bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secrets to a successful CIS implementation
Authors: Rettie Melanie
Published: February 2018

An up‐to‐date customer information system (CIS) is an essential component of an effective water utility business. These systems are responsible for a wide range of key business activities including billing, managing credit and collections, tracking water consumption, and responding to customers' needs. Having an old or outdated CIS results in decreased functionality and productivity along with increased costs because of repairs. Upgrading or replacing (implementing) a CIS, however, is a daunting task with plenty of room for costly error, a major reason many utilities avoid it. This decision, however, further hinders their ability to address customer needs and meet business challenges. They no longer need to avoid this critical task. Utilities that have successfully implemented CISs share certain practices and traits. This article identifies those and outlines the steps toward a successful implementation.
Tailored GAC for the Effective Control of 2‐Methylisoborneol
Authors: Mackenzie Julee A. , Tennant Matthew F. , Mazyck David W.
Published: February 2018

Rapid small‐scale column tests were used to compare virgin, conventionally reactivated, and steam‐pyrolysis reactivated granular activated carbons (GACs) for their performance in removing 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB) and their ability to retain MIB when the odor episode subsided. Two clarified waters were used to compare the differences in GAC performance for MIB removal when in competition with differing concentrations of total organic carbon. Although the virgin wood‐based GAC processed more bed volumes before initial breakthrough and before surpassing the odor threshold concentration than did the coal‐based virgin GACs, its affinity for MIB when the odor episode subsided was the weakest. However, the physically activated and reactivated carbons had excellent affinities for MIB after the odor episode concluded. In addition, a tailored reactivation protocol resulted in lower mass and volume loss, produced a carbon with a higher surface area, and outperformed the conventionally reactivated GAC with respect to MIB removal.
Groundwater Storage and Sustainable Stream Flows
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Pancoast Robert
Published: February 2018

Stream flows and associated aquatic ecosystems have been altered in many streams and rivers as a result of human activity. Efforts to restore streams to more “normative” conditions are occurring thoughout the United States. The Nature Conservancy's Sustainable Waters program (2005) is actively supporting stream‐flow restoration at more than 300 sites throughout the country. The need for restoration has been further focused in many areas in response to endangered species listings for fish and other aquatic species. This further increases the value of adequate in‐stream flow during critical times for various aquatic species.
Underground is top of mind: Annual reviews prove vital to maintaining infrastructure
Authors: Rouce Tanya
Published: February 2018

This report discusses the advantages of an annual maintenance program, like the one used by the Charleston region of the West Virginia‐American Water Company, that constantly upgrades and monitors its infrastructure instead of long‐term neglect, which leads to huge rehabilitation projects requiring special funding from Congress. The report discusses the advantages of sliplining with HDPE pipe as one method for rehabilitating infrastructure.
The Next 125 Years
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr reflects over the past 125 years of the American Water Works Association's history and how it has evolved to meet changing member needs that have been dictated by an increasingly complex regulatory environment, aging infrastructure, political intrigue, and consumer demands. He discusses the current climate of public distrust and cynicism in government and the corporate world, and stresses the importance of water utilities tackling the issue of consumer confidence head on, developing a culture based on communicating with and involving their governing boards, consumers, and other stakeholders regarding the difficult choices that must be made to ensure a viable water supply.
Residential Tenants Cannot Establish Water Service Accounts
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

A regional water district's policy that precludes residents who do not own property from establishing water service accounts in their own names has been deemed constitutional by the US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
Fixed‐base Technology EASES GROWING PAINS
Authors: Eggen Jim
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effort made by the city of Joliet, Illinois, to handle unprecedented growth by upgrading its meter‐reading system to the Sensus FixNet system, a wireless automatic meter reading system that uses a radio‐based, wide‐area fixed network with a single‐tier network design to securely and accurately transfer end user water use data to a data‐collection center. The four major components of the system are discussed.
Technology Trends AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER UTILITIES
Authors: Means Edward G. , Bernosky Joseph , Patrick Roger
Published: February 2018

Technology will transform the water utility workplace, from how utilities manage and use information to how they treat and monitor water. Understanding the nature of these changes and the appropriate use of technology can reduce costs, allow for better and quicker decision‐making, and enable better management of increasingly complex information databases. This article is the final one in a six‐part series on trends and their implications for water utilities. It characterizes the key technology trends in a rapidly changing water utility world, and describes the implications of these trends and potential strategies to address them. Utilities can use this information to ensure that they are adequately considering and addressing the technology trends affecting the provision of water service. This article is part of the supplemental materials for the AwwaRF report #91108, A Strategic Assessment of the Future of Water Utilities.
Prioritizing capital improvement projects to mitigate risk
Authors: Nagel Ryan W. , Elenbaas Mike
Published: February 2018

Faced by the need to repair and replace aging infrastructure and at the same time build new systems to meet population growth, US water utilities must make increasingly complex decisions about where, when, and how to invest their capital improvement dollars. What's more, their decisions must involve a range of stakeholders and win their “buy in” in order for projects to receive necessary financial and community support. A decision‐making process has been developed to help utilities systematically and objectively prioritize capital improvement projects on the basis of financial risk and other defensible planning criteria. In addition, the methodology described in this article enhances both internal and external communication, can help stabilize rate increases, and potentially lower bond interest rates by providing rating agencies with evidence of comprehensive planning. Water suppliers can use this information to begin transforming the way they establish and prioritize their capital improvement programs. By following the step‐by‐ step approach described here, utilities can turn the daunting challenge of capital improvement choices into a process that leads to sound financial policies and fosters collaborative partnering with their customers and communities.
Nitrification control by chlorite ion at pilot scale
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Pearthree Marie S. , Blute Nicole K. , Arnold Katie F. , Hoogerwerf Tanya
Published: February 2018

A six‐month pilot study in Tucson, Ariz., investigated factors promoting nitrification and potential control methods. Twelve parallel plug‐flow pilot‐treatment trains were tested. The pilot units reproduced the nitrification process in a manner similar to nitrification occurrence in full‐scale distribution systems. Results confirmed previous laboratory and full‐scale studies indicating that the presence of chlorite ion prevents nitrification and stabilizes ammonia concentrations. At a concentration low of 0.1 mg/L and at three higher concentrations, a continuous chlorite ion feed prevented nitrification from becoming established. In systems with serious nitrification already under way, slug chlorite ion feeds as low as 0.2 mg/L stopped nitrification for several weeks. Utilities with severe nitrification problems may find that the cost of control with sodium chlorite is more than compensated for by eliminating the costs of traditional control and avoiding problems with coliform and disinfection by‐product compliance.
Pilot‐scale study of Polyelectrolyte‐Enhanced UF for arsenic removal
Authors: Gallo Daniel , Acosta Edgar J. , Scamehorn John F. , Sabatini David A.
Published: February 2018

The removal of arsenic (As) from dilute aqueous solutions has become of greater interest as lower drinking standards are implemented. In polyelectrolyte‐enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF), a cationic water‐soluble polyelectrolyte (poly‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride [QUAT]) binds the anionic arsenate species and is rejected by the membrane, which has a 10 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO). In the research presented in this article, PEUF was used to treat water with As concentrations of 50–100 μg/L. The results demonstrated that PEUF was able to produce treated water that meets the proposed US Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L. In this study, the PEUF process was scaled up with a spiral‐wound ultrafiltration module operated under steady‐state continuous flow conditions (i.e., permeate flux of 80 L/m2‐h, and a pressure drop of 60 psi, which is typical for large‐volume applications). The main process parameters considered in this study were the QUAT‐to‐As ratio, pH, and the presence of background electrolytes (i.e., sulfate). The As removal efficiency improved with increasing pH, which is an advantage when the As‐tainted water is at an elevated pH since most adsorption‐based As removal methods perform better at lower pH levels.
Indiana Irrigation Rate Deemed Nondiscriminatory
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

The Court of Appeals of Indiana has ruled that a municipal utility's application of irrigation water rates to customers with separate meters did not violate a state law requiring municipal utility rates to be rendered in a nondiscriminatory, reasonable, and just manner.
Pilot‐scale studies of Hexavalent Chromium Removal from drinking water
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Blute Nicole K. , Seidel Chad , Qin Gang , Fong Leighton
Published: February 2018

The goal of this research was the initial evaluation of several pilot‐scale treatment technologies for hexavalent chromium removal to <5 μg/L (i.e., 95% removal). A major focus was to assess manufacturer‐provided pilot systems with media that were effective in bench‐scale studies as well as technologies that were promising but could not be appropriately tested at bench scale. The technologies tested included ion exchange systems (i.e., column strong‐base and weak‐base anion exchange and reactor‐based strong‐base anion exchange), a reduction/filtration unit using sodium sulfite, and proprietary adsorptive media systems (zeolite and granular activated carbon). In vendor‐independent tests, reduction with ferrous sulfate, coagulation, and filtration was also evaluated. Regeneration efficiency was determined for the best‐performing strong‐base anion exchange resin, including the effect of recycling brine to minimize residuals. Technologies able to consistently treat to concentrations <5 μg/L included column strong‐base anion exchange, weak‐base anion exchange, and reduction–coagulation–filtration using ferrous sulfate.
Effect of free chlorine and chloramines on lead release in a distribution system
Authors: Vasquez Ferdinand A. , Heaviside Robert , Tang Zhijian (Jason) , Taylor James S.
Published: February 2018

Total lead release in the presence of free chlorine and chloramine residuals was investigated in drinking waters produced from ground, surface, desalinated, and blended water sources. For desalinated and blended finished waters, more total lead was released in the presence of chloramine than in the presence of free chlorine; for finished groundwater and surface water, however, no statistical differences in total lead release were found. Finished water oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP) differed by residual type but was equivalent by source and not affected by the addition of 100 mg/L of sulfates or chlorides. ORP measurement and development of Pourbaix diagrams showed that lead dioxide was the controlling solid phase in the presence of chlorine, and hydrocerussite was the controlling solid phase in the presence of chloramine. Lead dioxide is less soluble than hydrocerussite, which mechanistically accounted for the lower lead release in the presence of free chlorine.
125 years—Fulfilling the mission
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

Hoffbuhr begins this article by listing events that happened in 1881, the same year that the American Water Works Association (AWWA) was formed. The article recounts major events in the history of AWWA.
What does the future hold for AWWA?
Authors: Richardson Andrew
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how the five goal areas of AWWA's new strategic plan will shape the association in the future and keep it focused on the core issues that will need to be addressed to support utilities in the execution of their mission. The five goal areas discussed in this article include: programs and services; water leadership and advocacy; membership; governance; and, financial resources.
AWWA's Annual Conference: A compendium of knowledge
Authors: Parmelee Mary A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses AWWA's Annual Conference and how it has provided drinking water professionals over the years with information to improve their professional endeavors and a forum to advance the association. Topics covered include: technical programs; committee work; exhibits; networking; and, awards.
The Awwa Research Foundation: 40 years of advancing the science of water
Authors: Karlin Richard J.
Published: February 2018

This article celebrates the Awwa Research Foundation's 40th Anniversary. The Research Foundation administers research programs to enable water suppliers to provide safe, sustainable, and affordable drinking water. The article explains how studies sponsored by AwwaRF lay a groundwork of basic science for developing new research, optimizing current practices, and uncovering future issues. Research is sponsored in various areas of science that utilities can apply today, use to protect consumers, use for a basis for new regulations, and aid utility managers in the performance of their utility. Topics that include connections with the water community, international scope, strategic leveraging of funding, and centralized research resources are all discussed.
15 years later, Water For People still growing grass roots support at home and abroad
Authors: Haws Nancy J.
Published: February 2018

This article relates the history and development of Water For People (WFP), lists key people who helped in the organization's startup, discusses the development of its fieldwork, describes locations around the world where WFP has managed projects, discusses efforts at importing and exporting water and sanitation resources, and describes how WFP is extending its reach beyond the water community.
Eight revolutions in the history of US drinking water disinfection
Authors: McGuire Michael J.
Published: February 2018

This article organizes disinfection history since the 1881 founding of AWWA into a construct of eight disinfection “revolutions”, events or series of events that changed the practice of disinfection in the United States. The article goes on to discuss how the revolutions transformed U.S. disinfection practices and gives a case study of how the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California switched from free chlorine to chloramines.
From common cup to Cryptosporidium: A regulatory evolution
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: February 2018

Looking back at the 30‐plus years of regulations resulting from the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), this article reviews additional progress in improving drinking water quality through the evolution of substantial regulatory programs, both at the national and state levels. This article discusses a variety of future challenges for both national and state regulatory programs. Topics covered include: early regulatory history; early Safe Drinking Water Acts (SDWA); utility response to the 1986 SDWA; the 1996 SDWA amendments; the Bioterrorism Act; US Environmental Protection Agency's present and future regulatory agenda; research and funding concerns; and, a discussion of what the future holds for drinking water regulations.
Ready or not? Disaster preparedness and emergency response in the Water industry
Authors: Grigg Neil S.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes the history of the reliability of U.S. water systems, how the water supply developed as the nation grew, emergency preparedness and management emerged gradually, effect of earthquakes on water supply, the threat of terrorism, disruption of water supplies from river and coastal flooding and hurricanes, aging infrastructure, the threat of waterborne contaminants to public health and confidence, comprehensive risk management, emergency planning by utilities, organizational commitment and leadership, best practices essential to emergency management, and vision and commitment are requirements for future planning.
High Efficiency Ion Exchange Technology Brings Arsenic Compliance to Baldy Mesa Water District
Authors: Patterson Guy
Published: February 2018

This article describes how the Baldy Mesa Water District (BMWD) in Victorville, California, selected a solution to upgrade its treatment technology to comply with the new federal regulation for arsenic in drinking water supplies. The article documents the successful completion of a long‐term demonstration project at BMWD to establish the performance characteristics of a 1,000 gpm ion exchange system.
Source water monitoring pushes Seattle to the forefront
Authors: Harper Wylie V. , Miller Alex , Joubert Moya , Oliver Ed
Published: February 2018

This report discusses Seattle Public Utilities' (SPU) use of Defined Substrate Technology (DST) for better detection of bacteria when monitoring its source water and distribution system water quality.
Performance of Venturi Meters Installed Downstream of Bends
Authors: Bradford Jason E. , Johnson Michael C. , Gilbert J. Gary
Published: February 2018

The ability to accurately measure the flow in a closed conduit is essential in today's world in which water conservation is a priority. Current standards specify the recommended upstream straight distances required between fittings such as a 90° elbow and a Venturi flow meter. Although the standards vary for different Venturi flow meters, proper installation is crucial for obtaining an accurate flow measurement. Various tests were performed at the Utah Water Research Laboratory in Logan to determine the effects of a short‐form Venturi on the discharge coefficient when the Venturi is installed in piping that does not satisfy the straight length specifications of the current standards. The tests showed that short‐form Venturi meters generally perform within the desired accuracy range established by the standards even when placed in piping configurations that do not conform to the requirements set forth in the standards.
The Consolidation Continues, With GE Leading the Pack
Authors: Maxwell Steve
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how further consolidation within the water industry has included a few well‐publicized acquisitions as well as many others that have attracted little attention. The article highlights key moves by emerging large industrial players to establish long‐term strategic market positions in the industry. Primary among these moves was GE Water & Process Technologies' announcement on March 14 that it would acquire industry‐leading membrane manufacturer ZENON Environmental Inc. of Canada, marking a strategic shift for GE toward the municipal market. The article goes on to discuss other large and small players and their acquisitions in the water treatment and purification area, and points out that one result of all of these transactions over the past several years has been a distinct decline in the number of individual water investment opportunities available in the United States.
Nonprofit Water Association Not Protected From Competition
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

The US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit has ruled that a nonprofit water association was not statutorily protected from competition in a disputed area.
Water Security: Shifting to an All‐Hazards Resiliency Approach
Authors: Roberson J. Alan , Morley Kevin M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Water/Wastewater Agency Response Network (WARN) system, developed by Florida in 2004 as a response to its hurricane season and based on the California model. It is a system of mutual aid and assistance to other utilities in the event of a disaster. Based on this example, representatives from four water and wastewater associations have agreed that a template describing the basic elements of a network needed to be developed to facilitate the future expansion of the intrastate WARN program. The result is the Joint Policy Statement on Mutual Aid and Assistance Networks. In addition, a white paper was developed about the basics of forming a statewide organizing committee and the issues that such a committee would need to address. It is titled, “Utilities Helping Utilities: An Action Plan for Mutual Aid and Assistance Networks for Water and Wastewater Utilities.” This action plan lays out a 10‐step checklist for moving forward, a sample mutual aid and assistance agreement that works within the National Incident Management System framework, and a comparison of some existing programs.
Recognizing the Subconscious Effect of Micromessages
Authors: Maldonado Andrea
Published: February 2018

This article discusses micromessages, the subconscious messages and gestures that are attached to the words people use to communicate, and how they can play a significant role in whether a receiver of the message feels included or excluded.
Artificial Intelligence Helps JEA Optimize Water Resources
Authors: Eaton Michael T. , Barker Stephanie Mclain
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a project to use artificial intelligence to manage the withdrawal of water from the Floridian Aquifer. The system, called “optimized system controls of aquifer resources” (OSCAR), controls the water system in real time, meaning the water system is continuously monitored for such parameters as flow and pressure. If the desired parameters are not being met, the system scheduler then makes adjustments. Adjustments can be made every minute of the day, 365 days a year, creating a “just‐in‐time” water supply.
Airport's Clear‐Cutting of Trees Deemed Destruction of Wetlands
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

The Supreme Court of Connecticut has ruled that an airport's clear‐cutting of trees on land trust property without a permit was an unreasonable destruction of wetlands.
Digital Dosing Permits Full Potential of Metering Pumps
Authors: Müller Klaus , Andersen Hans Jorgen
Published: February 2018

This report discusses how dosing pumps have evolved from the earliest generation of mechanical machines to the new current designs that use roboticlike technology to achieve new standards of accuracy, reliability, efficiency, and simplicity. The report traces the evolution of the various technologies used in metering pumps, and highlights the changes that have been made to the drive and control functions. An independent pump consultant discusses his view on the metering pump technology evolution.
Adaptive management using multiple barriers to control tastes and odors
Authors: Baker Lawrence A. , Westerhoff Paul , Sommerfeld Milton
Published: February 2018

An adaptive management framework was developed during the course of a three‐year case study to reduce taste and odor (T&O) problems in the Phoenix, Ariz., metropolitan area. The collaborative project used an extensive monitoring program, rapid feedback, and extensive communication to allow flexible responses to changing circumstances. A multiple‐barrier strategy was used with T&O control measures implemented in the reservoirs, canals, and water treatment plants. Research and implementation occurred concurrently, leading to substantial reductions in T&O problems over the course of the project.
Do You Remember?
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack W. Hoffbuhr reflects on how the world of drinking water has changed dramatically from the relatively stable period in the 1960s and 70s to the highly charged, complex legislative/regulatory environment present today. There is an increasing level of concern among consumers and water professionals about the quality of water being served, which is partly responsible for the rapid growth of the bottled water and home treatment device industries. Law firms are seeking windfall settlements from class action suits against water utilities for claims involving health effects from the presence of a contaminant in the water supply. Hoffbuhr advises the water industry to move forward with the best information at our disposal and take action to uphold both our public health and fiscal responsibilities, while keeping consumers fully informed and involved.
Implementing an integrated water supply program in a water‐scarce environment
Authors: Binney Peter D.
Published: February 2018

Significant challenges have developed for Aurora (Colo.) Water in the face of booming growth and widely variable water source productivity. The utility has implemented highly comprehensive water conservation programs, the urgent need for which became apparent during drought conditions beginning in 2002. At that time, the utility's reservoir storage levels dropped to 26% of capacity, or less than a year's worth of water supply. These programs, along with a 10‐year, $1.4 billion capital improvement program and the implementation of multiple‐barrier water treatment approaches to protect public health and meet high customer standards, have resulted in growing utility bills. The author examines how Aurora Water is progressively addressing these challenges by providing adequate service levels to current customers while positioning itself to meet future needs. Increasing urban water demands, especially in the southwestern United States, will require reallocation of existing water uses and the construction and operation of new water delivery systems. The information provided here can help today's utility manager negotiate the many challenges of the growing demand for water.
Ten Steps to Negotiating High‐Stakes Water Conflicts
Authors: Snyder Stephen E.
Published: February 2018

Negotiations over water rights are often difficult and contentious. In an effort to shed some light on what could make them easier and more productive, two workshops were convened with negotiators, stakeholders, mediators, and attorneys seasoned in the dynamics of water negotiations. The catalyst for these workshops was the effort to resolve water conflicts in Oregon's Klamath Basin by mediated negotiations. The Natural Resources Law Center of the University of Colorado Law School organized the workshops with the goals of understanding why water conflicts are so difficult to resolve by negotiation and developing some practical guidelines for how to organize and conduct a difficult water negotiation. The results of this effort, which are presented in this article as 10 guidelines, represent a set of ideas, suggestions, and warnings from experienced negotiators to those who are about to foray into the challenging world of water negotiations.
Joe and Clarence
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses the importance of mentoring as the workforce changes in the years to come. A good mentoring program will help attrack and keep the best and brightest talents in the coming years.
Research Methods for Public Outreach Initiatives
Authors: Davis J.C. , Schneweis Micheal
Published: February 2018

This article discusses one of the country's most progressive and comprehensive public outreach programs implemented by the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA). The success of SNWA's program is based on an understanding of public perception that was derived from qualitative and quantitative research. The article emphasizes the importance of conducting research before implementation and before the development of the outreach plan, which then serves as a compass, indicating to an organization where it stands, where it needs to go, and whom it needs to communicate with to get there. The post‐campaign research indicates whether the organization has reached its destination. Evaluating the effectiveness of key messages, focus groups, and techniques of doing research on a tight budget are discussed.
Santa Clara Valley's Operations Council on Excellence provides vision necessary for success
Authors: Yep Ray
Published: February 2018

In response to the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) chief‐executive officer's vision for a “cleaner, greener, and leaner” organization, the water utility operations division of SCVWD formed the Operations Council on Excellence (OCE). The OCE is an expanded management team that brings together supervisors and managers to better understand the district's business climate and challenges, to control operating costs and, thus, water rate increases. Since its inception in 2004, the OCE has developed and implemented cost savings and process efficiencies, sought ways to improve workforce deployment and flexibility, and developed team identity and staff recognition programs. The success of this group has resulted in the implementation of more than $700,000 in annual cost savings.
Charlotte‐Mecklenburg successfully integrates field operations by managing individual and organizational strengths
Authors: Isbell Marcia , Lee Angela
Published: February 2018

To optimize its field operations, the Charlotte‐Mecklenburg Utility Department (CMUD) merged its water distribution and wastewater collection work groups into a single division. The success of this integration began with an understanding that it is critical to have the right people, an organization's most valuable resource, in the right roles. Performance at a level of excellence is possible only when people are engaged and working in areas that suit their natural strengths. CMUD's challenge was to maximize the potential of its staff, to identify potential leadership in the organization, and to create a work environment that employees do not want to leave. The key to CMUD's success was using a strengths‐based approach to build an organization that facilitates managing the organization's knowledge and resources for long‐term sustainability.
Autocalibration of a water distribution model for water quality parameters using GA
Authors: Munavalli G.R. , Kumar M.S. Mohan
Published: February 2018

Water quality simulation models are required to predict spatio‐temporal variation of chlorine (Cl) residuals throughout a distribution system. However, the propagation and level of Cl within a distribution system are governed by the various combinations of complex bulk‐flow and pipe‐wall reaction kinetics. As a result, the reaction parameters involved in these kinetic expressions directly affect Cl residuals. Field determination of these parameters, particularly those related to wall reactions, is difficult, and calibration against field measurements is required. In this article an inverse problem for parameter estimation was created in terms of an unconstrained optimization problem that minimizes the sum of observed and computed Cl concentrations in a least‐square sense. The inverse problem was solved using a simulation‐optimization procedure consisting of a water quality simulation model and an improved genetic algorithm (GA) technique, advancements of which include niching, creep mutation, and elitism operations. Results show that the GA technique is efficient for a system with a number of unknown parameters.
On‐line Orthophosphate Monitoring, Automated Dosing Optimize Washington, D.C.'s Lead Reduction Program
Authors: Standard Devin S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses maintaining adequate orthophosphate residuals in the distribution system at all times, and how it has been a key component of lead reduction strategy. More than 90% of the homes sampled for lead in drinking water in Washington, D.C., during the January‐June 2005 monitoring period had lead levels at or below the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) lead action level, the result of an orthophosphate corrosion control program initiated in the summer of 2004. Under plant‐scale implementation of orthophosphate feed for corrosion control, trace amounts of orthophosphate entering the distribution system must now be carefully tracked. Automated dosing control and on‐line orthophosphate analysis supplemented with daily grab sample analysis ensure that proper residual requirements for optimum lead control are met.
CWA Jurisdiction Extends to Cranberry Bogs
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

The US Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has ruled that the Clean Water Act (CWA) applies to several Massachusetts cranberry bogs that are hydrologically connected to a navigable river.
An eye to the future
Authors: Runge Jon , Mann John
Published: February 2018

Since 2004, AWWA has conducted the State of the Industry survey to take the pulse of the water industry, compiling detailed and comprehensive data about critical issues and concerns. This year, more than 2,000 utility representatives, service providers, and other professionals in the United States and Canada contributed to the 2006 survey. Respondents rated the top five critical issues facing the industry as infrastructure, regulatory factors, business factors, source water supply and protection, and workforce. This was the first time that workforce issues, i.e., retaining and replenishing water industry personnel, edged into the top five, with many respondents citing it as an inadequately addressed area. Meanwhile, security concerns have declined steadily over the three years of the survey. AWWA gathers this information annually to help its members and the water community identify overarching concerns, overlooked issues, and the soundness of the industry. With these data, the industry can revise and fine‐tune its agenda to help ensure its continued growth and success.
NEWWA Leadership Conference—A Young Professional's Perspective
Authors: Kelly April , Mead Ian , Stosse Matthew , Udden Tina
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Water Supply Leadership Development Institute Conference hosted by the New England Water Works Association in April of 2006, in particular one session titled: “It's 11:00 p.m. in the Water Business ‐ Do You Know Where Your Leaders Are?” As part of this session a “Young Professionals” town meeting was held that provided the opportunity for the leaders of today and those of tomorrow to have a discussion about working together. The overall consensus of the meeting was that communication was key, and that a change of management style was necessary to attract and retain young professionals for the process of succession planning. The top five most important things to them professionally are discussed, and the article states that the most important lesson that came out of this meeting was that each generation has unique qualities that make the workplace better.
Implementing Successful Information Technology Solutions
Authors: Wood Andrew , Dell Rodney
Published: February 2018

This article discusses developing a strategic information technology (IT) plan to aid utilities in dealing with challenges such as an aging workforce, aging infrastructure, growth, and a need for greater efficiency. The article discusses four key tasks in developing a strategic IT plan and lists benefits of a comprehensive information technology assessment that will provide a roadmap and supporting justification for an organization to move toward enabling fully integrated IT systems that will optimize end‐to‐end business processes.
Getting your IT systems to work together: It's not a technical issue
Authors: Lipka Stephen E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses integrating information technology systems and several key management‐level decision‐making steps to follow that will ensure the success of the project.
The Less Glamorous Side of the Water Industry…Where Most of the Dollars Will be Spent
Authors: Maxwell Steve
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the future water needs and capital expenditure requirements that the water industry will be facing in the near future. The article suggests two methods for breaking down and segmenting this total capital expenditure need and states that over three quarters of the total spending will go into the nonglamorous and often overlooked infrastructure equipment side of the business. The article warns against too many utilities and cities taking a dangerously reactive approach to actually making these expenditures. The article states that infrastructure companies face a growing demand over the longer‐term future, and will experience future growth opportunities unparalleled in the broader water industry.
Quantitative Results of Eps Model Calibrations With a Comparison to industry guidelines
Authors: Edwards Jerry A. , Cole Scott , Brandt Malcolm
Published: February 2018

In the US regulatory climate of renewed focus on water quality in the distribution system, the role of modeling has become increasingly important. The authors review the current state of model calibration guidelines in the United States and compare US practices with calibration and model development in the United Kingdom. This research also provides for the first time statistical calibration accuracies for several extended period simulation (EPS) water distribution models. Seven case models were developed and calibrated using only trial‐and‐ error methods (iterative calibration). The authors demonstrate what is required to achieve a calibrated water distribution system model and provide a benchmark for calibration accuracies for models used in long‐term planning. Utilities can use this information as a guide to evaluate calibration accuracies of their own models. The benefit of improved calibration accuracies must be weighed against the costs of obtaining additional and more‐precise field data and the expense of efforts to improve model calibration accuracies.
Integrating Low‐pressure Membranes into Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Freeman Scott , Long Bruce , Veerapaneni Srinivas (Vasu) , Pressdee Jonathan
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the benefits of using microfiltration (MF)/ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in relation to implementation and treatment effectiveness. Specifically, it focuses on several factors that must be considered when integrating membranes into water treatment facilities that include: available hydraulic profile; an understanding of the capacity‐temperature relationship; and, experience gained from pilot programs and full‐scale plants on similar applications to establish sustainable flux and other operating conditions.
Tackling the Future Together
Authors: Dougherty Cynthia C.
Published: February 2018

In this, the first column of “EPA Communique”, Cynthia Dougherty, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Director of the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, extends her appreciation to AWWA for presenting USEPA with the opportunity of providing information directly to AWWA's membership through this column. In reflecting over the past 10 years, Dougherty states that the primary driver for the USEPA drinking water program during those years was the 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). There have been other critical drivers, particularly the safeguarding of the nation's water infrastructure after 9/11, and through it all the USEPA has maintained priority efforts on activities that support the community of drinking water professionals. Looking forward, Dougherty discusses four strategic directions that the USEPA is taking to help frame the national drinking water program.
Volunteers—125 Years of Dedication
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses the power of volunteerism and how strong it has made AWWA, AWWA Research Foundation, and Water For People after a legacy of 125 years of dedicated volunteer service. He gives statistics on the percentages of the gross domestic product of countries around the world that comes from volunteerism; in the United States, the volunteer workforce represents the equivalent of more than 9 million full‐time employees at an annual value of well more than $200 billion.
Seafaring Solution for Regional Water Supplies
Authors: Griffin Charles A. “Skip”
Published: February 2018

This article presents the Seawater Conversion Vessel (SCV), an ocean‐going ship that houses a self‐contained seawater desalination plant. The SCV includes a multi‐depth intake line and pump station to draw water from the sea; microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and posttreatment systems to convert the seawater to potable water; a sophisticated mixing and dispersion system to properly dispose of the brine; and a variety of means by which the potable water can be transported to shore. The article discusses the advantages of the SCV over land‐based desalination facilities, minimizing impingement and entrainment effects, cleaning and discharging the brine, use of a tug barge to deliver desalinated water to the shore in highly sensitive shoreline areas, and coastal and global interest in the SCV.
Constructing water main break databases for asset management
Authors: Wood Andrew , Lence Barbara J. , Liu W.
Published: February 2018

Water main break data are essential for undertaking informed infrastructure asset management. An approach for constructing break and general network data from multiple sources and relating and linking such data is presented here. The approach incorporates data from a number of sources and augments the amount of data available while maintaining existing data warehousing practices. Although it requires effort and collaboration among a utility's information technology and engineering staff, the approach is flexible; uses commonly available software tools; anticipates the evolution of data collection, verification, and storage capabilities within the utility; and, can be applied to other infrastructure assets. With the results, utility managers can gain insight into current and future performance of their distribution networks and develop future asset management strategies. As an example, the approach is applied to a portion of the water distribution network of the District of Maple Ridge, B.C., Canada.
Development of a novel iron release flux model for distribution systems
Authors: Mutoti Ginasiyo , Dietz John D. , Imran Syed , Taylor James , Cooper C.D.
Published: February 2018

Although red water is a primary focus for consumer complaints about water quality, none of the models currently available adequately address iron release in drinking water distribution systems. This lack is understandable, given the complex nature of iron sources, iron release mechanisms, often‐conflicting influences of various physicochemical and biological factors, pipe material and age, and the cocktails of corrosion products released. This work describes a mathematical and pilot‐scale empirical development of a zero‐order flux model. Iron concentration was found to depend on surface‐release flux (Km), pipe material, pipe geometry, and hydraulic retention time. Flux is a function of pipe material, water chemistry, and Reynolds number (Re). For the specific water quality used in this study, the galvanized‐iron Km(mg Fe/m2/d) values were 1.99 and 0.0045/(Re −2,000) + 1.99 under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, respectively. Similarly, Km was found to be 4.16 and 0.009/(Re −2,000) + 4.16 for unlined cast‐iron pipe under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, respectively.
A Toast
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses continuing on with the AWWA legacy that for the past 125 years has made AWWA “the authoritative resource on safe water,” and its vision to unite the full spectrum of the water community to protect public health. He states that the future holds promise, but to remain successful the association will have to consider the challenges facing all not‐for‐profit professional societies. He discusses three major trends that will affect AWWA as it works to achieve its vision and mission. Hoffbuhr states that AWWA will continue to be an effective competitor by using its access to the vast intellectual capital of the volunteer‐staff workforce to the fullest extent possible to develop the products and services that will keep AWWA as “the authoritative resource for safe water.”
WaterSenseSM is Common Sense
Authors: Devine Don , Clarke Chuck , Grumbles Benjamin
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the WaterSense(SM) label, a new voluntary partnership program launched by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 2007 that is expected to fill a much‐needed information gap by linking water efficient products and services directly to the nation's consumers. Products and services displaying the WaterSense label will meet USEPA's efficiency criteria without compromising performance and will be about 20% more water efficient than similar products. Stakeholders include water utilities, communities, manufacturers, and retailers. The article mentions the WaterSense certification program for irrigation system design, installation/maintenance, or performance auditing. Additional research is being done to include water‐using products in the WaterSense program that include high‐efficiency toilets, bathroom faucets, showerheads, weather‐based irrigation controllers, soil‐moisture sensors, drip irrigation, and commercial fixtures. Information is given for becoming a partner in the WaterSense program.