bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amino Acid Intakes Are Associated With Bone Mineral Density and Prevalence of Low Bone Mass in Women: Evidence From Discordant Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Jennings Amy , MacGregor Alexander , Spector Tim , Cassidy Aedín
Published: September 2015

Although a higher protein intake, particularly from vegetable sources, has been shown to be associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD) the relative impact of specific amino acids on BMD and risk of osteoporosis remains to be determined. Mechanistic research suggests that a number of specific amino acids, including five nonessential amino acids—alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline—may play a role in bone health, principally through improved production of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 and the synthesis of collagen and muscle protein. However to date, no previous studies have examined the associations between habitual intake of amino acids and direct measures of BMD and prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia, and no studies have examined this relationship in discordant identical twin-pairs. In these analyses of female monozygotic twin-pairs discordant for amino acid intake (n = 135), twins with higher intakes of alanine and glycine had significantly higher BMD at the spine than their co-twins with within-pair differences in spine-BMD of 0.012 g/cm2 (SE 0.01; p = 0.039) and 0.014 g/cm2 (SE 0.01; p = 0.026), respectively. Furthermore, in cross-sectional multivariable analyses of 3160 females aged 18 to 79 years, a higher intake of total protein was significantly associated with higher DXA-measured BMD at the spine (quartile Q4 to quartile Q1: 0.017 g/cm2, SE 0.01, p = 0.035) and forearm (Q4 to Q1: 0.010 g/cm2, SE 0.003, p = 0.002). Intake of six amino acids (alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, and proline) were associated with higher BMD at the spine and forearm with the strongest association observed for leucine (Q4 to Q1: 0.024 g/cm2, SE 0.01, p = 0.007). When intakes were stratified by protein source, vegetable or animal, prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia was 13% to 19% lower comparing extreme quartiles of vegetable intake for five amino acids (not glutamic acid or proline). These data provide evidence to suggest that intake of protein and several amino acids, including alanine and glycine, may be beneficial for bone health, independent of genetic background. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Factors associated with real‐time RT‐PCR cycle threshold values among medically attended influenza episodes
Authors: Spencer Sarah , Chung Jessie , Thompson Mark , Piedra Pedro A. , Jewell Alan , Avadhanula Vasanthi , Mei Minghua , Jackson Michael L. , Meece Jennifer , Sundaram Maria , Belongia Edward A. , Cross Rachel , Johnson Emileigh , Bullotta Arlene , Rinaldo Charles , Gaglani Manjusha , Murthy Kempapura , Clipper Lydia , Berman LaShondra , Flannery Brendan
Published: September 2015

We evaluated the cycle threshold (CT) values of 1,160 influenza A positive and 806 influenza B positive specimens from two seasons of the US Flu VE Network to identify factors associated with CT values. Low CT values (high genomic load) were associated with shorter intervals between illness onset and specimen collection, young age (ages 3–8 years old), and self‐rated illness severity for both influenza A and B. Low CT values were also associated with reported fever/feverishness and age ≥65 years for influenza A. J. Med. Virol. 88:719–723, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mix‐breeding with HEV‐infected swine induced inapparent HEV infection in SPF rabbits
Authors: Liu Lin , Wang Lin , Xia Junke , Zhang Yulin , Zeng Hang , Liu Peng , Zou Qinghua , Wang Ling , Zhuang Hui
Published: September 2015

Studies have shown that swine HEV (sHEV) and rabbit HEV (rHEV) can experimentally infect rabbits and swine, respectively. However, no published data have documented isolating sHEV strains from rabbits in natural environment so far. To clarify the possibility of natural cross‐species transmission of sHEV to rabbits, the pigs with HEV infection were farmed along with SPF rabbits in the same enclosed space. Five of 10 rabbits had seroconversion for anti‐HEV antibody from the third week after mix‐breeding. However, HEV RNA remained undetectable in feces, serum, liver and bile of the ten rabbits; and no obvious elevation of ALT was observed. The results possibly suggested that sHEV might lead to an inapparent infection of SPF rabbits by fecal‐oral route. J. Med. Virol. 88:681–685, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mediating effects of psychological safety in the relationship between team affectivity and transactive memory systems
Authors: Hood Anthony C. , Bachrach Daniel G. , Zivnuska Suzanne , Bendoly Elliot
Published: September 2015

In this research, we develop a framework for understanding the emergence of transactive memory systems (TMS) in project‐based teams characterized by different levels of group level positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA). With a focus on enhancing understanding of the means of transmission, we test the mediating role played by group level psychological safety (PS) in the relationship between team affectivity and TMS. From a sample of 107 software implementation project teams, in a lagged field study, we find support for a mediated model in which high group NA, but not group PA, promotes environments psychologically unsafe for interpersonal risk‐taking (low PS) and which are negatively associated with TMS. This study extends prior research on the differential effects of PA and NA, by contributing to the limited research on group affectivity, environmental antecedents of TMS, and the mediating role of PS for predicting group level transactive processes and structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The undermining effect revisited: The salience of everyday verbal rewards and self‐determined motivation
Authors: Hewett Rebecca , Conway Neil
Published: September 2015

Self‐determination theory suggests that some rewards can undermine autonomous motivation and related positive outcomes. Key to this undermining is the extent to which rewards are perceived as salient in a given situation; when this is the case, individuals tend to attribute their behavior to the incentive, and the intrinsic value of the task is undermined. The role of salience has yet to be explicitly tested with respect to work motivation; we know little about whether undermining occurs in relation to verbal rewards, which characterize everyday work. We examine this in a field‐based quantitative diary study of 58 employees reporting 287 critical incidents of motivated behavior. When considering simple direct effects, the undermining effect was not supported; highly salient verbal rewards associated positively with introjected and external motivation, but at no cost to autonomous motivation. However, moderator analysis found support for the undermining effect for complex tasks; highly salient verbal rewards associated positively with external motivation while associating negatively with intrinsic and identified motivation. The findings suggest that verbal reward salience is an important characteristic of verbal reward perceptions and that salient verbal rewards are not advisable for more complex tasks but can have a valuable motivational impact for simple tasks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of strain and the determination of the safe arc of motion after subscapularis repair—A biomechanical study
Authors: Knesek Michael , Brunfeldt Alexander , Korenczuk Christopher , Jepsen Karl J. , Robbins Christopher B. , Gagnier Joel J. , Allen Answorth A. , Dines Joshua S. , Bedi Asheesh
Published: September 2015

This study characterizes the strain patterns and safe arcs for passive range of motion (ROM) in the superior and inferior subscapularis tendon in seven cadaveric shoulders, mounted for controlled ROM, after deltopectoral approach to the glenohumeral joint, including tenotomy of the subscapularis tendon 1 cm medial to its insertion on the lesser tuberosity. The tenotomy was repaired with end‐to‐end suture in neutral rotation. Strain patterns were measured during passive ROM in external rotation (ER), ER with 30° abduction (ER+30), abduction, and forward flexion in the scapular plane (SP) before and after surgery. Percentages were calculated from 35 trials corresponding to five trials of each motion across seven specimens. With ER of 0−30°, 89% of trials of superior subscapularis tendon and 100% of trials of inferior subscapularis tendon achieved strains >3%, with very similar patterns noted in ER+30. In abduction of 0−90°, 5.8% of trials of superior and 85.3% of trials of inferior tendon achieved >3% strain. With passive ROM in SP, 26.5% of trials reached 3% strain in superior tendon compared to 100% in inferior tendon. Strain patterns in abduction and SP differed significantly (p < 0.001). Selective tenotomy and repair of the superior subscapularis tendon with open reparative or reconstructive shoulder procedures, when feasible, may be favorable for protected early passive ROM and rehabilitation postoperatively. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:518–524, 2016.
Living donor liver transplantation using dual grafts: Experience and lessons learned from cases worldwide
Authors: Xu Yinzhe , Chen Hao , Yeh Heidi , Wang Hongguang , Leng Jianjun , Dong Jiahong
Published: September 2015

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), insufficient graft volume could result in small‐for‐size syndrome in recipients, whereas major liver donation predisposes the donor to a high risk of posthepatectomy liver failure. Dual graft LDLT is therefore introduced to obtain combined graft sufficiency. To date, 367 patients have been reported worldwide. We reviewed all the relevant literature, with a special focus on 43 case reports containing enough data to extract and analyze. A simple decision‐making algorithm was developed. Dual graft LDLT is indicated when (1) a single donation is unacceptable due to graft‐to‐recipient size mismatch; (2) the future liver remnant is insufficient in the single donor after major resection; or (3) there is a significant underlying disorder or anatomical variation within the donor liver. The outcome of dual graft LDLT is reported to be comparable with that of single donor LDLT. Unilateral graft atrophy was found in 7 of the 43 patients, predominantly in the right‐sided, heterotopic and initially smaller grafts. Technically, the heterotopic implantation and complex vascular reconstruction are the most demanding. Elaborate surgical planning and modification are needed. Ethical concerns about involving a second living donor need to be addressed. In conclusion, dual graft LDLT should be prudently performed in select cases by surgeons of proven expertise when single donation is unacceptable and a second living donor is available. The decision‐making criteria need to be standardized. More surgical modification and clinical research are needed. Liver Transpl 21:1438‐1448, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Characteristics and outcomes of neutropenia after orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Alraddadi Basem , Nierenberg Natalie E. , Price Lori Lyn , Chow Jennifer K. L. , Poutsiaka Debra D. , Rohrer Richard J. , Cooper Jeffrey T. , Freeman Richard B. , Snydman David R.
Published: September 2015

Neutropenia after orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) is relatively common, but the factors associated with its development remain elusive. We assessed possible predictors of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] ≤ 1000/mm3) within the first year of LT in a cohort of 304 patients at a tertiary medical center between 1999 and 2009 using time‐dependent survival analysis to identify risk factors for neutropenia. In addition, we analyzed neutropenia as a predictor of the clinical outcomes of death, bloodstream infection (BSI), invasive fungal infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, and graft rejection within the first year of LT. Of the 304 LT recipients, 73 (24%) developed neutropenia, 5 (7%) of whom had grade 4 neutropenia (ANC < 500/mm3). The following were independent predictors for neutropenia: Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03‐1.30; P = 0.02), BSI (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.63‐5.11; P < 0.001), CMV disease (HR, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.55‐11.81; P = 0.005), baseline tacrolimus trough level (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.03; P = 0.007), and later era LT (2004‐2009 versus 1999‐2003; HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.43‐3.65; P < 0.001). Moreover, neutropenia was found to be an independent predictor for mortality within the first year of LT (HR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.84‐7.68; P < 0.001). In conclusion, our data suggest that neutropenia within a year after LT is not unusual and is an important predictor of mortality. Liver Transpl 22:217‐225, 2016. © 2015 AASLD.
Controlled Synthesis of Well‐Defined Semiconducting Brush Polymers
Authors: van As Dean , Subbiah Jegadesan , Jones David J. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: September 2015

Well‐defined semiconducting bottlebrush polymers are prepared using controlled polymerization methods. The electron donor semiconductor poly(3‐hexylthiophene), P3HT, is synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization. With appropriate norbornene end caps, the P3HT macromonomers are used to form the bottlebrush material via ring opening metathesis polymerization. The bottlebrush polymers are characterized and compared with linear P3HT materials, as well as high‐molecular‐weight commercial P3HT. It is found that longer polythiophene chains impart better semiconducting properties resulting in higher solar‐cell device performance.

image
On a multidimensional model for the codiffusion of isotopes: localization and asymptotic behavior
Authors: Comparini Elena , Ughi Maura
Published: September 2015

The paper deals with a system of parabolic–hyperbolic partial differential equations, which models the diffusion of N species of isotopes of the same element, possibly radioactive, in a multidimensional medium. Some qualitative properties of the solutions, such as localization property, are studied together with the asymptotic behavior for large times. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular cloning and partial characterization of a low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 13 (Lrp13) involved in vitellogenin uptake in the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)
Authors: Mushirobira Yuji , Mizuta Hiroko , Luo Wenshu , Todo Takashi , Hara Akihiko , Reading Benjamin J. , Sullivan Craig V. , Hiramatsu Naoshi
Published: September 2015

Multiple ovarian membrane proteins that bind vitellogenin (Vtg) have been detected in teleosts. One of these Vtg receptors was recently identified as low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 13 (lrp13/Lrp13) in perciform species, but little is known about this Vtg receptor in salmonid fish. In this study, a cDNA encoding a putative Vtg receptor with 13+1 ligand binding repeats (lr13+1) was cloned from the ovary, and identified as an lrp13 ortholog for cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). This lrp13 was predominantly expressed in the pre‐vitellogenic stage ovary, and its expression decreased during vitellogenesis. Ovarian localization of Lrp13 was observed by immunohistochemistry using specific antiserum against recombinant Lrp13. Lrp13 immunoreactivity was observed at the oolemma, throughout the zona radiata, and within the perivitelline space between the zona radiata and granulosa cells in ovarian follicles at both the lipid‐droplet and vitellogenic stages of growth—an expression pattern that mimics that of a lr8/LR8‐type Vtg receptor in this species and of lrp13/Lrp13 in Morone species. Six discrete Vtg‐binding proteins were detected in cutthroat trout ovarian membrane proteins when probing with a digoxygenin‐labeled salmonid A‐type Vtg (VtgAs) followed by chemiluminescent ligand detection. Western blotting using the anti‐Lrp13 serum revealed a broad signal consisting of two proteins with masses ranging from ∼190 to ∼210 kDa, which corresponded with some of the VtgA‐binding proteins. These findings suggest that, in addition to lr8/LR8, lrp13/Lrp13 acts as a VtgA receptor in trout. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 986–1000, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short‐term HIIT and Fatmax training increase aerobic and metabolic fitness in men with class II and III obesity
Authors: Lanzi Stefano , Codecasa Franco , Cornacchia Mauro , Maestrini Sabrina , Capodaglio Paolo , Brunani Amelia , Fanari Paolo , Salvadori Alberto , Malatesta Davide
Published: September 2015

Objective

To compare the effects of two different 2‐week‐long training modalities [continuous at the intensity eliciting the maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) versus high‐intensity interval training (HIIT)] in men with class II and III obesity.

Methods

Nineteen men with obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg.m−2) were assigned to Fatmax group (GFatmax) or to HIIT group (GHIIT). Both groups performed eight cycling sessions matched for mechanical work. Aerobic fitness and fat oxidation rates (FORs) during exercise were assessed prior and following the training. Blood samples were drawn to determine hormones and plasma metabolites levels. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2‐IR).

Results

Aerobic fitness and FORs during exercise were significantly increased in both groups after training (P ≤ 0.001). HOMA2‐IR was significantly reduced only for GFatmax (P ≤ 0.001). Resting non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin decreased significantly only in GFatmax (P ≤ 0.002).

Conclusions

Two weeks of HIIT and Fatmax training are effective for the improvement of aerobic fitness and FORs during exercise in these classes of obesity. The decreased levels of resting NEFA only in GFatmax may be involved in the decreased insulin resistance only in this group.
Lgr5‐expressing stem cells are not the cells of origin of pyloric neuroendocrine carcinomas in mice
Authors: Vetter Elena , Kronast Mira , Tölge Mariana , Zimmermann Wolfgang
Published: September 2015

In intestinal and pyloric epithelia, leucine‐rich repeat‐containing G protein‐coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)‐expressing cells represent long‐lived adult stem cells that give rise to all epithelial cell types, including endocrine cells. Ablation of the Apc gene in Lgr5‐expressing cells leads to intestinal and pyloric adenomas. To assess whether all epithelial tumours of the gastrointestinal tract are derived from LGR5‐positive stem cells, we crossed Lgr5–EGFP–IRES–creERT2 mice, which express EGFP and Cre recombinase driven by the Lgr5 promoter, with CEA424–SV40–TAg mice, which develop pyloric neuroendocrine carcinomas of epithelial origin. In 19 day‐old mice, single SV40 T antigen (TAg)‐positive cells were identified preferentially at the the bases of pyloric glands, close to the stem cell compartment. However, contrary to previous publications describing subpopulations of LGR5‐positive cells in gastrointestinal neoplasia, we could not detect Lgr5–EGFP‐positive tumour cells in malignant lesions. The lack of expression of the Wnt target gene Lgr5 is probably not caused by suppression of Wnt signalling by TAg, since β‐catenin‐mediated Wnt signalling, as measured by the TOPflash assay, was not inhibited. To determine the cellular origin of CEA424–SV40–TAg tumours, we performed tracing experiments using Lgr5–EGFP–IRES–creERT2:CEA424–SV40–TAg:ROSA26–tdRFP mice. Following tamoxifen induction, it was possible to efficiently trace the progeny of Lgr5‐expressing cells in gastrointestinal tissue via red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression. No RFP‐positive tumour cells were detected, even when RFP gene activation occurred in 7 day‐old mice well before the appearance of TAg‐positive tumour cells. Hence, we conclude that Lgr5‐expressing stem cells probably do not constitute the cells of origin in CEA424–SV40–TAg mice. Consequently, not all epithelial tumours in the pyloric region are initiated by transformation of LGR5‐positive stem cells. Thus, additional long‐lived LGR5‐negative stem cells or progenitor cells with a low turnover rate might exist in the pyloric region, which could give rise to tumours. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Knowledge Leadership on Knowledge Sharing in Engineering Project Design Teams: The Role of Social Capital
Authors: Zhang Lianying , Cheng Jiajia
Published: September 2015

Knowledge sharing is a precondition for engineering project design teams to achieve an efficient design; however, designers are not always willing to share knowledge with other team members. To improve knowledge sharing, this article investigates the effect of knowledge leadership on knowledge sharing in engineering project design teams by examining the role of social capital. Our results show a significant indirect effect of knowledge leadership on knowledge sharing through the mediating role of social capital. Therefore, effective knowledge sharing depends on knowledge leaders to develop a share vision, and promote a trustworthy and collaborative environment for designers.
Single component transparent free‐standing films based on polyhedral octasilicate‐core dendrimers bearing carbazole terminal groups and their emission properties
Authors: Irie Yasuyuki , Naka Kensuke
Published: September 2015

9H‐carbazole‐9‐ethyl and 9H‐carbazole‐9‐hexyl‐terminated polyhedral octasilicate (OS)‐core dendrimers, denoted as OS‐C2‐Cz and OS‐C6‐Cz, respectively, were prepared by ring‐opening reaction and subsequent condensation of octakis(propenyl succinicanhydrido)polyhedral octasilicate (OS‐SA) with 9H‐carbazole‐9‐ethanol (Cz‐C2‐OH) and 9H‐carbazole‐9‐hexanol (Cz‐C6‐OH), respectively. Both the dendrimers formed optical transparent coating films. In particular, the coating film of OS‐C2‐Cz was easily peeled off from a substrate and formed a free‐standing film. The results of X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter suggest that the films of OS‐C2‐Cz and OS‐C6‐Cz were amorphous. Thermogravimetric analysis of OS‐C2‐Cz and OS‐C6‐Cz showed 10 wt % weight losses at 374 and 383 °C, respectively. Photoluminescence property revealed that the carbazole group in OS‐C2‐Cz is prevented the excimer formation, while the carbazole group in OS‐C6‐Cz formed the excimer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 628–633
Cancer treatment decision‐making among young adults with lung and colorectal cancer: a comparison with adults in middle age
Authors: Mack Jennifer W. , Cronin Angel , Fasciano Karen , Block Susan D. , Keating Nancy L.
Published: September 2015

Objective

Our aim is to understand experiences with treatment decision‐making among young adults with cancer.

Methods

We studied patients with lung cancer or colorectal cancer in the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium, a prospective cohort study. We identified 148 young adult patients aged 21–40 years who completed baseline interview questions about cancer treatment decision‐making; each was propensity score matched to three middle adult patients aged 41–60 years, for a cohort of 592 patients. Patients were asked about decision‐making preferences, family involvement in decision‐making, and worries about treatment. An ordinal logistic regression model evaluated factors associated with more treatment worries.

Results

Young and middle‐aged adults reported similar decision‐making preferences (p = 0.80) and roles relative to physicians (p = 0.36). Although family involvement was similar in the age groups (p = 0.21), young adults were more likely to have dependent children in the home (60% younger versus 28% middle‐aged adults, p < 0.001). Young adults reported more worries about time away from family (p = 0.002), and, in unadjusted analyses, more cancer treatment‐related worries (mean number of responses of ‘somewhat’ or ‘very’ worried 2.5 for younger versus 2.2 for middle‐aged adults, p = 0.02.) However, in adjusted analyses, worries were associated with the presence of dependent children in the home (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% CI = 1.07–2.24, p = 0.02), rather than age.

Conclusions

Young adults involve doctors and family members in decisions at rates similar to middle‐aged adults but experience more worries about time away from family. Patients with dependent children are especially likely to experience worries. Treatment decision‐making strategies should be based on individual preferences and needs rather than age alone. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of ethylene glycol on efficient photoelectrochemical activity of BiVO4 photoanode via AACVD
Authors: Mohd‐Nasir S. N. F. , Mat‐Teridi M. A. , Ebadi M. , Sagu J. S. , Sulaiman M. Y. , Ludin N. A. , Ibrahim M. A.
Published: September 2015

Thin‐film bismuth vanadate, BiVO4 photoanode was fabricated on fluorine‐doped tin oxide via aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition, AACVD, with ethylene glycol as a solvent. The structure and morphology of the BiVO4 thin film were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy and found to have monoclinic clinobisvanite structure with a noncompact nanoparticle distribution. The optical properties and bandgap estimation showed the BiVO4 thin film exhibited a characteristic peak in the visible‐light region with bandgap energy of 2.43 eV. The photoelectrochemical properties were investigated in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte without any sacrificial agent or electron/hole scavenger resulting in 0.73 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. SCE. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed good charge‐transfer characteristics of the photoanode and the Mott–Schottky plot was used to estimate the conduction and valence‐band position of BiVO4.
Analysis of contact graph routing enhancements for DTN space communications
Authors: Bezirgiannidis N. , Caini C. , Tsaoussidis V.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we analyze the performance of two contact graph routing (CGR) enhancements, namely, CGR with earliest transmission opportunity (CGR‐ETO) and overbooking management. CGR‐ETO aims to improve the accuracy of predicted bundle delivery time by exploiting existing information on queueing delay, in routing decisions. Overbooking management aims to proactively handle contact oversubscription, which occurs when high‐priority bundles are forwarded to a contact that is already fully subscribed by lower‐priority bundles. These two enhancements have been recently included in the official CGR version as part of the Interplanetary Overlay Network delay‐tolerant/disruption‐tolerant networking implementation maintained by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In parallel to the comparative evaluation of the enhancements against the original CGR, we introduce an experimental version of CGR‐ETO that exploits information on locally routed data to calculate queueing delays in all hops through the path to destination, rather than in the first hop only. We evaluate the aforementioned enhancements in a set of emulation experiments conducted on a GNU/Linux testbed and compare official and experimental versions of CGR. Results show that the two enhancements are complementary and can significantly improve routing decisions compared with older versions of CGR, particularly in the presence of parallel routes and traffic of different priorities. These advantages are further extended when the experimental version of ETO is considered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Preliminary Biological Studies of Several Heterocyclic Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Hu Shanfang , Cui Xianwei , He Weimin , Chen Xiangyi , Gu Zikuan , Zhao Jingzhe , Zeng Guang , Shi Zhan , Zhu Lei , Nie Hemin
Published: September 2015

The reaction of molybdenum, tungsten and manganese carbonyls with several thiazole heterocycle ligands yielded a number of coordinated transition metal complexes 1–10. Of these complexes 1–6 are new compounds which have not been reported to date. The structures of new compounds were characterized by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 1–10 are carbon monoxide releasing molecules that show structure‐related anti‐cancer activity. The cytotoxicity of all compounds on Hela cells was evaluated by MTT assay, and the results show that carbon monoxide releasing molecules containing such Schiff base ligands may have biomedical applications for their anti‐tumor effect.
A rigorous solution for the piezoelectric materials containing elliptic cavity or crack with surface effect
Authors: Xiao Junhua , Xu Yaoling , Zhang Fucheng
Published: September 2015

A theoretical study on the problem of piezoelectric materials with a nano elliptic cavity considering surface effect subjected to far‐field antiplane mechanical load and inplane electric load is reported. Surface effect is introduced based on the theory of Gurtin‐Murdoch surface/interface model. A rigorous whole‐field solution is presented by using the complex variable elasticity theory and the conformal mapping method, in terms of which closed‐form solution of the stress/electric displacement fields and the stress/electric displacement intensity factors is obtained. The results reveal that the stress/electric displacement fields and the stress/electric displacement intensity factors are size dependent when the size of the cavity/crack is on the order of nanometer. The present solution approaches to the classical electroelastic results with the increase of the size of the nano elliptic cavity and crack. The influences of the elliptic cavity shape ratio on the stress and electric displacement concentration factors are discussed.
A Microstructural Study on the Observed Differences in Charpy Impact Behavior Between Hot Isostatically Pressed and Forged 304L and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Cooper Adam J. , Cooper Norman I. , Bell Andrew , Dhers Jean , Sherry Andrew H.
Published: September 2015

With near-net shape technology becoming a more desirable route toward component manufacture due to its ability to reduce machining time and associated costs, it is important to demonstrate that components fabricated via Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) are able to perform to similar standards as those set by equivalent forged materials. This paper describes the results of a series of Charpy tests from HIP’d and forged 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steel, and assesses the differences in toughness values observed. The pre-test and post-test microstructures were examined to develop an understanding of the underlying reasons for the differences observed. The as-received microstructure of HIP’d material was found to contain micro-pores, which was not observed in the forged material. In tested specimens, martensite was detectable within close proximity to the fracture surface of Charpy specimens tested at 77 K (−196 °C), and not detected in locations remote from the fracture surface, nor was martensite observed in specimens tested at ambient temperatures. The results suggest that the observed changes in the Charpy toughness are most likely to arise due to differences in as-received microstructures of HIP’d vs forged stainless steel.
A Cathepsin‐L is required for invasive behavior during Air Sac Primordium development inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Dong Qian , Brenneman Breanna , Fields Christopher , Srivastava Ajay
Published: September 2015

TheDrosophila Air Sac Primordium (ASP) has emerged as an important structure where cellular, genetic and molecular events responsible for invasive behavior and branching morphogenesis can be studied. In this report we present data which demonstrate that a Cathepsin‐L encoded by the gene CP1 inDrosophila is necessary for invasive behavior during ASP development. We find that CP1 is expressed in ASP and knockdown of CP1 results in suppression of migratory and invasive behavior observed during ASP development. We further show that CP1 possibly regulates invasive behavior by promoting degradation of Basement Membrane. Our data provide clues to the possible role of Cathepsin L in human lung development and tumor invasion, especially, given the similarities between human lung andDrosophila ASP development.
Numerical simulation of a spatially developing accelerating boundary layer over roughness
Authors: Yuan J. , Piomelli U.
Published: September 2015

The direct numerical simulation of an accelerating boundary layer over a rough wall has been carried out to investigate the coupling between the effects of roughness and strong free-stream acceleration. While the favourable pressure gradient is sufficient to achieve quasi-laminarization on a smooth wall, the flow reversion is prevented on a rough wall, and a higher friction coefficient, a faster increase of turbulence intensity compared to the free-stream velocity and more isotropic turbulence near the wall are observed. The logarithmic region of the mean-velocity profile presents an initial decrease in slope as in the smooth case, but soon recovers, as the fully rough regime is reached and a new overlap region is established. A strong coupling between the roughness and acceleration effects develops as roughness leads to more responsive turbulence and prevents the strong acceleration from stabilizing the turbulence, and the acceleration intensifies the velocity scale of the wake field (i.e. the near-wall spatial heterogeneity of the time-averaged velocity distribution). The combined effect is a ‘rougher’ surface as the flow accelerates. In addition, the link between the local values of the free stream and the near-wall velocity depends on the flow history; this explains the different flow responses observed in previous studies, in terms of friction coefficient, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds-stress anisotropy. This study elucidates the near-wall flow dynamics, which may be used to explain other non-canonical flows over rough walls.
Harmonic solutions for polygonal hydraulic jumps in thin fluid films
Authors: Rojas N. , Tirapegui E.
Published: September 2015

This article contains numerical and theoretical results on the circular and polygonal hydraulic jumps in the framework of inertial lubrication theory. The free surface and velocity fields are computed along with cross-sections of the vorticity and pressure, in agreement with experimental data. The forces that drive and resist the instability are identified with the radial shear force, the azimuthal surface tension and the hydrostatic azimuthal force, in addition to a nonlinear term in the radial coordinate. Periodic solutions are obtained from the first orders of a perturbation theory by considering azimuthal symmetries. The thresholds of the instability are defined at closed jumps for discontinuous solutions and at one-sided hydraulic jumps for continuous curves that conserve fluid mass density.
On the relationship between the non-local clustering mechanism and preferential concentration
Authors: Bragg Andrew D. , Ireland Peter J. , Collins Lance R.
Published: September 2015

‘Preferential concentration’ (Squires & Eaton,Phys. Fluids, vol. A3, 1991, pp. 1169–1178) refers to the clustering of inertial particles in the high strain, low-rotation regions of turbulence. The ‘centrifuge mechanism’ of Maxey (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 174, 1987, pp. 441–465) appears to explain this phenomenon. In a recent paper, Bragg & Collins (New J. Phys., vol. 16, 2014, 055013) showed that the centrifuge mechanism is dominant only in the regime$St\ll 1$, where$St$is the Stokes number based on the Kolmogorov time scale. Outside this regime, the centrifuge mechanism gives way to a non-local, path history symmetry breaking mechanism. However, despite the change in the clustering mechanism, the instantaneous particle positions continue to correlate with high strain, low-rotation regions of the turbulence. In this paper, we analyse the exact equation governing the radial distribution function and show how the non-local clustering mechanism is influenced by, but not dependent upon, the preferential sampling of the fluid velocity gradient tensor along the particle path histories in such a way as to generate a bias for clustering in high strain regions of the turbulence. We also show how the non-local mechanism still generates clustering, but without preferential concentration, in the limit where the time scales of the fluid velocity gradient tensor measured along the inertial particle trajectories approaches zero (such as white noise flows or for particles in turbulence settling under strong gravity). Finally, we use data from a direct numerical simulation of inertial particles suspended in Navier–Stokes turbulence to validate the arguments presented in this study.
Bound states in the continuum in open acoustic resonators
Authors: Lyapina A. A. , Maksimov D. N. , Pilipchuk A. S. , Sadreev A. F.
Published: September 2015

We consider bound states in the continuum (BSCs) or embedded trapped modes in two- and three-dimensional acoustic axisymmetric duct–cavity structures. We demonstrate numerically that, under variation of the length of the cavity, multiple BSCs occur due to the Friedrich–Wintgen two-mode full destructive interference mechanism. The BSCs are detected by tracing the resonant widths to the points of the collapse of Fano resonances where one of the two resonant modes acquires infinite life-time. It is shown that the approach of the acoustic coupled mode theory cast in the truncated form of a two-mode approximation allows us to analytically predict the BSC frequencies and shape functions to a good accuracy in both two and three dimensions.
Catecholaminergic neuronal network dysfunction in the frontal lobe of a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia
Authors: Iritani Shuji , Sekiguchi Hirotaka , Habuchi Chikako , Torii Youta , Kuroda Keisuke , Kaibuchi Kozo , Ozaki Norio
Published: September 2015

Background

The precise aetiology of schizophrenia remains unclear. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed based on the accumulation of genomic or neuroimaging studies.

Objective

In this study, we examined the catecholaminergic neuronal networks in the frontal cortices of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) knockout (KO) mice, which are considered to be a useful model of schizophrenia.

Methods

Six DISC1 homozygous KO mice and six age-matched littermates were used. The animals’ brains were cut into 20-μm-thick slices, which were then immunohistochemically stained using an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) monoclonal antibody.

Results

The TH-immunopositive fibres detected in the orbitofrontal cortices of the DISC1 KO mice were significantly shorter than those seen in the wild-type mice.

Conclusion

These neuropathological findings indicate that the hypofrontal symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with higher mental function deficiencies or cognitive dysfunction such as a loss of working memory.
NEAREST POINTS AND DELTA CONVEX FUNCTIONS IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: BORWEIN JONATHAN M. , GILADI OHAD
Published: September 2015

Given a closed set$C$in a Banach space$(X,\Vert \cdot \Vert )$, a point$x\in X$is said to have a nearest point in$C$if there exists$z\in C$such that$d_{C}(x)=\Vert x-z\Vert$, where$d_{C}$is the distance of$x$from$C$. We survey the problem of studying the size of the set of points in$X$which have nearest points in$C$. We then turn to the topic of delta convex functions and indicate how it is related to finding nearest points.
Bears in Eden, or, this is not the garden you're looking for: Margaret Cavendish, Robert Hooke and the limits of natural philosophy
Authors: LAWSON IAN
Published: September 2015

This paper investigates Margaret Cavendish's characterization of experimental philosophers as hybrids of bears and men in her 1666 story The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World. By associating experimental philosophers, in particular Robert Hooke and his microscope, with animals familiar to her readers from the sport of bear-baiting, Cavendish constructed an identity for the fellows of the Royal Society of London quite unlike that which they imagined for themselves. Recent scholarship has illustrated well how Cavendish's opposition to experimental philosophy is linked to her different natural-philosophical, political and anthropological ideas. My contribution to this literature is to examine the meanings both of bears in early modern England and of microscopes in experimental rhetoric, in order to illustrate the connection that Cavendish implies between the two. She parodied Hooke's idea that his microscope extended his limited human senses, and mocked his aim that by so doing he could produce useful knowledge. The bear-men reflect inhuman ambition and provide a caution against ignoring both the order of English society and the place of humans in nature.
Between universalism and regionalism: universal systematics from imperial Japan
Authors: LEE JUNG
Published: September 2015

Historiographic discussions of the universality and regionality of science have to date focused on European cases for making regional science universal. This paper presents a new perspective by moving beyond European origins and illuminating a non-European scientist's engagement with the universality and regionality of science. It will examine the case of the Japanese botanist Nakai Takenoshin (1882–1952), an internationally recognized authority on Korean flora based at Tokyo Imperial University. Serving on the International Committee on Botanical Nomenclature in 1926, Nakai endorsed and acted upon European claims of universal science, whilst simultaneously unsettling them with his regionally shaped systematics. Eventually he came to promote his own systematics, built regionally on Korean flora, as the new universal. By analysing his shifting claims in relation to those of other European and non-European botanists, this paper makes two arguments. First, universalism and regionalism were not contradictory foundations of scientific practice but useful tools used by this non-European botanist in maintaining his scientific authority as a representative Japanese systematist. Second, his claims to universality and regionalism were both imperially charged. An imperially monopolized study of Korean plants left a regional imprint on Nakai's systematics. In order to maintain his scientific authority beyond its region of origin he had to assert either the expanding regionalism of ‘East Asia’ or universalism.
Smartphone apps for snoring
Authors: Camacho M , Robertson M , Abdullatif J , Certal V , Kram Y A , Ruoff C M , Brietzke S E , Capasso R
Published: September 2015

Objective:

To identify and systematically evaluate user-friendly smartphone snoring apps.

Methods:

The Apple iTunes app store was searched for snoring apps that allow recording and playback. Snoring apps were downloaded, evaluated and rated independently by four authors. Two patients underwent polysomnography, and the data were compared with simultaneous snoring app recordings, and one patient used the snoring app at home.

Results:

Of 126 snoring apps, 13 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most critical app feature was the ability to graphically display the snoring events. The Quit Snoring app received the highest overall rating. When this app's recordings were compared with in-laboratory polysomnography data, app snoring sensitivities ranged from 64 to 96 per cent, and snoring positive predictive values ranged from 93 to 96 per cent. A chronic snorer used the app nightly for one month and tracked medical interventions. Snoring decreased from 200 to 10 snores per hour, and bed partner snoring complaint scores decreased from 9 to 2 (on a 0–10 scale).

Conclusion:

Select smartphone apps are user-friendly for recording and playing back snoring sounds. Preliminary comparison of more than 1500 individual snores demonstrates the potential clinical utility of such apps; however, further validation testing is recommended.
Rediscovering confidence as a mechanism and optimism as a construct
Authors: Carver Charles S. , Scheier Michael F.
Published: September 2015

The target article asserts that resilience results from a generalized tendency to appraise stressful circumstances positively. Apparently unbeknownst to the authors, essentially the same idea has been advanced before and studied extensively from a different research perspective. This raises a broader issue: the critical need, when projects attempt to span disciplines, to fully examine work from all relevant backgrounds.
Programming multi-agent systems
Authors: Dastani Mehdi
Published: September 2015

With the significant advances in the area of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems in the last decade, promising technologies for the development and engineering of multi-agent systems have emerged. The result is a variety of agent-oriented programming languages, development frameworks, execution platforms, and tools that facilitate building and engineering of multi-agent systems. This paper provides an overview of the multi-agent programming research field and explains the aim and characteristics of various multi-agent programming languages and development frameworks. This overview is complemented with a discussion on the current trends and challenges in this research community.
Semantics of templates in a compositional framework for building logics
Authors: DASSEVILLE INGMAR , VAN DER HALLEN MATTHIAS , JANSSENS GERDA , DENECKER MARC
Published: September 2015

There is a growing need for abstractions in logic specification languages such as FO(·) and ASP. One technique to achieve these abstractions are templates (sometimes called macros). While the semantics of templates are virtually always described through a syntactical rewriting scheme, we present an alternative view on templates as second order definitions. To extend the existing definition construct of FO(·) to second order, we introduce a powerful compositional framework for defining logics by modular integration of logic constructs specified as pairs of one syntactical and one semantical inductive rule. We use the framework to build a logic of nested second order definitions suitable to express templates. We show that under suitable restrictions, the view of templates as macros is semantically correct and that adding them does not extend the descriptive complexity of the base logic, which is in line with results of existing approaches.
Introduction to the 31st International Conference on Logic Programming special issue
Authors: EITER THOMAS , TONI FRANCESCA
Published: September 2015

The 31st edition of the International Conference of Logic Programming (ICLP 2015) took place in Cork, Ireland, from 31 August 2015 to 4 September 2015, co-located with the 21st International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2015) and part of George Boole 200, a celebration of the life and work of George Boole who was born in 1815 and worked at the University College of Cork.
Can a medical need clause help manage the growing costs of prescription drugs in the EU?
Authors: Brooks Eleanor , Geyer Robert
Published: September 2015

Innovation in the development of new drugs has to balance the needs of health actors and administrators, the pharmaceutical industry and patients. Differing perspectives on what constitutes an innovation, where research and development should be directed and how new drugs should be evaluated and priced cause ongoing tensions within the regulatory framework. In the current climate, where Europe’s health systems face rising demand for health services and increasingly restricted resources, the efficiency of pharmaceutical regulation and drug development is under even greater scrutiny. How can regulation foster innovation and industry growth while also serving the public health needs of society, and what is the EU’s role in pursuing this objective? Drawing on a provision which formerly existed in Norwegian pharmaceutical legislation, this article explores the potential of a medical need clause (MNC) in addressing these issues. In restricting market authorisations to those drugs that offer an added therapeutic value, might a MNC foster innovation and spending efficiency in Europe’s health systems?