bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4‐Anilinoquinazolines with Lavendustin A Subunit as Inhibitors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Syntheses, Chemical and Pharmacological Properties.
Authors: Albuschat Rica , Loewe Werner , Weber Manuela , Luger Peter , Jendrossek Verena
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organoiodine (III) Mediated Synthesis of 3‐Aryl/Hetaryl‐5,7‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines as Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Prakash Om , Bhardwaj Vikas , Kumar Ravi , Tyagi Parikshit , Aneja Kamal R.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of [1,5‐c]Quinazolo‐1,2,4,3‐triazaphosphole‐4‐oxides.
Authors: Abderrahim Raoudha , Boujlel Khaled
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Synthesis of Novel 2‐Imino‐1,3‐selenazolidine Derivatives from O‐Methanesulfonyl β‐Amino Alcohol Hydrochlorides.
Authors: Ueda Shigeo , Terauchi Hideo , Suzuki Kenji , Watanabe Nobuhide
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transformations of Caryophyllene Diepoxides in Various Acidic Media.
Authors: Salomatina O. V. , Korchagina D. V. , Gatilov Yu. V. , Polovinka M. P. , Barkhash V. A.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Peptide Coupling Method of Conjugated Carboxylic Acids with Methyl Ester Amino Acids Hydrochloride. Application to the Synthesis of Fa‐Met, an Important Enzymatic Substrate.
Authors: Brunel Jean Michel , Salmi Chanaz , Letourneux Yves
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Intramolecular Arylation of Unactivated Arenes: Application to the Synthesis of Aporphine Alkaloids.
Authors: Lafrance Marc , Blaquiere Nicole , Fagnou Keith
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Some Novel 6‐Benzyl(or Substituted Benzyl)‐2‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4]triazines as Potential Antimicrobial Chemotherapeutics.
Authors: Khalil Nasser S. A. M. , Mansour Abdel Kader , Eid Mohga M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 1β‐Methylcarbapenems with Isoxazoloethenyl Moieties Containing Carboxylic Acid Sodium Salt.
Authors: Lee Kyung Seok , Kang Yong Koo , Yoo Kyung Ho , Kim Dong Chan , Shin Kye Jung , Paik Young‐Sook , Kim Dong Jin
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Synthesis of Nitriles of Quinolone Antibiotics.
Authors: Korthals Keith A. , Delia Thomas J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Secondary Allyltitanium(IV) Reagents in Aldehyde Allylation. Part 1. Extension of the Hoppe Reaction to γ‐Alkoxy Secondary Allyl Carbamates.
Authors: Razon Patrick , Dhulut Sylvie , Bezzenine‐Lafollee Sophie , Courtieu Jacques , Pancrazi Ange , Ardisson Janick
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Himeic Acid A (I): A New Ubiquitin‐Activating Enzyme Inhibitor Isolated from a Marine‐Derived Fungus, Aspergillus sp.
Authors: Tsukamoto Sachiko , Hirota Hiroshi , Imachi Misako , Fujimuro Masahiro , Onuki Hiroyuki , Ohta Tomihisa , Yokosawa Hideyoshi
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antitumor Agents. Part 236. Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Colchicine Derivatives
Authors: Nakagawa‐Goto Kyoko , Chen Cyril X. , Hamel Ernest , Wu Chin‐Chung , Bastow Kenneth F. , Brossi Arnold , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Helium Chemistry: A Survey of the Role of the Ionic Species
Authors: Grandinetti Felice
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Electronic‐Grade SiC Substrates
Authors: Zvanut Mary Ellen
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Diphosphinidenecyclobutene‐ Coordinated Palladium and Platinum Complexes
Authors: Ozawa Fumiyuki , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Chemical Transformations of Mono‐ and Disubstituted Cyanamides
Authors: Nekrasov D. D.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Coombes R. G.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Crampton M. R.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution
Authors: Shorter J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Wilson′s Disease and Its Pharmacological Treatment
Authors: Hayashi Hisao , Suzuki Rie , Wakusawa Shinya
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Physiological Function of the Blood‐Brain Barrier Transporters as the CNS Supporting and Protecting System
Authors: Ohtsuki Sumio
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Subtype‐ and Species‐Selective Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor (PPAR) α Ligands
Authors: Miyachi Hiroyuki
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evolution of a Practical Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin CTX3C
Authors: Inoue Masayuki , Hirama Masahiro
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in Catalytic, Asymmetric α‐Halogenation: A New Frontier in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: France Stefan , Weatherwax Anthony , Lectka Thomas
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleobases as Supramolecular Motifs
Authors: Sivakova Sona , Rowan Stuart J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Olefination of Carbonyl Compounds: Modern and Classical Methods
Authors: Korotchenko V. N. , Nenajdenko V. G. , Balenkova E. S. , Shastin A. V.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Enzymatic Desymmetrizations in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Garcia‐Urdiales Eduardo , Alfonso Ignacio , Gotor Vicente
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Annulated Heterocyclo‐Purines. Part 1. Fused Five‐Membered Heterocyclo‐Purinediones, ‐Purinones, and ‐Purineimines.
Authors: Rybar Alfonz
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ordering Fullerene Materials at Nanometer Dimensions
Authors: Guldi Dirk M. , Zerbetto Francesco , Georgakilas Vasilios , Prato Maurizio
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Transmetalation from Group 6 Fischer Carbene Complexes: An Emerging Powerful Tool in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Gomez‐Gallego Mar , Mancheno Maria Jose , Sierra Miguel A.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Organometallic Reagents Using Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Terao Jun , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on the Total Synthesis of Batrachotoxin
Authors: Kurosu Michio , Kishi Yoshito
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Oligonucleotides Containing 5‐Substituted Pyrimidine Nucleoside
Authors: Ozaki Hiroaki , Kuwahara Masayasu , Sawai Hiroaki
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Practical Rationalization of Versatile Reactions: Esterification, Sulfonylation, Amide Formation, and Silylation
Authors: Tanabe Yoo , Misaki Tomonori , Iida Akira , Nishii Yoshinori
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituted BEDT‐TTF Derivatives: Synthesis, Chirality, Properties and Potential Applications
Authors: Wallis John D. , Griffiths Jon‐Paul
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,3,5‐Triazines and Phosphorus Analogues
Authors: von Angerer S.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One Oxygen and One Nitrogen or Phosphorus Atom
Authors: Ulrich H.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Marine Natural Products
Authors: Hill Robert A.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic—Inorganic Nanocomposites
Authors: Sanchez Clement , Lebeau Benedicte , Chaput Frederic , Boilot Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biochemistry in 2004
Authors: Skerra Arne , Eichinger Andreas
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dendritic Cell‐Based Therapeutics for Breast Cancer
Authors: Pilon‐Thomas Shari A. , Verhaegen Monique E. , Mule James J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Porifera, a Reference Phylum for Evolution and Bioprospecting: The Power of Marine Genomics
Authors: Mueller Werner E. G. , Schwertner Heiko , Mueller Isabel M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave Engineering Fundamentals and Spectrometer Design
Authors: Bender Christopher J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selected Drugs in Solid Matrices: A Review of Environmental Determination, Occurrence and Properties of Principal Substances
Authors: Beausse Johanne
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
19F Gel‐Phase NMR Spectroscopy for Reaction Monitoring and Quantification of Resin Loading
Authors: Salvino Joseph M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxygen‐17 Solid‐State NMR of Organic Materials: Towards Biological Applications
Authors: Lemaitre V. , Smith M. E. , Watts A.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The prognostic significance of the percentage of positive/dissected axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer recurrence and survival in patients with one to three positive axillary lymph nodes
Authors: Truong Pauline T. , Berthelet Eric , Lee Junella , Kader Hosam A. , Olivotto Ivo A.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

Adjuvant therapy for women with T1–T2 breast carcinoma and 1–3 positive lymph nodes is controversial due to discrepancies in reported baseline locoregional recurrence (LRR) risks. This inconsistency has been attributed to variations in lymph node staging techniques, which have yielded different numbers of dissected lymph nodes. The current study evaluated the prognostic impact of the percentage of positive/dissected lymph nodes on recurrence and survival in women with one to three positive lymph nodes.

METHODS

The study cohort was comprised of 542 women with pathologic T1–T2 breast carcinoma who had 1–3 positive lymph nodes and who had undergone mastectomy and received adjuvant systemic therapy without radiotherapy. Ten‐year Kaplan–Meier (KM) LRR, distant recurrence (DR), and overall survival (OS) rates stratified by the number of positive lymph nodes, the number of dissected lymph nodes, and the percentage of positive lymph nodes were examined using different cut‐off levels. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the percentage of positive lymph nodes in disease recurrence and survival.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 7.5 years. LRR, DR, and OS rates correlated significantly with the number of positive lymph nodes and the percentage of positive lymph nodes, but not with the number of dissected lymph nodes. The cut‐off level at which the most significant difference in LRR was observed was 25% positive lymph nodes (the 10‐year KM LRR rates were 13.9% and 36.7% in women with ≤ 25% and > 25% positive lymph nodes, respectively; P < 0.0001). Higher DR rates and lower OS rates were observed among patients who had > 25% positive lymph nodes compared with patients who had ≤ 25% positive lymph nodes (DR: 53.0% vs. 30.3%, respectively; P < 0.0001; OS: 43.4% vs. 62.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, the percentage of positive lymph nodes and the histologic grade were significant, independent factors associated with LRR, DR, and OS.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of > 25% positive lymph nodes was an adverse prognostic factor in patients with 1–3 positive nodes and may be used to identify patients at high risks of postmastectomy locoregional and distant recurrence who may benefit with adjuvant radiotherapy and more aggressive systemic therapy regimens. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The impact of a delay in initiating radiation therapy on prostate‐specific antigen outcome for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Paul L. , Whittington Richard , Koo Sophia , Schultz Delray , Cote Kerri B. , Loffredo Marian , McMahon Elizabeth , Renshaw Andrew A. , Tomaszewski John E. , D'Amico Anthony V.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

To determine whether a delay in initiating external beam radiation therapy (RT) following diagnosis could impact prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) outcome for patients with localized prostate cancer, 460 patients, who received 3D conformal RT to a median dose of 70.4 Gy for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1992 and 2001, were studied.

METHODS

The primary endpoint was PSA failure (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition). Estimates of PSA control were made using the Kaplan–Meier method. Delay was defined as the time between diagnosis and the start of RT. Risk groups were defined based on known predictors of PSA outcome, namely, baseline PSA level, clinical T‐category, Gleason score, and percentage of biopsy cores positive for tumor. Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the ability of treatment delay to predict time to PSA failure after adjusting for the other known predictors.

RESULTS

Treatment delay independently predicted time to PSA failure following diagnosis for high‐risk (Adjusted Hazard Ratio = 1.08 per month; P = 0.029) but not low‐risk patients (P = 0.31). Patients with high‐risk disease (n = 240) had 5‐year estimates of PSA failure‐free survival of 55% versus 39% (Plog‐rank = 0.014) for those with delay < 2.5 months versus ≥ 2.5 months respectively. The median delay was 2.5 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment delay adversely affected PSA outcome for high‐risk patients but not for low‐risk patients following RT. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Schwann cells express erythropoietin receptor and represent a major target for Epo in peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Gonias Steven L. , Campana W. Marie
Published: April 2005

Erythropoietin (Epo) expresses potent neuroprotective activity in the peripheral nervous system; however, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Epo is upregulated in sciatic nerve after chronic constriction injury (CCI) and crush injury in rats, largely due to local Schwann cell production. In uninjured and injured nerves, Schwann cells also express Epo receptor (EpoR), and its expression is increased during Wallerian degeneration. CCI increased the number of Schwann cells at the injury site and the number was further increased by exogenously administered recombinant human Epo (rhEpo). To explore the activity of Epo in Schwann cells, primary cultures were established. These cells expressed cell‐surface Epo receptors, with masses of 71 and 62 kDa, as determined by surface protein biotinylation and affinity precipitation. The 71‐kDa species was rapidly but transiently tyrosine‐phosphorylated in response to rhEpo. ERK/MAP kinase was also activated in rhEpo‐treated Schwann cells; this response was blocked by pharmacologic antagonism of JAK‐2. RhEpo promoted Schwann cell proliferation, as determined by BrdU incorporation. Cell proliferation was ERK/MAP kinase‐dependent. These results support a model in which Schwann cells are a major target for Epo in injured peripheral nerves, perhaps within the context of an autocrine signaling pathway. EpoR‐induced cell signaling and Schwann cell proliferation may protect injured peripheral nerves and promote regeneration. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD13 (aminopeptidase N) can associate with tumor‐associated antigen L6 and enhance the motility of human lung cancer cells
Authors: Chang Yu‐Wen , Chen Shu‐Chuan , Cheng Ee‐Chun , Ko Ya‐Ping , Lin Yi‐Chieh , Kao Yu‐Rong , Tsay Yeou‐Guang , Yang Pan‐Chyr , Wu Cheng‐Wen , Roffler Steve R.
Published: April 2005

Cancer metastasis is a multiple‐step process that involves the regulated interaction of diverse cellular proteins. We recently reported that the expression of tumor‐associated antigen L6 (TAL6) promoted the invasiveness of lung cancer cells and was inversely correlated with disease‐free survival of squamous lung carcinoma patients. We now report that CD13 (aminopeptidase N) can associate with TAL6 and can enhance cancer cell migration. CD13 was shown by coimmunoprecipitation to associate in vitro with TAL6 on several cancer cell lines and to associate in vivo by antibody‐mediated copatching immunofluorescence. CD13 was selectively expressed on highly invasive CL1‐5 lung cancer cells as compared to poorly invasive CL1‐0 lung cancer cells. The role of CD13 aminopeptidase activity in regulating cell motility was investigated with chemical inhibitors, specific antibodies and a catalytically inactive CD13 protein. Inhibition of CD13 aminopeptidase activity by nontoxic concentrations of leuhistin modestly decreased the migration of CL1‐5 cells. In contrast, binding of CD13 by specific antibodies significantly reduced both the migration and the invasion of CL1‐5 cells. Poorly invasive CL1‐0 cells that stably expressed CD13 displayed significantly (p ≤ 0.0005) enhanced cell migration (300% of control). Expression of an enzymatically inactive CD13 mutant on CL1‐0 cells also significantly (p ≤ 0.0005) enhanced cell migration (200% of control). Our results show that TAL6 and CD13 can form a complex on lung cancer cells, that these molecules can modulate cell migration and invasion and that the influence of CD13 on cell motility did not strictly depend on its aminopeptidase activity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal virtual orbitals to relax wave functions built up with transferred extremely localized molecular orbitals
Authors: Genoni Alessandro , Fornili Arianna , Sironi Maurizio
Published: April 2005

Extremely localized molecular orbitals (ELMOs), namely orbitals strictly localized on molecular fragments, are easily transferable from one molecule to another one. Hence, they provide a natural way to set up the electronic structure of large molecules using a data base of orbitals obtained from model molecules. However, this procedure obviously increases the energy with respect to a traditional MO calculation. To gain accuracy, it is important to introduce a partial electron delocalization. This can be carried out by defining proper optimal virtual orbitals that supply an efficient set for nonorthogonal configurations to be employed in VB‐like expansions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 827–835, 2005
Distribution of NGF and NT‐3‐like protein immunoreactivity in the teleost kidney
Authors: Arcamone Nadia , Lucini Carla , Borzacchiello Giuseppe , Castaldo Luciana , Gargiulo Giuliana , De Girolamo Paolo
Published: April 2005

By means of immunochemistry and immunohistochemistry, we investigated in the kidney of freshwater and marine teleostean species for the presence and localization of three neurotrophins: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin (NT)‐3. In both species studied, NGF‐like and NT‐3‐like immunoreactivity were present in the kidney with different distribution patterns, while BDNF‐like immunoreactivity was never detected. In goldfish, NGF‐like and NT‐3‐like immunoreactivity were identified extensively in cells along part of the arterial branches adjacent to the afferent arterioles. In scorpion fish, NGF‐like and NT‐3‐like immunoreactive cells were observed both on afferent arterioles and on adjacent secondary branches derived from renal arteries. No immunoreactivity was detected in other renal structures. A staining pattern of immunoreactivity similar to that obtained for NGF and NT‐3 was detected utilizing S100 antibody as a juxtaglomerular (JG) cell marker. Double immunolabellings NGF/S100 and NT‐3/S100 evidenced the coexistence of neurotrophin‐like proteins and S100‐like protein in the same immunoreactive cells, thus identifying them as juxtaglomerular cells. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of molecules immunoreactive to NGF and NT‐3, whose molecular weights were very similar to those of the corresponding mammalian neurotrophins. These findings extend the presence and distribution of NGF‐like and NT‐3‐like IR in the kidney to teleost species, suggesting a probable participation of these proteins in the renal functions of freshwater and marine teleosts. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:17–24, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embedding of large specimens in glycol methacrylate: Prerequisites for multi‐signal detection and high‐resolution imaging
Authors: De Jonge Henriëtte W. , De Bakker Merijn A.G. , Verbeek Fons J. , Weijs Wim A.
Published: April 2005

Acrylic resin mixtures are commonly used to study microscopic sections of biological specimens, giving the advantage of good morphological preservation. Existing embedding protocols, however, are suitable for tissue blocks, not exceeding 1 mm in thickness. We have developed a protocol to embed larger specimens (up to 2 cm3) in Technovit 8100. This medium allowed us to perform classic histological (trichrome), silver, as well as immunohistochemical staining, needed for multi‐signal detection at high‐resolution imaging to reconstruct a three‐dimensional interpretation of a serially sectioned muscle. The technique was applied to reconstruct the semitendinosus muscle of a fetal pig, 44 days post conception, featuring connective tissue, intramuscular nerves, blood vessels, and muscle fibre types. For the reconstruction, a technique was used that enabled us to insert high‐resolution images of histological details into low‐resolution images of the entire muscle. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:25–30, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng leaf extracts on the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt: A scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Dey Sudip , Sinha Bikramjit , Kalita Jatin
Published: April 2005

Scanning electron microscopic study revealed some remarkable adverse effects of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng leaf extract on cuticular and antennal sensilla of the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. The study appears to be the first of its kind in providing evidence on toxic property of the plant on certain agricultural pests, although the indigenous tribes of the region know the insecticidal property of the plant for a long time. The study further provides indications regarding the neurotoxic nature of the leaf extract since it has caused abnormalities in the sensory structures. The presence of prominent swellings in some sensilla and shrinkage in others suggests that the leaf extract affects different systems through different mechanisms. The possible use of the plant as a potential biopesticide against certain insect pests is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:31–36, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory cell recruitment and adhesion to methyl‐terminated self‐assembled monolayers: Effect of implantation time
Authors: Barbosa Judite N. , Barbosa Mário A. , Águas Artur P.
Published: April 2005

The contribution of methyl groups in implant‐triggered inflammation was investigated in vivo using self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold. The CH3‐coated implants were inserted in an air‐pouch cavity induced in BALB/c mice. The in situ inflammatory response was monitored 24, 48, and 72 hours later. Inflammatory cells recovered from the air pouches were counted and observed by light microscopy. The cellularity of the implant surfaces was defined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In comparison with gold implants, the CH3‐coated SAMs recruited a significantly higher number of inflammatory cells. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were more numerous than mononuclear cells (Mo) in the exudates recovered from the air pouches with CH3‐coated SAMs. The opposite PMN/Mo proportion was observed in air pouches of the two control groups (mice receiving gold implants or sham‐operated animals). A low density of adherent cells was seen on CH3‐coated implants, with no significant quantitative differences during the time course of the study. In contrast, the gold‐coated surfaces were covered with numerous cells during all of the 3 days of the inflammation. In conclusion, implants with CH3 surfaces are likely to induce PMN‐dominated local acute inflammation but these surfaces are not associated with a significant adherence of leukocytes to the implant. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:37–42, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Jaffar , Zhang Guoping , Wu Feibo , Wei Kang , Chen Zhonghua
Published: April 2005

A hydroponic experiment with two rice cultivars differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of zinc (Zn) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd. Treatments consisted of all combinations of two Zn concentrations (0.2 and 1 μM), three Cd concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM), and two rice cultivars (Bing 97252, Cd‐tolerant; Xiushui 63, Cd‐sensitive). Cd toxicity caused a dramatic reduction in plant height and biomass, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in shoots. The response of all these parameters was much larger for Xiushui 63 than for Bing 97252. Addition of Zn to the medium solution alleviated Cd toxicity, which was reflected in a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic rate, and a marked decrease in MDA concentration and activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes. However, it was noted that Zn increased shoot Cd concentration at higher Cd supply, probably due to the enhancement of Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the effect of Zn supply on Cd translocation from vegetative organs to grains or grain Cd accumulation before Zn fertilizer is applied to Cd‐contaminated soils to alleviate Cd toxicity in rice.
Osmotic stress and silicon act additively in enhancing pathogen resistance in barley against barley powdery mildew
Authors: Wiese Joachim , Wiese Heike , Schwartz Jana , Schubert Sven
Published: April 2005

Osmotic stress as well as silicon (Si) improve the resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid) against barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei Speer). Nothing is known about interactions, particularly whether Si is necessary for pathogen resistance induced by osmotic stress. In this paper, we show that Si nutrition was not necessary for osmotic‐stress‐induced pathogen resistance. Si‐mediated resistance could, however, be enhanced by osmotic stress and vice versa. Even at maximum Si‐mediated resistance, further enhancement of pathogen resistance by osmotic stress was possible. The fungus was controlled by the formation of effective papillae in both treatments. The combined effect of Si and osmotic stress was as strong as the calculated addition of the Si and the osmotic‐stress effect. Our data clearly show that the effect of osmotic stress and Si is not competitive but additive. A synergistic action of both treatments cannot be supported by our data. It is assumed that the basal pathogen resistance of barley is enhanced by Si due to strengthening of papillae in addition to the increased formation of effective papillae induced by osmotic stress. Therefore, the addition of Si increases pathogen resistance equally at all investigated NaCl concentrations. A function of Si in pathogen defense exceeding the strengthening of papillae is not supported by our data.
Eignung eines großen Flüssigkeits‐ und eines Luftpyknometers zur Bestimmung des Rohvolumens von Feststoffen unterschiedlicher Art und Größe
Authors: Deller Berthold
Published: April 2005

Das Feststoffvolumen von Materialien, die sowohl relativ große als auch spezifisch leichte Bestandteile enthalten, kann nach DIN ISO 11508 (mit relativ kleinen Flüssigkeitspyknometern (FP) und submerser Wägung in Wasser) nicht bestimmt werden. Deshalb wurde geprüft, ob es ohne Zerkleinerung des Untersuchungsmaterials in einem größeren FP (ca. 280 cm3) oder einem Luftpyknometer (LP) genau genug zu ermitteln ist.

Materialien mit gröberen Bestandteilen bzw. Feststoffe mit sehr unterschiedlicher Rohdichte ergaben mit dem FP größere Differenzen zwischen Parallelansätzen als die wiederholte Befüllung mit Wasser und die Untersuchung von feinkörnigen Mineralböden erwarten ließ. Die wesentliche Ursache dafür wird in der materialspezifischen Inhomogenität gesehen. Das FP scheint somit für die Untersuchung von Materialien mit Partikeldurchmessern von bis zu 3 cm grundsätzlich geeignet. Die Bestimmung muss jedoch jeweils an mindestens zwei Parallelproben erfolgen und ggf. erweitert werden, um verlässliche Mittelwerte zu erhalten.

Die gleiche Bestimmung mit einem selbst gebauten LP ergab zu niedrige Werte für das Rohvolumen, wenn die Materialien ofentrocken, lufttrocken und feucht waren (Ausnahme: solche mit kompakten und relativ großen Partikeln). Die Fehler traten sowohl bei der Messung durch Luftdrucksenkung (ca. –300 hPa) als auch unter Druckerhöhung (ca. 100 hPa) auf. Das Volumen von reinem Wasser konnte demgegenüber unter Druckerhöhung wesentlich genauer und richtiger bestimmt werden. Nach Kochen der Proben (wie für die Flüssigkeitspyknometrie) und Überdecken mit Wasser in der LP‐Messkammer waren die Ergebnisse deutlich besser mit denen des FP vergleichbar und plausibler. Die Fehlerursachen werden darin gesehen, dass die Messung durch adsorbierte Luft (getrocknete und lufttrockene Proben) gestört wird bzw. Wasser von den Materialoberflächen während des Messvorganges verdampft.
Sorption of iron‐cyanide complexes on goethite investigated in long‐term experiments
Authors: Rennert Thilo , Kaufhold Stephan , Mansfeldt Tim
Published: April 2005

The iron‐cyanide complexes ferrocyanide, [FeII(CN)6]4–, and ferricyanide, [FeIII(CN)6]3–, are anthropogenic contaminants in soil. We investigated their sorption on goethite, α‐FeOOH, in batch experiments in a time range from 1 d to 1 yr, their desorption by phosphate and chloride as well as their surface complexes on goethite by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The sorption of both complexes continued over the whole time range. Percent desorption of ferricyanide by phosphate decreased, whereas that of ferrocyanide increased until it amounted to approximately 87% for both complexes. By FTIR spectroscopy inner‐sphere complexation of both complexes on the goethite surface was indicated. With both complexes, a Berlin‐Blue‐like layer (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) was formed initially on the goethite surface which disappeared with increasing reaction time. After at least 30 d reaction time, ferricyanide was the only sorbed iron‐cyanide complex detected even when ferrocyanide was initially added. This resulted from slow oxidation of ferrocyanide, most probably by dissolved oxygen. Based on all results, we propose that ferricyanide forms monodentate inner‐sphere complexes on the goethite surface.
Supercritical fluid chromatography tandem‐column method development in pharmaceutical sciences for a mixture of four stereoisomers
Authors: Barnhart Wesley W. , Gahm Kyung H. , Thomas Sam , Notari Steve , Semin David , Cheetham Janet
Published: April 2005

A tandem‐column method using Chiralpak AD‐H and Chiralcel OD‐H columns was achieved for baseline separation of a mixture of chiral pharmaceutical compounds (i. e., four stereoisomers) via supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with a mobile phase consisting of 90% liquid carbon dioxide and 10% ethanol:isopropanol (50 : 50 v/v). On the contrary, this mixture (mixture A) could not be baseline separated by SFC conditions explored with individual Chiralpak AD‐H and Chiralcel OD‐H columns. The effects of various mobile phases on elution order, capacity factor, selectivity, and resolution were determined with mixture A on the individual aforementioned columns to develop the tandem‐column method.
Determination of vitamin B5 in human urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
Authors: Heudi Olivier , Fontannaz Patric
Published: April 2005

In the present work, we have developed a simple and rapid liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method for the identification and quantification of vitamin B5 in human urine. Urine was spiked with vitamin B5 internal standard, hopantenic acid (HOPA), and then diluted with the LC mobile phase prior to its analysis by LC/MS. The quantification was performed in single ion monitoring mode. The calibration curve was linear (r 2 = 0.999) between 0.25 to 10 μg/mL. With a limit of detection of 0.1 μg/mL the method was sensitive enough to determine low levels of vitamin B5 in urine. The overall quantitative efficiency of the method was evaluated by spiking urine samples with four different concentrations of vitamin B5; the intra‐assay coefficient of variation was below 5% and the recoveries were between 96 to 108%. The results of the present study show that the proposed method is selective and sensitive enough for the quantification of vitamin B5 in urine.
Structure–activity relationships of inverse agonists for G‐protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Soudijn Willem , Wijngaarden Ineke van , Ijzerman Adriaan P.
Published: April 2005

It has been recently established that G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be constitutively active, i.e., they can be active in the absence of an agonist. This activity can be inhibited by so‐called inverse agonists. For a number of GPCRs, such inverse agonists have been developed and studied, now enabling for the first time a study into their structure–activity relationships. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel family of triphenylamine‐containing, hole‐transporting, amorphous, aromatic polyamides with stable electrochromic properties
Authors: Su Tzy‐Hsiang , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Liou Guey‐Sheng
Published: April 2005

We report the preparation and characterization of a series of novel electrochromic, aromatic poly(amine amide)s with pendent triphenylamine units. The synthesis proceeded via direct phosphorylation polycondensation between a novel diamine, N,N‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)‐N′,N′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine, and various aromatic dicarboxylic acids. All the poly(amine amide)s were amorphous and readily soluble in many common organic solvents and could be solution‐cast into transparent, tough, and flexible films with good mechanical properties. They exhibited good thermal stability and 10% weight‐loss temperatures above 540 °C. Their glass‐transition temperatures were 263–290 °C. These polymers in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone solutions exhibited strong ultraviolet–visible absorption peaks at 307–358 nm and photoluminescence peaks around 532–590 nm in the green region. The hole‐transporting and electrochromic properties were studied with electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammograms of poly(amine amide) films prepared by the casting of polymer solutions onto an indium tin oxide coated glass substrate exhibited two reversible oxidation redox couples at 0.65 and 1.03 V versus Ag/AgCl in an acetonitrile solution. All the poly(amine amide)s showed excellent stability with respect to their electrochromic characteristics; the color of the films changed from pale yellow to green and then blue at 0.85 and 1.25 V, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2085–2098, 2005
Effect of reactive compatibilization on the properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)/acrylonitrile–ethylene–propylene–diene–styrene blends
Authors: Larocca N. M. , Hage E. , Pessan L. A.
Published: April 2005

Blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with 30 wt % acrylonitrile–ethylene–propylene–diene–styrene (AES) were prepared with methyl methacrylate (MMA)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)/ethyl acrylate (EA) terpolymers (MGEs) as compatibilizing agents. These acrylic terpolymers were miscible with the styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) phase of AES, whereas the epoxide groups of GMA could react with the PBT end groups; this could lead to the formation of grafted copolymers (PBT‐g‐MGE) at the PBT/AES interface during the melt processing of the blends if at least a fraction of this interface was formed between the PBT and SAN phases. This study found evidence of the aforementioned interfacial structure through the effectiveness of the MGE terpolymers in promoting the compatibilization, as evaluated by dynamical mechanical analysis, through the increase in the viscosity of the blends, and through the reduction of the AES particle size dispersed in the PBT matrix. These effects became more intense with an increase in the overall concentration of GMA in the blends and with a reduction of the molecular weight of MGE. Another effect promoted by the compatibilization was a remarkable reduction of the brittle–ductile transition temperatures of the blends, which was correlated with the reduction of the AES particle size. However, this correlation between the brittle–ductile transition temperatures and particle size did not hold for the blend with the lowest AES particle size, which showed a high ductile–brittle transition temperature. These mechanical behaviors were examined on the basis of the current theory of the toughening of thermoplastics, which takes into account the importance of the rubber interparticle distance and the cavitation process of these particles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1244–1259, 2005
Applications of fault tree analysis to maintenance interval extension and vulnerability assessment
Authors: Lapp Steven A.
Published: April 2005

Fault tree analysis is a technique used to quantify the failure rates associated with potentially hazardous systems. The effects and interactions of various process subsystems are explicitly analyzed in a fault tree. Information on how process subsystems interact is extremely useful when decisions are made concerning lengths of maintenance intervals and assessments of vulnerability. This paper shows how that information can be extracted from an existing fault tree and used for decision making. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Extracting phosphor‐scattered photons to improve white LED efficiency
Authors: Narendran N. , Gu Y. , Freyssinier‐Nova J. P. , Zhu Y.
Published: April 2005

White light‐emitting diode (LED) luminous efficacy must improve significantly if LEDs are to become useful for general lighting. Phosphors commonly used in white LEDs backscatter more than half of the down‐converted light, of which a significant portion is eventually lost within the package, thus reducing the overall efficacy. This letter describes an experi‐mental study that shows by placing the phosphor away from the die, the backscattered photons can be extracted and the ef‐ficacy can be significantly increased. At low currents, the lu‐minous efficacy exceeded 80 lm/W. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study of the ring‐closing reaction of 5′‐AMP to cAMP and H2O in the gas phase
Authors: Zhang Aihua , Liu Kun , Li Lan , Ma Siyu , Li Zonghe
Published: April 2005

The ring‐closing reaction of 5′‐adenosine monophosphate (5′‐AMP) to generate cyclic 3′, 5′‐adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and H2O was theoretically investigated at the B3LYP/6‐31G**level. It was found that the ring‐closing reaction of 5′‐AMP may proceed in a synchronous way or in a stepwise way. For the latter, the reaction is a multichannel elimination reaction including inner H transfer. The potential energy surface of Path 3 is lowest in all the ring‐closing reaction paths. In addition, H shuttling reaction with the participation of a water molecule to act as a shuttle were also studied at the same level. The calculations indicate that the participation of a water molecule facilitates hydrogen transfer reaction. Our present calculations rationalized all the possible reaction channels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Linking model Hamiltonians to ab initio and semiempirical methods in descriptions of impurities in conjugated polymers
Authors: Vilela Alessandra F. Albernaz , Gargano Ricardo , Silva Geraldo Magela E
Published: April 2005

Semiempirical and ab initio electronic structure and model Hamiltonian calculations of the undoped and doped polyacetylene (PA) chain are presented. As a general model Hamiltonian we use the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) model combined with the Pariser–Parr–Pople (PPP) model with site‐type impurities. More precisely, band gap and charge distributions of a single conducting PA chain bonding with several atomic and molecular radicals as impurities were investigated. From a comparison between the electronic and SSH‐PPP calculation it was possible to determine what impurity actually corresponds to the charge distribution obtained with model calculations. Therefore, it is shown within the present results what impurities are being represented in model calculations. This correspondence is fundamental in determining the behavior of molecular circuits and molecular devices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Full configuration interaction pseudopotential determination of the ground‐state potential energy curves of Li2 and LiH
Authors: Maniero Angelo M. , Acioli Paulo H.
Published: April 2005

A full configuration interaction (CI) with a norm‐conserving pseudopotential procedure to determine potential energy surfaces is proposed. Analysis of the potentiality and the possible sources of inaccuracies of the methodology is given in terms of its application to the generation of the ground‐state potential energy curves of the LiH and Li2 molecules. The vibrational energy levels were obtained using the discrete variable representation. The agreement between our results and those from Rydberg–Klein–Ress‐derived potentials is very good. The extension of this procedure to larger systems is straightforward. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Low‐lying stepwise paths for ethylene 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions: A DFT study
Authors: Kavitha K. , Venuvanalingam P.
Published: April 2005

Ethylene reacts with 1,3‐dipoles such as diazomethane, nitrile oxide, and nitrone to give a single adduct and the potential energy surfaces of these reactions were completely surveyed with Density Functional Theory at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level; B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p), QCISD/6‐31G(d) level calculations were performed for comparison. These reactions were found to have one concerted and four stepwise paths and all of them were thoroughly examined. Calculations show that anti and syn approaches in the stepwise paths merge at one point in the potential energy surface and the stepwise processes (i.e., through syn transition states) are low‐lying and concerted paths that are in close competition with them. A closer examination of the computed barriers of the reactions of ethylene with the above dipoles, cyclopentadiene, 1,3‐butadiene, and allyl anion reveals that there is a mechanistic cross‐over from concerted to stepwise path. While the neutral cycloaddition partners prefer a concerted path, the charged partners strongly favor a stepwise path. The dipoles have both concerted and stepwise (syn) paths in close competition. Such a mechanistic cross‐over has been induced by the polar influence of the charged species and this change‐over in mechanism could not be observed with allene cycloadditions with the same set of partners because allene is strongly biased towards the stepwise mechanism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Civil War Vascular Injuries
Authors: Blaisdell F. William
Published: April 2005

As the result of the insistence of the Surgeon General during the United States Civil War, there was extensive documentation of injuries to major blood vessels and their resulting complications. The specific treatment of vascular injuries during the Civil War was ligation of the injured vessel or amputation. This was before there was any knowledge of the cause and prevention of infection. Overall, the results were dismal, with a mortality rate of nearly 60% for the more than 1000 soldiers treated by arterial ligation. The most important contribution of these medical reports was to define how the injuries should be diagnosed and managed. Many of the principles that developed as the result of this post‐war review are as valid today as they were then. Unfortunately, it seems that many of these lessons have had to be relearned by the surgeons who have participated in each of our subsequent military conflicts.
In Situ Saphenous Vein Bypass—Forty Years Later
Authors: Connolly John E.
Published: April 2005

In situ saphenous vein bypass, which was performed first by Rob in 1959, but introduced by Hall in. 1962, has been widely applied as an alternative to the reversed bypass. Now, forty years later, it seems appropriate to review its current place and technique. Of the presumed original benefits of the in situ operation, it is now clear that the hemodynamic flow of converging (in situ) versus diverging vein (reversed) boundaries plus better vein/artery size match are the main advantages. It is now popular belief that the reversed saphenous vein graft to the popliteal artery has no significant hemodynamic disadvantage because the vein is of comparable diameter at the knee and in the groin. In contrast, vein bypass from the groin to the ankle strongly favors the in situ procedure because of the convergence of the walls of the vein below the knee and better vein/artery size match. The most controversial facet of the in situ operation has been the question of valvulotome is superior to lyse valves and whether to perform the operation open as originally described, or closed to avoid skin complications from a long groin to ankle incision. Preoperative vein mapping is advantageous for all saphenous vein conduit operations. For open leg in situ procedures, skin bridges and incisions made directly over the vein, directed by mapping, will minimize skin complications. Use of endoscopic in situ techniques is ideal but only with an experienced endoscopist. Valve lysis has improved but is still not foolproof.