bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Little-Known Designs by Louis-Pierre Baltard and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet for the Transformation of the Church of the Madeleine into a Temple of Glory
Authors: Booth David W.
Published: January 2021

Napoléon au sommet de sa gloire et de sa puissance ordonna le 2 décembre 1806 par décret, la tenue d’un concours pour la transformation de l’église de la Madeleine en un temple civique dédié à la Grande Armée. Evénement artistique extraordinaire de l’Empire auquel participèrent tous les architectes en vue et qui demeure mal connu faute de documents. Pour ajouter à la difficulté de connaître toute l’histoire de ce concours, les candidats, qui furent jugés dans l’anonymat, eurent le droit de récupérer leurs travaux après le concours. L’issue du concours fut encore compliquée par le rejet du 1er prix accordé à Claude Etienne de Beaumont; l’Empereur préféra le projet de Pierre Vignon qui gagna le 2e prix, car il fut plus conforme à sa conception du « beau antique ».

Le cca possède un album élaboré par Louis-Pierre Baltard (1764-1846) et par Jean-Baptiste Rondelet (1743-1829) qui nous présente quelques renseignements nouveaux sur certains aspects du concours. Les deux architectes, arrivés au cinquième rang, furent autorisés à soumettre à nouveau leur projet à l’Empereur, vraisemblablement entre le 4 avril 1807, date de la publication des résultats du concours, et le 9 juin 1807, jour où le choix de Napoléon fut officiellement connu, ou peu de temps après. Rien ne prouve que Napoléon ait vu ce projet hors concours qui a pourtant le mérite de répondre parfaitement aux exigences édictées dans le programme. Cinq rendus spectaculaires nous montrent un temple à portique, de forme longitudinale, entouré de colonnes et terminé par une abside en hémicycle; l’édifice est bien adapté aux cérémonies solennelles, civiques, et militaires pour lesquelles l’Empereur voulait un sanctuaire commératif. Ces dessins, qu’on peut attribuer à Louis Pierre Baltard, sont très révélatrices de ses talents et prouvent qu’il jouissait d’une assez grande réputation bien avant la réalisation en 1815 de sa première oeuvre connue, la chapelle du Prison de Sainte-Pélagie. Selon l’inscription de la page frontispice, le temple romain de Mars Ultor fut choisi par Baltard et Rondelet comme prototype de leur projet de transformer l’église de la Madeleine. Cette suggestion faite à un moment où Napoléon aimait à se comparer à Alexandre le Grand et prisait l’antiquité grecque, a-t-elle nui au sort du projet de Baltard et Rondelet ? Quoi qu’il en soit, l’album de Baltard et de Rondelet constitue un des derniers documents de l’histoire tumultueuse de l’église de la Madeleine et vient s’ajouter aux témoignages sur l’évolution du goût dans la domaine de l’architecture pendant l’époque qu’on appelle néo-classique.
The Chancel of St. Paul’s Anglican Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Form Follows Convenience?
Authors: McAleer J. Philip
Published: January 2021

Lors de sa construction en 1750, l’église anglicane St. Paul d’Halifax n’était qu’une simple structure rectangulaire dont l’intérieur se divisait en une nef flanquée de bas-côtés surmontés de galeries. Le choeur occupait les travées à l’extrémité de la nef, et était défini seulement par un « mobilier approprié » — comme la chaire et la sainte table. Ce ne fut que cent ans plus tard, soit en 1872, que le choeur tel un espace architectural bien définie fut ajouté à l’église sous la forme d’une boîte en saillie à l’extrémité de la nef. Cet ajout à ce moment-là n’était pas une conséquence, même tardive, comme d’aucuns pouvaient s’y attendre, du mouvement ecclésiologique et de sa revendication d’un espace distinct, séparé de celui de la nef, comme étant nécessaire à la bonne marche des rituels anglicans. Son apparition à l’église St. Paul correspond plutôt à un don spontané d’un laïc dont le seul souci était que le clergé ne disposait pas suffisamment d’espace. Son offre, faite lors d’une réunion paroissiale, fut immédiatement acceptée par la congrégation et le clergé sans aucunement discuter des répercussions éventuelles que cette forme pourraient avoir d’un point de vue liturgique ou symbolique, ou encore sans évaluer l’impact de cet ajout sur l’histoire structurale de l’église.

Selon les écrits de l’époque, il semble que seule la question pratique soit venue à l’esprit. On rencontre cette attitude à d’autres occasions lorsque l’on considérait apporter des changements à la structure physique de l’église. Aucun pasteur, marguillier, conseil paroissial ou paroissien n’a apparemment pensé à la signification, la portée ou le symbolisme d’un tel geste. Ceci est par ailleurs démontré du fait qu’à l’époque où l’église fut pour la première fois peinte en blanc à l’extérieur (en 1962), après plus d’un siècle pendant lequel elle fut brune, grise, ou même rouge brique, on ne l’a pas fait en tenant compte de sa couleur originale, de son style palladien, ou encore d’une quelconque influences des églises blanc « colonial » de la Nouvelle-Angleterre ou de son association avec celles-ci. On a plutôt choisi cette couleur pour égayer un endroit très terne du centre de la ville.

Bien qu’il y eut des différends dans l’histoire de l’église pour des questions liturgiques et rituelles, ils apparaissent plutôt isolés de la forme et du style architectural de l’édifice, qui n’étaient donc pas affectés par eux. Cette tradition de l’église St. Paul sert à nous rappeler que, dans l’interprétation de l’architecture, les historiens cherchent trop souvent des explications dans des idées et des idéaux intellectuels et spirituels, lorsque, en réalité, des actions ont été motivées par des préoccupations beaucoup plus terre-à-terre.
Albrecht Altdorfer's Susanna and the Elders: Female Virtues, Male Politics
Authors: Bischoff Cordula
Published: January 2021

Cet article propose une analyse de la signification symbolique et du contexte historique de la peinture d’Albert Altdorfer, Suzanne et les vieillards (1526). Deux parties s’opposent dans la composition : l’architecture évoque la culture, la justice temporelle et la masculinité pendant que le jardin, avec sa symbolique mariale inhérente, signifie la nature, la religion et la féminité. À la lumière d’un scandale judiciaire de l’époque (Argula von Grumbach et l’affaire Seehofer), on découvre les mobiles du mécène, le duc Guillaume IV de Bavière, l’un des « leaders » de la Contre-Réforme. En effet, on peut interpréter la figure de la vertueuse Suzanne et l’insistance sur sa virginité comme une réaction contre le nouveau concept luthérien du mariage. Dès lors, la représentation d’une conception très conventionnelle de la femme qui promeut l’idée d’un souverain catholique, juste et humaniste.
Surrealism and Esoteric Feminism in the Paintings of Leonora Carrington
Authors: Helland Janice
Published: January 2021

Leonora Carrington place des êtres mythiques dans des décors étranges dans la tradition onirique du surréalisme. Cependant elle ignore un certain nombre d’éléments fréquents chez les surréalistes masculins : la violence érotique, la misogynie et la figure de la femme-objet ou de la femme-muse. Afin de mieux saisir leur spécificité, l’article étudie les peintures et les oeuvres littéraires de Carrington sans nécessairement tenir compte de son appartenance surréaliste. Pour Carrington l’humanité toute entière aurait beaucoup à gagner si l’on accordait une plus grande attention aux caractéristiques spécifiquement féminines. Entre autres, l’existence d’une divinité féminine importante pourrait établir un meilleur équilibre entre le masculin et le féminin.

De telles considérations, enracinées dans l’onirisme et dans la révolte surréalistes, ont conduit Leonora Carrington à la quête d’une origine ou d’un dieu féminin. L’article divise la production de l’artiste en deux périodes : dans un premier temps, la révolte surréaliste caractérise ses textes les plus anciens et ses premières peintures; une deuxième période, d’ésotérisme féminin, suit la lecture de The White Goddess de Robert Graves (1949) et s’accentue lorsque le peintre intègre dans ses oeuvres les idées de Carl Jung. Une transition entre ces deux périodes à lieu entre 1945 et 1950. Carrington se préocccupe de l’origine mythique de la femme en termes surréalistes et en tenant compte de la théorie junguienne. Dans la mouvance surréaliste certes, l’art de Leonora Carrington s’en éloigne ainsi à bien des égards.
À propos d’un fragment de lécythe grec à Québec
Authors: De Haître Ford Micheline
Published: January 2021

Funerary lekythos were placed in graves in Greek cemeteries. The use of such huge marble vases as funerary monuments appeared in Greece by the middle of the fifth century and became fashionable until 317 b.c. Lekythos were decorated with paintings or with carved reliefs. The figure of the deceased was represented alone or with his family. The representation often included an inscription and sometimes the figures were identified with their names.

A fragment of one of these lekythos at Laval University represents a farewell scene in low-relief. The author discusses the meaning of the representation, the usual shaking-hands gesture of the figures. Comparisons with dated, better-known funerary lekythos enable the author to propose a date for the Quebec fragment.
Le tympan dans les portails flamboyants en France
Authors: Sanfaçon Roland
Published: January 2021

In thirteenth-century France, tympanums were the focus of interest in great portals. With their horizontal registers of reliefs and statues, they displayed major iconographic themes, while jambs and archivolts appeared to be a complementary frame. On the other hand, the multiplication of archivolts created deep recesses at the bottom of which tympanums could seem submissive to their environment.

In the fifteenth century, the flamboyant style stressed both the independence of elements and their intimate interrelations. Prominent elements were mouldings of jambs, arches, and gables of doors, niches, statues, and canopies anywhere. All of them overlapped with tympanums in an intense search for liaisons. Nevertheless, surfaces of tympanums could be defended as independent elements, as they could be of any shape or proportion without regard to the forms of adjacent framing arches.

Quite often, on the other hand, tympanums were rather understressed. They were just treated as true or false windows with open or blind tracery. As such, their submissive placement behind prominent jambs and buttresses must have appeared inferior. They were progressively eliminated as in some cases the tympanum was just either an ambiguous and small part of wall between two superimposed arches, or a taller window or retable above a rather independent doorway. This paved the way for the Renaissance. It marked the end of the medieval tympanum, and the end of the medieval mind as well.
Gender and Age as Determinants of Expected Rate of Return on Human Capital
Authors:   Cracow University of Economics, Kurek Bartosz , Górowski Ireneusz ,   Cracow University of Economics
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The aim of the article is to examine the selected determinants of the expected rate of return on human capital. Methodology: We conducted an anonymous survey of expected salaries among the Accounting and Controlling students at the Cracow University of Economics, which provided a unique setting for the analysis. On the basis of collected data for the cost of living and the cost of professional education for every participant, we used the human capital model developed by Dobija to compute the perceived level of the human capital of each individual. Then, we compared the expected salaries with the perceived levels of human capital and computed expected rates of return on human capital. The following research methods are used: literature review, statistical tests, econometric modeling. Findings: On the sample of 754 respondents, we found that male students expect a higher rate of return on their human capital than female students, while older students expect a lower rate of return on human capital than younger students. Research limitations: Only one field of study was used to measure the determinants of the expected rate of return on human capital. Originality: We contribute to the salary expectations and human capital literature by identifying a significant gender salary expectations gap that holds even after considering individually assessed costs of living and professional education. Our findings are consistent with the well-known observation that women tend to expect lower salaries than men.
Data-driven reduction of dendritic morphologies with preserved dendro-somatic responses
Authors: Wybo Willem AM , Jordan Jakob , Ellenberger Benjamin , Marti Mengual Ulisses , Nevian Thomas , Senn Walter
Published: January 2021

Dendrites shape information flow in neurons. Yet, there is little consensus on the level of spatial complexity at which they operate. Through carefully chosen parameter fits, solvable in the least-squares sense, we obtain accurate reduced compartmental models at any level of complexity. We show that (back-propagating) action potentials, Ca2+ spikes, and N-methyl-D-aspartate spikes can all be reproduced with few compartments. We also investigate whether afferent spatial connectivity motifs admit simplification by ablating targeted branches and grouping affected synapses onto the next proximal dendrite. We find that voltage in the remaining branches is reproduced if temporal conductance fluctuations stay below a limit that depends on the average difference in input resistance between the ablated branches and the next proximal dendrite. Furthermore, our methodology fits reduced models directly from experimental data, without requiring morphological reconstructions. We provide software that automatizes the simplification, eliminating a common hurdle toward including dendritic computations in network models.
Iron derived from autophagy-mediated ferritin degradation induces cardiomyocyte death and heart failure in mice
Authors: Ito Jumpei , Omiya Shigemiki , Rusu Mara-Camelia , Ueda Hiromichi , Murakawa Tomokazu , Tanada Yohei , Abe Hajime , Nakahara Kazuki , Asahi Michio , Taneike Manabu , Nishida Kazuhiko , Shah Ajay M , Otsu Kinya
Published: January 2021

Heart failure is a major public health problem, and abnormal iron metabolism is common in patients with heart failure. Although iron is necessary for metabolic homeostasis, it induces a programmed necrosis. Iron release from ferritin storage is through nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated autophagic degradation, known as ferritinophagy. However, the role of ferritinophagy in the stressed heart remains unclear. Deletion of Ncoa4 in mouse hearts reduced left ventricular chamber size and improved cardiac function along with the attenuation of the upregulation of ferritinophagy-mediated ferritin degradation 4 weeks after pressure overload. Free ferrous iron overload and increased lipid peroxidation were suppressed in NCOA4-deficient hearts. A potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, ferrostatin-1, significantly mitigated the development of pressure overload-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in wild-type mice. Thus, the activation of ferritinophagy results in the development of heart failure, whereas inhibition of this process protects the heart against hemodynamic stress.
Curcumin promotes AApoAII amyloidosis and peroxisome proliferation in mice by activating the PPARα signaling pathway
Authors: Dai Jian , Li Ying , Kametani Fuyuki , Cui Xiaoran , Igarashi Yuichi , Huo Jia , Miyahara Hiroki , Mori Masayuki , Higuchi Keiichi
Published: January 2021

Curcumin is a polyphenol compound that exhibits multiple physiological activities. To elucidate the mechanisms by which curcumin affects systemic amyloidosis, we investigated amyloid deposition and molecular changes in a mouse model of amyloid apolipoprotein A-II (AApoAII) amyloidosis, in which mice were fed a curcumin-supplemented diet. Curcumin supplementation for 12 weeks significantly increased AApoAII amyloid deposition relative to controls, especially in the liver and spleen. Liver weights and plasma ApoA-II and high-density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly elevated in curcumin-supplemented groups. RNA-sequence analysis revealed that curcumin intake affected hepatic lipid metabolism via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, especially PPARα activation, resulting in increased Apoa2 mRNA expression. The increase in liver weights was due to activation of PPARα and peroxisome proliferation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that curcumin is a PPARα activator and may affect expression levels of proteins involved in amyloid deposition to influence amyloidosis and metabolism in a complex manner.
Charge-driven condensation of RNA and proteins suggests broad role of phase separation in cytoplasmic environments
Authors: Dutagaci Bercem , Nawrocki Grzegorz , Goodluck Joyce , Ashkarran Ali Akbar , Hoogstraten Charles G , Lapidus Lisa J , Feig Michael
Published: January 2021

Phase separation processes are increasingly being recognized as important organizing mechanisms of biological macromolecules in cellular environments. Well-established drivers of phase separation are multi-valency and intrinsic disorder. Here, we show that globular macromolecules may condense simply based on electrostatic complementarity. More specifically, phase separation of mixtures between RNA and positively charged proteins is described from a combination of multiscale computer simulations with microscopy and spectroscopy experiments. Phase diagrams were mapped out as a function of molecular concentrations in experiment and as a function of molecular size and temperature via simulations. The resulting condensates were found to retain at least some degree of internal dynamics varying as a function of the molecular composition. The results suggest a more general principle for phase separation that is based primarily on electrostatic complementarity without invoking polymer properties as in most previous studies. Simulation results furthermore suggest that such phase separation may occur widely in heterogenous cellular environment between nucleic acid and protein components.
Вопросы технической политики отраслей ТЭК Российской Федерации
Authors: Жданеев О. В. , Бравков П. В. , Дурдыева А. А. , Зуев С. С. , Коренев В. В. , Фролов К. Н. , Чубоксаров В. С.
Published: January 2021

Монография раскрывает основные положения Энергетической стратегии Российской Федерации на период до 2035 года в вопросах технологического развития ТЭК России. Научно-практическое исследование охватывает основные аспекты технической политики топливно-энергетического комплекса России на период до 2035 г. и на основе анализа вызовов и трендов мирового и российского ТЭК определяет ключевые технологические направления развития, востребованные в средне- и долгосрочной перспективе. Внедрение данных технологических решений позволит не только повысить эффективность использования энергетических ресурсов страны, но и задействовать потенциал энергетического сектора как магистрального локомотива инновационного роста всей экономики. Технический и технологический задел в отечественном ТЭК способен и должен сделать ресурсные богатства и энерговооруженность энергетических отраслей основой для внедрения экономически оправданных технологий и принципиально нового оборудования во всех отраслях промышленноориентированной экономики России, широкой цифровизации экономики и перехода к работе в парадигме Индустрии 4.0. Обозначены ключевые для ТЭК направления развития смежных отраслей (металлургия, химическая промышленность, станкостроение, радиоэлектронная промышленность и др.), подготовки необходимых специалистов и международного научно-технического сотрудничества. Подробно представлена роль оборонно-промышленного комплекса как уже существующего плацдарма для создания новых технологий и оборудования при решении задач ТЭК. Монография предназначена для руководителей и специалистов, работающих в нефтегазовой, электроэнергетической и угольной отраслях, работников смежных отраслей промышленности, представителей научно-исследовательских и образовательных организаций, экономистов, политиков, служащих органов федеральной и региональной исполнительной власти, студентов и аспирантов и всех, кому интересна техническая и технологическая составляющая, которая сейчас и в будущем будет определять промышленный вектор развития России.
ДИНАСТИЯ КАРОЛИНГОВ: ОТ КОРОЛЕВСТВА К ИМПЕРИИ, VIII–IX ВЕКА: ИСТОЧНИКИ / отв. ред. А.И. Сидоров. СПб.:Евразия, 2019. 512 с. , "Средние века"
Authors: Филиппов И.С.
Published: January 2021

Рецензируемая книга включает в себя комментированные переводы двенадцати латинских текстов, созданных во Франкском государстве VIII–IX вв. и, так или иначе, посвященных его более ранней и особенно современной истории. Речь идет о текстах, написанных в разных жанрах (анналы, истории, жизнеописания, политический памфлет, окрашенный в экзегетические тона, поэма о происхождении народа франков) и дающих представление о многообразии исторической литературы этой эпохи. Книга открывается двумя статьями, которые вводят читателя в историю государства Каролингов и в культуру историописания того времени. Каждый из две- надцати текстов сопровождается научным предисловием. Шесть текстов прежде не издавались на русском языке. Автор рецензии высоко оценивает качество переводов и предисловий к ним, которые написаны признанными специалистами по латинской культуре Франкского государства, обладающими большим опытом перевода средне -вековых исторических сочинений. Вместе с тем рецензия содержит ряд замечаний, касающихся комментариев к переводам и призывающих поразмышлять о том, что и как именно следует пояснять в таких комментариях.
СВИТКИ В АНГЛИИ И ФРАНЦИИ В ПОЗДНЕЕ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЕ: ФОРМА И СОДЕРЖАНИЕ / под ред. Ш.Г. Хольца, Й. Пельтцера и М. Широты. Берлин; Бостон: Де Грюйтер, 2019. XII, 32, "Средние века"
Authors: Анисимова А.А.
Published: January 2021

Статья представляет собой обзор и анализ сборника статей, посвященного использованию формата свитка в Англии и Франции в средневековый период. Основное внимание уделено свиткам административного характера, но также рассматриваются генеалогические свитки и свитки-амулеты.
A High Seebeck Voltage Thermoelectric Module with P‐type and N‐type MAPbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Xie Zuoxiang , Feng Kai , Xiong Yan , Chen Xu , Liang Yudong , Abid Kamran , Xu Ling
Published: January 2021

In recent years, organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials have been found to have low thermal conductivity and a large Seebeck effect, giving them great potential for thermoelectric applications. More stable single crystals make this possible. In this work, high‐quality MAPbI3 single crystals are prepared using a modified solvent engineering method, and their trap density is as low as 2.5 × 109 cm−3. It is noticed that the reaction between the crystal a metal electrode causes different degrees of doping effect along the vertical direction, leading to an increase in the intrinsic P‐type with Au metal, and forming N‐type semiconductor characteristics with Ag metal. A high Seebeck voltage thermoelectric module is obtained by combining the perovskite single crystal with different conductive characteristics. After device optimization, the thermoelectric potential of the champion module reaches a high voltage of 337 mV at 115 °C, the maximum output power with load reaches about 30 nW, and the theoretical maximum power reaches 65 nW. It is hoped that this research can promote the development of low thermal conductivity perovskite materials in the thermoelectric field.
Modeling drop breakage using the full energy spectrum and a specific realization of turbulence anisotropy
Authors: Bagkeris Ioannis , Michael Vipin , Prosser Robert , Kowalski Adam
Published: January 2021

The assumption of homogeneous isotropic turbulence when modeling drop breakage in industrially relevant geometries is questionable. We describe the development of an anisotropic breakage model, where the anisotropy is introduced via the inclusion of a perturbed turbulence spectrum. The selection of the perturbed spectrum is itself motivated by our previous large‐eddy simulations of high‐pressure homogenizers. The model redistributes energy from small to large scales, and assumes that the anisotropic part of the Reynolds stresses is confined to the energy‐containing range. The second‐order structure function arising from the perturbed spectrum is used in the standard framework of Coulaloglou and Tavlarides to calculate breakage frequency. While the base model exhibits non‐monotonic behavior (by predicting a maximum value for a certain drop size), the effect of anisotropy is shown to increase breakage frequency in length scales larger than this peak, thereby reducing non‐monotonicity. This effect is more pronounced for small turbulence Reynolds numbers.
Exclusive and fast water channels in zwitterionic graphene oxide membrane for efficient water–ethanol separation
Authors: Liang Feng , Zheng Jing , He Meigui , Mao Yangyang , Liu Guozhen , Zhao Jing , Jin Wanqin
Published: January 2021

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes have shown great prospects as the next‐generation membranes to tackle many challenging separation issues. However, the employment of GO membranes remains difficult for the precise separation of molecules with strong coupling effect and small size discrepancy such as water–ethanol. Herein, a new strategy of constructing exclusive and fast water channels in GO membrane was proposed to achieve high‐performance water–ethanol separation via the synergy between zwitterion‐functionalized GO and hydrophilic polyelectrolyte. The as‐formed ordered and stable channels possess high‐density ionic hydrophilic groups, which benefit from inhibiting the strong coupling between water and ethanol, facilitating the fast permeation of water molecules while suppressing ethanol molecules. As a result, the ultrathin GO‐based membrane acquires exceptionally high separation performance with a flux of 3.23 kg/m2 h and water–ethanol separation factor of 2,248 when separating water–ethanol (10 wt%/90 wt%) mixture at 343 K. This work paves a feasible way to construct 2D channels for the high‐efficiency separation of strong‐coupling mixtures.
Clinical and molecular characterization of four patients with Robinow syndrome from different families
Authors: Rai Archana , Patil Siddaramappa J. , Srivastava Priyanka , Gaurishankar Kalpana , Phadke Shubha R.
Published: January 2021

Robinow syndrome (RS) is a rare heterogeneous disorder characterized by short stature, short‐limbs, craniofacial, oro‐dental abnormalities, vertebral segmentation defects, and frequently genital hypoplasia. Both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance are observed with many causative genes. Here, we present the phenotypes and genotypes of four children with RS from different Indian families. Sequence variants were identified in genes ROR2, DVL1, and DVL3. Our results expand the mutational spectrum of RS and we also highlight the radiological changes in the radius and ulna in patients with ROR2 sequence variants which are primarily characteristic for ROR2 related RS but have been reported in WNT5A related RS.
Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Supported Molecular Electrocatalysis for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liang Zuozhong , Guo Hongbo , Zhou Guojun , Guo Kai , Wang Bin , Lei Haitao , Zhang Wei , Zheng Haoquan , Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Cao Rui
Published: January 2021

Synthesizing molecule@support hybrids is appealing to improve molecular electrocatalysis. We report herein metal–organic framework (MOF)‐supported Co porphyrins for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with improved activity and selectivity. Co porphyrins can be grafted on MOF surfaces through ligand exchange. A variety of porphyrin@MOF hybrids were made using this method. Grafted Co porphyrins showed boosted ORR activity with large (>70 mV) anodic shift of the half‐wave potential compared to ungrafted porphyrins. By using active MOFs for peroxide reduction, the number of electrons transferred per O2 increased from 2.65 to 3.70, showing significantly improved selectivity for the 4e ORR. It is demonstrated that H2O2 generated from O2 reduction at Co porphyrins is further reduced at MOF surfaces, leading to improved 4e ORR. As a practical demonstration, these hybrids were used as air electrode catalysts in Zn‐air batteries, which exhibited equal performance to that with Pt‐based materials.
TM LDH Meets Birnessite: A 2D‐2D Hybrid Catalyst with Long‐Term Stability for Water Oxidation at Industrial Operating Conditions
Authors: Chen Zhuwen , Ju Min , Sun Mingzi , Jin Li , Cai Rongming , Wang Zheng , Dong Lei , Peng Luming , Long Xia , Huang Bolong , Yang Shihe
Published: January 2021

Efficient noble‐metal free electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for large‐scale hydrogen production via water splitting. Inspired by Nature's oxygen evolution cluster in photosystem II and the highly efficient artificial OER catalyst of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH), we designed an electrostatic 2D‐2D assembly route and successfully synthesized a 2D LDH(+)‐Birnessite(−) hybrid. The as‐constructed LDH(+)‐Birnessite(−) hybrid catalyst showed advanced catalytic activity and excellent stability towards OER under a close to industrial hydrogen production condition (85 °C and 6 M KOH) for more than 20 h at the current densities larger than 100 mA cm−2. Experimentally, we found that besides the enlarged interlayer distance, the flexible interlayer NiFe LDH(+) also modulates the electronic structure of layered MnO2, and creates an electric field between NiFe LDH(+) and Birnessite(−), wherein OER occurs with a greatly decreased overpotential. DFT calculations confirmed the interlayer LDH modulations of the OER process, attributable to the distinct electronic distributions and environments. Upshifting the Fe‐3d orbitals in LDH promotes electron transfer from the layered MnO2 to LDH, significantly boosting up the OER performance. This work opens a new way to fabricate highly efficient OER catalyst for industrial water oxidation.
Decarboxylative Polyfluoroarylation of Alkylcarboxylic Acids
Authors: Sun Xiang , Ritter Tobias
Published: January 2021

Polyfluoroarenes are useful building blocks in several areas such as drug discovery, materials, and crop protection. Herein, we report the first polyfluoroarylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids via photoredox decarboxylation. The method proceeds with broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Moreover, small complex molecules such as natural products and drugs can be modified by late‐stage modification.
Enantioselective Reductive Cyanation and Phosphonylation of Secondary Amides by Iridium and Chiral Thiourea Sequential Catalysis
Authors: Chen Dong‐Huang , Sun Wei‐Ting , Zhu Cheng‐Jie , Lu Guang‐Sheng , Wu Dong‐Ping , Wang Ai‐E , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: January 2021

The combination of transition‐metal catalysis and organocatalysis increasingly offers chemists opportunities to realize diverse unprecedented chemical transformations. By combining iridium with chiral thiourea catalysis, direct enantioselective reductive cyanation and phosphonylation of secondary amides have been accomplished for the first time for the synthesis of enantioenriched chiral α‐aminonitriles and α‐aminophosphonates. The protocol is highly efficient and enantioselective, providing a novel route to the synthesis of optically active α‐functionalized amines from the simple, readily available feedstocks. In addition, the reactions are scalable and the thiourea catalyst can be recycled and reused.
Formation of Nanoscale [Ge4O16Al48(OH)108(H2O)24]20+ from Condensation of ϵ‐GeAl128+ Keggin Polycations**
Authors: Shohel Mohammad , Bjorklund Jennifer L. , Smith Jack A. , Kravchuk Dmytro V. , Mason Sara E. , Forbes Tori Z.
Published: January 2021

Keggin‐type polyaluminum cations belong to a unique class of compounds with their large positive charge, hydroxo bridges, and divergent isomerization/oligomerization. Previous reports indicated that oligomerization of this species can only occur through one isomer (δ), but herein we report the isolation of largest Keggin‐type cluster that occurs through self‐condensation of four ϵ‐isomers ϵ‐GeAl128+ to form [Ge4O16Al48(OH)108(H2O)24]20+ cluster (Ge4Al48). The cluster was crystallized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) and the elemental composition was confirmed by ICP‐MS and SEM‐EDS. Additional dynamic light scattering experiments confirms the presence of the Ge4Al48 in thermally aged solutions. DFT calculations reveal that a single atom Ge substitution in tetrahedral site of ϵ‐isomer is the key for the formation of Ge4Al48 because it activates deprotonation at key surface sites that control the self‐condensation process.
Nitrogen‐Doped Amorphous Zn–Carbon Multichannel Fibers for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Fang Yongjin , Zeng Yinxiang , Jin Qi , Lu Xue Feng , Luan Deyan , Zhang Xitian , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: January 2021

The application of lithium metal anodes for practical batteries is still impeded by safety issues and low Coulombic efficiency caused mainly by the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites. Herein, two types of free‐standing nitrogen‐doped amorphous Zn–carbon multichannel fibers are synthesized as multifunctional hosts for lithium accommodation. The 3D macroporous structures endow effectively reduced local current density, and the lithiophilic nitrogen‐doped carbon and functional Zn nanoparticles serve as preferred deposition sites with low nucleation barriers to guide uniform lithium deposition. As a result, the developed anodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties in terms of high Coulombic efficiency for more than 500 cycles at various current densities from 1 to 5 mA cm−2, and symmetric cells show long‐term cycling duration over 2000 h. Moreover, full cells based on the developed anode and a LiFePO4 cathode also demonstrate superior rate capability and stable cycle life.
Thermal and electrical properties of aluminum nitride/boron nitride filled polyamide 6 hybrid polymer composites
Authors: Yıldız Görkem , Akkoyun Meral
Published: January 2021

The effects of boron nitride (BN) and aluminum nitride fillers on polyamide 6 (PA6) hybrid polymer composites were investigated. In particular, the thermal and electrical conductivity, thermal transition, thermal degradation, mechanical and morphological properties and chemical bonds characteristic of the materials with crystal structure of BN and aluminum nitride (AlN) filled PA6 prepared at different concentrations were characterized. Thermal conductivity of hybrid systems revealed a 1.6‐fold gain compared to neat PA6. The highest thermal conductivity value was obtained for the composite containing 50 vol% additives (1.040 W/m K). A slight improvement in electrical conductive properties of composites appears and the highest value was obtained for the 50 vol% filled composite with only an increase by 3%. The microstructure of these composites revealed a homogeneous dispersion of AlN and BN additives in PA6 matrix. For all composites, one visible melting peak around 220°C related to the α‐form crystals of PA6 was detected in correlation with the X‐ray diffraction results. An improved thermal stability was obtained for 10 vol% AlN/BN filled PA6 composite (from 405.41°C to 409.68°C). The tensile strength results of all composites were found to be approximately 22% lower than pure PA6.
Predicting essay quality from search and writing behavior
Authors: Vakkari Pertti , Völske Michael , Potthast Martin , Hagen Matthias , Stein Benno
Published: January 2021

Few studies have investigated how search behavior affects complex writing tasks. We analyze a dataset of 150 long essays whose authors searched the ClueWeb09 corpus for source material, while all querying, clicking, and writing activity was meticulously recorded. We model the effect of search and writing behavior on essay quality using path analysis. Since the boil‐down and build‐up writing strategies identified in previous research have been found to affect search behavior, we model each writing strategy separately. Our analysis shows that the search process contributes significantly to essay quality through both direct and mediated effects, while the author's writing strategy moderates this relationship. Our models explain 25–35% of the variation in essay quality through rather simple search and writing process characteristics alone, a fact that has implications on how search engines could personalize result pages for writing tasks. Authors' writing strategies and associated searching patterns differ, producing differences in essay quality. In a nutshell: essay quality improves if search and writing strategies harmonize—build‐up writers benefit from focused, in‐depth querying, while boil‐down writers fare better with a broader and shallower querying strategy.
An online course mode based on microlecture videos: Using CAD geometric modeling course as an example
Authors: Liu Hao , Xu Shuhao , Liu Shenglan
Published: January 2021

Over recent years, the Internet has become an important teaching tool in universities. However, existing online course modes still have some obvious disadvantages, such as fewer learning restraints, interactions, and atmosphere. To improve online course quality, this article presents an online flip classroom with teacher‐led adaptive learning. The online classroom environment includes community as well as knowledge, learner, and assessment centers. Furthermore, we proposed a remote learning mode that uses theories of cognitive psychology and includes microlectures, class interactions, exercises after class, and programming training. Using CAD geometric modeling course as an example, the method has been applied for three teaching classes with different studying abilities in the spring semester in 2020. Two official network big data assessment methods have shown that the online course mode is better than other course modes. Consequently, our improved online course mode is efficient and popular with students.
Equipment entrapment during redo‐TAVR with successful BASILICA procedure
Authors: Qureshi Waqas T. , Parker Matthew , Walker Jennifer , Kakouros Nikolaos
Published: January 2021

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for transcatheter heart valve failure has been suggested for high‐risk patients. TAVR‐in‐TAVR, however, may lead to complex leaflet interactions causing coronary ostial obstruction, which is a devastating complication. Coronary protection with provisional stent placement may be challenging. We describe the first percutaneous transaxillary case of TAVR‐in‐TAVR with Bioprosthetic Aortic Scallop Intentional Laceration to prevent Iatrogenic Coronary Artery obstruction (BASILICA) where guide catheters used for coronary protection were entrapped between the valve frames. We describe anatomical predictors and management considerations. Operators should be aware of this important complication during TAVR‐in‐TAVR valve placement.
Calix[4]pyrrolato Aluminates: The Effect of Ligand Modification on the Reactivity of Square‐Planar Aluminum Anions
Authors: Ebner Fabian , Mainik Philipp , Greb Lutz
Published: January 2021

Structural constraint represents an attractive tool to modify p‐block element properties without the need for unusual oxidation or valence states. The recently reported methyl‐calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate established the effect of forcing a tetrahedral aluminum anion into a square‐planar coordination mode. However, the generality of this structural motif and any consequence of ligand modification remained open. Herein, a systematic ligand screening was launched, and the class of square‐planar aluminum anions was extended by two derivatives that differ in the meso‐substitution at the calix[4]pyrrolato ligand. Strikingly, this modification provoked opposing trends in the preference for a Lewis acidic binding mode with σ‐donors versus the aluminum‐ligand cooperative binding mode with carbonyls. Insights into the origin of these counterintuitive experimental observations were provided by computation and bond analysis. Importantly, this rationale might allow to exploit mode‐selective binding for catalytic rate control.
A combination of NLR and sST2 is associated with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with myocardial injury induced by moderate to severe acute carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Liu Qian , Gao Xun , Xiao Qingmian , Zhu Baoyue , Liu Yongjian , Han Yongyan , Wang Weizhan
Published: January 2021

Background

Indicators of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning‐induced myocardial injury have not yet been elucidated.

Hypothesis

This study aimed at determining the risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute CO poisoning‐induced myocardial injury.

Methods

We enrolled patients with moderate‐to‐severe acute CO poisoning‐induced myocardial injury. Based on the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events, the patients were assigned into event and non‐event group. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the potential risk factors for cardiovascular adverse events.

Results

A total of 413 eligible patients were enrolled. Among them, 61 (14.8%) patients presented adverse cardiovascular events and were assigned to the event group while 352 patients were assigned to the non‐event group. Univariate analysis revealed that cTnI, Lac, and NLR levels at admission and sST2 at day 3 in the event group were significantly higher compared to those in the non‐event group. Subsequent multivariate analysis revealed that sST2 at day 3 and NLR at admission were independent risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute CO poisoning‐induced myocardial injury. Finally, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of sST2 at day 3 combined with NLR for event prediction were 79.5%, 82.8%, and 0.858, respectively.

Conclusion

A combination of sST2 at day 3 and NLR is a potential predictor for the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute CO poisoning‐induced myocardial injury. Therefore, cardiovascular risk stratification should be taken into consideration, especially in patients with acute CO poisoning‐induced myocardial injury.
Comparison of Anion‐Anion Halogen Bonds with Neutral‐Anion Halogen Bonds in the Gas Phase and Polar Solvents
Authors: Li Ying , Meng Lingpeng , Zeng Yanli
Published: January 2021

In recent years, anion‐anion halogen bonds and neutral‐anion halogen bonds have received extensive attention. In this work, the possibility of halogen bonding of neutral and anionic forms of para‐substituted iodine derivatives of dithiobenzoic acid and its Se‐ and Te‐based congeners with halide anions has been investigated. The anion‐anion complexes are not favorable in the gas phase because of the repulsive effect between anionic halogen bond donors and acceptors. A local minimum is present in the potential energy surface between the−S2CC6H4I and X (X=F−, Cl−, Br−), and the anion‐anion complexes−S2CC6H4I ⋅⋅⋅ X(X=F−, Cl−, Br−) are metastable in the gas phase. Solvation is beneficial to the formation of the anion‐anion complexes. The neutral‐anion complexes are stable in both the gas phase and the polar solvents. The anion‐anion halogen bonds tend to be stable in polar solvents, while the neutral‐anion halogen bonds are stronger in the gas phase than in solvents.
PhenoSpace: A Shiny application to visualize trait data in the phenotypic space of the global spectrum of plant form and function
Authors: Segrestin Jules , Sartori Kevin , Navas Marie‐Laure , Kattge Jens , Díaz Sandra , Garnier Eric
Published: January 2021

A recent analysis of variation in six major traits conducted on a large worldwide sample of vascular plant species showed that three‐quarters of trait variation was captured by a two‐dimensional global spectrum of plant form and function (“global spectrum” hereafter). We developed the PhenoSpace application, whose aim is to visualize and export the position of any individual/population/species in the phenotypic space of the global spectrum.

PhenoSpace is a Shiny application that helps users to manipulate and visualize data pertaining to the global spectrum of plant form and function. It is freely accessible at the following URL: https://shiny.cefe.cnrs.fr/PhenoSpace/.

PhenoSpace has three main functionalities. First, it allows users to visualize the phenotypic space of the global spectrum using different combinations of traits and growth forms. Second, trait data from any new user‐defined dataset can be projected onto the phenotypic space of the global spectrum, provided that at least two of the six traits are available. Finally, figures produced and loadings of the imported data on the PCA axes can be downloaded, allowing users to conduct further analyses.

PhenoSpace fulfills the practical goal of positioning plants in the phenotypic space of the global spectrum, making it possible to compare trait variation at any level of organization against the worldwide background. This serves a major aim of comparative plant ecology, which is to put specific sets of individuals, populations or species into a broader context, facilitating comparison and synthesis of results across different continents and environments using relevant indicators of plant design and function.
On biodiversity and conservation of the Iris hexagona complex (Phaeiris, Iridaceae)
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Gómez Juan P. , Mavrodiev Nicholas E. , Melton Anthony E. , Martínez‐Azorín Mario , Crespo Manuel B. , Robinson Scott K. , Steadman David W.
Published: January 2021

Taxonomic revisions using newly available molecular data can have profound consequences for identifying areas of high endemism and, therefore, high conservation priority. A good example of the connection between taxonomy, biodiversity ecology, and conservation issues is genus Phaeiris (Iris subsect. Hexagonae), an endemic taxon of the southeastern United States and in particular P. hexagona (I. hexagona) (Blue Flag), perhaps the best‐known species of this genus. Some authors recently provided evidence for the need to revise the taxonomy of the Blue Flag, which has usually been considered to consist of a single species, P. hexagona. Using molecular and bioclimatic analyses of Blue Flags from Florida and Louisiana, collected at their loci classici, we challenge the notion that P. hexagona is a single species, referring to the almost forgotten taxonomic context of Phaeiris as established by John K. Small and Edward J. Alexander nearly 90 yr ago. Our vision of the P. hexagona complex reinforces the current treatment of Southern Coastal Plain as a biodiversity hotspot. Our results also argue for the complex nature of endemism on the Florida Peninsula, and elsewhere on the Southern Coastal Plain, including a new interpretation of the well‐studied Louisiana irises. We also propose that the valleys of Florida rivers and lakes are likely to harbor additional hidden biodiversity. Accurate taxonomy proved to be a heuristic tool to characterize better the actual level of biodiversity within Southern Coastal Plain as well as to describe the different areas endemism. The newly re‐documented taxonomic diversity in broadly defined P. hexagona should also be considered in future conservation efforts.
Bonding and Stability of C6F4 Bridged by Bis‐Carbenes: EDA‐NOCV Analysis of (L)2C6F4 [L = SNHCDip, cAACMe]
Authors: Gorantla Sai Manoj N. V. T. , Mondal Kartik Chandra
Published: January 2021

The donor base ligand stabilized compound (L)2C6F4 [1 for L=saturated N‐heterocyclic carbene (SNHCDip) and 2 for L=cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAACMe)] has been investigated by energy decomposition analysis (EDA) coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (NOCV) calculation. The bonding analysis of 1 has revealed that (SNHCDip)2+ prefers to form an electron sharing σ‐bond, a dative σ‐bond and two dative π‐bonds with the central C6F4− unit in their doublet states. In contrast, (cAACMe)2 forms two electron sharing σ‐bonds and two electron sharing π‐bonds with the neutral C6F4 unit of 2 in their quintet states.