bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc supplementation prevents increases in prevalence of hypertension among HIV infected adults in Miami
Authors: Lima Claudia , Campa Adriana , Sales Sabrina , Stewart Tiffanie , Garces Luis , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

HIV is a risk factor for hypertension (HTN). This study examines the prevalence of HTN in a clinical trial of HIV+ adults receiving zinc (12 mg for women and 15 mg for men) or placebo over 18 months.

Methods

After consenting 231 HIV+ adults, physical examinations were done. HTN was defined as having diagnosed HTN, blood pressure >140/90 or receiving treatment for HTN at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA (controlled for age and ART), and Post‐Hoc tests were performed.

Results

Mean age was 42.7±7.0 years. The prevalence of HTN was 48.9% (n=113; 82 women, 31 men), significantly increasing over 18 months by 12±3.2%. There were significant interactions between time, treatment and gender in modifying HTN (p=0.015). When compared to women supplemented with zinc, women on placebo had a significant and sustained increase in the prevalence of HTN (5.1% vs. 3.28%, p=0.016) by 18 months. Men on placebo, as compared to those on zinc, had significant increase in prevalence of HTN at 6 months (14.8 vs. 1.9%, p=0.037) with no differences afterwards.

Conclusions

The prevalence of HTN among HIV+ adults in Miami is almost twice that of the general population (48.9% vs. 25.5%) of similar age. Zinc supplementation compared to placebo, prevented increases in HTN in women and to a lesser extent in men. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms for zinc action on HTN.

Supported by NIDA
The 10‐20‐fold increase in basal copper uptake by mammary gland in lactation is not induced by lactational hormones
Authors: Linder Maria C. , Kim Stephen , Ho Yi‐Hsuan , Kassissa Christine , Kidane Theodros Z. , Michalczyk Agnes , Ackland Margaret Leigh , Mercer Julian F.B.
Published: June 2021

As first shown in rats, the uptake of Cu by the mammary gland increases about 20‐fold over that in the virgin state in lactation, after i.p. or i.v. injection of tracer 64Cu. We hypothesized that this was due to the upregulation of Cu transporters and/or uptake systems/processes induced by lactational hormones. This was tested in the PMC42 cell model of human breast, which responds to lactational hormones by production of milk proteins and trafficking of Cu pumps, ATP7A and B; as well as in mouse mammary explants exposed to the hormones. 64Cu was delivered to the PMC42 cells grown in bicameral chambers by either pure human albumin, alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, or as the dihistidine complex. Pretreatment with a regimen of pre‐lactational and lactational hormones induced casein production but made no difference to initial rates of Cu uptake from any of the complexes. The same results were obtained with polarized monolayers with tight junctions, organoids produced with extracellular matrix, and with cultured mammary explants. Measurements of 64Cu uptake by mammary gland and other tissues of mice throughout pregnancy and into lactation indicated a strong positive relationship between initial rates and mammary gland mass. We conclude that increased mass rather than changes in expression of uptake systems may be the main determinant of mammary gland Cu uptake, at least in the absence of suckling. Supported by USPHS Grant HD 46949.
Regulatory Affairs: Master of Science at San Diego State University
Authors: Sevier Ernest Dale
Published: June 2021

The program addresses the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries' need for education in the FDA regulation of biomedical products, and incorporates strategies to provide the knowledge and the expertise to apply it to regulatory challenges in the development, testing and manufacture of biomedical products. Learning objectives: Interpret healthcare‐related laws, regulations, guidelines, and policies; Evaluate research and development processes for biomedical products from a FDA regulatory perspective; Identify areas of compliance with regulations and policies; Interpret FDA‐related laws and regulations; Identify responsibilities of the regulatory affairs professional that extend throughout the lifetime of products; Identify international healthcare regulations that apply to the planning of a biomedical development program; Utilize effective communication skills with organizational behavior and project and operations management principals within a project development team environment; and Summarize and explain requirements for FDA submissions to testing investigational drugs and medical devices.
The Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Programs at Case Western
Authors: Caner Edward
Published: June 2021

The Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Program (STEP) at Case Western Reserve University is a family of Professional Science Masters (PSM) degrees, specifically in biotechnology, chemistry, and physics. The curriculum is lean and flexible—minimum 30 semester hours. The four core courses are: Feasibility Analysis, Technology Venture Creation, and Modern Physics for Innovation I and II or Contemporary Biotechnology for Innovation I and II. The remaining credits are electives in business and science (i.e., Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Medicine). Nine credits correspond to a thesis that is based on real‐world experience.

Students take a yearlong internship with a focus on startups, small companies, and technology transfer. This enables students to learn innovation alongside those who are struggling to do it. Internships are not confined to the Cleveland area—STEP students have held long‐distance and international internships in India, Thailand, and Hawaii.

Since 2000, 46 students have graduated and 30 are currently enrolled. Over the past 4 years, STEP students have played a significant roll in raising over $20M for companies in Northeast Ohio through various mechanisms. Currently, 90% of STEP students focus on energy, healthcare, and sustainability. Average starting salaries are $65,000 for Physics and Chemistry graduates and $60,000 for Biology graduates.
Co‐treatment with quercetin to enhance the chemopreventive effect of green tea in prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Piwen , Henning Susanne M. , Heber David
Published: June 2021

The low bioavailability and extensive biotransformation in vivo limit the anti‐cancer potential of green tea polyphenols such as (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG). We found that fifty percent or more of EGCG was present in methylated form (4″‐O‐methyl EGCG) in human prostate tissue after drinking 6 cups of green tea daily and in mouse xenograft prostate tumors after consuming green tea in drinking water. In LNCaP prostate cancer cells, incubated with EGCG, 50% was found in form of 4″‐O‐methyl EGCG. Since EGCG methylation significantly decreased the activity of EGCG to inhibit proliferation and NFkB stimulation, and to induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells, we investigated whether co‐treatment of EGCG with quercetin will decrease EGCG methylation. Co‐treatment of LNCaP cells with quercetin, a natural inhibitor of both multidrug resistance proteins and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), increased the absorption of EGCG 10‐fold in a dose‐dependent manner as well as significantly reduced the methylation of intracellular EGCG by 50%. The co‐treatment exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 and COMT compared to EGCG treatment alone. These results support our hypothesis that co‐treatment of EGCG with quercetin decreased EGCG methylation which may increase the chemopreventive effect of green tea. This research was supported by RO1 CA116242.
Blood pressure lowering effect of dietary (−)‐epicatechin in L‐NAME induced hypertension in rats
Authors: Jaggers Grayson , Celep Gulcin , Galleano Monica , Oteiza Patricia , Fraga Cesar
Published: June 2021

This work focused on the effect of dietary (−)‐epicatechin (EC) supplementation on blood pressure (BP), using a rat model of L‐NAME‐induced hypertension. L‐NAME was administered in drinking water (360 mg/l) and EC was provided in solid diet (1g or 4g EC/kg diet (EC1 or EC4, respectively)). Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (C); L‐NAME (L); L‐NAME + EC1/EC4 (LEC1 or LEC4, respectively), kept under the according treatments for 4 days, and BP measured daily by tail‐cuff plethysmography. Rats were euthanized and blood plasma was obtained to determine Nω‐nitroarginine (NA) content, EC levels, oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters. Final BP (mm Hg) was: C= 102±3; L= 143±6*; LEC1= 128±6# and LEC4= 110±8# (*p<0.05 respect to C; #p<0.05 respect to L). Plasma NA levels increased in L‐NAME treated groups and was not affected by EC. The decrease in BP was associated with improvement in markers of oxidative stress (plasma MDA, oxidized glutathione) and parameters of nitric oxide (NO) production (plasma nitrates+nitrites and protein nitrotyrosine). The findings suggest that an increase in NO bioavailability, as a result of diminished oxidant production, can be one possible medium involved in the BP lowering action of EC in this model of hypertension.

Supported by NIH AT2966 and UCDavis CHNR, USA; and ANPCyT (00994) and UBACyT (B801, B80) Argentina. MG and CGF are members of the CIC, CONICET, Argentina.
Ingestion of “immune” nutrient fortified breakfast cereal has no influence on immune function in children
Authors: Nieman David Christopher , Henson Dru A
Published: June 2021

The influence of 2‐months ingestion of an “immune” nutrient fortified breakfast cereal on immune function and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was studied in children during the winter. Subjects included 73 children (N=42 males, N=31 females) ranging in age from 7 to 13 years (9.9±1.7). Subjects were randomized to 1 of 3 groups (double blinded): cereal without added nutrients, or with moderate or high “immune” nutrient fortification (A, C, E, and B‐complex, iron, and zinc, with higher A, C, E in the “high” group). Immune measures included delayed‐typed hypersensitivity, global IgG to pneumococcal vaccination, salivary IgA, PHA‐stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity. Subjects under parental supervision filled in daily logs using URTI symptoms codes. Subjects ingested 3337±106 gm cereal during the 2‐month study, which represented 14% of energy intake and 20–80% of selected vitamins/minerals. Despite elevated intake of nutrients, URTI rates and pre‐ to‐ post‐study changes in all immune measures did not differ between groups. Data from this study indicate that ingestion of breakfast cereal fortified with an “immune” nutrient blend for 2 winter months by healthy children does not influence biomarkers of innate or adaptive immune function or URTI.

Funded by General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition
High fat diets enriched in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not suppress B cell activation but increase spleen size and accumulation of adipose tissue and lower liver triglycerides
Authors: Shaikh Saame Raza , Carraway Kristen , Rockett Benjamin Drew
Published: June 2021

N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress T cell activation; however far less is known about the effects of the fatty acids on activation of B cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that n‐3 PUFAs could suppress B220 B cell activation in response to LPS in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids did not suppress B cell activation, although DHA did lower IL‐6 levels. In addition, EPA and DHA prevented palmitate induced lipid overload which was driven by accumulation of the fatty acids into the membranes of B cells. Ex vivo, a high fat diet enriched in n‐3 PUFAs, which modeled intake of n‐3 PUFAs in Eskimos, had no effect on mouse splenic B cell activation. During the course of the study, unexpectedly, n‐3 PUFAs increased spleen size and body weight gain compared to low fat and other high fat diets. The increase in body weight was due to accumulation of brown, inguinal, and epididymal fat. The high fat n‐3 PUFA diet did lower triglyceride accumulation in the liver, consistent with the in vitro studies. Taken together, our data show that n‐3 PUFAs do not suppress B cell activation. More importantly, a high fat diet in n‐3 PUFAs can increase body fat but lower liver triglycerides.
Inhibitory effects of dietary resveratrol on anaphylactic reaction and IgE‐mediated allergic response in basophilic mast cells
Authors: Han Seon‐Young , Bae Ji‐Young , Kang Sang‐Wook , Kang Young‐Hee
Published: June 2021

Resveratrol is a polyphenol rich in fruit berries and effective in anti‐tumor, anti‐inflammation, and anti‐oxidation. It has been reported that the anti‐inflammatory effects of resveratrol are associated with its immune responses. The present study was to test whether resveratrol dampens allergic responses in the type I hypersensitivity model using rat basophilic leukemia (RBL‐2H3) cells cultured in EMEM containing 10% FBS. RBL‐2H3 cells were pre‐treated for 2 hours with non‐toxic resveratrol at 25 μM, sensitized with anti‐dinitrophenyl‐immunoglobulin E (anti‐DNP‐IgE), and then stimulated by DNP‐human serum albumin antigen. Resveratrol diminished release of β‐hexosaminidase enzyme and histamine from anti‐DNP‐IgE‐sensitized cells. In addition, the IgE antibody‐induced production of interleukin‐4 was suppressed in resveratrol‐exposed basophilic RBL‐2H3 cells, evidenced by ELISA. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that 5–25 μM resveratrol dose‐dependently mitigated protein expression of protein kinase C (PKC) family. Taken together, the anti‐allergic responses of resveratrol suggest possible therapeutic strategies in preventing allergic diseases through blockade of inflammatory cytokine release and PKC‐dependent signaling. This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (2009‐0072534) and Brain Korea 21.
Factors related to colonic fermentation of non‐digestible carbohydrates of a previous evening meal increase tissue glucose uptake and moderate glucose‐associated inflammation
Authors: Priebe Marion G. , Wang Hongwei , Weening Desirée , Schepers Marianne , Preston Tom , Vonk Roel J.
Published: June 2021

Evening meals rich in non‐digestible carbohydrates (NDC) have been shown to lower postprandial glucose concentrations after ingestion of high glycemic index breakfasts. This phenomenon is linked to colonic fermentation of NDC, but the underlying mechanism is not fully elucidated. We examined in which way glucose kinetics and related factors are changed after the breakfast due to colonic fermentation.

In a cross‐over design 10 healthy male subjects ingested as an evening meal white bread (WB) or cooked barley kernels (BA). In the morning after intake of 50 g 13C‐enriched glucose the dual isotope technique was applied to determine glucose kinetics. Plasma insulin, interleukin 6 (IL 6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), short‐chain fatty acid concentrations and breath hydrogen excretion were measured.

The glucose response after the glucose drink was 29 % lower after the BA evening meal. The insulin response was the same, whereas tissue glucose uptake was 30 % higher after the BA evening meal, indicating increased insulin sensitivity. The 4‐h mean postprandial IL 6 and TNF‐α concentrations after the glucose drink were higher after the WB evening meal. Butyrate concentrations as well as hydrogen in breath were higher in the morning after the BA evening meal. In healthy subjects factors related to colonic fermentation of NDC increase peripheral insulin sensitivity and moderate glucose‐associated inflammation.
Atherogenic Diet Promotes Liver Inflammation, Fatty Liver Formation & Atherogenesis in LDL Receptor Null Mice
Authors: Wang Shu , Wu Yi Chieh , Wu Dayong , Matthan Nirupa R. , Lamon‐Fava Stefania , Srinivasan Iswarya , Reed Debra , Lichtenstein Alice
Published: June 2021

The effect of an atherogenic diet on hepatic cytokine production in relation to aortic lesion formation was assessed in LDL receptor null (LDLr−/−) mice. Mice (n=11/group) were fed an atherogenic (20% fat, 0.2% cholesterol, w/w) or control (4% fat, 0.02% cholesterol, w/w) diet for 32 weeks. Cytokine concentrations and tissue lipid content were measured by ELISA and enzymatic methods, respectively. The atherogenic diet, relative to the control diet, significantly increased the hepatic production of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6, 1.4‐fold, P<0.05) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, 2.0‐fold, P<0.05). The atherogenic diet, relative to the control diet, also resulted in significantly higher content of liver triglyceride (3.5‐fold, P<0.01), total cholesterol (4.2‐fold, P<0.01) and esterified cholesterol (7.9‐fold, P<0.001). Greater accumulation of aortic esterified cholesterol (6.4‐fold, P<0.001) and higher plasma concentrations of TNFα (4.4‐fold, P<0.01) and IL‐6 (2.9‐fold, P<0.001) were found in the mice fed the atherogenic relative to control diet. These data suggest that the atherogenic diet‐induced liver inflammation partially contributed to higher plasma cytokine concentrations, which in turn were associated with atherogenesis in LDLr−/− mice.
Bioavailability of avocado‐derived mannoheptulose in dogs
Authors: Davenport Gary , Massimino Stefan , Hayek Michael , Ceddia Michael , Burr John , Yeh Chyon‐Hwa , Li Lijuan , Roth George , Ingram Donald
Published: June 2021

Mannoheptulose (MH) is a 7‐carbon sugar found in avocados and other natural sources that acts to reduce glycolysis via hexokinase inhibition. It has been proposed as a calorie restriction (CR) mimetic that delivers anti‐aging and health‐promoting benefits of CR without reducing food intake. Three studies were conducted to evaluate MH bioavailability when fed to dogs as an avocado extract (AvX) based on MH levels in urine (Study 1) and plasma (Study 2 & 3). In Study 1, Labrador Retrievers (LR; n=15) and Fox Terriers (n=15) were fed AvX‐containing diets formulated to deliver 0, 2 or 5 mg MH/kg BW. All dogs were subjected to 24‐hour quantitative urine collections. A dose‐dependent increase (p<0.05) in urinary MH occurred with increasing dietary MH. In Study 2, LR (n=6) were fed AvX‐containing diets once daily to deliver 0, 1 or 2 mg MH/kg BW. Sequential blood samples were collected before and after feeding through 12 hr and at 24‐hr post‐feeding. Plasma MH increased (P<0.05) with both MH diets compared to control. Peak MH occurred 6–8 hr post‐feeding and returned to non‐detectable levels by 24 hr. In Study 3, similar MH results were observed for LR (n=10) fed AvX‐containing diets twice daily to provide 0 or 2 mg MH/kg BW. Peak MH occurred within 2–4 hr of MH consumption and returned to non‐detectable levels by 24 hr. Mannoheptulose, fed as an avocado extract, is biologically available in dogs based on its appearance in plasma and urine.
Whole blood gene differences between osteoarthritic dogs compared to healthy geriatric dogs
Authors: Frantz Nolan , Hahn Kevin , Macleay Jen , Al‐Murrani Sam
Published: June 2021

A study was conducted to determine differences in 29 healthy geriatric dogs (initially 13.51 ± 1.66 kg, 10.7 ± 2.33 years) with no radiographic evidence of arthritis or lameness history compared with 31 arthritic dogs (initially 13.5 ± 1.27 kg, 11.0 ± 2.23 years) with varying degrees of radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis and a history of lameness. All dogs were fed a maintenance control food for 28 days prior to sample collection. Blood samples were drawn into PAXgene blood RNA tubes at day 28 and RNA was extracted according to the procedures provided in the PAXgene RNA Kit Handbook (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Probes were generated based on the canine genome sequencing for 89 arthritis related genes for RT‐PCR analysis based on previous literature. Transcripts having a P < 0.05 (following a false discovery rate adjustment) and a fold change range of at least 1.25 were considered different among the two groups. Analysis of the RNA found differences in 23 genes between the blood of osteoarthritic and healthy geriatric dogs. Of the genes identified, 22 were down‐regulated and 1 up‐regulated. Several of these genes have also been analyzed for in canine articular cartilage, however, the majority of them are elevated in OA vs healthy cartilage. Similar to human data, an inverse relationship of genes associated with osteoarthritis between blood and articular cartilage may exist in the dog.
Effect of popcorn or chocolate on hunger and fullness
Authors: Reimers Kristin Jean , Lowczyk Ursula Teresa , Pitts Rebecca Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Understanding the effect of common snack foods on hunger and fullness can help guide food selection in the context of weight control. We compared eucaloric (100 kcal) servings of 94% fat free whole grain popcorn and milk chocolate. In a counterbalanced cross‐over design, 49 women consumed a standard breakfast followed by the snack three hours later. Participants recorded feelings of hunger, fullness, thirst, desire for a snack, and general mood on 11‐point scales before the snack and 45 minutes later. Standard 9‐point hedonic scales were used to assess overall liking, appearance, flavor, texture and satisfaction. Results: Popcorn yielded lower hunger (p<0.0001) and greater fullness (p<0.005) than milk chocolate. Overall liking and flavor liking were higher for milk chocolate (p<0.05), but satisfaction with amount of food was higher for popcorn (p<0.05). These results show a 100 kcal portion of popcorn has a greater effect on hunger, fullness, and visual satisfaction than milk chocolate, and suggests popcorn is a more prudent snack choice for weight management. Supported by ConAgra Foods.
Differences in satiety between glucose and fructose treatment
Authors: Horn William F. , Keim Nancy L. , Tryon Rebecca R , Rust Bret , Stanhope Kimber L , Havel Peter J , Hatcher Bonnie
Published: June 2021

Previously we showed that after a brief exposure (24‐h) to dietary fructose (FRC) at 30% of energy intake, postprandial leptin levels were lower and post‐meal suppression of ghrelin was blunted compared to an isocaloric dose of dietary glucose (GLC). Since these hormones are thought to influence hunger and food intake behavior, we hypothesized that a longer exposure (10‐wk) to FRC at 25% of energy intake would lead to increased hunger and food intake related variables compared to an intervention containing 25% GLC. Overweight/obese subjects participating in a 10‐wk FRC (n= 12) or GLC (n= 12) intervention study, rated perceptions of hunger and appetite hourly using visual analog scales, at baseline and end of intervention. Raw hunger scores did not change significantly in response to the simple sugar interventions. Compared with baseline scores, visual analog scores for fullness were significantly (p < 0.05) different in post‐lunch and post‐dinner intervals for GLC treatment. Fullness scores for FRC group did not significantly change when compared to baseline values. Large between subject variability limits the usefulness of subjective reports of appetite under conditions of energy balance.
Does young children's emotion regulation predict emotional and external eating?
Authors: Harrist Amanda W. , Topham Glade L. , Hubbs‐Tait Laura , Shriver Lenka H. , Page Melanie C.
Published: June 2021

Children's emotional and external eating are linked to overweight. Both eating patterns can be conceptualized as regulation problems. In one case, the child is not regulating emotions so turns to food for comfort; in the other, children are not regulating eating according to hunger/satiety. Children's emotion regulation is a key component of socioemotional competence. However, research has not yet examined whether children's emotion regulation ability relates to their eating patterns. The objective of the current study is to examine associations between (a) emotion regulation (inhibition, dysregulation, and coping; Children's Emotion Management Scales); and (b) emotional and external eating (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire‐rev) among 953 rural 2nd graders interviewed at school (49% girls, 17% Native‐American). Preliminary correlational analyses (with 1/2 sample) revealed several trends: External eating was related to inhibition of worry (r = −.08, p = .05) and coping with worry (r = −.07, p = .09), while emotional eating was related to dysregulation of anger (r = .06, p = .10) and coping with worry (r = −.06, p = .08). Findings suggest minimal association between emotion regulation and eating. If total sample analyses reveal stronger associations, interventions with overweight children might include teaching emotion‐regulation skills. Funding was provided by USDA‐CSREES Grant 05545.
Effects of a school‐based pediatric obesity prevention program
Authors: Palcic Jennette L , Johnston Craig A , El‐Mubasher Abeer A. , Woehler Deborah L , Foreyt John P.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a school‐based pediatric obesity program for elementary children. Children (n = 782) were between the ages of 7 and 9 and in the 2nd grade. A total of 323 (189 males) children who exceeded the 85th percentile for BMI were randomized into an integrated health curriculum (IHC) or treatment as usual (TAU) condition. The IHC condition (n= 187) received nutrition education that included lifestyle change techniques provided by their classroom teacher. The teacher was provided with a trained instructor to assist with the integration of health materials into their classes. The TAU condition (n= 136) received a typical health and physical education class. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to evaluate weight changes between the groups using standardized BMIs from baseline to 2 years. Children in the IHC condition significantly reduced their BMI zscore when compared to the children in the TAU condition as demonstrated by a significant time by condition interaction effect (F = 8.08, p = .005). This study suggests that an integrated health program supported by trained professionals is a promising approach for school‐based pediatric obesity prevention. This project was funded by a grant from the Oliver Foundation.
Body weight control and dietary behavior of Korean middle school students
Authors: Chang Kyung Ja , Kim Mi Jung , You JeongSoon
Published: June 2021

In order to provide basic information for nutrition education program in Korean middle school students, this cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire. The subject of study was 190 middle school students (96 males and 94 females) in Incheon metropolitan area. The average BMI of male and female students were 21.9 kg/m2 and 19.6 kg/m2, respectively. As for BMI distribution, more male students (33.0%) were in overweight/obesity group compared to female students (10.6%). Overweight/obesity group answered significantly more ‘childhood obesity’ and ‘obese family member’, and less ‘regular exercise’ compared to low weight and normal groups. About 50% of the subjects had experience of body weight control. There were significant differences in eating rate and amount among groups according to BMI; overweight/obesity group used to eat three meals rapidly and fully. There was no significant difference in food frequency among groups according to BMI. However, there was significant difference in food frequency between male and female students. Male students ate more frequently cooked rice, bread, fried noodle, to‐fu, pork and ham compared to female students. Female students ate more frequently seaweed compared to male students. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nutrition education program based on gender difference in addition to BMI difference.
Use of music therapy to improve children's dietary and exercise habits: a pilot study
Authors: Mori‐Inoue Satoko , Standley Jayne M , Ilich Jasminka Z
Published: June 2021

Obesity in children is rising steadily. Both unhealthy diet and/or lack of exercise are the problems. The objective of this study was to assess the music program tailored to improve children's dietary and exercise habits. The participants included 7 children ages 6–9 (7.4±1.3; Mean±SD) y. The intervention took 6 weeks, 3 times/week for 45 min/session. The activities included singing and drumming combined with jumping, walking, running, and calisthenics. Weight and height were recorded. Blood pressure and heart rates were monitored for safety and remained within normal limits. Although the height slightly increased (from 127.3±7.7 to 128.6±7.0 cm), BMI‐for‐age score and percentile indicated slight decrease. The BMI‐for‐age in one child who was obese (>99 percentile) decreased from 31.3 to 30.5 kg/m2. Children's attitudes about exercise and healthy eating became more positive during the intervention as assessed by verbal and written questionnaires. They displayed better knowledge/understanding about food choices and regular exercise. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a specifically tailored music therapy in children for their diet and exercise improvement. Although there were minor effects on weight in children, the music activities showed to be useful and motivational. Future research and implementation of this program in participants with identified weight problems is warranted.
Weight and lipid‐lowering effects and safety of a herbal formulation in a rat model of obesity
Authors: Perry Benjamin Thomas , Wang Yanwen , Zhang Junzeng
Published: June 2021

Both overweight and obesity increase the risk of developing several serious chronic diseases, as well as lipid‐related conditions, such as hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a proprietary herbal formulation on body weight, food intake, plasma lipids and liver enzymes, and body fat content and distribution in a rat model of obesity. In this study, we used obese‐resistant (OR) and obeseprone (OP) rats, which were housed individually in cages. All rats were fed a high‐fat (60% energy from fat) diet for 9 weeks. The OR rats were used as a normal control group and one group of OP rats was used as an obesity control. An additional three OP groups were challenged with different dose levels of the herbal formulation. The results demonstrated that the formulation was able to lower body weight, absolute body fat, and triacylglycerides. The results also revealed that the product reduced food intake. There are a growing number of available weight loss products on the marketplace but many exhibit adverse side effects. These side effects can be assessed by measuring the concentration of liver enzymes in the serum. In the present study, the formulation administered did not exhibit any liver toxicity at any of the dose levels. In conclusion, the formulation appears to warrant further examination for possible development as a natural product for weight control and lipid management.

Grant Funding Source: CIHR
Trunk fat and insulin resistance are positively correlated with carbohydrate intake and glycemic index in subjects classified with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: LaPia Branden James , Jones Jennifer , Barona Jacqueline , Calle Mariana , Kim Jung Eun , McIntosh Mark , Kalynych Colleen , Vukich Claire , Najm Wadie I , Volek Jeff S , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

We evaluated markers of inflammation, adiponectin, body composition and diet in 88 women (25–72 y) classified with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Values for waist circumference (108.2 ± 11.2 cm) and plasma triglycerides (200.4 ± 53.3 mg/dL) were elevated. While plasma glucose levels varied from 66–179 mg/dL, 42% of women had insulin resistance. Plasma levels of Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (0.99–15.7 mg/L), tumor necrosis factor alpha (1.47–12.3 mg/L) and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (0.06–3.08 mg/dL) varied widely with most women being above values considered normal.. Subjects reported energy consumption from 488 to 6276 kcal/d with the expected under‐reporting in obese subjects. Subjects had a high intake of both trans fatty acids (4.9 g/d) and sugar (92.3 ± 56.4 g/d) while dietary fiber (17.0 ± 9.0 g/d) was below the recommendations. Glycemic load was also high (127.2 ± 56.1). Plasma insulin was highly correlated with trunk fat (r = 0.848, P < 0.00001) while trunk fat was positively correlated with energy intake (r = 0.637, P < 0.0001), total CHO (r = 0.643, P < 0.0001) and total sugar (r = 0.573, P < 0.0001). Although adiponectin values were normal, 16.4 ± 8.2 mg/L, adiponectin was negatively correlated with added sugar (r = −0.318, P < 0.01) and glycemic index (r = −0.342, P < 0.05). These results suggest that high carbohydrate, high glycemic foods are strongly correlated with trunk fat and insulin resistance in subjects with MetS. [Supported by MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, WA]
Screening for Acute Childhood Malnutrition during the National Nutrition Week in Mali Increases Treatment Referrals
Authors: Nyirandutiye Daniele Henriette , Brown Kenneth , Iknane Akory Ag , Fofana Amadou
Published: June 2021

Rationale

With a prevalence of 15%, acute childhood malnutrition remains a public health problem in Mali. Semi‐annual Child Nutrition Weeks known as SIAN may provide an opportunity to screen a large number of children for acute malnutrition by, measuring their mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC).

Objective

To evaluate the effects of integrating MUAC screening for acute malnutrition into the SIAN activities carried out in June 2008.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in two health districts in the Koulikoro region, using a population‐proportionate, multi‐stage random sample of: 1) health centers, and 2) households with children 6–59 months of age in villages linked to each of the selected health centers.

Results

1278 of the 1543 eligible children 6–59 months (83%), and 1118 of the eligible older range children (84%) reportedly participated in SIAN. Of the eligible, participating children, 1258 received vitamin A (98% of SIAN participants; 82% of eligible children), 945 received anti‐helminth tablets (84% of participants; 71% of eligibles), and 669 were screened for acute malnutrition (52% of participants; 43% of eligibles). 186 of those screened with MUAC (28%) were reportedly identified as acutely malnourished.

Conclusion

Integrating MUAC screening for acute malnutrition in SIAN permits the assessment and referral of a large number of children for acute malnutrition, and should be continued.

The study was supported by grants from The United States Agency for International Development/Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund.
Nutrition risk among seniors participating in the Elderly Nutrition Program in rural northern California
Authors: Morris Michelle Neyman , Presley Yolanda , Schneider Julie , Silliman Kathryn
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to assess nutritional risk among community‐dwelling seniors participating in the Elderly Nutrition Program in rural northern California. A convenience sample of 140 seniors, aged 60 and older (61 receiving Home Delivered Meals (HDM), and 79 participating in the Congregate Site Meal Program (CSMP)), was surveyed. Nutritional risk was assessed using the validated DETERMINE checklist. Interviews were also conducted to gather qualitative data on nutrition concerns identified by service providers and seniors. Thirty‐five percent of CSMP, and 78% of HDM participants were at moderate or high nutritional risk based on the DETERMINE checklist. Seniors 75 years of age or older (66% of sample), widowed seniors, those receiving HDM, and those with self‐reported high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were at significantly greater nutritional risk. Approximately half of the subjects ate alone, had an illness or condition that altered their dietary intake, and were consuming two or fewer servings of fruits and vegetables daily. In addition, accessible and affordable transportation was identified as a key need based on the survey and interviews. These results, which suggest nutritional risk among this sample, may guide service providers in future program planning aimed at improving the nutritional status of community‐dwelling seniors.
Effects of a Mediterranean‐style, low‐glycemic‐load diet on red blood cell omega‐3 index and fatty acid profile in women with metabolic syndrome
Authors: McIntosh Mark , Lerman Robert H , Kalynych Colleen J , Vukich Clare , Fernandez Maria Luz , Harris William S
Published: June 2021

We evaluated effects of a 12‐week Mediterranean‐style, low‐glycemic‐load diet (MLGD), alone or combined with a phytosterol‐soy based medical food (PSS) on red blood cell (RBC) fatty acids (FAs) and other coronary risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Subjects (BMI 25–45 kg/m2, LDL≥100 mg/dL, and triglycerides≥150 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to MLGD+PSS (n=8) or MLGD alone (n=9). Analysis is presented on combined groups. RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels (omega‐3 index) increased (3.7% to 4.6%; P<0.001) due to increased DHA (3.3% to 4.1%; P<0.0005); EPA did not change. Total trans FAs decreased (P<0.05). Intakes of saturated FAs, n‐6 polyunsaturated FAs, and trans FAs decreased (all p<0.005). Monounsaturated FA intake increased (P < 0.001), but omega‐3 FA intake did not change. The change in the omega‐3 index was inversely correlated with changes in LDL (r = −0.678, P<0.01), apolipoprotein B (r = −0.586, P<0.05), and intracellular (r= −0.829, P<0.0005) and vascular adhesion molecules (r= −0.757, P<0.005). MLGD, with or without PSS, increased the omega‐3 index despite no increase in dietary DHA. These data suggest that favorable changes in membrane FA composition can be achieved without altering omega‐3 FA intakes and correlate with coronary risk factor reduction, including inflammatory markers. Supported by MetaProteomics, LLC.
Efficacy of Rg3‐Enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Steamed Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) Extract on Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Bhardwaj Jyoti , Bateman Emma , Sam Clarissa , Jovanovski Elena , Fairgrieve Christopher , Jenkins Alexandra , Vuksan Vladimir
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the acute effects of 10% Rg3‐enriched Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on arterial stiffness and peripheral and central systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in healthy adult volunteers.

Methods

Using a double‐blind, randomized, crossover design, 17 individuals (6M:11F; age 25±3; BMI 22±0.8; SBP 111±4, DBP 69±2mmHg) were administered 400mg 10% Rg3‐enriched KRG extract or 400mg corn starch placebo. Aortic augmentation index (AIx) and central BP were measured using applanation tonometry by radial pulse wave analysis and peripheral BP was evaluated oscillometrically. Measurements were taken at baseline and 1,2 and 3hrs post‐treatment.

Results

Compared to placebo, there was a significant reduction in peripheral mean arterial pressure (p=0.046), peripheral DBP (p=0.015), and central SBP (p=0.02) 3hrs post‐treatment. Central DBP and central mean arterial pressure were significantly lower at 1hr (p=0.035, 0.041) and 3hrs (p=0.025, 0.009) post‐treatment. AIx and peripheral SBP also decreased post‐treatment, but this only approached significance (p=0.053).

Conclusions

This study is the first to demonstrate that an Rg3 KRG extract acutely lowers central and peripheral mean arterial pressures in healthy young adults. Further clinical testing is still required as this extract may be more potent in higher‐risk subjects.

Sponsor: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
Moderate energy deprivation increases caspase‐3 activity and fractional breakdown rate in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Carbone John W , Pasiakos Stefan M , Vislocky Lisa M , Anderson Jeffrey M , Rodriguez Nancy R
Published: June 2021

Skeletal muscle integrity, and the enzymes that influence it, are affected by energy status.

PURPOSE

This study assessed the effects of an acute energy deficit on caspase‐3 activation and kinetic measures of protein breakdown in mixed muscle samples taken from physically active adults at rest.

METHODS

Men (n=3) and women (n=3) participated in a 20d, two‐phase diet intervention: weight maintenance (WM); and energy deficient (ED), ~80% of energy requirements. Dietary protein (1.5 g·kg−1·d−1) and fat (~30% of total calories) were constant for WM and ED. Caspase‐3 activation was measured via Western blotting. Mixed muscle fractional breakdown rate (FBR) was assessed using stable isotope (15N‐Phe) methodology.

RESULTS

Caspase‐3 activation increased by 14% (P < 0.1) and FBR increased by 88% (P < 0.1) for ED versus WM. Approximately 64% of the increase in FBR during ED may be attributed to the observed increase in caspase‐3 activation (r=0.80, P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that caspase‐3 activity was upregulated in response to an acute, moderate energy deficit and that caspase‐3 activation contributed to the measured increase in FBR. Future research is warranted to further delineate and characterize the effects of energy homeostasis on the complex intracellular mediators of skeletal muscle proteolysis.

This work was supported in part by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association.
Muscle protein breakdown has a minor role in the protein anabolic response to essential amino acid and carbohydrate intake following resistance exercise
Authors: Glynn Erin L , Fry Christopher S , Drummond Micah J , Dreyer Hans C , Dhanani Shaheen , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake B
Published: June 2021

Essential amino acid and carbohydrate (EAA+CHO) ingestion following resistance exercise (RE) enhances muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The purpose of this study was to determine if a reduction in MP breakdown (MPB) contributes to the enhanced protein anabolic response when EAA+CHO are ingested post‐RE. We hypothesized CHO‐induced insulin release would inhibit MPB resulting in augmented net muscle protein balance. Twelve male subjects were assigned to 2 groups containing equivalent amounts of EAA (~20g) but different amounts of CHO (EAA+30g CHO; EAA+90g CHO). Groups ingested the nutrients 1 hr after a bout of leg RE. Leg phenylalanine kinetics and associated signaling proteins were assessed on successive muscle biopsies using stable isotopic techniques and immunoblotting, respectively. MPB tended to decrease (P<0.1) and MPS increased (P<0.05) to a similar extent in both groups. Phosphorylation of AMPKα (Thr172) was elevated following RE and returned toward basal levels following drink ingestion only in EAA+90g CHO. Autophagy marker light chain 3B‐II significantly decreased following drink ingestion similarly in both groups (P<0.05). There were no changes in ubiquitin‐associated atrophy markers MuRF1 or MAFbx protein expression. We conclude the enhanced muscle protein anabolic response detected when EAA+CHO are ingested post‐RE is primarily (~70%) due to enhanced MPS with minor changes in MPB.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/NIAMS RO1 AR049877, NIH/NIA P30 AG024832 and NIH/NICHD T32 HD007539
Nutrition education with minority caregivers in an urban population: Identifying the barriers to attendance and strategies for improvement
Authors: Walker Jennifer Josephine , Brogan Kathryn , Yeh Yulyu , Akil Nesrine , Danford Cynthia , Jen K‐L Catherine
Published: June 2021

Nutrition education in caregivers (CG) is fundamental to fostering child health; however minority groups historically have lower engagement. The following study examined possible barriers to attendance of nutrition classes by CG in an urban setting. A convenience sample included 47 CG of minority preschoolers enrolled in Head Start schools in Detroit, MI. The study offered 6 nutrition classes at the preschoolers’ school; 76.6% attended half or less than half of the classes. During follow‐up, participants indicated what prevented them from attending; top reasons included work (62.2%) and lack of childcare (17.8%). CG suggested providing a program for both the child and CG together (42.6%) and providing transportation to the schools (34.0%) as ways to increase participation. When asked about motivations for attending future classes, the most frequently reported motives included “wanting to become healthier” (78.7%), followed by “setting an example for my child” (46.8%). Regardless of low attendance, 91.5% of the CG stated that they would attend another series of nutrition classes if given the opportunity. Overall, these results suggest that despite an interest in receiving nutrition education, these barriers prevented CG from participating. Future research should consider this when evaluating the accessibility and participation of nutrition education programs for minority CG.
Training for an innovative method to collect and analyze dietary intake data using still photographs
Authors: Humphries Kathleen , Pepper Alison Christine , Seekins Tom W.
Published: June 2021

Visual imaging technologies open doors to new ways of collecting and analyzing dietary intake information, which is particularly important for with intellectual, developmental, or communicative disabilities. Currently digital images are used entrepreneurially, and to a minor degree in research. However, validity of the nutrient analyses is lacking and standardized training for human photo interpreters needed. We show evaluation data from our registered dietitian training program on the dietary intake method, the photo taking and analysis protocols, and validity data from a recent study. Thirty‐two RD raters interpreted and analyzed a reliability series of 30 test meals. Their analyses at the food group level were compared to known meal contents. RD ratings were not clinically different for meal content or quantities for any food group. Mean differences between measured food amounts and RD reported amounts were: grains, .18 serving; vegetables, .64 serving; fruit, .01 serving; dairy, .10 serving; protein, .14 serving; discretionary calories, .11 serving. Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK.
The relations between anthropometry and visual information processing in 3‐month‐old infants
Authors: Senossi Ebtesam , Kennedy Tay , Aubuchon‐Endsley Nicki , Yost Sheri , Shadid Alex , Thomas David G
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the study is to assess the relation between visual information processing (VIP) and growth in a sample of 61 breast‐fed infants at age 3 months. The VIP paradigm measured novelty quotient (short‐term memory) and longest look (encoding speed). Growth measurements were converted to z‐scores using WHO Anthro software (v 3.01). Birth weight, current weight, length and head circumference z‐scores did not predict longest look (p = .50). However, novelty quotient was predicted by the infant anthropometric variables (R = .396, p = .05). Specifically at 3 mo, weight (partial r = .297, p = .03) and head circumference (partial r = −.311, p = .02) accounted for 9.5% of the variance in novelty quotient. Weight for age z‐scores were positively associated with short term memory, while head circumference was negatively associated with memory. Anthropometric measurements were not associated with encoding speed. There was no gender difference in novelty quotient (p = .69) or longest look (p = .42). Results suggest measures of growth in infants are associated with performance on specific cognitive tests such as memory.

This project was supported by National Research Initiative Grant 2008‐35200‐18779 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture.