bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Археологическая летопись левобережных городов Сырдарьи: Суткент и Аркук
Authors: Талеев Докей Абдикеримович
Published: April 2022

Важнейшее место в исторической науке принадлежит изучению вопросов взаимоотношения кочевых и оседлых народов, выявлению связей, существовавших между городом и степью. Города, расположенные на среднем течении Сырдарьи – на стыке Дешт-и-кыпчакских степей и оседло-земледельческих районов, имели большое значение в жизни кочевников. Сопоставляя письменные источники и данные археологических исследований можно заключить, что многие города казахской земли имеют 2000-летнюю и даже более древнюю историю. Раскопки, проведенные на развалинах крупных городов (Отрар, Сауран, Шымкент, Тараз), расположенных на юге Казахстана показывают, что они формировались в течение 2000 и более лет. На территории нашей страны еще есть немало древних городов, история которых еще не определена. К таким относятся города которые существовали и на левом берегу среднего течения реки Сырдарья. Данная статья посвящена анализу письменных источников и археологических данных о городах Суткент и Аркук, датируемых I в. н.э. Археологические исследования, проведенные на левом берегу Сырдарьи, показали, что эти два города за свою историю трижды меняли свое расположение, которые чередуются в хронологическом порядке. Эти развалины находятся на близком друг от друга расстоянии.
Organizational Commitment, Competence on Job Satisfaction and Lecturer Performance: Social Learning Theory Approach
Authors: Amin Muh. Sirojuddin
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to measure employee performance seen from the achievement of lecurer work. Furthermore, the research design is structured in such a way that the researcher obtains answers to the research questions. The research sample is 244 lecturer in Indonesia, data collection with online survey. The results showed that organizational commitment had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction. Feel happy, think, emotionally attached, worry, sense of belonging, little choice, alternative, sacrifice, loyal, obligation, loyal, work, one organization, wise, and make a very strong contribution. Competence directly has a significant positive effect on employee job satisfaction. This means that through the competencies possessed by lecturer Competence directly has a significant positive effect on employee performance. Competencies possessed by lecturer give a real meaning to employee performance. Job satisfaction directly has a significant positive effect on employee performance. Organizational commitment indirectly has a positive and insignificant effect on performance through job satisfaction. Competence indirectly has a significant positive effect on performance through job satisfaction.
Piezoelectric Transducer as an Energy Harvester: A Review
Authors: Aldahiry Danah A. , Bajaba Daniyah A. , Basalamah Nora M. , Ahmed Marwa M.
Published: April 2022

Over the years, energy harvesting technologies have been used in various self-powered systems. These technologies have several methods of application depending on their usage. Renewable energy is one of the types of energy harvesting technologies where energy is generated from naturally replenished sources. One of the energy harvesting methods that is commonly used is piezoelectric transducers. Piezoelectric materials are groups of elements that can be used to generate electricity when mechanical energy is applied. When external mechanical stress is applied, the inner lattice is deformed, resulting in the separation of the positive and negative centers of the molecule and thus the generation of a small dipole. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the output of the piezoelectric transducer by reviewing it depending on two different material types and in other energy harvesting structures. Furthermore, a comparison was made in order to compare the power output of the two materials. Similarly, the most used piezoelectric transducer structures for power harvesting applications were revised. In addition, the parameters that affect the value of the generated power output were discussed using the figures of merit (FOM) concept. Moreover, the according to the FOM concepts, when stress is applied, the electrical energy extracted from a piezoelectric energy harvesting material is determined by the change in stored electrical energy within a piezoelectric material. The figures of merit (FOM) depend on the piezoelectric strain and its permittivity. The piezoelectric strain directly relates to FOM, while the permittivity has an inverse relationship with FOM. Thus, the highest strain constant and low permittivity material will provide the highest energy output. Additionally, lead-based (PZT) material has a strain coefficient d33 equal to 390 Coul/Nx10-12, and permittivity value ranging from 1000 to 3500 and can generate power output that is equal to 52mW at 100Hz, which is higher than the output of the lead-free-based material Barium Titanate (BaTiO3). The output of piezoelectric also depends on the piezoelectric transducer’s structure. The circular diaphragm’s power output is greater than the bimorph cantilever’s power output due to the presence of a proof mass in the center of the diaphragm that provides prestress to the piezoelectric which improves the low-frequency performance of the energy harvester.
Adıyaman Tut Dutu Kurusunun Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri ile Uçucu Bileşen Dağılımının Belirlenmesi
Authors: GÜÇER Yalçın , KILINÇÇEKER Osman , ARTIK Nevzat
Published: April 2022

Bu araştırmada, Adıyaman’ın Tut ilçesinin adını da almış olduğu coğrafi işaretli tarımsal ürünü olan beyaz dutlardan, Tut ilçesinin üç farklı bölgesinde geleneksel yöntemle kurutulmuş ve kuru örneklerin, fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri ile uçucu bileşen dağılımları belirlenmiştir. Örneklerde pH değerleri 4.43-5.05 arasında, titrasyon asitliği 1.09-1.33 g malik asit/L aralığında, suda çözünür kuru madde miktarı (ºBriks) %83.3-88.8 arasında, parlaklığı tanımlayan L değeri, kırmızı rengi tanımlayan a değeri veve sarı rengi tanımlayan b değeri sırasıyla, 49.45-55.63, 5.47-6.22 ve 22.61-24.45 aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Katı faz mikro ekstraksiyonu ile kütle spektrometreli gaz kromatografisinde (SPME/GC-MS) gerçekleştirilen uçucu bileşenlerin dağılımında toplam 61 farklı uçucu bileşen tanımlanmıştır. Tüm örneklerde bulunan uçucu bileşenlerden, yeşil, sitrus aromasına sahip 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, acılık aromasına sahip heptanoik asit, sitrus aromasına sahip nonanal ve acı biber aromasına sahip benzoik asit, coğrafi işaretli Tut kuru dutunun aromatik yapısını karakterize etmektedir.
Üçüncü Yaş Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Sağlık Okuryazarlık Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: BAKIR Sümeyye , YAĞIZ ALTINTAŞ Ruken , ŞAHİN Sevnaz , ERTEM Gül
Published: April 2022

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde yaşam boyu öğrenme hedefine yönelik eğitim veren bir kurumun üçüncü yaş üniversitesinde okuyan ileri yaştaki öğrencilerin sağlık okuryazarlık (SOY) düzeyinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Materyal ve Metot: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipte yapılan çalışmaya, eğitim kurumunun 2019-2020 öğrenim yılında eğitim gören 60 yaş ve üzeri 273 öğrencisi katılmıştır. Veriler, online anket yöntemi ile Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu ve Sağlık Okuryazarlık Ölçeği (SOYÖ) ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde sayı, ortalama, yüzde, standart sapma, Mann Whitney U testi ve Kruskal Wallis Testi kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 66,71±4,52, %63,7’sinin kadın, %62,3’ünün üniversite mezunu, %89,4’ünün emekli, %70,0’nın gelir durumunun orta düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerin SOYÖ toplam puanı 113,03±12,24 olarak bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerden kadın olan, gelir, sağlık ve beslenme durumunu iyi olarak algılayan, düzenli egzersiz yapan ve SOY kavramını bilenlerin SOYÖ toplam puanı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur (p
Methods of obturation
Authors: Ayoub Khushboo , Malhan Sunil , Shefally Shefally
Published: April 2022

After irreversible pulpal pathosis, obturation of a root canal should result in a full closure from the coronal to the apical aspect, limiting the entrance of microorganisms and fluid and therefore eliminating the root system as a source of infection and inflammation to the apical periodontium. According to current studies, the goal of obturation is to achieve not only a fluid-tight but also an airtight closure of the root canal. For obturation, semi-solid filler materials like gutta-percha have been employed in combination with sealants for many years. Poor obturation, according to Dow and Ingle, is the root cause of endodontic treatment failure. Ingle and Beveridge (1961) found that incomplete root canal obliteration accounts for roughly 58.65 percent of root canal failures in a research done at the University of Washington on the success and failures in endodontics. As a result, several obturation procedures have been developed over time. Every approach has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. As a result, the obturation procedure differs from instance to case.
Impact of pre-purchase consumer behaviour on teen purchase decision making
Authors: Akshaya S. , Savithri R.
Published: April 2022

Cake is often served as a festive dish on formal occasions such as weddings, anniversaries and birthdays. Cakes are mostly preferred by the teens to gain energy. Consumer awareness of a brand increases through advertisements. Advertisements play a major role in inducing the customers to purchase the products. The cakes quality, price and ambience of cake shops induce teens to make decision as regards purchase of cakes. Pre purchase behavior actually includes the understanding of the consumer set of decisions. Purchase decision is the process that leads a consumer from identifying a requirement, generating options, and choosing a particular brand. The main aim of this study is to understand teen purchase decision making as regards cake brands in Chennai city. Data has been collected with the help of a structured questionnaire which comprises two parts. Part I deals with the demographic profile of customers and Part II deals with teen perception as regards teen consumer purchase decision making as regards cake brands. The questionnaires were distributed through online among 100 respondents in Chennai city. Simple percentage analysis was applied to find the demographic and teen marketing perception as regards cake brands.
How pandemic has influenced the purchasing behaviour of consumers
Authors: Jothilingam Priya , Kalaivani Y.
Published: April 2022

The world will never forget about the COVID-19 Pandemic which affected the whole world till now. The pandemic has influenced human life in each and every field, the world faced a complete lock down and the condition ruined the economy, global financial crisis, unemployment, and closing of schools and colleges. During pandemic people are afraid of offline shopping this attracts the attention of consumers to shop online and satisfy their needs. The study focuses on how pandemic has influenced the purchasing behaviour of consumers through online shopping. The objective of the study is to find out how pandemic has affected the online shopping and to measure the factors that will continue to have a positive impact on online shopping growth among customers during pandemic.  Random samples of 100 consumers using online shopping have been taken for the study. The study poses some analytical methods such as Percentage analysis, factor analysis, Garrett ranking, chi-square test have been used. Findings of the study will be useful for the consumers to find out the facilities provided by online shopping companies and also helps the companies to overcome the competition by using different strategies to satisfy the consumers.
Role of media in portaying women in India
Authors: Dutta Karobi , Nath Sikha Devi
Published: April 2022

Mass media is a prime stakeholder which transmits different sorts of messages to the larger level of society. It has a crucial role in terms of socialization process among the people. Human evaluation has witness about the contribution of Mass-media in mobilization of common people in different revolution throughout the globe. During Indian independence movement role of mass media too played a unique role to create a shape, the outlook about women through several audio-visual sources. In other words media is a way through which it demonstrates the challenges and obstacles faced by women in the society. The women are portrayed as a commodity in patriarchal society by the so called mass media in the era of post capitalism. The popular sorts of mass media such as cinema, advertisement, serials are showing the women as ‘Daily Content’ instead of a powerful and inevitable stakeholder of social development and prosperity. Therefore it can be attributed to domestic and social violation of women in everyday life. Whenever a woman is victimized then the media again put pressure by expositing her details address, name and physical description too. Till 50’s-60’s portrayed women as submissive, supportive and a home maker .
Screen time and static posture of laptop usage among university student and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sitanggang Akbar Nugroho , Susilowati Indri Hapsari , Hasiholan Bonardo Prayogo , Jyotidiwy Ida Ayu Gede , Satria Nurrachmat
Published: April 2022

The government has been obliged to adapt educational activities through online learning in anticipation of the COVID-19 outbreak. Meanwhile the increase in the frequency and duration of laptop usage has implications for increased individual screen time. Therefore, this study aims to determine the description of screen time and the relationship between posture and the type of laptop usage. A total of 1085 people participated in the survey, including students, lecturers, and academic staff at the University of Indonesia. Data was collected through a questionnaire containing a list of questions related to the average laptop usage per day, which was divided into 4 categories, such as <1, 1-2, 2-3, and >3 hours. Another question is the purpose of using a laptop, which was divided into 11 types of activities and body postures. The results showed significant correlation in all observed body postures, sitting with a table was significantly correlated with 7 types of activity, sitting without a table with 6 types of activity, sitting on the floor with a table with 4 types of activity, sitting on the floor without a table with 3 types of activity, standing with 4 types of activities and lying down with 3 types of activities.
The role of levosimendan as inotropic agents in patients with LV dysfunction admitted to ICU post cardiac surgery
Authors: Hussein Mohamed Salah Eldeen , Batah Ahmed Abdel Rahman , Selit Nael Samir , Ablelaleem Mohamed Fawzy
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is the standard of care for the management of patients with three-vessel and left main coronary artery disease (CAD) with viable myocardium. Positive inotropic agents are the treatment of choice in patients with LV dysfunction post CABG.  Levosimendan is an inotropic drug that has three major mechanisms of action: positive inotropy, vasodilation, and cardiac cytoprotection. Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer, it improves myocardial contractility by sensitising troponin C to calcium without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption and without impairing relaxation and diastolic function. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of levosimendan compared to the conventional inotropic agents on the outcomes of patients with LV dysfunction undergoing CABG. METHODS: It is a prospective observational study that patients were divided into 2 groups of 50 patients each. Group A received intravenous levosimendan (at a dose of 0.2μg per kilogram of body weight per minute for 1 hour, followed by a dose of 0.1μg per kilogram per minute for 23 hours), with the infusion started at the induction of anesthesia while Group B which included patients who received conventional drugs. Clinical examination, Hemodynamic data and Laboratory investigations pre-operative and post-operative were collected.
Impact of online learning experience on student satisfaction through student engagement
Authors: Jayanthi V. , Rajalakshmi A.
Published: April 2022

The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic has jolted the entire world. The vulnerable effects of this crisis are witnessed by Educational Institutions to a substantial extent. Online teaching-learning is perceived to be a panacea for this situation. The Academic Institutions which were reluctant to adapt to modern technology has shifted from offline to online mode of pedagogy. Consequently, quality enhancement of online teaching-learning has emerged as a salient concern for Educators. The extent to which students are engaged in online learning process and the satisfaction they derive from online learning tend to be crucial indicators of their academic performance and academic achievement. Based on the analysis of related studies, considering the existing issues, this article aims to examine the impact of Online Learning Experience on Student Engagement and its subsequent impact on Student Satisfaction. The study is empirical in nature, the sample of which constitutes 377 College Students in Chennai. The results of the study suggest that Readiness towards Online Learning, Structure of Online Classes and Faculty Support significantly impact the Student Engagement while Behavioural Engagement and Cognitive Engagement have a significant impact on Student Satisfaction.
Android-based anticipatory guidance application for students in online learning
Authors: Livana P. H , Hidayah Nur , Ramli M , Wiyono Bambang Budi
Published: April 2022

Online learning causes student anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic. Anticipatory guidance is a form of guidance provided for students to anticipate the occurrence of anxiety. However, the problem is that students in Indonesia consider learning assignments to be the cause of anxiety during online learning. This makes the reason that the importance of guidance for students in preventing anxiety so that online learning can be carried out effectively. The purpose of this research is to build an android-based application to anticipate the occurrence of anxiety for students that is easily accessible and understandable. This research method uses Research & Development (R&D). The subjects in this study were material experts, media experts, and students. The data collection tool used is in the form of a validation sheet to obtain an assessment of the validator or experts. The results show that after design validation by the three material experts an average score of 84.8 was very good and the validation of the three media experts obtained an average score of 72.14 in the good category.
Split waste from rattan industry? Crafted product and furniture industry fiber bar
Authors: Sumarno Sumarno , Tellu Andi Tanra , Cahyana Agung
Published: April 2022

This research aims to reduce and use wastes of rattan industries, especially during the splitting stage. This stage refers to the process of making the rattan into rattan fiber strips. This Research & Development experimented with developing the previous study, using NaOH to produce the fibers.  The research procedure included preparing, soaking, washing, pressing, drying, tensile, stretching, and workmanship-experimenting processes. The most effective and efficient process, with reliable rattan fiber strips for industrial purposes, was the 1kg soaking process of rattan. 1 Liter of H2O: NaOH 98%, 100gram: 72 hours of the soaking process The result was light-brown, soft, and flexible rattan fiber strips. The widths of the strips were between 20mm and 35mm. The thicknesses of the strips were between 0.5 and 1mm. The length was adjusted based on the initial length of the material, 6000mm. The tensile strength of the rattan fiber was 3.747N while the stretching strength was 6.796%. The implementation of the fibers included crafted product designs and decorative or functional furniture. The applicable craftsmanship techniques included weaving, bundling, and winding. The rattan fiber strips of the research could be the innovation base or applied research result for product design and green interior.
Cálculo de la superficie de tierras y territorios de Pueblos Indígenas, comunidades locales y Afrodescendientes donde se han reconocido sus derechos
Authors:   Rights and Resources Initiative
Published: April 2022

El estudio, que cubre 64 países que abarcan 82% de la superficie terrestre mundial, reveló que desde el punto de vista jurídico las comunidades poseen 10% de esa superficie y detentan derechos designados sobre un 8% más. Sin embargo, como sugieren otros estudios, el área total bajo gestión comunitaria resulta mucho mayor. En efecto, el liderazgo de organizaciones Indígenas, comunitarias y Afrodescendientes y opiniones expertas han sostenido por mucho tiempo que las comunidades ejercen derechos consuetudinarios sobre un porcentaje mucho mayor al 50% de la masa terrestre del planeta, fuera de la Antártica.
À la croisée des chemins: Tendances dominantes dans la reconnaissance des droits fonciers communautaires entre 2002 et 2017
Authors:   Rights and Resources Initiative
Published: April 2022

Bien qu’une part considérable de la surface boisée soit détenue, revendiquée et gérée par des peuples autochtones, des communautés locales et des femmes rurales, la grande majorité des forêts du monde demeure officiellement placée sous administration étatique, que ce soit sous forme de forêts du domaine public national ou provincial, d’aires protégées ou de zones boisées concédées à des tiers. Comme les recherches scientifiques démontrent que les forêts où les droits des peuples autochtones et des communautés locales sont légalement reconnus présentent des taux de déforestation plus faibles et de séquestration du carbone plus élevés, il est urgent d’intensifier les réformes foncières afin de sauvegarder ce qui reste des forêts au niveau mondial. Cette analyse présente les tendances mondiales en matière de droits forestiers sur une période de quinze ans allant de 2002 à 2017. C’est le quatrième volet d’une série d’analyses de la reconnaissance légale des droits forestiers dans le monde, en fonction de quatre catégories de régimes fonciers juridiquement reconnus (par voie statutaire) auxquels les forêts peuvent être soumises : placées sous administration gouvernementale, assignées aux peuples autochtones et aux communautés locales, appartenant aux peuples autochtones et aux communautés locales, et détenues à titre privé par des particuliers ou des entreprises.
Forests, Forest People, and UN 2030 Agenda’s Ethical Mandate: “LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND”
Authors: Gregersen Hans , El-Lakany Hosny , Frechette Alain
Published: April 2022

The contributions of the forest, trees outside forests, and agroforestry sector (FTA) are crucial for achieving the United Nation’s (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development fairly and inclusively. This paper reviews FTA sector contributions to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda—both individually and collectively—in the specific context of the development and well-being of the more isolated Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs) that are part of the explicit “leave no one behind” commitment expressed in the Agenda. The discussion is divided into four parts. Part One lays out the paper’s objectives, scope, and background. Part Two discusses how the FTA sector, working with and through other sectors, contributes to achieving the interconnected SDGs. It provides evidence of the breadth and strength of the FTA sector’s contributions across the SDGs to sustainable development. Part Three focuses on the prerequisites for strengthening the ability of IPLCs to sustainably use their forests to meet their livelihood needs and support their own sustainable development goals and approaches. Part Four provides conclusions and implications for the way forward in the context of achieving UN Agenda 2030.
The Efficiency of Grey Water Treatment by Using Selected Sand Bed Bioreactors in South West Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Ondo State, Nig, Famakinwa John , Ojo Ochuko M. , Williams Charles G.
Published: April 2022

The In drinking or treated water, filtration plays a relevant role in the multi barrier approach used for the removal of pathogens. The presence of suspended solids and other particulate matter in grey water increases the resistance of most microbes to disinfection. These study aimed to determine the most suitable sand that can be utilized in the construction of sand bed bioreactor in grey water treatment. The bioreactor is expected to remove significant amount of grey water physical properties (odor, color, turbidity), physicochemical properties (pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, Nitrate, Magnesium, etc) and heavy metals (Iron, Cadmium, Chromium, Biological Oxygen Demand or BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand or COD). Sand samples are collected from four different locations in southwest Nigeria to serve as the filter media in the bioreactor. Soil physical property test is carried out on all sand samples that was collected across southwest. The result of the study showed an improvement in physical property, about 80% improvement in physicochemical property and heavy metals. Eleyele soil sample effectively improved water quality compared to other soil samples.
Development of a Framework for Reduction of Urban Traffic Congestion: Case Study of Akure Central Business District, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nige, Adelakun Salami , Olufikayo Aderinlewo
Published: April 2022

Traffic congestion has become a problem in the central business district of Akure. These roads during peak periods have defied measures to alleviate such congestion, leading to poor mobility and economic losses in form of costs of fuel, oil, as well as time cost of road users. The field survey was conducted on two major roads in the Central Business District (CBD) namely Oba Adesida and Arakale roads while considering the two directions along each route namely directions A and B, C and D respectively. Traffic parameters such as flow rate, speed and density were analyzed from the traffic data collected from each route along each direction. The field survey was carried out for a week (from Monday to Sunday) during the peak periods.ÂÂÂÂ The speed along direction A of Oba Adesida road was low due to more vehicles traversing the route. However, the speed of vehicles along direction D of Arakale road was lower than that along direction C. The traffic parameters were plotted against each other for the four directions for the morning, afternoon and evening periods. The derived linear models (equations) along the four directions gave minimum speeds for morning, afternoon and evening of 33.64 km/hr, 33.65 km/hr and 30.71km/hr respectively along direction A and 30.94 km/hr, 31.80 km/hr and 31.88 km/hr respectively along direction B for Oba-Adesida road; 36.59 km/hr , 35.30 km/hr, 33.58 km/hr respectively along direction C and 35.25 km/hr, 34.75 km/hr and 34.07 km/hr respectively along direction D for Arakale road for no congestion to occur.
Incidence and Distribution of Barley yellow dwarf virus Infecting Oats in Korea
Authors: Kim Na-Kyeong , Lee Hyo-Jeong , Kim Sang-Min , Jeong Rae-Dong
Published: April 2022

A survey of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was conducted in major oat-growing areas of Korea in 2020. BYDV is an economically important pathogen of cereal crops that can be transmitted by aphids. The present study evaluated the genetic composition of BYDV in oat from eight geographical areas in Korea. Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to screen 322 oat leaf samples for six BYDV strains (PAV, MAV, SGV, PAS, RPV, and RMV). The 125 samples (~39%) tested positive for BYDV. BYDV-PAV, BYDV-SGV, BYDV-PAS, and BYDV-RPV were detected from oat in different areas. Most of the BYDV-infected samples were assigned to subgroup I (n=112). The results indicate that BYDV-PAV could be dominant throughout Korea. Also, the phylogenetic analysis of coat protein sequences indicated that 23 BYDV isolates from Korea could be separated into two clades, which exhibited high nucleotide sequence similarity. In conclusion, the present survey provides a BYDV infection assessment for domestic oat varieties in Korea and basic information for the development of BYDV control measures in Korea’s oat industry.
Patterns of the Occurrence of TYLCV and ToCV with Whitefly on Summer-Cultivated Tomato in Greenhouse in Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province
Authors: Kwon Yongnam , Cha Byeongjin , Kim Mikyeong
Published: April 2022

Patterns of occurrence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) with whitefly on summer-cultivated tomato in Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi Province were surveyed using multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 2020. In addition, distribution of the whiteflies species and their viral transmission rates were investigated throughout the tomato growing season. The infection rates of TYLCV and ToCV increased sharply during harvest, and the single infection rates were 30.9% and 5.0%, respectively, with a mixed infection rate of the two viruses being the highest at 52.2%. Single infection with TYLCV and double infections with TYLCV and ToCV accounted for the majority with 83.1%. Bemisia tabaci were dominant over Trialeurodes vaporariorum in greenhouse grown plants, and all of the investigated B. tabaci biotypes were identified as Mediterranean (MED, formerly known as Q biotype). The transmission rate of TYLCV, detected in every sampled B. tabaci MED population, was 21.4%, and the mixed transmission rate with ToCV was 35.5%. Viruliferous MED whiteflies with ToCV showed a higher rate than that of T. vaporariorum. In the transplant stage, viruliferous rate of both TYLCV and ToCV of B. tabaci was 42.7%; this rate was highest in the harvest stage. In examination of tomato yield, the increase in the mixed infection rate of TYLCV and ToCV led to complete yield loss. When the mixed infection rate increased by 10%, the yield decreased by 405.4 kg/10a.
Validation of IVCM In Measuring Sub-Basal Nerve Plexus and Keratocyte Cell Density in Corneal Wound Healing
Authors: Bin Hilmi Mohd Radzi
Published: April 2022

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability measurement of corneal stromal thickness, sub-basal nerve plexus (SBNP) and keratocyte cell density (KCD) in laser refractive surgery patients. Methods: 120 eyes of 60 participants were recruited and both right and left eyes of the myopic subjects were measured separately. Cornea stromal thickness were measured based on the cellular morphology that differs between each corneal layer. Measurement of SBNP and KCD were done using in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) using corneal stromal thickness as reference. Corneal nerve parameters measured includes nerve fiber density (NFD), nerve branch Density (NBD) and nerve fiber length (NFL) while KCD were measured based the amount per area, depending on the region of interest. All images were captured and processed using ImageJTM Software and NeuronJ. All data were expressed in mean and standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using Predictive analytics software. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance. Intra- and inter-observer intraclass correlation analysis were done to evaluate reliability of measurement in corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD. Results: This study found no significant difference between measurements for corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD measured. (All P > 0.05). Intraclass correlation analysis showed both intra- and inter-observer performance were approximately consistent and reliable (All r > 0.90, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Measurement of corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD using IVCM is valid and reliable.
Studies on atmospheric particulate matter at Delhi
Authors: SEKHON R. S. , MURTY Bh. V. RAMANA
Published: April 2022

Making use of a simple technique, a study has been made on a number of days spread over a period of 20 months during 1960-62, of the concentration of nitrate, chloride and sulphate particles in the atmosphere in ground air layers at Delhi. In general, nitrates or nitrate containing other salts (mixed nuclei) are found to predominate over both chlorides and sulphates. All the three components appear to have a common origin which is, perhaps, the sea. The concentrations are seen to decrease by about two orders of magnitude during winter and summer as compared to the monsoon season.
A synoptic study of a Monsoon Depression in the month of September 1963
Authors: GEORGE J. , DATTA R. K.
Published: April 2022

Synoptic features associated with the formation, intensification and movement of a Bay depression in the month of September 1963 are discussed in this paper, A low pressure system from the east moved into the Bay of Bengal where it concentrated into a depression. This occurred immediately after the weakening of a typhoon over the South China Sea. The depression intensified, moved west northwestwards and recurved over north India. Recurvature of this depression could be inferred from (1) the principle of high level steering (steering level at 300 mb), (2) the shift of the 700-500 mb thickness high from west to northeast and (3) the shift of the rain belt from the west to the north of the depression centre. The recurvature was also associated with very heavy rainfall under the influence of an upper tropospheric anticyclonic flow and a trough in the westerlies, The withdrawal, of the monsoon took place from northwest India immediately after the breaking up at the depression.
M2 or first shear mode continental Rayleigh waves from Russian nuclear explosion of 30 October 1961
Authors: SAHA B. P.
Published: April 2022

M2 or first shear mode continental Rayleigh waves excited by the Russian nuclear explosion are studied with reference to the continental structure. There is general agreement with crustal thickness of 45 km. The other aspects of the dispersion curve are also discussed with reference to previous works by others.
Effect of High Level Divergence on the Rainfall Distribution over northwest India associated with a southwest monsoon depression
Authors: VENKATARAMAN K. S. , RAO N. S. BHASKARA
Published: April 2022

In association with a monsoon depression which recurved over east Rajasthan and moved northwards into Jammu Province, torrential rains occurred in the north Punjab and northwest Uttar Pradesh on 20 and 21 September 1962. This rainfall could not be explained in terms of the low level circulation of the depression alone, which was still far away, and was found to be associated with marked high level divergence in a deep layer extending from 500 to 200.mb levels. An examination of the peculiar features of the rainfall in different areas and the associated synoptic features has shown the relative importance of the three factors, low level convergence, moisture  feed and high level divergence on the rainfall distribution.
On the influence of Heat Fluxes on Storms
Authors: RAO D. VENKATESWARA
Published: April 2022

The influence of eddy fluxes of heat at the interface of the oceans and the atmosphere has been numerically estimated in the case of a North Atlantic cyclone: The role placed by such fluxes is discussed; It is shown that the heat sources and sinks associated with tropospheric features at the earth's surface exert marked influences on the development of mobile pressure systems.
Electrical Conductivity of Monsoon Rain Water at Poona
Authors: KELKAR V. N.
Published: April 2022

Electrical conductivity of monsoon rain water was measured at Poona for nine complete rain periods. Conductivity and rate of rainfall vary in opposite phase during the course of a shower indicating that larger raindrops are more dilute than the smaller Ones. The average relation between the conductivity and the intensity of precipitation is found to be of the form, conductivity Ct; (Intensity)-n, where n is a. positive constant.
Studies on the estimation of Pan Evaporation from meteorological parameters
Authors: VENKATARAMAN S. , KRISHNAMURTHY V.
Published: April 2022

The study reveals that in the computation of pan evaporation the use of the energy term becomes very important under condition of high evaporation.

 

 A procedure for computation of solar radiation for a close network of stations from the percentage hours of sunshine has been outlined.

 

 Kohler's technique for deriving pan evaporation using solar radiation, total wind run, average  air temperature and vapour pressure data has been found to yield good results under Indian conditions- Monthly normal evaporation maps using Kohler's technique have been prepared and discussed.
Zones of rainfall ahead of a tropical depression
Authors: RAGHAVAN K.
Published: April 2022

The paper presents the results of a study of the nature and distribution of precipitation in the forward quadrant of a monsoon depression on the basis of hourly rainfall data from 18 self-recording raingauge stations set up over an area of 12,600 sq, km in Gangetic West Bengal, The precipitation was mostly convectional and was often restricted at a time to very narrow columns of the atmosphere, less than 10 km in diameter, Ahead of the depression there were annular bands of wet and dry zones. The outermost limit of the wet zone was at a distance of about 300 km from the centre of the depression, Between 300 and 150 km from the centre of the depression, the wet and dry zones were at nearly steady and predictable distances from the depression. The wet zones were about 30 to 50 km wide and the dry zones about 50 to 80 km. The zones situated within a distance of about 150 km from the depression were, however, unsteady with occasional variations in the distribution of rainfall. Consequently the wet zone observed initially at and around the centre of the depression turned dry during the course of the movement of the depression.
Ozone absorption coefficients and haze corrections for total ozone measurements with Dobson spectrophotometer
Authors: RAMANATHAN K. R. , ANGREJI P. D. , SHAH G. M.
Published: April 2022

From laboratory measurements of absorption in an ozone cell with a Dobson spectrophotometer and their comparison with the results of observations made with atmospheric ozone, Dobson has concluded that the absorption coefficients of ozone (from Vigroux' work) for the Band C wave lengths are too high and have to be revised. Observations made at Ahmedabad confirm this, Accepting that the difference of ozone absorption coefficients for A and D is 1.388 and assuming that by using the AD difference method the haze correction is eliminated, we determine the total ozone amount. Combining this With measurements of apparent total ozone with A wave.lengths alone, the haze correction is calculated. With this haze correction and known , ozone amount, the absorption coefficients for C and B wave lengths can be calculated.. The same absorption coefficients are obtained under varying conditions of haze. They are nearly the same as those obtained by Dobsonfrom his laboratory measurements with an ozone cell.
The availability of Solar illumination at Roorkee
Authors: NARASIMHAN V. , KUMAR SARVENDER
Published: April 2022

Measurements of the availability of solar illumination on an external horizontal surface at Roorkee are described. The measured values are compared with those calculated from the empirical formula proposed by Elvegard and Sjostedt for clear skies. It is found that the constants of this formula need modification to fit the observations at Roorkee. The illumination corresponding to a cal/sq. cm/min of total radiation incident on the horizontal surface from the sky and sun was also computed from the thermal data available for Roorkee. These computed values agree within 10 per cent of those reported in the literature.
Global movement of radioactive debris from Chinese atmospheric nuclear tests
Authors: MISHRA UC , GOPALAKRISHNAN S , NEGI BS
Published: April 2022

Radioactivity released by the Chinese atmospheric nuclear tests has been used as a tracer to estimate travel times on a global scale. It is found that the travel time estimates to Japan from the Chinese testing site Lop Nor (40 deg. N, 90 deg. E), given by the authors are in good agreement with the .Japanese data, The travel times of the debris to distant locations as well is the pattern of radioactivity distributions at ground level stations in .Japan are both found to be dependent on the path of the radioactive cloud in the initial stages: The upper airstream trajectories computed in two cases to trace the path of the cloud are also presented.
Wind analysis for wind power: Part III
Authors: THOMAS SIT
Published: April 2022

The paper contains frequency distribution of hourly values of winds of Jamnagar in north Saurashtra in the four ranges, viz., light, moderate, strong and very strong with the objective of utilization of energy from winds for the wind mills. Monthwise frequency distribution is also presented. A comparative study has, also been made with the results of similar analyses made earlier in respect of Ahmedabad in the north Gujarat region and Baroda in the south Gujarat region with the present analysis for Jamnagar in north Saurashtra.
Certain aspects on the realization of primitive equations Forecasting model in the low latitudes
Authors: MOHANTY UC , MADAN FLTLTSC
Published: April 2022

A number of numerical experiments are carried out with a barotropic primitive equations (PE) model for forecasting the tropical systems. A systematic approach has been made to solve some of the important problems arising in the process of integrating such a simple PE model in the low latitudes. Emphasis has been given to the initial data problem in the tropics. In order to study the influence of dynamical initialization and filtering techniques on the forecasting model and to study their smoothing characteristics, the spectral decomposition of kinetic energy of initial, initialized, forecast and actual wind fields, is carried out. Further, the improvement in the efficiency of the model by incorporating these techniques is demonstrated. Finally, this model is applied to forecast the movement of tropical cyclones and a monsoon depression in the Bay of Bengal and inspite of the constraints of the model, the results are quite encouraging.

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Use of 10-level balance model for diagnostic studies of vertical motion in tropics
Authors: RAO AVRK , MURTY LK , BOHRA AK , DATTA RK
Published: April 2022

In the present study an attempt has been made to compute vertical velocities by a 10-level balanced model in the case of a ,monsoon depression. Maximum vertical motion of the order of lO-3mb/sec is obtained. A characteristic feature of the rainfall distribution in a monsoon depression is the occurrence of fairly widespread rainfall in the SW sector, This model depicts a maximum upward motion in the same sector.

The results have been compared with the computations made by quasi-geostrophic model as well as kinematic method. The suitability of the balance model in the tropics, has been discussed.
A study of Somali jet variability from Monsoon -77 and MONEX data
Authors: PRASAD KANTI , GUPTA MG , HINGORANI JU
Published: April 2022

Three aspects of the variability of Somali jet have been examined: (i) Quasi. periodic fluctuations over Indian Ocean maxima zone, equatorial zone near the jet axis over northeast Africa and southwest Arabian Sea maxima zone; (ii) Diurnal variation in the jet speed over land and sea; (iii) Fluctuations in the speed and level of jet over Arabian Sea.

The power spectrum analysis of the winds in the low level jet region brings out prominent and sharp spectral peaks in the period range! of 8-12 days. Oscillations in the 4-6 days range and 18-25 days range are also seen.

Diurnal variation in jet speed is seen to be prominent over the land area. It is an order of magnitude less over the sea area and has an opposite phase at g,50 and. 800 mb levels.

Modal frequency of the level of maximum wind shows variation with latitude, shifting to a lower height from south to north over Arabian Sea and the mean level of maximum wind slopes downward from south to north.
Evaporative index for scheduling irrigation in plantation crops
Authors: SAMBASIYARAO A , VARADAN KM , YAMADEYAN YK
Published: April 2022

Water balance analysis of the humid tropical Kerala, India shows that evaporative demand exceeds rainfall for five to seven consecutive months in a year. For scheduling of irrigation at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 per cent of the available water capacity (A WC) in laterites, 1he cumulative evaporation values for coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.), arecanut (Areca catechu}, cinnamon (Cinna-momum Zeylanica) and banana (Musa paradisiaca) have been worked out. The soil moisture in one metre depth has reached 70 per cent of the A WC within two days and 20 per cent of the AWC within 5, days for the crops studied. The cumulative evaporation values for these crops were 3 to  5 mm at 70 per cent of the AWC and 10 to 15 mm at 20 per cent of the AWC.
A study of TEJ current characteristics from MONEX data
Authors: GUPTA MG , GUPTA SC , GOEL IC
Published: April 2022

The characteristics of TEJ current during the formative stage and established periods have been studied with the help of data collected during MONEX. The upper air data over the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean from MONEX and FGGE ships have been also utilised. It is found that the TEJ current first establishes over the equatorial region between 40-100 E and the later advances northwards. Other features like two axes of the current with cores over the west coast of India, northward extent and level of maximum wind characteristics have been examined in detail.
Intense upper anticyclonic spirals in the process of sudden and rapid small and meso scale accentuations
Authors: SENGUPTA S
Published: April 2022

Superimposition of upper divergence on pre-existing lower convergence is a well known fact for rapid intensification of the low level system. An attempt is made to show how rapid and intense developments of some of the small or meso scale systems in the Indian summer monsoon field are actually associated with the appearance of small cored upper anticyclonic spirals fractionally imposed on the low level systems, the upper anticyclonic spiral, thereby, serving as a forerunner for such typical meso or small scale accentuations.
Simulation Training in Spine Surgery
Authors: Wang Zhi , Shen Jesse
Published: April 2022

Simulated surgery is part of a growing paradigm shift in surgical education as a whole. Various modalities from cadaver models to virtual reality have been developed and studied within the context of surgical education. Simulation training in spine surgery has an immense potential to improve education and ultimately improve patient safety. This is due to the inherent risk of operating the spine and the technical difficulty of modern techniques. Common procedures in the modern orthopaedic armamentarium, such as pedicle screw placement, can be simulated, and proficiency is rapidly achieved before application in patients. Furthermore, complications such as dural tears can be simulated and effectively managed in a safe environment with simulation. New techniques with steeper learning curves, such as minimally invasive techniques, can now be safely simulated. Hence, augmenting surgical education through simulation has great potential to benefit trainees and practicing orthopaedic surgeons in modern spine surgery techniques. Additional work will aim to improve access to such technologies and integrate them into the current orthopaedic training curriculum.