bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sarcoidosis
Authors: Spagnolo Paolo
Published: July 2019

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause with worldwide prevalence. Although the lung is the most common organ affected, virtually any organ system may be involved with the disease and physicians of various specialities may come across patients with sarcoidosis in their practice. Owing to the lack of a diagnostic gold standard, the diagnosis is one of exclusion and requires compatible clinical‐radiological features supported by the presence of noncaseating granulomatous in biopsy specimen after exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous inflammation. The majority of patients experience resolution within 2–5 years, but in a sizeable minority, the disease runs a chronic progressive course and may be refractory to conventional corticosteroid therapy. The scarcity of effective therapies and the lack of reliable predictors of clinical course greatly contribute to making sarcoidosis such a challenging disease to manage.

Key Concepts

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown origin that affects almost invariably the lung.

Sarcoidosis is thought to result from a complex interplay between infectious/environmental and host/genetic factors leading to an aberrant immune response.

Sarcoidosis is more common and severe in African Americans.

The diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires the combination of compatible clinical and radiological features, detection of noncaseating granulomas in affected organs and exclusion of other diseases that may present similarly.

In asymptomatic patients, the finding of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography is virtually diagnostic of sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is generally benign and the majority of patients do not require treatment; however, approximately one‐third of the patients develop chronic disease and may need long‐term treatment.

Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment despite the paucity of adequate supportive data.

Extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease are a major cause of morbidity.

Patients with refractory or life/organ‐threatening disease should be referred to expert centres.
D
esulfarculus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: July 2019

De.sulf.ar'cu.lus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; N.L. masc. n.
arculus
a small bow; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfarculus
a bow‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfarcalia / Desulfarculales / Desulfarculaceae / Desulfarculus

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 1.5–4 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. The type species is motile. Strict anaerobe with respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph, using formate, butyrate, and higher fatty acids as electron donors and carbon sources; these compounds are oxidized to

CO
2

via the anaerobic

C
1

pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [
CODH
] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway) as indicated by carbon monoxide and formate dehydrogenase activities and genome data. Growth on acetate and propionate is very slow. Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to

H
2
S

. Sulfur, fumarate, and nitrate are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Growth does not usually occur in the absence of an external electron acceptor. Mesophilic. Optimal temperature for growth, 35–39°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal pH for growth, 7.3. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required.
Desulfarculus
species are widespread in freshwater habitats, but might occur in brackish or marine sediments as well.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65.7 (genome data).

Type species
:
Desulfarculus baarsii
(Widdel 1981) Kuever, Rainey and Widdel 2006, 2
VP
(Effective publication Kuever Rainey and Widdel 2005a, 1005; basonym:
Desulfovibrio baarsii
Widdel 1981, 382).
Benign tumors in myotonic dystrophy type I target disease‐related cancer sites
Authors: Alsaggaf Rotana , St. George Diane Marie M. , Zhan Min , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Wang Youjin , Anderson Lesley A. , Liu Zhiwei , Koshiol Jill , Bauer Andrew J. , Wagner Kathryn R. , Greene Mark H. , Amr Sania , Gadalla Shahinaz M.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Recent evidence showed that myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) patients are at increased risk of certain cancers, but the risk of benign tumors is unknown. We compared the risk of benign tumors in DM1 patients with matched DM1‐free individuals and assessed the association between benign tumors and subsequent cancers.

Methods

We identified 927 DM1 patients and 13,085 DM1‐free individuals matched on gender, birth‐year, clinic, and clinic‐registration year from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a primary care records database. We used Cox regression models for statistical analyses.

Results

DM1 patients had elevated risks of thyroid nodules (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 10.4; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 3.91–27.52; P < 0.001), benign tumors of the brain or nervous system (HR = 8.4; 95% CI = 2.48–28.47; P < 0.001), colorectal polyps (HR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.76–10.41; P = 0.001), and possibly uterine fibroids (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.22–5.88; P = 0.01). Pilomatricomas and salivary gland adenomas occurred almost exclusively in DM1 patients (Fisher's exact P < 0.001). The HR for colorectal polyps was elevated in DM1 males but not in females (HR = 8.2 vs. 1.3, respectively; P‐heterogeneity < 0.001), whereas endocrine and brain tumors occurred exclusively in females. The data suggested an association between benign tumors and subsequent cancer in classic DM1 patients (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 0.93–7.59; P = 0.07).

Interpretation

Our study showed a similar site‐specific benign tumor profile to that previously reported for DM1‐associated cancers. The possible association between benign tumors and subsequent cancer in classic DM1 patients warrants further investigation as it may guide identifying patients at elevated risk of cancer. Our findings underscore the importance of following population‐based screening recommendations in DM1 patients, for example, for colorectal cancer.
Transformable, Freestanding 3D Mesostructures Based on Transient Materials and Mechanical Interlocking
Authors: Park Yoonseok , Luan Haiwen , Kwon Kyeongha , Zhao Shiwei , Franklin Daniel , Wang Heling , Zhao Hangbo , Bai Wubin , Kim Jong Uk , Lu Wei , Kim Jae‐Hwan , Huang Yonggang , Zhang Yihui , Rogers John A.
Published: July 2019

Areas of application that span almost every class of microsystems technology, from electronics to energy storage devices to chemical/biochemical sensors, can benefit from options in engineering designs that exploit 3D micro/nanostructural layouts. Recently developed methods for forming such systems exploit stress release in prestretched elastomer substrates as a driving force for the assembly of 3D functional microdevices from 2D precursors, including those that rely on the most advanced functional materials and device designs. Here, concepts that expand the options in this class of methods are introduced, to include 1) component parts built with physically transient materials to allow triggered transformation of 3D structures into other shapes and 2) mechanical interlocking elements composed of female‐type lugs and male‐type hooks that activate during the assembly process to irreversibly “lock‐in” the 3D shapes. Wireless electronic devices demonstrate the utility of these ideas in functional systems.
Fiber/Fabric‐Based Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible/Stretchable and Wearable Electronics and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Dong Kai , Peng Xiao , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: July 2019

Integration of advanced nanogenerator technology with conventional textile processes fosters the emergence of textile‐based nanogenerators (NGs), which will inevitably promote the rapid development and widespread applications of next‐generation wearable electronics and multifaceted artificial intelligence systems. NGs endow smart textiles with mechanical energy harvesting and multifunctional self‐powered sensing capabilities, while textiles provide a versatile flexible design carrier and extensive wearable application platform for their development. However, due to the lack of an effective interactive platform and communication channel between researchers specializing in NGs and those good at textiles, it is rather difficult to achieve fiber/fabric‐based NGs with both excellent electrical output properties and outstanding textile‐related performances. To this end, a critical review is presented on the current state of the arts of wearable fiber/fabric‐based piezoelectric nanogenerators and triboelectric nanogenerators with respect to basic classifications, material selections, fabrication techniques, structural designs, and working principles, as well as potential applications. Furthermore, the potential difficulties and tough challenges that can impede their large‐scale commercial applications are summarized and discussed. It is hoped that this review will not only deepen the ties between smart textiles and wearable NGs, but also push forward further research and applications of future wearable fiber/fabric‐based NGs.
Janus‐Type Hybrid Paper Membranes
Authors: Nau Maximilian , Herzog Nicole , Schmidt Johannes , Meckel Tobias , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette , Biesalski Markus
Published: July 2019

Functional paper‐based materials and devices have been increasingly attractive to scientists in the recent past. In particular, the possibility to functionalize the surface of paper fibers with tailor‐made coatings has broadened a possible scope of emerging application considerably. This work introduces novel functional paper membranes with adjustable gradient and Janus‐type wettability based on gradient and Janus‐type silica coating distribution along the paper cross‐section. Correlation of CLSM (distribution), thermogravimetric analysis (silica amount), and Kr‐BET (surface area; BET: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) reveals an extremely low coating thickness, in the range of just a few nanometers, being sufficient to fully inverse paper wettability from hydrophilic to very hydrophobic excluding water. This asymmetric wettability, originating from an asymmetric silica distribution along the paper cross‐section, is established by synchronizing silane hydrolysis and condensation reaction rates with silane transport rates in paper within a simple and scalable one‐step drying process after having immersed a paper sheet into a tetraethoxysilane‐containing precursor solution. As silica by itself, like paper, is a hydrophilic material, the observed hydrophobicity is related to a reduction in cellulose fiber nanoscale porosity controlling water imbibition. While being relevant in manifold applications, these ultrathin, Janus‐type hybrid paper membranes are demonstrated to show directed gating and selective oil–water separation.
Construction of Carbocycles from Methylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Cao Hongen , Chen Fenglin , Su Chenliang , Yu Lei
Published: July 2019

Recent continuing studies on the reactive small molecules of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) type and their derivatives have led to the rapid development of a variety of efficient synthetic methods based on novel reactions. These new transformations have proved to be very powerful tools to access otherwise difficult‐to‐obtain molecules. Although there have been some nice reviews on the applications of MCPs, there is still none focusing on MCPs‐based construction of carbocycles, which are a class of important skeletons in synthetic organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, natural product synthesis, biochemistry, and agrichemicals. Thus, this review is an attempt to summarize the reports published since 2002 on the construction of carbocyclic compounds starting from the versatile MCPs, hoping that it may fill the gaps in the field.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Four‐Component Synthesis of β‐Cyano‐α,β‐unsaturated Ketones Using Calcium Carbide as an Acetylene Source and Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) as an Eco‐Friendly Cyanide Source
Authors: Lu Hao , Li Zheng
Published: July 2019

Palladium‐catalyzed one‐pot four‐component synthesis of β‐cyano‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones by the reactions of aryl halides, calcium carbide, potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) and aroyl chlorides is described. The salient features of this protocol are the direct use of easy‐to‐handle acetylene source and eco‐friendly cyanide source, wide scope of substrates with good functional group tolerance, and simple work‐up procedure.

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High Energy Density Polymer Dielectrics Interlayered by Assembled Boron Nitride Nanosheets
Authors: Zhu Yingke , Zhu Yujie , Huang Xingyi , Chen Jin , Li Qi , He Jinliang , Jiang Pingkai
Published: July 2019

Polymer dielectrics such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have drawn tremendous attention in high energy density capacitors because of their high dielectric constant and ease of processing. However, the discharged energy density attained with these materials is restrained by the inferior breakdown strength and electric resistivity. Herein, PVDF composite films with a nanosized interlayer of assembled boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) that is aligned along the in‐plane direction are prepared through a simple layer‐by‐layer solution‐casting process. Compared to the pristine PVDF, the composite films show remarkably suppressed leakage current, resulting in a high breakdown strength and a superior energy density which are 136% and 275%, respectively, that of the pristine PVDF. The experimental results and computational simulations reveal that the compact and successive interlayer of assembled BNNSs can largely mitigate the local field distortion and block the propagation of electrical treeing, which is advantageous over the conventional dielectric polymer nanocomposites. Notably, unlike the previous dielectric polymer nanocomposites that are usually incorporated with a high volume fraction of nanofillers, i.e., 5–10 vol%, the present composites contain only an extremely low content of nanfillers, e.g., 0.16 vol%. These findings offer a novel paradigm for fabricating high energy density and high efficiency polymer dielectrics.
Study of Burn‐In Loss in Green Solvent‐Processed Ternary Blended Organic Photovoltaics Derived from UV‐Crosslinkable Semiconducting Polymers and Nonfullerene Acceptors
Authors: Lee Junwoo , Kim Jae Won , Park Sang Ah , Son Sung Yun , Choi Kyoungwon , Lee Woojin , Kim Minjun , Kim Jin Young , Park Taiho
Published: July 2019

This work deals with the investigation of burn‐in loss in ternary blended organic photovoltaics (OPVs) prepared from a UV‐crosslinkable semiconducting polymer (P2FBTT‐Br) and a nonfullerene acceptor (IEICO‐4F) via a green solvent process. The synthesized P2FBTT‐Br can be crosslinked by UV irradiation for 150 s and dissolved in 2‐methylanisole due to its asymmetric structure. In OPV performance and burn‐in loss tests performed at 75 °C or AM 1.5G Sun illumination for 90 h, UV‐crosslinked devices with PC71BM show 9.2% power conversion efficiency (PCE) and better stability against burn‐in loss than pristine devices. The frozen morphology resulting from the crosslinking prevents lateral crystallization and aggregation related to morphological degradation. When IEICO‐4F is introduced in place of a fullerene‐based acceptor, the burn‐in loss due to thermal aging and light soaking is dramatically suppressed because of the frozen morphology and high miscibility of the nonfullerene acceptor (18.7% → 90.8% after 90 h at 75 °C and 37.9% → 77.5% after 90 h at AM 1.5G). The resulting crosslinked device shows 9.4% PCE (9.8% in chlorobenzene), which is the highest value reported to date for crosslinked active materials, in the first green processing approach.
Calculation of phase envelopes of fluid mixtures through parametric marching
Authors: Deiters Ulrich K. , Bell Ian H.
Published: July 2019

Two‐dimensional cross‐sections of the phase envelopes of fluid mixtures—in particular isotherms, isobars, and isopleths—are often computed point‐by‐point by incrementing a so‐called marching variable and solving the equilibrium conditions at each step. The marching variable is usually pressure, temperature, or a mole fraction, depending on the application. These isolines, however, can have rather complicated shapes, so that a simple unidirectional “sweep” of the marching variable often gives merely a part of the desired isoline. It is then necessary to restart the sweep with different initial values, or to switch to another marching variable. This, however, makes it difficult to compute complete isolines automatically, without human interference. We propose here a new marching technique through which it is possible to follow isolines of arbitrary shape and thus to compute complete isolines, as long as they are contiguous.
Pain among children and adults living with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: A scoping review
Authors: Cirillo Alexa , Collins Jessica , Sawatzky Bonita , Hamdy Reggie , Dahan‐Oliel Noémi
Published: July 2019

Clinical interventions and research have mostly focused on the orthopedic and genetic outcomes of individuals with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), and although pain has gained recognition as an important issue experienced by individuals with AMC, it has received little attention within the AMC literature. The aims of this scoping review were to describe the pain experiences of children and adults with AMC, to identify pain assessment tools and management techniques, and document the impact of pain on participation in everyday activities among children and adults with AMC. A search of the literature was conducted in four search engines and identified a total of 89 articles. Once study eligibility was reviewed, 21 studies met the selection criteria and were included in this review. Pain appears to be more commonly experienced in adults with AMC compared with children with AMC, with individuals having undergone multiple corrective procedures self‐reporting pain more often. In adult populations, musculoskeletal chronic pain is a significant problem, resulting in restrictions in activities of daily living, mobility, and participation. Researchers and clinicians must agree on the use of validated measures appropriate for evaluating pain in AMC and the use of appropriate pain management techniques to relieve pain. Pediatric studies should focus on determining how commonly pain is experienced in infants, children, and adolescents with AMC. Pain in adults with AMC should be acknowledged to offer proper client‐centered interventions throughout the lifespan.
Stereochemical Determination of Tuscolid/Tuscorons and Total Synthesis of Tuscoron D and E: Insights into the Tuscolid/Tuscoron Rearrangement
Authors: Göricke Björn , Bieber Michelle Fernandez , Mohr Kathrin E. , Menche Dirk
Published: July 2019

The stereochemistry of the structurally unique myxobacterial polyketides tuscolid/tuscorons was determined by a combination of high‐field NMR studies, molecular modeling, and chemical derivatization and confirmed by a modular total synthesis of tuscorons D and E. Together with the discovery of three novel tuscorons, this study provides detailed insight into the chemically unprecedented tuscolid/tuscoron rearrangement cascade.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of α‐Functionalized Acylborons and Borylated Heteroarenes by Nucleophilic Ring Opening of α‐Chloroepoxyboronates
Authors: Tan Dong‐Hang , Cai Yuan‐Hong , Zeng Yao‐Fu , Lv Wen‐Xin , Yang Ling , Li Qingjiang , Wang Honggen
Published: July 2019

The ring‐opening reactions of N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) α‐chloroepoxyboronates with different nucleophiles allow the modular synthesis of a diverse array of organoboronates. These include seven types of α‐functionalized acylboronates and seven types of borylated heteroarenes, some of which are difficult‐to‐access products using alternative methods. The common synthons, α‐chloroepoxyboronates, could be viably synthesized by a two‐step procedure from the corresponding alkenyl MIDA boronates. Mild reaction conditions, good functional‐group tolerance, and generally good efficiency were observed. The utility of the products was also demonstrated.
Myoglobin Reconstituted with Ni Tetradehydrocorrin as a Methane‐Generating Model of Methyl‐coenzyme M Reductase
Authors: Oohora Koji , Miyazaki Yuta , Hayashi Takashi
Published: July 2019

Myoglobin reconstituted with Ni tetradehydrocorrin was investigated as a model of F430‐containing methyl‐coenzyme M reductase, which catalyzes anaerobic methane generation. The NiII tetradehydrocorrin complex has a NiII/NiI redox potential of −0.34 V vs. SHE and EPR spectroscopy indicates the formation of a NiI species upon reduction by dithionite. This redox potential is approximately 0.31 V more positive than that of F430. The NiI tetradehydrocorrin moiety is bound to the apo‐form of myoglobin to yield the reconstituted protein. Methane gas is generated in the reaction of the model with methyl iodide in the presence of the reconstituted protein under reductive conditions, whereas the NiI complex itself does not produce methane gas. This is the first example of a protein‐based functional model of F430‐containing methyl‐coenzyme M reductase.
SSZ‐27: A Small‐Pore Zeolite with Large Heart‐Shaped Cavities Determined by Using Multi‐crystal Electron Diffraction
Authors: Smeets Stef , Zones Stacey I. , Xie Dan , Palatinus Lukáš , Pascual Jesus , Hwang Son‐Jong , Schmidt Joel E. , McCusker Lynne B.
Published: July 2019

The high‐silica zeolite SSZ‐27 was synthesized using one of the isomers of the organic structure‐directing agent that is known to produce the large‐pore zeolite SSZ‐26 (CON). The structure of the as‐synthesized form was solved using multi‐crystal electron diffraction data. Data were collected on eighteen crystals, and to obtain a high‐quality and complete data set for structure refinement, hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to select the data sets most suitable for merging. The framework structure of SSZ‐27 can be described as a combination of two types of cavities, one of which is shaped like a heart. The cavities are connected through shared 8‐ring windows to create straight channels that are linked together in pairs to form a one‐dimensional channel system. Once the framework structure was known, molecular modelling was used to find the best fitting isomer, and this, in turn, was isolated to improve the synthesis conditions for SSZ‐27.
Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy Investigation of Single ZIF‐Derived Nanocomposite Particles as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Media
Authors: Tarnev Tsvetan , Aiyappa Harshitha Barike , Botz Alexander , Erichsen Thomas , Ernst Andrzej , Andronescu Corina , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2019

“Single entity” measurements are central for an improved understanding of the function of nanoparticle‐based electrocatalysts without interference arising from mass transfer limitations and local changes of educt concentration or the pH value. We report a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) investigation of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67)‐derived Co−N‐doped C composite particles with respect to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Surmounting the surface wetting issues as well as the potential drift through the use of a non‐interfering Os complex as free‐diffusing internal redox potential standard, SECCM could be successfully applied in alkaline media. SECCM mapping reveals activity differences relative to the number of particles in the wetted area of the droplet landing zone. The turnover frequency (TOF) is 0.25 to 1.5 s−1 at potentials between 1.7 and 1.8 V vs. RHE, respectively, based on the number of Co atoms in each particle. Consistent values at locations with varying number of particles demonstrates OER performance devoid of macroscopic film effects.
Covalent Organic Frameworks as Favorable Constructs for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Liang , Wang Shibo , Zhou Yi , Wang Chao , Zhang Xian‐Zheng , Deng Hexiang
Published: July 2019

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with 2D π‐conjugation were designed and synthesized as molecular photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy. Two molecules, 5′,5′′′′‐(1,4‐phenylene)bis(([1,1′:3′,1′′‐terphenyl]‐4,4′′‐dicarbaldehyde)) (L‐3C) and 4,4′,4′′‐(1,4‐phenylene)bis(([2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine]‐5,5′′‐dicarbaldehyde)) (L‐3N), inactive to generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), were linked to form two COFs, COF‐808 and COF‐909, respectively, exhibiting excellent ROS production efficiency. The high permanent porosity of these COFs (surface areas 2270 and 2610 m2 g−1) promoted diffusion of both oxygen and release of ROS in cells. This, combined with the excellent photostability and biocompatibility, led to excellent PDT performance. In vitro, over 80 % of tumor cells were killed after PDT treatment using COF‐909 at the concentration of 50 μg mL−1 for 150 s. In vivo, drastic reduction of tumor size was observed (from 9 mm to less than 1 mm) after 10 day treatment.
Extended light absorption and enhanced photoelectrochemical activity of palladium‐decorated hematite nanotubes prepared by photodeposition method
Authors: Momeni Mohamad Mohsen , Hallaj Akbar , Ghayeb Yousef , Bagheri Robabeh , Song Zhenlun , Farrokhpour Hossein
Published: July 2019

Palladium particles were deposited on hematite nanotube surfaces via a facile photodeposition method. Anodization method was then used for direct vertical growth of hematite nanotube arrays (HNTs) on a pretreated iron substrate. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, diffraction reflection spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses were then used to carry out morphological and structural investigations. Compared with the bare HNTs, Pd‐decorated hematite films (Pd/HNTs) exhibit intense visible light absorption and show a red shift of the band edge. Pd/HNTs are more photoelectrochemically active than the non‐decorated films, according to chronoamperometry measurements. Thus, a promising methodology has been developed for the design of a simple and effective photoelectrode for application in photoelectrochemical water splitting systems.
Supramolecular adhesive gels based on biocompatible poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) and tannic acid via hydrogen bonding complexation
Authors: Dang Quoc Dat , Moon Jong Ryul , Jeon Young Sil , Kim Ji‐Heung
Published: July 2019

A facile fabrication of strongly adhesive hydrogel based on high‐molecular‐weight poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEOX) and tannic acid (TA) has been demonstrated. PEOX and TA form instantaneous complex gel via strong hydrogen bonding interaction by simple mixing in an aqueous system. The characteristics of the PEOX–TA complex gels was investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy to reveal their network structure, composition, and thermal properties. The prepared wet complex gel system demonstrated excellent adhesive performance on different substrates with comparable results to pure PEOX polymer. It was considered that many factors affect the adhesive performance of the PEOX–TA gel such as the TA content, the molecular weight of PEOX, and water content. This adhesive gel system has potential for use in various fields including biomedical application as a novel and low‐cost adhesive or sealant. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48285.
Synthesis of a novel char‐forming agent (PEIC): Improvement in flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites
Authors: Dong Xiang , Yang Jinian , Hua Xinzhu , Nie Shibin , Kong Fanbei
Published: July 2019

A novel char‐forming agent named PEIC was designed and synthesized combining pentaerythritol octahydrogen tetraphosphate (PEPA) and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate. PEIC was combined with the silica‐gel‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (OS‐MCAPP), preparing intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. The results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) show that the composite containing 30 wt % IFR with OS‐MCAPP:PEIC = 2:1 presents the optimal LOI of 32.7%. Meanwhile, the cone calorimeter tests show that its peak heat release rate is 432 kW m−2, which decreases by 62.1% compared with that of pure PP, showing a high‐efficient flame retardancy. The exhibited UL‐94 V‐0 rating for all the composites indicates that the IFR composed of PEIC and OS‐MCAPP has high‐efficient flame retardancy in PP. The analysis of residue char reveals that PEIC could improve the quality of char in compactness, intumescentia, and the degree of graphitization. Further, the effect of IFR on the mechanical properties of PP composites was also evaluated and discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48296.
Polysulfone‐based amphiphilic copolymers: Effect of hydrophilic content on morphology and performance of ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Aktas Eken Gozde , Acar Metin H.
Published: July 2019

A series of polysulfone (PSf)‐based amphiphilic graft copolymers were synthesized to investigate the effects of copolymer composition on membrane morphology and performance. PSf‐based ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by phase inversion method using the blends of PSf and PSf‐g‐poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) copolymers. Membranes were evaluated in terms of pure water permeability, flux recovery ratio (FRR), protein rejection, and contact angle. The morphology of the membranes was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Contact angle of membranes was decreased from 85.7° to 51.6°, while the FRR was greatly increased from 55 to 95% upon increasing the PEGMA content of copolymers from 20 to 70 wt %. Results indicated that the ratio of hydrophilic/hydrophobic segments in amphiphilic structures is one the key parameters that control the phase inversion process by altering miscibility, viscosity, and wettability of casting solutions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48306.
Weaknesses in stock assessment modelling and management practices affect fisheries sustainability
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Ward Trevor J. , Stuart‐Smith Rick D.
Published: July 2019

We respond to criticism of our earlier paper where we report Australia‐wide declines in fisheries catches that parallel the declining trends in fish populations observed underwater, and we highlight concerns about the low levels of precaution applied when regulating fisheries catches using the avoidance of recruitment failure approach.

Most fished species worldwide lack the data needed for accurate stock status assessments, and consequently exploitation of these species should be managed with high precaution.

For the relatively few species and stocks with individually modelled assessments, the errors associated with model output are extremely large as a result of the multiplicity of confounding factors (including effects of changing climate, technological advances that increase catch efficiency, fisher behaviour, interactions with other species, and changes in habitat quality), and the compounding of error introduced by subjective assumptions in multiple parameter estimates. The magnitude of this assessment uncertainty appears to be rarely recognized and incorporated into management decisions.

Given the difficulties in accurately predicting and managing fishing impacts, including species interactions across space and time, a well‐designed set of no‐take marine reserves is critically needed. Although not a universal panacea, an effective global network of marine reserves arguably represents the most efficient and publicly acceptable next step – in addition to greenhouse gas reduction – towards solving the unfolding global dilemma confronting fish populations and ocean ecosystems.
A Water‐Stable Terbium(III)–Organic Framework as a Chemosensor for Inorganic Ions, Nitro‐Containing Compounds and Antibiotics in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Wei Jun‐Hua , Yi Jing‐Wei , Han Min‐Le , Li Bo , Liu Shan , Wu Ya‐Pan , Ma Lu‐Fang , Li Dong‐Sheng
Published: July 2019

Effective detection of organic/inorganic pollutants, such as antibiotics, nitro‐compounds, excessive Fe3+ and MnO4−, is crucial for human health and environmental protection. Here, a new terbium(III)–organic framework, namely [Tb(TATAB)(H2O)]⋅2H2O (Tb‐MOF, H3TATAB=4,4′,4′′‐s‐triazine‐1,3,5‐triyltri‐m‐aminobenzoic acid), was assembled and characterized. The Tb‐MOF exhibits a water‐stable 3D bnn framework. Due to the existence of competitive absorption, Tb‐MOF has a high selectivity for detecting Fe3+, MnO4−, 4‐nirophenol and nitroimidazole (ronidazole, metronidazole, dimetridazole, ornidazole) in aqueous through luminescent quenching. The results suggest that Tb‐MOF is a simple and reliable reagent with multiple sensor responses in practical applications. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first TbIII‐based MOF as an efficient fluorescent sensor for detecting metal ions, inorganic anions, nitro‐compounds, and antibiotics simultaneously.
2018 International Atmospheric Rivers Conference: Multi‐disciplinary studies and high‐impact applications of atmospheric rivers
Authors: Ramos Alexandre M. , Wilson Anna M. , DeFlorio Michael J. , Warner Michael D. , Barnes Elizabeth , Garreaud Rene , Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Lavers David A. , Moore Benjamin , Payne Ashley , Smallcomb Chris , Sodemann Harald , Wehner Michael , Ralph Fred Martin
Published: July 2019

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) play a vital role in shaping the hydroclimate of many regions globally, and can substantially impact water resource management, emergency response planning, and other socioeconomic entities. The second International Atmospheric Rivers Conference took place at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, during 25–28 June, 2018, in La Jolla, California, USA. It was sponsored by the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E). A total of 120 people attended the Conference with 94 abstracts submitted and 30 participating students. In addition to the conference, the Student Forecasting Workshop was organised in the same week. During this workshop, students were exposed to AR forecasting tools, and learned examples of how these tools could be used to make decisions for various applications. The main goals of this conference were to bring together experts from across the fields of hydrology, atmospheric, oceanic, and polar sciences, as well as water management, civil engineering, and ecology to advance the state of AR science and to explore the future directions for the field. The conference was organised into traditional oral and poster presentations, along with panel discussions and Breakout Groups. This format allowed enhanced interaction between participants, driving progress within the scientific community and the enhanced communication of societal needs by various stakeholders. Several emerging topics of research were highlighted, including subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) prediction of ARs and an overview of the AR Reconnaissance campaign. In addition to providing a forum to disseminate and debate new results from scientific talks and posters, the conference was equally effective and useful in linking scientists to users and decision‐makers that require improved knowledge on ARs to manage resources and prepare for hazards.

The third International Atmospheric Rivers Conference will be held in Chile in 2020, and hosted by the University of Chile, Santiago.
Eu3+‐tetrakis β‐diketonate complexes for solid‐state lighting application
Authors: Leite Silva Camila M.B. , Bispo‐Jr Airton G. , Canisares Felipe S.M. , Castilho Shirley A. , Lima Sergio A.M. , Pires Ana M.
Published: July 2019

Eu3+–β‐diketonate complexes are used, for example, in solid‐state lighting (SSL) or light‐converting molecular devices. However, their low emission quantum efficiency due to water molecules coordinated to Eu3+ and low photostability are still problems to be addressed. To overcome such challenges, we synthesized Eu3+ tetrakis complexes based on [Q][Eu(tfaa)4] and [Q][Eu(dbm)4] (Q1 = C26H56N+, Q2 = C19H42N+, and Q3 = C17H38N+), replacing the water molecules in the tris stoichiometry. The tetrakis β‐diketonates showed desirable thermal stability for SSL and, under excitation at 390 nm, they displayed the characteristic Eu3+ emission in the red spectral region. The quantum efficiencies of the dbm complexes achieved values as high as 51%, while the tfaa complexes exhibited lower quantum efficiencies (28–33%), but which were superior to those reported for the tris complexes. The structures were evaluated using the Sparkle/PM7 model and comparing the theoretical and the experimental Judd–Ofelt parameters. [Q1][Eu(dbm)4] was used to coat a near‐UV light‐emitting diode (LED), producing a red‐emitting LED prototype that featured the characteristic emission spectrum of [Q1][Eu(dbm)4]. The emission intensity of this prototype decreased only 7% after 30 h, confirming its high photostability, which is a notable result considering Eu3+ complexes, making it a potential candidate for SSL.
Predicting industrial‐scale cell culture seed trains–A Bayesian framework for model fitting and parameter estimation, dealing with uncertainty in measurements and model parameters, applied to a nonlinear kinetic cell culture model, using an MCMC method
Authors: Hernández Rodríguez Tanja , Posch Christoph , Schmutzhard Julia , Stettner Josef , Weihs Claus , Pörtner Ralf , Frahm Björn
Published: July 2019

For production of biopharmaceuticals in suspension cell culture, seed trains are required to increase cell number from cell thawing up to production scale. Because cultivation conditions during the seed train have a significant impact on cell performance in production scale, seed train design, monitoring, and development of optimization strategies is important. This can be facilitated by model‐assisted prediction methods, whereby the performance depends on the prediction accuracy, which can be improved by inclusion of prior process knowledge, especially when only few high‐quality data is available, and description of inference uncertainty, providing, apart from a “best fit”‐prediction, information about the probable deviation in form of a prediction interval. This contribution illustrates the application of Bayesian parameter estimation and Bayesian updating for seed train prediction to an industrial Chinese hamster ovarian cell culture process, coppled with a mechanistic model. It is shown in which way prior knowledge as well as input uncertainty (e.g., concerning measurements) can be included and be propagated to predictive uncertainty. The impact of available information on prediction accuracy was investigated. It has been shown that through integration of new data by the Bayesian updating method, process variability (i.e., batch‐to‐batch) could be considered. The implementation was realized using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method.
Control and Identification Toolbox (CIT): An Android application for teaching automatic control and system identification
Authors: Concha Antonio , Luviano‐Cruz David , Calderon G. , Gadi S. K.
Published: July 2019

This article presents a free Android application, named as Control and Identification Toolbox (CIT), for teaching and learning the system response, automatic control, and the parameter identification of dynamic systems. The CIT app performs real‐time experiments and permits tuning a traditional proportional‐integral‐derivative controller, whose performance under constant or noise disturbances, introduced by the app, can be analyzed. Moreover, this app allows estimating the parameters of first‐ and second‐order linear systems by means of the recursive least squares method. The parameter estimates as well as the control system signals produced under common test input signals are displayed by the app. It runs in any Android device supporting a universal serial bus, which is connected with Arduino Uno or Mega boards that carry out data acquisition. Experimental results obtained using first‐ and second‐order low‐pass filters confirm the effectiveness of the proposed application. Moreover, undergraduate students evaluated the CIT app, and their responses are also presented.
Distributed fiber optic sensing for crack detection in concrete structures
Authors: Fischer Oliver , Thoma Sebastian , Crepaz Simone
Published: July 2019

The method of fiber optic strain measurement offers promising perspectives for experimental research and also provides extensive new capabilities for the systematic monitoring of engineering structures. A robust but sufficiently sensitive configuration of measuring device and passive optical fiber is desirable in practical application. In this context, a total of five different optical measuring fibers were analyzed at the Chair of Concrete Structures at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) for different application variants using two measuring instruments on a prestressed concrete beam. Fiber optics, supplemented by conventional measuring technology, was able to detect elastic strain, crack formation, and decisive shear cracks of the fracture state.
A Modular Phosphorylated Glycoluril‐Derived Molecular Tweezer for Potent Binding of Aliphatic Diamines
Authors: Heilmann Michael , Tiefenbacher Konrad
Published: July 2019

A molecular tweezer based on a glycoluril‐derived framework bearing four phosphate groups was synthesized and shown to be capable of binding organic amines in aqueous solution. This work reports the Ka values for 30 complexes of this molecular tweezer and amine guests, determined by means of 1H NMR titrations. Both the hydrophobic cavity and the phosphate groups contribute to the binding. Bulkier molecules and molecules bearing negatively charged groups like carboxylates in amino acids bind less tightly due to a steric clash and coulombic repulsion. The narrow cavity and the strong ionic interactions of the phosphate groups with ammonium guests favor binding of aliphatic diamines. These binding properties clearly distinguish this system from structurally related molecular clips and tweezers.
Nonmetal Doping as a Robust Route for Boosting the Hydrogen Evolution of Metal‐Based Electrocatalysts
Authors: Hu Qi , Li Guomin , Han Zhen , Wang Ziyu , Huang Xiaowan , Yang Hengpan , Zhang Qianling , Liu Jianhong , He Chuanxin
Published: July 2019

Recently, nonmetal doping has exhibited its great potential for boosting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of transition‐metal (TM)‐based electrocatalysts. To this end, this work overviews the recent achievements made on the design and development of the nonmetal‐doped TM‐based electrocatalysts and their performance for the HER. It is also shown that by rationally doping nonmetal elements, the electronic structures of TM‐based electrocatalysts can be effectively tuned and in turn the Gibbs free energy of the TM for adsorption of H* intermediates (ΔGH*) optimized, consequently enhancing the intrinsic activity of TM‐based electrocatalysts. Notably, we highlight that concurrently doping two nonmetal elements can continuously and precisely regulate the electronic structures of the TM, thereby maximizing the activity for HER. Moreover, nonmetal doping also accounts for enhancing the physical properties of the TM (i.e. surface area). Therefore, nonmetal doping is a robust strategy for simultaneous regulation of the chemical and physical features of the TM.
Aromatic Embrace Motifs for Bulk Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Lanigan Nicholas , Assoud Abdeljalil , Zhang Wei , Wang Xiaosong
Published: July 2019

Frequently encountered in crystalline materials, aromatic embraces (AEs) are formed when arylated molecules interact through multiple concerted aromatic interactions. AEs are a robust motif that is suitable for the preparation of amorphous bulk supramolecular polymers (BSPs). Crystal engineering revealed that the polymorphic compound (PPh3)(Cp)Fe(CO){CO(CH2)5CH3} (Cp=cyclopentadienyl), known as FpC6, assembled into various chain structures through several AE motifs. Upon melting, FpC6 always adopted the same AE motif, which extended into the corresponding embracing “ladder” chains. The resultant BSP displayed typical polymer behaviour, including the presence of a glass transition and viscoelasticity, which allowed the effect of thermal history on the polymerisation behaviour to be explored. The ladder chains formed by the AE remain assembled at temperatures of up to 130 °C and were able to effectively suppress crystallisation during cooling. The ability of the AE to form chains at high temperatures and suppress crystallisation is a new opportunity to advance the field of BSPs and supramolecular chemistry.
Undisclosed financial conflicts of interest among authors of American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Saleh Ramy R. , Majeed Habeeb , Tibau Ariadna , Booth Christopher M. , Amir Eitan
Published: July 2019

Background

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are crucial to the practice of evidence‐based medicine. Declared author financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) are common in CPGs and have been associated with endorsement of treatment. Less is known about undeclared FCOIs.

Methods

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) website was searched to identify all CPGs for systemic therapy published between August 2013 and June 2018. Data on self‐reported author FCOIs and funding sources were extracted. The Open Payments database was then searched to identify compensation to CPG authors. Concordance between declared and undeclared but verified FCOIs was assessed with Cohen's κ.

Results

For 26 CPGs, 314 nonduplicate authors were identified; 184 of these authors (59%) disclosed FCOIs. Among the remaining 130 authors, data in Open Payments were unavailable for 71 authors (non‐US residents or authors affiliated with a nonprofit organization). Among the 59 authors who declared no FCOIs and for whom Open Payments data were available, 55 (93%) had received payment from industry. The κ value for agreement between disclosed and verified FCOIs was 0.092. Among the 243 authors with FCOIs verifiable via Open Payments, 239 (98%) received payment from industry. Thirty‐four authors (62%) received more than $1000 in nonresearch funding, and 19 (35%) received more than $5000. Among the 52 first and last authors, 44 (85%) received payment from industry; 14 of these payments (32%) were not declared.

Conclusions

FCOIs among authors of ASCO CPGs are common and are not disclosed by a substantial proportion of authors with Open Payments data. Improved transparency of FCOIs should become standard practice among CPG authors. Professional societies and journal editors need to create a mechanism to verify self‐reported FCOIs.
Study on metamerism degree evaluation based on wavelength sensitive cone weighting algorithm
Authors: Chen Danqing , Xie Wen , Wan Xiaoxia
Published: July 2019

Metamerism phenomenon can be used in illuminant detection to ensure the accuracy of light source. A method based on Long‐, Middle‐, Short‐ wavelength cones(LMS) weighting algorithm to evaluate metamerism degree is proposed. The chromatic relationship between the degree of metamerism mismatch and the light source is studied. Herein, the consistency between the metameric indices (MIs) and CIE1976 L*a*b* color difference ranking is analyzed by SRCC, KRCC, PLCC and RMSE. A statistically sampling method to obtain practical LMS cone fundamentals to evaluate metamerism degree is employed. The analysis results obtained show that the method based on LMS weighting algorithm has good evaluation ability and stability in simulation experiments and statistically sampling experiments, which are in line with visual characteristics of human. Proposed method meets the requirements of selecting metameric pairs used in light source detection. The analysis results have certain guiding significance.