bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENOTYPIC VARIATION IN COMMON BEAN IN RESPONSE TO COLD TEMPERATURE STRESS
Authors: Zaiter Haytham Z. , Baydoun E. , Sayed - Hallak M.
Published: April 2024

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are regarded as a susceptible crop to suboptimal temperatures. In temperate regions of the worid, low temperature is a limiting factor for bean production at establishment when beans are planted early during the growing season to maximize the use of the available growing period. An experiment was carried out to test the germination response of 14 different cultivar/lines under 4 constant (8, 10, 12, or 18C) and 3 alternating suboptimal temperatures (10/8, 12/8, or 18/8C) in petri dishes. Phenotypes that germinated best at 8C were `Volare', `Great Northern (G.N.) Tara', `G.N. Belneb #1', `G.N. Spinel' and `San Cristobal'. Germination of `Pinto-UI-111' and `Canadian Wonder' increased greatly when temperatures were increased by 2 to 4C for 2hr per 24hr, compared to a constant 8C, whereas, germination of `G.N. Spinel' and “G.N. Belneb #1' was reduced. This revealed that alternating low temperature identified additional cold-tolerant phenotypes, which may be a more suitable technique for selecting germplasm with satisfactory germination at low temperature foruse in the Mediterranean region. Tetrazolium tests showed variation in seed viability of the nongerminated seeds when imbibed at suboptimal temperatures for 14 days among bean phenotypes. Indicating the importance of including a viability test in future screening for cold-tolerant cultivars to select genotypes with seeds that remain viable until the germination medium is warm enough and does not rot and die at suboptimal temperature.
ELISA FOR SCREENING HAZELNUT SEEDLINGS FOR RESISTANCE TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT
Authors: Coyne Clarice J. , Hamptom Richard O. , Pinkerton John N. , Johnson Kenneth B. , Mehlenbacher Shawn A.
Published: April 2024

Eastern filbert blight is a serious threat to hazelnut (Corylus avellana) production in the Pacific NW. Susceptible genotypes inoculated with the causal fungus, Anisogramma anomala, require 16 to 28 months of incubation to develop symptoms. A rapid and accurate screening system was needed to identify resistant genotypes in the OSU hazelnut breeding program, particularly in progenies segregating 1:1 for a single dominant resistance gene from the variety `Gasaway'. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) system was developed using polyclonal antibodies obtained by injecting New Zealand rabbits with antigens from pure cultures of A. anomala. The antiserum produced a positive reaction to the fungus in 1000-fold dilutions of the extracts from infected hazelnut tissue but did not react to 10-fold dilutions of healthy tissue in indirect ELISA.
LEAF DISK SCREENING FOR RESISTANCE TO BOTRYTIS CINEREA IN STRAWBERRY GERMPLASM
Authors: Olcott-Reid Brenda , Kugler Krista , Moore James N.
Published: April 2024

Several methods using detached leaf tissues were investigated as potential early screening techniques for identifying strawberry germplasm resistant to Botrytis cinerea, which causes gray mold fruit rot. The fungus penetrates young leaves, remaining latent and symptomless under the cuticle until the leaves die, when the pathogen resumes growth and sporulates, providing almost all the primary inoculum for fruit infections. The best leaf screening method involved spraying potted strawberry plants in a 20±5 C greenhouse with a suspension of B. cinerea conidia, enclosing the plants in a plastic tent with a humidifier to provide humidity >95% for 72 hours, then resuming normal greenhouse conditions for several days before sampling young leaves. Leaf disks 1 cm in diameter were then cut, surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 15 sec and 1% sodium hypoclorite for 2 min, dipped in paraquat herbicide (20 mg/l a.i.) to kill the tissues, rinsed twice in sterile water, and plated on water agar containing .01 % streptomyacin to inhibit bacterial growth. Plates were incubated at 21±2 C under 12 hour daylengths for seven days, and incidence and density of B. cinerea conidiophores on the disks determined. Despite much variation between disks within genotypes, clear differences in susceptibility between genotypes emerged which often correlated well with field suscpetibility to gray mold fruit rot.
THE USE OF LEAF DISKS TO SCREEN FOR DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE IN TABLE GRAPES
Authors: Brown Maurus V. , Moore James N. , Fenn Patrick
Published: April 2024

Disks (18 mm in diameter) from young, fully-expanded leaves of susceptible and resistant germplasm were inoculated on the abaxial surface by spray or pipette with 2 × 104, 5 × 104, 1 × 105 sporangia per milliliter of distilled water. Disks were placed on filter paper bridges in plastic containers with tap water to maintain high relative humidity and incubated at 24 C with a 14-hour photoperiod. Disease ratings were made five days after inoculations and disks were cleared in lactophenol (100 C) for two to three hours, stained with lactophenol/cotton blue, and examined by light microscopy. Uncleared disks of resistant material showed no symptoms, and susceptible material showed a range of symptoms and sporulation. Hyphal growth was evident in infected tissue of susceptible plants, but little or no growth was observed in resistant material. Results indicate that leaf disks can be used to evaluate downy mildew resistance. Further investigations will determine efficacy of this technique for screening seedling populations for field resistance.
NURSERY SURVEY OF ERICOID MYCORRHIZAS IN BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Schroeder M.L. , Goulart B.L. , Demchak K.
Published: April 2024

Current literature reports that commercially produced and cultivated highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) are virtually non-mycorrhizal, while native populations of Vaccinium are highly infected with the ericoid fungal symbiont. To confirm this information, a nursery and grower survey was initiated in PA, MI, and NC. Percent infection was determined by presence/absence counts using a grid-line intersect method. Results from 5-plant samples of cultivars `Jersey', `Northland'. `Bluecrop', `Blueray', and/or `Berkeley' (all obtained from nursery sources) from which three root subsamples per plant were cleared and stained revealed that all plants were mycorrhizal. Infection rates ranged from an average of 9.4% for two year old plants to 55.5% on one year old plants. An inverse relationship occurred between rate of ammonium-N and infection rate. Data also indicated a significant difference in infection rate among cultivars with `Northland' most highly infected and `Berkeley' least. Plants propagated in woodchip/sand or peat/sand media developed ericoid mycorrhizas. Data from a current greenhouse experiment supports this observation. We are currently identifying the fungi involved in this symbiosis.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND CULTIVAR COMPARISONS OF LIPOXYGENASE/LYASE-DERIVED VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM STRAWBERRY FRUIT
Authors: Archbold D.D. , Hamilton-Kemp T.R.
Published: April 2024

Volatile products of the lipoxygenase/lyase pathway have been implicated in plant pathogen resistance mechanisms. Volatile compounds produced by strawberry fruit were measured by capillary GC using a direct headspace sampling technique. No intact fruit, assayed at the green, white, and red-ripe stages, emitted detectable amounts of volatiles by this method. However, crushed or damaged fruit yielded a few volatiles in the 1 μg/L range. The major compounds detected were derived from the lipoxygenase/lyase pathway and had the correct retention times for hexanal, c-3-hexenal, and t-2-hexenal. Hexanal and t-2-hexenal were produced by crushed white and red-ripe fruit whereas crushed green fruit produced these compounds and c-3-hexenal. Crushed white fruit from four cultivars, selected for reported differences in Botrytis cinerea resistance, yielded approximately equal amounts of hexanal and t-2-hexenal. The results will be discussed with respect to the possible involvement of these volatile compounds in pathogen resistance of strawberry fruit.
PERFORMANCE OF SUMMER-PLANTED STRAWBERRIES IN FLORIDA
Authors: Chandler Craig K. , Albregts Earl E. , Sumler James C.
Published: April 2024

Cold-stored (frigo) plants of `Irvine' and `Seascape' and non-chilled plug plants of `Sweet Charlie' and FL 87-123 were planted on August 31 on raised beds covered with white-on-black polyethylene mulch. Very little water was needed for establishment of these plants (compared to that which is normally needed for the establishment of foliated bareroot plants). `Irvine' and `Seascape' produced more runners and were later to initiate fruit production than `Sweet Charlie' and FL 87-123. `Sweet Charlie' and FL 87-123 started producing a small amount of marketable fruit in late October, while `Irvine' and `Seascape' did not produce any marketable fruit until mid and late January respectively.
SURFACE COLOR AS A RIPENESS INDICATOR IN WILD, LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Kalt W. , Hamilton L.C. , Kee M.D.
Published: April 2024

Native lowbush blueberries are an important commercial crop in Atlantic Canada and the North Eastern United States. Wild stands, which are managed and harvested biennially, consist of many clones of Vaccinium angustifolium and V. myrtilloides The commercial introduction of electronic color sorting of wild blueberries has prompted an examination of berry surface color in relation to sugar, acid and anthocyanin content of the fruit. Seven berries from each of 72 wild clones were measured individually for surface color (L,a,b), size (weight, diameter), and content of glucose and fructose, titratable acids and monomeric anthocyanins. Novel, microscale spectrophotometric methods were developed to conduct chemical analyses of individual berries. Correlations between surface color and other variates within and among clones were determined using multivariate statistics.
SEQUENTIAL EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE ACCUMULATION AND CONSUMPTION IN MARIGOLD SEEDLINGS
Authors: Hou Guoqiang , Buxton Jack W.
Published: April 2024

Supplemental CO2 of 1500 μl/l with radiation of 35 mols/day/m2 resulted in a daily net accumulation of 60% increase in starch and 100% increase in soluble sugars at the end of the light period compared to seedlings grown at ambient CO2. During low solar radiation periods the net daily accumulation of starch and soluble sugars was very little in seedlings grown with or without supplemental CO2. At night, the concentration of starch decreased linearly with time, whereas soluble sugars decreased only slightly. The greater the concentration of carbohydrates at sunset the greater the metabolism of carbohydrates at night. When solar radiation was between 30-60 mols/day/m2, the greater the concentration of starch in seedlings at the end of the dark period the lower the net daily accumulated starch at the end of the next day. Also higher night temperatures (23° vs. 8°), which maintained high metabolism of starch at night and thus a lower starch concentration at sunrise the next day, was correlated with greater net accumulated starch at the end of the next day. These results indicate that starch may inhibit photosynthesis in marigold seedlings; thus cultural practices that maintain low starch accumulation or high metabolism may enhance photosynthesis.
DEVELOPING A SIMPLE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR USE WITH THE ROSESIM COMPUTER GROWTH MODEL
Authors: Hopper Douglas A. , Meinke Troy T. , Story Virginia S.
Published: April 2024

ROSESIM is a computer simulation model based on `Royalty' rose (Rosa hybrida L.) growth response to 15 unique treatment combinations of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day temperature (DT), and night temperature (NT) under constant growth chamber conditions. ROSESIM may use average PPF and temperature values over the whole development time, or daily integrated values from actual greenhouse conditions may be read from a file in ASCII format. Using SAS, predictions from ROSESIM have been plotted with the actual recorded plant growth data to illustrate the accuracy of the model.

ROSESIM reads data from an ASCII file containing at least 3 columns of data (PPF, DT, and NT), and also outputs to an ASCII file that is accessible to many graphics packages. A graphical routine developed in C++ to run inside the Microsoft® Windows 3.0 or 3.1™ programming environment allows numerous options for plotting results. The Windows environment permits several plots to be presented simultaneously on the computer screen for ease of visual comparison and decision making.
PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELD-GROWN SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS
Authors: Starman Terri W. , Cerny Teresa A. , Millsaps Sharon E.
Published: April 2024

The objective was to determine the productivity and profitability of field-grown specialty cut flowers. Productivity and profitability of cut flowers were based on yield and stem length measurements. Two 54 m2 beds were planted with 20 annual cut flower species and two beds with 20 perennial species. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 16 plants per species in each block. Total number of flower stems per replication produced by annual species ranged from 35 to 1946. Percentage of productive plants was 100% for most of the annual species. The total number of flower stems harvested per productive plant ranged from 4 to 122 and bunches of flowers per 0.09 m2 varied from less than 1 to 12. Income estimates per 0.09 m2 indicated some species were highly profitable. Total number of flower stems per replication produced by perennial species ranged from 8 to 1501. Seven species of perennials did not bloom. The 3 perennial species with the greatest total number of flower stems harvested had 100% of the plants in production during the growing season and a greater total number of flower stems harvested per productive plant. Only four perennial species showed a positive income estimate per 0.09 m2. Percent mortality had an effect on productivity and was greater overall for the perennial species than the annual species. The lower overhead associated with field production coupled with highly productive species proved to be profitable.
RICE HULLS AS A VERMICULITE SUBSTITUTE IN PEAT-BASED MEDIA FOR GROWING GREENHOUSE BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: Dueitt Shelly D. , Howell J'Lynn , Newman Steven E.
Published: April 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using rice hulls as a vermiculite substitute in sphagnum peat moss-based media for growing greenhouse bedding plants. Rice hulls are a by-product of the rice milling process, which is a major agricultural industry in Mississippi. Plugs of Begonia semperflorens `Vodka', Impatiens wallerana `Super Elfin Red', `Super Elfin Red Velvet' and `Blue Pearl', Catharanthus roseus `Cooler Peppermint', and Salvia splendens `Empire Lilac' were transplanted into 10 cm pots containing sphagnum peat moss-based media modified with either composted or fresh rice hulls and/or vermiculite. Vermiculite was substituted (by volume) as follows: 5 peat: 5 vermiculite: 0 rice hulls, 5 peat: 4 vermiculite: 1 rice hulls, 5 peat: 3 vermiculite: 2 rice hulls, 5 peat: 2 vermiculite: 3 hulls, 5 peat: 1 vermiculite: 4 rice hulls, and 5 peat: 0 vermiculite: 5 rice hulls. In general, plant growth in media containing composted rice hulls was equivalent or superior to the vermiculite controls.
EFFECTS OF CULTIVAR AND POSHARVEST TREATMENTS ON SOME QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ONIONS.
Authors: Zambrano Judith , Ramirez Hugo , Manzano Juan
Published: April 2024

Onions of cultivars `Texas Grano 1025Y', `Texas Grano 438', `Hybrid Granex 429', and `Red Burgundy' after curing, were stored at 5°C, 90% RH for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, then transfered to ambient temperature for 75 days. Total weight loss was measured every 2 weeks. Samples were taken to determine dry weight, reducing sugars and pungency. All the parameters measured were significantly affected by cultivar. `Red Burgundy' had the highest dry weight (7.88 %) and greater pungency. `Hybrid Granex 429' exhibited the lowest values for weight loss over the entire storage period and the highest reducing sugars content.
MODELING DISTRIBUTION OF STEADY-STATE O2 LEVELS IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGES: AN APPROACH FOR DESIGNING SAFE PACKAGES
Authors: Talasila P. Chowdary , Joles Dennis W. , Cameron Arthur C.
Published: April 2024

Steady-state O2 levels in modified atmosphere (MA) packages of fruits or vegetables may vary from target O2 levels due to variation in O2 uptake and film permeability. Successful MA package systems must be designed such that variation in O2 uptake will not cause undesirable changes to product quality. Such changes could include fermentation and off-flavor development as well as growth of dangerous human pathogens. A computer model was developed to predict the distribution of package O2 levels for a product of any given O2 uptake characteristics including the coefficient of variation. The model was used to predict appropriate target O2 levels for any commodity given a lower O2 limit for safe storage and the percent of packages which can be tolerated at unsafe levels. For instance, if it is tolerable to have 1 in 1000 MA packages of cut broccoli reach less than 0.5 kPa O2 at steady-state, the model predicts that the appropriate target O2 at 0C should be about 1.75 kPa if the coefficient of variation of O2 uptake is 10%. Empirical support for the model will be presented.
POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF CRASPEDIA GLOBOSA BENTH.
Authors: Starman Terri Woods , Annis David C.
Published: April 2024

A series of postharvest experiments were conducted with cut flowers of Craspedia globosa in an effort to open bud-harvested flowers, determine usefulness of preservatives (sucrose + bactericide), and assess the ability of the flowers to withstand long-term dry storage at 4° C. Bud-harvested flowers pulsed with 20% sucrose solution then held in deionized water (DI) had a longer postharvest life (harvest to senescence) but not vase life (maturity to senescence), and a greater increase in flower diameter during development as the pulse duration increased from 0 to 48 h. Percentage of flowers reaching maturity was 67% regardless of pulse duration. In a second experiment, pulsing with sucrose concentrations of 20 or 25% for 48 or 72 h increased the percentage of flowers reaching maturity to 75% and reduced time of development. This did not increase vase life compared to non-pulsed flowers. Increasing the sucrose concentration in the pulse treatment up to 40% did not increase percentage of flowers opening to maturity. Partially-open harvested flowers treated with 25% sucrose pulse for 48 h had a longer postharvest life than those held in DI or 2% sucrose holding solution. Neither a 20% sucrose pulse nor 2 and 4% holding solutions increased vase life of mature harvested flowers compared to DI. Mature harvested flowers retained a long vase life after 1 or 2 weeks of dry storage.
RESPONSE OF WOODY PLANTS TO KANAMYCIN AND BIALAPHOS
Authors: Preece John E. , Bates Sharon A. , Chytla Marta E. , Freire A. Virginia , Long Lynn M. , Van Sambeek J. W. , Gaffney Gerald R. , YOPP John H. , Liahtfoot David A.
Published: April 2024

Resistance to kanamycin (kan) and bialaphos is commonly used to select for transgenic plants. To determine inhibitory levels for in vitro selection, nontransformed tissues of arabica coffee, white ash, black walnut, and Rhododendron `P.J.M. Hybrids' were incubated in media containing concentrations from 0 to 400 mg/liter kan or 0 to 25 mg/liter bialaphos. Callus from coffee leaf explants was completely inhibited by 100 mg/liter kan or 1 mg/liter bialaphos. Shoot organogenesis, callus and epicotyl growth from white ash seeds were inhibited by 20 mg/liter kan or 5 mg/liter bialaphos. Secondary embryogenesis from black walnut somatic embryos was mostly inhibited by 40 mg/liter kan and totally inhibited by 1 mg/liter bialaphos. Shoot organogenesis from rhododendron leaf explants was inhibited by 10 mg/liter kan or 10 mg/liter bialaphos.
STUDIES ON CAFFEA ARABICA GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Freire A. Virginia , Liqhtfoot David A. , Preece John E.
Published: April 2024

Attempts to transform somatic embryos of Caffea sp. with A.tumefaciens LBA44 04 pBI12l.l failed (C. Coyne and D. Lightfoot unpublished). In order to investigate the possibility of genotype interactions in Agrobacterium transformation of Caffea sp., leaf explants of the coffee cultivar Caturra were inoculated with 4 tumorigenic Agrobacterium strains. Callus formed on both control leaf explants and those inoculated with A. rhizogenes A4. However, callus did not continue autonomous growth when subcultured. The activity of 24 tumorigenic forming Agrobacterium strains was determined by inoculating the stems and leaves of kalanchoë, tomato, and carrot. Positive results were obtained with 14 strains. Three of these strains were genetically transformed by introducing the plasmid pBI121.1. Additional experiments on coffee leaf and internode explants inoculated with the 14 active Agrobacterium strains as well as the 3 transformed strains have been conducted.
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF ROSE (ROSA SPP) USING THE BIOLISTIC PROCESS
Authors: Strefeler Mark. S.
Published: April 2024

Genetic transformation of cut roses may greatly facilitate cultivar improvement programs by shortening the time required to introduce new genes into elite germplasm. The biolistic process offers a very promising method for the genetic transformation of roses.

Several factors that have a significant affect on transformation efficiency were examined in an effort to optimize the biolistic process for gene transfer in roses. The factors examined were type of tissue (leaf segments, petioles, callus, etc.), bombardment distance, the number of bombardments, DNA construct and microcarrier velocity.

Two constructs of the reporter gene, β-GUS, were examined to determine which construct provided the highest level of expression. Only the construct designated pBI 426 provided β-GUS positive cells in leaf and callus tissue. This construct was used in all subsequent experiments.

Experiments to find the optimum number of bombardments and rupture disk pressure were carried out using leaf and callus tissue and 1.6 μm gold particles. The optimum number of bombardments per sample was three for leaf tissue. The optimum rupture disk pressure was 900 p.s.i. for leaf and callus tissue.

Meristems of axillary buds are being bombarded in situ on stem-bud explains. These should yield transgenic rose plantlets in 3 to 4 weeks.
CRABAPPLE IDENTIFICATION BY ISOZYME ANALYSIS
Authors: Marquard Robert , Chan Charlotte
Published: April 2024

Crabapples (Malus spp.) are an important group of ornamental trees that are morphologically and genetically very diverse. Crabapples are represented by 35 species (and their hybrids). Some Malus species freely hybridize and numerous cultivars originated as open-pollinated seedlings of questionable parentage. Isoenzyme analysis could provide a more reliable measure to verify cultivars and putative pedigrees. Five enzyme systems were well resolved and polymorphic using standard starch gel electrophoretic techniques. Enzymes evaluated include: phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). After electrophoresis, PGI, MDH, and AAT exhibited one distinct polymorphic region of activity whereas 6-PGD and PGM exhibited at least two regions. Isoenzyme profiles were constructed for each polymorphic region for 45 crabapples which demonstrated a high degree of variability. Most cultivars could be uniquely identified using the five enzyme systems. PGM and 6-PGD were most useful in characterizing among the selected cultivars.
USE OF SINGLE-PRIMER DNA AMPLIFICATIONS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM L.) CULTIVARS
Authors: Krahl Kimberly H. , Dirr Michael A. , Halward Tracy M. , Kochert Gary D. , Randle William M.
Published: April 2024

Positive cultivar identification is often difficult or impossible based solely on morphological traits. A technique ensuring reliable, repeatable, and unique cultivar identification is needed. The use of molecular markers offers such a technique, allowing assessment of fine levels of variation directly at the DNA level. In this study, RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers were investigated for their utility to identify red maple cultivars. Three out of nineteen primers tested resulted in unique banding patterns for all the maples tested, including 9 red maple clones, 5 silver maple seedlings, and 4 purported interspecific cultivars. The red maple cultivars `Red Sunset' and `October Glory', which are almost indistinguishable morphologically as young trees, were clearly distinguished using RAPD markers. Thus, RAPD markers provide a consistently reliable technique for red maple cultivar identification.
GENE FLOW IN SECTION Batatas (CONVOLVULACEAE).
Authors: Jaime Díaz , De la Puente F. , Austin D.F.
Published: April 2024

It is well known that crossability within section Batatas is a complex phenomenon because of genetic, cytogenetic and physiological implications. During 1988 to 1991 we investigated the factors involved in crossability. In the 1st stage, self-compatibility was determined/verified in I. cynanchifolia (2x), I. grandifolia (2x), I. triloba (2x), I. x leucantha (2x), I. lacunosa (2x), I. tenuissima (2x), I. ramosissima (2x) and I. cordato-triloba (2x). Additionally, self-incompatibility was verified in I. trifida (2x), I. tiliacea (4x) and I. batatas (4x,6x). It is postulated that sexual compatibility is related to a multiallelic sporophytic incompatibility system. In the second stage, 4,162 cross pollinations between 11 species were performed at La Molina and San Ramon, and 76 interspecific combinations from 110 possible theoretic combinations in a diallelic 11 × 11 design were obtained. Of 76 interspecific combinations, 38 succeded with a crossability rate ranging from 0.01 to 1.00 at La Molina. In San Ramon, of 17 interspecific combinations, 11 were succesfull when estimating crossability from 0.01 to 0.71. Considering the factors affecting crossability, it was found that latitude influences flowering synchrony in progenitors, and in the germination process, and the early death of seedlings is related to an unbalanced genome (embryo/endosperm) relationship. In interspecific crosses, it was shown that I. trifida and I. x leucantha act as “bridge species”.
Possible Role For Pepper Leaf Anthocyanins In Increased Tolerance To Photoinhibition During Chilling Stress
Authors: Steffen Kenneth L. , Porter Esther L.
Published: April 2024

Chilling injury is more severe in the presence of light than in the dark. Anthocyanins, commonly found in the adaxial leaf layers of certain plants, are known to screen incident solar radiation. A correlation, between anthocyanin content and low temperature/light stress tolerance has been suggested. Our objective was to examine this relationship using purple-leaved (Pretty Purple) and green-leaved (Domino) pepper cultivars. At 5 weeks, Pretty Purple had a ca.10-fold higher anthocyanin content and a 50% higher chlorophyll content per area than Domino. Anthocyanins were observed in adaxial epidermal and palisade cells as well as in abaxial guard cells. Plants were grown at 25/20°C (day/night) before exposure to 4 days of chilling (8/5°C) followed by a 3 day recovery at 25/20°C. Light intensity was maintained at a constant level. Both cultivars demonstrated ca. 3-fold declines in light and bicarbonate-saturated photosynthesis following the chilling period with full recovery by 3 days. Quantum efficiency decreased ca. 3-fold in both cultivars with Domino exhibiting a more complete recovery. Variable Chl a fluorescence (Fv/Fm) decreased to 50% of control in Pretty Purple versus 25% of control in Domino, which conversely demonstrated a more complete recovery. The results suggest that anthocyanins may be protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and that differences may exist between cultivars in repair and/or energy quenching mechanisms.
CADDO SUGAR MAPLE, A HEAT-TOLERANT SOUTHERN ECOTYPE
Authors: Pair John C.
Published: April 2024

Evaluations of heat and drought tolerant species for the great plains includes a southern ecotype of Acer saccharum, native to Caddo County, Oklahoma. Seedlings from this disjunct population have exhibited superior growth, tatter resistant foliage, and greater drought stress than most sugar maple cultivars. Fall color, although usually later than the species and somewhat variable, can be quite outstanding. Leaf tatter and pre-dawn xylem potential were equal to `Legacy' and superior to other cultivars in the trade. Propagation of selected trees offers opportunity for cultivar selection. Ten years of growth and performance under stressful sites indicate excellent regional adaptation.
FALL PRUNING EFFECTS COLD HARDINESS OF FIELD-GROWN CRAPE MYRTLE
Authors: Haynes C.L. , Lindstrom O.M. , Dirr M.A.
Published: April 2024

The effects of fall and winter pruning on cold hardiness of field-grown Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' (crape myrtle) were determined. In the first year (1990-1991) pruning prior to January reduced cold hardiness estimates of `Natchez' crape myrtle by 3C compared to controls. In the second year (1991-1992) fall pruning also reduced cold hardiness estimates by 3C on the January and February test dates. Pruning in January or later is recommended for `Natchez' crape myrtle to assure maximum cold hardiness. Similar cold hardiness estimates of `Natchez' crape myrtle were obtained from field trials compared to lath tests conducted the previous year.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF N-ACETYL-β-d-GLUCOSAMINIDASE FROM `GOLDEN DELICIOUS' APPLES.
Authors: Choi Seong Yong , Gross Kenneth C.
Published: April 2024

The ripening-related biological activity (Priem and Gross, 1992, Plant Physiol 98:399-401) of free N-glycans in fruit was recently reported. Thus, enzymes involved in N-glycan metabolism may be important in understanding the regulation of ripening. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) was purified to homogeneity and characterized from climacteric `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit tissue. This enzyme cleaves terminal N-acetylglucosaminyl residues from the non-reducing end of glycans. The enzyme was extracted in 25 mM Na-acetate (pH 5.0) containing 2% PVP, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 0.5 mM DTT. Activity was 0.02 μmol/min/gfw in the crude extract. Ammonium sulfate fractionation (30 to 70%), Mono-Q FPLC and Con A-Sepharose 4B resulted in a 4.7% yield and 923-fold purification. The enzyme had a Km for P-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide of 136 μM. Optimal pH and substrate concentration were 6.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively. Activity was inhibited at substrate concentrations above 0.5 mM. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 29 kD using SDS-PAGE.
EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY AFTER HARVEST ON RIPENING OF `LAFRANCE' PEAR FRUITS.
Authors: Murayama Hideki , Koyama Toshikazu , Onta Miwa , Fukushima Tadaaki
Published: April 2024

`La France' pear fruits were harvested at weekly intervals for a 3-week period beginning Oct. 8, 1992, 1 week before commercial harvest. On the next day, fruits were stored at 20°C and 55%, 75% or 95% relative humidity (RH). Ethylene production, respiration rate and flesh firmness were determined at harvest and after intervals of storage. Early-harvested fruits at 55% RH showed greater flesh firmness than those at 75% and 95% RH on and after 37 days. Some fruits failed to ripen and never softened appreciably. Except for those, all fruits ripened fully, but early-harvested fruits required more than 2 weeks to ripen than optimum- and late-harvested fruits. Ethylene production reached maximum on day 17 and day 13 in optimum-and late-harvested fruits, respectively. Conversely, ethylene production and respiration rate remained low over 41 days in early-harvested fruits, especially those at 55% RH. In optimum -and late-harvested fruits, the rate of softening, ethylene production and respiration rate were not affected by different RH.
PEACH PISTIL RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE FALL ETHEPHON APPLICATIONS
Authors: Durner Edward F.
Published: April 2024

Ethephon (100 mg·liter-1) was applied to mature peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv Jerseydawn] on 1, 2, 3 or 4 dates beginning 15 Sept. 1990 at approximately 2 week intervals for a total of 12 treatments. Ethylene evolution from flower buds and flower bud phenology were monitored through bloom the following spring. Total flower bud density, live flower bud density, percentage live pistils, yield and number of fruit per tree were also measured. The response to multiple ethephon applications was greatly influenced by the timing of specific treatment combinations rather than by the total amount of ethephon applied over the course of the experiment. Ethylene evolution was elevated for about 2 weeks following application(s), however, no clear relationships between bud phenology or survival and ethylene evolution was observed. Several of the multiple ethephon applications significantly delayed bloom to the 75% pink stage, however, none of the treatments significantly influenced development to 75% balloon or fully open stages. Several of the multiple applications caused significant pistil mortality.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ROLE OF EPICUTICULAR WAX IN RESISTANCE OF GRAPE BERRIES TO BOTRYTIS CINEREA
Authors: Hellman Edward W.
Published: April 2024

Prior to inoculation with a spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, detached mature grape berries were given treatments to disrupt the epicuticular wax; gently rubbing with a rounded spatula, rubbing with a tissue, dipping in chloroform for 10 sec., or wounding with a scalpel. Other berries were inoculated at undisturbed areas on the side of the berry and at the base of the pedicle, or at the base of a pedicle with a natural wound. Berries were incubated at 23°C with 99% relative humidity for 72 hours, then evaluated for infection.

Berries of Vitis vinifera cultivars `Thompson Seedless' and `Perlette' had infection rates of 18.5% and 3%, respectively, when the wax was undisturbed. Infection rates of berries with disrupted wax or natural wounds were much higher for both cultivars, ranging from 20% to 100%. No infections occured on either treated or untreated berries of cultivars derived from V. aestivalis, `Cynthiana'; V. labruscana, `Concord'; or those of hybrid origin, `Mars' and `Vignoles'. Wounding berries of `Concord' and `Cynthiana' resulted in 60% infection rates.
Quantum collider probes of the fermionic Higgs portal
Authors: Haisch Ulrich , Ruhdorfer Maximilian , Schmid Konstantin , Weiler Andreas
Published: April 2024

We explore the sensitivity of future hadron colliders to constrain the fermionic Higgs portal, with a focus on scenarios where the new fermions cannot be directly observed in exotic Higgs decays. This portal emerges in various models including twin-Higgs scenarios and dark matter models, posing significant challenges for collider tests. Working in an effective field theory (EFT), we determine the reach of the high-luminosity option of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the high-energy upgrade of the LHC (HE-LHC) and a proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC) in probing the fermionic Higgs portal through off-shell and double-Higgs production. Notably, we find that quantum-enhanced indirect probes offer a better sensitivity than other direct Higgs measurements. We argue that this finding is valid in a wide class of ultraviolet realisations of the EFT. Our study presents a roadmap of a multifaceted search strategy for exploring the fermionic Higgs portal at forthcoming hadron machines.
The moderating role of information technology infrastructure in the relationship between fintech adoption and organizational competitiveness
Authors: Alzghoul Amro , Al-kasasbeh Omar
Published: April 2024

The rapid advancement and adoption of fintech have significantly influenced the banking sector worldwide. This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of information technology infrastructure on the link between fintech adoption and organizational competitiveness in Jordanian commercial banks. The study chose a quantitative research methodology to conduct this study, based on a survey of 12 Jordanian commercial banks, chose a quantitative research methodology. The study distributed a structured questionnaire, which was filled out by managerial-level employees at the banks. From the 400 questionnaires distributed to the respondents, 215 returned valid responses, allowing further analysis. The study carried out the data analysis using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results suggested that the adoption of fintech had a significant, positive direct impact on organizational competitiveness (H1: β = 0.409, t = 5.204, p = 0.001). Additionally, the study identified that IT infrastructure significantly moderates the relationships between fintech adoption and organizational competitiveness (H2: β = 0.257, t = 4.102, p = 0.000). This means, indeed, that fintech adoption independently augments the competitiveness of Jordanian commercial banks. Moreover, a solid presence in IT infrastructure further strengthens the positive effect. Such insights are highly valuable for bank managers and policymakers looking to improve organizational performance while incorporating strategic IT investments in the fintech domain.
Comida de verdade no campo e na cidade: Desafios e efetividades da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional no estado de São Paulo, Brasil (2013- 2016)
Authors: Lucas Marcelo Mazeta , Almeida Luiz Manoel de Moraes Camargo , Ferrante Vera Lúcia Silveira Botta , Cardozo Daiane Roncato , Santos Leandro de Lima
Published: April 2024

Este artigo trata da análise do Plano Municipal de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (PLAMSAN) em São Paulo, no período de (2013-2016), sob a ótica da intersetorialidade, participação social, atores e arenas de construção dos processos de discussão. Buscou-se identificar os desafios, efetividades e entraves institucionais e organizacionais na implantação do PLAMSAN, sobretudo, a partir dos programas e projetos desenvolvidos. Para tanto, utilizou-se como metodologia a pesquisa descritiva e exploratória com coleta de dados junto aos atores envolvidos. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com o objetivo de identificar os fatores determinantes da política de SAN junto aos representantes do poder público e da sociedade civil. Em síntese, os resultados traduzem o caminho e as etapas percorridas diante do ciclo das políticas públicas através dos produtos e das instituições causadoras do processo, possibilitando assim, a sistematização dos pontos positivos e desafios na efetividade da política municipal e do PLAMSAN em São Paulo, corroborando para a reflexão acerca do tema e para consolidação da SAN no âmbito da cidade de São Paulo e do Brasil, em universo expandido.
Vulnerabilidade e espacialização da COVID-19 em Minas Gerais
Authors: Marchesin Caetano Júlia , Soares Bertho Ana Carolina , Fonseca Thais Cristina Oliveira da
Published: April 2024

A pandemia do novo coronavírus revelou discrepâncias marcantes nos padrões de contágio entre cidades brasileiras. A vulnerabilidade social emergiu como fator determinante na disseminação e gravidade da Covid-19 em certos estratos sociais. Diante da crescente normalização das crises sanitárias enfrentadas por esses grupos, urge uma investigação detalhada sobre os desdobramentos desses eventos à luz do conceito de vulnerabilidade social. Este estudo visa oferecer ferramentas para identificar grupos vulneráveis à Covid-19 em municípios de Minas Gerais, usando análises estatísticas e cartográficas. Dados socioeconômicos, habitacionais e de saúde foram processados para criar um Índice de Vulnerabilidade Socioespacial, evidenciando a distribuição não democrática das estruturas de oportunidades no espaço e suas implicações, especialmente nos diferenciais da mortalidade pela doença no Estado.
Modeling and prediction of high-precision global evapotranspiration: based on a different model of physical relationships
Authors: Sun Yongxi , He Chao , Dong Yuru , Chen Yanfei
Published: April 2024

The interchange of water vapor between the land and the atmosphere is influenced by actual evapotranspiration (AET). A nonlinear model (AET-SWC-PET-GPP, ASPG) was developed in this study to combine potential evapotranspiration (PET), soil water content (SWC), and gross primary productivity (GPP) in order to quantitatively estimate AET. The Fluxnet Network 2015 global flux station dataset was used to compare the AET models (AET-SWC, AS; AET-SWC-PET, ASP and AET-SWC-PET2, ASP2) with various combinations of influencing factors. The results show that the simulation accuracy of the ASPG model is higher than that of AS, ASP, and ASP2, with improvements in a coefficient of determination (R2) of 45.3, 8.1, and 5.7%, respectively.The ASPG performed well for various vegetation types, geographical regions, and time scales. It was also discovered that the fitting coefficients vary depending on the type of vegetation, each with its own range of values. The ASPG model put forth in this study can be used to more effectively estimate AET quantitatively on a global scale and can serve as a theoretical foundation for the accurate calculation of global evapotranspiration and the wise use of water resources.
Trend and change-point analyses of meteorological variables using Mann–Kendall family tests and innovative trend assessment techniques in New Bhupania command (India)
Authors: Gaddikeri Venkatesh , Sarangi A. , Singh D. K. , Jatav Malkhan Singh , Rajput Jitendra , Kushwaha N. L.
Published: April 2024

Climate change (CC) significantly influences agricultural water productivity, it is advisable to consider the adapting irrigation regimes to observed changes in precipitation patterns. This study aim is to assess trends and change point analysis of weather variables, namely temperature (T), precipitation (R), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo), utilizing 31 years of long-term data for a semi-arid climate. The analysis was carried out using Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK), Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), and Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis (IPTA) methods. Homogeneity tests, including Pettitt's test, Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), Buishand range test, and Von Neumann Ratio Test (VNRT), were employed to detect change points (CPs) in the time series data. The results indicated that, for maximum temperature (Tmax), MK and MMK revealed a positive trend for September and July, respectively, while minimum temperatures (Tmin) indicated Increasing trends in August and September. Precipitation exhibited an increasing trend during the Zaid season (April-May). ETo exhibited a negative trend in January. ITA and IPTA displayed a greater potential to detect the trends across months and seasons. Change point analysis revealed that for Tmax, the CP occurred in 1998 for April month time series data. Likewise, for Tmin, change points for April and August time series found in 1997. This study underscores shifting climatic parameters, emphasizing the importance of accounting for these changes in agricultural and water management strategies to ensure sustainability and resilience.
Estimation of water inflows to reservoirs of irrigation dams in the Guinea Savannah ecological zone of Ghana
Authors: Adongo Thomas Apusiga , Abagale Felix K.
Published: April 2024

The study was carried out in the northern Ghana to estimate water inflows to nine reservoirs of irrigation dams for a period of 20 years (1999–2018) using the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Curve Number model. The key input parameters of the model were hydrologic soil group, rainfall amount, landuse/landcover, weighted curve number, antecedent moisture condition, and potential maximum soil moisture retention. The annual rainfall within the reservoir catchments was found to vary between 617.20 and 1,382.30 mm. The estimated annual runoff depths ranged from 54.10 to 125.55 mm. A high degree of positive correlation was found between rainfall and runoff depths with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 79.80 to 90.70%. Hydrologic soil groups accounted for about 67.2 and 62.5% of the variation in runoff depth and percentage runoff, respectively. The estimated annual water inflows to the reservoirs ranged from 145,206 ± 125,814 m3/y at Gambibgo to 47,074,634 ± 4,395,860 m3/y at Tono. The variation in the annual water inflows and annual storage capacity recharge among the various reservoirs was noted to be influenced by reservoir size, catchment size, rainfall, and soil characteristics in the reservoir catchments.
Impacts of flow regime characterization on selected water quality parameters in Mthatha River catchment
Authors: Amoo Oseni Taiwo , Makupula Nombuyiselo , Akinola Ikudayisi , Nakin Motebang Dominic Vincent
Published: April 2024

The effects of altered streamflow types on selected water quality parameters provide useful knowledge and information for prompt water pollution management. This study assesses the impacts of inter- and intra-year seasonal variability in streamflow types on selected water quality parameters. The study uses percentiles, multivariance correlation, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis (AHC) in XLSTAT statistics software to achieve the study aim. Historical dataset for streamflow, rainfall, and selected water quality parameters between 2012 and 2020 for the Mthatha River catchment (MRC), Eastern Cape, South Africa were used to characterize the different seasonal variability impacts with the selected water quality parameters at both the upper and lower reach of the river. The result of the inter and intra-year seasonal variability analyses show that the catchment's flow magnitude varies between 2.0 and 2.7 m3/s in summer while the results of the nonlinear polynomial relationship between the grouped streamflow regime show a coefficient of correlation (R2) values of 0.4264 and 0.5643, suggesting that a mild alteration occurs in the catchment. Decision-makers would find the study useful in controlling the pollutant effluent discharge into the river at different times and maintaining standard effluent requirements as mitigation strategies for sustaining the river ecosystem.
Quando a disciplina encontra a higiene: a presença dos discursos médico-santiários no interior da Escola de Aprendizes Marinheiros da Paraíba nos primeiros anos do século XX
Authors: Soares Júnior Azemar dos Santos , Lima Luiz Felipe Soares de , Ferreira Chrislaine Thuany Vieira
Published: April 2024

Este texto tem por objetivo analisar os discursos higienistas adotados pela Escola de Aprendizes Marinheiros da Paraíba nos primeiros anos do século XX. Essa instituição foi alvo das políticas sanitárias vigentes no país, recebendo orientações médico-pedagógicas para a instalação dos prédios escolares e os cuidados com a saúde do corpo devidamente registrada nos documentos da escola naval. Metodologicamente, utilizamos a análise do discurso proposta por Michel Foucault (2014) na tentativa de perceber os enunciados construídos sobre a higienização dos corpos dos aprendizes e suas práticas de adestramento como uma forma de poder. Concluiu-se que o comando da escola se apoiava no discurso higiênico para convencer a Marinha do Brasil que a escola precisava de assistência sanitária.