bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THREE NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPORUS BELONGING TO THE VILIS GROUP. (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Wallis J. B.
Published: January 2010

While, as Mr. Fall points out, the species of this group are rather closely allied, there seems to be a number of forms not yet described. Mr. W. J. Brown has recently described two species from British Columbia and the three treated in this paper seem clearly distinct.

The distinctions among the species are rather difficult to define, though, with the exception of certain forns of vilis and planiusculus, the differences may be seen clearly when secimens are at hand.
NOTES ON TROPAEA LUNA, ACTIAS SELENE AND THEIR HYBRIDS (LEPID.)
Authors: Wickwire Harriet A. , Calale Adele
Published: January 2010

On the night of June 4, 1933, we “tied out” seven females of Tropaea luna and by 11 p. m. four of them had found mates.

On June 10 at 1.30 p. m., a male and a female Actias selene emerged from cocoons which we had purchased in New York. The following day two males emerged. Copulation occurred with one of these at 11.55 p. m. The mates separated at 2.30 the next morning and the female began ovipositing at once.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PHLOEOSINUS CHAPUIS (SCOLYTIDAE-COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Bruck C. R.
Published: January 2010

A small robust species, length 1.5-2.5 mm.

Front of the male deeply concave, clothed with short bristle-like hairs, sparsely granulate-punctate, surface opaque, with a long, shining, median carina; second suture of the antennal club subtransverse. Pronotum wider than long, 5.5:3.5; sides slightly rounded, narrowing on the anterior half, constricted behind the anterior margin; the constriction extends across the dorsum, widening on the disk thereby simulating a wide, deep impression on the anterior third; anterior margin is broadly rounded; the surface is moderately clothed with short setae and the punctures are large, dense, and deep.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF NEWLY HATCHED CODLING MOTH LARVAE
Authors: Hall J. Allan
Published: January 2010

The following notes are based on observations of young larvae from the time of hatching until they became established within the apples or were lost or dried.
THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF DALOPIUS ESCH. (ELATERIDAE, COLEOP.)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

Male. Length 8 mm. Black ; the antennae, anterior margin and posterior angles of pronotum, and elytra very dark reddish-brown, almost black; legs reddish-brown.
SETAE
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: January 2010

Nearly all insects are in some degree beset with hair-like structures of varying length and stiffness and density and frequently of varing color. So much is familiar to every entomologist, even to those who have never examined an insect with a magnification higher than that of a hand lens.
NOTES ON LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA, CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Beamer R. H.
Published: January 2010

Externally resembling the species of Erythroneura with red dorsal stripe (E. lawsoniana Bk.) more than any member of its own genus. Easily separated from these of course by the submarginal vein and from all Dikraneura by the bright red or orange median dorsal stripe.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WINGS OF A CADDICE-FLY GLOSSOSOMA AMERICANUM
Authors: Ling Shao-Wen
Published: January 2010

The development of wings from imaginal discs has been carefully worked out in many forms of insect larvae. Marshall's important paper on te development of the wings of a caddis-fly, Hesperophylax (Platyphylax) designatus Walk. (Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftlicheZoologie, Bd. CV, Heft 4, 1913) is almost the only literature dealing with this phenomenon in the Trichoptera.
A NEW ATAENIUS FROM FLORIDA. (COLEOPTERA, SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Cartwright O. L.
Published: January 2010

Oblong oval, convex, piceous opaque. Antennae and palpi rufo-testaceous.

Head moderately convex, densely punctate, the punctures across the occiput coarser, those of the front finer and united longitudinally in groups of two or more, single and still finer approaching the clypeus, the clypeus nearly smooth at middle. Clypeus impresseed in front, broadly emarginate, the angles broadly rounded, sides arcuate ; genae obtuse, not prominent.

Thorax convex, one-third wider than long, sides sub-parallel, feebly arcuate, the edges partly hidden when viewed directly from above; angles obtuse, the hind angles especially so; base broadly arcuate, marginal line distinct ; punctures rather coarse and close at base and sides, a little finer in front.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Swaine J. M.
Published: January 2010

Length 2.5 mm., width 1.1 mm. Pronotum and elytra equal in width, sides straight and parallel, elytra arcuately narrowed on the caudal third, very broadly obtuse behind; dark reddish brown; pubescence sparse, erect and yellow, more evident about the apex of the pronotum and on the elytral declivity.

The head has the frons broadly, feebly convex, the median line feebly carinate with a narrow, transverse epistomal impression, the entire surface subopaque from minute reticulations, marked with sparse, coarse, shallow punctures with minute setae on the caudal half, more finely and closely granulatepunctate in front, the punctures bearing long yellow hairs erect on the frons, longer and recumbent from the transverse impression, forming the epistomal fringe, the epistomal margin smooth, narrow and feebly elevated; the eyes with a deep triangular emargination.
A NEW MELYRID FROM MEXICO (COLEOPTERA, MELYRIDAE)
Authors: Hinton Howard E.
Published: January 2010

The genus Cymbolus Gorham is peculiar to the American tropics. Of the five previously described species, two are from Mexico, two are from Guatemala, and the fifth is from Brazil. I take great pleasure in naming the following species in honor of Mr. A. B. Wolcott through whose efforts I first became interested in the study of this genus.
AN ADDITION TO THE ODONATAN FAUNA OF ALBERTA
Authors: Tinkham E. R.
Published: January 2010

While attending the University of Alberta, at Edmonton, the writer caught a male dragonfly on May 17, 1925, near a small pool in the Valley of the North Saskatchewan River which he provisionally determined as Tetragoneuria spinigera (Say).
NEW ANOBIID BEETLE FROM CANADA
Authors: Fisher W. S.
Published: January 2010

Specimens of an unknown Anobiid beetle infesting the woodwork of a house in Ontario were submitted to me by Prof. A. W. Baker, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, for identification. It appears necessary to propose new names, both generic and specific, by which the species may be known.
RECORDS OF SIPHUNCULATA AND MALLOPHAGA FROM CANADIAN HOSTS
Authors: Thompson Gordon B.
Published: January 2010

The following records are based on material collected, for the most part, by Mr. W. E. Whitehead of the Department of Entomology, Macdonald College, McGill University. For the opportunity of examining this material I am indebted to Sir Guy Marshall, F.R.S., Director, The Imperial Institute of Entomology, London.
THE COLEOPTERA OF GLACIER PARK, MONTANA
Authors: Mank Edith W.
Published: January 2010

The following list of beetles is the result of collecting done in Glacier National Park, Montana, during three summer vacations, 1924, 1929, and 1931.

It is readily recalled that this park covers an area of fifty miles from north to south and about thirty-five miles from east to west, running along the international boundary.
Age-Associated Decrease in TLR Function in Primary Human Dendritic Cells Predicts Influenza Vaccine Response
Authors: Panda Alexander , Qian Feng , Mohanty Subhasis , van Duin David , Newman Frances K. , Zhang Lin , Chen Shu , Towle Virginia , Belshe Robert B. , Fikrig Erol , Allore Heather G. , Montgomery Ruth R. , Shaw Albert C.
Published: January 2010

We evaluated TLR function in primary human dendritic cells (DCs) from 104 young (age 21–30 y) and older (≥65 y) individuals. We used multicolor flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining of myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and found substantial decreases in older compared with young individuals in TNF-α, IL-6, and/or IL-12 (p40) production in mDCs and in TNF-α and IFN-α production in pDCs in response to TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR3, TLR5, and TLR8 engagement in mDCs and TLR7 and TLR9 in pDCs. These differences were highly significant after adjustment for heterogeneity between young and older groups (e.g., gender, race, body mass index, number of comorbid medical conditions) using mixed-effect statistical modeling. Studies of surface and intracellular expression of TLR proteins and of TLR gene expression in purified mDCs and pDCs revealed potential contributions for both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in these age-associated effects. Moreover, intracellular cytokine production in the absence of TLR ligand stimulation was elevated in cells from older compared with young individuals, suggesting a dysregulation of cytokine production that may limit further activation by TLR engagement. Our results provide evidence for immunosenescence in DCs; notably, defects in cytokine production were strongly associated with poor Ab response to influenza immunization, a functional consequence of impaired TLR function in the aging innate immune response.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Suppress Inflammatory Activation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Synovial Macrophages and Tissue
Authors: Grabiec Aleksander M. , Krausz Sarah , de Jager Wilco , Burakowski Tomasz , Groot Dion , Sanders Marjolein E. , Prakken Berent J. , Maslinski Wlodzimierz , Eldering Eric , Tak Paul P. , Reedquist Kris A.
Published: January 2010

Macrophages contribute significantly to the pathology of many chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Macrophage activation and survival are tightly regulated by reversible acetylation and deacetylation of histones, transcription factors, and structural proteins. Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) demonstrate therapeutic effects in animal models of chronic inflammatory disease, depressed macrophage HDAC activity in patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or RA may contribute to inflammation in these diseases, potentially contraindicating the therapeutic administration of HDACis. In this study, we directly examined whether HDACis could influence the activation of macrophages derived from the inflamed joints of patients with RA. We found that inhibition of class I/II HDACs or class III sirtuin HDACs potently blocked the production of IL-6 and TNF-α by macrophages from healthy donors and patients with RA. Two HDACis, trichostatin A and nicotinamide, selectively induced macrophage apoptosis associated with specific downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bfl-1/A1, and inflammatory stimuli enhanced the sensitivity of macrophages to HDACi-induced apoptosis. Importantly, inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine production in intact RA synovial biopsy explants was also suppressed by HDACis. Our study identifies redundant, but essential, roles for class I/II and sirtuin HDACs in promoting inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell survival in RA.
The Supersingular Locus of the Shimura Variety for GU(1, s)
Authors: Vollaard Inken
Published: January 2010

In this paper we study the supersingular locus of the reduction modulopof the Shimura variety for GU(1,s) in the case of an inert primep. Using Dieudonné theory we define a stratification of the corresponding moduli space ofp-divisible groups. We describe the incidence relation of this stratification in terms of the Bruhat–Tits building of a unitary group.

In the case of GU(1, 2), we show that the supersingular locus is equidimensional of dimension 1 and is of complete intersection. We give an explicit description of the irreducible components and their intersection behaviour.
Mild and Efficient One‐Pot Curtius Rearrangement: Preparation of

N

‐
tert
‐Butyl Adamantanyl‐1‐Yl‐Carbamate
Authors: Leogane Olivier , Lebel Hélène
Published: January 2010

N‐tert‐Butyl adamantan‐1‐yl‐carbamate

Sodium azide

Adamantine‐1‐carboxylic acid

Tetra‐
n‐
butyl ammonium bromide

Zinc triflate

Di‐
tert‐
butyl dicarbonate
Epidemiology of holoprosencephaly: Prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Orioli Iêda M. , Castilla Eduardo E.
Published: January 2010

The wide variation in cerebral and facial phenotypes and the recognized etiologic heterogeneity of holoprosencephaly (HPE) contribute to the observed inter‐study heterogeneity. High lethality during the early stages of embryonic and fetal development makes HPE detection age dependent. By reviewing 21 HPE epidemiologic articles, the observed prevalence rate differences can be largely explained by the pregnancy outcome status of the studied cohort: livebirth, stillbirth, and terminations of pregnancy (TOPs): lower than 1 per 10,000 when live and still births were included, higher when TOPs were included, and between 40 and 50 per 10,000 in two classical Japanese studies on aborted embryos. The increasing secular trend observed in some studies probably resulted from an increasing use of prenatal sonography. Ethnic variations in birth prevalence rates (BPRs) could occur in HPE, but the available data are not very convincing. Higher BPRs were generally observed in the less favored minorities (Blacks, Hispanics, Pakistanis), suggesting a bias caused by a lower prenatal detection rate of HPE, and consequently less TOPs. Severe ear defects, as well as microstomia, were part of the spectrum of HPE. Non‐craniofacial anomalies, more frequently associated with HPE than expected, were genital anomalies (24%), postaxial polydactyly (8%), vertebral defects (5%), limb reduction defects (4%), and transposition of great arteries (4%). The variable female predominance, found in different HPE studies, could also depend on the proportion of early conceptions in each study sample, as males are more likely to be lost through spontaneous abortions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly and craniosynostosis: A report of two siblings and review of the literature
Authors: Raam Manu S. , Solomon Benjamin D. , Shalev Stavit A. , Muenke Maximilian
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) and craniosynostosis are separate conditions that have occasionally been observed to occur simultaneously in the same patient. Here, we compile patients with both conditions who have been documented in the literature thus far; moreover, we report on two additional siblings who have not been previously described. We also compare the clinical features of these patients and discuss the previously hypothesized possibility of an independent association including both HPE and craniosynostosis. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly and agnathia spectrum: Presentation of two new patients and review of the literature
Authors: Kauvar Emily F. , Solomon Benjamin D. , Curry Cynthia J.R. , van Essen Anthonie J. , Janssen Nicole , Dutra Amalia , Roessler Erich , Muenke Maximilian
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common developmental disorder of the human forebrain, is occasionally associated with the spectrum of agnathia, or virtual absence of the mandible. This condition results in a constellation of structural cerebral and craniofacial abnormalities. Here we present two new patients and review 30 patients from the literature with HPE and variants of agnathia. The majority of these patients are female and have the most severe forms of HPE, with cyclopia present more frequently than is usually observed in cohorts of patients with HPE. Also, many patients have additional clinical findings not typical in patients with classic HPE, particularly situs abnormalities. Recent animal studies suggest that the association of HPE and agnathia may relate to alterations in signaling from forebrain and foregut endoderm organizing centers and subsequent first pharyngeal arch development, although present models are inadequate to explain all of the clinical findings of this enigmatic human syndrome. Further research is required to better elucidate the causal and pathogenic basis of this association. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroimaging advances in holoprosencephaly: Refining the spectrum of the midline malformation
Authors: Hahn Jin S. , Barnes Patrick D.
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex congenital brain malformation characterized by failure of the forebrain to bifurcate into two hemispheres, a process normally completed by the fifth week of gestation. Modern high‐resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has allowed detailed analysis of the cortical, white matter, and deep gray structural anomalies in HPE in living humans. This has led to better classification of types of HPE, identification of newer subtypes, and understanding of the pathogenesis. Currently, there are four generally accepted subtypes of HPE: alobar, semilobar, lobar, and middle interhemispheric variant. These subtypes are defined primarily by the degree and region of neocortical nonseparation. Rather than there being four discrete subtypes of HPE, we believe that there is a continuum of midline neocortical nonseparation resulting in a spectrum disorder. Many patients with HPE fall within the border zone between the neighboring subtypes. In addition, there are patients with very mild HPE, where the nonseparation is restricted to the preoptic (suprachiasmic) area. In addition to the neocortex, other midline structures such as the thalami, hypothalamic nuclei, and basal ganglia are often nonseparated in HPE. The cortical and subcortical involvements in HPE are thought to occur due to a disruption in the ventral patterning process during development. The severity of the abnormalities in these structures determines the severity of the neurodevelopmental outcome and associated sequelae. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly flashcards: A summary for the clinician
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Pineda‐Alvarez Daniel E. , Mercier Sandra , Raam Manu S. , Odent Sylvie , Muenke Maximilian
Published: January 2010

This material contains general information regarding the approach to patients with holoprosencephaly. For more detailed discussion, please refer to specific articles in this issue. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic counseling and “molecular” prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly (HPE)
Authors: Mercier Sandra , Dubourg Christèle , Belleguic Marion , Pasquier Laurent , Loget Philippe , Lucas Josette , Bendavid Claude , Odent Sylvie
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a structural anomaly of the developing brain in which the forebrain fails to divide into two separate hemispheres and ventricles. The poor prognosis in the most severe forms justifies the importance of genetic counseling in affected families. The genetic counseling requires a thorough clinical approach given the extreme variability of phenotype and etiology. The karyotype is an essential diagnostic tool. Since mutations in the four major genes (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF) have been identified in HPE patients, molecular study is performed routinely in nonsyndromic HPE. New molecular tools, such as array‐CGH analysis, are now part of the diagnostic process. Prenatal diagnosis is based primarily on fetal imaging, but “molecular” prenatal diagnosis can be performed if a mutation has been previously identified in a proband. Interpretations of molecular diagnosis must be given with caution, given the lack of strict genotype–phenotype correlation, and should be offered in addition to fetal imaging, using ultrasound followed by fetal MRI. We report on our experience of 15 molecular prenatal diagnoses from chorionic villi or amniotic fluid sampling. In eight instances, we were able to reassure the parents after taking into account the absence of the mutation in the fetus, previously identified before in a parent and/or a proband. Fetal RMI was normal later in pregnancy, and no child had medical problems after birth. The mutation was found in the seven other cases: four children were born, either without brain malformation and asymptomatic, or had a less severe form than the index case. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly: An update on cytogenetic abnormalities
Authors: Bendavid Claude , Dupé Valérie , Rochard Lucie , Gicquel Isabelle , Dubourg Christèle , David Véronique
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common developmental defect of the forebrain and midface, is caused by a failure of midline cleavage early in gestation. Isolated HPE, which is highly genetically heterogeneous, can be due to major chromosomal abnormalities. Initially, karyotype approach led to the identification of several recurrent chromosomal anomalies predicting different HPE loci. Subsequently, several genes were isolated from these critical HPE regions, but point mutations and deletions in these genes were found only in 25% of the genetic cases. In order to identify other HPE genes, a more accurate investigation of the genome in HPE patients was necessary. To date, high‐resolution cytogenetic techniques such as subtelomeric multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) have enhanced chromosomal aberration analysis. In this article, we have updated the cytogenetic anomalies associated with HPE in a map listing all the subtelomeric and interstitial deletions that have been characterized either by karyotype, MLPA, or array CGH. The accumulation of recurrent genomic imbalances will lead to the further delineation of minimal critical HPE loci, which is the first step to the identification of new HPE genes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current recommendations for the molecular evaluation of newly diagnosed holoprosencephaly patients
Authors: Pineda‐Alvarez Daniel E. , Dubourg Christèle , David Véronique , Roessler Erich , Muenke Maximilian
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common structural malformation of the developing forebrain in humans and is typically characterized by different degrees of hemispheric separation that are often accompanied by similarly variable degrees of craniofacial and midline anomalies. HPE is a classic example of a complex genetic trait with “pseudo”‐autosomal dominant transmission showing incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Clinical suspicion of HPE is typically based upon compatible craniofacial findings, the presence of developmental delay or seizures, or specific endocrinological abnormalities, and is then followed up by confirmation with brain imaging. Once a clinical diagnosis is made, a thorough genetic evaluation is necessary. This usually includes analysis of chromosomes by high‐resolution karyotyping, clinical assessment to rule‐out well recognized syndromes that are associated with HPE (e.g., Pallister‐Hall syndrome, Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome and others), and molecular studies of the most common HPE associated genes (e.g., SHH, ZIC2 and SIX3). In this review, we provide current step‐by‐step recommendations that are medically indicated for the genetic evaluation of patients with newly diagnosed HPE. Moreover, we provide a brief review of several available methods used in molecular diagnostics of HPE and describe the advantages and limitations of both currently available and future tests as they relate to high throughput screening, cost, and the results that they may provide. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scatter matters: Regularities and implications for the scatter of healthcare information on the Web
Authors: Bhavnani Suresh K. , Peck Frederick A.
Published: January 2010

Despite the development of huge healthcare Web sites and powerful search engines, many searchers end their searches prematurely with incomplete information. Recent studies suggest that users often retrieve incomplete information because of the complex scatter of relevant facts about a topic across Web pages. However, little is understood about regularities underlying such information scatter. To probe regularities within the scatter of facts across Web pages, this article presents the results of two analyses: (a) a cluster analysis of Web pages that reveals the existence of three page clusters that vary in information density and (b) a content analysis that suggests the role each of the above‐mentioned page clusters play in providing comprehensive information. These results provide implications for the design of Web sites, search tools, and training to help users find comprehensive information about a topic and for a hypothesis describing the underlying mechanisms causing the scatter. We conclude by briefly discussing how the analysis of information scatter, at the granularity of facts, complements existing theories of information‐seeking behavior.
The consumption and disposition behaviour of voluntary simplifiers
Authors: Ballantine Paul W. , Creery Sam
Published: January 2010

Voluntary simplicity is a lifestyle choice that has received increasing media attention over time. A defining characteristic of voluntary simplicity is reduced material consumption and the removal of clutter from one's life, thus suggesting the topic of disposition may inform our understanding of voluntary simplifier lifestyle behaviour. This paper explores the disposition activities of voluntary simplifiers in the context of their overall consumption behaviour using a series of in‐depth interviews with 12 current voluntary simplifiers. The findings show that disposition plays an important role in voluntary simplifier behaviour, especially during the initial stages of adopting the lifestyle. The consideration of future disposition activities was also found to influence the day‐to‐day consumption behaviour of participants.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mothers' experiences related to the disposal of children's clothing and gear: keeping Mister Clatters but tossing broken Barbie
Authors: Sego Trina
Published: January 2010

Drawing upon depth interviews with mothers, this study explores meanings attached to children's items disposed of through various channels. Items with little value (rubbish) such as broken toys were typically thrown away. Items that had deep personal meaning for the mothers but that lacked clear value to others (mementos) are kept in storage without plans for the future transfer of ownership to anyone else. Some mementos are extensions of the children's identities; they are often contaminated from use by the children and/or indexed to specific memories held by the mothers. Items that have less personal meaning for the mothers but that might be useful to other families (wares) were redistributed through giving, selling or donating. Baby wares were typically given to other mothers, while wares for older children were donated to charity. Interviewees described keeping some items on display or in storage with the intention of passing them on to children or grandchildren at a later time (intended heirlooms). Intended heirlooms have mythologized stories of origin, they affirm family identity, and some demonstrate properties of sacredness. Suggested directions for future research include further exploration of mothers' giving to other mothers and identity issues related to disposal.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of cardiovascular cell function by hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Authors: Elsey David J , Fowkes Robert C , Baxter Gary F
Published: January 2010

Since the discovery of endogenously‐produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in various tissues, there has been an explosion of interest in H2S as a biological mediator alongside other gaseous mediators, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. The identification of enzyme‐regulated H2S synthetic pathways in the cardiovascular system has led to a number of studies examining specific regulatory actions of H2S. We review evidence showing that endogenously‐generated and exogenously‐administered H2S exerts a wide range of actions in vascular and myocardial cells including vasodilator/vasoconstrictor effects via modification of the smooth muscle tone, induction of apoptosis and anti‐proliferative responses in the smooth muscle cells, angiogenic actions, effects relevant to inflammation and shock, and cytoprotection in models of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury. Several molecular mechanisms of action of H2S have been described. These include interactions of H2S with NO, redox regulation of multiple signaling proteins and regulation of KATP channel opening. The gaps in our current understanding of precise mechanisms, the absence of selective pharmacological tools and the limited availability of H2S measurement techniques for living tissues, leave many questions about physiological and pathophysiological roles of H2S unanswered at present. Nevertheless, this area of investigation is advancing rapidly. We believe H2S holds promise as an endogenous mediator controlling a wide range of cardiovascular cell functions and integrated responses under both physiological and pathological conditions and may be amenable to therapeutic manipulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prison health‐care wings: Psychiatry's forgotten frontier?
Authors: Forrester Andrew , Chiu Katrina , Dove Samantha , Parrott Janet
Published: January 2010

Background There is worldwide evidence of high rates of mental disorder among prisoners, with significant co‐morbidity. In England and Wales, mental health services have been introduced from the National Health Service to meet the need, but prison health‐care wings have hardly been evaluated.

Aims/hypotheses To conduct a service evaluation of the health‐care wing of a busy London remand (pre‐trial) prison and examine the prevalence and range of mental health problems, including previously unrecognised psychosis.

Methods Service‐use data were collected from prison medical records over a 20‐week period in 2006–2007, and basic descriptive statistics were generated.

Results Eighty‐eight prisoners were admitted (4.4 per week). Most suffered from psychosis, a third of whom were not previously known to services. Eleven men were so ill that they required emergency compulsory treatment in the prison under Common Law before hospital tranfer could take place. Over a quarter of the men required hospital transfer. Problem behaviours while on the prison health‐care wing were common.

Conclusions and implications Prison health‐care wings operate front‐line mental illness triaging and recognition functions and also provide care for complex individuals who display behavioural disturbance. Services are not equivalent to those in hospitals, nor the community, but instead reflect the needs of the prison in which they are situated. There is a recognised failure to divert at earlier points in the criminal justice pathway, which may be a consequence of national failure to fund services properly. Hosptial treatment is often delayed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxic Titanium Salan Complexes: Surprising Interaction of Salan and Alkoxy Ligands
Authors: Immel Timo A. , Groth Ulrich , Huhn Thomas
Published: January 2010

The synthesis, biochemical evaluation, and hydrolysis studies of a wide selection of alkyl‐ and halogen‐substituted titanium salan alkoxides are presented herein. A systematic change in the employed alkoxides revealed that both the bulk of the salan ligands and the steric demand of the labile ligands are of great importance for the obtained biological activity. Surprisingly, these two factors are not independent from each other; lowering the steric demand of the alkoxide of a hitherto nontoxic complex renders it cytotoxic. Therefore, our data suggest that the overall size of the complex exerts a strong influence on its biological activity. To decide whether the correlation between the cytotoxicity and the steric demand of the whole complex is merely based on an altered hydrolysis or on the interaction with biomolecules, the behavior of selected complexes under hydrolytic conditions and the influence of transferrin were investigated. Complexes differing only in their labile alkoxy ligands gave the same hydrolysis products with similar hydrolysis rates but displayed cytotoxicities that differed in the range of one order of magnitude. Thus, it seems that the hydrolysis product is not the active species but rather that the unhydrolysed complex is important for the first interaction with a biomolecule. This promoted the idea of hydrolysis being a detoxification pathway. In accordance with the above conclusion, chloro‐substituted complex [Ti(PhClNMe)2(OiPr)2] displayed a high cytotoxicity (IC50≈5 μM) and surprisingly high hydrolytic stability (t1/2=108 h). These findings, together with the observed cytotoxicity in a cisplatin‐resistant cell line, make halo‐substituted salan complexes an interesting target for further studies.
Dihydronaphthalene‐Fused Boron–Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Dyes: Insight into the Electronic and Conformational Tuning Modes of BODIPY Fluorophores
Authors: Wang Yan‐Wei , Descalzo Ana B. , Shen Zhen , You Xiao‐Zeng , Rurack Knut
Published: January 2010

A new series of boron–dipyrromethene (BDP, BODIPY) dyes with dihydronaphthalene units fused to the β‐pyrrole positions (1 a–d, 2) has been synthesised and spectroscopically investigated. All the dyes, except pH‐responsive 1 d in polar solvents, display intense emission between 550–700 nm. Compounds 1 a and 1 b with a hydrogen atom and a methyl group in the meso position of the BODIPY core show spectroscopic properties that are similar to those of rhodamine 101, thus rendering them potent alternatives to the positively charged rhodamine dyes as stains and labels for less polar environments or for the dyeing of latex beads. Compound 1 d, which carries an electron‐donating 4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl group in the meso position, shows dual fluorescence in solvents more polar than dibutyl ether and can act as a pH‐responsive “light‐up” probe for acidic pH. Correlation of the pKa data of 1 d and several other meso‐(4‐dimethylanilino)‐substituted BODIPY derivatives allowed us to draw conclusions on the influence of steric crowding at the meso position on the acidity of the aniline nitrogen atom. Preparation and investigation of 2, which carries a nitrogen instead of a carbon as the meso‐bridgehead atom, suggests that the rules of colour tuning of BODIPYs as established so far have to be reassessed; for all the reported couples of meso‐C‐ and meso‐N‐substituted BODIPYs, the exchange leads to pronounced redshifts of the spectra and reduced fluorescence quantum yields. For 2, when compared with 1 a, the opposite is found: negligible spectral shifts and enhanced fluorescence. Additional X‐ray crystallographic analysis of 1 a and quantum chemical modelling of the title and related compounds employing density functional theory granted further insight into the features of such sterically crowded chromophores.
Redox Reaction of the Pd0 Complex Bearing the Trost Ligand with meso‐Cycloalkene‐1,4‐biscarbonates Leading to a Diamidato PdII Complex and 1,3‐Cycloalkadienes: Enantioselective Desymmetrization Versus Catalyst Deactivation
Authors: Tsarev Vasily N. , Wolters Dennis , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: January 2010

The Pd0 complex 1 that bears the Trost ligand 2 undergoes a facile redox reaction with 1,4‐biscarbonates 5 b–d and rac‐22 under formation of the diamidato–PdII complex 7 and the corresponding 1,3‐cycloalkadienes 8 b–d. The redox deactivation of complex 1 was the dominating pathway in the reaction of 5 b–d with HCO3− at room temperature. However, at 0 °C the six‐membered biscarbonate 5 b, catalytic amounts of complex 1, and HCO3− mainly reacted in an allylic alkylation, which led to a highly selective desymmetrization of the substrate and gave alcohol 6 b with ≥99 % ee in 66 % yield. An increase of the catalyst loading in the reaction of 5 b with 1 and HCO3− afforded the bicyclic carbonate 12 b (96 % ee, 92 %). Formation of carbonate 12 b involves two consecutive inter‐ and intramolecular substitution reactions of the π‐allyl–PdII complexes 16 b and 18 b, respectively, with O‐nucleophiles and presumably proceeds through the hydrogen carbonate 17 b as key intermediate. The intermediate formation of 17 b is also indicated by the conversion of alcohol rac‐6 b to carbonate 12 b upon treatment with HCO3− and 1. The Pd0‐catalyzed desymmetrization of 5 b with formation of 12 b and its hydrolysis allow an efficient enantioselective synthesis of diol 13 b. The reaction of the seven‐membered biscarbonate 5 c with ent‐1 and HCO3− afforded carbonate ent‐12 c (99 % ee, 39 %). The Pd0 complex 1 is stable in solution and suffers no intramolecular redox reaction with formation of complex 7 and dihydrogen as recently claimed for the similar Pd0 complex 9. Instead, complex 1 is rapidly oxidized by dioxygen to give the stable PdII complex 7. Thus, formation of the PdII complex 10 from 9 was most likely due to an oxidation by dioxygen. Oxidative workup (air) of the reaction mixture stemming from the desymmetrization of 5 c catalyzed by 1 gave the PdII complex 7 in high yield besides carbonate 12 c.
Hydrodynamic characteristics of gas–solid fluidization at high temperature
Authors: Sanaei Shabnam , Mostoufi Navid , Radmanesh Ramin , Sotudeh‐Gharebagh Rahmat , Guy Christophe , Chaouki Jamal
Published: January 2010

Effect of temperature on the hydrodynamics of bubbling gas–solid fluidized beds was investigated in this work. Experiments were carried out at different temperatures ranged of 25–600°C and different superficial gas velocities in the range of 0.17–0.78 m/s with sand particles. The time‐position trajectory of particles was obtained by the radioactive particle tracking technique at elevated temperature. These data were used for determination of some hydrodynamic parameters (mean velocity of upward and downward‐moving particles, jump frequency, cycle frequency, and axial/radial diffusivities) which are representative to solids mixing through the bed. It was shown that solids mixing and diffusivity of particles increases by increasing temperature up to around 300°C. However, these parameters decrease by further increasing the temperature to higher than 300°C. This could be attributed to the properties of bubble and emulsion phases. Results of this study indicated that the bubbles grow up to a maximum diameter by increasing the temperature up to 300°C, after which the bubbles become smaller. The results showed that due to the wall effect, there is no significant change in the mean velocity of downward‐moving clusters. In order to explain these trends, surface tension of emulsion between the rising bubble and the emulsion phase was introduced and evaluated in the bubbling fluidized bed. The results showed that surface tension between bubble and emulsion is increased by increasing temperature up to 300°C, however, after that it acts in oppositely.
Fluidization characteristics of rice husk in a bubbling fluidized bed
Authors: Leon M. A. , Dutta A.
Published: January 2010

An investigation was carried out in a circulating fluidized bed to explore if rice husk could be fluidized without mixing it with any foreign solids. Experimental results indicate that bed cross‐section has an important influence on the fluidization characteristics of rice husk. Larger the cross‐section, easier it is to fluidize the husk without slugging. Particle size, sphericity, bulk density, and transport velocity of husk were measured. The riser was operated under bubbling bed regimes. Efforts were made to measure the minimum fluidization velocity by varying the bed depth and cross‐section.
Solubilities of norfloxacin in ethanol, 1‐propanol, acetone, and chloroform from 294.15 to 318.15 K
Authors: Zhang Cong‐Liang , Li Bao‐Ying , Wang Yan
Published: January 2010

The solubilities of norfloxacin in ethanol, 1‐propanol, acetone, and chloroform have been determined from 294.15 to 318.15 K by a static equilibrium method. The experimental results showed that the solubilities of norfloxacin in ethanol, 1‐propanol, acetone, and chloroform were all small, and increased slightly with the increase of the temperature, respectively. Under the same temperature, the decrease order of solubility of norfloxacin in the different solvents is 1‐propanol, chloroform, ethanol, and acetone. The experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation.
Crystalline BaTiO3 synthesis by ultrasound and microwave‐assisted sol–gel process
Authors: Pozan Gülin Selda , Boz İsmail
Published: January 2010

Highly crystalline BaTiO3 particles were prepared by sol–gel process. Ultrasound and microwave techniques were used to facilitate the synthesis of BaTiO3. BaTiO3 samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analyser, and high temperature differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA). The results indicate that both barium and titanium sources and preparation techniques affected BaTiO3 purity and crystallite size. The smallest particle and crystallite sizes were obtained by using BaCl2 and (C4H9O)4Ti and the crystallite size of BaTiO3 was 8 ± 1 nm via MW technique.
Separation of cadmium(II) from spent nickel/cadmium battery by emulsion liquid membrane
Authors: Yanlin Zhang , Peihong Liu , Qiuyun Zhang , Wen Cheng
Published: January 2010

Experiments were conducted to investigate the separation of cadmium(II) from spent nickel/cadmium battery by emulsion liquid membrane. Liquid membrane mainly consisted of a diluent (kerosene), a surfactant (Span 80), a carrier (di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, D2EHPA) and an internal phase (sulfuric acid). Main research effort was focused on the identification of optimal parameters affecting the separation process, such as D2EHPA (4.4 vol%), Span 80 (6.6 vol%), pH in the external phase (3.0), treat ratio (0.4), agitation time (10 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (1500 mol/m3). With the selected emulsion liquid membrane to separate cadmium(II) from the leaching solution of spent nickel/cadmium battery, the fraction extracted of cadmium(II) ions (0.963) was much more than that of nickel(II) ions (0.026). The organic membrane phase after demulsification was re‐mulsification and recycled up to eight times.
Hydrodynamic behaviour of a fluidized bed reactor for paper machine whitewater contaminant removal
Authors: Loranger Eric , Daneault Claude , Chabot Bruno , Vallerand Raphaëlle
Published: January 2010

To comply with future stringent environmental regulations, paper mills will need to reduce fresh water consumption and reject loads by closing down their whitewater systems. However, excessive build‐up of contaminants will occur affecting paper machine runnability (performance) and paper quality. We propose removing contaminants from paper machine whitewater by adsorption on matrices in a fluidized bed reactor. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of fines and fibres on bed expansion behaviour. Results show that bed expansion follows the Richardson and Zaki correlation but parameters must be modified according to the type of pulp found in the whitewater.
Integrated Water Management and CP Implementation for Wool and Textile Blend Processes
Authors: Baban Ahmet , Yediler Ayfer , Ciliz Nilgun Kiran
Published: January 2010

The textile industry worldwide involves a large number of washing, bleaching, dyeing, and conditioning processes. The industry is well‐known for its extensive water consumption and discharges. Each process wastewater stream has a unique pollutant characteristics and flow rate. The segregation of weakly polluted streams, and their separate treatment and reuse for appropriate processes may result in a considerable reduction in water consumption and wastewater discharge. A wool and blends textile enterprise was investigated in an attempt to achieve optimum water management. The segregated streams were selected by assessment of the processes and comprehensive characterization of the wastes generated. Cleaner Production (CP) implementation options were developed and compared. The methodology was applied as a case study for an integrated wool, wool‐PES blends and clothing industry study in Istanbul. Economical and applicable treatment alternatives complying with the criteria for reuse and discharge were designed and operated under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, a cost assessment of the CP options was made based on the stream segregation and reuse.
Determination of the Sum of Short Chain Polychlorinated n‐Alkanes with a Chlorine Content of Between 49 and 67% in Water by GC‐ECNI‐MS and Quantification by Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Geiß Sabine , Einax Jürgen W. , Scott Steve P.
Published: January 2010

This new approach for the quantification of the sum of short chain polychlorinated alkanes in mixtures (commonly abbreviated as SCCPs, where P stands for paraffin) with average chlorine contents between 49 and 67% and different C‐number distributions is the background for ISO CD 12010, allowing standardized analysis according to the European water framework directive in unfiltered surface water, ground water, drinking water and waste water. A quantification method for the sum of short chain polychlorinated n‐alkanes by GC‐ECNI‐MS (gas chromatography coupled with electron capture chemical ionization mass spectrometry), independent of the chlorine content and robust against changes in C‐number distribution, was developed. This means that the very different response factors in GC‐ECNI‐MS, depending on the chlorine content, are no longer a problem for the analysis of SCCPs. Furthermore, problems with the selection of analytical standards due to batch dependent technical mixtures and different environmentally occurring mixtures can be overcome by using this robust method. The calibration was performed using synthetic mixtures mimicking a variety of different technically produced SCCP mixtures with average chlorine contents between 49 and 67% and different C‐number distributions. By this means, the calibration is also traceable. The method was based on the integration of selected m/z value (mass/charge relation value) signals over the full retention range of the compounds. Quantification was performed using multiple linear regression calibration with two selected m/z signals, and verified with two other mass combinations. The selection of the m/z values used for quantification was carried out by means of an orthogonal calibration design. A stepwise procedure was utilized to produce the best quantification results, with the minimum number of quantification m/z signals, together with the minimization of potential interferences to be encountered in water analysis. The weighted sum of the peak areas of two m/z values, m/z 327 and 423, led to a sum determination which was applicable to the different SCCP mixtures most likely to be found in the aquatic environment. The problem with the very different response factors of the selected m/z values in GC‐ECNI‐MS, caused by the differing chlorine content of the SCCP mixtures, was overcome as well by forming the weighted sum of the two selected peak areas. The method was especially suitable for water analysis because of the low detection limit achieved by GC‐ECNI‐MS for chlorinated compounds.