bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pendekatan Matematika Realistik untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi dan Pemecahan Masalah di Kelas III SD
Authors: Harjoko Harjoko , Lidyasari Aprilia Tina
Published: January 2025

Pendidikan yang memberikan kebebasan belajar bagi siswa sangat penting untuk membangun semangat dan motivasi dalam menyelesaikan tantangan belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menigkatkan motivasi belajar dan pemecahan masalah siswa kelas III. Dengan desain quasi-eksperimen dan pendekatan grup pretest-posttest, penelitian ini melibatkan 20 siswa melalui sampling jenuh. Instrumen berupa tes dan angket digunakan untuk mengukur motivasi serta keterampilan pemecahan masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PMR memiliki dampak positif yang signifikan. Analisis data menggunakan uji-t sampel berurutan mengungkapkan thitung ≥ ttabel (0,68920 ttabel 2,10982), sehingga H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan PMR mampu meningkatkan motivasi dan keterampilan pemecahan masalah siswa dibandingkan sebelum intervensi dilakukan. Secara praktis, temuan ini memperkuat pentingnya penggunaan PMR dalam pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar. PMR tidak hanya meningkatkan pemahaman konsep matematika, tetapi juga meningkatkan motivasi dan pemecahan masalah, yang sangat dibutuhkan siswa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Pengembangan Modul Ajar PTK
Authors: Sumarni Sri , Andika Windi Dwi , Kartika Wilda Isna , Rukiyah Rukiyah , Septiani Yin Yin , Carisa Aulia , Angraini Melisa Nabima , Oktarina Rizki
Published: January 2025

Pentingnya modul Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dalam Program Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG) terletak pada kemampuannya mendukung pengembangan kompetensi profesional calon guru. Namun, hingga saat ini, belum tersedia modul ajar yang terintegrasi antara teori dan praktik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan modul PTK yang valid bagi mahasiswa PPG di FKIP UNSRI. Menggunakan metode Research and Development (RD) hingga tahap expert review, validitas modul ini dinilai oleh ahli materi (89,28%), ahli media (88,33%), dan ahli bahasa (97,91%). Modul yang dikembangkan tidak hanya memadukan teori dan studi kasus, tetapi juga dirancang untuk praktis digunakan dalam pembelajaran nyata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modul ini dapat membantu mahasiswa PPG merancang dan melaksanakan PTK secara efektif, sekaligus mendukung peningkatan kompetensi profesionalisme mereka sebagai calon guru. Implikasi praktisnya, modul ini memberikan panduan aplikatif dalam pelaksanaan PTK, sehingga berkontribusi pada peningkatan kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia.
The Role of Gratitude in the Resilience of Mothers Who Have Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Daulay Dira Anisah Ulfah , Sutatminingsih Raras , Siregar Ade Rahmawati
Published: January 2025

The resilience of mothers who have children with autism spectrum disorders in Indonesia has not been studied quantitatively. It is important to study because it is linked to the variable gratitude for resilience in mothers who have children with autism spectrum disorders. This research was carried out in the city of Medan in places that have mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders, such as special schools (SLB), both public and private, therapy places, or paediatrician clinics. In this research, the sampling technique used was non-probability sampling. Gratitude plays a positive and significant role in resilience in mothers who have children with autism spectrum disorders. Most research subjects had a high sense of gratitude and resilience, totalling 47 people. Subjects who had high feelings of gratitude with moderate resilience were 42, subjects who had moderate feelings of gratitude and moderate resilience were eight people, subjects who had moderate gratitude with low resilience were four people, subjects who had moderate gratitude with high resilience were two people, and subjects who had high gratitude with low resilience were one person.
Integrasi Nilai Al-Qur’an dan SDGs dalam Edukasi Hijau untuk PAUD
Authors: Umam Nasrul , Mukhtar Naqiyah
Published: January 2025

Tantangan keberlanjutan lingkungan global saat ini memerlukan pendekatan edukasi hijau yang ditanamkan sejak usia dini. Pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) menjadi fondasi penting dalam membentuk kesadaran dan perilaku ramah lingkungan yang akan terbawa hingga dewasa. Penelitian ini mengusulkan pendekatan inovatif dengan mengintegrasikan dimensi spiritual Al-Qur'an dan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan (SDGs) dalam edukasi hijau untuk PAUD, sebuah perspektif yang masih jarang dieksplorasi. Melalui studi literatur komprehensif terhadap Al-Qur'an, hadis, dan literatur pendidikan lingkungan, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi keselarasan antara nilai-nilai pelestarian lingkungan dalam Al-Qur'an dengan prinsip-prinsip SDGs. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan model edukasi hijau yang memadukan nilai spiritual dan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Model ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh lembaga PAUD untuk mengembangkan kurikulum dan aktivitas pembelajaran berbasis lingkungan yang kontekstual dengan kebutuhan lokal.
Implementasi Metode Asy-Syafi’i pada Anak di Pondok Tahfidz Al-Qur’an Al-Ikhlas
Authors: Sukarta Sukarta , Fuadi Abdulloh , Nasarudin Nasarudin
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi implementasi metode Asy-Syafi’i Al-Qur'an kepada anak di Pondok Tahfidz Al-Qur’an Al-Ikhlas menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif jenis studi kasus. Data utama dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan pimpinan, pengasuh asrama, dan staf pengajar, sementara data sekunder diperoleh dari referensi seperti jurnal dan buku yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode Asy-Syafi’i terbukti berkontribusi dalam pembelajaran Al-Qur'an. Lebih dari separoh anak berhasil membaca Al-Qur’an dengan tartil, dan hampir semua anak menunjukkan peningkatan ketepatan makhraj huruf. Metode ini juga mampu memotivasi belajar anak, menciptakan lingkungan interaktif, dan mendukung antusiasme mereka dalam menghafal Al-Qur'an. Selain membangun keterampilan teknis membaca Al-Qur'an, metode ini mendorong kedisiplinan, kepercayaan diri, dan kecintaan terhadap Al-Qur’an. Dengan pendekatan terstruktur dan personalisasi, metode Asy-Syafi’i menjadi model pembelajaran Al-Qur'an yang efektif dan direkomendasikan untuk diterapkan di berbagai institusi pendidikan Islam.
Effectiveness of the SAVI Learning Model Based on Flipped Learning for Enhancing Creative Thinking Skills in Early Childhood Education in Indonesia
Authors: Mangsi Raya , Maryani Leni , Lestari Andi Yustira , Swara Marrieta Moddies , Kurniawa Andri
Published: January 2025

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the SAVI learning model based on flipped learning in improving creative thinking skills in children. This study is a quantitative research with a meta-analysis approach. Data for this study were obtained from 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The process of searching for data through Google Scholar, Mendeley, ERIC, ScienceDirect and Wiley databases must be indexed by Sinta or Scopus. Analyze the data with the help of Microsoft Excel and JASP. The analysis of 23 effect sizes concluded that the summary effect size value ( rRE = 0.931; z = 9.156; p 0.001). These findings show that applying the SAVI learning model based on flipped learning significantly influences creative thinking skills in children in the very high effect size category. This research provides information on the world of education in Indonesia and education in the future.
Effectiveness of Ethno-Nationalist Based POGIL Model to Increase the Value of Patriotism and Discipline in Children
Authors: Suhari Suhari , Panggestu Ibnu Graha Ade , Azzahra Harlanda Almaratus , Novtrisa Rida , Listanto Kinanda Pandu , Apra Santosa Tomi
Published: January 2025

The study aims to determine the effect of the ethno-nationalist-based Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) model to increase the value of patriotism and discipline in children through meta-analysis. The inclusion criteria in this study are a) research data obtained from Google Scholar; ERIC, ProQuest, Wiley, DOAJ and Springer, b) research must be indexed by SINTA, Scopus or journal indexing portals managed by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Technology equivalent to DOAJ, EBSCO and Index Copernicus, c) the topic must be relevant, d) research published in 2022-2024, e) research publications must have a value of (r), (t), or (F), f) research samples must be more than 25 children. The meta-analysis research uses the JASP application for data analysis. The results of the study concluded that there was a significant influence of the effectiveness of the Ethno-nationalist-Based Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning Model on the value of character of love for the homeland and discipline in children with a strong influence category (p 0.001; rRE = 1.034). Furthermore, in this study, no publication bias was detected so that it can be scientifically accounted for. These findings show that the Effectiveness Model of Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning Based on Ethno-nationalism is effective in increasing the Character Values of Love for the Fatherland and Discipline in Children.
PROCESSING OBJECT SOUNDS, AN EXPLORATION OF SAMPLING IN DIGITAL MUSIC
Authors: Wijaya Gabrielle , Dinata Komang Wahyu
Published: January 2025

The practice of sampling-capturing, manipulating, and recontextualizing sounds from the physical world-has become the cornerstone of digital music production. Among the diverse ranges of sampled sounds, object sounds-auditory impressions derived from everyday items and environments-offer unique creative possibilities. This study explores the process of incorporating object sounds into digital music, examining how they can be recorded, manipulated, and transformed through various digital tools and techniques. The ability to sample objects provides musicians and sound designers with a rich palette to create unconventional textures, rhythms, and sonic landscapes. Additionally, this exploration delves into the psychological and emotional impact of object-based sounds on listeners, considering how they evoke memories, sensations, or associations. By investigating the intersection of field recording, digital processing, and music composition, this study underscores the artistic potential of object sounds in shaping the future of experimental and mainstream music production. As digital tools evolve, the role of object sounds continues to expand, thereby encouraging new forms of auditory expressions and interactivity in the music industry.
Geometric objects covering all red points and minimum blue points
Authors: Maji Sukanya , Sadhu Sanjib
Published: January 2025

Inspired by the applications in machine learning, we study a variation of the separation problem for a given set of bichromatic points- blue (B) and red (R) with |B|=m and |R|=n, where these sets are separated by a geometric object. The objective of our work is to compute one or two geometric covering objects whose union covers every red point and as few blue points as possible. We consider rectangles, squares and convex polygons as the geometric covering object for the bichromatic point set. We design an O(m+n) time algorithm to solve the aforesaid problem using two disjoint rectangles. For the same problem, it takes O(m) time to compute a square which is used as geometric covering object. We also present an algorithm for the same problem with two disjoint squares as the geometric covering objects in O(nm) time. If the geometric covering objects are two disjoint convex polygons, then it takes O(n^2 (m+n)logn) time. The preprocessing tasks in the algorithms for each of the aforesaid problems need O(mlogm+nlogn) time and all these problems need O(m+n) space.
التماسك اللغوي وأثره في بنية النص - دراسة دلالية سامية مقارنة في خطاب مارا بن سرابيون
Authors: حيدر حسن عبيد ا.م.د.
Published: January 2025

إن البحث في علم اللغة الحديث حبيس أسوار الجملة، إذ عدها الباحثون أكبر وحدة مستقلة ذات معنى يحسن السكوت عليه، ومن ثم اتخذوها وحدة للتحليل اللغوي، إلى أن بدأ فريق من الباحثين في علم اللغة منتصف القرن العشرين تقريبا يدعون إلى ضرورة تجاوز الدراسة اللغوية مستوى الجملة إلى مستوى النص، إذ لاحظوا عدم كفاية نحو الجملة لوصف الظواهر اللغوية التي تتجاوز حدود الجملة بين الجمل، والنصوص الفرعية، والنص الكلي، كما أن المعنى الكلي للنص أكبر من مجرد مجموع المعاني الجزئية للجمل التي تكونه، ورأوا أن البشر حين يتواصلون لغويا لا يتواصلون من خلال جمل مفردة منعزلة، بل من نصوص متماسكة إلا إذا تجسد النص الكلي في جملة. ومن ثم بدأت النداءات بالخروج من بودقة نحو الجملة إلى مستوى أرحب يكون فيه الدرس اللغوي قادرًا على دراسة مادة التواصل الطبيعية المتمثلة في النصوص ووصفها، والكشف عن العلاقات والمعايير التي تتحقق بها نصية النص.
Neural Graph Synthesis for Ransomware Detection through Temporal and Contextual Indicators
Authors: Haase Bartholomew , Ravensbridge Tobias , Windermere Jocasta , Greavescroft Miranda , Coldwater Rowena
Published: January 2025

Detecting complex and evolving cyber threats requires innovative methodologies capable of understanding intricate behavioral patterns. Neural Graph Synthesis introduces a graph-based framework that integrates temporal and contextual indicators to achieve robust ransomware detection across diverse scenarios. The proposed approach leverages advanced computational techniques, including attention mechanisms and adaptive graph pooling, to model dynamic relationships among system events. Experimental evaluations reveal substantial improvements in detection accuracy and resilience compared to traditional methods, particularly in scenarios involving novel ransomware variants. Through rigorous analysis, the framework demonstrates scalability to large datasets while maintaining computational efficiency, making it suitable for real-time deployment in high-throughput environments. Its ability to differentiate between benign and malicious activities highlights its potential to address the challenges of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. The modular design enables seamless integration of additional features, broadening its applicability across a variety of operational contexts. Energy efficiency and latency assessments further validate its practicality for real-world applications, ensuring that detection capabilities are maintained without excessive resource consumption. The comprehensive evaluation of detection performance, scalability, and robustness demonstrates the framework’s contribution to advancing cybersecurity practices. The findings offer a compelling solution for mitigating one of the most pressing threats in the digital age, providing a solid foundation for continued innovation in intelligent threat detection systems.
Formative evaluation of PREPARE for Autistic Adults: An adult autism training for resident physicians designed with autistic adults and family members
Authors: Hand Brittany , Gilmore Daniel , Hyer Madison , DeVassie Holden , Radford Deondray , Board PREPARE for Autistic Adults Advisory , Juckett Lisa , Hanks Christopher , Havercamp Susan , Coury Daniel
Published: January 2025

Efforts are intensifying nationwide to better prepare physicians to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care for adults with disabilities like autism. To address this need, we partnered with autistic adults and their families to develop a training program for resident physicians called Promoting Residents’ Excellence in Patient-centered cARE (PREPARE) for Autistic Adults. Here, we describe a formative evaluation of the training. We recruited residents at one institution to participate in the eight-week virtual training, which included six pre-recorded lectures, six facilitator-led case studies, and two standardized patient encounters. Participants completed pre- and post-training autism knowledge assessments, rated acceptability and appropriateness, and participated in qualitative interviews to identify improvement opportunities. We analyzed quantitative data with descriptive statistics, knowledge changes with Cohen’s d, and qualitative interviews with inductive thematic analysis. Participants’ (n=14) median completion rate was 76.9% of training components. They rated acceptability and appropriateness highly and demonstrated large knowledge gains (d=0.94). We identified four main qualitative themes: 1) Flexibility facilitates participation, 2) High-value experiences increase acceptability, 3) Practicalities affecting participation, and 4) It’s made me a better doctor. We revised the training based on feedback, including clarifying or adding content, modifying standardized patient encounter logistics, and adding optional components for residency programs to supplement core PREPARE content. The National Institutes of Health recognizes people with disabilities as experiencing health disparities and identified disability training, like PREPARE, as a strategy to mitigate these disparities. These results provide information for continued refinement. Our next steps include examining the effectiveness of the revised training and dissemination.
Student’s Behavior and Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kazo District, Western Uganda
Authors: Sunday Odhine Innocent , Aja Lucy , Muhammad Tukur , Otitoju Aquila Modupe , Lubega Mohammad
Published: January 2025

This study explores the relationship between student behavior and academic performance among learners in public secondary schools in Kazo District, Western Uganda. Three research objectives guided the study, employing a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The study's target population included 697 students from selected secondary schools, and a sample size of 253 participants was determined using Yamane’s formula. Simple random sampling was utilized to ensure a representative sample. Data were collected through questionnaires and the data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that students strongly believe their physical appearance significantly affects their confidence in class participation. Moreover, students generally exhibited positive behavioral patterns but frequently struggled to regulate their emotions within academic contexts. The results highlighted valuable insights into student performance, including attendance, punctuality, and homework practices. While students demonstrated a strong commitment to education, as indicated by positive scores for attention and attendance, challenges were noted in areas such as homework completion and active participation, warranting further investigation. Based on these findings, the study recommends that educational stakeholders prioritize initiatives promoting personal hygiene and physical presentation among students. Additionally, targeted support programs should be implemented to address behavioral patterns influencing academic performance, and collaborative efforts between educators and counselors are essential to identify students facing low self-esteem or anxiety, providing them with the necessary resources and interventions
The Latin American Demographic Boom in Spain. Mass Immigration and Ethnic Convergence in the Former Colonising Country
Authors: González-Leonardo Miguel , Marois Guillaume
Published: January 2025

Spain's colonial period was marked by mass emigration to its colonies and ethnic convergence in Latin America. Since the end of the last century, Spain has become a country of immigration, with a yearly average inflow of 510,000 immigrants, half of whom from Latin America. As a result, Spain's population has become more diverse. Diversity has been widely studied in historical immigration countries. However, less is known on population diversity in new immigration countries. We analyse diversity levels in Spain from 2000 to 2022, and project how they might change by 2062 under constant patterns of migration and ethnic mixing. We use register data, a retrospective analysis or births by parent´s background and a multi-state cohort-component projection. Our results show that the share of the population with a foreign background increased from 4% to 20% between 2000 and 2022, and 9% of residents had a Latino background. These proportions reached 28% and 13%, respectively, for individuals under 40. We project that the percentage of the population with a foreign background will exceed 55% by 2062, with the proportion of people with a Latin American background rising to 26%. Among the population under 40, these figures will reach one third each.
Quantum Signal Modeling for Automated Ransomware Detection
Authors: Hawkins Rita , Abernathy Jonathan , Koenigstein Clara , Montague Patrick
Published: January 2025

Emerging threats in cybersecurity demand for innovative methodologies capable of addressing the increasing sophistication of malicious actors. Quantum Signal Modeling offers a groundbreaking approach by employing quantum-inspired principles to analyze the behaviors of encryption-based threats with unparalleled precision. The framework leverages entropy patterns and state interference analysis to model dynamic system interactions, enabling the identification of complex and evolving attack vectors. Experimental results reveal consistent detection rates above 92\% across multiple ransomware variants, coupled with low false positive rates, ensuring reliability in operational environments. Adaptability to encryption speed variations and resilience under varying network traffic volumes further validate its effectiveness in diverse deployment scenarios. The analysis extends to resource optimization, highlighting low computational demands that make the framework suitable for real-time applications in constrained environments. Comparative evaluations against existing detection systems demonstrate clear improvements in accuracy, latency, and resource efficiency. Geographical insights into command-and-control server distributions provide actionable intelligence for mitigating large-scale attacks. The integration of behavioral profiling, network anomaly detection, and entropy-based measurements presents a comprehensive solution to the challenges of modern threat landscapes. Collectively, the proposed methodology signifies a transformative advancement in automated detection technologies, bridging critical gaps in existing cybersecurity frameworks.
There is an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the presence of HSV-DNA in a subset of oral fibroepithelial polyp patients in Sri Lanka: preliminary findings need confirmation
Authors: Perera Manosha
Published: January 2025

The results indicated a statistically significant association between T2DM and the presence of HSV-DNA; The findings from this retrospective study should be further investigated to validate the results and assess their implications with a larger sample size and controlling for confounders.
Ideas on a Model of Economic Growth for the UK: An Integrated Framework
Authors: Adamou Marios
Published: January 2025

Economic growth theories have provided significant insights into the mecha-nisms driving development, yet single-idea models often fall short in addressingthe complexities of modern economies. The Solow Growth Model, endogenousgrowth frameworks, and structural change theories each focus on specific drivers ofgrowth but lack a comprehensive perspective. This paper proposes an integratedoverarching model that combines elements from these frameworks, including capi-tal accumulation, human capital, technological progress, structural transformation,institutional quality, and globalisation. By addressing the limitations in existingtheories, this model is tailored to the UK’s economic challenges and highlights ac-tionable strategies for fostering innovation, reforming education, enhancing trade,strengthening governance, and building resilience to shocks. This holistic frame-work aims to guide the UK toward achieving sustainable and inclusive growth inan increasingly interconnected global economy.
String Theory and the Search for a Theory of Everything: Yang's Contribution and Advances Toward a Unified Understanding
Authors: Carrasco-Jiménez Edison
Published: January 2025

This study explores the connection between string theory and the quest for a "Theory of Everything" (TOE), with a particular focus on the contributions of physicist Chen-Ning Yang and other key figures. String theory has emerged as a leading candidate for a unified description of the fundamental forces of nature, integrating gravity with quantum interactions. Through a review of theoretical developments, this paper discusses how advances in mathematical physics, especially in the formulation of Yang-Mills symmetries and groups, have influenced the evolution of string theory. The analysis also considers the philosophical and scientific implications of the TOE search, its challenges, and future perspectives.
Differences in Associations Between Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Psychopathic Traits Across Stress Paradigms and Measures
Authors: Vietto Nicholas , Armstrong Todd , Schroll Dakota M. , Al Falatah Sarah
Published: January 2025

Despite evidence that associations between autonomic nervous system (ANS) responsivity and psychopathic traits vary across stress task only a single study has systematically assessed cross-task differences in associations. To advance this limited literature the current study randomized subjects into either a noise blast (countdown) task or a social stressor speech task (SSST). Analyses tested associations between ANS (heart rate, skin conductance) and measures of psychopathic traits (Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-III (SRP-III), Inventory of Callous-Unemotional (ICU) traits, Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP), Sensation Seeking Scale – Form V (SSS-V)). Baseline skin conductance was negatively associated with Erratic Lifestyle (SRP-III) and SSS-V total scores. Heart rate during the SSST had a negative association with Callous Affect (SRP). During the countdown task there was a negative association between skin conductance in anticipation of signaled noise blasts and Interpersonal Manipulation (SRP), and a negative association between change in heart rate after noise blasts in unsignaled trials and Erratic Lifestyle (SRP) and Factor 2 Psychopathy (LSRP).
The legal intersection of psychosis and substance use: A mixed-methods investigation of settled insanity
Authors: Arnett Ciera , Neal Tess M.S. , Irvin-Vitela Maya
Published: January 2025

Substance use and psychosis frequently co-occur and are complexly interrelated. Nevertheless, the legal system sometimes requires conclusions regarding the causal effects of substance use on a defendant’s psychosis (e.g., to determine insanity defense eligibility - including “settled” insanity from chronic substance use). Objectives: We sought to understand how courts and mental health professionals conceptualize and resolve settled insanity claims. Hypotheses: Mental health professionals’ approach to settled insanity cases will map well onto the relevant body of clinical psychological science. Method: We conducted a case law review (Study 1: N=51 settled insanity cases), coding history and outcomes, substances involved, viability from a clinical science perspective, and qualitative reasons for case outcomes. And we conducted an experiment to evaluate the perspectives of mental health experts on the legal intersection of substance use and mental illness across three types of cases (Study 2: N=310 U.S. licensed psychologists, 52% female, M_age=37.66, M_experience=18.71 years). Results: In Study 1, 29.41% of the settled insanity cases were potentially viable on clinical science grounds, whereas only a single legal case (1.96%) was actually successful. Qualitative analyses showed courts often use circular reasoning to disallow settled insanity based on the very characteristics that define it. Study 2 found mental health experts evaluate evidence of permanent mental illness similarly, regardless of whether a legal defense of insanity is general or settled in nature. And they largely opine defendants who are actively and voluntarily intoxicated at the time of the crime are not legally insane, consistent with the law. Conclusions: The legal doctrine of settled insanity does not map well onto clinical reality and unnecessarily complicates the intersection of intoxication and mental illness by prompting insoluble questions about the etiology of mental illness.
We may be close to discovering the Neural Correlates of Consciousness
Authors: Howard John
Published: January 2025

There has been a lack of success in locating the neural correlates of consciousness, not just in the complex brains of humans but also in animals with simpler brain structures. This paper considers whether the root of the problem is simply that we have been looking for the wrong thing. In contrast to most theories of the mind and consciousness, the B-Man Stra/Tac model proposes that consciousness has a very limited functional scope, a conclusion consistent with the Orch OR theory of consciousness. This limited scope opens the possibility that consciousness could be implemented within a single cell. A cell that has been highly adapted for consciousness by millions of years of evolution.This paper firstly considers the current search for the neural correlates of consciousness and identifies weaknesses in the approach; secondly looks at the argument for a single cell consciousness; and finally defines indicators that may lead to its discovery.The localization of a single cell in the brain would of course be a difficult task, however the brain structures supporting that cell may be readily identifiable. It is interesting to consider that such structures may have already been found by neurologists, but their significance overlooked, and that following the ideas given in this paper the neural correlates of consciousness could be finally located.
Pan, Yu, Hong, Wong, Selvarajan, and Kaku (2025) Interleaving and Fluid Intelligence, Episodic Memory, and Working Memory
Authors: Pan Steven C.
Published: January 2025

The interleaving effect refers to the finding that repeatedly switching between categories during study or practice enhances learning relative to focusing on only one category at a time. Two studies investigated whether this effect is moderated by individual differences in fluid intelligence (gF), episodic memory (EM) ability, and/or working memory capacity (WMC). In Study 1 (undergraduate students) and Study 2 (adult online participants), higher gF scores were associated with larger interleaving effects for perceptual categories (artists’ painting styles). Additionally, higher EM ability was associated with larger interleaving effects for perceptual categories in Study 1, whereas an analogous pattern was observed for WMC in Study 2. There were no indications that the investigated cognitive abilities moderated the interleaving effect for text-based categories (psychological disorders). Overall, these findings suggest that higher-ability learners benefit especially from interleaving in the case of perceptual category learning, with attendant theoretical and pedagogical implications.
Pan, Yu, Wong, Selvarajan, and Teo (2025) Pretesting and Working Memory, Episodic Memory, and Fluid Intelligence
Authors: Pan Steven C.
Published: January 2025

The pretesting effect refers to the finding that guessing the answers to test questions before learning the correct answers improves memory relative to studying (or reading) without prior guessing. Although the pretesting effect is robust and has been demonstrated across multiple studies, its magnitude varies across individuals. Two studies investigated whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC), episodic memory ability (EM), and/or fluid intelligence (gF) help explain that variation. In Study 1, lower gF scores were associated with a larger pretesting effect among undergraduate students, stemming from lower performance on read items. In Study 2, involving adult online participants, observed patterns were less consistent, but lower WMC scores were associated with larger pretesting effects, again due to lower performance on read items. Together, these patterns suggest that pretesting can homologize memory ability across individuals, although to an extent that may vary across learner populations and cognitive abilities. That conclusion and other findings are interpreted in the context of relevant individual differences research and theories related to pretesting and memory phenomena.
New methods, old challenges? A comment on Pickering et al.
Authors: Saari Toni T.
Published: January 2025

This is a comment on a study by Pickering et al. (2024): "Subsyndromes and symptom clusters: Multilevel factor analysis of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia with intensive longitudinal data"
Everyday adaptation to summer heatwaves: A global perspective
Authors: Yucel Shiv Gazi , Liang Yuan , Wang Donggen , Schwanen Tim
Published: January 2025

Heatwaves pose a growing global threat, yet little is known about how people adapt their daily activities to cope with extreme heat—an obstacle to effective policy design. This study characterizes heatwave adaptation internationally, combining ERA5 climate re-analysis, cell phone mobility, socio-economic, and physical-geographical data across Brazil, France, India, Nigeria, Turkey, the USA, and China during 2022/2023 summer heatwaves. Google Community Mobility Reports data is used in multi-level modelling for the first six countries to examine daily activity changes during heatwaves (home, work, transit, grocery/pharmacy, retail/recreation, parks). In China, Baidu data on intra-city activity levels is analyzed in a complementary multi-level model. The results show a widespread tendency to withdraw into homes but also highlight unequal substitutions of activities, and – under some circumstances – visits to potentially cooler locations away from home. This study highlights the global nature of heatwave adaptation and the value of considering adaptation alongside people’s everyday lives.
Students Engagement in Classroom Teaching by Innovative Pedagogy: A desk-based Review of Existing Literature
Authors: Paudel Min Raj , Shrestha Nabin
Published: January 2025

The use of modern teaching methods in the social sciences classroom under higher levels of education is presently required to increase learning achievement through student participation. The pace of change in educational structures, curricula, teaching-learning activities, and learning outcomes should be able to keep up with all kinds of developments taking place in the world. Innovative is one of the newly developed approaches that can be used to increase students' active engagement, particularly in social science disciplines. A thorough literature search technique was employed to find the literature relevant to this study. The datasets up to 2024 were utilized for descriptive analyses of effective instructional techniques. The research-based articles and reports were used from digital and physical libraries. The easily accessible web search engine Google Scholar and other freely accessible databases such as Academia, ResearchGate, NAPJOL, JSTOR, ProQuest, and Elsevier were used. The findings indicate that innovative teaching methods promote the active participation of students through hands-on experiences. This approach significantly enhances learning outcomes in social science and helps for applying theories in real life. This technique promotes a more dynamic learning environment by encouraging teachers to adopt innovative and creative teaching methods, which in turn increases student engagement, motivation, and academic achievement. Integrating innovative pedagogies into activity-based instruction techniques empowers teachers to cultivate pupils' success, equipping them with essential skills for thriving in the 21st century.
Relacje pomiędzy wspólnotami komunikatywnymi nierównorzędnymi (XVI–XVIII w.) na materiale dokumentów cechowych
Authors: Pałucka-Czerniak Iwona Małgorzata
Published: January 2025

Prezentowany artykuł jest poświęcony mechanizmom wpływania wspólnot nadrzędnych na zachowania językowe we wspólnotach podrzędnych. Dotyczy zachowań o charakterze oficjalnym, urzędowym, w tym także prawnym i prawniczym. Teksty utrwalające te proste i złożone akty mowy były tworzone w małej wspólnocie komunikatywnej miejskiej na przestrzeni ok. dwóch stuleci. Mowa tu o kreowaniu, przenoszeniu, utrwalaniu i modyfikowaniu wzorów zachowań językowych wytwarzanych na potrzeby społeczności rzemieślniczej, na przykładzie zachowanych dokumentów urzędowych cechu piwowarów krakowskich z okresu od XVI do XVIII w. Analiza została przeprowadzona na podstawie teorii wspólnot i potrzeb komunikatywnych. Obserwacji poddano wybraną leksykę i frazeologię oraz wyznaczniki gatunkowe zachowanych tekstów, uwarunkowane kontekstem społeczno-historycznym. Wnioski analizy ukazują bezpośrednią zależność między hierarchicznością struktury społecznej a tekstem, gatunkiem i językiem zachowanych dokumentów.
From ours to alien: The journey of Polish obcy
Authors: Dziwirek Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

The paper traces the history of obcy, whose original meaning of common, mutual, communal, has changed to mean alien, foreign. In other Slavic languages, the reflexes of the Common Slavic *obьtjъ tend to retain its original meaning: Czech obec “community,” Russian, obščestvo “community, society,” obščenije “contact,” etc. I show how the original dichotomy between swój “one’s own” and cudzy “some else’s” becomes a trichotomy, whereby swój is contrasted with cudzy vis-à-vis property and with obcy vis-à-vis people, places, ideas, etc., belonging to the out group. The emergence, in the baroque period, of a new word wspólny “common” further facilitates obcy’s spectacular shift. I argue that the semantic shift of obcy was motivated to a large degree by the rise of the szlachta social class and its ethos of sobiepaństwo “self-mastery.” As szlachcice grew more powerful over time they came to view things that were communal as things which were not theirs and therefore alien.
Bohemizmy czy latynizmy? Jak potwierdzać lub wykluczać pośrednictwo przy zapożyczeniach
Authors: German Jan
Published: January 2025

Artykuł jest poświęcony wywodzącym się z łaciny zapożyczeniom staropolskim, wchodzącym w skład staropolskiej terminologii chrześcijańskiej. W dotychczasowej literaturze przyjmowano powszechnie, że zdecydowana większość tych pożyczek trafiła do staropolszczyzny przez medium czeskie. W ostatnich latach w badaniach historycznych nasiliła się tendencja do kwestionowania czeskiego pochodzenia chrześcijaństwa na ziemiach polskich. W artykule przedstawiam możliwe argumenty potwierdzające lub wykluczające możliwość czeskiego pośrednictwa w zapożyczaniu staropolskiej terminologii religijnej. Wśród omawianych typów argumentacji znalazły się: fonetyczna, morfologiczna, semantyczna, ortograficzna, chronologiczna oraz pozajęzykowa. Każdy sposób argumentacji został opisany, opatrzony przykładami z materiału staropolskiego i oceniony pod względem przydatności (np. argumentację fonetyczną uważam za przeważnie bardziej przekonującą i użyteczną niż ortograficzną). W części zawierającej wnioski wyjaśniam, z czego wynikają trudności w badaniach nad czeskim pośrednictwem w zapożyczeniach staropolskich (relatynizacja, podobieństwo staropolszczyzny i staroczeszczyzny) i podaję przykłady pożyczek, w których pośrednictwa nie da się ani wykluczyć, ani potwierdzić z użyciem któregokolwiek z wymienionych w artykule argumentów.
Jiří Janský, Páni z Rýzmberka, Skály a Švihova. Držitele hradů a panství Zbiroh, Rýzmberk, Skála, Švihov, Rabí, Přeštice, Horažďovice, Prácheň, Velký Bor, Osvráčín, Střela, Klenová, Roudnice, Dobříš, Karlštejn, Sázavský klášter, Červené Poříčí, Nalžovy
Authors: Czechowicz Bogusław
Published: January 2025

Recenzja omawia monumentalną monografię jednego z najważniejszych rodów magnackich Czech późnego średniowiecza. Zarazem piętnuje jej wady koncepcyjne i konstrukcyjne. Wykazuje też trwanie autora na pozycjach bohemocentrycznych, nacjonalistycznych, nierespektujących złożonej pod każdym względem struktury politycznej, jaką była Korona Królestwa Czech. Jest to ważne także dlatego, że członkowie omawianego w monografii rodu ekspandowali też majątkowo na Śląsk.
Średniowieczne akcenty w traktacie De institutione regii pueri
Authors: Kowalska Barbara
Published: January 2025

De institutione regii pueri to traktat pedagogiczny z 1502/1503 roku, który zawiera w sobie bogactwo myśli. Ponieważ w przeważającej mierze średniowiecznych akcentów się w nim nie dostrzega, tematem artykułu jest właśnie ich wskazanie. Cel to tym bardziej zasadny, że niektóre z nich, m.in.: zalecenia chrześcijańskiego wychowania władcy – zgodnie z określonymi cnotami, Augustyńskie myślenie o czasie, topos młodości i starości oraz pogodnego oblicza, kategoria swój – obcy czy akcentowanie niektórych, pielęgnowanych w średniowieczu, cnót kardynalnych, są w dziele mocno zauważalne. Na przełom epok z kolei wskazuje swobodne łączenie przez niezidentyfikowanego w sposób pewny autora dawnych i nowych przekonań, np. wpływu na losy władców chrześcijańskiego Boga i bóstw pogańskich jako sił sprawczych w ludzkich działaniach. Analiza dzieła nakazuje podkreślenie oczywistego, choć czasem lekceważonego przekonania, że niektóre poglądy, zapewne w zmienionej formie, trwały niezmiennie od starożytności do odrodzenia, choć niekiedy odmawia im się prawa funkcjonowania w średniowiecznej rzeczywistości.
Średniowieczny dokument jako znak i przedmiot oglądu w przestrzeni publicznej. Garść uwag o semiotyce dyplomatycznej, percepcji wizualnej i granicach nauk pomocniczych historii
Authors: Adamska Anna
Published: January 2025

W artykule zanalizowano funkcjonowanie dokumentu jako przedmiotu (artefaktu) w średniowiecznej Europie, na szerokim tle przemian paradygmatu badań nad średniowieczną kulturą pisma, zakładającego wielość form obcowania z pismem, m.in. jego percepcję jako systemu znaków, które mogły być oglądane, a nie „czytane” w nowoczesnym sensie. Fizyczne aspekty dokumentu, obejmujące materiał pisarski, rozplanowanie tekstu na stronie, znaki graficzne i przywieszone do dokumentu przedmioty, to zagadnienie wychodzące poza granice tradycyjnej dyplomatyki. Skłania ono badaczy do bardziej intensywnego dialogu ze znawcami innych nauk pomocniczych, przede wszystkim ze znawcami epigrafiki, gdyż spora liczba dokumentów produkowana była na materiale twardym, a także sfragistyki, ze względu na ścisłą interakcję między dokumentem a pieczęcią w procesie komunikowania przez wzrok i dotyk. W artykule omówiono okazjonalną obecność dokumentu w przestrzeni publicznej – jako elementu rytuałów władzy, pokazywanego na życzenie jego wystawcy lub odbiorcy albo jako przedmiotu oglądu w praktyce badania jego autentyczności – jak również jego obecność permanentną w postaci tekstu „wyeksponowanego” w kamieniu lub jako fresku (charta lapidaria). We wszystkich analizowanych sytuacjach specjalistyczna lub bardzo ogólna wiedza oglądających decydowała o tym, czy i do jakiego stopnia potrafili oni „odczytać” informacje zakodowane w formacie i materiale dokumentu, w znakach graficznych, iluminacjach i pieczęciach.
Klejnot hełmowy książąt piastowskich do początku XIV wieku. Znak władzy, element heraldyczny czy indywidualna ozdoba?
Authors: Stróżyk Paweł
Published: January 2025

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy piastowskich klejnotów hełmowych, używanych przez władców w drugiej połowie XIII wieku (do 1301 roku włącznie). Przedmiotem uwag i rozważań jest kwestia znaczenia tego elementu umieszczanego na hełmach władców. Na podstawie analizy zachowanego materiału źródłowego (wizerunków napieczętnych) można dostrzec pewne prawidłowości w ich stosowaniu; klejnoty hełmowe nie uległy jeszcze wówczas heraldyzacji (nie stanowiły więc elementu „pełnego herbu”), ale nie były także zwykłymi ozdobami hełmów książęcych i królewskiego. Należy uważać je za znaki wodzowskie należące do zespołu insygniów stosowanych przez ówczesnych władców.
Electoral Violence and the Ethnic Question in Nigeria: Analysis of the 2023 Elections
Authors: Chineyemba Lydia Isioma , Chukwudi Celestina Ekene , Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
Published: January 2025

Violence has become a serious threat, birthing crime, insecurity, and ethnic hatred that threaten national unity. While violence has remained an obstacle to the peaceful conduct of elections, it assumed a disturbing dimension in Lagos during the 2023 elections, where ethnicity was weaponized to polarise the nation. Whereas studies on electoral violence abound in literature, the desperation and impunity that trailed the 2023 elections and the tribal hatred it generated are dimensions of electoral violence requiring investigation. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the violence that characterized the 2023 elections in Lagos State. It examined the ethnic bigotry that triggered the violence and its implications for peaceful coexistence and national unity. A qualitative data collection method uses secondary data from books, journals, newspapers, and magazines. Content analysis is chosen for better analysis of the study. Employing race and ethnicity and relative deprivation theories, the study found that ethnic violence was a scheme deviously politicized to instigate electoral violence in the bid to retain political power. Findings from the study showed that the violence threatened peaceful coexistence and the sense of brotherhood among Nigerians. It recommended stringent sanctions for the perpetrators of violence and the parties they represent. Policymakers will benefit from this study as it will provide the information needed for policymaking on handling electoral and non-electoral violence.
Theoretical investigation of the effects of solvents and para-substituents
Authors: Ridha S. M. A. , Talib Ghaleb Z. , Ghaleb Abdulhadi
Published: January 2025

The effects of halogens (F, Br, and Cl) and solvent media (acetone, ethanol, and toluene) on the structural and electronic properties of nitrobenzene compounds were investigated by combination the DFT/B3LYP and MP2 methods with 6-31 + G (d,p) basis set. The results indicate that the bond lengths between carbon-halogen atoms are increased with increased atomic size and decreased electronegativity, whereas some bond angle magnitudes are reduced than those with substitution halogens. Also, various solvent effects of studied compounds were performed with the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) method, showing a reduction of the dipole moment by the substitution of a hydrogen atom for a ring with halogen atoms in para-position over the ring. In addition, natural bond orbitals (NBA), chemical reactivity descriptors, and the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of substituted nitrobenzene were calculated. NBO analysis showed the strong interactions within a cyclic system and the fluorine atom in P-FNB is considered the best donor. Moreover, FMO analysis showed that energy band gap is related to the nature of the substituents (halogen atoms) in the para-position of the nitrobenzene compound.