bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Differences in Young Adults’ Perceptions of the Probability of Future Family Life Events
Authors: Speirs Calandra , Huang Vivian , Konnert Candace
Published: January 2017

Most young adults are exposed to family caregiving; however, little is known about their perceptions of their future caregiving activities such as the probability of becoming a caregiver for their parents or providing assistance in relocating to a nursing home. This study examined the perceived probability of these events among 182 young adults and the following predictors of their probability ratings: gender, ethnicity, work or volunteer experience, experiences with caregiving and nursing homes, expectations about these transitions, and filial piety. Results indicated that Asian or South Asian participants rated the probability of being a caregiver as significantly higher than Caucasian participants, and the probability of placing a parent in a nursing home as significantly lower. Filial piety was the strongest predictor of the probability of these life events, and it mediated the relationship between ethnicity and probability ratings. These findings indicate the significant role of filial piety in shaping perceptions of future life events.
Integrating Program Assessment and a Career Focus into a Research Methods Course
Authors: Senter Mary Scheuer
Published: January 2017

Sociology research methods students in 2013 and 2016 implemented a series of “real world” data gathering activities that enhanced their learning while assisting the department with ongoing program assessment and program review. In addition to the explicit collection of program assessment data on both students’ development of sociological concepts and skills while undergraduates and alumni’s use of such knowledge after graduation, an effort was made throughout the semesters to highlight key research methods knowledge using examples that focused on job searching and careers appropriate for baccalaureate-trained sociologists. Students reported that these real-world activities both increased their interest in and their learning about research methods. These explicit and implicit experiences with an employment focus also led them to increase their own thinking about their eventual careers and preparing job search materials, such as résumés, that include skills developed in their undergraduate sociology courses.
The building performance gap: Are modellers literate?
Authors: Imam Salah , Coley David A , Walker Ian
Published: January 2017

One of the most discussed issues in the design community is the performance gap. In this research, we investigate for the first time whether part of the gap might be caused by the modelling literacy of design teams. A total of 108 building modellers were asked to comment on the importance of obtaining and using accurate values for 21 common modelling input variables, from U-values to occupancy schedules when using dynamic simulation to estimate annual energy demand. The questioning was based on a real building for which high-resolution energy, occupancy and temperature data were recorded. A sensitivity analysis was then conducted using a model of the building (based on the measured data) by perturbing one parameter in each simulation. The effect of each perturbation on the annual energy consumption given by the model was found and a ranked list generated. The order of this list was then compared to that given by the modellers for the same changes in the parameters. A correlation analysis indicated little correlation between which variables were thought to be important by the modellers and which proved to be objectively important. k-means cluster analysis identified subgroups of modellers and showed that 25% of the people tested were making judgements that appeared worse than a person responding at random. Follow-up checks showed that higher level qualifications, or having many years of experience in modelling, did not improve the accuracy of people’s predictions. In addition, there was no correlation between modellers, with many ranking some parameters as important that others thought irrelevant. Using a three-part definition of literacy, it is concluded that this sample of modellers, and by implication the population of building modellers, cannot be considered modelling literate. This indicates a new cause of the performance gap. The results suggest a need and an opportunity for both industry and universities to increase their efforts with respect to building physics education, and if this is done, a part of the performance gap could be rapidly closed.

Practical application: In any commercial simulation, the modeller will have to decide which parameters must be included and which might be ignored due to lack of time and/or data, and how much any approximations might perturb the results. In this paper, the judgment of 108 modellers was compared against each other. The results show that the internal mental models of thermal modellers disagree with one another, and disagree with the results of a validated thermal model. The lessons learnt will be of great utility to modellers, and those educating the next generation of modellers.
Longmaxi shale gas geochemistry in Changning and Fuling gas fields, the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Feng Ziqi , Huang Shipeng , Wu Wei , Xie Chen , Peng Weilong , Cai Yuwen
Published: January 2017

This paper focuses on Longmaxi shale gas geochemistry and carbon isotopic reversal in Changning and Fuling gas fields through comparative study of shale gas composition and carbon and hydrogen isotopes in North America and Changning and Fuling gas fields. Longmaxi shale gas in Changning and Fuling gas fields exhibits the features of dry gas. Specifically, the average methane (CH4) content is 98.72 and 98.17%, respectively. The humidity is less than 0.5%. Nonhydrocarbon gases include a small amount of CO2 and N2. Extremely heavy δ13C1 value, average δ13C2 value of −33.3 and −34.6‰ for Changning and Fuling, and sapropelic organic matter indicate the properties of petroliferous dry gas. Carbon isotopic reversal, i.e. δ13C1>δ13C2>δ13C3, may be caused by combined secondary effects at high maturity and high geotemperature. The reversal may also be related to ethane Rayleigh fractionation and late methane generation by water and transition metals reaction. Geologic setting in these two gas fields may have an impact on carbon isotopes distribution.
Present State of Energy Utilization in Rural China
Authors: Zhijie Huang
Published: January 2017

Although China is rich in energy resources, the rapid growth of the population in rural areas has caused a serious shortage of fuel and deterioration of the environment. There are difficulties in increasing the supply of fossil fuel quickly to satisfy the energy demands of the population in rural areas. The situation can be alleviated by diffusing and popularising practicable technologies for using new and renewable sources of energy. The use of highly effective stoves is simple, needs less investment and can get results very soon. The best use of biomass is in integrated biogas technology. Small hydroelectric power resources are important for rural electrification and solar, wind and geothermal energy may be used as supplementary rural energy resources.
Global Energy Market: Future Supplies Potentials
Authors: Odell Peter
Published: January 2017

World energy supplies to the year 2010 are reviewed. At energy and oil prices not significantly different from $18 per barrel oil in 1992 money terms, there are alternatives to the Middle East becoming the core supplier of oil.
Regional Seabed Geology and Engineering Considerations for Hibernia and Surrounding Areas
Authors: Sonnichsen G.V. , Moran K. , Lewis C.F.M. , Fader G.B.J.
Published: January 2017

The discovery of oil in the Hibernia region in 1979, and subsequently at the Ben Nevis, Terra Nova, Whiterose and Hebron locations has heightened the demand for information on surficial and subsurface sediments for northeastern Grand Bank. Both gravity-based production facilities and subsea installations require a detailed understanding of the seabed foundation zone and any variations in sedimentary and physical properties of near-surface seabed materials which may affect seabed strength and stability.

High resolution single-channel airgun (0.16 l) seismic reflection profiles and information from industry and government boreholes show the near-surface stratigraphy to be dominated by a sequence of shallow, seaward-dipping, parallel reflections which are interpreted to have resulted from progradation and aggradation on the continental shelf. At least locally at the Hibernia site, the upper parallel reflection sequence has complex, internal lenticular reflections and dense interbedded sands, silty-clayey sands and minor gravel and cobbles. Zones of clinoform reflections are interbedded within the sequence. The largest overlies the Hibernia oilfield and is composed of medium to coarse sand with silt and clay interbeds. It is interpreted as a shallow marine progradational sequence, which may have resulted from meltwater deposition of glacially-eroded sediment. Sediment composition and stability within the progradational sequence varies locally and regionally. A regional unconformity near the seabed truncates the progradational and the parallel reflection units and underlies thin surficial sands and gravels that are periodically transported and reworked by bottom currents and scouring icebergs.

Four (4) potential seabed constraints to offshore development are described: 1) nearfield sediment transport around seabed installations, 2) liquefaction of seabed foundation sediments as a result of seismic loading, 3) seafloor iceberg scouring, and 4) site-specific and regional geological variability of foundation sediments and their physical properties. Constraints 1–3 can be addressed with appropriate design and proper siting, while 4) needs to be recognized and quantified as seabed strength and composition will vary and therefore impact design and installation of facilities such as wellheads, flowlines and pipelines.
CIS Refineries – Survival or Collapse?
Authors: Scanlan Tony
Published: January 2017

The refineries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) need substantial investment for modernisation. The investment is required to reduce the proportion of heavy fuel oil produced and to manufacture high quality gasolines and distillates that would benefit the internal market and be suitable for world trade.

However the investment required in the refining sector is in effect competing with investment required in many other sectors in a period of sharp economic decline with substantial inflation.
The Dating Game
Authors: Lerche I. , Thomsen R.O.
Published: January 2017

Different age-scales are used to identify ages of several particular horizons. In general the ages recorded vary from age-scale to age-scale. A cumulative probabilistic procedure is given to illustrate how to use the differences in recorded behaviour in order to provide a most likely estimate of horizon ages based on the different age-scale data available. In this way the need to devise better measurement controls on particular horizons is brought more sharply into focus; as are those horizons which are sufficiently well-determined that they act as templates against which probabilistic assessments of more ill-controlled horizons can be gauged for resolution and precision.
Once Again—The “Center” of the Old Testament
Authors: Murphy Roland E.
Published: January 2017

The search for the “middle” of the Old Testament is ongoing, as it were a quest for the holy grail. Two more solutions have been proposed recently: Shekinah, a post-biblical term for divine dwelling or immanence, and “steadfast love” ( hesed). This article critiques both and points to the paradox: the search fails, but it produces fruitful, if partial, insights.
Words That Testify of God: The Theology of the Old Testament by Walter Brueggemann
Authors: Gnuse Robert K.
Published: January 2017

Walter Brueggemann crafts a First Testament theology around the organizing principle of Israel's speech about God. He discusses the themes of First Testament thought in four categories: Israel's Core Testimony, Israel's Countertestimony, Israel's Unsolicited Testimony, and Embodied Narrative. He attempts to generate a dynamic theology that captures the rhetorical power of the biblical text. With his own classic style he theologizes excellently on the text in a mode designed to address the needs of theologians, teachers, and preachers, more so than critical scholars. He eschews the Historical Critical Method in favor of post-modern criticism, which this reviewer feels is a mistake.
Textual and Redactional Aspects of the Book of Dreams (1 Enoch 83–90)
Authors: Tite Philip L.
Published: January 2017

The redactor of 1 Enoch 83–90 brings together two very distinct Enochian traditions: the Flood Vision and the Animal Apocalypse. Although each tradition reflects a social reaction to the threat of hellenization in the second century BCE, they offer radically different social constructions of the eschatological role of insiders and outsiders; presenting in the Flood Vision a spatial apocalyptic perspective with a strong deterministic outlook, and in the Animal Apocalypse a less deterministic perspective within a temporal apocalyptic framework. By bringing these two traditions together, the redactor creates a new text (the Book of Dreams), which reinterprets the apocalypse with the vision. Although redactional activity is not extensive in the Book of Dreams, it does indicate a later stage in the tradition history, a stage reflecting back upon the success of the Maccabean revolt.
From Storytelling to Written Text: The Loss of Early Christian Women's Voices
Authors: Dewey Joanna
Published: January 2017

Scholars today generally agree that women were more prominent in early Christianity than the evidence of the Second Testament suggests. In this article I argue that a major reason for the loss of early Christian women's voices was the shift from an oral to a manuscript medium. The few men who were literate tended to minimize and trivialize the stories about women in composing the written manuscripts. First I retell an ancient story, then briefly describe literacy and orality in antiquity. Then I discuss the question of oral vs. written media and access to authority. Next, I describe what happened to women's folk tales as they were transformed into the print medium by men. Finally, I describe the traces of similar minimalizing and distortion of stories about women to be found in the Gospels.
Involvement through photography
Authors: Takai J.
Published: January 2017

As a photographer living in Tokyo, I have been visiting Suetsugi village regularly to take photographs and show the printed photographs to the residents. What is the role of photography? What does it mean to be involved in the life of Suetsugi through photography? This article discusses some of the answers to these questions 5 years after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.
The Association between LIFO Reserve and Equity Risk: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Chandra Uday , Childs Bradley D. , Ro Byung T.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the association between a firm's LIFO reserve and its equity risk. We hypothesize that LIFO reserve has favorable implications for equity risk as it confers tax benefits and represents unbooked profits, which prompt firms to lower their borrowings and effectively increase equity. Consistent with this hypothesis, we document a negative association between LIFO reserve and two measures of risk: standard deviation of stock returns and beta. We document a negative association between LIFO reserve and debt, consistent with the proposition that UFO reserve and debt are tax shield substitutes. However, the negative association between LIFO reserve and equity risk remains even when the level of debt of firms is controlled. Further tests show that adjusting the denominator of the debt-equity ratio for LIFO reserve improves its explanatory power with regard to risk, consistent with the notion that LIFO reserve is viewed as a component of equity in assessing risk. Additional tests indicate that LIFO reserve has explanatory power with regard to future risk. Also, variability of LIFO reserve is positively associated with equity risk, suggesting that firms with high temporal variability in their LIFO reserve may be unable to fully avail of the future benefits of LIFO accounting. Collectively, these results indicate that LIFO reserve is negatively associated with equity risk and conveys information that is potentially useful in assessing equity risk.
Tax and Incentive Trade-Offs in Multinational Transfer Pricing
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: January 2017

Multinationals use transfer prices both for tax minimization and for managerial incentives. This paper analyzes two methods of disentangling the tax and incentive roles: setting multiple prices and using performance measures independent of transfer prices. Even with imperfect enforcement of transfer-pricing rules, regulator scrutiny limits the firm's flexibility. Transfer prices affect after-tax income both by influencing the manager's production decisions ex ante and by allocating income ex post across tax jurisdictions. If the ex ante incentive role dominates the ex post tax role, the firm increases the transfer price received by the subsidiary even if the subsidiary tax rate increases.
Incentives Facing Life Insurance Firms to Report Actuarial Earnings: Evidence from Australia and the UK
Authors: Klumpes Paul J. M.
Published: January 2017

During the 1990s, Australian and UK life industry professionals encouraged life insurance companies to provide investors with supplementary financial statements that incorporate the present value of actuarially calculated (“embedded value”) earnings (“PVAE”). However, these reporting practices have subsequently been criticized for potentially misleading investors and for failing to meet the definition of a recognizable asset. The propensity of proprietary UK and Australian life insurers to voluntarily report their PVAE is predicted to be driven by their desire to provide information to investors about their future profit expectations. The empirical tests are based on a sample of 67 Australian and UK proprietary and mutual firms. Consistent with the hypothesis, proprietary firms voluntarily reporting PVAE tend to have relatively higher future profit expectations than nondisclosing firms. These findings have implications for ongoing efforts to develop internationally harmonized financial reporting standards for life insurance companies.
Tracks
Authors: Blose Laurence , DeBruine Marinus , Sopariwala Parvez
Published: January 2017

The General Motors/UAW strike in June-July 1998 involved a 54-day work stoppage. General Motors and automobile analysts have attempted to quantify the loss from this strike and have come up with varied numbers. The stock market analysts' reactions to the strike, and consequently, the stock market price reaction, vary depending on which estimation method is employed. There is no real consensus among these various sources because their “economic loss” estimates rely on predictions of how many of the vehicles could not be produced and sold as a result of the strike (or recovered in future quarters). Using recent developments in the cost management literature, we determine the cost of unused capacity or the “accounting loss” suffered by General Motors during the second and third quarters of 1998. We show that General Motors may have lost about $2,332.7 million after taxes (excluding Delphi) due to the strike and an additional $1,313.8 million after taxes (excluding Delphi) due to capacity unused for other reasons. More importantly, such “accounting losses,” to the extent they are not strike-related, are expected to continue each year unless market conditions improve or the company takes action to reduce its capacity.
Investor Valuations and Measuring Bank Intangible Assets
Authors: Kohlbeck Mark
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the value-relevance and reliability of bank intangible asset measures. The majority of bank intangible assets are not recognized and few banks voluntarily disclose estimates or provide other information about these assets. Investors therefore have limited direct information about this important component of bank value. I incorporate publicly available financial and market information to estimate four customer-based intangible assets: mortgage servicing rights, credit card intangible, core deposit intangible, and trust operations intangible. I find my estimates are value-relevant, increase the explanatory power of a valuation model compared to one containing balance sheet amounts; and, with the exception of the mortgage servicing rights, are more reliable than balance-sheet amounts and estimates derived from simple algorithms used in prior research. Intangible assets that are not separately reported (core deposit and trust operations intangibles) or that are reported by few banks (credit card intangible) drive the results. These intangible assets are also not subject to separate accounting recognition standards such as SFAS 122 for mortgage servicing rights, where I find weaker results. The evidence of value-relevance and reliability of intangible asset estimates based on current disclosures (and recorded mortgage servicing rights) suggests the existing financial reporting requirements provide useful information about intangible assets and change may not be necessary.
Informativeness of Performance Measures in the Presence of Reporting Discretion
Authors: Natarajan Ramachandran
Published: January 2017

Accounting performance measures are the end products of a series of unobservable managerial product decisions, unobservable noise, and accounting choices. This paper develops conditions under which accounting performance measures generated by sequential production and reporting decisions can be useful for contracting purposes. It explains how production technology and reporting discretion distinctly influence the stewardship value of accounting performance measures. In particular, it shows that the reports are useful whenever managers have limited discretion and when the bounds of the reporting set are informative about managerial action. The implications of the model for standard setting and empirical research on contract efficiency are then discussed.
The Pricing of Assurance Services in Secondary Equity Offerings
Authors: Fargher Neil L. , Mayhew Brian W. , Wilkins Michael
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the pricing of assurance services in secondary equity offerings (SEOs). Our empirical model extends initial public offering (IPO) fee specifications to include variables that are unique to, or more relevant for, secondary offerings. We document an inverse relationship between SEO fees and a client's ability to delay its secondary offering, suggesting that auditors do not charge as much for SEOs made by relatively mature firms. The relationship reverses, however, when the client is required to use more comprehensive types of filings (i.e., when assurance effort is higher). We also show that fees are higher when the SEO comes to market during the client's annual audit period. This finding is consistent with the shifting of year-end audit fees to SEO engagements in an effort to boost earnings for both clients and auditors (at the expense of shareholders). We cannot, however, unambiguously conclude that fee shifting exists, as the observed fee premium could be explained by other factors.
The Association between Big 6 Auditor Industry Expertise and the Asymmetric Timeliness of Earnings
Authors: Krishnan Gopal V.
Published: January 2017

The accounting profession is facing a credibility crisis precipitated by the failure of several high-profile companies and the alleged failure of their auditors to detect and persuade their clients to recognize economic losses in earnings in a timely fashion. Investors, regulators, analysts, and the public are interested in identifying factors that enhance the timeliness of earnings, particularly about bad news. This study provides empirical evidence on one such factor—auditors' industry expertise. Using a large sample of clients of Big 6 auditors, this research examines the association between auditor industry expertise, measured in terms of an industry's share in the auditor's portfolio of client industries, and the speed with which publicly available bad news about future cash flows is recognized in earnings. The findings indicate that the earnings of clients of specialist auditors are more timely in reflecting bad news than earnings of clients of nonspecialist auditors. This finding is consistent with the notion that auditors' industry expertise moderates the tendency of auditees to delay the recognition of economic losses in earnings.
Institutional Stock Ownership, Accrual Management, and Information Environment
Authors: Mitra Santanu , Cready William M.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the empirical relationship between institutional percentage shareholding and accounting discretion exercised by firms to manage accruals over a period of time. It also evaluates the effects of firm size and information environment on such relationship. By employing a firm-specific abnormal accrual estimation design to measure accounting flexibility/discretion used to adjust abnormal accruals in financial reporting, the study documents that institutional stock ownership is inversely related to such accounting discretion exercised to manage abnormal current accruals. This inverse relationship is, however, found to be dependent on firm size and richness of information environment. Specifically, the inverse relationship strongly holds for smaller firms that are deemed to have an impoverished information environment compared with larger firms having information-rich environment. Furthermore, by using a two-stage least-squares approach, the study addresses the endogeneity-driven ambiguity which is inherent in the simple identification of a negative relation between institutional stock ownership and accrual management. The analysis demonstrates that the overall negative relationship is partly attributed to institutional shareholder monitoring that constrains management's ability to opportunistically manage abnormal accruals. The evidence is consistent with the view that active monitoring of institutional shareholders mitigates opportunistic reporting behavior of corporate managers and improves the quality of governance in the financial reporting process.
Insider Trading: The Case for Regulation
Authors: Ludman Earl A.
Published: January 2017

In the Spring 1985 issue of this Journal, S. David Young raised the question, “Insider Trading: Why the Concern?” This paper presents the case for regulation of insider trading.
Optimal Internal Control Strategy under Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Balachandran Bala V. , Ramanan Ramachandran
Published: January 2017

The importance of optimal allocations of resources to the internal control effort of firms is necessary in a competitive environment following some initiatives mandating such efforts. Viewing the internal control effectiveness as a stock variable affecting the net benefits of the firm, we address the issue of the optimal path internal control outlays in a multiperiod setting. Our analysis highlights some interrelationships among the parameters in the model, in addition to providing a cross-point solution for switching to lower levels of outlays.
Diversification, Capital Structure, and Systematic Risk: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Amit Raphael , Livnat Joshua
Published: January 2017

This study uses theoretical considerations to empirically examine the effects of various diversification strategies on the capital structure of firms and on the systematic risk. It documents that firms reduce their operating risk by diversification and increase financial leverage to take advantage of tax benefits. A cross-sectional path analysis is employed to show that firms trade off the reduction in operating risk due to diversification with increased financial leverage, and thus the systematic risk remains the same.
Applicant Perspectives During Selection: A Review Addressing “So What?,” “What’s New?,” and “Where to Next?”
Authors: McCarthy Julie M. , Bauer Talya N. , Truxillo Donald M. , Anderson Neil R. , Costa Ana Cristina , Ahmed Sara M.
Published: January 2017

We provide a comprehensive but critical review of research on applicant reactions to selection procedures published since 2000 ( n = 145), when the last major review article on applicant reactions appeared in the Journal of Management. We start by addressing the main criticisms levied against the field to determine whether applicant reactions matter to individuals and employers (“So what?”). This is followed by a consideration of “What’s new?” by conducting a comprehensive and detailed review of applicant reaction research centered upon four areas of growth: expansion of the theoretical lens, incorporation of new technology in the selection arena, internationalization of applicant reactions research, and emerging boundary conditions. Our final section focuses on “Where to next?” and offers an updated and integrated conceptual model of applicant reactions, four key challenges, and eight specific future research questions. Our conclusion is that the field demonstrates stronger research designs, with studies incorporating greater control, broader constructs, and multiple time points. There is also solid evidence that applicant reactions have significant and meaningful effects on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. At the same time, we identify some remaining gaps in the literature and a number of critical questions that remain to be explored, particularly in light of technological and societal changes.
Convergence or Divergence
Authors: Sabharwal Meghna , Varma Roli
Published: January 2017

Do immigrant faculty trained in American higher education institutions adopt the outlook and practices of native US scientists and engineers (“convergence”), or do they diverge from such practices? The modern science paradigm holds that location will not matter significantly and that immigrants in either place will converge to a common standard of scientific practice. Drawing upon 134 in-depth interviews, this paper compares the scientific practices of two groups of Indian immigrant faculty in science and engineering: (i) those who studied and worked in the United States and then returned to India and (ii) those who continued to work in the United States. This paper shows that the two groups differed in important ways: ease of securing grants, management of grants, research environment, professional autonomy, and research type.
Are Science and Society Going in the Same Direction?
Authors: Marx Leo
Published: January 2017

On 4 and 5 April 1983 the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry celebrated its 50th anniversary with an invited conference titled, “Where Are We Going?;—Critical Issues in Science and Technology.” This article is a slightly revised version of Professor Marx's talk given there.—Ed.
Effects of Computerized Leisure Education on Self-Determination of Youth with Disabilities
Authors: Dattilo John , Guerin Nathalie , Cory Lynne , Williams Richard
Published: January 2017

A multiple probe, single-subject design replicated across 4 youth with disabilities, ages 10–14 years, was employed to assess participants' achievement of objectives associated with Og (Williams & Dattilo, 2000), a computerized leisure education program designed to provide information about becoming self-determined in leisure. In addition, participants were interviewed and family members and staff members completed surveys so that their perceptions of the social validity of the computerized leisure education program could be assessed. Results indicated that there was support for the social validity of the intervention and similar leisure education computerized programs. These positive results associated with learning were systematically replicated across 4 participants and were maintained during follow-up probes up to 8 weeks after intervention.
2001 in Review: A Synthesis of the Special Education Technology Literature
Authors: Edyburn Dave L.
Published: January 2017

The challenge of how to stay current is a problem for both scholars and practioners. Whereas innovative applications of the World Wide Web have the potential to filter reading materials of interest and deliver the full-text of documents, professionals continue to rely on professional journals to manage a discipline's emerging knowledge base. The purpose of this study was to examine recent additions to the extant knowledge base in special education technology. Research synthesis methods were used to examine two questions: How widely scattered is the literature on special education technology? and What have we learned lately? The table of contents from each issue of 31 journals in special education technology, special education, and educational technology published in 2001 were studied. The procedures yielded a corpus of 931 articles of which 198 articles (21%) were judged relevant for this review by contributing to the emerging knowledge base on special education technology research and practice. Analysis of the literature scatter revealed relevant literature could be found in 28 journals but that a core set of seven journals contributed 70% of the relevant articles. Content analysis of the relevant articles revealed a number of dominant themes in the literature during 2001: accessibility, assistive technology, implementation issues, Internet use and web resources, technology integration, and universal design. Limitations of the one-year research synthesis methodology are discussed along with the implications of this work for future research.
Using Video-Based Math Problems to Connect the Skills and Understandings of Incarcerated Adults with Disabilities
Authors: Bottge Brian A. , Watson Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2017

Finding effective ways to increase the academic skills of incarcerated adults is often cited as a key factor in reducing recidivism. The purpose of the research was to study a method of instruction using video-based problems to help incarcerated adults with emotional and learning disabilities to improve their procedural and problem solving skills. An interpretive framework provided a means of comparing anticipated learning trajectories with actual learning trajectories. Prior to instruction, learning goals were predicted for each individual based on their instructional histories and living experiences prior to and during incarceration. A theoretical model for teaching mathematics guided instruction toward each individual's anticipated goals, and a combination of tests, interviews, and field notes documented their actual learning trajectories. Results of the study showed that the individuals learned to compute fractions and solve a multi-step, video-based problem. Follow-up measures showed their skills were maintained six weeks following instruction.
Scheduling Staff in Developmental Centers: A Pert Based Approach
Authors: Merbler John B. , Wood Thomas A.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a brief description of a technique which can aid administrators of developmental centers and other programs in the process of staff scheduling. The technique which is presented is based on several concepts derived from the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). This approach includes procedures for analyzing staff schedules, computing expected activity completion times, and guidelines for the development of more efficient staff work schedules.
Student-Use Educational Materials Developed for the Multihandicapped Visually Impaired
Authors: Moore Sheri Bortner
Published: January 2017

The Educational Research Department of the American Printing House for the Blind (APH) has been developing student-use educational materials for more than 20 years. During the last 7 years APH has made a major effort to develop materials for the visually impaired child who has additional handicaps. The research and development process involves a great deal of input from potential consumers–administrators, teachers, and students. Initially, teachers assist in identifying areas of materials needs for which commercial products are not available. After a need is identified, specifications are developed for both tangible child-use items and accompanying resource materials for the teacher. Prototypic materials are then developed and tested in the field. Evaluative child-and-teacher-generated data are compiled. Revisions are made and a more comprehensive field evaluation is conducted with the improved materials, again utilizing teacher and student data. The compilation of this data often results in additional revisions. Dependent upon this evaluation, more field trials may or may not be warranted.
Relationships between work task types, complexity and dwell time of information resources
Authors: Saastamoinen Miamaria , Järvelin Kalervo
Published: January 2017

Information seeking research often reports about types of information resources, ways of acquiring them and opinions on their importance in various professions. Based on self-reporting, these findings are affected by human memory and rationalisation. This article proposes a new way of studying information resource use – based on dwell time in the context provided by concrete work tasks. We use log data of 21 information workers from six organisations to analyse how work task complexity is connected to the time used in various information resources; how task complexity is connected to information resource use in different task types. Unlike traditionally, our findings consist of objective data on which resource types are used, and for how long, in work tasks of varying complexity and type. For example, the findings suggest that growing work task complexity increases the dwell time in local personal computer (PC) resources; these resources are especially popular in intellectual tasks. Such findings help understand factors affecting information resource use. Likewise, they help focus attention on most time-consuming aspects of task-based information interaction when developing support for work.
The openness of religious beliefs to the influence of external information
Authors: Freeburg Darin
Published: January 2017

Religious beliefs have important and wide-reaching impacts on society. They also tend to be viewed as impervious to the influence of information external to a religious setting. Eight focus groups were held with attendees of two United Church of Christ congregations. Participants were asked about their core religious beliefs, and transcripts were qualitatively coded for the interplay of belief and information. Analysis found that beliefs that were focused on people, processes and events external to the congregation showed the characteristics of being more open to external information. Specifically, the breadth of these external beliefs allowed for a wider set of external information to be considered relevant; these beliefs were less biased, allowing participants to be more open to disconfirming information from outside the congregation; and these beliefs were held with less certainty, making it more likely that this disconfirming information would be attended to. This study provides suggestions for religious practitioners wishing to make the information behaviour of their organisations more open.
Does Diffusion Make an Institutionally Contested Practice Legitimate? Shareholder Responses to Downsizing in Japan, 1973–2005
Authors: Jung Jiwook , Mun Eunmi
Published: January 2017

Despite predictions to the contrary, institutionally contested practices are sometimes disseminated broadly. Does diffusion indicate they have achieved legitimacy in the eyes of key constituents? The conventional view regards diffusion as a process of legitimization and suggests that unconventional practices gain legitimacy following diffusion. Building on recent studies that view diffusion as an outcome of political struggle, we instead argue that political contestation ramps up as controversial practices are disseminated, making it difficult for them to gain wide acceptance. Their diffusion threatens the stability of preexisting institutional arrangements, and constituents who remain supportive of the status quo react negatively. We test our argument by examining shareholders’ response to downsizing in Japan, a practice that is highly controversial given the deeply entrenched norm of lifetime employment. Our analysis of panel data on 1,791 Japanese firms between 1973 and 2005 shows that neither domestic financial institutions nor foreign investors responded positively to downsizing as it became broadly disseminated. Domestic financial institutions actually responded in increasingly negative ways in the 1990s, while they did not in the 1970s when downsizing was conducted within the framework of the long-term relationship between Japanese firms and their main banks. These results suggest that the relationship between diffusion and legitimacy can be contingent, in that the diffusion of institutionally contested practices can trigger reactions that differ from those of institutionally supported practices.
Identity Work, Humour and Disciplinary Power
Authors: Huber Guy , Brown Andrew D.
Published: January 2017

How are people’s identities disciplined by their talk about humour? Based on an ethnographic study of a New York food co-operative, we show how members’ talk about appropriate and inappropriate uses of humour disciplined their identity work. The principal contribution we make is twofold. First, we show that in their talk about humour people engaged in three types of identity work: homogenizing, differentiating and personalizing. These were associated with five practices of talk which constructed co-op members as strong organizational identifiers, respectful towards others, flexible rule followers, not ‘too’ serious or self-righteous, and as autonomous individuals. Second, we analyse how this identity work (re)produced norms regulating the use of humour to fabricate conformist selves. Control, we argue, is not simply a matter of managers or other elites seeking to tighten the iron cage through corporate colonization to manufacture consent; rather, all organizational members are complicit in defining discourses, subject positions and appropriate conduct through discursive processes that are distributed and self-regulatory.
Thrombin–antithrombin III complex tests
Authors: Lee Sang Yang , Niikura Takahiro , Iwakura Takashi , Sakai Yoshitada , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Patients with fractures of the pelvis and/or lower extremities are at a high risk of developing postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the thrombin–antithrombin III complex (TAT) tests could be used for postoperative screening of VTE in patients with lower limb or pelvic fractures.

Methods:

We enrolled 133 patients who underwent surgical treatment for fracture of the pelvis or lower extremities. TAT and D-dimer levels were compared in patients with and without VTE. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was done and the appropriate TAT and D-dimer cutoff levels were determined for VTE screening.

Results:

VTE was diagnosed in 41 patients (30.8%). Patients with VTE had significantly higher levels of TAT and D-dimer on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 than those without VTE, respectively. ROC curve analysis suggested that TAT test at postoperative day 7 had the highest accuracy for predicting postoperative VTE. With the optimal cutoff TAT level of 3.0 ng/mL, sensitivity and specificity were 93.3% and 70.1%, respectively. With the optimal cutoff D-dimer level of 7.4 µg/mL, sensitivity and specificity were 93.3% and 57.0%, respectively.

Conclusion:

TAT levels measured at postoperative day 7 could be the most useful parameter for screening postoperative VTE. TAT can be used as a screening tool for screening postoperative VTE in patients with lower limb and pelvic fractures.
A Perfect Script? Manchester United’s Class of ’92
Authors: Dart Jon , McDonald Philip
Published: January 2017

The Class of ’92 is a documentary film featuring six Manchester United F.C. players who recount their time during a pivotal period for the club, English football and English society. The documentary claims to offer a commentary on Britain in the 1990s, but appears, without acknowledging the fact, to be a promotional vehicle to establish the six men as a brand labeled the Class of ’92 (CO92). Creating this brand necessarily involved presenting a selective account of their time and places with the film being little more than an advertisement, masquerading as an observational documentary. The film draws freely upon the symbolic capital held by the club and the city of Manchester and uses the Busby Babes/Munich chapter and the more recent “Madchester scene” to forge the Class of ’92 brand by editing out those elements that did not accord with this project. The article argues that a more complete representation of ’90s Britain, while disrupting the intended narrative, would acknowledge the significant structural and commercial changes experienced by the club, the sport, and the city in the last decade of the 20th century. We suggest that the Class of ’92 invites the viewer to consider how the documentary film genre can contribute to brand development and promotion.
Mothers With Perceived Insufficient Milk: Preliminary Evidence of Home Interventions to Boost Mother–Infant Interactions
Authors: Wood Natsuko K. , Sanders Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2017

Perceived insufficient milk (PIM) is the primary reason for breastfeeding discontinuation globally. This study evaluated the short-term impact of mother–infant interactions through home interventions designed to overcome PIM as a result of the infant’s behavior, delivered to 14 dyads of breastfeeding mothers and their full-term singleton infants. A single group, three-occasion prepost design was used. Mother–infant interactions were measured by the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) at 6, 13, and 27 days postpartum. There were significantly increased mother–infant interactions during intervention. Specifically, significant growth over the intervention occurred for mother’s sensitivity to cues, cognitive growth fostering, infant’s clarity of cues, and responsiveness to caregiver. The NCAFS total score was also significantly improved. Although modifications are required, the three home intervention sessions showed promise in improving mother–infant interactions during breastfeeding. Further investigation using a randomized experimental design is warranted.