bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Régularité des opérations linguistiques dans la construction du sens. L'exemple d'un polysème : canard
Authors: Péroz Pierre
Published: March 2011

Résumé Dans son article, P. Péroz défend l’approche constructiviste en sémantique lexicale. Pour cela, il choisit l’exemple du mot canard qui, comme il le montre dans la première partie, relèverait plutôt d’une approche référentialiste. Relevant ce qui lui paraît être un défi, l’auteur établit dans la seconde partie de son étude que les différents emplois du mot peuvent se ramener à un microsystème régulier qui mobilise deux paramètres. Le premier qu’il nomme « instanciation » est de nature contextuelle. Il renvoie au problème de la distance du support X aux propriétés de la notion N (de canard ) dont il se trouve être une occurrence. Le second qu’il nomme « configuration » est de nature sémantique. Il impose à cette occurrence un « fonctionnement » régulier spécifique au mot canard comme introduisant systématiquement pour une propriété p attendue, la propriété complémentaire autre-que-p. L’articulation de ces deux paramètres constitue la « forme schématique » du mot, c’est-à-dire dans la terminologie culiolienne dont l’auteur se réclame, la formulation abstraite des interactions que le mot construit de manière régulière avec son contexte et qui le définit donc comme unique dans le lexique.
Où est le il de il y a ?
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire
Published: March 2011

Résumé Comme le montre l’exemple de la notation du verbe il y a , la transcription par écrit des données de langue parlée, qui n’est pas seulement un exercice de discernement auditif, exige de prendre parti à plusieurs niveaux de l’analyse. De nombreux transcripteurs notent ‘y a, y’a, en omettant le sujet il , pour la raison qu’ils ne l’entendent pas. Au-delà du verbe il y a , le phénomène pourrait signaler la disparition des sujets de verbes impersonnels en français contemporain. En consultant des corpus de langue parlée, on peut montrer que l’absence de il impersonnel ne concerne qu’une toute petite série de verbes, s’agit de , faudrait pas , et qu’elle est d’extension syntaxique limitée. Le verbe il y a est particulier dans la mesure où il met en jeu des phénomènes de contacts phonétiques entre i, l et un glide, qui font problème dans bien d’autres cas. Comme il est impossible de décider si le il est présent ou non, le plus prudent semble être d’adopter l’usage de la transcription en orthographe standard.
Embryonic Stem Cells, Derived Either after In Vitro Fertilization or Nuclear Transfer, Prolong Survival of Semiallogeneic Heart Transplants
Authors: Imberti Barbara , Casiraghi Federica , Cugini Daniela , Azzollini Nadia , Cassis Paola , Todeschini Marta , Solini Samantha , Sebastiano Vittorio , Zuccotti Maurizio , Garagna Silvia , Redi Carlo Alberto , Noris Marina , Morigi Marina , Remuzzi Giuseppe
Published: March 2011

Tolerance induction toward allogeneic organ grafts represents one of the major aims of transplantation medicine. Stem cells are promising candidates for promoting donor-specific tolerance. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs), obtained either by in vitro fertilization (IVF-ESCs) or by nuclear transfer (NT-ESCs), in heart transplant mouse models. IVF-ESCs did not prolong the survival of fully allogeneic cardiac transplants but significantly prolonged the survival of semiallogeneic hearts from the same ESC donor strain for >100 d in 44% of the animals. However, 28% of transplanted animals infused with IVF-ESCs experienced development of a teratoma. NT-ESCs similarly prolonged semiallogeneic heart graft survival (>100 d in 40% of the animals) but were less teratogenic. By in vitro studies, IVF-ESC and NT-ESC immunoregulation was mediated both by cell contact-dependent mechanisms and by the release of soluble factors. By adding specific inhibitors, we identified PGE2 as a soluble mediator of ESC immunoregulation. Expansion of regulatory T cells was found in lymphoid organs and in the grafts of IVF-ESC– and NT-ESC–tolerized mice. Our study demonstrates that both IVF-ESCs and NT-ESCs modulate recipient immune response toward tolerance to solid organ transplantation, and that NT-ESCs exhibit a lower tendency for teratoma formation. Because NT-ESCs are obtained by NT of a somatic cell from living individuals into an enucleated oocyte, they could represent a source of donor-derived stem cells to induce tolerance to solid organ allograft.
Cardiolipin Binds to CD1d and Stimulates CD1d-Restricted γδ T Cells in the Normal Murine Repertoire
Authors: Dieudé Mélanie , Striegl Harald , Tyznik Aaron J. , Wang Jing , Behar Samuel M. , Piccirillo Ciriaco A. , Levine Jerrold S. , Zajonc Dirk M. , Rauch Joyce
Published: March 2011

Cardiolipin (CL), a major phospholipid in bacterial cell walls, is sequestered from the immune system in mammalian mitochondria and is, therefore, a potential danger signal. Based on growing evidence that phospholipids constitute natural ligands for CD1 and that CD1d-restricted T cells recognize phospholipids, we hypothesized that CD1d binds and presents CL and that T cells in the normal immune repertoire respond to CL in a CD1d-restricted manner. We determined the murine CD1d-CL crystal structure at 2.3 Å resolution and established through additional lipid loading experiments that CL, a tetra-acylated phospholipid, binds to murine CD1d with two alkyl chains buried inside the CD1d binding groove and the remaining two exposed into the solvent. We furthermore demonstrate the functional stimulatory activity of CL, showing that splenic and hepatic γδ T cells from healthy mice proliferate in vitro in response to mammalian or bacterial CL in a dose-dependent and CD1d-restricted manner, rapidly secreting the cytokines IFN-γ and RANTES. Finally, we show that hepatic γδ T cells are activated in vivo by CD1d-bearing dendritic cells that have been pulsed with CL, but not phosphatidylcholine. Together, these findings demonstrate that CD1d is able to bind and present CL to a subset of CL-responsive γδ T cells that exist in the spleen and liver of healthy mice and suggest that these cells could play a role in host responses to bacterial lipids and, potentially, self-CL. We propose that CL-responsive γδ T cells play a role in immune surveillance during infection and tissue injury.
The TLR7 Ligand 9-Benzyl-2-Butoxy-8-Hydroxy Adenine Inhibits IL-17 Response by Eliciting IL-10 and IL-10–Inducing Cytokines
Authors: Vultaggio Alessandra , Nencini Francesca , Pratesi Sara , Maggi Laura , Guarna Antonio , Annunziato Francesco , Romagnani Sergio , Parronchi Paola , Maggi Enrico
Published: March 2011

This study evaluates the ability of a novel TLR7 ligand (9-benzyl-2-butoxy-8-hydroxy adenine, called SA-2) to affect IL-17 response. The SA-2 activity on the expression of IL-17A and IL-17–related molecules was evaluated in acute and chronic models of asthma as well as in in vivo and in vitro α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer)-driven systems. SA-2 prepriming reduced neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased methacoline-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in murine asthma models. These results were associated with the reduction of IL-17A (and type 2 cytokines) as well as of molecules favoring Th17 (and Th2) development in lung tissue. The IL-17A production in response to α-GalCer by spleen mononuclear cells was inhibited in vitro by the presence of SA-2. Reduced IL-17A (as well as IFN-γ and IL-13) serum levels in mice treated with α-GalCer plus SA-2 were also observed. The in vitro results indicated that IL-10 produced by B cells and IL-10–promoting molecules such as IFN-α and IL-27 by dendritic cells are the major player for SA-2–driven IL-17A (and also IFN-γ and IL-13) inhibition. The in vivo experiments with anti-cytokine receptor Abs provided evidence of an early IL-17A inhibition essentially due to IL-10 produced by resident peritoneal cells and of a delayed IL-17A inhibition sustained by IFN-α and IL-27, which in turn drive effector T cells to IL-10 production. These findings suggest that such TLR7 agonist downregulating Th17 (as well as Th2) response has to be considered a valid candidate for novel vaccine formulations in allergy.
Conventional Dendritic Cells Are Required for the Activation of Helper-Dependent CD8 T Cell Responses to a Model Antigen After Cutaneous Vaccination with Lentiviral Vectors
Authors: Goold Hugh D. , Escors David , Conlan Thomas J. , Chakraverty Ronjon , Bennett Clare L.
Published: March 2011

Cutaneous vaccination with lentiviral vectors generates systemic CD8 T cell responses that have the potential to eradicate tumors for cancer immunotherapy. However, although s.c. immunization with <1 million lentiviral particles clearly primes cytotoxic T cells, vaccination with much higher doses has routinely been used to define the mechanisms of T cell activation by lentiviral vectors. In particular, experiments to test presentation of lentiviral Ags by dendritic cells (DC) require injection of high viral titers, which may result in aberrant transduction of different DC populations. We exploited inducible murine models of DC depletion to investigate which DC prime the lentiviral response after s.c. immunization with low doses of lentiviral particles. In this article, we demonstrate that conventional DC are required to present Ag to CD8 T cells in draining lymph nodes. Langerhans cells are not required to activate the effector response, and neither Langerhans cells nor plasmacytoid DC are sufficient to prime Ag-specific T cells. Immunization drives the generation of endogenous long-lived memory T cells that can be reactivated to kill Ag-specific targets in the absence of inflammatory challenge. Furthermore, lentiviral vaccination activates expansion of endogenous CD4 Th cells, which are required for the generation of effector CD8 T cells that produce IFN-γ and kill Ag-specific targets. Collectively, we demonstrate that after cutaneous immunization with lentiviral particles, CD4-licensed lymph node conventional DC present Ag to CD8 T cells, resulting in the generation of protective endogenous antitumor immunity that may be effective for cancer immunotherapy.
IL-2 Contributes to Maintaining a Balance between CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and Effector CD4+ T Cells Required for Immune Control of Blood-Stage Malaria Infection
Authors: Berretta Floriana , St-Pierre Jessica , Piccirillo Ciriaco A. , Stevenson Mary M.
Published: March 2011

To investigate the role of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in blood-stage malaria, we compared Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and transgenic mice overexpressing the transcription factor Foxp3 (Foxp3Tg) and observed that Foxp3Tg mice experienced lethal infection and deficient malaria-specific immune responses. Adoptive transfer of total CD4+ T cells from Foxp3Tg mice or CD4+CD25+ T cells from WT mice to naive WT recipients confirmed that high numbers of Treg cells compromised immune control of malaria. Transfer of GFP+CD4+CD25+ T cells to naive WT recipients together with immunohistochemical staining of spleens from infected WT mice demonstrated that Foxp3+ Treg cells localized in the T cell area of the spleen. Determination of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cell responses in the spleen of infected WT mice revealed a significant but transient increase in CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells early in infection. This was followed by a significant and sustained decrease due to reduced proliferation and apoptosis of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. Importantly, the kinetics of IL-2 secretion by effector CD4+Foxp3− T cells coincided with changes in CD4+Foxp3+ cells and the differentiation of CD4+T-bet+IFN-γ+ cells required for immune control of infection. Administration of the IL-2/anti–IL-2 mAb (clone JES6-1) complex to infected WT mice increased the severity of P. chabaudi AS infection and promoted expansion of Foxp3+ Treg cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the ability to control and eliminate P. chabaudi AS infection is due to a tight balance between natural Treg cells and effector CD4+ Th1 cells, a balance regulated in part by IL-2.
Challenges in Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Authors: Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Bliddal Mortensen Anne-Sofie , Rasmussen Åse Krogh , Boas Malene , Hilsted Linda , Main Katharina
Published: March 2011

Physiological changes during gestation are important to be aware of in measurement and interpretation of thyroid function tests in women with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid autoimmune activity is decreasing in pregnancy. Measurement of serum TSH is the first-line screening variable for thyroid dysfunction also in pregnancy. However, using serum TSH for control of treatment of maternal thyroid autoimmunity infers a risk for compromised foetal development. Peripheral thyroid hormone values are highly different among laboratories, and there is a need for laboratory-specific gestational age-related reference ranges. Equally important, the intraindividual variability of the thyroid hormone measurements is much narrower than the interindividual variation (reflecting the reference interval). The best laboratory assessment of thyroid function is a free thyroid hormone estimate combined with TSH. Measurement of antithyroperoxidase and/or TSH receptor antibodies adds to the differential diagnosis of autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases.
Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Van de Velde Annemie , De Mey Kristof , Maenhout Annelies , Calders Patrick , Cools Ann M.
Published: March 2011

Context:

Swimming requires well-balanced scapular-muscle performance. An additional strength-training program for the shoulders is pursued by swimmers, but whether these muscle-training programs need to be generic or specific for endurance or strength is unknown.

Objective:

To evaluate isokinetic scapular-muscle performance in a population of adolescent swimmers and to compare the results of training programs designed for strength or muscle endurance.

Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting:

University human research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Eighteen adolescent swimmers.

Intervention(s):

Each participant pursued a 12-week scapular-training program designed to improve either muscle strength or muscle endurance.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Bilateral peak force, fatigue index, and protraction/retraction strength ratios before and after the scapular-training program.

Results:

Scapular protraction/retraction ratios were slightly higher than 1 (dominant side  =  1.08, nondominant side  =  1.25, P  =  .006). Side-to-side differences in retraction strength were apparent both before and after the training program (P  =  .03 and P  = .05, respectively). After the training program, maximal protraction (P < .05) and retraction (P < .01) strength improved on the nondominant side. Peak force and fatigue index were not different between the training groups. The fatigue indexes for protraction on both sides (P < .05) and retraction on the nondominant side (P  =  .009) were higher after the training program.

Conclusions:

We describe the scapular-muscle characteristics of a group of adolescent swimmers. Both muscle-strength and muscle-endurance programs improved absolute muscle strength. Neither of the strength programs had a positive effect on scapular-muscle endurance. Our results may be valuable for coaches and physiotherapists when they are designing exercise programs for swimmers.
Assessing Strategies to Manage Work and Life Balance of Athletic Trainers Working in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Setting
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Pitney William A. , Casa Douglas J. , Pagnotta Kelly D.
Published: March 2011

Context:

Certified athletic trainers (ATs) working at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level experience challenges balancing their professional and personal lives. However, an understanding of the strategies ATs use to promote a balance between their professional and personal lives is lacking.

Objective:

To identify the strategies ATs employed in the Division I setting use to establish a balance between their professional and personal lives.

Design:

Qualitative investigation using inductive content analysis.

Setting:

Athletic trainers employed at Division I schools from 5 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 28 (15 women, 13 men) ATs aged 35 ± 9 years volunteered for the study.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Asynchronous electronic interviews with follow-up phone interviews. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Peer review, member checking, and data-source triangulation were conducted to establish trustworthiness.

Results:

Three higher-order themes emerged from the analysis. The initial theme, antecedents of work–family conflict, focused on the demands of the profession, flexibility of work schedules, and staffing patterns as contributing to work–life conflict for this group of ATs. The other 2 emergent higher-order themes, professional factors and personal factors, describe the components of a balanced lifestyle. The second-order theme of constructing the professional factors included both organizational policies and individual strategies, whereas the second-order theme of personal factors was separation of work and life and a supportive personal network.

Conclusions:

Long work hours, lack of control over work schedules, and unbalanced athlete-to-AT ratios can facilitate conflicts. However, as demonstrated by our results, several organizational and personal strategies can be helpful in creating a balanced lifestyle.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Prevention of Pediatric Overuse Injuries
Authors: Valovich McLeod Tamara C. , Decoster Laura C. , Loud Keith J. , Micheli Lyle J. , Parker J. Terry , Sandrey Michelle A. , White Christopher
Published: March 2011

Objective:

To provide certified athletic trainers, physicians, and other health care professionals with recommendations on best practices for the prevention of overuse sports injuries in pediatric athletes (aged 6–18 years).

Background:

Participation in sports by the pediatric population has grown tremendously over the years. Although the health benefits of participation in competitive and recreational athletic events are numerous, one adverse consequence is sport-related injury. Overuse or repetitive trauma injuries represent approximately 50% of all pediatric sport-related injuries. It is speculated that more than half of these injuries may be preventable with simple approaches.

Recommendations:

Recommendations are provided based on current evidence regarding pediatric injury surveillance, identification of risk factors for injury, preparticipation physical examinations, proper supervision and education (coaching and medical), sport alterations, training and conditioning programs, and delayed specialization.
Low Level Determinations of Methyl Methanesulfonate and Ethyl Methanesulfonate Impurities in Emtricitabine Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient by LC/MS/MS using Electrospray Ionization
Authors: Kakadiya P.R. , Chandrashekhar T.G. , Ganguly S. , Singh D.K. , Singh V.
Published: March 2011

Alkyl methanesulfonates have been highlighted as potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). A sensitive LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of Alkyl methanesulfonate impurities in Emtricitabine API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). LC/MS/MS method on Zorbax SB C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d.), 3.5 μm, with electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used. The proposed method was specific, linear, accurate, rugged and precise. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.0025 μg/ml to 0.3 μg/ml the correlation coefficient was >0.999 in each case. Method had very low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) as 0.3 μg/g and 0.4 μg/g respectively for both the analytes. Accuracy was observed within 80%-120% for both the analytes. This method can be further extended a good quality control tool for low level quantitation of Alkyl methanesulfonate impurities in other API.
Management of the Facial Nerve in Lateral Skull Base Surgery Analytic Retrospective study
Authors: Shazly Mohamed A. El , Mokbel Mahmoud A.M. , Elbadry Amr A. , Badran Hatem S.
Published: March 2011

Background

Surgical approaches to the jugular foramen are often complex and lengthy procedures associated with significant morbidity based on the anatomic and tumor characteristics. In addition to the risk of intra-operative hemorrhage from vascular tumors, lower cranial nerves deficits are frequently increased after intra-operative manipulation. Accordingly, modifications in the surgical techniques have been developed to minimize these risks. Preoperative embolization and intra-operative ligation of the external carotid artery have decreased the intraoperative blood loss. Accurate identification and exposure of the cranial nerves extracranially allows for their preservation during tumor resection. The modification of facial nerve mobilization provides widened infratemporal exposure with less postoperative facial weakness. The ideal approach should enable complete, one stage tumor resection with excellent infratemporal and posterior fossa exposure and would not aggravate or cause neurologic deficit. The aim of this study is to present our experience in handling jugular foramen lesions (mainly glomus jugulare) without the need for anterior facial nerve transposition.

Methods

In this series we present our experience in Kasr ElEini University hospital (Cairo–-Egypt) in handling 36 patients with jugular foramen lesions over a period of 20 years where the previously mentioned preoperative and operative rules were followed. The clinical status, operative technique and postoperative care and outcome are detailed and analyzed in relation to the outcome.

Results

Complete cure without complications was achieved in four cases of congenital cholesteatoma and four cases with class B glomus. In advanced cases of glomus jugulare (28 patients) (C and D stages) complete cure was achieved in 21 of them (75%). The operative complications were also related to this group of 28 patients, in the form of facial paralysis in 20 of them (55.6%) and symptomatic vagal paralysis in 18 of them (50%).

Conclusions

Total anterior rerouting of the facial nerve carries a high risk of facial paralysis. So it should be reserved for cases where the lesion extends beyond the vertical ICA. Otherwise, for less extensive lesions and less aggressive pathologies, less aggressive approaches could be adopted with less hazards.
Non-parenteral Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Review of Efficacy, Tolerability and Factors Related to Patient Adherence
Authors: Strange Geoff , Manterfield Christianne , Miller Trudi , Pidoux Annette , Brown Karen , Williams Trevor , Gabbay Eli , Keogh Anne
Published: March 2011

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is defined as a group of diseases characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) leading to right ventricular failure and premature death. Untreated, it is a potentially devastating disease. However, the past decade has seen remarkable improvements in our understanding of the pathology associated with the condition and the development of multiple PAH-specific therapies with the ability to alter the natural history of the disease. These new advances provide a significant opportunity for practitioners to detect and treat patients with PAH in a timely and effective manner, thereby improving overall mortality, morbidity, and quality of life associated with this disease. The aim of this review is two-fold: firstly to review the evidence for efficacy and safety of non-parenteral PAH therapies and to discuss treatment selection based on clinically meaningful differences among the approved therapies, such as the potential for serious drug-drug interactions, convenience of dosing schedules, and rates of limiting side effects. Secondly, the central role of the PAH clinical nurse in the multidisciplinary care of patients with PAH will be discussed, together with issues relating to adherence and interventions to enhance patient compliance.
Operator Algebras with Unique Preduals
Authors: Davidson Kenneth R. , Wright Alex
Published: March 2011

We show that every free semigroup algebra has a (strongly) unique Banach space predual. We also provide a new simpler proof that a weak-∗ closed unital operator algebra containing a weak-∗ dense subalgebra of compact operators has a unique Banach space predual.
Magnetic signature of Siaolin Village, southern Taiwan, after burial by a catastrophic landslide due to Typhoon Morakot
Authors: Doo W.-B. , Hsu S.-K. , Chen C.-C. , Hsieh H.-H. , Yen H.-Y. , Chen Y.-G. , Chang W.-Y.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Typhoon Morakot caused terrible flooding and torrential rains that severely damaged southern Taiwan. Swollen rivers wiped out roads and demolished buildings. Long-lasting and intense rainfall triggered landslides in many regions in southern Taiwan, including the landslide that buried Siaolin Village in Kaohsiung County and killed approximately 500 people. Locating buried buildings immediately after a landslide could be an emergent issue in life saving and hazard mitigation. Analyzing the magnetic signature of a buried area is an efficient and non-destructive way to detect subsurface buildings. This paper presents the results of a magnetic survey for the purpose of outlining subsurface images of Siaolin Village after the catastrophic landslide induced by Typhoon Morakot in 2009. We found that a high-resolution magnetic survey can reveal suspected building positions that match the initial locations of buildings in Siaolin Village. The estimated depths of the buried buildings are 5–10 m deep. The magnetic data further suggest a possible debris-flow direction of NE to SW because the northern part of the village was mostly destroyed, while buildings in the southern part of the village remained in place.
Postface "The GITEWS Project – results, summary and outlook"
Authors: Münch U. , Rudloff A. , Lauterjung J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. This paper reflects the experiences and results gained during the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System), which was funded by the Federal German Ministry of Education and Research between spring 2005 and spring 2011. Many of the individual results have been presented at international conferences and in international journals. The NHESS special issue offers a comprehensive overview of the key findings within the project and the first phase of operation of the warning system.
Spatial and temporal variability in summer snow pack in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Vihma T. , Mattila O.-P. , Pirazzini R. , Johansson M. M.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. To quantify the spatial and temporal variability in the snow pack, field measurements were carried out during four summers in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Data from a 310-km-long transect revealed the largest horizontal gradients in snow density, temperature, and hardness in the escarpment region. On the local scale, day-to-day temporal variability dominated the standard deviation of snow temperature, while the diurnal cycle was of second significance, and horizontal variability on the scale of 0.4 to 10 m was least important. In the uppermost 0.2 m, the snow temperature was correlated with the air temperature over the previous 6–12 h, whereas at the depths of 0.3 to 0.5 m the most important time scale was 3 days. Cloud cover and radiative fluxes affected the snow temperature in the uppermost 0.30 m and the snow density in the uppermost 0.10 m. Both on the intra-pit and transect scales, the ratio of horizontal to temporal variability increased with depth. The horizontal standard deviation of snow density increased rapidly between the scales of 0.4 and 2 m, and more gradually from 10 to 100 m. Inter-annual variations in snow temperature and density were due to inter-annual differences in air temperature and the timing of the precipitation events.
Barriers and facilitators to evidence-based library and information practice: An international perspective
Authors: Booth Andrew
Published: March 2011

Objective: To describe the barriers encountered when attempting to undertake evidence-based library and information practice (EBLIP).

Design: Qualitative evidence synthesis and thematic synthesis of qualitative data.

Data sources: PubMed MEDLINE, Library Information Science Abstracts (LISA), Library Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA), Evidence Based Library and Information Practice (EBLIP) journal full text, Google Scholar and Google Desktop searches of the author’s personal collection of articles and conference proceedings.

Review methods: Thematic synthesis involved line-by-line data extraction of mentions of barriers, obstacles and challenges and development of descriptive and analytical themes.

Results: 55 papers that reported at least one barrier, obstacle or challenge to EBLIP were included. Five major domains, comprising 17 specific themes, were identified as key to barriers for EBLIP: the environment (pace of change, poor access to the evidence base, language and cultural barriers), the evidence (limitations of the evidence base, inappropriate orientation of research), the workplace (lack of time, lack of financial resources, lack of infrastructure, lack of organisational support), the profession (leadership, lack of research culture, professional characteristics, communication difficulties, need for skills/training, need for education, failure to implement) and the paradigm (limitations of EBLIP).

Conclusions: Numerous barriers characterise the challenges posed to EBLIP in day-to-day practice. These have been organised within a generic taxonomy or framework. The author suggests some possible approaches to overcome such barriers. A greater awareness of such barriers and corresponding facilitators may help the international community to further develop the EBLIP paradigm.
Structure and Meaning in the Third Vision of Amos (7:7–17)
Authors: Campos Martha E.
Published: March 2011

This article argues that meaning in Amos’s third vision is encoded in its structure and poetics. The dynamic of a chiasm in vv 11c–17 simulates the vision’s object and metaphor: the tin wall. Built on concepts from Kings and Jeremiah, the whole text is deuteronomistic. A variety of known difficulties in Amos 7:7–17 are addressed (e.g., the solution to the wordplay, Amos’s denial, the anomaly of the Amaziah narrative, the lack of reference to Assyria, and Jeroboam’s relationship to the sword).
Profile of the nontraditional doctoral degree student
Authors: Offerman Michael
Published: March 2011

The author describes the characteristics of the nontraditional doctoral student in contrast to the traditional student of the past. He also provides observations on the broad changes within doctoral institutions and programs that have led to an increase in nontraditional doctoral students.
Faculty concerns related to distance learning within nontraditional doctoral programs
Authors: Singleton H. Wells , Session Carmen L.
Published: March 2011

As a unique academic offering, the nontraditional, distance‐delivered doctorate poses particular issues for faculty members who choose to teach in such a program. Among these issues are compensation, administrative support, technology, innovation, time demands, workload, and promotion and tenure.
PhD and EdD degrees for mid‐career professionals: Fielding Graduate University
Authors: Kuipers Judith L.
Published: March 2011

The author describes Fielding Graduate University's unique scholar–practitioner, distributed learning model, which is intended for adult students whose professional and personal backgrounds are considered an integral part of their educational and development process.
Topics for current and future consideration
Authors: Pappas James P. , Jerman Jerry
Published: March 2011

What lies ahead for nontraditional doctorate programs? What issues should concern administrators, faculty, and scholars? The authors provide some considerations for those interested in the ongoing conversation.
Structure and Properties of Nanograined Fe–C Alloys after Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Straumal Boris B. , Dobatkin Sergei V. , Rodin Alexei O. , Protasova Svetlana G. , Mazilkin Andrei A. , Goll Dagmar , Baretzky Brigitte
Published: March 2011

The microstructure and properties of several Fe–C alloys are studied in a) the as‐cast state, b) after a long annealing time at 725 °C, and, c) after high‐pressure torsion (HPT) The grain size after HPT is in the nanometer range. Only Fe3C (cementite) and α‐Fe remain in the alloys after HPT. Less stable Hägg carbide and retained austenite disappear after HPT, and phase composition closely approaches the equilibrium corresponding to the HPT temperature and pressure. This HPT behavior differs from that associated with ball‐milling, which can lead to the formation of metastable or amorphous phases. Therefore, severe plastic deformation opens the way to produce materials with very stable phase structure and thus ensures the stable properties of nanograined steel during its life‐time.
A Numerical Model for Powder Densification by SPS Technique
Authors: Mondalek Pamela , Silva Luisa , Bellet Michel
Published: March 2011

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) belongs to a class of sintering techniques that employs electric current to assist compaction. This technology seems very promising to obtain net‐shape components made of intermetallic alloys with a fine microstructure. However, the SPS process is difficult to stabilize because of density heterogeneities arising from non‐homogeneous temperature or stress in the powder. This motivates the development of a three‐dimensional finite element simulation in order to understand the distribution of current, temperature and porosity. The model couples three physical problems: electrical, thermal and mechanical. The numerical implementation is based on a monolithic formulation consisting in solving the different conservation equations on a single mesh including the specimen and the tooling. The general set of equations is described; the effect of the powder physical properties and of the geometry of the set up on the distribution of electrical current and temperature is discussed. A macroscopic Abouaf constitutive model is used to simulate powder densification; first results involving porosity evolution are presented.
In Situ Forming Hydrogels: A Thermo‐Responsive Polyelectrolyte as Promising Liquid Artificial Vitreous Body Replacement
Authors: Strotmann Falko , Bezdushna Ella , Ritter Helmut , Galla Hans‐Joachim
Published: March 2011

The use of fully synthetic polymers as a liquid artificial vitreous body replacement (LAVR) was already considered, but yet none of these polymers have proven to be successful in long term retention in the vitreous cavity due to inadequate biocompatibility and fast biodegradation. Our novel cross‐linked polyelectrolyte as a potential intraocular endotamponade shows an innovative concept of thermoresponsive behavior proposed for the first time in ophthalmologic surgery. The polyelectrolyte has been elaborated via a three‐step procedure by combining classical synthetic protocols and microwave technique. We observed that the polyelectrolyte comprising sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonate and acrylic functionalized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) macromonomer with glycerol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker displays a noticeable thermosensitive behavior. It exhibits enhancement of shear viscosity at physiological temperatures without phase separation. First in vitro experiments on a retinal ganglion cell line (RGC‐5) present a promising biocompatibility without harmful effects. Cell viability, proliferation rate, and inflammatory cascade (COX‐2 and iNOS expression) were not affected.
Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Burdick Jason A. , Prestwich Glenn D.
Published: March 2011

Hyaluronic acid (HA), an immunoneutral polysaccharide that is ubiquitous in the human body, is crucial for many cellular and tissue functions and has been in clinical use for over thirty years. When chemically modified, HA can be transformed into many physical forms—viscoelastic solutions, soft or stiff hydrogels, electrospun fibers, non‐woven meshes, macroporous and fibrillar sponges, flexible sheets, and nanoparticulate fluids—for use in a range of preclinical and clinical settings. Many of these forms are derived from the chemical crosslinking of pendant reactive groups by addition/condensation chemistry or by radical polymerization. Clinical products for cell therapy and regenerative medicine require crosslinking chemistry that is compatible with the encapsulation of cells and injection into tissues. Moreover, an injectable clinical biomaterial must meet marketing, regulatory, and financial constraints to provide affordable products that can be approved, deployed to the clinic, and used by physicians. Many HA‐derived hydrogels meet these criteria, and can deliver cells and therapeutic agents for tissue repair and regeneration. This progress report covers both basic concepts and recent advances in the development of HA‐based hydrogels for biomedical applications.
A Versatile Protocol for Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides with Acetone Cyanohydrin
Authors: Schareina Thomas , Zapf Alexander , Cotté Alain , Gotta Matthias , Beller Matthias
Published: March 2011

A novel copper‐catalyzed cyanation of aryl and heteroaryl bromides using acetone cyanohydrin has been developed.
Cyanides‐Free Cyanation of Aryl Halides using Formamide
Authors: Sawant Dinesh N. , Wagh Yogesh S. , Tambade Pawan J. , Bhatte Kushal D. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: March 2011

A novel method for cyanation of aryl halides using formamide as a non‐toxic cyanide source is reported. It is a single‐step, solvent‐free method wherein formamide itself acts as solvent as well as source of cyanide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride and palladium acetate/xantphos catalyst. Aryl iodides as well as aryl bromides provided moderate to excellent yields of up to 93%.
Solid Acids as Heterogeneous Support for Primary Amino Acid‐Derived Diamines in Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions
Authors: Demuynck Anneleen L. W. , Peng Li , de Clippel Filip , Vanderleyden Jozef , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: March 2011

We have achieved the non‐covalent immobilization of chiral primary amino acid‐derived diamines on organic and inorganic sulfonated solid acids through acid‐base interaction. With the commercial sulfonated fluoropolymer nafion® NR50 as support an optimal balance was found between activity and stereoselectivity of the supported catalyst in direct asymmetric aldol reactions of linear ketones and aromatic aldehydes. Under optimized conditions aldol products were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities for the syn‐product (up to 98% ee). Furthermore, catalysis with the supported diamine was demonstrated to occur truly heterogeneously and the loaded nafion® NR50 beads could be reused several times. Ultimately, the immobilized catalyst/nafion® NR50 system was successfully implemented in a fixed‐bed reactor set‐up under continuous flow conditions.
Network measures for dyadic interactions: stability and reliability
Authors: Voelkl Bernhard , Kasper Claudia , Schwab Christine
Published: March 2011

Social network analysis (SNA) is a general heading for a collection of statistical tools that aim to describe social interactions and social structure by representing individuals and their interactions as graph objects. It was originally developed for the social sciences, but more recently it was also adopted by behavioral ecologists. However, although SNA offers a full range of exciting possibilities for the study of animal societies, some authors have raised concerns about the correct application and interpretation of network measures. In this article, we investigate how reliable and how stable network measures are (i.e. how much variation they show under re‐sampling and how much they are influenced by erroneous observations). For this purpose, we took a data set of 44 nonhuman primate grooming networks and studied the effects of re‐sampling at lower re‐sampling rates than the originally observed ones and the inclusion of two types of errors, “mis‐identification” and “mis‐classification,” on six different network metrics, i.e. density, degree variance, vertex strength variance, edge weight disparity, clustering coefficient, and closeness centrality. Although some measures were tolerant toward reduced sample sizes, others were sensitive and even slightly reduced samples could yield drastically different results. How strongly a metric is affected seems to depend on both the sample size and the structure of the specific network. The same general effects were found for the inclusion of sampling errors. We, therefore, emphasize the importance of calculating valid confidence intervals for network measures and, finally, we suggest a rough research plan for network studies. Am. J. Primatol. 73:731–740, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TiO2‐Nanoröhren: Synthese und Anwendungen
Authors: Roy Poulomi , Berger Steffen , Schmuki Patrik
Published: March 2011

TiO2ist eine der am besten untersuchten Verbindungen in den Materialwissenschaften und weist einige herausragende Eigenschaften auf, die z. B. für die Photokatalyse, für farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen oder für biomedizinische Funktionseinheiten genutzt werden. 1999 zeigten erste Berichte, dass es möglich ist, hoch geordnete Anordnungen von TiO2‐Nanoröhren durch eine einfache, aber optimierte elektrochemische Anodisierung einer Ti‐Metallfolie herzustellen. Dies löste intensive Forschungsaktivitäten aus, deren Schwerpunkt auf der Herstellung und der Modifizierung sowie auf den Eigenschaften und Anwendungen dieser eindimensionalen Nanostrukturen lagen. Dieser Aufsatz geht auf all diese Aspekte und die zugrundeliegenden Prinzipien und funktionellen Haupteigenschaften von TiO2ein und will außerdem versuchen, Entwicklungsperspektiven für das Gebiet aufzuzeigen.
Analysis of atmospheric pressure plasma parameters during treatment of polyethylene terephthalate films
Authors: Deichmann Thorsten , McCord Marian G. , Bourham Mohamed A. , Gries Thomas
Published: March 2011

The North Carolina atmospheric plasma system (NCAPS) was interfaced with electric diagnostics and computer‐based instrument control hardware and software to display plasma parameters in real‐time. The monitoring system is also interfaced with gas flow controllers and a Teflon‐coated thermocouple for continuous monitoring of the gas flow and the ambient temperature inside the plasma test cell. A simplified plasma model was developed and built in the interface system to solve for the plasma electron number density and display the results during device operation. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films were treated in the device using various gas combinations. The ambient gas temperature inside the test cell increases from 83 to close to 95°F (28.33–35°C) for most gases within 30 s, and further increases to about 105 (40.6°C) after 300 s of operation, indicating a nonthermal plasma condition inside the test cell. The interface solver shows that the electron number density decreases when PET films are immersed in the plasma, indicating recombination of etched species to the free electrons. Contact angle measurements showed that the wettability of PET surfaces increased after plasma exposure for all used gas combinations. Measurements of Young's modulus with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed an increase of the modulus of PET after treatment with helium plasma, whereas the modulus slightly decreased after treatment with oxygen, tetrafluorocarbon and hexafluorocarbon gases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of degradable copolymer networks containing hemiacetal components and well‐defined backbones
Authors: Sui Xince , Fu Zhifeng , Shi Yan
Published: March 2011

A novel copolymer network was prepared using divinyl ether bis[4‐(vinyloxy)butyl] (4‐methyl‐1,3‐phenylene) biscarbamate (BECT) as crosslinking agent. First, the backbone chains were synthesized by the copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer technique. The molecular weight of poly(AA‐co‐MMA) was well‐controlled, and the polydispersity was low. Carboxyl group on the poly(AA‐co‐MMA) chains then reacted with BECT in the presence of pyridinium p‐toluenesulfonate, generating a copolymer network with hemiacetal component in the crosslinking segment. After being treated in strong acid, this copolymer network was able to be degraded owing to the hemiacetal structure, but the backbone chains remained intact. The copolymer network was stable in basic or neutral environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Reaction kinetics of carboxymethylation of cornstarch
Authors: Wu Zongwen
Published: March 2011

Reaction kinetics of carboxymethylation of cornstarch in the reaction media of ethanol was studied in this article by determining the changes of NaOH concentration and degree of substitute of reacting matter in the reaction process at different temperature. The equation of reaction rate has been set up and proved to be corresponding with the second‐order reaction. The main and side reaction rate constants at different temperature and the main and the side reaction activation energy have been obtained, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Visible Light‐Triggered Photoswitchable Diarylethene‐Based Iridium(III) Complexes for Imaging Living Cells
Authors: Tan Wenjuan , Zhou Jing , Li Fuyou , Yi Tao , Tian He
Published: March 2011

A novel diarylethene‐based iridium(III) complex was synthesized as a phosphorescence probe for monitoring living cells. The switchable phosphorescence complex in solution and within living cells was controlled by two distinguishable visible‐light irradiations, which suggests that this complex can be developed as a promising probe with weak photodamage for biological samples.
Raman microspectroscopic and dynamic vapor sorption characterization of hydration in collagen and dermal tissue
Authors: Zhang Qihong , Andrew Chan K. L. , Zhang Guojin , Gillece Timothy , Senak Laurence , Moore David J. , Mendelsohn Richard , Flach Carol R.
Published: March 2011

Water is an integral part of collagen's triple helical and higher order structure. Studies of model triple helical peptides have revealed the presence of repetitive intrachain, interchain, and intermolecular water bridges (Bella et al., Structure 1995, 15, 893–906). In addition, an extended cylinder of hydration is thought to be responsible for collagen fiber assembly. Confocal Raman spectroscopy and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) measurements of human Type I collagen and pigskin dermis were performed to probe relative humidity (RH)‐dependent differences in the nature and level of collagen hydration. Raman spectra were also acquired as a function of time for both Type I collagen and pigskin dermis samples upon exchange of a 100% RH H2O to deuterium oxide (D2O) environment. Alterations in Amide I and III modes were consistent with anticipated changes in hydrogen bonding strength as RH increased and upon H → D exchange. Of note is the identification of a Raman spectral marker (band at 938 cm−1) which appears to be sensitive to alterations in collagen‐bound water. Analysis of DVS isotherms provided a quantitative measure of adsorbed and absorbed water vapor consistent with the Raman results. The development of a Raman spectral marker of collagen hydration in intact tissue is relevant to diverse fields of study ranging from the evaluation of therapeutics for wound healing to hydration of aging skin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 607–615, 2011.