bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comportamento de genótipos de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., Fabaceae) sob infestação de Empoasca sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) e Liriomyza sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) em Redenção, Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Xavier Francisca Arila Maciel de Souza , Moraes João Gutemberg Leite , Silva Marcos Levi Saraiva , Matos Neto Rufino Barreto de , Firmino Damila de Oliveira , Marques Gleidson Vieira , Bleicher Ervino
Published: June 2020

O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) é uma fabácea utilizada como fonte alimentar em diversos países da África, Ásia e Américas. Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, avaliar o comportamento de genótipos de feijão-caupi ao ataque de cigarrinha-verde (Empoasca sp.) e de minador (Liriomyza sp.). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Piroás da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Unilab), nos meses de agosto a outubro de 2018, onde se utilizou o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com 15 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Para a cigarrinha, foi avaliado o número de indivíduos por planta na parcela útil, aleatoriamente, uma vez na semana, ao longo de nove semanas. Já para a minadora, foi avaliada a frequência de minas, na parcela útil e ao acaso, ao longo de quatro semanas. Os dados acumulados na última amostragem foram transformados [(x + 0,5)1/2] e submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Scott-Knott. Os genótipos BRS Juruá, BRS Marataoã, Rabo de Soin, BRS Guariba, BR 17 Gurguéia, BRS Xiquexique, BRS Potengi, BRS Aracê, BRS Cauamé, BRS Imponente, BRS Itaim, BRS Tumucumaque e Vita-7 foram menos suscetíveis ao ataque de Empoasca sp., enquanto que BRS Aracê, Rabo de Soin e Vita-7 foram menos atacados por Liriomyza sp.
Parque Botânico do Ecomuseu Ilha Grande no patrimônio cultural e de biodiversidade da Unesco
Authors: Callado Cátia Henriques , Moreira Nattacha dos Santos , Castilhori Marcelo Fraga , Reis Ricardo Carneiro da Cunha , Manão Carla Y. Gubáu
Published: June 2020

O Parque Botânico do Ecomuseu Ilha Grande (PaB) foi estabelecido em 2015 e retrata por meio das plantas, aspectos da história do homem na Ilha Grande e da história botânica da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O PaB contribui para o conhecimento e a divulgação das plantas nativas da Ilha Grande e para a conservação, principalmente, daquelas ameaçadas de extinção. Nesse sentido, o PaB realiza atividades de pesquisa, ensino e extensão, com destaque para as áreas de florística, educação ambiental, ecoturismo e serviços ambientais, em uma série de ações e projetos descritos neste artigo.
Polarization of M2 Macrophages by Interaction between Prostate Cancer Cells Treated with Trichomonas vaginalis and Adipocytes
Authors: Chung Hyo-Yeoung , Kim Jung-Hyun , Han Ik-Hwan , Ryu Jae-Sook
Published: June 2020

Trichomonas vaginalis causes inflammation of the prostate and has been detected in tissues of prostate cancers (PCa), prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Obesity is a risk factor for PCa and causes a chronic subclinical inflammation. This chronic inflammation further exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation as results of migration and activation of macrophages. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the PCa microenvironment. M2 macrophages, known as Tumor-Associated Macrophages, are involved in increasing cancer malignancy. In this study, conditioned medium (TCM) of PCa cells infected with live trichomonads contained chemokines that stimulated migration of the mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells). Conditioned medium of adipocytes incubated with TCM (ATCM) contained Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13). Macrophage migration was stimulated by ATCM. In macrophages treated with ATCM, expression of M2 markers increased, while M1 markers decreased. Therefore, it is suggested that ATCM induces polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages. In addition, conditioned medium from the macrophages incubated with ATCM stimulates the proliferation and invasiveness of PCa. Our findings suggest that interaction between inflamed PCa treated with T. vaginalis and adipocytes causes M2 macrophage polarization, so contributing to the progression of PCa.
Transcriptomic Features of Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolex during the Encystation Process
Authors: Fan Junjie , Wu Hongye , Li Kai , Liu Xunuo , Tan Qingqing , Cao Wenqiao , Liang Bo , Ye Bin
Published: June 2020

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae. It seriously affects the development of animal husbandry and endangers human health. Due to a poor understanding of the cystic fluid formation pathway, there is currently a lack of innovative methods for the prevention and treatment of CE. In this study, the protoscoleces (PSCs) in the encystation process were analyzed by high-throughput RNA sequencing. A total of 32,401 transcripts and 14,903 cDNAs revealed numbers of new genes and transcripts, stage-specific genes, and differently expressed genes. Genes encoding proteins involved in signaling pathways, such as putative G-protein coupled receptor, tyrosine kinases, and serine/threonine protein kinase, were predominantly up-regulated during the encystation process. Antioxidant enzymes included cytochrome c oxidase, thioredoxin glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were a high expression level. Intriguingly, KEGG enrichment suggested that differentially up-regulated genes involved in the vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption metabolic pathway may play important roles in the transport of proteins, carbohydrates, and other substances. These results provide valuable information on the mechanism of cystic fluid production during the encystation process, and provide a basis for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of growth and development of PSCs.
Consequences of plume encounter on larval fish growth and condition in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Axler KE , Sponaugle S , Hernandez F , Culpepper C , Cowen RK
Published: June 2020

Freshwater input into nearshore continental shelf waters from coastal river-estuarine plumes can greatly alter the physical and trophic environments experienced by fish larvae. However, the biological consequences of plume encounter on larval fish survival remain equivocal, largely due to the extreme variability of these systems but also because traditional sampling techniques alone are too coarse to effectively characterize the dynamic biophysical environment at spatiotemporal scales relevant to individual larvae. Using a multidimensional approach, we simultaneously collectedin situimagery and net samples of larval fishes and zooplankton from the Mobile Bay plume (Alabama, USA) and ambient continental shelf waters during a high discharge event (8-11 April 2016). We measured the effects of plume encounter on growth and condition of larval striped anchovyAnchoa hepsetusand sand seatroutCynoscion arenarius, 2 prominent nearshore species in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Size-frequency distributions of both species indicated that larger individuals were present in shelf waters but absent from plume waters. Otolith microstructure analysis revealed that recent growth of both focal species was significantly lower for plume-collected larvae during the last few days prior to capture. Furthermore, plume larvae were in poorer morphometric condition (skinnier at length) than their shelf counterparts, despite the fact that there were higher concentrations of zooplankton prey in plume water masses. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated prey concentrations do not necessarily translate to higher growth and condition. High turbulence and turbidity within the plume may physically inhibit the prey capture ability and feeding success of fish larvae.
Fine-scale larval fish distributions and predator-prey dynamics in a coastal river-dominated ecosystem
Authors: Axler KE , Sponaugle S , Briseño-Avena C , Hernandez F , Warner SJ , Dzwonkowski B , Dykstra SL , Cowen RK
Published: June 2020

River plumes discharging into continental shelf waters have the potential to influence the distributions, predator-prey relationships, and thus survival of nearshore marine fish larvae, but few studies have been able to characterize the plume environment at sufficiently fine scales to resolve the underlying mechanisms. We used a high-resolution plankton imaging system and a sparse convolutional neural network to automate image classification of larval fishes, their planktonic prey (calanoid copepods), and gelatinous planktonic predators (ctenophores, hydromedusae, and siphonophores) over broad spatial scales (km) and multiple pulses of estuarine water exiting Mobile Bay (Alabama, USA) into the northern Gulf of Mexico from 9-11 April 2016. Fine-scale (1 m) plankton distributions were examined to analyze predator-prey relationships across 3 distinct plume regimes that varied by degree of wind-forcing and mixing rates. In calm wind conditions, the water column was highly stratified, and fish larvae and zooplankton were observed aggregating in a region of river plume-derived hydrodynamic convergence. As winds strengthened, the water column was subjected to downwelling and highly turbulent conditions, and there was decreasing spatial overlap between larval fishes and their zooplankton prey and predators. Our results indicate that high-discharge plume regimes characterized by strong wind-forcing and turbulence can rapidly shift the physical and trophic environments from favorable to unfavorable for fish larvae. Multiple pathways for both nearshore retention and advective dispersal of fish larvae were also identified. Documenting this variability is a first step toward understanding how high discharge events and physical forcing can affect fisheries production in river-dominated coastal ecosystems worldwide.
Climate change in the Bay of Biscay: Changes in spatial biodiversity patterns could be driven by the arrivals of southern species
Authors: Le Marchand M , Hattab T , Niquil N , Albouy C , Le Loc’h F , Lasram FBR
Published: June 2020

Under climate change, future species assemblages will be driven by the movements and poleward shift of local species and the arrival of more thermophilic species from lower latitudes. To evaluate the impacts of climate change on marine communities in the Bay of Biscay, we used the hierarchical filters modelling approach. Models integrated 3 vertical depth layers and considered 2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) and 2 periods (2041-2050 and 2091-2100) to simulate potential future species distributions. Results predicted potentially suitable future ranges for 163 species as well as future arrivals of non-indigenous southern species. We aggregated these results to map changes in species assemblages. Results revealed that coastal areas would undergo the highest species loss among the Bay of Biscay species, depending on their vertical habitat (benthic, demersal, benthopelagic or pelagic). Benthic and demersal species were projected to experience a westward shift, which would induce a deepening of those species. In contrast, pelagic species were projected to shift northward. The potential ecological niche for half of the studied species, mostly benthic and demersal, was projected to decrease under climate change. In addition, a high rate of southern species arrivals is expected (+28%). Assessment of community composition showed high species replacement within the 0-50 m isobath, driven by the replacement of native species by southern ones. This could lead to a major reorganization of trophic networks and have socio-economic impacts.
Status of clover root weevil and its biocontrol agent in the South Island after six years.
Authors: Ferguson C.M. , Mcneill M.R. , Phillips C.B. , Hardwick S. , Barton D.M. , Kean J.M.
Published: June 2020

Clover root weevil was first discovered in the South Island in 2006. Since then its distribution has been monitored. Although not yet occurring throughout all the South Island, it is widespread and has become common in many regions. The first releases of a biocontrol agent, the Irish ecotype of the parasitoid wasp Microctonus aethiopoides, were also made in 2006, with more made as suitable weevil populations were detected. In all areas where the releases have been monitored the biocontrol agent has established and extensive natural spread has occurred from the earlier release sites. As a consequence it is now established extensively in the northern South Island. Targeted releases have established the agent in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. Keywords: Biocontrol, clover root weevil, Sitona lepidus, Microctonus aethiopoides
Progress towards marker-assisted selection in forages
Authors: Faville M.J. , Griffiths A.G. , Jahufer M.Z.Z. , Barrett B.A.
Published: June 2020

In developing marker-assisted selection (MAS) for herbage yield and persistence traits in forages, traitlinked markers were tested in elite breeding populations of complex parentage, to identify population-specific marker:trait associations. The effectiveness of these were subsequently evaluated in progeny generated by MAS. In white clover (Trifolium repens), markers detected significant (P
Yield of Italian ryegrass mixed with red clover and balansa clover
Authors: Ryan-Salter T.P. , Black A.D.
Published: June 2020

A mixture experiment was conducted at Lincoln University to investigate if mixtures of Italian ryegrass, red clover and balansa clover gave more high quality forage and suppressed weeds better than Italian ryegrass monocultures. Thirteen seed mixtures with varied species proportions were sown at 20 and 30 kg/ ha in March 2011. The minimum amount of Italian ryegrass was 50% of the total sowing rate. Plots were harvested six times over 12 months and were neither irrigated nor fertilised. Inclusion of red clover increased yield by 41% compared with the Italian ryegrass monocultures (13.79 vs. 9.75 t DM/ha), and provided effective weed suppression (
Economic values for evaluating pasture plant traits
Authors: Chapman D.F. , Bryant J.R. , Mcmillan W.H. , Khaembah E.N.
Published: June 2020

Economic values (EVs) are an estimate of the change in farm system profit per unit of change in a defined plant trait. Cultivars within species such as perennial ryegrass differ in the major production traits of dry matter yield, nutritive value and persistence, but the impact of those differences on farm financial performance is seldom calculated and reported. This paper explains what EVs are, describes how they can be calculated, and discusses some of the associated methodological issues. EVs have been derived for seasonal dry matter yield in New Zealand dairy systems. Extra feed produced in late spring has consistently low economic value, while extra feed produced in early spring has consistently high value. There have been no systematic investigations into the EVs of nutritive value and persistence in New Zealand pastures; this is a clear opportunity for future research. The lack of data on cultivar differences in these traits will restrict the application of EVs to pasture cultivar evaluation. This gap is now being addressed by new industry initiatives. Keywords: pasture cultivars, evaluation, traits, economic values, performance values
Potential water quality impact and agronomic effectiveness of different phosphorus fertilisers under grazed dairying in Southland
Authors: Mcdowell R.W. , Smith L.C.
Published: June 2020

Phosphorus (P) loss from land is a central factor in poor surface water quality in Southland. Much loss of P can occur if surface runoff occurs soon after the application of highly water soluble P fertilisers (e.g. superphosphate). Three P fertilisers (superphosphate, serpentine super, and a Ca-phosphate) of different water solubilities were applied (30 kg P/ha in spring) to a grazed dairy pasture, and the relative agronomic effectiveness and P losses determined. Across all 3 years, there were no differences in annual pasture production among the different types of P fertilisers. For 2 years out of 3, significantly more P was lost via surface runoff from the superphosphate-treated plots than from plots treated with either serpentine super or the Ca-phosphate. On average, the use of low water soluble Ca-P fertiliser decreased P losses by an average of 47% over the 3 years. It is currently recommended that to decrease P losses associated with fertiliser, applications should be timed when runoff events are unlikely for at least 3 weeks following application. If this runoff cannot be avoided, or to ensure P losses are as low as possible, the use of a low water soluble P product may be of benefit. Key words: Surface runoff, phosphate fertilisers, phosphorus loss, superphosphate.
Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from grazed winter forage crops
Authors: Van der Weerden T.J. , Styles T.M.
Published: June 2020

Wintering cows on forage crops leads to urine being excreted onto wet, compacted soils. This is likely to result in significant gaseous emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), which may be reduced through strategic applications of nitrification inhibitors. A study was established on a winter swede crop to (i) determine N2O emissions from compacted soil treated with cattle urine, and (ii) quantify the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), in reducing these emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from the urine + compacted soil were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than from compacted soil without urine, with 3.2% of the urine-N being lost as N2O. DCD application significantly reduced this loss (P < 0.05) to 0.8% of the applied urine-N. Expressed at a paddock scale, total N2O emissions from the winter-grazed swede crop were 7.9 kg N ha-1, which was reduced to 3.4 kg N ha-1 when DCD was applied. Keywords: urine, dicyandiamide, nitrification inhibitor, soil compaction, nitrous oxide.
The use of a nitrification inhibitor (DCn™) to reduce nitrate leaching under a winter-grazed forage crop in the Central Plateau
Authors: Shepherd M. , Stafford A. , Smeaton D.
Published: June 2020

Grazing of brassica winter forage crops returns large amounts of excreted nitrogen (N) back to the paddock during winter when risk of leaching is high. This experiment measured nitrate-N leaching below 60 cm of 132 and 173 kg N/ha following June grazing by dairy cows of swede/kale crops in 2008 and 2009. Application of DCD immediately after grazing plus 6 weeks later decreased leaching by 20-27% (significant at P
Mitigation of ammonia losses from urea applied to a pastoral system: The effect of nBTPT and timing and amount of irrigation
Authors: Zaman M. , Saggar S. , Stafford A.D.
Published: June 2020

To investigate the effect of applying urea with or without the urease inhibitor (UI) N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT - trade name Agrotain®) and to assess impact of the amount and timing of irrigation on subsequent ammonia (NH3) emission, a field trial was set up on a research farm at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand in December 2012. Measurements of the daily NH3 emission showed that majority of NH3 losses occurred during the first 1-3 days following urea application. Delaying irrigation for 48 hr post urea application resulted in high average NH3-N losses, at 23% and 28.3% for urea applied at 30 and 60 kg N ha-1, respectively. However, even when 5 or 10 mm of irrigation was applied 8 hours after urea application, average NH3 losses were still 11.3% and 14.4% of the N applied at 30 and 60 kg N ha-1, respectively. Our results suggest that 5 to 10 mm of irrigation/rainfall is needed very soon (
No-tillage systems - reviewing the challenge of adoption in relation to the role of fertiliser placement
Authors: Lane P.M.S. , Willoughby B.E.
Published: June 2020

The adoption of no-tillage systems by New Zealand farmers has been slow, but appears to be gaining momentum driven by economic and soil conservation advantages compared to crop and pasture establishment through cultivation. With improvements in technology and techniques establishment and yields of maize, brassica and pasture from no-tillage is similar to those from cultivation. The role of fertiliser placement in crop establishment by no-tillage and pathways to encourage adoption is discussed. Keywords: No-tillage systems, no-tillage, fertiliser, di-ammonium phosphate, DAP, triple superphosphate, fertiliser placement
Herbage production from five grazable forages
Authors: Minneé E.M.K. , Clark C.E.F. , Clark D.A.
Published: June 2020

Maintaining an adequate feed supply throughout the year is an important consideration in dairy systems. Systems based on perennial ryegrass pastures are often limited by poor growth and feed quality when soil moisture is low and temperatures are high. Alternative forage species better adapted to these conditions may provide options for maintaining feed supply. Annual and seasonal dry matter (DM) production, and nutritive value of five grazable forages with and without irrigation were compared under cutting in the Waikato over two successive years. Perennial ryegrass produced the greatest annual DM yield in both years under both irrigation regimes, largely through superior cool season production and mild temperatures with above average rainfall during the experiment. Plantain tended to provide more DM than perennial ryegrass under irrigation in summer and autumn, a time when additional DM is important for maintaining milk production. With the exception of sudan grass, nutritive value of all forages exceeded values expected to limit milk production. Keywords: dry matter yield, nutritive value, chicory, plantain, perennial ryegrass, sudan grass, sulla
Addressing on-farm management to enhance pasture productivity and persistence
Authors: Reynolds W.N.
Published: June 2020

Following the 2007/08 drought, we experienced poor pasture production and persistence on our dairy farm in north Waikato, leading to decreased milksolids production and a greater reliance on bought-in feed. It is estimated that the cost of this to our farming operation was about $1300 per hectare per year in lost operating profit. While climate and black beetle were factors, they did not explain everything, and other factors were also involved. In the last 3 years we have changed our management strategies to better withstand dry summers, the catalyst for which was becoming the DairyNZ Pasture Improvement Focus Farm for the north Waikato. The major changes we made were to reduce stocking rate, actively manage pastures in summer to reduce over-grazing, and pay more attention to detail in our pasture renewal programme. To date the result has been a reduced need for pasture renewal, a lift in whole farm performance and increased profitability. Keywords: Focus farm, over-grazing, pasture management, pasture persistence, profitability
Adoption of forage technologies
Authors: Caradus John , Lovatt Simon , Belgrave Bruce
Published: June 2020

Pastoral farmers seek to continue to increase on-farm productivity, and to do this they need new forage options that they can adopt into their current management strategies. Four case studies show that New Zealand farmers have rapidly adopted new technologies that include forage herbs, white clovers with improved stolon growing point densities, and novel endophyte technologies. The less disruptive these technologies are to accepted farmer management strategies the greater the likelihood of adoption. Keywords: Forage technologies, adoption, chicory, white clover, endophytes
Productivity of rotationally grazed simple and diverse pasture mixtures under irrigation in Canterbury
Authors: Nobilly F. , Bryant R.H. , Mckenzie B.A. , Edwards G.R.
Published: June 2020

Herbage dry matter (DM) production, botanical composition and nutritive value were compared over 2 years under irrigation and dairy cow grazing for simple two-species grass (perennial ryegrass or tall fescue)- white clover pastures and diverse pastures where herbs (chicory and plantain), legumes (red clover and lucerne) and prairie grass were added to the simple mixtures. Averaged over 2 years, annual herbage DM production was 1.62 t DM/ha greater in diverse (16.77 t DM/ ha) than simple (15.15 t DM/ha) pastures, primarily reflecting greater DM production in summer. Diverse pastures had lower metabolisable energy (ME) (12.0 vs 12.2 MJ ME/kg DM) and neutral detergent fibre (301 vs 368 g/kg DM) content than simple pastures, although the total ME produced per year was greater in diverse than simple pastures (202 vs 185 GJ ME/ha). Ryegrassbased pastures had higher annual DM production than tall fescue-based pastures in the first but not second year. The results indicate that including additional legumes and herbs with simple grass-white clover pastures may increase total DM and ME production of dairy pastures under irrigation. Keywords: Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea, herbs, legumes, pasture mixtures, diversity, nutritive value
An evaluation of the Land and Environment Planning Toolkit for advancing soil and nutrient management on sheep and beef farms
Authors: Synge K.A. , Mackay A.D. , Palmer A.S.
Published: June 2020

The Land and Environment Planning (LEP) Toolkit recently re-launched by Beef + Lamb NZ is a package developed to assist the sector with resource and business planning. The toolkit includes workbooks and guidelines and consists of an introductory level (Level 1) through to more advanced Levels 2 and 3, each providing a stepby- step guide to assist farmers with on-farm business and environment planning. To date the evaluation of the toolkit has been very limited. Using a case study farm and interactive workshops, the usefulness of each of the three levels of the toolkit for tackling current and future drivers that will shape soil and nutrient management in hill country were determined. Each level was analysed against three drivers: freedom to operate, nutrient use efficiency and ability to demonstrate sustainability using a framework developed as part of the study. The findings from this research support the use of the LEP Toolkit in a stepwise approach. The introductory (1a and 1b) levels of the toolkit proved useful in raising awareness, but offered little assistance in developing tailored solutions. Level 2 and 3 proved more useful in advancing soil and nutrient management by breaking the farm down into land management units on the basis of the underlying physical resources. Level 3 with the inclusion of detailed resource information allows for a comprehensive analysis of the farm across all three drivers for both business planning and if required for reporting. Keywords: Soil and nutrient management tools, sheep and beef, sustainability
Decision tools for managing insect pest outbreaks in pastures
Authors: Zydenbos S.M. , Ferguson C.M. , Townsend R.J. , Dunbar J.E. , Peoples S. , Willoughby B.E. , Lane P.M.S. , Jackson T.A.
Published: June 2020

Outbreaks of insect pests can cause major losses in pasture productivity, but farmers are often poorly equipped to evaluate risk factors, predict pest impacts and determine appropriate control actions. Decision tools are described for pasture pest management using three case studies. For grass grub, "at risk" paddocks are identified based on factors such as time since sowing, soil type and larval damage the previous autumn/ winter. Targeted populations measurements can then be taken and a decision to control grass grub made using this objective measurement and/or an assessment of the pasture value, termed the insurance approach. For manuka beetle, pesticide application decisions are based on damage scores of individual paddocks and the correlation between these scores and larval densities. With porina, information on moth flight times, larval populations and pasture damage are used to make key control decisions. For all pests, decisions to control should be made in conjunction with other farm systems information, including the costs of lost forage production and long-term impacts on pasture persistence. Keywords: grass grub (Costelytra zealandica), porina (Wiseana spp.), manuka beetle (Pyronota spp.), farmer decision-making
Understanding the distribution and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in OVERSEER®
Authors: Selbie D.R. , Watkins N.L. , Wheeler D.M. , Shepherd M.A.
Published: June 2020

OVERSEER® Nutrient Budgets (Overseer) is an agricultural management support tool that examines the flow of nutrients in a farming system. There is increasing pressure from a range of users for transparency of the way Overseer functions, particularly the modelling of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss to water. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual description of the way Overseer models the distribution and fate of N and P in a pastoral system, to support user understanding and correct model use. The core of Overseer is a nutrient budget, which accounts for the flow of nutrient into, around and off the farm. The key strength of Overseer is its ability to model these nutrient transfers around the farm, identifying how much, where and when nutrients move. Other parts of the model then estimate the fate of these nutrients. Nitrogen and P cycle differently around the farm, which is reflected in the way they are modelled. This paper is intended to be a support document for understanding the way Overseer models N and P, and where more detailed information is required, it may be found on the Overseer website (www.overseer.org.nz). Keywords: Nutrient budget, model, leaching, run-off
Why we need to know what and where cows are urinating - a urine sensor to improve nitrogen models
Authors: Betteridge K. , Costall D.A. , Li F.Y. , Luo D. , Ganesh S.
Published: June 2020

Urine of grazing livestock is the greatest contributor to leached nitrogen (N) in our environment. While many N cycling models have used average urine excretions as input data, concentration and volume of individual urination events can vary greatly. Stock camps receive large amounts of urine and pose a high risk of N leaching, especially when animals are set stocked over several days. A new urine sensor is described, along with the variation in urine characteristics of break-grazed cows. N leaching was modelled based on sensor data collection, and paddock-scale estimates were compared to those based on average urine data. There was a 10% difference in estimated N leached by two pumice soils, but both leached 10% less N when varying urine values were used compared to average urine values. The new data showed a frequency distribution pattern of urinary N concentration in urination events that differed to that estimated using earlier data. Thus, frequency distribution patterns have a large effect on modelled N leaching loss and need to be based on extensive data collection to increase the confidence in improving estimates of N leaching. Campsites, which occupy 5-15% of a hill country paddock, account for about half of all excreted urine; their locations can be predicted for the targeting of N-loss mitigation strategies using a simple topographic map of the farm. Keywords: nitrogen leaching, urine volume, environment, urinary nitrogen concentration
Endophyte-infection reduces leaf dehydration of ryegrass and tall fescue plants under moderate water deficit
Authors: He L. , Hatier J.-H B. , Card S.D. , Matthew C.
Published: June 2020

Drought stress is one of the limiting factors in perennial ryegrass growth and development. In order to investigate the drought responses among different cultivars and evaluate the role of fungal endophyte in modifying drought responses, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using ryegrass cultivars 'Alto' and 'Banquet II', and a Mediterranean tall fescue cultivar, 'Grasslands Flecha' as contrast with the two ryegrass cultivars. Under drought stress 'Flecha' had a higher stomatal conductance and transpiration rate than the two ryegrass cultivars, and also significantly greater deeproot allocation. Endophyte-infected plants exhibited reduced leaf dehydration under stress compared with endophyte-free plants. Under stress, endophyte-free plants displayed significantly lower relative water content and a more negative leaf water potential and osmotic potential than well-watered endophyte-free plants, whereas endophyte-infected plants displayed smaller and non-significant changes when subjected to water deficit stress. Endophyte-infected plants also had less deep-root allocation than endophyte-free plants. The results of this study increase understanding of the relationship between endophytes and their ryegrass or tall fescue hosts under drought stress. Keywords: deep-root allocation, Epichloë, gas exchange parameters, Neotyphodium, plant water relations, Lolium perenne
Metabolisable energy concentration in perennial ryegrass pastures: multi-site analysis of effects of cultivar, nitrogen fertiliser and white clover content
Authors: Cosgrove Gerald P , Lee Julia M , Chapman David F , Stevens David R , Rossi Laura , King Warren M , Edwards Grant R
Published: June 2020

To include metabolisable energy (ME) as a nutritive value factor for ryegrasses in the Forage Value Index (FVI) requires data for New Zealand cultivars on the effects of environmental and management factors on cultivar ranking. This study tested the hypothesis that variation among cultivars, and so ranking, is not influenced by environment, nitrogen (N) fertiliser level or the presence or absence of white clover. Eight cultivars, grown with or without white clover and at two levels of N fertiliser in grazed pastures in Waikato, Manawatū, Canterbury and Southland, were sampled seasonally over 3 years and analysed for ME. There were clover, N and cultivar main effects on ME in most seasons, however, there were no interactions that affected cultivar ranking, indicating that data from field evaluation systems based on monocultures are reliable for the purposes of the FVI. However, data for absolute ME concentration are required from multiple sites to account for the observed cultivar × environment interactions.
Controlling variegated thistle in East Coast North Island hill-country
Authors: Tozer Katherine N , Greenfield Rose M , Dodd Mike B , James Trevor K , Cameron Catherine A
Published: June 2020

Variegated thistle can dominate north-facing slopes on North Island East Coast hill-country reducing pasture production and livestock carrying capacity. On a hill-country sheep and beef property near Gisborne, the herbicides 2,4-D + clopyralid were applied in early-May by knapsack in combination with a June aerial application of 2,4-D ester. This was more effective than a single June aerial application of 2,4-D ester in reducing the abundance of variegated thistle and enabling grasses from the seedbank to colonise the bare ground in the herbicide-treated patches. Mixtures of grasses, legumes and herbs, oversown onto bare patches previously occupied by thistle plants, did not establish on a north-facing slope. While they did establish on a south-facing slope, the sown species did not persist, most likely due to selective grazing. To establish competitive pasture, natural germination from the seedbank may be less risky than oversowing seed into thistle patches, if desirable species are present in the seedbank.
Potential of catch crops to reduce nitrogen leaching in New Zealand winter grazing systems
Authors: Malcolm Brendon J , Carey Peter L , Teixeira Edmar I , Johnstone Paul R , Maley Shane C , De Ruiter John M
Published: June 2020

Winter grazing of fodder beet and kale is common practice in many regions of New Zealand. However, large quantities of urine-nitrogen (N) is returned by livestock onto bare soil during grazing at a period when the risk of drainage is high. Results from recent field trials in the Canterbury region show that sowing a catch crop directly after winter forage grazing can reduce N leaching losses by up to 49% compared with fallow soil, as well as offer significant gains in feed production, via additional annual production from the catch crop. However, the magnitude of effectiveness varies in response to crop management, catch crop genotype, soil type and seasonal weather conditions. For example, early-sown cereal genotypes adapted to lower temperatures provide the greatest potential to reduce leaching. This summary also highlights three important areas for future research: (i) overcoming the practical challenges of establishing catch crops in unfavourable conditions, (ii) development of biophysical models that can predict outcomes over a wide range of production systems and conditions, and (iii) quantification of other processes in the N cycle causing changes in N leaching, e.g. microbial immobilisation of N.
Regrassing trends and drivers in the New Zealand dairy industry
Authors: Dodd Michael B , Chapman David F , Ogle Graeme
Published: June 2020

Pasture renewal is an important strategy for farmers to improve the yield of home-grown forage. This paper quantifies long-term national and regional trends in regrassing within the dairy sector and links these patterns to suggested major drivers, using simple regression analysis. Dairy farm financial data relevant to regrassing expenditure were sourced from annual dairy sector economic reports and DairyBase, while regional potential evapotranspiration deficit data were sourced from climate records and cropping data from a recent MPI report. Real and relative expenditure on regrassing has increased over this period, and appears to be positively associated with both cropping activity and drought severity, particularly in some North Island regions. The emergent picture is one of a complex of interacting drivers (climate, production, prices, forage products, soils and time) which fuel a vicious cycle of poor persistence and resowing. This situation draws attention to the need for solutions to protect regrassing investments.
High lipid perennial ryegrass growth under variable nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide supply
Authors: Beechey-Gradwell Zac D , Winichayakul Somrutai , Roberts Nick J
Published: June 2020

A novel strategy to increase the metabolisable energy content of pasture species has been the development of a GM technology (‘High metabolisable energy’ or HME), which when expressed in the leaves of perennial ryegrass, increases leaf lipids up to 6-7% of DW (approximately double ‘normal’ levels). Remarkably, increased rates of photosynthesis and growth also occur in these plants. The industry strategy is to perform field trials overseas to establish the value proposition for New Zealand. Here, results are presented from preliminary growth-chamber pot trials which reveal the influence of the HME technology on perennial ryegrass growth under different levels of N, H2O and CO2 supply. HME increased perennial ryegrass growth under high N supply, limiting and non-limiting H2O supply, and with ambient and elevated CO2 supply. Possible HME growth mechanisms and their practical implications are discussed. Progress on the 2017 field trial in the USA using offspring from the HME crossing programme is also discussed.
The story of Tara Hills high-country research
Authors: Allan Bruce E , Chapman Hazel M , Keoghan J M
Published: June 2020

The 3340 ha Tara Hills high-country station near Omarama was a Government owned research facilitybetween 1948 and 2005. Here we present the story of the rise and fall of Tara Hills; turned from a depletedwasteland into the vibrant research centre of the 1980s, it was eventually sold to commercial interests in theearly 2000s. By the early 1980s, Tara Hills had 14 permanent staff and was internationally recognised as amodel for dryland farm development, experimentation and demonstration. However, subsequent changes inemphasis for New Zealand farming resulted in a decline in dryland research and to the inevitable sale of thishigh-country station. We summarise the broad range of research and its outcomes associated with Tara Hills,spanning soils, pasture species, their establishment and production, irrigation, grazing management,animal breeds, animal production and genetics, and farm systems. The changing face of New Zealand’sagricultural research and extension is an integral part of this story.
Ecology and consequences of invasion by non-native (wilding) conifers in New Zealand
Authors: Peltzer Duane A
Published: June 2020

Invasion by non-native woody species into largely treeless vegetation such as grasslands and shrublands is widespread, and has prompted both research and management in response. Here I review the current situation of invasions by non-native Pinaceae, better known as ‘wilding conifers’ in New Zealand, and how both research and management are working to better understand and manage these invaders. The success of wildings is explained by a combination of history (e.g., deforestation of previously woody vegetation), biological traits of the species (rapid growth and early reproduction), and propagule pressure (introduction effort). Wildings represent a major land use change affecting about 2 million ha, including many grasslands, rare ecosystems and subalpine habitats. Wilding invasions into grasslands have profound impacts on biological diversity, but also have important ecosystem impacts including legacy effects belowground by altering nutrient cycling and soil biota. Recent expanded efforts are underway to control and co-ordinate management to avoid or mitigate the negative impacts of wilding conifers. The long-term value of managing invasions, and whether additional management interventions are needed to restore grasslands or woody vegetation is in progress, but is urgently needed given recent moves to widely establish new woody vegetation at large scales in New Zealand.
Pemetaan Resistensi Nyamuk Aedes sp Terhadap Malation dan Kepadatan Vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Sulawesi Utara
Authors: Soenjono Steven Jacub , . Suwarja , Sambuaga Joy Victor Imanuel
Published: June 2020

The event of mosquito immunity or resistance to malation is one of the main inhibitors of chemical eradication of vectors with insecticides. Vector resistance to insecticides is a global phenomenon, especially for managers of vector-borne control programs in Indonesia. The aims of this study was to map the resistance of Aedes sp mosquitoes to the malation and vector density of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Aedes sp) in North Sulawesi Province in 2019. This research was descriptive in order to obtain a description of pre-adult vector density and to map the status of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever vector resistance (Aedes sp) against malation. Resistance status data using data from 2015-2018 research. The population in this study are houses in North Minahasa Regency, Minahasa Regency, Tomohon City, Bitung City and Manado City. The sample for vector density is a larva survey of 100 resident houses which includes case houses and houses around DHF cases. North Minahasa Regency (Wautumou Village), Minahasa Regency (Papakelan Village), Tomohon City (Rurukan Village), Bitung City (Girian Permai Village), Manado City (Malalayang Village 2). Determination of the sample based on the highest case in each district in the city during the DHF vector resistance test in 2015-2018. The results showed that the average density of HI vectors (31.%), BI (17.5) and CI (34.8%) with resistance status in the four districts of the mosquito vector city of DHF were resistant and one district (North Minahasa) with a vulnerable status. Resistance and density vectors are digitally mapped.
Pengembangan Aplikasi Mobile Health Berbasis Android untuk Monitoring dan Evaluasi Stunting
Authors: Hendryani Atika , Susana Ernia
Published: June 2020

In 2018 Indonesia still ranked fifth as the country with the highest number of stunting in the world. A better level of a mother’s knowledge can decrease about 4% to 5% in the possibility of stunting in children. Efforts to increase maternal knowledge about the importance of preventing stunting in the first thousand days of life are not only the responsibility of the government, especially the Ministry of Health. The mass media are also responsible for providing knowledge to mothers. One of the most widely used media in accessing news and information is through mobile devices such as mobile phones. From this background the problem of this research can be formulated is how to build an Android-based mobile health application for monitoring and preventing stunting. The purpose of this research is to build an Android-based mobile health for stunting monitoring and prevention. The research method is Research and Development consists of two stages, the Research Phase using qualitative methods and the Development Phase using FAST system development methods. The research was conducted at the Poltekkes of the Ministry of Health Jakarta II, Department of Electromedical Engineering from January to December 2019. The results of the study are android mobile health applications for monitoring and evaluating stunting. From the result of system testing, the mobile health application for monitoring and evaluating stunting could  work well.
Museomics Unveil the Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Neglected Juan Fernandez Archipelago Megalachne and Podophorus Endemic Grasses and Their Connection With Relict Pampean-Ventanian Fescues
Authors: Moreno-Aguilar María Fernanda , Arnelas Itziar , Sánchez-Rodríguez Aminael , Viruel Juan , Catalán Pilar
Published: June 2020

Oceanic islands constitute natural laboratories to study plant speciation and biogeographic patterns of island endemics. Juan Fernandez is a southern Pacific archipelago consisting of three small oceanic islands located 600–700 km west of the Chilean coastline. Exposed to current cold seasonal oceanic climate, these 5.8–1 Ma old islands harbor a remarkable endemic flora. All known Fernandezian endemic grass species belong to two genera, Megalachne and Podophorus, of uncertain taxonomic adscription. Classical and modern classifications have placed them either in Bromeae (Bromus), Duthieinae, Aveneae/Poeae, or Loliinae (fine-leaved Festuca); however, none of them have clarified their evolutionary relationships with respect to their closest Festuca relatives. Megalachne includes four species, which are endemic to Masatierra (Robinson Crusoe island) (M. berteroniana and M. robinsoniana) and to Masafuera (Alejandro Selkirk island) (M. masafuerana and M. dantonii). The monotypic Podophorus bromoides is a rare endemic species to Masatierra which is only known from its type locality and is currently considered extinct. We have used museomic approaches to uncover the challenging evolutionary history of these endemic grasses and to infer the divergence and dispersal patterns from their ancestors. Genome skimming data were produced from herbarium samples of M. berteroniana and M. masafuerana, and the 164 years old type specimen of P. bromoides, as well as for a collection of 33 species representing the main broad- and fine-leaved Loliinae lineages. Paired-end reads were successfully mapped to plastomes and nuclear ribosomal cistrons of reference Festuca species and used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. Filtered ITS and trnTLF sequences from these genomes were further combined with our large Loliinae data sets for accurate biogeographic reconstruction. Nuclear and plastome data recovered a strongly supported fine-leaved Fernandezian clade where Podophorus was resolved as sister to Megalachne. Bayesian divergence dating and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis range evolution analyses estimated the split of the Fernandezian clade from its ancestral southern American Pampas-Ventanian Loliinae lineage in the Miocene-Pliocene transition, following a long distance dispersal from the continent to the uplifted volcanic palaeo-island of Santa Clara-Masatierra. Consecutive Pliocene-Pleistocene splits and a Masatierra-to-Masafuera dispersal paved the way for in situ speciation of Podophorus and Megalachne taxa.