bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation Effects of Normal B-Lymphoblastoid Cells after Exposing Them to Low-Dose-Rate Irradiation from Tritium β-rays
Authors: Deng Bing , Quan Yi , Chen Zhilin , Wang Heyi
Published: June 2024

The effects of tritium at low doses and low dose rates have received increasing attention due to recent developments in fusion energy and the associated risks of tritium releases into the environment. Mitochondria have been identified as a potential candidate for studying the effects of low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation, with extensive experimental results obtained using X-ray irradiation. In this study, irradiation experiments were conducted on normal B-lymphoblastoid cells using HTO at varying doses. When compared to X-ray irradiation, no significant differences in cell viability induced by different doses were observed. However, the results of ATP levels showed a significant difference between the irradiated sample at a dose of 500 mGy by tritium beta-rays and the sham-irradiated sample, while the levels obtained with X-ray irradiation were almost identical to the sham-irradiated sample. In contrast, ATP levels for both tritium beta-rays and X-rays at a dose of 1.0 Gy showed minimal differences compared to the sham-irradiated sample. Furthermore, distinct effects at 500 mGy were also confirmed in both ROS levels and apoptosis results obtained through tritium beta-ray irradiation. This suggests that mitochondria might be a potential sensitive target for investigating the effects of tritium beta-ray irradiation.
A Novel Dimeric Short Peptide Derived from α-Defensin-Related Rattusin with Improved Antimicrobial and DNA-Binding Activities
Authors: Park Gwansik , Yun Hyosuk , Min Hye Jung , Lee Chul Won
Published: June 2024

Rattusin, an α-defensin-related antimicrobial peptide isolated from the small intestine of rats, has been previously characterized through NMR spectroscopy to elucidate its three-dimensional structure, revealing a C2 homodimeric scaffold stabilized by five disulfide bonds. This study aimed to identify the functional region of rattusin by designing and synthesizing various short analogs, subsequently leading to the development of novel peptide-based antibiotics. The analogs, designated as F1, F2, F3, and F4, were constructed based on the three-dimensional configuration of rattusin, among which F2 is the shortest peptide and exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to the wild-type peptide. The central cysteine residue of F2 prompted an investigation into its potential to form a dimer at neutral pH, which is critical for its antimicrobial function. This activity was abolished upon the substitution of the cysteine residue with serine, indicating the necessity of dimerization for antimicrobial action. Further, we synthesized β-hairpin-like analogs, both parallel and antiparallel, based on the dimeric structure of F2, which maintained comparable antimicrobial potency. In contrast to rattusin, which acts by disrupting bacterial membranes, the F2 dimer binds directly to DNA, as evidenced by fluorescence assays and DNA retardation experiments. Importantly, F2 exhibited negligible cytotoxicity up to 515 μg/mL, assessed via hemolysis and MTT assays, underscoring its potential as a lead compound for novel peptide-based antibiotic development.
Smoking-Induced DNA Hydroxymethylation Signature Is Less Pronounced than True DNA Methylation: The Population-Based KORA Fit Cohort
Authors: Lai Liye , Matías-García Pamela R. , Kretschmer Anja , Gieger Christian , Wilson Rory , Linseisen Jakob , Peters Annette , Waldenberger Melanie
Published: June 2024

Despite extensive research on 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in relation to smoking, there has been limited exploration into the interaction between smoking and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). In this study, total DNA methylation (5mC+5hmC), true DNA methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) levels were profiled utilizing conventional bisulphite (BS) and oxidative bisulphite (oxBS) treatment, measured with the Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip. An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of 5mC+5hmC methylation revealed a total of 38,575 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 2023 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with current smoking, along with 82 DMPs and 76 DMRs associated with former smoking (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). Additionally, a focused examination of 5mC identified 33 DMPs linked to current smoking and 1 DMP associated with former smoking (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). In the 5hmC category, eight DMPs related to current smoking and two DMPs tied to former smoking were identified, each meeting a suggestive threshold (p < 1 × 10−5). The substantial number of recognized DMPs, including 5mC+5hmC (7069/38,575, 2/82), 5mC (0/33, 1/1), and 5hmC (2/8, 0/2), have not been previously reported. Our findings corroborated previously established methylation positions and revealed novel candidates linked to tobacco smoking. Moreover, the identification of hydroxymethylated CpG sites with suggestive links provides avenues for future research.
Biomechanics of Bruxism Potentially Determine the Sites of Severe TMJ Osteoarthritis
Authors: Immonen Jessica , Patterson David , Kent Nathan , Pipkin Samantha , Luu Alyssa , Nguyen Linh M , Ciccotelli Jason , James Jeremy
Published: June 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the osteoarthritis (OA) disease severity in 47 temporomandibular joints (TMJs) using a validated scale for gross signs of OA while noting the specific sites for profound disease on the donor condyle and fossa. A disease severity score of Grade 0–4, representing absent to severe disease, was awarded to each specimen’s condyle and fossa by two blinded investigators who have demonstrated interrater reliability. The mandibular fossa was more pathological compared to the mandibular condyle (* p = 0.001). When the deepest focal lesions were qualitatively assessed, it was demonstrated that the mandibular fossa was more severely degenerated than the articular eminence in 58% of donors. In this subpopulation, 74% of the severe mandibular fossa pathology was seen on the deep articular surface. When the articular eminence was the most severely degenerated region of the fossa, it was equivalently likely to see severe focal lesions on the lateral eminence (35%) or equally distributed across the entire eminence (35%). The greatest disease severity was discovered in sites of overloading, which may be associated with paranormal mandibular movements and potentially bruxism. Patients with bruxism produce significant translational movements (grinding) in the upper joint compartment and heavy vertical loading (clenching). Theoretically, this amplifies pressure and inflammation on the lateral articular surfaces and in the deep fossa.
Zinc Iodide Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reduces Collagen Deposition by Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression and Activity in Lung Fibroblasts
Authors: Roth Michael , Han Bo , S’ng Chong Teck , Hoang Ba Xuan , Lambers Christopher
Published: June 2024

Chronic inflammatory lung diseases are characterized by disease-specific extracellular matrix accumulation resulting from an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. Zinc is essential for the function of MMPs, and zinc deficiency has been associated with enhanced tissue remodeling. This study assessed if zinc iodide (ZnI) supplementation through dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) modifies the action of MMPs in isolated human lung fibroblasts. The expression and activity of two gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, were determined by gelatin zymography and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Collagen degradation was determined by cell-based ELISAs. Collagen type I and fibronectin deposition was stimulated by human recombinant tumor growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Untreated fibroblasts secreted MMP-2 but only minute amounts of MMP-9. TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) reduced MMP-2 secretion, but stimulated collagen type I and fibronectin deposition. All the effects of TGF-β1 were significantly reduced in cells treated with ZnI-DMSO over 24 h, while ZnI and DMSO alone had a lower reducing effect. ZnI-DMSO alone did not increase MMP secretion but enhanced the ratio of active to inactive of MMP-2. ZnI alone had a lower enhancing effect than ZnI-DMSO on MMP activity. Furthermore, MMP-2 activity was increased by ZnI-DMSO and ZnI in the absence of cells. Soluble collagen type I increased in the medium of ZnI-DMSO- and ZnI-treated cells. Blocking MMP activity counteracted all the effects of ZnI-DMSO. Conclusion: The data suggest that the combination of ZnI with DMSO reduces fibrotic processes by increasing the degradation of collagen type I by up-regulating the activity of gelatinases. Thus, the combination of ZnI with DMSO might be considered for treatment of fibrotic disorders of the lung. DMSO supported the beneficial effects of ZnI.
Simulation of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Protection by Histones Using the Code RITRACKS
Authors: Plante Ianik , West Devany W. , Weeks Jason , Risca Viviana I.
Published: June 2024

(1) Background: DNA damage is of great importance in the understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation. Various types of DNA damage can result from exposure to ionizing radiation, with clustered types considered the most important for radiobiological effects. (2) Methods: The code RITRACKS (Relativistic Ion Tracks), a program that simulates stochastic radiation track structures, was used to simulate DNA damage by photons and ions spanning a broad range of linear energy transfer (LET) values. To perform these simulations, the transport code was modified to include cross sections for the interactions of ions or electrons with DNA and amino acids for ionizations, dissociative electron attachment, and elastic collisions. The radiochemistry simulations were performed using a step-by-step algorithm that follows the evolution of all particles in time, including reactions between radicals and DNA structures and amino acids. Furthermore, detailed DNA damage events, such as base pair positions, DNA fragment lengths, and fragment yields, were recorded. (3) Results: We report simulation results using photons and the ions 1H+, 4He2+, 12C6+, 16O8+, and 56Fe26+ at various energies, covering LET values from 0.3 to 164 keV/µm, and performed a comparison with other codes and experimental results. The results show evidence of DNA protection from damage at its points of contacts with histone proteins. (4) Conclusions: RITRACKS can provide a framework for studying DNA damage from a variety of ionizing radiation sources with detailed representations of DNA at the atomic scale, DNA-associated proteins, and resulting DNA damage events and statistics, enabling a broader range of future comparisons with experiments such as those based on DNA sequencing.
Strategies for Mitigating Risks of Government-Led Energy Retrofitting Projects in China
Authors: Jia Ling , Qian Queena K. , Meijer Frits , Visscher Henk
Published: June 2024

Residential energy retrofitting projects in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone of China face various risks related to project activities, which incur transaction costs (TCs), such as search, negotiation, and monitoring costs. As the leader in project implementation, the Chinese government is responsible for project planning, organisation, and coordination. However, TCs impede the government’s ability to execute risk-related project activities effectively, subsequently increasing the probability of the occurrence of risk. Drawing on transaction cost economics (TCE), this study proposes a theoretical framework to understand the barriers—such as asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency—that prevent the government from performing project activities and mitigating risks effectively. An artificial neural network (ANN) is applied to verify the hypotheses. The results underscore experience and operational maturity in project activities, cost and time constraints, and the immature retrofitting market as significant impediments to the government’s execution of risk-related activities. Considering the varying roles of the government in reducing different risks, this study concludes by offering policy recommendations to alleviate these activity barriers and mitigate risks. By employing a TCs perspective, this study not only identifies key barriers but also deepens our understanding of risk mitigation mechanisms, providing robust policy insights tailored to the specific regional context of China, thereby enhancing both the execution and the framework of government-led retrofitting projects.
Study on the Effect of Interfacial Modification on the Properties of Super Standard Mica Sand Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Liu Huanqiang , Yang Xueqing , Jiang Linhua , Li Keliang , Wang Limei , Jin Weizhun
Published: June 2024

Mica is a harmful substance in sand and occurs frequently. The application of super standard mica sand is a difficult problem in large-scale engineering. In this work, the effects of an interface modifier, mineral admixture, and a curing system on the properties of cement-based materials with super standard mica sand were studied. The strength of cement-based materials linearly decreases with the mica content in sand. When the mica content in sand exceeds 6%, the compressive strength of mortar and concrete at 28 d decreases by more than 22.3% and 33.5%, respectively. By adding the silane coupling agent (SCA) of 50% mica mass and curing in natural conditions, the compressive strength of mortar increases by 10.9%. The cement-based materials with the SCA are more suitable for curing in natural conditions, and the performance of the SCA will not be affected by adding appropriate amounts of mineral admixture. The drying shrinkage strain of the concrete, with the sand containing high mica content modified by SCA, is reduced by 10.5%, and the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete is reduced. The XRD results show that the addition of the interfacial agent does not change the hydration products. The MIP and SEM results show that the SCA can form a bridge structure between the hydration products and the mica, improve the bonding strength of the interface zone, and reduce the number of harmful pores.
Compression and Splitting Tensile Strength Model of Recycled Seawater and Sea Sand Concrete after Seawater Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Authors: Tan Zhenyu , Yang Deqiang
Published: June 2024

Using seawater, sea sand, and recycled bricks to make concrete for nearshore and marine engineering can save resources and protect the environment. Therefore, this article studies the mechanical degradation law and failure mechanism of recycled seawater and sea sand concrete (SSC) after seawater freeze–thaw (SFT) cycles. Using the replacement rate of recycled brick coarse aggregate as a variable, the mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus, compression and splitting tensile strength, and microstructure changes of specimens under different SFT cycles were tested, and a mechanical performance degradation model was established. The results indicate that the SFT failure of recycled brick coarse aggregate SSC results from the action of physical SFT and chemical crystallization. Friedel’s salts without cementitious properties and ettringite with expansive properties are generated inside the concrete due to the chloride and sulfate ions in the internal concrete and external seawater reacting with cement hydration products. The formation of harmful crystals leads to the loosening of the concrete, especially in the interface area between brick aggregates and cement. The calculated results of the mechanical model established in this article agree with the test results. The compression and splitting tensile strength decrease linearly with the increase in SFT cycles.
Study of Wind Load Influencing Factors of Flexibly Supported Photovoltaic Panels
Authors: Zhang Jian , Lou Yibing
Published: June 2024

Flexible photovoltaic (PV) support structures are limited by the structural system, their tilt angle is generally small, and the effect of various factors on the wind load of flexibly supported PV panels remains unclear. In order to investigate the shape coefficients of the flexibly supported PV panel arrays, the grid-independent validation is carried out first, and then the case study validation is carried out to ensure the accuracy of the method in this paper. The CFD numerical simulation method is used to obtain the wind load variation of the PV panel array with different tilt angles, different spacing ratios, different wind angles, different heights above ground, different regions, and mountainous conditions. The distribution of wind pressure coefficients on the surface of PV panels with different inclination angles at different spacing ratios was investigated. The results show that the wind load shape coefficients with the increase in tilt angle and height above ground are basically a linear growth; the maximum value of PV shape coefficients appears in the wind angle at 30°, and 150° near the different tilt angles of the flexible PV array group shape coefficients distribution law is inconsistent. Different tilt angles of PV modules with the change rule of the spacing ratio of the wind load are inconsistent and have a greater impact on the wind load, so the PV panel array in all wind direction angles under the regional shape coefficients has a recommended value. The proposed value of the regional shape coefficients at all wind angles and the wind load calculation formula introducing height coefficients and spacing ratio coefficients are given.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Cervical Cancer: Review and Potential Prognostic Applications
Authors: Iqbal Zohaib , Albuquerque Kevin , Chan Kimberly L.
Published: June 2024

This review article investigates the utilization of MRS in the setting of cervical cancer. A variety of different techniques have been used in this space including single-voxel techniques such as point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and stimulated echo acquisition mode spectroscopy (STEAM). Furthermore, the experimental parameters for these acquisitions including field strength, repetition times (TR), and echo times (TE) vary greatly. This study critically examines eleven MRS studies that focus on cervical cancer. Out of the eleven studies, ten studies utilized PRESS acquisition, while the remaining study used STEAM acquisition. These studies generally showed that the choline signal is altered in cervical cancer (4/11 studies), the lipid signal is generally increased in cervical cancer or the lipid distribution is changed (5/11 studies), and that diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can quantitatively detect lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in cervical cancer (2/11 studies). Two studies also investigated the role of MRS for monitoring treatment response and demonstrated mixed results regarding choline signal, and one of these studies showed increased lipid signal for non-responders. There are several new MRS technologies that have yet to be implemented for cervical cancer including advanced spectroscopic imaging and artificial intelligence, and those technologies are also discussed in the article.
Recent Advances in Vanadium-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions: A Review
Authors: Li Haoyu , Wu Juan , Li Mengyao , Wang Yude
Published: June 2024

With the intensification of global resource shortages and the environmental crisis, hydrogen energy has garnered significant attention as a renewable and clean energy source. Water splitting is considered the most promising method of hydrogen production due to its non-polluting nature and high hydrogen concentration. However, the slow kinetics of the two key reactions, the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER), have greatly limited the development of related technologies. Meanwhile, the scarcity and high cost of precious metal catalysts represented by Pt and Ir/RuO2 limit their large-scale commercial application. Thus, it is essential to develop catalysts based on Earth’s transition metals that have abundant reserves. Vanadium (V) is an early transition metal with a distinct electronic structure from late transition metals such as Fe, Co, and Ni, which has been emphasized and studied by researchers. Numerous vanadium-based electrocatalysts have been developed for the HER and OER. In this review, the mechanisms of the HER and OER are described. Then, the compositions, properties, and modification strategies of various vanadium-based electrocatalysts are summarized, which include vanadium-based oxides, hydroxides, dichalcogenides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, and vanadate. Finally, potential challenges and future perspectives are presented based on the current status of V-based electrocatalysts for water splitting.
Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Rajan Krishna Prasad , Gopanna Aravinthan , Rafic Mohammed , Theravalappil Rajesh , Thomas Selvin P.
Published: June 2024

In this study, natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (PB) blend-based composites were prepared using graphene as a partial replacement for carbon black (CB) in different parts per hundred rubber (phr) percentages. In a previous study, the vulcanization characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, and static mechanical properties were reported, and the compound labeled as compound 2 (with 2.5 phr of graphene and 52.5 phr of carbon black) showed optimum properties. Herein, we report the dynamic mechanical properties and the transport properties of the formulations to establish further characterization of the compounds. Three different organic solvents comprising benzene, toluene, and xylene were employed to analyze the sorption characteristics. The obtained data were also modeled with different theoretical predictions. The dynamic mechanical properties showed that certain compounds can be considered to be green tire formulations, as there were appreciable changes in the tanδ values at different temperatures (−25 °C to 60 °C). The thermogravimetric analysis showed that compound 2, with 2.5 phr of graphene, has a higher t50 value among the studied formulations, which indicates higher thermal stability than the base compound. The partial replacement of 2.5 phr of graphene in place of carbon black (total 55 phr) led to appreciable improvements in terms of thermal stability, transport properties, and dynamic mechanical properties.
Impact of Parental Cancer on Children: Differences by Child’s Age and Parent’s Disease Stage
Authors: Migliaccio Gessica , Petrillo Michela , Abate Valentina , Mazzoni Ornella , Di Bonito Daria , Barberio Daniela
Published: June 2024

(1) Receiving an oncological diagnosis involves countless physical and mental challenges for those who become ill. In addition to this, developmental activities are put on hold when a parent becomes ill, significantly impairing children’s normal growth and development. The purpose of this review is to highlight the psychological impact of cancer on children, with particular attention to differences based on the age of the child and the stage of the parent’s disease. (2) Articles published on PubMed up until October 2023 were searched. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included in this review after an evaluation of the full text. The study selection process was undertaken by two researchers, and articles for which there was unanimous agreement between researchers were included in the review. (3) Children’s psycho-emotional responses differ based on their age and the disease stage. In general, good communication and a supportive family environment that understands everyone’s needs seem to constitute important protective factors that favor the adaptation of the entire family to the disease. (4) The family, as an evolutionary system, finds itself facing phases typical of development. Knowing the variables that intervene in the process of adaptation to the disease will allow us to design specific and differentiated clinical interventions based on the needs of not only the patient but also the entire family.
A Qualitative Investigation of Parent Perceptions of Home Exercises for Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Authors: Stitt Audrey , Operacz Rebecca
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe parent perceptions of the home exercise program (HEP) for infants with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT), and how these perceptions evolved over a physical therapy (PT) plan of care. Twelve participants were recruited from a pediatric PT clinic, and nine completed interviews at three time points. Qualitative description and an iterative approach for thematic analysis of 27 interviews yielded three themes that corresponded to the research questions. The participants’ responses were categorized into three main themes: (1) parents’ perceptions of three key exercises within the HEP, (2) internal and external sources of stress, and (3) sources of empowerment and disempowerment. Regarding the HEP, parents articulated common sentiments for three frequently prescribed exercises for the management of CMT: (1) tummy time was the fast favorite, (2) ipsilateral cervical rotation was perceived as stressful, and (3) contralateral cervical lateral flexion felt uncomfortable. Additionally, participants disclosed internal and external sources of stress (guilt, uncertainty, and the demands of returning to work) and sources of disempowerment (inconsistent messaging frompractitioners, feeling overwhelmed) and empowerment (being able to see the bigger picture and clear communication and education about the diagnosis) with respect to managing their infant’s CMT. These themes provide insight into the evolution of parent perceptions over a PT plan of care for CMT. Participants’ insights suggest a need for consistent messaging regarding the diagnosis and evidence-based management of CMT, addressing parent stress, and modifying how exercises are taught. This study contributes updated research on parents’ experiences with physical therapy and the HEP for their infant’s CMT.
A Deep Learning Approach to Automatic Tooth Caries Segmentation in Panoramic Radiographs of Children in Primary Dentition, Mixed Dentition, and Permanent Dentition
Authors: Asci Esra , Kilic Munevver , Celik Ozer , Cantekin Kenan , Bircan Hasan Basri , Bayrakdar İbrahim Sevki , Orhan Kaan
Published: June 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dental caries segmentation on the panoramic radiographs taken from children in primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition with Artificial Intelligence (AI) models developed using the deep learning method. Methods: This study used 6075 panoramic radiographs taken from children aged between 4 and 14 to develop the AI model. The radiographs included in the study were divided into three groups: primary dentition (n: 1857), mixed dentition (n: 1406), and permanent dentition (n: 2812). The U-Net model implemented with PyTorch library was used for the segmentation of caries lesions. A confusion matrix was used to evaluate model performance. Results: In the primary dentition group, the sensitivity, precision, and F1 scores calculated using the confusion matrix were found to be 0.8525, 0.9128, and 0.8816, respectively. In the mixed dentition group, the sensitivity, precision, and F1 scores calculated using the confusion matrix were found to be 0.7377, 0.9192, and 0.8185, respectively. In the permanent dentition group, the sensitivity, precision, and F1 scores calculated using the confusion matrix were found to be 0.8271, 0.9125, and 0.8677, respectively. In the total group including primary, mixed, and permanent dentition, the sensitivity, precision, and F1 scores calculated using the confusion matrix were 0.8269, 0.9123, and 0.8675, respectively. Conclusions: Deep learning-based AI models are promising tools for the detection and diagnosis of caries in panoramic radiographs taken from children with different dentition.
Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Insulin Signaling
Authors: Małkowska Paulina
Published: June 2024

Physical activity is integral to metabolic health, particularly in addressing insulin resistance and related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies consistently demonstrate a strong association between physical activity levels and insulin sensitivity. Regular exercise interventions were shown to significantly improve glycemic control, highlighting exercise as a recommended therapeutic strategy for reducing insulin resistance. Physical inactivity is closely linked to islet cell insufficiency, exacerbating insulin resistance through various pathways including ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Conversely, physical training and exercise preserve and restore islet function, enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity. Exercise interventions stimulate β-cell proliferation through increased circulating levels of growth factors, further emphasizing its role in maintaining pancreatic health and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, sedentary lifestyles contribute to elevated oxidative stress levels and ceramide production, impairing insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory responses, enhances antioxidant defenses, and promotes mitochondrial function, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic efficiency. Encouraging individuals to adopt active lifestyles and engage in regular exercise is crucial for preventing and managing insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders, ultimately promoting overall health and well-being.
Network Pharmacology Analysis, Molecular Docking Integrated Experimental Verification Reveal the Mechanism of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes by Regulating the IRS1/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Yang Songqin , Zhao Mao , Lu Mingxing , Feng Yuhan , Zhang Xia , Wang Daoping , Jiang Wenwen
Published: June 2024

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GP), a plant with homology of medicine and food, as a traditional Chinese medicine, possesses promising biological activities in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the material basis and the mechanism of action of GP in the treatment of T2DM have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the active components, potential targets and signaling pathways of GP in treating T2DM. The chemical ingredients of GP were collected by combining UPLC-HRMS analysis and literature research. Network pharmacology revealed that GP had 32 components and 326 potential targets in treating T2DM. The results showed that GP affected T2DM by mediating the insulin resistance signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and FoxO1 signaling pathway, which had a close relationship with T2DM. Molecular docking results showed that STAT3, PIK3CA, AKT1, EGFR, VEGFA and INSR had high affinity with the active compounds of GP. In vitro, GP extracts obviously increased the glucose uptake and glucose consumption in IR-HepG2 cells. GP extracts increased the levels of PI3K, p-AKT, p-GSK3β and p-FoxO1 and decreased the expression of p-IRS1, p-GS, PEPCK and G6Pase, which indicated that GP could promote glycogen synthesis and inhibit gluconeogenesis by regulating the IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The results demonstrated that GP could improve insulin resistance by promoting glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis through regulating the IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which might be a potential alternative therapy for T2DM.
Targeting Cancers with oHSV-Based Oncolytic Viral Immunotherapy
Authors: Nasar Rakin Tammam , Uche Ifeanyi Kingsley , Kousoulas Konstantin G.
Published: June 2024

The recent success of cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICIs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cancer vaccines, and adoptive cellular therapies (ACTs), has revolutionized traditional cancer treatment. However, these immunotherapeutic modalities have variable efficacies, and many of them exhibit adverse effects. Oncolytic viral Immunotherapy (OViT), whereby viruses are used to directly or indirectly induce anti-cancer immune responses, is emerging as a novel immunotherapy for treating patients with different types of cancer. The herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) possesses many characteristics that inform its use as an effective OViT agents and remains a leading candidate. Its recent clinical success resulted in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Talimogene laherparevec (T-VEC or Imlygic) in 2015 for the treatment of advanced melanoma. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of oncolytic HSV-1-based OViTs, their anti-tumor mechanism of action, and efficacy data from recent clinical trials. We envision this knowledge may be used to inform the rational design and application of future oHSV in cancer treatment.
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential: Bioactive Molecules and Dietary Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis Management
Authors: Tancreda Gabriele , Ravera Silvia , Panfoli Isabella
Published: June 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, the etiology of which is still unclear. Its hallmarks are inflammation and axonal damage. As a disease primarily impacting younger individuals, the social cost of MS is high. It has been proposed that environmental factors, smoking, and dietary habits acting on a genetic susceptibility play a role in MS. Recent studies indicate that diet can significantly influence the onset and progression of MS. This review delves into the impact of natural bioactive molecules on MS development and explores the dietary interventions that hold promise in managing the disease. Dietary patterns, including ketogenic and Mediterranean diets, are discussed. Theories about the potential mechanistic associations beneath the noted effects are also proposed. Several dietary components and patterns demonstrated the potential for a significant impact on MS. However, extensive prospective clinical trials are necessary to fully understand the role of natural bioactive molecules as disease modifiers in MS.
Research Progress of Superhydrophobic Coatings in the Protection of Earthen Sites
Authors: Liu Yisi , Li Qian , Zhou Ruiting , Yusufu Renaguli
Published: June 2024

As an important part of human cultural heritage, earthen sites are subject to damage caused by a variety of environmental factors, such as cracking, weathering, and flooding. Due to the low mechanical strength of earthen site materials, especially in humid environments, they are susceptible to hazards like moisture penetration, freeze–thaw cycles, and biological invasion. Superhydrophobic coatings show promising potential in the protection of earthen sites, with key properties that include waterproof performance, breathability, robustness, and transparency. By exploring various material systems and preparation methods, the current state of research on the protection of building materials with superhydrophobic materials has been demonstrated, highlighting advantages in the corrosion resistance, self-cleaning, frost prevention, anti-scaling, and other aspects. At the same time, it also points out the challenges faced in the practical application of earthen site protection and the prospects for future research. These include enhancing the bonding strength between the coating and soil particles, improving durability and breathability, and developing large-scale, low-cost, and efficient coating construction techniques.
Enhancing Spectroscopic Experiment Calibration through Differentiable Programming
Authors: Napolitano Fabrizio
Published: June 2024

In this work, we present an innovative calibration technique leveraging differentiable programming to enhance energy resolution and reduce the energy scale systematic uncertainty in X-ray spectroscopic experiments. This approach is demonstrated using synthetic data and is applicable in general to various spectroscopic measurements. This method extends the scope of differentiable programming for calibration, employing Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to achieve a target Probability Density Function (PDF) for a fully differentiable model of the calibration. To assess the effectiveness of the calibration, we conduct a toy simulation replicating the entire detector response chain and compare it with a standard calibration. This ensures a robust and reliable calibration methodology, holding promise for improving energy resolution and providing a more versatile and efficient approach without the need for extensive fine-tuning.
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Helical Gearbox Using MARCOS Method
Authors: Dinh Van-Thanh , Tran Huu-Danh , Tran Quoc-Hung , Vu Duc-Binh , Vu Duong , Vu Ngoc-Pi , Nguyen Thanh-Tu
Published: June 2024

In order to address the Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (MOOP) in building a two-stage helical gearbox, this work presents a novel application of the Multi-Criterion Decision-Making (MCDM) method. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal primary design factors that will increase gearbox efficiency while decreasing gearbox volume. Three main design parameters were chosen for assessment in this work: the first stage’s gear ratio, and the first and second stages’ Coefficients of Wheel Face Width (CWFW). In addition, the MOOP is divided into two phases: phase 1 solves the single-objective optimization problem to reduce the gap between variable levels, and phase 2 solves the MOOP to determine the optimal primary design factors. Furthermore, the Entropy approach was picked to compute the weight criteria, and the MARCOS method was chosen as an MCDM method to handle the multi-objective optimization issue. The following are important characteristics of the study: Firstly, the MCDM method (MARCOS technique) was successfully applied to solve a MOOP for the first time. Secondly, this work has looked into power losses during idle motion to calculate the efficiency of a two-stage helical gearbox. The results of the study were used in the design of a two-stage helical gearbox in order to identify the optimal values for three important design parameters.
Experimental Behaviour of Tensioner for Rigid Hangers of Arch Bridges
Authors: Granata Michele Fabio , Fontana Benedetta , Rosone Marco , Culotta Giovanni
Published: June 2024

In steel tied arch bridges where the hangers are made of rigid bars, the replacement of damaged hangers is rather complex. In fact, while generally the cable hangers are already prepared with anchors at the ends and their replacement traces the initial stages of construction with their prestressing, on the contrary, the rigid bars are welded to the arch and the deck, so their replacement must include the design of a new suspension system that allows the insertion of a pretension where this had never been considered. To check the reliability of this new system, a prototype of tensioner was studied for the case of a steel arch bridge in which the high level of corrosion made it necessary to replace all the original hangers with new ones. This entailed the need to test the tensioner performance with the aim of ensuring the axial force transmission between the two hanger segments without slippage in the threads, as well as to test the correct tension setting before construction and putting into service the hangers to be replaced. For this reason, a predictive experimental campaign was carried out on a prototype by means of tests for the mechanical characterization of the materials used, tensile tests of the system, and tensioning tests under load, measuring the displacements and strains of the system elements. The results of the tests, with slippage in the threads limited to the 2% of total elongation, and the turnaround-stressing curves were useful for the definition of the pieces to be assembled during on-site work and for addressing the operating procedures of the tensioning phases on-site during hanger replacement. Validation with the on-site monitoring of stressing operation was conducted at the end; the monitoring of tension through dynamic tests confirmed the agreement of on-site results with the predictive loading tests of the experimental campaign on the tensioner prototype.
Impact of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in the Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Kumada Naotaka , Iinuma Koji , Kubota Yasuaki , Takagi Kimiaki , Nakano Masahiro , Ishida Takashi , Yokoi Shigeaki , Sugino Fumiya , Kawase Makoto , Takeuchi Shinichi , Kawase Kota , Kato Daiki , Takai Manabu , Tobisawa Yuki , Ito Takayasu , Nakane Keita , Koie Takuya
Published: June 2024

In this study, we aimed to determine the utility of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in real-world clinical practice and investigate whether CN contributes to improved oncological outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolled patients with mRCC who received systemic therapy at six institutions between May 2005 and May 2023. The patients were divided into those who did not undergo CN (Group I) and those who underwent CN (Group II). The primary endpoints were oncological outcomes, including cancer-specific survival (CSS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Altogether, 137 patients with mRCC were included in this study. The median CSS was 14 months in Group I and 32 months in Group II (p < 0.001). Additionally, the median PFS in Groups I and II was 5 and 13 months, respectively (p = 0.006). A multivariate analysis showed that CN was an independent prognostic factor for CSS and PFS. Hence, CN is a potential treatment modality that can improve oncological outcomes in patients with mRCC.
Mortality and COVID Infection: Predictors of Mortality 10 Months after Discharge
Authors: Vera-Delgado Víctor , García-Rosado Dácil , Pérez-Hernández Onán , Martín-Ponce Esther , de La Paz-Estrello Alejandro Mario , García-Marichal Cristina , Pérez-Fernández Sergio , Rodríguez-Morón Valle , Alemán-Valls Remedios , González-Reimers Emilio , Martín-González Candelaria
Published: June 2024

Background: The long-term survival of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and the factors associated with poorer survival months after infection are not well understood. The aims of the present study were to analyze the overall mortality 10 months after admission. Methods: 762 patients with COVID-19 disease were included. Patients underwent a complete clinical evaluation, routine laboratory analysis and chest X-ray. Data collected included demographic and clinical data, such as vascular risk factors, tobacco or alcohol use, comorbidity, and institutionalization. Results: Ten-month mortality was 25.6%: 108 deaths occurred in-hospital, while 87 patients died after discharge. In-hospital mortality was independently related to NT-proBNP values > 503.5 pg/mL [OR = 4.67 (2.38–9.20)], urea > 37 mg/dL [3.21 (1.86–7.31)] and age older than 71 years [OR = 1.93 (1.05–3.54)]. NT-proBNP values > 503.5 pg/mL [OR = 5.00 (3.06–8.19)], urea > 37 mg/dL [3.51 (1.97–6.27)], cognitive impairment [OR = 1.96 (1.30–2.95), cancer [OR = 2.23 (1.36–3.68), and leukocytes > 6330/mm3 [OR = 1.64 (1.08–2.50)], were independently associated with long-term mortality. Conclusions: the risk of death remains high even months after COVID-19 infection. Overall mortality of COVID-19 patients during 10 months after hospital discharge is nearly as high as that observed during hospital admission. Comorbidities such as cancer or cognitive impairment, organ dysfunction and inflammatory reaction are independent prognostic markers of long-term mortality.
Microbiological Analysis of Plaque and Its Composition in Three Patient Groups under Different Orthodontic Treatments
Authors: Cenzato Niccolò , Occhipinti Chiara , D’amici Elena , Savadori Paolo , Baldini Benedetta , Maspero Cinzia
Published: June 2024

Background: This article analyzes differences in microbiological parameters and periodontal health conditions among three patient groups: those undergoing conventional orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear aligners, and a control group receiving no treatment. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 patients were enrolled. The microbiological analysis employed a qualitative and semi-quantitative methodology of bacterial morphotype analysis. Results: The analyses revealed a significant difference in favor of clear oral and periodontal health aligners. This could be attributed to better bacterial biofilm removal and reduced mechanical stress on the periodontal ligament, factors facilitated by the ease of clear aligner removal. Significant differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed for the Full-Mouth Plaque Score, Full-Mouth Bleeding Score, Plaque Index, and periodontal health assessment measurements. Conclusions: Although overall hygiene appears to be improved in patients in the aligners group compared to those treated with conventional orthodontic appliances, there are no statistically significant results regarding plaque composition. Microbiological aspects will be further addressed using more specific techniques in the follow-up of this research.
Rotor Speed Prediction Model of Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Spraying System and Its Matching with the Overall Load
Authors: Han Yifang , Chen Pengchao , Xie Xiangcheng , Cui Zongyin , Wu Jiapei , Lan Yubin , Zhan Yilong
Published: June 2024

During continuous spraying operations, the liquid in the pesticide tank gradually decreases, and the flight speed changes as the route is altered. To maintain stable flight, the rotor speed of a multi-rotor unmanned aerial spraying system (UASS) constantly adjusts. To explore the variation law of rotor speed in a multi-rotor UASS under objective operation attributes, based on indoor and outdoor experimental data, this paper constructs a mathematical model of the relationship between rotor speed and thrust. The model fitting parameter (R2) is equal to 0.9996. Through the neural network, the rotor speed prediction model is constructed with the real-time flight speed and the payload of the pesticide tank as the input. The overall correlation coefficient (R2) of the model training set is 0.728, and the correlation coefficients (R2) of the verification set and the test set are 0.719 and 0.726, respectively. Finally, the rotor speed is matched with the load of the whole UASS through thrust conversion. It is known that the single-axis load capacity under full-load state only reaches about 50% of its maximum load capacity, and the load increase is more than 75.83% compared with the no-load state. This study provides a theoretical and methodological reference for accurately predicting the performance characterization results of a power system during actual operation and investigating the dynamic feedback mechanism of a UASS during continuous operation.