bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Division of Labor between Free Innovators and Producers
Authors: von Hippel Eric
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains the value of a division of innovative labor between free innovators and producer innovators. As previous studies show, both social welfare and producer profits very generally increase if producers avoid developing types of innovations that free innovators already make available “for free.” Instead, producers should learn to focus on developing innovations that complement free innovation designs rather than substitute for them. The chapter reviews four basic interactions between the free and producer innovation paradigms, explaining the relationships among these interactions and the effects found on both producers' profits and social welfare. The chapter goes on to show that, under some conditions, producers can profit by actually subsidizing free innovation.
Tightening the Loop between Free Innovators and Producers
Authors: von Hippel Eric
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at how both free innovators and commercial project sponsors are increasingly competing to “tighten the loop” between themselves and free innovators to obtain a larger share of voluntary and unpaid design efforts. Crowdsourcing calls by both free innovators and producers asking for assistance on innovation projects from the household sector are on the rise. Producers are also learning to support free innovators, seeking to channel their work into privately profitable directions. Hence, the chapter explains how producers are learning to support free innovators in ways that benefit themselves but not their rivals. It then explores how lower-cost pathways to commercialization are becoming available to household sector innovators. Finally, the chapter discusses how, via crowdsourcing, free innovators and producers are both learning to more effectively recruit free innovation labor from the household sector.
Personality Traits of Successful Free Innovators
Authors: von Hippel Eric
Published: September 2017

This chapter identifies personality traits significantly associated with successful free innovation in the household sector. It draws upon a 2016 study conducted among a sample of 546 German consumers, focusing on three successive innovation process stages: having an idea for an innovation for personal use; building a prototype for personal use; and diffusing the innovation either by free, peer-to-peer transfer or to a producer firm. In addition, this study uses the five-factor model of personality (also known as the Big Five model) consisting of five underlying traits in personality that display minimal overlap: openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Based on this study, the chapter suggests two possible ways to increase the amount of successful free innovation.
Next Steps for Free Innovation Research and Practice
Authors: von Hippel Eric
Published: September 2017

This chapter suggests several ways to make progress in free innovation research, policymaking, and practice. It sets expectations for the role the free innovation paradigm might play in these efforts; compares and contrasts the research lenses offered by free innovation, user innovation, peer production, and open innovation; and proposes steps to improve the measurement of free innovation. Next the chapter suggests research steps for incorporating free innovation into innovation theory and policymaking. Finally, this chapter looks at how the free innovation paradigm can help us to understand the economics of household sector creative activities even beyond innovation, such as “user-generated content” ranging from fan fiction to contributions to Wikipedia.
Border Tax Equalization
Authors: Charnovitz Steve
Published: September 2017

The question of whether domestic taxes can be applied to imports or stripped from exports has bedeviled the international trading system for over a century. Border adjustments are meant to address political and economic concerns about a level playing field both with respect to trade and tax competitiveness. The law of the World Trade Organization lays out rules for border tax equalization for both imports and exports, but the rules are not crystal clear and the legal caselaw is sparse. This article explains these basic rules and their historical and jurisprudential derivation. The last part of the article looks at some controversial questions regarding the use of border adjustments in pursuit of environmental and international climate objectives.
Dial PTAs for Peace: The Influence of Preferential Trade Agreements on Litigation between Trading Partners
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C. , Sapir André
Published: September 2017

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are en vogue both as policy tool, as well as research subject. We do not beg to differ. In this paper, inspired by the in-going negotiations between the EU (European Union) and the US (United States) on the TTIP (Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership), we ask whether the conclusion of the agreement will, among other things, signal fewer disputes between the two partners before the WTO. This could happen either because there will be a forum diversion (litigate before the bilateral forum with the same or different intensity), or because differences of opinion will be addressed in extra-judicial manner. Our prediction is that, judging from past behaviour, e.g. the amount of litigation between the EU and the US with their preferential partners before and after they had signed an agreement with them, it is quite likely that they will litigate less against each other before the WTO. Without assigning causal relationship to the signature of a bilateral agreement and the amount of litigation between preferential partners, we show that there is inverse correlation between the two. It remains to be seen whether the WTO will profit or suffer from the likelihood of fewer disputes between the two largest trading partners.
Antidumping Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Prusa Thomas J.
Published: September 2017

Using information culled from 217 PTAs we find that nearly three out of four PTAs include either additional AD rules or prohibit the use of AD against PTA members. PTA rules generally either prohibit AD protection against members or make AD protection harder to apply. As a result, PTAs may further tilt the playing field toward members by shifting contingent protection toward non-members – protection diversion. We examine AD usage patterns by NAFTA countries as a case study of PTA rules. We find evidence that NAFTA rules have discouraged the intra-North American use of AD and likely increased the incidence against non-NAFTA countries. We also discuss usage trends across a wider set of PTAs and again find evidence that PTA rules have altered the pattern of AD activity, likely lowering the incidence against members and shifting the restrictions to non-members.
The Bali Trade Facilitation Agreement and Rulemaking in the WTO: Milestone, Mistake, or Mirage?
Authors: Hoekman Bernard
Published: September 2017

The WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) embodies the first set of new multilateral rules to have been negotiated under auspices of the WTO, part of a small package of decisions centering on matters of interest to developing countries that was “harvested” from the broader Doha round. This paper analyzes the outcome of the trade facilitation talks and reflects on the lessons and possible implications of the TFA experience for the prospects for new rule-making and cooperation in the WTO. The TFA illustrates both the potential and the difficulty of negotiating generally applicable stand-alone agreements in the WTO and demonstrates the importance of issue linkage in achieving cooperation in trade policy matters.
Agriculture: Food Security and Trade Liberalization
Authors: Tangermann Stefan
Published: September 2017

In the WTO's Doha Round, agriculture is again at center stage, even though it accounts for no more than a small and declining share of world trade. The Agreement on Agriculture concluded in the Uruguay Round was a huge step forward in the GATT's dealings with agriculture. But more needs to be done. In recent years, agricultural support in several developing countries has increased while developed countries have reformed their farm policies and improved market orientation. One specific problem in the Doha Round negotiations on agriculture is the treatment of public stockholding for food security purposes. A possible solution could come through an amendment of the rules for measuring domestic support, by agreeing that procurement prices below prices prevailing on international markets are not considered "administered prices".
The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Perspectives from China
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D. , Lovely Mary E.
Published: September 2017

Just as transatlantic trade networks transformed the 20th century, trade in the Pacific is poised to recast the 21st, with the US-China relationship as the most consequential node. What kind of trade relations are likely to arise, under whose terms, and at what costs? Leveraging the short-lived rise of the Trans-Pacific-Partnership (TPP), we examine the challenges faced by both the US and China as they compete in shaping the region’s future trade regime. Focusing on economic, strategic, and domestic incentives, we conclude that China will not settle for an American led regime and that rivalry is likely to spawn a broader, albeit shallower, trade network in the region.
Ostension and Assertion
Authors: Kukla Rebecca
Published: September 2017

I draw on Haugeland and a Haugelandian reading of Heidegger to give an ostensive theory of assertion: to assert the truth of a claim is to engage in a kind of ostensive act. Crucially, ostensive acts are first and foremost social acts; hence truth-talk has its first and most natural home in communicative interactions. Telling myself that something is true makes sense only derivatively, if at all. Like other deflationists, I argue that truth-talk serves only a formal semantic function. But unlike traditional deflationists, I try to show that the pragmatics of truth-claiming is rich and multi-faceted, and that to understand it we need to explore the nature and variety of ostensive acts. I argue that the metaphysics and semantics of truth are deflationary, while the pragmatic structure of assertion is substantive and philosophically revealing. Understanding the pragmatics of truth-claims dissolves some of the worries that make more metaphysically and semantically robust truth theories tempting. Haugeland gives us most of the materials for an ostensive theory of assertion, but he is hampered by a thin understanding of the role of social interaction and communication.
Appendix: The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories
Authors: Haugeland John
Published: September 2017

In this 16 page outline, Haugeland (with James Conant and John McDowell) offers a summary outline and interpretation of Kant’s Transcendental Deduction of the Categories from his (Kant’s) Critique of Pure Reason (B Edition). In addition to a careful exposition of a difficult text, this outline also provides helpful context for understanding the role of Kant in the contemporary philosophers of the Pittsburgh School.
SSK at Large
Authors: Tosoni Simone , Pinch Trevor
Published: September 2017

The chapter addresses the popularization of the main acquisitions of social constructionist sociology in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), done by Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch in the volumes of their Golem trilogy, dedicated respectively to science, technology and medicine. The polemical target of the trilogy, the "flip-flop" understanding of science, technology and medicine, that induces the public to oscillate from an unconditioned trust in scientist, engineers and medics as god-like figures, to a complete skepticism and distrust and vice versa. The chapter also addressed the reasons behind the harsh confrontations between constructionist sociologists of science and scientists occurred in the '90s, known as "Science Wars", and some events connected to the confrontations, like the famous hoax by Alan Sokal.
Innovating
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Roberts Edward
Published: September 2017

Society celebrates innovation after the fact. It is a revisionist exercise, and little is said about how to innovate. Aspiring innovators are told to get a big idea and a team and build a show-and-tell for potential investors. But that conflates innovation, entrepreneurship, publicizing an idea, and fundraising; it does not clue aspiring innovators on how to begin. Innovating shows how actually to get started and innovate for impact and scale—a skill you can practice and master through learning. It is a doer’s approach for the explorers of our time, developed over a decade at MIT and internationally in workshops, classes, and companies. It shows innovating does not require an earth-shattering idea; indeed, no thing is new at the outset of what we only later celebrate as innovation. It takes only a hunch, and anyone can do it. By prototyping a problem and learning by being wrong, innovating can be scaled up to make an impact. The process is empirical, experimental, nonlinear, and incremental: give a hunch the structure of a problem; use anything as a part; accrue other people’s knowledge and skills in the course of innovating; systematize what is learned; advocate, communicate, scale up, manage innovating continuously, and document. Questions outlined in the book help innovators think in new ways. It is even possible to create a kit for innovating.
Being Productively Wrong
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

At its genesis, no thing about an eventual innovation is new. It is only in hindsight that the stories of innovations become streamlined, linear accounts of success. Actual innovating, like learning, is a highly nonlinear process. To get started, all you need is a hunch about a real-world problem; a set of parts and access to a community of people to render the problem tangible; a strategy to engage in trial and error; and an appetite to learn by being productively wrong first. You learn about the problem as you bring together those people and parts. At the beginning, there is an abundance of paths forward and no “best” path is defined. The path is full of choices, not formulas, and there are many potential outcomes.
At a Small Scale, Nonlinearity Is Your Ally
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

Innovating is a highly nonlinear process. You can turn that nonlinearity to your advantage and explore a space of opportunity systematically, rather than constraining yourself to a pre-specified future, by combining a few parts, substituting those parts, talking with some people, looking for patterns in the combination of parts and insights from others, and then outline a few distinct opportunities for impact. You don’t need any intuition; just ask what is possible after the parts are combined, and learn what happens then. Are there new problems those parts might solve together? Is there something to learn from how people are “misinterpreting” your idea? As your idea grows, you’ll have parts, people, comments, and near misses to fuel your exploration; as you demonstrate each opportunity with a different set of parts, you are creating a space of opportunity. Time is your ally.
Operating on the Problem through Trial and Error
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

Figuring out how to show that your problem is wrong is, in essence, how you work your way through innovating. As you do so, try to imagine the next thing about your innovation prototype that will “kill” your mission. Make it a routine to assume that you will fail, and go systematically through all the parts and insights that make up your prototype to prove it will indeed not work. You are searching for a culprit that would turn an error at one scale into a failure at the next scale, and you do that by interrogating your prototype with parts and with insights you get from people. As you go along, you ought to find it easier to add new parts and insights that you don’t believe will work together; pose the same questions, and find the near misses—all of which carry information of value to you. This is how you commandeer nonlinearities and make your innovating robust.
Scaling Up an Organization
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

Organizations don’t just grown on their own. You build them, and you may end up building multiple organizations, each one atop the previous one. The scale-up logic is straightforward: You present what you did (the past) to motivate where you will go (the future), but what you work on is the middle (the present). Most emerging organizations fail because they build for the future having ignored the entire present. But you don’t have to worry about whether a decision is optimal for that rosy future—it just needs to work today. As you build the next organization, you’ll reuse parts from the old one and you’ll get to implement everything you’ve learned. Growth and scale-up work like problem solving: no one cares how you first came up with the solution. The organization that systematizes your current innovation prototype is your first big milestone.
Managing Innovating Continuously
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

You can create the conditions for innovating anywhere and make it a continuous process. You can build an engine for innovating that yields impact, strategic insight into new problems, and increased efficiency, and “configure” it to produce new products, companies, causes, policies, inventions, innovation kits, identify talent and resources, or develop professional innovations. This can be in a corporation, a research/academic organization, or generally. Your innovating advantage is that your organization itself can be an innovation prototype.
The World Is Your Lab: You Need a Notebook to Converse with Yourself
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

To derive benefit from documentation when you have only a hunch, you must dispense with the notion that documentation is just record keeping. Capture your thoughts without regard for being wrong; our brains have no problem drawing the seemingly preposterous connections that fuel innovating. The benefits of documentation will be most easily understood by future-you—the real expert at what you are doing and fully equipped with hindsight. So, get ideas out of your brain and documented before the memory of an idea you once had becomes more important than the idea ever was. Later, when your brain finds it again, it will become a near miss. That and everything it helps your brain remember can be a part.
Innovation of Meaning
Authors: Verganti Roberto
Published: September 2017

This chapter summarizes the content of the book “Overcrowded”: (1) In the current scenario, overcrowded by ideas, having additional ideas have marginal value, both for businesses and customers. Indeed it destroys value by making things even fuzzier and difficult to discern. (2) In this wealth of opportunities, value comes from envisioning which direction makes more sense. It does not require more ideas, but one meaningful vision. Not to improve how things are, but why we need them. The winners are those who make existing problems old and redefine the scenario; those who make customers fall in love by offering not something better, but something more meaningful. (3) To create meaningful things we need a process whose principles are the opposite of the ideation and outside-in innovation that has populated the innovation discourse in the last years: we need criticism and to start from ourselves.
Innovation from the Inside Out
Authors: Verganti Roberto
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows why in a world overcrowded by ideas innovation should come from the inside-out, i.e. the process should start from ourselves rather than from clients or outsiders. Traditional innovation processes are typically oriented the other way around: from the outside in. Their focus on solutions requires us to look first outside our organization, and outside ourselves; when we want to innovate solutions we start by going out and observing how users use existing products; then we are advised to “think outside the box” in order to be more creative; and even to invite outsiders to propose masses of novel ideas. Instead, the search for a new direction, i.e. the innovation of meaning, comes from the inside out. It’s a vision that comes from us and is offered to people. A gift to love because, foremost, we love it and we authentically believe it will make their lives better. And it could not be otherwise. You can borrow solutions from outsiders, but you cannot borrow directions and visions from outsiders: you cannot wear the eyes of others. You have to see things yourself. Or, put differently, when it comes to innovation of meanings, the myth of outside-in innovation does not work. We need to take exactly the opposite direction: from the inside out. This has three reasons, which we will elaborate in depth. First, meanings are interpretations, and interpretations cannot be outsourced; they can only come from us. Second, our own interpretations are precious; people will never love something we do not love ourselves. Third, we have the responsibility to drive the world in the direction that we believe makes more sense; this is good for people, for business, and for us; if we abdicate, what is our role in this world?
Envisioning
Authors: Verganti Roberto
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates the first phase of an innovation journey: how individuals can envision breakthrough directions. The process of innovation of meaning moves from the inside-out. It starts from us. Everyone, within an organization, harbours a sense of what could be meaningful to customers. Everyone nurtures hypotheses. They may be explicit, but most often implicit, in our mind, and in our heart. If we do not expose them, they will in any case sway our interpretations when we will listen to others. Better then to take them out. First, because by exposing our hypotheses we reduce the risk of being stuck in our own assumptions. Second, because our hypotheses are the precious raw ingredient to fuel the entire process. The ingredient that will be then critically melted and fused with others along the way. By “envisioning” we therefore to expose our individual hypotheses. We do this by addressing this question: “What would I love people to love”? The phase of Envisioning asks us to elicit what has been silently boiling inside for a while. It provides a formal and legitimate context to think about what we would love people to love. This chapter illustrates who should envision, and how.
Dr. Feelgood and Mr. Fix-It Go to the Picture Show
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses different sorts of justificatory reasons – consequentialist and nonconsequentialist – with the objective of demonstrating how consequentialist reasoning has permeated the environmental discourse. It uses the cases of geoengineering and vaccination (from in imaginary deadly illness – the Schmoo) to illustrate how ethical orientations toward the good often come up short when seeking to justify complicated interventions that encroach on human lives.
The Green’s Gambit
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that reasons are underdetermined and often left out of value-based discussions of nature. The chapter offers a rough sketch of Kantian moral theory – particularly the first two formulations of the Categorical Imperative – to suggest that the primary charge of environmentalism ought to be that of encouraging deeper justification of actions. It utilizes the Endangered Species Act, the argument from ecosystem services, and the case of a stolen kidney to suggest that cost-benefit analysis and related methodologies are insufficient for addressing the broad ethical considerations of environmentalists.
Postscript: The Right Thing for the Right Reason
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

The summer of 1967, the Summer of Love, was a time of increasing domestic unrest. The civil rights movement was well underway, Martin Luther King Jr. was in his final year of inspiring young upstarts to object peacefully to discrimination, the mantra that one should “make love, not war,” was emblazoned on hand-held posters and tattered bedsheets, and millions of mattresses, shorn of these selfsame sheets, were laying witness to the sexual revolution. We now know that the young man who was snapped by photographer Bernie Boston placing carnations in the barrels of automatic weapons was George Harris, a struggling actor heading off to San Francisco. Harris would later declare his homosexuality, assume the name Hibiscus, and help start a flamboyant drag troupe called the Cockettes. In the early 1990s, he would die of AIDS, a disease he contracted, arguably, thanks to the free love that had become a defining feature of his lifestyle....
Visual Phenomenology
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The main argument of the book is as follows:
(1) The descriptive premise: The phenomenology of vision is best described as an ongoing process of anticipation and fulfillment.
(2) The empirical premise: There are strong empirical reasons to model vision using the general form of anticipation and fulfillment.
(AF) Conclusion: Visual perception is an ongoing process of anticipation and fulfillment.
The book consists of three parts and an appendix. The first part of the book makes the case for premise (1) based on descriptive claims about the nature of first-person experience. The initial support for (1) in Chapter 2 is based on the fact that visual experience has the general features of being perspectival, temporal, and indeterminate. Chapter 3 includes an argument for (1) based on the possibility of surprise when appearances do not change as we expect, and Chapter 4 contains a discussion of the content of visual anticipations.
The second part of the book focuses on empirical support. Chapter 5 covers a range of evidence from perceptual psychology that motivates premise (2). Chapter 6 turns to evidence from neuroscience, including recent work in predictive coding. The seventh chapter shows how evidence for the two-visual systems hypothesis can be re-interpreted in support of (2).
The third part of the book turns to general methodological questions (Chapter 8) and the relationship between visual perception and social cognition (Chapter 9). The appendix addresses the ways in which Husserlian phenomenology relates to the main theme of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

This first chapter introduces the main argument of the book and locates my position relative to existing approaches in the philosophy of psychology. The chapter includes a discussion of mental architecture and a discussion of earlier attempts to link visual experience with models from cognitive neuroscience. The conclusion of the main argument is that visual perception is an ongoing process of anticipation and fulfilment.
Three Constraints
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins the case for the descriptive premise of the main argument by introducing three features of all visual experience. Visual experiences has the three features of being perspectival, temporal, and indeterminate. The chapter addresses each feature and then explains how the descriptive premise takes these features into account.
The Active Brain
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The sixth chapter defends the empirical premise of the main argument from a neuroscientific perspective. It begins with a discussion of the ongoing intrinsic activity of the brain. The chapter also appropriates recent work on predictive coding in support of the empirical premise.
Seeing Our World
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The ninth chapter builds on thesis AF in order to construct an argument for thesis VCS, which is the claim that visual content has a strong social element. The chapter includes an argument for VCS and a discussion of the empirical support for VCS.
Introduction: The Question Concerning Technology and Romanticism
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: September 2017

The introduction explains that the main argument and narrative of this book is that technology and romanticism are not in opposition to each other. The literature of the philosophy of technology lacks attention to the relationship between romanticism and technology; conversely, in related fields like cultural studies, sociology, and media studies, there is much literature about this relationship and its history. This book focuses on specific and contemporary technologies and critically examines its own arguments. The book also discusses how to move past romanticism, while acknowledging that the means of analysis are informed by Romanticism. It is comprised of three parts which discuss the traditional opposition between technology and romanticism, the complex relationship between them, and the ways to move beyond romantic and machine thinking.
Romanticism with the Machine (1): From Frankenstein’s Monster to Hippie Computing
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: September 2017

In chapter 4 it is argued that already in historical times the romantic relation to technology cannot be reduced to mere opposition. It is shown how in the early nineteenth century romantics were not only fearful of, but also fascinated by the new science and technology. Drawing on Tresch (2012) and Holmes (2008) it is argued that there was a current in Romanticism which viewed science and the arts as entwined, and which tried to fuse the organic and the mechanic, life and science. These material romanticisms are neglected by philosophers of technology who reduce romanticism to escapism, nostalgia, or anti-machine thinking.
This brings us to our age, with its life sciences and its robotics that share these deeply material-romantic aims. First it is shown how in the 20th century there was a romantic science (Freud) and how technology and romanticism became very much entangled: not only in science fiction but also in reality: born as hippie computing in the context of the 1960s and 1970s counter-culture, there is a development of what we may call romantic devices.
Romanticism with the Machine (2): Cyberromanticism, Uncanny Robots, Romantic Cyborgs, and Spooky Science
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 continues constructing the “hybridity” and “fusion” narrative, but now focused on contemporary electronic ICTs. For the purpose of trying to understand the relation between romanticism and these ICTs, it constructs the working thesis that contemporary use and development of ICTs can meaningfully be interpreted as contributing to, if not completing, material romanticism’s project to marry Enlightenment and Romanticism: rather than creating new “machines”, there is an attempt to reach a synthesis of rationalism and romanticism by fusing humans and machines.
The chapter reveals romanticism in the development and use of smartphones, social media, games, surveillance technology, algorithmic art, robots, transhumanist human enhancement, and other technological practices and phenomena. It is also shown how romanticism and even gothic is present in contemporary science and scientific-technological practice. It seems that with these new hybrids, technology and romanticism merge to an unprecedented extent.
Introduction
Authors: Miah Andy
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a detailed overview of the book, which is written in three parts.
Part I focuses on how digital technology is changing sport experiences from a wide range of perspectives, while also providing some of the philosophical underpinning to the book. It examines how the logic of gaming provides a unifying theory for digital culture, sport, and the Olympic Games.
Part II draws together these analyses and focuses on the broad ways in which digital technologies have affected elite and amateur sports experiences, along with considering how they have re-constituted the spectator’s proximity to the action.
Part III focuses on the Olympic Games, as an exemplar of digital media innovation in sports. It documents the rise of citizen journalism and alternative news production practices that occur around sports events, notably the Olympic Games from Sydney 2000 to Rio de Janeiro 2016.
The Serious Gamer as Elite Athlete
Authors: Miah Andy
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on how the amateur athletic experience is being modified by digital technology and how should inform a re-evaluation of computer culture. It shows how digital gaming is becoming an integral part of the amateur sporting experience and discusses why the embodied intelligence of virtual gaming can provide a further mechanism through which to teach sports and to promote new forms of socialization. The chapter also considers the importance of ‘serious games,’ which have emerged as alternative forms of sports activity. These examples support the claim that gaming technology is becoming more sport-like, thus challenging the assumption that computer game playing necessarily leads to a more sedentary lifestyle. The rise of the e-sports gaming industry is indicative of this change, but so to is the growth of more informal digitally enabled communities of physical activity, as takes place in a range of mobile fitness experiences. This chapter also sets up the argument for framing the book through the idea of “Sport 2.0”, denoting an emerging sports community that is beginning to occupy the place of traditional sports and which has the potential to overtake it in numerous ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Miah Andy
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that the integration of digital technology with sport is fast becoming a characteristic of how it is designed, delivered, and experienced. In so doing, it expands our consideration of digital life toward biological technologies, describing how digital technology is transforming the athlete’s biology and how this changes the conditions of future sporting encounters. It discusses the implications of these ideas, which encompass the need to remove sports from their physical worlds and to relocate them in digital space. Furthermore, it acknowledges how the interface between the biological and digital worlds will transform sports and other physical cultures in the future, for instance, through increasingly intelligent prosthetic devices.
Psychopathology without Nosology: The Research Domain Criteria Project as Normal Science
Authors: Pouncey Claire
Published: September 2017

Although the National Institute of Mental Health characterizes its Research Domain Criteria program as a “paradigm shift,” its change in emphasis from discrete mental disorders to psychophysiological constructs does not depart dramatically from prior research strategies. The RDoC program supports psychopathology research that utilizes newer, biologically-based investigational methods; avoids pre-existing conceptions of mental disorders; and provides insight into the full range of psychological functioning, from normal to pathological. However, it maintains the methodological rules of the existing psychopathological paradigm. This chapter traces the conceptual history of construct validity to show its consistency across disorder-based and construct-based approaches to the study of psychopathology. Because the RDoC research program is grounded in construct validity and aims to develop existing theory, it does not constitute a paradigm shift in the Kuhnian sense, but simply rejects mental disorders as scientifically legitimate constructs.
DSM Applications to Young Children: Are There Really Bipolar and Depressed Two-Year-Olds?
Authors: Kincaid Harold
Published: September 2017

Scientific commonsense would suggest that very young children cannot have psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder or major depression since they do not have the level of development to express the complex characteristics of these disorders. This chapter provides a detailed survey of current evidence supporting this common sense claim. The chapter first gives a general perspective on DSM that will be applied in looking at childhood psychiatric diagnoses and should be of some interest in its own right. I argue that there are some DSM based categorizations--those of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder--that have substantial empirical support. I look at these two classifications as the best case for pediatric psychiatric disorders. I argue that this best case fails given our current state of knowledge, raising doubts in general about psychiatric diagnoses in small children. This conclusion has practical importance, since small children are increasingly being given powerful psychoactive drugs.
Introduction
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an outline of the main argument of the book, and it defines many of the most important analytical concepts that are used in subsequent chapters. Also introduced are the two fundamental philosophical assumptions upon which the book’s argument rests—first, that success in scientific inquiry generates not comprehensive and systematic theory, but instead multiple different theories that are each an approximation of some complex reality; and second, that rational progress in moral inquiry is possible.
Biology and Evolutionary Moral Psychology
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that it is not possible to make meaningful progress in moral psychology by attempting to derive conclusions about moral cognition from premises describing patterns of human behaviour that could have been adaptive in the late Pleistocene. The reason these inferences fail is that it is not possible to derive proximate explanations from ultimate explanations and vice-versa.
Normative Moral Psychology
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter defines normative moral psychology, which addresses questions that cannot be included within the scope of either hard-question social theory or descriptive moral psychology. These are questions about personal moral development, character, and the habituation of the virtues.
Social Economics: Current and Emerging Avenues
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Macis Mario
Published: September 2017

The separation of economics and sociology as distinct disciplines can be traced back to at least the so-called “ordinal revolution” (Pareto 1900, 1909) and the subsequent development of ‘marginalism’ and modern economics. Pareto’s division between ‘political economy’ (as the science of the economic system driven by rational factors like interests and appetites) and ‘sociology’ (or the science of the sociological system determined by ‘irrational’ forces such as sentiments/residues and derivations) had a profound and lasting influence on both disciplines. In spite of the separation and the different methodological approaches, the conversation and cross-pollination between economics and sociology never stopped, and has been often fruitful. Major early examples include Veblen’s study of institutions and of the interaction of economic changes and cultural and social changes (Veblen, 1899), Polanyi’s “embeddedness” argument and the idea that non-economic factors (e.g., social conventions) act as constraints on people’s economic behavior. More generally, the interactions between economics and other disciplines (e.g., psychology) have been more intense than it might seem at first sight. For instance, Herbert Simon’s idea that human choice is often best explained as being the result of “satisficing” as opposed to “maximizing” behavior (Simon 1955, 1956, 1957) is today a central tenet of behavioral economics, which, it can be argued, has obtained mainstream status.
The Microeconomics of Trust
Authors: Guiso Luigi
Published: September 2017

Research on trust has been one of the most fertile areas over the past decade. It has involved contributions not only from all social science but also from biology and neuroscience. In this chapter I will focus on the economics approach to trust. Despite the pervasive role trust plays in contracting, economists have not been the first to notice the key role of trust for the functioning of an economy. But they have been the first to show its empirical importance for explaining the macroeconomic differences in aggregate performance across countries and communities. In this essay we focus on the microeconomics of trust and elucidate how is trust formed and evolves at the individual level and how it affects individual economic decisions and performance.
Cultural Persistence and the Pill
Authors: Ragan Kelly
Published: September 2017

This paper reviews the literature in economics and related fields on the role of social norms in shaping fertility patterns and demand for contraception. The case of Sweden is discussed in detail both with regard to the literature and the data. Measures of non-marital childbearing from the 19th and early 20th Century are presented and compared in relation to demand for oral contraceptives (‘the Pill’) over a half century later. The correlation of Pill take-up with historical illegitimacy is strongly positive, regardless of the measure used. The geographical variation of illegitimacy and contraceptive demand follow a strikingly similar pattern that is independent of urbanization and North/South development patterns.
The Role of Children in Building Parents’ Social Networks
Authors: Heizler Odelia , Kimhi Ayal
Published: September 2017

This paper analyzes the effect of children on the parent's social networks using Israeli Social Survey data for 2002-2006. Additional demographic attributes of the household, such as the age gap between the oldest and youngest child and the age of the youngest child are also examined. We found that the first child decreases social networking of both males and females. The number of children has a U-shaped effect on parents' involvement in social networks, with substantial differences between fathers and mothers. The negative effect is dominant on the mothers’ involvement in social networks, while the positive effect is dominant on the father's involvement in social networks. The age gap between children has a positive effect on both parents’ involvement in social networks, while the age of the youngest child has a positive effect only on the father's involvement in social networks.
Individual Fundraising: The Power of the Personal
Authors: Payne Abigail , Scharf Kimberley , Smith Sarah
Published: September 2017

This paper presents new insights into online individual fundraising using a large dataset drawn from the UK’s largest online fundraising platform. The evidence shows that the “personal ask” is highly effective in this context, compared to peer-to-peer fundraising. We argue that donations may be motivated by a “relational warm glow” that the donor feels towards the fundraiser.
Back to the Future: The Return of STS to Its “Historical Roots”
Authors: Callicott J. Baird
Published: September 2017

J. Baird Callicott questions the basic premise of Lynn White Jr.’s essay “The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis,” where White attributes the environmental crisis to Genesis where God created man in his image, gave man dominion over the rest of creation, and commands him to subdue the Earth. Callicott examines White’s very epistemic assumption: that what we do depends on what we think. On this reckoning, we need to rethink the nature of nature, human nature, and the relationship between humans and nature in order to save the world from ecological disaster. But Callicott reminds us that the Lynn White Jr. of Medieval Technology and Social Change (1962) also proposes a theory of technological determinism to explain the fate of the West. So which is it? Is the mechanistic worldview of Descartes and Newton the product of Christian theology or mechanical technologies? Perhaps nature is more affected by things than ideas. If so, environmental philosophers have to give up the pretense that they alone can save the world from environmental destruction because they alone are expert at uncovering underlying conceptual presuppositions. Revolutionary developments in real material things are just as important as revolutionary ideas.
Phil-Tech Meets Eco-Phil
Authors: Ihde Don
Published: September 2017

Don Ihde examines the “congenital dystopianism” shared by environmentalists, environmental philosophers, and philosophers of technology. Each group employs a “rhetoric of alarm” that connects the use of technologies with environmental degradations. Ihde calls attention to how excessive rhetorical strategies have locked us into a false dichotomy: either technological-environmental utopianism or dystopianism. The problem is that we have not yet fully diagnosed either what our technologies can or should do, or what the environmental crises actually are. So long as we continue to accept either utopian or dystopian forecasts we are unlikely to bring either technologies or ecosystems into appropriate focus. Techno-environmental problems are complex, ambiguous, and interwoven; they rarely lend themselves either to an easy techno-fix or simple solution. The hardest problem of them all is how to turn major actors in the economy green: large scale development projects and multinational corporations. The challenge for a proactive philosopher is to get on the ground floor of technological research and development in order to help figure out how to green the economy itself.
Resistance to Risky Technology: When Are Our Environmental Fears Justified?
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: September 2017

Paul B. Thompson argues that defenders and critics of novel technologies share the same fundamental assumption that technological innovation is the key source of greater efficiency in production. Although they question how social institutions incentivize innovation and distribute benefits, innovation as such is always seen as a good thing -- except when it comes to certain emerging technologies: agricultural biotechnologies, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology. Then public perception is skeptical, negative, even outraged. Thompson turns to risk assessment to figure out what makes some technologies more disturbing than others. He examines the “social amplification of risk,” the cognitive and social phenomena that distort perception and cause people to see a situation as more risky that it is, other times as less risky. Thompson identifies two different approaches to the risk amplification: purification and hybridization. The former excludes irrational social fears, outrage, and distrust from a risk assessment; the latter takes these motivating influences seriously and incorporates them into a risk assessment. Thompson warns that purification can engender the suspicion that powerful actors are indifferent to social perceptions, and suggests that hybridization can be an effective response to the perception of environmental harms.