bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) and sodium fluoride on the healing process in delayed tooth replantation: histologic and histometric analysis in rats
Authors: Poi Wilson Roberto , Carvalho Roberta Martinelli , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Manfrin Thais Mara , Rodrigues Thais da Silveira
Published: October 2006

Abstract –  Although it has already been shown that enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) promotes periodontal regeneration in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects, there is little information concerning its regenerative capacity in cases of delayed tooth replantation. To evaluate the alterations in the periodontal healing of replanted teeth after use of Emdogain®, the central incisors of 24 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were extracted and left on the bench for 6 h. Thereafter, the dental papilla and the enamel organ of each tooth were sectioned for pulp removal by a retrograde way and the canal was irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The teeth were assigned to two groups:in group I, root surface was treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min (changing the solution every 5 min), rinsed with saline for 10 min and immersed in 2% acidulated‐phosphate sodium fluoride for 10 min; in group II, root surfaces were treated in the same way as described above, except for the application of Emdogain® instead of sodium fluoride. The teeth were filled with calcium hydroxide (in group II right before Emdogain® was applied) and replanted. All animals received antibiotic therapy. The rats were killed by anesthetic overdose 10 and 60 days after replantation. The pieces containing the replanted teeth were removed, fixated, decalcified and paraffin‐embedded. Semi‐serial 6‐μm‐thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic and histometric analyses. The use of 2% acidulated‐phosphate sodium fluoride provided more areas of replacement resorption. The use of Emdogain® resulted in more areas of ankylosis and was therefore not able to avoid dentoalveolar ankylosis. It may be concluded that neither 2% acidulated‐phosphate sodium fluoride nor Emdogain® were able to prevent root resorption in delayed tooth replantation in rats.
The Lost Moravian History of William Blake's Family: Snapshots from the Archive
Authors: Davies Keri
Published: October 2006

In 2001, Dr. M. K. Schuchard discovered records relating to William Blake's mother, her first husband and possibly other connections of the Blake family, in the Moravian Church Library and Archive at Muswell Hill. A valuable new context for understanding Blake was thereby uncovered. The author discusses the background to this discovery, describes his own role in exploring the Archive and presents systematically the extensive archival data relating to Catherine Wright Armitage Blake, mother of the poet. The discoveries in the Moravian archive raise all sorts of questions about Blake's childhood, and about the milieu in which he grew up. Their effect is to shatter some entrenched preconceptions that have been dominant in Blake scholarship for a very long time. They alert us to the complexities of Blake's spiritual journey given his later connections to Swedenborgianism and Behmenism, and the Anglicanism that actually ran concurrently alongside all of these beliefs. Blake can now be linked to at least two definable religious movements (Moravian and Swedenborgian) which made up part of London's spiritual life. Moravianism (like his later Swedenborgianism) has left its recoverable traces in Blake's work. The author suggests that the future scholarly project will be to narrate the history of Blake's religious contacts and context within a contemporary religious culture that is much richer than we had hitherto imagined.
Second‐rate Stories? Changing Approaches to the Anglo‐Saxon Chronicle
Authors: Stodnick Jacqueline
Published: October 2006

This essay analyzes broad trends in scholarship on the Anglo‐Saxon Chronicle. Examining the major contributions to the field, the author argues that a change may be observed from a more isolative situation (in which separate scholarly strands examined textual history, literary worth, and political import) concentrated on questions of origin and intent, to the more interdisciplinary focus of contemporary studies, for which readership and continuation are the primary concerns. The essay concludes by suggesting that future study of the Chronicle will be concentrated on the later manuscripts; its nature as a composite text; the manuscript contexts; and the text as narrative.
cAMP increases mitochondrial cholesterol transport through the induction of arachidonic acid release inside this organelle in Leydig cells
Authors: Fernanda Castillo Ana , Cornejo Maciel Fabiana , Castilla Rocío , Duarte Alejandra , Maloberti Paula , Paz Cristina , Podestá Ernesto J
Published: October 2006

We have investigated the direct effect of arachidonic acid on cholesterol transport in intact cells or isolated mitochondria from steroidogenic cells and the effect of cyclic‐AMP on the specific release of this fatty acid inside the mitochondria. We show for the first time that cyclic‐AMP can regulate the release of arachidonic acid in a specialized compartment of MA‐10 Leydig cells, e.g. the mitochondria, and that the fatty acid induces cholesterol transport through a mechanism different from the classical pathway. Arachidonic acid and arachidonoyl‐CoA can stimulate cholesterol transport in isolated mitochondria from nonstimulated cells. The effect of arachidonoyl‐CoA is inhibited by the reduction in the expression or in the activity of a mitochondrial thioesterase that uses arachidonoyl‐CoA as a substrate to release arachidonic acid. cAMP‐induced arachidonic acid accumulation into the mitochondria is also reduced when the mitochondrial thioesterase activity or expression is blocked. This new feature in the regulation of cholesterol transport by arachidonic acid and the release of arachidonic acid in specialized compartment of the cells could offer novel means for understanding the regulation of steroid synthesis but also would be important in other situations such as neuropathological disorders or oncology disorders, where cholesterol transport plays an important role.
Non‐Nernstian Planar Sensors Based on YSZ with Ta (10 at.%)‐Doped Nanosized Titania as a Sensing Electrode for High‐Temperature Applications
Authors: Chevallier Laure , Grilli Maria Luisi , Di Bartolomeo Elisabetta , Traversa Enrico
Published: October 2006

Planar sensors based on tape‐cast YSZ layers with two parallel Pt (or Au) finger electrodes, one covered with Ta (10 at.%)‐doped nanosized titania powders, were prepared and studied. The sensors were tested at various concentrations of NO2, CO, and different hydrocarbons in the 450–650°C temperature range. The sensitivity to different target gases was found to be strongly dependent on the operating temperature. The replacement of Pt electrodes with Au was effective in promoting the response to propylene. Moreover, an inversion of the polarity of the electromotive force response to NO2 gas was observed in comparison with Pt‐based sensors. The sensing mechanism is discussed.
Spatial concordance at a regional scale in the regeneration process of a circum‐Mediterranean relict (Buxus balearica): connecting seed dispersal to seedling establishment
Authors: Lázaro Amparo , Traveset Anna , Castillo Amparo
Published: October 2006

Both microhabitat and temporal scales have significant effects on the regeneration process of plant species. However, the consistency of those patterns at large scales is largely unknown, despite of being essential from both an ecological and a conservation viewpoint. In this study, we examined the spatio‐temporal variation in the process of regeneration through seeds of the relict Mediterranean shrub Buxus balearica. By means of observations and experiments, we quantified the losses at different recruitment phases (seed rain, seed predation, seedling emergence and establishment) both at a small spatial scale (distance and microhabitat effects) and at a temporal scale (four years), and compared them at a regional scale (10 different localities). We additionally studied transition probabilities between phases in two populations and measured the size structure of 18 localities encompassing all the distributional range of the species. The results show that seed shadow follows a leptokurtic pattern which is consistently maintained until the seedling phase (i.e. there is spatial concordance). Despite post‐dispersal factors are spatially uncoupled, they do not remove the gradient established in the seed shadow. Although the importance of different seed predators varied between regions, post‐dispersal seed predation (ca 80%), together with seedling emergence (usually lower than 10%, some years even nil), and seedling mortality during the first summer (ca 70%) were – consistently in all populations – the most critical bottlenecks in the regeneration of the species. Moreover, an absence of seed bank prevents the buffering of dramatic losses during such phases. Watering of sown seeds increased seedling emergence and survival, and number of leaves per seedling, and survival was consistently higher under vegetation coverage. These results suggest that hydric stress notably contributes to limit the regeneration of this once widespread species evolved under a subtropical climate, which nowadays appears in old‐structured populations throughout its distributional area.
Fast head-related transfer function measurement via reciprocity
Authors: Zotkin Dmitry N. , Duraiswami Ramani , Grassi Elena , Gumerov Nail A.
Published: October 2006

An efficient method for head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurement is presented. By applying the acoustical principle of reciprocity, one can swap the speaker and the microphone positions in the traditional (direct) HRTF measurement setup, that is, insert a microspeaker into the subject’s ear and position several microphones around the subject, enabling simultaneous HRTF acquisition at all microphone positions. The setup used for reciprocal HRTF measurement is described, and the obtained HRTFs are compared with the analytical solution for a sound-hard sphere and with KEMAR manikin HRTF obtained by the direct method. The reciprocally measured sphere HRTF agrees well with the analytical solution. The reciprocally measured and the directly measured KEMAR HRTFs are not exactly identical but agree well in spectrum shape and feature positions. To evaluate if the observed differences are significant, an auditory localization model based on work by J. C. Middlebrooks [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92, 2607–2624 (1992)] was used to predict where a virtual sound source synthesized with the reciprocally measured HRTF would be localized if the directly measured HRTF were used for the localization. It was found that the predicted localization direction generally lies close to the measurement direction, indicating that the HRTFs obtained via the two methods are in good agreement.
Active vibration isolation experiments using translational and rotational power transmission as a cost function
Authors: Howard Carl Q. , Hansen Colin H.
Published: October 2006

Active vibration isolation experiments were conducted using a transducer that measures translational and rotational power transmission from a vibrating mass, through a single-axis active isolator and into a beam. The transducer is capable of measuring forces and moments along six axes and an accelerometer array measures its motion. By combining the measured force and velocity signals the translational and rotational power transmission was measured. Comparisons were made of the effectiveness of several cost functions for minimizing the vibration transmitted into the beam. The results show that active vibration isolation using power transmission as a cost function to be minimized is limited by the phase accuracy of the transducers. The best results were obtained from the minimization of the weighted sum of force and velocity.
Simulating the effect of high-intensity sound on cetaceans: Modeling approach and a case study for Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Authors: Krysl P. , Cranford T. W. , Wiggins S. M. , Hildebrand J. A.
Published: October 2006

A finite element model is formulated to study the steady-state vibration response of the anatomy of a whale (Cetacea) submerged in seawater. The anatomy was reconstructed from a combination of two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) scan images, identification of Hounsfield units with tissue types, and mapping of mechanical properties. A partial differential equation model describes the motion of the tissues within a Lagrangean framework. The computational model was applied to the study of the response of the tissues within the head of a neonate Cuvier’s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris. The characteristics of the sound stimulus was a continuous wave excitation at 3500Hz and 180dB re: 1μPa received level, incident as a plane wave. We model the beaked whale tissues embedded within a volume of seawater. To account for the finite dimensions of the computational volume, we increased the damping for viscous shear stresses within the water volume, in an attempt to reduce the contribution of waves reflected from the boundaries of the computational box. The mechanical response of the tissues was simulated including: strain amplitude; dissipated power; and pressure. The tissues are not likely to suffer direct mechanical or thermal damage, within the range of parameters tested.
An internal streaming instability in regenerators
Authors: So J. H. , Swift G. W. , Backhaus S.
Published: October 2006

Various oscillating-wave thermodynamic devices, including orifice and feedback pulse tube refrigerators, thermoacoustic-Stirling hybrid engines, cascaded thermoacoustic engines, and traditional Stirling engines and refrigerators, utilize regenerators to amplify acoustic power (engines) or to pump heat acoustically up a temperature gradient (refrigerators). As such a regenerator is scaled to higher power or operated at lower temperatures, the thermal and hydrodynamic communication transverse to the acoustic axis decreases, allowing for the possibility of an internal acoustic streaming instability with regions of counterflowing streaming that carry significant heat leak down the temperature gradient. The instability is driven by the nonlinear flow resistance of the regenerator, which results in different hydrodynamic flow resistances encountered by the oscillating flow and the streaming flow. The instability is inhibited by several other mechanisms, including acoustically transported enthalpy flux and axial and transverse thermal conduction in the regenerator solid matrix. A calculation of the stability limit caused by these effects reveals that engines are immune to a streaming instability while, under some conditions, refrigerators can exhibit an instability. The calculation is compared to experimental data obtained with a specially built orifice pulse tube refrigerator whose regenerator contains many thermocouples to detect a departure from transverse temperature uniformity.
Auditory masking: Need for improved conceptual structure
Authors: Durlach Nat
Published: October 2006

Even in simpler times, some people (e.g., Tanner) found it useful to ask “What is masking?” Independent of the extent to which this question was adequately answered even in those times, it is clear that the current expanded interest in central auditory processing has raised this question anew. In this note, comments are made about masking-related issues that illustrate the kinds of questions that need to be considered in attempting to develop a conceptual structure that can be effectively used to define, classify, study, and model auditory masking.
Cyclicity of laryngeal cavity resonance due to vocal fold vibration
Authors: Kitamura Tatsuya , Takemoto Hironori , Adachi Seiji , Mokhtari Parham , Honda Kiyoshi
Published: October 2006

Acoustic effects of the time-varying glottal area due to vocal fold vibration on the laryngeal cavity resonance were investigated based on vocal tract area functions and acoustic analysis. The laryngeal cavity consists of the vestibular and ventricular parts of the larynx, and gives rise to a regional acoustic resonance within the vocal tract, with this resonance imparting an extra formant to the vocal tract resonance pattern. Vocal tract transfer functions of the five Japanese vowels uttered by three male subjects were calculated under open- and closed-glottis conditions. The results revealed that the resonance appears at the frequency region from 3.0 to 3.7kHz when the glottis is closed and disappears when it is open. Real spectra estimated from open- and closed-glottis periods of vowel sounds also showed the on-off pattern of the resonance within a pitch period. Furthermore, a time-domain acoustic analysis of vowels indicated that the resonance component could be observed as a pitch-synchronized rise-and-fall pattern of the bandpass amplitude. The cyclic nature of the resonance can be explained as the laryngeal cavity acting as a closed tube that generates the resonance during a closed-glottis period, but damps the resonance off during an open-glottis period.
Regions that influence acoustic propagation in the sea at moderate frequencies, and the consequent departures from the ray-acoustic description
Authors: Spiesberger John L.
Published: October 2006

In the limit where a transient signal is comprised of very large frequencies, spatial regions within an inhomogeneous medium that influence the propagation from a source to a receiver lie along one or more ray paths. At lower frequencies for which the geometrical acoustic approximation is of borderline applicability, the regions that influence such transient signals are extended because of diffraction. Previous research has addressed the numerical determination of those spatial regions that influence propagation at low frequency. The present paper addresses the question of how high the center frequency need be so that the regions of influence are nearly described as ray paths for a model ocean in which the speed of sound increases nearly linearly with depth from a perfectly reflecting surface. Computations indicate that near 2500Hz and at a range of 50km, the region of influence resembles a ray. Noticeable departures from the ray picture are found at a range of 500km. Various physical and mathematical causes for the departures from the ray propagation model for lower frequencies and for greater ranges are identified and discussed.
Observations of biological choruses in the Southern California Bight: A chorus at midfrequencies
Authors: D’Spain G. L. , Batchelor H. H.
Published: October 2006

This paper describes the characteristics of an underwater biological chorus recorded in the midfrequency band (1–10kHz) in the Southern California Bight. The recordings were made in July, 2002 by a large-vertical-aperture, 131-element, 2D billboard array. The chorus, observed predominantly on two consecutive nights during the 8-day experiment, is composed of two bands of energy centered around 1.5kHz and between 4 and 5kHz. It causes a complete reversal in the vertical directional characteristics of the mid-frequency ambient sound field between day and nighttime periods; whereas the vertical structure during the day shows a notch in the horizontal direction with levels more than 10dB below those at higher angles, the nighttime levels in the horizontal can exceed those at other vertical angles by more than 10dB. These nighttime sounds also are strongly anisotropic in azimuth; they appear to come mainly from a popular Southern California fishing spot where the water depths exceed 75m. Vertical beam-to-beam coherence squared estimates suggest the chorus source region exists on spatial scales greater than the multipath interference wavelengths of this environment. Individual sounds comprising the chorus, although difficult to separate from the background din, have a fluttering, rasping character.
On the use of a diffusion model for acoustically coupled rooms
Authors: Billon Alexis , Valeau Vincent , Sakout Anas , Picaut Judicaël
Published: October 2006

A numerical model is proposed to predict the reverberant sound field in a system of two coupled volumes that are connected through an open aperture. The model is based on the numerical implementation of a diffusion model that has already been applied to predict the sound-energy distribution and the sound decay in single rooms. In comparison with the statistical theory, the proposed approach permits the prediction of the sound field by taking into account the sound source location and the receiver locations as well as the transition from one room to the other at the coupling aperture. Moreover, the diffusion model results match satisfactorily the experimental data in terms of sound-pressure level and reverberation times, both in the room containing the source and in the receiving room. Simulations with a ray-based model are also carried out, leading to results similar to those of the diffusion model, but at a cost of larger computation times.
Cch1 Mediates Calcium Entry in
Cryptococcus neoformans
and Is Essential in Low-Calcium Environments
Authors: Liu Min , Du Ping , Heinrich Garrett , Cox Gary M. , Gelli Angie
Published: October 2006

The ability of
Cryptococcus neoformans
to grow at the mammalian body temperature (37°C to 39°C) is a well-established virulence factor. Growth of
C. neoformans
at this physiological temperature requires calcineurin, a Ca
2+
/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. When cytosolic calcium concentrations are low (∼50 to 100 nM), calcineurin is inactive and becomes active only when cytosolic calcium concentrations rise (∼1 to 10 μM) through the activation of calcium channels. In this study we analyzed the function of Cch1 in
C. neoformans
and found that Cch1 is a Ca
2+
-permeable channel that mediates calcium entry in
C. neoformans
. Analysis of the Cch1 protein sequence revealed differences in the voltage sensor (S4 regions), suggesting that Cch1 may have diminished voltage sensitivity or possibly an alternative gating mechanism. The inability of the
cch1
mutant to grow under conditions of limited extracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca
2+
]
extracellular
, ∼100 nM) suggested that Cch1 was required for calcium uptake in low-calcium environments. These results are consistent with the role of ScCch1 in mediating high-affinity calcium uptake in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Although the growth defect of the
cch1
mutant under conditions of limited [Ca
2+
]
extracellular
(∼100 nM) became more severe with increasing temperature (25°C to 38.5°), this temperature sensitivity was not observed when the
cch1
mutant was grown on rich medium ([Ca
2+
]
extracellular
, ∼0.140 mM). Accordingly, the
cch1
mutant strain displayed only attenuated virulence when tested in the mouse inhalation model of cryptococcosis, further suggesting that
C. neoformans
may have a limited requirement for Cch1 and that this requirement appears to include ion stress tolerance.
Global Replication-Independent Histone H4 Exchange in Budding Yeast
Authors: Linger Jeffrey , Tyler Jessica K.
Published: October 2006

The eukaryotic genome is packaged together with histone proteins into chromatin following DNA replication. Recent studies have shown that histones can also be assembled into chromatin independently of DNA replication and that this dynamic exchange of histones may be biased toward sites undergoing transcription. Here we show that epitope-tagged histone H4 can be incorporated into nucleosomes throughout the budding yeast (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) genome regardless of the phase of the cell cycle, the transcriptional status, or silencing of the region. Direct comparisons reveal that the amount of histone incorporation that occurs in G
1
-arrested cells is similar to that occurring in cells undergoing DNA replication. Additionally, we show that this histone incorporation is not dependent on the histone H3/H4 chaperones CAF-1, Asf1, and Hir1 individually. This study demonstrates that DNA replication and transcription are not necessary prerequisites for histone exchange in budding yeast, indicating that chromatin is more dynamic than previously thought.
Production of Tyrosol by
Candida albicans
Biofilms and Its Role in Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Development
Authors: Alem Mohammed A. S. , Oteef Mohammed D. Y. , Flowers T. Hugh , Douglas L. Julia
Published: October 2006

Tyrosol and farnesol are quorum-sensing molecules produced by
Candida albicans
which accelerate and block, respectively, the morphological transition from yeasts to hyphae. In this study, we have investigated the secretion of tyrosol by
C. albicans
and explored its likely role in biofilm development. Both planktonic (suspended) cells and biofilms of four
C. albicans
strains, including three mutants with defined defects in the Efg 1 and Cph 1 morphogenetic signaling pathways, synthesized extracellular tyrosol during growth at 37°C. There was a correlation between tyrosol production and biomass for both cell types. However, biofilm cells secreted at least 50% more tyrosol than did planktonic cells when tyrosol production was related to cell dry weight. The addition of exogenous farnesol to a wild-type strain inhibited biofilm formation by up to 33% after 48 h. Exogenous tyrosol appeared to have no effect, but scanning electron microscopy revealed that tyrosol stimulated hypha production during the early stages (1 to 6 h) of biofilm development. Experiments involving the simultaneous addition of tyrosol and farnesol at different concentrations suggested that the action of farnesol was dominant, and 48-h biofilms formed in the presence of both compounds consisted almost entirely of yeast cells. When biofilm supernatants were tested for their abilities to inhibit or enhance germ tube formation by planktonic cells, the results indicated that tyrosol activity exceeds that of farnesol after 14 h, but not after 24 h, and that farnesol activity increases significantly during the later stages (48 to 72 h) of biofilm development. Overall, our results support the conclusion that tyrosol acts as a quorum-sensing molecule for biofilms as well as for planktonic cells and that its action is most significant during the early and intermediate stages of biofilm formation.
SIXTH-ORDER ACCURATE FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEMES FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION
Authors: SINGER I. , TURKEL E.
Published: October 2006

We develop and analyze finite difference schemes for the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. The schemes which are based on nine-point approximation have a sixth-order accurate local truncation order. The schemes are compared with the standard five-point pointwise representation, which has second-order accurate local truncation error and a nine-point fourth-order local truncation error scheme based on a Padé approximation. Numerical results are presented for a model problem.
CRITICAL PAIRS IN ABELIAN GROUPS AND KEMPERMAN'S STRUCTURE THEOREM
Authors: LEV VSEVOLOD F.
Published: October 2006

A well-known result by Kemperman describes the structure of those pairs (A, B) of finite subsets of an abelian group satisfying |A + B| ≤ |A| + |B| -1. We establish a description which is, in a sense, dual to Kemperman's, and as an application sharpen several results due to Deshouillers, Hamidoune, Hennecart, and Plagne.
Two new species of Mesacanthion Filipjev, 1927 (Nematoda: Enoplida) from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Klerman Alexander , Gagarin Vladimir
Published: October 2006

Two new nematode species of the genus Mesacanthion, M. obscurum sp. n. and M. propinquum sp. n., both isolated from sediment in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Israel, are described and illustrated. Mesacanthion obscurum sp. n. is similar to M. diplechma and M. southerni, but differs from the first species by having a narrower labial region, shorter outer labial setae, shorter right spiculum, and shorter distance from supplement to cloacal aperture; and from the second species by a shorter female body, shorter outer labial setae, shorter distance from supplement to cloacal aperture, and the presence of a ventral protuberance on the male tail. Mesacanthion propinquum sp. n. resembles M. southerni and M. obscurum sp. n., but differs from the first species by having a shorter female body, less slender tail, narrower labial region, shorter outer labial setae, shorter distance from supplement to cloacal aperture, and absence of transverse striations on the right spicule; and from M. obscurum sp. n. by the shorter outer labial setae (10-15 vs 37-44 μm), shorter distance from supplement to cloacal aperture (28-31 vs 36-59 μm) and absence of transverse striations on the surface of the right spicule. A key is provided for those Mesacanthion species possessing anisomorphic and anisometric spicules.
New York City and the Transatlantic Imagination
Authors: Gilbert David , Hancock Claire
Published: October 2006

Between the late nineteenth century and the Second World War, New York City became one of the most familiar cityscapes in the world and a major international tourist destination. This article explores the reactions of visitors from England and France, concentrating on responses to the city’s architecture and its ethnic and racial diversity. For many Europeans, New York disturbed ingrained assumptions about the nature of modern metropolises and threatened established divisions of the world into “progressive” and “backward” domains. Tourism, however, also played its part in the development of new international understandings of New York. By the Second World War, the interpretations of the city written in international guidebooks and experienced in organized tours emphasized its distinctively modern and American characteristics instead of reading the city through its differences from London or Paris.
The Effect of Age and Role Information on Expectations for Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Wood Dustin , Roberts Brent W.
Published: October 2006

In four studies, the authors investigated the extent to which expectations for personality traits in age-graded roles correspond to patterns of personality trait change across the life course. In Studies 1 (N = 43) and 2 (N = 126), the authors examined the age-graded roles of high school student, college student, parent, and grandparent and found that expectations for how people behave in these age-graded roles showed strong parallels to the documented pattern of personality trait development and that this pattern of expectations was largely shared by younger and older participants. In Studies 3 (N = 252) and 4 (N = 123), the authors separated age and role information (e.g., marital, parental, and employment status) and found that people use both sources of information independently in forming expectations of others. The implications for understanding the interplay of expectations and personality trait development are discussed.
Why Are Attributions to Discrimination Interpersonally Costly? A Test of System- and Group-Justifying Motivations
Authors: Kaiser Cheryl R. , Dyrenforth Portia S. , Hagiwara Nao
Published: October 2006

In two studies, Whites’ endorsement of system-justifying beliefs predicted increased negativity toward Blacks who blamed negative events on discrimination. Whites’ system-justifying beliefs were not associated with negativity toward Blacks who blamed negative events on other internal causes, external causes, or nondiscriminatory unfairness. These negative reactions toward discrimination claimants were mediated by perceptions that the claimant held dissimilar values and failed to take personal responsibility for outcomes. In both studies, participants’ White Identification did not moderate the relationship between the Black target’s attribution for failure and subsequent negative perceptions of that individual, thus providing evidence against a group-justification explanation of these findings.
Voicing Conflict: Preferred Conflict Strategies Among Incremental and Entity Theorists
Authors: Kammrath Lara K. , Dweck Carol
Published: October 2006

The way individuals choose to handle their feelings during interpersonal conflicts has important consequences for relationship outcomes. In this article, the authors predict and find evidence that people's implicit theory of personality is an important predictor of conflict behavior following a relationship transgression. Incremental theorists, who believe personality can change and improve, were likely to voice their displeasure with others openly and constructively during conflicts. Entity theorists, who believe personality is fundamentally fixed, were less likely to voice their dissatisfactions directly. These patterns were observed in both a retrospective study of conflict in dating relationships (Study 1) and a prospective study of daily conflict experiences (Study 2). Study 2 revealed that the divergence between incremental and entity theorists was increasingly pronounced as conflicts increased in severity: the higher the stakes the stronger the effect.
Civil Society in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Civic Ethos in the Framework of Corrupted Sociality?
Authors: Stepanenko Victor
Published: October 2006

This article analyzes the issues of civil society in post-communist Ukraine. These issues were actualized during the Orange Revolution at the end of 2004. The “outdated” point (as it might look now) on the lack of “the civil society argument” still provides a major explanation for the difficulties of democratic and market reforms in post-Soviet countries. The article is focused upon two aspects of the formation of post-Soviet, particularly Ukrainian, civil society: the peculiarities of its discourse and the issues an of emerging civic ethos. A one-dimensional concept on post-Soviet civil society, reducing it to the NGOs network, is reconceptualized. It is concluded that optimistic perspectives for the Ukrainian civil society can be related to the recent trends in the transformation of personal identity toward the more self-reliable pattern of social activity.
Wastewater management in Kunming, China: a stakeholder perspective on measures at the source
Authors: Medilanski Edi , Chuan Liang , Mosler Hans-Joachim , Schertenleib Roland , Larsen Tove A
Published: October 2006

Large sewer systems with central wastewater treatment plants were long considered a successful model that could be exported to practically any city of the world. This centralized, highly water-consuming system has, however, shown its limits in some developing and transition countries, especially in fast-growing cities with limited water resources. This study from around Lake Dianchi in Yunnan, China, investigated the feasibility of introducing measures at the source for the different urban wastewater contributions in the city of Kunming, and the stakeholder perspectives on this approach. In addition, the stakeholders evaluated the potential of two different sanitation alternatives that allowed the separation and re-use of human excreta as fertilizer. Most of those interviewed approved of measures at the source, especially for industrial wastewater and toilet waste. There was a prevailing optimism with respect to the potential of technical developments and the likelihood of increased environmental awareness within a relatively short time span of 20 years. The findings suggest that China will prove to be one of the most interesting and productive “laboratories” for the development of decentralized wastewater treatment alternatives.
Urban poor housing development on Bangkok’s waterfront: securing tenure, supporting community processes
Authors: Usavagovitwong Nattawut , Posriprasert Prayong
Published: October 2006

This paper describes a project to upgrade living conditions and provide secure tenure in nine “canal settlement” communities in Bangkok. It explains how this was planned and implemented, both on the ground and at the policy level, working with national institutions including the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI) and the government body that owned the land. The different institutions involved are described, including the savings groups in each of the nine communities and the network of community organizations, which were particularly important for the realization of the project. The paper also discusses how upgrading plans were developed and how conflicts were addressed.
Location, Location, Location
Authors: Grusin Richard
Published: October 2006

The concept of remediation can help explain the cultural economy of the World Wide Web. As developed in a recently published book (co-authored with Jay Bolter), remediation refers to the way in which new digital media refashion prior media forms. Digital media like computer graphics, virtual reality, and the web define themselves by borrowing from, paying homage to, critiquing, and refashioning their predecessors, principally television, film, photography, and painting, but also print. Furthermore, older media can remediate newer ones within the same media economy. Remediation seems to be a fundamental characteristic not only for contemporary media, but for all visual media at least since the Renaissance with its invention of linear-perspective painting. Each medium seems to follow this pattern of borrowing and refashioning other media, and rivalry as well as homage seems always to be at work. In this paper I take up the cultural economy of the web in relation to three competing conceptual frameworks for making sense of new digital media: cyberspace, ubiquitous computing, and mediated public space. In so doing I hope to move towards an analysis of the cultural economy of the heterogenous networks within which digital media circulate and areconsumed.
Remediation and the Desire for Immediacy
Authors: Bolter Jay David
Published: October 2006

What is new about the so-called 'new media'? Enthusiasts often assume that digital media must break radically with the aesthetic and cultural traditions of their predecessors. However, new media and new genres are best understood by examining the ways in which they refashion or 'remediate' older forms. Computer graphics, virtual reality, and the World Wide Web define themselves by borrowing from and remediating television, film, photography and painting, as well as print. Virtual reality remediates film as well as perspective painting; digital photography remediates the analogue photograph; the World Wide Web refashions almost every previous visual and textual medium. Furthermore, older media can remediate newer ones. For example, television is making such extensive use of computer graphics that TV screens often look like pages of the web.
Rapid Fire
Authors: Polli Andrea
Published: October 2006

In this article, the author discusses the concept and technology behind her musical instrument development and improvisational performance work using eye movement tracking in relationship to current research in human eye movements and development of eye tracking systems. She discusses connections between the playing of the eye tracking instrument and research on automatic processes and free improvisation in music. The perspective is from an artist and programmer of interactive systems for human computer interaction.
The Turing Game
Authors: Berman Joshua , Bruckman Amy S.
Published: October 2006

Do men and women behave differently online? Can you tell how old someone is, or determine their race or national origin based on how they communicate on the internet? Issues of personal identity affect how we relate to others in everyday life, both online and offline. However, identity in this new medium is still poorly understood by internet users.
Europeanisation, Globalisation and Policy Transfer in the European Union
Authors: Humphreys Peter
Published: October 2006

The article discusses the ways in which the concept of policy transfer might be employed in order to help explain the transformation of telecommunications policy within the European Union (EU). From a 'policy transfer' approach, the article analyses the process of telecommunications liberalisation that has occurred in Europe from the mid-late 1980s onwards in terms of the influences arising from globalisation and Europeanisation. In particular, it aims to disentangle the explanatory power of Europeanisation from that of globalisation as causal factors for convergent telecommunications liberalisation in Europe. The article shows how both globalisation and Europeanisation have been refracted by national institutional differences so that the emergent EU regulatory framework should be characterised as 'pluralist' rather than as 'hierarchically' supranational. Despite the diversity of national regulatory authorities, European Community (EC) implementation reports, telecommunications committees and the transnational network of independent regulators are all factors for policy transfer and learning.
Media Convergence's Third Wave
Authors: Murray Simone
Published: October 2006

Movies, pieces of music, books, or newspapers can all be expressed in the same binary code. Discrete forms of analogue media are just different dialects of the language of computerese. Content is becoming a very liquid asset. To take Marshall McLuhan's famed dictum a step further: The message is now independent of the medium. 1
Multimedia in Museums
Authors: Dyson Mary C. , Andrews Martin , Leontopoulou Sophia
Published: October 2006

In view of the issues raised by the use of multimedia in museums, this paper offers a framework for describing multimedia in museums as a first step in their evaluation A means of classifying multimedia systems is proposed with reference to their content, function, format, and operational characteristics The framework may form a useful general tool for comparing the characteristics of different computer-based interactive systems and is discussed in terms of reliability of use, ease of interpretation, comprehensibility and level of detail.
The Book Trade and Internet Publishing
Authors: Weedon Alexis
Published: October 2006

Employing a historical analogy, this paper examines recent experiments in product design, marketing and distribution by traditional book publishers using the Internet. Arguing that the CD-ROM is a transitional format, the paper focuses on contemporary practice in parallel publishing and Net distribution. Through an analysis of current experiments in Internet publishing by book and journal publishers, it examines how the book trade is developing the Net as a promotional and marketing tool rather than exploiting it as a distribution system. The paper argues that only a more fundamental redefinition of publishers' and booksellers' roles will enable the industry to use the potential of the Internet as a delivery medium.
Digital Visions
Authors: Sefton-Green Julian , Buckingham David
Published: October 2006

This article describes some findings from recent research into young people's creative uses of new technologies in the home. The first section considers a range of theoretical perspectives on children's relationship with digital technologies. It interrogates popular and academic claims about the potential of the computer as a means for facilitating creativity. The main body of the article presents quantitative and qualitative data from the study, focusing on the ways in which children learn to use new technologies, parental regulation in the home and the role of new technologies in sustaining peer group cultures. The analysis therefore aims to situate the use of computers within wider social and cultural contexts and practices. This raises further questions about the relationship between digital technology and the formal educational system; the use of technology to define boundaries between childhood and adulthood; and assumptions about economic and vocational futures for young people in this area.
Computers Are Not Theatre
Authors: Murphie Andrew
Published: October 2006

As is reasonably well known by now, Deleuze and Guattari consider technology as only a lesser aspect of more important 'machinic' dimensions. This paper uses their work to analyse the relations between technology, the social and art. It outlines the beginning of a potential ethics of becoming, of interaction, and of, as Brian Eno puts it, the 'unfinished idea'. The advantage of Deleuze and Guattari's ideas is that they move us away from what new technologies represent, or how they operate merely as instruments of representation, as theorised in so many contemporary accounts. They move towards a consideration of what forms of production new technologies are involved in, of what broader 'machines' they affect. It will be argued that models and practices imported from the arts are still important in the design and analysis of new technologies, but the suggestion here is that these models should be drawn from areas other than classical theatrical, or representational, assumptions such as those found in Aristotle's Poetics. These are areas such as performance art or some aspects of recent music production.
A Cultural Battle
Authors: Dauncey Hugh
Published: October 2006

French experience of the Minitel videotex system introduced in the 1980s created a culture of awareness in French society of new information technologies. In France, the Internet and the coming 'information superhighway' build on established practices, but challenge both society and State because of their USA/Anglophone origins and because of the demand-led anarchy of the proliferation of services in the highly regulated French audio-visual sector. At the same time, the egalitarianism of the Internet can be useful to the French State, improving access to information in a society theoretically based on meritocracy but where knowledge and culture are highly centralised. This paper looks firstly at the history and use of Minitel (a now ageing national technology developed by the French State), and secondly, examines the growth in Internet use in France and the attendant problems. It then analyses issues of culture and public policy vis-à-vis the Internet which are challenging French 'exceptionalism', and concludes by assessing the way France's plans for the information superhighway reveal how she hopes to defend her cultural identity.
Assimilating New Technologies Early Cinema, Sound, and Computer Imagery
Authors: Faden Eric S.
Published: October 2006

Why do cinematic technologies, though promoted as 'utopian' and 'progressive', ultimately repeat earlier cultural/Visual practices? To answer this question, this paper examines cinema's integration of new technologies. It proposes that nineteenth-century institutions such as the insurance industry and the railroad provide cinema with a strategic model for choosing and regulating new cinematic technologies. To investigate this hypothesis, the paper overlays film history's three most important technological transitions: cinema's 'invention' in 1895, sound's standardisation in the 1920s, and the contemporary integration of computer-generated images (CGI). By examining the history of each technology and the film texts they produce, the paper reveals an institutional pattern of technological assimilation.
Design of the flight management system for a shrouded-fan uninhabited aerial vehicle
Authors: Avanzini G , de Matteis G
Published: October 2006

Following a brief description of the program involving the realization of a rotary wing uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) for science applications, the flight management system of the vehicle is discussed in terms of sensors, flight computer, and software processes. Complicated and unstable dynamics of the baseline airframe, together with relevant uncertainties in the UAV model, prompted use of a robust multi-variable controller for stabilization and control augmentation. Control software is automatically generated and implemented in the onboard computer. Real-time, hardware-in-the-loop simulation is used to test and validate control algorithms as well as to collect data on response to pilot input and, finally, to assess and possibly improve the characteristics of the graphical user interface providing flight and mission data to the ground operator.