bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxygen uptake during upper body and lower body Wingate anaerobic tests
Authors: Price Michael , Beckford Christopher , Dorricott Adam , Hill Cameron , Kershaw Megan , Singh Munesh , Thornton Ian
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the aerobic contribution to upper body and lower body Wingate Anaerobic tests (WAnT). Eight nonspecifically trained males volunteered to take part in this study. Participants undertook incremental exercise tests for peak oxygen uptake and two 30-s WAnT (habituation and experimental) for both the upper and lower body. The resistive loadings used were 0.040 and 0.075 kg·kg body mass−1, respectively. Peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) were calculated for each WAnT. The aerobic contribution of each WAnT was assessed using breath by breath expired gas analysis. Peak oxygen uptake was lower for the upper body when compared with the lower body (P = 0.001). Similarly, PPO and MPO were greater for the lower body (both P < 0.001). Absolute oxygen uptake during the upper body WAnT was lower than for the lower body (P = 0.013), whereas relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake) was similar (P = 0.997). The mean aerobic contribution for the upper body WAnT (43.5% ± 29.3%) was greater than for the lower body (29.4% ± 15.8%; P < 0.001). The greater aerobic contribution to the WAnT observed for the upper body in comparison with the lower body is likely due to methodological differences in upper and lower body WAnT protocols and potentially differences in anaerobic power production and exercise efficiency. The results of this study suggest that differences may exist for the aerobic contribution of upper and lower body Wingate anaerobic tests.
On the New Results of Global Exponential Attractive Sets of the T Chaotic System
Authors: Zhang Fuchen , Wang Xingyuan , Xiao Min , Sun Xiangkai
Published: July 2014

In this paper, the global exponential attractive sets of the T chaotic system are studied. The method for constructing Lyapunov functions that are applied to the former chaotic systems [Liao, 2004; Liao et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011a; Zhang et al., 2011b; Yu & Liao, 2008; Li et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2009] does not work for the T chaotic system. We overcome this difficulty by introducing a cross term xy. We get a perfect result that contains the case for the parameter values considered covering the most interesting case of the chaotic attractor system.
Persistence, Stability and Hopf Bifurcation in a Diffusive Ratio-Dependent Predator–Prey Model with Delay
Authors: Song Yongli , Peng Yahong , Zou Xingfu
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we study the persistence, stability and Hopf bifurcation in a ratio-dependent predator–prey model with diffusion and delay. Sufficient conditions independent of diffusion and delay are obtained for the persistence of the system and global stability of the boundary equilibrium. The local stability of the positive constant equilibrium and delay-induced Hopf bifurcation are investigated by analyzing the corresponding characteristic equation. We show that delay can destabilize the positive equilibrium and induce spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous periodic solutions. By calculating the normal form on the center manifold, the formulae determining the direction and the stability of Hopf bifurcations are explicitly derived. The numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate and extend our theoretical results.
Support projection of state and a quantum Lévy–Austin–Ornstein theorem
Authors: Hachicha Skander
Published: July 2014

We prove two characterizations of the support projection of a state evolving under the action of a quantum Markov semigroup and a quantum analogue of the Lévy–Austin–Ornstein theorem. We discuss applications to open quantum systems.
A Preliminary Laboratory Study of Motion of Floating Debris Generated by Solitary Waves Running up a Beach
Authors: Yao Yao , Huang Zhenhua , Lo Edmond Y. M. , Shen Hung-Tao
Published: July 2014

Destructive tsunamis can destroy coastal structures and move huge amounts of tsunami debris. Our current understanding of motion of tsunami debris in tsunami flows is limited. In this paper, we present a preliminary laboratory study of motion of model debris under the action of solitary waves running up a beach. The difference between the waterline of maximum inundation and the final position of debris was examined under various conditions. Effects of solitary wave height, water depth, and the distance of debris source to the shoreline on the maximum inundation, the debris limit, and the final position of debris were examined. In general, the final positions of the debris are different from the waterline at maximum inundation and there is a low possibility that a large amount of debris can be carried by retreating water offshore into the sea.
A QUINTET SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION THROUGH EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITIONS
Authors: KOH MIN-SUNG
Published: July 2014

A particular quintet singular valued decomposition (Quintet-SVD) is introduced in this paper via empirical mode decompositions (EMDs). The Quintet-SVD results in four specific orthogonal matrices with a diagonal matrix of singular values. Furthermore, this paper shows relationships between the Quintet-SVD and traditional SVD, generalized low rank approximations of matrices (GLRAM) of one single matrix, and EMDs. One application of the Quintet-SVD for speech enhancement is shown and compared with an application of traditional SVD.
Intersectionality and the Sociology of HIV/AIDS: Past, Present, and Future Research Directions
Authors: Watkins-Hayes Celeste
Published: July 2014

This review focuses on three topics that have dominated the sociological literature on HIV/AIDS in the United States: (a) the demographics of the epidemic and the dynamics of structural-, neighborhood-, and individual-level risk; (b) the lived experiences of HIV-positive people; and (c) the collective response to HIV/AIDS through community-based services, political activism and social movements, and public policy. Sociologists have pursued inquiry in all of these areas and have often advanced the implicit and explicit use of approaches that reveal the epidemic's embedded power relations. Previous research and the dynamics of the epidemic suggest a fundamental argument: HIV/AIDS is an epidemic of intersectional inequality that is fueled by racial, gender, class, and sexual inequities at the macro-structural, meso-institutional, and micro-interpersonal levels. These inequalities significantly shape the likelihood of exposure to the virus; the realities of living with the infection; and medical, programmatic, political, and social-scientific responses.
Effects of delayed gastric emptying on postprandial glucose kinetics, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function
Authors: Hinshaw Ling , Schiavon Michele , Mallad Ashwini , Man Chiara Dalla , Basu Rita , Bharucha Adil. E. , Cobelli Claudio , Carter Rickey E. , Basu Ananda , Kudva Yogish C.
Published: July 2014

Controlling meal-related glucose excursions continues to be a therapeutic challenge in diabetes mellitus. Mechanistic reasons for this need to be understood better to develop appropriate therapies. To investigate delayed gastric emptying effects on postprandial glucose turnover, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell responsivity and function, as a feasibility study prior to studying patients with type 1 diabetes, we used the triple tracer technique C-peptide and oral minimal model approach in healthy subjects. A single dose of 30 μg of pramlintide administered at the start of a mixed meal was used to delay gastric emptying rates. With delayed gastric emptying rates, peak rate of meal glucose appearance was delayed, and rate of endogenous glucose production (EGP) was lower. C-peptide and oral minimal models enabled the assessments of β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell responsivity simultaneously. Delayed gastric emptying induced by pramlintide improved total insulin sensitivity and decreased total β-cell responsivity. However, β-cell function as measured by total disposition index did not change. The improved whole body insulin sensitivity coupled with lower rate of appearance of EGP with delayed gastric emptying provides experimental proof of the importance of evaluating pramlintide in artificial endocrine pancreas approaches to reduce postprandial blood glucose variability in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Harnessing the Intestinal Microbiome for Optimal Therapeutic Immunomodulation
Authors: Viaud S. , Daillère R. , Boneca I.G. , Lepage P. , Pittet M.J. , Ghiringhelli F. , Trinchieri G. , Goldszmid R. , Zitvogel L.
Published: July 2014

Distinct cytotoxic agents currently used in the oncological armamentarium mediate their clinical benefit by influencing, directly or indirectly, the immune system in such a way that innate and adaptive immunity contributes to the tumoricidal activity. Now, we bring up evidence that both arms of anticancer immunity can be triggered through the intervention of the intestinal microbiota. Alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide, set up the stage for enhanced permeability of the small intestine, facilitating the translocation of selected arrays of Gram-positive bacteria against which the host mounts effector pTh17 cells and memory Th1 responses. In addition, gut commensals, through lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial components, switch the tumor microenvironment, in particular the redox equilibrium and the TNF production of intratumoral myeloid cells during therapies with platinum salts or intratumoral TLR9 agonists combined with systemic anti-IL10R Ab respectively. Consequently, antibiotics can compromise the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic or immunomodulatory regimens. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4217–21. ©2014 AACR.
Dual Inhibition of EGFR with Afatinib and Cetuximab in Kinase Inhibitor–Resistant EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer with and without T790M Mutations
Authors: Janjigian Yelena Y. , Smit Egbert F. , Groen Harry J.M. , Horn Leora , Gettinger Scott , Camidge D. Ross , Riely Gregory J. , Wang Bushi , Fu Yali , Chand Vikram K. , Miller Vincent A. , Pao William
Published: July 2014

EGFR-mutant lung cancers responsive to reversible EGFR inhibitors (gefitinib/erlotinib) develop acquired resistance, mediated by second-site EGFR T790M mutation in >50% of cases. Preclinically, afatinib (irreversible ErbB family blocker) plus cetuximab (anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody) overcomes T790M-mediated resistance. This phase Ib study combining afatinib and cetuximab enrolled heavily pretreated patients with advanced EGFR-mutant lung cancer and acquired resistance to erlotinib/gefitinib. Patients provided post–acquired-resistance tumor samples for profiling EGFR mutations. Among 126 patients, objective response rate (overall 29%) was comparable in T790M-positive and T790M-negative tumors (32% vs. 25%; P = 0.341). Median progression-free survival was 4.7 months (95% confidence interval, 4.3–6.4), and the median duration of confirmed objective response was 5.7 months (range, 1.8–24.4). Therapy-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 44%/2% of patients. Afatinib–cetuximab demonstrated robust clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in EGFR-mutant lung cancers with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib, both with and without T790M mutations, warranting further investigation.

Significance: This article reports the results of a trial combining afatinib and cetuximab in patients with acquired resistance and details the first clinical proof-of-concept for the preclinical hypothesis that a significant proportion of tumors in patients with acquired resistance to gefitinib/erlotinib remain dependent on EGFR signaling for survival. Cancer Discov; 4(9); 1036–45. ©2014 AACR.

See related commentary by Gibbons and Byers, p. 991

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 973
Clinical and Radiological Features in CADASIL and NOTCH3-Negative Patients: A Multicenter Study from Turkey
Authors: Ince Birsen , Benbir Gulcin , Siva Aksel , Saip Sabahattin , Utku Ufuk , Celik Yahya , Necioglu-Orken Dilek , Ozturk Serefnur , Afsar Nazire , Aktan Sevinc , Asil Talip , Bakac Goksel , Ekmekci Hakan , Gokce Mustafa , Krespi Yakup , Midi Ipek , Varlibas Figen , Citci-Yalcinkaya Beyza , Goksan Baki , Uluduz Derya , Uyguner Oya
Published: July 2014

Background: The diversity of clinical presentation and neuroimaging findings of CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) from different regions of the world has not yet been studied in depth. Here we investigated the variability of clinical, radiological and genetic data of 48 patients analyzed for NOTCH3 mutation in Turkey. Methods: Clinical evaluation was made according to a preformed questionnaire. Cranial neuroimaging findings were determined on the basis of T1, T2, FLAIR and proton-density magnetic resonance scans. For genetic analysis, polymerase chain reaction was performed with primers flanking exons 2-6 and 11 of NOTCH3 gene. Results: Twenty-five patients (52.1%) were diagnosed as CADASIL with NOTCH3 mutation, while 23 patients (47.9%) had no mutation (NOTCH3-negative patients). The mean age and age at stroke onset were lower in male CADASIL patients (p < 0.03). A family history of migraine (p = 0.012), stroke (p < 0.001), recurrent strokes (p = 0.020) and dementia (p = 0.012) was more common in CADASIL patients. Temporal pole involvement was more common in CADASIL patients (p = 0.004). Conclusion: It is of clinical importance to identify the heterogeneity of CADASIL from different countries due to a low correlation of clinical and radiological data with respect to NOTCH3 mutation.
Complete Genome Sequencing and Genetic Characterization of Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Isolated from Najran, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Madani Tariq A. , Azhar Esam I. , Abuelzein El-Tayeb M.E. , Kao Moujahed , Al-Bar Hussein M.S. , Farraj Suha A. , Masri Badr E. , Al-Kaiedi Noora A. , Shakil Shazi , Sohrab Sayed S. , SantaLucia Jr. John , Ksiazek Thomas G.
Published: July 2014

Background: Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) is a newly described flavivirus first isolated in 1994-1995 from the Alkhumra district south of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, the virus was also isolated from Makkah (2001-2003) and Najran (2008-2009), Saudi Arabia. Methods: The full-length genome of an AHFV strain isolated from patients in Najran (referred to as AHFV/997/NJ/09/SA) was PCR amplified and sequenced, and compared with the sequences of 18 other AHFV strains previously isolated from Jeddah and Makkah, dengue virus (DENV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), Langat virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Results: The RNA of the AHFV/997/NJ/09/SA strain was found to have 10,546 nucleotides encoding for a single 3,416-amino acid polyprotein, whereas the previously reported AHFV strains were composed of 10,685-10,749 nucleotides. The AHFV/997/NJ/09/SA strain showed about 99% homology with the previously reported AHFV strains. The KFDV, Langat virus, TBEV, and OHFV isolates formed a separate cluster with a variable homology. The most important variations were observed in the core protein and NS4a gene sequences of two AHFV isolates. Conclusion: The variation in the number of nucleotides and phylogenetic analysis with the other AHFV isolates could have resulted from recombination of circulating virus strains.
Gradenigo Syndrome: Unusual Consequence of Otitis Media
Authors: Valles Jennie M. , Fekete Robert
Published: July 2014

Introduction: In 1904, Giuseppe Gradenigo published his case series on the triad of ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy, facial pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution, and suppurative otitis media, which would subsequently be referred to as Gradenigo syndrome. Case Report: Our patient was a 36-year-old female, 23 weeks pregnant, with a 6-day history of right-sided otalgia and hearing loss and a 4-day history of purulent otorrhea, who presented with severe, holocephalic headache, meningeal signs, fever, photophobia, and mental status decline. Lumbar puncture yielded a white blood cell count of 1,559 cells/mm3 with 95% polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a red blood cell count of 111 cells/mm3, a protein level of 61 mg/dl, and a glucose level of <40 mg/dl. Cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain showed Gram-positive diplococci, which were subsequently identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae and treated with ceftriaxone. On the second hospital day, she developed horizontal diplopia due to right abducens nerve palsy and right mydriasis. Both symptoms resolved on the third hospital day. Erosion of temporal bone and opacification of mastoid air cells was shown on CT scan. A CT venogram showed an irregularity of the left transverse and superior sagittal sinuses. She was treated with enoxaparin for possible sinus thrombosis. Discussion: This case demonstrates rare but serious sequelae of otitis media and Gradenigo syndrome. Holocephalic headache from meningitis masked trigeminal pain. Involvement of the ipsilateral petrous apex and surrounding structures on imaging and clinical improvement with antibiotic treatment supports Gradenigo syndrome over intracranial hypertension due to venous sinus thrombosis as the cause of the abducens nerve palsy.
Motor Branch Biopsy of the Pronator Teres Muscle in a Patient with Painful Forearm Neuropathy
Authors: Kinoshita Tomomi , Fukushima Kazuhiro , Abe Ryu-ta , Ogawa Yuka , Nakagawa Michitaka , Katoh Nagaaki , Yoshida Takuhiro , Kato Hiroyuki , Ikeda Shu-ichi
Published: July 2014

Histological evaluation of a peripheral nerve is often the final diagnostic work-up for a neuropathy of unknown origin, and a distal sensory nerve is usually biopsied. Here, we report the case of a female patient with painful unilateral neuropathy in the upper arm. According to the histological evaluation of the pronator teres motor branch, vasculitis seemed to be the most probable cause of the condition, and steroid therapy improved the patients' symptoms. A biopsy of the motor branch of the pronator teres muscle nerve may be considered a valuable diagnostic option in selected cases with neuropathy affecting the upper limb, when performed in cooperation with neurologists and orthopedic surgeons.
Tricuspid Regurgitation in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Kutty Shelby , Colen Timothy , Thompson Richard B. , Tham Edythe , Li Ling , Vijarnsorn Chodchanok , Polak Amanda , Truong Dongngan T. , Danford David A. , Smallhorn Jeffrey F. , Khoo Nee Scze
Published: July 2014

Background—

Our purpose was to test the following hypotheses: (1) patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who develop significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) or require tricuspid valve (TV) surgery in the medium term have detectable TV abnormalities by 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) prestage 1 palliation and (2) TR is associated with reduced survival and increased TV intervention.

Methods and Results—

Infants were prospectively studied with 3DE and 2DE prestage 1 and followed up for the end points of TR, TV surgery, transplantation, or death. From prestage 1 3DE, spatial coordinates of TV annulus and leaflets were extracted; annulus size, leaflet area, prolapse volume, tethering volume, bending angle, and papillary muscle angle were measured. TR was assessed prestage 1 and at latest follow-up. Of 70 patients, 62 (88.6%) had mild or less TR and 8 (11.4%) had moderate or greater TR prestage 1. Prestage 1 tethering volume correlated to leaflet area (
r
=0.736;
P
<0.001), annulus area (
r
=0.651;
P
<0.001), right ventricular end-diastolic area (
r
=0.347;
P
=0.003), fractional area change (
r
=−0.387;
P
<0.001), and TR grade (
r
=0.447;
P
<0.001). At follow-up, 46 (65.7%) had mild or less TR (group A) and 24 (34.3%) had moderate or greater TR (group B). Prestage 1 3DE showed greater TV tethering volume and flatter annulus in group B. Survival was better in group A.

Conclusions—

Increased TV tethering volume and flatter bending angle prestage 1 palliation is associated with TV failure at medium-term follow-up. Increased prestage 1 tethering is related to having larger TV annulus, larger leaflet area, larger right ventricular size, and reduced systolic function. TR progression results in increased TV intervention and decreased survival.
Impact of Time of Presentation on Process Performance and Outcomes in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dasari Tarun W. , Roe Matthew T. , Chen Anita Y. , Peterson Eric D. , Giugliano Robert P. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Saucedo Jorge F.
Published: July 2014

Background—

Prior studies demonstrated that patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction presenting during off-hours (weeknights, weekends, and holidays) have slower reperfusion times. Recent nationwide initiatives have emphasized 24/7 quality care in ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. It remains unclear whether patients presenting off-hours versus on-hours receive similar quality care in contemporary practice.

Methods and Results—

Using Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network-Get With The Guidelines (ACTION-GWTG) database, we examined ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction performance measures in patients presenting off-hours (n=27 270) versus on-hours (n=15 972; January 2007 to September 2010) at 447 US centers. Key quality measures assessed were aspirin use within first 24 hours, door-to-balloon time, door-to-ECG time, and door-to-needle time. In-hospital risk-adjusted all-cause mortality was calculated. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar. Aspirin use within 24 hours approached 99% in both groups. Among patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (n=41 979; 97.1%), median door-to-balloon times were 56 versus 72 minutes (
P
<0.0001) for on-hours versus off-hours. The proportion of patients achieving door-to-balloon time ≤90 minutes was 87.8% versus 79.2% (
P
<0.0001), respectively. There were no differences attaining door-to-ECG time ≤10 minutes (73.4% versus 74.3%,
P
=0.09) and door-to-needle time ≤30 minutes (62.3% versus 58.7%;
P
=0.44) between on-hours versus off-hours. Although in-hospital all-cause mortality was similar (4.2%) in both groups, the risk-adjusted all-cause mortality was higher for patients presenting off-hours (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.26).

Conclusions—

In contemporary community practice, achievement of quality performance measures in patients presenting with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction was high, regardless of time of presentation. Door-to-balloon time was, however, slightly delayed (by an average of 16 minutes), and risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality was 13% higher in patients presenting off-hours.
Aesthetics of Biocybernetic Designs: A Systems Approach to Biorobots and Its Implications for the Environment
Authors: Thompson Reynaldo , Mukhopadhyay Tirtha Prasad
Published: July 2014

The authors identify some of the theoretical premises of biocybernetic art objects, with reference to the works of Nam June Paik, Edward Ihnawitz, Ulrike Gabriel, and most notably, Gilberto Esparza, the Mexican biocybernetic artist. Systems theory anticipates stochastic convergences in nature, defying the classic certitude of the teleological notion of form. Evidence for this paradigmatic shift is found in the biocybernetic creatures conceived by these roboticists. In much biocybernetic art, beauty emerges in the form of adaptive mechanisms, such as in robotic tetrapods or self-organizing artificial plants. Such structures provide a template for survival mechanisms in an increasingly entropic environment.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Core Concepts of Humans as a Biological Species
Authors: Liu Alexander , Unsworth Sara Jill
Published: July 2014

An intuition that has been identified as a core concept in folkbiological thought (i.e., intuitive notions about the biological world) is the tendency to view humans as one biological species among many. Previous research has shown that in a category-based induction task, children tend to privilege humans as a basis for inferring that multiple species possess similar biological properties, but that culture and experience can affect the development of these anthropocentric tendencies. It has been assumed that anthropocentrism disappears before adulthood, though very little research has been conducted to test this assumption. In the present research, adults studying oriental medicine, western biology, or western psychology completed a category-based induction task as well as a ‘human patient’ task designed to measure cultural differences in concepts of biological processes. The results showed that anthropocentric reasoning still occurs in adulthood and that there are cultural differences in the likelihood to exhibit these tendencies.
Cognitive Organization of Cultural Values: Cross-Cultural Analysis of Data from Sweden and the usa
Authors: Maltseva Kateryna
Published: July 2014

A considerable body of data has been amassed to explain values structure and transmission. Values dimensions have been extracted and compared across societies in a number of values studies, many of which use quantitative methodology. However, there is little quantitative evidence of significant cross-cultural variation in values. This counterintuitive outcome has given rise to a doubt if an effective quantified comparison of values across societies is possible. The major reason for this objection to use quantitative techniques in cross-cultural values research is the loss of culture-specific meaning in quantitative procedures. Using ratings data from two American and Swedish samples the present research demonstrates that it is possible to compare values data and detect meaningful cross-cultural differences in values across societies, provided that several conceptual alterations in the instrument are made. Namely, it is proposed that collective- and individual level constructs should be separated when the informants are asked about their values. The traditional approach to values as implicitly individual construct is critiqued. The paper proposes to distinguish formulations of individual-level values items (that are more closely associated with personal projects and conative aspects) from formulations of cultural-identity relevant collective-level values items (which are acquired in more uniform processes of social learning and institutionalization). When elicitation of values considers this distinction during data collection, the depression of cross-cultural differences in values disappears.
Does Goal-Demotion Enhance Cooperation?
Authors: Mitkidis Panagiotis , Lienard Pierre , Nielbo Kristoffer L. , Sørensen Jesper
Published: July 2014

Social scientists have long assumed that religion – and more specifically religious rituals – promotes cooperation. It has also been claimed that ritual plays an essential role in enhancing prosociality and cooperation. In this study, using a controlled laboratory experiment, we investigate if a conspicuous and recurrent feature of collective ritualized behaviour, goal-demotion, promotes lasting cooperation. We report that goal-directed collective behaviour is more efficient than goal-demoted behaviour for motivating participants to engage in ulterior cooperation. Plausible interpretations of the data and of the mechanisms involved are discussed.
“he is bothyn modyr, broþyr, & syster vn-to me”
Authors: Barr Beth Allison
Published: July 2014

Examining recent claims that the early modern Bible served as an empowering force for women, this article draws evidence from English sermons designed for quotidinal lay instruction—such as the late medieval sermons of Festial, the sixteenth-century Tudor Homilies, and the seventeenth-century sermons of William Gouge and Benjamin Keach. As didactic religious texts written and delivered by men but also heard and read by women, sermons reveal how preachers rhetorically shaped the contours of women’s agency. Late medieval sermons include women specifically in scripture and authorize women through biblical role models as actively participating within the church. Conversely, early modern sermons were less likely to add women into scripture and more likely to use scripture to limit women by their domestic identities. Thus, through their approaches to biblical texts, medieval preachers present women as more visible and active agents whereas early modern preachers present women as less visible and more limited in their roles—thereby presenting a more complex story of how the Bible affected women across the Reformation.
Elizabeth I and Pope Paul IV
Authors: Booth Ted W.
Published: July 2014

This article is a historical look at the political and religious relationship between England’s Elizabeth I and Pope Paul IV. In 1558 when Elizabeth I ascended the throne of England, there was much speculation about how she would be received by a Pope so well-known for his intolerance of heresy and zeal for the Inquisition. This article will argue that a complex set of forces were at work during Elizabeth’s early reign which allowed her time to pass legislation to establish the English Church as a separate entity from Rome. It would be Paul IV’s inaction, possibly born out of a hope that Elizabeth might still be redeemed to the Catholic faith, that in the end allowed the English Church to consolidate its gains and left his Catholic subjects with no recourse but to give allegiance to their prince whether they thought her illegitimate or not.
A First Glimpse of Light on the Emerging Invisible EU Model BIT
Authors: Hoffmeister Frank , Alexandru Gabriela
Published: July 2014

The article recalls the general political orientations of the investment policy of the European Union (eu) as outlined by the three major institutions (Commission, Council, and Parliament) shortly after Lisbon. It then turns with some detail to the substantive standards and the enforcement chapter. The authors present a number of changes that the eu is pushing in its negotiations with Canada and Singapore and which are also outlined in the public consultation with respect to the eu-us Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement (ttip). They come to the conclusion that all these elements present “[a] new start for investment and investment protection,” marked by the need for “a better balance between the right of states to regulate and the need to protect investors,” as well as for an improved arbitration system in the emerging eu practice in its negotiations with third states.
How to Include Environmental Protection, Human Rights and Sustainability in International Investment Law?
Authors: Nowrot Karsten
Published: July 2014

The analysis takes a closer look at the options available to include non-economic issues in the provisions of something like an emerging eu model bit. The first part addresses some underlying reasons for the more recently visible policy shift in international investment law. The subsequent parts are devoted to a discussion of three different categories of regulatory means aimed at incorporating broader public interest concerns into the normative framework of investment agreements. In this connection, the second part provides some thoughts on respective indirect (interpretative) approaches. Subsequently, an assessment will be given of various regulatory options available to explicitly secure an appropriate policy space for host states based on so far rather uncommon stipulations in investment agreements. The fourth section discusses the competence of the treaty parties to exercise interpretative authority over their bits and the potential importance of this approach in the present context.
Dispute Settlement Transparency in Europe’s Evolving Investment Treaty Policy
Authors: Jansen Calamita N.
Published: July 2014

In a number of documents released (and leaked) over the past two years, the European Commission has made clear that future treaty arrangements on investment between the European Union (eu) and third states will include robust provisions on transparency in investor-state dispute settlement. The Commission’s position reflects the acceptance of a “new normal” with respect to transparency in the investment treaty making practice of states. This article discusses the global context of the Commission’s conclusion and the rapid evolution of treaty provisions and arbitral rules on transparency in investor-state dispute settlement and non-disputing party participation. This article then analyses the Commission’s 2012 leaked draft negotiating text and reflects upon the Commission’s choice to adopt the 2013 uncitral Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration for its future treaties.
Phylogenetic and morphological circumscription of the Orbilia aurantiorubra group
Authors: Quijada Luis , BARAL HANS-OTTO , JAEN-MOLINA RUTH , WEISS MICHAEL , CAUJAPé-Castells JULI , BELTRÁN-TEJERA ESPERANZA
Published: July 2014

The phylogeny of Orbilia aurantiorugra and related species is inferred from ITS sequence data. Orbilia aurantiorubra is redefined according to vital taxonomy. Integrated analyses of molecular and morphological data, and ecological (e.g. substrate) and geographical origin suggest the existence of three new species, which are described in this paper: Orbilia xanthoguttulata from Europe, O. succulenticola from the Canary Islands, and O. jugulospora from Ethiopia (Africa) and Taiwan (Southeast Asia).
A new species of Paraphlomis (Lamiaceae) from Korea: an additional genus to the Korean flora
Authors: KO SUNG CHUL , Lee You-Mi , Chung Kyong-Sook , SON DONG CHAN , NAM BO Mi , Chung Gyu Young
Published: July 2014

A new species, Paraphlomis koreana S.C.Ko et G.Y.Chung, from Korea is described and illustrated. The species is similar to P. albida Hand.-Mazz. in general vegetative characters and white corollas, but the new species is distinguished by its smaller stature, equally toothed 10-veined calyces, and pink-spotted lower corolla lips. P. koreana S.C.Ko et G.Y.Chung has been only found in Bogil-do Island, a small island in the Southern Ocean of Korea, and is the first species described from the genus in Korea.
An annotated catalog of the Iranian Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha)
Authors: Ghahari Hassan , Chérot Frédéric
Published: July 2014

An updated list of Iranian Miridae Hahn, 1833 is provided and discussed. Seven subfamilies (Bryocorinae, Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae, Isometopinae, Mirinae, Orthotylinae, and Phylinae), 140 genera, and 498 species are confirmed from Iran. Phytocoris (Stictophytocoris) meridionalis (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835), is newly recorded from Iran. The possible presence in the country of 28 additional species is briefly analyzed.
Cloud Banding and Winds in Intense European Cyclones: Results from the DIAMET Project
Authors: Vaughan G. , Methven J. , Anderson D. , Antonescu B. , Baker L. , Baker T. P. , Ballard S. P. , Bower K. N. , Brown P. R. A. , Chagnon J. , Choularton T. W. , Chylik J. , Connolly P. J. , Cook P. A. , Cotton R. J. , Crosier J. , Dearden C. , Dorsey J. R. , Frame T. H. A. , Gallagher M. W. , Goodliff M. , Gray S. L. , Harvey B. J. , Knippertz P. , Lean H. W. , Li D. , Lloyd G. , Martínez–Alvarado O. , Nicol J. , Norris J. , Öström E. , Owen J. , Parker D. J. , Plant R. S. , Renfrew I. A. , Roberts N. M. , Rosenberg P. , Rudd A. C. , Schultz D. M. , Taylor J. P. , Trzeciak T. , Tubbs R. , Vance A. K. , van Leeuwen P. J. , Wellpott A. , Woolley A.
Published: July 2014

The Diabatic Influences on Mesoscale Structures in Extratropical Storms (DIAMET) project aims to improve forecasts of high-impact weather in extratropical cyclones through field measurements, high-resolution numerical modeling, and improved design of ensemble forecasting and data assimilation systems. This article introduces DIAMET and presents some of the first results. Four field campaigns were conducted by the project, one of which, in late 2011, coincided with an exceptionally stormy period marked by an unusually strong, zonal North Atlantic jet stream and a succession of severe windstorms in northwest Europe. As a result, December 2011 had the highest monthly North Atlantic Oscillation index (2.52) of any December in the last 60 years. Detailed observations of several of these storms were gathered using the U.K.’s BAe 146 research aircraft and extensive ground-based measurements. As an example of the results obtained during the campaign, observations are presented of Extratropical Cyclone Friedhelm on 8 December 2011, when surface winds with gusts exceeding 30 m s–1 crossed central Scotland, leading to widespread disruption to transportation and electricity supply. Friedhelm deepened 44 hPa in 24 h and developed a pronounced bent-back front wrapping around the storm center. The strongest winds at 850 hPa and the surface occurred in the southern quadrant of the storm, and detailed measurements showed these to be most intense in clear air between bands of showers. High-resolution ensemble forecasts from the Met Office showed similar features, with the strongest winds aligned in linear swaths between the bands, suggesting that there is potential for improved skill in forecasts of damaging winds.
Dynamics of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers over the North Pacific in 30 Years of MERRA Reanalysis
Authors: Payne Ashley E. , Magnusdottir Gudrun
Published: July 2014

A large-scale analysis of landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs) along the west coast of North America and their association with the upper-tropospheric flow is performed for the extended winter (November–March) for the years 1979–2011 using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. The climatology, relationship to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Madden–Julian oscillation, and upper-level characteristics of approximately 750 landfalling ARs are presented based on the 85th percentile of peak daily moisture flux. AR occurrence along the West Coast is dominated by early season events. In composites of upper-level fields during AR occurrences, certain characteristics stand out irrespective of the tropical climate indices. This suggests that extratropical dynamical processes play a key role in AR dynamics.

The influence of the large-scale circulation on AR intensity prior to landfall is examined by objectively selecting an extreme subset of 112 landfalling AR dates representing the 95th percentile of strongest cases. Each landfalling AR date that is identified is traced backward in time using a novel semiautomated tracking algorithm based on spatially and temporally connected organized features in integrated moisture transport. Composites of dynamical fields following the eastward progression of ARs show a close relationship of the location of the jet, Rossby wave propagation, and anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking in the upper troposphere of the eastern Pacific and moisture transport in the lower troposphere. Comparison between the strongest and the weakest ARs within the most extreme subset shows differences in both the intensity of moisture transport and the scale and development of anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking in the eastern Pacific.
Social Media and Severe Weather: Do Tweets Provide a Valid Indicator of Public Attention to Severe Weather Risk Communication?
Authors: Ripberger Joseph T. , Jenkins-Smith Hank C. , Silva Carol L. , Carlson Deven E. , Henderson Matthew
Published: July 2014

Effective communication about severe weather requires that providers of weather information disseminate accurate and timely messages and that the intended recipients (i.e., the population at risk) receive and react to these messages. This article contributes to extant research on the second half of this equation by introducing a “real time” measure of public attention to severe weather risk communication based on the growing stream of data that individuals publish on social media platforms, in this case, Twitter. The authors develop a metric that tracks temporal fluctuations in tornado-related Twitter activity between 25 April 2012 and 11 November 2012 and assess the validity of the metric by systematically comparing fluctuations in Twitter activity to the issuance of tornado watches and warnings, which represent basic but important forms of communication designed to elicit, and therefore correlate with, public attention. The assessment finds that the measure demonstrates a high degree of convergent validity, suggesting that social media data can be used to advance our understanding of the relationship between risk communication, attention, and public reactions to severe weather.
Two cases of spuriously elevated cerebrospinal glucose concentration
Authors: Broz P , Rajdl D , Racek J , Petr T , Vitek L
Published: July 2014

We present two cases of spuriously high cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration with approximately normal blood glucose concentrations. The cause of these abnormal findings was the use of inappropriate collection tubes during the pre-analytical phase. Whilst no patient harm was identified following this error, significant time and effort were expended by both laboratory and clinical staff to explain the cause of these findings.
Fluoride Affects Enamel Protein Content via TGF-β1-mediated KLK4 Inhibition
Authors: Suzuki M. , Shin M. , Simmer J.P. , Bartlett J.D.
Published: July 2014

Dental fluorosis is caused by chronic high-level fluoride (F–) exposure during enamel development, and fluorosed enamel has a higher than normal protein content. Matrix metalloproteinase 20 cleaves enamel matrix proteins during the secretory stage, and KLK4 further cleaves these proteins during the maturation stage so that the proteins can be reabsorbed from the hardening enamel. We show that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) can induce Klk4 expression, and we examine the effect of F– on TGF-β1 and KLK4 expression. We found that in vivo F– inhibits Klk4 but not Mmp20 transcript levels. LacZ-C57BL/6- Klk4+/L acZ mice have LacZ inserted in frame at the Klk4 translation initiation site so that the endogenous Klk4 promoter drives LacZ expression in the same temporal/spatial way as it does for Klk4. KLK4 protein levels in rat enamel and β-galactosidase staining in LacZ-C57BL/6- Klk4+/L acZ mouse enamel were both significantly reduced by F– treatment. Since TGF-β1 induces KLK4 expression, we tested and found that F– significantly reduced Tgf-β1 transcript levels in rat enamel organ. These data suggest that F–-mediated downregulation of TGF-β1 expression contributes to reduced KLK4 protein levels in fluorosed enamel and provides an explanation for why fluorosed enamel has a higher than normal protein content.
Taking Time Seriously
Authors: George Linda K.
Published: July 2014

Sociological research on mental health focuses on a multitude of dynamic processes, including changes in psychological symptoms or the onset of a mental disorder, the course and outcome of mental health problems, and the associations of mental health with a wide variety of time-varying social risk and protective factors. I argue that scholars studying mental health have, thus far, only scratched the surface of the temporal dynamics upon which mental health and illness rest. Two broad research issues are reviewed to illustrate important temporal issues that have been neglected or understudied in mental health research: (1) specific dimensions of temporality, which focus on dynamic processes at the individual level, and (2) the age-period-cohort model, which focuses on mental health at the population level. Priority topics for future research that takes time seriously are recommended.
The holy contract: The social contract of the Toldos Aharon Hasidic group
Authors: Guzmen-Carmeli Shlomo , Sharabi Asaf
Published: July 2014

The article, based on fieldwork conducted among an extremist Hasidic group, demonstrates how religious fundamentalism may be linked to modernism through the way in which modern ideas infiltrate fundamentalist culture. The authors examine the contract that is signed annually by members of the group, which reaffirms their acceptance of stringent regulations. The contract is signed by every individual by means of a performative act that consolidates the separatist Hasidic social fabric on the basis of contractual legal rationality and creates categories and values that bind the individual to the community, an act that circumscribes that cultural enclave.
Les mesures d’importance de la religion dans les études électorales : une revue de la littérature
Authors: Teyssier Ronan , Côté Pauline
Published: July 2014

This article seeks to identify the main characteristics of electoral studies, using a religious salience measure, and to test several plausible explanations for the variation in the reported effect of religious salience on electoral behaviour. It builds upon an original dataset that contains 244 articles on the topic published in social sciences journals between 1956 and 2012. Variation in the reported effect of religious salience on electoral behaviour is documented and traced back to different ways of linking orientation to action at the voter level. A few electoral studies are chosen to exemplify the challenges met, while others are probed to help envision challenges ahead. Among these is the need for more relevant measures of the potential impact of religion on electoral behaviour at the voter level.
Monitoring Health Reform Efforts
Authors: Call Kathleen Thiede , Blewett Lynn A. , Boudreaux Michel H. , Turner Joanna
Published: July 2014

This study compares estimates of health insurance coverage from the American Community Survey (ACS) to those in twelve state-specific surveys. Uninsurance estimates for the nonelderly are consistently higher in the ACS than in state surveys, as are direct purchase insurance estimates. Estimates for employer-sponsored insurance are similar, but public coverage rates are lower in the ACS. The ACS meets some but not all of the states’ data needs; its large sample size and inclusion of all U.S. counties in the sample allow for comparison of insurance coverage within and across states. State-specific surveys provide the flexibility to add policy-relevant questions, including questions needed to examine how health insurance translates into access, use, and affordability of health services.
The Expansion of Medicaid Coverage under the ACA
Authors: Clemans-Cope Lisa , Long Sharon K. , Coughlin Teresa A. , Yemane Alshadye , Resnick Dean
Published: July 2014

The expansion of Medicaid coverage under the Affordable Care Act offers the potential for significant increases in health care access, use, and spending for vulnerable nonelderly adults who are uninsured. Using pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, this study estimates the potential effects of Medicaid, controlling for individual and local community characteristics. Our findings project significant gains in health care access and use for uninsured adults who enroll in Medicaid coverage and have chronic health conditions and mental health conditions. With that increased use, annual per capita health care spending for those newly insured individuals (excluding out-of-pocket spending) is projected to grow from $2,677 to $6,370 in 2013 dollars, while their out-of-pocket spending would drop by $921. It is expected that these increases in spending would be offset at least in part by reductions in uncompensated care and charity care.
Demand for Temporary Agency Nurses and Nursing Shortages
Authors: Seo Sukyong , Spetz Joanne
Published: July 2014

There is an ongoing debate about the reasons for the growth of temporary employment of registered nurses (RNs). Some argue that efficiency incentives to increase flexibility and reduce labor costs are the principal cause, while others point to shortages of RNs as the stronger determinant. Using hospital-level data from California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, we find a significant trend of increasing demand for agency nurses during the years of RN shortage. Demand rose with inpatient days, patient demand fluctuation, and the level of fringe benefits. Competition between hospitals and unionization, however, did not affect hospitals’ demand for temporary RNs.