bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
If I Treat My Staff Well, They Will Take Care of Me and Look Out for My Best Interests
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

It may be easy to believe that if one treats one’s employees well, the employees will look out for the practice owner’s best interests. After all, they each should have the success of the practice as their primary motivation for decisions made and actions taken. Yet, as this chapter illustrates, this frequently is not the case. Employees, while often responding more favorably to positive employment practices, nevertheless may not share the practice owner’s interests. Each mental health practitioner who hires employees and staff members should create policies and procedures relevant to the effective running of the practice and then provide sufficient oversight to ensure that all employees follow them. This chapter emphasizes how the business owner is responsible for the success of the business. Specific strategies and steps to take to help ensure the effective running of one’s practice are provided. Common staff challenges are highlighted and specific recommendations for addressing them are provided.
I’m the Boss. Who Needs Policies and Procedures?
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

This chapter illustrates how every mental health practice needs a number of key policies and procedures in place from the outset. Risks to the success of the practice financially as well as ethically and legally are highlighted. Specific policies to create and use are described, and their role for promoting the provision of effective clinical services is explained. Policies relevant to business aspects of running a private mental health practice, setting clear expectations of staff and employee relations and responsibilities, and for responding to or addressing client needs and expectations are provided. Key policies explained in detail include payment, participation in insurance and managed care, fees, requests for records and release of information, and others. How to incorporate such policies into the informed consent process with clients is described.
It Is Best to Have a Policy About Cancelled and Missed Appointments, and to Enforce It Consistently
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

No business can run effectively and be profitable if customers do not pay for services offered. Mental health clinicians in private practice can easily go out of business if they repeatedly reserve time for clients that goes uncompensated. This chapter highlights how policies regarding cancelled and missed appointments are essential for the effective running of one’s practice. Yet, this chapter illustrates how rigidly enforcing these policies may backfire and result in harm to one’s practice and even in ethics and legal charges against the clinician. A thoughtful and sensitive approach for implementing these policies is provided. Guidance is offered on how to make decisions regarding the use of these policies and how their effective use may promote the success of one’s private practice. This chapter also explains how to effectively integrate the use of these policies into the ongoing informed consent process.
When I Need Clinical or Risk Management Advice I Should Ask for It on a Listserv
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Every mental health clinician will at times need clinical or risk management advice to assist in responding to challenges and to provide the best possible care to clients. How and where to best obtain this advice may seem unclear and be quite challenging for some. This chapter explains the reasons for seeking input and advice from colleagues, options for accessing or obtaining needed guidance when faced with challenges and dilemmas, and risks of which to be aware. Although listservs may be valuable for obtaining general information and for maintaining a community of supportive colleagues, when obtaining clinical consultations that include confidential information, a number of risks are present. This chapter explains these risks, to include confidentiality issues and an inability to share enough information on a listserv to obtain meaningful consultations. How best to obtain needed consultations and how to do so ethically and legally is explained.
You Are Ethically Obligated to Take Insurance, Offer a Sliding Scale Fee, or See Some People Free of Charge
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Mental health practitioners are obligated to follow their profession’s code of ethics and to operate based on its values in their professional roles. As this chapter explains, this includes both enforceable standards and aspirational values. This chapter explains how to be guided by these aspirational values while ensuring compliance with ethics requirements. Guidance is provided on how to separate minimal requirements for ethical practice from optional aspirations that are encouraged in living out the profession’s values. Specifically, how fees are set and collected, options for payment that take client financial hardship into consideration, and decisions about working with insurance are each addressed. Commonly occurring challenges are described and specific recommendations are provided for proactively addressing each of them to achieve the goal of having a financially successful private practice while ensuring that those in financial need may access needed mental health services.
Session Fifteen: Meaning and Purpose
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: January 2019

This final session integrates the three phases of positive psychotherapy (PPT): the narrative of resilience (positive introduction), the hope of cultivating a better version of the self, and the aspiration of leaving a positive legacy. Meaning refers to a coherent understanding of the world that promotes the pursuit of long-term goals that provide a sense of purpose and fulfilment. Session Fifteen focuses on the search and pursuit of meaningful endeavors for the greater good, and the central PPT practice in this session is Positive Legacy. The chapter provides a list of readings, videos, and websites that relate to the Positive Legacy idea and offers two worksheets to practice the concepts learned in the chapter. The chapter also includes a real-life case study that illustrates Positive Legacy.
SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists for nephroprotection and cardioprotection in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. A consensus statement by the EURECA-m and the DIABESITY working groups of the ERA-EDTA
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis , Ferro Charles J , Morales Enrique , Ortiz Alberto , Malyszko Jolanta , Hojs Radovan , Khazim Khaled , Ekart Robert , Valdivielso Jose , Fouque Denis , London Gérard M , Massy Ziad , Ruggenenti Petro , Porrini Esteban , Wiecek Andrzej , Zoccali Carmine , Mallamaci Francesca , Hornum Mads
Published: January 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major problem of public health. Currently, many of these patients experience progression of cardiovascular and renal disease, even when receiving optimal treatment. In previous years, several new drug classes for the treatment of type 2 DM have emerged, including inhibitors of renal sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Apart from reducing glycaemia, these classes were reported to have other beneficial effects for the cardiovascular and renal systems, such as weight loss and blood pressure reduction. Most importantly, in contrast to all previous studies with anti-diabetic agents, a series of recent randomized, placebo-controlled outcome trials showed that SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists are able to reduce cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, as well as progression of renal disease, in patients with type 2 DM. This document presents in detail the available evidence on the cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 analogues, analyses the potential mechanisms involved in these actions and discusses their place in the treatment of patients with CKD and DM.
Introduction
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: that a shift in governing is required if humans are to survive as a species on this planet. The planet’s ecosystems are under incredible stress, and while people are living longer than ever, there are numerous threats to health and well-being. The book’s overall contention is that governments too often opt for policies that will ensure profit for some, justifying the decision with the expectation that economic growth will bring benefits for the entire population in its wake. But wealth has not trickled down to the many—rather, it floats up to the few. The author explains that her motivation for writing the book is that she has personally experienced the benefits of a governance system that is equitable and designed to promote well-being.
Fiscal Policy
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Fiscal policy is central to governing for health. It determines what resources are available, largely via taxation, to invest in health and well-being, and how equitably and effectively national resources are allocated. The decisions made by treasurers, finance ministers, and chancellors of the exchequers are vital to health, yet this is rarely recognized, and the economic sphere is treated as if it were somehow separate from the rest of society. This chapter argues that in order to govern for health, this view has to change, with economic decisions made to serve the health and well-being of society. In making this argument, the chapter starts with a consideration of the health-damaging effects of neoliberalism and then asserts and examines five action points that would lead to fiscal policies that support health and well-being.
Nutrition, Genetics, and Human Performance During Military Training
Authors: Gaffney-Stomberg Erin , McClung James P.
Published: January 2019

Military personnel train and conduct operations in environments that result in exposure to multiple stressors such as caloric deprivation, physical and psychological strain, and increased energy expenditure, which have profound effects on cognitive and physical performance. The objective of this chapter is to draw on the peer-reviewed literature, including laboratory studies, applied field studies, and controlled trials conducted in the military environment to detail the contribution of nutrition and genetics to human performance and protection from injury. In summary, relevant studies indicate that nutrition status and genetic factors hold promise as risk biomarkers and intervention targets for the development of tailored solutions to optimize human performance and prevent injury during occupationally demanding tasks.
Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Chottekalapanda Revathy U. , Greengard Paul , Sagi Yotam
Published: January 2019

Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than 20 million people in the United States. Depression is comorbid with other psychiatric disorders and can increase risks of drug and alcohol abuse and suicide. Available antidepressants have limited efficacy and new therapeutic targets are needed. MDD and antidepressant responses are mediated via neurotransmitter signaling mechanisms and inflammatory responses involving an integrated network of limbic brain regions that include hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens. Although this limbic circuit is broadly described, researchers do not understand how the properties of neurons within the circuit are altered in depression. The authors present the regulation of the p11 signaling module in this circuit, describe the diagnostic aspects of p11 function, and lay out a cellular and molecular framework for the understanding of MDD and the development of novel antidepressant therapies.
Evolution of Physiological Status Monitoring for Ambulatory Military Applications
Authors: Tharion William J. , Friedl Karl E. , Buller Mark J. , Arango Natalia Henao , Hoyt Reed W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes real-time physiological status monitoring, which provides key medical situational awareness of at-risk individuals. The information obtained enables military leaders to make better decisions with regard to mission management. These monitoring systems do not replace medical or leadership decision-making, but rather they provide objective information on which leadership can base their decisions to mitigate the risk of injuries and enhance performance. Commercial systems and research tools must be modified to meet the requirements of operational military personnel. These monitoring systems integrate wearable sensors, smart algorithms, computer and mobile user interfaces, and communications equipment to allow data-driven decisions to be made by appropriate personnel. This often requires data to be aggregated and sent from the wearer of the system to a decision-maker some distance away. This chapter describes the research and development efforts to meet the needs of military operational units.
Neuroprosthetics for Human Performance Optimization
Authors: Chang Yin-Jui , Krishna Gautam , Fernández Benito R.
Published: January 2019

Neuroprosthetics is a novel bioengineering technology able not only to replace or assist the damaged neurons but also to enhance the function of the neurons with external electrical circuitry. It may allow patients with a neurological disorder to retain some of their normal function. Cochlear implants that induced deaf patients to “re-hear” and visual prostheses that assisted blind patients to “re-see” are both successful cases. Moreover, augmentation of cognition such as attention, (working) memory, creative thinking, and more can be carried out through stimulation techniques. In recent years, brain chip implants have been proposed as the next-generation technologies that can achieve the whole neuroprosthetic system in a tiny chip implanted into the human brain. Such a breakthrough is expected to mitigate neurological impediments, restore lost functions, and even optimize human performance.
Mitigating Stress Response to Optimize Human Performance
Authors: Ness James , Wojciechowski Josephine Q.
Published: January 2019

Optimizing human performance is the expression of a desired phenotype to meet the challenges of a particular task. Desired phenotypes are expressed in response to canalizing experiences such as in acclimatization to environments. Here one’s biobehavioral system adapts to the challenges of the environment to reduce physiologic strain on the system. These adaptations are within the biobehavioral system’s repertoire of expressible phenotypes and are reversible. Desired phenotypes can be maintained, facilitated, or induced by canalizing experiences. In the desire to optimize performance, the canalizing experiences are often designed to induce or prolong phenotypic expression to meet the demands of a constructed task. In these cases, the canalizing experiences, whether pharmacological or other physiologically invasive, often lead to irreversible negative health consequences. This chapter discusses the effects of canalizing experiences in terms of the strains on the biobehavioral system. The chapter advances a concept of strong environment as a means to facilitate and maintain phenotypes, which are within the phenotypic expressible repertoire. The argument is made that leveraging the bio-behavioral system’s wild type rather than domesticating the system to express a supernormal phenotype yields greater agility and overall health in a population to overcome challenges.
Exoskeletons
Authors: Agarwal Priyanshu , Deshpande Ashish D.
Published: January 2019

The past few decades have witnessed a rapid explosion in research surrounding robotic exoskeletons due to their promising applications in medicine and human performance augmentation. Several advances in technology have led to the development of more energy efficient and viable prototypes of these devices. However, despite this rapid advancement in exoskeleton technology, most of the developed devices are limited to laboratory testing and a very few of them are commercially available for human use. This chapter discusses the advances in various constituting technologies including actuation, sensing, materials, and controls that made exoskeleton research feasible. Also presented are case studies on two state-of-the-art robotic exoskeletons, Harmony and Maestro, developed for rehabilitation of the upper body. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the ongoing challenges in exoskeleton design and ethical, social, and legal considerations related to the use of these devices and the future of exoskeletons.
Optimizing Cognitive PerformanceGenetic and Epigenetic Techniques
Authors: Martindale Valerie E.
Published: January 2019

Optimizing human cognitive performance by genetic and epigenetic means requires consideration of the goal and context of the desired cognitive performance. This chapter considers two examples to illustrate how optimization will depend on deciding what qualities are desired, defining such traits or phenotypes, and then considering the environment in which genes are expressed. The warrior/worrier gene provides a way to explore the alteration of a single gene with simple dominance. The most commonly desired genetic cognitive trait, intelligence, is considered as an example of a multigenic trait. The genetic techniques for optimization of human cognition are described using plasmid introduction, direct gene editing, and genetic alteration of the microbiome. The approval of three medical genetic therapies in 2017 indicates a high probability that genetic enhancement will become possible in less than 20 years.
Strategies to Improve Learning and Retention During Training
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Nestojko John F. , Smith Nicole S.
Published: January 2019

Training is one of the most critical operations of every organization, particularly training of personnel who protect or save lives. Although training is meant to last in all settings, in these high-stakes settings the people who are trained must retain their knowledge and skills and be able to apply those skills across novel situations. Yet training often misses these crucial targets. Here we review evidence from cognitive psychology for durable, flexible learning produced by three principles of training: retrieval practice, distributed practice, and interleaved practice. The authors recommend (with evidence and suggestions) these three key principles as critical tools for training in operational settings, with a focus on military training. These scientifically backed techniques apply broadly across many educational and training settings and, when used appropriately, lead to durable and flexible knowledge and skills.
Noncognitive Amplifiers of Human Performance
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Lerner Richard M. , Annen Hubert
Published: January 2019

In addition to enhancing cognitive and physical performance, an emerging body of research focuses on noncognitive factors in human performance. Prior studies of human performance consistently suggest that cognitive factors (intelligence, learning, and specific cognitive abilities) account for about 25% of variation in measured performance. This chapter examines three streams of research focused on noncognitive amplifiers of human performance: grit and hardiness, core character strengths, and resilience. Research suggests that systematic efforts to train and develop these factors may represent a powerful approach to both optimizing human performance and improving emotional adjustment, especially in highly demanding and dangerous work contexts.
Leading Teams to Optimize Performance
Authors: Young Lissa V.
Published: January 2019

Teams are a critical aspect of organizational life and understanding the taxonomy and processes extant in team life is a critical first step in learning how to optimize team and individual performance. This chapter examines key components of both team structure and team processes that form the fundamental underpinnings of team performance. Once leaders understand these constructs and the role they play in team performance, leaders can devise interventions to build better teams. The best teams produce the best team performances and contribute to enhancing the skill development of each individual team member. The relationship between the team and its members is symbiotic. Given this, a leader has the potential to impact the development of teams and individual team members simultaneously.
The Ethics of Human Enhancement
Authors: Laurence Janice H. , Carlisle Joshua A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter raises some ethical considerations and highlights the debate regarding the burgeoning field of human enhancement (HE) and performance optimization. The topic of human enhancement is complex because it gets to the heart of what we take to be the central concerns of ethics, involving concepts such as human nature, identity, fairness, dignity, virtue, and duties to our offspring and fellow beings. This chapter proposes a framework for discussing the ethics of human enhancement. It serves both as a structure for understanding current issues and debates and as a guide for stakeholders to use in making decisions about the ethics of particular HE interventions. In doing so, the ethical framework described borrows from Just War Theory (JWT), an adjacent field of applied ethics. Just Enhancement Theory (JET) provides key considerations that are necessary to argue that a particular HE intervention or class of interventions is morally permissible. Such a framework could help stakeholders navigate the complexities of the moral terrain as they make important decisions and contributions in this increasingly important area.
Casting Relatives
Authors: Margulies Ivone
Published: January 2019

This chapter briefly situates approaches to early cinema reenactment and embodied spectatorship (Allison Griffith, Kristen Whissel, Mary Ann Doane) as well as the reception for reconstructions of past events (Miriam Hansen and Dan Streible). It reflects on the notion of social representativity prevalent in 1930s cinema as well as the reasons why the choice of actual members of a family may or may not matter in reenactment (Joris Ivens, Robert Flaherty, and Georges Rouquier). The chapter focuses on attempts to address the limits of reenactment through genetic links or an overemphasis on literalness: Orson Welles’s Four Men in a Raft (one of the episodes [1942] projected for It’s All True and reconstructed in 1993); Leslie Woodhead and Bud Greenspan’s Endurance, the reenacted biography of Haile Gebrselassie the Olympic runner, cast with many of his family members; and Zhang Yuan’s Sons, where an entire family reenacts the period prior to the internment of the father for alcoholism.
Organic Lives
Authors: Luke Christina
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, I offer critique of development diplomacy in Bin Tepe, the cemetery of Lydian kings and Turkey’s largest tumulus burial zone. The programs of the TVA, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and USAID promoted individual identity and sovereignty through private landownership that eventually led to entrepreneurship in organic agriculture. These organic fields are located in Bin Tepe. I juxtapose heritage policies and international recognition of cultural and natural heritage for Bin Tepe and the Marmara Lake Basin with those of the EU and the robust organic agricultural lobby in Turkey. This analysis shows that tacit approval for organic olives, building on the legacies of US water diplomacy, directly contributed to the erasure of archaeological data. Today the quagmire of organic agriculture versus cultural heritage presents a nexus of tensions that demonstrate the need for long-term planning and harmonization of regional, national, and international policies of development and management.
Reflections
Authors: Luke Christina
Published: January 2019

This final chapter provides a reflection of the book. I bring together the key threads from each of the chapters to explore the contemporary context of heritage within the scope of ongoing development, from highways to solar fields. Among my primary points is that development and heritage have become increasingly entangled, yet heritage remains the underdog in this game. The scale of development reflects Turkey’s shifting position in the global landscape, particularly balancing EU agendas with those of Asia and the Middle East. Archaeology has a vexed position within these development schemes, and the practice of US citizens conducting archaeology in Turkey has become increasingly precarious. This is in part due to the entrenched position of the US Department of State not to support archaeological research linked to fieldwork. My goal here is to balance a summary of the book with some of these new themes.
Organizational Inequality Regimes
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Avent-Holt Dustin
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes organizations as inequality regimes. Regimes are comprised of the resources available for distribution; the task-, class-, and status-based social relations within organizations; formal and informal practices used to accomplish goals and tasks; and internal cultural models of people, work, and inequality, often adapted from the society at large to fit local social relationships. Resource levels, national institutions, organizational rules and practices, local organizational cultures, and status intersectionality constitute the basic sources of variation in inequality regimes. Case studies examine historical and contemporary workplace inequality regime variation in Japan, Sweden, Mexico, Germany, and the United States. The role of intersectionality in producing regime variation is explored.
Exploitation
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Avent-Holt Dustin
Published: January 2019

Exploitation is a relationship in which one party uses power to gain at the expense of another. Exploitation happens through a claims-making process. Legal and cultural institutions steer which groups are exploited and block or facilitate exploitation. Exploitation can be naked and open for all to see; more often exploitation is institutionalized, taken for granted, and legitimated even by those being exploited. Examples of exploitation are offered, including increased exploitation of organizational resources by CEOs and other top earners; wage theft by employers from employees; income transfers between workers across categorical boundaries, including race, occupation, education, and parenthood; corporate cultures of self-exploitation; as well as contemporary slavery in the United States and the sexual exploitation of fashion models.
Social Closure
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Avent-Holt Dustin
Published: January 2019

Social closure is a process through which some groups, implicitly or explicitly, draw categorical boundaries around themselves and others to monopolize resources. Social closure has two faces: opportunity-hoarding for actors’ categorical in-group and exclusion of the out-group. We explore closure case studies around criminal records, occupational licensing, education, non-compete employment contracts, job segregation, sexual harassment, access to science and technology jobs, and discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, and religion. The case studies also highlight the important role of organizational and institutional variation in the degree and incidence of closure processes. We conclude that closure processes can be challenged by usurpationary movements, institutional regulation, and interactional resistance.
Organizational Surplus and Rising Inequality
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Avent-Holt Dustin
Published: January 2019

Product markets are organized through social relations of power and networks of mutual exchange. Powerful firms exert control over prices and contracts. Increasingly they are also adjusting their organizational boundaries, as well as the basic legal and regulatory environment, to favor their or their network’s market power. Firms desire to avoid competition and develop business strategies, from seeking market niches to patent protection to collusion as a means to protect themselves. Market power is a product of closure processes. When that power is used to extract higher prices from customers or lower prices from suppliers, exploitation is operating. Embedded trust is the alternative to exploitation. When powerful firms lobby governments to adjust regulations in their favor or legalize predatory behavior, they are undertaking a claims-making process. These ideas are illustrated with case studies of pharmaceutical, information technology, and financial service industries and with more global analyses of the trade-off between exploitative and embedded exchange and rising between-firm inequality.
Expanding the Moral Circle
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Avent-Holt Dustin
Published: January 2019

Relational inequality theory (RIT) is summarized, and its implications for social science practice, data collection, and causal attributions are outlined. To advance equality and justice agendas RIT also implies a series of global goals including moving from tribalism to universalism, from hierarchy to citizenship rights, and from markets to human dignity. Robotic recipes, particularly the religious reliance on market solutions, economic growth, and expanding education, will not solve the problems associated with rising inequality and the denial of human dignity. At the center of all three goals is the leveling of categorical distinctions and their associated status and power differentials and simultaneously making human dignity the central cultural framework through which organizational decisions should be made and policy goals identified.
The Spirit Inside Each Object
Authors: Brown Richard H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the question of sound on film, that is, the optical imprint of sound in the recording mechanism within the realm of visual music studies. The conceptual critique of visual music vastly expanded in the 2010s as composers and sound artists have explored the predecessors of digital signal processing and audiovisual software, looking back to the earliest technologies that unveiled the nature of sound through the diachronic representation of soundwave structure on the optical soundtrack. This chapter begins by clarifying the historical and chronological details of one of the most cited interactions in the history of visual music studies between John Cage and German animator Oskar Fischinger in the 1930s and 1940s. Further examination of this connection reveals an important technological foundation to Cage’s call for the expansion of musical resources. New documentation on Cage’s early career in Los Angeles, including research Cage conducted for his father John Cage Sr.’s patents, explains his interest in these technologies. Concurrent with his studies with Arnold Schoenberg, Cage fostered an impressive knowledge of the technological foundations of television and radio entertainment industries centered in Los Angeles. Adopting the term “organized sound” from Edgard Varèse, Cage compared many of his organizational principles for percussion music to film-editing techniques.
“Dreams that Money Can Buy”
Authors: Brown Richard H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the transformation of Cage’s temporal–mathematical compositional strategies in light of the audiovisual experience of the accompanied dance and its relationship to early theories of cinematographic reality in American avant-garde cinema. This chapter moves from the interactive kinetic art of Hungarian polyartist László Moholy-Nagy, to the temporalized and detemporalized narrative space in the films of Maya Deren, and to the difference and irony in the works of Marcel Duchamp. Cage’s interaction with each of these figures informed several collaborative audiovisual works, including his radio play The City Wears a Slouch Hat (1942), his cameos in Deren’s films and close dialogue with the postwar Greenwich village community surrounding comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell, and his perennial fascination with the historical avant-garde strategies of Marcel Duchamp. For the latter, Cage’s music for a Duchamp section of German filmmaker Hans Richter’s feature-length avant-garde film, Dreams That Money Can Buy (1947), brought together the myriad of issues surrounding his move to chance in the following decade.
Introduction
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: January 2019

This introduction reviews the challenges posed by falling social and political trust and increasing political polarization, especially in the United States. In particular, falling trust and increasing political conflict raises the question of whether political life is invariably a struggle for victory between groups with incompatible goals and principles. The introduction frames the problem in terms of the need to determine which institutional structures can sustain social trust between persons with diverse viewpoints and values. It then outlines the general argument of the book, which is that liberal institutions, political systems marked by extensive, equal constitutional rights and liberties, have the unique capacity to sustain social trust in conflicted times.
Legal Systems
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: January 2019

Previous chapters argue that maintaining a system of social trust in the right way requires that our shared moral rules be publicly justified. This chapter argues that coercive laws are required in order to strengthen a system of social trust by properly incentivizing trustworthy behavior in cases where moral sentiments and moral ostracism alone cannot provide strong enough reason to be trustworthy. Legal coercion can often stabilize moral rules that might otherwise collapse and create new moral rules that would not have otherwise existed. So law can be an efficient means of maintaining a system of trust by providing persons with additional incentives to engage in trustworthy behavior. This is how law is publicly justified, and so how the law acquires its moral authority.
Introducing Orphic Theogonies
Authors: Meisner Dwayne A.
Published: January 2019

The first chapter begins with a general introduction to the topic of Orphic legend, ritual, and literature, along with the history of scholarship on Orphism, and the methods to be employed in this book for the study of four Orphic theogonies: Derveni, Eudemian, Hieronyman, and Rhapsodic. In the second section, the Orphic theogonies are placed in the wider context of ancient Near Eastern and Greek theogonic narratives. The third section analyzes the generic distinctions between theogonies and hymns and argues that Orphic theogonies have features of both, suggesting that the term “theogonic hymn” is the best way of describing their generic function. The fourth section argues that Orphic theogonies were a meeting point between the discourses of myth and philosophy. Some fragments of Orphic poetry appear to contain philosophical ideas, while prose philosophers, from the Presocratics to the Neoplatonists, regularly referred to Orphic poems.
The Rhapsodies
Authors: Meisner Dwayne A.
Published: January 2019

After introducing general matters concerning the Rhapsodies in the first section, this chapter questions in the second section Radcliffe Edmonds’ argument that the Rhapsodies were not a continuous Rhapsodic theogony but a Rhapsodic collection of separate poems, and finds evidence for both points of view, but concludes that the collection must have contained a Rhapsodic narrative. Thus, the following sections discuss this theogonic narrative episode by episode, attempting to disentangle a reconstruction of the narrative from the allegories applied to the text by the Neoplatonists who preserved these fragments. This includes a discussion of the presentation of Chronos and Phanes as preserved by the Neoplatonists, the question of whether there was one Night or three in the Rhapsodies, the Rhapsodic version of the core succession myth, and the episode of Zeus swallowing Phanes, which includes the Rhapsodic version of the Orphic Hymn to Zeus.
The Mahatma
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

Moving from fictional to real-world examples, the following chapters consider historical figures who were hailed as martyrs. What makes one martyr succeed while another martyr fails to affect political change? Why are martyrdoms faked, and what can public reaction to fakes tell us about the nature of martyrdom? In this section, the authors explore the role of the audience in the power of martyrdom stories. Applying the seven ideal conditions of martyrdom (ICMs) helps us to understand the political power of Gandhi’s martyrdom. Representing Gandhi not just as a martyr, but also as a man and as a myth, helps us to see how martyrdom stories are mythologized. Famous martyrs succeed by appealing to an audience who are willing to build a martyr and ready to follow in his footsteps with self-sacrifices of their own.
In Martyrs We Trust
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the authors examine the first of three steps on a martyr’s path from obscurity to fame: What makes martyrdom a riveting story for individuals who witness it or learn about it? Using the case of 2014 Ukraine’s Heaven’s Hundred, the authors apply psychological research to understand the sources of martyr stories’ appeal. Perceptually, martyrs simplify the world, leaving fewer choices, giving us clarity. Cognitively, martyrdom stories bring satisfaction akin to solving a puzzle. Emotionally, engaging in martyr stories leads to feeling pride and elevation. This and the following two chapters highlight martyrdom’s ability to divide an audience into supporters and opponents, leading to conflict––and sometimes violence––between the two groups.
Business as Usual: What Are the Costs?
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the additional damages we will face if we don’t cut our carbon pollution. More frequent occurrences of extreme weather will cause more damages. We will also have to pay for stronger climate-proof infrastructure to adapt to new weather conditions and change our lifestyles to stay out of harm’s way. The chapter also addresses the uncertainties of climate change and suggests a way for climate skeptics to think about climate change. The example of Pascal’s Wager is used to illustrate why it is riskier not to act on climate change even in the face of uncertainty about the magnitude of the damages.
Why Do Economists Like a Carbon Tax?
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E.
Published: January 2019

In non-technical language, the chapter explains why economists favor putting a price on pollution as the least expensive way to cut pollution to its socially optimal level. Using a pollution example from nineteenth-century British law made famous by the Chicago economist Ronald Coase, the chapter lays out the principles for good environmental policy and shows how a carbon tax fits with those principles. It introduces Arthur C. Pigou, an early twentieth-century economist who saw that a tax on pollution could use the power of the market to solve the pollution problem. It then demonstrates that carbon taxes in British Columbia and Sweden have not harmed their economies but have helped reduce carbon pollution.
So You Want a Carbon Tax: How Do You Design It?
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews the nuts and bolts of implementing a carbon tax. Invoking principles of administrative simplicity, ease of compliance, and avoidance of design features that dilute the price signal, it gives practical advice on who should be responsible for collecting the tax and remitting it to the government. It explains how the tax should handle the possibility that we can capture and permanently store carbon dioxide emissions and how we should tax emissions related to internationally traded goods so the United States is not disadvantaged in global trade. Finally, it identifies, and warns policymakers away from, various pitfalls in carbon tax design.
Enacting a Carbon Tax: How Do We Get There?
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E.
Published: January 2019

The final chapter lays out a policy framework for building political support to enact a carbon tax. The framework can focus policymakers on the task at hand and instill discipline in the legislative process. The carbon tax should be revenue neutral, contribute to fairness in the tax system, streamline climate policy, and lead to significant emission reductions over time. The chapter goes on to explain why those are key elements of a policy framework through which bipartisan support for a carbon tax could be possible.
Introduction
Authors: Salkind Micah E.
Published: January 2019

Do You Remember House? opens with a story about my first tastes of house music. The story picks back up in the present day with an interview with, and later at a birthday party for, one of Chicago house music’s founding fathers: promoter Robert Williams. Williams is celebrating at The Hebrew Cultural Center (aka Da House Spot) and has invited me to see the space before things get going. My thick description of this encounter leads into a discussion of the book’s interlocking research methods: oral history, ethnography, archival research, and textual analysis. The chapter also addresses how I use these methods to engage with the fields of memory studies, critical race studies, urban studies, gender and sexuality studies, dance studies, performance studies, popular music studies, ethnomusicology, and media studies across the span of the book’s seven chapters.
The End of the First Decade
Authors: Salkind Micah E.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 draws primarily from oral history interviews and journalistic accounts to track the ways that house music radio, record labels, and specialty DJ stores expanded commercial pathways for amateur house music producers in Chicago. It argues that this constellation of commercial entities helped to codify house music as a corporate genre with simplified sonic contours even as the city’s DIY punk spaces and North Side juice bars integrated ever-more heterogeneous musical programming, and dancers. Chapter 4 concludes by describing some of ways that the ravages of HIV/AIDS affected the preservation of house music’s queer of color roots, and considers how various structural factors and cultural actors helped the house sound spread beyond Chicago during the second half of the 1980s.
Invisible Visits
Authors: Sacks Tina K.
Published: January 2019

Although the United States spends almost one-fifth of all its resources on funding healthcare, the American system is dogged by persistent inequities in the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities and women. Invisible Visits analyzes how Black women navigate the complexities of dealing with doctors in this environment. It challenges the idea that race and gender discrimination, particularly in healthcare settings, is a thing of the past. In telling the stories of Black women who are middle class, Invisible Visits also questions the persistent myth that discrimination only affects racial minorities who are poor. In so doing, Invisible Visits expands our understanding of how Black middle-class women are treated when they go to the doctor and why they continue to face inequities in securing proper medical care. The book also analyzes the strategies Black women use to fight for the best treatment and the toll that these adaptations take on their health. Invisible Visits shines a light on how women perceive the persistently negative stereotypes that follow them into the exam room and makes the bold claim that simply providing more cultural competency or anti-bias training to doctors is insufficient to overcome the problem. For Americans to really address these challenges, we must first reckon with how deeply embedded discrimination is in our prized institutions, including healthcare. Invisible Visits tells the story of Black women in their own words and forces us to consider their experiences in the context of America’s fraught history of structural discrimination.
Introduction
Authors: Sacks Tina K.
Published: January 2019

Invisible Visits tells the story of middle class Black women whose experiences of race and gender discrimination in healthcare settings are all but overlooked in social science research. The book uses interviews and focus groups to analyze how the perception of bias and stereotyping affect healthcare for Black women who are not poor but remain socially and economically vulnerable nonetheless. The introduction argues that these women anticipate being stereotyped and often feel they have to emphasize hard won skills, like their education or careers, to push back against their physician’s biased or discriminatory views. This chapter also presents data on healthcare and health outcome disparities among Black middle class women. In so doing, it lays the groundwork for the remainder of the book.
Invisible Visits
Authors: Sacks Tina K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the first key finding of the book. In it, women describe their perceptions of healthcare providers including the challenges they face trying to avoid race, gender, and other forms of discrimination. The chapter also analyzes how the specific stereotypes levied against Black American women negatively affect their relationships with healthcare providers. Furthermore, the chapter presents specific strategies Black women use to mitigate discrimination including emphasizing their cultural health capital (e.g., facility with medical terminology) and socioeconomic resources. However, these data suggest that the strategies women use to resist discrimination may still be experienced as a form of stress that negatively affects their health.
Patient Preferences
Authors: Sacks Tina K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of race and gender preferences among middle-class Black women. First, the author presents a case study of Tammy, a focus group respondent whose great-grandfather was involved in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Although her case illustrates underlying assumptions of the race concordance hypothesis (that Black patients want Black providers), her story also points to the persistence of structural discrimination and limits of using race concordance as a strategy to overcome it. Second, Tammy’s case is contrasted with women who complicated the underlying assumptions of the race concordance hypothesis by emphasizing the intersection of race, gender, and other identities (e.g., disability, age, sexual orientation) on the formulation of preferences and the futility of race concordance as a strategy to mitigate the effects of a rushed, impersonal, and neo-liberal healthcare environment.
Hermeneutical Constraints
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: January 2019

The topic of this chapter is a body of work from various branches of the cognitive sciences suggesting that the tendency to distinguish qualitatively between bodies and minds—between physical objects subject to mechanical causality and agents capable of free will, planning, and intentionality—is a human cognitive universal. It develops reliably and early in human beings, a genetic inheritance shaped by the powerful adaptive pressures of social living. In addition, there is good evidence that this distinction between objects and agents reliability kicks off mind-body dualism, afterlife and soul beliefs, a perception of “meaning” in the world, and concepts of supernatural agency that share broad features across cultures and throughout history. These universals create suspicion of any claim that the early Chinese were strong mind-body holists. Relevant cognitive universals include Theory of Mind, concepts of psychological interiority, and basic supernatural, afterlife and soul beliefs.