bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered development and function of the placental regions in preeclampsia and its association with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Rani Alka , Wadhwani Nisha , Chavan‐Gautam Preeti , Joshi Sadhana
Published: May 2016

The placenta is an essential organ formed during pregnancy that mainly transfers nutrients from the mother to the fetus. Nutrients taken up by the placenta are required for its own growth and development and to optimize fetal growth. Hence, placental function is an important determinant of pregnancy outcome. Among various nutrients, fatty acids, especially long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), including omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, are essential for placental development from the time of implantation. Studies have associated these LCPUFAs with placental development through their roles in regulating oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and inflammation, which may in turn influence their transfer to the fetus. The placenta has a heterogeneous morphology with variable regional vasculature, oxidative stress, and LCPUFA levels in healthy pregnancies depending upon the location within the placenta. However, these regional structural and functional parameters are found to be disturbed in pathological conditions, such as preeclampsia (PE), thereby affecting pregnancy outcome. Hence, the alterations in LCPUFA metabolism and transport in different regions of the PE placenta as compared with normal placenta could potentially be contributing to the pathological features of PE. The regional variations in development and function of the placenta and its possible association with placental LCPUFA metabolism and transport in normal and PE pregnancies are discussed in this review. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:582–597. doi: 10.1002/wdev.238

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing

Early Embryonic Development > Fertilization to Gastrulation

Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular
Role of frameshift ubiquitin B protein in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chen Xin , Petranovic Dina
Published: May 2016

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Since the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular protein quality control (PQC) system in eukaryotic cells, it is likely involved in the etiology of AD. The frameshift form of ubiquitin (Ubb+1) accumulates in the neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in patients with AD. Ubb+1 accumulates in an age‐dependent manner as a result of RNA‐polymerase mediated molecular misreading during transcription, which allows the formation of mutant proteins in the absence of gene mutations. The accumulation of the Ubb+1 protein may act as an endogenous reporter for proteasome dysfunction and a growing number of studies have shown that Ubb+1 may play more important pathogenic roles in AD etiology than previously hypothesized. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae shares many conserved biological processes with all eukaryotic cells, including human neurons. This organism has been regarded as a model system for investigating the fundamental intracellular mechanisms, including those underlying neurodegeneration. We propose here that yeast systems biology approaches, combined with cell and molecular biology approaches will increase the relevant knowledge needed for advancement and elucidation of mechanisms and complex traits, which could provide new targets for therapeutic intervention in AD. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:300–313. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1340

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organismal Models
Cluster Helix Structure of the Binary Compound W5I12
Authors: Ströbele Markus , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: May 2016

The binary tungsten iodide W5I12 forms an unprecedented one‐dimensional helical structure. A crystal structure refinement performed on basis of X‐ray powder diffraction data revealed the space group P61 [Z = 6, a = 993.97(2) pm, c = 4226.73(9) pm]. The crystal structure is based on [(W5I8i)I3aI2/2a‐a] clusters, interconnected by two shared apical iodido ligands to form helical chain arrangements.
From structural biology to designing therapy for inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Yue Wyatt W.
Published: May 2016

At the SSIEM Symposium in Istanbul 2010, I presented an overview of protein structural approaches in the study of inborn errors of metabolism (Yue and Oppermann 2011). Five years on, the field is going strong with new protein structures, uncovered catalytic functions and novel chemical matters for metabolic enzymes, setting the stage for the next generation of drug discovery. This article aims to update on recent advances and lessons learnt on inborn errors of metabolism via the protein‐centric approach, citing examples of work from my group, collaborators and co‐workers that cover diverse pathways of transsulfuration, cobalamin and glycogen metabolism. Taking into consideration that many inborn errors of metabolism result in the loss of enzyme function, this presentation aims to outline three key principles that guide the design of small molecule therapy in this technically challenging field: (1) integrating structural, biochemical and cell‐based data to evaluate the wide spectrum of mutation‐driven enzyme defects in stability, catalysis and protein‐protein interaction; (2) studying multi‐domain proteins and multi‐protein complexes as examples from nature, to learn how enzymes are activated by small molecules; (3) surveying different regions of the enzyme, away from its active site, that can be targeted for the design of allosteric activators and inhibitors.
The Roles of Agricultural Economists in Food System Research
Authors: Goetz Stephan J.
Published: May 2016

Public interest in food systems has grown dramatically, and agricultural economists have important roles to play in contributing to and leading large-scale interdisciplinary studies of the subject. Key topics include understanding food system participants' behaviors and incentives and determining what food systems can and cannot achieve. I review a global food-security project funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture that illustrates the interactions between production, distribution, and consumption of food and regional self-reliance, as well as other important areas in which agricultural and regional economists can gainfully apply their tools and methods, including studies of the impacts of local food and network analyses.
Insights into a million-year-scale Rhenohercynian carbonate platform evolution through a multi-disciplinary approach: example of a Givetian carbonate record from Belgium
Authors: PAS D. , DA SILVA A. C. , DEVLEESCHOUWER X. , DE VLEESCHOUWER D. , CORNET P. , LABAYE C. , BOULVAIN F.
Published: May 2016

In this paper we formulate answers to three important questions related to Givetian carbonate records and their use for reconstructing million-year-scale past palaeoenvironmental changes. First, we provide detailed illustrations of the fascinating diversity that shaped a significant shallow reefal platform during early to late Givetian time in the Rhenohercynian Ocean; secondly we improve the sedimentological model of the extensive Givetian carbonate platform in the Dinant Basin; and thirdly we evaluate the application of magnetic susceptibility as a tool for long-term trend correlations and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. These goals are reached by making a sedimentological, geophysical and geochemical study of the La Thure section. Through the early–late Givetian interval we discerned 18 microfacies ranging from a homoclinal ramp to a discontinuously rimmed shelf and then a drowning shelf. The comparison of these sedimentological results with those published for the south of the Dinant Syncline allowed us to provide an up to date model of the vertical and lateral environmental development of one of the largest Givetian carbonate platforms in Europe. This comparison also increased the knowledge on the distribution of facies belts in the Dinant Basin and allowed us to highlight the Taghanic Event. Palaeoredox proxies reveal a substantial change in the oxygenation level, from oxygen-depleted to more oxic conditions, between middle and late Givetian time. We demonstrated the relationship between variation in magnetic susceptibility values and proxies for siliciclastic input (such as Si, Al). The La Thure section is considered a key section for the understanding of internal shelf settings bordering Laurussia's southeastern margin.
Carbon-isotope anomalies and demise of carbonate platforms in the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the Tethyan region: evidence from the Southern Alps (Northern Italy)
Authors: MASETTI DANIELE , FIGUS BILLY , JENKYNS HUGH C. , BARATTOLO FILIPPO , MATTIOLI EMANUELA , POSENATO RENATO
Published: May 2016

Despite its global impact on ecosystems, the Triassic/Jurassic boundary event had only a modest effect on the carbonate depositional systems of the Southern Alps, whereas a fundamental reorganization of the same palaeogeographic area took place during the Sinemurian Age. This paper investigates whether or not the well-documented demise of Sinemurian carbonate platforms in the Tethyan region was a response to a global event by examination of carbon-isotope anomalies in successions of different facies that record this interval of time. A chemostratigraphic transect from Lake Garda up to the eastern Italian border is illustrated by four stratigraphic sections; high-resolution (20 cm over key intervals) chemostratigraphic sampling allowed detection of a major negative δ13C anomaly of ~ 1.5‰, preceded by a positive excursion, both in shallow- and deep-water successions, over the stratigraphical range of the ammonite genusArnioceras. A comparison with sections from the UK suggests that the positive excursion belongs to theturneriZone and the succeeding negative excursion falls within theobtusumZone. In the deep-water Belluno Basin, the negative anomaly occurs in a biogenic chert-rich unit recording the onset of mesotrophic conditions in the basin. In the platform-carbonate successions, this major negative carbon-isotope excursion is developed within a calcarenitic unit corresponding to the lowest occurrence of the foraminiferPaleomayncina termieri. This evidence for deepening and transgression across the carbonate platform suggests pre-conditioning for drowning. Hence, rather than tectonic subsidence alone, environmental factors may have aided the demise of Tethyan carbonate platforms during the Early Jurassic Sinemurian Age.
A simple proof of Gauss's inequality.
Authors: Perks Wilfred
Published: May 2016

Consider a continuous probability distribution of a variablexmeasured from its mean in units of its standard deviation, and suppose that deviations from the mean are taken irrespective of sign; letpxrepresent the ordinate applicable tox(this ordinate is, of course, the sum of the original ordinates at +xand —x). We then have

, and we write.
The Impact of Holy Land Crusades on State Formation: War Mobilization, Trade Integration, and Political Development in Medieval Europe
Authors: Blaydes Lisa , Paik Christopher
Published: May 2016

Holy Land Crusades were among the most significant forms of military mobilization to occur during the medieval period. Crusader mobilization had important implications for European state formation. We find that areas with large numbers of Holy Land crusaders witnessed increased political stability and institutional development as well as greater urbanization associated with rising trade and capital accumulation, even after taking into account underlying levels of religiosity and economic development. Our findings contribute to a scholarly debate regarding when the essential elements of the modern state first began to appear. Although our causal mechanisms—which focus on the importance of war preparation and urban capital accumulation—resemble those emphasized by previous research, we date the point of critical transition to statehood centuries earlier, in line with scholars who emphasize the medieval origins of the modern state. We also point to one avenue by which the rise of Muslim military and political power may have affected European institutional development.
NEIGHBOURHOOD POVERTY, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AND CENTRAL ADIPOSITY IN THE USA: INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATIONS IN A REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS
Authors: Kwarteng Jamila L. , Schulz Amy J. , Mentz Graciela B. , Israel Barbara A. , Shanks Trina R. , Perkins Denise White
Published: May 2016

This study examines the independent effects of neighbourhood context (i.e. neighbourhood poverty) and exposure to perceived discrimination in shaping risk of obesity over time. Weighted three-level hierarchical linear regression models for a continuous outcome were used to assess the independent effects of neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination on obesity over time in a sample of 157 non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adults in Detroit, USA, in 2002/2003 and 2007/2008. Independent associations were found between neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination with central adiposity over time. Residents of neighbourhoods with high concentrations of poverty were more likely to show increases in central adiposity compared with those in neighbourhoods with lower concentrations of poverty. In models adjusted for BMI, neighbourhood poverty at baseline was associated with a greater change in central adiposity among participants who lived in neighbourhoods in the second (B=3.79, p=0.025) and third (B=3.73, p=0.024) poverty quartiles, compared with those in the lowest poverty neighbourhoods. The results from models that included both neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination showed that both were associated with increased risk of increased central adiposity over time. Residents of neighbourhoods in the second (B=9.58, p<0.001), third (B=8.25, p=0.004) and fourth (B=7.66, p=0.030) quartiles of poverty were more likely to show greater increases in central adiposity over time, compared with those in the lowest poverty quartile, with mean discrimination at baseline independently and positively associated with increases in central adiposity over time (B=2.36, p=0.020). The results suggest that neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination are independently associated with a heightened risk of increase in central adiposity over time. Efforts to address persistent disparities in central adiposity in the USA should include strategies to reduce high concentrations of neighbourhood poverty as well as discrimination.
The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New
Authors: Blaug Mark
Published: May 2016

No Matter which authority we consult on the English Poor Laws in the nineteenth century the same conclusion emerge: the Old Poor Law demoralized the working class, promotedd population growth, lowered wasges, reduced rents, destroyed yeomanry, and compounded the burden on retepayes; the poverty which it relieved; the problem of devising an efficeient public relief system was finally solved with the passaage of the“harsh but salutry” Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. So Unanimous are both the indictment and the verdit of historians on this question that we may forego the pleasure of citing “chapter and verse.”
Full particle-in-cell simulations of kinetic equilibria and the role of the initial current sheet on steady asymmetric magnetic reconnection
Authors: Dargent J. , Aunai N. , Belmont G. , Dorville N. , Lavraud B. , Hesse M.
Published: May 2016

Tangential current sheets are ubiquitous in space plasmas and yet hard to describe with a kinetic equilibrium. In this paper, we use a semi-analytical model, the BAS model, which provides a steady ion distribution function for a tangential asymmetric current sheet and we prove that an ion kinetic equilibrium produced by this model remains steady in a fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulation even if the electron distribution function does not satisfy the time independent Vlasov equation. We then apply this equilibrium to look at the dependence of magnetic reconnection simulations on their initial conditions. We show that, as the current sheet evolves from a symmetric to an asymmetric upstream plasma, the reconnection rate is impacted and the X line and the electron flow stagnation point separate from one another and start to drift. For the simulated systems, we investigate the overall evolution of the reconnection process via the classical signatures discussed in the literature and searched in the Magnetospheric MultiScale data. We show that they seem robust and do not depend on the specific details of the internal structure of the initial current sheet.
Early Bomb Radiocarbon Detected in Palau Archipelago Corals
Authors: Glynn Danielle , Druffel Ellen , Griffin Sheila , Dunbar Robert , Osborne Michael , Sanchez-Cabeza Joan Albert
Published: May 2016

In order to evaluate the variability in surface water masses in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, we report high-precision radiocarbon measurements in annual and seasonal bands from Pontes lutea corals collected from the Palau Archipelago (7°N, 134°E). Annual coral bands from 1945 to 2008 and seasonal samples from 1953 to 1957 were analyzed to capture the initial early input of bomb 14C from surface thermonuclear weapons testing in the Marshall Islands. Results show a pre-bomb average δ14C value of-54.9% between 1945 and early 1953. Beginning early in 1954, there is a rapid increase to a maximum of-23.1% at the start of 1955. Values continued to rise after 1957 to a post-bomb peak of 141% by 1976. The large initial rise in δ14C cannot be accounted for by air-sea CO2 exchange. Results therefore suggest that the primary cause of this increase is the lateral advection of fallout-contaminated water from the Marshall Islands to Palau via the North Equatorial Current and then to the North Equatorial Countercurrent.
III.—Reciprocity. Part V: Reciprocal Spinor Functions
Authors: Fuchs Klaus
Published: May 2016

With the help of a natural generalisation of the invariant scalar product for two spinor functions the invariant Fourier transformation of a spinor function can be defined, apart from a normalising factor. Assuming this factor as unity, the Fourier transformation of the solutions of Dirac's wave equation and its reciprocal are derived. The construction of reciprocal spinor functions leads to a transcendental equation for µ = ab/ħ which differs from that of the scalar case; but its roots are very similar to the latter.
VIII.—Reciprocity. Part VI: The Wave Function of the Meson
Authors: Sarginson Kathleen
Published: May 2016

In this paper the equations of the meson are treated in the same manner as the Dirac equation in a previous paper (K. Fuchs, 1940, Part IV). We use the formulae developed by Kemmer (1939), with a small modification, introduced so that the set of Maxwell's equations for the electro-magnetic field is obtained as a special case.
X-ray coherent mirage: Generation of phase – matched coherent point source in plasma media by propagated X-ray laser seeded beam
Authors: Faenov A.Ya. , Pikuz T.A. , Magnitskiy S.A. , Nagorskiy N. , Tanaka M. , Ishino M. , Nishikino M. , Kando M. , Kodama R. , Kato Y. , Kawachi T.
Published: May 2016

The overview of the recent results for discovery and investigations of a very exotic phenomenon – optical mirage in the X-ray spectral range – is presented. It was found that the mirage could be created in the form of coherent virtual point source, emerging in the vicinity of the second plasma in two-stage oscillator-amplifier X-ray laser. The X-ray source-mirage, rigidly phased with the initial radiation of generator, occurs only when amplification takes place in the amplifier plasma and leads to the appearance of the interference pattern in the form of concentric rings in the spatial profile of the output X-ray laser beam. The equation describing the emergence of X-ray mirage was found, numerical solution of which shows that its formation is similar to that of the optical mirages observed at propagation of light rays through an inhomogeneously heated air. Obtained results have already demonstrated novel comprehension into the physical nature of amplification of X-ray radiation, opening additional opportunities for X-ray interferometry, holography, and other applications, which require multiple rigidly phased sources of coherent radiation.
Path planning in distorted configuration space
Authors: Chen Chao
Published: May 2016

An effective algorithm for path planning is introduced based on a novel concept, the distorted configuration space (DC-space), where all obstacles deform into dimensionless geometric objects. Path planning in this space can be conducted by simply connecting the starting position and ending position with a straight line. This linear path in the DC-space is then mapped back into a feasible in the original C-space. The advantage of this approach is that no trial-and-error or iteration is needed while a feasible path can be found directly if it exists. An algorithm with general formulas is derived. Examples in 2D and 3D are provided to validate this concept and algorithm.
Pig housing and human health
Authors: Watson R. D. , Friend J. A. R.
Published: May 2016

Studies in the USA, Sweden and the Netherlands have shown that workers in enclosed piggeries have high levels of respiratory injury, apparently caused or exacerbated by inhaled factors in their working environment. Three types of airborne hazard are known in piggeries — gases, dusts and infectious agents such as bacteria.

Of the gases that accumulate in enclosed piggeries, carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide, are asphyxiating, while dihydrogen sulphide and ammonia are irritant and toxic. The long-term effects of exposure to subclinical concentrations of these gases and their rôle in producing chronic respiratory effects in workers are unknown.

Studies have shown that organic dusts occur in enclosed piggeries at undesirably high concentrations and that a relatively high proportion of this dust is respirable. The components of these dusts consist mostly of fractions of foodstuffs and pig faeces but with significant amounts of pigskin and pig gut epithelial cells. Also microbes, especially fungi and bacteria, have been found to be numerous. Different components of piggery dust could be irritant, toxic, allergenic, inflammatory or infectious, and a single component could have more than one of these effects. Studies suggest that bacterial endotoxins are present in the dust of enclosed piggeries at concentrations that could induce respiratory diseases in workers.

It is recommended that in designing piggeries more attention should be given to the health and comfort of piggery workers and that a survey be carried out immediately to assess the level of respiratory disease in British piggery workers. Also a greater effort should be put into the health education of piggery workers and managers and of those involved in piggery design. Practical and effective systems for the control of dust and gas levels in piggeries, and appropriate management techniques, need to be developed for new piggeries and for already constructed buildings, and the financial cost of poor control of dust and gas contaminants brought home to producers. Overall, a watching brief needs to be maintained on trends in the design and management of pig rearing systems for their likely impact on workers' health.
Pfaffian Formulas for Spanning Tree Probabilities
Authors: PANOVA GRETA , WILSON DAVID B.
Published: May 2016

We show that certain topologically defined uniform spanning tree probabilities for graphs embedded in an annulus can be computed as linear combinations of Pfaffians of matrices involving the line-bundle Green's function, where the coefficients count cover-inclusive Dyck tilings of skew Young diagrams.
Devil or Angel? The Role of Speculation in the Recent Commodity Price Boom (and Bust)
Authors: Irwin Scott H. , Sanders Dwight R. , Merrin Robert P.
Published: May 2016

It is commonly asserted that speculative buying by index funds in commodity futures and over-the–counter derivatives markets created a “bubble“ in commodity prices, with the result that prices, and crude oil prices, in particular, far exceeded fundamental values at the peak. The purpose of this paper is to show that the bubble argument simply does not withstand close scrutiny. Four main points are explored. First, the arguments of bubble proponents are conceptually flawed and reflect fundamental and basic misunderstandings of how commodity futures markets actually work. Second, a number of facts about the situation in commodity markets are inconsistent with the existence of a substantial bubble in commodity prices. Third, available statistical evidence does not indicate that positions for any group in commodity futures markets, including long-only index funds, consistently lead futures price changes. Fourth, there is a historical pattern of attacks upon speculation during periods of extreme market volatility.
Teacher Reports of Peer Aggression in Preschool: its Relationship to DSM-IV Externalizing Symptoms
Authors: Domènech-Llaberia Edelmira , Jané M. Claustre , Corbella Teresa , Ballespí Sergi , Mitjavila Mercè , Canals Josepa
Published: May 2016

Objective: to establish the prevalence and associations of peer aggression as manifested in preschool children, in community-based populations and to study links with DSM-IV externalizing diagnoses. Method: Subjects were 1,104 children, 3-to-5-year-olds attending rural and urban pre-schools classes. Teachers completed the Peer Conflict Scale (PCS) to inform about direct physical and verbal aggression, object aggression and symbolic aggression and the questionnaire on psychopathology ECI-4. Results: 6.6% (n = 73) had at least one positive item on the PCS. This percentage dropped to 2.6% (n = 29) if we take into account a minimum of three positive items. Physical direct aggression was the more prevalent type of aggressive behavior, followed by verbal aggression, object aggression and symbolic aggression. Significant differences by gender and age were found. Peer aggression was associated with male gender from three years of age. Physical, object and verbal aggressive behavior was linked with externalizing disorders. This association was very strong with oppositional disorder. Conclusions: The present research with a Spanish population confirms the existence of peer aggression in preschoolers and the gender differences. Our chief contribution is about the age of emergence of sex differences and gender differences in different types of peer aggression.
ANALYZING THE EFFICIENCY OF PENSION REFORM: THE ROLE OF THE WELFARE EFFECTS OF FISCAL CLOSURES
Authors: Makarski Krzysztof , Hagemejer Jan , Tyrowicz Joanna
Published: May 2016

Replacing the pay-as-you-go defined benefit (PAYG DB) system with an at least partially funded defined contribution (DC) system generates fiscal costs that need financing. The fiscal closures at hand differ by the channel and the extent of distortions. The main contribution of this paper is a thorough comparison of the welfare effects of the various fiscal closures of the pension system reform. In addition, we decompose the welfare effects to the parts attributable to changing the way pensions are financed (PAYG ⇒ prefunding) and to changing the way pensions are computed (DB ⇒ DC). We show that depending on the fiscal closure, the welfare effects differ substantially for the same pension system reform. The financing of the the pension system gap with public debt allows more intergenerational redistribution.
Diet quality before or during pregnancy and the relationship with pregnancy and birth outcomes: the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health
Authors: Gresham Ellie , Collins Clare E , Mishra Gita D , Byles Julie E , Hure Alexis J
Published: May 2016

Objective

To assess whether diet quality before or during pregnancy predicts adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in a sample of Australian women.

Design

The Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies was used to calculate diet quality using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) methodology modified for pregnancy.

Setting

A population-based cohort participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH).

Subjects

A national sample of Australian women, aged 20–25 and 31–36 years, who were classified as preconception or pregnant when completing Survey 3 or Survey 5 of the ALSWH, respectively. The 1907 women with biologically plausible energy intake estimates were included in regression analyses of associations between preconception and pregnancy ARFS and subsequent pregnancy outcomes.

Results

Preconception and pregnancy groups were combined as no significant differences were detected for total and component ARFS. Women with gestational hypertension, compared with those without, had lower scores for total ARFS, vegetable, fruit, grain and nuts/bean/soya components. Women with gestational diabetes had a higher score for the vegetable component only, and women who had a low-birth-weight infant had lower scores for total ARFS and the grain component, compared with those who did not report these outcomes. Women with the highest ARFS had the lowest odds of developing gestational hypertension (OR=0·4; 95 % CI 0·2, 0·7) or delivering a child of low birth weight (OR=0·4; 95 % CI 0·2, 0·9), which remained significant for gestational hypertension after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions

A high-quality diet before and during pregnancy may reduce the risk of gestational hypertension for the mother.
Observation of Early Pollen Exine Patterning by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kirkpatrick A.B. , Owen H.A.
Published: May 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Viability of HAADF-STEM Imaging Contrast and Simulations as a Measure of B-site Ordering for Double Perovskites
Authors: Esser B.D. , Dixit M. , Hauser A. , Williams R.E. , Yang F. , Fraser H.L. , McComb D.
Published: May 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Der pflegerische Umgang mit Reizüberflutung in der Psychiatrie
Authors: Scheydt Stefan , Needham Ian , Nielsen Gunnar H. , Behrens Johann
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Durch eine Delphi-Studie wurde bereits das Konzept «Reizabschirmung» untersucht. Dennoch blieben einige Wissenslücken offen, welche nun weiter untersucht wurden. Ziel: Untersuchung des Konzepts «Umgang mit Reizüberflutung in der stationären Psychiatrie» inklusive dessen Teilkonzepte und spezifischen Maßnahmen. Methode: Analyse von qualitativen Daten zu «Reizabschirmung» mittels zusammenfassender Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Ergebnisse: Es konnte eine theoretische Beschreibung und Definition des Konzepts erreicht werden. Zudem konnten drei Teilkonzepte identifiziert und theoretisch definiert werden (Reizabschirmung, Modulation der Umgebungsfaktoren, Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe). Schlussfolgerungen: Die konzeptuellen Beschreibungen liefern einen weiteren Schritt zur Sensibilisierung der professionellen Akteure mit dem Themengebiet. Zudem konnte eine theoretische Grundlage für weitere empirische Untersuchungen geschaffen werden.
Wirksamkeit von nichtmedikamentösen Interventionen zur Förderung der Urinkontinenz bei Menschen nach einem cerebro-vaskulären Insult
Authors: Kohler Myrta , Mayer Hanna , Battocletti Miriam , Kesselring Jürg , Saxer Susi
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Rund die Hälfte der Personen, die einen cerebro-vaskulären Insult überleben, leiden an einer Urininkontinenz. Diese ist ein Prädiktor für schlechtere funktionale Outcomes und beeinflusst die Lebensqualität negativ. Bis anhin ist unklar, welches die optimale Behandlungsmethode ist. Ein systematisches Review von 2008 zeigte eine insuffiziente Studienlage und konnte keine Empfehlung machen. Fragestellung: Welche nichtpharmakologischen Interventionen wirken bei der Behandlung einer Urininkontinenz bei erwachsenen Menschen nach einem cerebro-vaskulären Insult kontinenzfördernd? Methode: Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurde eine systematische Literaturübersicht durchgeführt. Die Literatursuche wurde in den Datenbanken PubMed, CINAHL, CENTRAL und PsycInfo durchgeführt. Es wurde der Zeitraum von März 2007 bis Mai 2015 berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse: Es konnten insgesamt sechs Studien, die total 732 Personen untersucht haben, inkludiert werden. Folgende Interventionen wurden auf ihre Wirksamkeit erforscht: transkutane elektrische Nervenstimulation, urodynamisches Assessment mit Empfehlung der Blasenentleerungsmethode sowie Interventionen, die aus mehreren Komponenten (z. B. Toilettentraining) bestanden. Alle Studien zeigten eine Verbesserung in mindestens einem Outcome. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Evidenz spezifischer Interventionen für die Kontinenzförderung für Menschen nach einem cerebro-vaskulären Insult ist gering. Eine Intervention bestehend aus Assessment und darauf folgenden individuell angepassten Maßnahmen scheint die momentan beste Behandlungsmethode zu sein.
«Die Welt nicht zu klein werden lassen»
Authors: Chabloz-Süssenbach Christiane , Sailer Schramm Monique , Stoll Hansruedi , Spirig Rebecca
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Menschen mit einer Krebserkrankung und ihre Angehörigen erleben viele Übergänge in den letzten Lebensmonaten. Sie vollziehen psychologische Anpassungsprozesse während der Veränderungen. Dies erfordert Strategien, um die Lebensqualität zu erhalten. Deutschsprachige Studien liegen hierzu nicht vor. Fragestellung: Welche Erfahrungen machen Menschen mit einer fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankung und ihre Angehörigen mit dem Krankheitsmanagement während der Übergänge im letzten Lebensjahr? Methode: Im Rahmen der qualitativen Studie befragten wir in leitfadengestützten Interviews fünf Dyaden, bestehend aus Betroffenen mit Karnofsky-Index ≥ 60 % sowie einer Lebenserwartung von sechs bis zwölf Monaten und ihren nächsten Angehörigen. Die Interviewauswertung erfolgte anhand der Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Ergebnisse: Das Hauptthema «Die Welt nicht zu klein werden lassen» macht deutlich, dass Einschränkungen die Lebenswelt kleiner werden ließen und die Betroffenen dagegen ankämpften. Dies zeigt sich in drei Kategorien: «Von der Diagnose geschockt sein – sich neu orientieren müssen», «Einschränkungen und Verluste ertragen – neue Wege im Alltagsleben finden», «In Ungewissheit leben – miteinander ausharren». Schlussfolgerung: Dyaden bewegen sich in Lebenswelten, die sich aufgrund verschiedener Übergänge verändern. Dies erfordert von Fachpersonen besondere Aufmerksamkeit und vertiefte Kenntnis. Deutschsprachige Studien werden zielführend sein, um die Praxis weiterzuentwickeln.
Lassen Sie uns darüber reden
Authors: Rogge Claudia , Rogge Stefan
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Innerhalb stationärer und ambulanter psychiatrischer Einrichtungen begegnet man immer wieder Menschen, die Stimmen hören. Bei näherer Betrachtung dieser Personengruppe wird oftmals deutlich, dass das Phänomen des Stimmenhörens mitunter über viele Jahre vorliegt.
Erfahrungsfokussierte Beratung mit Stimmenhörerinnen
Authors: Kurt Schnackenberg Joachim
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Erfahrungsfokussierte Beratung/Begleitung (EFC (engl.)) für die individuelle Arbeit mit Stimmenhörerinnen etabliert sich zunehmend als transdiagnostischer, traumasensibler, recoveryfördernder Ansatz in verschiedenen psychiatrischen Organisationen im deutschsprachigen Raum. Als entpathologisierender Ansatz propagiert EFC eine paradigmatische Veränderung hin zu einem sozialkontextlichen und positiven Verständnis von Stimmen.
Der Umbau der Wirklichkeit
Authors: Müller Paul
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit meinem erstmaligen Eintritt in die Psychiatrie aufgrund meines Talentes die Wirklichkeit umzubauen (andere sagen psychotischer Schub im Rahmen einer paranoiden Schizophrenie). Ich werde zudem versuchen anhand eines Modells zu erklären, was in meinem Inneren vorging, um es zu veranschaulichen und zu kommentieren.
Was uns wirklich trägt
Authors: Anderl-Doliwa Brigitte
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das zentrale Thema dieses Artikels ist die Frage nach dem «Wie»?

Wie können wir Menschen dabeizu unterstützen, wieder Kraft zu erlangen, die ihnen hilft an momentan schwierigen Lebenssituationen und Leiden nicht zu zerbrechen?

Wie können wir eine Hilfe dabei sein, das «Einbiegen» in einen zufriedenstellenderen Lebensweg zu erzielen?
Sterbebegleitung bei psychiatrisch erkrankten Menschen
Authors: Meyer Günter
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Zwei große pflegerische Themenkomplexe haben seit Kurzem eine breitere Öffentlichkeit erreicht: die psychiatrische Versorgung auf der einen Seite und die palliative Betreuung andererseits. Jedoch werden diese Aspekte kaum in Verbindung miteinander gebracht, sondern fast immer getrennt diskutiert.
Mitteilungsseiten des Vereins Ambulante Psychiatrische Pflege
Authors: Zwick Patrizia
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Der Vorstand hat sich vorgenommen, dass übers Jahr verteilt jedes Vorstandsmitglied eine Verbandsseite schreibt. Wir verbinden damit die Idee, dass wir uns damit bei Ihnen, liebe Leser, spürbarer, unsere Motivation verständlicher machen. In dieser Ausgabe schreibt Patrizia Zwick, aktuell einziges «nicht freiberufliches» Vorstandsmitglied.
Tsunamis Splashed Ancient Mars
Authors: Hall Shannon
Published: May 2016

Massive meteorites likely slammed into a Martian ocean billions of years ago, unleashing tsunami waves up to 120 meters tall, a close study of a region of the Red Planet's terrain has found.
Advisory Panel Calls for Large Increase for Ocean Exploration
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2016

The recently established Ocean Exploration Advisory Board also urged the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to increase its role in federal coordination of exploration.
Pluto's Interactions with the Solar Wind Are Unique
Authors: Bernard Larry
Published: May 2016

Space physicists say that Pluto's atmosphere interacts with the solar wind in a never-before-seen hybrid way, one that's both comet-like and planet-like.
Flash Heating May Lubricate Rubbing Rock Faces in Earthquakes
Authors: Shultz David
Published: May 2016

A new laboratory study examines the small-scale physics at play as two pieces of granite are smashed together in a scaled-down version of a real earthquake.
Mitochondria mediates caspase-dependent and independent retinal cell death in Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis
Authors: Singh P K , Kumar A
Published: May 2016

Bacterial endophthalmitis, a vision-threatening complication of ocular surgery or trauma, is characterized by increased intraocular inflammation and retinal tissue damage. Although significant vision loss in endophthalmitis has been linked to retinal cell death, the underlying mechanisms of cell death remain elusive. In this study, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis and cultured human retinal Müller glia (MIO-M1 cell line), we demonstrate that S. aureus caused significant apoptotic cell death in the mouse retina and Müller glia, as evidenced by increased number of terminal dUTP nick end labeling and Annexin V and propidium iodide-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry and western blot studies revealed the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 staining), release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of Bax to the mitochondria and the activation of caspase-9 and -3 in S. aureus-infected retina/retinal cells. In addition, the activation of PARP-1 and the release of apoptosis inducing factor from mitochondria was also observed in S. aureus-infected retinal cells. Inhibition studies using pan-caspase (Q-VD-OPH) and PARP-1 (DPQ) inhibitors showed significant reduction in S. aureus-induced retinal cell death both in vivo and in vitro. Together, our findings demonstrate that in bacterial endophthalmitis, retinal cells undergo apoptosis in the both caspase-dependent and independent manners, and mitochondria have a central role in this process. Hence, targeting the identified signaling pathways may provide the rationale to design therapeutic interventions to prevent bystander retinal tissue damage in bacterial endophthalmitis.
Migration and invasion is inhibited by silencing ROR1 and ROR2 in chemoresistant ovarian cancer
Authors: Henry C E , Llamosas E , Djordjevic A , Hacker N F , Ford C E
Published: May 2016

Ovarian cancer survival remains poor despite recent advances in our understanding of genetic profiles. Unfortunately, the majority of ovarian cancer patients have recurrent disease after chemotherapy and lack other treatment options. Wnt signalling has been extensively implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance. Therefore, we investigated the previously described Wnt receptors ROR1 and ROR2 as regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a clinically relevant cell line model. The parental A2780- and cisplatin-resistant A2780-cis cell lines were used as a model of ovarian cancer chemoresistance. Proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion were measured after transient overexpression of ROR1 and ROR2 in the parental A2780 cell line, and silencing of ROR1 and ROR2 in the A2780-cis cell line. Here we show that ROR1 and ROR2 expression is increased in A2780-cis cells, alongside β-catenin-independent Wnt targets. Knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion and simultaneous knockdown of ROR1 and ROR2 significantly sensitised cells to cisplatin, whilereas ROR overexpression in the parental cell line increased cell invasion. Therefore, ROR1 and ROR2 have the potential as novel drug targets in metastatic and recurrent ovarian cancer patients.
PTEN negatively regulates mTORC2 formation and signaling in grade IV glioma via Rictor hyperphosphorylation at Thr1135 and direct the mode of action of an mTORC1/2 inhibitor
Authors: Bhattacharya K , Maiti S , Mandal C
Published: May 2016

To investigate the role of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) in mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), we found higher activation of mTORC2 in PTENmu cells, as evidenced by enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2481), AKT (Ser473) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) (Ser9) as compared with PTENwt cells. In addition, PTENwt cells upon PTEN depletion showed mTORC2 activation. The reduced mTORC2 signaling in PTENwt cells was related to higher Rictor phosphorylation at Thr1135 residue. Phosphorylation of Rictor at Thr1135 inhibited its association with mTORC and thus there was a reduction in mTORC2 complex formation. In addition, PTENwt cells expressing mutated Rictor in which Thr1135 was substituted with alanine, showed enhanced mTORC2 formation and signaling. This enhanced mTORC2 signaling promoted inactivation of GSK3β. Thus, we established the reciprocal activation of mTORC2 and GSK3β in GBM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing role of PTEN in mTORC2 formation by promoting Rictor phosphorylation (Thr1135) in GBM. Furthermore, the drug sensitivity of mTORC2 was evaluated. A newly identified carbazole alkaloid, mahanine, showed cytotoxicity in both PTENmu and PTENwt cells. It inhibited both mTORC1/2 and AKT completely in PTENmu cells, whereas it inhibited only mTORC1 in PTENwt cells. Cytotoxity and AKT-inhibitory activity of the mTORC1/2 inhibitor was increased either by depleting PTEN or in combination with phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitors in PTENwt cells. In contrast, depletion of Rictor decreased the cytotoxicity of the mTORC1/2 inhibitor in PTENmu cells. Thus, PTEN has an important role in mTORC2 formation and also influences the effectiveness of an mTORC1/2 inhibitor in GBM.
Dietary fat overcomes the protective activity of thrombospondin-1 signaling in the ApcMin/+ model of colon cancer
Authors: Soto-Pantoja D R , Sipes J M , Martin-Manso G , Westwood B , Morris N L , Ghosh A , Emenaker N J , Roberts D D
Published: May 2016

Thrombospondin 1 is a glycoprotein that regulates cellular phenotype through interactions with its cellular receptors and extracellular matrix-binding partners. Thrombospondin 1 locally regulates angiogenesis and inflammatory responses that contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. The ability of thrombospondin 1 to regulate responses of cells and tissues to a variety of stresses suggested that loss of thrombospondin 1 may also have broader systemic effects on metabolism to modulate carcinogenesis. ApcMin/+:Thbs1−/− mice exhibited decreased survival and higher tumor multiplicities in the small and large intestine relative to ApcMin/+ mice when fed a low (5%) fat western diet. However, the protective effect of endogenous thrombospondin 1 was lost when the mice were fed a western diet containing 21% fat. Biochemical profiles of liver tissue identified systemic metabolic changes accompanying the effects of thrombospondin 1 and dietary lipid intake on tumorigenesis. A high-fat western diet differentially regulated elements of amino acid, energy and lipid metabolism in ApcMin/+:Thbs1−/− mice relative to ApcMin/+:Thbs1+/+mice. Metabolic changes in ketone body and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates indicate functional interactions between Apc and thrombospondin 1 signaling that control mitochondrial function. The cumulative diet-dependent differential changes observed in ApcMin/+:Thbs1−/− versus ApcMin/+ mice include altered amino acid and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, eicosanoids and ketone body formation. This metabolic profile suggests that the protective role of thrombospondin 1 to decrease adenoma formation in ApcMin/+ mice results in part from improved mitochondrial function.
Atomic structure and thermal stability of Pt–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: from alloy to core/shell architectures
Authors: Huang Rao , Wen Yu-Hua , Shao Gui-Fang , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: May 2016

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate structure evolution and thermal stability of Pt–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles with different architectures.
White upconversion luminescence in CaF2:Yb3+/Eu3+ powders via the incorporation of Y3+ ions
Authors: Li Yangyang , Guo Junjie , Liu Xiaohui , Aidilibike Tuerxun , Qin Weiping
Published: May 2016

Upconversion emission spectra of different concentrations of Y3+ co-doped CaF2:Yb3+/Eu3+ powders. Illustrations represent the series of luminescence photos of the samples.
Dynamic ruffling distortion of the heme substrate in non-canonical heme oxygenase enzymes
Authors: Graves Amanda B. , Horak Erik H. , Liptak Matthew D.
Published: May 2016

A double-well exists along the ruffling coordinate of cyanide-inhibited ferric heme, which explains the observation of “nested” VTVH MCD saturation magnetization curves.
A Lawsone–DAMN based colorimetric chemosensor for rapid naked-eye detection of mercury(ii)
Authors: Patil Sharad R. , Choudhary Amol S. , Sekar Nagaiyan
Published: May 2016

A highly sensitive and selective chemosensorLexhibited well-defined naked-eye visible color changes from yellow to pink, which was used for Hg2+detection in acetonitrile. For the selective recognition of Hg2+ions, it forms a 1 : 1 stoichiometric complex involving naphthoquinone hydroxyl and diaminomaleonitrile nitrogen functionalities.
Facet-dependent nonenzymatic glucose sensing properties of Cu2O cubes and octahedra
Authors: Tang Linli , Lv Jian , Kong Chuncai , Yang Zhimao , Li Jianhui
Published: May 2016

Cu2O cubes and octahedra which have different crystallographic facets have been used for the nonenzymatic glucose sensors. A Cu2O octahedra modified electrode shows higher sensitivity, lower detection limit, and wider linear range than that of the cubes.
Smart surface-enhanced Raman scattering traceable drug delivery systems
Authors: Liu Lei , Tang Yonghong , Dai Sheng , Kleitz Freddy , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: May 2016

A smart drug delivery system with non-destructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering tracing tags and targeted cancer-cell cytotoxicities is constructed.