bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of isobutane and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile terpene alcohols and esters
Authors: Lange G. , Schultze W.
Published: November 2006

The ionization and fragmentation behaviour of mono‐and sesqui‐terpene alcohols and esters in CI mass spectrometry was investigated. The reagent gases used were isobutane and ammonia. Isobutane yields the species [MH]+ as the quasimolecular ions which, however, are extremely small for many of the investigated compounds. Ammonia gives intense [M + 18]+ quasimolecular adduct ions. The assignment of the molecular mass is more reliable in ammonia than in isobutane CI. Alcohols and esters form characteristic fragment ions. Alcohols show the mass difference of 18 mass units and esters display the difference of the respective acid in the patterns of the CI spectra. This fact enables one to distinguish the classes of the terpene alcohols and esters by means of CI. Particular compounds, as well as cis/trans and stereoisomers, can be differentiated by their ion patterns. CI spectra are strongly dependent on experimental conditions. High ion source temperature favours fragmentation diminishing the relative intensity of the quasimolecular ion. High ammonia reagent gas pressure reduces the relative intensities of fragment ions enhancing the relative abundancies of the quasimolecular adduct ions.

Mass spectrometry Chemical ionization (CI) Isobutane reagent gas Ammonia reagent gas Monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Alcohols Esters.
Isolation and determination of optically pure carvone enantiomers from caraway (Carum carvi L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Bassat Michal , Putievsky Eli , Weinstein Vera , Ikan Raphael
Published: November 2006

Optically pure (S)‐(+)‐carvone was isolated from the essential oils of the fruits of caraway and dill. Optically pure (R)‐(−)‐carvone was isolated from the essential oils of the leaves of spearmint and Mentha longifolia. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of the natural flavour was performed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy using a chiral lanthanide shift reagent, Eu(hfc)3.
A fresh look at the constituents of indian olibanum oil
Authors: Verghese J. , Joy M. T. , Retamar J. A. , Malinskas Griselda G. , Catalán C. A. N. , Gros E. G.
Published: November 2006

Indian olibanum oil obtained by steam distillation of Boswellia serrata Roxb. gum‐oleoresin has been analysed by a combination of GC, GC‐MS and 1H‐NMR. GC revealed 40 components of which 26 have been identified. With its high content of α‐thujene, the Indian oil differs from olibanum oils from other sources.
Infinite dilution activity coefficients and relative volatilities of some aroma compounds
Authors: Sadafian A. , Crouzet J.
Published: November 2006

Infinité dilution activity coefficients of aroma compounds: acetaldehyde, octanal, octan‐2‐one, limonene, linalol, terpenyl acetate and β‐ionone were determined using the dynamic exponential method.

The values obtained for two of these compounds (acetaldehyde and octanal) agree with those previously calculated from equilibrium data.

The high values obtained for terpenic compounds are indicative of the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrocarbon skeleton and water. Relative volatilities of these compounds show that limonene is the more volatile, because of its low vapour pressure, β‐ionone presents a relative volatility of the same order of magnitude as that of terpenyl acetate. Presence of a hydroxyl group on the terpene skeleton leads to a considerable decrease of activity coefficient and relative volatility.
Sesquiterpenes from the myrrh‐type resins of some kenyan commiphora species
Authors: Provan Gordon J. , Gray Alexander I. , Waterman Peter G.
Published: November 2006

Samples of resin collected in Kenya and attributed to Commiphora myrrha and C. holtziana have been examined. These have yielded a wide range of sesquiterpenes, notably furanosesquiterpenes based on eudesmane, elemane and germacrane. The distribution of these compounds is discussed in relation to the collection and commerce of myrrh‐like resins in Kenya.
Monoterpene‐rich resins from some kenyan burseraceae
Authors: Provan Gordon J. , Gray Alexander I. , Waterman Peter G.
Published: November 2006

Volatile oils obtained by the steam distillation of resins from Boswellia neglecta, Commiphora africana, C. campestris and C. ogadensis have been examined by capillary GC and GC‐MS. In each case the oils were found to be entirely monoterpenoid in constitution. All four oils were generally characterized by large amounts of α‐pinene. Other constituents that were important markers of individual species included α‐thujene (B. neglecta, C. africana), sabinene (C. campestris), myrcene and car‐3‐ene (C. ogadensis) and p‐cymene (B. neglecta, C. africana).
Essential oil of Monardafistulosa L. var. Menthaefolia, a potential source of geraniol
Authors: Mazza G. , Chubey B. B. , Kiehn F.
Published: November 2006

The influence of the distillation method, condition of plant material, cultivar and growing season on yield and quality of geraniol‐rich Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia was investigated. Based on gas Chromatographie analyses, the quality of the oil was not affected by the production and processing variables investigated. The major component of the oil was geraniol, followed by linalol, neral and ?‐terpinene. The yield of oil, however, was influenced by the method of distillation and condition of the plant material. Oil yield was higher from fresh and wilted plants than from baled material, higher from the circulatory glass still than from the pilot mint still hydrodiffusion apparatus, and higher from plants of Morden No. 3 than from plants of Moden No. 82‐IT Monarda.
Odoriferous compounds from liquid cultures of Gloeophyllum odoratum and Lentinellus cochleatus (basidiomycotina)
Authors: Hanssen H.‐P. , Abraham W.‐R.
Published: November 2006

The basidiomycetes Gloeophyllum odoratum CBS 444.61 and Lentinellus cochleatus CBS 201.47 were cultivated on defined liquid culture media. Volatiles were obtained from 6‐weeks‐old cultures of G. odoratum and from 12‐weeks‐old cultures of L. cochleatus by circulation steam distillation and further analysed by GLC. Identification of individual constituents resulted from GC‐MS data and NMR spectroscopy. Predominant components of the distillate obtained from G. odoratum were drimenol, 3‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethyl‐oct‐6‐enoic acid methyl ester, and oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol.

In the distillate of L. cochleatus we found mainly trans‐nerolidol, fokienol, and 6‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl chromene. Methyl 3‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethyloct‐6‐enoate and 6‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl chromene are described for the first time as natural products. Several minor constituents, mostly terpenes, could also be identified.
Accumulation of africanols in liquid cultures of Leptographium lundbergii
Authors: Abraham W.‐R. , Sprecher E. , Hanssen H.‐P.
Published: November 2006

The ascomycete Leptographium lundbergii Lag. et Mel. Ha2/82 was cultivated on a defined synthetic liquid medium. The accumulation of volatiles was determined over a culture period of 24 days by GC analysis of the steam distillates. Three sesquiterpene alcohols which had been identified as africanols were found to be the major constituents. Besides these, several components could be characterized as sesquiterpene hydrocarbons by their GC‐MS data.
Volatile constituents of Scutellaria lateriflora L
Authors: Yaghmai Mohammad Shahram
Published: November 2006

The essential oil Scutellaria lateriflora L. (Labiatae) growing wild in northern Iran obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated using TLC, LSC, GLC, and GLC‐MS methods. The oil is mainly composed of sesquiterpenes (78.3%) of which τ‐cadinene (27%), calamenene (15.2%), β‐elemene (9.2%), α‐cubebene (4.2%), and α‐humulene (4.2%) are the major components. At least 73 compounds were present in the oil. Non‐terpenoid constituents were found in low concentrations.
Extraction and GC‐MS analysis of the essential oil of Comptonia peregrina (L.) coulter
Authors: Collin Guy J. , Hachey Jean‐Marie , Simard Sandra , Vernin Gaston , Fraisse Daniel
Published: November 2006

Essential oil extracted from Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter (sweet fern) harvested in the lake Saint‐Jean area (Québec) has been analysed using GC‐MS and Kovats indices techniques. The main identified products are (E)‐2‐hexenal (16.8–19%), β‐caryophyllene (10.7‐13.3%), 1,8‐cineole (9‐10%), myrcene (5‐7%), and linalol (4‐5.4%). More than fifty constituents, mainly oxygenated compounds, are reported for the first time in this essential oil.
Environmental factors affecting the oil composition of some Mentha species grown in north west Italy
Authors: Maffei Massimo
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of eleven mint species, grown in Piedmont (North West Italy) in 1985 and 1986 were studied in relation to environmental factors. Thermoperiod and rainfall were measured and correlated with qualitative and quantitative oil composition changes. Temperature and rainfall changes were found to affect the oil composition of some of them, particularly peppermint. The degree of adaptation and some genetic considerations were also discussed.
Composition of the essential oil of the rhizome of Amomum pavieanum pierre & gagnep
Authors: Scheffer J. J. C. , Vreeke A. , Looman A. , Mondranondra Ing‐On
Published: November 2006

The essential oil isolated from rhizomes of Amomum pavieanum Pierre & Gagnep., which are used as seasoning agent in Thailand, was analysed by capillary GC. Forty‐one components of the oil were identified, among which were many trace components. The identity of the components was confirmed by GC‐MS using an ion trap detector. The oil was characterized by a high content of methylchavicol (92%).
A re‐examination of mulanje cedarwood oil (Widdringtonia whytei Rendle)
Authors: Green C. L. , Wood A. B. , Robinson J. M.
Published: November 2006

Sawdust waste of Mulanje cedarwood (Widdringtonia whytei Rendle) from Malawi affords on steam‐distillation a yield of approximately 10ml of essential oil per 100g of moisture‐free sawdust (10%v/m). Raw material availability would permit the production of some 900kg of oil per annum in Malawi. The constituents of the Mulanje oil include thujopsene (32%), cedrol (ca 13%), α‐cedrene (2%), widdrol (ca 5%), thujopsadiene (7%) and cuparene (4%). The oil differs from Virginian cedarwood oil in both composition and aroma character.
Capillary gas chromatographic ‐ mass spectrometric determination of the flavour composition of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)
Authors: Holm Yvonne , Hiltunen Raimo , Nykanen Irma
Published: November 2006

The flavour composition of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was analysed by capillary gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry. Altogether 57 compounds were identified and 11 unknown components detected. The volatile oil of dragonhead consists mainly of oxygenated, acyclic monoterpenes; geranyl acetate, geranial, neral, geraniol and neryl acetate together account for about 90% of the oil. Monoterpene hydrocarbons are present only in trace amounts. The compounds which could not be identified are oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, one sesquiterpene hydrocarbon and a mixture of an oxygenated monoterpene and a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon.
Variation of the main terpenes in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) during growth
Authors: Holm Yvonne , Galambosi Bertalan , Hiltunen Raimo
Published: November 2006

The essential oil from dragonhead, Dracocephalum moldavica L., was studied with special attention being paid to the yield of oil and how the amount of the main components changes during the vegetative period. The oil reaches its maximum level during the flowering, as is also the case with geranyl acetate, geranial and geraniol. The content of neral, however, decreases during flowering. These observations indicate that the biosynthesis of geranyl acetate is dominant at the beginning of the vegetative period, but is superseded by biosynthesis of geranial and geraniol, from the early stage of flowering. The optimum harvest time proved to be during the flowering stage, when the oil content is highest and thus also the amount of the main terpenes is highest.
The use of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent to determine the enantiomeric purity of some essential oil constituents
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Bassat Michal , Ikan Raphael , Weinstein Vera
Published: November 2006

Chiral alcohols and acetates were isolated with high chemical purities from various essential oils. The enantiomeric purities of the chiral oxygenated terpenes were compared with the synthetic racemic terpenes by 1H‐NMR ‘polarimetry’ in the presence of various molar ratios of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent, Eu(hfc)3. The singlet methyl resonance of the acetate in the 1H‐NMR spectra is more helpful than the other resolved resonances of the alcohols in determining the enantiomeric purity. Efforts to use Eu(hfc)3 to determine the enantiomeric composition of 4‐substituted γ‐lactones were not successful.
Studies on the essential oils of dill herb, Anethum graveolens L.
Authors: Huopalahti R. , Lahtinen R. , Hiltunen R. , Laakso I.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of freeze‐dried dill herb was isolated by hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, and CO2‐extraction and analysed by combination of GLC‐MS. Head‐space gas chromatography (HSGC) was also used for analysing dill volatiles. Fifty compounds were detected, but only the ten main components were chosen to facilitate the comparison of the methods. Each method gave a different composition for the volatiles of the dill herb. However, the best result was achieved by HSGC, in that the yield of 3,6‐dimethyl‐2,3,3a, 4,5,7a‐hexahydrobenzofuran, the most important aroma compound of the dill herb, was highest with HSGC. Hydrodistillation also was a reproducible and convenient method for analysing dill aroma.
The essential oils of five Nepeta Species. A preliminary evaluation of their use in chemotaxonomy by cluster analysis
Authors: De Pooter H. L. , Nicolai B. , De Laet J. , De Buyck L. F. , Schamp N. M. , Goetghebeur P.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils of Nepeta cataria L., N. x faassenii Bergm. ex Stearn, N. nepetella L., N. sibirica L. and N. nuda L., isolated by steam distillation, were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The compositions of the oils were submitted to a cluster analysis by application of the CLUSTAN program, with a view to testing their use in chemotaxonomy.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. part xxv. the essential oil from ‘wenzhou honey’ oranges
Authors: Dugo Giovanni , Cotroneo Antonella , Trozzi Alessandra , Barbeni Massimo , Giacomo Angelo Di
Published: November 2006

In November 1985, a batch of the Wenzhou honey variety of oranges from China (Linhai County, Zhejiang Province) was processed at a Sicilian citrus factory using an Indelicato ‘pelatrice’ extractor.

The essential oil extracted by this process has a quite different bouquet from that normal in the essential oils of sweet oranges, being reminiscent of the essential oils of mandarins and clementines.

The volatile fraction of this oil was studied using chromatography on a neutral alumina column, gas chromatography with SE 52 capillary column and mass spectrometry: its composition has been compared with that of the essential oils of sweet oranges, mandarins and clementines.
Conformational calculations on sandalwood odour molecules II.1 Force field investigations on β‐santalol
Authors: Beyer Anton , Wolschann Peter , Becker Armin , Buchbauer Gerhard , Winiwarter Susanne
Published: November 2006

The conformations of β‐santalol have been investigated by molecular mechanics and AMI. The comparison with two more rigid molecules of the same biological activity—a typical sandalwood odour—shows a common structural element for all three compounds. A bulky aliphatic centre is bound to a relatively flat molecule part to which an exposed hydroxyl group is connected at the other end.
Constituents of the volatile oil from leaves of Ocimum canum sims
Authors: Ekundayo O. , Laakso I. , Hiltunen R.
Published: November 2006

Comprehensive GC‐MS analyses of the volatile oil from leaves of Ocimum canum Sims revealed the occurrence of eugenoi as the major constituent, in addition to 28 other compounds. Since methyl cinnamate, camphor, citral and linalol chemotypes of O. canum have previously been found, a new type is now being reported.
Isolation of the colouring matter from dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with ethyl acetate
Authors: Verghese J. , Joy M. T.
Published: November 2006

Curcuma longa L. (syn C. domestica Val.) rhizomes were extracted with ethyl acetate; the miscella was partially desolventized and the curcuminoids precipitated at ca 25° C. The work‐up afforded pigments in 2.77% yield with colour value 14300 equivalent to 90.42% curcumin and demonstrated the use of ethyl acetate, which has a benign toxicological profile, for the recovery of the turmeric colourant.
The volatile fraction ofOtacanthus coeruleusLindl. Containing the new copaene derivative β‐copaen‐4α‐ol
Authors: De Pooter H. L. , De Buyck L. F. , Schamp N. M. , Billiet F. , De Bruyn André
Published: November 2006

The volatile fraction ofOtacanthus coeruleusLindl. was investigated by GC‐MS of the essential oil and of the headspace. About 50% of the oil consists of oxygen‐containing substances. Out of more than 100 volatiles, 34 were identified by their Kováts indices and mass spectral data. The new copaene derivative β‐copaen‐4α‐ol (II) was isolated. The plant and its oil have an agreeable, slightly floral, resinous smell. No character impact compound could be recognized. Major components of the oil were:trans‐pinocarveol (13%), pinocarvone (12%), myrtenal (7%), myrtenol (ca 5%), α‐copaene (ca3%), α‐humulene (ca6%) and β‐copaen‐4α‐ol (ca7%).
A simple method for detection of glycosidic bound monoterpenes and other volatile compounds occurring in fresh plant material
Authors: Van Dries J. M. A. Den , Baerheim Svendsen A.
Published: November 2006

A simple method for detection of glycosidic bound monoterpenes and other volatiles occurring in fresh plant material was developed. The fresh plant material was ‘stabilized’ in boiling water according to Bourquelot, the volatile oil components removed by hydrodistillation and extraction, the remaining aqueous extract treated with β‐glucosidase, and the monoterpenes and other volatiles, formed during the enzymatic hydrolysis, isolated as a group and subsequently analysed by gas chromatography.
Volatile constituents from parsley cultures
Authors: Gbolade A. A. , Lockwood G. B.
Published: November 2006

Callus cultures of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nyman cult. ‘Paramount’, ‘Champion moss‐curled’ and ‘Plain‐leaved’ under standard culture conditions showed reasonable growth with some accompanying chlorophyll production and morphological root differentiation which disappeared over seven generations. p‐Mentha‐1,3,8‐triene, β‐elemene and myristicin were obtained as the chief volatile constituents of the callus and supension cultures of cultivar ‘Paramount’. Minor quantities of monoterpenes were also detected, although none of these constituents was released into the liquid medium.
Composition of the essential oil of Blumea lacera DC. (Asteraceae) leaves from Nigeria
Authors: Laakso I. , Seppänen‐Laakso T. , Hiltunen R. , Ekundayo O.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Blumea lacera DC. leaves was analysed by GLC and GC‐MS. Thymoquinol dimethyl ether was found to be the main constituent. Other major compounds included β‐caryophyllene, α‐humulene and E‐β‐farnesene. Thymoquinol dimethyl ether and precocene I were identified for the first time in this oil. They may give valuable information for chemotaxonomic studies on Blumea species and their relationships in the family Asteraceae.
Enhancement of the production of fungal volatiles employing different adsorbents
Authors: Kühne B. , Sprecher E.
Published: November 2006

The effect of different adsorbents on the production of volatiles by the ascomycete Hypomyces odoratus G. Arnold was investigated. The adsorbents used enhanced this production when they were applied to the culture medium. The highest increase was found for Amberlite XAD‐2 (30 times) and for the weak‐acid cation exchanger IV (27 times). The composition of the mixture of volatiles was hardly affected. By applying Amberlite XAD‐2 into the headspace of the cultures the total amount of volatiles was also increased. In this case GC analysis revealed a marked increase in the amount of the more volatile components.
The essential oil from the flowers of Campsis grandiflora (Thumb.) K. Schum. from China
Authors: Ueyama Yoshitaka , Hashimoto Seiji , Furukawa Kiyoshi , Nii Hiromichi
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of the flowers from Campsis grandiflora (Thumb.) K. Schum. (Bignoniaceae) growing in eastern China has been investigated by capillary GC and GC‐MS. The oil contained 154 volatile components of which ca 95% were identified. The main constituents were furfural, 5‐methylfurfural, furfuryl alcohol and 2‐acetylfuran, accounting for 44.7% of the oil.
Application of headspace gas chromatography in essential oil analysis. Part IX. Selective loss of terpene compounds during hydrodistillation
Authors: Vuorela H. , Pohjola J. , Krause C. , Hiltunen R.
Published: November 2006

Comparing the composition of essential oils obtained by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) and conventional hydrodistillation from needles of Pinus sylvestris L., a selective loss of low boiling terpene hydrocarbons can be observed by the latter technique. HSGC is therefore more suitable for quantification of highly volatile compounds than the hydrodistillation technique.
Variation and inheritance of terpenes in scots pine
Authors: Pohjola J. , Hiltunen R. , Schantz M. V.
Published: November 2006

Qualitative and quantitative variation of some terpene compounds in pine needles was determined using static headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) in order to obtain information about the inheritance and gene control of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) terpenes. Needles of more than 600 trees or seedlings belonging to a control‐pollinated and its open‐pollinated progeny were analysed. The terpenes were identified by headspace gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric techniques. The terpene patterns obtained by HSGC for the needle volatile fraction and by GC for the hydrodistilled needle volatile oil did not differ much. The hybrids obtained in the control‐pollinated crosses were either the high or low 3‐carene chemotype. Their open‐pollinated seedlings were also of these two chemotypes. The quantitative variation in the terpene concentrations permitted construction of a frequency distribution diagram for each terpene compound. The evidence from the bimodal distribution indicates that the relative amounts of monoterpenes p‐pinene, sabinene, 3‐carene, myrcene and terpinolene in Pinus sylvestris L. are simply inherited, i.e. controlled by a single gene with major gene effects. The rest of the monoterpenes and all the sesquiterpenes were normally distributed and their inheritance thus seems to be of a polygenie nature.
Headspace volatiles from propolis
Authors: Greenaway W. , Scaysbrook T. , Whatley F. R.
Published: November 2006

Volatile compounds from propolis were trapped on Tenax GC, desorbed and then analysed by capillary GLC and mass spectrometry. All compounds identified appear to originate from popular bud exudates which form a major component of propolis.
Study of different parameters influencing the composition of hydrodistilled sweet fennel oil
Authors: Katsiotis Stavros T.
Published: November 2006

Different parameters applied in the hydrodistillation of an essential oil not only influence the percentage yield of the oil but also the concentration of each of its constituents. In the present study the simultaneous influence of three parameters, i.e. degree of comminution, distillation period and distillation rate, on the composition of sweet fennel oil was investigated, using the Latin square method for the experimental programme. The percentage composition of the oil samples was determined by GLC. The results showed for each oil constituent the optimum combination of the parameters studied. The degree of comminution influenced the oil composition to a much larger extent than the other two parameters.
Comparison of the chemical composition of carrot seed essential oil extracted by different solvents
Authors: Cu Jian‐Qin , Perineau F. , Deltnas M. , Gaset A.
Published: November 2006

Carrot seed was extracted with the solvents 1,1,2‐trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane (TTE), methylfuran (sylvan), ethanol and dichloromethane. After evaporation of the solvent, the resinoids obtained were steam distilled to separate the volatile components. The chemical composition of the essential oil samples obtained using the different solvents, as well as that obtained by hydrodistillation, were compared.

Quantitatively, the highest yields of concrete and essential oil were obtained using sylvan (4.79% and 0.47%) and ethanol (3.30% and 0.87%). These yields of essential oil are greater than those obtained by hydrodistillation (0.40%).

Some of principal components varied in amount with the extraction solvent used. For example, GC‐MS analysis showed that the contents of α‐pinene were 2.47% (sylvan), 0.25% (TTE), 0.30% (EtOH), trace (CH2Cl2) and 13.31% (hydrodistillation). Those of geranyl acetate were (the same order as above) 23.58%, 3.48%, 12.08%, 10.11%, and 10.39% and those of carotol were 13.97%, 40.91, 39.06%, 31.75%, and 18.29% respectively.
Volatile components of apple flowers
Authors: Omata Akihiko , Yomogida Katsuyuki , Nakamura Shoji , Hashimoto Seiji , Koba Shigeki , Furukawa Kiyoshi , Noro Shoji
Published: November 2006

Extracts from ten species of apple flowers harvested at Aomori Experiment Station have been investigated by GC. No significant differences in chemical composition were observed in the volatile components of the ten species.

The extract of ‘Redgold’ flowers, which is one of apple cultivars, was fractionated by column chromatography and analysed with GC and GC–MS. Seventy‐seven compounds were identified and cis‐hex‐3‐en‐1‐ol, benzyl alcohol, 2‐phenylethyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, nonanal, octanol and indole were found to make a major contribution to the odour of apple flowers.
Composition of Vietnamese cajuput essential oil
Authors: Motl O. , Hodačová J. , Ubik K.
Published: November 2006

A detailed analysis of cajuput essential oil—an industrial product from Vietnam—has been carried out by combining column chromatography, gas chromatography, GC–MS, IR and NMR spectroscopy. It contains 61 components of which 48 have been identified. The taxonomy of the material used was discussed and the antibacterial properties of the essential oil are mentioned.
Essential oils from schinus molle L. berries and leaves
Authors: Maffei Massimo , Chialva Franco
Published: November 2006

Essential oils from Schinus molle L. berries and leaves were analysed by means of GC–MS. Berry oil contained mainly α‐ and β‐phellandrene (55.4% and 15.4% respectively) along with limonene (14.3%). Leaf oil which also contained α‐ and β‐phellandrene and limonene (30.2%, 9.6% and 9.3% respectively), was characterizied by the presence of sesquiterpenes such as elemol (13.3%), germacrene‐D (5.2%), γ‐eudesmol (3.2%) and T‐cadinol (4.7%), which were present only in traces in the oil from the berries.
Cultivarietal comparison of patchouli plants in relation to essential oil production and quality
Authors: Sugimura Yukio , Ichikawa Yoshiaki , Otsuji Kazuya , Fujita Manabu , Toi Nao , Kamata Nobuo , Rosario Romeo M. Del , Luingas Godilla R. , Taga‐an Gervacio L.
Published: November 2006

Patchouli, Pogostemon cablin Benth., is an important source of essential oil. On the basis of botanical observations and gas‐chromatographic patterns of oils obtained, the major characteristics of three cultivars were compared. From cultivar I, an oil close to that commercially available was produced with a yield of 1.6% (wt/wt). From cultivar II, a lower yield of an oil having an additional component was obtained. From cultivar III, a relatively high amount of oil was recovered from each plant owing to the bigger canopy it forms. The quality of the oil, however, was judged to be markedly different from that of others. Each cultivar could be identified by its characteristic leaf morphology and trichome density.
Composition of Achillea asiatica Serg. Essential oil
Authors: Motl O. , Ochir G. , Kubeczka K.‐H.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil obtained from Achillea asiatica Serg. was analysed by means of capillary gas chromatography and various physico‐chemical methods; 40 components have been identified. The composition of Achillea millefolium L. essential oil is very similar.
6‐Hydroxycarvotanacetone and other constituents of the essential oil of Laggera alata (D. Don) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv.
Authors: Onayade O. A. , Scheffer J. J. C. , Schripsema J. , Van Gen A. Der
Published: November 2006

The essential oil from the herb of Laggera alata (D. Don) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv. was analysed by means of GLC, LSC, GC–MS and 1H‐NMR spectrometry. Most of its components were identified, amongst which were phenolic ethers (about 45%), monoterpenes (22%) and sesquiterpenes (12%). The main components of the oil were 2,5‐dimethoxy‐p‐cymene ( = thymoquinol dimethyl ether; 44%), and sabinene (16%). Another component (3%) was found to be 2‐methyl‐5‐(1‐methylethyl)‐6‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one ( = 6‐hydroxycarvotanacetone); it has until now not been reported to occur in nature. Another rare compound detected was 4‐hydroxycarvotanacetone‐7‐O‐angelate (2%). An olfactographic analysis of the oil was also carried out. Chromatographic analyses of the essential oil of L. alata have not been reported previously.
Enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene in essential oils and extracts. Part 1. Rutaceae and gramineae
Authors: Mosandl A. , Hener U. , Kreis P. , Schmarr H.‐G.
Published: November 2006

Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) employing heart‐cutting from a Carbowax 20M coated precolumn onto a heptakis (2, 3, 6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin coated chiral main column allows the direct stereodifferentiation of α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene from complex matrices. Commercially available essential oils of Rutaceae and Gramineae, as well as self‐prepared peel extracts of Rutaceae were directly analysed without any further clean‐up. The enantiomeric distribution of the monoterpenes from the essential oils and the peel extracts was investigated.
Enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene in essential oils and extracts. Part 2. Oils, perfumes and cosmetics
Authors: Hener U. , Kreis P. , Mosandl A.
Published: November 2006

The enantiomers of α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene were directly determined in complex matrices by multidimensional gas chromatography using a non‐chiral‐chiral column combination.

Essential oils, used for the preparation of perfumes and cosmetics, and commercially available perfumery products were analysed without sample clean‐up. The enantiomeric distribution of the monoterpenes investigated allows a quality control of perfumes, a validation of essential oils as well as a differentiation of their natural or artificial origin.
F1 and F2 hybrids from Mentha x verticillata clone 7303 × Mentha spicata L. A chemogenetic study
Authors: Maffei Massimo
Published: November 2006

Mentha × verticillata clone 7303 (38% menthofuran, 20% menthol, 9% limonene) was crossed to Mentha spicata L. (40–50% carvone). This cross produced a PO–F1 population particularly rich in piperitenone oxide (62%). Backcrosses of the PO–F1 hybrids to the M. spicata parent produced a ratio of 1:3 carvone‐odoured to non carvone‐odoured individuals; 1:3 piperitenone oxide‐odoured to non piperitenone oxide‐odoured individuals; 1:7 ratio of sesquiterpene‐odoured to non sesquiterpene‐odoured individuals and a 1:15 ratio of pulegone‐odoured to non pulegone‐odoured individuals, suggesting for the PO–F1 hybrid the genotype ‘ii, lmlm, cc, cc, ArAr, PrPr, PsPs, Psps, RrRr, rsrs, oo, oo, EE’. The sesquiterpene individuals almost completely lack monoterpenes.
The essential oil from the flowers of Rosa rugosa Thunb. var. plena Regel
Authors: Ueyama Yoshitaka , Hashimoto Seiji , Nii Hiromichi , Furukawa Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the volatile flower oil of Rosa rugosa Thunb. var. plena Regal growing in central China was examined by a combination of chemical separation, column chromatography, GC and GC–MS techniques.

A total of 108 compounds were identified. This rose essential oil was high in citronellol (60.0%), geraniol (8.6%), nerol (2.8%), citronellyl acetate (2.7%), E, E‐farnesol (2.4%) and tridecan‐2‐one (2.3%), accounting for 78.8% of oil.
On‐line HPLC‐HRGC coupling in the study of citrus oils: Sesquiterpene and paraffin hydrocarbons
Authors: Lanuzza Francesco , Micali Giuseppe , Currò Paolina , Calabrò Giuseppe
Published: November 2006

On‐line HPLC‐HRGC coupling offers new analytical possibilities in the separation of complex mixtures. This technique has been used for the separation and identification of sesquiterpene and paraffin hydrocarbons in cold pressed citrus oils.

The sesquiterpene and paraffin hydrocarbons fractions of these oils are pre‐separated in two different LC chromatographic runs, using a Hypersil 5μm (10 cm × 0.21cm i.d.) microbore column and as mobile phase, 0.2 ml/min flow‐rate, n‐pentane to isolate the sesquiterpenes, and n‐hexane to isolate the paraffins. The fractions thus separated are directly transferred on to the OV1 capillary column (22 m × 0.32 mm i.d., 0.4 μm film thickness), which separates the individual components.

The analytical sample was obtained by a simple dilution of the oils in hexane, without any further handling; analysis time is short.

The HPLC‐HRGC coupling allows a high degree of certainty in the chromatographic identification of the various components and therefore more certain information on the composition of citrus oils.

The results obtained by analysing cold pressed lemon, bergamot, mandarin, sweet and bitter orange oils are reported.
Essential oils and glycosidic bound volatiles from leaves, stems, flowers and roots of Hyssopus officinalis L. (lamiaceae)
Authors: Schulz Gudrun , Stahl‐Biskup Elisabeth
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from different parts of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) were investigated by means of GC and GC‐MS at three stages of development of the plant. Besides the main components pinocamphone, camphor and β‐pinene, 15 other terpenes were detected, among which were isopinocamphone, α and β‐phellandrene, germacrene D, and some derivatives of myrtenol. The sesquiterpene alcohol hedycaryol was found to be converted to elemol during GC and MS analysis.

Compared with the essential oil content (0.03–0.16% of the fresh plant material), the glycosidic bound volatiles were present in lower concentrations (0.01–0.06%). The glycosidic fraction was hydrolysed by means of Pectinol C and β‐glucosidase yielding among others octan‐3‐ol, linalol, cis‐nerolidol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, eugenol and o‐vanillin. The bicyclic terpenes myrtenol and verbenol could only be detected in small amounts as glycosides of the leaves. This fact gives reason for doubt about a direct connection between the glycosidic bound volatiles and the biogenesis of the essential oil components in hyssop.
Quantification of volatile branched‐chain and n‐chain fatty acids in flue‐cured Virginia and blended Turkish tobacco
Authors: Ha J. Kim , Lindsay R. C.
Published: November 2006

Volatile free fatty acids in flue‐cured Virginia and blended Turkish tobaccos were quantitatively analysed as butyl esters by a sensitive capillary GC method. A total of 23 volatile free fatty acids were characterized by GC‐MS, and several were observed for the first time in tobacco. A blended Turkish tobacco sample contained many more branched‐chain fatty acids than a flue‐cured Virginia tobacco sample. 4‐Ethyloctanoic acid, earlier reported in flue‐cured Virginia tobacco, was not present in the sample of this tobacco, but it was present in the blended Turkish tobacco sample.
Enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene in essential oils and extracts. part 3. oils for alcoholic beverages and seasonings
Authors: Hener U. , Kreis P. , Mosandl A.
Published: November 2006

The enantiomers of α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene were directly determined in essential oils used for the preparation of alcoholic beverages and seasonings. The essential oils were analysed by multidimensional gas chromatography using a non‐chiral‐chiral column combination with modified β‐cyclodextrin as the chiral stationary phase, without a previous sample clean up. Such analyses may allow a differentiation of herb, root and seed oils isolated from the same plant species.
Sulphur‐containing essential oils from the diosmeae
Authors: Campbell William E. , Williamson Bridget K.
Published: November 2006

S‐Prenyl thioesters have been identified in the essential oils of a further two Diosmeae species. The oils from Agathosma rosmarinifolia (Bartl.) Williams and Empleurum fragrans Glover have been examined by capillary GC and GC‐MS. Since the previous published work on the composition of the sulphur‐containing oils from Agathosma apiculata G. F. W. Mey, A. clavisepala R. A. Dyer, A. puberula Fourcade and Phyllosma capensis Bolus was incomplete, further studies of these oils have been undertaken.
Essential oil of fijian ageratum conyzoides L.
Authors: Aalbersberg William G. L. , Singh Yogendra
Published: November 2006

The essential oils of fresh flowers and a combination of leaves plus stems of flowering and non‐flowering Ageratum conyzoides L. growing in two different climatic conditions were analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The composition of the oils of the flowers and the combination of the leaves plus stems were similar except for quantitative variations. The oils are rich in sesquiterpenes and ageratochromene (6,7‐dimethoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchromene) and 7‐methoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchromene.
Composition of the volatile oil of Crithmum maritimum L.
Authors: Ruberto Giuseppe , Biondi Daniela , Piattelli Mario
Published: November 2006

Gas chromatographic analysis of the essential oil of Crithmum maritimum L. showed the presence of at least 57 compounds representing ca. 95% of the total oil. The main components were limonene (22.3%), γ‐terpinene (22.9%) and thymol methyl ether (25.5%). Compounds were identified through their GC retention times and MS data. The identification of thymol methyl ether was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
Carbon dioxide extraction of indian jasmine concrete
Authors: Gopalakrishnan N. , Narayanan C. S.
Published: November 2006

Studies on the extraction of jasmine concrete with liquid carbon dioxide has shown that artefact‐free and solvent‐residue‐free jasmine oil can be obtained. The jasmine oil thus obtained had a natural aroma, golden yellow colour and good storage life.
A comparative study of the essential oils from three Melaleuca species growing in Egypt
Authors: Aboutabl E. A. , Tohamy S. F. El , De Footer H. L. , De Buyck L. F.
Published: November 2006

The composition of hydro‐distilled essential oils of the leaves of three Melaleuca species growing in Egypt, viz., M. quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake, M. armillaris Sm. and M. bracteata F. Muell was determined by GC‐MS. Methyl eugenol is the main component of M. bracteata (97.7%). 1,8‐Cineole constitutes 57.2% of the oil of M. quinquenervia and 33.7 % of M armillaris. Terpinen‐4‐ol amounts to 24.8 % in M. armillaris. Accordingly, the oils of these plants may be considered of economic importance.
The essential oil of Sphaeranthus suaveolens DC
Authors: De Pooter H. L. , De Buyck L. F. , Schamp N. M. , Harraz F. M. , El‐Shami I. M.
Published: November 2006

In the essential oil of Sphaeranthus suaveolens DC, prepared by hydro‐distillation of the dried leaves, 34 compounds were identified by GC and GC‐MS. The oil is marked by a high content of α‐pinene (10.6%), isopinocamphone (33.5%) and thymohydroquinone dimethylether (1,4‐dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐5‐(l‐rnethylethyl)‐benzene)(16.1 %).
The leaf essential oil of two chemotypes of Backhousia anisata vickery
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Boland Douglas J.
Published: November 2006

Backhousia anisata Vickery has been found to occur in two chemotypes. One chemotype contains E‐anethole (90+ %) as its major component with small amount of methyl chavicol (< 5%) and very littleZ‐anethole( < 0.1 %). The second chemotype contains methyl chavicol (60‐75%) as its major compound with smaller amounts of E‐anethole (< 25%) and Z‐anethole (<0.1%). In both cases the oil yield was 1‐1.5% based on fresh leaves.
Glycosidically bound aroma compounds from two strawberry fruit species, Fragaria vesca f. semperflorens and Fragaria X ananassa, cv. Korona
Authors: Wintoch Herbert , Krammer Gerhard , Schreier Peter
Published: November 2006

Capillary gas chromatographic (HRGC) and on‐line coupled HRGC‐mass spectrometrical (HRGC‐MS) identifications of bound aroma compounds from wild (Fragaria vesca f. semperflorens) and cultivated (Fragaria X ananassa, cv. Korona) strawberry fruit were achieved after isolation of extracts obtained by Amberlite XAD‐2 adsorption and methanol elution followed by hydrolysis with a commercial pectinase enzyme. In F. vesca f. semperflorens 37 and F. X ananassa 33 aglycons were identified. Among them (S)‐2‐methylbutanoic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐furan‐3‐one, benzoic acid and E‐cinnamic acid were found as major components. After per‐O‐methylation of a glycosidic extract isolated from F. X ananassa, HRGC‐MS revealed the occurrence of benzyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside, 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside, and the diastereomeric 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐furan‐3‐one β‐D‐glucopyranosides. Chiral evaluation of enzymatically liberated 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐furan‐3‐one carried out by on‐line multidimensional capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (MDGC‐MS) revealed the presence of a racemic mixture.
Essential oils of Kenyan Lippia species. Part III
Authors: Mwangi J. W. , Addae‐Mensah I. , Munavu R. M. , Lwande W.
Published: November 2006

Essential oils from six Lippia species (fam. Verbenaceae), namely Lippia javanica (Burm f.) Spreng., L. dauensis (Chiov.) Chiov., L. carviodora Meikle, L. carviodora var. minor Meikle, L. grandifolia Mart & Schau., and L. wilmsii H. H. W. Pearson, have been analysed by GC and GO‐MS. Myrcenone, cis‐ and trans‐ ocimenone have been found to be the major constituents of essential oil of L. Javanica. β‐Ocimene, cis‐tagetone and 2‐methyl‐6‐methylene oct‐7‐en‐4‐one are major compounds of L. dauensis oil. L. carviodora var. minor oil consists primarily of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, β‐cubenene being the major constituent.
Composition of the essential oils from roots of some apiaceae in relation to the development of their oil duct systems
Authors: Stahl‐Biskup E. , Wichtmann E.‐M.
Published: November 2006

In the roots of Apiaceae seedlings, the essential oils are accumulated in triangular primary oil ducts between the pericycle cells. In a later stage, when the roots are increasing in diameter, secondary oil ducts continually develop in the cortex near the cambium, thereafter moving outwards. In different stages of development after germination, the composition of the essential oils from the roots of caraway, Carum carvi L., fennel, Foeniculum vulgare ssp. capillaceum Gilib, var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell., parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L. ssp. sativa L. var. hortensis Ehrh., and lovage, Levisticum officinale Koch was analysed parallel to microscopical observation of the roots.

Compared with the ‘adult’ oils, the essential oils of the seedlings consist of large amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and only small changes occur until the beginning of the secondary thickening. At that time, the changes in the oil composition start, although the secondary oil ducts have not yet developed. Just when the secondary oil ducts appear, the oil content in the roots increases remarkably, accompanied by rapid changes in the oil composition into that of the ‘adult’ oils.

Only L. officinale did not fit into this pattern. The phthalides, characteristic compounds of the adult oils of this species, are found in considerable amounts only after many complete secondary oil ducts have been developed.
Additional volatile constituents of Artemisia vulgaris l. herb
Authors: Wörner Martin , Pflaum Michael , Schreier Peter
Published: November 2006

The extract obtained by solid‐liquid extraction with pentane‐dichloromethane (2+1, v/v) from dry mugwort (Artemisià vulgaris L.) herb was fractionated by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and subsequent middle‐pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). Capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) and combined HRGC techniques, i.e. HRGC‐mass spectrometry (HRGC‐MS) and HRGC‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HRGC‐FTIR) of the separated MPLC fractions revealed the occurrence of 54 additional volatiles not described as yet in A. vulgaris herb. Among them, chiral evaluation of y‐nonalactone carried out by on‐line coupled multidimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (MDGC‐MS) revealed a distribution of (R): (S) = 34:66%.
Steam volatile leaf oils of some Western Australian Eucalyptus species
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Lassak Erich V.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus calycogona Turcz., E. celastroides Turcz. ssp. celastroides, E. clelandii (Maiden) Maiden, E. grossa F. Muell. ex. Benth., E. salubris F. Muell. var. salubris, E. salubris var. glauca Maiden, E. stricklandii Maiden, E. tetragona (R.Br.) F. Muell. and E. woodwardii Maiden, isolated by stream distillation, were analysed by GC‐MS. In addition to the usual monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, substantial amounts of the phenolic ketone torquatone were also present in some of the oils.
Volatile components of plumeria flowers. part 1. Plumeria rubra forma Acutifolia (poir.) woodson cv. ‘common yellow’
Authors: Omata Akihiki , Yomogida Katsuyuki , Nakamura Shoji , Hashimoto Seiji , Arai Toshiyuki , Furukawa Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Plumeria rubra forma acutifolia (Poir.) Woodson cv. ‘Common Yellow’ growing in Hawaii was extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE). The essential oil was analysed with GC and GC‐MS, and a total of 74 compounds were identified. Linalol, phenylacetaldehyde, trans,trans‐farnesol, β‐phenylethyl alcohol, geraniol, α‐terpineol, neral and geranial were found to make a major contribution to the floral scent of this flower.
Structure‐odour correlation, part XV1: Macrocyclic spiro ethers
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Brendel Joachim , Glasow Lutz
Published: November 2006

From cyclooctanone (1) and cyclododecanone (2) the spiro ethers 18–23 were prepared via the yne‐diols 6–11 and the ene‐diols 12–17. Hydrogenation of 21–23 leads to the spiro tetrahydrofurans 24–26.

Olfactive evaluation showed that the odour of 18 (camphor, fresh, green) is very similar to that of the unsubstituted analogue B (R1, R2 = H). This can be explained by a similar steric situation of the osmophoric dihydrofuran ring in both these compounds. Increasing substitution at C‐2 (18 → 19 → 20) diminishes the camphoraceous sensation stepwise with increasing herbaceous notes. The macrocyclic spiro ethers 21–23 exhibit interesting woody fragrances with different undertones. Particularly, 22 is most pleasant with some powdery, balsamic and musk notes. The saturated spiro ethers 24–26 smell similar but very weak.
Bound vanillin in maple sap
Authors: Belford A. L. , Lindsay R. C. , Ridley S. C.
Published: November 2006

Analysis of acid and enzymic hydrolysates of maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) sap and syrup confirmed the presence of vanillin glucoside as a precursor of vanillin in maple syrup. Vanillin glycoside was present at a concentration of about 5 ppm in vacuum‐concentrated maple syrup. About 20% of the bound vanillin in vacuum concentrated maple syrup was released by either β‐glucosidase or hesperidinase during extended incubations (> 14 h at 40°C). Small variations in vanillin glycoside concentrations were associated with size of tree and harvest time during the season.