bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population differences in von Willebrand factor levels affect the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease in African‐American women
Authors: Miller Connie H. , Dilley Anne , Richardson Lisa , Hooper W. Craig , Evatt Bruce L.
Published: September 2002

Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (vWD) is based on a panel of laboratory tests that measure the amount and function of von Willebrand factor (vWF). In population studies, vWF is higher in African Americans than Caucasians. Bleeding time, factor VIII activity (FVIII), vWF antigen (vWF:Ag), “vWF activity” ELISA (vWF:Act), ristocetin cofactor (vWF:RCof), and ristocetin‐induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) were measured on 123 women with menorrhagia and 123 randomly selected control women; 70 cases and 76 controls were African American. Among controls, African Americans had significantly higher levels of vWF:Ag (mean 120 vs. 102 U/dl, P = 0.017). Among all subjects, African Americans had higher levels of vWF:Ag (mean 123 vs. 103, P = 0.001), vWF:Act (mean 101 vs. 89, P = 0.006), and FVIII (mean 118 vs. 104, P = 0.008). VWF:RCof did not differ between races (93 vs. 94 U/dl). RIPA was reduced in African Americans (P < 0.0001). In both races, women with type O blood differed significantly from those with other ABO types in vWF:Ag, vWF:Act, FVIII, and vWF:RCof. Based on criteria of two or more tests below race‐ and ABO‐specific reference ranges, 6.5% of menorrhagia cases and 0.8% of controls were classified as having vWD, or its phenocopy. Among Caucasians, no controls and 7 cases (15.6%) were classified as affected, and in African Americans, 1 control (1.3%) and 1 case (1.4%) were so classified. Racial differences in vWF further complicate the issues surrounding diagnosis of vWD. The finding of increased vWF:Ag not accompanied by increased vWF:RCof has implications for understanding the structure‐function relationships of vWF. Am. J. Hematol. 67:125–129, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxygen saturation and heart rate in healthy school children and adolescents living at high altitude
Authors: Huicho L. , Pawson I.G. , León‐Velarde F. , Rivera‐Ch M. , Pacheco A. , Muro M. , Silva J.
Published: September 2002

This study was conducted to establish reference values for percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2, %) and heart rate (HR, bpm) in children living at high altitude (4,100 m) and to relate possible differences in the variables with ethnic origin. Healthy children from a mine‐located school (Tintaya, n = 417), a nearby school (Marquiri, n = 474), and a rural Andean community (Nuñoa, n = 373) were investigated. The samples included different ethnic combinations, with the Nuñoa children having a predominant Quechua ancestry. Mean SaO2 for all ages was substantially lower in all high altitude children compared to values considered normal for sea level. Among the three samples, SaO2 was higher (91.3 ± 2.7) and HR was lower (84.8 ± 13.6) in Nuñoa than in Tintaya (SaO2, 89.8 ± 2.5; HR, 91.7 ± 14.9) and Marquiri (SaO2, 89.6 ± 3.1; HR, 88.5 ± 12.9) (P < 0.05). There was no sex difference and only a weak age‐dependent trend for SaO2. Values considered abnormal at sea level were observed in all healthy high‐altitude children. Higher SaO2 and lower HR in Nuñoa children may suggest a better degree of acclimatization to altitude. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:761–770, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic relationships between Amerindian populations of Argentina
Authors: Goicoechea A.S. , Carnese F.R. , Dejean C. , Avena S.A. , Weimer T.A. , Franco M.H.L.P. , Callegari‐Jacques S.M. , Estalote A.C. , Simões M.L.M.S. , Palatnik M. , Salzano Francisco M.
Published: September 2002

A total of 495 individuals from five different Argentinian tribes was examined for variation in 23 blood group and protein genetic systems, and the results were integrated with previous data on some of these systems. These tribes generally present RH ∗︁ R1, PGM1 ∗︁ 1, and ACP ∗︁ A frequencies lower and RH ∗︁ R2, ESD ∗︁ 1, and GLO ∗︁ 1 prevalences higher than those observed in other South American Indian groups. Earlier studies with mitochondrial DNA showed that haplogroup A was present in low frequencies in these tribes, but haplogroup B showed a high prevalence among the Mataco. Average heterozygosities are very similar in the five tribes, while estimates of non‐Indian ancestry are generally low. Both the blood group and protein, as well as the mtDNA data sets, divide the five tribes into two groups, and the relationships obtained with the blood group and protein systems are exactly those expected on the basis of geography and language. However, the topology obtained with the mtDNA results was different, possibly due to sampling effects or diverse patterns of exchange between the groups related to sex. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:133–143, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerobic conditioning in patients with mitochondrial myopathies: Physiological, biochemical, and genetic effects
Authors: Taivassalo Tanja , Shoubridge Eric A. , Chen Jacqueline , Kennaway Nancy G. , DiMauro Salvatore , Arnold Douglas L. , Haller Ronald G.
Published: September 2002

Aerobic training has been shown to increase work and oxidative capacity in patients with mitochondrial myopathies, but the mechanisms underlying improvement are not known. We evaluated physiological (cycle exercise, 31P‐MRS), biochemical (enzyme levels), and genetic (proportion of mutant/wild‐type genomes) responses to 14 weeks of bicycle exercise training in 10 patients with heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Training increased peak work and oxidative capacities (20–30%), systemic arteriovenous O2 difference (20%), and 31P‐MRS indices of metabolic recovery (35%), consistent with enhanced muscle oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial volume in vastus lateralis biopsies increased significantly (50%) and increases in deficient respiratory chain enzymes were found in patients with Complex I (36%) and Complex IV (25%) defects, whereas decreases occurred in 2 patients with Complex III defects (‐20%). These results suggest that the cellular basis of improved oxygen utilization is related to training‐induced mitochondrial proliferation likely resulting in increased levels of functional, wild‐type mtDNA. However, genetic analysis indicated the proportion of wild‐type mtDNA was unchanged (3/9) or fell (6/9), suggesting a trend toward preferential proliferation of mutant genomes. The long‐term implications of training‐induced increases in mutant relative to wild‐type mtDNA, despite positive physiological and biochemical findings, need to be assessed before aerobic training can be proposed as a general treatment option.
Antibacterial copper(II) complexes of 1,1′‐symmetric ferrocene‐derived Schiff‐base ligands: studies of the effect of anions on their antibacterial properties
Authors: Chohan Zahid H.
Published: September 2002

Symmetrically substituted 1,1′‐dimethylferrocene‐derived pyrazine, pyridine and thiazole Schiff‐base ligands and their copper(II) complexes have been prepared. The effect of anions on the antibacterial activity of these synthesized metal(II) complexes has been determined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testis ecdysiotropin, an insect gonadotropin that induces synthesis of ecdysteroid
Authors: Loeb Marcia J. , De Loof Arnold , Gelman Dale B. , Hakim Raziel S. , Jaffe Howard , Kochansky Jan P. , Meola Shirlee M. , Schoofs Liliane , Steel Colin , Vafopoulou Xanthe , Wagner Renee M. , Woods Charles W.
Published: September 2002

Testes of lepidoptera synthesized ecdysteroid in a somewhat different temporal pattern than the prothoracic glands that release ecdysteroid to the hemolymph. Brain extracts from Heliothis virescens and Lymantria dispar induced testes to synthesize ecdysteroid, but did not affect prothoracic glands. The testis ecdysiotropin (LTE) was isolated from L. dispar pupal brains by a series of high‐pressure chromatography steps. Its sequence was Ile‐Ser‐Asp‐Phe‐Asp‐Glu‐Tyr‐Glu‐Pro‐Leu‐Asn‐Asp‐Ala‐Asp‐Asn‐Asn‐Glu‐Val‐Leu‐Asp‐Phe‐OH, of molecular mass 2,473 Daltons. The predominant signaling pathway for LTE was via Gi protein, IP3, diacylglycerol and PKC; a modulating pathway, apparently mediated by an angiotensin II‐like peptide, was controlled via Gs protein, cAMP, and PKA. Testis ecdysteroid caused isolated testis sheaths to also synthesize a growth factor that induced development of the male genital tract. The growth factor appeared to be a glycoprotein similar to vertebrate α‐1‐glycoprotein. A polyclonal antibody to LTE indicated LTE‐like peptide in L. dispar brain medial neurosecretory cells, the suboesophageal, and other ganglia, and also in its target organ, the testis sheath. LTE immunoreactivity was also seen in testis sheaths of Rhodnius prolixus. LTE‐like immunoactivity was also detected in developing optic lobes, antennae, frontal ganglia, and elongating spermatids of developing L. dispar pupae. This may indicate that LTE has a role in development as well as stimulation of testis ecdysteroid synthesis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:181–188, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonstationary disposition of valproic acid during prolonged intravenous infusion: contributions of unbound clearance and protein binding
Authors: Arens Tori L. , Pollack Gary M.
Published: September 2002

Circadian variations in disposition have been observed for a variety of agents, including anticonvulsants. Valproic acid (VPA), an anticonvulsant used to control generalized and partial seizures, has exhibited diurnal oscillations in steady‐state concentrations during long‐term administration to humans and non‐human primates. The present study was conducted to assess potential diurnal changes in the disposition of VPA during prolonged i.v. infusion in rats. Animals, maintained on a strict 12‐h per day light cycle, were equipped with venous cannulae and an arterial microdialysis probe. VPA was administered as a 50‐mg/kg loading dose followed by a 42 mg/kg/h infusion for 70 h. Blood and microdialysate samples were obtained at timed intervals after establishment of steady‐state throughout two complete light/dark cycles; and total (serum) and unbound (microdialysate) VPA was determined by gas chromatography. Modest oscillations (6–7 h period) in total and unbound VPA were observed; clearance and binding parameters were not different between light and dark periods. However, unbound clearance increased, and unbound fraction decreased, with time over the course of the infusion. These results suggest that time‐dependent changes in VPA disposition occur in rats, although oscillations in steady‐state concentrations do not appear to be diurnal in nature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of TAK‐044, a new endothelin antagonist, in rats
Authors: Takeuchi Toshiyuki , Tagawa Yoshihiko , Hagihara Kiyoshi , Maeshiba Yoshihiro , Yamashita Kenji , Tsukuda Ryoichi , Yoshimura Yoshinobu
Published: September 2002

The mechanism of the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of TAK‐044 in rats was shown from in vivo and in vitro studies to be due to capacity‐limited hepatic uptake. In the rats, which were given intravenous injections of 14C‐labeled TAK‐044 ([14C]TAK‐044) (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg), the AUCinf per unit dose of unchanged compound increased remarkably. An analysis model indicated that the CLtot, V1 and k12 values of TAK‐044 decreased significantly with increasing dose, whereas the kel values remained constant over the doses examined. The uptake clearance of [14C]TAK‐044 by several tissues was investigated by an integration plot at doses from 0.3 to 60 mg/kg. This study showed that the liver played the principal role in the removal of TAK‐044 from the plasma, while hepatic uptake was capacity‐limited at doses greater than 30 mg/kg. The hepatic uptake study using rat hepatocytes indicated that a carrier‐mediated transport system contributed to the hepatic uptake of TAK‐044, and this system had high affinity (Km,in vitro; 8.4 μmol/L) with low capacity (Vmax,in vitro; 86.3 pmol/mg protein/min). These results show that the saturation of hepatic uptake by the carrier‐mediated transport system could explain the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of TAK‐044 in rats. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphogenetic tissue movement and the establishment of body plan during development from blastocyst to gastrula in the mouse
Authors: Tam Patrick P. L. , Gad Jacqueline M. , Kinder Simon J. , Tsang Tania E. , Behringer Richard R.
Published: September 2002

In many animal species, the early development of the embryo follows a stereotypic pattern of cell cleavage, lineage allocation and generation of tissue asymmetry leading to delineation of the body plan with three primary embryonic axes. The mammalian embryo has been regarded as an exception and primary body axes of the mouse embryo were thought to develop after implantation. However, recent findings have challenged this view. Asymmetry in the fertilised oocyte, as defined by the position of the second polar body and the sperm entry point, can be correlated with the orientation of the animal–vegetal and the embryonic–abembryonic axes in the preimplantation blastocyst. Studies of the pattern of morphogenetic movement of cells and genetic activity in the peri‐implantation embryo suggest that the animal–vegetal axis of the blastocyst might presage the orientation of the anterior–posterior axis of the gastrula. This suggests that the asymmetry of the zygote that is established at fertilisation and early cleavage has a lasting impact on the delineation of body axes during embryogenesis. BioEssays 23:508–517, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Remembering silence
Authors: Ringrose Leonie , Paro Renato
Published: September 2002

Polycomb response elements (PREs) are regulatory switch elements that can direct the genes that they control to be either active or silenced. Once decided, this on or off state is maintained through subsequent cell divisions. We do not know how the switching works, or how it is copied to newly replicated chromosomes. Experiments that switch a silenced PRE to an active state have provided insights into both questions. A PRE switched experimentally can remember its previously silenced state and return to it after several cell divisions. In the most recent study of this phenomen on,(1) the data show that several distinct variables affect the ability of PREs to “remember” and restore their previous state. The authors' interpretation of these results is discussed here. BioEssays 23:566–570, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interaction of cyanine dyes with nucleic acids. XXI. Arguments for half‐intercalation model of interaction
Authors: Yarmoluk S. M. , Lukashov S. S. , Ogul'Chansky T. Yu. , Losytskyy M. Yu. , Kornyushyna O. S.
Published: September 2002

The spectral luminescent properties of two groups of monomethine cyanine dyes were studied in the presence of DNA. The first group included five dyes with 5,6‐methylenedioxy‐[d]‐benzo‐1,3‐thiazole heterocycle and their unsubstituted analogs. Five monomethine pyrylium cyanines and their N‐methyl‐pyridine analogs were included in the second group. In each pair the pyrylium and pyridine dyes had similar geometry but differed in charge density distribution. The results presented some evidence in favor of the half‐intercalation interaction mode between the studied dyes and DNA. When the benzothiazole residue had the lowest electron donor ability between the two heterocycles in the dye molecule, its substitution with the bulky methylenedioxy group led to a significant decrease in fluorescence enhancement of the dye–DNA complex. On the contrary, when the substituents that create steric hindrance (e.g., methylenedioxy and methyl groups) were introduced into the heterocycle with the higher electron donor ability, the fluorescence enhancement value of the dye–DNA complex was virtually unchanged. The changes in the Stock's shift values upon the formation of the dye–DNA complexes were in agreement with the proposed half‐intercalation model. Interestingly, in the dye–DNA complexes the pyrylium dyes probably resided in a place similar to the pyridine ones. It is possible that the benzothiazole (or benzooxazole) ring intercalated between the DNA bases and the pyrylium (or pyridine) residue was located in the DNA groove closer to the phosphate backbone. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 219–227, 2001
Stoichiometric growth model for riboflavin‐producing Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Dauner Michael , Sauer Uwe
Published: September 2002

Rate equations for measured extracellular rates and macromolecular composition data were combined with a stoichiometric model to describe riboflavin production with an industrial Bacillus subtilis strain using errors in variables regression analysis. On the basis of this combined stoichiometric growth model, we explored the topological features of the B. subtilis metabolic reaction network that was assembled from a large amount of literature. More specifically, we simulated maximum theoretical yields of biomass and riboflavin, including the associated flux regimes. Based on the developed model, the importance of experimental data on building block requirements for maximum yield and flux calculations were investigated. These analyses clearly show that verification of macromolecular composition data is important for optimum flux calculations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 132–143, 2001.
Separation of amino acids, their derivatives and enantiomers by impregnated TLC
Authors: Bhushan R. , Martens J.
Published: September 2002

The present state of TLC with respect to separation of amino acids, their different derivatives and their enantiomers by the technique of impregnation is discussed. The main approaches to impregnation viz. mixing of a suitable reagent with the adsorbent prior to plate‐making, immersion of the untreated plate in the solution of impregnating reagent prior to development, and modification of the adsorbent, have been identified and discussed for each class of these compounds. The role of impregnation in resolving enantiomers or in improving the separation of mixtures of amino acids or their derivatives in terms of ion pairing, complex formation, ligand exchange or other steric interactions has been elaborated in each category. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral resolution of flurbiprofen and ketoprofen enantiomers by HPLC on a glycopeptide‐type column chiral stationary phase
Authors: Péhourcq F. , Jarry C. , Bannwarth B.
Published: September 2002

Vancomycin is an amphoteric, glycopeptide, macrocyclic antibiotic. When attached to 5 µspherical silica gel, vancomycin proved to be an effective chromatographic chiral stationary phase that could be used in the reversed‐phase mode. In this study, a bonded vancomycin chiral stationary phase (Chirobiotic V™) was investigated for the chiral liquid chromatography analysis of ketoprofen and flurbiprofen. The selectivity factor (α) and the chiral resolution factor (RS) of Chirobiotic V™ were evaluated first as a function of the buffer pH and molarity, and second as a function of organic modifier type and composition of the mobile phase. Four organic modifiers (tetrahydrofuran, 2‐propanol, 1,4‐dioxane and methanol) have been tested for their selectivity. Optimized conditions using 20% of tetrahydrofuran in ammonium nitrate (100 mM, pH 5) were selected for the enantioseparation of flurbiprofen and ketoprofen from their racemic forms. At pH 5, these acidic compounds are almost negatively charged, while the chiral selector possesses a positive charge allowing it to interact electrostatistically with the analytes. Using these chromatographic conditions, the column stability was excellent over several months of experiments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘Armistead’ project: an exploration of gay men, sexual practices, community health promotion and issues of empowerment
Authors: Crossley Michele L.
Published: September 2002

Recently emerging evidence indicates that some gay men / men who have sex with men (MWHSWM) are continuing to engage in unsafe sexual practices despite over a decade of health education/promotion. Accordingly, there have been recent attempts to ‘revamp’ health education/ promotion programmes as a means of encouraging participation. One way of doing this has been through government facilitation of ‘community’ based health promotion programmes. These programmes attempt to regenerate social networks and supportive environments and to thereby empower gay men / MWHSWM. This paper explores some of the issues involved in this process in relation to an independent evaluation of a government funded community based health promotion project set up in the north‐west of England. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with clients and agencies involved with the project, it explores some of the connections and conflicts between empowerment, safer sex and government funded health promotion interventions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute and mid‐term results of phosphorylcholine‐coated stents in primary coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Galli Mario , Sommariva Luigi , Prati Francesco , Zerboni Santino , Politi Alessandro , Bonatti Roberto , Mameli Stefano , Butti Elena , Pagano Alberto , Ferrari Giovann
Published: September 2002

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the BiodivYsio phosphorylcholine‐coated stent in the primary treatment of acute myocardial infarction. The BiodivYsio stent (Biocompatible) is a balloon‐expandable stent, laser etched from a 316 L stainless steel tube. This device is coated with phosphorylcholine, a synthetic, hemocompatible phospholipid polymer that has been shown in experimental studies to reduce platelet and protein adhesion to the surface of the metal. One hundred consecutive patients within 24 hr of symptoms of onset of acute MI, treated with primary PTCA, were enrolled. After PTCA, stenting was attempted in all eligible lesions (reference diameter ≥ 2.5 mm; no bend lesion > 45°). Poststenting regimens contained ticlopidine (500 mg/day) and aspirin (325 mg/day) and 6–12 hr of heparin infusion. Procedural success (TIMI ≥ II and residual stenosis < 30%) was obtained in 70/74 cases (95%). TIMI grade III was restored in 90% of cases. In the patient group with procedural success (70 cases), 70 BiodivYsio stents were placed. After stenting, diameter stenosis decreased from 96% ± 11% to 22% ± 12% (P < 0.01) and minimal luminal diameter increased from 0.13 ± 0.29 to 2.47 ± 0.43 (P < 0.01). Nominal stent diameter was between 3.0 and 4.0 mm (mean, 3.5 ± 0.4 mm). Stent length was between 11 and 28 mm (mean, 17 ± 4.5 mm). Clinical follow‐up was obtained in all patients; angiographic follow‐up was performed in 65/70 (93%). No acute or subacute thrombosis was reported. Two in‐hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were reported due to a nontreated left main disease that required coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. At follow‐up, MACE were found in 9 of 68 patients (13%), target lesion revascularization (TLR) in 6%, and CABG in the remaining 6%. Primary stenting with phosphorylcholine‐coated stent leads to excellent short‐ and mid‐term clinical outcomes and is associated with a restenosis rate of 12%. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:182–187. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minor myocardial injury after elective uncomplicated successful PTCA with or without stenting: Detection by cardiac troponins
Authors: Saadeddin Salam M. , Habbab Moh'd A. , Sobki Samia H. , Ferns Gordon A.
Published: September 2002

Cardiac troponins are sensitive and specific markers for the detection of minor myocardial injury. However, they have been rarely used to monitor myocardial injury after coronary stenting. The purpose of the study was to measure cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels after elective uncomplicated successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with or without coronary stenting and to compare their results with serum creatinine kinase MB isoenzyme (CKMB). CTnI and cTnT levels were compared with those of CK or CKMB in 98 consecutive patients with stable angina undergoing elective uncomplicated successful PTCA with stenting (n = 71) or without stenting (n = 27). Markers were measured before and 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after the procedure. Peak postprocedural levels for each marker were compared and related to angiographic and procedural characteristics as well as to the occurrence of side‐branch occlusion. None of the patients had abnormal markers before the procedure. Abnormal postprocedural values of one or more markers were observed in 28 patients (29%), 23 after stenting and 5 after PTCA alone. The frequencies of abnormal cTnI and cTnT levels were significantly higher than that of CKMB after coronary intervention (26% and 18% vs. 7%; P = 0.00016 and 0.015, respectively), with cTnI being the most significant. When compared with troponin‐negative patients, abnormal cardiac troponin values were significantly related to total time of inflation (223 ± 128 vs. 170 ± 105 sec; P = 0.008) and inflation maximal pressure (12.9 ± 2.3 vs. 12.0 ± 2.7 atm; P = 0.04). Small side‐branch occlusion was noticed in 36% of the troponin‐positive patients and in 6% of the troponin‐negative group (P = 0.00047). In conclusion, minor myocardial injury is not uncommon after elective uncomplicated successful PTCA with or without stenting. Cardiac troponins, especially cTnI, are more sensitive than CKMB for the detection of this minor myocardial injury. Total time of inflation and inflation maximal pressure are predictors of postprocedural elevation of cardiac troponins. Side‐branch occlusion may account for some, but not all, periprocedural minor myocardial injury. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:188–192. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonhanded chirality in octahedral metal complexes
Authors: King R.B.
Published: September 2002

Chiral molecules can either be handed (i.e., “shoes”) or nonhanded (“potatoes”). The only chiral ligand partition for tetrahedral metal complexes (or for a tetrahedral carbon atom such as that found in amino acids and other chiral biological molecules) is the fully unsymmetrical degree 6 partition (14), which leads to handed metal complexes of the type MABCD with a lowest‐degree chirality polynomial consisting of the product of all six possible linear factors of the type (si–sj) where 1 ≤ i,j ≤ 4. The lowest‐degree chiral ligand partitions for octahedral metal complexes are the degree 6 partitions (313) and (23) leading to handed chiral metal complexes of the types fac‐MA3BCD and cis‐MA2B2C2. The form of the lowest‐degree chirality polynomial for the (313) chiral ligand partition of the octahedron resembles that of the (14) chiral ligand partition of the tetrahedron, likewise with four different ligands. However, the form of the lowest‐degree chirality polynomial for the (23) chiral ligand partition of the octahedron corresponds to the square of the chirality polynomial of the (13) chiral ligand partition of the polarized triangle, which likewise has three different ligands. Ligand partitions for octahedral metal complexes such as (2212), (214), and (16), which are less symmetrical than the lowest‐degree chiral ligand partitions (313) and (23), lead to chiral octahedral metal complexes which are nonhanded. In such complexes, pairs of enantiomers can be interconverted by simple ligand interchanges without ever going through an achiral intermediate. Chirality 13:465–473, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of multi‐flux theory based on Mie scattering to the problem of modeling the optical characteristics of colored pigmented paint films
Authors: Joshi J. J. , Vaidya D. B. , Shah H. S.
Published: September 2002

Multi‐flux theory for multiple scattering calculations in pigmented/protective coating is described. Performance evaluation of the theory is made by comparing theoretically computed reflectance with experimentally measured ones for selected wavelengths for three different paint samples. Diffuse reflectance spectra for hypothetical particulate systems in visible spectral range are generated through computer calculations. Effect of variation in average pigment size and pigment size distribution on reflectance spectra is studied. Overall thrust of morphological characteristics of pigments on the color exhibited by paint dispersion is studied by calculating CIE color and color‐difference parameters of particulate systems. Results show that a very complex relationship exists between the morphological characteristics of pigments and color exhibited by the system. The outcome of the study is important for applications in paint, coating, and plastic industries. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 234–245, 2001
A colorizer for use in determining an optimal ophthalmic tint
Authors: Wilkins Arnold J. , Sihra Nirmal
Published: September 2002

A colorizer for use in the provision of an ophthalmic tint is described. The design differs from that of an earlier model in that the spectral power distribution of the light in the instrument is very similar to the spectral power distribution obtained when tinted glasses are worn under typical lighting. The similarity in spectral power is obtained notwithstanding the fact that the instrument uses an additive mixture of filtered light, whereas tinted lenses use a subtractive mixture of dyes. The precision of color selection is high, and this precision is shown to be necessary to optimize reading fluency. Because of the similarity in spectral power distribution, it is possible to examine the effect of ophthalmic tints not only on reading fluency, but also on the perception and naming of colored surfaces, and the examination can be undertaken by patients who have color vision anomalies. Compared with the earlier design, the use of a diffuse source and seven colored filters reduces the requirement for precision in alignment of components; the variation in color from one instrument to another is, therefore, small, allowing a single calibration for all instruments. This calibration permits the matching of colored ophthalmic lenses to a given colorizer setting, using a computer algorithm which enables practitioners with color vision deficiencies to undertake ophthalmic colorimetry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 246–253, 2001
Children's quality of life assessments: A review of generic and health related quality of life measures completed by children and adolescents
Authors: Harding Leonora
Published: September 2002

In recent years Quality of Life (QOL) measures for children and adolescents have been developed, initially for children with specific chronic illnesses, but more recently generic and Health‐Related QOL (HRQOL) measures have been developed. This paper reviews the development of the concept of QOL and other related concepts. Problems in assessing QOL in children and young people are discussed. Six criteria by which the QOL measures for children and adolescents can be evaluated are given. Eight generic or HRQOL measures completed by children or adolescents are evaluated in some detail. Although psychometrically sound several measures do not have a good standardization sample to date, although many include child‐generated questions. Environmental aspects of QOL and qualitative aspects are often missing. Many of the European measures have an English translation and most are in the process of being further developed to include different forms for different age groups and to include disease‐specific sections. There is scope for the development of a new measure which covers all the criteria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two upstream enhancers collaborate to regulate the spatial patterning and timing of MyoD transcription during mouse development
Authors: Chen Jennifer C. J. , Love Cheri M. , Goldhamer David J.
Published: September 2002

MyoD is a member of the basic‐helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, which regulates muscle determination and differentiation in vertebrates. While it is now well established that the MyoD gene is regulated by Sonic hedgehog, Wnts, and other signals, it is not known how MyoD transcription is initiated and maintained in response to these signals. We have investigated the cis control of MyoD expression to identify and characterize the DNA targets that mediate MyoD transcription in embryos. By monitoring lacZ reporter gene expression in transgenic mice, we show that regulatory information contained in 24 kb of human MyoD 5′ flanking sequence is sufficient to accurately control MyoD expression in embryos. Previous studies have identified two muscle‐specific regulatory regions upstream of MyoD, a 4‐kb region centered at −20 kb (designated fragment 3) that contains a highly conserved 258‐bp core enhancer sequence, and a more proximal enhancer at −5 kb, termed the distal regulatory region (DRR), that heretofore has been identified only in mice. Here, we identify DRR‐related sequences in humans and show that DRR function is conserved in humans and mice. In addition, transcriptional activity of MyoD 5′ flanking sequences in somites and limb buds is largely a composite of the individual specificities of the two enhancers. Deletion of fragment 3 resulted in dramatic but temporary expression defects in the hypaxial myotome and limb buds, suggesting that this regulatory region is essential for proper temporal and spatial patterning of MyoD expression. These data indicate that regulatory sequences in fragment 3 are important targets of embryonic signaling required for the initiation of MyoD expression. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis and proliferation in the neonatal murine heart
Authors: Fernandez Eduardo , Siddiquee Zakir , Shohet Ralph V.
Published: September 2002

The spatial and temporal patterns of apoptosis and proliferation in timed fetal, neonatal, and adult murine hearts have been determined using an in situ end‐labeling technique for detecting fragmented DNA, and bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence as a marker for DNA synthesis. Also, cardiac expression of apoptosis‐related proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence. Prominent apoptotic labeling was found in the right ventricular subendocardium and the basal septum in the area of the developing conduction system. In the right ventricle, apoptotic labeling surged late in the first day postpartum, then declined to levels similar to the left ventricle by postpartum day 8.5. Apoptotic labeling at the basal septum was greatest peripartum and gradually declined to levels seen in the rest of the heart by postpartum day 8.5. Cessation of proliferation did not occur simultaneously throughout the neonatal heart. Through postpartum day 4.5, incorporation of BrdU was greater in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle, particularly in the subendocardium. Bax and Fas, proapoptotic proteins, were detected homogeneously throughout both ventricles in the neonate, while Bcl‐2, an antiapoptotic protein, was not detectable. These data suggest that postnatal cardiac remodeling results from changes in both apoptosis and proliferation. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial pattern of these processes, coincident with the hemodynamic changes associated with parturition, suggests that both processes may be regulated by mechanical factors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and mutant analysis of the Drosophila sema 5c gene
Authors: Bahri Sami M. , Chia William , Yang Xiaohang
Published: September 2002

Class V semaphorins are transmembrane glycoproteins characterised by the presence of thrombospondin type I (Tsp) repeats linked to their extracellular semaphorin domain. Sema 5C is the only class V semaphorin found in Drosophila. Dsema 5C RNA is maternally provided and its embryonic expression is prominent in the mesoderm and muscle attachment sites. Here, we show that DSema 5C exists in two protein isoforms as a result of alternative splicing and that both protein and RNA have similar expression patterns. Using a combination of various molecular markers, we show that the DSema 5C protein becomes enriched in mesodermal cells that would normally give rise to fat body and visceral structures. In late embryos, DSema 5C is expressed in segment boundary cells that would constitute subsets of muscle attachment sites. Both RNA and protein are excluded from the somatic precursors and the mature muscles. The expression data suggest DSema 5C localised to the epidermal component of muscle attachment sites. Mutations in Dsema 5C were isolated from a P‐element excision screen and by blotting analysis. The Dsema 5C mutants are homozygous viable and show no obvious embryonic phenotypes, suggesting that the maternal and zygotic components of Dsema 5C are not essential for fly development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consumer involvement in the appraisal of treatments for people with eating disorders: a neglected area of research?
Authors: Newton Tim
Published: September 2002

Recent British government initiatives have placed an increasing emphasis on the involvement of patients, carers and relatives in the evaluation of services. Such ‘consumer involvement’ raises several theoretical and methodological issues. Previous research in this area has been limited. The perceptions of people with eating disorders of the perceived efficacy of treatment have been described for a limited range of treatments, though there has been little standardization of methodology. There has been less assessment of the perceived availability of treatment services. The public's view of the acceptability of treatments has been described, again for a limited range of treatments. There is a need for fundamental research devising methods for determining the perceived quality of treatment amongst people with eating disorders, their carers and relatives, and for applied research describing how such information can be incorporated into clinical management and service planning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Addressing Encroachment with Cooperative Agreements and Conservation
Authors: Farley Scott M. , Belfit Scott C.
Published: September 2002

Land‐use planners have long understood the need for consolidated planning across political boundaries.
Collaborative interaction between adjacent land managers predates the U.S. Constitution; however, tools
necessary to support federal missions and natural resource conservation requirements across
public‐private land mosaics are increasingly ineffective.The nation's modern regulatory system and
resource‐constrained climate increasingly confounds this cooperation. This article describes and analyses
a new tool that has been proven effective in joint land management. The tool is a cooperative agreement
(CA) that was signed in 1995 by Fort Bragg, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and the U.S. Army
Environmental Center (AEC). The CA enables the cost‐sharing of the acquisition of conservation
encumbrances in the vicinity of Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Conservation encumbrances are defined as fee simple
land purchases by TNC or the purchase of perpetuity deed restrictions by TNC. All acquisitions are done with
willing sellers and based upon fair market values of the acquired assets. All acquisitions have provisions for
low‐impact soldier access to the conserved lands. This article details the development and amendments of
the CA and specifies benefits to all parties.Ultimate ownership, land‐use plans, and long‐term
management responsibilities will be discussed. This article assesses lessons learned in a long‐term
effort at collaborative land management at which the Army's training mission was (and is) in
jeopardy. Also, a mechanism to assess return on investment at other installations that are considering this
approach is offered. While most bioregional planning is by nature highly crafted to meet specific local
requirements, lessons learned from this project are instructive. In this case, both encroachment by incompatible
development in the vicinity of a military installation and training restrictions due to environmental compliance
are being reduced. Under limited circumstances, this tool can provide long‐term security of military
missions and declining natural resources. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Natural Selection and Market Efficiency in a Futures Market with Random Shocks
Authors: Luo Guo Ying
Published: September 2002

Even when participants know very little about their environment, the market itself, by serving as a selection process of information, promotes an efficient aggregate outcome. To emphasize the role of the market and the importance of natural selection rather than the strategic actions of participants, an evolutionary model of a commodity futures market is presented, in which there is a continual inflow of unsophisticated traders with predetermined distributions of prediction errors with respect to the fundamental value of the spot price. The market acts as a selection process by constantly shifting wealth from traders with less accurate information to those with more accurate information. Consequently, with probability 1, if the volatility of the underlying spot market is sufficiently small, the proportion of time that the futures price is sufficiently close to the fundamental value converges to one. Furthermore, the width of the interval containing the fundamental value, where the futures price eventually lies, increases as the volatility of the underlying spot market increases. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:489–516, 2001
Modulation of astrocyte proliferation by cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1
Authors: Koguchi Ken , Nakatsuji Yuji , Nakayama Kei‐Ichi , Sakoda Saburo
Published: September 2002

We previously demonstrated that type 1 astrocytes exhibited homotypic cell contact‐dependent inhibition of proliferation with increased expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. Here, we investigated the functional role of p27 in contact‐dependent inhibition of astrocytes and reactive gliosis in vitro and in vivo. An increase in the number of proliferating cells was detected in high‐density cultures of astrocytes derived from mice carrying a targeted deletion in the p27 gene compared to astrocytes from wild‐type mice. Overexpression of p27 by adenovirus vectors inhibited astrocyte proliferation, which was accompanied by downregulation of cyclin A. In a gliosis model in vitro, a transient decrease in the p27 level and an increase in the proliferation rate were observed. Astrocyte proliferation following cortical injury lasted longer in p27‐deficient mice than in wild‐type mice. Forced expression of p27 in both in vitro and in vivo models of gliosis effectively suppressed astrocyte proliferation. In summary, we demonstrated that p27 contributed to the cell contact‐dependent inhibition of astrocyte proliferation and to the cessation of proliferation in reactive astrocytosis. p27 may be used to modulate reactive astrocytosis. GLIA 37:93–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells: Role in DNA synthesis and effect of ethanol
Authors: Yagle Kevin , Lu Hailing , Guizzetti Marina , Möller Thomas , Costa Lucio G.
Published: September 2002

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) can be phosphorylated by mitogens binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors and is considered a major pathway involved in cell proliferation. In this study, we report on the activation of MAPK by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in astroglial cells, namely the 1321N1 human astrocytoma cell line, primary rat cortical astrocytes, and fetal human astrocytes. Carbachol caused a rapid and transient phorphorylation of MAPK (ERK1/2) in all cell types, with an increase in MAPK activity, without changing the levels of MAPK proteins. Human astrocytoma cells were used to characterize the effect of carbachol on MAPK. Experiments with M2‐ and M3‐receptor subtype‐selective antagonists, and with pertussis toxin, indicated that the M3 subtype is responsible for activating MAPK in glial cells. Pretreatment of cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I, or downregulation of PKC by 24‐h treatment with the phorbol ester TPA inhibited carbachol‐induced MAPK activation. Additional experiments with PKC α‐ or PKC ϵ‐specific compounds indicated that the ϵ isozyme of PKC is primarily involved in MAPK activation by carbachol. Chelation of calcium also inhibited MAPK activation by carbachol. Two MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibitors inhibited carbachol‐induced DNA synthesis but only at concentrations that exceeded those sufficient to block carbachol‐induced MAPK activation. Ethanol (≤200 mM) had no effect on MAPK when present alone and did not affect carbachol‐induced MAPK activation under various experimental conditions, although it inhibits carbachol‐induced DNA synthesis at low concentrations (10–100 mM). These results suggest that activation of MAPK by carbachol may be necessary but not sufficient for its mitogenic effect in astroglial cells, and that does not represent a target for ethanol‐induced inhibition of DNA synthesis elicited by muscarinic receptors. GLIA 35:111–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ischemia‐induced apoptosis in primary cultures of astrocytes
Authors: Yu Albert Cheung‐Hoi , Wong Hon Kit , Yung Hong Wa , Lau Lok Ting
Published: September 2002

Astrocytes participate in a wide variety of important physiological processes and pathological insults, including ischemia. Information on the mechanism of astroglial injury and death during ischemic insult, however, is scarce. In this study, we investigated the mode of astrocytic cell death using an in vitro ischemic model. Cultured astrocytes exhibited several distinct morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis under ischemia. At 4 h of ischemia, Annexin V staining demonstrated an early commitment of some astrocytes to apoptosis. Condensed nuclei became visible from 4 h and the number increased with ischemic incubation time. Electron microscopy showed compacted and segregated chromatin along the edges of nuclear membranes. The number of TUNEL‐positive nuclei and the degree of DNA laddering increased with ischemic incubation. Caspase‐3, but not caspase‐1, activity was increased in ischemia‐injured astrocytes. Swollen mitochondria and vacuoles found in some cells with chromatin condensation indicated that these apoptotic‐like cells might die of necrosis. The results imply that astrocytes are capable of undergoing apoptosis without the presence of other cell types, such as neurons. Ischemia can induce apoptosis in astrocytes contributing to the pathogenesis of ischemic injury in the CNS. GLIA 35:121–130, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.