bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and optimization of photonic integrated Silicon-LiNbO3 hybrid interferometer for E-S-C-L wavelength band
Authors: Vardhan Shalini , Singh Ritu Raj
Published: December 2024

The Silicon on Insulator (SOI) is a potential technology for thin-film optical waveguide, enabling the design of optical interconnects, including modulators and interferometers. The manuscript presents the broadband modulator for phase and intensity modulation. The nanoscale optimized interferometric modulator utilizes Silicon (Si) and Electro-optic material Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) as the guiding material to work in terahertz regime, without any bends in the structure. Optimization of the structure is validated by the evaluation of the confinement factor at the operational wavelength of 1550 nm using Finite Element Method (FEM) based simulation. To excite the SOI interferometric modulator, an external RF signal with a maximum amplitude of 5 V is used. The hybrid structure of Si and LiNbO3-based modulators shows the electro-optic phenomenon caused by nonlinearities, namely the Pockels effect and Kerr effect, which in turn changes the effective mode index, providing π phase shift along with −0.92 dB/cm absorption loss, 117 μm electrode length at V
π
Volts and 265 nm 3dB optical bandwidth covering the E-S-C-L optical bands. The device footprint calculated is 667 μm2, whereas the active region footprint is ∼46.8 μm2.
The Impact of Prior Incarceration on Cognitive Trajectories Among Older Adults: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Testa Alexander , Mijares Luis , Jackson Dylan B
Published: December 2024

Objectives

This study examines the association between prior incarceration and cognition trajectories among older adults in the United States.

Methods

Data are from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of older adults in the United States. The analysis included respondents aged 55 and older who participated in the 2012–2020 HRS surveys and had valid responses on Langa-Weir cognition scores, incarceration history, and covariates (n = 5,663). Cognition trajectories were estimated using group-based trajectory modeling, and multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between prior incarceration and cognition trajectory group membership.

Results

The study identified four distinct cognition trajectories. Formerly incarcerated individuals were significantly more likely to be in cognition trajectory groups defined by lower cognition scores and steeper declines in cognitive functioning over time. However, these associations were attenuated after accounting for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, and all associations were rendered statistically nonsignificant after accounting for educational attainment.

Discussion

These findings highlight poorer cognition among older formerly incarcerated individuals compared with their never incarcerated counterparts, as well as underscore the role of educational attainment in this relationship. Future research and data collection efforts are needed to further understand the nexus between incarceration and cognitive functioning and the mechanisms underpinning this association.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of the Taking Care of Us Intervention for Couples Living With Heart Failure
Authors: Lyons Karen S , Whitlatch Carol J , Vest Amanda R , Upshaw Jenica N , Hutton Johnson Stacy , Walters Anna , Lee Christopher S
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Despite the significant impact of heart failure on both members of the care dyad, few interventions focus on optimizing the health of the dyad. The current study examined the feasibility and acceptability of the novel Taking Care of Us (TCU) program with mid-late-life couples living with heart failure and explored preliminary efficacy.

Research Design and Methods

This NIH Stage I study used a 2-arm randomized controlled trial with pretest–post-test design and an additional 5-month follow-up to compare TCU with an educational counseling attention-control condition. 37 couples were randomized to TCU (18 couples) or an educational control group (19 couples). Both programs were delivered virtually over 2 months.

Results

Adults with heart failure were primarily male (mean age = 66.32, standard deviation [SD] = 13.72); partners were primarily female (mean age = 63.00, SD = 12.73). Feasibility findings were mixed with over half of the eligible couples randomized, but only 67% of TCU couples completed the post-test. Acceptability of the TCU program was strong for both adults with heart failure and their partners. Recommendations for change focused on shortening session length, offering fewer sessions, and providing alternative modes of delivery. Exploratory between-group analyses found medium effect sizes for physical and mental health and dyadic management for both members of the couple, with many effects remaining 3 months later.

Discussion and Implications

Findings suggest the TCU program is acceptable to couples with heart failure and shows promise for optimizing outcomes. Recommendations and strategies for improving retention and a more diverse sample are discussed.

Clinical Trial Registration

NCT04737759
Discovery of highly active kynureninases for cancer immunotherapy through protein language model
Authors: Eom Hyunuk , Park Sukhwan , Cho Kye Soo , Lee Jihyeon , Kim Hyunbin , Kim Stephanie , Yang Jinsol , Han Young-Hyun , Lee Juyong , Seok Chaok , Lee Myeong Sup , Song Woon Ju , Steinegger Martin
Published: December 2024

Tailor-made enzymes empower a wide range of versatile applications, although searching for the desirable enzymes often requires high throughput screening and thus poses significant challenges. In this study, we employed homology searches and protein language models to discover and prioritize enzymes by their kinetic parameters. We aimed to discover kynureninases as a potentially versatile therapeutic enzyme, which hydrolyses L-kynurenine, a potent immunosuppressive metabolite, to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in anticancer therapy. Subsequently, we experimentally validated the efficacy of four top-ranked kynureninases under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Our findings revealed a catalytically most active one with a nearly twofold increase in turnover number over the prior best and a 3.4-fold reduction in tumor weight in mouse model comparisons. Consequently, our approach holds promise for the targeted quantitative enzyme discovery and selection suitable for specific applications with higher accuracy, significantly broadening the scope of enzyme utilization. A web-executable version of our workflow is available at seekrank.steineggerlab.com and our code is available as free open-source software at github.com/steineggerlab/SeekRank.
Mechano‐induced arachidonic acid metabolism promotes keratinocyte proliferation through cPLA2 activity regulation
Authors: Shan Shengzhou , Jin Rui , Cheng Xinwei , He Jiahao , Luo Xusong
Published: December 2024

Mechano‐induced keratinocyte hyperproliferation is reported to be associated with various skin diseases. Enhanced cell proliferation often requires the active metabolism of nutrients to produce energy. However, how keratinocytes adapt their cellular metabolism homeostasis to mechanical cues remains unclear. Here, we first found that mechanical stretched keratinocytes showed the accumulation of metabolic arachidonic acid by metabolomic analysis. Second, we found that mechanical stretch promoted keratinocyte proliferation through the activation of cytosolic calcium‐dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Knockdown or inhibition of cPLA2 could reduce the release of arachidonic acid and inhibit the proliferation of stretched keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. Third, by analyzing overlapping transcriptomes of stretched keratinocytes and arachidonic acid‐stimulated keratinocytes, we identified the upregulation of hexokinase domain‐containing protein 1 (HKDC1) expression, a novel gene involved in glucose metabolism, which was associated with arachidonic acid‐induced keratinocyte proliferation during stretching. Our data reveal a metabolic regulation mechanism by which mechanical stretch induces keratinocyte proliferation, thereby coupling cellular metabolism to the mechanics of the cellular microenvironment. Strategies to change the metabolism process may lead to a new way to treat skin diseases that are related to biophysical forces.
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm: Compartment-specific Endoscopic Fasciotomy
Authors: Guenthner Guy , Wiekrykas Bradley , Salzler Matthew , Cassidy Charles
Published: December 2024

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the forearm is a rare but increasingly well-recognized condition that affects athletes and labor workers performing repetitive isometric loading of forearm musculature. There is no current consensus on surgical management for CECS of the forearm, and there is a paucity of literature to support a single technique. We describe the surgical management of CECS of the forearm with endoscopic forearm fasciotomy. This technique facilitates compartment-specific fasciotomy in patients diagnosed with CECS based on pre-operative intracompartmental pressure measurements while minimizing risks associated with wide-open and mini-open fasciotomy techniques. We demonstrate a step-by-step surgical approach for the treatment of this condition and provide an accompanying video demonstrating this surgical technique on a 20-year-old male collegiate rower with CECS of the bilateral forearms.
Lipoprotein(a) and ischemic stroke: current insights and knowledge gaps
Authors: Yang Cheng , Wu Yongjian , Qian Jie , Li Jian-Jun
Published: December 2024

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], a particle similar to low-density lipoprotein, has been consistently identified as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Emerging data from epidemiological observation and genetic studies have demonstrated that elevated levels of Lp(a), primarily influenced by genetic variation, are associated with an increased risk of ischemic strokes (IS). This association may be attributed to the proatherogenic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic properties of Lp(a). Although therapeutic interventions specifically aimed at reducing Lp(a) levels are still under development, understanding the relationship of Lp(a) and IS could aid in the management of IS. This review aims to present the clinical evidence, pathophysiological mechanisms, and potential implications linking Lp(a) to IS, with the goal of raising awareness of Lp(a) in real-world clinical practice for IS prevention and treatment.
RETINAL DISPLACEMENT AFTER IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLE SURGERY
Authors: Rossi Tommaso , Querzoli Giorgio , Ripandelli Guido , Placentino Luca , Parravano Mariacristina , Steel David H. , Romano Mario R.
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To measure the displacement of retinal vascular plexi and choriocapillaris after pars plana vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole, using optical coherence tomography angiography, and correlate it with clinical data.

Methods:

Retrospective series with a 6-month follow-up. Records included Best Corrected Visual Acuity, M-charts, structural optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. Coronal displacement was calculated comparing consecutive images across the 6.4 mm × 6.4 mm field and concentric circular regions of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 mm radii. Each circular region was further divided in four quadrants indicated as follows: SuperoTemporal; SuperNasal; InferoTemporal; InferoNasal.

Results:

The study comprised 33 patients (11 men and 22 women) with 68.9 ± 10.2 years mean age, similar among sexes. Macular hole closed in 31/33 (93.9%) of cases and Best Corrected Visual Acuity improved from mean 20/62 (0.50 ± 0.62 logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution) to 20/47 (0.23 ± 0.63 logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution; P = 0.0064). Vertical and horizontal metamorphopsia decreased from 0.98 ± 0.68 to 0.51 ± 0.59° (P = 0.0028) and 0.84 ± 0.63 to 0.29 ± 0.45° (P < 0.001), respectively. The average retinal displacement was 81.2 ± 44.1 µm for the superficial plexus and 79.4 ± 45.7 µm for the deep one, both greater than the choriocapillaris displacement (60.9 ± 20.2 µm; P < 0.05). The temporal and superior quadrants displaced more than the others (P < 0.05). Macular hole size correlated to retinal displacement within the central 0.5-mm radius area at all layers (P < 0.05 in all cases).

Conclusion:

Macular hole closure is associated with significant retinal displacement of all retinal layers and choriocapillaris remodeling. Surgical peeling removes the constraining effect of the internal limiting membrane and promotes a multilayered displacement that fills the retinal defect, likely due to a change in the equilibrium of forces between the contractile retinal structures: the larger superficial retinal vessels and the retinal nerve fiber layer.
Adenovirus Pneumonitis and Disseminated Viremia in a Neonate Successfully Treated With Steroids, Cidofovir and Ecmo
Authors: Jayaweera Sampath , Sarwan Nirmala , Arghode Swaroop , Duraisingham Sai S. , Radcliffe Ruth , Toovey Oliver T. R. , Tang Julian W.
Published: December 2024

A 5-day-old neonate was admitted with chest radiograph showing right-lung opacification. This, together with a severe adenovirus (AdV) viremia (11.8 million copies/mL), indicated severe adenovirus pneumonitis. She was given extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), steroids and intravenous cidofovir. After clearing her AdV and 33 days of ECMO, she continued to require nocturnal ventilator support, after transfer back to her local hospital.
BISAP beyond pancreatitis: a new horizon in acute kidney injury prediction
Authors: Tawfik Mark , Mourad Omar , Grovu Radu , Lahoud Chloe , Makram Marina , Khattar Georges , Grabie Yisroel , El-Sayegh Suzanne
Published: December 2024

Background:

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in acute pancreatitis (AP), with a significant impact on mortality. The Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score is well-established for assessing mortality risk in AP, but its utility in predicting AKI is less explored.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective chart review of 779 AP patients across 2 hospitals in New York, USA, from 2016 to 2022. Data on patient demographics, laboratory values, and vital signs were collected. BISAP scores were calculated. The primary outcome was AKI, defined by the KDIGO criteria. Multivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association between the BISAP score and AKI, adjusting for confounders. Secondary outcomes include the association of the BISAP score to hospital length of stay and mortality.

Results:

There was a significant association between the BISAP score and AKI, with an odds ratio of 2.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42–4.41, P = .001), indicating a more than twofold increase in AKI risk for each point increase in BISAP score. The BISAP score was also significantly correlated with longer hospital stays and increased mortality risk.

Conclusion:

The BISAP score is a strong predictor of AKI in AP patients. This association and relation to hospital stay and mortality highlight the potential of the BISAP score as a comprehensive risk assessment tool in AP, especially for early identification of patients at high risk for AKI. This study paves the way for future research into risk-scoring systems for AKI in AP based on significant BISAP components.
Examining the Priorities of Local Health Departments in California: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Sandhu Nimrat K. , Mendoza Ana Lucia. , Pokhrel Mamata , Renteria Melissa , Bristow Kim , Brown Paul M.
Published: December 2024

Objective:

Prioritization is an essential task of local health departments (LHDs). We examined the alignment of priorities reported in Community Health Needs Assessments (CHNA) priorities align with priorities in the Community Health Improvement Plans (CHIP). We report factors that influence the choice of priorities and the alignment of the priorities.

Design:

A mixed method study design.

Setting:

California.

Participants:

CHNA and CHIP documents were sought for all 58 counties. Interviews were conducted with 19 state and local public health officials.

Outcome Measures:

The priorities in the CHNA and the CHIP were coded as i) only in the CHNA, ii) only in the CHIP, or iii) in both the CHNA and the CHIP. The interviewees were asked to share their experiences related to issue prioritization and decision-making in public health agencies. The interviews were coded and thematically analyzed to identify barriers and facilitators of the prioritization process.

Results:

The alignment between the needs prioritized in CHNA and the priorities targeted in CHIP was 35%. The interviews identify reasons for the misalignment, including a need to include priorities in the CHNA even though LHDs are not able to address them, political factors that influence the selection of priorities, and a lack of discretionary funding or capacity/expertise within the agency or its community partners to respond to the needs identified. The lack of discretionary funding was particularly acute for smaller (rural) LHDs (CMSP) and resulted in their often having to focus on priorities where there was state or federal funding.

Conclusions:

LHDs face numerous challenges in aligning the priorities reported in the CHNA and the priorities they focus upon in the CHIP. LHDs should consider using a formal, transparent, and evidence-based approach to setting aligning. Future research should focus on developing a formal decision-making process that is appropriate for local public health decision-making.
Reducing the Energy Consumption of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Scanners: Integrating Ecodesign and Sustainable Operations
Authors: Hernandez Andrew M. , Chen Anthony F. , Ghatpande Omkar , Omary Reed A. , Woolen Sean , Jung Youngkyoo , Fananapazir Ghaneh
Published: December 2024

This review aims to provide valuable insights into how energy consumption in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanners can be effectively monitored, managed, and reduced, thereby contributing to more sustainable medical imaging practices. Demand for advanced imaging technologies such as MRI and CT scanners continues to increase, and understanding the resultant impact on greenhouse gas emissions requires a thorough evaluation of their energy consumption. This review examines the energy monitoring and consumption characteristics of MRI and CT scanners, highlighting potential approaches for energy savings. An overview of MRI and CT principles, hardware components, and their associated energy consumption is provided. After addressing the technical aspects, the hardware and software requirements essential for accurate energy metering are detailed. Baseline measurements of energy consumption data are then provided as a foundation to understand current usage patterns and identify areas for improvement. Ongoing efforts to reduce energy consumption are categorized into 3 main strategies: operations, scanner design enhancements, and active scanning techniques, including accelerated MRI protocols. Ultimately, we emphasize that achieving sustainability in medical imaging requires collaboration across disciplines. By incorporating eco-friendly design in new imaging equipment, we can reduce the environmental impact, promote sustainability, and set a health care industry standard for a healthier planet.
A Rare Arterial Congenital Variant: The Internal Carotid Artery Agenesis
Authors: Triantafyllou George , Papadopoulos-Manolarakis Panagiotis , Tsanis George , Piagkou Maria
Published: December 2024

The cerebral arterial circle has been extensively investigated in recent literature. A scarce congenital arterial variant is considered the internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis. The computed tomography angiogram of a 65-year-old female patient is reported. The left ICA was absent in the head and neck region. Intracranially, the left middle cerebral artery derived from a hyperplastic posterior communicating artery, and the first segment of the left anterior cerebral artery was absent. This variant corresponds to Lie’s type A agenesis of the ICA that coexisted with an aneurysm on the anterior communicating artery. Overall, the absence of ICA has a prevalence of <0.01%. It was associated with clinical symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency or intracranial aneurysm. Although extremely rare, the congenital variant is important for radiologists and neurosurgeons planning a surgical procedure in the area.
GLP-1 receptor agonists and delayed gastric emptying: implications for invasive cardiac interventions and surgery
Authors: Shankar Aditi , Sharma Aditi , Vinas Ariel , Chilton Robert J.
Published: December 2024

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone involved in glucose homeostasis and satiety regulation. The review highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between GLP-1 and gastric motility. This paper explores the intricate connection between GLP-1 and delayed gastric emptying, specifically gastroparesis, and its implications in the context of pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia along with the potential effects of GLP-1 medications on absorption of other medications. The findings noted in this paper serve as a catalyst for continued exploration into the intricate dynamics of GLP-1 and its implications in the context of perioperative care, aiming to enhance patient safety and optimize anesthesia practices. The inquiry suggests that an in-depth examination of this relationship is crucial for refining perioperative management strategies. It underscores the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms involved and to establish guidelines that address the potential risks associated with GLP-1 modulation, particularly in patients undergoing anesthesia for various cardiac surgeries and procedures. Specifically in the context of cardiac interventions understanding the potential for delayed absorption of critical cardiac medications due to the influence of GLP-1 on gastric emptying is particularly important as drug absorption can play a crucial role for ensuring successful outcomes.
Drivers of methane-cycling archaeal abundances, community structure, and catabolic pathways in continental margin sediments
Authors: Deng Longhui , Bölsterli Damian , Glombitza Clemens , Jørgensen Bo Barker , Røy Hans , Lever Mark Alexander
Published: December 2024

Marine sediments contain the largest reservoir of methane on Earth, with most of this methane being produced and consumed in situ by methane-cycling archaea. While numerous studies have investigated communities of methane-cycling archaea in hydrocarbon seeps and sulfate-methane transition zones, little is known about how these archaea change from the seafloor downward in the far more common diffusion-dominated marine sediments. Focusing on four continental margin sites of the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition, we here investigate the in situ drivers of methane-cycling archaeal community structure and metabolism based on geochemical and stable carbon-isotopic gradients, functional gene (mcrA) copy numbers and phylogenetic compositions, as well as thermodynamic calculations. We observe major vertical and lateral changes in community structure that largely follow changes in organic matter reactivity and content, sulfate concentration, and bioturbation activity. While methane-cycling archaeal communities in bioturbation and sulfate reduction zones are dominated by known methyl-dismutating taxa within the Methanosarcinaceae and putatively CO2-reducing Methanomicrobiaceae, the communities change toward dominance of known methane-oxidizing taxa (ANME-2a-b, ANME-2c, ANME-1a-b) in sulfate-methane transitions. Underlying methanogenesis zones were characterized by a change toward mainly physiologically uncharacterized groups, including ANME-1d and several new genus-level groups of putatively CO2-reducing Methanomicrobiaceae and methyl-reducing Methanomassiliicoccales. Notably, group-specific increases in mcrA copy numbers by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude from the sulfate reduction zone into the sulfate-methane transitions or methanogenesis zones indicate the thriving of several major methane-cycling archaeal taxa. Together our study provides insights into the community and pathway shifts vertically along the geochemical gradients and horizontally along the different sedimentary settings and their underlying drivers in continental margin sediments.
Comparative forewing ultrastructure of high-frequency singing crickets (Gryllidae, Eneopterinae)
Authors: Royer L. , Gaiddon T. , Robillard T.
Published: December 2024

Male crickets belonging to the tribe Lebinthini (Eneopterinae) produce high-frequency, sometimes ultrasonic, calling songs characterized by a dominant harmonic frequency -a phenomenon known as harmonic hopping. While cricket sound production is well understood, the mechanism allowing the dominant frequency to move to the harmonics of the spectrum is little studied. The wing region known as the harp corresponds to the primary resonator of the cricket tegmina. Here we hypothesize that the surface ultrastructure of this region could play a role in the physical properties of the wings and in their vibratory behavior. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to explore the diversity of wing membrane ultrastructure in the harp region of 33 species of Eneopterinae, including species producing both low-frequency and high-frequency calling songs. We highlighted a great diversity of ultrastructure within the subfamily. We defined and measured 5 morphological traits concerning the hexagonal cells visible on the dorsal face of the wing, and the microtrichia, filiform sensory structures present on the ventral face. Significant differences are found in hexagonal cell size and density between males and females, and between the males of the species of the Lebinthini tribe and the non-Lebinthini species. These results suggest a link between the presence of these hexagonal structures and the song frequency value. Surfacic structures could play a role in the stiffening of the wing, a property directly related to vibration frequency of the wing. The observation of these structure and more precisely their size and distribution between high-frequency songs producing species and Low-frequency species constitute a new avenue for the understanding of harmonic-hoppings in Lebinthini crickets.
Effects of Hypomethylating Agents on Gene Modulation in the Leukemic Microenvironment and Disease Trajectory in a Mouse Model of AML
Authors: Ebelt Nancy D. , Loganathan Suvithanandhini , Avsharian Lara C. , Manuel Edwin R.
Published: December 2024

Hypomethylating agents (HMAs), such as decitabine and 5-azacytidine (AZA), are valuable treatment options for patients with acute myeloid leukemia that are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Despite providing significant extensions in survival when used alone or in combination, eventual relapse and resistance to HMAs are observed. The mechanisms leading to these outcomes are still not well defined and may, in part, be due to a focus on leukemic populations with limited information on the effects of HMAs on non-leukemic cells in the blood and other tissue compartments. In this study, we elucidated effects on immune-related gene expression in non-leukemic blood cells and the spleen during AZA treatment in leukemia-challenged mice. We observed significant changes in pathways regulating adhesion, thrombosis, and angiogenesis as well as a dichotomy in extramedullary disease sites that manifests during relapse. We also identify several genes that may contribute to the anti-leukemic activity of AZA in blood and spleen. Overall, this work has identified novel gene targets and pathways that could be further modulated to augment efficacy of HMA treatment.
A CRISPR/SpCas9M-reporting system for efficient and rapid genome editing inCaulobacter crescentus
Authors: Sun Jingxian , Yu Xin , Tang Guiyue , Chen Mengqing , Zheng Yixin , Hu Yucan , Li Qingmei , Li Xiaoyang , Li Ningning , Li Zhongyue , Li Yingying , Lu Ning , Tan Wei , Yang Yujiao , Zeng Xiaoye , Zhao Guohong , Wang Hailong , Dai Lei , Zhao Guo-Ping , Ai Lianzhong , Zhao Wei
Published: December 2024

As members of the α-proteobacteria group,Caulobacter crescentusand its relatives are known for their asymmetric life cycle and comprehensive applications in gene delivery, agricultural biotechnology, and the production of high-value compounds. However, genetic manipulations of these bacteria are often time-consuming and labor-intensive due to the lack of efficient genome editing tools. Here, we report a practical CRISPR/SpCas9M-reporting system that overcomes the limitations ofSpCas9 expression, enabling efficient, markerless, and rapid genome editing inC. crescentus. As a demonstration, we successfully knocked out two genes encoding the scaffold proteins, achieving apparent editing efficiencies up to 80%. Key components, including the Cas protein, Cas inducer, sgRNA, homologous arms, and reporter, were systematically analyzed and optimized to enhance the editing efficiency or decrease the cell lethality. A nearly zero off-target ratio was observed after the curing of the editor plasmid in editing strains. Furthermore, we applied the CRISPR/SpCas9M-reporting system to twoC. crescentusrelatives,Agrobacterium fabrumandSinorhizobium meliloti, establishing it as an efficient and reliable editing strategy. We anticipate that this system could be applied to other hard-to-edit organisms, accelerating both basic and applied research in α-proteobacteria.
Investigating the impact of fibroblast proximity to a tumor on fibroblast extracellular vesicle production utilizing 3D bioprinted stromal models
Authors: Amens Jensen N. , Yang Jun , Hawthorne Lauren , Zorlutuna Pinar
Published: December 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important carrier of cellular communication that are secreted from the cell. Different cells will produce EVs with different cargo such as cytokines, RNAs, or microRNAs (miRNA). EVs have been proven to play an important role in breast cancer tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Although the role of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and EVs originated from them have been studied extensively, there is a lack in knowledge on the contribution of normal fibroblasts surrounding the tumor and their roles with respect to their proximity to the tumor. Here we investigate how the proximity of the tumor affects the EV production of the normal fibroblasts. We created stromal models by 3D bioprinting two different fibroblasts, normal human mammary fibroblasts (hMFs) and normal tumor adjacent fibroblasts (NTAF), within a collagen gel. After one week of culture, we isolated EVs from both the effluent media and the 3D stromal model, which were then characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ELISA, zeta potential, and cytokine array analysis of the cargo. The EVs from each group were of consistent exosome size and displayed traditional exosome markers, however the EVs from different groups also displayed different cytokine profiles of their cargo, with the NTAF media group showing an upregulation of cytokines associated with breast cancer progression. After this, we used the EVs to treat breast cancer cells to investigate the effects the EVs from different tumor proximities have on the breast cancer cell behavior. The breast cancer cells treated with the NTAF groups had increased migration. Finally, we utilized a 3D breast tumor model to investigate the effects of the EVs on a tumor spheroid. Tumor spheroids treated with either NTAF EV groups showed increased proliferation, tumor radius, and local invasion. This study is the first to investigate the effect of proximity to a breast tumor on EV production and the first to utilize 3D bioprinting of stromal models specifically to obtain EVs. Overall, our results show that EVs from normal fibroblasts closer to a tumor produce EVs that promote breast cancer progression, regardless of the secretion location of the EVs. These cells have a distinct EV secretome different from normal human mammary fibroblasts, showing that the proximity to a tumor influences the normal fibroblasts surrounding the tumor.
Characteristics and HIV-related Engagement of Male Sexual Partners of Female Sex Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): a Scoping Review
Authors: Maringwa Galven , Matambanadzo Primrose , Hargreaves James R. , Fearon Elizabeth , Cowan Frances M.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Understanding the characteristics and behaviors of male sexual partners of female sex workers (FSWs) is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of HIV transmission. We aimed to explore and quantify the existing literature on male sexual partners of FSWs in SSA, where HIV prevalence is high and the dynamics of sex work are poorly understood. We focused on the proportions of men reporting sex with FSWs, along with their characteristics, HIV prevalence, and engagement with HIV services among the general population and specific subgroups.

Methods

We searched the literature in the EBSCOhost databases (Medline Complete, Global Health, and CINAHL). We included quantitative epidemiological peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2010 and December 2023, following PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. The last search was performed on 09 October 2024. Eligible studies focused on men from the general population and subgroups of men who reported having sex with FSWs. The results were synthesized narratively to identify patterns and gaps in the literature.

Results

We identified 2,067 articles and reviewed 15, including one meta-analysis. The general population meta-analysis and the articles among subgroups revealed variations in reporting sex with FSWs, differences in HIV prevalence, suboptimal HIV testing uptake, and inconsistent condom use. The proportion of general population men in SSA who had ever paid for sex was 8.5%, with a pooled HIV prevalence of 3.6% and 67.5% reported condom use at last paid sex. High-risk subgroups of men reported different rates of sex with FSWs, ranging from 6.6% to 74%. HIV prevalence also varied significantly, from 7.5% to 26%. Across these high-risk groups, suboptimal HIV testing uptake and inconsistent condom use were common, with no comparative data for men who did not have sex with FSWs.

Discussion

Men who have sex with FSWs cannot be identified by specific characteristics. High-risk subgroups reported greater engagement with FSWs. Sex with an FSW was associated with higher HIV prevalence among men in the general population, with no data on subgroups. These findings highlight the need for tailored, occupation-specific interventions that address the unique needs of mobile and high-risk men.
Simulation of reciprocal-space mapping using a new analytical solution of kinematical X-ray diffraction in a crystal
Authors: Punegov Vasily
Published: December 2024

In the kinematical approximation, new analytical solutions are obtained that describe the diffraction of a restricted X-ray beam from a thin crystal. Calculation of the angular distribution of reflected X-ray beams within the framework of the developed approach significantly reduces the computational cost compared with numerical methods. For a thin silicon crystal, X-ray reciprocal-space mapping was simulated using analytical solutions, as well as calculated using numerical methods based on 2D recurrence relations and the Takagi–Taupin equations.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of the chalcone derivative (2E)-3-[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-1-[4-(prop-1-yn-2-yloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Madhan Sundarasamy , NizamMohideen M. , Viswanathan Vijayan , Velmurugan Devadasan
Published: December 2024

In the crystal structure of the title chalcone derivative, C30H23NO2, the molecule adopts an s-cis conformation with respect to the C=O and C=C bonds. The triphenylamine moiety has a propeller-type shape, with dihedral angles between the mean planes of pairs of phenyl rings of 72.1 (6), 69.7 (1) and 65.6 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains extending parallel to [010]. In addition, weak C—H...π interactions consolidate the crystal packing. One of the phenyl rings of the triphenylamine moiety is disordered over two sets of sites.
A study on the capital accumulation system,
distribution regulation mechanism and stakeholder relationships from the
perspective of Marx’s theory of ground rent
Authors: Xie Di , Rong Ying
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Ground rent has been playing a vital role in China’s economic and
social development, which has a clear practical logic. It is also necessary
to present the historical inevitability and institutional mechanisms that
realize this role of ground rent concerning its theoretical and historical
logic.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on the theories of the French regulation school and the
social structure of accumulation theory to establish a preliminary
analytical framework. This paper explores the process of ground rent
formation under certain land institutional arrangements, as well as the
association between the capital accumulation system, the distribution
regulation mechanism and relevant stakeholder relationships. From the
perspective of historical materialism, the paper examines the functions of
ground rent in feudal and capitalist societies and their mapping association
between the capital accumulation system, distribution regulation mechanism
and stakeholders. This paper further investigates the inevitable trends in
the evolution of different social systems from the perspective of rent.
Additionally, based on Marx’s view on ground rent under socialism,
the paper elucidates the formation, types of rent and its engagement in
social production under the conditions of China’s socialist market
economy, identifying the inherent value orientation and distinct
institutional advantages.

Findings

Although considerable research has explored the reasons for the existence,
categories and functions of rent in a socialist market economy, there is a
relatively insufficient examination of its historical evolution and how it
influences real-world economic dynamics. Existing studies have primarily
focused on agricultural rent, lacking an in-depth analysis that puts the
behaviors of landowners, land operators and laborers in fundamental
contexts.

Originality/value

As China enters a new stage of development, it is imperative to improve the
public ownership of land from a new historical starting point, encourage the
rational use of ground rent leverage, and establish and enhance the capital
accumulation system, the distribution regulation mechanism and relevant
stakeholder relationships, enabling their more harmonious alignment with the
socialist market economy. The following effort should be made to ensure that
such actions will be put into place.
The thought of community with a shared future for
mankind and the construction of China’s international political
economy
Authors: Sun Jingyu
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Central to this paper, Western international political economy cannot well
explain China’s peaceful development and its political and economic
ties with the outside world, and it is even more difficult to reflect the
characteristics of the times that the great changes unseen in a century and
socialism with Chinese characteristics have entered into a new era, which
are synchronously intertwined and mutually agitated. Constructing
China’s international political economy not only emphasizes the
Chinese perspective, Chinese discourse and Chinese narrative but also
examines the development trend and major problems facing the world from the
height of world history and applies the position, viewpoints and methods of
Marxist historical materialism to observe the times, interpret the times and
lead the times.

Design/methodology/approach

Looking back at the development of China’s international political
economy, from introducing Western international political economy to
increasingly emphasizing the Chinese perspective, Chinese discourse and
Chinese narrative, we analyze the distinctive features of China’s
international political economy from Western international political
economy.

Findings

The thought of community with a shared future for mankind is the latest
development and concentrated embodiment of Marxist thought on world history
in the 21st century, which gives China’s international political
economy a distinctive epochal, scientific and practical character,
stipulates the research stance and fundamental purpose, establishes the
research theme and main line and expands the research space for the
construction of Chinese international political economy.

Originality/value

The construction of China’s international political economy is not
only to create a “Chinese school” of international relations
but more importantly to construct a discourse and academic system of
China’s international political economy that can understand and grasp
the changes in the world, the times and history, providing academic support
for in-depth thinking and answering the question of “What is wrong
with the world? What should we do?” and contributing Chinese
wisdom.
A conservative degree adaptive HDG method for transient incompressible flows
Authors: Felipe Agustina , Sevilla Ruben , Hassan Oubay
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study aims to assess the accuracy of degree adaptive strategies in the context of incompressible Navier–Stokes flows using the high-order hybridisable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method.

Design/methodology/approach

The work presents a series of numerical examples to show the inability of standard degree adaptive processes to accurately capture aerodynamic quantities of interest, in particular the drag. A new conservative projection is proposed and the results between a standard degree adaptive procedure and the adaptive process enhanced with this correction are compared. The examples involve two transient problems where flow vortices or a gust needs to be accurately propagated over long distances.

Findings

The lack of robustness and accuracy of standard degree adaptive processes is linked to the violation of the free-divergence condition when projecting a solution from a space of polynomials of a given degree to a space of polynomials with a lower degree. Due to the coupling of velocity-pressure in incompressible flows, the violation of the incompressibility constraint leads to inaccurate pressure fields in the wake that have a sizeable effect on the drag. The new conservative projection proposed is found to remove all the numerical artefacts shown by the standard adaptive process.

Originality/value

This work proposes a new conservative projection for the degree adaptive process. The projection does not introduce a significant overhead because it requires to solve an element-by-element problem and only for those elements where the adaptive process lowers the degree of approximation. Numerical results show that, with the proposed projection, non-physical oscillations in the drag disappear and the results are in good agreement with reference solutions.
From reform to innovation: a review of Chinese auditing practices in a global context
Authors: Gui Carrie Q. , Lyu Meng , Zhang Joseph H.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study aims to review and synthesize the burgeoning field of auditing research utilizing Chinese data. Over the past decades, there has been a remarkable rise in such research, driven by China’s abundant audit data, distinctive institutional features and enduring cultural influences. The purpose is to comprehensively review auditing studies featured in top-tier accounting journals, shedding light on the unique contributions made possible by Chinese data. By identifying key themes across domains, this paper aims to underscore the cultural and contextual disparities between China and Western countries, predominantly the USA, within the area of auditing.

Design/methodology/approach

This study presents a systematic review of China-themed auditing research, primarily published in seven leading global accounting journals. The researchers conducted a comprehensive search of the websites of these journals, identifying relevant articles using search terms such as “China auditing,” “Chinese Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR),” “institutional environment,” and “internal control.” After the initial search, 54 relevant articles were selected and reviewed. The study covers all China-specific auditing research, categorizing key themes into six areas to explore how scholars use Chinese data to address important auditing questions.

Findings

The findings reveal a significant increase in auditing research utilizing Chinese data, prominently featured in top-tier academic journals. This study categorizes six central themes, highlighting the broad range of topics explored using Chinese audit data. More importantly, the research identifies substantial cultural and contextual differences between China and Western nations, particularly the USA, that influence the auditing profession and markets. Exploring these themes underscores the invaluable insights derived from Chinese data, shedding light on areas not previously addressed by studies relying solely on Western datasets.

Originality/value

The value of this study lies in its comprehensive examination of seminal auditing studies using Chinese data, making a distinctive contribution to the auditing literature. This paper highlights the inadequacies of Western datasets in addressing certain auditing questions and emphasizes the unique advantages offered by China’s extensive public audit data, institutional characteristics and cultural determinants. The identified gap in the literature underscores the unexplored opportunities for further research in the Chinese auditing context. This study, therefore, provides a roadmap for future scholars, encouraging the exploration of new avenues and fostering a deeper understanding of the cultural nuances influencing auditing practices in China.
Drivers and outcomes of chatbot use in the business-to-business context: exploring business customers’ perspectives
Authors: Maga Sara , Bodlaj Mateja
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Although chatbots are increasingly popular in the B2C literature, understanding of their use in a B2B perspective remains limited. The present study utilizes Uses and Gratification theory to explore what motivates business customers to use chatbots and how this use can affect professional relationships. This study aims to explore what motivates business customers to use chatbots and how this use can affect professional relationships. By utilizing Uses and gratifications theory, it seeks to deepen the currently limited understanding of the B2B perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts an exploratory qualitative inquiry in the form of in-depth interviews with experts and business customers who had actual experience of using bots on their customer journey.

Findings

The study offers a much-needed examination of B2B customers’ perspectives about chatbots and proposes a model of the drivers and outcomes of chatbot use on the customer journey. Utilitarian and social motives are suggested to drive business customers to use chatbots, while the need to examine specific contingency factors to help determine a preference for chatbots is emphasized. Chatbots are shown to generate customer satisfaction with the firm and commitment to it, which adds to professional relationships.

Practical implications

Organizations relying on chatbots for customer interaction in B2B can use these results to build and maintain successful bots able to satisfy their customers’ needs and further contribute to building professional relationships.

Originality/value

The study identifies motives that explain why chatbots appeal to business customers, along with contingency factors that may further help distinguish their preference for technology vs. human interaction. It also suggests that chatbots can assist in building relationships between business customers and a selling firm.