bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tannic acid attenuates TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition by effectively intervening TGF‐β signaling in lung epithelial cells
Authors: Pattarayan Dhamotharan , Sivanantham Ayyanar , Krishnaswami Venkateshwaran , Loganathan Lakshmanan , Palanichamy Rajaguru , Natesan Subramanian , Muthusamy Karthikeyan , Rajasekaran Subbiah
Published: August 2017

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and an irreversible lung disorder characterized by the accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the extracellular matrix. The transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be one of the possible sources for a substantial increase in the number of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in IPF lungs. Tannic acid (TA), a natural dietary polyphenolic compound has been shown to possess diverse pharmacological effects. However, whether TA can inhibit TGF‐β1‐mediated EMT in lung epithelial cells remains enigmatic. Both the human adenocarcinomic alveolar epithelial (A549) and normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS‐2B) cells were treated with TGF‐β1 with or without TA. Results showed that TA addition, markedly inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced EMT as assessed by reduced expression of N‐cadherin, type‐1‐collagen, fibronectin, and vimentin. Furthermore, TA inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced cell proliferation through inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. TGF‐β1‐induced increase in the phosphorylation of Smad (Smad2 and 3), Akt as well as that of mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38) mediators was effectively inhibited by TA. On the other hand, TA reduced the TGF‐β1‐induced increase in TGF‐β receptors expression. Using molecular docking approach, FTIR, HPLC and Western blot analyses, we further identified the direct binding of TA to TGF‐β1. Finally, we conclude that TA might directly interact with TGF‐β1, thereby repressing TGF‐β signaling and subsequent EMT process in lung epithelial cells. Further animal studies are needed to clarify its potential therapeutic benefit in pulmonary fibrosis.
Costs of immune responses are related to host body size and lifespan
Authors: Brace Amber J. , Lajeunesse Marc J. , Ardia Daniel R. , Hawley Dana M. , Adelman James S. , Buchanan Katherine L. , Fair Jeanne M. , Grindstaff Jennifer L. , Matson Kevin D. , Martin Lynn B.
Published: August 2017

A central assumption in ecological immunology is that immune responses are costly, with costs manifesting directly (e.g., increases in metabolic rate and increased amino acid usage) or as tradeoffs with other life processes (e.g., reduced growth and reproductive success). Across taxa, host longevity, timing of maturity, and reproductive effort affect the organization of immune systems. It is reasonable, therefore, to expect that these and related factors should also affect immune activation costs. Specifically, species that spread their breeding efforts over a long lifetime should experience lower immune costs than those that mature and breed quickly and die comparatively early. Likewise, body mass should affect immune costs, as body size affects the extent to which hosts are exposed to parasites as well as how hosts can combat infections (via its effects on metabolic rates and other factors). Here, we used phylogenetic meta‐regression to reveal that, in general, animals incur costs of immune activation, but small species that are relatively long‐lived incur the largest costs. These patterns probably arise because of the relative need for defense when infection risk is comparatively high and fitness can only be realized over a comparatively long period. However, given the diversity of species considered here and the overall modest effects of body mass and life history on immune costs, much more research is necessary before generalizations are appropriate.
Device characteristics of enhancement mode double heterostructure DH‐HEMT with boron‐doped GaN gate cap layer for full‐bridge inverter circuit
Authors: Mohanbabu A. , Mohankumar N. , Godwin Raj D. , Sarkar Partha , Saha Samar K.
Published: August 2017

This paper reports a systematic theoretical study of Al0.23Ga0.77N/GaN/AlxGa1‐xN double‐heterojunction high electron mobility transistors (DH‐HEMTs) with a boron‐doped GaN cap layer under the gate. Boron containing GaN is a desired replacement for Schottky gate in DH‐HEMT to improve the resistivity and surface qualities of GaN cap with good structural properties, and the influence of polarization field in the GaN cap layer can be used to lift up the conduction band for normally OFF operation of the device. This study shows that the B‐doped GaN cap layer offers excellent device characteristics such as high threshold voltage VT of 1.92 V, steep subthreshold slope of ~ 72 mV/dec, high ON/OFF drain current ratio of ~ 107, extremely low subthreshold drain current Ids,LL ~ 10−9 A/mm, and low gate leakage current, Igs,LL less than 10−15 A/mm. For an Al0.07Ga0.93N back‐barrier/buffer, a high OFF‐state breakdown voltage (VBR,OFF) of 865 V is achieved at Ids = 1 mA/mm and Vgs = 0 V with substrate grounded and gate‐to‐drain distance and gate field plate length of 10 and 5 μm, respectively. The simulated high VT and VBR,OFF values are achieved due to the presence of increased back‐barrier height of the AlxGa1‐xN buffer and high Schottky barrier between the Boron‐doped GaN cap and gate metal. Finally, a DC to AC full‐bridge inverter circuit is designed to evaluate the benefit of B‐doped DH‐HEMTs based switching devices for an ultra‐low‐loss inverter circuit.
Polyphenol content, in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages
Authors: Baeza Gema , Sarriá Beatriz , Bravo Laura , Mateos Raquel
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Beverages prepared from antioxidant‐rich plants are sources of polyphenols, the bioactivity of which depends on bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal tract. This work evaluated the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages such as chamomile tea, yerba mate, a coffee blend (65% roasted: 35% green), and coffee‐like substitutes such as chicory, malt and a soluble cereal mixture. Additionally, the bioaccessibility of the two beverages with the highest antioxidant capacity was evaluated using an in vitro digestion model.

RESULTS

Total phenolic content ranged from 11.15 mg 200 mL−1 in chamomile tea, up to 154.53 mg 200 mL−1 in mate or 215.05 mg 200 mL−1 in the blend. These results correlated with the antioxidant capacity analysed by ferric reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical scavenging capacity and 2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid methods. Yerba mate and the coffee blend showed an average polyphenol recovery after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of 57% and 78%, respectively. Although both beverages showed similar phenolic composition, polyphenols in coffee were more stable than in yerba mate. Alkaline pH in the intestinal digestion stage was responsible for the observed reduction in polyphenol stability.

CONCLUSION

Regular consumption of the studied beverages provides considerable amounts of antioxidants which are relatively stable after simulated digestion, and thus have the potential to prevent oxidative stress‐related disorders. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
In ovo feeding of l‐arginine regulates intestinal barrier functions of posthatch broilers by activating the mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Gao Tian , Zhao Minmeng , Zhang Lin , Li Jiaolong , Yu Lanlin , Gao Feng , Zhou Guanghong
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

During the last phase of incubation, dramatic physiological and metabolic changes occur in chick embryos, and supplies of nutrients and energy are always insufficient. This study investigated the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of l‐arginine (Arg) on the hatchability, growth performance, intestinal development and functions of posthatch broilers.

RESULTS

The IOF of Arg increased (P < 0.05) the feed intake and body weight gain during 1–21 days and 1–42 days, and the intestinal weight of 7‐ and 21‐day‐old broilers, compared with non‐injected control and diluent‐injected groups. The IOF of Arg increased (P < 0.05) villus height (VH), ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and density of goblet cells, and decreased (P < 0.05) the CD in jejunum of 1‐, 7‐ and 21‐day‐old broilers. The IOF of Arg also increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells of villus, and the mRNA expressions of mucin‐2, claudin‐1, zonula occludens‐1 and ‐2 in jejunal mucosa of 21‐day‐old broilers. Meanwhile, IOF of Arg increased (P < 0.05) the protein abundance of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 in jejunal mucosa.

CONCLUSION

The IOF of Arg improved the development and barrier functions of small intestine, which might be associated with activating the mTOR pathway. In addition, the improved intestinal development might explain the improvement in feed intake and consequently the growth performance of broilers. Therefore, IOF of Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in the poultry industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimizing gradient conditions in online comprehensive two‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography by use of the linear solvent strength model
Authors: Græsbøll Rune , Janssen Hans‐Gerd , Christensen Jan H. , Nielsen Nikoline J.
Published: August 2017

The linear solvent strength model was used to predict coverage in online comprehensive two‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The prediction model uses a parallelogram to describe the separation space covered with peaks in a system with limited orthogonality. The corners of the parallelogram are assumed to behave like chromatographic peaks and the position of these pseudo‐compounds was predicted. A mix of 25 polycyclic aromatic compounds were used as a test. The precision of the prediction, span 0–25, was tested by varying input parameters, and was found to be acceptable with root mean square errors of 3. The accuracy of the prediction was assessed by comparing with the experimental coverages. Less than half of experimental coverages were outside prediction ± 1 × root mean square error and none outside prediction ± 2 × root mean square error. Accuracy was lower when retention factors were low, or when gradient conditions affected parameters not included in the model, e.g. second dimension gradient time affects the second dimension equilibration time. The concept shows promise as a tool for gradient optimization in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography, as it mitigates the tedious registration and modeling of all sample constituents, a circumstance that is particularly appealing when dealing with complex samples.
Afforestation, Subsequent Forest Fires and Provision of Hydrological Services: A Model‐Based Analysis for a Mediterranean Mountainous Catchment
Authors: Nunes João Pedro , Naranjo Quintanilla Paula , Santos Juliana Marisa , Serpa Dalila , Carvalho‐Santos Cláudia , Rocha João , Keizer Jan Jacob , Keesstra Saskia Deborah
Published: August 2017

Mediterranean landscapes have experienced extensive abandonment and reforestation in recent decades, which should have improved the provision of hydrological services such as flood mitigation, soil erosion protection and water quality regulation. However, these forests are fire‐prone, and the postfire increase in runoff, erosion and sediment exports could negatively affect service provision. This issue was assessed by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model for the Macieira de Alcôba mountain catchment in northwestern Portugal, covered by agriculture and forest plantations, monitored in 2010–2014 and partially burnt in 2011. The model was validated for streamflow, sediment yield and erosion in agricultural fields and burnt hillslopes, showing that it can be adapted for postfire simulation. Model results for a decadal assessment (2004–2014) show that the fire increased erosion in the burnt slopes from 0.1 to 46.5 Mg ha−1 y−1 and catchment sediment yield from 0.14 to 2.1 Mg ha−1 y−1. Erosion in the burnt forest during this decade was 1 order of magnitude above that in agricultural fields. Model results for different fire and land‐use scenarios indicate that postfire erosion and sediment yield were lower without postfire soil management for reforestation and when the fire occurred in pine forests (land use before the 1990s) or in shrublands (land‐use before afforestation in the 1930s). These impacts were robust to changes in postfire weather and to a longer (20 years) unburnt period. The results suggest that, in the long term, Mediterranean fire‐prone forests might not provide the anticipated soil protection and water quality regulation services. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the predictability of lake surface temperature using air temperature in a changing climate: A case study for Lake Tahoe (U.S.A.)
Authors: Piccolroaz S. , Healey N. C. , Lenters J. D. , Schladow S. G. , Hook S. J. , Sahoo G. B. , Toffolon M.
Published: August 2017

Can we predict long‐term trends of lake surface temperature based on air temperature alone? We explore this question by analyzing the performance of a hybrid model (air2water) as a predictive tool for defining scenarios of lake surface temperature in the framework of climate change studies. Employing Lake Tahoe (U.S.A.) as a case study, we apply the model using different air temperature datasets (in situ measurements, gridded observations, and downscaled General Circulation Models). Through a data‐driven calibration of the model parameters based on surface water temperature records, we show that air2water provides good performance (root mean square error ∼ 0.5°C, on a monthly scale) regardless of the input dataset. The model is able to accurately capture the historical long‐term trend and interannual fluctuations over decades (from 1969 to present), using only 7 yr of monthly measurements of surface water temperature for calibration. Additionally, when used to predict future surface water temperature of the lake, air2water produces the same projections irrespective of the air temperature dataset used to drive the model. This is certainly desirable, but not immediately expected when using a relatively simple model. Overall, the results suggest the high potential and robustness of air2water as a predictive tool for climate change assessment. Lake surface temperature warming of up to 1.1°C (RCP 4.5) and 2.9°C (RCP 8.5) was simulated at the end of the 21st century during summer months in Lake Tahoe. Such a scenario, if realized, would lead to serious consequences on lake water chemistry, primary productivity, plankton community structure, and nutrient cycling.
Diaphragm position can be accurately estimated from the scattering of a parallel transmit RF coil at 7 T
Authors: Hess Aaron T. , Tunnicliffe Elizabeth M , Rodgers Christopher T. , Robson Matthew D.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the use of radiofrequency scattering of a parallel transmit coil to track diaphragm motion.

Methods

Measurements made during radiofrequency excitation on an 8‐channel parallel transmit coil by the directional couplers of the radiofrequency safety monitor were combined and converted into diaphragm position. A 30‐s subject‐specific calibration with an MRI navigator was used to determine a diaphragm estimate from each directional‐coupler measure. Seven healthy volunteers were scanned at 7 T, in which images of the diaphragm were continuously acquired and directional couplers were monitored during excitation radiofrequency pulses. The ability to detect coughing was evaluated in one subject. The method was implemented on the scanner and evaluated for diaphragm gating of a free‐breathing cardiac cine.

Results

Six of the seven scans were successful. In these subjects, the root mean square difference between MRI and scattering estimation of the superior–inferior diaphragm position was 1.4 ± 0.5 mm. On the scanner, the position was calculated less than 2 ms after every radiofrequency pulse. A prospectively gated (echocardiogram and respiration) high‐resolution free‐breathing cine showed no respiratory artifact and sharp blood‐myocardium definition.

Conclusions

Transmit coil scattering is sensitive to diaphragm motion and provides rapid, quantitative, and accurate monitoring of respiration. Magn Reson Med 79:2164–2169, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
What is Contagious? Exploring why content goes viral on Twitter: A case study of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge
Authors: Pressgrove Geah , McKeever Brooke Weberling , Jang S. Mo
Published: August 2017

This study employs Berger's STEPPS (social currency, triggers, emotion, practical value, public, and stories) framework for assessing the messaging factors that influence eWOM in the nonprofit sector. Thus, the authors first operationalize the key principles for the nonprofit sector, then examine viral content (1,000 tweets and linked videos) to demonstrate the applicability of these principles for theory building and practice. Our content analysis reveals that some principles (e.g., social currency, triggers, high‐arousal emotion, or public) are more prevalent than other principles (e.g., practical value or story). This study also explores the relationships between the 6 principles and the level of online engagement, revealing interesting results about what people post initially versus what they pass along from others in their network.
Loss of sorting nexin 5 stabilizes internalized growth factor receptors to promote thyroid cancer progression
Authors: Jitsukawa Sumito , Kamekura Ryuta , Kawata Koji , Ito Fumie , Sato Akinori , Matsumiya Hiroshi , Nagaya Tomonori , Yamashita Keiji , Kubo Terufumi , Kikuchi Tomoki , Sato Noriyuki , Hasegawa Tadashi , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Mukumoto Yoshiko , Takano Ken‐ichi , Himi Tetsuo , Ichimiya Shingo
Published: August 2017

Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy and its prevalence has recently been increasing worldwide. We previously reported that the level of sorting nexin 5 (Snx5), an endosomal translocator, is preferentially decreased during the progression of well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma into poorly differentiated carcinoma. To address the functional role of Snx5 in the development and progression of thyroid carcinoma, we established Snx5‐deficient (Snx5−/−) mice. In comparison to wild‐type (Snx5+/+) mice, Snx5−/− mice showed enlarged thyroid glands that consisted of thyrocytes with large irregular‐shaped vacuoles. Snx5−/− thyrocytes exhibited a higher growth potential and higher sensitivity to thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH). A high content of early endosomes enriched with TSH receptors was found in Snx5−/− thyrocytes, suggesting that loss of Snx5 caused retention of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in response to TSH. Similar data were found for internalized EGF in primary thyrocytes. The increased TSH sensitivities in Snx5−/− thyrocytes were also confirmed by results showing that Snx5−/− mice steadily developed thyroid tumors with high metastatic potential under high TSH. Furthermore, a thyroid cancer model using carcinogen and an anti‐thyroidal agent revealed that Snx5−/− mice developed metastasizing thyroid tumors with activation of MAP kinase and AKT pathways, which are postulated to be major pathways of malignant progression of human thyroid carcinoma. Our results suggest that thyrocytes require Snx5 to lessen tumorigenic signaling driven by TSH, which is a major risk factor for thyroid carcinoma. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative iTRAQ‐Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Pelteobagrus vachelli Liver under Acute Hypoxia: Implications in Metabolic Responses
Authors: Zhang Guosong , Zhang Jiajia , Wen Xin , Zhao Cheng , Zhang Hongye , Li Xinru , Yin Shaowu
Published: August 2017

More and more frequently these days, aquatic ecosystems are being stressed by nutrient enrichment, pollutants, and global warming, leading to a serious depletion in oxygen concentrations. Although a sudden, significant lack of oxygen will result in mortality, fishes can have an acute behavior (e.g., an increase in breathing rate, reduction in swimming frequency) and physiology responses (e.g., increase in oxygen delivery, and reduction in oxygen consumption) to hypoxia, which allows them to maintain normal physical activity. Therefore, in order to shed further light on the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation in fishes, the authors conduct comparative quantitative proteomics on Pelteobagrus vachelli livers using iTRAQ. The research identifies 511 acute hypoxia‐responsive proteins in P. vachelli. Furthermore, comparison of several of the diverse key pathways studied (e.g., peroxisome pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, lipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluco‐neogenesis, and amino acid metabolism) help to articulate the different mechanisms involved in the hypoxia response of P. vachelli. Data from proteome analysis shows that P. vachelli can have an acute reaction to hypoxia, including detoxification of metabolic by‐products and oxidative stress in light of continued metabolic activity (e.g., peroxisomes), an activation in the capacity of catabolism to get more energy (e.g., lipolysis and amino acid catabolism), a depression in the capacity of biosynthesis to reduce energy consumption (e.g., biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids), and a shift in the aerobic and anaerobic contributions to total metabolism. The observed hypoxia‐related changes in the liver proteome of the fish can help to understand or can be related to the hypoxia‐related response that takes place in similar conditions in the liver or other proteomes of mammals.
Direct synthesis of polyaromatic chains of tribenzopentaphene copolymers through cyclodehydrogenation of their poly‐tetraphenylbenzene precursors
Authors: Alameddine Bassam , Sobhana Anju Rajamohanan , Shetty Suchetha , Baig Noorullah , Al‐Mousawi Saleh , Al‐Sagheer Fakhreia
Published: August 2017

Three polyaromatic‐based polymers are reported to contain co‐monomers of trapezoidal tribenzopentaphene (TBP) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The synthetic strategy consists of initially making highly soluble tetraphenylbenzene copolymers 4a–c, followed by a cyclodehydrogenation/aromatization reaction to obtain target polymers 5a–c. The polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, FT‐IR, UV‐vis, emission, 1H‐, and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The target polymers 5a–c reveal emission spectra in the range of 430–480 nm; thus, qualifying them to act as blue emitters. Investigation of the polymers optical properties and their correlation with density functional theory calculations suggest a distorted TBP core from planarity caused by the introduction of a dodecyl group at its wide edge. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3565–3572
Local hydrodynamics of solvent near diffusing dendrimers: A test of the new Stokes–Einstein relation
Authors: Zhang Xinli , Gray‐Weale Angus A.
Published: August 2017

We have reported a new Stokes–Einstein relation (SER) for size determination and tested it by different nanoparticles. We assumed that the breakdown for SER results from local increases in viscosity. Here we investigate hydrodynamics of solvent near dendrimers to further test generality of our new theory. We discuss simulations of dendrimers in comparison to nanoparticles, experimental data on dendrimers from literature, and our theory. Local viscosity and local diffusivity of solvent near dendrimers are estimated by persistence times and exchange times, respectively. We find that the local dynamics of solvent near dendrimers of low density stay almost the same as that of bulk solvent. While the motions of solvent particles slow down near dendrimers of high density. This is similar with changes in local dynamics of solvent near nanoparticles. According to the causes we proposed for the deviation of SER, this is consistent with our findings that the SER works for the dendrimers of low density, while it fails for the dendrimers of high density. The new SER is then tested to predict size of the dendrimers accurately. Taking this together with the results for the nanoparticles, we believe that the new theory is general. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1380–1392
Yolk–Shell‐Structured Cu/Fe@γ‐Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Loaded Graphitic Porous Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Meiwen , Su Chao , Saunders Martin , Liang Ji , Shao Zongping , Wang Shaobin , Liu Jian
Published: August 2017

Core–shell Cu/γ‐Fe2O3@C and yolk–shell‐structured Cu/Fe@γ‐Fe2O3@C particles are prepared by a facile synthesis method using copper oxide as template particles, resorcinol‐formaldehyde as the carbon precursor, and iron nitrate solution as the iron source via pyrolysis. With increasing carbonization temperature and time, solid γ‐Fe2O3 cores are formed and then transformed into Fe@γ‐Fe2O3 yolk–shell‐structured particles via Ostwald ripening under nitrogen gas flow. The composition variations are studied, and the formation mechanism is proposed for the generation of the hollow and yolk–shell‐structured metal and metal oxides. Moreover, highly graphitic carbons can be obtained by etching the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles through an acid treatment. The electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction is investigated on Cu/γ‐Fe2O3@C, Cu/Fe@γ‐Fe2O3@C, and graphitic carbons, indicating comparable or even superior performance to other Fe‐based nanocatalysts.
Aeroelastic modeling and stability analysis: A robust approach to the flutter problem
Authors: Iannelli Andrea , Marcos Andrés , Lowenberg Mark
Published: August 2017

In this paper, a general approach to address modeling of aeroelastic systems, with the final goal to apply μ analysis, is discussed. The chosen test bed is the typical section with unsteady aerodynamic loads, which enables basic modeling features to be captured and so extend the gained knowledge to practical problems treated with modern techniques. The aerodynamic operator has a nonrational dependence on the Laplace variable s, and hence, 2 formulations for the problem are available: frequency domain or state‐space (adopting rational approximations). The study attempts to draw a parallel between the 2 consequent linear fractional transformation modeling processes, emphasizing critical differences and their effect on the predictions obtained with μ analysis. A peculiarity of this twofold formulation is that aerodynamic uncertainties are inherently treated differently and therefore the families of plants originated by the possible linear fractional transformation definitions are investigated. One of the main results of the paper is to propose a unified framework to address the robust modeling task, which enables the advantages of both the approaches to be retained. On the analysis side, the application of μ analysis to the different models is shown, emphasizing its capability to gain insight into the problem.
Fault tolerant control of uncertain dynamical systems using interval virtual actuators
Authors: Rotondo Damiano , Cristofaro Andrea , Johansen Tor Arne
Published: August 2017

In this paper, a model reference fault tolerant control strategy based on a reconfiguration of the reference model, with the addition of a virtual actuator block, is presented for uncertain systems affected by disturbances and sensor noise. In particular, this paper (1) extends the reference model approach to the use of interval state observers, by considering an error feedback controller, which uses the estimated bounds for the error between the real state and the reference state, and (2) extends the virtual actuator approach to the use of interval observers, which means that the virtual actuator is added to the control loop to preserve the nonnegativity of the interval estimation errors and the boundedness of the involved signals, in spite of the fault occurrence. In both cases, the conditions to assure the desired operation of the control loop are provided in terms of linear matrix inequalities. An illustrative example is used to show the main characteristics of the proposed approach.
Postcracking residual strengths of fiber‐reinforced high‐performance concrete after cyclic loading
Authors: González Dorys C. , Moradillo Rosario , Mínguez Jesús , Martínez José A. , Vicente Miguel A.
Published: August 2017

The effect of fatigue loads on one of the main mechanical properties of fiber‐reinforced high strength concrete (FRHSC) is studied in this work. In particular, this paper analyzes the variations in the residual tensile strength of steel fiber‐reinforced concretes following cyclic flexural loading, which causes a predefined level of damage. To do so, a total of 40 prismatic specimens were tested. The specimens were not notched, but had previously been subjected to precracking. This has a similar effect to notching, but with a much smaller radius around the edge of the crack, which is therefore more vulnerable to fatigue. The results show that the damage provokes a progressive reduction in the residual traction strength. The study proposes two numerical expressions for the stress–crack width softening curves under tensile loads: an exponential formulation and a potential formulation. In both cases, the coefficients of both formulations depend on the damage that is induced. In addition, the proposal is to use fitted curves of the above‐mentioned potential type.
Review of quantum electrical standards and benefits and effects of the implementation of the ‘revised SI’
Authors: Kaneko Nobu‐Hisa
Published: August 2017

In the present International System of Units (SI), the Josephson effect and quantum Hall effect have been utilized for voltage and resistance primary standards, and the electrical current standard has been derived from a combination of the two quantum standards. In 2018, it is planned that the SI will be revised based on the latest measurements results of the Planck constant, elementary charge, Avogadro constant, and Boltzmann constant. The adoption of the ‘Revised SI’ means we shall finally terminate the traceability of the kilogram tied to an artifact (the international prototype of the kilogram) and start a new traceability of the kilogram to the Planck constant h. In electricity and magnetism metrology, and related precision measurements, the traceability presently based on the ‘conventional values’ of the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant is going to be switched to the revised traceability based on the Planck constant and elementary charge. In this article, the foundation of the quantum electrical measurements and how the Revised SI, which is based purely on fundamental physical constants and quantum effects, will bring us a long‐term benefit with negligible impact to industry are detailed. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extraction of Vitamin E Isomers from Palm Oil: Methodology, Characterization, and in Vitro Anti‐Tumor Activity
Authors: Abu‐Fayyad Ahmed , Nazzal Sami
Published: August 2017

Vitamin E refers to a family of eight tocopherols (T) and tocotrienol (T3) isomers. Due to the unique pharmacological and anticancer activity of the individual isomers, there is a need to extract and separate the individual T3 isomers from T/T3 rich fractions of palm oil. The objective of the present study was to present a detailed protocol for the extraction of gram quantities of vitamin E isomers from a T3 rich fraction (Tocotrol™) that was obtained from palm oil, by column chromatography using a binary hexane:EtOAc (1–12%) phase system. The chemical integrity and identity of the extracted isomers was confirmed by TLC, HPLC, 1H‐NMR, and Raman analysis. To evaluate their anticancer activity, vitamin E isomers were first entrapped into nanoemulsions and then tested against a panel of breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Nanoemulsions were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. They had an average droplet size between 156–200 nm. In confirmation to what has been reported in the literature, γ‐T3 and δ‐T3 isomers were found to be significantly more active against tumor cells than the α‐T and α‐T3 isomers. The current study has demonstrated the feasibility of extracting the individual vitamin E isomers at high yields from natural sources while maintaining their chemical integrity and pharmacological activity.
Association between widespread pressure pain hypersensitivity, health history, and trigger points in subjects with neck pain
Authors: Castaldo Matteo , Catena Antonella , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Arendt-Nielsen Lars
Published: August 2017

Aims

Health history (medical conditions, comorbid musculoskeletal pain, surgical operation, long term intake of medications) may contribute to central sensitization. The duration and the number of the peripheral nociceptive input seem to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of sensitization. No study has previously investigated these relationships. Our aim was to investigate the association between pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and health history in patients with neck pain, and the role of active trigger points (TrPs) on PPTs.

Methods

Thirty-four subjects with mechanical neck pain and 34 with whiplash-associated neck pain participated. They underwent an assessment of PPTs over upper trapezius, extensor carpi radialis longus, and tibialis anterior muscles, and were screened for the presence of active TrPs in upper trapezius muscle. Further, patients fulfilled a questionnaire investigating health history outcomes number and duration.

Results

Significant negative correlations between all PPTs and the duration of health history outcomes were found in both groups (all, P < 0.02), with no correlations between PPTs and the number of health history outcomes (all, P > 0.15). Significant lower PPTs over upper trapezius, extensor carpi radialis longus, and tibialis anterior (all, P < 0.01) muscles were found in subjects with active TrPs as compared to those with latent TrPs.

Conclusions

Widespread pressure pain hypersensitivity was associated with the duration, but not the number, of health history outcomes suggesting that long-lasting health complains may act as triggering factor driving sensitization in individuals with neck pain regardless the origin of neck pain. Patients with active TrPs in the upper trapezius muscle showed higher widespread pressure sensitivity than those with latent TrPs. These data should be included in the assessment of neck pain subjects, as they may be useful for planning the management of their symptoms.
Neuromas in patients with peripheral nerve injury and amputation - An ongoing study
Authors: Buch N.S. , Qerama E. , Finnerup N.B. , Nikolajsen L.
Published: August 2017

Background and aims

Injury to peripheral nerves associated with trauma, amputation, or surgery may lead to the formation of neuromas that can cause severe pain. Unfortunately, neuromas are frequently refractory to medical and surgical treatment. This ongoing study examines whether neuromas are more frequent in patients experiencing pain after peripheral nerve injury or amputation than in patients without pain.

Methods

In this observational cohort study, 80 patients with peripheral nerve injury or amputation will be recruited. Patients will answer pain questionnaires and undergo a clinical examination with quantitative sensory testing performed within the area of spontaneous pain, including areas of brush-evoked allodynia and pinprick hyperalgesia. Neuromas are identified using ultrasound.

Results

Patient inclusion is ongoing. At present, fourteen amputees have participated in the study: nine males and four females, aged 38–77 years. Six patients had no neuromas. Stump pain in this group ranged from 0 to 8 and phantom pain from 0 to 10 on a numerical rating scale, 0–10. Eight patients had neuromas. Stump pain in this group ranged from 0 to 7 and phantom pain from 0 to 8. Further results will be presented at the congress.

Conclusions

Because of a limited number of patients included, it is not yet possible to conclude if neuromas are more frequent in patients with pain.

Hopefully, this study will increase our understanding of the role of neuromas in patients with pain after peripheral nerve injury and amputation.
Several days of muscle hyperalgesia facilitates cortical somatosensory excitability
Authors: De Martino E. , Petrini L. , Schabrun S. , Graven-Nielsen T.
Published: August 2017

Background and aims

Maladaptive plasticity in neural circuits has been proposed in chronic musculoskeletal pain and has been discussed as a key component of the transition from acute to chronic pain. The induction of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in healthy individuals is one method that can be used to investigate the adaptations of neural circuits in response to several days of muscle hyperalgesia. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptations of the sensory cortex in response to muscle hyperalgesia induced by eccentric exercise of the wrist extensor muscles. It was hypothesized that muscle hyperalgesia would result in a facilitation of cortical somatosensory excitability, based on sensory evoked potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the radial nerve.

Methods

Twelve healthy subjects performed eccentric exercise of the wrist extensors. Muscle soreness, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) on the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) based on 10 channel EEG recorded during electrical stimulation of the radial nerve were recorded before (Day0Pre), 2h (Day0Post), 2 days (Day2), and 6 days (Day6) after exercise.

Results

Compared to Day0Pre: (i) Muscle soreness increased at Day0Post and increased further at Day2 (both P < 0.05). (ii) Pressure pain thresholds decreased at Day2 (P < 0.05), (iii) the peak-to-peak N30-P45 and P45-N60 amplitude of the sensory evoked potential from the central-parietal recording sites were increased at Day2 (both P < 0.05); (iv) reduction in ECR PPTs was correlated with an increase of the post-central P45 wave.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that hyperalgesia developing across several days is accompanied by an increase in sensory cortical excitability. In addition, sensory cortical adaptation followed a similar temporal profile to increased sensitivity to pressure (PPTs). This model may be relevant for further understanding neural adaptation in the transition from acute to chronic pain.
Characterization of released exosomes from satellite glial cells under normal and inflammatory conditions
Authors: Duroux M. , Vinterhøj H.S.H. , Stensballe A. , Gazerani P.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are non-neuronal cells that entirely surround neurons within sensory ganglia. This unique structure allows SGC-neuron interactions. Altered cross-talk following nerve injury or inflammation is thought to contribute to pathogenesis of chronic pain. Release of extracellular vesicles in form of exosomes has been found to play a key role in cell-cell communication. However, release of exosomes from SGCs and their potential role in modulating pain remain unknown. Hence, this study aimed at identifying and characterizing shed exosomes from SGCs under normal and inflammatory conditions.

Methods

Fresh primary cultures of rat trigeminal ganglia (TG) were prepared from adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Danish Animal Inspectorate approved the study protocol. Primary SGCs were kept in culture up to 21 days and were characterized by morphology and immunohistochemistry. Cultured SGCs were monitored under normal and LPS (50 ng/mL) treatment. Collection of conditioned media was performed over time and exosomes were isolated. Particle size distribution and total protein were determined by NTA and LC–MS/MS, respectively.

Results

SGCs formed small clusters, spread outwards to areas devoid of cells but remained spindle-like in appearance with larger cell bodies. The primary cultures of SGCs were clearly GS positive with a low expression of GFAP. LPS treatment led to higher GFAP expression. Particle size distribution showed that two third of the particles were in the exosomal size range. Upon LPS-stimulation, four proteins (histone H2B, ubiquitin-60S ribosomal, myosin-9, elongation factor 1-alpha) were found exclusively expressed compared to normal treated SGCs.

Conclusions

For the first time it was demonstrated that SGCs shed extracellular vesicles in exosomal size range. Mysoin-9 was identified as a possible novel marker of SGCs activation under inflammatory conditions. This protein plays a role in cell-cell adhesion and possibly contributes to SGC-SGC cross-talk upon inflammation which may consequently influence the excitability of nearby neurons.
Fixed or adapted conditioning intensity for repeated conditioned pain modulation
Authors: Hoegh M. , Petersen K.K. , Graven-Nielsen T.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is used to assess descending pain modulation through a test stimulation (TS) and a conditioning stimulation (CS). Due to potential carry-over effects, sequential CPM paradigms might alter the intensity of the CS, which potentially can alter the CPM-effect. This study aimed to investigate the difference between a fixed and adaptive CS intensity on CPM-effect.

Methods

On the dominant leg of 20 healthy subjects the cuff pressure detection threshold (PDT) was recorded as TS and the pain tolerance threshold (PTT) was assessed on the non-dominant leg for estimating the CS. The difference in PDT before and during CS defined the CPM-effect. The CPM-effect was assessed four times using a CS with intensities of 70% of baseline PTT (fixed) or 70% of PTT measured throughout the session (adaptive). Pain intensity of the conditioning stimulus was assessed on a numeric rating scale (NRS). Data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results

No difference was found comparing the four PDTs assessed before CSs for the fixed and the adaptive paradigms. The CS pressure intensity for the adaptive paradigm was increasing during the four repeated assessments (P < 0.01). The pain intensity was similar during the fixed (NRS: 5.8±0.5) and the adjusted paradigm (NRS: 6.0±0.4). The CPM-effect was higher using the fixed condition compared with the adaptive condition (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The current study found that sequential CPM paradigms using a fixed conditioning stimulus produced an increased CPM-effect compared with adaptive and increasing conditioning intensities.
Combined treatment (Norspan, Gabapentin and Oxynorm) was found superior in pain management after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Jensen M.B. , Andersen M.M. , Boesen B. , Jørgensen M.B. , Simonsen O.
Published: August 2017

Background

Gabapentin (GAB) has recently been introduced for postoperative pain treatment in orthopedic surgery. As persistent postoperative pain is still a major problem in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), studies on the effect and side effects of Gabapentin in addition to the commonly used morphine (MOR), Oxynorm (OXY) and Norspan (NOR) are highly warranted. In the present study, four relevant treatment algorithms, gabapentin and morphine (GAB/MOR), gabapentin and Oxynorm (GAB/OXY), Oxynorm (OXY) and Gabapentin, Oxynorm and Norspan (GAB/OXY/NOR) were examined.

Patients and methods

A total of 241 patients were followed systematically during one month following TKA in four consecutive series: 60 patients were treated with GAB/MOR, 62 patients with GAB/OXY, 59 patients with OXY, and 60 patients with GAB/OXY/MOR. On the day before surgery and on postoperative day 1, 14, and 30, pain during rest, pain during walking and side effects (constipation, dizziness, and nausea) were reported (VAS).

Results

After 30 days, pain greatly decreased in all groups, with a superior effect of GAB/OXY/NOR for pain during rest and only slightly more side effects at day 1.

Conclusions

In management of postoperative pain following TKA, data indicated that GAB/OXY/NOR was superior, compared to GAB/MOR, GAB/OXY, and OXY.
Application of miR-223 onto the dorsal nerve roots in rats induces hypoexcitability in the pain pathways
Authors: Legfeldt A. , Jacobsen D.P. , Gjerstad J.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Lumbar radicular pain is often associated with increased local and systemic synthesis of inflammatory mediators. This process can be modulated by specific microRNAs (miRs). Here, in the animal model, we investigated the effect of miR-223 on the spinal nociceptive signaling and local gene expression.

Methods

In anaesthetized Lewis rats, extracellular single unit recordings of spinal nociceptive activity and qPCR were used to explore the effect of miR-223 application onto the dorsal nerve roots (L3–L5).

Results

A significant decrease in the C-fiber response was observed following application of miR-223 onto the dorsal nerve roots. In addition, the gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was increased in the spinal cord.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that miR-223 may influence nociceptive signaling in the pain pathways, possibly by modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators.
The effect of UVB-induced skin inflammation on histaminergic and non-histaminergic evoked itch and pain
Authors: Lo Vecchio S. , Andersen H.H. , Elberling J. , Arendt-Nielsen L.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Itch often occurs in cutaneous conditions characterized by some degree of inflammation, e.g. atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or urticaria. It is unclear to which extent cutaneous inflammation causes sensitization of pruriceptive primary afferent C-fibers. The aim of this study was to explore if inflammation induced by UVB (B-ultraviolet rays) modify neurogenic inflammation and itch associated with experimental itch provocations.

Methods

Twenty healthy volunteers (10F/10M, 26.2 ± 1.6 years) were included. Eight circles (diameter=2cm), four on each volar forearm were studied. Two spots were irradiated with 0.5 × Minimal Erythema Dose (MED), two with 1× MED and two with 2× MED, and two acted as controls. Itch provocations were conducted using histamine (1%) percutaneously introduced and 35–45 cowhage spicules (non-histaminergic itch). The duration and intensity of itch and pain, sensitivity to touch-evoked itch (STI), mechanical pain thresholds (MPT) and sensitivity (MPS), and superficial blood perfusion where measured in UVB-irradiated- and control areas 24-h after UVB-irradiation and following each itch provocation.

Results

UVB induced dose-dependent hyperalgesia validated by decreased MPT, increased MPS and neurogenic inflammation (all P < 0.01). UVB-induced inflammation did not increase the magnitude of itch reported following any itch provocation. However, cowhage was associated with more pain in UVB-irradiated areas and the proportional ratings of the mixed itch and pain sensation was shifted towards increased pain dominance (P < 0.01). Itch provocations did not increase the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by UVB, whereas it provoked an increase in superficial blood perfusion compared to UVB alone (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

(1) The UVB model induces sensitization to pain but not itch stimuli and independently increases the nociceptive sensations associated with non-histaminergic itch provocation. (2) The inflammatory UVB-perturbation does not mimic the sensitization associated with inflammatory dermatoses where lesioned skin is more receptive to pruritogens, suggesting that more specific or prolonged inflammatory processes are involved in clinical itch conditions.