bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental E‐Books and Green Goals
Authors: Schneider Jenifer Jasinski , Kozdras Deborah , Wolkenhauer Nathan , Arias Lisa
Published: March 2014

Pre‐service teachers collaborated with 6th grade students to audit a College of Education building looking for possibilities to “go green.” The student/teacher teams developed an e‐book collection of project descriptions, completed budgets, estimated timelines, and sustainability requirements for the university to consider. The e‐books also included short films in which the students promoted their ideas for green awareness. In this project, flipping instructional spaces and real‐izing the curriculum created new possibilities for student‐led inquiry. In other words, literacy in the service of communicating meaningful messages, rather than literacy for literacy's sake, created a current of intent in which the students learned genres to achieve their green goals and the teachers learned how to develop authentic tasks and texts to develop students' expertise.
Cosmopolitan Literacies of Belonging in an After‐school Program With Court‐Involved Youths
Authors: Vasudevan Lalitha , Kerr Kristine Rodriguez , Hibbert Melanie , Fernandez Eric , Park Ahram
Published: March 2014

This article focuses on the concept of belonging as an embodied practice that is expressed by adolescents in multimodal ways and that can be nurtured inside and also beyond schools, such as within afterschool programs. We explore belonging in an afterschool program designed for court‐involved youth. Our research is theoretically framed by educational cosmopolitanism and multimodal literacy and we situate our analysis within a discussion of cosmopolitan literacies of belonging. The research reported in this article is part of an ongoing, multi‐year study, and our initial analyses suggest that youth seek out and create opportunities to experience and communicate a sense of belonging through play, in fleeting moments, during structured curricular moments, and through both verbal and non‐verbal modes. Our article concludes with recommendations for how practitioners might build on adolescents’ cosmopolitan literacies of belonging within institutional contexts.
Microenvironment influences vascular differentiation of murine cardiovascular progenitor cells
Authors: Gluck Jessica M. , Delman Connor , Chyu Jennifer , MacLellan W. Robb , Shemin Richard J. , Heydarkhan‐Hagvall Sepideh
Published: March 2014

We examined the effects of the microenvironment on vascular differentiation of murine cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs). We isolated CPCs and seeded them in culture exposed to the various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in both two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D culture systems. To better understand the contribution of the microenvironment to vascular differentiation, we analyzed endothelial and smooth muscle cell differentiation at both day 7 and day 14. We found that laminin and vitronectin enhanced vascular endothelial cell differentiation while fibronectin enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. We also observed that the effects of the 3D electrospun scaffolds were delayed and not noticeable until the later time point (day 14), which may be due to the amount of time necessary for the cells to migrate to the interior of the scaffold. The study characterized the contributions of both ECM proteins and the addition of a 3D culture system to continued vascular differentiation. Additionally, we demonstrated the capability bioengineer a CPC‐derived vascular graft. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1730–1739, 2014.
ON POLITICAL AGENCY: AN APPRECIATION OF THE WORK OF ADRIAN LEFTWICH (1940–2013)
Authors: Harriss John
Published: March 2014

This paper offers an appreciation of the contribution of the late Adrian Leftwich to development studies, highlighting his many essays on the political analysis of development.
REKINDLE: Robust extraction of kurtosis INDices with linear estimation
Authors: Tax Chantal M.W. , Otte Willem M. , Viergever Max A. , Dijkhuizen Rick M. , Leemans Alexander
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Recent literature shows that diffusion tensor properties can be estimated more accurately with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) than with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Furthermore, the additional non‐Gaussian diffusion features from DKI can be sensitive markers for tissue characterization. Despite these benefits, DKI is more susceptible to data artifacts than DTI due to its increased model complexity, higher acquisition demands, and longer scanning times. To increase the reliability of diffusion tensor and kurtosis estimates, we propose a robust estimation procedure for DKI.

Methods

We have developed a robust and linear estimation framework, coined REKINDLE (Robust Extraction of Kurtosis INDices with Linear Estimation), consisting of an iteratively reweighted linear least squares approach. Simulations are performed, in which REKINDLE is evaluated and compared with the widely used RESTORE (Robust EStimation of Tensors by Outlier REjection) method.

Results

Simulations demonstrate that in the presence of outliers, REKINDLE can estimate diffusion and kurtosis indices reliably and with a 10‐fold reduction in computation time compared with RESTORE.

Conclusion

We have presented and evaluated REKINDLE, a linear and robust estimation framework for DKI. While REKINDLE has been developed for DKI, it is by design also applicable to DTI and other diffusion models that can be linearized. Magn Reson Med 73:794–808, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of indium tin oxide transparent electrodes by magnetron sputtering for II‐VI compound semiconductor optical devices on InP substrates
Authors: Shiraishi Tomohiro , Nomura Ichirou , Murakami Keisuke , Takamatsu Shingo , Kobayashi Toshiki , Kishino Katsumi
Published: March 2014

Indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes formed on II‐VI compound semiconductor optical devices on InP substrates were characterized. Two kinds of ZnCdSe/BeZnTe p‐n diode devices with a different p‐contact layer (i.e., p‐ZnTe and p‐ZnSeTe layers) were prepared to investigate more suitable p‐contact material for ITO electrodes on the II‐VI devices. Thin ITO layers were deposited on the devices by magnetron sputtering. From injection current density versus applied voltage (J‐V) characteristics, the turn‐on voltage of the ZnTe contact device was found to be lower than that of the ZnSeTe contact device by about 2 V. The J‐V characteristic of the ZnTe device was comparable to that of the device with Au electrodes on the p‐contact instead of ITO. Using ITO electrodes, ZnCdSe/BeZnTe erlattice photovoltaic devices with ZnTe and ZnSeTe p‐contact layers were fabricated. The devices were characterized under 1.5 AM illumination at room temperature. The J‐V characteristics showed that the device performances of the ZnTe contact device were almost erior to those of the ZnSeTe device. Open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and maximum conversion efficiency of the ZnTe device were 0.90 V, 4.7 A/cm2, 0.35, and 1.5%, respectively. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of metastable ZB CrSe
Authors: Moug Richard T. , Prior Kevin A.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we present, for the first time, evidence of the metastable compound CrSe grown by MBE in the ZB crystal structure. Using a compound 6N CdSe source and 6N purity Cr we demonstrate the material can be grown with a growth rate of 0.06 Ås–1 in layers up to approximately 20 nm thick. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), X‐ray reflection (XRR), RHEED and optical microscopy were used to examine the composition and morphology. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Applicability of nitrogen‐doped ZnO single crystals for photoconductive type UV sensors
Authors: Takahashi Shuzo , Abe Takami , Nakagawa Akira , Kamata Syuhei , Chiba Tetsuya , Nakagawa Michiko , Kashiwaba Yasuhiro , Chiba Shigeki , Endo Haruyuki , Meguro Kazuyuki , Daibo Masahiro , Niikura Ikuo , Kashiwaba Yasube , Oshima Shuzo , Osada Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Nitrogen‐doped (N‐doped) ZnO single crystals were prepared by the hydrothermal method. Resistivity of the N‐doped ZnO single crystal was 107–108 Ωcm, which was about 104‐times higher than that of the non‐doped ZnO single crystal. Photocurrent of the O‐face was larger than that of the Zn‐face and maximum photoresponsivity was about 4×103 A/W. Photosensitivity (light/dark current ratio) of the Zn‐face of the N‐doped single crystal was 4×104 under illumination of 15 µW/cm2, but that of the O‐face was about 7×104. The visible rejection ratio (UV/visible photocurrent ratio) was over 104 for the Zn‐face of the N‐doped ZnO single crystal. Time response of the photocurrent of the N‐doped ZnO single crystal was remarkably improved compared to that of the non‐doped ZnO single crystal. An N‐doped ZnO single crystal is useful as a material for photoconductive type UV sensors. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electroluminescence from nitrogen doped ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Fujita Yasuhisa , Moriyama Kyota , Hiragino Yuto , Furubayashi Yutaka , Hashimoto Hideki , Yoshida Toshiyuki
Published: March 2014

The first light emitting diodes using nitrogen doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) coated film on GZO have been demonstrated. This device showed diode characteristics in I ‐V measurement and near band edge UV electroluminescence (EL) was observed at the forward voltage of over 3 V. Only near band edge emission was observed in the EL spectrum while PL spectrum has a defect peak. This indicates the efficient exciton recombination was occurred due to the injection of high concentration holes and electrons into the NPs. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ferromagnetism and structural defects in V‐doped titanium dioxide
Authors: Yildirim O. , Butterling M. , Cornelius S. , Mikhailovskiy Yu. , Novikov A. , Semisalova A. , Orlov A. , Gan'shina E. , Perov N. , Anwand W. , Wagner A. , Potzger K. , Granovsky A. B. , Smekhova A.
Published: March 2014

We report recent experimental results about influence of negatively charged structural defects on room‐temperature ferromagnetism in V‐doped TiO2‐δ thin films with different electric conductivities. Films were prepared on LaAlO3 (001) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering in reduced argon‐oxygen atmosphere, while the V to Ti metal ratio was fixed at 1 at.%. The ferromagnetic order at room temperature (RT) was confirmed by SQUID magnetometry. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) was applied to check the presence of open‐volume defects in the TiO2–δ matrix. The relation between ferromagnetic properties and amount of negatively charged defects in the studied films was established. The collection of structural, magnetometry, magnetotransport, magneto‐optic and PAS data hints towards the defect‐induced model of ferromagnetism in 1 at.% V‐doped TiO2–δ thin films. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An idea of the test stand for studies of magnetobarocaloric materials properties and possibilities of their application
Authors: Czernuszewicz A. , Kaleta J. , Lewandowski D. , Przybylski M.
Published: March 2014

The paper presents an idea of the laboratory test stand for evaluation of the application potential of magnetobarocaloric materials. These materials are characterized by the temperature change under stimulation by a magnetic field and mechanical loading. This property of the material can be used for construction of cooling and heating devices. Thanks to the ecofriendly character of the solutions based on this material it may replace, in the near future, nowadays solutions based on the gas compression–decompression method. The presented laboratory test stand will allow comparison of the several groups of materials in terms of their application in modern cooling systems. The paper shows the main ideas behind the construction and working principles of the system. To obtain a change in the temperature of the tested material it will be subjected to the magnetic field generated by permanent magnets and mechanical loading generated with use of a universal testing machine. Loading will cause a uniaxial tension state in the material. Magnetobarocaloric material, working as a refrigerant in the device, will be applied as a multiflow system. The test stand will work in a modified active magnetic regenerator (AMR) cycle that is most commonly used in prototypes of magnetic refrigerators. This cycle will be adapted for the use of mechanical loading in addition to magnetic stimulation. The test stand presented in this paper is currently under construction. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Key splitting: making random key distribution schemes resistant against node capture
Authors: Ehdaie Mohammad , Alexiou Nikos , Attari Mahmoud Ahmadian , Aref Mohammad Reza , Papadimitratos Panos
Published: March 2014

A large number of random key pre‐distribution (RKD) schemes have been proposed in the literature to secure wireless sensor network applications, relying on symmetric key cryptography. However, sensor nodes are exposed to physical compromise by adversaries, who target the symmetric keys stored at each node. With the stolen keys in their possession, the adversaries are then able to compromise communication links between benign nodes. Here, the big challenge arises: how to increase resilience of RKD schemes for wireless sensor networks to node capture, while maintaining the flexibility and low‐cost features of RKD? We propose the idea of key splitting to address this problem, without the need of any special‐purpose hardware. Our key splitting scheme neither increases per‐node storage nor introduces additional computation and communication overheads. Nevertheless, it can achieve better connectivity. More importantly, it significantly increases resilience to node compromise, when the adversary does not have overwhelming computational power. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of 2D Atomic Crystals on Transition Metal Surfaces: Graphene, Silicene, and Hafnene
Authors: Pan Yi , Zhang Lizhi , Huang Li , Li Linfei , Meng Lei , Gao Min , Huan Qing , Lin Xiao , Wang Yeliang , Du Shixuan , Freund Hans‐Joachim , Gao Hong‐Jun
Published: March 2014

The synthesis and structures of graphene on Ru(0001) and Pt(111), silicene on Ag(111) and Ir(111) and the honeycomb hafnium lattice on Ir(111) are reviewed. Epitaxy on a transition metal (TM) substrate is a pro­mising method to produce a variety of two dimensional (2D) atomic crystals which potentially can be used in next generation electronic devices. This method is particularly valuable in the case of producing 2D materials that do not exist in 3D forms, for instance, silicene. Based on the intensive investigations of epitaxial graphene on TM in recent years, it is known that the quality of graphene is affected by many factors, including the interaction between the 2D material overlayer and the substrate, the lattice mismatch, the nucleation density at the early stage of growth. It is found that these factors also apply to many other epitaxial 2D crystals on TM. The knowledge from the reviewed systems will shine light on the design and synthesis of new 2D crystals with novel properties.
2‐Fatty Acrylic Acids: New Highly Derivatizable Lipophilic Platform Molecules
Authors: Zerkowski Jonathan A. , Solaiman Daniel K. Y.
Published: March 2014

This paper reports the incorporation of an alpha‐methylene unit into fatty acid skeletons. Since the new olefin is conjugated with the carboxylate, it is susceptible to 1,4‐(Michael) additions. We have used multifunctional thiols and amines for additions at the methylene. The resulting products possess clusters of functionality grouped at one end of a hydrophobic tail. These structural patterns will be of use in the design of new types of bio‐based surfactants and polymers. One particularly promising pattern of functionality that can be obtained through oxidation and reduction chemistry is a 2‐fatty 1,2,3‐propanetriol, or a lipophilized glycerol moiety.
Simple and Task-oriented Mirror Therapy for Upper Extremity Function in Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Paik Young-Rim , Kim Su-Kyoung , Lee Jae-Shin , Jeon Byoung-Jin
Published: March 2014

Objective/Background

To compare the effects of simple and task-oriented mirror therapies on upper extremity function in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Methods

A single-subject, reversal (applied behaviour analysis) research design was used, and the study included four patients and two treatments. Treatment 1 involved simple mirror therapy that was performed using simple upper limb movements. Treatment 2 involved task-oriented mirror therapy that required each patient to perform functional movements associated with the tasks of daily living. Changes in upper extremity function were assessed during 23 sessions using box and block test, cube carry, and card turning tests. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of upper extremity function was also performed.

Results

The upper extremity function of all patients increased after mirror therapy. However, the improved upper extremity function of the patients undergoing simple mirror therapy was not maintained after the conclusion of the therapy. By contrast, the improved upper extremity function of the patients receiving task-oriented mirror therapy continued to improve, even after therapy cessation.

Conclusion

Task-oriented mirror therapy in stroke patients provided more effective improvement in the upper extremity function of the hemiplegic stroke victims.
Formation of particle clouds
Authors: Zhao B. , Law A. W. K. , Adams E. E. , Er J. W.
Published: March 2014

In the literature, it has been conceptualized that a group of dense particles released instantaneously into homogeneous stagnant water would form a circulating vortex cloud and descend through the water column as a thermal. However, Wen & Nacamuli (Hydrodynamics: Theory and Applications, 1996, pp. 1275–1280) observed the formation of particle clumps characterized by a narrow, fast-moving core shedding particles into the wake. They found clump formation to be possible even for particles in the non-cohesive range as long as the source Rayleigh number was large ($\mathit{Ra} > {10^3}$) or, equivalently, the source cloud number was small ($\mathit{Nc} < 3.2 \times 10^{-2}$). This physical phenomenon has not been investigated further since the experiments of Wen and Nacamuli. In the present study, the relationship between Nc and the formation process is examined more systematically. The theoretical support for cloud number dependence is explored by considering flows passing a porous sphere. Here $\mathit{Nc}$ values ranging from $2.9 \times 10^{-3}$ to $5.9 \times 10^{-2}$ are tested experimentally using particles with different initial masses and grain sizes, from non-cohesive to marginally cohesive. The formation processes are categorized into cloud formation, a transitional regime and clump formation, and their distinct features are presented through qualitative description of the flow patterns and quantitative assessment of the gross characteristics.
Lessons from the conservation sector's response to a crisis environment in Zimbabwe
Authors: Sibanda Mxolisi
Published: March 2014

Here I examine how conservation organizations responded to a crisis environment in Zimbabwe. Since c. 2000 Zimbabwe has gone through a political, social and economic crisis that has led to reduced support for, and in some cases disengagement by, international and regional conservation organizations. I explore five response types on a continuum of disengagement and propose lessons for wider conservation practice. The lessons include the need to recognize that political discourse often excludes biodiversity conservation and therefore any conservation decisions based on political expediency run the risk of impeding conservation progress. Progress in conserving biodiversity requires sustained investment regardless of changing political circumstances. Such investment should include support for institutional development, local engagement, and accountability that engenders ownership of local conservation initiatives. I conclude that conservation organizations must take a long-term view of conservation and commitment to enhance conservation outcomes. This kind of engagement must be adaptive instead of based on a wait-and-see attitude or other forms of disengagement, as has been seen in Zimbabwe. Conservation organizations that disengage do so at the risk of further loss of biodiversity in some of the most biodiverse but unstable places.
The power of rituals: Mendelssohn and Cassirer on the religious dimension ofBildung
Authors: POLLOK ANNE
Published: March 2014

This article discusses the ceremonial laws in Judaism as a language of religion and assesses their role within human self-formation (Bildung). Moses Mendelssohn's groundbreaking account on the function of ritual offers both a solution and a threat to this issue: on the one hand the capacity to perform and understand rituals can be seen as a form of self-liberation. At the same time, the general openness to interpretation makes this conception vulnerable to the destructive force of idolatry. With the aid of Ernst Cassirer'sPhilosophy of Symbolic Forms, this article offers a solution to this problem by showing how ritual functions as a dialogue between the members of a community; a dialogue that carries a distinctively ethical outreach.
Which Psychosocial Factors Best Predict Cognitive Performance in Older Adults?
Authors: Zahodne Laura B. , Nowinski Cindy J. , Gershon Richard C. , Manly Jennifer J.
Published: March 2014

Negative affect (e.g., depression) is associated with accelerated age-related cognitive decline and heightened dementia risk. Fewer studies examine positive psychosocial factors (e.g., emotional support, self-efficacy) in cognitive aging. Preliminary reports suggest that these variables predict slower cognitive decline independent of negative affect. No reports have examined these factors in a single model to determine which best relate to cognition. Data from 482 individuals 55 and older came from the normative sample for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. Negative and positive psychosocial factors, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, and episodic memory were measured with the NIH Toolbox Emotion and Cognition modules. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling characterized independent relations between psychosocial factors and cognition. Psychosocial variables loaded onto negative and positive factors. Independent of education, negative affect and health status, greater emotional support was associated with better task-switching and processing speed. Greater self-efficacy was associated with better working memory. Negative affect was not independently associated with any cognitive variables. Findings support the conceptual distinctness of negative and positive psychosocial factors in older adults. Emotional support and self-efficacy may be more closely tied to cognition than other psychosocial variables. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–9)
Revealing the Scapegoat Mechanism: Christianity after Girard
Authors: Kerr Fergus
Published: March 2014

The philosophy of religion, as commonly understood by Christians in both the Catholic and Reformed traditions, whether they think it a worthwhile enterprise or not, begins with arguments for the existence of a deity, proceeds to show that this deity is necessarily unique, eternal, and suchlike, and leaves it to reflection on divine revelation to consider whether this deity might be properly designated as ‘three persons in one nature’. Much later, after discussing the metaphysical implications of the incarnation of the second person of the triune godhead, one would arrive at theories about the death of Jesus Christ as putatively redemptive, and describable as sacrificial, atoning and the like.
Trends of fruit and vegetable availability in neighbourhoods in Albany, NY, USA, 2003–2012
Authors: Hosler Akiko S , Kammer Jamie R
Published: March 2014

Objective

To investigate a 9-year trend of fresh fruit and vegetable availability and factors associated with the net availability change in two contrasting neighbourhoods.

Design

Longitudinal design. Data were collected in 2003, 2009 and 2012 through in-store observations. Fresh fruit and vegetable availability was presented by weight-adjusted counts of stores having designated varieties per 10 000 population.

Setting

A low-income minority neighbourhood and an adjacent middle-income racially mixed neighbourhood in Albany, NY, USA. These neighbourhoods became sites of fresh produce interventions after baseline data were collected.

Subjects

A total of 111, 128 and 146 eligible food stores in respective years.

Results

Fresh fruit availability (two or more varieties) increased in both neighbourhoods. Inventory expansion of existing stores and the convenience store intervention contributed to the significant increase (P for trend=0·04) of fresh fruit availability in the minority neighbourhood. Although not statistically significant (P>0·05), the availability of two or more dark-coloured fresh vegetables also increased in the mixed neighbourhood, but declined slightly in the minority neighbourhood. The secular (non-intervention) fresh vegetable availability rate ratio by neighbourhood reached 3·0 in 2012 (P<0·01). The net decline of fresh vegetable availability in the minority neighbourhood was primarily attributed to inventory reduction of existing stores.

Conclusions

Longitudinal observations revealed narrowed neighbourhood disparities of fresh fruit availability and widened gaps of fresh vegetable availability. Inventory shifts of existing stores impacted the net availability change more profoundly than store opening or closing in the minority neighbourhood. Findings support increasing the programme capacity of the convenience store intervention to address the fresh vegetable disparity.
Development of a New Nordic Diet score and its association with gestational weight gain and fetal growth – a study performed in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Authors: Hillesund Elisabet R , Bere Elling , Haugen Margaretha , Øverby Nina C
Published: March 2014

Objective

To construct a diet score for assessing degree of adherence to a healthy and environmentally friendly New Nordic Diet (NND) and to investigate its association with adequacy of gestational weight gain and fetal growth in a large prospective birth cohort.

Design

Main exposure was NND adherence, categorized as low, medium or high adherence. Main outcomes were adequacy of gestational weight gain, described as inadequate, optimal or excessive according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines, and fetal growth, categorized as being small, appropriate or large for gestational age. Associations of NND adherence with gestational weight gain and fetal growth were estimated with multinomial logistic regression in crude and adjusted models.

Setting

Norway.

Subjects

Women (n 66 597) from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).

Results

Higher NND adherence implied higher energy and nutrient intakes, higher nutrient density and a healthier macronutrient distribution. Normal-weight women with high as compared with low NND adherence had lower adjusted odds of excessive gestational weight gain (OR=0·93; 95 % CI 0·87, 0·99; P=0·024). High as compared with low NND adherence was associated with reduced odds of the infant being born small for gestational age (OR=0·92; 95 % CI 0·86, 0·99; P=0·025) and with higher odds of the baby being born large for gestational age (OR=1·07; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·15; P=0·048).

Conclusions

The NND score captures diet quality. Adherence to a regional diet including a large representation of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, potatoes, fish, game, milk and drinking water during pregnancy may facilitate optimal gestational weight gain in normal-weight women and improve fetal growth in general.
Simulation of Probe Position-Dependent Electron Energy-Loss Fine Structure
Authors: Oxley Mark P. , Kapetanakis Myron D. , Prange Micah P. , Varela Maria , Pennycook Stephen J. , Pantelides Sokrates T.
Published: March 2014

We present a theoretical framework for calculating probe-position-dependent electron energy-loss near-edge structure for the scanning transmission electron microscope by combining density functional theory with dynamical scattering theory. We show how simpler approaches to calculating near-edge structure fail to include the fundamental physics needed to understand the evolution of near-edge structure as a function of probe position and investigate the dependence of near-edge structure on probe size. It is within this framework that density functional theory should be presented, in order to ensure that variations of near-edge structure are truly due to local electronic structure and how much from the diffraction and focusing of the electron beam.
ON THE BASE-POINT-FREE THEOREM OF 3-FOLDS IN POSITIVE CHARACTERISTIC
Authors: Xu Chenyang
Published: March 2014

Let $(X,{\rm\Delta})$ be a projective klt (standing for Kawamata log terminal) three-dimensional pair defined over an algebraically closed field $k$ with $\text{char}(k)>5$. Let $L$ be a nef (numerically eventually free) and big line bundle on $X$ such that $L-K_{X}-{\rm\Delta}$ is big and nef. We show that $L$ is indeed semi-ample.
Effects of maternal separation on the dietary preference and behavioral satiety sequence in rats
Authors: da Silva M. C. , de Souza J. A. , dos Santos L. O. , Pinheiro I. L. , Borba T. K. F. , da Silva A. A. M. , de Castro R. M. , de Souza S. L.
Published: March 2014

This study investigated the effects of maternal separation on the feeding behavior of rats. A maternal separation model was used on postnatal day 1 (PND1), forming the following groups: in the maternal separation (MS) group, pups were separated from their mothers each day from PND1 to PND14, whereas in the control (C) group pups were kept with their mothers. Subgroups were formed to study the effects of light and darkness: control with dark and light exposure, female and male (CF and CM), and maternal separation with dark and light exposure, female and male (SDF, SDM, SLF and SLM). Female rats had higher caloric intake relative to body weight compared with male controls in the dark period only (CF=23.3±0.5 v. CM=18.2±0.7, P<0.001). Macronutrient feeding preferences were observed, with male rats exhibiting higher caloric intake from a protein diet as compared with female rats (CF=4.1±0.7, n=8 v. CM=7.0±0.5, n=8, P<0.05) and satiety development was not interrupted. Female rats had a higher adrenal weight as compared with male rats independently of experimental groups and exhibited a higher concentration of serum triglycerides (n=8, P<0.001). The study indicates possible phenotypic adjustments in the structure of feeding behavior promoted by maternal separation, especially in the dark cycle. The dissociation between the mother’s presence and milk intake probably induces adjustments in feeding behavior during adulthood.
“The dog and the carrot are both useful to me”: Functional, Self-Referent Categorization in Rural Contexts of Scarcity in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Brown Jill , McDonald Colin A. , Roman Fabiola
Published: March 2014

Categorization by individuals living in different settings within a culture or nation has received little attention. The current study was designed to reveal the categorization styles and reasoning of 2 groups of participants living in the Dominican Republic. One group of 32 participants was from an urban setting with abundant resources; the second group of 44 participants lived in a rural setting with scarce resources. Rural participants were significantly more likely than their urban counterparts to categorize objects in a functional, self-referent way, for example, “The dog and the carrot are both useful to me.” Regression analysis showed that the interaction between education and setting predicted functional categorization. In the urban abundance setting more education was associated with fewer functional categorizations. The functional style of categorization may be a unique extension of holistic thinking that is adaptive in certain ecological niches.
Isolation of microplastics in biota-rich seawater samples and marine organisms
Authors: Cole Matthew , Webb Hannah , Lindeque Pennie K. , Fileman Elaine S. , Halsband Claudia , Galloway Tamara S.
Published: March 2014

Microplastic litter is a pervasive pollutant present in aquatic systems across the globe. A range of marine organisms have the capacity to ingest microplastics, resulting in adverse health effects. Developing methods to accurately quantify microplastics in productive marine waters and those internalized by marine organisms, is of growing importance. Here we investigate the efficacy of using acid, alkaline and enzymatic digestion techniques in mineralizing biological material from marine surface trawls to reveal any microplastics present. Our optimized enzymatic protocol can digest >97% (by weight) of the material present in plankton-rich seawater samples without destroying any microplastic debris present. In applying the method to replicate marine samples from the western English Channel, we identified 0.27 microplastics m−3. The protocol was further used to extract microplastics ingested by marine zooplankton under laboratory conditions. Our findings illustrate that enzymatic digestion can aid the detection of microplastic debris within seawater samples and marine biota.
Solvent-free conversion of glycerol to solketal catalysed by activated carbons functionalised with acid groups
Authors: Rodrigues Raphael , Gonçalves Maraisa , Mandelli Dalmo , Pescarmona Paolo P. , Carvalho Wagner A.
Published: March 2014

Functionalised activated carbons are highly active catalysts for the synthesis of solketal from glycerol under mild and solvent-free conditions.
The surprising lability of bis(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine)chromium(iii) complexes
Authors: Constable Edwin C. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Schönle Jonas , Zampese Jennifer A.
Published: March 2014

The first heteroleptic chromium(iii) complexes with 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine ligands are reported; in basic aqueous conditions or in MeOH in the presence of F−ion, the complexes are unexpectedly labile.
Graphene oxide–Fe3O4 nanocomposite for combination of dual-drug chemotherapy with photothermal therapy
Authors: Shen Jian-Min , Gao Fei-Yun , Guan Li-Ping , Su Wen , Yang Yan-Jie , Li Qian-Rong , Jin Zhong-Cai
Published: March 2014

A graphene oxide–Fe3O4 nanocomposite against drug-resistant tumors by the combination of dual-drug chemotherapy and photothermal therapy with NIR.
Azobenzene dendronized carbon nanoparticles: the effect of light antenna
Authors: Wang Qun , Lee Siu-Fung , Tang Changyu , Yu Jimmy Chai-Mei , Leung Ken Cham-Fai , Wong Ka-Wai
Published: March 2014

Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles are grafted with azobenzene dendrons, giving unique dendronized carbon nanoparticles that exhibit an increased quantum yield by as much as ∼74% at a low concentration.
Fluorinated graphene: facile solution preparation and tailorable properties by fluorine-content tuning
Authors: Zhao Fu-Gang , Zhao Gang , Liu Xin-Hua , Ge Cong-Wu , Wang Jin-Tu , Li Bai-Li , Wang Qi-Gang , Li Wei-Shi , Chen Qing-Yun
Published: March 2014

Fluorinated graphene with tuneable F-loading amount and properties was prepared via a facile solution approach using graphene oxide and liquid diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) as starting materials under mild conditions.
Efficient high active mass paper-based energy-storage devices containing free-standing additive-less polypyrrole–nanocellulose electrodes
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Tammela Petter , Zhang Peng , Strømme Maria , Nyholm Leif
Published: March 2014

A novel approach is employed to fabricate free-standing and additive-free paper electrodes containing up to 90 wt% polypyrrole (PPy), and with PPy mass loadings up to 20 mg cm−2, which demonstrates excellent charge storage performance for paper-based energy storage devices.
A new Cu–cysteamine complex: structure and optical properties
Authors: Ma Lun , Chen Wei , Schatte Gabriele , Wang Wei , Joly Alan G. , Huang Yining , Sammynaiken Ramaswami , Hossu Marius
Published: March 2014

We report the structure and optical properties of a new Cu–cysteamine complex with a formula of Cu3Cl(SR)2 (R = CH2CH2NH2), which shows intense luminescence upon UV or X-ray excitation.
Humidity sensors based on graphene/SnOx/CF nanocomposites
Authors: Fu Tao , Zhu Jian , Zhuo Ming , Guan Bingkun , Li Jidong , Xu Zhi , Li Qiuhong
Published: March 2014

A high performance humidity sensor with the advantages of both graphene and SnOx/CFs.
Acute nutrient regulation of the mitochondrial glutathione redox state in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Takahashi Hilton K. , Santos Laila R. B. , Roma Letícia P. , Duprez Jessica , Broca Christophe , Wojtusciszyn Anne , Jonas Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2014

The glucose stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells depends on increased production of metabolic coupling factors, among which changes in NADPH and ROS (reactive oxygen species) may alter the glutathione redox state (EGSH) and signal through changes in thiol oxidation. However, whether nutrients affect EGSH in β-cell subcellular compartments is unknown. Using redox-sensitive GFP2 fused to glutaredoxin 1 and its mitochondria-targeted form, we studied the acute nutrient regulation of EGSH in the cytosol/nucleus or the mitochondrial matrix of rat islet cells. These probes were mainly expressed in β-cells and reacted to low concentrations of exogenous H2O2 and menadione. Under control conditions, cytosolic/nuclear EGSH was close to −300 mV and unaffected by glucose (from 0 to 30 mM). In comparison, mitochondrial EGSH was less negative and rapidly regulated by glucose and other nutrients, ranging from −280 mV in the absence of glucose to −299 mV in 30 mM glucose. These changes were largely independent from changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and in mitochondrial pH. They were unaffected by overexpression of SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) and mitochondria-targeted catalase, but were inversely correlated with changes in NAD(P)H autofluorescence, suggesting that they indirectly resulted from increased NADPH availability rather than from changes in ROS concentration. Interestingly, the opposite regulation of mitochondrial EGSH and NAD(P)H autofluorescence by glucose was also observed in human islets isolated from two donors. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that glucose and other nutrients acutely reduce mitochondrial, but not cytosolic/nuclear, EGSH in pancreatic β-cells under control conditions.
Design of energy efficient optical networks with software enabled integrated control plane
Authors: Wang Jiayuan , Yan Ying , Dittmann Lars
Published: March 2014

The growing energy consumption has posed new challenges for the future development of networks. Some earlier work has proposed solutions to improve energy consumption based on the existing control plane, for example, node/links sleeping. This study presents a new possibility to reduce network energy consumption by proposing a new integrated control plane structure utilising Software Defined Networking technologies. The integrated control plane increases the efficiencies of exchanging control information across different network domains, while introducing new possibilities to the routing methods and the control over quality of service (QoS). The structure is defined as an overlay generalised multi‐protocol label switching (GMPLS) control model. With the defined structure, the integrated control plane is able to gather information from different domains (i.e. optical core network and the access networks), and enable energy efficiency networking over a wider area. In the case presented, the integrated control plane collects the network energy related information and the QoS requirements of different types of traffic. This information is used to define the specific group of traffic's (flow's) routing behaviours. With the flexibility of the routing structure, results show that the energy efficiency of the network can be improved without compromising the QoS for delay/blocking sensitive services.
Apport de l’analyse céphalométrique tridimensionnelle dans
l’étude des déterminants morphologiques de l’esthétique faciale
Authors: Zribi Ahmed , Faure Jacques
Published: March 2014

Les études sur l’esthétique sont nombreuses, mais rares sont celles qui ont bénéficié de
l’apport des nouvelles techniques d’imagerie 3D. L’objet de ce travail est de déterminer
quels sont les critères céphalométriques les plus déterminants dans l’esthétique faciale
par identification des corrélations les plus fortes entre la note esthétique et les
valeurs céphalométriques tridimensionnelles de l’analyse Cepha 3Dt. Un groupe de 91
patients (de 10 à 60 ans) a été jugé par 50 juges sélectionnés au hasard (de 12 à 65 ans)
à l’aide d’une échelle analogique. Les plus fortes corrélations sont ensuite recherchées
entre les notes esthétiques et les valeurs céphalométriques 3D sur l’échantillon global,
et sur les sous-échantillons de classe II et de classe III. L’esthétique faciale apparaît
ainsi surtout liée : à la dimension antéro-postérieure, au décalage maxillo-mandibulaire,
aux rapports des zones antérieures (alvéolaires ou basales), avec une priorité de l’étage
alvéolaire sur l’étage basal et surtout sur l’architecture. Dans le groupe de classe II,
le décalage sagittal et la divergence mandibulaire font jeu égal dans la détermination de
l’esthétique faciale.
Données actuelles en chirurgie orthognathique de
l’adulte
Authors: Charrier Jean-Baptiste
Published: March 2014

La chirurgie orthognathique a pour objectif le repositionnement de bases osseuses dans le
cadre des dysmorphoses maxillo-mandibulaires. Ses conséquences sont à la fois esthétiques
et fonctionnelles. Chez l’adulte, elle prend une consonance esthétique de plus en plus
importante, au point que certains patients demandeurs d’amélioration esthétique pure y ont
recours. Il s’agit plus que jamais d’une collaboration étroite entre orthodontiste,
chirurgien et omnipraticien. Toute l’équipe doit être capable de coordonner son approche
dans un objectif esthétique. Pour le chirurgien, la parfaite maîtrise de techniques
complémentaires (rhinoplastie, apposition osseuse, chirurgie esthétique de la face,
injection de graisse ou de produits de comblement) fait de la chirurgie orthognathique une
spécialité chirurgicale à part entière. Nous proposons une classification diagnostique
centrée sur l’esthétique du sourire de l’adulte et décrivons les différentes modalités
thérapeutiques adaptées à chacun.
Generation of drugs coated iron nanoparticles through high energy ball milling
Authors: Radhika Devi A. , Chelvane J. A. , Prabhakar P. K. , Padma Priya P. V. , Doble Mukesh , Murty B. S.
Published: March 2014

The iron nanoparticles coated with oleic acid and drugs such as folic acid/Amoxicillin were synthesized by high energy ball milling and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscope, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, Fourier Transform Infra red (FT-IR) measurements, and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). FT-IR and TGA measurements show good adsorption of drugs on oleic acid coated nanoparticles. Magnetic measurements indicate that saturation magnetization is larger for amoxicillin coated particles compared to folic acid coated particles. The biocompatibility of the magnetic nanoparticles prepared was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity assay using L929 cells as model cells.
The right circular polarized waves in the three-dimensional anisotropic dispersive photonic crystals consisting of the magnetized plasma and uniaxial material as the Faraday effects considered
Authors: Zhang Hai-Feng , Liu Shao-Bin , Zhen Jian-Ping , Tang Yi-Jun
Published: March 2014

In this paper, the properties of the right circular polarized (RCP) waves in the three-dimensional (3D) dispersive photonic crystals (PCs) consisting of the magnetized plasma and uniaxial material with face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattices are theoretically investigated by the plane wave expansion method, which the homogeneous anisotropic dielectric spheres (the uniaxial material) immersed in the magnetized plasma background, as the Faraday effects of magnetized plasma are considered (the incidence electromagnetic wave vector is parallel to the external magnetic field at any time). The equations for calculating the anisotropic photonic band gaps (PBGs) for the RCP waves in the first irreducible Brillouin zone are theoretically deduced. The anisotropic PBGs and a flatbands region can be obtained. The effects of the ordinary-refractive index, extraordinary-refractive index, anisotropic dielectric filling factor, plasma frequency, and plasma cyclotron frequency (the external magnetic field) on the properties of first two anisotropic PBGs for the RCP waves are investigated in detail, respectively. The numerical results show that the anisotropy can open partial band gaps in fcc lattices at U and W points, and the complete PBGs for the RCP waves can be achieved compared to the conventional 3D dispersive PCs composed of the magnetized plasma and isotropic material. It is also shown that the first two anisotropic PBGs can be tuned by those parameters as mentioned above. Those PBGs can be enlarged by introducing the uniaxial material into such 3D PCs as the Faraday effects are considered.
Plasmonic metal nanocubes for broadband light absorption enhancement in thin-film a-Si solar cells
Authors: Veenkamp R. J , Ye W. N
Published: March 2014

The behaviour of plasmonic metal nanoparticles (MNPs) placed in contact with a thin dielectric film on a high refractive index substrate is examined through finite-difference time domain simulations. The optical properties of this configuration are studied in the context of light trapping for thin-film amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cells. We explore several different MNP configurations including both silver (Ag) and aluminium (Al) nanocubes along with traditional Ag nanospheres for reference. We demonstrate a large increase in the fraction of light coupled into the substrate (Fsubs), and consequently in the absorbed power, by spacing nanocubes away from the substrate. Further study concluded that blue-shifting the plasmonic resonances significantly reduced parasitic absorption in the visible spectrum and increased forward scattering by the MNPs. Transitioning to Al MNPs facilitated a large blue-shift in the plasmonic resonances allowing broadband enhancement in light absorption. For wavelengths less than the band-gap of a-Si, combining the effects of Al nanocubes on a 20 nm SiO2 spacer layer with a 25% surface coverage resulted in a 13.8% increase in solar power absorption over cells with optimally designed Ag nanocube and nanosphere arrays, and a 38.9% enhancement over a MNP free reference cell.
Understanding ferromagnetism and optical absorption in 3d transition metal-doped cubic ZrO2 with the modified Becke-Johnson exchange-correlation functional
Authors: Boujnah M. , Zaari H. , Labrim H. , Benyoussef A. , El Kenz A. , Mounkachi O.
Published: March 2014

The electronic structure, magnetic, and optical properties in cubic crystalline phase of Zr1−xTMxO2 (TM = V, Mn, Fe, and Co) at x = 6.25% are studied using density functional theory with the Generalized Gradient Approximation and the modified Becke-Johnson of the exchange-correlation energy and potential. In our calculations, the zirconia is a p-type semiconductor and has a large band gap. We evaluated the possibility of long-range magnetic order for transition metal ions substituting Zr. Our results show that ferromagnetism is the ground state in V, Mn, and Fe-doped ZrO2 and have a high value of energy in Mn-doped ZrO2. However, in Co-doped ZrO2, antiferromagnetic ordering is more stable than the ferromagnetic one. The exchange interaction mechanism has been discussed to explain the responsible of this stability. Moreover, it has been found that the V, Mn, and Fe transition metals provide half-metallic properties considered to be the leading cause, responsible for ferromagnetism. Furthermore, the optical absorption spectra in the TM -doped cubic ZrO2 are investigated.