bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Periods of Maze Acquisition Development in Euthyroid and Hypothyroid Rodents
Authors: Essman Walter B. , Mendoza Lorenzo A. , Hamburgh Max
Published: September 2011

Mice and rats with congenitally-induced hypothyroidism which continued through early adult development were compared with euthyroid animals for acquisition of a simple sensori-motor maze escape response at various periods during development. Whereas euthyroid mice began to demonstrate criterion maze acquisition as early as 16 days of age, and all showed acquisition to criterion by 20 days of age, only a small percentage of hypothyroid mice acquired the maze response between 25 and 30 days of age. Hypothyroid rats, as well as their euthyroid controls, did not show maze acquisition to criterion by 18 days of age; and, whereas the latter had shown the ability to acquire the maze at 50 days of age, hypothyroid animals still showed a decided deficit in maze acquisition at this time.
Form of R-S Contingency and Stimulus-Change Reinforcement
Authors: Royer Fred L.
Published: September 2011

40 male rats, each tested daily for 15 min. in chambers having a response key projecting from each wall, were assigned to 4 conditions. No differences between conditions were found in non-stimulation levels. Mean percentage change in responsi to produce stimulation (Stimulation/Non-stimulation × 100) was: Response Equivocation, 4 keys, 49.8%; Information Transmission, 4 keys, 81.3%; Stimulus Equivocation, 2 keys, 98.9%; Information Transmission, 2 keys, 159.5%. In both of the latter conditions, 2 keys were dead. Responses were greatest for light stimulation but in a constant proportion across conditions.
Comparison of Two Techniques for Hastening Extinction of Avoidance-Responding in Rats
Authors: Baum Morrie , Oler I. David
Published: September 2011

Response prevention (forced detention of the animal in the situation which it fears) and the shortening of the intertrial interval (massing of trials) are two techniques for hastening the extinction of avoidance responding in rats. Experiments wert conducted to compare the two techniques on two types of avoidance behavior: (1) a response which had been trained to a criterion of 10 consecutive avoidances (Exp. 1) and (2) a response which had been trained, extinguished, and then re-trained (Exp. 2). For both types of avoidance responding, shortening the Intertrial interval produced extinction in less time than did response prevention. A long period of response prevention was also effective in producing extinction.
Being-Cognition, Peak-Experience, and Self-Actualization: Some Questions regarding Interrelationship
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This note questions whether “B-cognition,” “peak-experience,” and “self-actualization” continue to be fundamentally interrelated in the Maslow framework.
Behavioral Effects of Attitudinal Change
Authors: Zwicker Bonnie L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the behavioral effects of attitude change induced by a communication. Teenagers were exposed to two communications concerning diabetes. These differed in the intensity (high and moderate) with which they presented diabetes as a serious disease which teenagers could contract along with the benefits of diagnostic diabetes tests. Attitudes concerning diabetes were assessed and subjects were offered a diabetes diagnostic test. Results showed that the subject's perception of vulnerability toward the disease affected his participation in the test. The communication altered general attitudes about diabetes but failed to change any of the underlying components constituting this attitude.
Named and Anonymous Administrations of Semantic Differential to Select University Students
Authors: Cassel Russell N. , Chiu Ada
Published: September 2011

This study concerned comparison of named and anonymous administrations of two newly developed semantic differentials (SD) to 50 select university students in a course in child growth and development. Analysis of variance yielded no significant differences between the administrations. Statistically significant differences were obtained for the two different SDs ( p = .05) for two of the three concepts and for the total of the three concepts.
Pop Records and Connotative Satiation: Test of Jakobovits' Theory
Authors: Bush P. A. , Pease K. G.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described in which adolescent schoolgirls rated on a 7-point good-bad scale, the repeated presentations of an extract from a current popular record. Mean ratings moved from the good end of the scale toward the indifference point with repetition. Coincident with this was the tendency for individual ratings to move toward the poles of the scale with repetition. These findings are inconsistent with the analysis of ‘pop’ music popularity presented by Jakobovits (1966).
Effect of Sex on the Correlation between the Dogmatism Scale and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Authors: Swindell Dorothy H. , Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, based on 99 male and 117 female college students, correlations between dogmatism and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule variables are different for the two sexes.
Free Recall of Low Meaningfulness Trigrams as a Function of Four Levels of Intralist Similarity
Authors: Stimmel D. Theron , Stimmel Nancy S.
Published: September 2011

The free recall of low meaningfulness CVCs was studied as a function of four levels of intralist similarity. The lowest intralist similarity condition yielded the largest mean number of correct responses, and no significant difference appeared among the other three groups. There was an increase in the mean number of incorrect responses as the level of intralist similarity increased. Results were discussed in terms of the joint action of increased formal intralist similarity and the increased opportunity for conceptual similarity effects as intralist similarity increases.
Coalition Formation in Continuous, Episodic and Terminal Situations
Authors: Strickland Lloyd H. , Lacome Bernard S.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to test Caplow's predictions concerning behavior of triad members in three different group contexts. The hypotheses received partial support, but examination of other data led to suggestions for criterion revision applicable to all studies of coalition formation.
Visual Illusion in Lengths of Words: An Old Friend in Disguise
Authors: Moyer Glenn A. , Tedford W. H.
Published: September 2011

Pairs of words containing the same numbers of letters were found to differ in apparent length if one member of the pair contained all short letters while the other contained some tall letters such as b or l. It was hypothesized that the difference was due to a visual distortion whereby the horizontal component of a word appeared to be shortened when its vertical component was increased.
Leadership Attempting: Why and When?
Authors: Jaffee Cabot L.
Published: September 2011

Leadership-attempting research has revealed that the likelihood of a given individual speaking in a group is quite complex and is dependent on a large number of situational and perceptual variables. Furthermore, leadership attempting may be modified by changing the situation or the perceptions of a given individual up to the point that reinforcement from within the group becomes necessary to maintain or increase the desired behavior.
Self Perception Inventory: A New Test of Personality
Authors: Martin William T.
Published: September 2011

The SPI appears to be a rather sensitive instrument which may prove useful in the screening of clients and patients and in the evaluation of psychiatric programs. Subscales seem sensitive to scoring trends among various patient and non-patient groups. Several additional validity and reliability studies are currently underway.
Studies in Creativity: IV. Appearance of Fragmentation and Reorganization in Meaningfully Associated Units
Authors: Maier N. R. F. , Thurber J. A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to refine the measurement of individual differences in the utilization of learned material and to explore further its relationship to creativity. The refinements were: (1) Ss memorized a list of 12 pairs of words, all of which could be used as learned and (2) Ss were not given any clues of constructional uses of the experimental words when given the problem of writing stories on topics assigned. Ss were asked to write creative stories using as many of the learned words as possible. The results strengthened previous findings that the functioning of associative bonds, the active fragmenting of associative bonds, and the process of regrouping memorized material are measurable, stable phenomena. Attempts to find relationships between measures of word usage and measures of (a) creativity, (b) originality, (c) intelligence, (d) learning, and (e) solving a human-relations problem met with failure, further indicating the need to concentrate our efforts on direct measurement of the creative process rather than inferring it from the evaluation of an end product labeled “creative,” “original,” or “innovative.”
Relationship between Activity Level and Body Temperature in the Rat
Authors: Bolles Robert C. , Duncan Perry M. , Grossen Neal E. , Matter Charles F.
Published: September 2011

Body temperature was monitored continuously while the behavior in the living cage was either sampled across time or also continuously recorded. Although a significant correlation was found between activity level and temperature, this relationship was weak and had no consistent temporal dependency. Both activity level and temperature appear to depend primarily upon time of day.
Verbal Association by Chinese and American Students as a Function of Word Frequency and Mode of Presentation
Authors: McGinnies Elliott , Turnage Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

Associations were obtained from 40 Ss each at National Taiwan University and the University of Maryland to words presented either vocally or in writing. The words varied in frequency of occurrence for both languages. American Ss produced more associations than the Taiwanese Ss under all conditions. In both samples number of associations increased with frequency of the stimulus words. Printed Chinese, however, enjoyed a significant advantage over spoken Chinese in evoking associations to infrequent words. This finding, which did not obtain for the English words, was attributed to (a) more frequent exposure of Taiwanese to low frequency words in print than in speech and (b) increased identifiability of infrequent Chinese words when printed. Implications for more effective communication between the two language communities were discussed.
Are the Principles of Behavior of “Exceptional Children” Exceptional?
Authors: Kaplan Martin F. , Lotsof Erwin J.
Published: September 2011

The thesis was presented that behavioral differences in groups of “exceptional” children do not imply different principles of behavior are applicable to each group, as is often suggested, but instead are consequents of differences in learning capacity and modified environmental conditions associated with the exceptionality. Methodological problems in the identification of unique characteristics of the exceptional child were discussed, and it was suggested that studies of deviant groups address the following problems: (1) Is the behavior of the given group unique to that group? (2) What are the learning antecedents of observed group differences?
Birth Order and Age at Marriage in the Arab Levant
Authors: Prothro E. Terry , Diab Lutfy N.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to test the cross-cultural validity of the relationship found in Western samples between birth order and age at marriage. Data on birth order and actual age at marriage were obtained through individual interviews with 84 Arab Moslem wives in Damascus, while data on birth order and ideal best-marriage-ages were obtained from a sample of 142 undergraduate Arab students at the American University of Beirut, consisting of 74 Christians and 68 Moslems. In general, the results showed no significant differences in mean actual ages at marriage between firstborn and later born wives or husbands. Furthermore, regardless of sex, no significant differences were found between firstborn and later born ideal best-marriage-ages. These findings throw doubt on the relationship found previously between birth order and age at marriage.
Verbal Approval and Anxiety in Serial-Verbal Learning
Authors: Catalana Rosemary , Kirkpatrick Dwight R.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments, each using 40 college student Ss, level of manifest anxiety and the presence or absence of verbal approval by E for a correct anticipation were varied. Verbal approval led to a decrement in performance for high-anxiety Ss and superior learning for low-anxiety Ss, whereas without verbal approval either high-anxiety Ss were superior or there was no difference. The motivational effects of verbal approval are viewed as being similar to those of ego-orienting or stress-producing instructions.
Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine Effects on Approach-Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Carley John W. , Haynes Jack R.
Published: September 2011

Effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on avoidance behavior in 30 male C57BL/6J mice were investigated. Ss were placed in an approach-avoidance situation created in a linear maze with an electric grid in front of the goalbox. After avoidance behavior was established, each S was placed in the conflict situation under each of three drug conditions: epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, and placebo. The results showed that all conditions were significantly different from each other, with the greatest amount of avoidance behavior being shown under epinephrine and the greatest approach behavior under nor-epinephrine. It was concluded that epinephrine and nor-epinephrine may have differential effects on approach-avoidance behavior.
Uncertainty of Reinforcement Consequences in Pavlovian Conditioning of Dogs
Authors: Royer Fred L.
Published: September 2011

Four dogs were given discriminative conditioning using 3 CSs. One CS (CS + C) was always reinforced with shock, another (CS−) was never reinforced while a third (CS + U) was reinforced 75% of the trials with reinforcement occurring either immediately, 2 or 4 sec. after the termination of CS. Heart-rate change was greater for CS + C than for CS + U or CS there was no significant difference between the latter. The termination of the CS + U appeared to be informative; mean heart rate during the post-CS period on unreinforced trials of CS + U was not significantly different from that during CS + C. Flexion latencies were longer to CS + U. The cardiac UR was less for CS + U than for CS + C, suggesting that temporal uncertainty inhibits the UR.
Factor Scores and Reliabilities of Some Semantic Differential Concepts High in n Achievement or n Affiliation Motivational Content
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: September 2011

Reliability, motivational content, and factor score data on 18 frequently used Semantic Differential concepts were obtained and are presented.
Psychosocial Profile of Riot Arrestees
Authors: Lachman Sheldon J. , Waters Thomas F.
Published: September 2011

With the aid of a 61-item questionnaire, 100 male Negroes charged with participation in the Detroit riot of July, 1967, were interviewed shortly after detention in the prison situation. Interviewers were Negro males; respondent participation was voluntary. Most riot participants were under age 29, had some high school training or higher (ninth grade minimum), were employed, belonged to no political or civil rights organizations, selected as a role model a person of the Negro race, believed that the Negro will someday have everything the white man has, and knew primarily through television and newspapers that other cities had experienced riots. A large proportion were born in the south (49%), and Martin Luther King was mentioned as favorite Negro leader (32%) more often than any other person. Results formulated as hypotheses are discussed and the values and shortcomings of the research are considered.
Relation of Field Dependence to the “Philosophies of Human Nature”
Authors: Duke Robert B.
Published: September 2011

To study the function of personality variables in the perception of other people, 52 undergraduate males were administered the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale and the Embedded-figures Test. Relatively low but significant positive correlations were found between field independence and trustworthiness, altruism, and the positive view of human nature. There was no significant correlation between field independence and strength of will, independence, complexity, and variability. Apparently, the personality of the one perceiving is relevant to what is perceived in the other person.
E-Expectancy and the Role of Awareness in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Sheehan Peter W.
Published: September 2011

Different groups of Es were led to expect that verbal conditioning either could or could not occur without awareness. Both groups tested independent sets of 19 Ss who constructed 100 sentences beginning with one of six pronouns and containing a past tense verb. For experimental Ss sentences beginning with I or We were reinforced by the word “good.” Conditioning effects were as predicted by the expectancies of Es. Ss who were unaware of the correct contingency conditioned only in the group tested by Es who were led to expect that result.
Personality Structure of Adolescents as Measured by the Edwards Personality Inventory
Authors: Oakland James A.
Published: September 2011

The object of the study was to administer the Edwards Personality Inventory to high school students for the purpose of enlarging empirical data on the personality structure of adolescents and to provide normative data for future use of the EPI. 274 students from the junior classes of 2 Seattle, Washington high schools were administered the EPI. Means and standard deviations for each scale were computed separately for males and females and comparisons were made between high school and college students. Correlations of EPI scales with grade point average, Differential Aptitude Test scores and socio-economic status were observed. Scholastic aptitude and SES were related to few of the scales while achievement was related to several. The use of these data as a reference point in the interpretation of test scores obtained by high school students was discussed.
A Fortuitous Observation regarding “Psychogenic” Polydipsia
Authors: Freed Earl X. , Hymowitz Norman
Published: September 2011

Observations are reported of 5 rats, which had developed schedule-induced polydipsia and essentially stopped drinking, but not bar pressing, when they manipulated or chewed cellulose material from the excreta tray under the conditioning chamber. Polydipsia reappeared with removal of cellulose. This suggested that drinking was one of a number of inter-pellet behaviors depending upon available stimuli.
Effect of Reinforcement Context on Rate-Concentration Functions for Monkeys
Authors: Schrier Allan M.
Published: September 2011

Bar-press rates of monkeys for different concentrations of sucrose solution used as the reinforcer were not influenced by changes in reinforcement context in the form of the order of presentation of the concentrations and the number of concentrations. After some initial changes unrelated to reinforcement context, the form and level of the rate-concentration function remained practically constant over the course of a considerable number of test sessions.
Some Dimensions of Affective Response to Drugs
Authors: Hurst Paul M. , Radlow Robert , Perchonok Kenneth
Published: September 2011

This study is an attempt to dimensionalize the affective responses of normal humans to some common psychoactive drugs. To this end, the methods of factor analysis were applied to a drug X mood correlation matrix. This technique differs radically from previous applications of factor analysis to mood effects, in that the latter characteristically analyze a mood X subject matrix. Thus, instead of reflecting the organization of individual differences, the resulting factor structure represented a mood-dimension space in which drug effects were resolved as vectors. Amphetamines were found to produce strong effects along three mood dimensions, whose relative strengths depend upon dosage, latency, and a strong dosage X latency interaction. Susceptibility to independent manipulation by dosage-latency variations implies that the three dimensions constitute more than statistical abstractions and may represent isolable biochemical events.
Influence of past Experience on Meaningfulness of Concepts on a Semantic Differential
Authors: Lloyd Barbara B. , Innes John M.
Published: September 2011

Female social science Ss evaluating concepts on a semantic differential restricted judgments on the evaluative scale and this inhibition generalized to other dimensions. Although the method is usually held to be relatively free from bias, caution may be necessary in using results from a differential when Ss are selected from a special background as in the present case where Ss had been restrained from making value judgments when dealing with social issues.
Interaction of Ability Level and Interpolated Activity (Opportunity for Incubation) in Human Problem Solving
Authors: Murray Harry G. , Denny J. Peter
Published: September 2011

Performance on a functional fixedness problem was investigated under conditions of continuous work on the problem vs interpolation of unrelated activity, and in Ss of low vs high problem-solving ability. The performance of low-ability Ss was most proficient under the interpolated-activity condition, whereas for high-ability Ss performance was best under continuous work. It was suggested that different types of problem-solving processes occurred in low- and high-ability Ss, and that interpolated activity influenced these processes in opposite ways.
Retention of Connected Discourse
Authors: Mills John A. , Winocur Gordon
Published: September 2011

6 24-word English sentences were made up, 2 representing each of 3 levels of meaningfulness. Meaningfulness was defined in terms of the Thorndike-Lorge frequency of the words making up the sentences. The sentences were mounted on memory drums and learned by serial anticipation to a criterion of 100% correct responses or to a lower criterion, equivalent across level of meaningfulness. The retention intervals were 20 min. and 24 hr., the former providing a control for post-criterial drop. The measure of retention was the number of items lost during the interval. The main effects for both retention interval and meaningfulness were significant as was the interaction term between level of learning and retention interval. Because there were no significant interaction terms involving meaningfulness, it was concluded that the main effect for meaningfulness was an artifact resulting from differing degrees of associative strength at the end of learning. This conclusion was reinforced by scrutiny of 24-hr. loss scores, corrected for post-criterial drop.
Interoceptive SD of the Large Intestine Established by Mechanical Stimulation
Authors: Slucki Henry , McCoy Frank B. , Porter Robert W.
Published: September 2011

A rhesus macaque monkey, surgically prepared with a Thiry-Vella large intestinal loop, was trained to press a lever for sugar pills on an FR 24 schedule of reinforcement. Operant discrimination was then established through differential reinforcement of the response in the presence of an interoceptive stimulus. The SD consisted of rhythmic inflation-deflation (with air at 120 mm. Hg pressure) of a small latex balloon situated in the loop. The onset of the visceral stimulus was quickly discriminated but its termination was not immediately discriminable. Extended training did not diminish the continued responding or overshoot beyond the SD termination, thus confirming our previous results, obtained by stimulating the small intestine.
Extinction after Training with Runs Being Preceded by Nonrewarded Placements in an Intermittently Rewarding Situation
Authors: North Alvin J.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 20 male albino rats were given either 32 rewarded placements (Group E) in a distinctive placement box (PB) or 32 non-rewarded placements (Group C). In the training phase both groups were given two placement trials per day for 20 days. One of these daily placements was non-rewarded (a “frustration treatment” for Group E Ss) and was immediately followed by a rewarded run in a runway. The other placement, not followed by a run, was rewarded for Group E Ss and non-rewarded for Group C Ss. Following a 5-trial transition phase with rewarded runs only, both groups were given 40 extinction runs (without prior placements). The acquisition and transition phase runway performances of the two groups were very similar, but Group E Ss were more resistant to extinction. The extinction findings were predicted from the frustration theory of the partial reinforcement effect.
Anticipated Responses to Short-Term Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Biase D. Vincent , Mitchell John
Published: September 2011

21 Ss were initially tested for discomfort (Somatic Symptom Check List) and anxiety (Affect Adjective Check List) and then viewed a sensory deprivation (SD) Laboratory and given standard SD instructions. Subsequent to viewing the laboratory, Ss were asked to complete the anxiety and discomfort scales as if they had actually undergone 3 hr. of SD. As hypothesized, anticipation scores on scales were significantly higher for both sexes following exposure to the SD laboratory. on the anxiety scales anticipation scores by females were significantly higher than those of males. Data were then compared with scores previously obtained from Ss who had actually undergone the experience. Females anticipated significantly greater anxiety to an SD experience than females who had actually undergone the experience. These results support the general hypothesis that Ss anticipate anxiety and discomfort from an isolation experience.
Effects of Proliferating Punitive Power upon Cooperation and Competition in the Triad
Authors: Harford Thomas , Solomon Leonard , Cheney John
Published: September 2011

This study sought to examine the effects of increasing the number of bargainers armed with punitive power in a three-person bargaining game. 48 student nurses participated in the bargaining game under conditions in which: (1) all three players had punitive power; (2) two players had punitive power; (3) one player had punitive power; (4) none of the players had punitive power. The results indicated that increasing the number of players armed with punitive power led to increased competition as reflected in game choice and pre-trial communications.
Scale Values of the Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives as a Function of the Basic Form Scale Values
Authors: Lilly Roy S. , Rajecki Donald W.
Published: September 2011

The basic, comparative, and superlative forms of 16 adjectives of three types—evaluative, potency, and activity—were rated as to intensity by 3 independent groups of approximately 115 college students. The mean ratings of the adjectives in the comparative and superlative forms when plotted against the mean ratings of the adjectives in the unmodified form followed a linear function. The results suggest that the comparative and superlative forms of an adjective vary the connotative meaning of that word in a multiplicative fashion, an average multiplying value of .97 for the comparative and 1.43 for the superlative, that is consistent over the three classes of adjectives.
Peer-Concept Ratings in Rural Children
Authors: Powell Evan R. , White William F.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of peer perceptions of 95 rural Negro and 95 white elementary level students shows substantial differences across race in the factor structure on a form of Osgood's Semantic Differential. Caste, class, race, grade level, poverty level, or other factors should, in further studies, be related to the depressed peer evaluation of Negro samples should this low evaluation reappear.
Intellectual Achievement Responsibility in Negro and White Children
Authors: Solomon Daniel , Houlihan Kevin A. , Parelius Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Children's Intellectual Achievement Responsibility scores were related to sex, school grade (4th vs 6th), socio-economic status, and race. Only sex showed significant main effects: girls scored higher than boys in acceptance of internal responsibility over-all and for positive outcomes. The possibility that situational effects may account for discrepancies between these race and class results and those obtained with other locus of control measures was considered.
Avoidance Behavior in a Bar-Pressing Situation as a Function of Release Shock Intervals
Authors: Walsh Maxine G. , Keehn J. D.
Published: September 2011

4 white rats were given training in avoiding shocks by pressing a bar. Shocks were scheduled to occur after different release-signal (S1) and S1-shock intervals. When these intervals totalled 125 sec. no bar-holding occurred; when they totalled 20 sec. bar-holding was almost continuous; when they totalled 60 sec. intermediate amounts of bar-holding were emitted by 3 animals. Once acquired, bar-holding was maintained according to the interval from bar-release to impending shock; circumstances of its acquisition were obscured by qualitative characteristics of response topography.
Hippocampal Theta Activity and Learning: A Reply to Douglas
Authors: Bennett Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Adey and his associates have asserted that theta electrical activity recorded from the hippocampus during learning and performance reflects the role of this structure in information processing, decision making and memory consolidation. This notion was recently questioned by Douglas (1967) who concluded that the tasks employed by Adey and his associates to assess theta activity were tasks which the lesion literature indicated do not requite hippocampal functioning to be learned. The present paper questions Douglas' assertion by describing studies in the lesion literature which demonstrate that the tasks used by Adey and his co-workers may actually require hippocampal functioning to be learned.
Teaching Effectiveness of Traditional Logic and the Venn Diagram: A Programed Introduction
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Krimerman Leonard I. , Cieutat Victor J. , Kennedy Bart F.
Published: September 2011

Teaching effectiveness is evaluated for a linear programed introduction to traditional logic, requiring constructed and multiple-choice responding, prepared for high school seniors and college freshmen. Within an introductory philosophy course 29 volunteer freshmen college students ( M, 19.3 yr.) studied 19 chapters out of class and were tested on them at 2-day intervals. Test scores ranged from 86% to 99%, with a median of 93%. This sample was comparable to U. S. college freshmen based on Composite Scores of the American College Testing Battery. There was no significant correlation between Composite Scores and achievement scores for any chapter.
Suggestion regarding Gemeinschaft, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): II. David Bakan on “Communion and Agency”
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is the second of a series intended to relate Ferdinand Toennies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (and all comparable distinctions in social theory) to the difference between (1) intuitional and inferential role-taking (or empathy), (2) Erlebnis and Erfahrung experience, and (3) Rorschach movement and form responses. This one treats David Bakan's “communion-agency” dichotomy as a variation on the Toennies-type theme.
Stability of Patterns of Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H. , Duerfeldt Pryse H. , Page Anthony L. Le
Published: September 2011

56 Ss were permitted to supplement a 25% reinforcement schedule on a time-estimation task (TET) with ad lib. self-rewards (SR+). on a separate word-association task (WAT), which Ss perceived as unrelated to the TET, Ss were instructed to self-administer either SR+ or self-criticism (SR—) after training on non-contingent 50% reinforcement. High self-re-warders on the TET also significantly exceeded low self-rewarders on the WAT in SR+ frequency, while low self-rewarders were significantly higher on SR —. However, rates of SR+ responses on the TET and SR— on the WAT were not correlated. The implications for personality constructs of the generality of self-rewarding patterns and their independence of self-criticism frequencies are discussed.
On the Definition of Cooperation
Authors: Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

A scheme is presented for defining the cooperative response along the four dimensions of sequential-nonsequential, topography, latency, and duration. The cooperative responses in four studies are defined using the scheme.
Effects of Consecutive Shifts of Magnitude of Reward on Runway Performance
Authors: Ashida Sachio
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to reexamine Hull's Theorem 30 and Pereboom's modification of that theorem. Following 42 runway acquisition trials with consecutively (upward or downward) shifted reward magnitudes, all groups of rats were extinguished and then retrained with a medium reward magnitude. The results of the original acquisition trials seem to satisfy Hull's prediction, but during reacquisition all experimental groups attained asymptotic performance levels higher than that obtained for the control group trained with a low magnitude of reward during original acquisition. This evidence clearly suggests that neither Hull's not Pereboom's theorem is consistent with the empirical evidence.
Factor Analytic Study of Social Behavior in Children
Authors: Friedman S. Thomas , Purnell Richard F. , Gotts Edward E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to use adult participant observers to create a scale for assessing some salient personality variables of children and young adolescents living together in close quarters. The 91 children were summer campers of both sexes (8 to 15 yr.). Counselors of these children were the adult participant observers. At least two counselors rated each camper on a 49-item rating scale. Interrater reliability was determined and composite ratings of the campers were factor analyzed. Seven factors accounted for the behaviors on the rating scales. These factors were consistent with and comparable to the constructs that were introduced into the items on the rating scale, e.g., Peer Orientation, Ego Strength, Interaction Potential, Adult Orientation, Rebelliousness, and Rigidity.
Effect of Item Meaningfulness on a Self—Ideal-Self Measure
Authors: Weigel Virginia M. , Weigel Richard G.
Published: September 2011

60 men and 60 women rated self and ideal-self on a 30-item rating scale. Ss then chose the ten items of most and least personal meaning. Items of high meaningfulness were rated mote extremely than those of low meaningfulness under both Self and Ideal-self instructions. The effect was particularly apparent on the ideal-self measure.
Some Norms for the Pronounciability of Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Hayden Benjamin S. , Loud Lorraine
Published: September 2011

The study was devised to determine empirically the pronounciability values of 200 nonsense syllables. The rating method of Underwood and Schulz (1960) was employed and 201 college Ss participated. Obtained data were highly reliable in reference to previous research and a marked relationship with m' values was found. Relationships with association value and speed of learning were also determined. It is anticipated that the obtained values will be useful as methodological aids in the design of verbal learning studies.
Dogmatism among War Hawks and Peace Doves
Authors: Karabenick Stuart A. , Wilson R. Ward
Published: September 2011

The independence of belief system structure and content postulated by Rokeach's Dogmatism theory was tested using attitudes toward the Vietnam War (VW). Contrary to prediction: Dogmatism, as measured by Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, was significantly related to VW attitudes; Ss with pro-VW attitudes (Hawks) did not differ in dogmatism from those with moderate VW attitudes, while Ss with anti-VW attitudes (Doves) were significantly less dogmatic than Hawks.
Peer Concept and Sociometric Analysis of a Small Group
Authors: Powell Evan R. , Wilson Charles S.
Published: September 2011

Peer perceptions of 24 graduate students near the end of a year-long institute were tested and retested on a form of Osgood's semantic differential as well as on a normal sociometric instrument. The former was stable and correlated well with the latter.
Awareness and Intertrial Activity in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Mandel Steven L. , Goodstein Leonard D.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that, in VOC, the relationship between awareness and performance gains would be a function of the experimental conditions during training. Fifty-six naive Ss were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental conditions. Each group performed the Taffel sentence-construction task. This was the only treatment given one group; a second group was required to perform a color-naming task between trials. A third group was required to write their “thoughts about the experiment” between blocks of trials, while a fourth group was required to perform both the intertrial and the inter-block tasks. All groups demonstrated significant performance gains. The color-naming task resulted in significantly less performance gain, as expected, but, contrary to expectation, did not significantly inhibit the development of awareness. The discrepancies between the present results and those of previous studies were explored as were the implications for understanding the VOC process.
Group Assertion Training and Group Insight Therapies
Authors: Lomont James F. , Gilner Frank H. , Spector Norman J. , Skinner Kathryn K.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of efficiency was made of group assertion therapy and group insight therapy. The two types of therapy were conducted on groups of 5 and 7 hospitalized patients, free from psychotic thought disorder. The two therapies were conducted concurrently over a 6-wk. period. The assertion group showed a significantly greater total decrease on the clinical scales of the MMPI than the insight group. The assertion group showed significant decreases on the D and Pt scales of the MMPI, nearly significant decreases on the Pd, Pa, and Sc scales and a nearly significant increase on the dominance-submission dimension of the Leary ICL. The insight group showed no test change that approached significance.
Effects of High-Rate Talkers on Group Voting Behavior in the Leaderless-Group Problem-Solving Situation
Authors: Lucas Richard L. , Jaffee Cabot L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the bases of voting behavior by naive Ss for a group member who is high in the hierarchy of verbal output among the group but not superior in correctness of his decisions in response to various problems presented. 12 groups of female Ss [3 naive Ss and an experimental corroborator (incognito to the naive Ss)] were to solve 30 relatively unstructured concept-formation problems, discuss their solutions, and then vote for a “leader” for each of the problems. It was shown that non-perceptive Ss attribute the collaborator with significantly more perceptions of correctness than perceptive Ss and, correspondingly, take away a significant number of perceptions of correctness from individuals who rank low in the duration hierarchy.
Relationship between Patients' Responses to Objective Tests and Examiners' Characteristics
Authors: Davis William E. , Gillette Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the age, race, and sex of psychological examiners (Es) would affect the objective personality scale performance of Negro and Caucasian psychiatric patients. Eight groups of 10 Ss each were administered the Taylor MAS, the MMPI K scale, and the MMPI L scale by one of eight Es. Half the Ss were Negro and half were Caucasian. Half the Es were Negro and half were Caucasian; half the Es were male and half were female; and half the Es were older ( M = 36) and half were younger ( M = 23). Analysis of the data indicated that, depending on Ss' race, significant performance differences in Ss' objective test responses were related to E's age, sex, and race. However, the interaction between Es' age and Ss' race was the most consistently demonstrated effect in this study.
Hostility Reduction and Performance
Authors: Goldman Morton , Keck Jonathan W. , O'Leary Charles J.
Published: September 2011

The study was concerned with the adequacy of several methods for reducing or preventing hostility toward a frustrating teacher and examined whether classroom performance was affected. Two cathartic methods, Rating Scale and Mutual Expression, and two non-cathartic methods, Explanation and Control, were induced. Residual hostility toward the teacher was measured by means of a Teacher Evaluation Form. Results showed that the Explanation method was most effective and the two cathartic methods were least effective in preventing or reducing residual hostility. The two cathartic methods actually increased residual hostility as compared to the Control treatment. Task performance efficiency varied directly with the level of residual hostility. Doubt is cast upon the catharsis hypothesis and a relationship between residual hostility and performance was found.
Vicarious Reward and Task Complexity as Determinants of Imitative Learning
Authors: Liebert Robert M. , Fernandez Luis E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of task complexity and vicarious reward upon children's ability to learn a substantive educational task through modeling were investigated. After observing a model's performance, all Ss were offered direct reward for matching responses. Accuracy of imitative learning was inversely related to task complexity and facilitated by the presence of vicarious reward. However, as predicted, vicarious reward had a significant effect only for Ss in the high-complexity condition, tended to enhance the performance of Ss in the moderate-complexity condition, and had negligible effects for Ss exposed to the low-complexity task. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vicarious and direct reward may operate additively, with the former serving primarily to enhance Ss' attention to the relevant modeling cues.
Arousal of Achievement Motivation with Causal Attributions
Authors: Breit Saul
Published: September 2011

47 Ss wrote essays arousing either internality for success (I) or externality for success (E). Following the arousal procedure measures of the slope of attractiveness of success (an index of the strength of achievement motivation) and conformity were assessed. The results indicate that Ss in the I condition showed a steeper slope of attractiveness and less conforming behavior than Ss in the E condition. The results supported an attributional analysis of achievement motivation which suggests that achievement motivation is mediated by beliefs concerning the causality in success and failure.
Relationship between Early Dependence Training and Patient-Therapist Dyad
Authors: Benfari Robert C.
Published: September 2011

A cross-cultural study of 20 selected tribes in the Human Relations Area Files was undertaken to note the relationship between early dependence indulgence and the style of patient-healer interaction. It was found that early dependence indulgence was associated with person-oriented therapists while the absence of dependence indulgence produced the opposite result.
Retention as a Function of Successive Recall Trials following Original Learning
Authors: Lazar Gerald
Published: September 2011

2 experiments, using paired adjectives, examined the effect of successive recall trials (SRC) that occurred immediately after OL on retention. Retention was measured after 0-, 24-, and 48-hr. retention intervals. The first experiment varied SRC trials (0 vs 10) following OL, and retention interval (0 vs 24 hr.). Exp. II extended the first by increasing the amount of post-OL SRC (0, 10, and 20 trials) and by increasing the retention interval (24 vs 48 hr.). Both experiments measured retention over 10 SRC trials. Correct recall was facilitated by post-OL SRC and increased during SRC trials after 24- and 48-hr. retention intervals. The results suggest that both associative and warm-up processes operate during SRC.
Experimenter and Subject Variables in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Etaugh Claire Falk
Published: September 2011

4 experimenter variables, sex, previous experience, neuroticism and extraversion, and 2 subject variables, sex and anxiety, were studied in a verbal conditioning task (12 Es and 96 Ss). Reinforced Ss performed at a higher level than nonreinforced Ss, especially when Ss were low-anxious. Ss of low-neurotic Es were superior to those of high-neurotic Es, particularly female Ss. E's extraversion was positively correlated with S's performance, especially when interacting with reinforcement. Nonsignificant main effects included sex of E, sex of S, and previous experience of E.
Comparison of Paired-Multiple-Response Items and Multiple-Choice Items
Authors: Namy Elmer A.
Published: September 2011

97 college students were administered a test based on 4 chapters of their text. The test consisted of 40 multiple-choice items and 20 paired-multiple-response items (pairs of items which contain 3 correct choices out of 6). The paired-multiple-response items were more reliable than multiple-choice items because the probability of guessing the correct responses on the former is higher than on the latter.
Mode of Reinforcement, Grade Level, and Task Difficulty in Learning
Authors: English Richard A. , Alspaugh John W.
Published: September 2011

To explain the inconsistencies reported in research noting different ages of learners, types of materials received, and delays of reinforcement, students in Grades 5, 8, and 11 received immediate and delayed reinforcement using easy and difficult material. Dubois residual gain scores were used to factor out the correlation between pre- and posttest scores. Results of analyses of variance indicate inconsistent findings concerning the effect of reinforcement may not be explained by variation in grade level or differences in the difficulty of material separately.
Subjective and Objective Intelligence Factors
Authors: Bratfisch Oswald , Ekman Goesta
Published: September 2011

31 Ss participated in a laboratory experiment involving estimation of similarity between items sampled from 10 conventional tests of intellectual performance. Estimated similarity was found to be a simple function of intertest correlation as determined from 2 groups of 304 and 128 Ss respectively. The similarity matrix was treated as in multidimensional psychophysics, test items being regarded as stimuli. 5 ‘subjective’ factors were found, completely corresponding to the ‘objective’ performance factors extracted from analyses of the correlation data. The investigation is one in a series of studies integrating traditionally widely different approaches to psychological problems.
Development of a Reduced Set of Composite Equations for Three Predictors
Authors: Karas Shawky F.
Published: September 2011

5 primary and 3 reserve equations were developed to span the quadrant containing all possible equations for 3 predictors, with the restriction that no weights be negative. Any empirical equation ever likely to be encountered operationally should be represented adequately by at least one of the primary theoretical composite equations with no more than .01 loss in predictive validity. The theoretical equations were positioned to achieve this result. It is not likely that additional equations will be needed; if so, the equations should be selected from the set of reserve equations to provide the most efficient coverage. The theoretical system was applied to 47 prediction equations for different colleges using SAT-V, SAT-M, and High School Rank-in-class as predictors and college performance as a criterion. The primary composite equations were selected as the appropriate composite equations for all of the original prediction equations except one. For that prediction equation, the appropriate composite equation is one of the reserve theoretical composite equations.