bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ethephon on Fresh In‐Husk Walnut Preservation and its Possible Relationship with Phenol Metabolism
Authors: Wang Jin , Liang Shuangjie , Ma Huiling , Zhang Pingping , Shi Weina
Published: June 2016

Fresh walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are in demand due to their high nutrition value and unique flavor of the kernel. In this study the effects of ethephon on decay control and kernel quality of fresh walnuts and its possible relationship with phenolic metabolism were investigated. Fresh in‐husk walnuts treated with 0, 10, 500, and 8000 mg/L ethephon were stored at 0 ± 0.5 °C for 42 d. Decay incidence, total phenolic (TP) compounds, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenol‐oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activities of green husks, and acid values (AV) and peroxide values (PV) of kernels were assessed at 6‐d intervals. The respiration rate of the whole walnut was assessed at 3‐d intervals. Treatment with 500 mg/L ethephon enhanced respiration, reduced the decay index, and inhibited PPO and POD activity and browning of green husks, and also promoted PAL activity and TP content of green husks. This treatment also reduced the PV and AV of kernels. A concentration of 10 mg/L ethephonhad similar, but weaker, effects on walnuts. Treatment with 8000 mg/L ethephon, however, had opposite effects. These data indicate ethephon treatment at a proper concentration can extend storage life and maintain kernel quality of fresh in‐husk walnuts through the manipulation of phenolic metabolism.
Identification and Quantification of Volatile Chemical Spoilage Indexes Associated with Bacterial Growth Dynamics in Aerobically Stored Chicken
Authors: Mikš‐Krajnik Marta , Yoon Yong‐Jin , Ukuku Dike O. , Yuk Hyun‐Gyun
Published: June 2016

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as chemical spoilage indexes (CSIs) of raw chicken breast stored aerobically at 4, 10, and 21 °C were identified and quantified using solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The growth dynamics of total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Brochothrix thermosphacta and H2S producing bacteria were characterized based on maximum growth rates (μmax), maximal microbial concentration (Nmax) and at the moment of microbial shelf life (Svalues), calculated from Gompertz‐fitted growth curves. Pseudomonas spp. was predominant species, while B. thermosphacta was characterized by the highest μmax. The microbiological and sensory shelf lives were estimated based on TVC, Pseudomonas spp., and B. thermosphacta counts and sensory evaluation, respectively. Among 27 VOCs identified by GC‐MS in spoiled chicken samples, ethanol (EtOH), 1‐butanol‐3‐methyl (1But‐3M), and acetic acid (C2) achieved the highest Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.66, 0.61, and 0.59, respectively, with TVC, regardless of storage temperature. Partial least squares (PLS) regression revealed that the synthesis of 1But‐3M and C2 was most likely induced by the metabolic activity of B. thermosphacta and LAB, while EtOH was attributed to Pseudomonas spp. The increase in concentration of selected volatile spoilage markers (EtOH, 1But‐3M, and C2) in the headspace over spoiled chicken breast was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) with TVC growth. These findings highlight the possibility of analyzing the combination of 3 selected spoilage markers: EtOH, 1But‐3M, and C2 as rapid evaluation for poultry quality testing using SPME‐GC‐MS.
The Effects of Sequential Environmental and Harvest Stressors on the Sensory Characteristics of Cultured Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) Fillets
Authors: Ciaramella Michael A. , Kim Taejo , Avery Jimmy L. , Allen Peter J. , Schilling M. Wes
Published: June 2016

Stress during fish culture alters physiological homeostasis and affects fillet quality. Maintenance of high‐quality seafood is important to ensure the production of a marketable product. This study assessed how sequential stressors affect the sensory and quality characteristics of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets. Three stress trials were conducted where temperature (25 or 33 °C) and dissolved oxygen (DO, approximately 2.5 or >5 mg/L) were manipulated followed by socking and transport stress. After each stage of harvest (environmental stress, socking, and transport), fillet yield, consumer acceptability, descriptive evaluation, cook loss, tenderness, and pH were evaluated. Fillet yield decreased with increasing severity of environmental stress. Fillets from the severe stress treatment (33 °C, approximately 2.5 mg/L) received the highest acceptability scores (P < 0.05). Control fillets (25 °C, >5 mg/L) were the least acceptable (P < 0.05). Increased intensity of less favorable flavor attributes commonly associated with catfish resulted in the differences in acceptability among treatments. As fish progressed through the harvest event, cook loss decreased, tenderness increased, and pH increased, indicating that stress induced textural changes. The data suggest that although environmental stress results in slight changes in flavor attributes, its effects on acceptability are minor with fillets from all treatments still liked (>6 on a 9 point scale). Socking and transport were identified to positively affect textural characteristics of catfish fillets. Although the effects observed were not likely to negatively impact consumer acceptance, a strict management plan should be followed to maintain consistency in the product and avoid changes in stressors that might alter quality more drastically.
The Environment‐poverty Nexus in Evaluation: Implications for the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Uitto Juha I.
Published: June 2016

The article emphasizes the importance of evaluation in the context of sustainable development. It focuses on the so called environment‐poverty nexus where issues of environmental conservation and management meet the social and economic development needs. Given the threats to the global environment and the forces of economic development that work against it, it is crucial that environmental policies, strategies, programmes and projects are designed and implemented in an effective manner producing lasting impacts. Evaluation is a central tool for analysing what works, why and under what circumstances to inform policy making and programme design. Environmental evaluation faces specific challenges due to the complex nature of the environment‐poverty nexus. Based on a review of evaluation literature and practical experiences with evaluations conducted on the nexus in the international development arena, the article draws lessons for evaluating sustainable development. It concludes by suggesting that strong evaluation be built into the new Sustainable Development Goals.
All‐ceramic crown preparations: An alternative technique
Authors: Tran J , Dudley J , Richards L
Published: June 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the crown preparation dimensions produced from two different techniques of preparation for posterior all‐ceramic crowns.

Methods

Twenty‐four fourth year dental students undertook a course of advanced simulation training involving education in an alternative technique of preparation for a 36 all‐ceramic crown. Crown preparations performed using the traditional technique were compared with an alternative technique for total occlusal convergence (TOC) and reduction difference (RD) using digital scanning and comparative software.

Results

Groups that spent the most time performing the alternative technique produced crown preparations with significantly lower buccolingual (BL) TOC. The training resulted in crown preparations that were closer to ideal TOC and RD measurements.

Conclusions

The alternative technique of crown preparation for a posterior all‐ceramic crown showed initial promise in creating a less buccolingually tapered and more ideally occlusally reduced crown preparation.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status of breast cancer patients in Asia: Results from a large, multicountry study
Authors: Pathmanathan Nirmala , Geng Jing‐shu , Li Wencai , Nie Xiu , Veloso Januario , Hill Julie , McCloud Philip , Bilous Michael
Published: June 2016

Aim

Current estimates of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positivity rate in breast cancer are largely based on studies from the United States, Europe and Australia, and might not reflect the rate among breast cancer patients in Asia. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a clinical audit of laboratories across eight countries in Asia to determine the incidence of HER2‐positive breast cancer in this region.

Methods

Pathology laboratories submitted data on breast cancers consecutively tested for HER2 over a two‐year period. The proportion of HER2‐positive, ‐equivocal and ‐negative tumors was determined for each country and overall. HER2‐positivity rate by age and histological grade was also determined.

Results

HER2 results from 30 179 breast cancers were submitted by 96 laboratories. The overall HER2‐positivity rate was 23.5%; the rate between countries ranged from 19.7% to 44.2%, and from 4.4% to 51.6% between laboratories. An equivocal HER2 result was recorded in 18.2% of cases. Discrepancies between laboratories suggest that testing expertise contributes to variations seen in HER2 status across laboratories, as well as the generally higher rate of HER2‐positivity that was recorded.

Conclusion

In this study, the incidence of HER2‐positive breast cancer diagnosed in Asian women was higher than published studies on women from Western countries. In addition, the study found that women in Asian countries presented with breast cancer at an earlier age, with a higher histological grade. This study serves to highlight the challenges with HER2 testing and data collection in a large multicenter Asian cohort.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased seminal inflammatory cytokines and reproductive dysfunction in a case‐controlled male cohort
Authors: Leisegang Kristian , Bouic Patrick J. D. , Henkel Ralf R.
Published: June 2016

Problem

The impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) associated systemic inflammation on the male reproductive tract requires further investigation.

Method of study

A cross‐sectional case‐controlled study design consisting of a control group (n=32) and a MetS (n=42) group was used. Variables include MetS diagnostic criterion, serum C‐Reactive Protein (CRP), routine semen analysis, spermatozoa mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and DNA fragmentation (DF), as well as TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL6 and IL8 concentrations in serum and semen.

Results

Serum and seminal levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL6 and IL8 were all significantly increased in the MetS group. Ejaculation volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive and total motility and vitality were significantly decreased and sperm with abnormal MMP and DF were increased in the MetS group.

Conclusion

The results suggest that MetS is associated with decreased fertility parameters in males, as well as local reproductive tract inflammation, in the absence of leukocytospermia.
Outcomes of breech birth by mode of delivery: a population linkage study
Authors: Bin Yu Sun , Roberts Christine L. , Ford Jane B. , Nicholl Michael C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Trial evidence supports a policy of caesarean section for singleton breech presentations at term, but vaginal breech birth is considered a safe option for selected women.

Aims

To provide recent Australian data on outcomes associated with intended mode of delivery for term breech singletons in women who meet conservative eligibility criteria for vaginal breech birth.

Materials and Methods

Birth and hospital records from 2009 to 2012 in New South Wales were used to identify women with nonanomalous pregnancies who would be considered eligible for vaginal breech birth. Intended mode of delivery was inferred from labour onset and management.

Results

Of 10 133 women with term breech singleton pregnancies, 5197 (51.3%) were classified as eligible for vaginal breech delivery. Of these, 6.8% intended vaginal breech birth, 76.4% planned caesarean section and intention could not be determined for 16.8%. Women intending vaginal delivery had higher rates of neonatal morbidity (6.0% vs 2.1%), neonatal birth trauma (7.4% vs 0.9%), Apgar <4 at one minute (10.5% vs 1.1%), Apgar <7 at five minutes (4.3% vs 0.5%) and neonatal intensive care unit/special care nursery admissions (16.2% vs 6.6%) than those planning caesarean section. Increased perinatal risks remained after adjustment for maternal characteristics. Severe maternal morbidity (1.4% vs 0.7%) and post‐partum readmission (4.6% vs 4.0%) were higher in the intended vaginal compared to planned caesarean births, but these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

In a population of women classified as being eligible for vaginal breech birth, intended vaginal delivery was associated with higher rates of neonatal morbidity than planned caesarean section.
Rethinking placental pathology in the PSANZ classification of unexplained stillbirth at term
Authors: Bartlett Kate , Zuccollo Jane , Sadler Lynn , Masson Vicki
Published: June 2016

Background

Approximately 30 per cent of stillbirths are currently classified ‘unexplained’ using the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ) classification system in New Zealand. This unexplained category includes deaths with placental pathology even though the importance of placental pathology and its causal relationship to stillbirth is well described.

Aims

To determine whether unexplained stillbirths in New Zealand classified using PSANZ criteria can be more usefully classified based on placental pathology.

Methods

Audit of the classification of cause of death among ‘unexplained antepartum death’ at term by perinatal pathologist review of postmortem and/or placental pathology reports using the current PSANZ Perinatal Death Classification (PDC)10 classification and a proposed ‘significant placental pathology’ subclassification. The main outcome measure was a change in cause of death from unexplained term stillbirth to an alternative PSANZ classification or to significant placental pathology subcategory.

Results

In total, 177 unexplained stillbirths with a postmortem and/or placental pathology report in New Zealand between 2007 and 2013 inclusive were reviewed. Twenty‐three cases (13%) had significant placental pathology that could have been a direct cause of the stillbirth. A further seven cases (4%) were misclassified and could be better classified within another PDC category.

Conclusions

A classification system incorporating placental pathologies which are recognised by the current literature to be causative of stillbirth would better describe stillbirths at term in New Zealand. This would benefit parental counselling and follow‐up in subsequent pregnancies. A standard approach to reporting placental pathology would benefit clinicians. Education on placental pathology for clinicians working with parents experiencing stillbirth and multidisciplinary approach to classification is also recommended.
Negotiating Liberty: The Use of Political Opportunities and Civil Society by Barbary State Captives and Guantánamo Bay Detainees
Authors: Banham Cynthia , Goodin Brett
Published: June 2016

This article contrasts two distinct sets of prisoners who were held by foreign governments: sailors from the United States held captive in Algiers in the late‐eighteenth century and British citizens detained in Guantánamo Bay in the early‐twenty‐first century. The article uses social movement theory to examine and compare the campaigns orchestrated by these men and their supporters, and the role of those campaigns in securing their freedom. It demonstrates the utility of social movement theory in comparing cases of foreign detention that transcend centuries, regions and communication technologies. We find that successful campaigns on behalf of citizens held captive abroad, and the timeline of those successes, are contingent on the exploitation of domestic political opportunities and an external event to trigger government action on behalf of the captives.
Loving‐Kindness Meditation Effects on Well‐Being and Altruism: A Mixed‐Methods Online RCT
Authors: Galante Julieta , Bekkers Marie‐Jet , Mitchell Clive , Gallacher John
Published: June 2016

Background

Evidence suggests that facilitating empathy could improve individuals' well‐being. Loving‐kindness meditation (LKM) could be a facilitator, and online delivery a cost‐effective format.

Methods

We conducted an internet‐based randomised controlled trial recruiting 809 adults to test whether an LKM course improves well‐being through evoking pleasant emotions, psychological resources, and altruism compared to a light physical exercise course (LE). Participants in both arms followed video‐based instructions, completed post‐intervention questionnaires, and used online diaries and forums. To measure altruism £10/$10 were offered to participants with a choice of donating all/half to charity. Thematic analysis was applied to diary/forum entries.

Results

Both courses increased well‐being without significant differences. LKM participants were less anxious than LE participants (ß = −0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.43, −0.02], p = .03), and more likely to donate £5/$5 (Relative Risk = 3.57, 95%CI [0.82, 15.50], p = .09). Attrition was high (82%). Participants engaged in diary/forum usage. LKM was an emotionally intense experience, generating deep reflections and increased connectedness but difficult for some to process. LE led to gentle increases in relaxation, generating a sense of achievement.

Conclusions

Future research needs to confirm findings and devise ways of delivering online LKM effectively to diverse populations.
Honest reporting and elucidation of very serious adverse events: a lesson to us all
Authors: Hokland Peter , Cotter Finbarr
Published: June 2016

The article by Morgenstern et al., cited in this Editorial Comment, is published in issue 174:6 (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.14160/full).
Estimating the immunogenicity of blood group antigens: a modified calculation that corrects for transfusion exposures
Authors: Stack Gary , Tormey Christopher A.
Published: June 2016

Calculations of blood group antigen immunogenicity have been based on antigen and antibody frequencies in transfused populations, with the assumption of a single red blood cell (RBC) unit exposure per patient. Given that patients are usually transfused >1 RBC unit, antigen exposures will be greater than assumed, resulting in inaccurate immunogenicity calculations. As such, the goal of this study was to modify the calculation to correct for RBC exposures. To further improve accuracy, we used an empirically‐derived immunogenicity for the reference antigen, K, in calculations of absolute immunogencity and eliminated anamnestic and pre‐existing antibodies (i.e., antibodies induced outside the study site) from the calculation. Alloantibody numbers for the top 12 specificities and mean RBCs (MRBC) transfused per patient were obtained from the records of a hospital transfusion service. A revised immunogenicity calculation, incorporating a correction for MRBC, was developed. This correction resulted in up to a 4‐fold increase in the immunogenicity of relatively high frequency antigens, with smaller increases for lower frequency antigens, yielding the following revised immunogenicity ranking: K>Jka>Lua>E>P1>c>M>Leb>C>Lea>Fya>S. Use of an empirical value for K immunogenicity resulted in a 1·9‐fold increase in absolute immunogenicities for all antigens. In summary, the calculation of blood group antigen immunogenicity has been further refined.
Treatment of graft failure with TNI‐based reconditioning and haploidentical stem cells in paediatric patients
Authors: Teltschik Heiko‐Manuel , Heinzelmann Frank , Gruhn Bernd , Feuchtinger Tobias , Schlegel Patrick , Schumm Michael , Kremens Bernhard , Müller Ingo , Ebinger Martin , Schwarze Carl Philipp , Ottinger Hellmut , Zips Daniel , Handgretinger Rupert , Lang Peter
Published: June 2016

Graft failure is a life‐threatening complication after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report a cohort of 19 consecutive patients (median age: 8·5 years) with acute leukaemias (n = 14) and non‐malignant diseases (n = 5) who experienced graft failure after previous HSCT from matched (n = 3) or haploidentical donors (n = 16) between 2003 and 2012. After total nodal irradiation (TNI)‐based reconditioning combined with fludarabine, thiotepa and anti‐T cell serotherapy, all patients received T cell‐depleted peripheral blood stem cell grafts from a second, haploidentical donor. Median time between graft failure and retransplantation was 14 d (range 7–40). Sustained engraftment (median: 10 d, range 9–32) and complete donor chimerism was observed in all evaluable patients. 5 patients additionally received donor lymphocyte infusions. Graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) grade II and III occurred in 1 patient each (22%); no GvHD grade IV was observed. 2 patients had transient chronic GvHD. The regimen was well tolerated with transient interstitial pneumonitis in one patient. Treatment‐related mortality after one year was 11%. Event‐free survival and overall survival 3 years after retransplantation were 63% and 68%. Thus, a TNI‐based reconditioning regimen followed by transplantation of haploidentical stem cells is an option to rescue patients with graft failure within a short time span and with low toxicity.
Properties of bootstrap tests for N‐of‐1 studies
Authors: Lin Sharon X. , Morrison Leanne , Smith Peter W. F. , Hargood Charlie , Weal Mark , Yardley Lucy
Published: June 2016

N‐of‐1 study designs involve the collection and analysis of repeated measures data from an individual not using an intervention and using an intervention. This study explores the use of semi‐parametric and parametric bootstrap tests in the analysis of N‐of‐1 studies under a single time series framework in the presence of autocorrelation. When the Type I error rates of bootstrap tests are compared to Wald tests, our results show that the bootstrap tests have more desirable properties. We compare the results for normally distributed errors with those for contaminated normally distributed errors and find that, except when there is relatively large autocorrelation, there is little difference between the power of the parametric and semi‐parametric bootstrap tests. We also experiment with two intervention designs: ABAB and AB, and show the ABAB design has more power. The results provide guidelines for designing N‐of‐1 studies, in the sense of how many observations and how many intervention changes are needed to achieve a certain level of power and which test should be performed.
Adipsic hypernatremia without hypothalamic lesions accompanied by autoantibodies to subfornical organ
Authors: Hiyama Takeshi Y. , Utsunomiya Akari N. , Matsumoto Masahito , Fujikawa Akihiro , Lin Chia‐Hao , Hara Keiichi , Kagawa Reiko , Okada Satoshi , Kobayashi Masao , Ishikawa Mayumi , Anzo Makoto , Cho Hideo , Takayasu Shinobu , Nigawara Takeshi , Daimon Makoto , Sato Tomohiko , Terui Kiminori , Ito Etsuro , Noda Masaharu
Published: June 2016

Adipsic (or essential) hypernatremia is a rare hypernatremia caused by a deficiency in thirst regulation and vasopressin release. In 2010, we reported a case in which autoantibodies targeting the sensory circumventricular organs (sCVOs) caused adipsic hypernatremia without hypothalamic structural lesions demonstrable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); sCVOs include the subfornical organ (SFO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), which are centers for the monitoring of body‐fluid conditions and the control of water and salt intakes, and harbor neurons innervating hypothalamic nuclei for vasopressin release. We herein report three newly identified patients (3‐ to 8‐year‐old girls on the first visit) with similar symptoms. The common features of the patients were extensive hypernatremia without any sensation of thirst and defects in vasopressin response to serum hypertonicity. Despite these features, we could not detect any hypothalamic structural lesions by MRI. Immunohistochemical analyses using the sera of the three patients revealed that antibodies specifically reactive to the mouse SFO were present in the sera of all cases; in one case, the antibodies also reacted with the mouse OVLT. The immunoglobulin (Ig) fraction of serum obtained from one patient was intravenously injected into wild‐type mice to determine whether the mice developed similar symptoms. Mice injected with a patient's Ig showed abnormalities in water/salt intake, vasopressin release, and diuresis, which resultantly developed hypernatremia. Prominent cell death and infiltration of reactive microglia was observed in the SFO of these mice. Thus, autoimmune destruction of the SFO may be the cause of the adipsic hypernatremia. This study provides a possible explanation for the pathogenesis of adipsic hypernatremia without demonstrable hypothalamus‐pituitary lesions.
A novel plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 inhibitor, TM5441, protects against high‐fat diet‐induced obesity and adipocyte injury in mice
Authors: Piao Lingjuan , Jung Inji , Huh Joo Young , Miyata Toshio , Ha Hunjoo
Published: June 2016

Background and Purpose

Obesity is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, and dysregulated adipocyte function plays an important role in obesity‐associated metabolic disorder. The level of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) is increased in obese subjects, and PAI‐1 null mice show improved insulin sensitivity when subjected to high‐fat and high‐sucrose diet‐induced metabolic stress, suggesting that a best‐in‐class PAI‐1 inhibitor may become a novel therapeutic agent for obesity‐associated metabolic syndrome. TM5441 is a novel orally active PAI‐1 inhibitor that does not cause bleeding episodes. Hence, in the present study we examined the preventive effect of TM5441 on high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced adipocyte dysfunction.

Experimental Approach

Ten‐week‐old C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (18% of total calories from fat) or HFD (60% of total calories from fat) for 10 weeks, and TM5441 (20 mg·kg−1 oral gavage) was administered daily with the initiation of HFD.

Key Results

TM5441 prevented HFD‐induced body weight gain and systemic insulin resistance. TM5441 normalized HFD‐induced dysregulated JNK and Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that it prevents the insulin resistance of adipocytes. TM5441 also attenuated the macrophage infiltration and increased expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, induced by the HFD. In addition, TM5441 prevented the HFD‐induced down‐regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function, suggesting that it may prevent adipocyte inflammation and dysregulation by maintaining mitochondrial fitness.

Conclusion and Implications

Our data suggest that TM5441 may become a novel therapeutic agent for obesity and obesity‐related metabolic disorders.
The Global City versus the City of Neighborhoods: Spatial Practice, Cognitive Maps, and the Aesthetics of Urban Conflict
Authors: Patterson Matt
Published: June 2016

Political–economy, which conceptualizes space as a resource over which different groups struggle, has long been the dominant perspective in the study of urban conflict. However space is also a cultural object from which actors derive particular meanings. In order to understand how meaningful interpretations of space give rise to urban conflict, this paper examines the architectural expansions of two Toronto museums. Both projects were fiercely opposed by local creative and professional class residents—a group who might be expected to welcome elite architecture and cultural investment. To explain the origins of this conflict, I demonstrate how the museum leadership and surrounding community understood the spatial context of the expansion projects in strikingly different ways. While the former group saw Toronto as a “global city” and looked to international landmarks for precedents, the latter saw Toronto as a “city of neighborhoods” and were more concerned with how the projects contributed to more mundane aspects of the neighborhoods such as parks and playgrounds. I attribute these different “aesthetic” interpretations to the distinct spatial practices and associated cognitive maps of each group.
Early Cretaceous origin of pollen‐feeding beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Oedemeridae)
Authors: Peris David
Published: June 2016

The taxonomic position of a new pollen‐feeding fossil beetle from Spanish amber (late Albian, 105 Ma) is analysed. A phylogenetic analysis allows me to accommodateDarwinylus marcosigen. et sp. nov. in the Polyphaga: Oedemeridae within current limits for the family, which clearly belongs in the subfamily Oedemerinae. It corresponds to the oldest definitive record for the family. Some autapomorphies, mainly in antennae, are observable in the fossil compared with extant members of the family. A discussion about these problematic characters and the evolution of the family is proposed.
Radiographic and histological evaluation of deproteinized bovine bone mineral vs. deproteinized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen in ridge preservation. A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Nart Jose , Barallat Lucía , Jimenez Daniel , Mestres Jaume , Gómez Alberto , Carrasco Miguel Angel , Violant Deborah , Ruíz‐Magaz Vanessa
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The aims of this randomized clinical trial were to compare the dimensional changes and the histological composition after using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) or deproteinized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen (DBBM‐C) and a collagen membrane in ridge preservation procedures.

Material and methods

Patients who required an extraction and a subsequent implant‐supported rehabilitation at a non‐molar site were recruited. After extraction, a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed and sites were randomly treated either with DBBM or DBBM‐C plus a collagen membrane. At 5 months, before implant placement, a second CBCT was performed and a biopsy of the area was obtained. A blinded investigator superimposed the CBCTs and performed measurements to determine bone volume changes between the two time points. Additionally, a histomorphometric analysis of the biopsies was performed in a blinded manner.

Results

Eleven sites belonged to the DBBM group and eleven to the DBBM‐C group. All together, a significant reduction in height and width was observed at 5 months of healing, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the DBBM and the DBBM‐C group. The histomorphometric analysis revealed a similar composition in terms of newly formed bone, connective tissue and residual graft particles in both groups.

Conclusions

Deproteinized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen showed a similar behaviour as DBBM not only in its capacity to minimize ridge contraction but also from a histological point of view. Thus, both graft materials seem to be suitable for ridge preservation procedures.
Embolization of the superior rectal arteries for chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease
Authors: Moussa N. , Sielezneff I. , Sapoval M. , Tradi F. , Del Giudice C. , Fathallah N. , Pellerin O. , Amouyal G. , Pereira H. , de Parades V. , Vidal V.
Published: June 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the emborrhoid technique (embolization of the superior haemorrhoidal arteries) in patients ineligible for surgery.

Methods

Between January 2014 and April 2015, 30 consecutive patients (average age 58 years) suffering from disabling chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease and with a contraindication for surgery (n = 23) or with a failure of instrumental or surgical treatment (n = 7) underwent embolization. All cases were discussed at multidisciplinary meetings including a proctology specialist or a surgeon and an interventional radiologist. We performed super selective micro coil embolization (pushable 2–3 mm fibre coils) of the distal branches of the superior rectal arteries with a microcatheter, via a right femoral approach, under local anaesthesia. We assessed clinical outcome by evaluating bleeding and specific clinical scores relating to bleeding and changes in quality of life.

Results

Immediate technical success, with no complication, was achieved in 93% of cases. A mean of 3.1 arteries per patient was embolized, with a mean of 7.6 coils per patient. Median follow‐up was 5 months. Clinical score improvement was observed in 72%, in 17 patients after a single embolization session, and in four additional patients after a second embolization session. No improvement in bleeding was observed in eight patients (28%).

Conclusion

Distal coil embolization of the superior rectal arteries for disabling chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease is safe and effective in patients untreatable by surgery.
The role of the defaecating pouchogram in the assessment of evacuation difficulty after restorative proctocolectomy and pouch–anal anastomosis
Authors: Stellingwerf M. E. , Maeda Y. , Patel U. , Vaizey C. J. , Warusavitarne J. , Bemelman W. A. , Clark S. K.
Published: June 2016

Aim

Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the most frequently performed operation for intractable ulcerative colitis (UC) and for many patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It can be complicated by a functional evacuation difficulty, which is not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the role of defaecating pouchography in an attempt to assess the mechanism of evacuation difficulty in pouch patients.

Method

All RPC patients who had had a defaecating pouchogram for evacuation difficulty at one hospital between 2006 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The findings and features were correlated with the symptoms. Demographic, clinical and radiological variables were analysed.

Results

Eighty‐seven [55 (63%) female] patients aged 47.6 ± 12.5 years (mean standard ± SD) were identified. Thirty‐five had a mechanical outlet obstruction and 52 had no identified mechanical cause to explain the evacuation difficulty. The mean age of these 52 [33 (63%) female] patients was 48.2 ± 13 years. Of these 52 patients, significantly more used anti‐diarrhoeal medication (P = 0.029), complained of a high frequency of defaecation (P = 0.005), experienced a longer time to the initiation of defaecation (P = 0.049) and underwent pouchoscopy (P = 0.003). Biofeedback appeared to improve the symptoms in 7 of 16 patients with a nonmechanical defaecatory difficulty. The most common findings on defaecating pouchography included residual barium of more than 33% after an attempted evacuation (46%, n = 24), slow evacuation (35%, n = 18) and mucosal irregularity (33%, n = 17). Correlation between radiological features and symptoms showed a statistically significant relationship between straining, anal pain, incontinence and urgency with patterns of anismus or pelvic floor descent or weakness seen on the defaecating pouchogram. Symptoms of incomplete evacuation, difficulty in the initiation of defaecation, high defaecatory frequency and abdominal pain were not correlated with the radiological features of the pouchogram.

Conclusion

Defaecating pouchography may be useful for identifying anismus and pelvic floor disorders in pouch patients who have symptoms of straining, anal pain or incontinence. In patients with a high frequency of defaecation and abdominal pain it does not provide clinically meaningful information. Patients who complain of straining, incontinence, anal pain or urgency and have anismus or pelvic floor disorders may benefit from behavioural therapy.
Synthesis and salt‐free dyeing characteristics of cationic reactive dyes containing polyetheramine segments
Authors: Wang Guo W. , Zheng Chun L. , Sun Jie
Published: June 2016

A series of cationic reactive dyes containing both quaternary ammonium and polyetheramine as soluble groups and monochlorotriazine as a reactive group have been synthesised and applied to cellulose fibre by salt‐free exhaust dyeing. Investigation of the synthesis method and dyeing properties of these cationic reactive dyes showed that the best pH value for these dyes is 6, and also that these cationic reactive dyes give a high substantivity to cellulose. In the salt‐free dyeing process, their adsorption was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm during the primary exhaustion stage, but in the secondary exhaustion stage the adsorption was in accordance with the Freundlich isotherm, and their secondary exhaustion reached up to 96% and above. Moreover, the degree of fixation, the levelling, and the transfer properties on cotton fabric were good. Light fastness reached grade 5–6, washing, perspiration, and dry rubbing fastness reached grade 4 and above, but wet rubbing fastness reached only grade 3–4.
Predicting and understanding spatio‐temporal dynamics of species recovery: implications for Asian crested ibisNipponia nipponconservation in China
Authors: Sun Yiwen , Wang Tiejun , Skidmore Andrew K. , Palmer Stephen C. F. , Ye Xinping , Ding Changqing , Wang Qi
Published: June 2016

Aim

Some threatened species are now recovering after a period of serious decline. Understanding and predicting the spatio‐temporal recolonization of these species in a heterogeneous landscape are important for their conservation planning. We aimed to predict the range expansion of the endangered Asian crested ibisNipponia nipponas it recovers from near‐extinction to guide itsin situconservation and plan possible reintroductions.

Location

Central China.

Methods

We used a presence‐only ecological niche model to predict breeding habitat suitability and a newly developed, spatially explicit and individual‐based dynamic modelling platform to simulate range expansion. We performed a sensitivity analysis to assess the effects of uncertainty in demographic and dispersal parameters on the simulation of range dynamics. The impact of human‐induced mortality risk was also investigated.

Results

Predictions showed that the Asian crested ibis population and the range extent would continue to increase over the next 50 years, and the species would recolonize parts of its historical range. However, the majority of the population would still be restricted to a relatively small region, and some potential suitable regions might not be recolonized for decades by natural dispersal. Moreover, the simulated range dynamics were sensitive to life history trait parameters, among which adult survival probability and the proportion of long‐distance dispersal events showed the strongest effects. High human‐induced mortality risks had a significant negative effect on population growth and range expansion.

Main conclusions

This study demonstrates how hybrid modelling can inform conservation management of threatened species as they recolonize former habitat. The findings enable prioritization of management efforts, highlight the need for long‐term monitoring of the key life history parameters and provide evidence to guide the selection of potential reintroduction sites for the long‐term survival and recovery of target species.
The great divergence and the economics of printing†
Authors: Angeles Luis
Published: June 2016

While China's invention of printing took place several centuries ahead of Europe's, it was in Europe where the more advanced printing technology of movable type took hold and where book production reached far higher levels. This article explores the extent to which China's complex logographic writing system explains these different outcomes. Using an economic analysis, I show how China's preference for block printing technology over movable type can be justified as the rational choice of commercial producers. In addition to this, model simulations also predict that movable type would be used in China under some specific circumstances which closely match the historical record. On the other hand, the use of block printing would not have led to larger printing costs in China, and as such should not be regarded as the reason behind China's modest level of book production when compared to Europe's.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi slow soil carbon cycling
Authors: Averill Colin , Hawkes Christine V.
Published: June 2016

Respiration of soil organic carbon is one of the largest fluxes of CO2 on earth. Understanding the processes that regulate soil respiration is critical for predicting future climate. Recent work has suggested that soil carbon respiration may be reduced by competition for nitrogen between symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi that associate with plant roots and free‐living microbial decomposers, which is consistent with increased soil carbon storage in ectomycorrhizal ecosystems globally. However, experimental tests of the mycorrhizal competition hypothesis are lacking. Here we show that ectomycorrhizal roots and hyphae decrease soil carbon respiration rates by up to 67% under field conditions in two separate field exclusion experiments, and this likely occurs via competition for soil nitrogen, an effect larger than 2 °C soil warming. These findings support mycorrhizal competition for nitrogen as an independent driver of soil carbon balance and demonstrate the need to understand microbial community interactions to predict ecosystem feedbacks to global climate.
Epidemiology, pathophysiology and putative genetic basis of carbamazepine‐ and oxcarbazepine‐induced hyponatremia
Authors: Berghuis B. , de Haan G.‐J. , van den Broek M. P. H. , Sander J. W. , Lindhout D. , Koeleman B. P. C.
Published: June 2016

The use of carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) as first‐line antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of focal epilepsy is limited by hyponatremia, a known adverse effect. Hyponatremia occurs in up to half of people taking CBZ or OXC and, although often assumed to be asymptomatic, it can lead to symptoms ranging from unsteadiness and mild confusion to seizures and coma. Hyponatremia is probably due to the antidiuretic properties of CBZ and OXC that are, at least partly, explained by stimulation of the vasopressin 2 receptor/aquaporin 2 pathway. No known genetic risk variants for CBZ‐ and OXC‐induced hyponatremia exist, but likely candidate genes are part of the vasopressin water reabsorption pathway.
Evidence for marsh mallow (Malva parviflora) toxicosis causing myocardial disease and myopathy in four horses
Authors: Bauquier J. , Stent A. , Gibney J. , Jerrett I. , White J. , Tennent‐Brown B. , Pearce A. , Pitt J.
Published: June 2016

Reason for performing the study

Investigation of toxicosis caused by Malva parviflora was required after 4 horses from the same farm developed severe muscle fasciculations, tachycardia, sweating and periods of recumbency leading to death or euthanasia after ingesting the plant.

Objectives

To describe historical, clinical, clinicopathological and pathological findings of 4 horses with suspected M. parviflora toxicosis. The role of cyclopropene fatty acids (found in M. parviflora) and mechanism for toxicosis are proposed.

Study design

Case series.

Methods

Historical, physical examination, clinicopathological and pathological findings are reported. Due to similarities with atypical myopathy or seasonal pasture myopathy acyl carnitine profiles were performed on sera from 2 cases and equine controls. Presence of cyclopropene fatty acids was also examined in sera of 2 cases.

Results

M. parviflora had been heavily grazed by the horses with little other feed available. Horse 1 deteriorated rapidly and was subjected to euthanasia. Horse 2 was referred to hospital where severe myocardial disease and generalised myopathy was determined; this horse was subjected to euthanasia 36 h after admission. Horse 3 died rapidly and Horse 4 was subjected to euthanasia at onset of clinical signs. Post‐mortem examinations performed on 3 horses revealed acute, multifocal cardiac and skeletal myonecrosis. Myocyte glycogen accumulation was absent when examined in Horse 2. Acyl carnitine profiles revealed increased C14–C18 acyl carnitine concentrations in cases relative to controls. Cyclopropene fatty acids were detected in sera of cases but not controls.

Conclusion

These findings suggest aetiology different to that of atypical myopathy or seasonal pasture myopathy. We hypothesise that cyclopropene fatty acids in M. parviflora interfere with fatty acid β‐oxidation in horses in negative energy balance, causing the clinical signs and abnormal acyl carnitine profiles. These equine cases suggest a pathophysiological course that closely mimics the human genetic condition very long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
The roles of elevation and local environmental factors as drivers of diatom diversity in subarctic streams
Authors: Teittinen Anette , Kallajoki Liisa , Meier Sandra , Stigzelius Tiina , Soininen Janne
Published: June 2016

High latitude and altitude freshwater systems are highly sensitive to the effects of global warming and associated environmental changes. Diatoms are widely used as sentinels of environmental change, yet knowledge of diatom community patterns in high latitude and altitude streams remains limited.

The aim of this study was to examine alpha and beta diversity of diatoms in subarctic streams in Finland and Norway, and to determine the importance of local environmental factors and elevation in shaping their community patterns. We also aimed at testing, for the first time, whether microbes conform to Rapoport's elevational rule, which states that species occurring at higher elevations have generally larger elevational ranges than species at lower elevations.

Three streams (44 sites in total) with an altitudinal gradient of 21–877 m a.s.l. were sampled. Generalized linear models, hierarchical partitioning, and a boosted regression tree method were used to identify drivers of diatom species richness. We ran Mantel tests, and calculated initial similarities and elevational halving distances to examine beta diversity.

There were no apparent richness–elevation relationships within streams. Across all study streams, the water depth was the most important factor for richness, with additional influences by stone size, conductivity, pH and elevation. Diatoms in subarctic streams did not conform to Rapoport's elevational rule. Community similarity decreased significantly with elevational distance while distance decay was weaker with environmental distance.

Our results suggest that diatom alpha and beta diversity along stream elevational gradients are shaped by interacting local environmental factors such as water depth and substrate size, indicating vulnerability of diatoms to physical disturbances, and regional factors such as dispersal and geographical variables. Diatom diversity patterns do not seem to concur with patterns often observed for larger organisms as no consistent elevational patterns in richness or range sizes were found.
A Straightforward Random Walk Model for Fast Push‐Pull Tracer Test Evaluation
Authors: Klotzsch Stephan , Binder Martin , Händel Falk
Published: June 2016

In this article, we present a straightforward random walk model for fast evaluation of push‐pull tracer tests. By developing an adaptive algorithm, we overcome the problem of manually defining how many particles have to be used to simulate the transport problem. Beside this, we validate the random walk model by evaluating a push‐pull tracer test with drift phase and confirm the results with MT3DMS. The random walk model took less than 1% of computational time of MT3DMS, thus allowing a remarkable faster evaluation of push‐pull tracer tests.