bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convex ordering of the attained waiting times in single-server queues and related problems
Authors: Miyazawa Masakiyo , Yamazaki Genji
Published: April 2006

The attained waiting time of customers in service of the G/G/1 queue is compared for various work-conserving service disciplines. It is proved that the attained waiting time distribution is minimized (maximized) in convex order when the discipline is FCFS (PR-LCFS). We apply the result to characterize finiteness of moments of the attained waiting time in the GI/GI/1 queue with an arbitrary work-conserving service discipline. In this discussion, some interesting relationships are obtained for a PR-LCFS queue.
On measures of non-degeneracy
Authors: Athreya K. B.
Published: April 2006

If φ is a convex function and X a random variable then (by Jensen's inequality) ψ φ (X) = Eφ (X) – φ (EX) is non-negative and 0 iff either φ is linear in the range of X or X is degenerate. So if φ is not linear then ψ φ (X) is a measure of non-degeneracy of the random variable X. For φ (x) = x2, ψ φ (X) is simply the variance V(X) which is additive in the sense that V(X + Y) = V(X) + V(Y) if X and Y are uncorrelated. In this note it is shown that if φ ″(·) is monotone non-increasing then ψ φ is sub-additive for all (X, Y) such that EX ≧ 0, P(Y ≧ 0) = 1 and E(X | Y) = EX w.p.l, and is additive essentially only if φ is quadratic. Thus, it confirms the unique role of variance as a measure of non-degeneracy. An application to branching processes is also given.
Sur une procédure de branchement déterministe et ses dérivées aléatoires
Authors: Huillet Thierry , Kłopotowski Andrzej
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the description of both a deterministic and stochastic branching procedure. The renewal equations for the deterministic branching population are first derived which allow for asymptotic results on the ‘number' and ‘generation' processes. A probabilistic version of these processes is then studied which presents some discrepancy with the standard Harris age-dependent branching processes.
Generalized Bonferroni inequalities
Authors: Spencer Thomas H.
Published: April 2006

Consider a number of events in a probability space. Let X be a random variable that is the number of events that occur. Given some of the moments of the distribution of X, it is possible to obtain bounds on the probability that at least one event occurs. The best possible bounds are given here. If there are many equiprobable events that are d- wise independent, and d is even, then the probability that at least one event happens is at least 1 — O(µ–d/2), where μ = E(X).
On a Markov chain approach for the study of reliability structures
Authors: Koutras M. V.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we consider a class of reliability structures which can be efficiently described through (imbedded in) finite Markov chains. Some general results are provided for the reliability evaluation and generating functions of such systems. Finally, it is shown that a great variety of well known reliability structures can be accommodated in this general framework, and certain properties of those structures are obtained on using their Markov chain imbedding description.
Limit theorems for the total size of a spatial epidemic
Authors: Andersson Håkan , Djehiche Boualem
Published: April 2006

We study the long-term behaviour of a sequence of multitype general stochastic epidemics, converging in probability to a deterministic spatial epidemic model, proposed by D. G. Kendall. More precisely, we use branching and deterministic approximations in order to study the asymptotic behaviour of the total size of the epidemics as the number of types and the number of individuals of each type both grow to infinity.
Compound Poisson limit theorems for Markov chains
Authors: Hsiau Shoou-Ren
Published: April 2006

This paper establishes a compound Poisson limit theorem for the sum of a sequence of multi-state Markov chains. Our theorem generalizes an earlier one by Koopman for the two-state Markov chain. Moreover, a similar approach is used to derive a limit theorem for the sum of the k th-order two-state Markov chain.
Tail events of simulated annealing Markov chains
Authors: Niemiro Wojciech
Published: April 2006

We consider non-homogeneous Markov chains generated by the simulated annealing algorithm. We classify states according to asymptotic properties of trajectories. We identify recurrent and transient states. The set of recurrent states is partitioned into disjoint classes of asymptotically communicating states. These classes correspond to atoms of the tail sigma-field. The results are valid under the weak reversibility assumption of Hajek.
A decomposition theorem for infinite stochastic matrices
Authors: Heyman Daniel P.
Published: April 2006

We prove that every infinite-state stochastic matrix P say, that is irreducible and consists of positive-recurrrent states can be represented in the form I – P=(A – I)(B – S), where A is strictly upper-triangular, B is strictly lower-triangular, and S is diagonal. Moreover, the elements of A are expected values of random variables that we will specify, and the elements of B and S are probabilities of events that we will specify. The decomposition can be used to obtain steady-state probabilities, mean first-passage-times and the fundamental matrix.
Some EATA properties for marked point processes
Authors: Kofman D. , Korezlioglu H.
Published: April 2006

We derive an ESTA property for marked point processes similar to Wolff's PASTA property for ordinary (non-marked) point processes, via a stochastic integral approach. This new ESTA property allows us to extend a known result on the conditional PASTA property and to derive an ASTA property for batch arrival processes. We also present an application of our results.
The fractional linear probability generating function in the random environment branching process
Authors: Grey D. R. , Zhunwei Lu
Published: April 2006

In a branching process with random environments, the probability of ultimate extinction is a function of the environment sequence, and is therefore a random variable. Explicit results about the distribution of this random variable are difficult to obtain in general. Here we assume independent and identically distributed environments and use the special properties of fractional linear generating functions to derive some explicit distributions, which may be singular or absolutely continuous, depending on the values of certain parameters. We also consider briefly tail behaviour close to 1, and provide an extension to cases where probability generating functions are not fractional linear.
Asymptotic distributions of extremes of extremal Markov sequences
Authors: Adke S. R. , Chandran C.
Published: April 2006

Let {ξn, n ≧1} be a sequence of independent real random variables, F denote the common distribution function of identically distributed random variables ξn, n ≧1 and let ξ1 have an arbitrary distribution. Define Xn+1 = k max(Xn, ξ n+1), Yn+ 1 = max(Yn, ξ n+1) – c, Un+1 = l min(Un, ξ n+1), Vn+1 = min(Vn, ξ n+1) + c, n ≧ 1, 0 < k < 1, l > 1, 0 < c < ∞, and X1 = Υ1= U1 = V1 = ξ1. We establish conditions under which the limit law of max(X1, · ··, Xn) coincides with that of max(ξ2, · ··, ξ n+1) when both are appropriately normed. A similar exercise is carried out for the extreme statistics max(Y1, · ··, Yn), min(U1,· ··, Un) and min(V1, · ··, Vn).
On coupling of random walks and renewal processes
Authors: Lindvall Torgny , Rogers L. C. G.
Published: April 2006

The use of Mineka coupling is extended to a case with a continuous state space: an efficient coupling of random walks S and S' in can be made such that S' — S is virtually a one-dimensional simple random walk. This insight settles a zero-two law of ergodicity. One more proof of Blackwell's renewal theorem is also presented.
On distribution tails and expectations of maxima in critical branching processes
Authors: Borovkov K. A. , Vatutin V A.
Published: April 2006

We derive the limit behaviour of the distribution tail of the global maximum of a critical Galton–Watson process and also of the expectations of partial maxima of the process, when the offspring law belongs to the domain of attraction of a stable law. Thus the Lindvall (1976) and Athreya (1988) results are extended to the infinite variance case. It is shown that in the general case these two asymptotics are closely related to each other, and the latter follows readily from the former. We also discuss a related problem from the theory of general branching processes.
On the rate of convergence of Borovkov's multidimensional ergodic Markov chain
Authors: Tanikawa Akio
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the multidimensional Markov chain {X(n)} = {X(x, n)}, considered by Borovkov [1], [2], [3], with the form X(n + 1) = ?(n) + ?(?(n), n), where the distribution of depends only on x. Sufficient conditions on moments of |?(x)| are established for the Markov chain {X(n)} to have rate of convergence results (i.e. geometric ergodicity or sub-geometric rates for a variety of rate functions).
Fixation in bisexual models with variable population sizes
Authors: Möhle M.
Published: April 2006

A general exchangeable bisexual model with variable population sizes is introduced. First the forward process, i.e. the number of certain descending pairs, is studied. For the bisexual Wright-Fisher model fixation of the descendants occurs, i.e. their proportion tends to 0 or 1 almost surely.

The main part of this article deals with necessary and sufficient conditions for ultimate homozygosity, i.e. the proportion of an arbitrarily chosen allelic type tends to 0 or 1 almost surely. The results are applied to a bisexual Wright-Fisher model and to a bisexual Moran model.
Integrated interactome, proteomic and functional analyses reveal molecular pathways driving L1TD1‐induced aggressiveness in CNS embryonal tumor cells
Authors: Mitsugi Thiago Giove , Sherwood Matt , Jandrey Elisa Helena Farias , Assoni Amanda Faria , Bell Joseph , Coke Brandon , Skipp Paul , Ewing Rob , Okamoto Oswaldo Keith
Published: February 2025

L1TD1 is a pluripotency factor required for embryonic stem cell self‐renewal; its expression has also been detected in solid tumors, including embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Previously, we showed that L1TD1 expression correlates with metastasis formation and shorter overall survival of medulloblastoma patients. Here, we used affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry to map the L1TD1 interactome, and global proteomics to assess proteins differentially regulated by L1TD1 expression in patient‐derived embryonal CNS tumor cell lines. We identified novel L1TD1 interactors and differentially expressed proteins related to cell proliferation, death and motility. Finally, we demonstrated that L1TD1‐overexpressing tumor cells have distinct cell morphology with enhanced filopodial formation, higher cell motility, greater proliferation capability, and reduced sensitivity to cisplatin treatment.
Fraise mowing impacts soil physical properties of bermudagrass surfaces
Authors: McCauley Raymond K. , Miller Grady L. , Pinnix Garland D. , Heitman Joshua L.
Published: February 2025

Fraise mowing has traditionally been used as an aggressive cultural practice for bermudagrass thatch management in golf and sports turf settings. Despite expanded applications, its effect on edaphic characteristics has yet to be thoroughly explored. The objective of this research was to evaluate physical properties of two soil types beneath established Tifway hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt. Davy) following fraise mowing. A study was conducted during the summers of 2016–2019 on a Cecil sandy loam (loam) and a sand‐capped soccer field (sand) in Wake County, NC. Three fraise mowing depths of 0.6, 1.2, and 2.5 cm, and an untreated control were administered in mid‐June of each year. Thatch content decreased by 18%–50% after fraise mowing. Divot resistance measured within the sand rootzone decreased by ≤24% with increasing fraise mowing depth and the removal of roots, rhizomes, and stolons. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in the sand decreased by 0%–57% with increasing fraise mowing depth compared to the control. Surface hardness increased ≤53% with 1.2‐ and 2.5‐cm fraise mowing depths with differences more pronounced in the loam (≤28 gmax) compared to the sand (≤6 gmax). At saturation (0‐cm pressure) and field capacity (100‐cm pressure), water content decreased by 9%–18% and 5%–10%, respectively, with increasing fraise mowing depth in the sand. Results indicate fraise mowing did alter soil physical properties in both soils and increasing fraise mowing depths increased the effects.
Potato yield projections under climate change in Canada
Authors: Jégo Guillaume , Crépeau Marianne , Jing Qi , Grant Brian , Smith Ward , Mesbah Morteza , Qian Budong
Published: February 2025

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important staple crop in Canada. Past studies have forecasted future yield decreases under climate change, which could have major consequences for the economy of some regions. However, limitations in those studies suggest that further investigations are needed. In this study, we simulated the effect of 15 climate change scenarios (classified from low to moderate and high) on potato potential (no N and water stresses) and rainfed (no N stress) yields at 59 locations across Canada representing current and future potential production regions using three crop models (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer [DSSAT], DeNitrification and DeComposition [DNDC], and Simulateur mulTI‐disciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard [STICS]). Simulation trends were generally consistent across all three crop models and suggested (1) an increase in potential and rainfed yields in the future (up to 4.4 t ha−1 dry matter in 2051–2080 compared with 1991–2020) in the northern regions where production is currently limited, if not impossible, due to a too short growing season; (2) a slight‐to‐moderate increase in potential and rainfed yields in the near future (2021–2050) for the remaining regions with greater increases for drier regions (0.7–3.1 t ha−1) than in wetter regions (0.5–1.4 t ha−1); and (3) stable or lower yields (up to −2.7 t ha−1) in the distant future (2051–2080), for most regions except the northern ones, due to excessively high temperatures, especially in the moderate and high‐climate change scenarios. This study gave the first extensive projections of future potato yield in Canada, including northern locations where production may become possible.
Peanut responds to K fertilization but not to K timing on low‐K sandy soils
Authors: Zubieta Angel S. , Rahman Aadil A. , Hochmuth George , Drew Anthony , Matcham Emma G.
Published: February 2025

Potassium (K) is necessary for plant growth, and insufficient K reduces peanut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] yield and grade. Peanut production in Florida is on sandy soils with low cation exchange capacity. Minimizing K loss to leaching may be affected by the timing of fertilizer‐K application. We evaluated the impact of K fertilization on pod yield and grade of peanut in sites with different soil test K (STK) levels. Treatments comprised a two‐way factorial with five fertilizer rates (0, 46, 93, 140, and 186 kg ha−1 K) and four application timings (planting; planting plus early bloom; planting, early bloom, plus 60 days; early bloom plus 60 days). The study occurred at sites Hilltop, Citra, and Sesame with Mehlich‐3 STK levels 2, 26, and 40 mg kg−1, respectively, at the University of Florida Plant Sciences Research and Education Unit in Citra, FL. In the low‐STK sites (Hilltop, Citra), the relative yield increased quadratically until fertilizer rates reached 160 and 82 kg ha−1 K, respectively, after which there was no further increase in peanut pod yield. At Sesame, pod yield was not affected by K rate. Splitting K applications did not improve pod yield at any site in these seasons, which had few leaching rains. Proportion of sound mature kernels (TSMK) was affected only by site, averaging ≥75%. Fertilizing peanuts with 82–160 kg ha−1 K maximized pod yield in soils with Mehlich‐3 STK ≤26 mg kg−1, and different responses to K fertilizer rate observed at fields with different STK levels within the low STK index category suggests justification for splitting this category. A single K application is sufficient in sites with low incidence of leaching rains.
The influence of elevation on genetic structure and variability in a wetland crucifer of the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Tisinai Shelby L. , Busch Jeremiah W.
Published: February 2025

Premise

In mountain ecosystems, environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, ultraviolet radiation) covary with elevation, potentially limiting gene flow over steep gradients. We hypothesized that, (1) due to stark elevational differences in environmental factors, populations from dissimilar elevations (e.g., montane versus alpine) are more strongly differentiated than populations from similar elevations; (2) patterns of migration reflect downslope dispersal more than upslope dispersal; and (3) alpine populations at the cold edge show evidence of expansion, while montane populations at the warm edge have declined.

Methods

DNA polymorphisms in whole‐genome sequences were studied from 6–10 genotypes each in populations of Cardamine cordifolia found at three montane sites (ranging from 2200 to 2800 m a.s.l.) and three alpine sites (ranging from 3000 to 3500 m a.s.l.). Statistical analyses assessed patterns of population structure, genetic diversity, migration, and historical demography since the Pleistocene.

Results

Populations maintained very high levels of nucleotide diversity (π range: 0.062–0.071) and were weakly differentiated (pairwise FST = 0.027) on average. Migration among alpine populations was also inferred, with no directionality of migration across elevation bands. Demographic inference suggests that both montane and alpine populations have declined in size since the Pleistocene.

Conclusions

Environmental differences across elevation represent diffuse barriers to gene flow. Recent polyploidy and clonal reproduction likely explain excess heterozygosity and high nucleotide diversity within populations. The genetic similarity of populations across elevation suggests highly connected refugia during the Pleistocene; such results may indicate that montane and alpine populations will respond similarly to changing environmental conditions associated with climate change.
2H‐Pyran‐2‐ones’ Synthesis: State‐of‐the‐Art Methods and Applications
Authors: Kishore Dakoju Ravi , Sreenivasulu Chinnabattigalla , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: February 2025

2H‐Pyran‐2‐ones, also known as 2‐pyranones or 2‐pyrones (α‐pyrones), are compounds of significant biological importance due to their wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer, anti‐microbial, and anti‐coagulant effects. Their diverse bioactivity has sparked increased interest in their synthesis and applications. Numerous synthetic methods for accomplishing 2H‐pyranones have been developed, from classical approaches like Knoevenagel condensations to modern synthetic techniques such as microwave‐assisted synthesis and various catalytic methods. In this line, previous reviews have thoroughly documented the advancements in the synthesis of 2‐pyrone frameworks up to 2020. Specifically, this review highlights the latest advancements in synthesizing 2‐pyrone frameworks and their pivotal role in the construction of diverse heterocycles, focusing on developments between 2021 and 2025.
Electrolyte Design Using “Porous Water” for High‐purity Carbon Monoxide Electrosynthesis from Dilute Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Zhang Wei , Dai Minyang , Zeng Zhouliangzi , Wang Yahan , Zhang Yan , Ni Wenpeng , Wang Shuangyin , Zhang Shiguo
Published: February 2025

Electrosynthesis of high‐purity carbon monoxide (CO) from captured carbon dioxide (CO2) remains energy‐intensive due to the unavoidable CO2 regeneration and post‐purification stages. Here, we propose a direct high‐purity CO electrosynthesis strategy employing an innovative electrolyte, termed porous electrolyte (PE), based on “porous water”. Zeolite nanocrystals within PE provide permanent pores in the liquid phase, enabling physical CO2 adsorption through an intraparticle diffusion model, as demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations and in situ spectral analysis. Captured CO2 spontaneously desorbs under applied reductive potential, driven by the interfacial CO2 concentration gradient, and is subsequently reduced electrochemically. The high CO2 concentration in PE enhances mass transfer, and surface ion exchange between Si−OH groups and K+ ions on the zeolite surface generates a stronger interfacial electric field, promoting electron transfer steps. This optimized kinetics for mass and electron transfer confers heightened intrinsic activity toward CO2 electroreduction. The PE‐based electrolysis system demonstrated superior CO Faradaic efficiency and partial current density compared to the conventional CO2‐fed system. A circular system using PE and a Ni−N/C cathode realized continuous production of high‐purity CO (97.0 wt %) from dilute CO2 (15 %) and maintained >90.0 wt % under 150 mA cm−2, with significantly reduced energy consumption and costs.
Rare‐Earth Metal Alkyl Complexes Featuring Bridged Bis(β‐Diketiminato) Ligand: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity for Intramolecular Hydroamination Reaction
Authors: Wang Chaoqun , Huang Mengna , Miao Hui , Qin Zhibiao , Wei Biao , Liu Chenxu , Chen Zheng
Published: February 2025

A series of rare‐earth metal alkyl complexes containing chiral cyclohexyl‐bridged bis(β‐diketiminate) ligands have been synthesized, with a general chemical formula of {Cy[NC (Me)CHC (Me)NAr]2}RECH2SiMe3 [Cy=(1R, 2R)‐(‐)‐1,2‐cyclohexyl, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3, RE=Dy(1), Er(2), Yb(3), Y(4)]. These compounds were prepared in good yields by the reaction of RE[CH2SiMe3]3(THF)2 with Cy[NHC (Me)CHC (Me)NAr]2 (H2L). Comprehensive characterizations of all compounds were achieved through spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The structures of Compounds 1–4 were determined by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction analysis, and Compound 4 was further characterized by hydrogen‐1 (1H) NMR and carbon‐13 (13C) NMR spectroscopy. The catalytic performance of these complexes was investigated, and their ability to catalyze the hydroamination/cyclization reaction of aminoalkenes to afford the corresponding cyclic amines was proven. The resulting heterocyclic compounds were predominantly Markovnikov addition products. The catalytic efficiency of different catalysts was not significantly affected by central metal, and over 90% conversion could be achieved with a catalyst loading as low as 3%. However, the catalytic hydroamination/cyclization reaction to six‐membered ring products was found to be more challenging compared to the formation of five‐membered rings.
Kuwae, Epi and Tongoa Islands: Transformations of a volcanic landscape in central Vanuatu
Authors: HENDERSON ROBERT , BEDFORD STUART , SPRIGGS MATTHEW , YONA SALKON , PHILLIP IARAWAI , SHING RICHARD , VALENTIN FRÉDÉRIQUE , HARVEY CAITLIN
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a detailed overview of archaeological research undertaken on Epi and Tongoa, in central Vanuatu. These islands were previously connected to one another and respectively formed the western and eastern portions of Kuwae, one of the largest islands in the Vanuatu archipelago, until the catastrophic Tombuk volcanic eruption separated them in the mid‐fifteenth century AD. Oral traditions and insights drawn from previous ethnographic, linguistic and genetic research provide context for the archaeological data. We begin to address questions about the extent to which impacts of the major Tombuk eruption were experienced across the entirety of the former Kuwae landmass, and the role of this and other volcanic events in the complex transformations of the physical and cultural landscapes of central Vanuatu.
Impact of Membership Functions on the Performance of AI‐Assisted Neuro‐Fuzzy System for Analysis of Anion‐Responsive Behaviours of Polypyridyl‐Imidazole Based Ru(II) Receptors
Authors: Sahoo Anik , Bar Manoranjan , Bhattacharya Sohini , Baitalik Sujoy
Published: February 2025

This study explores the anion sensing properties of mono‐, bi‐, and trinuclear Ru(II) complexes based on polypyridyl‐imidazole ligands with varying numbers of dissociable protons in their secondary coordination sphere. The imidazole protons, influenced by the Ru2+ centers, facilitate interactions with anions like F− and CN− in acetonitrile, and CN− in water, through hydrogen bonding or via proton abstraction. The spectral properties of the metalloreceptors change in the presence of these anions, and the initial state can be restored with acid, allowing recycling. The complexes exhibit Boolean logic functions (Implication logic gates) using spectral outputs in the presence of specific anions and acids. To address the time and cost constraints of executing comprehensive sensing experiments, an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with five membership functions (triangular, trapezoidal, generalized bell‐shaped, Gaussian, and pi‐shaped) was used to predict experimental data and appropriate modeling of the sensing characteristics. Comparison of ANFIS model outputs with experimental data showed a good correlation, with the Gaussian and generalized bell‐shaped functions providing high accuracy and close resemblance to experimental data. This neuro‐fuzzification approach promises accurate prediction and modeling of sensing data for Ru(II)‐based metalloreceptors.
Impact of Microwave Exposure on Cynomolgus Monkeys: EEG and ECG Analysis
Authors: Ma Lizhen , Qiao Nan , Zou Yong , Wang Haoyu , Wang Yuchen , Zhi Weijia , Zhao Xuelong , Xu Xinping , Zhang Mingzhao , Lin Zhongwu , Hu Xiangjun , Wang Lifeng
Published: February 2025

The annual increase of microwave exposure in human environments continues to fuel debates regarding its potential health impacts. This study monitored the EEG and ECG responses of three Cynomolgus monkeys before and at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after exposure to 50 mW/cm² microwave radiation for 15 min. The findings revealed no significant differences in the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the whole brain, frontal, and temporal lobes across various frequency bands (δ, θ, α, β, low‐γ, and high‐γ) immediately and up to 30 days postexposure. Notable alterations were observed primarily at 14 days in the PSDs of the parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex, central zone, and occipital lobe, particularly in the θ and α bands. By Day 30, these values returned to normal ranges. ECG alterations were characterized by changes in T‐wave shape and amplitude. One monkey exhibited bidirectional spikes at 7 and 14 days that normalized by Day 30. Another showed similar patterns with reduced amplitude, and a third monkey displayed a towering forward wave at 14 days that persisted at 30 days. In conclusion, the administration of L‐band microwave radiation at the specified dose did not result in immediate alterations to EEG and ECG, but it induced transient modifications in brain electrical activity and normalized after 30 days, which contributed to evaluate the health implications of microwave exposure in humans.
Advanced Drug Delivery Systems Utilizing β‐Lactoglobulin: An Efficient Protein‐Based Drug Carrier
Authors: Gowda Charan M. , Sharma Sanjay , Wairkar Sarika
Published: February 2025

Proteins have shown significant potential as carrier systems due to specific binding interactions with several drug molecules. Among several other animal proteins, whey protein (WP) is a by‐product of the dairy industry, mainly composed of globular proteins. β‐Lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major component of WP, which offers a unique functional property for drug delivery, such as thermal stability, binding interactions, favorable charge characteristics, and a spherical shape. Several drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed using BLG as a carrier, including nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanocomposites, nanoemulsions, solid dispersions, microparticles, and hydrogels. These delivery systems improve drug solubility, loading capacity, bioavailability, stability, and release rate and can provide targeted delivery. They have been employed in diverse applications, from treating cancer to enhancing oral drug delivery, reducing the toxicity of specific drugs, and offering controlled drug release. The future of BLG DDSs holds the promise of combination therapies, personalized medicine, and improved targeting precision. This review aims to discuss the role and utilization of BLG in several DDSs as a versatile carrier, revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry. However, further research is expected to focus on optimizing degradation rates, enhancing biological compatibility, and addressing potential immune responses of BLG‐based drug carriers.
Cell Culture Media and Raman Spectra Preprocessing Procedures Impact Glucose Chemometrics
Authors: Pavurala Naresh , Madhavarao Chikkathur N. , Lee Jaeweon , Das Jayanti , Ashraf Muhammad , O'Connor Thomas
Published: February 2025

Deployment of process analytical technology tools such as Raman or IR spectroscopy and associated multivariate calibration models for process monitoring and control plays an important role in process automation and advanced manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Preprocessing or preparation of the spectroscopic data is an important step in developing a multivariate calibration model. There are several ways available to preprocess the data and each may influence the calibration model performance differently. Here we investigated the influence of preprocessing procedures on the development and performance of the chemometric models to predict the glucose concentration in a bioreactor. Box–Behnken design of experiment (DOE) was used to generate the Raman spectroscopy data. Four factors were considered critical in the DOE—glucose, glutamine, glutamic acid, and antifoam concentration. Raman spectroscopy data were collected both with and without aeration conditions, independently from three cell culture media. For each medium, data consisted of calibration set (27 conditions) and model validation set (9 conditions) separately. Additionally, Raman data was also collected for certain DOE runs with increasing concentration of cell densities ranging from 0.5 × 10 E06/mL to 30 × 10 E06/mL under aerating conditions. Data from the three cell culture media were used separately to develop calibration models that used four different preprocessing procedures, namely, baseline correction (BLC), Savitzky–Golay smoothing (SGS), Savitzky–Golay derivative (SGD) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC). The preprocessing procedures were applied individually and in combinations to evaluate the calibration model parameters and the performance metrics. We further developed glucose calibration models based on partial least squares (PLS) regression with 1–3 principal components. The models developed with OSC procedure gave superior performance metrics with just one principal component across all three media. Models developed with other preprocessing procedures required two or more principal components to give comparable performance. Overall, the choice of preprocessing procedures affected the model performance.
Empirically Determining Binge/Purge Frequency Thresholds for Differentiating Anorexia Nervosa‐Restricting Subtype vs. Binge–Purge Subtype
Authors: Abber Sophie R. , Peterkin Devon , Brown Carina S. , Joiner Thomas E. , Wierenga Christina E. , Forrest Lauren N.
Published: February 2025

Objective

While research supports differentiating anorexia nervosa into binge–purge (AN‐BP) vs. restricting (AN‐R) subtypes, DSM‐5‐TR does not provide a specific threshold of binge and/or purge episodes that constitutes an AN‐BP vs. AN‐R diagnosis. Our review of the literature suggests that cutoffs used for defining AN subtypes are rarely reported and, when reported, are highly heterogeneous. Inconsistent subtyping protocols limit generalizability and understanding of AN‐R and AN‐BP differences.

Method

The present study used structural equation modeling (SEM) trees to empirically determine the frequency of binge eating and/or purging that best differentiates AN subtypes. We then compared empirically determined groups on characteristics frequently found to differ between subtypes. Participants were 731 adolescents and adults with AN (94% female, Mage = 20, 72% clinically diagnosed with AN‐R) in a partial hospitalization program who completed assessments of AN and comorbid symptoms at intake.

Results

SEM tree analyses yielded four subgroups: past‐month binge/purge frequency 0 (AN‐R; n = 396); frequency 1–3 (AN‐BP1; n = 101); frequency 4–15 (AN‐BP2; n = 130); and frequency > 16 (AN‐BP3; n = 98). AN‐R differed from higher frequency groups on 14/22 clinical characteristics, AN‐BP1 differed from higher frequency groups on 11/22 clinical characteristics, and AN‐BP2 differed from higher frequency groups on 2/22 clinical characteristics.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that one binge eating and/or purge episode in the past month provides adequate distinction between subtypes. These findings indicate that the DSM's definition of AN‐BP may need to be revised to specify that the presence of any binge eating or purging, rather than “recurrent” binge eating or purging, is sufficient for subtyping AN.
Reseeding Native Species Promotes Community Stability by Improving Species Diversity, Niche, and Interspecific Relationships in the Desert Steppe of Northwest China
Authors: Jiang Haixin , Zhou Yao , Li Wen , Lu Qi , Xu Dongmei , Ma Hongbin , Ma Xingzhong , Tian Xiaowu
Published: February 2025

The mechanism of community stability is a hot topic in the field of ecology. Research on the stability of the grassland community has gradually increased, and the reseeding of native species is one of the main measures to restore the degraded desert steppe in northwest China. However, little is known about the changes in the stability of the plant community in the desert steppe after reseeding native species. This study established a long‐term observation site for native species reseeding in the desert steppe. We established reseeding and grazing exclusion plots in May 2017 and conducted surveys on degraded grasslands (0YEX(RS)) before setting up reseeding and grazing exclusion treatment experimental plots. After 3 and 6 years of setting up the test, the vegetation restoration status of the plot was investigated, respectively. The results showed that reseeding native species increased the Shannon‐Wiener index and Margalef index of the community. At the same time, the importance value and the breadth of the niche of gramineous plants improved, while the proportion of pairs of high niche overlaps and the logarithm of significant association decreased. The general association of reseeding of the desert steppe was positively correlated, and the stability of the community gradually increased. The results of partial least squares path modelling show that reseeding has a highly significant positive effect on community stability. Both the EX (grazing exclusion grassland) and RS (reseeded grassland) models indicate that niche and diversity indices influence community stability to varying degrees, while interspecific linkage coefficients affect mainly niche overlap. Our research has shown that reseeding native species can improve the intensity of competition between species for resources, leading to a more stable community and ultimately increasing species diversity and community stability. These findings provide valuable theoretical support for vegetation restoration and sustainable management in the desert steppe.
Estimation of energy and exergy efficiency of the trilateral cycle using machine learning algorithms
Authors: Şahin Mehmet Erhan , Elbir Ahmet , Üçgül İbrahim
Published: February 2025

Trilateral cycles, widely employed in thermal systems for energy transformations, are recognized for their complex structures. In this study, thermodynamic analyses were conducted using R290 refrigerant, resulting in an energy efficiency of 11.15% and an exergy efficiency of 22.6%. Subsequently, the study aimed to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies in trilateral cycles using machine learning algorithms. Data collected during the process were processed using various machine learning algorithms, and the results determined the degree of alignment between prediction models and actual data. Utilizing the Python programming language, estimation values of 95% for exergy and 93% for energy efficiency were obtained. This research endeavors to underscore the potential of machine learning in estimating the energy and exergy efficiency of trilateral cycles, with the ultimate goal of contributing to the efficient design and operation of thermal systems.
Protective Factors Against e‐Cigarette Use Among First Nations People Aged 16–24 in the Next Generation Youth Wellbeing Study
Authors: Heris Christina L. , Graham Simon , Williams Robyn , Banks Emily , Yashadhana Aryati , Davis Katiska , Whitby Justine , Fields Ted , O'Leary Michelle , Ivers Rebecca , Liu Bette , McKay Christopher D. , Eades Francine , Gubhaju Lina , Rahman Tabassum , Joshy Grace , Eades Sandra
Published: February 2025

Issue Addressed

Adolescent e‐cigarette use is increasing and is associated with subsequent smoking. This study examines potential protective factors associated with not vaping among First Nations adolescents in Australia to inform community programs.

Methods

The ‘Next Generation: Youth Wellbeing Study’ is a cohort study of First Nations adolescents aged 10–24 years from urban, rural and remote communities in Central Australia, Western Australia and New South Wales. Analysis of self‐reported vaping from 16 to 24‐year‐olds, collected 2018–2020, using multi‐level mixed‐effects Poisson regression to estimate age‐site‐adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for never‐vaping in relation to various factors.

Results

Among 419 participants, 65% were female, 75% had never vaped, 49% had never smoked and 82% lived in smoke‐free homes. Never vaping was more common among those who had: never‐smoked (PR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.56–2.04); never used cannabis (1.89, 1.60–2.24); non‐smoking friends (1.38, 1.26–1.51); good mental health (1.15, 1.01–1.30), never diagnosed with depression (1.21, 1.01–1.46) or anxiety (1.31, 1.08–1.57); and no experiences of racism (1.21, 1.08–1.36), no negative criminal justice system experiences (1.25, 1.11–1.41), or vicarious racism through negative media (1.24, 1.10–1.39).

Conclusions

Most First Nations adolescents have never vaped, with potential protective factors being better mental health, no other substance use and fewer experiences of racism and justice system interactions. Comprehensive community adolescent prevention programs are needed to prevent vaping and protect future health, including preventing nicotine addiction and future smoking.

So What?

Policies and programs must address e‐cigarettes directly as well as structural factors, promoting broader adolescent wellbeing, centring culture and family in a strengths‐based approach.
Exploring Perspectives Towards the Gambling Industry and Its Marketing Strategies Among Young People in Western Australia
Authors: Royce Brooklyn , Crawford Gemma , Francis Louise , Thomas Samantha , Hallett Jonathan
Published: February 2025

Issue Addressed

The gambling industry utilises a range of strategies to attract and retain customers and limit meaningful gambling reform. Industry marketing strategies have demonstrated appeal to young people; however, little is known regarding how young people perceive and engage with gambling and industry marketing strategies in a Western Australian context. Young people's perspectives are vital to effectively respond to the harmful impacts of such commercial determinants on health and social outcomes.

Methods

Constructivist Grounded Theory guided data collection and analysis of online group interviews with 25 young people aged 12 to 17 years old residing in Western Australia. Eligible participants received parent or caregiver consent, had lived in WA for at least 5 years, had access to technology, and able to communicate in English.

Results

Five key themes were constructed regarding young people's perspectives towards gambling and industry marketing strategies in Western Australia: exposure to gambling marketing is pervasive and inescapable in multiple environments; industry appeal to young people through culturally valued identities; gambling is normalised and embedded in the everyday; corporate power and government reciprocity protects commercial gambling interests; personalising responsibility for preventing gambling harms.

Conclusion

This research provides further evidence about young people's everyday exposure to gambling and the need for comprehensive approaches to protect them from industry marketing.

So What?

Findings reinforce the ubiquity of young people's exposure to gambling and the highly engaging and sophisticated tactics used by industry to engage young people in their harmful products. Researchers, advocates, practitioners and policymakers can use these findings to further advocate for increased restrictions on children's exposure to gambling marketing.
Insights Into Enterovirus D68 Immunology: Unraveling the Mysteries of Host‐Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Naeem Asif , Bello Muhammad Bashir , Bosaeed Mohammad
Published: February 2025

Background

Enterovirus D68 (EV‐D68) has emerged as a significant respiratory and neurological pathogen, particularly affecting children with severe respiratory illnesses and acute flaccid myelitis. Understanding the interaction between EV‐D68 and the host immune system is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Objectives

This review aims to examine the immune response to EV‐D68, its mechanisms of immune evasion, and the current progress in vaccine and antiviral development while identifying gaps in knowledge and future research directions.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on the innate and adaptive immune responses to EV‐D68, its strategies for immune evasion, and advancements in therapeutic interventions.

Results

Pattern recognition receptors detect EV‐D68 and trigger antiviral defenses, including interferon production and activation of natural killer cells. B cells generate antibodies, while T cells coordinate a targeted response to the virus. EV‐D68 employs mechanisms such as antigenic variation and disruption of host antiviral pathways to evade immune detection. Progress in vaccine and antiviral research shows promise but remains in the early stages.

Conclusions

EV‐D68 represents a complex and evolving public health challenge. Although the immune system mounts a robust response, the virus's ability to evade these defenses complicates efforts to control it. Continued research is essential to develop effective vaccines and antivirals and to address gaps in understanding its pathogenesis and immune interactions.

Implications

A multidisciplinary approach is critical to improving diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for EV‐D68, ensuring better preparedness for future outbreaks.
Paradox in the research of gestational diabetes mellitus and twin pregnancies: Perspective and future directions
Authors: Shu Xinyu , Yao Mi , Li Chenglong , Kang Xin , Juan Juan , Yang Huixia
Published: February 2025

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is well known to be associated with fetal overgrowth and short‐ or long‐term adverse outcomes in singleton pregnancies; however, its relationship with twin pregnancies remains controversial, posing challenges for clinical management. Despite the heterogeneity in GDM diagnosis and racial differences among populations, two critical issues remain unaddressed. The first issue is methodological, specifically whether data on twins have been analyzed using appropriate approaches. The second issue is the underlying pathophysiology'. Given that both glucose demand and insulin resistance are elevated in twin pregnancies, the optimal level of maternal insulin secretion remains uncertain. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on GDM in the context of twin pregnancies, their perinatal outcomes, glucose control, and gestational weight gain management. We then propose methodological considerations for future improvements. Ultimately, we underscore the importance of delving into the glucose requirements of twin pregnancies to gain a profound understanding of their gestational glucose and insulin metabolism. All these questions are key issues in this area, and by answering them we will accelerate the development of high‐quality, evidence‐based clinical guidelines for GDM management in twin pregnancies.
Tropical signalgrass control in hybrid bermudagrass with glufosinate and imazapic tank‐mixes
Authors: Gawron Katarzyna A. , Joseph Mikerly M. , Stauderman Karen , MacDonald Gregory E. , Petelewicz Pawel
Published: February 2025

Tropical signalgrass (TSG [Urochloa distachya (L.) T.Q. Nguyen]) is difficult to control in Florida turfgrass due to limited herbicide options, perennial life cycle, aggressive growth, and ability to reestablish from stolons and seeds. Field studies in central Florida were conducted in 2022 and 2023–2024 to identify effective herbicide combinations for controlling severe (i.e., ≥50% cover) TSG infestations in a hybrid bermudagrass [BGR Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] athletic field. Application timing (spring/summer [S/S Seq.] vs. fall/winter [F/W Seq.]) and turfgrass recovery were also assessed. Herbicide treatments (topramezone [TPZ; 12 or 18 g ha−1], quinclorac [QNC; 841 g ha−1], amicarbazone [AMC; 175 or 254 g ha−1], imazapic [IMC; 70 g ha−1], glyphosate [GLY; 140 or 280 g ha−1], glufosinate [GLU; 553 or 840 g ha−1], pinoxaden [PNX; 154 g ha−1], thiencarbazone + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron [TFH; 355 + 710 + 1105 g ha−1]) were applied alone or combined every 2 weeks for a total of two applications, starting from August 3, 2022 (Study 1) and May 18, 2023, or October 11, 2023 (Study 2; PNX, IMC, and GLU only). In Study 1, only PNX and GLU‐based treatments effectively controlled TSG. Study 2 showed similar results, with IMC plus a low rate of GLU providing similar control to the higher rate of GLU alone. TSG removal was faster in the S/S Seq., but only the F/W Seq. consistently prevented reestablishment. GLU‐based treatments caused rapid, severe BGR injury, though complete regeneration followed within 6–8 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). Recovery was slower with F/W Seq. in Study 2 compared to Study 1.