bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education Interest Groups and the Lobbying Function in the Political Process
Authors: Curley John R.
Published: March 2007

A primer for the educationist: How to influence the legislators, licitly.
An Analysis of African-American First-Year College Student Attitudes and Attrition Rates
Authors: Clark Sanza B. , Crawford Sandie L.
Published: March 2007

Viewing persistence in college as a function of the harmony between the student and the institutional environmen4 this study was designed to assess the attitudes and perceptions of incoming African-American first-year students enrolled at a predominantly White urban college during the fall of 1989. A second major component of this study was the comparison of the attrition rates of these 1989 African-American students with their 1984 counterparts. The findings show that despite the initial favorable perceptions and attitudes held about their campus, many of these students did not experience a positive first year. Comparisons of the attrition rates of the 1984 and 1989 African-American first-year classes indicate that the attrition rates have only marginally declined. Success within supportive programs varied according to gender and age.
Funds of Knowledge for Teaching in Latino Households
Authors: Gonzalez Norma , Moll Luis C. , Tenery Martha Floyd , Rivera Anna , Rendon Patricia , Gonzales Raquel , Amanti Cathy
Published: March 2007

Conceptualizing the households of working-class Latino students as being rich in funds of knowledge has had transformative consequences for teachers, parents, students, and researchers. Teachers' qualitative, ethnographic study of their own students' households has unfolded as a viable method for bridging the gap between school and community. The focus of the home visit is to gather details about the accumulated knowledge base that each household assembles in order to ensure its own subsistence. Teachers also participate in study groups that offer a forum for the collective analysis of the household findings, and they form curriculum units that tap into the household funds of knowledge. New avenues of communication between school and home foster confianza, or mutual trust.
Making Educational Reform
Authors: Hula Richard C. , Jelier Richard W , Schauer Mark
Published: March 2007

This article examines education reform in Detroit, employing data from over 75 semi structured elite interviews. The research explores the apparent collapse of a local education reform effort in Detroit despite broad dissatisfaction with the current education system. Both collaborative and competitive approaches to reform are investigated through a regime framework Reformers who implemented change were removed from office and yet a business school compact, neighborhood-based empowerment schools, and schools of choice remain as a legacy. This indicates that although short-term political support for change in Detroit did collapse, some long-term institutional impact of the reform remains.
Betting Against Youth
Authors: SCHISSEL BERNARD
Published: March 2007

This article contends that youth gambling is a formidable social problem that draws on those who can least afford it, is partly derived from a general disempowerment from society, and as a consequence, is connected with risk-taking behaviors such as drug and alcohol abuse. To explore further the complex nature of youth gambling and its relation to social disadvantage, the empirical analysis incorporates comparisons between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal youth and between male and female youth. The conclusions suggest that youth gambling is a form of regressive taxation that exploits those who are most vulnerable because of their socioeconomic marginality and their feelings of relative powerlessness.
Gender Differences in Occupational Orientations of Soviet Immigrant Students
Authors: SAGY SHIFRA
Published: March 2007

Occupational orientations of 154 young Soviet immigrants to Israel were studied. It was hypothesized that among young people socialized in Soviet society there would be fewer gender differences in vocational choices and occupational values than in Western society. However, significant gender differences were found in both variables, consistent with the stereotypical pattern documented in Western societies. Although these findings could suggest that sex role stereotyping is of psychological origin, sociological-cultural and developmental explanations are offered.
Perceptions of Self, the United States, and Europe
Authors: BRAUNGART RICHARD G. , BRAUNGART MARGARET M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the personal perceptions and aspirations of 187 students studying at two universities in Syracuse, New York during the spring of 1992. The Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale is used to determine the best and worst possible outcomes for themselves, the United States, and Europe. The evaluations and responses of full- and part-time students attending a private university are compared with those enrolled at a public university. Research results indicate that, although students are most optimistic about their own future and to a lesser extent the future of Europe, they are more pessimistic about the future prospects for the United States. Students' hopes, fears, and ladder ratings are described and compared, and the findings are interpreted from a cognitive dissonance perspective.
Barriers to Accessibility for Lesbian and Gay Youth Needing Addictions Services
Authors: TRAVERS ROBB , SCHNEIDER MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Using a qualitative research method, this study investigates the ways in which homophobia and heterosexism constitute barriers to treatment for lesbian and gay youth in need of addictions services. Seventeen lesbian and gay youth were interviewed regarding their experiences in addictions services. The major barriers that they report include marginalization, avoidance of gay and lesbian issues, ignoring sexual orientation as an issue, deflection and contradiction, outing, harassment, early discharge, and misinformed staff. Recommendations are made for making addictions services more appropriate and accessible for lesbian and gay youth.
Another Century of Conflict? War and the International System in the 21st Century
Authors: Hirst Paul Q.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the major factors likely to affect sources and methods of armed conflict in the coming century. First, it considers the role of changing military technology, concentrating on the Revolution in Military Affairs. Second, it then turns to the issue of possible balances between economic conflict and cooperation and their effects on war, including whether the current extreme economic inequality within and between nations will be reduced by widespread industrialization and the prospects for China becoming an economic equal of and military rival to the USA. Third, it considers how climate change may affect the role of states and the sources of conflict between them. Finally, it raises the question of whether international norms will be extended and consolidated, leading to greater cosmopolitan governance. It concludes that this is unlikely in an environment where states are facing confrontational non-state actors and where the major powers are forced to intervene in collapsing states. The article envisages a century of conflict, different from the 20th century but in many ways no less brutal.
The Economic Organization of Science, the Firm, and the Marketplace
Authors: Wible James R.
Published: March 2007

Among the various institutional structures of an economy like the firm and the marketplace is one that is like no other. Science is unique. This uniqueness raises an important question: why does science exist? From an economic perspective, there are two potentially meaningful approaches to the existence of science. They both encompass institutional pluralism. A substitutes theory of comparative institutions presupposes the primacy of the commercial marketplace over firms—that firms substitute for the market when markets fail. This theory has not been used to explain the existence of science. A complements theory postulates that many simultaneous institutional responses, including science, are necessary for creating an efficient and equitable economy. The economic function of science is to produce fundamental theoretical abstractions about our world. Scientific theories are public goods that would not likely be produced within the governance structures of commercial markets and firms. The aim is to complement but not supplant traditional philosophical answers that science exists to discover truth and knowledge.
A Solution To the Problem of "Differences in Units of Measure"
Authors: O'Brien Robert M.
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that researchers comparing causal models across populations employ path regression coefficients corrected for unreliability. This procedure, however, does not eliminate the problem of differences in the units of measure across populations. This paper outlines a technique designed to eliminate this problem by comparing "effect ratios," rather than effect coefficients, across populations. Both hypothetical and real data are used to demonstrate the technique.
Assessing Group Effects
Authors: Firebaugh Glenn
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between two methods for detecting group effects in nonexperimental data: covariance analysis and contextual analysts. The examination shows that contextual effects are a special case of the group effect obtained in covariance analysis. This finding implies that (1) the group effect of covariance analysis provides an upper limit for contextual effects, (2) covariance analysis is more directly applicable in exploratory work, while contextual analysis is more directly applicable in causal analysis, and (3) both contextual and covariance analysis are required for a complete accounting of group effects.
A Value-Based Community Assessment Process
Authors: OLSEN MARVIN E. , CANAN PENELOPE , HENNESSY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

It is argued that community quality of life and social impact studies are similar in nature and can be integrated with a common analytical model for conducting community assessments. All such assessments must incorporate the basic values prevailing in the community, as expressed by community leaders and various segments of the population. Community assessments must also include both objective and subjective procedures, as neither approach is meaningful by itself. The initial stages of the proposed community assessment process are illustrated with research conducted on the island of Molokai in Hawaii. That study mapped the value structure of the island's residents, from which social indicators for the island were derived.
Have Historical Sociologists Forsaken Theory?
Authors: QUADAGNO JILL , KNAPP STAN J.
Published: March 2007

With the re-emergence of historical sociology as a dominant focus of inquiry has come a renewed interest in more general methodological, theoretical, and epistemological issues that have long occupied debates about the relationship between history and theory. A recently published article by Edgar Kiser and Michael Hechter brings to the fore several core themes in these debates. Kiser and Hechter claim that comparative historical sociologists not only have turned against general theory but theories in general. The authors argue that these conclusions are based on a narrow definition of the enterprise of historical sociology and on an attempt to confine the definition of theory to general laws. In this article, they first demonstrate that historical sociologists have not forsaken theory. Next, they articulate the dilemmas that general theories defined as general laws pose for historical analysis, and finally, they delineate what methodologically selfconscious historical sociologists have identified as the core elements of a temporally grounded historical sociology.
Dapoxetine Has No Pharmacokinetic or Cognitive Interactions With Ethanol in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Modi Nishit B. , Dresser Mark , Desai Dhaval , Edgar Christopher , Wesnes Keith
Published: February 2007

Dapoxetine is being investigated for the treatment of premature ejaculation. This study evaluated the potential pharmacokinetic and cognitive interactions of dapoxetine 60 mg with ethanol 0.5 g/kg in a single‐center, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover study in healthy adult male participants (n = 24). Dapoxetine was rapidly absorbed and eliminated; peak concentrations were noted 1.47 hours after administration and decreased with an alpha half‐life of 1.33 hours and a terminal half‐life of 15.6 hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC∞, t1/2, and tmax) of dapoxetine were not altered with concurrent ethanol consumption. Furthermore, coadministration of dapoxetine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ethanol or potentiate the cognitive and subjective effects of ethanol.
ON THE COMMUNICATIVE PROPERTIES OF MUSIC
Authors: LULL JAMES
Published: March 2007

Music plays a variety of roles as an agent of social utility and source of entertainment. For young people in particular, music helps unify social collectives, introduces new topics, teaches society's norms and rules, and creates new symbols. Because active use of a medium increases its effect as an agent of socialization, music has an impact at physical, emotional, and cognitive levels. The modern rock movement is especially important when considering the activities of adolescents in the U.S. and Europe.
Managing Conflicting Goals in Supportive Interaction
Authors: GOLDSMITH DAENA
Published: March 2007

Supportive interactions often pose conflicting goals: Speakers want to give or receive support, simultaneously conveying and receiving acceptance and preserving the autonomy of both parties. Previous research on the presence or absence of supportive communication has overlooked how support is conveyed and how some message characteristics accomplish multiple goals. By highlighting these multiple goals, politeness theory integrates previous research on dilemmas of supportive communication and characteristics of helpful and unhelpful messages. Face work is a critical part of a theoretical framework for identifying and explaining characteristics of effective supportive communication. The heuristic value of this framework is demonstrated in a series of research questions.
Truth Biases and Aroused Suspicion in Relational Deception
Authors: STIFF JAMES B. , KIM HYUN J. , RAMESH CLOSEPET N.
Published: March 2007

Relatively stable perceptions of truthfulness tend to develop in relationships, although situations may arise causing partners to become suspicious of one another. The truth bias that grows as relationships develop was conceptualized as a cognitive heuristic for judging a partner's veracity. This study of relational partners investigates the influence of the truth bias and aroused suspicion on judgments of truthfulness. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design, one partner was assigned the role of interviewee who responded either truthfully or deceptively to questions about his or her emotional reactions to a pair of film clips. The other partner was assigned to the role of an interviewer who was either suspicious or not suspicious and made judgments about his or her partner's veracity. Findings were consistent with the truth bias hypothesis. Partners in well-developed relationships demonstrated a strong truth bias, resulting in greater judgments of truthfulness and (somewhat) lower detection accuracy. Suspicion aroused by a third party served to offset this heuristic and lead to greater judgments of deceptiveness. The implications of these findings for research on social cognition and deceptive communication are discussed.
The Multiple Affective Outcomes of AIDS PSAs
Authors: DILLARD JAMES PRICE , PLOTNICK COURTNEY A. , GODBOLD LINDA C. , FREIMUTH VICKI S. , EDGAR TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

The widespread use of fear appeals in health communication campaigns seems to reflect the existence of a folk theory that predicts message acceptance as a function of induced fright. Whereas there is empirical evidence consistent with that position, recent research also shows that other affects may influence message acceptance as well. Two studies were conducted to determine the extent to which a sample of public service announcements (PSAs) on the topic of AIDS / HIV evoked affective responses, the degree to which those affects predicted message acceptance, and the mechanism by which feelings, including fear; operate on message acceptance. Results showed that a variety of affects were induced by the PSAs, most of which did predict message acceptance. However, considerable variation was observed in both sign and magnitude of the associations. As for mechanism, the data suggested that the effects of affect on message acceptance were mediated by heuristic rather than systematic message processing.
Individual Media Dependency Relations Within Television Shopping Programming
Authors: SKUMANICH STEPHANIE A. , KINTSFATHER DAVID P.
Published: March 2007

This study uses media system dependency theory to review and expand an individual media dependency (IMD) model for television home shopping. The model is extended to account for audience-viewer effects as measured by a newly developed Broadcast Teleparticipation Effects Scale. Viewer relationships with the medium, the genre within the medium, and the genre personae (via parasocial interaction and broadcast teleparticipation effects) are associated with viewing behavior and are highly predictive of purchasing behavior. The act of purchasing serves to reinforce dependencies with the programming, resulting in feedback effects of increasing intensity of persona relationships, exposure, and ultimately, future purchasing. A generic causal model for IMD is proposed, societal implications are discussed, and further investigations are suggested.
Black and White Homicide Differentials
Authors: HAWKINS DARNELL F.
Published: March 2007

Rates of homicide among blacks in the United States have been consistently higher than those of white Americans and of other American nonwhites. Subculture of violence theory has been the most widely accepted explanation for these differences. In this article, I argue that subculture theory ignores or underemphasizes a variety of historical-structural, situational, and economic factors that might explain high rates of black homicide. Seldom examined is the behavior of the law. Three theoretical propositions are offered as guides for future research. These propositions suggest that (1) the historical devaluing of black life, (2) official responses of the criminal justice system to prehomicide behavior among blacks, and (3) the direct effects of economic deprivation are important causal factors.
The Emotionally Disturbed Military Criminal Offender
Authors: WALTERS GLENN D. , SCRAPANSKY THOMAS A. , MARRLOW GLENN A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the personality characteristics, demographic, psychiatric, and criminal background, and current institutional adjustment of a sample of emotionally disturbed criminal offenders. Subjects were 43 emotionally disturbed and 43 nondisturbed military male inmates matched on age, confining offense, and length of sentence. Results indicated that the emotionally disturbed offenders committed more crimes against persons, fewer drug offenses, and were more likely to be divorced compared with the general population of inmates. Relative to control inmates, emotionally disturbed offenders achieved more highly elevated MMPI profiles, were rated as more disturbed behaviorally, evidenced a more extensive history of family and personal psychiatric difficulty, and demonstrated poorer adjustment to incarceration. Recommendations for future research in this area are discussed.
The Relationship of Risk, Needs, and Personality Classification Systems and Prison Adjustment
Authors: WRIGHT KEVIN N.
Published: March 2007

This study compares different inmate classification systems—risk assessment, Megargee's MMPI typology, and Toch's Prison Preference Inventory—to determine which best distinguishes inmates who experience adjustment problems. Findings indicated that none of the three schemes is clearly superior. Each possesses its own advantages and disadvantages. Interestingly, risk assessment distinguished inmates who receive institutional recognition as experiencing some problem. It differentiated inmates cited for aggressive disciplinary infractions and those who report to sick call. The Megargee and Toch systems distinguish inmates who reported they experienced adjustment problems.
The Federal Communications Commission's "Fairness" Doctrine
Authors: Goldoff Anna C.
Published: March 2007

There are few examples in the literature that measure compliance with the decisions of federal regulatory agencies. This study addresses the following questions: Do broadcasters willingly comply with "fairness" regulations? Does the FCC enforce its public interest policies? The study uses an attitudinal survey and compliance data at the networks and the FCC to find out the impact of a landmark decision that applied the "fairness" doctrine to cigarette commercials.
Cooperative Extension's Urban Expansion
Authors: Terry Larry D.
Published: March 2007

In 1914, Congress established the Cooperative Agricultural Extension Service. This unique and complex educational system is a three-way cooperative relationship between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, land-grant colleges and universities, and several thousand county governments. The Extension Service was created to disseminate scientific information (generated at the land-grant institutions) to farmers and their families in order to improve agricultural production and the quality of rural life. In recent years, however, Extension's leadership has made a commitment to expand the system's operations in urban areas. This expansion has sparked an intense debate regarding the interpretation of Extension's mission. Using various approaches to statutory interpretation as an analytical framework, this article seeks to answer the question, Is Extension's urban expansion a failure of leadership or a responsiveness to changing times?
Formulating Learning Tasks
Authors: Radwillowicz Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper contains two proposals: the first is of a theoretical, general didactic character and the second of a quite practical kind. The first proposal displays a so-called 'task approach' to the teaching and learning process; the latter is considered mainly as a set (chain) of consecutive learning tasks put by the teacher during each lesson to his/her pupils. It is affirmed that teachers do not behave with total awareness in this most important domain. In order to change such a situation, it is necessary to offer them the opportunity to attend an appropriate course of inservice training, namely in improving their own systems (sets) of learning tasks addressed to pupils. This forms the content of the author's second, practical proposal.
Psychological Services for Bedouin Schools in Southern Israel
Authors: Landsman Moshe S.
Published: March 2007

From 1978 to 1981 a small school psychology service was set up for Bedouin schools in southern Israel. A systems approach was adopted in attempting to cope with achieving at least a minimum impact with less than minimum resources. The service concentrated upon identification and treatment of children with special needs, early prevention of learning and behavioral problems, and staff development and consultation. Techniques are discussed which were used to relate to these problems in the context of a cross-cultural setting. The demise of the service was caused by accelerated burnout.
Issues in the Philippine Electronics Industry: A Global Perspective
Authors: Pineda-Ofreneo Rosalinda
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the current boom in Philippine-based semiconductor manufacturing as part of the growing phenomenon of international subcontracting within the transnational-dominated global electronics industry. It concretely shows the advantages that accrue to the semiconductor TNCs in contrast to the disadvantages suffered by the host country and by the women workers in particular. It discusses issues related to the employment and working conditions of the female workers employed in the industry, as well as policy options in the sphere of labor relations, transfer of technology and the overall national economy.
Decreasing Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Mayhew Gerald , Harris Francis
Published: March 2007

A profoundly mentally retarded adolescent received contingent citric acid applied to his mouth for engaging in self-injurious behvior (SIB) and tantrum screaming. A combination multiple baseline across behaviors and reversal design was used. Citric acid was first introduced for screaming and then for SIB. When the solution was delivered for screaming, this behavior decreased while SIB remained high. Presentation of citric acid for SIB was also associated with a decrease in that behavior. Withdrawal of punishment for the SIB was associated with an increase in the behavior, while reintroduction of the citric acid resulted in a decrease in the behavior. Following this condition, proximity to and orientation toward the trainer was positively reinforced in addition to the punishment contingency. Reinforcement for these behaviors was then withdrawn and reintroduced. Those conditions in which positive reinforcement was presented and SIB was punished were associated with the most consistently low levels of self-injurious behavior. The data suggest that citric acid may be an effective punisher in decreasing a variety of behaviors.
Assessment and Diagnosis of Mental Illness in Persons with Mental Retardation
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Sood Aradhana , Sonenklar Neil , Ellis Cynthia R.
Published: March 2007

The assessment and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in individuals with mental retardation has been a neglected area of research. However, current research indicates that these individuals suffer from the same range of psychiatric disorders that is evident in those who are not mentally retarded. A model of assessment and diagnosis of mental illness in this population is presented that incorporates psychiatric as well as behavioral methods. The emphasis is on the comprehensive assessment of an individual's behavior, based on family history, self and informant clinical interviews, rating scales, direct observations, and an experimental analysis of the target behaviors. The model provides the basis for making differential diagnoses in terms of related psychiatric disorders and between psychiatric disorders and behavior problems. Depression and schizophrenia are used as illustrative disorders to describe the application of this model. Given the paucity of literature on the assessment and diagnosis of mental illness in individuals with mental retardation, a number of suggestions are made regarding future research and refinement of the model.
Who's Who in Social Psychology: A Textbook Definition
Authors: Perlman Daniel , Lipsey Mark W.
Published: March 2007

The number of pages on which scholars were cited in eight recent social psychology texts was used as a measure of eminence. This article describes the technique, lists the 199 social psychologists identified as the most eminent, and provides biographical information about them. Finally, the article presents evidence concerning the reliability and validity of textbook citations as an index of eminence.
Why Attractive People are Harder to Remember
Authors: Light Leah L. , Hollander Steven , Kayra-Stuart Fortunee
Published: March 2007

People judged as highly attractive are more typical in appearance than people who are judged as less attractive. They are liked better but are harder to recognize because they are more similar to each other. This constellation of results is consistent with current views about the nature of category structure.
Account-Giving and Social Perception
Authors: Folkes Valerie S. , Morgenstern Diane
Published: March 2007

Two experiments examined the effect of communicating a reason or "account"for one's perfomrance. In Study, One, 36 subjects read a post-election speech in which a politician gave external reasons, internal reasons, or no reasons for the outcome of the election. Whether the stated reasons helped or hindered the politician's performance was ambiguous. Politicians attributing the election outcome to external factors were more likely to be judged losers than those not stating a reason or those giving internal reasons. In Study Two, 28 subjects answered a questionnaire in which students explained course grades with reasons varying as to locus, stability, and controllability. Students giving internal accounts, and in particular, internal-controllable accounts (e.g., effort) and internal-stable accounts (e.g., ability), were thought to have received better grades than those giving external accounts, and in particular, those citing external-controllable accounts (e.g., help from others). Thus, it appears that people expect account-givers to present self-enhancing explanations. However, there was a trend in both studies to assume that those who give accounts have negative rather than positive outcomes.
Deadlines, Self-Perceptions, and Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Reader Mark J. , Dollinger Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the role of self-perceptions and time deadlines on intrinsic motivation for a perceptual-motor game. Self-perceptions were manipulated by means of personality feedback emphasizing an intrinsic or extrinsic motivational orientation. Feedback was based ostensibly on group-administered tests in a first session. In a second session, subjects individually took part in a clinical judgment study (providing the "cover story"), received personality feedback, and then were invited to perform a game supposedly being pilot-tested for another researcher. Half of the subjects performed this task with an explicit time deadline. Following a second trial of the judgment task, subjects had a "free play" period of 8-min. During this time, subjects who initially tried the game with an explicit deadline evidenced less intrinsic interest than those who initially attempted the activity without time constraints. Although perceived as veridical by most subjects, the personality feedback had no effect on subsequent intrinsic motivation.
Negativity Bias
Authors: Ohbuchi Kennichi
Published: March 2007

In the competitive aggression paradigm, 26 hostile and 26 nonhostile Japanese female subjects exchanged shocks with female opponents. 7he subjects delivered significantly more intense shocks against the opponent who used shocks in a wide range of intensity than the opponent who used shocks in a narrow range. This was interpreted as meaning that negativity bias, enhanced by the extension of shock range, led the subjects to evaluate the opponent as more malicious and to retaliate more aggressively.
The Perception of Androgyny and Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Jackson Linda A.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examines the effects of sex role and attractiveness information of subjects' perceptions of a stimulus person (SP). Male and female SPs who were attractive, moderately attractive, or unattractive were made to appear masculine, feminine, or androgynous by their response to the Short Form of the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The sex and sex role of subject raters were also considered. Results indicated that androgynous persons were favorably perceived on the gender-linked dimensions of instrumentality and expressivity, and in sex neutral desirable traits. They were regarded as better adjusted, more likeable, and as having an advantage in the occupational domain, compared to masculine and feminine persons. Contrary to predictions derived from Bem's (1981) gender schema theory, the subject raters's sex role did not influence SP evaluations.
Keeping Track of Needs and Inputs of Friends and Strangers
Authors: Clark Margaret S. , Mills Judson R. , Corcoran David M.
Published: March 2007

Proceeding from the distinction between communal and exchange relationships drawn in previous work, it was hypothesized that keeping track of the needs of a friend would be greater than keeping track of the needs of a stranger and that keeping track of a stranger's inputs into a joint task would be greater than keeping track of the inputs of a friend. These hypotheses were tested in an experiment in which the number of times subjects looked at lights (which never changed) was the dependent measure. In the "needs" condition, a change in the lights meant the other person needed help (which the subject could not provide). In the "inputs" condition, a change in the lights meant the other had made a substantial contribution to a joint task. In support of the hypotheses, it was found that the number of looks at the lights in the "needs" condition was significantly greater when the other was a friend than a stranger, while the number of looks in the "inputs" condition was significantly greater when the other was a stranger than a friend.
Effect of Interaction Goals on Expectancy Confirmation in a Problem-Solving Context
Authors: Harris Monica J.
Published: March 2007

The role of interaction goals in moderating interpersonal expectancy effects was examined. Subjects were assigned to the role of perceiver or target for a team decision making task. Perceivers were given either positive or negative expectancies about their partners' abilities, as well as individual, team, or control interaction goals. Analyses supported an expectancy effect such that targets of a negative expectancy felt less smart than the positive-expectancy targets after the task. Expectancy interacted with sex such that men responded more favorably to the negative expectancy, but women responded negatively. Perceivers in the negative condition rated their partners less favorably afterward When any accuracy goal was provided, so that a competitive element was included, the team did better at the task, the perceivers talked more, and the targets had less influence on the team decision. Correlations between perceiver personality and expectancy effects are also reported.
Explaining Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Perspective
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Wood Wendy
Published: March 2007

Recent meta-analytic reviews have documented that the sexes typically differ in a variety of social behaviors, including aggression, helping, nonverbal behavior, and various aspects of inter-action in task-oriented groups. In general, these findings are consistent with a social-role theory of sex differences, which emphasizes the causal impact of gender roles-that is, of people's beliefs about the behavior that is appropriate for each sex. To move beyond the demonstration of consistency between role expectations and social behavior, meta-analyses have examined the moderators and mediators specified by this theoretical model The outcomes of these moderator and mediator analyses are illustrated from several meta-analyses of gender and social behavior. These meta-analyses thus show that quantitative reviewing is not limited to the mere summarizing of research findings; the technique also allows reviewers to examine the plausibility of theories that are relevant to these findings.
Attitude Accessibility and Motivation as Determinants of Biased Processing: A Test of the MODE Model
Authors: Schuette Robert A. , Fazio Russell H.
Published: March 2007

The roles of attitude accessibility and motivation in the biased processing of information were examined as a test of the MODE model. Subjects evaluated two studies with conflicting conclusions regarding capital punishment's crime deterrence efficacy. Attitude accessibility was manipulated by having subjects express their death penalty attitudes either once (low accessibility) or repeatedly (high accessibility) during an initial phase of the experiment. Motivation was manipulated viafear of invalidity; half the subjects were told their evaluations of the capital punishment studies would be publicly compared to an expert panel's conclusions. The relation between attitude and judgment was found to depend on both attitude accessibility and motivation. Judgments were more attitudinally congruent in the low-fear-of-invalidity/repeated-expression condition than in the other conditions.
Accuracy of Black and White College Students' In-Group and Out-Group Stereotypes
Authors: Ryan Carey S.
Published: March 2007

The accuracy of Blacks' and Whites' in-group and out-group stereotypes was examined by comparing judgments of the stereotypicality and dispersion of Black and White first-year college students with the stereotypicality and dispersion of self-ratings provided by random samples of group members. Accuracy was assessed using perceived-actual discrepancies and within-subject sensitivity correlations. Consistent with social identity theory, discrepancies revealed greater overestimation of stereotypicality and underestimation of dispersion in Blacks' judgments. But consistent with the notion that out-group information is more useful to Blacks than to Whites, sensitivity correlations revealed that Blacks' judgments of the out-group were as accurate as their judgments of their in-group, whereas Whites were more sensitive in judgments of their own group than the out-group. Participants were also more sensitive in their judgments of the White target group. Familiarity was generally unrelated to accuracy, but some evidence suggested that ethnocentrism may influence accuracy.
Accuracy of the Five-Factor Model in Predicting Perceptions of Daily Social Interactions
Authors: Barrett Lisa Feldman , Pietromonaco Paula R.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined whether individuals' personality ratings on dimensions of the five-factor model (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness) predicted their immediate perceptions of themselves and others during daily social interactions. Participants completed personality measures at an initial session and recorded and evaluated their interactions over a 1-week period. Participants' immediate perceptions were predicted strongly by their extraversion scores, moderately by their agreeableness and neuroticism scores, and only weakly by their openness to experience score. These findings suggest that at least three of the five factors accurately represent individuals' thoughts and feelings during their daily lives.
A Generalized Personal/Group Discrepancy: Testing the Domain Specificity of a Perceived Higher Effect of Events on One's Group than on Oneself
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M. , Stolkin Alison J. , Hutcheson Lesley S.
Published: March 2007

Studies on the personal/group discrimination discrepancy show individuals to perceive higher levels of discrimination directed at their group as a whole than at themselves personally. The authors hypothesized that the discrepancy is not restricted to the domain of discrimination. Research participants in Studies I and 2 completed questionnaires asking them to rate the degree to which they personally, their close friends, their gender group, and the general population (in Study 2, the average person in these groups) were affected by events in eight domains, including gender discrimination. In both studies, participants rated group levels of affectedness higher than personal levels, demonstrating a generalized personal/group discrepancy. Study 3 showed that this discrepancy also extends to positive events, thus arguing against a denial hypothesis and perhaps supporting an availability heuristic interpretation.
Practice Effects with Traditional Mental Test Items
Authors: Wing Hilda
Published: March 2007

A nationwide Federal employment program for recent college graduates required applicants to take a multiple abilities test battery. The abilities, each assessed by a separate test part, were Verbal, Judg ment, Induction, Deduction, and Number. To equate alternate forms, a sixth test part was in cluded in the test battery. This part could be an ad ditional, parallel version of one of the five ability test parts. At the first test administration one form (A) was used operationally, and each of the five parts of two alternate forms (B and C) was admin istered to a randomly selected subgroup of test takers. Small but consistent score increases from the first test form to the second were observed. The greatest effects were for Induction and Deduction, next largest for Number, and least for Verbal and Judgment. At two subsequent administrations the order of alternate form administration was reversed (B and A, C and A), providing a counterbalanced design to assess the effects of alternate form, samples, and practice. Data from 66,303 test takers supported the hypotheses of practice effects. These data suggest that practice is most effective for item types constructed according to specific rules, next effective for test parts subject to speededness, and least effective for test parts tapping general infor mation.
A Nonparametric Scale Analysis of the Development of Conservation
Authors: Kingma Johannes , TenVergert Elisabeth M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the de velopment of conservation by using the nonparametric Mokken scale analysis. Subjects were 801 children from kindergarten and primary school Grades 1 and 2 who completed 13 conservation tasks derived from Pi aget's publications. It was shown that some selections (i.e., seven, eight, and nine tasks, respectively, at three successive administrations with three-month's in terval) formed strong Mokken scales, which were in variant for different samples at the same point in time of test administration. Furthermore, it was found that during the course of development the number of tasks which fitted on the scale increased. However, some reversals of the relative positions of a small number of tasks were found for the scales at different points in time of test administration. It was concluded that ap plication of nonparametric Mokken scale analysis re sulted in a new, but very useful instrument for analyz ing the order of acquisition of conservation.
How Much Farmland is Being Converted to Urban Use?
Authors: Simon Julian L. , Sudman Seymour
Published: March 2007

The National Agricultural Lands Study (NALS), using data prepared by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), has estimated that between 1967 and 1977 two to three million acres annually have been shifted from farmland to urban uses and water. This paper argues that the underlying data have not been shown to be reliable. The sample in a 1975 re-survey is far too small for accurate estimates in this context, and the methods used in the comparison of surveys are probably biased because they allow for correction of errors in only one direction. There are many inconsistencies among the NALS reports and grave conflicts between the estimates derived from the SCS sources and other sources. The SCS-NALS estimates probably are much too high and should not be used in public discussion of policy on this matter. The historical average of one million acres per year seems much better supported by the evidence observed from 1950 to 1967.
Regional Science and Regional Practice
Authors: Bolton Roger , Jensen Rodney C.
Published: March 2007

We present some reflections on the state of regional science and how its value might be enhanced. We have two primary suggestions. First, reduce the unfortunate divergence between regional science and practice. Second, pay more attention to places in regional science. More attention to the characteristics of real world places will help to bring regional science and practice closer together.
Exclusionary Epideictic: NOVA's Narrative Excommunication of Fleischmann and Pons
Authors: Sullivan Dale L.
Published: March 2007

The documentary program "Confusion in a Jar," shown on the PBS series NOVA, is analyzed in terms of rhetorical theory. The program is characterized as an instance of the genre of epideictic rhetoric. However, unlike most studies of epideictic that emphasize the way the genre builds communion, in this case the negative side of epideictic as the rhetoric of exclusion or excommunication is investigated, especially its rhetorical function of closing off discussion. The program is shown to follow six episodes of an excommunication narrative modeled on the narrative structure of the New Testament Gospels.
Specialty Selection
Authors: Sorlie William , Essex-Sorlie Diane
Published: March 2007

This investigation attempted to identify some of the cognitive and noncognitive factors that occur before and during undergraduate medical education and that appear to account, in part, for the selection of a medical specialty. A retrospective approach was used to study specialty selection among graduates of the University of Illinois College of Medicine. Students (n = 535) who received a doctorate of medicine degree in 1980, 1981, and 1982 and who selected residencies in internal medicine, pediatrics, family practice, obstetrics/gynecology, psychiatry, surgery, and anesthesiology-pathology-radiology were included in the investigation. It was noted that residency selection, for specific specialty groups, could be predicted at different points of time. Students who demonstrated the lowest levels of prematriculation achievement were those in obstetrical gynecology and pediatrics; highest levels of prematriculation achievement were recorded by those in psychiatry and anesthesiology-pathology-radiology. Highest levels of achievement during medical school were demonstrated by internists and surgeons; lowest by obstetricians/gynecologists and family practitioners. Further, specific patterns of noncognitive characteristics for each specialty group were found. Recommendations for practice and future research are made; implications for current admissions procedures are addressed.
Computer-Based Clinical Simulation
Authors: Melnick Donald E.
Published: March 2007

CBX, a clinical simulation model developed by the National Board of Medical Examiners, was studied as an evaluation instrument. These studies show that CBX measures need not be influenced by prior experience with or anxiety about computers. However, a practice effect was observed that was independent of prior computer experience or anxiety. Complex sets of actions can be recorded and used in developing scores. Scores developed for CBX differentiate among physicians at different levels of training. They correlate modestly with multiple-choice question tests and written clinical simulations. Computer-based simulation systems like CBX could become valuable methods for the study and assessment of problem-solving and patient management skills of physicians.
Definition and Yield of Inclusion Criteria for a Meta-Analysis of Patient Education Studies in Clinical Preventive Services
Authors: Tabak Ellen R. , Mullen Patricia D. , Simons-Morton Denise G. , Green Lawrence W. , Mains Douglas A. , Eilat-Greenberg Shirli , Frankowski Ralph F. , Glenday Marianna C.
Published: March 2007

Because selection of studies for a literature review influences conclusions, inclusion criteria are of utmost importance. For a metaanalysis of studies testing effects of patient education on preventive behaviors, we present the framework and concepts used for setting inclusion criteria for primary studies. We also present the yield in terms of number and distribution of studies that resulted from the inclusion criteria. Because we were interested in a diverse range of behaviors and a broad definition of patient education, we present a method for grouping behaviors by type of behavior change and describe parameters for subgrouping interventions by orientation and communication channel. Of 5,451 citations located and abstracts screened, 561 citations reporting potentially relevant studies were reviewed. Based on our inclusion criteria, 171 citations contained relevant studies, of which 64 studies (found in 62 citations) also met our acceptability criteria. We examine the effects of alternate inclusion criteria on the yield of primary studies and their distributions across the subgroupings.