bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term temporal changes in the occurrence of a high forest fire danger in Finland
Authors: Mäkelä H. M. , Laapas M. , Venäläinen A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Climate variation and change influence several ecosystem components including forest fires. To examine long-term temporal variations of forest fire danger, a fire danger day (FDD) model was developed. Using mean temperature and total precipitation of the Finnish wildfire season (June–August), the model describes the climatological preconditions of fire occurrence and gives the number of fire danger days during the same time period. The performance of the model varied between different regions in Finland being best in south and west. In the study period 1908–2011, the year-to-year variation of FDD was large and no significant increasing or decreasing tendencies could be found. Negative slopes of linear regression lines for FDD could be explained by the simultaneous, mostly not significant increases in precipitation. Years with the largest wildfires did not stand out from the FDD time series. This indicates that intra-seasonal variations of FDD enable occurrence of large-scale fires, despite the whole season's fire danger is on an average level. Based on available monthly climate data, it is possible to estimate the general fire conditions of a summer. However, more detailed input data about weather conditions, land use, prevailing forestry conventions and socio-economical factors would be needed to gain more specific information about a season's fire risk.
Using LQG/LTR Optimal Control Method to Improve Stability and Performance of Industrial Gas Turbine System
Authors: Shabaninia Fereidoon , Jafari Kazem
Published: August 2012

The gas turbine is a power plant, which produces a great amount of energy for its size and weight. Its compactness, low weigh, and multiple fuels make it a natural power plant for various industries such as power generation or oil and gas process plants. In any of these applications, the performance and stability of the gas turbines are the end products that strongly influence the profitability of the business that employs them. Control and analyses of gas turbines for achieving stability and good performance are important so that they have to operate for prolong period. Effective control system design usually benefits from an accurate dynamic model of the plant. Characteristic component parts of the system are considered in this model. Gas turbine system is described by specified thermodynamic equations that can be used for defining its model. This paper introduces an optimal LQG/LTR control method for a gas turbine. Analysing the gas turbine dynamic in time and frequency domain by using proposed control compared to PID controller is followed. Applying this optimal control method can provide good performance and stability for the component parts of system.
A Note on the Growth of Periodic Points for Commuting Toral Automorphisms
Authors: Pollicott Mark
Published: August 2012

In this note we study the growth of the number of periodic points for non-degenerate actions of commuting hyperbolic toral automorophisms.
A Review of Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wong Kaufui V. , Hernandez Aldo
Published: August 2012

Additive manufacturing processes take the information from a computer-aided design (CAD) file that is later converted to a stereolithography (STL) file. In this process, the drawing made in the CAD software is approximated by triangles and sliced containing the information of each layer that is going to be printed. There is a discussion of the relevant additive manufacturing processes and their applications. The aerospace industry employs them because of the possibility of manufacturing lighter structures to reduce weight. Additive manufacturing is transforming the practice of medicine and making work easier for architects. In 2004, the Society of Manufacturing Engineers did a classification of the various technologies and there are at least four additional significant technologies in 2012. Studies are reviewed which were about the strength of products made in additive manufacturing processes. However, there is still a lot of work and research to be accomplished before additive manufacturing technologies become standard in the manufacturing industry because not every commonly used manufacturing material can be handled. The accuracy needs improvement to eliminate the necessity of a finishing process. The continuous and increasing growth experienced since the early days and the successful results up to the present time allow for optimism that additive manufacturing has a significant place in the future of manufacturing.
Computed Tomography Evaluation of Craniomandibular Articulation in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion and Class I Normal Occlusion Subjects in North Indian Population
Authors: Prabhat K. C. , Kumar Verma Sanjeev , Maheshwari Sandhya , Ahmad Ibne , Tariq Mohd.
Published: August 2012

Objective. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Craniomandibular articulation morphology and position of condyle in mandibular fossae in Angle’s class I normal occlusion and Angle’s class II division 1 malocclusion. Materials and Methods. The present study was conducted on 40 subjects with 20 subjects in each group, and the computed tomography images were obtained using spiral computed tomography technique. Each measurement was compared by two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) while changes in anterior and posterior joint spaces were done by paired t-test. Results. Statistically significant anterior positioning of condyle was observed in class I normal malocclusion, and it was significant only on right side in class II division 1 malocclusion. Conclusions. There was no difference found in the condylar process and joint morphology between right and left sides of both Angle’s Class I normal occlusion and Angle’s class II division 1 malocclusion. Evaluation of the position of the condyles in their respective mandibular fossae showed concentric position with a tendency towards anterior positioning for both right and left sides of the subjects with Angle’s Class I normal occlusion as well as subjects with Angle’s class II division 1 malocclusion.
Optimization of Swarm-Based Simulations
Authors: von Mammen Sebastian , Sarraf Shirazi Abbas , Sarpe Vladimir , Jacob Christian
Published: August 2012

In computational swarms, large numbers of reactive agents are simulated. The swarm individuals may coordinate their movements in a “search space” to create efficient routes, to occupy niches, or to find the highest peaks. From a more general perspective though, swarms are a means of representation and computation to bridge the gap between local, individual interactions, and global, emergent phenomena. Computational swarms bear great advantages over other numeric methods, for instance, regarding their extensibility, potential for real-time interaction, dynamic interaction topologies, close translation between natural science theory and the computational model, and the integration of multiscale and multiphysics aspects. However, the more comprehensive a swarm-based model becomes, the more demanding its configuration and the more costly its computation become. In this paper, we present an approach to effectively configure and efficiently compute swarm-based simulations by means of heuristic, population-based optimization techniques. We emphasize the commonalities of several of our recent studies that shed light on top-down model optimization and bottom-up abstraction techniques, culminating in a postulation of a general concept of self-organized optimization in swarm-based simulations.
Sociodemographic Predictors of Survival in Differentiated Thyroid
Cancer: Results from the SEER Database
Authors: Johnston Lily E. , Tran Cao Hop S. , Chang David C. , Bouvet Michael
Published: August 2012

Background. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is prognosticated upon a combination of tumor characteristics, such as histology and stage, and patient age. DTC is also notable for having a strong female predominance. Using a nationwide database with long follow-up times, we explored the interplay between tumor biology and patient characteristics in predicting mortality.
Methods. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data 1973–2005 was examined for patients with DTC as their only known malignancy. Cox multivariate analyses were used to generate mortality hazard ratios to evaluate the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and marital status.
Results. We identified 55,995 patients with DTC as their only malignancy. Consistent with the existing literature, the tumors are primarily diagnosed in women (77.5%), and predominantly affect Caucasians (78.3%). Female gender had a protective effect resulting in a 37% decrease in mortality. Age at diagnosis predicted mortality over age 40. Black ethnicity was associated with a 51% increase in mortality compared to Caucasians.
Conclusion. Multiple demographic factors predict mortality in patients with DTC after adjusting for tumor characteristics, and they appear to have complex interactions. Recognizing the importance of these factors may enable clinicians to better tailor therapy.
Investigation of PCBM Concentration on the Performance of Small Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Ismail Yasser A. M. , Soga T. , Jimbo T.
Published: August 2012

We have fabricated bulk heterojunction organic solar cells using coumarin 6 (C6) as a small organic dye, for light harvesting and electron donating, with fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), acting as an electron acceptor, by spin-coating technique of the blend solutions. We have studied effect of PCBM concentration on photocurrent and performance parameters of the solar cells. We found that the optical absorption of the dye increased with increasing its concentration in the active layer blends. The higher concentrations of PCBM in active layer enhanced the photocurrent of the solar cells, as a result of improving charge carrier separation and electron transport in solar cell active layer. The improved charge carrier separation between C6, as a donor, and PCBM, as an acceptor, was indicated through the formation of bulk heterojunction by blending C6 with PCBM. The formation of C6:PCBM bulk heterojunction blend was confirmed through the symbatic behavior of the corresponding solar cell and, also, through the homogeneity and smoothing in the atomic force microscopy images of the C6:PCBM blend films. For the same reasons, the performance parameters of the C6:PCBM solar cell improved by modification of the PCBM concentration in the solar cell active layer.
A First Principle Calculation of Full-Heusler Alloy Co2TiAl: LSDA+U Method
Authors: Rai D. P. , Thapa R. K.
Published: August 2012

We performed the structure optimization of Co2TiAl based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method. The calculation of electronic structure was based on the full-potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method and local spin density approximation exchange correlation LSDA+U. We also studied the impact of the Hubbard potential or onsite Coulomb repulsion (U) on electronic structure; the values are varied within reasonable limits to study the resulting effect on the physical properties of Co2TiAl system. The calculated density of states (DOS) shows that half-metallicity of Co2TiAl decreases with the increase in U values.
Incidence and Surgical Importance of Zuckerkandl’s Tubercle of the Thyroid and Its Relations with Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Authors: Gurleyik Emin , Gurleyik Gunay
Published: August 2012

Background. Variations of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and Zuckerkandl’s tubercle (ZT), which is posterior extension of lateral lobes, may affect safety of thyroidectomy. Methods. Total and hemithyroidectomy were surgical procedures in 60 and 40 patients, respectively. Surgical anatomy was studied in 87 right and 73 left lobes. Presence of ZT was noted and its incidence was determined. RLNs were identified and fully isolated. Relationship between ZT and RLN was established. Results. ZTs were identified in 66 (66%) patients and in 81 (51%) lobes. ZT was present in 53 (61%) right and in 28 (38%) left lobes. ZTs were bilateral in 15 (25%) of 60 total thyroidectomy cases. Smaller tubercles show the neurovascular crossing point. RLN was posterior (medial) to ZT in 76 (94%) occurrences. RLN was laying on anterior surface of ZT only in 5 (6%) instances. Conclusions. RLN is unusually laying lateral to ZT which is common structure in the thyroid. Lateral RLN may be more vulnerable to injury. Total thyroidectomy requires dissection of ZT adjacent to RLN. Based on unusual relations and variations, RLN should be fully isolated before excision of adjacent structures.
Dynamic Architectural Reconfiguration Algorithms and Transmission Protocols for Clustered Sensor Network Topologies with Prioritized Data
Authors: Salem Fatma , Burrell A. T. , Papantoni-Kazakos P.
Published: August 2012

The objective of a sensor network is the execution of specific signal processing functions on data that are collected in a distributed fashion. The transmission of the data is facilitated by protocols whose operations may be constrained by physical limitations of the network units, while their performance must simultaneously comply with the performance requirements of the deployed signal processing operations. At the same time, the network architecture affects the performance of both the signal processing and the data transmission operations, while some of the sensors may generate high-priority data. In this paper, we consider clustered sensor network topologies deploying a specific stable random access transmission algorithm per cluster, which facilitates high-priority data. We then introduce a dynamic architectural reconfiguration algorithm which controls individual cluster rates for optimal overall network performance. The latter algorithm is facilitated by a high-level traffic rate monitoring protocol.
Weak Convergence of Markov Random Evolutions in a Multidimensional Space
Authors: Samoilenko Igor V.
Published: August 2012

We study Markov symmetrical and nonsymmetrical random evolutions in Rn. Weak convergence of Markov symmetrical random evolution to Wiener process and of Markov non-symmetrical random evolution to a diffusion process with drift is proved using problems of singular perturbation for the generators of evolutions. Relative compactness in DRn×Θ[0,∞) of the families of Markov random evolutions is also shown.
A Review of Use of Enantiomers in Homeopathy
Authors: Kuzeff R. M.
Published: August 2012

This paper reviews publications of laboratory experiments using pairs of enantiomers in homeopathy. Many molecules in nature have geometry which enables them to exist as nonsuperimposable mirror images or enantiomers. Modulation of toxicity of such molecules provides possibility for therapeutics, since they target multiple points in biochemical pathways. It was hypothesized that toxicity of a chemical agent could be counteracted by a homeopathic preparation of the enantiomer of the chemical agent (patents applied for: PCT/AU2003/000219-PCT/AU2008/001611). A diverse body of data, including controlled laboratory studies, supports the conclusion that toxicity of optical isomers may be inhibited by homeopathic enantiomer preparations. These data were obtained with minimal or no pretesting to determine optimal test solutions. Inhibition of the excitotoxic neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid with homeopathic preparations of D-glutamic acid indicates the latter may be of use for amelioration of symptoms of disturbances of mood. Similarly, homeopathic preparation of (+)-nicotine may be of use for inhibition of effects of nicotine in tobacco.
Spectrum-Efficient Cognitive Radio Transceiver Using Multiwavelet Filters
Authors: Mathew Manju , Premkumar A. B. , Madhukumar A. S.
Published: August 2012

Cognitive radio (CR) transceiver that can offer adequate data rate and multiuser support for future wireless networks is a promising technology for reliable and spectrum-efficient mobile communication. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and scalar wavelet based schemes have been proposed as physical layer techniques for CR. This paper proposes multiwavelet packet-based multicarrier multiple-access scheme as an equally promising candidate for multi-user CR networks and using existing orthonormal multiwavelets, the performance of the proposed system is evaluated. It is shown that the error performance of the proposed system under frequency and phase offset conditions is comparable with existing schemes.
To Sleeve or NOT to Sleeve in Bariatric Surgery?
Authors: van Rutte P. W. J. , Luyer M. D. P. , de Hingh I. H. J. T. , Nienhuijs S. W.
Published: August 2012

Morbid obesity has become a global epidemic during the 20th century. Until now bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for this disease leading to sustained weight loss and improvement of comorbidities. The sleeve gastrectomy is becoming a promising alternative for the gold standard the gastric bypass and it is gaining popularity as a stand-alone procedure. The effect of the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is based on a restrictive mechanism, but a hormonal effect also seems to play an important role. Similar results are achieved in terms of excess weight loss and resolution of comorbidities compared to the gastric bypass. Inadequate weight loss or weight regain can be treated by revisional surgery. Complication rates after LSG appear to be lower compared with gastric bypass. General guidelines recommend bariatric surgery between the age of 18 and 65. However bariatric surgery in the elderly seems safe with respect to weight loss and resolution of comorbidities. At the same time weight loss surgery is more often performed in adolescent patients failing weight loss attempts. Even though more studies are needed describing long-term effects, there is already enough evidence that this technique is an effective single procedure for a considerable proportion of obese patients.
Preclinical and Clinical Effects of RAS Inhibition with a Focus on Telmisartan
Authors: Unger Thomas
Published: August 2012

Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) provides blood pressure (BP)-independent effects throughout the cardiovascular (CV) continuum. In the landmark ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial (ONTARGET), telmisartan reduced CV events in patients at high CV risk, similar to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril. This reduction in CV events is a consequence of non-BP effects on disease pathophysiology which have been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. For example, telmisartan significantly reduces markers of inflammation, such as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, and improves markers of vascular function, such as pulse wave velocity. Both these are associated with target organ damage. Telmisartan also has numerous potentially beneficial metabolic effects in preclinical studies. Telmisartan reduces markers of renal disease and its progression, left ventricular hypertrophy, and the risk of primary or secondary atrial fibrillation. Many of these effects are shared with other RAS inhibitors. However, several studies indicate differential effects between telmisartan and other ARBs. These differences probably reflect telmisartan’s distinct pharmacologic profile, including the longest plasma half-life, high receptor-binding affinity, and highest lipophilicity of the class. These differences suggest that the results of ONTARGET do not necessarily extrapolate to other ARBs.
New Faculty's Perception of Faculty Development Initiatives at Small Teaching Institutions
Authors: Puri Aditi , Graves Daren , Lowenstein Arlene , Hsu Lily
Published: August 2012

New faculty at small teaching institutions experience varied challenges related to navigation of three academic pillars: teaching, scholarship, and service. New faculty are often not prepared by doctoral or terminal degree granting institutions for faculty roles. This increases the responsibility of the hiring institution to introduce new faculty to the academic culture and provide development opportunities aimed at promoting academic success. For the purpose of this study seventeen faculty members, employed between one and three years at four northeastern USA colleges, were recruited for interviews. The Motivation-Hygiene Theory was applied to study the impact of challenges, barriers, and facilitators on faculty satisfaction with faculty development initiatives. The qualitative results emphasize a need for institutions to enhance the new faculty development initiatives: comprehensive new faculty orientations, ongoing teaching and learning workshops, mentoring programs, and other methods to facilitate the transition of faculty to the new academic position.
Desires, Need, Perceptions, and Knowledge of Assisted Reproductive Technologies of HIV-Positive Women of Reproductive Age in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Zhang Yimeng , Margolese Shari , Yudin Mark H. , Raboud Janet M. , Diong Christina , Hart Trevor A. , Shapiro Heather M. , Librach Cliff , Gysler Matt , Loutfy Mona R.
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to assess the desire, need, perceptions, and knowledge of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) for women living with HIV (WLWHIV) and determine correlates of ART knowledge desire. WLWHIV of reproductive age were surveyed using the survey instrument “The HIV Pregnancy Planning Questionnaire” at HIV/AIDS service organizations across Ontario, Canada. Of our cohort of 500 WLWHIV, median age was 38, 88% were previously pregnant, 78% desired more information regarding ART, 59% were open to the idea of receiving ART, 39% felt they could access a sperm bank, and 17% had difficulties conceiving (self-reported). Age, African ethnicity, and residence in an urban center were correlated with desire for more ART information. Of participants, 50% wanted to speak to an obstetrician/gynecologist regarding pregnancy planning, and 74% regarded physicians as a main source of fertility service information. While the majority of participants in our cohort desire access to ART information, most do not perceive these services as readily accessible. Healthcare practitioners were viewed as main sources of information regarding fertility services and need to provide accurate information regarding access. Fertility service professionals need to be aware of the increasing demand for ART among WLWHIV.
Remarks on Null Geodesics of Born-Infeld Black Holes
Authors: Fernando Sharmanthie
Published: August 2012

We present interesting properties of null geodesics of static charged black holes in Einstein-Born-Infeld gravity. These null geodesics represents the path for gravitons. In addition, we also study the path of photons for the Born-Infeld black hole which are null geodesics of an effective geometry. We will present how the bending of light is effected by the non-linear parameter of the theory. Some other properties, such as the horizon radius and the temperature are also discussed in the context of the nonlinear parameter .
Supersymmetry Breaking in a Minimal Anomalous Extension of the MSSM
Authors: Lionetto A. , Racioppi A.
Published: August 2012

We study a supersymmetry breaking mechanism in the context of a minimal
anomalous extension of the MSSM. The anomaly cancellation mechanism is achieved
through suitable counterterms in the effective action, that is, the Green-Schwarz terms.
We assume that the standard MSSM superpotential is perturbatively realized; that is, all terms allowed by gauge symmetries except for the μ-term which has a nonperturbative origin. The presence of this term is expected in many intersecting D-brane models which can be considered as the ultraviolet completion of our model.
We show how soft supersymmetry breaking terms arise in this framework, and we
study the effect of some phenomenological constraints on this scenario.
A Class of Integral Operators Preserving Subordination and Superordination for Analytic Functions
Authors: Al-Kharsani H. A. , Al-Areefi N. M. , Sokół Janusz
Published: August 2012

The purpose of the paper is to investigate several subordination-
and superordination-preserving properties of a class of integral
operators, which are defined on the space of analytic functions in
the open unit disk. The sandwich-type theorem for these integral
operators is also presented. Moreover, we consider an application
of the subordination and superordination theorem to the Gauss
hypergeometric function.
Computational Analysis of 30 Kw Contra Rotor Wind Turbine
Authors: Kumar P. Santhana , Bensingh R. Joseph , Abraham A.
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study is to optimize and analyze the characteristics of the upwind primary rotor and the downwind secondary rotor of the contra rotor wind turbine to increase the aerodynamic performance by using computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The main objective is to provide maximum energy that can be extracted by the primary and secondary rotor from the renewable resource of wind to increase the thrust power. For this purpose, two kinds of rotor configurations which are 3-bladed single and 3-bladed contra-rotating rotor were compared by using CFD. The results of the primary and secondary rotor are validated with measurements of the 30 KW Contra rotor wind turbine available on literature and plotted for power output. The optimum axial distance between the two rotors are investigated through CFD for increased performance. In addition, the increased thrust and torque for each rotor configuration are compared for aerodynamic feasibility.
2009 H1N1 Influenza Infection-Related Hospital Admissions: A Single Center Experience with Adult Patients in West Texas
Authors: Larppanichpoonphol Panupong , Mojazi Amiri Hoda , Katouzian Taher , Raj Rishi , Nugent Kenneth
Published: August 2012

Background. Clinical information collected during the first wave of influenza pandemics may provide important projections about disease activity during subsequent waves. Methods. We performed a retrospective study of hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza infection during the second wave and compared our findings with literature reports from the first wave. Results. There were 31 admissions, including 15 to the intensive care unit (ICU). Twenty-five patients (81%) had at least one chronic medical condition; 12 patients (39%) were obese. Thirty-three percent of the ICU patients and 75% of the non-ICU patients were admitted within 48 hours of symptom onset (P=0.03). Infiltrates on CXR were seen in 60% of the ICU group and 19% of the non-ICU group within 48 hours of admission (P=0.03). Forty-three percent of the ICU patients and 71% of the non-ICU patients received oseltamivir within 48 hours of illness. All non-ICU patients survived; 73% of the ICU patients survived (P=0.043). Conclusions. Our patients in the second wave resembled patients reported from the first wave of the 2009 pandemic and had similar mortality rates. Delayed medical attention possibly explains the high number of ICU admissions in our study.
Temperature Effect on Morphobiochemical Characters in Some Black Gram (Vigna mungo) Genotypes
Authors: Dash Manasi , Shree Dhara
Published: August 2012

Lack of suitable varieties and genotypes of black gram with adaptation to local conditions is among the factors affecting its production. Efforts to genetically improve the crop mostly involve identifying important morphological descriptors followed by development of advanced breeding lines for locale-specific cultivars. The present day available black gram varieties have not been properly characterized for their thermo sensitiveness with respect to morphological and biochemical characters. Hence efforts were taken in the present research to study the effect of the temperature on these characters in seven black gram varieties over different development stages. We aimed at studying the effect of 3 temperature regimes for identifying suitable stress tolerant genotypes. High percent germination (87.2%), root length (3.68 cm), carbohydrate content (3.72 mg g−1fresh tissue) among the genotypes was highest at 10°C–20°C temperature. High shoot length (13.39 cm), free amino acid content (3.73 mg g−1fresh tissue), and protein content (9.54 mg g−1fresh tissue) was found to be present when the genotypes were exposed to 20°C–30°C temperature. The black gram varieties J.L and PDU-1 performed best in all the temperature regimes over characters. Thus suitable varieties for all temperature regimes were identified using biochemical analysis.
The Psychology of Time: A View Backward and Forward
Authors: Hancock P. A. , Block Richard A.
Published: August 2012

We selectively review the progress of research on the psychology of time during the past 125 years, starting with the publication of the first English-language psychological journal, The American Journal of Psychology. A number of important articles on the psychology of time appeared in this journal, including the widely cited early article by Nichols (1891). The psychology of time is a seminal topic of psychological science, and although it entered a phase of decline and even moribund neglect, the past several decades have seen a prominent renaissance of interest. This renewed vigor represents the rebirth of the recognition of the centrality of the psychology of time in human cognition and behavior. Our selective overview highlights a number of strands of progress and how they have helped lead to the present, in which the cognitive neuroscience of time and timing in the brain is one of the most fervent and fertile modern areas of brain research. We also discuss some remaining challenges and potential lines of progress.
Brightness of Different Hues Is a Single Psychophysical Ratio Scale of Intensity
Authors: Steingrimsson Ragnar , Luce R. Duncan , Narens Louis
Published: August 2012

Recent studies based on testable behavioral axioms have concluded that psychological scales of subjective intensive attributes involving the ears and eyes form ratio scales. These studies have shown that a certain commutativity of proportion property must hold under either successive increases or successive decreases, with all other independent dimensions fixed. However, until recently limited attention has been paid to whether such subjective intensity scales differ when a dimension independent of intensity, such as frequency or wavelength (e.g., pitch in audition, hue in vision) is varied. Using a simple and favorably tested theoretical model for global psychophysics, Luce, Steingrimsson, and Narens (2010) arrived at a necessary and sufficient crossfrequency, commutativity condition for there to exist a common intensity ratio scale. Here we show that brightness—already established to be a ratio-scalable dimension—and hue satisfy the same conditions.
The Illusion of Fame: How the Nonfamous Become Famous
Authors: Landau Joshua D. , Leed Stacey A.
Published: August 2012

This article reports 2 experiments in which nonfamous faces were paired with famous (e.g., Oprah Winfrey) or semifamous (e.g., Annika Sorenstam) faces during an initial orienting task. In Experiment 1, the orienting task directed participants to consider the relationship between the paired faces. In Experiment 2, participants considered distinctive qualities of the paired faces. Participants then judged the fame level of old and new nonfamous faces, semifamous faces, and famous faces. Pairing a nonfamous face with a famous face resulted in a higher fame rating than pairing a nonfamous face with a semifamous face. The fame attached to the famous people was misattributed to their nonfamous partners. We discuss this pattern of results in the context of current theoretical explanations of familiarity misattributions.
Using Heteromodal Communication to Optimize Knowledge and Awareness
Authors: Chevalier Jessica W. , Tree Jean E. Fox
Published: August 2012

Accurate, error-free communication is essential for success in many areas, such as eyewitness testimony, human factors design, business, education, and personal relationships. Traditional communication uses similar modalities: Participants communicate by talking or by writing, but not both at the same time with the same addressees. New communicative technologies have broadened this vista. For example, one communicator can speak and the other can type. We tested communicative effectiveness using accuracy and error detection in a trivia recall test, evaluating the roles of presentation and retrieval modalities on reporting facts stored in longterm memory. Heteromodal communication (hearing and writing or reading and saying) was more effective than homomodal communication (hearing and saying or reading and writing), with the most correct responses and the most errors caught. This has direct connections to communicative success and applied tests of skill.
Retrospective: Julian Jaynes and The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
Authors: Rowe Bill
Published: August 2012

In the previous installment we looked at the circumstances surrounding the great Catastrophe of 1200 b.c.e. That historic moment set the stage for a dramatic change in human consciousness. On the far side of that event we see people unencumbered by the stresses of reflexive self-awareness. On the near side we witness the advent of the self-conscious individual. This transition gave the world great literature, art, religion, and philosophy. But it also guaranteed a troubled existence, from the invitation to "know thyself" that we see in the Dialogues to the expulsion from the garden in Genesis for knowing too much. It does indeed seem that "Hellenistic existence had been propelled into an individualism without instruction, an aimlessness motivated by a profound sense of alienation; in short, into a crisis of freedom" (Martin, 1987, p. 24). This is, of course, the metaphorical self, described by Julian Jaynes. We ended the previous installment with a metaphorical rendering of that transition that I called flash blindness: When the lights come back on after the great Catastrophe, they come on with the psychological equivalent of dark-adapted eyes stabbed by the flash of a thousand halogen lights. Whole civilizations stumble their way into the uncompromising brilliance of human subjective consciousness. What do we do now? Now We Pray
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7-(2-Chlorophenylamino)-5-((2- [18F]fluoro-ethyoxy)methyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile as PET Tumor Imaging Agent
Authors: Xu Jingli , Liu Hang , Li Guixia , He Yong , Ding Rui , Wang Xiao , Feng Man , Zhang Shuting , Chen Yurong , Li Shilei , Zhao Mingxia , Li Yingruo , Qi Chuanmin
Published: August 2012

An 18F-labeled pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivative, 7-(2-chlorophenylamino)-5-((2-[18F] fluoroethyoxy)methyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile ([18F]5), has been designed and prepared as a radio tracer candidate for tumor detection with positron emission tomography (PET). The desired product [18F]5was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding tosylated precursor with [18F]KF=Kryptofix 2.2.2 and potassium carbonate in anhydrous DMF at 100 °C for 20 min followed by purification with HPLC. The radiochemical purity was >98%, and the radio-chemical yield was 25% (decay-uncorrected). Compound [18F]5was very stable in vitro. The biodistribution study in mice bearing S180 tumors demonstrated that [18F]5had a rapid and prolonged accumulation in tumors with moderate washout from other tissues
Molecular and Crystal Structure of Potassium-L-alaninatodichloridoplatinate( II), K[Pt(L-alaO)Cl2]
Authors: Schiesser Stefan , Mayer Peter , Carell Thomas , Beck Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

The square-planar structure of the [Cl2Pt(alaninate)]- anion was determined by X-ray crystallography. In the crystal structure the packing of the components is dominated by layers of potassium ions
A Zinc(II) Coordination Polymer with Tetraiodoterephthalate: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Luminescence
Authors: Chen Le , Chen Sheng-Chun , Zhang Zhi-Hui , Sun Fu-An , Cui Ai-Jun , Gao Hai-Bo , Hea Ming-Yang , Chen Qun
Published: August 2012

A new coordination polymer {[Zn(BDC-I4)- (DMSO)2]·(DMSO)2(H2O)4}n (1) was prepared from the reaction of Zn(II) nitrate with 2,3,5,6-tetraiodo-1,4- benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC-I4) in DMSO=water and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma and shows a zigzag chain coordination structure, which is assembled into a 2D network through weak C-H···O and C-H···π interactions. The thermal and photoluminescence properties of complex 1in the solid state are also reported
Syntheses, Structures and Luminescence Properties of Two Cd(II) Complexes Based on 2-((1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole and Aromatic Polycarboxylate Ligands
Authors: Wang Xiuxiu , Han Xiao , Qiao  , Jin Guanghua , Meng Xiangru
Published: August 2012

Two new Cd(II) complexes, {[Cd(m-bdc)(tmb)(H2O)]·CH3OH}n (1) and {[Cd(t-bdc)(tmb)(H2O)] ·2H2O·DMF}n (2), have been prepared by using 2-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1Hbenzimidazole (tmb) as a ligand in the presence of 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid (m-H2bdc) or 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (t-H2bdc). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction exhibits that complex 1 displays a 2D structure constructed by tmb ligands in trans conformation and carboxylate groups in a chelating mode. The 2D structure of complex 2is different from that of 1, in that the tmb ligands are in cis conformation, and the carboxylate groups are in both unidentate or chelating coordination mode at the Cd(II) centers. The luminescence properties of 1and 2in the solid state at room temperature have been studied
Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Magnetic Properties of [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2][CuCl2], a Compound Comprising a Trinuclear Chain Cation
Authors: Aydin-Cantürk Dilahan , Max-Planck Hanne Nuss
Published: August 2012

The new compound [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2][CuCl2] (1) (dpa = di-2,2'-pyridylamido) was synthesized by reacting Cr2(dpa)4 and anhydrous CuCl2 in dry tetrahydrofuran. Partial oxidation of Cr2(dpa)4 by Cu(II) forms Cr3+ ions, which coordinate to the free N donor atoms of the dpa ligands, and led to the formation of a trinuclear chain cation [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2]+. Recrystallization from CH2Cl2/ethyl ether yielded dark-brown, block-shaped crystals suitable for X-ray structure determination (Pccn (no. 56), a=1246:8(5), b=1487:3(3), c=2184:8(1) pm, V =4051.6(8) ·106 pm3, Z =4). The crystal structure is composed of discrete [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2]+ cations and [CuCl2]- anions. The Cr3 chain comprises quadruply-bonded diamagnetic (Cr2)4+ dimers and a pseudo-octahedrally coordinated, paramagnetic Cr3+ ion, manifesting itself in the effective magnetic moment μeff of 3:54μB (d3, S = 3=2) and the almost ideal Curie-paramagnetic behavior observed between 2 and 300 K with a Weiss constant θ = -0:25(4)K and χ0 = 4:9(7)×10-4 emu mol-1
On the Synthesis and Addition Reactions of Chiral N-Heterocyclic Diphosphines
Authors: Förstera Daniela , Hartenbach Ingo , Nieger Martin , Gudat Dietrich
Published: August 2012

Reaction of chiral N-heterocyclic chlorophosphines with lithium diphenylphosphide or of achiral N-heterocyclic chlorophosphines with optically active lithium menthyl phosphide produces chiral N-heterocyclic diphosphines which can be utilized in subsequent diphosphination reactions with activated alkenes or alkynes. The reaction with alkynes proceeds stereospecifically to produce Zethylene- 1,2-bisphosphines which are readily converted to nickel(II) or palladium(II) complexes. Reactions with alkenes are synthetically less useful as the addition proceeds without any chiral induction at the newly formed stereocenters to yield inseparable mixtures of diastereomeric products. The molecular structures of chiral Z-ethylene-1,2-bisphosphine complexes and of a chiral N-heterocyclic chlorophosphine have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
Triple signification des noms universels, intellection et abstraction dans la Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium d’Abélard
Authors: Lafleur Claude , Carrier Joanne
Published: August 2012

Étude préliminaire à la nouvelle édition critique et à la traduction inédite offertes, dans ce numéro thématique, du début de la Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium d’Abélard, cet article opère d’abord un survol d’ensemble du texte, avec insistance sur l’exposé relatif aux universaux, et approfondit ensuite trois points de doctrine difficiles, sur lesquels l’historiographie récente a parfois hésité ou buté : la troisième signification des noms universels ; la conception prisciano-platonicienne de la pensée divine ; l’univocité de la notion de status. Ce faisant, quant aux thèmes de l’intellection et de l’abstraction en particulier, une attention constante est portée au lien, parfois critique mais toujours fécond, existant entre cette portion de la Logica « Ingredientibus » et sa source principale, l’In « Isagogen » Porphyrii Commentorum Editio secunda de Boèce, dont l’article précédent fournit une présentation, le texte latin révisé et la première traduction française.
Translational Shifts of Syntactic and Lexical Markers of Ideology: Reporting the Iraqi Conflict in Polish Reprint Press
Authors: Gumul Ewa
Published: August 2012

The present paper focuses on the notion of mediating source-text ideology in press translation, investigating lexico-grammatical resources. This study is partly set within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. The analysis focuses on such features as disambiguation or creation of grammatical metaphors (i.e., nominalisation and denominalisation), changes in transitivity patterns, modifications of the levels of modality, as well as shifts in lexical choice, semantic prosody and cohesion patterns. The source of the texts analysed in this paper is a Polish reprint magazine, Forum, publishing translated articles from a variety of English-language quality press titles. The articles selected for the analysis deal with the Iraqi conflict in 2003 and its aftermath. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether the lexical choice and the syntactic structures employed in the target texts engender changes in the ideological content of the source texts and the projected point of view. Given the nature of reprint press, a hypothesis has been formulated that the source-text ideology might remain unchanged in the process of translation or the translator’s intervention is expected to be minimal. The results reveal, however, that a substantial proportion of the translated texts fall within the category of partial mediation, projecting an altered point of view to a target-text audience.
The Making of a “Correct” Translation Showcasing the Official Chinese Discourse of Translation
Authors: Zhong Yong
Published: August 2012

This paper studies political translation in contemporary China. It approaches the issue by tackling a case study of the translations of a maxim issued in 2006 by the Chinese supreme leader, Hu Jintao 胡锦涛. Like many past maxims, this one has been translated many times into English and four of the renditions are sampled for the case study, including seemingly “correct” and “flawed” ones. By comparing the different renditions, the study has managed to address a number of questions, including what makes a “correct” translation, how a “correct” translation is made, what strategies are used to accomplish “correctness” and what the criteria are for the making of a “correct” translation in China. The author hopes that this paper will contribute to an enhanced knowledge with regard to the dominant Chinese discourse of translation and about how translation is organized, regulated and evaluated in China.
El papel de la traducción en The Arte of English Poesie (1589)
Authors: Sumillera Rocío G.
Published: August 2012

Le présent article propose une analyse approfondie du rôle central joué par la traduction dansThe Arte of English Poesie(1589), de George Puttenham. Un certain nombre de traductions et de pensées sur la traduction se trouvant dans cet ouvrage ont été analysées et contextualisées. Une attention particulière est portée à la traduction en anglais des nombreux vers latins inclus dans le volume, ainsi qu’aux noms de plus d’une centaine de figures rhétoriques qui y sont expliquées. Il sera ainsi possible de montrer que la traduction remplit une fonction essentielle dans le processus d’adaptation du contenu rhétorique deThe Arte of English Poesieau profil des lecteurs cibles, c’est-à-dire des courtisans oisifs qui ne connaissaient pas les langues classiques mais qui étaient épris de lecture ou d’écriture de poésie.
L’exil comme métaphore de la traduction : la pure langue de Walter Benjamin et la langue vive de Carles Riba
Authors: Pérez Cristóbal Enrique
Published: August 2012

L’exil a été à maintes reprises lu comme une possible métaphore de la traduction, ou en tout cas comme une expérience structuralement proche de celle de la traduction. Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) et Carles Riba (1893-1959), tout en partant de la lecture de Hölderlin, et sans jamais arriver à se lire l’un l’autre, ont élaboré à la même époque une poétique de la traduction à la fois commune et antagonique. Benjamin, quant à lui, a spéculé sur la possibilité d’une « pure langue » exilée, comme on sait, à l’intérieur des différentes langues empiriques, tandis que Riba a travaillé le catalan noucentista – en tant que poète et traducteur – presque comme cette langue hypothétique supposée par Benjamin. L’objet du présent article est de mesurer la distance existant entre la pure langue (reine Sprache) de Benjamin et la langue vive (llengua viva) de Riba, toujours à partir de l’expérience de l’exil comme possible modèle anthropologique et structural de la traduction.
Translation, Adaptation, Inscription: Displacing God in Austen’s Sense and Sensibility
Authors: Wolf Alan J. E.
Published: August 2012

Focusing on a comparative analysis of film adaptations and French translations of Jane Austen’sSense and Sensibility, this article examines the ideological reconstruction of source texts. More precisely, it proposes a way of describing the inscription and displacement of values inSense and Sensibilitybased on a reading of the work in the context of Anglican neoclassical theology. This will provide the basis for the claim that the Anglicanvia mediais displaced whilst allowing us further to explore the relationship between adaptation and translation.
Editorial (English Version)
Authors: Salas Ricardo
Published: August 2012

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Los derechos humanos en Chile: La evaluación de la sociedad civil, los pueblos indígenas y las Naciones Unidas
Authors: Bello Álvaro
Published: August 2012

Los derechos humanos en Chile: La evaluación de la sociedad civil, lospueblos indígenas y las Naciones UnidasCompilado por Observatorio Ciudadano, Temuco,2009. 365 págs.
Intra-ethnic reconstruction: refl ections on the territorial reconstruction processes in Koliko, district of Carahue, IX Region
Authors: Caniuqueo Huircapan Sergio
Published: August 2012

The object of the present document is to refl ect from the perspective of the social sciences on effortsat intra-ethnic reconstruction, starting from the reconstruction of Mapuche territories. Consideration isgiven to the problems of sources and methodology from the points of view of Mapuche kimun and westernscience, as perspectives of knowledge which are capable of complementing one another.