B and C and antibiotics were occasionally used in some dogs of types I and II and in the majority of types III and IV. Pain relief was observed in 62.5 per cent of dogs of type I (back‐pain), in 70.5 per cent of dogs of type II (hindlimb paresis, backpain) and in 39 per cent of dogs of types III and IV (hindlimb paralysis, backpain) after the first acupuncture treatment. Dogs of type I and II responded significantly better (P<0.01) than dogs of type III and IV at the fourth treatment (100 per cent and 61.5 per cent, respectively).
Surgical repair of a comminuted femoral gunshot fracture in a dog
Authors: Fox S.M.
Published: April 2008

A three‐year‐old beagle was presented with a hindlimb lameness following a gunshot wound. Radiographs revealed a grade II open, femoral fracture with severe comminution. Repair was made with an intercalary composite graft stabilised by a double hook plate.
Single condylar fractures of the distal femur in the dog
Authors: Carmichael S. , Wheeler S. J. , Vaughan L. C.
Published: April 2008

Nine dogs with single condylar fractures of the distal femur are described. In eight of the nine animals the medial condyle had fractured. Trauma is important in the production of this fracture as seven of the nine affected animals had a clinical history of having been suspended by the affected leg and struggling to free it. Clinically, pain and collapse of the medial compartment of the joint were the most obvious features. Confirmation of diagnosis was obtained by radiography. In the case of fracture of the medial condyle a lateral view showing caudal displacement of the condyle was most useful. Once identified the condyle was replaced surgically using combinations of pins and screws. Secure fixation allowed healing of the fracture and a successful outcome.
Insertion of a transtympanic ventilation tube for the treatment of otitis media with effusion
Authors: Cox C. L. , Slack R. W. T. , Cox G. J.
Published: April 2008

In this paper, a case of otitis media with effusion (‘glue ear’) is described in a Cavalier King Charles spaniel. Its presentation, diagnosis and surgical management by the insertion of a trans‐tympanic ventilation tube (grommet) is discussed.
Surgical treatment of lumbosacral discospondylitis by a distraction‐fusion technique
Authors: McKee W. M. , Mitten R. W. , Labuc R. H.
Published: April 2008

Lumbosacral discospondylitis was diagnosed in three adult dogs by radiography and the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the affected intervertebral space. The predominant clinical findings of severe spinal pain and marked hindlimb lameness suggested entrapment of the seventh lumbar spinal nerve roots. In addition, the presence of hindlimb ataxia, proprioceptive deficits, perineal analgesia and paresis of the tail were consistent with compression of the cauda equina. Despite medical therapy with analgesics, antibiotics and strict confinement the clinical and radiographic signs progressed. A lumbosacral distraction‐fusion procedure was employed to decompress the spinal nerve roots and cauda equina and to stabilise the affected vertebrae. In all cases there was an immediate marked reduction in spinal pain and a long term resolution of clinical signs. In two cases the affected vertebrae progressively fused within four months. The third case required removal of the implants due to pin migration and breakage.
Practice laboratory handbook
Authors: Scarff D. H.
Published: April 2008

Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis ‐ By Laboratory Methods M. D. Willard, H. Tvedten and G. H. Turnwald.
Lateral thoracotomy and cellophane handing of a congenital portoazygous shunt in a dog
Authors: Harari J. , Lincoln J. , Alexander J. , Miller J.
Published: April 2008

A portoazygous venous shunt was identified in the caudodorsal aspect of the thorax in a young basset hound. During thoracotomy, the anomalous vessel was encircled with sterile cellophane tape. The vein became occluded based on postoperative radiographic examination and improved clinical function five weeks after surgery.
Behavioural effects of ovariohysterectomy on bitches
Authors: O'Farrell V. , Peachey E.
Published: April 2008

A questionnaire about their dogs' behaviour was administered to the owners of 150 spayed bitches at the time of spaying and again six months later. It was also administered twice with the same time interval to a control group of 150 unspayed bitches, group matched for breed and age. Principal component analysis of the questionnaire responses yielded 13 factors. On two of these factors, ‘indiscriminate appetite’ and ‘dominance aggression towards family members’, the scores of the spayed bitches showed a significant increase compared with their controls. The spayed bitches most likely to show an increase in dominance aggression were puppies under one year, already showing some aggression.
Fundic gastropexy for prevention of recurrence of gastric volvulus
Authors: Frendin J. , Funkquist B.
Published: April 2008

After non‐surgical primary treatment (aspiration) of gastric torsion 189 dogs underwent fundupexy to prevent recurrence. The fundic surface of the stomach was subjected to diathermy spot coagulation after which the fundus was fixed in its normal position against the diaphragm using non‐absorbable sutures in several rows. Of the 189 dogs operated on two died from intercurrent disease within eight days. Of the 187 dogs which were discharged from the clinic 144 (77 per cent) were available for follow‐up. The median follow‐up period was 31 months and 28 dogs had a follow‐up of between five and eight years. Two of the dogs were destroyed within a year postoperatively because of recurring tympanism and a third dog after one‐and‐a‐half years because of recurrent diarrhoea. The general condition was unaffected in the remaining 141 dogs.
Progressive nephropathy due to renal dysplasia in shih tzu dogs in Sweden: A clinical pathological and genetic study
Authors: Hoppe A. , Swenson L. , Jönsson L. , Hedhammar A.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and pathological findings in 45 shih tzu dogs with progressive nephropathy due to renal dysplasia are described. There was no sex dependence and the age at death/euthanasia varied from seven weeks to nine years, with a mean age of two years. The most common clinical signs were depression, polydipsia and vomiting. All dogs showed elevated blood urea levels and most passed dilute urine. Proteinuria and anaemia were the most common findings. At necropsy all dogs had small, lobulated, pale kidneys with capsular adhesion. Multiple cysts in the cortex and in the intermediary zone were found in most cases. The morphological changes were three different types based on microscopic examination:

Primary dysplastic lesions; where fetal glomeruli were the most consistent finding.

Compensatory changes; where hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the glomerular tufts and tubules were most frequently observed.

3 Inflammatory lesions and fibrosis were found in all cases.

A genetic study of 37 dogs suggests a simple recessive mode of inheritance. Based on this information a control scheme against renal dysplasia has been instigated.
Partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs
Authors: Strom H.
Published: April 2008

Four cases of partial rupture of the craniomedial part of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) are presented. Clinical examination revealed only subtle signs of CCL injury. The cranial drawer sign was present in two dogs and in flexion only. As the cranial drawer sign is not always evident a tentative diagnosis of partial CCL rupture should be based on history, joint tenderness and joint effusion. Arthrotomy and careful probing of the ligament is indicated. In these cases the lesion was treated immediately after diagnosis to prevent further degeneration and possible total rupture of the ligament. A fascial graft using the ‘over the top’ reconstruction technique was performed leaving the intact portion of the ligament in situ. Follow‐up examination after four to six months revealed normal limb function in three dogs whereas slight and periodic lameness persisted in one dog.
The double cortical line: A sign of osteopenia
Authors: Lamb C. R.
Published: April 2008

The double cortical line is a radiographic sign of osteopenia which results from intracortical resorption of bone. This sign is frequently seen in humans with osteopenia but has received minimal attention in the veterinary literature. This report describes the double cortical line in cases of senile osteopenia, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, suspected renal secondary hyperparathyroidism and in the acetabulum following triple pelvic osteotomy for hip dysplasia.
Abnormalities of the young cat and dog
Authors: Hoskins. J. D.
Published: April 2008

Veterinary Pediatrics: dogs and cats from birth to six months.
Meniscal damage associated with cruciate disease in the dog
Authors: Bennett D. , May C.
Published: April 2008

Pathology of the menisci was evaluated in 87 consecutive cases of cruciate disease in the dog. Lesions were recorded in 43 cases (49 per cent) and only the medial meniscus was affected. The commonest lesion was a folding of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus with its displacement between the medial femoral and tibial condyles (19 cases). Other lesions were single or multiple longitudinal tears (14 cases) in which four showed the classical ‘bucket handle’ appearance, fibrillation/tearing of the femoral surface (four cases), axial fringe tears (three cases) and transverse tears (three cases). The meniscal lesions were treated by a partial meniscectomy at the time of the cruciate surgery. Meniscectomy had no untoward effect on the postoperative recovery and overall the postoperative recovery of the dogs in this study has been superior to the author's previous cases where the menisci were not properly evaluated.
Infertility in exhibition budgerigars
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: April 2008

Sterility is relatively rare in exhibition budgerigars, but it does occur. In this study infertility in males resulted from abnormal or absent sperm production and abnormal sexual behaviour. The latter was also found in infertile hens, together with hernias altering the cloacal anatomy, infections and cysts of the oviduct and deformed ovarian follicles. Infertility was also commonly associated with the presence of disease outside the reproductive system in both sexes.
Microfocal radiography as an aid to the diagnosis of canine elbow osteochondrosis
Authors: Guthrie S. , Buckland‐Wright J. C. , Vaughan L. C.
Published: April 2008

One normal cadaver specimen and six labrador retrievers with suspected elbow osteochondrosis were examined using a microfocal radiographic technique as an aid to diagnosis. This allowed the production of a magnified image (macro‐radiograph) with high spatial resolution. The macroradiographs were compared with radiographs obtained using a standard technique to see if they facilitated decision making with respect to case management. The lesions that were suspected from radiographic examination were correlated with the gross lesions found at elbow arthrotomy. Microfocal radiography gave additional information about the changes within the joints but it still remained difficult to image the lesion satisfactorily in some cases.
A new method for recording H‐reflexes from the plantar muscles of dogs
Authors: Malik R. , Ho S.
Published: April 2008

H‐reflexes were recorded consistently from the plantar muscles of pentobarbitone‐anaesthetised dogs following supramaximal stimulation of the caudal cutaneous sural nerve (CCSN). As the amplitude, shape and latency of successive H‐reflex potentials fluctuated from trial to trial, 16 consecutive sweeps were averaged to quantify the response. The averaged H‐reflex had an amplitude of 1–6 ± 0–9 mV (mean ± SD] and a latency of 20 ± 2 ms. The CCSN‐evoked H‐reflex was recorded together with the CCSN‐evoked compound muscle action potential (SurCMAP), which had a shorter latency (6 ± 1 ms) but comparable size (1–9 ± 1–3 mV). H‐reflex afferents in the CCSN had overlapping but slightly higher electrical thresholds than plantar motoneurone axons. A ‘pure’ H‐reflex could be obtained by injecting local anaesthetic below the site of nerve stimulation. Halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia substantially reduced the amplitude of H‐reflex potentials in a reversible fashion.
Upper gastrointestinal examinations: a radiographic study of clinically normal beagle puppies
Authors: Miyabayashi T. , Morgan J. P.
Published: April 2008

A total of 24 upper gastrointestinal examinations were performed on four weanling beagle puppies over six weeks, using liquid barium (10 ml/kg bodyweight of 60 per cent w/v barium sulphate suspension] and barium food (8 g/kg of crushed kibble dog food and 7 ml/kg bodyweight of 60 per cent w/v barium sulphate suspension) as contrast media. The radiographic appearance was similar to that noted in adult dogs except for the consistent location of the pylorus on or near the midline. Duodenal pseudoulcers were seen more often with liquid barium and the caecal shadows were identified more often with the longer examination time with barium food. The stomach of the puppies appeared to have discriminatory emptying function; that is, semi‐solid food was emptied from the stomach at a slower rate (210 to 450 minutes) than liquid (60 to 90 minutes). Solid meals emptied faster in puppies than in adult dogs. Dosages of 13 to 15 mg/kg bodyweight for the liquid barium examination and 14 g of ground kibble and 16 ml of barium sulphate suspension per m2 of body surface area for the barium food examination are suggested as more appropriate for contrast studies in puppies.
Collie eye anomaly in the rough collie in Norway
Authors: Bjerkås E.
Published: April 2008

The results of eye examinations of 741 rough collies for collie eye anomaly (CEA) are described. Of the examined dogs, 40‐8 per cent had CEA, including, in most cases, chorioretinal dysplasia (CRD). 7‐7 per cent had coloboma of the optic disc while 3–5 per cent had complications of CEA, either retinal detachment or intraocular bleeding. There was no sex difference nor was the frequency of the disease influenced by coat colour. After estimating the total frequencies of the different manifestations of the disease, the dogs were divided into two groups according to the age at first examination. In the group of dogs examined between seven weeks and three months old, 48‐9 per cent had CEA, compared to a frequency of 25‐6 per cent in the group of dogs examined after three months of age.

All the puppies with coloboma also showed signs of CRD, while among the older dogs 11 of the 66 CEA cases reported showed signs of coloboma without CRD.

Twenty‐two dogs which had been examined as puppies and given the diagnosis CEA with minor chorioretinal changes were re‐examined at an older age. Of these dogs, 15 had ophthalmoscopi‐cally normal fundi at re‐examination while seven were unchanged from the first examination.
Partial carpal and pancarpal arthrodesis in the dog: a review of 50 cases
Authors: Denny H. R. , Barr A. R. S.
Published: April 2008

Fifty‐six carpal arthrodeses were carried out in 50 dogs. Six of these had bilateral arthrodeses. A dynamic compression plate (DCP; Straumann Great Britain Ltd), placed on the dorsal aspect of the carpus, was used for fixation in all cases. The main indication for pancarpal arthrodesis was a hyperextension injury of the radiocarpal joint. Forty‐three pancarpal arthrodeses were performed in 40 dogs (a bilateral procedure was performed in three). Hyperextension injuries of the intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints were treated by partial carpal arthrodesis in 10 dogs; three of these had bilateral procedures. Seventy‐four per cent of dogs treated by pancarpal arthrodesis regained full limb function. Only 50 per cent of cases treated by partial carpal arthrodesis had a similar result.
Treatment of multiple intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomata using isotretinoin
Authors: Henfrey J. I.
Published: April 2008

A case of multiple intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomata in a Kerry blue terrier is reported. The lesions were multifocal and characterised by well circumscribed dermal tumours varying from 0–3 to 6‐0 cm in diameter with a pore opening on to the skin surface. The successful control with isotretinoin is described.
Canine pyoderma
Authors: Mason I. S.
Published: April 2008

Bacterial skin disease (or pyoderma) is a common canine disorder. It is usually associated with coagulase‐positive staphylococci which multiply on skin and induce disease as a result of a number of poorly understood mechanisms. Pyoderma usually occurs as a result of another underlying disorder. Primary causes include hypersensitivity, ectoparasites and metabolic and immunological disorders. A detailed and systematic investigation is mandatory so that the underlying cause is discovered if possible. A number of cases are idiopathic. Pyodermas may be classified according to depth of infection as this affects the type and duration of therapy required and the prognosis. Deeper forms require more aggressive and prolonged therapy. Management of pyodermas depends on the identification and correction of the underlying cause along with adjunct therapy using systemic and topical antimicrobial agents. Idiopathic cases may require protracted or even lifelong therapy with such medicaments. Glucocorticoids are generally contraindicated in the management of pyoderma.
Diagnosis and medical treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats
Authors: Carlotti D. N.
Published: April 2008

A review of otitis externa in dogs and cats is presented. Aetiology, includes primary causes: ectoparasitoses, allergic diseases, endocrine disorders, pyodermas, trauma and irritation, contact dermatitis, auto‐immune skin diseases, drug eruption, keratoseborrhoeic skin disease, tumours and pseudoneoplastic lesions, as well as secondary causes: bacteria and yeasts. Clinical aspects are variable but a practical classification distinguishes two forms: erythematoceruminous otitis externa and suppurative otitis externa. Diagnosis is made in five steps which are clinical examination, direct examination of cerumen (erythematoceruminous otitis externa) or bacterial culture and sensitivity testing (suppurative otitis externa), direct impression smears, cleaning and otoscopy, and diagnosis of underlying skin disease. Medical therapy includes cleaning of the external ear canal and local therapy (acaricides, antifungal agents, antibiotics, corticosteroids, other topical agents, the appropriate selection of an optic preparation being essential). Treatment of underlying skin disease is always necessary. Otitis externa is in fact a dermatological disease complex (like pododermatitis). Although local secondary infections (bacterial and fungal) must be managed in every case, there are grounds for including otitis externa in a larger frame.
Chronic granulocytic leukaemia/ eosinophilic leukaemia in a dog?
Authors: Ndikuwera J. , Smith D. A. , Obwolo M. J. , Masvingwe C.
Published: April 2008

A suspected case of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (chronic myelogenous leukaemia) with eosinophil differentiation and hepatic involvement is described in a 3–5‐year‐old rottweiler dog. Neoplastic eosinophilic infiltrates were also present in the lungs, kidneys, mesenteric lymph nodes and peribronchial and prester‐nal lymph nodes. Both pleural and abdominal effusions contained predominantly eosinophils and their precursors. The bone marrow showed an increase in the myeloid to erythroid ratio and an increase in the marrow granulocyte reserve. The majority of cells identified within the bone marrow were of the eosinophil series. Myelocytes and promyelocytes predominated.
Renal clearance studies in cats with chronic renal disease: Dietary implications
Authors: Filippich L. J.
Published: April 2008

Renal clearance studies were undertaken on 15 cats, 10 with mild chronic renal disease (CRD) and five with severe CRD. Plasma creatinine concentration and urinary specific gravity measurements in the mild and severe CRD cats were significantly different (P < 0–05) and were 131 ± 26‐7 umol/litre and 1–034 ± 0–016, and 392 ± 117‐3 nmol/litre and 1–015 ± 0–002, respectively. Endogenous creatinine clearance in the mild and severe CRD cats were significantly different (P < 0–01) and were 2–3 ± 0–58 and 0–62 ± 0–230 ml/min/kg bodyweight, respectively. Hypokalemia was present in one cat but it was not associated with hypercalcinuria. Two cats with mild CRD had hypophosphataemia, hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphaturia which was suggestive of primary hyperparathyroidism, while two cats with severe CRD had hyperphosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia which was indicative of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Eight of the 15 cats were subsequently necropsied and were found to have segmental atrophic nephropathy.
Urological complications following ovariohysterectomy in a bitch
Authors: Ewers R. S. , Holt P. E.
Published: April 2008

A two‐year‐old chihuahua bitch was presented with urinary incontinence following ovariohysterectomy which had been performed at the time of caesarean section. Clinical, contrast radiographic and surgical investigation revealed the presence of right hydroureter and hydronephrosis, vesicovaginal fistula and absence of most of the urinary bladder. These abnormalities appeared to have resulted from ligation of the caudal bladder, at the level of the trigone, during ovariohysterectomy.
Conservative treatment of tetanus associated with hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Ham L. Van , van Bree H.
Published: April 2008

A case of tetanus, complicated by hiatus hernia with gastro‐oesophageal reflux, is reported in a young German shepherd dog. Conservative treatment of the tetanus and the hiatus hernia resulted in complete remission of clinical signs, although hiatus hernia remained present.