bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XVIII.—Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Anatomy of the Lower Dicotyledons. I. The Anatomy of the Stem of the Papaveraceæ
Authors: Harvey-Gibson R. J. , Bradley Minnie
Published: January 2013

The systematic study of the cluster of orders lying at the base of the Dicotyledon phylum has of late years become of fundamental importance in view of the various theories advanced by different authorities as to the origin of the so-called Monocotyledons. The anatomical structure of many of these groups has been but little investigated from this aspect, and the present paper is the first of a series which it is hoped to publish with the object of discovering to what extent anatomy supports or contradicts one or other of views held on the phylogeny of flowering plants. One such research is already far advanced, viz. on the anatomy of the Magnoliaceæ, and another, the present contribution, deals with the stem structure of the Papaveraceæ. Although both researches have been retarded owing to one of the authors being engaged on war service, there would seem no reason for delaying the publication of such observations as have been made.
XI.—The Hairs of the Monotremata, with Special Reference to their Cuticular-scale Pattern
Authors: Wildman A. B. , Manby J.
Published: January 2013

The following account deals with investigations pursued by the authors during the years 1931 and 1932. Pressure of other and later work precluded the possibility of the results of the investigations being published until this year. It is believed that no recent account of the cuticular-scale pattern of monotreme hairs has been published, and the authors are convinced of the desirability of such a detailed description. When this work was commenced it was intended to be the first of a series of investigations into the scale- pattern of mammalian hairs. Hitherto work in this direction has only taken the form of either a consideration of one species only, or generalisations upon the scale-pattern of a group of mammals. Such generalisations would appear to be often unjustified for the following reasons: In many instances they are based first upon an insufficient number of observations along the length of each fibre, and secondly upon a technique of preparing the fibres for examination which would seem to be inadequate for accurate vision of all the delicate lines marking the boundaries of the scales. Although notable attempts to indicate these boundaries have been made (Hausman, 1920; Glaister, 1931), in the authors' opinion the results have not been satisfactory. Moreover, until Manby's methods, described in previous papers and also in this account, were perfected, there has been no really satisfactory method of photographing cuticular-scale patterns accurately.
XIII—Differential Fertility in Scotland, 1911–1931
Authors: Charles Enid
Published: January 2013

The study of differential fertility in Great Britain in relation to the continued decline in fertility has been hampered by lack of adequate birth registration. Though the defect has now been partially remedied by The Population (Statistics) Bill, the study of past changes is still difficult. In a previous memoir (Charles and Moshinsky, 1938) the writer gave an analysis of regional fertility differences in England and Wales from 1911 to 1931. Gross reproduction rates were used as measures of fertility. In the present communication the same method is applied to changes in fertility in Scotland.
XIV.—An Analysis and Comparison of the Structural Features of Dactylotheca plumosa Artis sp. and Senftenbergia ophiodermatica Göppert sp.
Authors: Radforth Norman W.
Published: January 2013

Descriptions of the two Coal Measure plants Senftenbergia and Dactylotheca have appeared in the literature on numerous occasions previous to this account. The former genus was first described by Corda (1845), and the latter by Zeiller (1883). Other contributions have been made by more recent investigators, and these have since been revised and supplemented by Kidston (1924). In each case the account was based upon an examination of the material as it appeared on the rock in the form of a compression. More recently, however, newer methods for dealing with plant compressions have been devised, and it was felt that the application of an improved technique would furnish a more adequate description of the plants, particularly of their fruiting members.
XVI.—An Investigation of the Mucorales in the Soil
Authors: Campbell Marie E.
Published: January 2013

The Mucorales have a wide geographical distribution and for seventy years they have been the subject of investigation both in Europe and in America. In this country, however,little research has been done on this group, the only workers being Bayliss-Elliott (1930) who has investigated the microflora of the Dovey salt marshes, Dale (1912, 1914) who examined the fungus flora of soil at Cambridge, and Brierley (1923, 1927, 1928) who has done considerable work on soil study. Although certain of the Mucorales were isolated by the last named, he was mostly concerned with the general methods of soil culture. The important quantitative technique was devised by Brierley (1927). Oudemans and Koning (1902) were the first to show the presence of Mucors in the soil. They examined the soil fungi in Holland and isolated two new species of Mucors. Möller (1903) investigated the fungi found in Pine mycorrhiza and obtained a further four new species. Hagem (1907, 1910) studied the morphology and physiology of seventeen Mucors from the soil of Norway, seven of which were new species. In 1908 Lendner published his “Les Mucorinées de la Suisse,” an important contribution to the study of this group of fungi. A criticism which might be levelled at this work is that it is difficult to ascertain from it whether or not Lendner used pure cultures on which to base his descriptions. He merely states that “dilution methods used in Bacteriology were employed,” no mention of monospore cultures being made. Further important work on this group has been done by Korpatschewska (1909), Namy-slowski (1906, 1920), Naumov (1914, 1924, 1935), Ling-Young (1930), Johann (1932), Jensen (1912, 1931), and in theKryptogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg(1935) Zycha gives a complete revision of the classification of the Mucorales. A survey of the geographical distribution of this group of fungi is found in the work of Niethammer (1935), while further classification has been done by Linnemann (1936). In America, Povah (1917) and Waksman(1916, 1917, 1922, 1927) have both added considerably to our knowledge of the Mucorales in the soil.
VI.—On the Carboniferous Nautiloids: Orthocera gigantea J. Sowerby and Allied Forms
Authors: Turner J. Selwyn
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

The type material of Orthocera gigantea J. Sowerby 1819 is refigured and redescribed. Specimens referred to this species by J. Phillips, J. Fleming, F. McCoy and F. S. Wallis have similarly been reinvestigated. The counterpart of the type of Actinoceras simmsii C. Stokes 1840 is also illustrated. Numerous other specimens from England, Scotland and Ireland have been studied. The material is found to be referable to the genus Rayonnoceras Croneis and to embrace a number of species. The calcification of the siphuncular structures is found to be variable in this genus.
XIV—Scottish Carboniferous Goniatites
Authors: Currie Ethel D.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

In Part I brief descriptions are given of the goniatite faunas found at horizons in the Scottish Carboniferous succession; and mainly on the evidence of these faunas, the stages of B, P1; P2, E1; and E2 and A are approximately demarcated. No goniatites suggesting the presence of H, R and G have been seen.

In Part II descriptions are given of certain species of the following genera: Beyrichoceratoides, Anthracoceras, Cravenoceras, Cravenoceratoides, Girtyoceras, Eumorphoceras, Goniatites, Sudeticeras, Dimorphoceras, Neodimorphoceras and a new genus, Cluthoceras.
XI.—The Geology and Vegetation of Late-glacial Retreat Stages in Scotland
Authors: Donner J. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The last major retreat stages of the ice in Scotland have been correlated with the different periods of vegetational history as shown by pollen diagrams. The end-moraines can be divided into two stages, the first stage being the Perth Readvance Moraine, during which the ice extended outside the Highlands. The Aberdeen Readvance Moraine probably also belongs to the same stage. During the second stage, here called the Highland Readvance, valley glaciers reached to the mouths of the Highland valleys where small moraine ridges were formed.

Samples from mainly lake sediments near the moraine were studied, and the pollen diagrams from them show the general vegetational history of the Late-glacial and Post-glacial periods. The same zones as in other parts of the British Isles are used in the diagrams.

The geological and pollen analytical evidence suggests that the Highland Readvance Moraine was formed during the Late-glacial Zone III, and that the Perth Readvance is older than the Alleröd interstadial. The Highland Readvance can now be correlated with the moraines in Scandinavia, the Alps and North America, where they already have been dated.
XIII.—Crystal Growth of Forsteritic Olivine in Magmas and Melts
Authors: Drever H. I. , Johnston R.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

One of the writers' main aims has been to help to prepare the way for a new approach to problems in which the natural occurrence of forsteritic olivines is a vital factor. Variation in their shapes and textural relations in minor intrusions, lavas and melts is examined and the historical development of concepts of their growth and resorption, particularly in magmas, is traced. Particular attention is focused on the olivines of picritic, minor intrusions. It is concluded that in the interpretation of olivine shapes there has been discrimination in favour of magmatic resorption rather than skeletal crystallization. From a wide and detailed survey of forsteritic olivines it is established that they tend to grow rapidly and that their phenomenal variation in habit and shape is probably due to a specific growth sensitivity to slight environmental differences. Concepts of the physical conditions leading to skeletal crystallization are briefly reviewed and discussed.
XIV.—The Tertiary Dolerite Plugs of North-East Ireland—A Survey of their Geology and Geochemistry
Authors: Patterson E. M. , Swaine D. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Summary is given of the field relations, geographical distribution and petrography of twenty-nine dolerite plugs associated with the Tertiary lava plateau of north-east Ireland. All but two of the plugs are composed of olivine dolerite. The exceptions are a pyroxene-rich dolerite and a tholeiitic type containing abundant chlorophæite. Trace-element determinations have been made on specimens from thirteen of the plugs.

Slight but definite chemical differences are shown to exist between the olivine-dolerites and the average Tertiary olivine-basalt lava of the area. The petrogenetic relationships of the two are briefly considered.
XVII.—The Small Spore Floras of Coals in the Limestone Coal Group and Upper Limestone Group of the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland
Authors: Butterworth Mavis A. , Williams Ralph W.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

This paper provides a comprehensive account of the small spore assemblages of coals in the Limestone Coal Group and Upper Limestone Group (Namurian) of the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. The coals were obtained from boreholes sunk in the Lothians, Central, and West Fife coalfields. Over ninety species of small spores are figured. Of this number twenty-six are new species. Five new genera—Glomospora, Procoronaspora, Callisporites, Tholisporites and Remysporites—are described. Full descriptions are given of all new genera and species. The assemblages are compared with assemblages of similar age in North America, the U.S.S.R. and elsewhere, and it is shown that the Carboniferous pre-Westphalian microfloras were uniform over wide areas of the earth's surface.
XX.—Account of the New Table of Logarithms to 200 000
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: January 2013

The essential character of all tabular aids to computation is, that the results of many operations are recorded in some systematic way for easy reference, and that thereby the computer is spared the toil of obtaining these results for himself.

In many cases this constitutes almost the whole advantage of the table. Thus when, instead of extracting the cube root of some number, we take it from a printed book, we are merely using another's labour. The gain to the calculating community is, that the oft-repeated extraction of the same root is avoided. We also gain by the facility of systematic calculation; the labour of computing a series of successive results being in general only a small fraction of that which would have attended the same work performed in a desultory manner.
XIV.—On the Life-history of Hydrobius fuscipes, L.
Authors: Balfour-Browne Frank
Published: January 2013

In following out the life-histories of some of the water-beetles I have been struck by the remarkable differences in habits and in structure between the members of a family, for instance, between Hydrophilus and Hydrobius, two fairly closely related genera of the Hydrophilidæ. The description of the life-history of Hydrophilus as given by Miger, Lyonnet, and others will, only to a small extent, apply to Hydrobius, although the suggestions which I am able to make with regard to certain facts in the life-history of the latter may throw light upon somewhat similar facts in the life-history of the former.
VIII.—Description of a Reconstruction Model of a Horse Embryo Twenty-One Days Old.
Authors: Robinson Arthur , Gibson A.
Published: January 2013

The embryo, as represented by the model, is bent upon itself, at the level of the cranial border of its umbilical orifice—that is, at the caudal end of the pericardial region; and, as a result of the bending, the general outline of the embryo, when viewed from the side, is hook-shaped.

The dorsal and longer limb of the hook is formed by the more caudal portion of the embryo—that is, the part which would lie caudal to the cranial margin of the umbilicus if the embryo were unbent.
I.—Glaucophane-schist, Eclogite, and Associated Rocks from Knockormal in the Girvan-Ballantrae Complex, South Ayrshire
Authors: Bloxam T. W. , Allen J. B.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Glaucophane-Schists and eclogite are associated with ultrabasic rocks, basic intrusions and Ordovician spilitic lavas at Knockormal in the Girvan-Ballantrae complex, South Ayrshire. Detailed mineralogical and chemical data are presented which indicate that the various glaucophane and blue-amphibole rocks have been derived from spilitic lavas. In addition to glaucophane a blue-amphibole related to crossite is also described. While there is no evidence for an introduction of soda, the deformation attending the glaucophanitic metamorphism was accompanied by chemical changes which appear to have occurred at high water-vapour pressures. There is no evidence of any relationship between the eclogite and adjacent glaucophane-rocks. The eclogite, which is highly aluminous, is interbanded with wehrlite, pyroxenite and serpentinite, and represents a particular phase in the crystallization of these ultrabasic rocks.
VII.—The Rotifera of the Scottish Lochs
Authors: Murray James
Published: January 2013

A necessary preliminary to the study of the complex problems involved in the biology of lakes is to ascertain the facts. The collection of the bathymetrical data was begun many years ago by Sir John Murray and Mr Pullar, and is nearing completion under the Lake Survey. The next thing is to take a census of the inhabitants. This we are now trying to do by compiling lists of the animals and plants living in the lakes. The study of the problems after the data are collected falls outside the province of a lake survey, and within that of some permanent biological station. This present compilation is one step in the accumulation of the facts.
XIX.—Magnetization and Resistance of Nickel Wire at High Temperatures. Part II.
Authors: Knott C. G.
Published: January 2013

The experiments which form the subject of the present communication were carried out two years ago, and supplement results already published. A brief note of some of the results was read before the Society in June 1904, and was also read before the British Association Meeting at Cambridge in August of the same year.

The previous paper discussed the effect of high temperature on the relation between electrical resistance and magnetization when the wire was magnetized longitudinally, that is, in the direction in which the resistance was measured.

The present results have to do with the effect of high temperature on the relation between resistance and magnetization when the magnetization was transverse to the direction along which the resistance was measured.
XX.—On Skulls of Horses from the Roman Fort at Newstead, near Melrose, with Observations on the Origin of Domestic Horses.
Authors: Ewart J. C.
Published: January 2013

Archæologists and students of Roman Scotland have long known that somewhere in the neighbourhood of Newstead, near Melrose, lay the site of a Roman settlement.

Excavations which have recently been undertaken by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, under the direction of Mr James Curle, F.S.A., of Priorwood, Melrose, have been successful in ascertaining, to the east of the village of Newstead, the exact position of a large fort, which occupied a commanding position within sight of the Eildon Hills.
XXIII.—The Development of the Anterior Mesoderm, and Paired Fins with their Nerves, in Lepidosiren and Protopterus.
Authors: Agar W. E.
Published: January 2013

In a Lepidosiren embryo of stage 20 (Graham Kerr) the mesoderm stretches continuously through the head and trunk regions. In the trunk the dorsal mesoderm is segmented into myotomes, but the segmentation stops short some distance behind the auditory vesicle, leaving unsegmented mesoderm in front of this. In both head and trunk the lateral plate mesoderm is still connected with the dorsal, myotomic or somatic portion.
XXVII.—On the Fossil Osmundaceæ.
Authors: Kidston R. , Gwynne-Vaughan D. T.
Published: January 2013

The two new species of Osmundites described in this paper are based upon two fossils from the Jurassic rocks near Gore, Otago district, New Zealand. The one was discovered by Mr Robert Dunlop, and the other by Mr Robert Gibb. Both specimens eventually came into the possession of Mr Dunlop, who generously handed them over to the authors for investigation, with full permission to have them cut for microscopical examination, and to whom we take this opportunity of expressing our indebtedness.
XXVIII.—A Contribution to the Craniology of the Natives of Borneo, the Malays, the Natives of Formosa, and the Tibetans.
Authors: Turner William
Published: January 2013

In three memoirs published from time to time in the Transactions of this Society I have described the characters of the crania in several Asiatic races, the bulk of which were natives of India, though a few were from countries adjoining Hindostan. In this memoir I intend to continue my inquiries into the cranial characters of Asiatic people, and to give an account of natives of Borneo, the Malays, the natives of Formosa, and the Tibetans.
XXIX.—Turbellaria of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
Authors: Gemmill J. F. , Leiper R. T.
Published: January 2013

There were seven Turbellaria in the material handed to us by Mr W. S. Bruce, all obtained in April 1903 from Scotia Bay, South Orkney Islands (9–10 fms., Station 325, lat. 60° 44′ S., long. 44° 51′ W.). Their occurrence is interesting, as, although Studer (Ueber Seethiere aus dem Antarktischen Meere, 1876) mentions, without adequately describing it, a Eurylepta from Kerguelen Island, there are no definite records, so far as we have been able to ascertain, of Turbellarian species from nearer the Antarctic than the coasts of South America.
III.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Observations on the Anatomy of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes Weddelli)
Authors: Hepburn David
Published: January 2013

The anatomy of all marine mammals presents an interesting field of observation upon their structural adaptation to a particular environment, and naturally, therefore, an extensive literature already exists in respect to these mammals, notwithstanding the many difficulties connected with their detailed examination. Their large size and the rapidity with which their tissues undergo decomposition have been serious obstacles in the way of prolonged dissection both of Cetacea and of Seals. Consequently, the examination of many parts of their anatomy has, of necessity, been more or less hurried. Accordingly, in the course of the preparations for the Scottish Antarctic Expedition, led by W. S. Bruce, LL.D., etc., arrangements were made for the preservation of mammalian specimens by the same injection methods that are now commonly used for the practical study of human anatomy, and the medical officer to the Expedition received practical instruction from myself in the application of these methods.
VI.—The Monsoons of the Chilian Littoral (Preliminary Note)
Authors: Mossman R. C.
Published: January 2013

In my paper on “The Meteorology of the Weddell Quadrant and Adjacent Areas”(Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlvii. p. 103) data referring to temperature, pressure, cloud, and wind force were given for the stations of Ancud and Point Gallera on the coast of Chili. Since the above paper was communicated to the Society the reduction of the observations taken thrice daily at the Chilian coastal stations has been proceeded with, the observations utilised being published in extenso in the annual volumes issued since 1899 by the Maritime Department of the Republic of Chili. On the completion of the analysis of the tri-daily wind observations at Ancud and Point Gallera some features of considerable interest presented themselves, the most marked being the pronounced monsoonal character of the winds at the latter station—a condition which, as we will see later, holds good between the parallels of 33° and 40° of south latitude along the Chilian littoral. Table I. shows the monthly percentage frequency of the winds at Point Gallera. a lighthouse situated in lat. 40° 01' S. and long. 73° 44' W., for the seven years 1899–1905.
IV.—The Gametophyte Generation of the Psilotaceæ
Authors: Lawson A. Anstruther
Published: January 2013

Since the preliminary announcement of the discovery of the prothalli of Tmesipteris and Psilotum communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in June 1916, a considerable amount of additional material has been found, and it seems therefore desirable to place on record a more detailed account of these interesting structures. The preliminary description, as published, was based upon but a few specimens, and these were not sufficient to reveal all of the vegetative and reproductive features, nor enough to justify any broad general conclusions as to the phylogenetic position of the Psilotaceæ. The discoyery, however, has filled in an important and interesting gap in our knowledge; for the Psilotaceæ are the very last of the known Pteridophytes to surrender their gametophytes to the light of science.
VI.—The Anatomy and Affinity of Stromatopteris moniliformis, Mett
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

In the year 1861 the ferns collected by Vieillard in the island of New Caledonia were described by Mettenius in a paper entitled “Filices Novæ Caledoniæ” (Ann. Sc. Nat., iv, 15). Among the organisms described was a new and remarkable fern for the reception of which a new Gleicheniaceous genus Stromatopteris was founded. Having noted in particular the absence of roots, and the hairy and sclerotic character of the axis, Mettenius figured the latter as obliquely ascending at its base, but as upright and closely and repeatedly branched more distally. The simply pinnate unbranched leaf was described as a direct continuation of a branch of the axis, with nodular base, slender rachis, and many small leathery pinnæ with sympodial dichotomous venation. With regard to the sori, attention was directed in particular to their development singly on the pinnæ and towards the base of the upper margins, and to the mound-like hairy receptacle which lodged the forking of the basal acroscopic vein. The sporangia, numbering from two to six, were stated to be distributed on the back and towards the periphery of the receptacle; their stalks were short and massive, the annulus complete and transverse, and dehiscence longitudinal and extrorse.
VIII.—Factorials and Allied Products with their Logarithms
Authors: Robbins Frank
Published: January 2013

When any one of the following tables has been given in the past to an extent useful at the present time, it will be found by the computer that the necessary volume is only with difficulty accessible and hardly ever to be purchased. That these tables are obviously useful is perhaps all that need be said in justification of their more extended computation.
XV.—The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance.
Authors: Fisher R. A.
Published: January 2013

Several attempts have already been made to interpret the well-established results of biometry in accordance with the Mendelian scheme of inheritance. It is here attempted to ascertain the biometrical properties of a population of a more general type than has hitherto been examined, inheritance in which follows this scheme. It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to make a more exact analysis of the causes of human variability. The great body of available statistics show us that the deviations of a human measurement from its mean follow very closely the Normal Law of Errors, and, therefore, that the variability may be uniformly measured by the standard deviation corresponding to the square root of the mean square error. When there are two independent causes of variability capable of producing in an otherwise uniform population distributions with standard deviations σ1 and σ2, it is found that the distribution, when both causes act together, has a standard deviation . It is therefore desirable in analysing the causes of variability to deal with the square of the standard deviation as the measure of variability. We shall term this quantity the Variance of the normal population to which it refers, and we may now ascribe to the constituent causes fractions or percentages of the total variance which they together produce. It is desirable on the one hand that the elementary ideas at the basis of the calculus of correlations should be clearly understood, and easily expressed in ordinary language, and on the other that loose phrases about the “percentage of causation,” which obscure the essential distinction between the individual and the population, should be carefully avoided.
IV.—On the Fragmentary Remains of an Organism Referable to the Nematophytales, from the Rhynie Chert, Nematoplexus rhyniensis gen. et sp. nov.
Authors: Lyon A. G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Incomplete, but structurally preserved remains of an organism referable to the Nematophytales Lang, are described from the Rhynie Chert as a new genus and species. The fossil is composed of a plexus of non-septate tubular cells of two types—the smaller having uniformly smooth walls, the larger, walls with conspicuous spiral thickenings. Branching of both types is localized in areas referred to as branch-knots. Comparison is made with other members of the Nematophytales which have been shown to possess differentially thickened tubes.
XV.—The Periostracum ofMytilus edulis
Authors: Dunachie J. F.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Histological investigation has been made of growth and repair of periostracum inMytilus edulis. Physical rather than chemical differences in the processes of secretion can account for the variations in the structure of periostracum which appear during normal growth and in that which follows damage. Amœbocytes take part in the production of periostracum by supplying material for the secretory cells. Reasons for the presence of other granular cells near the site of secretion are also suggested. The periostracum is secreted solely by the epithelium of the inner surface of the outer mantle fold, although initially it adheres to the epithelium of a process of the middle fold. Consideration of the nature of the connection of the periostracum with its retractor muscles leads to the hypothesis that the cells of both epithelia move with the periostracum towards the mantle edge. The tissue where the two epithelia meet appears to be meristematic.
XVIII.—The Geological Structure of North-East Northumberland
Authors: Shiells K. A. G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The main deformation of the Carboniferous sediments of north-east Northumberland took place in Armorican times. An analysis of minor structures shows that they occur in three distinct structural environments. These are, (i) as accommodation structures to large folds, (ii) as structures produced by transcurrent movement along lateral shearfaults, and (iii) as minor structures formed in direct response to the regional compression. The detailed interrelation-ships of these minor structures are described for selected areas.

In the neighbourhood of Berwick-on-Tweed a major east-facing monocline has been recognized. It appears that the large-scale folding of the Carboniferous strata was directly controlled by the configuration of the Lower Palæozoic and Lower Old Red Sandstone basement. Major folds have been generated by an east-west compression and are deflected around the Cheviot and Southern Upland masses. A regional fault pattern is interpreted as a conjugate system of strike-slip and oblique-slip shears. The nature and influence of structural control on the emplacement of the Whin Sill suggests that it was intruded during this same tectonic episode.
XXXIII.—The Right Whale of the North Atlantic, Balæna biscayensis: its Skeleton described and compared with that of the Greenland Right Whale, Balæna mysticetus.
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: January 2013

From the thirteenth to the seventeenth century a successful whale fishery was prosecuted in the Bay of Biscay and in the North Atlantic by seamen from the Basque ports of France and the north of Spain. So daring was their enterprise that they pursued their avocation northward to Iceland and even westward to Newfoundland and the adjoining shores of the American continent. The reputation of the Basque sailors as skilful whaling fishermen was so widely recognised that, when the whaling companies in England and Holland were started in the early years of the seventeenth century, Biscayan seamen were employed as the harpooners to strike the whales, and as coopers to construct the casks to contain the blubber. Up to that time the knowledge of the specific differences amongst the large whalebone whales was most imperfect, and it is not unlikely that both Right Whales and Fin Whales were captured as opportunity offered, though the former, from the greater length of whalebone and the thickness of blubber, were more prized. In 1611 an English whaling company sent for the first time an expedition to Spitzbergen, and from the instructions given to its commander, Thomas Edge, it would seem that two kinds of Right Whales had even then been noticed, the one larger and more valuable from the oil which it yielded and the length of the baleen, now known as the Greenland Right Whale, Balæna mysticetus, and the other a smaller whale, called the “Sarda.” A whale captured off the coast of Iceland by the French and Spanish seamen, locally named “Sletbag,” was probably the same as the Right Whale the “Sarda.” With the development of the whale fishery in the Arctic Ocean, it became more evident that the Greenland Right Whale was distinct from the smaller animal which had previously been the object of pursuit. In 1671 F. Martens gave the name “Nordcaper” to Baleen Whales captured near the North Cape ; they differed from those which frequented the Spitzbergen seas in being smaller, with less blubber, shorter whalebone, more active and more dangerous to kill. The name Nordcaper continued to be employed as equivalent to the Baleine de Sarde of the French naturalists, and Bonnaterre and Lacépède, adopting nordcaper as a specific name, distinguished it from Balæna mysticetus, La Baleine tranche, or the Greenland Right Whale.
VIII.—Measurements and Weights of Antarctic Seals taken by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
Authors: Bruce William S.
Published: January 2013

During the voyage of the Scotia in the Weddell Sea, and during her wintering at Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, I measured as many of the seals taken as possible. I was usually assisted in this work by Mr WILTON. When a seal was killed near the ship, and it could be arranged, I also weighed them both in whole and in part, weighing the different viscera as at a human post-mortem examination. The results of these investigations are now summarised in tabular form, which makes it easy at a glance to make comparisons. In addition to the measurements and weights of the true seals of the Antarctic regions, those of a fine specimen of Otaria jubata (the Patagonian Sea-lion) secured at the Falkland Islands are also given.
XII.—Studies in Floral Zygomorphy. I. The Initiation of Staminal Zygomorphy.
Authors: Thompson John McLean
Published: January 2013

In the quest of phyletic lines, biologists who have based their opinions on the widest field of observation and comparison known to their age have often felt that the position which they have assigned to any organism within its own affinity may be given to another by later systematists.

The origin of this uncertainty of systematic position is not to be found in a foreboding that the immediate descendants of an organism, now considered relatively simple, may suddenly acquire characters which will justify changes of position in the affinity. It is to be found in the biologist's avowed ignorance of the relative value of the characters by which he judges, and in his belief that much which is important has escaped his observation.
XIX.—Chromosome Linkage and Syndesis in Œnothera
Authors: Catcheside David G.
Published: January 2013

Despite all the evidence to the contrary, attempts have been made recently to bring Œnotheran cytology into lino with the parasynaptic theory of meiosis. Boedijn (2, 3) has described a peculiar conjugation of the chromosomes which he identifies as parasynaptic; Kihara (23) prefers to suppose the “doppelketten” origin of chromosome rings, such as he has found inRumex; while Darlington (7) has put forward an extension of Belling's (1) hypothesis of segmental interchange.
XXI.—A Study of Apothecial Development in the Leaf-spot Disease of Red Clover
Authors: Jones S. G.
Published: January 2013

The Leaf-spot Disease of Red Clover, which, as the name implies, confines its attacks to the leaves, is caused by the fungus Pseudopeziza Trifolii (Biv-Bern.), Fckl., (1), (7). It is responsible for the appearance, in early stages of disease, of small purplish spots, which later become brownish-yellow or black in colour. These spots ultimately bear the fruiting discs or apothecia which are found abundantly on both living and dead leaves. The disease was very prevalent, and caused considerable damage to the hay crops at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth, in 1923 and 1925. Williams (11), in his extensive studies of the clover plants at this Station, observed that in these years certain varieties were much more susceptible to the disease than others. He states that in the majority of the early varieties, which were more seriously damaged than the later, most of the lower cauline leaves were completely killed off and were shed before the crops were cut. He adds that there does not appear to bo any marked difference between the various late varieties as regards their susceptibility to this disease. The writer, from his own observations of these crops in the field, was struck by the marked frequency with which the apothecial discs occurred in clusters of from three to five in number, and accompanied, though not so frequently, by a similar cluster on the opposite side of the leaf.
XXII.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna. Additional Observations on the Fauna of the Sandy and Muddy Areas of the Tidal Zone
Authors: Stephen A. C.
Published: January 2013

In a previous paper (4) the quantitative distribution of the molluscs and polychætes in certain intertidal muds and sands on the Scottish Coast was discussed, but there still remained several other types of shore such as (a) a river mud-flat, (b) grounds at the heads of sea lochs on the West Coast, and (c) the more exposed shores of the Western Islands, where conditions might possibly differ greatly from those already considered, with corresponding changes in the fauna. Since the publication of the first paper quantitative samples have been collected in each of these areas. Taking the survey as a whole, collections have now been made on such widely different parts of the coast that the peculiarities of the distribution of the above two groups can be stated with a fair degree of accuracy. The present paper is divided into two sections, the first dealing with the additional observations, the second with the survey as a whole.
XXV.—The Anatomy of a Fœtal African Elephant, Elephas africanus (Loxodonta africana). Part II. The Body Muscles
Authors: Eales Nellie B.
Published: January 2013

In theTransactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. LIV, Part III, No. 11, 1926, the author published an account of the anatomy of the head of an African Elephant fœtus, 21 cms. in length. The present paper deals with the voluntary muscles (except those already described) of the same fœtus. The author intends to prepare later an account of the skeleton and internal organs, so that a complete description of the anatomy of this rare specimen will be available.

The section which treats of the head will henceforward be referred to as Part I; the present paper, therefore, becomes Part II.

The body muscles were investigated under the Zeiss Binocular Dissecting Microscope, and the work was facilitated by rapid staining with a weak solution of saffranin. Owing to long preservation, the muscles, nerves, and blood-vessels of the specimen were quite colourless. The saffranin gave a certain amount of differentiation which lasted for several hours, and the advantage of the method is that the colour disappears entirely when the specimen is put back into the store jar between one working period and the next.
XXIX.—The Highland Schists of Middle Deeside and East Glen Muick
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: January 2013

A glance at a geological map of Middle Deeside shows that below Cambus O'May the valley is floored by a belt of metamorphic rocks flanked on both north and south by high hills of Younger Granite, of a date later than the regional metamorphism. The area of metamorphic rocks here considered extends from Cambus O'May down river to Banchory, but in the eastern half of this region the geological problems concern injection rather than tectonics. The cordon of Younger Granites enclosing the Deeside Schists is breached on the west near Cambus O'May by a mile-wide gap through which the metamorphic rocks escape to connect with those of the east side of Glen Muick. In this latter district the schists of as far south as the Aberdeenshire-Forfarshire watershed are considered in detail. Adjacent regions farther south and south-east are dealt with only in so far as they concern the correlation of the Deeside Schists.
XXXII.—On the Feeding Mechanism of the Fairy Shrimp, Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost
Authors: Cannon H. Graham
Published: January 2013

Chirocephalus diaphanus, the Fairy Shrimp, feeds on minute suspended particles and organisms that it separates from water currents produced by its limbs. According to Lundblad (1920, p. 41), in the closely similar form, Tanymastix stagnalis (L.), an orally directed current is produced along the mid-ventral line between the trunk limbs which actually carries food particles to the mouth, the current itself being produced by the sweeping action of the anteriorly directed basal parts of the proximal endites of the trunk limbs. According to Storch (1925a, p. 387), the particles are not carried forwards on a current but are swept forwards from limb to limb until they reach the mouth.
XXXIII.—The Blood Vascular System of the Spiny Dogfish,Squalus acanthiasLinné, andSqualus suckliiGill
Authors: O'Donoghue Charles H. , Abbott Eileen (Bulman)
Published: January 2013

The following investigation was commenced, in the first place, to provide information for class use, for, in spite of the fact that thousands of specimens ofSqualus acanthiasandS. suckliiare used every year in North America, there appears to be no satisfactory account of the blood vascular system of either species available. As the work proceeded, various problems arose which necessitated references to the conditions in other species and the preparation of more detailed dissections than are usually made in class work. It is well known that there is considerable confusion in the nomenclature employed by different authors for even some of the main vessels, and it was soon evident that this is not merely individual preference but, in part, due to a more fundamental lack of agreement as to the precise morphological significance of the vessels themselves. More recent embryological investigations by other workers have, we consider, given a key to the solution of the most important of these problems and have shown that, in so far as the blood-vessels are concerned, the Elasmobranchs lie closer to the other gnathostomatous vertebrates than is generally recognised, and indeed furnish a primitive and generalised type. The time seemed ripe, therefore, to provide a connected account of the vascular system in an Elasmobranch, viewing it in the light of the researches just referred to, and of what is known of the distribution of the various vessels in the sub-class in general. It was hoped that this would provide an epitome that would serve as a basis for future work in the sub-class, and also for comparison with the conditions in higher vertebrates.
X.—On Two New Gorilla Foetuses
Authors: Hill W. C. O. , Spatz W. B.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Descriptions are offered of two foetal gorillas representative of developmental stages intermediate between those previously described by Duckworth (1904), Schultz (1927) and Deniker (1885). They are numbered accordingly II and IV and comparison made throughout with the other stages represented in the literature.

Special attention has been paid to the ontogenetic changes occurring in the bodily form, and posture, cutaneous structures, cranial and skeletal development and in the disposition of the thoracic and abdominal viscera, much of which is previously known only in respect of Deniker's stage V.
6.—A Re-examination of the Central Nervous System ofAlderia modesta(Lovén).
Authors: Gascoigne T.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Alderia modesta(class Gastropoda, order Sacoglossa) has a central nervous system of a type common in the Stiligeridae and Limapontiidae. The visceral loop is short and bears two ganglia, the abdominal and supra-intestinal.

Medio-dorsal bodies, probably neurosecretory in function, are present on the cerebral ganglia. They were also found in eight other species of Sacoglossa and latero-dorsal bodies were noted inOxynoe viridis(Pease) andLobiger viridis(Pease).

Dissections of sixteen species of Sacoglossa showed that the order may be arranged on the length of the visceral loop and the number of ganglia on it. The evolution of medio-dorsal bodies is discussed.
9.—On the Ecology and Sedimentation of the Cardium Shellsands and Transgressive Shellbanks of Traigh Mhor, Island of Barra, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Farrow George E.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Holocene carbonates rest unconformably on Lewisian gneiss in an almost land-locked bay sheltered from Atlantic waves by sand dunes: frosts are rare and cockles, the dominant species, may reach 16 years of age. Five intertidal zones are recognised: algal mat, Arenicola sand, Cardium shell sand, Lanice sand, Ensis sand. Transgressive shellbanks composed solely of cockles and linguoid in form, are advancing over the Arenicola sand towards the shore, earlier seaward positions being indicated by hard-packed areas of shell pavement. Comparison of 1973 positions with those on aerial photographs taken in 1965 demonstrates a maximum transgression of 150 m over the past eight years, but in 1948 banks were smaller and most material was onshore as a chenier.

Different age-groups are dominant in different parts of the beach: young cockles high on the shore; older, partially epifaunal individuals towards low water. In any one age-group shell height is inversely related to distance from LWM. By analysing the age and growth of dead shells from the banks it is possible to estimate where they originated, and thus how much post-mortem transport they have suffered. In the centre of the bay banks receive 90 per cent of their shells from seaward, the maximum distance travelled being 400 m.

During westerly gales adult cockles living high on the shore are blown seawards, though young forms escape by speedier burrowing. This, together with the concentration of oystercatcher predation on small individuals from the more emergent parts of the bay, probably explains why older animals are more abundant on the lower reaches of the shore.

Feeding oystercatchers leave many conjoined valves of Cardium on the sediment surface which roll in easily with the tide and replenish the shellbanks. The valves are rarely damaged, though gulls shatter shells by dropping them onto hard areas of pavement. In calm conditions shoreward flotation of both fragments and single valves is important: banks are high and narrow, and accrete by avalanche co-sets of haphazardly arranged whole valves. In stormy conditions much comminuted shell sand is blown onto the beach from the dunes: banks are more spread out, and the shell fabric locally becomes vertically imbricate in response to directly opposed wave systems generated by refraction around the banks.
15.—Calathopteris heterophyllagen. et sp. nov., a Lower Carboniferous Pteridosperm bearing Two Kinds of Petioles
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Calathopteris heterophyllagen. et sp. nov. is described from a single petrified stem found in a loose block at Oxroad Bay, East Lothian. It is approximately 17 cm long and 2 cm diameter, being clothed with the swollen bases of incomplete petioles, many reflexed, and arranged in a dense 2/5 phyllotactic spiral. In most petioles the vascular bundle becomes U-shaped in transverse section with six abaxial mesarch lobes. Other leaf-traces divide in the inner cortex to form three concentric xylem strands which differentiate as they pass outward to form a median triarch bundle flanked by two tetrarch bundles. The stem possesses a medullated stele in which short wide tracheids occur in the medulla. Similarities between the petioles and those ofCalathospermum fimbriatumBarnard are pointed out while those with three bundles were probably trichotomous (and ?microsporangiate) likeDiplopteridium teilianumWalton.