bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Process Analysis of the Evolution of Farmland Landscape in China
Authors: Fu Yan , Qi Qingwen , Jiang Lili , Zhao Yapeng
Published: March 2024

Accurately identifying the patterns of evolution in farmland plays an important role in optimizing farmland management. The aim of this study is to classify the evolution patterns of farmland in China and explore related mechanisms, providing a reference for constructing a systematic farmland management plan. Using land cover data from five periods in China, nine types of farmland evolution process are described and identified based on landscape process models. We analyzed these processes’ spatiotemporal dynamics and, by examining regional variations, achieved a zoned mapping of China’s farmland evolution. In this study, we combined natural and socioeconomic factors to analyze the mechanisms driving the evolution of farmland landscapes in China. The results indicated that from 1980 to 2020, areas of both lost and restored farmland showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the total area of farmland fluctuated. The remaining farmland types consisted mainly of core and edge. Their distribution was similar to that of the major agricultural regions in China. Expansion was the main means of farmland restoration. Farmland fragmentation was widespread, and, over time, it became increasingly severe. Shrinkage and subdivision dominated the farmland fragmentation. Altitude and slope had the greatest impact on the evolution patterns of farmland. Increasing urban industrialization and an increase in population density led to an increase in the demand for food production, which placed greater demands on the farmlands in the region. The farmland evolution pattern is a result of the interactions among multiple factors.
VST-PCA: A Land Use Change Simulation Model Based on Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction and Pre-Allocation Strategy
Authors: Liu Minghao , Luo Qingxi , Wang Jianxiang , Sun Lingbo , Xu Tingting , Wang Enming
Published: March 2024

Land use/cover change (LUCC) refers to the phenomenon of changes in the Earth’s surface over time. Accurate prediction of LUCC is crucial for guiding policy formulation and resource management, contributing to the sustainable use of land, and maintaining the health of the Earth’s ecosystems. LUCC is a dynamic geographical process involving complex spatiotemporal dependencies. Existing LUCC simulation models suffer from insufficient spatiotemporal feature learning, and traditional cellular automaton (CA) models exhibit limitations in neighborhood effects. This study proposes a cellular automaton model based on spatiotemporal feature learning and hotspot area pre-allocation (VST-PCA). The model utilizes the video swin transformer to acquire transformation rules, enabling a more accurate capture of the spatiotemporal dependencies inherent in LUCC. Simultaneously, a pre-allocation strategy is introduced in the CA simulation to address the local constraints of neighborhood effects, thereby enhancing the simulation accuracy. Using the Chongqing metropolitan area as the study area, two traditional CA models and two deep learning-based CA models were constructed to validate the performance of the VST-PCA model. Results indicated that the proposed VST-PCA model achieved Kappa and FOM values of 0.8654 and 0.4534, respectively. Compared to other models, Kappa increased by 0.0322–0.1036, and FOM increased by 0.0513–0.1649. This study provides an accurate and effective method for LUCC simulation, offering valuable insights for future research and land management planning.
Assessing the Potential of HPV16 E6 Seroprevalence as a Biomarker for Anal Dysplasia and Cancer Screening—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tous Sara , Guillamet Mariona , Waterboer Tim , Alemany Laia , Paytubi Sonia
Published: March 2024

Elevated rates of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and anal cancer (AC) in populations like men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV underscore the need for effective screening. While high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy is the gold standard, limited provider availability poses a challenge. This has spurred interest in identifying biomarkers for improved AC prevention. Antibodies against HPV16 oncoprotein E6, known as markers for cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, are the focus of the current study. The systematic review and meta-analysis included six studies meeting inclusion criteria, assessing HPV16 E6 seroprevalence in individuals with anal HSIL or AC. A two-step meta-analysis estimated pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for HPV16 E6 seroprevalence and HSIL or AC. Pooled prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios were also calculated. This meta-analysis revealed a 3.6-fold increased risk of HSIL for HPV16 E6 seropositive individuals, escalating to a 26.1-fold risk increase for AC. Pooled specificity and sensitivity indicated a high specificity (0.99; 95%CI: 0.99, 0.99) but lower sensitivity (0.19; 95%CI: 0.10, 0.34) for HPV16 E6 serostatus as an AC biomarker. In conclusion, while HPV16 E6 seroprevalence demonstrates specificity as a potential biomarker for HPV-related AC, its utility as a standalone screening tool may be limited. Instead, it could serve effectively as a confirmation test, particularly in high-risk populations, alongside other diagnostic methods. Further research is imperative to explore HPV16 E6 seroconversion dynamics and alternative screening algorithms.
Molecular Determinants Involved in the Docking and Uptake of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Implications in Cancer
Authors: Clares-Pedrero Irene , Rocha-Mulero Almudena , Palma-Cobo Miguel , Cardeñes Beatriz , Yáñez-Mó María , Cabañas Carlos
Published: March 2024

Extracellular vesicles produced by tumor cells (TEVs) influence all stages of cancer development and spread, including tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. TEVs can trigger profound phenotypic and functional changes in target cells through three main general mechanisms: (i) docking of TEVs on target cells and triggering of intra-cellular signaling; (ii) fusion of TEVs and target cell membranes with release of TEVs molecular cargo in the cytoplasm of recipient cell; and (iii) uptake of TEVs by recipient cells. Though the overall tumor-promoting effects of TEVs as well as the general mechanisms involved in TEVs interactions with, and uptake by, recipient cells are relatively well established, current knowledge about the molecular determinants that mediate the docking and uptake of tumor-derived EVs by specific target cells is still rather deficient. These molecular determinants dictate the cell and organ tropism of TEVs and ultimately control the specificity of TEVs-promoted metastases. Here, we will review current knowledge on selected specific molecules that mediate the tropism of TEVs towards specific target cells and organs, including the integrins, ICAM-1 Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule), ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule), CD44, the metalloproteinases ADAM17 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase member 17) and ADAM10 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase member 10), and the tetraspanin CD9.
Micronutrients at Supplemental Levels, Tight Junctions and Epithelial Barrier Function: A Narrative Review
Authors: DiGuilio Katherine M. , Del Rio Elizabeth A. , Harty Ronald N. , Mullin James M.
Published: March 2024

Disease modifiers, whether from cancer, sepsis, systemic inflammation, or microbial pathogens, all appear to induce epithelial barrier leak, with induced changes of the Tight Junctional (TJ) complex being pivotal to the process. This leak—and the ensuant breakdown of compartmentation—plays a central role in disease morbidity on many levels. Accumulation of lung water in the luminal compartment of airways was a major driver of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 and is an excellent example of the phenomenon. Increasing awareness of the ability of micronutrients to improve basal barrier function and reduce barrier compromise in pathophysiology may prove to be a low-cost, safe, and easily administered prophylactic and/or therapeutic option amenable to large populations. The growing appreciation of the clinical utility of supplemental doses of Vitamin D in COVID-19 is but one example. This narrative review is intended to propose a general theory on how and why micronutrients—at levels above normal dietary intake—successfully remodel TJs and improve barrier function. It discusses the key difference between dietary/Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) levels of micronutrients versus supplemental levels, and why the latter are needed in disease situations. It advances a hypothesis for why signal transduction regulation of barrier function may require these higher supplemental doses to achieve the TJ remodeling and other barrier element changes that are clinically beneficial.
Aberrantly Glycosylated GLUT1 as a Poor Prognosis Marker in Aggressive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Ferreira Eduardo , Ferreira Dylan , Relvas-Santos Marta , Freitas Rui , Soares Janine , Azevedo Rita , Afonso Luís Pedro , Lima Luís , Santos Beatriz , Gonçalves Martina , Silva André M. N. , Santos Lúcio Lara , Peixoto Andreia , Ferreira José Alexandre
Published: March 2024

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) remains a pressing health concern due to conventional treatment failure and significant molecular heterogeneity, hampering the development of novel targeted therapeutics. In our quest for novel targetable markers, recent glycoproteomics and bioinformatics data have pinpointed (glucose transporter 1) GLUT1 as a potential biomarker due to its increased expression in tumours compared to healthy tissues. This study explores this hypothesis in more detail, with emphasis on GLUT1 glycosylation patterns and cancer specificity. Immunohistochemistry analysis across a diverse set of human bladder tumours representing all disease stages revealed increasing GLUT1 expression with lesion severity, extending to metastasis, while remaining undetectable in healthy urothelium. In line with this, GLUT1 emerged as a marker of reduced overall survival. Revisiting nanoLC-EThcD-MS/MS data targeting immature O-glycosylation on muscle-invasive tumours identified GLUT1 as a carrier of short glycosylation associated with invasive disease. Precise glycosite mapping uncovered significant heterogeneity between patient samples, but also common glycopatterns that could provide the molecular basis for targeted solutions. Immature O-glycosylation conferred cancer specificity to GLUT1, laying the molecular groundwork for enhanced targeted therapeutics in bladder cancer. Future studies should focus on a comprehensive mapping of GLUT1 glycosites for highly specific cancer-targeted therapy development for bladder cancer.
Public Attitude towards Implementing DNAR and a Stance on Pediatric DNAR in Poland—A Prospective Survey Study
Authors: Timler Dariusz , Kempa Joanna , Kozłowski Remigiusz , Stolarek Robert , Timler Wojciech
Published: March 2024

Background: Do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) is a document signed by a patient, which states that they do not want to be resuscitated. In Poland, DNAR is not regulated by law. We aimed to assess people’s perceptions on DNAR and pediatric DNAR in Poland. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed via the snowball sampling method in different voivodeships in Poland in the years 2014–2018. The survey consisted of questions regarding knowledge and attitudes towards DNAR and pediatric DNAR. Results: A total of 1049 responses were collected. Moreover, 82% support introducing DNAR in Poland, but 78% believe that this is not a pressing issue. In a general question, 46% of respondents believe that DNAR should be obtainable only for adults. However, in a specific question, this number drops to 17%, with people agreeing for pediatric DNAR if it contains a boundary—23% agree if both parents agree to the solution and 45% if both parents and the child’s doctor agree to it. Conclusions: Even though someone supports DNAR, it does not mean that they support pediatric DNAR. People outside the medical community are more likely to be against DNAR. Giving a boundary in using pediatric DNAR may lead to the ease of its implementation in a legislative manner.
The Influence of Hyperthyroidism on the Coagulation and on the Risk of Thrombosis
Authors: Antonijevic Nebojsa , Matic Dragan , Beleslin Biljana , Mikovic Danijela , Lekovic Zaklina , Marjanovic Marija , Uscumlic Ana , Birovljev Ljubica , Jakovljevic Branko
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Apart from the well-known fact that hyperthyroidism induces multiple prothrombotic disorders, there is no consensus in clinical practice as to the impact of hyperthyroidism on the risk of thrombosis. The aim of this study was to examine the various hemostatic and immunologic parameters in patients with hyperthyroidism. Methods: Our study consists of a total of 200 patients comprised of 64 hyperthyroid patients, 68 hypothyroid patients, and 68 euthyroid controls. Patient thyroid status was determined with standard tests. Detailed hemostatic parameters and cardiolipin antibodies of each patient were determined. Results: The values of factor VIII (FVIII), the Von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and anticardiolipin antibodies of the IgM class were significantly higher in the hyperthyroid patients than in the hypothyroid patients and euthyroid controls. The rate of thromboembolic manifestations was much higher in hyperthyroid patients (6.25%) than in hypo-thyroid patients (2.9%) and euthyroid controls (1.4%). Among hyperthyroid patients with an FVIII value of ≥1.50 U/mL, thrombosis was recorded in 8.3%, while in hyperthyroid patients with FVIII value ≤ 1.50 U/mL the occurrence of thrombosis was not recorded. The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) was significantly higher (8.3%) in the hyperthyroid patients compared to the hypothyroid patients (1.5%) and euthyroid controls (0%). Conclusions: High levels of FVIII, vWF, fibrinogen, PAI-1, and anticardiolipin antibodies along with other hemostatic factors contribute to the presence of a hypercoaguable state in patients with hyperthyroidism. The risk of occurrence of thrombotic complications is especially pronounced in patients with a level of FVIII exceeding 150% and positive anticardiolipin antibodies of the IgM class. Patients with AF are at particularly high risk of thrombotic complications due to a hyperthyroid prothrombotic milieu.
Pseudodementia in Patients with Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Elefante Camilla , Brancati Giulio Emilio , Acierno Donatella , Pistolesi Gabriele , Ricciardulli Sara , Weiss Francesco , Romeo Francesca , Lattanzi Lorenzo , Maremmani Icro , Perugi Giulio
Published: March 2024

Even though pseudodementia has been historically linked to depression, other psychiatric conditions may cause reversible cognitive alterations. The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of pseudodementia occurring throughout the entire bipolar spectrum. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to March 2023. Fifteen articles on patients with pseudodementia and bipolar disorder (BD), mania, hypomania, or mixed depression have been included. Moreover, seven female patients with mood disorders diagnosed with pseudodementia have been described. According to our research, pseudodementia in patients with BD mostly occurs during a depressive episode. However, pseudodementia has also been observed in the context of manic and mixed states. Psychomotor and psychotic symptoms were commonly associated. The most typical cognitive impairments were disorientation, inattention, and short-term memory deficits. Alterations in neuroimaging were frequently observed. Electroconvulsive therapy and lithium, either alone or in combination with antipsychotics, resulted in the most widely used therapies. Cognitive decline may occur in a substantial proportion of patients. Since pseudodementia can manifest along the entire mood spectrum, it should be taken into consideration as a possible diagnosis in BD patients showing cognitive deficits during manic, mixed, and depressive states.
Fabrication and Ablation Properties of SiC Nanowires-Network Modified Carbon/Carbon–Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics Composites
Authors: Chen Long , Wu Yuanting , Wang Wanting , Yuan Xiaoxiao , Liu Changqing , Li Chengxin
Published: March 2024

In order to address the anti-ablation of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites, SiC nanowires (SiCnws) network-modified C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites were prepared through the one-step precursor conversion method. With an optimized B-Si-Zr sol-precursor, uniformly dispersed SiCnws and ceramic particles forming an interlocking structure were synchronous in situ grown in the C/C matrix. During ablation, the partially oxidized SiCnws networks with molten SiO2 surface can stabilize the oxide protecting layer and heal the microcracks efficiently in combination with the refractory ZrO2 particles, thus significantly improving the anti-ablation properties of the composites. This study lays the foundation for the high temperature and long-term anti-oxidation and anti-ablation application of C/C composites in the aerospace industry.
Exploring Indicators for Training Load Control in Young Swimmers: The Role of Inspiratory Spirometry Outcomes
Authors: Feria-Madueño Adrián , Batalha Nuno , Monterrubio-Fernández Germán , Parraca Jose A.
Published: March 2024

One of the most important implications of technology in swimming is to control training loads. Lactate control, video-analysis of the technique or the assessment of specific actions, i.e., the vertical jump, have helped to provide load adaptation indicators in swimmers in recent decades. However, these indicators have led to a longer application time, due to their indirect procedure and the need to analyze each variable. The aim of this study was to analyze whether inspiratory spirometry values can serve as a training load control tool in swimmers. Countermovement jump (CMJ), Inspiratory Force Index (S-INDEX) and Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF) were evaluated with a load of 3 cm H2O before, during and after performing a swimming performance test (critical speed test: specific warming up, 400 m and 100 m freestyle). Positive correlations were found between S-INDEX and jump height after warm-up, after 400 m and at the end of 100 m (Spearman = 0.470, R2 = 0.280; Spearman = 0.508, R2 = 0.392; Spearman = 0.458, R2 = 0.359, p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, positive correlations were also found between PIF and jump height at the same evaluated moments (Spearman = 0.461, R2 = 0.305; Spearman = 0.493, R2 = 0.386; Spearman = 0.454, R2 = 0.374, p < 0.05). Both the S-INDEX and the PIF could serve as useful tools for swimmer load control, allowing coaches to make more immediate decisions.
Play Activities Are Associated with Force Regulation in Primary School
Authors: Koitabashi Kyota , Murase An , Yasuda Jun , Okamoto Takeshi
Published: March 2024

The daily exercise habits and play activities of children are known to have a significant impact on the development of body control. However, previous studies have not adequately explored the correlation between force regulation during submaximal visual effort, exercise, and play experience. This study aimed to examine the correlation between exercise habits and play experience and their impact on the ability to regulate force. This study involved 23 children with an average age of 9.2 ± 1.0 years. The participants were required to match their force exertion during submaximal effort to a varying demand value displayed in a sinusoidal pattern on a screen (controlled force exertion, CFE). Individual interviews were conducted to gather information on the exercise experience (time, frequency, and duration) and play activities (number of experiences and frequency). Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the association among exercise experience, play activity, and CFE. The results indicated that the amount of exercise experience was not significantly associated with CFE (β = −0.203, p = 0.254). However, in terms of play activities, the number of play experiences was associated with CFE (β = −0.321, p = 0.038). On the contrary, play frequency was not significantly associated with CFE (β = −0.219, p = 0.191). These findings suggest that play activities are effective in improving force regulation during childhood and that a greater variety of play experiences may be important.
Candida albicans Genes Modulating Echinocandin Susceptibility of Caspofungin-Adapted Mutants Are Constitutively Expressed in Clinical Isolates with Intermediate or Full Resistance to Echinocandins
Authors: Yadav Anshuman , Sah Sudisht K. , Perlin David S. , Rustchenko Elena
Published: March 2024

The opportunistic fungus Candida albicans is the leading cause of invasive candidiasis in immune-compromised individuals. Drugs from the echinocandin (ECN) class, including caspofungin, are used as a first line of therapy against invasive candidiasis. The only known mechanism of clinical resistance to ECNs is point mutations in the FKS1 gene, which encodes the drug target. However, many clinical isolates developed decreased ECN susceptibilities in the absence of resistance-associated FKS1 mutations. We have identified 15 C. albicans genes that contribute to decreased drug susceptibility. We explored the expression of these 15 genes in clinical isolates with different levels of ECN susceptibility. We found that these 15 genes are expressed in clinical isolates with or without FKS1 mutations, including those strains that are less susceptible to ECNs. In addition, FKS1 expression was increased in such less susceptible isolates compared to highly susceptible isolates. Similarities of gene expression patterns between isolates with decreased ECN susceptibilities in the absence of FKS1 mutations and clinically resistant isolates with mutations in FKS1 suggest that clinical isolates with decreased ECN susceptibilities may be a precursor to development of resistance.
Urbanization Effects in Estimating Surface Air Temperature Trends in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Huang Siqi , Ren Guoyu , Zhang Panfeng
Published: March 2024

In the past century, local-scale warming caused by a strengthening urban heat island effect has brought inevitable systematic bias to observational data from surface weather stations located in or near urban areas. In this study, the land use situation around U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) stations was used as a reference for rural station selection; stations with similar environmental conditions in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) were selected as reference stations using a machine learning method, and then the maximum surface air temperature (Tmax) series, minimum surface air temperature (Tmin) series and mean surface air temperature (Tmean) series of rural stations during 1921–2020 were compared with those for all nearby stations (including both rural and urban stations) to evaluate urbanization effects in the USHCN observation data series of the contiguous United States, which can be regarded as urbanization bias contained in the latest homogenized USHCN observation data. The results showed that the urbanization effect on the Tmean trend of USHCN stations is 0.002 °C dec−1, and the urbanization contribution is 35%, indicating that urbanization around USHCN stations has led to at least one-third of the overall warming recorded at USHCN stations over the last one hundred years. The urbanization effects on Tmax and Tmin trends of USHCN stations are −0.015 °C dec−1 and 0.013 °C dec−1, respectively, and the urbanization contribution for Tmin is 34%. These results have significance for understanding the systematic bias in USHCN temperature data, and they provide a reference for subsequent studies on data correction and climate change monitoring.
Applying Multi-Sensor Satellite Data to Identify Key Natural Factors in Annual Livestock Change and Winter Livestock Disaster (Dzud) in Mongolian Nomadic Pasturelands
Authors: Kang Sinkyu , Cho Nanghyun , Narantsetseg Amartuvshin , Lkhamsuren Bolor-Erdene , Khongorzul Otgon , Tegshdelger Tumendemberel , Seo Bumsuk , Jang Keunchang
Published: March 2024

In the present study, we tested the applicability of multi-sensor satellite data to account for key natural factors of annual livestock number changes in county-level soum districts of Mongolia. A schematic model of nomadic landscapes was developed and used to select potential drivers retrievable from multi-sensor satellite data. Three alternative methods (principal component analysis, PCA; stepwise multiple regression, SMR; and random forest machine learning model, RF) were used to determine the key drivers for livestock changes and Dzud outbreaks. The countrywide Dzud in 2010 was well-characterized by the PCA as cold with a snowy winter and low summer foraging biomass. The RF estimated the annual livestock change with high accuracy (R2 > 0.9 in most soums). The SMR was less accurate but provided better intuitive insights on the regionality of the key factors and its relationships with local climate and Dzud characteristics. Summer and winter variables appeared to be almost equally important in both models. The primary factors of livestock change and Dzud showed regional patterns: dryness in the south, temperature in the north, and foraging resource in the central and western regions. This study demonstrates a synergistic potential of models and satellite data to understand climate–vegetation–livestock interactions in Mongolian nomadic pastures.
Third-Generation Heritage Spanish Acquisition and Socialization: Word Learning and Overheard Input in an L.A.-Based Mexican Family
Authors: Alvarez Eric , Morgenstern Aliyah
Published: March 2024

This case study examines overheard speech in a third-generation heritage Spanish Mexican family. It presents Spanish use longitudinally and describes overheard Spanish word use in interaction. Transcribed on CLAN to create a plurilingual corpus, ethnographic video data consisted of 24 h across three sampling periods, yielding nearly 30,000 Spanish, English, and language mixed utterances. Quantitative analyses indicate strong Spanish use in the first sample, before dropping. Qualitative descriptions show the third-generation target-child’s attunement to overheard Spanish, and her agency to use Spanish. Overheard input helps her use Spanish words, influencing her social encounters. This paper examines what we coded as overheard input in heritage language acquisition and socialization research. The language practices of one multigenerational Mexican family in California are explored, accounting for how their language practices in multiparty interaction co-create meaning, and how they help a third-generation child use Spanish words grounded in daily experiences. The findings contribute to the discussion of bilingualism in general and definitions of heritage bilingualism in particular. The results underscore the understudied role of overhead speech produced by a diversity of multigenerational family members and word learning. Participation frameworks are dynamically constructed by all participants as permeable, inclusive, and engage the children’s use of inherited bilingual and bicultural practices, suggesting that heritage bilingualism is not just about abstract grammar.
Modelling Profitability Determinants in the Banking Sector: The Case of the Eurozone
Authors: Mirović Vera , Kalaš Branimir , Milenković Nada , Andrašić Jelena , Đaković Miloš
Published: March 2024

The aim of this study is to analyze which factors affect the profitability of banks in the eurozone and to make recommendations for supporting them to achieve higher levels of profitability in particular eurozone countries. The banks operating in the eurozone are specific that they are under one monetary policy. The main purpose of the banks’ profitability analysis is to identify main bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants and help bank management to more fully comprehend their importance of bank-specific determinants and macroeconomic determinants’ influence when measuring and evaluating bank profitability. For the purpose of this research, we analyze the impact of bank-specific determinants (NPL, CIR, NIM, NIF and NIT) and macroeconomic determinants (GDP, INF, UNM and DEBT) on bank profitability in the eurozone for the period of 2015–2020 using a random effects model, fixed effects model, and the general method of moments (GMM). This empirical research analyzed quarterly data series from Eurostat for eighteen countries in the eurozone. We came to the results that on the eurozone-level NPL, the cost-to-income ratio has a negative impact on the banks’ profitability, while the net interest income to the operating income, the net income for trading assets to the operating income and the net fee and commission income to the operating income have a positive impact on the banks’ profitability. Considering the macroeconomic variables, we found a positive impact only in the case of GDP, while the inflation rate, unemployment rate and gross government debt have shown a negative impact on the banks’ profitability. The main contribution of this study implies different panel techniques with two uncommonly used macroeconomic variables such as the unemployment rate and debt ratio. The results on the country level differ from country to country and these findings can give a lead to policy makers on the national level on how to enhance the banks’ profitability levels.
Challenges and Countermeasures of Federated Learning Data Poisoning Attack Situation Prediction
Authors: Wu Jianping , Jin Jiahe , Wu Chunming
Published: March 2024

Federated learning is a distributed learning method used to solve data silos and privacy protection in machine learning, aiming to train global models together via multiple clients without sharing data. However, federated learning itself introduces certain security threats, which pose significant challenges in its practical applications. This article focuses on the common security risks of data poisoning during the training phase of federated learning clients. First, the definition of federated learning, attack types, data poisoning methods, privacy protection technology and data security situational awareness are summarized. Secondly, the system architecture fragility, communication efficiency shortcomings, computing resource consumption and situation prediction robustness of federated learning are analyzed, and related issues that affect the detection of data poisoning attacks are pointed out. Thirdly, a review is provided from the aspects of building a trusted federation, optimizing communication efficiency, improving computing power technology and personalized the federation. Finally, the research hotspots of the federated learning data poisoning attack situation prediction are prospected.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Assessment of the Optic Nerve Head in Patients Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 Bilateral Pneumonia
Authors: Kal Magdalena , Brzdęk Michał , Zarębska-Michaluk Dorota , Pinna Antonio , Mackiewicz Jerzy , Odrobina Dominik , Winiarczyk Mateusz , Karska-Basta Izabella
Published: March 2024

Background and objectives: We aimed to investigate changes in the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients who recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia between March and May 2021. The control group included healthy individuals matched for age and sex. Two months after discharge, the patients underwent ophthalmological examination, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. The RPC network and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of the optic disc (RNFL optic disc) were automatically evaluated and compared between the study groups. Additionally, the RPC parameters were compared between the men and women in the COVID-19 group, and correlations between the RPC and RNFL optic disc parameters were assessed. Results: A total of 63 patients (120 eyes) with bilateral pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were examined. No ophthalmic symptoms were reported by the patients. No significant differences were observed in the RPC parameters between the patients from the COVID-19 group and the 43 healthy controls. Moreover, the RPC parameters did not differ between the men and women in the COVID-19 group. A positive correlation was found between the RPC and RNFL optic disc parameters in the COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: No changes in the RPC network were observed among the patients with COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia in the early period after hospital discharge. However, a longer follow-up is needed to monitor COVID-19–related changes in the microvasculature of the optic nerve head.
Microgrid-Patterned Ni Foams as Current Collectors for Ultrafast Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Kim Un-Tae , Jo Myeong-Hun , Ahn Hyo-Jin
Published: March 2024

Current research is focused on developing active materials through surface functionalization, porosity, composites, and doping for ultrafast electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). In this study, deviating from existing strategies focused on active materials, we designed tunable 3D microgrid-patterned (MP) surface morphologies on Ni foams used as current collectors using SUS meshes as rigid stamps during roll pressing. The surface geometries of the MP-Ni foams were controlled to standard mesh scales of 24, 40, and 60 (denoted as 24MP-Ni, 40MP-Ni, and 60MP-Ni, respectively). The three MP-Ni samples with different microgrid sizes presented different surface geometries, such as root-mean-square roughness (Rrms), skewness roughness (Rsk), and width/depth scales of the microgrid patterns. Consequently, 40MP-Ni demonstrated an optimized surface geometry with high Rrms (35.4 μm) and Rsk (−0.19) values, which facilitated deep slurry infiltration and increased its contact area with the active material. Surface optimization of the MP-Ni enabled ultrafast and reversible charge transport kinetics owing to its relaxed electron transfer resistance and robust adhesion to the active material compared with bare Ni foam. EDLC electrodes with 40MP-Ni achieved an ultrafast-rate capability (96.0 F/g at 20 A/g) and ultrafast longevity (101.9% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g) without specific modification of active material.
The Noncanonical Functions of Metabolites in Tumor Progression
Authors: Wu Siyang , Qi Yijun , Yang Weiwei
Published: March 2024

Metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a prominent hallmark of cancer, characterized by substantial alterations in nutrient uptake and intracellular metabolic pathways. Consequently, intracellular metabolite concentrations undergo significant changes which can contribute to tumorigenesis through diverse mechanisms. Beyond their classical roles in regulating metabolic pathway flux, metabolites exhibit noncanonical functions that play a crucial role in tumor progression. In this review, we delve into the nonclassical functions of metabolites in the context of tumor progression, with a particular focus on their capacity to modulate gene expression and cell signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the potential exploitation of these nonclassical functions in the enhancement of cancer therapy.
A Novel Strain of Bacillus cereus with a Strong Antagonistic Effect Specific to Sclerotinia and Its Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis
Authors: Ma Wanfu , Ding Jinhao , Jia Qingyun , Li Qianru , Jiao Shanhai , Guo Xupeng , Fan Chengming , Chen Yuhong , Hu Zanmin
Published: March 2024

Sclerotinia, which is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a severe disease of oilseed rape, which is an important oil crop worldwide. In this study, we isolated a novel strain of Bacillus cereus, named B. cereus HF10, from the rhizosphere soil of the reed on the seaside of Yagzhou Bay, Sanya city, Hainan Province, China. HF10 exhibited a significant antagonistic effect on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, with an inhibition rate of 79%, and to other species in Sclerotinia, but no antagonistic effect was found on various other fungi or bacteria. HF10 had an 82.3% inhibitory effect on the S. sclerotiorum infection of oilseed rape leaves and a 71.7% control effect on Sclerotinia infection in oilseed rape based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. The genomics and transcriptomics of HF10 and its loss of the antifungal function mutant Y11 were analyzed, and the results provided insight into potential antifungal substances. Our work provides a novel strain, HF10, for developing a promising biological control agent against Sclerotinia, which infects oilseed rape and other plants.
Green Approach to Enhance the Recovery of Polyphenols from Blackcurrant and Bilberry Leaves: Evaluation of Microwave-Assisted and Pressurized Liquid Extraction
Authors: Elez Garofulić Ivona , Repajić Maja , Cegledi Ena , Dobroslavić Erika , Dobrinčić Ana , Zorić Zoran , Pedisić Sandra , Franković Tatjana , Breški Martina , Dragović-Uzelac Verica
Published: March 2024

The aim of the present study was to evaluate microwave-assisted (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for the recovery of polyphenols from blackcurrant and bilberry leaves and the preservation of their antioxidant activity. The extractions were carried out varying the solvent/solid (SS) ratio, temperature and time. During MAE, increasing the SS ratio increased the polyphenol concentration in the extracts from blackcurrant and bilberry leaves, while increasing the temperature had a positive effect only on bilberry polyphenols. During PLE, only a temperature increase was a determining factor for the isolation of blackcurrant leave polyphenols. Based on polyphenol recovery, optimal extraction parameters were established resulting in a yield of 62.10 and 56.06 mg/g dw in the blackcurrant and bilberry MAE extracts and 78.90 and 70.55 mg/g dw in the PLE extracts. The optimized extracts were profiled by UPLC ESI MS2, and their antioxidant capacity was evaluated through FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assays. The characterization of the extracts by UPLC ESI MS2 confirmed flavonols as the predominant compounds in both blackcurrant and bilberry leaves, while flavan-3-ols and procyanidins were the main compounds responsible for high antioxidant capacity as confirmed by the ABTS and ORAC assays. Due to the extract composition and antioxidant capacity, PLE proved to be a technique of choice for the production of blackcurrant and bilberry leave extracts with high potential for use as value-added ingredients in the food and nutraceutical industry.
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Antifungal Activities of Metconazole against the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Fei Liwang , Hao Lingyun
Published: March 2024

Rice blast, caused by the filamentous fungus Pyricularia oryzae, has long been one of the major threats to almost all rice-growing areas worldwide. Metconazole, 5-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2, 2-dimethyl-1-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) cyclopentanol, is a lipophilic, highly active triazole fungicide that has been applied in the control of various fungal pathogens of crops (cereals, barley, wheat), such as the Fusarium and Alternaria species. However, the antifungal activity of metconazole against P. oryzae is unknown. In this study, metconazole exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activities against seven P. oryzae strains collected from rice paddy fields and the wild type strain P131. Scanning electron microscopic analysis and fluorescein diacetate staining assays revealed that metconazole treatment damaged the cell wall integrity, cell membrane permeability and even cell viability of P. oryzae, resulting in deformed and shrunken hyphae. The supplementation of metconazole in vitro increased fungal sensitivity to different stresses, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, congo red, sodium chloride, sorbitol and oxidative stress (H2O2). Metconazole could inhibit key virulence processes of P. oryzae, including conidial germination, germ tube elongation and appressorium formation. Furthermore, this chemical prevented P. oryzae from infecting barley epidermal cells by disturbing appressorium penetration and subsequent invasive hyphae development. Pathogenicity assays indicated a reduction of over 75% in the length of blast lesions in both barley and rice leaves when 10 μg/mL of metconazole was applied. This study provides evidence to understand the antifungal effects of metconazole against P. oryzae and demonstrates its potential in rice blast management.
Evaluation on the Potential for Hepatotoxic Components from Herba Epimedii to Induce Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells and the Analysis of the Influence of Metabolism in Liver Microsomes
Authors: Zhang Lin , Zhang Cai , Peng Xiyi , Guo Zhaojuan , Yang Song , Fu Dongjun
Published: March 2024

The potential hepatotoxicity of Herba Epimedii is a focal point in traditional Chinese medicine security applications. As determined in our previous study, the flavonoid constituents of Herba Epimedii, sagittatoside A, icariside I, baohuoside I and icaritin, are related to the hepatotoxicity of this herb. However, the hepatotoxic mechanism of these components needs to be clarified further, and whether these components can maintain their injury action following liver metabolism needs to be confirmed. Herein, the effects of sagittatoside A, icariside I, baohuoside I and icaritin on the apoptosis of HepG2 cells and the expression of key proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, were evaluated. Moreover, with liver microsome incubation, the influences of metabolism on the apoptotic activities of these components were investigated. Then, by HPLC–MS/MS analyses, the in vitro metabolic stability of these components was determined after incubation with different kinds of liver microsomes to explain the reason for the influence. The results suggested that sagittatoside A, baohuoside I and icaritin could induce apoptosis, which is likely to be closely related to the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. After metabolic incubation, the sagittatoside A and icaritin metabolism mixture could still induce apoptosis due to less metabolic elimination, while the icariside I and baohuoside I metabolism mixtures respectively got and lost the ability to induce apoptosis, probably due to quick metabolism and metabolic transformation. The findings of this study may provide important references to explore the material basis and mechanism of the hepatotoxicity of Herba Epimedii.
A “Pincer” Type of Acridine–Triazole Fluorescent Dye for Iodine Detection by Both ‘Naked-Eye’ Colorimetric and Fluorometric Modes
Authors: Yu Mei , Jiang Lu , Mou Lan , Zeng Xi , Wang Ruixiao , Peng Tao , Wu Fuyong , Shi Tianzhu
Published: March 2024

Iodine, primarily in the form of iodide (I−), is the bioavailable form for the thyroid in the human body. Both deficiency and excess intake of iodide can lead to serious health issues, such as thyroid disease. Selecting iodide ions among anions has been a significant challenge for decades due to interference from other anions. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new pincer-type acridine–triazole fluorescent probe (probe 1) with an acridine ring as a spacer and a triazole as a linking arm attached to two naphthol groups. This probe can selectively recognize iodide ions in a mixed solvent of THF/H2O (v/v, 9/1), changing its color from colorless to light yellow, making it suitable for highly sensitive and selective colorimetric and fluorescent detection in water systems. We also synthesized another molecular tweezer-type acridine–triazole fluorescent probe (probe 2) that exhibits uniform detection characteristics for iodide ions in the acetonitrile system. Interestingly, compared to probe 2, probe 1 can be detected by the naked eye due to its circulation effect, providing a simple method for iodine detection. The detection limit of probe 1 is determined to be 10−8 mol·L−1 by spectrometric titration and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements. The binding stoichiometry between probe 1 and iodide ions is calculated to be 1:1 by these methods, and the binding constant is 2 × 105 mol·L−1.
Boosting Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity of BiOCl Nanosheets via Synergetic Effect of Oxygen Vacancy Engineering and Graphene Quantum Dots-Sensitization
Authors: Shi Zisheng , Chen Wei , Hu Yin , Zhang Fen , Wang Lingling , Zhou Dan , Chen Xuanye , Meng Sugang
Published: March 2024

In recent years, oxygen vacancy (VO) engineering has become a research hotspot in the field of photocatalysis. Herein, an efficient GQDs/BiOCl-VO heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated by loading graphene quantum dots (GQDs) onto BiOCl nanosheets containing oxygen vacancies. ESR and XPS characterizations confirmed the formation of oxygen vacancy. Combining experimental analysis and DFT calculations, it was found that oxygen vacancy promoted the chemical adsorption of O2, while GQDs accelerated electron transfer. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancy, GQDs, and dye sensitization, the as-prepared GQDs/BiOCl-VO sample exhibited improved efficiency for RhB degradation under visible-light irradiation. A 2 wt% GQDs/BiOCl-VO composite effectively degraded 98% of RhB within 20 min. The main active species were proven to be hole (h+) and superoxide radical (·O2−) via ESR analysis and radical trapping experiments. This study provided new insights into the effective removal of organic pollutants from water by combining defect engineering and quantum dot doping techniques in heterojunction catalysts.
Theoretical Analysis of a Magnetic Shielding System Combining Active and Passive Modes
Authors: Meng Qingzhi , Wang Zelin , Lin Qijing , Ju Dengfeng , Liang Xianfeng , Xian Dan
Published: March 2024

Considering the magnetic shielding requirements of both geomagnetic field and 50 Hz power-line frequency in the complex working conditions of the power grid, an electromagnetic shielding system combining active and passive modes is proposed in this article. A three-dimensional Helmholtz coil with a magnetic shielding barrel nested inside is established by the COMSOL simulation tool, and the magnetic shielding efficiency of the system is analyzed. Comparing different materials, the simulation results indicate that permalloy alloy exhibits better shielding performance than pure iron and nickel materials. Additionally, the overall shielding efficiency of the shielding barrel increases linearly with the number of multiple layers. Under the combined active and passive electromagnetic shielding conditions, the system achieves a shielding efficiency of SE = 113.98 dB, demonstrating excellent performance in shielding both AC and DC interference magnetic fields. This study provides theoretical guidance for the construction of magnetic shielding systems in electromagnetic interference environment.