bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impairments in Adipose Tissue Microcirculation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Assessed by Real-Time Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Hu Donghua , Remash Devika , Russell Ryan D. , Greenaway Timothy , Rattigan Stephen , Squibb Kathryn A. , Jones Graeme , Premilovac Dino , Richards Stephen M. , Keske Michelle A.
Published: April 2018

Background:

In obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), adipose tissue expansion (because of larger adipocytes) results in reduced microvascular density which is thought to lead to adipocyte hypoxia, inflammation, and reduced nutrient delivery to the adipocyte. Adipose tissue microvascular responses in humans with T2D have not been extensively characterized. Furthermore, it has not been determined whether impaired microvascular responses in human adipose tissue are most closely associated with adiposity, inflammation, or altered metabolism.

Methods and Results:

Overnight-fasted healthy controls (n=24, 9 females/15 males) and people with T2D (n=21, 8 females/13 males) underwent a body composition scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), an oral glucose challenge (50 g glucose) and blood analysis of clinical chemistries and inflammatory markers. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue microvascular responses were measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasound at baseline and 1-hour post-oral glucose challenge. Adipose tissue microvascular blood volume was significantly elevated in healthy subjects 1-hour post-oral glucose challenge; however, this effect was absent in T2D. Adipose tissue microvascular blood flow was lower in people with T2D at baseline and was significantly blunted post-oral glucose challenge compared with controls. Adipose tissue microvascular blood flow was negatively associated with truncal fat (%), glucoregulatory function, fasting triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid levels, and positively associated with insulin sensitivity. Truncal fat (%), systolic blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity were the only correlates with microvascular blood volume. Systemic inflammation was not associated with adipose tissue microvascular responses.

Conclusions:

Impaired microvascular function in adipose tissue during T2D is not conditionally linked to systemic inflammation but is associated with other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome (obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia).
The Vasculature in Prediabetes
Authors: Wasserman David H. , Wang Thomas J. , Brown Nancy J.
Published: April 2018

The frequency of prediabetes is increasing as the prevalence of obesity rises worldwide. In prediabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation and metabolic derangements associated with concomitant obesity cause endothelial vasodilator and fibrinolytic dysfunction, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Importantly, the microvasculature affects insulin sensitivity by affecting the delivery of insulin and glucose to skeletal muscle; thus, endothelial dysfunction and extracellular matrix remodeling promote the progression from prediabetes to diabetes mellitus. Weight loss is the mainstay of treatment in prediabetes, but therapies that improved endothelial function and vasodilation may not only prevent cardiovascular disease but also slow progression to diabetes mellitus.
Time-varying whole-brain functional network connectivity coupled to task engagement
Authors: Xie Hua , Gonzalez-Castillo Javier , Handwerker Daniel A. , Bandettini Peter A. , Calhoun Vince D. , Chen Gang , Damaraju Eswar , Liu Xiangyu , Mitra Sunanda
Published: April 2018

Brain functional connectivity (FC), as measured by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, fluctuates at the scale of 10s of seconds. It has recently been found that whole-brain dynamic FC (dFC) patterns contain sufficient information to permit identification of ongoing tasks. Here, we hypothesize that dFC patterns carry fine-grained information that allows for tracking short-term task engagement levels (i.e., 10s of seconds long). To test this hypothesis, 25 subjects were scanned continuously for 25 min while they performed and transitioned between four different tasks: working memory, visual attention, math, and rest. First, we estimated dFC patterns by using a sliding window approach. Next, we extracted two engagement-specific FC patterns representing active engagement and passive engagement by using k-means clustering. Then, we derived three metrics from whole-brain dFC patterns to track engagement level, that is, dissimilarity between dFC patterns and engagement-specific FC patterns, and the level of brainwide integration level. Finally, those engagement markers were evaluated against windowed task performance by using a linear mixed effects model. Significant relationships were observed between abovementioned metrics and windowed task performance for the working memory task only. These findings partially confirm our hypothesis and underscore the potential of whole-brain dFC to track short-term task engagement levels.
Global connectivity of the fronto-parietal cognitive control network is related to depression symptoms in the general population
Authors: Schultz Douglas H. , Ito Takuya , Solomyak Levi I. , Chen Richard H. , Mill Ravi D. , Anticevic Alan , Cole Michael W.
Published: April 2018

We all vary in our mental health, even among people not meeting diagnostic criteria for mental illness. Understanding this individual variability may reveal factors driving the risk for mental illness, as well as factors driving subclinical problems that still adversely affect quality of life. To better understand the large-scale brain network mechanisms underlying this variability, we examined the relationship between mental health symptoms and resting-state functional connectivity patterns in cognitive control systems. One such system is the fronto-parietal cognitive control network (FPN). Changes in FPN connectivity may impact mental health by disrupting the ability to regulate symptoms in a goal-directed manner. Here we test the hypothesis that FPN dysconnectivity relates to mental health symptoms even among individuals who do not meet formal diagnostic criteria but may exhibit meaningful symptom variation. We found that depression symptoms severity negatively correlated with between-network global connectivity (BGC) of the FPN. This suggests that decreased connectivity between the FPN and the rest of the brain is related to increased depression symptoms in the general population. These findings complement previous clinical studies to support the hypothesis that global FPN connectivity contributes to the regulation of mental health symptoms across both health and disease.
Effect of nestlings’ age on parental responses to a predatory snake in Parus minor
Authors: Ha Jung Moon , Lee Keesan , Yang Eun Jeong , Kim Woo Joo , Song Ho Kyeong , Hwang In Je , Lee Sang-im , Jablonski Piotr G.
Published: April 2018

Predator-specific alarm calls may have a variety of context-specific functions. Parents of the oriental tit, Parus minor, use the ‘jar’ call in response to the presence of a snake near the nests, and the nestlings respond by escaping the nest cavity. This specific function can be observed only when nestlings are able to fledge. Do tits use the ‘jar’ call only in a situation when nestlings are physically able to jump out of the nest? We measured parental responses to live snake in 8 nests. The use of ‘jar’ call by parents was not modified by the ability of their nestlings to escape out of the nest. This suggests that fledging in response to ‘jar’ call by old nestlings evolved later than the evolutionary emergence of referential snake alarm calls, and that the ancestral function of ‘jar’ call was probably not related to triggering of fledging in old nestlings.
Confessional, International, and Cosmopolitan
Authors: Sutanto Nathaniel Gray
Published: April 2018

Recent critiques of Protestantism argue that its theological principles undercut ecclesial unity while creating endless interpretive plurality. This plurality, in turn, perpetuates the secular conditions that characterize the contemporary Western world: the nurturing of personal autonomy, a buffered self that deafens theological dimensions of existence, and an unenduring institutional visibility that renders Protestant churches incapable of engaging the modern world with a unified theological voice. In this context, this article retrieves Herman Bavinck’s understanding that a specifically Protestant view of the church can properly ground a catholicity that centers on a unity-in-diversity that is “confessional, international, and cosmopolitan” in character.
Valid publication of Turpinia pomifera var. minor (Staphyleaceae)
Authors: Yu Wen-Bin
Published: April 2018

Turpinia Ventenat (1807: 3, non. cons.) is the largest genus of Staphyleaceae (Li et al. 2008). About 13 species are recorded from China, five of which are endemic. Turpinia pomifera var. minor C.C.Huang ex Hsu (1979: 358; see comments in Bartholomew & Zhou 2007) was firstly described in Flora Yunnanica. However, it was not validly published, because no specimen was listed in the protologue, which is contrary to Article 40.1 & 40.2 (McNeill et al. 2012). After consulting the herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany (KUN), Chinese Academy of Sciences, we found that three gatherings (K.M.Feng 11588, 11748, 13544) were annotated as “Turpinia pomifera (Rox.) Kong [corrected as DC.] var. minor Huang var. n.” [sic] by C.C.Huang in April 1960 on the sheets. Therefore, the three gatherings will potentially have been examined by C.C. Huang and may have been used for the description of T. pomifera var. minor in the preparation of Flora Yunnanica. To validate the name of this variety, a sheet of the gathering K.M.Feng 11588 is designated as the holotype (Fig. 1). Ting-Zhi Hsu published a Latin diagnosis of this variety in 1979, which is referred to below to satisfy Article 39.1. According to Article 46.2, the authorship of the name T. pomifera var. minor remains the same
Daedalea americana sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: HAN MEI LING , VLASÁK JOSEF , CUI BAO KAI
Published: April 2018

A new polypore, Daedalea americana, collected from North and Central America, is described and illustrated based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. It is characterized by annual and pileate basidiocarps, grayish brown with brown to cinnamon brown band and concentrically zonate pileal surface when fresh, cream to clay-pink pore surface, circular to angular pores (4–5 per mm) and ellipsoid basidiospores measured as 4.0–5.1 × 2.1–3.0 µm. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal RNA gene regions support D. americana as a distinctive species belonging to Daedalea.
Oreocharis brachypodus (Gesneriaceae), a new taxon from Guizhou, China
Authors: JiaMei Li , ZHI-MING LI
Published: April 2018

Oreocharis brachypodus is described and illustrated as a new species from Guizhou, China. The new species is similar to Oreocharis villosa. However, the new species is readily distinguished from the latter by cymes not branched, 1–4-flowered, larger and pronounced gibbous corolla (2.2–2.5 cm long), ovary ca. 1 cm long, with 4 ribs prominent, style ca. 0.7 cm long, and thecae confluent. Comments on affinities, geographical distribution, ecology, phenology and conservation status of the new species are also provided.
Taxonomic evaluation of Miscanthus nudipes (Poaceae) based on morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: Ma Hong-Zheng , Cai Zhe , Zhang Fu-Min , Zhang Hui , Ge Song , Dai Si-Lan , Chen Wen-Li
Published: April 2018

Miscanthus species including the famous energy plant M. × giganteus are considered to be second-generation energy crops. Miscanthus nudipes is an endemic species from Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains and provides important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding given its high tolerance to frost and drought. However, the taxonomy of this species remains controversial in terms of intraspecific classification, with one to nine subspecies or species recognized previously. The variation patterns of the morphological characters are not understood clearly as there have been no intensive analyses of the morphological variation across individuals and populations. Here, by sampling 15 natural populations from the entire distribution area of M. nudipes, we investigate patterns of population variation based on 39 quantitative and nine qualitative morphological characters and 14 microsatellite loci, with the aim to provide a reliable taxonomic treatment of this important species. Morphological analyses from ANOVA, UPGMA and PCA indicate that M. nudipes populations show significant differences between the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. A neighbor-joining tree and principle coordinates analysis of the microsatellite data support the results of the morphological analyses. Based on our results, we recognize two subspecies under Miscanthus nudipes (M. nudipes subsp. nudipes and M. nudipes subsp. yunnanensis) and provide a taxonomic treatment for the species. We propose three diagnostic characters for the subspecies identification, i.e., the ratio of callus hair length to spikelet length, the hairiness of the panicle axis and the hairiness of the peduncle.
A taxonomic revision of Silene nocturna species complex (Caryophyllaceae) in Italy
Authors: PERUZZI LORENZO , CARTA ANGELINO
Published: April 2018

The taxonomy of the closely related Silene capraria, S. neglecta and S. nocturna in Italy is investigated, by means of morphometric and karyological analyses. The chromosome numbers of S. capraria and S. neglecta (both diploid with 2n = 24) are here reported for the first time. On the basis of the morphological results, we propose the species rank for S. neglecta, and to consider S. capraria as a vicariant narrow endemic subspecies of the widespread S. nocturna. The name S. neglecta is lectotypified on a specimen preserved in the Herbarium Tenore at NAP. With the aim to distinguish these taxa, the useful qualitative and quantitative morphological characters are highligthed.
Plastid DNA fingerprinting of the rare Fritillaria moggridgei (Liliaceae) reveals population differentiation and genetic isolation within the Fritillaria tubiformis complex
Authors: MUCCIARELLI MARCO , FAY MICHAEL F.
Published: April 2018

A phylogenetic analysis based on combined DNA sequences of the partial matK gene and the rpl16 intron showed that the rare alpine endemic Fritillaria tubiformis subsp. moggridgei (Liliaceae) and the more widespread F. tubiformis var. burnatii are exclusively related. A genetic study used plastid DNA markers, due to limits imposed by nuclear DNA fingerprinting in species with large genomes, to study variation within and between populations. Five length-variable homopolymer repeats (polyA and polyT) and four regions with one or two insertion/deletions (indels) of different lengths were identified. Of the total of 56 plastid haplotypes obtained, 32 were fixed in the seven populations of subsp. moggridgei and the rest were variable in var. burnatii. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher genetic variation among rather than within subsp. moggridgei populations. Indel mutations, on the other hand, were fundamental in distinguishing the two taxa.
New combinations in Persicaria (Polygonaceae: Persicarieae) for the Flora of China
Authors: LI BO , FAN DENGMEI , LEI SHUQING , ZHANG ZHIYONG
Published: April 2018

The generic delimitation of Polygonum Linnaeus (1753: 359) has been controversial, and interpreted differently by various authors, especially in the past (Meisner 1826, Gross 1913, Tzvelev 1987). Several morphological and anatomical characters, such as in pollen (Hedberg 1946), vegetative parts (Haraldson, 1978), flower (Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd 1988), and fruit (Ronse Decraene et al. 2000), have been considered in subdividing the heterogeneous genus Polygonum into a number of smaller groups, which was also supported by recent molecular studies (Sanchez et al. 2009, Sanchez et al. 2011, Schuster et al. 2011). Genera and tribes in the buckwheat family have been redefined (Sanchez et al. 2011) and Persicaria(Linnaeus 1753: 360) Miller (1754), which is formerly and popularly treated as synonym of Polygonum in tribe Polygoneae, has been placed in the redefined tribe Persicarieae (Sanchez et al. 2011). Many combinations were already proposed to accommodate these generic changes, but six Polygonum species in the Flora of China (Li et al. 2003), have not been transferred and the new combinations in Persicaria are still necessary. Information on the types (five holotypes and one lectotype here designated) and morphological notes are also provided.
A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura, Brachycephalidae) from the coast of Santa Catarina State, southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Authors: DE CARLI MONTEIRO JULIANE PETRY , CONDEZ THAIS HELENA , DE ANCHIETTA GARCIA PAULO CHRISTIANO , COMITTI ESTEVÃO JASPER , AMARAL IVAN BOREL , HADDAD CÉLIO FERNANDO BAPTISTA
Published: April 2018

We describe a new species of Brachycephalus from municipality of São Francisco do Sul and municipality of Itapoá, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, southern Atlantic Forest. The new species is known from six localities from near sea level up to 250 meters and represents the first record of a “pumpkin-toadlet” occurring in the lowlands. Morphological traits and phylogenetic analysis of a fragment the 16S mtDNA gene place the new species in the Brachycephalus pernix group. The new species is supported by external morphology, osteology, advertisement call, and mtDNA divergence. It is characterized, among other traits by a dorsal body color dark green with a dark brown vertebral stripe, and an orange background; snout-vent length of 9.2–10.8 mm in males and 11.1–12.4 mm in females; and advertisement call short (0.02–0.03 seconds), composed of one high-frequency note (dominant frequency 6.6–7.3 kHz). We observed synchronized alternation in the emission of vocalizations among neighbor males, indicating that males of the new species are able to hear and use vocalizations to interact with each other. We provide descriptions of clutch, eggs, and juvenile and observations on parental care. The new species has not been recorded within any protected area and can be threatened by human-induced habitat loss and modification.
Four new species of the genus Mannerheimia Mäklin, 1880 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) from south-western China and Taiwan
Authors: SHAVRIN ALEXEY V.
Published: April 2018

Four new species of the genus Mannerheimia Mäklin, 1880 from south-western China and Taiwan are described and illustrated: M. grandilobata Shavrin, sp.n. (China: Yunnan), M. emeishanensis Shavrin, sp.n. (China: Sichuan), M. maculata Shavrin, sp.n. (China: Yunnan) and M. taiwanica Shavrin, sp.n. (Taiwan: Taichung Hsien, Nantou Hsien), the first records of the genus from China and Taiwan. A key to species known from China and Taiwan and distributional maps for each species are provided.
9. U Simpyllieng – The Rainbow
Authors: Tham Soso
Published: April 2018

Out of relentless darkness emerges hope and here we begin to feel the calm benediction of light. Although the rainbow as a symbol of hope is appropriate in any culture, in the rain-lashed Khasi Hills where the Monsoon exults in unleashing its power, the colours of the rainbow arcing against freshly washed skies, will obviously have a special resonance. Nature and Myth both underline the constancy of hope and mercy provided mankind acknowledges his own pride and seeks forgiveness from his God.
forecasting yes, management maybe
Authors: Ackermann William C.
Published: April 2018

Events are recalled in the life and influence of this great man, Robert E. Horton, who founded by example the field of hydrometeorology.

Forecasting in hydrometeorology, or any area of science, is declared the highest form of pure science. It follows logically after observation and understanding. To proceed into management of the elements whose behavior we forecast will require association with many other elements of society who insist upon sharing the decision to manage.

Growth areas for hydrometeorological attention are flood plain management, safety of old dams, and water quality management.
Team-Based Learning in the Urban Planning Classroom
Authors: Boyer Robert H. W.
Published: April 2018

Team-based learning (TBL) is a pedagogical technique that structures most lessons of a semester around work in permanent teams of five to six students. Drawing from the author’s experience using TBL plus a survey administered to students in an introductory undergraduate urban planning class, this paper illustrates how TBL enacts a nonhierarchical model of knowledge production, creates natural opportunities to practice highly valued skills in the planning profession, and can be implemented in almost any classroom space during typical classroom hours, offering an alternative to the studio or practicum course that is accessible to more courses more often.
What Is Neglect? State Legal Definitions in the United States
Authors: Rebbe Rebecca
Published: April 2018

Neglect is the most common form of reported child maltreatment in the United States with 75.3% of confirmed child maltreatment victims in 2015 neglected. Despite constituting the majority of reported child maltreatment cases and victims, neglect still lacks a standard definition. In the United States, congruent with the pervasiveness of law in child welfare systems, every state and the District of Columbia has its own statutory definition of neglect. This study used content analysis to compare state legal statutory definitions with the Fourth National Incidence Survey (NIS-4) operationalization of neglect. The resulting data set was then analyzed using cluster analysis, resulting in the identification of three distinct groups of states based on how they define neglect: minimal, cornerstones, and expanded. The states’ definitions incorporate few of the NIS-4 components. Practice and policy implications of these constructions of neglect definitions are discussed.
The application of pulsation ratio preprocessing method in researching density wave instability
Authors: Liu Yefei , Liu Yang , Yang Xingtuan , Jia Haijun
Published: April 2018

A modified Fast Fourier Transform method based on the pulsation ratio preprocessing is carried out in this study. When the density wave instability occurs, the method is applied to capture the characteristic signals in the frequency domain. Thus, the stable boundary in two-phase flow can be recognized accurately. In this paper, experiments are conducted in a system based on a narrow annular channel. The method is verified through two groups of experimental data collected in different conditions. The results indicate that the modified method can avoid the problem of DC component spectrum leakage in traditional frequency-domain analysis with the false value interference eliminated. Accordingly, it can improve the accuracy of boundary identification effectively when the instability occurs.
A British doctor’s duty to offer help in emergencies outside of a clinical setting
Authors: Cliffe Charlotte
Published: April 2018

The General Medical Council clearly states that a doctor must offer help when off-duty, if an emergency arises. However, despite an English doctor’s professional duty to offer their assistance, this duty does not exist as a legal duty. Therefore, a doctor would not be held negligent for failing to offer help, outside of their clinical setting. This article will critically analyse the reasons behind this lack of legal duty, comparing the law to other jurisdictions.
A review of hexaferrum based on new mineralogical data
Authors: Cabri Louis J. , Aiglsperger Thomas
Published: April 2018

Hexaferrum, defined as an hcp Fe mineral containing varying amounts of Ru, Os, or Ir (Mochalov et al. 1998) was re-examined in the light of new analyses of similar alloys from the Loma Peguera and Loma Larga chromitites, in the central part of Loma Caribe peridotite, Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, together with a review of the phase chemistry in the Fe–Ni–Ir and Fe–Ru–Ir systems. We conclude that the hcp (Fe,Ir) mineral corresponds to the ε-phase of Raub et al. (1964) and should be differentiated from hexaferrum [(Fe,Os) and (Fe,Ru)] because it is separated by one to two miscibility gaps and therefore is not a continuous solid solution with Fe.
Reduced non-bicarbonate skeletal muscle buffering capacity in mice with the mini-muscle phenotype
Authors: Kay Jarren C. , Ramirez Jocelyn , Contreras Erick , Garland Theodore
Published: April 2018

Muscle pH decreases during exercise, which may impair function. Endurance training typically reduces muscle buffering capacity due to changes in fiber type composition, but existing comparisons of species that vary in activity level are ambiguous. We hypothesized that High Runner (HR) lines of mice from an experiment that breeds for voluntary wheel running would have altered muscle buffering capacity as compared with their non-selected control counterparts. We also expected that six days of wheel access, as used in the selection protocol, would reduce buffering capacity, especially for HR mice. Finally, we expected a subset of HR mice with the "mini-muscle" phenotype to have relatively low buffering capacity due to fewer type IIb fibers. We tested non-bicarbonate buffering capacity of thigh muscles. Only HR mice expressing the mini-muscle phenotype had significantly reduced buffering capacity, females had lower buffering capacity than males, and wheel access had no significant effect.
Polarized object detection in crabs: a two-channel system
Authors: Basnak Melanie Ailín , Pérez-Schuster Verónica , Hermitte Gabriela , de Astrada Martín Berón
Published: April 2018

Many animal species take advantage of polarization vision for vital tasks such as orientation, communication, and contrast enhancement. Previous studies have suggested that decapod crustaceans use a two-channel polarization system for contrast enhancement. Here, we characterize the polarization contrast sensitivity in a grapsid crab. We estimated the polarization contrast sensitivity of the animals by quantifying both their escape response and changes in heart rate when presented with polarized motion stimuli. The motion stimulus consisted of an expanding disk with an 82° polarization difference between the object and the background. More than 90% of animals responded by freezing or trying to avoid the polarized stimulus. In addition, we co-rotated the e-vectors of the object and background by increments of 30° and found that the animals’ escape response varied periodically with a 90° period. Maximum escape responses were obtained for object and background e-vectors near the vertical and horizontal orientations. Changes in cardiac response showed parallel results but also a minimum response when e-vectors of object and background were shifted by 45° with respect to the maxima. These results are consistent with an orthogonal receptor arrangement for the detection of polarized light, in which two channels are aligned with the vertical and horizontal orientations. It has been hypothesized that animals with object-based polarization vision rely on a two-channel detection system analogous to that of color processing in dichromats. Our results, obtained by systematically varying the e-vectors of object and background, provide strong empirical support for this theoretical model of polarized object detection.
Structure–function analysis of Sua5 protein reveals novel functional motifs required for the biosynthesis of the universal t6A tRNA modification
Authors: Pichard-Kostuch Adeline , Zhang Wenhua , Liger Dominique , Daugeron Marie-Claire , Létoquart Juliette , Li de la Sierra-Gallay Ines , Forterre Patrick , Collinet Bruno , van Tilbeurgh Herman , Basta Tamara
Published: April 2018

N6-threonyl-carbamoyl adenosine (t6A) is a universal tRNA modification found at position 37, next to the anticodon, in almost all tRNAs decoding ANN codons (where N = A, U, G, or C). t6A stabilizes the codon–anticodon interaction and hence promotes translation fidelity. The first step of the biosynthesis of t6A, the production of threonyl-carbamoyl adenylate (TC-AMP), is catalyzed by the Sua5/TsaC family of enzymes. While TsaC is a single domain protein, Sua5 enzymes are composed of the TsaC-like domain, a linker and an extra domain called SUA5 of unknown function. In the present study, we report structure–function analysis of Pyrococcus abyssi Sua5 (Pa-Sua5). Crystallographic data revealed binding sites for bicarbonate substrate and pyrophosphate product. The linker of Pa-Sua5 forms a loop structure that folds into the active site gorge and closes it. Using structure-guided mutational analysis, we established that the conserved sequence motifs in the linker and the domain–domain interface are essential for the function of Pa-Sua5. We propose that the linker participates actively in the biosynthesis of TC-AMP by binding to ATP/PPi and by stabilizing the N-carboxy-l-threonine intermediate. Hence, TsaC orthologs which lack such a linker and SUA5 domain use a different mechanism for TC-AMP synthesis.
Balancing science and political economy: Tobacco control and global health
Authors: Mukaigawara Mitsuru , Winters Janelle , Fernandes Genevie , Sridhar Devi
Published: April 2018

Background: Global tobacco control is a major public health issue, as smoking-related disease burden remains high worldwide. The World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO) are the driving forces in global tobacco control. However, little research has focused on their development, financing, decision-making, and accountability structures.

Methods: We used two strategies to identify the development and structure of global tobacco control initiatives. First, we reviewed the published literature through electronic databases. Second, we conducted grey literature searching.

Results: We identified four periods in the Bank’s involvement in global tobacco control, from creation of the evidence base in the 1990s to the implementation of tax reforms. We identified three phases in the WHO’s efforts, from its early recognition of the link between tobacco and health risks in the 1970s to its implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Both organisations are financed by a handful of private philanthropies, and face similar risks for effective tobacco control: reduced accountability and resource mobilisation, poor decision-making authority due to specific donor influence, and difficulty in monitoring and evaluation.

Conclusions:Continued attention should be paid not only to the primary health-related outcomes of tobacco use, but also to the decision-making and financing structures to promote tobacco control activities.
EAF electrical arc furnaces, resistive heating and mixed
Authors: Миронов Юрий , Mironov Yuriy
Published: April 2018

Describes the basics of converting electrical energy into heat in the electrode electric furnaces arc, resistive and mixed. Describes the properties and characteristics of this kind of furnace baths as successors of electricity. The processes in electrical circuits electrode furnaces with DC/AC and an analysis of adjusting characteristics of various types of plants with different exposures for the purposes of governing parameters optimization and management regimes.
For scientific and engineering employees, working in the field of analysis and optimization of modes of supply to electric electro-technological furnaces. May be useful for graduate students, undergraduates and students of energy and metallurgical universities.
Who is who in international terrorism
Authors: Красинский Владислав , Krasinskiy Vladislav , Машко Владислав , Mashko Vladislav
Published: April 2018

The directory contains information on the international terrorist organizations al-Qaida, the Islamic state, Jabhat al-Nusra, the Islamic movement of Uzbekistan, the Taliban, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami, the Union of Islamic Jihad, the Jund al-sham, the Muslim Brotherhood and the international religious extremist organization Tablighi Jamaat, which are banned in the territory of the Russian Federation. The authors considered the most famous and capable terrorist organization, revealed their operational capacity, the doctrines of, the organization and tactics of the activity, their role and place in the conglomeration of international terrorist organizations. The book is intended for law enforcement officers, analysts of research funds, political scientists and media representatives, as well as for a wide range of readers and experts interested in topical issues of countering international terrorism.
The healthcare assistant and bowel care
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: April 2018

In February this year, an inquest into the premature death of a 33-year-old man concluded that gross failures in care had led to his death. Mr Richard Hanley had learning disabilities, some mental health problems and had lifelong constipation. This was managed effectively when he lived in residential care; however, when he moved to supported living he became constipated. His family reported that his abdomen resembled that of a woman about to give birth. Mr Handley was admitted to hospital and 10kg of faeces was surgically removed from his body two days before his death. The coroner determined that the causes of death were inhalation of gastric contents, large bowel obstruction and faecal impaction ( BBC News, 2018 ; Hill, 2018 ; Inquest, 2018 ).

Constipation is often considered a minor problem; however, it can have serious and even life-threatening consequences. Each year, 66 287 people are admitted to hospital because of constipation ( Department of Health (DH), 2015 ). The NHS spends around £250 million pounds annually treating constipation. Hospital admissions cost £145 million and primary care spends around £92 million in laxative prescriptions ( DH, 2015 ; Shafe et al, 2011 : NHS Information Centre, 2016 ).

This article aims to enable readers to be aware of how normal bowel function varies in individuals, how ageing, frailty, long-term conditions and medication affect bowel function, how to promote normal bowel function and to manage constipation.
Rare health conditions 11: idiopathic myositis, foetal anticonvulsant conditions and agnosia
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this series is to briefly highlight a range of rare health conditions. Rare health conditions are those who affect no more and usually less than 1 person in every 2000 and many HCAs and nurses will encounter some of these conditions given the high number of these conditions. This eleventh article will briefly explore three of these conditions: idiopathic myositis, foetal anticonvulsant conditions and agnosia.
Incidence, response, and outcomes of cardiac arrest in Portland, Oregon
Authors: Garrett Don Jay , Matthews Eric
Published: April 2018

Cardiac arrest is a serious medical event with a poor prognosis of survival, at less than 10% ( Zive et al, 2011 ). Several studies have investigated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) response, treatment, and outcomes. Cardiac arrest databases such as the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) and the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) have been created to provide evidence-based findings to develop emergency medical service (EMS) policies for treatment. The current study was completed to describe the cardiac arrest characteristics and outcomes of the EMS provider, American Medical Response (AMR) in Portland, Oregon, United States (US), for three metropolitan counties of approximately 1.6 million people ( US Census Bureau, 2016a ; 2016b ; 2016c ). The retrospective study described in this article used the AMR Multiple-EMS Data Systems (MEDS) database to generate data. Between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014, AMR responded to 2029 cardiac arrest events. In total, 45% of these cases were pronounced dead at the scene or untreated, and 55% were treated by paramedics. The most noteworthy finding was the effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on successful return of spontaneous circulation and survival evidenced by the large differences in odds ratios and bivariate counts with CPR treatment. The study adds to the current knowledge base of OHCAs and builds upon existing cardiac arrest registries—particularly within the Portland Oregon (US) metropolitan area.
La cohesión nacional a través de la prensa escolar de los colegios del exilio español en la ciudad de México (1939-1960)
Authors: García De Fez Sandra
Published: April 2018

El proyecto republicano español que llegó al poder en 1931 contaba con un fuerte respaldo del mundo cultural. El medio escrito fue el vehículo que se usó para difundir sus reformas. En los círculos políticos y literarios fueron numerosas las publicaciones que vieron la luz de la pluma de literatos consolidados y de los propios testigos. La publicación de prensa perduró durante la Guerra Civil e incluso los barcos que trasladaron a miles de refugiados a México fueron testigos de tres revistas que proclamaban la necesidad de mantenerse unidos al llegar al destino. Esa intención subyacía en los periódicos escolares de los cuatro colegios españoles de la capital mexicana y que permiten rastrear la presencia de España como referente común.
Niños y adolescentes: sujetos de la historia y del proceso educativo en Brasil (S. XX)
Authors: Netto Nunes Eduardo Silveira
Published: April 2018

El artículo presenta una reflexión de cómo fue pensada la cuestión del niño como agente o no de la educación y como sujeto de la historia en el pensamiento pedagógico de Brasil a lo largo del siglo XX. A lo largo del artículo se produce un análisis de algunas tendencias educacionales –la tradicional, la escuela nueva, la pedagogía del oprimido– indicando cómo los niños y los adolescentes eran percibidos en sus participaciones del proceso educacional.
La educación binomial y el desarrollo como una prioridad política de modernización del estado de Santa Catarina
Authors: Carneiro Aguiar Letícia
Published: April 2018

Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la política educativa catarinense de la década de 1960. En este momento, en el bulto de la ideación desenvolvimentista, el Estado comienza a ser el verdadero conductor político del proceso de consolidación e integración del capital industrial. Las preguntas educativas pasan a ser consideradas desde una perspectiva global y economista, insertadas que habían estado en un proyecto de sociedad dirigida a la modernización económica estatal.
La enseñanza técnica del marino mercante en España: una revisión histórica
Authors: Piniella Francisco
Published: April 2018

La presente revisión histórica aborda la evolución de las enseñanzas náuticas en España. En la Edad Moderna existen dos fases bien diferenciadas en la formación del marino: una de carácter gremial, acogida normalmente a un patronato religioso, al estilo de las enseñanzas de los oficios más técnicos, como así ocurría en la Edad Media, y que permanece durante los dos primeros siglos de la Carrera de Indias; y una posterior fase, que llamaremos institucional, coincidente en el tiempo con las reformas ilustradas. Ya en el siglo XIX se produce la incorporación de estas enseñanzas a los Consulados de Comercio, para finalizar en el siglo XX con la integración como enseñanzas técnicas superiores en el seno de las universidades españolas.
The Archaeobotany and Ethnobotany of Portuguese or White Crowberry (Corema album)
Authors: Lopez-Doriga Ines
Published: April 2018

Portuguese crowberry (Corema album (L.) D. Don) is a shrub considered endemic to the Atlantic coastal dunes of the Iberian Peninsula. For many reasons, among which the most prominent are habitat loss and competition from invasive species, but possibly also due to overexploitation, the survival of several of its populations is now compromised. By promoting the identification of its archaeobotanical remains and gathering information about its past uses, the current need for conservation is emphasized. The plant has been exploited for its berries since at least the Early Neolithic and the species features in a number of historical written sources. Archaeological sites located within its current natural distribution area have yielded relatively abundant archaeobotanical finds. This evidence suggests that its distribution area was much larger in the past and has decreased rapidly in recent decades. Its archaeological importance may be misrepresented due to issues with identification, particularly outside its current distribution area. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to a higher identification rate of archaeobotanical remains of this plant, eventually leading to a more thorough recognition of its past importance and contributing to its present conservation.
Use of Cetaceans as Bait in Southern Bahia, Brazil, by Expert Fishermen that Market Shark Fins: A Lucrative Trade and Two Threatened Zoological Groups
Authors: Barbosa-Filho Marcio Luiz Vargas , Fonseca Barreto Rebeca Mascarenhas , Siciliano Salvatore , Seminara Cecilia Inés , Costa-Neto Eraldo Medeiros
Published: April 2018

In Brazil, despite the existence of a federal law prohibiting the capture and harassment of marine mammals, the use of fat as fishing bait has been reported. However, the processes of obtaining and using bait have not been described for southern Bahia state. The objective of this study was to learn how these processes occur in populations of fishermen along the southern coast of the state and how to minimize the negative impacts on the cetacean population. Semi-structured interviews about shark fishing and use of cetaceans as bait were conducted with 65 shark fishers from Ilhéus, Una, and Canavieiras municipalities in Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with percentage distributions. Fishermen emphasized the adipose tissue of dolphins, whales, and porpoises as preferred bait for catching sharks. Of our sample, 81.5% of fishers knew about the use of fat as bait and 56.9% knew someone who had caught cetaceans. Regarding beached whales, 67.7% reported knowing of their use and 20% had used them. This study shows the interrelation of people’s use of two zoological groups: cetaceans as bait, which represents a threat to the group, and sharks for commercialization, a group in which 75% of species are endangered. It shows the ecological impacts of these interactions. Protection measures will only be effective when they approach the local culture in an integrated manner by considering traditional customs that have developed from centuries of exploitation.
Una primera exploración sobre los periódicos para la población carcelaria en la Argentina. Algunas observaciones sobre El Domingo (1938) y Mañana (1947)
Authors: Núñez Jorge A.
Published: April 2018

Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación de mayor envergadura sobre determinados aspectos de la prisión en la Argentina de la primera mitad del siglo XX que han sido muy escasamente abordados por la historiografía jurídica y social. Indagaremos sobre dos periódicos editados por la Dirección General de Institutos Penales destinados a la población carcelaria, El Domingo, publicado entre 1938 y 1947 y Mañana, que se editó en los años 1947 a 1955. ¿Cuál era la relación de estos periódicos con los gobiernos de turno? ¿Qué postura tenían ante las ideologías de izquierda?¿Es posible rastrear una línea editorial? ¿Qué participación tenían los internos en la confección del periódico? ¿Hubo diferencias entre El Domingo y Mañana? Éstas y otras preguntas pretendemos responder en el trabajo.
La prisión y la fábrica. Notas sobre el trabajo carcelario en el sistema penitenciario federal argentino
Authors: Gual Ramiro
Published: April 2018

Este trabajo pretende describir las actividades laborales que las personas desarrollan durante su detención en cárceles federales, analizando sus efectos para la precaria persistencia de un orden interno negociado. El trabajo carcelario, lejos de una práctica social autónoma, puede ser considerado una arista estratégica del régimen penitenciario, que junto a otras prácticas relevantes permiten comprender la constitución de un orden interno en la prisión, sumamente precario y negociado coactivamente. Por eso, este artículo pretende también aportar a la explicación de las finalidades perseguidas mediante el trabajo carcelario, de acuerdo a las representaciones de presos y agentes penitenciarios en las cárceles federales de Argentina. A partir de las alteraciones cuantitativas y cualitativas observadas en los últimos años, se propone explorar también los efectos que el trabajo carcelario puede estar provocando en la gestión del orden intramuros.
Biopsy proven fibroadenomas- how frequent is pathologies other than fibroadenomas post-excision?
Authors: Wahab Tajudeen A , Uwakwe Hanna , Aransi Rilwan , Khan Humuyan Kabir , Jumah Maher
Published: April 2018

Introduction: Breast fibroadenoma (FA) is a common benign tumour diagnosed usually through â€˜Triple Assessmentâ€™. FA that is large, symptomatic or exhibit interval growth is recommended for excision. Some patients question the need for excision if preoperative assessment concluded FA while others want to be absolutely sure that the â€˜FAâ€™ that is not excised and managed conservatively is absolutely a FA. The aim of the present study is to ascertain the magnitude of unexpected post-excision pathology when a biopsy proven FA is excised according to the current UK guideline.Materials and Method: Retrospectively analysis of patients who underwent surgery for FA excision over a 3 year period. Data on patient demographics, ultrasound findings and size at diagnosis, any interval change in size, indication for excision were collected and pathology pre- and post-excision compared.Result: Of the 276 FA excised in 258 patients in 3years, a preoperative diagnosis of FA was confirmed in 251 cases while 25 breast lumps were excised based on the benign features on examination and imaging. The post excision histopathology confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of FA in 264 (95.7%), phyllodes in 8(3%) and 4 (1.3%) other pathologies.Conclusion: 4.3% of FA excised in our specialist unit after Triple Assessment returns pathology other than FA post-excision, mostly benign phyllodes. FAs should be managed conservatively after triple assessment but surgery should be offered if there is still any doubt as there is no absolute guarantee that the presumed FA is actually a FA. For medicolegal reasons and culture of openness, patients should be aware of this possibility especially if FA is managed conservatively.
KONFIGURASI UNSUR-UNSUR KEBUDAYAAN DALAM BUKU TEKS SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH SESUAI DENGAN KURIKULUM 2008
Authors: Rofik Rofik
Published: April 2018

Nowadays, information and science are abundantly available. Therefore, we need to select the materialswhich are really benefical for student. As one of subjects in the Islamic school curricula, the history ofislamic culture that are in line with the ideal demands, as are formulated in the content standards. Inpractice, the formulation is expressed within textbooks. However, people’s understanding of the subjectof the history of islamic culture is sometimes stigmatized that history of islamic culture materialsshould be the politics. Thus, this study finds its urgency for readers understanding that in accordancewith the 2008 curriculum, the prominent materials are moral, belief system, efforts and habits, insteadof politics.Keywords: Cultural Elements, Textbooks of The History of Islamic Culture.