bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation, Business, and Sustainable Development
Authors: SHARFMAN MARK P. , MEO MARK , ELLINGTON REX T.
Published: July 2003

A growing number of firms have begun work toward the development of innovative systems that consume fewer resources, reduce waste, enhance productivity, while creating new market opportunities. However, all of this environmentally friendly innovation occurs under varying types/levels of regulation and the role of such regulation is still debatable. To date, little research exists that investigates the relative importance of market-driven versus regulatory actions in influencing environmental technological innovation. This article presents a model of the antecedents of environmentally conscious technological innovation under high and low amounts of regulation. The authors present four abbreviated case studies undertaken as part of a larger U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-funded study that describe environmentally conscious product and process innovations in high and low regulation environments. The authors use the case studies to examine the extent to which the data support our model. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our findings.
Mobilizing a University for Important Social Science Research
Authors: ISSERMAN ANDREW M.
Published: July 2003

Complex societal issues, such as those raised by agricultural biotechnology and genetically modified food, call out for prompt, large-scale multidisciplinary research. Universities encounter powerful institutional impediments when trying to respond. This article describes a successful experiment designed to overcome those impediments and build university research capacity. Twenty-five faculty members from four colleges joined together to learn more about biotechnology. Within 1 year they produced 20 useful journal articles to help themselves and others understand the emerging issues, possibilities, and policy options.
U.S. Regulatory Oversight of Agricultural and Food-Related Biotechnology
Authors: UCHTMANN DONALD L. , NELSON GERALD C.
Published: July 2003

Genetic engineering has both risks and the potential to provide significant benefits. The Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology relies on existing federal laws and agencies to assure that genetically engineered products are safe. The goal is to balance the need for safety with the need to avoid impeding the biotech industry. This article reviews U.S. laws of greatest significance to agricultural and food-related biotechnology, and the regulatory roles of the Food and Drug Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. It concludes that consumers, farmers, and the environment are well protected by that system. However, because of the rapid development of biotechnology the regulatory system should be improved, and its underlying strengths better communicated to the public.
Environmental Costs and Benefits of Genetically Modified Crops
Authors: ANDO AMY W. , KHANNA MADHU
Published: July 2003

This article sets forth a framework for evaluating the environmental costs and benefits associated with agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs), including impacts on plants, humans, animals, and the environment at large. The authors build on this knowledge to explore how and why GMOs should be regulated, highlighting the need for policy makers to bear in mind that genetically modified seeds might substitute for traditional agricultural practices which themselves have detrimental impacts on the environment. To guide regulation formation, the authors present a review of the literature in environmental economics on optimal and second-best regulation, where the latter is used in the face of real-world complications. They then evaluate how current regulations measure up to those theoretical ideals. Finally, the authors provide some insight into what GMO crop regulation might accomplish by reviewing the evidence on the effects of pesticide regulations.
Intellectual Property Protection and Agricultural Biotechnology
Authors: KESAN JAY P.
Published: July 2003

Intellectual property (IP) protection makes it possible to exclude others from appropriating the fruits of research and development. At the intersection of biotechnology and intellectual property are several public policy issues concerning innovation, technology, and society (such as social welfare, human health, ecology, and tradition), which must be considered from a multidisciplinary perspective. This article discusses the structure of the ag-biotechnology industry, the role of IP in achieving coordination and sharing of both the benefits and risks of innovation, IP regimes in the United States and abroad, and the economic and philosophical rationales for IP. The key principles and doctrines are then applied to specific IP controversies in biotechnology.
Emerging Competition Policy Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology
Authors: WARD MICHAEL R.
Published: July 2003

The increased importance of privately sponsored biotechnology research has led to mergers, strategic alliances, vertical coordination, technology licensing, and other changes among firms within the agricultural sector. The industry is in the midst of sweeping changes, and research and development has become a central driver. Competition concerns are emerging that had not existed in the past and will likely bring increased antitrust scrutiny. This article outlines the economic principles that underlie efficient competition, especially those in high-technology industries. It then uses these principles to analyze the new strategic practices that may trigger increased intervention under competition policy. In particular, the article considers the effects of mergers, research joint ventures, technology licensing, and product tying and bundling.
Community-Scientist Collaboration in Environmental Research
Authors: LYNN FRANCES M.
Published: July 2003

Community participation in governmental environmental decision making is firmly institutionalized. In recent years, citizens have also demanded involvement in the scientific research undergirding policy. Environmental agencies have responded and have made collaboration with community groups an integral part of large-scale research funding. Community-scientist research partnerships are not new but heretofore have involved a few committed scientists. This article reviews the literature (guides, protocols, and case studies) that addresses scientist-citizen collaboration that focuses on environmental research. The article concludes that community-scientist partnerships take extra time and resources and entail attitudinal changes. However, partnerships can produce more effective research tools and new knowledge and increase community capacity.
Innovation, Learning, and Policy Evolution in Hazardous Systems
Authors: BUSENBERG GEORGE J.
Published: July 2003

This study examines learning processes within the policy networks of organizations and individuals that influence the management of hazardous technological systems. Innovations in science and technology—as well as operational experiences—create recurring opportunities for network members to learn new methods for enhancing the capabilities of system safeguards (defenses against system hazards). Networks can use institutional learning arrangements— structures, procedures, and customs that promote the search for safety improvements—to take advantage of these opportunities. Furthermore, networks can learn from system disasters. Such disasters can both reveal weaknesses in system safeguards and provide the impetus for the deployment of enhanced safeguards. The concepts developed here are examined through a case study of innovative learning arrangements used by a policy network that manages an environmentally hazardous system, the marine oil trade in the Prince William Sound region of Alaska.
Innovation in U.S. Environmental Policy
Authors: FIORINO DANIEL J.
Published: July 2003

Although the need for environmental protection is generally accepted in the United States, there is debate over what form environmental policies should take. The articles in this collection offer a variety of perspectives on the need for policy innovation to deal with the challenges of the future. Their common themes are the need for bottom-up problem solving, the value of nonregulatory approaches, the importance of citizen participation, the use of the precautionary principle, and a focus on ecological as well as health issues.
What's the Point of Partnering?
Authors: KORFMACHER KATRINA SMITH
Published: July 2003

The ecosystem approach to managing the environment requires significant changes to our current environmental management system. However in many cases, financial and political realities may prevent full adoption of the approach. It is important to consider what partial implementation can contribute to improved coordination of management efforts. This article examines the effectiveness of a voluntary coordinating body as a first step toward ecosystem management. The Darby Partnership is a decade-old ecosystem management institution that brings together representatives of government, industry, and the public to protect one of the most pristine stream systems in Ohio. The partnership has no explicit goals, formal planning process, independent funding, or authority. Thus, it is an extremely skeletal version of ecosystem management. This article analyzes the accomplishments of this coordinating institution and explores how the partnership might become more effective in the future.
The Limits of Civic Environmentalism
Authors: ABEL TROY D. , STEPHAN MARK
Published: July 2003

Two key components of civic environmentalism are the devolution of policy control of environmental policy from the federal government to states and localities and the increase of local citizen participation in policy decision making. Using a combination of case studies and interviews, the authors suggest that devolution of policy making and policy implementation may not increase the role of citizens. Rather, due to both the participatory mechanisms used and the larger trends in political participation in democratic societies, citizen involvement may be limited in significant ways. Although evidence is found that citizens can and do influence policy under certain circumstances, there is also cautionary evidence to suggest that this influence is not widespread and does not include representative samples of local communities. The authors conclude that for civic environmentalism to be truly civic, barriers to participation must be acknowledged and overcome.
Cognitive Conflict and Consensus Building in the National Estuary Program
Authors: LUBELL MARK
Published: July 2003

The consensus-building processes that characterize many environmental partnerships are often thwarted by cognitive conflict, which occurs when stakeholders have conflicting beliefs about the parameters of environmental problems and institutional performance. The author argues cognitive conflict results from stakeholders behaving like intuitive lawyers, who interpret uncertain situations in ways consistent with their self-interest. The implications of this argument are tested using survey data from stakeholders in the Environmental Protection Agency's National Estuary Program. The findings suggest cognitive conflict is a significant source of transaction costs for consensus-building processes, a barrier that should be directly addressed within partnership decision-making structures.
The Social Scientist as Consultant
Authors: DRUCKMAN DANIEL
Published: July 2003

Social scientists are increasingly drawn to research consulting careers, motivated by a desire to develop the practical implications of research, coupled with a clientele willing to invest in applied social research. Because this is a relatively new development, there are few sourcebooks on the craft of research consulting. To help bridge this gap, this issue provides a window into the way research is practiced by experienced consultants. In this opening article, the culture of consulting is discussed in relation to the culture of academic social science. Different conceptions of applied research and contrasting discourses are highlighted. Then, I show how each of the authors in this issue addresses these differences, which are barriers to communication. As bridge builders, the authors demonstrate the value of social science theory and methodology in solving applied problems in several domains. Together, they show how the pursuit of research can be joined to the business of consulting.
The Changing Structure of the Social Science Research Industry and some Implications for Practice
Authors: FLYNN PATRICE
Published: July 2003

From the perspective of an economist in a private basic and applied research firm, this article examines the evolving structure of social science research firms that contribute to the social science theoretical and empirical literature on measuring the nation's well-being. A distinction is made between the terms consultant and research firm in the context of historical and contemporary research practices. Visible examples and possible implications of new structural arrangements within the research industry are provided, including ethical standards. It is argued that social science research—no longer conducted in the monastic tradition—is dynamic and competitive, yielding significant contributions to our knowledge about basic and applied research techniques.
Establishing and Maintaining a Social Science Enterprise
Authors: HAYES RICHARD E.
Published: July 2003

The author discusses his experience in building and maintaining an enterprise (group of people with a common purpose) in the for-profit, government-contracting arena on the topic of military decision making. The article draws insights from more than 25 years of experience and the creation of a dozen such enterprises, using this one effort to illustrate key concepts and important arenas. Success is found to depend on striking a proper balance between research activities, database development, knowledge base development and application, and educational activities. Key concepts for establishing a new enterprise include framing an appropriate question, finding a base client, creating a strong core team, designing the initial products to generate momentum, establishing strong quality control, and finding ways to make the enterprise and its successes visible, as well as recognizing and defeating external threats. The transition from establishing a new enterprise to ensuring it prospers over time is difficult and begins with a change in mind-set. Key concepts for maintaining a successful enterprise include enriching the client base, expanding the team while making it stronger, maintaining quality control, recognizing and defeating new threats, and maintaining positive visibility.
Building Relationships between Consultants and Clients
Authors: ULVILA JACOB W.
Published: July 2003

Intended to provide the person who is new to the field of consulting with a guide to building professional relationships with clients, this article covers some of the main factors that govern the relationship, highlights potential pitfalls, and offers advice. Included is advice on how firm size affects the client relationship, how the specific consulting service affects the relationship, how a consultant goes about getting clients, and how relationships are built. Also included is the description of a typical consulting project and references to descriptions of other consulting projects. The advice is based on firsthand experiences and observations from 25 years as a consultant to government and business.
Negotiation Consulting
Authors: SPECTOR BERTRAM I.
Published: July 2003

Negotiation is a common transaction within government, between governments, and between government and its citizens. Consulting to improve the skills and competencies of negotiators and to develop “cultures of negotiation” in government organizations is a practice that appears to be gaining currency. Five sample assignments are described from both substantive and business perspectives. From these illustrations, a typology of the available points of entry for negotiation consultants is presented. Some of the problems and reasons for hesitancy on the part of prospective clients in employing such consulting support are discussed, and ways of overcoming these objections are suggested.
Grants-R-Us
Authors: ROSS JEFFREY IAN
Published: July 2003

In this article, the author reviews the process by which the National Institute of Justice, the largest funder of criminological and criminal justice research in the United States, operates in the adjudication, dissemination, and monitoring of research grants. I also analyze the functions of social science analysts/grant managers and the role of potential and actual grantees. By funding the bulk of research on criminal justice, the institute plays a key role in linking research to current policy issues and in shaping the direction that the field takes. This analysis is based on my experience working in the agency for the Office of Research and Evaluation, as well as a review of relevant academic research.
Continuing Bonds in the Resolution of Grief in Japan and North America
Authors: KLASS DENNIS
Published: July 2003

The article is a cross-cultural study of continuing bonds to the dead as an aspect of bereavement in Japan and North America. Japanese ancestor rituals, rooted in Buddhism, are well-developed cultural forms for managing continuing bonds. North American material is from a study of continuing bonds among bereaved parents in a self-help group. Cultural differences create very different ways of experiencing and managing the thoughts and emotions modern psychology calls grief. In both Japan and North America, the transformation of the relationship from living to a continuing bond is accomplished by embedding the attachment to the deceased in a network of social bonds. In both, bonds to the dead connect survivors to larger attachments, to religion, and to nation. The level of abstraction ranges from how relating to the dead functions in individual lives to how grief and continuing bonds are shaped by the culture's economic and political power arrangements.
Psychological Outcomes Associated With Traumatic Loss in a Sample of Young Women
Authors: GREEN BONNIE L. , KRUPNICK JANICE L. , STOCKTON PATRICIA , GOODMAN LISA , CORCORAN CAROLE , PETTY RACHEL
Published: July 2003

Traumatic loss has recently emerged as an important subcategory of bereavement. This study compared structured clinical interviews and self-report measures among female undergraduates with no reported history of trauma (n = 58), a single physical assault as their only trauma (n = 34), and a single violent loss as their only trauma (n = 32). The traumatic loss group had higher rates of acute stress disorder, intrusion symptoms, reexperiencing of the trauma, and impaired school performance compared to the no trauma and physical assault groups. Their levels of dissociation and overall adjustment were similar to those for the physical assault group. The findings indicated that traumatic loss alone, even in a low-risk sample, was associated with traditional trauma reactions and noteworthy levels of distress and functional impairment. These reactions were evident an average of 4 years postloss, even in the absence of personal life threat or injury.
The Threat of Biological Terrorism in the New Millennium
Authors: KUHR STEVEN , HAUER JEROME M.
Published: July 2003

The use of biological weapons in times of war has a long and detailed history in the 20th century. Today, analysts, law enforcement, and intelligence experts suggest that biological weapons may be used to cause mass illness and death by terrorists domestically and internationally. In fact, an incident of biological terrorism was perpetrated on the citizens of a rural Oregon community in 1984. Government agencies at the local, state, and federal levels must establish programs to detect natural or intentional epidemics early so as to afford the maximum protection for citizens by way of mass prophylaxis and mass medical care.
Extortion by Product Contamination
Authors: CREMIN BRIAN
Published: July 2003

In this article, a form of criminal behaviour known as extortion by product contamination is considered. This type of crime, although relatively rare in terms of occurrence, can cause loss, damage, and injury on levels more usually associated with acts committed by terrorist groups. The incidence of occurrence, the types of organisations, and the types of products that are “chosen” by extortionists will be discussed, and an overview of what is required for victimised companies to respond effectively to a typical extortion incident will be considered.
Terrorism
Authors: COOPER H. H.A.
Published: July 2003

How can terrorism be defined when the process of defining is wholly frustrated by the presence of irreconcilable antagonisms? It is certainly not easy to define, much less comprehend. With respect to terrorism, there is among the many participants to the discussion no agreement on the basic nature of the fruit under consideration. In any case, the definition of terrorism has undergone a number of small refinements as experience has suggested. This article considers how to define terrorism or at least know it when it is seen in the coming decades.
The Future of Terrorism
Authors: JOHNSON LARRY C.
Published: July 2003

Despite pundit hysteria and media hype, the actual threat of terrorism has shrunk in recent years. The decline, which commenced during the late 1980s, includes reductions in the number of incidents, groups, and fatalities. Although the 1990s saw a significant increase in the number of people injured in terrorist attacks, less than 1% of the incidents caused more than 70% of the injuries. Radical Islamic groups account for only a small percentage of terrorist attacks but are disproportionately responsible for casualties. The decline and containment of terrorism hinges on the reluctance of states to sponsor terrorist attacks, the spread of democracy, and more effective anti- and counterterrorist methods.
Political Eschatology
Authors: WHITE JONATHAN R.
Published: July 2003

This article explores apocalyptic theology in four American extremist religions: Christian Identity; Nordic Christianity and Odinism; violent, “freewheeling” fundamentalism; and Creatorism. It is argued that violent eschatology interacts with criminology in the sense that politicized religions produce criminal behavior and, at times, terrorism. A brief history of the relationship between religion and racist violence is presented as well as an analysis of the social factors that produce political eschatology. The article concludes with an examination of religious terrorism and technological weapons. Mass destruction is the greatest threat of religiously motivated terrorism.
White Boys to Terrorist Men
Authors: BLAZAK RANDY
Published: July 2003

There is an important distinction between hate crimes and hate group activity. Although reported hate crimes appear to be declining, there is evidence that hate group activity is increasing. This includes hate group consolidation, the increase in hate Web sites, and more sophisticated recruitment of youth. This research explores how hate groups, specifically racist skinheads, target specific youth populations for recruitment. Using a layman's interpretation of Durkheim's “anomie,” skinheads look for youth that live in a world of change. Based on ethnographic research and guided interviews, this research finds that older Nazi skinheads manipulate anomic teens and indoctrinate them into a world of terror.
History as a Weapon
Authors: LEVIN BRIAN
Published: July 2003

The North American Holocaust denial movement attracts a broad range of extremists who subscribe to right-wing and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. Because mainstream society and academia have rejected the denial movement's theories, key figures in it have created their own stealth pseudoacademic entities. Using many of their own words, this article examines the evolution of the relationship between anti-Semitic extremists and others who became central figures in the promotion of a historical lie that is spread to this day.
Flexible Work Schedules
Authors: GOLDEN LONNIE
Published: July 2003

More than 27% of the U.S. workforce now reports having an ability to alter their daily starting and ending times of work. Yet, provision of flexibility in the timing of work is not keeping pace with demand. Moreover, there is much disparity in access to schedule flexibility by workers' demographic, work, and job characteristics. Probit estimation finds that the probability that a worker has such flexibility is reduced by being female, non-White, and less educated. The likelihood is increased by being self-employed, in college, married, part-time, in certain occupations and industries, and working 50 or more hours per week. Flexibility is reduced for those working a standard day shift or 40-hour workweek. Workers thus sacrifice either leisure time or income to gain better access to flexibility in the scheduling of work, or they endure the costs of job mobility. Public policy should focus on delivering more flexible schedules to the excluded 73%.
Scheduling Stress
Authors: FENWICK RUDY , TAUSIG MARK
Published: July 2003

The effects of shift work and job schedule control on the family life and health of American workers are analyzed. Using data from the 1992 National Study on the Changing Workforce ( N = 2,905), this article tests whether negative family and health outcomes associated with nonstandard job schedules result from (a) problems of adjusting to the times of nonstandard shifts and/or (b) the lack of scheduling control and (c) whether schedule control mediates the effects of nonstandard shifts. Multivariate results indicate that although nonstandard shifts have few effects, lack of scheduling control has strong negative effects on six of the eight family and health outcomes. There is no evidence that control mediates the effects of schedule times, nor that these effects vary by gender or family status. Implications of these results are discussed.
Risk Perception, Behavior, and Consumer Response to Genetically Modified Organisms
Authors: NELSON CARL H.
Published: July 2003

Public debate about the acceptability of genetically modified organisms in the production of food and feed has included controversy about risks of harming human health and/or the natural environment. Consumer and public response to the risks can be volatile, as manifested in some of the extreme protest actions in Europe. These reactions are due, in part, to strong judgments formed from memorable events. Such judgments are common when individuals do not have a good understanding of risks. Economic and psychological theories of decision making provide understanding of how these judgments are formed, how they might evolve, and what can be done to influence them. Public dialogue and action must account for cognitive difficulties assessing risks to stimulate public evaluation that gives full consideration to the benefits and cost of genetically modified organisms.
Social Movement Organizations' Reactions to Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
Authors: REISNER ANN ELIZABETH
Published: July 2003

Numerous social movement organizations are actively opposing genetic engineering in agriculture. This article looks at a coalition of movement groups opposing biotechnology and (b) the leading U.S. advocacy groups to determine the breadth of movement resistance. Movements resisting genetic engineering are acting consistently with their previous positions on issues, indicating a high degree of narrative fidelity between belief and action. Furthermore, genetic engineering in agriculture touches on the core concerns of many different types of movements: protecting human health, protecting the environment, and the dangers of monopoly capital controlling a public good such as food. Finally, movement organizations are actively including the core concerns of other types of movements, suggesting the possibility of increased cooperation among different movements.
Empowering Stakeholders and Policy Makers With Science-Based Simulation Modeling Tools
Authors: WESTERVELT JAMES D.
Published: July 2003

Pollen from genetically modified (GM) crops can potentially drift into neighboring non-GM crops. Wind can carry toxin-laden pollen from GM crops into surrounding natural areas. There are warnings that overuse of Bt corn (corn in which genetic material from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been copied) will result in the selection of European corn borer populations that are resistant to the Bt toxins. Each of these concerns is associated with powerful competing stakeholder interests resulting in continued public debates. Because of the intensity of stakeholder interest, the issue will not be solved solely within the scientific community. This article proposes that empowering stakeholders and policy markers with science-based simulation modeling tools will help bring more science into the policy process than would be possible with scientists only reporting modeling results.
Genetically Modified Food
Authors: ISSERMAN ANDREW M.
Published: July 2003

This article introduces the issues posed by genetically modified foods in two ways. A collection of The New York Times headlines provides a succinct “year in review.” Insights drawn from the articles in this issue trace the social dilemma from scientific laboratories through farmers' incentives and concerns to social action and public confusion.
Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Improvement
Authors: PUEPPKE STEVEN G.
Published: July 2003

The ability to accomplish some fancy biology underlies the current dialogue on the social and economic impacts of biotechnology. Using crop plant models, this article sets the scientific context for the discussion that follows in this issue. There are three key messages: Changing plants to suit human needs is an ancient and ongoing process, biotechnology makes this process faster and more precise, and the emphasis for biotechnology is increasingly whole genomes and not jsut genes. Scientists can enrich the discussion of impacts and acceptance, but as the accompanying articles confirm, science alone is insufficient to provide answers to complex societal questions.
The Risks and Benefits of Agricultural Biotechnology
Authors: JUANILLO NAPOLEON K.
Published: July 2003

This article outlines the direction and tenor of two distinct discourses on agricultural biotechnology. Scientific talk about biotechnology must be seen in the historical context of the status given to science in arriving at knowledge. On the other hand, public talk about biotechnology is largely informed by a number of factors beyond the realm of science and reflects contemporary trends toward the need for public inputs in risk assessment and risk management. Heeding public concerns about the risks of agricultural biotechnology may improve communication between scientists and the lay public and consequently lead to better regulatory policies. This article suggests participatory communication as a guide for action. Yet, it recognizes the limits of public participation when public opinion and perception overwhelm the voice of science and become the principal basis for regulatory and policy decisions on agricultural biotechnology.
Roundup Ready Soybean Technology and Farm Production Costs
Authors: BULLOCK DAVID S. , NITSI ELISAVET I.
Published: July 2003

Roundup Ready soybean technology (RR) lowers adopters' costs by (a) allowing postemergence use of the inexpensive herbicide glyphosate, (b) saving on management costs because of simple use, and (c) cutting risk by widening the time window for postemergence spraying. RR lowers nonadopters' costs by (d) creating competition that lowers other herbicides' prices. Our empirical results suggest that for most farms (a) is insufficient to cover the RR seed price premium, so (b) and (c) must be substantial for many adopters. Preliminary results indicate that RR provides bigger cost savings in the western Corn Belt than the eastern. Oligopolistic RR suppliers have set its price premium higher than potential cost/risk savings on many farms. We conclude that RR will not be fully adopted soon.
Innovation, Supply Chain Control, and the Welfare of Farmers
Authors: GOLDSMITH PETER D.
Published: July 2003

Genetically modified seeds offer farmers dramatic new innovations that revolutionize how they grow crops. An ever more concentrated supply industry is marketing these innovations in novel ways, using technology fees, product bundling, patent protecting contracts, and strict enforcement. Farmers face a choice between dramatic new technologies accompanied by restrictive contracts and conventional technologies readily purchased in a spot market. This article explains why there is greater concentration among seed suppliers, why new marketing arrangements are emerging, and how these conditions might make farmers better or worse off.
Farming Within a Knowledge Creating System
Authors: SONKA STEVEN T.
Published: July 2003

U.S. agriculture is experiencing a time of turbulence. Relatively rapid and substantial changes appear likely, but the timing, nature, and extent of those changes are uncertain. Biotechnology is one, but only one, of several powerful forces shaping the structure of agriculture. This article examines concepts from strategic management and information economics that have proven useful in understanding structural change in other industries. Those concepts are used to improve our understanding of the potential relationships between biotechnology and the structure of agriculture. Doing so emphasizes that, even though forces such as biotechnology appear beyond the reach and control of individuals, their eventual structural effects will be greatly influenced by the actions of farmers, agribusiness managers, and policy makers. The analysis highlights the critically important role of information and management innovations as complementary assets, which will markedly affect biotechnology's eventual impacts on decision making and returns from innovation in the sector.
The Tribal College as Family Support System
Authors: ROUSEY ANNMARIA , LONGIE ERICH
Published: July 2003

This study asked a single question: What is it that tribal colleges are doing that might explain their success in retention of high-risk students? An ethnography of a typical tribal college identified three ways in which family support contributes to retention. These are provision of a coordinated system of social services, especially child care; incorporation of cultural familial values, knowledge, and traditions throughout the institution's operations; and location on the reservation. The reservation history is one of forced separation of families to obtain even a secondary education. There is a dramatic drop in educational attainment rates of Native American students at the point at which relocation is required. Given these facts, it is recommended that the emphasis on transfer to mainstream institutions off reservation be balanced with provision of baccalaureate and graduate degrees on the reservation.
A Path of Healing and Wellness for Native Families
Authors: ROGERS BILLY
Published: July 2003

Native families have had a long history of holistic living. Living in cooperation with the environment, animals, and the spirit world has connected native people to the sacred hoop. This reverence for balance and a spiritual belief that the child is the center of the universe and tribe gave tremendous strength and resiliency to generations past and to today's native survivors.
Indian Elders
Authors: BALDRIDGE DAVID
Published: July 2003

Nowhere in the United States do elders enjoy a more revered status than in tribal communities. They are, according to many Indian leaders, our strength, our living heritage, our teachers. They are the keepers of our traditions and the guardians of our way of life. Even the U.S. Congress, in its preamble to Title 6 of the Older Americans Act, describes Indian elders as “a vital resource.” If a single common value were to be expressed by the nation's 568 Indian tribes, it might be simply “respect for elders.”
Space, Politics, and the Survival Strategies of the Homeless
Authors: SNOW DAVID A. , MULCAHY MICHAEL
Published: July 2003

This article sheds conceptual and empirical light on the ways in which urban physical space and homelessness intersect by considering three focal questions: (a) What are the key spatial concepts necessary for understanding the relationship between urban space and homeless survival strategies and routines, (b) what are the central strategies used within communities to control the homeless spatially or ecologically, and (c) how do the homeless respond to these constraints and impositions? These questions are explored conceptually and empirically with data on spatial contestations drawn from the local newspapers of a southwestern city between 1992 and 1997. The findings illuminate the sociospatial dynamics of homelessness and underscore how a thoroughgoing understanding of the everyday routines and adaptive strategies of the homeless requires consideration of how different types of urban space affect the homeless and of the ways in which the homeless negotiate and respond to the spatial constraints with which they are confronted.
Event History Analysis of Antecedents to Running Away from Home and Being on the Street
Authors: YODER KEVIN A. , WHITBECK LES B. , HOYT DAN R.
Published: July 2003

Event history analysis was used to study the correlates of running away from home for the first time and spending time directly on the street (sleeping outside or in an abandoned building) for the first time in a sample of 602 homeless and runaway adolescents from four Midwestern states. The results indicated that age, neglect by an adult caretaker, and sexual abuse by an adult caretaker were associated with the likelihood of running away from home for the first time. Moreover, age at first run and the amount of time that elapsed since first running away from home were associated with the likelihood of spending time directly on the street for the first time. Finally, although males and White youths were no more likely than females and non-White youths, respectively, to run away initially, males and White youths were more likely than females and non-White youths, respectively, to spend time directly on the street.
Weighting for Period Perspective in Samples of the Homeless
Authors: SUMNER GERALD C. , ANDERSEN RONALD M. , WENZEL SUZANNE L. , GELBERG LILLIAN
Published: July 2003

For some sample-based studies of the homeless, it may be relevant to adopt a period perspective, in which analyses focus on the mix of persons who experience homelessness at least once during some period of time, not just the mix of persons at a point in time. Period perspective presumably can be enhanced by weights that account for the intermittent nature of homelessness, but such weighting invites implementation problems related to calculation, specifying the weighting model, measurement, and especially weight disparity. Some of these problems can be mitigated by a sample design that assures independence between selection and individual respondent behavior, but remaining difficulties, particularly weight variability, raise questions about how weighting should be used in this context.
Research on Homelessness
Authors: FITZGERALD SCOTT T. , SHELLEY MACK C. , DAIL PAULA W.
Published: July 2003

The difficulties surrounding research on homelessness are numerous and substantial. Using a statewide census of homelessness, this article analyzes and critiques common methodological techniques employed in that study. In addition, using cross-tabulation and loglinear modeling, the relationship between key demographic variables and the cited primary cause of homelessness, as well as the types of housing needed, are assessed. Through a multiphased process, which isolates the effects of the operationalized definition of homelessness, significant changes emerge. The operational definition of homelessness is found to affect the demographic composition of the sample, the estimation of annual incidents of homelessness, and the estimation of the statewide number of homeless individuals. The impact of the uncertainty surrounding research on homelessness on policy formation is addressed.
A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: WAN FANG , DOYLE KENNETH O.
Published: July 2003

This article experiments with the use of popular novels to study the meanings of money and property in two important Asian nations, Mainland China and Taiwan. From important dictionaries of Chinese literature, we selected eight mid-length novels published in the respective countries from 1974 to 1982. Our reading of these 16 novels reveals that Taiwanese novels depict a more capitalistic culture and higher socioeconomic level than the Mainland novels do, whereas the Mainland novels place party leaders and intellectuals on a higher level than the Taiwan novels do, higher than businessmen. In both cultures, wealth is fundamentally evil. On the Mainland, wealth is said to destroy families, interfere with serious thinking, and lead to superficiality. In Taiwan, it brings tribulation, and it is far less important than simplicity, deep thinking, conformity, and responsibility. Finally, the Mainland novels blame government bureaucrats for all the troubles, whereas the Taiwan novels blame the meddling capitalists, especially American businessmen.
A Within-continent Content Analysis
Authors: DOYLE KENNETH O. , LI YULIAN
Published: July 2003

In recent years there has been a rekindling of interest in humanistic studies of the meanings of money around the world. This article tests the extent to which Chinese and Japanese proverbs reflect and distinguish the meanings of money in those two great cultures. In a nutshell, we compared the frequencies of anthologized Chinese and Japanese proverbs across the key dimensions presented in Doyle—Convergent/Divergent and Acquisitive/Affiliative. The authors found no differences on the Convergent/Divergent dimension, borderline significant differences on the Acquisitive/Affiliative dimension. The authors conclude that proverbs suggest that the Japanese culture is a bit more “acquisitive” than the Chinese culture, the Chinese culture a bit more “affiliative” than the Japanese.
The Cultural Meanings of Money
Authors: FALICOV CELIA J.
Published: July 2003

This article discusses meanings of money, both concrete and symbolic, based on cultural differences between Roman Catholic, working class Latino (Mexicans, Cubans, etc.) and White, middle-class, Protestant Anglo-American ideals. The differences are discussed within several themes. These topical themes are: individualism and collectivism; focusing on family rituals; spending on gifts, favors and interest-free loans; culture, money and social class as tied to cash and credit economies; cultural balance of work and leisure; religious beliefs, locus of control and obligations towards self or others; traditional and egalitarian marital gender roles. These cultural constructions and preferences influence perceptions, attitudes, and uses of money in these ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
Meanings of Money Nurtured by Nature
Authors: ZHAO XINSHU
Published: July 2003

Based on the experiences of his family members, peers, and himself in China since the 1920s, the author suggests three individual-level factors that combine to have a huge impact on people's attitudes toward money and property. One is the influence of parents or parental figures. The second is one's life goal or lack thereof. The third is the role that money and property (or the lack thereof) play in achieving that goal. There are, however, societal-level factors that loom large at the background. The dramatic changes in the economic and social systems and conditions contributed to the differences in the attitudes among Chinese of different times. Similarly, the differences between China and other countries in the economic and social systems and conditions contributed to the differences in the attitudes of Chinese and the attitudes of other peoples during a given time period.
Swedish Myths About Money
Authors: STOCKENSTRÖM GÖRAN
Published: July 2003

Swedish myths about money are examined in a historical perspective, delineating the dilemma of the poor and rich from medieval to modern times. The Swedish model characterized by centralism and collectivism is contrasted to the Danish alternative in its evolution from patriarchalism to capitalism. The political process of social justice from the ancient notions of “Fortuna” to the socialist vision of solidarity in the people's home (folkhemmet) is discussed in terms of the needs of the welfare state vis-à-vis the new capitalism at the end of the millennium.
Poveri Ma Belli
Authors: DELL'ORTO GIOVANNA , DOYLE KENNETH O.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to explore the cultural meanings of money in Italy and in Switzerland—money not as currency or economic exchange but as social communication. The authors sought to discover meanings of money in social traditions and popular culture by examining folk literature and by interviewing a small sample of Italian and Swiss people. They found that Italians and Swiss approach money from opposite perspectives: To the Swiss, money is obtained through cunning and often hard mental work, and the goal is to accumulate, not to spend it; in Italy, money has to be earned with hard, often physical work and immediately be spent. The Swiss personify the “analytic” trait; they save money and are opposed to consuming and sharing. The Italians exhibit the “expressive” trait; they spend money freely, for themselves and for friends. They also work hard and save some to better spend later.
Juggling Multiple Social Worlds
Authors: KAZMER MICHELLE M. , HAYTHORNTHWAITE CAROLINE
Published: July 2003

Using the Internet means bringing into our offline lives yet another social world, one in which we operate through media, communicating and maintaining ties with people who live at a distance and who we may rarely or never meet. How successfully do we manage integration of this new world into our existing world? Do worlds collide or seamlessly integrate into a cohesive whole? For 1 year, the authors followed 17 students as they engaged in a distance learning program. The authors explored their involvement with the online learning community and how this affected their relationships with family, work, volunteer, and peer groups. Students' satisfaction with the program increased, and anxiety about operating in the online world decreased, with increased involvement with the learning community. This was realized at the expense of offline communities and activities. However, the authors also found a reverse trend when students reengaged with offline life as they neared the end of their program. This work highlights the importance of temporal aspects of involvement in online worlds and provides some insight into the priorities, needs, and rewards involved with managing multiple worlds.
Using E-mail for Personal Relationships
Authors: BONEVA BONKA , KRAUT ROBERT , FROHLICH DAVID
Published: July 2003

Do the gender differences found when men and women maintain personal relationships in person and on the phone also emerge when they use electronic mail? Alternately, does e-mail change these ways of interacting? The authors explore the types of relationships women and men maintain by e-mail, differences in their e-mail use locally and at a distance, and differences in the contents of messages they send. The findings are based on qualitative and quantitative data collected during a 4-year period. These data suggest that using e-mail to communicate with relatives and friends replicates preexisting gender differences. Compared to men, women find e-mail contact with friends and family more gratifying. Women are more likely than men to maintain kin relationships by e-mail. They are more likely than men to use e-mail to keep in touch with people who live far away. Women's messages sent to people far away are more filled with personal content and are more likely to be exchanged in intense burst. The fit between women's expressive styles and the features of e-mail seems to be making it especially easy for women to expand their distant social networks.