bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebellion
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

In 1968, as French students hurled paving-stones and their English counterparts occupied university libraries, there appeared an influential little book on the subject of popular protest in Tudor England. Currently in its fourth edition, Tudor Rebellions has encouraged generation; of sixth-formers and undergraduates to perceive sixteenthcentury England as a battle of order against disorder, royal against rebel propaganda. Since first publication, its argument has expanded to absorb distinguished individual studies of earlier Tudor revolts.1 Moments of riot and rebellion allow historians to access hidden aspects of popular and provincial culture-in the words of Michael Hicks, ‘to study the attitudes and aspirations of those lower orders normally only visible, if at all, through the eyes of their social superiors’.2 But therein lies a problem. Popular uprisings, so rich in historical meaning, were uncommon events; they can overshadow the everyday functioning of shire government. Historical research frequently gravitates towards crisis rather than consensus, creating a false impression of the state of the peace. Furthermore, too narrow a focus on the recurrence of provincial rebellion can encourage the pursuit of patterns where none may have existed.
Tyranny and Drama
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

Sometime between 1548 and 1555, the Fleet Street printer William Coplande published a remarkable work by an Englishman named Andrew Borde. An erstwhile Carthusian monk and a practising physician, Borde had been traversing the British Isles and Europe since the late 1520s, pursuing his studies and latterly acting as an agent for Thomas Cromwell by testing foreign feelings towards Henry VIII. Having travelled as far as the holy sepulchre in Jerusalem, Borde settled down for a while in France to write up some of his experiences, the result being his Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge.  1
Treason and Resistance
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

Five centuries since the death of Elizabeth I, her family reigns unchallenged over the market for popular history. Biographies, exposes of life at court, and historical novels frequently appear in the bestseller lists. Film and television have brought the Tudors even wider brand recognition. Their commanding position in the national imagination also has a considerable pedigree. The Victorians praised the Tudors for two great achievements: the reformation of the Church of England, and the birth of a maritime empire. The nineteenth century coined the terms ‘new monarchy’ and ‘Renaissance’ to describe the sixteenth.1 If adulation for Queen Elizabeth’s Protestant liturgists and sea-dogs has latterly faded, it has been replaced by public interest in how she ruled as a strong woman in a man’s world. What links Victorian and modern popular perceptions of the Tudors, however, is their belief in an expansive and confident monarchy, redefining English identity. This owes a good deal to the magnificent artistic deposit left by this dynasty, whether its palaces and castles or its portraits by Holbein and Hilliard. Nurtured by a deliberate campaign of royal propaganda, a compelling image of Tudor royal power has descended to posterity.
Conspiracy
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

When Geoffrey Elton wrote his survey of the sixteenth-century English state, The Tudor Constitution, his emphasis lay firmly on its institutions and machinery. Crown and council, parliament, Star Chamber, even the court of high commission, all took precedence over personalities; and for Elton, his chosen topics were definitively ‘the ones that matter’. Local government was relegated to a rather brief final chapter. Elton was less interested in the devolution of royal power in the provinces, although he noted the administrative importance of Tudor justices of the peace, and subsequently produced in Policy and Police an incisive analysis of the enforcement of Henry VIII’s reformation.1 Outside their role in parliament, the nobility and gentry barely appear in The Tudor Constitution.
The Duchy and the Stannaries
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have painted a picture of south-western political culture that challenges the stereotypes often applied to the peripheries of the Tudor state. Although lying at the geographical extremities of the kingdom, Cornwall and Devon were not lawless borderlands akin to the militarized marches of the north, or the lordships of Wales before the Acts of Union of 1536–43. By and large, the institutions of local government—magistrates and ministers, constables and tithing-men, churchwardens and civic corporations-passed the test imposed by reform and reformation from the center. Royal policy may sometimes have been irksome, but it was seldom ignored, and even more rarely opposed. The Tudor south-west should not be judged solely by the crises of 1497 and 1548–9.
Propaganda
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

The circumstances of its accession left the Tudor dynasty acutely aware of the need to imprint an image of power on the minds of its subjects. Henry VII’s hereditary claim to the throne was tenuous, a legal fiction whose logical conclusion was that several scions of York outranked him in the royal hierarchy. The new king’s authority rested upon a combination of divine sanction and parliamentary approval. Victory at Bosworth represented the hand of God intervening in the affairs of men, and statutes of 1485 and 1495 declared the absolute duty of obedience to Henry as sovereign.1 But it was imperative that these justifications of Tudor rule be strengthened by ‘magnificence’, the display of royal power through artistic and architectural patronage, Henry VII had to be seen to he the true king of England. This was as much a function of recent political thought as of the specific needs of the Tudors. Edward IV’s household ordinances of 1478 encouraged economies in the royal establishment, but also recognized that kings must be magnificent, ‘which means superabundant liberality’.
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

This book has pursued a dual agenda. First, it takes a fresh look at the political culture of Tudor Devon and Cornwall, with a particular eye to establishing popular attitudes towards the monarchy. Secondly, it examines the strategies employed by the crown to cultivate obedience at a time of church reformation, agrarian discontent, and periodic war with France and Spain. This is a study of the Tudor state from the vantagepoint of a region that contained overlapping English and Celtic languages, law, and religious practice. It seeks to locate the western peninsula more subtly within a ‘British’ historical framework, and reconsiders royal propaganda as a neglected dynamic of state intensification. It also adopts a wide definition of politics. Wherever possible, through Star Chamber or other evidence, ordinary people speak in their own words. The symbolic and material cultures of tin-miners and Duchy tenants, reeves and churchwardens, rioters and rebels, have a central place in this discussion.
Indigenous Voices and the Linguistics of Language Revitalization
Authors: Berardo Marcellino , Yamamoto Akira Y
Published: November 2023

This chapter emphasizes the linguists ‘ task to provide diverse linguistic data for scientific purposes, and, equally important, to make available rich language materials to the endangered language communities from whom we obtain the very linguistic information. We also address issues that arise when working with endangered languages and in endangered language communities. When we work with endangered languages, we are committing ourselves not only to documenting and describing the languages, but also to meeting the linguistic, social, and educational needs of the communities.
Pidgins and Creoles in the Pacific
Authors: Ehrhart Sabine , Mühlhausler Peter
Published: November 2023

In research on endangered languages it is relatively common to downplay the value of written records or any other second-hand attestation of the actual uses of the language as a source of information. This tendency undoubtedly has to do with the fact that the collection of primary data has been felt to be more important and urgent than devoting time to secondary records of the language when endangered language communities are going through drastic and rapid acculturation. This feeling has been strengthened by the fact that many of the previous records were of inferior quality, especially in terms of phonetic accuracy.
Languages of the Pacific Coast of South America
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

The degree of linguistic diversity in South America is comparable only to that in New Guinea (see Ch. 13, this volume). This genetic diversity is reflected in the sheer number of language families and isolates, many of which are now extinct or on the verge of extinction. In his classification, Loukotka (1968) established 117 languages families besides a large number of unclassified isolates, while Tovar and Tovar (1984) postulated over 170 groups. Many of the linguistic families are discontinuous. For instance, Arawak languages are spoken in over ten areas north of the river Amazon, and over ten to the south.
Indigenous Languages of Australia
Authors: Walsh Michael
Published: November 2023

It is generally agreed that there were about 250 indigenous languages spoken in Australia when the first significant contact was made with outsiders (McConvell and Thieberger 2001: 16). Sustained contact began in earnest in 1788 with the European settlement of Australia and there is a strong correlation between the degree of contact and the relative viability of the languages today. Languages in the south-east of Australia bore the brunt of sustained contact and many of them have been referred to as “extinct “. On the other hand, the languages with the greatest degree of intergenerational transmission are to be found in the remoter parts of northern Australia where contact was much later and sparser.
Languages of the Pacific Region: Malayo-Polynesian
Authors: Sakiyama Osamu
Published: November 2023

The languages that are currently spoken in the Pacific region can be divided broadly into three groups: the Australian and New Guinean languages were formed by people who participated in the region ‘s earliest migrations over a period of 20,000–30,000 years starting several tens of thousands of years ago, and the Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) languages were spoken by Mongoloid people who migrated from the Asian continent around 3000 bc. The Pacific region has numerous languages, including 250 Aboriginal languages in Australia and 750 Papuan languages on the island of New Guinea (including Irian Jaya of the Indonesian territory, now called Propinsi Papua) and neighbouring areas.
Nivkh and Ainu
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroshi , Okuda Osami
Published: November 2023

Nivkh and Ainu, together with Korean and Japanese (Ch. 18), are geographically adjacent to one another in the Far East, but they are probably genetically unrelated to each other. None of the four languages, for that matter, is known to be related to any other language of the world, and they continue to be regarded each as an isolate. As a matter of fact Nivkh has been classified in linguistic literature as one of the Palaeoasiatic or Palaeosiberian languages together with Chukchi-Kamchatkan, Yukaghir, Ket (Ch. 20), etc., which do not constitute a genetic family but are simply a geographical group of those languages in Siberia assumed to have been spoken long before the dominant language groups such as Uralic, Mongolic, Tungusic (Ch. 20), and Turkic advanced into the area.
Languages of the Northwest Coast
Authors: Watanabe Honoré , Sasama Fumiko
Published: November 2023

The narrow strip of area on the North American continent, along some 1,600 km of coastline from the southernmost part of the state of Alaska to the southern state border of Oregon, within which languages of an astonishing number and varied types are embraced, and with which we deal in the present chapter, matches fairly closely (though not exactly: see immediately below) one of the so-called “culture areas “ of Native North America (cf. Kroeber 1939): the “Northwest Coast “. Much the same as in all other parts of the North American continent (and beyond), the Northwest Coast has also seen the devastating effect of the arrival of the Europeans on the languages and cultures of the indigenous peoples. As a result, the number of speakers and the use of the Native languages in this region have declined significantly, and many languages have already lost all speakers.
Introduction: The Limits of Contextualism
Authors: Preyer Gerhard , Peter Georg
Published: November 2023

In contemporary epistemology, the thesis that epistemic vocabulary is context-sensitive has been adopted by a number of authors. Since the thesis is a semantic claim, evaluation of its truth has interested those working in philosophy of language. In particular, serious consideration of the thesis requires some account of when a linguistic construction is context-sensitive. This book will look at contextualism in epistemology and its linguistic underpinnings, and at related general issues in the philosophy of language. The fruitful interaction between empirical questions about language and philosophical issues in epistemology that occurs in the essays in this book can perhaps be viewed a considerably more empirically grounded return to the linguistic turn in epistemology offered by Wittgenstein, Austin, and Malcolm.
Geometry and Mathematical Existence
Authors: Chihara Charles S
Published: November 2023

An insight into these logical differences can be obtained from an investigation into the dispute that began near the end of the nineteenth century between Frege and Hilbert concerning the axioms of Hilbert’s geometry. This dispute was carried on by letter between 1899 and 1903, and it was triggered by the pioneering research Hilbert was conducting on geometry, which culminated in the publication of his groundbreaking Foundations of Geometry in 1899.1 It is a dispute that has received a great deal of attention from historians of philosophy, logic, and mathematics. On the whole, what I’ve read suggests that scholars have tended to side with Hilbert.
The Constructibility Theory
Authors: Chihara Charles S
Published: November 2023

In investigating the reasons Shapiro and Resnik have proposed for being realists (with respect to the “parts” or “positions” in structures), I have con centrated thus far on the positive reasons these philosophers have given for believing in mathematical objects. I have not yet investigated Shapiro’s principal reason for not being an eliminative structuralist—what he called the “main stumbling block of the eliminative program” (Shapiro, 1997: 86). As a useful preliminary to such an investigation, I shall begin a characterization of the Constructibility Theory I discussed earlier in Chapter 6. Since this theory has been described in detail in my Constructibility and Mathematical Existence (Chihara, 1990), I shall give here only a brief description of the theory, setting out its main philosophically salient features, before giving a presentation of how (finite) cardinality theory is developed within it—a cardinality theory to be used in later sections of this work. This short exposition will be given in the early sections of this chapter.
The Western Desert, 1940–1943
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

The Western Desert campaigns were fought in Egypt and Libya under the auspices of the Middle East Command, which had its headquarters in Cairo. It was the most important of the three campaigns fought by British and Commonwealth forces in the region, the others being in East Africa (Ethiopia and Somaliland) and the Balkans. Operations in this theatre were extremely mobile and covered vast expanses of territory, creating severe logistical problems. Fighting broke out in September 1940, when Marshal Graziani was ordered to launch the Italian 10th Army in an invasion of Egypt. After making a tactical withdrawal, the small British Western Desert Force, under the Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, Field-Marshal Sir Archibald Wavell, made a surprise attack on the Italians, inflicting heavy losses.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Reimer Marga , Bezuidenhout Anne
Published: November 2023

What motivates this particular selection of topics? There is a sense in which the selection of topics is self-motivating, as it reflects some of the current interests of philosophers of language and linguists. Contributors (all of them philosophers or linguists) were invited to write on any issue concerning descriptions and/or related phenomena that they found to be of interest, and which they believed would be of interest to both philosophers of language and linguists. Introductions accompany each of the six parts that comprise this collection. These introductions are intended to provide the background relevant to the specific issues addressed in the respective sections.
Descriptions: Points of Reference
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: November 2023

Russell (1905) made a compelling case that descriptions, de finite as well as indefinite, are devices of quantification, not referring phrases. Strawson (1950) and Donnellan (1966) pointed out that de finite descriptions can be used to refer. And even indefinite descriptions can be used to refer. All this is old hat. If ‘On Denoting’, ‘On Referring’, and ‘Reference and De finite Descriptions’ had not provoked decades of debate, philosophers might have just thought it obvious that the mere fact that an expression can be used to refer does not show that it is inherently a referring expression, an expression that itself refers.
The Proper Form of Semantics
Authors: Almog Joseph
Published: November 2023

The classical form of semantic theory is translational . We assign each target vernacular sentence another vernacular sentence, a ‘translate’, an entity articulating what-it-says or its content . This is the paradigm method ever since Frege, whether the semantics assigned general propositions or singular ones, whether it rested on a notion of absolute truth or truth at a possible world (index), whether it used first-order or higher order ‘symbolizations’ and/or ‘logical forms’. I believe that three decades ago, Keith Donnellan was the first to suspect that something is fundamentally wrong with the paradigm. He was driven by three classes of ‘outlaws’.
Indefinites and Anaphoric Dependence: A Case for Dynamic Semantics or Pragmatics?
Authors: Breheny Richard
Published: November 2023

We ask how this kind of discourse is understood and how this understanding relates to the form of the sentences used. In particular, we want to know what it is about the way in which the first sentence is understood that makes subsequent anaphoric reference possible. In asking such questions we note that, as always in the study of natural language understanding, they are somewhat vague or ambiguous. We could, for instance, be asking about how language users typically view their interlocutors’ actions. Answers to this type of question would be along the lines of, ‘We understand the discourse as . . . ’, where what follows could include some kind of speech-act descriptions making reference to propositional content. Alternatively, we could be asking a more psychological question.
Descriptive Descriptive Names
Authors: Jeshion Robin
Published: November 2023

On June 5, 1599, in Sevilla, a baby boy let out his first wail. The next day, he was baptized. His parents, or a priest, proclaim that his name is Diego Vela´zquez. Fifty-six years later, we can imagine Vela´zquez before his newly finished fascinating masterpiece declaring that its name is Las Meninas. As we all know, Leverrier isolated discrepancies between the calculated orbits and the measured orbits of the other planets and hypothesized that there was another planet in our solar system whose gravitational force was responsible for the discrepancy. Prior to any telescopic identification of such a planet, Leverrier introduced the name ‘Neptune’ to refer to the planet that was responsible for the perturbations in the orbits of the other planets.
Possessed Nouns, and Adjectives
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses two important elements within the NP-possessed nouns, in §11.1, and adjectives, in §11.2. One of the most notable features of Jarawara grammar is the class of possessed nouns (PNs) which go into slot C in noun phrase structure, after the head noun and optional augment mee. A PN, like the head noun, can be modified by an adjective.
Demonstratives and Related Forms
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

12.1 discusses the forms, meanings, and functions of nominal and spatial adverbial demonstratives. 12.2 then deals with a number of grammatical forms (somewhat like 3rd person pronouns) which have an anaphoric or specifying function. 12.3 examines fara/fare ‘the very one‘ and bara/bare ‘a different one ‘. Finally, in 12.4 four locational nouns ( ‘near‘ and ‘far ‘, ‘upstream‘ and ‘downstream ‘) are discussed.
Copula Clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

The great majority of clauses in Jarawara discourse have as predicate head a verb (transitive or intransitive) with referential meaning. But about 2 per cent of clauses have as predicate head one of two copula verbs, which have a relational rather than a referential meaning. The copula verbs are (to-)ha- ‘become‘ (homonymous with auxiliary (to-)ha-), which behaves morphologically like referential verbs, and ama ‘be‘ (homonymous with secondary verb ama ‘extended in time ‘), which is morphologically quite unusual, lacking prefixation and having only limited suffixation (see 13.3). A summary of the differences between secondary verb ama and copula ama is in 7.1.1.
Peripheral Markers jaa and ni-jaa
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

Postposition jaa typically follows an NP or a nominalized clause and marks it as a peripheral constituent of the main clause, coming in clause-initial or clause-final slot (that is, before or after the core). There are just a few examples of NP-plus- jaa intruding in the middle of the core. The marker jaa may sometimes be omitted from a peripheral NP, if there is no danger of ambiguity. It has a wide range of meaning-indicating ‘at ‘, ‘in ‘, ‘on ‘, ‘into ‘, ‘to ‘, ‘from ‘, or ‘with‘ with an NP, and ‘when ‘, ‘after ‘, ‘while ‘, ‘until ‘, ‘at ‘, ‘if ‘, or ‘since ‘/because‘ with a nominalized clause. There is a variant form, ni-jaa, which is not used with nominalized clauses, but only after NPs with human reference; it carries a non-local meaning (see 20.2). Both jaa and ni-jaa may also come after a main clause, or a sequence of clauses, relating the whole sequence to what follows.
Other Peripheral Markers
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the remaining postpositions that follow an NP and/or a nominalized clause kaa(ro/ri) in §21.1; tabijo ‘due to the lack of‘ in §21.2; and namoni ‘taking news of‘ in §21.3. Then, §21.4 considers the unusual forms ni-ma and ti-ma ‘be similar to ‘. 21.1kaa(ro/ri) ‘ALONG, THROUGH, BECAUSE, ETC.‘ Like jaa, this postposition can follow NPs or nominalized clauses and forms a peripheral con- stituent. It has the form kaa when preceding the main clause and either kaa or kaa(ro/ri) when following it; the final -ro/ri recurs in demonstratives and in dependent clause marking (see 24.4).
Topics in Semantics
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

The semantic content of the small closed class of adjectives was discussed in 11.2, that of the larger class of PNs in 11.1, and that of kinship nouns in 1n.4.1. This chapter begins with short sections on generic nouns and on compound nouns (in 26.1). Then, 26.2 deals with verbs: number-related suppletive forms, inflecting and non-inflecting subclasses, transitivity subclasses, the relation between semantic roles and syntactic functions, some semantic characteristics of verbs, illustrations of a number of semantic sets, and a brief note on verbal idioms. In §26.3 there is a short note on formulaic expressions.
The art of speaking
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

Speaking any language well calls for a lot more than mere grammatical knowledge. It means having command of a whole range of possible ways of speaking and knowing how to choose between them depending on the social circumstances. To make this point clearer, linguists often distinguish between narrow “linguistic competence” and broader “communicative competence”. In this chapter we sample some of the dimensions of communicative competence in East and Southeast Asian languages. We will start at the level of individual expressions, looking at aspects of “word skills” in various languages.
Introduction: Epistemological Progress
Authors: Hetherington Stephen
Published: November 2023

At any given moment, epistemology’s general goal-its telos, most broadly construed-is either to be, or to generate, epistemological progress. So long as epistemology has not reached its final moment, it continues; and so long as it continues, it can have no more general a goal than that of making progress. Epistemology proceeds today, in order to be better tomorrow. Of course, any given one of us is unlikely to improve it much, if at all. But can our individual efforts somehow join together to do so? The present custodians of epistemology’s heritage must at least try to enrich it, making it fitter and stronger than it was previously.
Knowing What to Think about: when Epistemology Meets the Theory of Choice
Authors: Morton Adam
Published: November 2023

A very traditional epistemology studies changes in belief, given the information and reasoning available to a person, but ignoring her desires and values. A somewhat more realistic epistemology studies changes in belief, given information and reasoning and some relevant desires and values. The question in both cases is: if some of your beliefs change how should you change the rest? Parallel to this, a standard approach to rational decision will study changes in intention given a person’s beliefs and desires. Counting intentions as a special kind of desire the question is: if some of your desires change how, given your beliefs, should you change the rest? But in reality we can hold neither beliefs nor desires constant while changing the others.
Meat and Dairy Products in Late Medieval England
Authors: Woolgar C M
Published: November 2023

The evidence for meat and dairy products reviewed in Chapters 5 and 6 can be supplemented for the late medieval period by documentary sources that allow us to address a series of questions about the contribution these foods made to diet that can be answered in no other way. First among these are the levels of consumption of meat and dairy foods: historical evidence offers the opportunity to quantify this, even on an individual basis, as well as providing more general indications of levels of food availability. Secondly, historical sources offer information about meat products that have left no more than a slight trace in the archaeological record, such as the use of sausages and offal, items of some consequence in a society which had restricted access to meat protein. Evidence for dairy foods is much more substantial in the historical sources than in the archaeological record and this permits us to consider questions of consumption, rather than production, and to encompass the contributions made by sheep and goats as well as cattle dairying.
Diet in Medieval England: The Evidence from Stable Isotopes
Authors: Müldner G , Richards M P
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a relatively novel method of exploring medieval food- ways, the direct measure of past human diets through stable isotope analysis of bone collagen. This analysis reflects long-term dietary averages and is used to gain information on broad categories of foods consumed by humans in the past. In medieval historical and archaeological studies there is a tendency to focus on the specifics of diet. Approaches such as isotope analysis, which provide evidence of general dietary patterns, have therefore only rarely been applied. By contrast, isotopic methods are widely used in prehistoric archaeology, as this field does not have the benefit of documentary sources. The method is briefly outlined here and then the chapter presents results of the isotope analyses for a number of English medieval sites. It aims to demonstrate that in combination with the rich textual evidence from this period, isotope analysis can tell us new and unique information about diet and its role in medieval society.
Balliol
Authors: Mcintosh Ronald
Published: November 2023

Roy Jenkins and I first met in October 1938 at the beginning of our freshman term at Balliol. We got on well straight away and remained close friends for sixty-five years. Balliol was a good place to be in that last year of peace before the Second World War. It had a wider social and ethnic mix than most other colleges, with strong contingents from North America, India, and (thanks to a seventeenth-century benefaction) Glasgow. Perhaps because of this it had an open and tolerant atmosphere where people were accepted on their own merits as human beings and not because of school or other connections. This was not so common in pre-war days as it may have since become.
Back and Forth to the United States
Authors: Schlesinger Arthur
Published: November 2023

The career and character of Roy Jenkins are a standing refutation of the idea that Great Britain must choose between Europe and America. No Britisher of his time exceeded Roy in his conviction that Britain’s destiny lies with Europe. And no Britisher of his time exceeded him in his passion for America; at least for liberal America, for the USA of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John Kennedy, and Bill Clinton. As John Kenneth Galbraith has said, Roy Jenkins ‘more than any other since Winston Churchill has been, effectively, a citizen of both the United States and the United Kingdom’.
A Late Friendship
Authors: Harris Robert
Published: November 2023

On 5 September 1995 my publishers threw a partyat theTravellers’Club in Pall Mall to celebrate the publication of my second novel, Enigma. Roy Jenkins was invited at short notice on the strength of a generous review he had given it in the previous week’s Sunday Times. Slightly to my publishers’ surprise—and certainly to my everlasting good fortune—Roy came, thus initiating a friendship that was to last for more than seven years. During the course of that first conversation I happened to mention that I had an Enigma machine, lent to me for a promotional tour. He expressed his curiosity and almost before I knew what was happening he had pulled out a Smythson’s pocket diary and arranged to come for lunch the following Sunday to have a look at it. Two weeks after that we lunched again. And then, two weeks after that, again. And somehow, it seemed, we never stopped lunching. I reckon we must have met at least a hundred times in all.
A Monastic Renaissance at St Albans
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

A Monastic Renaissance at St Albans is a study of intellectual life at the abbey of St Albans - one of Britain's greatest Benedictine monasteries - during the lifetime of Thomas Walsingham (c.1340-1422), one of the most prolific scholars of the later middle ages. It has always been assumed that the monasteries fell into decline long before the dissolution and that cultural and intellectual activities were largely abandoned as the monks surrendered themselves to high living and low morals. This study challenges this view. Drawing on a wide variety of manuscript sources, it shows that education, independent study, and even the co-ordinated copying of books continued to flourish at St Albans (and its affiliate houses) for much of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In fact the abbey emerged as one of the country's most influential centres of learning, a clearing-house for books and ideas in Ricardian and Lancastrian England. Thomas Walsingham himself played a key part in this renaissance in monastic studies; his works were copied and circulated throughout the St Albans network and his influence acted upon the next generation of monastic readers and writers. Walsingham was not only a compiler of contemporary chronicles but also a Classical scholar of extraordinary originality. His commentary on Ovid's Metamorphoses, his re-working of the histories of Alexander of Macedon and the Trojan War, and his Genealogia deorum gentilium, are discussed in detail here for the first time. Walsingham's interest in the Classics was shared by many of his St Albans colleagues, and they in turn were members of a wider circle of literary scholars, which included the London schoolmaster, John Seward. The work of these scholars, monastic and secular, points towards a revival of Classical and literary scholarship in England long before Italian humanism and other traces of the continental Renaissance first found their way into the country.
Patterns of Reading
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

The book collections at St Albans not only served the practical needs of the community in administration, education, and observance, but also under-pinned a programme of reading, reflection, and independent study pursued by many of the monks themselves. There had always been a place for such reading in the monastic horarium. Benedict himself had regarded daily reading primarily as a spiritual exercise, a source of nourishment for the Opus Dei, but later monastic reformers overlaid his concept of lectio divina with their own concerns about education, formation, and uniform observance.¹ With the advent of the monastic studia at the end of the thirteenth century the reading hours came to be regarded as a time for a wide range of intellectual activities as the canon of expressed it: ‘studendo, legendo librosque scribendo, corriegen-do, illuminando, ligando ‘.²
Classicism
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

The writings of Thomas Walsingham stimulated an interest in classical literature at St Albans which endured for much of the fifteenth century. Walsingham ‘s own writings remained popular, but the generation of monks that followed him were also attracted to new trends in classical scholarship, and in particular to the grammatical and rhetorical studies associated with the Italian humanists and their disciples. The first St Albans monk to show an interest in this new classicism, Simon Southerey, had actually worked alongside Walsingham, advising him on the revised version of the Archana deorum.¹
Personhood, Transcendence, Immanence
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

You may have heard the radio play; seen the TV series; and/or read the book The Hitchhikers ‘ Guide to the Galaxy. In one incident in that story, a computer that has been working away—for thousands of years if I remember correctly—on finding the answer to ‘the great question of life, the universe and everything ‘ dramatically reports that it has found the answer but worryingly warns those who are speaking to it that they won ‘t like it.
Creator of the World, Creator of Value
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

You’ll remember that as well as agreeing over the essential properties of God, theists are also agreed that he has these accidental properties: he has the property of being creator of the world (that is to say the physical universe plus any non-physical things (other than himself) that might exist, e.g. souls or angels, if there are any); he has the property of being the creator of value for us; he has the property of having revealed himself to us; and he has the property of having offered us everlasting life.
The Argument from Reports of Apparent Miracles
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

The Gospels tell us that Jesus was crucified, died, and was buried. So far, there’s nothing particu1arly unusual about their story. But the Gospels go on to tell us something else: that three days later, Jesus was raised from the dead. Surely only God could have performed such a feat; and thus surely the Gospels give us reason to believe that there’s a God; and indeed to believe that this God has endorsed one religion—Christianity—over and above the others. This is a version of the Argument from Reports of Apparent Miracles. Our friend David Hume is the most significant critic of this line of argument and in this chapter I’m going to be focusing on what he has to say. First, we have what I’m going to call Hume’s A Priori Argument Against the Rationality of Believing in Miracles on the Testimony of Others.
Sets, Properties, and Unrestricted Quantification
Authors: Linnebo Øystein
Published: November 2023

Call a quantifier unrestricted if it ranges over absolutely all things: not just over all physical things or all things relevant to some particular utterance or discourse but over absolutely everything there is. Prima facie, unrestricted quantification seems to be perfectly coherent. For such quantification appears to be involved in a variety of claims that all normal human beings are capable of understanding. For instance, some basic logical and mathematical truths appear to involve unrestricted quantification, such as the truth that absolutely everything is self-identical and the truth that the empty set has absolutely no members.
There’;s a Rule for Everything
Authors: McGee Vann
Published: November 2023

Nothing in sociology is certain, but a sociological thesis that is about as sure as anything we’;ll find is that human beings use language to communicate, and one of the ways they accomplish this is by expressing judgments that are capable of being true or false. To understand how communication is possible, we have to understand what makes true statements true. The first duty of a theory of truth is to provide truth conditions that appropriately reflect speakers’; dispositions to assertion and denial and to assent and dissent.
Absolute Identity and Absolute Generality
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to tighten our grip on some issues about quantification by analogy with corresponding issues about identity on which our grip is tighter. We start with the issues about identity. In conversations between native speakers, words such as ‘same’; and ‘identical’; do not usually cause much difficulty. We take it for granted that others use them with the same sense as we do. If it is unclear whether numerical or qualitative identity is intended, a brief gloss such as ‘one thing not two’; for the former or ‘exactly alike’; for the latter removes the unclarity.
The policy of exclusion: repression in the Nazi state, 1933–1939
Authors: Wachsmann Nikolaus
Published: November 2023

One of the key elements of Nazi ideology and propaganda was the pledge to create a new Germany. This promise of national rebirth resonated particularly strongly in the early 1930s, when the Weimar Republic was shaken to the core by economic and political crisis. At the centre of the Nazi vision stood the ‘national community’, depicted as the complete opposite of the conflict-ridden Weimar society. In a widely publicized speech in January 1932, one year before his appointment as German chancellor, Adolf Hitler concluded that the resurgence of Germany depended on the creation of a ‘healthy, national, and strong’ community.
Painful Bodies Of Thought
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

Still, there is an important way in which the image of Artaud as a marginal writer whose thought is revelatory of the dissolution of the thinking and linguistic subject does hold good. In countering certain conceptual myopia—thinking, for example, is not just the smooth, homogenous process that the Western tradition was long prone to dress it up as, but may instead be legitimately seen as subject to secret, hidden pressures exerted by linguistic and conceptual systems–Artaud allows repressed aspects of ideas and accounts to come to the fore.
Creating Identity And Meaning
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

During the early Rodez period Artaud’s writing principally expounds his theologically dominated world view, and his letters treat mainly of angelic and demonic bodies and their relationship to his identity. But his correspondence is also concerned, at first parenthetically but with increasing purpose over the course of 1944, with how a philosophy of language might fit the theological superstructure.
Lexicographic evidence
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter (see Figure 3.1) explains how to design, acquire, and process a collection of linguistic data which will form the raw material for your dictionary. We will look first at citations and then – in greater detail – at lexicographic corpora. Software for querying the data in a corpus is discussed in the next chapter (§4.3.1), and the process of analysing corpus data to create dictionary text is covered in Chapters 8 and 9.
Planning the dictionary
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss the major decisions that have to be made about what the dictionary will contain. At this point, we have already determined the type of dictionary we plan to produce, and we have clear ideas about who will use it and what they will use it for (Chapter 2). We have collected the linguistic data that will form our raw material (Chapter 3). And the other resources we will need – software, Style Guide, template entries – are in place (Chapter 4). When we talk about the content of a dictionary (as opposed to the resources which underpin its creation), the terms ‘macrostructure’ and ‘microstructure’ are often used. Deciding on the types of entry the dictionary will include, and organizing the headword list, are macrostructure decisions, and these are the issues we address in this chapter. Planning the entries in the dictionary and deciding on their structure and components are microstructure decisions, and these form the focus of Chapter 7.
Vilna: Politicians and Partisans
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

In 1939 the Vilna resident A. I. Grodzenski was preparing an almanac documenting Jewish life in the city. The articles he had assembled included reports about literary organizations, sport, religious activities, social institutions, and musical life; many proudly emphasized the glowing reputation that the Vilna community enjoyed among Jews not only in the local area, but also in major Polish cities, and as far away as Paris and New York. The sudden outbreak of war in September prevented publication of the book, but it was recovered after the war by a former community member, Isaac Kowalski. The progress reports that made up the almanac would, in different circumstances, probably have enjoyed no more auspicious a fate than gathering dust along with others of their predictable and prosaic kind.
Songs Confront the Past: Life in Sachsenhausen
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

In April 1936 the Inspector of Concentration Camps and SS Guard Units Theodor Eicke authorized the establishment of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Oranienburg, 35 kilometres north of Berlin. Sachsenhausen held a special importance in the camp system, particularly when the Camp Inspectorate was transferred from Berlin to Oranienburg in 1938. In Himmler’s 1941 classification, it fell into the same ‘moderate’ category as camps such as Dachau and Auschwitz I. The establishment of Sachsenhausen came at a time when the camp system was undergoing fundamental restructuring. The earliest camps, rather than being organized centrally by the new government in Berlin, came under the authority of state agencies or local party groups, and some facilities were totally shielded from state supervision.
Causal Perspectivalism
Authors: Price Huw
Published: November 2023

As objects go, foreigners are a pretty respectable bunch. They are not figments of our collective imagination, or social constructions, or useful fictions. They are not mind-dependent, and they do not disappear when we don’t keep an eye on them. Our ‘folk theory’ about foreigners is not subject to some global error, and the term ‘foreigner’ certainly manages to refer. Some of our beliefs about foreigners are mistaken, no doubt, but only by failing to accord, case-by-case, with the objective reality to which they are certainly answerable.
Introduction
Authors: Sorell Tom
Published: November 2023

There are parts of the world today where philosophy takes the form of history of philosophy. In France and Germany and other countries in their cultural orbit, philosophical positions developed in the twenty-first century regularly unfold as commentary on philosophers or philosophical views from the past. In this tradition, it is rare for a philosopher not to have elaborate interpretations of Hegel, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, who in turn self-consciously reacted against or reinterpreted their predecessors.
Why Should Analytic Philosophers Do History of Philosophy?
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

‘To say “thus spake the Master” is unworthy of a philosopher; better to trust our own native wit.’ Thus Francisco Sanches, in his Quod Nihil Scitur, published in Lyon in 1581 (one year after Montaigne’s Essays). The pioneers of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries had a robust disrespect for the history of philosophy, which sometimes calls to mind what one finds among many analytic philosophers today. Although they might not have been prepared to sign up to the slogan found on car stickers on some American campuses—‘Just Say “No” to the History of Philosophy!’—they certainly believed that far too much time was spent retailing the views of long-dead philosophers. Sanches had a healthy impatience with the kind of adulation that said of Aristotle natura locutus est ex ore ejus (‘nature spoke out of his very mouth’). Instead, homo sicut nos, insisted Sanches: Aristotle was just a human being, like us.
Is the History of Philosophy Good for Philosophy?
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: November 2023

Asked by the Philosophical Review in 1992 to provide an assessment of relations between philosophy and the history of philosophy, the late Margaret Wilson noted the new intensity of effort in the historiography of philosophy, the proliferation of new editions and translations, commentaries and companions, conferences, and journals.
Conclusion
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Forman wrote constantly but he almost never finished anything. He read extensively but never articulated a philosophy of medicine. He fashioned himself as a physician while condemning those who earned this title through formal study. He disregarded the voices of his patients but used his astrological judgements to encourage them to be forthright and frank with him. While others promoted a new philosophy he reinvigorated the study of the occult.
Step-by-step to grammar
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will draw on two quite different lines of evidence that have been used to make inferences about the stages by which syntax developed. On the one hand, I will ask which aspects of syntax would have been useful without other aspects, and in that way suggest what must have come first. On the other hand, I will consider a set of well-known historical processes that, I am sorry to say, are known by the cumbersome term “grammaticalization.” By using these together it is possible to make some reasonable guesses about the stages of linguistic evolution.