bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissecting susceptibility from exogenous triggers: the model of alopecia areata and associated inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: Garzorz N. , Alsisi M. , Todorova A. , Atenhan A. , Thomas J. , Lauffer F. , Ring J. , Schmidt‐Weber C. , Biedermann T. , Eyerich S. , Eyerich K.
Published: September 2015

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a T‐cell‐driven autoimmune disease of the hair follicle and frequently reported to be associated with inflammatory skin diseases (ISD) such as atopic eczema (AE) or psoriasis. Interestingly, AA on the one hand and both AE and psoriasis on the other hand are believed to be driven by mutually antagonistic T‐cell subsets.

Objective

To characterize AA‐specific T‐cell profiles and inflammatory pattern by intra‐individual comparison of AA and coexistent ISD.

Methods

112 patients with AA were recruited and investigated for coexisting ISD. In‐depth analyses were performed in patients with AA and AE (n = 2), AA and psoriasis (n = 1), AA and psoriasis and AE (n = 1) and AA and lichen planus (n = 1), using histology, immunohistochemistry and cytokine staining of T cells isolated from lesional skin.

Results

Of 112 AA patients investigated, 23 suffered from an ISD. The prevalence of AE, vitiligo, psoriasis and lichen planus was higher in the investigated AA cohort than in the normal population. The clinical as well as histological phenotype of AA the coexistent ISD were unequivocal. In line with this, T‐cell infiltrates were found to be disease‐characteristics with AA and lichen planus dominated by CD8+ and IFN‐γ+ TNF‐α+ producing T cells while psoriasis lesions in the same patients were dominated by IL‐17+ and AE by IL‐4+ T cells.

Conclusion

AA patients have a higher incidence of various T‐cell‐driven inflammatory skin diseases than the normal population, a phenomenon which might relate to over‐activation of skin‐homing T cells and to specific immune triggers as the primary cause of inflammation. More importantly, we showed that by using AA as a model disease, our approach of intra‐individual comparison of distinct inflammatory responses in the same patient is feasible and offers the unique possibility to gain insights into disease pathogenesis independent from genetic susceptibilities.
Changes in Frailty After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: McAdams‐DeMarco Mara A. , Isaacs Kyra , Darko Louisa , Salter Megan L. , Gupta Natasha , King Elizabeth A. , Walston Jeremy , Segev Dorry L.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To understand the natural history of frailty after an aggressive surgical intervention, kidney transplantation (KT).

Design

Prospective cohort study (December 2008–March 2014).

Setting

Baltimore, Maryland.

Participants

Kidney transplantation recipients (N = 349).

Measurements

The Fried frailty score was measured at the time of KT and during routine clinical follow‐up. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, factors associated with improvements in frailty score after KT were identified. Using a longitudinal analysis, predictors of frailty score changes after KT were identified using a multilevel mixed‐effects Poisson model.

Results

At KT, 19.8% of recipients were frail; 1 month after KT, 33.3% were frail; at 2 months, 27.7% were frail; and at 3 months, 17.2% were frail. On average, frailty scores had worsened by 1 month (mean change 0.4, P < .001), returned to baseline by 2 months (mean change 0.2, P = .07), and improved by 3 months (mean change −0.3, P = .04) after KT. The only recipient or transplant factor associated with improvement in frailty score after KT was pre‐KT frailty (hazard ratio = 2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.71–3.82, P < .001). Pre‐KT frailty status (relative risk (RR) = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.29–1.72, P < .001), recipient diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.08–1.46, P = .003), and delayed graft function (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04–1.43, P = .02) were independently associated with long‐term changes in frailty score.

Conclusion

After KT, in adult recipients of all ages, frailty initially worsens but then improves by 3 months. Although KT recipients who were frail at KT had higher frailty scores over the long term, they were most likely to show improvements in their physiological reserve after KT, supporting the transplantation in these individuals and suggesting that pretransplant frailty is not an irreversible state of low physiological reserve.
Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Long‐Term Proton Pump Inhibitors Independent of Concurrent Bisphosphonate Therapy in Elderly Adults
Authors: Hinson Andrew M. , Wilkerson Bekka M. , Rothman‐Fitts Ivy , Riggs Ann T. , Stack Brendan C. , Bodenner Donald L.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To measure the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), with and without concurrent bisphosphonates, on parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcium.

Design

Retrospective chart review of individuals 60 years and older. Subjects with reduced renal function (creatinine >1.3 mg/dL) and low vitamin D (<30 ng/mL) were excluded.

Setting

Academic geriatric outpatient center in southern midwest.

Participants

Individuals aged 60 and older with concurrent calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and creatinine laboratory measurements (N = 80) meeting labeled criteria.

Measurements

Serum calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and creatinine.

Results

Chronic PPI exposure was associated with statistically significantly higher PTH (65.5 vs 30.3 pg/mL, P < .001; normal range 10–55 pg/mL) and lower calcium (9.1 vs 9.4 mg/dL, P = .02; normal range 8.5–10.5 mg/dL) than no PPI exposure. Chronic PPI exposure with concurrent BP therapy was associated with statistically significantly higher PTH (65.2 vs 43.4 pg/mL, P = .05) and lower calcium (9.2 vs 9.6 mg/dL, P = .04) than BP therapy only.

Conclusion

Based on the present study, chronic PPI exposure in elderly adults is associated with mild hyperparathyroidism regardless of concurrent oral BP administration.
Understanding Housing Market Volatility
Authors: FAIRCHILD JOSEPH , MA JUN , WU SHU
Published: September 2015

The Campbell–Shiller present value formula implies a factor structure for the price–rent ratio of housing market. Using a dynamic factor model, we decompose the price–rent ratios of 23 major housing markets into a national factor and independent local factors, and we link these factors to the economic fundamentals of the housing markets. We find that a large fraction of housing market volatility is local and that the national factor has become more important than local factors in driving housing market volatility since 1999, consistent with the findings in Del Negro and Otrok (2007). The local volatilities mostly are due to time variations of idiosyncratic housing market risk premia, not local growth. At the aggregate level, the growth and interest rate factors jointly account for less than half of the total variation in the price–rent ratio. The rest is due to the aggregate housing market risk premium and a pricing error. We find evidence that the pricing error is related to money illusion, especially at the onset of the recent housing market bubble. The rapid rise in housing prices prior to the 2008 financial crisis was accompanied by both a large increase in the pricing error and a large decrease in the housing market risk premium.
Ethnic Identity, Stereotype Threat, and Perceived Discrimination Among Native American Adolescents
Authors: Jaramillo Jamie , Mello Zena R. , Worrell Frank C.
Published: September 2015

In this study, ethnic identity, stereotype threat, and perceived discrimination were examined in relationship to academic achievement and hopelessness in a sample of 129 Native American adolescents aged 14–19. Regression analyses with self‐reported data indicated two major findings. Ethnic identity interacted with stereotype threat to predict academic achievement, where participants with high ethnic identity and low stereotype threat scores reported higher grade point averages. Ethnic identity also interacted with perceived discrimination to predict hopelessness, where participants with low ethnic identity and high perceived discrimination scores were higher in hopelessness. Findings are discussed in light of the joint role that ethnic identity and perceived bias have in relationship to developmental outcomes in Native American adolescents.
A comparison of heritage language ideologies in interaction
Authors: König Katharina , Dailey‐O'Cain Jennifer , Liebscher Grit
Published: September 2015

In Canada, the notion of a heritage language ideology is often conceived of as a natural by‐product of official multiculturalism. By contrast, Germany has long struggled with its status as a multilingual and multicultural country. By comparing two corpora of interviews with immigrants to each of these two countries (Canadians of German heritage and Germans of Vietnamese heritage), this paper aims to explore to what extent these different language ideologies are reconstructed in the interviews. It will be argued that the interviewees construct different sociolinguistic spaces and take up different positions within them in terms of centre and periphery. Our analysis shows that the German‐Canadian interviewees construct public sociolinguistic spaces in which they position themselves as German even when they do not have an active knowledge of their heritage language. By contrast, despite the monolingual habitus in Germany, the German‐Vietnamese respondents endorse a heritage language ideology; the space they claim for speaking Vietnamese, however, is restricted to private or family conversations.
Performance and ideology in speaking tests for adult migrants
Authors: Rydell Maria
Published: September 2015

Language learning linked to migration is an important issue in many contemporary societies. This article discusses how adult migrants following a L2 Swedish course express beliefs on competence, language learning and language use during a test event. The theoretical framework is based on performance theory and the Bakhtinian notion of addressivity. Drawing on an interactional analysis of 27 video‐recorded paired speaking tests (a candidate‐candidate discussion) in the final national exam in an L2 Swedish course for adult migrants, the article discusses how the speaking tests could be interpreted asinstitutionalized staged performance. It is argued here that institutional performance puts ideologies on display. Stance‐taking, interactional alignment and an orientation to dominant discourses on monolingualism and integration become important resources for keeping the discussion going in front of the examiners. Finally, the study argues that the view of speaking tests as performance provides a deeper understanding of the complexity of language use in test settings.
Stall no more at polyproline stretches with the translation elongation factors EF‐P and IF‐5A
Authors: Lassak Jürgen , Wilson Daniel N. , Jung Kirsten
Published: September 2015

Synthesis of polyproline proteins leads to translation arrest. To overcome this ribosome stalling effect, bacteria depend on a specialized translation elongation factor P (EF‐P), being orthologous and functionally identical to eukaryotic/archaeal elongation factor e/aIF‐5A (recently renamed ‘EF5’). EF‐P binds to the stalled ribosome between the peptidyl‐tRNA binding and tRNA‐exiting sites, and stimulates peptidyl‐transferase activity, thus allowing translation to resume. In their active form, both EF‐P and e/aIF‐5A are post‐translationally modified at a positively charged residue, which protrudes toward the peptidyl‐transferase center when bound to the ribosome. While archaeal and eukaryotic IF‐5A strictly depend on (deoxy‐) hypusination (hypusinylation) of a conserved lysine, bacteria have evolved diverse analogous modification strategies to activate EF‐P. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica a lysine is extended by β‐lysinylation and subsequently hydroxylated, whereas in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella oneidensis an arginine in the equivalent position is rhamnosylated. Inactivation of EF‐P, or the corresponding modification systems, reduces not only bacterial fitness, but also impairs virulence. Here, we review the function of EF‐P and IF‐5A and their unusual posttranslational protein modifications.
Antagonistic within‐host interactions between plant viruses: molecular basis and impact on viral and host fitness
Authors: Syller Jerzy , Grupa Anna
Published: September 2015

Double infections of related or unrelated viruses frequently occur in single plants, the viral agents being inoculated into the host plant simultaneously (co‐infection) or sequentially (super‐infection). Plants attacked by viruses activate sophisticated defence pathways which operate at different levels, often at significant fitness costs, resulting in yield reduction in crop plants. The occurrence and severity of the negative effects depend on the type of within‐host interaction between the infecting viruses. Unrelated viruses generally interact with each other in a synergistic manner, whereas interactions between related viruses are mostly antagonistic. These can incur substantial fitness costs to one or both of the competitors. A relatively well‐known antagonistic interaction is cross‐protection, also referred to as super‐infection exclusion. This type of interaction occurs when a previous infection with one virus prevents or interferes with subsequent infection by a homologous second virus. The current knowledge on why and how one virus variant excludes or restricts another is scant. Super‐infection exclusion between viruses has predominantly been attributed to the induction of RNA silencing, which is a major antiviral defence mechanism in plants. There are, however, presumptions that various mechanisms are involved in this phenomenon. This review outlines the current state of knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms behind antagonistic interactions between plant viruses. Harmful or beneficial effects of these interactions on viral and host plant fitness are also characterized. Moreover, the review briefly outlines the past and present attempts to utilize antagonistic interactions among viruses to protect crop plants against destructive diseases.
Site and mechanism of the colokinetic action of the ghrelin receptor agonist, HM01
Authors: Naitou K. , Mamerto T. P. , Pustovit R. V. , Callaghan B. , Rivera L. R. , Chan A. J. , Ringuet M. T. , Pietra C. , Furness J. B.
Published: September 2015

Background

It has been recently demonstrated that the ghrelin receptor agonist, HM01, caused defecation in rats that were treated to provide a model for the constipation of Parkinson's disease. HM01 significantly increased fecal output and increased Fos activity in neurons of the hypothalamus and hindbrain, but not in the spinal defecation center. Other ghrelin agonists act on the defecation center.

Methods

Receptor pharmacology was examined in ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) transfected cells. Anesthetized rats were used to investigate sites and mechanisms of action.

Key Results

HM01 activated rat GHSR1a at nanomolar concentrations and was antagonized by the GHSR1a antagonist, YIL781. HM01, intravenous, was potent to activate propulsive colorectal contractions. This was prevented by pelvic nerve section and by intravenous YIL781, but not by spinal cord section rostral to the defecation centers. Direct intrathecal application of HM01 to the defecation center at spinal level L6‐S1 initiated propulsive contractions of the colorectum.

Conclusions & Inferences

HM01 stimulates GHSR1a receptors on neurons in the lumbosacral defecation centers to cause propulsive contractions and emptying of the colorectum. It has greater potency when given systemically, compared with other GHSR1a agonists.
High prevalence of colonization of oral cavity by respiratory pathogens in frail older patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia
Authors: Ortega O. , Sakwinska O. , Combremont S. , Berger B. , Sauser J. , Parra C. , Zarcero S. , Nart J. , Carrión S. , Clavé P.
Published: September 2015

Background

Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is caused by dysfunctional swallowing resulting in aspiration of material colonized by respiratory pathogens. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the swallowing physiology, health status, oral health status, and oral/nasal microbiota in frail older patients (FOP) with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and a control group.

Methods

We studied 47 FOP (>70 year) with OD by videofluoroscopy (17 with acute pneumonia –APN‐, 15 with prior pneumonia–PNP‐ and 15 without) and 14 older controls without OD (H). Oral/nasal colonization by five respiratory pathogens was evaluated by qPCR, whereas commensal microbiota composition was assessed by pyrosequencing.

Key Results

(i) Frail older patients with OD presented similar comorbidities, poor functionality, polymedication, and prevalent videofluoroscopic signs of impaired safety of swallow (33.3–61.5%). However, patients with OD‐APN also presented malnutrition, delayed laryngeal vestibule closure (409.23 ± 115.6 ms; p < 0.05), and silent aspirations (15.6%). (ii) Oral health was poor in all groups, 90% presented periodontitis and 72%, caries. (iii) Total bacterial load was similar in all groups, but higher in the oropharynx (>108 CFU/mL) than in the nose (<106 CFU/mL) (p < 0.0001). Colonization by respiratory pathogens was very high: 93% in OD patients (p < 0.05 vs H); 93% in OD‐PNP (p < 0.05 vs H); 88% in OD‐APN (p = 0.07 vs H), and lower in controls (67%).

Conclusions & Inferences

Frail older patients with OD had impaired health status, poor oral health, high oral bacterial load, and prevalence of oral colonization by respiratory pathogens and VFS signs of impaired safety of swallow, and were therefore at risk for contracting AP.
INNOVATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA
Authors: DE VRIES HANNA , BEKKERS VICTOR , TUMMERS LARS
Published: September 2015

This article brings together empirical academic research on public sector innovation. Via a systematic literature review, we investigate 181 articles and books on public sector innovation, published between 1990 and 2014. These studies are analysed based on the following themes: (1) the definitions of innovation, (2) innovation types, (3) goals of innovation, (4) antecedents of innovation and (5) outcomes of innovation. Based upon this analysis, we develop an empirically based framework of potentially important antecedents and effects of public sector innovation. We put forward three future research suggestions: (1) more variety in methods: moving from a qualitative dominance to using other methods, such as surveys, experiments and multi‐method approaches; (2) emphasize theory development and testing as studies are often theory‐poor; and (3) conduct more cross‐national and cross‐sectoral studies, linking for instance different governance and state traditions to the development and effects of public sector innovation.
Pure Time Preference: Reply to Johansson and Rosenqvist
Authors: Lowry Rosemary , Peterson Martin
Published: September 2015

Johansson and Rosenqvist reject our argument for the rational permissibility of pure time preferences (PTP). Johansson and Rosenqvist's main objection is that where two options, X and Y, have equal intrinsic value, there will be a reason to be indifferent between X and Y, and therefore a reason to not hold a PTP for X or Y. In this reply, we argue that if two options have equal intrinsic value, it does not follow that you have a reason to be indifferent. Rather, the two equally large intrinsic values cancel each other out, like two equal weights on kitchen scales.
Exercise pathophysiology and the role of oxygen therapy in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Troy Lauren K. , Young Iven H. , Lau Edmund M.T. , Corte Tamera J.
Published: September 2015

Exercise limitation is a common feature in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). There are multiple contributing pathophysiological mechanisms, including ventilatory mechanical limitation, impaired gas exchange, pulmonary vascular insufficiency and peripheral muscle dysfunction. Progressive exertional dyspnoea and functional incapacity impact significantly on quality of life. Exercise‐induced desaturation is frequently observed and is predictive of poorer outcomes. Tests to assess the cardiorespiratory system under stress (e.g. cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the 6‐min walk test) can provide important physiologic and prognostic information as adjuncts to resting measurements of lung function. Despite many advances in understanding disease mechanisms, therapies to improve exercise capacity, symptom burden and quality of life are lacking. Exercise training and supplemental oxygen are two potential interventions that require closer evaluation in patients with IIP.
Mineralogy of the Boroo Gold Deposit in the North Khentei Gold Belt, Central Northern Mongolia
Authors: Khishgee Chinbat , Akasaka Masahide
Published: September 2015

Mineral assemblages and chemical compositions of ore minerals from the Boroo gold deposit in the North Khentei gold belt of Mongolia were studied to characterize the gold mineralization, and to clarify crystallization processes of the ore minerals. The gold deposit consists of low‐grade disseminated and stockwork ores in granite, metasedimentary rocks and diorite dikes. Moderate to high‐grade auriferous quartz vein ores are present in the above lithological units. The ore grades of the former range from about 1 to 3 g/t, and those of the latter from 5 to 10 g/t, or more than 10 g/t Au. The main sulfide minerals in the ores are pyrite and arsenopyrite, both of which are divisible into two different stages (pyrite‐I and pyrite‐II; arsenopyrite‐I and arsenopyrite‐II). Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite are minor associated minerals, with trace amounts of bournonite, boulangerite, geerite, alloclasite, native gold, and electrum. The ore minerals in the both types of ores are variable in distribution, abundance and grain size. Four modes of gold occurrence are recognized: (i) “invisible” gold in pyrite and arsenopyrite in the disseminated and stockwork ores, and in auriferous quartz vein ores; (ii) microscopic native gold, 3 to 100 µm in diameter, that occurs as fine grains or as an interstitial phase in sulfides in the disseminated and stockwork ores, and in auriferous quartz vein ores; (iii) visible native gold, up to 1 cm in diameter, in the auriferous quartz vein ores; and (iv) electrum in the auriferous quartz vein ores. The gold mineralization of the disseminated and stockwork ores consists of four stages characterized by the mineral assemblages of: (i) pyrite‐I + arsenopyrite‐I; (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite‐II; (iii) sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite + tetrahedrite + bournonite + boulangerite + alloclasite + native gold; and (iv) native gold. In the auriferous quartz vein ores, five mineralization stages are defined by the following mineral assemblages: (i) pyrite‐I; (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite; (iii) sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite; (iv) Ag‐rich tetrahedrite‐tennantite + bournonite + geerite + native gold; and (v) electrum. The As–Au relations in pyrite‐II and arsenopyrite suggest that gold detected as invisible gold is mostly attributed to Au+1 in those minerals. By applying the arsenopyrite geothermometer to arsenopyrite‐II in the disseminated and stockwork ores, crystallization temperature and logfs2 are estimated to be 365 to 300 °C and –7.5 to –10.1, respectively.
Clay Minerals in an Active Hydrothermal Field at Iheya‐North‐Knoll, Okinawa Trough
Authors: Miyoshi Youko , Ishibashi Jun‐ichiro , Shimada Kazuhiko , Inoue Hiroyasu , Uehara Seiichiro , Tsukimura Katsuhiro
Published: September 2015

Iheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges.
Predicting Suicide Intent: The Roles of Experiencing or Committing Violent Acts
Authors: Jordan Joshua T. , Samuelson Kristin W.
Published: September 2015

According to the interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005), repeated exposure to painful or provocative experiences is associated with lethal or nearly lethal suicide attempts. However, suicide research often focuses on suicide ideation or attempts, rather than intent. Using data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys, we examined traumatic experiences, with a focus on repeated exposure to traumas, in individuals who described their suicide attempts as a strong intent to die versus a cry for help. Only repeated acts of committing violence were associated with high suicide intent, suggesting that individuals who engage in violence are at heightened risk for suicide.
Reasoning About Cultural and Genetic Transmission: Developmental and Cross‐Cultural Evidence From Peru, Fiji, and the United States on How People Make Inferences About Trait Transmission
Authors: Moya Cristina , Boyd Robert , Henrich Joseph
Published: September 2015

Using samples from three diverse populations, we test evolutionary hypotheses regarding how people reason about the inheritance of various traits. First, we provide a framework for differentiat‐ing the outputs of mechanisms that evolved for reasoning about variation within and between (a) biological taxa and (b) culturally evolved ethnic categories from (c) a broader set of beliefs and categories that are the outputs of structured learning mechanisms. Second, we describe the results of a modified “switched‐at‐birth” vignette study that we administered among children and adults in Puno (Peru), Yasawa (Fiji), and adults in the United States. This protocol permits us to study perceptions of prenatal and social transmission pathways for various traits and to differentiate the latter into vertical (i.e., parental) versus horizontal (i.e., peer) cultural influence. These lines of evidence suggest that people use all three mechanisms to reason about the distribution of traits in the population. Participants at all three sites develop expectations that morphological traits are under prenatal influence, and that belief traits are more culturally influenced. On the other hand, each population holds culturally specific beliefs about the degree of social influence on non‐morphological traits and about the degree of vertical transmission—with only participants in the United States expecting parents to have much social influence over their children. We reinterpret people's differentiation of trait transmission pathways in light of humans' evolutionary history as a cultural species.
Hemoglobin thresholds for transfusion in pediatric patients at a large academic health center
Authors: Klaus Sybil A. , Frank Steven M. , Salazar Jose H. , Cooper Stacy , Beard Lauren , Abdullah Fizan , Fackler James C. , Heitmiller Eugenie S. , Ness Paul M. , Resar Linda M. S.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Although prior studies support the use of a hemoglobin (Hb) transfusion trigger of 7 to 8 g/dL for most hospitalized adults, there are few studies in pediatric populations. We therefore investigated transfusion practices and Hb triggers in hospitalized children.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a historical cohort study comparing transfusion practices in hospitalized children by service within a single academic institution. Blood utilization data from transfused patients (n = 3370) were obtained from electronic records over 4 years. Hb triggers and posttransfusion Hb levels were defined as the lowest and last Hb measured during hospital stay, respectively, in transfused patients. The mean and percentile distribution for Hb triggers were compared to the evidence‐based restrictive transfusion threshold of 7 g/dL.

RESULTS

Mean Hb triggers were above the restrictive trigger (7 g/dL) for eight of 12 pediatric services. Among all of the services, there were significant differences between the mean Hb triggers (>2.5 g/dL, p<0.0001) and between the posttransfusion Hb levels (>3 g/dL, p < 0.0001). The variation between the 10th and 90th percentiles for triggers (up to 4 g/dL, p < 0.0001) and posttransfusion Hb levels (up to 6 g/dL, p < 0.0001) were significant. Depending on the service, between 25 and 90% of transfused patients had Hb triggers higher than the restrictive range.

CONCLUSIONS

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy varies significantly in hospitalized children with mean Hb triggers above a restrictive threshold for most services. Our findings suggest that transfusions may be overused and that implementing a restrictive transfusion strategy could decrease the use of RBC transfusions, thereby reducing the associated risks and costs.
Jóvenes, cultura escolar y comunicación
Authors: Gutiérrez-Castro Flor Ángela
Published: September 2015

En este artículo de revisión se estudian las investigaciones que en las últimas dos décadas han reflexionado sobre los jóvenes en la cultura escolar, desde los campos sociocultural, socioeducativo y sociodiscursivo. Dichos estudios permitieron un primer acercamiento a las nociones de jóvenes, cultura escolar-universo cultural juvenil, comunicación y subjetividad. Aunque los campos se abordan esquemáticamente, se profundiza en la reflexión sociodiscursiva para comprender tanto las interacciones sociales de los jóvenes en el plano comunicativo y su relación con la forma en que estos sujetos configuran su forma de ser y estar en la escuela, como la manera en que esta institución ha afectado las subjetividades que allí se construyen.
Violencia y memoria indígena en Cauca y La Guajira
Authors: Archila Mauricio , García Martha Cecilia
Published: September 2015

La reciente violencia en contra de los pueblos indígenas colombianos es integral, no solo política o socioeconómica, sino también cultural y simbólica. Sus luchas de resistencia muestran que, más que víctimas pasivas, ellos son actores sociopolíticos con un proyecto distinto de vida. En esa resistencia se destacan las memorias, cortas y largas, que van construyendo los pueblos originarios del país con un profundo sentido político. Se trata de memorias plurales que están en permanente disputa por el significado del pasado, tanto dentro de las comunidades indígenas como con el resto de la sociedad colombiana. Tal es la temática que cubre este artículo, que centra su análisis en los casos del Cauca y La Guajira.
Violencia política y guerra sucia en Colombia. Memoria de una víctima del conflicto colombiano a propósito de las negociaciones de la Habana
Authors: Tobar Torres Jenner Alonso
Published: September 2015

La violencia como herramienta política ha sido una constante en el conflicto interno colombiano desde hace más de 25 años, cuando el fenómeno paramilitar inició un vertiginoso ascenso que lo llevaría a cooptar gran parte de la institucionalidad a inicios del siglo xxi. El paramilitarismo, el narcotráfico y las guerrillas han generado cientos de miles de víctimas en Colombia, y hoy, cuando el Estado colombiano adelanta negociaciones de paz con el principal grupo guerrillero, los derechos de las víctimas crean una tensión entre quienes exigen su plena aplicación y entre quienes consideran que en escenarios de justicia transicional existen posibilidades de ponderación entre los derechos de las víctimas y la existencia de un marco legal que permita la finalización negociada del conflicto. En este contexto, se presenta el relato de Gloria Mancilla, víctima del conflicto, y sus demandas de verdad y justicia frente a las negociaciones de paz en desarrollo.
Veinticinco años de crisis fiscal en Colombia (1990-2014). Acumulación, confianza y legitimidad en el orden neoliberal
Authors: Mora Cortés Andrés Felipe
Published: September 2015

A través del cumplimiento de sus funciones deacumulación, legitimidad y confianza, la políticafiscal garantiza la reproducción de las relacionessociales capitalistas en un contexto de relativaarmonía social. Este es el caso en Colombia,donde un análisis histórico permitirá identificarla configuración de un Estado bélico-asistencialy de confianza inversionista que, a través dediferentes mecanismos de represión y contenciónsocial garantiza la reproducción del ordenprevaleciente. En este contexto, se afirmará queel origen del déficit fiscal tiene una relación directacon la consolidación del neoliberalismo, lapersistencia del conflicto armado y la expansión del modelo asistencialista de política social.Únicamente transformaciones profundas endichos procesos podrán resolver los problemaspresupuestales que ha enfrentado el gobiernodespués de 1990.
Active metabolites of the genus Piper against Aedes aegypti: natural alternative sources for dengue vector control
Authors: Marques Andre , C. Kaplan Maria Auxiliadora
Published: September 2015

The mosquito, Aedes aegypti;, is the principal vector of the viruses responsible for dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fevers. The mosquito is widespread throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions; its prevalence makes dengue one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world occurring annually in more than 100 endemic countries. Because blood is essential to their development cycle, the Aedes species maintains a close association with humans and their dwellings. Fittingly, the most widely adopted strategy to decrease the incidence of these diseases is the control of the mosquito larvae population. The emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes has amplified the interest in finding natural products effective against Aedes aegypti; adults, as well as larvae. Plant-derived compounds have played an important role in the discovery of new active entities for vector management as they are safer and have lower toxicity to humans in comparison to conventional insecticides. This review assesses a naturally occurring plant matrix and pure compounds of the Piper species, which have been shown to be active against Aedes aegypti;.
Fagoterapia, alternativa para el control de las infecciones bacterianas. Perspectivas en Colombia
Authors: Prada-Peñaranda Catalina , Holguin-Moreno Angela-Victoria , González-Barrios Andres-Fernando , Vives-Florez Martha-Josefina
Published: September 2015

Bacteria easily acquire resistance to antimicrobial agents; this reduces the number of effective antibiotics available to treat bacterial infections. Food contamination by bacteria also generates important economic losses and health risks. Products for human consumption must be free of antibiotics used in clinical treatments, and the control of bacteria with antimicrobials is strictly regulated; however, there is a lack of development of new antibiotics. As a result, the development of new antimicrobial strategies is vital. Viruses that infect bacteria called bacteriophages (phages) have been proposed as an alternative treatment in an approach known as phage-therapy. Several studies have evaluated and demonstrated their effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria; currently, there are private companies dedicated to the development of new products based on phage cocktails, to control some bacterial infections. In Colombia, there is no previous information about the use of phages, but phage-therapy represents a great opportunity to use the diversity of the native microbiota. In this review, we present the perspectives for phage-therapy in Colombia as a treatment against bacterial infections.
Morbillivirus de los Delfines: Patógeno re-emergente en la población de cetáceos
Authors: Echeverri-Zuluaga Manuela , Duque-García Yeison H. , Ruiz-Saenz Julian
Published: September 2015

Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is one of the most important pathogen of cetaceans. It was first described in the late 80s, since has been causing outbreaks that affects dolphin populations and also in other cetaceans in the U.S. and in the Mediterranean sea. We conducted a bibliographic search in MedLine, SciELO, Scopus® and Google Scholar without timeline limits using MeSH terms such as Cetacean morbillivirus, Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbillivirus, Strandings, etc., with the aim of provide a critical update on basic, clinical and epidemiological aspects of one of the most important emerging infections for cetacean wildlife, with particular emphasis on the current alternatives for diagnosis and control. Based on the information gathered we concluded that there is not only a need to study and quantify the strandings, but we need to develop awareness of the importance of this viral infection in cetaceans and to apply effective management plans that maintain those populations in biological balance.
Climbing behavior of Cordylancistrus sp. in the Colombian Andes
Authors: Maldonado Ocampo Javier Alejandro , Carvajal Juan David , Urbano Bonilla Alexander
Published: September 2015

The climbing behavior in a suckermouth Loricariidae catfish species is reported for the first time. A group of eight specimens of Cordylancistrus sp. were observed in situ climbing a waterfall in a mountain stream of the Colombian Andes. Here, we described how this species overcame the vertical barrier, and finally discuss and hypothesized how "key innovations" developed could play an important role in the occupation of a new niche and in the diversification of the family Loricariidae.
Ecological functions of neotropical amphibians and reptiles: a review
Authors: Cortes Angela María , Ruiz-Agudelo César Augusto , Valencia-Aguilar Anyelet , Ladle Richard J.
Published: September 2015

Amphibians and reptiles (herps) are the most abundant and diverse vertebrate taxa in tropical ecosystems. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in maintaining and regulating ecosystems functions and, by extension, their potential value for supporting ecosystems services. Here, we review research on the ecological functions of Neotropical herps, in different sources (the bibliographic databases, book chapters, etc.). A total of 167 Neotropical herpetology studies published over the last four decades (1970 to 2014) were reviewed, providing information on more than 100 species that contribute to at least five categories of ecological functions: i) nutrient cycling; ii) bioturbation; iii) pollination; iv) seed dispersal, and v) energy flow through ecosystems and the mechanisms behind these, through the study of functional traits and analysis of ecological processes. Many of these functions provide key ecosystems, such as biological pest control, seed dispersal and water quality. By knowing and understanding the functions that perform the herps in ecosystems, management plans for cultural landscapes, restoration or recovery projects of landscapes that involve aquatic and terrestrial systems, development of comprehensive plans and detailed conservation of species and ecosystems may be structured in a more appropriate way. Besides information gaps identified in this review, this contribution explores these issues in terms of better understanding of key questions in the study of ecosystem services and biodiversity and, also, of how these services are generated.
Xylanase activity and T2 (MRI) relationship during lulo la selva P32 ripening process
Authors: Dueñas Gómez Yenny Maritza
Published: September 2015

The lulo La Selva P32 is a cross over different kinds of lulo. Though its sensory characteristics improvement, its life span is very short. Due to it is a new kind of lulo, there are not so many studies over the ripening process. In order to understand some softening processes, in this work it is evaluated the xylanase kinetics at the lulo peel during ripening, and the results are correlated with the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) relaxation time T2. During ripening time, it is observed that the xylanase is one of the enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the cell wall polymers. In addition, two T2 values regimes were distinguished by the xylanase kinetics. Although the correlation coefficient of 0.82 and p = 0.024 values, the results suggest that T2 weighted MRI can be useful as a non-invasive tool for ripening process monitoring.
El paso de Asclepio a Cristo en la primera literatura cristiana
Authors: Alby Juan Carlos
Published: September 2015

Se ilustra la transición de la devoción aAsclepio hacia el culto cristiano, atestiguada tantopor los reemplazos de los santuarios como porla permanencia de técnicas médicas reorientadasdesde el dios griego de la medicina hacia Cristo.En tal sentido, se destaca la vigencia de los sueñosde incubación entre los primeros cristianos y en laliteratura cercana al antiguo Israel. Se analiza tambiénla reacción de los padres de la Iglesia en losescritos que denuncian la infiltración del paganismohelénico en la fe cristiana.
Pastoral urbana en América Latina: pistas de acción
Authors: Vélez Caro Olga Consuelo
Published: September 2015

La pastoral urbana cobra cada vez más relevancia en el marco del crecimiento vertiginoso de las urbes y del carácter irreversible de tal fenómeno. Por ello, explorar algunos de los aspectos de esta realidad –como la pluralidad de las culturas, la presencia de las mujeres y el inaplazable desafío de la justicia social, entre otros– invita a continuar avanzando hacia una acción evangelizadora eficaz y significativa para la problemática urbana hoy. Palabras clave: Ciudad, pastoral urbana, opciónpor los pobres, género, cultura.
Apropiación social del conocimiento en cuatro grados de desarrollo empresarial en organizaciones productivas mexicanas en la frontera Sur México/ Belice. Análisis del modelo OCDE
Authors: Güemez Ricalde Francisco J , Valdiviezo Ortiz Adriana Y. , Zapata Sánchez José L. , Hernández Bustos Ma. de los Ángeles
Published: September 2015

A partir de la inserción de México en la OCDE, el presente artículo de investigación intenta darrespuesta al tema de la innovación tecnológica para el incremento de la competitividad de las cuatroempresas más importantes del estado de Quintana Roo, México económica y socialmente,en funciónde su tamaño y características. La investigación formó parte de un estudio al sureste de Méxicofinanciado por el FORDEC y T. El modelo vigente de la OCDE (2009-2010) con estándares sobreapropiación del conocimiento, adaptado al método de entrevista directa sirvió de análisis. Aunque losresultados mostraron un marcado atraso en las cuatro empresas analizadas en cuanto apropiacióndel conocimiento, los resultados arrojan diferencias étnicas y culturales de los mayas que habitan enesta región cuando se trata de empresas de tipo social. Ellos adoptan paquetes tecnológicos completosy/o modelos de mercado globalizantes; ante la imposibilidad de adoptar o apropiar socialmenteel conocimiento, son dependientes de su fuerza de trabajo o bien, de sus modelos ancestrales deproducción o explotación del recurso principal.
Batalha dos papéis: Notas sobre as tensões entre procedimentos escritos e memória na regularização fundiária de terras de quilombos no Brasil
Authors: Jardim Denise Fagundes , Salaini Cristian J.
Published: September 2015

Este artículo es una reflexión sobre los procesos de regularización agraria promulgados por el artículo 68 del Acto de las Disposiciones Transitorias en la Constitución Federal de 1988 en Brasil y su despliegue en las rutinas administrativas estatales. Consideramos que se imponen nuevos elementos que debemos pensar sobre las políticas de reparación y de reconocimiento de los destinatarios de esos dispositivos constitucionales. Usamos la expresión de la batalla de los papeles para referirnos a las negociaciones entrabadas durante la realización de los procedimientos estatales notariales. Se procurará mostrar las situaciones en las que la lucha por el reconocimiento social desafía la idea de que la demanda de los esclavos cimarrones sea meramente territorial. Observados en sus diversos enfrentamientos, esos procesos ocultan una vocación moral, dirigida por los cimarrones, que desborda la lógica demanda por el “mundo de los papeles” y nos permite visualizar las tensiones en las formas de dar materialidad, trasladadas desde la oralidad hacia la escritura, conducidas por nociones de ciencia y permeadas por lógicas notariales
¿Descubrir o intervenir? El conocimiento de la interculturalidad en la educación superior de Brasil y México: políticas y sujetos interculturales como objetos de reflexión y conocimiento
Authors: Martínez Cortés Mario Arturo
Published: September 2015

Se plantea una aproximación proximal-performativa a las políticas de interculturalidad en educación superior de dos casos, Brasil y México. Se sugiere que un elemento de diferenciación de estas es el conocimiento que producen. De manera específica, se considera que, aunque el conocimiento de la interculturalidad contiene elementos comunes en los dos casos analizados (lo intercultural como algo distinto a los conocimientos indígenas, la abierta defensa de intereses indígenas y la noción de participación) que corresponden a una vertiente estática, existen elementos que permiten su diferenciación (la problematización de la opción intercultural como tema de reflexión y el origen actoral de las propuestas), a través de los cuales estas políticas se pueden convertir en proyectos de llegar-a-ser, brindando esperanzas y posiciones estratégicas más que soluciones acabadas. Estas reflexiones parten del análisis de documentos de divulgación del conocimiento producido dentro de políticas específicas: programa PROLIND de Brasil y universidades interculturales de México.
La diversidad en las organizaciones indígenas del Cauca: El Consejo Territorial de Autoridades Indígenas del Oriente Caucano
Authors: Gutierrez Sanchez Santiago Andres
Published: September 2015

La intención de este artículo es exponer, desde un caso específico, la multiplicidad de propósitos y discusiones que hay entre las organizaciones indígenas del Cauca, Colombia. Retomo el concepto de etnicidad para entender a las organizaciones indígenas como escenarios en los que se reconstruyen los procesos étnicos, se redefinen relaciones y se pone en discusión la manera de reconocer la diversidad. No obstante, este texto se concentra exclusivamente en las diferentes expresiones y relaciones que se dan dentro de las organizaciones indígenas, especialmente aquellas germinadas después de la constitución del 1991. Para ello expongo la manera en que surge el Programa de Educación del Consejo Territorial de Autoridades Indígenas del Oriente Caucano (COTAINDOC) y sus principales propuestas. Concluyo que este programa redefine su manera de reconocer la diversidad cultural y las relaciones con otras organizaciones e instituciones.