bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of menstruation on select hematology and clinical chemistry variables in cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Perigard Christopher J. , Parrula M. Cecilia M. , Larkin Matthew H. , Gleason Carol R.
Published: April 2016

Background

In preclinical studies with cynomolgus macaques, it is common to have one or more females presenting with menses. Published literature indicates that the blood lost during menses causes decreases in red blood cell mass variables (RBC, HGB, and HCT), which would be a confounding factor in the interpretation of drug‐related effects on clinical pathology data, but no scientific data have been published to support this claim.

Objectives

This investigation was conducted to determine if the amount of blood lost during menses in cynomolgus macaques has an effect on routine hematology and serum chemistry variables.

Methods

Ten female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), 5 to 6.5 years old, were observed daily during approximately 3 months (97 days) for the presence of menses. Hematology and serum chemistry variables were evaluated twice weekly.

Results

The results indicated that menstruation affects the erythrogram including RBC, HGB, HCT, MCHC, MCV, reticulocyte count, RDW, the leukogram including neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts, and chemistry variables, including GGT activity, and the concentrations of total proteins, albumin, globulins, and calcium. The magnitude of the effect of menstruation on susceptible variables is dependent on the duration of the menstrual phase. Macaques with menstrual phases lasting ≥ 7 days are more likely to develop changes in variables related to chronic blood loss.

Conclusions

In preclinical toxicology studies with cynomolgus macaques, interpretation of changes in several commonly evaluated hematology and serum chemistry variables requires adequate clinical observation and documentation concerning presence and duration of menses. There is a concern that macaques with long menstrual cycles can develop iron deficiency anemia due to chronic menstrual blood loss.
A systematic review of human and veterinary applications of noninvasive tissue oxygen monitoring
Authors: Salcedo Mallory C. , Tart Kelly , Hall Kelly
Published: April 2016

Objective

To describe the methodology for and utilization of tissue oxygen monitoring by near infrared spectroscopy, and to review the current literature on the use of this monitoring modality in human and veterinary settings.

Data Sources

Scientific reviews and original research found using the PubMed and CAB Abstract search engines with the following keywords: “tissue oxygen monitoring,” “near‐infrared tissue spectroscopy,” and “tissue oxygen saturation (StO2).”

Human Data Synthesis

Tissue oxygen monitors have been evaluated in a wide variety of human clinical applications including trauma and triage, surgery, sepsis, and septic shock, and early goal‐directed therapy. StO2 more rapidly identifies occult shock in human patients compared to traditional methods, which can lead to earlier intervention in these patients.

Veterinary Data Synthesis

Veterinary studies involving tissue oxygen monitoring are limited, but the technology may have utility for identification of hemorrhagic shock earlier than changes in base excess, blood lactate concentration, or other traditional perfusion parameters.

Conclusion

Tissue oxygen monitoring is most commonly performed utilizing a noninvasive, portable monitor, which provides real‐time, continuous, repeatable StO2 measurements. A decline in StO2 is an early indicator of shock in both human and veterinary patients. Low StO2 values in human patients are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and length of hospitalization, as well as the development of multiple organ system dysfunction and surgical site infections.
Effects of topical hyaluronic acid on corneal wound healing in dogs: a pilot study
Authors: Gronkiewicz Kristina M. , Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Sharma Ajay , Mohan Rajiv R.
Published: April 2016

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of topical 0.2% hyaluronic acid in canine corneal ulcers in vivo.

Procedures

Six purpose‐bred beagles were randomly assigned into two groups (three dogs/group): group A received experimental product (Optimend™, containing 0.2% hyaluronic acid, KineticVet™); group B received control product (Optimend™ without 0.2% hyaluronic acid and supplemented with carboxymethylcellulose). The clinical scorer was masked to product content and subject assignment. Under sedation and topical anesthesia, 6‐mm axial corneal epithelial debridements were performed in the left eye. Wounded corneas received standard ulcer treatment and topical product (group A) or control product (group B) three times a day (TID) until ulcers were healed. Slit‐lamp biomicroscopy was performed 6 h after wounding and then every 12 h; findings were graded according to modified McDonald–Shadduck scoring system; extraocular photography was performed after fluorescein stain application at all examination time points. Images were analyzed using NIH image j software to quantify rate of corneal epithelialization. Gelatin zymography was used to analyze matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 protein expression in tears collected at set time points during the study period.

Results

No statistical differences in clinical ophthalmic examination scores, rate of corneal epithelialization, or MMP2 or MMP9 protein expression were found between groups at any tested time point.

Conclusions

The application of 0.2% hyaluronic acid to standard ulcer medical management is well tolerated. Topical addition of the viscoelastic did not accelerate corneal wound healing compared to a topical control with similar viscosity in this study.
Evaluation of soluble glycoprotein V as an in vitro quality marker for platelet concentrates: a correlation study between in vitro platelet quality markers and the effect of storage medium
Authors: Kiminkinen L. K. M. , Krusius T. , Javela K. M.
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives

Extent of shape change (ESC), hypotonic shock response (HSR), the adhesive glycoprotein CD62P and lactate have been widely used as in vitro quality makers of platelet concentrates. Our aim was to evaluate soluble glycoprotein V (sGPV) as a platelet in vitro activation marker for platelet concentrates. Data were obtained from different validations during a twelve‐year period.

Materials and methods

Platelet concentrates stored in PAS B, PAS E with 20–35% plasma carry‐over or in plasma were prepared either from buffy coats or collected by apheresis. The samples were analysed up to day seven using sGPV, ESC, HSR, CD62P and lactate in addition to normal quality control assays.

Results

sGPV correlated statistically significantly with ESC, HSR, CD62P and lactate in platelet concentrates stored in PASs.

Conclusion

We propose that quantitative sGPV which is calculated per platelet number could be used as the first choice in vitro platelet activation marker in validations and monitoring platelet production processes. sGPV could also be a promising alternative to platelet activation assays used in interlaboratory comparisons of the quality of platelet concentrates. Quantitative lactate and lactate production rate can be used to evaluate the quality of platelets concentrates during storage. However, the formation of lactate depends on the platelet count and the amount of glucose in the product making the comparison more difficult.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of skin substitutes in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: Highlights of a Cochrane systematic review
Authors: Santema T. B. Katrien , Poyck Paul P. C. , Ubbink Dirk T.
Published: April 2016

Skin substitutes are increasingly used in the treatment of various types of acute and chronic wounds. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of skin substitutes on ulcer healing and limb salvage in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Randomized clinical trials were searched and assessed following the methodology of The Cochrane Collaboration. We included 17 trials, totaling 1655 randomized participants. Risk of bias was variable among included trials. Thirteen trials compared the skin substitutes with standard care. The pooled results showed that that skin substitutes can, in addition to standard care, increase the likelihood of achieving complete ulcer closure compared with standard care alone after 6–16 weeks (risk ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–1.85). Four of the included trials compared two types of skin substitutes but no particular product showed a superior effect over another. Two trials reported on total incidence of lower limb amputations. Pooling the results of these two trials yielded a statistically significantly lower amputation rate among patients treated with skin substitutes (risk ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.23–0.81), although the absolute risk difference was small (−0.06, 95% CI −0.10 to −0.01). This systematic review provides evidence that skin substitutes can, in addition to standard care, increase the likelihood of achieving complete ulcer closure compared with standard care alone in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. However, effectiveness on the long term, including lower limb salvage and recurrence, is currently lacking and cost‐effectiveness is unclear.
Evolutionary history and species diversity ofAfrican pouched mice (Rodentia:Nesomyidae:Saccostomus)
Authors: Mikula Ondřej , Šumbera Radim , Aghová Tatiana , Mbau Judith S. , Katakweba Abdul S. , Sabuni Christopher A. , Bryja Josef
Published: April 2016

We explore diversity ofAfrican pouched mice, genusSaccostomus(Rodentia,Nesomyidae), by sampling molecular and morphological variation across their continental‐scale distribution in southern and easternAfrican savannahs and woodlands. Both mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclearDNA(IRBP,RAG1) as well as skull morphology confirm the distinction between two recognized species,S. campestrisandS. mearnsi, with disjunct distribution in theZambezian andSomali–Maasai bioregions, respectively. Molecular dating suggests the divergence of these taxa occurred in theEarlyPliocene, 3.9 Ma before present, whereas the deepest divergences within each of them are only as old as 2.0 Ma forS. mearnsiand 1.4 Ma forS. campestris. Based on cytochrome b phylogeny, we defined five clades (three withinS. campestris, two inS. mearnsi) whose species status was considered in the light of nuclearDNAmarkers and morphology. We conclude thatS. campestrisgroup consists of two subspeciesS. campestris campestris(Peters, 1846; comprising two cytochrome b clades) andS. campestris mashonae(deWinton, 1897) that are moderately differentiated, albeit distinct inIRBPand skull form. They likely hybridize to a limited extent along theKafue–ZambeziRivers.Saccostomus mearnsigroup consists of two species,S. mearnsi(Heller, 1910) andS. umbriventer(Miller, 1910), that are markedly differentiated in both nuclear markers and skull form and may possibly co‐occur in south‐westernKenya and north‐easternTanzania. Analysis of historical demography suggests both subspecies ofS. campestrisexperienced population expansion dated to theLastGlacial. In the present range ofS. campestrisgroup, the distribution modelling suggests a moderate fragmentation of suitable habitats during the last glacial cycle, whereas in the range ofS. mearnsigroup it predicts substantial shifts of its occurrence in the same period.
Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and reduced β‐cell mass in pancreatic islets of hyperthyroid rats
Authors: Karbalaei Narges , Noorafshan Ali , Hoshmandi Ebrahim
Published: April 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Thyroid dysfunction can have a major impact on pancreatic function. The influence of hyperthyroidism on insulin secretion remains controversial, and the precise mechanism of its effect has not yet been elucidated.

What is the main finding and its importance?

The results of this study demonstrate that hyperthyroidism leads to impaired insulin secretion. It appears that the defect in insulin secretion in the hyperthyroid state probably reflects a summation of different alterations, including decreased sensitivity of ATP‐sensitive K+ and L‐type Ca2+ channels of the β‐cells and reduced β‐cell mass.

To clarify the mechanism underlying the effect of thyroid hormone excess on pancreatic insulin secretion and abnormal glucose tolerance induced by hyperthyroidism, we investigated the effect of hyperthyroidism on the pancreatic β‐cell mass and two key components of the insulin secretory pathway, ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) and L‐type Ca2+ channels. In control and levothyroxine‐treated hyperthyroid rats, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed, and the insulin secretion and content of the isolated islets were assayed. In order to determine the effect of hyperthyroidism on KATP and L‐type Ca2+ channels, isolated islets were exposed to specific pharmacological agents, including glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker), diazoxide (KATP channel opener) and nifedipine (L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker). Histomorphometric changes and histochemistry of the islet in both groups were compared. Our data indicated that plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in the hyperthyroid group were, respectively, higher and lower than in the control group. Insulin secretion and content of the hyperthyroid islets were reduced. The response of hyperthyroid islets to glibenclamide, diazoxide and nifedipine and the percentage change in insulin secretion were lower than those of the control islets. Despite the increase in weight and total volume of the pancreas, the volume of the islets and the total number of insulin‐positive cells in hyperthyroid rats were reduced. Our data indicated that reduced insulin secretion in the hyperthyroid group might arise from reduced β‐cell mass and an abnormality in some parts of the insulin secretory pathway, including KATP and L‐type Ca2+ channel function.
Lessons from altitude: cerebral perfusion insights and their potential translational clinical significance
Authors: Imray Chris
Published: April 2016

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

The long‐held assumption that transcranial Doppler middle cerebral artery velocity is a surrogate for cerebral blood flow has been questioned in certain circumstances, particularly where tissue oxygenation changes.

What advances does it highlight?

Cerebral venous outflow restriction appears to be implicated in the development of high‐altitude cerebral oedema.

Rapid ascent to high altitude commonly results in acute mountain sickness and, on occasion, potentially fatal high‐altitude cerebral oedema. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms behind these syndromes remain to be determined. One of the main theories to explain the development of acute mountain sickness is an increase in intracranial pressure. Vasogenic (extracellular water accumulation attributable to increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier) and cytotoxic (intracellular) oedema have also been postulated as potential mechanisms that underlie high‐altitude cerebral oedema. Recently published findings derived from a very challenging field study (obtained at altitudes of up to 7950 m), substantiated by sea‐level hypoxic magnetic resonance angiography studies, have given new insights into the maintenance of cerebral blood flow at altitude. This report provides new perspectives and potential mechanisms to account for the maintenance of cerebral oxygen delivery at high and extreme altitude. In particular, the long‐held assumption that transcranial Doppler middle cerebral artery velocity is a surrogate for cerebral blood flow has been shown to be incorrect in certain circumstances. The emerging evidence for a potential third mechanism, namely the restrictive venous outflow hypothesis, in the development of high‐altitude cerebral oedema, over and above the accepted vasogenic and cytotoxic hypotheses, is also appraised.
Maternal obesity epigenetically alters visceral fat progenitor cell properties in male offspring mice
Authors: Liang Xingwei , Yang Qiyuan , Fu Xing , Rogers Carl J. , Wang Bo , Pan Hong , Zhu Mei‐Jun , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Du Min
Published: April 2016

Key points

Maternal obesity reduces adipogenic progenitor density in offspring adipose tissue.

The ability of adipose tissue expansion in the offspring of obese mothers is limited and is associated with metabolic dysfunction of adipose tissue when challenged with a high‐fat diet.

Maternal obesity induces DNA demethylation in the promoter of zinc finger protein 423, which renders progenitor cells with a high adipogenic capacity.

Maternal obesity demonstrates long‐term effects on the adipogenic capacity of progenitor cells in offspring adipose tissue, demonstrating a developmental programming effect.

Maternal obesity (MO) programs offspring obesity and metabolic disorders, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Progenitor cells are the source of new adipocytes. The present study aimed to test whether MO epigenetically predisposes adipocyte progenitors in the fat of offspring to adipogenic differentiation and subsequent depletion, which leads to a failure of adipose tissue plasticity under positive energy balance, contributing to adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction. C57BL/6 female mice were fed either a control diet (10% energy from fat) or a high‐fat diet (45% energy from fat) for 8 weeks before mating. Male offspring of control (Con) and obese (OB) dams were weaned onto a regular (Reg) or obesogenic (Obe) diet until 3 months of age. At weaning, male OB offspring had a higher expression of Zinc finger protein 423 (zfp423), a key transcription factor in adipogenesis, as well as lower DNA methylation of its promoter in progenitors of epididymal fat compared to Con offspring, which was correlated with enhanced adipogenic differentiation. At 3 months of age, progenitor density was 30.9 ± 9.7% lower in OB/Obe compared to Con/Obe mice, accompanied by a limited expansion of the adipocyte number when challenged with a high‐energy diet. This difference was associated with lower DNA methylation in the zfp423 promoter in the epididymal fat of OB/Obe offspring, which was correlated with greater macrophage chemotactic protein‐1 and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α expression. In summary, MO epigenetically limits the expansion capacity of offspring adipose tissue, providing an explanation for the adipose metabolic dysfunction of male offspring in the setting of MO.
The rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: the master clock ticks at 30 Hz
Authors: Tsuji Takahiro , Tsuji Chiharu , Ludwig Mike , Leng Gareth
Published: April 2016

Key points

Light‐responsive neurones in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus discharge with a harmonic distribution of interspike intervals, whereas unresponsive neurones seldom do.

This harmonic patterning has a fundamental frequency of close to 30 Hz, and is the same in light‐on cells as in light‐off cells, and is unaffected by exposure to light.

Light‐on cells are more active than light‐off cells in both subjective day and subjective night, and both light‐on cells and light‐off cells respond more strongly to changes in light intensity during the subjective night than during the subjective day.

Paired recordings indicate that the discharge of adjacent light‐responsive cells is very tightly synchronized.

The gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone increases the spontaneous activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones but does not block the harmonic discharge patterning.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus has an essential role in orchestrating circadian rhythms of behaviour and physiology. In the present study, we recorded from single SCN neurons in urethane‐anaesthetized rats, categorized them by the statistical features of their electrical activity and by their responses to light, and examined how activity in the light phase differs from activity in the dark phase. We classified cells as light‐on cells or light‐off cells according to how their firing rate changed in acute response to light, or as non‐responsive cells. In both sets of light‐responsive neurons, responses to light were stronger at subjective night than in subjective day. Neuronal firing patterns were analysed by constructing hazard functions from interspike interval data. For most light‐responsive cells, the hazard functions showed a multimodal distribution, with a harmonic sequence of modes, indicating that spike activity was driven by an oscillatory input with a fundamental frequency of close to 30 Hz; this harmonic pattern was rarely seen in non‐responsive SCN cells. The frequency of the rhythm was the same in light‐on cells as in light‐off cells, was the same in subjective day as at subjective night, and was unaffected by exposure to light. Paired recordings indicated that the discharge of adjacent light‐responsive neurons was very tightly synchronized, consistent with electrical coupling.
Characterization of Seed Storage Proteins from Chickpea Using 2D Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Singh Pramod Kumar , Shrivastava Nidhi , Chaturvedi Krishna , Sharma Bechan , Bhagyawant Sameer S.
Published: April 2016

Proteomic analysis was employed to map the seed storage protein network in landrace and cultivated chickpea accessions. Protein extracts were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) across a broad range 3.0–10.0 immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips. Comparative elucidation of differentially expressed proteins between two diverse geographically originated chickpea accessions was carried out using 2D-GE coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 600 protein spots were detected in these accessions. In-gel protein expression patterns revealed three protein spots as upregulated and three other as downregulated. Using trypsin in-gel digestion, these differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) which showed 45% amino acid homology of chickpea seed storage proteins withArabidopsis thaliana.
An Analysis of Bank Service Satisfaction Based on Quantile Regression and Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Pan Wen-Tsao , Leu Yungho
Published: April 2016

Bank service satisfaction is vital to the success of a bank. In this paper, we propose to use the grey relational analysis to gauge the levels of service satisfaction of the banks. With the grey relational analysis, we compared the effects of different variables on service satisfaction. We gave ranks to the banks according to their levels of service satisfaction. We further used the quantile regression model to find the variables that affected the satisfaction of a customer at a specific quantile of satisfaction level. The result of the quantile regression analysis provided a bank manager with information to formulate policies to further promote satisfaction of the customers at different quantiles of satisfaction level. We also compared the prediction accuracies of the regression models at different quantiles. The experiment result showed that, among the seven quantile regression models, the median regression model has the best performance in terms of RMSE, RTIC, and CE performance measures.
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Outcomes of Syphilitic Uveitis in a Chinese Population
Authors: Zhang Rui , Qian Jiang , Guo Jie , Yuan Yifei , Xue Kang , Yue Han , Chen Ling
Published: April 2016

Purpose. To describe the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in a Chinese population.Methods. This is a retrospective case series of 15 consecutive patients with syphilitic uveitis treated at a uveitis referral center between 2012 and 2015.Results. Fifteen patients were diagnosed with syphilitic uveitis based on positive serological tests. Nine patients were male. Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus was detected in two patients. Twenty eyes presented with panuveitis and all patients had posterior involvement. The most frequent manifestations were retinal vasculitis and papillitis, while syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis was only found in three eyes. All patients received systemic penicillin therapy according to CDC guidelines. Nine patients were misdiagnosed before presenting to our center and the delay in treatment with penicillin was associated with poor final visual outcomes (P<0.05).Conclusions. In our series, both male and female were almost equally affected and coinfection of syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus was uncommon. All patients in this study had posterior involvement and the most common manifestations were retinal vasculitis and papillitis. Syphilis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis especially for posterior uveitis and panuveitis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for visual prognosis.
The Contribution of Thalamocortical Core and Matrix Pathways to Sleep Spindles
Authors: Piantoni Giovanni , Halgren Eric , Cash Sydney S.
Published: April 2016

Sleep spindles arise from the interaction of thalamic and cortical neurons. Neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) inhibit thalamocortical neurons, which in turn excite the TRN and cortical neurons. A fundamental principle of anatomical organization of the thalamocortical projections is the presence of two pathways: the diffuse matrix pathway and the spatially selective core pathway. Cortical layers are differentially targeted by these two pathways with matrix projections synapsing in superficial layers and core projections impinging on middle layers. Based on this anatomical observation, we propose that spindles can be classified into two classes, those arising from the core pathway and those arising from the matrix pathway, although this does not exclude the fact that some spindles might combine both pathways at the same time. We find evidence for this hypothesis in EEG/MEG studies, intracranial recordings, and computational models that incorporate this difference. This distinction will prove useful in accounting for the multiple functions attributed to spindles, in that spindles of different types might act on local and widespread spatial scales. Because spindle mechanisms are often hijacked in epilepsy and schizophrenia, the classification proposed in this review might provide valuable information in defining which pathways have gone awry in these neurological disorders.
Machine Learning Based Statistical Prediction Model for Improving Performance of Live Virtual Machine Migration
Authors: Patel Minal , Chaudhary Sanjay , Garg Sanjay
Published: April 2016

Service can be delivered anywhere and anytime in cloud computing using virtualization. The main issue to handle virtualized resources is to balance ongoing workloads. The migration of virtual machines has two major techniques: (i) reducing dirty pages using CPU scheduling and (ii) compressing memory pages. The available techniques for live migration are not able to predict dirty pages in advance. In the proposed framework, time series based prediction techniques are developed using historical analysis of past data. The time series is generated with transferring of memory pages iteratively. Here, two different regression based models of time series are proposed. The first model is developed using statistical probability based regression model and it is based on ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) model. The second one is developed using statistical learning based regression model and it uses SVR (support vector regression) model. These models are tested on real data set of Xen to compute downtime, total number of pages transferred, and total migration time. The ARIMA model is able to predict dirty pages with 91.74% accuracy and the SVR model is able to predict dirty pages with 94.61% accuracy that is higher than ARIMA.
Risks of Mycotoxins from Mycoinsecticides to Humans
Authors: Hu Qiongbo , Li Fuxia , Zhang Yuping
Published: April 2016

There are more than thirty mycotoxins produced by fungal entomopathogens. Totally, they belong to two classes, NRP and PK mycotoxins. Most of mycotoxins have not been paid sufficient attention yet. Generally, mycotoxins do not exist in mycoinsecticide and might not be released to environments unless entomogenous fungus proliferates and produces mycotoxins in host insects or probably in plants. Some mycotoxins, destruxins as an example, are decomposed in host insects before they, with the insect’s cadavers together, are released to environments. Many species of fungal entomopathogens have the endophytic characteristics. But we do not know if fungal entomopathogens produce mycotoxins in plants and release them to environments. On the contrary, the same mycotoxins produced by phytopathogens such asFusariumspp. andAspergillusspp. have been paid enough concerns. In conclusion, mycotoxins from mycoinsecticides have limited ways to enter environments. The risks of mycotoxins from mycoinsecticides contaminating foods are controllable.
Virulence Genes amongEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumIsolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico
Authors: Ferguson Donna M. , Talavera Ginamary Negrón , Hernández Luis A. Ríos , Weisberg Stephen B. , Ambrose Richard F. , Jay Jennifer A.
Published: April 2016

MostEnterococcus faecalisandE. faeciumare harmless to humans; however, strains harboring virulence genes, includingesp, gelE, cylA, asa1, andhyl, have been associated with human infections.E. faecalisandE. faeciumare present in beach waters worldwide, yet little is known about their virulence potential. Here, multiplex PCR was used to compare the distribution of virulence genes amongE. faecalisandE. faeciumisolated from beaches in Southern California and Puerto Rico to isolates from potential sources including humans, animals, birds, and plants. All five virulence genes were found inE. faecalisandE. faeciumfrom beach water, mostly amongE. faecalis.gelEwas the most common among isolates from all source types. There was a lower incidence ofasa1,esp,cylA, andhylgenes among isolates from beach water, sewage, septage, urban runoff, sea wrack, and eelgrass as compared to human isolates, indicating that virulent strains ofE. faecalisandE. faeciummay not be widely disseminated at beaches. A higher frequency ofasa1andespamongE. faecalisfrom dogs and ofasa1among birds (mostly seagull) suggests that further studies on the distribution and virulence potential of strains carrying these genes may be warranted.
Effect of Frankincense Extract on Nerve Recovery in the Rat Sciatic Nerve Damage Model
Authors: Jiang Xiaowen , Ma Jun , Wei Qingwei , Feng Xinxin , Qiao Lu , Liu Lin , Zhang Binqing , Yu Wenhui
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the effect of frankincense extract on peripheral nerve regeneration in a crush injury rat model. Forty‐eight Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control and frankincense extract low‐, medium‐, and high‐dose groups. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following the surgery, nerve regeneration and functional recovery were evaluated using the sciatic functional index (SFI), expression of GAP‐43, and the proliferation of Schwann cells (SCs) in vivo and in vitro. At day 7, the SFI in the frankincense extract high‐dose group was significantly improved compared with the control group. After day 14, SFI was significantly improved in the medium‐ and high‐dose groups. There was no significant difference in GAP‐43 expression among the groups at day 7. However, after day 14, expression of GAP‐43 in the high‐dose group was higher than that in the control group. Histological evaluation showed that the injured nerve of frankincense extract high‐dose group recovered better than the other groups 28 days after surgery. Further, S100 immunohistochemical staining, MTT colorimetry, and flow cytometry assays all showed that frankincense extract could promote the proliferation of SCs. In conclusion, frankincense extract is able to promote sciatic nerve regeneration and improve the function of a crushed sciatic nerve. This study provides a new direction for the repair of peripheral nerve injury.
Trust Dynamics in WSNs: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Approach
Authors: Shen Shigen , Huang Longjun , Fan En , Hu Keli , Liu Jianhua , Cao Qiying
Published: April 2016

A sensor node (SN) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can decide whether to collaborate with others based on a trust management system (TMS) by making a trust decision. In this paper, we study the trust decision and its dynamics that play a key role to stabilize the whole network using evolutionary game theory. When SNs are making their decisions to select actionTrustorMistrust, a WSNs trust game is created to reflect their utilities. An incentive mechanism bound with one SN’s trust degree is incorporated into this trust game and effectively promotes SNs to select actionTrust. The replicator dynamics of SNs’ trust evolution, illustrating the evolutionary process of SNs selecting their actions, are given. We then propose and prove the theorems indicating that evolutionarily stable strategies can be attained under different parameter values, which supply theoretical foundations to devise a TMS for WSNs. Moreover, we can find out the conditions that will lead SNs to choose actionTrustas their final behavior. In this manner, we can assure WSNs’ security and stability by introducing a trust mechanism to satisfy these conditions. Experimental results have confirmed the proposed theorems and the effects of the incentive mechanism.
Delay for First Consultation and Its Associated Factors among New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients of Central Nepal
Authors: Laohasiriwong Wongsa , Mahato Roshan Kumar , Koju Rajendra , Vaeteewootacharn Kriangsak
Published: April 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health challenge in Nepal and worldwide. Most transmissions occur between the onset of symptoms and the consultation with formal health care centers. This study aimed to determine the duration of delay for the first consultation and its associated factors with unacceptable delay among the new sputum pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the central development region of Nepal. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the central development region of Nepal between January and May 2015. New pulmonary sputum positive tuberculosis patients were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire and their medical records were reviewed. Among a total of 374 patients, the magnitude of patient delay was 53.21% (95% CI: 48.12–58.28%) with a median delay of 32 days and an interquartile range of 11–70 days. The factors associated with unacceptable patient delay (duration ≥ 30 days) were residence in the rural area (adj. OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.10–8.72;pvalue = 0.032) and DOTS center located more than 5 km away from their residences (adj. OR = 5.53, 95% CI: 2.18–13.99;pvalue < 0.001). Unemployed patients were more likely to have patient delay (adj. OR = 7.79, 95% CI: 1.64–37.00;pvalue = 0.010) when controlled for other variables.
Dissipation of Impact Stress Waves within the Artificial Blasting Damage Zone in the Surrounding Rocks of Deep Roadway
Authors: Ning Jianguo , Wang Jun , Tan Yunliang , Shi Xinshuai
Published: April 2016

Artificial explosions are commonly used to prevent rockburst in deep roadways. However, the dissipation of the impact stress wave within the artificial blasting damage zone (ABDZ) of the rocks surrounding a deep roadway has not yet been clarified. The surrounding rocks were divided into the elastic zone, blasting damage zone, plastic zone, and anchorage zone in this research. Meanwhile, the ABDZ was divided into the pulverizing area, fractured area, and cracked area from the inside out. Besides, the model of the normal incidence of the impact stress waves in the ABDZ was established; the attenuation coefficient of the amplitude of the impact stress waves was obtained after it passed through the intact rock mass, and ABDZ, to the anchorage zone. In addition, a numerical simulation was used to study the dynamic response of the vertical stress and impact-induced vibration energy in the surrounding rocks. By doing so, the dissipation of the impact stress waves within the ABDZ of the surrounding rocks was revealed. As demonstrated in the field application, the establishment of the ABDZ in the surrounding rocks reduced the effect of the impact-induced vibration energy on the anchorage support system of the roadway.
The Effect of Rail Fastening System Modifications on Tram Traffic Noise and Vibration
Authors: Lakušić Stjepan , Haladin Ivo , Ahac Maja
Published: April 2016

Tram system is a backbone of public transportation in the City of Zagreb. In the last decade, its fleet has been renewed by 142 new low-floor trams. Shortly after their introduction, it was observed that they have a negative impact on the exploitation behavior of tram infrastructure, primarily on the durability of rail fastening systems. Because of that, it was decided to modify existing rail fastening systems to the new track exploitation conditions. When the (re)construction of tram infrastructure is carried out by applying new systems and technologies, it is necessary to take into account their impact on the future propagation of noise and vibration in the environment. This paper gives a short overview of the characteristics of the two newly developed rail fastening systems for Zagreb tram tracks, their application in construction of experimental track section, and performance and comparison of noise and vibration measurements results. Measured data on track vibrations and noise occurring during passage of the tram vehicles is analyzed in terms of track decay rates and equivalent noise levels of passing referent vehicle. Vibroacoustic performance of new fastening systems is evaluated and compared to referent fastening system, in order to investigate their ability to absorb vibration energy induced by tram operation and to reduce noise emission.
Fish Oil Reduces Hepatic Injury by Maintaining Normal Intestinal Permeability and Microbiota in Chronic Ethanol-Fed Rats
Authors: Chen Jiun-Rong , Chen Ya-Ling , Peng Hsiang-Chi , Lu Yu-An , Chuang Hsiao-Li , Chang Hsiao-Yun , Wang Hsiao-Yun , Su Yu-Ju , Yang Suh-Ching
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of fish oil on hepatic injury in ethanol-fed rats based on the intestinal permeability and microbiota. Rats were assigned to 6 groups and fed either a control diet or an ethanol diet such as C (control), CF25 (control with 25% fish oil), CF57 (control with 57% fish oil), E (ethanol), EF25 (ethanol with 25% fish oil), and EF57 (ethanol with 57% fish oil) groups. Rats were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic cytokines, and plasma endotoxin levels were significantly higher in the E group. In addition, hepatic histopathological analysis scores in the E group were significantly elevated. Rats in the E group also showed increased intestinal permeability and decreased numbers of fecalBifidobacterium. However, plasma AST and ALT activities and hepatic cytokine levels were significantly lower in the EF25 and EF57 groups. Histological changes and intestinal permeability were also improved in the EF25 and EF57 groups. The fecalEscherichia colinumbers were significantly lower, but fecalBifidobacteriumnumbers were significantly higher in the EF25 and EF57 groups.
Difficulties and Problematic Steps in Teaching the Onstep Technique for Inguinal Hernia Repair, Results from a Focus Group Interview
Authors: Andresen Kristoffer , Laursen Jannie , Rosenberg Jacob
Published: April 2016

Background. When a new surgical technique is brought into a department, it is often experienced surgeons that learn it first and then pass it on to younger surgeons in training. This study seeks to clarify the problems and positive experiences when teaching and training surgeons in the Onstep technique for inguinal hernia repair, seen from the instructor’s point of view.Methods. We designed a qualitative study using a focus group to allow participants to elaborate freely and facilitate a discussion. Participants were surgeons with extensive experience in performing the Onstep technique from Germany, UK, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, and Sweden.Results. Four main themes were found, with one theme covering three subthemes:instruction of others (experience, patient selection, and tailored teaching), comfort, concerns/fear, and anatomy.Conclusion. Surgeons receiving a one-day training course should preferably have experience with other types of hernia repairs. If trainees are inexperienced, the training setup should be a traditional step-by-step programme. A training setup should consist of an explanation of the technique with emphasis on anatomy and difficult parts of the procedure and then a training day should follow. Surgeons teaching surgery can use these findings to improve their everyday practice.
Innovation Drivers and Outputs for Software Firms: Literature Review and Concept Development
Authors: Rose Jeremy , Furneaux Brent
Published: April 2016

Software innovation, the ability to produce novel and useful software systems, is an important capability for software development organizations and information system developers alike. However, the software development literature has traditionally focused on automation and efficiency while the innovation literature has given relatively little consideration to the software development context. As a result, there is a gap in our understanding of how software product and process innovation can be managed. Specifically, little attention has been directed toward synthesizing prior learning or providing an integrative perspective on the key concepts and focus of software innovation research. We therefore identify 93 journal articles and conference papers within the domain of software innovation and analyse repeating patterns in this literature using content analysis and causal mapping. We identify drivers and outputs for software innovation and develop an integrated theory-oriented concept map. We then discuss the implications of this map for future research.
Arm Crank and Wheelchair Ergometry Produce Similar Peak Oxygen Uptake but Different Work Economy Values in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Tørhaug Tom , Brurok Berit , Hoff Jan , Helgerud Jan , Leivseth Gunnar
Published: April 2016

Objective.To study whether values for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and work economy (WE) at a standardized workload are different when tested by arm crank ergometry (ACE) and wheelchair ergometry (WCE).Methods.Twelve paraplegic men with spinal cord injury (SCI) in stable neurological condition participated in this cross-sectional repeated-measures study. We determinedVO2peakand peak power output (POpeak) values during ACE and WCE in a work-matched protocol. Work economy was tested at a standardized workload of 30 Watts (W) for both ACE and WCE.Results.There were no significant differences inVO2peak(mL·kg−1·min−1) between ACE (27.3±3.2) and WCE (27.4±3.8) trials, and a Bland-Altman plot shows that findings are within 95% level of agreement. WE or oxygen consumption at 30 W (VO2-30W) was significantly lower during WCE compared to ACE (P<0.039). Mean (95% CI)POpeak(W) were 130 (111–138) and 100 (83–110) during ACE and WCE, respectively.Conclusion.The findings in the present study support the use of both ACE and WCE for testing peak oxygen uptake. However, WE differed between the two test modalities, meaning that less total energy is used to perform external work of 30 W during wheelchair exercise when using this WCE (VP100 Handisport ergometer). Clinical Trials Protocol Record isNCT00987155/4.2007.2271.
Mindfulness for Motor and Nonmotor Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Dissanayaka Nadeeka N. W. , Idu Jion Farah , Pachana Nancy A. , O’Sullivan John D. , Marsh Rodney , Byrne Gerard J. , Harnett Paul
Published: April 2016

Background. Motor and nonmotor symptoms negatively influence Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients’ quality of life. Mindfulness interventions have been a recent focus in PD. The present study explores effectiveness of a manualized group mindfulness intervention tailored for PD in improving both motor and neuropsychiatric deficits in PD.Methods. Fourteen PD patients completed an 8-week mindfulness intervention that included 6 sessions. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, PD Cognitive Rating Scale, Unified PD Rating Scale, PD Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) were administered before and after the intervention. Participants also completed the FFMQ-15 at each session. Gains at postassessment and at 6-month follow-up were compared to baseline using pairedt-tests and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests.Results. A significant increase in FFMQ-Observe subscale, a reduction in anxiety, depression, and OQ-45 symptom distress, an increase in PDCRS-Subcortical scores, and an improvement in postural instability, gait, and rigidity motor symptoms were observed at postassessment. Gains for the PDCRS were sustained at follow-up.Conclusion. The mindfulness intervention tailored for PD is associated with reduced anxiety and depression and improved cognitive and motor functioning. A randomised controlled trial using a large sample of PD patients is warranted.
Potential Germination Success of Exotic and Native Trees Coexisting in Central Spain Riparian Forests
Authors: Cabra-Rivas Isabel , Castro-Díez Pilar
Published: April 2016

We compared potential germination success (i.e., percentage of produced seeds that germinate under optimal conditions), the percentage of empty and insect-damaged seeds, germinability (Gmax), and time to germination (Tgerm) between the exoticsAilanthus altissima,Robinia pseudoacacia,andUlmus pumilaand two coexisting native trees (Fraxinus angustifoliaandUlmus minor) in the riparian forests of Central Spain. Additionally, we tested the effect of seed age, seed bank type (canopy or soil) and population onGmaxandTgermofA. altissimaandR. pseudoacacia, which are seed-banking species. Species ranked by their potential germination success wereA. altissima>U. pumila>R. pseudoacacia>U. minor>F. angustifolia. The combination of a highGmaxand negligible seed insect-damage providedA. altissimawith a potential germination advantage over the natives, which were the least successful due to an extremely high percentage of empty seeds or a very lowGmax.R. pseudoacaciashowed high vulnerability to insect seed predation which might be compensated with the maintenance of persistent seed banks with highGmax.GmaxandTgermwere strongly affected by seed age in the seed-banking invaders, but between-seed bank variation ofGmaxandTgermdid not show a consistent pattern across species and populations.
Dental and Nondental Stem Cell Based Regeneration of the Craniofacial Region: A Tissue Based Approach
Authors: Hughes Declan , Song Bing
Published: April 2016

Craniofacial reconstruction may be a necessary treatment for those who have been affected by trauma, disease, or pathological developmental conditions. The use of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering shows massive potential as a future treatment modality. Currently in the literature, there is a wide variety of published experimental studies utilising the different stem cell types available and the plethora of available scaffold materials. This review investigates different stem cell sources and their unique characteristics to suggest an ideal cell source for regeneration of individual craniofacial tissues. At present, understanding and clinical applications of stem cell therapy remain in their infancy with numerous challenges to overcome. In spite of this, the field displays immense capacity and will no doubt be utilised in future clinical treatments of craniofacial regeneration.