bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term enteral administration of melatonin reduces plasma insulin and increases expression of pineal insulin receptors in both Wistar and type 2‐diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats
Authors: Peschke Elmar , Schucht Helena , Mühlbauer Eckhard
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This paper represents an essential aspect of recent investigations into the functional and clinical implications of insulin–melatonin interrelationships. The aim of the study was to analyze whether melatonin reduces insulin secretion in an animal in a manner comparable to the pattern observed in previous in vitro experiments; to this end, we used two models: Wistar and type 2‐diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats. Thirty‐two Wistar and 32 GK rats were divided into two subgroups of 16 rats each; each subgroup was treated either with or without melatonin. The daily administration of melatonin, starting in 8‐ wk‐old rats, was adjusted to 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Melatonin was given daily during the dark period for 12 hr. After 9 wk of treatment, the rats were sacrificed in the middle of the dark period. Melatonin administration strongly enhanced the plasma melatonin level and diminished the expression of pancreatic melatonin receptor‐mRNA, whereas the expression of pineal AA‐NAT and HIOMT was unchanged. Furthermore, the experiments showed in agreement with recent in vitro results of pancreatic islets that plasma insulin levels were diminished after melatonin treatment. However, the pineal insulin receptor expression was increased after melatonin administration. The pancreatic expression of glucagon, GLUT2, and glucokinase was decreased in GK rats, whereas the glucose levels, as well as the parameters of glucose sensing, GLUT2‐mRNA, and glucokinase‐mRNA, were unchanged after melatonin administration in both Wistar and GK rats. In summary, the results show that melatonin administration decreases plasma insulin levels in vivo and, furthermore, that an insulin–melatonin antagonism exists.
How Do Families Manage Their Economic Hardship?
Authors: Baek Eunyoung , DeVaney Sharon A.
Published: September 2010

Using data from the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study examined how families manage their economic hardship. A conceptual model was developed based on risk management theory and the permanent income hypothesis. About half of families used credit and about a third used their own savings to make up the difference between income and spending. The results of multinomial logit analysis showed that families' use of management methods differed when they faced economic hardship, depending on their situation.
Exploring the Relationship Between Assets and Family Stress Among Low‐Income Families
Authors: Rothwell David W. , Han Chang‐Keun
Published: September 2010

The “hard times” resulting from the 2008 Great Recession represent an opportunity to re‐examine the theoretical framework for how families use economic resources to manage stress. M. Sherraden's (1991) theory of assets and H. I. McCubbin and J. Patterson's (1983) family adjustment and adaptation response model informed this study of how assets relate to family demands among 839 low‐income families. Structural equation modeling found that assets were directly related to a reduced sense of family demands and that assets were indirectly related to demands via economically stressful events. Findings suggest that social welfare policies that promote assets among low‐income families may positively influence family relations. Future family research would benefit from measuring assets as economic resources and testing how assets affect family functioning.
Evaluation of a Long‐term Water Exercise Program for the Elderly: Focusing on Balance
Authors: Josephson Susan , Josephson Diane , Nitz Jennifer
Published: September 2010

Book reviews in this article:

Objective: The purpose of this project was to examine how postural control and balance, which are important to the upkeep of normal physical functioning in the elderly, may be maintained or improved by long‐term water exercise classes. It was hypothesised that hydrotherapy exercise once a week would be shown to positively effect measures of balance, postural control, functional mobility and flexibility in the exercising group when compared to a non‐exercising group.

Method: This study comprised two groups. The first group was made up of a convenience sample of 19 subjects all over the age of 70 years, who had been undertaking water exercise sessions run by a Physiotherapist in a heated pool for one hour each week for a minimum of twelve months. The second group was a comparable group consisting of people of the same age, gender, pathology, medication intake and living arrangements who did not undertake any form of exercise above normal activities of daily living. The mean age of the subjects was 80 years and 10 months (SD 6.81 years) and ranged from 70 to 92 years.

Measurements included: functional reach tests with the right and left arms, functional step testing using the right and left leg, the timed ‘up and go’ and right and left ankle dorsiflexion range.

Results: The water exercise group performed significantly better on all four tests at a significance level of ≥ 0.05. Significant results of correlations with age of all tests except timed ‘up and go’ within the non‐exercising subject group and not the water exercise group highlighted the potential of water exercise to prevent or perhaps reverse the effects of ageing on balance.

Conclusions: This data strongly supports the theory that long‐term water exercise classes do positively affect a person's flexibility, mobility and ability to maintain postural control. In turn this is likely to assist their functional status and hence, improve their quality of life.
The Role of Humour as a Coping Strategy in an Older Male Sample
Authors: Alpass Fiona , Neville Stephen , Flett Ross
Published: September 2010

Book reviews in this article:

Objectives: To investigate the moderating effect of humour as a coping strategy on the stress‐depression relationship in a group of older men.

Method: Data was collected by cross‐sectional survey method.

Results: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant main and interaction effects for stress and humour (as a coping strategy) on depression.

Conclusions: The use of humour may be an effective coping strategy for older males confronted with high levels of daily stress.
WORKPLACE BULLYING: DEVELOPING A HUMAN RIGHTS DEFINITION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE AND EXPERIENCES OF TARGETS
Authors: Carbo Jerry , Hughes Amy
Published: September 2010

Workplace bullying is a severe and pervasive problem. Targets of workplace bullying suffer devastating effects both personally and professionally. Bullying violates the human rights of the targets of bullying. Despite the seriousness of this problem, the definition of and measurement of incidents of workplace bullying has lacked proper focus. One indicator of this is the difference in incident rates between the operational and self‐report methods of workplace bullying. Questions surround elements of many of the definitions of workplace bullying including the requirement of repetitiveness, the requirement of intent, and the role of power. In this study, the researchers explore the stories of sixteen targets of workplace bullying in order to develop a better definition of workplace bullying and to begin to explore the reasons for the differences between self‐report and operational incident rates of workplace bullying. The implications of this study suggest that many definitions of workplace bullying are indeed too narrow but that power differential is indeed a critical component of workplace bullying.
When Condom Use is Not Condom Use: An Event-Level Analysis of Condom Use Behaviors During Vaginal Intercourse
Authors: Hensel Devon J. , Stupiansky Nathan W. , Herbenick Debby , Dodge Brian , Reece Michael
Published: September 2010

Introduction

Little is known about event-level condom use errors during vaginal sex.

Aims

The aim of this article is to examine factors associated with complete condom use compared to forms of incomplete condom use, including delayed condom application and early condom removal, over a 30-day period.

Methods

Data were collected in 2008 from 1,875 men during a prospective daily diary study of sexual behavior and condom use. Incomplete condom use was assessed during vaginal intercourse considering situational, relational, intrapersonal, and behavioral predictors. Analyses were generalized estimating equation multinomial logistic regression.

Main Outcome Measures

Condom use during vaginal sex: complete use, delayed application, early removal, and both delayed application/early removal.

Results

Of 29,714 diary reports, 30% (8,876) included vaginal intercourse. Analyses were conducted (in 2009) on 83.2% of these intercourse events (6,325), during which condoms were used and for which participants provided complete data. Incomplete condom use included penetration before applying condoms during 12% of events (749), removing condoms before intercourse ended during 3.1% (198), and both types of incomplete use during 2% (129) of events. Erection quality (less than typical erect penile length and circumference, less rigidity, and difficulty maintaining erection) was associated with greater odds of incomplete use, as was a participant’s history of other recent incomplete use. Perceptions of condom comfort and recent previous complete use were protective factors against incomplete use.

Conclusions

Men’s incomplete condom use is associated with recent condom use patterns, as well as with their physiological characteristics and perceptions of condoms during sexual intercourse. Event-level analyses such as these help describe how incomplete condom use occurs among individuals incorporating condoms into their sexual activities.
Development of guidelines for the safe prescribing, dispensing and administration of cancer chemotherapy
Authors: CARRINGTON Christine , STONE Leanne , KOCZWARA Bogda , SEARLE Christina
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The issue of medication safety is highly significant when anti‐cancer therapy is used due to the high potential for harm from these agents and the disease context in which they are being used. This article reports on the development of multidisciplinary consensus guidelines for the safe prescribing, dispensing and administration of cancer chemotherapy undertaken by a working group of the Clinical Oncological Society of Australia (COSA).

Methods:  A working group of pharmacists, nurses and medical oncologists was convened from the COSA membership. A draft set of guidelines was proposed and circulated to the COSA council and the wider membership of COSA for comment. The final version of the guidelines was then distributed to 25 key stakeholders in Australia for feedback and endorsement.

Results:  An initial draft was developed based on existing standards, evidence from the literature and consensus opinion of the group. It was agreed that published case studies would be used as evidence for a particular statement where related processes had resulted in patient harm. The group defined 13 areas where a guidance statement was applicable to all professional disciplines and three individual sections based on the processes and the professionals involved in the provision of cancer therapy.

Conclusion:  The guidelines development represents a multidisciplinary collaboration to standardize the complex process of providing chemotherapy for cancer and to enhance patient safety. These are consensus guidelines based on the best available evidence and expert opinion of professionals working in cancer care. They should be seen as a point of reference for practitioners providing chemotherapy services.
Estimation of clover biomass and percentage in a performance trial of white clover‐timothy binary mixtures: Use of multiple regression equations incorporating plant cover measured with the grid‐point plate
Authors: Chen Jun , Okumura Kenji , Takada Hiroyuki
Published: September 2010

Clover biomass and its percentage are both important measurements for performance trials of clover cultivars in binary mixtures with grass species. In the present study we developed multiple regression equations for estimating clover biomass and its percentage composition in binary mixtures of white clover (Trifolium repens L., three cultivars and one breeding line) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Plant height, cover, cover × plant height and dry matter ratio of white clover and cutting time were considered as potential explanatory variables for the regression equation. White clover cover was measured using a grid‐point plate overlaid on a digital image of vegetation photographed from the top. The technique is considered to be useful for estimating herbage biomass and its percentage of white clover in a mixture with the grass because of high accuracy and precision in estimation and reduced time and labor requirements.
Chemical composition and in situ degradability of two varieties of sugarcane at different growth stages in subtropical Japan
Authors: Suzuki Tomoyuki , Sakaigaichi Takeo , Terajima Yoshifumi , Matsuoka Makoto , Kamiya Yuko , Hattori Ikuo , Tanaka Masahito
Published: September 2010

Sugarcane is an important crop and also a potential feed resource in the Southwestern Islands of Japan. We investigated chemical composition and in situ degradability of two Japanese sugarcane varieties, a common variety, NiF 8 and a new variety developed for cattle feed, KRFo 93‐1. We also evaluated these sugarcanes as alternatives to sugarcane top and imported oaten hay, i.e. commonly used roughages in the Southwestern Islands. The crude protein (CP) contents of both sugarcane varieties were usually lower than those of sugarcane top and oaten hay, showing a decrease with advancing maturity after ratooning. On the other hand, the non‐fiber carbohydrate contents of both varieties and the effective degradability of dry matter in NiF 8 increased with advancing maturity, possibly due to sucrose accumulation. The effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber for KRFo 93‐1 decreased with advancing maturity, being lower than that for sugarcane top and close to that of oaten hay. Overall, highest nutritional benefits would be obtained at a later stage harvest for NiF 8 and at an earlier stage harvest for KRFo 93‐1. CP and/or energy supplements are needed when either of the sugarcane varieties is used as an alternative to sugarcane top or imported oaten hay.
Effect of application form of nitrogen on oxalate accumulation and mineral uptake by napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mijanur , Ishii Yasuyuki , Niimi Mitsuhiro , Kawamura Osamu
Published: September 2010

Oxalate occurs naturally in forage species, but excess levels of soluble oxalate adversely affect their nutritional quality as animal feed. Although induction of oxalate in plants has been associated with nitrate application, relatively little is known about oxalate in forage grasses. In the present study, we investigated oxalate accumulation and mineral uptake by napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum, cv. dwarf‐late) cultured in complete nutrient solution containing either solely nitrate or mainly ammonium as the main form of nitrogen. Total (shoot and root) yield of plants did not differ significantly between the nitrate and ammonium treatments. By contrast, the nitrogen form significantly affected oxalate accumulation and mineral uptake by plants. Nitrate application resulted in higher concentrations of soluble and insoluble oxalates in the shoot and soluble oxalate in the root than ammonium application. Nitrate application also resulted in higher concentrations of sodium and calcium in the shoot, and higher concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium in the root than ammonium application. The results suggest that the application of nitrate fertilizer as the sole source of nitrogen should be avoided in the cultivation of oxalate‐rich forages, though further studies are needed under field conditions.
Lepto-hadronic origin of γ-rays from the G54.1+0.3 pulsar wind nebula
Authors: Li Hui , Chen Yang , Zhang Li
Published: September 2010

G54.1+0.3 is a Crab-like pulsar wind nebula (PWN) with the highest γ-ray to X-ray luminosity ratio among all the nebulae driven by young rotation-powered pulsars. We model the spectral evolution of the PWN and find it difficult to match the observed multiband data with leptons alone using reasonable model parameters. In a lepton–hadron hybrid model, however, TeV photons come mainly from π0 decay in proton–proton interaction and the observed photon spectrum can be well reproduced. The newly discovered infrared loop and molecular cloud that lie in or closely around the PWN can work as the target for the bombardment of the PWN protons.
THE EFFECT OF GARLIC OR ONION MARINADE ON THE LIPID OXIDATION AND MEAT QUALITY OF PORK DURING COLD STORAGE
Authors: KIM Y.J. , JIN S.K. , PARK W.Y. , KIM B.W. , JOO S.T. , YANG H.S.
Published: September 2010

Fresh semimembranosus pork was marinated with garlic or onion juice to determine their effect on lipid oxidation and meat quality during cold storage. Five marinade treatments, which include control (C) and two levels (3 and 6%) of garlic juice (GJ) or onion juice (OJ), were prepared and stored for 7 days at 4C. pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, peroxide value (POV) and sensory evaluations of meat were determined at 1, 3 and 7 days of storage. The pH value of GJ and OJ were higher than control during 7 days of storage at 4C, and control had the lowest pH value. The marinated samples had significantly lower Hunter lightness and yellowness values than control (P < 0.05). The TBARS values of all pork samples increased during cold storage and this increase is greater if it is not any garlic and onion treatment (control). The pork marinated with 6% GJ showed the lowest TBARS value (P < 0.05), and pork marinated with 6% garlic or onion juice had significantly lower TBARS values than those with 3%. Also, 6% OJ sample reached lesser increase of TBARS than any treatment in 7 days of storage. All treatment samples increased POV values in 7 days storage (P < 0.05). The panelists also recorded higher sensory scores to the samples with marinated garlic and onion juice (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluations indicated that all marinated pork sample with garlic and onion juice had significantly higher tenderness and flavor attributes than control (P < 0.05).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Our results show that garlic and onion juice is recommended to improve sensory evaluation and antioxidant effect in marinated pork. Therefore, it is suggested that garlic and onion juice could be used to extend the shelf life of meat products, providing the consumer with meat containing natural additives, which might be seen as more healthful.
REVIEW: Diagnostic accuracy for coronary artery disease of multislice CT scanners in comparison to conventional coronary angiography: An integrative literature review
Authors: Delgado Karsen , Williams Mary
Published: September 2010

Purpose: To examine the quality of cardiac imaging done by multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and its ability to correctly identify significantly occluded segments of coronary arteries compared with quantitative coronary angiography.

Data sources: Databases searched were CINAHL, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science and Health Source: Nursing/Academic edition. Keywords used were “Computed Tomography,”“Coronar* Angiogra*,” and “Coronary Artery Disease.” Studies from peer‐reviewed journals published from 2002 to 2008 that compared quantitative coronary angiography to MSCT were evaluated. Additional sources were identified from review of reference lists from articles found in the electronic search.

Conclusions: MSCT was best employed to screen for the absence of disease in patients who were in sinus rhythm, who had no previous bypass grafts or stents placed, had a low risk of calcifications, and who were not obese. Both 40‐ and 64‐slice technology demonstrated the highest accuracy in screening for the absence of disease on a vessel‐based analysis.

Implications for Practice: Those who have multiple risk factors and are asymptomatic should still be screened via catheterization. More studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of newer 64‐slice technology as a tool to positively identify CAD.
CE ARTICLE: Recognizing and treating upper extremity lymphedema in postmastectomy/lumpectomy patients: A guide for primary care providers
Authors: Quirion Eva
Published: September 2010

Purpose: To provide an overview of the lymphatics, physiology of lymphedema (LE), incidence, risks, and costs as well as a guide for the primary care provider on how to recognize the symptoms of LE, a review of current published treatment recommendations, and advice about making a referral to appropriate LE specialists.

Data sources: Selected studies on diagnosing and treating LE in breast cancer patients following mastectomy/lumpectomy and evidence‐based treatment guidelines.

Conclusions: LE is the most common complication related to breast cancer treatment with an occurrence estimated between 10% and 60% depending on the parameters used for measurement. Most commonly, LE occurs within the first 3 years after breast cancer treatment, but the remaining cases happen beyond this period of time and can occur after many years. This means that significant numbers of patients with LE can present to primary care clinicians.

Implications for practice: A patient who is treated for breast cancer will be followed for a time by the oncology team, but eventually, that patient will be discharged from the oncology practice and will be seen in primary care. Risk factors for developing LE include treatment‐related (number of nodes removed and radiation to axilla), disease‐related (stage and location of tumor), and patient‐related (younger age, obesity, and comorbid conditions) factors. A systematic evaluation of any patient presenting with LE will assure accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment.
SOMATOTYPING, ANTIMODERNISM, AND THE PRODUCTION OF CRIMINOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE*
Authors: RAFTER NICOLE
Published: September 2010

This study analyzes the work of William H. Sheldon, the psychologist, physician, and advocate of the study of body types. It investigates how he arrived at his much‐repeated finding that a correlation exists between mesomorphy (a stocky, muscular body build) and delinquency and how his ideas were validated and perpetuated. It reviews what Sheldon actually said about the causes of crime; identifies his goals in searching for a relationship between body shape and criminality; explains how he found audiences for his biological theory at a time when sociological approaches dominated criminology; and attempts to understand the current criminological ambivalence about the scientific status of Sheldon's work, despite its discreditation decades ago. I argue that the tripartite structure of Sheldon's thought attracted three different audiences–methodologists, social scientists, and supporters–and that it encouraged the supporters to fund his research without reference to the critiques of the social scientists. I also argue that somatotyping was part of a broader antimodernist reaction within international scientific communities against the dislocations of twentieth‐century life. To understand the origins, acceptance, and maintenance of criminological ideas, we need a historical perspective on figures of the past. Positivism may inform us about what is true and false, but we also need to know how truth and falsity have been constructed over time and how the ideas of earlier criminologists were shaped by their personal and social contexts.
AN EXPLORATION OF THE DETERMINANTS OF REPORTING CRIME TO THE POLICE IN THE CITY OF TIANJIN, CHINA*
Authors: ZHANG LENING , MESSNER STEVEN F. , LIU JIANHONG
Published: September 2010

Western research has investigated three types of correlates of crime reporting–victim‐specific (individual or household), incident‐specific, and environment‐specific variables. The current study applies this general, analytical framework to explore the determinants of crime reporting to the police in contemporary urban China. Using data collected from a recent survey of criminal victimization in Tianjin, we assess the determinants for reporting of robbery, assault, personal theft, and household burglary. The results consistently show that offense seriousness is a significant predictor of reporting for all offenses studied. Also, a nonlinear relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and reporting of burglary is found. In contrast, individual‐specific and household‐specific factors do not affect reporting, with the exception of a cumulative measure of victimization experience. Measures of neighborhood social cohesion and informal control are also not associated with reporting. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the unique neighborhood organizational infrastructure in urban China.
A CROSS‐NATIONAL TEST OF BONGER'S THEORY OF CRIMINALITY AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS*
Authors: ANTONACCIO OLENA , TITTLE CHARLES R.
Published: September 2010

Using international data for 100 countries, we test two hypotheses derived from Bonger's Marxian theory of crime. The analyses support the hypothesis that the degree of capitalism significantly predicts homicide rates, but they fail to confirm that the de‐moralization of the population (loss of moral feelings for others) mediates the relationship between capitalism and homicide. Although capitalism is not the best predictor among those considered, overall, the results underline the importance of Bonger's ideas because both capitalism and corruption (our indicator of de‐moralization) show reasonably strong relationships with homicide rates and compete with other variables commonly used as predictors of international homicide rates. The results confirm the usefulness of attempting to subject Marxian ideas to positivist, quantitative tests, with an eye to integrating Marxian theories with other mainstream theories, such as institutional anomie theory.
EXECUTING THE INNOCENT AND SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: UNNEVER JAMES D. , CULLEN FRANCIS T.
Published: September 2010

Research Summary:

The issue of whether innocent people have been executed is now at the center of the debate concerning the legitimacy of capital punishment. The purpose of this research was to use data collected by the Gallup Organization in 2003 to investigate whether Americans who believed that an innocent person had been executed were less likely to support capital punishment. We also explored whether the association varied by race, given that African Americans are disproportionately affected by the death penalty. Our results indicated that three‐quarters of Americans believed that an innocent person had been executed for a crime they did not commit within the last five years and that this belief was associated with lower levels of support for capital punishment, especially among those who thought this sanction was applied unfairly. In addition, our analyses revealed that believing an innocent person had been executed had a stronger association with altering African American than white support for the death penalty.

Policy Implications:

A key claim of death penalty advocates is that a high proportion of the public supports capital punishment. In this context, scholars opposing this sanction have understood the importance of showing that the public's support for executing offenders is contingent and shallower than portrayed by typical opinion polls. The current research joins this effort by arguing that the prospect of executing innocents potentially impacts public support for the death penalty and, in the least, creates ideological space for a reconsideration of the legitimacy of capital punishment.
INNOCENCE, ERROR, AND THE “NEW ABOLITIONISM”: A COMMENTARY
Authors: SARAT AUSTIN
Published: September 2010

If statistics are any indication, the system may well be allowing some innocent defendants to be executed.

‐ Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
Correlation between Focal Brain Metabolism and Higher Brain Function in Patients with Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Hosoda Chihiro , Nariai Tadashi , Ishiwata Kiichi , Ishii Kenji , Matsushima Yoshiharu , Ohno Kikuo
Published: September 2010

Background

Moyamoya disease is one of the causes of higher brain dysfunction in younger patients. Fortunately, it may be possible to protect younger Moyamoya disease patients from brain dysfunction via surgical manoeuvres.

Aim

Our group retrospectively analysed the correlation between preoperative positron emission tomography data and the intelligence quotient scores of 60 Japanese Moyamoya disease patients (age range 9–64).

Method

All patients underwent a quantitative measurement of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen by inhalation of C15O2 and 15O2 gas with positron emission tomography. The data was analysed using SPM99 software to determine the cerebral regions in which regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen was significantly correlated with full-scale intelligence quotient, verbal intelligence quotient, or performance intelligence quotient measured using the Wechsler intelligence scale.

Results

All scores (full-scale intelligence quotient, verbal intelligence quotient, and performance intelligence quotient) showed significant positive correlations with the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the lower part of the bilateral frontal lobe, the right anterior temporal lobe, and the medial occipital lobe. The verbal intelligence quotient was significantly and positively correlated with the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the left inferior frontal lobe, including Broca's area. Infarcted lesions in the left posterior temporal lobe and the right upper frontal lobe influenced the decline of all of the intelligence quotient scores measured.

Conclusion

The present analysis indicates that the higher brain function of Moyamoya disease patients tends to be affected by the cerebral metabolism of specific regions. This information may be useful in seeking optimal clinical management to preserve higher brain function in patients with Moyamoya disease.
Vascular Retinal, Neuroimaging and Ultrasonographic Markers of Lacunar Infarcts
Authors: Rodríguez Iria , Lema Isabel , Blanco Miguel , Rodríguez-Yáñez Manuel , Leira Rogelio , Castillo José
Published: September 2010

Background

Lacunar infarcts may be caused by macro-or microvascular disease due to several mechanisms.

Aim

This study aims to demonstrate that retinal vascular disturbances in patients with lacunar infarcts associated with neuroimaging and ultrasound markers can help to identify small-vessel disease.

Methods

Prospective ambulatory study of patients with ischaemic stroke and a control group. A retinographic study was performed by 20° bilateral optic disc stereophotography and 50° bilateral optic fundus retinography. Microangiopathy was evaluated as the presence of nonparenchymal vascular affectation and retinopathy as at least one retinal disturbance. Ultrasonographic study evaluated carotid disorder parameters and the mean pulsatility index. The MRI protocol included T1-weighted, T2-weighted, DP-weighted and FLAIR.

Results

We included 156 nonlacunar infarcts, 39 lacunar infarcts and 50 controls. Microangiopathy was more frequent in hypertensive (62.6% vs. 35.7%, P<0.0001) and vascular retinopathy in diabetic patients (11.7% vs. 3.8%, P=0.039). Microangiopathy (97.4% vs. 41.1%, P<0.0001) and leukoaraiosis (94.4% vs. 50.3%, P<0.0001) were more frequent and the mean pulsatility index was higher (1.9±0.2 vs. 1.4±0.5, P<0.0001) in patients with lacunar infarcts. Lacunar infarcts were independently associated with microangiopathy (odds ratio 12.81, 95% CI 1.52–107.86), the mean pulsatility index (odds ratio 8.13, 95% CI 1.17–56.20) and leukoaraiosis (odds ratio 3.45, 95% CI 1.09–10.93). The presence of leukoaraiosis plus microangiopathy was associated with lacunar infarcts with odds ratio 21.31 (95% CI 8.74–51.93).

Conclusions

The association of retinal microangiopathy (but not vascular retinopathy) and leukoaraiosis is linked to small-vessel disease and may be a useful marker of lacunar infarcts not secondary to a macrovascular lesion.
Taxonomic review of the genus Trichopterigia Hampson (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong , KIM Sung‐Soo
Published: September 2010

Korean species of the larentiine genus Trichopterigia Hampson are reviewed. Two species, T. consobrinaria (Leech) and T. costipunctaria Leech, are reported for the first time from the Korean peninsula. Diagnoses of the genus and species are provided, with brief descriptions of adults, including male and female genitalia.
Population dynamics of insects associated with Rumex obtusifolius in different habitats
Authors: KWON Ohseok
Published: September 2010

The effect of different habitats on insect communities associated with Rumex obtusifolius was studied in detail. Study sites were selected for their variety of environmental characteristics (vegetation and habitat): shaded woodland, disturbed wasteland and pasture. The results of this study were that insect populations associated with R. obtusifolius responded differently to the different habitats. The observed differences in population dynamics among the insects showed quite clearly their responses to different habitats. There was also a pattern of time partitioning in the exploitation of the host‐plant among the insect species observed. Philaenus spumarius at nymphal stage had a peak density on approximately 20 June, Apion frumentarium and Apion spp. (Apion species other than A. frumentarium) had a peak density on approximately 30 June and Aphis rumicis had a peak density on approximately 28 July. This pattern of shift in time for peak population density (time‐shift) among the insects sharing a common host‐plant may guarantee each insect the opportunity to exploit the plant to a maximum.
Interaction ofAcronicta rumicis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its larval parasitoid,Glyptapanteles liparidis(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: CHO Young‐Ho , NAM Sang‐Ho , KWON Ohseok
Published: September 2010

As a result of parasitism byGlyptapanteles liparidisin the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae ofAcronicta rumicis, the mortality of each larval stage was found to be 46.67, 90, 71 and 16.67%, respectively. The mortality was highest whenG. liparidisparasitized the second and third instar larvae. The difference in mortality between the parasitized group and the control group was 72.14% in the second instar larvae. With regards to the food consumption of the parasitized larvae, the first and second instar larvae consumed 6495.58 ± 646.52 mm2(leaf surface) and 7951.12 ± 4167.36 mm2, respectively, while the third and fourth larvae consumed 13 826.77 ± 3396.66 mm2and 18 599.85 mm2, respectively, showing that food consumption increased with instar stages of the host larvae. The clutch size ofG. liparidisincreased in relation to the instar stages of the host: it was 25.25 ± 7.89, 48.65 ± 53.75, 91.09 ± 44.52 and 114 individuals when they were fed with the first, second, third and the fourth instar larvae of the host, respectively.
New records of polycentropodid caddisflies from Korea (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Authors: HWANG Jung Hoon , CHUN Dong‐Jun
Published: September 2010

Four species of the family Polycentropodidae –Plectrocnemia baculifera, P. kusnezovi, Paranyctiophylax hjangsanchonus and Polyplectropus nocturnus– are recorded from Korea. Polyplectropus nocturnus is newly recorded from the Korean peninsula. The other three species are recorded from the Republic of Korea for the first time.
Taxonomy of the tribe Cephenniini Reitter (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae) in Korea
Authors: PARK Sun‐Jae , HOSHINA Hideto , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: September 2010

A taxonomic study of the tribe Cephenniini Reitter in Korea is presented. Two genera and two species –Cephennodes japonicus (Sharp) and Chelonoidum graeseri (Reitter) – are recognized. The genus and species Cephennodes japonicus is recorded for the first time in Korea. A key, descriptions and illustrations of diagnostic characters of known Korean Cephenniini species are given.
Novel strategies targeting pathogen transmission reduction in insect vectors: Tsetse‐transmitted trypanosomiasis control
Authors: WEISS Brian L. , ATTARDO Geoffrey M. , PAIS Roshan , WANG Jingwen , AKSOY Serap
Published: September 2010

Insect vectors are essential for the transmission of important human diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas and sleeping sickness. Insects are also responsible for the transmission of agricultural diseases that affect livestock and crops. Traditionally, control of the vector populations has been an effective disease management strategy. Recently, vector control strategies have been fortified by research in insect biology and in insect–pathogen interactions as well as by the development of transgenic technologies. In addition to insect population reduction methods, disease control via selective elimination of pathogens in insects can now be explored. Here we explore the tsetse vectors of African trypanosomes and describe the application of recent knowledge gained in their symbiotic, reproductive and vectorial biology to develop novel disease control strategies.
List of and key to the genera and species of the subfamily Amblyseiinae (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Korea
Authors: RYU Myon‐Ok
Published: September 2010

This study provides a list of and key to the 29 species of the subfamily Amblyseiinae in Korea. The subfamily comprises seven genera: Amblyseiulella Muma, Amblyseius Berlese, Euseius Wainstein, Neoseiulus Hughes, Okiseius Ehara, Proprioseiopsis Muma and Typhlodromips De Leon.
Silicone Foley catheters outperform latex Foley catheters for post‐nasal packing: an in‐vitro study
Authors: Almeyda R. , Shahzad A. , Bleach N.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To determine the best Foley catheter and inflation fluid for post‐nasal packing.

Design:  Experimental study.

Setting:  District General Hospital (Wexham Park Hospital).

Materials:  108 latex and 108 silicone catheters were directly compared.

Outcome measures:  Catheters were analysed according to the inflation fluid instilled and the use of an umbilical clamp. Analysis occurred at 24, 36, 48 and 72 h periods after being placed in humidified incubator at 37°C. The main outcome measure was whether deflation was possible at specified times. The secondary outcome measure was an attempt to identify the failure point in those catheters that failed to deflate.

Results:  Air was found to be an unsuitable inflation fluid for either silicone or latex catheters due to a 100% spontaneous deflation rate within a 24‐h period. Silicone catheters were found to be 100% reliable when inflated with water or saline, irrespective of the use of a clamp. Latex catheters were unreliable with an overall failure rate of 30%. This high failure rate was related both to the use of an umbilical clamp to secure the catheter and to the use of saline as the inflation medium.

Conclusions and recommendations:  Firstly, air should not be used for inflation of catheters unless specified in manufacturer's instructions. Secondly, when Foley catheters are used for post‐nasal packing, silicone should be considered the first choice of catheter type. If not available, latex ones may be used but should be inflated with water and secured with a non‐crushing clamp at the alar rim.
Prognostic relevance of volumetric analysis in tumour specimens of hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Baghi M. , Bisdas S. , Engels K. , Yousefi M. , Wagenblast J. , Hambek M. , Knecht R.
Published: September 2010

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of the tumour specimen's volume in patients with squamous cell cancers of the hypopharynx.

Design:  Tumour specimens of 67 patients treated primarily with surgery were evaluated, prospectively. Pathologic tumour volume was described as the product of the three longest diameters of the tumour in cubic millimeters (mm3). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relation of pathologic tumour volume to pTNM stages as well as to patients' survival. This study has been approved by our institutional review board.

Results:  Pathologic tumour volume was significantly associated with pT (P = 0.006) and pN (P = 0.01). The univariate evaluation of tumour variables showed pathologic tumour volume (P = 0.01) and pN (P = 0.04) as the only parameters which were significantly associated with overall survival. Entering these variables in a Cox regression model, pathologic tumour volume had the most impact on overall survival (P = 0.03). Most important thereby is the fact that we could distinguish within the pN0 group between the more and the less favourable cases.

Conclusion:  Pathologic tumour volume could be an essential prognostic indicator and the inclusion of this parameter in future clinical trials is recommended.
Comorbidity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a preliminary communication on the prevalence, descriptive distribution and impact on outcome
Authors: Ramakrishnan Y. , Paleri V. , Shah R. , Steen I.N. , Wight R.G. , Kelly C.G.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  Comorbidity has been shown to be a determinant in treatment selection and survival in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck at various subsites. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of comorbidity burden on outcome of nasopharyngeal cancer using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation‐27 (ACE‐27) instrument.

Design:  Retrospective analysis.

Setting:  Tertiary care centres.

Participants:  This study included 59 patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma between 1989–2003 in the North‐East of England. Exclusion criteria included non‐squamous neoplasms of the nasopharynx. Comorbidity was assessed retrospectively from the notes using standard validated techniques described earlier. Tumour, treatment and survival data were obtained from prospective databases. Data was analysed using SPSS for Windows.

Main outcome measures:  Comorbidity and outcome of treatment.

Results:  Comorbid burden was evident in 44% of patients, with moderate or severe comorbidity in 19%. The cardiovascular system was the most commonly affected system (27%). Cox's proportional hazard model showed age and stage of tumour to have an impact on disease specific survival. Comorbidity was not seen to predict the outcome independent of other factors. The sample size of this study is powered to detect only medium to large effects. We estimate that 614 subjects will be needed to detect a correlation coefficient of 0.1 with 80% power, assuming a type 1 error rate of 5%.

Conclusion:  This study shows for the first time that the comorbidity burden seen in nasopharyngeal cancer does not affect prognosis independent of the TNM staging.
Comparison between two valsalva techniques for improvement of hypopharyngeal nasendoscopy: a preliminary communication
Authors: Freeman S.R.M. , Keith A.O. , Aucott W. , Kazmi N. , Nigam A.
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To compare the nasal valsalva with the trumpet manoeuvre and anterior neck skin traction as aids to nasendoscopic examination of the hypopharynx.

Design:  Randomised, controlled comparison of examination techniques.

Setting:  Single tertiary referral centre.

Participants:  Twenty‐six adult patients requiring hypopharyngeal nasendoscopic examination were recruited. Patients were examined with both techniques in a randomised order that was recorded to video cassette.

Main Outcome Measures:  Blinded assessment of the percentage visualisation of the pyriform fossae, post‐cricoid and upper oesophageal sphincter was carried out by three consultant otolaryngologists independently.

Results:  Mean percentage scores (and 95% confidence intervals) for nasal valsalva versus trumpet manoeuvre for the three consultants, respectively, were as follows: right pyriform fossa: 77(68, 87) versus 80(71, 91), 61(55, 66) versus 60(54, 66), 46(38, 54) versus 45(37, 54); left pyriform fossa: 76(65, 87) versus 80(69, 91), 59(53, 64) versus 55(49, 61), 42(35, 49) versus 42(35, 50); post‐cricoid: 55(44, 67) versus 59(47, 71), 53(46, 60) versus 53(46, 60), 32(25, 39) versus 32(25, 39); upper oesophageal sphincter: 11(1, 21) versus 21(11, 31), 15(9, 21) versus 20(14, 26), 4(0, 8) versus 7(3, 11). No significant difference was found between the two techniques at any subsite. Individual differences were noted in a minority of patients where one or other technique gave a clearly improved view.

Conclusions:  The nasal valsalva and the trumpet manoeuvre with anterior neck skin traction are complementary techniques for improving the view of the hypopharynx.
Can vascular loops cause otological symptoms?
Authors: Chadha N.K. , Weiner G.M.
Published: September 2010

Objective.  To determine the evidence for a relationship between vascular loops in contact with the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) and otological symptoms.

Method.  A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Comprehensive search strategy using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Clinical Evidence, and Cochrane Central Register of Trials. Reference lists cross‐referenced and authors contacted for missing data. No language restrictions. Included studies: (1) compared symptoms in subjects with vascular loops contacting CN VIII to subjects without; or (2) compared the prevalence vascular loops in contact with CN VIII in symptomatic ears to contra‐lateral asymptomatic ears. Study quality systematically appraised.

Results.  Five studies met the inclusion criteria. A statistically significant association was demonstrated for the prevalence of vascular loops in contact with CN VIII, in subjects with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: pooled odds ratio (OR) 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.5, 2.6). No significant association was demonstrated for non‐pulsatile tinnitus. A highly significant increase in prevalence of contacting vascular loops in contact with CN VIII was demonstrated in subjects having pulsatile tinnitus, with pooled OR: 78.8 (95% CI: 10.9, 821.8).

Conclusions.  Vascular loops in contact with CN VIII are a normal variant. Subjects with unilateral hearing loss were twice as likely to have these vascular loops in the symptomatic ear than the asymptomatic ear. Subjects with pulsatile tinnitus were 80 times more likely to have a contacting vascular loop than patients with non‐pulsatile tinnitus. This suggests in some cases a causal relationship exists for pulsatile tinnitus, and surgical intervention may be occasionally indicated.
Globus sensation as early presentation of hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Tsikoudas A. , Ghuman N. , Riad M.A.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To identify if patients with early hypopharyngeal carcinoma can present with only the single complaint of globus sensation.

Design:  Retrospective case review.

Setting:  Teaching Hospital in Scotland.

Participants:  Cohort of 23 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Retrospective review of their case notes with regards to their hospital pathway from initial referral from the General Practitioner to diagnosis.

Outcome measures:  Symptoms & signs on presentation, subsequent investigations and time interval between initial presentation and diagnosis.

Results:  We identified two patients (9%) who presented early with globus or other soft symptoms as the only complaint and with normal clinical findings. There was a 78%‘pick up’ rate of abnormalities in the barium swallow examination.

Conclusion:  We believe this can have important clinical implications in the screening & investigation of globus patients who represent a significant outpatient workload. We review the relevant literature.