bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsolicited prizes in contests
Authors: Sela Aner
Published: December 2024

We study two identical contests in which players compete against each other in each contest. A player is awarded a prize if he wins one of the contests, and an additional prize if he wins both contests. We show that in the symmetric equilibrium of either simultaneous or sequential contests, each player’s expected payoff decreases with the value of the additional prize for winning both contests, implying that each player would prefer to be rewarded for winning only one of the contests but never for winning both. We then investigate another variant of two interdependent contests and show that, as in the previous models, additional prizes other than those for a single win may be unsolicited by the players.
A cosine similarity-based token subsampling method for vision transformer in cloud computing
Authors: Li Qi , Kaneko Hayata , Meng Lin
Published: December 2024

Deploying huge deep learning applications on resource-constrained edge devices is a challenging task. Cloud-based edge computing is a promising solution. Such as model partitioning, a portion of the deep learning model is deployed on the edge device; while, the remaining portion is executed by the cloud. Leveraging the computation power of edge devices, transmission latency is reduced, and bandwidth efficiency is increased. Recently, visual transformer models, supported by large datasets, have dominated in multiple vision tasks. However, model partitioning optimization methods for visual transformers are lacking. Therefore, the paper proposes a cosine similarity-based token subsampling method for visual transformer model partitioning to improve transmission efficiency. Tokens in the same class are subsampled and only the centroid tokens are uploaded. In the cloud, all tokens are reconstructed based on interpolation indexes. Three algorithm implementations are proposed and measured on PC, Jetson NANO and edge CPU Cortex-A53. The experimental results demonstrate that the recommended algorithm implementation can be executed with low-latency of 71.24 ms, and 35.65% transmitted data is reduced with an accuracy drop of 0.46%.
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical treatment for thoracic malignant tumor cases in Japan: a national clinical database analysis
Authors: Shintani Yasushi , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Sato Yukio , Inoue Masayoshi , Asakura Keisuke , Ito Hiroyuki , Uramoto Hidetaka , Okada Yoshinori , Sato Toshihiko , Fukui Mariko , Hoshikawa Yasushi , Chen-Yoshikawa Toyofumi Fengshi , Chida Masayuki , Ikeda Norihiko , Yoshino Ichiro
Published: December 2024

Objective

Surgical care has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the pandemic on lung cancer and mediastinal tumor surgery.

Methods

Changes in the number of surgical procedures for lung cancer and mediastinal tumors were analyzed using the National Clinical Database of Japan. Patient characteristics, including disease stage and histological type, from 2019 to 2022 were evaluated using annual datasets.

Results

Comparisons with 2019 showed that the number of patients who underwent surgery for primary lung cancer or a mediastinal tumor decreased in 2020 and then remained stable. There were no clinically significant changes in the trend over the four-year period regarding the number of patients for each clinical and pathological stage of lung cancer. Regarding mediastinal tumors, there was no significant difference in tumor size between years. There was a slight change in the selection of surgical indication during the second quarter of 2020, although its impact on annual trends in the stage distribution for lung cancer and primary disease for mediastinal tumors was minimal.

Conclusions

Analyses of lung cancer and mediastinal tumor surgery cases in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic showed no significant disease profile changes related to treatment delay.
In vitro bonding strength of denture teeth to denture base in CAD/CAM-milled, 3D-printed and conventional manufacturing processes
Authors: Löscher Marcel , Hahnel Sebastian , Lang Reinhold , Rosentritt Martin
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To investigate the survival rates and fracture resistance of dentures made from different teeth (milled, 3D-printed, fabricated), bases (milled, 3D-printed, pressed) and bonding combinations.

Materials and methods

Specimens (11 groups, n = 8 per group) were fabricated from combinations with a denture tooth (anterior tooth 21) and a denture base material. The groups consisted of combinations of teeth (6x), denture base materials (5x) and adhesive bonding options (4x). The teeth were printed, milled or prefabricated. The denture base was produced conventionally or was milled or 3D-printed. Two dentures were milled from one industrially produced block. The dentures were subjected to thermal and mechanical loading (TCML) and subsequent fracture test. Statistics: ANOVA, Bonferroni-test, Kaplan-Meier survival, Pearson correlation; α = 0.05.

Results

Mean loading cycles varied between 221,869 (8), 367,610 (11), 513,616 (6) 875,371 (3) and 9,000,030 (4). ANOVA revealed significant (p ≤ 0.001) different surviving cycles. Log Rank test showed significantly (p < 0.001) different loading cycles. Fracture force after TCML varied between 129.8 +/- 97.1 N (3) and 780.8 +/- 62.5 N (9). ANOVA comparison revealed significant (p < 0.001) different fracture loadings between the individual systems. Correlation was found between fracture force and loading cycles (0.587, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Different survival rates and fracture forces were found for dentures made of different teeth (milled, 3D-printed, prefabricated), bases (milled, 3D-printed, pressed) and bonding combinations. Milled, pressed and prefabricated systems provided longer survival and fracture force than the other tested systems.

Clinical relevance

 Optimal tooth-base combinations can help to produce a denture that is stable and resistant during clinical application.
Myotonic dystrophies: an update on clinical features, molecular mechanisms, management, and gene therapy
Authors: Rimoldi Martina , Lucchiari Sabrina , Pagliarani Serena , Meola Giovanni , Comi Giacomo Pietro , Abati Elena
Published: December 2024

Myotonic dystrophies (DM) encompass a group of complex genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness with myotonia and multisystemic involvement. The aim of our paper is to synthesize key findings and advancements in the understanding of DM, and to underline the multidisciplinary approach to DM, emphasizing the importance of genetic counseling, comprehensive clinical care, and symptom management. We discuss the genetic basis of DM, emphasizing the role of repeat expansions in disease pathogenesis, as well as cellular and animal models utilized for studying DM mechanisms and testing potential therapies. Diagnostic challenges, such as determining the size of disease expansions and assessing mosaicism, are elucidated alongside emerging genetic testing methods. Therapeutic strategies, mainly for DM1, are also explored, encompassing small molecules, nucleic acid-based therapies (NATs), and genome/transcriptome engineering. The challenges of such a therapeutic delivery and immunogenic response and the importance of innovative strategies, including viral vectors and AAV serotypes, are highlighted within the text. While no curative treatments have been approved, supportive and palliative care remains essential, with a focus on addressing multisystemic complications and maintaining functional independence. Continued exploration of these therapeutic advancements offers hope for comprehensive disease management and potentially curative therapies for DM1 and related disorders.
Proton beam and carbon ion radiotherapy in skull base chordoma: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression with trial sequential analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Amanda Cyntia Lima Fonseca , Tos Salem M. , Shaaban Ahmed , Mantziaris Georgios , Trifiletti Daniel M. , Sheehan Jason
Published: December 2024

Chordomas are rare, locally aggressive tumors that have a high rate of recurrence, especially at the skull base. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of proton beam therapy (PBT) and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for skull base chordoma. We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Ovid up to November 26, 2023, following the PRISMA statement. Studies involving more than 10 patients with skull base chordoma treated with PBT or CIRT were included. The outcomes analyzed were local control, overall survival, progression-free survival, and toxicities. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel–Haenszel method and the inverse variance method. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 1,145 patients (671 treated with PBT and 474 with CIRT). No significant difference was found between PBT and CIRT for 5-year local control (LC) and overall survival (OS). The only timepoint with a difference in local control was at 3 years, when PBT showed an advantage in local control (90% vs. 83% for CIRT; p = 0.05) and progression-free survival was similar (94% for PBT vs. 83% for CIRT; p = 0.09). Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression revealed no significant influence of predefined parameters on outcomes. Publication bias was suggested by asymmetrical funnel plots. Both PBT and CIRT are effective treatments for skull base chordoma, with comparable long-term efficacy. This meta-analysis underscores the need for individualized treatment approaches and further research to refine these therapies in clinical practice.
GDF-15 as a proxy for epigenetic aging: associations with biological age markers, and physical function
Authors: Torrens-Mas Margalida , Navas-Enamorado Cayetano , Galmes-Panades Aina , Masmiquel Luis , Sanchez-Polo Andrés , Capo Xavier , Gonzalez-Freire Marta
Published: December 2024

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has emerged as a significant biomarker of aging, linked to various physiological and pathological processes. This study investigates circulating GDF-15 levels in a cohort of healthy individuals from the Balearic Islands, exploring its associations with biological age markers, including multiple DNA methylation (DNAm) clocks, physical performance, and other age-related biomarkers. Seventy-two participants were assessed for general health, body composition, and physical function, with GDF-15 levels quantified using ELISA. Our results indicate that GDF-15 levels significantly increase with age, particularly in individuals over 60. Strong positive correlations were observed between GDF-15 levels and DNAm GrimAge, DNAm PhenoAge, Hannum, and Zhang clocks, suggesting that GDF-15 could serve as a proxy for epigenetic aging. Additionally, GDF-15 levels were linked to markers of impaired glycemic control, systemic inflammation, and physical decline, including decreased lung function and grip strength, especially in men. These findings highlight the use of GDF-15 as a biomarker for aging and age-related functional decline. Given that GDF-15 is easier to measure than DNA methylation, it has the potential to be more readily implemented in clinical settings for broader health assessment and management.
Using temperature coefficients to support resonance assignment of intrinsically disordered proteins
Authors: Putko Paulina , Romero Javier Agustin , Pantoja Christian F. , Zweckstetter Markus , Kazimierczuk Krzysztof , Zawadzka-Kazimierczuk Anna
Published: December 2024

The resonance assignment of large intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) is difficult due to the low dispersion of chemical shifts (CSs). Luckily, CSs are often specific for certain residue types, which makes the task easier. Our recent work showed that the CS-based spin-system classification can be improved by applying a linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In this paper, we extend a set of classification parameters by adding temperature coefficients (TCs), i.e., rates of change of chemical shifts with temperature. As demonstrated previously by other groups, the TCs in IDPs depend on a residue type, although the relation is often too complex to be predicted theoretically. Thus, we propose an approach based on experimental data; CSs and TCs values of residues assigned using conventional methods serve as a training set for LDA, which then classifies the remaining resonances. The method is demonstrated on a large fragment (1-239) of highly disordered protein Tau. We noticed that adding TCs to sets of chemical shifts significantly improves the recognition efficiency. For example, it allows distinguishing between lysine and glutamic acid, as well as valine and isoleucine residues based on

$${{\text {H}}^{\text {N}}}$$

H

N

, N,

$${{\text {C}}_\alpha }$$

C
α

and C

$$^{\prime }$$

′

data. Moreover, adding TCs to CSs of

$${{\text {H}}^{\text {N}}}$$

H

N

, N,

$${{\text {C}}_\alpha }$$

C
α

, and C

$$^{\prime }$$

′

is more beneficial than adding

$${{\text {C}}_\beta }$$

C
β

CSs. Our program for LDA analysis is available at https://github.com/gugumatz/LDA-Temp-Coeff.
On Geometric-type Approximations with Applications
Authors: Daly Fraser , Lefèvre Claude
Published: December 2024

We explore two aspects of geometric approximation via a coupling approach to Stein’s method. Firstly, we refine precision and increase scope for applications by convoluting the approximating geometric distribution with a simple translation selected based on the problem at hand. Secondly, we give applications to several stochastic processes, including the approximation of Poisson processes with random time horizons and Markov chain hitting times. Particular attention is given to geometric approximation of random sums, for which explicit bounds are established. These are applied to give simple approximations, including error bounds, for the infinite-horizon ruin probability in the compound binomial risk process.
Is sustainable entrepreneurship profitable? ESG disclosure and the financial performance of SMEs
Authors: Momtaz Paul P. , Parra Isabel M.
Published: December 2024

Sustainability practices have a positive effect on the financial performance of SMEs. We extract ESG-related information for a sample of Spanish SMEs over the period 2012–2022 using tools provided by the Internet Archive to estimate a staggered difference-in-differences model of how the release of new ESG-related information impacts the financial performance of SMEs. ESG-related information can be delivered as an endogenous signal or as an exogenous certification. We show that both types of ESG-related information have a positive effect on SMEs’ financial performance and that both are informational substitutes. We also show that institutional change in the form of the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change moderated the sustainability–performance relation. Specifically, post-Paris, the value-creating impact of exogenous ESG certification increased, while endogenous ESG signals without external certification became ineffective or detrimental. Finally, in line with CSR-as-insurance theory, we show that SMEs with higher performance variability benefit more from sustainability orientation.
Bis(glycinium) oxalate: effect of deuteration, single crystal neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies
Authors: Chitra R. , Choudhury R. R. , Abraham Geogy J.
Published: December 2024

The crystal structure of bis(glycinium) oxalate (BGO) is stabilized by a very strong O–H..O hydrogen bond apart from N–H…O and C-H…O hydrogen bonds. To probe the effect of deuteration on these hydrogen bonds, fully deuterated (FDBGO), C-deuterated(CDBGO), and N-deuterated bis(glycinium) oxalate (NDBGO) crystals were grown. Single crystal neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies were carried out. It was found from neutron diffraction studies that the O…O distance of the O–H…O hydrogen bond reduced on deuteration showing an inverse Ubbelohde effect. The neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies also revealed partial deuteration. The DSC studies showed no phase transition. Variation of the melting point amongst the four crystals was in a very small range from 151 to 158 °C.
Dichromate Contaminated Water Treatment using Novel Crystal Violet Azo Dye- Sulphonated Poly(Glycidyl methacrylate) Nano-Composite Adsorbent
Authors: Tamer Tamer M. , Khalifa Randa E. , Abou-Krisha Mortaga M. , Omer Ahmed M. , Alhamzani Abdulrahman G. , Youssef Mohamed E. , Yousef Tarek A. , Salem Mostafa E. , Mohy-Eldin Mohamed S.
Published: December 2024

In this study, the Cr(VI) metal ions have been removed from dichromate-contaminated water using a novel Azo Dye-Sulphonated Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) nano-composite adsorbent for the first time. Crystal violet Azo dye model (CV) has been immobilized onto nano-sulfonated Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) particles (SPGMA) through the adsorption process to obtain the novel crystal violet Azo Dye-Sulphonated Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) nano-composite adsorbent (CV-SPGMA). The effect of the adsorption conditions on the removal process of Cr (VI) metal ions such as dichromate concentration, adsorption time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dose, and finally agitation speed on the Cr(VI) metal ions removal was studied. The Cr(VI) metal ions removal process has been characterized using isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics models. The developed novel CV-SPGMA nano-composite adsorbent chemical structure and morphology were characterized using characterization tools such as FTIR, TGA, and SEM-EDAX analyses before and after the adsorption process. The developmentof the novel CV-SPGMA nano-composite adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from dichromate-contaminated waters under mild adsorption conditions opens a new field of multiuse of the same adsorbent in the removal of more than one contaminant.
The Norwegian version of the Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2: clinical utility and psychometric properties
Authors: Vigfusdottir Johanna , Høidal Reidun , Breivik Edvard , Jonsbu Egil , Dale Karl Yngvar , Mork Erlend
Published: December 2024

Shame and guilt are universal emotions meant to elicit socially approved behaviors and inhibit antisocial behavior. Excessive feelings of shame and guilt—shame especially—are linked to various destructive behaviors, difficulties in emotion regulation, maladaptive personality traits, psychological difficulties, and negative impacts on treatment outcomes. These make it especially important to have a valid instrument to evaluate the mechanisms related to these emotions. No validated self-report instrument measuring generalized shame and guilt was available in Norwegian. The Personal Feelings Questionnaire (PFQ-2) is designed to measure the level of generalized shame and guilt. This project’s aim was to translate the PFQ-2 into Norwegian and evaluate the clinical utility and psychometric properties of a Norwegian version of the PFQ-2. Data were collected from students at a local university college in Norway (N = 320, age: M = 25.4, SD = 8) and patients at a local outpatient psychiatric hospital (N = 53, age: M = 31.4, SD = 10.43). To be able to evaluate the factor structure of the Norwegian version of the PFQ-2, the dataset was divided in two by random selection with a 50/50 split. First an Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on one half of the sample (N = 180) and then a Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the other half (N = 193). According to the EFA the factor structure was similar to the original factor structure, with the exception of one item (item 6). Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good goodness of fit for the two factors measuring shame and guilt. The internal consistency was high in both subscales (shame, α = 0.818, and guilt, α = 0.834). The instrument showed further adequate construct validity, where the clinical sample experienced greater shame than the community sample (M = 17, SD = 6.887 vs. M = 13, SD = 5.311) and stronger guilt (M = 18, SD = 5.248 vs. M = 14, SD = 15.210). The subscales correlated with other constructs, as expected. The PFQ-2—with the suggested adjustment of moving one item (item 6) from the shame scale to the guilt scale—can be used to evaluate the levels of feelings of shame and guilt among adults in Norway.
Utility of Surgical Apgar Score in Predicting Post-operative Complications After Whipple Procedure in Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Authors: Howbora Nilanjana , Thota Raghu S. , Pargunde Sagar , Patil Vijaya , Agarwal Vandana , Bhandare Manish , Shrikhande Shailesh V.
Published: December 2024

An intraoperative 10-point Surgical Apgar Score, based on estimated blood loss, lowest mean arterial pressure, and lowest heart rate, was developed and validated for predicting postoperative complications in patients undergoing vascular and general surgeries. We sought to estimate the ability of this metric to predict major postoperative complications in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing the Whipple procedure. This is a prospective, observational, single-centre study involving adult patients undergoing the Whipple procedure, at a major tertiary cancer centre. All eligible patients undergoing Whipple surgery in our institute between March 2018 and October 2021 were included in the study. Demographic data, clinicopathological characteristics, comorbidities, intraoperative variables, and postoperative complications were analyzed. The surgical score was calculated from intraoperative blood loss, lowest heart rate, and lowest mean arterial pressure. All the patients were followed up till 30 days postoperatively. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analyses were used as appropriate. The occurrence of major postoperative complications represented the primary outcome. A total of 253 patients were analyzed. The mean duration of surgery was 436 min. On statistical analyses, the occurrence of major postoperative complications was significantly associated with SAS ≤ 4 (OR = 8.00, 95% CI = 3.78–16.93, p = 0.000), use of intraoperative vasopressor (OR = 2.247, 95% CI = 1.312–3.846, p = 0.003), and body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.074, 95% CI = 1.010–1.142, p = 0.022). However, we did not find any significant association between other demographic variables like age, comorbidities, duration of surgery, and preoperative s. albumin with the occurrence of postoperative complications. Lower SAS (≤ 4) is the most powerful predictor of postoperative complications in pancreatic cancer patients undergoing Whipple surgery. The score provides a simple and immediate means of measuring and communicating patient outcomes, using data routinely available in any setting.
Advances in tabulating Carmichael numbers
Authors: Shallue Andrew , Webster Jonathan
Published: December 2024

We report that there are 49679870 Carmichael numbers less than $$10^{22}$$

10
22

which is an order of magnitude improvement on Richard Pinch’s prior work. We find Carmichael numbers of the form $$n = Pqr$$

n
=
P
q
r

using an algorithm bifurcated by the size of P with respect to the tabulation bound B. For $$P < 7 \times 10^7$$

P
<
7
×

10
7

, we found 35985331 Carmichael numbers and 1202914 of them were less than $$10^{22}$$

10
22

. When $$P > 7 \times 10^7$$

P
>
7
×

10
7

, we found 48476956 Carmichael numbers less than $$10^{22}$$

10
22

. We provide a comprehensive overview of both cases of the algorithm. For the large case, we show and implement asymptotically faster ways to tabulate compared to the prior tabulation. We also provide an asymptotic estimate of the cost of this algorithm. It is interesting that Carmichael numbers are worst case inputs to this algorithm. So, providing a more robust asymptotic analysis of the cost of the algorithm would likely require resolution of long-standing open questions regarding the asymptotic density of Carmichael numbers.
Application of a Scale Normalization Technique for High Resolution Analysis of the Magnetosheath at Mars
Authors: Fruchtman Jacob , Halekas Jasper , Eparvier Francis G. , Gruesbeck Jacob , Mazelle Christian , Mitchell David
Published: December 2024

In order to study spatial distributions of global magnetosheath structures, physicists often rely upon spatial binning, whereby space is divided into cells, each filled with the average value of all spacecraft measurements within that cell. The traditional binning schema utilizes a fixed Cartesian grid of cube bins. The morphology of the magnetosheath's boundaries are not fixed, however, but driven by upstream and planetary conditions. Therefore, the spatial structures are not fixed in Cartesian space, and thus a Cartesian binning technique will produce a highly coarse grained spatial distribution. We propose an alternative binning technique utilizing a scale normalized dimensionless coordinate system defined in terms of magnetosheath morphology. To demonstrate the efficacy of this technique, we apply a basic implementation to the Martian system. We are thereby able to achieve a high‐resolution spatial mapping of bow shock and magnetosheath processes and resolve spatial structures that are washed out when binned traditionally. In particular, we can resolve the shock overshoot, analyze the dominant forces acting at the shock, and obtain fine‐scale distributions of the bulk ion plasma magnetosheath forces and thermalization mechanisms. Magnetic tension and magnetic pressure gradient are compared. The ion pressure divergence at the shock is found to significantly vary in line with the solar wind temperature anisotropy. The dependency of the mirror mode instability on location and Mach number, and its implications for thermalization processes in the small Martian magnetosheath are investigated.
Exploring Optimal Complexity for Water Stress Representation in Terrestrial Carbon Models: A Hybrid‐Machine Learning Model Approach
Authors: Fang J. , Gentine P.
Published: December 2024

Terrestrial biosphere models offer a comprehensive view of the global carbon cycle by integrating ecological processes across scales, yet they introduce significant uncertainties in climate and biogeochemical projections due to diverse process representations and parameter variations. For instance, different soil water limitation functions lead to wide productivity ranges across models. To address this, we propose the Differentiable Land Model (DifferLand), a novel hybrid machine learning approach replacing unknown water limitation functions in models with neural networks (NNs) to learn from data. Using automatic differentiation, we calibrated the embedded NN and the physical model parameters against daily observations of evapotranspiration, gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and leaf area index across 16 FLUXNET sites. We evaluated six model configurations where NNs simulate increasingly complex soil water and photosynthesis interactions against test data sets to find the optimal structure‐performance tradeoff. Our findings show that a simple hybrid model with a univariate NN effectively captures site‐level water and carbon fluxes on a monthly timescale. Across a global aridity gradient, the magnitude of water stress limitation varies, but its functional form consistently converges to a piecewise linear relationship with saturation at high water levels. While models incorporating more interactions between soil water and meteorological drivers better fit observations at finer time scales, they risk overfitting and equifinality issues. Our study demonstrates that hybrid models have great potential in learning unknown parameterizations and testing ecological hypotheses. Nevertheless, careful structure‐performance tradeoffs are warranted in light of observational constraints to translate the retrieved relationships into robust process understanding.
Strong Relativistic Electron Flux Events in GPS Orbit
Authors: Meredith Nigel P. , Cayton Thomas E. , Cayton Michael D. , Horne Richard B.
Published: December 2024

Relativistic electrons cause internal charging on satellites and are a significant space weather hazard. In this study we analyze approximately 20 years of data from the US Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite NS41 to determine the conditions associated with the largest daily averaged fluxes of  = 2.0 MeV relativistic electrons. The largest flux events at  = 4.5 and  = 6.5 were associated with moderate to strong CME‐driven geomagnetic storms. However, the majority of the 50 largest flux events at  = 4.5 (30 out of 50) and  = 6.5 (37 out of 50) were associated with high speed solar wind streams from coronal holes. Both solar drivers are thus very important for relativistic electron flux enhancements in GPS orbit. The 1 in 3 year flux level was not exceeded following any of the 15 largest geomagnetic storms as monitored by the index, showing that the largest geomagnetic storms, most often associated with extreme space weather, do not result in significantly larger relativistic electron flux events in GPS orbit.
Revolutionary dual nanofiller embedded nanofiltration membranes: fabricated CQDs and PMO-PPD modified membranes for experimental design optimization of simultaneous removal of Pb(ii), MO, and NaCl from wastewater
Authors: Mehrjo Farzad , Shahbazi Afsaneh
Published: December 2024

This study introduces a revolutionary nanofiltration membrane capable of significantly enhancing the removal of Pb(ii), MO, and NaCl from industrial wastewater.
Recent advances in SERS assays for detection of multiple extracellular vesicles biomarkers for cancer diagnosis
Authors: Duffield Chloe , Rey Gomez Laura M. , Tsao Simon Chang-Hao , Wang Yuling
Published: December 2024

This review provides insights on recent advances using label-free and label-based SERS assays for detecting multiple small extracellular vesicle biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, including issues surrounding their translation from lab to clinic.
Computationally efficient data‐driven model predictive control for modular multilevel converters
Authors: Raja Muneeb Masood , Wang Haoran , Arshad Muhammad Haseeb , Kish Gregory J. , Zhao Qing
Published: December 2024

The application of model predictive control (MPC) for the control of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) is widely explored because it offers flexibility in integrating multiobjective control and delivers superior dynamic response. Nonetheless, the increase in computational complexity due to the rise in the number of submodules (SMs) is one of the major drawbacks of this technique. This paper presents a finite control set model predictive control (FCS‐MPC) that significantly reduces the computational complexity by employing sparse identification of non‐linear systems (SINDy) to obtain a simplified linear model for the MMC. The SINDy model reduces the complexity of performing the prediction step by integrating input terms into the dynamics of load current and circulating current. This simplifies the implementation compared to the conventional FCS‐MPC approaches by eliminating the need to evaluate the voltage dynamics. The computational burden is further reduced while maintaining voltage levels at the output by restricting the number of combinations for the inserted SMs to only instead of . A detailed comparison between the proposed technique and the existing strategies demonstrates that the proposed technique offers a more computationally efficient solution for implementing FCS‐MPC on MMCs, while improving the circulating current suppression due to more accurate predictions. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed approach.
Improving coverage of indoor millimetre wave systems using spherical reflectors
Authors: Qualtrough‐Mittal Priya A. , Neve Michael J. , Austin Andrew C. M.
Published: December 2024

The increased demand for user device connectivity has led to spectral congestion which is driving exploration of higher frequency spectrum, such as millimetre wave frequencies. As millimetre wave propagation is predominantly line‐of‐sight, shadowing becomes prevalent in indoor environments due to obstructions from clutter. Accordingly, there is a need to find solutions which can provide additional coverage. In this work, octant‐shaped spherical reflectors are deployed in small office environments with varying degrees of clutter to provide additional ray paths to improve millimetre wave coverage into shadow regions. Cost weightings have been allocated to prioritise regions of high importance and are used to compare reflector deployment strategies. Appropriate positioning of reflectors in the environment is shown to improve coverage into shadow regions in all three environments considered, with placement in the top corners of a room found to be a valid solution. In densely cluttered environments, more than one reflector may be required to provide sufficient coverage. Reducing the reflector radius by 0.1 m has been shown to increase reflected power by up to 6 dB in some cases.
Advanced beamforming and reflection control in intelligent reflecting surfaces with integrated channel estimation
Authors: Monga Sakhshra , Singh Anmol Rattan , Saluja Nitin , Prabha Chander , Malhotra Shivani , Karim Asif , Hassan Md. Mehedi
Published: December 2024

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) enhance wireless communication by optimising signal reflection from the base station (BS) towards users. The passive nature of IRS components makes tuning phase shifters difficult and direct channel measurement problematic. This study presents a machine learning framework that directly maximises the beamformers at the BS and the reflective coefficients at the IRS, bypassing conventional methods that estimate channels before optimising system parameters. This is achieved by mapping incoming pilot signals and data, including user positions, with a deep neural network (DNN), guiding an optimal setup. User interactions are captured using a permutation‐invariant graph neural network (GNN) architecture. Simulation results show that implicit channel estimation method requires fewer pilots than standard approaches, effectively learns to optimise sum rate or minimum‐rate targets, and generalises well. Specifically, the sum rate for GDNNet (GNN + DNN) improves by over linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) and by over perfect CSI concerning the number of users, and by over LMMSE and by over perfect CSI concerning pilot length. Offering a feasible solution with reduced computing complexity for real‐world applications, the proposed GNN + DNN method outperforms conventional model‐based techniques such as LMMSE and approaches the performance of perfect CSI, demonstrating its high effectiveness in various scenarios.
Thermal analysis of mineral oil‐based nanofluids of distribution transformers exposed to simultaneous current and voltage harmonics
Authors: Abdali Ali , Mazlumi Kazem , Rabiee Abbas
Published: December 2024

The exact thermal evaluation of distribution transformers (DTs), which are critical and costly pieces of equipment for the power grids, may contribute to preventing the respective failures. Therefore, the present study non‐uniformly investigated DT for correct anticipation of hotspot temperature (HST). Optical fibre sensors (OFSs) were applied for assessing our newly developed non‐uniform 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD)‐based modelling while performing the temperature rise test (TRT). It should be noted that this new 3D CFD‐based thermal analysis showed an error percentage of 0.11% (0.1°C) in comparison to the OFS measurement, reflecting the ideal efficiency and accuracy of the model. Moreover, thermography for both top‐oil temperature (TOT) and bottom‐oil temperature (BOT) was employed to validate the results from non‐uniform 3D (three‐dimensional) CFD‐based thermal evaluations. The results indicated an acceptable level of relationship between thermography and thermal analysis of 3D CFD at the specified two spots, with an error percentage of <0.65%, demonstrating the acceptable accuracy of the new non‐uniform 3D CFD‐based model. In the following, yet importantly, the new non‐uniform 3D model was subjected to the total harmonic distortions (THD) for the current and voltage of 5%, 10%, and 15%, which raised the HST more than the original model without harmonics by 3.3°C, 7.1°C, and 10.3°C, respectively. Ultimately, different mineral oil‐based nanofluids’, such as multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and diamond nanoparticles, influence on the HST decrement of DT in simultaneous current and voltage harmonics was investigated.
Low‐frequency oscillation damping strategy for power system based on virtual dual‐input power system stabilizer
Authors: Lu Shengyang , Wu Meng , Liu Jia , Wang Haixin , Yang Luyu , Liu Qingshan , Yang Junyou , Sui Yuqiu
Published: December 2024

To keep pace with the construction of the new‐type power system, virtual synchronous generator control, as a classical method of virtual inertia control, has been widely adopted due to its electromechanical characteristics similar to synchronous generator. However, the introduction of rotor motion equations leads to low‐frequency oscillation issues in virtual synchronous generator units similar to synchronous machines. To address this challenge, this paper constructs the Phillips‐Heffron model of the virtual synchronous generator grid‐connected system and analyses the mechanism of low‐frequency oscillation in virtual synchronous generator through the damping torque method. Subsequently, a virtual dual‐input power system stabilizer is proposed by drawing inspiration from the design principles of the traditional dual‐input power system stabilizer to suppress low‐frequency oscillations in the power system. The structure of the virtual dual‐input power system stabilizer is provided, and the phase compensation method is used to optimize the parameters of the virtual dual‐input power system stabilizer. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed virtual dual‐input power system stabilizer is verified by simulation comparison.
Use of a Novel Virtual Reality-Based Pupillography Device for Glaucoma Management: Cross-Sectional Cohort Pilot Study
Authors: El-Koussy Karim , Höhn René , Falcão Mariana B. L. , Hauser Bruno , Naidu Avantika , Abegg Mathias
Published: December 2024

Background Current standard methods in monitoring glaucoma progression, like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and standard automated perimetry (SAP), have limitations in certain cases. Automated relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and pupillary light reflex (PLR) testing may offer more objective alternatives. This pilot study aimed to evaluate whether RAPD could sufficiently distinguish between the two eyes in asymmetrical glaucoma, and thus could lay the foundation for using the PLR of a single eye to monitor progression longitudinally.

Methods Twenty-one patients underwent quantitative PLR measurements using a virtual reality headset. RAPD was calculated by subtracting the amplitude of PLRs between eyes. Both RAPD and relative SAP (measured using the mean defect or MD) results were correlated to the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), as measured by OCT.

Results Data from 18 patients was analyzed after exclusions. RAPD significantly correlated with differences between the two eyes as measured by RNFL thickness (Pearson r = 0.79, p = 0.05). MD differences correlated slightly better with RNFL differences (Pearson r = 0.87, p < 0.05). RAPD and MD combined yielded an improved prediction of RNFL differences by 5% compared to using MD only.

Conclusions RAPD measurements reliably detected asymmetries in optic nerve damage in glaucoma patients. SAP measurements correlated better with OCT results than RAPD results. However, SAP and RAPD combined led to an improved prediction of RNFL thickness. This could possibly allow us to use PLR only over longer periods of time to monitor glaucomatous optic nerve damage in a single eye in the future.
Alignment Strategies in Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Rise and Role of Enabling Technology
Authors: Chen Darren B.
Published: December 2024

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains the gold standard surgical care for end-stage knee arthritis. Since its inception, TKA has seen many transformative factors with advances in material properties, implant design, and fixation. Improvements in implant longevity has culminated in TKA being recognized as one of modern medicine's most successful surgical procedures. Patient satisfaction, however, remains a significant challenge. Recent studies report that patient satisfaction with current implants and techniques remains at 80 to 90%, suggesting that up to one in five patients remain dissatisfied with their procedure. A balanced knee, defined as equal medial and lateral gaps in knee extension and flexion, is a desired outcome in TKA. This has been shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. Given the poor rate of surgeon-defined balance, intraoperative knee balance can be confirmed with objective load data using sensor-embedded smart inserts or by measuring gaps using computer-assisted or robotic platforms. Currently, there is no consensus on the correct alignment or laxity targets for individualized alignment strategies in TKA, and further research in this area is required to answer this. Tremendous advances in our understanding of knee anatomy and kinematics have come to light in the recent past, and these insights have spawned interest in alternative alignment techniques in TKA. More recently, an appreciation of individual knee phenotypes and associated classification systems have provided a platform and the scientific justification behind these contemporary alignment strategies. Paired with enabling technologies, it is becoming an accepted paradigm that surgeons have the ability to select a desired alignment target when undertaking an individualized alignment strategy in TKA and execute the surgery with a high degree of precision. It is hoped that this may reduce the rate of dissatisfaction following TKA and improve clinical outcomes. This review article provides an overview of the concepts of knee phenotypes, current alignment strategies in TKA, and the emerging benefits of enabling technologies.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfonamides Intermediates
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Jianli , Su Weike
Published: December 2024

Sulfonamides are one of the most important synthons in drug synthesis, which can increase the water solubility of drugs and regulate their metabolism in vivo. According to statistics, nearly 30% of sulfur-containing drugs on the market contain sulfonamide groups, including omeprazole, hydrochlorothiazide, and other best-selling drugs. Synthesis of sulfonamide is therefore a very important part of new drug development and active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing. In this review, we will focus on the recent 5-year advances in the field of synthetic research and structural modification of sulfonamide-containing drugs and their intermediates. The synthesis strategies, including S−N construction, C−N cross-coupling, N−H functionalization, and C−H sulfonamidation, are discussed, hoping to provide new ideas for the researchers to prepare sulfonamides in a green and efficient way.
Physical properties of quasi-one-dimensional transition-metal chalcogenides (Review)
Authors: Pashitskii É. A. , Shchetkin I. S.
Published: December 2024

Experimental data on the synthesis, structure, and electrical, magnetic, and thermophysical properties of quasi-one-dimensional transition-metal chalcogenides are given. Special features of the structural transitions to the charge-density-wave state and the superconducting transition are discussed.
Dynamics of the cylindrical superconducting domain lattice in a type-I superconductor
Authors: Gorobets Yu. I. , Zyubanov A. E.
Published: December 2024

The vibrations of a lattice of cylindrical superconducting domains are considered in the low-domain-density approximation. The normal-mode frequencies and the dependence of the amplitude of the forced vibrations on the amplitude of the external variable magnetic field are found.
Relation between thermopower and electrical conductivity in the alkali metals at low temperatures
Authors: Il’evskii V. I.
Published: December 2024

We have developed a diffusion approach to the analysis of thermopower in metals with a spherical Fermi surface under conditions where relaxation is due to small-angle electron–phonon scattering. We derive an equation relating the thermopower S = Sv + Sp + Su and the electrical resistivity ρT. Here Sv and Sp have the familiar generally valid temperature dependences Sv ∼ − T and Sp ∼ − T3, while the contribution of the Umklapp processes Su is expressed very accurately in terms of the electical resistivity, Su ∼ T−1ρT. This can be used to interpret the temperature dependence of S in K and Na at low temperatures in detail.
Diffusion processes in the plastic deformation of solid argon
Authors: Leont’eva A. V. , Marinin G. A. , Romanusha V. A. , Feoktistov Yu. A.
Published: December 2024

The creep of crystalline argon under uniaxial tension is investigated in the 0.9−0.6 Tm temperature range. It is shown that the plastic deformation of argon is due to a Weertman mechanism of dislocation climb. This is indicated by direct microscopic observations of the subgrain bound motion in argon during creep. The data obtained are compared with the results of investigations of the plasticity of solid hydrogen and helium.
Coupling of the phonons of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal with the second surface sound in helium and surface waves of a solid substrate
Authors: Monarkha Yu. P.
Published: December 2024

It is shown that under the conditions of a strong electron–ripplon interaction the possibility arises of the coupling of the phonons of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal with the surface and volume collective excitations of liquid helium (second surface sound, phonons, etc.) as well as with surface waves of a solid substrate. A dispersion equation is found that describes this kind of coupled oscillations. It is shown that the phonon branches specific to an electron crystal can be excited effectively by using the sound waves listed above.
Angular dependence of the Pippard oscillations of sound absorption in metals
Authors: Kaganov M. I. , Lisovskaya T. Yu.
Published: December 2024

We calculate the angular dependences of the amplitudes and phases of Pippard oscillations of ultrasound absorption by metals in magnetic field H. It is shown that the presence of lines of parabolic points on the Fermi surface can cause anomalies in the dependence of the absorption coeffcient on the direction of H. The character of these anomalies depends substantially on the geometry of the experiment and on the local structure of the Fermi surface.
Low-temperature thermal conductivity of tantalum
Authors: Merisov B. A. , Ermolaev A. M. , Krasnokutskii A. V. , Azumai N. , Khotkevich V. I.
Published: December 2024

We present the results of measurements of the thermal conductivity of tantalum with ρ300/ρ4.2 ratios = 400, 70, 24, and 17 in the temperature range 4.5−200 °K and discuss the results on the basis of Mott’s two-band model.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of substitutional impurities on the vibrational characteristics of anisotropic crystals at low temperatures
Authors: Popov V. P. , Syrkin E. S. , Feodos’ev S. B.
Published: December 2024

Using Peresada’s computational method with a concrete lattice model, we study the lifting of the degeneracy of a quasilocal vibration due to the presence of a heavy isotropic impurity in an anisotropic crystal. Experimentally, this is observed in measurements of the linear expansion of a beryllium–copper alloy.