bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutamate release by an Na+ load and oxidative stress in nerve terminals: relevance to ischemia/reperfusion
Authors: Tretter Laszlo , Adam‐Vizi Vera
Published: March 2003

Previously we have reported that oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide exacerbates the effect of an Na+ load in isolated nerve terminals, with a consequence of an ATP depletion, [Ca2+]i and [Na+]i deregulation, and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. In the present study, the release of glutamate in response to a combined effect of an [Na+] load and oxidative stress was measured in isolated nerve terminals over an incubation for 15 min. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide (100 µm) had no effect on the release of glutamate, but significantly enhanced the Ca2+‐independent glutamate release induced by a small [Na+] load achieved with 10 µm veratridine. The effect of a larger Na+ load induced by 40 µm veratridine was not further increased by hydrogen peroxide; in contrast the external Ca2+‐dependent glutamate release was completely eliminated by the oxidant under this condition. The effects of oxidative stress superimposed on a Na+ load are consistent with at least two factors: (i) a relatively modest Na+ load induced by veratridine is augmented by H2O2 giving rise to an increased Ca2+‐independent release of glutamate (ii) oxidative stress in combination with a larger Na+ load causes severe ATP depletion limiting the Ca2+‐dependent vesicular glutamate release. Given the concurrent presence of an Na+ load and oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion these results indicate that the extent of the Na+ load developing during the ischemic period could determine the release of glutamate induced by an oxidative stress during reperfusion.
Synaptic concentration of type‐I adenylyl cyclase in cerebellar neurons
Authors: Wang Hongbing , Chan Guy C.‐K. , Athos Jaime , Storm Daniel R.
Published: March 2003

Specific subcellular targeting and spatial arrangement of signaling molecules are important for efficient signal transduction. The neuro‐specific type‐I adenylyl cyclase (AC1) is stimulated by Ca2+, and plays an essential role in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity. We generated hemagglutinin (HA)‐tagged AC1 to study its subcellular localization in cultured neurons. The HA‐tagged AC1 has similar enzymatic activity and regulatory properties to that of non‐tagged protein. HA‐AC1 targeted to both apical and basolateral domains in the epithelial Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, and it was found in both axons and dendrites in cultured hippocampal neurons as well as in cerebellar granule neurons. Interestingly, AC1 showed a distinct punctate form of immunostaining in MDCK cells and transfected neurons, suggesting it targets to specific subcellular domains. By immunostaining with different synaptic markers, we found that AC1 puncta were located at the excitatory synapses in cerebellar granule neurons. Our data provide a possible cellular mechanism for the physiological role of AC1 in neuroplasticity.
Association of Caspr/paranodin with tumour suppressor schwannomin/merlin and β1 integrin in the central nervous system
Authors: Denisenko‐Nehrbass Natalia , Goutebroze Laurence , Galvez Thierry , Bonnon Carine , Stankoff Bruno , Ezan Pascal , Giovannini Marco , Faivre‐Sarrailh Catherine , Girault Jean‐Antoine
Published: March 2003

Caspr/paranodin is an essential neuronal component of paranodal axoglial junctions, associated with contactin/F3. Its short intracellular domain contains a conserved motif (GNP motif) capable of binding protein 4.1 domains [FERM domains (four point one, ezrin, radixin, moesin)]. Schwannomin/merlin is a tumour suppressor expressed in many cell types, including in neurons, the function and partners of which are still poorly characterized. We show that the FERM domain of schwannomin binds to the paranodin GNP motif in glutathione S‐transferase (GST)‐pull down assays and in transfected COS‐7 cells. The two proteins co‐immunoprecipitated in brain extracts. In addition, paranodin and schwannomin were associated with integrin β1 in transfected cells and in brain homogenates. The presence of paranodin increased the association between integrin β1 and schwannomin or its N‐terminal domain, suggesting that the interactions between these proteins are interdependent. In jimpy mutant mice, which display a severe dysmyelination with deficient paranodal junctions, the interactions between paranodin, schwannomin and integrin β1 were profoundly altered. Our results show that schwannomin and integrin β1 can be associated with paranodin in the central nervous system. Since integrin β1 and schwannomin do not appear to be enriched in paranodes they may be quantitatively minor partners of paranodin in these regions and/or be associated with paranodin at other locations.
In situ imaging of specific binding of [3H]isatin in rat brain
Authors: Crumeyrolle‐Arias Michèle , Medvedev Alexei , Cardona Ana , Barritault Denis , Glover Vivette
Published: March 2003

Isatin is an endogenous indole that influences a range of processes both in vivo and in vitro. It has a distinct and discontinuous distribution in the brain, as well as in other mammalian tissues and body fluids. However, the distribution of isatin binding sites in the brain is not known. Using a real‐time β‐imager we have investigated the distribution of [3H]isatin‐specific binding in rat brain sections. The highest labeling was found in hypothalamic nuclei and in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Administration of the mechanism based monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, reduced but did not abolish the specific binding of [3H]isatin in the rat brain. The distribution became cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus > hippocampus > brain stem > thalamus ≈ striatum.
Need assessment and quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Foldemo Anniqa , Bogren Lennart
Published: March 2003

The present study is a 5‐year follow‐up of patients with schizophrenia who were in‐patients for more than 3 months in 1993. In all, 19 patients fulfilled the criteria and were interviewed 6 months after their discharge. Seventeen of them also participated in a follow‐up 5 years later. Their needs were independently rated by themselves and by their key workers according to the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN, research version 3.0). The interview with the patients also included quality of life assessed by the Quality of Life Scale (QLS‐100). The results from CAN showed a difference when using a cut‐off point for higher vs. lower problem at 10 needs. Using this cut‐off point, five patients at the baseline and one at the follow‐up had higher problems. The need ranking with key workers showed a correlation of ρ = 0.68 at the baseline and ρ = 0.74 at the follow‐up. QLS‐100 showed that the patient's total number of unsatisfied items were significantly higher (p = 0.01) at the baseline than at the follow‐up. At the follow‐up, full insight into their illness was shown by most of the patients. There are several possible explanations associated with the increased quality of life, e.g. less unsatisfied items among some patients and greater autonomy at the follow‐up.
Microsatellite DNA markers for the ground beetle Carabus insulicola
Authors: Takami Y. , Katada S.
Published: March 2003

Twelve microsatellite DNA loci were newly isolated from the ground beetle Carabus insulicola, endemic to Japan, for studying mating systems. Phage vector was used for establishing genomic DNA library, and positive clones were screened with 32P‐labelled probes. Primer sequences and annealing temperature for PCR amplification were determined for each locus. Allelic polymorphism of each locus, number of alleles and observed and expected heterozygosities, were investigated based on 24 individuals. Similarity between observed and expected heterozygosities suggests random mating, and relatively low observed heterozygosity found in two loci may be due to the presence of null alleles.
Characterization of microsatellite loci from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica
Authors: Ishikawa Satoshi , Tsukamoto Katsumi , Nishida Mutsumi
Published: March 2003

The Japenese eel, Anguilla japonica, is generally assumed to be composed of a single population with wide distribution range, and some genetic studies using allozyme or mitochondrial DNA methods supported this population model. However, one genetic study suggested the existence of multiple populations in this species, and thus, more detailed studies on the population structure is needed. Here we characterized a total of 11 microsatellite markers of the Japanese eel. These will serve as powerful tools for detailed population study for the Japanese eel, though two of them showed the significant departure from the Hardy–Weinberg expectations.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the dusky‐footed woodrat, Neotoma fuscipes
Authors: Matocq Marjorie D.
Published: March 2003

Six moderately to highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for dusky‐footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) using a modified enrichment protocol. Of the 149 clones sequenced, 33 (22%) contained inserts with greater than 10 repeat units. These loci are currently being used to study various aspects of the ecology and evolution of N. fuscipes ranging from their mating and social system to individual population histories and geographical differentiation.
Microsatellites in the genus Xiphophorus, developed in Xiphophorus montezumae
Authors: Seckinger J. , Brinkmann H. , Meyer A.
Published: March 2003

Species of the genus Xiphophorus (swordtails and platies) are of great interest for the study of evolution of sexually selected traits like the sword, which is an elongation of ventral fin rays of the male caudal fin, that has evolved in several species within this genus. The detection of 10 microsatellites within the genus Xiphophorus will enable studies about the correlation of this trait with sexual reproductive success of males possessing swords of different lengths. These microsatellites will also be useful in determining population structure and enable paternity analysis in these species, where sperm storage is widespread.
Cross‐species amplification among peromyscines of new microsatellite DNA loci from the oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus)
Authors: Prince Kelly L. , Glenn Travis C. , Dewey Michael J.
Published: March 2003

We describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and conditions to amplify 11 microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus). These were tested for amplification using nine species and subspecies maintained at the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center, with an average success rate of 65% and two loci amplifying in all species. Polymorphism was tested within the P. polionotus subgriseus and the recently obtained P. maniculatus sonorensis colonies. P. p. subgriseus had modest numbers of alleles per locus (1–4), whereas P. m. sonorensis had many alleles per locus (5–10) and high expected heterozygosities (0.625–0.878).
Microsatellite loci for the mayfly Baetis rhodani (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Williams H. C. , Wilcock H. R. , Bruford M. W.
Published: March 2003

The first microsatellite primers are described for the mayfly family Baetidae (order Ephemeroptera). Seven polymorphic loci were isolated and characterized for the species Baetis rhodani from two enriched genomic libraries. A total of 183 individuals were genotyped using these loci. Allelic diversity was high for all loci, and observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.382 and 0.772. A heterozygote deficiency was detected in some loci, suggesting the presence of ‘null’ alleles.
Microsatellite loci for paternity assessment in the black swan (Cygnus atratus: Aves)
Authors: Carew P. J. , Adcock G. J. , Mulder R. A.
Published: March 2003

Seven polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the black swan Cygnus atratus Latham, using nonradioactive PCR‐based techniques to screen an enriched genomic library. These loci were highly variable (mean HE = 0.75, mean number of alleles = 9.1), and showed no evidence of linkage disequilibrium or null alleles. This locus set is suitable for detecting extra‐pair copulations (combined exclusion probability = 0.999) and for other population genetic applications.
Novel Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, microsatellite DNA markers detect population structure and hybrid complexes
Authors: Julian S. E. , King T. L. , Savage W. K.
Published: March 2003

Twenty polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and characterized in Ambystoma jeffersonianum collected from three vernal pools in the mid‐Atlantic region of the U.S. These markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity (7–23 alleles per locus), heterozygosity (46.7% to 100%), and allelic heterogeneity (96% of comparisons were statistically significant). Genetic distances were greatest in comparisons between collections, intermediate within collections, and least among sibling pairs. Six markers were trisomic in A. jeffersonianum‐A. laterale hybrids. These microsatellite DNA loci should allow delineation of genetic structure within and among populations of the diploid A. jeffersonianum and provide an effective method for identification of triploid hybrid individuals.
Doing good or doing well? A counter‐story of continuing professional education
Authors: Jeris Laurel H. , Armacost Linda K.
Published: March 2003

This exploratory study begins the examination of one of four research propositions composed to stimulate new questions and research in continuing professional education (CPE), focusing on the relationship between CPE and social justice. Through a critical literature review and comparison of CPE curricula offered by medical and legal professional associations, this study examines ways in which political, cultural and institutional practices within the professions and their associations support or injure various groups.
Extra‐pair fertilizations in Tree Sparrows Passer montanus
Authors: Cordero Pedro J. , Heeb Philipp , Wetton Jon H. , Parkin David T.
Published: March 2003

Females of socially monogamous bird species frequently accept or solicit copulations from males other than their social mates. At the interspecific level, it has been proposed that species with few or no sexual plumage differences have lower levels of extra‐pair fertilizations (EPFs) than more dichromatic species. This is because it is easier for females to assess the quality of extra‐pair mates in dichromatic than monochromatic species. To test this, by using genetic profiling, we compared the occurrence of extra‐pair young in nests of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus, a monochromatic species, in Switzerland and Spain, with published estimates for the House Sparrow Passer domesticus, a closely related dichromatic species. We found that 25% (10/40) of Tree Sparrow broods in Spain and 23% (8/35) in Switzerland had at least one extra‐pair offspring, and that 8% (12/151) of nestlings in Spain and 10% (12/114) in Switzerland were sired by extra‐pair mates. These proportions did not differ significantly between the two populations. Tree Sparrow EPF rates did not differ significantly from available data for the House Sparrow, either in the proportion of broods with EPF young (24%, 18/75 in Tree vs. 26%, 92/359 in House Sparrows) or the overall proportion of extra‐pair young (9%, 24/265 in Tree vs. 11%, 142/1110 in House Sparrows). Our results suggest that a close taxonomic relationship and similarities in behaviour and ecology may be more important in determining levels of EPF in these species than sexual phenotypic differences.
Seasonal changes in the nocturnal singing routines of Common Nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos
Authors: Thomas Robert J.
Published: March 2003

Male Common Nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos famously sing at night. There are two distinct types of nocturnal singing routine (the dusk‐to‐dawn pattern of variation in song rate): (1) dusk and dawn choruses, with little or no song during the middle of the night; (2) a rapid increase in song rate after dusk, reaching a broad peak in the middle of the night, declining towards dawn, and followed by a dawn chorus. Males sing different nocturnal singing routines at different times in the breeding season. Earlier in the breeding season, most males sing Type 2 routines. Later in the breeding season, most males sing Type 1 routines, as do birds on the wintering grounds. At least some individuals may also sing Type 1 routines during the first few days after their arrival on their breeding territories, before the arrival of females. The main function of nocturnal song appears to be mate attraction. The patterns of variation in song rate over the course of the night are qualitatively similar to those predicted by stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) models of daily singing and foraging routines, for birds that do not forage at night, in circumstances when birds can pair at night (Type 2 routines), and when they cannot (Type 1 routines). The observed seasonal changes in the types of routine sung are also consistent with the predictions of these models.
Body mass variation in Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Hull Cindy L. , Vanderkist Brett , Lougheed Lynn , Kaiser Gary , Cooke Fred
Published: March 2003

Body mass was measured in Marbled Murrelets Brachyramphus marmoratus from May to August, 1994–1998 at Desolation Sound, and during June and July 1997 at Mussel Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, to assess seasonal, sexual, site and intra‐annual variation. Birds were captured by mist‐net, and by night‐lighting, and were sexed using molecular techniques. The breeding status of females (gravid or not) in 1997 was determined from plasma levels of egg‐yolk precursors. Adult males weighed 203.7 ± 14.8 g, n = 495 (juveniles 166.6 ± 28.8 g, n = 31) and females weighed 201.2 ± 20.5 g, n = 344 (juveniles 148.3 ± 23.5 g, n = 20). Murrelets caught in mist‐nets were significantly lighter than those caught by night‐lighting. Female mass was constant across years of the study, but males caught by night‐lighting were heavier in 1998 than in 1997. Females declined in mass during the egg‐laying period, but when gravid females were removed from the analysis, or when the post‐laying data were analysed, no declines were found. Marbled Murrelets appear to maintain mass at a constant level all season, and are probably more income than capital breeders. Variation in body mass in this species may be constrained by the need to fly with speed and agility to avoid aerial predators.
Geographical differences in seasonal clutch size variation in multi‐brooded bird species
Authors: Dhondt André A. , Kast Tracey L. , Allen Paul E.
Published: March 2003

The seasonal pattern of clutch size variation in birds varies among species. In single‐brooded bird species clutch sizes decline continuously with date from an early season maximum. In resident multi‐brooded species, clutch sizes first increase to a mid‐season maximum and then decrease again. Limited data for multi‐brooded migratory birds suggest that clutches in these species also show a continuous decline throughout the season, but it remains to be resolved whether this applies generally and whether migration adds a constraint to the system. We here report on a study of the Eastern BluebirdSialia sialisconducted using data collected by volunteers across most of its range. In the southern part of its range, where Eastern Bluebirds are largely year‐round residents, clutches initially increase, reach a mid‐season maximum and gradually decline later in the season. In the northern part of the range, where the majority of Eastern Bluebirds are migratory, clutch sizes decline continuously throughout the season. To determine whether seasonal changes in the clutch size of multi‐brooded species are determined by migratory behaviour of the population we compared our results with published data on the DunnockPrunella modularisand conclude that in multi‐brooded species migratory behaviour is not a sufficient condition for a continuous seasonal decline in clutch size, but it could be a necessary one. We propose two mechanisms for the pattern observed among multi‐brooded migrants: (i) a time or energy cost of migration, and (ii) a more abrupt increase in seasonal resources in spring at more northerly latitudes.
Differences in the nearpoint of convergence with target type
Authors: Siderov John , Chiu Sam C. , Waugh Sarah J.
Published: March 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on measurements of the nearpoint of convergence (NPC) of different target types. In order to assess the influence of accommodation, the NPC was also measured under conditions of varying accommodative demand.

Methods: The NPC was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using three targets: the RAF rule, the sharpened tip of a pencil and the tip of the examiner's index finger. All measurements were performed under the same conditions on two groups of asymptomatic subjects, a group of 14 presbyopic subjects and a group of 14, younger, non‐presbyopic subjects. The influence of accommodative demand was assessed in the non‐presbyopic group by measuring the NPC while subjects viewed the RAF rule target through +2.00 and −2.00 lenses held in front of their eyes.

Results: For the presbyopic group, the NPC (break) and NPC (recovery) were independent of target type. However, the NPC (break) was significantly less remote than the NPC (recovery). Comparative data for the non‐presbyopic group showed that NPC (break) for the RAF target was less remote than for either the pencil tip or finger tip targets. In agreement with the results from the presbyopic group, the NPC (recovery) was independent of target type.

Conclusion: For subjects with little or no accommodation, the NPC does not depend on the target used and is the same measured with the RAF rule, a pencil tip or finger tip. In non‐presbyopic subjects there appears to be a small accommodative influence on the NPC, which is target dependent. However, the difference is probably not clinically important.
Relationship between vision impairment and ability to perform activities of daily living
Authors: Haymes Sharon A. , Johnston Alan W. , Heyes Anthony D.
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To determine the relationship between clinical measures of vision impairment and the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs).

Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects with low vision from a variety of causes participated in the study. Vision impairment was assessed under binocular conditions by measuring distance visual acuity, near word acuity, Melbourne Edge Test contrast sensitivity, Pelli–Robson Chart contrast sensitivity and visual fields. The ADL performance was assessed using the Melbourne Low Vision ADL Index (MLVAI), which is in part an observed performance assessment of instrumental ADLs and in part a self‐report assessment of basic self‐care ADLs.

Results: All vision measures had a high, statistically significant correlation with MLVAI total score. Near word acuity, had the strongest correlation (rs=−0.86, p < 0.001), followed by Melbourne Edge Test contrast sensitivity (rs=0.80, p < 0.001). Visual field had the weakest correlation (rs=0.56, p < 0.001). Together, age, near word acuity, Melbourne Edge Test contrast sensitivity and visual field accounted for 82.2% (adjusted R2, p < 0.001) of the variance in MLVAI total score. All correlations obtained were higher for the observed performance assessment of instrumental ADLs than for the self‐report assessment of basic self‐care ADLs.

Conclusions: Clinical vision impairment measures are highly correlated with capacity to perform ADLs, as measured by the MLVAI.
In vitro and in vivo effects of a lubricant in a contact lens solution
Authors: Thai Lee C. , Tomlinson Alan , Simmons Peter A.
Published: March 2003

Purpose: Physical properties and tear film function were investigated for a multipurpose contact lens solution containing the ocular lubricant hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

Methods: In the laboratory, wetting properties of multipurpose solutions with and without HPMC, and binding of HPMC to hydrogel lenses in vitro following an overnight soak, were measured. Tear physiology was evaluated in 35 hydrogel contact lens wearers using multipurpose solutions with and without HPMC. Pre‐lens tear evaporation rate (TER), tear thinning time (TTT) and tear film structure (TFS) were recorded, and subjective responses were obtained.

Results: Laboratory measurements indicated improved wetting with the HPMC‐containing solution, and continued release of HPMC from lenses after an overnight soak in the solution. Pre‐lens TTT was longer (p < 0.001) and pre‐lens TFS was improved (p=0.034) with use of the HPMC‐containing solution. Pre‐lens TER and subjective comparisons did not demonstrate significant differences.

Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo results are consistent with HPMC producing a thicker, longer‐lasting layer of fluid on the hydrogel lens, leading to improvements in tear function in contact lens wearers.
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Visual Acuity Development in Infants
Authors: SanGiovanni John Paul , Dwyer Johanna T.
Published: March 2003

Supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n‐3) has recently been considered for infant formulas in the United States. DHA is a long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is derived from the essential fatty acid α‐linolenic acid and concentrated in retinal and brain membranes of high biological activity. Inadequate DHA intake alters both neuronal structure and the functional development of visual‐sensory, visual‐perceptual, and visual‐cognitive systems. Visual development may be related to dietary composition and balance of essential fatty acids and/or DHA during the first year of life, especially in infants born prematurely. This review concludes that in premature infants there are transient effects of DHA on visual resolution acuity development. In infants born at term, the benefits of a DHA‐supplemented diet during the first year of life on visual development are still unclear. Although existing studies suggest that differences in performance on visual resolution acuity tasks do not persist, there may be sustained or emerging differences in other visually‐based processes. Other putative effects of DHA on nonvisually‐based processes require more study before supplementation is implemented. ▪

Key Words:
docosahexaenoic acids, omega‐3, visual acuity, infant nutrition, central nervous system
An Integrated Approach to Obesity Care
Authors: Kushner Robert , Pendarvis Leah
Published: March 2003

Abstract With over 50% of adult Americans currently categorized as overweight or obese, this chronic disease represents the most significant threat to our nation's health. The new National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Clinical Guidelines provide physicians with a structured framework for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obese adults. However, successful implementation of obesity care in the office setting poses a more formidable challenge. Factors related to the patient, the physician, and the practice environment may represent potential barriers. In this article, issues of sensitivity, patient counseling, and the practice management of obesity are reviewed. An integrated delivery of care, which utilizes comprehensive support systems and other health care providers, is described.
Roles of Sodium and Potassium in the Development and Management of Hypertension
Authors: Drüeke Tilman B.
Published: March 2003

Abstract There is general consensus that a high intake of potassium may protect against high blood pressure, and that a low intake of this mineral may contribute to hypertension. However, the effect of dietary salt (sodium chloride) on blood pressure is the cause of great discussion. The origin of the salt debate can be traced to the first half of this century when practically no measures were available to treat high blood pressure other than a drastic reduction in salt intake. Subsequent studies in salt‐sensitive rats and observations of questionable scientific value in various human populations were interpreted as indisputable proof of a major role for salt in the elevation of blood pressure. This led to the widely accepted yet erroneous idea that present salt intake is largely responsible for high blood pressure in the general population of Western countries. Rather, numerous factors affect blood pressure and its sensitivity to salt. Therefore, broader modifications—increasing exercise, consuming more potassium‐rich fruits and vegetables and calcium‐rich dairy products, and moderating alcohol consumption—are likely of greater importance for blood pressure control in the population at large than a single focus on the restriction of salt intake.
Psychiatric Management of Eating Disorders
Authors: Klapper Fern , Gurney Valerie W. , Wiseman Claire V. , Cheng Henry T. , Halmi Katherine A.
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract As the number of patients with eating disorders continues to grow, primary care providers are more frequently challenged with treating anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The management of these conditions requires a comprehensive understanding of eating disorder assessment, medical consequences, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and levels of treatment. An effective treatment plan is typically cognitive behavior oriented and may include a combination of individual, group, and family therapies. These therapies and other treatment options, such as psychopharmacology, will be reviewed.
The Role of Lycopene in Health and Disease
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2003

Lycopene is a major carotenoid in human serum and tissues, and in the average diet. It is unique among the carotenoids in that it has one major food source: tomatoes. Compared with other carotenoids, plasma levels of lycopene appear to be less influenced by dietary intake. However, this may be due to limitations in the dietary assessment tools for lycopene and/or variability in the bioavailability of lycopene among different preparations of foods. Epidemiologic studies suggest that a diet rich in lycopene is related to a decreased risk of certain cancers, particularly cancers of the digestive tract, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The chemoprotective effect of lycopene is thought to be due to its protective effect against oxidative damage. It has been suggested that lycopene may be protective in other diseases that are affected by oxidative processes, eg, cardiovascular disease and HIV infection, although more research needs to be conducted in this regard. Human clinical studies examining the effect of supplementation of lycopene on disease prevention have not been conducted and may be difficult given the negative outcomes from intervention trials examining β‐carotene supplementation and lung cancer risk.
Beneficial Effects of a Diet High in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Zhao Guixiang , Pelkman Christine L. , Fishell Valerie K. , Coval Stacie M.
Published: March 2003

Current dietary recommendations for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) focus on limiting intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Implementation of these guidelines is achieved by the substitution of calories from saturated fat with carbohydrate calories and the reduction of foods rich in dietary cholesterol. Adherence to these low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets reduces total serum cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol, thereby reducing risk for CVD. Recent evidence, however, shows that consumption of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets in weight‐maintaining individuals increases triglycerides and reduces HDL‐cholesterol. These potentially deleterious changes have led many to question the appropriateness of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets for CVD risk reduction. An alternative approach is the substitution of calories from saturated fatty acids with calories from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which have a neutral effect on plasma cholesterol levels. In this review, results from 18 studies examining effects of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate vs. high‐MUFA diets on serum lipoproteins are presented. Based on these studies, we conclude that high‐MUFA diets are effective for reducing total and LDL‐cholesterol and may be expected to elicit more beneficial changes in CVD risk than currently prescribed low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets, especially in patients who do not require weight loss. A listing of high‐MUFA foods and practical guidelines for diet planning are presented as an aid to clinicians in the implementation of high‐MUFA diets.
Garlic and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Loy Michelle H. , Rivlin Richard S.
Published: March 2003

The goal of this review is to evaluate the current status of knowledge concerning cardiovascular effects of allium derivatives from garlic and to identify potential areas of future research. To date, the cardiovascular actions most studied include lipoprotein metabolism, hypertension, thrombosis, and antioxidant capacity. There are also some preliminary findings suggesting that garlic may lower elevated serum levels of homocysteine. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies have reported that garlic contains many biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. The majority of studies show that garlic lowers total serum cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol; inhibition of HMG‐CoA reductase or squalene epoxidase appears to be the major mechanism. Lowering of blood pressure likely results from inhibition of angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity. Antithrombosis effects may be related to inhibition of adenosine deaminase. Antioxidant effects may be related to the inhibition of lipoxygenase. The published studies in their aggregate suggest that appropriate usage of allium derivatives from garlic may potentially play a role in the maintenance of optimal cardiac function. Further research is needed to examine the structure‐function relationships of the various allium derivatives of garlic, the amounts in foods and supplements required for efficacy, and the possible effects of combining garlic with other nutrients and medications. The mechanisms of action of allium derivatives on various aspects of cardiac function require further clarification.
Talking to Patients About Aerobic Exercise for Disease Prevention: An Educational Exercise for Medical Students
Authors: Ritchie Christine S. , Stetson Barbara A. , Bass Pat F. , Adams Kent J.
Published: March 2003

Numerous data demonstrate the importance of physical activity in reducing obesity and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Research demonstrates the beneficial impact of physician counseling on health promoting behaviors. Unfortunately, few physicians or medical students receive formal training in exercise counseling. We describe an educational activity used to provide medical students with the tools needed to begin to engage patients in activity counseling.
Diagnosis and Management of Lipoprotein Abnormalities
Authors: Batiste Marcelo C. , Schaefer Ernst J.
Published: March 2003

Abnormal lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol values have been defined as a low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) value of 160 mg/dL (4.1 mmol/L) or greater, a high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) C value less than 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L), triglycerides (TG) 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or greater, and a lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] of 30 mg/dl or greater. Such values all increase coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines continue to focus on optimizing LDL‐C values (established as < 100 mg/dL or 2.6 mmol/L), especially in those with established CHD, diabetes, or a 10‐year CHD risk over 20%. Dietary saturated fat (< 7% of calories) and cholesterol (< 200 mg/day) restriction, and the use of 3‐hydroxy‐3methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors are the mainstays of treatment in this regard. Such treatment substantially reduces CHD risk. Severe hypertriglyceridemia (> 1000 mg/dL or 11.0 mmol/L) is associated with pancreatitis, and fat restriction, control of glucose, and fibrate therapy are indicated in such patients. Niacin is currently the most effective agent for lowering Lp(a) and raising HDL‐C. Current recommendations for treatment by diet and drugs are outlined.
Folate, Homocysteine, and Neurological Function
Authors: Morris Martha Savaria
Published: March 2003

The study of different neurological problems, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression, has propelled a greater interest in interrelationships among folate, homocysteine, and neurological function. Specifically, low folate status is a suspected risk factor for depression that also results in an increase in circulating levels of the sulfur amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine has emerged as an independent risk factor for stroke, and recent studies suggest that vascular disease affecting the brain and Alzheimer's disease may result together in senile dementia. The relationship between stroke and AD was at first interpreted as coincidence, given the pathologic distinctions between the two diseases. However, the connection is now hypothesized to reflect some common pathogenic factors involving folate, homocysteine, or both. It remains unclear whether there is a causal relationship between neurological dysfunction in either condition with folate or homocysteine. Nevertheless, since improvement of folate status lowers homocysteine levels, the hypothesis that folate supplementation may lower the risk of several important health consequences of aging, including various forms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction, is worthy of current intensive exploration.
Development of a chronic type skin defect model and a study of cytokine secretion using the model
Authors: Zhou Li‐Jun , Matsui Risako , Ono Ichiro
Published: March 2003

In this study, we established a delayed healing chronic type wound model in order to investigate the etiology of chronic wound healing, including wound contraction. Establishment of the model was important for clarification of the mechanism(s) of chronic wound healing and wound contraction and for use in evaluating therapeutic efficacy. A pedicled skin flap was raised beneath the panniculus carnosus membrane on the backs of mice, and after the loose connective tissue at the base of the flap was completely removed surgically, the flap was replaced and sutured. Seven days after surgery, a full‐thickness defect measuring 1.5 × 1.5 cm was made in the center of the skin flap. At that time, a defect of the same size, including the panniculus carnosus membrane, was made in another group of mice as controls, and changes with time in wound area were compared between the two groups. The exudate retained on the wound surface was collected, and various cytokines contained in the exudate were measured. In the control group, the wound rapidly contracted and almost completely epithelialized and closed 21 days after surgery. On the other hand, the wound area was significantly larger in the delayed model than in the control animals during the observation period, revealing a delay in wound contraction. Transforming growth factor‐β, interleukin‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in the exudates from the wound of the model were significantly higher than in those of the control group, whereas interleukin‐6 was low in the model. From these results, it was concluded that this model could be a useful experimental system for studies on wound contraction as well as clarifying the mechanism of so called chronic type wounds.
Particle‐mediated gene therapy of wounds
Authors: Davidson Jeffrey M , Krieg Thomas , Eming Sabine A
Published: March 2003

Gene therapy is becoming a reality, and it is a particularly attractive approach for wound healing, because the wound site is often exposed, the treatment and condition should be transient, and gene products such as growth factors and cytokines suffer from problems with bioavailability and stability. Among the techniques for gene delivery to the wound site, particle‐mediated bombardment with a device called the gene gun has become an important developmental tool. This instrument has been used in numerous examples of wound gene therapy with growth factors or their receptors in the last decade. Among the advantages of particle‐mediated bombardment are ease and speed of preparation of the delivery vehicle, the stability of the DNA preparation, the absence of (viral) antigens, the ability to target the projectiles to different tissue depths and areas, and the rapid shedding of both particles and DNA if they are targeted to the epidermis. Clinical application of the technology remains limited by the relatively low efficiency of the method, the potential tissue damage created by impact of the particles, and the coverage area. The gene gun can also be used to facilitate the discovery and validation of gene products as wound healing agents.
Transforming growth factor‐β2 (TGF‐β2) reverses the inhibitory effects of fibrin sealant on cutaneous wound repair in the pig
Authors: Petratos Peter B. , Felsen Diane , Trierweiler Grant , Pratt Bruce , McPherson John M. , Poppas Dix P.
Published: March 2003

Tensile strength of 2‐cm, full‐thickness, surgically incised porcine skin wounds sealed with fibrin sealant was enhanced compared to conventionally sutured wounds at 6 hours postwounding, but was significantly reduced after 3 days. Supplementation of fibrin sealant with transforming growth factor‐β2 (TGF‐β2) reversed the inhibitory effects of fibrin sealant on tensile strength at 3 days, and enhanced tensile strength at 7 days compared to suture or fibrin sealant alone. By 14 days, the tensile strengths of all wounds were similar, although wounds treated with fibrin sealant supplemented with TGF‐β2 showed a small, but statistically significant, improvement in wound strength compared to wounds treated with fibrin sealant alone. Histological assessment at day 7 revealed significant remnants of fibrin sealant at the wound site following fibrin sealant treatment alone, while wounds treated with fibrin sealant supplemented with TGF‐β2 or suture exhibited fibroblast infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition. At day 7, TGF‐β was immunolocalized in the base and margins of only wounds treated with fibrin sealant supplemented with TGF‐β2. A significant increase in matrix metalloproteinase‐9 activity was found in fibrin sealant–treated wounds at day 7 as compared to sutured wounds. Addition of TGF‐β to the fibrin sealant suppressed the up‐regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in these wounds. These results suggest that fibrin sealant supplemented with TGF‐β may provide superior wound healing as compared to fibrin sealant alone. (WOUND REP REG 2002;10:252–258)
Tacrolimus enhances colon anastomotic healing in rats
Authors: Kiyama Teruo , Tajiri Takashi , Tokunaga Akira , Yoshiyuki Toshiro , Barbul Adrian
Published: March 2003

Tacrolimus inhibits T‐cell function and neutrophil chemotaxis during inflammation. We hypothesized that tacrolimus would enhance healing of a rat colon anastomosis by reducing the inflammatory response. Fifty‐five male Sprague Dawley rats, 230–260 g body weight, underwent identical surgical manipulation consisting of a single‐layer, inverted colon anastomosis and the implantation of osmotic pumps subcutaneously in the left flank area. The animals were randomly assigned to receive tacrolimus, at a dose of 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/kg/day, or only the control solvent solution. The animals were euthanized 4 days after surgery. Colon‐bursting pressure (mmHg), anastomotic collagen content (µg hydroxyproline/mg wet tissue), and anastomotic type IV collagenase activity (mU/mg protein) were measured. Tacrolimus significantly increased colon‐bursting pressure at all doses used (146 ± 9, 158 ± 10, 151 ± 6 mmHg; 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg/day, respectively) vs. control (119 ± 7 mmHg, p < 0.01). There was no effect on collagen accumulation except at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg/day, which significantly decreased anastomotic collagen content (p < 0.05). Tacrolimus at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg/day increased anastomotic collagenase activity, which was not changed by treatment with the higher doses. Microscopic examination revealed the preservation of the multilayered structure, including the mucosal muscle, a thickened submucosa, and the proper muscle of the anastomotic site in the tacrolimus‐treated groups. These data suggest that tacrolimus enhances wound strength during acute anastomotic healing despite a reduction in collagen content.(WOUND REP REG 2002;10:308–313)
c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activation during warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injuries in a rat model
Authors: Shinoda Masahiro , Shimazu Motohide , Matsuda Satoshi , Wakabayashi Go , Tanabe Minoru , Hoshino Ken , Kamei Shusaku , Koyasu Shigeo , Kitajima Masaki
Published: March 2003

Ischemia/reperfusion injuries are a major problem in liver resections and transplantations. Tumor necrosis factor‐α has been widely investigated as a key mediator in the mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Upstream signal transduction mechanisms for tumor necrosis factor‐α have not been well documented. Therefore, we assessed c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activation during warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injuries in a rat model. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Hepatic enzymes, histological examinations, microfluorographs, and tumor necrosis factor‐α protein production (in the serum and liver tissue) were analyzed during the course of reperfusion. c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activity was measured by a radioisotope kinase assay. Ischemia/reperfusion injuries were characterized by an elevation in hepatic enzyme, the histological degeneration of hepatocytes, and an increase in the number of nonviable cells. Moreover, increased endothelial‐adherent leukocytes and tumor necrosis factor‐α protein production were also observed. c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activity at 60 minutes after reperfusion was 12.4 times higher than the pre‐ischemia level. These results suggest that c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase may play some role in the mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion injuries. (WOUND REP REG 2002;10:314–319)
Evolution of Continuous Flow Peritoneal Dialysis and the Current State of the Art
Authors: Diaz‐Buxo Jose A.
Published: March 2003

Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis (CFPD) was first conceived more than three decades ago in an attempt to enhance peritoneal clearances using the continuous flow technique. Its progress was halted by technical limitations and by the high cost required to generate large volumes of dialytic solution. The recent demand for higher PD doses and technical innovations have revived the interest in this therapy. This article reviews the basic mechanical principles governing CFPD, its potential advantages and disadvantages, and the various methods to generate dialysate. Recent clinical experiences strongly suggest that CFPD can achieve higher small solute clearances than any modality of conventional PD or three times a week hemodialysis, and perhaps comparable to those obtained with daily hemodialysis. Attention can now be directed at improving peritoneal access and developing systems compatible with current reimbursement.