bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the problem of gradient calibration in diffusion weighted imaging
Authors: Posnansky Oleg , Kupriyanova Yuliya , Shah N. Jon
Published: October 2015

A calibration method for diffusion‐weighted imaging using an isotropic phantom is proposed. The key point of the method consists in finding optimized balancing times for different orientations of diffusion‐encoding gradients followed by retrospective rescaling of the diffusion‐weighted images. The correction protocol was applied to produce improved fractional anisotropy maps which were analyzed with statistical histograms. The results demonstrate that the described scheme of systematic error reduction is a valid approach for quality control studies of gradient system performance for diffusion‐weighted imaging. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 271–279, 2011;
LEACHING AND FLUSHING OF ACIDITY IN THE RECLAMATION OF ACID SULPHATE SOIL, KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Authors: Wignyosukarto Budi Santoso
Published: October 2015

Lowland reclamation for agricultural development was started 40 years ago in Indonesia. Part of the area is a tidal swamp that originated from marine sediment. Land reclamation by lowering the groundwater table promoted oxidation of acid sulphate soil that produced severe acidity. A tidal irrigation system that allows two‐way flow with a reservoir at the end of the channel was introduced at the beginning of development in order to maintain water movement and increase the volume of freshwater flow. After 40 years of reclamation, water and soil quality in several schemes indicate a slow improvement of acidity. After the dry season, acid water with pH 3 ~ 4 could be found in the canal, as well as potential acid sulphate soil still found in the shallow layer. Appropriate water management in the scheme should meet at least tree objectives, i.e. supplying enough water for leaching and diluting acid water, draining excess water during storms, and keeping the potential acid sulphate soil under reduced conditions in order to avoid excessive oxidation. Evaluation of the hydraulic performance of the existing main system indicates a need for upgrading of the channel to allow enough fresh water that could support the process of leaching and flushing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teachers' and Learners' Reactions to a Task‐Based EFL Course in Thailand
Authors: MCDONOUGH KIM , CHAIKITMONGKOL WANPEN
Published: October 2015

Although many studies have described the L2 learning opportunities created by individual tasks, considerably less research has investigated task‐based syllabi and courses (Bruton, 2002; Candlin, 2001; Ellis, 2003; Skehan, 2003). This case study investigated teachers' and learners' reactions to a task‐based EFL course at a Thai university. A team of Thai EFL teachers created the syllabus, which was pilot tested and revised before being introduced universitywide. For this study, we collected the teachers' and learners' impressions about the course over a 12‐month period during the pilot testing and revision phases. We identified their reactions using a qualitative analysis of oral and written data elicited through (a) task evaluations, (b) learning notebooks, (c) observations, (d) course evaluations, and (e) interviews. The findings indicate that, despite initial reservations, they believed the course encouraged learners to become more independent and addressed their real world academic needs. Implications for the implementation of task‐based language teaching in other EFL contexts are discussed.
Slicing the Onion Ethnographically: Layers and Spaces in Multilingual Language Education Policy and Practice
Authors: HORNBERGER NANCY H. , JOHNSON DAVID CASSELS
Published: October 2015

In this article, we take up the call for more multilayered and ethnographic approaches to language policy and planning (LPP) research by sharing two examples of how ethnography can illuminate local interpretation and implementation. We offer ethnographic data collected in two very different institutions—the School District of Philadelphia and the Andean regional graduate program in bilingual intercultural education in Cochabamba, Bolivia—both of which act as intermediary agencies between national language policies and local educational initiatives. Drawing from long‐term ethnographic work in each context, we present excerpts from spoken and written discourse that shed light on the opening up or closing down of ideological and implementational spaces for multilingual language education policy and practice. We illustrate through our examples that ethnographic research can, metaphorically speaking, slice through the layers of the LPP onion (Ricento & Hornberger, 1996) to reveal agentive spaces in which local actors implement, interpret, and perhaps resist policy initiatives in varying and unique ways.
Conceptions of a Good Tertiary EFL Teacher in China
Authors: ZHANG QUNYING , WATKINS DAVID
Published: October 2015

TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers.
The Mediational Role of Classroom Practices During the Silent Period: A New‐Immigrant Student Learning the English Language in a Mainstream Classroom
Authors: IDDINGS ANA CHRISTINA DaSILVA , JANG EUN‐YOUNG
Published: October 2015

For this article we aimed to understand the emergence of English as a second language for a newly immigrated Mexican student, a native speaker of Spanish, enrolled in a mainstream kindergarten classroom, who was undergoing thesilent period(Krashen, 1981). Applying ecological approaches that emphasize learners in relationship with their environment, we analyzed three particular classroom practices and their respective mediational roles for the development of a second language (L2). Following Tomasello's (1999, 2003) recognition that the understanding of communicative intentions is an essential prerequisite for language development, we argue that certain characteristics of routine classroom practices (i.e., shared objects, infrastructural elements, and speech patterns) provided key interactional and contextual affordances for the understanding and internalization of a shared system of symbols (linguistic and nonlinguistic) and, thus, for the emergence of the L2. This research suggests that our focal student was intentionally and actively engaged in L2 learning during this period of silence. In addition, our findings suggest that although the understanding of communicative intentions contributed to the legitimization of astudentidentity for the learner during the silent period, it did not contribute to the learning of academic content. We argue that ambiguity and multiplicity of intentions conveyed in some classroom actions may be particularly challenging for L2 learners in mainstream classrooms.
“I'm Very Not About the Law Part”: Nonnative Speakers of English and the Miranda Warnings
Authors: PAVLENKO ANETA
Published: October 2015

This article presents a case study of a police interrogation of a nonnative speaker (NNS) of English. I show that the high linguistic and conceptual complexity of police cautions, such as the Miranda warnings, complicates understanding of these texts even by NNSs of English with a high level of interactional competence. I argue that the U.S. criminal justice system should accommodate NNSs of English at all proficiency levels by adopting a bilingual standard, that is, by offering the Miranda warnings in English and in a standardized translation into the speaker's native language. I also argue that common legal terms, concepts, and texts need to find a place in the adult ESL curriculum.
Motivating Language Learners: A Classroom‐Oriented Investigation of the Effects of Motivational Strategies on Student Motivation
Authors: GUILLOTEAUX MARIE J. , DÖRNYEI ZOLTÁN
Published: October 2015

The teacher's use of motivational strategies is generally believed to enhance student motivation, yet the literature has little empirical evidence to support this claim. Based on a large‐scale investigation of 40 ESOL classrooms in South Korea involving 27 teachers and more than 1,300 learners, this study examined the link between the teachers' motivational teaching practice and their students' language learning motivation. The students' motivation was measured by a self‐report questionnaire and a classroom observation instrument specifically developed for this investigation, the motivation orientation of language teaching (MOLT). The MOLT observation scheme was also used to assess the teachers' use of motivational strategies, along with a posthoc rating scale filled in by the observer. The MOLT follows the real‐time coding principle of Spada and Fröhlich's (1995) communication orientation of language teaching (COLT) scheme but uses categories of observable teacher behaviors derived from Dörnyei's (2001) motivational strategies framework for foreign language classrooms. The results indicate that the language teachers' motivational practice is linked to increased levels of the learners' motivated learning behavior as well as their motivational state.
Authenticity in the Adult ESOL Classroom and Beyond
Authors: ROBERTS CELIA , COOKE MELANIE
Published: October 2015

The debate over authenticity is a longstanding one in the teaching of English to speakers of other languages. This article revisits that debate in the context of linguistic‐minority adults who, in the process of migration, experience a loss of independence and cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1986/2004). Adult migrants must develop authentic voices in their new second language both for social and interpersonal encounters and in bureaucratic and institutional settings such as job interviews and medical consultations. These needs are not adequately met by invented or oversimplified functional materials which flatten out interactional complexity. Rather, materials should be research based so that they exemplify the social relations and discourse routines of everyday and institutional interactions.
The Denial of Ideology in Perceptions of ‘Nonnative Speake’ Teachers
Authors: HOLLIDAY ADRIAN , ABOSHIHA PAMELA
Published: October 2015

There is now general acceptance that the traditional ‘nonnative speaker’ label for teachers of English is problematic on sociolinguistic grounds and can be the source of employment discrimination. However, there continues to be disagreement regarding how far there is a prejudice against ‘nonnative speaker’ teachers which is deep and sustained and connected to an inherent racism within the fabric of Western society. This article argues that there is such a deep and sustained prejudice but that it is not recognised because of a denial of the ideology which underpins it on two fronts. The first is perceptions of objectivity and accountability in the dominant modernist research paradigm. The second is common descriptions of other cultures, under the headings of individualism and collectivism, which appear on the surface to be neutral, but are in fact underpinned by cultural prejudice. However, a postmodern qualitative research methodology is able to engage with the subjectivities of the unspoken discourses of TESOL professionalism, and therefore to uncover elements of global positioning and politics behind the ‘nonnative speaker’ teacher label, which in turn reveal an ideology of racism.
The Effects of Vocabulary Learning on Collocation and Meaning
Authors: WEBB STUART , KAGIMOTO EVE
Published: October 2015

This study investigates the effects of receptive and productive vocabulary tasks on learning collocation and meaning. Japanese English as a foreign language students learned target words in three glossed sentences and in a cloze task. To determine the effects of the treatments, four tests were used to measure receptive and productive knowledge of collocation and meaning. The results showed that both tasks led to significant gains in knowledge with little difference between the size of the gains. When participants were grouped according to level, the productive task was more effective for higher level learners, and the receptive task was more effective for lower level learners. Mean scores on the productive tests were slightly higher for both tasks on the test of meaning than on the test of collocation. However, the findings indicate knowledge of collocation may be acquired at a rate similar to that of meaning, and that tasks which focus on collocation, as well as meaning, may be effective.
Teacher‐Based Assessment for Foreign Language Pragmatics
Authors: ISHIHARA NORIKO
Published: October 2015

Despite the growing interest in teaching second language (L2) pragmatics, the issue of assessment of learners' pragmatic skills, particularly in the context of the classroom, seems to be less prominently discussed, even though the assessment is an integral part of the instruction. This qualitative case study aims to demonstrate an operationalization of a principle of pragmatics within the classroom context and demonstrate the effectiveness of teacher‐based assessment of pragmatic competence grounded in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. In freshman English courses at a Japanese university, the teacher researcher implemented pragmatics‐focused instruction throughout a semester based on empirically established information on speech acts in English. The instructor used collaboratively developed authentic assessment tools, such as reflective writing, rubrics, role‐plays, and self/peer‐assessment, and facilitated interaction and assessment in the learning process. These assessments were designed (a) to elicit learners' pragmalinguistic competence to use community norms, (b) to elicit their sociopragmatic awareness of the consequences of their own pragmatic language choice, and (c) to evaluate the extent of the match between learners' intention (illocution) and interlocutors' interpretation (perlocution). Examples of the assessments actually used in the classroom and learner language will be shown, and the instructor's assessment will be interpreted in the sociocultural framework (Vygotsky, 1978).
Treatment Utilization on College Campuses: Who Seeks Help for What?
Authors: Nordberg Samuel S. , Hayes Jeffrey A. , McAleavey Andrew A. , Castonguay Louis G. , Locke Benjamin D.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of why college students seek psychological treatment by examining indicators of psychological distress. A secondary goal was to assess the utility of screening for treatment need via a brief self‐report measure of distress. Two samples (1 clinical, 1 nonclinical; N= 8,380) were examined via logistic regression analyses to identify meaningful predictors of treatment‐seeking behavior. Clinical applications are discussed.
Factors Related to Play Therapists' Social Justice Advocacy Attitudes
Authors: Parikh Sejal B. , Ceballos Peggy , Post Phyllis
Published: October 2015

The authors used a correlational research design to examine how belief in a just world, political ideology, socioeconomic status of family of origin, and percentage of racial minority clients were related to social justice advocacy attitudes among play therapists. A multiple regression was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that belief in a just world and political ideology were related to social justice advocacy. Implications for play therapy training and future directions for research are discussed.

Los autores emplearon un diseño correlacional de investigación para examinar cómo la creencia en un mundo justo, la ideología política, el estatus socioeconómico de la familia de origen y el porcentaje de clientes de minorías raciales estaban relacionados con actitudes de apoyo de la justicia social entre consejeros que usan terapia de juego. Se empleó una regresión múltiple para analizar los datos. Los resultados indicaron que la creencia en un mundo justo y la ideología política estaban relacionadas con la defensa de la justicia social. Se discuten las implicaciones para formación en terapia de juego y direcciones futuras para investigación.
Three Pathways to Soul Work
Authors: KLEPPER KONJA , BRUCE MARY ALICE
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate meaningful experiences that may raise the awareness of spiritual meaning. Upon completion of soul work activities, participants described their changing way of being, including realizations that daily actions enhance self‐awareness, appreciation of life, and sense of connection to something more and greater.
Empirical Evidence for the Importance of Conceptualizing Client Strengths
Authors: WELFARE LAURA E. , FARMER LAURA B. , LILE JESSE J.
Published: October 2015

Case conceptualizations from 120 counselors‐in‐training and post‐master's‐level counselors were examined for inclusion of positive and negative client characteristics. Conceptualizations of clients with whom counselors felt effective were more positive than negative, whereas conceptualizations of clients with whom counselors felt less effective were more negative than positive. Differences across counseling specialization, duration of counseling experience, and counselor cognitive complexity were explored.
Revealing the Power of Practitioner Relationships: An Action‐Driven Inquiry of Counselor Wellness
Authors: NESWALD‐POTTER RHONDA E. , BLACKBURN SHAWNE A. , NOEL JAMIE J.
Published: October 2015

This study examined practicing counselors' definitions of wellness and how counselors maintain professional wellness over time. Findings indicated counselors are adept at balancing personal and professional wellness and that relationships, in particular, are important for maintaining balance. Implications and recommendations within a humanistic practice setting are discussed.
Meaning Through Being: Reclaiming the Wholeness of Personal Meaning
Authors: BELLIN ZVI
Published: October 2015

This qualitative study explores personal meaning through the narratives of 12 participants. One foundational theme, meaning experienced through accomplishments versus meaning experienced through existence (meaning through being), is discussed. Results suggest that a counselor can help a client develop a more integrated sense of meaning by paying attention to both types of meaning.
2.2.1 Systems Integration: He Who Hesitates Is Lost
Authors: Armstrong James R.
Published: October 2015

Most discussions on integration focus on the activities during the building of the product. Early actions are limited to defining and controlling the interface requirements. With the reality of the increased costs of fixing problems late in the program and the general recognition that there are usually problems at the interfaces, this seems to be a less than optimum approach. This paper looks at several ways to improve the overall integration process and find those problems much earlier. Examples are given of both need for earlier actions and their benefit.
2.2.2 Maintaining Emergence in Systems of Systems Integration: a Contractual Approach using SysML
Authors: Bryans Jeremy , Fitzgerald John , Payne Richard , Kristensen Klaus
Published: October 2015

This paper describes a pilot study in the use of model‐based techniques in system of systems (SoS) engineering. The focus is on the derivation of specifications for new constituent systems that are to be integrated with an existing SoS. The pilot study is based on a commercial application in the home audio/video domain and illustrates the application of architectural modeling guidelines to the description of a content‐streaming SoS using SysML and the formal COMPASS Modeling Language (CML). Analysis of the models leads to the derivation of a specification sufficient for constituent systems to guarantee a key leader election property of the SoS.
4.4.2 What color is your nail polish? How to use Myers‐Briggs personality characteristics to identify potential Systems Engineers in your organization
Authors: Russell Jennifer , Brinckerhoff Parsons
Published: October 2015

Some have joked that extroverted engineers will look at your feet instead of their own when talking to you. Extroverted engineers attending the INCOSE International Symposium in 2013 may have noticed that many female Systems Engineers present wore unusual nail polish colors in the latest, fashionable blue and green shades. This raised the question, are Systems Engineers particularly sensitive to their environment? Are Systems Engineers better able to adapt and apply new concepts? Is there something outwardly distinguishable that hints which people have the capabilities Systems Engineers need? Many new disciplines are now using systems engineering practices and need to quickly find new Systems Engineers. Analyzing personality characteristics using the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator provides a framework to recognize those with innate potential to be Systems Engineers.
5.1.1 Parametric Analysis Through a Model‐based Reference Architecture for Medical Device Development
Authors: Corns Steven , Thukral Ajay , Thukral Vijay
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a proof of concept for the integration of the INCOSE Biomedical‐Healthcare Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Challenge Team's modeling framework with a model‐based analysis method. This project investigated the inclusion of numerical analysis of an infusion pump and anesthesia using mathematical models integrated into the team's larger scope SysML drug delivery system medical device development modeling framework. The results of this work demonstrate how the results of a stochastic analysis can be integrated into a larger MBSE model. The inclusion of these results makes it possible for high level decisions to be informed by detailed engineering model analysis to give medical device designers the necessary data to speed development and utility of the devices they propose.
5.3.2 Conceptual Modeling of System‐Based Decision‐Making
Authors: Mordecai Yaniv , Dori Dov
Published: October 2015

System‐based decision‐making functionality has matured over the last decade due to the constant evolution of technological decision execution capabilities. Intelligent agents, cyber‐physical systems employing automated and autonomous mechanisms and components, and recent breakthroughs of household robotics require standardized and formalized automated decision making (DM) process design. Employing an integrated systems thinking approach, we propose a model‐based approach which integrates decision‐support and decision‐making mechanisms into system models. Our formal conceptual metamodel streamlines a standard, generic DM process, enabling the coordination and consolidation of local system‐based decisions in a loosely coordinated system‐of‐systems or a complex system of autonomous agents into a coherent, environment‐aware global decision. Our framework utilizes Object Process Methodology – OPM – a robust conceptual modeling framework for complex system and process modeling and design.
6.4.2 Systems Engineering International Standards and Support Tools for Very Small Enterprises
Authors: Laporte Claude Y. , Houde Ronald , Marvin Joseph
Published: October 2015

Very small entities are very important to the world‐wide economy. The products they develop are often integrated into products made by larger enterprises. To address their needs, a set of ISO/IEC 29110 systems engineering standards and guides, such as a management and engineering guide, has been developed using ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. The INCOSE systems engineering handbook is used as the main reference for the development of a set of systems engineering deployment packages. A deployment package is a set of artefacts designed to facilitate the implementation of a standard or a set of practices in a very small entity. Two pilot projects using the new ISO/IEC 29110 are presented. A cost and benefits analysis from implementing ISO/IEC 29110 in an engineering firm is also presented as well as the future ISO/IEC 29110 management and engineering guide for start‐ups and for projects requiring no more than six person‐months of work. Finally, the certification scheme is discussed as well as future developments.
7.4.2 Systems Engineering for Software Intensive Projects Using Agile Methods
Authors: Rosser Larri , Marbach Phyllis , Osvalds Gundars , Lempia David
Published: October 2015

“Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems” as defined in the INCOSE Systems Engineering handbook. When software development teams apply agile software methodologies such as scrum, test driven development and continuous integration (collectively referred to as “Agile software development” hereafter); there are challenges in coordination with traditional systems engineering efforts. This paper, developed by the INCOSE Agile Systems Engineering Working Group, proposes methods for cross‐functional teams that include Systems and Software Engineers working on customer “pull” projects to produce software products. This paper defines a proposed Agile SE Framework that aligns with agile software development methodology, and describes the role of the Systems Engineer in this context. It presents an iterative approach to the aspects of development (requirements, design, etc.) that are relevant to systems engineering practice. This approach delivers frequent releasable products that result in the ability to absorb changes in mission requirements through collaboration between systems engineers and software engineers. The Agile SE Framework defines a way to scale agile from individual agile software teams with a few members to large projects that require a planned architecture and coordinated efforts.
Neonatal Persistent Exposure to 6‐Propyl‐2‐thiouracil, a Thyroid‐Disrupting Chemical, Differentially Modulates Expression of Hepatic Catalase and C/EBP‐β in Adult Rats
Authors: Bunker Suresh Kumar , Dandapat Jagneshwar , Sahoo Sunil Kumar , Roy Anita , Chainy Gagan B. N.
Published: October 2015

Persistent exposure of rats to 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil (PTU) from birth resulted in decreases in plasma thyroid hormone (TH) levels and hepatic expression of catalase and CCAAT enhancer binding protein β (C/EBP‐β). Catalase promoter region (–185 to +52) that contains binding sites for C/EBP‐β showed an augmentation in the methylation level along with a change in methylation pattern of CpG islands in response to PTU treatment. PTU withdrawal on 30 days of birth restored TH levels and C/EBP‐β to control rats in adulthood. Although catalase expression was restored to some extent in adult rats in response to PTU withdrawal, a permanent change in its promoter CpG methylation pattern was recorded. The results suggest that downregulation of adult hepatic catalase gene in response to persistent neonatal PTU exposure may not solely be attributed to thyroid‐disrupting properties of PTU. It is possible that besides thyroid‐disrupting behavior, PTU may impair expression of hepatic catalase by altering methylation pattern of its promoter.
Italy: Demand for social responsibility in mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Ciambotti Massimo , Aureli Selena , Demartini Paola
Published: October 2015

In Italy, there is a growing demand for social responsibility in mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Academic and newspaper articles are full of stories about M&As analyzed from the buyer's point of view. But this article looks at the other side of the story‐the view of the stakeholders of the selling firm. What are the risks that the buyer transforms, downsizes, or transfers the company to another location? How worried are current company stakeholders about this? And how does this affect a potential buyer's decisions? Should buyers consider local regulations, social norms, culture, and concerns? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of cAMP Intracellular Levels in Human Platelets Stimulated by 2‐Arachidonoylglycerol
Authors: Signorello Maria Grazia , Leoncini Giuliana
Published: October 2015

We demonstrated that in human platelets the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) decreased dose‐ and time‐dependently cAMP intracellular levels. No effect on cAMP decrease induced by 2‐AG was observed in the presence of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 as well in platelets pretreated with the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, SQ29548 or with aspirin, inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism through the cyclooxygenase pathway. An almost complete recovering of cAMP level was measured in platelets pretreated with the specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A, milrinone. In platelets pretreated with LY294002 or MK2206, inhibitors of PI3K/AKT pathway, and with U73122, inhibitor of phospholipase C pathway, only a partial prevention was shown. cAMP intracellular level depends on synthesis by adenylate cyclase and hydrolysis by PDEs. In 2‐AG‐stimulated platelets adenylate cyclase activity seems to be unchanged. In contrast PDEs appear to be involved. In particular PDE3A was specifically activated, as milrinone reversed cAMP reduction by 2‐AG. 2‐AG enhanced PDE3A activity through its phosphorylation. The PI3K/AKT pathway and PKC participate to this PDE3A phosphorylation/activation mechanism as it was greatly inhibited by platelet pretreatment with LY294002, MK2206, U73122, or the PKC specific inhibitor GF109203X. Taken together these data suggest that 2‐AG potentiates its power of platelet agonist reducing cAMP intracellular level. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1240–1249, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE ROLE OF NEIGHBORHOOD COLLECTIVE EFFICACY AND FEAR OF CRIME IN SOCIALIZATION OF COPING WITH VIOLENCE IN LOW‐INCOME COMMUNITIES
Authors: Kilewer Wendy
Published: October 2015

The influences of public housing, caregiver fear of crime, and collective efficacy on messages caregivers relay to their offspring regarding coping with community and peer violence were examined using a 3‐wave prospective design. Caregivers (N = 358; 92% African American/Black) living in moderate to high violence areas of a midsized southern city completed face‐to‐face interviews. Coping suggestions were coded at Wave 3 from audiotaped responses to a vignette measure depicting five neighborhood‐based and five school‐based situations involving violence or aggression. Path models indicated that residing in public or Section 8 housing was associated with greater fear of crime and lower collective efficacy. Fear of crime was associated with more suggestions to use active coping strategies for neighborhood‐based situations involving violence; collective efficacy was associated with messages to use less aggression for school‐based situations. These findings extend our understanding of caregiver socialization of coping processes in poor and underresourced neighborhoods.
SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY INFLUENCES ON THE LONG TERM POSTDISASTER RECOVERY OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH FOLLOWING HURRICANE GEORGES
Authors: Felix Erika D. , You Suk‐kyung , Canino Glorisa
Published: October 2015

Disasters affect the school and community microsystems in which children and youth recover. This study explored characteristics of the school (school violence, teachers’ attitudes) and community microsystem (neighborhood climate, neighborhood monitoring, community violence) that may affect the disaster exposure and internalizing psychopathology relationship in children and youth aged 12–27 months after Hurricane Georges hit Puerto Rico. A representative sample (N = 1,637) of caregivers and children/youth completed structured interviews in Spanish. Controlling for gender and perception of poverty, for children (aged 6–10 years), hurricane exposure increased risk for internalizing psychopathology, but the school and community variables did not have an influence. For all youth (aged 11–17 years), witnessing community violence and poor teacher attitudes increased the risk of psychopathology. In addition, neighborhood climate and school violence were moderators. For nonexposed youth, poor neighborhood climate and perceiving greater school violence increased the risk of internalizing psychopathology, whereas for exposed youth it did not.
Reactivity of ceria–zirconia catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxidative oxidation of azo dyes: reactivity and quantification of surface Ce(IV)‐peroxo species
Authors: Issa Hamoud Houeida , Azambre Bruno , Finqueneisel Gisèle
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Doping nanoceria with zirconia often leads to improved catalytic properties due to enhanced concentration of structural defects in the resulting materials. This study aims to identify the parameters and mechanisms governing the reactivity of well‐characterized commercial ceria–zirconia (CexZr1‐xO2) nanocatalysts with various Ce contents (x = 1, 0.80, 0.50, 0.21, 0) or surface area towards the degradation of Orange II dye in the presence of H2O2.

RESULTS

Discoloration and mineralization kinetics were found to be strongly related both to the composition and surface area of the single or mixed oxides. Under standard conditions (23 °C, dark, stoichiometric concentration in H2O2), the best discoloration and mineralization performances were achieved for pure ceria (100% of color removal in 2 h and 65% mineralization in 8 h), but this arises mainly from its higher specific area by comparison with Zr‐doped materials.

For the first time, the amount of CeIV(O2)2− surface species, intermediates in the production of hydroxyl radicals and generated from the reaction of H2O2 with Ce(III) sites, was quantitated using TPD‐MS in order to provide a rational basis to explain the catalytic performance.

CONCLUSION

Doping ceria with Zr increases the surface density of defective Ce(III) sites that can be converted to CeIV(O2)2− species in the presence of H2O2, but other parameters, such as the specific surface area and surface Ce content of the catalysts, are also important. An in‐depth mechanism for the reaction of H2O2 on the ceria–zirconia surface is discussed based on the experimental results. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
CHANGE DETECTION, MULTIPLE CONTROLLERS, AND DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS: INSIGHTS FROM THE BRAIN
Authors: Pearson John M. , Platt Michael L.
Published: October 2015

Foundational studies in decision making focused on behavior as the most accessible and reliable data on which to build theories of choice. More recent work, however, has incorporated neural data to provide insights unavailable from behavior alone. Among other contributions, these studies have validated reinforcement learning models by demonstrating neural signals posited on the basis of behavioral work in classical and operant conditioning. In such models, the values of actions or options are updated incrementally based on the difference between expectations and outcomes, resulting in the gradual acquisition of stable behavior. By contrast, natural environments are often dynamic, including sudden, unsignaled shifts in reinforcement contingencies. Such rapid changes may necessitate frequent shifts in behavioral mode, requiring dynamic sensitivity to environmental changes. Recently, we proposed a model in which cingulate cortex plays a key role in detecting behaviorally relevant environmental changes and facilitating the update of multiple behavioral strategies. Here, we connect this framework to a model developed to handle the analogous problem in motor control. We offer a tentative dictionary of control signals in terms of brain structures and highlight key differences between motor and decision systems that may be important in evaluating the model.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Heterocyclic Compounds from Salicylic Acid Hydrazide
Authors: Sarshira E. M. , Hamada N. M. , Moghazi Y. M. , Abdelrahman M. M.
Published: October 2015

Different heterocyclic compounds were prepared starting from 2‐hydroxy benzohydrazide; for example, cyclization of hydrazide hydrazone 3 derived from 2‐hydroxybenzohydrazide 2 with acetic anhydride or concentrated sulfuric acid gave 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives 4–5. On the other hand, direct cyclization of 2‐hydroxy benzohydrazide 2 with one carbon cyclizing agent gave a new derivative of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Heating of hydrazide hydrazone 3 with thioglycolic acid in pyridine gave thiazolidinone 12. When 2‐hydroxy benzohydrazide 2 reacted with aliphatic carboxylic acids such as formic acid or acetic acid, it gave the corresponding N‐formyl or N‐acetyl derivatives 6. Subsequent cyclization of 6 using phosphorous pentasulphide in pyridine gave 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles 13. Cyclization of 2‐hydroxy benzohydrazide with ethyl acetoacetate gives pyrazolone derivative 14. Finally, when an ethanolic solution of acid hydrazide 2 was treated with ammonium thiocyanate in 35% HCl, it gave the thiosemicarbazide 15. Subsequent treatment of 15 with concentrated sulfuric acid or 10% sodium hydroxide gave 5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole 16 and 1,2,4‐triazole 17, respectively. The structures of all newly isolated compounds were confirmed using 1H NMR, IR spectra, and elemental analyses. The antimicrobial activities for all isolated compounds were examined against different microorganisms.
Impact of vendor computerized physician order entry on patients with renal impairment in community hospitals
Authors: Leung Alexander A. , Schiff Gordon , Keohane Carol , Amato Mary , Simon Steven R. , Cadet Bismarck , Coffey Michael , Kaufman Nathan , Zimlichman Eyal , Seger Diane L. , Yoon Catherine , Bates David W.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Adverse drug events (ADEs) are common among hospitalized patients with renal impairment.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems with clinical decision support capabilities reduce the frequency of renally related ADEs in hospitals.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS

Quasi‐experimental study of 1590 adult patients with renal impairment who were admitted to 5 community hospitals in Massachusetts from January 2005 to September 2010, preimplementation and postimplementation of CPOE.

INTERVENTION

Varying levels of clinical decision support, ranging from basic CPOE only (sites 4 and 5), rudimentary clinical decision support (sites 1 and 2), and advanced clinical decision support (site 3).

MEASUREMENTS

Primary outcome was the rate of preventable ADEs from nephrotoxic and/or renally cleared medications. Similarly, secondary outcomes were the rates of overall ADEs and potential ADEs.

KEY RESULTS

There was a 45% decrease in the rate of preventable ADEs following implementation (8.0/100 vs 4.4/100 admissions; P < 0.01), and the impact was related to the level of decision support. Basic CPOE was not associated with any significant benefit (4.6/100 vs 4.3/100 admissions; P = 0.87). There was a nonsignificant decrease in preventable ADEs with rudimentary clinical decision support (9.1/100 vs 6.4/100 admissions; P = 0.22). However, substantial reduction was seen with advanced clinical decision support (12.4/100 vs 0/100 admissions; P = 0.01). Despite these benefits, a significant increase in potential ADEs was found for all systems (55.5/100 vs 136.8/100 admissions; P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Vendor‐developed CPOE with advanced clinical decision support can reduce the occurrence of preventable ADEs but may be associated with an increase in potential ADEs. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:545–552. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Our ASHRM journey continues: ERM for our patients' safety
Authors: Oppenberg Andrew A.
Published: October 2015

First and foremost, as your 2013 ASHRM president, I'd like to thank you for all of the significant accomplishments you've helped ASHRM attain this year. And I'll be forever grateful for your support and making my personal and professional dream come true—to serve as your president. Advocating on behalf of all healthcare risk managers and furthering the quest of Getting to Zero for our patients' safety through Enterprise Risk Management, or ERM, has been an honor, because everyone is a risk manager!
A red‐flag‐based approach to risk management of EHR‐related safety concerns
Authors: Sittig Dean F. , Singh Hardeep
Published: October 2015

Although electronic health records (EHRs) have a significant potential to improve patient safety, EHR‐related safety concerns have begun to emerge. Based on 369 responses to a survey sent to the memberships of the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management and the American Health Lawyers Association and supplemented by our previous work in EHR‐related patient safety, we identified the following common EHR‐related safety concerns: (1) incorrect patient identification; (2) extended EHR unavailability (either planned or unplanned); (3) failure to heed a computer‐generated warning or alert; (4) system‐to‐system interface errors; (5) failure to identify, find, or use the most recent patient data; (6) misunderstandings about time; (7) incorrect item selected from a list of items; and (8) open or incomplete orders. In this article, we present a “red‐flag”‐based approach that can be used by risk managers to identify potential EHR safety concerns in their institutions. An organization that routinely conducts EHR‐related surveillance activities, such as the ones proposed here, can significantly reduce risks associated with EHR implementation and use.
Characterization of phiCFP‐1, a virulent bacteriophage specific for Citrobacter freundii
Authors: Zhao Xiangna , Huang Simo , Zhao Jiangtao , He Xiaoming , Li Erna , Li Huan , Liu Wei , Zou Dayang , Wei Xiao , Wang Xuesong , Dong Derong , Yang Zhan , Yan Xiabei , Shen Zhiqiang , Yuan Jing
Published: October 2015

Citrobacter freundii, a Gram‐negative bacterium, causes many opportunistic infections. Bacteriophage phiCFP‐1 was isolated and characterized by its ability to lyse the multidrug‐resistant clinical C. freundii strain P10159. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the phage has an icosahedral head and a short tail, making it a Podoviridae family member. In a single‐step growth experiment, phiCFP‐1 exhibited an eclipse period of 20 min and a burst size of 100 particles per cell. Its genome assembled as a circular molecule when genomic sequencing was completed. However, based on genome content and organization, it was categorized as a classic T7‐related phage, and such phages are known to have linear genomes with direct terminal repeats. With the quick and simple method established herein, the 38,625‐bp linear double‐stranded DNA with 229‐bp direct terminal repeats was accurately identified. The genome contained 43 putative open reading frames and no tRNA genes. Using a proteomics‐based approach, seven viral and two host proteins from purified phiCFP‐1 particles were identified. Comparative genomics and recombination analyzes revealed close genetic relatedness among phiCFP‐1, phiYeO3‐12/vB_YenP_AP5 (from Yersinia enterocolitica O3), and phiSG‐JL2 (from Salmonella enterica). J. Med. Virol. 88:895–905, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing Dedicated Service Employees
Authors: Perry Sara J. , Witt L. A. , Callison Kori , Malka Ari
Published: October 2015

We studied the joint associations of two service‐oriented resources—psychological climate for service and perceived internal service—with work dedication among customer‐service employees. In a cross‐sectional survey study of 1,377 retail bank employees, we found support for all three hypotheses. First, psychological climate and internal service were each positively associated with dedication. Internal service also moderated the climate–dedication relationship. The strongest positive relationship emerged when perceived internal service was high. That is, the most dedicated employees experienced high levels of psychological climate and high internal service, and the highest overall levels of dedication occurred among employees perceiving high levels of both climate for service and internal service. Among individuals with scores at one standard deviation below the mean of climate, internal service had essentially no relationship with dedication. In contrast, among individuals with scores at one standard deviation above the mean of climate, internal service yielded a difference of .39 standard units of dedication, which is a medium‐low effect size. In other words, differences in internal service mattered primarily among workers perceiving high levels of climate for service. Therefore, as service‐oriented resources, both service climate and internal service may be important not only to customer outcomes, but also to employees. These resources may be specific focus points for managers who aim to foster customer‐service employee dedication.
Application of visible/near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy for predicting internal and external quality in pepper
Authors: Toledo‐Martín Eva María , García‐García María Carmen , Font Rafael , Moreno‐Rojas José Manuel , Gómez Pedro , Salinas‐Navarro María , Del Río‐Celestino Mercedes
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The characterization of internal (°Brix, pH, malic acid, total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and total carotenoid content) and external (color, firmness and pericarp wall thickness) pepper quality is necessary to better understand its possible applications and increase consumer awareness of its benefits. The main aim of this work was to examine the feasibility of using visible/near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VIS‐NIRS) to predict quality parameters in different pepper types. Commercially available spectrophotometers were evaluated for this purpose: a Polychromix Phazir spectrometer for intact raw pepper, and a scanning monochromator for freeze‐dried pepper.

RESULTS

The RPD values (ratio of the standard deviation of the reference data to the standard error of prediction) obtained from the external validation exceeded a value of 3 for chlorophyll a and total carotenoid content; values ranging between 2.5 < RPD < 3 for total phenolic compounds; between 1.5 < RPD <2.5 for °Brix, pH, color parameters a* and h* and chlorophyll b; and RPD values below 1.5 for fruit firmness, pericarp wall thickness, color parameters C*, b* and L*, vitamin C and malic acid content.

CONCLUSION

The present work has led to the development of multi‐type calibrations for pepper quality parameters in intact and freeze‐dried peppers. The majority of NIRS equations obtained were suitable for screening purposes in pepper breeding programs. Components such as pigments (xanthophyll, carotenes and chlorophyll), glucides, lipids, cellulose and water were used by modified partial least‐squares regression for modeling the predicting equations. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Knowledge‐Intensive Business Process: Deriving a Sustainable Competitive Advantage through Business Process Management and Knowledge Management Integration
Authors: Marjanovic Olivera , Freeze Ronald
Published: October 2015

This paper adopts a holistic approach to Business Process Management (BPM) and Knowledge Management (KM) integration to describe an interesting case of a customer‐facing business process and illustrate its evolving nature, from a highly structured to knowledge‐intensive. More precisely, the paper proposes an integrated multidisciplinary framework and then uses it as a theoretical lens to analyze an organization's journey towards BPM/KM integration in the context of their knowledge‐intensive business processes.

Our research findings clearly demonstrate the importance of process‐related knowledge in this company. They also illustrate how different KM aspects of the same BP were used by the organization at different points in time to determine the most appropriate strategies for value‐creation and BPM‐related competitive differentiation. They also confirm previous findings by other researchers that knowledge‐intensive processes do require a different approach to their ongoing improvement. Most importantly for the future BPM/KM research, our case demonstrates that an organization's perception of a BP could change over time (from procedural to knowledge‐intensive), as a result of an increased recognition of process‐related knowledge. This in turn creates new, yet‐to‐be explored challenges for BPM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.