bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inequality in Child Mortality Persists Between Generations in the Netherlands, 1835-1919
Authors: van Dijk Ingrid K
Published: October 2024

In historical the Netherlands, child mortality was distributed unequally between families and this inequality persisted across generations. Using family reconstitution data for the province of Zeeland (LINKS) containing over 200.000 children born 1835-1914, I show that mortality was higher among children under age 5 whose parents lost siblings before age 5. This intergenerational persistence of child mortality existed independently from socioeconomic differences in child mortality. Inequalities accumulated, as child mortality was highest for low-SES children whose parents originated from high-mortality, low-socioeconomic status families. Intergenerational transmission in child mortality persisted even when child mortality had declined in the early 20th century.
Impacto de las características de los consumidores en la adopción de medios de pago digitales: evidencia empírica del contexto peruano
Authors: Espinoza Angulo Luiggy Reynaldo
Published: October 2024

Esta investigación se enfocó en analizar los determinantes relacionados con características sociodemográficas y económicas del uso de pagos digitales en Perú, particularmente después del impacto del COVID-19. Se adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo y se recolectaron datos de forma transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del período 2022. En base a los criterios de selección AIC y BIC, además del área bajo la curva ROC, se seleccionó el modelo probit, cuyos efectos marginales revelan la influenciada por la edad, con aumentos de hasta un 2,70% en grupos mayores. El género y la educación tienen influencias moderadas. La ubicación geográfica muestra variaciones significativas, con incrementos de hasta un 5,74%. El acceso a internet impacta claramente, con un aumento del 4,21% en la probabilidad de no adoptar pagos digitales para aquellos sin acceso, y el ingreso mensual está inversamente relacionado, con disminuciones significativas de hasta el 16,49% a medida que aumenta el ingreso. Estos hallazgos son cruciales para instituciones financieras y formuladores de políticas al diseñar estrategias de inclusión financiera y campañas de concientización dirigidas a segmentos específicos de la población, en un contexto donde la digitalización de los servicios financieros es cada vez más importante.
A study on normal reference values of the left ventricular strain parameters in young adults
Authors: Das Malyaban , Kuila Madhumita , Swapan Kumar Halder
Published: October 2024

Background: The left ventricular (LV) function is an important prognostic determinant of cardiopulmonary pathologies in adult. Clinical application of cardiac strain by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography to measure LV function requires knowledge of the range of normal values. Reference values and associated variations of the deformation measures need to be “firmly established before routine clinical adoption” of LV strain measurements can be implemented in Indian population.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to establish normal values of LV strain parameters in normal Indian population.
Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, single-center, hospital-based study. The study period October 2021–October 2022 in Nil Ratan Sircir Medical College, Kolkata. Cardiologically healthy adult subjects (sample size 250) both male and female, aged 18–45 years who were healthcare professionals of this medical college and hospital were included in the study. Routine history taking and investigations were done. Echodoppler was done with special emphasis on LV strain parameters.
Results: Distribution of mean LV circumferential strain (LVCS) with age in years was statistically not significant (P=0.8068). The mean value in male and female were −18.9574(±0.9049) and −19.0257(±0.8908) respectively. In the current study, LVCS did not vary in statistically significant a way among different age groups too. The mean values in male and female were −22.5887(±1.8065) and −22.3312(±1.9007) respectively.
Conclusion: This current study failed to show significant differences in LV strain parameters between age groups or male and female in Eastern India Population.
Role of ultrasound and color Doppler in diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and to differentiate from corpus luteum cyst of pregnancy
Authors: Pooja Chowdary  , Anilkumar Sakalecha  , Anees Dudekula  , Madan Kumar KN
Published: October 2024

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is the leading cause of direct maternal deaths. Ectopic pregnancy and corpus luteum cyst are two most common differential diagnoses in a patient with urine pregnancy test (UPT) positive and no sonographic evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. Internal echotexture and color Doppler features of the cyst wall are also considered in an attempt to differentiate the tubal ring of an ectopic pregnancy from that of a corpus luteum.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to diagnose the presence of ectopic pregnancy and to differentiate ectopic pregnancy from corpus luteum cyst using grayscale ultrasound and color Doppler findings.
Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted in 46 patients who were referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis in R.L Jalappa Hospital with UPT positive and clinical features suggestive of ectopic pregnancy.
Results: Out of 46 patients, 33 were diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy and 13 with corpus luteum cyst. Ectopic pregnancies had thicker walls as compared to corpus luteum cysts. Most of the ectopic pregnancies had hyperechoic walls as compared to ovaries (63.6%) and endometrium (60.6%). Free fluid with echoes was seen in the pelvis in 59.4% ectopic pregnancies whereas most of the corpus luteum cysts (69.2%) had no free fluid. Most of the corpus luteum cysts (61.5%) had clear internal echotexture whereas ectopic pregnancies were mostly lacy or solid. Yolk sac was seen exclusively in ectopic pregnancy (30.3%). RI 0.7 was found to be highly specific for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy.
Conclusion: Significant ultrasound parameters that aid in differentiating between the two include the thickness of the mass’s wall, the wall’s echogenicity in relation to the ovary and endometrium, the internal echotexture of the cystic mass, the presence of the yolk sac, and the presence of free fluid with echoes. It was shown that RI 0.7 has a very good specificity in identifying ectopic pregnancy.
The Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health Among College Students: Patterns, Psychological Effects, and Implications for Well-being
Authors: Shrestha Manju , Adhikari Subash
Published: October 2024

This study explores the impact of social media usage on the mental health of college students, focusing on usage patterns and psychological effects. A descriptive research design was employed, with a sample size of 121 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. Data was gathered using a closed-ended questionnaire featuring a 5-point Likert scale. The findings reveal that social media consumption varies significantly among students, with a majority experiencing mood changes and potential addiction. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the influence of social media on daily activities, sleep patterns, and overall mental well-being. The study provides valuable insights into the relationship between social media usage and mental health, offering a foundation for future research on mitigating negative psychological impacts among students.
Patient’s Satisfaction towards the Behavior of the Hospital Staffs
Authors: Bashyal Sukriti , Ghimire Ananda
Published: October 2024

The study investigates the punctuality and behavior of hospital staff and examines the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and these factors among patients in Kathmandu hospitals. Data was collected from 128 participants through structured questionnaires and their aged were above 20 years of age. Descriptive analysis shows that a majority are female, unmarried, and with a high school education. The findings indicated that most patients perceived the hospital staff, including registration, lab, blood bank, and nursing staff, as punctual and polite.  Majority respondents realized  improvements in their health compared to post-visit. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationships between gender and satisfaction, or between the number of hospital visits and satisfaction levels. These results highlight the generally positive perceptions of hospital services.
Perception and Attitude of Patients Towards Waiting Time and Quality in Out Patient Department
Authors: Thakuri Muna Malla , Shrestha Raji
Published: October 2024

Study investigates the perceptions and attitudes of patients regarding waiting times in outpatient departments (OPD) within Kathmandu Valley. Utilizing a descriptive and cross-sectional study design, data were collected from 159 respondents through a structured online questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale. The demographic analysis revealed a predominantly young, female, and educated patient population. Descriptive analysis of patient perceptions towards OPD waiting times showed mixed satisfaction levels, with a significant number of respondents expressing neutrality or frustration. Attitudes towards the quality of care were generally positive, particularly concerning diagnosis explanation and healthcare provider friendliness. Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated very low, but generally positive, relationships between demographic characteristics and both perception of waiting times and attitude towards quality of care. Interestingly, occupation showed a significant, albeit low, negative correlation with satisfaction regarding waiting times. The findings suggest that while demographic factors have minimal impact, other elements of the healthcare system play a more significant role in shaping patient experiences.
Assessment of Equipment Handling Practices in the Hospitality Industry: A Case Study of Kathmandu’s Key Departments
Authors: Shrestha Jenisha , Chaudhary Rajeshwer Prasad
Published: October 2024

This study investigates equipment handling practices within the hospitality industry in Kathmandu, focusing on the frequency of use, types of equipment handled, training provided, and safety measures observed. A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing a quantitative survey approach that targeted 125 participants across three key departments: food production, food and beverage service, and housekeeping. Random sampling techniques were applied to conduct in-depth inspections, evaluate staff training, and assess the documentation and maintenance routines. The findings reveal that a significant portion of staff handles equipment daily, with food production equipment being the most commonly used. While training on equipment handling is regularly provided, issues such as the lack of written guidelines, limited access to personal protective equipment (PPE), and infrequent maintenance checks were identified as critical concerns. Additionally, safety protocols, particularly for heavy equipment, and the clarity of operational instructions were found to be inadequate in some cases. The study underscores the importance of consistent training, proper documentation, and the implementation of safety protocols to enhance equipment handling practices in the hospitality sector.
Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Amatya Niroj Man , Shrestha Sanjit , Dangal Laxmi , Paudel Aarati , Banjara Sanju , Chaudhary Sweta
Published: October 2024

Background Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ubiquitous Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated bacterium that resides in the mucosal surfaces of mammals and the environment such as soil, water, etc. Clinically, it is also associated with many infections and conditions that are aggravated by the acquisition of multidrug-resistant genes. MethodsThis descriptive study was conducted to find out the incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in different clinical samples and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern at B & B Hospital, Lalitpur from 12 June 2022 to 11 September 2022. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, and standard microbiological techniques were used to confirm the presence of K. pneumoniae. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method.ResultsOf the 1967 different clinical samples, culture positivity was observed in 361 samples. Among these, total number of Klebsiella pneumoniae was 150 (41.55%) and from the urine samples exclusively, 63 (42%) Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated. The most susceptible and resistant antibiotics were gentamicin and ciprofloxacin respectively. Among the isolates, 85 (56.66%) isolates were multi-drug resistant in which 69 (87.34%) isolates were resistant to carbapenem.Conclusions The diversified infections with a growing number of multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae present a major public health concern. The limited availability of effective antibiotics emphasizes the prudent use of available antibiotics and the importance of regular national-wide surveillance of multi-drug resistance patterns.
Mastering Ejaculation Challenges Through Comprehensive Strategies: A Case Report
Authors: Poudel Binod , Baral Kamal Raj
Published: October 2024

Background This case report explores the successful management of psychogenic anejaculation in a 31-year-old poultry farmer. Despite an 8-year history of anejaculation during intercourse, the patient achieved ejaculation during masturbation. Initial pharmacological intervention with duloxetine, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, provided partial success. To address persisting challenges, dual sex therapy and sensate focus therapy were introduced, based on the work of Masters and Johnson. The integrated approach proved effective, leading to successful ejaculation and the conception of the patient's wife. This case emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive approach to psychological anejaculation, combining pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for successful outcomes.
Understanding the Drivers of Inhaler Non-Adherence in Asthma and its Influence on Asthma Control
Authors: Pathak Rohit , Pandey Manoj Kumar , Verma Shiv Kumar , Kumari Rinki
Published: October 2024

Background Asthma remains a significant global health concern, with adherence to inhaler therapy playing a crucial role in its management. Understanding demographic characteristics and adherence behaviours among asthma patients is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes. This study delves into the multifaceted factors associated with non-adherence to inhaler therapy among asthma patients in India, to enhance adherence and improve asthma management outcomes. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 195 asthma patients at Shaikh-UI-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College in Saharanpur, India. Asthma control was assessed using standardized criteria, and adherence to inhaler therapy was evaluated through self-reported questionnaires. Demographic variables including smoking habit, possession of health insurance, comorbidities, duration of asthma, and duration of inhaler use were also recorded.ResultsAnalysis of demographic characteristics revealed a higher prevalence of asthma among females, aged 18-45, and individuals from low-income rural families. Additionally, a substantial proportion of patients had comorbidities and had been diagnosed with asthma for more than five years. Asthma control levels indicated a concerning proportion of patients with poorly controlled asthma, highlighting challenges in achieving optimal management outcomes. Furthermore, significant challenges in adherence to inhaler medication regimens were observed, including medication dosage modification without medical guidance and barriers to proper device use.Conclusions This study reveals significant challenges in asthma control and inhaler adherence, particularly among females and low-income rural patients in India. The patient’s education are essential to address these issues and improve asthma management outcomes.
Assessment of Residual Ridge Morphology among Edentulous Patients at A Tertiary Care Center of Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Srijana Mishra , Thakur Smriti Narayan , Rajbanshi Mahesh Kumar
Published: October 2024

Background The morphology of the residual ridge is one of the predominant factors influencing denture retention, stability, support and the masticatory function in edentulous patients thereby affecting both the planning and treatment prognosis. This study was aimed to assess the different types of maxillary and mandibular residual ridge in the group of edentulous population in Chitwan, Nepal. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in total of 107 completely edentulous patients within the age of 55-85 years’ in Prosthodontic department of Chitwan Medical College. The type of maxillary and mandibular residual alveolar ridge in both male and female patients were noted in a predesigned proforma according to American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) classification system. The collected data was entered into Microsoft Excel and later transferred into SPSS version 26 and analyzed for descriptive statistics.ResultsIn this study, 107 completely edentulous patients both male 63 (58.9%) and female 44 (41.1%) participated in the study. In the maxillary arch, Type B was most prevalent residual ridge type 55 (51.4%) whereas Type C in mandibular arch around 35 (32.7%). In male patients, Type B was most common 36 (57.1%) whereas Type A in female 20 (45.5%). Conclusions From this study it can be concluded that there is variation in the residual ridge. In maxillary arch, type B residual ridge was most prevalent followed by type A while in the mandibular arch type C was prevalent followed by type B.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital of Gandaki Province of Nepal
Authors: Godar Srijana Thapa , Khattri Jai Bahadur , Acharya Ramesh Raj
Published: October 2024

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the commonest causes of blindness in Nepal. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital of Gandaki Province of Nepal.
Methods This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted among 162 patients of type 2 diabetes aged 30 years and above. Standard proforma was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical variables of the patients. Detailed eye examination including fundus evaluation under mydriasis was done on all patients and diabetic retinopathy was classified according to Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study Classification.
Results The mean ±SD of age of the study sample was 61.99 ±11.69 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 41.98%. Among the patients with diabetic retinopathy, the prevalence of mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, very severe NPDR and PDR were 51.47%, 25%, 11.76%, 1.47%, and 10.29% respectively. There was statistically significant association of diabetic retinopathy with duration of diabetes and chronic kidney disease. However, there was no statistically significant association of diabetic retinopathy with gender, family history, hypertension, history of smoking, history of alcohol, treatment history and physical activity.
Conclusions There is high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among the diabetic patients. Longer duration of diabetes and chronic kidney disease were the significant risk factors for diabetic retinopathy. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy is essential to reduce blindness in diabetic patients.
Knowledge, Attitude and Diagnosing Ability about Oral Cancer among Medical and Dental Students of a Tertiary Medical College in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Ghosh Snehashish , Bhattarai Rosina , Mahanta Swagat Kumar , Adhikari Sushmita
Published: October 2024

Background Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers taking away many lives worldwide. The chances of recovery from oral cancer are good if, detected early. Lack of knowledge, casual attitude, and poor diagnostic skills among medical and dental undergraduate students could delay detection and management. The present study aims to assess and compare the knowledge, attitude, and diagnostic ability of oral cancer among medical and dental undergraduate students in a tertiary care hospital in Chitwan, Nepal.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 123 (medical- 72, dental- 51) undergraduate students using a pre-fabricated questionnaire with close-ended questions and the responses were recorded in Excel sheets. The recorded responses were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software. A chi-square test was performed to analyze the difference in knowledge, attitude, and diagnostic ability among medical and dental undergraduate students.ResultsThe response rate for the study was 96.09%. The study revealed over 80% adequacy of knowledge of oral cancer among the participants. 92.41 % of medical students and 96.45 % of dental students showed a positive attitude towards oral cancer. However, a difference was noted in the diagnostic ability of oral cancer among medical and dental students. 93.13% of dental undergraduates were confident about diagnosing oral cancer whereas the confidence of medical undergraduates was only 40.96%.Conclusions The study highlighted the need to educate medical and dental undergraduates about oral cancer and emphasized the need for the revision of the medical curriculum to improve their confidence in their diagnostic ability of oral cancer.
Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D and its Association with Serum Lipids in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yadav Naval Kishor , Dhakal Sarita , Upadhyay Hari Prasad
Published: October 2024

Background Hypovitaminosis D has become worldwide public health concern affecting all age groups and both genders. Its prevalence is very high in South Asia. Many studies reported that vitamin D deficiency is concerned with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. The aim of this research was to find the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its association with serum lipids among type 2 diabetic patients.MethodsA cross-sectional study, conducted among a total 162 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The serum level of FBS, PPBS, urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus, HbA1c, TG, TC, HDL-C, and vitamin D levels were measured. In the descriptive categorical data were reported in frequency with percentage and numerical data were presented as mean±SD while in inferential statistics to compare the value student t-test were used. p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe mean±SD serum level of vitamin D was 24.48 ± 13.21 ng/mL in patients with type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 69.14% (With 95% CI as 62.02 to 76.25%) and sufficient of vitamin D in 30.86% (With 95% CI as 23.74% to 37.97%) among patients with type 2 diabetes. The serum lipids showed statistically insignificant association between hypovitaminosis D with sufficient of vitamin D.Conclusions This research showed that only in one third of the patients had Vitamin D sufficiency. The serum lipids were slightly increased in patients who had hypovitaminosis D.
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Health of Nepalese Development Banks: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Shahi Ayusha , Maharjan Jesnisha , Bhusal Navraj , Shrestha Bigendra
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial health of Nepalese development banks by comparing their financial ratios before and after the pandemic outbreak. It seeks to identify areas of strength and weakness enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the sector’s stability and prospects.Methods: Descriptive research design with a longitudinal comparative approach has been adopted. Financial ratios are calculated for six selected development banks for the period of 2017-2023. Mean ratios are computed for pre-COVID and post-COVID periods, and percentage changes are analysed using paired sample t-tests.Results: The analysis reveals significant differences financial ratios during the periods of pre and post-COVID including shifts in asset allocation, increased non-performing loans, reduced capital adequacy, improved market valuations, and decreased profitability ratios.Conclusion: The study demonstrates the pandemic’s wide-ranging impact on Nepal’s development banking sector, highlighting the need for effective risk management, capital planning, and strategic changes to maintain financial stability and to facilitate effective recovery.
On the Complications of Nepali-English Legal Translation
Authors: Bhattarai Achyutananda
Published: October 2024

This article explores the complications of Nepali-English legal translation by examining linguistic and extra linguistic complications between Nepali and English languages and proposes a solution. Law offers rights and binds people with duties within a jurisdiction, and translating law from one language to another language brings complications for equal communication. The knowledge of comparative law and the incompetence of the source and the target language culture interfere with natural communication. Even a minor mistake in translation brings major disputes and conflicts. As the theoretical framework, this research uses equivalence and cultural theories of legal translation. It collects primary and secondary data from freelance and institutional translations applying juritraductological methods used in legal translation. The significance of the study is to professionals, novice translators, and university student’s curious about Nepali-English legal translation. This research finds that translating law or legal documents from one language to another language brings linguistic and extra linguistic complications, but a translator can resolve the musing the proposed solutions. It concludes that exploring the complications of Nepali-English legal translation with solutions enhances the quality of Nepali legal translation.
G. M. Hopkins’ God’s Grandeur: An Aesthetic Delight
Authors: Yadav Prabhu Ray
Published: October 2024

This research paper intellectually sheds light on aesthetic delight in Gerard Manley Hopkins' God's Grandeur. This study based on qualitative research approach examines how God’s grandeur generates the aesthetic delight or beauty to uphold the intellectual knowledge. The purpose or the objective of the research paper is to make an analysis examination of God’s greatness. The poet's firm belief in the glory of God/Nature proves to be an inspiring approach/method to enlighten readers on his sonnet God's Grandeur. This poem, God's Grandeur, appeals to the intellectual mind, manner and moral. This genre in literature depicts the creation and nature of the incorporeal world. The creator of the universe plays an inspirational role to acknowledge the God's glory and beauties in the world. The role of the Creator/God is spelt out in the title of the poem i.e. God's Grandeur. The message that the poem imparts is significant: what is corporeal and incorporeal becomes clear only after it appeals to the intellectual mind. The study helps us to elevate God's Grandeur. It adopts an analytical research design. Hopkins, a Nature poet, is well aware of God's gifts and beauties. How Hopkins’ poem explains the glory of God is the statement of the study. The facts and figures of divine grandeur contribute to the readers' positive response to the poem. The use of intellectual insight transcends the unseen and incorporeal forms. So, the importance of intellectual mind is highlighted by the aesthetic delight that the poem generates for both secular and religious societies. People in the world, however, are less spiritual and more physically and materially conscious.
Improving Commitment among Employees with Human Resource Management Practices: Evidence from Insurance Companies
Authors: Shrestha Prakash
Published: October 2024

Developing a committed workforce is critical to the success of today's businesses. In this regard, this study aims to analyze the association of HRM practices on commitment among employees of Nepalese insurance companies. This study employs a descriptive research approach. 30 sets of questionnaires in each of the six insurance companies were distributed. The study reveals a positive and significant relationship between employee commitment and HRM practices in insurance companies. The results reveal that an effective and enhanced compensation plan is vital since it clarifies the staff's developing position and gives them a better long-term perspective. Organizing training and development events regularly for employees to improve their abilities, stimulate innovation, and improve performance is also critical for increasing employee commitment. Furthermore, companies should implement a successful system for performance reviews to assist employees in carrying out their obligations. Such practices ultimately help in improving employee commitment.
संरचनावादको सैद्धान्तिक आधार र अवधारणा
Authors: नेउपाने Neupane पशुपति Pashupati
Published: October 2024

प्रस्तुत आलेखमा संरचनावादका आधार र अवधारणाहरू प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । संरचनावादका केकस्ताआधार र अवधारणा छन्भन्ने मूल शोधप्रश्नमा केन्द्रित भई यो आलेख तयार गरिएको हो । यस क्रममा खासगरी आधुनिक भाषाविज्ञानका पिता मानिने, स्विजरल्यान्डका फर्डिनान्ड डे ससुर (ई. १८५७—१९१३) कोसंरचनासम्बन्धी अवधारणालाई विशेष महत्त्व दिइएको छ । उनले भाषालाई सङ्केतहरूको व्यवस्था मानेका छन्र यसको संरचना हुन्छ भनेका छन् । सङ्केत पनि सङ्केतक र सङ्केतित मिलेर बनेको हुन्छ । उनले अर्थनिर्धारण गर्ने तत्त्वहरू सङ्केत (कष्नल), ज्ञान (यिनयक), संस्कृति र द्विचर विरोधलाई मानेका छन् । भाषालेविचार निर्धारण गर्छ र भाषा जानेपछि मात्रै बालकले ज्ञान आर्जन गर्छ भन्ने उनको धारणालाई पनिसंरचनावादले वहन गरेको छ । ससुरकै सिद्धान्तमा टेकेर पछिका संरचनावादी र उत्तरसंरचनावादी धारणाविकसित भएको पाइन्छ । चेक संरचनावाद भने रुसी रुपवाद र ससुरेली संरचनावादको समन्वयबाट निर्माणभएको हो । ससुरको भाषासम्बन्धी कार्यलाई फ्रान्समा लेभी स्ट्रउसले मानवशास्त्रमा उपयोग गरेपछि फ्रान्सेलीसंरचनावादको विकास भयो । फ्रान्सेली संरचनावादमा रोला बार्थ, अल्गिडर्स युलियन ग्रिमास र भितानतोदोरोभले पनि योगदान दिए । युरोपेली संरचनावादसम्बन्धी अवधारणाहरूको व्याख्या गरी पाठकका लागि सहजबनाउने उद्देश्य लिएर सबै संरचनावादी सिद्धान्तहरू अपेक्षाकृत ससुरेली अवधारणामा आधारित छन् भन्नेनिष्कर्षका साथ सम्पूर्ण भाषामा समान संरचनागत तत्त्वहरू पाइन्छन्भन्नु नै यस अध्ययनको प्राप्ति हो ।
सङ्घात्मक शासन प्रणालीमा स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको भूमिका
Authors: फूएल Phuel श्यामप्रसाद Shyamprasad , घिमिरे Ghimire तारानाथ Taranath , कार्की Karki सुजता Sujata
Published: October 2024

शक्तिको वैधानिक एकाधिकार राज्यमा रहन्छ । राजनीतिक व्यवस्थाले शक्तिको समुचित बाँडफाँड,सन्तुलन, नियन्त्रत र निक्षेपण गर्ने गर्दछ । राज्यको उत्पत्तिको अवस्था र शासन सञ्चालनको प्रारम्भिकअवस्थामा शासन सञ्चालनका निश्चित प्रणालीको अवलम्बन प्रयोगमा थिएन । समयक्रम सँगैसँगै शासनप्रणालीहरु व्यवस्थित बन्दै सतहमा देखा पर्न थाले । विधायिका गठनमा जनादेशलाई आवश्यक ठान्न थालियो ।विधायिकाले विवेक सम्मत कानुनहरुको निर्माण र कार्यपालिकाले प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयनमा ध्यान दिने विषयलाईलोकतन्त्रको मर्मसँग जोड्न थालियो । न्यायपालिकाले बनेको कानुन र कार्यान्वयनको अवस्थालाई जाँच गर्दैसंविधान र कानुनको प्रभावकारी व्याख्या मार्पmत् परिभाषित जिम्मेवारीलाई पुरा गराउनमा निर्णायक भूमिकाअदाह गर्ने गर्दछ । राज्य सञ्चालनका विभिन्न पद्धतिहरुमध्येसंघात्मक शासन प्रणाली एक नविन मान्यता एवम्अवधारणा हो । शासन प्रणालीको यो एक महत्वपूर्ण लोकतान्त्रिक अभ्यास हो, जहाँ शक्ति बाँडफाँडकोअवस्थालाई संविधानले नै सुनिश्चित गरेको हुन्छ । सरकारका दुई वा सोभन्दा बढी तहहरु हुन्छन् । जुनसुकैराजनीतिक प्रणालीमा पनि स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको परिकल्पना गरिन्छ । एकात्मकतामा भन्दा संघात्मक शासनप्रणालीमा न्यायपालिका बढी सबल र स्वतन्त्र रुपमा खडा हुनु पर्दछ किनकि सरकारका विभिन्न तहहरु बीचभौगोलिक सिमा, अधिकार लगायत विषयको अन्तिम निर्णय न्यायपालिकाले गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । यस लेख मार्पmतसंघीय शासन प्रणालीलाई सुविचारित ढङ्गले सञ्चालन गर्नका लागि न्यायपालिकाको रखबारीको भूमिकालाईविश्लेषण गर्न खोजिएको छ । स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाका आधारहरुको खोजी प्रयास यस लेखमा गरिएको छ ।सूचना तथा तथ्याङ्कहरु द्वितीयक स्रोतमा आधारित छ । संघीय शासन प्रणालीमा न्यायाधिश नियुक्तिको अवस्थार अधिकारले प्रणाली रक्षाका लागि खेल्न सक्ने भूमिकाको आधार सीमामा लेख आधारित छ ।
Out of Order
Authors:   Research Professor, Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs, National Research University– Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia, Lukyanov Fyodor A. ,   Editor-in-Chief, Russia in Global Affairs
Published: October 2024

Now hegemony is ending, and multipolarity has become real. Yet it is not actually an international order, but merely a new set of conditions under which states must operate. And it is not yet clear whether order is, in principle, possible under these conditions.
Military Alliances of the Great Powers
Authors:   President, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Pakistan, Muhammad Raza
Published: October 2024

While global geopolitics has undergone a massive transformation since the end of the Cold War, the importance of formal military alliances remains central to the U.S. and its allies. NATO’s expansion and strengthening and the formation of AUKUS, I2U2, QUAD, Squad, etc. manifest unchanged geopolitical thinking and strategy.
Neuroimaging markers of phenomena of perceived stigmatization in people with and without mental disorders: a systematic scoping-review
Authors: Lutova Natalia B. , Khobeysh Maria A. , Gerasimchuk Ekaterina S. , Bocharova Maria O. , Makarevich Olga V. , Sorokin Mikhail Yu.
Published: October 2024

Summary. Along with traditional research on psychiatric stigma, there has recently been increasing interest in the neurobiological factors associated with stigmatization.

Aim: to study the most common research methods in the studies of the neurobiological correlates of stigmatization phenomenon and its components, as well as to systematize their results, taking into account their methodological limitations.

Materials and Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR extension. Studies were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO using the Ovid platform. After evaluating 2358 articles according to inclusion, non-inclusion, and exclusion criteria, 20 articles were included in the final analysis.

Results: The most of the studies were conducted on samples of healthy respondents without a control group (14 articles). The mean age of respondents ranged from 18.8 [1.0] to 42.7 [14.7] years. Psychiatric stigma was studied in 2 studies; in the remaining articles, various components of stigma were studied, among which social rejection sensitivity was most often studied (13 articles). Among fMRI paradigm the Cyberball social exclusion task was used more often (10 articles). Changes in neural activity, correlating with the severity of stigma and its constituent constructs, were found in the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, insula, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, ventral region of the striatum, putamen, amygdala.

Conclusion: Functional magnetic resonance studies can be an effective tool for verifying and assessing the dynamics of the psychological state of people experiencing the phenomenon of stigmatization.
Clinical case of senesto-hypochondrical form of schizophrenia with implementation of pathological bodily sensations mainly in the orofacial area: problems of differential diagnosis at the early stages
Authors: Kochereva Ekaterina D. , Dzikovitskaya Larisa S. , Kozlova Marina V. , Titova Vlada V. , Samushiya Marina A.
Published: October 2024

The article presents a clinical case of the senesto-hypochondriacal form of schizophrenia, the implementation of violations of bodily perception within which for a long time was limited to the orofacial space against the background of orthodontic pathology. Prosopalgia is a transnosological syndrome characteristic of a heterogeneous group of disorders, the differential diagnosis of which, due to the peculiarities of the innervation of the facial area, can be difficult and requires special attention for the timely determination of their nosological affiliation and the initiation of adequate therapy. Interest in the clinical case is due to longlasting senestoalgic syndrome, similar in clinical picture to established pathology of the temporomandibular joint, which complicated the timely assessment of the patient’s condition and led to exacerbation of the mental disorder in the absence of psychopharmacological therapy. The article provides an analysis of the place of mental pathology in the formation and development of orofacial pain, both of a somatogenic nature and in the context of somatopsychic disorders, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive assessment of both the dental and mental status of such patients in order to formulate optimal approaches to treatment.
“V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology” — History of the First Psychiatric Journal in Russia
Authors: Popov Yuri V. , Neznanov Nikolay G.
Published: October 2024

The article presents the historical facts oт the creation of the first psychiatric journal in Russia (1896). The organizer of the journal and its first editor-in-chief was V.M. Bekhterev. After his death in 1927, the journal was named after him. It had been published until its closure in 1930. For various reasons, some of which are discussed in the article, the journal has not been published for six decades. The organizational difficulties of registering printed materials that existed at that time are also described. Nevertheless, they were overcome, and in 1990 the USSR State Press Committee issued the Order «On the resumption of publication of the journal...». The journal received a Registration Certificate and was assigned to almost the highest group of central journals. All financing was assigned to the Leningrad branch of the publishing house «Medicine», and the journal was printed in the fabulous in modern reality figure of 20,000 copies per month.

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, this Order ceased to be valid, and the whole thing had to be started all over again. Nevertheless, the first issue of the journal was published in 1991. Its release has been expected not only in Russia, but also abroad. The first issue included a welcoming speech by the President of the World Psychiatric Association, Jorge Alberto Costa e Silva, which attracted even more attention towards the journal. In 1992, the American Psychiatric Association published an English-language digest of the journal in the United States. For some time the journal was also published in Paris (1998-2000) and in Moscow (2004-2011). Currently, the journal is published by its founder, the V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology in St. Petersburg and is one of the most renowned journals in the field of psychiatry and medical psychology in Russia.
The role of regional tectonic stresses in mud volcanism in Southern Sakhalin
Authors:   Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, FEB RAS, Kamenev P.A.
Published: October 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the tectonic stress field of Southern Sakhalin on the basis of seismological, geological, tectonophysical, GPS and remote (satellite) methods. The most characteristic type of stress state for the South of Sakhalin is latitudinal — sublatitudinal horizontal compression. The field forming the morphology of the Pugachev and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk mud volcanoes, as well as the shape of their lithoclastite fields, fully corresponds to the nature of this state, which is confirmed by the analysis of satellite images.The images were used to supplement the results of previous researchers on the study of the directions of the gryphon bands and to measure deformation of volcano lithoclastite fields. The Pugachev volcano lithoclastite fields bend strikes 25°, and that of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk mud volcano strikes 30°, which well corresponds to the regional tectonic stress field. The expediency of using remote (satellite) methods as an supplement to geological and geophysical methods, in particular borehole caliper, is shown.
Uso de los espacios para las actividades culturales en bibliotecas públicas
Authors: Gallo-León José-Pablo , Quílez-Simón Pedro
Published: October 2024

Las actividades culturales se realizan en las bibliotecas públicas de forma habitual y eminentemente presencial. El escenario para su realización es diverso. Como resultado de una encuesta realizada en la Región de Murcia, nos encontramos que, aunque buena parte de las bibliotecas disponen de infraestructuras exprofeso, es frecuente programarlas en áreas destinadas a otros usos, como las salas de lectura. Esto parece relacionarse con el actual concepto de biblioteca como lugar, pero también con la idea de la biblioteca como espacio sacro. De cualquier forma, exige que se diseñen los espacios pensando en estas posibilidades, con la adaptabilidad como objetivo.
Diagnostic Values of Ki67, Cox2, CD31, E-cadherin, VEGF, MMP2, and MMP9 Protein Expression in Human Melanoma
Authors: Karkhaneh Yousefi Nahid , Muhammadnejad Ahad , Rahmati Marveh , Ghanadan Alireza , Razavirad Amirhossein
Published: October 2024

Background: Cutaneous melanoma, the most severe form of skin cancer, has an unpredictable behavior and a high mortality rate. Recent research has identified new biomarkers and their associations with certain histopathological features, offering essential insights into diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies.
 Material and method: In this meticulously designed and executed study, we analyzed 85 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples using the gold standard technique of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize the protein expression profiles. We used a comprehensive panel of Ki67, Cox2, CD31, VEGF, MMP2, MMP9, and E-cadherin antibodies. Clinical stages were meticulously determined according to TNM classification, the thickness of the Breslow depth, and Clark levels. We employed robust statistical methods such as one-way ANOVA and curve estimation regression to analyze the data. The STRING database, a trusted resource, was used to identify protein-protein interactions and related pathways.
 Results: The results of our study unveiled novel pairwise positive correlations between CD31 and Ki67 (r = 0.72), and between VEGF and Ki67 protein expression (r = 0.63). We also found a significant inverse relationship between the expression of E-cadherin and some biomarkers, such as Ki67, CD31, and VEGF (p < 0.001 for all). Additionally, our findings revealed a strong positive association between the extent of tumor invasion and the expression levels of Ki67, CD31, and VEGF. The overexpression of these proteins was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stages (p < 0.001 for all).
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the biomarkers we examined could be reliable potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cutaneous melanoma. These findings have the potential to significantly impact the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this deadly disease, offering new avenues for improved patient care.
Unusual Clinical Presentation of Clear Cell Sarcoma Masquerading as Cutaneous Lymphoma, in a Young Male
Authors: Dhal Ipsita , Mishrikotkar Soumya , Pal Paramita Rudra
Published: October 2024

Background: Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue is an exceedingly rare tumor that originates from the neural crest cells. These tumors are histologically characterized by the presence of clear cells that contain accumulated glycogen. Clear cell sarcomas share histological and immunohistochemical features with malignant melanoma. They commonly arise from tendinous sheaths and aponeuroses, with the lower limbs, particularly around the ankles, being the most common site. Tumors arising in the upper extremities are rare, and very few primary clear cell sarcoma cases have been described in the chest wall and scapular soft tissues. They usually present as a solitary mass.
Materials and Methods: Here we are reporting a case of clear cell sarcoma in a young boy, presenting with multifocal lesions involving the trunk, both upper and lower extremities, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and many internal viscera.
Results: The case described an unusual presentation of clear cell sarcoma with multifocal involvement, which is rare compared to the typical presentation as a solitary mass.
Conclusion: The reported case demonstrates a very unusual presentation of clear cell sarcoma involving multiple sites, highlighting the importance of considering a wide differential diagnosis when encountering multifocal soft tissue lesions.
Assessment of Pattern of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Authors: Chakravarthy Haripriya , Manoharan Sudheesh , Kumar N Santhosh , Damodaran Dileep , Shamsudeen Shafeek , S Lavanya
Published: October 2024

Objective: Cervical lymph node involvement is crucial for prognostic factor for oral squamous cell carcinomas, and understanding nodal metastasis pattern is essential for optimal neck dissection, oncological control, and minimizing morbidity. This study reviews nodal involvement and skip metastasis in 316 oral SCC patients to determine the extent of neck dissection.
Methods: The retrospective study analysed 316 patients with oral cancer diagnosed between 2017 and 2020, including those with primary oral cavity cancer who underwent neck dissection. A comprehensive assessment of patient data was used to determine the extent and size of the lesion and lymph node involvement. Preoperative staging was confirmed using various imaging techniques, including OPG, CT MRI, and biopsies. Histological examination results were used to categorize carcinomas based on differentiation levels and to identify nodal involvement patterns.
Results: The most common subsite for 316 patients was the tongue (62%), followed by the buccal mucosa (19%), lower alveolus (10.2%), hard palate (3.2%), retro molar trigone (2.8%), floor of the mouth (1.6%), upper alveolus (0.9%), and lower lip (0.3%). Nodal metastasis were more common in Levels II and Ib, with less involvement in Level III and beyond. Tumour with a DOI greater than 10 mm showed higher nodal metastasis frequency, with an increased occurrence in Levels IA, IB, II, III, and IV.
Conclusion: Nodal metastasis in oral cancer are common in Levels II and Ib, with variations based on subsite. Alveolus and buccal mucosa malignancies involve fewer lymph nodes beyond Level III, while tongue malignancies show greater involvement in lower levels Level IV involvement is more frequent with greater DOI, and skip metastasis are rare.