bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Evaluations of Five New Formulations of Ascend Pt370 (Ai Abamectin) Against the Red Imported Fire Ant, 1993
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Cook Jerry
Published: December 2017

Five sets of three RIFA colonies were used for testing efficacy of these baits in reducing ant populations. One set each was offered 2 g of Ascend PT370 in the following formulations: 0.011% AI (127-091), 0.0% AI (127-092), 0.011% (127-093), 0.011% AI (127-094) or 0.0227% AI (119-057). The baits, supplied by Whitmire Research laboratories, Inc. (St. Louis, MO), were placed in plastic boxes (foraging arenas). Ants were allowed to forage on the baits via paper bridges connecting their colony to their respective bait container. After 24 h of foraging, the bridges were removed, ant mortality recorded, and bait consumption determined. This procedure was repeated 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days later. Cumulative consumption was recorded.
Laboratory Activity of Spinosad on Codling Moth 1994
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: December 2017

Tests evaluating spinosad, the first example of the naturalyte insect control class, on the codling moth were done utilizing drenches of red delicious apple. The methods used were as follows: In the ovicide test, the waxed paper egg sheet was drenched and pinned to an untreated apple. In the ovicide-larvicide test, the egg sheet was pinned to the apple and the egg sheet and the apple thoroughly drenched with the material. Finally in residual larvicidal testing, just the apple was drenched and the egg sheets pinned to the apple after drying, and after 7 days of ageing in a UV chamber. All the tests consisted of 2 replicates and had 6 rates with Guthion as the standard. All treatments were evaluated by counting established penetrations of the larvae approximately 10-14 days after infestation. Percent control was determined by comparing the numbers of penetrations in the treatment to the untreated check.
Effect of Experimental Miticides on Phytophagous and Predatory Mite Populations, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in a 2-yr-old orchard of ‘Redchief’ apples. Replicate blocks were based on a pretreatment population count of European red mite. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 16 Aug. Samples consisted of 5 leaves/tree picked at random throughout the canopy. The leaf samples were kept cool until brushed with a mite-brushing machine. Samples were taken ca. weekly after treatment until phytophagous mite populations were too low to warrant further counts.
Effect of Carbaryl and Methyl Parathion on Adult Coleomegilla Maculata, 1995
Authors: Chandler L. D.
Published: December 2017

Carbaryl and methyl para-thion, widely used insecticides for management of adult Diabrotica spp., were evaluated to determine their toxic effect on a common maize (Zea maize L.) inhabiting adult coccinellid, C. maculata. Adults were collected from field habitats in Brookings Co., SD during the second week of May 1995. Insects were returned to the laboratory and held in 30 cm diameter X 7 cm high plastic containers containing a cotton wick water source and wheat leaves infested with corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis [Fitch]). The laboratory was maintained at 24° C and 50% RH. After 48 h laboratory bioassays were conducted using technical grade carbaryl (99%) and methyl parathion (98%). Seven dilutions of each insecticide were prepared with acetone and ranged from 0.0005 to 0.2 u.g/u.1. An acetone control was also included. Five beetles/dilution were treated topically with 1 u.1 doses applied to the ventral surface of the insect. The beetles were then placed individually into 60 mm diameter petri dishes containing an agar water source. Mortality was recorded at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after treatment. Insects were considered dead if no movement was noted after two probes with a dissecting needle. These experiments were repeated 3 times and data were combined for analysis. Data were analyzed using the POLO-PC Probit procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug in Mississippi, II, 1995
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at Mississippi State University in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 31 May in a spray chamber equipped with a single Spraying Systems TX3 hollow cone nozzle and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 28 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15 inch diameter sweep net. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the lab where leaf disks 48 mm in diameter were cut and placed in 50 x 11 mm Petri dishes with two filter papers moistened with four drops of water to keep the leaf turgid. The leaf disks were then sprayed and allowed to dry before being infested. Four leaf disks with five plant bugs each were used per treatment and replicate. The bioassay was maintained in darkness at 80° F for 24 h prior to evaluation.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residues of Spinosad, Abamectin and Bacillus Thuringiensis on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, Spinosad DE-105 1.6% (DowElanco), Abamectin 0.15 EC (Merck & Co, Inc.) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories) were evaluated for residual effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied on 14 Jul with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five Petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The Petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residues of Azadirachtin and Bacillus Thuringiensis on Neonate Leaf-Roller Larvae, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5 F, W. R. Grace & Co.: Conn. & Co.: Conn.) was evaluated alone and in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories) for residual effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type Delicious on dwarfing roots The treatments were applied on 10 Aug at rates listed in the table with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray ot approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 7 and 14 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five Petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The Petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Leaves were collected from the treated trees after 7 d and added to the Petri dishes for a fresh food source. All surviving larvae at 14 d were transferred to 3-¼ oz portion cups (Prairie Packaging, S-300) containing artificial leafroller diet. The number surviving to adult, as well as the number that died as larva or pupa and whether or not the leafroller was deformed, was recorded.
Bioassay, Effect of Azadirachtin on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D.
Published: December 2017

Azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5 F, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn) was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for its effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amount of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amount (approximately 2 u.1) of wetting agent, Latron B-1956, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1 - to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The Petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were stored inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. All surviving larvae at 14 d were preserved in alcohol and head capsule widths measured to determine possible sublethal treatment effects. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Laboratory Residual Activity Of Spinosad On The Migratory Grasshopper, 1994
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: December 2017

The activity of spinosad, the first of the naturalyte control class, was evaluated against the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes by treating wheat seedlings with DeVilbis sprays of liquids or 0.3 gms. of bran bait per replicate on the surface of the pot. The bran baits were formulated utilizing technical materials deliveredin acetone and mixed throughout with commercial bran flakes. For this test, 3 replicates of 5, 2nd instar grasshoppers were used per rate and 6 rates were evaluated. Chlorpyrifo was used as the standard either as a Lorsban 4E spray or as a chlorpyrifos bran mixture. The number of dead nymphs was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 108 hours.
Apple, Tests of Insecticides Against White Apple Leafhoppers, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied dilute to runoff with a handgun sprayer (450 psi) to single tree plots of ‘Northern Spy’ apples, which were 9 ft high and planted at a spacing of 17 by 28 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCB design. Treatments were applied on 16 Aug, when most of the nymphs from the second generation of WALH had hatched, but before the emergence of adults. WALH nymphs and adults were counted on 25 randomly selected older spur leaves in each replication on 18 Aug (2 days post-treatment) and again on 21 Aug to compare the effectiveness of the treatments.
Effect of Spinosad, Neemix and Agri-Mek on Second Generation Western Tentiform Leafminer, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in a 4-yr-old ‘Fuji’ orchard in Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were sprayed to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at ca. 250 psi. There were buffer rows between each row containing treated trees, and at least one buffer tree between any two treatment trees within a row. Treatments were timed for three points in the phenological development of leafminers: 1st sapfeeder (1st SF), applied 20 Jun; 10% tissue feeder (TF), the current standard timing, applied 26 Jun; and 1st pupae, applied 4 Jul. Phenological samples (dissection of mines to determine the percentage in each stage) were taken twice weekly to determine the correct timing for pesticide applications. Population samples were taken ca. weekly.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Conn Bart , Field Michelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 4 miniblocks, each ⅓ acre, of 17-yr-old trees on Halford rootstock. Trees measured 11 ft. in height and 13.5 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single miniblock (36 trees) for each of 4 treatments. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates [stages] of application were 25 Apr [petal fall (PF)], 8 May [shuck split (SS)], 22 May [shuck fall (SF)], 5 Jun [first cover (1C)], 19 Jun [second cover (2C)J, 3 Jul [third cover (3C)J, 17 Jul [fourth cover (4C)|, and 31 Jul [fifth cover (5C)[. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Rovral, and Topsin-M. Treatments were evaluated by counting insects or assessing injury on 5 single-tree replications in the center rows of each miniblock. GPA control was evaluated by counting colonies/tree. Control of OFM and catfacing insects was determined by scoring (for injury) 100 picked fruit from each tree replicate harvested on 21 Aug.
Peach, Airblast Insecticide Evaluation for Ofm Control, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Cresthaven’, 1 replicate of ‘Redhaven’, and 3 replicates of ‘Sunhigh’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 11 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 55 GPA, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates can be found in the first table. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Microthiol Special, Rovral 4F and Indar 75WSP). OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 5 min examination. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring (for injury) 100 mature peaches from each tree. The sampling date for the various cultivars was as follows: 27 Jul (‘Redhaven’), 14 Aug (‘Sunhigh’) and 29 Aug (‘Cresthaven’). Please note the sampling dates as related to the various dates of application since some cvs did not receive the full complement of sprays. Larvae found feeding internally on pick samples were collected and identified by treatment.
Effect of Rate and Timing of Biorational Materials for Control of Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Nymphs, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in a mature apple orchard (several strains of ‘Delicious’) at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA. Treatments were replicated 4 times, with each replicate consisting of a single tree. The experimental design was a RCB, using pre-treatment WALH populations as the blocking factor. The experimental treatments (three types of horticultural mineral oil and Neemix, a neem product) were applied at various rates and timings. The timings were selected based on previous experience of WALH phenology. The late Jul timing (27 Jul) coincides with the appearance of the 4th instars, while the mid-Aug timing (14 Aug) coincides with the first appearance of adults of the second generation. Pesticides were applied with a handgun sprayer to the point of drip. WALH populations were sampled ca. weekly by counting in situ all live nymphs on 20 leaves per tree, distributed throughout the tree canopy.
Grape, Season-Long Broad-Spectrum Control, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature (15-yr old) cv. ‘Concord’ grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Bayleton, Nova and Penncozeb were applied separately to all treatments. Treatments were arranged in a CRD of single 50 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. All insecticide treatments were applied on the following dates: 16 Jun (Bloom), 3 Jul (3C), 17 Jul (4C), 29 Jul (5C), 9 Aug (6C), 21 Aug (7C), 2 Sep (8C), and 14 Sep (9C). In each plot rose chafer and Japanese beetle adults were evaluated by counting the number of individuals present on 100 leaves. Grape leafhopper was sampled by counting the number of nymphs per 50 leaves. Monitoring for grape berry moth injury consisted of counting the number of infested clusters per 50 cluster sample. During bloom (14 Jun) precount samples were taken for all four insect pests. A post application sample for all four pests was conducted on 21 Jun. Additional insect evaluations were performed on 18 Jul (GBM, GLH and JB), 24 Aug (GBM), 6 Sep (GLH), and 11 Oct (GBM). Phytotoxicity injury was rated in the untreated control and V-71639 plots on August 16. Fifty leaves per replicate were rated as clean or damaged using the following categories: clean, 1-25% surface injury, 26-50% damage, 51-75% damage, and 76% or more of the leaf surface damaged. All samples were analyzed in MSTATC using one way ANOVA (P = 0.05). GLH counts were transformed to Log (x + 1) to satisfy homogeneity of variance criteria. Similarly, GBM percent infested clusters data were transformed using (x + 0.5). Fischer’s LSD multiple comparison procedure was performed on all samples with significant treatment effects (P < 0.05).
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Erineum Mite, 1995
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: December 2017

A commercial ‘Riesling’ vineyard at Kingsville, OH was used in this study. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 14 Jun and 29 Jun. After counts were made on 20 Jul a third application of Sevin and Stylet oil were made. Provado was not applied at this time due to its seasonal limit. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. Plots were rated by randomly choosing 10 shoots from each plot and then examining the 10 terminal leaves of each shoot for blistering caused by the erineum mite. Leaves with visible blistering were considered damaged and counted and each shoot was rated from 0 to 10. The designation 0 representing no infestation and 10 heavy infestation.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of the Eastern Grape Leafhopper on Grapes, 1995
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: December 2017

In an experimental ‘Labrusca’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio, plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. On 18 Jul a pretreatment count was taken by randomly choosing 10 leaves from each plot and counting the number of leafhoppers present. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 19 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2), equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle, was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. At 2 and 12 days post treatment 10 leaves were again randomly chosen from each plot and the total number of leafhoppers present were recorded.
Evaluation of Nexter (Pyridaben) Applied in Different Gallonages by Airblast Sprayer to Florida Citrus, 1995
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Threlkeld D. K.
Published: December 2017

Nexter at three rates per acre was compared to Agri-mek + petroleum oil for efficacy against CRM in three water volumes. Treatments were assigned to 3 X 3 (=9 tree) plots in a RCB design, replicated 5 times on 10 ft tall trees with 7.5 X 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 28 Jun (150 gpa), 29 Jun (200 gpa) and 30 Jun (250 gpa) using an FMC 352-S PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure (160 psi) adjusted to apply the designated gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lensfields on partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Data were subjected to log10(X + 1) transformations for statistical analysis and un-transformed means were presented for comparison. Cumulative mite-days and damage rating comparisons were subjected to Log10(X +1) transformations for statistical analysis and un-transformed means were presented for comparison.
Control of Citrus Leafminer in Florida Orange with Biorational Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Fulcher G. L.
Published: December 2017

The trial was carried out in a block of 2-yr old Valencia orange budded to Swingle citrumelo rootstock. Treatments (10) were randomly assigned to 5-tree plots in a RCB design with 4 replications, each block being in a separate row. All treatments were applied on Nov 18 with a handheld atomizing spray gun supplied by a gasoline powered diaphragm pump operating at 400 psi and calibrated to deliver 75 gpa. All treatments included 2% FC-435-66 citrus (petroleum) oil unless otherwise noted. Ten flush samples per plot were examined in the field 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment (DAT), and the number of live | larvae determined. Leaf damage (%) was visually evaluated on the same number of flush 21 DAT.
Chemical Control of Brown Citrus Aphid (Bca), Toxoptera Citricida (Homoptera: Aphidae) in Puerto Rico, Summer 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Yokomi R. K.
Published: December 2017

Citrus trees (‘Valencia’ orange on Cleopatra mandarin) were from 5 to 7 yr old and planted on steep slopes at 10 X 10 ft spacing near the town of Castener. Trees selected for the trial were located along the edges of access roads and had at least 5 heavily infested leaf flushes each. Experimental design was RCB with 4 replications and 9 treatments using single-tree plots. Treatments included 8 insecticides and an unsprayed check. The rate of Sterling was half that recommended by the manufacturer. Applications were made on 24 Aug with a motorized solo mist blower calibrated to deliver 2.5 liter in 1 minute. Trees were sprayed on one side (facing road) for 15 seconds which delivered 0.625 liter per half tree. Evaluations were made 2 and 12 days after treatment by counting live and dead aphids on the 5 most infested flushes in the sprayed portion of the tree.
Codling Moth Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1995
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Fouche C. F.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a commercial walnut orchard near Tracy, Calif. Twelve treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 300 psi and delivering 400 gpa of finished spray (5.7 gal/tree). Application timings were based on degree days (DD). DD were calculated with a 2 Apr biofix for the first generation and 25 Jun biofix for the second generation using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a lower threshold of 50°F and an upper threshold of 88°F and with air temperature from the San Joaquin County weather station in Tracy. Target application timings were: Confirm and Neemix-250 DD from 1st and 2nd biofix and 1250 DD from 2nd biofix, Dimilin-300 DD (combined with Lorsban), 900 and 1900 DD from 1st biofix, Comply and Pyriproxyfen-300 DD (combined with Lorsban or Lorsban alone) from 1st biofix, 100 and 1100 DD from 2nd biofix and grower standard-300 DD from 1st biofix, 250 and 1250 DD from 2nd biofix. Control of the overwintering CM generation (first application) was evaluated by inspecting all dropped nuts weekly from 31 May through 7 Jul for CM infestation. In addition, control of the overwintering generation was evaluated by banding each tree with single sided corrugated cardboard on 15 May. The cardboard was removed and inspected for CM larvae or pupae on 7 Jul. Control of the summer generations was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts/tree at commercial harvest on 18 Sep for CM and NOW infestation.
Seed Maggot Control with Seed Treatments, 1995
Authors: Webb D. R. , Horn P. Van , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

Kidney bean seeds were planted 22 Jun at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots were single rows 25 ft long replicated 4 times in a RCBD. All seeds were planted using a hand pushed “V” belt seeder at the rate of 100 seeds/25 ft and in a field in which alfalfa had been incorporated one week earlier to maximize the decomposing organic matter content at this site. All seeds were slurry-treated with Captan 75 at the rate of 1¾ oz formulation/seed cwt and an insecticide unless otherwise indicated in the table. Rows were baited by hand with about a cup/row of meat and bone meal above the seed rows after planting to increase seed maggot fly oviposition.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Palmer C. R. , Walgenbach J. F.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set on 31 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station in Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart in 20ft rows on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots were separated by 7ft of cultivated soil and arranged in a RCB design with four replications. All materials were applied on 23 and 30 June, 3, 12 and 26 July and 2 August using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50 GPA through 3 hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overhead and two 2 drop nozzles). CL, ICW, DBM and CSCW populations were monitored by examining 10 heads/treatment, 5-7 days post treatment and recording the number of larvae found. Crop quality was assessed on 8 August, when 10 heads/treatment were rated on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage, 2 = minimum wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, 5 = severe head damage). All heads receiving a rating of ≤2 were considered marketable. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated by using LSD (P = 0.05).
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Spring Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Peters M. R. , Edelson J. V.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage plants were transplanted on 6 Apr at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lane, OK. Each plot consisted of two 15 ft-long rows bordered on each side by an unplanted row. Cabbage was transplanted with 18-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with a back-pack sprayer using 2 TXVS-26 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 36 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 10, 16, and 23 May and on 2 and 9 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of all lepidopterous larvae on 5 randomly selected plants until 22 May and then 3 randomly chosen plants/treatment for the rest of the experiment. On 13 Jun damage ratings were determined. A head was considered marketable if no visible evidence of larval feeding damage was observed on the head or wrapper leaves.
Control of Cabbage Aphids on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 13 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 3 and 10 Oct. Samples were taken on 17 Oct by collecting six leaves from three plants per replication: two frame leaves, two wrapper leaves and two leaves from the head. Evaluations were made by placing the leaves in Berlese units for 48 hours and counting aphids in the collection jars. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple means comparison on square root transformed data. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Thrips Tabaci on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 13 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Javelin at 1.0 lb/acre was added to Admire, Cygon and the check treatments to control Lepidoptera and insure readable plants at harvest. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. Admire was applied on only 7 Jul. Metasystox R was applied only on 6, 13 and 20 Sept. Other treatments were applied on 26 Jul, 2, 9, 16, 24, 30 Aug and 6, 13, 20, 27 Sept and 4, 11 Oct. Harvesi evaluations for thrips were made on 19 Oct. Evaluations for thrips damage were made by randomly selecting 2 mature heads per plot, cutting them in half along the core, and peeling back 10 layers. Each layer was assessed for the presence of thrips injury. The overall damage rating (intensity of injury on each leaf plus the number of layers injured) was also made on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 4 (each of the 10 leaves severely injured). Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. For analysis of damage ratings we used the average number of layers per two plants in a replicate, transformed this to a rank, and analyzed ranks. For layers injured, we used the average number of layers per two plants in a replicate and then analyzed these averages No treatments had significantly fewer layers damaged compared to the control. Between treatments, Metasystox R at 3 pt./acre and Mustang at 0.0375 Ib.Al/acre had significantly fewer layers damaged than Ammo at 0.08 Ib.Al/acre, Ambush at 0.1 Ib.Al/acre, Cygon at 0.5 Ib.Al/acre, or Asana at 0.05 Ib.Al/acre. Only Metasystox R at 3 pt./acre and Mustang at 0.0375 Ib.Al/acre had a significantly lower damage ranking compared to the control. Between treatments, Metasystox R and Mustang had significantly lower damage rankings than Ammo at 0.08 Ib.Al/acre, Ambush at 0.1 Ib.Al/acre, Cygon at 0.5 Ib.Al/acre, or Asana at 0.05 Ib.Al/acre. No phytotoxicity was observed in any of the treatments.
Effect of Experimental and Registered Miticides on Twospotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite, 1996
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard of mature ‘Delicious’ apples at Arrowhead Ranch, Bridgeport, WA. The plot was laid out in 2 rows, with buffer trees between treated trees in the row, and a buffer row between rows containing treatments. A pre-treatment count was made and replicates were assigned to blocks according to initial population and treatments were randomly assigned within replicates. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 5 Jul 1996 with a handgun sprayer operated at about 300 psi. Twenty randomly selected leaves were collected from each replicate tree, and mites were removed from the leaves with a leaf-brushing machine. Mites were counted with the aid of a binocular microscope. A pretreatment sample and weekly post-treatment samples were taken.
Dbm on Head Cabbage Management with Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Mau R.F.L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from June to August. The field was set up in a RCB design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of a single row of cabbage planted at 18 in. between plant spacing. Treatments were applied using compressed carbon dioxide sprayer at 60 psi and 100 gpa. One hollow cone nozzle (TX-26) was used per row. The first treatment was applied one day after transplanting into the field on 2 Jul. Subsequently, six applications were made weekly until the week before harvest on the following dates: 8, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 6, 13 Aug.
Control of Thrips Tabaci on Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 27 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. To increase populations of thrips, a 5-ft strip of oats was planted along the length of each side of the experimental area. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 30 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Javelin at 1.0 lb./acre was added to Admire and the check treatments to control Lepidoptera and insure readable plants at harvest. Silwet sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1 % v/v with all foliar treatments. Admire was applied only on 7 Jul. Metasystox-R treatments were applied only on 6, 13 and 20 Sep. Provado was applied only on 6, 13, 20, 26 Sep and 1 Oct. Other treatments were applied on 7, 14, 22, 30 Aug, 6, 13, 20, 26 Sep 1, 10 and 17 Oct. Harvest evaluations for thrips were made on 28 Oct. Evaluations for thrips damage were made by randomly selecting 2 mature heads per plot, cutting them in half along the core, and peeling back 10 layers. Each layer was assessed for the presence of thrips damage. For layers damaged, we used the average number of layers per two plants in a replicate and then analyzed these averages. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae with Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Early Jersey Wakefield’ cabbage were transplanted on 8 Api at McGees Crossroads (MGX) near Benson, NC. Single-row plots 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments 22 and 28 May. Visual estimates of foliar damage were made on a scale of 1-10 as given in the 1st table and insect counts were made 28 May and 4 Jun. Heads were rated on 13 Jun on a scale of 1-5 as given in the 2nd table. Heads with ratings 1, 3 and 4 were considered marketable.
Control of Diamondback Moth (Dbm) with Emamectin and Bacillus Thuringiensis Endotoxins, 1996
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Six beds 32 inches wide and 240 ft long were fumigated with methyl bromide/chloropicrin 67/33 at a rate of .220 lbs/acre, fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre 5-16-8 and a top mix of 500 lbs/acre of 19-0-19, and covered with black polyethylene film. The center bed of each of 2 sets of 3 beds on 6-ft centers separated by a 15 ft drive middle was planted on 5 Dec 1995 with collard seedlings var ‘Georgia’ to provide target pest inoculum. Cabbage seedlings were transplanted 29 Jan into single rows on the remaining 4 beds at 18 inch spacing. Beds were subsurface irrigated with a semi-closed system and plants sprayed with Bravo 720 at 1.5 pt/acre for disease control. Each bed of cabbage was considered a block and divided into 7 plots 34 ft long in a RCB design with 4 replications and 7 treatments. A precount on 1 April of 20 plants per replication yielded an average 1 DBM larva and 0.8 DMB pupa per plant. Treatments were applied on 2, 11, and 17 Apr at a rate of 65 gpa using a high clearance sprayer equipped with 5 yellow hollow cone Albuz ceramic nozzles per row and operating at 200 psi of pressure. A nonionic surfactant, ASPA 80, was tank mixed at the rate of 16 oz/100 gal of spray which was made up with water at pH 7.2. Proclaim was not applied on 11 Apr at the request of the company representative. Ten randomly selected plants per plot were evaluated weekly 4 to 7 DAT. Five wrapper leaves and 3 inner (head) leaves per plant were inspected for larvae classified in 3 size categories. A damage rating was determined for each plant where 1 = no apparent damage, 2 = 0-1 % surface area damage to wrappers, 3 = 2-5% damage to wrappers but none to head, 4 = 6-10% damage to wrappers, 0-5% damage to head, 5 = 11-30% damage to wrappers, 5-15 damage to head 6 = >30% damage to wrappers, 15% damage to head. Evaluations were recorded on Pesticide Research Manager version 4.06. The 15 largest heads in each plot were selected and graded for marketability on 25 Apr based on 2 levels of stringency: “Fancy” with no insect damage on the wrapper leaves or head, and “Standard” with less than 10% insect damage on wrapper leaves and less than 5% on the head, limited to the 2 outer leaves.
Control of Lepidopterous Insects on Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Six-week-old field-grown cabbage transplants (cv. ‘Rio Verde’) were planted on 20 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station (Fletcher, NC). Plots consisted of two 25-ft-long rows on 3.5 ft. centers, with 7 ft. of cultivated soil between treatment rows. Plants were spaced 12 in. within rows. Each treatment was replicated four times and arranged in a RCBD. Treatments consisted of an untreated control and approximately 7-d interval applications of the following materials (see table for rates): Asana XL, Baythroid, Karate, Able, Agree, Biobit, Dipel, Xentari; and unregistered materials TD-2344-02, Confirm, Spinosad, Proclaim and MYX 833. All materials were applied on 14 and 24 Jun, 1, 9, 18, and 25 Jul. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted PTO-sprayer delivering 50 gpa through 3 hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles). Latron B-1956 (0.06%) was added to the spray solution of all treatments. Lepidopterous larval populations were counted on 10 heads/treatment on 20 and 27 Jun and 3, 11, 17 and 24 Jul. Crop quality was assessed on 30 Jul, by rating 10 heads/treatment on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage, 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = some head damage, and 5 = severe head damage). All heads receiving a rating of ≤ were considered marketable. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Evaluation of Imidacloprid Seed Treatments for Control of Whiteflies on Fall Cantaloupes, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupes were direct seeded on 22 Sep into beds spaced 42 inches apart at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of 2 beds, 150 ft long with a 2 bed buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Admire 2F treatments were applied 2 in. sub-seed furrow by injecting the material into the beds with long, narrow shanks in 20 gpa total volume of water before seeding. The Gaucho 480 seed treatments were formulated at rates of 0.25 and 0.50 lbs (AI) of imidacloprid/10 lbs of cantaloupe seed. SPWF densities were estimated by counting the number of eggs and nymphs on 2-cm2 disk sections taken from each of 10 leaves per plot 7 days after planting (DAP [30 Sep]), 14 DAP (7 Oct), 21 DAP (14 Oct), and 28 DAP (21 Oct). Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data were transformed (log10 x + 1) prior to analysis. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Foliar Sprays of Bacillus Thuringiensis in Early Corn, 1996
Authors: Hazzard Ruth V. , Mazzola Mark A.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted 2 May in blocks of 4 rows by 25 feet. Each treatment was repeated 4 times in a RCB design. Blocks were separated by 15 feet. Insecticides were applied on 5, 11, and 18 Jul, beginning before tassels emerged. Biweekly treatments were also sprayed on 9, 16, and 22 Jul. ECB flights were monitored with two nylon Heliothis traps baited with a Trece’ pheromone lure (New York or Iowa strain). The CEW flight was monitored with a Heliothis trap with a Hereon Helicoverpa zea lure. Sprays were applied at 75 psi with a four row drop nozzle sprayer pulled (5 nozzles per row) behind a tractor. A hand held applicator delivered 0.5 ml per ear of a 1 ;20 mixture of Dipel ES and food-grade corn oil directly to the silks on 16 Jul. Plots were harvested on 29 Jul. Fifty ears per plot were rated for damage, and for presence of CEW and ECB. Two ratings are reported; Undamaged ears = no feeding on ear; undamaged kernels = no feeding on filled kernels, may have feeding on unfilled tip.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Story R. , Ameen A. O. , Murray M. J. , Can F. , Ring D.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments were applied at three frequency levels (weekly, twice weekly and thrice weekly) during the period between tassel emergence and harvest. The study was conducted at the Burden Research Plantation, Baton Rouge, LA in 1995. A solo backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 40 gallons per acre at 30 psi through a single hollow cone spray tip was used. The spray nozzle was directed at the ear zone of the plant. Experimental plots consisted of double rows (20 feet long, 4 feet wide) arranged in a RCB design with 8 replications. Damage counts were made at harvest by randomly selecting 20 ears from each plot and determining the presence or absence of earworm damage.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Transplant Drench Treatments of Admire to Three Different Sized Bedding Travs of Eggplant, 1995
Authors: Dively Galen P. , Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a split plot RCB design with twelve replications. Drenching doses of 0, 0.38, 1.5 and 6.0 ounces of Admire 2F per acre equivalence of bedding trays of eggplant were designated as whole plots. Sub-plots were three tray cell sizes (288/tray, 144/tray and 72/tray) which related directly to the size of root ball. The diluted drench was applied to individual cells of bedding trays using a pipetted volume of one ml per plant. Plot size for each treatment combination was one row 20 feet long (8 plants) with rows spaced 72 inches apart. Plants were treated on 2 Jul and transplanted 3 Jul. After transplanting, weekly counts were made of live and dead adults, and percent defoliation and stand loss. Plots were not harvested to remove fruit; instead the number of marketable fruit was counted once on 9 Sep.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Simulated Transplant Water Treatments of Admire to Eggplants, 1995
Authors: Dively Galen P. , Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB design with eight replications and 4 treatments. Drenching doses were 0, 0.38, 1.5, and 6.0 ounces ; of Admire 2F per acre. At transplanting, before the root ball was covered with soil, the drench was applied as a simulated transplant water treatment of 8 oz diluted volume per plant. Plot size for each treatment was one row 20 feet long (8 eggplants) with rows spaced 72 inches apart. Plots were planted 3 ; Jul. After transplanting, weekly counts were made of egg clusters, early larvae (first/second instars), late larvae (third/fourth instars), live and dead adults, i percent defoliation and percent stand loss. Plots were not harvested to remove fruit; instead the number of marketable fruit was counted once on 9 Sep.
Evaluation of Selective Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 1 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by two untreated beds. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 8 and 14 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CI larvae on 6 randomly selected lettuce plants per replicate. Evaluations were made on 8, 10, 13, and 19 Oct. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Control of Aphids on Mustard in a Commercial Field, 1996
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M.
Published: December 2017

A commercial production field of mustard was used for this trial. Plants were grown in 6 row beds on 6 ft centers. The field was direct seeded in Apr approximately 1 mile west of Webbers Falls, OK. Small plots were delimited on one edge of the field. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 7 treatments. Insecticide applications were made on 23 and 29 May using a bicycle tire mounted sprayer with 4 hollow cone nozzles (TXVS26) per bed applying 40 gpa solution at 42 psi. Plots were 1 bed wide and 20 ft long with 5 ft alleys between plots. Insect populations were surveyed by examining 5 plants per plot on 29 May (prior to the second application of insecticides) and 3 Jun to determine treatment effects.
Onion Thrips Control, Trial 1 1996
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Gerace D. , Tupy A.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in Ft. Collins, CO, using transplanted onions (cv. Vega) in single rows at 30-in spacing. Plots were 25-ft in length arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 18.4 gpa at 40 psi in two passes directed along the sides of the planting. An organosilicant spreader (Kinetic, 6 fl oz/acre) was added to all treatments except the garlic solution (Guardian). Application dates varied among treatments. Evaluations were made by examining 10 plants per plot and counting all thrips present in the neck area of the onions.
Evaluation of Insecticide Efficacy and Yield Response in Peppers, 1996
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M.
Published: December 2017

Chile pepper transplants were planted in a commercial production field near Hinton, OK in May. Planting beds were on 30 inch centers with 10 inches between plants in rows. A RCB design with 4 replicates and 5 treatments was used in the experiment. Plots were 3 rows wide by 20 ft long. Insecticides were applied to 2 of the 3 rows in each plot with either a bicycle tire mounted sprayer (34 gpa at 40 psi) or a backpack sprayer (40 gpa at 40 psi), each equipped with 4 hollow cone nozzles on the sprayer boom. Insecticides were applied to plots on 10 and 16 Jul, 7 Aug, and 6 Sep. Surveys to determine insect pest abundance were made on 22 May and 6 Sep by examining all plant material in a 39 inch area of a row in the middle of each plot. Five plants were removed from the middle of each plot on 3 Oct and taken to the lab where all fruit was removed and dried prior to weighing to determine yield for each plot.