bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Affiliation and Satisfaction Among Feminist Professors; Is There an Advantage to Women's Colleges?
Authors: Gross Rachel , Kmeic Julie , Worell Judith , Crosby Faye
Published: March 2003

Do feminist professors of psychology who teach at women's colleges derive more satisfaction from their academic lives than feminist professors who teach at coed colleges or at (coed) universities? If one assumes that gynocentric environments are more pleasing to feminists, the answer should be “yes.” Using questionnaire and interview data from 76 self-identified feminist psychology professors, we tested the expectation that feminist women teaching at women's colleges are more satisfied than their counterparts elsewhere. We found that feminist professors were generally satisfied with their pedagogical situations and were generally dedicated to and successful at teaching. Institutional affiliation produced little difference in satisfaction or practice, but feminists at women's colleges generally did feel more supported than feminists elsewhere.
The Menstrual Joy Questionnaire Items Alone Can Positively Prime Reporting of Menstrual Attitudes and Symptoms
Authors: Aubeeluck Aimee , Maguire Moira
Published: March 2003

Chrisler, Johnston, Champagne, and Preston (1994) reported that the title of the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire (MJQ) could prime participants to report positive changes on the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and greater endorsement of “menstruation as a natural event” on the Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire (MAQ). This study is a partial replication in which the questionnaire titles were removed in order to see if the MJQ items alone could replicate these priming effects. One hundred women participated: half completed the MJQ and the MAQ in the first week followed by the MDQ and the MAQ the second. The other half completed the MDQ and MAQ first followed by the MJQ and MAQ. Those who completed the MJQ first scored significantly higher on the “menstruation as a natural event” subscale of the MAQ. They also scored higher on the arousal subscale of the MDQ, although this trend did not quite reach significance. These findings suggest that the MJQ items alone are sufficient to produce positive priming of menstrual symptom reporting.
Major Tribunal Decisions in 2000
Authors: Catanzariti Joseph , Shariff Yaseen
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the major decisions of the previous year. These decisions touch upon a broad scope of significant employment and industrial law issues. First, the article offers an analysis of the High Court judgments arising from the constitutional challenge to the award simplification process. Secondly, the High Court’s ruling in respect of the transmission of business provisions of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cwlth) is considered. This discussion analyses the potential implications of the High Court’s decision to the burgeoning outsourcing landscape. Thirdly, the freedom of association provisions have also been an issue on the judicial agenda in the past twelve months and an analysis of some of the important decisions is proffered. Finally, adopting a broad perspective, the authors note that the trend for increasing judicial involvement in the resolution of major workplace issues and disputes continues with no sign of abatement.
Kennett’s Industrial Relations Legacy: Impact of Deregulation on Minimum Pay Rates in Victoria
Authors: Watson Ian
Published: March 2003

What is the connection between labour market deregulation and earnings inequality? Using Victoria as an example, this paper explores this question making use of a recent workplace survey. The results of this analysis show that a low wage sector emerged in Victoria during the late 1990s and that it was concentrated around ‘Schedule 1A’ employees, those workers who failed to gain protection under Federal jurisdiction and had their wages and conditions determined by a combination of minimalist legislation and internal workplace regulation.

A much greater dispersion of minimum pay rates was evident in Schedule 1A work-places compared to those under Federal coverage. More seriously, workers under Schedule 1A coverage were more concentrated in low wage workplaces with inferior employment benefits. The association between low minimum pay rates and Schedule 1A coverage was examined in a multivariate analysis and was found to persist after controlling for a range of other factors.

These empirical findings suggest that labour market deregulation does indeed contribute to earnings inequality and that it also weakens the situation of those workers who are already structurally disadvantaged in the labour market.
Perceived in‐group and out‐group stereotypes among Brazilian foreign language students
Authors: El‐Dash Linda Gentry , Busnardo JoAnne
Published: March 2003

Our research over the past few years on the attitudes of Brazilians towards the English language suggests that socio‐psychological and socio‐cultural aspects of motivation may be just as operative in foreign language learning as in second language acquisition. This article presents the results of a study of stereotypical perceptions of ten foreign populations by 164 Brazilian university students studying diverse foreign languages. Socio‐cultural stereotypes were investigated using bipolar adjective scales paired in a Likert‐type format. A factor analysis of the revealed stereotypes suggested a three‐factor system is at work, consisting of conscientiousness (work‐related values), social agreeableness and personal warmth. Evidence was found for the hypothesis that students studying a foreign language tend to have relatively positive stereotypes of the speakers of that language, but the picture is quite complex, with attraction and stereotyping of target‐language speakers being linked to two different sets of values within the Brazilian population studied.
Regulated Quality Diffusion Revisited
Authors: Novak Andreas J.
Published: March 2003

In many manufacturing applications, the regulation of a quality process to attain a given target is of central interest. In a recent paper, Liu and Nam (1999) present a model of optimal quality regulation. The underlying quality process evolves due to regulation actions and superimposed random disturbances. Optimal regulation is sought as to minimize the regulation costs and the mean squared deviation from the desired target over a finite time horizon. Unfortunately the model is incorrectly analyzed in Liu and Nam (1999), and we therefore present the correct results in the following paper.
A Note on Fantasy Team Selection Strategy
Authors: Hurley W.J. , Graham W.J.
Published: March 2003

We consider optimal strategies in fantasy team competitions having a reward structure which is heavily weighted towards winner‐take‐all. We find that it is optimal for participants to play boldly if the number of participants is sufficiently large.
Branch Network and Modular Service Optimization for Community Banking
Authors: Ioannou G. , Karakerezis A. , Mavri M.
Published: March 2003

In the information society, what is clearly changing is the role and image of bank branches in order to satsify in a more efficient way customers’ needs. This paper develops an integrated approach to assist the bank’s management in reconfiguring a branch network according to the dictates of the market. We are seeking the optimum number of branches and the optimum mix of services that each branch should offer in order to maximize the revenue–generating measures of the branches within a community. The problem is modeled using a linear program that accounts for community performance as a function of performance variables that are explained by a set of external and internal factors, which reflect community characteristics and modular branch banking parameters, respectively. The relationships between factor and performance variables are identified using regression analysis. An iterative algorithm allows convergence to a solution that provides the best configuration of branches after all possible branch mergers and modular branch adjustments are accomplished.
The Capacitated p‐facility Location Problem on the Real Line
Authors: Brimberg Jack , Korach Ephraim , Eben‐Chaim Moshe , Mehrez Abraham
Published: March 2003

The problem we address involves locating p new facilities to service a set of customers or fixed points on the real line such that a measure of total cost will be minimized. A basic form of this problem was investigated by Love (1976), who observed that the fixed points must be allocated in sequence to the new facilities in an optimal solution, and thus, the problem can be solved by a dynamic programming algorithm. Since then, other forms of the model have been investigated; however, in all cases it is assumed that the new facilities have unlimited capacity so that customer flows are always allocated to the nearest facility. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of capacity constraints on the optimal locations of the new facilities. A general fixed‐cost function is also included to account for practical considerations such as zoning regulations, and to permit the facilities to be located anywhere on the line instead of only at the fixed vertices. A dynamic programming method is formulated to solve the problem when the variable cost components are increasing convex functions of travel distance. The problem is shown to be NP‐hard under more general cost structures.
The End of Dual Containment: Iraq, Iran and Smart Sanctions
Authors: Katzman Kenneth , Murphy Richard , Cameron Fraser , Litwak Robert , Sick Gary , Stauffer Thomas
Published: March 2003

The following is an edited transcript of a conference sponsored by the African and Middle Eastern Division of the Library of Congress, the Atlantic Council of the United States, the Middle East Policy Council and the Stanley Foundation. The meeting was held on June 20, 2001, in the Library of Congress with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr. and Mary Jane Deeb moderating.
Financial and Economic Crises in Asia
Authors: Timmer Marcel P.
Published: March 2003

Review of The Asian Financial Crisis: Causes, Contagion and Consequences, edited by Pierre‐Richard Agénor, Marcus Miller, David Vines and Axel Weber (1999), and The Indonesian Economy in Crisis: Causes, Consequences and Lessons by Hal Hill (1999).
To Work Oneself out of Poverty: The Dutch Experience 1989–96
Authors: Van Leeuwen Jolanda , Pannekoek Jeroen
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the effect of finding work by one of the household members on the probability of escaping from poverty in the Netherlands. For households with non‐active heads, finding work by the head of the household is the most important (investigated) event connected with exiting poverty, nearly a third of all poverty endings. However, finding a job by the head of the household does not guarantee one leaving poverty. In practice, the success rate yields 25 percent. A multivariate analysis shows that finding a job by the head of the household increases the chance of leaving poverty with 22 percent points. So, some exits from poverty are a result of other factors or are due to selectivity of the job‐finders. This difference is much larger when partners or (adult) children find jobs.
A Guide To U.S. Chain Aggregated Nipa Data
Authors: Whelan Karl
Published: March 2003

In 1996, the U.S. Department of Commerce began using a new method to construct all aggregate “real” series in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). This method is based on the so‐called “ideal chain index” pioneered by Irving Fisher. The new methodology has some extremely important implications that are unfamiliar to many practicing empirical economists; as a result, mistaken calculations with NIPA data have become very common. This paper explains the motivation for the switch to chain aggregation, and then illustrates the usage of chain–aggregated data with three topical examples, each relating to a different aspect of how information technologies are changing the U.S. economy.
The Association between External Monitoring and Earnings Management in the Property‐Casualty Insurance Industry
Authors: Gaver Jennifer J. , Paterson Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the association between external monitoring and earnings management by property‐casualty insurers. We extend previous work by Petroni and Beasley (1996) by expanding the set of external monitors to include both auditors and actuaries. We investigate whether certain auditor‐actuary pairs are associated with less understatement of the loss reserve account by financially struggling insurers. Our data consist of loss adjustments reported by 465 property‐casualty insurers for reserves established in 1993. The results indicate that under‐reserving by weak insurers is essentially eliminated when the firm uses auditors and actuaries that are both from Big Six accounting firms. In contrast, non‐Big Six actuaries have less impact on under‐reserving by weak insurers. Our results suggest that the quality usually associated with Big Six auditors falls when the audit firm relies on third party actuaries to evaluate the loss reserve estimates of struggling insurance clients. We conjecture that Big Six actuaries insist on more conservative loss reserve levels because, compared to actuarial consulting firms, they are more attuned to the liability exposure of the auditor.
Tax and Regulatory Motivations for Issuing Non‐voting, Non‐convertible Preferred Stock
Authors: Callahan Carolyn M. , Shaw Wayne H. , Terando William D.
Published: March 2003

This paper extends prior studies that attempt to explain the existence of unique securities, particularly Engel, Erickson, and Maydew [1999], by investigating why firms issue non‐voting, non‐convertible preferred stock (PS) instead of other securities. We find that the choice of PS is influenced by tax and regulatory changes imposed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and the 1989 Basle Banking Accord as well as various firm specific incentives. We find that industrials issue PS to preserve tax attributes by avoiding an ownership change and to maximize foreign tax credit utilization. In addition, we find that the regulatory requirements of the Basle Accord influence the choice by banks to issue PS. Finally, we show that although firms could have issued alternative securities that would have allowed them to achieve the same tax or regulatory goals, firm specific factors limit their ability to do so. For example, firms can also avoid triggering an ownership change by issuing straight debt, however, financial distress considerations may constrain their ability to issue additional debt. Therefore, we demonstrate that the final choice of PS is influenced by a combination of tax, regulatory, and firm specific incentives.
Electric Utility Stranded Costs: Valuation and Disclosure Issues
Authors: D’Souza Julia , Jacob John
Published: March 2003

We analyze the stock market’s valuation of electric utility “stranded costs” (i.e., costs that might become unrecoverable under deregulation), and investigate whether stranded costs that have arisen as a result of voluntary firm business decisions are valued differently from those that are more directly linked to regulatory mandates. Further, we study whether investor valuations differ across jurisdictions. Finally, we examine the relation between investor valuation of stranded costs and the decision by utilities to make stranded cost‐related disclosures in their financial statements voluntarily.

We find that investors anticipate that, on average, approximately 10% of total stranded costs will be borne by utility shareholders. Stranded costs arising from voluntary operating or investing decisions made by utilities are valued more negatively than those associated with mandatory power purchase contracts, consistent with investors assigning a higher recovery probability to the latter. Investor valuations of stranded costs associated with utility generating investments do not differ systematically across jurisdictions. We find that stranded costs are valued less negatively for voluntary disclosers not just in the year of disclosure but also in the preceding two years, implying that it is not disclosure per se that favorably influences valuation. Voluntary disclosers operate in jurisdictions that have more clearly established stranded cost recovery mechanisms, suggesting that both stranded cost disclosure and valuation are prompted by reduction in uncertainty about recoverability.
Cross‐Jurisdictional Income Shifting by U.S. Multinationals: Evidence from International Bond Offerings
Authors: Newberry Kaye J. , Dhaliwal Dan S.
Published: March 2003

We examine whether tax incentives influence where U.S. multinationals locate their interest deductions worldwide. Our sample includes international bond offerings by U.S. multinationals during 1987–1997 denominated in the currencies of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, or the United Kingdom. Our results suggest that U.S. multinationals’ debt location decisions take into account the effect of jurisdiction‐specific tax‐loss carryforwards and binding foreign tax credit limitations on the value of debt tax shields. Our results are also consistent with U.S. multinationals locating interest deductions in different tax jurisdictions as a mechanism to achieve tax‐motivated income shifting.
Discussion of Who Is My Peer? A Valuation‐Based Approach to the Selection of Comparable Firms
Authors: Sloan Richard G.
Published: March 2003

Bhojraj and Lee present a new approach to deriving warranted valuation multiples and selecting comparable firms. Conference participants’ comments centered on two key issues. First, participants questioned the motivation for deriving warranted valuation multiples and selecting comparable firms. Second, participants questioned the procedure through which valuation theory was incorporated in the valuation multiple forecasting process.
Stock Returns and Operating Performance of Securities Issuers
Authors: Bae Gil S. , Jeong Jinho , Sun Huey‐Lian , Tang Alex P.
Published: March 2003

We examine long‐run stock returns and operating performance around firms’ offerings of common stock, convertible debt, and straight debt from 1985 to 1990. We find that pre‐issue abnormal returns are positive and significant for stock issuers, but not for convertible and straight debt issuers. The post‐issue mean returns show that common stock and convertible debt issuers experience underperformance during the post‐issue periods, but straight debt issuers do not. Consistent with these results, common stock issuers experience the best pre‐issue operating performance among all three types of issuers, and operating performance declines during the post‐issue periods for common stock and convertible debt issuers. Using a new approach in linear model estimations to correct heteroskedasticity and to adjust for finite sample, we find a positive relation between post‐issue operating performance and issue‐period stock price reactions. The results suggest that future operating performance is anticipated at the issue and that securities issues provide information on issuers’ future performance.
A Comparison of Seasonal Adjustment Methods When Forecasting Intraday Volatility
Authors: Martens Martin , Chang Yuan‐Chen , Taylor Stephen J.
Published: March 2003

In this article we compare volatility forecasts over a thirty‐minute horizon for the spot exchange rates of the Deutsche mark and the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar. Explicitly modeling the intraday seasonal pattern improves the out‐of‐sample forecasting performance. We find that a seasonal estimated from the log of squared returns improves with the use of simple squared returns, and that the flexible Fourier form (FFF) is an efficient way of determining the seasonal. The two‐step approach that first estimates the seasonal using the FFF and then the parameters of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model for the deseasonalized returns performs only marginally worse than the computationally expensive periodic GARCH model that includes the FFF.
Are Expected Inflation Rates and Expected Real Rates Negatively Correlated? A Long‐Run Test of the Mundell‐Tobin Hypothesis
Authors: Shrestha Keshab , Chen Sheng‐Syan , Lee Cheng‐few
Published: March 2003

Some empirical evidence suggests that the expected real interest and expected inflation rates are negatively correlated. This hypothesis of negative correlation is sometimes known as the Mundell‐Tobin hypothesis. In this article we reinvestigate this negative relation from a long‐term point of view using cointegration analysis. The data on the historical interest rate on T‐bills and the inflation rate indicate that the Mundell‐Tobin hypothesis does not hold in the long run for the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. We also obtain similar results using the real interest rate on index‐linked gilt traded in the United Kingdom.
The Value–Oriented Civil Rights Movement and Passive Resistance: An Expression of Civility in the Pursuit of Social Justice
Authors: Moland, Jr. John
Published: March 2003

A core set of sociological values considered by most Americans as essential to the American way of life are discussed within the context of denial and opportunity for a large minority. These core values guarantee equal opportunity and justice for all Americans as expressed in, and supported by, the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights. Yet, historically, Black Americans experienced systematic injustices. A discussion of the Civil Rights Movement focuses on the organized, disciplined, nonviolent action employed as the means of calling attention to the incivility perpetrated upon Blacks while arousing the consciousness of the Nation. The author examines the nonviolent, passive–resistance movement as an expression of civility in pursuit of justice as accorded by the Constitution and in the expressed value system of the American society.

We hold these truths to be self–evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. (The Declaration of Independence in Congress, July 4, 1776)
Uncertainty in Measurements of Dermal Absorption of Pesticides
Authors: Navidi William C. , Bunge Annette L.
Published: March 2003

Dermal absorption experiments form an important component in the assessment of risk from exposure to pesticides and other substances. Much dermal absorption data is gathered in rat experiments carried out using a certain standard protocol. Uncertainties in these data arise from many sources and can be quite large. For example, measurements of the systemic absorption of hexaconazole differed by more than an order of magnitude within a single experiment. Two diniconazole studies produced quite different results, due to minor differences in protocol and in chemical formulation. Limits of detection can also prevent accurate measurement when the amounts absorbed are small. These examples illustrate the need for measuring and reporting uncertainties in estimates that are based on these data. The most direct way to estimate uncertainty is to compute the sample standard deviations of replicate measurements. By pooling these estimates across dose and duration groups for which they are similar, the number of degrees of freedom is increased, and more precise confidence intervals can be obtained. In particular, the ratio of upper to lower 95% confidence limits was reduced by as much as ten‐fold for hexaconazole, seven‐fold for uniconazole, and nearly four‐fold for propiconazole.
Samuelson's Fallacy of Large Numbers and Optional Stopping
Authors: Peköz Erol A.
Published: March 2003

Accepting a sequence of independent positive mean bets that are individually unacceptable is what Samuelson called a fallacy of large numbers. Recently, utility functions were characterized where this occurs rationally, and examples were given of utility functions where any finite number of good bets should never be accepted.1Here the author shows how things change if you are allowed the option to quit early: Subject to some mild conditions, you should essentially always accept a sufficiently long finite sequence of good bets. Interestingly, the strategy of quitting when you get ahead does not perform well, but quitting when you get behind does. This sheds some light on more possible behavioral reasons for Samuelson's fallacy, as well as strategies for handling a series of sequentially observed good investments.
Linguistic Development in Social Contexts: A Study of Two Brothers Learning German
Authors: Bongartz Christiane , Schneider Melanie L.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores notions of success in second language acquisition (SLA) in terms of social interaction and linguistic inventory. Two English–speaking boys, ages 5 and 7, acquired German for 1 year in an immersion context. On the social plane, data obtained throughout the year from each child in interaction with friends show that both boys developed the ability to participate successfully in all aspects of social interaction. Dominant venues of interaction were language play and negotiation. On the linguistic plane, differences emerged in terms of production and accuracy. However, both boys developed the full range of syntactic inventory in German. The data reveal that preferred interactional strategies led to differences in linguistic choices, and hence, to differences in opportunities for linguistic practice. In this sense, linguistic development depends on social context. Success in SLA should, therefore, generally be defined under the umbrella of interactional competence, with social interaction and linguistic inventory as separate, but not independent, yardsticks for assessment.
The Flypaper Effect: Evidence from India
Authors: Lalvani Mala
Published: March 2003

The flypaper effect refers to the phenomenon whereby expenditure stimulus from unconditional grants exceeds that from an equivalent increase in income. The flypaper effect has been described as “money sticks where it hits.” The present study empirically tests the flypaper effect for the Indian economy. The study also tests the asymmetry hypothesis that looks at the impact of retrenchment in grants. Results obtained in the present study show the flypaper effect to be vindicated. We find that both capital and revenue expenditures receive a greater stimulus from grants than would an increase in income. Results show that in the prereform period both revenue and capital expenditures are maintained during periods of grant cuts. However, in the postreform period it is only expenditures on revenue accounts that are maintained in periods of grant reduction. We also find that during periods of grant reduction, state governments maintain their expenditure programs by raising their own tax revenue. This suggests that grants from the center have had a disincentive effect and could be a reason that state governments have not exploited their tax potential to the fullest. By bringing to the fore the disincentive effect of grants we wish to emphasize the urgency of taking a closer look at restructuring and redesigning our system of intergovernmental transfers.
Book Reviews
Authors: Nelson Beebe , Kahn Kenneth B.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this issue:

George S. Day and Paul J. H. Schoemaker, editors, with Robert E. Gunther

 Wharton on Managing Emerging Technologies

Fred Y. Phillips

 Market‐Oriented Technology Management: Innovating for Profit in Entrepreneurial Times

Paul A. Gompers and Josh Lerner

 The Money of Invention: How Venture Capital Creates New Wealth

John Man

 Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words

Books received for possible review in a future issue:

Ashish Arora, Andrea Fosfuri, and Alfonso Gambardella

 Markets for Technology: The Economics of Innovation and Corporate Strategy

Paul Belliveau, Abbie Griffin, and Stephen Somermeyer, editors

 The PDMA Toolbook for New Product Development

Vincent Bozzone

 Speed to Market: Lean Manufacturing for Job Shops

John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid

 The Social Life of Information

Edmund B. Fitzgerald

 Globalizing Customer Solutions

Michael Greer

 The Project Manager's Partner: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Project Management

Jolyon Hallows

 The Project Management Office Toolkit: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Setting Up a Project Management Office

Robert C. Megantz

 Technology Management: Developing and Implementing Effective Licensing Programs

Jeffrey H. Rohlfs

 Bandwagon Effects in High‐Technology Industries

Etienne C. Wenger, Richard McDermott, and William Snyder

 Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge
Protecting the Common Good: Technology, Objectivity, and Privacy
Authors: Nelson Lisa
Published: March 2003

The rhetoric of public policy after September 11 encourages us to believe that the preservation of freedom and the safety of the common good requires our universal acquiescence to technological invasions of privacy. The purpose of this article is simply to warn that the rhetoric of public policy solutions post–September 11 may be inconsistent with the philosophical and legal framework of American democracy. While serving as a solution today, this rhetoric may pose a devastating blow to the balance of individual privacy and common good that is essential to the preservation of freedom.
Call Options and Liquidation in Commercial Mortgage Financing
Authors: Brown David T.
Published: March 2003

This paper models a commercial real estate project where a wealth‐constrained manager uses outside debt financing to purchase a project who’s return depends on future economic conditions and the manager’s investment in the project. It is shown that it is inefficient to finance the project with callable debt. This prediction is consistent with observed real estate financing practice. I also model the outcome of financial distress allowing for (1) debt forgiveness, (2) equity in exchange for debt forgiveness, and (3) foreclosure. The model motivates (1) why commercial real estate loans are often foreclosed, and (2) why lenders foreclose assets at fire‐sale prices.
A “Migration of Despair”: Unemployment, the Search for Work, and Migration to Farms During the Great Depression
Authors: Boyd Robert L.
Published: March 2003

Objective. This study examines migration to farms during the Great Depression, when many displaced workers moved to farms in nearby rural areas searching for a means of livelihood. Methods. Regression analyses of data from the USDA, Census Bureau, and other sources are used. Results. (1) The rate of migration was greatest in places where the search for work by the unemployed was most intense. (2) The “push” of economic dislocation was a more significant factor in the migration than was the “pull” of the expected payoff to the movement. (3) Those who moved tended to be the long‐term unemployed and labor force dropouts, suggesting that the migration was most sensitive to lengthy spells of joblessness. Conclusions. The results support hypotheses derived from theory and research and are most consistent with the classic “push‐pull” model, which holds that the jobless will move to look for work or for other means of sustenance.
Delegated Portfolio Management and Rational Prolonged Mispricing
Authors: Goldman Eitan , Slezak Steve L.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how information becomes reflected in prices when investment decisions are delegated to fund managers whose tenure may be shorter than the time it takes for their private information to become public. We consider a sequence of managers, where each subsequent manager inherits the portfolio of their predecessor. We show that the inherited portfolio distorts the subsequent manager's incentive to trade on long‐term information. This allows erroneous past information to persist, causing mispricing similar to a bubble. We investigate the magnitude of the mispricing. In addition, we examine endogenous information quality. In some cases, information quality increases when the manager's expected tenure decreases.
Evidence that Binding of Cucumber Necrosis Virus to Vector Zoospores Involves Recognition of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Kakani Kishore , Robbins Marjorie , Rochon D'Ann
Published: March 2003

Despite the importance of vectors in natural dissemination of plant viruses, relatively little is known about the molecular features of viruses and vectors that permit their interaction in nature.
Cucumber necrosis virus
(CNV) is a small spherical virus whose transmission in nature is facilitated by zoospores of the fungus
Olpidium bornovanus
. Previous studies have shown that specific regions of the CNV capsid are involved in transmission and that transmission defects in several CNV transmission mutants are due to inefficient attachment of virions to the zoospore surface. In this study, we have undertaken to determine if zoospores contain specific receptors for CNV. We show that in vitro binding of CNV to zoospores is saturable and that vector zoospores bind CNV more efficiently than nonvector zoospores. Further studies show that treatment of zoospores with periodate and trypsin reduces CNV binding, suggesting the involvement of glycoproteins in zoospore attachment. In virus overlay assays, CNV binds to several proteins, whereas CNV transmission mutants either fail to bind or bind at significantly reduced levels. The possible involvement of specific sugars in attachment was investigated by incubating CNV with zoospores in the presence of various sugars. Two mannose derivatives (methyl α-
d
-mannopyranoside and
d
-mannosamine), as well as three mannose-containing oligosaccharides (mannotriose, α3,α6-mannopentaose, and yeast mannan) and
l
-(−)-fucose, all inhibited CNV binding at relatively low concentrations. Taken together, our studies suggest that binding of CNV to zoospores is mediated by specific mannose and/or fucose-containing oligosaccharides. This is the first time sugars have been implicated in transmission of a plant virus.
A Functional YNKI Motif in the Short Cytoplasmic Tail of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein gH Mediates Clathrin-Dependent and Antibody-Independent Endocytosis
Authors: Pasieka Tracy Jo , Maresova Lucie , Grose Charles
Published: March 2003

The trafficking of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) gH was investigated under both infection and transfection conditions. In initial endocytosis assays performed in infected cells, the three glycoproteins gE, gI, and gB served as positive controls for internalization from the plasma membrane. Subsequently, we discovered that gH in VZV-infected cells was also internalized and followed a similar trafficking pattern. This observation was unexpected because all herpesvirus gH homologues have short endodomains not known to contain trafficking motifs. Further investigation demonstrated that VZV gH, when expressed alone with its chaperone gL, was capable of endocytosis in a clathrin-dependent manner, independent of gE, gI, or gB. Upon inspection of the short gH cytoplasmic tail, we discovered a putative tyrosine-based endocytosis motif (YNKI). When the tyrosine was replaced with an alanine, endocytosis of gH was blocked. Utilizing an endocytosis assay dependent on biotin labeling, we further documented that endocytosis of VZV gH was antibody independent. In control experiments, we showed that gE, gI, and gB also internalized in an antibody-independent manner. Alignment analysis of the VZV gH cytoplasmic tail to other herpesvirus gH homologues revealed two important findings: (i) herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 homologues lacked an endocytosis motif, while all other alphaherpesvirus gH homologues contained a potential motif, and (ii) the VZV gH and simian varicella virus gH cytoplasmic tails were likely longer in length (18 amino acids) than predicted in the original sequence analyses (12 and 16 amino acids, respectively). The longer tails provided the proper context for a functional endocytosis motif.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Recognize and Target Darwinian Positively Selected Autologous K1 Epitopes
Authors: Stebbing Justin , Bourboulia Dimitra , Johnson Margaret , Henderson Stephen , Williams Ian , Wilder Natalie , Tyrer Mervyn , Youle Mike , Imami Nesrina , Kobu Toru , Kuon Wolfgang , Sieper Joachim , Gotch Frances , Boshoff Chris
Published: March 2003

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the infectious cause of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and certain lymphoproliferations particularly in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-induced immunosuppression. The introduction of effective therapies to treat HIV has led to a decline in the incidence of KS, suggesting that immune responses may play a role in controlling KSHV infection and pathogenesis. Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity against KSHV proteins has been demonstrated; however, the identification of KSHV CTL epitopes remains elusive and problematic. Although the herpesvirus genomic layout is generally conserved, KSHV encodes a unique hypervariable protein, K1, with intense biological selection pressure at specific amino acid sites. To investigate whether this variability is partly driven by cellular immunity, we designed K1 peptides that match only the unique viral sequence for every individual studied here (autologous peptides). We identified functional CTL epitopes within K1's most variable areas, and we show that a given individual responds only to autologous peptides and not to peptides from other individuals. Furthermore, these epitopes are highly conserved sequences within KSHV isolates from a specific strain but are not conserved between different strains. We conclude that CTL recognition contributes to K1, and therefore to KSHV, evolution.
Role of CD8+Lymphocytes in Control and Clearance of Measles Virus Infection of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Permar Sallie R. , Klumpp Sherry A. , Mansfield Keith G. , Kim Woong-Ki , Gorgone Darci A. , Lifton Michelle A. , Williams Kenneth C. , Schmitz Jörn E. , Reimann Keith A. , Axthelm Michael K. , Polack Fernando P. , Griffin Diane E. , Letvin Norman L.
Published: March 2003

The creation of an improved vaccine for global measles control will require an understanding of the immune mechanisms of measles virus containment. To assess the role of CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes in measles virus clearance, rhesus monkeys were depleted of CD8+lymphocytes by monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody infusion and challenged with wild-type measles virus. The CD8+lymphocyte-depleted animals exhibited a more extensive rash, higher viral loads at the peak of virus replication, and a longer duration of viremia than did the control antibody-treated animals. These findings indicate a central role for CD8+lymphocytes in the control of measles virus infections and the importance of eliciting a cell-mediated immune response in new measles vaccine strategies.
BRANCHING PROCESSES AND COMPUTATIONAL COLLAPSE OF DISCRETIZED UNIMODAL MAPPINGS
Authors: DIAMOND P. , VLADIMIROV I.
Published: March 2003

In computer simulations of smooth dynamical systems, the original phase space is replaced by machine arithmetic, which is a finite set. The resulting spatially discretized dynamical systems do not inherit all functional properties of the original systems, such as surjectivity and existence of absolutely continuous invariant measures. This can lead to computational collapse to fixed points or short cycles. The paper studies loss of such properties in spatial discretizations of dynamical systems induced by unimodal mappings of the unit interval. The problem reduces to studying set-valued negative semitrajectories of the discretized system. As the grid is refined, the asymptotic behavior of the cardinality structure of the semitrajectories follows probabilistic laws corresponding to a branching process. The transition probabilities of this process are explicitly calculated. These results are illustrated by the example of the discretized logistic mapping.
NONLOCAL SYNCHRONIZATION IN NEAREST NEIGHBOR COUPLED OSCILLATORS
Authors: EL-NASHAR HASSAN F. , ELGAZZAR AHMED S. , CERDEIRA HILDA A.
Published: March 2003

We investigate a system of nearest neighbor coupled oscillators. We show that the nonlocal frequency synchronization, that might appear in such a system, occurs as a consequence of the nearest neighbor coupling. The power spectra of nonadjacent oscillators show that there is no complete coincidence between all frequency peaks of the oscillators in the nonlocal cluster, while the peaks for neighboring oscillators approximately coincide even if they are not yet in a cluster. It is shown that nonadjacent oscillators closer in frequencies, share slow modes with their adjacent oscillators which are neighbors in space. It is also shown that when a direct coupling between non-neighbors oscillators is introduced explicitly, the peaks of the spectra of the frequencies of those non-neighbors coincide.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN A MULTI-CRITERIA CHOICE PROBLEM WITH INDIVIDUAL TASKS OF DIFFERENT DIFFICULTIES
Authors: FUREMS E. M. , LARICHEV O. I. , ROIZENSON G. V. , LOTOV A. V. , MIETTINEN K.
Published: March 2003

This paper is devoted to a laboratory study of human behavior in a multi-criteria choice problem. The specific feature of the experimental study is the creation of an individually adjusted instance of a general task for each subject in accordance with his/her preferences over each criterion. Human behavior is studied in a specially constructed choice situation based on the decomposition of the alternatives of a multi-criteria problem. The procedure is based on multiple steps of pair-wise comparisons involving only some (two or three) of the original components of the alternatives. Abilities of subjects to use such comparisons and to answer the questions in a logical way are tested. The experiment was carried out in two countries: Finland and Russia.
SELECTION OF SUPPLIERS CONSIDERING THE LEARNING EFFECT AND TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT
Authors: HUANG WANZHEN , LI SHANLING , TIRUPATI DEVANATH
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we develop a model-based approach to examine the trade-offs between short- and long-term supplier contracts. Specifically, we consider learning and technology breakthroughs leading to cost improvements and develop cost models to characterize these effects. A deterministic environment is first considered in which demand can be constant or dynamic and learning effects and technology breakthroughs are dynamic. Then uncertainty in market prices is considered. Interesting managerial insights and strategies in selecting suppliers are discussed based on the analytical results of the models.
Versatile inducible activation system of Akt/PKB signaling pathway in mice
Authors: Kroll Jens , Cobo Patricia , Sato Thomas N.
Published: March 2003

Summary: We report a transgenic mouse line in which Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway can be activated in an inducible manner in defined cell types. In this transgenic mouse line, Cre expression allows the expression of a tamoxifen‐activatable form of Akt/PKB in a defined cell type. Subsequent injection of tamoxifen triggers the transient activation of Akt/PKB in mice. Thus, this transgenic line allows the transient activation of Akt/PKB pathway in a predefined cell type. We expect that this transgenic system will provide a unique tool to study the roles of Akt/PKB pathway in mice. genesis 35:160–163, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The jewel wasp Nasonia: Querying the genome with haplo‐diploid genetics
Authors: Pultz Mary Anne , Leaf David S.
Published: March 2003

Summary: The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis is considered the “Drosophila melanogaster of the Hymenoptera.” This diminutive wasp offers insect geneticists a means for applying haplo‐diploid genetics to the analysis of developmental processes. As in bees, haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs, while diploid females develop from fertilized eggs. Nasonia's advantageous combination of haplo‐diploid genetics and ease of handling in the laboratory facilitates screening the entire genome for recessive mutations affecting a developmental process of interest. This approach is currently directed toward understanding the evolution of embryonic pattern formation by comparing Nasonia embryogenesis to that of Drosophila. Haplo‐diploid genetics also facilitates developing molecular maps and mapping polygenic traits. Moreover, Nasonia embryos are also proving amenable to cell biological analysis. These capabilities are being exploited to understand a variety of behavioral, developmental, and evolutionary processes, ranging from cytoplasmic incompatibility to the evolution of wing morphology. genesis 35:185–191, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood cancer in relation to infections in the community during pregnancy and around the time of birth
Authors: Nyari Tibor A. , Dickinson Heather O. , Parker Louise
Published: March 2003

In a retrospective cohort study of 404,106 live births in the northern region of England, 1975–1986, we investigated whether higher levels of community infections during the mother's pregnancy and in early life were risk factors for cancer, by diagnostic group (leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, brain/spinal tumours, neuroblastoma, other tumours), diagnosed 1975–2001 under age 15 years. Logistic regression was used to relate risk to measures of community infections (measles, respiratory and other infections) in 3 prenatal and 2 postnatal quarters. There was an increased risk of Hodgkin's disease among children exposed around birth to higher levels of measles (odds ratio for trend = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3–4.2, p = 0.01). For other diagnostic groups, there was no consistent evidence of an association between risk and exposure to infections. Although the significant association observed for Hodgkin's disease may be a chance finding, consequent to multiple hypothesis testing or the ecologic nature of the study, it is consistent with other recent epidemiologic results suggesting that the risk of Hodgkin's disease may be associated with exposure to infections. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing change: the London taxi cabs case study
Authors: Skok Walter , Tissut Michel
Published: March 2003

‘The Knowledge’ is the colloquial term used to describe the examination process that must be undertaken by anyone who seeks to become one of London's world famous ‘black cab’ taxi drivers.

The examination process:

Has changed little since its introduction in 1851 following the problems associated with transporting the public from the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park:

Is still essentially based on a series of one‐to‐one interviews and has been described as restrictive, inflexible to demand, closed and secretive:

Is affected by the introduction of the Private Hire Vehicles (1998) Act:

Finds the taxi trade in a highly unstable social, economic and political environment, with many of the key stakeholders calling for reform.

This paper describes a study that:

Is concerned with identifying the complex social, political, legal and economic issues involved in reform, using a stakeholder analysis:

Aims to enhance understanding of the critical issues involved in a far‐reaching and high‐profile management of change programme.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.