bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race, Nation, and Gendered Noir Anxiety
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

Through a more intersectional, film studies approach, this chapter interrogates Cukor’s wartime and postwar handling of film noir style and content in four films: A Woman’s Face (1941), Keeper of the Flame (1942), Gaslight (1944), and A Double Life (1947). Through focus on subjects from fascism to blackface, the chapter explores the intersection of gender, race, and national anxiety central to World War II–era Hollywood aesthetics. Joan Crawford’s Anna goes from scarred criminal to feminine object of affection; and Ronald Colman (in an Oscar-winning performance) plays Anthony John, who devolves from acclaimed actor to vengeful murderer. Katharine Hepburn plays a mysterious recluse who labors to cover her dead husband’s fascist ambitions. And Ingrid Bergman finds her character gaslighted by her devious, avaricious husband.
Serious Doubts on the Slavery Question
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

After his return to Kentucky, Ben Major becomes deeply involved in the nascent Christian Church (Disciples of Christ); its founders, Alexander Campbell and Barton W. Stone, stridently oppose slavery. Ben had long harbored doubts about slavery. Now, driven by his new faith and memories of the brutal New Orleans slave markets, he decides to free his enslaved people. He becomes a life member of the American Colonization Society but learns that emancipation is not a simple process. Ben creates a multi-year plan that includes teaching his slaves to read and write. He also makes plans to move his own family from the slave state of Kentucky to the free state of Illinois and purchases land in Tazewell County, Illinois. When a colonization society agent, G. W. McElroy, travels through southwestern Kentucky, Ben’s slaves are turned over to him for transport to New York.
The Scene of Suffering and Misery Is Beyond Description
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

All was not peaceful in Liberia in the months before the Majors and Harlans (the Majors’ former neighbors from Kentucky) arrived. In a flashback, chapter 5 reveals the violence that awaits the new settlers. Port Cresson is a small settlement established by the New York Colonization Society and the Young Men’s Colonization Society of Pennsylvania. The village, near where the Luna will disembark passengers a year later, is attacked by a group of indigenous warriors in June 1835. In a single horrible night, twenty people—three men, four women, and thirteen children—are slaughtered. Survivors flee to nearby Edina. The slave trade, supported by many of the indigenous ethnic groups, is behind the attack. The vice agent of the colony survives the attack, but he and his wife are done with Liberia and promptly sail for America. Thomas Buchanan, a cousin of James Buchanan who would later become president of the United States, replaces Hankinson as agent.
We Have All Landed on the Shores of Africa
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

After a voyage of more than six weeks, the Luna arrives at Monrovia, where Austin and Tolbert Major, their children, Agnes Harlan and her family, and the other passengers disembark and get their first glimpse of Africa. The Luna’s crew offloads supplies and picks up food and water for the trip to Bassa Cove, their new home. Three weeks later, Tolbert Major locates some hard-to-find paper and ink and writes a letter to Ben: “Dear Sir: We have all landed on the shores of Africa and got into our houses . . . none of us have been taken with the fever yet. We have a prospect of war with the natives.” It is the first of many letters the new settlers will exchange with the man who had once owned them.
We Are All Needy
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

In May 1839, about two and a half years after the Luna arrives in Bassa Cove, local warriors known as the Fishmen attack the settlement, and Tolbert’s youngest son, Washington, is wounded. Tolbert writes to Ben and tells him of the attack: “I have seen very many things since I have seen you. Some are new & interesting in the highest degree & some again are too horrible to mention. . . . We are all needy & should be glad if you would send us out some things, if you please. We are trying to get along again.” His words reflect two recurring themes: the settlers’ desire to succeed independently in their new life and the reluctant admission that continued help from America is necessary, at least initially. The chapter introduces Governor John J. Matthias and prominent settler Louis Sheridan.
I Cannot Banish the Horrid Picture
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

In 1840, the white Liberian governor, Thomas Buchanan, steps aboard a schooner in Sierra Leone. The stench hits him immediately: sweat, vomit, putrefying wounds, human waste, and the unmistakable smell of corpses. Even a brisk sea breeze can’t sweep it away. The governor of Sierra Leone tells Buchanan that there were 427 slaves aboard the ship when it was captured off the coast of West Africa. One justification for colonization was that the presence of former slaves in Liberia would help discourage the slave trade. But despite laws, good intentions, and concerted efforts to halt the trade, it continues for decades after the first colonists arrive.
I Will Send You Some Coffee
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

In 1843, Ben Major and his family host a meeting of the local colonization society in their small Illinois town. Ben reads aloud a letter written by Tolbert Major but signed by him and his brother, Austin Major. The letter bears sad news: both Tolbert’s son Washington and Austin’s son Thomas have died. Tolbert’s house has been burned down. In a voice thick with emotion, Ben reads Tolbert’s words: “My loss was great. . . . But I do not feel no ways discouraged at all, for as long as life lasts and my health is good, I do not feel discouraged.” In the letter, Tolbert promises to send coffee to Ben—a promise he keeps. Ben looks up from the letter to his guests who are balancing coffee cups and says, “Brethren, that coffee will drink sweet without any sugar.”
Men of Advanced Views on the Subject of Education
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

On a sunny spring day in 1850, Ben Major takes a walk with the local schoolteacher, Asa Starbuck Fisher. At the top of a knoll, Ben stops and turns to glance back at a piece of land east of the school. He looks at Asa and says, “On that rise, we intend to build a college and we want you to be president.” The school Ben helps found becomes Eureka College, which still exists today. Reflecting the views of its founders, Eureka is only the third college in the nation to admit women on an equal basis with men.
I Am a Free Man in a Free Country
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Although nearly a year has passed since Liberia became a republic, Tolbert is still giddy. He writes to Ben in 1848, “It is my pride and joy that I am a free man in a free country and can enjoy the free mild and equal government which has just been established, and where I can have an equal share of republicanism.” He also thanks Ben for sending seeds, books, and botanical medicines. In the letter, Tolbert displays more sentiment than he has in the past, asking Ben and his wife to pray for him and writing, “I hope the Lord will make a way for me to see you all again this side of the grave.” He uncharacteristically closes his letter with “farewell.” It is his last letter to America. Austin Major also writes to Ben, catching him up on family news.
Send Me Some Carpenter Tools (and Bonnets)
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

In Austin Major’s letter to Ben in 1849, he shares family news and asks for carpentry tools, cloth, writing paper, and bonnets for his wife and daughter. The Liberian settlers do not know the Africans’ world; they know only their own world, and they try to recreate it in their new homeland. The men wear frock coats and top hats; the women wear American-style dresses, bonnets, and shawls. They continue to speak English, give English names to their children, and build American-style frame houses. Many of them also exhibit a sense of superiority or arrogance toward indigenous Africans, attitudes that will eventually tear the country asunder.
We have Not Lived in Vain
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

This chapter opens with a quotation from an essay penned by Ben Major’s niece, Margaretta Major, in which she concludes that by living a Christian life, the faithful could draw others to Christ and “We [will] not have lived in vain nor labored in vain.” Ben, his family, and his friends live their faith daily, building churches and schools, and helping one another. Ben supports local merchants, pays tuition for one of his nieces, buys items to send to Liberia, donates land to the community, and practices the Thomsonian system of botanical medicine, nursing his neighbors back to health.
Frances Jewell McVey and the Refinement of Student Culture
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces Frances Jewell McVey, a graduate of Vassar College and Columbia University, and illustrates her impact on UK women’s academics and social life and how she sought to instill aspects of student culture that she had known at Vassar into a southern public coeducational university. It explains Jewell’s difficult decision to marry the university president and abandon her professional career goals. It also explores the impact of World War I on both women faculty and students, and it discusses the entrance of women students into nontraditional academic areas, such as engineering.
Economic Depression and an Uncertain Future
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the impact of the Great Depression on women students at UK. To support financially strapped women students the university utilized several New Deal student work programs and established group houses where women students could live more frugally. Highlighted are the contradictions between women’s academic aspirations and successes and their vocational and educational opportunities after college, made even more problematic by the worsening economic conditions. Combining a career with marriage remained almost impossible for most women college graduates. Moreover, women students still had to endure both subtle and obvious sex discrimination in the classroom. Also discussed is the establishment of a women’s building on campus, where women students and faculty could gather and where women’s organizations could meet. By the end of the 1930s the Woman’s Building was closed with the opening of a new student union.
Epilogue
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

As World War II ended, Frances Jewell McVey succumbed to cancer at age fifty-five. Reclaiming at least some of the identity she had lost in marriage, McVey arranged to be buried alongside her parents in the Jewell family plot rather than in the McVey plot, where President Frank McVey’s first wife was already interred. Ironically, as Jewell left the struggle, many of the gains made by women on the UK campus over the previous six decades began to dissipate. During the next two decades women would continue to make incremental progress toward greater equality. But it would take the beginning of the modern women’s movement and the rise of feminism to initiate a new and more successful push for women’s equality.
Johnson, Congress, and the Special Relationship
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

Using research from the Lyndon Johnson Presidential Library, FRUS, and the Congressional Record, the first chapter explores U.S.-Israel relations during Lyndon Johnson’s presidency. In 1967, provocative moves made by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and an Israeli first strike plunged the region into war. Legislators took to the House and Senate floors to proclaim the essence of the special relationship—an unwavering American commitment to ensure Israel’s survival. In the aftermath of the war, the Johnson administration decided to abandon existing U.S. policy regarding territorial integrity in the Middle East and support Israeli occupation of Arab lands in order to pressure Arab states to finally recognize Israel and make peace with it. The Johnson administration, like the administrations before it, could not solve the riddle of Arab-Israeli conflict and regarded the war as an opportunity to pursue a different path. The decisions to not push Israel out of the territories and to increase weapons sales to Israel were both justified by the American commitment to Israel’s survival.
The Spirit of the 76
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

The increasing influence of pro-Israel lobbying groups is a central theme of the entire book, and especially the fourth chapter. Research from the Israel State Archives in Jerusalem shows that the Israeli embassy in Washington, D.C. proved very able to influence U.S. policymaking during Ford’s reassessment of U.S.–Middle East policy in 1975, which included a freeze on military aid to Israel. In particular, the chapter reveals the efforts made by Israeli officials and pro-Israel lobbyists to secure a Senate letter to President Ford, signed by seventy-six senators in May 1975, that called for the resumption of military aid to Israel; otherwise, the senators threatened to kill Ford’s upcoming foreign-aid request. In effect, the president could not withhold weapons to pressure Israel into returning territory. Unlike the work by John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, this chapter exhibits the actual dimensions—the extents and limits—of Israeli influence on U.S. foreign policy.
The Sinai II Agreements of 1975
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

The fifth and final chapter examines the controversial and secret executive agreements connected to Sinai II, concluded in September 1975, in the context of a congressional effort to restrict the broad use of such agreements. The agreements committed the United States to providing for Israel’s military and economic security and pledged to not advance any steps in the peace process without Israel’s approval. Numerous legislators argued that the agreements marked a fundamental and questionable shift in U.S.-Israel relations and that they resembled treaties, which required Senate approval. Based on research from the Congressional Record, Center for Legislative Archives at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and congressional hearing reports, the chapter shows that legislators felt handcuffed. They felt obligated to pass a resolution to allow for U.S. technicians to man an early-warning station in the Sinai Peninsula in order to preserve the agreement between Israel and Egypt. But by passing the resolution, Congress also authorized, by what Sen. Joe Biden (D-DE) called “backdoor” approval, the executive agreements that committed the United States to providing for the future economic, military, and energy needs of Israel, regardless of Israel’s willingness to adhere to the spirit of U.N. Resolution 242.
Conclusion
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Introduction
Authors: Dichter Heather L.
Published: January 2021

Sport and diplomacy have been mutually intertwined in transnational networks of governance and competition—not just on the field of play—and the nongovernmental bodies controlling the sport play an important role within the relationship between soccer and diplomacy. The repeated uses of the game of soccer by so many states across the globe, spanning every continent reveals how integral the sport is to international relations. As soccer has pursued a goal of global engagement to consolidate its position as the world’s preeminent sport in the past century, it has increasingly had to reckon or negotiate with the nation-state. Simultaneously, as state sovereignty has been challenged by the constituent and much-debated forces of globalization, so have longstanding characteristics of soccer’s operation—most notably in a contested relationship between the national, regional, and international level. This introduction addresses those aspects and provides an overview of the book.
Playing on the Same Team
Authors: Snyder Sarah B.
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights how states have utilized football as a signal to the international community of a new status—using soccer as a rite of passage or power. This theoretical chapter considers different models for thinking about how sport and diplomacy or soccer and diplomacy fit together, particularly how they mirror broader themes in diplomatic history. For those used to studying the history of diplomacy, much about soccer will seem familiar. The structure of international soccer lends itself well to international relations scholars’ preference for utilizing three levels of analysis: the international, national, and individual, and FIFA’s structure is akin to the United Nations General Assembly, granting each member one vote.
Creating Football Diplomacy in the French Third Republic, 1914–1939
Authors: Dietschy Paul
Published: January 2021

In 1920, the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs created a special section within its propaganda services in the aims of fighting the image of a postwar exhausted France, utilizing soccer within its efforts. This section created a soccer diplomacy and contributed to spreading French influence despite the weakness of French football and French decline in the 1930s. This chapter exposes and explains the contradiction and the paradox of this kind of soccer diplomacy. French diplomats began to understand that soccer matches and competitions were a new and sometimes efficient way to spread propaganda or to analyze the evolution of international relations in the interwar period. Yet, despite the dynamism of the sport and tourism service at its beginning, the government gave little financial help to the French Football Federation, especially when France organized the World Cup in 1938. The French state’s support of football within international relations in the 1930s demonstrates the challenges of soccer diplomacy. Even with the creation of a specific branch of the foreign ministry that focused on sport, international matches and major events such as the 1938 FIFA World Cup reveal the limits of the ambitions of this kind of soccer diplomacy.
Football, Diplomacy, and International Relations during Francoism, 1937–1975
Authors: Simón Juan Antonio
Published: January 2021

Throughout the decades under Franco, Spanish foreign policy often used football as a diplomatic tool. In a totalitarian system where sport was subject to political government interests, football allowed the regime to show a positive image of Spain, favoring its progressive integration into the European context. Before the end of the Spanish Civil War in April 1939, Francoism started to implement a new model of sports politics. Franco understood that this activity might be a benefit to his international legitimation, an aid to the political control of the Spanish society, and a propaganda tool. Spain experienced a radical ostracism from the international sporting context during this period, reducing its international football relations to those countries ideologically close to Francoism such as Germany, Italy, and Portugal.
Entrenching Apartheid Football and Failed Sports Diplomacy
Authors: Bolsmann Chris
Published: January 2021

Apartheid policy and practices permeated all aspects of social life in South Africa from 1948 onward, with sport becoming a focal point for the implementation and enactment of apartheid policy. While no laws were passed segregating South Africans on the field of play, a range of apartheid laws meant participating in racially mixed sport was near impossible. White South Africa became an integral part of world sport, particularly in the realms of the Olympic Games and in terms of individual sports such as rugby, cricket, soccer, tennis, and golf. In the aftermath of World War II and the decolonization of Africa, apartheid South Africa increasingly became ostracized from the international sporting community. While a range of different sporting bodies in the country engaged in ultimately successful and unsuccessful attempts to remain within the international sporting fold, white South African soccer authorities in particular embarked on a campaign for recognition within FIFA and thereafter struggled to maintain their membership. South African soccer demonstrates the failed sports diplomacy on the part of white South African sports officials and government functionaries more generally in their struggle to justify and maintain segregation and privilege in sports apartheid in South Africa.
Killing America’s Children
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Turkey’s role in the US heroin epidemic of the late 1960s and early 1970s and explains how this issue complicated American attitudes and policies toward Ankara. It focuses on the nature of the epidemic and the misunderstanding, generated in part by popular films, regarding Turkey’s responsibility. It elaborates on the drug policy of the Nixon administration, as well as Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit’s decision to renew poppy cultivation and the bitter American response, including measures to punish Turkey. It examines the involvement of key political figures, such as Representative Lester Wolff, Senator Walter Mondale, and Charles Rangel, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, in the movement toward embargo.
The Embargo Must Go
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

The Carter administration wanted to proceed with the Defense Cooperation Agreement with Turkey, but it faced considerable opposition in Congress. Rather than suffer a defeat, the president’s top advisers urged him to try to lift the embargo instead. This goal seemed more easily achievable, though not without challenges. Carter became energized, but so did the Greek American community, which supported the leadership of Brademas and Sarbanes in Congress. From May to August 1978 the two sides battled for a majority in the House. The administration used the organizational skills it had mastered during the debate over the Panama Canal treaties. The president won a razor-thin majority, but only with strong support from the Republicans. Following the campaign, Carter did all he could to win back ethnic support, but it was not enough.
The Future
Authors: Pearson Joseph W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter lays out Whig views of the future, reconciling their optimism for the world ahead with their skepticism towards the past.
1862–1896
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Having New England roots but growing up in Atlanta gave Bradley a dual Yankee-Southern identity. Her father’s sudden death when she was twelve plus her nursing her mother and siblings through serious illnesses brought an early but shadowed maturity. Marriage to Horace Bradley in 1885 took her to New York City. After his early death from tuberculosis in 1896, she faced poverty and raising four children alone.
1917–1918
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Working in four other southern states (Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi), Bradley chafed under scheduling and logistical pressures. World War I brought new opportunities for her when Julia Lathrop, the head of the Children’s Bureau, persuaded President Wilson to declare a “Children’s Year.” Then doctors working for the American Red Cross in France recruited Bradley to join them treating refugees and evaluating civilians’ health in war zones.
1918–1919
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Bradley held clinics across France for families in flight, with special attention to tuberculosis victims. The great influenza pandemic brought new treatment challenges. When the only son of her closest friends was killed in the battle of the Argonne, Bradley again grieved deeply. Upon return from France, she did a Children’s Bureau study of over five hundred mothers in Georgia’s mountains, diagnosing and treating wherever possible.
1919–1921
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

A truck outfitted as a mobile clinic gave Bradley a new way to reach isolated rural families. She wrote a book, urging organizations to adopt this new healthcare delivery system. She spent a year and a half in Kentucky. She blamed poor child development and many military draft rejections upon the baneful effects of malnutrition.
1922–1923
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Directing Sheppard-Towner programs in Arkansas plunged Bradley into a political imbroglio and forced her resignation. She authored a set of booklets describing healthcare issues of a fictional couple. Praise for this method of disseminating accurate medical information came from all over the United States and Canada. In 1923 she delivered four lectures to the new American Child Health Association.
Industrial Education and Symbolic Home Building in the Congo Free State, 1898–1907
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 explains trends in the African American Protestant missions movement up to 1907 with a focus on William Henry Sheppard and the black staff of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission. The literary and musical accomplishments of Althea Brown are introduced in the context of her classical training at Fisk University. The role that Alonzo Edmiston played in developing industrial education at the Congo Mission is introduced through his childhood working on a Tennessee plantation and his education at Stillman Institute. The final section explains how both ministers applied their academic backgrounds and the lessons of previous black missionaries to rebuilding a mission station despite political turmoil in the region.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

The conclusion argues that signs of the Edmistons’ collaborative approach to classical and industrial education remained evident after their mission work ended. Analysis of government and denominational records shows that Belgian colonial policies and Southern Presbyterian programs adopted similar academic strategies in the 1940s. The denomination also supported such work in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1963. These policies and programs are introduced in comparison with the ways that Alonzo Edmiston collaborated with Belgian officials during his final years at the American Presbyterian Congo Mission. And a description of the memorial tributes to Althea Brown’ suggests how African Presbyterians expressed a sense of kinship with the African American missionaries.
A Volunteer Is Dead
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On Monday, March 28, 1966, Jack McPhee, regional Peace Corps director in Mwanza, received a call that Peppy Kinsey is dead. He goes to the hospital for more information and to make preparations for handling the body. He then drives to Maswa, a small town some 80 miles away, and finds that her husband, Bill, is being held on a charge of murder. At first, Peace Corps officials set in motion procedures for handling the death of a volunteer, but now a much more serious situation emerges, and the Peace Corps scrambles to find an attorney, a pathologist, and decide how to respond to a charge of murder. In the meantime, a Tanzanian medical officer performs a postmortem, and Bill appears before the local magistrate.
A Lovely, Creative Woman and an All-American Boy from the South
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Peverley (Peppy) Dennett Kinsey came from a prominent New England background. Her grandfather, Tyler Dennett, received the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of John Hay. Her father graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard and was director of the World Peace Foundation and president of the American Scandinavian Foundation. She attended prestigious schools, including Mount Holyoke College, where she became an accomplished dancer. Peppy’s longtime friend Victoria Ferenbach speculates on what might have happened on Impala Hill, where Peppy died. Bill Kinsey grew up in North Carolina, attended Washington and Lee University, where he excelled academically, and participated in a great many activities, such as, the Washington Literary Society, publication of Ariel, track, rifle team, and the International Relations Club.
Peace Corps Officials Assess the Situation and Plan Future Action
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

In early April, cables fly between Dar es Salaam and Washington, D.C., discussing how to proceed. Peppy’s body is sent to New York after an emotionally moving ceremony in Dar es Salaam. Several memos are prepared summarizing the evidence and events to date. Questions about who will pay for a defense attorney arise, a list of potential defense attorneys is developed, and Bill’s father and members of the North Carolina congressional delegation accuse the Peace Corps of abandoning Bill. The issue of bad press coverage continue to worry PCDC, as evidenced by a cable urging local officials to coordinate on information to be given to the press. The cable points out that misleading and inaccurate stories are appearing in the American press and are attributed to Peace Corps officials in Tanzania.
The Peace Corps and Criminal Defense
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

The Peace Corps determines that it should remain neutral in the case and that it is legally barred from paying for Bill’s representation. Peace Corps officials in Dar es Salaam argue vigorously that the Peace Corps should cover the costs, but after the Peace Corps general counsel prepares a number of legal memos on the issue (which are discussed in detail), it is decided that the Peace Corps cannot, and so legislation to remedy the problem is drafted and sent to Congress. Bill’s family is unhappy with the Peace Corps decision and feels that Bill has been abandoned. However, in the end, his father agrees to cover the costs of the defense in the trial.
Peace Corps Faces Challenges
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Once the PI is concluded, Peace Corps officials struggle with how to inform volunteers and others on the status of the case. Not only are the facts coming out of the PI extremely damaging to Bill’s case, but the Peace Corps also continues to be battered by complaints from volunteers and others that Bill has been abandoned. Because the prosecution presented its case at the PI, but the defense did not, the only public details available are damning ones presented by the prosecution. Deputy General Counsel Tony Essaye and others prepare memos on the facts, the legal and medical issues, and what needs to be done. The memos are sent to Peace Corps Washington, where further responses and analysis are provided. These memos will serve as an important framework for the trial preparation to come.
Trial Preparation after the Preliminary Inquiry
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

The legal team continues to prepare its defense. American attorney Carroll Brewster, hired by the Kinseys, consults with medical experts in America, including a prominent neurological surgeon at the Yale Medical School, who advises on the impact of the drugs Peppy was taking. The medical evidence becomes the primary focus, while psychiatric issues and insurance on Peppy’s life—with Bill as beneficiary—also are examined. Peace Corps officials in Washington become very concerned about press coverage of the case. Bill’s Tanzanian attorney presses the court for an early trial date, with little success. Bill remains in jail, and his parents wonder if they should travel to Tanzania to support him. Efforts are made to bring Peppy’s mother to Mwanza to appear as a defense witness.
Trial Day Five
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Maganda Vilindo, a primary eyewitness of the altercation, testifies about the fight he saw between a white man and a white woman. Once he saw the people fighting, he moved around the hill to get a better look. He saw the man using a black tool to hit the woman on the head. Vilindo called out for others to come, and when Padre Masunzu appeared, Vilindo told him to get the police. Georgiadis attacks his testimony, pointing out inconsistencies with his prior statements made at the PI. During cross-examination, the translation from Sukuma might be incorrect, and a new interpreter is sworn in in an effort to clarify matters. The change does not seem to help, but it does demonstrate the difficulty of obtaining accurate testimony when translations must pass from Sukuma to Swahili to English and back again.
Trial Day Eight
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On Saturday, September 3, the prosecutor asks the court for an adjournment so he can verify certain matters about possible interference with the court proceedings. The judge agrees to adjourn and continues the hearing to the next day, Sunday. Although the reason for the request is never provided in open court, two Peace Corps Volunteers had apparently come forward seeking to testify. Phil and Ann Ellison, who taught near the Kinseys and who had become their good friends, along with two volunteer teachers in Pam and John Engle, contacted the judge and the prosecutor in an effort to intervene in the case with information about Bill and Peppy’s relationship.
Trial Day Fifteen
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On Saturday, September 10, the judge announces he will not instruct the assessors until Monday. He also issues a bench warrant for the photographer who had taken photos of the scene but who had failed to respond to a summons to appear in court. Peace Corps Washington worries about getting notice of the verdict in a timely manner. Should the court find Bill guilty, Bill’s attorneys planned to appeal immediately to the East African Court of Appeals. Grounds for such an appeal would include not only the common basis of prejudicial error found in American law but also the basis that the verdict is contrary to the accumulated weight of the evidence. The attorneys are confident of a successful appeal on the latter ground. It is also clear that the prosecution is prohibited by law from appealing an acquittal.
Trial Day Eighteen
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

The judge reads his twenty-page, single-spaced opinion, including a summary of arguments, witness accounts, motive, and medical evidence. He then renders his verdict, but not until the end of the reading: “Having given anxious thought to the evidence in this case, I am of the opinion that the charge has not been sufficiently proved against the accused so as to enable me to find that he is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. While the accused must, therefore, carry with him the suspicion that he may have been responsible for his wife’s death, he must, in justice, be acquitted and set free unless held for any other lawful cause. And I so order.”
Back to the Eagles
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

Patrick begins working on a research grant with the famed, Dr. Wiemeyer, who hires him to study bald eagles in the Chesapeake Bay area in Maryland. He accumulates data as part of the Wildlife Federation grant by locating bald eagle nests.
The Healing Power of Owls and Hawks
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we continue to meet some of the other wounded birds of prey at the park and the special relationships they have with the volunteers. We see how these special relationships help both the wounded bird and the wounded human.
A Star Is Born
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter readers meet Sarge, a wounded bald eagle left for dead and brought to Patrick for rehabilitation. They have an instant connection. Sarge suffers from a broken wing, so she couldn’t fly or be released into the wild. Soon, Patrick and Sarge develop an amazing bond, and he trains her to do things he never thought possible. Over time Sarge beomes comfortable in her new life at the park, and Patrick begins taking her to events where she seems to thrive.
Love Birds That Met the President
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

Patrick and the others are invited to President George H. W. Bush’s home in Kennebunkport Maine for the official launch of the book, Vets and Pets. Patrick, Kaleigh, and Telia bring two screech owls to meet the President and Mrs. Bush. Also, the two screech owls, that wanted nothing to do with one another before they went on the long trip to Maine, become an item when they return and now live happily together in their own habitat.
New Adventures
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

This last chapter traces Patrick’s journey from working at the Narrows as a volunteer to deciding he needs a new chapter in his life. He struggles with the bureaucracy at the Narrows and soon finds a home as board member of the Owls’ Nest, a non-profit he worked with before. His dreams are finally coming true after many years of interesting jobs and experiences. He is now planning seminars and courses for anyone that wants to learn about wild birds of prey, finding land to build a larger and more comprehensive Owl’s Nest program, writing this book, and finding peace and happiness with Carol and all of the volunteers and wounded birds of prey he loves.
Introduction
Authors: Trifković Gaj
Published: January 2021

Prisoner exchange is as old as warfare itself. Along with ransom, it was one of the few hopes for prisoners of war until the advent of modern international law. By the beginning of the 17th century, prisoner exchange had become a recognized institute of rules and customs of war, with European states agreeing on exchange arrangements (so-called “cartels”) whenever they fought. The prime motive behind the exchange was the need to get one’s own trained soldiers back as soon as possible, but also to minimize the cost of keeping enemy prisoners. Only full-fledged “civilized” nations could form a cartel; native tribes and rebels were not seen as subjects of law. It is therefore not surprising that the British did their utmost to avoid entering a general cartel during the Revolutionary War (1775–83), for by doing so they would recognize the legitimacy of the nascent United States and their Continental Army. Approximately ninety years later, the Federal government in Washington faced the same problem and kept refusing an all-encompassing cartel with the Southern “rebels” for over a year after the beginning of hostilities in April of 1861. The deal was eventually reached in July of 1862 and would be in place until May of 1863. Although the official text read that the Union representatives signed the agreement with the people who had been “commissioned by the authorities they respectively represent,” the signing was a ...
The Neutral Zone at Pisarovina
Authors: Trifković Gaj
Published: January 2021

What transpired in Pisarovina, a small village located on the outskirts of Zagreb, is unique not only to Yugoslavia, but to the Second World War in general. Pisarovina was the location officially agreed by both the German occupation authorities and the Yugoslav Partisans to function as the center of the prisoner exchange cartel at the end of 1943. In order to facilitate this, the village and its immediate surroundings were declared a neutral zone, quite possibly the only such place in war-torn Europe. The system saved hundreds, if not thousands, of prisoners who faced an uncertain fate. Frequent contacts between the envoys provided both the Germans and the Partisans with a "back-channel" for talks on political issues and trade, as well as the opportunity to spy on each other.
Local Prisoner Exchanges
Authors: Trifković Gaj
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines prisoner exchanges that various units negotiated independently of the Pisarovina cartel. To provide the proper context, the chapter covers not only the contacts from 1944 and 1945, but also those which took place in the year preceding the establishment of the neutral zone. The willingness of a unit commander to offer or accept an exchange was largely dependent on the manner in which the high commands on both sides decided to wage the war. Therefore, the centrally negotiated agreement from early 1944 had a huge impact on the conduct of the war. Furthermore, several instances of German-Partisan talks pertaining to issues other than prisoner swapping are discussed as well.
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Trifković Gaj
Published: January 2021

This chapter contains a few concluding remarks. This book is the first attempt at a comprehensive analysis of non-violent contacts between the Partisans and the German occupation authorities in Yugoslavia in the Second World War. Far from being the final word on the topic, it is a starting point for further research on various aspects of POW history. Frequent exchanges of able-bodied prisoners between the occupation forces and a resistance movement, partly through a cartel negotiated directly between their high commands, was a distinctive feature of the Second World War in Yugoslavia. It was probably the only place in war-torn Europe where representatives of two irreconcilable ideologies, Communism and Nazism, met regularly at the negotiating table. Both were primarily motivated by the desire to save their own men, but the talks did mitigate, however marginally, the horrors of the war.
On Anonymity and Appresentation
Authors: Gropper Max ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

In his famous work on the stranger, Alfred Schutz focuses on the interpretative discrepancies between in-groups and out-groups from the per­spective of a stranger approaching a new group. In doing so, Schutz emphasizes that strangers can overcome their strangeness within a social group by adapting to the prevalent cultural patterns. Shifting the perspective from the stranger to the in-group this essay aims to argue that the experience of the Other’s strangeness due to a discrepancy of interpretative schemes is only one dimension of how the stranger is perceived in everyday life. A second dimension can be derived from Schutz’ work on appresentation. This essay will follow four analytical steps. First, this essay summarizes the Schutzian approach on perceiving the Other as a taken-for-granted part of everyday life within an assumed intersubjective understanding based on an assumed reciprocity of perspectives. Referring to Eberle’s description of an irreciprocity of perspectives, the second section analyzes the Schutzian stranger based on an intersubjective understanding. The third section then focuses on the appresentational pro­cesses of perceiving the stranger in everyday life. By using Goffman’s distinction between virtual and actual social identity, the interplay of categorizing and experiencing the Other in everyday life can be described. Finally, considering the question of how it comes that people can find themselves strangers in their own society, this paper closes by merging the argumentation with a description of the Schutzian perspective on the processes of stigmatization.
A critical review of animal-based welfare indicators for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in zoos: Identification and evidence of validity
Authors: Skovlund CR , Kirchner MK , Moos LW , Alsted N , Manteca X , Tallo-Parra O , Stelvig M , Forkman B
Published: January 2021

Captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are well-documented as being prone to behavioural disorders and, as a result, their welfare is the cause of increasing concern. There is therefore a need for an evidence-based approach to the assessment of the welfare of this species and identification of valid welfare indicators is the first step towards achieving this. To this end, a critical evaluation of peer-reviewed literature was undertaken. Searches of Web of Science and Scopus took place in May 2020 for publications relevant to the welfare of captive polar bears which met inclusion criteria. Further, validity of extracted indicators was assessed via investigation of evidence of content, construct and criterion validity along with strength of evidence at publication-level. Database searches and snowballing unearthed 46 publications included for review. Identified indicators were sorted into nine behavioural, four physiological (based on physiological or biological sampling) and five physical (based on visual inspection) categories. Among behavioural indicators, the strongest evidence of validity was found for abnormal behaviour. For the physiological indicators, validity was only established for faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentration. Content validity was assumed for all physical indicators. Generalisability and strength of evidence was generally compromised by low sample sizes and experimental limitations, and only a small number of papers investigated welfare indicators directly, resulting in a paucity of validated indicators. Potential welfare indicators that warrant further validation are highlighted. Overall, this review provides an overview of current valid and promising welfare indicators along with identified gaps in knowledge, relevant for the provision of a methodology for assessing and monitoring welfare of captive polar bears.
Rubber net mesh reduces scale loss during routine handling of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Powell A
Published: January 2021

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are an economically and ecologically important fish species that interact with humans during farming, fishing and research operations. Routine handling in nets exposes fish to mesh and causes scale loss. To promote welfare and experimental refinement, a study was performed in a controlled environment to investigate the effect of net mesh type (rubber-coated or standard knotless, both bag volumes circa 7 l; mesh size: 6 mm) and the number of fish per net (capture density) on scale loss. Up to three large adult salmon (mean weight: 900 g) or 15 small smolts (mean weight: 145 g) were briefly captured in hand-nets during routine immersed-stock movement between tanks. Scales were recovered and counted from transportation containers, to establish a simple and rapid methodology. For both size grades, scale loss was generally proportional to capture density. For large adult salmon, scale loss significantly increased with capture density when knotless mesh was used, however the increase was less marked and not statistically significant for adults handled in rubber mesh. Small smolts also demonstrated significantly reduced scale loss when handled with rubber mesh, which increased gradually with capture density. In contrast, small smolts handled in knotless mesh showed greater scale loss as capture density increased. An overall reduction in scale loss with increased capture density was not shown, although the biomass loading per net used in this study were intentionally low (< 3.5 kg). This method suggests a low-tech and rapid approach to quantitatively compare net types and husbandry techniques and suggests a fundamental but simple improvement to salmonid handling in recreational and commercial operations. However, any correlation to conventional stress assays or behavioural observations remains to be established.