bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon radicals generated by solid polymers: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for detection of species in water
Authors: Mochizuki Akira , Ono Dai , Kiminami Hideaki , Shinoda Sayaka , Abe Yoshihiko
Published: October 2019

Radicals generated in plastic medical devices (solid phase) by γ‐rays or electron‐beam irradiation during sterilization are known to cause oxidation of protein drugs, resulting in a loss or reduction in drug efficacy. The generation of radical species in water by the radical species in solid polymers has not been proved. Using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, we confirm the generation of new radicals in water by γ‐ray irradiated cyclic olefin polymers (COP). ESR measurements are obtained using 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPOL) as a spin probe and 5‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propoxycyclophosphoryl)‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrroline N‐oxide (CYPMPO) as a spin trap, in which the irradiated COP was immersed. The ESR signals indicate the TEMPOL radicals decline over time, suggesting the generation of new radicals. Conversely, the characteristic ESR signals of the adduct formed by the reaction between CYPMPO and the hydroxyl radical are observed. Thus, hydroxyl radicals are generated because of the migration of the radicals from COP to water. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48604.
Rheology, morphological evolution, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy modified with polysulfone and cellulose nanofibers
Authors: Zhang Yan , Ling Qiuhui , Lu Xueting , Fang Qun , Sun Fangli
Published: October 2019

In this work, the epoxy systems modified with polysulfone (PSF) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) cured at different temperatures are prepared to investigate the effect of CNF on curing reaction, morphology evolution, rheology, thermal, and mechanical performance of composites. The reaction rate is increased and the activation energy is decreased with CNF incorporation, implying an accelerating effect of CNF on the epoxy‐amine reaction. The phase separation and gelation of the epoxy/PSF/CNF system start earlier compared with the binary system of epoxy/PSF. While it is displayed by rheology that both the system viscosity and relaxation time are elevated with CNF, presenting an inhibiting effect on phase evolution. Morphologies with smaller domain size are finally freezed by the epoxy gelation. The enhancement of impact performance for the epoxy/PSF/CNF composites is indicated by 40.2% increase in the impact strength, which is attributed to the finer phase‐separated morphology, the uniformly distributed CNF within the polymer matrix and the good load transfer between phases. In addition, the thermal stability of composites is improved as the CNFs existed in the phase‐separated polymer matrix can restrict the thermal motion of molecules during decomposition process. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48628.
Larval development and proteolytic activity of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to different soybean protease inhibitors
Authors: Mendonça Eduardo G. , de Almeida Barros Rafael , Cordeiro Gláucia , da Silva Carolina R. , Campos Welligton G. , de Oliveira Joel A. , de Almeida Oliveira Maria G.
Published: October 2019

Anticarsia gemmatalis represents a relevant factor for lowering soybean and other legume crop productivities. Protease inhibitors affect protein degradation and reduce the availability of amino acids, impairing the development and survival of insect pests. To evaluate the possible use of proteinaceous protease inhibitors in the management of this pest, the activities of midgut proteases and the growth and development of A. gemmatalis larvae exposed to soybean Bowman–Birk trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitor (SBBI) and soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) were determined. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan–Meier estimators indicated that SKTI and SBBI stimulated larval survival. However, the development of A. gemmatalis was delayed, and prepupal weight decreased in the presence of both inhibitors. The results showed that SKTI and SBBI inhibited the trypsin‐like and total proteolytic activities of larvae on the 12th day after eclosion. On the 15th day after eclosion, larvae exposed to SKTI increased the activities of trypsin and total proteases. Although SKTI and SBBI did not affect the survival of the insect, they had effects on midgut proteases in a stage wherein A. gemmatalis fed voraciously, increased the larval cycle, and decreased prepupal weight. These findings provide baseline information about the potential of proteinaceous protease inhibitors to manage the velvetbean caterpillar, avoiding chemical pesticides.
Identification and characterization of ethanol‐inducible promoters of Zymomonas mobilis based on omics data and dual reporter–gene system
Authors: Yang Yongfu , Rong Ziyue , Song Haoyue , Yang Xiuxiu , Li Mian , Yang Shihui
Published: October 2019

Zymomonas mobilis is a model bacterial ethanologen and has been engineered to produce lignocellulosic biofuels and biochemicals such as 2,3‐butanediol. We have previously identified promoters of different strengths using systems biology datasets and characterized them using the flow cytometry–based dual reporter–gene system. Here, we further demonstrated the capability of applying the dual reporter–gene system and omics datasets on discovering inducible promoters. Ten candidate ethanol‐inducible promoters were identified through omics datasets mining and clustering. Using the dual reporter–gene system, these promoters were characterized under natural growth, ethanol stress, and ethanol‐induced condition to investigate the transcriptional strength and ethanol inducibility. The results demonstrated that three promoters of P0405, P0435, and P0038 driving the expression of native genes of ZMO0405, ZMO0435, and ZMO0038, correspondingly, are potential ethanol‐responsive promoters and may be growth related. This study not only identified and verified three ethanol‐inducible promoters as biological parts, which can be used to synchronize the expression of heterologous pathway genes with the ethanol production process of Z. mobilis, but also demonstrated the power of combining omics datasets and dual reporter–gene system to identify biological parts for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology applications in Z. mobilis and related microorganisms.
Efficient production of gamma‐aminobutyric acid by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae with glutamate decarboxylases from Streptomyces
Authors: Yuan Haina , Zhang Wei , Xiao Gongnian , Zhan Jixun
Published: October 2019

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an industrially valuable natural product. This study was aimed to establish an efficient food‐grade production process of GABA by engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). GABA can be produced by catalytic decarboxylation of l‐glutamate (l‐Glu) by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC4.1.1.15). Two GADs, SsGAD from Streptomyces sp. MJ654‐NF4 and ScGAD from Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982, were heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae BJ5464. The engineered yeast strains were used as whole‐cell biocatalysts for GABA production. S. cerevisiae BJ5464/SsGAD exhibited significantly higher efficient catalytic activity than that of S. cerevisiae BJ5464/ScGAD. The optimal bioconversion system consisted of a cell density of OD600 30, 0.1 M l‐Glu, and 0.28 mM pyridoxal phosphate in 0.2 M Na2HPO4–citric acid buffer with pH 5.4, and the reactions were performed at 50 °C for 12 H. S. cerevisiae BJ5464/SsGAD cells can be reused, and the accumulated GABA titer reached 62.6 g/L after 10 batches with an overall molar conversion rate of 60.8 mol%. This work thus provides an effective production process of GABA using engineered yeast for food and pharmaceutical applications.
UV or blue light excited red persistent perovskite phosphor with millisecond lifetime for use in AC‐LEDs
Authors: Li Xiaoshuang , Zhao Lite
Published: October 2019

Energy storage phosphors with millisecond period afterglow that compensate for the diming time of alternating current light‐emitting diodes (AC‐LEDs) have promising application. To obtain a persistent luminescence (PersL) white colour in AC‐LEDs, we focussed on a red afterglow with short period phosphorescence. Ca4Ti3O10 forms a type of perovskite‐related Ruddlesden–Popper phase structure. Doping Pr3+ ions into Ca4Ti3O10, an ideal red PersL was obtained. X‐ray diffraction and element analysis demonstrated that our target samples were crystallized well. Steady‐state and afterglow luminescence properties were investigated in detail. Notably, the PersL intensity was dependent on various excitation wavelengths. By measuring three‐dimensional thermoluminescence spectra, we found that the trap depths showed a continuous distribution and that the shallowest trap contributed to the millisecond afterglow. Two PersL mechanism models were used to elucidate the electron charging and de‐trapping processes under UV or blue light activation.
The sphenoidal emissary foramen and the emissary vein: Anatomy and clinical relevance
Authors: Leonel Luciano César Pereira Campos , Peris‐Celda Maria , de Sousa Severino Denicio Gonçalves , Haetinger Rainer Guilherme , Liberti Edson Aparecido
Published: October 2019

Although the sphenoidal emissary foramen (SEF) and its content are anatomically and clinically relevant, accurate description of them in the modern literature is lacking. This study aimed to examine and describe the SEF and its content (the sphenoidal emissary vein [SEV]). We analyzed 1,000 computed tomography (CT) images, 170 dry skulls, 50 formalin‐fixed specimens, and three specimens (heads) following guidelines proposed by Dr. Albert L. Rhoton Jr. MD for latex injection. SEV morphology was determined by histological staining and electron microscopy. The SEF was observed in 46.8% of the CTs studied (25.4% bilateral and 21.4% unilateral), and 45.2% of the dry skulls (18.8% bilateral and 26.4% unilateral). In 9.5% of CTs and 21.1% of dry skulls there was a blind channel in the external surface of the cranial base; since there was no communication with the cranial cavity, it was not considered as the SEF. During the dissections, the SEF was found in seven individuals. In three of them, the SEV was an alternative route for venous drainage of the venous plexus of the foramen ovale. Its walls were composed of collagen fibers and its endothelium contained rhomboid cells resembling those commonly found in the superior sagittal sinus. The presence of the SEF and SEV can anatomically explain the spread of certain cranial base pathologies from or toward Meckel's cave or the cavernous sinus, and should be taken into account during procedures in the middle cranial fossa, percutaneous approaches, odontological procedures, and treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas. Clin. Anat., 33:767–781, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pencil Code improves learners' computational thinking and computer learning attitude
Authors: Deng Wenbo , Pi Zhongling , Lei Weina , Zhou Qingguo , Zhang Wenlan
Published: October 2019

In the current implementation of K‐12 education, computational thinking is considered an important part of developing students' key abilities. Many studies have shown that computational thinking can be improved by programming, for example, using Scratch, App Inventor, and Python. However, different programming tools have different forms of programming that affect the development of learners' computational thinking. This study aimed to test the effects of different programming tools with the same teaching content on learners' computational thinking and computer learning attitude in real classroom teaching. Ninety‐nine participants took part in an eight‐week teaching intervention in the Visual Basic (text‐based) and Pencil Code (block‐based) programming environments. T tests showed that students learning in a mixed text‐based and block‐based Pencil Code programming environment not only had significantly improved computational thinking but also became more self‐confident and enjoyed learning programming. Furthermore, our interviews after the eight‐week teaching intervention found that students showed more communication and interaction behaviors learning with Pencil Code.
Build athletics departments to stand strong even in the face of storms
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2019

After Hurricane Katrina hit, Dillard University in New Orleans had to shut down its athletics program. To bring the program back to life, the school relied on the leadership of Kiki Baker Barnes, Ph.D., who stepped into the role as Dillard's Athletics Director.
Models and Their Limitations in the Voltammmetric Parameterization of the Six‐Electron Surface‐Confined Reduction of [PMo12O40]3− at Glassy Carbon and Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Robinson Martin , Ounnunkad Kontad , Zhang Jie , Gavaghan David , Bond Alan M.
Published: October 2019

In acidic media, three well‐defined surface confined overall two electron transfer reactions derived from closely spaced one‐electron steps are observed in the DC and AC voltammetry of
. In this study, parameterization of these processes by sinusoidal AC voltammetry at glassy carbon (GC) and boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes has been undertaken in 1 M HClO4. The experiment‐simulation comparison of even a simplified reaction scheme required estimation of 21 parameters, which is an exceptionally large number in voltammetry. The six reversible potentials were robustly recovered from data obtained at low (9.02 Hz) and higher (60.05 Hz) frequencies at both GC and BDD electrodes. Examination of the harmonic content by the Fourier transformed version of AC voltammetry enabled imperfections in the model associated with faradaic and non‐faradaic aspects of the voltammetry to be readily detected. After consideration of these imperfections, all processes were considered to be reversible within experimental uncertainty. Subtle differences in reversible potentials observed at both electrodes account for electrode dependence in shapes of the overall two electron steps. Fits of experimental data were superior using BDD at both frequencies and for the higher frequency GC case. Non‐compliance with an assumed potential independent model of the double layer capacitance was considered to be a significant contributor to discrepancies found with the GC electrode.
Understanding the Role of Solvents and Spin–Orbit Coupling in an Oxygen‐Assisted SN2‐Type Oxidative Transmetalation Reaction
Authors: Ghosh Boyli , Banerjee Ambar , Paul Ankan
Published: October 2019

The aerial oxidation of PdII to PdIV has emerged as an integral component of sustainable catalytic C−H functionalization processes. However, a proper understanding of the factors that control the viability of this oxidative process remains elusive. An investigation of the intricate mechanism of the transmetalation reaction of the aerial oxidative transformation of [(Me3tacn)PdIIMe2] (Me3tacn=N,N′,N′′‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane) to [(Me3tacn)PdIVMe3]+ has been conducted by using DFT, along with multireference methods, such as second‐order n‐electron valence‐state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) with complete active space self‐consistent field theory (CASSCF). The present endeavor predicts that the thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxygen activation step are primarily dictated by the polarity of the solvents, which determine the amount of charge transfer to the oxygen molecule from the PdII center. Additionally, it is observed that the presence of a protic solvent has a significant effect on the spin–orbit coupling term at the minimum energy crossing point of the triplet and singlet surfaces. Moreover, it is shown that the intermetal ligand‐transfer phenomenon is an important instance of an oxygen‐assisted SN2 reaction.
Reactivity of ZrO(MFP) and ZrO(RP) Nanoparticles with LnCl3for Solvatochromic Luminescence Modification and pH‐Dependent Optical Sensing
Authors: Wehner Tobias , Heck Joachim , Feldmann Claus , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: October 2019

The luminescence of the inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles ZrO(MFP) (MFP=methylfluorescein phosphate) and ZrO(RP) (RP=resorufin phosphate) was modified by addition of different rare earth halides LnCl3. The resulting composite materials form dispersible nanoparticles that exhibit modified nanoparticle fluorescence depending on the rare earth ion. The resulting chromaticity of the luminescence is further variable by the employment of different solvents for ZrO(MFP)‐based composite systems. The strong solvatochromic effect of the MFP chromophore leads to different luminescence chromaticities of the composite materials between green, yellow, and blue in THF, toluene, and dichloromethane, respectively. The luminescence of ZrO(RP)‐based composite particles can be modified between the red and blue spectral regions in dependence on the applied reaction temperature. Beside a luminescence shift that is derived from nanoparticle modification by LnCl3, a strong turn‐on effect of ZrO(RP) particles results after contact with different Brønsted acids and bases in combination with a respective chromaticity shift. Both effects enable the potential employment of such particles as highly sensitive optical pH sensors.
Efficient Semi‐Synthesis of Atypical Ubiquitin Chains and Ubiquitin‐Based Probes Forged by Thioether Isopeptide Bonds
Authors: Chu Guo‐Chao , Hua Xiao , Zuo Chong , Chen Chen‐Chen , Meng Xian‐Bin , Zhang Zhongping , Fu Yao , Shi Jing , Li Yi‐Ming
Published: October 2019

The development of powerful and general methods to acquire ubiquitin (Ub) chains has prompted the deciphering of Ub‐mediated processes. Herein, the cysteine‐aminoethylation assisted chemical ubiquitination (CAACU) strategy is extended and improved to enable the efficient semi‐synthesis of atypical Ub chain analogues and Ub‐based probes. Combining the Cys aminoethylation and the auxiliary‐mediated protein ligation, several linkage‐ and length‐defined atypical Ub chains including di‐Ubs, K27C‐linked tri‐Ub, K11/K48C‐branched tri‐Ub, and even the SUMOlated Ub are successfully prepared from recombinantly expressed starting materials at about a 9–20 mg L−1 expression level. In addition, the utility of this strategy is demonstrated with the synthesis of a novel non‐hydrolyzable di‐Ub PA probe, which may provide a new useful tool for the mechanistic studies of deubiquitinase (DUB) recognition.
Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry Enables N2 Borylation by Formal 1,3‐Addition of a B−H Bond in the Coordination Sphere of Tungsten
Authors: Coffinet Anaïs , Specklin David , Vendier Laure , Etienne Michel , Simonneau Antoine
Published: October 2019

The first example of a formal 1,3‐B−H bond addition across the M−N≡N unit of an end‐on dinitrogen complex has been achieved. The use of Piers’ borane HB(C6F5)2 was essential to observe this reactivity and it plays a triple role in this transformation: 1) electrophilic N2‐borylation agent, 2) Lewis acid in a frustrated Lewis pair‐type B−H bond activation, and 3) hydride shuttle to the metal center. This chemistry is supported by NMR spectroscopy and solid‐state characterization of products and intermediates. The combination of chelate effect and strong σ donation in the diphosphine ligand 1,2‐bis(diethylphosphino)ethane was mandatory to avoid phosphine dissociation that otherwise led to complexes where borylation of N2 occurred without hydride transfer.
Indoles from Alkynes and Aryl Azides: Scope and Theoretical Assessment of Ruthenium Porphyrin‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Intrieri Daniela , Carminati Daniela Maria , Zardi Paolo , Damiano Caterina , Manca Gabriele , Gallo Emma , Mealli Carlo
Published: October 2019

A symbiotic experimental/computational study analyzed the Ru(TPP)(NAr)2‐catalyzed one‐pot formation of indoles from alkynes and aryl azides. Thirty different C3‐substituted indoles were synthesized and the best performance, in term of yields and regioselectivities, was observed when reacting ArC≡CH alkynes with 3,5‐(EWG)2C6H3N3 azides, whereas the reaction was less efficient when using electron‐rich aryl azides. A DFT analysis describes the reaction mechanism in terms of the energy costs and orbital/electronic evolutions; the limited reactivity of electron‐rich azides was also justified. In summary, PhC≡CH alkyne interacts with one NAr imido ligand of Ru(TPP)(NAr)2 to give a residually dangling C(Ph) group, which, by coupling with a C(H) unit of the N‐aryl substituent, forms a 5+6 bicyclic molecule. In the process, two subsequent spin changes allow inverting the conformation of the sp2 C(Ph) atom and its consequent electrophilic‐like attack to the aromatic ring. The bicycle isomerizes to indole via a two‐step outer sphere H‐migration. Eventually, a ′Ru(TPP)(NAr)′ mono‐imido active catalyst is reformed after each azide/alkyne reaction.
Practical Synthesis of Phosphinic Amides/Phosphoramidates through Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Amines and P(O)−H Compounds
Authors: Tan Chen , Liu Xinyuan , Jia Huanxin , Zhao Xiaowen , Chen Jian , Wang Zhiyong , Tan Jiajing
Published: October 2019

Herein, we report a highly efficient ZnI2‐triggered oxidative cross‐coupling reaction of P(O)−H compounds and amines. This operationally simple protocol provides unprecedented generic access to phosphinic amides/phosphoramidate derivatives in good yields and short reaction time. Besides, the reaction proceeds under mild conditions, which avoids the use of hazardous reagents, and is applicable to scale‐up syntheses as well as late‐stage functionalization of drug molecules. The stereospecific coupling is also achieved from readily available optically enriched P(O)−H compounds.
Dimerisation of Dipiperidinoacetylene: Convenient Access to Tetraamino‐1,3‐Cyclobutadiene and Tetraamino‐1,2‐Cyclobutadiene Metal Complexes
Authors: Hackl Ludwig , Petrov Alex R. , Bannenberg Thomas , Freytag Matthias , Jones Peter G. , Tamm Matthias
Published: October 2019

The reaction of 1,2‐dipiperidinoacetylene (1) with 0.5 equivalents of SnCl2 or GeCl2⋅dioxane afforded the 1,2,3,4‐tetrapiperidino‐1,3‐cyclobutadiene tin and germanium dichloride complexes 2 a and 2 b, respectively. A competing redox reaction was observed with excess amounts of SnCl2, which produced a tetrapiperidinocyclobutadiene dication with two trichlorostannate(II) counterions. Heating neat 1 to 110 °C for 16 h cleanly produced the dimer 1,3,4,4‐tetrapiperidino‐3‐buten‐1‐yne (3); its reaction with stoichiometric amounts of SnCl2 or GeCl2⋅dioxane furnished the 1,3,4,4‐tetrapiperidino‐1,2‐cyclobutadiene tin and germanium dichloride complexes 4 a and 4 b, respectively. Transition‐metal complexes containing this novel four‐membered cyclic bent allene (CBA) ligand were prepared by reaction of 3 with [(tht)AuCl], [RhCl(CO)2]2, and [(Me3N)W(CO)5] to form [(CBA)AuCl] (5), [(CBA)RhCl(CO)2] (6), and [(CBA)W(CO)5] (7). The molecular structures of all compounds 2–7 were determined by X‐ray diffraction analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to rationalise the formation of 3 and 4 a.
Advances in Enantioselective Construction of Trifluoromethoxylated Stereogenic Carbon Centers
Authors: Jiang Xiaohuan , Tang Pingping
Published: October 2019

In recent years, the trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) functional group has received extensive attention in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and material sciences. However, the methods for the enantioselective synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated stereogenic carbon centers are rare owing to the nature of easy decomposition of OCF3 anion and limited OCF3 reagent. And the asymmetric trifluoromethoxylation will be a hot research topic in near future due to the unique biological properties of a single isomer. This article mainly focuses on the recent advances in the enantioselective construction of trifluoromethoxylated stereogenic carbon centers.
An under‐sampled software defect prediction method based on hybrid multi‐objective cuckoo search
Authors: Cai Xingjuan , Niu Yun , Geng Shaojin , Zhang Jiangjiang , Cui Zhihua , Li Jianwei , Chen Jinjun
Published: October 2019

Both the problem of class imbalance in datasets and parameter selection of Support Vector Machine (SVM) are crucial to predict software defects. However, there is no one working to solve these problems synchronously at present. To tackle this problem, a hybrid multi‐objective cuckoo search under‐sampled software defect prediction model based on SVM (HMOCS‐US‐SVM) is proposed to solve synchronously above two problems. Firstly, a hybrid multi‐objective cuckoo search with dynamical local search (HMOCS) is utilized to select synchronously the non‐defective sampling and optimize the parameters of SVM. Then, three under‐sampled methods for decision region range are proposed to select the non‐defective modules. In the simulation, the three indicators, including the false positive rate (pf), the probability of detection (pd), and G‐mean, are employed to measure the performance of the proposed algorithm. In addition, eight datasets from Promise database are selected to verify the proposed software defect predication model. Comparing with the result of eight prediction models, the proposed method comes into effect on solving software defect prediction problem.
A comparison of visual identification of dental radiographic and nonradiographic images using eye tracking technology
Authors: Botelho Michael G. , Ekambaram Manikandan , Bhuyan Sangeeta Y. , Yeung Andy Wai Kan , Tanaka Ray , Bornstein Michael M. , Li Kar Yan
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Eye tracking has been used in medical radiology to understand observers' gaze patterns during radiological diagnosis. This study examines the visual identification ability of junior hospital dental officers (JHDOs) and dental surgery assistants (DSAs) in radiographic and nonradiographic images using eye tracking technology and examines if there is a correlation.

Material and methods

Nine JHDOs and nine DSAs examined six radiographic images and 16 nonradiographic images using eye tracking. The areas of interest (AOIs) of the radiographic images were rated as easy, medium, and hard, and the nonradiographic images were categorized as pattern recognition, face recognition, and image comparison. The participants were required to identify and locate the AOIs. Data analysis of the two domains, entire slide and AOI, was conducted by evaluating the eye tracking metrics (ETM) and the performance outcomes. ETM consisted of six parameters, and performance outcomes consisted of four parameters.

Results

No significant differences were observed for ETMs for JHDOs and DSAs for both radiographic and nonradiographic images. The JHDOs showed significantly higher percentage in identifying AOIs than DSAs for all the radiographic images (72.7% vs. 36.4%, p = .004) and for the easy categorization of radiographic AOIs (85.7% vs. 42.9%, p = .012). JHDOs with higher correct identification percentage in face recognition had a shorter dwell time in AOIs.

Conclusions

Although no significant relation was observed between radiographic and nonradiographic images, there were some evidence that visual recognition skills may impact certain attributes of the visual search pattern in radiographic images.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of a Series of Defect‐Dicubane Tetranickel(II) Systems with Variable, Mixed, and Interchangeable µ3‐Core Ligands
Authors: Roy Shuvayan , Sparkes Hazel A. , Mohanta Sasankasekhar
Published: October 2019

The article describes syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties of six defective dicubane type NiII4 clusters of compositions [NiII4(HL1)2(µ3‐X)2(µ1,1‐N3)2(µ1,3‐carboxylato)2]·nH2O (1, X = OMe–, carboxylato = o‐benzoylbenzoato, n = 0; 2, X = {(OMe–)0.83(N3–)0.17}, carboxylato = phenyl acetato, n = 2; 3, X = {(OMe–)0.80(N3–)0.20}, carboxylato = salicylato, n = 0; 4, X = OH–, carboxylato = o‐benzoylbenzoato, n = 2; 5, X = {(N3–)0.58(OMe–)0.42}, carboxylato = o‐benzoylbenzoato, n = 2) and [NiII4(HL1)2(µ1,1,1‐N3)2(µ1,1‐N3)2(N3)2(H2O)2]·4DMF (6), where H2L1 is 2‐Formyl‐6‐{(2‐hydroxy‐1,1‐dimethyl‐ethylimino)‐methyl}‐4‐ethyl‐phenol, and this is the partially hydrolyzed product of initially employed ligand H3L, 2,6‐bis‐{(2‐hydroxy‐1,1‐dimethyl‐ethylimino)‐methyl}‐4‐ethyl‐phenol. Each of the two compartments of each [HL1]– in 1–6 is occupied by a NiII ion, to form a NiII2 fragment. The common bridges between the two metal ions in a dinuclear fragment are µ‐phenoxo of [HL1]– and one µ3‐core ligand (methoxo/hydroxo/mixture of methoxo and µ1,1,1‐azido) while the additional bridge in 1–5 is a µ1,3‐carboxylato. Two dinuclear fragments are interlinked by two µ1,1‐azido and two µ3‐core ligands. Interestingly, the µ3‐methoxo compound 1 and the µ3‐hydroxo compound 4 are interconvertible in both ways as the function of the solvents. Variable‐temperature and variable‐field magnetic studies reveal overall ferromagnetic interactions in each of 1–6.
Two Series of Lanthanide Coordination Polymers and Complexes with 4′‐Phenylterpyridine and their Luminescence Properties
Authors: Sedykh Alexander E. , Kurth Dirk G. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: October 2019

Two series of trivalent lanthanide and group 3 metal coordination polymers with 4′‐phenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (ptpy) of the composition 1∞[MCl3(ptpy)] (1, M = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) and the complexes [MCl3(ptpy)(py)] (2, M = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y) have been synthesized and characterized. For europium, the complex [Eu2Cl6(ptpy)2] (3) was obtained as single crystals, its dimeric structure providing potential insight into the coordination polymer formation from monomeric entities. Product series 1 and 2 were photophysically investigated in the solid state at room temperature and 77 K. Alongside with standard ion‐specific 4f–4f trivalent lanthanide luminescence in the visible and NIR (of emitters such as europium, terbium, dysprosium, neodymium, etc.), visible range emission of praseodymium, holmium, erbium, and thulium was observed, which is rarely reported for coordination compounds. It occurs in addition to their characteristic NIR emission. For complexes of series 1, an exciplex based luminescence was observed originating from ligand π‐stacking in the crystal packing.
An Investigation into the Stephens–Castro Synthesis of Dehydrotriaryl[12]annulenes: Factors Influencing the Cyclotrimerization
Authors: Baxter Paul N. W. , Al Ouahabi Abdelaziz , Karmazin Lydia , Varnek Alexandre , Strub Jean‐Marc , Cianferani Sarah
Published: October 2019

Detailed investigation into the CuX/base/phosphine modified Stephens–Castro syntheses of dehydrotriaryl[12]annulenes 1–3 have shown that cyclization is suppressed by excess CuX, strong donor ligands, high dilution conditions, and thermally unstable ethynylcuprate monomers. Surprisingly, intermediate dimer 16 plays only a minor role in the formation of 2 and 4. Overall, our findings are consistent with a cyclization pathway governed more by the nature of prior self‐association of the ethynylcuprate monomers. Crystallographic characterization of tetrameric by‐product 4, is also reported and revealed that it assembles into tubular stacks in the solid state.
Parallel Kinetic Resolution of Intramolecular Furan Diels‐Alder Cycloadducts via Asymmetric Hydroboration
Authors: Fulgheri Tamara , Cornwall Philip , Turner Andrew R. , Sweeney Joseph B. , Gill Duncan M.
Published: October 2019

We report parallel kinetic resolution of intramolecular Diels‐Alder cycloadducts, where up to five stereocentres are defined using asymmetric hydroboration as the enantiodiscriminating reaction, and reveal evidence for dynamic kinetic resolution based on a reversible cycloaddition.
Synthesis of Dihydro‐2‐oxopyrrole (DPO) Building Blocks Catalyzed by Potassium Carbonate
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Shun , Gui Hou‐Ze , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: October 2019

A dimerization and cyclization cascade reaction of 2‐sulfonaminoacrylates catalyzed by K2CO3 provides dihydro‐2‐oxopyrrole (DPO) derivatives. This straightforward and atom‐economic transformation features a simple experimental operation with easily available starting materials, a broad substrate scope as well as good functional group tolerance. The desired DPO building blocks are obtained in moderate to good yields.
Galectin‐3 modulates postnatal subventricular zone gliogenesis
Authors: Al‐Dalahmah Osama , Campos Soares Luana , Nicholson James , Draijer Swip , Mundim Mayara , Lu Victor M. , Sun Bin , Tyler Teadora , Adorján István , O'Neill Eric , Szele Francis G.
Published: October 2019

Postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells generate forebrain glia, namely astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The cues necessary for this process are unclear, despite this phase of brain development being pivotal in forebrain gliogenesis. Galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) is increased in multiple brain pathologies and thereby regulates astrocyte proliferation and inflammation in injury. To study the function of Gal‐3 in inflammation and gliogenesis, we carried out functional studies in mouse. We overexpressed Gal‐3 with electroporation and using immunohistochemistry surprisingly found no inflammation in the healthy postnatal SVZ. This allowed investigation of inflammation‐independent effects of Gal‐3 on gliogenesis. Loss of Gal‐3 function via knockdown or conditional knockout reduced gliogenesis, whereas Gal‐3 overexpression increased it. Gal‐3 overexpression also increased the percentage of striatal astrocytes generated by the SVZ but decreased the percentage of oligodendrocytes. These novel findings were further elaborated with multiple analyses demonstrating that Gal‐3 binds to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor one alpha (BMPR1α) and increases bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Conditional knockout of BMPR1α abolished the effect of Gal‐3 overexpression on gliogenesis. Gain‐of‐function of Gal‐3 is relevant in pathological conditions involving the human forebrain, which is particularly vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia during perinatal gliogenesis. Hypoxic/ischemic injury induces astrogliosis, inflammation and cell death. We show that Gal‐3 immunoreactivity was increased in the perinatal human SVZ and striatum after hypoxia/ischemia. Our findings thus show a novel inflammation‐independent function for Gal‐3; it is necessary for gliogenesis and when increased in expression can induce astrogenesis via BMP signaling.
Unprecedented Nucleophilic Attack of Piperidine on the Electron Acceptor during the Synthesis of Push‐Pull Dyes by a Knoevenagel Reaction
Authors: Pigot Corentin , Noirbent Guillaume , Peralta Sébastien , Duval Sylvain , Nechab Malek , Gigmes Didier , Dumur Frédéric
Published: October 2019

An unprecedented nucleophilic addition of piperidine on an electron acceptor, namely, 2‐(3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐cyclopenta[b]naphthalen‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile is reported. This unexpected behavior was observed during the synthesis of push‐pull dyes using the classical Knoevenagel reaction. To overcome this drawback, use of diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) enabled to produce the expected dyes PP1 and PP2. The optical and electrochemical properties of the different dyes were examined. Theoretical calculations were also carried out to support the experimental results. To evidence the higher electron‐withdrawing ability of this electron acceptor, a comparison was established with two dyes (PP3 and PP4) comprising its shorter analogue.
Soret effects on the mixed convection flow using Robin boundary conditions
Authors: Umavathi Jawali C. , Sheremet Mikhail A. , Patil Sapnali Limbraj
Published: October 2019

An investigation has been undertaken as Soret and Schmidt outcomes on the mixed convection flow using Robin boundary conditions. The results use a vertical channel being kept at constant cold temperature and concentration at the left wall and hot temperature and concentration at the right wall. The exchange of heat is done by help of plates with a fluid. We consider the external fluid with equal and different temperatures. This physical problem is solved by using nondimensional parameters with the corresponding boundary conditions. To find analytical solution, the regular perturbation series method is used, and for finding the numerical solution, the well‐known Runge–Kutta method with shooting technique is employed. Comparison of the current study is favorable with the previous published results. The obtained results depend on the governing parameters such as thermal Grashof number, solutal Grashof number, Biot numbers, symmetric and asymmetric wall temperatures, Schmidt number, Soret number, and Brinkman number. An influence of these parameters on the fields of velocity, temperature, and concentration is reported. Further, the numerical results for the Nusselt number, mean value of the velocity, dimensionless bulk temperature, skin friction, and molecular diffusion coefficient are tabulated for different parametric conditions and explained. For small value of Brinkman number, the obtained values agree with other published results for all considered cases.
High Plasma Erythropoietin Predicts Incident Fractures in Elderly Men with Normal Renal Function: The MrOS Sweden Cohort
Authors: Kristjansdottir Hallgerdur Lind , Lewerin Catharina , Lerner Ulf H. , Herlitz Hans , Johansson Peter , Johansson Helena , Karlsson Magnus , Lorentzon Mattias , Ohlsson Claes , Ljunggren Östen , Mellström Dan
Published: October 2019

Preclinical studies on the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in bone metabolism are contradictory. Regeneration models indicate an anabolic effect on bone healing, whereas models on physiologic bone remodeling indicate a catabolic effect on bone mass. No human studies on EPO and fracture risk are available. It is known that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) affects bone mineralization and that serum concentration of FGF23 is higher in men with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Recently, a direct association between EPO and FGF23 has been shown. We have explored the potential association between EPO and bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and FGF23 in humans. Plasma levels of EPO were analyzed in 999 men (aged 69 to 81 years), participating in the Gothenburg part of the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, MrOS Sweden. The mean ± SD EPO was 11.5 ± 9.0 IU/L. Results were stratified by eGFR 60 mL/min. For men with eGFR ≥60 mL/min (n = 728), EPO was associated with age (r = 0.13, p < 0.001), total hip BMD (r = 0.14, p < 0.001), intact (i)FGF23 (r = 0.11, p = 0.004), and osteocalcin (r = −0.09, p = 0.022). The association between total hip BMD and EPO was independent of age, body mass index (BMI), iFGF23, and hemoglobin (beta = 0.019, p < 0.001). During the 10-year follow-up, 164 men had an X-ray–verified fracture, including 117 major osteoporotic fractures (MOF), 39 hip fractures, and 64 vertebral fractures. High EPO was associated with higher risk for incident fractures (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43 per tertile EPO, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–1.63), MOF (HR = 1.40 per tertile EPO, 95% CI 1.08–1.82), and vertebral fractures (HR = 1.42 per tertile EPO, 95% CI 1.00–2.01) in a fully adjusted Cox regression model. In men with eGFR<60 mL/min, no association was found between EPO and BMD or fracture risk. We here demonstrate that high levels of EPO are associated with increased fracture risk and increased BMD in elderly men with normal renal function. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Selective cytochrome P450 1A1 but not 1B1 promoterCpG island DNA methylation by 6‐formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ)
Authors: Ghaedi Afsaneh , Keshavarzi Majid , Ghafarian Bahraman Ali , Mohammadi‐Bardbori Afshin
Published: October 2019

Epigenetic alterations are essential for normal mammalian development and regulation of gene expression. In this study, we aimed to determine if an enigmatic endogenous ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), 6‐formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ), and methionine (Meth) have an epigenetic impact on AHR‐regulated cytochrome P450 1A1 and B1 (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) gene expression. Human hepatoma (HepG2‐XRE‐Luc and huh7) cells were exposed to FICZ in a medium with and without Meth supplementation. Selective and transient silencing of CYP1A1 but not CYP1B1 were seen by FICZ. Here we found that FICZ transiently represses CYP1A1 by targeting DNA (cytosine‐5)‐methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and concomitant DNA methylation of the CYP1A1 promoter gene. Treatments with 5‐aza‐dC augmented CYP1A1 transcription activity. Our results reveal a new mechanism for transient activation of AHR by FICZ that can negatively and positively influence gene expression, and highlight the regulatory role of Meth on the CYP1A1 gene expression.
Exosome circ_0044516 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis as a potential biomarker
Authors: Li Tian , Sun Xiangzhou , Chen Liheng
Published: October 2019

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators in cancer growth and progression. Exosomes carry various molecules including RNA, protein, and lipid from one cell to another cell. But the role of circRNAs from the exosomes from prostate cancer patients are not elucidated. In this study, circ_0044516 was found upregulated in prostate cancer and the roles and molecular mechanism of Hsa_circ_0044516 (circ_0044516) was investigated. Firstly, the exosomes of prostate cancer patients were collected for human circRNAs microarray to screen the circRNA expression profile. There were 35 significantly expressed circRNAs with more than fivefolds from microarray analysis. Circ_0044516 was verified to be significantly upregulated in the exosomes from prostate cancer patients and the cell lines. Further investigation demonstrated that circ_0044516 downregulation inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. By bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays, circ_0044516 was verified to downregulate miR‐29a‐3p expression and negatively related to miR‐29a‐3p expression levels in prostate cancer. In a summary, the study indicated that circ_0044516 played an important role in prostate cancer cell survival and metastasis, which suggested that an oncogenic role of circ_0044516 in prostate cancer.
Identification SYT13 as a novel biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Liyan , Fan Bijun , Zheng Yu , Lou Yueyan , Cui Yongqi , Wang Ke , Zhang Tiancheng , Tan Xiaoming
Published: October 2019

Synaptotagmins are a class of proteins that play an important role in the secretion of neurotransmitters by synaptic vesicles. However, recent studies have shown that members of this family also have a certain function in the development of tumors. In this study, we first identified through The Cancer Genome Atlas data analyzed that a novel synaptotagmin, SYT13, was closely related to the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma, but was not significantly correlated with the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Then we knocked down the expression of SYT13 gene in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and H1299, and successfully induced decreased proliferation and clonality of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, and observed cell cycle arrest and apoptosis enhancement in both cell lines. In addition, we detected the migration ability of SYT13 knockdown lung adenocarcinoma cell lines by the cell scratch test and the transwell test. Interestingly, there was a decreased migration ability of SYT13 knockdown in H1299 cells even though there was no significant difference in the migration of A549 cells. These results demonstrate that SYT13 plays an important role in the development of lung adenocarcinoma, which deepens our understanding of the mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma development and provides new possibilities for targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinoma.
Gender minority stress, sleep disturbance, and sexual victimization in transgender and gender nonconforming adults
Authors: Kolp Haley , Wilder Shannon , Andersen Catherine , Johnson Ellen , Horvath Sarah , Gidycz Christine A. , Shorey Ryan
Published: October 2019

Objective

The current study examined facets of gender minority stress (nonaffirmation, internalized transphobia) and protective factors (community connectedness, transgender identity pride) as potential moderators of the relationship between sexual victimization and sleep disturbances among transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) adults.

Methods

TGNC adults (n = 191) were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk. The average age was 30.28 years old (SD = 7.09; range 18–71) and the majority (55%) identified in the transfemale spectrum.

Results

Results demonstrated a significant two‐way interaction between sexual victimization and internalized transphobia, such that sexual victimization was more strongly related to sleep disturbances when internalized transphobia was low (β = .14, p = .017) relative to high (β = −0.09, p = .221).

Conclusions

This study is the first to establish the relationship between sexual victimization and sleep disturbances in TGNC individuals. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings longitudinally.
c‐Myc controls the fate of neural progenitor cells during cerebral cortex development
Authors: Wang Xiu‐Li , Ma Yan‐Xia , Xu Ren‐Jie , Ma Jin‐Jin , Zhang Hong‐Cheng , Qi Shi‐Bin , Xu Jin‐Hui , Qin Xu‐Zhen , Zhang Hao‐Nan , Liu Chang‐Mei , Chen Jian‐Quan , Li Bin , Yang Hui‐Lin , Saijilafu
Published: October 2019

The anatomical structure of the mammalian cerebral cortex is the essential foundation for its complex neural activity. This structure is developed by proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the fate of which is spatially and temporally regulated by the proper gene. This study was used in utero electroporation and found that the well‐known oncogene c‐Myc mainly promoted NPCs’ proliferation and their transformation into intermediate precursor cells. Furthermore, the obtained results also showed that c‐Myc blocked the differentiation of NPCs to postmitotic neurons, and the expression of telomere reverse transcriptase was controlled by c‐Myc in the neocortex. These findings indicated c‐Myc as a key regulator of the fate of NPCs during the development of the cerebral cortex.
Haspin inhibition delays cell cycle progression through interphase in cancer cells
Authors: Wang Peiling , Hua Xiangmei , Bryner Yuge Han , Liu Sijing , Gitter Christopher B. , Dai Jun
Published: October 2019

Haspin (Haploid Germ Cell‐Specific Nuclear Protein Kinase) is a serine/threonine kinase pertinent to normal mitosis progression and mitotic phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 3 in mammalian cells. Different classes of small molecule inhibitors of haspin have been developed and utilized to investigate its mitotic functions. We report herein that applying haspin inhibitor CHR‐6494 or 5‐ITu at the G1/S boundary could delay mitotic entry in synchronized HeLa and U2OS cells, respectively, following an extended G2 or the S phase. Moreover, late application of haspin inhibitors at S/G2 boundary is sufficient to delay mitotic onset in both cell lines, thereby, indicating a direct effect of haspin on G2/M transition. A prolonged interphase duration is also observed with knockdown of haspin expression in synchronized and asynchronous cells. These results suggest that haspin can regulate cell cycle progression at multiple stages at both interphase and mitosis.
Obituary: Tomonari Kaji (1982–2019), evolutionary morphologist extraordinaire
Authors: Palmer A. Richard
Published: October 2019

Dr. Tomonari Kaji, an exceptional young evolutionary morphologist at the University of Alberta, passed away unexpectedly in May of this year. His passion for the study of developmental and evolutionary transformations yielded a succession of intriguing papers about how spectacular morphological innovations develop or evolved, including such remarkable structures as crustacean suction cups, squirting heads in termite soldiers, envenomating mandibles in copepods, and shrimp and amphipod claws that create explosive snaps. Significantly, his work is a valuable reminder of how great advances in our understanding of the development and evolution of morphological innovations can be made simply by looking carefully and thinking about what you see, no genetics/genomics or complex statistics required. Long live comparative morphology.