bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Presence of IT Skill Sets in Librarian Position Announcements
Authors: Mathews Janie M. , Pardue Harold
Published: May 2017

What skills do librarians need in today’s world with its Google-esque movement toward ubiquitous instant information? Anecdotal evidence suggests librarians are acquiring a wider range of information technology (IT) skills.This study examines the IT skills employers deem essential by conducting a content analysis of randomly selected job ads from ALA’s online JobList over a five-month period. We found a substantial need for Web development, project management, systems development, and systems applications. This suggests that librarians are incorporating a significant subset of IT professionals’ skill sets. This trend poses challenging questions for their identity and profession.
Serving Generation 1.5: Academic Library Use and Students from Non–English-Speaking Households
Authors: Asher Curt , Case Emerson , Zhong Ying
Published: May 2017

This study examined ways in which the library is utilized by students of Generation 1.5. Generation 1.5 refers to those students who appear fully conversant in English but are in reality still learning the language. The study is based on a survey of 1,396 students at California State University, Bakersfield. Patterns of library use between Generation 1.5 students and their non–Generation 1.5 counterparts were found to differ. The results indicated that, to Generation 1.5 students, the library is a particularly important provider of a physical space, unstructured social learning, and technology.
Where There’s a Will There’s a Way?: Survey of Academic Librarian Attitudes about Open Access
Authors: Palmer Kristi L. , Dill Emily , Christie Charlene
Published: May 2017

Academic libraries are becoming increasingly involved in scholarly communication through work with institutional repositories and other open access models. While academic librarians are being encouraged to promote these new models, their opinions about open access have not been documented. This article reports on the results of a national survey conducted in the summer of 2006 of academic librarians’ attitudes toward open access principles and related behaviors. While attitude responses were largely positive, there were differences in levels of support related to respondents’ job descriptions and funding of open access activities. Surveyed librarians appear to be more comfortable with tasks that translate traditionally held responsibilities, such as educating others, to the open access environment. Most significant is the discrepancy between stated support of library involvement in open access initiatives and significantly lacking action toward this end. The results offer insight into how open access proponents may better focus their advocacy efforts.
A Simulated Electronic Availability Study of Serial Articles through a University Library Web Page
Authors: Nisonger Thomas E.
Published: May 2017

Availability tests as traditional collection evaluation and library performance measures and their application to electronic resources are explained in this article. A 500-item sample of serial citations was drawn from scholarly journals in 50 disciplines, evenly divided among the sciences, social sciences, humanities, professional fields, and interdisciplinary areas to simulate the needs of Indiana University- Bloomington researchers. It was found that 65.4 percent of the items were electronically available through the library Web page. The electronic availability rate was highest for professional fields, items in the English language, and items published since 2000. The majority of instances of nonavailability occurred because the journal title was not accessible through the Web page.
A Citation Analysis of College & Research Libraries Comparing Yahoo, Google, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Knowledge with Implications for Promotion and Tenure
Authors: Martell Charles
Published: May 2017

Two hundred and seventeen articles in College & Research Libraries from 2000 to 2006 were searched by title on Yahoo, Google, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Knowledge to determine the frequency with which articles in the journal are cited, the effectiveness of the four search services, and the relevance and applicability of findings to promotion and tenure. Yahoo, Google, and ISI Web of Knowledge averaged between 2.8 and 3.5 citations per title for the period covered and Google Scholar averaged 6.4. The value of citations counts in the promotion and tenure process and the importance of publications in the evaluation of librarians are discussed.
Library Service Perceptions: A Study of Two Universities
Authors: Sutton Lynn , Bazirjian Rosann , Zerwas Stephen
Published: May 2017

Two academic libraries in North Carolina replicated the Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources global survey. This paper examines whether student responses in this survey are similar to the 2005 OCLC study and whether they are similar to each other. The authors examine potential reasons for similarities and differences, including student body profile, institutional differences in library services and demographic factors. The findings indicate that local factors dramatically affect the responses and should drive local service decisions rather than relying on global aggregate data.
Leadership and Emotional Intelligence: A Study of University Library Directors and Their Senior Management Teams
Authors: Kreitz Patricia A.
Published: May 2017

Drawing on the results of a survey sent to library directors and senior management team members working in Association of Research Libraries member libraries in the Western United States, this study explores the ideal emotional intelligence traits of both academic library directors and the members of their senior management teams. Respondents were asked to identify the top ten ideal traits needed by directors and senior management team members. The study explores the extent to which each respondent agreed on the most important emotional intelligence traits for each organizational role. Results include lists of the top ten ideal traits for each organizational role and the top ten ideal shared traits for library leaders.
A Case Study in Collaboration: Assessing Academic Librarian/Faculty Partnerships
Authors: Gaspar Deborah B. , Wetzel Karen A.
Published: May 2017

Undergraduates attending The George Washington University are required to take courses in the University Writing Program. When it was introduced in 2004, this innovative program institutionalized collaboration between librarians and writing professors. The program was designed to support the university’s strategic goal to enhance challenge, discovery, and quality in student education. Beginning in 2005, instruction librarians crafted a survey to elicit anonymous feedback from their faculty partners to measure the impact of the library partnership on student learning. The survey is administered annually to explore faculty perceptions and monitor trends. Responses to the survey identify significant strengths resulting from this collaboration as well as specific topics needing further attention.
Characteristics of la literatura: A Reference Study of Spanish and Latin American Literature
Authors: Nolen David S.
Published: May 2017

The goal of this study is to examine the characteristics of scholarly communication, with particular emphasis on the usage of the monograph, in the field of Spanish and Latin American literature over a 30-year period. In addition, this study examines the age of materials referenced in an effort to gain insight into the shelf-life of these materials. Although monographs and literary works predominated, the usage of volumes of collected essays showed significant increase. Monographs, collected essays, and journal articles published within the preceding 20–25 years were most referenced.
Relationships between Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Statistics and Bibliometric Indicators: A Principal Components Analysis
Authors: Hendrix Dean
Published: May 2017

This study analyzed 2005–2006 Web of Science bibliometric data from institutions belonging to the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and corresponding ARL statistics to find any associations between indicators from the two data sets. Principal components analysis on 36 variables from 103 universities revealed obvious associations between size-dependent variables, such as institution size, gross totals of library measures, and gross totals of articles and citations. However, size-independent library measures did not associate positively or negatively with any bibliometric indicator. More quantitative research must be done to authentically assess academic libraries’ influence on research outcomes.
Graphic Novel Collections in Academic ARL Libraries
Authors: Wagner Cassie
Published: May 2017

This study examines the extent to which ARL academic libraries collect graphic novels. Using a core list of 176 titles developed from winners of major comics industry awards and a library-focused “best of” list, the holdings of 111 ARL academic libraries were searched using the libraries’ online catalogs. Results suggest that most of the libraries studied do not aggressively collect graphic novels. Also examined were associations between date of publication, prior serialization, overall collection size, monograph budget, and ARL ranking and graphic novel holdings. To better serve scholarly research in this area of increasing interest, libraries will need to reexamine their collecting policies.
The Manuscript as Question: Teaching Primary Sources in the Archives—The China Missions Project
Authors: McCoy Michelle
Published: May 2017

The collaborative effort between two Special Collections librarians and a history professor at DePaul University led to a quarter-long undergraduate project in the archives using China Missions Correspondence. In a reversal of traditional methods that assumes archival use to answer a question, this project looks at the document as the source of the questions. A qualitative analysis of student responses from these class sessions between 2002 and 2008 reveals the impact that direct experience has on primary source education and how outreach and user instruction in the archives can transform research, education, and the place of special collections within the institution. As a case study, this paper examines planning, administration, identification, instruction, and assessment of the project from the librarians’ perspective.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the ISB - Burnout Syndrome Inventory
Authors: Benevides-Pereira Ana Maria T. , Machado Pedro Guilherme Basso , Porto-Martins Paulo Cesar , Carrobles José Antonio , Siqueira José de Oliveira
Published: May 2017

Aim

Burnout is a dysfunctional reaction to chronic occupational stress. The present study analysis the psychometric qualities of the Burnout Syndrome Inventory (ISB) through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).

Method

Empirical study in a multi-centre and multi-occupational sample (n = 701) using the ISB. The Part I assesses antecedent factors: Positive Organizational Conditions (PC) and Negative Organizational Conditions (NC). The Part II assesses the syndrome: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Dehumanization (DE), Emotional Distancing (ED) and Personal Accomplishment (PA).

Results

The highest means occurred in the positive scales CP (M = 23.29, SD = 5.89) and PA (M = 14.84, SD = 4.71). Negative conditions showed the greatest variability (SD = 6.03). Reliability indexes were reasonable, with the lowest rate at .77 for DE and the highest rate .91 for PA. The CFA revealed RMSEA = .057 and CFI = .90 with all scales regressions showing significant values (β = .73 until β = .92).

Conclusion

The ISB showed a plausible instrument to evaluate burnout. The two sectors maintained the initial model and confirmed the theoretical presupposition. This instrument makes possible a more comprehensive idea of the labour context, and one or another part may be used separately according to the needs and the aims of the assessor.
Analysing the experience of motherhood among adolescents living with HIV
Authors: Ritt Gabriela Cássia , Pereira Marco Daniel , Levandowski Daniela Centenaro
Published: May 2017

Aim

Adolescent motherhood is considered a condition of vulnerability that can be further complicated by the presence of HIV infection, but little is known about how adolescent mothers experience this process. The aim of this study was to analyse the experience of motherhood among adolescents living with HIV.

Method

Seven mothers (15-21 years) recruited in specialized services in Porto Alegre/Brazil, whose babies’ ages ranged from four to six months, were interviewed. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Results

The qualitative content analysis of the interviews revealed a positive vision of motherhood, related to satisfaction with the maternal role and personal fulfilment. Pregnancy and motherhood served to these adolescents as an encouragement for self-care. The mothers’ difficulties were related to HIV and to the repercussions of this clinical condition, especially feelings of frustration and incompleteness of motherhood on the impossibility of breastfeeding, as well as fear facing the risk of MTCT.

Conclusion

Future research of longitudinal design and with larger samples will be important to extend the knowledge of the specificities of this experience over time for young people of different ages and social backgrounds.
As queixas subjetivas de memória num cuidado de saúde primário: Um estudo follow up
Authors: Sousa Mónica , Pereira Anabela , Costa Rui , Gomes Pedro
Published: May 2017

Objetivo

As queixas subjetivas de memória (QSM) são um fator clínico relevante e uma das principais queixas feitas aos médicos de família por adultos e adultos idosos. Este estudo, realizado numa Unidade de Saúde Familiar da Região Centro de Portugal, teve como objetivo caracterizar as QSM em função de variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, cognitivas, emocionais e de qualidade de vida.

Método

Este estudo, de coorte prospetivo em dois momentos, procurou explorar a evolução das QSM durante 18 meses e quais os fatores que se associam. Foi levado a cabo numa amostra de 19 adultos e de adultos idosos com idades compreendidas entre os 55 e os 81 anos (79.2% do sexo feminino). Os dados foram recolhidos por entrevistas semiestruturadas e sempre que possível foram consultados os processos clínicos. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de medida o Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), o Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a Escala de Queixas de Memória (EQM), a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS), o Inventário de Ansiedade Geriátrica (GAI), a Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL-Bref) e por um questionário sociodemográfico e clínico construído para o efeito.

Resultados

No segundo momento avaliativo, todos os participantes evidenciam QSM, sendo estas influenciadas significativamente pela idade. Houve ainda um aumento da sintomatologia depressiva e ansiógena, dos valores da Hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) e do número de medicamentos consumidos, com particular ênfase nos anti hipertensores.

Conclusão

As QSM deverão ser objeto de preocupação e vigilância do médico de família, uma vez que podem representar um sintoma relevante para a identificação precoce de um processo demencial.
Activation of the same mGluR5 receptors in the amygdala causes divergent effects on specific versus indiscriminate fear
Authors: Rahman Mohammed Mostafizur , Kedia Sonal , Fernandes Giselle , Chattarji Sumantra
Published: May 2017

Although mGluR5-antagonists prevent fear and anxiety, little is known about how the same receptor in the amygdala gives rise to both. Combining in vitro and in vivo activation of mGluR5 in rats, we identify specific changes in intrinsic excitability and synaptic plasticity in basolateral amygdala neurons that give rise to temporally distinct and mutually exclusive effects on fear-related behaviors. The immediate impact of mGluR5 activation is to produce anxiety manifested as indiscriminate fear of both tone and context. Surprisingly, this state does not interfere with the proper encoding of tone-shock associations that eventually lead to enhanced cue-specific fear. These results provide a new framework for dissecting the functional impact of amygdalar mGluR-plasticity on fear versus anxiety in health and disease.
Coordenação Pedagógica: das influências históricas à ressignificação de uma nova prática
Authors: Corrêa Shirlei , Ferri Cássia
Published: May 2017

A questão do trabalho pedagógico desenvolvido no interior das escolas foi historicamente afetada. Inicialmente a presença dos inspetores escolares marcou um período em que a fiscalização controlava a prática docente. Num outro momento, com o contexto econômico e social afetados por acordos internacionais, o país apoiava-se na fragmentação do trabalho pedagógico, apostando nos especialistas em assuntos educacionais. Tal fragmentação entrou em declínio com o contexto democrático instituído a partir da década de 1980, o que influenciou consideráveis mudanças no cenário educacional do país. A instituição destas políticas públicas propiciou a organização de novos conceitos e práticas voltadas à gestão e à participação no ambiente escolar. A prática da coordenação pedagógica, em substituição à fragmentação dos especialistas, ganhou espaço neste cenário e passou a atuar num contexto democrático, voltado à articulação do trabalho coletivo, com foco na atuação conjunta com os professores, atentado, sobretudo, ao sucesso no processo ensino-aprendizagem.
Estilos de gestão, cultura organizacional e desempenho escolar
Authors: Cunha Eudes Oliveira , Cunha Maria Couto
Published: May 2017

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que analisou a gestão manifestada nos elementos da cultura da escola e sua relação com o desempenho em duas instituições públicas de Educação Básica da rede municipal de ensino de Salvador, Bahia, com resultados contrastantes no indicador de qualidade, expresso pelo Ideb. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso comparativo, sendo a coleta de dados feita por meio de observações e entrevistas, bem como da consulta a documentos. Os resultados demonstraram realidades opostas em diversos aspectos relacionados à gestão das escolas, nas dimensões administrativo-burocrática, pedagógica e política, e confirmaram a relação existente entre as variáveis gestão e desempenho escolar. Os dados mostraram que a gestão da escola de melhor desempenho se distingue pela participação da comunidade, melhor controle dos processos e maior integração entre os sujeitos. Na escola de baixo desempenho, a gestão se caracterizou por relações informais e maior incidência de conflitos entre os sujeitos. Verificou-se, ainda, que os fatores internos da escola desempenharam papel importante na explicação do fenômeno, demonstrando a relevância do estudo da gestão na perspectiva da interação dos sujeitos.
A alteridade aplicada a políticas publicas de comunicação para a diversidade cultural
Authors: Cardoso Vivianne Lindsay
Published: May 2017

A partir da Nova Teoria da Comunicação propõe-se pensar como as políticas públicas de comunicação voltadas à diversidade cultural deveriam ser regulamentadas nos âmbitos legislativos junto ao Estado, construindo um diálogo com a fundamentação do “Si-mesmo como um outro” e complementada pela Teoria das Mediações. Com o suporte da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a experiência da aplicação cria uma carga de referencialidade do outro próxima de sua realidade que pode contribuir para uma regulamentação mais efetiva.
Políticas culturais na América Latina: uma abordagem teórico-conceitual
Authors: Rocha Renata
Published: May 2017

A partir da segunda metade do séc. XX, as políticas culturais têm adquirido relevância na agenda internacional, tornando-se alvo de investigações em distintas áreas. Poucos estudos sobre a temática, porém, priorizam a reflexão teórica e conceitual. Diante desta constatação, propõe-se debater as origens do campo teórico das políticas culturais, no âmbito latino-americano, enfocando as duas principais abordagens conceituais, então identificadas: a formalista e a crítica. Pressupõe-se que a revisão destas contribuições representa um importante passo em busca de uma delimitação operacional e, ao mesmo tempo, crítica das políticas culturais.
A emergência da museologia social
Authors: Gouveia Inês , Pereira Marcelle
Published: May 2017

O artigo trata da correspondência entre as políticas de cultura e a museologia social no Brasil. Situa essa perspectiva de museologia e contextualiza como a função social dos museus foi incorporada na elaboração de marcos políticos e legais, desde a Política Nacional de Museus em 2003. Destaca o Programa Pontos de Memória como uma ação concreta correspondente à museologia social, que oportuniza o desenvolvimento de redes. Insere nesse panorama a trajetória da Rede de Museologia Social do Rio de Janeiro e considera que a participação da sociedade civil foi um dos aspectos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento das políticas públicas nos últimos 13 anos.
Do confraternal ao profissional: periferização urbana e os empreendedores de diversão no circuito de aparelhagens em Belém, Pará
Authors: Rodrigues Fernando De Jesus
Published: May 2017

Pretendo, neste texto, representar transformações de estruturas sociais, vinculadas ao aparecimento de negócios de diversão sob o formato das Aparelhagens e ao surgimento de gêneros musical-dançantes nas “periferias” de Belém. Analiso alterações nas balanças de poderes entre grupos, expressas na trajetória de um DJ e proprietário de uma das mais antigas aparelhagens. Proponho, com uma perspectiva figuracional e processual, conexões entre fenômenos expressos em condutas com motivações de divertimento, de ganho monetário e de disputas por mercados consumidores de cultura. Elaborou-se encadeamentos entre informações, evidenciando relações entre: 1) as lógicas mercantil e confraternal de serviços de diversão, presentes em circuitos de aparelhagens e 3) suas interdependências com redes ampliadas de comunicação e entretenimento, vinculadas a economias nacionais e internacionais do entretenimento.
O Programa Fábricas de Cultura: política pública e empreendedorismo
Authors: Maciel Danielle Edite Ferreira
Published: May 2017

Com base na observação do programa Fábricas de Cultura, o presente artigo analisa tensionamentos resultantes do que se apresenta como a extensão da forma-empresa a prática de governos, entidades gestoras, profissionais e população beneficiária desta política cultural do estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de compreender esse tipo de iniciativa como uma forma particular de pensar, gerir e produzir processos culturais intimamente ligados a estratégias de mitigação de quadros sociais de precariedade. Seu modus operandi parte tanto da configuração de uma nova racionalidade que tem como “característica principal a generalização da concorrência como norma de conduta e a empresa como modelo de subjetivação” (LAVAL; DARDOT, 2013, p. 15), como de práticas contemporâneas do trabalho cultural, mediação necessária para criar vínculos, identidades, coletividades, ou seja, formar e conquistar públicos.
Fazedores de cultura ou empreendedores culturais? Precariedade e desigualdade nas ações públicas de estímulo à cultura.
Authors: Michetti Miqueli , Burgos Fernando
Published: May 2017

O artigo tem como objetivo estabelecer uma tipologia do chamado empreendedorismo cultural no Brasil contemporâneo. Além de estabelecer quatro tipos-ideais (por necessidade, disposição, opção e vocação), apontamos o contexto mais amplo de surgimento da figura do empreendedor cultural, com atenção às especificidades da situação brasileira, e identificamos algumas ações governamentais de fomento e apoio ao empreendedorismo cultural, relacionando-as com os tipos propostos. A análise de tais relações indicou a existência de mecanismos de concentração de recursos públicos pelos agentes que já concentram capitais econômico, social, cultural e político.
Sedimentological regimes for turbidity currents: Depth‐averaged theory
Authors: Halsey Thomas C. , Kumar Amit , Perillo Mauricio M.
Published: May 2017

Turbidity currents are one of the most significant means by which sediment is moved from the continents into the deep ocean; their properties are interesting both as elements of the global sediment cycle and due to their role in contributing to the formation of deep water oil and gas reservoirs. One of the simplest models of the dynamics of turbidity current flow was introduced three decades ago, and is based on depth‐averaging of the fluid mechanical equations governing the turbulent gravity‐driven flow of relatively dilute turbidity currents. We examine the sedimentological regimes of a simplified version of this model, focusing on the role of the Richardson number Ri [dimensionless inertia] and Rouse number Ro [dimensionless sedimentation velocity] in determining whether a current is net depositional or net erosional. We find that for large Rouse numbers, the currents are strongly net depositional due to the disappearance of local equilibria between erosion and deposition. At lower Rouse numbers, the Richardson number also plays a role in determining the degree of erosion versus deposition. The currents become more erosive at lower values of the product Ro × Ri, due to the effect of clear water entrainment. At higher values of this product, the turbulence becomes insufficient to maintain the sediment in suspension, as first pointed out by Knapp and Bagnold. We speculate on the potential for two‐layer solutions in this insufficiently turbulent regime, which would comprise substantial bedload flow with an overlying turbidity current.
Improving organic aerosol treatments in CESM/CAM5: Development, application, and evaluation
Authors: Glotfelty Timothy , He Jian , Zhang Yang
Published: May 2017

New treatments for organic aerosol (OA) formation have been added to a modified version of the CESM/CAM5 model (CESM‐NCSU). These treatments include a volatility basis set treatment for the simulation of primary and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), a simplified treatment for organic aerosol (OA) formation from glyoxal, and a parameterization representing the impact of new particle formation (NPF) of organic gases and sulfuric acid. With the inclusion of these new treatments, the concentration of oxygenated organic aerosol increases by 0.33 µg m−3 and that of primary organic aerosol (POA) decreases by 0.22 µg m−3 on global average. The decrease in POA leads to a reduction in the OA direct effect, while the increased OOA increases the OA indirect effects. Simulations with the new OA treatments show considerable improvement in simulated SOA, oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), and total organic aerosol (TOA), but degradation in the performance of HOA. In simulations of the current climate period, despite some deviations from observations, CESM‐NCSU with the new OA treatments significantly improves the magnitude, spatial pattern, seasonal pattern of OC and TC, as well as, the speciation of TOA between POA and OOA. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the inclusion of the organic NPF treatment impacts the OA indirect effects by enhancing cloud properties. The simulated OA level and its impact on the climate system are most sensitive to choices in the enthalpy of vaporization and wet deposition of SVOCs, indicating that accurate representations of these parameters are critical for accurate OA‐climate simulations.
Are our dynamic water quality models too complex? A comparison of a new parsimonious phosphorus model, SimplyP, and INCA‐P
Authors: Jackson‐Blake L. A. , Sample J. E. , Wade A. J. , Helliwell R. C. , Skeffington R. A.
Published: May 2017

Catchment‐scale water quality models are increasingly popular tools for exploring the potential effects of land management, land use change and climate change on water quality. However, the dynamic, catchment‐scale nutrient models in common usage are complex, with many uncertain parameters requiring calibration, limiting their usability and robustness. A key question is whether this complexity is justified. To explore this, we developed a parsimonious phosphorus model, SimplyP, incorporating a rainfall‐runoff model and a biogeochemical model able to simulate daily streamflow, suspended sediment, and particulate and dissolved phosphorus dynamics. The model's complexity was compared to one popular nutrient model, INCA‐P, and the performance of the two models was compared in a small rural catchment in northeast Scotland. For three land use classes, less than six SimplyP parameters must be determined through calibration, the rest may be based on measurements, while INCA‐P has around 40 unmeasurable parameters. Despite substantially simpler process‐representation, SimplyP performed comparably to INCA‐P in both calibration and validation and produced similar long‐term projections in response to changes in land management. Results support the hypothesis that INCA‐P is overly complex for the study catchment. We hope our findings will help prompt wider model comparison exercises, as well as debate among the water quality modeling community as to whether today's models are fit for purpose. Simpler models such as SimplyP have the potential to be useful management and research tools, building blocks for future model development (prototype code is freely available), or benchmarks against which more complex models could be evaluated.
Air‐sea fluxes for Hurricane Patricia (2015): Comparison with supertyphoon Haiyan (2013) and under different ENSO conditions
Authors: Huang Hsiao‐Ching , Boucharel Julien , Lin I.‐I. , Jin Fei‐Fei , Lien Chun‐Chi , Pun Iam‐Fei
Published: May 2017

Hurricane Patricia formed on 20 October 2015 in the Eastern Pacific and, in less than 3 days, rapidly intensified from a Tropical Storm to a record‐breaking hurricane with maximum sustained winds measured around 185 knots. It is almost 15 knots higher than 2013's supertyphoon Haiyan (the previous strongest tropical cyclone (TC) ever observed). This research focuses on analyzing the air‐sea enthalpy flux conditions that contributed to Hurricane Patricia's rapid intensification, and comparing them to supertyphoon Haiyan's. Despite a stronger cooling effect, a higher enthalpy flux supply is found during Patricia, in particular due to warmer pre‐TC sea surface temperature conditions. This resulted in larger temperature and humidity differences at the air‐sea interface, contributing to larger air‐sea enthalpy heat fluxes available for Patricia's growth (24% more than for Haiyan). In addition, air‐sea fluxes simulations were performed for Hurricane Patricia under different climate conditions to assess specifically the impact of local and large‐scale conditions on storm intensification associated with six different phases and types of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and long‐term climatological summer condition. We found that the Eastern Pacific El Niño developing and decaying summers, and the Central Pacific El Niño developing summer are the three most favorable ENSO conditions for storm intensification. This still represents a 37% smaller flux supply than in October 2015, suggesting that Patricia extraordinary growth is not achievable under any of these typical ENSO conditions but rather the result of the exceptional environmental conditions associated with the buildup of the strongest El Niño ever recorded.
The responses of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies to typhoon forcing: The vertical temperature‐salinity structure changes associated with the horizontal convergence/divergence
Authors: Liu Shan‐Shan , Sun Liang , Wu Qiaoyan , Yang Yuan‐Jian
Published: May 2017

The responses of the cyclonic eddies (CEs) and anticyclonic eddies (AEs) to typhoon forcing in the Western North Pacific Ocean (WNPO) are analyzed using Argo profiles. Both CEs and AEs have the primary cooling at the surface (0–10 m depth) and deep upwelling from the top of thermocline (200 m depth) down to deeper ocean shortly after typhoon forcing. Due to the deep upwelling, part of warm and fresh water at the top of AEs move out of the eddy, which leads to a colder and saltier subsurface in the AEs after the passage of the typhoon. In contrast, the inflow of warm and fresh water heats and freshens the subsurface in the CEs to compensate the cooling induced by the typhoon. This explains why the observed strong SST cooling were much less than modeled, since the AEs are more frequent than CEs in the WNPO. It indicates that there is divergence (convergence) of warm and fresh water in the surface of AEs (subsurface of CEs). The divergence‐convergence effects of the AEs and CEs lead to the secondary cooling center locate at a shallow layer of 100 m in the AEs and a much deeper layer of 350 m in the CEs. This shallow divergence‐convergence flow could lead a shallow overturning flow in upper oceans, which may potentially influences the large‐scale ocean circulations and climates.
Eddy‐driven nutrient transport and associated upper‐ocean primary production along the Kuroshio
Authors: Uchiyama Yusuke , Suzue Yota , Yamazaki Hidekatsu
Published: May 2017

The Kuroshio is one of the most energetic western boundary currents accompanied by vigorous eddy activity both on mesoscale and submesoscale, which affects biogeochemical processes in the upper ocean. We examine the primary production around the Kuroshio off Japan using a climatological ocean modeling based on the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) coupled with a nitrogen‐based nutrient, phytoplankton and zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) biogeochemical model in a submesoscale eddy‐permitting configuration. The model indicates significant differences of the biogeochemical responses to eddy activities in the Kuroshio Region (KR) and Kuroshio Extension Region (KE). In the KR, persisting cyclonic eddies developed between the Kuroshio and coastline are responsible for upwelling‐induced eutrophication. However, the eddy‐induced vertical nutrient flux counteracts and promotes pronounced southward and downward diapycnal nutrient transport from the mixed‐layer down beneath the main body of the Kuroshio, which suppresses the near‐surface productivity. In contrast, the KE has a 23.5% higher productivity than the KR, even at comparable eddy intensity. Upward nutrient transport prevails near the surface due to predominant cyclonic eddies, particularly to the north of the KE, where the downward transport barely occurs, except at depths deeper than 400 m and to a much smaller degree than in the KR. The eddy energy conversion analysis reveals that the combination of shear instability around the mainstream of the Kuroshio with prominent baroclinic instability near the Kuroshio front is essential for the generation of eddies in the KR, leading to the increase of the eddy‐induced vertical nitrate transport around the Kuroshio.
Synchronous and proportional deglacial changes in Atlantic meridional overturning and northeast Brazilian precipitation
Authors: Mulitza Stefan , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Schefuß Enno , Lippold Jörg , Wichmann David , Antz Benny , Mackensen Andreas , Paul André , Prange Matthias , Rehfeld Kira , Werner Martin , Bickert Torsten , Frank Norbert , Kuhnert Henning , Lynch‐Stieglitz Jean , Portilho‐Ramos Rodrigo C. , Sawakuchi André O. , Schulz Michael , Schwenk Tilmann , Tiedemann Ralf , Vahlenkamp Maximilian , Zhang Yancheng
Published: May 2017

Changes in heat transport associated with fluctuations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are widely considered to affect the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), but the temporal immediacy of this teleconnection has to date not been resolved. Based on a high‐resolution marine sediment sequence over the last deglaciation, we provide evidence for a synchronous and near‐linear link between changes in the Atlantic interhemispheric sea surface temperature difference and continental precipitation over northeast Brazil. The tight coupling between AMOC strength, sea surface temperature difference, and precipitation changes over northeast Brazil unambiguously points to a rapid and proportional adjustment of the ITCZ location to past changes in the Atlantic meridional heat transport.
Under High Perceptual Load, Observers Look but Do Not See
Authors: Greene Ciara M. , Murphy Gillian , Januszewski Julia
Published: May 2017

High perceptual load reduces distractor processing and increases inattentional blindness for unexpected stimuli. We reported previously that high perceptual load reduces memory accuracy and impairs eyewitness identification. Here, we used eye tracking to investigate whether memory impairments under load are due to inattentional blindness or a failure to visually inspect stimuli. Seventy‐two participants viewed high or low load versions of a video depicting a theft and identified characters in the video from photographic line‐ups. High perceptual load impaired participants' ability to identify the peripheral character (witness) but not the central character (thief). There was no effect of perceptual load on number of ocular fixations on the witness, time to first fixation or total visit duration. We conclude that memory impairments under load are due to attentional failures rather than differences in visual search behaviour. These findings suggest that high perceptual load scenes may hamper eyewitnesses' ability to encode easily visible stimuli. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manufacturing and Characterization of Highly Porous Bioactive Glass Composite Scaffolds Using Unidirectional Freeze Casting
Authors: Henning Laura M. , Zavareh Sara , Kamm Paul H. , Höner Miriam , Fischer Horst , Banhart John , Schmidt Franziska , Gurlo Aleksander
Published: May 2017

The aim of this work is the fabrication of bioactive and degradable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Freeze casting is used to obtain macropores. Alongside, highly bioactive 45S5 Bioglass, gelatin and chitosan are used as biocompatible binder and stabilizing agent, respectively. By varying the cooling rate between 2 and 4 K min−1 and whether the slurry is allowed to form a gelled network at 7 °C before freeze casting or not, samples with a porosity of 75% are achieved. X‐ray tomography analysis shows smallest pore sizes between 73 and 77 µm and a rather lamellar structure parallel to the freezing direction for the non‐gelled samples, whereas the gelled samples have smallest pores between 96 and 120 µm and show a rather cellular structure. Compression tests reveal compressive strengths from 2 (non‐gelled) to 3 MPa (gelled), while the quasielastic moduli of the gelled samples (44–46 MPa) clearly exceed values of the non‐gelled (20–23 MPa). Thus, it is concluded that the modified pore structure caused by the gelling process markedly improves the mechanical properties of the samples. After seven days in SBF under physiological conditions, a calcium phosphate rich layer is detected on the samples surface, revealing the bioactivity of the scaffolds.
Room‐Temperature Dielectric Switchable Nanocomposites
Authors: Meng Peng , Zhang Quan , Wu Yulong , Tan Zhiyuan , Cheng Guoan , Wu Xiaoling , Zheng Ruiting
Published: May 2017

Room‐temperature switchable dielectric materials are of interest for many applications, including solar energy storage, smart switches, automatic filters, and next‐generation sensors. Here, a temperature‐triggered dielectric switchable nanocomposite by dispersing octadecylamine‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (ODA‐MWCNTs, for short) into hexadecane is reported. The composite has low permittivity at molten state and high permittivity at frozen state, and the permittivity switch is triggered around 18 °C. The highest permittivity contrast ratio reaches 106.4 at 2.0% CNT volume fraction. The composite shows frequency‐sensitive and temperature‐ramping‐rate‐sensitive properties. Further investigation indicates that the permittivity switch is caused by the change of the ODA‐MWCNT percolating networks during phase transition.
Plasmonic‐Tuned Flash Cu Nanowelding with Ultrafast Photochemical‐Reducing and Interlocking on Flexible Plastics
Authors: Park Jung Hwan , Han Seungyong , Kim Dongkwan , You Byoung Kuk , Joe Daniel J. , Hong Sukjoon , Seo Jeongmin , Kwon Jinhyeong , Jeong Chang Kyu , Park Hong‐Jin , Kim Taek‐Soo , Ko Seung Hwan , Lee Keon Jae
Published: May 2017

Herein, a high‐performance copper nanowire (Cu NW) network (sheet resistance ≈ 17 Ω sq−1, transmittance 88%) fabricated by plasmonic‐tuned flash welding (PFW) with ultrafast interlocking and photochemical reducing is reported, which greatly enhance the mechanical and chemical stability of Cu NWs. Xenon flash spectrum is tuned in an optimized distribution (maximized light intensity at 600 nm wavelength) through modulation of electron kinetic energy in the lamp by generating drift potential for preferential photothermal interactions. High‐intensity visible light is emitted by the plasmonic‐tuned flash, which strongly improves Cu nanowelding without oxidation. Near‐infrared spectrum of the flash induced an interlocking structure of NW/polyethylene terephthalate interface by exciting Cu NW surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), increasing adhesion of the Cu nanonetwork by 208%. In addition, ultrafast photochemical reduction of Cu NWs is accomplished in air by flash‐induced electron excitations and relevant chemical reactions. The PFW effects of localized surface plasmons and SPPs on junction welding and adhesion strengthening of Cu network are theoretically studied as physical behaviors by finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. Finally, a transparent resistive memory and a touch screen panel are demonstrated by using the flash‐induced Cu NWs, showing versatile and practical uses of PFW‐treated Cu NW electrodes for transparent flexible electronics.
The Impact of Sequential Fluorination of π‐Conjugated Polymers on Charge Generation in All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Kranthiraja Kakaraparthi , Kim Seonha , Lee Changyeon , Gunasekar Kumarasamy , Sree Vijaya Gopalan , Gautam Bhoj , Gundogdu Kenan , Jin Sung‐Ho , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: May 2017

The performance of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) is often limited by the poor exciton dissociation process. Here, the design of a series of polymer donors (P1–P3) with different numbers of fluorine atoms on their backbone is presented and the influence of fluorination on charge generation in all‐PSCs is investigated. Sequential fluorination of the polymer backbones increases the dipole moment difference between the ground and excited states (Δµge) from P1 (18.40 D) to P2 (25.11 D) and to P3 (28.47 D). The large Δµge of P3 leads to efficient exciton dissociation with greatly suppressed charge recombination in P3‐based all‐PSCs. Additionally, the fluorination lowers the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of P3 and P2, leading to higher open‐circuit voltage (VOC). The power conversion efficiency of the P3‐based all‐PSCs (6.42%) outperforms those of the P2 and P1 (5.00% and 2.65%)‐based devices. The reduced charge recombination and the enhanced polymer exciton lifetime in P3‐based all‐PSCs are confirmed by the measurements of light‐intensity dependent short‐circuit current density (JSC) and VOC, and time‐resolved photoluminescence. The results provide reciprocal understanding of the charge generation process associated with Δµge in all‐PSCs and suggest an effective strategy for designing π‐conjugated polymers for high performance all‐PSCs.
Experimental proof of the existence of mass‐transfer resistance during early stages of ethylene polymerization with silica supported metallocene/MAO catalysts
Authors: Bashir Muhammad Ahsan , Monteil Vincent , Boisson Christophe , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: May 2017

The size of a silica supported metallocene/MAO (methylaluminoxane) catalyst plays an important role in determining its productivity during ethylene polymerization. From a chemical engineering point of view, this size dependency of catalytic activity of supported metallocenes is mathematically connected with the different levels of mass‐transfer resistance in big and small catalyst particles but no experimental evidence has been provided to date. The results of this systematic experimental study clearly demonstrate that the intraparticle monomer diffusion resistance is high in bigger catalyst particles during initial instants of ethylene polymerization and diminishes with the polymer particle growth. Two different silica supported metallocene/MAO catalysts provided the same results while highlighting the fact that catalyst chemistry should be carefully considered while studying complex chemical engineering problems. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4476–4490, 2017
Iron‐Promoted 1,5‐Substitution (SN2′′) Reactions of Enyne Acetates and Oxiranes with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Taç Doğan , Aytaç İsmet Arınç , Karatavuk Ali Osman , Kuş Melih , Ziyanak Fırat , Artok Levent
Published: May 2017

Acetate derivatives of 2‐en‐4‐yne alcohols 1 and enyne oxiranes 4 regioselectively underwent 1,5‐substitution (SN2′′) reactions with Grignard reagents in the presence of an iron compound to provide vinylallenes exclusively with the (E)‐configuration. An alkali salt was needed to avoid the hydride‐promoted reductive 1,5‐substitution pathway for 1, whereas no such additive was needed for the effective conversion of 4 into the desired alkylated or arylated vinylallene structure.
Computational and Experimental Study on Electrocarboxylation of Benzalacetone
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhu Hong‐Wei , Guo Rong‐Rong , Hu Qiao‐Li , Zeng Sheng , Lu Jia‐Xing
Published: May 2017

Electrocarboxylation of benzalacetone was studied experimentally and computationally. Only β‐C carboxylate acid was obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis in the presence of CO2 under mild conditions. Density functional theory calculations revealed that benzalacetone dicarboxylation, both at the O and β‐C positions rather than monocaboxylation at the β‐C position, occurred during the process. Moreover, Mg2+ played a crucial role in the stabilization of intermediates, thereby promoting carboxylation.
Using urinary parameters to estimate seasonal variation in the physical condition of female white‐faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator)
Authors: Bergstrom Mackenzie L. , Emery Thompson Melissa , Melin Amanda D. , Fedigan Linda M.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The physical condition of females depends on access to resources, which vary over space and time. Assessing variation in physical condition can help identify factors affecting reproductive success, but noninvasive measurement is difficult in wild animals. Creatinine concentration relative to the specific gravity (i.e., density) of urine has promise for noninvasively quantifying the relative muscle mass (RMM) of wild primates. We verified the relationship between these urinary parameters for wild white‐faced capuchin monkeys, and assessed temporal changes in the RMM of females across groups and between periods of high and low resource abundance.

Materials and Methods

We collected urine from 25 adult females in three groups across varying seasons at Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. We measured the specific gravity and creatinine concentration of 692 samples and the effect of specific gravity on creatinine concentration. We used the residuals of this relationship to measure effects of group and season using mixed‐effects models.

Results

Specific gravity significantly predicted creatinine concentration. Season, group membership and the interaction between these variables were significant predictors of residual creatinine variation. Specifically, RMM was higher during months with high fruit energy density, lower in one social group, and less variable among females in the smallest group.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that specific gravity and creatinine may be used as urinary parameters to make inferences about the RMM of capuchins. Using this technique, we infer that females experienced changes in muscle mass according to variation in resource energy availability and social group variation.