bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Abundance and Community Structure of N-Cycling Bacteria in Paddy Rhizosphere Soil under Different Rice Cultivation Patterns
Authors: Yi Xiaomei , Yuan Jing , Zhu Yuanhong , Yi Xiaojian , Zhao Qi , Fang Kaikai , Cao Linkui
Published: November 2018

Eco-agricultural systems aim to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in order to improve sustainable production and maintain a healthy ecosystem. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of rice-frog farming on the bacterial community and N-cycling microbes in paddy rhizosphere soil. This experiment involved three rice cultivation patterns: Conventionally cultivated rice (CR), green rice-frog farming (GR), and organic rice-frog farming (OR). The rice yield, paddy soil enzyme activities, physicochemical variables and bacterial and N-cycling bacterial abundances were quantitatively analyzed. Rice-frog cultivations significantly increased soil protease, nitrate and reductase activity. Additionally, the nirS gene copy number and the relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria also increased, however urease activity and the relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria significantly decreased. The bacterial community richness and diversity of OR soil was significantly higher than that of the GR or CR soil. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of GR was highest. The N-cycling bacterial community was positively correlated with the total carbon (TC), total nitrogren (TN) and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. The present work strengthens our current understanding of the soil bacterial community structure and its functions under rice-frog farming. The present work also provides certain theoretical support for the selection of rational rice cultivation patterns.
Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Cancer in the Elderly
Authors: Ayroldi Emira , Cannarile Lorenza , Adorisio Sabrina , Delfino Domenico V. , Riccardi Carlo
Published: November 2018

Although not a disease itself, aging represents a risk factor for many aging-related illnesses, including cancer. Numerous causes underlie the increased incidence of malignancies in the elderly, for example, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations that occur at cellular level, which also involve the immune cells. The progressive decline of the immune system functions that occurs in aging defines immunosenescence, and includes both innate and adaptive immunity; the latter undergoes major alterations. Aging and chronic stress share the abnormal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation, where altered peripheral glucocorticoids (GC) levels and chronic stress have been associated with accelerated cellular aging, premature immunosenescence, and aging-related diseases. Consequently, changes in GC levels and sensitivity contribute to the signs of immunosenescence, namely fewer naïve T cells, poor immune response to new antigens, decreased cell-mediated immunity, and thymic involution. GC signaling alterations also involve epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, with transcription modifications that may contribute to immunosenescence. Immune cell aging leads to decreased levels of immunosurveillance, thereby providing tumor cells one more route for immune system escape. Here, the contribution of GC secretion and signaling dysregulation to the increased incidence of tumorigenesis in the elderly is reviewed.
The Effects of Group and Home-Based Exercise Programs in Elderly with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tsekoura Maria , Billis Evdokia , Tsepis Elias , Dimitriadis Zacharias , Matzaroglou Charalampos , Tyllianakis Minos , Panagiotopoulos Elias , Gliatis John
Published: November 2018

Physical exercise is effective for sarcopenic elderly but evidence for the most effective mode of exercise is conflicting. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a three-month group-based versus home-based exercise program on muscular, functional/physical performance and quality of life (QoL) across elderly with sarcopenia. 54 elderly (47 women, 7 men aged 72.87 ± 7 years) were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: supervised group (n = 18), individualized home-based exercise (n = 18) and control group (n = 18). Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, calf measurement with inelastic tape and strength assessments (grip and knee muscle strength) via hand-held and isokinetic dynamometers. Functional assessments included four-meter (4 m), Τimed-Up and Go (TUG) and chair stand (CS) tests. QoL was assessed with Greek Sarcopenia Quality of Life (SarQol_GR) questionnaire. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention (week 12), and 3 months post-intervention (week 24). Significant group x time interactions (p < 0.001) were observed in QoL, calf circumference, TUG, CS, and 4 m tests, grip and knee muscle strength. Group-based compared to home-based exercise yielded significant improvements (p < 0.05) in muscle mass index, CS and 4 m tests, calf circumference, muscle strength at 12 weeks. Most improvements at 24 weeks were reported with grouped exercise. No changes were found across the control group. Results suggest group-based exercise was more effective than home-based for improving functional performance.
Metformin Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells and Exerts Pro-Osteogenic Effect Stimulating Bone Regeneration
Authors: Śmieszek Agnieszka , Tomaszewski Krzysztof , Kornicka Katarzyna , Marycz Krzysztof
Published: November 2018

Metformin, the gold standard in type 2 diabetes treatment, is a drug with multi-faceted effects. Currently, metformin has gained much attention as an agent that may find application in regenerative medicine. In this study, we considered its pro-osteogenic function in the course of in vitro osteogenesis of multipotent stromal cells derived from rat adipose tissue (rASCs). In addition, we evaluated the effect of metformin treatment on bone metabolism in a model of cranial defect in nondiabetic rats. In vitro study showed that metformin that is introduced to the culture medium at concentration equal 500 µM may promote the differentiation of rASCs into bone-forming cells, which express mRNA and secrets proteins that are related to the functional tissue (namely, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin). Osteogenic effect of metformin, as determined using in vitro model, was also manifested with the formation of mineralized extracellular matrix rich calcium and phosphorous deposits. We have also found, that in undifferentiated rASCs, metformin significantly activates a critical regulatory factor for osteogenic differentiation, i.e., AMPK. Moreover, using in vivo model we showed metformin administration at a dose of 250 mg/kg/day accelerated bone healing and the formation of mature tissue at a fracture site in rat cranial defect model. The obtained results shed promising light on metformin application in regenerative orthopedics, both as an agent improving functionality of ASCs for therapeutic transplantation, as well as a medication enhancing the bone healing process.
Incidence Rates and Risk of Hospital Registered Infections among Schizophrenia Patients before and after Onset of Illness: A Population-Based Nationwide Register Study
Authors: Pankiewicz-Dulacz Monika , Stenager Egon , Chen Ming , Stenager Elsebeth
Published: November 2018

Infections in schizophrenia patients are associated with an increased premature mortality. However, our knowledge about the burden of infections in schizophrenia is scarce. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the prevalence of clinically important hospital registered infections in the period of five years prior to and five years after the diagnosis, (2) estimate the risk of infections before and after the schizophrenia diagnosis and, (3) evaluate the impact of comorbidity on the risk of infections in schizophrenia. Using combined data from Danish national registers, we sampled a cohort of all persons born in Denmark in the period 1975–1990 and obtained health-related records from 1995–2013. Occurrence patterns and the risk of infections were measured as annual incidence rates and incidence rates ratios, estimated using Poisson models. Medical conditions from the Charlson Index were considered as a measure of comorbidity. The analyses showed that schizophrenia patients had a significantly elevated risk of almost all types of hospital registered infections during the period of the study when compared to the controls. Comorbidity increased rates of infections by 176%. The results suggest that the risk of infections is elevated in the schizophrenia population and physical illness is an important risk factor.
Inflation Propensity of Collatz Orbits: A New Proof-of-Work for Blockchain Applications
Authors: Bocart Fabian
Published: November 2018

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin rely on a proof-of-work system to validate transactions and prevent attacks or double-spending. A new proof-of-work is introduced which seems to be the first number theoretic proof-of-work unrelated to primes: it is based on a new metric associated to the Collatz algorithm whose natural generalization is algorithmically undecidable: the inflation propensity is defined as the cardinality of new maxima in a developing Collatz orbit. It is numerically verified that the distribution of inflation propensity slowly converges to a geometric distribution of parameter 0.714 ≈ ( π − 1 ) 3 as the sample size increases. This pseudo-randomness opens the door to a new class of proofs-of-work based on congruential graphs.
“Compatibilization” through Elongational Flow Processing of LDPE/PA6 Blends
Authors: Mistretta Maria Chiara , Morreale Marco , Botta Luigi , Ceraulo Manuela , Fontana Paolo , La Mantia Francesco Paolo
Published: November 2018

Polyamide/polyolefin blends have gained attention from the academia and the industry for several years. However, in order to optimize their properties, some drawbacks such as chemical incompatibility must be adequately overcome. This can be done by adding suitable compatibilizers. On the other hand, it is less known that suitable processing techniques may also lead to significant results. In a previous work on a low-density polyethylene/polyamide 6 (LDPE/PA6) blend, we found that the orientation due to elongational flow processing conditions could lead to an unexpected brittle–ductile transition. In this work, this phenomenon was further investigated and the attention was mainly focused on the effects that processing can have on the morphology and, as a consequence, on the final properties of a polymer blends. With regard to LDPE/PA6 blend, an important result was found, i.e., the effects on the ductility induced by the elongational flow orientation are similar to those obtained by using an ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate compatibilizer.
Formation of Subwavelength Periodic Triangular Arrays on Tungsten through Double-Pulsed Femtosecond Laser Irradiation
Authors: Qiao Hongzhen , Yang Jianjun , Li Jing , Liu Qi , Liu Jie , Guo Chunlei
Published: November 2018

We present a mask-free strategy for fabricating two-dimensional subwavelength periodic triangular arrays on tungsten, by focusing two orthogonally polarized and temporally delayed femtosecond laser beams using a cylindrical lens. In stark contrast to the commonly observed structures of either a single ablation spot or a one-dimensional grating, we obtained highly uniform periodic triangular arrays on the laser-exposed surface, with three equilateral sides each of 480 nm in length and about 100 nm in modulation depth. The triangular features varied with both the laser energy and the scanning speed. We found that the optical reflectivity of such a surface reduces significantly within the spectral range of 700–2500 nm. The triangular structure morphology can also be controlled by varying the time delay between the two laser beams.
First Principles Study of Tritium Diffusion in Li2TiO3 Crystal with Lithium Vacancy
Authors: Li Kun , Yang Wen , Wang Wei-Hua , Li Yong-Tang
Published: November 2018

Li2TiO3 is one of the most significant breeder materials and has potential applications in future fusion reactors. Defect models with three types of lithium vacancies were considered to study the diffusion behavior of tritium in Li2TiO3 by the density functional theory calculations. The possible tritium adsorption sites inside the lithium vacancy were examined and analyzed. The energy barrier of all diffusion paths between different adsorption sites was calculated and the minimum energy barrier is about 0.45 eV, which indicates that the tritium atom diffuses freely inside the lithium vacancy; when a tritium diffuses across the crystal in the typical three directions, our results reveal that the tritium atom prefers to move along the [010] direction. Furthermore, we found that the minimum energy barrier for the tritium atom to escape the trap of Li vacancy is 0.76 eV. After the tritium jumping out of the Li vacancy, the minimum energy barrier is 0.5 eV for the tritium atom diffusing in the crystal. Therefore, we predict that tritium can easily escape from the trap of the Li vacancy and then diffuse across the crystal. Such results are beneficial to the tritium release process in Li2TiO3 and could provide theoretical guidance for the future applications of the Li2TiO3 materials.
Single Crystalline Iron Silicide and Beta-Iron Disilicide Nanowires Formed through Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Huang Wei-Jie , Chen Yu-Yang , Hsu Hsiu-Ming , Lu Kuo-Chang
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we report the synthesis of iron silicide and β-iron disilicide nanowires with chemical vapor deposition; remarkably, the latter has drawn much attention but has seldom been achieved. We also propose the formation mechanisms for the two phases. To investigate the effects of the growth parameters on compositions and morphologies of the iron silicide nanowires, we changed and studied the reaction time, substrate temperature, position of samples, and pressure. The reaction concentration was found to be altered by all of the parameters; thus, we observed different nanowires in terms of morphologies and compositions with scanning electron microscopy. To confirm the growth direction and crystal structure of the nanowires, we conducted x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies. With the potential of being utilized as circuit elements in electronic devices for Schottky barriers, ohmic contacts, and interconnection among silicon-based transistors, the silicide work at nanoscale is beneficial for nanoelectronics. Understanding the effects of these growth parameters facilitates the control of nanowire growth with better quality.
Fabrication of La2O3 Uniformly Doped Mo Nanopowders by Solution Combustion Synthesis Followed by Reduction under Hydrogen
Authors: Gu Siyong , Qin Mingli , Zhang Houan , Ma Jidong
Published: November 2018

This work reports the preparation of La2O3 uniformly doped Mo nanopowders with the particle sizes of 40–70 nm by solution combustion synthesis and subsequent hydrogen reduction (SCSHR). To reach this aim, the foam-like MoO2 precursors (20–40 nm in size) with different amounts of La2O3 were first synthesized by a solution combustion synthesis method. Next, these precursors were used to prepare La2O3 doped Mo nanopowders through hydrogen reduction. Thus, the content of La2O3 used for doping can be accurately controlled via the SCSHR route to obtain the desired loading degree. The successful doping of La2O3 into Mo nanopowders with uniform distribution were proved by X-ray photon spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The preservation of the original morphology and size of the MoO2 precursor by the La2O3 doped Mo nanopowders was attributed to the pseudomorphic transport mechanism occurring at 600 °C. As shown by X-ray diffraction, the formation of Mo2C impurity, which usually occurs in the direct H2 reduction process, can be avoided by using the Ar calcination-H2 reduction process, when residual carbon is removed by the carbothermal reaction during Ar calcination at 500 °C.
A Comprehensive Approach to Powder Feedstock Characterization for Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: A Case Study on AlSi7Mg
Authors: Muñiz-Lerma Jose Alberto , Nommeots-Nomm Amy , Waters Kristian Edmund , Brochu Mathieu
Published: November 2018

In powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, the powder feedstock quality is of paramount importance; as the process relies on thin layers of powder being spread and selectively melted to manufacture 3D metallic components. Conventional powder quality assessments for additive manufacturing are limited to particle morphology, particle size distribution, apparent density and flowability. However, recent studies are highlighting that these techniques may not be the most appropriate. The problem is exacerbated when studying aluminium powders as their complex cohesive behaviors dictate their flowability. The current study compares the properties of three different AlSi7Mg powders, and aims to obtain insights about the minimum required properties for acceptable powder feedstock. In addition to conventional powder characterization assessments, the powder spread density, moisture sorption, surface energy, work of cohesion, and powder rheology, were studied. This work has shown that the presence of fine particles intensifies the pick-up of moisture increasing the total particle surface energy as well as the inter-particle cohesion. This effect hinders powder flow and hence, the spreading of uniform layers needed for optimum printing. When spherical particles larger than 48 µm with a narrow particle distribution are present, the moisture sorption as well as the surface energy and cohesion characteristics are decreased enhancing powder spreadability. This result suggest that by manipulating particle distribution, size and morphology, challenging powder feedstock such as Al, can be optimized for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing.
A Hybrid System for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery: SPION Functionalized by Curcumin Conjugate
Authors: Lachowicz Dorota , Kaczyńska Agnieszka , Wirecka Roma , Kmita Angelika , Szczerba Wojciech , Bodzoń-Kułakowska Anna , Sikora Marcin , Karewicz Anna , Zapotoczny Szczepan
Published: November 2018

Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide, thus there is a constant demand for new solutions, which may increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. We have designed and successfully obtained a novel, bifunctional, hybrid system composed of colloidally stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and curcumin containing water-soluble conjugate with potential application in anticancer hyperthermia and as nanocarriers of curcumin. The obtained nanoparticulate system was thoroughly studied in respect to the size, morphology, surface charge, magnetic properties as well as some biological functions. The results revealed that the obtained nanoparticles, ca. 50 nm in diameter, were the agglomerates of primary particles with the magnetic, iron oxide cores of ca. 13 nm, separated by a thin layer of the applied cationic derivative of chitosan. These agglomerates were further coated with a thin layer of the sodium alginate conjugate of curcumin and the presence of both polymers was confirmed using thermogravimetry. The system was also proven to be applicable in magnetic hyperthermia induced by the oscillating magnetic field. A high specific absorption rate (SAR) of 280 [W/g] was registered. The nanoparticles were shown to be effectively uptaken by model cells. They were found also to be nontoxic in the therapeutically relevant concentration in in vitro studies. The obtained results indicate the high application potential of the new hybrid system in combination of magnetic hyperthermia with delivery of curcumin active agent.
Damage Characteristics of PELE Projectile with Gradient Density Inner Core Material
Authors: Ding Liangliang , Zhou Jingyuan , Tang Wenhui , Ran Xianwen , Cheng Ye
Published: November 2018

The PELE (penetration with enhanced lateral efficiency) projectile is a new type of safe ammunition which can form a large number of fragments after perforating the target, and does not depend on any pyrotechnics. The damage characteristics of PELE projectile mainly include the penetration ability and fragmentation effect. There are many factors affecting the damage characteristics of PELE projectile, and this paper attempts to study the damage characteristics of PELE projectile, from the point of view of changing the single core material. Therefore, four different inner core combination types were designed in this paper, namely, zero gradient—I type (PE), zero gradient—II type (Al), positive gradient type (PE + Al), and negative gradient type (Al + PE). With the help of a more mature numerical simulation method, the studies were carried out from several aspects, such as the axial residual velocity of projectile, the radial scattering velocity of fragments, the radial scattering radius of fragments, and the residual length of projectile. The axial residual velocity of projectile can characterize the penetration ability of projectile, the radial scattering velocity and radial scattering radius of fragments can predict the damage area of fragments, and the residual length of projectile can reflect the fragment conversion rate of casing. The results indicate that the negative gradient inner core combination is superior to the other three combinations in terms of the penetration ability and fragmentation effect. Under the same impact velocity, the maximum radial velocity and radial scattering radius of fragments mainly depend on the front inner core material, and these two parameters will increase appropriately with the increase of the strength of front inner core material. Similarly, the residual length of projectile can be reduced, or the fragment conversion rate can be enhanced, by properly reducing the strength of rear inner core material. The conclusions obtained in this paper can provide a reference for engineering applications.
Nanostructure Design and Catalytic Performance of Mo/ZnAl-LDH in Cationic Orchid X-BL Removal
Authors: Xu Yin , Liu Tingjiao , Li Yang , Liu Yun , Ge Fei
Published: November 2018

The nanostructure of ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH) was designed to promote the catalytic performance of Mo-based ZnAl-LDH (Mo/ZnAl-LDH) catalysts, in a catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process, under room temperature and pressure, in degradation of dye wastewater. Four most commonly used preparation methods, traditional precipitation (TP), hydrothermal synthesis (HS), sol-gel (SG), and urea co-precipitation (UC) were employed to prepare the ZnAl-LDH. The resulting Mo/ZnAl-LDH samples were contrasted through surface area, crystal structure, chemical state, and morphology. The degradation of cationic orchid X-BL, under room temperature and pressure, was developed to determine the catalytic activity of these Mo/ZnAl-LDH samples. The results showed that the nanostructure of ZnAl-LDH, prepared by HS, enhanced the adhesion of the catalytic active component, thus Mo/ZnAl-LDH had the highest catalytic activity of 84.2% color removal efficiency and 73.9% total organic carbon removal efficiency. Specific Mo species, such as Na2Mo2O7, Mo dispersion, and O2− ions were proved to be related with catalytic performance. These findings preliminarily clarified that LDHs preparation methods make a difference in the performance of Mo/LDHs.
Morphogenesis of the Zeta Function in the Critical Strip by Computational Approach
Authors: Riguidel Michel
Published: November 2018

This article proposes a morphogenesis interpretation of the zeta function by computational approach by relying on numerical approximation formulae between the terms and the partial sums of the series, divergent in the critical strip. The goal is to exhibit structuring properties of the partial sums of the raw series by highlighting their morphogenesis, thanks to the elementary functions constituting the terms of the real and imaginary parts of the series, namely the logarithmic, cosine, sine, and power functions. Two essential indices of these sums appear: the index of no return of the vagrancy and the index of smothering of the function before the resumption of amplification of its divergence when the index tends towards infinity. The method consists of calculating, displaying graphically in 2D and 3D, and correlating, according to the index, the angles, the terms and the partial sums, in three nested domains: the critical strip, the critical line, and the set of non-trivial zeros on this line. Characteristics and approximation formulae are thus identified for the three domains. These formulae make it possible to grasp the morphogenetic foundations of the Riemann hypothesis (RH) and sketch the architecture of a more formal proof.
Cloning, Expression and Characterization of a Novel Cold-adapted β-galactosidase from the Deep-sea Bacterium Alteromonas sp. ML52
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Yao Congyu , Wang Wei , Zhuang Zhiwei , Liu Junzhong , Dai Fangqun , Hao Jianhua
Published: November 2018

The bacterium Alteromonas sp. ML52, isolated from deep-sea water, was found to synthesize an intracellular cold-adapted β-galactosidase. A novel β-galactosidase gene from strain ML52, encoding 1058 amino acids residues, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 2 and is active as a homotetrameric protein. The recombinant enzyme had maximum activity at 35 °C and pH 8 with a low thermal stability over 30 °C. The enzyme also exhibited a Km of 0.14 mM, a Vmax of 464.7 U/mg and a kcat of 3688.1 S−1 at 35 °C with 2-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside as a substrate. Hydrolysis of lactose assay, performed using milk, indicated that over 90% lactose in milk was hydrolyzed after incubation for 5 h at 25 °C or 24 h at 4 °C and 10 °C, respectively. These properties suggest that recombinant Alteromonas sp. ML52 β-galactosidase is a potential biocatalyst for the lactose-reduced dairy industry.
Health and Demographic Characteristics of Patients Attending a Newly-Opened Medical Facility in a Remote Amazonian Community: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Guile Lucy , Graham Devon , Jachmann Anne
Published: November 2018

Peru is a country with wide regional disparities in health. Remote Amazonian communities have high rates of poverty and poor access to health services. There is a lack of data on morbidity and use of health services in the region. We describe a descriptive, cross-sectional study of the demographic characteristics and presenting complaints of attendees to a newly-opened primary care facility in a remote community. This was supplemented by structured interviews of adult attendees to build a picture of sociocultural determinants of health locally, including engagement with traditional forms of medicine. Our study provides novel insights into an under-studied and under-resourced area. We found a young population with a high prevalence of infectious illnesses, particularly dermatological infections - a previously under-recognised source of morbidity in these communities. Poor literacy rates and widespread use of traditional forms of medicine have important implications for the provision of healthcare in this region.
OK-432 Administration Inhibits Murine Allergic Rhinitis at the Induction Phase, through the Macrophage Activation with TLR2 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Aoi Noriaki , Morikura Ichiro , Fuchiwaki Takafumi , Yamada Takaya , Prokopakis Emmanuel , Kawauchi Hideyuki
Published: November 2018

OK-432, a preparation of a low-virulence strain (Su) of Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) killed by a penicillin and lyophilized, is a stiff inducer of Th1 cytokines, and exerts anti-cancer effects in tumor-bearing mice. OK-432 has been reported to consist of many bacterial components, such as peptidoglycan, M-protein, etc. However, it is yet to be ascertained which bacterial component induces T helper 1 (Th1) responses. For the last decade, Toll-like receptor (TLR) family proteins are well elucidated to play a role in recognizing bacterial components and inducing interleukin (IL)-12 from macrophages. Above all, peptidoglycan seems to be the agonist of TLR2 rather than the obverse. In our present study, the role of TLR2 for the recognition of OK-432 by macrophages and the effects of OK-432 are examined on murine allergic rhinitis model. Interestingly, results show IL-12 production by macrophages derived from TLR2 knock-out (ko) mice was significantly decreased, in comparison with that of macrophages derived from wild-type mice. Moreover, in TLR2 ko mice, no regulatory effect of OK-432 was observed on an allergic rhinitis model. These data indicate that TLR2 signaling is involved in regulating OK-432-induced anti-T helper 2 (Th2) immunity, and may offer a new prophylactic and therapeutic approach using OK-432 to downregulate allergic disorders, such as allergic rhinitis.
Synthesis of Magnesium Carbonate via Carbonation under High Pressure in an Autoclave
Authors: Stopic Srecko , Dertmann Christian , Modolo Giuseppe , Kegler Philip , Neumeier Stefan , Kremer Dario , Wotruba Hermann , Etzold Simon , Telle Rainer , Rosani Diego , Knops Pol , Friedrich Bernd
Published: November 2018

Magnesium carbonate powders are essential in the manufacture of basic refractories capable of withstanding extremely high temperatures and for special types of cement and powders used in the paper, rubber, and pharmaceutical industries. A novel synthesis route is based on CO2 absorption/sequestration by minerals. This combines the global challenge of climate change with materials development. Carbon dioxide has the fourth highest composition in earth’s atmosphere next to nitrogen, oxygen and argon and plays a big role in global warming due to the greenhouse effect. Because of the significant increase of CO2 emissions, mineral carbonation is a promising process in which carbon oxide reacts with materials with high metal oxide composition to form chemically stable and insoluble metal carbonate. The formed carbonate has long-term stability and does not influence the earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, it is a feasible and safe method to bind carbon dioxide in carbonate compounds such as magnesite. The subject of this work is the carbonation of an olivine (Mg2SiO4) and synthetic magnesia sample (>97 wt% MgO) under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Early experiments have studied the influence of some additives such as sodium bicarbonate, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid, solid/liquid ratio, and particle size on the carbonation efficiency. The obtained results for carbonation of olivine have confirmed the formation of magnesium carbonate in the presence of additives and complete carbonation of the MgO sample in the absence of additives.
Atomic Order and Submicrostructure in Iron Alloys at Megaplastic Deformation
Authors: Shabashov Valery , Sagaradze Victor , Kozlov Kirill , Ustyugov Yury
Published: November 2018

The subject of the present review consists of summing up our previous results on the study of the relaxation of structure along the way (i) of atomic redistribution—in the form of short-range clustering in binary iron alloys—induced by megaplastic deformation (i.e., of super large value), and (ii) of the dissolution and precipitation of disperse nitrides and carbides in steels and intermetallics in ageing alloys. Within the capacity of the main method of executing megaplastic deformation, along with the practically important milling in ball mills and friction-providing external action, we employed high pressure torsion (HPT) in Bridgman anvils, which permitted the control of the degree, rate, and temperature of deformation action. At the local level of two nearest neighbors (one or two coordination shells in relation to an iron atom) we studied atomic mass transfer, stipulated by generation of a large number of point defects of deformation origin, and conducted a comparison with a case of irradiation by high-energy electrons. We established a change in the direction of phase transformations, as well as anomalous acceleration of the ordering and precipitation of disperse phases upon altering the temperature (T < 0.3Tmelt) and rate of deformation (from 2 × 10−2 to 8 × 10−2 s−1). We also demonstrated the possibility of regulating the ultra-fine-grained structure with solid–solution strengthening and dispersion hardening.
Hepatic Metabolic Profile Reveals the Adaptive Mechanisms of Ewes to Severe Undernutrition during Late Gestation
Authors: Xue Yanfeng , Guo Changzheng , Hu Fan , Liu Junhua , Mao Shengyong
Published: November 2018

The mechanisms underlying the adaption of liver metabolism to the undernutrition in ewes during late gestation remain unclear. This research aimed to explore the adaptive mechanisms of liver metabolism by hepatic metabolome analysis in pregnant ewes to the negative energy balance induced by severe feed restriction. Twenty ewes carrying multiple fetuses and gestating for 115 days were fed normally or restricted to a 30% feed level (10 ewes in each group) for 15 days. All ewes were sacrificed and hepatic samples were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both the principal components analysis and partial least squares of discriminant analysis of hepatic metabolites showed the clear separation between ewes in the control and severely feed-restricted groups. The metabolic profile demonstrated that the proportions of differential metabolites between the two groups in fatty acids and lipids, organic acids, and amino acids and derivatives were 61.11%, 16.67%, and 11.11%, respectively. Enriched pathways of differential metabolites were mainly involved in fatty acids and amino acids metabolism and biosynthesis. Correlation networks of differential metabolites revealed that general metabolic pattern was changed apparently and mainly based on fatty acids and lipids in the livers of feed-restricted ewes. The accumulation and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids were intensified in the livers of feed-restricted ewes, while those of medium-chain fatty acids were the opposite. In general, severe feed restriction significantly affected the levels of hepatic metabolites and altered the overall metabolic pattern. Furthermore, fatty acids oxidation as well as the utilization of amino acids and organic acids were intensified to adapt to the negative energy balance during late gestation.
Assessing the Efficiency of Molecular Markers for the Species Identification of Gregarines Isolated from the Mealworm and Super Worm Midgut
Authors: Nocciolini Chiara , Cucini Claudio , Leo Chiara , Francardi Valeria , Dreassi Elena , Carapelli Antonio
Published: November 2018

Protozoa, of the taxon Gregarinasina, are a heterogeneous group of Apicomplexa that includes ~1600 species. They are parasites of a large variety of both marine and terrestrial invertebrates, mainly annelids, arthropods and mollusks. Unlike coccidians and heamosporidians, gregarines have not proven to have a negative effect on human welfare; thus, they have been poorly investigated. This study focuses on the molecular identification and phylogeny of the gregarine species found in the midgut of two insect species that are considered as an alternative source of animal proteins for the human diet: the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, and the super-worm Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Gregarine specimens were isolated from the gut of both larval and adult stages of T. molitor specimens, as well as from Z. atratus larvae. The morphological analyses were restricted to the identification of the different parasite morpho-types, likely corresponding either to different life-cycle stages or to alternative gregarine species. The samples were also used for the DNA extraction necessary for their genetic characterization. Finally, the efficiency of different molecular markers (i.e., 18S rDNA gene alone or combined with the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1) was assessed when applied either to gregarine species identification and to phylogenetic inference.
Advanced Techniques of Saponite Recovery from Diamond Processing Plant Water and Areas of Saponite Application
Authors: Chanturiya Valentine A. , Minenko Vladimir G. , Makarov Dmitriy V. , Suvorova Olga V. , Selivanova Ekaterina A.
Published: November 2018

Methods of cleaning and processing of saponite-containing water from diamond processing plants in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia, are discussed. The advantages of electrochemical separation of saponite from process water enabling to change its structural-texture, physico-chemical and mechanical properties are demonstrated. Possible areas of saponite and modified-saponite products application are considered.
Preparation and Characterization of Water-Based Nano-Perfumes
Authors: Miastkowska Małgorzata , Lasoń Elwira , Sikora Elżbieta , Wolińska-Kennard Katarzyna
Published: November 2018

The application of nanoemulsions as a novel delivery system for lipophilic materials, such as essential oils, flavors, and fragrances is one of the growing technologies used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Their characteristic properties, like small droplet size with high interfacial area, transparent or semi-transparent appearance, low viscosity, and high kinetic stability, make them a perfect vehicle for fragrances, in the perfume industry. They could be a great alternative to water-based perfumes, without alcohol, and solve problems related to the oxidation and low bioavailability of fragrances with other non-alcoholic vehicles of perfumes like pomades or gels. The aim of our study was to develop stable Oil-in-Water (O/W) nanoemulsions that are compatible with selected fragrance compositions, without ethanol, polyols, and ionic surfactants, and to study their physicochemical, microbiological, and dermatological properties. The nano-perfume systems were obtained with a low-energy (Phase Inversion Composition; PIC) and with a high-energy (ultrasound, US) method, taking into account the possibility of moving from the laboratory scale to an industrial scale. The optimized nano-perfume formulations, prepared with different methods, yielded the same physicochemical properties (stability, medium droplet size of the inner phase, polydispersity, viscosity, surface tension, pH, density). Stable systems were obtained with a fragrance composition concentration within 6–15% range. These formulations had a low viscosity and a pH suitable for the skin. Moreover, the obtained results confirmed the protective role of nanoemulsions. The peroxide number measurement (POV) showed that the tested fragrance compositions had a high chemical stability. The results of the microbiological tests confirmed that the obtained products were free of microbiological contamination and were appropriately preserved. The dermatological test results confirmed the safety of the developed preparations.
Use of Cellulose Nanofibers as an Electrode Binder for Lithium Ion Battery Screen Printing on a Paper Separator
Authors: El Baradai Oussama , Beneventi Davide , Alloin Fannie , Bultel Yann , Chaussy Didier
Published: November 2018

Water-based inks were formulated using cellulose nanofibers as a binder in order to directly front/reverse print lithium ion cells on a paper separator. Moreover, the high cohesion of electrodes as provided by cellulose nanofibers allowed for the embedding metallic current collectors in the electrodes during the printing stage, in order to develop a one-step printing and assembling process. Positive and negative inks based on LiFePO4, or graphite, respectively, and cellulose nanofibers, displayed rheological properties complying with a variety of printing processes, as well as with screen printing. Printed cells exhibited high electrical conductivity and adhesion between current collectors and inks, i.e., up to 64 ± 1 J/m2. Electrochemical cycling tests at C/10 showed a reversible capacity during the first cycle of about 80 mAh/g, which slightly decayed upon cycling. Preliminary results and assembling strategies can be considered as promising, and they represent a quick solution for the manufacturing of lithium ion batteries. Work is in progress to improve these processing issues and the cycling performances of Li-ion cells.
Nobiletin Enhances Chemosensitivity to Adriamycin through Modulation of the Akt/GSK3β/β–Catenin/MYCN/MRP1 Signaling Pathway in A549 Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Moon Jeong Yong , Manh Hung Le Van , Unno Tatsuya , Cho Somi Kim
Published: November 2018

Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in Adriamycin (ADR)-resistant NSCLC A549/ADR cells compared with parental A549 cells. Among the tested phytochemicals, nobiletin (NBT) is able to overcome the ADR resistance of A549/ADR cells. NBT treatment decreased the expression of a neuroblastoma-derived MYC (MYCN) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) as well as downregulating Akt, GSK3β, and β-catenin. Consistent with these results, NBT treatment resulted in the accumulation of intracellular ADR. A combination index (CI) assay confirmed the synergistic effect of combined treatment with NBT and ADR in reducing the viability of A549/ADR cells (CI = 0.152). Combined treatment with NBT and ADR enhanced apoptosis in A549/ADR cells, as evidenced by increased caspase-3 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and sub-G1 population compared to treatment with ADR alone. In vivo experiments using a mouse xenograft model revealed that combination therapy with NBT and ADR significantly reduced tumor volume by 84.15%. These data suggest that NBT can sensitize ADR-induced cytotoxicity against A549/ADR cells by inhibiting MRP1 expression, indicating that NBT could serve as an effective adjuvant agent for ADR-based chemotherapy in lung cancer.
Lipoprotein Profile in Aged Rats Fed Chia Oil- or Hydroxytyrosol-Enriched Pork in High Cholesterol/High Saturated Fat Diets
Authors: Santos-López Jorge Arturo , Garcimartín Alba , Bastida Sara , Bautista-Ávila Mirandeli , González-Muñoz María José , Benedí Juana , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco José
Published: November 2018

Restructuring pork (RP) by adding new functional ingredients, like Chia oil (one of the richest natural source of α-linolenic acid) or hydroxytyrosol (HxT) (potent antioxidant), both with hypolipidemic activities, is one of the strategies that may help to reduce the potential negative effects of high meat products consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Chia oil- or HxT-enriched-RP effect on the lipoprotein profile of aged rats fed high-fat, high-energy, and cholesterol-enriched diets. RP samples were prepared by mixing lean pork and lard with or without Chia oil (152.2 g/kg fresh matter) or HxT (3.6 g/kg fresh matter). Diets were prepared by mixing a semisynthetic diet with freeze-dried RP. Groups of 1-year male Wistar rats were fed the following experimental diets for 8 weeks: C, control-RP diet; HC, cholesterol-enriched-RP diet; and Chia oil-RP (CHIA) and HxT, Chia oil- or hydroxytyrosol-RP, cholesterol-enriched diet. Plasma lipid, lipoprotein profile, SREBP-1c protein, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor gene (Ldlr) expressions were evaluated. Compared to C diet, the HC diet increased plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, total lipids, and SREBP-1c expression, but reduced Ldlr expression and significantly modified the lipoprotein profile, giving rise to the presence of high levels of atherogenic cholesterol-enriched very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles. Compared to the HC diet, the HxT diet did not produce significant changes in feed intake but it reduced the body weight. Chia oil and HxT partially arrested the negative effects of the high-fat, high-energy, and cholesterol-enriched meat-based diets on lipemia and lipoproteinemia, mostly by reducing the amount of cholesterol content in VLDL (60% and 74% less in CHIA and HxT vs. HC, respectively) and the VLDL total mass (59% and 63% less in CHIA and HxT vs. HC, respectively). Free fatty acids (FFA) significantly correlated with adipose tissue weight and VLDL total mass (both p < 0.05), and plasma triglycerides, phospholipids, total lipids, and SREBP-1c (all p < 0.001), suggesting the important role of FFA in lipoprotein metabolism. Results support the recommendation to include these ingredients in pork products addressed to reduce the presence of increased atherogenic particles in aged people at CVD risk consuming large amounts of pork.
Deciphering the Role of the Non-Coding Genome in Regulating Gene-Diet Interactions
Authors: Law Pui-Pik , Holland Michelle L.
Published: November 2018

Protein encoding genes constitute a small fraction of mammalian genomes. In addition to the protein coding genes, there are other functional units within the genome that are transcribed, but not translated into protein, the so called non-coding RNAs. There are many types of non-coding RNAs that have been identified and shown to have important roles in regulating gene expression either at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. A number of recent studies have highlighted that dietary manipulation in mammals can influence the expression or function of a number of classes of non-coding RNAs that contribute to the protein translation machinery. The identification of protein translation as a common target for nutritional regulation underscores the need to investigate how this may mechanistically contribute to phenotypes and diseases that are modified by nutritional intervention. Finally, we describe the state of the art and the application of emerging ‘-omics’ technologies to address the regulation of protein translation in response to diet.
Multifunctional Hybrid Composites with Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties Based on Polybenzoxazine and Chopped Kevlar/Carbon Hybrid Fibers
Authors: Ghouti Hamid Abdelhafid , Zegaoui Abdeldjalil , Derradji Mehdi , Cai Wan-an , Wang Jun , Liu Wen-bin , Dayo Abdul Qadeer
Published: November 2018

This work studied the structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of newly designed polymeric materials using high-performance hybrid fibers to reinforce the polybenzoxazine resins. To achieve this goal, hybrid fibers consisting of chopped Kevlar and carbon fibers were subjected to a silane surface treatment, incorporated into the resin matrix in various combinations, and then isothermally cured using the compression molding technique. The mechanical performances of the prepared composites were scrutinized in terms of bending and tensile tests. By way of illustration, the composites holding 20 wt % Kevlar fibers and 20 wt % carbon fibers accomplished a bending strength and modulus of 237.35 MPa and 7.80 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the same composites recorded a tensile stress and toughness of 77 MPa and 0.27 MPa, respectively, indicating an increase of about 234% and 32.8% when compared to the pristine resin’s properties. The thermogravimetric analysis denoted an excellent thermal resistance of the reinforced hybrid composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that the functional groups of the as-used coupling agent were effectively grafted on the external surfaces of the reinforcing systems, and further confirmed that the chemical reaction took place between the treated fibers and the polybenzoxazine matrix, although the scanning electron microscope showed a uniform dispersion and interfacial adhesion of the fibers within the resin matrix. In fact, the incorporation of treated fibers along with their good dispersion/adhesion could explain the progressive enhancement in terms of thermal and mechanical properties that were observed in the hybrid composites.