bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple and rapid method for identifying and semi‐quantifying peptide hormones in isolated pancreatic islets by direct‐tissue matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Stewart Kevin W. , Phillips Anthony R. J. , Whiting Lynda , Jüllig Mia , Middleditch Martin J. , Cooper Garth J. S.
Published: October 2011

We describe a new, simple, robust and efficient method based on direct‐tissue matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry that enables consistent semi‐quantitation of peptide hormones in isolated pancreatic islets from normal and diabetic rodents. Prominent signals were measured that corresponded to all the main peptide hormones present in islet‐endocrine cells: (α‐cells) glucagon, glicentin‐related polypeptide/GRPP; (β‐cells) insulin I, insulin II, C‐peptide I, C‐peptide II, amylin; (δ‐cells) somatostatin‐14; and (PP‐cells), and pancreatic polypeptide. The signal ratios coincided with known relative hormone abundances. The method demonstrated that severe insulin deficiency is accompanied by elevated levels of all non‐β‐cell‐hormones in diabetic rat islets, consistent with alleviation of paracrine suppression of hormone production by non‐β‐cells. It was also effective in characterizing hormonal phenotype in hemizygous human‐amylin transgenic mice that express human and mouse amylin in approx. equimolar quantities. Finally, the method demonstrated utility in basic peptide‐hormone discovery by identifying a prominent new Gcg‐gene‐derived peptide (theoretical monoisotopic molecular weight 3263.5 Da), closely related to but distinct from GRPP, in diabetic islets. This peptide, whose sequence is HAPQDTEENARSFPASQTEPLEDPNQINE in Rattus norvegicus, could be a peptide hormone whose roles in physiology and metabolic disease warrant further investigation. This method provides a powerful new approach that could provide important new insights into the physiology and regulation of peptide hormones in islets and other endocrine tissues. It has potentially wide‐ranging applications that encompass endocrinology, pharmacology, phenotypic analysis in genetic models of metabolic disease, and hormone discovery, and could also effectively limit the numbers of animals required for such studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of a multiagent stock trading system
Authors: Kardas Geylani , Challenger Moharram , Yildirim Suleyman , Yamuc Ali
Published: October 2011

Stock trading is one of the key items in an economy and estimating its behavior and taking the best decision in it are among the most challenging issues. Solutions based on intelligent agent systems are proposed to cope with those challenges. Agents in a multiagent system (MAS) can share a common goal or they can pursue their own interests. That nature of MASs exactly fits the requirements of a free market economy. Although existing studies include noteworthy proposals on agent‐based market simulation and researchers discuss theoretical design issues of agent‐based stock exchange systems, unfortunately only a very few of the studies consider exact development and implementation of multiagent stock trading systems within the software engineering perspective and guides to the software engineers for constructing such software systems starting from scratch. To fill this gap, in this paper, we discuss the development of a multiagent‐based stock trading system by taking into consideration software design according to a well‐defined agent oriented software engineering methodology and implementation with a widely‐used MAS software development framework. Each participant in the system is first designed as belief–desire–intention agents with their facts, goals, and plans, and then belief–desire–intention reasoning and behavioral structure of the designed agents are implemented. Lessons learned during design and development within the software engineering perspective and evaluation of the implemented multiagent stock exchange system are also reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life as a Pregnant Genetic Counselor: Take Two
Authors: Clark Kit
Published: October 2011

Pregnancy is not always an expected or happy event. When a woman is facing an unplanned pregnancy, it can be a very difficult emotional experience. As with any pregnancy, working in a prenatal setting can impact how a woman feels about and handles her pregnancy. Once again, one genetic counselor discusses her experiences, this time during a second, unplanned pregnancy.
The Intersection and Accumulation of Racial and Gender Inequality: Black Women's Wealth Trajectories
Authors: Brown Tyson
Published: October 2011

Prior research has found evidence of large racial and gender disparities in wealth, with blacks possessing less wealth than whites and women having less wealth than men. An intersectionality approach suggests that the overlapping impacts of racial and gender domination are likely to combine in a multiplicative fashion that places black women in a uniquely precarious economic position. However, little is known about the wealth holdings of black women and even less is known about whether their wealth increases, decreases or remains stable as they approach retirement age, a stage of life when savings are especially important. This study utilizes seven waves of panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and growth curve models to estimate the wealth trajectories of black women between the ages of 51 and 73. Results reveal that black women have especially low levels of net worth and net financial assets during middle and late life, suggesting high risk of economic insecurity in later life. Consistent with political economy and intersectionality perspectives, their persistently low wealth trajectories are likely the result of state policies, discrimination, residential segregation and health disparities. Ameliorative policy prescriptions are discussed.
Groundwater Scenario in Lakshadweep Islands
Authors: Najeeb K. Md , Vinayachandran N.
Published: October 2011

There are 36 islands in Lakshadweep archipelago, of which 10 are inhabited. The study focuses on the hydrogeological conditions prevailing in nine of these inhabited islands. Groundwater is the major source of fresh water and the well density is high in the range of 296 to 620 per km2. The aspect ratios of these islands indicate that the shape of the islands have significant role on the stability of fresh water lens. The changes in water level do not reflect the real changes in the water resources as it is greatly influenced by tides. Moreover, the Ghyben-Herzberg relation in its ideal form does not hold good in these tiny oceanic islands. Hence, the rainfall recharge in the islands was assessed based on daily water budgeting. A relation between water surplus and annual rainfall could be established. This approach of recharge estimation could be applied for similar oceanic islands.
Gold in the Beach Placer Sands of Chavakkad-Ponnani, Kerala Coast, India
Authors: Nayak Bibhuranjan
Published: October 2011

Although sporadic mining of placer gold from river beds is not uncommon in India, there is no documented literature on the occurrence of gold in the beach placer sand deposits of the country. While characterizing the heavy minerals of the Chavakkad-Ponnani (CP) beach placer sands along the North Kerala coast, the association of gold with the pyriboles in these sands has been observed. A native gold grain of about 25 μm was seen to occur as an inclusion within an amphibole of hornblendic composition. The pyriboles of the CP deposit are angular to sub-angular indicating a nearby provenance that may be in the upstream reaches of the Ponnani River in the districts of Malappuram and Palakkad or further north in the auriferous tracts of the Wynad-Nilambur or Attapadi regions. It is argued that the occurrence of native gold in CP deposit is not a freak occurrence and that it warrants thorough investigation of all the pyribole-ilmenite-rich placers to examine the possible presence of gold and its abundance in the beach placers of northern Kerala coast.
Intervention of Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) in Resolving Hydrological Problems of a Semi Arid Granite Terrain of Southern India
Authors: Andrade Rolland
Published: October 2011

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been used in association with several geohydrological, geotechnical and geophysical methods in resolving several site specific problems in hydrological science. Advancement in the field of computers and automation in the field of electronics has jointly resulted in the development of this geophysical innovation which has wide application in groundwater, environmental and engineering problems including monitoring of vadose zone water movement, steam injection etc. In this paper application of ERT in association with geohydrological and other exploration methods in resolving groundwater sustainability problem of a micro-watershed area in semi arid granite terrain is presented as three independent cases. In a hard rock terrain the probability of complexities in understanding the sub-surface lithology and its corresponding hydrological parameters are more. Hence appropriate resistivity survey configuration and suitable inversion of acquired data in congregation with other geo-scientific investigations were carried out to understand the site specific problem. The study demonstrated as 3 independent cases shows the usefulness of the ERT method in hydrological investigations, which is economic, efficient and less time consuming in comparison to the other exploration methods.
Petrogenesis of Zincian Spinel from Mamandur Base Metal Sulphide Prospect, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Ghosh Biswajit , Some Sandip , Thakur Animesh
Published: October 2011

Zincian spinels (gahnites) from the Mamandur Zn-Pb-Cu prospect of the Southern Granulite Terrain have been studied. Gahnites in the quartzofeldspathic gneiss occur either as (a) porphyroblastic grains closely in association with cordierite and sphalerite or as (b) inclusions in poikiloblastic quartz grains, restricted within quartz veinlets. Compositionally these gahnites belong to two different clusters corresponding to two modes of occurrences. The origin of the porphyroblastic gahnites is linked with the process of desulphidation of sphalerite whereas those occurring as inclusions within poikiloblastic quartz are direct crystallisation products from silica rich hydrothermal solution. A new compositional field for this latter group of gahnites is proposed here.
Parenting practices and the development of adolescents’ social trust
Authors: Wray‐Lake Laura , Flanagan Constance A.
Published: October 2011

Social trust (ST) (i.e., beliefs that people are generally fair and trustworthy) is a critical disposition for democratic governance. Yet there has been scant research on its developmental foundations. We assess factors related to ST in 11–18 year olds with survey data collected over two years from 1150 U.S. adolescents and their mothers. Adolescents’ ST in year 1 and their reports of a positive neighborhood climate predicted ST one year later. Adolescents’ reports of family practices were stronger predictors of their ST than were mothers’ reports. Regression analyses revealed different factors predicting changes in ST for three adolescent age groups: With ST at T1 and background factors controlled, democratic parenting boosted ST for early‐ and middle‐adolescents. Adolescents’ reports that parents encouraged compassion for others boosted ST for middle‐ and late‐adolescents, and parental cautions about other people taking advantage diminished ST among middle adolescents. Results suggest that the disposition to trust others is formed, in part, by what adolescents hear from parents about their responsibilities to fellow human beings and by modeling of democratic parenting.
Wasserstein geometry of porous medium equation
Authors: Takatsu Asuka
Published: October 2011

We study the porous medium equation with emphasis on
q
-Gaussian measures, which are generalizations of Gaussian measures by using power-law distribution. On the space of
q
-Gaussian measures, the porous medium equation is reduced to an ordinary differential equation for covariance matrix. We introduce a set of inequalities among functionals which gauge the difference between pairs of probability measures and are useful in the analysis of the porous medium equation. We show that any
q
-Gaussian measure provides a nontrivial pair attaining equality in these inequalities.
Inhibitory effect of Survivin promoter‐regulated oncolytic adenovirus carrying P53 gene against gallbladder cancer
Authors: Liu Chen , Sun Bin , An Ni , Tan Weifeng , Cao Lu , Luo Xiangji , Yu Yong , Feng Feiling , Li Bin , Wu Mengchao , Su Changqing , Jiang Xiaoqing
Published: October 2011

Gene therapy has become an important strategy for treatment of malignancies, but problems remains concerning the low gene transferring efficiency, poor transgene expression and limited targeting specific tumors, which have greatly hampered the clinical application of tumor gene therapy. Gallbladder cancer is characterized by rapid progress, poor prognosis, and aberrantly high expression of Survivin. In the present study, we used a human tumor‐specific Survivin promoter‐regulated oncolytic adenovirus vector carrying P53 gene, whose anti‐cancer effect has been widely confirmed, to construct a wide spectrum, specific, safe, effective gene‐viral therapy system, AdSurp‐P53. Examining expression of enhanced green fluorecent protein (EGFP), E1A and the target gene P53 in the oncolytic adenovirus system validated that Survivin promoter‐regulated oncolytic adenovirus had high proliferation activity and high P53 expression in Survivin‐positive gallbladder cancer cells. Our in vitro cytotoxicity experiment demonstrated that AdSurp‐P53 possessed a stronger cytotoxic effect against gallbladder cancer cells and hepatic cancer cells. The survival rate of EH‐GB1 cells was lower than 40% after infection of AdSurp‐P53 at multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 1 pfu/cell, while the rate was higher than 90% after infection of Ad‐P53 at the same MOI, demonstrating that AdSurp‐P53 has a potent cytotoxicity against EH‐GB1 cells. The tumor growth was greatly inhibited in nude mice bearing EH‐GB1 xenografts when the total dose of AdSurp‐P53 was 1 × 109 pfu, and terminal dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) revealed that the apoptotic rate of cancer cells was (33.4 ± 8.4)%. This oncolytic adenovirus system overcomes the long‐standing shortcomings of gene therapy: poor transgene expression and targeting of only specific tumors, with its therapeutic effect better than the traditional Ad‐P53 therapy regimen already on market; our system might be used for patients with advanced gallbladder cancer and other cancers, who are not sensitive to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or who lost their chance for surgical treatment.
Microfluidic propulsion by the metachronal beating of magnetic artificial cilia: a numerical analysis
Authors: Khaderi S. N. , den Toonder J. M. J. , Onck P. R.
Published: October 2011

In this work we study the effect of metachronal waves on the flow created by magnetically driven plate-like artificial cilia in microchannels using numerical simulations. The simulations are performed using a coupled magneto-mechanical solid–fluid computational model that captures the physical interactions between the fluid flow, ciliary deformation and applied magnetic field. When a rotating magnetic field is applied to super-paramagnetic artificial cilia, they mimic the asymmetric motion of natural cilia, consisting of an effective and recovery stroke. When a phase difference is prescribed between neighbouring cilia, metachronal waves develop. Due to the discrete nature of the cilia, the metachronal waves change direction when the phase difference becomes sufficiently large, resulting in antiplectic as well as symplectic metachrony. We show that the fluid flow created by the artificial cilia is significantly enhanced in the presence of metachronal waves and that the fluid flow becomes unidirectional. Antiplectic metachrony is observed to lead to a considerable enhancement in flow compared to symplectic metachrony, when the cilia spacing is small. Obstruction of flow in the direction of the effective stroke for the case of symplectic metachrony was found to be the key mechanism that governs this effect.
A ‘reciprocal’ theorem for the prediction of loads on a body moving in an inhomogeneous flow at arbitrary Reynolds number
Authors: Magnaudet Jacques
Published: October 2011

Several forms of a theorem providing general expressions for the force and torque acting on a rigid body of arbitrary shape moving in an inhomogeneous incompressible flow at arbitrary Reynolds number are derived. Inhomogeneity arises because of the presence of a wall that partially or entirely bounds the fluid domain and/or a non-uniform carrying flow. This theorem, which stems directly from Navier–Stokes equations and parallels the well-known Lorentz reciprocal theorem extensively employed in low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics, makes use of auxiliary solenoidal irrotational velocity fields and extends results previously derived by Quartapelle & Napolitano (AIAA J., vol. 21, 1983, pp. 911–913) and Howe (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Maths, vol. 48, 1995, pp. 401–426) in the case of an unbounded flow domain and a fluid at rest at infinity. As the orientation of the auxiliary velocity may be chosen arbitrarily, any component of the force and torque can be evaluated, irrespective of its orientation with respect to the relative velocity between the body and fluid. Three main forms of the theorem are successively derived. The first of these, given in (2.19), is suitable for a body moving in a fluid at rest in the presence of a wall. The most general form (3.6) extends it to the general situation of a body moving in an arbitrary non-uniform flow. Specific attention is then paid to the case of an underlying time-dependent linear flow. Specialized forms of the theorem are provided in this situation for simplified body shapes and flow conditions, in (3.14) and (3.15), making explicit the various couplings between the body’s translation and rotation and the strain rate and vorticity of the carrying flow. The physical meaning of the various contributions to the force and torque and the way in which the present predictions reduce to those provided by available approaches, especially in the inviscid limit, are discussed. Some applications to high-Reynolds-number bubble dynamics, which provide several apparently new predictions, are also presented.
Unsteady flow in a rotating torus after a sudden change in rotation rate
Authors: Hewitt R. E. , Hazel A. L. , Clarke R. J. , Denier J. P.
Published: October 2011

We consider the temporal evolution of a viscous incompressible fluid in a torus of finite curvature; a problem first investigated by Madden & Mullin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 265, 1994, pp. 265–217). The system is initially in a state of rigid-body rotation (about the axis of rotational symmetry) and the container’s rotation rate is then changed impulsively. We describe the transient flow that is induced at small values of the Ekman number, over a time scale that is comparable to one complete rotation of the container. We show that (rotationally symmetric) eruptive singularities (of the boundary layer) occur at the inner or outer bend of the pipe for a decrease or an increase in rotation rate respectively. Moreover, on allowing for a change in direction of rotation, there is a (negative) ratio of initial-to-final rotation frequencies for which eruptive singularities can occur at both the inner and outer bend simultaneously. We also demonstrate that the flow is susceptible to a combination of axisymmetric centrifugal and non-axisymmetric inflectional instabilities. The inflectional instability arises as a consequence of the developing eruption and is shown to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations of Madden & Mullin (1994). Throughout our work, detailed quantitative comparisons are made between asymptotic predictions and finite- (but small-) Ekman-number Navier–Stokes computations using a finite-element method. We find that the boundary-layer results correctly capture the (finite-Ekman-number) rotationally symmetric flow and its global stability to linearised perturbations.
A Yahgan for the killing: murder, memory and Charles Darwin
Authors: YANNIELLI JOSEPH L.
Published: October 2011

In March 1742, British naval officer John Byron witnessed a murder on the western coast of South America. Both Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy seized upon Byron's story a century later, and it continues to play an important role in Darwin scholarship today. This essay investigates the veracity of the murder, its appropriation by various authors, and its false association with the Yahgan people encountered during the second voyage of theBeagle(1831–1836). Darwin's use of the story is examined in multiple contexts, focusing on his relationship with the history of European expansion and cross-cultural interaction and related assumptions about slavery and race. The continuing fascination with Byron's story highlights the key role of historical memory in the development and interpretation of evolutionary theory.
Effects of grape seed extract supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in rats
Authors: Belviranlı Muaz , Gökbel Hakkı , Okudan Nilsel , Başaralı Kemal
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation on exercise performance and oxidative stress in acutely and chronically exercised rats. A total of sixty-four male rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into six groups: control, chronic exercise control, acute exercise control (AEC), GSE-supplemented control, GSE-supplemented chronic exercise and GSE-supplemented acute exercise groups. Chronic exercise consisted of treadmill running at 25 m/min, 45 min/d, 5 d a week for 6 weeks. Rats in the acute exercise groups were run on the treadmill at 30 m/min until exhaustion. GSE were given at 100 mg/kg of body weight with drinking water for 6 weeks. Plasma was separated from blood samples for the analysis of oxidative stress markers. There was no significant difference in time of exhaustion between the acute exercise groups. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher in the acute exercise groups and lower in the chronic exercise groups. GSE supplementation decreased MDA levels. Xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase activities were higher in the AEC group compared to all the other groups. NO levels were increased with both chronic exercise and GSE supplementation. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were lower in the acute exercised groups and higher in the chronic exercised groups. GSE supplementation caused an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, GSE supplementation prevents exercise-induced oxidative stress by preventing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities.
Cambrian to early Silurian ophiolite and accretionary processes in the Beishan collage, NW China: implications for the architecture of the Southern Altaids
Authors: AO S. J. , XIAO W. J. , HAN C. M. , LI X. H. , QU J. F. , ZHANG J. E. , GUO Q. Q. , TIAN Z. H.
Published: October 2011

The mechanism of continental growth of the Altaids is currently under debate between models invoking continuous subduction-accretion or punctuated accretion by closure of multiple ocean basins. We use the Yueyashan–Xichangjing ophiolite belt of the Beishan collage (southern Altaids) to constrain the earliest oceanic crust in the southern Palaeo-Asian Ocean. Five lithotectonic units were identified from S to N: the Huaniushan block, a sedimentary passive margin, the structurally incoherent Yueyashan–Xichangjing ophiolite complex, a coherent sedimentary package and the Mazongshan island arc with granitic rocks. We present a structural analysis of the accretionary complex, which is composed of the incoherent ophiolitic melange and coherent sedimentary rocks, to work out the tectonic polarity. A new weighted mean206Pb–238U age of 533 ± 1.7 Ma from a plagiogranite in the Yueyashan–Xichangjing ophiolite indicates that the ocean floor formed in early Cambrian time. Furthermore, we present new geochemical data to constrain the tectonic setting of the Yueyashan–Xichangjing ophiolite. The Yueyashan–Xichangjing ophiolite was emplaced as a result of northward subduction of an oceanic plate beneath the Mazongshan island arc to the north in late Ordovician to early Silurian time. Together with data from the literature, our work demonstrates that multiple overlapping periods of accretion existed in the Palaeozoic in the northern and southern Altaids. Therefore, a model of multiple accretion by closure of several ocean basins is most viable.
A longitudinal study of the bi-directional relationship between tobacco smoking and psychological distress in a community sample of young Australian women
Authors: Leung J. , Gartner C. , Hall W. , Lucke J. , Dobson A.
Published: October 2011

Background

Tobacco smoking and poor mental health are both prevalent and detrimental health problems in young women. The temporal relationship between the two variables is unclear. We investigated the prospective bi-directional relationship between smoking and mental health over 13 years.

Method

Participants were a randomly selected community sample of 10 012 young women with no experience of pregnancy, aged 18–23 years at baseline (1996) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Follow-up surveys over 13 years were completed in 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009, allowing for five waves of data. Measures included self-reported smoking and mental health measured by the Mental Health Index from the 36-item short-form health questionnaire and the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Sociodemographic control variables included marital status, education level and employment status.

Results

A strong cross-sectional dose–response relationship between smoking and poor mental health was found at each wave [odds ratio (OR) 1.41, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.17–1.70 to OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.82–2.81]. Longitudinal results showed that women who smoked had 1.21 (95% CI 1.06–1.39) to 1.62 (95% CI 1.24–2.11) times higher odds of having poor mental health at subsequent waves. Women with poor mental health had 1.12 (95% CI 1.17–1.20) to 2.11 (95% CI 1.68–2.65) times higher odds of smoking at subsequent waves. These results held after adjusting for mental health history and smoking history and sociodemographic factors. Correlation analysis and structural equation modelling results were consistent in showing that both directions of the relationship were statistically significant.

Conclusions

The association between poor mental health and smoking in young women appeared to be bi-directional.
Memory control in post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence from item method directed forgetting in civil war victims in Northern Uganda
Authors: Zwissler B. , Hauswald A. , Koessler S. , Ertl V. , Pfeiffer A. , Wöhrmann C. , Winkler N. , Kissler J.
Published: October 2011

Background

Traumatized individuals and particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients are characterized by memory disturbances that suggest altered memory control. The present study investigated the issue using an item method, directed forgetting (DF) paradigm in 51 civil war victims in Uganda. All participants had been exposed to severe traumatic stress and 26 additionally suffered from PTSD.

Method

In an item cued, DF paradigm photographs were presented, each followed by an instruction to either remember or forget it. A recognition test for all initially presented photographs and thematically similar distracters followed. DF patterns were compared between the non-PTSD and the PTSD groups. Post-experimental ratings of picture valence and arousal were collected and correlated with DF.

Results

Results revealed DF, that is, reduced recognition for ‘to-be-forgotten’ items in the non-PTSD but not in the PTSD group. Moreover, in the non-PTSD, but not in the PTSD group, false alarms were reduced for ‘to-be-remembered’ items. Finally, DF was reduced in those participants who rated the pictures as more arousing, the PTSD group giving, on average, higher arousal ratings.

Conclusions

Data indicate that DF is reduced in PTSD and that the reduction is related to stimulus arousal. Furthermore, individuals with PTSD are characterized by a more global encoding style than individuals without PTSD, reflected in a higher false alarm rate. In sum, traumatized individuals with (but not without) PTSD are impaired in their ability to selectively control episodic memory encoding. This impairment may contribute to clinical features of the disorder such as intrusions and flashbacks.
Slavery and the Law in Atlantic Perspective: Jurisdiction, Jurisprudence, and Justice
Authors: Scott Rebecca J.
Published: October 2011

The four articles in this special issue experiment with an innovative set of questions and a variety of methods in order to push the analysis of slavery and the law into new territory. Their scope is broadly Atlantic, encompassing Suriname and Saint-Domingue/Haiti, New York and New Orleans, port cities and coffee plantations. Each essay deals with named individuals in complex circumstances, conveying their predicaments as fine-grained microhistories rather than as shocking anecdotes. Each author, moreover, demonstrates that the moments when law engaged slavery not only reflected but also influenced larger dynamics of sovereignty and jurisprudence.
Prosecuting Torture: The Strategic Ethics of Slavery in Pre-Revolutionary Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
Authors: Ghachem Malick W.
Published: October 2011

In the spring and summer of 1788, a master was prosecuted for the torture of two female slaves in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti). The exceptional nature of the case was immediately obvious to the participants who lived through it. The governor and intendant of Saint-Domingue—in essence, the colony's chief military and administrative officers, respectively—described it as a “unique opportunity to arrest, by means of a single example, the course of so many cruelties.” In 1788, the most recent victims of this long eighteenth-century history of cruelties included two slaves known only as Zabeth and Marie-Rose, ostensibly tortured because they were suspected of having administered poison to their master and fellow slaves. This article tells the story of the prosecution of the master who tortured them, Nicolas Lejeune.
Paper Thin: Freedom and Re-enslavement in the Diaspora of the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Scott Rebecca J.
Published: October 2011

In the summer of 1809 a flotilla of boats arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 9,000 Saint-Domingue refugees recently expelled from the Spanish colony of Cuba. These migrants nearly doubled the population of New Orleans, renewing its Francophone character and populating the neighborhoods of the Vieux Carré and Faubourg Marigny. At the heart of the story of their disembarkation, however, is a legal puzzle. Historians generally tell us that the arriving refugees numbered 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of color, and 3,226 slaves. But slavery had been abolished in Saint-Domingue by decree in 1793, and abolition had been ratified by the French National Convention in 1794. In what sense and by what right, then, were thousands of men, women, and children once again to be held to be “slaves”?
Three-dimensional modeling of coordinate measuring machines probing accuracy and settings using fuzzy knowledge bases: Application to TP6 and TP200 triggering probes
Authors: Achiche Sofiane , Wozniak Adam
Published: October 2011

One of the fundamental elements that determines the precision of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is the probe, which locates measuring points within measurement volume. In this paper genetically generated fuzzy knowledge based models of three-dimensional (3-D) probing accuracy for one- and two-stage touch trigger probes are proposed. The fuzzy models are automatically generated using a dedicated genetic algorithm developed by the authors. The algorithm uses hybrid coding, binary for the rule base and real for the database. This hybrid coding, used with a set of specialized operators of reproduction, proved to be an effective learning environment in this case. Data collection of the measured objects' coordinates was carried out using a special setup for probe testing. The authors used a novel method that applies a low-force high-resolution displacement transducer for probe error examination in 3-D space outside the CMM measurement. The genetically generated fuzzy models are constructed for both one stage (TP6) and two stage (TP200) types of probes. First, the optimal number of settings is defined using an analysis of the influence of fuzzy rules on TP6 accuracy. Then, once the number of settings is obtained, near optimal fuzzy knowledge bases are generated for both TP6 and TP200 triggering probes, followed by analysis of the finalized fuzzy rules bases for knowledge extraction about the relationships between physical setup values and error levels of the probes. The number of fuzzy sets on each premise leads to the number of physical setups needed to get satisfactory error profiles, whereas the fuzzy rules base adds to the knowledge linking the design experiment parameters to the pretravel error of CMM machines. Satisfactory fuzzy logic equivalents of the 3-D error profiles were obtained for both TP6 and TP200 with root mean squsre errors ranging from 0.00 mm to a maximum of 0.58 mm.
DISPATCHES FROM A COLONIAL OUTPOST
Authors: Alamo Carlos
Published: October 2011

Over the last few decades social movements and race scholars have begun to uncover and critically examine the social, economic, and political linkages shared between Puerto Ricans and African Americans. Much of this literature has focused exclusively on the period of the Civil Rights Movement with particular emphasis on the Young Lords and Black Panthers. Despite this rich and informative literature, we know very little of the connective social histories and relationships between African Americans and Puerto Ricans that preceded these later social movements. This article traces the historically contingent and multifaceted ways in which African American journalists, between 1942 and 1951, found new political meanings in Puerto Rico as the island underwent a massive economic and social transformation, and how they used that knowledge to reconceptualize challenges to Black personhood in the United States. Examining the Black popular press in Puerto Rico during this period reveals that Black journalists took an active interest in the island because it represented a useful point of comparison for understanding the internal colonial model of social inequality hampering the U.S. African American community during the first half of the twentieth century. The racialized nature of U.S. colonialism experienced by the island, the sociopolitical and economic effects of its monocultural sugar economy, and the second-class citizenship of Puerto Ricans were among the most salient factors that led African American journalists to a broader anti-imperialist understanding of racism, illuminating the lack of civil and economic rights Blacks experienced within the United States.
Studierendenauswahl im Fach Psychologie
Authors: Formazin Maren , Schroeders Ulrich , Köller Olaf , Wilhelm Oliver , Westmeyer Hans
Published: October 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die internationale Forschung im Bereich der Hochschulzulassung zeigt eindrücklich, dass Leistungstests gute Prädiktoren der späteren Studienleistung sind und inkrementelle Validität über Schulnoten hinaus aufweisen. An deutschen Hochschulen ist der Einsatz standardisierter Leistungstests jedoch nach wie vor die Ausnahme. In der vorliegenden Arbeit schildern wir die Entwicklung und Validierung einer Testbatterie für die Zulassung von Psychologiestudierenden an deutschen Hochschulen. Im Rahmen der Testung von 1187 Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern für die Vergabe von 60 Studienplätzen prüfen wir mit Strukturgleichungsmodellen und Regressionsanalysen die prädiktive und inkrementelle Validität der neuen Testbatterie. Neben einem allgemeinen Faktor für das schlussfolgernde Denken kann auf der Prädiktorseite ein zweiter, geschachtelter Faktor für relevantes Vorwissen etabliert werden. Beide latenten Faktoren tragen nennenswert zur Vorhersage der Studienleistungen bei. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen nachdrücklich die Forderung, bei der Zulassung zu Studiengängen mit hohem Bewerberandrang Leistungstests einzusetzen. Neben schlussfolgerndem Denken verdient das relevante Vorwissen besondere Beachtung.
Projective Kit for Early Childhood (P. K. E. C.)
Authors: Roman Pascal , Dublineau Mathilde , Saboia Camila
Published: October 2011

This article highlights, on the one hand, the relevance of the Projective Kit for Early Childhood – a projective play test – in the dual prospect of research practice, and of clinical practice, on the other hand, considering a form of continuity between both these processes, as stressed by C. Chabert (1995 ). First, a brief introduction to this unique test in the field of psychopathology in young children serves to assess the relevance of this projective device in clinical practice and research. Then we successively present the test’s implications in actual clinical research, involving an evaluation of the psychoaffective dynamics of children with West syndrome (a form of epilepsy occurring in infants from the early stages of life, which impairs their development and frequently leads to psychopathological pictures in the autism spectrum) and as part of a clinical consultation process focused on the problem of depression.
Paleotemperature and paleosalinity inferences and chemostratigraphy across the Aptian/Albian boundary in the subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Huber Brian T. , MacLeod Kenneth G. , Gröcke Darren R. , Kucera Michal
Published: October 2011

Geochemical analyses of extraordinarily well preserved late Aptian–early Albian foraminifera from Blake Nose (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1049) reveal rapid shifts of δ18O, δ13C, and 87Sr/88Sr in the subtropical North Atlantic that may be linked to a major planktic foraminifer extinction event across the Aptian/Albian boundary. The abruptness of the observed geochemical shifts and their coincidence with a sharp lithologic contact is explained as an artifact of a previously undetected hiatus of 0.8–1.4 million years at the boundary contact, but the values before and after the hiatus indicate that major oceanographic changes occurred at this time. 87Sr/88Sr increase by ∼0.000 200, δ13C values decrease by 1.5‰ to 2.2‰, and δ18O values decrease by ∼1.0‰ (planktics) to 0.5‰ (benthics) across the hiatus. Further, both 87Sr/88Sr ratios and δ18O values during the Albian are anomalously high. The 87Sr/88Sr values deviate from known patterns to such a degree that an explanation requires either the presence of inter‐basin differences in seawater 87Sr/88Sr during the Albian or revision of the seawater curve. For δ18O, planktic values in some Aptian samples likely reflect a diagenetic overprint, but preservation is excellent in the rest of the section. In well preserved material, benthic foraminiferal values are largely between 0.5 and 0.0‰ and planktic samples are largely between 0.0‰ to −1.0‰, with a brief excursion to −2.0‰ during OAE 1b. Using standard assumptions for Cretaceous isotopic paleotemperature calculations, the δ18O values suggest bottom water temperatures (at ∼1000 –1500 m) of 8–10°C and surface temperatures of 10–14°C, which are 4–6°C and 10–16°C cooler, respectively, than present‐day conditions at the same latitude. The cool subtropical sea surface temperature estimates are especially problematic because other paleoclimate proxy data for the mid‐Cretaceous and climate model predictions suggest that subtropical sea surface temperatures should have been the same as or warmer than at present. Because of their exquisite preservation, whole scale alteration of the analyzed foraminifera is an untenable explanation. Our proposed solution is a high evaporative fractionation factor in the early Albian North Atlantic that resulted in surface waters with higher δ18O values at elevated salinities than commonly cited in Cretaceous studies. A high fractionation factor is consistent with high rates of vapor export and a vigorous hydrological cycle and, like the Sr isotopes, implies limited connectivity among the individual basins of the Early Cretaceous proto‐Atlantic ocean.
Hydrogen production in photosynthetic microbial mats in the Elkhorn Slough estuary, Monterey Bay
Authors: Burow Luke C , Woebken Dagmar , Bebout Brad M , McMurdie Paul J , Singer Steven W , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Prufert-Bebout Leslie , Spormann Alfred M , Weber Peter K , Hoehler Tori M
Published: October 2011

Hydrogen (H2) release from photosynthetic microbial mats has contributed to the chemical evolution of Earth and could potentially be a source of renewable H2 in the future. However, the taxonomy of H2-producing microorganisms (hydrogenogens) in these mats has not been previously determined. With combined biogeochemical and molecular studies of microbial mats collected from Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California, we characterized the mechanisms of H2 production and identified a dominant hydrogenogen. Net production of H2 was observed within the upper photosynthetic layer (0–2 mm) of the mats under dark and anoxic conditions. Pyrosequencing of rRNA gene libraries generated from this layer demonstrated the presence of 64 phyla, with Bacteriodetes, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria dominating the sequences. Sequencing of rRNA transcripts obtained from this layer demonstrated that Cyanobacteria dominated rRNA transcript pyrotag libraries. An OTU affiliated to Microcoleus spp. was the most abundant OTU in both rRNA gene and transcript libraries. Depriving mats of sunlight resulted in an order of magnitude decrease in subsequent nighttime H2 production, suggesting that newly fixed carbon is critical to H2 production. Suppression of nitrogen (N2)-fixation in the mats did not suppress H2 production, which indicates that co-metabolic production of H2 during N2-fixation is not an important contributor to H2 production. Concomitant production of organic acids is consistent with fermentation of recently produced photosynthate as the dominant mode of H2 production. Analysis of rRNA % transcript:% gene ratios and H2-evolving bidirectional [NiFe] hydrogenase % transcript:% gene ratios indicated that Microcoelus spp. are dominant hydrogenogens in the Elkhorn Slough mats.
Cyanophage tRNAs may have a role in cross-infectivity of oceanic Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus hosts
Authors: Enav Hagay , Béjà Oded , Mandel-Gutfreund Yael
Published: October 2011

Marine cyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are the most abundant photosynthetic prokaryotes in oceanic environments, and are key contributors to global CO2 fixation, chlorophyll biomass and primary production. Cyanophages, viruses infecting cyanobacteria, are a major force in the ecology of their hosts. These phages contribute greatly to cyanobacterial mortality, therefore acting as a powerful selective force upon their hosts. Phage reproduction is based on utilization of the host transcription and translation mechanisms; therefore, differences in the G+C genomic content between cyanophages and their hosts could be a limiting factor for the translation of cyanophage genes. On the basis of comprehensive genomic analyses conducted in this study, we suggest that cyanophages of the Myoviridae family, which can infect both Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, overcome this limitation by carrying additional sets of tRNAs in their genomes accommodating AT-rich codons. Whereas the tRNA genes are less needed when infecting their Prochlorococcus hosts, which possess a similar G+C content to the cyanophage, the additional tRNAs may increase the overall translational efficiency of their genes when infecting a Synechococcus host (with high G+C content), therefore potentially enabling the infection of multiple hosts.
First Australian Experiences With an Oral Volume Restriction Device to Change Eating Behaviors and Assist With Weight Loss
Authors: McGee Toni L. , Grima Mariee T. , Hewson Ian D. , Jones Kay M. , Duke Ellen B. , Dixon John B.
Published: October 2011

Eating behaviors impact satiety and caloric intake so should be considered in any weight‐loss program. A novel custom‐made oral device has been designed to be worn in the upper palate while eating in order to slow eating‐rate and aid weight loss. The aim of this study was to assess the device's potential impact on weight‐loss and gain first impressions among overweight/obese Australians. Twenty participants (M: 6, F: 14, mean age 36 years, BMI 27–33 kg/m2) were enrolled in a 4‐month open‐label trial. Each received a device and nutritionist‐delivered diet plan. Weight, compliance, and acceptability were assessed fortnightly. Anthropometry, biochemical and clinical outcomes were measured at baseline and 16 weeks. Sixteen participants completed the study. Mean weight‐loss was 4.9 ± 0.9 kg, or 5.2 ± 0.9% initial bodyweight (P < 0.001, n = 20, intention‐to‐treat). There were no significant adverse events (AEs), but 65% of participants required device adjustment by the dentist. Compliance (defined as >5 uses/week) was achieved by 80% of participants and correlated positively with weight‐loss (R = 0.68, P = 0.001). All reported that the device was comfortable and reduced bite‐size, promoted chewing and slowed eating‐rate. Most observed either no change, or increased satiety, despite reduced meal sizes. For most, speech difficulties discouraged device use in social settings. All reported greater awareness of food choices, portion sizes and eating‐rate. Subjective control of dietary behaviors, measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), improved significantly. The device should be explored as an adjunct to dietary composition change in weight‐management programs, to assist patients to modify eating behaviors and achieve successful weight‐loss.
Comparisons of Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure in Overweight and Obese Women With and Without Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Raymond Nancy C. , Peterson Roseann E. , Bartholome Lindsay T. , Raatz Susan K. , Jensen Michael D. , Levine James A.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in energy intake or energy expenditure that distinguish overweight/obese women with and without binge eating disorder (BED). Seventeen overweight/obese women with BED and 17 overweight/obese controls completed random 24‐h dietary recall interviews, and had total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) assessed by the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique with concurrent food log data collection. Participants received two baseline dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and had basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thermic effect of food (TEF) measured using indirect calorimetry. Results indicated no between group differences in TDEE, BMR, and TEF. As in our previous work, according to dietary recall data, the BED group had significantly higher caloric intake on days when they had binge eating episodes than on days when they did not (3,255 vs. 2,343 kcal). There was no difference between BED nonbinge day intake and control group intake (2,233 vs. 2,140 kcal). Similar results were found for food log data. Dietary recall data indicated a trend toward higher average daily intake in the BED group (2,587 vs. 2,140 kcal). Furthermore, when comparing TDEE to dietary recall and food log data, both groups displayed significant under‐reporting of caloric intake of similar magnitudes ranging from 20 to 33%. Predicted energy requirements estimated via the Harris—Benedict equation (HBE) underestimated measured TDEE by 23–24%. Our data suggest that increased energy intake reported by BED individuals is due to increased food consumption and not metabolic or under‐reporting differences.