bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malignancy arising in seminal vesicles in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model
Authors: Yeh I‐Tien , Reddick Robert L. , Kumar Addanki Pratap
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND

Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, derived by prostate specific expression of SV40 large T antigen using the rat probasin promoter, all develop prostate tumors akin to human prostate cancers. More recently, epithelial–stromal (ES) tumors resembling phyllodes tumors have been described in the seminal vesicles of TRAMP mice. We report malignancy arising in these ES tumors of the seminal vesicles in TRAMP mice.

METHODS

H&E stained sections from 28‐week‐old TRAMP mice autopsies were examined. Immunostains (cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, and MIB‐1) and electron microscopy were performed on selected blocks of the genitourinary system and metastatic tumor nodules.

RESULTS

The seminal vesicles frequently develop tumors containing broad papillae, with bland epithelium and a cellular spindled stroma just beneath the epithelium. The stromal cells have high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, frequent apoptotic cells and mitoses. In some cases, the stromal cells become large mass lesions that overgrow the prostate. The epithelium can also proliferate and become malignant. The tumors have high proliferation indices by MIB‐1. Some metastatic tumors have characteristics similar to the seminal vesicle ES tumor.

CONCLUSIONS

Metastatic tumors in TRAMP mice show three patterns: (1) A definite adenocarcinoma pattern metastatic from the prostate; (2) poorly differentiated tumor without epithelial differentiation; (3) carcinosarcomatous pattern. The carcinosarcomatous pattern and some of the poorly differentiated tumors likely arise from seminal vesicle ES tumors. Prostate 69: 755–760, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution and current status of process safety management metrics
Authors: Cummings David E.
Published: January 2009

A broad, consistent set of process safety management metrics and leading indicators is important to effectively manage process safety and prevent incidents, help ensure regulatory compliance, meet internal policies, and verify that adequate management attention and resources are allotted to meet program needs. This article will review the development, current state, and future focus areas associated with the use of process safety metrics and leading indicators within The DuPont Company as a global manufacturing organization at a site, business, and corporate level. This includes a historical perspective of past metrics and their technical basis with a primary focus on incident classification and audit results, a review of recent improvements involving an expanded group of current metrics, and a general discussion of forward looking additional improvements. An overview of lessons learned, guidance, and challenges involving the development and use of process safety metrics and indicators within a global enterprise will also be provided. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Sexual recombination of carbendazim resistance in Fusarium graminearum under field conditions
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhou Ming‐Guo
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Carbendazim has been the major fungicide for control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwade in China. However, the effectiveness of carbendazim has been threatened by the emergence of resistant pathogen populations in the field.

RESULTS: Five isolates, representing three phenotypes of different carbendazim sensitivity levels (S, MR and HR), were randomly selected to study the inheritance of carbendazim resistance by three genetic crosses under field conditions. Each parent in all crosses was marked with a different class of nitrate non‐utilizing (nit) mutation. The presence of sexual recombinants indicated that outcrossing had occurred in the crosses. Over 100 putative self‐crossing or outcrossing perithecia for each cross were randomly sampled on the surface of the haulms of dead rice for each pair of parents. Results showed that 5.7–20.9% outcrossing frequency occurred in the three crosses and confirmed sexual recombination under field conditions. There were no significant differences in mycelial linear growth and pathogenicity between the selected recombinants and their parents, but they differed in sporulation ability and capacity to produce perithecia. Nevertheless, most of the sexual recombinants possessed fitness levels comparable with those of their parents.

CONCLUSION: Outcrossing between carbendazim‐sensitive and ‐resistant isolates did occur under field conditions, and sexual recombination must play a role in the development of carbendazim resistance in the field. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Optical properties of pure and transition metal‐doped indium oxide
Authors: Aliabad H. A. Rahnamaye , Hosseini S. M. , Kompany A. , Youssefi A. , Kakhki E. Attaran
Published: January 2009

The band structure, the dielectric function, the reflectivity, the refractive index and the oscillator strength sum rule were calculated for pure In2O3 and alloyed In1.5T0.5O3 (where T represents Sc, Y, La and Ac) using density functional theory (DFT). The full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method was used with the local density approximation (LDA + U). Calculations of the optical spectra were performed for the energy range 0–30 eV. The calculated results indicate that the upper valance bands of In2O3 show a small dispersion and the value of the band gap increases for Sc and Y dopants and decreases for Ac and La dopants. The calculations indicate that there are two band gaps for In2O3. The first shows a strong optical absorption, as a direct band gap occurs from a 0.81 eV energy level below the top of valence band. The second shows a much weaker absorption from the top of the valence band to the bottom of the conduction band. The refractive index for In2O3 is 1.69 nm at 800 nm, near the visible region. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulatory influence of prepubertal biochanin A exposure on mammary gland differentiation and expression of estrogen receptor‐α and apoptotic proteins
Authors: Mishra Prachi , Kar Anand , Kale Raosaheb K.
Published: January 2009

The modulatory influence of the phytoestrogen biochanin A, an isoflavinoid found in red clover (Trifolium pratense), on the differentiation and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and the expression of estrogen receptor‐alpha (ER‐α) in female prepubertal Sprague‐Dawley rat mammary glands was examined, for which there have been no reports to date. Biochanin A (500 µg/g bw) was injected subcutaneously on days 16, 18 and 20 post‐partum. The mammary gland was dissected out and terminal end buds, terminal ducts and lobules were counted. ER‐α, Bcl2, Bax and caspase‐3 expression were determined by immunohistochemistry. Estradiol benzoate (EB) (500 ng/g bw) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were used as the reference and vehicle, respectively. The results showed a significant enhancement of differentiation at post‐natal day (PND) 21 as well as at PND 50 in the mammary glands. There was a significant decrease of ER‐α expression at PND 21 and an increased expression of the same at PND 50, whereas increased proliferation at PND 21 and increased apoptosis at PND 50 in the mammary glands were observed in biochanin A treated animals. The mode and magnitude of the effect of biochanin A was almost similar to that of EB. These findings suggested that prepubertal exposure to biochanin A modulated the regulatory processes and in turn enhanced the differentiation and development of mammary glands in female rats. These observations may have significance in human health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of enteroprotective efficacy of triphala formulations (Indian Herbal Drug) on methotrexate‐induced small intestinal damage in rats
Authors: Nariya Mukeshkumar , Shukla Vinay , Jain Sunita , Ravishankar Basavaiah
Published: January 2009

Triphala is categorized as a rejuvenator and antioxidant‐rich Ayurvedic herbal formulation and has traditionally been used in various gastric problems including intestinal inflammation. The aim of the present study was to examine the comparative enteroprotective effect of Triphala formulations against methotrexate‐induced intestinal damage in rats. Triphala formulations were prepared by mixing equal (1:1:1) and unequal (1:2:4) proportions ofTerminalia chebulaRetz.,Terminalia belerica(Gaertn.) Roxb. andEmblica officinalisGaertn. Intestinal damage was induced by administering methotrexate (MTX) in a dose of 12 mg/kg, orally for 4 days to albino rats. The intestinal damage response was assessed by gross and microscopical injury, measuring the intestinal permeability to phenol red and tissue biochemical parameters. Triphala equal and unequal formulations at the dose of 540 mg/kg significantly restored the depleted protein level in brush border membrane of intestine, phospholipid and glutathione content and decreased the myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase level in intestinal mucosa of methotrexate‐treated rats. In addition, Triphala unequal formulation showed significant decrease in permeation clearance of phenol red with significant attenuation in the histopathological changes, level of disaccharidase in brush border membrane vesicles and lipid peroxidation content of intestinal mucosa. Based on the data generated, it is suggested that Triphala unequal formulation provides significantly more protection than Triphala equal formulation against methotrexate‐induced damage in rat intestine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of macrophages by polysaccharide–protein complex from Lycium barbarum L.
Authors: Chen Zhisong , Soo Mei Yun , Srinivasan Nalini , Tan Benny Kwong Huat , Chan Soh Ha
Published: January 2009

Macrophages play crucial roles in innate immunity. This paper reports that a polysaccharide–protein complex isolated from Lycium barbarum (LBP) is able to activate macrophages. LBP was isolated from Lycium barbarum fruit and separated to five homogenous fractions, designated LBPF1, LBPF2, LBPF3, LBPF4 and LBPF5. It was found that LBP (50 mg/kg, i.p.) markedly upregulated the expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II molecules on peritoneal macrophages. In vitro studies showed that LBP and LBPF1‐5 activated transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1 by RAW264.7 macrophage cells, induced TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐12p40 mRNA expression, and enhanced TNF‐α production in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, LBP (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly enhanced macrophage endocytic and phagocytic capacities in vivo. These results indicate that LBP enhances innate immunity by activating macrophages. The mechanism may be through activation of transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1 to induce TNF‐α production and upregulation of MHC class II costimulatory molecules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity of laherradurin and cherimolin‐2 of annona diversifolia saff
Authors: Schlie‐Guzmán María Adelina , García‐Carrancá Alejandro , González‐Esquinca Alma Rosa
Published: January 2009

Acetogenins from Annonaceae (ACG) are potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial complex I, they present cytotoxic activity on neoplasic lines, including those with multiresistance to drugs. In vivo antitumor activities of some ACG have been reported; however, no information is available regarding the relationship between their cytotoxic activity in cell cultures and their antiproliferative action in vivo. Laherradurin and cherimolin‐2 acetogenins were isolated from Annona diversifolia seeds, and their inhibitory potential was analysed in vitro on HeLa and SW‐480 cells. Doses containing 1, 10, 100 and 500 times the IC50 obtained from the proliferation assays and multiplied by the weight of the animal, were injected once daily into athymic mice bearing these cancer cell lines; their effect upon tumor growth was measured over a period of 20 days. Laherradurin was more active than cherimolin‐2, and it showed in in vitro proliferation assays a similar IC50 in both neoplasic lines. In athymic mice, laherradurin administered in 10×, 100× and 500× doses, reduced the size of HeLa tumors, and with 100× and 500× doses, affected the SW‐480 tumor development. These doses were similar to results found with the control drug doxorubicin (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, cherimolin‐2 had an effect on HeLa tumors cells at 100× and 500× doses (p ≤ 0.05). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crude cacaotheobroma cacaoextract reduces mutagenicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene through inhibition of CYP1A activityin vitro
Authors: Ohno Marumi , Sakamoto Kentaro Q , Ishizuka Mayumi , Fujita Shoichi
Published: January 2009

Polyphenols have been shown to have potent antioxidant activity, and therefore, food containing polyphenols is expected to contribute to the prevention of cancer. However, food contains not only polyphenols but also various other constituents. We used the Ames test to investigate the effects of crude extracts of whole cacao products, which are known to be rich in polyphenols, on the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) inSalmonella typhimuriumstrain TA 98 and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) inS. typhimuriumstrain TA 102. B[a]P induces mutagenicity by metabolic activation and t‐BuOOH induces it by generation of free radicals. While white chocolate did not modulate the numbers of revertant colonies produced by B[a]P treatment, milk chocolate and cacao powder extracts did. On the other hand, surprisingly, none of the cacao products tested affected the number of revertant colonies when t‐BuOOH was used as the mutagen. At maximum concentration (13.25 mg cacao powder/ml), the crude cacao powder extract reduced ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase activity to 17.4% of the control, suggesting that whole cacao products inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A activity. In conclusion, inhibition of CYP1A activity by cacao products may prevent DNA damage by reducing metabolic activation of carcinogens. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epitope mapping by amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with immobilization of antibody, on‐line proteolysis, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Coales Stephen J. , Tuske Steven J. , Tomasso Justine C. , Hamuro Yoshitomo
Published: January 2009

The epitope of horse cytochrome c against monoclonal antibody E8 was determined using amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange combined with immobilized antibody, on‐line pepsin proteolysis, liquid chromatography (LC), and mass spectrometry (MS). The results were generally in good agreement with contact residues identified by an X‐ray co‐crystal structure of the E8–cytochrome c complex and results obtained by H/D exchange with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The H/D exchange reaction of cytochrome c was carried out in the presence or absence of immobilized E8 antibody. Regions that gained less deuterium in the presence of the antibody than in its absence are defined as the epitope by the H/D exchange MS method. Control experiments were carefully designed to help identify the epitope with high confidence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implemented edge shape of an electrical stimulus capsule
Authors: Woo Sang Hyo , Kim Tae Wan , Lee Jyung Hyun , Kim Pil Un , Won Chui Ho , Cho Jin Ho
Published: January 2009

Background

Recently, a capsule endoscope has been developed and many researchers have been trying to develop locomotive capsules. To develop locomotive capsules, the inner volume of the capsule has to be large enough to insert actuators, and the edge shape of the exterior capsule has to be suitable for locomotion. There are many locomotional methods, but an electrical stimulus method provides the appropriate power consumption, plus the shape of the capsule is the same as general telemetry capsules. In this paper, the optimal shape of the electrical stimulus capsule (ESC) was designed and implemented to provide the appropriate inner volume and moving speed of the capsule.

Methods

A simple mathematical model was used to simulate various capsule shapes, and simple mathematical formulae were used to simulate the relationship between the shape of the edge of the capsule and the contraction force of the small intestine. The optimal edge shape of the capsule was decided based on the crossing point of the volume and moving speed. To verify the simulation, two capsules were implemented as the control and experimental groups.

Results

From thein vitroexperiments, four fresh intestines were used to measure the moving speed of the capsules. The average speed of the proposed capsule was 0.125 ± 0.096 cm/s (20 V, 10 ms, 20 Hz), while the control group capsule was only 0.016 ± 0.33 cm/s (20 V, 10 ms, 20 Hz), and both groups showed a significant difference from the statistical analysis (p< 0.001, Mann–Whitney rank sum test).

Conclusions

This paper presents a proposed design for the external shape of the ESC that could fill the need of researchers who want more inner volume and doctors who want to prevent the capsule from being stuck in the intestine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust computer‐controlled system for intracytoplasmic sperm injection and subsequent cell electro‐activation
Authors: Tan K. K. , Huang S. , Tang K. Z.
Published: January 2009

Introduction

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and the subsequent cell electro‐activation process is a relatively new enhanced procedure to address male factor infertility. The current method involves the engagement of experienced embryologists for such a purpose. More advanced methodologies, which use high precision instrumentation tools, will speed up the whole procedure.

Methods

In this paper, the development of a computer‐controlled system for ICSI and the subsequent cell electro‐activation process is presented. The system is integrated to a microinjection workstation and piezo‐actuator to perform the ICSI procedure, with vision capability to automatically position the components precisely. A micro‐pump assembly is utilized for automatic medium refreshment and a heater plate assembly provides temperature control during the cell electro‐activation process. The overall system is comprehensive, comprising modular functional components integrated within a hardware architecture.

Results

Experimental results on mice oocytes verified the effectiveness of the developed system over the current method.

Conclusions

Further improvements on the instrumentation tools will improve the robustness and overall performance of the developed system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted driving using visual tracking on Mars: From research to flight
Authors: Kim Won S. , Nesnas Issa A. , Bajracharya Max , Madison Richard , Ansar Adnan I. , Steele Robert D. , Biesiadecki Jeffrey J. , Ali Khaled S.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents the development, validation, and deployment of the visual target tracking capability onto the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission. Visual target tracking enables targeted driving, in which the rover approaches a designated target in a closed visual feedback loop, increasing the target position accuracy by an order of magnitude and resulting in fewer ground‐in‐the‐loop cycles. As a result of an extensive validation, we developed a reliable normalized cross‐correlation visual tracker. To enable tracking with the limited computational resources of a planetary rover, the tracker uses the vehicle motion estimation to scale and roll the template image, compensating for large image changes between rover steps. The validation showed that a designated target can be reliably tracked within several pixels or a few centimeters of accuracy over a 10‐m traverse using a rover step size of 10% of the target distance in any direction. It also showed that the target is not required to have conspicuous features and can be selected anywhere on natural rock surfaces excluding rock boundary and shadowed regions. The tracker was successfully executed on the Opportunity rover near Victoria Crater on four distinct runs, including a single‐sol instrument placement. We present the flight experiment data of the tracking performance and execution time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A small sample study of the STEPP approach to assessing treatment–covariate interactions in survival data
Authors: Bonetti Marco , Zahrieh David , Cole Bernard F. , Gelber Richard D.
Published: January 2009

A new, intuitive method has recently been proposed to explore treatment–covariate interactions in survival data arising from two treatment arms of a clinical trial. The method is based on constructing overlapping subpopulations of patients with respect to one (or more) covariates of interest and in observing the pattern of the treatment effects estimated across the subpopulations. A plot of these treatment effects is called a subpopulation treatment effect pattern plot. Here, we explore the small sample characteristics of the asymptotic results associated with the method and develop an alternative permutation distribution‐based approach to inference that should be preferred for smaller sample sizes. We then describe an extension of the method to the case in which the pattern of estimated quantiles of survivor functions is of interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltage stability assessment of grid‐connected offshore wind farms
Authors: Singh Bharat , Singh S. N.
Published: January 2009

With increased penetration of on‐shore and off‐shore wind power generation in the highly interconnected grid may lead the security, stability and reliability problems of the power system operation. In this paper, two generalized voltage collapse indices, which represent the distance to voltage collapse in terms of loading margin to maximum loading, suitable for offshore wind farms having long transmission system are derived. Generalized dynamic voltage collapse index (GDVCI) is used to initiate the preventive measures for control & protection of wind farm by employing a set of local measurements. The effectiveness of the proposed GDVCI is tested on a detailed and realistic power system having wind farms connected through long submarine/onshore cable. Dynamic responses of offshore wind farms are demonstrated. The effects of on‐load tap changers (OLTC) operation on voltage collapse have also been analysed analytically. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responding to the crisis: RALLY's developmental and relational approach
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Malti Tina
Published: January 2009

The authors introduce the RALLY (Responsive Advocacy for Life and Learning in Youth) approach. RALLY is a school‐ and afterschool‐based approach addressing academic success, youth development, and mental health for youth. Based on developmental and relational principles, RALLY's main goals are to promote students' resiliency, development, and academic functioning, as well as to reduce the typical adolescent's risks. By implementing a new professional role of RALLY practitioners, who are developmental specialists and interconnect the different social worlds of students, RALLY creates the resources to provide social opportunities and quality practices to meet students' needs and facilitate their growth. A three‐tiered system helps to implement mental health and educational practice, thus providing differential support for students with different needs. Early identification of risks and resiliencies helps to avoid chronicity and pinpoint adequate treatments as soon as possible.
Program evaluation: Relationships as key to student development
Authors: Malti Tina , Schwartz Sarah E. O. , Liu Cindy H. , Noam Gil G.
Published: January 2009

Evaluation is an important program component of RALLY and helps to document the gains that stem from this program. This article describes the quality of RALLY implementation and selected student outcomes of an exemplary RALLY program at an urban middle school. The findings showed effects on students' resiliency as well as academic success, as indicated by student, practitioner, and teacher reports. The practitioners and teachers also reported a decrease in students' behavioral problems. Relationships to practitioners and a developmental orientation proved to be of key significance for changes in students' resiliency and academic outcomes.
Future systemic transformations
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Malti Tina
Published: January 2009

This final article addresses the need to create further evidence that the integration of student support and afterschool programming enhances student learning and thriving inside and outside schools. Many models are being put forward to address student support, but research findings on their effectiveness have been surprisingly mixed and designs have often been flawed. When interventions are tied to classrooms and support students, teachers, and administrators, an increase in effectiveness can be expected as compared to a wraparound model that leaves the classroom and much of the school day as the sole domain of teachers. The authors describe the next steps for the RALLY approach, especially the creation of a train‐the‐trainer model for school districts, after‐school programs, and mental health agencies.
Synthesis and Characterization of New M‐Triazole Complexes (M = Co, Cu, Zn)
Authors: Zhang Yin‐Li , Chen San‐Ping , Gao Sheng‐Li
Published: January 2009

Three new complexes with the ligand 3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole (Hdatrz), [Co3(μ2‐Hdatrz)6(H2O)6]·(NO3)8·4H2O (1), [Cu3(μ2‐Hdatrz)4(μ2‐Cl)2(H2O)2Cl2]·Cl2·4H2O·2C2H5OH (2) and {[Zn2(μ2‐SO4) (μ3‐datrz)2]·2H2O}n (3) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 1 has a linear trinuclear mixed‐valence cobalt structure with six neutral triazole ligands in the N(1), N(2)‐bridging mode. The central cobalt atom, Co(1), is coordinated to six nitrogen atoms (octahedral) whereas the terminal cobalt atom, Co(2), is coordinated to an N3O3 moiety (octahedral). In complex 1, the uudd cyclic water clusters, nitrate anions and the trimeric cations are linked to a supramolecular structure. Complex 2 features a linear trinuclear copper(II) core, with four N(1), N(2)‐bridging triazole ligands and two chlorido bridges. The central copper atom is coordinated to an N4Cl2 moiety (octahedral) whereas the terminal copper is coordinated to an N2Cl2O moiety (square‐pyramidal). In complex 2, tetrahedral hydrogen bonding interactions play an important role to form a supramolecular network. Complex 3 exhibits a polymeric structure, with N(1), N(2), N(4)‐bridging triazolate ligands and sulfate bridges, in which zinc is coordinated to an N3O moiety (tetrahedral). In complex 3, water molecules and sulfate anions construct the sulfate‐water supramolecular chain with hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the complexes were investigated by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric measurements.
Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescent Properties of [C6N2H14][Nd2(C2O4)2(SO4)2(H2O)4]·H2O, a New Organically Templated Neodymium(III) Oxalate‐sulfate
Authors: Xu Ning , Xing Yan , Liu Xianchun , Song Danhui , Ma Ling , Sun Xiujuan
Published: January 2009

An organically templated neodymium oxalate–sulfate [C6N2H14][Nd2(C2O4)2(SO4)2(H2O)4]·H2O (1) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In 1, the neodymium(III) ions are interconnected through oxalate and sulfate groups to form a neodymium oxalate–sulfate hybrid structure. A luminescence spectrum of 1 was recorded, and the luminescence decay time was also measured.
Lipid content and fatty acid profiles of various deep‐fat fried foods
Authors: Smith L. M. , Clifford A. J. , Creveling R. K. , Hamblin C. L.
Published: January 2009

Forty‐one brands of nine different types of snack and convenience foods were purchased from food stores and fast service restaurants in the Sacramento area of California. All samples had been prepared by deep‐fat frying. They included potato chips, corn chips, tortilla chips, cheese chips, cheese puffs, cake donuts, french fries, chicken pieces and fish pieces. These samples were analyzed in duplicate for total fat and fatty acid composition. The total lipid content of each type of food varied among different commercial sources; the average percentages were as follows: potato chips, 40; cheese puffs, 38; corn chips, 35; cheese chips, 25; tortilla chips, 24; cake donuts, 22; chicken thighs, 14; french fried potatoes, 14, and fish pieces, 10. The fatty acid profiles of the total lipids in several brands of potato chips were relatively constant. The fatty acid profiles of the total lipids in the corn and cheese snack foods varied widely. Fatty acid compositions of donuts, chicken and fish pieces and french fries were influenced by the amount and fatty acid profile of the lipids in each uncooked food, as well as by the composition of the cooking fat.
Continuous hydrolysis of olive oil by lipase in microporous hydrophobic membrane bioreactor
Authors: Hoq Mohammad Mozammel , Yamane Tsuneo , Shimizu Shoichi , Funada Tadashi , Ishida Shiro
Published: January 2009

Continuous hydrolysis of olive oil byCandida cylindracea's lipase was studied in a microporous hydrophobic membrane bioreactor. Olive oil and buffer solution, fed continuously through two compartments partitioned by membrane, caused reaction at the interface of lipase‐adsorbed membrane and buffer solution. Fatty acid was obtained in a single phase without being mixed with components of other phases. At all mean residence times, countercurrent flow mode was superior to cocurrent one. The lipase was adsorbed onto the membrane, and its adsorption was suggested to be partially specific from the experiments with enzymes having various levels of purity. The percent hydrolysis depended hyperbolically on the interfacial enzyme concentration. The hydrolysis seemed to be limited by diffusion of fat or fatty acid through the micropores of the membrane at higher interfacial enzyme concentrations. The lipase was stabilized significantly by glycerol added to the buffer solution. Satisfactory performance of the membrane bioreactor was obtained in a longterm continuous operation which lasted for 24 days by feeding buffer‐glycerol (18.0%) solution over the adsorbed lipase. The operational half‐life of the adsorbed enzyme was 15 days at 40 C.
Factors affecting cloud point analysis of palm oleins
Authors: Siew W. L. , Oh F. C. H. , Ong A. S. H.
Published: January 2009

Some of the factors affecting cloud point determination of palm oleins are described. These are the type of container used, method of stirring, rate of stirring and bath temperature. The repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations of the method are determined from collaborative trials. Recommendations for the test are made to reduce the large variations among laboratories.
Comparison of commercially available quaternary ammonium structures for phase transfer catalysis
Authors: Friedli F. E. , Vetter T. L. , Bursik M. J.
Published: January 2009

A variety of commercially available tetralkyl (R1R2R3R4N+) ammonium chlorides and methyl sulfate salts were examined under phase transfer conditions. For conversion of benzyl chloride to benzyl acetate with aqueous potassium acetate, tri C8–10 methyl ammonium chloride was the most efficient, with tri C16–18 methyl ammonium chloride was next. The alkyl trimethyl ammonium chlorides (particularly C12–14 trimethyl) performed well for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with sodium hypochlorite. Trimethyl tallow, C16–18 partially unsaturated, ammonium chloride was the catalyst of choice for the dichlorocarbene addition to cyclohexene.
Recovery of water‐soluble solvents from oilseeds
Authors: Karnofsky George
Published: January 2009

Water‐soluble solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol are recovered from oilseeds in equipment similar to that used for recovering hexane, but the bases for design are considerably different. Present and future commercial processes employing aqueous solvents are described, and desolventizing extracted particulates from them examined, particularly as they are affected by the concentration of alcohol in the solvent.
Fatty acid compositions of seed oils of sevenhibiscus species of malvaceae
Authors: Rao K. Sundar , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: January 2009

The seeds of sevenHibiscus (Malvaceae) species, viz.,H. surattensis, H. vitifolius, H. hirtus, H. punctatus, H. zeylanicus, H. micranthus andH. solandra, contained 13–17% oil. Linoleic acid predominated (43.9–67.6%) in the component fatty acids of all the oils, followed by palmitic (15.1–30.1%) and oleic acids (5.9–24.8%), while malvalic, sterculic, dihydrosterculic and epoxy acids were present in small concentrations (1.7–8.4, 0.6–3.9, trace‐2.1, trace‐0.5%, respectively).
Suitability of hydrogenated soybean oils for prefrying of deep‐frozen french fries
Authors: Keijbets M. J. H. , Ebbenhorst‐Seller G. , Ruisch J.
Published: January 2009

The suitability of hydrogenated soybean oils (fats) for prefrying of deep‐frozen french fries has been investigated in a frying and storage experiment with five hydrogenated oils, of which four were commercially available and one was experimentally prepared. Three frying oils were hydrogenated soybean fats (0% C18:2 and C18:3), one was a partly hydrogenated soybean oil (25% C18:2; 0% C18:3) and one a hydrogenated palm fat (0% C18:2). An intermittent frying and heating procedure was used.

Prefried french fries were stored deep‐frozen at −18 to −20 C for a period of one year. Although differences in hydrolysis and oxidation during frying were observed, the five hydrogenated frying oils were quite stable. During the storage period, hydrolytic and oxidative changes in the oil phase of prefried french fries were not detected, regardless of the frying oil used. Only slight changes in sensory quality could be detected in all french fry samples stored for one year at −18 to −20 C.

Some differences in odor and taste of finish‐fried french fries observed initially were not observed after prolonged storage. Thus, it has been concluded that hydrogenated soybean oils, including a partly hydrogenated one, are suitable for prefrying french fries and for long‐term storage of deep‐frozen products.
Processing of prepressed solvent extracted oil from indian soybean‐refining loss studies
Authors: Sharma N. K. , Taneja V. K. , Wagle R. D. , Patel S. M.
Published: January 2009

Degumming of soybean oil considerably reduces the free fatty acid (FFA) content of the oil. Lowering of refining loss when oil is degummed prior to caustic treatment is attributed to this reduction in FFA and the excess carry over of neutral oil, because gums are excellent emulsifiers. Pretreatment of solvent extracted soybean oil with phosphoric acid followed by water degumming and caustic refining results in a lower refining loss and considerable reduction in caustic requirement in comparison to the conventional process based on water degumming followed by gum conditioning with phosphoric acid and caustic refining. The process gives sharp and fast separation of gums from the oil.
Effects of processing on physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition ofhibiscus sabdariffa seed oil
Authors: Sarojini G. , Rao K. Chittemma , Tulpule P. G. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: January 2009

Expeller pressed crudeHibiscus sabdariffa seed oil (mesta oil) is dark and most unappealing. On refining, the appearance of the oil is improved. The unusual fatty acids present in theH. sabdariffa seed oil, cyclopropene acids (malvalic C18H32O2 and sterculic C19H34O2) and epoxy oleic acid (C18H32O3), are not reduced by refining. Partial hydrogenation did not reduce the epoxy oleic acid, but it eliminated the cyclopropene acids. Heating for 10 min was sufficient for complete elimination of cyclopropene acids, but heating up to 60 min did not affect the epoxy acid.
Retention behavior of triglycerides on reverse phase columns using pseudophase liquid chromatography
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Pattee H. E.
Published: January 2009

The use of micellar mobile phases in decreasing the elution time of peanut triglycerides on 10µ reverse phase columns is demonstrated. Both cationic and anionic surfactants were used with “end‐capped” and “non‐end‐capped” reverse phase columns. Surfactants added to both nonaqueous and aqueous organic mobile phases reduced the elution time of all triglyceride peaks when compared to a mobile phase without a surfactant modifier. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the modifier in the mobile phase was the most effective in reducing elution time for triglycerides when an “end‐capped” column was used as the stationary medium. Increasing concentrations of surfactant in the mobile phase resulted in corresponding decreases in elution times. A unique feature of micellar phases is that any increase in concentration only alters the concentration of the micelles in the mobile phase. The objective of this study was to investigate the retention behavior of large, non‐ionic solute molecules and to elucidate the adsorption mechanism on reverse phase columns.
Determination of ascorbyl palmitate by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Vicente Thelma S. , Waysek Edward H. , Cort Winifred M.
Published: January 2009

An HPLC method for the determination of ascorbyl palmitate in vegetable oil and lard has been developed. Chromatographic conditions consist of a diamine column, a mobile phase of 70:30 (v/v) methanol:0.02M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer, pH 3.5, and UV detection. Samples were extracted with methanol. An overall average recovery value of 96.7% was obtained for ascorbyl palmitate in five representative vegetable oils and lard.
Stability studies on methyl and ethyl fatty acid esters of sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Du Plessis L. M. , De Villiers J. B. M. , Van Der Walt W. H.
Published: January 2009

Fatty acid esters, high in linoleic acid, were prepared and stored for long‐term engine tests. Storage tests with these esters were undertaken to obtain more information on optimal storage requirements and general stability characteristics.

Samples were kept at three temperature levels (20 C, 30 C and fluctuating around 50 C) for a 90‐day period and were removed at regular intervals for chemical and physical analysis. The influence of air, temperature, light, TBHQ and contact with mild steel was evaluated by comparing the free fatty acid, peroxide, anisidine, ultraviolet absorption, viscosity and induction periods. A statistical model was used to evaluate the data and to reduce the large number of data points to comparable curves.

Storage of esters in contact with air, especially at a temperature above 30 C, resulted in significant increases in peroxide, ultraviolet absorption, free fatty acid, viscosity and anisidine values. Exclusion of air retarded oxidation at all temperature levels.

A direct relationship between viscosity increases and oxidation parameters was evident. Exposure to light caused a small increase in the oxidation parameters of esters stored at the highest temperature level. Addition of TBHQ prevented oxidation of samples stored under moderate conditions. Under unfavorable storage conditions the anti‐oxidant was no longer effective. Mild steel had very little effect on the oxidation parameters. Only the anisidine values of samples stored at the highest temperature level were slightly increased. Methyl esters performed slightly better than ethyl esters during the storage test.

The following practical guidelines for storage of fatty acid ester fuels are: (i) airtight containers should be used; (ii) the storage temperature should be <30 C; (iii) mild steel (rust free) containers may be used, and (iv) TBHQ has a beneficial effect on oxidation stability.
Adsorption of soy oil phospholipids on silica
Authors: Brown Helen G. , Snyder Harry E.
Published: January 2009

An experimental method for adsorption of phospholipids from soybean oil was developed based on chromatographic properties of the oil components. The traditional method for removing phospholipids involves hydrating the gums. However, when crude oil in hexane is applied to thin layers or columns of silica, the phospholipids irreversibly adsorb. The triglycerides can be eluted with non‐polar solvents and phospholipids with a polar solvent system. Hence, there is a basis for a selective adsorption of phospholipids on silica.

The system involved stirring one hundred milliliters of oil in solvent (i.e., miscella) with one gram of silica for 15 min. The phosphorus content, before and after the reaction, was analyzed by wet ashing and Fiske‐Subbarow colorimetric reaction. Addition of isopropanol (at least 1%) to the hexane miscella caused an increase in phosphorus adsorption, most likely due to liberating triglyceride from adsorption sites. Increased adsorption was achieved by deactivating the silica. Oil concentration did not appear to affect the adsorption. The amount of phosphorus adsorbed depended on the concentration of the phospholipid.

When phospholipid adsorbed per gram of silica is plotted vs the residual phospholipid, the plot resembles a Freundlich isotherm for reversible adsorption. Yet the adsorption is irreversible. Possible explanations for this type of adsorptive behavior are explored.
Polymorphism of hydrogenated canola oil
Authors: Naguib‐Mostafa Azza , deMan John M.
Published: January 2009

The polymorphism of hydrogenated Canola oil was investigated using X‐ray diffraction. The effects of hydrogenation conditions (selective: 200 C; 48 kPa hydrogen pressure, and nonselective: 160 C; 303 kPa) and degree of unsaturation on the transformation β′ → β are discussed. A densitometer was used to follow the changes in the relative density of the characteristic short spacings, in an attempt to present a semiquantitative measure of β′ « β transformation during storage. The samples studied were selectively and nonselectively hydrogenated Canola oils of iodine values (IV) 70 and 60, respectively. Among the 4 samples, the selectively hydrogenated sample with IV 70 was the most stable and the nonselectively hydrogenated sample with IV 60 the least stable.
Fatty acid development in a soybean mutant with high stearic acid
Authors: Graef G. L. , Miller L. A. , Fehr W. R. , Hammond E. G.
Published: January 2009

The fatty acid composition of developing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) seeds was evaluated in the mutant line, A6, and its parent, FA8077. Seeds of both lines were harvested at 2‐day intervals from 15 to 39 days after flowering (DAF) and at 4‐day intervals from 39 DAF until maturity. Significant differences between the two lines were observed for stearic and oleic acid percentages at 19 DAF. The maximum difference between the lines was at 25 DAF, when A6 had 45.4% and FA8077 had 4.1% stearic acid. The increase in stearic acid percentage in A6 was accompanied by a decrease in oleic acid to 16.8% at 25 DAF, compared with 53.7% oleic acid for FA8077. The two lines did not differ in development of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The protein and oil content of mature seeds were similar for the two lines.
Animal fat feedstocks for oleochemicals
Authors: Maerker Gerhard
Published: January 2009

Inedible tallow is a major raw material source in the manufacture of fatty acids and hence in the production of oleochemicals. The U.S. generates about 55% of the world's total tallow production of six million metric tons, but supplies about 80% of the tallow imported by other countries. U.S. inedible tallow and grease usually is a blend whose principal component is rendered beef fat. It consistently has been and still is the least expensive of the various fats and oils and is traded in various grades depending on physical characteristics.
Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia in a Malaysian family: Clinical outcome and description of a novel PMM2 mutation
Authors: Thong M. K. , Fietz M. , Nicholls C. , Lee M. H. , Asma O.
Published: January 2009

There are few reports of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) in the Asian population, although they have been reported worldwide. We identified a Malaysian infant female at 2 days of life with CDG type Ia. The diagnosis was suspected on the basis of inverted nipples and abnormal fat distribution. She had cerebellar hypoplasia and developed coagulopathy, hypothyroidism and severe pericardial effusion and died at 7 months of life. The diagnosis was supported by abnormal serum transferrin isoform pattern that showed elevated levels of the disialotransferrin isoform and trace levels of the asialotransferrin isoform. Enzyme testing of peripheral leukocytes showed decreased level of phosphomannomutase (PMM) activity (0.6 nmol/min per mg protein, normal range 1.6–6.2) and a normal level of phosphomannose isomerase activity (19 nmol/min per mg protein, normal range 12–25), indicating a diagnosis of CDG type Ia. Mutation study of the PMM2 gene showed the patient was heterozygous for both the common p.R141H (c.422T>A) mutation and a novel sequence change in exon 7, c.618C>A. The latter change is predicted to result in the replacement of the highly conserved phenylalanine residue at position 206 with a leucine residue (p.F206L) and occurs in the same codon as the previously reported p.F206S mutation. Analysis of 100 control chromosomes has shown that the p.F206L sequence change is not present, making it highly likely that this change is functionally important. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CDG in the Malay population. Prenatal diagnosis was successfully performed in a subsequent pregnancy for this family.
Determination of Coenzyme Q9 and Q10 in Developing Palm Fruits
Authors: Ng Mei Han , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock , Hashim Mohd. Ali
Published: January 2009

A series of biochemical changes took place as oil palm fruits developed into maturity. Among these are the active synthesis of glycerides as well as unsaponifiable compounds such as carotenes, vitamin E, sterols and squalene. Coenzyme Q9 and Q10 were found to be present at different stages of the oil palm fruits development. The presence of coenzyme Q9 was detected as early as 4 weeks after anthesis (WAA) and its concentration diminished as the oil palm fruits ripen. Coenzyme Q10 on the other hand, can only be detected from 12WAA onwards and its concentration remained at an elevated level throughout the remaining development period of the oil palm fruits. Their occurrence pattern suggested that there is a strong relationship between the concentration of coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 with the age of the oil palm fruits.
Chemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil
Authors: Marina A. M. , Che Man Y. B. , Nazimah S. A. H. , Amin I.
Published: January 2009

A study on the commercial virgin coconut oil (VCO) available in the Malaysian and Indonesian market was conducted. The paper reported the chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of VCO. There was no significant difference in lauric acid content (46.64–48.03%) among VCO samples. The major triacylglycerols obtained for the oils were LaLaLa, LaLaM, CLaLa, LaMM and CCLa (La, lauric; C, capric; M, myristic). Iodine value ranged from 4.47 to 8.55, indicative of only few unsaturated bond presence. Saponification value ranged from 250.07 to 260.67 mg KOH/g oil. The low peroxide value (0.21–0.57 mequiv oxygen/kg) signified its high oxidative stability, while anisidine value ranged from 0.16 to 0.19. Free fatty acid content of 0.15–0.25 was fairly low, showing that VCO samples were of good quality. All chemical compositions were within the limit of Codex standard for edible coconut oil. Total phenolic contents of VCO samples (7.78–29.18 mg GAE/100 g oil) were significantly higher than refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) coconut oil (6.14 mg GAE/100 g oil). These results suggest that VCO is as good as RBD coconut oil in chemical properties with the added benefit of being higher in phenolic content.