bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of delivery options in basis convergence
Authors: Hranaiova Jana , Tomek William G.
Published: October 2002

The corn futures contract, traded on the Chicago Board of Trade, provides sellers with delivery options about
the timing of delivery, the location of delivery, and the grade to be delivered. These options presumably have
values that can vary from one delivery month to the next. The joint values of the timing and location options
are estimated for each delivery month for the years 1989 through 1997. These estimates are then used in
regression models to determine the degree to which they influence basis variability on the first day of the
maturity month. Econometric models are also developed to see if the estimated implicit options values are useful
in improving the forecasts of basis convergence over the 2‐month period prior to maturity. The results
suggested that variation in the delivery options values in the corn futures contract does indeed help explain
basis variability on the first day of maturity. An option‐value variable, based on estimated values two
months prior to maturity, resulted in occasional, small improvements (from a statistical point of
view) in the precision of forecasts. The existence of delivery options increases basis variability at
maturity, but it is difficult to use this information to improve forecasts of basis convergence. One limitation
of the analysis is that the Chicago cash market had few transactions per day during the sample period, and hence
the reported spot prices may be inadequate for making high‐quality estimates of the options values.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:783–809, 2002
Risk–return relationships in foreign‐currency futures following macroeconomic announcements
Authors: Han Li‐Ming , Ozocak Onem
Published: October 2002

This study uses the tick data for foreign‐currency futures to examine risk–return relationships on
macroeconomic announcements. This study—different from previous studies—examines the risk–return
relationship by capturing the announcement effect on returns with announcement surprises and on volatilities with
announcement dummies simultaneously in a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity
(GARCH) model. Strong risk–return relationships are detected for the first min after the
announcements. Furthermore, the return–risk tradeoff ratios differ across currencies and across
macroeconomic indicators. The same information can be more profitable when acted on the more liquid currency
futures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22: 729–764, 2002
Pricing efficiency of the S&P 500 index market: Evidence from the Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts
Authors: Chu Quentin C. , Hsieh Wen‐Liang Gideon
Published: October 2002

Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts (SPDRs) are exchange traded securities representing a

portfolio of S&P 500 stocks. They allow investors to track the spot portfolio and better engage in index

arbitrage. We tested the impact of the introduction of SPDRs on the efficiency of the S&P 500 index market.

Ex‐post pricing efficiency and ex‐ante arbitrage profit between SPDRs and futures were also

examined. We found an improved efficiency in the S&P 500 index market after the start of SPDRs trading.

Specifically, the frequency and length of lower boundary violations have declined since SPDRs began trading. This

result is consistent with the hypothesis that SPDRs facilitate short arbitrage by simplifying the process of

shorting the cash index against futures. Tests of pricing efficiency comparing SPDRs and futures suggested that

index arbitrage using SPDRs as a substitute for program trading in general results in losses. Although short

arbitrages earn a small profit on average, gains are statistically insignificant. A trade‐by‐trade

investigation showed that prices are instantaneously corrected after the presence of mispricing signals,

introducing substantial risk in arbitraging. Evidence in general supported pricing efficiency between SPDRs and

the S&P 500 index futures—both ex‐post and ex‐ante. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Jrl Fut Mark 22:877–900, 2002
Trading activity in stock index futures markets: The evidence of emerging markets
Authors: Huang Yu Chuan
Published: October 2002

This study investigates the trading activity of the Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) and Singapore

Exchange Derivatives Trading Limited (SGX‐DT) Taiwan Stock Index Futures markets by analyzing the

intraday patterns of volume and volatility. In addition, the market closure theory, which may explain such

patterns, is examined. Overall, the trading pattern appears to be U‐shaped for the TAIFEX futures and

U+W‐shaped for the SGX‐DT. For the SGX‐DT futures, volatility follows the same pattern

as that of the number of price changes. For the TAIFEX futures, however, after the peak at the close of the spot

market, the volatility in the TAIFEX futures drops consistently until the end of the day while volatility in the

SGX‐DT still reaches a smaller peak at the close of the futures market. In addition, a visual inspection of

the intraday patterns of these two markets shows that the market closure theory can effectively explain the

intraday patterns of these two markets. The empirical results support the market closure theory in that liquidity

demand from traders rebalancing their portfolios before and after market closures creates larger volume and

volatility at both the open and close. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:983–1003,

2002
Clinical significance of alterations of chromosome 8 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in pathologic organ‐confined prostate cancer
Authors: Tsuchiya Norihiko , Slezak Jeffrey M. , Lieber Michael M. , Bergstralh Erik J. , Jenkins Robert B.
Published: October 2002

Loss of 8p22 and gain of 8q24 are known to be common chromosomal alterations in prostate cancer. We have previously demonstrated that concurrent 8q24 overrepresentation and 8p22 loss were associated with a poor prognosis in patients with high‐grade, locally advanced prostate cancer. We evaluated the alteration of 8p22 and 8q24 in a large cohort of pathologic organ‐confined prostate cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. All 195 patients with Gleason scores > 5, pathologic stage T2N0M0 (pT2N0M0) prostate cancer, who underwent a radical prostatectomy at the Mayo Clinic between 1987 and 1991, and for whom blocks were available, were selected for this study. The median follow‐up period was 9.5 years, and endpoints of this study were biochemical and clinical disease progression. The latter includes local as well as systemic disease progression. FISH analysis using paraffin‐embedded tissues was performed for 8p22 (LPL), centromere 8 (8cen), and 8q24 (MYC) and was successful for 156 tumors (80.0%). Of these tumors, 104 (66.6%) had one or more numeric alterations of the 3 loci evaluated. An increased copy number of 8q24 was observed in 66 (42.3%) tumors, of which 20 (12.8%) had an additional increase (AI) of 8q24, and 46 (29.5%) had a gain of 8q24 with an equivalent gain of 8cen. Losses and gains of 8p22 were detected in 81 (51.9%) and 20 (12.8%) tumors, respectively. An AI of 8q24 was significantly associated with the tumor Gleason score (P = 0.042). Univariate analysis indicated that loss of 8p22 was a significant predictor of biochemical and clinical disease progression (P = 0.025 and P = 0.011, respectively). Furthermore, the group with loss of 8p22 concurrent with an AI of 8q24 (Loss 8p22‐any 8cen‐AI 8q24) had an increased rate of biochemical disease progression (P = 0.052). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that neither individual nor the Loss‐any‐AI combination of alterations was a significant independent predictor of disease progression when adjusting for Gleason score, preoperative PSA levels, and DNA ploidy. These data suggest that loss of 8p22 is associated with a poor prognosis, specifically when it is accompanied by AI of 8q24 in pT2N0M0 prostate cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomewide DNA hypomethylation is associated with alterations on chromosome 8 in prostate carcinoma
Authors: Schulz Wolfgang A. , Elo Jussi P. , Florl Andrea R. , Pennanen Sari , Santourlidis Simon , Engers Rainer , Buchardt Martin , Seifert Hans‐Helge , Visakorpi Tapio
Published: October 2002

To elucidate the relationship between genomewide DNA hypomethylation and chromosome instability, 55 prostate carcinoma specimens were analyzed for extent of hypomethylation by Southern blot analysis of LINE‐1 sequence methylation and for loss or gain of chromosomal material by comparative genomic hybridization. Seventeen (31%) tumors showed strong hypomethylation of DNA, whereas four (7%) displayed slight hypomethylation and the rest of the tumors normal‐level methylation. Chromosomal aberrations were observed in 34 carcinomas. The most frequent chromosomal alterations were loss of 13q in 18 cases and aberrations in 8p (loss) or 8q (gain) in 16 cases. The presence of chromosomal loss or gain was significantly associated with the presence of strong hypomethylation. A striking correlation (P = 0.00001) was observed between aberrations on chromosome 8 and hypomethylation, whereas no association was seen between DNA hypomethylation and loss of 13q. The association between DNA hypomethylation and the presence of metastases was statistically significant (P = 0.044), and both chromosomal alterations and DNA hypomethylation tended to be more frequent in higher‐stage tumors. In conclusion, the data indicate that hypomethylation is associated with chromosomal instability in prostate cancer. Specifically, a surprisingly strong association between alterations on chromosome 8 and genomewide hypomethylation was found. This association suggests that DNA hypomethylation and alterations in chromosome 8 may be mechanistically linked to each other in prostate carcinoma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High sensitivity of detection of TP53 somatic mutations by fluorescence‐assisted mismatch analysis
Authors: Tessitore Alessandra , Christiana Di Rocco Zorika , Cannita Katia , Ricevuto Enrico , Toniato Elena , Tosi Mario , Ficorella Corrado , Frati Luigi , Gulino Alberto , Marchetti Paolo , Martinotti Stefano
Published: October 2002

We analyzed exons 5–9 of the TP53 gene in 41 breast cancers using direct sequencing, PCR‐SSCP (single‐strand conformation polymorphism), and fluorescence‐assisted mismatch analysis (FAMA), to test the level of specificity and sensitivity of each method. A major issue for the correct detection of TP53 somatic mutations in primary tumors is often represented by the large amount of normal DNA, which can cause excessive dilution of the mutant allele, with consequent possible false‐negative results. High sensitivity upon dilution of the mutant allele has been demonstrated for FAMA, a method based on the chemical cleavage of a mismatch within heteroduplex DNA molecules. Exons 5–9 of the TP53 gene were analyzed by FAMA using only two long bifluorescent fragments. Differences in sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity were observed among the above‐mentioned procedures. Thirteen of the 41 samples (31.7%) revealed TP53 genetic alterations by automated sequencing, 19 samples (46.3%) were positive for SSCP, whereas 14 samples (34%) showed variants detectable by FAMA. Seven samples were positive in SSCP, but negative in both FAMA and sequencing assays; however, 2 SSCP‐negative samples revealed evident signals by FAMA, indicating the presence of TP53 mutations. One of the latter samples showed the alteration by sequence analysis, whereas the other failed to reveal the mutation signal even by sequencing, as a consequence of the very small amount of the mutant allele resulting from the excess of contaminating normal DNA. Our results show that FAMA may represent a suitable and accurate assay for the routine diagnosis of TP53 somatic mutations in DNAs from solid tumor biopsies.
Design of studies using DNA microarrays
Authors: Simon Richard , Radmacher Michael D. , Dobbin Kevin
Published: October 2002

DNA microarrays are assays that simultaneously provide information about expression levels of thousands of genes and are consequently finding wide use in biomedical research. In order to control the many sources of variation and the many opportunities for misanalysis, DNA microarray studies require careful planning. Different studies have different objectives, and important aspects of design and analysis strategy differ for different types of studies. We review several types of objectives of studies using DNA microarrays and address issues such as selection of samples, levels of replication needed, allocation of samples to dyes and arrays, sample size considerations, and analysis strategies. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:21–36, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ceramide levels are inversely associated with malignant progression of human glial tumors
Authors: Riboni Laura , Campanella Rolando , Bassi Rosaria , Villani Roberto , Gaini Sergio M. , Martinelli‐Boneschi Filippo , Viani Paola , Tettamanti Guido
Published: October 2002

Ceramide represents an important sphingoid mediator involved in the signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. To determine whether ceramide levels correlate with the malignant progression of human astrocytomas, we investigated these levels in surgical specimens of glial tumors of low‐grade and high‐grade malignancy. Tumor samples obtained from 52 patients who underwent therapeutic removal of primary brain tumors were used. The tumors were classified according to standard morphologic criteria and were grouped into tumors of low‐grade and high‐grade malignancy. Sections of normal brain tissue adjacent to the tumor were also analyzed in 11 of the 52 patients. After extraction and partial purification, ceramide was measured by quantitative derivatization to ceramide‐1‐phosphate using diacylglycerol kinase and [γ‐32P]ATP. Ceramide levels were significantly lower in the combined high‐grade tumors compared with low‐grade tumors and in both tumor groups compared with peritumoral tissue. The results indicate an inverse correlation between the amount of ceramide and tumor malignancy as assessed by both the histological grading and ganglioside pattern. Moreover, overall survival analysis of 38 patients indicates that ceramide levels are significantly associated with patient survival. The present findings indicate that ceramide is inversely associated with malignant progression of human astrocytomas and poor prognosis. The downregulation of ceramide levels in human astrocytomas emerges as a novel alteration that may contribute to glial neoplastic transformation. The low ceramide levels in high‐grade tumors may provide an advantage for their rapid growth and apoptotic resistant features. This study appears to support the rationale for the potential benefits of a ceramide‐based chemotherapy. GLIA 39:105–113, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carers, ethics and dementia: a survey and review of the literature
Authors: Hughes Julian C. , Hope Tony , Savulescu Julian , Ziebland Sue
Published: October 2002

Background

Much has been written on ethical issues in dementia, but usually from the point of view of the various professionals involved. Whilst there has been an increasing amount of interest in the psychosocial problems that face the carers of people with dementia, the ethical nature of some of these problems has largely been ignored.

Objective

To review the literature on ethical issues in dementia from the perspective of the main, non‐professional carers of people with dementia.

Method

A systematic literature search using Medline, Clinpsych and CINAHL databases between 1982 and 2000. A pilot study of carers.

Results

The lay perspective provides both a wide variety of issues and unique approaches. Although in the literature quantitative research answers some questions, it is qualitative research that deepens our understanding of the issues from the perspective of carers.

Conclusion

It is particularly qualitative research that brings out the ethical issues for carers, which tend to be more varied than the ethical issues raised in the professional literature. Awareness of such issues could inform and shape the support given to carers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Views of elderly patients on cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and after treatment for depression
Authors: Eggar Richard , Spencer Amanda , Anderson David , Hiller Louise
Published: October 2002

Objective

To investigate elderly patients decision to accept cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before and after treatment for depression.

Methods

A Prospective cohort study set within a specialist psychiatrist hospital for the elderly. The subjects were 50 consecutively admitted day and in‐patients with depression. Changes in the acceptability of CPR between baseline and end of treatment for depression together with patient characteristics were measured and compared.

Results

49 patients completed the study; all but one of the 17 patients who initially declined CPR accepted once recovered and none who initially accepted later changed their minds (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions

The study demonstrates that depressed elderly people frequently decline CPR but accept after recovery from depression. The presence of depression should be specifically considered if an elderly person unexpectedly declines CPR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factor structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in older patients with major depression
Authors: Flint Alastair J. , Rifat Sandra L.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Symptomatic anxiety has prognostic significance in major depression. In theory, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) should be a useful instrument for measuring the severity of symptomatic anxiety in late‐life depression. However, the dimensional structure of the HADS has not been evaluated in elderly depressed patients; it is not known whether the scale actually functions as a bidimensional measure of anxiety and depression in this population. The purpose of this exploratory study, therefore, was to examine the factor structure of the HADS in older patients with major depression.

Method

The HADS was completed by 213 patients, aged 60 years or older, with DSM‐III‐R unipolar major depression. Principal components analysis was performed on the full 14‐item HADS and on each of its subscales.

Results

Two distinct factors, which corresponded to the instrument's depression and anxiety subscales, emerged. The two‐factor structure proved reasonably stable when the study group was randomly divided into two halves. Analysis of the subscales resulted in a single factor for each. The subscales had high internal reliability.

Conclusions

These findings confirm that the HADS functions as a bidimensional measure of depression and anxiety in older patients with major depression. The results suggest that the HADS is a valid instrument for measuring severity of anxiety, independent of other depressive symptoms, in this population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative symptoms, depression and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Vercelletto Martine , Martinez Florence , Lanier Sophie , Magne Christine , Jaulin Philippe , Bourin Michel
Published: October 2002

Objectives

To apply the negative symptoms (NS) concept used in schizophrenia to patients with AD, to compare the results with the frontal lobe perfusion in ethyl cysteinate dimmer (ECD) single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and with the apolipoprotein E genotype.

Method

32 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD were assessed by the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS‐N), the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and the Mini‐Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Each patient underwent ECD SPECT and APO E genotyping. PANSS‐N, MADRS, NPI, and MMSE were administered to 19 normal elderly control subjects.

Results

The mean PANSS‐N score for AD patients (20.56, SD: 8, range: 7–40) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of controls (7, SD: 0). MADRS scores were not significantly different (p = 0.75) between AD patients (9.03, SD: 6.14, range: 0–25) and controls (6.2, SD: 3.61, range: 1–15). The NPI apathy score (0–12) was correlated with PANSS‐N (p < 0.001). Correlation between prominent frontal hypoperfusion (six cases) and NS was at the limit of significance. No relation was found between epsilon E4 and NS.

Conclusion

This consideration is important in distinguishing between depression and AD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender related differences in clinical characteristics and hospital based resource utilization among older adults with schizophrenia
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Sultana Dilara , Bingham C. Raymond , Buckley Peter , Donenwirth Karl
Published: October 2002

Objective

This report is an analysis of gender related differences in clinical characteristics and hospital based health resource utilization among older adults with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in an acute care, state hospital over a one‐year period.

Methods

This retrospective record review is an analysis of age of illness onset, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, hospital utilization, and psychotropic medication use.

Results

There were a total of 66 individuals with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Mean age of this group was 55.2 ± 4.62 years. Women were significantly over‐represented among individuals with late onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Men with schizophrenia had more comorbid substance abuse compared to women with schizophrenia (p < 0.05). Women and men did not differ significantly in hospital length of stay, amount or type of antipsychotic medication prescribed, or in utilization of seclusion/restraint in hospital. Both genders had substantial utilization of antipsychotic medication. Use of conventional antipsychotic medication monotherapy was always associated with use of anti‐extrapyramidal symptom (anti‐EPS) medication, while use of atypical antipsychotic medication monotherapy was more rarely associated with use of anti‐EPS medication.

Conclusions

In later life, women and men may have some areas of differing health care needs. Women in particular may benefit from psychoeducational approaches that address the experience of psychiatric illness of relatively recent onset (for example, symptom identification and acceptance of illness). Men may benefit from particular emphasis on treatment of comorbid substance abuse disorders. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of major depression or dysthymia among aged Medicare Fee‐for‐Service beneficiaries
Authors: McCall Nancy T. , Parks Peggy , Smith Kevin , Pope Greg , Griggs Michelle
Published: October 2002

Research Objective

Estimates of the prevalence of major depression vary widely. Current estimates range from 2 to 14 % depending upon the definition and procedure for diagnosis. Further, most estimates are for special populations, either living in selected geographic areas or receiving specific types of medical care. A national survey of Medicare Fee‐for‐Service (FFS) beneficiaries provides an opportunity to assess the current level of major depression or dysthymia among a diverse population of older Americans.

Study Design

The Health Outcomes Survey (HOS) was administered to a national random sample of 1,000 Medicare FFS beneficiaries. We used the Mental Component Summary (MCS) measure of the SF‐36 to estimate the prevalence of major depression or dysthymia. Logistic regression was used to examine associated factors.

Results

The response rate was 61.7%. Using an MCS score of 42 or lower, prevalence of major depression or dysthymia was estimated to be 25% for respondents age 65 years and older. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the likelihood of major depression or dysthymia was associated with years of education (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.87), difficulties performing activities of daily living (OR = 1.72), and Medicaid enrollment (OR = 2.67).

Conclusions

The results revealed that one‐quarter of the respondents reported mental health problems consistent with major depression or dysthymia. This is higher than previously reported. Like previous studies, years of education, physical impairment, and poverty are strong predictors of major depression or dysthymia. The high rate of major depression or dysthymia implies there may be considerable unmet need among elderly Medicare FFS beneficiaries for diagnosing and treating mental illness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical profile of older patients' response to antidepressants—an open trial of sertraline
Authors: Mottram P. G. , Wilson K. C. M. , Ashworth L. , Abou‐Saleh M.
Published: October 2002

Background

A number of studies have examined the predictive utility and time to response of rating scales and demographic variables. Very few community samples have been examined in this way, and no studies examining the prognostic validity of early symptomatic response have been found in the literature.

Objectives

This study aims to describe how treatment response is reflected in rating scales in older community residents treated with sertraline and to explore the utility of these instruments in predicting response.

Methods

The study examines the open label therapeutic and continuation phases of a maintenance trial.

Results

225 older depressed community residents were treated (openly) with sertraline. Fifty‐three percent had a good outcome, 13% did not respond to sertraline and had a poor long‐term prognosis. Increased age was associated with poor outcome and increased anxiety symptoms with a good outcome. In the compliant sub‐sample, GMS/AGECAT schizophrenia symptoms were associated with poor response to treatment. Baseline HDRS items and related symptom clusters were not of predictive utility, however early changes in HDRS score (improvement from baseline of four or more by four weeks) was associated with good outcome. All symptom clusters improved within two weeks of treatment with sleep symptoms improving by six weeks. Optimum symptomatic improvement was achieved by eight weeks.

Conclusions

Clinicians in primary care can expect 53% response to treatment. In the absence of symptomatic improvement by one month (HDRS score of four or more) treatment should be reviewed. Optimum treatment response is usually achieved within eight weeks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Search for ideal sulfinyl dienophile and dipolarophile
Authors: García Ruano José L. , Martín Castro Ana M. , Rodríguez Ramos Jesús H.
Published: October 2002

By analysis, the advantages and drawbacks of the differently substituted vinyl sulfoxides so far reported, (Z)‐3‐p‐tolylsulfinyl acrylonitriles are proposed as the best sulfinyl dienophiles. The stereoselective synthesis of these compounds was optimized by hydrocyanation of sulfinyl alkynes with Et2AlCN. Their behavior as chiral dienophiles and dipolarophiles is responsible for the high stereocontrol of Diels–Alder and 1,3‐dipolar reactions, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:453–462, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10066
Practical synthesis of thiirene 1‐oxides that possess two bulky alkyl substituents
Authors: Nakayama Juzo , Takahashi Kenta , Ono Yutaka , Morita Michiyo , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Ishii Akihiko
Published: October 2002

Acetylenes that possess two bulky alkyl substituents reacted with sulfur dichloride to furnish the corresponding 2,3‐dialkyl‐2,3‐dichlorothiiranes (5) nearly quantitatively. The alkaline hydrolysis of 5 afforded 2,3‐dialkylthiirene 1‐oxides (10) in high yields. These two reactions could be successively carried out in one flask, and 2,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐, 2,3‐di‐(1‐adamantyl)‐, and 2‐(1‐adamantyl)‐3‐tert‐butylthiirene 1‐oxides (10a–c) were obtained in 70, 80, and 90% yields, respectively, based on the starting acetylenes, thus providing the most convenient synthesis of thiirene 1‐oxides. Disulfur dichloride also reacted with acetylenes to give 5 in good yields with the elimination of one sulfur atom. Although the alkaline hydrolysis of 5 provided 10 exclusively, acid hydrolysis gave a mixture of α‐oxothioketone 9 and thiirene 1‐oxide 10 in modest yields. All thiirene 1‐oxides 10a–c isomerized to produce α‐oxothioketones 9 in high yields when heated in boiling toluene. Reactions of a bis‐acetylene (18) with disulfur dichloride and with sulfur dichloride gave a dihydropentathiepin (19) in high yields. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:424–430, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10070
Novel results obtained by freezing berry pseudorotation of phosphoranes (10‐P‐5)
Authors: Akiba Kin‐ya , Matsukawa Shiro , Kajiyama Kazumasa , Nakamoto Masaaki , Kojima Satoshi , Yamamoto Yohsuke
Published: October 2002

By freezing Berry pseudorotation of spirophosphoranes with recourse to the rigidity of the Martin bidentate ligand, we successfully prepared configurationally stable enantiomeric pairs of optically active phosphoranes, and could isolate “anti‐apicophilic” C‐apical O‐equatorial (O‐cis) phosphoranes. The effect of σ*PO orbital of the O‐cis phosphorane was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. O‐cis phosphoranes were revealed to be much more electrophilic at the phosphorus atom than O‐trans isomers by experimental studies. The acidity of the α‐proton of an O‐cis benzylphosphorane was found to be higher than that of the corresponding O‐trans isomer. By the reaction of the α‐carbanion of an O‐cis benzylphosphorane with PhCHO, we succeeded in the first isolation and full structural characterization of a 12‐P‐6 phosphate bearing an oxaphosphetane ring, the intermediate in the Wittig type reaction using a 10‐P‐5 phosphorane. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:390–396, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10072
Unexpected conversions of selected heteroorganic compounds
Authors: Drabowicz Józef
Published: October 2002

A few unexpected conversions of selected heteroorganic compounds are described, including the formation of N‐sulfonyl sulfenamide derivatives and the mixed phosphinyl‐sulfenyl anhydrides in the reactions of sulfinyl chlorides with α‐phenylethylamine or t‐butyl‐phenylphosphine oxide, respectively. Unexpected reactions of the ortho hydroxyalkyl‐substituted diaryl sulfoxides and hypervalent sulfur and selenium derivatives, induced by triphenylphosphine, are also presented. Attempts to rationalize the observed reaction courses are briefly discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:437–442, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10077
Efficient electrophilic and nucleophilic epoxidations utilizing a sulfonylperoxy radical and peroxysulfate species
Authors: Park Min Young , Yang Seung Gak , Kim Yong Hae
Published: October 2002

Reaction of superoxide anion radical (O2−·) with o‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride yields a o‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl peroxy radical with strong oxidizing ability, which is capable of oxidizing aryl methylene moieties to aryl ketones and relatively electron‐rich alkenes regioselectively to epoxides. The oxidizing species is tentatively attributed to the o‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl peroxy radical of structure 1. Tetrabutylammonium peroxydisulfate ((TBA)2S2O8, 2) was prepared by the reaction of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate with potassium peroxydisulfate. The epoxidation of enals and enones, such as α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes or ketones, was efficiently achieved with 2 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and base in acetonitrile or in methanol at 25°C. A base‐sensitive substrate, such as cinnamaldehyde, could be successfully epoxidized under mild reaction conditions and in short reaction time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:431–436, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10078
The benefits of switching smoking cessation drugs to over‐the‐counter status
Authors: Keeler Theodore E. , Hu Teh‐wei , Keith Alison , Manning Richard , Marciniak Martin D. , Ong Michael , Sung Hai‐Yen
Published: October 2002

This paper provides an analysis of the benefits to society from the conversion of nicotine replacement drugs (nicotine patches and gum) in 1996 from sale by prescription only in the United States to over‐the‐counter (OTC) sales. To estimate these benefits, we first estimate statistical demand functions for nicotine patches and gum. Second, we calculate the effects of OTC conversion on sales of each type of nicotine replacement drug. Third, we survey the literature on the effects of nicotine replacement drugs on total quits of cigarette smoking. Fourth, we survey the literature on the effects of quits achieved on expected lifespan, and on the estimated monetary value of longer lives from smoking cessation. Finally, we use all this evidence to calculate the value of the social benefits of the OTC conversion to the US. As a result of the OTC conversion, consumption of nicotine replacement drugs has increased substantially, by 78–92% for nicotine patches and 180% for nicotine gum. We estimate that the resulting increase in smoking cessation generated annual net social benefits of the order of magnitude of $1.8–2 billion, based on conservative estimates both of the number of quits achieved and the value of added quality‐adjusted life years from the reduced smoking. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of health econometrics and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Hoch Jeffrey S. , Briggs Andrew H. , Willan Andrew R.
Published: October 2002

Economic evaluation is often seen as a branch of health economics divorced from mainstream econometric techniques. Instead, it is perceived as relying on statistical methods for clinical trials. Furthermore, the statistic of interest in cost‐effectiveness analysis, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio is not amenable to regression‐based methods, hence the traditional reliance on comparing aggregate measures across the arms of a clinical trial. In this paper, we explore the potential for health economists undertaking cost‐effectiveness analysis to exploit the plethora of established econometric techniques through the use of the net‐benefit framework – a recently suggested reformulation of the cost‐effectiveness problem that avoids the reliance on cost‐effectiveness ratios and their associated statistical problems. This allows the formulation of the cost‐effectiveness problem within a standard regression type framework. We provide an example with empirical data to illustrate how a regression type framework can enhance the net‐benefit method. We go on to suggest that practical advantages of the net‐benefit regression approach include being able to use established econometric techniques, adjust for imperfect randomisation, and identify important subgroups in order to estimate the marginal cost‐effectiveness of an intervention. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of an acquired tracheoesophageal fistula with a fascial free flap
Authors: Wein Richard O. , Popat Saurin R. , Watson Thomas , Orlando Gregory
Published: October 2002

Background

Failure in the primary repair of a benign acquired tracheoesophageal fistula limits the operative options available at revision. Use of a fascial free flap to treat this condition has not been previously reported.

Methods

We review the case of a patient who had a tracheoesophageal fistula develop after percutaneous tracheostomy, who had failed previous primary repair with strap muscle interposition.

Results

A radial forearm fascial free flap was used at revision and resulted in resolution of the fistula.

Conclusion

Use of a fascial free flap to address a persistent acquired tracheoesophageal fistula, when an accompanying stenotic segment is not present, is a viable treatment option. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 609–613, 2002
Human papillomavirus infection and cyclin D1 gene amplification in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Biologic function and clinical significance
Authors: Almadori Giovanni , Galli Jacopo , Cadoni Gabriella , Bussu Francesco , Maurizi Maurizio
Published: October 2002

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is suspected to be a risk factor for head and neck, and in particular for laryngeal, carcinogenesis. Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) overexpression and amplification have been shown to play a role as prognostic factors in many human cancers, among which are head and neck cancers.

Methods

A literature review of the role in head and neck cancers of HPV infection and CCND1 overexpression and amplification was undertaken. We have evaluated the extent of the current knowledge in this field under the light of recent acquisitions, in particular, about a correlation between HPV infection, a suspected risk factor, and CCND1 amplification, a frequent mutation (about 20% of laryngeal cancers) and a prognostic factor in laryngeal SCC.

Results and Discussion

The significant correlation between HPV infection and CCND1 amplification supports the hypothesis of the involvement of HPV infection in laryngeal carcinogenesis and suggests that HPV positive laryngeal cancers may constitute a different subset of tumors with a peculiar molecular pattern and thus with a different clinical behavior. HPV infection may be considered a synergistic risk factor with smoking and/or alcohol consumption to be investigated in heavy smokers and drinkers, thus contributing to the identification of patient at high‐risk for the development of laryngeal cancer who should undergo strict follow‐up and primary and secondary prevention. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 597–604, 2002
PCR detection of circulating tumor cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with distant metastasis: Effect of enzyme and sampling
Authors: Lin Jin‐Ching , Chen Kuang Y. , Wang Wen‐Yi , Jan Jian‐Sheng , Wei Yau‐Huei
Published: October 2002

Background

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a high potential to develop distant metastasis after radiotherapy. Cytokeratin 19 (CK‐19) mRNA has been frequently used as a marker in the detection of circulating tumor cells of epithelial origin, but has rarely been investigated in NPC. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of blood sampling and different Taq DNA polymerase on the results of nested reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples from a total of 37 NPC patients with well‐documented distant metastasis (M1) were collected before treatment. Eighteen patients had more than one blood sampling. Five different Taq DNA polymerases were used to test the blood from 17 patients. Peripheral blood of 37 nonmetastatic (M0) NPC patients was tested by the same nested RT‐PCR system using multiple Taq DNA polymerases to evaluate the impact of multienzyme assay in the prediction of subsequent distant metastasis.

Results

Among M1 NPC patients, the accumulative positive rates of CK‐19 mRNA were 22.2%, 44.4%, 70.6%, 75.0%, and 80.0% when one, two, three, four, or five blood sampling were taken, respectively. The accumulative positive rates increased as the numbers of different enzymes increased—from 35.5% by one enzyme to 82.4% by five enzymes. Six of 37 M0 patients had distant metastasis develop after a median follow‐up time of 20 months. The detection sensitivity for four‐enzyme test (5 of 6 = 83.3%) is better than that of one‐enzyme test (2 of 6 = 33.3%).

Conclusions

Our data demonstrate that multiple blood sampling or using multiple enzymes for nested RT‐PCR assay significantly enhances the sensitivity in the molecular diagnosis of NPC metastasis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 591–596, 2002
Immunohistochemical study of epidermal growth factor receptor in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland origin
Authors: Vered Marilena , Braunstein Efraim , Buchner Amos
Published: October 2002

Background

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) are involved in the development of salivary gland tumors. Recently, treatment modalities for EGFR inhibition have shown an enhanced clinical response in carcinomas of different locations. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland origin is a malignant tumor with a poor long‐term outcome. If salivary gland ACC does exhibit EGFR, then immunotherapy could have a major impact on improving its prognosis.

Methods

The study consisted of 34 samples of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens of salivary gland ACC. Specimens were stained with a mouse antihuman monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemical detection of EGFR. Overlying oral mucosa and adjacent normal salivary ducts served as internal controls. Both membrane and cytoplasmic staining were evaluated. Staining score was calculated by multiplying the percentage of positively stained tumor cells by the intensity of the staining. The highest score for a given tumor was equal to 2.

Results

In the final analysis, 27 of the 34 specimens were included; 7 were excluded, because the internal control did not reveal any staining. Of these 27 specimens, 23 (85%) stained positively for EGFR with a staining score of 0.05 to 1.8. Three palatal tumors attained the highest scores (one tumor, 1.2, and the remaining two, 1.8).

Conclusions

Most salivary gland ACC stained positively for EGFR, and in some the staining was quite intense. On the basis of the already proven antitumoral effect of agents acting as EGFR inhibitors, it is suggested that patients with ACC might benefit from these agents, especially when surgery has failed or in those with recurrent or metastatic disease. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 632–636, 2002
Percutaneous tracheostomy with the guide wire dilating forceps technique: Presentation of 171 consecutive patients
Authors: Fikkers Bernard G. , van Heerbeek Niels , Krabbe Paul F. M. , Marres Henri A. M. , van den Hoogen Frank J. A.
Published: October 2002

Background

Evaluation of percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) with the guide wire dilating forceps (GWDF) technique.

Methods

Prospective study of perioperative complications, retrospective analysis of early and late complications in an ICU in a teaching university hospital.

Results

The success rate of the procedure was 96.5%. The average procedure time in 171 consecutive patients was 5.0 min. Perioperative complications requiring surgical or medical intervention occurred in 6.4% of 171 patients. This included conversion to surgical tracheostomy, which was necessary in six patients (3.5%). Major complications while being cannulated occurred in 2.4% of 164 patients but seemed mostly unrelated with the GWDF technique itself. Late complications (after decannulation) were mostly minor and occurred in 22.6% of 106 patients. Only one patient (0.9%) had a symptomatic tracheal stenosis developed.

Conclusion

Percutaneous tracheostomy with the guide wire dilating forceps technique is easy to perform at the bedside with few late complications. However, in our study, perioperative and immediate postoperative bleeding complications (minor and major) occur quite often. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 625–631, 2002
Soluble Tie‐2 receptor levels independently predict locoregional recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Homer Jarrod J. , Greenman John , Drevs Joachim , Marme Dieter , Stafford Nicholas D.
Published: October 2002

Background

This study assessed two circulating angiogenic receptors as tumor markers in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): soluble vascular endothelial factor growth receptor‐1 (sVEGFR1) and soluble Tie‐2 receptor (sTie2R).

Methods

Sera from 79 newly presenting patients with HNSCC and from 22 controls were assayed using sandwich ELISA. Median follow‐up was 35 months after curative treatment. Analysis was carried out to compare levels between HNSCC patients and controls and to ascertain relationships with clinicopathologic and outcome variables.

Results

Soluble VEGFR1 was not elevated in the HNSCC group and was not related to any of the clinicopathologic or outcome variables. Soluble Tie2R was also not elevated in HNSCC patients or related to the clinicopathologic variables but was associated with locoregional recurrence (p = .009). Raised sTie2R (>64 ng/mL) independently predicted recurrence (p = .007) with a relative risk of 3.0 (95% CI, 1.7–5.0).

Conclusions

Soluble Tie2R is an independent predictor of locoregional recurrence in HNSCC. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 773–778, 2002
Effects of lesions to the hippocampus or the fornix on allocentric conditional associative learning in rats
Authors: Sziklas V. , Petrides M.
Published: October 2002

Rats with lesions of the fornix, the hippocampus, or normal control animals were trained on a visual‐spatial conditional associative learning task in which they had to learn to go to a particular location based on the presence of a specific visual cue; the rats approached the cues from different directions. Animals with damage of the fornix were able to learn the task at a rate comparable to that of the control animals. The performance of the hippocampal rats was significantly impaired as compared with the control group. Both the fornix and the hippocampal animals were significantly impaired on a spatial working memory task, the eight‐arm radial maze. These findings suggest that, under certain conditions, a functional dissociation exists between the effects of damage to the fornix or the hippocampus and that the fornix may be only selectively involved in spatial learning and memory. Hippocampus 2002;12:543–550. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature response in an absorbing medium caused by a laser pulse
Authors: Tan Heping , Xia Xinlin , Ruan Liming , Liu Linhua , Yu Qizheng
Published: October 2002

The present study introduces the expression of the radiative source term in an absorbing and emitting medium, which is caused by the collimated incidence of radiation on boundary surfaces. Three different optical characteristics of the boundary surfaces are considered: (1) both opaque, (2) both semitransparent, and (3) one opaque and the other semitransparent. The study conducted numerical simulation for the excess temperature responses at the incident surface and the nonincident one of a semitransparent medium, which is irradiated by a short‐time laser pulse. The variables affecting the temperature response include the wavelength of the irradiating laser pulse, the spectral properties of the medium, the optical characteristics of the boundary surfaces, a reference temperature, and a thermal diffusivity. The results show that considerable deviations may be produced if the Planck or Rosseland mean‐absorption coefficient is employed to treat a nongray medium. Thus, it is suggested that spectral band models be used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(5): 331–343, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10040
Enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from an inclined heated plate using rectangular grids
Authors: Sasaki Shigeyuki , Ashiwake Noriyuki
Published: October 2002

The effect of an inclination angle on the natural convection heat transfer from an inclined heated plate with rectangular grids is investigated. Heat transfer coefficients are measured in air when the plates are inclined at angles from −30 to +60 from a vertical plane, grid heights are in the range of 5 to 10 mm, and diagonal lengths of the grid are 25, 50, 100, and 200 mm. For each configuration, the surface heat flux ranges from 50 to 200 W/m2. It is found that the rectangular grids increase local heat transfer coefficients when the grids are applied to an inclined plate. The rectangular grids increase the average heat transfer coefficients along the horizontal centerline of the plate by up to 20% compared to those coefficients of a smooth plate, even when the angles of inclination are ±30° © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(5): 408–419, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10043