bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incremental word processing influences the evolution of phonotactic patterns
Authors: Wedel Andrew , Ussishkin Adam , King Adam
Published: August 2019

Listeners incrementally process words as they hear them, progressively updating inferences about what word is intended as the phonetic signal unfolds in time. As a consequence, phonetic cues positioned early in the signal for a word are on average more informative about word-identity because they disambiguate the intended word from more lexical alternatives than cues late in the word. In this contribution, we review two new findings about structure in lexicons and phonological grammars, and argue that both arise through the same biases on phonetic reduction and enhancement resulting from incremental processing.

(i) Languages optimize their lexicons over time with respect to the amount of signal allocated to words relative to their predictability: words that are on average less predictable in context tend to be longer, while those that are on average more predictable tend to be shorter. However, the fact that phonetic material earlier in the word plays a larger role in word identification suggests that languages should also optimize the distribution of that information across the word. In this contribution we review recent work on a range of different languages that supports this hypothesis: less frequent words are not only on average longer, but also contain more highly informative segments early in the word.

(ii) All languages are characterized by phonological grammars of rules describing predictable modifications of pronunciation in context. Because speakers appear to pronounce informative phonetic cues more carefully than less informative cues, it has been predicted that languages should be less likely to evolve phonological rules that reduce lexical contrast at word beginnings. A recent investigation through a statistical analysis of a cross-linguistic dataset of phonological rules strongly supports this hypothesis. Taken together, we argue that these findings suggest that the incrementality of lexical processing has wide-ranging effects on the evolution of phonotactic patterns.
Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
Authors: Ramezani Hamed , Azizi Seyed Naser , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: August 2019

In this study removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution by zeolite (NaY) and related modified hierarchical zeolite (MY) has been investigated. The NaY zeolite with a low ratio of Si/Al was synthesized from silica extracted rice husk ash. It was transformed to hierarchical zeolite (MY) by a “destructive-constructive” modification method using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and a cationic surfactant (Cetyltrime-thylammonium bromide, CTAB) as a templating agent. Various characterization method like FT-IR, XRF, XRD, BET, TGA, SEM and BJH confirmed the construction of parent zeolite and also successfulness of the modification process. EDX showed a negligible change of Si/Al ratio during modification which is favorite in adsorption of cationic MB dye. In order to study the interaction between the surface of adsorbent and adsorbate, six common isotherms were used. By Langmuir isotherm, it is clarified that, the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) had improvement from 15.2 mg g-1 to 133.1 mg g-1 for NaY and MY, respectively. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption obeys the Pseudo-second order model for both NaY and MY zeolites. Also, the usage frequency of the MY was investigated. Results showed that there was not any noticeable change in performance of adsorption after four circles.
Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
Authors: Zeynizadeh Behzad , Aminzadeh Farkhondeh Mohammad , Mousavi Hossein
Published: August 2019

Two simple, efficient, and environmentally benign protocols for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of aromatic nitro compounds promoted by CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water at reflux have been developed. The prepared CuFe2O4 MNPs are well known and fully characterized by various techniques. Furthermore, the CuFe2O4 NPs easily separated from the reaction environment using an external magnetic field and can be reused for several times without significant loss of its activity for both mentioned reactions.
Which HIV-infected youth are at risk of developing depression and what treatments help? A systematic review focusing on Southern Africa
Authors: Haines Cara , Loades Maria E. , Coetzee Bronwynè J. , Higson-Sweeney Nina
Published: August 2019

Background

Depression is common in people with HIV and is associated with lower quality of life, reduced medication adherence, worse disease progression and higher risk of transmission to others. While the majority of HIV-infected youth live in Southern Africa, research has largely focused on adults from Western countries, with limited generalisability across these populations. This review sought to identify and synthesise research on the risk factors for depression in HIV-infected youth in Southern Africa, and to summarise the available evidence on psychosocial interventions to reduce depression.

Method

A systematic review was conducted of studies using a validated measure of depression in HIV-infected youth (aged ≤19) in Southern Africa. Eligible studies included either analysis of variables associated with depression, or evaluation of the impact of psychosocial interventions on depression in this population.

Results

Twelve studies met inclusion criteria for assessing risk factors, based on nine independent samples, constituting 3573 HIV-infected youth (aged 9–19 years). Study quality varied, with heterogeneous methodology limiting comparability and conclusions. There is some evidence that female gender, older age, food insecurity, exposure to abuse and internalised stigma are risk factors for depression, while disclosure of HIV status, satisfaction with relationships and social support are protective. Only one study met inclusion criteria for assessing psychosocial interventions (n = 65; aged 10–13 years). The intervention study did not successfully reduce depression, demonstrating a need for low-cost, large scale interventions to be developed and trialled.

Conclusion

This review has highlighted the dearth of research into depression in HIV-infected youth in Southern Africa. Disclosing HIV status could be an important protective factor.
Training in the Great Recession – Evidence from an Individual Perspective
Authors: Dietz Daniel , Zwick Thomas
Published: August 2019

This paper analyses the effect of the economic crisis in the years 2008 and 2009 on individual training activities of different employee groups within establishments. We use a unique German linked employer–employee panel data set with detailed information on individual training history (WeLL-ADIAB). The so-called Great Recession can be seen as an exogenous, unexpected, and time-limited shock. Although our results cannot be interpreted in a strictly causal manner, our Diff-in-Diff analyses suggest a direct negative effect of the crisis on individual training activities in 2009 and 2010. The negative effect therefore sets in with a time lag and lasts until after the recession. Furthermore, the recession has a stronger effect for employees in unskilled jobs than for employees in skilled jobs.
Poor sleep quality is associated with perinatal depression. A systematic review of last decade scientific literature and meta-analysis
Authors: González-Mesa Ernesto , Cuenca-Marín Celia , Suarez-Arana María , Tripiana-Serrano Beatriz , Ibrahim-Díez Nadia , Gonzalez-Cazorla Ana , Blasco-Alonso Marta
Published: August 2019

Background

Although pregnancy is frequently associated with mental states of happiness, hope and well-being, some physical and psychological changes can contribute to increased sleep disturbances and worsened sleep quality. Sleep quality has been linked to negative emotions, anxiety and depression. The main objective of this paper was to systematically review the impact of sleep during pregnancy on maternal mood, studying the association between objective and subjective measures of sleep quality and perinatal depression.

Methods

We performed a systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, which included studies published between January 2008 and April 2019, and met the following criteria: (i) studies on pregnant women assessing the effects of sleep quality variables on perinatal mood disorders, (ii) studies published in English and (iii) full paper published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal with full-text format available.

Results

A total of 36 studies published in the last decade met the inclusion criteria for qualitative review and eight of them were suitable for meta-analysis. Both confirmed the negative effects of poor sleep on perinatal mood. However, qualitative analysis showed that unrepresentative samples and low participation rates falling below 80% biased some of the studies. The standard random-effects meta-analysis showed a pooled size effect [ln odds ratio (OR) 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19, 1.79)] for perinatal depression in cases of poor prenatal sleep quality, although heterogeneity was moderate to high [Q 16.05, P ≤ 0.025, H2 2.45 (95% CI 1.01, 13.70)].

Conclusion

Poor sleep quality was associated with perinatal mood disturbances. The assessment of sleep quality along the pregnancy could be advisable with a view to offering preventative or therapeutic interventions when necessary.
Minimally invasive pilonidal sinus treatment: A narrative review
Authors: Velotti Nunzio , Manigrasso Michele , Di Lauro Katia , Araimo Enrico , Calculli Federica , Vertaldi Sara , Anoldo Pietro , Aprea Giovanni , Simone Giuseppe De , Vitiello Antonio , Musella Mario , Milone Marco , De Palma Giovanni Domenico , Milone Francesco , Sosa Fernandez Loredana Maria
Published: August 2019

The management of chronic pilonidal disease remains controversial, but recently, new minimal invasive approaches have been proposed. Whereas in the conventional surgical treatment an elliptical wedge of skin and subcutaneous tissue is created to remove the sinus and its lateral tracks, the basis for our new treatment is to create a minimal elliptical wedge of the subcutaneous tissue, including all the inflamed tissue and debris while leaving the overlying skin intact.

The mechanism of an endoscopic approach relies on use of the endoscope without cutaneous tissue damage. Advantages include shorter operative time and time to discharge, which impact resource management in both primary and secondary care: patients undergoing endoscopic technique have a high satisfaction rate, probably due to the low level of postoperative pain and early return to work and daily activities. However, it is mandatory that further studies would analyze surgical approaches to pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) with a consistent and adequate follow-up of at least 5 years. Both sinusectomy and endoscopic approach to PSD were found to be safe and effective compared with conventional techniques. Publishedresults of studies of newer approaches have demonstrated a low short-term complication rate, comparable to conventional surgery results.
The Elusive Determinants of Civil Wars
Authors: Janus Thorsten
Published: August 2019

Like the empirical growth literature, the empirical civil war literature has identified few robust determinants. In this paper, I show that the lack of robust estimates is consistent with rational, forward-looking behavior in a simple dynamic conflict model with asymmetric information. The main result is most of the conflict determinants, such as income per capita, inequality, and natural resource revenues, have ambiguous effects on the conflict risk. The ambiguities largely reflect that, when the parameters change, agents re-optimize.
El populismo de izquierdas en el discurso de Pablo Iglesias
Authors: Barberá González Rafael , Martín del Fresno Félix
Published: August 2019

Durante los últimos años y de manera creciente, se han originado movimientos populares en numerosos países del mundo. Una de las razones puede ser, entre otras muchas, que la sociedad percibe que recibe de sus líderes una gestión deficiente y poco ética. Ante este auge que ha tenido un notable eco en el continente europeo, el presente trabajo busca averiguar si líderes políticos, como por ejemplo, Pablo Iglesias, en el caso español, han utilizado el populismo como estrategia discursiva para conseguir votos. Se analizarán las características del populismo denominado de derechas y el denominado de izquierdas, para valorar si hay diferencias sustanciales entre ambos. Además, se mencionará el sistema en el que mejor se desenvuelve el populismo, la democracia, aunque no exista un consenso entre los autores que creen que se da en otros entornos. Por último, se realizará una referencia a la evolución del populismo en España para, a seguido, analizar algunos de los discursos de Pablo Iglesias.
El periodismo como arma de captación terrorista
Authors: Poveda Criado Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2019

El presente ensayo pretende explicar el uso que hace el Daesh del periodismo para captar adeptos. En primer lugar, se aborda el marco teórico para situar a la organización terrorista en el contexto actual; se indaga en su financiación para entender su poder; se investigan los medios de comunicación que tienen, a través de los cuales distribuyen su propaganda; se analiza el mensaje que transmite, al público al que se dirige y los métodos de captación que emplea; se estudia el uso que hace de Internet, en especial de las redes sociales, consiguiendo así gran alcance y repercusión; se analizan vídeos de gran calidad producidos por la organización a través de los cuales difunden propaganda y tratan de sembrar el terror; se aborda la radicalización violenta de aquellos que se unen a las filas del Daesh, así como sus motivaciones y los datos que revelan el número de combatientes extranjeros que se han trasladado a Siria e Irak para luchar con el grupo terrorista. Y finalmente, las conclusiones demuestran que la agrupación terrorista ha sabido sacar el máximo partido a las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en una época en la que están sumamente desarrolladas, para hacer un llamamiento a todos aquellos que quieran unirse a su causa, crear su califato. Por tanto, los resultados que ha ido cosechando la organización yihadista son abrumadores, puesto que ha conseguido captar a individuos de todo el mundo para unirse a sus filas.
Movement Improves the Quality of Temporal Perception and Decision-Making
Authors: Wiener Martin , Zhou Weiwei , Bader Farah , Joiner Wilsaan M.
Published: August 2019

A critical aspect of behavior is that mobile organisms must be able to precisely determine where and when to move. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying precise movement timing and action planning is therefore crucial to understanding how we interact with the world around us. Recent evidence suggests that our experience of time is directly and intrinsically computed within the motor system, consistent with the theory of embodied cognition. To investigate the role of the motor system, we tested human subjects (n= 40) on a novel task combining reaching and time estimation. In this task, subjects were required to move a robotic manipulandum to one of two physical locations to categorize a concurrently timed suprasecond. Critically, subjects were divided into two groups: one in which movement during the interval was unrestricted and one in which they were restricted from moving until the stimulus interval had elapsed. Our results revealed a higher degree of precision for subjects in the free-moving group. A further experiment (n= 14) verified that these findings were not due to proximity to the target, counting strategies, bias, or movement length. A final experiment (n= 10) replicated these findings using a within-subjects design, performing a time reproduction task, in which movement during encoding of the interval led to more precise performance. Our findings suggest that time estimation may be instantiated within the motor system as an ongoing readout of timing judgment and confidence.
A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management
Authors: Pfaff Maya C. , Logston Renae C. , Raemaekers Serge J. P. N. , Hermes Juliet C. , Blamey Laura K. , Cawthra Hayley C. , Colenbrander Darryl R. , Crawford Robert J. M. , Day Elizabeth , du Plessis Nicole , Elwen Simon H. , Fawcett Sarah E. , Jury Mark R. , Karenyi Natasha , Kerwath Sven E. , Kock Alison A. , Krug Marjolaine , Lamberth Stephen J. , Omardien Aaniyah , Pitcher Grant C. , Rautenbach Christo , Robinson Tamara B. , Rouault Mathieu , Ryan Peter G. , Shillington Frank A. , Sowman Merle , Sparks Conrad C. , Turpie Jane K. , van Niekerk Lara , Waldron Howard N. , Yeld Eleanor M. , Kirkman Stephen P.
Published: August 2019

Over the past three decades, marine resource management has shifted conceptually from top-down sectoral approaches towards the more systems-oriented multi-stakeholder frameworks of integrated coastal management and ecosystem-based conservation. However, the successful implementation of such frameworks is commonly hindered by a lack of cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer, especially between natural and social sciences. This review represents a holistic synthesis of three decades of change in the oceanography, biology and human dimension of False Bay, South Africa. The productivity of marine life in this bay and its close vicinity to the steadily growing metropolis of Cape Town have led to its socio-economic significance throughout history. Considerable research has highlighted shifts driven by climate change, human population growth, serial overfishing, and coastal development. Upwelling-inducing winds have increased in the region, leading to cooling and likely to nutrient enrichment of the bay. Subsequently the distributions of key components of the marine ecosystem have shifted eastward, including kelp, rock lobsters, seabirds, pelagic fish, and several alien invasive species. Increasing sea level and exposure to storm surges contribute to coastal erosion of the sandy shorelines in the bay, causing losses in coastal infrastructure and posing risk to coastal developments. Since the 1980s, the human population of Cape Town has doubled, and with it pollution has amplified. Overfishing has led to drastic declines in the catches of numerous commercially and recreationally targeted fish, and illegal fishing is widespread. The tourism value of the bay contributes substantially to the country’s economy, and whale watching, shark-cage diving and water sports have become important sources of revenue. Compliance with fisheries and environmental regulations would benefit from a systems-oriented approach whereby coastal systems are managed holistically, embracing both social and ecological goals. In this context, we synthesize knowledge and provide recommendations for multidisciplinary research and monitoring to achieve a better balance between developmental and environmental agendas.
FERTILITY PRESERVATION: Follicle reserve loss in ovarian tissue transplantation
Authors: Roness Hadassa , Meirow Dror
Published: August 2019

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation (OTCP-TP) has progressed over the past decade from a revolutionary experimental procedure to a well-accepted treatment in many centers for young patients with a high risk of ovarian failure after cancer treatment. The procedure is remarkably successful, with studies reporting return of ovarian function in up to 95% of graft recipients and pregnancy rates of between 30 and 50%. The most significant limitation of OTCP-TP is the massive loss of follicles that occurs following transplantation, which is primarily attributed to ischemic damage and follicle activation. We review the current approaches to reducing follicle loss and maximizing graft lifespan via pharmacological agents which reduce ischemic damage and follicle activation. We further discuss the value and disadvantage of inducing follicle activation in the graft as a means of generating mature follicles in the immediate short term.
Os ratos: uma trama de ponteiros, pontuações e negócios
Authors: Schiffner Tiago Lopes
Published: August 2019

O objetivo desse ensaio é analisar o uso dos sinais de pontuação e o da dimensão gráfica de Os ratos (1935), de Dyonelio Machado, como forma de esclarecimento das relações sociais entre narrador e personagem (a diferença de classe), dos personagens entre si (as trocas de favor) e segundo a expressão da subjetividade de Naziazeno (as consequências psicológicas da mecânica do dinheiro). O foco é a pesquisa das nuances de sentidos do texto, a partir do emprego da pontuação e dos seus efeitos em uma determinada cena ou frase – sem perder de vista o resultado geral da obra e os impasses histórico-sociais aos quais o estético responde. Para tanto, é examinado principalmente o aproveitamento das aspas, dos itálicos, das reticências e das exclamações. Nesse sentido, a formalização do romance e a maneira que ela internaliza e reflete os dilemas retratados são fundamentais para este estudo.
A tragédia revisitada: uma nova mî(me)se en cène no teatro de Nelson Rodrigues
Authors: Borges João Felipe Barbosa
Published: August 2019

A obra de Nelson Rodrigues gira em torno de alguns temas centrais, como amor e morte, sexo e traição, violência e transgressão que, desgastados no cenário teatral europeu e brasileiro, frequentemente apagam seu caráter de originalidade. Contudo, talvez não seja pelo conteúdo, mas pela forma, que o dramaturgo atinja a sua maior inovação. Isso, porque traz ao palco uma tragédia que, ao mesmo tempo em que rejeita seu modelo fundador, rejeita também a tragédia produzida entre os anos de 1880 a 1950, com raras exceções (a exemplo de Brecht, Hauptmann e Pirandello), ainda presa aos preceitos clássicos de objetividade, realidade e verossimilhança, senão nos temas, ao menos na estruturação formal dos conteúdos. Nesse sentido, pretendo identificar, em Vestido de noiva, elementos que afastam a peça rodrigueana do modelo de tragédia tradicional, e instauram uma nova mîse en cène no teatro brasileiro, liberta da prisão formal que representou durante tanto tempo o desejo do real.
De sirenis: imagem e mito na literatura moderna
Authors: Gabriel Maria Alice Ribeiro
Published: August 2019

Este artigo tenciona apresentar uma análise crítica da imagem da sereia em suas fontes e por meio de sua evolução, do episódio épico descrito por Homero à narrativa moderna. Os discursos da historiografia, literatura e religião contam o mito assumindo características distintas, mesclando-as a contextos literários, filosóficos e sociais. As implicações desses contextos afetaram a representação do mito em sua forma literária. Uma revisão historiográfica e literária dos textos de Manuel Bernardes, Gilberto Freyre, Joaquim Ruyra e José Cândido de Carvalho mostram que as diferenças entre essas versões são menores após o século XVII. As variantes do mito são examinadas de acordo com os estudos de Dana Oswald, Lisa Verner, e Luís da Câmara Cascudo.
Roteiros do sertanejo na literatura
Authors: Ferreira Raul Azevedo de Andrade , Da Silva Cássia
Published: August 2019

Em um país continental como o Brasil, o território contribui na formação de variadas identidades ligadas aos diferentes espaços que compõem a realidade nacional. A tradição literária, ao conferir tratamento estético a tais formações identitárias, elaboram mitos que estruturam o imaginário social referente à noção de brasilidade. Dentre os mitos assim produzidos, o do sertanejo é central tanto para questão da identidade nacional como para o desenvolvimento da tradição literária. Este trabalho aborda a evolução desse signo a partir da análise de obras características de diferentes momentos do sistema literário brasileiro: Os Sertões, de Euclides da Cunha; Vidas Secas, de Graciliano Ramos; Grande Sertão: Veredas, de Guimarães Rosa; O rio e Morte e Vida Severina, de João Cabral de Melo Neto e Essa Terra, de Antônio Torres. A pesquisa revelou que a representação literária fratura a categoria sertanejo em dois gêneros segundo os diferentes roteiros migratórios que eles realizam: o “sertanejo errante” e o “sertanejo retirante”.
Augusto dos Anjos: um olhar sobre a primeira recepção de sua obra
Authors: Nazareth Denise Carneiro
Published: August 2019

Tendo como base a “Estética da recepção”, de Hans Robert Jauss; O ato da leitura, de Wolfgang Iser; e a Estrutura da lírica moderna, de Hugo Friedrich, este artigo tem como objetivo lançar um olhar sobre possíveis causas da recepção negativa da obra do poeta paraibano Augusto dos Anjos, pela crítica do início do século XX, por ocasião da edição princeps de seu livro de versos EU. Pretende-se demonstrar que a repulsa ao emprego do vocabulário oriundo da ciência, maciçamente empregado pelo poeta, teria sido consequência de uma abordagem mais tradicional por parte dos críticos, levando-os à incompreensão, que resultou na repulsa aos versos do poeta.
Positive correlation between psoriasis vulgaris severity degree with HbA1C level
Authors: Adiguna Made Swastika , Wardhana Made , Rahardjo Fresa Nathania
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Psoriasis is a skin abnormality based on chronic inflammation immune mediated. Inflammatory mediator roles (Th-1, TNF-α, IL-6,IL-7, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-23) in its pathogenesis proven to inhibit insulin receptor and glucose uptake from fat tissue and causing insulin resistance, then blood glucose level increased. Mean blood glucose level within 3 months can be represented by HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) level. HbA1c is a bond between glucose and hemoglobin.           Objective: The aim of this study is to understanding correlation between psoriasis vulgaris severity degree with HbA1c.Material and methods: This study is using cross sectional method. HbA1c level examination done by drawing venous blood, then analyzed with chromatography method. Samples were selected by using inclusion and exclusion criteria and consecutive sampling method.Result: Study result shows subject consist of total 51 subjects consists of 33 subjects with psoriasis vulgaris (22 males and 11 females with youngest age of 15 and oldest age of 65 years old), and 18 subjects without psoriasis vulgaris. Psoriasis vulgaris severity degree measured with Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), then grouped to 3 categories: mild PASI score <6, moderate PASI score  6 – 12, and severe PASI score> 12. Mostly  (15 subjects) including mild category. HbA1c level on this study subjects resulted minimum level of 4.6%, maximum 12.1 %, and median 5.4%.  Based on Perkeni consensus, normal HbA1c level is <5,7%, prediabetes 5,7-6,4%, and diabetes >6,5%. HbA1c level of psoriasis vulgaris subjects are higher than non psoriasis vulgaris subjects significantly (p=0,019). Psoriasis vulgaris causing increase of HbA1c level with Prevalence Ratio (PR) 6,55. Thus, Psoriasis vulgaris subjects have increased risk 6,5 times to increase HbA1c level compared with non psoriasis vulgaris subjects. Correlation between severity degree and HbA1c level found in positive course significantly with moderate strength of correlation (Spearman correlation; r = 0.580, p<0,001).Conclusion: HbA1c level on psoriasis vulgaris subjects are higher than non psoriasis vulgaris, and psoriasis vulgaris severity degree positively correlated with HbA1c increasing level. Every increase of  psoriasis vulgaris severity degree will cause increase level of  HbA1c.
Addressing fluctuation in article choice by Japanese learners of L2 English through explicit instruction
Authors: Snape Neal , Umeda Mari
Published: August 2019

This study examines the role of explicit instruction in article meanings to L1-Japanese learners of L2-English. An instruction group (n = 21), a control group (n = 16) and a native English speaker group (n = 9) participated in this study. Participants were asked to rate the acceptability of [±definite] and [±specific] sentences on a scale of 1–4 (1 = unacceptable; 4 = acceptable) in relation to a context for pre- and three post-tests. A pre-test was administered to both groups before instruction began and three post-tests were given to both groups. The instruction group received seven, sixty-minute lessons across seven weeks on instruction in the concepts of definiteness and specificity. Post-test 1 was administered to all participants at the end of the instruction period; post-test 2 was given after a twelve-week summer break; post-test 3 was one year after instruction had ended. The findings show that the instruction group made some gains in consolidating their understanding of the concepts during the instruction period, but after one year little explicit knowledge was retained.
Classroom input to accelerate feature reassembly of English generics
Authors: Abumelha Mary
Published: August 2019

This is an experimental study on the effect of explicit and implicit classroom input on the acquisition of English generics by L1-Najdi Arabic speakers. Following a feature-based contrastive analysis, acquisition difficulties are predicted with indefinite singular and bare plural contexts. The experiment included fifty-four students divided into two experimental groups and one uninstructed control group. One experimental group received implicit input by using genre analysis of texts reinforced with generic noun phrases (NPs), and the other group received explicit grammatical ‘focus on form’ on generics. Two instruments were used: a forced choice task and a sentence repetition task conducted as pre-tests, post-tests and delayed post-tests. The results showed a significant increase in the total scores of both experimental groups, but a long-term effect was only found with the explicit group. The forced choice task showed significant improvement in the explicit group’s accuracy on generic indefinite singular and bare plural contexts and long-term improvement on the bare plural. The explicit group’s results on the repetition task show temporary improvement in the generic indefinite singular post-test. In general, the results suggest that explicit input is more effective than implicit input. Implications on acquisition difficulties and instruction are discussed.
What absolute beginners learn from input
Authors: Carroll Susanne E. , George Angela
Published: August 2019

Absolute beginners rapidly solve several word learning problems after minimal exposure to second language speech. In this article, we report on laboratory research that supports this claim. Explaining second language acquisition is a goal of foundational research. While our findings are consistent with the generativist enterprise, generativists have been content to describe what learners have acquired while avoiding discussion of the ‘how’. We describe a specific generativist approach (the Autonomous Induction Theory) that directly addresses the role of specific learning mechanisms proposed by cognitive psychology. In contrast to alternative non-generative approaches, the Autonomous Induction Theory offers a constrained theory of language acquisition. Both the data from laboratory settings and the theoretical explanations of how adult learners learn have potential implications for language teaching. One should not, however, make teaching recommendations directly from laboratory results. Rather, the findings should be reinterpreted as a research agenda for the classroom, one that recognises its complexities. In this paper, we make several proposals as to how to get from laboratory findings to a classroom-based research agenda.
A micro process-product study of a CLIL lesson l
Authors: Long Michael H. , Al Thowaini Assma , Al Thowaini Buthainah , Lee Jiyong , Vafaee Payman
Published: August 2019

We begin by comparing two models for the simultaneous teaching of language and content: immersion, and content and language integrated learning (CLIL). Following a brief summary and critique of research on CLIL, we describe a micro process-product laboratory experiment with young adult native speakers of Arabic for whom English was the L2. The same fifteen-minute lesson about an amateur anthropologist's alleged discovery of a hitherto unknown indigenous tribe in the Amazonian jungle was delivered by nine surrogate teachers to nine groups of four surrogate students in three baseline English native speaker groups, three baseline Arabic native speaker groups and three CLIL groups. Findings on language use in the nine lessons are related to content learning and vocabulary knowledge. The short-term, artificial nature of the study precludes generalisations to real CLIL programs, which was not our intention. Rather, we wish to suggest that process-product laboratory studies of larger scale and longer duration, paired with classroom studies employing a similar design and research methodology, offer a useful approach to identifying strengths and weaknesses of CLIL programs largely ignored to date.
The effects of motivation on processing instruction in the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic gender agreement
Authors: Farhat Ayah , Benati Alessandro
Published: August 2019

The present study investigates the effects of motivation and processing instruction on the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic gender agreement. The role of individual differences (e.g. age, gender, aptitude, language background and working memory) on the positive effects generated by processing instruction has been investigated in the last few years. However, no previous research has been conducted to measure the possible effects of motivation on L2 learners exposed to processing instruction. In addition, a reasonable question to be addressed within the processing instruction research framework is whether its positive effects can be generalised to the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic. The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) and the Attitude Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) motivation questionnaires were used to capture different variables that influence motivation in order to create the two different groups (high and low motivated). In this experimental study, forty-one native English school-age learners (aged 8–11) were assigned to two groups: ‘the high motivated group’ (n = 29): and the ‘low motivated group’ (n = 12). Both groups received processing instruction, which lasted for three hours. Sentence-level interpretation and production tasks were used in a pre-test and post-test design to measure instructional effects. The learners were required to fill in gaps in both written and spoken mode for the activities. The study also included a delayed post-test administered to the two groups four weeks later. The results indicated that both groups improved equally from pre-test to post-test in all assessment measures and they both retained the positive effects of the training in the delayed posttests. Processing instruction was proved to be the main factor for the improvement in performance regardless of the learner's level of motivation.
Frequency of Input
Authors: White Justin P. , Martini Alessia
Published: August 2019

The present paper examines the effect of input at the macro- and micro-levels on beginning level language learners of Italian. At the macro-level, learners are exposed to Structured Input activities targeting Italian accusative clitics to determine their effect on learners’ default processing strategies. At the microlevel, the effect of the number of target item tokens in the input is measured and subsequently compared: 40 and 80 tokens. This study included pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test measures on interpretation and production to examine the effect of Structured Input activities. Findings reveal that Structured Input activities at varying token frequencies may affect learners’ processing related to this target form as evidenced by their gains in interpretation, as well as their adoption of a ‘second noun strategy’ in which they overextend their altered processing strategy. As such, we discuss the theoretical and pedagogical ramifications of these findings.
Presidential Address 2019–Re-visioning Language, Texts, and Theories
Authors: Gere Anne Ruggles
Published: August 2019

I attended my first MLA convention in Chicago, in 1973. A frugal graduate student, I stayed at a nearby YMCA but huddled in the evenings with a friend from graduate school in the Palmer House lobby where we shared, surreptitiously, a flask of bourbon and laments about the awful job market. I could never have imagined that forty-five years later I would be delivering the presidential address. During the years since that Chicago convention, I have worked with the executive director Phyllis Franklin, who invited me and a few others to think with her about how the MLA might accommodate what we then called composition and rhetoric. I have worked with Rosemary Feal, who became the executive director as I joined the Delegate Assembly Organizing Committee and who left the MLA shortly after persuading me to stand for election to the office of second vice president. In my participation on task forces, division committees, the Publications Committee, the Delegate Assembly Organizing Committee, the Executive Council, and most recently as an officer, I have been continually impressed by the talent, commitment, and resourcefulness of those who work for the MLA. I am grateful to belong to an association with such an excellent staff, and I want to offer special thanks to my friend Paula Krebs, whose first full year as executive director coincided with my term as president. Her keen intelligence, administrative skill, and fierce advocacy for our profession convince me that the MLA is in very good hands.
Margaretand the Victorians
Authors: Christoff Alicia Mireles
Published: August 2019

This essay examines Kenneth Lonergan's stunning and underviewed New York City filmMargaret(2011), placing it in a larger corpus of post-9/11 artistic production while also drawing out its Victorian intertexts—most notably, the Gerard Manley Hopkins poem that gives the film its title.Margaretderives its organizing thematics and formal experiments with sound from the Victorian cultural trope of hyperesthesia: the drive to look beyond the self (the protagonist, the nation) and the answering anxiety that doing so would mean being overwhelmed by the frequency of human suffering.Margaretdemonstrates the continued pull of Victorian aesthetics and politics of representation on contemporary literature and film and, I argue, the cost of this persistence. At once emphasizing and occluding the far-reaching and long-lasting violence of formal and informal empire,Margaretcarefully attunes us to particular forms of suffering—but only by disattuning us to global catastrophe.
Context Rocks!
Authors: Elias Amy J.
Published: August 2019

Searching for the phrase “appreciation of literature” in Google'sNgram Viewershows that the phrase reached its peak usage in English publications between 1936 and 1937 and then nosedived after those years. It's interesting to speculate about what came together at that time. In 1937, DC Thomson published the first issue ofThe Dandy,one of the best selling comics in the history of British pop culture and the third-longest-running comics in the world; Daffy Duck debuted in the animated shortPorky's Duck Hunt,directed by Tex Avery for the Looney Tunes series; andDetective Comicscommenced publication. A year later,Supermanwent public. But 1937 also was the year that John Crowe Ransom left Vanderbilt University for Kenyon College and published “Criticism, Inc.” inThe Virginia Quarterly Review. The target of Ransom's ire is “moralist” historical criticism, into which camp he puts actual morality purveyors, the new humanists and the new leftists (those purveyors of what we often now call symptomatic readings), and “personal registrations” or unfettered appreciation (597). While of course correlation is not causation, 1937 might mark an important fork in the subterranean lines in the United States, where the two trains of comics fandom and literary criticism begin to go in different directions, on trajectories that take them farther apart during and after World War II: comics toward the aesthetics of appreciation, and criticism to increasingly professionalized literary analysis. Critics today seem to be returning to this junction, asking how comics and criticism might reunite. Perhaps that convergence is happening now, through approaches variously known as surface reading (Best and Marcus), reparative reading (Sedgwick), close reading, postcritique (Felski,Limits),thin description (Love), or redescription (Latour)—each of which encourages professionalized critical appraisal without taking rolling stock into dead-end symptomatic tunnels. Perhaps it is through some other approach, one that may look like Hillary Chute'sWhy Comics?
Thermal changes in concrete pavement skid resistance
Authors: Bazlamit Subhi M. , Reza Farhad , Ahmad Hesham S.
Published: August 2019

Concrete pavements comprise a considerable portion of pavements that are currently in use. This paper presents the results from a laboratory investigation on the effect of temperature and surface texture on the skid resistance of concrete pavements. Briquettes representative of concrete pavements were created and textured in the laboratory. Readings of skid resistance on laboratory specimens were obtained using a portable British pendulum tester. Water and liquid hand soaps were used as lubricants in an attempt to separate the adhesion and hysteresis components of friction. In order to simulate the wear and ageing of concrete pavements, several cycles of polishing were applied to the briquettes. Tests were conducted at five different temperatures. The results showed that there is a correlation between the magnitude of friction components and temperature. A normalisation procedure for friction measurements based on temperature was developed, which can be used to normalise measurements to a standard temperature of 293·15 K.
REACTOR OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS BASED ON UN-INTENDED REACTOR TRIP DATA
Authors: Santoso Sigit , Himawan Roziq , Situmorang Johnny , Suryono Tulis Jojok , Edison Edison
Published: August 2019

To enhance the safety and reliability of a new reactor, human factors should be integrated into its design process. The experimental power reactor (RDE) currently being developed in Indonesia needs to include human factors in the design process. One approach to incorporate human factors into design is by considering reactor operational experience data. This paper reviews and analyses the operational experience data of RSG-GAS reactor. The operational experience data of RSG-GAS reactor with 40,435 hours of total operation time spanning from 2003 to 2013 was used as a base in the study. In depth analysis on human factors was applied to the primary cooling system using Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-HFACS method. An amount of 289 un-intended trips were found in the observation data period. Most of un-intended trip were caused by external factors (38%). A review on the primary and secondary cooling system operational data showed that 3.11% of un-intended reactor trip occurrence causes were associated with human failure. Most suspected human failure/human error corresponds to the pump maintenance task which is classified as A action category. Analysis on the cooling system based on HFACS showed that the challenges to the human factors are related to unsafe acts, preconditions of unsafe acts, and unsafe supervision. The result reaffirm that human factors should be treated appropriately in the design of reactor equipment and operation procedure as well.Keywords: reactor operation experience, research reactor, human factors, reactor trip
17 VE 19 YAŞ ALTI KADIN MİLLİ BADMİNTON OYUNCULARININ MÜSABAKA SIRASINDA YAPTIKLARI BASİT HATALARIN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: ÖZGÜR Beyhan
Published: August 2019

Bu çalışmada 17 ve 19 yaş grubu kadın
milli badminton oyuncularının maç ortamında yaptıkları basit hataların
karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Araştırmaya, U19 kategorisinden 6 (yaş 17,17±0,40)
ve U17 kategorisinden 15 (yaş 15,53±0,51) kadın milli badmintoncu gönüllü
olarak katılmıştır. Basit hata analizi için U19 kategorisinde 9 tek kadın maçı
ve U17 kategorisinde 20 tek kadın maçı değerlendirilmiştir. Basit hatalar, TH (toplamda
yapılan basit hata), KTS (kaybedilen toplam sayı), BKTSY (basit hataların
kaybedilen toplam sayıdaki yüzdesi), HÖK (hata ön kort), HOK (hata orta kort),
HAK (hata arka kort), HAÖK (hata aut ön kort), HAOK (hata aut orta kort), HAAK
(hata aut arka kort), TAH (toplam aut hatası), HFÖK (hata file ön kort), HFOK
(hata file orta kort), HFAK (hata file arka kort), TFH (Toplam File Hatası)
olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22 paket programına aktarılmış ve
tanımlayıcı istatistikleri için minimum, maksimum, ortalama ve standart sapma
değerlerihesaplanmıştır. Kategoriler arası
ve kazanan-kazanamayan sporcular arası farkın analizi için Mann
Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak,
U19 kategorisinde kazanan ve kazanamayan sporcuların KTS değerleri arasında
anlamlı fark bulunurken (p<0,05), U17 kategorisinde kazanan ve kazanamayan
sporcuların KTS(p<0,01), TH, TFH ve HOK değerleri
arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0,05).
Contribution of the BioFire® FilmArray® Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel:
Authors: Dack Kyle , Pankow Stephanie , Ablah Elizabeth , Zackula Rosey , Assi Maha
Published: August 2019

Introduction. Traditional evaluation of meningitis includes cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) culture and gram stain to pinpoint specific causalorganisms. The BioFire® FilmArray® Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME)Panel has been implemented as a more timely evaluation method.This study sought to assess if the BioFire® ME Panel was associatedwith a decreased length of stay or decreased antimicrobial durationwhen used in the diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis.Methods.xA case, historical-control, chart review was performed onpatients admitted to a regional medical center with CSF pleocytosisduring Cohort 1 (the year prior to BioFire® ME Panel implementation)and Cohort 2 (the year after BioFire® ME Panel implementation).Length of hospital stay, duration of antimicrobials, and BioFire® MEPanel result were gathered and analyzed.Results. Average length of stay for both cohorts was about fourhospital days. Approximately three-fourths of all patients receivedantibiotic/antiviral treatment with an average of three days duration.No significant differences were observed between groups. The mean(median) duration of antimicrobials in the year prior to and afterthe BioFire® ME Panel implementation was 3.6 (3) and 3.1 (2) days,respectively (p = 0.835). The mean (median) length of stay in the yearprior to and after the BioFire® ME Panel implementation was 5.8 (4)and 5.4 (4) days, respectively (p = 0.941). Among the patients admittedafter the implementation of the BioFire® ME Panel, 4.3 % (n =2) had a positive bacterial result, 38.3% (n = 18) had a positive viralresult, and 57.4% (n = 27) had a negative result. Of the 27 negativeresults, 77.8% (n = 21) were treated with antimicrobial medication.Conclusions. This study suggested there is no difference betweenlength of stay or antimicrobial duration in presumed meningitis casesassessed with traditional methods as compared to the BioFire® MEPanel. Kans J Med 2019;12(1):1-3.