bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis
Authors: Azuma Tomonori , Pánek Tomáš , Tice Alexander K. , Kayama Motoki , Kobayashi Mayumi , Miyashita Hideaki , Suzaki Toshinobu , Yabuki Akinori , Brown Matthew W. , Kamikawa Ryoma
Published: March 2022

Ochrophyta is an algal group belonging to the Stramenopiles and comprises diverse lineages of algae which contribute significantly to the oceanic ecosystems as primary producers. However, early evolution of the plastid organelle in Ochrophyta is not fully understood. In this study, we provide a well-supported tree of the Stramenopiles inferred by the large-scale phylogenomic analysis that unveils the eukaryvorous (nonphotosynthetic) protist Actinophrys sol (Actinophryidae) is closely related to Ochrophyta. We used genomic and transcriptomic data generated from A. sol to detect molecular traits of its plastid and we found no evidence of plastid genome and plastid-mediated biosynthesis, consistent with previous ultrastructural studies that did not identify any plastids in Actinophryidae. Moreover, our phylogenetic analyses of particular biosynthetic pathways provide no evidence of a current and past plastid in A. sol. However, we found more than a dozen organellar aminoacyl-tRNA synthases (aaRSs) that are of algal origin. Close relationships between aaRS from A. sol and their ochrophyte homologs document gene transfer of algal genes that happened before the divergence of Actinophryidae and Ochrophyta lineages. We further showed experimentally that organellar aaRSs of A. sol are targeted exclusively to mitochondria, although organellar aaRSs in Ochrophyta are dually targeted to mitochondria and plastids. Together, our findings suggested that the last common ancestor of Actinophryidae and Ochrophyta had not yet completed the establishment of host–plastid partnership as seen in the current Ochrophyta species, but acquired at least certain nuclear-encoded genes for the plastid functions.
EPIMUTESTR: a nearest neighbor machine learning approach to predict cancer driver genes from the evolutionary action of coding variants
Authors: Parvandeh Saeid , Donehower Lawrence A , Katsonis Panagiotis , Hsu Teng-Kuei , Asmussen Jennifer K , Lee Kwanghyuk , Lichtarge Olivier
Published: March 2022

Discovering rare cancer driver genes is difficult because their mutational frequency is too low for statistical detection by computational methods. EPIMUTESTR is an integrative nearest-neighbor machine learning algorithm that identifies such marginal genes by modeling the fitness of their mutations with the phylogenetic Evolutionary Action (EA) score. Over cohorts of sequenced patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas representing 33 tumor types, EPIMUTESTR detected 214 previously inferred cancer driver genes and 137 new candidates never identified computationally before of which seven genes are supported in the COSMIC Cancer Gene Census. EPIMUTESTR achieved better robustness and specificity than existing methods in a number of benchmark methods and datasets.
Joint dimension reduction and clustering analysis of single-cell RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics data
Authors: Liu Wei , Liao Xu , Yang Yi , Lin Huazhen , Yeong Joe , Zhou Xiang , Shi Xingjie , Liu Jin
Published: March 2022

Dimension reduction and (spatial) clustering is usually performed sequentially; however, the low-dimensional embeddings estimated in the dimension-reduction step may not be relevant to the class labels inferred in the clustering step. We therefore developed a computation method, Dimension-Reduction Spatial-Clustering (DR-SC), that can simultaneously perform dimension reduction and (spatial) clustering within a unified framework. Joint analysis by DR-SC produces accurate (spatial) clustering results and ensures the effective extraction of biologically informative low-dimensional features. DR-SC is applicable to spatial clustering in spatial transcriptomics that characterizes the spatial organization of the tissue by segregating it into multiple tissue structures. Here, DR-SC relies on a latent hidden Markov random field model to encourage the spatial smoothness of the detected spatial cluster boundaries. Underlying DR-SC is an efficient expectation-maximization algorithm based on an iterative conditional mode. As such, DR-SC is scalable to large sample sizes and can optimize the spatial smoothness parameter in a data-driven manner. With comprehensive simulations and real data applications, we show that DR-SC outperforms existing clustering and spatial clustering methods: it extracts more biologically relevant features than conventional dimension reduction methods, improves clustering performance, and offers improved trajectory inference and visualization for downstream trajectory inference analyses.
Charles Brockden Brown
Authors: Kamrath Mark
Published: March 2022

Charles Brockden Brown (b. 1771–d. 1810), America’s first novelist, was born into a Philadelphia Quaker family and experienced all the tumult of the Revolutionary era. He attended the Friends Latin School and apprenticed at the law office of Alexander Wilcocks. He later joined a law society and a Belles Lettres Club, where he developed a love of debate. His growing disillusionment with the practice of law and his commitment to being the “champion of injustice” (Clark 1952, 31, cited under Contemporary Reviews) caused him to turn to teaching at the Friends Grammar School and, ultimately, to the pursuit of literary interests. Between 1793 and 1798, Brown read widely, finding himself attracted to ideas that inspired the French Revolution and to radical English Jacobin writers such as William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. His trips to New York City and his involvement with the Friendly Club, which included literary intellectuals such as William Dunlap, Timothy Dwight, Elihu Hubbard Smith, and William Johnson, were followed by a two-year stay in New York. Under these influences, in March 1798 he published Alcuin, a fictional dialogue on women’s rights and education. During this time, as the French Revolution spilled over into the Haitian Revolution, Brown composed and published seven novels (or “romances,” as he understood them) that variously use Gothic and sentimental elements: Wieland; or The Transformation (1798), Ormond; or The Secret Witness (1799), Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (1799–1800), Memoirs of Stephen Calvert (serialized 1799–1800), Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (1799), Clara Howard; in a Series of Letters (1801), and Jane Talbot; a Novel (1801), as he pivoted toward political pamphlet writing, history writing, and periodical editing. He then edited and contributed to The Monthly Magazine and American Review (1799–1800) and The Literary Magazine and American Register (1803–1807), even as he published pamphlets on the Louisiana Purchase. In 1804 he married Elizabeth Linn, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister, which led to his dismissal from the local denomination of Quakers. His editing of The American Register, or General Repository of History, Politics, and Science (1807–1809) was accompanied by a political pamphlet critical of Jefferson’s Embargo in 1809. Brown died of tuberculosis in 1810 at the age of thirty-nine. Although regarded as a “genius” by Hawthorne and others, his reputation waned until Cold War literary critics highlighted the psychological dimensions of his novels. Eventually, beginning in the 1980s, the New Historicism and critical approaches that interrogated hierarchies of race, class, gender and sexuality, and nationhood displaced the aesthetic unity of the New Critics, which viewed Brown’s novels as having flawed plots and symbolism. Today, Brown’s letters, novels, poetry, political pamphlets, essays, historical sketches, and other writings are closely studied for their insights into Atlantic world culture, late Enlightenment progressive thinking, and the nexus of historical and fictional writing.
Lucky IP
Authors: Goold Patrick R , Simon David A
Published: March 2022

A person naturally owns the fruits of their intellectual labour; so goes the labour argument for intellectual property (IP). But what should happen when a creator gets ‘lucky’—such as the photographer who is in the right place at the right time or the scientist who accidentally discovers a new drug? IP law frequently awards ownership in such cases (what we call ‘Lucky IP’). Some argue, however, that the creators in such cases do not labour sufficiently to deserve ownership, and that Lucky IP merely demonstrates that IP law is not truly concerned about labour at all. Drawing on the philosophical literature of moral luck, we argue that this analysis is misguided. Nearly all intellectual creations involve some measure of luck and, in most cases, the creators still labour sufficiently to become the natural owners of their creations. Lucky IP does not, therefore, undermine the labour theory of IP law.
Ethnic Nationalism and Minority Politics in Nigeria
Authors: Iwilade Akin , Okwechime Iwebunor
Published: March 2022

This chapter asks in what ways we might conceptualize ethnic identities and politics in Nigeria within an infrastructural frame which views ethnicity as a tool for aggregating and casting shared interests, for facilitating the use of power, and for creating networks of exchange. It offers a broad contemporary history of ethnic nationalism in Nigeria and the ways in which it has influenced the structuring of state power in the country. The chapter argues that ethnic identity is important only so far as it helps to encapsulate positions of power and/or marginality or aids in the shifting around of power, history, and governmentality. The example of the Ijaw as the national ethnic minority and as the dominant ethnic group in the Niger Delta is used to show how ethnic nationalism can be both exclusionary and inclusive and how competition over access to the economy is often implicated in both processes.
Nigeria and the World Wars
Authors: Coates Oliver
Published: March 2022

The First and Second World Wars marked a turning point in Nigeria’s history. The unprecedented speed and intensity of social and cultural change in Nigeria during the Second World War were accompanied by military service transformations that saw more Nigerians traveling to Asia, Europe, and the Middle East than ever before. Nigerian elites experienced an intensified engagement with African American politics while soldiers were exposed to Asian cultures. The First World War was marked by significant instability around Nigeria’s northern borders and Eastern Nigerians’ service as carriers in Cameroon and East Africa, often in appalling conditions. Despite these transformations, we will see that substantial continuities mark Nigeria’s experience of both conflicts; racial inequality continued to characterize military service, while veterans of both wars often experienced penury on their return from fighting, and civilians experienced financial hardship and heavy-handed colonial policies.
Architecture, Infrastructure, and the Built Environment in Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: March 2022

Architectural and infrastructural development engenders the built environment crucial to the day-to-day running of a country. Even more importantly, both are essential to the economic development of a nation. In Nigeria’s case, while the indigenous occupants had conceived their way of living and created their own built environment and local systems, the conquest and subsequent colonization of Nigeria led to the modern improvement of crucial infrastructural developments across the country. The origin, development, and factors of influence of some of these infrastructures are examined in this study. This study briefly examines the precolonial composition of Nigerian infrastructure and the impact of the two major religions, Christianity and Islam, on its architectural designs. In addition to explaining how infrastructural developments in banking, transportation—water, land and rail—electricity, and water supply were developed, the chapter posits that the economic exploitation of Nigeria and the administrative convenience of colonial personnel in Nigeria were the chief underlying motives for these developments, as evidenced by their heavy concentration in certain parts of Nigeria.
Population Disparities in Mental Health
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Blizinsky Katherine D.
Published: March 2022

Population disparities in mental health refer to the wide variation in the prevalence of mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders that result from unequal or unfair conditions across racial and ethnic groups. Mental health disparities of ethnic and racial groups suggest challenges and opportunities for research, policy, and action for cures, preventions, and interventions in global mental health. Due to mental health disparities across racial and ethnic groups, it is important to understand how cultural factors affect root causes and mechanisms of MNS disorders. Research in cultural neuroscience aims to investigate the etiology of MNS disorders across racial and ethnic groups. Advances in cultural neuroscience address a key priority for closing the gap in population health disparities. The amelioration of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health reflects the achievement of the goal for improvement of health equity in global mental health.
A Cultural Neuroscience Perspective on Socioeconomic Disparities in Global Mental Health
Authors: Alvarez Gabriella M. , Muscatell Keely A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter reviews the neural and physiological mechanisms that may underlie socioeconomic disparities in global mental health through a cultural neuroscience lens. First, it discusses the cultural and psychological processes (namely, interdependence and “cultural mismatch”) that may be experienced by individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) and could contribute to alterations in physiological and neural responses to stress and consequently put individuals at greater risk for the development of depression and anxiety. Next, it discusses the physiological systems, both peripheral (e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, inflammation) and central (e.g., brain structure and function), that are implicated in responding to stress and confer risk for negative mental health outcomes, and how these systems are modulated by SES. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the resilience factors that might promote better outcomes among lower-SES individuals and the ethical and scientific considerations involved in this field of study.
Autobiographical Memory and Culture
Authors: Chae Yoojin , Wang Qi
Published: March 2022

Research has demonstrated the crucial role of culture in shaping how the self is represented and how autobiographical event information is organized, retained, and retrieved. Specifically, the style, accuracy, content, emergence, and general accessibility of autobiographical memories in children and adults have been found to vary across cultures, which reflects the cultured self. This chapter provides an overview of research that has identified language, family narrative practices, and emotion knowledge as potent mechanisms responsible for cultural effects on self-views and autobiographical memory. It further discusses cross-cultural differences in the simulation of future events based on neuropsychological research findings and also within-culture variations in socioeconomic status in relation to the development of self and autobiographical memory. This line of research has important applied implications for clinical and educational professionals given the significant contributions of autobiographical memory to human functioning and psychological well-being in cultural contexts.
Instrumental Ensembles
Authors: Bishop Laura , Keller Peter E.
Published: March 2022

Instrumental ensemble playing is a creative process involving real-time interpersonal coordination of sounds, gestures, and musical ideas by two or more musicians. In this chapter, we discuss the psychological mechanisms supporting ensemble coordination. Musicians’ abilities to anticipate, attend, and adapt to intentional and unintentional variability in each other’s playing are central to maintaining coordination during expressive performance. These abilities involve a combination of effortful and automatic processes, which musicians draw on to different degrees, depending on the musical context. Coordination is also partly supported by the affordances (action possibilities) that emerge from the evolving relationships between musicians and their physical environment. For many ensembles, offline preparation sets the groundwork for coordination in later performances, giving musicians opportunities to practice technical skills, familiarize themselves with each other’s playing style, and establish shared landmarks relating to their interpretation of the music. When coordination is successful, a shared sense of togetherness emerges among ensemble musicians. Feelings of togetherness may strengthen as musicians find themselves aware and highly focused on each other’s contributions to the performance, and at the same time able to coordinate seemingly without effort. Following our discussion of psychological mechanisms, we outline the implications that this research has for music education, the development of techniques to enable ensemble playing in networked conditions, and the development of technologies for musical interaction.
Symbolic Interactionism and Social Research
Authors: Salvini Andrea
Published: March 2022

Symbolic interactionism has contributed to consolidate the legitimacy of qualitative methods on both epistemological and methodological levels; at the same time, it has provided a consistent theoretical framework for the development of a plurality of approaches, which have become increasingly popular among scholars. This chapter aims to describe the connection between the theoretical and epistemological patterns of symbolic interactionism and the more established qualitative approaches in the contemporary methodological landscape. The specific contribution that symbolic interactionism has offered to the conceptual and procedural renewal of social research is investigated here on two levels: the first concerns how the interactionist perspective has changed the understanding of the research process, its contents, and its practices; the second concerns the connections between the perspective, and three of the most used qualitative approaches, namely ethnography, grounded theory, and the postmodern perspective. The final section will briefly outline some of the current challenges that question the ability of symbolic interactionism to penetrate the complexity of social phenomena.
Profiling of Terrorists’ Psychologies
Authors: Post Jerrold M.
Published: March 2022

This chapter shows that the psychology of groups and organizations, rather than individual psychopathology, provides a powerful explanation for terrorist behavior and for the extremities to which otherwise normal individuals might go in pursuit of their group cause. Within this context, there is a broad spectrum of terrorisms, consisting of political terrorism, criminal terrorism, and pathological terrorism. This chapter traces the evolution of the four waves of modern terrorism and offers a typology of terrorism: anarchists, social revolutionaries, nationalist-separatists, religious fundamentalists, and lone-wolves. Each of these profiles of terrorism has its own characteristic psychology, which the chapter describes using real world examples.
Introduction
Authors: Gootenberg Paul
Published: March 2022

This chapter reveals how a global “New Drug History” has evolved over the past three decades, along with its latest thematic trends and possible next directions. Scholars have long studied drugs, but only in the 1990s did serious archival and global study of what are now illicit drugs emerge, largely from the influence of the anthropology of drugs on history. A series of key interdisciplinary influences are now in play beyond anthropology, among them, commodity and consumption studies, sociology, medical history, cultural studies, and transnational history. Scholars connect drugs and their changing political or cultural status to larger contexts and epochal events such as wars, empires, capitalism, modernization, or globalizing processes. As the field expands in scope, it may shift deeper into non-Western perspectives, fluid historical definitions of drugs; environmental concerns; and research on cannabis and opiates sparked by their current transformations or crises.
Modern Russian and Soviet Drug Suppression
Authors: Vasilyev Pavel
Published: March 2022

This chapter familiarizes Western readers with recent developments in the history of drugs in modern Russia and the Soviet Union. The field is just beginning in terms of its achievements, problems, new archives, and interpretations, and its uncharted territory for future research. The chapter starts by describing the main trends in the historiography of drug use and drug policy in twentieth-century Russia (both before and after 1991). It further sketches crucial points in both the social history of drugs and the evolution of a repressive governmental response between about 1900 and 2000, with a special focus on the early Soviet period. Open discussions of the drug problem (including cocaine) were prohibited in the Soviet era, but can be discerned via medical debates. Finally, the chapter closes with problematic aspects of “new drug history” in the Russian context and avenues for further research.
Illicit Drug Cultures in the Postwar United States
Authors: Campbell Nancy D.
Published: March 2022

Illicit drug cultures in the United States have been shaped by public policy, law enforcement, and regulation; and science, technology, and medicine. Opioid drugs dominated mid-twentieth-century drug policy, when authorities sought control over male urban adolescents. Concentrated in urban centers, post-World War II heroin use was driven by demographic shifts, urban migration, and structural changes in the patterns of skilled and deskilled work, leisure, recreation, and consumption. The medicalization of addiction occurred with evolving approaches to medical maintenance using methadone, narcotic antagonists, and later, buprenorphine. By the late twentieth century, illicit drug-using cultures had changed again with new drugs, including cyclic waves of stimulants, including crack cocaine and amphetamines; expanding cannabis subcultures; and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). New populations also meant a gradual shift toward gender parity in illicit drug use and to a lesser degree, trafficking; and a new attention to problems of health, sexuality, and biosocial reproduction.
DrugsThe Lessons from History?
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: March 2022

This epilogue chapter carries a big question mark. Rather than simply list the big things historians now know about drugs and recommend to policymakers or the public, it asks the deeper more nuanced historical question of how the growing body of drug history research has actually been deployed. What could the “lessons of history” be? (but largely haven’t been); the polemical uses of drug history by non-historians; its argumentative use by historians (for example, in law courts); its non-polemical uses and genres; the role of personal networks and political “boundary figures”; what activism (“hot” or “cold”) means in drug policy, and is it effective; and surprisingly neglected areas of historical work which ought to be thought about in relation to changing drug policy futures.
Determining the Composition
Authors: Bennett Joe , O'Connor Seán M.
Published: March 2022

The nature of music composition has changed dramatically in the digital era. While some composers may still be writing musical notes onto a stave, in the traditional image of a classical composer, most pop songwriters are now producers of digital artifacts, in which production techniques are compositional gestures. Creating music directly as an audio object is not easily compatible with a copyright system that still distinguishes a musical work from a sound recording. This chapter explores the implications of this disconnect between law and composition practice to argue that the scope of copyright’s “musical works” should encompass a holistic approach to today’s beats-based digital music production, while treating artificially isolated elements (such as melodic fragments) as de minimis for the purposes of infringement litigation.
On the Margins
Authors: Jessee Erin
Published: March 2022

This chapter critically assesses the dichotomy of victims/survivors and perpetrators that proliferates in the media and other public discourses about genocide and related mass atrocities, including crimes against humanity and war crimes. Drawing on over a decade of oral historical and ethnographic research on the 1994 genocide in Rwanda—in which approximately 800,000 civilians, most of whom were Tutsi, were murdered by Hutu Power extremists—this chapter argues that most people’s experiences of mass atrocities are more complex than this dichotomy permits, and often includes actions that challenge the boundaries among victim/survivor, bystander, rescuer, and perpetrator categories. It thus advocates for considering genocide-affected individuals as “complex political actors” whose actions exist along a spectrum of genocidal violence. This allows for deeper consideration of the shifting roles that people take on during periods of extreme violence, and in response to shifts in their nation’s political climate and personal circumstances.
The Role of the State in Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Mullins Christopher W.
Published: March 2022

Episodes of mass atrocity crimes—mass violence against an often disempowered or marginalized portion of the population—are the worst examples of what humanity can, and will, do to itself. A common feature of such phenomena is the centrality of a state, or quasi-state, in the generation of the event. States often play a central role in planning, orchestrating, and executing atrocity violence. States provide coordination and control of necessary resources, including requisite human capital and materiel. Such events require large amounts of human capital, extensive communication networks, and the mass movement of people and things in a geographic area. States wield strong symbolic powers which facilitate the transmission, and undergird the legitimacy, of ideologies that are a key aspect of such deployments of mass violence. States also hold the sovereign powers which work against external interventions or other prevention and punishment endeavors.
Forced Migrants and Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Colvin Victoria , Orchard Phil
Published: March 2022

Over the past twenty years, there has been a growth in international mechanisms to protect forced migrants who are victims of atrocity crimes. Within international criminal law, forced deportations and forcible transfers have been defined as potentially constituting both crimes against humanity and war crimes, while some forms of transfers (such as the transferring of children) may also constitute genocide. While the Refugee Convention is silent on this question, emerging soft and regional law around the issue of internal displacement has clearly defined a right not to be arbitrarily displaced and, in the Kampala Convention, African states have accepted an obligation to protect IDPs from such acts. Finally, there is a clear linkage between forced displacement and the four atrocity crimes in the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, including through ethnic cleansing and genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These represent important steps forward to ensure that forced migrants can be protected from atrocities.
Memory and Memorialization after Atrocities
Authors: Fox Nicole
Published: March 2022

Atrocity crimes tear apart the social fabric of society. One mechanism communities and nations utilize to begin the healing from atrocity crimes is through the development of physical memorials that aim to commemorate a past fraught with trauma and violence. This chapter begins by defining memorialization, memorials, and commemoration and explores why memorials have become a viable option—for communities, nations, and individuals—in the aftermath of atrocity. It examines the three global social and intellectual movements of the 1990s central to the emergence of contemporary memorial culture: the memory boom, the human rights movement, and the justice cascade. Finally, it analyzes the challenges arising during memorialization aimed at reparation and justice. Like all multifaceted mechanisms of transitional justice, memorialization has both promises and pitfalls as both a process and an outcome.
War Crimes in Angola
Authors: van Wijk Joris
Published: March 2022

After a war of independence against the Portuguese colonizer, Angola has known a civil war from 1975 to 2002. What could be characterized as a “proxy Cold-War” in the 1970s and 1980s, turned in the 1990s into a “greed”-based war over the control of natural resources. During the war, numerous war crimes, and arguably also crimes against humanity, were committed; an estimated 500,000 to 1 million people died as a consequence of the war and the country was infected with land mines. When a peace agreement was signed in 2002, it included a blanket amnesty for all former warring parties. Based on a literature review and original empirical fieldwork, this chapter describes in particular why and how—in the absence of any accountability mechanisms—alternative strategies to truth seeking, reconciliation, commemoration, or memorialization have only to a limited extent been adopted. Angola’s peace process is a textbook example of “illiberal peacebuilding.”
Security and Defence Policy
Authors: Kim Sung-han , Lee Alex Soohoon
Published: March 2022

The challenges for the South Korean security policy are twofold: North Korean nuclear threat and United States–China strategic competition. To deal with such challenges, South Korea’s security policy has mainly been focused on the denuclearization of North Korea and the strengthening of the Republic of Korea (ROK)–US alliance. In addition, the future warfare between the United States and China would be extended to every sector of information and communication technology (ICT), including next-generation semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. South Korea is thus making efforts to move away from straddling between the United States and China, while avoiding the zero-sum mentality. But the three sets of competing beliefs remain another challenge for South Korea’s advanced security policy: (a) inter-Korean versus alliance schools in dealing with North Korean issues; (b) ROK–Japan deteriorating relations versus increasing need for ROK–US–Japan security cooperation; and (c) the ‘South–South Conflict’ that hampers the implementation of consistent security policy.
The South Korean Development Model
Authors: Kim Eun Mee , Kim Nancy Y.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines Korea’s development experience and the extent to which it comprises a coherent development model. The chapter sets forth three key features of Korea’s of deliberate and planned development: (a) state-led economic development; (b) social development and capability enhancement; and (c) strategic use of aid for development. It then highlights various inconsistencies and ambiguities of the Korean development story and cautions against promoting it as a one-size-fits-all model. That said, the chapter represents the evolution of the Korean developmental state—from its earlier authoritarian, neo-mercantilist iteration to its current democratic and globalized model—as a testament to the fact that development is a contextual, adaptive process. Korea owes its success to its flexibility and openness to a range of development approaches. In this regard, the chapter argues that the Korean development experience does indeed offer useful, adaptable development options, and that Korea can play a constructive, balanced, and bridging role in development and development cooperation.
The Developmental State
Authors: Woo Meredith
Published: March 2022

The developmental state refers to a state formation, often nationalistic, that is capable of intervening in the economy with long-term goals and plans, without stifling economic incentives prevalent in market economies. It does so through a social coalition that includes the bureaucracy, dominant political parties, and big business. The outcome is rapid economic growth with relative equity. The archetype of the developmental state is found in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore at different times throughout the twentieth century, and may be seen today in China. In South Korea, the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 precipitated extensive economic liberalization and democratization, forcing retreat of the developmental state.
The Ultimate Underground Classic
Authors: Lekmanov Oleg , Sverdlov Mikhail , Simanovsky Ilya
Published: March 2022

The chapter discusses the biography of Venedikt Erofeev, focusing on his main literary works and the history of their creation and distribution in samizdat and tamizdat, his reading interests and influences (Western and Russian alike), and his attitudes to other representatives of the underground. Materials used for the reconstruction of Erofeev’s lifeworld are diverse and include, along with his famous texts (Moscow-Petushki, the essay “Vasily Rozanov through the Eyes of an Eccentric,” the tragedy Walpurgis Night, or the Steps of the Commander), the writer’s interviews, memoirs of his friends and relatives, his published and unpublished diaries, and newest archival finds. The chapter ends with a brief review of the scholarship on Erofeev’s oeuvre and biography.
Hull House Social Change Methodology and New Deal Reforms
Authors: Whipps Judy D.
Published: March 2022

Jane Addams was the creative force behind the “well-oiled Hull House machine,”1 a legacy of feminist activism, mentorship, and personal advocacy that reformed American public policy. She and her colleagues Florence Kelley and Julia Lathrop developed a social and political change method that grew from their experiences and utilized women’s communication networks, storytelling, social science research, mentoring, and legislative intervention. Their influence expanded into powerful local, national, and global relational networks of change. They carved paths for the next generation of women in politics as they passed the baton of reform to the generation of New Deal political activists. Hull House alumna Grace Abbott followed Lathrop as head of the Children’s Bureau. Frances Perkins, influenced by Kelley and her time at Hull House, became the first female cabinet member as Secretary of Labor, holding an unprecedented position of female power. Abbott and Perkins helped create the New Deal legislation that legalized Social Security and many goals on the Progressive Era agenda. By demonstrating the continuity of methodology and philosophy, this chapter traces a genealogy of Addams’s pragmatism and activism into measures that impacted public life throughout the 20th century and into the 21st.
The Urban Economics of Superdiversity
Authors: Nathan Max
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the economic impacts of superdiversity in theory and practice, drawing on the experience of the United Kingdom in the early 2000s. Superdiversity has a largely urban footprint, reflecting the affordances of big cities and the deep history of the “multicultural city.” The chapter builds a simple framework to illustrate superdiversity’s economic effects on production and consumption systems and the roles of (a) higher-skilled migrant groups, (b) physically close or historically linked sending countries, and (c) urban economic/demographic structures. Robustly quantifying superdiversity—in all its dimensions—is challenging. Although a large body of empirical work by economists and others identifies positive economic impacts from demographic change, this work typically proxies for “diversity” using single individual attributes. The chapter outlines alternative proxies using name-based information to identify the distribution of multiple cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups at the local area level, and then uses this to explore the conceptual framework for the UK case. It then explores group distribution across UK towns and cities in 2001, finding positive links between these initial demographic characteristics and changes in wages and productivity and house prices in the following five years. These differ between urban and nonurban areas. In conclusion, the chapter speculates about how variation in other individual characteristics, arrival routes, levels of mobility, and legal statuses complicate this picture, and suggests ways for future research to incorporate these dimensions into economic analysis.
Constitutional Law, Private Law, and Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: March 2022

Private law—the background legal rules of contract, property, and tort—determines legal entitlements to the material goods dealt with by constitutionally guaranteed economic and social rights. Courts have struggled to determine whether and how the constitution applies to private law. The jurisdiction of constitutional courts sometimes leads them to “develop” private law in light of the constitution. Once we recognize that many of the questions that have puzzled courts and commentators about the application of the constitution to private law actually involve puzzles about the constitution’s substance, most of the analytic difficulties are transformed. The questions that remain arise from specific institutional arrangements, and in particular from the distribution of law-declaring authority between constitutional and ordinary courts.
Interactive Scores for Listeners as Public Music Analysis
Authors: Thorau Christian
Published: March 2022

This chapter defines public music analysis as an analytical approach addressed to non-expert listeners that functions as a practical listening knowledge for appreciating a specific work in a musical performance or recording. Its beginnings can be traced to the program notes of the late nineteenth century, its main protagonist George Grove anticipating the professionalized academic pursuit that came to be called analysis in the twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, digital technologies have stepped in to bridge the gap between established analytical methods and non-expert audiences. Interactive scores have provided tools that make complex musical notation accessible to non-musicians and foster a guided listening with certain levels of analytical perception. Three websites or apps are examined: Keeping Score (San Francisco Symphony), the iPad music app The Liszt Sonata (Classical Apps), and Explore the Score (Klavier-Festival Ruhr), rendering piano music by György Ligeti.
Peru
Authors: Gianella Malca Camila , Baertl Espinoza Ursula
Published: March 2022

Peru has enacted eleven constitutions between the time independence was declared by José de San Martin on 28 July 1821 and the 1993 Constitution. The Peruvian Republic was established with two structural problems: a lack of (i) interest in forming political parties with clear ideologies; and (ii) a nation project that included a clear and democratic concept of citizenship involving participation by all social groups. Both issues have evolved over the time but have not disappeared, and they are part of Peru’s political tradition. The 1979 Constitution was amended in 1993 as a consequence of Alberto Fujimori’s coup in April 1992. This is the most recent Constitution, and the one that will be analysed in this chapter.
Constitutions and Public Policies
Authors: Couto Cláudio , Arantes Rogério
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers two big models of constitutions with a number of possible empirical variations. The first model, termed as classic, is that of the constitution that limits itself to structuring fundamental aspects of the polity, that is, the four orders of norms and principles in liberal democratic regimes, which include not only conventional liberal democratic provisions, but also socially-oriented material rights. The second model, called policy-oriented, concerns those constitutions that go beyond such structural parameters and into the policy realm, determining specific tasks for governments, establishing programmatic goals and budgetary percentages, detailing ordinary actions, and anticipating the design of public policies.
Chile
Authors: Lovera Parmo Domingo
Published: March 2022

This chapter begins by sketching a historical development of constitutions in Chile. It shows that Chile’s historical profile is a model of authoritarian constitutional impositions. The defining contours of Chile’s constitutional relations of power will be addressed in the three sections that provide a general idea of rights regulations in Chile; a description of current institutional frameworks of political power; and look at what has become a third tenet of constitutionalism—constitutional review of legislation. It argues that the exploration of these contours shows that Chile’s current constitutional regulations emphasize just one of the faces of constitutionalism, which conceives rights and institutional frameworks as tools aimed exclusively to limit, instead of enabling, governmental power. This limiting character of Chile’s constitutional scheme has been achieved at the cost of limiting the people’s involvement with political power. The chapter concludes with a brief look at Chile’s constitutional scholarship.
A View From Northern Europe
Authors: Gloppen Siri
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents a northern European view of constitutionalism in Latin America. From the vantage point of the Nordic welfare states, a striking feature of Latin American constitutional law and constitutionalism is the visibility and potency of constitutional rights and courts in the field of welfare and social policy. Throughout the region, the there is a widespread social rights constitutionalism, understood as the ‘increasing inclusion of social and economic rights language in constitutions, the increasing use of that language by social actors to pursue their goals, and the increasing judicialization of political disputes under the social rights rubric’. While this is not a uniquely Latin American phenomenon, this is the region where social rights were first constitutionalized and where social rights constitutionalism is most pronounced. The trajectory and outcome is radically different from that of the Nordic welfare states, where high material social rights realization has developed in the context of low social rights constitutionalism.
Content of the Dionysian Corpus
Authors: Riggs Tim
Published: March 2022

This essay examines the content of the Dionysian Corpus in order to demonstrate the unity of its two fundamental characters: Christian and Neoplatonic. The essay takes as its cornerstone the Neoplatonic, metaphysical cycle of causality, in its Proclean form, using it to show how Dionysius the Areopagite uses it to interpret the hierarchical vision of reality which he finds in Holy Scripture and in the organization of the Church. It shows that Dionysius is consistent in his description of Jesus Christ as the source and driver of this cycle and in his presentation of it throughout the treatises which comprise the corpus. In this way, it shows that Dionysius regards Neoplatonic philosophy, at least as much of it as he appropriates, can be put to use as the handmaiden of Christian revelation.
Luther on Dionysius
Authors: Zachhuber Johannes
Published: March 2022

In his early writings Martin Luther shows some appreciation for the Mystical Theology of Dionysius, setting his desire for the personal knowledge of God against the arid quibbling of the scholastics; at the same time, he is always suspicious of any reliance on mystical knowledge at the expense of faith. His critique of Dionysius grows sharper in The Babylonish Captivity of the Church because the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy was being invoked by authors such as Johannes Eck to justify papal authority. The doubts of authenticity which were being raised by Valla and other Humanists reinfored Luther’s conviction that Dionysius was often an anomaly among the Church Fathers and more a Platonist than a Christian. Fanciful appeals to the Song of Songs by Eck and others, together with antinomian misuse of the Mystical Theology strengthened his opposition, but there was never a time when he read Dionysius without reservations.
Dionysius’ Reception in the English-Speaking World
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: March 2022

The first appearance of Dionysius in English dress was the translation of his Mystical Theology by the author of The Cloud of Unknowing. Through this Dionysius became a significant influence on the flourishing of mystical prayer in late medieval England. At the Reformation, this tradition of prayer was preserved as a special treasure of the now-outlawed English Catholicism, especially among the exiled nuns of Cambrai, and their chaplain, Augustine Baker. In England, after the Reformation, Dionysius was known to such as Hooker, but appreciated somewhat more in the esoteric tradition, echoes of which can be found in poets such as Lord Herbert of Cherbury, John Donne, and Henry Vaughan, whose brother, Thomas, demonstrates a deep interest in Dionysius, in whom he finds parallels with the Kabbalah. Further interest is found in the nineteenth century, when the Corpus Dionysiacum was first translated into English. Reception in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was partly a matter of disdainful scholarly interest in such as Westcott and Dean Inge, partly a revived enthusiasm for mystical prayer inspired by the late medieval English mystics, notably in the case of Evelyn Underhill, with whom the wheel turns full circle.
The Reception of Dionysius in Modern Greek Theology and Scholarship
Authors: Pallis Dimitrios
Published: March 2022

This essay outlines the key stages in the study of Dionysius in twentieth-century Greek Orthodox theology and scholarship. After an introductory overview of this topic, the complexities of the Greek scene are presented since there is considerable diversity in the handling of this ancient author by Greek theologians. The section that follows focuses on specific political and social factors that have or could have affected the development of the engagement with patristic literature in the universities of Athens and Thessaloniki but also in the public sphere. It provides some specific examples of how that is reflected in the Greek scholarly and religious bibliography relating to this ancient Christian author. The fourth and longest section examines three readers of his writings from the interwar and postwar periods: Emmanouel Karpathios (1888–1972), Christos Yannaras (b. 1935), and John Zizioulas (b. 1931). It compares the approach of these three readers: the first followed a different method from the other two, who adopted a similar theological methodology but developed very different views on this subject of research or more accurately on this aspect of the Orthodox tradition.