bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐2.2: Anomaly Detection Based on Generative Adversarial Network in the Manufacturing Process of LCD/OLED Display Panels
Authors: Zhan Dongxu , Zhang Shengsen
Published: February 2021

In the manufacturing process of LCD/OLED, defects on display panels need to be localized and classified according to certain criterion. Recent triumph of deep learning model in defects detection on LCD/OLED panels greatly reduce the miss and mistake rate of defects while depends tightly on the industrial training data. These image data, acquired from the industrial display pipelines, show great imbalance with the positive sample way surpassing negative defective ones. Despite data imbalance, the diversity in the negative samples make the data preparation trick and certainly impossible to exhaust all kinds of negative samples for training. Based on the above observation, it would be enormously beneficial if the anomaly detection on display panels can be purely based on the overwhelming positive samples with enough variations. This insight serves as our motivation for GAN‐based anomaly detection on LCD/OLED display panels. In this paper, we propose the utilization of one specific anomaly GAN to the real time anomaly detection of display panels online and also automatic data labeling offline. The result shows its efficiency in detecting all kinds of prominent anomalies.
P‐13.1: Novel OLED Low Frame Frequency Driving method with minimized Flicker
Authors: Li Jieliang , Yuan Yong , Ding Yuan , Huang Wanming , Ke Zhoulin , Zhang Yuheng , He Shui , Lai Qingjun , Xu Yuping
Published: February 2021

We analyzed flicker of OLED and minimized it under low frame frequency with changing the emit pulse width and frequency. We also report a novel low frame frequency driving method for minimzing image flicker under −50dB although the average brightness is 450nit with attenuation −30nit during emission.
Inhibition Effect and Mechanism of Na2SnO3‐Ethylene Glycol Hybrid Additives on 1060 Aluminum in Alkaline Aluminum‐Air Batteries
Authors: Ma Chuanchuan , Hu Chaoquan , Xu Xuebing , Song Yang , Shao Mingyuan , Lin Jiachen , Jiang Zhicheng
Published: February 2021

Aluminum electrodes undergo severe hydrogenation and self‐corrosion in alkaline solutions. Here, a novel inorganic‐organic hybrid corrosion inhibitor, constituted by Na2SnO3 and ethylene glycol, was formulated. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the inhibitor could effectively suppress the self‐corrosion at the anode, increasing the anode utilization from ∼16 % to ∼43 % and the specific energy density from ∼543 to 1577 Wh kg−1. Moreover, a relatively stable discharge effect was observed. Based on surface morphology analysis, a mechanism for the deposition of Na2SnO3 and ethylene glycol on the surface of the aluminum electrode was proposed. It was suggested that the presence of ethylene glycol is conducive to a more uniform and denser deposition of tin on the surface of the aluminum electrode, a condition that can inhibit corrosion more efficiently as well as improve the discharge effect. The analysis of the entire adsorption energy using the Vienna ab initio simulation package supported this hypothesis.
High‐Voltage Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc‐Based Batteries: Latest Progress and Future Perspectives
Authors: Yu Yanxia , Xie Jinhao , Zhang Haozhe , Qin Ruofei , Liu Xiaoqing , Lu Xihong
Published: February 2021

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐based batteries (AZBs) have been recently considered as desirable energy storage devices for renewable energy storage because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and high safety. Despite the inspiring achievements in this field, the energy density of AZBs is still far below expectation, which directly hinders their practical application as next‐generation secondary cells. To address this issue, previously, reseach efforts have been mainly dedicated to the improvement of capacity by designing different kinds of high‐capacity electrode candidates, especially the cathode materials. In recent years, elevation of the output voltage for energy density improvement has gained more and more attention. The main limitation of the relatively low output voltage of AZBs lies in the narrow electrochemically stable window of aqueous electrolytes, which results in limited choice of cathode materials with high potential. Herein, by summarizing recently reported work in this field, the strategies applied to high‐voltage AZB construction are classified into two categories, from the aspects of electrode and battery structure. Classic examples of each category are discussed in detail, and their respective advantages/defects are compared and commented on. Finally, further challenges are elaborated to provide more insights into this area.
A Review of Resistive Switching Devices: Performance Improvement, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Shi Tuo , Wang Rui , Wu Zuheng , Sun Yize , An Junjie , Liu Qi
Published: February 2021

As human society enters the big data era, huge data storage and energy‐efficient data processing are in great demand. The resistive switching device is an emerging device with both inherent memory and computation capabilities. It may bring disruptive influences to modern information technology from bottom up. After decades of study of the materials, mechanisms, and devices, the maturity of the resistive switching device in various applications, for example, nonvolatile memory, artificial neural networks, and information security, could be foreseen. Herein, the recent progress of the resistive switching device from the aspects of materials, devices, and applications is reviewed. First, the resistive switching device, including mechanisms and materials, is briefly discussed. Performance improvement methods with respect to individual device properties are systematically illustrated. Second, characterization technologies for understanding the mechanism and guidance of device design are classified and discussed in depth. Third, various applications based on resistive switching devices are summarized. The review ends with a brief conclusion concerning the challenges from mechanism to algorithm level and the future outlook.
A review of 80 assessment tools measuring water security
Authors: Octavianti Thanti , Staddon Chad
Published: February 2021

Scholars and practitioners have been working on methodologies to measure water security at a variety of scale and focus. In this paper, we critically examine the landscape of water security metrics, discussing the progress and gaps of this rich scholarship. We reviewed a total of 107 publications consisting of 17 conceptual papers and 90 methodological papers that propose 80 metrics to measure water security and observed that there are two dominant research clusters in this field: experiential scale‐based metrics and resource‐based metrics. The former mainly focus on measuring the water experiences of households and its impact on human well‐being, while the majority of the latter assess freshwater availability or water resources security. We compare their approaches and the arguments used to develop them. We posit that the more local the scale and the more specific the water domain, the more meaningful results that the metrics can provide. Acknowledging the interrelationship between different water domains (e.g., water resources and water hazards) is important, but their aggregation for measurement may be problematic. We offer our views on future work in this field relating to topics beyond water, the need to conduct validation tests, and collaboration among academics and with other stakeholders.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Human Water
CONSTRUCTIVE NONCOMMMUTATIVE INVARIANT THEORY
Authors: DOMOKOS MÁTYÁS , DRENSKY VESSELIN
Published: February 2021

The problem of finding generators of the subalgebra of invariants under the action of a group of automorphisms of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra on its universal enveloping algebra is reduced to finding homogeneous generators of the same group acting on the symmetric tensor algebra of the Lie algebra. This process is applied to prove a constructive Hilbert–Nagata Theorem (including degree bounds) for the algebra of invariants in a Lie nilpotent relatively free associative algebra endowed with an action induced by a representation of a reductive group.
Amitriptyline functionally antagonizes cardiac H2 histamine receptors in transgenic mice and human atria
Authors: Neumann Joachim , Binter Maximilian Benedikt , Fehse Charlotte , Marušáková Margaréta , Büxel Maren Luise , Kirchhefer Uwe , Hofmann Britt , Gergs Ulrich
Published: February 2021

We have previously shown that histamine (2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine) exerted concentration-dependent positive inotropic effects (PIE) or positive chronotropic effects (PCE) on isolated left and right atria, respectively, of transgenic (H2R-TG) mice that overexpress the human H2 histamine receptor (H2R) in the heart; however, the effects were not seen in their wild-type (WT) littermates. Amitriptyline, which is still a highly prescribed antidepressant drug, was reported to act as antagonist on H2Rs. Here, we wanted to determine whether the histamine effects in H2R-TG were antagonized by amitriptyline. Contractile studies were performed on isolated left and right atrial preparations, isolated perfused hearts from H2R-TG and WT mice and human atrial preparations. Amitriptyline shifted the concentration-dependent PIE of histamine (1 nM–10 μM) to higher concentrations (rightward shift) in left atrial preparations from H2R-TG. Similarly, in isolated perfused hearts from H2R-TG and WT mice, histamine increased the contractile parameters and the phosphorylation state of phospholamban (PLB) at serine 16 in the H2R-TG mice, but not in the WT mice. However, the increases in contractility and PLB phosphorylation were attenuated by the addition of amitriptyline in perfused hearts from H2R-TG. In isolated electrically stimulated human atria, the PIE of histamine that was applied in increasing concentrations from 1 nM to 10 μM was reduced by 10-μM amitriptyline. In summary, we present functional evidence that amitriptyline also acts as an antagonist of contractility at H2Rs in H2R-TG mouse hearts and in the human heart which might in part explain the side effects of amitriptyline.
Ultrasound-Guided Minimal Invasive Carpal Tunnel Release: An Optimized Algorithm
Authors: Loizides Alexander , Honold Sarah , Skalla-Oberherber Elisabeth , Gruber Leonhard , Löscher Wolfgang , Moriggl Bernhard , Konschake Marko , Gruber Hannes
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To present a safety-optimized ultrasound-guided minimal invasive carpal tunnel release (CTR) procedure.

Materials and Methods

104 patients (67 female, 37 male; mean age 60.6 ± 14.3 years, 95% CI 57.9 to 63.4 years) with clinical and electrophysiological verified typical carpal tunnel syndrome were referred for a high-resolution ultrasound of the median nerve and were then consecutively assigned for an ultrasound-guided CTR after exclusion of possible secondary causes of carpal tunnel syndrome such as tumors, tendovaginitis, ganglia and possible contraindications (e.g., crossing collateral vessels, nerve variations). Applying a newly adapted and optimized algorithm, basing on the work proposed by Petrover et al. CTR was performed using a button tip cannula which has several safety advantages: On the one hand, the button tip cannula acts as a blunt and atraumatic guiding splint for the subsequent insertion of the hook-knife, and on the other hands, it serves as a “hydro-inflation”-tool, i.e., a fluid-based expansion of the working-space is warranted during the whole procedure whenever needed.

Results

In all patients, successful releases were confirmed by the depiction of a completely transected transverse carpal ligament during and in the postoperative ultrasound-controls two weeks after intervention. All patients reported markedly reduction of symptoms promptly after this safety-optimized ultrasound-guided minimal invasive CTR and at the follow-up examination. No complications were evident.

Conclusion

The here proposed optimized algorithm assures a reliable and safe ultrasound-guided CTR and thus should be taken into account for this minimal invasive interventional procedure.
Histamine, mast cell tryptase and post-exercise hypotension in healthy and collapsed marathon runners
Authors: Parsons I. T. , Stacey M. J. , Faconti L. , Hill N. , O’Hara J. , Walter E. , Farukh B. , McNally R. , Sharp H. , Patten A. , Grimaldi R. , Gall N. , Chowienczyk P. , Woods D. R.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Heat stress exacerbates post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and cardiovascular disturbances from elevated body temperature may contribute to exertion-related incapacity. Mast cell degranulation and muscle mass are possible modifiers, though these hypotheses lack practical evidence. This study had three aims: (1) to characterise pre–post-responses in histamine and mast cell tryptase (MCT), (2) to investigate relationships between whole body muscle mass (WBMM) and changes in blood pressure post-marathon, (3) to identify any differences in incapacitated runners.

Methods

24 recreational runners were recruited and successfully completed the 2019 Brighton Marathon (COMPLETION). WBMM was measured at baseline. A further eight participants were recruited from incapacitated runners (COLLAPSE). Histamine, MCT, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and echocardiographic measures were taken before and after exercise (COMPLETION) and upon incapacitation (COLLAPSE).

Results

In completion, MCT increased by nearly 50% from baseline (p = 0.0049), whereas histamine and body temperature did not vary (p > 0.946). Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressures and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) declined (p < 0.019). WBMM negatively correlated with $$\Delta $$
Δ
SBP (r = − 0.43, p = 0.046). For collapse versus completion, there were significant elevations in MCT (1.77 ± 0.25 μg/L vs 1.18 ± 0.43 μg/L, p = 0.001) and body temperature (39.8 ± 1.3 °C vs 36.2 ± 0.8 °C, p < 0.0001) with a non-significant rise in histamine (9.6 ± 17.9 μg/L vs 13.7 ± 33.9 μg/L, p = 0.107) and significantly lower MAP, DBP and SVR (p < 0.033).

Conclusion

These data support the hypothesis that mast cell degranulation is a vasodilatory mechanism underlying PEH and exercise associated collapse. The magnitude of PEH is inversely proportional to the muscle mass and enhanced by concomitant body heating.
Perinatal risk factors for pediatric onset type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Räisänen Laura , Viljakainen Heli , Sarkkola Catharina , Kolho Kaija-Leena
Published: February 2021

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are common pediatric autoimmune diseases with unknown risk factors. Using nationwide registers, we searched for their perinatal risk factors. Our study followed up 11,407 children (born 2000–2005) for a median of 16.6 years (from birth to 2018). Of them, 2.15% received primary diagnosis and 0.08% also secondary: 0.89% had DM, 0.60% had AIT, 0.48% had JIA, and 0.25% had IBD. The incidences per 100,000 children/year were 106.1 for DM, 46.0 for AIT, 55.0 for JIA, and 23.7 for IBD. There were more preterm births (< 37 weeks) among children with studied autoimmune diseases compared with the rest of the cohort (8.6% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.035). Among those born preterm, children with studied autoimmune diseases received more postnatal antibiotics compared with other preterm children in the cohort (47.6% vs. 27.7%, p = 0.046). Children with IBD were born to older mothers compared with those without studied diagnoses (33.0 vs 30.2, p = 0.004).

Conclusion: Preterm birth was a shared risk factor for autoimmune diseases in our study, especially when combined with postnatal antibiotic treatments. High maternal age was associated with IBD.

What is Known:• Type 1 diabetes (DM), autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are common pediatric autoimmune diseases• It is unclear whether these diseases have shared risk factors, since there are no previous simultaneous epidemiological nor follow-up studies on them in one cohort 

What is New:• Preterm births were more common in children with DM, AIT, JIA, or IBD compared with other children in the cohort, and preterm children who developed these diseases recieved more postnatal antibiotics compared with other preterm children• High maternal age was associated with IBD
Ökodesign von Stahlwerksschlacken durch thermochemische Behandlung zur Erhöhung der Recyclingfähigkeit
Authors: Vollprecht Daniel , Pomberger Roland
Published: February 2021

Ökodesign ist ein Konzept zur Gestaltung von Produkten, dessen Ziel es ist, die Umweltbelastung zu verringern. Theoretische, praktische und reale Recyclingfähigkeit sind Eigenschaften eines Produktes, am Ende seines Lebenszyklus stofflich verwertet werden zu können, wobei „Recycling“ stets impliziert, dass das Produkt zeitweilig zu Abfall wird.

Stahlwerksschlacken werden im pyrometallurgischen Prozess gezielt durch die Zugabe von Schlackenbildnern erzeugt und erfüllen dort eine Funktion, indem sie die im Stahl unerwünschten Begleitelemente der eingesetzten geogenen oder anthropogenen Erze aufnehmen. Stahlwerksschlacken sind somit jedenfalls im Hinblick auf die metallurgische Nutzungsphase Produkt, können aber an deren Ende – je nach Judikatur – Abfall werden oder Nebenprodukt sein. In beiden Fällen handelt es sich um Reststoffe, die als industriell hergestellte Gesteinskörnungen Sekundärrohstoffe für den Straßenbau darstellen.

Die thermochemische Behandlung von Stahlwerksschlacken im flüssigen Zustand kann die Freisetzung umweltrelevanter Elemente in Poren- und Grundwässer und damit die Umweltbelastung verringern, indem diese Elemente in stabilen Mineralphasen eingebaut und/oder nach einer anfänglichen Freisetzung wieder an deren Oberflächen adsorbiert werden können.

Diese gezielte Steuerung der Produktionsbedingungen von Stahlwerksschlacken stellt somit ein Beispiel für Ökodesign dar und ist zudem für jene Fälle, in denen die Schlacke zu Abfall wird, ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Erhöhung der theoretischen Recyclingfähigkeit der Schlacke, die in diesem Spezialfall mit der praktischen und realen Recyclingfähigkeit zusammenfällt.
Vinorelbine as substitute for vincristine in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma and vincristine-induced neuropathy
Authors: Hatzl Stefan , Posch Florian , Rezai Arwin , Gornicec Maximilian , Beham-Schmid Christine , Magnes Theresa , Wangner Sandro , Deutsch Alexander , Greinix Hildegard , Uhl Barbara , Prochazka Katharina T. , Egle Alexander , Greil Richard , Melchardt Thomas , Linkesch Werner , Schulz Eduard , Neumeister Peter
Published: February 2021

Background

A combination of rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) is the standard first-line therapy for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common aggressive lymphoma in adults. One of the major adverse effects of this regimen is vincristine-induced polyneuropathy which leads to discontinuation of vincristine in up to 30% of DLBCL-patients. Dose reduction of vincristine might worsen treatment outcomes of DLBCL but identification of treatment alternatives for patients exhibiting peripheral neuropathy during R-CHOP is an unmet need in hematology.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, comprising 987 patients with de novo DLBCL, we delineated the role of vinorelbine as a substitute for vincristine in R-CHOP by measuring improvements in neuropathy and outcome variables.

Results

Five-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 72.6% and 63.1% in patients who received regular doses of vincristine, as compared to 60.6% and 51.7% in patients who received reduced doses of vincristine (p = 0.022 and p = 0.003, respectively). Of 199 patients who switched to vinorelbine, the majority experienced an improvement of neuropathy Furthermore, vinorelbine-switched patients showed favorable oncologic outcomes.

Conclusion

Replacement of vincristine by vinorelbine due to neuropathy is effective and safe, and results in a significant improvement in neuropathy as compared to treatment with R-CHOP.
Modellierung der küstennahen Grundwasserversalzung in Niedersachsen abgeleitet aus aeroelektromagnetischen Daten
Authors: González Eva , Deus Nico , Elbracht Jörg , Siemon Bernhard , Steuer Annika , Wiederhold Helga
Published: February 2021

Die Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) führte in den Jahren 2000–2014 umfangreiche (etwa 5900 km2) aerogeophysikalische Erkundungen an der niedersächsischen Nordseeküste durch. Die Aeroelektromagnetik liefert Informationen über die elektrisch leitfähigen Strukturen im Erduntergrund und ermöglicht die Unterscheidung von Süß- und Salzwasser wie auch von Tonen und Sanden. Im Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG) sowie am Leibniz Institut für Angewandte Geophysik (LIAG) wurden diese Daten zur Kartierung der Tiefenlage der Süß‑/Salzwassergrenze genutzt. Dadurch ist unter anderem eine detaillierte Karte der Grundwasserversalzung innerhalb der küstennahen Aquifere entlang der niedersächsischen Nordseeküste im Maßstab 1:50.000 entstanden. Diese zeigt den aktuellen Stand der Grundwasserversalzung, abgeleitet aus den gewonnenen Elektromagnetik-Modellen. Die Modelle waren auch Grundlage für eine hydraulische Modellierung der Süßwasserlinse der Nordseeinsel Borkum. Darauf aufbauende Simulationen zeigen die Entwicklung der Grundwassersituation für den Zeitraum bis 2100.
Adjusted productivity costs of stroke by human capital and friction cost methods: a Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study
Authors: Rissanen Ina , Ala-Mursula Leena , Nerg Iiro , Korhonen Marko
Published: February 2021

Background

Productivity costs result from loss of paid and unpaid work and replacements due to morbidity and mortality. They are usually assessed in health economic evaluations with human capital method (HCM) or friction cost method (FCM). The methodology for estimating lost productivity is an area of considerable debate.

Objective

To compare traditional and adjusted HCM and FCM productivity cost estimates among young stroke patients.

Methods

The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was followed until the age of 50 to identify all 339 stroke patients whose productivity costs were estimated with traditional, occupation-specific and adjusted HCM and FCM models by using detailed, national register-based data on care, disability, mortality, education, taxation and labour market.

Results

Compared to traditional HCM, taking into account occupational class, national unemployment rate, disability-free life expectancy and decline in work ability, the productivity cost estimate decreased by a third, from €255,960 to €166,050. When traditional FCM was adjusted for occupational class and national unemployment rate, the estimate more than doubled from €3,040 to €7,020. HCM was more sensitive to adjustments for discount rate and wage growth rate than FCM.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of adjustments of HCM and FCM. Routine register-based data can be used for accurate productivity cost estimates of health shocks.
Innovative passive reinforcements for the gradual stabilization of a landslide according with the observational method
Authors: Brezzi Lorenzo , Bisson Alberto , Pasa Davide , Cola Simonetta
Published: February 2021

A large number of landslides occur in North-Eastern Italy during every rainy period due to the particular hydrogeological conditions of this area. Even if there are no casualties, the economic losses are often significant, and municipalities frequently do not have sufficient financial resources to repair the damage and stabilize all the unstable slopes. In this regard, the research for more economically sustainable solutions is a crucial challenge. Floating composite anchors are an innovative and low-cost technique set up for slope stabilization: it consists in the use of passive sub-horizontal reinforcements, obtained by coupling a traditional self-drilling bar with some tendons cemented inside it. This work concerns the application of this technique according to the observational method described within the Italian and European technical codes and mainly recommended for the design of geotechnical works, especially when performed in highly uncertain site conditions. The observational method prescribes designing an intervention and, at the same time, using a monitoring system in order to correct and adapt the project during realization of the works on the basis of new data acquired while on site. The case study is the landslide of Cischele, a medium landslide which occurred in 2010 after an exceptional heavy rainy period. In 2015, some floating composite anchors were installed to slow down the movement, even if, due to a limited budget, they were not enough to ensure the complete stabilization of the slope. Thanks to a monitoring system installed in the meantime, it is now possible to have a comparison between the site conditions before and after the intervention. This allows the evaluation of benefits achieved with the reinforcements and, at the same time, the assessment of additional improvements. Two stabilization scenarios are studied through an FE model: the first includes the stabilization system built in 2015, while the second evaluates a new solution proposed to further increase the slope stability.
Polish students’ knowledge of dietary supplements
Authors: Brodziak-Dopierała Barbara , Fischer Agnieszka , Ahnert Bożena
Published: February 2021

Background

The increasing intake of dietary supplements (DS) can be observed worldwide. These preparations are classified as a special category of foods and are subject to food law, not pharmaceutical regulations. As a result, the requirements for DS are much less restrictive than for medications.

Methodology

This research was conducted in a group of young Polish students of pharmacy at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (SUM) and of finance and accounting at the University of Economics in Katowice (UE). The survey contained questions concerning DS, such as difference to drugs, scope of use, and safety.

Results

The respondents answered questions about taking DS and the effects of their use. DS were used either currently or in the past by about 70% of the respondents, while about 30% of the surveyed population declared that they did not use these preparations. Women and UE students predominated among those not taking DS.

Conclusion

Multi-component products taken for a period of less than 3 months to supplement a deficit for a given component were used the most often. One product was taken at a time. The respondents read product information and followed the recommended doses. Over 50% of the studied population was aware of the negative effects of DS. Adverse symptoms of DS use were observed by 5% of the respondents.
Associations Between Key Psychosocial Stressors and Viral Suppression and Retention in Care Among Youth with HIV in Rural South Africa
Authors: Filiatreau Lindsey M. , Pettifor Audrey , Edwards Jessie K. , Masilela Nkosinathi , Twine Rhian , Xavier Gómez-Olivé F. , Haberland Nicole , Kabudula Chodziwadziwa Whiteson , Lippman Sheri A. , Kahn Kathleen
Published: February 2021

Despite improvements in access to antiretroviral treatment over the past decade, sub-optimal HIV care outcomes persist among youth with HIV (YWH) in rural South Africa. Psychosocial stressors could impede improved HIV treatment outcomes within this population. We linked self-reported psychosocial health and demographic data from a cross-sectional survey conducted among YWH aged 12–24 in rural South Africa to individual medical record data, including facility visit history and viral load measurements. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to estimate the associations between five psychosocial stressors- heightened depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale scores ≥ 16), lower social support (Medical Outcomes Social Support Scale scores ≤ 38), lower resilience (Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale scores ≤ 73), lower self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale scores ≤ 21), and higher perceived stress (Sheldon Cohen Perceived Stress Scale scores ≥ 10)- and viral non-suppression (viral load ≥ 400 copies/mL) and loss to care (no documented clinic visits within the 90 days prior to survey), separately. A total of 359 YWH were included in this analysis. The median age of study participants was 21 (interquartile range: 16–23), and most were female (70.2%), single (82.4%), and attending school (54.7%). Over a quarter of participants (28.1%) had heightened depressive symptoms. Just 16.2% of all participants (n = 58) were lost to care at the time of survey, while 32.4% (n = 73) of the 225 participants with viral load data were non-suppressed. The prevalence of non-suppression in individuals with lower self-esteem was 1.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.12, 2.61) times the prevalence of non-suppression in those with higher self-esteem after adjustment. No meaningful association was observed between heightened depressive symptoms, lower social support, lower resilience, and higher perceived stress and viral non-suppression or loss to care in adjusted analyses. Retention in care and viral suppression among YWH in rural South Africa are below global targets. Interventions aimed at improving viral suppression among YWH should incorporate modules to improve participant’s self-esteem as low self-esteem is associated with viral non-suppression in this setting. Future studies should longitudinally explore the joint effects of co-occurring psychosocial stressors on HIV care outcomes in YWH and assess meaningful differences in these effects by age, gender, and route of transmission.
Real-world evidence from a University Hospital system regarding the uptake of adjuvant pertuzumab and/or neratinib before and after their FDA approval
Authors: Stoen Ericson , Kagihara Jodi , Shagisultanova Elena , Fisher Christine M. , Nicklawsky Andrew , Kabos Peter , Borges Virginia F. , Diamond Jennifer R.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Adjuvant pertuzumab and neratinib are independently FDA-approved for treatment of early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer in combination with or following trastuzumab for one year, respectively. Both agents reduce the risk of recurrence; however, the absolute benefit is modest for many patients with added risk of adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical use of adjuvant pertuzumab and neratinib in patients with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with stage I–III HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab at four University of Colorado Health hospitals between July 2016 and April 2019 were identified. Patient demographics, cancer stage, treatment, and administration of pertuzumab and/or neratinib were obtained.

Results

We identified a total of 350 patients who received adjuvant trastuzumab for stage I–III HER2-positive breast cancer; 253 (73.1%) had tumors that were ≥ T2 or node-positive disease. The rate of adjuvant pertuzumab use increased following FDA approval; pertuzumab was administered to the majority of patients with node-positive HER2-positive breast cancer. The use of adjuvant pertuzumab was associated with younger age, premenopausal status, and node-positive disease. Rates of administration of adjuvant neratinib were lower, with only 15.2% of patients receiving this therapy within 3 months of completing adjuvant trastuzumab.

Conclusion

In our cohort of patients treated within a diverse healthcare network, the majority of patients with node-positive HER2-positive breast cancer received adjuvant pertuzumab following FDA approval. The use of adjuvant neratinib was less common, potentially as a result of adverse effects, prolongation of therapy, previous administration of adjuvant pertuzumab, and modest benefit.
Correction to: Characterizing the transfer of program comprehension in onboarding: an information-push perspective
Authors: Yates Rebecca , Power Norah , Buckley Jim
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s10664-020-09923-7
The Roles of Shame and Guilt in the Development of Aggression in Adolescents With and Without Hearing Loss
Authors: Broekhof Evelien , Bos Marieke G. N. , Rieffe Carolien
Published: February 2021

This longitudinal study examined how shame and guilt contribute to the development of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents with and without hearing loss. Adolescents between 9 and 16 years old (adolescents with hearing loss (n = 80; Mage = 11.91) and without hearing loss (n = 227; Mage = 11.63)) completed self-reports on three occasions with an interval of 9 months. Mixed model analyses revealed that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression decreased with age, whereas shame and guilt peaked in early adolescence. Adolescents with hearing loss reported higher levels of proactive aggression, lower levels of shame and guilt, and showed protracted development for guilt compared to their hearing peers. In both groups, shame contributed to an increase in reactive aggression, whereas guilt contributed to a decrease in proactive aggression. These longitudinal associations highlight the unique role that shame and guilt play in the development of adolescent aggression.
OptiDose: Computing the Individualized Optimal Drug Dosing Regimen Using Optimal Control
Authors: Bachmann Freya , Koch Gilbert , Pfister Marc , Szinnai Gabor , Schropp Johannes
Published: February 2021

Providing the optimal dosing strategy of a drug for an individual patient is an important task in pharmaceutical sciences and daily clinical application. We developed and validated an optimal dosing algorithm (OptiDose) that computes the optimal individualized dosing regimen for pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models in substantially different scenarios with various routes of administration by solving an optimal control problem. The aim is to compute a control that brings the underlying system as closely as possible to a desired reference function by minimizing a cost functional. In pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling, the controls are the administered doses and the reference function can be the disease progression. Drug administration at certain time points provides a finite number of discrete controls, the drug doses, determining the drug concentration and its effect on the disease progression. Consequently, rewriting the cost functional gives a finite-dimensional optimal control problem depending only on the doses. Adjoint techniques allow to compute the gradient of the cost functional efficiently. This admits to solve the optimal control problem with robust algorithms such as quasi-Newton methods from finite-dimensional optimization. OptiDose is applied to three relevant but substantially different pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic examples.
Protocol-agnostic method for monitoring interactivity time in remote desktop services
Authors: Arellano-Uson Jesus , Magaña Eduardo , Morató Daniel , Izal Mikel
Published: February 2021

The growing trend of desktop virtualisation has facilitated the reduction of management costs associated with traditional systems and access to services from devices with different capabilities. However, desktop virtualisation requires controlling the interactivity provided by an infrastructure and the quality of experience perceived by users. This paper proposes a methodology for the quantification of interactivity based on the measurement of the time elapsed between user interactions and the associated responses. Measurement error is controlled using a novel mechanism for the detection of screen changes, which can lead to erroneous measurements. Finally, a campus virtual desktop infrastructure and the Amazon WorkSpaces solution are analysed using this proposed methodology. The results demonstrate the importance of the location of virtualisation infrastructure and the types of protocols used by remote desktop services.
German wie-complements
Authors: Umbach Carla , Hinterwimmer Stefan , Gust Helmar
Published: February 2021

In German, complement clauses embedded by the wh-wordwie(‘how’) have two different readings. The first is a manner reading expressing a manner or method of doing something. The second is calledeventivein this paper because it expresses an event in progress instead of a manner. Ruling out ambiguity ofwie, the question arises of why a manner word is used to express an event in progress. The basic semantic hypothesis in this paper is thatwieexpresses similarity (as it does in, e.g., similes). The paper starts from the observation that in the manner readingwiehas a base position next to the verb and is a modifier of the event type whereas in the eventive reading it is base-generated above VP and thus adds information about the event token. The analysis includes two components: First, manners are considered as sets of similar events (instead of primitive objects), and methods, in particular, are considered as sets of similar sequences of subevents. Secondly, events in progress are seen as initial sequences in sets of similar natural continuations. From this point of view, an event in progress is like a method comprising sequences of subevents that share the same initial part. This analysis provides a semantic interpretation explaining why the wh-wordwieexpresses both the regular manner reading and the eventive reading depending on whether it modifies the event type or the event token.
A review of the mechanical inerter: historical context, physical realisations and nonlinear applications
Authors: Wagg David J.
Published: February 2021

In this paper, a review of the nonlinear aspects of the mechanical inerter will be presented. The historical context goes back to the development of isolators and absorbers in the first half of the twentieth century. Both mechanical and fluid-based nonlinear inerter devices were developed in the mid- and late twentieth century. However, interest in the inerter really accelerated in the early 2000s following the work of Smith [87], who coined the term ‘inerter’ in the context of a force–current analogy between electrical and mechanical networks. Following the historical context, both fluid and mechanical inerter devices will be reviewed. Then, the application of nonlinear inerter-based isolators and absorbers is discussed. These include different types of nonlinear energy sinks, nonlinear inerter isolators and geometrically nonlinear inerter devices, many relying on concepts such as quasi-zero-stiffness springs. Finally, rocking structures with inerters attached are considered, before conclusions and some future directions for research are presented.
Risk factors associated with Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation of peri-urban goats: a neglected parasite in an under-appreciated host
Authors: Dahm Julia Rose , Bailey Jordana Burdon , Kelly Robert F. , Chikungwa Patrick , Chulu Julius , Junior Livio Costa , Freeman Emily June , Mayer Dagmar , Mazeri Stella , Sargison Neil Donald
Published: February 2021

Goats are critical in mixed smallholder agricultural systems in lower and middle-income countries, while fleas are important human and animal health concerns around the world. Convenience sampling was used to describe and consider risk factors for flea infestations of peri-urban goats, with the aim of informing the iterative development of animal husbandry and management based control strategies. Seven hundred and ninety-two goats were examined in 228 households across 10 peri-urban communities surrounding Blantyre in southern Malawi. The prevalence of Ctenocephalides felis fleas was 18.3, 37.1 and 100% at the levels of individual goats, households and communities, respectively, highlighting a neglected human and animal health concern. Constant introduction of new livestock coupled to a lack of biosecurity within communities, the ubiquitous presence of dog and cat hosts for C. felis, the frequency and thoroughness of cleaning overnight goat accommodation, and goat age less than 12 months old were identified as risk factors for flea infestation. This focal cross-sectional study highlights the significance of fleas in peri-urban communities and uncovers trends and commonalities that are needed to inform sustainable disease management. The majority of the peri-urban goat keepers were female, had resided in the same community throughout their whole life and had primary level education. Advice on the planned management of fleas in livestock needs to be tailored towards this demographic group. This approach affords an opportunity to promote public health measures to address household flea infestations and zoonotic disease spread.
Correction to: The use of pesticides in Polish agriculture after integrated pest management (IPM) implementation
Authors: Piwowar Arkadiusz
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s11356-021-12879-w
Which investors’ characteristics are beneficial for initial coin offerings? Evidence from blockchain technology-based firms
Authors: Hackober Christian , Bock Carolin
Published: February 2021

Initial coin offerings have recently become one of the most important funding resources for ventures in the blockchain area. However, often ventures do not rely solely on initial coin offerings as funding source but receive also investments from more established investors prior or during their initial coin offering. In particular, blockchain related ventures have drawn the attention of (corporate) venture capitalists but only less is known on the interplay of these different funding sources and their influence on initial coin offerings as well as on ventures’ further development. Based on the signaling theory as well as the resource-based-view our empirical study find that venture capital investors as well as corporate venture capital investors have a significantly positive effect on initial coin offerings. Further, we find that the reputation, the time of treatment as well as the specialization of investors have a positive influence on the initial coin offering. Finally, our results indicate that the positive effect of venture capital investors as well as the specialization of an investor continues to influence blockchain based ventures’ success in the mid-term.
Wearing down the constraints of low magnification tooth microwear analysis: reproducibility and variability of results based on extant ungulates
Authors: Szabó Bence , Virág Attila
Published: February 2021

Low magnification dental microwear analysis is a widespread dietary proxy for palaeoenvironmental analyses. The limitations of the method, such as observer bias or variation of microwear scars between different tooth positions, are still not quite understood. This study aims to reveal that reproducibility and variability of low magnification dental microwear is better, than it was previously thought. The main focuses of this study were differences between results produced by independent observers, and individual variability of the wear features on different teeth of the same specimen. To approach these issues, the microwear of 1944 0.4 × 0.4 mm areas on every right molar and premolar (144 teeth of 12 extant ungulate specimens) was quantified. Reproducibility and interobserver error was tested by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients for the scores produced by the observers. The microwear features of each tooth were characterized by the mean, median, standard deviation, range, skewness and kurtosis. These statistical parameters were than compared. To test whether observed differences between the microwear patterns of different tooth positions are significant, ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc tests were performed. To calculate the minimal number of sampling sites required for characterizing a tooth, a computer-assisted bootstrap method was applied. As a result, it can be suggested that the low magnification microwear method is quite robust, with low interobserver error. The variance of microwear scars seems uniform throughout the dentition of the examined specimens. Some differences can be noted between tooth positions, however, some limitations could be lifted, at least in the case of ungulates.
Pronunciation-Enhanced Chinese Word Embedding
Authors: Yang Qinjuan , Xie Haoran , Cheng Gary , Wang Fu Lee , Rao Yanghui
Published: February 2021

Chinese word embeddings have recently garnered considerable attention. Chinese characters and their sub-character components, which contain rich semantic information, are incorporated to learn Chinese word embeddings. Chinese characters can represent a combination of meaning, structure, and pronunciation. However, existing embedding learning methods focus on the structure and meaning of Chinese characters. In this study, we aim to develop an embedding learning method that can make complete use of the information represented by Chinese characters, including phonology, morphology, and semantics. Specifically, we propose a pronunciation-enhanced Chinese word embedding learning method, where the pronunciations of context characters and target characters are simultaneously encoded into the embeddings. Evaluation of word similarity, word analogy reasoning, text classification, and sentiment analysis validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
How do invasive trees impact shrub layer diversity and productivity in temperate forests?
Authors: Dyderski Marcin K. , Jagodziński Andrzej M.
Published: February 2021

• Key message

Invasive tree species alter taxonomic diversity and functioning of forest shrub layers: Prunus serotina increases shrub layer biomass two to three times but decreases its biodiversity, Robinia pseudoacacia slightly increases shrub layer biomass and has no effect on its biodiversity, while Quercus rubra both biomass and biodiversity of the shrub layer.

• Context

Although the impact of invasive trees on understory biodiversity is known, very little data exist about their influence on shrub layer biodiversity and productivity.

• Aims

To assess impacts of Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus rubra L., and Robinia pseudoacacia L. on shrub layer aboveground biomass, species composition, and alpha diversity.

• Methods

We measured stand structures in a set of 168 study plots established in Wielkopolski National Park (W Poland), and we compared biomass and diversity metrics using generalized mixed-effects linear models.

• Results

We found the lowest aboveground biomass of shrub layers in Q. rubra forests. P. sylvestris forests invaded by P. serotina had two to three times higher aboveground biomass than non-invaded forests. R. pseudoacacia forests had 27.8% higher shrub layer biomass than Quercus-Acer-Tilia forests. We found negative impacts of Q. rubra and negligible impacts of R. pseudoacacia on shrub layer alpha diversity metrics. However, the effect of Q. rubra was similar to native F. sylvatica. P. serotina negatively affected functional diversity, but its effects were lower in rich P. sylvestris forests than in poor P. sylvestris forests.

• Conclusion

The introduction of alien tree species alters ecosystem services and species diversity of shrub layers. The direction and magnitude of these alterations are alien species-specific and context-dependent. Therefore, their management should account for their impacts.