bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation, characterization, and nanostructural evolution of epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Chenggang , Curliss David
Published: June 2004

Epoxy nanocomposites were prepared from the different organoclays with aerospace epoxy resin. A series of organoclays treated with alkylammonium chloride with different alkyl groups of different carbon chains were prepared, including SC4, SC6, SC8, SC10, SC12, SC16, SC18, and NC8, NC12, NC18. All of these organoclays, except for SC4, are very compatible with the aerospace Epon 862/curing agent W. The characterization from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms the exfoliated nanostructure. The six‐carbon chain length of the ammonium cation is enough to wet the surface of the clay gallery to make the organoclay compatible with epoxy resin. The clay with lower cation exchange capacity is more favorable for the polymer penetration inside the gallery and is dispersed better in the polymer matrix. The structural evolution of the aerospace epoxy nanocomposite was monitored by in situ SAXS. The 3% SC18/Epon 862/W, 3 and 6% SC8/Epon 862/W showed exfoliated nanostructure, while there is no exfoliation taking place for 3% S30B/Epon 862/W and 3%S25A/Epon 862/W up to 200°C. The acidity from the pendent group in SC18 and SC8 has a catalytic effect for the polymerization inside the gallery, while the organic pendent group of S30B and S25A does not. The faster reaction of the intragallery epoxy resin produced extra thermal heat inside the gallery to expand the gallery and is favorable for the migration of epoxy resin outside the gallery into the gallery where exfoliation took place. The exothermal heat of curing inside the gallery is an important factor for nanosheets exfoliation. Although exfoliation took place for both 3% SC18/Epon 862/W and 3% SC8/Epon 862/W, the detailed morphology development during the curing is different. For 3% SC8/Epon 862/W, the interplanar spacing between the layers is increased gradually, while 3% SC18/Epon 862/W experienced the disappearance of the ordered structure of the layered silicate in the beginning of the curing process and reappearance of the ordered structure of the silicate later. The glassy and rubbery moduli of the polymer‐silicate nanocomposites were found to be greater than the unmodified resin because of the high aspect ratio and high stiffness of the layered silicate filler. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2276–2287, 2003
Seasonal abundance and microhabitat use of bullhead Cottus gobio and accompanying fish species in the River Avon (Hampshire), and implications for conservation
Authors: Carter Matthew G. , Copp Gordon H. , Szomlai Valeria
Published: June 2004

Five side‐channels and small tributaries of the River Avon (Hampshire, UK) were examined between spring 1999 and spring 2000 using point abundance sampling by electrofishing to determine the status of fish listed in Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive prior to habitat management works to enhance spring feeding habitat of wading birds.

Seasonal patterns of abundance and microhabitat use of bullhead Cottus gobio and accompanying fish species were examined. Parr of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were sufficiently abundant for microhabitat analysis at one site only. Only two specimens of brook lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis were observed, one at each of two sites. Bullhead was amongst the most abundant fish species at all five sites, 0+ bullhead predominating.

Bullhead microhabitat preferences were generally similar at all five sites, but seasonal variations were observed, as was the case for the accompanying fish species, which included dace Leuciscus leuciscus, chub Leuciscus cephalus, stone loach Barbatula barbatula, roach Rutilus rutilus, and threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus.

Bullhead conservation status is discussed, in particular the possible exemption of British bullhead populations, such as already granted for those of Finland, from Annex II of the Habitats Directive.

© Crown Copyright 2004 Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Hiscock Keith , Southward Alan , Tittley Ian , Hawkins Stephen
Published: June 2004

The coastal waters surrounding Britain and Ireland became warmer during the 20th century and, according to the UK Climate Impact Programme 2002 scenarios of change and other sources, average annual seawater temperatures may rise a further 2°C or more by the 2050s. This warming is part of a global rise in sea‐ and air‐surface temperatures that will cause changes in the distribution and abundance of species.

Initially, there will not be a wholesale movement northwards of southern species or retreat northwards of northern species, because many additional factors will influence the responses of the different organisms. Such factors include the hydrodynamic characteristics of water masses, the presence of hydrographical and geographical barriers to spread and the life history characteristics (reproductive mode, dispersal capability and longevity) of species. Survey data over the past century show how organisms react to changes of the order of 0.5°C, and in the last two decades, when sea temperatures have risen by as much as 1°C, there have been significant local changes in the distribution of intertidal organisms. These past changes provide a clue to more extensive changes expected in the future if global warming develops as predicted.

Where species affected by climate change are dominant or key structural or functional species in biotopes, there may be a change in the extent and distribution of those biotopes. Some, dominated by predominantly northern species such as the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, may decline and reduce their value as rich habitats for marine life. Others, characterized by southern species, for example the sea fan Eunicella verrucosa and the alcyonacean Alcyonium glomeratum, may increase in extent.

Using information on the life history characteristics of species, their present distribution and other factors, a key supported by a decision tree has been constructed to identify ‘types’ of organism according to their likely response to temperature rise. Conspicuous and easily identified rocky substratum species are good candidates to track change. Using the key, many species are shown as likely to increase their range northwards significantly. In contrast, fewer will decline in abundance and extent in the north. If, as anticipated, global warming continues, then species with distributions already accurately mapped, or being mapped at present, will provide baseline data to test forecasts.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic extraction of document keyphrases for use in digital libraries: Evaluation and applications
Authors: Jones Steve , Paynter Gordon W.
Published: June 2004

This article describes an evaluation of the Kea automatic keyphrase extraction algorithm. Document keyphrases are conventionally used as concise descriptors of document content, and are increasingly used in novel ways, including document clustering, searching and browsing interfaces, and retrieval engines. However, it is costly and time consuming to manually assign keyphrases to documents, motivating the development of tools that automatically perform this function. Previous studies have evaluated Kea's performance by measuring its ability to identify author keywords and keyphrases, but this methodology has a number of well‐known limitations. The results presented in this article are based on evaluations by human assessors of the quality and appropriateness of Kea keyphrases. The results indicate that, in general, Kea produces keyphrases that are rated positively by human assessors. However, typical Kea settings can degrade performance, particularly those relating to keyphrase length and domain specificity. We found that for some settings, Kea's performance is better than that of similar systems, and that Kea's ranking of extracted keyphrases is effective. We also determined that author‐specified keyphrases appear to exhibit an inherent ranking, and that they are rated highly and therefore suitable for use in training and evaluation of automatic keyphrasing systems.
Die Deutschlandreise des René Descartes
Authors: Hawlitschek Kurt
Published: June 2004

Due to lacking reliable sources almost no details were available on the educational journey of the joung Descartes. Moreover, contradictions in several publications resulted in the doubt, whether these events, which are so important for the history of science, ever hapened at all. Folowing careful and comprehensive research at the City Archives Ulm, the Hessian City Archives Darmstadt and the Bavarian State Library in Munich the author found evidence that René Descartes met the mathematician and master fortress builder Johann Faulhaber in Ulm.1 Now, the first summary of Descartes' travel report can be given based on further findings (in reliable sources) and corroborated by numerous facts.
Elefanten im Mond, Der prekäre Status des wissenschaftlichen Instruments
Authors: Brandstetter Thomas
Published: June 2004

The article focuses on a 17th century satire by Samuel Butler, which depicts scientists investigating the moon with a telescope and making fraudulent reports of the phenomena seen. This text is part of the Restauration discussion about the right uses of instruments and the right habits of knowledge production. I show that Butler and other critics of experimental science relied on a concept of evidence that was opposed to the practice already being followed by the Royal Society. Contrary to the belief of their denouncers, artificial devices like the telescope, the microscope and the barometer allowed scientists to constitute phenomena which could not be falsified by an appeal to everyday experience.
Evaluating Normal Approximation Confidence Intervals for Measures of 2 × 2 Association with Applications to Twin Data
Authors: Shoukri M.M. , Chaudhary M.A. , Mohamed G.H.
Published: June 2004

Twin data are of interest to genetic epidemiologists for exploring the underlying genetic basis of disease development. When the outcome is binary, several indices of 2 × 2 association can be used to measure the degree of within twin similarity. All such measures share a common feature, in that they can be expressed as a monotonic increasing function of the within twin correlation. The sampling distributions of their estimates are influenced by the sample size, the correlation and the marginal distribution of the binary response. In this paper we use Monte‐Carlo simulations to estimate the empirical coverage probabilities and evaluate the adequacy of the classical normal confidence intervals on the population values of these measures.
A New Class of Completely Self‐Designing Clinical Trials
Authors: Hartung Joachim , Knapp Guido
Published: June 2004

A flexible method is proposed for group sequentially performed clinical trials which allows for an adaptive, data‐driven sample size reassessment at each stage. By also adaptively assigning different weights to the several stages the total number of study parts can be steered to an intended early or late end of the trial in dependence on all information available prior to a stage. Although at each stage the null hypothesis is tested on rejection, the full level‐α‐test is preserved at the end of the study. The proposed method is not restricted to normally distributed responses. The discussed adaptive designing is a useful tool provided that a priori information about parameters involved in the trial are not available or subject to uncertainty. The presented learning algorithm enables the complete self‐designing of a study.
The Practitioner's Guide to Midlevel Management Development
Authors: Spangler Mary S.
Published: June 2004

Managers in a large multicollege district voluntarily created the Administrative Leadership Institute, a systematic approach to midlevel management development.
Situating Midlevel Managers' Training: Learning and Doing in Context
Authors: Pettitt John M.
Published: June 2004

Effective leadership training for chairs needs to be situated in realistic contexts. Formats that connect chairs to their actual work environments include mentoring, action‐learning projects, and reality‐based case studies.
Sources and Information on Midlevel Managers in the Community College
Authors: Foote Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

An annotated bibliography on midlevel managers in community colleges is provided. It includes previous studies and descriptions of professional development programs.
What Do We Know About Reverse Transfer Students?
Authors: Townsend Barbara K. , Dever John T.
Published: June 2004

Studies of reverse transfer students are reviewed, producing a profile of these students and their experiences in the two‐year college.
Paradoxes: California's Experience with Reverse Transfer Students
Authors: Hagedorn Linda Serra , Castro Consuelo Rey
Published: June 2004

Using the analogy of paradoxes, this chapter relates California's rich history and experiences with reverse transfers.
Understanding and Recruiting the Reverse Transfer Student: A Presidential Perspective
Authors: Catanzaro James L.
Published: June 2004

A president categorizes and profiles reverse transfer students at his institution and suggests ways to recruit them.
Reverse Transfer Students in an Urban Postsecondary System in Oregon
Authors: Bach Susan K. , Banks Melissa A. , Blanchard David K. , Kinnick Mary K. , Ricks Mary F. , Stoering Juliette M.
Published: June 2004

A study of undergraduate reverse transfers in an urban environment indicates some complex patterns of institutional attendance and implies that the community college plays multiple roles in the lives of those beginning their postsecondary education in a four‐year institution.
Postbaccalaureate Reverse Transfers in Maryland and Tennessee: Institutional Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Townsend Barbara K. , Lambert Rivkah Y.
Published: June 2004

The growing enrollment of baccalaureate degree holders at two‐year colleges, as illustrated in studies conducted in Maryland and Tennessee, offers potential institutional problems as well as benefits.
Institutional and Public Policy Implications of the Phenomenon of Reverse Transfer Students
Authors: Phelan Daniel J.
Published: June 2004

The operational and public policy challenges associated with increasing numbers of reverse transfer students are examined.
Sources and Information on the Scope and Impact of Reverse Transfers
Authors: LeBard Christine M.
Published: June 2004

A review of recent ERIC literature demonstrates researchers' attempts to define reverse transfer students, describe their complex enrollment patterns, and understand the implications for institutions.
Miami‐Dade Community College: Forging New Urban Partnerships
Authors: Padrón Eduardo J. , Levitt Theodore
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores Miami‐Dade Community College's internal reforms and its range of community collaborations in response to new urban challenges.
CUNY's Community Colleges: Democratic Education on Trial
Authors: Reitano Joanne
Published: June 2004

The six community colleges of the City University of New York (CUNY) differ from each other but share a common commitment to serve New York City's ever‐changing population. As nontraditional institutions noted for their responsiveness to student needs, they face an uncertain future due to current contention over CUNY's open admissions policy and therefore CUNY's role as an urban public university.
Seattle Community Colleges: Centered on the Urban Student
Authors: Hungar Julie Yearsley
Published: June 2004

Focusing on what is good for students, Seattle Central Community College exemplifies the commitment to the urban college mission that characterizes the three colleges of the Seattle system.
Profiles in Urban Challenges: Confronting Maricopa's Social and Economic Agenda
Authors: Elsner Paul A.
Published: June 2004

The dynamic tension created by Phoenix residents' rising social demands and the reality of scarce resources presents the Maricopa system with a major challenge.
Baltimore County: A College and Community in Transition
Authors: McPhail Irving Pressley , Heacock Ronald C.
Published: June 2004

Community colleges on the periphery of the nation's cities increasingly are acquiring urban characteristics and experiencing urban challenges that require innovative solutions.
A Historical and Contemporary View of the Community College Curriculum
Authors: Schuyler Gwyer
Published: June 2004

Results of a new study of the community college curriculum are presented following a review of previous curriculum studies dating back to the 1920s. Major trends and emerging issues are outlined, setting the tone for more detailed discussions in subsequent chapters.
The Liberal Arts
Authors: Brawer Florence B.
Published: June 2004

This chapter dicusses the findings of six curriculum studies conducted by the Center for the Study of Community Colleges, emphasizing changes in the liberal arts curriculum. It deals with the five major disciplines that compose the liberal arts as they operate in community colleges today: the humanities, English, mathematics and computer science, science, social science, and the fine and performing arts.
Dimensions of General Education Requirements
Authors: Zeszotarski Paula
Published: June 2004

What purposes of general education do community colleges communicate to their students? How do these specific philosophies relate to the generally accepted objectives of general education programs? This chapter addresses these questions and provides an analysis of the design and content of general education requirements in community colleges.
Status of Multicultural Education in the Curriculum
Authors: Piland William E. , Piland Alexandria , Hess Shelly
Published: June 2004

Multicultural education in the curriculum has been widely discussed; however, there is little evidence that it has permeated the curriculum. The existing canon is being challenged, nevertheless, and some improvements are taking place, as depicted in this chapter.
Aspects of Difficult Decisions
Authors: Findlen George L.
Published: June 2004

Many of the academic manager's decisions have far‐reaching consequences, having an impact on more individuals than those initially involved. This chapter outlines five aspects that deans should consider when making sensitive, difficult decisions.
Conflict: The Skeleton in Academe's Closet
Authors: Findlen Rose Ann
Published: June 2004

“Conflict IS the job,” the seasoned administrator tells his younger colleague. But conflict may offer opportunities as well as obstacles and ought not be avoided.
Academic Economics: The Academic Dean and Financial Management
Authors: McBride Susan A.
Published: June 2004

Financial management is crucial not only to the dean's personal survival, but also to the survival of the entire institution. The chapter offers an introduction to the subject and nomenclature of finance.
Community College Alchemists: Turning Data into Information
Authors: Johnston George H. , Kristovich Sharon A. R.
Published: June 2004

What is the difference between information and data? Understanding how information can be alchemized into useful data is a key to survival in the Information Age.
A Dean's Survival Tool Kit
Authors: Findlen George L.
Published: June 2004

When they are faced with difficult decisions involving conflict, instructional administrators make better‐informed and wiser decisions if they can consult a set of basic reference tools.
Community Colleges and the Media: Defining Identity
Authors: Hastings Janel Henriksen
Published: June 2004

This chapter discusses the media's historical role in helping community colleges define and market their individual and collective identity as institutions of higher education.
Building Relationships with the Media: A Brief Working Guide for Community College Leaders
Authors: Raisman Neal A.
Published: June 2004

The media can help colleges enhance their public image and enrollment when a few proven rules and principles are employed by college administrators and other members of the college community.
Community Colleges and the Media: Getting Effective Coverage for Your Institution
Authors: Thornton Tim
Published: June 2004

This chapter deals with the relationship between community colleges and the media: what journalists expect from community colleges and how community colleges can get more of what they need from journalists.
Community College Advancement Through Relationships with the Newspaper Media
Authors: Marquez Anthony
Published: June 2004

How can community colleges use newspaper resources to best promote their institution? This chapter discusses the best practices.
Using Demographics and Statistics to Inform Target Audiences
Authors: Hastings Janel Henriksen
Published: June 2004

This chapter reviews literature that explores the changing role of institutional research in community colleges and its increasing involvement in marketing and institutional advancement activities in two‐year colleges. A description of how marketing has been changed and informed by institutional research at a community college in Chicago is also presented.
Your Site or Mine? Courting the Press Along the Information Superhighway
Authors: Daniel Clifton Truman
Published: June 2004

Community colleges are not the only institutions making use of the World Wide Web.
Building Bridges or Barriers? Public Policies That Facilitate or Impede Linkages Between Community Colleges and Local School Districts
Authors: Boswell Katherine
Published: June 2004

In the past, different governance structures and assessment standards separated community college and K–12 systems and impaired the effectiveness of the educational system. New State and federal policies are opening the way to successful collaborations between educational sectors.
Maximizing the Benefits of Tech‐Prep Initiatives for High School Students
Authors: Bragg Debra D.
Published: June 2004

Far from perfect, the value of tech prep thus far is its contribution as a test bed of ideas associated with secondary‐to‐postsecondary transition.
Lessons Learned from Current State and National Dual‐Credit Programs
Authors: Andrews Hans A.
Published: June 2004

Secondary school juniors and seniors no longer should find it convenient to “blow off the senior year” or part of the junior year as well. Dual‐credit programs, carried out largely by community and technical colleges, have opened the door to thousands of secondary school honor students and vocationally oriented students who need to stay challenged as they complete high school.
Working with Schools to Ease Student Transition to the Community College
Authors: Watson Lemuel
Published: June 2004

Student support services at high schools and community colleges can work together to design programs to assist students in their transition to higher education.
Working with Schools to Prepare Students for College: A Case Study
Authors: Nunley Charlene R. , Shartle‐Galotto Mary Kay , Smith Mary Helen
Published: June 2004

After assessment tests identify the inadequate preparation of local high school graduates for college, a partnership forms between the local community college and school district to address the needs of at‐risk students.
Anticipating Legal Problems When Working with High School Students
Authors: Lugg Elizabeth T.
Published: June 2004

Legal problems can emerge when high school students enroll in college courses or when college staff work within the schools. This chapter discusses potential legal problems and offers strategies for addressing them.
Assessing Minority Student Performance
Authors: Jalomo Jr. Romero
Published: June 2004

Recent studies suggest that minority students do not perform well on standardized assessment measures commonly used to evaluate their preparation for and performance in college. This chapter examines student outcomes and criticisms surrounding standardized achievement testing and discusses strategies for employing alternative assessment approaches.
Community College Students' Career and Educational Goals
Authors: Laanan Frankie Santos
Published: June 2004

This chapter reports findings of a study of students attending selected public two‐year colleges. A comparative analysis of white and nonwhite students' perceptions of career and educational goals is presented.
Using Success Courses for Promoting Persistance and Completion
Authors: Stovall Martina
Published: June 2004

Minority students often face greater challenges than their white peers in becoming integrated into the college environment. Recent research suggests that participation in a student success course could be especially beneficial for minority students who attend predominantly white community colleges. This chapter presents a model for designing and implementing a community college student success course.
Creating a Campus Climate in Which Diversity is Truly Valued
Authors: Clements Evelyn
Published: June 2004

When Middlesex Community College opened two new campuses in 1987, the student development staff recognized the importance of recruiting and retaining a new student population of largely Southeas Asian and Hispanic immigrants. A multifaceted program—which included curriculum changes, new student organizations, and orientation activities—was developed to create a more inclusive campus environment.
Sources and Information Regarding Effective Retention Strategies for Students of Color
Authors: Zamani Eboni M.
Published: June 2004

This chapter reports literature from the ERIC system that highlights issues and concerns regarding minority student retention and learning success withing community colleges. Factors contributing to declining retention rates and effective programming strategies designed to address continues participation of students of color are discussed.
103Rh NMR Chemical Shifts in Organometallic Complexes: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Study
Authors: Orian Laura , Bisello Annalisa , Santi Saverio , Ceccon Alberto , Saielli Giacomo
Published: June 2004

Experimental 103Rh NMR chemical shifts of mono‐ and binuclear rhodium(I) complexes containing s‐ or as‐hydroindacenide and indacenediide bridging ligands with different ancillary ligands (1,5‐cyclooctadiene, ethylene, carbonyl) are presented. A protocol, based on density functional theory calculations, was established to determine 103Rh NMR shielding constants in order to rationalise the effects of electronic and structural variations on the spectroscopic signal, and to gain insight into the efficiency of this computational method when applied to organometallic systems. Scalar and spin–orbit relativistic effects based on the ZORA (zeroth order regular approximation) level have been taken into account and discussed. A good agreement was found for model compounds over a wide range of chemical shifts of rhodium (≈10 000 ppm). This allowed us to discuss the experimental and calculated δ(103Rh) in larger complexes and to relate it to their electronic structure.
Staudinger Reaction at in‐Bridgehead Positions of Phosphorus Macrobicyclic Compounds
Authors: Bauer Ingmar , Gruner Margit , Goutal Sigrid , Habicher Wolf D.
Published: June 2004

Reaction of in,in‐phosphite 1 with thiophosphoryl azide 2 affords in,in‐dithiophosphate 3, in,in‐thiophosphate–imidophosphate 4, and in,in‐phosphite–imidophosphate 5. Compounds 4 and 5 are the first examples of the modification of in‐bridgehead positions in macrobicyclic compounds with groups larger than methyl. The benzaldehyde arms of the in‐substituent in 4 and 5 jut out of the cage bars. In 4 they are trapped between the macrocyclic arms to give the NMR spectra of a Cs‐symmetric solution‐state structure. In contrast, in 5 the benzaldehyde arms can move between the gaps of the cage. This results in 1H and 13C NMR spectra which are consistent for a compound with C3v symmetry. In,out‐diimidophosphate 7 is obtained in moderate yield by reaction of in,out‐phosphite 6 with thiophosphoryl azide 2. Its in‐benzaldehyde moieties are not fixed between the cage arms, but can freely move from one gap to the next as is indicated by NMR measurements.
Poly(phenylacetylene)s Bearing a Peptide Pendant: Helical Conformational Changes of the Polymer Backbone Stimulated by the Pendant Conformational Change
Authors: Maeda Katsuhiro , Kamiya Nobuto , Yashima Eiji
Published: June 2004

Optically active, cis‐transoid poly(phenylacetylene) derivatives bearing a poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) [poly(PBGAm)] or poly(L‐glutamic acid) [poly(PGAm)] chain as the pendant were prepared by polymerisation of the corresponding macromonomer with a rhodium catalyst followed by hydrolysis of the pendant ester groups. Their conformational changes in solution, induced by a helix–coil transition of the pendant polypeptides, were investigated using circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectroscopies. A series of macromonomers with a different peptide chain lengths was synthesised by the polymerisation of the N‐carboxyanhydride of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate with a phenylacetylene bearing an alanine residue as the initiator. The obtained macromonomers (PBGAm) were further polymerised with a rhodium catalyst in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) to yield novel poly(phenylacetylene)s [poly(PBGAm)] with a poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) pendant. The poly(PBGAm) exhibited an induced circular dichroism (ICD) in the UV/Vis region of the polymer backbone in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), probably due to the prevailing one‐handed helix formation. The Cotton effect signs of a DMSO solution of the poly(PBGAm) were inverted and accompanied by a visible colour change in the presence of an increasing amount of chloroform or DMF containing lithium chloride. The results suggest that poly(PBGAm) may undergo a conformational change such as a helix–helix transition with a different helical pitch responding to a change in the α‐helix content of the poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) pendant. Moreover, a water‐soluble poly(PGAm) also showed a similar, but dramatic change in its helical conformation with a visible colour change stimulated by a helix–coil transition of the pendant poly(L‐glutamic acid) chains by changing the pH in water.
Novel Stereocontrolled Approach to syn‐ and anti‐Oxepene–Cyclogeranyl trans‐Fused Polycyclic Systems: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Aplysistatin, (+)‐Palisadin A, (+)‐Palisadin B, (+)‐12‐Hydroxy‐Palisadin B, and the AB Ring System of Adociasulfate‐2 and Toxicol A
Authors: Couladouros Elias A. , Vidali Veroniki P.
Published: June 2004

A new stereocontrolled method for the formation of trans‐anti cyclogeranyl–oxepene systems is described. The demanding stereochemistry is secured by stereoselective coupling of a cyclogeranyl tertiary alcohol with a 1,2‐unsymmetrically substituted epoxide, while the formation of the highly strained oxepene is achieved employing ring‐closing metathesis. Since the stereochemistry of the trans‐fused 6,7‐ring system is determined by the epoxide, the method also allows the construction of trans–syn 6,7‐ring systems. This approach leads to the synthesis of the AB fragment of Adociasulfate‐2 and Toxicol A, for the first time. The flexibility and efficiency of the presented strategy is demonstrated by the total asymmetric synthesis of (−)‐Aplysistatin, (+)‐Palisadin A, (+)‐12‐hydroxy‐Palisadin B, and (+)‐Palisadin B, employing two similar key intermediates.
Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentrationen von brennbaren Gasen und Dämpfen
Authors: Fuß O. , Molnarne M. , Schönbucher A. , Schröder V.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Zeit‐ und geschwindigkeitsabhängiges Verhalten von Schüttgütern als Bedingungen für Slip‐Stick
Authors: Schulze D.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Einführung cyclischer Amidinein nitrilhaltige Polymere in der Schmelze
Authors: Becker H.G. , Schmidt‐Naake G.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Mathematische Modellierung der einzelligen Mikroalge Porphyridium purpureum
Authors: Fleck P. , Posten C.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Virtuelle Produktmodellierung am Beispiel eines Pumpenlaufrades
Authors: Benra F.‐K. , Köhler P. , Witt G.
Published: June 2004

Durch die Verkürzung der Produktlebenszyklen werden die zur Verfügung stehenden Entwicklungszeiten entscheidend eingeschränkt. Es bleibt keine Zeit mehr für ein umfangreiches Erprobungsprogramm, bei dem die gewünschten Produkteigenschaften durch die Untersuchung und Abwandlung diverser Prototypen erzielt werden. Durch konsequenten Einsatz virtueller Techniken ist die Simulation der geforderten Produkteigenschaften und des Herstellungsprozesses möglich. Das Ergebnis einer so aufgebauten CAx‐Prozesskette ist eine vollständige, durchgängig rechnerintegrierte Bauteilentwicklung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein derartiger Produktentstehungsprozess am Beispiel eines Kreiselpumpenlaufrades detailliert beschrieben. Durch die Schaffung eines Anwendungssystems für die Berechnung, Konstruktion und Fertigung von Pumpenlaufrädern lässt sich der Entwicklungsprozess enorm verkürzen. Gleichzeitig ist damit eine wesentliche Senkung der Entwicklungskosten für ein äußerst effektives und zuverlässiges Produkt verbunden.
Hochdruck‐Flüssig/Flüssig‐Extraktion in Anwesenheit nahekritischen Kohlendioxids
Authors: Freitag J. , Tuma D. , Maurer G.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Gewinnung und Charakterisierung einer L‐Serindehydratase aus dem marinen Bakterium Paracoccus seriniphilus zum Aufbau bioanalytischer Systeme
Authors: Laroche M. , Pukall R. , Ulber R.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Molekular geprägte Nanopartikel als selektive Phase in Kompositmembranen: Hydrodynamik und Stofftrennung in nanoskaligen Schüttungen
Authors: Lehmann M. , Brunner H. , Tovar G.E.M.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Vorhersage von thermodynamischen Stoffeigenschaften mit dem Kontinuumsmodell COSMO‐RS
Authors: Spuhl O. , Arlt W. , del Río Hernández A.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Entfernung von Stickstoffoxiden nach dem NH3‐SCR‐Verfahren: Katalysatoren auf Basis von Eisen(III)oxid haltigen industriellen Reststoffen
Authors: Weisweiler W. , Mallonn E. , Görke O.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Einfluss der Feststoffaustragsgeometrie auf die Abscheidung in einem Gaszyklon bei hoher Temperatur
Authors: Obermair S. , Bohnet M. , Staudinger G.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Desorption durch Mikrowellen unter Vakuum
Authors: Richrath M. , Borren T. , Bathen D. , Schmidt‐Traub H.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
Kinetik der Reaktion von CO2 und OH–‐Ionen bei unendlicher Verdünnung
Authors: Kucka L. , Richter J. , Kenig E.Y. , Górak A.
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
On experimental aspects of electrophoretic NMR
Authors: Pettersson Erik , Furó István , Stilbs Peter
Published: June 2004

Artefacts in electrophoretic NMR experiments are investigated in detail. We identify electroosmosis, sample heating, and gas development on the electrodes as main error sources and suggest experimental strategies and setups to suppress their influence on the monitored electrophoretic mobilities. We hereby demonstrate essentially artefact‐free experiments up to currents and electric fields 3 mA and 70 V/cm, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 22A: 61–68, 2004
Reevaluation of prognostic factors for survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese nationwide survey
Authors: Ikai Iwao , Arii Shigeki , Kojiro Masamichi , Ichida Takafumi , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Matsuyama Yutaka , Nakanuma Yasuni , Okita Kiwamu , Omata Masao , Takayasu Kenichi , Yamaoka Yoshio ,   The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

Advances in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved the prognosis for patients with HCC who undergo liver resection. The objective of this study was to evaluate prognostic predictors for patients with HCC who underwent liver resection in a Japanese nationwide data base.

METHODS

In this study, the authors analyzed 12,118 patients with HCC in a Japanese nationwide data base who underwent liver resection between 1990 and 1999 and compared them with a previous analysis of patients between 1982 and 1989. All patients were evaluated for prognostic factors.

RESULTS

During the last decade, the increases in patients who were without hepatitis B virus surface antigen, who had small tumors, and who had portal vein invasion were noted. The 5‐year overall survival rates for patients with HCC improved to 50.5%, compared with < 40% in the previous analysis. A multivariate analysis using a stratified Cox proportional hazards model according to associated liver disease indicated that age, degree of liver damage, α‐fetoprotein level, maximal tumor dimension, number of tumors, intrahepatic extent of tumor, extrahepatic metastasis, portal vein invasion, hepatic vein invasion, surgical curability, and free surgical margins were independent prognostic predictors for patients with HCC. Operative mortality decreased from 2.3% in 1990–1991 to 0.6% in 1998–1999.

CONCLUSIONS

Outcomes and operative mortality rates in patients with HCC improved during the last decade. Age, degree of liver damage, α‐fetoprotein level, maximal tumor dimension, number of tumors, intrahepatic extent of tumor, extrahepatic metastasis, portal vein invasion, hepatic vein invasion, surgical curability, and free surgical margins were prognostic factors for patients with HCC who underwent liver resection. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Oncolysis by viral replication and inhibition of angiogenesis by a replication‐conditional herpes simplex virus that expresses mouse endostatin
Authors: Mullen John T. , Donahue James M. , Chandrasekhar Soundararajalu , Yoon Sam S. , Liu Wenbiao , Ellis Lee M. , Nakamura Hideo , Kasuya Hideki , Pawlik Timothy M. , Tanabe Kenneth K.
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

In preclinical models, infection of tumors by oncolytic strains of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) resulted in the destruction of tumor cells by viral replication and release of progeny virion that infected and destroyed adjacent tumor cells. However, complete tumor regression was rarely observed.

METHODS

To augment the antitumor effect of viral oncolysis, a replication conditional HSV‐1 mutant (HSV‐Endo) was constructed in which the murine endostatin gene was incorporated into the HSV‐1 genome.

RESULTS

Replication of HSV‐Endo effectively destroyed several colon carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Secretion of endostatin by HSV‐Endo–infected HT29 human colon carcinoma cells was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The secreted endostatin was biologically active as assessed in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Importantly, endostatin production at the site of viral replication did not inhibit viral replication. Direct injection of HSV‐Endo into flank tumors caused tumor destruction, and some of the HSV‐Endo–treated flank tumors completely sloughed. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumors revealed a decreased number of blood vessels in the HSV‐Endo–treated group versus the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The oncolytic HSV‐1 mutant HSV‐Endo provided a two‐pronged therapy; namely, inhibition of angiogenesis and direct tumor cell destruction by viral replication. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A framework for high‐performance matrix multiplication based on hierarchical abstractions, algorithms and optimized low‐level kernels
Authors: Valsalam Vinod , Skjellum Anthony
Published: June 2004

Despite extensive research, optimal performance has not easily been available previously for matrix multiplication (especially for large matrices) on most architectures because of the lack of a structured approach and the limitations imposed by matrix storage formats. A simple but effective framework is presented here that lays the foundation for building high‐performance matrix‐multiplication codes in a structured, portable and efficient manner. The resulting codes are validated on three different representative RISC and CISC architectures on which they significantly outperform highly optimized libraries such as ATLAS and other competing methodologies reported in the literature. The main component of the proposed approach is a hierarchical storage format that efficiently generalizes the applicability of the memory hierarchy friendly Morton ordering to arbitrary‐sized matrices. The storage format supports polyalgorithms, which are shown here to be essential for obtaining the best possible performance for a range of problem sizes. Several algorithmic advances are made in this paper, including an oscillating iterative algorithm for matrix multiplication and a variable recursion cutoff criterion for Strassen's algorithm. The authors expose the need to standardize linear algebra kernel interfaces, distinct from the BLAS, for writing portable high‐performance code. These kernel routines operate on small blocks that fit in the L1 cache. The performance advantages of the proposed framework can be effectively delivered to new and existing applications through the use of object‐oriented or compiler‐based approaches. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient communication using message prediction for clusters of multiprocessors
Authors: Afsahi Ahmad , Dimopoulos Nikitas J.
Published: June 2004

With the increasing uniprocessor and symmetric multiprocessor computational power available today, interprocessor communication has become an important factor that limits the performance of clusters of workstations/multiprocessors. Many factors including communication hardware overhead, communication software overhead, and the user environment overhead (multithreading, multiuser) affect the performance of the communication subsystems in such systems. A significant portion of the software communication overhead belongs to a number of message copying operations. Ideally, it is desirable to have a true zero‐copy protocol where the message is moved directly from the send buffer in its user space to the receive buffer in the destination without any intermediate buffering. However, due to the fact that message‐passing applications at the send side do not know the final receive buffer addresses, early arrival messages have to be buffered at a temporary area. In this paper, we show that there is a message reception communication locality in message‐passing applications. We have utilized this communication locality and devised different message predictors at the receiver sides of communications. In essence, these message predictors can be efficiently used to drain the network and cache the incoming messages even if the corresponding receive calls have not yet been posted. The performance of these predictors, in terms of hit ratio, on some parallel applications are quite promising and suggest that prediction has the potential to eliminate most of the remaining message copies. We also show that the proposed predictors do not have sensitivity to the starting message reception call, and that they perform better than (or at least equal to) our previously proposed predictors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediation within a hierarchical structure: How can it be done successfully?
Authors: Wiseman Vivian , Poitras Jean
Published: June 2004

Based on an actual case, this article explores the role that power plays in the mediation process and negotiation dynamics. Specifically, it explores how a mediator can conciliate balancing power among the parties to a mediation process while respecting the hierarchical structure of an organization. It is suggested that if the mediation requirements are not reconciled with the reality of organizational structure, the parties are at risk of engaging in a power struggle outside the mediation context.
Emotional intelligence and mediation training
Authors: Schreier Lori S.
Published: June 2004

Does mediation training sufficiently teach how to effectively manage strong emotions in mediation? What specific training in emotional self‐awareness and self‐regulation skills and approaches could prove useful? This research explores the role of emotional intelligence in mediation and describes approaches and strategies suggested by mediation trainers for working with emotions. Analysis of how emotional intelligence currently informs mediation training pedagogy, and how it could be better incorporated, is presented.
Inclusive innovation: a research project on the inclusion of social responsibility
Authors: Nijhof Andre , Fisscher Olaf , Looise Jan Kees
Published: June 2004

The focus of attention in research on corporate social responsibility has shifted away from convincing companies to live up to social responsibilities. Nowadays, the focus is much more on developing tools and methods for supporting companies to incorporate these responsibilities in their conduct of business. In the last decade a huge number of initiatives have emerged in this field. This article presents an overview of these initiatives and concentrates on one of them: the project ‘Inclusive innovation’. This project aims at the development of a label for the integration of social responsibilities and universal human rights within organizations.

The project is executed under the auspices of the University of Twente in the Netherlands and prepared and managed in co‐operation with a number of universities and organizations from different European countries. The European Commission, Shell, Oci, SBI and the municipal of Amsterdam are financing the project. The University of Twente has a long‐standing tradition of research in the fields of both quality management and managing social responsible behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Prospects of a unified management system
Authors: Jørgensen Tine Herreborg , Simonsen Gorm
Published: June 2004

In this article, the trend among management systems towards a common structure and the inclusion of additional areas of corporate concern (quality, environment, occupational health and safety and social responsibility) is outlined. The article suggests that a large part of the work associated with implementing and maintaining standardized management systems can be rationalized by developing a ‘unified system’. The unified system is proposed to consist of a common basic standard of general managerial methodology expandable with supplements, which are related to the specific areas of concern that the company could wish to include in their management system and possibly have certified. It is estimated that such a unified management system would contribute to synergy between the activities related to each area of concern, resulting in a more careful and efficient treatment of the increasing number of areas of concern. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
On the concept of a universal audit of quality and environmental management systems
Authors: Karapetrovic Stanislav
Published: June 2004

There is a definite trend in industry today toward the integration of internal management systems (MSs), including those for managing quality, environment, health and safety, and social accountability. The standards describing the minimum requirements for such systems have been made largely compatible, but are not yet fully aligned or integrated. Apart from several national standards for integrated quality, environment and safety MSs, the world has yet to see a corresponding and internationally accepted guideline. In contrast, integrative standardization activities in the realm of MS auditing are proceeding in full force, with the introduction of the pioneering ISO 19011 guideline for quality and environmental auditing expected soon. This paper focuses on the concepts, principles and practices of a truly generic audit, applicable for the evaluation of diverse aspects of organizational performance against the criteria stated in MS standards. A universal audit model based on the systems approach and several important questions regarding the compatibility and integration of the current auditing schemes are discussed. These issues include the ability of integrated audits to foster unification of supported MSs, as well as different strategies for the development of a universal audit guideline (UAG) and integration of function‐specific audits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.