bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between Whole and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Assays
Authors: Taniguchi Masatomo , Tanaka Motoko , Hamano Takayuki , Nakanishi Shohei , Fujii Hideki , Kato Hitoshi , Koiwa Fumihiko , Ando Ryoichi , Kimata Naoki , Akiba Takashi , Kono Takashi , Yokoyama Keitaro , Shigematsu Takashi , Kakuta Takatoshi , Kazama Junichiro James , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Fukagawa Masafumi
Published: May 2011

The standard measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the intact PTH (iPTH) assay, which is used for approximately 90% of Japanese dialysis patients. The iPTH assay reacts not only with 1–84 PTH, but also with large truncated fragments of non‐1–84 PTH, including 7–84 PTH. On the other hand, the whole PTH assay is specific for 1–84 PTH. The aim of the current study was to define the validity of both whole and intact PTH assays. A total of 738 hemodialysis patients were enrolled from twelve dialysis services. The serum PTH level was evaluated by both intact and whole PTH assays simultaneously. Non‐1–84 PTH was determined by subtracting the whole PTH value from that of the intact PTH assay. The median level of whole PTH was 121 pg/mL, and that of iPTH was 210 pg/mL. The whole PTH assay had a very high correlation with the iPTH assay (r = 0.870, P < 0.001). For 43 out of 738 patients (5.8%) the value for intact PTH—whole PTH was <0. Both assays significantly correlated with non‐1–84 PTH (P < 0.001), while the iPTH assay, particularly, had a very high correlation with non‐1–84 PTH (r = 0.791). As a whole, 18% of the total population was misclassified into a different Japanese guideline category. Stratified by Japanese guideline classifications, 28% of patients within an iPTH target range were misclassified. Using Bland–Altman plot analysis, as the serum PTH level increased, there was a large difference between two assays. Both PTH assays correlate strongly, although the whole PTH assay may be more useful for precise evaluation of PTH function than the iPTH assay.
Towards Sustainable Groundwater Use: Setting Long‐Term Goals, Backcasting, and Managing Adaptively
Authors: Gleeson Tom , Alley William M. , Allen Diana M. , Sophocleous Marios A. , Zhou Yangxiao , Taniguchi Makoto , VanderSteen Jonathan
Published: May 2011

The sustainability of crucial earth resources, such as groundwater, is a critical issue. We consider groundwater sustainability a value‐driven process of intra‐ and intergenerational equity that balances the environment, society, and economy. Synthesizing hydrogeological science and current sustainability concepts, we emphasize three sustainability approaches: setting multigenerational sustainability goals, backcasting, and managing adaptively. As most aquifer problems are long‐term problems, we propose that multigenerational goals (50 to 100 years) for water quantity and quality that acknowledge the connections between groundwater, surface water, and ecosystems be set for many aquifers. The goals should be set by a watershed‐ or aquifer‐based community in an inclusive and participatory manner. Policies for shorter time horizons should be developed by backcasting, and measures implemented through adaptive management to achieve the long‐term goals. Two case histories illustrate the importance and complexity of a multigenerational perspective and adaptive management. These approaches could transform aquifer depletion and contamination to more sustainable groundwater use, providing groundwater for current and future generations while protecting ecological integrity and resilience.
Importance of Exposure History When Using Single Well Push‐Pull Tests to Quantify In Situ Ethanol Biodegradation Rates
Authors: Kline Kimberly R. , Clark Jordan F. , Rastegarzadeh Laleh , Nelson Yarrow M. , Mackay Douglas M.
Published: May 2011

Single well push‐pull tests (PPTs) were used to characterize in situ biodegradation rates of ethanol in groundwater at a leaking underground fuel tank (LUFT) site at Site 60, Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), CA. For the tests, local groundwater was spiked with bromide and ethanol and injected at different times into three different wells throughout the experimental area. The spiked water was allowed to remain in the aquifer for 1 to 15.9 h prior to extraction. Biodegradation of ethanol was not observed within 15 h of the aquifer’s first exposure to ethanol near any test well; the ethanol/Br ratio was nearly constant in the extraction samples. Biostimulation treatments (ethanol injections) over the course of 1 to 2 weeks resulted in a linear decrease in ln(ethanol/Br) with time in the extraction samples indicating that ethanol was biodegrading with a first order rate constant of about 0.3/h. After exposing an area to ethanol for 3 months, the biodegradation rate increased further by about a factor of 2. Ethanol degradation rates in the aquifer at this site were temporally variable based on the ethanol exposure history. Our results suggest that PPTs were an effective tool for examining such variability. PPT investigations should be valuable at other locations because ethanol degradation rates in groundwater should vary spatially and temporally depending on the type and timing of fuel releases as well as other factors that control the history of ethanol exposure to an aquifer.
Diagnostic Value of Anti‐GBV‐C Antibodies in HIV‐Infected Patients
Authors: Gómara Maria J. , Fernández Leticia , Pérez Teresa , Tenckhoff Solveig , Casanovas Aurora , Tillmann Hans L. , Haro Isabel
Published: May 2011

The beneficial effect of co‐infection by GB virus C (GBV‐C) in the course of the disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients has been described, although its mechanism of action is yet to be determined. The role of anti‐GBV‐C antibodies in HIV‐infected patients also remains unknown. At present, there are no commercial systems to detect specific markers of GBV‐C infection. The research presented follows our previous work from which we obtained chimeric molecules formed by two domains of different GBV‐C proteins with good sensitivity/specificity balances in the detection of anti‐GBV‐C antibodies in hemodialyzed and chronic hepatitis patient samples. It has been investigated the ability of the synthetic peptides to recognize specific anti‐GBV‐C antibodies in HIV and HCV/HIV co‐infected patients by a peptide‐based ELISA immunoassay. The results showed that human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients have a significantly higher frequency of anti‐GBV‐C antibodies than healthy controls. A comparison between HCV+/HIV+ and HCV−/HIV+ was analyzed. Although a higher percentage of HCV/HIV‐positive sera were positive for antibodies against GBV‐C peptides, the difference was not significant. The presence of anti‐GBV‐C antibodies could represent a good marker of exposure to GBV‐C in HIV‐infected patients to facilitate a further analysis of the effect of this exposure in the progression of illness caused by HIV infection.
Three brain collections for comparative neuroanatomy and neuroimaging
Authors: Zilles Karl , Amunts Katrin , Smaers Jeroen B.
Published: May 2011

In the context of increasing extinction rates and the potential loss of essential evolutionary biological and anthropological information, it is an important task to support efforts to prepare, preserve, and curate collections of histological brain sections; to disseminate information on such collections in the neuroscience community; and to make the collections publicly available. This review emphasizes the importance of complete, serially sectioned human brains of different ontogenetic stages as well as those of adult and old human individuals for neurobiological and medical research. Such histological sections enable microstructural analyses and anatomical evaluations of functional and structural neuroimaging data, for example, based on magnetic resonance imaging. Here, this review provides the first detailed and updated account of the content of the Stephan, Zilles, and Zilles‐Amunts collections, which consist of serially sectioned and cell body‐ and myelin‐stained histological preparations. Finally, this reivew will give an overview of past and recent research using these collections to increase our understanding of the detailed patterns of divergent brain evolution in primates as well as of the structural organization of the human brain.
Visualizing myeloarchitecture with magnetic resonance imaging in primates
Authors: Bock Nicholas A. , Hashim Eyesha , Kocharyan Ara , Silva Afonso C.
Published: May 2011

The pattern of myelination over the cerebral cortex, termed myeloarchitecture, is an established and often‐used feature to visualize cortical organization with histology in a variety of primate species. In this paper, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced image processing using surface rendering to visualize and characterize myeloarchitecture in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Through images made in four female adult marmosets, we produce a representative 3D map of marmoset myeloarchitecture and flatten and annotate this map to show the location and extent of a variety of major areas of the cortex, including the primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas. By treating our MRI data as a surface, we can measure the surface area of cortical areas, and we present these measurements here to summarize cortical organization in the marmoset.
High‐resolution digital brain atlases: a Hubble telescope for the brain
Authors: Jones Edward G. , Stone James M. , Karten Harvey J.
Published: May 2011

We describe implementation of a method for digitizing at microscopic resolution brain tissue sections containing normal and experimental data and for making the content readily accessible online. Web‐accessible brain atlases and virtual microscopes for online examination can be developed using existing computer and internet technologies. Resulting databases, made up of hierarchically organized, multiresolution images, enable rapid, seamless navigation through the vast image datasets generated by high‐resolution scanning. Tools for visualization and annotation of virtual microscope slides enable remote and universal data sharing. Interactive visualization of a complete series of brain sections digitized at subneuronal levels of resolution offers fine grain and large‐scale localization and quantification of many aspects of neural organization and structure. The method is straightforward and replicable; it can increase accessibility and facilitate sharing of neuroanatomical data. It provides an opportunity for capturing and preserving irreplaceable, archival neurohistological collections and making them available to all scientists in perpetuity, if resources could be obtained from hitherto uninterested agencies of scientific support.
Omentalisation of a caudal mediastinal abscess in a dog
Authors: Franklin AD , Fearnside SM , Brain PH
Published: May 2011

A caudal mediastinal abscess was diagnosed in a 2‐year‐old German Short‐haired Pointer with acute onset of lethargy, pyrexia and tachypnoea. The abscess was managed surgically by median sternotomy, abscess content evacuation and omentalisation of the abscess cavity via the diaphragm. Although surgical management of mediastinal abscesses has been reported previously, this is the first report to describe successful management of the condition in a dog by omentalisation.
Molecular detection of two adenoviruses associated with disease in Australian lizards
Authors: Hyndman T , Shilton CM
Published: May 2011

We give the first published description of the pathology and molecular findings associated with adenovirus infection in lizards in Australia. A central netted dragon (Ctenophorus nuchalis) exhibited severe necrotising hepatitis with abundant intranuclear inclusion bodies within hepatocytes and rarely within intestinal epithelial cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using pooled tissues yielded an amplicon that shared strong nucleotide identity with an agamid adenovirus (EU914203). PCR on the liver of a bearded dragon (Pogona minor minor) with illthrift, coccidiosis, nematodiasis and hepatic lipidosis yielded an amplicon with strong nucleotide identity to a helodermatid adenovirus (EU914207).
A multi‐species model to assess the effect of refugia on worm control and anthelmintic resistance in sheep grazing systems
Authors: Dobson RJ , Barnes EH , Tyrrell KL , Hosking BC , Larsen JWA , Besier RB , Love S , Rolfe PF , Bailey JN
Published: May 2011

Objective  Develop a computer simulation model that uses daily meteorological data and farm management practices to predict populations of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta and the evolution of anthelmintic resistance within a sheep flock. Use the model to explore if increased refugia, provided by leaving some adult sheep untreated, would delay development of anthelmintic resistance without compromising nematode control.

Procedures  Compare model predictions with field observations from a breeding flock in Armidale, NSW. Simulate the impact of leaving 1–10% of adult sheep untreated in diverse sheep‐grazing systems.

Results  Predicted populations of Tr. colubriformis and T. circumcincta were less than those observed in the field, attributed to nutritional stress experienced by the sheep during drought and not accounted for by the model. Observed variation in faecal egg counts explained by the model (R2) for these species was 40–50%. The H. contortus populations and R2 were both low. Leaving some sheep untreated worked best in situations where animals were already grazing or were moved onto pastures with low populations of infective larvae. In those cases, anthelmintic resistance was delayed and nematode control was maintained when 1–4% of adult stock remained untreated.

Conclusions  In general, the model predicted that leaving more than 4% of adults untreated did not sufficiently delay the development of anthelmintic resistance to justify the increased production risk from such a strategy. The choice of a drug rotation strategy had an equal or larger effect on nematode control, and selection for resistance, than leaving 1–10% of adults untreated.
Tick Infestation and Spotted‐Fever Group Rickettsia in Shelter Dogs, California, 2009
Authors: Fritz C. L. , Kriner P. , Garcia D. , Padgett K. A. , Espinosa A. , Chase R. , Hu R. , Messenger S. L.
Published: May 2011

In response to an outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Baja California in early 2009, dogs at two shelters in neighbouring Imperial County, California, were evaluated for ectoparasites. Brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), a recognized vector for RMSF, were found on 35 (30%) of 116 dogs but all ticks tested negative for Rickettsia rickettsii by PCR.
Effects of Pine Processionary Caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa Contact in Dogs: 41 Cases (2002–2006)
Authors: Niza M. E. , Ferreira R. L. , Coimbra I. V. , Guerreiro H. M. , Félix N. M. , Matos J. M. , de Brito T. V. , Vilela C. L.
Published: May 2011

The pine processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, is considered an emerging pine pest in Mediterranean countries, with high medical relevance. In recent years, adverse reactions reports in humans following contact with T. pityocampa have been increasingly reported. Dogs living in pinewood areas are also frequently exposed to the caterpillar. This work consisted on a retrospective study of 41 cases of lepidopterism. All dogs presented drooling, dysphagia, submandibular lymphadenomegaly and clinical signs of pain. The animals were distributed in three groups, according to the time span from exposure to the caterpillar until presentation: up to 2 h (group 1), 2–5 h (group 2) and more than 5 h (group 3). All animals from groups 2 (n = 5) and 3 (n = 9), and eight dogs from group 1 (n = 27) developed lingual necrosis. Lepidopterism coursed through a predictable clinical pattern. The evolution was mainly dependent on the time span between exposure to the caterpillar and medical intervention, which should take place earlier than 2 h from exposure.
Suicidal or Self‐Harming Ideation in Military Personnel Transitioning to Civilian Life
Authors: Mansfield Alyssa J. , Bender Randall H. , Hourani Laurel L. , Larson Gerald E.
Published: May 2011

Suicides have markedly increased among military personnel in recent years. We used path analysis to examine factors associated with suicidal/self‐harming ideation among male Navy and Marine Corps personnel transitioning to civilian life. Roughly 7% of men (Sailors = 5.3%, Marines = 9.0%) reported ideation during the previous 30 days. Results suggest that combat exposure, substance abuse, and resilience are associated with suicidal ideation/self‐harming thoughts through the mediation of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and/or depression symptoms. Substance abuse plays a moderating role. Resilience had a direct effect only among the Marines. Implications for improving the transition to civilian life are discussed.
New knowledge for old credences: Asymmetric information search about in‐group and out‐group members
Authors: Sacchi Simona , Rusconi Patrice , Russo Selena , Bettiga Riccardo , Cherubini Paolo
Published: May 2011

Three experiments examined how people gather information on in‐group and out‐group members. Previous studies have revealed that category‐based expectancies bias the hypothesis‐testing process towards confirmation through the use of asymmetric‐confirming questions (which are queries where the replies supporting the prior expectancies are more informative than those falsifying them). However, to date there is no empirical investigation of the use of such a question‐asking strategy in an intergroup context. In the present studies, participants were asked to produce (Study 1) or to choose (Studies 2 and 3) questions in order to investigate the presence of various traits in an in‐group or an out‐group member. Traits were manipulated by valence and typicality. The results revealed that category‐based expectancies do not always lead to asymmetric‐confirming testing: whereas participants tended to ask questions that confirmed positive in‐group and negative out‐group stereotypical attributes, they used a more symmetric strategy when testing for the presence of negative in‐group or positive out‐group traits. Moreover, Study 3 also revealed a moderation effect of in‐group identification. The findings point to the role played by motivational factors associated with preserving a positive social identity. Possible consequences of these hypothesis‐testing processes in preserving a positive social identity for intergroup relations are discussed.
Does group identification facilitate or prevent collective guilt about past misdeeds? Resolving the paradox
Authors: Klein Olivier , Licata Laurent , Pierucci Sabrina
Published: May 2011

The influence of group identification on collective guilt and attitudes towards reparation was examined in the context of the Belgian colonization of Congo. People should experience collective emotions to the extent that being a member of the relevant group is part of their self‐concept. Yet, the acknowledgement of ingroup responsibility for past misdeeds is particularly threatening for high identifiers and may lead to defensive reactions aimed at avoiding guilt. We therefore predicted, and found, a curvilinear effect of identification on collective guilt. Attitudes towards reparation of past wrongdoings were also assessed and yielded a linear trend: identification predicted less favourable attitudes towards reparation but this effect was marginally stronger as identification increased.
Ethnicity, violent offending, and vulnerability to schizophrenia: A pilot study
Authors: Mason O. J. , Medford S. , Peters E. R.
Published: May 2011

Previous research has highlighted increased risk for schizophrenia in Afro‐Caribbeans as well as over‐representation in the prison population. This small‐scale study examined the relationship between criminality, ethnicity, and psychosis‐proneness in a male prison sample. Twenty British Caucasian and 20 Afro‐Caribbean prisoners were divided into equal sub‐groups of violent and non‐violent offenders. Participants completed measures of schizotypy, delusional ideation, and hostility. Afro‐Caribbean offenders scored more highly on negative schizotypy and delusional ideation than their Caucasian counterparts. Violent offenders scored more highly on the positive symptoms of schizotypy than non‐violent prisoners. Both ethnicity and violent offending may be relevant factors when considering vulnerability to psychosis in the offending population.
Encouraging acceptance of ambivalence using the expressive writing paradigm
Authors: Kelly Rebecca E. , Wood Alex M. , Shearman Katherine , Phillips Stephanie , Mansell Warren
Published: May 2011

Objectives. Ambivalence is regarded as a key target for psychotherapeutic change. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a brief expressive writing intervention for reducing distress about goal ambivalence.

Design. A sample of 40 undergraduate students were randomly allocated to an experimental ‘expressive writing’ condition or a control condition.

Method. Participants rated their ambivalence about the 10 most important goals they were currently pursuing and rated how distressing they found these feelings of ambivalence. Participants then completed three short expressive writing sessions on consecutive days. Participants in the experimental condition participants wrote about their deepest thoughts and feelings relating to their ambivalence, and participants in the control condition wrote about how they had spent their time that day or week.

Results. When controlling for baseline distress about ambivalence, there was a significant effect of writing condition on distress about ambivalence at follow‐up; individuals who wrote about their ambivalence experienced a significant reduction in their level of distress about ambivalence.

Conclusion. It was concluded that expressive writing might represent an analogue of therapeutic approaches to encourage acceptance of ambivalence.
Emissions From a Gas Turbine Sector Rig Operated With Synthetic Aviation and Biodiesel Fuel
Authors: Pucher Greg , Allan William , LaViolette Marc , Poitras Pierre
Published: May 2011

Differences in exhaust emissions, smoke production, exhaust pattern factor, deposit buildup, and fuel nozzle spray characteristics for various blends of conventional commercial jet fuel (Jet A-1) with synthetic and biodiesel formulations were investigated. Three synthetic fuel formulations and four fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were evaluated as such. The synthetic fuels were tested in both neat (100%) and 50% by volume blends with Jet A-1, while the FAME fuels were blended in 2% and 20% proportions. The combustion chamber sector rig, which houses a Rolls Royce T-56-A-15 combustion section, was utilized for emissions, deposits, and exhaust pattern factor evaluation. A combustion chamber exhaust plane traversing thermocouple rake was employed to generate two-dimensional temperature maps during operation. Following combustion testing, several combustion system components, including the combustion chamber, fuel nozzle, and igniter plug, were analyzed for relative levels of deposit buildup. A phase Doppler anemometry system was employed to determine differences in droplet size distributions, while an optical spray pattern analyzer was used to compare the spray pattern for the various fuel blends as they emerged from the T-56 nozzle.
Integrated Power Recovery Using Markov Modeling
Authors: Rodgers Shawn , Betancourt Coral , Kee Ernie , Yilmaz Fatma , Nelson Paul
Published: May 2011

The solution to a Markov chain modeling electric power supply to critical equipment in a typical four-loop pressurized water reactor following a loss of offsite power event is compared with a convolution method. The standard “convolution integral” approach is described, and an alternative methodology based on a Markov model is illustrated.
Effects of Nonuniform Tissue Properties on Temperature Prediction in Magnetic Nanohyperthermia
Authors: Wang Qian , Deng Zhong-Shan , Liu Jing
Published: May 2011

In tumor hyperthermia, effectively planning in advance and thus controlling in situ the heating dosage within the target region are rather critical for the success of a therapy. Many studies have simulated the temperature distribution during hyperthermia. However, most of them are based on fixed and known heat source distributions, which are generally very complex to compute. Besides, there is little information concerned the numerical analysis of temperature during magnetic hyperthermia loading with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which has its specific heat source distribution features. Particularly, the parameters for different human tissues varied very much, which will cause a serious impact on the heat source and temperature distribution. This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of nonuniform tissue properties to the temperature prediction in magnetic nanohyperthermia and other possible effect factors including external EM field, MNP properties, tumor size and depth, surface cooling conditions, etc. It was found that the spatial heat source generated in the nonuniform model appears smaller than that in the uniform model. This is mainly resulted from the energy reflection when transmitting from fat to tumor and muscle under the same condition, while the temperature is higher on account of overall contribution of different parameters including tissue thermal conductivity, blood perfusion, density, heat capacity, and metabolic heat production rate, which also affect the temperature distribution apart from the heat source. Controlling the properties of the external EM field, MNPs and cooling water can acquire different temperature distributions. Tumors with different depths and sizes need specific plannings, which require as accurate as possible temperature prediction. The nonuniform model can be further improved to be applied in magnetic nanohyperthermia treatment planning and thus help optimize the surgical procedures.
Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors for Detection of Gas Atoms
Authors: Arash Behrouz , Wang Quan , Varadan Vijay K.
Published: May 2011

The potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes as nanosensors in detection of noble gases via a vibration analysis is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. An index based on frequency shifts of the nanotubes in an environment of noble gas atoms is defined and examined to measure the sensitivity of the sensors. The effects of density of gas atoms on the tube sensors, the diameter and length of the tubes, and the type of restrained boundary of the tubes on the sensitivity are studied. The simulation results indicate that the resolution of a sensor made of a (8, 8) carbon nanotube with a length of 4.92 nm can achieve an order of 10−6 fg and the sensitivity can be enhanced by nanotubes with smaller sizes and stiffer boundary conditions.
Endotoxin-Induced Structural Transformations in Liquid Crystalline Droplets
Authors: Lin I-Hsin , Miller Daniel S. , Bertics Paul J. , Murphy Christopher J. , de Pablo Juan J. , Abbott Nicholas L.
Published: May 2011

Bacterial lipid A was detected by its interactions with defects in droplet-confined liquid crystals.
Competition of Superconducting Phenomena and Kondo Screening at the Nanoscale
Authors: Franke K. J. , Schulze G. , Pascual J. I.
Published: May 2011

A manganese complex adsorbed on a superconducting lead surface creates a mosaic of two magnetic ground states.
Thermal Structure and Dynamics of Saturn’s Northern Springtime Disturbance
Authors: Fletcher Leigh N. , Hesman Brigette E. , Irwin Patrick G. J. , Baines Kevin H. , Momary Thomas W. , Sanchez-Lavega Agustin , Flasar F. Michael , Read Peter L. , Orton Glenn S. , Simon-Miller Amy , Hueso Ricardo , Bjoraker Gordon L. , Mamoutkine Andrei , del Rio-Gaztelurrutia Teresa , Gomez Jose M. , Buratti Bonnie , Clark Roger N. , Nicholson Philip D. , Sotin Christophe
Published: May 2011

Satellite and ground-based observations characterize a massive storm on Saturn and its effects on the atmosphere.
A Diiron Protein Autogenerates a Valine-Phenylalanine Cross-Link
Authors: Cooley Richard B. , Rhoads Timothy W. , Arp Daniel J. , Karplus P. Andrew
Published: May 2011

An enzyme creates its own cofactor by linking two nonfunctionalized amino acid side chains.
Shallow Dynamic Overshoot and Energetic Deep Rupture in the 2011
M
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9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake
Authors: Ide Satoshi , Baltay Annemarie , Beroza Gregory C.
Published: May 2011

Detailed geophysical measurements reveal features of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki megathrust earthquake.
The TASCC of Secretion
Authors: Zoncu Roberto , Sabatini David M.
Published: May 2011

Cells can spatially couple cellular degradation and protein synthesis to boost protein secretion.
Measuring Student Development
Authors: Asai David J.
Published: May 2011

For the past two decades, funding organizations such as mine have supported initiatives at U.S. colleges and universities with the goal of transforming undergraduate science education. Now it is time to ask the tough questions: How effective have these efforts been? How can educators and funders build on the lessons learned? Undergraduate education is an absolutely critical enterprise. Regardless of the future profession that a student chooses, this is the time when undergraduates acquire the fundamental skills for making creative contributions to society, including the process of scientific thinking that will empower them to be more effective citizens.
Lewis R. Binford (1931–2011)
Authors: Kelly Robert L.
Published: May 2011

An archaeologist viewed artifacts with an anthropological lens and gave cultural adaptations prominence in the field.
Pioneering Center Ponders Future as NSF Pulls Out
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: May 2011

The future of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis is in question as it faces the end of its core funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Schoolyard Radiation Policy Brings a Backlash
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: May 2011

The Japanese government's most controversial misstep in response to the Fukushima nuclear power plant crisis may have been the release of guidelines on allowable radiological contamination in schoolyards.
New Work Reinforces Megaquake's Harsh Lessons in Geoscience
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: May 2011

High-tech analyses of Japan's March earthquake overturn long-held views of fault behavior and warn that another disaster may be looming.
Exercise, appetite and weight management: understanding the compensatory responses in eating behaviour and how they contribute to variability in exercise-induced weight loss
Authors: King N A , Horner K , Hills A P , Byrne N M , Wood R E , Bryant E , Caudwell P , Finlayson G , Gibbons C , Hopkins M , Martins C , Blundell J E
Published: May 2011

Does exercise promote weight loss? One of the key problems with studies assessing the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight management and obesityis that mean data are presented and the individual variability in response is overlooked. Recent data have highlighted the need to demonstrate and characterise the individual variability in response to exercise. Do people who exercise compensate for the increase in energy expenditure via compensatory increases in hunger and food intake? The authors address the physiological, psychological and behavioural factors potentially involved in the relationship between exercise and appetite, and identify the research questions that remain unanswered. A negative consequence of the phenomena of individual variability and compensatory responses has been the focus on those who lose little weight in response to exercise; this has been used unreasonably as evidence to suggest that exercise is a futile method of controlling weight and managing obesity. Most of the evidence suggests that exercise is useful for improving body composition and health. For example, when exercise-induced mean weight loss is <1.0 kg, significant improvements in aerobic capacity (+6.3 ml/kg/min), systolic (−6.00 mm Hg) and diastolic (−3.9 mm Hg) blood pressure, waist circumference (−3.7 cm) and positive mood still occur. However, people will vary in their responses to exercise; understanding and characterising this variability will help tailor weight loss strategies to suit individuals.
Inter-examiner reproducibility of clinical tests and criteria used to identify subacromial impingement syndrome
Authors: Vind Mikkel , Bogh Søren Bie , Larsen Camilla Marie , Knudsen Hans Kromann , Søgaard Karen , Juul-Kristensen Birgit
Published: May 2011

Introduction

A specific algorithm has been proposed for classifying impingement related shoulder pain in athletes with overhead activity. Data on the inter-examiner reproducibility of the suggested clinical tests and criteria and their mutual dependencies for identifying subacromial impingement symptoms (SIS) are not available.

Objective

To test the inter-examiner reproducibility of selected tests and criteria suggested for classifying SIS and the mutual dependencies of each of the individual tests and SIS.

Method

A standardised three-phase protocol for clinical reproducibility studies was followed, consisting of a training, an overall agreement and a study phase. To proceed to the study phase, an overall agreement of 0.80 was required. In total 10, 20 and 44 subjects were included in the three phases, respectively. The case prevalence in the study phase was 50%. The inclusion criterion for cases was ≥3, and for controls ≤1 positive test out of four. Cohen's κ statistics were used for calculating agreement.

Results

In the overall agreement phase, an agreement of 0.90 was obtained, while in the study phase it was 0.98 with a κ of 0.95 for SIS. κ Values for the individual tests varied between 0.60 and 0.95. Mutual dependencies between each test and SIS showed Neer's test with anterior pain to be most often used to determine SIS.

Conclusions

Inter-examiner reproducibility was moderate to almost perfect for the selected tests and criteria for SIS. The next challenge will be to establish reproducibility in clinical practice, as well as the validity of the tests and criteria for SIS.
Futile treatment, junior doctors and role virtues: Table 1
Authors: McDougall Rosalind
Published: May 2011

Futile treatment is one ethically challenging situation commonly encountered by junior doctors. By analysing an intern's story using a role virtues framework, I propose a set of three steps for junior doctors facing this problem. I claim that junior doctors ought always to investigate the rationale underlying decisions to proceed with apparently futile treatment and discuss their concerns with their seniors, even if such discussion will be difficult. I also suggest that junior doctors facing this ethical challenge ought always to be willing to initiate and engage in ethical dialogue, and that in some situations further action (such as taking concerns outside the team or refusing to participate in treatment) may be morally appropriate.
Quercetin with vitamin C and niacin does not affect body mass or composition
Authors: Knab Amy M. , Shanely R. Andrew , Jin Fuxia , Austin Melanie D. , Sha Wei , Nieman David C.
Published: May 2011

In vitro and animal data suggest that quercetin affects adipogenesis and basal metabolism; however, whether this metabolic effect translates to reductions in body mass or improvement in body composition in humans is unknown. This study investigated 12-week supplementation of 2 different doses of quercetin, combined with vitamin C and niacin, on body mass and composition in a large, heterogeneous group of adults (n = 941; 60% female, 40% male; 18–85 years of age; 45% normal body mass index, 30% overweight, 25% obese). Subjects were randomized into 3 groups, with supplements administered in double-blind fashion: Q500 = 500 mg quercetin·day–1, Q1000 = 1000 mg quercetin·day–1, and placebo. Quercetin supplements were consumed twice daily over a 12-week period, and pre- and poststudy body mass and composition measurements were taken in an overnight fasted state. A general linear model was used to predict change in body mass and composition across groups with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors. Plasma quercetin increased in a dose-responsive manner in both Q500 and Q1000 groups relative to placebo. After adjustment for confounders, no significant differences in body mass (males interaction p value = 0.721, females p = 0.366) or body composition (males p = 0.650, females p = 0.639) were found between Q500 or Q1000 groups compared with placebo. No group differences in body mass or body composition were found in a subgroup of overweight and obese subjects. High-dose quercetin supplementation (500 and 1000 mg·day–1) for 12 weeks in a large, heterogeneous group of adults did not affect body mass or composition.
Predictive value of strength loss as an indicator of muscle damage across multiple drop jumps
Authors: Skurvydas Albertas , Brazaitis Marius , Venckūnas Tomas , Kamandulis Sigitas
Published: May 2011

The aim of the present study was to compare the time-course of indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage after 50 and 100 drop jumps. A high-force, low intensity exercise protocol was used to avoid discrepancies regarding metabolic fatigue immediately after exercise. Healthy untrained men performed 50 (“50 group”, n = 13) or 100 (“100 group”, n = 13) intermittent (30-s interval between each jump) drop jumps, respectively, from the height of 0.5 m with a counter-movement to a 90° knee flexion angle and immediate maximal rebound. Voluntary and electrically evoked knee extensor strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer immediately before and at 2 min after exercise, as well as 3, 7, and 14 days after exercise. Creatine kinase (CK) activity and muscle soreness within 7 days after exercise were also determined. The results showed that the decrease in voluntary isometric and isokinetic torque as well as 100 Hz stimulation torque at the end of the 50 and 100 drop jumps was very similar, while substantial differences were found in low-frequency fatigue, shift in optimal knee joint angle, muscle soreness, and CK activity. In addition, there was slower muscle strength recovery after the 100 drop jumps. It is concluded that the predictive value of strength loss immediately after exercise as an indicator of muscle damage decreases as the jump number increases. Still, stimuli must be large enough for muscle torque to reach the reduction plateau. Therefore, magnitude of exercise becomes a major factor in accuracy of muscle damage predictions.
Exercising women with menstrual disturbances consume low energy dense foods and beverages
Authors: Reed Jennifer L. , Bowell Jessica L. , Hill Brenna R. , Williams Brittany A. , De Souza Mary Jane , Williams Nancy I.
Published: May 2011

Women with exercise-associated menstrual cycle disturbances (EAMD) restrict energy intake. Reducing energy density (ED; kcals·g–1of food or beverage) may be a strategy employed by EAMD women to maintain lower energy intake. The purpose of this study was 3-fold: to determine whether EAMD women consume low ED diets; to identify food groups associated with low ED; and to determine concentrations of total peptide YY (PYY), a satiety factor. Twenty-five active females were divided into 2 groups, according to menstrual status: EAMD (n = 12) and ovulatory controls (OV) (n = 13). Two 3-day diet records were analyzed for ED and other parameters. Body composition, fitness, resting metabolic rate, and PYY were measured. Groups did not differ in age, age of menarche, body mass index, maximal aerobic capacity, body fat (%), or amount of exercise per week. For fat mass (12.4 ± 1.7 vs. 14.9 ± 3.5 kg; p = 0.046), energy availability (28.8 ± 11.5 vs. 42.1 ± 9.2 kcal·kg–1FFM; p = 0.006), and energy intake (29.8 ± 9.2 vs. 36.3 ± 10.6 kcals·kg–1BW; p = 0.023), EAMD was lower than OV. ED was lower in EAMD than in OV (0.77 ± 0.06 vs. 1.06 ± 0.09 kcal·g–1; p = 0.018) when all beverages were included, but not when noncaloric beverages were excluded. Vegetable (p = 0.047) and condiment (p = 0.014) consumption and fasting PYY (pg·mL–1) (p = 0.006) were higher in EAMD. EAMD ate a lower ED diet through increased vegetable, condiment, and noncaloric beverage consumption, and exhibited higher PYY concentrations. These behaviors may represent a successful strategy to restrict calories and maximize satiety.
Polarization properties of the Ly-α line from sulphur plasmas driven by high-intensity, ultrashort-duration laser pulses1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Hakel Peter
Published: May 2011

We report on a modeling study of the polarization properties of the Ly-α line in sulphur. The lower energy (J = 1/2) fine-structure component is unpolarized, while the polarization degree of the higher energy component (J = 3/2) can serve as a signature of an anisotropic electron distribution. We calculate the polarization degree of the J = 3/2 component with the help of a magnetic-sublevel population atomic kinetics model for plasma conditions that can arise in laser-produced plasma experiments. This demonstrates how observed polarization properties of the Ly-α could be connected with the characteristics of an anisotropic electron distribution.
Measuring plasma impurities in Alcator C-Mod as a function of time in the extreme ultraviolet1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Beiersdorfer P. , Brown G.V. , Kamp J.B. , Magee E.W. , Lepson J.K. , Podpaly Y. , Reinke M.L.
Published: May 2011

A flat-field grazing-incidence grating spectrometer has been installed on the MIT Alcator C-MOD tokamak, following the installation of such a spectrometer on the Livermore electron beam ion trap facility and on the National Spherical Torus Experiment at Princeton. The spectrometer employs a variable space grating with an average spacing of 2400 lines/mm and covers the 10–70 Å wavelength band. It is being used to monitor the presence of impurity ions such as boron, oxygen, fluorine, argon, calcium, iron, molybdenum, and tungsten, and to calibrate spectral diagnostics of astrophysical plasmas. The Alcator instrument provides spectral emission data in a density regime that is one to three orders of magnitude higher than that covered by the other two instruments and thus produces complementary data.
Measurements and calculations of Zn-like heavy ions: an update1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Träbert Elmar , Clementson Joel , Beiersdorfer Peter , Santana Juan A. , Ishikawa Yasuyuki
Published: May 2011

Previous observations of Zn-like ions of elements Yb (Z = 70) through U (Z = 92) in an electron beam ion trap differed (by value and by isoelectronic trend) from the (less precise) results of laser-produced plasma experiments and highlighted the need for much better calculations of ions with more than one electron in the valence shell. We review the progress since achieved and present new calculations for ions in the above range as well as EBIT observations of Zn-like Pt48+ ions (Z = 78). We identify accurate ab initio calculations that agree with the EBIT data as well as recent calculations that clearly fall short.
Plasma polarization spectroscopy of atomic and molecular emissions from magnetically confined plasmas1This review is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Shikama T. , Fujii K. , Kado S. , Zushi H. , Sakamoto M. , Iwamae A. , Goto M. , Morita S. , Hasuo M.
Published: May 2011

In spectroscopic measurements of magnetically confined torus plasmas, the line-integrated emission along a viewing chord is usually observed. However, by utilizing the dependence of the magnitude of the Zeeman splitting on the emission location, a few localized emissions existing along the viewing chord can be separated. A detailed analysis of the Zeeman split spectral lineshapes then makes it possible to evaluate the local values of the magnetic field strength, population density, temperature, and flow velocity. We have introduced polarization spectroscopy to improve the accuracy in separating the overlapped spectra. The polarization resolved Hα, He I, and H2 Fulcher-α band spectra are measured in the TRIAM-1M tokamak, and the atomic and molecular dynamics are investigated. Further progress in the simultaneous measurements of the Balmer series and Fulcher-α band spectra in LHD, and extension to the CH Gerö band spectra, are briefly presented.
Time-resolved spectroscopy of the electrode region in a fluorescent lamp1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Lennartsson Thomas , Huldt Sven
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the ongoing spectroscopic investigations of the plasma inside a fluorescent lamp at Lund Observatory is presented. The intensity of the spectral lines of neutral and singly ionized mercury and krypton in the electrode region in a fluorescent lamp are investigated, both as a function of current through the tube and time resolved during an AC cycle. The results show different dynamics for different spectral lines, which may be due to different population mechanisms and transport phenomena in the discharge. To correctly interpret the data, a model for the electrode region is necessary; however, for this purpose information on processes like electron collision cross-sections, Penning ionization rates, and recombination rates are needed.
A visible spectral survey from the Alcator C-Mod tokamak1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Graf A.T. , May M.J. , Beiersdorfer P.
Published: May 2011

A visible spectral survey (3675–6744 Å) from the Alcator C-Mod tokamak has been performed using a high-resolution visible spectrometer constructed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The Alcator C-Mod deuterium plasma is shown to have visible emission from numerous atomic species and low charge state ions including, D I, B II–III, B V, C II–III, N II–III, O II–IV, F II–III, Ne I, Na X, Al II–III, Si I–II, Cl II–III, Ar I–III, Ar X, Ti I and III, Fe I–III, Cu I, and III, Mo I, and W I. Nearly all of the emission is thought to come from the cooler edge of the plasma including the scrape-off layer, outside of the last closed magnetic flux surface. However, there is at least one example, included here, where intrinsic visible emission persists deeper into the plasma.