bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of compression garment in relieving muscular pain: a review
Authors: Agarwal Shivangi , Juneja Shalini
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand compression garment in the area of medical industry, compression garments were used initially for patients with circulatory problems. External pressure was created by compression garments on the body surface which prevents blood clots, leg swelling and improves venous hemodynamics.

Design/methodology/approach

Compression rehabilitation is a significant element in the effective management of lower limb problems of people associated with venous, lymphatic, fat disorders like lipoedema.

Findings

Compression garments have been attributed primarily for the increase in blood flow, improvement in recovery, reduction in muscle vibration that increase stability, improvement in thermoregulation, decrease in muscle pain, elimination of blood lactate and creatine kinase after exercise.

Originality/value

Compression garments are extraordinary clothes that contain elastomeric yarns or fibers that are responsible for applying significant mechanical pressure on the required body surface for compressing, stabilizing and supporting underlying tissues.
Provision of health-related information for immigrant patrons in public libraries in a large US city
Authors: Grossman Suzanne , Erwin Lisa Jane , Martinez-Donate Ana , Agosto Denise E. , Winston Mark , Epstein Nancy , Klassen Ann C.
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Public libraries can help immigrants adjust to life in the USA, including maintaining health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to understand how immigrants use public libraries and how library staff provide health-related information and services for immigrant audiences.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used semistructured interviews with library staff (n = 9) and immigrant library patrons (n = 10), representing multiple first languages and countries of origin from two different library locations within a large public library system in a US mid-Atlantic city.

Findings

Staff reported offering many health-related programs and services, but only one of the 10 patron respondents had used them. Patrons more commonly used the library in ways indirectly related to health (e.g. learning English) than direct health-related services. Staff reported comfort interacting with immigrant patrons, but lacked consensus on navigating language barriers and determining community needs.

Research limitations/implications

This qualitative study provides insights from a specific geographic and cultural setting. It focused on immigrants using the library and may have excluded vulnerable populations of immigrants who encounter barriers to using the library. Future research and practice should focus on how public libraries can better meet the health information needs of immigrant populations, including navigating controversial social and political topics, as well as emerging health-related information during a pandemic.

Originality/value

Public health practitioners often overlook public libraries as community collaborators. This research identifies that while there is important and essential work happening in public libraries to improve immigrant health, more can be done, especially in collaboration with public health professionals.
Economic value-added (EVA) myths and realities: evidence from the Indian manufacturing sector
Authors: Sura Jasvir S. , Panchal Rajender , Lather Anju
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The main aim of this paper is to examine the claim that economic value added (EVA) advocates its superiority over the traditional accounting-based financial performance measures, i.e. profit after tax (PAT), earnings per share (EPS), return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and return on investment (ROI) in the Indian manufacturing sector and at the same time, give empirical facts. It also tests and examines the information content of various performance measures and their relationship with stock returns.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses the sample of 534 Indian manufacturing companies from the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) during the period 2000–2018. Multiple regression models are applied to examine the information content of EVA and traditional performance measures in explaining shareholders’ returns.

Findings

Relative information content tests revealed that traditional accounting-based measures such as EPS, ROE and ROA performed better than EVA in explaining the returns of Indian manufacturing companies. Incremental information content of EVA adds little contribution to information content above traditional performance measures. The claim of superiority of EVA over accounting-based measures in association with shareholder returns is proved invalid in Indian manufacturing companies.

Originality/value

This study concludes that EVA has no superiority over traditional accounting-based financial performance measures in explaining stock returns of Indian manufacturing companies. To achieve heftiness in outcomes, panel data are tested by using Breusch–Pagan–Godfrey (BPG) test for heteroskedasticity, Hausman’s test for fixed and random effect, variance inflation factor (VIF) test for multicollinearity and Durbin–Watson test for autocorrelation.
LET ME GO: Depression and suicidal fantasies in children1
Authors: Bisagni Francesco
Published: September 2022

The paper explores the phenomenology of major depression and suicidal ideation in children, offering a brief overview of relevant findings in psychiatry, with particular reference to statistical evidence, and outlining psychoanalytic models, including Jungian as well as the post‐Kleinian and Bionian vertices. Bowlby's seminal contribution to the understanding of mourning processes in relation to Freud's theory is also considered. The case of an eight‐year‐old boy is examined, with particular attention to a series of drawings that the patient produced over the two years of his psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The therapy was interrupted abruptly by his parents.
A case–control study of the interaction of fetal heart rate abnormalities, fetal growth restriction, meconium in the amniotic fluid and tachysystole, in relation to the outcome of labour
Authors: Steer Philip J. , Yau Christopher W. H. , Blott Maggie , Lattey Katherine , Nwandison Millicent , Uddin Zeenath , Winter Cathy , Draycott Timothy
Published: September 2022

Objective

To quantify the incidence of intrapartum risk factors in labours with an adverse outcome, and compare them with the incidence of the same indicators in a series of consecutive labours without adverse outcome.

Design

Case–control study.

Setting

Twenty‐six maternity units in the UK.

Population or sample

Sixty‐nine labours with an adverse outcome and 198 labours without adverse outcome.

Methods

Observational study.

Main outcome measures

Incidence of risk factors in hourly assessments for 7 hours before birth in the two groups.

Results

A risk score combining suspected fetal growth restriction, tachysystole, meconium in the amniotic fluid and fetal heart rate abnormalities (baseline rate and variability, presence of decelerations) gave the best indication of likely outcome group.

Conclusions

Accurate risk assessment in labour requires fetal heart rate abnormalities to be considered in context with additional intrapartum risk factors.
Co‐winemaking with Vitis amurensis Rupr. “Beibinghong” enhances the quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Gernischt wine
Authors: Song Jianqiang , Zhang Ang , Cheng Shiwei , Li Xiuwei , Zhang Yuxiang , Luan Liying , Qu Huige , Ruan Shili , Li Jiming
Published: September 2022

In some wine regions of China, Cabernet Gernischt (CG; Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries usually exhibit low pigment content and titratable acidity, and low sensory quality of the resulting wine. The aim of this study was to evaluate co‐winemaking of CG wines using the red grape cultivar Beibinghong (BBH; Vitis amurensis Rupr.) at different proportions in terms of alcohols, phenolic compounds, and sensory properties of the wines. The results showed that the co‐winemaking wines contained a similar content of higher alcohols, whereas the methanol content increased with an increase in BBH proportion, although this was still corresponded with the national standard. Significantly higher levels of titratable acidity were observed in co‐winemaking wines at the ratio of 6:4 and 5:5, compared with monocultivar CG wines. All co‐winemaking wines, except CG:BBH (9:1) wine, showed significantly higher levels of total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total tannins, and total flavan‐3‐ols. Further, individual phenolics, primarily diglucoside anthocyanins and non‐anthocyanins (trans‐ferulic acid, myricetin, viniferin, trans‐caffeic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid), as important contributors to wine color intensity, permitted the differentiation of the wines via principal component analysis. In most cases, co‐winemaking wines exhibited higher scores of the 10 sensory attributes on color, aroma, mouthfeel, and overall quality compared with monocultivar wines. Co‐winemaking CG wines with BBH at 7:3 ratio demonstrated the highest scores of color intensity, aroma intensity, aroma quality, and overall quality. The results indicate that co‐winemaking with V. amurensis grape variety may be useful to enhance V. vinifera wine quality by modifying wine composition.

Practical Application

Cabernet Gernischt (CG) is the predominant grape cultivar used to prepare premium‐quality wine in China; however, in some wine regions, CG wines have low levels of pigment and titratable acidity, and low sensory quality. Co‐winemaking with another native grape cultivar, Beibinghong (BBH), which is characterized by a higher content of anthocyanins and acidity, provided sufficient experimental evidence of adjustments in the Vitis vinifera wine composition leading to improved wine sensory quality.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in relation to the remission and progression along the glycemic continuum
Authors: Xin Zhuojun , Huang Jiaojiao , Cao Qiuyu , Wang Jialu , He Ruixin , Hou Tianzhichao , Ding Yi , Lu Jieli , Xu Min , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang , Bi Yufang , Xu Yu , Li Mian
Published: September 2022

Background

The study aimed to explore the associations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with the remission and progression along the glycemic continuum.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was performed among the general population in 2010–2015. NAFLD was defined as ultrasound‐detected hepatic steatosis with absence of excessive alcohol consumption and other hepatic diseases. Remission of type 2 diabetes referred to glycated hemoglobin <6.5% without hypoglycemic agents for ≥3 months. Prediabetes remission referred to normalization of blood glucose. Multivariable logistic analysis was applied to identify the risk of glycemic metabolic transition.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 4.3 years, participants with NAFLD had a significantly higher risk of progressing from normal glucose tolerance to diabetes (3.36 [1.60–7.07]) and lower likelihood of diabetes remission (0.48 [0.30–0.78]). Associations in participants with overweight or obesity and higher probability of hepatic fibrosis remained consistent. Results related to the effect of NAFLD on the specific glucose parameters were generally in line with the changes of glycemic status. NAFLD improvement decreased the risk of prediabetes progressing to diabetes (0.50 [0.32–0.80]) and increased the probability of prediabetes remission (2.67 [1.49–4.79]). NAFLD tended to show the most significant association with glycemic progression and decreased the likelihood in remission of prediabetes and diabetes.

Conclusions

Presence of NAFLD increased risk of glycemic progression and decreased likelihood of remission. NAFLD improvement mitigated glycemic deterioration, whereas NAFLD progression impeded the chance of remission. The results emphasized joint management of NAFLD and diabetes and further focused on liver‐specific subgroups of diabetes to tailor early intervention.
Favorable pregnancy outcomes in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with belimumab
Authors: Wei Si‐Ru , Zhu Zhen‐Zhen , Xu Jia , Mo Han‐You
Published: September 2022

Background

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and complications. Belimumab can significantly improve disease activity in patients with SLE. However, there is insufficient evidence to prove the absolute safety of belimumab treatment during pregnancy.

Case Summary

A 37‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with SLE after a renal puncture biopsy in 2012. The other patient was a 25‐year‐old woman. She was diagnosed with SLE at 19 years of age. They were treated by standard therapy in the early stage of treatment. The first patient has multiple histories of miscarriages or abortions at different gestational ages caused by SLE activity. The other patient also has persistent thrombocytopenia due to SLE flare. In our patients, SLE was poorly controlled by standard therapy. We initiated belimumab treatment during pregnancy because the benefits of treating SLE outweighed the risks to the fetus. The first patient was admitted to the first belimumab infusion at approximately 14 weeks of gestation. The other patient was admitted to the first belimumab infusion at approximately 12 weeks of gestation. Although our patients did not show complete disease remission during belimumab treatment, neither had serious adverse reactions or adverse pregnancy events, and their babies were in good conditions at birth.

Conclusion

We present 2 cases of pregnant women with SLE who were treated with belimumab. Both were able to deliver their babies successfully without any complications.
Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as the first‐line treatment of PD‐L1‐negative and driver‐gene‐negative advanced nonsquamous non‐small‐cell lung cancer: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chai Yue , Wu Xinyu , Zou Yifeng , Zhang Xue , Bai Hua , Dong Mei , Duan Jianchun
Published: September 2022

Background

This meta‐analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as the first‐line therapy for patients with programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1)‐negative and driver‐gene‐negative advanced nonsquamous non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Patients and Methods

Eligible randomized trials were identified following the systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang Data, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database from January 2000 to June 2022.

Results

Seven trials involving 1132 patients with PD‐L1‐negative and driver‐gene‐negative advanced nonsquamous NSCLC were included. Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy showed significantly superior objective response rate (ORR) compared with chemotherapy alone (odds ratio 2.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69–4.65). Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy also significantly prolonged the progression‐free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.63, 95% CI 0.55–0.74, p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56–0.82, p < 0.001) of patients with PD‐L1‐negative and driver‐gene‐negative advanced nonsquamous NSCLC compared to chemotherapy alone. In terms of ≥3 treatment‐related adverse events, patients receiving immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy were at higher risk than chemotherapy alone (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.47–2.05).

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis suggested that immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy yielded a better ORR, PFS, and OS, and a higher incidence of treatment‐related adverse events as the first‐line therapy for patients with PD‐L1‐negative and driver‐gene‐negative nonsquamous advanced NSCLC in comparison to chemotherapy alone. A rational treatment protocol should be selected according to the individual condition of the patients.
Comparing the effect of ammonium molybdate versus ammonium molybdate and menbutone on hepatic functions of sheep with subclinical copper poisoning
Authors: Kaçar Y , Mecitoğlu Z , Batmaz H
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using menbutone in addition to ammonium molybdate on liver enzymes in sheep naturally poisoned with copper. Merino lambs (n = 30), naturally poisoned with copper and which also had high liver enzyme levels, were divided into two groups, each with 15 lambs. The AM + MEN group received ammonium molybdate and menbutone and the AM group received only ammonium molybdate solution. Both groups received 1.7% ammonium molybdate solution (1 mL per 10 kg body weight [BW]) subcutaneously on 0, 2nd and 4th days of the study. Menbutone (Genabil®, Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW on days 0 and 2, in addition to ammonium molybdate in the AM + MEN group. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 7, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and creatinine levels were evaluated. Over 7 days, AST levels decreased from 351.04 ± 63.50 IU/L to 286.40 ± 55.68 IU/L in the AM group (P > 0.05) and from 425.00 ± 119.25 IU/L to 240.83 ± 29.62 IU/L in the AM + MEN group (P ≤ 0.05). GGT levels decreased from 121.16 ± 15.88 IU/L to 110.39 ± 10.13 IU/L in the AM group (P > 0.05) and 124.52 ± 15.50 to 98.60 ± 9.08 IU/L in the AM + MEN group (P ≤ 0.05). Based on these findings, the use of menbutone, in addition to ammonium molybdate, has significantly reduced the level of liver enzymes.
Architecture, structural and tectonic significance of the Seagap fault (offshore Tanzania) in the framework of the East African Rift
Authors: Iacopini David , Tavani Stefano , Pentagallo Sara , Maselli Vittorio , Dottore Stagna Marina , Ebinger Cynthia , Reynolds David , van Vliet Arjan
Published: September 2022

The Southeastern portion of the East African Rift System reactivates Mesozoic transform faults marking the separation of Madagascar from Africa in the Western Indian Ocean. Earlier studies noted the reactivation of the Davie Fracture Zone in oceanic lithosphere as a seismically active extensional fault, and new 3D seismic reflection data and exploration wells provide unprecedented detail on the kinematics of the sub‐parallel Seagap fault zone in continental/transitional crust landward of the ocean‐continent transition. We reconstruct the evolution of the seismically active Seagap fault zone, a 400‐km‐long crustal structure affecting the Tanzania margin, from the late Eocene to the present day. The Seagap fault zone is represented by large‐scale localized structures affecting the seafloor and displaying growth geometries across most of the Miocene sediments. The continuous tectonic activity evident by our seismic mapping, as well as 2D deep seismic data from literature, suggests that from the Middle‐Late Jurassic until 125 Ma, the Seagap fault acted as a regional structure parallel to, and coeval with, the dextral Davie Fracture Zone. The Seagap fault then remained active after the cessation of both seafloor spreading in the Somali basin and strike‐slip activity on the Davie Fracture Zone, till nowaday. Its architecture is structurally expressed through the sequence of releasing and restraining bends dating back at least to the early Neogene. Seismic sections and horizon maps indicate that those restraining bends are generated by strike‐slip reactivation of Cretaceous structures till the Miocene. Finally based on the interpretation of edge‐enhanced reflection seismic surfaces and seafloor data, we shows that, by the late Neogene, the Seagap fault zone switched to normal fault behaviour. We discuss the Seagap fault's geological and kinematic significance through time and its current role within the microplate system in the framework of the East African rift, as well as implications for the evolution and re‐activation of structures along sheared margins. The newly integrated datasets reveal the polyphase deformation of this margin, highlighting its complex evolution and the implications for depositional fairways and structural trap and seal changes through time, as well as potential hazards.
Clinical pharmacology information in regulatory submissions and labeling: A comparative analysis of orphan and non‐orphan drugs approved by the FDA
Authors: Hsieh Julie , Sahre Martina , Yang Xinning , Madabushi Rajanikanth , Ramamoorthy Anuradha
Published: September 2022

Clinical pharmacology is an integral discipline supporting the development, regulatory evaluation, and clinical use of drugs for the treatment of both common and rare diseases. Here, we evaluated the recommendations and information available from select clinical pharmacology studies in the therapeutic product labeling of new molecular entities (NMEs) approved from 2017 to 2019 for both common and rare diseases. A total of 151 NMEs, including 72 orphan and 79 non‐orphan drugs, were analyzed for recommendations and information available related to food–drug interaction, drug–drug interaction, renal impairment, hepatic impairment, QT assessment, and human radiolabeled mass balance studies using data collected from the original labeling and other regulatory documents. The analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the recommendations between orphan and non‐orphan drugs except for renal impairment related recommendations in section 8 of the labeling. Although not significant, fewer hepatic impairment labeling recommendations were available for orphan drugs when compared with non‐orphan drugs. At the time of initial approval, 79 postmarketing requirements (PMRs) and postmarketing commitments (PMCs) for 33 orphan drugs and 39 PMRs and PMCs for 19 non‐orphan drugs were established; with most difference observed for drug–drug interaction, hepatic impairment, and QT assessment. Overall, although there was a trend for more labeling recommendations and fewer postmarketing studies and clinical trials for non‐orphan drugs, there appeared to be no substantial differences in how these select clinical pharmacology studies are leveraged during the development and approval of orphan and non‐orphan drugs.
Control, Extract, Legitimate: COVID‐19 and Digital Techno‐opportunism across Africa
Authors: Platzky Miller Josh , Sander Antoine , Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2022

Across Africa, the deployment of digital solutions such as track and trace apps and vaccine passports to tackle COVID‐19 largely failed in their public health objectives. Yet, in the process, these material interventions revealed and unleashed new potentialities of governance throughout the continent. This article examines these developments and their significance through historical and theoretical lenses. Since colonialism, African states have been built partially through responses to public health emergencies. Such emergencies have enabled authorities to experiment with and enact logics of control, extraction and legitimation. By interrogating the relationship between epidemics, power and technological artefacts, this article argues that COVID‐19 constituted an exceptional event that both unmasked pre‐existing logics of governance but also enabled experiments with novel techniques through digital technology. Digital techno‐opportunist interventions did little to curb the spread of COVID‐19, but such interventions nevertheless have ramifications and implications that extend beyond this moment. While the political outcomes of the rupture caused by COVID‐19 are not yet fully known, and are subject to resistance and reimagination from below, the political opportunity of ‘crisis’ reveals distinctly new ways in which states and corporations are combining to pursue logics of control, extraction and legitimation across Africa in a digital age.
Co‐occurring first‐episode psychosis and borderline personality pathology in an early intervention for psychosis cohort
Authors: Schandrin Aurelie , Francey Shona , Nguyen Lucia , Whitty Dean , McGorry Patrick , Chanen Andrew M. , O'Donoghue Brian
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is common among people diagnosed with first episode of psychosis (FEP), but is often under‐recognized and under‐researched. This study aimed to determine: (i) the prevalence of borderline personality pathology (subthreshold features and categorical disorder) in a FEP cohort (termed FEP + BPP); (ii) demographic and clinical factors associated with FEP + BPP; (iii) the symptomatic and functional outcomes.

Methods

This study was conducted within the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) at Orygen over the 30‐month period between 2014 and 2016. BPP was evaluated by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Personality Questionnaire BPD criteria.

Results

In a cohort of 457 young people with a FEP (mean age 19.5 years, 56% male), 18.4% had borderline personality pathology (BPP). Compared with FEP alone, young people with FEP + BPP were more likely to be female, younger, Australian‐born. In addition, young people with FEP + BPP were more likely to be diagnosed with Psychosis NOS, present with more severe hallucinations, and have alcohol abuse. Young people with FEP + BPP had more relationship difficulties at presentation and they were more likely to suffer of depression and to engage in self‐harm throughout the follow‐up. In relation to outcome, FEP + BPP was not associated with different rates of remission or relapse, however they were less likely to be admitted to hospital at presentation or involuntarily during their episode of care.

Conclusion

BPP is a common occurrence in psychotic disorders and is associated with more severe hallucinations and depression with higher risks of self‐harm. Specific interventions need to be developed.
The dependence of acetylcholine on dynamic changes in the membrane potential and an action potential during spike timing‐dependent plasticity induction in the hippocampus
Authors: Sugisaki Eriko , Fukushima Yasuhiro , Nakajima Naoki , Aihara Takeshi
Published: September 2022

The hippocampus is an important area for memory encoding and retrieval and is the location of spike timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP), a basic phenomenon of learning and memory. STDP is facilitated if acetylcholine (ACh) is released from cholinergic neurons during attentional processes. However, it is unclear how ACh influences postsynaptic changes during STDP induction and determines the STDP magnitude. To address these issues, we obtained patch clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons to evaluate the postsynaptic changes during stimuli injection in Schaffer collaterals by quantifying baseline amplitudes (i.e., the lowest values elicited by paired pulses comprising STDP stimuli) and action potentials. The results showed that baseline amplitudes were elevated if eserine was applied in the presence of picrotoxin. In addition, muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) contributed more to the baseline amplitude elevation than nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs). Moreover, the magnitude of the STDP depended on the magnitude of the baseline amplitude. However, in the absence of picrotoxin, baseline amplitudes were balanced, regardless of the ACh concentration, resulting in a similar magnitude of the STDP, except under the nAChR alone‐activated condition, which showed a larger STDP and lower baseline amplitude induction. This was due to broadened widths of action potentials. These results suggest that activation of mAChRs and nAChRs, which are effective for baseline amplitudes and action potentials, respectively, plays an important role in postsynaptic changes during memory consolidation.
Exercise intervention mitigates zebrafish age‐related sarcopenia via alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Sun Chen‐Chen , Yang Dong , Chen Zhang‐Lin , Xiao Jiang‐Ling , Xiao Qin , Li Cheng‐Li , Zhou Zuo‐Qiong , Peng Xi‐Yang , Tang Chang Fa , Zheng Lan
Published: September 2022

Sarcopenia is a common disorder that leads to a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle function in elderly people. Exercise effectively prevents or delays the onset and progression of sarcopenia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how exercise intervention improves skeletal muscle atrophy remain unclear. In this study, we found that 21‐month‐old zebrafish had a decreased swimming ability, reduced muscle fibre cross‐sectional area, unbalanced protein synthesis, and degradation, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which suggests zebrafish are a valuable model for sarcopenia. Eight weeks of exercise intervention attenuated these pathological changes in sarcopenia zebrafish. Moreover, the effects of exercise on mitochondrial dysfunction were associated with the activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC‐1α axis and 15‐PGDH downregulation. Our results reveal potential therapeutic targets and indicators to treat age‐related sarcopenia using exercise intervention.
Influence of tartaric‐sulfuric acid anodic film on four‐point bending fatigue behavior of AA 7050‐T7451 samples
Authors: Attolico Michele Angelo , Casavola Caterina , Moramarco Vincenzo , Renna Gilda , Furfari Domenico , Busse David Osman
Published: September 2022

Tartaric–sulfuric acid (TSA) anodizing is an electrochemical process used for generating an anodic layer on the surface of aluminum alloys for aerospace applications. It must provide corrosion resistance and ensure no detrimental effect on the required fatigue properties for structural applications. This work aimed at analyzing the properties of the anodic layer and evaluating its influence on the fatigue behavior of the AA 7050‐T7451. The film properties were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopies. The surface residual stress (SRS) field in the as‐machined and anodized conditions was evaluated by the X‐ray diffraction technique.

The results showed that TSA induces an appreciable reduction in the fatigue life, especially at lower values of stress amplitude, due to the presence of defects at the interface between the substrate and the anodic film. No correlation was observed between the presence of the anodic layer and the development of a tensile SRS field.
Climate mitigation potential and soil microbial response of cyanobacteria‐fertilized bioenergy crops in a cool semi‐arid cropland
Authors: Gay Justin D. , Goemann Hannah M. , Currey Bryce , Stoy Paul C. , Christiansen Jesper Riis , Miller Perry R. , Poulter Benjamin , Peyton Brent M. , Brookshire E. N. Jack
Published: September 2022

Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) systems can serve as decarbonization pathways for climate mitigation. Perennial grasses are a promising second‐generation lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock for BECCS expansion, but optimizing their sustainability, productivity, and climate mitigation potential requires an evaluation of how nitrogen (N) fertilizer strategies interact with greenhouse gas (GHG) and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Furthermore, crop and fertilizer choice can affect the soil microbiome which is critical to soil organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling, and sustaining crop productivity but these feedbacks are poorly understood due to the paucity of data from certain agroecosystems. Here, we examine the climate mitigation potential and soil microbiome response to establishing two functionally different perennial grasses, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, C4) and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum, C3), in a cool semi‐arid agroecosystem under two fertilizer applications, a novel cyanobacterial biofertilizer (CBF) and urea. We find that in contrast to the C4 grass, the C3 grass achieved 98% greater productivity and had a higher N use efficiency when fertilized. For both crops, the CBF produced the same biomass enhancement as urea. Non‐CO2 GHG fluxes across all treatments were low and we observed a 3‐year net loss of SOC under the C4 crop and a net gain under the C3 crop at a 0–30 cm soil depth regardless of fertilization. Finally, we detected crop‐specific changes in the soil microbiome, including an increased relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under the C3, and potentially pathogenic fungi in the C4 grass. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of CBF‐fertilized C3 crops as a second‐generation bioenergy feedstock in semi‐arid regions as a part of a climate mitigation strategy.
How to assess, detect, and manage joint involvement in the era of transformational therapies: Role of point‐of‐care ultrasound
Authors: Minno Matteo Nicola Dario Di , Martinoli Carlo , Pasta Gianluigi , De la Corte‐Rodriguez Hortensia , Samy Islam , Stephensen David , Timmer Merel A. , Winburn Ian
Published: September 2022

Background

Patients with haemophilia experience recurring hemarthroses, mainly involving knees, elbows and ankles, which lead to haemophilic arthropathy, the major chronic complication of haemophilia. With new approaches to haemophilia treatment leading to fewer joint bleeds and, in some cases, no bleeding events, assessing whether current outcome assessment tools provide adequate sensitivity and specificity for management and care of patients with haemophilia is needed.

Methods

An overview of current imaging tools for monitoring joint health, novel osteochondral damage and synovial proliferation biomarkers, and the relationship between assessments for functionality and imaging modalities is provided. Usefulness and sensitivity of point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) to complement other assessments and use of ultrasound to monitor haemophilic arthropathy are also examined.

Results

This review provides rationale for haemophilia teams to move beyond traditional outcomes in joint imaging, as well as guidance and evidence on assessment of joint health for potential new treatment modalities, such as gene therapy. The role of POCUS in the existing paradigm for haemophilia care and management along with the use of ultrasound as a complement to other outcome assessment tools are also discussed. Finally, the clinical effects of subclinical bleeding on joint function are described, to motivate screening for synovial proliferation.

Conclusion

POCUS can facilitate the early detection of joint damage and can monitor disease progression while providing insights into the efficacy of treatment regimens, and should be considered as an essential assessment tool for managing the care of patients with haemophilia.
Disparities in HIV continuum of care in the paediatric population: A real‐life study in Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Alexandre Alberto Cunha Mendes , Pinho Rosana Gonçalves Gonçalves , de Aquino Laís Martins , de Barros Perini Filipe , Fonseca Fernanda Fernandes , Tresse Alexsana Sposito , Pereira Gerson Fernando Mendes , Avelino‐Silva Vivian I. , Pascom Ana Roberta
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Paediatric HIV follow‐up is challenging, and treatment indicators are markedly far from Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) goals. In this study, we describe the 2019 Brazilian HIV cascade according to age categories and sociodemographic variables and address temporal trends between 2009 and 2019.

Methods

We obtained data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health monitoring database. Cascade outcomes included retention in care, antiretroviral use, and viral suppression. We assessed the effect of age on timely initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART; initiation with CD4+ T‐cell count ≥350 cells/mm3 or a first ART dispensation ≤30 days after the first CD4+ T‐cell measurement) and detectable HIV viral load (>50 copies/mL) in univariable and multivariable analysis adjusted for sex, race, and social vulnerability index (SVI). Temporal trends in timely ART initiation and viral suppression were evaluated graphically.

Results

Among 771 774 people living with HIV, those in the youngest age categories had poorer indicators in the care cascade. Those in younger age groups, those with higher SVI, and those declaring Black and native Brazilian race/ethnicity had higher odds of having detectable viral load and delayed ART initiation. Although children living with HIV tend to start ART with higher CD4+ T‐cell counts, time–series analysis suggests that improvements in treatment indicators seen in the adult population are not observed in the paediatric population.

Conclusion

Our results highlight the challenges faced by children and adolescents living with HIV in achieving UNAIDS goals. Lower access to ART among children is a central barrier to improved paediatric care.
Structure evolution of wolframite‐type ZnZrC2O8 (C = Nb, Ta) ceramics in relation to microwave dielectric properties
Authors: Liu Kui , Zhang Huaiwu , Liu Cheng , Shi Liang , Wang Xueying , Li Jie , Liao Yulong , Zhang Dainan
Published: September 2022

The relationship among the sintering behavior, crystal structure, chemical bonding properties, and dielectric properties of wolframite‐type ZnZr(Nb1−xTax)2O8 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ceramics was investigated with the progressive replacement of Nb5+ by Ta5+. The optimum sintering temperature increases from 1225 to 1375°C with increasing Ta5+ content. The εr value falls from 27.34 to 22.34 due to a gradual decrease in bond ionicity and a shift in the Raman vibration modes toward higher wave numbers. The Q × f increases from 63 604 GHz (@6.71 GHz) to 115 631 GHz (@7.89 GHz), which is since the increase in the total lattice of chemical bonds. Moreover, the reduction in grain boundary area and the gradual lowering of the full width at half maximum of the Raman vibration modes contribute to the reduction in dielectric losses. First‐principles calculations illustrate that the growth in bandgap and electron cloud density in the internal space of the [Zn/ZrO6] octahedron leads to a reduction in dielectric loss. Furthermore, the reduced degree of oxygen octahedral distortion causes a change in τf from −46.56 to −37.40 ppm/°C.
What We Owe to Our Audience: The Hermeneutical Responsibility of Fiction Creators
Authors: Wojtkiewicz Kate
Published: September 2022

As audiences demand better and more diverse representation in the fictions they consume, there is a question of how that demand should be placed on fiction creators. In this article, I answer this question by arguing creators of fiction have a hermeneutical responsibility to include diverse characters in their creations, and to do so without relying on harmful stereotypes. I cast this responsibility as the epistemic virtue of due diligence, offset by epistemic laziness and epistemic paralysis as the corresponding vices of absence and excess, respectively. Practicing either vice can constitute a type of hermeneutical gap described by Katharine Jenkins, in which harmful stereotypes (conceptions) become more accessible to epistemic agents than the more accurate concept. By blocking the agent's access to the accurate conception, such stereotypes create a hermeneutical gap and can contribute to hermeneutical injustices, as described by Miranda Fricker and José Medina.
Combination non‐invasive radiofrequency and electrical muscle stimulation: A synergistic combination for body contouring
Authors: Dayan Erez , Chilukuri Suneel , Bucky Louis , Bharti Gaurav , Gold Michael H. , Rohrich Rod
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Patients desiring noninvasive body contouring increasing require a more comprehensive approach to soft tissue laxity, muscle, and adipose hypertrophy. Previous devices have typically focused on only adipose reduction, without impact on muscle or skin laxity. This study describes the first use of noninvasive bipolar radiofrequency in combination with electromagnetic muscle stimulation.

Methods

This study was an IRB‐approved study conducted at four sites (TN, TX, PA, NC). In all, 38 patients completed the three‐treatment regimen of combined non‐invasive bipolar RF and EMS. Efficacy of the Transform (InMode, Lake Forest, CA) treatment was assessed by numerous outcomes including sequential caliper measurements, circumference measurements, comfort during treatment, subject satisfaction, ultrasound measurements, blinded pictures evaluation, and histology.

Results

The combination of non‐invasive bipolar RF with EMS was found to be safe and efficacious. The three‐treatment regimen was statistically efficacious as it related to (1) subject satisfaction, (2) 1 mm ultrasound, (3) 2 mm ultrasound, (4) average of 1 and 2 mm ultrasound, (5) caliper 1 measurements, (6) caliper 2 measurements, (7) average of caliper 1 and 2 measurements, (8) subject comfort, (9) widest circumference measure, (10) 2‐inches above circumference measure, (11) 2‐inches below circumference measure, (12) average circumference measure, and finally, (13) blinded evaluator photograph agreement.

Conclusion

The combination of noninvasive bipolar radiofrequency and electrical muscle stimulation is a safe and effective method for treatment of skin laxity, adipose hypertrophy, and muscle.
The impact of an autonomous nurse‐led high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen protocol on clinical outcomes of infants with bronchiolitis
Authors: Elks Michelle , Young Jeanine , Kearney Lauren , Bernard Anne
Published: September 2022

Objective

To investigate the relationship of the implementation of a nurse‐led high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen protocol on the clinical outcomes of infants with bronchiolitis in a regional paediatric unit.

Background

Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory illness and is the leading cause for hospitalisation of infants globally. Standard care involves the provision of supportive measures. Historically, supplemental oxygen was provided by low‐flow nasal cannula. High‐flow nasal cannula oxygen has been increasingly adopted despite limited evidence of its efficacy.

Methods

This study employed non‐equivalent, post‐implementation only design to explore clinical outcomes of infants with bronchiolitis admitted for high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy. The study compared infants in the 24 months before and after the initiation of a high‐flow nasal cannula protocol. The primary clinical outcome was length of stay, secondary outcomes included time on high flow, weaning time, escalation of care and time outside of physiological parameters. Implementation strategy evaluation was measured by compliance with applying the protocol, reported as episodes of variance, and duration of variance. The StaRI checklist was selected as the most appropriate reporting guideline.

Results

A total of 80 patients were admitted with bronchiolitis and received high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy during a 48‐month period; 37 patients were prior, and 43 after, the introduction of a nurse‐led high‐flow nasal cannula protocol. Length of stay was significantly reduced in the post‐implementation group compared to the historical control group (83.8 vs. 61.3 h). Time on high flow and weaning time was decreased in the post‐implementation group compared to the control group (33.5 vs. 26.7 h and 26 vs.12.25 h, respectively); however, these did not reach statistical significance. There was varied application of the HFNC protocol.

Conclusions

The implementation of a nurse‐led high‐flow nasal cannula protocol was associated with a reduced length of stay.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This study demonstrated that infants with bronchiolitis that were treated with a nurse‐led high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy protocol had positive effects on clinical outcomes including a shorter length of stay than compared with those with physician‐directed care in a regional paediatric unit. A weight‐based (2 L/kg) HFNC therapy was safely administered to infants with bronchiolitis in a regional hospital paediatric ward with no paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
Unrecognized liver cirrhosis is common and associated with worse survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide cohort study of 3473 patients
Authors: Vaz Juan , Strömberg Ulf , Midlöv Patrik , Eriksson Berne , Buchebner David , Hagström Hannes
Published: September 2022

Background

Data on unrecognized liver cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are derived mainly from cohorts with a risk of selection bias.

Objectives

In a population‐based cohort study we aimed to determine the proportion, characteristics, and prognosis of HCC in patients with unrecognized cirrhosis.

Methods

Using the Swedish quality register for liver cancer and other nationwide registers, we identified all adults with HCC in Sweden between 2012 and 2018 (n = 3,473).

Results

The final study cohort comprised 2670 patients with established cirrhosis, of which 1033 (39%) had unrecognized cirrhosis at HCC diagnosis. These patients were more often male, older, and had larger tumors, multinodular cancer, portal vein thrombosis, and extrahepatic metastasis compared to patients with known cirrhosis with HCC and under surveillance (34%). Compared to surveilled patients, those with unrecognized cirrhosis had worse median survival (0.89 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78‐1.01 vs. 3.79 years, 95%CI = 3.19‐4.39), and an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.36 (95%CI = 2.09‐2.66). Patients with cirrhosis but not under surveillance (27%) and patients with unrecognized cirrhosis had similar characteristics, such as equal proportions diagnosed at late stage (79%).

Conclusions

Cirrhosis is often not recognized in patients with HCC. Unrecognized cirrhosis is associated with more advanced HCC at diagnosis and a worse prognosis. More efforts are needed to diagnose cirrhosis at an earlier stage.
Pterygoid muscle activity in speech: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Murray Greg M. , Carignan Christopher , Whittle Terry , Gal John A. , Best Catherine
Published: September 2022

Background

Speaking depends on refined control of jaw opening and closing movements. The medial pterygoid muscle (MPT), involved in jaw closing, and the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPT), involved in jaw opening, are two key mandibular muscles in mastication and are likely to be recruited for controlled movements in speech.

Objectives

Three hypotheses were investigated, that during speech the MPT and LPT: (1) were both active, (2) but exhibited different patterns of activity, (3) which fluctuated with the vowels and consonants in speech.

Methods

Intramuscular EMG recordings were made from the right inferior head of the LPT and/or the right MPT in five participants during production of 40 target nonsense words (NWs) consisting of three syllables in the form /V1 C1V2 C2ə/ (V = vowel; C = consonant; ə = unstressed, reduced vowel), spoken by each participant 10 times per NW; analysis focussed on the target syllable, C1V2.

Results

Both MPT and LPT exhibited robust increases in EMG activity during utterance of most NWs, relative to rest. Peak LPT activation was time‐locked to the final part of the target consonant (C1) interval when the jaw begins opening for the target vowel (V2), whereas peak MPT activation occurred around the temporal midpoint of V2, when the jaw begins closing for C2. EMG amplitude peaks differed in magnitude between “high” vowels, i.e., for which the tongue/jaw are high (e.g., in SEEK), and “low” vowels, i.e., for which the tongue/jaw are low (e.g., in SOCK).

Conclusions

These novel findings suggest a key role for the LPT and MPT in the fine control of speech production. They imply that speech may impose major synergistic demands on the activities of the MPT and the LPT, and thereby provide insights into the possible interactions between speech activities and orofacial activities (e.g. mastication) and conditions (e.g. Temporomandibular Disorders) that involve the masticatory muscles.