bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Mapping of Stem Rust Resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Race TRTTF in the Canadian Wheat Cultivar Harvest
Authors: Hiebert Colin W. , Rouse Matthew N. , Nirmala Jayaveeramuthu , Fetch Tom
Published: October 2016

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a destructive disease of wheat that can be controlled by deploying effective stem rust resistance (Sr) genes. Highly virulent races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici in Africa have been detected and characterized. These include race TRTTF and the Ug99 group of races such as TTKSK. Several Canadian and U.S. spring wheat cultivars, including the widely grown Canadian cultivar ‘Harvest’, are resistant to TRTTF. However, the genetic basis of resistance to TRTTF in Canadian and U.S. spring wheat cultivars is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the number of Sr genes involved in TRTTF resistance in Harvest, genetically map the resistance with DNA markers, and use markers to assess the distribution of that resistance in a panel of Canadian cultivars. A doubled haploid (DH) population was produced from the cross LMPG-6S/Harvest. The DH population was tested with race TRTTF at the seedling stage. Of 92 DH progeny evaluated, 46 were resistant and 46 were susceptible which perfectly fit a 1:1 ratio indicating a single Sr gene was responsible for conferring resistance to TRTTF in Harvest. Mapping with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers placed the resistance gene distally on the chromosome 6AS genetic map, which corresponded to the location reported for Sr8. SSR marker gwm459 and 30 cosegregating SNP markers showed the closest linkage, mapping 2.2 cM proximal to the Sr gene. Gene Sr8a confers resistance to TRTTF and may account for the resistance in Harvest. Testing a panel of Canadian wheat cultivars with four SNP markers closely linked to resistance to TRTTF suggested that the resistance present in Harvest is present in many Canadian cultivars. Two of these SNP markers were also predictive of TRTTF resistance in a panel of 241 spring wheat lines from the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Implementation of the Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Role in a Community Hospital's Labor, Delivery, and Level 1 Postpartum Unit
Authors: Follett Tara , Calderon-Crossman Sara , Clarke Denise , Ergezinger Marcia , Evanochko Christene , Johnson Krystal , Mercy Natalie , Taylor Barbara
Published: October 2016

Background:

A level 1 community hospital with a labor, delivery, recovery, and postpartum (LDRP) unit delivering over 2800 babies per year was operating without dedicated neonatal resuscitation and stabilization support.

Purpose:

With lack of funding and space to provide an onsite level 2 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), a position was created to provide neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) coverage to support the LDRP unit.

Method:

The article describes the innovative solution of having an NNP team rotate from a regional neonatal intensive care program to a busy community LDRP unit. The presence of the NNP supported the development and integration of the advanced practice nursing role with interdisciplinary team members in both the LDRP and the emergency department.

Results:

The NNP was able to provide expertise, leadership, and mentorship for neonatal resuscitation and stabilization as well as education and consultation on neonatal care. In addition to the services provided by the NNP for infant's requiring acute care, the NNP provided transitional support for those infants who remained with their mothers in the LDRP unit. Furthermore, time required by the neonatal transport team to stabilize babies before transport to the NICU was decreased with NNP presence.

Implications for Practice:

The divergence from practice of the traditional NNP clinical role in the NICU setting to more of a consultant and nursing leader has proven to be a valued role at the community hospital.

Implications for Research:

A solid economic analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the NNP role in this community hospital is warranted.
Characterizing Speech Intelligibility in Noise After Wide Dynamic Range Compression
Authors: Rhebergen Koenraad S. , Maalderink Thijs H. , Dreschler Wouter A.
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

The effects of nonlinear signal processing on speech intelligibility in noise are difficult to evaluate. Often, the effects are examined by comparing speech intelligibility scores with and without processing measured at fixed signal to noise ratios (SNRs) or by comparing the adaptive measured speech reception thresholds corresponding to 50% intelligibility (SRT50) with and without processing. These outcome measures might not be optimal. Measuring at fixed SNRs can be affected by ceiling or floor effects, because the range of relevant SNRs is not know in advance. The SRT50 is less time consuming, has a fixed performance level (i.e., 50% correct), but the SRT50 could give a limited view, because we hypothesize that the effect of most nonlinear signal processing algorithms at the SRT50 cannot be generalized to other points of the psychometric function.

Design:

In this article, we tested the value of estimating the entire psychometric function. We studied the effect of wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) on speech intelligibility in stationary, and interrupted speech-shaped noise in normal-hearing subjects, using a fast method-based local linear fitting approach and by two adaptive procedures.

Results:

The measured performance differences for conditions with and without WDRC for the psychometric functions in stationary noise and interrupted speech-shaped noise show that the effects of WDRC on speech intelligibility are SNR dependent.

Conclusions:

We conclude that favorable and unfavorable effects of WDRC on speech intelligibility can be missed if the results are presented in terms of SRT50 values only.
Differences in cervical cancer screening between immigrants and nonimmigrants in Norway: a primary healthcare register-based study
Authors: Møen Kathy A. , Kumar Bernadette , Qureshi Samera , Diaz Esperanza
Published: October 2016

The prevalence of cervical cancer is high among some groups of immigrants. Although there is evidence of low participation in cervical cancer screening programs among immigrants, studies have been subject to selection bias and accounted for few immigrant groups. The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of several groups of immigrants versus nonimmigrants attending the cervical cancer-screening program in Norway. In addition, we aimed to study predictors for attendance to the screening program. Register-based study using merged data from four national registries. All Norwegian-born women (1 168 832) and immigrant women (152 800) of screening age for cervical cancer (25–69 years) registered in Norway in 2008 were included. We grouped the immigrants by world’s geographic region and carried out descriptive analyses and constructed several logistic regression models. The main outcome variable was whether the woman was registered with a Pap smear in 2008 or not. Immigrants had lower rates of participation compared with Norwegian-born women; Western Europe [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84, 0.81–0.88], Eastern Europe (OR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.60–0.67), Asia (OR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.71–0.77), Africa (OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.56–0.67) and South America (OR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79–0.96). Younger age, higher income, residence in rural areas, and having a female general practitioner (GP) were associated with Pap smear. Longer residential time in Norway and having a nonimmigrant GP were associated with screening for some immigrant groups. Appropriate interventions targeting both immigrants and GPs need to be developed and evaluated.
Postoperative Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use and Intestinal Anastomotic Dehiscence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Roberts Derek J. , Lipson Mark E. , Buie W. Donald , MacLean Anthony R.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used analgesics in colorectal surgery. Controversy exists regarding the potential association between these drugs and anastomotic dehiscence.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to determine whether postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with intestinal anastomotic dehiscence.

DATA SOURCES:

PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and references of included articles were searched without date or language restriction.

STUDY SELECTION:

Randomized controlled trials and observational studies that compared postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use with nonuse and reported on intestinal anastomotic dehiscence were selected.

INTERVENTION:

The use of postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relative to placebo or nonuse was investigated.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Risk ratios and adjusted or unadjusted odds ratios for anastomotic dehiscence were pooled across randomized controlled trials and observational studies using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models.

RESULTS:

Among 4395 citations identified, 6 randomized controlled trials (n = 473 patients) and 11 observational studies (n > 20,184 patients) were included. Pooled analyses revealed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was nonsignificantly associated with anastomotic dehiscence in randomized controlled trials (risk ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.74–5.16; I
2 = 0%) and significantly associated with anastomotic dehiscence in observational studies (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.14–1.86; I
2 = 54%). In stratified analyses of observational study data, the pooled OR for anastomotic dehiscence was statistically significant for studies of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (6 studies; > 4900 patients; OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.65–2.64; I
2 = 0%), but was not statistically significant for studies of cyclooxygenase-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (3 studies; >697 patients; OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.78–2.31; I
2 = 0%).

LIMITATIONS:

Studies varied by patient selection criteria, drug exposures, and definitions of anastomotic dehiscence. Analyses of randomized controlled trials and cyclooxygenase-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were potentially underpowered.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pooled observational data suggest an association between postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and intestinal anastomotic dehiscence. Caution may be warranted in using these medications in patients at risk for this complication.
Outcomes in Colorectal Surgeon-Driven Management of Obstructing Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Morita Shunji , Ikeda Kimimasa , Komori Takamichi , Tanida Tsukasa , Hatano Hisanori , Tomimaru Yoshito , Imamura Hiroshi , Dono Keizo
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:

Emergency surgery for obstructing colorectal cancer is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of emergency surgery for obstructing colorectal cancer in a single hospital, where care was primarily provided by colorectal surgeons.

DESIGN:

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS:

The study was conducted at the Toyonaka Municipal Hospital.

PATIENTS:

The study included 208 consecutive patients who underwent emergency surgery for obstructing colorectal cancer between 1998 and 2013.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Surgical outcomes, including mortality and morbidity, were evaluated.

RESULTS:

The obstructing cancers involved the right colon, left colon, and rectum in 78, 97, and 33 of the included patients. Many patients had poor performance indicators, such as age ≥75 years (42%), ASA score of III or more (38%), stage IV colorectal cancer (39%), obstructive colitis (12%), and perforation or penetration (9.6%). Colorectal surgeons performed the operations in all but 5 of the patients. Primary resection and anastomosis were accomplished in 96%, 70%, and 27% of cases involving the right colon, left colon, and rectum. Intraoperative colonic irrigation (n = 32), manual colonic decompression (n = 11), and subtotal or total colorectal resection (n = 34) were performed before left-sided anastomoses. Anastomotic leak was reported in only 2 patients. The in-hospital mortality and morbidity rates were 1.3% and 34.0%.

LIMITATIONS:

This study was a retrospective analysis of data from a single hospital.

CONCLUSIONS:

Surgical outcome analysis for obstructing colorectal cancers managed by specialized colorectal surgeons demonstrates low mortality and morbidity rates. Therefore, we concluded that our management of this condition is safe and feasible.
Examination of Racial Disparities in the Receipt of Minimally Invasive Surgery Among a National Cohort of Adult Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Damle Rachelle N. , Flahive Julie M. , Davids Jennifer S. , Maykel Justin A. , Sturrock Paul R. , Alavi Karim
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:

Racial disparities in outcomes are well described among surgical patients.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this work was to identify any racial disparities in the receipt of a minimally invasive approach for colorectal surgery.

DESIGN:

Adults undergoing colorectal surgery were studied using the University HealthSystem Consortium. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to identify predictors for the receipt of a minimally invasive approach.

SETTINGS:

The study was conducted at academic hospitals and their affiliates.

PATIENTS:

Adults ≥18 years of age who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer, diverticular disease, IBD, or benign colorectal tumor between 2008 and 2011 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The receipt of a minimally invasive surgical approach was the main measured outcome.

RESULTS:

A total of 82,474 adult patients met the study inclusion criteria. Of these, 69,664 (84%) were white, 10,874 (13%) were black, and 1936 (2%) were Asian. Blacks were younger, with higher rates of public insurance and higher comorbidity burden and baseline severity of illness compared with white and Asian patients. Black patients were less likely (adjusted OR = 0.83 (95% CI, 0.79–0.87)) and Asian patients more likely (adjusted OR = 1.34 (95% CI, 1.21–1.49)) than whites to receive minimally invasive surgery. This association did not change with stratification by insurance type (public or private). Black patients had higher rates of intensive care unit admission and nonhome discharge, as well as an increased length of stay compared with white and Asian patients. No differences in complications, readmission, or mortality rates were observed with minimally invasive surgery, but black patients were more likely to be readmitted or to die with open surgery.

LIMITATIONS:

The study was limited by the retrospective nature of its data.

CONCLUSIONS:

We identified racial differences in the receipt of a minimally invasive approach for colorectal surgery, regardless of insurance status, as well as improved outcomes for minority races who underwent a minimally invasive technique compared with open surgery. The improved outcomes associated with minimally invasive surgery should prompt efforts to increase rates of its use among black patients.
Resident Compliance With the American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Patterns for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Suspect
Authors: Mihlstin Melanie , Juzych Mark S. , Kromrei Heidi T. , Hwang Frank S. , Yin Jia
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To study resident compliance with the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) Preferred Practice Patterns (PPPs) for primary open-angle glaucoma suspect (POAGS) in a resident ophthalmology clinic.

Patients and Methods:

Two hundred charts were selected for analysis of adult patients with the International Classification of Diseases diagnosis code for POAGS during their initial visit between November 2, 2010 and May 6, 2014 at the Kresge Eye Institute resident clinic. Electronic medical records of clinic visits for POAGS patients were evaluated for documentation and compliance with 17 elements of AAO PPPs.

Results:

The overall mean compliance was 73.8% for all charts (n=200), 74.4% for first-year residents (n=53), 74.5% for second-year residents (n=38), and 73.3% for third-year residents (n=109). Documentation rates were high (>90%) for 9 elements, which included most elements of physical examination and history. Documentation of ocular history, central corneal thickness, gonioscopy, optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis, and visual field ranged from 40% to 80%. Documentation was lowest for patient education elements which ranged from 0% to 10%. Compliance was not significantly different (P>0.05) between residents or between different resident years for any element.

Conclusions:

Residents’ compliance was high for most elements of the PPPs for POAGS. We identified elements with poor compliance especially regarding patient education. Adherence to AAO PPPs can be a helpful method of assessing resident performance.
Vestibular Involvement in Patients With Otitis Media With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis
Authors: Morita Yuka , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Izumi Shuji , Kubota Yamato , Ohshima Shinsuke , Horii Arata
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Otitis media (OM) with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (OMAAV) is a novel concept of ear disease that is characterized by progressive mixed or sensorineural hearing loss with occasional systemic involvement. Considering the accumulating knowledge about the characteristics of and treatment for auditory dysfunction in OMAAV, the objective of this study was to investigate the vestibular function and symptoms of patients with OMAAV.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Setting:

University hospital.

Patients:

Thirty-one OMAAV patients met criteria proposed by the OMAAV study group in Japan.

Main Outcome Measures:

Clinical characteristics and vestibular tests.

Results:

Eleven of 31 OMAAV patients had vestibular symptoms; 3 patients had acute vertigo attack with sudden hearing loss and 8 patients had chronic dizziness. Episodic vertigo was not seen in any of the patients. Three patients who received a less intensive therapy without immunosuppressive agents developed intractable persistent dizziness. All symptomatic patients and six of the nine OMAAV patients without vestibular symptoms showed unilateral or bilateral caloric weakness; therefore, vestibular involvement was present in 84% of OMAAV patients. Gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex was reduced in symptomatic patients. The eye-tracking test and optokinetic nystagmus revealed no evidence of central dysfunction.

Conclusion:

Vestibular dysfunction was seen in 84% of OMAAV patients. One-third of OMAAV patients showed vestibular symptoms such as acute vertigo attack or chronic dizziness, which are of peripheral origin. One-third of the symptomatic patients developed intractable dizziness. Initial intensive treatment by combination therapy with steroid and immunosuppressive agents may be essential for preventing the development of intractable dizziness.
The role of kindlin in neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites
Authors: Stadtmann Anika , Zarbock Alexander
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

Since the discovery of the lack of kindlin-3 expression as the reason for the immunopathology leukocyte adhesion deficiency III syndrome, the role of kindlin-3 in inflammatory processes was investigated in a numerous studies. This review gives an overview about recent findings regarding the role of kindlin-3 in neutrophil activation and recruitment.

Recent findings

Kindlin-3, together with talin-1, contributes essentially to the activation of β2-integrins in neutrophils. During inside-out signaling, kindlin-3 binds to the β-cytoplasmic integrin tail and is indispensable for the integrin conformational shift into the high-affinity ligand binding conformation, but not for the intermediate (extended) conformation. During outside-in signaling (as a consequence of integrin ligand binding) kindlin-3 interacts with distinct signaling molecules and is required for cell-autonomous functions like migration and spreading.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III syndrome, which is caused by absence of kindlin-3, is a rarely occurring disease. However, the investigation of the clinical symptoms as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms gave rise to a huge amount of new insights into the processes of integrin activation in neutrophils and the consequences of defects in these processes.
Pathogenic insights from Huntington's disease-like 2 and other Huntington's disease genocopies
Authors: Margolis Russell L. , Rudnicki Dobrila D.
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

Huntington's disease-like 2 (HDL2) is a rare, progressive, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that genetically, clinically, and pathologically closely resembles Huntington's disease. We review HDL2 pathogenic mechanisms and examine the implications of these mechanisms for Huntington's disease and related diseases.

Recent findings

HDL2 is caused by a CTG/CAG repeat expansion in junctophilin-3. Available data from cell and animal models and human brain suggest that HDL2 is a complex disease in which transcripts and proteins expressed bidirectionally from the junctophilin-3 locus contribute to pathogenesis through both gain-and loss-of-function mechanisms. Recent advances indicate that the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease is equally complex, despite the emphasis on toxic gain-of-function properties of the mutant huntingtin protein.

Studies examining in parallel the genetic, clinical, neuropathological, and mechanistic similarities between Huntington's disease and HDL2 have begun to identify points of convergence between the pathogenic pathways of the two diseases. Comparisons to other diseases that are phenotypically or genetically related to Huntington's disease and HDL2 will likely reveal additional common pathways. The ultimate goal is to identify shared therapeutic targets and eventually develop therapies that may, at least in part, be effective across multiple similar rare diseases, an essential approach given the scarcity of resources for basic and translational research.
Brain connectivity and neurological disorders after stroke
Authors: Baldassarre Antonello , Ramsey Lenny E. , Siegel Joshua S. , Shulman Gordon L. , Corbetta Maurizio
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

An important challenge in neurology is identifying the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral deficits after brain injury. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the effects of focal brain lesions on brain networks and behavior.

Recent findings

Neuroimaging studies indicate that the human brain is organized in large-scale resting state networks (RSNs) defined via functional connectivity, that is the temporal correlation of spontaneous activity between different areas. Prior studies showed that focal brain lesion induced behaviorally relevant changes of functional connectivity beyond the site of damage. Recent work indicates that across domains, functional connectivity changes largely conform to two patterns: a reduction in interhemispheric functional connectivity and an increase in intrahemispheric functional connectivity between networks that are normally anticorrelated, for example dorsal attention and default networks. Abnormal functional connectivity can exhibit a high degree of behavioral specificity such that deficits in a given behavioral domain are selectively related to functional connectivity of the corresponding RSN, but some functional connectivity changes allow prediction across domains. Finally, as behavioral recovery proceeds, the prestroke pattern of functional connectivity is restored.

Investigating changes in RSNs may shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction after stroke. Therefore, resting state functional connectivity may represent an important tool for clinical diagnosis, tracking recovery and rehabilitation.
A comparative analysis of Chikungunya and Zika transmission
Authors: Riou Julien , Poletto Chiara , Boëlle Pierre-Yves
Published: October 2016

The recent global dissemination of Chikungunya and Zika has fostered public health concern worldwide. To better understand the drivers of transmission of these two arboviral diseases, we propose a joint analysis of Chikungunya and Zika epidemics in the same territories, taking into account the common epidemiological features of the epidemics: transmitted by the same vector, in the same environments, and observed by the same surveillance systems. We analyse eighteen outbreaks in French Polynesia and the French West Indies using a hierarchical time-dependent SIR model accounting for the effect of virus, location and weather on transmission, and based on a disease specific serial interval. We show that Chikungunya and Zika have similar transmission potential in the same territories (transmissibility ratio between Zika and Chikungunya of 1.04 [95% credible interval: 0.97; 1.13]), but that detection and reporting rates were different (around 19% for Zika and 40% for Chikungunya). Temperature variations between 22°C and 29°C did not alter transmission, but increased precipitation showed a dual effect, first reducing transmission after a two-week delay, then increasing it around five weeks later. The present study provides valuable information for risk assessment and introduces a modelling framework for the comparative analysis of arboviral infections that can be extended to other viruses and territories.
Engineering species-like barriers to sexual reproduction
Authors: Maselko Maciej , Heinsch Stephen C. , Chacón Jeremy , Harcombe William , Smanski Michael J.
Published: October 2016

We introduce a novel approach to engineer a genetic barrier to sexual reproduction between otherwise compatible populations. Programmable transcription factors drive lethal gene expression in hybrid offspring following undesired mating events. As a proof of concept, we target theACT1promoter of the model organismSaccharomyces cerevisiaeusing a dCas9-based transcriptional activator. Lethal over-expression of actin results from mating this engineered strain with a strain containing the wild-typeACT1promoter.
BIDS Apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility, and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods
Authors: Gorgolewski Krzysztof J. , Alfaro-Almagro Fidel , Auer Tibor , Bellec Pierre , Capotă Mihai , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Churchill Nathan W. , Cohen Alexander Li , Craddock R. Cameron , Devenyi Gabriel A. , Eklund Anders , Esteban Oscar , Flandin Guillaume , Ghosh Satrajit S. , Guntupalli J. Swaroop , Jenkinson Mark , Keshavan Anisha , Kiar Gregory , Liem Franziskus , Raamana Pradeep Reddy , Raffelt David , Steele Christopher J. , Quirion Pierre-Olivier , Smith Robert E. , Strother Stephen C. , Varoquaux Gaël , Yarkoni Tal , Wang Yida , Poldrack Russell A.
Published: October 2016

The rate of progress in human neurosciences is limited by the inability to easily apply a wide range of analysis methods to the plethora of different datasets acquired in labs around the world. In this work, we introduce a framework for creating, testing, versioning and archiving portable applications for analyzing neuroimaging data organized and described in compliance with the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS). The portability of these applications (BIDS Apps) is achieved by using container technologies that encapsulate all binary and other dependencies in one convenient package. BIDS Apps run on all three major operating systems with no need for complex setup and configuration and thanks to the comprehensiveness richness of the BIDS standard they require little manual user input. Previous containerized data processing solutions were limited to single user environments and not compatible with most multi-tenant High Performance Computing systems. BIDS Apps overcome this limitation by taking advantage of the Singularity container technology. As a proof of concept, this work is accompanied by 22 ready to use BIDS Apps, packaging a diverse set of commonly used neuroimaging algorithms.

Author Summary

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive way to measure human brain structure and activity that has been used for over 25 years. There are thousands MRI studies performed every year generating a substantial amount of data. At the same time, many new data analysis methods are being developed every year. The potential of using new analysis methods on the variety of existing and newly acquired data is hindered by difficulties in software deployment and lack of support for standardized input data. Here we propose to use container technology to make deployment of a wide range of data analysis techniques easy. In addition, we adapt the existing data analysis tools to interface with data organized in a standardized way. We hope that this approach will enable researchers to access a wider range of methods when analyzing their data which will lead to accelerated progress in human neuroscience.
Developmental study identifies the ages at which the processes involved in the perception of verticality and in postural stability occur
Authors: Tringali Margherita , Wiener‐Vacher Sylvette , Bucci Maria Pia
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to understand the role played by visual information on the development of verticality and postural stability in healthy children.

Methods

The study comprised 66 healthy children from 4.0 to 15.7 years of age. Postural performances were recorded with a TechnoConcept platform. At the same time, the children's perception of subjective visual vertical (SVV) was recorded while they adjusted a vertical fluorescent line, either in the dark or in the presence of perturbing visual stimuli. Two testing control conditions without an SVV task were also performed by all of the children: static posturographic recording with open eyes and closed eyes.

Results

Postural measurements provided evidence of a correlation between the children's age and the tasks performed. Postural stability improved with age until eight to nine years, and SVV performance improved after 10–11 years. After these ages, postural and SVV capabilities did not change until at least 15 years of age.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the maturation of cortical and central processes involved in both the perception of verticality and in postural stability took place during childhood. However, maturation occurred later for vertical perception, which could imply delayed maturation of sensory integration processes.
Male tarantula spiders’ reactions to light and odours reveal their motor asymmetry
Authors: Ruhland F. , Caudal J.‐P. , Blois‐Heulin C. , Trabalon M.
Published: October 2016

Many vertebrates present behavioural asymmetries (i.e. functional and/or structural specializations of left and right sides of the brain); however, evidence for arthropods is scarce. Some behavioural asymmetries can be correlated with morphology. A better understanding of behavioural asymmetries would be a crucial step to understand the evolution of brain asymmetries. Here, we investigated behavioural asymmetries of adult males of a mygalomorph Brachypelma albopilosum. First, as the time budgets of these active hunting spiders had not yet been documented, we established the temporal distribution of males’ motor activity to be able to test them when they were active. Their motor activity peaks during the night and again early morning (around 3 h and 10 h local time). Then, choice tests in a T‐maze assessed the effects of light and of odours separately. Our results revealed that male tarantulas’ activity increased when they perceived light or the odour of conspecific females. Latencies to enter into the T‐maze were shorter when a light cue was present and even shorter when odour cues (of prey or of conspecifics) were present. Choice between two identical cues (light or female odours) in a T‐maze revealed, for the first time, their right behavioural laterality. Surprisingly, no significant external morphological differences could be evidenced between left and right eyes, lengths of the first legs or densities of mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors on the tarsi of males’ first legs to suggest perceptual asymmetry supporting this behavioural asymmetry. This is the first report concerning tarantulas’ behavioural laterality.
A Comparison of Body Segment Inertial Parameter Estimation Methods and Joint Moment and Power Calculations During a Drop Vertical Jump in Collegiate Female Soccer Players
Authors: Arena Sara L. , McLaughlin Kelsey , Nguyen Anh-Dung , Smoliga James M. , Ford Kevin R.
Published: October 2016

Athletic individuals may differ in body segment inertial parameter (BSIP) estimates due to differences in body composition, and this may influence calculation of joint kinetics. The purposes of this study were to (1) compare BSIPs predicted by the method introduced by de Leva1 with DXA-derived BSIPs in collegiate female soccer players, and (2) examine the effects of these BSIP estimation methods on joint moment and power calculations during a drop vertical jump (DVJ). Twenty female NCAA Division I soccer players were recruited. BSIPs of the shank and thigh (mass, COM location, and radius of gyration) were determined using de Leva’s method and analysis of whole-body DXA scans. These estimates were used to determine peak knee joint moments and power during the DVJ. Compared with DXA, de Leva’s method located the COM more distally in the shank (P = .008) and more proximally in the thigh (P < .001), and the radius of gyration of the thigh to be further from the thigh COM (P < .001). All knee joint moment and power measures were similar between methods. These findings suggest that BSIP estimation may vary between methods, but the impact on joint moment calculations during a dynamic task is negligible.
Effects of the Addition of a Dual Task to a Supervised Physical Exercise Program on Older Adults’ Cognitive Performance
Authors: Ansai Juliana Hotta , de Andrade Larissa Pires , de Souza Buto Marcele Stephanie , de Vassimon Barroso Verena , Farche Ana Claudia Silva , Rossi Paulo Giusti , de Medeiros Takahashi Anielle Cristhine
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of a dual task to multicomponent training on cognition of active older adults. Eighty physically active older adults were divided into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). Both groups performed multicomponent training over 12 weeks. The IG simultaneously performed exercises and cognitive tasks. The Mini-Mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Clock Drawing Test were used for cognitive assessments. The Timed Up and Go Test associated with a cognitive task was used for dual-task assessment. Significant interactions were not observed between groups in terms of the cognitive variables or the dual-task performance. An interaction was observed only for Timed Up and Go Test performance, which was better in the CG than in the IG. Active older adults showed no improvement in cognition following the addition of the dual task to the multicomponent training.
Does brain creatine content rely on exogenous creatine in healthy youth? A proof-of-principle study
Authors: Merege-Filho Carlos Alberto Abujabra , Otaduy Maria Concepción Garcia , de Sá-Pinto Ana Lúcia , de Oliveira Maira Okada , de Souza Gonçalves Lívia , Hayashi Ana Paula Tanaka , Roschel Hamilton , Pereira Rosa Maria Rodrigues , Silva Clovis Artur , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , da Costa Leite Claudia , Gualano Bruno
Published: October 2016

It has been hypothesized that dietary creatine could influence cognitive performance by increasing brain creatine in developing individuals. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, proof-of-principle study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function and brain creatine content in healthy youth. The sample comprised 67 healthy participants aged 10 to 12 years. The participants were given creatine or placebo supplementation for 7 days. At baseline and after the intervention, participants undertook a battery of cognitive tests. In a random subsample of participants, brain creatine content was also assessed in the regions of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and occipital lobe by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) technique. The scores obtained from verbal learning and executive functions tests did not significantly differ between groups at baseline or after the intervention (all p > 0.05). Creatine content was not significantly different between groups in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and occipital lobe (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, a 7-day creatine supplementation protocol did not elicit improvements in brain creatine content or cognitive performance in healthy youth, suggesting that this population mainly relies on brain creatine synthesis rather than exogenous creatine intake to maintain brain creatine homeostasis.
DNA recovery from microhymenoptera using six non-destructive methodologies with considerations for subsequent preparation of museum slides
Authors: Guzmán-Larralde Adriana J. , Suaste-Dzul Alba P. , Gallou Adrien , Peña-Carrillo Kenzy I.
Published: October 2016

Because of the tiny size of microhymenoptera, successful morphological identification typically requires specific mounting protocols that require time, skills, and experience. Molecular taxonomic identification is an alternative, but many DNA extraction protocols call for maceration of the whole specimen, which is not compatible with preserving museum vouchers. Thus, non-destructive DNA isolation methods are attractive alternatives for obtaining DNA without damaging sample individuals. However, their performance needs to be assessed in microhymenopterans. We evaluated six non-destructive methods: (A) DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit; (B) DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit, modified; (C) Protocol with CaCl2 buffer; (D) Protocol with CaCl2 buffer, modified; (E) HotSHOT; and (F) Direct PCR. The performance of each DNA extraction method was tested across several microhymenopteran species by attempting to amplify the mitochondrial gene COI from insect specimens of varying ages: 1 day, 4 months, 3 years, 12 years, and 23 years. Methods B and D allowed COI amplification in all insects, while methods A, C, and E were successful in DNA amplification from insects up to 12 years old. Method F, the fastest, was useful in insects up to 4 months old. Finally, we adapted permanent slide preparation in Canada balsam for every technique. The results reported allow for combining morphological and molecular methodologies for taxonomic studies.
Strong coupling from the QCD static energy
Authors: Vairo Antonio
Published: October 2016

We review the determination of [Formula: see text] that follows from comparing at short distances the QCD static energy at three loops and resummation of the next-to-next-to leading logarithms with its determination in 2+1-flavor lattice QCD provided by the HotQCD collaboration. The result that we obtain is [Formula: see text](1.5 GeV) = 0.336[Formula: see text], corresponding to [Formula: see text](MZ) = 0.1166[Formula: see text]. We outline future possible developments.
Vibrational dynamics of crystalline silicon dioxide with charged Ge impurities
Authors: Kislov A. N.
Published: October 2016

The effects of differently charged Ge impurities on the local atomic structure and lattice dynamics of [Formula: see text]-quartz were studied. We have determined the equilibrium structures and calculated the symmetrized local density of vibrational states for the Ge-doped [Formula: see text]-quartz. The frequencies of localized vibrations of [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-symmetries induced by Ge impurities were obtained. Besides, we have analyzed what contribution the vibrations of atoms located around the Ge impurities make to the localized symmetrized vibrations.
A new macro model of traffic flow by incorporating both timid and aggressive driving behaviors
Authors: Peng Guanghan , Qing Li
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a novel macro model is derived from car-following model by applying the relationship between the micro and macro variables by incorporating the timid and aggressive effects of optimal velocity on a single lane. Numerical simulation shows that the timid and aggressive macro model of traffic flow can correctly reproduce common evolution of shock, rarefaction waves and local cluster effects under small perturbation. Also, the results uncover that the aggressive effect can smoothen the front of the shock wave and the timid effect results in local press peak, which means that the timid effect hastens the process of congregation in the shock wave. The more timid traffic behaviors are, the smaller is the stable range. Furthermore, the research shows that the advantage of the aggressive effect over the timid one lies in the fact that the aggressive traffic behaviors can improve the stability of traffic flow with the consideration of incorporating timid and aggressive driving behaviors at the same time.
Commercially Available Active Device Based Grounded Inductor Simulator and Universal Filter with Improved Low Frequency Performances
Authors: Yuce Erkan , Minaei Shahram
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a new grounded inductor simulator employing two current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs), three resistors and one grounded capacitor which is suitable for IC fabrication is proposed. Also, a new voltage-mode (VM) universal filter with three input and single output is given as application example of the grounded inductor simulator. The universal filter with low output impedance can be easily cascaded with other VM circuits. Both of the proposed circuits have the feature of improved low frequency performances, and can be easily constructed by two commercially available active devices such as AD844s. However, both inductor simulator and universal filter need a single passive component matching condition. Simulation and experimental test results are given to demonstrate the performance and workability of the proposed grounded inductor simulator and filter structure.
University–Industry Linkages in the Support of Biotechnology Discoveries
Authors: Jensen Richard A.
Published: October 2016

This review summarizes the theoretical and empirical literature on the importance of linkages between universities and industries in the development of commercial applications of biotechnology. These linkages range from formal agreements, such as patent licenses and research alliances, to informal collaborations, such as joint research, copublication, and consulting. Because biotechnology involves a new research method, the tacit knowledge embedded in it became critical to its commercialization. Specifically, it requires the direct involvement of star scientists who have this tacit knowledge and are well remunerated for it. This process is facilitated by the passage of the Bayh–Dole Act, which allows universities to retain ownership of crucial patents and provides incentives to the star scientists to cooperate in development and commercialization. Over time, a complex web of collaborations and alliances has evolved in therapeutic, diagnostic, and pharmaceutical biotechnology, whereas extensive consolidation has occurred in agricultural biotechnology.
P2X7 receptors in body temperature, locomotor activity, and brain mRNA and lncRNA responses to sleep deprivation
Authors: Davis Christopher J. , Taishi Ping , Honn Kimberly A. , Koberstein John N. , Krueger James M.
Published: October 2016

The ionotropic purine type 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a nonspecific cation channel implicated in sleep regulation and brain cytokine release. Many endogenous rhythms covary with sleep, including locomotor activity and core body temperature. Furthermore, brain-hypothalamic cytokines and purines play a role in the regulation of these physiological parameters as well as sleep. We hypothesized that these parameters are also affected by the absence of the P2X7 receptor. Herein, we determine spontaneous expression of body temperature and locomotor activity in wild-type (WT) and P2X7R knockout (KO) mice and how they are affected by sleep deprivation (SD). We also compare hypothalamic, hippocampal, and cortical cytokine- and purine-related receptor and enzyme mRNA expressions before and after SD in WT and P2X7RKO mice. Next, in a hypothesis-generating survey of hypothalamic long noncoding (lnc) RNAs, we compare lncRNA expression levels between strains and after SD. During baseline conditions, P2X7RKO mice had attenuated temperature rhythms compared with WT mice, although locomotor activity patterns were similar in both strains. After 6 h of SD, body temperature and locomotion were enhanced to a greater extent in P2X7RKO mice than in WT mice during the initial 2-3 h after SD. Baseline mRNA levels of cortical TNF-α and P2X4R were higher in the KO mice than WT mice. In response to SD, the KO mice failed to increase hypothalamic adenosine deaminase and P2X4R mRNAs. Further, hypothalamic lncRNA expressions varied by strain, and with SD. Current data are consistent with a role for the P2X7R in thermoregulation and lncRNA involvement in purinergic signaling.
Evolutionary Medicine: The Ongoing Evolution of Human Physiology and Metabolism
Authors: Rühli Frank , van Schaik Katherine , Henneberg Maciej
Published: October 2016

The field of evolutionary medicine uses evolutionary principles to understand changes in human anatomy and physiology that have occurred over time in response to environmental changes. Through this evolutionary-based approach, we can understand disease as a consequence of anatomical and physiological “trade-offs” that develop to facilitate survival and reproduction. We demonstrate how diachronic study of human anatomy and physiology is fundamental for an increased understanding of human health and disease.
Physiological Challenges to Fishes in a Warmer and Acidified Future
Authors: Nilsson Göran E. , Lefevre Sjannie
Published: October 2016

With the projected levels of global warming and ocean acidification, fishes have to face warmer waters with CO2 levels that are the highest in over 30 million years. The resultant rise in body temperature means that metabolic rates of fish will increase, and some may become energetically compromised. No less worrying, and maybe more surprising, is that rising CO2 concentrations appear to trigger pH regulatory mechanisms that disrupts neural ion gradients, leading to altered neurotransmitter function and maladaptive behavioral changes. We point out the many outstanding questions, including the ultimate one: Will fish be able to adapt to these challenges?
Attitudes and Perceived Barriers among Medical Students towards Clinical Research: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Egyptian Medical School
Authors: Ibrahim Abushouk Abdelrahman , Nazmy Hatata Abdelrahman , Mahmoud Omran Ibrahim , Mahmoud Youniss Mohammed , Fayez Elmansy Khaled , Gad Meawad Abdullah
Published: October 2016

Background. Despite the key role played by physician-investigators in bridging basic and clinical sciences, their number has declined significantly in the last decades especially in developing countries. Thus, we aimed to investigate attitudes and perceived barriers towards participation in clinical research among medical students in an Egyptian medical school.Methods. We employed a cross-sectional design, in which 420 students from the Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University completed a self-administrated questionnaire to assess their attitudes, perceived barriers, and knowledge about clinical research. The results were analyzed considering the students’ gender, year of enrollment, and high school background.Results. Seventy medical students from each year of enrollment participated in the study. The majority of students (74.2%) agree that undergraduates should participate in clinical research. However, only 23.8% reported engagement in related activities. Students showed low knowledge scores of1.9±0.3on a scale of six questions. They highlighted several barriers against research participation including lack of time, proper mentoring, and funding.Conclusion. Although the majority of students showed positive attitudes towards clinical research, they reported low participation in related activities, associated with low knowledge scores. Several barriers should be addressed as lack of time, funding, and proper mentoring.