bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geriatric Emergency Medicine Fellowships: Current State of Specialized Training for Emergency Physicians in Optimizing Care for Older Adults
Authors: Rosen Tony , Liu Shan W. , Cameron‐Comasco Lauren , Clark Sunday , Mulcare Mary R. , Biese Kevin , Magidson Phillip D. , Tyler Katren R. , Melady Don , Thatphet Phraewa , Wongtangman Thiti , Elder Natalie M. , Stern Michael E. ,   the Academy of Geriatric Emergency Medicine
Published: December 2019

Improving emergency department (ED) care for older adults is a critical issue in emergency medicine. Institutions throughout the United States and Canada have recognized the growing need for a workforce of emergency physician (EP) leaders focused on clinical innovation, education, and research and have developed specialized fellowship training in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). We describe here the overview, structure, and curricula of these fellowships as well as successes and challenges they have encountered. Seven GEM fellowships are active in the United States and Canada, with five offering postresidency training only, one offering fellowship training during residency only, and one offering both. The backbone of the curriculum for all fellowships is the achievement of core competencies in various aspects of GEM, and each includes clinical rotations, teaching, and a research project. Evaluation strategies and feedback have allowed for significant curricular changes as well as customization of the fellowship experience for individual fellows. Key successes include an improved collaborative relationship with geriatrics faculty that has led to additional initiatives and projects and former fellows already becoming regional and national leaders in GEM. The most critical challenges have been ensuring adequate funding and recruiting new fellows each year who are interested in this clinical area. We believe that interest in GEM fellowships will grow and that opportunities exist to combine GEM fellowship training with a focus in research, administration, or health policy to create unique new types of highly impactful specialized training. Future research may include exploring former fellows’ postfellowship experiences, careers, accomplishments, and contributions to GEM to better understand the impact of GEM fellowships.
Propofol infusion syndrome complicated with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes: a case report
Authors: Shimizu Junji , Tabata Takahisa , Tsujita Yasuyuki , Yamane Tetsunobu , Yamamoto Yutaka , Tsukamoto Takahito , Ogawa Nobuhiro , Kim Hyou , Urushitani Makoto , Eguchi Yutaka
Published: December 2019

Background

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but lethal complication of propofol use. It has been suggested that the pathological mechanism of PRIS involves mitochondrial disorder caused by propofol.

Case Presentation

A 24‐year‐old woman who had been diagnosed with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes was admitted to our hospital with impaired consciousness and myoclonus. To control the non‐convulsive status epilepticus, propofol was administered. Arterial blood gas revealed metabolic acidosis, and creatinine kinase was elevated. The patient was diagnosed with PRIS. We treated her with interruption of propofol. She required mechanical ventilation for 25 days. After rehabilitation, she recovered and was discharged.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial disorder is a risk factor for PRIS. It is important for clinicians to be aware that mitochondrial disorder is a risk factor for PRIS, especially under conditions of critical illness and status epilepticus.
A General Route to Prepare Low‐Ruthenium‐Content Bimetallic Electrocatalysts for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Using Carbon Quantum Dots
Authors: Liu Yuan , Li Xue , Zhang Qinghua , Li Weidong , Xie Yu , Liu Hanyu , Shang Lu , Liu Zhongyi , Chen Zhimin , Gu Lin , Tang Zhiyong , Zhang Tierui , Lu Siyu
Published: December 2019

A challenging but pressing task to design and synthesize novel, efficient, and robust pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for scalable and sustainable hydrogen production through electrochemical water splitting. Herein, we report a facile method to prepare an efficient and robust Ru‐M (M=Ni, Mn, Cu) bimetal nanoparticle and carbon quantum dot hybrid (RuM/CQDs) for pH‐universal HER. The RuNi/CQDs catalysts exhibit outstanding HER performance at all pH levels. The unexpected low overpotentials of 13, 58, and 18 mV shown by RuNi/CQDs allow a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH, 0.5 m H2SO4, and 1 m PBS, respectively, for Ru loading at 5.93 μgRu cm−2. This performance is among the best catalytic activities reported for any platinum‐free electrocatalyst. Theoretical studies reveal that Ni doping results in a moderate weakening of the hydrogen bonding energy of nearby surface Ru atoms, which plays a critical role in improving the HER activity.
Electrosynthesis of a Defective Indium Selenide with 3D Structure on a Substrate for Tunable CO2 Electroreduction to Syngas
Authors: Yang Dexin , Zhu Qinggong , Sun Xiaofu , Chen Chunjun , Guo Weiwei , Yang Guanying , Han Buxing
Published: December 2019

Syngas (CO/H2) is a feedstock for the production of a variety of valuable chemicals and liquid fuels, and CO2 electrochemical reduction to syngas is very promising. However, the production of syngas with high efficiency is difficult. Herein, we show that defective indium selenide synthesized by an electrosynthesis method on carbon paper (γ‐In2Se3/CP) is an extremely efficient electrocatalyst for this reaction. CO and H2 were the only products and the CO/H2 ratio could be tuned in a wide range by changing the applied potential or the composition of the electrolyte. In particular, using nanoflower‐like γ‐In2Se3/CP (F‐γ‐In2Se3/CP) as the electrode, the current density could be as high as 90.1 mA cm−2 at a CO/H2 ratio of 1:1. In addition, the Faradaic efficiency of CO could reach 96.5 % with a current density of 55.3 mA cm−2 at a very low overpotential of 220 mV. The outstanding electrocatalytic performance of F‐γ‐In2Se3/CP can be attributed to its defect‐rich 3D structure and good contact with the CP substrate.
Audiovisual temporal integration and rapid temporal recalibration in adolescents and adults: Age‐related changes and its correlation with autistic traits
Authors: Zhou Han‐yu , Shi Li‐juan , Yang Han‐xue , Cheung Eric F. C. , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: December 2019

Temporal structure is a key factor in determining the relatedness of multisensory stimuli. Stimuli that are close in time are more likely to be integrated into a unified perceptual representation. To investigate the age‐related developmental differences in audiovisual temporal integration and rapid temporal recalibration, we administered simultaneity judgment (SJ) tasks to a group of adolescents (11–14 years) and young adults (18–28 years). No age‐related changes were found in the width of the temporal binding window within which participants are highly likely to combine multisensory stimuli. The main distinction between adolescents and adults was audiovisual temporal recalibration. Although participants of both age groups could rapidly recalibrate based on the previous trial for speech stimuli (i.e., syllable utterances), only adults but not adolescents showed short‐term recalibration for simple and non‐speech stimuli. In both adolescents and adults, no significant correlation was found between audiovisual temporal integration ability and autistic or schizotypal traits. These findings provide new information on the developmental trajectory of basic multisensory function and may have implications for neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism) with altered audiovisual temporal integration. Autism Res 2020, 13: 615–626. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Utilizing temporal cues to integrate and separate audiovisual information is a fundamental ability underlying higher order social communicative functions. This study examines the developmental changes of the ability to detect audiovisual asynchrony and rapidly adjust sensory decisions based on previous sensory input. In healthy adolescents and young adults, the correlation between autistic traits and audiovisual integration ability failed to reach a significant level. Therefore, more research is needed to examine whether impairment in basic sensory functions is correlated with broader autism phenotype in nonclinical populations. These results may help us understand altered multisensory integration in people with autism.
Chiral Isolation and Absolute Configuration of (+)‐ and (−)‐Xanchryones F and G from Xanthostemon chrysanthus
Authors: Liu Fen , Wu Yan , Li Ni‐Ping , Liu Jiao‐Wen , Wang Lei , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: December 2019

(+)‐ and (−)‐Xanchryones F and G ((+)‐ and (−)‐1 and 2) were isolated from the plant Xanthostemon chrysanthus by chiral separation. Compounds 1 and 2 featured a new carbon skeleton with cinnamoyltriketone‐flavone adducts. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses and chemical calculations. The antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities of (+)‐ and (−)‐1 and 2 were evaluated.
Case report: Ultrasound diagnosis of fish bone penetration into the thyroid
Authors: Cavelier Gaëtan , Ostermann Katharina , Horoi Mihaela , Huvenne Raymond , Dequanter Didier , Rodriguez Alexandra
Published: December 2019

Key Clinical Message

Ultrasonography is useful in the diagnosis of foreign body migrations (eg, fish bones) into the soft tissues of the neck.
Finding the Optimal Regularization Parameter in Distribution of Relaxation Times Analysis
Authors: Schlüter Nicolas , Ernst Sabine , Schröder Uwe
Published: December 2019

The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method allows the direct interpretation of electrochemical impedance data, yielding an increased resolution in the frequency domain. Calculating the DRT from experimental impedance spectra, however, is an intrinsically ill‐posed problem requiring special mathematical treatments such as, for example, the Tikhonov regularization. In this study, we propose a new approach for finding optimal regularization parameters in the Tikhonov regularization. The new test function is based on repetitive impedance measurements and a simple data resampling with a subsequent variance investigation. Furthermore, our new approach is combined with already published procedures considering the determination of best regularization parameters. Here, the combination of several tests enables a clear assignment of an upper and a lower boundary for suitable regularization parameters. Finally, both tests were applied to simulated as well as to experimental impedance data for validation. To analyze the sensitivity of the approach, varying error extent was generated to the synthetic and experimental measurements.
Hierarchical Hollow‐Nanocube Ni−Co Skeleton@MoO3/MoS2 Hybrids for Improved‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Juan , Hou Shuang , Liu Tiezhong , Wang Liangke , Mei Chen , Guo Yayun , Zhao Lingzhi
Published: December 2019

Improving the performance of anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is a hotly debated topic. Herein, hollow Ni−Co skeleton@MoS2/MoO3 nanocubes (NCM‐NCs), with an average size of about 193 nm, have been synthesized through a facile hydrothermal reaction. Specifically, MoO3/MoS2 composites are grown on Ni−Co skeletons derived from nickel–cobalt Prussian blue analogue nanocubes (Ni−Co PBAs). The Ni−Co PBAs were synthesized through a precipitation method and utilized as self‐templates that provided a larger specific surface area for the adhesion of MoO3/MoS2 composites. According to Raman spectroscopy results, as‐obtained defect‐rich MoS2 is confirmed to be a metallic 1T‐phase MoS2. Furthermore, the average particle size of Ni−Co PBAs (≈43 nm) is only about one‐tenth of the previously reported particle size (≈400 nm). If assessed as anodes of LIBs, the hollow NCM‐NC hybrids deliver an excellent rate performance and superior cycling performance (with an initial discharge capacity of 1526.3 mAh g−1 and up to 1720.6 mAh g−1 after 317 cycles under a current density of 0.2 A g−1). Meanwhile, ultralong cycling life is retained, even at high current densities (776.6 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 700 cycles and 584.8 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 800 cycles). Moreover, at a rate of 1 A g−1, the average specific capacity is maintained at 661 mAh g−1. Thus, the hierarchical hollow NCM‐NC hybrids with excellent electrochemical performance are a promising anode material for LIBs.
Naphthyl‐Fused Phosphepines: Luminescent Contorted Polycyclic P‐Heterocycles
Authors: Delouche Thomas , Mokrai Réka , Roisnel Thierry , Tondelier Denis , Geffroy Bernard , Nyulászi László , Benkő Zoltán , Hissler Muriel , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine
Published: December 2019

This article presents the synthesis of a new family of naphthyl‐fused phosphepines through Ni‐mediated C−C coupling. Interestingly, the chlorophosphine oxide intermediate shows strong resistance toward oxidation/hydrolysis owing to a combination of steric hindrance and pnictogen interactions. However, it can undergo substitution reactions under specific conditions. The optical/redox properties and the electronic structure of these new π‐systems were studied experimentally (UV/Vis absorption, emission, cyclic voltammetry) and computationally (TD‐DFT calculations, NICS investigation). Taking advantage of the luminescence of these derivatives, a blue‐emitting OLED has been prepared, highlighting that these novel π‐conjugated P‐heterocycles appear to be promising building blocks for solid‐state lighting applications.
Self‐Supported Nanoporous Au3Cu Electrode with Enriched Gold on Surface for Efficient Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
Authors: Ma Xiaoming , Shen Yongli , Yao Shuang , Shu Miao , Si Rui , An Changhua
Published: December 2019

The key to the electrochemical conversion of CO2 lies in the development of efficient electrocatalysts with ease of operation, good conductivity, and rich active sites that fulfil the desired reaction direction and selectivity. Herein, an oxidative etching of Au20Cu80 alloy is used for the synthesis of a nanoporous Au3Cu alloy, representing a facile strategy for tuning the surface electronic properties and altering the adsorption behavior of the intermediates. HRTEM, XPS, and EXAFS results reveal that the curved surface of the synthesized nanoporous Au3Cu is rich in gold with unsaturated coordination conditions. It can be used directly as a self‐supported electrode for CO2 reduction, and exhibits high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.12 % toward CO at a potential of −0.7 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The FE is 1.47 times that over the as‐made single nanoporous Au. Density functional theory reveals that *CO has a relatively long distance on the surface of nanoporous Au3Cu, making desorption of CO easier and avoiding CO poisoning. The Hirshfeld charge distribution shows that the Au atoms have a negative charge and the Cu atoms exhibit a positive charge, which separately bond to the C atom and O atom in the *COOH intermediate through a bidentate mode. This affords the lowest *COOH adsorption free energy and low desorption energy for CO molecules.
Numerical investigation of turbulent shear flows using production‐limited delayed detached‐eddy simulation
Authors: Ding Puxian , Wang Shuangfeng , Chen Kai
Published: December 2019

In chemical engineering, turbulent shear flows are often encountered. The grid induced separation (GIS) and the slow RANS‐LES transition issues should be alleviated when the delayed detached‐eddy simulation (DDES) is used to simulate turbulent shear flows. This paper studies the performance of the production‐limited DDES (PL‐DDES) model in improving the GIS and the slow RANS‐LES transition issues. Since the simplified IDDES (S‐IDDES) model is proposed to improve the GIS issue, the S‐IDDES model is chosen as the model for comparison. The simulation results show that the PL‐DDES model with constant C
d1 = 14 alleviates the GIS issue better than the S‐IDDES model and the PL‐DDES model with C
d1 = 8. The results of the free shear layer show that the PL‐DDES model can switch RANS to LES more rapidly and unlock the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability more effectively than the S‐DDES model. For the backward‐facing step flow, the S‐IDDES model performs poorly when unlocking the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in the separation zone. On the other hand, the PL‐DDES model has a rapid RANS‐LES transition after the step and produces a significant transport of momentum in the shear layer, leading to reasonable separation distance and flow structures.
Personalising cardiovascular network models in pregnancy: A two‐tiered parameter estimation approach
Authors: Carson Jason , Warrander Lynne , Johnstone Edward , van Loon Raoul
Published: December 2019

Uterine artery Doppler waveforms are often studied to determine whether a patient is at risk of developing pathologies such as pre‐eclampsia. Many uterine waveform indices have been developed, which attempt to relate characteristics of the waveform with the physiological adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular system, and are often suggested to be an indicator of increased placenta resistance and arterial stiffness.

Doppler waveforms of four patients, two of whom developed pre‐eclampsia, are compared with a comprehensive closed‐loop model of pregnancy. The closed‐loop model has been previously validated but has been extended to include an improved parameter estimation technique that utilises systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, and pulse wave velocity measurements to adapt model resistances, compliances, blood volume, and the mean vessel areas in the main systemic arteries. The shape of the model‐predicted uterine artery velocity waveforms showed good agreement with the characteristics observed in the patient Doppler waveforms. The personalised models obtained now allow a prediction of the uterine pressure waveforms in addition to the uterine velocity. This allows for a more detailed mechanistic analysis of the waveforms, eg, wave intensity analysis, to study existing clinical indices. The findings indicate that to accurately estimate arterial stiffness, both pulse pressure and pulse wave velocities are required. In addition, the results predict that patients who developed pre‐eclampsia later in pregnancy have larger vessel areas in the main systemic arteries compared with the two patients who had normal pregnancy outcomes.
Pharmacokinetics, Bioequivalence, and Safety Studies of Prucalopride in Healthy Chinese Subjects
Authors: Zhou Ziye , Wang Chenxiang , Zheng Xuyong , Yu Xuben , Yu Chao , Zhang Dongchuan , Xia Yan , Chen Huafang , Huang Xiaoxiao , Zhang Xiuhua
Published: December 2019

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the bioequivalence of 2 tablet formulations of prucalopride, generic and branded, and to investigate relevant pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. This study was designed as a randomized, open‐label, fasting, single‐dose, crossover, and dual‐period trial. After overnight fasting, 12 subjects were given prucalopride tablets via oral administration, and blood specimens were obtained up to 96 hours after dosing. Prucalopride concentrations in plasma were measured using ultraprecision liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry followed by calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The safety of prucalopride was assessed throughout the study. The pharmacokinetics of prucalopride can be defined as a 2‐compartment model with a long elimination phase. No significant differences were observed between the pharmacokinetic profiles of the generic and branded prucalopride tablets. Bioequivalence was evaluated using 90%CIs for the ratio test/reference of log area under the concentration‐time curve over 96 hours, log area under the concentration‐time curve to infinity, and log peak concentration from generic and branded tablets, which were 100.06–109.94%, 100.63–110.32%, and 95.84–113.08%, respectively. During administration of the medication, there were 18 adverse events in 6 subjects in the test formulation group and 19 cases of adverse events in 6 subjects in the reference formulation group (P > .05). No severe adverse effects were detected. These results suggest that generic and branded prucalopride tablets are bioequivalent and show similar safety profiles.
Recent Progress in Two‐Dimensional Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives for Supercapacitors
Authors: Gao Xiaorui , Wang Peikui , Pan Zhenghui , Claverie Jerome P. , Wang John
Published: December 2019

High‐performance supercapacitors have attracted great attention due to their high power, fast charging/discharging, long lifetime, and high safety. However, the generally low energy density and overall device performance of supercapacitors limit their applications. In recent years, the design of rational electrode materials has proven to be an effective pathway to improve the capacitive performances of supercapacitors. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have shown great potential in new‐generation supercapacitors, due to their unique two‐dimensional layered structures with a high surface area and tunable composition of the host layers and intercalation species. Herein, recent progress in LDH‐based, LDH‐derived, and composite‐type electrode materials targeted for applications in supercapacitors, by tuning the chemical/metal composition, growth morphology, architectures, and device integration, is reviewed. The complicated relationships between the composition, morphology, structure, and capacitive performance are presented. A brief projection is given for the challenges and perspectives of LDHs for energy research.
Explicit solutions of two‐variable scattering equations describing lossless low‐pass two‐ports with mixed lumped and distributed elements
Authors: Şengül Metin , Eker Göker
Published: December 2019

One of the methods to describe mixed lumped and distributed element two‐port networks is to use two‐variable scattering equations. In literature, the solutions of these explicit descriptive equations for some classes of low‐order ladder networks are derived under some restrictions. In this paper, the complete and explicit solutions of the equations are derived to describe lossless low‐pass two‐port networks with mixed lumped and distributed elements, up to four elements, without any restrictions.
Detecting – the 2004 Athens Olympic Games
Authors: Georgakopoulos Costas
Published: December 2019

A summary of the preparations and the operation of the Athens Doping Control Laboratory for the 2004 Olympic Games is presented. The preparations involved an upgrade of the laboratory infrastructure: staff, equipment, space, new analytical methodologies. The operation of the laboratory during the Games created a major number of events in agreement with the International Olympic Committee's commitment to doping‐free “clean” Games. This summary was created by the director of the Athens Doping Control Laboratory and reflected the author's outlook 15 years later.
C‐H Functionalization of Amino Alcohols by Osmium Tetroxide/NMO or TPAP/NMO: Protecting Group‐Free Synthesis of Indolizidines (–)‐223AB and 3‐epi‐(–)‐223AB
Authors: Chen Wei‐Lun , Wang Lee‐Ya , Li Yu‐Jang
Published: December 2019

The oxidative cyclization of amino alcohols by osmium tetroxide/NMO or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP)/NMO was found to provide an N,O‐acetal moiety through the trapping of the resulting iminium ion by the alcohol. These two transformations were demonstrated in the synthesis of indolizidines (–)‐223AB and 3‐epi‐(–)‐223AB.
Facile microfluidic fabrication of monodispersed self‐coupling microcavity with fine tunability
Authors: Zhang Ran , Liu Yilin , Liu Qing , Zhang Yueyue , Ma Xing , Song Qinghai , Feng Huanhuan
Published: December 2019

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have received extensive attention because of their nonlinear optical application in lasers and sensors. Optical microcavities are excellent candidates for constructing powerful microlasers and label‐free biosensors, owing to their low optical losses and small size. However, most of these microcavity syntheses rely on sophisticated fabrication methods and cannot be manipulated easily. To achieve facile and versatile microcavity fabrication, we present a robust microfluidics method for monodispersed self‐coupling optical microcavity fabrication with a fine tunability. The microcavity polydispersity was less than 3%. The optical microcavity size could be varied from 10 to 30 µm with a steady quality factor (Q) of approximately 1000. The lowest laser threshold that we obtained was 0.82 µJ with a microcavity size of 20 µm. The doped fluorescent dye concentration can be tuned precisely from 0.001 to 0.05 wt% to explore an optimized fluorescent background. The experimental results and theoretical simulation match well in terms of Q and the electrometric resonance field intensity. Compared with previous precise and practical fabrication methods, we have demonstrated a facile approach for versatile optical microcavity fabrication. This method can vary the microcavity materials, size, doped fluorescent dye concentration, WGM resonance spectrum, Q factor, and laser threshold easily to adapt to various circumstances and specific applications.
Research on pressure‐stabilizing system for transfer device for natural gas hydrate cores
Authors: Gao Qiaoling , Chen Jiawang , Liu Junbo , Gu Linyi , Liu Fanglan , Geng Xueqiao , Xiao Bo
Published: December 2019

To broaden the analysis means for natural gas hydrate (NGH)‐pressured cores, long‐columnar cores are usually cut into smaller segments with a pressure‐retaining transfer device for NGH. The pressure‐stabilizing system is the core part of a transfer device for NGH, providing a stable high‐pressure environment for the transfer process to avoid NGH decomposition. In this study, the characteristics of the pressure‐stabilizing system were thoroughly studied, and the factors affecting the pressure fluctuations in the transfer device were discussed. Accordingly, the pressure‐stabilizing system was modeled with AMESim software, and the model parameters were set according to the actual working conditions. The simulated pressure fluctuations in the transfer process of transfer device for NGH confirm the theoretical results, which indicate that the precharge pressure of the accumulator should be 0.8‐0.9 times the working pressure. In addition, an increased accumulator volume decelerates the response of the system. Experiments were conducted to test the reliability of the pressure‐stabilizing system. During the transfer process of the NGH sample, the operating pressure can reach 20 MPa, and the fluctuations of the inner pressure are below 20%.
A rare move: The effects of switching from a closing call auction to a continuous trading
Authors: Chang Ya‐Kai , Chou Robin K. , Yang J. Jimmy
Published: December 2019

This study investigates the effects of switching to a closing continuous trading (CCT) on market quality, while considering the trading behaviors of different types of traders. Investors become more patient in the period preceding the last trading phase, which reduces the bid–ask spread (BAS) in that period. We find an increase in the BAS and volatility during the last trading phase, due to diminishing investor patience. Market volatility and the closing pricing errors relate positively to the trading activities of foreign institutional investors. Overall, the introduction of the CCT worsens the market quality before the closing.
Utilization of mineral carbonation products: current state and potential
Authors: Woodall Caleb M. , McQueen Noah , Pilorgé Hélène , Wilcox Jennifer
Published: December 2019

Mineral carbonation (MC) is a form of carbon capture and storage that reacts CO2with alkaline feedstock to securely store CO2as solid carbonate minerals. To improve process economics and accelerate commercial deployment, research has increased around product utilization, where markets exist primarily in the construction industry. This review assesses the potential for advancing MC product utilization to decrease CO2emissions toward neutral, or even negative, values. First, the literature surrounding the current state and challenges for indirect MC processes is reviewed, indicating that process intensification and scale‐up are important areas for further research. Alkalinity sources available for MC are examined, differentiating between those sourced from industrial processes and mining operations. Investigation of possible end uses of carbonate products reveals that further CO2avoidance can be achieved by replacing conventional carbon‐intensive products. Companies that are currently commercializing MC processes are categorized based on the feed used and materials produced. An analysis of company process types indicates that up to 3 GtCO2 year–1could be avoided globally. It is suggested that upcoming commercial efforts should focus on the carbonation of industrial wastes located near CO2sources to produce precast concrete blocks. Carbonation of conventional concrete shows the highest potential for CO2avoidance, but may face some market resistance. Carbonation of Mg silicates lacks sufficient market demand and requires the development of new high‐value products to overcome the expense of mining and feed preparation. It is suggested that research focus on enhanced understanding of magnesia cement chemistry and the development of flame‐retardant mineral fillers. © 2019 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of nonlinear partial slip and thermal radiation on Oldroyd 8‐constant fluid in a channel with convective boundary condition
Authors: Abiodun Gbadeyan Jacob , Abdulkadir Yusuf Tunde
Published: December 2019

This investigation deals with the effects of nonlinear slip, nonlinear thermal radiation, and non‐Newtonian flow parameters on heat transfer of an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic steady flow of an Oldroyd 8‐constant fluid through two parallel infinite plates with convective cooling. The Rosseland approximation is adopted to simulate the radiation effects. Heat exchange with the surrounding at the surfaces is assumed to obey Newton's law of cooling. The system of coupled and highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the model is solved numerically using the method of weighted residual. The combined effects of non‐Newtonian flow parameters, velocity slip parameter, magnetic field parameter, Biot numbers, thermal radiation on the fluid velocity, temperature distributions, skin friction, and the Nusselt number are presented graphically and discussed. It is found that the velocity slip has an increasing effect on the fluid velocity and temperature profiles. For larger values of the thermal radiation parameter, the temperature profile and the Nusselt number are noticed to be increased.
Effects of particle fouling and magnetic field on porous fin for improved cooling of consumer electronics
Authors: Oguntala George , Sobamowo Gbeminiyi , Abd‐Alhameed Raed
Published: December 2019

The combined effect of particulate fouling and magnetic field on the efficiency of a convective–radiative porous fin heatsink with temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity is presented. The developed thermal models are solved using differential transformation method. The effects of thermal conductivity, porosity, convection, radiation parameter, and thermal fouling number on the fin thermal efficiency are investigated. The presence of thermal fouling on the surface of the fin is shown to increase the temperature distribution. The presence of particle deposition on the fin surface significantly decreases the rate of heat transfer as additional thermal resistance of the fouling layer decreases the thermal performance of porous fin heatsink. Moreover, the fin efficiency decreases as the value of fouled Biot, Darcy, radiation number, and thermogeometric parameter increases. It is established that Mf < Mc, which indicates that the efficiency of the fouled fin is greater than the efficiency of the clean fin. Furthermore, the result of the present study is validated with the established results of Chebyshev spectral collocation method and fourth‐order Runge–Kutta with shooting method and an error margin of 0.000000023 is established.
Modular Semantically Integrated System Modelling
Authors: Natarajan Swaminathan , Chaudhuri Subhrojyoti Roy , Kumar Anand
Published: December 2019

In current practice, we engineer systems using modular, composable components. However, when we model systems in languages such as SysML, we build a single model of the entire deliverable system (such as a radio telescope). Though the model is of course hierarchical, consisting of multiple levels of description, these are not quite independent models that can be composed modularly. For example, if we acquire a power supply off‐the‐shelf, ideally we would like the supplier to provide us a model of the power supply that can be integrated into our overall system model, reflecting the same concerns involved in integrating the power supply into our solutions. If we have distributed teams, can they create separate models that are composable? Can model integration be the early version of system integration?

This paper discusses how modelling can support modular composability using roles: placeholders for other entities that the entity being modelled depends on in order to deliver its targeted behaviour. All the necessary assumptions relating to the role are captured as role profiles. Model composition then involves binding these context roles to models of actual concrete entities that fit the assumptions. Our paper presents an illustrative example of compositional modelling of a radio telescope, and discusses some of the issues involved in binding. It goes further to indicate how these system models can be linked to relevant domain knowledge frames, and also linked to observations of the system behaviour. The result is a SystemMap: modular, composable knowledge‐centric models that enable capture of all the information and knowledge relating to a system, linked by a network of semantic relationships that enable internal consistency checking, as well as model and knowledge refinement based on consistency with observed real‐world behaviours.
Implementation and Realisation of Micro Digital Sun Sensor Processing in FPGA
Authors: Kohli Tarun , Maji Amit , VIJAYA Y. , RAVINDRA H.S
Published: December 2019

This paper presents the implementation and realization of complex processing algorithms of newly developed, high accuracy, compact, two axes Micro Digital Sun Sensor (MDSS) using linear CMOS detector and N‐shaped slit mask for Indian Satellite missions. Sun sensor provides the orientation of satellite with respect to Sun. It is one of the prime attitude sensors for spacecraft. Due to low mass, compact size and low power consumption, the MDSS will be used for future micro/nano‐satellite missions as well as for communication Satellite missions. The electrical model of MDSS is built in Laboratory for Electro‐Optics Systems (LEOS). It is around 10 times lesser in weight and 8 times compact than the high accuracy Sun sensors presently available in ISRO. The MDSS has accuracy of 0.02°. In this paper, we have presented details of the simulation and test results of Micro DSS processing.

The MDSS consists of an optical head and FPGA based processing unit. The optical head consists of CMOS linear array detector and N shaped slit mask. The N slit mask is mounted at a predefined height above the detector to provide the sensor field of view of ±64° x ±64°. The sunlight falls on the detector through the N‐shaped slit and three Sun spots are formed on the detector. After removing the unwanted signals from the images using auto threshold method, the image identification and centroid computation are carried out using moment method algorithm in real time and using the real time image clustering and centroid computing algorithm. By applying sensor transfer function, the 3 centroid information are converted to Sun aspect angle information which are the sensor outputs used for determining orientation of Satellite.

All the processing is done in a single FPGA, like control signals generation for detector, real time centroid calculations, complex image clustering, transfer equation realization, interfacing with output, command module and MIL‐STD‐1553B communication. The complex transfer equation which includes trigonometric functions is implemented inside the FPGA using Co‐Ordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm without any processor. The processing unit consists of ACTEL RTAX or Proasic FPGA with MIL‐STD 1553B and LVDS peripheral interface.
Test Driven Development: Process for AUTOSAR Software Development
Authors: Rajkumar Anupama , Paralikar Ashish
Published: December 2019

The layered architecture of AUTOSAR while making it highly modular, also makes it complex to debug when the software is tested directly on the hardware. This leads to iterations in the development process which sometimes can trace back to changes in the system architecture resulting in overheads and delays in the software development process. This paper discusses how test‐driven development (TDD) methodology can be adopted for AUTOSAR compliant software in enterprises which can reduce the iterations in the development process. This also makes it well suited for Agile workflow.
A Method of Art Thinking for Adapting to Systems Engineering of Utilizing Architectural Framework for Self‐Organizing
Authors: Shima Seiji , Kobayashi Nobuyuki , Shirasaka Seiko
Published: December 2019

In systems engineering, the core of requirements definition is the needs of users or customers. However, in the case of a new business or an innovative new product development, the entrepreneur's needs and passion for business is also an essential factor, but there is no method to support how to combine them effectively.

Art Thinking is a way of thinking that forms one's thoughts along with the thinking process of the artist, while at the same time obtaining a resonance with people and spreading products and services.

In this study, we propose an architectural framework that can be used to visualize the adaptation of entrepreneurs' desires and stakeholder requirements in Art Thinking and to adjust those differences.

In this framework, we utilize a self‐organizing framework consisting of three axes: time, spatial, and meaning. Each block defined by the three axes has Customer Value Chain Analysis (CVCA). CVCA is a method to analyze existing social systems and to visualize value exchange among stakeholders to design new social systems.

This framework identifies whether or not the needs of the entrepreneur can reach the customers, and whether or not the customer's requirements are reflected.
Challenges in the system engineering of a Precise Timing Facility for NavIC
Authors: Bhardwajan Aakanksha Avnish , Arora Anu , Dakkumalla Suresh , Ganesh T Subramanya , Ramakrishna B N
Published: December 2019

At the heart of the NavIC/IRNSS ground segment is the IRNSS Network Timing (IRNWT) facility, a precise timing facility (PTF), responsible for the generation, maintenance and dissemination of the IRNSS system time. This paper dwells on the challenges in the system engineering of such a complex system.

A PTF has two major applications namely metrological timekeeping and navigation timekeeping for precise orbit determination and time synchronization (OD&TS). These two different objectives in turn translate to two different sets of requirements such as long‐term frequency stability and accuracy for metrological timekeeping, while short and medium term frequency stability and high availability of timescale for navigation.

At first, these high level requirements need to be translated to a comprehensive design with minute level operational and performance specifications. The design needs to ensure high availability of the system by creating an ensemble of different kinds of atomic clocks while at the same time maintain frequency stability and optimization for various noise processes dominant at different averaging intervals. The design also need to ensure accuracy of the generated timescale with respect to a desired reference such as UTC needs to be ensured with regular time transfers either by Common‐view or Two‐way satellite time and frequency transfer. In the next step, the design is implemented with the appropriate selection of hardware and software elements. The system engineering of a PTF thus involves varied and multi‐disciplinary facets such as selection of atomic clocks, development of ensemble algorithms, steering the generated timescale signal to the desired reference, monitoring and control of all the hardware and software involved and designing of facility including appropriate environmental conditions.

The next step is the verification and validation of the realized system. This step needs to ensure that the system is tested for a sufficiently long period of times to assess both short term and long term performance of the system before it is declared operational. Three such systems have now been made operational in India for NavIC.
Developing Robust 3D Printed Parts For Automotive Application Using Design For Additive Manufacturing And Optimization Techniques
Authors: Shanmugam Saravanakumar , Naik Abhijith , Sujan T , Desai Sharanabasappa
Published: December 2019

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is catching increased attention in the recent past due to its critical contributions in the 4th Industry revolution, commonly known as Industry 4.0. AM has come a long way from manufacturing proto parts to functionally capable parts with various enhancements to suit variety of applications. AM is proven to be the effective way to manufacture parts faster and economical than conventionally manufactured parts especially in low volume productions. This agility makes AM the most suited manufacturing technique for better integration between different industries and domains as the need for better collaboration increases. It's increased flexibility to manufacture functional parts is pushing the industry to go for 3D printed parts. As the skill requirements to design the components for AM is different than conventional manufacturing, product designers are facing increased challenges to design for AM. Printing and post processing methodologies have close connection with quality of parts. This research article analyzes various aspects right from the importance of Design for AM (DfAM), material consumption and quality of the parts. This article also talks about the importance of print and part design optimization methodologies.
System engineering aspects of One‐Way CDMA based Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (ORIMS) for NavIC system
Authors: Dharmappa Dileep , Neelappa Sortur Anand , Singh Fateyh Bahaddur , Ramakrishna B N
Published: December 2019

NavIC(Navigation with Indian Constellation) system formerly IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), is an ISRO initiative to build an independent regional satellite navigation system based on seven satellite constellation to provide precise position, velocity and time to users over the Indian region. The NavIC System is designed to provide position accuracy 20 meters over Indian geo‐political boundary and a region extending to the about 1500 Kms around India for a dual frequency user.

One of the important elements of ground segment which operates 24×7 unmanned is one‐way CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) ranging station namely IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (RIMS). This paper provides the system engineering aspects and the challenges involved in engineering RIMS for NavIC.

First an overview of RIMS technical design is provided. The architecture of one way IRIMS is explained based on functionality. Then the key techniques of designing IRIMS are described. Also basic technical considerations on the other IRIMS equipment's, like atomic clocks, reference receiver and computing infrastructure are provided. The major role of IRIMS inside NavIC System functions is analyzed.

Towards establishment of such one way IRIM Stations the system engineering aspects such as, the site selections requirements, site survey requirements namely Radio Frequency (RF) Survey, Multipath survey, elevation profile survey are presented.
Smart City as System of Systems: Subject of study ‐ Vertical Farming and Autonomous Driving in Smart city
Authors: Kulkarni Kunal
Published: December 2019

“Growth is inevitable and desirable, but destruction of community character is not. The question is not whether your part of the world is going to change. The question is how.” – Edward T. McMahon

The above quote fits perfectly on rapid urbanization today. With swift technological growth and enhancement in associated services, we are moving in future of digitalization and connectivity. At the same time, this transition must be safe and secure. This paper specifically talks about applying system architecture concepts to understand complexity of smart city as System of systems with focus on wildly important elements – Food and Commutation, summarizing problem, need and possible challenges.

WHAT – To understand role of autonomous driving and vertical farming in concept of smart city, by doing logical decomposition and dependency analysis using systems engineering techniques.

WHY – We need to make our cities smart to bring growth, ease, comfort, speed, safety and security of operations in balanced socio‐economic environment. By doing this we can take proactive actions instead of reacting to situations.

HOW – First, Smart city system need to be decomposed into subsystems based on functionality of the system. Now identify stakeholders for each subsystem and map their needs to functions and forms.

This paper takes example of two subsystems – Vertical Farming and Autonomous City Drive to demonstrate decomposition and architectural decision on a subsystem.

This paper contrast on how increasing commutation problem in growing cities be managed by systematically planning electric autonomous vehicles to provide safe, fast, comfortable and economical city ride.

Along with that, this paper also encircles need of vertical farming in growing cities to produce variety of crops, all year long, without soil. This will bring time to market down and will reduce overall carbon footprint.

Advantages and challenges in adoption of above two subsystem in context of smart city are in scope of this paper.
Differential Effect of Long-Term Systemic Exposure of TNFα on Health of the Annulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus of the Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Gorth Deborah J , Ottone Olivia K , Shapiro Irving M , Risbud Makarand V
Published: December 2019

The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc disease. To evaluate the importance of this cytokine we examined the inflammatory environment and spinal phenotype of 9-month-old human TNFα overexpressing transgenic (hTNFα-TG) mice. The mice evidenced increased circulating levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, keratinocyte chemoattractant/human growth-regulated oncogene (KC/GRO), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) along with thinning of the cortical and trabecular vertebral bone. Surprisingly, although the nucleus pulposus (NP) of these mice was intact and healthy, the caudal annulus fibrosus (AF) evidenced robust cell death and immune cell infiltration. Despite these differences, there were no obvious alterations in the collagen or aggrecan content in the NP and AF. However, there was a reduction in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), suggesting destabilization of the AF matrix. Microarray analysis of the NP from hTNFα-TG mice cells revealed minimal changes in global gene expression. These findings lend support to the notion that NP tissue is isolated from systemic inflammation. In contrast, the severe AF phenotype suggests that systemic inflammation interferes with AF health, predisposing discs to herniation as opposed to directly causing NP degeneration. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.