bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle by hot embossing method
Authors: Guo Ran , Yan Gaige , Niu Weilong , Li Xuan
Published: March 2024

Electrohydrodynamic-jet printing (E-jet printing) is a direct-writing technology for manufacturing micro-nano devices. To further reduce the inner diameter of the nozzle to improve the printing resolution, a large-scale manufacturing method of SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle by means of a process combining UV exposure and hot embossing was proposed. To improve the adhesive strength between the UV mask and SU-8, the influence of the oxygen plasma treatment parameters on the water contact angles of the UV mask was analyzed. The effect of hot embossing time and temperature on the replication precision was studied. The influence of UV exposure parameters and thermal bonding parameters on the micro and nanochannel pattern was investigated. The SU-8 polymer nozzles with 188 ± 3 nm wide and 104 ± 2 nm deep nanochannels were successfully fabricated, and the replication precision can reach to 98.5%. The proposed manufacturing method of SU-8 polymer nozzles in this study will significantly advance the research on the transport properties of nanoscale channels in E-jet nozzles and facilitate further advancements in E-jet based applications.
Ionic liquid modified PVDF/BCZT nanocomposites for space charge induced mechanical energy harvesting performance
Authors: Maiti Payel , Sasmal Abhishek , Arockiarajan A , Mitra Rahul
Published: March 2024

Mechanical energy harvesting performances of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based composites are most often correlated with their polar phase and the individual piezoelectricity of the used filler materials. Here we show that the significant enhancement of space charge polarization of the said composites can play the key dominant role in determining their mechanical energy harvesting performance regardless of their polar phase and individual piezoelectricity of the used fillers. For this purpose, ionic liquid has been incorporated into PVDF/0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–0.5Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3 (BCZT) composites which led to a huge enhancement in space charge polarization. The gradual addition of ionic liquid into 10 wt% BCZT loaded PVDF (PBCZT) has helped in extraordinarily enhancing the conductivity gradually which has confirmed the huge enhancement of space charge polarization. However, after a certain limit of ionic liquid addition, the polar phase of the composite films is decreased. Despite this, the output voltages from the piezoelectric and piezo-tribo hybrid nanogenerators (PENGs and HNGs, respectively) fabricated by using the developed films have been found to be increased gradually with the increase in the ionic liquid amount in PBCZT composite. As the amount of BCZT filler was kept fixed for all the films, this result has confirmed the key role of space charge polarization of PVDF-based composites in determining their mechanical energy harvesting performances compared to the effect of polar phase and individual piezoelectricity of filler. The optimized PENG and HNG devices have shown the output voltage as high as 52 and 167 V, respectively, with power densities ∼85 and 152 μW cm−2 which predicted their excellent usability in real life energy conversion devices. This work also shows that the effect of extraordinarily enhanced space charge polarization is effective in improving the performance of all types of mechanical energy harvesting devices regardless of their mechanisms (piezoelectric or hybrid).
Phase transitions in the fractional three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Boutros Daniel W , Gibbon John D
Published: March 2024

The fractional Navier–Stokes equations on a periodic domain

[
0
,
L

]

3

differ from their conventional counterpart by the replacement of the

−
ν
Δ

u

Laplacian term by

ν

s

A

s

u

, where

A
=
−
Δ

is the Stokes operator and

ν

s

=
ν

L

2
(
s
−
1
)

is the viscosity parameter. Four critical values of the exponent

s
⩾
0

have been identified where functional properties of solutions of the fractional Navier–Stokes equations change. These values are:

s
=

1
3

;

s
=

3
4

;

s
=

5
6

and

s
=

5
4

. In particular: (i) for

s
>

1
3

we prove an analogue of one of the Prodi–Serrin regularity criteria; (ii) for

s
⩾

3
4

we find an equation of local energy balance and; (iii) for

s
>

5
6

we find an infinite hierarchy of weak solution time averages. The existence of our analogue of the Prodi–Serrin criterion for

s
>

1
3

suggests the sharpness of the construction using convex integration of Hölder continuous solutions with epochs of regularity in the range

0
<
s
<

1
3

.
Simultaneous enhancements on emissions from quantum dot and quantum well by Ag nanoparticles for color conversion
Authors: Deng C H , Chen Z Z , Chen Y F , Sun Q , Nie J X , Pan Z J , Zhang H D , Dong B Y , Chen Y A , Wang D Q , Li Y C , Chen W H , Kang X N , Wang Q , Zhang G Y , Shen B , Wang H J , Wang F , Wang W , Li Z X
Published: March 2024

Quantum dots (QDs) have been paid much attention on the color conversion for light-emitting diode (LED) in micro-display recently. However, it is hard to achieve high color conversion efficiency in a thin QD layer. In this paper, we fabricated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with radii ranging mostly from 25 to 35 nm on a blue LED with a peak wavelength of 450 nm, then spin-coated QDs with a peak wavelength of 565 nm. Scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence (PL), and time-resolved PL measurements were performed. The PL emissions from quantum wells (QWs) of blue LED and QDs were enhanced by 10% and 32%, respectively, when the Ag NPs were included. The PL lifetimes of QWs and QDs were reduced by 10 and 6 times, respectively, compared to their initial states. Finite difference time domain software and the perturbation method were used to simulate the PL measurements and variable separation. It was concluded that the coupling of QDs and QWs with localized surface plasmon improves the external quantum efficiency and enhances the spontaneous emission rate in both QWs and QDs. This paper provides a new idea for designing high-efficiency color conversion micro-LED.
Extended exceptional points in projected non-Hermitian systems
Authors: Wang Xiao-Ran , Yang Fei , Tong Xian-Qi , Yu Xiao-Jie , Cao Kui , Kou Su-Peng
Published: March 2024

Exceptional points are interesting physical phenomena in non-Hermitian physics at which the eigenvalues are degenerate and the eigenvectors coalesce. In this paper, we find that in projected non-Hermitian two-level systems (sub-systems under projecting partial Hilbert space) the singularities of exceptional points (EPs) is due to basis defectiveness rather than energy degeneracy or state coalescence. This leads to the discovery of extended exceptional points (EEPs). For EEPs, more subtle structures (e.g. the so-called Bloch peach), additional classification, and ‘hidden’ quantum phase transitions are explored. By using the topologically protected sub-space from two edge states in the non-Hermitian Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model as an example, we illustrate the physical properties of different types of EEPs.
Lead free A2NaInI6 (A = Cs, Rb, K) double perovskites for optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications
Authors: Mustafa Ghulam M , Nawaz M Usama , Noor N A , Saba Sadaf , Mahmood Asif , Iqbal Muzammil
Published: March 2024

Alkali metal substitution in double perovskites is an appropriate approach to deliberate tuning of band edges which play a vital role in bandgap engineering of emerging semiconducting materials. Here we tuned the optoelectronic behavior by carefully engineering the band edges in A2NaInI6 (A = Cs, Rb, K) systems and by tuning the alkali atoms at A site using density functional theory based WIEN2K code. First of all, the unit cell is relaxed to find the optimized lattice parameters. The substitution of smaller-sized cation at the A site leads to the reduction in lattice parameter which shifts the absorption edge towards a shorter wavelength and reduces the bandgap energy. The value of bandgap energy is noticed at 1.60 eV for Cs2NaInI6 which increases to 1.65 and 1.70 eV for Rb2NaInI6 and K2NaInI6 respectively. The computation of the elastic constant’s dependent modulus of elasticity and the Pugh and Poisson ratio confirm their brittle nature. Their viability for solar-thermoelectric generators is carried out by computing the temperature-dependent transport parameters using the BoltzTrap code showing the potential of these systems for solar thermoelectric generators.
Effectiveness of portable air cleaners in mitigating respiratory virus transmission risk
Authors: Li Yu , Kong Benben , Cheng Mengmeng , Song Caiyue , Jiang Yanlong , Shi Hong
Published: March 2024

Portable air cleaners (PACs) have shown promising potential in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by effectively removing pollutant particles and optimizing airflow patterns. This study focused on a simulated scenario where an infected source and a susceptible person engage in conversation within a naturally ventilated room. By combining the Eulerian fluid method with the Lagrangian particle tracking model, a comprehensive insight into indoor airflow patterns and the dispersion of virus-laden droplets was gained. As deposited droplets may be resuspended or in contact thereby increasing the potential risk of infection, the deposition of droplets of different sizes in different susceptible areas was also specifically analyzed. The impacts of three variables, namely the configuration of the PAC’s opening, air flow rate, and positioning, on the transmission of virus-laden droplets were investigated. The results highlighted the significant role of PAC utilization in effectively capturing droplets emitted by the infected source and reducing virus concentration in the vicinity of the susceptible person, thereby mitigating the risk of transmission. Notably, the design and orientation of the suction opening emerged as crucial factors. Among the various cases studied, the optimal control and prevention performance against the virus was achieved with a virus concentration reduction rate of 97.4% when the PAC had an opening configuration with a larger single-sided suction opening facing the infected source, an airflow rate of 200 m3 h−1, and was positioned at the center of the tabletop between the infected source and the susceptible person. This research underscored the importance of employing PACs with appropriate settings to enhance indoor air quality and minimize the potential for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in similar scenarios.
Dynamics of 2 × 2 matrix non-Hermitian quantum systems on Bloch sphere
Authors: Fu Libin
Published: March 2024

By casting evolution to the Bloch sphere, the dynamics of 2 × 2 matrix non-Hermitian systems are investigated in detail. This investigation reveals that there are four kinds of dynamical modes for such systems. The different modes are classified by different kinds of fixed points, namely, the elliptic point, spiral point, critical node, and degenerate point. The Hermitian systems and the unbroken

P
T

non-Hermitian cases belong to the category with elliptic points. The degenerate point just corresponds to the systems with exceptional point (EP). The topological properties of the fixed point are also discussed. It is interesting that the topological charge for the degenerate point is two, while the others are one.
Theoretical study of the nonlinear force-loading control in single-molecule stretching experiments
Authors: Qi Xingyu , Guo Zilong , Le Shimin , Chen Hu
Published: March 2024

Force spectrum measurements with constant loading rates are widely used in single-molecule manipulation experiments to study the mechanical stability and force response of biomolecules. Force-dependent transition rates can be obtained from the transition force distribution, but it is limited to the force range with non-zero force distribution. Although constant loading rate control can be realized with magnetic tweezers, the loading rate range is limited due to the slow movement of permanent magnets. Non-linear exponential and exponential squared force loading functions are more feasible in magnetic tweezers, while there is no theoretical result available for these two kinds of non-linear force loading functions. In this study, we solved the unfolding process of a protein following Bell’s model under nonlinear exponential and exponential squared force loading functions, which offer a broader range of unfolding force distribution compared to the traditional constant loading rate experiments. Furthermore, we derived two force loading functions, which can produce uniform unfolding force distribution. This research contributes fundamental equations for the analysis of experimental data obtained through single-molecule manipulation under nonlinear force loading controls, paving the way for the use of nonlinear force control in magnetic tweezer experiments.
Learning topological defects formation with neural networks in a quantum phase transition
Authors: Shi Han-Qing , Zhang Hai-Qing
Published: March 2024

Neural networks possess formidable representational power, rendering them invaluable in solving complex quantum many-body systems. While they excel at analyzing static solutions, nonequilibrium processes, including critical dynamics during a quantum phase transition, pose a greater challenge for neural networks. To address this, we utilize neural networks and machine learning algorithms to investigate time evolutions, universal statistics, and correlations of topological defects in a one-dimensional transverse-field quantum Ising model. Specifically, our analysis involves computing the energy of the system during a quantum phase transition following a linear quench of the transverse magnetic field strength. The excitation energies satisfy a power-law relation to the quench rate, indicating a proportional relationship between the excitation energy and the kink numbers. Moreover, we establish a universal power-law relationship between the first three cumulants of the kink numbers and the quench rate, indicating a binomial distribution of the kinks. Finally, the normalized kink-kink correlations are also investigated and it is found that the numerical values are consistent with the analytic formula.
Topological laser on square lattice with gain–loss-induced higher-order corner modes
Authors: Liao 廖 Ming-Jie 明杰 , Wei 韦 Mei-Song 梅松 , Wang 王 Shuailing 帅领 , Xu 许 Jingping 静平 , Yang 羊 Yaping 亚平
Published: March 2024

We investigate the higher-order topological laser in the two-dimensional (2D) coupled-cavity array. By adding staggered on-site gain and loss to the 2D Hermitian array with a trivial phase, the system will emerge degenerate topological corner modes, which are protected by bulk band gap. For such a non-Hermitian model, by adjusting the parameters of the system and introducing the pumping into the cavity at the corner, a single-mode lasing with topological protection emerges. Furthermore, single-mode lasing exists over a wide range of pumping strengths. No matter where the cavity is initially stimulated, after enough time evolution, all the cavities belonging to the topological corner mode can emit a stable laser.
Evaluation of sol-gel and solvothermal method on titanium dioxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite
Authors: Ayala I V , Mejía-Ospino E , Gonzalez-Arias C , Cabanzo-Hernández R , V-Niño E D
Published: March 2024

The present study compares two synthesis routes to obtain titanium dioxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites that could be used as photoelectrodes in a water-splitting photoelectrocatalytic system. The nanocomposites were obtained using in-situ sol-gel and solvothermal methods as fabrication routes. Subsequently, the materials obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques. The results indicated a strong interaction between reduced graphene oxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials using both synthesis processes; however, the in-situ sol-gel method exhibited more significant conservation of the aromatic rings of the graphene structure and a lower bandgap (2.45 eV), which are suitable characteristics for its potential use in photoelectrocatalytic processes.
Landing and take-off capabilities of bioinspired aerial vehicles: a review
Authors: Hammad Ahmad , Armanini Sophie F
Published: March 2024

Bioinspired flapping–wing micro aerial vehicles (FWMAVs) have emerged over the last two decades as a promising new type of robot. Their high thrust-to-weight ratio, versatility, safety, and maneuverability, especially at small scales, could make them more suitable than fixed-wing and multi-rotor vehicles for various applications, especially in cluttered, confined environments and in close proximity to humans, flora, and fauna. Unlike natural flyers, however, most FWMAVs currently have limited take-off and landing capabilities. Natural flyers are able to take off and land effortlessly from a wide variety of surfaces and in complex environments. Mimicking such capabilities on flapping-wing robots would considerably enhance their practical usage. This review presents an overview of take-off and landing techniques for FWMAVs, covering different approaches and mechanism designs, as well as dynamics and control aspects. The special case of perching is also included. As well as discussing solutions investigated for FWMAVs specifically, we also present solutions that have been developed for different types of robots but may be applicable to flapping-wing ones. Different approaches are compared and their suitability for different applications and types of robots is assessed. Moreover, research and technology gaps are identified, and promising future work directions are identified.
Linear statistics for Coulomb gases: higher order cumulants
Authors: De Bruyne Benjamin , Le Doussal Pierre , Majumdar Satya N , Schehr Grégory
Published: March 2024

We consider N classical particles interacting via the Coulomb potential in spatial dimension d and in the presence of an external trap, at equilibrium at inverse temperature β. In the large N limit, the particles are confined within a droplet of finite size. We study smooth linear statistics, i.e. the fluctuations of sums of the form

L

N

=

∑

i
=
1

N

f
(

x
i

)

, where x

i
’s are the positions of the particles and where

f
(

x
i

)

is a sufficiently regular function. There exists at present standard results for the first and second moments of

L

N

in the large N limit, as well as associated Central Limit Theorems in general dimension and for a wide class of confining potentials. Here we obtain explicit expressions for the higher order cumulants of

L

N

at large N, when the function

f
(
x
)
=
f
(

|

x

|

)

and the confining potential are both rotationnally invariant. A remarkable feature of our results is that these higher cumulants depend only on the value of

f

′

(

|

x

|

)

and its higher order derivatives evaluated exactly at the boundary of the droplet, which in this case is a d-dimensional sphere. In the particular two-dimensional case d = 2 at the special value β = 2, a connection to the Ginibre ensemble allows us to derive these results in an alternative way using the tools of determinantal point processes. Finally we also obtain the large deviation form of the full probability distribution function of

L

N

.
Bacteria Isolation of Kerosene Contaminated Asphalt Waste (Asbuton)
Authors: Purwanti Ipung Fitri , Warmadewanthi IDAA , Ekaputri Januarti Jaya , In Hurun , Paramata Mulyani Zahra , Pramesti Hafidya Norista
Published: March 2024

Kerosene is a type of hydrocarbon commonly known as paraffin oil which is usually used as a home heating fuel, lamp and asphalt solvent. The presence of kerosene in the asphalt production can potentially cause environmental pollution, one of which affects soil conditions. Some bacteria that have specific ability to degrade hydrocarbon content in soil are called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. This study aims to determine the proportion of the presence of bacteria that have the potential to degrade hydrocarbons, in this case kerosene, in polluted soil at the location of one of the largest asphalt manufacturing companies in Indonesia and to determine the morphological characters of bacterial isolates. Based on the results of the study, Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria isolated from asbuton had 5 dominant isolates and were identified by PCR analysis. The results of this study were that the five bacterial isolates were Bacillus sp. with 3 of them being Bacillus subtilis and 2 others being Bacillus cereus. This result has an Entiren stiffness of 99.62% - 100%. The type of bacteria Bacillus sp. are capable of reducing the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and still able to survive and potentially degrade the TPH content in it.
Efficiency of sustainable green coagulants to remove turbidity
Authors: Hatim Sajad , Almansoory Asia Fadhile , Al-Baldawi Israa Abdulwahab
Published: March 2024

In wastewater treatment systems, coagulation is important to enhance turbidity removal in terms of physicochemical treatment. In this study, the aim is to use plant leaves and seed as sustainable environment strategy to treat turbid water. Four plant leaves (Alhagi graecorum, Beta vulgaris L., Capparis spinosa, and Medicago sativa), plant stem (Beta vulgaris L.) and two fruit seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L and Prunus armeniaca) are used and all local in Iraq. The experiments were run with different green coagulant concentrations of 0, 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/L to test turbidity removal of 500 NTU. The best removal results were with 1000 mg/ L green coagulant as Capparis spinosa (45%), Medicago sativa (49%), Beta vulgaris L. (leaves 47%, stem 56%), and Phoenix dactylifera L. (45%). While Alhagi graecorum and Prunus armeniaca with 3000, and 7000 mg/L green coagulant reached to 67, and 62% turbidity removal respectively. This results support the concept of sustainable environment by using green natural coagulants available in ecosystem.
The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in Surabaya rivers: potential sources and correlation with other water quality parameters
Authors: Astuti Nahrul Faridha Yully , Sundana Putri Tandriani , Nisaa Ainul Firdatun , Mardyanto Mas Agus
Published: March 2024

Recently identified compounds and chemicals that are harmful to the environment and pose a major risk to human health, known as emerging pollutants (EPs), are receiving increasing attention today. The main basis for this study is the absence of studies that discuss the presence of anti-inflammatory and anti-pain medicines in river water in Surabaya. Based on the study results, it was found that the overall average paracetamol concentration was 333 μg/L in Mas River and 430 μg/L in Surabaya River. Meanwhile, the ibuprofen concentration was not detected at all sampling points. This can be caused by the levels of ibuprofen, which are very small or below the detection limit. River water quality standards are regulated in Appendix VI of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021. On average, other water parameters that were also monitored, namely BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate, exceed the class II quality standards. Meanwhile, the pH and temperature parameters are within the class II quality standards range. Further research is needed to determine the presence of EPs in Surabaya rivers. This research can be a useful reference for further research.
The Implementation of a Deep Neural Network (DNN) Approach in a Case Study Predicting the Distribution of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas Saturation
Authors: Tsaniyah Z , Komara E , Utama W
Published: March 2024

Predicting the distribution of CO2 gas saturation is one example of how multiphase flow might be evaluated in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The TOUGH2 simulator is one of the numerical simulations commonly used for multiphase flow simulation. Ordinary numerical simulations have several issues, including high grid spatial resolution and high processing costs. One of the most effective deep learning approaches to predicting the distribution of CO2 gas saturation is the deep neural network (DNN). A deep neural network is a network with three interconnected layers, there are input, hidden, and output layers. DNN learns about the previously constructed architecture from the input data. DNN requires a large quantity of data as input. Thus, in this study, we use 700 data points for each of the train_a and train_b variables. The distribution of CO2 gas saturation will be predicted automatically by the trained DNN model. This technique can handle complex data patterns, such as gas saturation in multiphase flow problems. The reconstruction loss findings show that the loss value decreases as the number of epochs increases. Furthermore, we used 3 and 4 epochs to determine the difference in results between the two. As a result, the model with 4 epochs and 10−3 regularization weight obtained the lowest error value of 0.4305. In summary, this model is capable of predicting CO2 gas saturation distribution, but more research is needed to produce more optimal results. This research hopes to help monitor multiphase flow in CCS systems in the future by forecasting the distribution of CO2 gas saturation.
On-chip growth of one-dimensional In2O3 nanostructures by vapor trapping method and their comparative gas-sensing performance
Authors: Phan Hong Phuoc , Chu Manh Hung , Nguyen Van Duy , Nguyen Duc Hoa , Nguyen Manh Hung , Nguyen Ngoc-Viet , Nguyen Van Hieu
Published: March 2024

In this study, we use the chemical vapour deposition trapping method to grow various one-dimensional (1D) indium oxide (In2O3) nanostructures, namely nanorods (NRs), nanoneedles (NNs), and nanowires (NWs). The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesised nanostructures are analysed using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. By comparing the morphology of In2O3 under different growth conditions with previous research findings, we investigate the growth mechanism and the role of gold catalysts. The In2O3 sensor presented a good selection for C2H5OH gas. The NWs-based sensor exhibits a superior response and faster response-recovery rates (50%, and 49 s/343 s) in comparison to the NRs- (45%, and 35 s/339 s) and NNs-based sensors (8%, and 70 s/496 s) when exposed to 200 ppm C2H5OH at 400 °C. Besides, the sensors exhibited good stability under the switch-off reversible cycle. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model was effectively used in classifying target gases such as 25–200 ppm C2H5OH, NH3, and CO at the temperature of 350 °C–450 °C. We attribute the NWs-based sensor’s better gas-sensing performance to its favourable morphology for gas diffusion and modulation of depletion depth.
Optimization of magnetic field design for Hall thrusters based on a genetic algorithm
Authors: TAN 谭 Rui 睿 , HANG 杭 Guanrong 观荣 , WANG 王 Pingyang 平阳
Published: March 2024

Magnetic field design is essential for the operation of Hall thrusters. This study focuses on utilizing a genetic algorithm to optimize the magnetic field configuration of SPT70. A 2D hybrid PIC-DSMC and channel-wall erosion model are employed to analyze the plume divergence angle and wall erosion rate, while a Farady probe measurement and laser profilometry system are set up to verify the simulation results. The results demonstrate that the genetic algorithm contributes to reducing the divergence angle of the thruster plumes and alleviating the impact of high-energy particles on the discharge channel wall, reducing the erosion by 5.5% and 2.7%, respectively. Further analysis indicates that the change from a divergent magnetic field to a convergent magnetic field, combined with the upstream shift of the ionization region, contributes to the improving the operation of the Hall thruster.
Evolution of ecosystem services under the impact of urbanization using the InVEST model in the xiongan new area, China
Authors: Gao Xuxu , Xiao Fengjin , Liu Qiufeng , Xu Yuqing , Yu Changwen
Published: March 2024

Understanding the impact of land use on ecosystem service functions is crucial for guiding land management and ecological environment protection in Xiongan New Area (XANA), China. This paper employs the InVEST model to assess the temporal and spatial characteristics of water yield, carbon storage, water purification, and soil conservation ecosystem services in XANA from 1980 to 2020, analyzing geographical and spatial variations in ecosystem service capabilities. Through correlation analysis and the grid Moran’s I index, we explored the mechanisms of ecosystem action and the trade-offs and synergies among these services. Our results revealed that urban land use in XANA increased throughout the 1980–2020 period, with the fastest growth occurring from 2010 to 2020, primarily due to cultivated land conversion. Prior to 2010, cultivated land expanded rapidly, consuming significant amounts of water resources. Changes in land use structure drove increases in water yield and nitrogen output in the XANA ecosystem while decreasing carbon storage and soil erosion. Urban land area change was the primary factor influencing water yield and nitrogen output, while reduced water area was the main driver behind decreased carbon storage in the region. Cultivated land was identified as the primary contributor to soil erosion. The synergy between carbon storage and water conservation is closely tied to water area and urban land, while the synergies between carbon storage and water quality purification, soil conservation and water quality purification hinge on water areas and cultivated land areas. To ensure the sustainable development of XANA, it is essential to protect the wetland ecosystem in the Baiyangdian Lake basin, enhance forest and grassland coverage, and monitor temporal and spatial changes in different ecosystem services and their interrelationships closely.
Dependency on imported agricultural inputs—global trade patterns and recent trends
Authors: Sandström Vilma , Huan-Niemi Ellen , Niemi Jyrki , Kummu Matti
Published: March 2024

Industrial food production systems depend on inputs such as fertilisers, pesticides, and commercial animal feeds that are highly traded commodities in global markets. Disturbances in international trade can threaten the local food production if the imports of the key agricultural inputs were drastically reduced. However, despite the importance of the topic, a comprehensive analysis focusing on the import dependency of multiple agricultural inputs at the global level and thus revealing the vulnerability of regions and individual countries does not exist. Here, we analyse the temporal trends of agricultural input trade globally at the national scale from 1991 to 2020 by applying statistics of the use and trade of synthetic fertilisers (N, P, and K), pesticides and livestock and aquaculture feeds (grouped into oilseed feeds and other feed crops). The results show that the import dependency of agricultural inputs has increased over the past 30 years, but there is high variation between countries. Countries with high import dependency combined with high use of these inputs, such as many industrial agricultural producers in South America, Asia as well as Europe, show high vulnerability to trade shocks. Also, our findings highlight that potential agricultural intensification in Sub-Saharan African countries—currently with low use of the inputs per cropland area but high import dependency—can lead to higher dependency on imported agricultural inputs. Therefore, understanding of the past trends and current risks associated with the dependency on imported agricultural inputs should be highlighted to mitigate the risks and build more resilient and sustainable food systems.
Cost evaluation of continuation of therapy with dalbavancin compared to standard-of-care antibiotics alone in hospitalized persons who inject drugs with severe gram-positive infections
Authors: Donnelly Devin , Pillinger Kelly E , Debnath Ashita , DePasquale William , Munsiff Sonal , Louie Ted , Jones Courtney Marie Cora , Shulder Stephanie
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for severe gram-positive infections and may require prolonged hospitalization and intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy. Dalbavancin (DBV) is a long-acting lipoglycopeptide that may reduce costs and provide effective treatment in this population.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of PWID with severe gram-positive infections. Patients admitted from January 1, 2017, to November 1, 2019 (standard-of-care [SOC] group) and from November 15, 2019, to March 31, 2022 (DBV group) were included. The primary outcome was the total cost to the healthcare system. Secondary outcomes included hospital days saved and treatment failure.

Results

A total of 87 patients were included (37 in the DBV group and 50 in the SOC group). Patients were a median of 34 years old and were predominantly Caucasian (82%). Staphylococcus aureus (82%) was the most common organism, and bacteremia (71%) was the most common type of infection. Compared to the SOC group, the DBV group would have had a median of 14 additional days of hospitalization if they had stayed to complete their therapy (P = 0.014). The median total cost to the healthcare system was significantly lower in the DBV group than in the SOC group ($31,698.00 vs $45,093.50; P = 0.035). The rate of treatment failure was similar between the groups (32.4% in the DBV group vs 36% in the SOC group; P = 0.729).

Conclusion

DBV is a cost-saving alternative to SOC IV antibiotics for severe gram-positive infections in PWID, with similar treatment outcomes. Larger prospective studies, including other patient populations, may demonstrate additional benefit.
Adaptation and validation of the Greek version of the Communication and Language Assessment questionnaire for persons with Multiple Sclerosis (CLAMS)
Authors: Dimitriou Nefeli , Nasios Grigorios , Nousia Anastasia , Anyfantis Emmanouil , Messinis Lambros , Dimakopoulos Georgios , El-Wahsh Sarah , Bakirtzis Christos , Kostadima Vasiliki , Konitsiotis Spiridon
Published: March 2024

Objective

The aim of the present study was to validate the Communication and Language Assessment questionnaire for persons with Multiple Sclerosis (CLAMS) into the Greek language.

Method

106 Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) and 51 healthy controls (HCs) participated in this study. We evaluated patients’ cognitive abilities with the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). All PwMS completed the CLAMS and three additional questionnaires (Speech Pathology-Specific Questionnaire for persons with Multiple Sclerosis, SMS; Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39, SAQOL-39; the Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen, BDI-FS), and all HCs filled in the CLAMS.

Results

The internal consistency of the CLAMS was excellent (a = 0.933) for the PwMS and a significant difference was found between PwMS and HCs for the total CLAMS score. Statistical analyses showed a significant positive correlation between the CLAMS and the other questionnaires (SMS, BDI, and SAQOL-39) and a statistically significant negative correlation between the CLAMS and the three subtests of the BICAMS (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Greek Verbal Learning Test-II, and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised). There was no correlation between the CLAMS and participants’ age, disease duration, and disease type.

Conclusion

The Greek version of the CLAMS is a valid self-reported questionnaire for the evaluation of language and communication symptoms in PwMS.
Late genitourinary toxicity in salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: impact of daily fraction doses
Authors: Takano Seiya , Tomita Natsuo , Takaoka Taiki , Niwa Masanari , Torii Akira , Kita Nozomi , Okazaki Dai , Uchiyama Kaoru , Nakanishi-Imai Mikiko , Ayakawa Shiho , Iida Masato , Tsuzuki Yusuke , Otsuka Shinya , Manabe Yoshihiko , Nomura Kento , Ogawa Yasutaka , Miyakawa Akifumi , Miyamoto Akihiko , Takemoto Shinya , Yasui Takahiro , Hiwatashi Akio
Published: March 2024

Objective

To evaluate the impact of daily fraction doses on late genitourinary (GU) toxicity after salvage radiotherapy (SRT) for prostate cancer.

Methods

This multi-institutional retrospective study included 212 patients who underwent SRT between 2008 and 2018. All patients received image-guided intensity-modulated SRT at a median dose of 67.2 Gy in 1.8-2.3 Gy/fraction. The cumulative rates of late grade ≥2 GU and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities were compared using Gray test, stratified by the ≤2.0 Gy/fraction (n = 137) and ≥2.1 Gy/fraction groups (n = 75), followed by multivariate analyses. The total dose was represented as an equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2) with α/β = 3 Gy.

Results

After a median follow-up of 63 months, the cumulative rates of 5-year late grade ≥2 GU and GI toxicities were 14% and 2.5%, respectively. The cumulative rates of 5-year late grade ≥2 GU toxicity in the ≥2.1 Gy/fraction and ≤2.0 Gy/fraction groups were 22% and 10%, respectively (P = .020). In the multivariate analysis, ≥2.1 Gy/fraction was still associated with an increased risk of late grade ≥2 GU toxicity (hazard ratio, 2.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-4.99; P = .023), while the total dose was not significant.

Conclusion

The present results showed that ≥2.1 Gy/fraction resulted in a higher incidence of late grade ≥2 GU toxicity in SRT.

Advances in knowledge

The impact of fraction doses on late GU toxicity after SRT remains unknown. The results suggest that higher fraction doses may increase the risk of late GU toxicity in SRT.
Synthesis and electronics of donor–accepter linear arrays comprising anthracene bisimide with butadiynylene spacers
Authors: Iwanaga Tetsuo , Tanaka Keisuke , Kawano Kento
Published: March 2024

To further explore the π-conjugated systems of anthracene bisimide (ABI) and investigate their electronic properties, we synthesized donor–accepter linear arrays. These arrays consist of an ABI unit as the accepter and a 9,10-anthrylene unit as the donor, linked by a butadiynylene spacer. We constructed these donor–accepter arrays through Hay coupling of the corresponding 9,10-diethynylABI derivative with a 9,10-diethynylanthracene derivative. Theoretical calculations and electronic spectra analysis were employed to compare the photophysical properties of these compounds with those of their acetylene analogs. Moreover, we evaluated the intramolecular electronic interactions between the ABI and anthrylene units, focusing on the effects of the butadiynylene spacer and array sequences.
Functional characterization of the language network of polyglots and hyperpolyglots with precision fMRI
Authors: Malik-Moraleda Saima , Jouravlev Olessia , Taliaferro Maya , Mineroff Zachary , Cucu Theodore , Mahowald Kyle , Blank Idan A , Fedorenko Evelina
Published: March 2024

How do polyglots—individuals who speak five or more languages—process their languages, and what can this population tell us about the language system? Using fMRI, we identified the language network in each of 34 polyglots (including 16 hyperpolyglots with knowledge of 10+ languages) and examined its response to the native language, non-native languages of varying proficiency, and unfamiliar languages. All language conditions engaged all areas of the language network relative to a control condition. Languages that participants rated as higher proficiency elicited stronger responses, except for the native language, which elicited a similar or lower response than a non-native language of similar proficiency. Furthermore, unfamiliar languages that were typologically related to the participants’ high-to-moderate-proficiency languages elicited a stronger response than unfamiliar unrelated languages. The results suggest that the language network’s response magnitude scales with the degree of engagement of linguistic computations (e.g. related to lexical access and syntactic-structure building). We also replicated a prior finding of weaker responses to native language in polyglots than non-polyglot bilinguals. These results contribute to our understanding of how multiple languages coexist within a single brain and provide new evidence that the language network responds more strongly to stimuli that more fully engage linguistic computations.
New Tools and Nuanced Interventions to Accelerate Achievement of the 2030 Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases
Authors: Vasconcelos Andreia , Nunes-Alves Cláudio , Hollingsworth T Déirdre
Published: March 2024

The World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) sets out ambitious targets for disease control and elimination by 2030, including 90% fewer people requiring interventions against NTDs and the elimination of at least 1 NTD in 100 countries. Mathematical models are an important tool for understanding NTD dynamics, optimizing interventions, assessing the efficacy of new tools, and estimating the economic costs associated with control programs. As NTD control shifts to increased country ownership and programs progress toward disease elimination, tailored models that better incorporate local context and can help to address questions that are important for decision-making at the national level are gaining importance. In this introduction to the supplement, New Tools and Nuanced Interventions to Accelerate Achievement of the 2030 Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases, we discuss current challenges in generating more locally relevant models and summarize how the articles in this supplement present novel ways in which NTD modeling can help to accelerate achievement and sustainability of the 2030 targets.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Evidence From a Phase 3 Trial to Support Flat-Dosing of Rifampicin for Tuberculosis
Authors: Ngo Huy X , Xu Ava Y , Velásquez Gustavo E , Zhang Nan , Chang Vincent K , Kurbatova Ekaterina V , Whitworth William C , Sizemore Erin , Bryant Kia , Carr Wendy , Weiner Marc , Dooley Kelly E , Engle Melissa , Dorman Susan E , Nahid Payam , Swindells Susan , Chaisson Richard E , Nsubuga Pheona , Lourens Madeleine , Dawson Rodney , Savic Radojka M
Published: March 2024

Background

The optimal dosing strategy for rifampicin in treating drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) is still highly debated. In the phase 3 clinical trial Study 31/ACTG 5349 (NCT02410772), all participants in the control regimen arm received 600 mg rifampicin daily as a flat dose. Here, we evaluated relationships between rifampicin exposure and efficacy and safety outcomes.

Methods

We analyzed rifampicin concentration time profiles using population nonlinear mixed-effects models. We compared simulated rifampicin exposure from flat- and weight-banded dosing. We evaluated the effect of rifampicin exposure on stable culture conversion at 6 months; TB-related unfavorable outcomes at 9, 12, and 18 months using Cox proportional hazard models; and all trial-defined safety outcomes using logistic regression.

Results

Our model-derived rifampicin exposure ranged from 4.57 mg · h/L to 140.0 mg · h/L with a median of 41.8 mg · h/L. Pharmacokinetic simulations demonstrated that flat-dosed rifampicin provided exposure coverage similar to the weight-banded dose. Exposure-efficacy analysis (n = 680) showed that participants with rifampicin exposure below the median experienced similar hazards of stable culture conversion and TB-related unfavorable outcomes compared with those with exposure above the median. Exposure-safety analysis (n = 722) showed that increased rifampicin exposure was not associated with increased grade 3 or higher adverse events or serious adverse events.

Conclusions

Flat-dosing of rifampicin at 600 mg daily may be a reasonable alternative to the incumbent weight-banded dosing strategy for the standard-of-care 6-month regimen. Future research should assess the optimal dosing strategy for rifampicin, at doses higher than the current recommendation.
Effect of Preoperative Antibiotic Therapy on Operative Culture Yield for Diagnosis of Native Joint Septic Arthritis
Authors: Khodadadi Ryan B , Damronglerd Pansachee , McHugh Jack W , El Zein Said , Lahr Brian D , Yuan Brandon J , Abu Saleh Omar M , Suh Gina A , Tande Aaron J
Published: March 2024

Background

Native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) is definitively diagnosed by a positive Gram stain or culture, along with supportive clinical findings. Preoperative antibiotics are known to alter synovial fluid cell count, Gram stain, and culture results and are typically postponed until after arthrocentesis to optimize diagnostic accuracy. However, data on the impact of preoperative antibiotics on operative culture yield for NJSA diagnosis are limited.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed adult cases of NJSA who underwent surgery at Mayo Clinic facilities from 2012 to 2021 to analyze the effect of preoperative antibiotics on operative culture yield through a paired analysis of preoperative culture (POC) and operative culture (OC) results using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations.

Results

Two hundred ninety-nine patients with NJSA affecting 321 joints were included. Among those receiving preoperative antibiotics, yield significantly decreased from 68.0% at POC to 57.1% at OC (P < .001). In contrast, for patients without preoperative antibiotics there was a non-significant increase in yield from 60.9% at POC to 67.4% at OC (P = .244). In a logistic regression model for paired data, preoperative antibiotic exposure was more likely to decrease OC yield compared to non-exposure (odds ratio [OR] = 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24–3.64; P = .006). Within the preoperative antibiotic group, additional antibiotic doses and earlier antibiotic initiation were associated with lower OC yield.

Conclusions

In patients with NJSA, preoperative antibiotic exposure resulted in a significant decrease in microbiologic yield of operative cultures as compared to patients in whom antibiotic therapy was held prior to obtaining operative cultures.
Effect of metal artefact reduction level on the assessment of dental implant positioning by cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Capel Camila Porto , da Motta Raphael Jurca Gonçalves , Pauwels Ruben , Gaêta-Araujo Hugo , Oliveira-Santos Christiano , Tirapelli Camila
Published: March 2024

Objectives

This study evaluated the effect of metal artefact reduction (MAR) level and tube current on the assessment of dental implant positioning relative to the mandibular canal (MC) through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods

Titanium dental implants were placed in dried mandibles at 0.5-mm superior to the MC (group 1/n = 8) and 0.5-mm inside the MC with perforation of the cortex (group 2/n = 10). CBCT scans were obtained with different levels of MAR (off, medium, and high) and 2 tube currents (4 and 8 mA). Four examiners analysed the images and scored the contact between the implant and the MC using a 5-point scale. Sensitivity, specificity, area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and frequency of scores were calculated. Data were compared with analysis of variance 2-way and Tukey's test and scores with Chi-square test.

Results

Specificity and area under ROC curve decreased significantly when MAR level was high compared with MAR-medium and MAR-off. The frequency of score 3 (inconclusive) was the highest, and scores 1 and 5 (definitely no contact and definitely contact, respectively) were the lowest with MAR-high, regardless of the tube current. When MAR was off, there were higher frequencies of scores 1 and 5.

Conclusions

The level of MAR influences the assessment of the relationship between the dental implant and the MC. MAR-high led to lower diagnostic accuracy compared with MAR-medium and off.

Advances in knowledge

This article shows that high level of MAR can interfere in the diagnostic of dental implant positioning relative to the MC, decreasing its accuracy.