bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migratory Behavior of Sockeye Salmon Fry and Smolts
Authors: Hartman W. L. , Heard W. R. , Drucker B.
Published: April 2011

Considerable new data on the characteristics of sockeye fry and smolt migrations, direct underwater observations of migrating smolts, and a review of the literature are presented here with a synthesis, evaluation, and interpretation of possible survival advantages of these phenomena. Most fry migrations from spawning areas to nursery lakes take place in the spring, when harsh winter conditions in lakes are moderating and the growing season is beginning. Smolt migrations to salt water closely follow spring breakup of the ice and warming of the lake water. The time of smolt migration is correlated closely with latitude: migration is earlier in southern streams than in northern streams. The duration of seasonal migration appears to be strongly related to travel distance to the trunk river outlet. The smolt exodus is rapid and regular in single-lake systems but irregular and extended in multilake or multibasin systems. The frequency distribution of smolts migrating from two-lake or two-basin systems is usually bimodal. Most migrations commence as water temperatures near 40 F and are over when temperatures approach 50 F. Migrations of smolts and especially fry are mainly confined to the darkest hours of the night. In general, in any one season, the oldest and the largest smolts in each age-group migrate first. Other factors, such as the thickness of the ice, effectiveness of solar radiation in melting ice and warming water, and daily weather (including sunlight and wind), also influence seasonal and diel migration patterns. Underwater observations of smolts at night during migration show that they are schooled, travel in the upper water levels in shallow rivers and deeper (but not near the bottom) in deeper rivers, and usually face downstream and swim as they migrate. During migrations, fry and smolts are both often subjected to a depensatory mortality from intense predation by birds and fish. A factor disporportionately affecting different smolt populations is the length and number of restricted passages along the route to the ocean. Smolts migrating in multilake systems must encounter heavier predation than smolts migrating from single-lake systems. Predation is probably minimized en route because of innate migratory behavior patterns. Exceptions to the general migratory behavior of fry and smolts are described to show the wide range in behavioral response to variable environmental situations.
Distributions of Kraft Mill Effluent in a British Columbia Harbour
Authors: Werner A. E. , Hyslop W. F.
Published: April 2011

Concentrations of kraft mill effluent in Alberni Harbour were measured on three occasions: (a) after a period during which no effluent had been discharged; (b) during the influx of effluent into the almost-clean harbour; and (c) after a year of regular effluent discharge. Optical methods were used to measure concentrations. A simple formula was developed to estimate the concentrations of currently or recently discharged effluent. In addition to the mill, another pollution source contributed to the water colour in at least one area. The transient pattern of effluent patches which formed when the mill renewed operations was followed, from the sewer outfall, several miles down the inlet. It resembled the distribution obtained with a hydraulic model of Alberni Harbour developed in the 1940's by another worker. Effluent concentrations after a year of normal operation were recorded; their distribution is discussed.
Ecological Specificity of Parasites of Some Embiotocid Fishes
Authors: Arai Hisao P.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the relative roles of phylogenetic and ecological factors in determining host specificity at the intrafamilial level in fishes of the family Embiotocidae has been made. The results do not show indications that specificity is related to host phylogeny, i.e. parallel host–parasite evolution is not apparent. However, data are presented which strongly support the contention that specificity of parasites in Cymatogaster aggregata is determined by factors which are of an ecological nature.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Blood Serum Proteins from Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Thurston Robert V.
Published: April 2011

Electrophoretic patterns on acrylamide gels of blood serum proteins from over 400 hatchery rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) subjected to different environmental stress have been examined. Stresses to which fish were subjected were: reduction of oxygen, addition of copper sulfate, addition of sodium sulfite, and different methods of capture. Comparisons of patterns were made on the basis of sex, degree of maturity, and location of blood extraction. Comparisons were also made with blood protein patterns of wild rainbow trout taken from a local stream.Patterns showed marked intraspecific differences, and revealed a characteristic band for sexually ripe females. Significant variations were found which were attributed to degree of maturity, method of sampling, repeated sampling of the same individual, and method of capture. No significance was attributed to variations related to reduction of environmental oxygen or the addition of sublethal levels of sodium sulfite. Significant pattern variations were noted with the addition of copper sulfate. Comparisons with wild rainbow trout showed significant pattern differences.
Pigments from a Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with Unusual Skin Colouration
Authors: Evelyn T. P. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
Bedrock and Sediments of Kouchibouguac Bay, New Brunswick
Authors: Kranck Kate
Published: April 2011

On the basis of bottom samples and echograms from Kouchibouguac Bay and Northumberland Strait, the bottom topography, bottom lithology, and sediment distribution of the area are described and conclusions drawn regarding the composition of the underlying bedrock and the history of the sediments. A series of maps drawn after hydrographic charts dating back to 1839 show a buildup of the offshore barriers and underwater bars southeastward in the direction of long shore currents. Comparisons between maps illustrating bottom topography and bottom sediments show areas of topographic highs to be composed of bedrock and gravel whereas the topographic depressions consist chiefly of sand. Studies of the petrological composition of bedrock fragments and the gravel fraction reveal that green sandstone is the most common rock type in the samples from the inner part of Kouchibouguac Bay and probably underlies much of the area. On the basis of the abundant reddish-brown rocks in the samples from the outer part of the bay and the central area of Northumberland Strait it is concluded that the Scouduc Formation forms the bedrock in this area, whereas the red sandstone in samples near the coast of Prince Edward Island have been derived from the formations that form this island. Sediment colour and heavy mineral composition of the samples resemble that of the local sedimentary formations and indicate that the sand is derived from these rocks.The gravel in the area consists of glacial material, more or less reworked by wave action. The sand in the bay also appears to be relict material. This is concluded from the occurrence of sand deposits interpreted on the basis of sedimentary parameters, relation to topography, and association with present-day river mouths, as former river deposits. In a 1–2 mile-wide zone along the offshore barrier, wave action controls the deposition and distribution as shown by both normal decrease of mean diameter seaward and negative skewness values in the sediments.
Temporal and Spatial Differences in Phytoplankton Productivity in Marion Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Efford Ian E.
Published: April 2011

As shown by the C14 method, the primary productivity of phytoplankton in Marion Lake, a small shallow coastal lake, was very low and was concentrated almost entirely in the 5-month period June to October. Even on the sunniest days, productivity of the surface was not inhibited in contrast to results from most freshwater and marine studies. No explanation could be given. Measurements made simultaneously at 0.5 m at 20 stations covering the lake showed a trend to lower productivity as the water flowed from the inlet to the outlet except when the water passed a large spring. Here productivity increased, suggesting that nutrients were definitely limiting productivity. There was a close relationship between productivity and temperature but not between productivity and light. This suggested that the water temperature prevents full utilization of the available light energy and nutrients during 7 months of the year. The average producivity under a square metre of lake surface was estimated as only 8 g C/m2 per year, and efficiency of conversion of available sun's energy to plant material as only 0.0009%. The low efficiency reflected the very low concentrations of nutrients in the lake water, the high flushing rate, and the low water temperature during 7 months of the year.
Muscle Weight Relationship to Serum Proteins, Hemocytes, and Hepatopancreas in the Lobster, Homarus americanus
Authors: Stewart James E. , Cornick John W. , Foley Diane M. , Li M. F. , Bishop C. M.
Published: April 2011

Total serum protein values, hemocyte numbers, and muscle weights were determined for 216 intermolt lobsters immediately after their capture, and for 230 others held captive under a variety of dietary and environmental conditions. Average muscle values ranged from approximately 13% to the more normal 20–25% of the live animals' weight, depending upon experimental conditions. The total serum protein up to a level of 55 mg/ml was shown to be a reliable indicator of muscle weights, although the relationship was not identical for all lobster groups. It appeared to be modified chiefly by the areas from which the different groups were taken. Diet was more important than the temperatures (5 to 14 C) in affecting changes in muscle and serum protein values. Starvation caused a greater reduction (50 to 70%) in the size of the hepatopancreas than in the muscle. Histological examination of the hepatopancreatic tissue showed that the lipid content was markedly reduced upon starvation and that a degeneration of this organ was apparent for lobsters fed a beef liver and herring diet. Measurement of serum proteins would appear to be a useful technique in experiments on lobster nutrition and have value, within specified limits, for assessing the physiological condition of wild lobsters.
A Simplified Model of a Lake for Instructional Use
Authors: Vallentyne J. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) Stranded in Northern California
Authors: Mitchell Edward , Houck Warren J.
Published: April 2011

Four Cuvier's whale strandings in northern California within 26 minutes of latitude include two of known date (March and September) and three of known sex and inferred maturity (adult male, juvenile male, large and presumably adult female). The large male and female showed a variety of external white markings, including oval white marks and mottled white marks, and the male also had scratch-like marks on its back. Oval white marks were concentrated in the urogenital region. Based upon cranial features the large male and female were presumably adult, although indirect evidence indicates that absolute length is no good criterion of maturity in Ziphius cavirostris. Study of the juvenile skull indicates that with increasing age in this species the orbitosphenoid bone projects progressively farther out of the optic foramen, and the mandibular symphysis fuses.
Biology of Gadus morhua in Ogac Lake, a Landlocked Fiord on Baffin Island
Authors: Patriquin David G.
Published: April 2011

Gadus morhua L. occurs in Ogac Lake, a salt, meromictic lake on Baffin Island that receives influxes of seawater only during the highest summer tides. Cod of the order of 10,000 of lengths 25 cm and greater and 500 of lengths greater than 60 cm were present. The size ranges for various ages far exceeded those of oceanic populations. Feeding conditions were poor, and sea urchins predominated in the diet. Large cod (greater than 50 cm) were highly cannibalistic, and it was estimated that they consume of the order of 3500 fish of 20–40 cm annually. Maturation occurred at the unusually large size of 85 cm in females, and at about 65 cm in males. Apparently many of the cod never reach these sizes. Spawning was from late May to early July in 1962, and initiation of spawning appeared to be related to light. The hatching of cod larvae coincided with the appearance of the nauplii of the dominant copepod in the lake. Egg size was highly variable and exhibited a curious bimodalism. Variation in vertebral and fin-ray counts was slight in spite of high environmental variability, and thus appears largely genetically controlled. Possibly the first inhabitants came from Greenland stocks, which have high growth rates similar to the faster growing cod in the lake, and similar high length at maturity. Meristic characters also suggest affinity with Greenland rather than Labrador cod. The hydrography of the area and the possibilities of larval drift or adult migration into the lake are discussed. Cannibalism must exert continuing selection for high growth rates, but very poor feeding conditions and hierarchial dominance effects probably prevent general attainment of high growth rates.
Effects of Tagging and of Fin-clipping on the Survival and Growth of Atlantic Salmon Between Smolt and Adult Stages
Authors: Saunders Richard L. , Allen K. Radway
Published: April 2011

Rates of recapture of Atlantic salmon marked as naturally produced smolts in the Northwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick, were 2.9 for tagged and 3.9% for fin-clipped grilse and 0.7 for tagged and 1.8% for fin-clipped larger salmon. There are indications that survival to the adult stage is much higher for unmarked smolts than for tagged or fin-clipped fish. Length measurements of 117 tagged, 607 fin-clipped, and 301 unmarked grilse taken above tidehead in the Northwest Miramichi showed that those entering freshwater early in the season were smaller that those entering later. Tagged grilse were shorter than fin-clipped grilse which returned at the same time, and the fin-clipped grilse were shorter than unmarked ones. Rates of increase in size among tagged, fin-clipped, and unmarked grilse during the season of return to freshwater (June through October) did not differ significantly.
In Vitro Susceptibilities of the Lobster Pathogen Gaffkya homari to Various Disinfectants and Antibiotics
Authors: Stewart James E. , Cornick John W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Breeding King Crabs Paralithodes camtschatica Located in Ocean Environment
Authors: McMullen John C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Microorganisms From Some Tropical Fish Diseases
Authors: Almeida L. J. , Silva E. J. Da , Freitas Yvonne M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis: Selection of Virus-Free Stock from a Population of Carrier Trout
Authors: Wolf Ken , Quimby M. C. , Carlson C. P. , Bullock G. L.
Published: April 2011

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a virulent disease of young trouts and is easily transmitted from infected animals through water and with eggs. At present, the most effective control measure consists of propagation of specific pathogen-free stock. Methods are described for using fish cell cultures to detect IPN virus in peritoneal washes, feces, and gonadal fluids and thereby to identifiy carrier and non-carrier fish. The procedures were used to derive virus-free progeny from a hatchery trout population containing about one-third carrier fish. The progeny were reared to maturity, spawned for 3 successive years, and at each spawning they proved free of virus. Recommendations and precautions are given for those who may wish to apply the procedures.
A First Report of Chum Salmon Fry Feeding in Fresh Water of British Columbia
Authors: Sparrow R. A. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Relation Between Production and Mineralization of Organic Matter in Aburatsubo Inlet, Japan
Authors: Seki Humitake
Published: April 2011

Studies carried out in Aburatsubo Inlet (35°09′N, 139°37′E) showed that generally during the spring the dark assimilation of carbon dioxide was a large fraction of the total carbon dioxide assimilated. During the rest of the year photosynthesis accounted for most of the production of the water column, but dark assimilation was sometimes appreciable in the sediments. Production generally exceeded mineralization, indicating a net gain of organic matter either in the sediments or in adjoining water masses.
Food of the Buffalo Sculpin, Enophrys bison
Authors: Johnson Clifford Ray
Published: April 2011

not available
Distribution of the Parasitic Isopod Hemioniscus balani with Special Reference to the East Coast of North America
Authors: Crisp D. J.
Published: April 2011

Hemioniscus balani Spence Bate, a parasitic isopod with a world-wide distribution in temperate waters, was not found among intertidal populations of Balanus balanoides examined between 1959 and 1965 on the east coast of North America from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras, except for a small area near Halifax, Nova Scotia.The North American variety of Balanus balanoides, when transplanted from Woods Hole to North Wales, was found to be much more susceptible than the European variety to parasitisation by H. balani.
Estimation of the Age of Exploitation at a Given Fishing Mortality
Authors: Kutty M. Krishnan
Published: April 2011

not available
Age and Growth of Lake Sturgeon in the Saskatchewan River Delta
Authors: Royer L. M. , Atton F. M. , Cuerrier J.-P.
Published: April 2011

not available
Respiratory Quotients in Goldfish and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Kutty Methil Narayan
Published: April 2011

The respiratory quotients (R.Q.) of goldfish and rainbow trout were measured at 20 and 15 C respectively under spontaneous and forced activity. In goldfish spontaneously active and acclimated to air saturation the R.Q. was 1.02 in ambient oxygen above 50% air saturation and rose to 1.94 below 25% air saturation. Rainbow trout under similar conditions displayed respective R.Q.'s of 0.96 and 1.4. The latter R.Q. could be sustained only for a short time. In both species the metabolic rate dropped at oxygen concentrations below 50% air saturation but spontaneous activity remained high. Goldfish acclimated to 15% air saturation displayed the same R.Q. as unacclimated fish and thus did not display any increase in anaerobic capacity. When forced to swim steadily in water above 50% air saturation both species showed an initial anaerobic phase. This phase was less marked in the rainbow trout and was followed by an aerobic steady state except that at low swimming speeds the goldfish appeared to continuously derive some energy anaerobically. At oxygen concentrations below 50% air saturation the R.Q. of goldfish increased with decreasing concentration during steady swimming. At the single level of steady swimming effort at which comparisons were made, the R.Q. of goldfish did not change with acclimation to 15% air saturation but the rate of oxygen consumption fell to about 50% of the value before acclimation. The rainbow trout was not acclimated to low oxygen for any test.
Temperatures of Red and White Muscle in Recently Caught Marlin and Other Large Tropical Fish
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Fertilization and Predator Control to Increase Growth Rate and Yield of Trout in a Natural Lake
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

Enrichment in 1946 of Crecy Lake (20 ha; mean depth, 2.4 m), New Brunswick, with commercial fertilizers to provide 210 ppb of nitrogen (N), 390 ppb of phosphorus (P), and 270 ppb of potassium (K) had increased the growth rates of native and planted brook trout. In further studies, control of predation by fish-eating birds and mammals and reduction in number of eels, along with another application of fertilizers in 1951, improved the percentages of planted brook trout taken by anglers. Maximum percentages before and after predators were controlled were 17 and 88 for planted yearlings and 4 and 42 for planted underyearlings. Yields of planted trout to anglers and catches per unit effort improved commensurately. Autumn-stocked yearlings were largely (96%) angled in April before appreciable growth was made in the lake. Increases in yields of trout flesh produced in the lake resulted largely from the growth and higher survival of planted underyearlings. Harvested weights were greater than weights of plantings only when 16% or more of planted underyearlings were angled.When underyearling and yearling rainbow trout were planted instead of brook trout, with a third fertilization in 1959 and continued predator control, they grew faster than brook trout of comparable size. Rainbow trout produced more fish flesh in the lake than brook trout when the percentage returns to anglers for the two species were similar. However, the percentage return to the anglers from most plantings of underyearling rainbow trout was low, with the net result that the rainbow trout did not provide as consistently good angling as the brook trout nor did they utilize the productive capacity of the lake more effectively.Brook and rainbow trout spawned in the littoral areas of the lake. However, yields of naturally reared trout were poor, particularly when the survival of planted trout was high.Killifish increased in numbers with fertilization, with or without predator control. Cyprinids were much less abundant than killifish, and sticklebacks disappeared from the lake.
Algal Growth and Primary Productivity in a Thermal Stream
Authors: Stockner John G.
Published: April 2011

Estimates of primary production and respiration of cyanophycean algal species growing in the run-off stream of a hot spring (37 C) were obtained throughout 1966 using the diurnal oxygen curve technique. Rates of gross primary production were slightly higher than published values from other aquatic ecosystems, but were less than recent estimates from hot springs in Yellowstone and Mount Lassen National Parks using the C14 uptake method. Production/respiration ratios were calculated and ranged from 1.1 to 5.0. The effect of photosynthesis on the ionic concentration of influent and effluent water was noted, together with morphological changes in the algal mat as the growing season progressed. Changes in algal standing stock were studied in 1964 and 1965, together with growth rates from denuded areas by two methods of harvest. In both years the most rapid growth was recorded in May and June, whereas during the winter months growth was negligible. Maximum values of primary production in May and June 1966 coincided with these maximum growth periods. Significant differences in growth rates between years were thought to be due to several factors; most notably, harvest methods and auto-inhibitory toxins produced by layers of senescent cells composing the "mature" algal mat. Energy losses due to algal export and grazing are discussed in relation to the dynamics of the mat, and an annual energy budget is derived from estimates obtained in 1966.
Principal Fatty Acids of Depot Fat and Milk Lipids from Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandica) and Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata)
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Ke P. J.
Published: April 2011

The fatty acid compositions of six samples of depot fat taken from harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandica), ranging in age from 1 to 2 days to adult, and a sample of milk lipids, were determined by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC). Three depot fat samples taken from hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), a sample of milk lipids from this species, and commercial seal oils from 4 years' production were similarly analyzed.No significant differences could be found between the composition of the milk lipids and the depot fat of the harp seals at the different ages, other than slightly lower iodine values in the younger animals (avg 140.6 vs. 148.9). The lipid samples from hooded seals had low iodine values (107–127) and correspondingly lower concentration of highly unsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of the fatty acids 22:5ω3/22:6ω3 could be used to differentiate between depot fat from harp seals (ratio 0.51–0.74) and that from hooded seals (ratio 0.25–0.42) in the samples analyzed.Commercial oils, which consist essentially of oil from harp seals, were similar in composition to oil prepared from this species alone.No difference could be found in the iodine values or fatty acid compositions of samples taken from various parts of the animal or from samples representing a cross section of blubber.
Estimates of the Zinc Requirements of Marine Organisms
Authors: Pequegnat John E. , Fowler Scott W. , Small Lawrence F.
Published: April 2011

The amount of enzyme-bound zinc is calculated from estimates of total enzyme concentrations and the number of zinc atoms per mole of these enzymes. This estimate is shown to be smaller than measured concentrations in marine organisms, indicating that zinc is accumulated in excess of the organisms' immediate needs. A minimum "potential fertility" for zinc is calculated; the results indicate that zinc is not limiting in the marine environment.
Cranial Osteology of Brosme brosme with Notes on its Position Within the Subfamily Lotinae (Gadidae)
Authors: Mujib Khawaja Abdul
Published: April 2011

The cranial skeleton of Brosme brosme is described in detail. It differs from Urophycis and Gadus in that its lateral ethmoid surrounds the nasal capsule from all sides and the winglike flanges of the parasphenoid take part in the formation of the trigemino-facial foramen. The trigemino-facial foramen of Brosme is not homologous with that of Merluccius. So B. brosme probably represents a third line of evolution within Lotinae.
Variance Components in the Estimation of Potential Egg Deposition of Sockeye Salmon Escapements
Authors: Mathisen Ole A. , Gunnerød Tor
Published: April 2011

The magnitude of the variance components in the estimation of the potential egg deposition of sockeye salmon escapements to the Kvichak District, Bristol Bay, Alaska, was determined from data collected from 1957 to 1966. The greatest variance component was caused by estimation of the escapement followed by the variance due to estimation of the ratio of females in the escapement. Estimation of the average fecundity added the least variance.
Aquatic Insect Communities of a Small Stream on Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec
Authors: Mackay Rosemary J.
Published: April 2011

Weekly sampling of a small woodland stream in Quebec between March 1966 and March 1967 revealed at least 120 species of insects in sand, gravel, stones, leaves, and leaf detritus habitats. Fallen leaves were the primary food source. Characteristic communities of insects were found in each habitat. Widely distributed species were usually more abundant in one of the five habitats than in the others. Some species changed their habitats with age. Congeneric species either occupied different parts of the stream or developed at different times of the year. Linear distributions of insects were determined by the substrate type, by the extent of summer drought and the ability to avoid desiccation, and in some species by upstream flying of adult females. The species composition of each community may be characteristic of small, slow-flowing streams in deciduous forests in eastern Canada.
Migrations of American Plaice on the Grand Bank and in St. Mary's Bay, 1954, 1959, and 1961
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

Tag returns suggest that the Grand Bank supports a number of relatively sedentary populations of plaice. Apparently no significant migrations between coastal and offshore areas occur.A total of 4653 American plaice were marked using Petersen disc tags at six localities on the Grand Bank and one in St. Mary's Bay. Total returns ranged from 1.4% for St. Mary's Bay to 41.6% for the east slope of the Grand Bank. Most were recovered less than 30 miles from the tagging site even up to 7 years after tagging.There was some indication that plaice change their depth location seasonally.
Canadian Records of the Warty Poacher Occa verrucosa, with Notes on the Standardization of Plate Terminology in Agonidae
Authors: Gruchy C. G.
Published: April 2011

Recent collections of Occa verrucosa provide new records for the species in Canada. Terminology for the ridges of bony plates on the bodies of Agonidae is standardized, and a method for enumerating plates is described and illustrated. Several meristic characters of the northern specimens exceed previously published values for the species.
Effects of Temperature and Body Weight on Endogenous Nitrogen Excretion in the Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)
Authors: Savitz Jan
Published: April 2011

The effects of temperature and body weight on endogenous nitrogen excretion (ENE) rate were examined for fish acclimated at 7.2, 15.6, 23.9, and 29.4–32.2 C. Nitrogen excretion rates were very high at the highest temperature and decreased with a decrease in acclimated temperature from 29.4–32.2 C to 15.6 C. Nitrogen excretion rates were equal at 15.6 and 7.2 C. From these data, an estimate of maintenance protein for a population of bluegidl sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) was calculated on a seasonal and yearly basis.
Experimental Tank to Simulate Certain Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Pugh John R. , Groves Alan B. , Ebel Wesley J.
Published: April 2011

To simulate reservoir conditions, a test tank holding 17,624 gal was built. Made of three cylindrical 10-ft × 10-ft steel sections bolted together, it is equipped with 18 observation ports and numerous fittings that permit water sampling, treatment, and temperature control. Observations have been made on juvenile salmon in water supersaturated with nitrogen.
Appraisal of the Iodate–Sulphuric Acid Wet-Oxidation Procedure for the Estimation of the Caloric Content of Marine Sediments
Authors: Hughes Roger N.
Published: April 2011

Endothermic reactions of the inorganic fraction of marine sediments and the low organic matter content invalidate the determination of caloric values by bomb calorimetry. However, oxidation of the organic fraction with excess potassium iodate and back titration with sodium thiosulphate provides a suitable method for estimating the caloric value.Contrary to earlier reports, a correction factor for the incomplete combustion of proteins, derived from the Kjeldahl nitrogen content of the sample, must be applied. Interference by the inorganic fraction of the sediment in the titration procedure is allowed for by a control flask containing a sample of the sediment from which the organic matter has been removed by heating in a muffle furnace. Any ferrous sulphide in the sample is oxidized prior to digestion.
Changes in Serum Protein During the Molt and Reproductive Cycles of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Barlow John , Ridgway George J.
Published: April 2011

The variations in the serum proteins of lobsters were studied by quantitative protein determinations, starch gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and immunodiffusion. A series of bleedings from 15 lobsters provided serum samples for each stage of the molt cycle. Total serum protein was highest before the molt and lowest directly after the molt. The total serum protein averaged 2.5 g/100 ml in the intermolt lobsters and variation among individuals was limited. Variation of serum proteins in an individual during the molt cycle included changes in the electrophoretic and immunodiffusion pattern. Quantitative changes during the cycle indicate a relative shift in the concentrations of various proteins. One component of serum protein was associated only with the development of eggs and another component was present only during premolt and directly after molt.
Marine Toxins from the Pacific — Ciguatoxin: not an In Vivo Anticholinesterase
Authors: Rayner Martin D. , Baslow Morris H. , Kosaki Thomas I.
Published: April 2011

Although ciguatoxin, prepared from the liver and flesh of the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus, is an in vitro anticholinesterase, it has not been found to be an in vivo anticholinesterase. Respiratory failure and death due to ciguatoxin is not a function of cholinesterase inhibition as previously speculated, although the toxin may have a widespread action at cholinergic junctions.
Preliminary Report on the Parasites of Certain Marine Fishes of British Columbia
Authors: Arai Hisao P.
Published: April 2011

The results of a study to assess the kinds and degrees of parasitism that exist in or on inshore fishes of British Columbia are presented. The report contains a listing of 68 taxa of parasites recovered from a total of 814 host specimens representing 61 species.Observations on host–parasite relationships made during the course of the study are discussed.
Kidney Disease in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Margaree River
Authors: Pippy J. H. C.
Published: April 2011

Bacterial kidney disease was presumptively identified in each of 25 hatchery-reared juvenile salmon (Salmo salar) but in only 2 of 235 wild juveniles in the Margaree River system. Apparently spread of disease from the hatchery to wild salmon in the river is very gradual.
Effects of Delayed Mating on the Reproduction of King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica
Authors: McMullen John C.
Published: April 2011

Mature female king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius), molt annually, at which time each is normally attended by a male for mating purposes. This study considered how mating and the production of fertilized eggs might be affected if female king crab were forced to await partners after molting, a situation that has been observed at Kodiak Island.Prior to studying delayed mating, a carapace length–egg clutch volume relation was developed so partial egg clutches that might be produced could be objectively evaluated. The regression equation calculated is Y = −248.55 + 2.69 X, where carapace length was measured in millimeters and clutch volume in milliliters. The coefficient of determination (r2) for this regression equation is.899.The study of delayed mating was conducted with 76 female king crab, which were allowed to mate on one of 2–15 days after molting. All females that mated within 9 days after molting produced fertilized egg clutches. Nine of 24 females allowed to mate 10–13 days following ecdysis, and 10 females mated after 13 days, produced no egg clutches.
First Records of Ariomma bondi, Caranx crysos, and Selar crumenopthalmus (Pisces) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: MacKay K. T. , Thomas Gethin
Published: April 2011

The discovery of Ariomma bondi in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence indicates a significant northward extension of its range. Specimens of Caranx crysos and Selar crumenopthalmus are the first records for the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
A Device to Detect Magnetized Wire Tags in Migrating Adult Coho Salmon
Authors: Durkin Joseph T. , Ebel Wesley J. , Smith Jim Ross
Published: April 2011

A device that can be used for rapid detection and separation of migrating adult coho salmon marked as juveniles with magnetized wire tags was tested in November and December 1967 at the Minter Creek Hatchery of the Washington Department of Fisheries. About two-thirds of the test fish in the holding pond entered the structure; the device correctly separated 89% of the fish with tags and 99% of the untagged fish. Placement of this equipment in streams, fish ladders at dams, and in hatcheries, would facilitate removal of tagged specimens from the general population of fish.
Bacteria Counts on Cod and Flounder Fillets Produced Commercially from Fish Frozen at Sea and Thawed in Water
Authors: Hayward M. J. , MacCallum W. A.
Published: April 2011

Fillets of flounder (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and cod (Gadus morhua) produced in two commercial plants from uncut fish that had been frozen in blocks at sea, were free or nearly so of faecal coliforms and generally contained fewer indicator bacteria (all organisms in the coliform group; faecal coliforms) than fillets produced in the same plant from fish iced at sea. Coliforms were found in relatively small numbers on most fillets of thawed fish sampled on the conveyor leading from the mechanical skinner, on similarly prepared fillets sampled after trimming and portioning, and on fillets prepared from fish iced at sea and sampled immediately after skinning. The total plate count on the fillets of thawed fish at the point of trimming and portioning was small, suggesting that the fish frozen at sea carried a relatively low count of fish-spoiling organisms at time of freezing and thawing.The results show that in processing blocks of gutted or gutted and headed fish it is practical to thaw in an immersion thawer at a temperature of 13–20 C while changing the water only infrequently, say every 12 hr, and to employ thawing runs of about 24 hr duration. During this time as many as five tankfuls of fish may be thawed. It is practical also to hold the fish thawed under these conditions in chilled potable water or in crushed ice for 1 or 2 days prior to processing.It was shown that the sanitary aspects of the process can be assessed advantageously by observing the sanitary quality of the fillets, rather than that of the thawing water. The suitability of the method appeared to depend upon efficient washing of the thawed fish before it was put in buffer storage, or before it was filleted, or both. In one of the two plants sampled, large flumes were used and were satisfactory for delivering thawed, washed fish of high bacteriological and sanitary quality from buffer storage to the processing line. Here total plate and coliform counts either increased slightly or decreased slightly with prolonged use of the thawing water and of the boards used in cutting the fillets.
Spawning Behavior of the Brook Lamprey, Lampetra planeri
Authors: McIntyre John D.
Published: April 2011

The spawning behavior of the brook lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch), was observed and photographed at the Berry Creek Experimental Stream Laboratory near Corvallis, Oregon. Observations and photographs were made from an observation booth constructed adjacent to the stream bed of Berry Creek.
Quality Evaluations of Freeze-Dried Cod Steaks
Authors: Wood A. L. , Legendre R.
Published: April 2011

Taste panel comparisons between freeze-dried and frozen Atlantic cod steaks, processed at two sites, were made to observe the effects of various experimental conditions on the quality of the freeze-dried product. No significant difference in quality was attributable to processing site, sex of fish, freezing rate, or thickness of samples. Freeze-dried steaks from prerigor fish were superior in flavour, texture, and general quality to those from postrigor fish. Freeze-dried steaks were invariably distinguishable by their tougher texture from similar frozen steaks, although appearance and flavour were not significantly different.
Morphological Differences in Lake Superior Lake Char
Authors: Khan N. Y. , Qadri S. U.
Published: April 2011

Morphometric and meristic variations and ecological differences in 71 Lake Superior lake char, Cristivomer namaycush, from four localities confirmed that the lean lake char, C. n. namaycush, and the siscowet, C. n. siscowet, should be considered subspecies. They differed in four head characters and in mean numbers of anal fin rays and ribs. The siscowet and halfbreed differed in mean number of anal fin rays but not in any morphometric character studied. Differences between the humper and the three other forms were inconclusive.
Proportional Controlling of Water Temperatures
Authors: Thiel V. , Harvey H. H.
Published: April 2011

In the regulation of water temperatures, it is now possible to improve on the conventional thermostat and the power switch it operates. This may be done through the use of a thermistor and a proportional controller. The latter supplies power to the heater in proportion to the difference between the temperature set on the dial and that measured by the thermistor. The result is exceptionally good temperature control with a minimum of mechanical problems.
Behaviour of Lobsters Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent
Authors: McLeese D. W.
Published: April 2011

In laboratory tests, lobsters (Homarus americanus) did not avoid bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) at concentrations up to 20%. BKME or fresh water introduced 50 cm upstream from resting lobsters did not elicit behavioural responses. Lobsters may have detected at least two (acetic acid and NH4OH) of six toxic or malodorous materials but did not avoid any of them. Based on these results, it seems unlikely that exposure to dilute solutions of BKME in nature would have immediate, direct effects on movement of lobsters.
Analysis of Nonlinear Models — the Nonlinear Response Surface
Authors: Lindsey J. K. , Alderdice D. F. , Pienaar L. V.
Published: April 2011

The role of the likelihood function in statistical inference is discussed, with particular reference to problems where exact probability (structural or fiducial) distributions for the parameters are unknown. The methods and uses of response surface methodology are briefly discussed, especially the usefulness of nonlinear models, and the difficulties in inferences about these models. Likelihood inference is suggested as a method of overcoming these problems, and the procedures for this are developed. Three examples using biological data demonstrate the procedures.
Seasonal Variation in Selected Nutrients of a River System
Authors: MacCrimmon H. R. , Kelso J. R. M.
Published: April 2011

Water samples were collected biweekly from five locations on the Grand River, Ont., from August 16, 1967, to September 1, 1968. Headwater nutrient levels and associated water chemistry were radically altered by the influence of a small city. Processes of recovery occurred downriver in a primarily agricultural watershed. Levels of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrate, and silica followed similar seasonal patterns at all locations. High and widely fluctuating levels of chloride, ammonia, nitrate-N, nitrite, and orthophosphate were evidence of gross enrichment. Nitrate-N, orthophosphate, iron, and sulfate levels varied irregularly during the 13-month period.
Adaptation of King Crab Pots for Capturing Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)
Authors: Hughes Steven E. , Hipkins Fred W. , Worlund Donald D.
Published: April 2011

Results of gear evaluation experiments to determine the feasibility of capturing sablefish in king crab-type pots indicated that catch rates decreased significantly as the fishing time increased. Pots were most effective when equipped with triggered tunnels and without attraction lights. Although subsequent commercial feasibility trials were hampered by bad weather, a catch of 18,754 lb of marketable sablefish in 112 pot hauls for an overall average of 4.7 lb a pot per hour illustrated the potential value of pot fishing.
Relation of the Phytoplankton to Turbulence and Nutrient Renewal in Casco Bay, Maine
Authors: Hulburt Edward M. , Corwin Nathaniel
Published: April 2011

A diatomaceous phytoplankton remains at fairly high densities, 102−5 × 103 cells/cm4, from the end of winter to the end of summer in Casco Bay. During spring the algal populations deplete the nutrient content of the water, particularly nitrate, except in the deep water at the entrances to the bay. Here appreciable quantities of nitrate persist into midsummer. These may be carried inward by influxes of deep water and then maybe mixed upward to support the continued growth of diatoms, although the change from the spring diatoms belonging to the genera Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros to the summer dominant Skeletonema costatum is considered to depend on temperature and light changes. The high concentrations of Skeletonema, often exceeding 103 cells/cm3, are shown to be enough for the maintenance and growth of several filter-feeding animals.
Feeding of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Abundance of Drifting Invertebrates in a Mountain Stream
Authors: Jenkins Jr. T. M. , Elliott G. V. , Feldmeth C. R.
Published: April 2011

Hatchery-reared rainbow trout, deprived of food for 48 or 96 hr and released in a mountain stream for 5- or 10-hr periods, consumed aerial invertebrates in numbers loosely associated with their seasonal and hourly abundance in the drift. The same was generally true for benthic insects, except that on several days feeding was much poorer relative to drift from 3:00 AM to 8:00 AM than at other times of day.In September and October tests, aerial forms were abundant during daylight, and benthic forms abundant at night, enabling trout to feed 24 hr a day. Day and night feeding in September were roughly equal in importance, but in October more food was taken during the day. Aerial invertebrates were so rare in December that benthic insects were the most important prey day and night. However, even benthics were not numerous enough to provide good feeding.
Seasonal Changes in the Chemical Composition and Food Reserves of the Freshwater Triclad Dugesia tigrina (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria)
Authors: Boddington M. J. , Mettrick D. F.
Published: April 2011

Changes in the food reserves and chemical constituents of a population of Dugesia tigrina (Girard, 1850) from Grenadier Pond, Toronto, Ont., have been followed over a 13-month period from October 1968 through October 1969. The parameters examined were individual worm dry weight, protein nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, lipid nitrogen, lyo-glycogen, desmo-glycogen, and total lipid.Whereas the nitrogen, lipid, and desmo-glycogen fractions remained relatively constant when expressed on a weight-to-unit-weight basis, irrespective of changes in the number and size of individual worms, the lyo-glycogen fraction decreased exponentially with an increase in the number of worms in the population. This decrease mirrored the relation between the size of individual worms and the number of worms in the population. The negative regression coefficient of lyo-glycogen on population biomass was statistically significant (P < 0.05).The changes at different times of the year in the chemical constituents and food reserves of D. tigrina have been correlated with variations resulting from the life cycle of D. tigrina in both the size of the population and the size of the individual members comprising the population.The results are consistent with Reynoldson's (1966) hypothesis that triclad populations show restricted fluctuations in numbers because the population size is regulated by intra-specific competition for a limited food source. The significance of a limited food resource is demonstrated by showing that, as the population size increased, intraspecific competition resulted in decreases in the lyo-glycogen food reserves at both the individual and population level.
Relation of Hemosiderin to Erythropoiesis in the Blue Gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus
Authors: Yu Man-Lim , Kiley Charles W. , Sarot Daniel A. , Perlmutter Alfred
Published: April 2011

The presence of hemosiderin bodies was demonstrated in the spleen, liver, and kidney of the blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, with the spleen as the predominant site of accumulation. Bleeding, which indirectly stimulates erythropoiesis in this fish, reduced the percentage of hemosiderin bodies in experimental fish to a much lower value than was found in normal fish. A possible relation between these hemosiderin bodies and erythropoiesis is discussed.