bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pragmatist philosophy of psychological science and its implications for replication
Authors: Gantman Ana , Gomila Robin , Martinez Joel E. , Matias J. Nathan , Paluck Elizabeth Levy , Starck Jordan , Wu Sherry , Yaffe Nechumi
Published: July 2018

A pragmatist philosophy of psychological science offers to the direct replication debate concrete recommendations and novel benefits that are not discussed in Zwaan et al. This philosophy guides our work as field experimentalists interested in behavioral measurement. Furthermore, all psychologists can relate to its ultimate aim set out by William James: to study mental processes that provide explanations for why people behave as they do in the world.
Making replication prestigious
Authors: Gorgolewski Krzysztof J. , Nichols Thomas , Kennedy David N. , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Poldrack Russell A.
Published: July 2018

Making replication studies widely conducted and published requires new incentives. Academic awards can provide such incentives by highlighting the best and most important replications. The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) has led such efforts by recently introducing the OHBM Replication Award. Other communities can adopt this approach to promote replications and reduce career cost for researchers performing them.
Replication is already mainstream: Lessons from small-N designs
Authors: Little Daniel R. , Smith Philip L.
Published: July 2018

Replication is already mainstream in areas of psychology that use small-N designs. Replication failures often result from weak theory, weak measurement, and weak control over error variance. These are hallmarks of phenomenon-based research with sparse data. Small-N designs, which focus on understanding processes, treat the individual rather than the experiment as the unit of replication and largely circumvent these problems.
Strong scientific theorizing is needed to improve replicability in psychological science
Authors: Carsel Timothy , Demos Alexander P. , Motyl Matt
Published: July 2018

The target article makes the important case for making replicability mainstream. Yet, their proposal targets a symptom, rather than the underlying cause of low replication rates. We argue that psychological scientists need to devise stronger theories that are more clearly falsifiable. Without strong, falsifiable theories in the original research, attempts to replicate the original research are nigh uninterpretable.
Verify original results through reanalysis before replicating
Authors: Nuijten Michèle B. , Bakker Marjan , Maassen Esther , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

In determining the need to directly replicate, it is crucial to first verify the original results through independent reanalysis of the data. Original results that appear erroneous and that cannot be reproduced by reanalysis offer little evidence to begin with, thereby diminishing the need to replicate. Sharing data and scripts is essential to ensure reproducibility.
The replicability revolution
Authors: Schimmack Ulrich
Published: July 2018

Psychology is in the middle of a replicability revolution. High-profile replication studies have produced a large number of replication failures. The main reason why replication studies in psychology often fail is that original studies were selected for significance. If all studies were reported, original studies would fail to produce significant results as often as replication studies. Replications would be less contentious if original results were not selected for significance.
Conceptualizing and evaluating replication across domains of behavioral research
Authors: Tackett Jennifer L. , McShane Blakeley B.
Published: July 2018

We discuss the authors' conceptualization of replication, in particular the false dichotomy of direct versus conceptual replication intrinsic to it, and suggest a broader one that better generalizes to other domains of psychological research. We also discuss their approach to the evaluation of replication results and suggest moving beyond their dichotomous statistical paradigms and employing hierarchical/meta-analytic statistical models.
Making prepublication independent replication mainstream
Authors: Tierney Warren , Schweinsberg Martin , Uhlmann Eric Luis
Published: July 2018

The widespread replication of research findings in independent laboratories prior to publication is suggested as a complement to traditional replication approaches. The pre-publication independent replication approach further addresses three key concerns from replication skeptics by systematically taking context into account, reducing reputational costs for original authors and replicators, and increasing the theoretical value of failed replications.
Scientific progress is like doing a puzzle, not building a wall
Authors: Tullett Alexa M. , Vazire Simine
Published: July 2018

We contest the “building a wall” analogy of scientific progress. We argue that this analogy unfairly privileges original research (which is perceived as laying bricks and, therefore, constructive) over replication research (which is perceived as testing and removing bricks and, therefore, destructive). We propose an alternative analogy for scientific progress: solving a jigsaw puzzle.
Certification of Standard Reference Material 1879b respirable cristobalite
Authors: Black D. R. , Mendenhall M. H. , Whitfield P. S. , Brown C. M. , Henins A. , Filliben J. J. , Cline J. P.
Published: July 2018

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certifies a suite of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) to address specific aspects of the performance of X-ray powder diffraction instruments. This report describes SRM 1879b, the third generation of this powder diffraction SRM. SRM 1879b is intended for use in the preparation of calibration standards for the quantitative analyses of cristobalite by X-ray powder diffraction in accordance with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Analytical Method 7500, or equivalent. A unit of SRM 1879b consists of approximately 5 g of cristobalite powder bottled in an argon atmosphere. It is certified with respect to crystalline phase purity, or amorphous phase content, and lattice parameter. Neutron powder diffraction, both time-of-flight and constant wavelength, was used to certify the phase purity using SRM 676a as an internal standard. A NIST-built diffractometer, incorporating many advanced design features was used for certification measurements for lattice parameters.
Ion size effect on chemical bonds of the RBa2Cu2.9Zn0.1Oy system
Authors: Benredouane R. , Boudaren C.
Published: July 2018

Single-phase polycrystalline samples of RBa2Cu2.9Zn0.1Oy (R = Y, Nd, Gd, Er, and Tm) (ZnR123) were synthesized using the standard solid-state reaction method. They were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope. XRD shows that all samples consist essentially of a single phase and retain the orthorhombic structure. The structure of the samples was refined by the Rietveld method with the help of the bond valence sum method. The variation of the lattice parameters and some meaningful bond angles and lengths with the ionic radius are discussed. In these compounds, the variations of the buckling angles Cu2–O(2,3)–Cu2 and Cu2–Cu2–O(2,3) are unique: the bond angles Cu2–O3–Cu2 and Cu2–Cu2–O2 increase, whereas the bond angles Cu2–O2–Cu2 and Cu2–Cu2–O3 decrease. The variation of these bond angles brings about a strong curvature of the Cu2O plane. Furthermore, we have found tree fixed triangles formed by the Cu2, O2, and O3 atoms in addition to another fixed triangle O1–Ba–O1 observed for the first time. BVS of Cu2 atom shows a specific and unique variation compared with other compounds.
Using evidence to inform response to the 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar: a view from the WHO African Regional Office
Authors: Heitzinger K. , Impouma B. , Farham B. L. , Hamblion E. L. , Lukoya C. , Machingaidze C. , Rakotonjanabelo L. A. , Yao M. , Diallo B. , Djingarey M. H. , Nsenga N. , Ndiaye C. F. , Fall I. S.
Published: July 2018

The 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar was unprecedented in the African region, resulting in 2417 cases (498 confirmed, 793 probable and 1126 suspected) and 209 deaths by the end of the acute urban pneumonic phase of the outbreak. The Health Emergencies Programme of the WHO Regional Office for Africa together with the WHO Country Office and WHO Headquarters assisted the Ministry of Public Health of Madagascar in the rapid implementation of plague prevention and control measures while collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data to inform immediate interventions. We document the key findings of the evidence available to date and actions taken as a result. Based on the four goals of operational research – effective dissemination of results, peer-reviewed publication, changes to policy and practice and improvements in programme performance and health – we evaluate the use of evidence to inform response to the outbreak and describe lessons learned for future outbreak responses in the WHO African region. This article may not be reprinted or reused in any way in order to promote any commercial products or services.
Genome-wide marker-trait association analysis in a core set of Dolichos bean germplasm
Authors: Vaijayanthi P. V. , Ramesh S. , Gowda M. B. , Rao A. M. , Keerthi C. M.
Published: July 2018

Association mapping (AM), an alternative method of quantitative trait loci (QTL) discovery, exploits historic linkage disequilibrium (LD) present in natural populations. AM is effective in self-pollinated crops such as Dolichos bean as LD extends over longer genomic distance driven-by low rate of recombination and thereby requiring fewer markers for exploring marker-traits associations. A core set of Dolichos bean germplasm consisting of 64 accessions was evaluated for nine quantitative traits (QTs) during 2014 and 2015 rainy seasons and genotyped using 234 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Substantial diversity was observed among the core set accessions at loci controlling QTs and 95 of the 234 SSR markers were found polymorphic. The structure analysis and low magnitude of fixation indices suggested weak population structure, which in-turn indicated the low possibility of false discovery rates in the marker-QTs association. The marker allele's scores were regressed onto phenotypes at nine QTs following general linear model and mixed linear model for exploring marker-QTs associations. Significantly higher number of SSR markers was found associated with genomic regions controlling nine QTs. A few of the markers such as KT Dolichos (KTD) 200 for days to 50% flowering, KTD 273 for fresh pod yield per plant and KTD 130 for fresh pods per plant explained ≥10% of the trait variations. The study could also identify a few SSR markers such as KTD 273, KTD 271 and KTD 130 linked to multiple traits. These linked SSR markers are suggested for validation for their use in marker-assisted Dolichos bean improvement programmes.
The Significance of Small Journeys: Travel and the Congregational Music of Kroonvale, South Africa
Authors: Jorritsma Marie
Published: July 2018

In James Clifford’s influential text, Routes (1997), he makes the point that, contrary to the entrenched belief that only the ethnographer is a traveller to faraway places, the local people and communities are also travellers. This article takes his notion as its point of departure and investigates the implications of travel within the context of my research among the members of three church congregations of coloured people in Kroonvale, South Africa, where I undertook fieldwork in 2004 and 2005. Historically, the international journeys of colonial officials, European missionaries and slaves from the Cape, along with large-scale migration of the indigenous peoples across the country’s frontiers, resulted in the encounters which gave rise to this congregational music. More recently, while the community appears static and fixed in a certain place, there is an ongoing occurrence of small journeys: mobile ministers, church members travelling between denominations, moving from place to place in and around Kroonvale and, perhaps most poignantly, the congregations’ move from the main town of Graaff-Reinet to Kroonvale as part of the implementation of the apartheid-era Group Areas Act (1950). In this article, I examine Clifford’s theories in conjunction with notions of music and place in order to argue that these short journeys have made an important contribution to the sound and style of congregational music in Kroonvale.
RACE, LEGAL CYNICISM, AND THE MACHINE POLITICS OF DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CHICAGO
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: July 2018

Using a wide array of official and unofficial data spanning two decades in the neighborhoods of Chicago, we explore connections between legal cynicism, the electoral regime of Mayor Richard M. Daley, and citizen calls for police assistance and police reports of drug crime. We find that the disproportionate concentration of legal cynicism about law enforcement in African American neighborhoods played a prominent and insufficiently understood role in building opposition to Mayor Daley’s political machine. This race linked legal cynicism was grounded in neighborhood concerns about effective prevention of and protection from drug crime. The more punitive than preventative and protective approach to drug law enforcement that characterized the politics of the Daley crime machine contributed to a legacy that foreshadowed the growing and ultimately explosive demands for new mechanisms of police accountability in Chicago.
Access to treatment and the constitutional right to health in Germany: a triumph of hope over evidence?
Authors: Ettelt Stefanie
Published: July 2018

Health technology assessment is frequently credited with making difficult resource allocation decisions in health care fairer, more rational and more transparent. In Germany, a constitutional ‘right to health’ allows patients to challenge decisions by sickness funds to withhold reimbursement of treatment excluded from public funding because of insufficient evidence of effectiveness. The ability to litigate was qualified by the Constitutional Court in its 2005 ‘Nikolaus decision’ that sets out criteria to be applied to these cases. Treatment must be made available if (1) the condition is life-threatening, (2) no alternative treatment is available and (3) there is an indication that the treatment could benefit the patient. This paper examines how courts struggled to apply these criteria based on an analysis of cases of patients who sought treatment for cancer between 2005 and 2015, and explores the implications of applying a constitutional ‘right to health’ to treatment decisions.
The Association Between Lithium in Drinking Water and Incidence of Suicide Across 15 Alabama Counties
Authors: Palmer Anna , Cates Marshall E. , Gorman Greg
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Background: Recent studies have shown that lithium may be effective at reducing suicide at low doses, such as those found in drinking water. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare suicide rates with natural lithium levels in the drinking water of various Alabama counties. Method: Five drinking water samples from each of 15 Alabama counties were collected. Lithium levels were measured in triplicate using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer and compared with suicide rate data for the period 1999–2013. Age, gender, and poverty were evaluated as potential confounding variables. Results: The average measured lithium concentrations ranged from 0.4 ppb to 32.9 ppb between the counties tested. The plot of suicide rate versus lithium concentration showed a statistically significant inverse relationship ( r = −.6286, p = .0141). Evaluation of male-only suicide rate versus lithium concentration data also yielded significant results; however, the female-only rate was not significant. Age standardized suicide rates and poverty when individually compared against lithium levels were also found to be statistically significant; unexpectedly, however, poverty had a parallel trend with suicide rate. Conclusion: Lithium concentration in drinking water is inversely correlated with suicide rate in 15 Alabama counties.
Gradual Transition From Net Erosional to Net Depositional Cyclic Steps Along the Submarine Distributary Channel Thalweg in the Rio Muni Basin: A Joint 3‐D Seismic and Numerical Approach
Authors: Li Lei , Gong Chenglin
Published: July 2018

We integrated measurements of cyclic steps and bankfull hydraulic geometry to estimate turbidity flow properties, yielding two main observations. First, three net erosional cyclic steps were recognized along a distributary channel thalweg based on (1) closed topographic depressions, (2) less asymmetrical cross‐sectional morphologies, (3) disrupted and discontinuous internal architecture revealed from seismic data, (4) erosional basal contacts, (5) stronger up‐current migration, and (6) relatively higher U1 (flow velocity just before each hydraulic jump), Q1 (bankfull discharge before hydraulic jump), and ΔEL (energy loss of hydraulic jump) of formative turbidity currents. In contrast, six net depositional cyclic steps were identified based on (1) open topographic depressions, (2) more asymmetrical morphologies, (3) well‐bedded and continuous internal structures, (4) gradual basal contacts, (5) stronger vertical accretion, and (6) relatively lower U1, Q1, and ΔEL values. These observations may aid in distinguishing between net erosional and net depositional cyclic steps. Second, cross‐sectional asymmetries (Ay) and width‐to‐depth ratios of the trough (W1/h1) of cyclic steps systematically vary with distance along the distributary channel thalweg from the point of overflow initiation (Di) and can be fit by a single relation, which, together with the fact that the two types of topographic depressions separate along these relations, demonstrate a gradual transition from net erosional to net depositional cyclic steps. U1, Q1, and ΔEL are proportional to the stoss‐side slope angle of cyclic steps (а) but are inversely proportional to Ay and W1/h1, indicating that a progressive downstream decrease in U1, Q1, and ΔEL (i.e., decrease in sediment transport capacity) probably caused the gradual transition from net erosional to net depositional cyclic steps.
Understanding Magnetic Cloud Structure From Shock/Discontinuity Analysis
Authors: Lin P. H. , Yang Y. H. , Chao J. K. , Feng H. Q. , Liu J. Y.
Published: July 2018

We reexamine the magnetic cloud (MC) event during the period of 21–23 May 2007. In this event, the axis of the MC has a high inclination to the ecliptic plane and the heliospheric current sheet happens to be on the ecliptic plane. Therefore, we can use the feature of zero north‐south component of interplanetary magnetic field to identify the MC boundaries. Inside the MC, there is an enhanced pressure/density region enclosed by two discontinuities. We verified these discontinuities through multiple spacecraft in situ observations. The front one is a forward fast shock, which is a quasi‐perpendicular shock at STEREO B but a quasi‐parallel shock at Wind location. The discontinuity at the rear part of the enhanced pressure region resembles a reverse slow shock. However, we verify it is a tangential discontinuity (TD) using multispacecraft observations. Furthermore, we analyze the successive TDs inside the MC based on the TD signature of no normal magnetic field component to estimate the magnetic field morphology along the spacecraft trajectories. A novel method to evaluate the uncertainties of those TDs in this study has been given. It is found that the errors of the TD normal are much smaller than that calculated by conventional methods.
Controls on Mid‐ocean Ridge Normal Fault Seismicity Across Spreading Rates From Rate‐and‐State Friction Models
Authors: Mark Hannah F. , Behn Mark D. , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Liu Yajing
Published: July 2018

Recent seismic and geodetic observations have led to a growing realization that a significant amount of fault slip at plate boundaries occurs aseismically and that the amount of aseismic slip varies across tectonic settings. Seismic moment release rates measured along the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise suggest that the majority of fault slip occurs aseismically. By contrast, at the slow‐spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge seismic slip may represent up to 60% of total fault displacement. In this study, we use rate‐and‐state friction models to quantify the seismic coupling coefficient, defined as the fraction of total fault slip that occurs seismically, on mid‐ocean ridge normal faults and investigate controls on fault behavior that might produce variations in coupling observed at oceanic spreading centers. We find that the seismic coupling coefficient scales with the ratio of the downdip width of the seismogenic area (W) to the critical earthquake nucleation size (h*). At mid‐ocean ridges, W is expected to increase with decreasing spreading rate. Thus, the relationship between seismic coupling and W/h* predicted from our models explains the first‐order variations in seismic coupling coefficient as a function of spreading rate.
Comment on “Ultrasonic Monitoring of Spontaneous Imbibition Experiments: Precursory Moisture Diffusion Effects Ahead of Water Front” by David et al. (2017)
Authors: Kovalyshen Yevhen
Published: July 2018

This brief note presents an alternative explanation to the fact that in the imbibition experiments with active ultrasonic monitoring the amplitude of the recorded P waves detects imbibition front before any changes in the P wave velocities are observable. The model is based on P wave interaction with the imbibition front. The qualitative estimation is in agreement with previously published experimental data.
New Evidence of an Ancient Martian Ocean From the Global Distribution of Valley Networks
Authors: Chan Ngai‐Ham , Perron J. Taylor , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Gomez Natalya A.
Published: July 2018

We examine the connection between true polar wander (TPW) and the evidence for an ancient ocean on Mars. Previous studies have investigated the plausibility of a Mars ocean by examining the topography of possible ancient sea level markers on the planet's surface. One such study argued that features interpreted as ancient shorelines display long‐wavelength topographic variations consistent with postformational TPW (Perron et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05873). In contrast, a second study argued that the elevations of possible ancient deltaic deposits associated with an ocean on early Mars are not consistent with the TPW scenario (di Achille & Hynek, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo891). Herein we revisit this issue by examining another marker of ancient shorelines—fluvial valley networks observed on the surface of Mars. Our results support the existence of an ancient Martian ocean and that long‐wavelength deformation of related surface features (ancient shorelines and valley networks) was driven by some combination of TPW and surface loading associated with the formation of the Tharsis volcanic province.
Coordinated Nanoscale Compositional and Oxidation State Measurements of Lunar Space‐Weathered Material
Authors: Burgess K. D. , Stroud R. M.
Published: July 2018

Space weathering on airless bodies includes a number of processes, such as micrometeorite impacts and solar wind bombardment, which leads to a variety of microscale to nanoscale alteration features, including vapor deposited layers on grain and rock surfaces and creation of nanophase opaque inclusions. The nanophase inclusions cause reddening and darkening of the visible to near‐infrared spectra of space weathered material, features associated with increasing space exposure of many airless body regoliths. On the Moon, most nanophase inclusions are metallic iron (npFe0), but recent work using aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy has provided evidence of oxidized nanoparticles in space weathered lunar soil grains. We examined three different lunar soils in order to confirm the finding of oxidized nanophase inclusions and to provide detailed elemental and mineralogical information about the surrounding material. Our data show that substrate and rim composition are key factors in determining whether highly localized oxidation occurs; for example, nanophase inclusions in rims on low Fe substrates are more prone to oxidation. Detailed understanding of the phases and features present in these samples is necessary for the correct interpretation of remotely sensed data as well as extrapolation from processes on the lunar surface to those on other airless bodies.
Runout Scaling and Deposit Morphology of Rapid Mudflows
Authors: Jing L. , Kwok C. Y. , Leung Y. F. , Zhang Z. , Dai L.
Published: July 2018

Prediction of runout distance and deposit morphology is of great importance in hazard mitigation of geophysical flows, including viscoplastic mudflows. The major rheological parameters of mudflows, namely, yield stress and viscosity, are crucial factors in controlling the runout and deposition processes. However, the roles of the two parameters, especially in mudflows with high inertia, remain poorly understood and are not accounted for in runout scaling relations with source volume. Here we investigate the effects of flow rheology on runout scaling and deposit morphology using small‐scale laboratory experiments and three‐dimensional numerical simulations. We find that yield stress and viscosity both influence flow velocity gained during downslope propagation of mudflows, which is strongly correlated with the runout distance; the role of yield stress is more significant than viscosity. High yield stress and low viscosity lead to an elongated deposit, where longitudinal propagation is more significant than lateral spreading. In contrast, high viscosity promotes the dominance of lateral spreading of the deposit, while low yield stress and moderate viscosity produce an initial elongate deposit, followed by a secondary surge that spreads laterally near the head of the deposit. Following appropriate scaling relations for viscosity and yield stress, a general scaling function is proposed to incorporate flow properties in the well‐known correlation of runout distance and source volume. Our findings regarding the inertia effects and the roles of yield stress and viscosity enhance our understanding of mudflows, muddy debris flows, and other viscoplastic geophysical flows.
Reproducible Aspects of the Climate of Space Weather Over the Last Five Solar Cycles
Authors: Chapman S. C. , Watkins N. W. , Tindale E.
Published: July 2018

Each solar maximum interval has a different duration and peak activity level, which is reflected in the behavior of key physical variables that characterize solar and solar wind driving and magnetospheric response. The variation in the statistical distributions of the F10.7 index of solar coronal radio emissions, the dynamic pressure PDyn and effective convection electric field Ey in the solar wind observed in situ upstream of Earth, the ring current index DST, and the high‐latitude auroral activity index AE are tracked across the last five solar maxima. For each physical variable we find that the distribution tail (the exceedences above a threshold) can be rescaled onto a single master distribution using the mean and variance specific to each solar maximum interval. We provide generalized Pareto distribution fits to the different master distributions for each of the variables. If the mean and variance of the large‐to‐extreme observations can be predicted for a given solar maximum, then their full distribution is known.
Modeling the Evolution and Propagation of 10 September 2017 CMEs and SEPs Arriving at Mars Constrained by Remote Sensing and In Situ Measurement
Authors: Guo Jingnan , Dumbović Mateja , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Temmer Manuela , Lohf Henning , Wang Yuming , Veronig Astrid , Hassler Donald M. , Mays Leila M. , Zeitlin Cary , Ehresmann Bent , Witasse Olivier , Freiherr von Forstner Johan L. , Heber Bernd , Holmström Mats , Posner Arik
Published: July 2018

On 10 September 2017, solar energetic particles originating from the active region 12673 produced a ground level enhancement at Earth. The ground level enhancement on the surface of Mars, 160 longitudinally east of Earth, observed by the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) was the largest since the landing of the Curiosity rover in August 2012. Based on multipoint coronagraph images and the Graduated Cylindrical Shell model, we identify the initial 3‐D kinematics of an extremely fast coronal mass ejection (CME) and its shock front, as well as another two CMEs launched hours earlier with moderate speeds. The three CMEs interacted as they propagated outward into the heliosphere and merged into a complex interplanetary CME (ICME). The arrival of the shock and ICME at Mars caused a very significant Forbush decrease seen by RAD only a few hours later than that at Earth, which was about 0.5 AU closer to the Sun. We investigate the propagation of the three CMEs and the merged ICME together with the shock, using the drag‐based model and the WSA‐ENLIL plus cone model constrained by the in situ observations. The synergistic study of the ICME and solar energetic particle arrivals at Earth and Mars suggests that to better predict potentially hazardous space weather impacts at Earth and other heliospheric locations for human exploration missions, it is essential to analyze (1) the eruption of the flare and CME at the Sun, (2) the CME kinematics, especially during their interactions, and (3) the spatially and temporally varying heliospheric conditions, such as the evolution and propagation of the stream interaction regions.
ARD1/NAA10 in hepatocellular carcinoma: pathways and clinical implications
Authors: Lee Danbi , Jang Myoung-Kuk , Seo Ji Hae , Ryu Soo Hyung , Kim Jeong A. , Chung Young-Hwa
Published: July 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a representative example of a malignancy with a poor prognosis, is characterized by high mortality because it is typically in an advanced stage at diagnosis and leaves very little hepatic functional reserve. Despite advances in medical and surgical techniques, there is no omnipotent tool that can diagnose HCC early and then cure it medically or surgically. Several recent studies have shown that a variety of pathways are involved in the development, growth, and even metastasis of HCC. Among a variety of cytokines or molecules, some investigators have suggested that arrest-defective 1 (ARD1), an acetyltransferase, plays a key role in the development of malignancies. Although ARD1 is thought to be centrally involved in the cell cycle, cell migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation, the role of ARD1 and its potential mechanistic involvement in HCC remain unclear. Here, we review the present literature on ARD1. First, we provide an overview of the essential structure, functions, and molecular mechanisms or pathways of ARD1 in HCC. Next, we discuss potential clinical implications and perspectives. We hope that, by providing new insights into ARD1, this review will help to guide the next steps in the development of markers for the early detection and prognosis of HCC.
Carbon losses from deforestation and widespread degradation offset by extensive growth in African woodlands
Authors: McNicol Iain M. , Ryan Casey M. , Mitchard Edward T. A.
Published: July 2018

Land use carbon fluxes are major uncertainties in the global carbon cycle. This is because carbon stocks, and the extent of deforestation, degradation and biomass growth remain poorly resolved, particularly in the densely populated savannas which dominate the tropics. Here we quantify changes in aboveground woody carbon stocks from 2007–2010 in the world’s largest savanna—the southern African woodlands. Degradation is widespread, affecting 17.0% of the wooded area, and is the source of 55% of biomass loss (−0.075 PgC yr−1). Deforestation losses are lower (−0.038 PgC yr−1), despite deforestation rates being 5× greater than existing estimates. Gross carbon losses are therefore 3–6x higher than previously thought. Biomass gains occurred in 48% of the region and totalled +0.12 PgC yr−1. Region-wide stocks are therefore stable at ~5.5 PgC. We show that land cover in African woodlands is highly dynamic with globally high rates of degradation and deforestation, but also extensive regrowth.
Pseudo-spin–valley coupled edge states in a photonic topological insulator
Authors: Kang Yuhao , Ni Xiang , Cheng Xiaojun , Khanikaev Alexander B. , Genack Azriel Z.
Published: July 2018

Pseudo-spin and valley degrees of freedom engineered in photonic analogues of topological insulators provide potential approaches to optical encoding and robust signal transport. Here we observe a ballistic edge state whose spin–valley indices are locked to the direction of propagation along the interface between a valley photonic crystal and a metacrystal emulating the quantum spin–Hall effect. We demonstrate the inhibition of inter-valley scattering at a Y-junction formed at the interfaces between photonic topological insulators carrying different spin–valley Chern numbers. These results open up the possibility of using the valley degree of freedom to control the flow of optical signals in 2D structures.
A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018-2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend
Authors: Sévellec Florian , Drijfhout Sybren S.
Published: July 2018

In a changing climate, there is an ever-increasing societal demand for accurate and reliable interannual predictions. Accurate and reliable interannual predictions of global temperatures are key for determining the regional climate change impacts that scale with global temperature, such as precipitation extremes, severe droughts, or intense hurricane activity, for instance. However, the chaotic nature of the climate system limits prediction accuracy on such timescales. Here we develop a novel method to predict global-mean surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, based on transfer operators, which allows, by-design, probabilistic forecasts. The prediction accuracy is equivalent to operational forecasts and its reliability is high. The post-1998 global warming hiatus is well predicted. For 2018–2022, the probabilistic forecast indicates a warmer than normal period, with respect to the forced trend. This will temporarily reinforce the long-term global warming trend. The coming warm period is associated with an increased likelihood of intense to extreme temperatures. The important numerical efficiency of the method (a few hundredths of a second on a laptop) opens the possibility for real-time probabilistic predictions carried out on personal mobile devices.
A phase-stable dual-comb interferometer
Authors: Chen Zaijun , Yan Ming , Hänsch Theodor W. , Picqué Nathalie
Published: July 2018

Laser frequency combs emit a spectrum with hundreds of thousands of evenly spaced phase-coherent narrow lines. A comb-enabled instrument, the dual-comb interferometer, exploits interference between two frequency combs and attracts considerable interest in precision spectroscopy and sensing, distance metrology, tomography, telecommunications, etc. Mutual coherence between the two combs over the measurement time is a pre-requisite to interferometry, although it is instrumentally challenging. At best, the mutual coherence reaches about 1 s. Computer-based phase-correction techniques, which often lead to artifacts and worsened precision, must be implemented for longer averaging times. Here with feed-forward relative stabilization of the carrier-envelope offset frequencies, we experimentally realize a mutual coherence over times approaching 2000 s, more than three orders of magnitude longer than that of state-of-the-art dual-comb systems. An illustration is given with near-infrared Fourier transform molecular spectroscopy with two combs of slightly different repetition frequencies. Our technique without phase correction can be implemented with any frequency comb generator including microresonators or semiconductor lasers.
Differences in age-specific mortality between wild-caught and captive-born Asian elephants
Authors: Lahdenperä Mirkka , Mar Khyne U. , Courtiol Alexandre , Lummaa Virpi
Published: July 2018

Wild-capture of numerous species is common for diverse purposes, including medical experiments, conservation, veterinary interventions and research, but little objective data exists on its consequences. We use exceptional demographic records on Asian elephants from timber camps in Myanmar to investigate the long-term consequences of wild-capture during 1951–2000 on their mortality (N = 5150). We show that captured elephants have increased mortality compared to captive-born elephants, regardless of their capture method. These detrimental effects of capture are similar for both sexes but differ substantially according to age. Elephants captured and tamed at older ages show a higher increase in mortality after capture than elephants captured and tamed young. Moreover, the increased mortality risk following capture and taming is still perceived several years after capture. Our results are timely given the continued capture of elephants and other wild animals to supplement captive populations despite the alarming declines of wild populations globally.
Spontaneous Hall effect in the Weyl semimetal candidate of all-in all-out pyrochlore iridate
Authors: Ueda Kentaro , Kaneko Ryoma , Ishizuka Hiroaki , Fujioka Jun , Nagaosa Naoto , Tokura Yoshinori
Published: July 2018

Topological quantum states of matter, characterized by geometrical features of electronic band structures, have been extensively studied. Among them, the topological electronic state with magnetic order remains elusive because of a scarce number of examples. Here we present experimental observations proving that the pyrochlore iridate, when electronically tuned, can be a topological Weyl semimetal as predicted by recent theories. We observe a sizable spontaneous Hall conductivity with minimal magnetization only within a few Kelvin below the all-in all-out magnetic ordering temperature. Our theoretical calculation, which is quantitatively consistent with the observation, suggests that the presence of linearly-dispersing crossing points (Weyl points), acting as a source/sink of a quantized magnetic flux, potentially gives rise to such an enormous effect. The manifestation of the salient Hall response provides one important example of topological states, which promotes a better understanding of Weyl semimetal and indicates the new research direction for the topological-materials design.
Energy-efficient CO2 hydrogenation with fast response using photoexcitation of CO2 adsorbed on metal catalysts
Authors: Kim Chanyeon , Hyeon Seokwon , Lee Jonghyeok , Kim Whi Dong , Lee Doh C. , Kim Jihan , Lee Hyunjoo
Published: July 2018

Many heterogeneous catalytic reactions occur at high temperatures, which may cause large energy costs, poor safety, and thermal degradation of catalysts. Here, we propose a light-assisted surface reaction, which catalyze the surface reaction using both light and heat as an energy source. Conventional metal catalysts such as ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, nickel, and copper were tested for CO2 hydrogenation, and ruthenium showed the most distinct change upon light irradiation. CO2 was strongly adsorbed onto ruthenium surface, forming hybrid orbitals. The band gap energy was reduced significantly upon hybridization, enhancing CO2 dissociation. The light-assisted CO2 hydrogenation used only 37% of the total energy with which the CO2 hydrogenation occurred using only thermal energy. The CO2 conversion could be turned on and off completely with a response time of only 3 min, whereas conventional thermal reaction required hours. These unique features can be potentially used for on-demand fuel production with minimal energy input.
Broadband Variable Meta-Axicons Based on Nano-Aperture Arrays in a Metallic Film
Authors: Zhu Yunzhi , Wei Dunzhao , Kuang Zeyu , Wang Qianjin , Wang Yongmei , Huang Xiaoyang , Zhang Yong , Xiao Min
Published: July 2018

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional metamaterials composed of a carefully designed series of subwavelength meta-atom (antenna or aperture) arrays. These surfaces can manipulate the phase, amplitude and polarization of output light by changing the shapes and orientations of the meta-atoms on a subwavelength scale. Using these properties, we experimentally demonstrate variable meta-axicons composed of rectangular nano-apertures arranged in several concentric rings that can focus left circularly polarized (LCP) light into a real Bessel beam and defocus right circular polarized (RCP) light to form a virtual beam. A desired phase discontinuity in cross-polarized transmitted light is introduced along the interface by controlling the orientations of the nano-apertures. In addition, the meta-axicons can generate Bessel beams of arbitrary orders by suitable design of the phase profile along the surface. The meta-axicons demonstrate broadband optical properties that can switch the wavelength of the incident light from 690 nm to 1050 nm. These variable meta-axicons open a path towards the development of new applications using integrated beam shaping devices.
TNF-α increases the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje cells through elevating glutamate release in Bergmann Glia
Authors: Shim Hyun Geun , Jang Sung-Soo , Kim Seung Ha , Hwang Eun Mi , Min Joo Ok , Kim Hye Yun , Kim Yoo Sung , Ryu Changhyeon , Chung Geehoon , Kim YoungSoo , Yoon Bo-Eun , Kim Sang Jeong
Published: July 2018

For decades, the glial function has been highlighted not only as the ‘structural glue’, but also as an ‘active participant’ in neural circuits. Here, we suggest that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a key inflammatory cytokine, alters the neural activity of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) by facilitating gliotransmission in the juvenile male rat cerebellum. A bath application of TNF-α (100 ng/ml) in acute cerebellar slices elevates spiking activity of PCs with no alterations in the regularity of PC firings. Interestingly, the effect of TNF-α on the intrinsic excitability of PCs was abolished under a condition in which the type1 TNF receptor (TNFR1) in Bergmann glia (BG) was genetically suppressed by viral delivery of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing TNFR1-shRNA. In addition, we measured the concentration of glutamate derived from dissociated cerebellar cortical astrocyte cultures treated with TNF-α and observed a progressive increase of glutamate in a time-dependent manner. We hypothesised that TNF-α-induced elevation of glutamate from BGs enveloping the synaptic cleft may directly activate metabotropic glutamate receptor1 (mGluR1). Pharmacological inhibition of mGluR1, indeed, prevented the TNF-α-mediated elevation of the intrinsic excitability in PCs. Taken together, our study reveals that TNF-α triggers glutamate release in BG, thereby increasing the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar PCs in a mGluR1-dependent manner.
Photon Energy Dependent Micro-Raman Spectroscopy with a Continuum Laser Source
Authors: Krause Stefan , Overgaard Marc H. , Vosch Tom
Published: July 2018

We present a method for continuous, photon energy dependent micro Raman spectroscopy. A narrow excitation line is selected from a continuum laser by an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) plus an additional monochromator (MC). Automation of laser, AOTF, MC and tunable long pass filters enables us to continuously scan the wavelength over the full visible range while synchronously acquiring Raman spectra over a photon energy range from 1.85 eV to 2.83 eV. We demonstrate the applicability of our method on a well-studied sample, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), where we measure the Raman scattering over the whole visual range and use the photon energy dependence of the D, G and GS band as verification for the method we present here. We complement this set of data with additional results from a Ti:sapphire laser source, covering the 1.75 to 1.41 eV range. From the full photon energy range of 1.41 to 2.83 eV, we noticed a small deviation from linearity for the dispersion of the D band.
Direct imaging of uncoated biological samples enables correlation of super-resolution and electron microscopy data
Authors: Mateos José María , Barmettler Gery , Doehner Jana , Kaech Andres , Ziegler Urs
Published: July 2018

A simple method for imaging biological tissue samples by electron microscopy and its correlation with super-resolution light microscopy is presented. This room temperature protocol, based on protecting thin biological specimens with methylcellulose and imaging with low voltage scanning electron microscopy, circumvents complex classical electron microscopy sample preparation steps requiring dehydration, resin embedding and use of contrast agents. This technique facilitates visualization of subcellular structures e.g. synaptic clefts and synaptic vesicles in mouse brain tissue and the organization of mitochondrial cristae in the zebrafish retina. Application of immunogold protocols to these samples can determine the precise localization of synaptic proteins and, in combination with super-resolution light microscopy methods clearly pinpoints the subcellular distribution of several proteins in the tissue. The simplicity of the method, including section collection on a silicon wafer, reduces artefacts and correlates protein location with sample morphology.
Gecko-Inspired Biocidal Organic Nanocrystals Initiated from a Pencil-Drawn Graphite Template
Authors: Gonzalez Arellano David L. , Kolewe Kristopher W. , Champagne Victor K. , Kurtz Irene S. , Burnett Edmund K. , Zakashansky Julia A. , Arisoy Feyza Dundar , Briseno Alejandro L. , Schiffman Jessica D.
Published: July 2018

The biocidal properties of gecko skin and cicada wings have inspired the synthesis of synthetic surfaces decorated with high aspect ratio nanostructures that inactivate microorganisms. Here, we investigate the bactericidal activity of oriented zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) nanopillars grown using a simple pencil-drawn graphite templating technique. By varying the evaporation time, nanopillars initiated from graphite that was scribbled using a pencil onto silicon substrates were optimized to yield a high inactivation of the Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. We next adapted the procedure so that analogous nanopillars could be grown from pencil-drawn graphite scribbled onto stainless steel, flexible polyimide foil, and glass substrates. Time-dependent bacterial cytotoxicity studies indicate that the oriented nanopillars grown on all four substrates inactivated up to 97% of the E. coli quickly, in 15 min or less. These results suggest that organic nanostructures, which can be easily grown on a broad range of substrates hold potential as a new class of biocidal surfaces that kill microbes quickly and potentially, without spreading antibiotic-resistance genes.
Golden Ratio Gain Enhancement in Coherently Coupled Parametric Processes
Authors: Jedrkiewicz Ottavia , Gatti Alessandra , Brambilla Enrico , Levenius Martin , Tamošauskas Gintaras , Gallo Katia
Published: July 2018

Nonlinear optical processes are an essential tool in modern optics, with a broad spectrum of applications, including signal processing, frequency conversion, spectroscopy and quantum optics. Ordinary parametric devices nevertheless still suffer from relatively low gains and wide spectral emission. Here we demonstrate a unique configuration for phase-matching multiple nonlinear processes in a monolithic 2D nonlinear photonic crystal, resulting in the coherent parametric emission of four signal and idler modes, featuring an exponential gain enhancement equal to the Golden Ratio. The results indicate a new route towards compact high-brightness and coherent sources for multi-photon generation, manipulation and entanglement, overcoming limitations of conventional parametric devices.