bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uniform combined reconstruction of multichannel 7T knee MRI receive coil data without the use of a reference scan
Authors: Chebrolu Venkata Veerendranadh , Kollasch Peter D. , Deshpande Vibhas , Grinstead John , Howe Benjamin M. , Frick Matthew A. , Fagan Andrew J. , Benner Thomas , Heidemann Robin M. , Felmlee Joel P. , Amrami Kimberly K.
Published: February 2019

Background

MR image intensity nonuniformity is often observed at 7T. Reference scans from the body coil used for uniformity correction at lower field strengths are typically not available at 7T.

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of a novel algorithm, Uniform Combined Reconstruction (UNICORN), to correct receive coil‐induced nonuniformity in musculoskeletal 7T MRI without the use of a reference scan.

Study Type

Retrospective image analysis study.

Subjects

MRI data of 20 subjects was retrospectively processed offline.

Field Strength/Sequence: Knees of 20 subjects were imaged at 7T with a single‐channel transmit, 28‐channel phased‐array receive knee coil. A turbo‐spin‐echo sequence was used to acquire 33 series of images.

Assessment

Three fellowship‐trained musculoskeletal radiologists with cumulative experience of 42 years reviewed the images. The uniformity, contrast, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and overall image quality were evaluated for images with no postprocessing, images processed with N4 bias field correction algorithm, and the UNICORN algorithm.

Statistical Tests

Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for measuring the interrater reliability. ICC and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the R statistical package employing a two‐way mixed‐effects model based on a mean rating (k = 3) for absolute agreement. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test with continuity correction was used for analyzing the overall image quality scores.

Results

UNICORN was preferred among the three methods evaluated for uniformity in 97.9% of the pooled ratings, with excellent interrater agreement (ICC of 0.98, CI 0.97–0.99). UNICORN was also rated better than N4 for contrast and equivalent to N4 in SNR with ICCs of 0.80 (CI 0.72–0.86) and 0.67 (CI 0.54–0.77), respectively. The overall image quality scores for UNICORN were significantly higher than N4 (P < 6 × 10‐13), with good to excellent interrater agreement (ICC 0.90, CI 0.86–0.93).

Data Conclusion

Without the use of a reference scan, UNICORN provides better image uniformity, contrast, and overall image quality at 7T compared with the N4 bias field‐correction algorithm.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1534–1544.
Dynamics of extreme rainfall events in summer in southern Uruguay
Authors: Ungerovich Matilde , Barreiro Marcelo
Published: February 2019

We investigate the characteristics of extreme rainfall events in southern Uruguay during the summer season. The focus of this work is to understand the dynamics of these events. Therefore, we define the southern area with a clustering analysis of the meteorological stations. Then, we divide the events into three classes, considering the principal components of the 2m temperature. For each class, we calculate composites of atmospheric variables. We find three basic dynamics that can be associated to extreme events. The first group is characterized by atmospheric instability and a cold front that triggers the event. The second group is associated with deep convection that was initiated in central Argentina. The third group is represented by an intense surface low pressure in Uruguay that is favoured by the 200 hPa circulation. The results are in good agreement with the previous studies.
Genotypic differences in shoot silicon concentration and the impact on grain arsenic concentration in rice
Authors: Talukdar Partha , Hartley Sue E. , Travis Anthony J. , Price Adam H. , Norton Gareth J.
Published: February 2019

Silicon in rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been demonstrated to be involved in resistance to lodging, drought, and salinity, and also enhances resistance to pests and diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the range of silicon concentration in a set of rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions, and to determine if the natural variation of shoot silicon is linked to the previously identified silicon transporters (Lsi genes). Silicon concentration was determined in 50 field‐grown accessions, representing all sub‐populations of rice, with all accessions being genotyped with 700K SNPs. SNPs within 10 kb of the Lsi genes were examined to determine if any were significantly linked with the phenotypic variation. An XRF method of silicon determination compared favourably with digestion and colorimetric analysis. There were significant genotypic differences in shoot silicon ranging from 16.5 to 42.4 mg g−1 of plant dry weight, but there was no significant difference between the rice sub‐populations. Plants with different alleles for SNPs representing Lsi2 and Lsi3 were significantly different for shoot silicon concentration. Shoot silicon correlated negatively with grain arsenic in the tropical and temperate japonica sub‐population, suggesting that accessions with high shoot silicon have reduced grain arsenic. This study indicates that alleles for Lsi genes are excellent candidate genes for further study to explain the natural variation of shoot silicon in rice.
Diagnostic Role of Renal Doppler Ultrasound and Plasma Renin Activity as Screening Tools for Renovascular Hypertension in Children
Authors: Lee Seunghyun , Choi Young Hun , Cho Yeon Jin , Cheon Jung‐Eun , Park Ji Eun , Kim Woo Sun , Kim In‐One
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The diagnostic role of an ultrasound (US) and plasma renin activity (PRA) combination is unknown, despite the usefulness of Doppler US as a screening tool for renovascular hypertension (RVHT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of US for RVHT in children stratified according to PRA.

Methods

We identified 336 children who underwent renal Doppler US examinations for hypertension and divided them into a high‐renin group (n = 177) and a normal‐renin group (n = 159) based on PRA and stratified them by age. The Doppler US findings were retrospectively reviewed, and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for the same children was used as the reference standard.

Results

In the high‐renin group, 36 patients had positive Doppler US findings that were confirmed by CTA in 32 cases. The sensitivity and specificity values for Doppler US in the high‐renin group were 84.2% and 93.6%, respectively. In the normal‐renin group, 10 patients had positive Doppler US findings; these positive findings were confirmed by CTA in 9 cases. The sensitivity and specificity values for US in the normal‐renin group were 100.0% and 100.0%. There were anatomic variations (n = 3) and segmental artery stenosis (n = 2) among the cases with false‐negative US findings, which were confirmed by CTA.

Conclusions

If patients have high PRA, a Doppler US examination should be performed with caution to avoid false‐negative detection. If patients have normal PRA, renal Doppler US might be adequate for diagnosis of RVHT to avoid unnecessary CTA.
Stereotaxic laser brain surgery with 1940‐nm Tm:fiber laser: An in vivo study
Authors: Tunc Burcu , Gulsoy Murat
Published: February 2019

Background

With exciting developments in fiber laser technology, studies investigating the use of lasers in neurosurgery have been increasing in the recent years. Fiber lasers are advantageous in many ways; first of all they are compact and they provide a more comfortable environment in the operating room due to feasibility of coupling laser light to different cross‐sectioned fibers. Thulium fiber (Tm:fiber) lasers have been under investigation for medical applications since 2005 due to their spectral proximity to the water absorption peak.

Objectives

The primary aim of this study is to investigate the thermal effects of the 1940‐nm Tm:fiber laser on subcortical tissue and to examine the effects of laser parameters on laser‐induced lesions. Secondarily, it is also aimed to reveal the importance of temperature monitoring during laser surgeries by investigating the effects of temperature change on the characteristics of laser‐induced lesions.

Materials and Methods

Stereotaxic laser brain surgery was performed on 20 male Wistar rats, in order to investigate the thermal effects of Tm:fiber laser. During surgeries temperature changes in the subcortical tissue were observed with a t‐type thermocouple for which a holder was designed to accomplish a 1 mm distance between the fiber tip and thermocouple tip. Histological examinations were performed on cresyl fast violet (CFV) stained slices under light microscopy. Photothermal effects of Tm:fiber laser on subcortical tissue were investigated in terms of ablated (removal of tissue), coagulated and edematous areas with a blinded micrograph evaluation. Relations between laser parameters, ablation efficiencies and rates of temperature changes were determined. Pearson's correlation coefficients between rates of temperature changes and ablation efficiencies, total laser damage and edematous area were calculated.

Results

No significant adverse effects were observed during surgeries. Histological examinations revealed localized ablation surrounded by coagulation areas as well as edema. Ablation efficiencies ranged from 20% to 50% with changing laser parameters. The correlation coefficient between rates of temperature change and ablation efficiencies, total laser damage and edematous area were rather high.

Conclusion

In this study we show that Tm:fiber lasers seem to be useful tools in brain surgeries especially to vaporize and coagulate the tissue. It is also shown that temperature monitoring during laser surgery is very crucial and gives information about laser‐induced lesion. Another take home message from this study is rather than the temperature increase, the rate of temperature change is more important. We found that if the temperature is changing in a short time interval, the extent of thermal damage can be minimized. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and corrosion point counting on metal sheet edges with different cathodic dip coat materials
Authors: Wünsche Matthias , Schillinger Claudia , Mittelbach Andreas , Geis‐Gerstorfer Jürgen , Prokop Günther
Published: February 2019

Edge coverage with organic coatings is a very important but insufficiently investigated topic in the automotive industry. Several examinations in other scopes show an influence of different coating materials as well as the metal edge radii. For an improved understanding, the edge coating coverage of defined steel sheet edges is investigated regarding its corrosion protection potential in automotive use. Therefore, four different cathodic dip coat (CDC) materials are applied in different Mercedes‐Benz plants on well‐defined and topological analyzed edges. The coating thickness and edge coverage are determined in a non‐exposed state before a 7‐days exposure in a neutral salt spray (NSS) test. To quantify the behavior of the different materials edge coverage under corrosive load, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and corrosion point counting are performed. The results demonstrate that the type of applied CDC‐material has a great influence on edge coating coverage as well as corrosion protection. A higher edge coverage causes a higher and more stable impedance and subsequently less counted corrosion points over the whole exposure time frame.
Asymmetric Wide‐Bandgap Polymers Simultaneously Improve the Open‐Circuit Voltage and Short‐Circuit Current for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Huang Shaorong , Gu Wanying , Chen Lie , Liao Zhihui , An Yongkang , An Cunbin , Chen Yiwang , Hou Jianhui
Published: February 2019

A trade‐off between open‐circuit voltage (V
OC) and high short‐circuit (J
SC) becomes one of the most vital problems limiting further improvement in polymer solar cells' (PSCs) efficiency. In this work, two asymmetric polymer donors PBDT‐F‐2TC and PBDT‐SF‐2TC are designed and synthesized. When blended with a state‐of‐the‐art acceptor IT‐4F with low lowest‐unoccupied molecular orbital level, simultaneously high V
OC (up to 0.94 V) and J
SC (up to 20.73 mA cm−2) are obtained for both copolymers. Note that the V
OC value of 0.94 V is the highest value of PSCs based on IT‐4F reported so far. The simultaneously improved V
OC and J
SC in resulting devices are discovered from the deep highest‐occupied molecular orbital levels (−5.5 to −5.7 eV) and the hyperchromic effect of the polymers, the small driving force, and the small energy loss during the charge transfer, due to the synergistic effect of asymmetric carboxylate unit and fluorine/sulfur atoms. More importantly, thanks to the asymmetric 2TC, both PBDT‐F‐2TC‐ and PBDT‐SF‐2TC‐based PSCs can be successfully processed by non‐halogenated solvent 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene (TMB) to yield device efficiencies of 10.29% and 10.39%, respectively, which are the maximum values for non‐fullerene PSCs fabricated using the eco‐friendly solvent TMB.
Comparing outcomes: The Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation from an international point of view
Authors: Zeldovich Marina , Alexandrowicz Rainer W.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation–Outcome Measure (CORE‐OM) is a freely accessible self‐assessment questionnaire with a total of 34 items measuring the progress of psychological or psychotherapeutic treatments according to four scales (well‐being, problems, functioning, and risk). The CORE‐OM originated in the United Kingdom and has been translated into 54 languages and dialects. The aim of this study is to systematically compare the translated versions.

Method

A total of 21 translations were compared using methods of systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Results

The results show a certain heterogeneity between the studies; however, the 21 translations can be declared as equivalent.

Conclusion

The factorial structure could not be replicated in any of translations. Therefore, further analysis of the CORE‐OM domains is recommended. In addition, some supplementary restrictions on the translation process, data collection, and reporting of results are necessary to ensure comparability and quality of CORE‐OM translations.
Mitochondrial transfer from aged adipose‐derived stem cells does not improve the quality of aged oocytes in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Sheng Xiaoqiang , Yang Yanjun , Zhou Jianjun , Yan Guijun , Liu Mengyuan , Xu Lu , Li Zhongxun , Jiang Ruiwei , Diao Zhenyu , Zhen Xin , Ding Lijun , Sun Haixiang
Published: February 2019

Female fertility declines dramatically over the age of 35 due to age‐related decreases in oocyte quality and quantity. Although mitochondrial transfer promises to be a technology that can improve the quality of such age‐impaired oocytes, the ideal mitochondrial donor remains elusive. In the present study, we aimed to identify whether aged adipose‐derived stem cells constitute an excellent mitochondrial donor that would improve the quality of aged mouse oocytes. We showed that aging significantly impaired the mitochondrial function in mouse oocytes, but did not significantly affect the mitochondrial function of adipose‐derived stem cells. However, the mitochondrial transfer from aged adipose‐derived stem cells did not mitigate the poor fertilization and embryonic development rates of aged oocytes.
VERDICT MRI validation in fresh and fixed prostate specimens using patient‐specific moulds for histological and MR alignment
Authors: Bailey Colleen , Bourne Roger M. , Siow Bernard , Johnston Edward W. , Brizmohun Appayya Mrishta , Pye Hayley , Heavey Susan , Mertzanidou Thomy , Whitaker Hayley , Freeman Alex , Patel Dominic , Shaw Greg L. , Sridhar Ashwin , Hawkes David J. , Punwani Shonit , Alexander Daniel C. , Panagiotaki Eleftheria
Published: February 2019

The VERDICT framework for modelling diffusion MRI data aims to relate parameters from a biophysical model to histological features used for tumour grading in prostate cancer. Validation of the VERDICT model is necessary for clinical use. This study compared VERDICT parameters obtained ex vivo with histology in five specimens from radical prostatectomy. A patient‐specific 3D‐printed mould was used to investigate the effects of fixation on VERDICT parameters and to aid registration to histology. A rich diffusion data set was acquired in each ex vivo prostate before and after fixation. At both time points, data were best described by a two‐compartment model: the model assumes that an anisotropic tensor compartment represents the extracellular space and a restricted sphere compartment models the intracellular space. The effect of fixation on model parameters associated with tissue microstructure was small. The patient‐specific mould minimized tissue deformations and co‐localized slices, so that rigid registration of MRI to histology images allowed region‐based comparison with histology. The VERDICT estimate of the intracellular volume fraction corresponded to histological indicators of cellular fraction, including high values in tumour regions. The average sphere radius from VERDICT, representing the average cell size, was relatively uniform across samples. The primary diffusion direction from the extracellular compartment of the VERDICT model aligned with collagen fibre patterns in the stroma obtained by structure tensor analysis. This confirmed the biophysical relationship between ex vivo VERDICT parameters and tissue microstructure from histology.
A novel reliability‐based topology optimization framework for the concurrent design of solid and truss‐like material structures with unknown‐but‐bounded uncertainties
Authors: Wang Lei , Liang Jinxiong , Liu Dongliang , Chen Wenpin
Published: February 2019

A new nonprobabilistic reliability‐based topology optimization method for continuum structures with displacement constraints is proposed in this paper, in which the optimal layout consists of solid material and truss‐like microstructure material simultaneously. The unknown‐but‐bounded uncertainties that exist in material properties, external loads, and safety displacements are considered. By utilizing the representative volume element analysis, rules of macro‐micro stiffness performance equivalence can be confirmed. A solid material and truss‐like microstructure material structure integrated design interpolation model is firstly constructed, in which design domain elements can be conducted to select solid material or truss‐like microstructure material by a combination of the finite element method in the topology optimization process. Moreover, a new nonprobabilistic reliability measuring index, namely, the optimization feature distance is defined by making use of the area‐ratio ideas. Furthermore, the adjoint vector method is employed to obtain the sensitivity information between the reliability measure and design variables. By utilizing the method of moving asymptotes, the investigated optimization problem can be iteratively solved. The effectiveness of the developed methodology is eventually demonstrated by two examples.
Validating registry data on statins prescriptions by blood measurements
Authors: Riis Anders H. , Erichsen Rune , Ostenfeld Eva B. , Højskov Carsten S. , Thorlacius‐Ussing Ole , Stender Mogens Tornby , Lash Timothy L. , Møller Holger Jon
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To validate prescription registry data as a measurement of adherence to statins through a direct method using assays for selected statins in serial blood samples collected from two prospective cohorts of Danish colorectal cancer patients.

Methods

We linked information on statin prescriptions from the Aarhus University Prescription Database with the cancer cohorts from Aalborg University Hospital. For statin‐prescribed patients, we calculated a prescription window covering the anticipated duration of the prescription. For each statin‐prescribed patient with at least one blood sample in a prescription window, we selected without replacement a never–statin‐prescribed patient matched on sex, age, and calendar year of surgery. Each of the selected blood samples were analyzed using assays to detect statins. We calculated the positive and negative predictive value of the prescription registry reporting using the assay result as the gold standard.

Results

We identified 73 ever–statin‐prescribed patients with a total of 253 blood samples and 74 blood samples among never–statin‐prescribed patients. The positive predictive value for prescribed patients, with presence of statins in at least one blood sample as the gold standard, was 93% (95% CI, 86%‐97%) and the negative predictive value was 93% (95% CI, 86%‐97%). Stratified results did not reveal substantial differences in predictive values. Fifty‐two (71%) of the statin‐prescribed patients had statins in every blood sample, suggesting continuous adherence.

Conclusion

This study showed a high adherence with treatment with statins among colorectal cancer patients.
Glucagon for Relief of Acute Esophageal Foreign Bodies and Food Impactions: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Peksa Gary D. , DeMott Joshua M. , Slocum Giles W. , Burkins Jaxson , Gottlieb Michael
Published: February 2019

Glucagon is frequently used for the relief of esophageal impactions. This systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of glucagon for acute esophageal foreign body and food impactions. PubMed, CINAHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to March 1, 2018. Retrospective, observational, and randomized controlled trials assessing glucagon for the relief of acute esophageal foreign body and food impaction were included. There were no language or age restrictions. Only studies conducted on humans and with a comparator (e.g., control or placebo) were included. Study quality analysis was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Quality of evidence analysis was performed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. A total of 1988 studies were identified, and five studies with a total of 1185 subjects were included. Treatment success occurred in 213 of 706 (30.2%) patients in the glucagon group and 158 of 479 (33.0%) patients in the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–1.17, p=0.42). There was minimal statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 14%, p=0.33). No publication bias was identified. Adverse events were identified in 24 (15.0%) patients in the glucagon group and 0 (0%) patients in the placebo group (risk difference [RD] 0.18, 95% CI 0.03‐0.33, p=0.02). Vomiting events occurred more frequently in the glucagon group (17 of 160 [10.6%] vs 0 of 53 [0%]) but was not statistically significant (RD 0.07, 95% CI ‐0.03‐0.17, p=0.19). Glucagon was not associated with a difference in treatment success but had a higher rate of adverse events for the treatment of esophageal foreign body and food impaction. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of glucagon with adequate power to assess adverse events.
Cancer‐related financial hardship among head and neck cancer survivors: Risk factors and associations with health‐related quality of life
Authors: Lu Liya , O'Sullivan Eleanor , Sharp Linda
Published: February 2019

Objective

Cancer survivors are susceptible to financial hardship. In head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors, we investigated (a) predictors for cancer‐related financial hardship and (b) associations between financial hardship and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study in HNC survivors identified from the National Cancer Registry Ireland. HRQoL was based on the Functional Assessment for Cancer Therapy General (FACT‐G) plus Head and Neck Module (FACT‐HN). Objective cancer‐related financial hardship (financial stress) was assessed as household ability to make ends meet due to cancer and subjective financial hardship (financial strain) as feelings about household financial situation due to cancer. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify predictors for financial hardship. Bootstrap linear regression was used to estimate associations between hardship and FACT domain scores.

Results

Pre‐diagnosis retirement (relative risk [RR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37‐0.67), pre‐diagnosis financial stress (RR 1.85, 95% CI 1.58‐2.15), and treatment were significantly associated with objective financial hardship. Predictors of subjective financial hardship were similar: aged greater than or equal to 65 years, pre‐diagnosis financial stress, and treatment. Participants with objective financial hardship reported significantly lower physical (coefficient −3.45, 95% CI −4.39 to −2.44), emotional (−2.01, 95% CI −2.83 to −1.24), functional (−2.56, 95% CI −3.77 to −1.33) and HN‐specific HRQoL (−3.55, 95% CI −5.04 to −2.23). Physical, emotional, and functional HN‐specific HRQoL were also significantly lower in participants with subjective financial hardship.

Conclusion

Cancer‐related financial hardship is common and associated with worse HRQoL among HNC survivors. This supports the need for services and supports to address financial concerns among HNC survivors.
Misidentification Subtype of Alzheimer's Disease Psychosis Predicts a Faster Cognitive Decline
Authors: D'Antonio Fabrizia , Reeves Suzanne , Sheng Yucheng , McLachlan Emma , de Lena Carlo , Howard Robert , Bertrand Julie
Published: February 2019

The presence of psychosis is associated with a more rapid decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the impact of paranoid (persecutory delusions) and misidentification (misperceptions and/or hallucinations) subtypes of psychosis on the speed of decline in AD is still unclear. We analyzed data on Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 participants with late mild cognitive impairment or AD, and we described individual trajectories of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale scores using a semimechanistic logistic model with a mixed effects–based approach, which accounted for dropout and adjusted for baseline Mini Mental State Examination scores. The covariate model included psychosis subtypes, age, gender, education, medications, and Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (Apo‐e ε4 genotype). We found that the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale rate of increase was doubled in misidentification (βr,misid_subtype = 0.63, P = 0.031) and mixed (both subtypes; βr,mixed_subtype = 0.70, P = 0.003) when compared with nonpsychotic (or paranoid) patients, suggesting that the misidentification subtype may represent a distinct AD sub‐phenotype associated with an accelerated pathological process.
A Comprehensive Framework for Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Matlab
Authors: Stader Felix , Penny Melissa A. , Siccardi Marco , Marzolini Catia
Published: February 2019

Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are useful tools to predict clinical scenarios for special populations for whom there are high hurdles to conduct clinical trials such as children or the elderly. However, the coding of aPBPKmodel in a mathematical programming language can be challenging. This tutorial illustrates how to build a whole‐bodyPBPKmodel in Matlab to answer specific pharmacological questions involving drug disposition and magnitudes of drug–drug interactions in different patient populations.
Trap‐Related Breakdown and Filamentary Conduction in Carbon Doped GaN
Authors: Koller Christian , Pobegen Gregor , Ostermaier Clemens , Hecke Gebhard , Neumann Richard , Holzbauer Martin , Strasser Gottfried , Pogany Dionyz
Published: February 2019

A breakdown phenomenon is studied in thin carbon doped GaN layers (GaN:C; carbon concentration 1019 cm−3) embedded between a top metal electrode and bottom n‐doped GaN (n‐GaN). When slowly sweeping positive bias V at the top electrode up and down, a hysteresis is found with transitions to on‐ and off‐states at voltages and (<Vbd,up), respectively, and on‐ to off‐current ratios exceeding 103. Breakdown at occurs at an electric field of about 0.5 MV cm−1 in GaN:C. For , transition to on‐state is time‐dependent with random time‐to‐breakdown in the ms to 10s range. Electroluminescence measurements in on‐state show conduction via multiple standing or slowly moving current filaments (CFs) which number and size increases with total current. The origin of an S‐shape I–V curve leading to hysteresis behavior is discussed in terms of trap‐related nonlinear generation‐recombination processes. Formation of multiple CFs is explained by spontaneous CF formation in a homogeneous spatially extended system composed of an active medium with S‐shape I–V curve (here GaN:C) connected in series with a passive layer (here n‐GaN). Unlike previous studies in various III‐N opto‐electronic systems, extended defects are supposed not to be responsible for the CF origin but just for their pinning.
On‐ and off‐line evaluation of the single‐layer urban canopy model in London summertime conditions
Authors: Tsiringakis Aristofanis , Steeneveld Gert‐Jan , Holtslag Albert A. M. , Kotthaus Simone , Grimmond Sue
Published: February 2019

Urban canopy models are essential tools for forecasting weather and air quality in cities. However, they require many surface parameters, which are uncertain and can reduce model performance if inappropriately prescribed. Here, we evaluate the model sensitivity of the single‐layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to surface parameters in two different configurations, one coupled to the overlying atmosphere (on‐line) in a 1D configuration and one without coupling (off‐line). A two‐day summertime period in London is used as a case study, with clear skies and low wind speeds. Our sensitivity tests indicate that the SLUCM reacts differently when coupled to the atmosphere. For certain surface parameters, atmospheric feedback effects can outweigh the variations caused by surface parameter settings. Hence, in order to fully understand the model sensitivity, atmospheric feedback should be considered.
Circumventing the pole problem of reduced lat–lon grids with local schemes. Part I: Analysis and model formulation
Authors: Bénard Pierre , Glinton Michael R.
Published: February 2019

This paper describes a possible strategy for numerically integrating global meteorological equations cast in spherical coordinates with local/scalable algorithms on a reduced latitude–longitude grid. This approach is designed to address a major obstacle known as the “pole problem” in the literature. The nature of the problem is carefully examined in order to determine the conditions for its appearance (or disappearance). A class of discretization schemes avoiding the problem while being based on local algorithms of various accuracy orders is then proposed for non‐staggered grids. A numerical model for solving shallow‐water equations on the sphere with these discrete schemes (GRASS) has been developed and its ability to circumvent the pole problem is demonstrated through basic validations. Further validations on standard test‐cases are presented in Part II.
A variable‐selection control chart via penalized likelihood and Gaussian mixture model for multimodal and high‐dimensional processes
Authors: Yan Dandan , Zhang Shuai , Jung Uk
Published: February 2019

With the development of the sensor network and manufacturing technology, multivariate processes face a new challenge of high‐dimensional data. However, traditional statistical methods based on small‐ or medium‐sized samples such as T2 monitoring statistics may not be suitable because of the “curse of dimensionality” problem. To overcome this shortcoming, some control charts based on the variable‐selection (VS) algorithms using penalized likelihood have been suggested for process monitoring and fault diagnosis. Although there has been much effort to improve VS‐based control charts, there is usually a common distributional assumption that in‐control observations should follow a single multivariate Gaussian distribution. However, in current manufacturing processes, processes can have multimodal properties. To handle the high‐dimensionality and multimodality, in this study, a VS‐based control chart with a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is proposed. We extend the VS‐based control chart framework to the process with multimodal distributions, so that the high‐dimensionality and multimodal information in the process can be better considered.
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate as a Protective Agent for Experimental Fat Grafting
Authors: Lv Tao , Gu Yunpeng , Bi Jianhai , Kang Ning , Yang Zhigang , Fu Xin , Wang Qian , Yan Li , Liu Xia , Cao Yilin , Xiao Ran
Published: February 2019

Fat grafting procedures are considered to be a promising regenerative, cell-directed therapy; however, their survival is mainly influenced by ischemia condition. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), as an intermediate in energy metabolism, has the potential to rescue cells and tissues from hypoxic-ischemic circumstances. In the present study, human lipoaspirates were grafted subcutaneously into nude mice followed by a daily intraperitoneal injection of FBP at different doses for 7 days. Next, the grafts were harvested at different time points till 12 weeks postimplantation and were evaluated for cell viability and function, tissue revascularization and inflammatory cell infiltration using histological analysis, whole-mount living tissue imaging, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity assays, and quantitative analysis of gene expression. The results demonstrated that exogenous FBP administration could attenuate the volume and weight reduction of fat graft; meanwhile, FBP enhanced adipocyte viability and function, increased blood vessel formation, and decreased inflammation. Moreover, in vitro cell experiments showed that FBP could promote adipose-derived stem cell viability and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression in ischemia conditions. Our study indicates that FBP can be used as a protective agent for fat grafting and may be applied in stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:606–616
The effect of social roles, religiosity, and values on climate change concern: An empirical analysis for Turkey
Authors: Ergun Selim Jürgen , Rivas M. Fernanda
Published: February 2019

There are several papers studying climate change concern, but the majority of them are West‐centric, and there are few studies for developing countries. Using a database from Pew Global and controlling for socio‐demographic variables, we analyze how values, social roles, religiosity, and political orientation affect climate change concern in Turkey. We find that social roles, religiosity, and values are important determinants. In particular, having children and being a homemaker increase climate change concern, as well as holding more egalitarian and postmaterialistic views. Although giving more importance to religion increases concern, our findings regarding political orientation are more ambiguous.
Temporal Persistence of Red Grouper Holes and Analysis of Associated Fish Assemblages from Towed Camera Data in the Steamboat Lumps Marine Protected Area
Authors: Grasty Sarah E. , Wall Carrie C. , Gray John Willis , Brizzolara Jennifer , Murawski Steven
Published: February 2019

The Red Grouper Epinephelus morio is an ecologically and economically important Gulf of Mexico reef fish species. The well‐documented excavation behavior of this species generates several‐meter‐wide holes that serve as habitat in otherwise structureless areas. These mesohabitats are notably dense within the Steamboat Lumps (SL) Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Previous work in the SL‐MPA used high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry to analyze changes in hole density and structure (width, height, and slope) between 2006 and 2009. The present study utilizes additional multibeam data collected in 2017 to further these analyses. Overall, the density of holes within the SL‐MPA continued to increase, but no definite trend in structural changes could be identified. Additionally, a towed camera was used to directly observe 95 holes, of which 63 had detectable reef fishes. Within the occupied holes, approximately 46% had a Red Grouper or other grouper species (Epinephelidae) present. The most frequently observed species within the occupied holes were invasive lionfish Pterois spp., which were present in 84% of the holes. The increasing density of Red Grouper holes in the SL‐MPA indicates that the closure of the area may be resulting in a more robust local population of this species. However, quick colonization of the holes by lionfish has occurred, and additional studies are necessary to determine the impact of this on grouper and other native reef fish populations found within this type of uniquely created habitat.
The Influence of Smolt Age on Freshwater and Early Marine Behavior and Survival of Migrating Juvenile Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Stevenson Christine F. , Hinch Scott G. , Porter Aswea D. , Rechisky Erin L. , Welch David W. , Healy Stephen J. , Lotto Andrew G. , Furey Nathan B.
Published: February 2019

Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts typically experience high mortality during out‐migration through freshwater and the early marine environment. Due to tag burden (tag mass relative to fish mass) constraints, telemetry studies investigating migration survival have focused on tracking hatchery smolts or larger individuals within wild populations. However, hatchery and larger wild smolts may not represent the majority of migrants. We used miniaturized acoustic transmitters (VEMCO V4) to track age‐1 Sockeye Salmon smolts (n = 200) for the first time over approximately 950 km from Chilko Lake, British Columbia, Canada, through the coastal environment by using large‐scale receiver arrays. We compared their survival with that of concomitantly tracked age‐2 smolts (n = 100) by using VEMCO V7 acoustic transmitters. Freshwater survival of tagged age‐1 smolts was double the age‐2 survival (56% versus 28%), potentially due to higher proportional tag burdens on age‐2 smolts. Age‐1 smolt cumulative survival was 16% to the last array capable of detecting age‐1 smolts (944 km from release) and was within the range of cumulative survival reported for age‐2 Chilko Lake Sockeye Salmon smolts in previous telemetry studies. Age‐2 smolt minimum cumulative survival to the final arrays (944 and 1,041 km) was about 2% and was lower than survival in previous years. Although survival differed between age‐classes in 2016, both experienced similar trends in landscape‐specific survival relative to age‐2 smolts tracked in previous years. Survival was particularly low in the upper Fraser River tributaries for age‐1 and age‐2 smolts (76% and 53%, respectively, over 13 km from release) and after ocean entry for age‐1 smolts (36% over 217 km). Migration rates of both age‐classes among landscapes were within the range observed for age‐2 smolts in earlier studies. Our study highlights the importance of expanding research to include smaller age‐1 smolts and provides survival estimates for an indicator population of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon.
Consolida and Aconitella are an annual clade of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano‐Turanian region
Authors: Jabbour Florian , Renner Susanne S.
Published: February 2019

The Mediterranean and Irano‐Turanian biogeographic regions are biodiversity hotspots for mesophytic and xerophytic species, including many Delphinieae. This phylogenetically poorly understood tribe of Ranunculaceae consists of Consolida and Aconitella, with together ca. 52 species, and Delphinium and Aconitum, each with ca. 300 species. To infer the phylogeny of Consolida and Aconitella, we analyzed nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences from 39 of their species and subspecies (44 taxa) plus a set of 30 exemplar species of Delphinium and Aconitum. We used a Bayesian relaxed clock model to estimate divergence times and a maximum likelihood approach to reconstruct ancestral areas. Aconitella forms a clade embedded in Consolida, and the latter is embedded in Delphinium. Consolida s.l. (including Aconitella) comprises two clades in the Irano‐ Turanian region and three in the Mediterranean basin. The latter clades’ inferred crown ages of 5.1, 4.4, and 2.8 Ma suggests that the repeated drying‐up of the Mediterranean, concomitant with and following the Messinian salinity crisis (5.96–5.33 Ma), may have facilitated their westward expansion. While there is clear geographic structure towards the tips of the Consolida s.l. tree, a likely ancestral area could not be inferred. However, the initial diversification of Consolida s.l., which occurred ca. 17 Ma ago, falls in a period when the climate in the Anatolian region became more arid, which may have favoured the annual life cycle that characterizes all species in this clade. To achieve a classification of mutually monophyletic genera in Delphinieae may require transferring the species of Aconitella and Consolida into Delphinium.
Molecular phylogeny of the Neotropical sections of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) using nuclear and plastid spacers
Authors: Smidt Eric C. , Borba Eduardo L. , Gravendeel Barbara , Fischer Gunter A. , van den Berg Cássio
Published: February 2019

The systematic utility of sequences from two non‐coding regions of plastid DNA, psbA‐trnH and trnS‐trnG, and one nuclear region, nrITS, was examined in an assessment of phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical sections of Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Dendrobieae). The nrITS region was 6 to 7 times more variable than the two cpDNA regions. No major incongruencies between the nuclear and cpDNA datasets were detected. The combined analysis revealed a well‐resolved phylogeny at sectional level based on both maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Six sections of Bulbophyllum are recognized for the Neotropics. Five of these were pre‐existent but needed to be recircumscribed and one is proposed as new. We did not find disagreements between maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses, but the latter showed better resolved relationships between the sections, which are supported by morphological features. Of the two main clades of Neotropical Bulbophyllum species, one has two lineages and occurs predominantly north of the Equator. The second contains four lineages which are highly diverse in southeastern Brazil. Our results suggest a single colonization event in the Neotropics, from Africa to northern South America, followed by dispersion through the Andes to southeastern Brazil.
Phylogeny of the "Ifloga clade" (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), a lineage occurring disjointly in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, and inclusion of Trichogyne in synonymy with Ifloga
Authors: Bergh Nicola G. , Trisos Christopher H. , Verboom George A.
Published: February 2019

Ifloga and Trichogyne constitute a small but biologically interesting lineage within the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). Species are distributed mainly in the semi‐arid parts of southern Africa, but there is a disjunction to the Saharo‐Sindian region where three species occur. Due partly to an unusual capitulum structure, the phylogenetic position of the group has been little understood. In addition, the monophyly of the genera has not been assessed using phylogenetic methods. A species‐level phylogenetic hypothesis is presented, based on one nuclear and two chloroplast DNA regions, analysed with parsimony and Bayesian methods. Ifloga + Trichogyne constitute the “Ifloga clade” that forms one of the early‐diverging lineages within Gnaphalieae. These lineages constitute a basal grade with many poorly supported nodes, precluding robust hypotheses of relationships amongst the lineages. A sister lineage to the Ifloga clade could thus not be identified, although it diverges amongst taxa formerly united in subtribe Relhaniinae. Although this subtribe is now known to be non‐monophyletic, members of the Ifloga clade share with former members of Relhaniinae a previously overlooked set of leaf characters. The genus Trichogyne is monophyletic, but Ifloga is paraphyletic with respect to Trichogyne. To retain generic monophyly, all species are here transferred to the genus Ifloga. Although two of the Northern‐Hemisphere species were not included in the analysis, morphological characters suggest that the three species from this region are monophyletic, in which case the Saharo‐Sindian distribution is the result of a single dispersal northwards from Southern Africa. A new combination and an updated key to the species are presented.
Smilax ligneoriparia sp. nov.: A link between herbaceous and woody Smilax (Smilacaceae) based on morphology, karyotype and molecular phylogenetic data
Authors: Li Pan , Qi Zhechen , Chen Shichao , Cameron Kenneth M. , Fu Chengxin
Published: February 2019

A population of Smilax found in southeastern Yunnan was originally considered to be a local race of S. riparia with unusual woody, perennial stems, but its status as a distinct species is supported here by morphology, karyology, and molecular phylogenetics. This new species, Smilax ligneoriparia C.X. Fu & P. Li, shares several unique morphological characteristics with S. riparia, such as ovate herbaceous leaves and smooth stem lacking prickles, but its stem is "woody" and its chromosome number is 2n = 32, unlike that of S. riparia (2n = 30). Molecular phylogenetic analysis also confirms that it is distinct, but tentatively supports the position of this new taxon as sister to a clade of woody Asian species, which in turn is sister to the herbaceous, annually emergent Smilax clade. Herbarium specimens show that S. ligneoriparia has been collected in at least three locations in southeastern Yunnan and southern Zhejiang Provinces, but we suspect that the population from Xichou, occurring on limestone mountain slopes at 1550–1600 m, may be the only extant population.
Names of Chinese seed plants validly published in A Catalogue of Type Specimens (Cormophyta) in the Herbaria of China and its two supplements
Authors: Yu Wen-Bin , Wang Hong , Li De-Zhu
Published: February 2019

At least 41 names of Chinese seed plants from 17 families were not validly published in their original publications because the type was not indicated in accordance with one or more of the requirements of Art. 37. They are validated in A Catalogue of Type Specimens (Cormophyta) in the Herbaria of China and its two supplements edited by Shu‐Ying Jin and Yi‐Lin Chen (1994, 1999, 2007). However, most of botanists were presumably unaware of these validations. As it is necessary to know this information when using these names in subsequent publications, the correct citation of the 41 names is provided here.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 18
Authors: Norvell Lorelei L.
Published: February 2019

The following specific names are recommended for conservation: Olivea tectonae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) R.L. Mulder against O. tectonae (Racib.) Thirum.; Craterellus cinereus (Pers. : Fr.) Donk with a conserved type against Craterellus cinereus Pers.; Botrytis brongniartii Sacc. with a conserved type; Buellia subcanescens against B. leptina, Lichen flavicans Sw. against Lichen flavicans Lam.; and it is recommended that Cortinarius speciosissimus not be conserved against C. rubellus. Conservation of Boletus applanatus against B. lipsiense, reconsidered in light of a published rebuttal, remains strongly recommended. The withdrawn proposal to conserve the name Aspicilia farinosa with a conserved type is removed from further consideration. In light of an even split on three ballots, the proposal to conserve Agaricus rachodes with that spelling is referred to the General Committee for a final decision. Finally, the Committee notes the need for the correction of "Lecidea euphorea (Flörke) Nyl.", nom. cons. (1858) to L. euphorea (Flörke) Sommerf. (1826) to reflect an earlier combination.