bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The response of Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) and Tenebrio molitor L. to methyl bromide at reduced pressures
Authors: Monro H. A. U.
Published: November 2006

The response of larvae and adults of Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) to methyl bromide at reduced pressures is complex. Four zones of differing susceptibility were found : (1) at 15–30 mm. Hg pressure high mortalities were due more to desiccation than the action of the fumigant; (2) at 30–50 mm. low mortalities coincided with loss of visible activity; (3) at 50–175 mm. increased activity and high mortalities occurred; (4) from 175 mm. to atmospheric pressure activity was normal and mortalities declined. In zones (2) to (4) the responses were independent of humidity. Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. gave responses similar to those in zones (2), (3) and (4) but at different pressure ranges.
The determination of fluoroacetic acid and fluoroacetamide in plant material
Authors: Thompson C. C.
Published: November 2006

An analytical method is described for the determination of total organically combined fluorine in a mixture of fluoroacetamide and fluoroacetic acid in plant material; a method is also suggested for the determination of fluoroacetamide alone. On a 100‐g. sample of plant material 1 p.p.m. can be determined with an accuracy of 13% and 0.1 p.p.m. with an accuracy of 50%. The methods involve the determination of the fluorine content of plant extracts and therefore depend for their validity on the removal of interfering fluorine‐containing plant constituents.
Determination of rotenone in Lonchocarpus root and oleo‐resin
Authors: Richmond D. V. , Martin J. T.
Published: November 2006

The rotenone content of Lonchocarpus root and of the oleo‐resin have been determined by a standard method of direct crystallisation of the carbon tetrachloride solvate and also by the crystallisation of the solvate after the partial removal of other components by alkali extraction or column chromatography. The highest results were given by the chromatographic method and the lowest by the direct crystallisation procedure. Evidence is presented that direct crystallisation gives results that may be 20% lower than the true values, and revision of the standard method is desirable.
Effects of γ‐radiation on the taste and manufacturing properties of soft wheat
Authors: Cornwell P. B.
Published: November 2006

A preliminary study has been made of the effects of three dose levels of γ‐radiation on the physical, biochemical and baking properties of English wheat. Products made from irradiated grain have been examined for organoleptic changes by a taste panel of selected members. The slight changes induced by irradiation are considered of little commercial significance.
Ripening of broad beans
Authors: Anthistle Margaret J. , Ashdown D. F. , Dickinson D.
Published: November 2006

Experiments designed to investigate change during ripening of broad beans skin‐to‐flesh ratio, tenderometer and texturemeter readings, and % of alcohol‐insoluble solids (A.I.S.)are described, and the result compared with values obtained for changes in leucoanthocyanin and phenolic contents of the skins. Figure are recorded for two varieties of bean, one white and one green, and show that at any given maturity stage the white bean is superior on the basis of tenderness and A.I.S. content. No correlation between extractable leucoanthocyanins and toughness of skin was found.
A note on the composition of normal‐acid fibre
Authors: Walker D. M.
Published: November 2006

Normal‐acid fibre extracted from coarse fodders and faeces has been analysed for its content of lignin, true cellulose, cellulosan, protein and ash. Digestion with n‐H2SO4 for 1 h. removes a large proportion of the protein and cellulosan, some of the true cellulose, but little, if any, of the lignin from the original material.
Physico‐chemical studies on agricultural sprays. III.—Variation of phytotoxicity with the chemical structure of surface‐active agents
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

The phytotoxicity and wetting ability of 61 surface‐active agents of known chemical structure have been tested on the leaves of two varieties of apple and two of plum.

Surface‐active materials containing a branched alkyl chain in the hydrophobic portion of their molecule are better wetters than corresponding materials containing a straight alkyl chain. In any homologous series of materials, wetting ability increases with increase in size of the alkyl group. With the non‐ionic ethylene oxide condensates, maximum wetting occurs with those materials containing the minimum number of ethylene oxide groups conferring water solubility.

Phytotoxicity appears to be governed by the nature of the ionic charge, by the physical size of the molecules or ions and to a lesser extent by the nature of the gegenion. All non‐ionic materials cause little damage on apple and plum leaves, anionic and cationic materials cause variable damage depending on their chemical structure and on the nature of the leaf surface. In any homologous series of surface‐active agents the phytotoxicity appears to pass through a maximum as the molecular size is progressively increased. Since this maximum usually occurs at fairly short alkyl chain lengths (dodecyl or below), for most practical purposes phytotoxicity decreases as the size of the alkyl group increases.

These results are discussed in the light of the conclusions reached in Part II of this series, and the physical and chemical factors governing phytotoxicity are considered.
Orange‐G binding as a measure of protein content
Authors: Bunyan J.
Published: November 2006

The relationship between the binding of Orange G from solution and crude protein content has been studied for a number of common protein foods. A range of meat meals and whalemeat meals showed correlation between crude protein and dye‐binding, apart from a few completely atypical samples. Among fish meals, soya‐bean and groundnut meals, no atypical samples were found. In all five types of materials, dye was bound by other constituents in addition to protein. A number of isolated samples of other protein sources were also studied. Estimates of crude protein content from dye‐absorption data were not accurate because of variation between meals of the same type.
Spoilage of canned peas: A thermophile that affects the artificial colour
Authors: Hall L. P. , Raven T. W.
Published: November 2006

An unusual type of spoilage is described which occurred in canned peas during incubation at 55°. The chief symptom was an alteration of the normal bright green colour of the liquor to a pale blue which changed to purple on exposure to air.

An organism recovered from the cans was shown to produce the colour change under suitable conditions, and by culture reactions to be similar to B. michaelisii.

Liquors from spoiled and unspoiled cans were compared by solvent extraction and by paper chromatography, and of the artificial colours present, the one associated with the observed colour changes was identified as Yellow 2G.

An account is given of the reproduction of the colour change by the action of zinc dust.

A mechanism is suggested for the reaction.
Pyruvic acid in the skeletal muscle of fresh and chill‐stored, trawled codling (Gadus Callarias)
Authors: Jones N. R.
Published: November 2006

Pyruvic acid was present in the muscle of freshly‐killed, trawled codling at a mean level of 0.67 mg./100 g. During storage in ice under simulated commercial conditions, levels first fell slowly to 8 days and then rose rapidly to 12 days. After a further slight rise to 18 days the levels again fell. These findings are discussed in relation to the known factors producing changes in muscle extractives.
Fumigation of maize in a large shell‐concrete building
Authors: Graham W. M.
Published: November 2006

A large, sealed maize store (over one million cubic feet) was filled with methyl bromide gas and fumigation continued for 5 days. Gas sampling indicated excellent results. The method was cheaper and more efficient than the usual sheet fumigations. The amount of gas needed was less than expected, and the distribution was good although no fan or gas recirculating equipment was employed. The greatest advantage was that cross‐infestation was practically eliminated.
Mercury residues in sprayed crops. II.—Apples
Authors: Beidas A. S. , Higgons D. J.
Published: November 2006

Mercury residues have been determined in apples which had been sprayed with mercury fungicides for the two seasons 1956 and 1957. The results show that under commercial conditions the mercury residue was less than 0.01 p.p.m. in 29 out of the 33 samples analysed, and less than 0.1 p.p.m. on the other four samples.
Action of synthetic soil‐conditioners in water‐logged soils
Authors: Warrior S. K. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

Preliminary observations showed that additions of two soil‐conditioners to normal soils caused marked aggregation, differing not only in extent but also in their proportional effects in the size distribution of the aggregates formed. Water‐logging the treated soil did not greatly alter the degree of aggregation but caused some redistribution of particle sizes.

Incorporation of peat with the soil tended to diminish aggregation slightly under normal and under water‐logged conditions.

The pore space and water uptake (Keen & Raczkowski's method) were increased by application of a conditioner to soil, with or without additions of peat, the effect diminishing somewhat after water‐logging.

Rates of penetration of water through soil columns were increased markedly by use of conditioners.
Dried bovine plasma. II.—The storage of freeze‐dried plasma
Authors: Ratcliff P. W. , Brooks J.
Published: November 2006

Complete exclusion of oxygen prevented any further change in the flavour of freeze‐dried plasma stored at 25°. the partial or complete destruction of plasma glucose before drying or an increase in the amount of glucose before drying had no effect on the development of fishiness during storage in air. the rate of development of fluorescence and the loss of glucose and free amino nitrogen in freeze‐dried plasma during storage were influenced by oxygen, glucose and water content. A rapid increase in the intensity of fluorescence required the simultaneous presence of both glucose and oxygen.
Use of fertilisers in the afforestation of deep peat
Authors: Wright T. W.
Published: November 2006

Phosphorus is frequently the primary limiting factor to tree growth on deep peat, and phosphate manuring is now routine Forestry Commission practice. Recent experiments have shown the value of foliage analysis in diagnosing phosphate deficiency, and suggest that, as the trees mature, natural supplies of other nutrients, particularly potassium, may be exhausted.
Use of antibiotics in media for assessing bacterial contamination in food yeast
Authors: Fleming Muriel , Barnard N. H. , Allen L. A.
Published: November 2006

A selective medium was required which would permit accurate enumeration of bacterial contaminants in an actively growing culture of food yeast (taken, for example, from a fermenter). the necessary criteria were that the medium should allow unrestricted growth of species of bacteria likely to be encountered as contaminants in factory conditions, and that the growth of food yeasts should be inhibited by low concentrations of the antibiotic. These criteria were fulfilled by a basal medium of tryptone‐Yeastrel‐glucose agar in which was incorporated one of the following antibiotics in the concentration indicated: candicidin, filipin, fungichromin or rimocidin (5 p.p.m.) or nystatin (15 p.p.m.).
Culture media for fungi
Authors: Smith G.
Published: November 2006

Very many culture media have been used for fungi but most of the moulds can be kept in good condition by using about a dozen media. for making diagnoses, and for identifying cultures, it is important to use, as far as possible, synthetic media of definite and reproducible composition. Such media are not satisfactory for the maintenance of the majority of species. Many fungi deteriorate in culture if certain accessory factors are absent or if the food supply is too rich. Correct sterilisation of media is important, overheating being as harmful as under‐sterilisation. Cold sterilisation is sometimes essential for exacting fungi.
The place of fertilisers in forestry
Authors: Laurie M. V.
Published: November 2006

Apart from their regular use in forest nurseries and on certain nutrient‐deficient sites at the time of planting or to rejuvenate plantations that have checked, fertilisers are at present very little used in forestry, mainly because of lack of knowledge of the magnitude and persistence of responses that may be expected under given conditions. The literature records many instances of responses to different fertilisers, applied mainly at the time of planting, phosphate being the most frequently effective nutrient, though in certain circumstances N, K and Ca have also produced worthwhile responses. Classical work on liming in older conifer forests in Germany is mentioned, and recent work on nitrogen is discussed, with particular reference to the need for discovering a slow‐acting form which will produce lasting effects.

Much research is needed to determine conditions for economic growth responses to fertiliser applications, and it is stressed that the physical and biological factors affecting tree nutrition must be studied in addition to the purely chemical factors.
The free amino‐acids of certain british fruits
Authors: Burroughs L. F.
Published: November 2006

The total and alcohol‐soluble nitrogen contents have been determined and the free amino‐acids examined in strawberry, gooseberry (green and ripe), blackcurrant, redcurrant, loganberry, raspberry, blackberry and tomato. Most of the common amino‐acids were present, alanine and glutamine being the two most generally prominent.

Free amino‐acids have been examined in 20 non‐edible species of apple and pear, in medlar (unripe and ripe) and in three species of Vaccinium.

1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid was not found in any fruit except ripe cowberries.
Studies on protein concentrates for animal feeding
Authors: Bunyan J. , Price S. A.
Published: November 2006

The protein quality of a wide range of common protein foods has been investigated by means of chemical, biological and microbiological tests. B vitamin contents have also been determined in some materials. Results for a large range of meat meals, whalemeat meals, fish meals and miscellaneous samples are presented and discussed in separate sections, and attention drawn to the existence of certain corelations.
Selective media for yeasts and bacteria in apple juice and cider
Authors: Beech F. W. , Carr J. G.
Published: November 2006

From a large number of antibiotics and other inhibitory compounds surveyed in detail, several have been chosen for the selective isolation of yeasts and bacteria from the mixed microfloras of apple juices and ciders. Bacteria were isolated on a basal medium of apple juice plus yeast extract, in the presence of actidione and oxine, while a mixture of actinomycin and Aureomycin allowed the sole growth of yeasts. Diphenyl was also added to the medium for the suppression of moulds in samples heavily infected with these organisms.
Chemical studies on the herring (clupea harengus). III.—the lower fatty acids
Authors: Hughes R. B.
Published: November 2006

The application of gas chromatography and paper chromatography to a study of the lower volatile fatty acids of herring is reported. Fresh herring flesh contained acetic acid with smaller quantities of formic acid and propionic acid, and occasionally a trace of n‐butyric acid. The quantities of all these acids increased in the spoiling fish, while isovaleric acid became apparent at the later stages. The presence of antibiotics did not affect the rate of production of the acids in fish held in ice. Heat processing at 115·5° in sealed cans did not alter the content of individual acids in the fish.
Detection and estimation of fungal amylases in flour
Authors: Knight R. A.
Published: November 2006

As the methods normally used in the examination of flour do not reveal the presence of fungal amylases, a technique has been developed which may be employed for their detection and semi‐quantitative estimation. This is based on the decrease in α‐amylase activity which occurs when a flour extract containing calcium ions is heated at 68° for 30 min. Confirmation of the presence of fungal amylase and of the amount which has been added to flour can be obtained by using the relationship between cereal α‐amylase activity and Hagberg number.
Responses to phosphorus of swedes and rape under the conditions prevailing in the north of england
Authors: Wilkinson B.
Published: November 2006

The responses to phosphorus of swede and rape for ‘standard’ and newly reclaimed upland soils in Northern England are given. The additional phosphate required on very phosphorus‐deficient soils over ‘standard’ conditions was higher than is suggested elsewhere. Superphosphate was consistently more efficient than other phosphatic fertilisers with which it was compared. Soil temperature is suggested as an important factor influencing the effectiveness of mineral phosphates.
Mechanisms of insect resistance to the chlorohydrocarbon insecticides
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H.
Published: November 2006

A review is made of the mechanism of the resistance of houseflies (chiefly) to BHC and DDT, especially as regards apparent contradictions in existing knowledge. Points discussed include differences between susceptible and resistant houseflies as regards penetration and metabolism of the insecticide.
Interaction of starch with sucrose stearates and other antistaling agents
Authors: Bourne E. J. , Tiffin A. I. , Weigel H.
Published: November 2006

The reaction of sucrose monostearate (SMS) with starches and starch fractions is similar to that of various substances with ‘antistaling’ activity with starch. SMS forms an insoluble complex with starches and competitively inhibits the reaction of iodine with amylose. Wheat starch granules adsorb SMS and it is suggested that the formation of an insoluble complex on the surface of the granules may play a part in the ‘antistaling’ activity of SMS.
Study of the quality of free‐range and laying battery hen eggs with particular reference to baking
Authors: Cornford S. J. , Blount W. P. , Eggitt P. W. Russell , Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

A series of tests over a period of 5 months of the general quality and baking properties of eggs showed that, apart from a striking difference in colour of the liquid whole egg, which was paler in the case of eggs from battery hens, only small differences in other properties, of no commercial importance, could be detected with eggs from free‐range hens of the same parent stock.
Studies on straw and composts. I.—characterising straw, composts and bulky organic manures by optical extinction of alkaline extracts and cation‐exchange capacity measurements
Authors: Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

Both optical extinction of extracts made with o.05N‐NaOH (containing 0‐5% of ‘Calgon’) and cation‐exchange capacity measurements are suitable for characterising straw, compost prepared in various ways, farmyard manure and peat. Straw had the lowest and peat the highest optical extinction value and cation‐exchange capacity, whilst the other materials had intermediate values depending on their method of preparation, composition or time of rotting. The high correlation between the two measurements for all the materials studied indicates a difference in the number but only a small difference in the nature of the chemical groups with exchange properties.
Supplementation of chick diets with vitamin E to improve meat quality
Authors: Laksesvela B.
Published: November 2006

The taste and odour of fresh chicken meat were significantly improved when the birds were fed diets containing 6 or 15% of an experimentally produced herring meal containing highly unsaturated fat (not favourable for the production of good‐quality meat) or of normal herring meal, provided a supplement of 36.7 mg. of d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg. of diet is given. Likewise such addition tended to improve the flavour of birds reared on a diet with 6% of normal herring diet or on an all‐vegetable diet. High levels of d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate fed to chicks only in their first week of life, or only on the last 5 days before slaughter, also improved the taste of the fresh meat to some extent. The 36.7 mg. of d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate also apparently enhanced both growth rate and feed efficiency in normal diets; in a diet with 36% wheat offals, feed efficiency appeared to be only very slightly improved.
A study on the effect of colloidal silica in peptising iron oxide with reference to red brown soil formation on limestone
Authors: Khan D. H.
Published: November 2006

Colloidal silica will peptise Fe2O3 in alkaline media containing Na ions, but Ca ions cause flocculation of the silica and no peptisation of Fe2O2 occurs. It is concluded that the theory of Reifenberg on the formation of terra rossa on limestone is untenable.
Antioxidants in dry fat systems: Influence of the fatty acid composition of the substrate
Authors: Lea C. H.
Published: November 2006

The activities of a number of antioxidants have been compared at 37° and 50° in purified distilled methyl esters of cottonseed, linseed and cod liver oil fatty acids, to which a small quantity of the pre‐oxidised ester had been added as ‘starter’. Relative activities were found to vary considerably with the fatty acid composition of the substrate and with the temperature and level of oxidation at which the measurements were made.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. VIII.—Enzymic oxidations of polyphenolic mixtures
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Myers M.
Published: November 2006

When a mixture of substrates is acted upon by the tea oxidase the substrate of lower rH is oxidised preferentially. In tea fermentation, therefore, oxidations are largely limited to those affecting the gallocatechins. When a mixture of two substrates is oxidised mixed dimers are not produced unless both have similar rH values. In tea fermentation there is only a limited coupled oxidation of gallic acid and theogallin. The trace substances Q (now confirmed to be a mixture) are produced by coupled oxidation of gallic acid; oxidation of theogallin probably results in the formation of substances chromatographically similar to the thearubigins. The catechins function as carriers for coupled oxidations of theaflavins, bisflavanols and thearubigins. Such coupled oxidations probably form part of the fermentation process and it is possible that such oxidations of theaflavins and bisflavanols yield thearubigins.
Application of thermogravimetry to the analysis of carbonates occurring in soils. I.—Analysis of pure carbonates and naturally occurring limestones
Authors: Wright J. R. , Hoffman I. , Schnitzer M.
Published: November 2006

The thermogravimetric behaviour in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide of pure carbonates and naturally occurring limestones has been examined. The pyrolysis curves permitted quantitative determinations of total carbonates and the partitioning thereof into dolomite and calcite. The results have been compared with those found by chemical and X‐ray diffraction methods.
Application of thermogravimetry to the analysis of carbonates occurring in soils. II.—Analysis of carbonates in soils
Authors: Hoffman I. , Schnitzer M. , Wright J. R.
Published: November 2006

The values for total carbonates in soils as measured by thermogravimetry were in good agreement with those obtained by chemical determinations. While the pyrolysis curves of some soils allowed a partitioning of the total carbonate, difficulties were encountered in this regard with others. For most of the soils where partitioning was possible, the results for dolomite were higher, and those for calcite lower, than values obtained by a chemical method.

In order to determine the possible causes for this anomalous behaviour the interaction during pyrolysis between various inorganic salts and quartz with calcite was studied. Evidence is presented to show that the difficulty can be traced to an interaction between sodium and/or potassium and silica with calcite. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in interpreting thermogravimetric curves of soils for the purpose of partitioning the total carbonate content into dolomite and calcite.
The β‐monoester content of commercial monoglycerides after prolonged storage
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: November 2006

The technique of determining ‘total’ and β‐monoglycerides by isomerisation with perchloric acid has been re‐examined and slightly modified to improve the reproducibility of results. The content of β‐monoglycerides in commercial monoglyceride preparations stored for 1 1/2–5 years has been found to be in the range of 5–9% of the total monoglycerides. This is contrary to a recent report that β‐monoglycerides are present in freshly prepared products only and disappear on prolonged storage.
The bleachability of nigerian palm oil
Authors: Ames G. R. , Raymond W. D. , Ward J. B.
Published: November 2006

Palm oil of excellent bleachability can be obtained from Nigerian (wild) palm fruit if sufficient care is taken in its processing. Commercial Nigerian African‐produced oil has inferior bleachability due to oxidation by lipoxidases while the frequently bruised fruit awaits processing. Atmospheric oxidation catalysed by iron may also cause deterioration, and palm oil is frequently heated in iron vessels before shipment. Coupled oxidation of the oil and carotenoids results in the formation of degradation pigments less readily absorbed by bleaching earth or less easily rendered colourless on heat bleaching. The extent of the deterioration depends upon the quantity of carotene present which is usually higher in Nigerian than in Malayan palm oil. The findings are supported by numerous results obtained from the examination of palm fruit and samples of palm oil, many of which were specially collected in Nigeria.
Diffusion of sulphite during vegetable dehydration
Authors: Duckworth R. B. , Tobasnick Marian
Published: November 2006

Prepared samples of potato, carrot and cabbage were scalded in solutions containing sulphite labelled with 35S. The distribution and movement of sulphite during subsequent dehydration and storage were studied by autoradiographic methods. After dehydration of potato and carrot strips, the sulphite is distributed throughout the strip with a slight concentration at the centre. The development of brown centres in such material is therefore not due to inadequate penetration of sulphite, but probably to accumulation of sugars and amino‐acids in this region. In cabbage, the sulphite is readily taken up by the veins of the leaf.
Incorporation of 14CO2 in the dark by some plant tissues
Authors: Neal G. E.
Published: November 2006

The levels of fixation of 14CO2 in the dark by various plant tissues are compared. Most of the activity was found in the malate present. Mechanisms are suggested for the processes of degradation of malate and distribution of the activity.
Changes in the adenosinetriphophatase activity and sulphydryl groups of cod flesh during frozen storage
Authors: Connell J. J.
Published: November 2006

The adenosinetriphophatase (ATP‐ase) activity, “easily‐reactable” and total sulphydryl groups of cod flesh have been determined during frozen storage for up to 170 weeks at — 14°, —22° and —29°. At —29° no change in enzyme activity could be detected, but at —22° and —14° definite loss of activity occurred. The rate of loss of activity at these two latter temperatures was very much less than the rate of development either of insolubility of the enzyme, or of toughness of the flesh. No change in either ‘easily‐reactable’ or total sulphydryl groups was detected at any storage temperature.
Composition of the seed fat of ceylon sweet orange
Authors: Weerakoon A. H.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of the composition of the fatty oil which forms about 33% of the dried whole seed. The principal component fatty acids are palmitic (21·8% wt.), oleic (27·4%) and linoleic (34·2%). Myristic and stearic acids each form about 6–7% and linolenic about 2% of the total fatty acids. Lauric and arachidic acids occur in traces. The fat consists chiefly of monosaturated‐diunsaturated (54%) and disaturated‐monounsaturated (22%) glycerides. Triunsaturated glycerides form about 18% of the fat and fully saturated glycerides about 6%. The fat conforms to ‘even distribution’ except for the presence of the small percentage of fully saturated glycerides.
Some aspects of the potash nutrition of the potato
Authors: Harrap F. E. G.
Published: November 2006

The potassium requirements of potatoes are described, followed by a consideration of the relationship between potassium rate and source and the carbohydrate metabolism of the potato.

Potassium nutrition and potato quality (texture and after‐cooking colour) are discussed, and the subject of potato quality is summarised with reference to the tests carried out at Levington.
Examination of wheat gluten by partial solubility methods. II.—Partition by dilute formic acid
Authors: Meredith P. , Sammons H. G. , Frazer A. C.
Published: November 2006

When gluten is treated with dilute acid, swelling of the gelatinous component occurs with concomitant diffusion from the gel of the more soluble proteins. This process is independent of the partition by organic solvent described in Part I and the two processes may be applied consecutively in either order with substantially the same result. The resulting three fractions have been examined by viscosimetric and electrophoretic methods. The possible structure of gluten in terms of these fractions is discussed.
Organic acid metabolism in cider and perry fermentations. II.—Non‐volatile organic acids of cider‐apple juices and sulphited ciders
Authors: Whiting G. C. , Coggins R. A.
Published: November 2006

The non‐volatile organic acids of cider‐apple juices and of ciders from sulphited fermentations have been separated using chromatographic methods, and identified. Several juice acids not previously detected were identified, namely mucic, benzoic, gluconic and 2‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydroxybutyric acid. During fermentation malic and gluconic acids often increased considerably in amount, appreciable quantities of succinic and lactic acids being formed together with small amounts of 2‐methyl‐, 3‐methyl‐, 2‐ethyl‐ and 3‐ethyl‐dihydroxy‐butyric acids, fumaric, α‐hydroxyglutaric and perhaps 2‐ketogluconic acids; pectic degradation gave rise to appreciable quantities of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐galacturonic acids.
Effects of salt and other fertilisers on yield and mineral composition of forage crops. II.—Kale
Authors: Hemingway R. G.
Published: November 2006

Salt increased the yield of kale by about i ton/acre in five out of six experiments on soils which were not seriously deficient in available potassium. There were frequent negative interactions between salt and muriate of potash. Fertilisers, other than muriate of potash, did not materially influence the uptake of potassium. Salt and potash tended to depress the calcium and magnesium levels, but only slightly. Salt did not increase phosphorus utilisation although the soils were phosphate‐deficient. Salt and ammonium sulphate greatly increased sodium uptake and muriate of potash markedly reduced it.
The stabilising effect of piperonyl butoxide on pyrethrins exposed to ultra‐violet light
Authors: Donaldson J. M. , Stevenson J. H.
Published: November 2006

A mixture of the synergist piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins is not significantly more toxic to adult moths than are pyrethrins alone. The reported stabilisation in ultra‐violet light of pyrethrins by piperonyl butoxide could therefore be investigated biologically without the complication of synergistic activity. Stabilisation was not demonstrated.
Determination of mercury in plant material
Authors: Pickard J. A. , Martin J. T.
Published: November 2006

An analytical procedure used for the determination of traces of mercury in plant material is described. The conditions of combustion of organic matter are controlled to avoid loss of mercury and EDTA is used to reduce the values for apparent mercury on uncontaminated samples. Satisfactory recoveries of mercury added to apples, tomatoes and coffee are obtained.
Correlations between the pH value of meat and the diffusion of salt
Authors: Körmendy L. , Gantner Gy.
Published: November 2006

A study is made of the speed of penetration of salt into loin pork meat under constant conditions of pickling (weight and size of sample, ratio of pickle to meat, temperature), and the results statistically analysed. Under the conditions employed, the salt content of the meat after 24 h. is considered to be characteristic of the penetration rate of the salt.

There was no close correlation‐between the pH of the meat and the 24‐h. salt content, but the pH values fell within a rather narrow range (87% between 5.4 and 6.7).
Gibberellic acid. XI.—The growth‐promoting activities of some functional derivatives of gibberellic acid
Authors: Moffatt J. S. , Radley Margaret
Published: November 2006

A number of derivatives of gibberellic acid have been prepared and their growth‐promoting activities compared. Eleven salts and four acyl derivatives showed activities similar to that of gibberellic acid when applied to the roots or to the leaves of dwarf pea seedlings. Five esters and nine acyl derivatives of esters showed no activity when applied to the leaves; most of them were moderately active when applied, in aqueous culture solutions, to the roots possibly because they underwent slow hydrolysis.
Production of heat during fermentation of cacao beans
Authors: Kenten R. H. , Powell B. D.
Published: November 2006

The heat produced during the fermentation of cacao beans could arise from the action of the bean enzymes as well as from the activities of micro‐organisms on the pulp which surrounds the beans. Experiments to ascertain the relative importance of each of these sources have shown that most of the heat produced arises from the activity of microorganisms in the pulp.
Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilisers on the mineral status of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). I.—mineral content
Authors: Rahman H. , McDonald P. , Simpson K.
Published: November 2006

Results are given for the effects of ammonium nitrate applied at two levels and potassium sulphate at one level on the nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine content of perennial ryegrass grown pure and in the presence of clover. Three cuts were taken over two seasons and statistical analyses of the results are presented for each cut.

Application of nitrogen fertilisers increased the N content of the ryegrass (chiefly the non‐protein nitrogen). Sodium contents were increased at all cuts and potassium in the second and third cuts, after application of nitrogen. Chlorine content was decreased and phosphorus increased (at second and third cuts). Variable magnesium contents were obtained, possibly due to rainfall conditions.
Pilot‐plant studies on the preparation of crude papain from raw papaya
Authors: Krishnamurthy G. V. , Bhatia B. S. , Lal Girdhari , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: November 2006

The results are presented of an investigation of the yield and total solids content of the latex obtained in successive tappings of papaya fruit and of the yield and activity of the crude papain obtained from the latex samples by sun‐ and vacuum‐drying. The effect of the addition of metabisulphite, with and without thymol, on the activity of the dried products is described.
Isolation of some urea‐formaldehyde compounds and their decomposition in soil
Authors: Long M. I. E. , Winsor G. W.
Published: November 2006

The preparation of various members of the methylene‐urea series in pure or partially purified form is described, and their analysis and composition is discussed. The rates of mineralisation of the nitrogen of these compounds in soil decreased markedly with increasing molecular size. Methylene‐diurea and dimethylene‐triurea decomposed too rapidly in the soil to have any practical value as slow‐acting fertilisers, whereas a mixture of tetramethylenepentaurea with higher members of the series was highly resistant to decomposition in soil. Trimethylene‐tetraurea proved the most promising compound of the series as a possible constituent of urea‐formaldehyde fertilisers, but it appears unlikely that urea‐formaldehyde compounds of the methylene‐urea type, prepared by condensation under acid conditions, can ever possess the properties of an ideal slow‐acting fertiliser.
Flame‐photometric determination of calcium in plants
Authors: Brogan J. C.
Published: November 2006

In the flame photometric estimation of calcium, phosphorus and sulphur cause interference which seriously affects the validity of the results. Hitherto it has been necessary to separate these interfering ions, but this is time‐consuming. It is now shown that at high concentrations of either phosphate or sulphate ions, the calcium emission is independent of small variations of either anion. This is used as the basis of a flame‐photometric method for estimating calcium in plants without separation of interfering ions, but in the presence of excess of sulphate.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. VI.—Starch content of kaffir beer brewing materials
Authors: von Holdt M. M. , Brand J. C.
Published: November 2006

Starch was determined in kaffir beer brewing materials by a modification of the method of MacWilliam et al. Kaffircorn grains contained 61·1–69% starch; kaffrcorn malts 45·9–61–2% and maize grits and maize meals 71·8–81–7%. The starch content of the spent grains from different breweries varied widely, from 14·7 to 50·3%. In a trial brew, 40·7% of the starch in the raw materials escaped degradation during mashing, 32·8% appearing in the final beer and 7·9% in the spent grains.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. VII.—Changes in the carbohydrates of kaffircorn during malting
Authors: von Holdt M. M. , Brand J. C.
Published: November 2006

The sugars present in the kafficorn grain and malt have been identified: glucose, fructose and sucrose are present in the grain, while the malt contains also maltose and lower maltose oligosaccharides. Data are given for the changes occurring in the content of these sugars and starch during germination of the kaffircorn and drying of the malt at 50°.
Analysis of the structural carbohydrates of herbage
Authors: Bath I. H.
Published: November 2006

A method is proposed for the fractionation of the carbohydrates of plant material by successive extractions with ethanol‐benzene, 95% ethanol and hot water followed by delignification and extraction of the isolated holocellulose with potassium hydroxide solution to yield hemicellulose and α‐cellulose. The polysaccharides in the hot water extract, hemicellulose and α‐cellulose are hydrolysed and the constituent monosaccharides separated by paper chromatography and determined spectrophotometrically.
The quality of the protein in germ and milk breads as shown by the growth of weanling rats: The significance of the lysine content
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Moran T. , Pace J.
Published: November 2006

By calculation from data obtained previously, on the growth rate of weanling rats on diets containing white bread as the source of protein supplemented with different amounts of L‐lysine, it is now shown that the mean rate of growth is directly proportional to the mean intake of lysine. This applies when the protein content of the diet is 12–13% and the amounts of lysine added are within the range 0–0.25% of the diet. Under these conditions the rate of growth y (g./rat/day) is related to the intake of lysine x (mg./rat/day) by the empirical equation y = 0.06154x + 0.03. Growth rates on bread containing (a) wheat germ, (b) skim milk powder, and on bread crust have been measured, and the applicability of the equation to these data has been examined. On bread crust the rate of growth was significantly less than on bread crumb. When the observed growth rates were substituted in the empirical equation the calculated lysine content of the crust indicated a loss of available lysine compared with the crumb of about 20%. The observed rates of growth were comparable with the growth rates calculated from the lysine contents of bread containing added raw wheat germ. Heat processing of the raw wheat germ gave slightly lower rates of growth and food consumption, suggesting a small reduction in available lysine due to the processing. Similar results were obtained with bread prepared with dried milk powders (6% of flour weight).
Determination of organic fluorine residues in blackcurrants
Authors: Egan H. , Wood R.
Published: November 2006

A method, less time‐consuming than that previously proposed, is described for the determination of organically bound fluorine insecticide residues in plant material.
Application of direct photometry to agricultural analysis
Authors: Scott R. O.
Published: November 2006

The applications of two direct‐reading spectrometers (porous‐cup spark method) to the analysis of agricultural materials are described: (1) a two‐channel instrument for the determination of 0.3–24 p.p.m. of magnesium in acetic acid and ammonium acetate extracts of soils and HCl extracts of plant materials; a coefficient of variation in direct analysis of about ±2.0% is found. The major composition of agricultural samples does not affect the determinations; (2) the eleven‐channel Hilger Medium Direct Reader for the determination in soil extracts of 0.1–24 p.p.m. copper, 1–400 p.p.m. manganese and 1–50 p.p.m. zinc, the coefficients of variation being ±1.10%, ±1.64% and ±7.01%, respectively. A tentative pelleted rotating disk method is given for the determination of zinc, boron, manganese and copper in ashed plant materials with coefficients of variation of ±1.9%, ±2.8%, ±3.3% and ±5.4%, respectively.
Drying of seaweeds and other plants. II.—Through‐circulation drying of laminaria longicruris
Authors: Merritt J. H.
Published: November 2006

Tests on the through‐circulation drying of Laminaria longicruris on a semi‐commercial scale in a batch dryer have been made to determine the optimum conditions. There was a maximum feasible loading of approximately 5 lb./cu. ft. for the dryer. The effects of variations in the rate of air flow, of amount of air recirculated, of air‐flow reversal and of temperature (160–220°F) have been studied with particular reference to output and efficiency.
Mycological production of citric and oxalic acids from cane molasses. II.—Effects of some enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Shimi I. R. , El Dein S. Nour
Published: November 2006

A comparative study has been made of the behaviour of preformed mats of a strong and a weak acid‐producing strain of A. niger when floated on sucrose, molasses and citric acid solutions containing various concentrations of sodium arsenite, sodium monoiodo‐acetate, or 2,4‐dinitrophenol (on carbohydrate solutions only). Tracing of the aP‐keto‐acids which accumulated in the metabolism solutions containing arsenite was carried out by paper chromatography of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. The data obtained are discussed in relation to each other and in light of the findings of other workers.
Mycological production of citric and oxalic acids from cane molasses. III.—Effects of some mixed substrates
Authors: Shimi I. R. , El Dein M. S. Nour
Published: November 2006

The effects on the A. niger fermentation of sucrose and molasses exerted by various concentrations of ethanol, acetate and pyruvate are examined in presence of the optimum concentrations of ferrocyanide and phosphate. Such mixtures gave appreciable increases in the yields of citric acid with also traces of oxalic acid and the time of incubation could be reduced. The behaviour of two potent citric‐acid‐producing strains of A. niger on molasses medium supplemented with methanol was also studied. The results are discussed in the light of well‐known metabolic pathways.
The nitrate nitrogen content of herbage. I.—Observations on some herbage species
Authors: ap Griffith G. , Johnston T. D.
Published: November 2006

Nitrate accumulation in grass which occurs when heavy dressings of nitrogen are applied varies in amount with species and strain of grass. With rape, nitrate accumulation occurred with only moderate dressings of nitrogen and persisted for up to 8 weeks.
Drying of seaweeds and other plants. III.—Through‐circulation drying of zostera marina
Authors: Merritt J. H.
Published: November 2006

Tests on the through‐circulation drying of Zostera marina on a semi‐commercial scale have been conducted with a batch dryer to determine the optimum conditions. There was a maximum feasible loading for grasswrack (eel‐grass) of approximately 3.8 lb./sq. ft. in each layer. The effects of variations in the rate of air flow, of amount of air recirculated, of air‐flow reversal and of temperature (160–220° F) have been studied with particular reference to output and efficiency.
Determination of the components of plant cuticles
Authors: Martin J. T.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative methods are described for the determination of waxy substances and cutin in plant cuticles. Surface waxy materials are obtained by immersing leaves or fruits in chloroform at room temperature; waxy substances embedded within the cuticles of fruits are recovered by further extraction of the skin after surface washing. Acidic materials are removed from the extract, and true wax and “oil” fractions are obtained by partition between n‐heptane and methanol. The cuticular membranes are then separated by treatment with ammonium oxalate‐oxalic acid solution, and the cutin in the membranes is determined by saponification. Work by other investigators on the nature and determination of components of plant cuticles is reviewed.
Studies on casein. III.—Preparation of a carbohydraterich fraction and a calcium‐sensitive fraction from α‐casein
Authors: Pilson M. E. Q. , Henneberry G. O. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

α‐Casein was fractionated by the addition of calcium chloride to an α‐Casein solution (pH 7) which had previously been kept for 45 min. at pH 12. One fraction (Fraction A) accounted for 13.4% and another (α‐Casein — Fraction A) for 56.7% of the original α‐Casein.

The sugar contents (anthrone) of Fraction A, and α‐Casein — Fraction A, were 3.94 and 0.68 mg./g., respectively, and the hexosamine contents were 4.58 and 0.68 mg./g., respectively.

The product α‐Casein — Fraction A was precipitated from aqueous solution (pH 7) by the addition of calcium ion whereas Fraction A was not precipitated under the same conditions. No precipitate was formed on addition of o.IM‐calcium chloride solution to a solution containing 3 parts of α‐Casein — Fraction A to one part of Fraction A but a precipitate was formed if Fraction A was pretreated with rennin.
Phospholipid hydrolysis in cod flesh stored at various temperatures
Authors: Olley June , Lovern J. A.
Published: November 2006

Cod were stored at 20, 0, −14, −22 and −29°, samples being withdrawn at intervals, the lipids extracted and analysed for free fatty acids (FFA) and phosphorus. Chloroform or toluene vapour ultimately inhibited enzymic liberation of FFA, hence studies at o and 20° were with small pieces of flesh obtained aseptically and stored without preservative. Tests with cooked fish showed that non‐enzymic hydrolysis is negligible. Comparison of sterile fish at 0° with non‐sterile iced fish showed that all phospholipid breakdown in iced cod can be attributed to autolysis. At 0°, but not at the other temperatures, there is a marked initial lag before rapid hydrolysis begins. Only rough comparison is possible from the data available, but the rate of hydrolysis at −14° is about 10 times that at −22°. At 0° hydrolysis proceeds little faster than at −14°, while the rate at 20° is about 3 times that at 0°. Data at −29° are too few even for rough comparison. At all temperatures studied the only products accumulating from phospholipid degradation are FFA and water‐soluble phosphorus derivatives. The similar course of phospholipid hydrolysis and of protein denaturation in frozen cod was confirmed and its possible significance is discussed.