bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolf Bastian und die Begründung der deutschen Ethnologie im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Fiedermutz‐Laun Annemarie
Published: October 2006

Examining the life and work of Adolf Bastian from a dilettante point of view does justice to this important personality of German 19th century ethnology only if a very differentiating approach takes into consideration all the aspects of his work. Bastian, a medical doctor trained in the humanistic tradition, acquired a universal knowledge during his studies. In 1869, he made ethnology into an independent science in Germany, and in the following decades, established it through extensive organisational measures. Bastian worked as a professional in ethnological research. The influence of his theory, the Lehre vom Elementar und Völkergedanken, reaches up into the 20th century although it did bear epigonous and time‐related traits. Bastian broadens the ethnological field of research into a universal‐historical reflection. He postulates a strictly empirical method and was one of the few that opposed the encroachment of evolutionism on the human sciences in Germany in the 19th century. In the face of these merits Bastian is to be considered a “true scientist” in the history of the sciences who, nevertheless, shows serious flaws in several areas of his work, flaws that are of an amateurish nature. Especially deplorable are his very unsystematic way of working and the stylistic excesses in his writings. Most of his large ethnographic collections of materials cannot be used in continued scientific work. A fact that has caused a lot of critizism and, considering Bastian's decades of intensive research, represents a great loss to ethnology.
Bioremediation potential of live and dead Spirulina: Spectroscopic, kinetics and SEM studies
Authors: Doshi Hiren , Ray Arabinda , Kothari I.L.
Published: October 2006

Metal binding by algae has enormous potential for environmental bioremediation targeting towards detoxification of water bodies. The present work reports the use of live and dead Spirulina sp. for sorption of metals like Cr3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cr6+ in form of Cr2O. Preliminary investigation shows that this biomass takes up substantial amount of metal ions indicated above. IR spectroscopic study, kinetics models, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, SEM analysis, and fluorescence microscopic study of Spirulina sp. and the Spirulina sp. treated with different metal ions have been employed to understand the sorption mechanism. It is hoped that live Spirulina sp. will be a strong candidate for management of industrial wastewater. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:1051–1063. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of novel poly(ethylene glycol)‐based vehicles for gene delivery
Authors: Schmieder Anne H. , Grabski Lauren E. , Moore Nicole M. , Dempsey Leslie A. , Sakiyama‐Elbert Shelly E.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this research was to develop and characterize a gene delivery vehicle with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbone with the aim of overcoming limitations, such as cytotoxicity and rapid clearance, associated with current commonly used non‐viral carriers. PEG was functionalized with DNA‐binding peptides (DBPs) to make a vehicle (DBP‐PEG) capable of condensing DNA. Complexes of plasmid DNA and DBP‐PEG were formed and characterized by measuring particle size, zeta potential, and transfection efficiency as a function of N:P charge ratios (DBP‐PEG amino groups:DNA phosphate). Dynamic light scattering showed that DBP‐PEG was able to condense DNA efficiently resulting in a population of particles in the range of 250–300 nm. Neutral or slightly positive zeta potentials were measured for charge ratios of 3.5:1 and greater. DBP‐PEG/DNA complexes, made with plasmids encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β‐Galactosidase (β‐Gal) genes, were used to transfect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. DBP‐PEG/DNA was capable of transfecting cells and maximum transfection efficiency was observed for N:P ratios from 4:1 to 5:1, corresponding to zeta potentials from −4 to +1.6 mV. The effect of the DBP‐PEG vehicle on cell viability was assayed. DBP‐PEG was associated with a higher percentage of viable cells (∼95%) than either polyethylenimine (PEI) or poly‐L‐lysine (PLL), and with transfection efficiency greater than PLL, but with somewhat lower than PEI. The results of this work demonstrate that PEG can be used as the backbone for gene delivery vehicles. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:967–976. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Job completion prediction using case‐based reasoning for Grid computing environments
Authors: Nassif Lilian Noronha , Nogueira José Marcos , Karmouch Ahmed , Ahmed Mohamed , de Andrade Flávio Vinícius
Published: October 2006

One of the main focuses of Grid computing is solving resource‐sharing problems in multi‐institutional virtual organizations. In such heterogeneous and distributed environments, selecting the best resource to run a job is a complex task. The solutions currently employed still present numerous challenges and one of them is how to let users know when a job will finish. Consequently, reserve in advance remains unavailable. This article presents a new approach, which makes predictions for job execution time in Grid by applying the case‐based reasoning paradigm. The work includes the development of a new case retrieval algorithm involving relevance sequence and similarity degree calculations. The prediction model is part of a multi‐agent system that selects the best resource of a computational Grid to run a job. Agents representing candidate resources for job execution make predictions in a distributed and parallel manner. The technique presented here can be used in Grid environments at operation time to assist users with batch job submissions. Experimental results validate the prediction accuracy of the proposed mechanisms, and the performance of our case retrieval algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slipped μ‐Indenyl Triple‐Decker Complexes Containing (C4Me4)Co and (C5R5)Ru Fragments
Authors: Mutseneck Elena V. , Starikova Zoya A. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Zanello Piero , Corsini Maddalena , Kudinov Alexander R.
Published: October 2006

Slipped triple‐decker complexes with a bridging indenyl ligand, namely [Cb*Co(μ:η5:η6‐C9H7)CoCb*]+ (2, Cb* = C4Me4) and [Cb*Co(μ:η5:η6‐C9H7)Ru(C5R5)]+ (R = H, 5a; Me, 5b), have been synthesised by electrophilic stacking of [Cb*Co(η5‐C9H7)] (1) with [Cb*Co(MeCN)3]+ or [(C5R5)Ru(MeCN)3]+ (R = H, Me), respectively. A similar reaction of [(C5R5)Ru(η5‐C9H7)] (R = H, 3a; Me, 3b) with [Cb*Co(MeCN)3]+ affords the cations [(C5R5)Ru(μ:η5:η6‐C9H7)CoCb*]+ (R = H, 4a; Me, 4b), which are isomeric with 5a,b. Stacking of [Ru(η5‐C9H7)2] (7) with [Cb*Co(MeCN)3]+ or [Cb*CoI]x/TlBF4 gives the triple‐decker complex [(η5‐C9H7)Ru(μ:η5:η6‐C9H7)CoCb*]+ (8). Further reaction of 8 with [Cp*RuCl]4/TlBF4 unexpectedly affords the slipped tetra‐decker ruthenium complex [Cp*Ru(μ:η5:η6‐C9H7)Ru(μ:η5:η6‐C9H7)RuCp*]2+ (11). The structures of [4b][Co(η‐7,8‐C2B9H11)2] and [Cp*Ru(η6‐C9H7)] (6) have been determined by X‐ray diffraction, and the electrochemical behaviour of the complexes prepared has been studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Assessing uncertainty in outsourcing clinical services at tertiary health centers
Authors: Billi John E. , Pai Chih‐Wen , Spahlinger David A.
Published: October 2006

When tertiary health centers face capacity constraint, one feasible strategy to meet service demand is outsourcing clinical services to qualified community providers. Clinical outsourcing enables tertiary health centers to meet the expectations of service timeliness and provides good opportunities to collaborate with other health care providers. However, outsourcing may result in dependence and loss of control for the tertiary health centers. Other parties involved in clinical outsourcing such as local partners, patients, and payers may also encounter potential risks as well as enjoy benefits in an outsourcing arrangement. Recommendations on selecting potential outsourcing partners are given to minimize the risks associated with an outsourcing contract. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐equilibrium sediment transport model for rill erosion
Authors: Liu Q. Q. , Chen L. , Li J. C. , Singh V. P.
Published: October 2006

Sediment transport in rill flows exhibits the characteristics of non‐equilibrium transport, and the sediment transport rate of rill flow gradually recovers along the flow direction by erosion. By employing the concept of partial equilibrium sediment transport from open channel hydraulics, a dynamic model of rill erosion on hillslopes was developed. In the model, a parameter, called the restoration coefficient of sediment transport capacity, was used to express the recovery process of sediment transport rate, which was analysed by dimensional analysis and determined from laboratory experimental data. The values of soil loss simulated by the model were in agreement with observed values. The model results showed that the length and gradient of the hillslope and rainfall intensity had different influences on rill erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disposition of methacrylonitrile in rats and distribution in blood components
Authors: Cavazos Rogelio , Farooqui Mohammed Y. H. , Day Wesley W. , Villarreal Maria I. , Massa Enrique
Published: October 2006

The interaction of 2[14C]methyl‐2,3[14C]acrylonitrile (MeAN) with the components of blood and its disposition in male Sprague‐Dawley rats has been investigated. Following an oral administration of 100 mg/kg (0.5 LD50, 8 μCi/kg), the rats excreted 43% of the [14C] in the urine, 15% in the feces and 2.5% in the expired air as 14CO2 in 5 days. Hydrogen cyanide (H14CN) was not detectable. The red blood cells retained significant amounts of radioactivity for more than five days after administration, whereas the [14C]‐activity in plasma declined sharply. More than 50% of the radioactivity in erythrocytes was detected as covalently bound to cytoplasmic (hemoglobin) and membrane proteins. A small amount of radioactivity was also found in the heme fraction. About 13% of the total dose administered was recovered as thiocyanate in the plasma and the urine. These results suggest that the toxicity of MeAN may be attributable to the whole molecule and not entirely to the in vivo liberation of cyanide.
Specifically tritiated arene oxides
Authors: Yagi Haruhiko , Dansette Patrick , Jerina Donald M.
Published: October 2006

Convenient methods have been developed for the preparation of specifically tritiated arene oxides. K‐Region arene oxides of phenanthene, benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene were prepared from triatiated cis dihydrodiols via the methoxydioxolane route and the non‐K‐region arene oxides, benzo[a]pyrene 7,8‐ and 9,10‐oxide, were prepared via triated halphydrin esters.
Preparation d'aidehydes‐ethyleniques deuteries sur le groupemen carbonyle
Authors: Michel Dedieu , Louis Pascal Yves , Jacques Basselier Jean , Pierre Dizabo
Published: October 2006

L'échange indirect de l'hydrogéne aldéydique par du deutérium dans un aldéhyde éthylénique conjugué peut se faire par l'intermédiaire du dithianne ‐1,3 correspondant, aprés traitement par le butyllithium ou mieux le méthyl‐lithium suivi d'hydrolyse par D2O et régénération de 1′aldéhyde par HgO.
Syntheses of radioactive and stable isotope‐labelled 1‐ethyl‐6,7‐methylenedioxy‐4(1h)‐oxocinnoline‐3‐carboxylic acids (cinoxacin)
Authors: Nagasaki T. , Katsuyama Y. , Minato H.
Published: October 2006

1‐Ethyl‐6,7‐methylenedioxy‐4(1H)‐oxocinnoline‐3‐carboxylic acid (cinoxacin) (1), an effective antimicrobial agent has been labelled with carbon‐14. The carbon‐14 was incorporated into the C‐4 position of the molecule to give XIV in 10.0% overall radiochemical yield based on barium carbonate‐14C. The 13C‐, 15N‐, and d‐labelled compounds (XV, XVII, and XVIII) have also been synthesized for absorption and metabolism studies.
Labeled metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. V. trans‐7,8‐dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐7‐14C and (±)‐7α,8β‐dihydroxy‐9β,10β‐epoxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐7‐14C
Authors: McCaustland Daniel J. , Duncan W. P. , Engel James F.
Published: October 2006

trans‐7,8‐Dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐7‐14C (VI) and (±)‐7α,8β‐dihydroxy‐9β,10β‐epoxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]‐pyrene‐7‐14C (VII) were prepared at a specific activity of 53.9 mCi/mmole by a multi‐step synthetic sequence using K14CN as the labeled precursor. The overall radiochemical yields for (VI) and (VII) were 18 and 7%, respectively.
Synthese de l'acide (chloro‐3 cyclohexyl‐4 phenyl)‐4 oxo‐4 butyrique (804 CB) marque au carbone 14
Authors: Pichat L. , Beaucourt J. P. , Herbert M. , Krausz F. , Breliere J. C.
Published: October 2006

The Grignard reagent made from p‐cyclohexyl m‐chloroiodobenzene is carbonated with 14CO2 to give 3‐chloro 4‐cyclohexyl benzoǐc acid (radioactive yield 50 %). This acid is transformed into the corresponding chloride with thionyl chloride. Condensation of the chloride with tris‐(trimethylsilyl) 1‐lithio‐1,1,2 ethane tricarboxylate gives after hydrolysis 4‐(3‐chloro 4‐cyclohexyl phenyl) 4‐oxobutyric acid 4‐14C with an overall yield of 41 % based on barium carbonate. (Specific activity : 53 mCi/mMole).
Synthesis of aromatic and alicyclic six‐membered rings, labelled with 13C in positions 1,3,5
Authors: Heusler Andreas , Gäumann Tino
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of uvitic‐1,3,5‐13C acid, starting from Ba13CO3, is described. It allows the preparation of several compounds containing the aromatic and alicyclic six‐membered labelled ring on a micro scale with good yields.
Asymmetric synthesis of [C‐1‐3H]‐labelled (+)‐trans [1R,3R]‐chrysanthemic acid
Authors: Pattenden Gerald , Storer Richard
Published: October 2006

A facile asymmetric synthesis of [C‐1‐3H]‐labelled (+)‐trans[1R,3R]‐chrysanthemic acid, required for biosynthetic studies is described. The tritium labelled acid is prepared from the corresponding (−)‐cis[1S,3R]‐ester by selective epimerisation of the C‐1 centre in the latter, in the presence of tritiated water.
Labeled metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. VI. Trans‐7,8‐dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐7,8,diol‐G‐3H and (±)‐7α,8β‐dihydroxy‐9β,10β‐epoxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐G‐3H
Authors: McCaustland Daniel J. , Fischer Daniel L. , Duncan W. P. , Ogilvie Edward J. , Engel James F.
Published: October 2006

The syntheses of trans‐7,8‐dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐G‐3H (V) and (±)‐7α, 8β‐dihydroxy‐9β,10β‐epoxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐G‐3H (VI) are described. The specific activities of V and VI were 158 mCi/mmole and 220 mCi/mmole, respectively. The key intermediate, trans‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐G‐3H dibenzoate (III), was prepared by catalytic dehalogenation with tritium gas.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled antitumor agents. II. A facile synthesis of ring‐14C‐labelled para‐toluic acid as an intermediate for synthesis of ring‐14C‐labelled procarbazine
Authors: Lin Ying‐Tsung , Dummel Robert J. , Leaffer Morris A. , Tanabe Masato
Published: October 2006

p‐Toluic acid‐ring‐14C was synthesized by the Friedel‐Crafts p‐carbamylation of toluene‐ring‐14C with N,N‐disubstituted carbamyl chloride and subsequent hydrolysis. The radiochemical yield was 61%. An attempt was made to apply this method for the synthesis of benzoic acid‐ring‐14C from benzene‐ring‐14C.
The synthesis of deuterium enriched erythro‐α‐methylnorepinephrine and norepinephrine
Authors: Kalir Asher , Freed Curt , Melmon Kenneth L. , Castagnoli Neal
Published: October 2006

Norepinephrine‐d10, d11deuteriochloride and erythro‐α‐methylnorepinephrine‐d6, d7 hydrochloride for use as mass spectrometric stable isotope internal standards have been synthesized. Trideuteriomethylation of the lithio derivative of 3,4‐dimethoxyacetophenone provided the corresponding 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐propanone‐3,3,3‐d3. Bromination followed by treatment of the resulting α‐bromoketone with dibenzylamine yielded the α‐dibenzylamino derivative of 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐propanone‐3,3,3‐d3. Deuterium bromide cleaved the methyl ether groups and introduced three to four additional deuterium atoms in the resulting catechol. Catalytic hydrogenation gave the desired erythro‐α‐methynorepinephrine enriched with six or seven deuterium atoms.
Enzymatische synthese von [5α‐T‐]‐dihydrotestosteron
Authors: Lemm Ursula , Wenzel Martin
Published: October 2006

[5α‐T]‐Dihydrotestosteron was labeled by the reduction of testosterone by NADP‐T. Using liver microsomes of female rats only the 5α‐labeled compound was gained.
The preparation of chloral‐1,2‐14C hydrate
Authors: Weaner L. E. , Burghard G. L. , Blackburn D. W. , Mendelson W. L.
Published: October 2006

Chloral‐1,2‐14C hydrate was prepared by direct chlorination of labeled acetaldehyde in an overall 47% radiochemical yield. The reaction was carried out without a catalyst by heating at one temperature in a single stage reaction. No lower chloroacetaldehydes were detected.
Synthesis of 14C‐methotrexate: (N‐[p‐[[2,4‐diamino‐4‐deoxy‐6‐pteridinyl]methyl]methylamino]‐benzoyl) ‐L‐14C‐glutamic acid
Authors: Nair M. G. , Baugh Charles M.
Published: October 2006

A simple and general method for the synthesis of folate analogs labeled in the glutamate moiety with 14C is described. The synthesis makes use of the trimethylsilyl derivative of L‐glutamic acid 8 for the coupling reaction with the activated pteroate analogs. Deprotection under mild conditions circumvented the potential problems associated with deamination at the 4‐position of 2. Methotrexate, folic acid, and N10 ‐ methyl folic acid were prepared in ˜50% yield by the use of this procedure.
Labelled organophosphorus pesticides. I. Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled O,O‐dimethyl O‐(3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (sumithion®)
Authors: Yoshitake Akira , Kawahara Kazuo , Kamada Takeshi , Endo Michio
Published: October 2006

O,O‐Dimethyl O‐(3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (I) (Sumithion®), an organophosphorus insecticide, was labelled with carbon‐14 individually at the aryl methyl and the phenyl ring. The synthetic procedures are shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Coupling reaction of 3‐methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide with methyl‐14C iodide followed by O‐demethylation gave 3‐methyl‐14C‐phenol, which was nitrosated with sodium nitrite and subsequently oxidized with 30% nitric acid to give 3‐methyl‐14C‐4‐nitrophenol in the overall yield of 48% from methanol‐14C. Condensation of 3‐methyl‐14C‐4‐nitrophenol with O,O‐dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate gave Sumithion‐(aryl methyl‐14C) in 89% yield.

Grignard reaction of 1‐bromo‐3‐methoxybenzene‐14C6 with methyl iodide afforded 1‐methoxy‐3‐methylbenzene‐14C6 in good yield and the latter was converted to Sumithion‐(phenyl‐14C) by the similar procedures used for the aryl methyl labelling. The overall yield of sumithion‐(phenyl‐14C) was 43% from 3‐bromophenol‐14C6.
Reaction of tritium atoms with unsaturated compounds
Authors: Ehrenkaufer Richard Lee E. , Wolf Alfred P. , Hembree Wylie C. , Lieberman Seymour
Published: October 2006

The reaction of tritium atoms with unsaturated compounds was shown to proceed both by addition to the double bond yielding the reduced product as well as by tritium/hydrogen exchange resulting in labeled parent. Reduction occurred to varying degrees in all cases investigated but appears to be far less significant than in Wilzbach labeling. The addition/substitution ratio producing labeled products for oleic acid was 2.6(compared to 24.4 by Wilzbach) for the unsaturated amino acids 3,4‐dehydro‐D,L‐proline and L‐2‐amino‐4‐(2′‐aminoethoxy) trans‐3‐butenoic acid was 12.8 and 11.6 respectively and for morphine (resulting in 6,7‐dihydromorphine) only 0.02.
Synthesis of 3‐(hydroxymethyl‐14C)‐8‐methoxychromone‐214C and 3‐hydroxymethyl–8‐methoxychromone‐4‐14C
Authors: Merrill E. J. , Lewis A. D.
Published: October 2006

A simple route to 3‐(hydroxymethyl‐14C)‐8‐methoxychromone‐2‐14 using formaldehyde‐14C is described. However, this material was considered to be unacceptable for most biological studies because about 16% of the radioactivity was expired as 14CO2 in the mouse. The synthesis of 3‐methoxysalicylic (carboxyl‐14C) acid is described which was converted in several steps to 3‐hydroxymethyl‐8‐methoxychromone‐4‐14C. Only 0.03% of the radioactivity in this compound was expired as 14CO2.
Synthesis of (25S)‐5α‐cholestane‐3β, 26‐DIOL[2,4,2′,4′‐3H4]
Authors: Bovara Roberto , Longhi Renato , Nicotra Francesco , Vecchio Giuseppe
Published: October 2006

(25S)–5α‐cholestane‐3β, 26‐diol [2,4,2′,4′–3H4] was synthesized by hydrogenation of neotigogenin acetate 2, followed by acetylation to (25S)‐5α‐furostane‐3β, 26‐diol diacetate 5; this was oxidized to (25S)–16–22‐dioxo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β, 26‐diol diacetate 6. Clemmensen reduction of the last product afforded (25S)–5α‐cholestane‐3β, 26‐diol 26‐monoacetate 9, which was oxidized to 3‐oxo‐derivative 12; this was tritium labelled by base‐catalyzed exchange with 0.1 N‐NaOH in iso PrO3H and reduced to 14 with NaBH4.
The preparation of 11C‐methyl labelled 1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐dipyridinium diiodide
Authors: Palmer A. J.
Published: October 2006

11C‐Methyl labelled 1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐dipyridinium diiodide has been prepared by reaction of 11C‐iodomethane with 4,4′‐dipyridyl dihydrate. Radiochemical analysis of the product was by electrophoresis. The 11C‐iodomethane precursor was prepared rapidly from cyclotron produced 11CO2 by reduction to methanol with lithium aluminium hydride followed by treatment with hydriodic acid.
Tritium labeled diflorasone diacetate
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P. , Ayer Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Diflorasone diacetate

Generic name for FLORONE® (The Upjohn Co.), 6α, 9α‐difluoro‐11β, 17α, 21‐trihydroxy‐16β‐methylpregna‐1,4‐diene‐3,20‐dione 17,21‐diacetate.

(III) is catalytically reduced with tritium gas to give the A‐ring saturated 1,2,4,5‐tetratritiated compound. The double bonds in the 1,2‐ and 4,5‐positions are restored by dehydrogen‐ation with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ). The tritium labeled diflorasone diacetate thus prepared has a specific activity of 7.69 Ci/mM after chromatographic purification. The low tritium retention indicates that the introduction of tritium during reduction and its removal during dehydrogenation occurred predominantly from the same side of the steroid molecule. The Δ1,4 product and the Δ1 and Δ4 by‐products are readily separated by thin‐layer chroma‐tography (tlc) on silica gel plates impregnated with ferric chloride.
Synthese Et Marquage Au 14C De La p‐ [bis (chloro‐2‐ethyl) Amino] l‐Phenylalanine Ou Melphalan
Authors: Colette Nicolas , Denise Godeneche
Published: October 2006

La p‐ [bis(chloro‐2‐éthyl)amino] l‐phenylalanine ou melphalan a été marquée sur les quatre carbones du graoupement dichloro éthyle par l'oxyde d'éthylène ‐14C uniformément marqué (activité spécifique: 4,5 μCi/mg) en vue de l'étude pharmacocinétique.
Labelled compounds of potential biological interest. V. Preparation of some hypolipidemic agents labelled with tritium
Authors: Gosztonyi Tamas , Bondesson Göran , Domeij Karl Erik , Stjernstroum Nils E.
Published: October 2006

Two hypolipidemic aryloxyacetic acid derivatives and one aryloxy‐methylmalonic acid derivative were labelled with tritium in the aryloxy moiety. The corresponding phenols were first labelled by the Yavorsky method and then transformed to the desired products by synthetic reaction steps. For comparative pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies the carboxylic acid corresponding to clofibrate was also labelled by the same procedure.
Perdeuterobenzene
Authors: Russell Richard A. , Warrener Ronald N.
Published: October 2006

2‐Aminobenzoic acid‐3, 4, 5, 6‐2H4 was prepared from the protic acid by a platinium catalysed exchange reaction in deuterium oxide. The deuterated acid provided a source of perdeuterobenzyne which was trapped with selected dienes.
The preparation of tobacco constituents incorporating stable isotopes, I. The synthesis of d,l‐nornicotine‐1′‐15N and d,l‐nicotine‐1′‐15N
Authors: Edwards William B. , Glenn David F. , Green Frank , Newman R. H.
Published: October 2006

Isotopically enriched d,l‐nornicotine‐11‐15N (24 atom % enrichment) was prepared in a single step from cyclopropyl 3‐pyridyl ketone and formamide‐15N (24 atom % enrichment). Methylation to d,l‐nicotine‐11‐15N (24 atom % enrichment) was accomplished using the Clark‐Eschweiler method.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled C19‐steroids
Authors: Milewich Leon , Schweikert Hans U.
Published: October 2006

The carbon‐14 labelled steroids, androsterone‐4‐14C, isoandrosterone‐4‐14C, 5α‐androstanedione‐4‐14C, 5α‐androstane‐3β, 17β‐diol‐4‐14C, and 5α‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐diol‐4‐14C were synthesized from dihydrotestosterone‐4‐14C for use in studies of steroid metabolism.
The synthesis of 14C‐labeled suicide inactivators of monoamine oxidase
Authors: Fowler Joanna S.
Published: October 2006

N‐[3‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propyl]‐N‐methyl‐2‐propynylamine‐1‐14C (14C‐clorgyline, 1a) and L‐N, α‐dimethyl‐N‐2‐propynyl‐1‐14C‐phenethylamine (14C‐L deprenyl, 1b) were synthesized by the Mannich reaction of 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol, 14C‐formaldehyde, and secondary amines 3‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐N‐methylpropylamine (2a) or L‐N, α‐dimethylphenethylamine (2b) followed by KOH catalyzed elimination of acetone from the respective Mannich base 3a or 3b.
The synthesis of deuterium labeled butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Authors: Mercer J. R. , Wiebe L. I.
Published: October 2006

Attempts were made to synthesize 3,5‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene containing a deuterium label. 1. p‐cresol was alkylated with (D8)‐isobutylene. 2. 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene was reacted with deuterated trifluoroacetic acid giving direct exchange. 3. 2,6‐dideutero‐4‐hydroxytoluene was synthesized and alkylated with isobutylene and with 2‐methyl‐2‐chloropropane and AlCl3. 4. BHT was treated with D2O and Pt2O in a catalytic exchange process. All methods gave labeled BHT but in all cases a mixture of isomers was found.
Preparation of pteroylglutamic acid‐3′,5′‐2H2 by acid catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide
Authors: Hachey D. L. , Palladino L. , Blair J. A. , Rosenberg I. H. , Klein P. D.
Published: October 2006

Pteroylglutamic acid was labeled with deuterium by trifluoroacetic acid‐catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide. The product, pteroylglutamic acid‐3′,5′‐2H2, was selectively labeled with deuterium in the 4‐aminobenzoyl portion of the molecule; there was no evidence for isotope incorporation at C7 or C9 of the pteridine ring or at the glutamate residue. Isotope composition of the pteroylglutamates was determined by chemical ionization mass spectrometry following a base‐catalyzed, oxidative cleavage to either 4‐aminobenzoic acid or 4‐aminobenzoylglutamic acid. Products from the exchange reaction typically contained 1% 2H0, 9% 2H1, and 90% 2H2 isotopic species.
Deuteration of catecholamines, catecholamine metabolites and tryptophan metabolites
Authors: Muskiet Frits A. J. , Jeuring Hans J. , Thomasson Cornelis G. , Van Der Meulen Jan , Wolthers Bert G.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of some deuterium labelled catecholamines, catecholamine metabolites and tryptophan metabolites is described. Simple exchange reactions in DC1/D20 solution or reductions with Li Al D4 were used. The deuterium labelled compounds prepared are suitable for use as internal standards for quantitative mass‐fragmentographic analysis of their unlabelled analogs in biological material. Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl‐N‐trifluoroacetyl derivatives of 2,5,6‐trideutero vanillactic acid, 1,1‐dideutero‐1‐hydroxy‐2 (2,5,6‐trideutero catechol)‐ethane, 2,5,6‐trideutero epinephrine, 2,5,6‐trideutero normetanephrine and hexadeutero indole‐3‐acetic acid are given together with those of their natural occurring analogs.
Synthesis of /Tyr‐3H/4‐angiotensin II and /Phe‐3H/8‐angiotensin II via halogen‐derivatives of angiotensin II
Authors: Mezõ I. , Seproõi J. A. , Teplán I. , Morgat J. L. , Fromageot P. , Tóth G. , Sirokmán F.
Published: October 2006

A method is described for the tritium labelling of angiotensin II in two different positions. /Tyr‐3H/4‐angiotensin II and /Phe‐3H/8‐angiotensin II of high specific radioactivity have been prepared starting from Dbt4‐angiotensin II and Cpa8‐angiotensin II, respectively.
The preparation of dimethyl(7‐2H3 2‐oxoheptyl) phosphonate
Authors: Taber Douglas F. , Lee Charles H.
Published: October 2006

Dimethyl (7‐2H3 2‐oxoheptyl) phosphonate 4 has been prepared from 2H3 methyl iodide. The phosphonate should be a useful reagent for the synthesis of deuterium labelled prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
An enzymatic procedure for the synthesis of 3H‐thymidine‐5′‐triphosphate
Authors: Preussel Brunhild , Fritz Marion , Lange Peter
Published: October 2006

An enzymatic method for synthesis of tritium‐labelled thymidine‐5′‐triphosphate is described. The procedure utilizes a nucleoside phosphotransferase from wheat germ and a partially purified thymidylate kinase from calf thymus. The product is isolated by ion‐exchange chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose and can be obtained in a yield of approximately 40% and at a radiochemical purity of 95%.
Preparation of 2,3‐dinitrilo‐1,4‐dithia‐9,10‐anthraquinone labelled with 14C or 35S or 14C+35S
Authors: Šeda J. , Fuad M. , Tykva R.
Published: October 2006

A method was developed for the preparation of 2,3‐dinitrilo‐1,4‐dithia‐9, 10‐anthraquinone labelled with 14C or 35S or 14C+35S on a milligram scale with the use of the semiconducto‐graphic detection. The exchange of the 35S radionuclide in various stages of the preparation was examined in detail. By the present method, the following activities were obtained: 88 Ci of 14C/mol or 44 Ci of 35S/mol or 1.46 Ci of 14C + 75 Ci of 35S/mol.
Synthesis of [14‐14C] dexclamol hydrochloride and [14‐14C] butaclamol hydrochloride
Authors: Ferdinandi E. S. , Raman P. , Ross V.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of two [14C] labelled compounds, dexclamol and butaclamol hydrochloride, having the octahydrobenzocyclohepta pyridoisoquinoline structure is described. Both compounds were prepared by the same synthetic route starting from silver [14C]‐cyanide and were labelled in the 14‐position. Butaclamol (specific activity 1.23 mCi/mmole) was obtained in 13% overall yield while dexclamol (specific activity 17.8 mCi/mmole), an optically active compound requiring resolution in its preparation, was obtained in 2% overall yield.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 and tritium labeled N,N′‐(2‐chloro‐5‐cyano‐1,3‐phenylene)dioxamic acid di‐tham salt
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P. , Johnson Tommy D.
Published: October 2006

Acetylation of tritium and carbon‐14 labeled 4‐chloro‐3,5‐diaminobenzonitrile (Ia and Ib) with ethyl oxalyl chloride afforded diethyl N,N′‐(2‐chloro‐5‐cyano‐1,3‐phenylene)dioxamate (IIa and IIb). The diester II was hydrolyzed to give N,N′‐(2‐chloro‐5‐cyano‐1,3‐phenylene)dioxamic acid, which was isolated as the tris‐hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM) salt III.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled nitrosamines. IV synthesis of 14C‐methyl‐(1‐acetoxy) methyl nitrosamine and 1‐14C‐ethyl (acetoxy)ethyl nitrosamine
Authors: Braun Horst , Wiessler Manfred
Published: October 2006

A scheme is developed for synthesizing 14C labelled α‐acetates of secondary α‐hydroxylated nitrosamines. In this manner 14C‐methyl (1‐acetoxy)ethyl nitrosamine and 1‐14C‐ethyl (1‐acetoxy)ethyl nitrosamine are synthesized in 16.3 and 33.3% yield, radiochemically pure.
Synthesis of propanolamine side chain deuterated propranolol, propranolol‐diol and 4‐hydroxypropranol
Authors: Walker Richard B. , Nelson Wendel L.
Published: October 2006

Syntheses of 1‐(isopropylamino)‐3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanol‐1,1,2,3,3‐d5 (1), 3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐1,2‐propanediol‐1,1,2,3,3‐d5 (2) and 1‐(isopropylamino)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanol‐1,1,2,3,3‐d5 (3) from epichlorohydrin‐d5 are described. Treatment of epichlorohydrin‐d5 with 1‐naphthol, in the presence of a catalytic amount of pyridine, afforded a mixture of 1‐chloro‐3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanol‐1,1,2,3,3‐d5 (4) and 1,2‐epoxy‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐propane‐1,1,2,3,3‐d5 which was converted to 4, with HCl or to 5 with 6N KOH. Reaction of 4 with isopropylamine afforded 1. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of 5 afforded 2. A modification of the synthesis of 1 using 4‐methoxy‐1‐naphthol, epichlorohydrin‐d5 (1N NaOH) afforded epoxide 7, which was opened with isopropylamine. Ether cleavage with pyridine HCl completed synthesis of 1‐(isopropylamino)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanol‐1,1,2,3,3‐d5 (3).
The synthesis of deuterated methyl methacrylates
Authors: Ayrey G. , Wong D. J. D.
Published: October 2006

Methyl esters of: 2‐methyl [3‐2H2]prop‐2‐enoic acid (methyl methacrylate‐d2, CD2C(CH3)CO2CH3) and 2‐[Me‐2H3]methylprop‐2‐enoic acid (methyl methacrylate‐d3, CH2C(CD3)CO2CH3) were prepared in high yield under mild conditions from carbomethoxymethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in a new application of the Wittig reaction. The methyl ester of 2‐methylprop[2H5]‐2‐enoic acid (methyl methacrylate‐d5, CD2C(CD2CH3) was prepared from acetone‐d6 via the acetone cyanohydrin method. Densities of all three monomers are reported at 25, 45 and 60°C.
Syntheses de Glycerides Marques au Carbone 14
Authors: Danan J. L. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

Starting from 1–2 isopropylidene sn–glycerol, the synthesis of mono and diglycerides labelled with 14C in the acyl moiety has been achieved.

The acyl chloride method was found to be the best one for the esterification step.

The various methods, hepe proposed with palmitic or lauric acid may be generalized for the obtention of other saturated glycerides.
An improved synthesis of 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporating isotopic labels
Authors: Dawson W. H. , Dunlap R. B.
Published: October 2006

The title compound has been synthesized by a new route that requires less steps and gives higher overall yields than existing procedures. The synthesis makes use of low molecular weight starting materials that are commercially available in isotopically enriched forms and thereby enables the specific labelling of carbons in the pyrimidine ring. An improved synthesis of the versatile reagent methyl propiolate is also included.
Synthesis of [carboxyl ‐14C] 5 ‐ fluoroorotic acid
Authors: Silverman Richard B. , Kapili Leilani V.
Published: October 2006

[Carboxyl ‐14C] 5 ‐ fluoroorotic acid was synthesized by the treatment of [carboxyl‐14C] orotic acid with trifluoromethyl hypofluorite followed by triethyl amine.
Markierung von Ethoxyquin mit Kohlenstoff‐14
Authors: Müller H.
Published: October 2006

Ethoxyquin (6‐Ethoxy‐2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline) was labelled in position 2 and 4 by iodine‐catalyzed reaction of (2‐14C)‐acetone with p‐phenetidine. The radiochernical yield was 39,4%.
Synthesis of tritiated bromobenzene derivatives
Authors: Hanzlik Robert P. , Wiley Robert A. , Gillesse Timothy J.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 3H‐bromobenzene, 3H‐o‐bromotoluene, 3H‐o‐bromobenzonitrile, 3H‐o‐bromobenzotrifluoride is reported. The method involves exchange‐tritiation of the appropriate anilines in heptafluorobutyric acid, followed by diazotization and either reduction or Sandmeyer coupling of the diazonium salt.
Tritium labeling of steroids by microwave discharge activation of tritium gas
Authors: Chiu W. H. , Peng C. T.
Published: October 2006

Steroids with diazo and azido functional groups were labeled with tritium atoms by microwave discharge activation of tritium gas. The specific activity of the products was increased by maximizing the exposure surface using glass fiber paper for dispersion, reducing the amount of sample to be exposed. and increasing tritium pressure. A 500 fold increase in specific activity was achieved in dispersed sample as compared to the solid. Addition of tritium atoms to 4,5 double bond in Δ4‐3‐keto steroid occurred, giving rise to a mixture of 5α‐ and 5β‐isomers in about equal quantities.
Marquage de la Pregnenolone au Carbjne 14 et au Deuterium en Position 21
Authors: Pussemier L. , Velde V Vande , Piraux M
Published: October 2006

Pregnenolone (Δ5 ‐pregnen‐3β‐ol‐20‐one) is labelled with 14C and deuterium in position 21. The radioactive carbon is inserted by the means of diazomethane‐14C. The deuteration is realized by the reduction of 21‐diazo‐pregnenolone under the action of iodhydric acid dissolved in D2O.
Synthesis of 5‐ethyl‐d5‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thioxobarbituric acid, primidone‐ethyl‐d5 and phenobarbital‐ethyl‐d5
Authors: Andresen Brian D. , Biemann K.
Published: October 2006

Three deuterium labelled drugs, 5‐ethyl‐d5‐5‐phenylthiobarbi‐turic acid, primidone‐ethyl‐d5, and phenobarbital‐ethyl‐d5 have been prepared employinq a three step synthesis utilizing diethyl phenylmalonate and bromoethane‐d5. Overall isotopic purity of the labelled drugs was in excess of 95%. Complete synthetic techniques as well as spectral data of labelled intermediate and drugs are presented.
Application de la Propriete D'Isomerisation des Hydrocarbures Acetyleniques a la Synthe se D'Alcynes Deuteries
Authors: Janin A. , Lavalley J. C. , Saussey J. , Vallet Et A.
Published: October 2006

We have tried to apply isomerization‐exchange and isomerization methods to prepare acetylenes deuterated in well‐known chemical positions with high isotopic purity.

We found that deuterated propyne was obtained by shaking propyne (allene) and NaOD in D2O at 150°C. After three exchanges, the isotopic purity of CD3CCD is close to 98,5 %. From 1‐pentyne, at 180°C, it appeared that CH3CH2CCCD3 is formed. Even after three exchanges, no deuterium was present in the methylene group.

In the case of 2‐alkyne → l‐alkyne isomerization, we found that the method involving NH2Na gave impure deuterated commpounds. On the other hand, use of sodium as an isomerization agent gave isotopically pure 1‐alkynes. However the poor yield and the difficulties inherent in the use of sodium limited the utilization of this method.
Practically carrier‐free labelling of aromatic compounds with bromine‐77 via N‐chloro‐tetrafluorosuccinimide
Authors: Coenen H. H. , Machulla H.‐J. , Stöcklin G.
Published: October 2006

A new method for practically carrier‐free aromatic bromination has been developed using N‐chloro‐tetrafluoro‐succinimide (NCTFS) and bromide‐77. The optimum bromination conditions have been determined using toluene as a model system. In trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFA), which proved to be the best solvent, a “one‐pot” synthesis with carrierfree bromide‐77 gives rise to a 52 % radiochemical yield of bromotoluenes. No benzylbromide is formed. At room temperature the reaction is completed within about 30 min, the highest yields being obtained at NCTFS‐concentrations of 2 · 10−2 mole/1. In pure anhydride (TFA) the chlorinating side‐reaction of NCTFS does not take place. The reactivity towards simple benzene derivatives (C6H5X, X = OCH3, CH3, H, F, Br, NO2) is strongly dependent on the activation of the aromatic ring. A high ortho‐ and particularly para‐selectivity is observed, and an electrophilic substitution process via ionic species is discussed.
Synthese De La N‐acetylmuramyl (OXO‐14C‐propyl)‐L‐alanyl‐D‐isoglutamine (MDP‐14C)
Authors: Pichat L. , Tostain J. , Lefrancier P. , Sina P. , Lederer E.
Published: October 2006

SYNTHESIS OF N‐ACETYLMURAMYL (14C‐OXOPROPYL)‐L‐ALANYL‐D‐ ISOGLUTAMINE (14C ‐ MDP)

Condensation of (1‐14C) DL‐2‐bromopropionic acid with benzyl 2‐acetamido‐4,6‐0‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside 7 in presence of sodium hydride gave 50 % of crystalline compound 3, having the correct stereochemistry of natural muramic acid. The latter, in presence of Woodward's reagent, reacted with L‐alanyl‐D‐isoglutamine benzyl ester hydrochloride, leading to compound 4. Removal of benzylidene and benzyl groups by successive acetic acid exposure and hydrogenolysis gave rise to 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐3‐0 (2‐D‐(14CO) propionyl‐L‐alanyl‐D‐isoglutamine)‐D‐glucopyranose (14C‐MDP) Specific activity : 42 mCi/mMole in a 10 % overall yield based on sodium (1‐14C) propionate.
Synthesis of nitrogen‐15 labelled uracil and its 1‐deuteromethyl 3‐deuteromethyl, and 1,3‐dideuteromethyl derivatives (1)
Authors: Lipnick Robert L. , Fissekis John D.
Published: October 2006

A procedure is described for synthesizing uracil‐1,3‐15N2 in 77% yield by the condensation of urea‐15N2 with propiolic acid. The uracil‐1,3‐15N2 was employed subsequently in a random alkylation with dimethyl sulfate‐d6 to give 1‐methyl‐d3‐uracil‐1,3‐15N2, 3‐methyl‐d3‐uracil‐1,3‐15N2, and 1,3‐dimethyl‐d6‐uracil‐1,3‐15N2. Purification of the products resulting from both these reactions was achieved on an ion exchange column. The 15N and 1H NMR spectra obtained are consistent with these structures.
Synthesis of [ 2H ] and [13C15N] labelled analogues of the antiarrhythmic agent 4‐diisopropylamino‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(2‐pyridyl) butyramide phosphate (norpace®, G.D. searle & Co. Ltd.)
Authors: Dyer Robert L. , Harrow Terry A. , Honeyman Robert
Published: October 2006

The synthesls of [d14] and [13C 15N] analogues of the potent antiarrhythmic agent 4‐diisopropylamino‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(2‐pyridyl) butyramide phosphate is described.
14C‐labeled antimalarials. I. Synthesis of dl‐erythro‐ and threo‐α(2‐piperidyl)‐2,8‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4‐quinolinemethanol‐α‐14C
Authors: Yanko William H. , Deebel George F.
Published: October 2006

Erythro‐ and threo‐ isomers of α‐(2‐piperidyl)‐2,8‐bis‐(triflucoromethyl)‐4‐quinolinemethanol‐α‐14C hydrochloride and methanesulfonate were prepared from labeled carbon dioxide for metabolic and pharmacological studies. Intermediates were 2,8‐bis(trifluoromethyl) cinchoninic‐carboxy‐14C acid and 2,8‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4‐quinolyl 2‐pyridyl ketone‐14C. The ratio of erythro to threo isomers formed on hydrogenation of the precursor ketone was 5.6. The diastereomers were separated by recrystallization and preparative tlc. Erythro‐to‐threo conversion was effected by isomerization of the acetylated erythro isomers and deacetylation.
Biosynthesis of tritium, deuterium and carbon‐13 labeled cycloheximide
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P. , Witz Dennis F. , Stolle Wayne T. , Baczynskyj Lubomir , Scahill Terrence A.
Published: October 2006

Tritium, deuterium, and carbon‐13 labeled cycloheximide were prepared through fermentation of Streptomyces griseus in the presence of S‐methyl labeled L‐methionine. Cycloheximide‐3H of specific activity 4.96 mCi/mg (1.40 Ci/mmol) was obtained in 25% overall radiochemical yield. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses of the deuterium and carbon‐13 labeled products showed that isotope incorporation occurred virtually exclusively in the two methyl groups in cycloheximide, with negligible (<5%) incorporation in the rest of the molecule. Furthermore, deuterated species contained either three or six deuterium atoms, indicating that the methyl groups were transferred intact from L‐methionine. Also, the two methyl groups in cycloheximide were of equal isotope enrichment. The overall enrichment achieved in the methyl groups was 55% and 45%, respectively, in the deuterium and carbon‐13 labeled compounds.
Synthesis of nitrogen‐15 labeled 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (HMX)
Authors: Bulusu S. , Autera J. , Axenrod T.
Published: October 2006

Procedures are described for the synthesis of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) fully labeled with nitrogen‐15.
Enzymatic synthesis and chromatographic purification of L‐3‐[11C]‐lactic acid via D, L‐3‐[11C]‐alanine
Authors: Kloster G. , Laufer P.
Published: October 2006

D,L‐3‐[11C]‐Alanine was prepared by methylation with 11CH3I of tert butyl 2‐isocyanoacetate and subsequent hydrolysis. Enzymatic reaction using glutamate pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase in a coupled reaction yields L‐3‐[11C]‐lactic acid. The radiochemical yield is 45% for D,L‐alanine and 26.5% for L‐lactic acid at a specifie activity of 0.45 mCi/μmole. Synthesis time including purification by hplc is 23 min for D,L‐3‐[11c]‐alanine and 45 min for L‐3‐[11C]‐lactic acid, respectively.
13C labeled benzo[a]pyrenes and derivatives. 2. The synthesis of benzo[a]pyrene‐6‐13C
Authors: Simpson J. Ernest , Daub Guido H. , Vanderjagt David L.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of benzo[a]pyrene‐6‐13C is described. Perinaphthane was converted to 6‐benzoyl‐carbonyl‐13C‐perinaphthane which was cyclized to 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[a]pyren‐6(1H)‐one‐6‐13C. Subsequent reduction of the ketone followed by dehydration and dehydrogenation gave benzo[a]pyrene‐6‐13C in 29% overall yield.
Synthesis of 14C and 35S labelled carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Chengelis Christopher P. , Neal Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) was prepared by a replacement reaction from potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in 50% sulfuric acid. 14C‐COS or 35S‐COS can be prepared by the same method, depending on the position of the label in the starting KSCN. The yield of the final product is in excess of 60%, and radiochemical purity was 99.5%.
A convenient preparation of pentachloronitrobenzene‐U‐14C
Authors: Kaegi H. H.
Published: October 2006

Starting with benzene‐U‐14C pentachloronitrobenzene‐U‐14C has been prepared by nitration followed by chlorination with antimony pentachloride in the presence of aluminum chloride.
Synthese von [3‐14C]‐ und [Phenyl‐U‐14C] Olaquindox
Authors: Maul W. , Scherling D. , Seng F.
Published: October 2006

Olaquindox is a new feed additive.[14C]Olaquindox, labelled in different positions, was needed for tracer‐studies of pharmacokinetics, biotransformation and residues in several species of animals.

2‐ [N‐(2‐hydroxethyl)‐carbamoyl] −3‐methyl‐[3‐14C] quinoxaline‐1,4‐dioxide ([3‐14C]Olaquindox) was synthesized from barium[14C]carbonate (22 moles; 1.15 Ci) via[1‐14C]acetic acid, sodium[1‐14C] acetate, [1‐14C] acetylchloride, ethyl [3‐14C] acetoacetate and 2‐carbethoxy‐3‐methyl‐[3‐14C] quinoxaline‐1,4‐dioxide with an overall yield of 10%, based on barium[14C]carbonate. The radiochemical purity was better than 98% (tlc). The specific activities of three preparations were 10.5, 8.4 and 5.45 μCi/mg respectively.

[phenyl‐U‐14C] Olaquindox was synthesized starting from [U‐14C] aniline (19.8 mmoles; 284.4 mCi). Intermediate products were N‐acetyl[U‐14C]aniline, 2‐nitro‐N‐acetyl[U‐14C] aniline, 2‐nitro[U‐14C] aniline and [U‐14C] benzofurazanoxide. The total yield was 50% as calculated for [U‐14C]aniline. At calibration samples of two preparations showed specific activities of 49.5 and 11.1 μCi/mg respectively. The radiochemical purity was checked by tlc and exceeded 98%.
Micro‐synthesis of deuterium labelled propoxylated trimethylolpropane polyols
Authors: Voorhees Kent J. , McClennen William H. , Mumford Neal A.
Published: October 2006

A method for preparing specifically labelled propoxylated trimethylolpropane polymers is described.
Synthesis of (S)‐leucine‐13C3 and its metabolites
Authors: Yuan Sun‐Shine , Foos Joseph
Published: October 2006

A synthesis for (S)‐2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐13C‐pentanoic‐2,5‐13C2 acid ((S)‐leucine‐13C3) is described. The alkyl chain was constructed by condensing acetone‐1,3‐13C2 with triethyl phosphonacetate‐1‐13C to form 3‐methyl‐13C‐2‐butenoic‐1,4‐13C2 acid (beta‐methylcrotonic‐13C3 acid) and this was reduced to 3‐methyl‐13C‐butanal‐1,4‐13C2 (isovaleryl aldehyde‐13C3). Conversion to (S)‐leucine‐13C3 was accomplished via the Strecker synthesis followed by enzymatic resolution.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled 2‐(3‐benzoylphenoxy)‐2‐methyl propionic acid (LF.599)
Authors: Duc C. Luu , Charlon Cl. , Bourgogne J. P. , Sornay R.
Published: October 2006

The title product was labelled with 14C at the ketone group, from 3‐methoxybromobenzene in six steps. Complete synthetic techniques of the labelled drug are presented.
A one step synthesis of ring labelled melatonin‐3H with high specific activity
Authors: Liu Yu‐Ying , Minich Martha
Published: October 2006

A mixture of brominated melatonin derivatives has been synthesized for use as starting material for preparation of ring tritium labelled melatonin by catalytic hydrogenolysis. The high specific activity obtained makes this product useful in radioimmunoassay studies.
A simple synthesis of propionic‐3‐14C acid
Authors: Koltai E. , Bánfi D.
Published: October 2006

Propionic‐3‐14C acid was prepared by methylation of tricarbethoxymethane and subsequent hydrolysis. This method avoids the problems of malonic ester synthesis. A pure monoalkyl derivative was obtained.