bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro structural and non‐isothermal crystallization and degradation kinetics studies on manganese thioglycolate end capped poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Mahalakshmi S. , Alagesan T. , Parthasarathy V. , Anbarasan R.
Published: December 2018

The Manganese thioglycolate (Mn‐TG) end capped poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) was prepared by ring opening polymerization at 160°C under inert atmosphere in the presence of Mn‐TG as an initiator and stannous octoate as a catalyst by bulk polymerization technique. The prepared PCL was investigated using various analytical tools to assess its physico‐chemical properties. The chemical structure of PCL was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The particle size and morphology of the sample was examined by atomic force microscopy and TEM. The melting and crystallization behavior of PCL was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal property of PCL was assessed with the help of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics was carried out to understand the nucleation type and crystal growth for the prepared PCL. The energy of activation (Ea) for crystallization process of PCL was determined. The thermal degradation of PCL and its Ea was determined under non‐isothermal condition using important kinetic models. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:633–642, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
The novel protective effects of loganin against 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium‐induced neurotoxicity: Enhancement of neurotrophic signaling, activation of IGF‐1R/GLP‐1R, and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Ting , Lin Wan‐Jung , Chang Wan‐Hsuan , Lo Yi‐Ching
Published: December 2018

Loganin, a major iridoid glycoside obtained from fruits of Cornus officinalis, possesses anti‐inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, and osteoporosis prevention effects. Loganin has been linked to neuroprotection in several models of neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of loganin are still mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrated the protective effects of loganin against PD mimetic toxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and the important roles of insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R) in the neuroprotective mechanisms of loganin. In primary mesencephalic neuronal cultures treated with or without MPP+, loganin up‐regulated expressions of neurotrophic signals including IGF‐1R, GLP‐1R, p‐Akt, BDNF, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Loganin protected against MPP+‐induced apoptosis by up‐regulating antiapoptotic protein and down‐regulating proapoptotic protein. Moreover, loganin attenuated MPP+‐induced neurite damage via up‐regulation of GAP43 and down‐regulation of membrane‐RhoA/ROCK2/p‐LIMK/p‐cofilin. Loganin also attenuated MPP+‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, both AG1024, an IGF‐1R antagonist, and exendin 9‐39, a GLP‐1R antagonist, attenuated the protective effects of loganin on MPP+‐induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, neurite length decrease, and ROS production. Our results suggest that loganin attenuates MPP+‐induced apoptotic death, neurite damage, and oxidative stress through enhancement of neurotrophic signaling, activation of IGF‐1R/GLP‐1R, and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway, providing the evidence that loganin possesses novel neuroprotective effects.
Influence of overloading on the reliability and critical components of networked critical infrastructures
Authors: Zhu Huaxing , Zhang Chi , Ouyang Min
Published: December 2018

The economic development and social well‐being of modern societies are highly dependent on networked critical infrastructures to satisfy the necessary demand. In the case that the prescribed demand cannot be satisfied with each component of a network normally loaded, certain components need to be overloaded. To study the influence of overloading on the network reliability, this research proposes a new flow‐redistribution rule based on minimal cuts to determine the components to overload when necessary and the way to redistribute the network flow. The proposed rule can help to keep the prescribed demand for a network satisfied, while trying to minimize the adverse influence of overloading on the network reliability. Based on the proposed rule, we then propose a bi‐objective optimization model to identify a network's critical components that, among all the possible combinations of components with the same amount, influence the network reliability the most when incapacitated, while considering the possibility of overloading and its influence on the reliability.
Do Resources Matter? Effects of an In‐Class Library Project on Student Independent Reading Habits in Primary Schools in Rural China
Authors: Yi Hongmei , Mo Di , Wang Huan , Gao Qiufeng , Shi Yaojiang , Wu Paiou , Abbey Cody , Rozelle Scott
Published: December 2018

It is commonly believed that reading challenges should be addressed early to reduce the likelihood that developmental delays will impact students over the long term. However, students in developing countries often have limited access to reading resources. In this study, the authors used a randomized controlled trial of 11,083 fourth‐ and fifth‐grade students in 120 primary schools in rural China to examine the causal effect of an in‐class library program on student reading outcomes and academic achievement in schools with poor reading resources over an eight‐month period. An in‐class library was installed in each of the selected classes in the 40 treatment schools. The authors found that the program significantly improved student affinity toward reading and student reading habits, and in these regards, it narrowed the gap between male and female students, between low‐ and high‐performing students, and between left‐behind children and children living with parents. However, the authors found no overall effect of the program on reading and academic achievement and a negative effect on student confidence in reading. There was also no effect on student, teacher, and primary caregiver perceptions toward the effect of independent reading on academic achievement, nor any effect on whether teachers and primary caregivers provided reading instructions to students. The authors propose three possible explanations for these findings: a lack of reading instruction from teachers and caregivers, a lack of reading materials specifically tailored to local needs and interests, and the relatively short duration of the intervention.
A Hybrid Kinetic Analysis of the Biosolids Pyrolysis using Thermogravimetric Analyser
Authors: Patel Savankumar R. , Kundu Sazal K. , Halder Pobitra K. , Setiawan Adi , Paz‐Ferreiro Jorge , Surapaneni Aravind , Shah Kalpit V.
Published: December 2018

In this study, multi‐heating rate and multi‐temperature pyrolysis experiments of mechanically and biologically treated Australian biosolids is conducted in a Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA). A hybrid approach is applied for the estimation of kinetic parameters of biosolids pyrolysis where model‐free methods such as Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) are used to derive activation energy while model‐fitting method such as Coats‐Redfern is used to derive pre‐exponential factor. The results obtained from this study are compared with other biosolids, lignocellulosic biomass, microalgae and coal. The activation energy and pre‐exponential factor obtained in the current work are 99.75 kJ/mol and 1.7×109 min−1 respectively. The coefficients of determination (R2) obtained in the determination of activation energies ranged between 0.93 and 0.99.
Ambient Degradation‐Induced Spin Paramagnetism in Phosphorene
Authors: Chen Jie , Zhou Qionghua , Pan Hongzhe , Zhang Weili , Zhao Yunlei , Deng Yu , Du Youwei , Wang Jinlan , Tang Nujiang
Published: December 2018

The sizeable direct bandgap, high mobility, and long spin lifetimes at room temperature offer black phosphorus (BP) potential applications in spin‐based semiconductor devices. Toward these applications, a critical step is creating a magnetic response in BP, which is arousing much interest. It is reported here that ambient degradation of BP, which is immediate and inevitable and greatly changes the semiconducting properties, creates magnetic moments, and any degree of degradation leads to notable paramagnetism. Its Landau factor g measured is ≈1.995, revealing that the magnetization mainly results from spin rather than orbital moments. Such magnetism most likely results from the unsaturated phosphorus in the vacancies which are stabilized by O adatoms. It can be tuned by changing any one of the ambient factors of ambient temperature, humidity, and light intensity, and can be stabilized by exposing BP in argon. The findings highlight the importance of evaluating the effect of ambient degradation‐induced magnetism on BP's spin‐based devices. The work seems an essential milestone toward the forthcoming research upsurge on BP's magnetism.
E2R‐F2N: Energy‐efficient retailing using a femtolet‐based fog network
Authors: Mukherjee Anwesha , De Debashis , Buyya Rajkumar
Published: December 2018

Energy‐efficient smart retail system design is a challenging research area. In this paper, we propose an automated retail system using a femtolet‐based fog network. A femtolet is an indoor base station providing computation and storage. Femtolets in our system work as indoor base stations and maintain databases of the products located in their respective coverage areas. The femtolets switch to active or idle mode according to the user's presence in its coverage. A smart trolley is proposed for our retailing system, which guides the user to the particular product type selected by the user. The user, after entering the shopping mall, carries the smart trolley. The customer selects and purchases products using this trolley. On the basis of product purchasing, the respective databases maintained inside the femtolets are updated. An Android application for the proposed retailing is developed. We compare the power consumption and delay of the proposed retail system with the existing retail system. Simulation analyses illustrate that the proposed approach reduces power by approximately 89% and 94%, respectively, in comparison to the local cloud server–based and remote cloud server–based retail systems. Thus, we refer to the proposed system as a green retail system. The performance of the proposed system through experimental analysis is also evaluated.
A novel segmented routing algorithm based on the markov decision process in mobile opportunistic networks
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wang Xiaoming , Lin Yaguang , Zhang Lichen , Wang Liang
Published: December 2018

The purposes of research of routing algorithms in the mobile opportunistic networks are to improve the message delivery ratio, control overhead, and reduce the end‐to‐end delay. Now the performance of routing algorithms is very low because the opportunistic network structure is sparse and the network topology is variable. In this article, we use the Markov random process to propose a new segmented routing algorithm with a higher efficiency in opportunistic networks. In the stage of multicopy, we propose a forwarding strategy with the Markov decision process (MPD) to forward messages to multiple relay nodes quickly. In the stage of singe copy, we establish a precise delivery model to forward messages to the destination node with less relay nodes by combining the MPD with historical encountering information of nodes. The two‐stage segmented routing algorithm not only balances the relationship between the delivery ratio and the network overhead, but also saves network resources. Compared with other routing algorithms, our proposed segmented routing algorithm is superior to the existing routing algorithms in the message delivery ratio, message delay, and network overhead. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Antemortem and postmortem influences on drug concentrations and metabolite patterns in postmortem specimens
Authors: Peters Frank T. , Steuer Andrea E.
Published: December 2018

When interpreting postmortem analytical data, toxicologists must be aware that postmortem concentrations of xenobiotics and/or their metabolites may be influenced by many factors. Some of these influences occur antemortem like the general pharmacokinetic properties of the xenobiotic or individual pharmacokinetics in the particular subject. They determine the concentrations at the time of death and may be relevant for the determination of the manner rather than the cause of death. Other influences occurring postmortem include continuing drug metabolism, chemical, and/or microbial degradation as well as potential postmortem formation of some toxicologically relevant compounds. Such postmortem effects may tremendously change the concentrations of xenobiotics and/or their metabolites at the time of death. If not adequately considered, this may lead to false conclusions regarding the involvement of the respective xenobiotic in the cause of death. The present article will provide an overview on antemortem and postmortem effects giving examples from the literature. It will also discuss if and how such effects may be identified based on postmortem specimens and, in case of the postmortem effects, how they may be reduced by proper storage and addition of stabilizers like fluoride salts.

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology > Post‐Mortem Toxicology

Toxicology > Analytical Toxicology

Toxicology > Drug Stability
Evaluation of management in North American zoos to enhance breeding success of the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) ex situ population
Authors: Fazio Jilian M. , Freeman Elizabeth W. , Bauer Erika , Rockwood Larry , Parsons Edward C. M.
Published: December 2018

The ex situ population of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) face many challenges to its sustainability such as mate incompatibility, low founder numbers and disease prevalence. The North American population was monitored for a three‐year period during institutional transfers and breeding introductions. In total, 26 fishing cats, including 15 different breeding pairs were monitored during 20 transfers. Most institutional transfers occurred in the fall months (September, October and November; 62%; n = 13) and males were transferred more often (62%; n = 13). Breeding success (observed copulations) was recorded in 33% (n = 5) of pairs but only 13% (n = 2 pairs) produced offspring during the study period. Institutions with successful breeding pairs had a greater number of indoor, off‐exhibit enclosures (2.67 ± 0.29 enclosures; n = 5) compared to facilities with unsuccessful pairs (1.69 ± 0.25 exhibits; n = 6; p = 0.035). In addition, facilities housing successful pairs performed positive reinforcement training more frequently (14.77 ± 3.27 training days/month) than facilities with unsuccessful pairs (4.00 ± 2.73 days/month; p = 0.035). A binomial generalized linear model showed that friendly vocalizations (p = 0.000) during physical introductions of intended breeding pairs predicted copulation success. Introductions performed when a female was exhibiting estrous behavior (p = 0.020), was also predictive of copulation success. Results from this study are the first comprehensive analyses of captive management in the fishing cat. Environmental factors and management approaches are highlighted that could advance animal welfare and improve reproductive success in this species.
Urban Rail Transit Provides the Necessary Access to a Metropolitan Area: A Case Study of Portland, Oregon, USA
Authors: Oh Seunghoon , Wang Xinhao
Published: December 2018

Access to good public transit for low-socioeconomic communities has been an important concern in transportation planning and urban studies research. In Portland, Oregon, USA, the rapid growth of housing prices and rents in the urban core has caused displacement of low-income residents to peripheral and suburban neighborhoods where housing is more affordable. Because public transit is generally more limited in the urban periphery and suburbs, there is concern that the low-income suburban residents may have more limited access to Portland’s light rail transit service than more affluent residents do. This study examines the relationships between the light rail transit accessibility and socioeconomic status—income, race and ethnicity—in the Portland metro area. Light rail transit accessibility is compared for all income and racial/ethnic groups across four access zones. Multinomial logistic econometric models were used to measure likelihood differences of being located in different access zones between each demographic group. The results show that there is no significant barrier for low-income and racial and ethnic minority residents to access urban rail transit in Portland. The results suggest that despite low-income residents’ movement to the suburbs, Portland’s urban rail transit system continues to serve all residents by providing cohesive connections between the urban core, periphery and suburbs.
The developing optic tectum: An asymmetrically organized system and the need for a redefinition of the notion of sensitive period
Authors: Rapacioli Melina , Fiszer de Plazas Sara , Flores Vladimir
Published: December 2018

The present article summarizes the main events involved in the isthmic organizer and optic tectum determination and analyses how optic tectum patterning is translated, by the organized operation of several specific cell behaviors, into the terminally differentiated optic tectum. The paper proposes that this assembling of temporally/spatially organized cell behaviors could be incorporated into a wider notion of patterning and that, given the asymmetric organization of the developing optic tectum, the notion of “sensitive period” does not capture the whole complexity of midbrain development and the pathogenesis of congenital disorders.

The cell behaviors involved in the optic tectum development are organized in time and space by the isthmic organizer. A comprehensive description of the normal optic tectum development, and also its alterations, should consider both domains. Significantly, the identity of each neuronal cohort depends critically on its “time and place of birth”. Both parameters must be considered at once to explain how the structural and functional organization of the optic tectum is elaborated.

The notion of “patterning” applies only to the early events of the optic tectum development. Besides, the notion of “sensitive period” considers only a temporal domain and disregards the asymmetric organization of the developing optic tectum. The present paper proposes that these notions might be re‐defined: (a) a wider meaning of the term patterning and (b) a replacement of the term “sensitive period” by a more precise concept of “sensitive temporal/spatial window”.
Tuberculous lymphadenitis in Baghdad city: A review of 188 cases
Authors: Jasim Hasanain abdulameer , Abdullah Ali A. , Abdulmageed Mustafa U.
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:

Tuberculosis is still a major health problem in the world. Iraq regarded as an endemic country with incidence of 43 tuberculosis cases in 100,000 of the population. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy considered the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. With cervical lymph node groups most commonly affected. It may confuse by serious aetiology necessitating sophisticated investigations like tissue biopsy to reach a diagnosis. The Surgical role is well established in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy, but still not clear whether surgery plays role in treatment along with antituberculous drugs or not.

Aims:

to define the incidence, presentation, investigations, outcome, and the role of surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous lymphadenopathy.

Patients and method:

A retrospective study performed in the National specialized Centre for Respiratory and Chest Diseases in Iraq-Baghdad, from January until December 2016. One hundred and eighty-eight patients included in the study. The following information were collected from the patient's records: demographic and clinical data; the final diagnostic test; the treatment regimens; the outcome of the antituberculous therapy and the type of surgical procedures used in diagnosis and treatment of the patients.

Result:

The diagnosis of Tuberculous lymphadenitis achieved mainly by the clinical with support from results of histopathology after biopsy (74.47%) or FNAC (11.17%). Tuberculous lymphadenitis was seen in 12.34% of all notified TB cases and in 31.87% of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Iraq 188 patients included in the study, 135 (71.8%) female 53 (28.2%) male patients the mean age was 32.1 ± 18.8 year and cervical region involved in (65.43%).

Conclusion:

In Iraqi patients, Tuberculous lymphadenopathy is the most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, with cervical involvement representing the most common site of involvement. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy is a common disease, especially in the endemic area and should put in the differential diagnosis in the aetiology of LAD in different body regions. Its effect female more than male at age of thirty. Diagnosis mainly achieved by the different tissue sampling technique. Surgery role well-established in the diagnosis and treatment of complications, assisting in rapid relief of mass symptoms, but the role in the treatment of TLN with chemotherapy not yet well-known.
EPMA’s Bilbao Congress Plenary opening showcases world PM
Authors: Brookes Kenneth J.A.
Published: December 2018

Bilbao, capital of the Basque Region and the largest city in northern Spain, played host to the Euro PM2018 Congress and Exhibition. A key component of Spain’s industrial heritage, the spectacular Guggenheim Museum designed by Frank Gehry helped to revitalise Bilbao and make it the cultural centre it is today. It was unfortunate that poor weather at the wrong time made it difficult for attendees to take in the cultural riches on offer, but there was no shortage of PM subjects to occupy the time, not only the multiplicity of parallel sessions but also the only plenary session, which filled the first morning and is the subject of this report.
MINIATURE IN EVERYTHING BUT MEANING: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF MINIATURE VESSELS AT HOMOL'OVI I
Authors: Fladd Samantha G. , Barker Claire S.
Published: December 2018

The most common explanations for the appearance of miniatures in the archaeological record are drawn from practice theory. Two alternatives stem from learning theories, while a third is based in ritual practice and performance. First, miniatures may represent early attempts at craft production by children or novice adults. Second, they could serve as children's toys used for enculturation purposes. Third, miniatures may be produced for use in rituals or as offerings. These explanations are not mutually exclusive; all may be part of the life history of a single artifact. Previous archaeological and ethnographic work on miniature ceramic vessels in the Southwest has variously supported all three prominent explanations. In this article, we examine the miniature vessel assemblage from Homol'ovi I, a prehispanic pueblo in northern Arizona, through a synthetic analysis of craft mastery, use, and deposition. While various life history trajectories are indicated, the miniature vessels at this ancestral Hopi village appear in similar depositional contexts. Specifically, these objects serve as important components in the preparation or closure practices of ritual spaces throughout the pueblo.
Diurnal seismicity cycle linked to subsurface melting on an ice shelf
Authors: MacAyeal Douglas R. , Banwell Alison F. , Okal Emile A. , Lin Jinqiao , Willis Ian C. , Goodsell Becky , MacDonald Grant J.
Published: December 2018

Seismograms acquired on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, during an Austral summer melt season (November 2016–January 2017) reveal a diurnal cycle of seismicity, consisting of hundreds of thousands of small ice quakes limited to a 6–12 hour period during the evening, in an area where there is substantial subsurface melting. This cycle is explained by thermally induced bending and fracture of a frozen surface superimposed on a subsurface slush/water layer that is supported by solar radiation penetration and absorption. A simple, one-dimensional model of heat transfer driven by observed surface air temperature and shortwave absorption reproduces the presence and absence (as daily weather dictated) of the observed diurnal seismicity cycle. Seismic event statistics comparing event occurrence with amplitude suggest that the events are generated in a fractured medium featuring relatively low stresses, as is consistent with a frozen surface superimposed on subsurface slush. Waveforms of the icequakes are consistent with hydroacoustic phases at frequency $ {\bf \gt} \bf 75\,{\bf Hz}$ and flexural-gravity waves at frequency $ \bf {\bf \lt}25\,{\bf Hz}$. Our results suggest that seismic observation may prove useful in monitoring subsurface melting in a manner that complements other ground-based methods as well as remote sensing.
Security, Business and Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
Authors: FARAH Marya , ABDALLAH Maha
Published: December 2018

Businesses have increasingly recognized their responsibility to respect human rights in their operations. This has been in part guided by international initiatives, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, as well as guidance and regulations from states. Although these measures recognize risks associated with conflict-affected areas, contexts of occupation present unique concerns. These issues become even more complex when states send mixed messages to businesses. This is most evident when examining the discourse on and regulation of business operations linked to Israel’s prolonged occupation of Palestinian territory, especially those with operations and relationships related to ‘security’. This article seeks to highlight the frequent disregard of human rights responsibilities and obligations by states and businesses related to the occupied Palestinian territory and population, which has created a gap in accountability that civil society has attempted to address.
Magnetoencephalographic Source Localization of the Eye Area of the Motor Homunculus
Authors: Wennberg Richard , Dominguez Luis Garcia , del Campo J. Martin
Published: December 2018

A patient with intractable epilepsy, previous right frontal resection, and active vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) developed new onset quasi-continuous twitching around the left eye. Electroencephalography showed no correlate to the orbicularis oculi twitches apart from myographic potentials at the left supraorbital and anterior frontal electrodes. Magnetoencephalography was performed using spatiotemporal signal space separation to suppress magnetic artifacts associated with the VNS apparatus. Magnetoencephalographic source imaging performed on the data back-averaged from the left supraorbital myographic potentials revealed an intrasulcal cortical generator situated in the posterior wall of the right precentral gyrus representing the eye area of the motor homunculus.
European Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning: A Review of National Plans, July 2016
Authors: Droogers Maaike , Ciotti Massimo , Kreidl Peter , Melidou Angeliki , Penttinen Pasi , Sellwood Chloe , Tsolova Svetla , Snacken René
Published: December 2018

Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) commenced in April 2009. Robust planning and preparedness are needed to minimize the impact of a pandemic. This study aims to review if key elements of pandemic preparedness are included in national plans of European countries. Key elements were identified before and during the evaluations of the 2009 pandemic and are defined in this study by 42 items. These items are used to score a total of 28 publicly available national pandemic influenza plans. We found that plans published before the 2009 influenza pandemic score lower than plans published after the pandemic. Plans from countries with a small population size score significantly lower compared to national plans from countries with a big population (P <.05). We stress that the review of written plans does not reflect the actual preparedness level, as the level of preparedness entails much more than the existence of a plan. However, we do identify areas of improvement for the written plans, such as including aspects on the recovery and transition phase and several opportunities to improve coordination and communication, including a description of the handover of leadership from health to wider sector management and communication activities during the pre-pandemic phase. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:582-592)
“It Was Once a Radical Democratic Proposal”: Theories of Gradual Institutional Change in Brazilian Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Montambeault Françoise
Published: December 2018

Because of its early positive assessments, participatory budgeting (PB) has been and continues to be praised by several policymakers, and the Brazilian model has become an institutional blueprint around the world. No one questions the way the model has evolved in Brazilian municipalities with a long tradition of PB, but it was institutionalized there through practice and not through state legislation. It is thus highly permeable to political will and evolving ideas. Looking at the case of Belo Horizonte, where it was implemented in 1993, this study argues that while the political rhetoric of PB has remained central to political discourse over time, a significant but gradual policy change has occurred in practice. This change has important implications: not only does it have an impact on the policy outcomes of PB, but it also contributes to delegitimating the process for its participants, abetting its gradual deinstitutionalization.
‘If We Are to Believe the Psychologists …’: Medicine, Psychoanalysis and Breastfeeding in Britain, 1900–55
Authors: Rowold Katharina
Published: December 2018

In 1942, the British Minister of Health commissioned a report from the newly established Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children into ‘What can be done to intensify the effort to secure more breast feeding of infants?’. To make their case, the members of the sub-committee put in charge of the report sought expert testimony on the benefits of breastfeeding. They consulted medical officers of health, maternity and child-welfare officers, health visitors, midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians and a physician in private practice. They also consulted five ‘psychologists’ (a contemporary umbrella term for psychologists, psychoanalysts and psychiatrists). It is not surprising that the committee turned to medical professionals, as infant feeding had long been an area of their expertise. However, seeking the views of ‘psychologists’ when establishing the benefits of breastfeeding marked a more innovative development, one which suggested that a shift in conceptualising the significance of breastfeeding was gathering pace. In the interwar period, psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists showed growing interest in early infancy. It led to an extensive psychoanalytic engagement with contemporary feeding advice disseminated by the medical profession. This article will explore the divergences and intersections of medical and psychoanalytic theories on breastfeeding in the first half of the twentieth century, concluding with a consideration of how medical ideas on breastfeeding had absorbed some of the contentions of ‘psy’-approaches to infant feeding by the post-war period.
The Historical Face of Narcotic Revisited: A Chinese City’s Fifty-Year Quest for Hygienic Modernity, 1900–49
Authors: Huang Jianan
Published: December 2018

For decades, people have viewed narcotics as a devil impeding the modernisation of China, but they have recently been faced with the challenge of declaring that narcotics are harmless in some instances. A deeper understanding of this issue requires historical approaches which show that the demonisation of narcotics has mainly been a political pursuit. In re-examining the drug problem and its correlation to political and socio-economic issues, data statistics based on substantial archives in modern China play a crucial role. Discovered in 2007 in Longquan, a city in southeast China,Judicial Records of Longquanremains the largest judicial record in modern China by far. Data analysis reveals government efforts regarding drug control were not in line with the peak periods of drug-related cases in Longquan. Drawing on previously unexamined documents, it can be shown that anti-drug mobilisation and hygienic conditions have been overstated to legitimise the authority of governments in modern China. However, the knowledge of local residents regarding medicine and health was indirectly promoted in this agenda. Compared with the negative image of drugs constructed under the biopower of government, the role of narcotics was a positive vehicle for accelerating health mobilization during the Republic of China.
Hyperons in hot dense matter: what do the constraints tell us for equation of state?
Authors: Fortin M. , Oertel M. , Providência C.
Published: December 2018

For core-collapse and neutron star merger simulations, it is important to have adequate equations of state which describe dense and hot matter as realistically as possible. We present two newly constructed equations of state including the entire baryon octet, compatible with the main constraints coming from nuclear physics, both experimental and theoretical. One of the equations of state describes cold β-equilibrated neutron stars with a maximum mass of 2 Msun. Results obtained with the new equations of state are compared with the ones of DD2Y, the only existing equation of state containing the baryon octet and satisfying the above constraints. The main difference between our new equations of state and DD2Y is the harder symmetry energy of the latter. We show that the density dependence of the symmetry energy has a direct influence on the amount of strangeness inside hot and dense matter and, consequently, on thermodynamic quantities. We expect that these differences affect the evolution of a proto-neutron star or binary neutron star mergers. We propose also several parameterisations based on the DD2 and SFHo models calibrated to Lambda hypernuclei that satisfy the different constraints.
AN ANALOGUE OF EULER’S IDENTITY AND SPLIT PERFECT PARTITIONS
Authors: GOYAL MEGHA
Published: December 2018

We give the generating function of split$(n+t)$-colour partitions and obtain an analogue of Euler’s identity for split$n$-colour partitions. We derive a combinatorial relation between the number of restricted split$n$-colour partitions and the function$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{k}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})=\sum _{d|\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}d^{k}$. We introduce a new class of split perfect partitions with$d(a)$copies of each part$a$and extend the work of Agarwal and Subbarao [‘Some properties of perfect partitions’,Indian J. Pure Appl. Math 22(9) (1991), 737–743].
War by Other Means? Incentives for Power Seekers in Thomas Hobbes's Political Philosophy
Authors: Odzuck Eva
Published: December 2018

The problem of the power seeker is of crucial importance for Hobbes's political philosophy. While education might aid in changing the behavior of some people, Hobbes is clear that there are limits to the effectiveness of education and that incurable, unsocial power seekers will persist. In my analysis, I ask whether and, if so, how Hobbes can also get these incurable power seekers on board. The result of my findings that Hobbes provides a huge variety of treatments for power seekers, including incentives to betray and exploit their fellow citizens by employing a public gesture of civility, has implications for Hobbes research: it shows the complexity and costs of Hobbes's “solution” to the problem of war and corrects a widespread developmental hypothesis about the concept of honor in Hobbes's works. Thereby, it can also enrich a recent diagnosis about the decline of honor in modern societies.
The Friendless Republic: Freedom, Faction, and Friendship in Machiavelli'sDiscourses
Authors: Warner John M.
Published: December 2018

Civic republicans have traditionally appealed to friendship as a means of preserving popular liberty, but Machiavelli is a notable exception to this rule. In fact, I argue, he views efforts to reconcile friendship and politics as (1) philosophically dubious, because grounded in false conceptions of person and society, and (2) practically harmful, because they perpetuate patterns of asymmetric dependence that are inconsistent with a free way of life. Machiavelli's neglected skepticism about the political potential of friendship deepens his critique of the Ciceronianconcordia, reveals a diminished idea of the common good, and distances him from the civic republican tradition to which he is so often said to belong.
Frequency distributions of punctuation marks in English
Authors: Sun Kun , Wang Rong
Published: December 2018

The analysis of punctuation in philology is mainly carried out with a view to better understand the meaning of the literature concerned. Punctuation is generally believed to play the role of ‘assisting the written language in indicating those elements of speech that cannot be conveniently set down on paper: chiefly the pause, pitch and stress in speech’ (Markwardt, 1942: 156). Most of us often ignore the importance of punctuation in writing systems and tend to believe that punctuation only depends on tradition and the personal styles of writers. In fact, punctuation marks may contribute significantly to the clarity of expression. Many linguists associate punctuation with intonation, but the truth is more complex than that – punctuation marks may affect orthography, morphology, syntactic relations, semantic information, and can even influence textual structure.
The Meaning of a Visual Arts Program for Older Adults in Complex Residential Care
Authors: Rodrigues Lycia M. , Smith André P. , Sheets Debra J. , Hémond Johanne
Published: December 2018

Cette étude qualitative explore les expériences vécues par des personnes âgées participant dans un programme d’arts visuels créatifs dans un établissement de soins de Victoria (Colombie-Britannique). Une approche par enquête narrative a été utilisée dans le cadre d’entretiens en personne menés avec dix résidents et trois membres du personnel du programme. Les activités du programme et l’exposition artistique qui y était associée ont aussi fait l’objet d’une observation systématique. Les résultats démontrent que le programme a stimulé le sentiment de communauté des participants et augmenté leur estime d’eux-mêmes, en tant qu’artistes. Une exposition artistique publique dans un centre communautaire a permis de souligner la valeur de leur production artistique et a conféré un sens et un but à leur implication dans le programme. Les résultats démontrent l’importance des programmes artistiques stimulant la créativité chez la population âgée. Ils illustrent aussi que les personnes vivant en institution peuvent prendre conscience des multiples dimensions de leur personnalité à travers l’expression artistique. Cette étude souligne la pertinence d’accroître l’accès à des programmes artistiques pour les individus vivant en établissements de soins.
Efficient hybrid group search optimizer for assembling printed circuit boards
Authors: Lin Cheng-Jian , Huang Mei-Ling
Published: December 2018

Assembly optimization of printed circuit boards (PCBs) has received considerable research attention because of efforts to improve productivity. Researchers have simplified complexities associated with PCB assembly; however, they have overlooked hardware constraints, such as pick-and-place restrictions and simultaneous pickup restrictions. In this study, a hybrid group search optimizer (HGSO) was proposed. Assembly optimization of PCBs for a multihead placement machine is segmented into three problems: the (1) auto nozzle changer (ANC) assembly problem, (2) nozzle setup problem, and (3) component pick-and-place sequence problem. The proposed HGSO proportionally applies a modified group search optimizer (MGSO), random-key integer programming, and assigned number of nozzles to an ANC to solve the component picking problem and minimize the number of nozzle changes, and the place order is treated as a traveling salesman problem. Nearest neighbor search is used to generate an initial place order, which is then improved using a 2-opt method, where chaos local search and a population manager improve efficiency and population diversity to minimize total assembly time. To evaluate the performance of the proposed HGSO, real-time PCB data from a plant were examined and compared with data obtained by an onsite engineer and from other related studies. The results revealed that the proposed HGSO has the lowest total assembly time, and it can be widely employed in general multihead placement machines.
The unique effects of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms on youth's symptomatology: Moderation by family ethnicity, family structure, and child gender
Authors: Tyrell Fanita A. , Yates Tuppett M. , Reynolds Chandra A. , Fabricius William V. , Braver Sanford L.
Published: December 2018

Drawing on five waves of longitudinal data from 392 families (52% female; mean age of wave 1 [Mage_W1] = 12.89, standard deviation [SD] = .48;Mage_W5= 21.95,SD= .77; 199 European American and 193 Mexican American families; 217 intact and 175 stepfather families), this study documented transactional relations of mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms with youth's symptomatology from early adolescence to young adulthood. Trait and time-varying cross-lagged models revealed that both mothers’ and fathers’ between- and within-person differences in depressive symptoms were associated with youth's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Whereas each parent's depressive symptoms uniquely contributed to youth's internalizing symptoms, however, only mothers’ depressive symptoms influenced youth's externalizing symptoms. Although reciprocal effects of youth's internalizing symptoms on parents’ depressive symptoms were not significant, youth's externalizing symptoms predicted changes in mothers’ depressive symptoms over time. Moderation analyses revealed distinct transactional patterns by family ethnicity and child gender, but not by family structure. This study revealed dynamic transactions among family members’ symptomatology that point to opportune times and targets for intervention efforts aimed at mitigating the negative impact of parents’ depressive symptoms on youth's adjustment.
Reconciliation of probability measures
Authors: BÉRARD JEAN , JUILLET NICOLAS
Published: December 2018

We discuss the reconciliation problem between probability measures: given n⩾2 probability spaces $(\Omega,{\mathcal{F}}_1,{\mathbb{P}}_1),\ldots,(\Omega,{\mathcal{F}}_n,{\mathbb{P}}_n)$ with a common sample space, does there exist an overall probability measure ${\mathbb{P}} \ \text{on} \ {\mathcal{F}} = \sigma({\mathcal{F}}_1,\ldots,{\mathcal{F}}_n)$ such that, for all i, the restriction of ${\mathbb{P}} \ \text{to} \ {\mathcal{F}}_i$ coincides with ${\mathbb{P}}_i$? General criteria for the existence of a reconciliation are stated, along with some counterexamples that highlight some delicate issues. Connections to earlier (recent and far less recent) work are discussed, and elementary self-contained proofs for the various results are given.
The Periphery is the Centre: Some Macedonian Origins of Social Medicine and Internationalism
Authors: Silverstein Sara
Published: December 2018

A new and important model for international health originated in the 1920s as a rural health project in the Macedonian region of Yugoslavia. Thus, the involvement of international organisations in social stability and human security did not follow the Great Depression of the 1930s, as has been argued. In fact, the redefinition of the League of Nations’ mandate began with its Health Organisation in the 1920s, growing from local health projects. These initiatives adapted principles of social medicine to address the challenges of constructing egalitarian democratic states in the agrarian peripheries of post-imperial Europe.
Perfect Capitalism, Imperfect Humans: Race, Migration and the Limits of Ludwig von Mises’s Globalism
Authors: Slobodian Quinn
Published: December 2018

While the Viennese origins of key neoliberal intellectuals is well known, the formative influence of the Habsburg Empire on their thought is surprisingly understudied. This article argues that the empire was a silent and open partner in the writings of Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises on international order, especially on questions of migration and the management of a polyglot population. After 1918 Mises conceived of robust forms of multinational governance capable of protecting a world of what he called ‘perfect capitalism’ with total global mobility of labour, capital and commodities. Yet, by 1945 he had scaled back his proposals to the effective recreation of the Habsburg Empire. I show that Mises’s international theory was cleft by a faultline between a normative theory of an open borders world and the empirical reality of a closed borders world, underwritten by what he saw as the stubborn obstacles of human ignorance and racial animus.
Imagining Africa in Eastern Europe: Transcultural Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis in Cold War Yugoslavia
Authors: Antić Ana
Published: December 2018

This article seeks to write Yugoslavia and Eastern Europe into the history of post-Second World War global psychiatry and to explore the significance of Marxist psychiatry in an international context. It traces Yugoslav psychiatrists’ transnational and interdisciplinary engagements as they peaked in the 1960s. Focusing on the distinguished Belgrade psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Vladimir Jakovljevic (1925–68), it looks at Yugoslav psychiatry’s clinical and anthropological research in the global South to shed light on its contributions to Western-dominated transcultural psychiatry. Through this lens the article also explores how Eastern Europe’s intellectuals engaged with decolonisation and the notions of race, ‘primitivism’ and modernity. Jakovljevic’s involvement in transcultural psychiatry demonstrated the inherent contradiction of Eastern European Marxist psychiatry: its dubiously colonial ‘civilising mission’ towards the subalterns in its own populations and its progressive, emancipatory agenda. Jakovljevic’s writings about Africa ultimately turned into an unprecedented opportunity to shed light on some glaring internal inconsistencies from Yugoslavia’s own socio-political context.