bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Emotionally Disturbed Elementary School Children
Authors: Maes Wayne R.
Published: January 2017

This study demonstrated that emotionally disturbed children in grades four, five, and six can be identified as effectively through use of a teacher rating scale and a group intelligence test as through use of these two sources of information plus arithmetic achievement, reading achievement, a modified sociometric technique (a class play), and a self-concept inventory. The teacher rating scale and group intelligence test results can be useful in making decisions as to which children should be referred to a psychologist for individual diagnostic study. While contributing little to prediction, other information such as achievement, sociometric status, and self-concept may prove useful in understanding and meeting pupil needs in the educational setting.
Speech-Sound Discrimination Ability on Linguistically Unbiased Tests
Authors: Bryen Diane N.
Published: January 2017

Traditional testing practices have been considered by some educators as discriminatory against minority groups. These practices are thought to have led to a disproportionate number of black and Spanish speaking children being placed in special classes as a result of their “poor performance” on tests standardized on white, middle class populations and/or in standard English. In response to this problem, one particular language ability, speech-sound discrimination, was assessed using a bilingual perspective rather than one stressing the rightness of standard English. Three parallel forms of speech-sound discrimination (standard English, black English and Spanish) were each administered to a sample of lower socio-economic white, black and Puerto Rican children. The results indicated that each language group did best on the discrimination form that most closely approximated the phonological structure of its language. Also, there were no significant differences in speech-sound discrimination ability among the three groups when performances across all language forms were considered. Educational implications for assessment were discussed.
Training Teachers for the Severely and Profoundly Handicapped: A New Frontier
Authors: Stainback Susan , Stainback William , Maurer Steven
Published: January 2017

Due to recent litigation and legislation, there will be an Influx of severely and profoundly handicapped individuals into community based public education programs. As a result, teachers who possess the knowledge and skill to foster the growth of these individuals will be needed. The onus of responsibility is on the universities to prepare competent teachers. This article examines the basic components that will have to be integrated into the existing structures of teacher training programs to adequately prepare teachers of the severely and profoundly handicapped.
Remediating Academic Deficiencies in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Stromer Robert
Published: January 2017

The effects of behavioral remediation procedures were assessed with children showing academic difficulties associated with the learning disabled. In Experiment 1, the child showed reversals, omissions, and substitutions under letter naming and letter dictation exercises. A child's written 2 digit number reversals were selected for remediation in Experiment 2. During Experiment 3, a small group of remedial reading students displayed written letter reversals. The results showed (a) that flash card modeling and social reinforcement procedures eliminated all children's errors, (b) that (in Experiment 2) tutorial treatment effects generalized to classroom addition exercises, and (c) that treatment results were maintained in post-experiment observations. These findings appear to offer school personnel effective and economical remediation procedures for the learning disabled.
Educational Placement of Children with Spina Bifida
Authors: Lauder Calvin E. , Kanthor Harold , Myers Gary , Resnick Jacqueline
Published: January 2017

Procedures of school placement for 38 children with spina bifida in 23 school districts in western New York State were studied five years after a mandated process was enacted. Data were gathered by conference interview and questionnaires from school district administrators, parents, and teachers. The study revealed that placement procedures varied among school districts and often did not meet state mandated requirements. Among the children studied, 60% attended regular classes, with 34% maintained in their own school district; 13% were enrolled in special education classes; and 21% received instruction from resource teachers. Most children required and were provided a variety of supportive services. Parents preferred placement in their own district neighborhood schools. Rural districts seemed most successful in integrating their handicapped children in less restrictive school settings.
Competitive Employment for Moderately and Severely Handicapped Individuals
Authors: Wehman Paul , Hill Janet W.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to present a trainer-advocacy approach to job site training and placement for moderately and severely handicapped individuals. A major focus of this article is that job placement into nonsheltered work environments should be a more frequent option for handicapped individuals than it has been in the past. A model program for job placement is discussed, with interim data presented on the individuals placed to date. At this point, over $90,000 has been earned cumulatively by 33 moderately and severely handicapped individuals, most of whom had never worked competitively before.
Critical Considerations in Total Communication and an Environmental Intervention Model for the Developmentally Delayed
Authors: Lombardino Linda J. , Willems Sherry , MacDonald James D.
Published: January 2017

Total communication is gaining widespread acceptance as an alternative or supplemental form of communication for language delayed hearing children for whom oral language training alone is inadequate. The authors address several issues pertinent to designing environmentally based total communication assessment and training programs. Major issues discussed include (a) Who are the appropriate clients for total communication training? (b) What criteria are useful in selecting a sign system? (c) What linguistic model is appropriate for selecting valid language targets and designing generalization? (d) What adaptations in an oral language teaching program are necessary for a manual mode of communication training? These questions and corollary issues are addressed from theoretical and clinical perspectives.
A Free Appropriate Public Education: Has the Supreme Court Misinterpreted Congressional Intent?
Authors: Heaney Joseph P.
Published: January 2017

A legal issue arose in New York concerning the meaning of the term “free appropriate public education” as required for the handicapped under P.L. 94–142. The parents of a hearing impaired student, Amy Rowley, were denied the services of a deaf interpreter for their daughter. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ruled in favor of the local and state educational authorities since sufficient personal instructional and related services were provided to allow her to benefit from education even if she was not enabled to maximize her potential. This article analyzes the due process issues raised in the opinion and discusses their educational implications.
Transition: A Look at the Foundations
Authors: Halpern Andrew S.
Published: January 2017

This essay critically examines the model of transition that has been proposed by the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. A summary of a recent study of secondary special education is also presented, focusing upon needed areas of improvement. Recommendations are offered for modifying the basic model of transition and for improving high school programs as a foundation of transition.
A Taxonomy of Special Education Finance
Authors: Crowner T. Timothy
Published: January 2017

This article presents a taxonomy of special education finance. A review of the literature in the area of special education finance provides much useful information, but a lack of uniform terminology and incomplete coverage of all relevant elements are limiting factors. A taxonomy of special education finance may assist special educators in better understanding related fiscal concepts such as the difference between a funding base, a funding formula, and a funding source. Critics of current service delivery tend to focus on fiscal efficacy. The taxonomy presented in this article can be used to conduct an appropriate dialogue with such critics. Organizing fiscal elements in a systematic manner is particularly important at a time when the United States is shifting domestic leadership from the federal to the state level. There are significant differences in the percentage of school-aged populations served in special education programs from state to state. The taxonomy can be used for comparative analysis, standards guidelines, and efficacy research.
Assessment of the Learning Process
Authors: Meyers Joel , Lytle Susan
Published: January 2017

In an effort to help reconceptualize current approaches to assessing children with learning problems, this article proposes the use of techniques derived from recent work in cognitive psychology. Proposed as a modification of current assessment practice, Process Assessment is a model which emphasizes intervention, the environment, and the learning process. It is argued that assessment techniques derived from a cognitive perspective can be used to assess interpersonal behavior as well as academic behavior, and that these techniques can be used to develop intervention plans. The analysis of think-aloud protocols to evaluate the strategies used in reading comprehension is described as an example that is consistent with the process assessment model and has specific implications for intervention designed to improve reading comprehension. A case example is used to illustrate this approach.
Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Instructional Bias on Word Identification
Authors: Vellutino Frank R. , Scanlon Donna M.
Published: January 2017

This article addresses the question of whether instructional biases foster the use of limited processing strategies that impair the child's ability to learn to identify printed words. To evaluate this question, poor and normal readers in second and sixth grade were randomly assigned to treatments that simulated three general methods of teaching word identification: (a) the whole-word/meaning-based method, (b) the phonics method and (c) the whole-word/meaning and phonics methods combined. Results indicate that the whole-word/meaning-based method fostered a global processing strategy in “word” identification while the phonics method fostered an analytic strategy. In contrast, the whole-word/phonics method fostered the use of both processing strategies, and subjects who received this treatment generally performed better than did subjects who received only one or the other. It was concluded that the use of only one of these methods of reading instruction to the exclusion of the other may create processing bias that could impair the acquisition of fluency in word identification, while the complementary use of both may facilitate the acquisition of fluency in word identification.
Special Education Referrals as an Index of Teacher Tolerance: Are Teachers Imperfect Tests?
Authors: Shinn Mark R. , Tindal Gerald A. , Spira Deborah A.
Published: January 2017

The academic performances and naturally occurring characteristics of students referred by regular education classroom teachers for possible placement in special education programs were examined. Curriculum Based Assessment procedures were used with 570 grade 2 through 6 students referred because of reading difficulties. Teacher bias was examined by comparing the reading performances of referred students as a function of their sex and ethnicity and by comparing the percentages of students to the base rate population of low reading performers. Teacher accuracy was investigated using “narrow band” or “broad band” definitions. Findings indicated that teachers are both accurate and biased in the referral process. The implications of the findings are discussed in relationship to current identification practices and to the suggestion that teachers be treated as tests in lieu of current practice.
Direct Instruction in Math Word Problems: Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wilson Cynthia L. , Sindelar Paul T.
Published: January 2017

This investigation was conducted to test the effectiveness of strategy teaching and sequencing practice problems in teaching students with learning disabilities to identify the correct algorithm for solving addition and subtraction word problems. Sixty-two students were assigned to one of three experimental groups: strategy plus sequence, strategy only, and sequence only. The results indicated that students in the strategy-plus-sequence group, as well as those in the strategy-only group, scored significantly higher than did students in the sequence-only group. Findings indicated that strategy teaching was the more effective of the two instructional components. Implications are discussed in terms of instructional design for students with learning disabilities.
Promising School-Based Practices for Students with Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Burcham Barbara , Carlson Laurance , Milich Richard
Published: January 2017

The Federal Resource Center (FRC) at the University of Kentucky was charged with locating public school practices that were considered by practitioners to be successful in serving students with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and their families. The FRC formed teams of stakeholders, representing parents, school personnel, health care and family support professionals, and researchers, to develop criteria by which to judge practices and to select promising practices. This article reviews key features of the educational practices that showed strong promise in identification, intervention, and assessment.
Transition Policies, Practices, and Promises: Lessons from Three States
Authors: Furney Katharine S. , Hasazi Susan B. , Destefano Lizanne
Published: January 2017

A policy study conducted from 1992 to 1994 investigated how three states have implemented transition services for youth with disabilities. The three states were identified as exemplary in their achievements related to designing and implementing transition policies and services. A research team reviewed relevant documents and conducted approximately 74 interviews with key policymakers and implementors. Qualitative data analysis procedures were used to develop a case study report for each site; a cross-case analysis compared policies and practices across the three states. The analysis found seven themes which were identified as contributing to the successful initiation and continuation of transition policies, practices, and services.
Ensuring Appropriate Education: Emerging Remedies, Litigation, Compensation, and other Legal Considerations
Authors: Katsiyannis Antonis , Maag John W.
Published: January 2017

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides procedural and substantive educational rights to ensure a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to qualified people with disabilities. As a result of this Act, parents have been successful in receiving various remedies for violations that inhibit a student's right to FAPE. This article examines traditional remedies, such as reimbursement for residential placements, related services, and legal fees, with an added emphasis on the increasingly used remedy of compensatory education and the potential for the award of monetary damages. Compensatory education has been established as a bona fide remedy, and the award of monetary damages is appropriate given legislative mandates and judiciary holdings.
Efficiency in Visual Scanning by Children with and without Visual Disabilities
Authors: Knowlton Marie
Published: January 2017

Visual scanning behavior and scanning efficiency of children between the ages of 3.5 and 10 years was studied. Twenty-two children with visual disabilities and 25 children without visual disabilities visually searched a line drawing and identified objects as the examiner recorded the objects named. A scan path was then constructed and scanning efficiency was computed by dividing the scan path length by the number of objects named. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the length of the scan path and number of objects reported, but no significant differences were found in scanning efficiency. There was no evidence that coordinated binocular eye movements are correlated with the ability to scan and identify objects.
Image Capture Board for The PC
Authors: Binnie T. David , Reading I.
Published: January 2017

Image capture board for the PC

We report the design and implementation of a low cost, image capture board for an IBM type personal computer. The board is particularly suited to computer vision education. The board provides: image capture at video rate, random access to xy addressable image data, and options for on-board image processing hardware.
Global Steady-State Chaotic Behaviour of Power Systems Containing D.C.
Authors: Bodger P. S. , Irwin G. D. , Woodford D. A. , Gole A. M.
Published: January 2017

The steady-state chaotic behaviour of power systems containing dc switching elements is displayed in multiple run diagrams. Poincare sampling bifurcation diagrams, maximum and minimum peak voltage diagrams and diagrams showing all peaks in a waveform indicate transitions in behaviour, overvoltages and waveform distortion respectively.
Focus Groups in Mental Health Research: Enhancing the Validity of User and Provider Questionnaires
Authors: Powell Richard A. , Single Helen M. , Lloyd Keith R.
Published: January 2017

Most mental health researchers rely upon quantitative methods of data collection. Whilst such methods are commonly seen as reliable, qualitative methods are often seen as more valid. Despite the value of qualitative methods of data collection, however, many researchers denigrate their use. Qualitative research is often viewed as lacking in scientific rigour. This paper explores the use of the focus group as a qualitative instrument to enhance the validity of existing questionnaires for mental health service users and providers. Between July and August 1995 four focus groups were conducted in Exeter and Taunton among service users (with severe or long-term mental health problems) and providers (community psychiatric nurses, social workers and occupational therapists). It is demonstrated that focus groups enhance the validity of existing questionnaires by highlighting those concerns held by users and providers that would otherwise have been neglected.
Attitudes Towards Mental Patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Chou Kee-Lee , Mak Ki-Yan , Chung Po-Kin , Chan David , Ho Kimmy
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this survey was to understand how the people of Hong Kong perceive mental health, mental illness, mental patients and mental health facilities. In March 1994, a total of 1,043 successful telephone interviews were conducted out of 2,202 valid telephone numbers. The sample was found to be representative of the Hong Kong adult population in terms of sex ratio, age structure, educational achievement and economic status. It was found that the majority of people of Hong Kong were very concerned about their mental health. Their knowledge on mental health was fairly good. Their attitudes towards mental patients and mental health facilities were, however, quite negative. Unlike previous western findings, these views towards mental patients and their rehabilitation facilities were found to be weakly associated with socio-economic factors including age, educational level and household income.
Relative Status and Foreign Policy
Authors: Tomlin Brian W. , Buhlman Margaret A.
Published: January 2017

A revision and extension of status-field theory is applied to the analysis of foreign policy interactions among 32 black African states in the middle 1960s. In the revision of the theory, directed-dyads are partitioned into four sets, based on the relative position of the actor-nation in each dyad. Hypotheses relating status distance on economic development and power to three patterns of foreign policy behaviour (cooperation, conflict, and interaction) then are tested for each partitioned set. Throughout, the goal is to retain the generality and parsimony of status-field theory and to increase empirical correspondence. The findings support the utility of the partitioning procedure and confirm the relative importance of power in relations between states, also found in previous tests of the theory and in recent analyses of African foreign policy.
Bargaining Processes and Coalition Outcomes
Authors: Friend Kenneth E. , Laing James D. , Morrison Richard J.
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses a theory of bargaining processes in three-person coalition games and investigates the relation between these processes and the outcome of bargaining. The bargaining theory uses an information-processing approach to model each of the three player's cognitive processes and interrelates three such models to predict who says what to whom next in the bargaining for coalition partners and payoff allocations. The theory succeeds in predicting the act-by-act communications observed in three laboratory studies of sequential games of status in which each player seeks to maximize the rank of his total score in relation to the other players' total scores. In addition, the process theory succeeds in predicting outcomes. It was used in computer studies to simulate bargaining processes to their resulting outcomes, thus producing artificial data on which coalitions form and what payoff allocations are made to coalition members. These artificial data on outcomes agree with the pattern of outcomes observed in the laboratory studies and also conform to Laing and Morrison's (1973) heuristic model predicting coalitions and payoffs in three-person sequential games of status. These investigations lead to an interesting discovery about the effects of variations in the process on the pattern of resulting outcomes. The duration of the bargaining process has systematic effects on which coalitions form and how payoffs are allocated to coalition members. The results suggest that more theoretical attention to social processes can pay important dividends, even when the primary objective is to predict outcomes.
Assessing the Therapeutic Impact of a Community Group on a Secure Hospital Ward
Authors: Beck Alison
Published: January 2017

The constructs of ward staff and patients in a medium secure rehabilitation ward were assessed before and after an eight-month trial of a twice weekly community group. One of the aims of this group was to address day-to-day interpersonal issues and to encourage patients to take social responsibility for their actions and to learn to support one another. Another aim was to encourage staff and patients to consider the possibility of applying some therapeutic community principles on the ward. These aims were assessed using repertory grid techniques.

The results were that over the eight-month pilot both staff and patient groups shifted towards viewing their ideal ward as a therapeutic community (TC). However qualitative information suggested that considerable difficulties arose in bringing about the necessary cultural changes. As a result both staff and patients felt confused and disempowered. Future attempts are highly recommended, however better resourcing, particularly in the form of employing a trained full-time individual to co-ordinate activities, is essential.
Prospective Study of Coroner's Autopsies in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Aligbe J U , Akhiwu W O , Nwosu S O
Published: January 2017

A prospective study of 726 cases of coroner's autopsies carried out over a period of two years (1st January, 1996 − 31st December, 1997) was reviewed. The causes and circumstances of death are defined and classified into natural and unnatural deaths. Fifty cases (6.3%) were children while the remaining 676 cases (93.1%) were adults in a male to female ratio of 2.6 to 1. The most common indications for coroner's autopsies were sudden unnatural deaths (SUDs) accounting for 485 cases (66.8%) and also sudden unexpected natural deaths (SUNDs) (241 cases) accounting for 33.2%. In the first category, road traffic accidents accounted for 86.7% of cases with deaths involving motor vehicle drivers and their passengers (41.8%); pedestrians (37.1%); and motorcyclists and their passengers (18.6%). The commonest causes of death in all road traffic accidents were craniocerebral injuries and haemorrhagic shock. In the second category the most common causes of sudden unexpected natural death were cardiovascular diseases resulting from complications of hypertension (54.7%) occurring in apparently healthy individuals. Other causes of death were pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, typhoid fever and neoplastic diseases.

This study showed that in Nigeria, with an increasing acquisition of dietary and life style habits of the developed western world, there is becoming a concomitant risk of deaths from road traffic accidents and sudden unexpected natural deaths from hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Mental Impairment in the West Midlands: 10 Years on
Authors: Perry David William , Benton Carl , Walsh Martin , Martin David , Corbett John
Published: January 2017

In 1989, a survey was undertaken to describe the learning disabled population, originating from the West Midlands, classified as mentally impaired or severely mentally impaired under the Mental Health Act 1983. The results obtained were then used to help guide future service development within the region.

Given the marked changes in service provision over the subsequent decade, the study was repeated in 1998–1999, looking at the same population on 1st December 1997 (prior to the Bournewood Ruling).

Attempts were made to identify all people residing within the West Midlands region, or originating from it, and classified as mentally impaired or severely mentally impaired under the Mental Health Act (1983). This was achieved by contacting medical records departments, learning disability consultants and Health Authorities. The same data set as the original study was then collected from case notes to allow comparison. The current study however, collected extra information, relating to diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

Ninety-three people were identified for the study. Over the 10 years, there has been approximately a 100% increase in the numbers of people detained under these categories of the Mental Health Act (1983). There has been a marked increase in the use of the private sector, as well as out-of-region placements. Sexual offending seemed a common reason for detention.

The authors attempt to explain this phenomenon. They also highlight the need for future developments and greater systematic data collection.
Involuntary Disclosure of Private Medical Records to the Defence in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Corker David
Published: January 2017

This article concerns the law and procedure governing the production and disclosure to an accused of medical and therapeutic records in the hands of third parties, not part of the Crown's case against the accused. Following a brief analysis of the medicolegal issues involved, this article examines recent statutory changes regarding involuntary disclosure to an accused by third parties of private records in their possession.
Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adult Health Behaviors among U.S. States, 1990–2004
Authors: Harper Sam , Lynch John
Published: January 2017

Objective.

The purpose of this study was to measure state trends in educational inequalities in smoking, binge alcohol use, physical inactivity, obesity, and seatbelt use.

Methods.

The authors calculated the Relative Concentration Index of educational inequality for five health behaviors on adults from all 50 states and the District of Columbia using data from 1990 to 2004 in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( n=2,118,562). Linear regression was used to measure changes and trends in the Relative Concentration Index of health inequality across education groups in each state.

Results.

Except for binge alcohol use, poorer health behaviors were concentrated among the less educated. The largest educational inequalities were for physical inactivity. From 1990 to 2004, significant increases in relative educational inequalities occurred in 40 states for smoking and 31 states for physical inactivity. For binge alcohol use, 27 states showed significant declining inequality trends, but educational inequalities reversed direction and binge alcohol use is now more prevalent among the less educated in 19 states. Significant decreases in educational inequalities occurred in 36 states for obesity and 24 states for seat belt use. Changes in educational inequalities across the different health behaviors were not associated, except for a modest correlation between changes in inequality in smoking and binge alcohol use ( r=0.40; p=0.004). Similarly, there was little association between changes in the population prevalence of health behaviors and changes in educational inequality in health behaviors, with substantial heterogeneity among states.

Conclusions.

State trends in relative educational inequality among health behaviors were mixed, increasing for smoking and physical inactivity and decreasing for obesity and seat belt use. The factors influencing relative inequality trends may differ from those affecting overall prevalence trends.
Acute Pesticide Poisoning in the U.S. Retail Industry, 1998–2004
Authors: Calvert Geoffrey M. , Petersen Ann M. , Sievert Jennifer , Mehler Louise N. , Das Rupali , Harter Lucy C. , Romoli Cinzia , Becker Alan , Ball Cynthia , Male Dorilee , Schwartz Abby , Lackovic Michelle
Published: January 2017

Objective.

This study was conducted to describe the national magnitude and characteristics of acute pesticide poisoning among workers and customers in retail establishments.

Methods.

Analyses included retail employees 15–64 years of age and customers with acute pesticide poisoning identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks-Pesticides (SENSOR-Pesticides) and California Department of Pesticide Regulation from 1998 to 2004. Pesticide poisoning incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated.

Results.

A total of 325 cases of acute pesticide poisoning were identified. Of these cases, 287 (88%) were retail employees and 38 (12%) were customers. Overall, retail employees had a significantly lower acute pesticide poisoning incidence rate compared with non-agricultural, non-retail employees (IRR=0.53; 95% confidence interval 0.47, 0.59). However, significantly elevated pesticide poisoning incidence rates were observed for four retail occupations (janitors, stock handlers/baggers, bakery/deli clerks, and shipping/receiving handlers). In addition, workers employed in two retail industry sectors (farm supply stores and hardware stores) had significantly elevated acute pesticide poisoning incidence rates. Incidence rates among the retail employees demonstrated a quadratic trend, monotonically decreasing from 1998 to 2000 and monotonically increasing from 2000 to 2003. The rates appear to have leveled off in 2003 and 2004.

Conclusions.

Preventive measures to decrease acute pesticide poisoning incidence in the retail sector include adoption of unbreakable and tear-resistant container requirements, increased utilization of integrated pest management strategies, and advisement to store managers, employees, and customers about poisoning prevention.
Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Authors: Mongoh Mafany Ndiva , Dyer Neil W. , Stoltenow Charles L. , Khaitsa Margaret L.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota.

Methods.

Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors.

Results.

Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and llamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following variables: death reported on neighboring pasture, vaccination period, dry conditions, wet conditions, antibiotic use, multiple vaccination, and type of predator (coyote). Factors that significantly ( p<0.05) predicted anthrax occurrences on the final logistic regression model were vaccination, use of antibiotics during an outbreak, and period of vaccine administration (before or during the outbreak).

Conclusions.

The characteristics of the anthrax outbreak regarding time and place of occurrence, animals affected, clinical signs reported, and mortality rate were consistent with previous reports of natural anthrax outbreaks in animals. A number of factors that significantly predicted anthrax occurrence in animals in the 2005 outbreak in North Dakota were identified. This information is important in planning appropriate control and prevention measures for anthrax, including recommending the right vaccination and treatment regimens in managing future anthrax outbreaks.
Risk Factors for Infection with Pathogenic and Antimicrobial-Resistant Fecal Bacteria in Northern Elephant Seals in California
Authors: Stoddard Robyn A. , Atwill Edward R. , Gulland Frances M.D. , Miller Melissa A. , Dabritz Haydee A. , Paradies Dave M. , Worcester Karen R. , Jang Spencer , Lawrence Judy , Byrne Barbara A. , Conrad Patricia A.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

The goal of this study was to identify potential environmental and demographic factors associated with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), Salmonella enterica (Salmonella spp.), and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in northern elephant seals stranded along the California coastline.

Methods.

E. coli, Salmonella spp., and C. jejuni were isolated from rectal swabs from 196 juvenile northern elephant seals, which were found stranded and alive along the California coast and brought to The Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, California, for rehabilitation. Gender, weight, county where the animal stranded, month stranded, coastal human population density, exposure to sewage outfall or freshwater outflow (river or stream), and cumulative precipitation in the previous 24 hours, seven days, 30 days, 90 days, and 180 days were analyzed as potential risk factors for infection.

Results.

The odds of C. jejuni and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were higher in feces of seals stranded at sites with higher levels of freshwater outflow compared with lower levels of freshwater outflow. The odds of Salmonella spp. in feces were 5.4 times greater in seals stranded in locations with lower levels of 30-day cumulative precipitation, along with substantially lower odds of Salmonella shedding for seals stranded in Monterey or Santa Cruz county compared with seals stranded in regions further north or south of this central California location.

Conclusions.

Juvenile northern elephant seals that have entered the water are being colonized by antimicrobial-resistant and pathogenic fecal bacteria that may be acquired from terrestrial sources transmitted via river and surface waters.
Gospel and Culture
Authors: Smith Susan
Published: January 2017

The nature of the relationship of faith to culture often proves problematic for missionaries. Some missionaries, in their concern to emphasize culture, may appear to lose sight of their goal of proclaiming Jesus. Others proclaim a Christ who has very little relationship to the people among whom they are ministering. This paper argues that the gospels are examples of inculturated texts. While Christians have traditionally acknowledged the links between the gospels and the great Old Testament narratives and prophetic texts, it is also possible to claim that the gospel genre relies just as significantly on ‘pagan’ Greco-Roman literary genre. Not to recognize the inculturated nature of Christianity's foundational texts, and its implications, can seriously impede the missionary task.
Contemporary Missiology in Theological Education
Authors: Oborji Francis Anekwe
Published: January 2017

Missiology, though already established as a discipline on its own right, is still struggling with its identity and purpose in theological education. Missiology has never gotten the needed space in theological education. This situation is still obtainable despite the shift in modern theology which has helped in producing enormous reflections and publications on issues that touch on missiological concerns: evangelization, Christology, religious pluralism, contextual theology, inculturation, inter-religious dialogue, human promotion, globalization, etc. This article examine the origins and new perspectives of missiology as a science of its own in theological education. The paper discusses the place and role of missiology in theological education. It also highlights the functions of missiology in the missionary activity of the church as well as the new challenges facing the discipline in the field of theology.
Non-Professional Missionaries
Authors: Byers Melvert W.
Published: January 2017

Missionaries of the conservative or “evangelical” branch of American Christianity often look at their colleagues from the large denominations as highly professionalized. In this article, Melvert W. Byers takes a hard look at another side of the problem, unconscious professionalism and its effect on the understanding of the place of the gospel in society. His illustrations are taken from his own background, and the point is not completely new, but there are implications for everyone serving Christ.
Psychopathy and the Death Penalty: Can the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised Identify Offenders Who Represent “A Continuing Threat to Society”?
Authors: Edens John F. , Petrila John , Buffington-Vollum Jacqueline K.
Published: January 2017

Psychopathy has gained increasing importance in the field of risk assessment in the last decade, in large part because of the established association between this construct and future violence and criminality. Situations in which the prediction of “future dangerousness” is at issue appear to be logical areas in which the assessment of psychopathic traits would be relevant to decision-making. One recent application of psychopathy has been its inclusion in death penalty cases, wherein Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) scores have been introduced to support the position that a defendant will represent a “continuing threat” to society—even if serving a life sentence in prison. Despite such claims, a review of the relevant research indicates that the empirical basis for these conclusions is minimal at present. This article summarizes what is known about the relationship between psychopathy and violence, and reviews the legal and professional implications of this research in relation to the use of the PCL-R in the penalty phase of capital cases.
An Animal Model of Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforation
Authors: Amoils C. Philip , Jackler Robert K. , Milczuk Henry , Kelly Kevin E. , Cao Keli
Published: January 2017

Previous investigations into the healing and reconstruction of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations have involved animal models with acute TM perforations. A problem with the acute TM perforation model is that most acute TM perforations will heal spontaneously, both in animals and human beings. A second inadequacy of acute perforation models is that they are not analogous to the salient problem in human beings: Longstanding TM perforation. The ideal animal model must have a TM perforation that is permanent, well‐eplthelialized, and free from infection. The perforation must also be subtotal to preserve a rim of membrane for experimental manipulations, in the chinchilla, we have identified a hardy animal with a short, wide ear canal and relatively large tympanic membranes. Thermal myringectomy, followed by medial infolding of TM microflaps, has resulted in permanent, subtotal chronic TM perforations in the chinchilla animal model. Of the 19 chinchillas (38 TMs) perforated, chronic subtotal perforations were created in 32 ears, 6 to 8 weeks after the initial procedure (84% success). Persistent infection or TM regeneration despite reperforation was recorded in 6 ears (16%) failure). This model is currently being used to assess various biomembrane scaffolds impregnated with growth‐promoting substances in the regeneration of a physiologically sound TM, initially in our animal model and then in human beings. We envision the development of a biomembrane disc impregnated with biorecombinant growth factors that may provide a simple office technique for the repair of chronic, non‐infected TM perforations.
Videolaryngoscopy in the Offic—A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Metson Ralph , Rauch Steven D.
Published: January 2017

In view of the growing popularity of office videolaryngoscopy, surprisingly little objective data exist as to its influence on clincial practice. We reviewed 150 consecutive laryngeal recordings in an attempt to determine what effect videolaryngoscopy has had on our practice and the patient care provided.
Postoperative Risk following Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Burgess Lawrence P. A. , Derderian Sarkis S. , Morin Garrison V. , Gonzalez Carlos , Zajtchuk Joan T.
Published: January 2017

A study was conducted to assess oxygenation and respiratory changes on the first and second postoperative nights after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Twelve patients were postoperatively evaluated with 8‐hour nocturnal polysomnography on four occasions: (1) PREOP—night before UPPP, (2) POPN1—first postoperative night, (3) POPN2—second postoperative night, and (4) 3MOS—3‐month follow‐up study. Results demonstrate that apnea Index (Al) and respiratory disturbance Index (RDI) were significantly Improved at 3MOS from PREOP levels: Al (p < 0.01) and RDI (p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences from PREOP to POPN1 or POPN2 for Al, RDI, lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation (LSAT), or number of desaturations (#DESAT). One of twelve patients dropped LSAT >10% from PREOP to POPN1 or POPN2 (82% PREOP to 71% POPN2). Patients were grouped by PREOP LSAT ⩾80% or <80%, and the postoperative change In LSAT was evaluated by comparing PREOP to a value averaging POPN1 and POPN2. Patients with LSAT ⩽80% decreased by 2.6%; patients with LSAT <80% Improved by 6.2%. This change in LSAT between groups was statistically different (p = 0.02). These data suggest that in the majority of patients, preoperative indices remain unchanged for at least 2 days after surgery, even for patients who demonstrated improvement at 3 months. However, worsening does occur in some patients. On the basis of the results of this study and clinical experience with the postoperative course, a selective management protocol is outlined.
Bridging the Chasm between Management Education, Research, and Practice: Moving Towards the ‘Grounded Theory’ Approach
Authors: Maital Shlomo , Prakhya Srinivas , Seshadri DVR
Published: January 2017

This paper addresses the issue of best-practice research methodology in management. It is argued that management research should follow what is known as ‘grounded theory’, or what Harvard Business School Professor, Robert Kaplan, termed as “innovation action research.”

Today, management research is found following an inappropriate model, the hypotheticoscientific method designed for laboratory research in the natural sciences. This is unsuitable for management and not aligned with case-based pedagogy, action learning or reality-based executive programmes. The result is a painful disconnect between management research and management teaching.

There is an increasing divergence and separation between educators and researchers, when in fact these endeavours should be integrated and converging. While educators use case studies intensively, researchers reject N=1 qualitative methods and instead employ N ≥ 25. It is indeed strange that sometimes the educator and the researcher are the same person. This strange methodological schizophrenia needs a remedy.

For management, world is the laboratory. It therefore requires a worldly. research methodology. Management educators seek to use reality-based tools; yet, they often do research that is abstract and diffused. Some of the leading management tools taught by management educators originated, in fact, in best-practice innovations in organizations. Why not adopt this as general best-practice? And why, then, does management research pay lip service to the natural sciences, when its most powerful theories and tools emerged from clinical, not laboratory, settings?

This paper offers an alternative, a new way forward, based on the familiar concept of grounded theory. Through examples and case studies, it shows how this approach might be applied and how teaching and research can become tightly integrated. It concludes with some poignant thoughts on the way forward, including finding robust ways to partner between management researchers, educators, and practitioners (who are participants of executive education programmes in most business schools). For instance: There would be a need for extensive collaboration between these three constituents. Management education and research must include extensive team work, rather than the common phenomenon of each educator doing his ‘solo’ act in management education programmes and moving on. There should be relevant and well-thoughtout themes that facilitate high quality dialogue between the three constituents (educators, researchers, and practitioners), where there is intense learning on the part of all of them. Significant mindset changes on the part of companies sponsoring their managers for management education programmes would be necessary.

It is hoped that this paper would generate a lot of dialogue resulting in positive changes that would bridge the existing chasm between management education, research, and practice.
The Effect of Auditory Processing on the Development of Low Level Low Frequency Noise Criteria
Authors: Benton S. , Leventhall H.G.
Published: January 2017

The role played by loudness in the assessment of annoyance is seen to effect an intensity dominated concept current in noise assessment practices. Such dominance is not supported by the complex processing nature of the auditory system.

The individual is placed within a context which requires the auditory system to align the person to external stimuli whilst maintaining the production of appropriate behaviours. Development of the concepts associated with audition is a pre-requisite to establishing viable noise assessment criteria. The limitations of present day criteria, with an accepted assumption of intensity as the key parameter, are accentuated when assessments are made of low level low frequency noise. Once the individual is viewed as an active processor, bodily parameters may also serve to provide indices which are derived from the amount of ‘processor work’.