The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
Authors: Tegally Houriiyah , San James E. , Cotten Matthew , Moir Monika , Tegomoh Bryan , Mboowa Gerald , Martin Darren P. , Baxter Cheryl , Lambisia Arnold W. , Diallo Amadou , Amoako Daniel G. , Diagne Moussa M. , Sisay Abay , Zekri Abdel-Rahman N. , Gueye Abdou Salam , Sangare Abdoul K. , Ouedraogo Abdoul-Salam , Sow Abdourahmane , Musa Abdualmoniem O. , Sesay Abdul K. , Abias Abe G. , Elzagheid Adam I. , Lagare Adamou , Kemi Adedotun-Sulaiman , Abar Aden Elmi , Johnson Adeniji A. , Fowotade Adeola , Oluwapelumi Adeyemi O. , Amuri Adrienne A. , Juru Agnes , Kandeil Ahmed , Mostafa Ahmed , Rebai Ahmed , Sayed Ahmed , Kazeem Akano , Balde Aladje , Christoffels Alan , Trotter Alexander J. , Campbell Allan , Keita Alpha K. , Kone Amadou , Bouzid Amal , Souissi Amal , Agweyu Ambrose , Naguib Amel , Gutierrez Ana V. , Nkeshimana Anatole , Page Andrew J. , Yadouleton Anges , Vinze Anika , Happi Anise N. , Chouikha Anissa , Iranzadeh Arash , Maharaj Arisha , Batchi-Bouyou Armel L. , Ismail Arshad , Sylverken Augustina A. , Goba Augustine , Femi Ayoade , Sijuwola Ayotunde E. , Marycelin Baba , Salako Babatunde L. , Oderinde Bamidele S. , Bolajoko Bankole , Diarra Bassirou , Herring Belinda L. , Tsofa Benjamin , Lekana-Douki Bernard , Mvula Bernard , Njanpop-Lafourcade Berthe-Marie , Marondera Blessing T. , Khaireh Bouh Abdi , Kouriba Bourema , Adu Bright , Pool Brigitte , McInnis Bronwyn , Brook Cara , Williamson Carolyn , Nduwimana Cassien , Anscombe Catherine , Pratt Catherine B. , Scheepers Cathrine , Akoua-Koffi Chantal G. , Agoti Charles N. , Mapanguy Chastel M. , Loucoubar Cheikh , Onwuamah Chika K. , Ihekweazu Chikwe , Malaka Christian N. , Peyrefitte Christophe , Grace Chukwa , Omoruyi Chukwuma E. , Rafaï Clotaire D. , Morang’a Collins M. , Erameh Cyril , Lule Daniel B. , Bridges Daniel J. , Mukadi-Bamuleka Daniel , Park Danny , Rasmussen David A. , Baker David , Nokes David J. , Ssemwanga Deogratius , Tshiabuila Derek , Amuzu Dominic S. Y. , Goedhals Dominique , Grant Donald S. , Omuoyo Donwilliams O. , Maruapula Dorcas , Wanjohi Dorcas W. , Foster-Nyarko Ebenezer , Lusamaki Eddy K. , Simulundu Edgar , Ong’era Edidah M. , Ngabana Edith N. , Abworo Edward O. , Otieno Edward , Shumba Edwin , Barasa Edwine , Ahmed El Bara , Ahmed Elhadi A. , Lokilo Emmanuel , Mukantwari Enatha , Philomena Eromon , Belarbi Essia , Simon-Loriere Etienne , Anoh Etilé A. , Manuel Eusebio , Leendertz Fabian , Taweh Fahn M. , Wasfi Fares , Abdelmoula Fatma , Takawira Faustinos T. , Derrar Fawzi , Ajogbasile Fehintola V. , Treurnicht Florette , Onikepe Folarin , Ntoumi Francine , Muyembe Francisca M. , Ragomzingba Frank E. Z. , Dratibi Fred A. , Iyanu Fred-Akintunwa , Mbunsu Gabriel K. , Thilliez Gaetan , Kay Gemma L. , Akpede George O. , van Zyl Gert U. , Awandare Gordon A. , Kpeli Grace S. , Schubert Grit , Maphalala Gugu P. , Ranaivoson Hafaliana C. , Omunakwe Hannah E. , Onywera Harris , Abe Haruka , Karray Hela , Nansumba Hellen , Triki Henda , Kadjo Herve Albéric Adje , Elgahzaly Hesham , Gumbo Hlanai , Mathieu Hota , Kavunga-Membo Hugo , Smeti Ibtihel , Olawoye Idowu B. , Adetifa Ifedayo M. O. , Odia Ikponmwosa , Ben Boubaker Ilhem Boutiba , Muhammad Iluoreh Ahmed , Ssewanyana Isaac , Wurie Isatta , Konstantinus Iyaloo S. , Halatoko Jacqueline Wemboo Afiwa , Ayei James , Sonoo Janaki , Makangara Jean-Claude C. , Tamfum Jean-Jacques M. , Heraud Jean-Michel , Shaffer Jeffrey G. , Giandhari Jennifer , Musyoki Jennifer , Nkurunziza Jerome , Uwanibe Jessica N. , Bhiman Jinal N. , Yasuda Jiro , Morais Joana , Kiconco Jocelyn , Sandi John D. , Huddleston John , Odoom John K. , Morobe John M. , Gyapong John O. , Kayiwa John T. , Okolie Johnson C. , Xavier Joicymara S. , Gyamfi Jones , Wamala Joseph F. , Bonney Joseph H. K. , Nyandwi Joseph , Everatt Josie , Nakaseegu Joweria , Ngoi Joyce M. , Namulondo Joyce , Oguzie Judith U. , Andeko Julia C. , Lutwama Julius J. , Mogga Juma J. H. , O’Grady Justin , Siddle Katherine J. , Victoir Kathleen , Adeyemi Kayode T. , Tumedi Kefentse A. , Carvalho Kevin S. , Mohammed Khadija Said , Dellagi Koussay , Musonda Kunda G. , Duedu Kwabena O. , Fki-Berrajah Lamia , Singh Lavanya , Kepler Lenora M. , Biscornet Leon , de Oliveira Martins Leonardo , Chabuka Lucious , Olubayo Luicer , Ojok Lul Deng , Deng Lul Lojok , Ochola-Oyier Lynette I. , Tyers Lynn , Mine Madisa , Ramuth Magalutcheemee , Mastouri Maha , ElHefnawi Mahmoud , Mbanne Maimouna , Matsheka Maitshwarelo I. , Kebabonye Malebogo , Diop Mamadou , Momoh Mambu , Lima Mendonça Maria da Luz , Venter Marietjie , Paye Marietou F. , Faye Martin , Nyaga Martin M. , Mareka Mathabo , Damaris Matoke-Muhia , Mburu Maureen W. , Mpina Maximillian G. , Owusu Michael , Wiley Michael R. , Tatfeng Mirabeau Y. , Ayekaba Mitoha Ondo’o , Abouelhoda Mohamed , Beloufa Mohamed Amine , Seadawy Mohamed G. , Khalifa Mohamed K. , Matobo Mooko Marethabile , Kane Mouhamed , Salou Mounerou , Mbulawa Mphaphi B. , Mwenda Mulenga , Allam Mushal , Phan My V. T. , Abid Nabil , Rujeni Nadine , Abuzaid Nadir , Ismael Nalia , Elguindy Nancy , Top Ndeye Marieme , Dia Ndongo , Mabunda Nédio , Hsiao Nei-yuan , Silochi Nelson Boricó , Francisco Ngiambudulu M. , Saasa Ngonda , Bbosa Nicholas , Murunga Nickson , Gumede Nicksy , Wolter Nicole , Sitharam Nikita , Ndodo Nnaemeka , Ajayi Nnennaya A. , Tordo Noël , Mbhele Nokuzola , Razanajatovo Norosoa H. , Iguosadolo Nosamiefan , Mba Nwando , Kingsley Ojide C. , Sylvanus Okogbenin , Femi Oladiji , Adewumi Olubusuyi M. , Testimony Olumade , Ogunsanya Olusola A. , Fakayode Oluwatosin , Ogah Onwe E. , Oludayo Ope-Ewe , Faye Ousmane , Smith-Lawrence Pamela , Ondoa Pascale , Combe Patrice , Nabisubi Patricia , Semanda Patrick , Oluniyi Paul E. , Arnaldo Paulo , Quashie Peter Kojo , Okokhere Peter O. , Bejon Philip , Dussart Philippe , Bester Phillip A. , Mbala Placide K. , Kaleebu Pontiano , Abechi Priscilla , El-Shesheny Rabeh , Joseph Rageema , Aziz Ramy Karam , Essomba René G. , Ayivor-Djanie Reuben , Njouom Richard , Phillips Richard O. , Gorman Richmond , Kingsley Robert A. , Neto Rodrigues Rosa Maria D. E. S. A. , Audu Rosemary A. , Carr Rosina A. A. , Gargouri Saba , Masmoudi Saber , Bootsma Sacha , Sankhe Safietou , Mohamed Sahra Isse , Femi Saibu , Mhalla Salma , Hosch Salome , Kassim Samar Kamal , Metha Samar , Trabelsi Sameh , Agwa Sara Hassan , Mwangi Sarah Wambui , Doumbia Seydou , Makiala-Mandanda Sheila , Aryeetey Sherihane , Ahmed Shymaa S. , Ahmed Side Mohamed , Elhamoumi Siham , Moyo Sikhulile , Lutucuta Silvia , Gaseitsiwe Simani , Jalloh Simbirie , Andriamandimby Soa Fy , Oguntope Sobajo , Grayo Solène , Lekana-Douki Sonia , Prosolek Sophie , Ouangraoua Soumeya , van Wyk Stephanie , Schaffner Stephen F. , Kanyerezi Stephen , Ahuka-Mundeke Steve , Rudder Steven , Pillay Sureshnee , Nabadda Susan , Behillil Sylvie , Budiaki Sylvie L. , van der Werf Sylvie , Mashe Tapfumanei , Mohale Thabo , Le-Viet Thanh , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P. , Schindler Tobias , Maponga Tongai G. , Bedford Trevor , Anyaneji Ugochukwu J. , Chinedu Ugwu , Ramphal Upasana , George Uwem E. , Enouf Vincent , Nene Vishvanath , Gorova Vivianne , Roshdy Wael H. , Karim Wasim Abdul , Ampofo William K. , Preiser Wolfgang , Choga Wonderful T. , Ahmed Yahaya Ali , Ramphal Yajna , Bediako Yaw , Naidoo Yeshnee , Butera Yvan , de Laurent Zaydah R. ,   Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI)‡, Ouma Ahmed E. O. , von Gottberg Anne , Githinji George , Moeti Matshidiso , Tomori Oyewale , Sabeti Pardis C. , Sall Amadou A. , Oyola Samuel O. , Tebeje Yenew K. , Tessema Sofonias K. , de Oliveira Tulio , Happi Christian , Lessells Richard , Nkengasong John , Wilkinson Eduan , Shibemba Aaron L. , Obong Abasi Ene , Fadeyi Abayomi , Anas Abbad , Shabaan Abd Elazeez , Adel Abd Monaem , Shoka Abd Moniem Ain , Abdelhamid W. , Laraqui Abdelilah , Laatiris Abdelkader , Bellefquih Abdelkrim Meziane , Faouzi Abdellah , Abdelmoulah F. , Essabbar Abdelomunim , Bimouhen Abderrahmane , Hilali Abderraouf , Abdo I. , Padane Abdou , Sangaré Abdoul Karim , Soumah Abdoul Karim , Djimde Abdoulaye , Toure Abdoulaye , Kanteh Abdoulie , Bashein Abdulla , Salama Abdullah , Lojuan Abe , Bayih Abebe Genetu , Negash Abel Abera , Lissom Abel , Abid N. , Konou Abla A. , Shama Abo , Abosede O. , Abouelnaga S. , Ali Abraham , Anang Abraham Kwabena , Tesfaye Abraham , Khan Adam K. , Tayachew Adamu , Mihret Adane , AlEmam Adba Alfatih , Hawi Adede , Adesegun A. , Desta Adey Feleke , Ghassan Adib , Traoré Adjaratou , Adjiratou Aissatou B. A. , Sadji Adodo , Egli Adrian , Mendes Adriano , Abera Adugna , Candé Adul , Alaoui Afaf , Pedro Afonso , Agbodzi B. , Ageez A.M. , Ayouba Ahidjo , Alarif Ahlam , Kayed Ahmed E , El-Taweel Ahmed , Elsayed Ahmed , Gad Ahmed F. , Fakhfakh Ahmed , Kandeil Ahmed , Ahmed M. , Mostafa Ahmed , Ahmed O. S. , Reggad Ahmed , Taha Ahmed , Vida Ahyong , Bensalem Aicha , Sivro Aida , Hachid Aissam , Ajili F. , Ajogbasile F.V. , Adegnika Akim A. , Siliadin Akoele , Natasha Akwii Patience , Balde Aladje , Lemtudo Alan , Sanaa-amine Alaoui , Alaruusi A. M. , Ouro-Medeli Alassane , Nyunja Albert , Rizzo Alberto , Abdissa Alemseged , Debela Alemu Tike , Mancon Alessandro , Marcello Alessandro , Goredema Alexander , Greninger Alexander , Ndjolo Alexis , Niyomwungere Alexis , Mari Alfredo , Mayor Alfredo , Ali M.A. , Zumla Ali , Ben Kahla Alia , Grad Alia , Kabanda Alice , Tia Alie , Camara Alimou , Zumla Alimuddin , Dieng Alle Baba , Maiga Almoustapha I. , Sall Amadou Alpha , Daou Amadou , Naguib Amal , Souiri Amal , Zouaki Amal , Ghita Amalou , Mveang-Nzoghe Amandine , Koné Amariane , Koné Amariane M. M. , Ahouidi Ambroise , Benyahia Amel , Nagiub Amel , Amer K. E. , Dorkenoo Ameyo , Barkat Amina , Dia Aminata , Mbaye Aminata , Mboup Aminata , Thiam Aminata Sileymane , Lahlou Amine Idriss , Wadi Amira Suliaman , Ehlan Amivi , Marion Amujal , Aziza Amuri , Strydom Amy , Abbad Anass , Nkeshimana Anatole , Mulu Andargachew , Maaroufi Anderrahmane , Luquette Andrea E. , Shiningavamwe Andreas , Moreira-Soto Andres , Azman Andrew , Bennett Andrew J. , Tarupiwa Andrew , Latifa Anga , Badjo Ange , Angelov Angel , Brisebarre Angela , Detweiler Angela M. , Ndong Angoune , Werno Anja , NDiaye Anna Julienne Selbe , Sander Anna-Lena , Annajr B. , D'Aprile Annamaria , van der Linden Anne , van der Eijk Annemiek , Erhart Annette , Somboro Anou M. , Dagnran Anoumou , Ahumibe Anthony , Levasseur Anthony , van der Linden Antje , Dara Antoine , Jegede-Williams Anu , Aouni M. , Arjarquah A. , Uwituze Arlene , Upton Arlo , Poda Armel , Somé Arsène , Zongo Arsène , Massinga Arsenia , Asare K.M. , Katabazi Ashaba Fred , Ferjani Asma , Dieng Assane , Gaye-Gaye Astou , Atiga N. , Weldemariam Atsbeha G. , Arjaquah Augustina , Auld A. , Ba-Diallo Awa , ElMoussi Awatef , Sena Awunyo , Mohamed Aya , Farghaly Ayman , Ayo-Ale B. , Ayoade F. , Adegnika Ayola Akim , More Ayong , James Ayorinde Babatunde , Nawfel Azami , Diergaardt Azaria , Okwuraiwe Azuka Patrick , Taiwo Babafemi O. , Baboo S. B. , Bahadoor B. S. , Bahnassy A.A. , Sanyang Bakary , Bakry U. , Touré Bamba Fatoumata , Iwalokun Bamidele , Banda R. , Bane S. , Johnson Bankole , Cisse Barada , Murwira Barbra , Munnink Bas Oude , Batchi-Bouyou Armel L. , Batra R. , Dhaala Beatrice , Lamiae Belayachi , Belkhir A.B. , Ben Ayed I. , Morton Ben , Moussa Ben , Wulf Ben , Ndeboko Bénédicte , Rachid Benhida , Lindsey Benjamiin B. , Foulkes Benjamin H. , Hounkpatin Benjamin , Selekon Benjamin , Bensaid M. , Mpairwe Bernard , Bagaya Bernard Ssentalo , Vanmechelen Bert , Lell Bertrand , Mutai Beth , Adnew Bethlehem , Makamure Beuty , Bighignoli B. , Ndiaye Birahim Piere , Adhikari Bishwo N. , Bitrou S.M. , Akenji Blaise MBoringong , Shobayo Bode , Zuze Boitumelo , Nlavo Bonifacio Manguire , Belfquih Bouchra , Boujemla Bouchra , Yatassaye Bouna , Aymane Bouzidi , Andika Brian , Yemi Bright K. , Kleinhans Bronwyn , Galvao Bruna , Embaló Bubacar Delgado Pinto , Manene Bulelani , Pascal Butoyi , Capel Camille , Anu Campbell , Tchibozo Carine , Madeira Carla , Cortes Carlos , Elisabeth Carniel , Kifude Carol , Tayimetha Carolle Yanique , Arnold Catherine E. , Okoi Catherine , Waruhiu Cecilia , Godwe Celestin , Obiekea Celestina , Nkenfou Celine , Chabuka L. B. , Nejjari Chakib , Chambaro H. , Chanda D. , Changula K. , Touzani Charifa Drissi , Kayuki Charles , Nyagupe Charles , Ssuuna Charles , Hicham Charoute , Watters Chaselynn M. , Chawech H. , Sokhna Cheikh , Mohamed Chenaoui , Nwuba Chiamaka , Chilufya C. , Chukwu Chimaobi , Anyika Chinyere , Chipimo P.J. , Chitanga S. , Chitenje M. , Chiwaula M. J. , Taha Chouati , Mansell Chris , Butel Christelle , Devaux Christian A. , Drosten Christian , Ranaivoson Christian , Utpatel Christian , Malabat Christophe , Chtourou A. , Chukwu G. , Daubenberger Claudia , Kakai Clement G. , Masakwe Clement , Rafai Clotaire Donatien , Chenwi Collins , Misita Collins M. , Muli Collins , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , Maufrais Corinne , Mbegnan Coulibaly , Crawford M. , Tato Cristina M. , Yiaba Cyrus , D'Amore N. , Damilari Dabiri , Ramadan Dalia , Damena D. , Ouso Daniel , Pisanelli Daniela , Licastro Danilo , Hammer David , Nieuwenhuijse David , Kateete David Patrick , Wilkinson David , Mouangala Davy Leger , Alemayehu Dawit Hailu , Dawood R.M. , De Sanctis R. , Mettle Deborah N. A. , Koita Demba , Lodiongo Dennis Kenyi , Laryea Dennis , Wandera Dennis N. , Leta Dereje , Noureddine Dersi , Takou Desire , Tefera Dessalegn Abeje , Batra Dhwani , Ndongo Dia , Diab A. , Diagne Diabou , Mabika Diane A. , Bamourou Diané , Samaté Dianke , Diarra B. , Raoult Didier , Mutangana Dieudonne , Nyepetsi Dineo Emang Tshiamo. Gape , Ada Diosdado Odjama Nseng , Salah Djimabi , Cedola Donatella , Harding Doris , Yeboah-Manu Dorothy , Ange Dossou , Djomsi Dowbiss Meta , Drinkovic Dragana , Draper C. , Sahr Dumbuya Foday , Odewale Ebenezer , Sedjro Eclou , Armand Edang-Minko , Kigozi Edgar , Koskei Edith , Nkwembe Edith , de Oliveira Filho Edmilson F. , Maria da Costa Edmira , Kiritu Edward , Lim Efrem S. , Ozer Egon A. , Egyir B. , Abuelenein Ehab Abdelkader , Ngole Eitel Mpoudi , Aissam El Aliani , Zahra El Ansari Fatima , Adil El Hamouchi , Abdelmjid El Oualid , El-Shaqnqery H. , El-Zayat M. , Abualas Elamin , Hicham Elannaz , Elargoubi A. , Kidane Eleni , Rizgalla Elham , Elhoseny M.M. , Elhosieny F.W. , Carniel Elisabeth , Nyakarungu Elizabeth , Elkhateeb S.M. , Benaissa Elmostafa , El Fahime Elmostafa , Elouanass M. , Elsissy M.H. , Mbongo-Nkama Elvyre , Latif Elwaleed M. Elamin Sara A.I , Edu Emame , Orsini Emanuele , Skarwan Emilio , Stefanov Emily K. , Nasinghe Emmanuel , Nepolo Emmanuel , Ogunbayo Emmanuel , Munger Emmanuelle , Permal Emmanuelle , Gaies Emna , Ennibi H. , Khalid Ennibi , Kotey Erasmus , Smit Erasmus , Lelo Eric A. , Adu Eric , Delaporte Eric , Katagirya Eric , Kezakarayagwa Eric , Muthanje Eric , Magalhães Erica Luis Maria , Asiedu Ernest , Livo Esemu , Umumararungu Esperance , Chitechi Esther , Omuseni Esther , Alain Etoundi Mballa , Quansah Evelyn Bonney , Bonney Evelyn Y. , Ezzelarab M.H. , Cassama Faatu , Niama Fabien Roch , Arena Fabio , Faggioni G. , Fahsbender E. , Sigei Faith , Abdellah Faouzi , Jouali Farah , Farawyla H. , Hilali Farida , Chgouri Fatima , El Falaki Fatima , El ansari Fatima Zahra , Ebied Fatma , Bssaibis Fatna , Al Onifade Fattah , Ousmane Faye , Khardine Fayez Ahmed , Khardine Fayez , Fedorov A.V. , Alemu Fekadu , Jamal Fekkak , Sun Fengming , Doudou Fetouma , Fikry A.E. , Fillo S. , Bracchitta Fiorenza , Kaboré Firmin , Fki-berrajah L. , Donati Flora , Fenollar Florence , Sorie Foday Sahr Samuel , Folarino O. , Folorunsho Francine , Kabatesi Francisca , Muyembe-Mawete Francisco , Malagon François , Kiemdé Franklin , Asiedu-Bekoe Franklyn Egbe , Nkongho Frédéric , Lemoine Frederick , Tei-Maya  , Freitas R. H. , Fuh-Neba T. , Gaaloul I. , Kabamba Gabriel , Gutema Gadissa , Emna Gaies , Gadzama Galadima , Mahmoud Galal , Ouangole Garba , Gargouri S. , Garry R. , McAuliffe Gary , Kimita Gathii , Manouana Gédéon Prince , Tesfaye Gelanew , Awinda George , Kyei George B. , Michuki George , Ondo Georgelin Nguema , van Rooyen Gerhard , Marais Gert , Abichu Getachew , Beyene Getachew Tesfaye , Tollera Getachew , Hailu Getnet , Hamza Ghamaz , Kayali Ghazi , El Amin Ghizlane , Mhlanga Gibson , Kibet Gilbert , Hounkanrin Gildas , Giordani F. , Teka Gizaw , Masete Godfrey , Goldstone R. , Gomaa C. , Mokhtar Gomaa , Lo Gora , Gosnell B. I. , Gottberg A. , Belournou Grace Angong , Oni Grace , Vincent Grace , Wani Gregory , Barreh Guedi Ali , Garcia Guillermo , Deng Guohong , Guseva N. P. , Mbembo Guy Paterne Malonga , Padzys Guy Stéphane , Gwayi S. , Ben Romdhane Habiba , Naija Habiba , Diallo Haby , Hadad A. , Hafez M.M. , Ladhari Hafsia , Elshora Hagar , Dadi Hailu , Mohammed Hajjaji , Kabbaj Hakima , Hafez Hala , Halafawy A. , Tinto Halidou , Ndiaye Halimatou Diop , Assane Hamadi , Hamdani T.N. , Hamdy M.S. , Namagembe Hamidah , Hammad M. , Hammami A. , Gharmaz Hamza , Andersson Hana Sofia , Dakka Hanae , El Jebari Hanen , Soliman Hany K. , Houda Harmak , Harvey R. , Benkirane Hasnae , Aguenaou Hassan , Ihazmad Hassan , Hassan R. , Hassan W. , Ahmed Hatem , Sogodogo Heitzer , Seth-Smith Helena , Razafimanjato Helisoa , Koka Hellen , Mouhssine Hemlali , Mwebesa Henry , Perez Hermes , Tchoudjin Herve Christian Paho , Elannaz Hicham , Oumzil Hicham , Frempong Hilda Opoku , Fidelia Hinson , Elarab Hoda Ezz , Xie Hong , Benrahma Houda , Arrouchi Housna , Guedouar Houssem , Luo Hu , Bassène Hubert , Si Huiqing , Goodfellow Ian , Guindo Ibrahima , Halilou Ibrahima , Abdillahi Idil Salah , Lahlou Idriss-Amine , Diawara Idrissa , Egoh Ifunanya , Ige F.A. , Iknane A.A. , Bnouyahia Ikram , Osman Ikram Omar , Ben Boubaker Ilhem Boutiba , Hassan Iman Abdillahi , Foda Iman , Smyej Imane , Kacem Imen , Mdini Imen , Mkada Imen , Mandomando Inacio , Comas Iñaki , Mdini Ines , Inglês L. , Mudau Innocent , JOEL Ireoluwa Yinka , Chestakova Irina , Cancino Irving , Phiri Isaac , Boussoukou Ismael Pierrick Mikelet , Ismail A. , Osei-Wusu Israel , Maman Issaka , Barilar Ivan , Asante Ivy A. , Gerard Izuwayo , Heikel Jaafar , Souopgui Jacob , Marx Jacques , Jalal D. , Nourlil Jalal , El Atar Jalil , Ben Khelil Jalila , Rahoui Jalila , Fekkak Jamal , Mutisya James , Ussher James , Exler Jan Felix , MaCauley Jane , Majanja Janet , Jannoo N. , Manneh Jarra , Scharnberg Jasmin , Schlotterbeck Jasmin , Chimedza Jasper , Bouzid Jawad , Niyibigira Jean B. , Djontu Jean Claude , Maritz Jean , Cigolo Jean-Claude Makangara , Monemou Jean-louis , Umuringa Jeanne d’Arc , Delerce Jeremy , Ndaruhutse Jerome , Nkurunziza Jerome , Asamoah Jesse Addo , Sherwood Jill , Wang Jing , Marti-Carerras Joan , Mutungi Joe K. , Mutungi Joe , Siawaya Joel Fleury Djoba , Koivogui Joel , de Ligt Joep , Njuguna John , Rumunu John , Tembo John , Waitumbi John , Adeniji Johnson A. , Rigby Jonathan , Hellemans Jorn , Fokam Joseph , DeRisi Joseph L. , Makhema Joseph , Mugisha Joseph , Shaibu Joseph Ojonugwa , Oliver-Commey Joseph , Bwogi Josephine , Freeman Josh , Isong Josiah Ayoola , Nyataya Josphat , Ayoola Joy , Appiah-Kubi Joyce , Hultquist Judd F. , Gedeon Jude , Sokei Judith , Howard Julia , Schneider Julia , Campbell Julian , Elvy Juliet , Jumaa A.B. , Lee Justin , Lessler Justin , O'Grady Justin , Kourouma Kaba , Ghedira Kais , Kalantar K. , Mahlakwane Kamela , Kamoun S. , Mulonga Kangwa , Kapata P.C. , Kapaya F. , Kapin'a M. , Karray Hakim H. , Kasambara W. , Yassine Kasmi , Tesfaye Kassahun , Subramoney Kathleen , Katyshev A.D. , Kayeyi N. , Barnes Kayla , Delaney Kayla , Kazorina E.V. , Seru Kedumetse , Keita S. , Durkin Keith , Jerome Keith R , René Keke K. , Swanson Kena , Maeka Kenneth K. , Attiku Keren Okyerebea , Sanders Kevin , Ella Kevine Zang , Tuki Keyru , Elhag Khabab A. , Gueye Khadim , Amer Khaled , Mostafa Khalid Ennibi , Kharat N. , Khumalo Z. , Stoecker Kilian , Kim L. , Bishop-Lilly Kimberly A. , Kimotho J. , Lahlou Kitane Driss , Bonney Kofi , Tegueni Kokou , Wahab Kolawole Wasiu , Kolomoets E.V. , Jain Komal , Asmamaw Kominist , Kossi Komlan , Jambo Kondwani , Yao Kouadio T. , Dürr Kouriba , Ouffoué Kra , Krasnov Y.M. , Kandaswamy Krishna Kumar , Andersen Kristian , Kritsky A.A. , David Kumbelembe , Macheke Kutlo , Kutyrev V.V. , Kwenda S. , Maluzi Kwitaka , Lee Kwok , Long Kyle A. , Grantz Kyra , Simons Lacy M. , Serrano Laetitia ,   Lagos State Government, Elsawy Laila , Sbabou Laila , Lamboni Lallepak , Holland LaRinda A. , Shrestha Lasata , Sangaré Lassana , Anga Latifa , Jelly Lauren , Hoornaert Laurien , Linh Le Thi Kieu , Kooepile Legodile , Intyre Leigh-Anne MC , Mutesa Léon , Okoli Leona , Ouedraogo Léopold , Lesego Kuate-lere , Leta D. , Letaief A. , Liboro G. , Kanjau Lilian , Lin L. , Boatemaa Linda , Houhamdi Linda , Ian Lipkin W. , Lista F. , Liwewe M.M. , Mulenga Lloyd , Voegtly Logan J. , Shipingana Loide , Micelli Loris , Kwasah Lorreta , Allam Loubna , Lefrançois Louise , Salma Loukman , Amenga-Etego Lucas N. , Brechar Ludivine , Mewono Ludovic , Estrella Luis A. , Mhuulu Lusia , Newton Lwanga , Ulrich M. , Mogotsi M.T. , Abderrahmane Maaroufi , Mad W. , Madi W.Y. , Stange Madlen , Magdeldin S. , Kharrat Maher , Mahlangu B. , Shehata Mahmoud , Mahrous N. , Maida A. , Camara Makhtar , Makori T. , Malama K. , Bestehorn-Willmann Malena S. , Malolo I. , Lo Mamadou Beye Cheikh Ibrahima , Keita Mamadou Bhoye , Bah Mamadou Saliou , Sow Mamadou Saliou , Djingarey Mamoudou Harouna , Maiga Mamoudou , Elsaid Manal Hamdy , Zahran Manal Hamdy , Diakite Mandiou , Ben Sassi Manel , Pambou Mangombi , Manickchund N. , Puente Manoli Torres , Manraj S. S. , Mansour T. , Mukhtar Maowia M. , Tongo Marcel , Nabila Marchoudi , Mills Margaret , Artesi Maria , Patrizio Maria Pia , Gismondo Maria Rita , Lipsi Maria Rosaria , SULAIMAN Mariam Kehinde , Kujabi Mariama , Amougou Marie , Okomo Marie Claire , Chabert-Consen Marie Madeleine , Vernet Marie-Astrid , Hayette Marie-Pierre , Gdoura Mariem , Reynders Marijke , Barbet Marion , Koopmans Marion , Boter Marjan , Siedner Mark , Abebe Markos , Antwerpen Markus H. , Melloul Marouane , Foudi Martin Maidadi , Peeters Martine , Hsiao Marvin , DeAlmeida Mary , Lalemi Mary , Davies Mary-Ann , Masahiro K. , Sambou Masse , Mathabo M. , Parker Mathew D. , Walter Mathias C. , Mathur H. , Blakiston Matt , Storey Matt , Bates Matthew , Rogers Matthew , Pauthner Matthias , Vanpeene Maud , Margaglione Maurizio , Bloomfield Max , Abdelfattah May , Soliman May Sherif , Fall Mbengué , Mdlalose K. , Huang Meei-Li , Mehta S. , Albert Mélanie , Aïssi Melchior A. Joël , Bizard Méline , Mouad Merabet , Laamarti Meriem , Douffan Messanh , Mhalla S. , Addidle Michael , Marks Michael , Nagel Michael , Deschenes Michael V. , Davids Micheala , Balm Michelle , Lin Michelle , Tan Michelle , Mihrete A. , BUHARI Mikhail Olayinka , Cá Milanca Agostinho , Adusei-Poku Mildred , Mwangi Milkah , Kamel Mina , Miranda J. , Prince-David Mireille , Eshun Miriam , Wayengera Misaki , Mishra Mitali , Eloualid Mjid , Elalaoui Mly Abdelaziz , Mnguni A. , Mnyameni F. , Matshaba Mogomotsi , Mohale T. , Elgohary Mohamed Abdel-Salam , Ali Mohamed Ahmed , Ben Moussa Mohamed , Chenaoui Mohamed , El Sayes Mohamed , Elhadidi Mohamed , Seadawy Mohamed Gomaa , Abdoelraheem Mohamed Hassan , Hassany Mohamed , Aboubaker Mohamed Houmed , Mohamed K.S. , Kamal Mohamed , Rhajaoui Mohamed , Seadawy Mohamed , Shamel Mohamed , Shemis Mohamed , Mohammed K.S. , Elfihri Mohammed Walid Chemao , Mechita Mohcine Bennani , Gomaa Mokhtar , Bitew Molalegne , Momoh M. , Alkarim Mona O.A. , Pacome Monemo , Akinola Monilade , Monte A. , Monuir G. , Monze M. , Mooko M. , Morales A.N. , Andres Moreira-Soto , Povogui Moriba , Mosepele Mosepele , Chilufya Moses , Joloba Moses , Luutu Moses , Elouennass Mostafa , Elhoseiny Mostfa , Elnakib Mostfa , Yakout Mostfa , Gardoul Mouhcine , Hemlali Mouhssine , Mouity Matoumba A. , Ben Sassi Mouna , Safer Mouna , Essabbar Mouneem , Mbow Moustapha , Maloum Moustapha Nzamba , Sakho Moustapha , Odugbemi Moyinoluwa , Mtshali P. , Mubemba B. , Mugabe Muchaneta , Mufinda M. , Faisal Muhammad , Fowora Muinah Adenike , Enatha Mukantwari , Muleya W. , Ibrahim Muntaser elTayeb , Mupeta F. , Clarisse Murebwayire , Ali Mushal , Allam Mushal , Mouallif Mustapha , Muuo S.N. , Mwangomba W. , Seffar Myriam , Mzumara T. E. , N'dilimabaka N. , Soara Nabila , Nabli A. , El Mrimar Nadia , Rodrigues Nadia , Sitoe Nadia , Leye Nafisatou , Naguib A. , Nalubamba K. S. , El Guindy Nancy M. , Siegfried Nandi , Hihi Nardjes , Amar Narjis , Naryshkina E.A. , Endjala Nathalia , Garus-Oas Nathalia , Kapata Nathan , Ndiaye Ndack , Frans Ndahafa , Ndam N.T. , Kane Ndéye Coumba Touré , Ndack Ndiaye , Fainguem Ndine , Nnaemeka Ndodo , Pentikainen Ndumbu , Ndwiga L. , Mabunda Nedio , Neff N. , Negash A.A. , Stambouli Nejla , Neto Z. , Ngonga Dikongo A.M. , Ngosa W. , Otuonye Ngozi Mirabel , Niatou-Singa F. S. , Ndam Nicaise T. , Feasey Nicholas , Mwikwabe Nicholas , Nicod J. , Vidal Nicole , Freed Nikki , Mishra Nischay , Ben Alaya Nissaf , Savaliya Nitin , Baker Noah , Mbondoukwe Noé Patrick , Mdlalose Nokukhanya , Nduka Nonso , Abo Shama Noura M , Jalal Nourlil , Gideon Nsubuga , Ntuli N. , Abilio Nuro , Yusuf Nyam Itse , Wayoro Oby , Ochwoto M. , Ebong Ofonime , Ofori-Boadu L. , Marie Claire Okomo Assoumou , Elroby Ola , Olabisi Olabisi , Ojo Olajumoke , Popoola  , Olfert L. , Silander Olin , Obafemi Olufemi , Amoo Olufemi Samuel , Oluwasemowo Olukunke , Akanbi Olusola Anuoluwapo , Laguda-Akingba Oluwakemi , Adewumi Oluwatimilehin , Askander Omar , Elahmer Omar , Omar S. , Omilabu S. , Kutkat Omnia , Adesuyi Omoare , Carey Omondi Francis , Lesetedi Onalethata , Ongera E. , Bareng Ontlametse T. , Onwuamah C.K. , Ope-Ewe O. , Mansour Osama , Kanjerwa Oscar , Oteng F. , Touzani Otmane , Mohammed Oumaima Ait Si , Diop Oumy , Ouadghiri Ouna , Gueye Ousseynou , Owusu-Nyantakyi C. , Oyefolu A. , Ayansola Oyeronke , Nthiga P , Palomba S. , Panja L. , Diaw Papa Alassane , Park D. , Manga Pasacaline , Patel H. , Motshosi Patience , Patoo M. , Amoth Patrick , Descheemaeker Patrick , Mavingui Patrick , Tuyisenge Patrick , Pattoo M. , Dobi Paul , Liberator Paul , Essone Paulin N. , Manneh Paulina Joãozinho da Costa Jarra , Sene Pauline Yacine , Paixão Paulo A. Carralero R.R. , Roychoudhury Pavitra , Uche Peace O. , Zhou Pei , Diallo Penda Malhado , Pereira A. , Akogbeto Petas , Bauer Peter , Skidmore Peter T. , Raimond Petra , Mmatshepho Phasha-Muchemenye , Ashton Philip , Philip C. , El-Duah Philip , Soglo Philip M. , Phiri Philip Wonder , Wagner Philipp , Colson Philippe , Dussart Philippe , Meyer Philippe Lavrard , Ashton Phillip , Tushabe Phionah , Fournier Pierre-Edouard , Maes Piet , Yu Popova A. , Manangazira Portia , Adewumi Praise , Yang Qi , Mohktar Quaneeta , Quansah E.B. , Quashie P. , Quedraogo Rabia , Maqsood Rachel , Githii Rachid , Abi Rachid , Benhida Rachid , El Jaoudi Rachid , Mentag Rahaman A. , Ahmed Rahma , Algheriani Raiva , Simbi Rajiha , Abubeker Ramalia Chabi , Nari Ramon , Lorenzo-Redondo Ramy , Galal  , Raouf A. , Saizonou Raoul , Lumembe Raphael , Mubichi Ravena , Cer Regina Z. , Dawood Reham , Kassab Reham , Liyai Rehema , Rehn A. , Pereira Rei José , Sikkema Reina , Abderrazak Rfaki , Armanious Riad Mounir , Daghfous Riadh , Gouider Riadh , Adegbola Richard , Lako Richard Lino Loro , Molenkamp Richard , Webby Richard , Yeboah Richmond , Rick S. , Tagajdid Rida , Nfor Rine Zeh , Yandoko Rivalyn Nakoune , Newton Robert , Rutayisire Robert , Daniels Rodney S. , Bikangui Rodrigue , Kohoun Rodrigue K. , Kamga Rodrigue , Nguema Rodrigue Mintsa , Shapiro Roger , Rogers J. , Kamulegeya Rogers , Laamrti Rokaia , Lontchi Roméo Aimé Laclong , Kiiza Ronald , Galiwango Ronald M. , De Nittis Rosella , Roshdy W.H. , Houechenou Rotimi Myrabelle Avome , Ben Othman Roua , Inndi Rui , Saad M.A. , Amzazi Saaïd , Nsanzimana Sabin , Diallo Sada , Sadji Y.A. , El Mazouri Safae , Elkochri Safae , Ghoulame Safae , Karidioula Safiatou , Sankhe Safietou , Gevao Sahr , Sahr P.F. , Saibu J.O. , Ouedraogo Saïdou , Saiid S. , Ndure Sainabou Laye , Keita Sakoba , Salah D. , Hussein Salah Eldin , Salah H. , Saleh A.A. , Saleh M. , Sourakatou Salifou , Roberts Sally , Abid Salma , Sayed Salma , Salou M. , Salu O.B. , Lissauer Sam , Bingono Sam O'neilla Oye , Ndiour Samba , Fageer Sameira M. , Girgis Samia Abdou , Samir M. , Samir O. , Benkeroum Samira , Ibrahim Samira F. , Fageer Samira M. , Assoumou Samira Zoa , Saiid Samirah , Khamadi Samoel Ashimosi , Limbaso Samson Konongoi , Armoo Samuel , Kirimunda Samuel , Sorie Samuel , Symekher Samwel Lifumo , Owaka Samwel , Ferjani Sana , Alaoui-Amine Sanaa , Anna-Lena Sander , Safietou Sankhe , Jiménez-Serrano Santiago , Kamara Santigie , Chammam Sara , Mahmoud Sara , Jefferies Sarah , Rubin Sarah , Stanley Sarah , Sathees Saraswathi , Abdella Saro , Chamman Sarra , Mwesigwa Savannah , Sawa H. , Seadawy M.G. , Ellis Sean , Bontems Sébastien , Ramaologa Sefetogi , Zinyowera Sekesai , Kumordjie Selassie , Ngomtcho Sen Claudine Henriette , Awunyo Sena , Sadeuh-Mba Serge Alain , Niane Serigne Saliou , Okeyo Seth , Altamura Settimia , Agbenyo Seyram Bless , Bakhash Shah Mohamed , Lockman Shahin , Bedri Shahinaz.A. , Soliman Shaimaa , Shalaby L. , Wilson Shannon , Muttaiyah Sharmini , Abimbola Sharon , Hsu Sharon , Shcherbakova S.A. , Osiany Shebbar , Shawky Shereen , Helmy Sherine , Shevtsova A.P. , Moustafa Shimaa , Wohl Shirlee , Johane Shirley , Kagnissode Sidonie A.M. , Opanda Silvanos Mukunzi , Mayaphi Sim , Bióté Simão Tchuda , Dal Monego Simeone , Ruhweza Simon Peter , Eckstein Simone , Reuben Sindayiheba , Sinyange N. , Rachakonda Sivaramakrishna , Andriam Soa Fy , Viegas Sofia , Sogodogo Sokhna , Ndongo Sola , Ajibaye Solomon , Langat Sombo , Fwoloshi Somda Soro Georgina , Charlene Sonal P. , Henson Sondes , Haddad Sonia V. , Bedié  , Sosedova E.A. , Kartti Souad , Amira Souissi , Mboup Souleymane , Maïté Soundélé , Dao Sounkalo , Salifou Sourakatou , Pallerla Srinivas Reddy , Niemann Stefan , Borrmann Steffen , Asiimwe Stephen , Eggan Stephen M. , Ochola Stephen , Wanok Stephen , Reynolds Steven J. , Olorunnimbe Subomi , Bunga Sudhir , Sujeewon C. , Babatunde Sunday , Engelbrecht Susan , Morpeth Susan , Taylor Susan , Handrick Susann , Gatare Swaibu , Melingui Sylvie , Symeker S.L. , Devatchagni Syntyche , Taha A.G. , Chouati Taha , Maatoug Taha , Bajjou Tahar , Takada A. , Taloa K.A. , Seyoum Tamrayehu , Tan M. , Stander Tania , Niemann Tanja , Aanniz Tarek , Zaher Tarek Refaat Elnagdy Raafat , Takawira Tatenda , Tato C. , Tefera D.A. , Fred Tei-Maya , Gelanew Tesfaye , Rufael Tesfaye , Le Viet Thanh , Tefelo Thela , Kagoné Thérèse , Gnimadi Thibaut Armel Cherif , Thiongo K. , Briese Thomas , Thomas Van L. , Mphoyakgosi Thongbotho , de Silva Thushan I , Roloff Tim , Blackmore Timothy , Rollo Tiziana , Lutalo Tom , Ibrahim Tomade A.M. , Tombolomako T. B. , Adepetun Tomiwa , Tomkins-Tinch C. , Wawina-Bokalanga Tony , Sobajo Tope , Nadia Touil , Essayagh Touria , Nwako Toy , Traoré  , Triki H. , Tsiry R. , Randriambolamanantsoa Tsiry , Madisa Tumisang , Turki M. , Ugwu C.A. , Emokpae Uyi , Carri Valeria Delli , Micheli Valeria , Van Rooyen G. , Vanaerschot M. , Magnussen Vanessa , Mohr Vanessa , Sathyendran Vani , Playle Veronica , Viana R. , Vickos U. , Corman Victor Max , Mukonka Victor , Ofula Victor , Ahyong Vida , Appiah Vincent , Bours Vincent , M'cormack Violette V. , Hope Virginia , Lieu Vivi Hue-Trang , Raharinosy Vololoniaina , Meshack Wadegu , Wadonda N. , Wadula J. , Ali Wael , Sule Waidi , Bulimo Wallace D , Yiaba Warren Cyrus , Waruhiu C.N. , Fares Wasfi , Webby R. , Weldemariam A.G. , Jo Wendy Karen , Woelfel R. , Wolh S. , Wurie I. , Crespin Xavier , Ren Xiaoyun , Wang Xiuhua , Krasnov Ya.M. , Dia Yacine Amet , Ndiaye Yacine DIA Seni , Yusuf Yacob Mohamed , Sawadogo Yacouba , Yadouleton Yahya , Maidane Yakob Gebregziabher , Tsegay Yao , Layibo Yasser , El Hady Yassine , Sekhsokh Yassmin , Moatasim Yawo A. , Sadji  , Yeboah C. , Mohammed Youbi , Makki Yousif Rabih , Akhoud Youssef , Ushijima Yuri , Jimoh Yusuf , Badou Yvette , Zablon J. Matoke D. , Zablon J.O. , Hamzaoui Zaineb , Regragui Zakia , Wuduri Zara , Souma Zein , Waberi Zeinab Ali , Imam Zeinab S. , Tarnagda Zekiba , Faouzia Zemmouri , Zhang J. , Li Zhenghui , Maiga Zimmerman , Kasmy Zohour , Zong Minko O. , Zorgani A. , Yassine Zouheir , Issa Zoukaneirii , Zulu P. , Xiang Zuzheng 
Published: September 2022

Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern—particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron—on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century.