bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Tragic Flaws Resonate at Scale: Just Ask Shakespeare
Authors: DAVIS MEGAN
Published: December 2020

What does Hamlet, Daenerys Targaryen and Persona development have in common? As an actress I had an in‐depth understanding of character development but struggled with creating insights from personas. I embarked on a quest to find out why. I interviewed one of the greatest authority's on Shakespeare, John Bell, AO, OBE FRSN about The Bard's greatest gift to storytelling, the invention of personality and characters. I share the realization that came next, how an individual character's tragic flaw can resonate at scale.
Postcards from Isolation: Digital Artefacts from the Lockdown Time
Authors: WOJNAROWSKA ANNA
Published: December 2020

'Postcards from Isolation’ is a collection of collaborative & interactive experiences that represent the shifts caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic.

The origins of the project lie in a reflection on the deeper social, cultural and economical impact of being in isolation. Drawing on ethnographic accounts (Malinowski, Mead), we studied how the context of being isolated these days corresponds to the uniqueness of geographical islands ‐ spaces that enforce a different connection to land and its resources; and ones that lead to unique cultural patterns. Drawing on that metaphor, we explored to what extent we, as individuals, may be evolving into symbolic islands of our own, driven by similar powers, at a scale unlike before. What can we learn from that? How can we visualise these shifts for others to remember?

The non profit project was self‐initiated by a group of cross disciplinary HCD colleagues. The website (isolation.is) currently holds 15 Postcards that represent shifts most important to its contributors. This pecha kucha tells a story of how Postcards became (1) a platform that allows for a rich understanding of how the COVID pandemic is shifting our lives; (2) a living repository of digital artefacts that can be studied like any other piece of material culture; and (3) a collection of digital drawings that are an important asset in any anthropologists’ notebook (Taussig).
Architecture Can Heal: Spatial Literacy to Protect COVID‐19 Healthcare Workers
Authors: DOLINGER MICHAEL , MARSH ASHLEY
Published: December 2020

In April 2020, a study of The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City was conducted to better understand the challenge of adapting idealized infection control design guides to site‐specific conditions during a pandemic. The study aimed to capture quick interventions that are working, offer a new hypothesis and framework to guide future design interventions, and share lessons to assist other medical facilities as they pursue their own necessary spatial adaptations moving forward. Three units repurposed for COVID‐19 were studied. Using action cameras and cloud‐based videoconferencing, clinicians helped designers remotely peer in real time to active COVID‐19 units, create “heatmap” annotations of perceived risk by frontline clinicians, and conduct interviews with decision makers.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has challenged health care systems around the world to provide safe and effective care. Leveraging spatial design, architecture, and design hacks offers an untapped opportunity to support infection prevention and improved team dynamics, ultimately improving the safety and the effectiveness of the health care team by creating an environment that supports infection prevention and team function.
Scaling is Like Making Sourdough: Finding Sourdough Starters to Help Your Research Scale
Authors: GEORGILIS KARYN
Published: December 2020

Customer ethnography and user research continues to move higher up the priority list of Fortune 500 corporations. As a design researcher at a global consultancy, my clients often consist of new or aspiring consumer research groups eager to scale quickly. Excited at first, these groups or individuals are ready to dive in but get discouraged by the size and price tag of “big leap user research projects” then end up never pursuing ethnography at all. Watching this pattern unfold client after client, it started to remind of making sourdough. Because novice bakers start out trying to make sourdough from scratch, expecting heaps of picturesque loaf of bread right off the bat. But that's not how sourdough is made. The first step is finding a “starter”. Sourdough starters are small pieces of fermented dough that one can really only get from an experienced baker. You need to integrate it into your ingredients and to make the sourdough rise, scale, and bubble. The same is true of starting and scaling internal user research groups and initiatives. So what's the equivalent to a sourdough starter? What are some “scaling starters”?
Association of impaired oral health status with chronic kidney disease in post‐acute rehabilitation
Authors: Shiraishi Ai , Yoshimura Yoshihiro , Nagano Fumihiko , Shimazu Sayuri
Published: December 2020

Background

Despite the growing interest in oral health and chronic disease in geriatric medicine, the evidence of an association between the two variables is limited.

Objectives

This study sought to examine the association between oral health status and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in this setting.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study included consecutive post‐acute patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Oral health status was evaluated using the Revised Oral Assessment Guide (ROAG). Renal function or CKD stage was assessed by measurement of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine which subcategories of ROAG were independently associated with advanced CKD stages (vs. early CKD stages). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to clarify whether eGFR on admission was independently associated with ROAG score after adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 1056 (mean age 70 years; 52% women) were included in the analysis. Slight and moderate‐to‐severe oral health problems were detected in 57.7% and 15.4% of patients, respectively. Patients with oral problems had a more severe stage of CKD (P = .036) and a lower eGFR (P = .028). Among subitems of ROAG, tongue (OR = 1.40, P = .041), saliva (OR = 1.72, P = .039) and oral cavity mucosa (OR = 1.37, P = .013) status was independently associated with the presence of CKD stages 3, 4 and 5. Furthermore, eGFR was independently associated with ROAG score (β = −0.180, P = .034) after adjusting for possible confounders.

Conclusions

Impaired oral health status is common and closely associated with CKD in post‐acute inpatients.
Navigating managerial and entrepreneurial reforms in research‐intensive universities: A comparison of early career trajectories in Hong Kong and Canada
Authors: Nichols Naomi , Hayes Tang Hei‐hang
Published: December 2020

This article conveys the results of a reflexive investigation of the managerial practices and entrepreneurial discourses that shape the academic trajectories of early career scholars. Beginning with the experiences of early career scholars in research‐intensive universities in Canada and Hong Kong, the authors explore some of the social and political‐economic relations that are reshaping higher education systems across the world. Drawing on experiences navigating university governance, funding and performance management processes, the authors explore how participation in the marketised relations of higher education inserts people into competition with colleagues within and beyond a single university context, instrumentalises and constrains relationships with civil sector collaborators, and produces a shared sense that nothing one does is ever enough. In this way, the article illuminates some of the ways a new global knowledge economy conditions academic life.

本文探討學術管理主義和企業論述如何塑造新晉學者的學術軌跡, 並匯報相關反思性研究的結果。本文以任職加拿大和香港研究型大學的早期新晉學者為例, 開始探討一些正在重塑全球高等教育體系的社會和政治經濟關係。作者利用新晉學者如何探索大學治理、資金和績效管理流程的經驗, 從而了解高等教育界的市場化關係如何將競爭意存植入在大學界的同事之間、令到與公民社會的協作關係工具化、並產生一種感到工作慣常不達標的意存。通過上述的方法, 本文闡明了新型全球知存經濟影響學術生活的一些方式。
Sport science librarianship = health science librarianship?
Authors: Haglund Lotta
Published: December 2020

Does sports science librarianship differ from other aspects of health librarianship? Or are sports science librarians more likely to identify as generalist librarians? This editorial introduces the salutogenic approach to sport, factors that support human health and well‐being, and highlights the challenge of resourcing the diversity of subjects covered by sports sciences. Highlighting key parallels with medicine and public health, it concludes by advocating for closer alignment between sports and health science librarianship.
Pleomorphic adenoma: the great mimicker of malignancy
Authors: Hernandez‐Prera Juan C , Skálová Alena , Franchi Alessandro , Rinaldo Alessandra , Vander Poorten Vincent , Zbären Peter , Ferlito Alfio , Wenig Bruce M
Published: December 2020

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common salivary gland neoplasm, and its diagnosis is straightforward in the majority of cases. However, not infrequently, PA shows unusual and uncommon histological features that can be confused with those of malignancy. The difficulties in diagnosing PA arise from its ability to mimic invasion, show atypical or metaplastic cytomorphology, and show morphological features that overlap with those of established salivary gland carcinomas. In addition, recognising early malignant transformation to carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma continues to be a frequent challenge. This review describes the diagnostic pitfalls of PA, and offers a systematic approach to avoid them by combining classic histopathology with novel immunohistochemical and molecular tests.
Blockade of fatty acid signalling inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced macrophage recruitment and progression of apical periodontitis
Authors: Wang H. ‐W. , Kok S. ‐H. , Yang C. ‐N. , Hong C. ‐Y. , Chi C. ‐W. , Chen M. ‐H. , Cheng S. ‐J. , Shun C. ‐T. , Yang H. , Lin S. ‐K.
Published: December 2020

Aim

To examine the role of palmitic acid in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated chemotaxis of macrophages and the potential contribution of saturated fatty acid in signalling during the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis.

Methodology

J774, a mouse macrophage cell line, was used in the experiments. After treatment with LPS, proteolytic maturation of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) and expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) were examined by Western analysis. Levels of palmitic acid were measured by reverse phase‐high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Knockdown of SREBP‐1c and FASN was accomplished by small interfering RNA technology. Secretion of CC‐chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and cellular chemotaxis were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. Sulfo‐N‐succinimidyl oleate (SSO) treatment was used to inhibit fatty acid signalling in vitro and also in a rat model of apical periodontitis. All data were first subjected to Levene’s test. In vitro data were then analysed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Data from animal experiments were analysed by independent t‐tests. The significant level was set at 0.05.

Results

LPS stimulated proteolytic maturation of SREBP‐1c and FASN expression in macrophages and significantly enhanced palmitic acid synthesis (P < 0.05). Knockdown of SREBP‐1c attenuated LPS‐enhanced FASN expression. Knockdown of FASN significantly suppressed LPS‐enhanced palmitic acid synthesis (P < 0.05). LPS and exogenous palmitic acid significantly enhanced CCL2 secretion and macrophage chemotaxis (all P < 0.05). Inhibition of FASN expression significantly alleviated LPS‐augmented CCL2 secretion (P < 0.05). SSO significantly suppressed CCL2 secretion and macrophage chemotaxis augmented by LPS and palmitic acid (all P < 0.05). In a rat model of induced apical periodontitis, SSO treatment significantly attenuated progression of apical periodontitis and macrophage recruitment (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

LPS/SREBP‐1c/FASN/palmitic acid signalling contributed to tissue destruction caused by bacterial infection. Modulation of lipid metabolism and signalling may be helpful for the management of apical periodontitis.
Effect of Fe content on the mechanical properties of a regenerated cemented carbide
Authors: Wang Yifei , Du Jin , Zhang Chongyan , Kong Xiangmin , Su Guosheng , Sun Yujing
Published: December 2020

Impurity elements such as Fe, Ni, Zn, and Ca introduced in the recycling process of regenerated cemented carbide affect the structure and mechanical properties of the regenerated cemented carbide. Unlike other impurity elements, Fe and Co belong to group VIII elements and have similar chemical and physical properties. The nature of Fe is closely related to the size and type of waste cemented carbide during recycling and pollution observed during production. Waste cemented carbide is processed via zinc melting to obtain WC, and the regenerated YG10 cemented carbide was prepared via low‐pressure sintering in this study. The effects of impurity element Fe on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a regenerated cemented carbide were studied via X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, magnetic property tests, and mechanical property tests. This study demonstrates that an increase in the Fe content leads to a decrease in the bending strength and hardness; further, the mechanism of grain growth caused by the increase in Fe content is revealed. In addition, the mechanism of decreasing wear resistance of the regenerated YG10 cemented carbide with increasing Fe content was discussed. The introduction of Fe as an impurity has evident adverse effects on the mechanical properties of the alloy. To satisfy the production requirements, the Fe content in the mixed powder must to be retained within 0.5%.
Influence of auditor's gender, experience, rule observance attitudes and critical thinking disposition on materiality judgements
Authors: Hasan Batul Towfique , Chand Parmod , Lu Meiting
Published: December 2020

Recent audit reforms prescribe an all‐inclusive approach to materiality decisions including both qualitative and quantitative information. We examine the effect of gender, experience, rule observance attitudes and critical thinking disposition of auditors on their materiality judgements. Our results support the hypothesis that female auditors utilise more qualitative information in assessing materiality judgements compared with their male counterparts. Our findings also demonstrate that auditors with low rule observance attitudes, high critical thinking disposition and increased audit experience are likely to provide a more accurate materiality judgement compared with auditors with high rule observance attitudes, low critical thinking disposition and less experience. The results of the study have implications for policymakers to coordinate with educators to develop ways to reduce differences in judgements of auditors due to variances in critical thinking disposition, audit experience and rule observance attitudes through necessary training and education.
Voluntary simplicity: An exploration through text analysis
Authors: Demirel Apollo
Published: December 2020

Overconsumption poses severe ethical problems and causes harm to the environment. Today many individuals change their consumption practices and actively limit their overall consumption due to ethical and environmental concerns. This article focuses on voluntary simplicity, a sustainable lifestyle phenomenon that comprises environment‐friendly consumption practices as an innate characteristic. This paper offers a fresh and nuanced understanding of voluntary simplicity through the lens of social cognitive theory (SCT) and by examining textual content generated by voluntary simplifiers on Facebook. Five thousand three hundred thirty‐six Facebook posts and comments were scrapped and examined using sentiment analysis, associative networks and cluster analysis. Results further our understanding of this lifestyle in the three interconnected domains of SCT (i.e., personal, behavioural and environmental). Insights obtained from this study can help develop a more complete conceptualization of voluntary simplicity and consumers who consider adopting this lifestyle choice.
Steady‐state growth
Authors: Kohlscheen Emanuel , Nakajima Jouchi
Published: December 2020

We compute steady‐state economic growth—defined as the rate of growth that the economy would converge to in the absence of new shocks. As we show, this rate can be computed in real‐time by means of a parsimonious time‐varying parameter (TVP) vector autoregression model. Our procedure offers a relatively agnostic estimation of benchmark equilibrium growth rates. Estimates show that the steady‐state gross domestic product growth rate in the case of the United States has declined from just above 3% per year in the 1990s to 2.4% at present. Results for other six advanced economies and the euro area indicate that the steady‐state growth rate, which is consistent with stable inflation and financial conditions, has been relatively stable since 2010 in most cases in spite of a recent slowdown in actual GDP growth rates. In contrast, per capita steady‐state growth rates during the last decade were typically lower than in the 1990s.
Tailored growth of high‐quality CsPbI3 nanobelts
Authors: Zheng Jinju , Du Zhentao , Teng Jie , Fu Dingfa , Zhang Hui , Yang Weiyou , Gao Fengmei
Published: December 2020

Nanobelts with a representative rectangular cross section have attracted much interest, owing to their unique applications for exploring novel and efficient optoelectronic nanodevices. In this work, we report the mass production of high‐quality single‐crystalline CsPbI3 nanobelts by a one‐step template‐free process using a solvothermal method. The as‐prepared nanobelts are typically sized in 170–305 nm in width, 50–170 nm in height, and several microns in length, respectively. Accordingly, their width‐to‐height ratio of the cross section could be tailored from 1 to 6.35 by adjusting the amount of Cs2CO3 within the raw materials, representing the formation of CsPbI3 nanobelts in a tailored manner. The nanobelt growth was attributed mainly to a surfactant‐assisted, seed‐mediated anisotropic growth mechanism.
Coarse‐grained model of the glass transition in network‐forming oxides
Authors: Sidebottom David L.
Published: December 2020

Properties of network‐forming oxide glasses, including both the glass transition point and fragility, are often associated with the density of covalent bonds that impose mechanical constraints on the structure. Yet, even in the simplest of alkali‐modified oxides, inconsistencies exist that have remained unanswered for many decades. Here we highlight these inconsistencies and demonstrate how an alternative measure of the bond density, arrived at through coarse‐graining of certain rigid structures present in the network, could resolve these puzzles and provide a single‐parameter description of the glass transition in network‐forming materials.
High‐entropy oxides based on valence combinations: design and practice
Authors: Tang Lei , Li Zemin , Chen Kepi , Li Cuiwei , Zhang Xiaowen , An Linan
Published: December 2020

High‐entropy oxides (HEOs) are a new class of materials promising for a wide range of applications. Designing HEOs needs to consider both geometric compatibility and electrical balance. However, there is currently no available method to systematically consider these two factors when selecting constituent materials for making HEOs. Here we propose a two‐step strategy, where a HEO system is first partitioned into multiple subsystems based on the valence combinations of constituted cations; the geometric compatibility is then considered in selecting suitable constituted cations. We demonstrate this strategy by using A(5B0.2)O3 perovskite as a model system. We show that the system can be partitioned into 12 subsystems. A single‐phase cubic perovskite has been synthesized in ten of the subsystems. We anticipate that this strategy is applicable to other oxide systems.
Preparation of hierarchically porous spinel CoMn2O4 monoliths via sol–gel process accompanied by phase separation
Authors: Lu Xuanming , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Hasegawa George , Nakanishi Kazuki
Published: December 2020

Cobalt manganite‐based hierarchically porous monoliths (HPMs) with three‐dimensionally (3D) interconnected macropores and open nanopores have been prepared via the sol–gel process accompanied by phase separation. The controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation of the brominated metal alkoxides, which are generated from an incomplete reaction between epichlorohydrin and MBr2 (M = Co and Mn) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), form a monolithic gel based on the two divalent metal cations. The dual‐polymer strategy using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) effectively induces the spinodal decomposition, where PVP and PEO are preferentially distributed to the gel phase and fluid phase, respectively, resulting in a porous gel characterized by the co‐continuous structure. The effects of DMF and PVP on the porous morphology derived from the phase separation have been systematically studied. Calcination of the as‐dried gels allows for the crystallization into the spinel phase yielding hierarchically porous CoMn2O4 monoliths, which have been examined in detail by the structural and compositional analyses.
Financial reporting incentives, earnings management, and tax avoidance in SMEs
Authors: Sánchez‐Ballesta Juan Pedro , Yagüe José
Published: December 2020

This paper examines earnings management and tax aggressiveness in SMEs. First, we find a discontinuity around zero in the distribution of earnings but not in the distribution of earnings change, and provide evidence that SMEs engage in accrual and real earnings management to beat zero earnings, to achieve a stable net income over the years, and also when in situations of financial constraints. We also find an overall negative association between income‐increasing earnings management and non‐conforming tax avoidance. In addition, we show that SMEs are less tax aggressive in those settings where we have previously found that they engage in upward earnings management (i.e., small profits, smoothed net income, financial constraints). This suggests that under financial reporting incentives to report higher earnings, upward earnings management clearly prevail over tax aggressiveness. On the contrary, in settings without the pressure to report higher earnings, our findings suggest that SMEs may simultaneously engage in conforming and non‐conforming tax avoidance to reduce taxes paid.
Oxidative stress links periodontal inflammation and renal function
Authors: Sharma Praveen , Fenton Anthony , Dias Irundika H. K. , Heaton Brenda , Brown Caroline L. R. , Sidhu Amneet , Rahman Mutahir , Griffiths Helen R. , Cockwell Paul , Ferro Charles J. , Chapple Iain L. , Dietrich Thomas
Published: December 2020

Aims

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are also susceptible to periodontitis. The causal link between periodontitis and CKD may be mediated via systemic inflammation/oxidative stress. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), this cross‐sectional study aimed to explore the causal relationship between periodontal inflammation (PI) and renal function.

Materials and methods

Baseline data on 770 patients with stage 3–5 (pre‐dialysis) CKD from an ongoing cohort study were used. Detailed, bioclinical data on PI and renal function, as well as potential confounders and mediators of the relationship between the two, were collected. SEMs of increasing complexity were created to test the causal assumption that PI affects renal function and vice versa.

Results

Structural equation modelling confirmed the assumption that PI and renal function are causally linked, mediated by systemic oxidative stress. The magnitude of this effect was such that a 10% increase in PI resulted in a 3.0% decrease in renal function and a 10% decrease in renal function resulted in a 25% increase in PI.

Conclusions

Periodontal inflammation represents an occult source of oxidative stress in patients with CKD. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm whether periodontal therapy, as a non‐pharmacological approach to reducing systemic inflammatory/oxidative stress burden, can improve outcomes in CKD.
Association between the severity of liver fibrosis and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chun Ho Soo , Lee Jae Seung , Lee Hye Won , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Lee Yong‐Ho , Kim Young Dae , Kim Seung Up
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the principal cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we assessed whether liver fibrosis predicted the risk of CVD in patients with T2D.

Methods

A total of 1481 patients who had commenced oral antidiabetic drugs to treat newly diagnosed T2D between 2006 and 2010 were recruited. The fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4), non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS), and BARD score were used to assess fibrotic burden at the time of T2D diagnosis.

Results

During the follow‐up period (median 88.1 [interquartile range 36.6–113.6] months), 242 (16.3%) patients developed CVD. CVD occurred frequently in older patients and was associated with hypertension; metabolic syndrome; obesity; smoking; administration of statin, which is an antihyperlipidemic drug; lower platelet counts; lower alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and HbA1c levels; higher C‐peptide and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels; and higher FIB‐4, NFS, and BARD score (all P < 0.05). FIB‐4 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.163), NFS (HR = 1.322), BARD score (HR = 1.564), metabolic syndrome (HR = 1.556), smoking (HR = 2.829), and statin use (HR = 0.603) independently predicted the risk of CVD (all P < 0.05). The cumulative incidence of CVD was significantly different among groups stratified by liver fibrotic burden (all P < 0.05, log‐rank test). Competing risk analysis showed a significant association between the severity of liver fibrosis and CVD development (all P < 0.001, Gray's test).

Conclusions

The severity of liver fibrosis independently predicted CVD in patients with T2D. Thus, assessment of liver fibrosis might allow physicians to optimize the timing of appropriate cardiovascular interventions in such patients.
Group versus one‐to‐one multi‐component lifestyle interventions for weight management: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Abbott S. , Smith E. , Tighe B. , Lycett D.
Published: December 2020

Background

Multi‐component lifestyle interventions that incorporate diet, physical activity and behaviour change are effective for weight management. However, it is not clear whether delivery in a group or one‐to‐one format influences weight loss efficacy. The present study aimed to systematically review the evidence of the effectiveness of group compared to one‐to‐one multi‐component lifestyle interventions for weight management.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL and ISRCTN databases were searched from inception up to February 2020 for randomised controlled trials comparing group versus one‐to‐one multi‐component lifestyle interventions for weight loss in adults with a body mass index ≥ 25 kg m–2. The primary outcome was weight loss (kg) at 12 months and the secondary outcome was attainment of ≥5% weight loss at 12 months. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Meta‐analysis used random effects and estimated risk ratios and continuous inverse variance methods. Heterogeneity was investigated using I2 statistics and sensitivity analyses.

Results

Seven randomised controlled trials with 2576 participants were included. Group interventions were favoured over one‐to‐one interventions for weight loss at 12 months (−1.9 kg, 95% confidence interval = −1.3 to −2.6; I2 = 99%). Participants of group interventions were more likely to attain ≥5% weight loss at 12 months relative to one‐to‐one interventions (relative risk = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.25–2.00; I2 = 60%).

Conclusions

Group multi‐component lifestyle interventions are superior for weight loss compared to one‐to‐one interventions with respect to adult weight management. Further research is required to determine whether specific components of group interventions can explain the superiority of weight loss outcomes in group interventions.
Research on extended external reporting assurance: Trends, themes, and opportunities
Authors: Venter Elmar R. , van Eck Lanise
Published: December 2020

The assurance of non‐financial information (NFI) included in extended external reports (EERs) is a global activity that has far‐reaching consequences for business, investors, other stakeholders, and society. EERs remain largely unregulated with few standards. Along with our companion paper (Krasodomska, Simnett, & Street, 2021, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 25, 209), we contribute to the current discussion on EER assurance by providing an overview of the academic literature to inform the standard setting initiatives of the International Auditing and Assurance Standard Setting Board (IAASB), as well as the practice of assurance of EERs. We identify 121 articles on extended external reporting (EER) assurance published between 2009 and 2020 across 35 journals ranked A*, A, and B on the Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC) 2019 Journal Quality List. These articles cover archival, experimental, interviews, case studies, surveys, and content analysis research methods and serve as a possible input for standard setting activities. We document a rapid increase in this literature with almost half of the articles published in the last 3 years, 2018 to 2020. Finally, we offer ideas for future research directly linked to the proposed Guidance of the IAASB on EER assurance. We encourage researchers to engage in these and other issues of the IAASB’s Guidance to assist them with valuable input for their standard setting activities.
Sustained attention to response task performance trajectories in Down syndrome
Authors: Faught G. G. , Himmelberger Z. M. , Tungate A. S. , Conners F. A.
Published: December 2020

Background

Sustained attention (SA) has been reported to be a unitary construct in youth with Down syndrome (DS), but additional analyses of how auditory and visual SA change over task presentation time are warranted.

Method

The current study was a secondary data analysis employing multilevel modeling. Specifically, we compared auditory and visual sustained attention to response task (SART) performance trajectories within a group of 42 youth with DS aged 10 to 22 years.

Results

We found that auditory omission errors increased at a faster rate than visual omission errors over increasing SART block presentations in youth with DS.

Conclusions

Youth with DS experience more SA lapses over time in the auditory than visual modality. Results have implications for academic instruction and assessment.
Expression of natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46 on peripheral blood natural killer cells in women with a history of recurrent implantation failures
Authors: Dons'koi Boris V. , Osypchuk Dariia V. , Chernyshov Viktor P. , Khazhylenko Kseniia G.
Published: December 2020

Aim

The peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells diversity is highly complex; recent studies described more than a thousand phenotypes sharing NK cell receptors, across the leukocyte lineages. In this study, we investigated the expression of NKp46 in peripheral blood NK cells in women with a history of recurrent implantation failures (RIF) with euploid embryos with pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and control group (donors of oocytes and surrogate mothers).

Methods

The expression of NKp46 in peripheral blood lymphocytes and NK cells from women with RIF (n = 57) and control group (n = 50) was analyzed with three‐color flow cytometry.

Results

The percentage of NKp46+NK cells was significantly higher in women with RIF compare with the control group and high amount of NKp46+NK cells (>13% of total lymphocytes) was a poor prognostic factor for embryo implantation. Also, women with RIF had a low amount of NKp46negNK cells, which was a negative prognostic factor for embryo implantation. The analysis of NK subpopulations, on the basis of NKp46 expression, also revealed that NKp46negNK in low amounts (<20% of NK cells) and NKp46dim in high amounts (>50% of NK cells) are also negative prognostic factors for embryo implantation.

Conclusion

Our results support the clinical significance of the NKp46 expression on NK cells in women with RIF. We suggest that the low level of NKp46neg subset in women with RIF may be a result of an imbalance in the differential development of ILC subsets toward cytotoxic ILC (NK cells), which in turn is a negative condition for successful embryo implantation.
A comparative evaluation between the reliability of gypsum casts and digital greyscale intra‐oral scans for the scoring of tooth wear using the Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES)
Authors: Mehta Shamir B. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Crins Luuk , Huysmans Marie‐Charlotte D. N. J , Wetselaar Peter , Loomans Bas A. C.
Published: December 2020

Background

The Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES) is a type of tooth wear index. To date, there is the lack of data comparing the reliability of the application of this index on gypsum cast records and digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records.

Objectives

A comparative evaluation between the use of gypsum cast records and digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records with the reliability of tooth wear scoring using the TWES amongst a group of patients with tooth wear.

Methods

Records for 10 patients with moderate to severe tooth wear (TWES ≥ 2) were randomly selected from a larger clinical trial. TWES grading of the occlusal/incisal, buccal and palatal/lingual surfaces was performed to determine the levels of intra‐ and interobserver agreement. Intra‐observer reproducibility was based on the findings of one examiner only. For the interobserver reproducibility, the findings of two examiners were considered. One set of models/ records were used per patient. Cohen's weighted kappa (κW) was used to ascertain agreement between and within the observers. Comparison of agreement was performed using t tests (P < .05).

Results

For the scoring of the of the total occlusal/incisal surfaces, the overall levels of intra‐ and interobserver agreement were significantly higher using the gypsum cast records than with the digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records, (P < .001) and (P < .001), respectively. For the overall buccal surfaces, only a significant difference was found in the intra‐observer agreement using gypsum casts, (P = .013). For the palatal/lingual surfaces, a significant difference was only reported in the interobserver agreement using gypsum casts, (P = .043). At the occlusal/incisal surfaces, grading performed using gypsum casts, culminated in significantly higher TWES scores than with the use of the digital greyscale intra‐oral scans (P < .001). At the buccal and palatal/lingual surfaces, significantly higher wear scores were obtained using digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records (P < .009).

Conclusions

The TWES can offer a reliable means for the scoring of wearing occlusal/incisal surfaces using gypsum casts. The reliability offered by digital greyscale intra‐oral scans for consecutive scoring was in general, inferior.
GRATIAN AND MENGZI
Authors: Lo Ping‐cheung
Published: December 2020

In this essay, I compare two pioneer thinkers of the “just war” tradition across cultures: Gratian in the Christian tradition, and Mengzi (Mencius) in the Confucian tradition. I examine their historical‐cultural contexts and the need for both to discuss just war, introduce the nature of their treatises and the rudimentary theories of just war therein, and trace the influence both thinkers’ theories have had on subsequent just war ethics. Both deemed just cause, proper authority, and right intention to be necessary conditions for initiating a just war. However, Gratian’s theory has a presumption against injustice whereas Mengzi’s theory has a presumption against war. As a jurist of the Church, Gratian sought to discriminate just from unjust wars, while Mengzi, a moral‐political advisor to rulers, was more concerned with avoiding bloodshed and building lasting peace. In addition to examining these thinkers’ respective historical influences, I submit that Gratian’s Decretum and the Mengzi are pioneering in two more senses. First, they offer important clues to understanding how just war ideas were developed very differently in medieval Europe and in premodern China. Second, both embodied features that helped shape their subsequent intellectual tradition, which in turn molded the different legacies of these two works.
SCHOLARSHIP AND THE CRITIQUE OF TRADITION
Authors: Novak David
Published: December 2020

This review essay of Wolfson’s recent Heidegger and Kabbalah both praises Wolfson for departing from the historicism of his earliest writings on the kabbalistic tradition, and also critiques him for being unable to ground adequately his critique of the kabbalistic tradition’s ethnocentrism. Resolving the tension in this authorial position, stretched between commitment to a particular tradition and the liberalism of much of contemporary academia, entails acknowledging the limitations of scholarship in religious ethics.
TIME, (COM)PASSION, AND ETHICAL SELF‐FORMATION IN EVANGELICAL HUMANITARIANISM
Authors: Henquinet Kari B.
Published: December 2020

This article examines narratives, images, and stories that give insight to everyday experimentation and ethical self‐formation. I use the case of World Vision and its early leaders to unpack genealogies of American evangelical humanitarianism. Rather than seeking to identify American evangelicalism’s normative ethical stance, I aim to expand the discussion in anthropology of ethics on ethical self‐formation through examining the tensions, reflections, and processes of becoming among evangelical humanitarians. In doing so, I examine two focal areas of ethical self‐formation among early World Vision leaders. The first is oscillation between and mixing of passion and compassion frameworks in the American evangelical imagination. Second, I identify a range of temporal frames that evangelicals draw on to make sense of and formulate ethical responses to human needs encountered abroad.
ETHICAL SELF‐MAKING, MORAL EXPERIMENTATION, AND HUMANITARIAN ENCOUNTER: Interdisciplinary Engagement with the Anthropology of Ethics
Authors: Campbell Letitia M.
Published: December 2020

The interdisciplinary group of authors featured in this focus issue contribute to conversations at the intersection of anthropology and ethics by exploring ethical self‐making and moral experimentation among faith‐based actors in a range of humanitarian settings. Kari Henquinet describes the genealogies of American evangelical humanitarianism by focusing on the ethical self‐formation of early World Vision leaders. Rachel Schneider and Sara Williams each explore practices by which relatively privileged individuals seek to cultivate virtue by engaging with those on the margins, in poor, urban neighborhoods in South Africa, and through packaged tours in Israel/Palestine, respectively. Sarah Tobin describes projects of Islamic self‐making among displaced refugee women in Jordan. Although they examine a wide range of subjects and settings, they explore a common set of themes, two of which I discuss here: moral experimentation, and engagements with suffering, poverty, and inequality.
Phylogenetic position of South American Cheilanthes (Cheilanthoideae, Pteridaceae): Advances in the generic circumscription and segregation of the new genus Mineirella
Authors: Ponce Marta Mónica , Scataglini María Amalia
Published: December 2020

This analysis corroborates and expands our previous results regarding the phylogenetic position of Cheilanthes species from South America. We sequenced three plastid genetic regions, one genic (rbcL) and two genic plus intergenic spacers (trnL + trnL‐F and rps4 + rps4‐trnS) from 25 South American cheilanthoid species. This allowed us to elucidate phylogenetic relationships that have been historically unresolved or were lowly supported. Here, we analyzed 45 Cheilanthes species (23 from South America) and circumscribed Cheilanthes s.s. in a strongly supported clade that contains three subclades: (i) exclusively from South America, (ii) from Australasia + South America, and (iii) from Africa. The position of three South American species, previously referred to the informal “Cheilanthes geraniifolia group”, is confirmed as a highly supported group outside Cheilanthes s.s. and within the Adiantopsis–Doryopteris clade. This group is described here as the new genus Mineirella. The new combinations for the genus and illustrations are included. Additionally, we discuss the morphological innovations that provide evidence to support the different clades.
Four philosophical images of man and nursing from Krąpiec’s perspective
Authors: Ferdynus Marcin Paweł
Published: December 2020

The article describes Mieczysław Albert Krąpiec's perspective on four classic philosophical images of man and the resulting theoretical and practical implications for the nursing profession. The first three images, namely man as a set of elements, man as a soul imprisoned in the body and man as a rational animal, are regarded by Krąpiec as reductionist anthropologies and are thus inadequate for nursing. The first image reduces man to a biological element. The second one reduces man to a soul and treats a body as something an obstacle in personal development. The third image absolutizes reason in man. While the body is not rejected in this image, it is viewed as an indifferent mass. The last image, which regards man as a person, is an adequate image for nursing. The exceptional character of man emphasized in this image is determined by the following personal qualities: the ability for cognition, freedom, love, religiousness, dignity, subjectivity to law and completeness. These characteristics reveal the specificity of personal being in both the body and the spirit. By viewing man as a person, a nurse discovers a wide range of possibilities of providing effective help to the patient.
Understanding obesity‐related behaviors in youth from a systems dynamics perspective: The use of causal loop diagrams
Authors: Waterlander Wilma E. , Singh Amika , Altenburg Teatske , Dijkstra Coosje , Luna Pinzon Angie , Anselma Manou , Busch Vincent , van Houtum Lieke , Emke Helga , Overman Meredith L. , Chinapaw Mai J.M. , Stronks Karien
Published: December 2020

This paper reports how we applied systems dynamics methods to gain insight into the complexity of obesity‐related behaviors in youth, including diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, by integrating a literature review into causal loop diagrams (CLDs). Results showed that the CLDs consisted of multiple subsystems and three types of dynamics appeared, including (1) feedback loops, (2) connections between feedback loops and subsystems, and (3) mechanisms. We observed clear similarities in the dynamics for the four behaviors in that they relate to “traditional” subsystems, such as home and school environments, as well as to newly added subsystems, including macroeconomics, social welfare, and urban systems. The CLDs provided insights that can support the development of intervention strategies, including (1) the confirmation that a range of mechanisms cover and connect multiple levels and settings, meaning that there is no silver bullet to address obesity; (2) understanding of how interventions in one particular setting, such as school, might be influenced by the interactions with other settings, such as urban systems; and (3) a comprehensive view of (un)intended consequences. This way of framing the problem will assist moving towards public health interventions that respond to and operate in the complexity of the real world.
Cross‐Sectional Area Measurement Techniques of Soft Tissue: A Literature Review
Authors: Ge Xiao‐jing , Zhang Lei , Xiang Gang , Hu Yong‐cheng , Lun Deng‐xing
Published: December 2020

Evaluation of the biomechanical properties of soft tissues by measuring the stress–strain relationships has been the focus of numerous investigations. The accuracy of stress depends, in part, upon the determination of the cross‐sectional area (CSA). However, the complex geometry and pliability of soft tissues, especially ligaments and tendons, make it difficult to obtain accurate CSA, and the development of CSA measurement methods of soft tissues continues. Early attempts to determine the CSA of soft tissues include gravimetric method, geometric approximation technique, area micrometer method, and microtomy technique. Since 1990, a series of new methods have emerged, including medical imaging techniques (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound imaging (USI)), laser techniques (e.g. the laser micrometer method, the linear laser scanner (LLS) technique, and the laser reflection system (LRS) method), molding techniques, and three‐dimensional (3D) scanning techniques.
Frontiers in Multiscale Modeling of Photoreceptor Proteins
Authors: Mroginski Maria‐Andrea , Adam Suliman , Amoyal Gil S. , Barnoy Avishai , Bondar Ana‐Nicoleta , Borin Veniamin A. , Church Jonathan R. , Domratcheva Tatiana , Ensing Bernd , Fanelli Francesca , Ferré Nicolas , Filiba Ofer , Pedraza‐González Laura , González Ronald , González‐Espinoza Cristina E. , Kar Rajiv K. , Kemmler Lukas , Kim Seung Soo , Kongsted Jacob , Krylov Anna I. , Lahav Yigal , Lazaratos Michalis , NasserEddin Qays , Navizet Isabelle , Nemukhin Alexander , Olivucci Massimo , Olsen Jógvan Magnus Haugaard , Pérez de Alba Ortíz Alberto , Pieri Elisa , Rao Aditya G. , Rhee Young Min , Ricardi Niccolò , Sen Saumik , Solov'yov Ilia A. , De Vico Luca , Wesolowski Tomasz A. , Wiebeler Christian , Yang Xuchun , Schapiro Igor
Published: December 2020

This perspective article highlights the challenges in the theoretical description of photoreceptor proteins using multiscale modeling, as discussed at the CECAM workshop in Tel Aviv, Israel. The participants have identified grand challenges and discussed the development of new tools to address them. Recent progress in understanding representative proteins such as green fluorescent protein, photoactive yellow protein, phytochrome, and rhodopsin is presented, along with methodological developments.
Channels for Common Ground
Authors: Swanson Eric
Published: December 2020

One potentially ethically relevant feature of an utterance is that utterance's influence on the likelihoods that our future discourses wind up with one Stalnakerian ‘common ground’ or body of shared information rather than another. Such likelihoods matter ethically, so the ways our utterances influence them can matter ethically, despite the fact that such influences are often unintended, and often hard to see. By offering a relatively neutral descriptive framework that can enhance our collective sensitivity to and discussion of ethically, socially, and politically important features of language use, this paper contributes to the ethics of language use. It discusses ways in which utterances can influence the likelihoods of future common grounds by deploying one system of categorization rather than another, and argues that language’s effects on the evolution of discourse can affect the paths to and probabilities of different sorts of consensus.