bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Abstinence in the Genesis of Alcoholic Epilepsy
Authors: VICTOR M. , BRAUSCH C.
Published: August 2010

RÉASUMÉA

 Ce travail concerne l'observation clinique de 241 sujets alcooliques preAsentant des crises convulsives. Trois groupes de patients ont pu eCtre distingueAes dont le plus important comporte 90% des sujets examineAs.

 Dans le groupe le plus important, les crises, de type grand mal, apparaissent aG l'aCge adulte et surviennent de facLon isoleAe ou reApeAteAes en breGves seAries lors du sevrage alcoolique apreGs une peAriode d'intoxication chronique. L'E.E.G. est normal sauf dans la peAriode immeAdiatement post‐critique. Des eApisodes de delirium tremens surviennent dans 1/3 des cas, toujours apreGs la fin des crises.

 La moitieA environ des sujets de ce premier groupe montre une sensibiliteA anormale aG la stimulation lumineuse qui est en relation chronologique preAcise avec les crises par rapport au sevrage alcoolique et aux eApisodes de delirium.

 Deux groupes plus reAduits ont eAteA isoleAs. L'un comprend 7 patients souffrant d'une eApilepsie idiopathique, qui sont devenus alcooliques apreGs le deAbut de leurs crises. L'autre comprend 21 patients alcooliques ayant preAalablement subi un traumatisme cranien; il est caracteAriseA par une grande proportion de crises focales et d'anomalies E.E.G. Dans ces deux derniers groupes les crises surviennent sous l'effet ou en dehors de l'effet de l'alcool, mais plus particulieGrement dans la premieGre condition.

 En ce qui concerne l'E.E.G. aux diffeArentes eAtapes de l'intoxication alcoolique, il est normal chez les alcooliques qui preAsentent des crises eApileptiques, sauf de facLon treGs transitoire, dans les peAriodes de sevrage apreGs un abus, il est au contraire anormal chez les eApileptiques aG crises renforceAes par l'alcool. Ces constatations E.E.G. confirment l'impression clinique que l'eApilepsie alcoolique est engendreAe par l'alcool lui‐meCme et infirment la notion suivant laquelle l'alcool ne ferait que preAcipiter les crises eApileptiques chez des sujets qui preAsentent des crises ou sont “constitutionnellement” preAdisposeAs aux convulsions.

 Le facteur le plus important dans la geneGse de l'eApilepsie alcoolique semble eCtre le sevrage de l'alcool apreGs une peAriode d'abus chronique. Ce facteur joue un roCle eAvident dans la forme habituelle de l'eApilepsie alcoolique, mais il est aussi preAsent dans les cas d'eApilepsie idiopathique ou post‐traumatique favoriseAs par l'alcool. Le meAcanisme responsable des manifestations du sevrage alcoolique est encore inconnu de facLon preAcise.
The Preparation of Tungstic Acid Gel and its Use in the Production of Experimental Epilepsy
Authors: BLACK R. G. , ABRAHAM J. , WARD A. A.
Published: August 2010

Two methods of preparing tungstic acid gel, an epileptogenic agent, and its use in the production of focal motor and sensory epilepsy are described. Epilepsy produced by this agent is characterized by good localization, short latency and limited duration. It is effective in cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord.

RÉASUMÉA

Les auteurs deAcrivent deux meAthodes pour la preAparation d'un gel d'acide tungstique en tant qu'agent eApileptogeGne et son usage pour la production d'une eApilepsie focale, motrice et sensorielle. L'eApilepsie provoqueAe par cet agent est caracteAriseAe par sa bonne localisation, sa courte latence et sa dureAe limiteAe. Le produit est effectif dans le cortex ceAreAbral, le tronc ceAreAbral et la moelle eApinieGre.
Epilepsy in Rural Kentucky: Prevalence in a Population of School Age Children
Authors: Baumann Robert J. , Marx Martin B. , Leonidakis Mary G.
Published: August 2010

Seizure prevalence among school age children residing in a rural western Kentucky area (Hardin County) was determined utilizing a method designed to minimize false positives and to allow estimation of false negatives. The observed prevalence of epilepsy is 5.7/1,000 and of febrile seizures 17/1,000. Because of the high rate of false negative responses detected by random sample interview, the true rate of febrile seizures is believed to be closer to a projected rate of 31/1,000.

La prévalence été L'épilepsie parmi les enfants d'âge scolaire résidant dans une région rurale du Kentucky (Comte été Hardin) a été déterminée.en utilisant une méthode qui minimise les “faux positifs” et qui permet une estimation des “faux négatifs.” La prévalence observée pour L'épilepsie est été 5.7/1,000 tandis que la prévalence des convulsions fébriles atteint 17/1,000. Du fait été la proportion elevee des réponses “faux négatifs” détectés, il semble que la prévalence réelle des convulsions febriles doit se situer aux environs été 31/1,000.

Mediante la utilización été un método diseñado para minimizar los resultados falsos positivos y que permita una estimación été los falsos negatives, se ha deter‐minado la prevalencia été convulsiones entre los niños été edad escolar residentes en una zona rural del oeste été Kentucky (Hardin County). La prevalencia été epilepsía observada es été 5.7 por 1,000 y la été convulsiones febriles es été 17 por 1,000. Debido al alto indice été respuestas falsas negativas registradas en las mue‐stras randomizadas été las entrevistas, el nivel real été convulsiones febriles se consideró que alcanzaba el nivel proyectado été 31 por 1,000.

Die Haufigkeit von Anfällen im Schulalter bei Kindern in einer ländlichen Gegend von West Kentucky (Hardin County) wurde untersucht. Zur Anwendung kam eine Methode die geeignet ist, falsch positive Antworten zu minimalisieren und es eriaubt, falsch negative Antworten zu schatzen. Die beobachtete Häufigkeit von épilepsie ist 5.7 auf 1,000 Kinder, die von Fieberkrampfen 17 auf 1,000. Wegen der hohen Rate falsch negativer Antworten die bei einem Stich‐probeninterview gefunden wurden wird angenommen, daß die wirkliche Häufigkeit febriler Anfälle eher auf 31 auf 1,000 zu beziffern ist.
A Case of Fatal Toxic Hepatitis: Recommendations for the Administration of Sodium Valproate
Authors: Gastaut Henri , Noel P.
Published: August 2010

Summary: Another case of lethal toxic hepatitis following a valproic acid regimen is reported. Five rules for the safe use of valproic acid and its derivatives, which currently constitute the first‐choice therapy of primary generalised epilepsy, are suggested.

Al dar información de otro caso fatal de hepatitis tóxica, los autores exponen las 5 reglas que deben seguirse para utilizar con seguridad el ácido valproico y sus derivados. Este fármaco constituye en la actualidad el tratamiento de elección en la epilepsia primaria generalizada.

A propos d'un nouveau cas d'hépatite toxique mor‐telle les auteurs enoncent les cinq régies qui doivent étre respectées pour permettre 1‐utilisation sans risques de lacide valproique et de ses dérivés qui représentent le traitement de choix des épilepsies généralisées primaires.

Bericht über einen weiteren Fall einer tödlichen toxischen Hepatitis. Die Autoren formulieren 5 Re‐geln, die eine sichere Anwendung der Valproinsaure und ihrer Abkommlinge ermöglichen sollen. Diese Medikamente sind Mittel der ersten Wahl in der Therapie der primar generalisierten Epilepsie.
The Socioeconomic Basis of Farm Enterprise Diversification Decisions1
Authors: Anosike Nnamdi , Coughenour C. Milton
Published: August 2010

Abstract In contrast to earlier studies, recent research on socioeconomic and ecological factors affecting farm decision making suggests that, at the microlevel, farm size is inversely related to specialization and directly related to diversification decisions but empirical tests have been limited. Using a social behavioral, farming systems perspective, we examine factors affecting diversification and specialization decisions, including land tenure, off‐farm work, and education (which are crucial to successful management) and environmental variation (which affects the decision to select appropriate enterprises). Data from a random sample of Kentucky farmers were used to test the model.

Diversification, whether defined according to crops or commodities, is significantly related to farm size, human capital, and regional variation in land and soil types. The study clarifies the relationship between diversification and farm size issues and broadens understanding of farm diversification decisions. The findings indicate that increased farm size and better farm management reduce the rate of increase in farm specialization.
Farm Wives' Labor Force Participation and Earnings
Authors: Godwin Deborah D. , Marlowe Julia
Published: August 2010

Abstract The decisions of farm wives to work off the farm and the earnings they make in that off‐farm employment should be considered simultaneously. Previous studies of wives' off‐farm earnings have included only employed wives in their analyses of the factors affecting earnings, which results in biased estimates. This study tests, via Tobit analysis, a model which includes all farm wives and examines the effects of wives' human capital, farm and family constraints, and labor market characteristics on both their off‐farm employment decisions and their earnings. Wives' off‐farm earnings are found to be related to wives' education, labor market experience, presence of children, other family income, farm size, and debt/income ratio. Changes in these factors have a greater influence on the labor market participation decisions of farm wives than on the variation in their earnings, once employed.
Psychosocial Consequences of Agricultural Transformation: The Farm Crisis and Depression1
Authors: Belyea Michael J. , Lobao Linda M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The recent farm financial crisis has resulted in a rapid and dramatic economic decline for many farmers. Although researchers have long observed that economic crisis and vulnerability contribute to social‐psychological depression, few studies have examined the links between farm restructuring and the depression process. We address this issue using a sample of 503 Ohio farmers from 1987. We hypothesize 1) that sociodemographic and farm structural characteristics are related to economic vulnerability, 2) that economic vulnerability is related to feelings of economic hardship and perceived stress, and 3) that these, in turn, are related to depression. The findings generally support the hypotheses and help clarify the depression process: beyond economic vulnerability, a negative cognitive appraisal of one's situation and ineffective coping mechanisms are related to more severe depression.
Partial Paradigm Shifts in the Social Sciences: Twenty Years of Research in Rural Sociology3
Authors: Picou J. Steven , Curry Evans W. , Wells Richard H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Falk and Zhao (1989) have recently suggested that increased theoretical diversity characterizes the last decade of published research in Rural Sociology. We suggest that this claim is premature, given paradigmatic trends in the larger discipline of sociology. From a reanalysis of data sources and the use of an analytical framework based on the partial paradigm concept, we conclude that rural sociology is attempting to further integrate theory, methodology, and image of the subject matter within a positivistic partial paradigm framework. We further suggest that rural sociologists continue their pursuit of a reflexive understanding of the practice of social science as an integral part of their research agenda.
Community Attachment in a Rural Region1
Authors: Goudy Willis J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Two models of community attachment in mass society—the linear development model and the systemic model—are reviewed. Based on data from respondents living in 27 communities in north‐central Iowa, population size and density, key variables in the linear‐development model, relate only weakly to community attachment as measured by social bonds and local sentiments. Length of residence, income, and age, which are variables in the systemic model, generally are more strongly related to the bonds and sentiments. Because samples were sufficiently large that data for each community could be analyzed independently, additional tests of the systemic model were possible; results indicate that differences occur among communities within an area thought to be relatively homogeneous.
Local Labor Market Characteristics and the Occupational Concentration of Different Sociodemographic Groups1
Authors: Bloomquist Leonard E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper analyzes the extent to which employment opportunities for different sociodemographic groups are concentrated in a limited number of occupations within their local labor market areas. Data from the STF‐4 file of the 1980 Census of Population and Housing are used to measure the occupational concentration of these groups in 318 labor market areas (LMAs) in the United States. Regression analysis demonstrates the significance of local labor market characteristics for the occupational concentration of women and men and of whites and blacks. Gender differences in occupational concentration are strongly related to the differential effects of the industrial composition of the local labor market. Racial differences in occupational concentration are affected by the fact that working in larger, more densely populated LMAs is more significant for blacks than for whites.
Financial Strain and Depression Among Farm Operators: The Role of Perceived Economic Hardship and Personal Control1
Authors: Armstrong Paula S. , Schulman Michael D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The causal processes accounting for the relationship between farm financial strain and depression are not well understood. Using data from a statewide survey of North Carolina farm operators, we develop a covariance structure model that specifies relationships among farm financial strain, perceived economic hardship in the household, personal control, and depression. Analyses reveal that the relationship between farm financial strain and depression is mediated by perceptions of economic hardship and personal control. Results point to the importance of differential resilience to objective economic problems instead of differential exposure to these problems.
Community Size, Individual Social Position, and Community Attachment1
Authors: Stinner William F. , Van Loon Mollie , Chung Seh‐Woong , Byun Yongchan
Published: August 2010

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to elaborate and test the linear development and systemic models of community attachment. We focus on the interplay of community size, five social position variables, and three dimensions of community attachment, namely, involvement, amity, and sentiment. Data are obtained from a statewide migration telephone survey of 851 respondents aged 18 and over, conducted in Utah in October 1988. We focus on a weighted subsample of 415 nonmetropolitan respondents. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) techniques are employed. Contrary to the linear development model, community size did not have an independent inverse impact on community involvement, amity, and sentiment. Results do vary by social position and community attachment dimensions.
A Closer Look at “Local Control”: Communities, Commodities, and the Collapse of the Coast1
Authors: Gramling Robert , Freudenburg William R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Particularly when discussing the effects of large‐scale industrial projects, the existing community literature exhibits a curious duality about relationships between local communities and outside forces. While explicitly noting the external origins of large‐scale industrial projects, the literature shifts to a focus on local planning when discussing the management of any resultant disruptions. Little attention is devoted to the possibility that the magnitude of external boom‐bust forces may be so great as to overwhelm even the best‐prepared communities. This exploratory study examines the extent of external influences on two resource‐dependent parishes (counties) in coastal Louisiana with long histories of offshore oil and gas development—one a predominantly blue‐collar area and the other an administrative center. The drop in oil prices since 1981 created differently structured but equally devastating impacts on the two. Simple indices suggest that the parishes experienced four‐to‐ten times as much instability over the past two decades as the nation as a whole. In both parishes, simple regression equations using commodity‐related variables that are completely outside the control of local communities are found to explain over 90 percent of the variation in total employment and over 70 percent of the change in employment that cannot be explained by preexisting conditions.
Cultural Preservation of the Sea Island Gullah: A Black Social Movement in the Post‐Civil Rights Era
Authors: Smith John P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Historians have long noted the existence of many rural Souths in lieu of the single rural monolith noted by Cash. Analysis, then, must be done on local and not solely on regional issues. Morris (1984) chronicled the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement. His thesis is that indigenous community groups were linked together by black church leadership and were recruited by national movement organizations (e.g., NAACP, SCLC). The thesis of this article is that after the Civil Rights Movement, small black social movements emerged to address issues in local areas. These new, emerging social movement organizations differed with the Civil Rights Movement in terms of leadership, formalization, goals, and tactics.

We treat the emergence of the Sea Island Gullah in South Carolina and Georgia as an example of one such movement. From Reconstruction to the Depression, the descendents of slaves lived in isolated settlements on the remote sea islands. During this time, they reestablished a culture with authentic African components and developed mechanisms to transmit the culture to other islands.

By the late 1970s, the land base for the culture (small farming and fishing) was threatened by land developers. A social movement organization was formed by movement entrepreneurs with the help of white and black volunteers. This movement has aided small farmers who have lost their land to tax reassessments. It has also sought to reestablish agriculture in the Sea Islands and promote the Gullah culture.
Returns vs. Endowments in the Earnings Attainment Process for Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Men and Women1
Authors: McLaughlin Diane K. , Perman Lauri
Published: August 2010

Abstract Three explanations typically are offered for differences in earnings: (1) individuals have different levels of human capital and hold different jobs (endowments differ), (2) rewards to human capital and job characteristics differ (returns differ), and (3) some combination of differences in endowments and returns explain variations in earnings. We argue that the structure of labor markets in nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas differs from that in metropolitan (metro) areas such that returns, as well as endowments, vary. These variations in returns favor metropolitan workers, explaining the predominant portion of the metro/nonmetro earnings gap. We examine the earnings differences for metro and nonmetro men and women in both 1977 and 1987, showing that returns outweigh endowments in explaining that gap for both men and women, although their importance decreases over the ten‐year period. Research to improve our understanding of how differences in labor market structure produce differential returns has begun and may yield yet another avenue for action for policymakers interested in reducing metro/nonmetro inequalities.
The Effects of Metropolitan Residence on the Off‐Farm Earnings of Farm Families in the United States1
Authors: LeClere Felicia B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Previous research on the effects of urbanization on farming and farm families has focused on the consequences of urban expansion on farming practice rather than on the well‐being of farm families. Proximity to urban areas has been found to alter the way farm families utilize the nonfarm labor market. In this study, the off‐farm earnings of husbands and wives in farm families are compared across metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas using data from the March supplement to the 1989 Current Population Survey. Censored regression models (tobit) and decomposition are used to demonstrate the effects of nonfarm labor market differences on off‐farm labor force participation and earnings. The analysis reveals that farm family members, as expected, have significantly higher rates of participation and earnings in metropolitan areas. But this analysis also reveals that increases in off‐farm participation are likely to have a larger effect on total off‐farm earnings in nonmetropolitan areas than returns to those already working off‐farm. The potential for increases in off‐farm earnings will be underestimated in nonmetro areas when changes in participation in the off‐farm labor market are not taken into account.
Farming Patterns, Rural Restructuring, and Poverty: A Comparative Regional Analysis1
Authors: Lobao Linda M. , Schulman Michael D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study examines the contentions of two recent perspectives on rural economic organization and their implications for poverty. Building from (1) agrarian political economy and (2) the rural restructuring literatures, we present a comparative regional analysis of how farming patterns and other aspects of economic organization differentially affect poverty in rural areas. Data are based on 2,349 nonmetropolitan U.S. counties for the 1970–1980 period. Nonhired labor‐dependent, family‐operated farming (smaller and larger family farming) has relatively similar cross‐regional effects on rural poverty. The effects of industrialized farming are more spatially variant, suggesting that this type of farming is integrated into regional political economies in different ways than are simple commodity units. However, farming patterns have only a small effect on rural poverty relative to other factors, such as the local employment structure, characteristics of the population, and geographic location. The results of this study highlight the need to move beyond the farm sector to understand both the dynamics of this sector and the socioeconomic consequences of rural restructuring. More broadly, the study underscores the importance of testing general sociological relationships under different spatial (e.g., regional) contexts.
Suicide in Rural Areas: The Case of Japan 1960–19801
Authors: Kurosu Satomi
Published: August 2010

Abstract Rural suicide rates are higher than urban suicide rates in industrialized Japan in contrast to the traditional pattern of higher urban suicide rates found in the West. The pattern is attributed to areal differences in social disintegration. This explanation is operationalized for Japan and tested empirically using data (1979–1981) on 47 prefectures. Higher suicide rates are observed in areas with a sparse population, a stagnant economy, and a population over‐represented by elderly people. The explanatory power of the structural variables in the present study is also tested for each decade since 1960. These variables are found to be increasingly effective in predicting suicide rates as industrialization proceeds. Variation in social integration, rather than the degree of industrialization and urbanization, is the key to understanding the differentials in suicide rates.
Rural‐to‐Urban Transition and the Division of Labor: Evidence from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Frisbie W. Parker , Al‐Khalifah Abdullah H. M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Ecological theory proposes that the evolution of societies from rural‐based to urban‐based forms of organization occurs as cities coordinate a widening territorial division of labor. This research assesses the efficacy of this model in Saudi Arabia and represents a crucial test of the generalizability of ecological theory. The rural‐to‐urban transition in that country did not proceed, as it did in much of the rest of the world, in the context of a substantial extraction of surplus from the agrarian sector and difficulties in absorbing displaced agricultural labor by the industrial sector. Despite this, and other rather extraordinary departures from typical patterns, the strong association between urbanization and the division of labor predicted by ecological theory emerges.
Uneven Development in North Carolina? Job Quality Differences Between Local and Nonlocal Firms1
Authors: Curran Sara , Tomaskovic‐Devey Donald
Published: August 2010

Abstract Do outside firms come to North Carolina or, more generally, to the rural South to take advantage of the low‐wage unorganized local relations of production? Do they disrupt local labor market arrangements? We use data from a survey of North Carolina employees to examine labor market and job quality differences between local and outside firms and also the organization of regional labor markets. Results, based on multiple regression models, suggest that outside firms provide higher quality jobs, mediated by organizational resources and internal firm relations of production. Urban Piedmont labor markets provide better jobs than rural labor markets, regardless of the establishment's ownership locale. Generally, uneven development predictions are supported by additive models, but challenged by additional analyses of interactions. These analyses suggest that outside firms may be undermining local relations of production in rural North Carolina. Results of this research present rural policymakers with a challenge for future economic development strategies.
The Social Networks of Leaders in More and Less Viable Rural Communities1
Authors: O'brien David J. , Hassinger Edward W. , Brown Ralph B. , Pinkerton James R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The relationship between the social networks of leaders and community viability is examined in a comparative study of leaders (N = 75) in five rural communities (population range, 1,000 to 2,500). The analysis looks at leaders' connections to organizations outside of their communities and at different kinds of linkages between leaders within their respective communities. Leaders in more and less viable communities do not differ much in characteristics such as age, education, and occupations, but the presence of women in leadership positions is associated with community viability. In addition, there is some support for the expectation that leaders in more viable communities are more likely to have formal linkages to statewide and national networks. The most important finding, however, is that the way in which leaders relate to each other in instrumental tasks within their respective communities is associated with community viability.
Environmentalization: Origins, Processes, and Implications for Rural Social Change1
Authors: Buttel Frederick H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper seeks to go beyond the sui eneris conception of the increased role of “green” forces and the concomitant environmentalization of institutional practices in the United States and elsewhere across the world. It is argued that these forces must be located in the transition from social‐democratic to neo‐conservative regimes of social regulation of economy and society that has occurred during the past 15 or so years of global economic stagnation. This transition and its reflection in greening and environmentalization may be seen to have contradictory implications for rural societies. These implications are explored briefly with respect to sustainable development programs in the developing countries, sustainable agricultural research and outreach in the United States, and the possible growth of environmental symbolization of rural spaces.
The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: Have They Changed Over Time?1
Authors: Jones Robert Emmet , Dunlap Riley E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Using data obtained from National Opinion Research Center's General Social Surveys (1973–1990), this paper tests two hypotheses concerning possible changes in the sociopolitical correlates of environmental concern. The “broadening base” hypothesis predicts that environmental concern will diffuse throughout the populace, resulting in a broader base of support for environmental protection, while the “economic contingency” hypothesis predicts that the economically deprived will disproportionately withdraw support for environmental protection during poor economic conditions. Analysis of the data over the 18 years, however, failed to lend any clear support for either of the hypotheses. In marked contrast, results indicate that the social bases of environmental concern—at least as measured by the NORC environmental spending item—have remained remarkably stable over nearly two decades despite fluctuating economic, political, and environmental conditions. Younger adults, the well‐educated, political liberals, Democrats, those raised and currently living in urban areas, and those employed outside of primary industries were found to be consistently more supportive of environmental protection than were their respective counterparts.
Predicting Intent to Consume Beef: Normative Versus Attitudinal Influences1
Authors: Zey Mary , McIntosh Wm. Alex
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Ajzen‐Fishbein (1980) model to predict intent to perform behavior was used to assess the intent to consume beef among a stratified random sample of 400 Texas women. It was found that attitudes toward consuming beef do not predict directly intent to consume beef, but the subjective norm does. Specifically, the respondent's husband and friends strongly affect her intention to consume less beef. Thus, knowing the subjective norm permits prediction of her intentions because such intentions are not under attitudinal control. These findings call for an intensification of research efforts on food consumption on social influences such as referent others.
Labor and Production Barriers to the Reduction of Agricultural Chemical Inputs1
Authors: Pfeffer Max J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Advocates of sustainable agriculture consider farmer flexibility and innovativeness a key element in efforts to develop farm practices that reduce chemical inputs. In contrast to labor displacing technologies, farming with reduced chemical inputs may increase labor demands. Consequently, concerns about labor supply may affect farmer adaptability in reducing chemical inputs. This research addresses two specific questions. First, how concerned are farmers about the availability of labor needed to reduce chemical inputs? Second, do farmers view production problems as insurmountable without chemicals because of labor constraints? The majority of farmers surveyed agree that it is difficult to reduce chemical inputs because additional labor is hard to find, and their own labor inputs would have to increase. Results of OLS regression analysis show that whether the farmer hires workers affects the relationship between perceived labor and production barriers. Labor supply is less elastic for farmers who hire no labor, and they have less access to social networks that would provide them with sources of the additional workers needed if chemical inputs were reduced. The significance of these results for the development of sources of information that enhance farmer adaptability is discussed.
The Alternative‐Conventional Agriculture Debate: Where Do Agricultural Faculty Stand?1
Authors: Beus Curtis E. , Dunlap Riley E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract In recent years, publicly funded agricultural science at land grant universities (LGUs) has come under increasing criticism by those who argue that LGUs have contributed to an industrial mode of agriculture that is neither ecologically nor socioeconomically sustainable. The views of critics and defenders of modern industrial agriculture reflect two competing perspectives on agriculture—an alternative and a conventional paradigm. Utilizing a 24‐item alternative‐conventional agriculture paradigm (ACAP) scale, this study analyzes the paradigmatic positions of faculty in the College of Agriculture and Home Economics at Washington State University. Results reveal that the faculty are slightly more conventional than are farmers statewide, slightly less conventional than proponents of conventional agriculture, and far more conventional than known alternative agriculturalists. When looking at particular elements of the agricultural debate, however, the faculty tend to be more conventional than farmers on the socioeconomic elements of the competing paradigms but considerably less conventional on elements dealing with ecological and conservation issues. Women, younger faculty, non‐land grant educated faculty, and faculty not raised on farms are somewhat more likely to endorse the alternative agriculture paradigm than are their counterparts. These differences are minor, however, compared to the differences across academic disciplines. Faculty of departments oriented to the social sciences (with the exception of agricultural economics) tend to most strongly endorse the alternative paradigm, while faculty from the more production‐oriented departments and agricultural economics are the most conventional. Possible implications of the findings are discussed for the future of publicly‐funded agricultural science.
Attitudes and Bureaucrats: Assessing the Representativeness of Local Officials in New Hampshire1
Authors: Luloff A. E. , Hodges Donald G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Since the late 1950s and 1960s, New Hampshire has experienced unprecedented growth. During the past two decades, this growth has begun to be felt in the state's North Country, particularly among its many small communities. As a result of developmental pressures in this region, numerous local problems related to the environment and socioeconomic conditions surfaced. The responsibility for meeting the challenges of such growth and development often fell on amateur bureaucrats. Relatively little is known about how representative such officials are of their local citizenry in terms of attitudes and opinions or sociodemograph‐ics. This paper presents the results of a study comparing demographic characteristics and assesses the congruence of attitudes of citizens and local government officials in the North Country of New Hampshire.
Harvesting Human Capital: Family Structure and Education Among Rural Youth1
Authors: Lichter Daniel T. , Cornwell Gretchen T. , Eggebeen David J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Coleman's (1988) theory of family social capital provides a conceptual framework for assessing the relationship between several dimensions of family structure and school dropout rates among nonmetro‐politan youth. This paper evaluates the extent to which higher rural than urban dropout rates are attributable to spatial differences in family structure (e.g., living arrangements, family size, and early childbearing) or economic resources (e.g., poverty) and estimates the differential effects of family structure and poverty on school dropout rates in nonmetropolitan areas, suburbs, and central cities. Data are drawn from the March 1990 Current Population Survey. Results indicate that residential differences in family structure account for a relatively small part of the higher dropout rates found in rural areas. Rural youth's experience with poverty appears to matter more. The educational effects of family structure are nevertheless strong in rural areas, albeit somewhat smaller than in suburban areas, owing perhaps to compensating forms of social capital found in rural areas. The results suggest that studies of dropout behavior—in rural or urban areas—must acknowledge the potentially large role of family structure and economic resources on the educational achievement process.
Development and Social Problems: The Impact of the Offshore Oil Industry on Suicide and Homicide Rates1
Authors: Seydlitz Ruth , Laska Shirley , Spain Daphne , Triche Elizabeth W. , Bishop Karen L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract There are few studies in the literature concerning economic development that examine the impact of offshore oil and gas extraction on communities and even fewer that use annual data, examine more than one community and account for the degree of involvement of the community in the oil industry. This study rectifies these problems. The results support hypotheses derived from social disorganization and relative deprivation theories by demonstrating that higher levels of and rapid changes in development are associated with higher homicide and suicide rates, especially in communities that are more involved in resource extraction. The utility of the methods and the implications of the results for theory and future research are discussed.
On the Question of the Feminization of Production on Part‐time Farms: Evidence from Norway1
Authors: Blekesaune Arild , Haney Wava G. , Haugen Marit S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The argument that production on part‐time farms has been feminized is evaluated using longitudinal and indepth interview data sets from communities throughout Norway. Time‐series data suggest that traditional part‐time farms are not being reproduced in Norway. Rather, there is a shift toward modern forms of part‐time farming; in its most common form, women juggle off‐farm, farm, and household work while men farm or combine farming with an off‐farm job. As some women shift or reduce their labor input to the farm, others opt to become independent female farmers. What has emerged is an increasing number of two‐career households with male and, less frequently, female farmers whose working spouses contribute some labor to die farm. In all cases, women continue to do most, if not all, of the domestic housework.
Determinants of 1980 to 1990 Net Migration in Texas Counties: The Role of Sustenance Specialization and Dominance in International Ecosystems
Authors: Murdock Steve H. , Hoque Md. Nazrul , Backman Kenneth
Published: August 2010

Abstract Patterns of 1980–1990 migration differ markedly from those of the 1970s but they have received little conceptual or empirical analysis because of limited data and because their diversity has resisted theoretical generalization. An expanded human ecological perspective incorporating international dimensions is hypothesized to explain differentials in migration during the 1980s. Counties with key functions which operate in international ecosystems in which the United States is dominant are hypothesized to control more resources and to have the highest net inmigration. Hypotheses are tested using regression analyses of 1980–1990 net migration for Texas' 254 counties. The results generally confirm that key functional activities were related to migration but less so in nonmetropolitan areas. Implications for rural development and for further research are discussed.
Sub‐National State Institutions and the Organization of Agricultural Resource Use: The Case of the Dairy Industry1
Authors: DuPuis E. Melanie
Published: August 2010

Abstract Most studies of state/economy relationships focus on national and global institutions and minimize the importance of local, sub‐national institutions. This lack of attention to sub‐national states also characterizes most of the studies that examine the role of the state in the structure of agriculture. On the other hand, calls for a new type of sustainable agriculture argue that this type of economic system will be embedded in local political institutions. The nature of these local institutions, however, has gone largely unanalyzed. Through a comparative historical analysis of sub‐national state intervention in the regional economic structure of the U.S. dairy industry in the New Deal era, this analysis shows how state dairy policy has reflected sub‐national interest group politics surrounding food, agriculture, and rural land use. Sub‐national states responded to the agricultural crisis of the 1930s by spatially reorganizing agricultural resource use within their territories. The three states examined—New York, Wisconsin, and California—influenced the resource intensiveness of dairy agriculture by managing the spatially segmented boundaries that separated resource‐intensive and low‐resource dairy production systems.
Socioeconomic Heterogeneity of Mining‐Dependent Counties1
Authors: Nord Mark , Luloff A. E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Recent typologies of U.S. counties differentiated by sustenance base suggest that mining‐dependent counties are characterized by levels of socioeconomic well‐being slightly above national averages. However, striking regional differences in well‐being among mining‐dependent counties are masked when such counties are considered as a single category. Comparison with nonmetropolitan nonmining‐dependent counties in the same states reveals that the differences are only partly accounted for by overall regional effects. Further disaggregation demonstrates substantial effects of mining subsector and of subsector‐region interaction on well‐being. Of particular concern is the disadvantage associated with coal mining dependence in the South and Great Lakes regions contrasted with the advantage associated with such dependence in the West.
Culture and Agricultural Land Tenure1
Authors: Salomon Sonya
Published: August 2010

The traces left by land transactions in legal records, maps, and family‐farm size corroborate oral accounts and observations gathered during field studies among seven Illinois farming communities dominated by German and Yankee ethnic groups. Cultural factors are demonstrated to shape intergenerational land transmission practices, leading to ethnically distinctive patterns of land tenure, visible in the size of farms, persistence in farming, fragmentation of holdings, and amount of acreage owned or rented. Three family‐land issues, synthesized from the field studies, are posited as pivotal to how local land tenure systems develop: who owns “family”‐owned land, whether the group or individual welfare is of highest priority, and the value placed on connections between the household and community. As families enact land transmission, those who control it aim to reproduce customary asymmetric relations of gender, generation, and status that maintain the cultural system in its special configuration.
Residential Differences in Filial Responsibility Expectations Among Older Persons1
Authors: Lee Gary R. , Coward Raymond T. , Netzer Julie K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study examines variation in filial responsibility expectations‐the extent to which adult children are expected to assist and care for their aging parents‐among a sample of 440 older persons. The analysis focuses on the relationship of filial responsibility expectations to residential location and tests the hypothesis that older rural residents have higher expectations for assistance from their children than do older urbanites. Current residential location is found to have little impact on expectations, but older persons who were raised in rural areas, particularly on farms, have significantly higher expectations for filial assistance than do older persons from urban backgrounds. Possible consequences of these patterns for the transmission of expectations from parents to children are discussed.
Status Variation on Family Farms: Effects of Crop, Machinery, and Off‐farm Work1
Authors: Wilson John , Simpson Ida Harper , Landerman Richard
Published: August 2010

Abstract Uncertainties facing farm enterprises place a premium on flexibility and adaptability in the work force. A study of 695 North Carolina farm couples is used to examine the extent to which 12 tasks on a farm are shared among family members and hired workers. Using husband alone as the norm, this pattern is contrasted with husband and son, husband and wife, husband and hired help, and husband and other statuses. Production, support, and household tasks are distinguished. Type of crop and amount of machinery used make a difference to status variation in production tasks, requiring more sharing on the part of the husband, but have less impact on support and household tasks. The latter are affected more by whether the husband or wife works off the farm. Despite status variation, farm work remains highly gendered; if the husband shares production work, it is with his son or a hired worker.
Endorsement of Agrarian Ideology and Adherence to Agricultural Paradigms1
Authors: Beus Curtis E. , Dunlap Riley E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Despite the fact that groups of alternative and conventional agriculturalists do not differ in their overall scores on an agrarianism scale, their responses do differ significandy on several of the agrarianism items and on the items related to agrarianism from a scale designed to assess competing agricultural paradigms. This suggests that there are differences in these groups' agrarian ideologies even though their overall scores on the agrarianism scale are nearly identical. Although divergent agricultural groups support agrarian ideals such as family farms and the farm way of life, the way in which these groups conceptualize and would achieve these ideals appear to be different. Consequendy, the relatively generic items typically used to analyze agrarianism fail to capture the differences in the agrarian ideologies of competing agricultural groups. The need to reconceptualize agrarianism so as to make it more meaningful to contemporary agriculture is discussed.
The Recent Revival of Widespread Population Growth in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the United States1
Authors: Johnson Kenneth M. , Beale Calvin L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Population growth was widespread in nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas of the United States during the early 1990s. More than 64 percent of the 2,277 nonmetro counties gained population between 1990 and 1992, compared with only 45 percent in the 1980s. The nonmetro population still grew at a slower pace than did the metropolitan population, but the gap was much narrower than during the 1980s. Net migration gains accounted for 43 percent of the total estimated nonmetro population increase of 879,000 between 1990 and 1992. These findings suggest it is premature to conclude that the renewed population growth in nonmetro areas first noted in the 1970s has ended.
Occupational Status of Rural Outmigrants and Return Migrants1
Authors: de Jong Gordon F. , Blair Marilou C. Legazpi
Published: August 2010

Abstract This research analyzes the occupational status payoffs to short‐term outmigration and return migration for male workers in a developing country. Using an occupational status model that integrates explanations from the status attainment and migration literatures and longitudinal data from the Philippine Migration Survey, the results show that both outmigrants and return migrants have lower occupational prestige scores than nonmigrants. Regression standardization and decomposition analyses reveal that while rural outmigrants are positively selected on socioeconomic characteristics compared with nonmigrants, their lower occupational prestige scores are largely because their prior farming and fishing occupational experiences does not properly prepare them for the urban labor market Return migrants' lower occupational status scores are due to negative selection on socioeconomic characteristics.
The Changing Occupational Structure of Amish Males1
Authors: Kreps George M. , Donnermeyer Joseph F. , Kreps Marty W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract As a subculture, the Amish sustain a distinctive way of life while maintaining linkages with the larger society. Historically, this has been accomplished within the economic sphere through restriction of livelihood to farming and at‐home occupations. This article documents the growing differentiation of the occupational structure of the Amish and their movement to nonfarm occupations. Occupational changes are discussed in terms of their impacts on Amish society.