bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple‐scale simulations of stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Zhu Ping , Albrecht Bruce A. , Ghate Virendra P. , Zhu Zhenduo
Published: December 2010

This study introduces a flexible multiple nested modeling framework developed from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for boundary layer cloud research. It features a nested large‐eddy simulation in a hindcasting mode that allows a direct comparison between simulations and observations. Using this approach, we simulated two stratocumulus cases observed at the southern Great Plains observing site. The simulation‐observation comparisons demonstrate that the multiple nested WRF well reproduces the cloud properties and vertical velocity fields detected by cloud radar and other remote sensing instruments. The simulations show that (1) the cloud fields can be strongly modulated by mesoscale organizations; (2) the vertical velocity variance and skewness in the boundary layer have well‐defined diurnal variations and are strongly dependent on external forcings, but the in‐cloud turbulent statistics appears to be more controlled by the internal turbulent processes; (3) the organized structures of stratocumulus are only slightly skewed, which is consistent with the cloud radar observations that the updraft fraction is close to 50%; and (4) the vertical distribution of cloud water and the associated high‐order moments of continental stratocumulus can be substantially different from its marine counterpart due to different ambient thermodynamic structures. This study suggests that the multiple‐scale WRF modeling system provides a great numerical framework that can be used to address various issues regarding the parameterization of boundary layer clouds.
Climatic and phenological controls on coherent regional interannual variability of carbon dioxide flux in a heterogeneous landscape
Authors: Desai Ankur R.
Published: December 2010

The climate sensitivity of plant seasonal life cycles, or phenology, may impart significant carbon cycle feedbacks on climatic change. Analysis of interannual ecosystem carbon exchange provides one way to assess this climate sensitivity. Multiyear eddy covariance carbon dioxide flux observations from five different ecosystems (deciduous forest, northern hardwood mixed forest, old‐growth forest, shrub wetland, and mixed wetland‐forest) in the Upper Great Lakes, United States, located within 400 km of each other and exhibiting coherent interannual variability, were used to parameterize a simple ecosystem model. The model, when properly constrained with an interannual sensitive cost function, was able to explain a significant proportion of the interannual variation of carbon fluxes in all ecosystems except the old‐growth forest. The results reveal that spring or autumn climate thresholds impact annual carbon uptake, though the magnitude and strength varied by site. When the model was forced to maintain the same climate‐phenology relationship across the five sites, most of the interannual variability could still be explained except at the old‐growth forest and the forest farthest in distance from the others. These results suggest that at least for this region, coarse spatial resolution carbon‐climate models could likely specify general climate‐phenological relationships at grid scales on order of 100 km without appreciably sacrificing ability to model interannual carbon cycling.
Subtidal flow division at a shallow tidal junction
Authors: Buschman F. A. , Hoitink A. J. F. , van der Vegt M. , Hoekstra P.
Published: December 2010

Tides influence distribution of river discharge at tidally affected channel junctions. At the apex of a channel network in an Indonesian delta, observations of flow division suggest that tidally averaged flow division depends on the tidal range. To understand the mechanisms governing the subtidal flow division, an idealized hydrodynamic junction model inspired by the observations has been set up. The barotropic model consists of two exponentially converging tidal channels that connect to a tidal river at the junction and solves the nonlinear shallow water equations. By varying the depth, length, e‐folding length scale of the channel width, and hydraulic roughness in one of the two tidal channels, the sensitivity of the subtidal flow division to those four parameters was investigated. For depth, length, and e‐folding length scale differences between channels the effect of tides is generally to enhance unequal subtidal flow division that occurs in the case of river flow only. In contrast, for hydraulic roughness differences, the tidal effect partly cancels the inequality in river flow division. The tidal effect may even reverse the horizontal flow circulation that would occur in the absence of tides.
On fluid flow in a heterogeneous medium under nonisothermal conditions
Authors: Vasco D. W.
Published: December 2010

An asymptotic technique, valid in the presence of smoothly varying heterogeneity, provides explicit expressions for the velocity of a propagating pressure and temperature disturbance. The governing equations contain nonlinear terms due to the presence of temperature‐dependent coefficients and due to the advection of fluids with differing temperatures. Two cases give well‐defined expressions in terms of the parameters of the porous medium: the uncoupled propagation of a pressure disturbance and the propagation of a fully coupled temperature and pressure disturbance. The velocity of the coupled disturbance or front depends upon the medium parameters and upon the change in temperature and pressure across the front. For uncoupled flow, the semianalytic expression for the front velocity reduces to that associated with a linear diffusion equation. A comparison of the asymptotic travel time estimates with calculations from a numerical simulator indicates reasonably good agreement for both uncoupled and coupled disturbances.
Physiological and evolutionary studies of NAP systems in Shewanella piezotolerans WP3
Authors: Chen Ying , Wang Fengping , Xu Jun , Mehmood Muhammad Aamer , Xiao Xiang
Published: December 2010

Most of the Shewanella species contain two periplasmic nitrate reductases (NAP-α and NAP-β), which is a unique feature of this genus. In the present study, the physiological function and evolutionary relationship of the two NAP systems were studied in the deep-sea bacterium Shewanella piezotolerans WP3. Both of the WP3 nap gene clusters: nap-α (napD1A1B1C) and nap-β (napD2A2B2) were shown to be involved in nitrate respiration. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that NAP-β originated earlier than NAP-α. Tetraheme cytochromes NapC and CymA were found to be the major electron deliver proteins, and CymA also served as a sole electron transporter towards nitrite reductase. Interestingly, a ΔnapA2 mutant with the single functional NAP-α system showed better growth than the wild-type strain, when grown in nitrate medium, and it had a selective advantage to the wild-type strain. On the basis of these results, we proposed the evolution direction of nitrate respiration system in Shewanella: from a single NAP-β to NAP-β and NAP-α both, followed by the evolution to a single NAP-α. Moreover, the data presented here will be very useful for the designed engineering of Shewanella for more efficient respiring capabilities for environmental bioremediation.
Quantification of virus genes provides evidence for seed-bank populations of phycodnaviruses in Lake Ontario, Canada
Authors: Short Cindy M , Rusanova Oksana , Short Steven M
Published: December 2010

Using quantitative PCR, the abundances of six phytoplankton viruses DNA polymerase (polB) gene fragments were estimated in water samples collected from Lake Ontario, Canada over 26 months. Four of the polB fragments were most related to marine prasinoviruses, while the other two were most closely related to cultivated chloroviruses. Two Prasinovirus-related genes reached peak abundances of >1000 copies ml−1 and were considered ‘high abundance’, whereas the other two Prasinovirus-related genes peaked at abundances <1000 copies ml−1 and were considered ‘low abundance’. Of the genes related to chloroviruses, one peaked at ca 1600 copies ml−1, whereas the other reached only ca 300 copies ml−1. Despite these differences in peak abundance, the abundances of all genes monitored were lowest during the late fall, winter and early spring; during these months the high abundance genes persisted at 100–1000 copies ml−1 while the low abundance Prasinovirus- and Chlorovirus-related genes persisted at fewer than ca 100 copies ml−1. Clone libraries of psbA genes from Lake Ontario revealed numerous Chlorella-like algae and two prasinophytes demonstrating the presence of candidate hosts for all types of viruses monitored. Our results corroborate recent metagenomic analyses that suggest that aquatic virus communities are composed of only a few abundant populations and many low abundance populations. Thus, we speculate that an ecologically important characteristic of phycodnavirus communities is seed-bank populations with members that can become numerically dominant when their host abundances reach appropriate levels.
An integrative study of a meromictic lake ecosystem in Antarctica
Authors: Lauro Federico M , DeMaere Matthew Z , Yau Sheree , Brown Mark V , Ng Charmaine , Wilkins David , Raftery Mark J , Gibson John A E , Andrews-Pfannkoch Cynthia , Lewis Matthew , Hoffman Jeffrey M , Thomas Torsten , Cavicchioli Ricardo
Published: December 2010

In nature, the complexity and structure of microbial communities varies widely, ranging from a few species to thousands of species, and from highly structured to highly unstructured communities. Here, we describe the identity and functional capacity of microbial populations within distinct layers of a pristine, marine-derived, meromictic (stratified) lake (Ace Lake) in Antarctica. Nine million open reading frames were analyzed, representing microbial samples taken from six depths of the lake size fractionated on sequential 3.0, 0.8 and 0.1 μm filters, and including metaproteome data from matching 0.1 μm filters. We determine how the interactions of members of this highly structured and moderately complex community define the biogeochemical fluxes throughout the entire lake. Our view is that the health of this delicate ecosystem is dictated by the effects of the polar light cycle on the dominant role of green sulfur bacteria in primary production and nutrient cycling, and the influence of viruses/phage and phage resistance on the cooperation between members of the microbial community right throughout the lake. To test our assertions, and develop a framework applicable to other microbially driven ecosystems, we developed a mathematical model that describes how cooperation within a microbial system is impacted by periodic fluctuations in environmental parameters on key populations of microorganisms. Our study reveals a mutualistic structure within the microbial community throughout the lake that has arisen as the result of mechanistic interactions between the physico-chemical parameters and the selection of individual members of the community. By exhaustively describing and modelling interactions in Ace Lake, we have developed an approach that may be applicable to learning how environmental perturbations affect the microbial dynamics in more complex aquatic systems.
Diversity and distribution of single-stranded DNA phages in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Tucker Kimberly P , Parsons Rachel , Symonds Erin M , Breitbart Mya
Published: December 2010

Knowledge of marine phages is highly biased toward double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phages; however, recent metagenomic surveys have also identified single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages in the oceans. Here, we describe two complete ssDNA phage genomes that were reconstructed from a viral metagenome from 80 m depth at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the northwestern Sargasso Sea and examine their spatial and temporal distributions. Both genomes (SARssφ1 and SARssφ2) exhibited similarity to known phages of the Microviridae family in terms of size, GC content, genome organization and protein sequence. PCR amplification of the replication initiation protein (Rep) gene revealed narrow and distinct depth distributions for the newly described ssDNA phages within the upper 200 m of the water column at the BATS site. Comparison of Rep gene sequences obtained from the BATS site over time revealed changes in the diversity of ssDNA phages over monthly time scales, although some nearly identical sequences were recovered from samples collected 4 years apart. Examination of ssDNA phage diversity along transects through the North Atlantic Ocean revealed a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance between sampling sites. Together, the data suggest fundamental differences between the distribution of these ssDNA phages and the distribution of known marine dsDNA phages, possibly because of differences in host range, host distribution, virion stability, or viral evolution mechanisms and rates. Future work needs to elucidate the host ranges for oceanic ssDNA phages and determine their ecological roles in the marine ecosystem.
Weight Management for Veterans: Examining Change in Weight Before and After MOVE!
Authors: Dahn Jason R. , Fitzpatrick Stephanie L. , Llabre Maria M. , Apterbach Greta S. , Helms Rebecca L. , Cugnetto Marilyn L. , Klaus Johanna , Florez Hermes , Lawler Tim
Published: December 2010

In the year 2000, 31% of women and 40% of men receiving outpatient care at Veteran Affairs (VA) medical facilities were overweight (BMI ≥25 and <30 kg/m2); 37.4% of women and 32.9% of men were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). The purpose of the present study was to assess treatment effects of MOVE! Weight Management Program for Veterans by comparing the trajectory of change in weight postintervention (3, 6, and 12 months postenrollment) to a preintervention period (1, 3, and 5 years before enrollment). The sample consisted of 862 veterans participating in MOVE! at the Miami VA. All veterans participated in a 2‐h Self‐Management Support (SMS) session, which involved completion of a self‐assessment questionnaire and a nutrition education group session. After completing SMS, veterans had the option of continuing with Supportive Group Sessions (SGS), which included 10‐weekly group sessions led by a multidisciplinary team. Veterans served as their own controls in the analyses. Veterans gained 2 kg/year before enrolling in MOVE!. There were similar increases in weight across sex, racial/ethnic groups, and treatment condition. Weight for participants in SMS stabilized after enrollment whereas participants in SGS had an average weight loss of 1.6 kg/year. The preintervention slope for weight was significantly different from the postintervention slope, suggesting treatment effect. Findings from this study support the need for a lifestyle modification program such as MOVE! in primary care settings to assist overweight and obese patients in managing their weight.
Comparison of Measured and Parents' Reported Height and Weight in Children and Adolescents
Authors: O'Connor Daniel P. , Gugenheim Joseph J.
Published: December 2010

The objectives of this study were to (i) compare parent‐reported height and weight to measured height and weight in children between ages 2 and 17 years, (ii) investigate correlations between magnitude of error of parent‐reported data or refusal to estimate height and weight with gender, race/ethnicity, child's age, and age‐specific BMI z‐score, and (iii) determine sensitivity and specificity of identifying obese youth based on parent‐reported data. The authors studied 1,430 consecutive outpatients between ages 2 and 17 years at an outpatient orthopedic clinic. At the initial visit, parents completed a questionnaire including their child's height and weight; height and weight were then measured. Mean height error was very small, with slight overestimation in boys and underestimation in girls. Mean weight error increased with age (P < 0.001), and girls had a larger mean weight error (1.29 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65, 1.45) than boys (0.85 kg, 95% CI: 0.8: 0.58, 1.12). Mean weight error also increased with age‐specific BMI z‐score (r = 0.32, P < 0.001). Correlation between weight error and age‐specific BMI z‐score was higher among black children (r = 0.45, P < 0.001) than among Hispanic children (r = 0.37, P < 0.001) and was lowest among white children (r = 0.29, P < 0.001). Refusal or inability to estimate weight did not correlate with age‐specific BMI z‐score. Twenty‐one percent of children who were obese would not be identified by using parent‐reported data to calculate the BMI.
Trends in the Association of Obesity and Self‐Reported Overall Health in 30 Years of the Integrated Health Interview Series
Authors: Macmillan Ross , Duke Naomi , Oakes J. Michael , Liao Wenjie
Published: December 2010

This research examines trends in the relationship between obesity based on self‐report height and weight and self‐perceived health over a 30‐year period. Importantly, this period included the articulation of comprehensive public health campaigns on excess weight and thus provides opportunities for assessment of the efficacy of the campaign, as well as the broader psycho‐social impact of excess weight. Using novel data from the Integrated Health Interview Series, odds ratios for the association between obesity and self‐perceived health were estimated for repeated cross‐sectional samples that are nationally representative of noninstitutionalized American adults aged 18–85 and older spanning 1976–2006. Our findings show that (i) there are weak associations between obesity and self‐perceived poor health; (ii) these associations are particularly small among men, often to the point of being nonexistent; and (iii) weak relationships for both men and women have remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years. Several reasons why the public health campaign around excess weight has had limited traction are discussed including the collective problem of excess weight in America and how this undermines current approaches in public health efforts addressing excess weight.
A Selective Annotated Bibliography for Clinical Audiology (1989–2009): Books
Authors: Ferrer-Vinent Susan T. , Ferrer-Vinent Ignacio J.
Published: December 2010

Purpose

This is the 2nd in a series of 3 planned companion articles that present a selected, annotated, and indexed bibliography of clinical audiology publications from 1989 through 2009.

Method

Research and preparation of the bibliography were based on published guidelines, professional audiology experience, and professional librarian experience.

Results

The first article in the series covered reference works. This article focuses on other books. The planned third companion article will present periodicals and online resources.

Conclusions

Audiologists and librarians can use this bibliography to help them identify relevant clinical audiology literature.
Speech and Language of Children Using Hearing Aids With Adaptive Directional and Noise Reduction Features
Authors: Auriemmo Jane , Stenger Patti
Published: December 2010

This paper reviews longitudinal speech-language outcomes of a group of school age children using hearing aid noise reduction and adaptive directional features. These results, obtained through collaboration between school audiologist and speech-language pathologist, reveal that receptive and expressive language scores are stable or improved over a three-year period of use.
Chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy in graft‐versus‐host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Nagashima Toshiko , Sato Fumie , Chuma Takayo , Mano Yukio , Sasaki Isao , Mori Masamitsu , Higa Toshio , Masauji Nobuo , Kasai Masaharu , Orba Yasuko , Shinohara Toshiya , Nagashima Kazuo
Published: December 2010

In recent years a novel problem has arisen in organ transplantation medicine, namely GVHD. The nervous system has been involved mainly at the level of the CNS and this can lead to a serious outcome for the patient. In rare cases, peripheral nerves may be affected and show acute or chronic polyneuropathy. Here a case is reported of polyneuropathy associated with chronic GVHD. A 32‐year‐old man, suffering from chronic GVHD following an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for malignant lymphoma at the age of 25, developed a motor dominant polyneuropathy 5 years later. Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated the demyelinating type of polyneuropathy. Biopsy specimens from skin and skeletal muscle disclosed perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates expressing T‐cell markers. The sural nerve showed a loss of myelinated nerve fibers with epineurial fibrosis and rare occurrence of T cells, but without obvious vasculitic changes. The present case suggested that polyneuropathy could develop in association with chronic GVHD in some patients with a longstanding disease course.
High transmittance of a twisted-vertical aligned liquid crystal display
Authors: Peng Cheng-Chung , Hsu Kuei-Chu , Wu Jin-Jei , Fan Shih-Hung , Lee Hsin-Ta , Shen Yuhren
Published: December 2010

A high transmittance continuum domain twisted-vertical alignment (CDTVA) liquid crystal display (LCD) without domain walls defect and complex fabrication process has been developed. The CDTVA mode has no optical schlieren pattern occurring in the TVA cell. The optimum conditions for liquid crystal phase retardation (Γ) and cell gap-to-helical pitch ratio (d/p) were studied using three-dimensional finite element simulation, which showed good agreement with the experimental results. The results indicate that the maximum transmittance of the proposed CDTVA cell is similar to that of the twisted nematic mode thin-film-transistor LCD. Thus, CDTVA cell has potential applications for wide-viewing angle LCDs.
Photoacoustic and photoelectrochemical current spectra of combined CdS/CdSe quantum dots adsorbed on nanostructured TiO2 electrodes, together with photovoltaic characteristics
Authors: Toyoda Taro , Oshikane Keita , Li Dongmei , Luo Yanhong , Meng Qingbo , Shen Qing
Published: December 2010

We describe the performance of quantum dot (QD)-sensitized solar cells based on CdSe QD sensitizer on a preadsorbed layer of CdS QDs (combined CdS/CdSe QDs) together with the basic studies of optical absorption and photoeletrochemical current characteristics. It can be observed from optical absorption measurements using photoacoustic spectroscopy that the CdSe QDs on the nanostructured TiO2 electrodes preadsorbed with CdS QDs grow more rapidly during the initial adsorption process than those without preadsorption. The maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) value of the CdSe QDs on the nanostructured TiO2 electrodes preadsorbed with CdS QDs is higher than that without preadsorption, indicating the possibilities of decreases in recombination centers, interface states, and inverse transfer rate. Short-circuit current (Jsc) in combined CdS/CdSe QD-sensitized solar cells shows maximum with the increase in CdSe QDs adsorption times between 2 and 24 h. The other parameters, open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor, is independent of adsorption time. Therefore, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (η) of combined CdS/CdSe QD-sensitized solar cell shows a maximum value of 3.5%.
High-pressure hydrogen materials compatibility of piezoelectric films
Authors: Alvine K. J. , Shutthanandan V. , Bennett W. D. , Bonham C. C. , Skorski D. , Pitman S. G. , Dahl M. E. , Henager C. H.
Published: December 2010

Hydrogen is well known for materials compatibility issues, including blistering and embrittlement in metals, which are challenges for its use as the next-generation “green” fuel. Beyond metals, hydrogen also degrades piezoelectric materials used as actuators used in direct injection hydrogen internal combustion engines. We present the materials compatibility studies of piezoelectric films in high-pressure hydrogen environments. Absorption of high-pressure hydrogen and composition changes were studied with an elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry in lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate thin films. Hydrogen surface degradation in the form of blistering and Pb mixing was also observed.
Preparation of overdamped NbTiN Josephson junctions with bilayered Ti–TiN barriers
Authors: Yamamori Hirotake , Sasaki Hitoshi , Kohjiro Satoshi
Published: December 2010

Overdamped NbTiN Josephson junctions with Ti–TiN bilayered normal-metal barrier are proposed for metrological applications. Binary arrays consisting of 32 768 NbTiN/Ti–TiN/NbTiN junctions were fabricated for quantum voltage standards, and a Shapiro step at 1 V with the step height of about 0.5 mA was generated at around 8 K. The Ti layer was added to protect the base NbTiN electrode from nitrogen plasma during the deposition of the TiN layer. While the critical current Ic and the junction resistance Rn are mainly dominated by the thickness of the TiN barrier, Ic can be also adjusted by changing the thickness of the Ti barrier to maximize the operating margin for voltage standard circuits. An optimization of the NbTiN film in terms of film stress is also described for fabrication of circuits containing such a large number of junctions.
Lagrangian dynamics in stochastic inertia-gravity waves
Authors: Tang Wenbo , Taylor Jesse E. , Mahalov Alex
Published: December 2010

For an idealized inertia-gravity wave, the Stokes drift, defined as the difference in end positions of a fluid parcel as derived in the Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates, is exactly zero after one wave cycle in a deterministic flow. When stochastic effects are incorporated into the model, nonlinearity in the velocity field changes the statistical properties. Better understanding of the statistics of a passive tracer, such as the mean drift and higher order moments, leads to more accurate predictions of the pattern of Lagrangian mixing in a realistic environment. In this paper, we consider the inertia-gravity wave equation perturbed by white noise and solve the Fokker–Planck equation to study the evolution in time of the probability density function of passive tracers in such a flow. We find that at initial times the tracer distribution closely follows the nonlinear background flow and that nontrivial Stokes drift ensues as a result. Over finite times, we measure chaotic mixing based on the stochastic mean flow and identify nontrivial mixing structures of passive tracers, as compared to their absence in the deterministic flow. At later times, the probability density field spreads out to sample larger regions and the mean Stokes drift approaches an asymptotic value, indicating suppression of Lagrangian mixing at long time scales.
Polarization-mediated remote surface roughness scattering in ultrathin barrier GaN high-electron mobility transistors
Authors: Cao Yu , Xing Huili , Jena Debdeep
Published: December 2010

Ultrathin AlN/GaN heterojunctions are highly attractive for high-frequency transistor applications. In this work, remote surface roughness (RSR) scattering mediated by the high polarization is studied as a new scattering mechanism in such structures. In both depletion-mode and enhancement-mode devices with ultrathin AlN barriers, RSR scattering can be of the same order as polar optical phonons, the dominant scattering mechanism at room temperature. The study indicates that to achieve high-performance high-electron mobility transistors, the surface roughness during processing is as critical as maintaining a sharp heterojunction.
Flexible piezoresistive strain sensor based on single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelts
Authors: Yang Ya , Guo Wen , Qi Junjie , Zhang Yue
Published: December 2010

Using a two-end bonded Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt on a flexible polystyrene substrate, the decrease of the resistance with increasing compressed strains in the nanobelt has been observed, which is suggested to be attributed to the piezoresistance effect. The longitudinal piezoresistance coefficient of the Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt is about 350. On the basis of this finding, we made a flexible piezoresistive strain sensor in a signature pen, which can be used to detect the corresponding compressed strains when the characters are recorded.
Extrinsic screening of ferroelectric domains in Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3
Authors: Krug I. , Barrett N. , Petraru A. , Locatelli A. , Mentes T. O. , Niño M. A. , Rahmanizadeh K. , Bihlmayer G. , Schneider C. M.
Published: December 2010

The variation in the surface potential as a function of the ferroelectric polarization of micron scale domains in a thin epitaxial film of Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3 is measured using mirror electron microscopy. Domains were written using piezoforce microscopy. The surface potential for each polarization was deduced from the mirror to low energy electron microscopy transition in the local reflectivity curve. The effect of extrinsic screening of the fixed polarization charge at the ferroelectric surface is demonstrated. The results are compared with density functional theory calculations.
Stokes–Einstein relation in dense metallic glass-forming melts
Authors: Chathoth S. M. , Samwer K.
Published: December 2010

Quasielastic neutron scattering has been used to investigate atomic motion in a very fragile binary metallic melt and a multicomponent bulk glass-forming metallic melt. Both melts show a breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation and display a change in the slope of In D dependence on In(η/T). We also observed that the values for the exponent in the fractional Stokes–Einstein relation are not in the commonly observed range for Cu46Zr42Al7Y5 melts. At low temperatures, the deviation from the Stokes–Einstein law is very significant and can be expressed in the form of a power law with exponent ξ=−1.82±0.08. The change in the slope is found to be associated with a change in friction coefficient while increasing the packing density of the melt. The abrupt change in the value of friction coefficient is independent of packing density, but it occurs at a common value of ζ=(3.2±0.1)×10−12 kg s−1 in these melts.
Midinfrared electroluminescence from InAs/InP quantum dashes
Authors: Liverini V. , Bismuto A. , Nevou L. , Beck M. , Faist J.
Published: December 2010

We report midinfrared intraband electroluminescence from quantum cascade structures based on InAs/AlInGaAs quantum dashes grown on InP. The devices show a clear broad emission around 150 meV, which is attributed to an intraband transition between the quantum dashes and the following quantum wells. The emission is not present in a control structure without the dashes. The observed transition is mainly p-polarized and does not depend on the dash orientation. This indicates that the confinement in the dashes is mainly due to their height. Our results are promising for the development of broad-gain quantum cascade lasers based on three-dimensionally confined active regions.
The ontogeny of triadic cooperative interactions with humans in an infant gorilla
Authors: Gómez Juan-Carlos
Published: November 2010

This paper reports a longitudinal study on the ontogeny of triadic cooperative interactions (involving coordinations of objects and people) in a hand-reared lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from 6 months to 36 months of age. Using the behavioural categories developed by Hubley and Trevarthen (1979) to characterize the origins of “secondary intersubjectivity” in human babies between 8–12 months of age, I chart the emergence of comparable coordinations of gestures and actions with objects and acts of dyadic communication. The findings show that the categories and concepts of secondary intersubjectivity are applicable to the gorilla, who engages with people in cooperative actions with objects. The ontogeny of triadic interaction in the gorilla was very similar to that described in human infants, but more extended in time and with some peculiarities, such as the absence of pointing and showing gestures, some of whose functions might be taken over by contact gestures which in human infants may appear later in development. The results do not support claims of human uniqueness in the development of cooperative action, but suggest a heterochrony in some aspects of the ontogeny of triadic interactions leading to a divergence between gorilla and human infants within secondary intersubjectivity. Keywords: Triadic communication; secondary intersubjectivity; shared intentionality; cooperation; gorilla
Approach and follow behaviour – possible indicators of the human–horse relationship
Authors: Maros Katalin , Boross Barbara , Kubinyi Enikő
Published: November 2010

The aim of our study was to analyze the behavioural responses of horses (N = 51) to familiar humans and to find factors that may affect these responses in three tests: (1) approach to, (2) standing beside, and (3) following the familiar person. We investigated the impacts of horse-related factors (gender and age) and human-related factors (type of work, housing management, amount of handling, number of handlers and training to follow). Horses with one handler needed less time to approach the human than horses with more handlers. Standing beside the human correlated positively with following. Following was mainly affected by training. According to our results, the number of handlers has an important effect on horses’ responses to familiar humans, especially regarding approach and follow behaviour. However, following behaviour is fundamentally determined by training. Keywords: human–horse interaction; approach; follow
‘Unwilling’ versus ‘unable’
Authors: Péron Franck , Rat-Fischer Lauriane , Nagle Laurent , Bovet Dalila
Published: November 2010

Intentionality plays a fundamental part in human social interactions and we know that interpretation of behaviours of conspecifics depends on the intentions underlying them. Most of the studies on intention attribution were undertaken with primates. However, very little is known on this topic in animals more distantly related to humans such as birds. Three hand-reared African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were tested on their ability to understand human intentional actions. The subjects’ attention was not equally distributed across the conditions and their behavioural pattern also changed depending on the condition: the parrots showed more requesting behaviours (opening of the beak and request calls) when the experimenter was unwilling to give them seeds, and bit the wire mesh more that represented the obstacle when the experimenter was trying to give them food. For the first time we showed that a bird species, like primates, may be sensitive to behavioural cues of a human according to his intentions. Keywords: Grey parrots; intention attribution; theory of mind
Review of self-initiated behaviors of free-ranging cetaceans directed towards human swimmers and waders during open water encounters
Authors: Scheer Michael
Published: November 2010

Open water encounters of swimming and wading humans with wild cetaceans have increased worldwide. Behaviors being self-initiated by cetaceans during encounters and addressed towards humans still have received little study and their structure and function mostly remain unclear. This study reviews the scientific literature describing such behaviors. Unhabituated, habituated, lone and sociable and food-provisioned cetaceans from 10 odontocete and one mysticeti species were reported to show altogether 53 different behaviors which were affi liative (33 behaviors), aggressive/threatening (18) and sexual (2) in nature. Behaviors are listed in an ethogram. Due to varying research designs, observational biases cannot be excluded and comparability of results is sometimes hindered. Aggressive/threatening behaviors were reported mainly for food-provisioned and lone and sociable dolphins and these might be responses to inappropriate human behaviors. Sexual behaviors were only described for lone and sociable dolphins. Keywords: human–dolphin interactions; ethogram; swim-with-dolphin programs; whale watching
Effect of previous stroking on reactions to a veterinary procedure
Authors: Schmied Claudia , Boivin Xavier , Scala Sebastian , Waiblinger Susanne
Published: November 2010

This study investigated the effect of stroking vs. simple human presence on later reactions of dairy cows to routine veterinary handling. While in two groups of cows the experimenter stroked the ventral part of the neck (Neck, N = 14) or the withers (Withers, N = 15) for three consecutive weeks, the third group was exposed to close visual presence (Control, N = 14). After the treatment period the cows were subjected to rectal palpation. The three groups differed significantly in stepping during rectal palpation, which occurred less often in Neck- and Withers-animals than in control animals. Heart rate increase was significantly higher in the control group than in the two stroking groups. Previous stroking led to fewer stress reactions during the rectal palpation, possibly due to a combined effect of improved relationship towards and thus perception of humans and lasting anti-stress effects of tactile stimulation. Keywords: cattle; tactile stimulation; human–animal relationship; animal welfare
Il Y A ... Qui et C'est ... Qui
Authors: Léard Jean-Marcel
Published: November 2010

Il y a ... qui and c'est... qui:
Syntax and compatibility between semantic operations
In this paper, we show that il y a ... qui and c'est... qui have three meanings or values, that are suitable with only some operations of determination, modalization (like questions, negations) and with a number of syntactic categories and functions. Therefore, we use syntactic properties to point out semantic features, but we show, in return, that syntactic acceptability of sentences can be often explained by semantic compatibility between operations. That involves a basically semantic grammar.
So we link syntactic and semantic properties, mainly the meaning of grammatical morphemes. In such a case, we consider that transformational hypotheses, which don't take into account these links, are not appropriate, and we propose a more realistic way (although theoretical) of doing syntax: syntax is also the compatibility between the meaning of morphemes.
Le Langage Secret De Marc Papillon
Authors: Balmas Nerina Clerici
Published: November 2010

Justly can we apply the definition of hermetic poetry to the works of Marc Papillon de Lasphrise, both as they mirror a world deeply influenced by the esoteric doctrine of Hermes Trismegistus and because the poet resorts to metabolic devices whose aim is to complicate the message and make communication difficult. In this study we examine a few examples of these metabolic expressions such as specular writing — where the decrypting mechanism can be easily identified — but also devices much more difficult to decipher. In the "Sonnet en langue inconnue" (S. LXXXI in Diverses Poésies) the process involved in the message alteration suggests a double or triple metaplastic encoding similar to the one applied in the loucherbem language. The reason underlying this linguistic experimen-talism is ultimately philosophic as it attempts to go beyond the limits imposed on man and writer.
Word Order and Tense Choice in Standard Written French
Authors: Engel Dulcie M.
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
In modern French, the use of simple and composed tenses varies with respect to word order in two specific cases: firstly with subject inversion, and secondly with insertion of material between the auxiliary and the past participle. With the 'passé simple' (past historic) and the 'passé composé' (perfect), both of which can express past punctual actions, this difference in word order may influence tense choice. If a particular effect (contrast, emphasis...) is desired in the phrase, either the 'passé simple' or the 'passé composé' can be used to express the punctual past, the choice being dependent on their respective influence on word order.
RESUME
L'emploi des temps simples et des temps composés en français moderne diffère du point de vue de l'ordre de mots, en deux cas spécifiques: premièrement, avec l'inversion du sujet; et deuxièmement avec la possibilité de l'insertion de mots entre l'auxiliaire et le participe passé. Pour le passé simple et le passé composé, qui expriment tous les deux des actions passées et ponctuelles, cette différence d'ordre peut influencer le choix du temps: si l'on désire creer un effet particulier dans la phrase (contraste, emphase...), on pourrait employer soit le passé simple, soit le passé composé pour exprimer le passé ponctuel, selon leur influence sur l'ordre des mots.
Constituency or Dependency in the Units of Language Acquisition?
Authors: Robinson Peter J.
Published: November 2010

In this article I look first at the status of the units of language acquisition in the light of evidence regarding the use of formulaic 'chunks' as unanalyzed wholes and their subsequent analysis or 'fission' by the learner. I then propose that this analysis can best be characterized by using a dependency based syntax and I contrast constituency and dependency approaches to description. Finally I apply a dependency description to a sample of acquisition data thus illustrating the process of pattern analysis underlying the learner's developing awareness of language structure.
Marking Time With The Passé Composé
Authors: Waugh Linda R.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, it is claimed that PC is a unitary, but complex category. It is shown that in analyzing PC, four temporal elements must be used: the deictic zero point, the time of the auxiliary, the time of the participle, and the time of focus. Given these, there are two different formulations for PC, one based on its affinity with the simple tense-aspects (PC-1), the other based on its relation to the compound tense-aspects (PC-2). The relevance of both of these is shown through the history of PC and the existence of the passé surcomposé. Evidence is also brought from iconicity (compositionality). All of this demonstrates that PC-1 and PC-2 are two endpoints of a continuum with many transitional uses in between. Various examples of these transitional types are given. Thus, it is concluded that PC evidences a dynamic counterbalance between polysemy on the one hand and general meaning on the other hand.
Antonomases du Nom Commun
Authors: Meyer Bernard , Dubucs Monique
Published: November 2010

RESUME
Le problème de l'antonomase du nom commun, définie par la tradition comme la substitution d'un nom commun à un nom propre, se rattache à l'acte de référence à un particulier défini, lequel peut avoir lieu par désignations spécifiantes ou désignations dénominatives.
Les exemples d'antonomase proposés par Quintilien, Dumarsais et Fontanier, sont des désignations par caractérisation de formes diverses, dépendantes ou indépendantes du contexte. Tantôt elles ne représentent qu'une simple substitution, dans le rôle référentiel, de l'appellatif au dénominatif, tantôt une véritable transformation d'un nom commun en nom propre, avec valeur d'excellence.
Après avoir éliminé d'une part les désignations anaphoriques, situationnelles et périphrastiques, et, d'autre part, les désignations paradénomi-natives d'occasion ou d'usage, on dégage ici une désignation d'excellence qui, si l'usage ne l'a pas encore figée en simple dénominatif, désigne un référent particulier comme le représentant parfait d'une catégorie donnée.
SUMMARY
The antonomasis of common name is traditionally defined as the substitution of a common name for a proper name. That is a figure which concern the act of reference to a defined particular. This act can be performed through specifying or "denominative" designations.
The examples of antonomasis in Quintilien, Dumarsais and Fontanier, are varied designations by characterization which are context-free or context-sensitive. These forms represent sometimes a mere substitution of the "appelative" for the "denominative", sometimes a genuine transformation of a common name into a proper name, with a value of excellence.
After having rejected the anaphorical, situational and periphrastic designations, and further the "paradenominative" designations, we emphasize a "designation of excellence" by which a particular is refered to as the perfect specimen of a given category.
A Rule-Account of Metathesis in Gascon
Authors: Duménil Annie
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a systematic diachronic study of metathesis in Gascon, in dialect of Occitan. A method of weighing syllables is proposed to arrive at a rule-account of metathesis and the analysis is based on the claim that the difference in weight between two contiguous syllables can explain the metathesis process. The syllable weight approach is shown to apply to all instances and absences of metathesis in Gascon and is able to predict its occurrence under a single rule accounting for all possibly relevant environments.
Why Tu, Rather Than Vous, in Chrétien de Troyes'Le Chevalier de la Charrete?
Authors: Love Nathan
Published: November 2010

Why Tu, Rather than Vous, in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrete?
In general, Chrétien de Troyes avoided mixing tu and singular vous in address to the same individual, used vous in a sustained manner, and had much less recourse to tu than vous. In Le Chevalier de la Charrete {Lancelot), however, tu occurs frequently, which allows one to examine second person pronoun selection in extended passages of direct discourse. Tu is not used to express anger; however, it is used by a prideful speaker to express scorn or contempt for his interlocutor. It is contrasted with vous, and used in complementary fashion with vous in disputes between pairs of fathers and sons as well as knights. The use of tu in the Lancelot — and of vous as a sort of contrastive correlative — is stylistically well suited to a romance which so greatly emphasizes shame and honor.
Une Grille D'analyse Syntaxique Pour le Traitement Informatisé de Corpus
Authors: Moreau Marie-Louise
Published: November 2010

The device presented in this work has been elaborated in order to collect information about the frequency of syntactic phenomena in a corpus.
This device supposes that each sentence is mapped into a sequence of symbols: some are relative to the syntactic function of the constituents, others to the categorization of units; yet others concern mechanisms for which linear parsing cannot be used.
Once they have been transferred to the computer, the strings of symbols can be automatically checked so that coding errors can be eliminated.
Finally, the text provides some examples of data to which the device gives access.
Sémantique et approximation
Authors: Jayez Jacques
Published: November 2010

Semantics and approximation: the presquel'a peine problem.
"Scalar" linguistic items, such as those involving fuzziness and approximation, seemingly support the view that natural language is free from any deductive process, and calls rather for a sociology of arguing or applied fuzzy set theory. Observation suggests that some of these items are in fact correlated with complex reasoning-like features, in which linguistic hierarchies (most notably presuppositional ones) and dynamic logical properties (under the generic label of "partial inference") get entangled. In French, presque and à peine exhibit an operational structure: semantic features are activated according to a special ordering, which filters out some subsequent utterances, accounting for the contrast in pairs like: C'est presque cent francs, c'est cher / ? C'est presque cent francs, ce n'est pas cher. In this respect, the linking of utterances appears to be controlled by properties of lexical items.
Les Deux Schèmes Syllabiques du Français
Authors: Spa J.J.
Published: November 2010

In the present paper is proposed a theory of the French syllable within the framework of non-linear phonology. The theory claims to be a novel one in that it stresses the need for a distinction between two types of syllable templates, one for full vowels and one for shwa. Some evidence will be presented that in other languages, especially in Dutch, more than one canonical syllable template has to be admitted as well. This view clearly conflicts with Trommelen 1984 because of her idea to explain, by means of only one syllable template, the all but uniform phonotactic behaviour of the Dutch vowels. Noske 1982 and Rialland 1986 will also be contested, the one for his refusal to admit that a French syllabic onset may consist of three consonants, the other for her assumption that French has two kinds of shwas.