bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Extensive Instruction on Learning the Passive Voice in Intermediate ESL
Authors: Balcom Patricia , Lee Siok H.
Published: August 2009

This study investigates the effect of extensive form-focused instruction on a complex point of grammar, the passive voice in English. Subjects were 40 Sinophone ESL students in Grade 8 to 11, ranging in age from 13 to 17 (mean = 14.8). After a battery of pre-tests, subjects underwent an instructional phase of 7.5 hours during which they received explicit instruction on the forms and functions of the passive voice, enhanced input, implicit and negative feedback, and did a variety of exercises, from highly structured to guided writing. Post-tests were administered three weeks after the end of the instruction phase. Results showed that treatment had a significant effect on subjects\u2019 learning of the passive voice, and that the subjects were able to transfer their explicit knowledge to a communicative writing task.
A Case of Unerupted Lower Primary Second Molar Associated with Compound Odontoma
Authors: Teruhisa Unetsubo , Murakami Jun , Hisatomi Miki , Yanagi Yoshinobu , Asaumi Jun-ichi
Published: August 2009

Odontoma is the most common type of benign odontogenic tumor, and often causes disturbances in the eruption of its associated tooth. Odontomas usually occur in the permanent dentition, and rarely occur solely in the primary dentition. This case report documents a six-year-old-child with a compound odontoma located in the mandible, which caused the impaction of the primary second molar.
Therapeutic Potential of RNA Interference in Pain Medicine
Authors: Tan Ping-Heng , Yang Lin-Cheng , Ji Ru-Rong
Published: August 2009

In recent years RNA interference (RNAi) has rapidly become the most widely used tool for gene knockdown due to its high specificity and potency. RNAi is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for silencing gene expression by targeted degradation of mRNA. In the past decade, hundreds of molecular targets have been identified for their roles in pain modulation. But most molecular targets are not readily druggable with small molecules. RNAi represents a therapeutic approach applicable to these non-druggable targets. There is a rapid increase in the number of studies that use small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to validate new targets for pain regulation. In this review, we will discuss these painrelated RNAi studies (Table 1). We will also compare the advantages and disadvantages of RNAi with antisense knockdown (Table 2), because antisense oligodeoxynucleotides have been extensively used for target validation in pain research. Although in vivo delivery of siRNA remains to be a challenge, RNAi has a great potential to become a major therapeutic tool for pain management.
Method Development for Measuring Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Treated Wastewater
Authors: Khan Eakalak , Awobamise Mayo , Jones Kimberly , Murthy Sudhir
Published: August 2009

A method for determining biodegradable dissolved organic nitrogen (BDON) in treated wastewater was developed. The method adopts the approaches used in the biochemical oxygen demand and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon tests to make it usable as a routine procedure at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The development focused on various aspects of the procedure, including inoculum type and concentration, incubation period, and the need for sample filtration after incubation. The method was tested with filtered effluent samples from two nutrient removal WWTPs and standard organic nitrogen solutions. Accurate and precise BDON results were obtained with 2 mL of acclimated mixed‐liquor suspended solids diluted to a concentration of 240 mg/L as an inoculum and an incubation period of 20 days. Sample filtration after incubation was not required.
Implication of Using Different Carbon Sources for Denitrification in Wastewater Treatments
Authors: Cherchi Carla , Onnis‐Hayden Annalisa , El‐Shawabkeh Ibrahim , Gu April Z.
Published: August 2009

Application of external carbon sources for denitrification becomes necessary for wastewater treatment plants that have to meet very stringent effluent nitrogen limits (e.g., 3 to 5 mgTN/L). In this study, we evaluated and compared three carbon sources—MicroCTM (Environmental Operating Solutions, Bourne, Massachusetts), methanol, and acetate—in terms of their denitrification rates and kinetics, effect on overall nitrogen removal performance, and microbial community structure of carbon‐specific denitrifying enrichments. Denitrification rates and kinetics were determined with both acclimated and non‐acclimated biomass, obtained from laboratory‐scale sequencing batch reactor systems or full‐scale plants. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the use of MicroCTM for denitrification processes, with maximum denitrification rates (kdmax) of 6.4 mgN/gVSS·h and an observed yield of 0.36 mgVSS/mgCOD. Comparable maximum nitrate uptake rates were found with methanol, while acetate showed a maximum denitrification rate nearly twice as high as the others. The maximum growth rates measured at 20°C for MicroCTM and methanol were 3.7 and 1.2 day−1, respectively. The implications resulting from the differences in the denitrification rates and kinetics of different carbon sources on the full‐scale nitrogen removal performance, under various configurations and operational conditions, were assessed using Biowin (EnviroSim Associates, Ltd., Flamborough, Ontario, Canada) simulations for both pre‐ and post‐denitrification systems. Examination of microbial population structures using Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) throughout the study period showed dynamic temporal changes and distinct microbial community structures of different carbon‐specific denitrifying cultures. The ability of a specific carbon‐acclimated denitrifying population to instantly use other carbon source also was investigated, and the chemical‐structure‐associated behavior patterns observed suggested that the complex biochemical pathways/enzymes involved in the denitrification process depended on the carbon sources used.
Estrogen Nitration Kinetics and Implications for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Gaulke Linda S. , Strand Stuart E. , Kalhorn Thomas F. , Stensel H David
Published: August 2009

Understanding estrogen‐removal mechanisms in wastewater treatment is imperative, as estrogens have environmental effects at trace concentrations. Previous research investigating co‐metabolic degradation of 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) revealed that, in batch tests where high nitrite‐nitrogen (NO2‐N) concentrations occurred as a result of ammonia‐nitrogen (NH4‐N) oxidation by AOB, an abiotic estrogen nitration reaction actually was occurring—not co‐metabolic degradation. This paper addresses nitration kinetics. A first‐order abiotic nitration model was developed that predicts nitration of EE2, 17β‐estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) as a function of temperature, pH, estrogen (EE2, E2, and E1), and NO2‐N concentration. A contact time of 3.6 to 4.1 days is required for 90% estrogen nitration at 500 mg/L NO2‐N and pH 6.4. At 20°C and pH 6.4, the threshold NO2‐N concentration for nitration to occur is 9 mg/L; therefore, estrogen nitration is not likely in activated sludge treatment of domestic wastewater, but has potential for high‐NH4‐N‐strength wastewaters.
Freezing Inactivation of Escherichia Coli and Enterococcus Faecalis in Water: Response of Different Strains
Authors: Gao W. , Leung K. , Hawdon N.
Published: August 2009

The effect of freezing temperature (−7, −15, −30 and −80°C), number of freeze/thaw cycles (1 to 5 cycles) and sample volume (100 mL and 100 µL) on the viability of a pathogenic and an opportunistically pathogenic Escherichia Coli, a vancomycin‐resistant and a vancomycin‐sensitive Enterococcus Faecalis were examined. About 3.3 to 4.3 and 1.5 to 2.4 log reduction in cell density were observed in E. coli and E. faecalis, respectively, in the 100 mL samples frozen at −30°C or warmer. Freezing at −80°C was the least effective in killing the microbes, on average the log reduction at −80°C was approximately 1.0 to 1.5 units less than those achieved at the three warmer temperatures. Based on statistical analysis, cell inactivation levels achieved at −7, −15, or −30°C were not significantly different (P‐value = 0.1648). There were no statistical difference in terms of log reduction obtained under all experimental conditions for the two E.coli strains (P‐value = 0.46) and the two E. faecalis strains (P‐value = 0.10). The number of freezing/thaw cycles and sample volume, however, profoundly affected inactivation capacity of freezing. Freezing could be an effective method for further reduction of E. coli and Enterococcus in municipal wastewater/sludge.
Particle Size Distribution of Commercial Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) Flour and Sensory Properties of Akara
Authors: Barimalaa Iminabo Samuel , Okoroji Cynthia Onyinyechi
Published: August 2009

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) is an indigenous African legume. It is an important source of protein in the diet of West Africans. In Nigeria, large proportion of cowpea is consumed as a deep fat fried foam product (akara), after the beans had been soaked in water, manually dehulled and made into paste. The inconvenience of these procedures each time is a major constraint in the utilization of cowpea and has led to considerable effort towards production of ready-to-use cowpea flour which can be hydrated into paste for akara. Consistency, dispensability and the frying characteristics of cowpea paste, reconstituted from cowpea flour, and the quality of the resulting akara balls, are influenced among others by particle size distribution of the paste. In this study, particle size distribution of commercially produced cowpea flour was determined and the sensory properties of akara made from it were compared with that prepared using a traditional method. The commercial cowpea flour notably had finer particles than the traditional paste. Over 40% of the commercial cowpea flour had particles finer than 0.75x10-4m as against 25% of the traditional paste. The concentration of particles intermediate between flour and grits (i.e. in the 2x10-4m - 6.0x10-4m pore region) was higher in the traditional paste (44.72%) than the commercial cowpea flour (18.36%). All the akara had high scores for colour, while the commercial cowpea flour akara had significantly (p?0.05) lower scores for texture, flavour and overall acceptability. The commercial flour akara was dry and dense with tough outer surface, and beany flavour. Texture and flavour are very important determinants of akara quality.
The Culture of Teaching
Authors: Scott Catherine
Published: August 2009

Education is characterised by marked and damaging schisms among its specialties, especially between classroom practitioners and academic members of the profession. While many or most commentators accept this rift as arising from real and significant differences between the groups, this article argues that the schism can be seen as the consequence of the reduced status of education as an institution. Mary Douglas's cultural theory is utilised to explore ways in which low status pushes any institution, education included, towards the world-view of a cult or sect. The origins of aspects of contemporary educational thought that attract considerable criticism from ‘outside’ are traced to thought styles that are typical of a cult. The suggestion is made that continuing criticism that further erodes education's status will not lead to desired change but instead entrench practitioners' stance of resistance to demands that originate from outside the profession.
Building Entrepreneurial Architectures: A Conceptual Interpretation of the Third Mission
Authors: Vorley Tim , Nelles Jen
Published: August 2009

Universities are increasingly being challenged to become more socially and economically relevant institutions under the guise of the so-called ‘Third Mission’. This phenomenon, articulated in policy, has prompted the emergence of a growing literature documenting the evolution of the contemporary university, and specifically addressing the Third Mission and university entrepreneurship; however, it remains at once both too broadly conceptualised and overly fragmented. Thus, as the scope of university entrepreneurship widens to include ever more forms of engagement, the Third Mission remains under-theorised. Drawing together these streams of literature on the contemporary university, the concept of ‘entrepreneurial architecture’ is employed to develop a more nuanced perspective. Based on a study of UK higher education institutions, this article builds on Burns's (2005) notion of ‘entrepreneurial architecture’ to understand the internal dynamics that underpin the coordination and consolidation of the Third Mission. The Third Mission has been politically created through numerous (prescriptive) funding programmes; however, the next phase of the Third Mission demands an understanding beyond prescription. The concept of entrepreneurial architecture provides a grounded theoretical contribution to the study of university entrepreneurship, while also offering institutions and policy makers a pragmatic approach to institutional development in the context of the Third Mission.
Teaching in Full View: GLA as a Mechanism of Power
Authors: Brooks Charmaine
Published: August 2009

Foucault's concept of governmentality frames a critical discourse analysis of Grade Level of Achievement (GLA) Reporting in Alberta. GLA requires teachers to report to the provincial government a whole number that represents their judgment of each student's achievement in meeting the mandated curricular outcomes in grades 1 to 9 language arts and mathematics. Foucault's notion of governmentality guides the analysis as results are illuminated within three prominent themes: homogeneous, efficient effects of power; visibility; and identity. GLA is of interest and import due to the scope of the project, the unique requirements, not solely test-based, and the myriad of ways the data gathered could be used to influence future directions. GLA is significant, micropolitically, in the way it distributes power by involving the subjects directly. The results of this analysis will serve to provide teachers, administrators and policy makers with a way to reconsider their professional agency and identity within a culture of accountability.
The Phenomenology of Democracy
Authors: Shaw Robert
Published: August 2009

Human beings originate votes, and democracy constitutes decisions. This is the essence of democracy. A phenomenological analysis of the vote and of the decision reveals for us the inherent strength of democracy and its deficiencies. Alexis de Tocqueville pioneered this form of enquiry into democracy and produced positive results from it. Unfortunately, his phenomenological method was inadequate and he missed the essential core of his ‘associative art’. The frequent association of democracy with rationality misleads us about its nature and its requirements. The phenomenology of democracy aligns with the governance concept of democracy. Many attempts to reform democracy, or impose it on others, are misplaced because they do not attend to the essence of democracy.
Goos-Hänchen shift from an anisotropic metamaterial slab
Authors: Yu Guan-Xia , Fang Yun-Tuan , Cui Tie
Published: August 2009

We have theoretically and numerically investigated the Goos-Hänchen shift (the lateral shift) from the anisotropic metamaterial slab. The sign and degree of the shift can be determined by the choices of the electromagnetic parameters and thicknesses of slab, which is different from the case of the isotropic media. We also find that the weak lossy may produce large positive or negative lateral shift.
On the modulation frequency dependence of the photoacoustic signal for a metal coated glass-liquid system
Authors: Marín Ernesto , Vera-Medina Gerardo , García Arturo , Calderón Antonio
Published: August 2009

We show that the front photoacoustic signal due to a sample consisting of a glass plate with a metal coated surface, at which thermal waves are generated by periodical light absorption, enhances for certain modulation frequencies when the other glass surface is covered with a liquid sample. This contradicts the intuitive expectation based on the assumption that the liquid provides a new channel for heat conduction thereby decreasing the substrate temperature. Experimental results are shown and the described effect is explained using a thermal wave interference model.
Effect of the Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantalum CMU-FP002 on Oocyst Shedding by Broilers Inoculated with Eimeria Tenella
Authors: Kasornpikul Charunee , Chaiyasut Chaiyavat , Sirithanyalug Bussabun , Aeagwanich Worapol , Pewnim Thanit
Published: August 2009

Coccidiosis is an infectious disease that causes the most widespread health problems in the broiler industry. This study indicated that chickens fed with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantalum CMU- FP002 exhibited an 85.63% reduction in the number of oocysts of Eimeria tenella shed in the faeces compared with the control group. The average number of oocysts shed by the group fed the probiotic and a group fed an antibiotic were both significantly (P<0.05) less than the average number of oocysts shed by the control group.

Coccidiosis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria and is the most consistently reported health problem in poultry (Biggs, 19–82; Rose et al, 1987; Williams, 1999). Generally, the number of oocysts shed in the faeces is dependent on the number of sporozoites and merozoites that penetrate the enterocytes for a given inoculum dose, and so represents the infection-resistant ability of broilers. Susceptibility to Eimeria can also be assessed on the basis of the number of oocysts obtained from droppings collected for four days starting on day 6 post-inoculation (Dalloul et al., 2005).
Synthesis of Aryliron Complexes [CpFe(CO)2Ar] by Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of [CpFe(CO)2I] with Arylzinc, -Boron, or -Indium Reagents
Authors: Yasuda Shigeo , Asada Yoshihiro , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: August 2009

Transmetalation between [CpFe(CO)2I] and arylzinc iodide-lithium chloride complexes proceeds in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium acetate and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine to yield the corresponding aryliron complexes [CpFe(CO)2Ar]. Phenylation of [CpFe(CO)2I] also takes place when triphenylindium is used under similar conditions. Arylboronic acids undergo arylation in the presence of cesium carbonate and a palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene complex, PEPPSI. The present methods are useful for the facile synthesis of various functionalized [CpFe(CO)2Ar]. The products [CpFe(CO)2Ar] represent an interesting class of aryl metals that undergo several transformation.
Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: A Review
Authors: Mittal Vikas
Published: August 2009

This review aims to present recent advances in the synthesis and structure characterization as well as the properties of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. The advent of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites has revolutionized research into polymer composite materials. Nanocomposites are organic-inorganic hybrid materials in which at least one dimension of the filler is less than 100 nm. A number of synthesis routes have been developed in the recent years to prepare these materials, which include intercalation of polymers or pre-polymers from solution, in-situ polymerization, melt intercalation etc. The nanocomposites where the filler platelets can be dispersed in the polymer at the nanometer scale owing to the specific filler surface modifications, exhibit significant improvement in the composite properties, which include enhanced mechanical strength, gas barrier, thermal stability, flame retardancy etc. Only a small amount of filler is generally required for the enhancement in the properties, which helps the composite materials retain transparency and low density.
A Comprehensive Review of One-Dimensional Metal-Oxide Nanostructure Photodetectors
Authors: Zhai Tianyou , Fang Xiaosheng , Liao Meiyong , Xu Xijin , Zeng Haibo , Yoshio Bando , Golberg Dmitri
Published: August 2009

One-dimensional (1D) metal-oxide nanostructures are ideal systems for exploring a large number of novel phenomena at the nanoscale and investigating size and dimensionality dependence of nanostructure properties for potential applications. The construction and integration of photodetectors or optical switches based on such nanostructures with tailored geometries have rapidly advanced in recent years. Active 1D nanostructure photodetector elements can be configured either as resistors whose conductions are altered by a charge-transfer process or as field-effect transistors (FET) whose properties can be controlled by applying appropriate potentials onto the gates. Functionalizing the structure surfaces offers another avenue for expanding the sensor capabilities. This article provides a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art research activities in the photodetector field. It mainly focuses on the metal oxide 1D nanostructures such as ZnO, SnO2, Cu2O, Ga2O3, Fe2O3, In2O3, CdO, CeO2, and their photoresponses. The review begins with a survey of quasi 1D metal-oxide semiconductor nanostructures and the photodetector principle, then shows the recent progresses on several kinds of important metal-oxide nanostructures and their photoresponses and briefly presents some additional prospective metal-oxide 1D nanomaterials. Finally, the review is concluded with some perspectives and outlook on the future developments in this area.
A Stochastic Poisson Structure
Authors: Léandre Rémi
Published: August 2009

We define a Poisson structure on the Nualart-Pardoux test algebra associated to the path space of a finite dimensional Lie algebra.
The genomic organization of Ty3/gypsy‐like retrotransposons in Helianthus (Asteraceae) homoploid hybrid species
Authors: Staton S. Evan , Ungerer Mark C. , Moore Richard C.
Published: August 2009

The origin of new diploid, or homoploid, hybrid species is associated with rapid genomic restructuring in the hybrid neospecies. This mode of speciation has been best characterized in wild sunflower species in the genus Helianthus, where three homoploid hybrid species (H. anomalus, H. deserticola, and H. paradoxus) have independently arisen via ancient hybridization events between the same two parental species (H. annuus and H. petiolaris). Most previous work examining genomic restructuring in these sunflower hybrid species has focused on chromosomal rearrangements. However, the origin of all three homoploid hybrid sunflower species also is associated with massive proliferation events of Ty3/gypsy‐like retrotransposons in the hybrid species’ genomes. We compared the genomic organization of these elements in the parent species and two of the homoploid hybrid species using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We found a significant expansion of Ty3/gypsy‐like retrotransposons confined to the pericentromeric regions of two hybrid sunflower species, H. deserticola and H. paradoxus. In contrast, we detected no significant increase in the frequency or extent of dispersed retrotransposon populations in the hybrid species within the resolution limits of our assay. We discuss the potential role that transposable element proliferation and localization plays in the evolution of homoploid hybrid species.
Acid-mediated reactions under microfluidic conditions: A new strategy for practical synthesis of biofunctional natural products
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori , Fukase Koichi
Published: August 2009

Microfluidic conditions were applied to acid-mediated reactions, namely, glycosylation, reductive opening of the benzylidene acetal groups, and dehydration, which are the keys to the practical synthesis of N-glycans and the immunostimulating natural product, pristane. A distinctly different reactivity from that in conventional batch stirring was found; the vigorous micromixing of the reactants with the concentrated acids is critical especially for the “fast” reactions to be successful. Such a common feature might be due to the integration of all favorable aspects of microfluidic conditions, i.e., efficient mixing, precise temperature control, and the easy handling of the reactive intermediate by controlling the residence time. The microfluidic reactions cited in this review indicate the need to reinvestigate the traditional or imaginary reactions which have so far been performed and evaluated only in batch apparatus, and therefore they could be recognized as a new strategy in synthesizing natural products of prominent biological activity in a “practical” and a “industrial” manner.
Une figure humaine peut cacher une affection-jaguar
Authors: Viveiros De Castro Eduardo
Published: August 2009

Résumé Comment peut-on être occidental ? Les Amérindiens ne connaissent pas notre dualisme nature-culture, et ils s’en passent fort bien. Ils pensent et vivent la continuité.
La syntaxe des mondes
Authors: Bessis Raphaël
Published: August 2009

Résumé Philippe Descola dans Par delà nature et culture (2005) tâche d’élaborer, au travers d’une classification des formes d’écologie symbolique, les pièces élémentaires d’une sorte de syntaxe de la composition du monde . Quatre schèmes fondamentaux ou matrices ontologiques (l’animisme, le naturalisme, le totémisme et l’analogisme) seront ainsi exhumés de l’immense champ des monographies ethnologiques, permettant à leur auteur d’établir une critique de la raison naturaliste . C’est cette révolution épistémologique que nous nous efforcerons le plus fidèlement de restituer.
De l'économie libidinale à l'écologie de l'esprit
Authors: Stiegler Bernard
Published: August 2009

Résumé Cet entretien voit se déployer les thèses suivantes : 1) le capitalisme doit d’abord être envisagé comme « économie libidinale » ; 2) cette économie libidinale est épuisée par l’hyper-industrialisation du capitalisme contemporain : le désir industriellement traité conduit à la destruction du désir  ; 3) d’où la nécessité d’inventer une nouvelle forme de puissance publique capable d’effectuer une relance du désir. Les dommages écologiques sont en effet la conséquence d’une misère symbolique , misère des formes de vie et des pratiques. On ne pourra ainsi répondre à ces dommages qu’en proposant une véritable écologie de l’esprit.
Révolution informatique, écologie et recomposition subjective
Authors: Robin Jacques , Guattari Félix
Published: August 2009

Résumé Les technologies informatiques et de la commande ne sont pas uniquement de l’ordre des techni-sciences mais interviennent dans la production de subjectivité. On ne peut pas séparer ces transformations des bouleversements politiques en cours. Le primat porté sur l’information comme nouvelle catégorie, à côté de l’énergie, accentue la production de nouvelles subjectivités et peut transformer la société en une société de communication. Mais ce concept est insuffisant si on ne l’associe pas à une « fonction existentielle » qui rende compte de la désaxation généralisée des coordonnées subjectives. La problématique de la recomposition subjective doit être posée par une re-finalisation des processus d’information, de télématisation, etc., sur d’autres systèmes de valeurs, du niveau de l’écologie mentale, jusqu’aux niveaux les plus planétaires. Nous sommes en co-pilotage avec une nature en situation. L’élément étonnant de cette symbiose, c’est la transformation radicale des rapports, des uns et avec les autres. L’écologie est un grand tournant, à condition que cette écologie soit mariée à la dimension sociale et économique, avec toute forme d’altérité, pour former une idéologie douce, qui fasse sa place aux nouvelles connaissances.
Deleuze avec Masoch
Authors: Alliez Éric
Published: August 2009

Résumé Ce Masoch sorti du Texte en faveur d’une Expérimentation-Vie — c’est un programme politique nous assène Deleuze, parce qu’« il n’y a pas d’autre danger que le retour du père ».
Formuler notre surexposition
Authors: Neyrat Frédéric , Citton Yves
Published: August 2009

Résumé En nous faisant reconnaître notre moment historique comme relevant de la « surexposition » — entendue à la fois au sens des vaines images qui nous aveuglent de leur excès de brillance et au sens des corps exposés sans protection aux risques de radiations hostiles Frédéric Neyrat nous invite à « supporter le vide du monde », à chercher dans le « laisser-être » un rempart aux dérives de la production, et à inventer une « ontopolitique de sujets atopiques ».
Le regard, l'écoute
Authors: Bellour Raymond
Published: August 2009

Résumé Antoni Muntadas cherche à intensifier l’art, intensifier la perception. D’où une vie et une œuvre « on translation », circulant entre les langues, les institutions, les pays et leurs villes, dans un tournoiement du monde généralisé.
Aux origins de l'usage subversif du canular en Italie
Authors: Natella Andrea
Published: August 2009

Résumé Le vrai est un moment du faux. Panorama du hoax en Italie, de Censor (1975) à Luther Blissett.
La brigade de propagation textuelle
Authors: Mizio Francis
Published: August 2009

Résumé Des mots contre la com. Récit du sabordage de Jaimemaboîte.com, initiatrice de la Fête de l’entreprise.
Temps historique et sémantique politique dans la critique post-coloniale
Authors: Mezzadra Sandro
Published: August 2009

Résumé Notre expérience du monde oscille entre deux pôles, l’unification-globalisa-tion et les turbulences. Les études postcoloniales se tiennent à la jonction, c’est tout leur intérêt. Elles remettent moins en cause la modernité que le schéma européen de la modernité, abstrait dans sa substance, linéaire dans le temps et l’espace (extension du centre aux périphéries). Les meilleures études postcoloniales sont sensibles aux ruptures dans la modernité et l’exemple d’Haïti est à ce titre éclairant, première révolte victorieu- se d’esclaves au moment même où se mettait en place la grande fabrique. Si l’on y a accordé aussi peu d’importance, c’est qu’il y a eu occultation. Mais cette occultation était pour partie inévitable. L’enregistrement et la narration connaissent leurs failles ; on ne concilie pas si facilement l’Histoire et les histoires. L’historiographie postcoloniale en fait précisément son enjeu.
Le tiers-espace
Authors: Bhabha Homi K. , Rutherford Jonathan
Published: August 2009

Résumé Au nom de l’hybridité et de la « différence culturelle », qu’il oppose à la « diversité culturelle », l’auteur avance une critique du « libéralisme relativiste » au fondement des politiques « multiculturalistes » mises en place en Grande-Bretagne, critique qui montre en quoi ces politiques ont partie liée avec un certain universalisme ethnocentré.
“Les subalternes peuvent-illes parler ?” et autres questions transcendentales
Authors: Montag Warren
Published: August 2009

Résumé L’auteur repend la question soulevée au début des années 1990 par Gayatri Spivak dans un article célèbre et difficile : « Les Subalternes peuvent-illes parler ? », qui a alimenté d’interminables discussions dans le champ des études postcoloniales. Il entend montrer que la question est trompeuse, qu’il s’agit moins de savoir dans l’absolu si les subalternes peuvent parler — ils le font de toute évidence —, que de savoir s’ils parviennent à le faire et à se faire entendre lorsque cela importe vraiment, dans un contexte politique déterminé.
Musulmans de France, l'histoire sous le tapis
Authors: Dakhlia Jocelyne
Published: August 2009

Résumé À l’heure où l’on s’interroge sur l’« intégration » des Musulmans, on se surprend à devoir rappeler que la France et l’Islam entretiennent, depuis l’époque moderne sinon le Moyen Âge, d’étroites relations, faites de conflits autant que de fusions. L’« intégration » n’a pas de sens, les Musulmans sont déjà là. Si nous ne le voyons pas, c’est parce que l’Islam a constitué longtemps un « impensé » de la politique officielle française (et des militants anticolonialistes français) : l’Islam, c’était l’autre rive de la Méditerranée, les immigrés Ouest-africains et Maghrébins sur le territoire métropolitain n’étant jamais perçus comme des Musulmans.
Pair-à-pair, grille, certificats, filtres...
Authors: Gkouskou Giannakou Pergia
Published: August 2009

Résumé Dans cet article, nous essayons de recenser et de catégoriser les projets les plus connus, les objets et les plates-formes technologiques de partage de ressources et de répartition des tâches sur l’Internet. En dépit de la mobilisation d’un arsenal législatif restrictif, voire répressif, contre l’usage de telles technologies, et malgré les attaques en justice orchestrées notamment par l’industrie des contenus audiovisuels, nous soutenons que le développement des outils de partage et de répartition marque un processus irréversible de dés-asymétrisation de l’Internet.
L'intermittent et l'immuable
Authors: Marange Valérie
Published: August 2009

Résumé La subjectivation néolibérale, travailliste et conservatrice, qui promeut le risque et le « courage d’entreprendre », produit partout le sentiment d’insécurité et d’abandon, favorise toutes sortes de replis chez ceux qui ne bénéficient pas de protection au préalable. On trouve dans les cours que M. Foucault a consacrés au néolibéralisme une articulation de la sécurité matérielle et de l’autonomie éthique, des pistes pour de nouveaux rapports aux institutions sanitaires et sociales qui trouvent aujourd’hui des échos dans le conflit des intermittents.
Revenu garanti, coopératives municipales et monnaies locales
Authors: Zin Jean
Published: August 2009

Résumé Le revenu garanti s’impose à l’ère de l’information, du travail autonome et du développement humain mais aussi pour des raisons écologistes de sortie du salariat productiviste. Cependant, pour assurer effectivement une production alternative, il ne faut pas seulement s’occuper des revenus mais aussi de la production elle-même, des moyens de production comme des moyens monétaires et des circuits marchands. Dans une perspective écologiste de relocalisation de l’économie, revenu garanti, coopératives municipales et monnaies locales se révèlent ainsi indissociables pour construire un nouveau système de production, sur d’autres rapports sociaux que le salariat, à l’ère du travail immatériel et de la globalisation marchande.
Danses de Birgit Jürgenssen
Authors: Futscher Edith
Published: August 2009

Résumé L’article analyse la série photographique Danse macabre avec jeune fille de Birgit Jürgenssen selon deux axes : le concept de masque et l’enchevêtrement de deux thèmes iconographiques. En s’inscrivant dans un espace archaïsant, où apparaissent des éléments burlesques, les photographies de Jürgenssen des années 1979 et 1980 sont, comme chez Bakhtine, un éclat de rire contre la culture dominante.
Des babils et de la langue chez les parias des cités
Authors: Hatzfeld Marc
Published: August 2009

Résumé Dans et contre un français reconnu comme langue unique et obligatoire sous peine de sanctions, les échappées prolifèrent dans les cités, sous les formes les plus variées (« fautes », « vulgarité », vannes, joutes, slam). C’est une chance : une langue trop réglée interdit le malentendu et l’étrangeté, elle appauvrit les relations.
Disruption of TGF-β Signaling Prevents the Generation of Tumor-Sensitized Regulatory T Cells and Facilitates Therapeutic Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Petrausch Ulf , Jensen Shawn M. , Twitty Christopher , Poehlein Christian H. , Haley Daniel P. , Walker Edwin B. , Fox Bernard A.
Published: August 2009

Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a major roadblock to the induction of antitumor immunity through vaccine approaches. TGF-β is a cytokine implicated in the generation and maintenance of Treg cells, as well as in their suppressive function. These experiments examined whether the generation of tumor-sensitized Treg cells was TGF-β dependent and evaluated whether TGF-β produced by Treg cells blocked the priming of tumor-specific T cells in vaccinated reconstituted lymphopenic mice. We show that tumor-sensitized Treg cells (CD25+/FoxP3+) obtained from tumor-bearing mice block the generation of tumor-specific T cells in reconstituted lymphopenic mice. Strikingly, this suppression is absent if tumor-sensitized Treg cells are acquired from tumor-bearing mice expressing the dominant-negative TGFβRII in T cells. This loss of suppression was a result of the crucial role of TGF-β in generating tumor-sensitized Treg cells, and not due to the insensitivity of naive or tumor-primed effector T cells to the direct suppressive influence of TGF-β. We conclude that blocking TGF-β in a tumor-bearing host can inhibit the induction of highly suppressive tumor-sensitized Treg cells. These data suggest that an integrative strategy combining “up-front” Treg cell ablation followed by vaccination and TGF-β blockade may limit generation of new tumor-sensitized Treg cells and improve the generation of therapeutic immune responses in patients with cancer.
Selectively Reduced Intracellular Proliferation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium within APCs Limits Antigen Presentation and Development of a Rapid CD8 T Cell Response
Authors: Albaghdadi Homam , Robinson Nirmal , Finlay Brett , Krishnan Lakshmi , Sad Subash
Published: August 2009

Ag presentation to CD8+ T cells commences immediately after infection, which facilitates their rapid expansion and control of pathogen. This paradigm is not followed during infection with virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST), an intracellular bacterium that causes mortality in susceptible C57BL/6J mice within 7 days and a chronic infection in resistant mice (129 × 1SvJ). Infection of mice with OVA-expressing ST results in the development of a CD8+ T cell response that is detectable only after the second week of infection despite the early detectable bacterial burden. The mechanism behind the delayed CD8+ T cell activation was evaluated, and it was found that dendritic cells/macrophages or mice infected with ST-OVA failed to present Ag to OVA-specific CD8+ T cells. Lack of early Ag presentation was not rescued when mice or dendritic cells/macrophages were infected with an attenuated aroA mutant of ST or with mutants having defective Salmonella pathogenicity island I/II genes. Although extracellular ST proliferated extensively, the replication of ST was highly muted once inside macrophages. This muted intracellular proliferation of ST resulted in the generation of poor levels of intracellular Ag and peptide-MHC complex on the surface of dendritic cells. Additional experiments revealed that ST did not actively inhibit Ag presentation, rather it inhibited the uptake of another intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, thereby causing inhibition of Ag presentation against L. monocytogenes. Taken together, this study reveals a dichotomy in the proliferation of ST and indicates that selectively reduced intracellular proliferation of virulent pathogens may be an important mechanism of immune evasion.
The Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Agonist FTY720 Potently Inhibits Regulatory T Cell Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Wolf Anna Maria , Eller Kathrin , Zeiser Robert , Dürr Christoph , Gerlach Ulrike V. , Sixt Michael , Markut Lydia , Gastl Guenther , Rosenkranz Alexander R. , Wolf Dominik
Published: August 2009

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) entry into secondary lymphoid organs and local expansion is critical for their immunosuppressive function. Long-term application of the sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 exerts pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects, whereas short-term FTY720 boosts antiviral immunity. In this study, we provide evidence that FTY720 potently inhibits Treg proliferation in vitro and in vivo without affecting their viability, phenotype, or in vitro immunosuppression. In contrast, adoptively transferred Treg exposed ex vivo to FTY720 lost their protective effects in murine models of acute glomerulonephritis and acute graft-vs-host disease. On a cellular level, FTY720 inhibits IL-2-induced STAT-5 phosphorylation, paralleled by a loss of FoxP3 expression during Treg expansion in vitro. Notably, loss of in vivo immunosuppression is not due to impaired migration to or localization within secondary lymphoid organs. We could even show a selective trapping of adoptively transferred Treg in inflammatory lymph nodes by FTY720. Finally, Treg isolated from animals systemically exposed to FTY720 also exhibit a significantly impaired proliferative response upon restimulation when compared with Treg isolated from solvent-treated animals. In summary, our data suggest that sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-mediated signals induced by FTY720 abrogate their in vivo immunosuppressive potential by blocking IL-2 induced expansion, which is indispensable for their in vivo immunosuppressive activity.
CD4-CD8 Lineage Differentiation: Thpok-ing into the Nucleus
Authors: Wang Lie , Bosselut Rémy
Published: August 2009

The mature αβ T cell population is divided into two main lineages that are defined by the mutually exclusive expression of CD4 and CD8 surface molecules (coreceptors) and that differ in their MHC restriction and function. CD4 T cells are typically MHC-II restricted and helper (or regulatory), whereas CD8 T cells are typically cytotoxic. Several transcription factors are known to control the emergence of CD4 and CD8 lineages, including the zinc finger proteins Thpok and Gata3, which are required for CD4 lineage differentiation, and the Runx factors Runx1 and Runx3, which contribute to CD8 lineage differentiation. This review summarizes recent advances on the function of these transcription factors in lineage differentiation. We also discuss how the “circuitry” connecting these factors could operate to match the expression of the lineage-committing factors Thpok and Runx3, and therefore lineage differentiation, to MHC specificity.
Photophysics and Photocurrent Generation in Polythiophene/Polyfluorene Copolymer Blends
Authors: McNeill Christopher R. , Abrusci Agnese , Hwang Inchan , Ruderer Matthias A. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Greenham Neil C.
Published: August 2009

Here, studies on the evolution of photophysics and device performance with annealing of blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) with the two polyfluorene copolymers poly((9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐[4,7‐bis(3‐hexylthien‐5‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole]‐2′,2′′‐diyl) (F8TBT) and poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) are reported. In blends with F8TBT, P3HT is found to reorganize at low annealing temperatures (100 °C or below), evidenced by a redshift of both absorption and photoluminescence (PL), and by a decrease in PL lifetime. Annealing to 140 °C, however, is found to optimize device performance, accompanied by an increase in PL efficiency and lifetime. Grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering is also performed to study the evolution in film nanomorphology with annealing, with the 140 °C‐annealed film showing enhanced phase separation. It is concluded that reorganization of P3HT alone is not sufficient to optimize device performance but must also be accompanied by a coarsening of the morphology to promote charge separation. The shape of the photocurrent action spectra of P3HT:F8TBT devices is also studied, aided by optical modeling of the absorption spectrum of the blend in a device structure. Changes in the shape of the photocurrent action spectra with annealing are observed, and these are attributed to changes in the relative contribution of each polymer to photocurrent as morphology and polymer conformation evolve. In particular, in as‐spun films from xylene, photocurrent is preferentially generated from ordered P3HT segments attributed to the increased charge separation efficiency in ordered P3HT compared to disordered P3HT. For optimized devices, photocurrent is efficiently generated from both P3HT and F8TBT. In contrast to blends with F8TBT, P3HT is only found to reorganize in blends with F8BT at annealing temperatures of over 200 °C. The low efficiency of the P3HT:F8BT system can then be attributed to poor charge generation and separation efficiencies that result from the failure of P3HT to reorganize.
Hollow polylactide microcapsules with controlled morphology and thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Sawalha Hassan , Schroën Karin , Boom Remko
Published: August 2009

Hollow polylactide microcapsules were prepared by multistage premix membrane emulsification of polylactide/dichloromethane/oil solutions in water (nonsolvent). The effects of the different oils on the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of the hollow microcapsules were investigated. All oils resulted in hollow microcapsules with controlled shell thickness of ∼60 nm except for eugenol, in which irregular, massive capsules were obtained. The properties of the microcapsules were strongly dependent on the oil used, for example the thermal transition temperatures found for hollow capsules were lower than for solid particles prepared without any oil. The crystallinity and transition temperatures of the capsules prepared with linear alkanes were higher than for cyclic alkanes; terpenes gave the lowest transition temperatures. The shell stiffness, measured with atomic force microscopy, was highly dependent on the oil used. Capsules prepared with dodecane showed higher stiffness (3.3 N m−1) than with limonene (2 N m−1) or cyclohexane (1.4 N m−1). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A new nano‐(2Li2O/MgO) catalyst/porous alpha‐alumina composite for the oxidative coupling of methane reaction
Authors: Fallah Behrooz , Falamaki Cavus
Published: August 2009

The present work discloses a new methodology for the production of detached nanorods of 2Li2O/MgO catalyst particles on the internal surface of α‐Al2O3 porous supports to be used as efficient catalysts for the oxidative coupling of methane reaction (OCM). The peculiarity of our preparatory recipe is the success in producing “detached” nanosized entities on the support surface. The performance of the new catalyst/support system for the OCM reaction has been evaluated using a special reactor assembly with cross flow of methane and oxygen gas streams. Under the optimum process conditions, the yield of C product is 25% at an average reaction temperature of 750°C. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of ethylene reaches 8%. It is shown that the enhanced catalytic properties of the new catalyst/support composite may be attributed to nanoeffects. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
A novel missense mutation causing abnormal LMAN1 in a Japanese patient with combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII
Authors: Yamada Takayuki , Fujimori Yuta , Suzuki Atsuo , Miyawaki Yuhri , Takagi Akira , Murate Takashi , Sano Masayuki , Matsushita Tadashi , Saito Hidehiko , Kojima Tetsuhito
Published: August 2009

Combined deficiency of coagulation factor V (FV) and factor VIII (FVIII) (F5F8D) is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a reduction in plasma concentrations of FV and FVIII. F5F8D is genetically linked to mutations in either LMAN1 or MCFD2. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of F5F8D in a Japanese patient, and identified a novel missense mutation (p.Trp67Ser, c.200G>C) in the LMAN1, but no mutation in the MCFD2. The amount of LMAN1 in Epstein‐Barr virus‐immortalized lymphoblasts from the patient was found to be almost the same as that in cells from a normal individual. Interestingly, an anti‐MCFD2 antibody did not co‐immunoprecipitate the mutant LMAN1 with MCFD2 in lymphoblasts from the patient, suggesting the affinity of MCFD2 for the mutant LMAN1 is weak or abolished by the binding of the anti‐MCFD2 antibody. In addition, a Myc/6×His‐tagged recombinant form of wild‐type LMAN1 could bind to D‐mannose, but that of the mutant could not. The p.Trp67Ser mutation was located in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which is thought to participate in the selective binding of LMAN1 to the D‐mannose of glycoproteins as well as the EF‐motif of MCFD2. Taken together, it was suggested that the p.Trp67Ser mutation might affect the molecular chaperone function of LMAN1, impairing affinity for D‐mannose as well as for MCFD2, which may be responsible for F5F8D in the patient. This is the first report of F5F8D caused by a qualitative defect of LMAN1 due to a missense mutation in LMAN1. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.