bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEMI PURIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISASI ENZIM PROTEASE Bacillus sp.
Authors: Naiola Elidar , Widhyastuti Nunuk
Published: April 2017

The aim of the research was to find the partial purified of enzyme protease from Bacillus sp. The crude enzyme of protease was produce in rice brand medium (100 gram of rice brand in a liter tofu liquid waste). The enzyme was semi-purified by the procedure of precipitation using ethanol in different percentages of saturation, gel filtration using Sephadex G 100 and Ion Exchanged Chromatography using DEAE Sephadex A50. Specific activities of the enzyme during purification were 5.71 U/mg (crude enzyme); 6.75 U/mg (ethanol precipitations); 37.16 U/mg (gel filtration) and 43.02 U/mg (Ion Exchanged Chromatography). The optimum temperature for enzyme reaction was 45–50 °C, while the optimum pH was 7.0–8.0. Protease was relatively stable after heating until 37–50 °C for 60 minutes. Metal ions had different effects to the enzyme. CaCl2, FeCl3, MnCl2, ZnCl2 and MgCl2 increased enzyme activity, CdCl2 and HgCl2 gave an inhibitory effect, and another of metal ions had no effects to the enzyme.
PENGARUH MUTASI DENGAN RADIASI SINAR GAMMA (Co60) TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS JAMUR TIRAM ABU-ABU (Pleurotus sajur-caju)
Authors: Djajanegara Ira , Wahyudi Priyo , Tjokrokusumo Donowati , Widyastuti Netty , Harsoyo Harsoyo
Published: April 2017

Irradiation aplied to living organisms may have positive or negative effects on physiological and morphological properties of the organisms. One way to gain genetic variation with better properties than the parental strain is by Gamma (Co 60) radiation application. During this experiment, Gama (Co 60) rays was applied to the grey oyster (Pleurotus sajur-caju) mushroom mycellia during exponential phase. Radiation was applied at 0.75 KGray with dose velocity of 1.149 KGray. Analysis of mushroom productivity performances indicate that diameter of mycellia, fresh weight, dry weight, diameter of fruit body and the amount of fruit body of the mutant and control were not significantly different. However, the isozyme pattern showed a different pattern between the mutant and the control which indicates that mutation process has already occured. These data show that mutation did not affect the productivity of the mushroom. Therefore, mutation may affect the nutritional quality of the mushroom instead. Further experiment to verify this possibility is suggested.
STUDI PEMANFAATAN KULIT KERANG SEBAGAI BAHAN PENYUSUN PADA PEMBUATAN LEM KACA
Authors: M. M. Nadjib
Published: April 2017

Shellfish are ones of sea product which use as food, and shell part as a waste. This experiment was done to utilize shell as main product in glass adhesive together whit Arabic gum and white part of chicken egg as sticky substances. The shell contended about 76,64 percent of CaCO3 which could repair adhesive working to increase shear strength and curing time. Adhesive were made by variation composition in gram number of shell powder and Arabic gum. The best composition was obtain on 68.45 percent of shell; 8.22 percent of Arabic gum; 1.42 percent of white part of chicken egg and 21.90 percent of water. This composition had 16,620.105 NM-2 of shear strength; 23.14 percent of volatility and 90.9583 pa.det or 909.5830 poise viscosity as optimal result at eleven days of curing time. In environment resistant test, shear strength decreased about 64.33 percent in acid; 17.96 percent in water; and 1.83 percent in base. Storage life test of adhesive was performed in closed box at temperature 27° C and fungi grew it in fourth week.
EKSPRESI GEN PENYANDI b-XILOSIDASE DALAM SISTEM pHIS1525/ Bacillus megaterium MS941
Authors: Sumarsih Sri , Puspaningsih Ni Nyoman Tri , Hadi Sofijan , J.S. Ami Soewandi
Published: April 2017

The aim of this research was to express the β-xylosidase gene in the pHIS1525 or Bacillus megaterium MS941 system. The xyl gene was amplified from pTP510 and cloned into pHIS1525 in E. coli DH10b. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into B. megaterium MS941 by protoplast transformation. Transformants were selected by growing the recombinant B. megaterium MS941 on solid LB medium containing tetracycline (10 μg/ml). The expression of β-xylosidase was assayed using 0.2 percent methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xyloside (MUX) and the proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE method. The b-xilosidase activity was determined toward p-nitrophenyl-b-Dxylopyranoside (pNPX) as a substrate and p-nitrofenol releasing was measured by UV/Vis spectrophotometer at λ 405 nm. This research showed that recombinant B. megaterium MS941 expressed the β-xylosidase gene (xyl) and secreted it into the culture medium. The SDS-PAGE analysis of extracellular protein (culture medium) showed a 60,0 kD protein band. The recombinant Bacillus megaterium MS941 expressed and secreted the β-xilosidase into culture medium 5 hours after adding 5 percent xylose. The b-xylosidase activity was 0.441 unit/ml toward pNPX as a substrate.
GANGGUAN PEMBENTUKAN ATAP BUMBUNG NEURAL EMBRIO MENCIT AKIBAT INDUKSI 2-ME YANG BERTEPATAN DENGAN MASA NEURULASI PRIMER
Authors: Prihiyantoro Eko , Darmanto Win , Wibowo Samekto , Sagi Mammed , Soedjono Sri Kadarsih
Published: April 2017

The objective of this study was to determine time of neural fold fusion at dorsal mid line neural axis after treatment 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) to pregnant mouse during neurulation period and to observe relation process of point of neural fold fusion. Mice at 08:05 gestational days treatment with 2-ME dose 7.5 mmol/kg bw on the other hand control group injected with aqua bidest. Pregnant mice at 08:12, 09:00, 09:12 was sacrificed by dislocation cervix. Embryo was collected after observe with dissecting microscope for external morphology and fixation in Bouin solution and buffer formalin for histological preparation and immunohistochemistry process. Result showed that there was failure of first point neural fold fusion at junction of perspective fore brain and mid brain. The failure of neural fold fusion was caused by increasing apoptosis neuroepithelium. There were no relation process between first point of neural fold fusion and second point or another point of fusion. Failure of first point fusion not cause failure another point of fusion. Observation at 09:12 gestational days showed that the only first point fusion was still open but formation of another part neural tube have finished.
PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK JAMUR Coriolus versicolor UNTUK MENINGKAT KAN JUMLAH TOTA L LEUKOSIT DAN MAKROFA G PADA TIKUS PUTIH WISTAR SETELAH PEMAPARAN 2-METHOXYETHANOL
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri Puji Astuti
Published: April 2017

The aim of this research was to increase sum of total rat’s leucocytes and macrophages using Coriolus versicolor exposure 2-Methoxythanol (2-ME). Coriolus versicolor extract have been primary active compounds are polysaccharide krestin (PSK). This compound PSK contains of ß-glucan. The immune cells had b-glucan receptor. From this reason, Coriolus versicolor extract could increase of immune system after exposed 2-ME. This research used 30 of 3–4 month female rats, and they were divided into 5 groups. K (control), P1 (exposed by 2-ME), P2 (administered with Coriolus versicolor extract before exposed by 2-ME), P3 (administered with Coriolus versicolor extract after exposed by 2-ME), P4 (administered with Coriolus versicolor extract before and after exposed by 2-ME). Coriolus versicolor extract used dose of 300 mg/kg body weight was given with gavage. 2-ME dose of 11 mmol/kg body weight was given with injection at cavum peritoneum. Number on leucocytes and macrophages counted by using Haemocytometer Improved Neubauer. The data was analyzed with ANOVA, further more if any differences were analyzed with LSD. Result of this study showed that (1) P1 decreased on the total number of leucocytes if compared with K, but increased on the total number of macrophage. (2) P2, P3, and P4 increased the total number of leucocytes and macrophage. Suggestion that can be proposed from this research was Coriolus versicolor extract can repair and increase immune system.
PENENTUAN KADAR STPP FOOD GRADE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MASA SIMPAN IKAN NILA TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus L.)
Authors: Yuanita Leny
Published: April 2017

The aim of the study was to determine Sodium Tripolyphosphate Food Grade (STPP FG) concentration as soaking solution at the safe limit to increase the quality and storage period of Nila tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L). The first stage was to determine the combination of STPP FG concentration and the length time of soaking; the independent variables are STPP FG concentration, soaking time; the dependent variables are: P2O5 content, organoleptic parameter. The second stage was to determine the storage period; the independent variables are STPP FG concentration, soaking time, and storage period; while the dependent variables are chemical and microbiological quality. Data analysis were qualitative and quantitative descriptive. The results of the first stage study revealed that the variation of the STPP FG concentration and soaking time to meet the prerequirement of P2O5 content and the quality of Nila tilapia were: 90 g/l – 1 hour soaking time, 60 g/l – 2 hours soaking time, and 60 g/l – 1 hour soaking time. The second stage study showed that the storage period of Nila tilapia was 6 hours when variations of 90 g/l STPP FG concentration and 1 hours soaking time were applied; while variation of 60 g/l STPP FG - 2 hours soaking time and 60 g/l STPP FG - 1 hours soaking time were 4 and 2 hours storage period respectively.
PEMBUKTIAN HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES MELALUI UJI SENSITIVITAS ANTIBIOTIKA PADA BAKTERI GENUS Staphylococcus DARI KASUS BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Effendi Mustofa Helmi
Published: April 2017

The experiment was carried out to show the evidence of horizontal transfer of resistance genes by antibiotics sensitivity test on bacteria of genus of Staphylococcus from bovine mastitic cases. The first step of the experiment was to prepare pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci. Milk samples were collected from mastitic cases at the afternoon milking time. Preparation of pure culture of isolates were confirmed by MS agar, hemolytic activity, catalase and coagulase test. Both isolates were tested by using antibiotics sensitivity test. The result showed that the both isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci from Surabaya dairy herd were resistant against erythromycin antibiotic. Based on the result, it can be concluded that there was horizontal transfer of resistance genes between both isolates from same udder of dairy cows.
PERFORMANSI SAPI BALI PADA TIGA DAERAH DI PROVINSI BALI
Authors: Supriyantono A. , Hakim Luqman , Suyadi Suyadi , Ismudiono Ismudiono
Published: April 2017

The aim of the research was to know qualitative and quantitative traits of Bali cattle at three different areas geographically (lowland, midland and highland) at Bali province whether there are deviations or not. Variation in coat colour and some description about phenotypic Bali cattle are the main aspect for qualitative trait whereas body weight, some statistical vital (height at hip, body lenght, heart girth) and reproduction traits (mating system, origin of sire, condition of physiology, service per conception, calving interval and days open) of Bali cattle are the main aspect for quantitative trait. Sample of Bali cattle was taken in Tabanan (midland), Pulukan (lowland) and Karang Asem (highland) area about 2 percent of the total population. Each trait was measured at different age group. The age for each cattle was based on permanent incicy (PI) wich divided into 5 PI (PI0, PI1, PI2, PI3, PI4). The qualitative traits were found by direct observation at the field together with measurement of quantitative traits, body weight and some statistical vital. The result showed that in general Bali cattle are sexually dimorphic spesies, with bull being dark chestnut brown and cow and juveniles reddish brown. Both sexes have white rump patches and leggings. Both sexes carry horns, although they are much heavier and larger in the males.Quantitatively, bali cattle in Pulukan are much smaller than any other area followed in lack reproduction traits.
Artes de dizer, nutrir e fazer etnomatemático em uma feira livre
 Arts of saying, nourishing and making ethnomathematics in a free fair
Authors: Almeida Shirley Patrícia Nogueira de Castro e , Crisostomo Edson
Published: April 2017

Neste trabalho tivemos por objetivo identificar os saberes e fazeres dos feirantes e fregueses que fazem a feira do bairro Major Prates, em Montes Claros, região Norte de Minas Gerais. Por meio da observação das relações tecidas naquele espaço, desenvolvemos uma investigação sobre as práticas cotidianas no contexto da Feira Livre, a partir da análise das artes de dizer, de nutrir e de fazer etnomatemático. Fizemos uma análise qualitativa dos gestos e vozes dos sujeitos que fazem a feira que evidenciam uma utilização eficiente de conceitos matemáticos em sua prática comercial cotidiana. Verificamos que a Feira do Major Prates tem se consolidado por sua vocação marcadamente hortifrutigranjeira, bem como pela possibilidade de convivência familiar das pessoas que a frequentam para se nutrir, divertir-se e trabalhar.  This work aims to identify the knowledges and achievements of the stallholders and customers who "make the fair" of the Major Prates neighborhood, in Montes Claros, the northern region of Minas Gerais. Through the observation of the relationships woven in that space, we developed an investigation about the daily practices in the Free Fair’s context, from the analysis of the arts of saying, nourishing and making ethnomathematics. We made a qualitative analysis of the gestures and voices of the subjects who "make the fair" that shows an efficient use of mathematical concepts in their daily commercial practice. We have verified that the Major Prates’ Fair has been consolidated by its vocation markedly “hortifrutigranjeira”, as well as by the possibility of familiar coexistence of the people who attend it to nourish, have fun and work.
Los efectos de la relajación mediante el masaje infantil en la memoria de trabajo
Authors: Segura-Meix Míriam , Caballé-Barberá Cristóbal , Castells-Carles Laia
Published: April 2017

Partiendo de la hipótesis de que la relajación, el masaje y la memoria de trabajo están interrelacionadas, el presente artículo se centra en una investigación llevada a cabo en un aula ordinaria de Educación Infantil de titularidad pública en las Tierras del Ebro, Tarragona. Tras desarrollar un número de sesiones de relajación, que incluían masaje infantil, se trató de comprobar si dicho trabajo mejoraba la memoria de trabajo de un grupo de niños de cinco años de edad. Las sesiones de relajación con masaje infantil estaban inspiradas en la técnica de Schneider (2002). Se establecieron grupos experimental y de control, y los datos se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación del test de inteligencia WPPSI IV. Concluido el estudio, se comprobó que la memoria de trabajo mejoró en el 82% de los niños que participaron en las sesiones de relajación y masaje.
De la égloga a la 'epopeya trágica': Garcilaso en la "Jerusalén conquistada" de Lope de Vega”
Authors: Gómez Canseco Luis
Published: April 2017

Fecha de recepción: 16 de diciembre de 2013. Fecha de aceptación: 3 de noviembre de 2014.      A partir de la presencia, unas veces expresa y otras no, de la poesía de Garcilasode la Vega en la Jerusalén conquistada de Félix Lope de Vega, se contrastan,en primer lugar, esas correspondencias entre ambos poetas, para luegoanalizar el trasvase genérico que se produce desde una poesía básicamentelírica, como la de Garcilaso, a un poema épico culto. Por último, se estudiala justificación teórica e histórica de la adaptación que hizo Lope de los modelos y el lenguaje garcilasianos.
La sátira al clérigo en el cantar popular 'No lo puedo desir desire' (Nc 1856)
Authors: López Torres Nora Danira
Published: April 2017

Fecha de recepción: 6 de septiembre de 2015.Fecha de aceptación: 10 de noviembre de 2015.La canción “No lo puedo desir desire” (NC 1856), de mediados del siglo xvi, adopta la forma básica del zéjel para recrear el fuerte anticlericalismo de la época y elaborar la crítica de un representante del clero —al parecer un monje— mediante la sátira. La evaluación negativa del clérigo se concentra en señalar las faltas en que incurre con su comportamiento. Este estudio identifica los mecanismos de construcción de la sátira y las referencias contextuales que permiten comprender su funcionamiento y elaborar algunas interpretaciones posibles.
The Homo erectus Site of Trinil: Past, Present and Future of a Historic Place
Authors: Alink Gerrit , Roebroeks Wil , Simanjuntak Truman
Published: April 2017

Abstrak. Trinil: Masa lalu, Sekarang dan Masa Depan Sebuah Situs Bersejarah. Dusun Trinil menjadi  terkenal  dengan  ditemukannya  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  sekarang  Homo  erectus,  oleh Dubois pada tahun 1891. Setelah ekskavasi Dubois, pada tahun 1907 sebuah ekspedisi besar-besaran dipimpin oleh E. Selenka berlangsung di lokasi yang sama. Selain fosil-fosil sisa manusia, puluhan ribu fosil vertebrata lain dan moluska ditemukan dalam ekskavasi Dubois dan Selenka antara tahun 1891  dan  1907.  Koleksi  ini  sekarang  disimpan  di  Naturalis  di  Leiden  (Belanda)  dan  di  Museum für  Naturkunde  di  Berlin  (Jerman).  Studi  yang  berlangsung  saat  ini  terhadap  koleksi-koleksi  itu mendorong perlunya penelitian baru di lapangan. Tujuannya selain untuk mengetahui potensi situs juga  untuk  menjawab  pertanyaan-pertanyaan  yang  muncul  dalam  studi  koleksi.  Parit  penggalian Dubois  dan  ekspedisi  Selenka  dikontekstualisasikan  dalam  peta  geografi  modern  berdasarkan data historis, bahan fotografi yang masih ada, dan peninjauan lapangan 2014/2015. Potensi untuk menemukan  tinggalan  pada  ‘Hauptknochenschicht’  (HK)  cukup  besar  di  tepi  kiri  sungai  Solo, di  selatan  penggalian  Dubois  yang  asli,  termasuk  di  tepi  kiri  disebelah  timur  lokasi  yang  digali. Pertanyaan yang masih tersisa, antara lain menyangkut stratigrafi situs, umur fauna Trinil dan Homo erectus, dan homogenitas himpunan HK, diharapkan dapat terjawab melalui penelitian baru yang akan dilaksanakan di situs ini. Abstract. Trinil became famous through the discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus, now Homo erectus, by Dubois in 1891. After Dubois’ excavations it was the expedition led by E. Selenka in  1907  performing  large  scale  fieldwork  at  the  location.  Apart  from  the  hominin  remains, thousands of other vertebrate and molluscan fossils were excavated by both Dubois and Selenka between  1891  and  1908.  These  collections  are  currently  housed  at  Naturalis  in  Leiden  (The Netherlands) and the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin (Germany). Ongoing studies of these collections have raised questions that warrant new fieldwork. This study aimed to establish the site‘s present potential to solve extant research questions. The excavation trenches of Dubois and the Selenka expedition were contextualized within a modern geographical map, based on historical data, extant photographic material and a 2014/2015 field trip. The potential to reach the find bearing Hauptknochenschicht (HK) is high at the left bank of the Solo river, south of Dubois’ original excavations. Also the left bank directly east of the former excavation pits has a good potential. Still remaining questions concerning the site stratigraphy, the age of the Trinil fauna, including the Homo erectus finds, and the homogeneity of the HK assemblage, might be resolved by new fieldwork.
Identification of Karmawibhangga Reliefs at Candi Borobudur
Authors: Santiko Hariani
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Reliefs depicted at Borobudur’s “hidden foot” are scenes taken from the Karmawibhangga texts. These reliefs depicted in 160 panels were rediscovered by J.W. Ijzerman in 1885, and in 1890-1891 were photographed by Kassian Cephas before the reliefs were closed down once again. The Karmawibhangga deals with the Law of Cause and Effect, the Karmic Law. The doctrine was veryimportant for the Buddhist visitors. In order they understand easily the episodes they saw, the sculptors portray many aspects of the early life in Java from the 9th to 10th century AD, during Borobudur’sera. The reliefs were studied by N.J. Krom, S. Levi, and Jan Fontein. Fontein studies these reliefs by comparing the episodes with two Karmawibhangga texts which were translated into Chinesenamed as T 80 and T 81. The purpose in writing this paper is to find out the Karmavibhanga text(s) used by the sculptors in carving the Karmawibhangga at Candi Borobudur. In this case I use theHistorical-archaeology as a method; this approach seeks an equal combination of “historical” and “archaeological” data to the study of the past i.e.Abstrak. Identifikasi Relief Karmawibhangga pada Candi Borobudur. Relief yang dipahatpada dinding kaki Candi Borobudur yang sekarang ditutup merupakan adegan-adegan dari naskah Karmawibhangga, yang berjumlah 160 panel ini ditemukan kembali oleh J.W. Ijzerman pada tahun 1885. Sebelum ditutup kembali relief seluruhnya difoto oleh Kassian Cephas pada tahun 1890-1891. Relief-relief tersebut terkait dengan ajaran hukum karma, hukum sebab akibat, yang sangat penting dalam ajaran agama Buddha. Agar cerita tersebut dimengerti dengan baik oleh pengunjung, makaajaran tersebut dikemas dalam cerita kehidupan masyarakat Jawa Kuna pada abad ke- 9-10 Masehi, semasa Candi Borobudur didirikan. Identifikasi relief telah dilakukan oleh N.J. Krom, S. Levi, dan Jan Fountain yang membandingkan adegan-adegan dengan dua naskah Sutra yang telah diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Cina yang dikenal sebagai T 80 dan T 81. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah mencari naskah yang dipergunakan oleh para pemahat relief Karmawibhangga. Metode yang dipakai adalah metode Arkeologi-Sejarah yaitu pendekatan yang menggunakan data artefaktual dan data tekstual berupanaskah dan prasasti. Relief yang dibandingkan dengan episode dalam naskah, diketahui bahwa berbagai episode lebih mendekati isi naskah T80.
Dambisa Moyo’s Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa
Authors: O'Shea Julian
Published: April 2017

This essay reviews Dambisa Moyo’s 2009 book on development assistance in Africa, Dead Aid.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Kabo Jens
Published: April 2017

Each of the three articles in this issue can be seen to highlight a different dimension of the concept of praxis. Muscat emphasises action, Baillie and Levine exemplify the use of theory as a basis for unpacking dominant paradigms and assumptions, and Cumming-Potvin and Currie emphasise critical reflection. Taken together, these articles provide a robust foundation for understanding the nature of praxis as engineers engage with issues of social justice and peace.
Effect of Cooking on Quality Commonly Consumed Marine Fish Platycephalidae (Platycephalus indicus) in Iran
Authors: Aberoumand Ali , Ziaei-Nejad Saeed
Published: April 2017

Fish Platycephalus indicus usually are consumed by southern people in Iran. The present study assessed the effect of processing on proximate compositions in the fillets of P.indicus. The fish samples were prepared by boiling, baking and frying, while proximate analysis was done by standard methods. Boiling processing method significantly reduced ash content in the fillet whereas fat content was significantly increased in frying. Baking method recorded highest ash content of 10.64%. The highest protein concentration was obtained for boiled fillet (82.73%). Lipid content was recorded highest in fried fillet (17.27%). P. indicus was, rich in fat, protein, and ash, thus its consumption should be encouraged.
The Survival of Bifidobacterium infantis 20088 and Physicochemical Changes During Refrigeration Storage of Selected Fermented Traditional Sudanese Fruit Beverages
Authors: Elden Babekir Wala Salah , Siddig Abubakar Awad , Kabeir Barka Mohammed
Published: April 2017

This study was carried out to evaluate survival of Bifidobacterium infantis 20088 in fermented beverage formulated from selected traditional Sudanese fruits Gudaim and dom. The viable counts of the strain and physiochemical changes during refrigeration were determined. 10% beverages (w/v) were prepared from dom and gudaim powder. 2.5% (w/w) skim milk was supplemented to each formulation to provide the required nutrient for bacteria growth during the fermentation. After sterilization and cooling, the mixture was inoculated with a 10% culture of B. infants 20088 followed by incubation for 36 h at 37°C. Reconstituted skim milk was used as control. Fermented beverages were held at refrigeration (4°C) for a period of 2 weeks. During the refrigeration storage of the fermented beverages there was significant reduction in Bifidobacterium infantis of all fermented beverages. Nevertheless, the strain was maintained high; fulfill the number required to presence in probiotic foods, which was at least 6 log CFU/ml fermented product. There was no significantly difference in TSS and pH as compared to their initial at the beginning of fermentation except in pH of fermented gudaim. Therefore gudaim and dom are suitable carrier to deliver Bifidobacterium infantis 20088 to consumer.
Effect of Olive Leaves Extract on Lipid Profile, Glucose and Feed Intake of Japanese quail
Authors: Azeemi Tawheed Ali
Published: April 2017

In Afghanistan most times people are drinking olive leave tea for prevention and decline of higher lipid and glucose level, therefore the objective of the current study was to find out whether olive leaf extraction is having any effect on blood metabolites. The Japanese quail has been used for biological studies because of its easy management and large numbers in limited area. In this experiment quails (100 male and 100 Female) were reared on a farm owned by the Department of Animal science of Agriculture faculty of Nangrahar University. Quails were kept under optimum environmental during rearing period (20- 22 C and 65 % relative humidity). The Adaptation period was for 10 days. Feed was given add libitum during 24 h. In this study we had five treatments T0 served as control without any water supplementation, T1 (1g/L), T2 (2g/L), T3 (3g/L) and T4 (4g of olive leaf / litter of drinking water). The Experiment continued for 4 weeks at the end of week. By increasing level of the olive leave powder in water blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels declined significantly from 509 to 422.5, 204-144.5 and 245 to 192.5 respectively
Mycoflora, Mycotoxin Contamination and Proximate Mineral Composition of Smoke-Dried Frog (Aubria sp.) (Konko) Sold in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo-Tayo Bukola , Adeyemi Folahanmi , Odeniyi Olubusola , Olaseinde Kayode
Published: April 2017

Mycoflora, mycotoxin contamination and proximate mineral composition of smoked-dried frog (Aubria sp.) samples purchased from different markets in Ibadan, Oyo State were investigated. A total of 20 composite samples made up of 120 smoked-dried frog samples were collected. The total fungi count ranged from 1.0 x103 – 8.0 x 103 cfu/g. A total of 70 fungal strains including: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tamarii, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium compacticum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sacchari, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium oxalicum, Trichoderma viridae and Rhizophus sp. were isolated from the samples. All the samples were contaminated with aflatoxin and 70% were contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). The total Aflatoxin and DON in the two sampling ranged from 5.06h – 9.17a ppb, 1.86h – 5.58a ppb and 0.00 – 0.96 ppm and 0.00 – 0.09 ppm. The levels of mycotoxins contamination were within the maximum limit permitted. The Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium spp. were able to produce aflatoxin and DON which ranged from 1.65 – 3.56 ppb and 0.05 – 0.19 ppm. The percentage crude protein, K, Ca and Fe content in the samples ranged from 40.79j – 53.93a, 217.85 – 1235.83 mg/100 g, 4201 – 437.25 mg/100 g and 431.75 – 1065.0 mg/100 g. The moisture content ranged from 11.58h – 16.31a. The Cd, Zn and Cu content ranged from 0.00 – 0.22 mg/100 g, 9.43 – 5.20 mg/100 g and 7.05 – 18.58 mg/100 g. The presence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin levels in the dried frog samples is of public health concern and proper attention is needed for the control of quality and adequate preservation before sales and consumption.
Çevre Duyarlılığı ve Farkındalık Düzeyi Üzerine Bir Araştırma-Konya İli Sarayönü İlçesi Örneği
Authors: Öden Muhammed Kamil , Küçükçongar Sezen , Gök Zehra
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental sensitivity and awareness level of the inhabitants in Konya, Sarayönü districts. In today’s world, the environment is rapidly being polluted and pollution rate is being increased by human beings. In this regards, the viewpoints of Sarayönü people on the environment and environmental elements are revealed. For this purpose, a research include variables such as gender, age, job and education level was carried out by using a questionnaire made up of 16 questions. The questionnaire was applied to 314 males and 286 females, totaling 600 participants. The research serves to raise an awareness of environment and environmental sensitivity. The findings showed that the people in Sarayönü have a high level of environmental sensitivity. Females tended to reflect a higher level of sensivitiy to the environment than males. The participants opted for air pollution as being the most important environmental element among the air, water, soil etc. pollution.
Functional Salad Dressing as an Excipient Food
Authors: Karakaya Sibel , El Sedef Nehir , Şimşek Şebnem
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study is to develop salad dressing as an excipient food that can be used to enhance beneficial effects of salads when co-ingested together. The compounds that include bioactive constituents different from other salad dressings are germinated seed and sprouts of lentils and cowpeas, and caseinomacropeptide isolated from whey. The proximate composition, total phenols and total flavonoids of salad dressing were determined. Its beneficial effects on health (antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, bile acid binding capacity, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity) were determined using in vitro methods. Energy value of salad dressing is 111 kcal/100 g and 11.41% of the energy value of the salad dressing is provided by protein. Total phenol content is 79 mg CE/100 g. Salad dressing displayed higher antioxidant activity against DPPH radical (130 mM Trolox/100 g) than that of ORAC value (72 mM Trolox/100 g). Salad dressing inhibited ACE by approximately 37%. Expected glycemic index of salad dressing was 74.0 and belongs to high glycemic index foods. Contrary to, salad dressing inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase with the IC50 values 1.77 mg protein/mL and 2.40 mg protein/mL, respectively. Relative to cholestyramine, bile acid binding capacity of salad dressing is 39.85%.
Etlik Piliçlerde Embriyonun Erken ve Geç Gelişim Dönemlerinde Yapılan Yüksek Isıl Uygulamaların Asimetri Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: Alkan Sezai , Birgül Özgür Barış
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thermal manipulations during early and late embryogenesis on asymmetry in terms of sides of shank length, shank width and face length of broilers. Incubation conditions were 37.5°C and 55% relative humidity for control group throughout the incubation period until the 19th days. In the thermally treated eggs during early embryogenesis (8-10 days), incubation temperature was increased to 41°C and relative humidity to 65% for 3 hours (12.00-15.00) on the 8th-10th days of incubation. Also, in the late embryogenesis stage (16-18 days) incubation temperature was increased to 41°C and relative humidity to 65 % for 3 hours (12.00-15.00) on the 16th-18th days of incubation. Total 16 chickens were selected at randomly from all experimental groups to determine the asymmetry. The weekly left and right sides of shank length, shank width and face length of chickens were measured from 7 days of age to 35 days of age, and relative asymmetry values were calculated. There was no significant difference among the groups in point of relative asymmetry. Asymmetry values were reduced due to aging.
Ex-situ Morphological and Morphometric Studies of the Testis In the West African Dwarf Buck GoatEx-situ Morphological and Morphometric Studies of the Testis In the West African Dwarf Buck Goat
Authors: Raji Lukman Oladimeji , Ajala Oluwatoyin Oluwasola
Published: April 2017

This study was carried out to document ex-situ morphological and morphometric characteristics of the testis in the West African Dwarf (WAD) buck goat. For this aim, 24 post pubertal WAD buck testes were collected at the Ipata Abattoir in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross morphologic results revealed that WAD testis was ellipsoidal in shape with 2 borders (free and attached), margins (medial and lateral) and similar surfaces (ventral and dorsal). The surfaces were covered by an outer tunica vaginalis and a deep tunica albuginea. Histomorphology showed the testis comprised mostly of rounded and some irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules (ST). Each ST was lined by a basement membrane and a layer of germinal epithelium with lumen filled with spermatozoa surrounded by an adluminal space. Gross morphometric results showed that there were no significant differences in the weight, length, width and height of the right and left testis. Also in the volumes of testes obtained by water displacement method and using the prolate ellipsoid formula. There was a strong correlation between the weights and volumes of testes obtained using these methods. There were significant differences between the volumes of testes obtained by using the prolate spheroid and Lambert formulae, when compared with those obtained by water displacement method respectively. But there was no significant difference in testicular volume obtained by the prolate ellipsoid formula and the water displacement method. Histomorphometric results revealed no significant differences in the seminiferous tubular diameter, seminiferous luminal diameter and germinal epithelia height of the right and left testes respectively. The morphological and morphometric data highlighted in this study would be useful in comparative regional anatomy and researches on the testis of these valuable breed of goats.
Formik Asitin İn Vitro Rumen Fermentasyonu ve Metan Üretimine Etkisi
Authors: Kara Kanber , Aktuğ Eray , Çağrı Alper , Kocaoğlu Güçlü Berrin , Baytok Erol
Published: April 2017

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of formic acid on the in vitro methane production and in vitro ruminal fermentation of alfalfa hay. Effect of 0.0 (control group: YF0), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml/L (experimental groups: YF1, YF2, YF3, YF4, and YF5 respectively) formic acid (Amasil85-liquid) addition to rumen fluid on ruminal fermentation parameters of alfalfa hay were determined by using in vitro gas production techniques. Methane production of in vitro incubation increased (to about 20%) with addition of linearly increased formic acid. Linearly increased levels of formic acid addition to rumen fluid has significantly changed the production of in vitro total gas production, metabolic energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) at linear, quadratic and cubic. The addition of 0.1 ml/L and 0.2 ml/L formic acid to rumen fluid significantly decreased in vitro total gas production, ME and OMD however addition of 0.3 ml/L and 0.4 ml/L formic acid was not changed in vitro gas production, ME and OMD levels and 0.5 ml/L formic acid was significantly increased all these parameters. Ruminal pH was not changed by addition of formic acid. Formic acid is a safe feed additive because of its properties antibacterial and flavorings and also is used as a fermentation promoter in silage. In this study it has been observed that all doses of formic acid increased in vitro enteric methane production and low doses decreased in vitro total gas production, ME and OMD and high doses have increased all these parameters. High doses have a positive effect on ME and OMD; however formic acid should be used at limited levels in diets due to the negative effect of increasing greenhouse gases. The effect of formic acid addition to the feed raw matter and rations of all livestock would be beneficial to investigate in terms of digestive system parameters and global warming, further in vitro and in vivo studies.
Gıdalarda Bulunan L-Triptofan, Serotonin, Melatonin Profilleri ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: Kurtulmuş Seda , Kök Taş Tuğba
Published: April 2017

Nowadays, depending on the progress of science and technology, our eating habits have changed. The shape and quality of nutrition is important for human health. Especially, some food components have various effect on central nervous system such as depression, anxiety, sleep, appetite. Food constituents are transported into the central nervous system via the neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine and valine. Amino acids have an important role in human nutrition. It cannot be synthesized in the body and one of the essential amino acids that must be taken outside, trytophan, is indispensable in human nutrition because of it has the many functions. In recent years, scientific community concentrated on the various functions of L-Trytophan (L-Trp) as pioneer in the secretion of the hormones serotonin and melatoninin in the human body. The hormones serotonin and melatonin is responsible for activities such as psychology, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure balance, antioxidant effect, cancer inhibitor, sexuality, autism and circadian rhythms in human body that they are available in various foods such as milk, kefir, yogurt, orange, strawberry, grape, olive oil, walnut, prune, nut, pomegranate, coffee, kiwi and banana. In this study, L-Trp, serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism, food profiles and in terms of their physiological and biological effects on human health has been compiled.
A simple method for diagnostic of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary from potato agricultural fields of potato
Authors: Hussain Touseef , Singh Bir Pal , Anwar Firoz , Tomar Sonica
Published: April 2017

A correct detection and appropriate identification of causal pathogens associated with crop plants or seeds are considered to be the most important issue in designing the proper management plans for plant diseases. This study was designed to detect Phytophthora infestans inoculum from potato grown soil. A high detection rate of P.infestans was obtained from the naturally infested soil of potato fields. Naturally soils were firstly moistened in a plastic pots and then pre-incubated at ±18°C for 3 days, baiting with potato tuber slice for 24, 48, and 72 h. The baits were then thoroughly washed, flooded with 10–15 ml of distilled water in Petri-dishes and incubated under continuous darkness in chamber ±18ºC. Sporangia started to emerge from the margins of potato tuber slice. They were easily observed under the stereomicroscope. Pure culture of the fungus was obtained by isolating from baited tubers on a Rye Agar medium. This is the first report of recovery of P. infestans from naturally infested potato growing soils using susceptible potato tuber (K. Bahar) as bait in India. All isolates were determined to be A2 mating type.
Gıdalardaki Biyokoruyucu: Nisin (E234)
Authors: Uymaz Başar , Şanlıbaba Pınar
Published: April 2017

Fermentation is the oldest traditional method in order to protect against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Thermal treatment, pH and water activity lowering and preservative addition other food preservation techniques that are commonly used. Although, as preservatives, many improved antibiotic and chemical agents have been gained, there are some other factors such as rapid resistance to antibiotics used in bacteria, in order to limit their use in food, to be found dimensions of threatening human health of the chemical protection and to cause allergic reactions. Recently, studies on bacteriocins that are produced by the safe bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, contain no toxic and adverse effects for human consumption have gained sudden intensity in accordance with the request against consumers in developing microbiologically safe and minimal processed food. There are some important effects using of bacteriocins accepted the new generation of antimicrobial agents as food preservatives such as extension of shelf life, reducing of the use of chemical preservatives and the economic loss caused degradation by microorganisms. Nisin, defined as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by FDA and named the E234 code 'Nisin-protective' or 'natural protective' located in the food additives list, first used in 1988 as a natural preservative by prohibiting of antibiotics using in food in the US. Nowadays in more than 50 countries, there have been more successful implementation of the nisin protected up the food from milk and dairy products to canned foods many food products
Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Traditional Küp Cheese Samples of Turkey Using Immunoaffinity Column and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Koluaçık Akın , Tırpancı Sivri Göksel , Kaptan Binnur
Published: April 2017

Mycotoxin occurrence in foods, especially in uncontrolled produced traditional foods causes serious health problems. In this study, traditional Küp cheese samples were collected from different part of Anatolian region in Turkey (Ankara, Nevşehir and Yozgat) and analyzed to determine Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level. AFM1 analysis was carried out by, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) attached with fluorescence detector (FL) The level of AFM1 in all samples was in the range of 16 and 136 ng/kg which is lower than the maximum tolerance limit of the Turkish Codex Regulations (250 ng/kg). The levels of contamination indicated that more detailed and continuous monitoring is required to increase the public health conscious and reduce consumers’ exposure to AFM1.
Cansız Malçlama Yöntemlerinin Mandalina Bahçesinde Yabancı Otlanma Üzerine Olan Etkisi
Authors: Kolören Onur , Uygur Feyzullah Nezihi
Published: April 2017

The possible use of three different thickness black geotextile materials (GEO-50, GEO-100 and GEO-150) , the new control methods for our country, compared with weedy check among of the rows and using herbicide (Glyphosate), mowing, black polyethylene with weedy check on the rows have been investigated for controlling of weeds which is a considerable problem of tangerine orchard. Experimental randomly plots were arranged by considering complete block design with five replications on the rows treatment. Mulch materials were applied apart for width of 160 cm on the rows. When weed coverage (%) reached 10-15%, herbicide (Glyphosate) was applied with 600 cc/da. Mowing was applied when weed lenght and coverage (%) reached 10-15 cm and 10-15, respectively. Weed coverage (%) and numbers were counted in 15 days intervals at the quadrats for all plots. The results of the studies for tangerine orange 4 years old showed that mulching with black geotextile and polyethylene were more supressed than the other control methods on the row. Average weed coverage (%) was found 56.09% in control (weedy), 24.66% in mowing, 11.05% in herbicide, 3.09% in black polyethylene, 2.78% in GEO-50, 0.87% GEO-100 and 0.76% JEO-150, respectively. As observed weed coverage (%), the similar result was found for weed number in black geotextile treatments.
Eksik Veri Analizinde Çoklu Atama Yönteminin Değerlendirilmesi: Hayvancılıkta Tekrarlı Ölçüm Verisi Üzerine Bir Uygulama
Authors: Ser Gazel , Bati Cafer Tayyar
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of multiple imputation method in case that missing observation structure is at random and completely at random from the approach of general linear mixed model. The application data of study was consisted of a total 77 heads of Norduz ram lambs at 7 months of age. After slaughtering, pH values measured at five different time points were determined as dependent variable. In addition, hot carcass weight, muscle glycogen level and fasting durations were included as independent variables in the model. In the dependent variable without missing observation, two missing observation structures including Missing Completely at Random (MCAR) and Missing at Random (MAR) were created by deleting the observations at certain rations (10% and 25%). After that, in data sets that have missing observation structure, complete data sets were obtained using MI (multiple imputation). The results obtained by applying general linear mixed model to the data sets that were completed using MI method were compared to the results regarding complete data. In the mixed model which was applied to the complete data and MI data sets, results whose covariance structures were the same and parameter estimations and standard estimations were rather close to the complete data are obtained. As a result, in this study, it was ensured that reliable information was obtained in mixed model in case of choosing MI as imputation method in missing observation structure and rates of both cases.
Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşitlerinin Kayseri Koşullarına Adaptasyonu
Authors: Bulut Sancar
Published: April 2017

Number of bread wheat cultivars have significantly increased in recent years and research on adaptation capacities of such cultivars are not sufficient in Kayseri. This study was carried out to determine high-yield bread cultivars able to adapt the conditions of Kayseri Province in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons. A total of 42 national bread wheat cultivars were used and adaptation capacities were determined for Kayseri Region. Significant differences were observed in entire traits of the years and cultivars. Grain-fill periods of cultivars varied between 33.9-40.5 days, plant heights between 76.0-121.7 cm, number of spike per m2 between 292.5-645.8 spikes, number of kernel per spike between 17.4-43.9 kernels, 1000 kernel weights between 32.9-40.1 g, kernel yields between 153.0-278.3 kg/da, hectoliter weights between 72.8-78.4 kg and protein ratios between 9.08-14.37%. Considering the dry conditions of Kayseri region, Bezostaja-1, Gün 91, Bayraktar 2000, Dağdaş 94, Karahan 99, Tosunbey and Nenehatun cultivars were recommended for high yield and quality.
Model Sistem Tavuk Eti Emülsiyonlarında Sığır Karkas Yağı Yerine Tavuk Derisi Kullanımının Emülsiyon Karakteristikleri Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Zungur Aslı , Nacak Berker , Serdaroglu Meltem
Published: April 2017

Model system chicken emulsions were prepared by replacing 5, 10, 15 and 20 % beef fat with chicken skin. Moisture, protein, fat, ash and pH were determined in raw and heat processed emulsions. Emulsion samples were evaluated for cooking characteristics, TBA values and colour parameters (L*, a*, b*). Addition of chicken skin decreased fat content and increased moisture and protein content of emulsion samples. Chicken skin replacement significantly increased water holding capacity and cooking yield and decreased fluid release. Increasing chicken skin in formulation increased a* and b* values of emulsion samples. Therefore, adding of chicken skin instead of beef fat is useful in improving technological quality and producing low fat formulation.