bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provision of online HIV-related information to gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: a health literacy-informed critical appraisal of Canadian agency websites
Authors: Gilbert Mark , Michelow Warren , Dulai Joshun , Wexel Daniel , Hart Trevor , Young Ingrid , Martin Susan , Flowers Paul , Donelle Lorie , Ferlatte Olivier
Published: January 2019

Background HIV risk and prevention information is increasingly complex and poses challenges for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) seeking to find, understand and apply this information. A directed content analysis of Canadian HIV websites to see what information is provided, how it is presented and experienced by users, was conducted. Methods: Eligible sites provided information relevant for GBMSM on HIV risk or prevention, were from community or government agencies, and were aimed at the public. Sites were found by using a Google search using French and English search terms, from expert suggestions and a review of links. Eligibility and content for review was determined by two reviewers, and coded using a standardised form. Reading grade level and usability scores were assessed through Flesch–Kincaid and LIDA instruments. Results: Of 50 eligible sites, 78% were from community agencies and 26% were focussed on GBMSM. Overall, fewer websites contained information on more recent biomedical advances (e.g. pre-exposure prophylaxis, 10%) or community-based prevention strategies (e.g. seroadaptive positioning, 10%). Many sites had high reading levels, used technical language and relied on text and prose. And 44% of websites had no interactive features and most had poor usability scores for engageability. Conclusions: Overall, less information about emerging topics and a reliance on text with high reading requirements was observed. Our study speaks to potential challenges for agency website operators to maintain information relevant to GBMSM which is up-to-date, understandable for a range of health literacy skills and optimises user experience.
Shape-controlled synthesis of bare ZnO nanomaterials with improved photoactivity and photostability
Authors: Ai Jianping , Lin Chucheng , Liao Weixiu , Hu Changyuan , Zhou Tao , Luo Shanshan , Cheng Lihong , Chen Zhiqin , Yang Yanling , Zhang Yue , Li Wenkui
Published: January 2019

Understanding the growth mechanisms of nanomaterials usually leads to the successful preparation of targeted micro-structures with excellent properties. In this paper, flower-like and roughly spherical ZnO nanocrystals have been successfully synthesised through facile wet chemical methods, i.e. hydrothermal pathways and homogeneous precipitation method. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared photocatalysts were evaluated by degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and phenol under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Remarkably, the ZnO powder via homogeneous precipitation (urea/Zn2+ = 2.0) exhibited better photocatalytic performance and photostability than those of flower-like ZnO substrate. The enhanced photocatalytic properties could be attributed to more active catalytic sites and effective separation of carriers, which were confirmed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, photocurrent responses, and photoluminescence spectral analysis. A possible mechanism for the excellent photocatalytic activity of ZnO substrates was proposed.
Association Between Betrayal Trauma and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent Offenders: Shame and Emotion Dysregulation as Mediating Factors
Authors: Keng Shian-Ling , Noorahman Nurulhuda Binte , Drabu Sukriti , Chu Chi Meng
Published: January 2019

hildhood trauma has been identified as a strong risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI; Gratz, 2006). Existing literature suggests that the degree of betrayal involved in a traumatic experience may have an impact on NSSI behaviors (Gómez & Freyd, 2013), but little work has examined the potential relationship between betrayal trauma and NSSI. This cross-sectional study examined the association between history of high betrayal trauma and engagement in NSSI, as well as explored shame and emotion dysregulation as potential mediators of the association. A total of 100 adolescent offenders in Singapore were recruited from a probation setting, and administered measures assessing betrayal trauma, shame, emotion dysregulation, and NSSI behaviors. A history of high betrayal trauma was significantly associated with both lifetime and past-year engagement in NSSI. Mediation analysis using bootstrap resampling indicated that both shame and emotion dysregulation individually mediated the association between high betrayal trauma and frequency of past-year NSSI. In a multiple mediation analysis, emotion dysregulation emerged as a significant mediator of the association, whereas shame did not. The findings highlight the importance of betrayal trauma as a correlate of NSSI, and point to emotion dysregulation as a key mechanism underlying the relationship between betrayal trauma and NSSI.
Carers of Long-Stay Patients’ Perspectives of Secure Forensic Care: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Sampson Stephanie , Foster Sheena , Majid Shazmin , Völlm Birgit
Published: January 2019

Background: For patients with a mental disorder facing lengthy stays in secure forensic care, the role and experiences of their carers has only recently started to be explored in research.

Aims: To explore the experiences of carers of longstay patients in low-to-high- secure forensic care.

Methods: This exploratory qualitative study included two focus groups and two written responses.

Findings: Focus groups identified importance of communication, and improving carer knowledge of services as methods of meaningful inclusion in treatment and recovery.

Conclusions: Better involvement of carers may help improve trust in services and develop a strong bond between parties involved in longer-term care, treatment, and recovery.
Investigating an epileptogenic mutation
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: January 2019

JGP study examines how a mutation in KCNQ3 affects channel behavior.
Convergence of combinatorial Ricci flows to degenerate circle patterns
Authors: Takatsu Asuka
Published: January 2019

We investigate the combinatorial Ricci flow on a surface of nonpositive Euler characteristic when the necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the combinatorial Ricci flow is not valid. This observation addresses one of the questions raised by B. Chow and F. Luo.
Conjugacy classes of commuting nilpotents
Authors: Haboush William , Hyeon Donghoon
Published: January 2019

We consider the space

M

q
,
n

\mathcal {M}_{q,n}

of regular

q
q

-tuples of commuting nilpotent endomorphisms of

k
n

k^n

modulo simultaneous conjugation. We show that

M

q
,
n

\mathcal {M}_{q,n}

admits a natural homogeneous space structure, and that it is an affine space bundle over

P

q
−
1

{\mathbb {P}}^{q-1}

. A closer look at the homogeneous structure reveals that, over

C

{\mathbb {C}}

and with respect to the complex*1pt topology,

M

q
,
n

\mathcal {M}_{q,n}

is a smooth vector bundle over

P

q
−
1

{\mathbb {P}}^{q-1}

. We prove that, in this case,

M

q
,
n

\mathcal {M}_{q,n}

is diffeomorphic to a direct sum of twisted tangent bundles. We also prove that

M

q
,
n

\mathcal {M}_{q,n}

possesses a universal property and represents a functor of ideals, and we use it to identify

M

q
,
n

\mathcal {M}_{q,n}

with an open subscheme of a punctual Hilbert scheme. Using a result of A. Iarrobino’s, we show that

M

q
,
n

→

P

q
−
1

\mathcal {M}_{q,n} \to {\mathbb {P}}^{q-1}

is not a vector bundle, hence giving a family of affine space bundles that are not vector bundles.
Compositional reorganization of the nucleolus in budding yeast mitosis
Authors: Girke Philipp , Seufert Wolfgang
Published: January 2019

The nucleolus is a membraneless organelle of the nucleus and the site of rRNA synthesis, maturation, and assembly into preribosomal particles. The nucleolus, organized around arrays of rRNA genes (rDNA), dissolves during prophase of mitosis in metazoans, when rDNA transcription ceases, and reforms in telophase, when rDNA transcription resumes. No such dissolution and reformation cycle exists in budding yeast, and the precise course of nucleolar segregation remains unclear. By quantitative live-cell imaging, we observed that the yeast nucleolus is reorganized in its protein composition during mitosis. Daughter cells received equal shares of preinitiation factors, which bind the RNA polymerase I promoter and the rDNA binding barrier protein Fob1, but only about one-third of RNA polymerase I and the processing factors Nop56 and Nsr1. The distribution bias was diminished in nonpolar chromosome segregation events observable in dyn1 mutants. Unequal distribution, however, was enhanced by defects in RNA polymerase I, suggesting that rDNA transcription supports nucleolar segregation. Indeed, quantification of pre-rRNA levels indicated ongoing rDNA transcription in yeast mitosis. These data, together with photobleaching experiments to measure nucleolar protein dynamics in anaphase, consolidate a model that explains the differential partitioning of nucleolar components in budding yeast mitosis.
Role of JAM-A tyrosine phosphorylation in epithelial barrier dysfunction during intestinal inflammation
Authors: Fan Shuling , Weight Caroline M. , Luissint Anny-Claude , Hilgarth Roland S. , Brazil Jennifer C. , Ettel Mark , Nusrat Asma , Parkos Charles A.
Published: January 2019

Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), an epithelial tight junction protein, plays an important role in regulating intestinal permeability through association with a scaffold signaling complex containing ZO-2, Afadin, and the small GTPase Rap2. Under inflammatory conditions, we report that the cytoplasmic tail of JAM-A is tyrosine phosphorylated (p-Y280) in association with loss of barrier function. While barely detectable Y280 phosphorylation was observed in confluent monolayers of human intestinal epithelial cells under basal conditions, exposure to cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, IL-22, or IL-17A, resulted in compromised barrier function in parallel with increased p-Y280. Phosphorylation was Src kinase dependent, and we identified Yes-1 and PTPN13 as a major kinase and phosphatase for p-JAM-A Y280, respectively. Moreover, cytokines IL-22 or IL-17A induced increased activity of Yes-1. Furthermore, the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 rescued cytokine-induced epithelial barrier defects and inhibited phosphorylation of JAM-A Y280 in vitro. Phosphorylation of JAM-A Y280 and increased permeability correlated with reduced JAM-A association with active Rap2. Finally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Y280 in colonic epithelium of individuals with ulcerative colitis and in mice with experimentally induced colitis. These findings support a novel mechanism by which tyrosine phosphorylation of JAM-A Y280 regulates epithelial barrier function during inflammation.
Translation and Adaptation as Recontextualization: The Case of The Snowman
Authors: Greenall Annjo K , Løfaldli Eli
Published: January 2019

In this article, we propose an integrated framework especially, but not exclusively, tailored to the analysis of multisemiotic transfers/transformations that involve both linguistic and non-linguistic elements. The framework is based on the Swedish communication scholar Per Linell’s notion of recontextualization. This concept, which denotes the process of inserting an element from one context into another, thereby effecting some kind of transformation, is theoretically prior to both of the concepts ‘adaptation’ and ‘translation’ as they are prototypically understood, and encompasses them. Thus, taking this concept as a point of departure allows us to avoid artificial boundaries between that which is commonly considered to be adaptation-studies concerns, and that which is considered to be translation-studies concerns, in analyses of multisemiotic transfers/transformations such as film adaptations. By introducing a flexible set of ‘levels’ of recontextualization (medial, generic, cultural, ideological, and linguistic) and deploying them in a sample analysis of the immediate critical reception of Tomas Alfredson’s international reworking of Jo Nesbø’s The Snowman, we show how these levels work together to create various interpretative possibilities and effects for viewers. Finally, we argue that an integrated framework based around the notion of recontextualization will also be applicable in analyses of non-translation/non-adaptation texts, allowing comparisons of recontextualization phenomena across communicative forms.
Dysregulation of HDAC9 Represses Trophoblast Cell Migration and Invasion Through TIMP3 Activation in Preeclampsia
Authors: Xie Dandan , Zhu Jingping , Liu Qianqian , Li Jun , Song Mengjiu , Wang Kai , Zhou Qian , Jia Yuanhui , Li Ting
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common disease during pregnancy. It is generally accepted that PE is closely associated with shallow placenta implantation caused by the dysfunction of trophoblast cells. Trophoblasts have been recognized to share histological and behavioral characteristics with cancer cells, and many lines of evidence have emphasized that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are therapeutic targets for cancer treatment with the most promising. However, the roles of HDACs have not been well established in PE. The purpose of this study is investigating the expression of HDACs in preeclamptic placentas and to explore its roles in PE progression.

METHODS

Both mRNA and protein levels of HDAC9 were determined by q-RT-PCR and western blot in normal and preeclamptic placentas. The localization of HDAC9 was performed by immunohistochemistry. Trophoblast cell mobility and proliferation were determined by transwell and MTS assays, respectively. The histone acetylation levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) promoter were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP–qPCR) assay.

RESULTS

HDAC9 was downregulated in preeclamptic placentas compared with that in normal controls, and it was mainly localized in the nucleus of syncytiotrophoblast cells. HDAC9 knockdown in HTR-8/SVneo cells inhibited cell migration and invasion. The transcriptional level of TIMP3 was upregulated in HDAC9-knockdown HTR-8/SVneo cells because of promoter histone hyperacetylation. Importantly, HDAC9 downregulation can rescue the defects caused by HDAC9 knockdown.

CONCLUSIONS

HDAC9 promotes trophoblast cell migration and invasion by repressing TIMP3 through promoter histone hypoacetylation. Thus, the findings of our study suggest that dysregulated HDAC9 and TIMP3 are relevant to PE.
Performance of gene expression–based single sample predictors for assessment of clinicopathological subgroups and molecular subtypes in cancers: a case comparison study in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Cirenajwis Helena , Lauss Martin , Planck Maria , Vallon-Christersson Johan , Staaf Johan
Published: January 2019

The development of multigene classifiers for cancer prognosis, treatment prediction, molecular subtypes or clinicopathological groups has been a cornerstone in transcriptomic analyses of human malignancies for nearly two decades. However, many reported classifiers are critically limited by different preprocessing needs like normalization and data centering. In response, a new breed of classifiers, single sample predictors (SSPs), has emerged. SSPs classify samples in an N-of-1 fashion, relying on, e.g. gene rules comparing expression values within a sample. To date, several methods have been reported, but there is a lack of head-to-head performance comparison for typical cancer classification problems, representing an unmet methodological need in cancer bioinformatics. To resolve this need, we performed an evaluation of two SSPs [k-top-scoring pair classifier (kTSP) and absolute intrinsic molecular subtyping (AIMS)] for two case examples of different magnitude of difficulty in non-small cell lung cancer: gene expression–based classification of (i) tumor histology and (ii) molecular subtype. Through the analysis of ~2000 lung cancer samples for each case example (n = 1918 and n = 2106, respectively), we compared the performance of the methods for different sample compositions, training data set sizes, gene expression platforms and gene rule selections. Three main conclusions are drawn from the comparisons: both methods are platform independent, they select largely overlapping gene rules associated with actual underlying tumor biology and, for large training data sets, they behave interchangeably performance-wise. While SSPs like AIMS and kTSP offer new possibilities to move gene expression signatures/predictors closer to a clinical context, they are still importantly limited by the difficultness of the classification problem at hand.
The global dissemination of bacterial infections necessitates the study of reverse genomic epidemiology
Authors: Ruan Zhi , Yu Yunsong , Feng Ye
Published: January 2019

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized the genotyping of bacterial pathogens and is expected to become the new gold standard for tracing the transmissions of bacterial infectious diseases for public health purposes. Traditional genomic epidemiology often uses WGS as a verification tool, namely, when a common source or epidemiological link is suspected, the collected isolates are sequenced for the determination of clonal relationships. However, increasingly frequent international travel and food transportation, and the associated potential for the cross-border transmission of bacterial pathogens, often lead to an absence of information on bacterial transmission routes. Here we introduce the concept of ‘reverse genomic epidemiology’, i.e. when isolates are inspected by genome comparisons to be sufficiently similar to one another, they are assumed to be a consequence of infection from a common source. Through BacWGSTdb (http://bacdb.org/BacWGSTdb/), a database we have developed for bacterial genome typing and source tracking, we have found that almost the entire analyzed 20 bacterial species exhibit the phenomenon of cross-border clonal dissemination. Five networks were further identified in which isolates sharing nearly identical genomes were collected from at least five different countries. Three of these have been documented as real infectious disease outbreaks, therefore demonstrating the feasibility and authority of reverse genomic epidemiology. Our survey and proposed strategy would be of potential value in establishing a global surveillance system for tracing bacterial transmissions and outbreaks; the related database and techniques require urgent standardization.
States Recognition in Foreign Policy: The Case of Sweden's Recognition of Palestine
Authors: Badarin Emile
Published: January 2019

This article examines politics of states recognition. Despite the significance of the concept of recognition to international politics, only recently has international relations (IR) scholarship begun to appreciate its analytical value. How states employ their prerogatives to grant or withhold recognition has received less attention in IR. The article extends this discussion by shedding light on politics of recognition in contexts of contested states and territorial conflicts. It does so by scrutinizing Sweden's recognition of the Palestinian statehood in October 2014. The findings underline the importance of foreign policy and recognition narratives for explaining and critically evaluating recognition in such contexts; therefore, the analysis of foreign policy needs to be integrated more consistently into the study and theorization of the problem of contested states’ recognition.
Association Between Brain β-Amyloid and Frailty in Older Adults
Authors: Maltais Mathieu , De Souto Barreto Philipe , Hooper Claudie , Payoux Pierre , Rolland Yves , Vellas Bruno ,   MAPT/DSA Study Group
Published: January 2019

Background

We sought to determine whether cortical and regional β-amyloid (Aβ) were cross-sectionally and prospectively associated with change in frailty status in older adults.

Methods

We used data from 269 community-dwelling participants from the Multidomain Alzheimer’s Preventive Trial (MAPT) who were assessed for brain Aβ using positron-emission tomography scan. Regional and cortical-to-cerebellar standardized uptake value ratios were obtained. Frailty was assessed by a frailty index composed of 19 items not directly linked to cognition and Alzheimer’s disease.

Results

A significant and positive cross-sectional and prospective relationship was found for Aβ in the anterior putamen (cross-sectional: β = 0.11 [0.02–0.20], p = .02; prospective: β = 0.11 [0.03–0.19], p = .007), posterior putamen (cross-sectional: β = 0.12 [0.009–0.23], p = .03; prospective: β = 0.11 [0.02–0.21], p = .02), and precuneus regions (cross-sectional: β = 0.07 [0.01–0.12], p = .01; prospective: β = 0.07 [0.01–0.12], p = .01) with increasing frailty.

Conclusions

This study has found new information regarding cross-sectional and prospective positive associations between region-specific brain Aβ deposits and worsening frailty. The potential mechanisms involved require further investigation.
Oscillatory Behavior of Large Eigenvalues in Quantum Rabi Models
Authors: Boutet de Monvel Anne , Zielinski Lech
Published: January 2019

We investigate the large $n$ asymptotics of the $n$-th eigenvalue for a class of unbounded self-adjoint operators defined by infinite Jacobi matrices with discrete spectrum. In the case of the quantum Rabi model we obtain the 1st three terms of the asymptotics that determine the parameters of the model. This paper is based on our previous paper [5] that it completes and improves.
Lower Semi-continuity of the Index in the Viscosity Method for Minimal Surfaces
Authors: Rivière Tristan
Published: January 2019

The goal of the present work is two-fold. First we prove the existence of a Hilbert manifold structure on the space of immersed oriented closed surfaces with three derivatives in $L^2$ in an arbitrary compact submanifold $M^m$ of an Euclidian space ${{\mathbb{R}}}^Q$. Second, using this Hilbert manifold structure, we prove a lower semi-continuity property of the index for sequences of conformal immersions, critical points to the viscous approximation of the area satisfying a Struwe entropy estimate and a bubble tree strongly converging in $W^{1,2}$ to a limiting minimal surface as the viscous parameter is going to zero.
HIV-Related Arterial Stiffness in Malawian Adults Is Associated With the Proportion of PD-1–Expressing CD8+ T Cells and Reverses With Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Kelly Christine , Mwandumba Henry C , Heyderman Robert S , Jambo Kondwani , Kamng’ona Raphael , Chammudzi Mishek , Sheha Irene , Peterson Ingrid , Rapala Alicja , Mallewa Jane , Walker A Sarah , Klein Nigel , Khoo Saye
Published: January 2019

Background

The contribution of immune activation to arterial stiffness and its reversibility in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown.

Methods

HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected Malawian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a CD4+ T-cell count of <100 cells/μL were enrolled and followed for 44 weeks; enrollment of infected adults occurred 2 weeks after ART initiation. We evaluated the relationship between carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and T-cell activation (defined as HLA-DR+CD38+ T cells), exhaustion (define as PD-1+ T cells), and senescence (defined as CD57+ T cells) and monocyte subsets, using normal regression.

Results

In 279 HIV-infected and 110 HIV-uninfected adults, 142 (37%) had hypertension. HIV was independently associated with a 12% higher cfPWV (P = .02) at baseline and a 14% higher cfPWV at week 10 (P = .02), but the increases resolved by week 22. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell exhaustion were independently associated with a higher cfPWV at baseline (P = .02). At 44 weeks, arterial stiffness improved more in those with greater decreases in the percentage of CD8+ T cells and the percentage of PD-1+CD8+ T cells (P = .01 and P = .03, respectively). When considering HIV-infected participants alone, the adjusted arterial stiffness at week 44 tended to be lower in those with higher baseline percentage of PD-1+CD8+ T cells (P = .054).

Conclusions

PD-1+CD8+ T-cells are associated with HIV-related arterial stiffness, which remains elevated during the first 3 months of ART. Resources to prevent cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa should focus on blood pressure reduction and individuals with a low CD4+ T-cell count during early ART.
Photoinactivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Paradigm-Changing Approach for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Gonococcal Infection
Authors: Wang Ying , Ferrer-Espada Raquel , Baglo Yan , Goh Xueping S , Held Kathryn D , Grad Yonatan H , Gu Ying , Gelfand Jeffrey A , Dai Tianhong
Published: January 2019

Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major issue of public health, and there is a critical need for the development of new antigonococcal strategies. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; wavelength, 405 nm), an innovative nonpharmacological approach, for the inactivation of N. gonorrhoeae. Our findings indicated that aBL preferentially inactivated N. gonorrhoeae, including antibiotic-resistant strains, over human vaginal epithelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, no aBL-induced genotoxicity to the vaginal epithelial cells was observed at the radiant exposure used to inactivate N. gonorrhoeae. aBL also effectively inactivated N. gonorrhoeae that had attached to and invaded into the vaginal epithelial cells in their cocultures. No gonococcal resistance to aBL developed after 15 successive cycles of inactivation induced by subtherapeutic exposure to aBL. Endogenous aBL-activatable photosensitizing porphyrins in N. gonorrhoeae were identified and quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography, with coproporphyrin being the most abundant species in all N. gonorrhoeae strains studied. Singlet oxygen was involved in aBL inactivation of N. gonorrhoeae. Together, these findings show that aBL represents a potential potent treatment for antibiotic-resistant gonococcal infection.
The Expectations and Challenges of Wildlife Disease Research in the Era of Genomics: Forecasting with a Horizon Scan-like Exercise
Authors: Fitak Robert R , Antonides Jennifer D , Baitchman Eric J , Bonaccorso Elisa , Braun Josephine , Kubiski Steven , Chiu Elliott , Fagre Anna C , Gagne Roderick B , Lee Justin S , Malmberg Jennifer L , Stenglein Mark D , Dusek Robert J , Forgacs David , Fountain-Jones Nicholas M , Gilbertson Marie L J , Worsley-Tonks Katherine E L , Funk W Chris , Trumbo Daryl R , Ghersi Bruno M , Grimaldi Wray , Heisel Sara E , Jardine Claire M , Kamath Pauline L , Karmacharya Dibesh , Kozakiewicz Christopher P , Kraberger Simona , Loisel Dagan A , McDonald Cait , Miller Steven , O’Rourke Devon , Ott-Conn Caitlin N , Páez-Vacas Mónica , Peel Alison J , Turner Wendy C , VanAcker Meredith C , VandeWoude Sue , Pecon-Slattery Jill
Published: January 2019

The outbreak and transmission of disease-causing pathogens are contributing to the unprecedented rate of biodiversity decline. Recent advances in genomics have coalesced into powerful tools to monitor, detect, and reconstruct the role of pathogens impacting wildlife populations. Wildlife researchers are thus uniquely positioned to merge ecological and evolutionary studies with genomic technologies to exploit unprecedented “Big Data” tools in disease research; however, many researchers lack the training and expertise required to use these computationally intensive methodologies. To address this disparity, the inaugural “Genomics of Disease in Wildlife” workshop assembled early to mid-career professionals with expertise across scientific disciplines (e.g., genomics, wildlife biology, veterinary sciences, and conservation management) for training in the application of genomic tools to wildlife disease research. A horizon scanning-like exercise, an activity to identify forthcoming trends and challenges, performed by the workshop participants identified and discussed 5 themes considered to be the most pressing to the application of genomics in wildlife disease research: 1) “Improving communication,” 2) “Methodological and analytical advancements,” 3) “Translation into practice,” 4) “Integrating landscape ecology and genomics,” and 5) “Emerging new questions.” Wide-ranging solutions from the horizon scan were international in scope, itemized both deficiencies and strengths in wildlife genomic initiatives, promoted the use of genomic technologies to unite wildlife and human disease research, and advocated best practices for optimal use of genomic tools in wildlife disease projects. The results offer a glimpse of the potential revolution in human and wildlife disease research possible through multi-disciplinary collaborations at local, regional, and global scales.
Patterns of Coverage Gains Among Young Adult Cancer Patients Following the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Nogueira Leticia M , Chawla Neetu , Han Xuesong , Jemal Ahmedin , Yabroff K Robin
Published: January 2019

The dependent coverage expansion (DCE) and Medicaid expansions (ME) under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) may differentially affect eligibility for health insurance coverage in young adult cancer patients. Studies examining temporal patterns of coverage changes in young adults following these policies are lacking. We used data from the National Cancer Database 2003–2015 to conduct a quasi-experimental study of cancer patients ages 19–34 years, grouped as DCE-eligible (19- to 25-year-olds) and DCE-ineligible (27- to 34-year-olds). Although private insurance coverage in DCE-eligible cancer patients increased incrementally following DCE implementation (0.5 per quarter; P < .001), an immediate effect on Medicaid coverage gains was observed after ME in all young adult cancer patients (3.01 for DCE-eligible and 1.62 for DCE-ineligible, both P < .001). Therefore, DCE and ME each had statistically significant and distinct effects on insurance coverage gains. Distinct temporal patterns of ACA policies’ impact on insurance coverage gains likely affect patterns of receipt of cancer care. Temporal patterns should be considered when evaluating the impact of health policies.
The HST Large Programme on NGC 6752. I. Serendipitous discovery of a dwarf Galaxy in background
Authors: Bedin L R , Salaris M , Rich R M , Richer H , Anderson J , Bettoni D , Nardiello D , Milone A P , Marino A F , Libralato M , Bellini A , Dieball A , Bergeron P , Burgasser A J , Apai D
Published: January 2019

As part of a large Hubble Space Telescope investigation aiming at reaching the faintest stars in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 6752, an Advanced Camera for Surveys/Wide Field Channel field was the subject of deep optical observations reaching magnitudes as faint as V ∼ 30. In this field, we report the discovery of Bedin I, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy too faint and too close to the core of NGC 6752 for detection in earlier surveys. As it is of broad interest to complete the census of galaxies in the local Universe, in this letter we provide the position of this new object along with preliminary assessments of its main parameters. Assuming the same reddening as for NGC 6752, we estimate a distance modulus of (m − M)0 = 29.70 ± 0.13 from the observed red giant branch, i.e. 8.7$^{+0.5}_{-0.7}$ Mpc, and size of ∼840 × 340 pc, about one-fifth the size of the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comparison of the observed colour–magnitude diagram with synthetic counterparts, which account for the galaxy distance modulus, reddening, and photometric errors, suggests the presence of an old (∼13 Gyr) and metal-poor ([Fe/H] ∼ −1.3) population. This object is most likely a relatively isolated satellite dwarf spheroidal galaxy of the nearby great spiral NGC 6744, or potentially the most distant isolated dwarf spheroidal known with a secure distance.
Friendship network composition and subjective well-being
Authors: Awaworyi Churchill Sefa , Smyth Russell
Published: January 2019

Using data from the UK’s Community Life Survey, we present the first study to examine the relationship between heterogeneity in one’s friendship network and subjective well-being. We measure network heterogeneity by the extent to which one’s friends are similar to oneself with regard to ethnicity and religion. We find that people who have friendship networks with characteristics dissimilar to themselves have lower levels of subjective well-being. Specifically, our two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimates, using measures of ethnic and religious diversity based on the Herfindahl-type fractionalization index that are flipped between adjoining rural/urban areas as instruments, suggest that a standard deviation increase in the proportion of one’s friends from different ethnic (religious) groups is associated with a decrease of 0.276 (0.451) standard deviations in subjective well-being.
Non-Communicable Diseases and Global Health Politics
Authors: Magnusson Roger
Published: January 2019

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are responsible for around 70 percent of global deaths each year. This chapter describes how NCDs have become prevalent and critically evaluates global efforts to address NCDs and their risk factors, with a particular focus on the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) system. It explores the factors that have prevented those addressing NCDs from achieving access to resources and a priority commensurate with their impact on people’s lives. The chapter evaluates the global response to NCDs both prior to and since the UN High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, held in 2011, and considers opportunities for strengthening that response in future.
Consumer Transactions
Authors: Vargha Zsuzsanna
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers formal banking from the perspective of consumption, drawing on the sociology of money and finance and focusing on three aspects. First, it examines how transactions are organized in ways that keep consumers engaged in banking. It highlights the need to study the marketing and selling practices in finance and the lived experience of credit. Second, it shows how the assumed intermediary function of the banking system, as neutral carrier of impersonal funds, has been challenged by studies of financialization and discrimination, and substantively by fintech innovation. Third, the chapter turns to payments as a richly explored, yet neglected area of sociology, from closed informal circuits and the multiplicity of money forms to the large-scale infrastructural “rails” of finance. Finally, the chapter considers to what extent banking should increasingly be studied not as conveyor of finance but as an instrument of generating consumer data.
Fat as a Floating Signifier
Authors: Strings Sabrina
Published: January 2019

Studies on the development of fat stigma in the United States often consider gender, but not race. This chapter adds to the literature on the significance of race in the propagation of fat phobia. I investigate representations of voluptuousness among “white” Anglo-Saxon and German women, as well as “black” Irish women between 1830 and 1890—a time period during which the value of a curvy physique was hotly contested—performing a discourse analysis of thirty-three articles from top newspapers and magazines. I found that the rounded forms of Anglo-Saxon and German women were generally praised as signs of health and beauty. The fat Irish, by contrast, were depicted as grotesque. Building on the work of Stuart Hall, I conclude that fat was a “floating signifier” of race and national belonging. That is, rather than being universally lauded or condemned, the value attached to fatness was related to the race of its possessor.
Deviance Detection and Encoding Acoustic Regularity in the Auditory Midbrain
Authors: Malmierca Manuel S. , Carbajal Guillermo V. , Escera Carles
Published: January 2019

In the past, there was a rather corticocentric conception of the processing of relationships between sounds that used to mostly relegate the midbrain function to a mere relay. However, increasing neurophysiological evidence demonstrates that the midbrain is, in fact, playing a crucial role in encoding some sorts of regularities present in the flow of acoustic stimulation, adapting the neuronal response for processing efficiency. Midbrain neurons are capable of responding more rapidly and strongly when a new stimulus is not matching to a previously encoded regularity; a phenomenon referred to as deviance detection. This chapter discusses deviance detection evidence in the midbrain, mainly describing the characteristics and mechanisms of stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA), and closing with an interpretation from the standpoint of the predictive coding theory.
Japanese
Authors: Fukaya Teruhiko
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of, while examining various proposals for, ellipsis in Japanese. Fragments are examined, and it is claimed to be reasonable to assume that stripping, sluicing, and ellipsis in comparatives are a uniform phenomenon while short answers are distinct. It is also argued that the properties of Right-Node Raising can be best captured by a non-constituent string deletion analysis. Three approaches to null arguments are examined, and shortcomings in each are discussed. N’-deletion is then explored and claimed to be ambiguous between two structural possibilities: ellipsis and non-ellipsis. VP-ellipsis, gapping, and pseudo-gapping are also touched upon. One significant aspect of the ellipsis phenomena in Japanese illustrated in this chapter is that the presence and absence of a case-marker plays a crucial role, with case-marked and non-case-marked fragments being analyzed as instances of surface anaphora and deep anaphora, respectively. This indicates the importance of focusing on case-marked versions in the syntactic investigation of these phenomena.
ellipsis in simpler syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: January 2019

Same-Except is a fundamental domain-general cognitive relation in which entities in proximity to one another are judged to be the Same, Except for some part or property where they differ. This relation can be attested in non-linguistic modalities such as vision, audition, and taste, and it plays an important role in non-linguistic categorization. The chapter shows that this relation is expressed linguistically by means of a wide range of devices, including (a) lexical expressions such as same and except, (b) contrastive stress, (c) anaphora (e.g. definite and indefinite NP anaphora and VP anaphora), (d) ellipsis (e.g. bare argument ellipsis, sluicing, gapping, and VP-ellipsis), and (e) fixed expressions such as vice versa. This approach thereby unifies the semantics of all these phenomena under a common account that is based on a domain-general cognitive principle. The approach is compared with accounts of ellipsis based on syntactic copying or deletion, showing that both approaches have their difficulties.
Learning at the Edge
Authors: Petushek Erich , Arsal Güler , Ward Paul , Upton Mark , Whyte James , Hoffman Robert R.
Published: January 2019

Mentoring and coaching are effective and sometimes necessary strategies to foster the development of expertise. However, these learning enhancement methods are multifactorial and often ambiguously characterized. The goal of this chapter is to unpack this complex interactional relationship to more fully describe what it means to be an effective coach/mentor, and to better understand their role in developing expertise. Specifically, this chapter provides: (1) a detailed description of the different components and functions of mentoring, coaching, and preceptorship; (2) a summary of the meta-analytic evidence supporting the effectiveness of developmental support roles on a range of outcome measures (e.g., job performance); (3) a review of the empirical evidence supporting the development of expertise in mentoring-type roles; and (4) concluding remarks summarizing some of the major issues, and suggestions for how to advance this area of research.
Martin Heidegger
Authors: Fernandez Anthony Vincent
Published: January 2019

Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) is one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century. His influence, however, extends beyond philosophy. His account of Dasein, or human existence, permeates the human and social sciences, including nursing, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and artificial intelligence. This chapter outlines Heidegger’s influence on psychiatry and psychology, focusing especially on his relationships with the Swiss psychiatrists Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss. The first section outlines Heidegger’s early life and work, up to and including the publication of Being and Time, in which he develops his famous concept of being-in-the-world. The second section focuses on Heidegger’s initial influence on psychiatry via Binswanger’s founding of Daseinsanalysis, a Heideggerian approach to psychopathology and psychotherapy. The third section turns to Heidegger’s relationship with Boss, including Heidegger’s rejection of Binswanger’s Daseinsanalysis and his lectures at Boss’s home in Zollikon, Switzerland.
Paranoia
Authors: Scudellari Paolo
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the concept of “paranoia” from the perspective of phenomenological psychoptholgy. In so doing, it looks at the contribution of various authors, including Kohut who identifies in the bipolar shame/rabies oscillation a strongly connotative characteristic of the structure of paranoid personality in its potential delirious evolutions. This oscillation, in evolving toward the most stable condition of the “chronic narcissistic anger,” finds its most typical psychopathological expression in paranoid querulomanic delusions. The shame/rabies oscillation can be partially superimposed on the oscillation between the Astenic/Sthenic poles inside which, for Kretschmer, the whole arc of the paranoidal “delirious developments” unfolds. Cargnello suggests that the paranoid condition implies a regime of instability between two opposing polarities: the megalomaniac defense and the persecutory risk. This chapter discusses why, in the opinion of this author, the approach of many in the field, who focus on the behavioral aspects of paranoia, is lacking.
Policing Cybercrime through Law Enforcement and Industry Mechanisms
Authors: Holt Thomas J. , Lee Jin R.
Published: January 2019

Policing cybercrime through law enforcement and industry mechanisms are complicated processes that involve collaborative responses from various agencies. Due to the complexities involved in responding to cybercrime, many scholars, police administrators, and legislators have advocated for changes in the criminal justice response to online offenses. Furthermore, there is a clear need for improved relations between the public and private sector as they are the primary bodies who own and operate the infrastructure and devices that compose the Internet. Given the intricacies involved in regulating cybercrime, this chapter examines the current state of cybercrime investigation among law enforcement and industry, as well as its perceived benefits and shortcomings. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the challenges, risks, and implications posed by having extralegal efforts in concert with conventional criminal justice procedures in the fight against cybercrime offending and victimization.
The Archaeology of Early Christianity
Authors: Caraher William R. , Pettegrew David K.
Published: January 2019

Since the Renaissance, archaeology has played a significant albeit changing role in illuminating the history of early Christianity. This chapter surveys different historical approaches to archaeological investigations of Christianity, from early efforts to authenticate or disprove the traditions and practices of the Catholic church to the development of the field of early Christian archaeology in continental Europe and through to more recent efforts to reconstruct the social and economic contexts of early Christian sites and landscapes between the first and eighth centuries. This chapter offers a state of the field, highlighting the positive achievements of archaeologists over the last two centuries and drawing attention to problems of method, interpretation, and approach that modern scholars are working to correct. It recommends repositioning the field within the disciplinary framework of archaeology itself while also encouraging fruitful interdisciplinary conversation.
Baths, Christianity, and Bathing Culture in Late Antiquity
Authors: DeForest Dallas
Published: January 2019

Public bathing remained integral to social and daily life throughout Late Antiquity. This chapter explores how Christians used and received baths at this time by addressing the complex intersection of baths, Christianity, and public bathing culture. It provides an overview of baths in the Late Roman city and beyond, noting their continued ubiquity throughout the empire. And it details key changes to bath architecture introduced at this time, paying particular attention to the role of urban change and Christianity in this process. The chapter concludes with an overview of the various ways in which Christianity, baths, and bathing culture intersected directly during this important period of transition and transformation.
The Early Christian Archaeology of the Balkans
Authors: Bowden William
Published: January 2019

Textual sources attest to the early spread of Christianity across the Balkan region, and archaeological evidence demonstrates how the new religion transformed the built environment and material culture of the area in Late Antiquity, although dating and analysis of these buildings have tended to focus on stylistic and typological approaches. Prior to the late fourth century archaeological evidence of Christianity is mainly found in funerary contexts, but in the fifth and sixth centuries the urban and rural landscapes were transformed by the construction of Christian architecture, including the monumentalization of martyrs’ graves at towns such as Salona and the creation of major episcopal centers at provincial capitals such as Stobi and Nicopolis. These churches were funded by multiple individuals, evidenced by inscriptions that reference ecclesiastical and lay donors of both sexes. The location and design of many of the churches also reflect the increasingly militarized nature of the Late Antique Balkans.
Construction Morphology
Authors: Masini Francesca , Audring Jenny
Published: January 2019

The chapter provides an outline of Construction Morphology (Booij 2010), a recent model of morphology. The theory follows the basic tenets of Construction Grammar in treating form–meaning pairs (‘constructions’) as the basic units of language and assuming a continuum rather than a split between grammar and lexicon. Words and multi-word units are stored in memory if they have noncompositional properties and/or are conventionalized and frequent. Lexical items show a rich internal structure and are highly interconnected. Generalizations over stored items are captured in schemas: constructions consisting partly or entirely of variables. If productive, such schemas serve as templates for new words and word forms. Relations between schemas are captured in second-order schemas, which are particularly useful in modelling inflectional paradigms and paradigmatic word formation. The model offers a flexible architecture that complements construction-based syntax and accommodates both regularities and idiosyncrasies, as well as variation and change.