bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LncRNA CAIF suppresses LPS‐induced inflammation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes through regulating miR‐16 demethylation
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Yi
Published: September 2021

Background

The long noncoding RNA, cardiac autophagy inhibitory factor (CAIF), and microRNA (miR)‐16 are reported to be involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis in many diseases. Herein, we investigated the interaction between CAIF and miR‐16 in sepsis‐induced chronic heart failure (CHF).

Methods

The expression of CAIF and miR‐16 in plasma samples from sepsis‐induced CHF patients (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 60) were measured using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The correlations between CAIF and miR‐16 across plasma samples from patients with sepsis‐induced CHF and healthy controls were analyzed using linear regression. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, C‐C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), growth‐regulated alpha protein (CXCL1), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were evaluated using qRT‐PCR while nuclear factor κB activation was evaluated using luciferase assay.

Results

The expression levels of CAIF and miR‐16 were downregulated in the plasma of sepsis‐induced CHF patients and were positively correlated in these patients. In cardiomyocytes, LPS treatment dose‐dependently decreased CAIF and miR‐16 levels. CAIF overexpression increased miR‐16 expression by demethylating miR‐16. CAIF and/or miR‐16 overexpression suppressed LPS‐induced CCL2, CXCL1, and IL‐6 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Analysis of cell apoptosis and western blot analysis showed that CAIF and/or miR‐16 overexpression inhibited LPS‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by reducing Bax and cleaved caspase 3 levels and enhancing Bcl‐2 levels.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to report the abnormal expression of CAIF and miR‐16 in heart disease. CAIF plays a protective role in sepsis‐induced CHF by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation, possibly by regulating miR‐16 demethylation.
Encapsulation and differentiation of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in a biomimetic purine cross‐linked chitosan sponge
Authors: Karoichan Antoine , Baudequin Timothée , Al‐Jallad Hadil , Tabrizian Maryam
Published: September 2021

Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue have become a widely investigated cell source to use in tissue engineering applications. However, an optimal delivery scaffold for these cells is still needed. A rapidly gelling, injectable chitosan sponge was proposed in this study as a potential candidate for a suitable delivery scaffold. The results demonstrated the ability to encapsulate the stem cells at a 97.6% encapsulation efficiency and that the cells maintain their viability within the sponge. With the potential of using this scaffold for bone tissue engineering, ALP activity assay and fluorescent imaging for osteocalcin proved the ability to differentiate the encapsulated cells into the osteogenic lineage. Furthermore, co‐encapsulation of pyrophosphatase within the sponge was investigated as a method to overcome the inhibitory effects that the sponge degradation by‐products have on mineralization. Alizarin Red S staining demonstrated the beneficial effects of adding pyrophosphatase, where a significant increase in mineralization levels was achieved.
Serum Circ‐FAF1/Circ‐ELP3: A novel potential biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis
Authors: Omid‐Shafaat Ramtin , Moayeri Hassan , Rahimi Karim , Menbari Mohammad‐Nazir , Vahabzadeh Zakaria , Hakhamaneshi Mohammad‐Saied , Nouri Bijan , Ghaderi Bayazid , Abdi Mohammad
Published: September 2021

Background

Recently, measurement of serum circular RNAs (circRNAs) as a non‐invasive tumor marker has been considered more. We designed the present study to investigate the diagnostic efficiency of serum Circ‐ELP3 and Circ‐FAF1, separately and simultaneously, for diagnosis of patients with breast cancer.

Methods

Seventy‐eight female patients diagnosed as primary breast cancer participated in this study. We measured the level of circRNAs in serum specimens of the studied subjects. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted and the diagnostic efficiency for both circRNAs was determined.

Results

Compared to non‐cancerous controls, Circ‐ELP3 was upregulated in breast cancer patients (p‐value = 0.004). On the other hand, serum Circ‐FAF1 was seen to be decreased in breast cancer patients than controls (p‐value = 0.001). According to ROC curve results, the area under the curve (AUC) for Circ‐ELP3 and Circ‐FAF1 was 0.733 and 0.787, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated sensitivity and specificity for Circ‐ELP3 and Circ‐FAF1 were 65, 64% and 77, 74%, respectively. Merging both circRNAs increased the diagnostic efficiency, with a better AUC, sensitivity and specificity values of 0.891, 96 and 62%, respectively.

Conclusion

Briefly, our results revealed the high diagnostic value for combined circRNAs panel, including Circ‐ELP3 and Circ‐FAF1 as a non‐invasive marker, in detection of breast carcinomas.
Global HIV mortality trends among children on antiretroviral treatment corrected for under‐reported deaths: an updated analysis of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS collaboration
Authors: Kassanjee Reshma , Johnson Leigh F. , Zaniewski Elizabeth , Ballif Marie , Christ Benedikt , Yiannoutsos Constantin T. , Nyakato Patience , Desmonde Sophie , Edmonds Andrew , Sudjaritruk Tavitiya , Pinto Jorge , Vreeman Rachel , Dahourou Désiré Lucien , Twizere Christelle , Kariminia Azar , Carlucci James G. , Kasozi Charles , Davies Mary‐Ann ,   the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Collaboration
Published: September 2021

Introduction

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) projections of paediatric HIV prevalence and deaths rely on the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium for mortality estimates among children living with HIV (CHIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Previous estimates, based on data through 2014, may no longer be accurate due to expanded paediatric HIV care and treatment eligibility, and the possibility of unreported deaths in CHIV considered lost to follow‐up (LTFU). We therefore estimated all‐cause mortality and its trends in CHIV (<15 years old) on ART using extended and new IeDEA data.

Methods

We analysed (i) IeDEA observational data from CHIV in routine care globally, and (ii) novel data from an IeDEA tracing study that determined outcomes in a sample of CHIV after being LTFU in southern Africa. We included 45,711 CHIV on ART during 2004 to 2017 at 72 programmes in Africa, Asia‐Pacific and Latin America. We used mixed effects Poisson regression to estimate mortality by age, sex, CD4 at ART start, time on ART, region and calendar year. For Africa, in an adjusted analysis that accounts for unreported deaths among those LTFU, we first modified the routine data by simulating mortality outcomes within six months after LTFU, based on a Gompertz survival model fitted to the tracing data (n = 221).

Results

Observed mortality rates were 1.8 (95% CI: 1.7 to 1.9) and 9.4 (6.3 to 13.4) deaths per 100 person‐years in the routine and tracing data, respectively. We found strong evidence of higher mortality at shorter ART durations, lower CD4 values, and in infancy. Averaging over covariate patterns, the adjusted mortality rate was 54% higher than the unadjusted rate. In unadjusted analyses, mortality reduced by an average 60% and 73% from 2005 to 2017, within and outside of Africa, respectively. In the adjusted analysis for Africa, this temporal reduction was 42%.

Conclusions

Mortality rates among CHIV have decreased substantially over time. However, when accounting for worse outcomes among those LTFU, mortality estimates increased and temporal improvements were slightly reduced, suggesting caution in interpreting analyses based only on programme data. The improved and updated IeDEA estimates on mortality among CHIV on ART support UNAIDS efforts to accurately model global HIV statistics.
Disease progression and mortality with untreated HIV infection: evidence synthesis of HIV seroconverter cohorts, antiretroviral treatment clinical cohorts and population‐based survey data
Authors: Glaubius Robert , Kothegal Nikhil , Birhanu Sehin , Jonnalagadda Sasi , Mahiane Severin Guy , Johnson Leigh F. , Brown Tim , Stover John , Mangal Tara D. , Pantazis Nikos , Eaton Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Model‐based estimates of key HIV indicators depend on past epidemic trends that are derived based on assumptions about HIV disease progression and mortality in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Population‐based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) household surveys conducted between 2015 and 2018 found substantial numbers of respondents living with untreated HIV infection. CD4 cell counts measured in these individuals provide novel information to estimate HIV disease progression and mortality rates off ART.

Methods

We used Bayesian multi‐parameter evidence synthesis to combine data on (1) cross‐sectional CD4 cell counts among untreated adults living with HIV from 10 PHIA surveys, (2) survival after HIV seroconversion in East African seroconverter cohorts, (3) post‐seroconversion CD4 counts and (4) mortality rates by CD4 count predominantly from European, North American and Australian seroconverter cohorts. We used incremental mixture importance sampling to estimate HIV natural history and ART uptake parameters used in the Spectrum software. We validated modelled trends in CD4 count at ART initiation against ART initiator cohorts in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Results

Median untreated HIV survival decreased with increasing age at seroconversion, from 12.5 years [95% credible interval (CrI): 12.1–12.7] at ages 15–24 to 7.2 years (95% CrI: 7.1–7.7) at ages 45–54. Older age was associated with lower initial CD4 counts, faster CD4 count decline and higher HIV‐related mortality rates. Our estimates suggested a weaker association between ART uptake and HIV‐related mortality rates than previously assumed in Spectrum. Modelled CD4 counts in untreated people living with HIV matched recent household survey data well, though some intercountry variation in frequencies of CD4 counts above 500 cells/mm3 was not explained. Trends in CD4 counts at ART initiation were comparable to data from ART initiator cohorts. An alternate model that stratified progression and mortality rates by sex did not improve model fit appreciably.

Conclusions

Synthesis of multiple data sources results in similar overall survival as previous Spectrum parameter assumptions but implies more rapid progression and longer survival in lower CD4 categories. New natural history parameter values improve consistency of model estimates with recent cross‐sectional CD4 data and trends in CD4 counts at ART initiation.
Naomi: a new modelling tool for estimating HIV epidemic indicators at the district level in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Eaton Jeffrey W. , Dwyer‐Lindgren Laura , Gutreuter Steve , O'Driscoll Megan , Stevens Oliver , Bajaj Sumali , Ashton Rob , Hill Alexandra , Russell Emma , Esra Rachel , Dolan Nicolas , Anifowoshe Yusuf O. , Woodbridge Mark , Fellows Ian , Glaubius Robert , Haeuser Emily , Okonek Taylor , Stover John , Thomas Matthew L. , Wakefield Jon , Wolock Timothy M. , Berry Jonathan , Sabala Tomasz , Heard Nathan , Delgado Stephen , Jahn Andreas , Kalua Thokozani , Chimpandule Tiwonge , Auld Andrew , Kim Evelyn , Payne Danielle , Johnson Leigh F. , FitzJohn Richard G. , Wanyeki Ian , Mahy Mary I. , Shiraishi Ray W.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

HIV planning requires granular estimates for the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage and unmet need, and new HIV infections by district, or equivalent subnational administrative level. We developed a Bayesian small‐area estimation model, called Naomi, to estimate these quantities stratified by subnational administrative units, sex, and five‐year age groups.

Methods

Small‐area regressions for HIV prevalence, ART coverage and HIV incidence were jointly calibrated using subnational household survey data on all three indicators, routine antenatal service delivery data on HIV prevalence and ART coverage among pregnant women, and service delivery data on the number of PLHIV receiving ART. Incidence was modelled by district‐level HIV prevalence and ART coverage. Model outputs of counts and rates for each indicator were aggregated to multiple geographic and demographic stratifications of interest. The model was estimated in an empirical Bayes framework, furnishing probabilistic uncertainty ranges for all output indicators. Example results were presented using data from Malawi during 2016–2018.

Results

Adult HIV prevalence in September 2018 ranged from 3.2% to 17.1% across Malawi's districts and was higher in southern districts and in metropolitan areas. ART coverage was more homogenous, ranging from 75% to 82%. The largest number of PLHIV was among ages 35 to 39 for both women and men, while the most untreated PLHIV were among ages 25 to 29 for women and 30 to 34 for men. Relative uncertainty was larger for the untreated PLHIV than the number on ART or total PLHIV. Among clients receiving ART at facilities in Lilongwe city, an estimated 71% (95% CI, 61% to 79%) resided in Lilongwe city, 20% (14% to 27%) in Lilongwe district outside the metropolis, and 9% (6% to 12%) in neighbouring Dowa district. Thirty‐eight percent (26% to 50%) of Lilongwe rural residents and 39% (27% to 50%) of Dowa residents received treatment at facilities in Lilongwe city.

Conclusions

The Naomi model synthesizes multiple subnational data sources to furnish estimates of key indicators for HIV programme planning, resource allocation, and target setting. Further model development to meet evolving HIV policy priorities and programme need should be accompanied by continued strengthening and understanding of routine health system data.
Accounting for misclassified and unknown cause of death data in vital registration systems for estimating trends in HIV mortality
Authors: Kyu Hmwe H. , Jahagirdar Deepa , Cunningham Matthew , Walters Magdalene , Brewer Edmond , Novotney Amanda , Wool Eve , Dippennar Ilse , Sharara Fablina , Han Chieh , Balassyano Shelly , Bertolacci Greg , Murray Christopher J. L. , Naghavi Mohsen
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Misclassification of HIV deaths can substantially diminish the usefulness of cause of death data for decision‐making. In this study, we describe the methods developed by the Global Burden of Disease Study to account for the misclassified cause of death data from vital registration systems for estimating HIV mortality in 132 countries and territories.

Methods

The cause of death data were obtained from the World Health Organization Mortality Database and official country‐specific mortality databases. We implemented two steps to adjust the raw cause of death data: (1) redistributing garbage codes to underlying causes of death, including HIV/AIDS by applying methods, such as analysis of multiple cause data and proportional redistribution, and (2) reassigning HIV deaths misclassified as other causes to HIV/AIDS by examining the age patterns of underlying causes in location and years with and without HIV epidemics.

Results

In 132 countries, during the period from 1990 to 2018, 1,848,761 deaths were reported as caused by HIV/AIDS. After garbage code redistribution in these 132 countries, this number increased to 4,165,015 deaths. An additional 1,944,291 deaths were added through correction of HIV deaths misclassified as other causes in 44 countries. The proportion of HIV deaths derived from garbage code redistribution decreased over time, from 0.4 in 1990 to 0.1 in 2018. The proportion of deaths derived from HIV misclassification correction peaked at 0.4 in 2006 and declined afterwards to 0.08 in 2018. The greatest contributors to garbage code redistribution were “immunodeficiency antibody” (ICD 9: 279‐279.1; ICD 10: D80‐D80.9) and “immunodeficiency other” (ICD 9: 279, 279.5‐279.9; ICD 10: D83‐D84.9, D89, D89.8‐D89.9), which together contributed 77% of all redistributed deaths at their peak in 1995. Respiratory tuberculosis (ICD 9: 010–012.9; ICD 10: A10‐A14, A15‐A16.9) contributed the greatest proportion of all HIV misclassified deaths (25–62% per year) over the most years.

Conclusions

Correcting for miscoding and misclassification of cause of death data can enhance the utility of the data for analyzing trends in HIV mortality and tracking progress toward the Sustainable Development Goal targets.
The rhipidoglossan radula: Formation and development in Margarites helicinus Phipps, 1774 (Trochoidea, Vetigastropoda)
Authors: Vortsepneva Elena , Herbert David G. , Kantor Yuri
Published: September 2021

The gastropod radula exhibits exceptional morphological variability. Despite this enormous diversity, the main patterns of synthesis of the teeth and radula membrane, characteristic of different groups can be identified. The rhipidoglossan radula contains numerous teeth in each transverse row and was found in phylogenetically distant groups of Gastropoda. Studying radula formation through stages of ontogeny in species with this type of radula is important in determining the main patterns of radula formation in gastropods. We studied the formation of the radula during development of one species of trochid vetigastropod, Margarites helicinus, using light and electron microscopy as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy. The adult radula is formed in the blind end of the radular sac, which bifurcates into two horns in vetigastropods. The numerous marginal teeth are synthesized in these horns while the central and lateral teeth form in the region where the horns fuse. This morphology of the formation zone appears to be a common pattern for all vetigastropods. The juvenile radula of M. helicinus consists of seven teeth per transverse row and its formation in the radular sac differs significantly from that in the adult. In the juvenile, the formation zone of the radular sac is not split into two horns, and the teeth and radular membrane are synthesized by relatively few, uniform cells. This organization of the larval radular sac is thought to represent a widely occurring larval pattern potentially present in all groups of gastropods. It is associated with early formation of all organs by few cells rather than representing a phylogenetic trait.
Knowledge diffusion worldwide: Role of university–industry collaborations and beyond
Authors: Goel Rajeev K.
Published: September 2021

This paper tries to explain the drivers of knowledge diffusion across a large sample of nations, focusing on the influence of university–industry collaborations. However, we also consider knowledge‐diffusion contributions of creative outputs and joint ventures. Are the knowledge‐diffusion dividends from university–industry collaborations greater than the dividends from creative outputs or from joint ventures? Results show that greater university–industry collaborations increase knowledge diffusion, and these spillovers are reinforced by creative outputs but not by joint ventures. Another interesting and novel finding is that the influences of university collaborations and creative outputs are sensitive to the prevailing diffusion of knowledge.
Sharper uncertainty principle and Paley–Wiener theorem for the Dunkl transform
Authors: Fei Minggang , Wang Qian , Yang Lan
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we strengthen the results of the uncertainty principle established by M. Rösler and M. Voit and the real Paley–Wiener theorem established by N. B. Anderson and M. de Jeu for the Dunkl transform on the real line. Examples are provided to show that the new uncertainty principle is truly sharper than the existing one in literature.
AI in medical physics: guidelines for publication
Authors: El Naqa Issam , Boone John M. , Benedict Stanley H. , Goodsitt Mitchell M. , Chan Heang‐Ping , Drukker Karen , Hadjiiski Lubomir , Ruan Dan , Sahiner Berkman
Published: September 2021

The Abstract is intended to provide a concise summary of the study and its scientific findings. For AI/ML applications in medical physics, a problem statement and rationale for utilizing these algorithms are necessary while highlighting the novelty of the approach. A brief numerical description of how the data are partitioned into subsets for training of the AI/ML algorithm, validation (including tuning of parameters), and independent testing of algorithm performance is required. This is to be followed by a summary of the results and statistical metrics that quantify the performance of the AI/ML algorithm.
Training data distribution significantly impacts the estimation of tissue microstructure with machine learning
Authors: Gyori Noemi G. , Palombo Marco , Clark Christopher A. , Zhang Hui , Alexander Daniel C.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Supervised machine learning (ML) provides a compelling alternative to traditional model fitting for parameter mapping in quantitative MRI. The aim of this work is to demonstrate and quantify the effect of different training data distributions on the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates when supervised ML is used for fitting.

Methods

We fit a two‐ and three‐compartment biophysical model to diffusion measurements from in‐vivo human brain, as well as simulated diffusion data, using both traditional model fitting and supervised ML. For supervised ML, we train several artificial neural networks, as well as random forest regressors, on different distributions of ground truth parameters. We compare the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates obtained from the different estimation approaches using synthetic test data.

Results

When the distribution of parameter combinations in the training set matches those observed in healthy human data sets, we observe high precision, but inaccurate estimates for atypical parameter combinations. In contrast, when training data is sampled uniformly from the entire plausible parameter space, estimates tend to be more accurate for atypical parameter combinations but may have lower precision for typical parameter combinations.

Conclusion

This work highlights that estimation of model parameters using supervised ML depends strongly on the training‐set distribution. We show that high precision obtained using ML may mask strong bias, and visual assessment of the parameter maps is not sufficient for evaluating the quality of the estimates.
A review on the processing–morphology–property relationship in biodegradable polymer composites containing carbon nanotubes and nanofibers
Authors: Motloung Mpho Phillip , Mofokeng Tladi Gideon , Ojijo Vincent , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: September 2021

Carbon nanofillers containing biodegradable polymer composites have become an emerging frontier in materials science and engineering because of their potential as environmentally friendly materials in multiple applications, from load‐bearing to advanced packaging to biomedical applications. Herein, we present the effect of processing parameters on the final morphology and the resulting properties of the biodegradable polymer composites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Various strategies can be employed to develop such composites; however, the type of morphology, which results during processing, significantly affects the final properties of the obtained composites. Therefore, various processing strategies such as melt‐blending, additive manufacturing, and electrospinning are critically reviewed, together with the potential applications in load‐bearing, tissue engineering, electromagnetic shielding, gas sensing, and packaging. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future directions in designing CNTs/CNFs containing biodegradable polymer composites with desired properties.
GABA receptor associated protein changes the electrostatic environment around the GABA type A receptor
Authors: Irwin Benedict W. J. , Wanjura Clara C. , Molnar Daniel , Rutter Michael J. , Payne Michael C. , Chau P.‐L.
Published: September 2021

We have performed fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the intracellular domain of a model of the GABAA receptor with and without the GABA receptor associated protein (GABARAP) bound. We have also calculated the electrostatic potential due to the receptor, in the absence and presence of GABARAP. We find that GABARAP binding changes the electrostatic properties around the GABAA receptor and could lead to increased conductivity of chloride ions through the receptor. We also find that ion motions that would result in conducting currents are observed nearly twice as often when GABARAP binds. These results are consistent with data from electrophysiological experiments.
Incorporating label correlations into deep neural networks to classify protein subcellular location patterns in immunohistochemistry images
Authors: Hu Jin‐Xian , Yang Yang , Xu Ying‐Ying , Shen Hong‐Bin
Published: September 2021

Analysis of protein subcellular localization is a critical part of proteomics. In recent years, as both the number and quality of microscopic images are increasing rapidly, many automated methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been developed to predict protein subcellular location(s) based on bioimages, but their performance always suffers from some inherent properties of the problem. First, many microscopic images have non‐informative or noisy sections, like unstained stroma and unspecific background, which affect the extraction of protein expression information. Second, the patterns of protein subcellular localization are very complex, as a lot of proteins locate in more than one compartment. In this study, we propose a new label‐correlation enhanced deep neural network, laceDNN, to classify the subcellular locations of multi‐label proteins from immunohistochemistry images. The model uses small representative patches as input to alleviate the image noise issue, and its backbone is a hybrid architecture of CNN and recurrent neural network, where the former network extracts representative image features and the latter learns the organelle dependency relationships. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed model can improve the performance of multi‐label protein subcellular classification.
Tree age and cultivar‐oriented use of mineral oil added to fungicide tank mixture for the control of citrus black spot in sweet orange orchards
Authors: Silva Junior Geraldo José , Moraes Mário Roberto , Moreira Rafaele Regina , Behlau Franklin
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Mineral oil added to fungicide spray mixtures has been a frequently used strategy to control citrus black spot (CBS) worldwide. Although mineral oil may increase the efficacy of control, its use represents around 15% of the costs of a CBS spray program. This study aimed to assess the performance of different proportions of mineral oil added to a fungicide tank mixture for CBS control in young (less than 10 years old) and old (more than 12 years old) sweet orange orchards of early (‘Hamlin’), mid‐season (‘Pera’) and late‐maturing (‘Valencia’) cultivars in São Paulo state, Brazil. The efficacy of 0.15%, 0.20% or 0.25% mineral oil added to a fungicide spray mixture was determined by assessing CBS incidence, severity and fruit drop in six orchards over two seasons.

RESULTS

Fungicide programs with or without oil were effective in reducing 100% CBS symptom expression in both young and old ‘Hamlin’ orchards and in the young ‘Pera’ orchard. The lowest mineral oil rate tested (0.15%) showed a reduction in CBS intensity of around 90%, similar to the highest rate tested in the old ‘Pera’ orchard. The highest cost–benefit program to control CBS in the old ‘Valencia’ orchard was obtained with the mineral oil rate of 0.25%, commonly used in the São Paulo citrus belt, which reduced CBS severity by up to 97%.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that mineral oil rates for CBS control can be adjusted according to tree age and cultivar. These findings contribute to the establishment of more sustainable citrus production by reducing spray costs while maintaining the efficacy of CBS control. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Recent Progress and Perspectives of Field‐Effect Transistors Based on p‐Type Oxide Semiconductors
Authors: Kim Taikyu , Jeong Jae Kyeong
Published: September 2021

Oxide semiconductors are considered as one of the most promising candidates for back‐end‐of‐line transistors for monolithic 3D integration due to various advantages, such as complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible method, low fabrication temperature, and promising electrical characteristics. As such, the demand for p‐type oxide semiconductors that are comparable to their n‐type oxide counterparts is increasing. However, the inferior electrical characteristics of p‐channel field‐effect transistors based on oxide semiconductors hinder their widespread application. Thus, the development of high‐performance p‐type oxide semiconductors is essential for their implementation in next‐generation electronics, which have requirements such as innovative form factors, high power efficiencies, and superior transparency. Herein, strategies for improving the device performances of p‐type oxide semiconductors fabricated via CMOS‐compatible methods are reviewed from a material science and device physics perspective, and a brief history of p‐type oxide semiconductors is discussed. Furthermore, critical issues for p‐type oxide semiconductors, such as the transport mechanism, bias stress stability, high off‐current, and ambipolar behavior, are discussed.
Preview control for uncertain discrete‐time periodic systems
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Yaofeng , Liao Yonglong
Published: September 2021

This article concerns the designing observer‐based feedback preview control and static output feedback preview control for linear uncertain discrete‐time periodic systems subject to previewable reference signal. First, a difference operator approach and a state augmentation technique are employed to derive an augmented error system. Second, considering the state unmeasured and previewable reference signal, a state observer and a preview controller are designed to achieve signal tracking performance. Then, by the Lyapunov stability theory, some sufficient conditions are obtained for the closed‐loop systems in linear matrix inequality form. Finally, two numerical simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Preservice science teachers' sociopolitical consciousness: Analyzing descriptions of culturally relevant science teaching and students
Authors: Jones Britney L. , Donaldson Morgaen L.
Published: September 2021

Science education reforms aimed at narrowing racial achievement gaps often call for educators to make their instruction more inclusive and relevant to students' lives. Culturally Relevant Science Teaching (CRST) requires teachers to develop students' sociopolitical consciousness (SPC) in science, yet little is known about if and how science teachers are enacting this component. Additionally, little research has explicitly examined science teachers' SPC. This study explores the extent to which 10 preservice science teachers describe and report implementing the tenets of CRST in their student teaching placements and examines their SPC. We found that most participants mentioned academic success (the first tenet) and cultural competence (the second tent) in their descriptions of CRST implementation, but only two participants described developing students' SPC (the third tenet). Additionally, we found that the two participants who alluded to developing students' SPC also exhibited a higher level of personal SPC. This key finding supports the theoretical assertion that science teachers' SPC shapes their capacity to fully enact CRST. Our findings underscore the need for teacher educators to cultivate preservice teachers' SPC in science education programs.
Benzo[1,2‐c;4,5‐cʹ]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole‐porphyrin‐based near‐infrared dyes
Authors: Liu Yi , Wu Shaofei , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Wu Jishan
Published: September 2021

Benzo[1,2‐c;4,5‐cʹ]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BBT) has intrinsic diradical character and herein it is used to construct organic near‐infrared (NIR) dyes together with the aromatic porphyrin unit. Three BBT‐porphyrin hybrid dyes 1–3 with different linkage modes are synthesized by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling between meso‐ethynylene porphyrin units and monobromo‐/dibromo‐ BBT, or through unexpected homocoupling between the BBT units. They all possess small open‐shell diradical character and display intense NIR absorption in the range of 800–1000 nm. They also exhibit amphoteric redox behavior. BBT‐based diradicaloids are thus good candidates for organic NIR dyes.
Quashing demand or changing clients? Evidence of criminalization of sex work in the United Kingdom
Authors: Della Giusta Marina , Di Tommaso Maria Laura , Jewell Sarah , Bettio Francesca
Published: September 2021

The use of regulation of sex work is undergoing sweeping changes across Europe and client criminalization is becoming very widespread, with conflicting claims about the intended and actual consequences of this policy. We discuss changes in demand for paid sex accompanying the criminalization of prostitution in the United Kingdom, which moved from a relatively permissive regime under the Wolfenden Report of 1960, to a much harder line of aiming to crack down on prostitution with the Prostitution (Public Places) Scotland Act 2007 and the Policing and Crime Act of 2009 in England and Wales. We make use of two waves of the British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL2, conducted in 2000–2001 and NATSAL3, conducted in 2010–2012) to document the changes in both the amount of demand for paid sex and in the type of clients that have taken place across the two waves, and their possible implications for policies that frame prostitution as a form of crime.
A Review on Swirling Flow Casting Technology in Steel Production
Authors: Xie Qinghua , Nabeel Muhammad , Ersson Mikael , Ni Peiyuan
Published: September 2021

Casting is a vital process in steel production where solidification process of molten steel occurs in mold coupled with fluid flow, heat transfer, crystal growth, inclusion motion, solute redistribution, segregation, and so on. All these phenomena are closely related to the steel flow behavior. To optimize the flow field in mold at initial moment, the swirling flow casting technology is developed and has received extensive attention in past years. It is believed to be a promising method to further optimize the steel flow and to improve the solidification process. Herein, the swirling flow steel casting is comprehensively reviewed to introduce different realization technologies, new research progress, and the current situation of their application. This aims to promote the development and usage of swirling flow technology in steel casting.
An Integration Model for Converter Molten Steel End Temperature Prediction Based on Bayesian Formula
Authors: Feng Kai , Yang Lingzhi , Su Buxin , Feng Wei , Wang Longfei
Published: September 2021

Highly accurate prediction of converter molten steel end temperature is important foundation of realizing intelligent smelting in converter procedure. Single model prediction of converter end temperature has problems such as weak generalization ability and difficulty in increasing accuracy. To tackle these problems, this review proposes a modeling method based on Bayesian formula that dynamically integrate multiple models with different features. First, various data patterns and features are explored using different modeling methods and respective prediction model for converter molten steel end temperature is constructed. Then, the value range of the objective is discretized and the confidence levels of the prediction results from different models are computed based on Bayesian formula. Last, the prediction values of different models are weighted according to their confidence level and a comprehensive prediction result is obtained. Testing and comparison are carried out on the integration model and the three single models (support vector regression, random forest, and BP neural network) using actual production data. Results show that the integration model based on Bayesian formula can further increase the prediction accuracy effectively on top of single model prediction accuracy.
Building on ELA Vocabulary Instruction to Develop Language Resources
Authors: Avalos Mary A. , Bengochea Alain , Malova Irina , Massey Susan
Published: September 2021

This article provides a “snapshot” of fourth grade English Language Arts (ELA) vocabulary instruction before and after implementation of college and career readiness standards. Our exploratory study's findings demonstrate the instructional shifts for teaching deep vocabulary knowledge as required by college and career readiness standards, including a greater frequency of oral discussions. Many emergent bilinguals are placed in classrooms where English‐medium instruction is the norm, preventing them from using their home language to make meaning and actively participate in the classroom; this stymies language learning and limits opportunities for developing deep vocabulary knowledge. Instructional strategies that build on the ELA vocabulary directives are suggested using a translanguaging perspective to develop emergent bilinguals’ language and vocabulary knowledge. These instructional suggestions can be implemented by all teachers serving bilingual learners, including those who are not bilingual in Englishmedium settings.
Performance evaluation of modified fabricated cotton membrane for oil/water separation and heavy metal ions removal
Authors: Abdel‐Hakim Ahmed , Abdella Amira H. , Sabaa Magdy W. , Gohar Hoda Y. , Mohamed Riham R. , Tera Ferial M.
Published: September 2021

Preparation of effective membrane with special surface treatment for oil/water separation having promising future and low manufacturing cost. The suggested membrane was fabricated by a simple treatment via increasing the hydrophilicity of the cotton fabric surface. The cotton fabric was impregnated in poly(acrylic acid‐co‐N‐methylol acrylamide), poly(AA‐co‐NMA), where NMA acts as bonding agent. Sodium hypophosphite (SHP) was added to the modification solution to enhance the bonding between the cotton fabric and the PAA. The modified fabric was thermally dried and cured at different temperatures. It was found that, the presence of 3.5% NMA and addition of 5% SHP to the modification solution then curing at 190°C gave the highest amount of bonded PAA to the cotton fabric. The success of the modification process was confirmed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transformer infrared and the increase in the contact angle of the cotton fabric after modification. Furthermore, the prepared membrane was evaluated for oil (n‐hexane, toluene, and petroleum ether)/water separation and also for heavy metal ions removal (Cd2+ and Co2+). Neutralization of the produced membrane with ammonium hydroxide resulting in a higher contact angle and consequently higher separation efficiency for oil/water mixtures and higher performance for heavy metal ions removal compared to the unneutralized one.
Comparing the performance of machine learning algorithms for remote and in situ estimations of chlorophyll‐a content: A case study in the Tri An Reservoir, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Hao Quang , Ha Nam Thang , Nguyen‐Ngoc Lam , Pham Thanh Luu
Published: September 2021

Chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) is one of the most important indicators of the trophic status of inland waters, and its continued monitoring is essential. Recently, the operated Sentinel‐2 MSI satellite offers high spatial resolution images for remote water quality monitoring. In this study, we tested the performance of the three well‐known machine learning (ML) (random forest [RF], support vector machine [SVM], and Gaussian process [GP]) and the two novel ML (extreme gradient boost (XGB) and CatBoost [CB]) models for estimation a wide range of Chl‐a concentration (10.1–798.7 μg/L) using the Sentinel‐2 MSI data and in situ water quality measurement in the Tri An Reservoir (TAR), Vietnam. GP indicated the most reliable model for predicting Chl‐a from water quality parameters (R2 = 0.85, root‐mean‐square error [RMSE] = 56.65 μg/L, Akaike's information criterion [AIC] = 575.10, and Bayesian information criterion [BIC] = 595.24). Regarding input model as water surface reflectance, CB was the superior model for Chl‐a retrieval (R2 = 0.84, RMSE = 46.28 μg/L, AIC = 229.18, and BIC = 238.50). Our results indicated that GP and CB are the two best models for the prediction of Chl‐a in TAR. Overall, the Sentinel‐2 MSI coupled with ML algorithms is a reliable, inexpensive, and accurate instrument for monitoring Chl‐a in inland waters.

Practitioner points

Machine learning algorithms were used for both remote sensing data and in situ water quality measurements.

The performance of five well‐known machine learning models was tested

Gaussian process was the most reliable model for predicting Chl‐a from water quality parameters

CatBoost was the best model for Chl‐a retrieval from water surface reflectance
Interactive, Orthogonal Hyperedge Routing in Schematic Diagrams Assisted by Layout Automatisms
Authors: Helmke Stefan , Goetze Bernhard , Scheffler Robert , Wrobel Gregor
Published: September 2021

Schematic diagrams are used in graph-based engineering systems. They focus mainly on the structure of the design object. Graph-based engineering systems help to solve a concrete design task. This is primarily realized by the application of domain-specific languages. The layout of schematic diagrams is of particular importance, and a neat representation is desirable. But automatically generated layouts cannot always fully match the intention of a modeler. To improve automatic layouts and enable a user-specific representation, an algorithm that allows interactive changes of the orthogonal hyperedge geometry was implemented. In this paper, we present this algorithm and give an overview of such interactions. Additionally, several reductions of the hyperedge geometry are shown. Furthermore, a local, automatic routing considering interactions on the hyperedge geometry is presented. The consideration of domain-specific semantics and the possibility of interactive changes is a new approach. All algorithms were implemented in a self-developed software framework.
Folgen von Leistungsbewertungen für ProfessorInnen: Drei Fallbeispiele
Authors: Janßen Melike , Schimank Uwe , Sondermann Ariadne
Published: September 2021

Dieses Kapitel wendet sich der Verarbeitung der Strukturveränderungen im Hochschulsystem durch die ProfessorInnen zu: Wie werden diese Veränderungen, insbesondere als Leistungsbewertungen, von den ProfessorInnen mit Blick auf die je eigene Identität erfahren – als Identitätsbedrohungen oder Identitätschancen? Und wie gehen die ProfessorInnen dann mit beidem in ihren Forschungs- und Lehrpraktiken um? Zunächst stehen drei ausgewählte individuelle Fälle im Vordergrund. Sie dienen als ganzheitliche Rekonstruktionen dazu, die Komplexität und die vielfältigen Ambivalenzen der Identitätsbetroffenheit und -behauptung der ProfessorInnen im konkreten Einzelfall zu veranschaulichen. Hier kommt, neben den Wissenschaftsgebieten und den Karrierestufen, auch die organisationale Umsetzung der Reformen als weitere wichtige Determinante der Wirkungszusammenhänge ins Spiel. Diese Fälle zeigen wiederum, dass das im Mediendiskurs vorherrschende Stereotyp des reformverweigernden Professors viel zu simpel gestrickt ist.
Migrantenselbstorganisationen und ihre Einbettung in theoretische Diskurse
Authors: Klie Anna Wiebke
Published: September 2021

Es existiert keine offiziell anerkannte, wissenschaftliche Definition des Begriffs „Migrantenselbstorganisation“. Ludger Pries versteht darunter von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund aufgrund besonderer Lebenslagen, gemeinsamer Interessen und Wertvorstellungen gegründete relativ dauerhafte Kooperationszusammenhänge bzw. Organisationen, „(1) deren Ziele und Zwecke sich wesentlich aus der Situation und den Interessen von Menschen mit Migrationsgeschichte ergeben und (2) deren Mitglieder zu einem Großteil Personen mit Migrationshintergrund sind und (3) in deren internen Strukturen und Prozessen Personen mit Migrationshintergrund eine beachtliche Rolle spielen“.
Environmental Data-Driven Performance-Based Topological Optimisation for Morphology Evolution of Artificial Taihu Stone
Authors: Feng Z. , Gu P. , Zheng M. , Yan X , Bao D. W.
Published: September 2021

Taihu stone is the most famous one among the top four stones in China. It is formed by the water's erosion in Taihu Lake for hundreds or even thousands of years. It has become a common ornamental stone in classical Chinese gardens because of its porous and intricate forms. At the same time, it has become a cultural symbol through thousands of years of history in China; later, people researched its spatial aesthetics; there are also some studies on its structural properties. For example, it has been found that the opening of Taihu stone caves has a steady-state effect which people develop its value in the theory of Poros City, Porosity in Architecture and some cultural symbols based on the original ornamental value of Taihu stone. This paper introduces a hybrid generative design method that integrates the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) techniques. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation enables architects and engineers to predict and optimise the performance of buildings and environment in the early stage of the design and topology optimisation techniques BESO has been widely used in structural design to evolve a structure from the full design domain towards an optimum by gradually removing inefficient material and adding materials simultaneously. This research aims to design the artificial Taihu stone based on the environmental data-driven performance feedback using the topological optimisation method. As traditional and historical ornament craftwork in China, the new artificial Taihu stone stimulates thinking about the new value and unique significance of the cultural symbol of Taihu stone in modern society. It proposes possibilities and reflections on exploring the related fields of Porosity in Architecture and Poros City from the perspective of structure.
A POI-Based Machine Learning Method for Predicting Residents’ Health Status
Authors: Cao Shicong , Zheng Hao
Published: September 2021

Health environment is a key factor in public health. Since people’s health depends largely on their lifestyle, the built environment which supports a healthy living style is becoming more important. With the right urban planning decisions, it’s possible to encourage healthier living and save healthcare expenditures for the society. However, there is not yet a quantitative relationship established between urban planning decisions and the health status of the residents. With the abundance of data and computing resources, this research aims to explore this relationship with a machine learning method. The data source is from both the OpenStreetMap and American Center for Decease Control and Prevention (CDC). By modeling the Point of Interest data and the geographic distribution of health-related outcome, the research explores the key factors in urban planning that could influence the health status of the residents quantitatively. It informs how to create a built environment that supports health and opens up possibilities for other data-driven methods in this field.