bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing financial risk in planning under uncertainty
Authors: Barbaro Andres , Bagajewicz Miguel J.
Published: April 2004

A methodology is presented to include financial risk management in the framework of two‐stage stochastic programming for planning under uncertainty. A known probabilistic definition of financial risk is adapted to be used in this framework and its relation to downside risk is analyzed. Using these definitions, new two‐stage stochastic programming models that manage financial risk are presented. Computational issues related to these models are also discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 50: 963–989, 2004
Clinical application of genetic testing for deafness
Authors: Smith Richard J.H.
Published: April 2004

Advances in the molecular biology of hearing and deafness have identified many genes essential for normal auditory function. Allele variants of these genes cause nonsyndromic deafness, making mutation screening a valuable test to unequivocally diagnose many different forms of inherited deafness. In this study, genetic testing of GJB2, SLC26A4 and WFS1 is reviewed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of fiber processing parameters on the structural properties of as‐spun polypropylene fibers: A factorial design approach
Authors: Yang Ruodan , Mather Robert R. , Fotheringham Alex F.
Published: April 2004

The structures of polypropylene fibers, spun according to a factorial experimental design, have been studied with the aid of wide angle X‐ray diffraction and birefringence measurements. From statistical analysis of the results, the fibers have been characterized in terms of their crystallographic order and the overall orientation of their constituent polymer chains. These properties have been quantitatively assessed as responses to seven specially selected process control parameters in the extrusion equipment used to process the fibers. For both crystallographic order and overall orientation, the metering pump speed (MPS) at which the fibers are extruded and the speed (WS) at which the extruded fibers are wound exert significant effects. Moreover, the interaction, WS × MPS, between these two control parameters also significantly influences orientation. For crystallographic order, two further significant parameters are the melt flow index (MFI) of the grade of polypropylene used and the temperature (ST) at which the polymer melt passes through the spinneret. The roles of these two factors in the development of crystallites within the fibers are discussed. No interaction effects, however, appear to be significant for crystallographic order. Models that specify the direction of change of the significant parameters for increasing or reducing both responses are given. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 568–576, 2004
1H‐NMR investigation of the thermooxidation degradation of poly(oxymethylene) copolymers
Authors: Pan Guangqin , Li Huilin , Cao Ya
Published: April 2004

The thermooxidative degradation of poly(oxymethylene) copolymer (CPOM‐Y) powder was studied in air in 150°C. The effect of the sequence distribution of degraded poly(oxymethylene) (POM) samples on the thermal decomposition behavior was investigated with 1H‐NMR and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that the degradation process of CPOM‐Y could be divided into three stages with a gradually increasing degradation rate. The change in the sequence molar fractions agreed with the fact that the ethylene oxide (EO) units had higher thermal stability, and the degradation of POM was due to the decomposition of formal units. At the beginning, CPOM‐Y tended to split off formaldehyde, starting at the chain ends, some of which were not ended by EO units. In stage 2, the thermooxidation of POM occurred in the amorphous phase. In stage 3, no obvious rules for the changes in the sequence contents were obtained from NMR results, and this indicated further random chain scission and unzipping occurring heavily in the crystalline bulk. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 577–583, 2004
Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on premorbid behaviors produced by cocaine in the mouse
Authors: Kim Jungdae , Baik Ku Youn , Lee Byung‐Cheon , Kang Seog‐Youn , Shin Sang‐Hoon , Soh Kwang‐Sup
Published: April 2004

We investigated the premorbid behavioral changes produced by the administration of cocaine and acute exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field (MF) in the mouse. ICR mice received intraperitoneal injections of cocaine at two doses (65 and 70 mg/kg) and were subsequently exposed to one of eight ELF‐MF fields (2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 15, 25, or 60 Hz) of about 20 G (2 mT) intensity immediately after injection. Twelve mice were used for each of applied cocaine dose and ELF‐MF level. For a given dose of cocaine, the applied MF frequencies were randomly ordered, and blind tests were carried out in which the behavior observer did not know the frequencies of MF. The premorbid behaviors were defined in the ICR mice and their changes were observed over the exposure of various ELF‐MFs. Our data show that the onset times of stop rearing and tonic‐clonic seizure in the 4 Hz MF exposure group are significantly different from those of the sham group. Bioelectromagnetics 25:245–250, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An analytical model for the calculation of the change in transmembrane potential produced by an ultrawideband electromagnetic pulse
Authors: Hart Francis X. , Easterly Clay E.
Published: April 2004

The electric field pulse shape and change in transmembrane potential produced at various points within a sphere by an intense, ultrawideband pulse are calculated in a four stage, analytical procedure. Spheres of two sizes are used to represent the head of a human and the head of a rat. In the first stage, the pulse is decomposed into its Fourier components. In the second stage, Mie scattering analysis (MSA) is performed for a particular point in the sphere on each of the Fourier components, and the resulting electric field pulse shape is obtained for that point. In the third stage, the long wavelength approximation (LWA) is used to obtain the change in transmembrane potential in a cell at that point. In the final stage, an energy analysis is performed. These calculations are performed at 45 points within each sphere. Large electric fields and transmembrane potential changes on the order of a millivolt are produced within the brain, but on a time scale on the order of nanoseconds. The pulse shape within the brain differs considerably from that of the incident pulse. Comparison of the results for spheres of different sizes indicates that scaling of such pulses across species is complicated. Bioelectromagnetics 25:251–259, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metallic electrodes and leads in simultaneous EEG‐MRI: Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulation studies
Authors: Angelone Leonardo M. , Potthast Andreas , Segonne Florent , Iwaki Sunao , Belliveau John W. , Bonmassar Giorgio
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in specific absorption rate (SAR) in human‐head tissues while using nonmagnetic metallic electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes and leads during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A realistic, high resolution (1 mm3) head model from individual MRI data was adopted to describe accurately thin tissues, such as bone marrow and skin. The RF power dissipated in the human head was evaluated using the FDTD algorithm. Both surface and bird cage coils were used. The following numbers of EEG electrodes/leads were considered: 16, 31, 62, and 124. Simulations were performed at 128 and 300 MHz. The difference in SAR between the electrodes/leads and no‐electrodes conditions was greater with the bird cage coil than with the surface coil. The peak 1 g averaged SAR values were highest at 124 electrodes, increasing to as much as two orders of magnitude (×172.3) at 300 MHz compared to the original value. At 300 MHz, there was a fourfold (×3.6) increase of SAR averaged over the bone marrow, and a sevenfold (×7.4) increase in the skin. At 128 MHz, there was a fivefold (×5.6) increase of whole head SAR. Head models were obtained from two different subjects, with an inter‐subject whole head SAR variability of 3%. Bioelectromagnetics 25:285–295, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental evidence of a potentially increased thrombo‐embolic disease risk by domestic electromagnetic field exposure
Authors: Caprani A. , Richert A. , Flaud P.
Published: April 2004

We have used the EaHy926 endothelial cell line, able to secrete both pro and anti‐aggregant platelet agents, as a model for thrombo‐embolic diseases. We experimentally established, by comparing these two secretions with or without a Faraday cage, that the environmental electromagnetic field significantly increases the thrombo‐embolic risks in this endothelial cell line. Bioelectromagnetics 25:313–315, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The potential impact of bias in studies of residential exposure to magnetic fields and childhood leukemia
Authors: Wartenberg Daniel
Published: April 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 5:S32–S47 Bioelectromagnetics (2001) Supplement 5 S32–S47
Endosymbiotic origins of sex
Authors: Bazinet Christopher
Published: April 2004

Understanding how complex sexual reproduction arose, and why sexual organisms have been more successful than otherwise similar asexual organisms, is a longstanding problem in evolutionary biology. Within this problem, the potential role of endosymbionts or intracellular pathogens in mediating primitive genetic transfers is a continuing theme. In recent years, several remarkable activities of mitochondria have been observed in the germline cells of complex eukaryotes, and it has been found that bacterial endosymbionts related to mitochondria are capable of manipulating diverse aspects of metazoan gametogenesis. An attempt is made here to rationalize these observations with an endosymbiotic model for the evolutionary origins of sex. It is hypothesized that the contemporary life cycle of germline cells has descended from the life cycle of the endosymbiotic ancestor of the mitochondrion. Through an actin‐based motility that drove it from one cell to another, the rickettsial ancestor of mitochondria may have functioned as a primitive transducing particle, the evolutionary progenitor of sperm. BioEssays 26:558–566, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insulator dynamics and the setting of chromatin domains
Authors: Fourel Geneviève , Magdinier Frédérique , Gilson Éric
Published: April 2004

The early discovery of cis‐regulatory elements able to promote transcription of genes over large distances led to the postulate that elements, termed insulators, should also exist that would limit the action of enhancers, LCRs and silencers to defined domains. Such insulators were indeed found during the past fifteen years in a wide range of organisms, from yeast to humans. Recent advances point to an important role of transcription factors in insulator activity and demonstrate that the operational observation of an insulator effect relies on a delicate balance between the “efficiency” of the insulator and that of the element to be counteracted. In addition, genuine insulator elements now appear less common than initially envisaged, and they are only found at loci displaying a high density of coding or regulatory information. Where this is not the case, chromatin domains of opposing properties are thought to confront each other at “fuzzy” boundaries. In this article, we propose models for both fixed and fuzzy boundaries that incorporate probabilistic and dynamic parameters. BioEssays 26:523–532, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left and right in the amphibian world: which way to develop and where to turn?
Authors: Malashichev Yegor B. , Wassersug Richard J.
Published: April 2004

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in studies on the development, function and evolution of asymmetries in vertebrates, including amphibians. Here we discuss current knowledge of behavioral and anatomical asymmetries in amphibians. Behavioral laterality in the response of both adult and larval anurans to presumed predators and competitors is strong and may be related, respectively, to laterality in the telencephalon of adults and the Mauthner neurons of tadpoles. These behavior lateralities, however, do not seem to correlate with visceral asymmetries in the same animals. We briefly compare what is known about the evolution and development of asymmetry in the structure and function of amphibians with what is known about asymmetries in other chordate and non‐chordate groups. Available data suggest that the majority of asymmetries in amphibians fall into two independent groups: (1) related to situs viscerum and (2) of a neurobehavioral nature. We find little evidence linking these two groups, which implies different developmental regulatory pathways and independent evolutionary histories for visceral and telencephalic lateralizations. Studies of animals other than standard model species are essential to test hypotheses about the evolution of laterality in amphibians and other chordates. BioEssays 26:512–522, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioprocess design and economic analysis for the commercial production of environmentally friendly bioinsecticides from Bacillus thuringiensis HD‐1 kurstaki
Authors: Rowe Gerald E. , Margaritis Argyrios
Published: April 2004

A production process for B. thuringiensis (Bt) bioinsecticides was designed in detail, including alternative batch, low‐density fed‐batch (LDFB), and high‐density fed‐batch (HDFB) fermentation configurations. Capital and operating costs, as well as profitability based on simple rate of return, were performed using a purpose‐written FORTRAN program, explicitly analyzing production of a water‐based flowable product used in forestry applications.

The total capital cost was $18 million (Canadian dollars) for a stand‐alone plant with base‐scale capacity of 3 × l07 billion international units (BIU)/year . Raw material costs amounted to $1.5 million yearly, of which approximately half was for formulation ingredients. Per‐unit production cost rose sharply for scales of less than 1 × 107 BIU/year, but was little affected by scale above 3 × 107 BIU/year. Product cost was much lower at all scales for a LDFB as opposed to batch fermentation process, but HDFB gave relatively little additional cost benefit. Profitability analysis performed by co‐varying scale and selling price showed that break‐even occurred at a price of $0.45/BIU for a batch process at base scale, while with LDFB fermentation the same production volume sold at $0.35/BIU gave a 12% rate of return. Since the assumed base scale would represent 8‐15% of current world Bt bioinsecticide production, based on value or volume, it was concluded that profitability would require some or all of the following elements: targeting higher‐value markets such as disease vector control, in addition to forestry; a potentially lower plant capacity (although at least 1 × 107 BIU/year;) and coproduction of other large‐volume microbial products to absorb capacity and match bioinsecticide output to market demand. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Photoisomerization Mechanism of Azobenzene: A Semiclassical Simulation of Nonadiabatic Dynamics
Authors: Ciminelli Cosimo , Granucci Giovanni , Persico Maurizio
Published: April 2004

We have simulated the photoisomerization dynamics of azobenzene, taking into account internal conversion and geometrical relaxation processes, by means of a semiclassical surface hopping approach. Both n→π* and π→π* excitations and both cis→trans and trans→cis conversions have been considered. We show that in all cases the torsion around the NN double bond is the preferred mechanism. The quantum yields measured are correctly reproduced and the observed differences are explained as a result of the competition between the inertia of the torsional motion and the premature deactivation of the excited state. Recent time‐resolved spectroscopic experiments are interpreted in the light of the simulated dynamics.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of NaLn9(GeO4)6O2 (Ln: Nd, Pr).
Authors: Emirdag‐Eanes Mehtap , Pennington William T. , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclofunctionalization of Unsaturated Alcohols, Phenols, Acids, and Sulfonamides with 1‐Benzenesulfinyl Piperidine and Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride.
Authors: Crich David , Surve Bhushan , Sannigrahi Mousumi
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Lewis Acid Catalyzed Mukaiyama—Michael Reactions of Acyclic Enones. Catalysis by allo‐Threonine‐Derived Oxazaborolidinones.
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Adachi Shinya , Iwai Hiroyoshi , Takatsuki Hiroshi , Fujita Katsuhiro , Kubo Mikako , Oku Akira , Harada Toshiro
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conversion of Alcohols, Thiols, Carboxylic Acids, Trimethylsilyl Ethers, and Carboxylates to Thiocyanates with Triphenylphosphine/Diethylazodicarboxylate/NH4SCN.
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Akhlaghinia Batool , Azadi Roya
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facial Selectivity of the Ireland—Claisen Rearrangement of Allylic Esters of 2‐Methyl and 2‐Methoxycyclopentanecarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Gilbert John C. , Yin Jiandong , Fakhreddine Fatima H. , Karpinski Matthew L.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zirconium‐Mediated Coupling Reactions of Amines and Enol or Allyl Ethers: Synthesis of Allyl‐ and Homoallylamines.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Rodriguez Felix , Alvarez‐Rodrigo Lucia , Zapico Jose M. , Fananas Francisco J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Preparation of 3‐Hydroxy‐3H‐indole‐3‐ethanamines and ‐3H‐indole‐3‐acetamides Having Either a 4‐Morpholinyl or 1‐Pyrrolidinyl Group at the 2‐Position.
Authors: Hayashi Toshikatsu , Nakai Yu‐ya , Yamada Fumio , Somei Masanori
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formal Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to (S)‐2‐p‐Tolylsulfinyl‐2‐cyclopentenone.
Authors: Ruano Jose Luis Garcia , Tito Amelia , Peromingo M. Teresa
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel, Expedient Synthesis of Thiazolo[4,5‐c]‐ and ‐[5,4‐b]carbazoles.
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Ghosh Nandita , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azulene‐1‐azo‐2′‐thiazoles. Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Razus Alexandru C. , Birzan Liviu , Nae Stefania , Surugiu Mirela Nina , Cimpeanu Valentin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Oxidative Dimerization of Thioamides with Phenyliodine(III) Diacetate.
Authors: Yan Mi , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of 1,5‐Functionally Disubstituted Tetrazoles
Authors: Smirnova G. G. , Kovaleva O. P. , Artamonova T. V. , Koreneva A. P. , Koldobskii G. I.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of Cyclobutyl Derivatives as Intermediates in the Synthesis of 1,2a,3,8b‐Tetrahydro‐2H‐cyclobuta[c]chromenes.
Authors: Bernard Angela M. , Floris Costantino , Frongia Angelo , Piras Pier P. , Secci Francesco
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 1,2,5,6‐/1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydropyridinyl‐tetrahydrocyclopentaisoxazole Derivatives.
Authors: Ahn Mija , Park Jung Mee , Lee Ihl‐Young Choi , Jung Myung Hee
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines by Iron‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions Between Chloroenynes and Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Seck Matar , Franck Xavier , Hocquemiller Reynald , Figadere Bruno , Peyrat Jean‐Francois , Provot Olivier , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Pyridazine Derivatives Through the Unexpected Intermediate 5‐Amino‐4‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydro‐furan‐2,3‐disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt.
Authors: Cacciari Barbara , Spalluto Giampiero , Ferretti Valeria
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Condensed Pyridopyrimidines. Part 6. Synthesis of Novel Pyrano[3′,4′:6,7]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Oganisyan A. Sh. , Noravyan A. S. , Grigoryan M. Zh.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alternative Synthesis and Novel Oxidizing Ability of 6,9‐Disubstituted Cyclohepta[b]pyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrrole‐8(6H),10(9H)‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Naya Shin‐ichi , Iida Yusuke , Nitta Makoto
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Laetiporic Acid, a New Polyene Pigment from the Wood‐Rotting Basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus (Polyporales, Fungi).
Authors: Weber Roland W. S. , Mucci Adele , Davoli Paolo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Heliannuol D, an Allelochemical from Helianthus annus.
Authors: Sabui Subir K. , Venkateswaran Ramanathapuram V.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalysis at the Nanoscale Level
Authors: Pernicone Nicola
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Complexes Bearing a Phosphenium Ligand
Authors: Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ns Strategies: A Highly Versatile Synthetic Method for Amines
Authors: Kan Toshiyuki , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Investigations of the Marine Flora and Fauna of the Islands of Palau
Authors: Faulkner D. John , Newman David J. , Cragg Gordon M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterogeneous Reactions Affecting Chlorine Activation in the Troposphere
Authors: Gershenzon M. Yu. , Grigorieva V. M. , Il'in S. D. , Remorov R. G. , Shestakov D. V. , Zelenov V. V. , Aparina E. A. , Gershenzon Yu. M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Routes to Carbene Complexes for Thermally and Oxidatively Robust Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Peris Eduardo , Crabtree Robert H.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Insertion and β‐Hydrogen Transfer at Aluminum
Authors: Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Talarico Giovanni
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polyfunctional Activity of Metal Complexes Containing 2,6‐Di‐tert‐butylphenol in Catalytic Oxidation
Authors: Milaeva Elena R. , Shpakovsky Dmitry B. , Petrosyan Valery S.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cavitands at Work: From Molecular Recognition to Supramolecular Sensors
Authors: Pinalli Roberta , Suman Michele , Dalcanale Enrico
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic Structures of Metal Sites in Proteins and Models: Contributions to Function in Blue Copper Proteins
Authors: Solomon Edward I. , Szilagyi Robert K. , George Serena DeBeer , Basumallick Lipika
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Water Gelation by Small Organic Molecules
Authors: Estroff Lara A. , Hamilton Andrew D.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction Mechanisms. Part 3. Pericyclic Reactions
Authors: Morgan Kathleen M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of microcapsules of W/O/W emulsions containing a polysaccharide in the outer aqueous phase by spray‐drying
Authors: Adachi Shuji , Imaoka Hanaho , Ashida Hiroko , Maeda Hirokazu , Matsuno Ryuichi
Published: April 2004

A water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion containing a hydrophilic substance, 1,3,6,8‐pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PTSA), and a wall material in its inner and outer aqueous phases, respectively, was prepared by a two‐step emulsification using a rotor/stator homogenizer, and was further homogenized with a high‐pressure homogenizer. Maltodextrin or gum arabic were used as wall materials, and olive oil was used as the oily phase. The high encapsulation efficiency for PTSA (>0.9) was realized. The emulsion was spray‐dried to produce microcapsules of W/O/W type. The efficiencies of the microcapsules prepared with maltodextrin and gum arabic were 0.82 and 0.67, respectively. Stability of the microcapsules was examined at 37 °C and 12%, 33% and 75% relative humidity. Microcapsules prepared with maltodextrin were more stable than those prepared with gum arabic.
Studies on rancidity inhibition in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) by citric and ascorbic acids
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Pérez‐Alonso Francisco , Gallardo José M.
Published: April 2004

This study is aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous solutions of citric acid (CA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on the lipid stability of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) fillets and whole fish during frozen storage (up to 6 and 9 months, respectively) by means of a soaking pretreatment. Best oxidation inhibition results on fish fillets were obtained when employing a 0.5% CA solution. Lower (p<0.05) peroxide (month 3), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (months 1 and 3) and fluorescent compound formation (month 6) values were obtained from CA‐treated fish fillets than from the untreated (blank control) and water‐treated (water control) fish fillets. In the case of whole fish, soaking pretreatment with a mixture consisting of 0.5% CA and 0.5% AA showed the best results in inhibiting oxidation, as lower (p<0.05) peroxide formation was observed at 6 and 9 months of frozen storage compared to the untreated or water‐soaked counterparts. Advantages of both acids (CA and AA) are discussed, and further studies based on the positive role of a CA‐AA mixture will be carried out to extend the shelf life of medium‐ and high‐fat content fish species during frozen storage.
Ultrastructural aspects of gonadal morphogenesis in Bufo bufo (Amphibia Anura) 1. sex differentiation
Authors: Falconi Rosanna , Dalpiaz Davide , Zaccanti Francesco
Published: April 2004

The morphogenesis of gonads in Bufo bufo tadpoles was studied, and ultrastructural differences between sexes were identified. All specimens analyzed initially developed gonads made up of a peripheral fertile layer (cortex) surrounding a small primary cavity. Subsequently a central layer of somatic cells (medulla) developed. Both layers were separated by two uninterrupted basal laminae between which a vestige of the primary cavity persisted. During female differentiation, the peripheral layer continued to be the fertile layer. In males, the central layer blended into the peripheral layer and the basal laminae disappeared. The somatic cells of the central layer came into direct contact with the germ cells; this did not occur in females. Testicular differentiation continued with the migration of germ cells towards the center of the gonad. The somatic elements surrounding the germ cells appeared to play an active role in their transfer to the center of the gonad. The peripheral layer shrank and became sterile. Two basal laminae then re‐formed to separate the fertile central layer from the peripheral sterile one. Germ cells have always been thought to perform a passive role in sex differentiation in amphibians. Following the generally accepted “symmetric model”, the mechanism of gonad development is symmetrical, with cortical somatic cells determining ovarian differentiation and medullary somatic cells determining testicular differentiation. In contrast, we found that sex differentiation follows an “asymmetric” pattern in which germ cells tend primarily toward a female differentiation and male differentiation depends on a secondary interaction between germ cells and medullary somatic cells. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:378‐388, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo mapping of spontaneous mammary tumors in transgenic mice using MRI and ultrasonography
Authors: Galiè Mirco , D'Onofrio Mirko , Calderan Laura , Nicolato Elena , Amici Augusto , Crescimanno Caterina , Marzola Pasquina , Sbarbati Andrea
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To compare T1‐ or T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) as tools for in vivo mapping of different tissue components in spontaneous tumors of transgenic mice.

Materials and Methods

Human‐like mammary adenocarcinomas from FVB/neuT transgenic mice were analyzed by T2‐weighted and T1‐weighted MRI at 4.7 Tesla and US and then, after excision, were paraffin‐embedded for histologic analysis. The histologic samples were prepared taking care to obtain sections that spatially matched the MRI and US images as precisely as possible.

Results

US can obtain basic information such as the size of developing tumors in experimental animals and can identify necrotic areas. T2‐weighted MRI, especially if compared to T1‐weighted MRI and/or US, allows advanced analysis of morphologic aspects, with high resolution in the differentiation of details of necrotic areas such as coagulation, liquefaction, biphasic splitting of cysts, and fibrotic and lipidic infiltration.

Conclusion

Of the three methods, T2‐weighted MRI provides the most information about the anatomy of tumors. However, when distinctions between the different types of necrosis are not needed, US analysis is to be preferred for its practicality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:570–579. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noise reduction in MR angiography with nonlinear anisotropic filtering
Authors: Du Jiang , Fain Sean B. , Gu Tianliang , Grist Thomas M. , Mistretta Charles A.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To evaluate three‐dimensional nonlinear anisotropic filtering in suppressing image noise in high spatial resolution magnetic resonance angiograms (MRA) acquired with hybrid undersampled projection reconstruction and phase contrast vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction (PC‐VIPR).

Materials and Methods

Three‐dimensional nonlinear anisotropic filtering was quantitatively analyzed and evaluated through the measurement of contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in PC‐VIPR images and contrast enhanced peripheral MRA images. To filter MRA images with ultra‐high spatial resolution and poor CNR, a spatial frequency dependent nonlinear anisotropic filtering algorithm was proposed that uses two‐step processing to filter the whole spatial frequency data.

Results

Three‐dimensional nonlinear anisotropic filtering was shown to be effective in suppressing noise and improving CNR in MRA with isotropic spatial resolution. Higher CNR was achieved using spatial frequency dependent nonlinear anisotropic filtering. A typical CNR gain of between 50–100% was shown in our studies.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional nonlinear anisotropic filtering significantly improved CNR in MRA images with isotropic spatial resolution. Spatial frequency dependent nonlinear anisotropic filtering further improved CNR for MRA images with ultra‐high spatial resolution and low CNR. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:632–639. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pheochromocytoma with posthemorrhagic cystic degeneration: Magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Goshima Satoshi , Kanematsu Masayuki , Kondo Hiroshi , Yokoyama Ryujiro , Hoshi Hiroaki , Moriyama Noriyuki
Published: April 2004

We describe in vivo and in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a pheochromocytoma with posthemorrhagic cystic degeneration in a 74‐year‐old man. The in vivo MR images showed the mass as an area of homogeneous moderate hyperintensity with a central area of intense hyperintensity outlined by a thin hypointense rim on a T2‐weighted image. The in vitro MR images showed a hyperintense rim around the central cystic area consistent with hemorrhage on T1‐weighted gradient‐echo images with short echo times (1.6 and 4.2 msec) and more distinctly revealed the blurring effect due to susceptibility of hemosiderin on those with long echo times (6 and 8 msec). Hemosiderin deposition caused by intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the pheochromocytoma can be appreciated on spoiled gradient‐echo images with different echo times, which is ordinarily included in the MRI protocol as phase‐shift imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:640–644. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1H metabolite relaxation times at 3.0 tesla: Measurements of T1 and T2 values in normal brain and determination of regional differences in transverse relaxation
Authors: Träber Frank , Block Wolfgang , Lamerichs Rolf , Gieseke Jürgen , Schild Hans H.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To measure 1H relaxation times of cerebral metabolites at 3 T and to investigate regional variations within the brain.

Materials and Methods

Investigations were performed on a 3.0‐T clinical whole‐body magnetic resonance (MR) system. T2 relaxation times of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), total creatine (tCr), and choline compounds (Cho) were measured in six brain regions of 42 healthy subjects. T1 relaxation times of these metabolites and of myo‐inositol (Ins) were determined in occipital white matter (WM), the frontal lobe, and the motor cortex of 10 subjects.

Results

T2 values of all metabolites were markedly reduced with respect to 1.5 T in all investigated regions. T2 of NAA was significantly (P < 0.001) shorter in the motor cortex (247 ± 13 msec) than in occipital WM (301 ± 18 msec). T2 of the tCr methyl resonance showed a corresponding yet less pronounced decrease (162 ± 16 msec vs. 178 ± 9 msec, P = 0.021). Even lower T2 values for all metabolites were measured in the basal ganglia. Metabolite T1 relaxation times at 3.0 T were not significantly different from the values at 1.5 T.

Conclusion

Transverse relaxation times of the investigated cerebral metabolites exhibit an inverse proportionality to magnetic field strength, and especially T2 of NAA shows distinct regional variations at 3 T. These can be attributed to differences in relative WM/gray matter (GM) contents and to local paramagnetism. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:537–545. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shape optimization of multi‐band antennas using the coupling between microgenetic algorithms and TLM method
Authors: Chu H. S. , Dubard J. L. , Staraj R.
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a new combination between transmission line matrix method (TLM) and microgenetic algorithm (µGA). This coupling is used to design patch shapes of microstrip and planar inverted—F antennas (PIFA) for broad‐band or multi‐band applications. Measured results of the µGA/TLM optimized designs show good agreement with TLM simulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite‐volume time‐domain (FVTD) modelling of a broadband double‐ridged horn antenna
Authors: Baumann Dirk , Fumeaux Christophe , Leuchtmann Pascal , Vahldieck Rüdiger
Published: April 2004

This paper demonstrates the suitability of the finite‐volume time‐domain (FVTD) method to analyse electromagnetic ‘real‐world’ problems. As a challenging example, a 1–18 GHz broadband double‐ridged horn antenna is chosen. The horn antenna consists of non‐orthogonal and curved parts and a small coaxial feeding that is modelled in detail. The simulation results of the far‐field patterns, the return loss and the gain are successfully compared to measurements. They show that the FVTD method—using an inhomogeneous tetrahedral mesh—is very well suited for simulating complex structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culturally tuned emotional intelligence: an effective change management tool?
Authors: Herkenhoff Linda
Published: April 2004

This article is concerned with the potential influence of culture in managing emotions both in others and in ourselves, within a change management framework.

It is proposed that reframing emotional intelligence (EI) in terms of culture may support leaders when effecting change within their organizations.

For well over a decade anthropologists have suggested that cultures have conventions and norms that influence the management of emotions.

Cultural values create a commonality among members in how they interpret and subsequently respond to emotional issues.

A tripartite definition of cultural values, based on national, organizational and professional cultures, provides a framework for exploring several EI case study examples. These practical examples demonstrate how organizations have effected change by stepping outside of their immediate and obvious framework to examine the issues in a ‘culturally tuned’ manner.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional intelligence and participation in decision‐making: strategies for promoting organizational learning and change
Authors: Scott‐Ladd Brenda , Chan Christopher C.A.
Published: April 2004

This paper argues that organizational learning is more effective if enacted by emotionally intelligent employees within clear operating boundaries such as those offered by participation in decision‐making.

Organizational learning, based on Senge's (1992) conceptualization of the five elements of personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, team learning and systems thinking, aims to facilitate an organization's ability to learn and adapt to change.

Emotional intelligence is claimed to promote emotional knowledge, perception and regulation as well as general intelligence (Mayer and Salovey, 1997). However, this has to be harnessed to contribute to the organization's success.

This paper synthesizes a model of how emotional intelligence, organizational learning and participation in decision‐making can be operationalized to improve an organization's capacity to manage change and improve performance outcomes.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partnerships in ecotourism: Australian political frameworks
Authors: Buckley Ralf
Published: April 2004

Conservation interests hope to use tourism as a tool in conservation, whereas tourism interests want to use conservation as a tool in tourism development. Both promote partnerships, but with different political aims. In federated nations such as Australia, this involves industry associations and government agencies in different jurisdictions as well as different portfolios. There are several recent national‐scale initiatives in Australia. The Tourism in Australia's Protected Areas Forum, TAPAF, is an informal information exchange group between state protected area management agencies which also includes state government tourism representatives. TAPAF has promoted a Code of Practice for commercial tour operators in protected areas. Ecotourism Australia is an industry association which has promoted a Cairns Charter on Partnerships for Ecotourism. The National Tourism and Heritage Taskforce is the highest‐level consultative body, representing both industry and government, tourism and environment, federal and state levels. NTHT has produced a national strategy called Going Places, currently under implementation. The federal tourism portfolio has produced a somewhat conflicting document of its own, called Pursuing Common Goals. And the peak tourism industry association, formerly the Tourism Task Force and currently known as TTF Australia, is soon due to launch a report called Making National Parks a National Tourism Priority. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion resistance of cerium‐based chemical conversion coatings on AA5083 aluminium alloy
Authors: Dabalà M. , Ramous E. , Magrini M.
Published: April 2004

In this paper the effect of several parameters, such as temperature, time of immersion, cerium ions and hydrogen peroxide concentration, pH of the conversion solution, on the composition and morphology of the conversion layer are investigated as well as on its corrosion resistance in chloride environments. The cerium‐based chemical conversion coatings ennobles the corrosion potential and inhibits both the cathodic and anodic reactions rate. Using a cerium (III) chloride solution a not homogeneous coating is obtained and agglomerates with a “dry‐mud” morphology of mixed cerium‐aluminium oxide are deposited above the cathodic intermetallic particles, while using a cerium (III) nitrate solution the coating is more uniform but thinner than that obtained with cerium (III) chloride. Solution temperature below 50°C and time of immersion of 10 minutes produces a coating with better corrosion resistance.
Study on biological control of microbiologically induced corrosion of carbon steel
Authors: Liu H. , Wang M. , Huang Z. , Du H. , Tang H.
Published: April 2004

A strain of Thiobacillus Denitrificans (TD) isolated from the soil was selected to reduce the corrosion caused by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). The optimal pH was determined as 7.0 for the growth of TD. The growth environment of TD was found to be similar to that of SRB. Thus they can be cultured together. When they were grown together, it was observed that TD reduced the corrosion caused by SRB, being attributed to that TD might consume corrosive sulfides produced by SRB and restrict the SRB biofilms from accumulation. Scanning probe microscopy observations ex‐situ demonstrated that the topography of mixture biofilm formed in the mixed culture of TD and SRB was more compact than that for SRB along. Therefore, the process of charge transfer is baffled, leading to a decrease of the corrosion caused by SRB.
Recent failures of new potential symptomatic treatments for parkinson's disease: Causes and solutions
Authors: Linazasoro Gurutz
Published: April 2004

One major goal of current research in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the discovery of novel agents to improve symptomatic management. The object of these new treatments should be to provide effective symptom control throughout the course of the disease without the development of side effects such as motor and psychiatric complications. Results of several clinical trials of new treatment options reported in the past 2 years have shown negative or unsatisfactory results. Most of the drugs and surgical procedures used in these studies had been tested previously in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys as well as in the classic 6‐hydroxydopamine–lesioned rat model. They raise several questions about the true reliability of animal studies, the adequacy of the working hypotheses and design of clinical trials, the validity of tools in current use to evaluate a specific effect, and the selectivity of the drugs used. All these factors may explain failure. This review focuses on pharmacological and surgical treatments tested to improve the management of patients with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Some of the recent trials and possible reasons for their lack of success are critically analysed. Finally, some suggestions to avoid further failures and improve results are proposed. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Interactive advanced‐communication multistation system for microsurgical training
Authors: Usón‐Gargallo J. , Viguera‐Salvago F.J. , Calles‐Vázquez C.
Published: April 2004

The use of cameras in microscopes is not in itself new; however, this paper describes a new use of microscope‐mounted cameras in conjunction with an audio intercom system for training in microsurgical techniques. The application of new technology may enhance traditional microsurgical training. Our objective was to compare the opinions of students attending training courses before and implementation of an interactive training system. This qualitative, descriptive study analyzed the results of end‐of‐course satisfaction surveys carried out among 400 students (physicians and veterinarians), 240 before and 160 after implementation of the system. Compared to the conventional system used previously at the Minimally Invasive Surgery Center and still in use elsewhere, most students felt that monitoring, training, and troubleshooting were both easier and more thorough using the multistation system. The “multistation system” allows real‐time, one‐to‐one, tutor‐student interaction, obviating the need for the tutor to move from student to student, and allowing him to monitor activity at the same working magnification as the student. As a result, the level of student satisfaction has improved. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the major egg glycolipoproteins from the perivitellin fluid of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata
Authors: Dreon Marcos S. , Heras Horacio , Pollero Ricardo J.
Published: April 2004

Ovorubin and PV2 are the major lipoglycocarotenoproteins present in the perivitellus of the freshwater snail eggs of Pomacea canaliculata, a rapidly expanding rice field pest. We have previously characterized these two particles regarding their lipid and protein compositions, their synthesis and tissular distribution, and their contributions of energy and structural precursors for the developing embryo. In the present study, we have characterized the glycosidic moieties associated to these perivitellines. Both proteins were isolated from egg homogenates by ultracentrifugation, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using anionic exchange and size exclusion columns. Total carbohydrates accounted for 17.8% and 2.5% (w/w) of the apparent molecular mass of ovorubin and PV2, respectively. Analysis by size exclusion chromatography showed that the amount of O‐linked oligosaccharides is higher than that of the N‐linked species (59% and 67% w/w of total carbohydrates of ovorubin and PV2, respectively). Glycosylation patterns were determined by a set of biotinilated lectins onto blotted purified proteins. Lectin affinities confirmed the presence of aspargine‐linked carbohydrates, probably of hybrid and high mannose types. Jacaline affinity suggested the presence of O‐linked residues derived from the T‐antigen. Total carbohydrate composition determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) showed that mannose was the major monosaccharide in both perivitellins followed by GlcNAc and Gal in ovorubin, and Gal and GlcNAc in PV2. Only one fatty acid (22:1 n‐9) accounted for 46% and 56% of the fatty acids present in ovorubin and PV2, respectively. Carbohydrate role on these reserve proteins during embryogenesis of the apple snail is discussed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 359–364, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.