bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Utility of Expanded Conclusion Scales During Latent Print Examinations
Authors: Carter Kelly E. , Vogelsang Macgregor D. , Vanderkolk John , Busey Thomas
Published: March 2020

During fingerprint comparisons, a latent print examiner visually compares two impressions to determine whether or not they originated from the same source. They consider the amount of perceived detail in agreement or disagreement and accumulate evidence toward same source and different sources propositions. This evidence is then mapped to one of three conclusions: Identification, Inconclusive, or Exclusion. A limitation of this 3‐conclusion scale is it can lose information when translating the conclusion from the internal strength‐of‐evidence value to one of only three possible conclusions. An alternative scale with two additional values, support for different sources and support for common sources, has been proposed by the Friction Ridge Subcommittee of OSAC. The expanded scale could lead to more investigative leads but could produce complex trade‐offs in both correct and erroneous identifications. The aim of the present study was to determine the consequences of a shift to expanded conclusion scales in latent print comparisons. Latent print examiners each completed 60 comparisons using one of the two scales, and the resulting data were modeled using signal detection theory to measure whether the expanded scale changed the threshold for an “Identification” conclusion. When using the expanded scale, examiners became more risk‐averse when making “Identification” decisions and tended to transition both the weaker Identification and stronger Inconclusive responses to the “Support for Common Source” statement. The results demonstrate the utility of an expanded conclusion scale and also provide guidance for the adoption of these or similar scales.
Trends in Raindrop Kinetic Energy with Modeled Climate Warming in the Lake Tahoe Basin
Authors: Lewis Jack , Coats Robert
Published: March 2020

Two means by which climate change may increase surface soil erosion in mountainous terrain are: (1) increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events and (2) decreasing the duration of snow cover on bare soil. We used output from four general circulation models (GCMs) and two greenhouse gas trajectories to produce a suite of hydrologic variables at a daily time‐step for historic and projected 21st Century conditions. We statistically disaggregated the daily rainfall to hourly, using hourly rainfall from a network of nine weather stations in the Tahoe Basin, and filtered out rain falling on a snowpack. We applied published equations to convert hourly intensity to raindrop kinetic energy (KE) for each day and grid cell in the Basin, averaged across grid cells, and created time series of total annual and maximum annual hourly kinetic energy (TKE and MKE) on snow‐free ground. Using the Generalized Extreme Value distribution, we calculated the significance of long‐term trends in KE on snow‐free ground, and estimated energy levels for return periods of 2, 20, and 100 years. We then detrended the snowpack data and compared the resulting trends in KE with the trends resulting from changes in both rainfall energy and snowpack under two GCMs. Principal findings include (1) upward trends in MKE, (2) stronger upward trends in TKE; and (3) an effect of increasing rainfall intensities on KE in some cases, and a strong effect of reduced snowpack in all cases examined.
State‐of‐the‐art treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiya
Published: March 2020

As glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs are non‐specific therapeutic agents that cause many adverse reactions, the development of biologicals aiming to control specific molecular targets is anticipated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The antibody targeting B cell‐activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) belimumab was the first biological approved for SLE. At present, many biologicals, such as anifrolumab (anti‐type I interferon receptor antibody) and ustekinumab (antibody against interleukin 12/23 [p40]), are in clinical trials. Thus, successful treatments with biologicals targeting “bridging cytokines” produced by dendritic cells, which form a bridge between the innate and acquired immune/autoimmune systems, is of particular interest. Moreover, a phase IIb clinical trial of baricitinib, a low‐molecular‐weight compound targeting Janus kinase 1/2, in patients with SLE revealed that baricitinib was significantly more effective for relieving arthritis and skin manifestations than placebo, and the trial met the primary endpoint. In the future, it is expected that drugs with better efficacy and safety profiles will be used to apply therapeutic strategies, such as precision medicine, in which different molecular target drugs are used for patients classified by their conditions, and to set a therapeutic goal of the discontinuation of glucocorticoids.
Vertical collusion
Authors: Gilo David , Yehezkel Yaron
Published: March 2020

We characterize collusion involving secret vertical contracts between retailers and their supplier—who are all equally patient (“vertical collusion”). We show such collusion is easier to sustain than collusion among retailers. Furthermore, vertical collusion can solve the supplier's inability to commit to charging the monopoly wholesale price when retailers are differentiated. The supplier pays retailers slotting allowances as a prize for adhering to the collusive scheme and rejects contract deviations. In the presence of competing suppliers, vertical collusion can be sustained using short‐term exclusive dealing.
Count transformation models
Authors: Siegfried Sandra , Hothorn Torsten
Published: March 2020

The effect of explanatory environmental variables on a species' distribution is often assessed using a count regression model. Poisson generalized linear models or negative binomial models are common, but the traditional approach of modelling the mean after log or square root transformation remains popular and in some cases is even advocated.

We propose a novel framework of linear models for count data. Similar to the traditional approach, the new models apply a transformation to count responses; however, this transformation is estimated from the data and not defined a priori. In contrast to simple least‐squares fitting and in line with Poisson or negative binomial models, the exact discrete likelihood is optimized for parameter estimation and inference. Simple interpretation of effects in the linear predictors is possible.

Count transformation models provide a new approach to regressing count data in a distribution‐free yet fully parametric fashion, obviating the need to a priori commit to a specific parametric family of distributions or to a specific transformation. The models are a generalization of discrete Weibull models for counts and are thus able to handle over‐ and underdispersion. We demonstrate empirically that the models are more flexible than Poisson or negative binomial models but still maintain interpretability of multiplicative effects. A re‐analysis of deer–vehicle collisions and the results of artificial simulation experiments provide evidence of the practical applicability of the model framework.

In ecology studies, uncertainties regarding whether and how to transform count data can be resolved in the framework of count transformation models, which were designed to simultaneously estimate an appropriate transformation and the linear effects of environmental variables by maximizing the exact count log‐likelihood. The application of data‐driven transformations allows over‐ and underdispersion to be addressed in a model‐based approach. Models in this class can be compared to Poisson or negative binomial models using the in‐ or out‐of‐sample log‐likelihood. Extensions to nonlinear additive or interaction effects, correlated observations, hurdle‐type models and other more complex situations are possible. A free software implementation is available in the cotram add‐on package to the R system for statistical computing.
Thermal evaluation of a hermetic transcutaneous energy transfer system to power mechanical circulatory support devices in destination therapy
Authors: Au Shun Long Cyril , McCormick Daniel , Lever Nigel , Budgett David
Published: March 2020

Current generation left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are powered by a percutaneous driveline. The high prevalence of driveline infections has motivated the development of transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) systems which eliminate driveline associated complications by wirelessly delivering power across the skin. Destination therapy (DT) requires long‐term reliable operation of the TET electronics suggesting the use of hermetic packaging techniques as used in all other chronically implanted devices. TET coils dissipate heat during operation and in order for the technology to be suitable for patient use, sufficient power must be delivered while maintaining temperatures at levels deemed safe. The heating of a TET system designed for DT which uses hermetic packaging technology was evaluated in silico and in vivo. A numerical model was used to evaluate the temperature of the TET coils. The TET system was fabricated and assessed in vivo using an ovine model. The receiving coil was implanted subcutaneously in a sheep and the transmission coil placed in contact with the skin and concentric to the implanted coil. Temperatures of the system were measured using sensors fixed to the surface of the coils. Numerical modeling indicated that the maximum temperatures of the primary and secondary coil surfaces were 38.13°C and 38.41°C, respectively, when delivering 10 W continuously. Stable temperatures were observed in vivo after 70 minutes and the maximum skin and implant surface temperatures were 37.73°C and 38.31°C, respectively. This study showed that a hermetic, chronically implantable TET system is thermally safe when continuously delivering 10 W of power, sufficient to power modern LVADs.
Three‐stage assessment of parcel area quality
Authors: Hanus Paweł , Benduch Piotr , Pęska‐Siwik Agnieszka , Szewczyk Robert
Published: March 2020

The most important spatial attributes of any cadastral parcel are the coordinates of its boundary points, which define the extent of property rights. The derivative of the boundaries is the area of the parcel, which, in Poland, is determined based on the coordinates of the boundary points satisfying certain conditions. It is essential that the data entered into the real estate cadastre describing the areas of the parcels are of sufficiently high quality. For this reason, the authors of this research paper propose a three‐stage assessment of the quality of the area of cadastral parcels. The first stage involves analysis of the standardised values of selected attributes of the boundary points entered into the cadastral database, describing the accuracy of their position, the source of data capture, and the monumentation method. This forms the basis for evaluating the quality level of individual boundary points throughout the entire study area. Taking the geometry of the parcel into account, this information is used to determine the quality of the data on the areas of individual parcels, which forms the second stage of the analysis. The third and final stage consists in determining the global coefficient for the quality of areas of parcels in the study area. Such an approach provides a wide range of possibilities, both for carrying out unit control procedures and for comparing the quality of spatial data on parcel areas between individual cadastral districts or areas with a specific land use. The results of the analyses carried out on the research objects, i.e., on two cadastral districts located in southern Poland, have confirmed that the proposed method may also prove useful for other purposes. It is also a universal tool that can be adapted for use in other countries.
Earnings management: A new paradigm of corporate social responsibility
Authors: Ehsan Sadaf , Nurunnabi Mohammad , Tahir Samya , Hashmi Maaida H.
Published: March 2020

The study adopted a systematic review approach to review the existing studies on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Earnings Management (EM). The aim of this study is to determine whether CSR is an effective tool to promote healthy relationships with stakeholders or CSR is used as an effective strategy by firm's mangers to hide out their involvement in (EM) practices. Results revealed that prior research on the CSR‐EM relationship is limited. The majority of the studies found an inverse relationship between CSR and EM. Moreover, mixed results were reported because of the lack of sufficient theoretical support, inappropriate research designs, and varying approaches to measure CSR and EM. This study also synthesizes the various consistencies and inconsistencies in the existing literature of CSR‐EM and future research agenda. Policymakers should reward organizations that pursue CSR purely for social and environmental concerns and at the same time they should be vigilant for those which use CSR for shielding their EM practices.
Assessing the goodness of fit of logistic regression models in large samples: A modification of the Hosmer‐Lemeshow test
Authors: Nattino Giovanni , Pennell Michael L. , Lemeshow Stanley
Published: March 2020

Evaluating the goodness of fit of logistic regression models is crucial to ensure the accuracy of the estimated probabilities. Unfortunately, such evaluation is problematic in large samples. Because the power of traditional goodness of fit tests increases with the sample size, practically irrelevant discrepancies between estimated and true probabilities are increasingly likely to cause the rejection of the hypothesis of perfect fit in larger and larger samples. This phenomenon has been widely documented for popular goodness of fit tests, such as the Hosmer‐Lemeshow test. To address this limitation, we propose a modification of the Hosmer‐Lemeshow approach. By standardizing the noncentrality parameter that characterizes the alternative distribution of the Hosmer‐Lemeshow statistic, we introduce a parameter that measures the goodness of fit of a model but does not depend on the sample size. We provide the methodology to estimate this parameter and construct confidence intervals for it. Finally, we propose a formal statistical test to rigorously assess whether the fit of a model, albeit not perfect, is acceptable for practical purposes. The proposed method is compared in a simulation study with a competing modification of the Hosmer‐Lemeshow test, based on repeated subsampling. We provide a step‐by‐step illustration of our method using a model for postneonatal mortality developed in a large cohort of more than 300 000 observations.
Plasmin improves blood–gas barrier function in oedematous lungs by cleaving epithelial sodium channels
Authors: Zhao Runzhen , Ali Gibran , Nie Hong‐Guang , Chang Yongchang , Bhattarai Deepa , Su Xuefeng , Zhao Xiaoli , Matthay Michael A. , Ji Hong‐Long
Published: March 2020

Background and Purpose

Lung oedema in association with suppressed fibrinolysis is a hallmark of lung injury. Here, we have tested whether plasmin cleaves epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) to resolve lung oedema fluid.

Experimental Approach

Human lungs and airway acid‐instilled mice were used for analysing fluid resolution. In silico prediction, mutagenesis, Xenopus oocytes, immunoblotting, voltage clamp, mass spectrometry, and protein docking were combined for identifying plasmin cleavage sites.

Key Results

Plasmin improved lung fluid resolution in both human lungs ex vivo and injured mice. Plasmin activated αβγENaC channels in oocytes in a time‐dependent manner. Deletion of four consensus proteolysis tracts (αΔ432‐444, γΔ131‐138, γΔ178‐193, and γΔ410‐422) eliminated plasmin‐induced activation significantly. Further, immunoblotting assays identified 7 cleavage sites (K126, R135, K136, R153, K168, R178, K179) for plasmin to trim both furin‐cleaved C‐terminal fragments and full‐length human γENaC proteins. In addition, 9 new sites (R122, R137, R138, K150, K170, R172, R180, K181, K189) in synthesized peptides were found to be cleaved by plasmin. These cleavage sites were located in the finger and the thumb, particularly the GRIP domain of human ENaC 3D model composed of two proteolytic centres for plasmin. Novel uncleaved sites beyond the GRIP domain in both α and γ subunits were identified to interrupt the plasmin cleavage‐induced conformational change in ENaC channel complexes. Additionally, plasmin could regulate ENaC activity via the G protein signal.

Conclusion and Implications

Plasmin can cleave ENaC to improve blood‐gas exchange by resolving oedema fluid and could be a potent therapy for oedematous lungs.
Activation of the MET receptor attenuates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Gallo Simona , Spilinga Martina , Albano Raffaella , Ferrauto Giuseppe , Di Gregorio Enza , Casanova Elena , Balmativola Davide , Bonzano Alessandro , Boccaccio Carla , Sapino Anna , Comoglio Paolo Maria , Crepaldi Tiziana
Published: March 2020

Background and Purpose

Doxorubicin anti‐cancer therapy is associated with cardiotoxicity, resulting from DNA damage response (DDR). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protects cardiomyocytes from injury, but its effective use is compromised by low biodistribution. In this study, we have investigated whether the activation of the HGF receptor—encoded by the Met gene—by an agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) could protect against doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity.

Experimental Approach

The mAb (5 mg·kg−1) was injected in vivo into C57BL/6J mice, before doxorubicin (three doses of 7 mg·kg−1). Cardiac functions were evaluated through MRI after treatment termination. Heart histological staining and mRNA levels of genes associated with heart failure (Acta1 and Nppa), inflammation (IL‐6), and fibrosis (Ctgf, Col1a2, Timp1, and Mmp9) were assessed. MAb (100 nM) was administered in vitro to H9c2 cardiomyoblasts before addition of doxorubicin (25 μM). DDR and apoptosis markers were evaluated by quantitative western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Stattic was used for pharmacological inactivation of STAT3.

Key Results

In vivo, administration of the mAb alleviated doxorubicin‐induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. In vitro, mAb mimicked the response to HGF by (a) inhibiting histone H2AX phosphorylation at S139, (b) quenching the expression of the DNA repair enzyme PARP1, and (c) reducing the proteolytic activation of caspase 3. The MET‐driven cardioprotection involved, at least in vitro, the phosphorylation of STAT3.

Conclusion and Implications

The MET agonist mAb provides a new tool for cardioprotection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity.
Critical role of OX40 in drug‐induced acute liver injury
Authors: Zhang Chunpan , Jin Hua , Wang Yan , Li Changying , Zhao Xinyan , Li Yanmeng , Shi Wen , Tian Yue , Xu Hufeng , Tian Dan , Liu Kai , Jia Jidong , Sun Guangyong , Zhang Dong
Published: March 2020

Background and Purpose

The innate and adaptive immune systems both play important roles in drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). However, the crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immunity in DILI is largely unknown. Extensive crosstalk is likely mandated by co‐stimulatory interactions between these immune systems. OX40 is a co‐stimulatory molecule, but whether it regulates the intrahepatic immune response in DILI remains unknown.

Experimental Approach

Acute liver injury was induced by paracetamol (acetaminophen), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and d‐galactosamine/LPS (GalN/LPS) in wild‐type (WT) and Ox40 knockout (KO) mice, and disease progress was compared.

Key Results

Plasma OX40 levels were significantly increased and were augmented in intrahepatic CD4+ T cells after paracetamol, CCl4, or GalN/LPS administration. Liver injury in Ox40‐deficient mice was attenuated compared with that in WT mice. Compared with WT mice, hepatic infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and macrophages in Ox40 KO mice was reduced. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of Ox40 KO‐CD4+ T cells to Rag1−/− mice resulted in alleviated liver injury compared with WT‐CD4+ T‐cell transfer, with reduced liver infiltration of macrophages and pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, OX40/Fc stimulation in vitro revealed that soluble OX40 enhanced the biological function of murine macrophages, including up‐regulation of genes associated with inflammation and tissue infiltration. Finally, soluble OX40 levels were significantly elevated in DILI patients compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion and Implications

OX40 is a key molecule that promotes both pro‐inflammatory macrophage and CD4+ T‐cell function, exacerbating paracetamol‐induced liver injury. OX40 could serve as a diagnostic index and therapeutic target of DILI.
Is shadier better? The effect of agroforestry management on small mammal diversity
Authors: Silva Adna Alves de Souza , Alvarez Martin Roberto Del Valle , Mariano‐Neto Eduardo , Cassano Camila Righetto
Published: March 2020

Agroforestry systems play fundamental roles for wildlife conservation, but are prone to disturbances from management practices aiming at increasing local productivity. This work investigates the small mammal assemblages present in cacao agroforests, which differ in shade tree density. We tested the prediction that higher tree density increases shade level, analyzed how some environmental variables important for small mammals (vegetation complexity, tree basal area, and invertebrate biomass) vary across the shade level gradient, and how the assemblages respond to these variations. We also tested the effect of the environmental variables on the abundance of the three most common species: Rhipidomys mastacalis, Hylaeamys seuanezi, and Marmosa murina. We captured 651 individuals belonging to 18 species. A positive relationship was observed between an abundance of non‐forest specialists and tree basal area, while species diversity within this group showed positive association with vegetation complexity. Assemblage structure (described by a matrix of species abundance per site) was not affected by our environmental variables, but R. mastacalis was more abundant in sites with lower vegetation complexity. Higher shade levels in cacao agroforest tended to occur in sites with greater tree basal area, which was not a good predictor of small mammal diversity. This suggests that environmental management to reduce shade with the purpose of increasing cacao productivity is not necessarily negative for small mammal conservation. Species diversity was favored by structurally complex systems, a possible response to greater niche diversity.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Diurnal foraging ant–tree co‐occurrence networks are similar between canopy and understorey in a Neotropical rain forest
Authors: Antoniazzi Reuber , García‐Franco Jose , Janda Milan , Leponce Maurice , Dáttilo Wesley
Published: March 2020

Discussion of the vertical stratification of organisms in tropical forests has traditionally focused on species distribution. Most studies have shown that, due to differences in abiotic conditions and resource distribution, species can be distributed along the vertical gradient according to their ecophysiological needs. However, the network structure between distinct vertical strata remains little‐explored. To fill this gap in knowledge, we used baits to sample ants in the canopy and understorey trees of a Mexican tropical rain forest to record the ant–tree co‐occurrences. We examined the ant–tree co‐occurrences in the canopy and understorey using complementary network metrics (i.e., specialization, interaction diversity, modularity, and nestedness). In addition, we evaluated co‐occurrence patterns between ant species on trees, using C‐score analysis. In general, we found no differences in the network structure, although the interaction diversity was greater in the understorey than in the canopy networks. We also observed that co‐occurrence networks of each vertical stratum featured four ant species in the central core of highly co‐occurring species, with three species unique to each stratum. Moreover, we found a similar trend toward ant species segregation in the both strata. These findings reveal a similar pattern of ant–ant co‐occurrences in both vertical strata, probably due to the presence of arboreal‐nesting ants in the understorey. Overall, we showed that despite the marked differences in species composition and environmental conditions between understorey and canopy strata, ant–tree co‐occurrences in these habitats could be governed by similar mechanisms, related to dominance and resource monopolization by ants.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Coping with branch excision when measuring leaf net photosynthetic rates in a lowland tropical forest
Authors: Verryckt Lore T. , Van Langenhove Leandro , Ciais Philippe , Courtois Elodie A. , Vicca Sara , Peñuelas Josep , Stahl Clément , Coste Sabrina , Ellsworth David S. , Posada Juan M. , Obersteiner Michael , Chave Jérôme , Janssens Ivan A.
Published: March 2020

Measuring leaf gas exchange from canopy leaves is fundamental for our understanding of photosynthesis and for a realistic representation of carbon uptake in vegetation models. Since canopy leaves are often difficult to reach, especially in tropical forests with emergent trees up to 60 m at remote places, canopy access techniques such as canopy cranes or towers have facilitated photosynthetic measurements. These structures are expensive and therefore not very common. As an alternative, branches are often cut to enable leaf gas exchange measurements. The effect of branch excision on leaf gas exchange rates should be minimized and quantified to evaluate possible bias. We compared light‐saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates measured on excised and intact branches. We selected branches positioned at three canopy positions, estimated relative to the top of the canopy: upper sunlit foliage, middle canopy foliage, and lower canopy foliage. We studied the variation of the effects of branch excision and transport among branches at these different heights in the canopy. After excision and transport, light‐saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates were close to zero for most leaves due to stomatal closure. However, when the branch had acclimated to its new environmental conditions—which took on average 20 min—light‐saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates did not significantly differ between the excised and intact branches. We therefore conclude that branch excision does not affect the measurement of light‐saturated leaf net photosynthesis, provided that the branch is recut under water and is allowed sufficient time to acclimate to its new environmental conditions.
Predator–prey interactions in anurans of the tropical dry forests of the Colombian Caribbean: A functional approach
Authors: Blanco‐Torres Argelina , Duré Marta I. , Bonilla Maria Argenis , Cagnolo Luciano
Published: March 2020

Anuran–prey selection might be mediated by traits, either by mismatches in predator and prey traits (preventing interactions) or by predator selection of prey traits (encouraging interactions). These effect traits could be summarized in two contrasting foraging strategies: “active” and “sit‐and‐wait” foragers. We evaluated whether anurans could be classified into groups of species sharing traits associated with their diet, and what is the relation between particular effect traits of anurans and their prey. We collected anurans and identified their stomach contents once during dry, minor, and major rain seasons in six dry forest sites in the Colombian Caribbean. For each of the 19 anuran species and 436 prey items, we registered six effect traits. We applied RLQ and fourth‐corner methodologies to relate predator and prey traits through their interaction matrix. Predators were assigned to five groups according to their differences in locomotion, body shape, proportion of the jaw width, mode of tongue protrusion, and strata preferred. Regarding preys, species were assigned to four groups according to their gregariousness, body shape and hardness, defensive traits, and mobility. Body size of both, predators and prey, had a minor contribution in the group assignment. We found that predators using active search target low‐mobility preys, whereas species using sit‐and‐wait strategy target highly nutritive prey that are difficult to manipulate. By linking amphibian diet with foraging strategies, we hope to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms behind anuran–prey food web patterns and to build more realistic models of functional response to changing environments.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Artificial intelligence in oncology
Authors: Shimizu Hideyuki , Nakayama Keiichi I.
Published: March 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) has contributed substantially to the resolution of a variety of biomedical problems, including cancer, over the past decade. Deep learning, a subfield of AI that is highly flexible and supports automatic feature extraction, is increasingly being applied in various areas of both basic and clinical cancer research. In this review, we describe numerous recent examples of the application of AI in oncology, including cases in which deep learning has efficiently solved problems that were previously thought to be unsolvable, and we address obstacles that must be overcome before such application can become more widespread. We also highlight resources and datasets that can help harness the power of AI for cancer research. The development of innovative approaches to and applications of AI will yield important insights in oncology in the coming decade.
Philosophical and Historical Perspectives on Student Boredom
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: March 2020

Abstract.

In this article, Campbell Scribner applies insights from history, philosophy, and reader theory to marginal inscriptions in nineteenth‐century textbooks, providing a conjectural explanation of student boredom during the period. He contends that boredom was a dialectic and contingent experience, based on shifting notions of childhood and education, in which students navigated between public and private space and between spontaneity and convention. Ultimately, Scribner concludes, despite difficulties in documentation, that boredom constituted a crucial element of children's self‐education.
Educating in the Seventh Fire: Debwewin, Mino‐bimaadiziwin, and Ecological Justice
Authors: Kruse Marc , Tanchuk Nicolas , Hamilton Robert
Published: March 2020

The Anishinaabe Seven Fires Creation Story can be read as a theory on which all human beings share a fundamental love of reflecting reality in what they think and do. In this article, Marc Kruse, Nicolas Tanchuk, and Robert Hamilton argue that this ethical theory is correct but that the colonial ideology taught in our schools can obscure our knowledge of this fact. Specifically, the authors claim that decolonizing education requires teaching students and teachers alike to see the presence of value whenever they encounter other beings animated by a responsiveness to reality. All living things strive to perceive and respond to reality — to live and continue to learn — even if epistemic faculties differ. All living things, then, the authors conclude, are rightly seen as our relatives and kin, as bearers of value to whom we owe moral respect, as Anishinaabe elders have long taught.
3D‐printed patient individualised models vs cadaveric models in an undergraduate oral and maxillofacial surgery curriculum: Comparison of student's perceptions
Authors: Seifert Lukas B. , Schnurr Benedikt , Herrera‐Vizcaino Carlos , Begic Amira , Thieringer Florian , Schwarz Frank , Sader Robert
Published: March 2020

Background

Recent advances in 3D printing technology have enabled the emergence of new educational and clinical tools for medical professionals. This study provides an exemplary description of the fabrication of 3D‐printed individualised patient models and assesses their educational value compared to cadaveric models in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Methods

A single‐stage, controlled cohort study was conducted within the context of a curricular course. A patient's CT scan was segmented into a stereolithographic model and then printed using a fused filament 3D printer. These individualised patient models were implemented and compared against cadaveric models in a curricular oral surgery hands‐on course. Students evaluated both models using a validated questionnaire. Additionally, a cost analysis for both models was carried out. P‐values were calculated using the Mann‐Whitney U test.

Results

Thirty‐eight fourth‐year dental students participated in the study. Overall, significant differences between the two models were found in the student assessment. Whilst the cadaveric models achieved better results in the haptic feedback of the soft tissue, the 3D‐printed individualised patient models were regarded significantly more realistic with regard to the anatomical correctness, the degree of freedom of movement and the operative simulation. At 3.46 € (compared to 6.51 €), the 3D‐printed patient individualised models were exceptionally cost‐efficient.

Conclusions

3D‐printed patient individualised models presented a realistic alternative to cadaveric models in the undergraduate training of operational skills in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Whilst the 3D‐printed individualised patient models received positive feedback from students, some aspects of the model leave room for improvement.
Mortality in infantile spasms: A hospital‐based study
Authors: Harini Chellamani , Nagarajan Elanagan , Bergin Ann M. , Pearl Phillip , Loddenkemper Tobias , Takeoka Masanori , Morrison Peter F. , Coulter David , Harappanahally Gita , Marti Candice , Singh Kanwaljit , Yuskaitis Christopher , Poduri Annapurna , Libenson Mark H.
Published: March 2020

Objective

To determine risk factors and causes for mortality during childhood in patients with infantile spasms (IS). We describe the overall goals of care for those who died.

Methods

This is a retrospective chart review of IS patients born between 2000 and 2011. We examined potential risk factors for mortality, including etiology, neurologic impairment, medication use, persistence of epileptic spasms, and comorbid systemic involvement (requirement for G‐tube feedings, respiratory interventions). For patients who died, we describe cause of death and resuscitation status or end‐of‐life care measures.

Results

We identified 150 IS patients with median follow‐up of 12 years. During the study period, 25 (17%) patients died, 13 before 5 years of age. Univariate analysis demonstrated that developmental delay, identifiable etiology, hormonal use for IS, persistence of epileptic spasms, polypharmacy with antiseizure medications, refractory epilepsy, respiratory system comorbidity, and the need for a G‐tube were significant risk factors for mortality. In a multivariate analysis, mortality was predicted by persistence of epileptic spasms (odds ratio [OR] = 4.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11‐16.67, P = .035) and significant respiratory system comorbidity (OR = 12.75, 95% CI = 2.88‐56.32, P = .001). Mortality was epilepsy‐related in one‐third of patients who died with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), accounting for 88% of epilepsy‐related deaths. Most deaths before age 5 years were related to respiratory failure, and SUDEP was less common (17%) whereas SUDEP was more common (45%) with deaths after 5 years. For the majority (67%) of patients with early mortality, an end‐of‐life care plan was in place (based on documentation of resuscitation status, comfort measures, or decision not to escalate medical care).

Significance

Mortality at our single‐center IS cohort was 17%, and persistence of epileptic spasms and comorbid respiratory system disorders were the most important determinants of mortality. Early deaths were related to neurological impairments/comorbidities. SUDEP was more common in children who died after 5 years of age than in those who died younger than 5 years.
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Trauma Symptoms, Mindfulness, and Intimate Partner Violence: Therapeutic Implications for Marginalized Men
Authors: Voith Laura A. , Russell Katie , Lee Hyunjune , Anderson RaeAnn E.
Published: March 2020

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trauma symptoms have been linked with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization among men, yet the field lacks depth in several key areas hampering progress toward violence intervention. Specifically, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) dominates the field’s scope of trauma symptoms under study, limiting understanding of other manifestations of trauma especially among men. Furthermore, most research focuses exclusively on men’s physical IPV perpetration and rarely focuses on other types of IPV, severity of violence, or men’s victimization. Also, few studies examine potential protective factors grounded in the ACE framework, such as mindfulness, among clinical populations. Finally, most research has not focused on men of color, despite some racial/ethnic minority groups disproportionate rates of IPV exposure. Therefore, the relationships between IPV frequency and severity (psychological, physical, injury) and ACEs, PTSD, trauma symptomology (separate from PTSD), and mindfulness self‐efficacy were examined in a sample of 67 predominantly low‐income men of color in a batterer intervention program. More than half of the sample (51.5%) reported exposure to four or more ACEs, and 31.1% met the clinical cutoff for a probable PTSD diagnosis. Higher ACE scores predicted increased rates for nearly all types of self‐reported IPV perpetration and victimization. PTSD symptoms and complex trauma symptom severity together explained between 13% and 40% of IPV outcomes, and each was uniquely associated with certain types of self‐reported IPV victimization and perpetration frequency and severity. Mindfulness self‐efficacy was associated with decreased self‐report psychological IPV perpetration and victimization frequency and severity. Clinical implications relevant to marginalized men are reviewed, including screening, training, and potential therapeutic interventions.
Renewable energy development threatens many globally important biodiversity areas
Authors: Rehbein Jose A. , Watson James E. M. , Lane Joe L. , Sonter Laura J. , Venter Oscar , Atkinson Scott C. , Allan James R.
Published: March 2020

Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy is fundamental for halting anthropogenic climate change. However, renewable energy facilities can be land‐use intensive and impact conservation areas, and little attention has been given to whether the aggregated effect of energy transitions poses a substantial threat to global biodiversity. Here, we assess the extent of current and likely future renewable energy infrastructure associated with onshore wind, hydropower and solar photovoltaic generation, within three important conservation areas: protected areas (PAs), Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and Earth's remaining wilderness. We identified 2,206 fully operational renewable energy facilities within the boundaries of these conservation areas, with another 922 facilities under development. Combined, these facilities span and are degrading 886 PAs, 749 KBAs and 40 distinct wilderness areas. Two trends are particularly concerning. First, while the majority of historical overlap occurs in Western Europe, the renewable electricity facilities under development increasingly overlap with conservation areas in Southeast Asia, a globally important region for biodiversity. Second, this next wave of renewable energy infrastructure represents a ~30% increase in the number of PAs and KBAs impacted and could increase the number of compromised wilderness areas by ~60%. If the world continues to rapidly transition towards renewable energy these areas will face increasing pressure to allow infrastructure expansion. Coordinated planning of renewable energy expansion and biodiversity conservation is essential to avoid conflicts that compromise their respective objectives.
Increased blood pressure variability during the subacute phase in patients with ischemic stroke presenting with a low ankle‐brachial index
Authors: Naito Hiroyuki , Hosomi Naohisa , Kuzume Daisuke , Nezu Tomohisa , Aoki Shiro , Morimoto Yuko , Kinboshi Masato , Yoshida Takeshi , Shiga Yuji , Kinoshita Naoto , Ueno Hiroki , Noma Kensuke , Maruyama Hirofumi
Published: March 2020

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the associations of blood pressure (BP) variability in patients with ischemic stroke during the subacute phase using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and the ankle‐brachial index (ABI).

Methods

We retrospectively examined 831 consecutive patients (women 44.8%, mean age 76 ± 12 years) with acute ischemic stroke who underwent 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during the subacute phase of stroke (median 9 days from onset) and an ABI examination. BP variability was evaluated by assessing the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of systolic BP and diastolic BP. A low ABI was defined as an ABI <0.9.

Results

Of the 831 patients, 201 (24.2%) had a low ABI. Older age, lower body mass index, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation and a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at admission were independently associated with a low ABI. The patients with a low ABI had a higher mean 24‐h diastolic BP, higher standard deviation of both BP measurements (systolic BP and diastolic BP) and a higher coefficient of variation in both BP measurements than those with a higher ABI. According to the multivariable linear regression analysis, a low ABI was independently associated with increased BP variability (a high standard deviation or coefficient of variation of both BP measurements) after adjusting for baseline confounders.

Conclusions

A low ABI was associated with increased BP variability during the subacute ischemic phase. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 448–454.
Knowledge evaluation instruments for dementia caregiver education programs: A scoping review
Authors: Resciniti Nicholas V , Tang Weizhou , Tabassum Masroora , Pearson Joseph Lee , Spencer Sharon Melinda , Lohman Matthew C , Ehlers Diane K , Al‐Hasan Dana , Miller Maggi C , Teixeira Ana , Friedman Daniela B
Published: March 2020

With the increase in our older adult population, there is a need for dementia training for informal and formal dementia caregivers. The objective of this scoping study is to assess dementia knowledge instruments utilized in educational programs and interventions intended for formal and informal dementia caregivers. Scoping review methodology was used to search PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Web of Science with tailored database search terms. The search yielded 8101 results, with 35 studies meeting inclusion. Studies were conducted in eight countries, had varying study designs (randomized controlled trials [RCTs] = 9, non‐RCTs = 6, one‐group study design = 20) and utilized previously published (19) and author developed (16) instruments. Furthermore, the studies were internationally diverse, conducted in the United States (n = 18), Australia (n = 7), UK (n = 3), China (n = 2), Canada (n = 2), Taiwan (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1) and multi‐country (n = 1). Only two studies focused on minority populations. While author‐developed instruments may be more relevant and timesaving, studies should strive to validate instruments or use previously published instruments to help standardize findings across studies and understand better the effects of educational programs on caregiver knowledge. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 397–413.
Blunt force regulation and bureaucratic control: Understanding China's war on pollution
Authors: van der Kamp Denise S.
Published: March 2020

In the past decade, China has increasingly resorted to top‐down, “blunt force” solutions to environmental problems; officials forcibly shutter or destroy factories to reduce pollution, at immense cost to local growth and employment. Why would a high capacity state like China resort to such a costly method of pollution control? I argue that blunt force enforcement is targeted at overcoming principal–agent problems in the bureaucracy. When institutions are too weak to hold bureaucrats accountable, political leaders increase oversight by drastically reducing the number of steps and resources required to produce a regulatory outcome—resulting in blunt force measures. I illustrate this logic through case studies from China's multiyear war on pollution. Using original data on blunt force measures, I then show how localities with lower bureaucratic compliance face greater blunt force pollution enforcement. These findings reveal that when bureaucratic accountability is weak, states pay a very high cost for cleaner air.
Discriminate me — If you can! The disappearance of the gender pay gap among public‐contest selected employees in Italy
Authors: Castagnetti Carolina , Rosti Luisa , Töpfer Marina
Published: March 2020

This article investigates the effect of public‐contest recruitment on earnings for men and women using Italian microdata over a time period of ten years. We find that the gender pay gap vanishes, and even reverses among young employees when they are selected through public contests. The results suggest that selection mechanisms like public contests may offer a way for merit‐based and gender‐fair wage‐setting. However, since public contests and the public sector are highly correlated, we analyse the gender pay gap by taking into account both the connection between the public and private sector and the open contest issue. By decomposing our results by sector, we find that public contests are a necessary but not sufficient condition for merit‐based and gender‐fair recruitment. Similarly, the institutional environment of the public sector is a necessary but not sufficient condition for ensuring that public contests are merit‐based and gender‐fair screening devices. Taken together, these two factors cause the gender pay gap to disappear.
The evaluation of workers by customers as a method of control and monitoring in firms: Digital reputation and the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation
Authors: TODOLÍ‐SIGNES Adrián
Published: March 2020

As a method of surveillance and monitoring, the evaluation of workers by customers and employers and the disclosure of the results pose a series of challenges for the current legal framework of the European Union (EU). Employees subject to such evaluations are exposed to a far more intense and wider degree of monitoring of their work than traditional workers. The phenomenon arises from the adoption of a customer perspective, seeking to make work observable at all times, without any cost to firms. In this light, the author analyses the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, which establishes very specific restrictions when requesting and disclosing information about workers.
Robustly dynamic tax evasion and consumption with preferences for cash
Authors: Luo Pengfei , Ma Yong
Published: March 2020

In this article, we develop a robustly optimal consumption and tax evasion model with recursive utility and preferences for cash. We derive the analytical solutions for the optimal consumption and portfolio rules. We find that in contrast to the agent without preferences for cash, the agent with preferences for cash will reduce the consumption‐wealth ratio, sharply increase tax evasion, reduce the investment in the non‐concealed risky asset, and increase cash reserve. Furthermore, the optimal tax evasion is related to the volatility and the rate of return of the risky asset, as well as the ambiguity aversion and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution, which are inconsistent with the case without preferences for cash. Our results can provide potential explanations for some empirical phenomena.