bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charm or Harm: Effect of Passage Content on Listener Attitudes Toward American English Accents
Authors: Heaton Hayley , Nygaard Lynne C.
Published: March 2011

This study examined how passage content influences attitudes toward American English Accents. Participants listened to passages differing in topic content spoken in an American Southern English or Standard American English accent. Although Southern-accented speakers were rated higher in sociality, but lower in status, than standard-accented speakers, sociality ratings varied as a function of passage topic only for standard-accented speakers. Linguistic content appeared most likely to influence listeners’ attitudes when preexisting assumptions based on regional accent were absent.
Task Space Regions
Authors: Berenson Dmitry , Srinivasa Siddhartha , Kuffner James
Published: March 2011

We present a manipulation planning framework that allows robots to plan in the presence of constraints on end-effector pose, as well as other common constraints. The framework has three main components: constraint representation, constraint-satisfaction strategies, and a general planning algorithm. These components come together to create an efficient and probabilistically complete manipulation planning algorithm called the Constrained BiDirectional Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) – CBiRRT2. The underpinning of our framework for pose constraints is our Task Space Regions (TSRs) representation. TSRs are intuitive to specify, can be efficiently sampled, and the distance to a TSR can be evaluated very quickly, making them ideal for sampling-based planning. Most importantly, TSRs are a general representation of pose constraints that can fully describe many practical tasks. For more complex tasks, such as manipulating articulated objects, TSRs can be chained together to create more complex end-effector pose constraints. TSRs can also be intersected, a property that we use to plan with pose uncertainty. We provide a detailed description of our framework, prove probabilistic completeness for our planning approach, and describe several real-world example problems that illustrate the efficiency and versatility of the TSR framework.
Passionate Scholars
Authors: Stevens-Long Judith , Schapiro Steven A. , McClintock Charles
Published: March 2011

This article explores the relationships among student-centered doctoral study for scholar-practitioners, adult development, and transformative learning.
“It’s for Us to Change That”
Authors: Malcolm Irene
Published: March 2011

There has been little exploration of emotional labor in researching the learning of adults, and emotional labor on the part of research contractors has scarcely featured in published debates. The article explores the role of emotion in this context from a critical feminist perspective, drawing on life history data from a study of the learning biographies of more than 100 adults across the United Kingdom. The discussion is informed by analyses of data from interviews with Patricia (39) among a cohort of 30 participants who were interviewed as part of this study. The author first considers the ontological position of the article and critical feminist perspectives on women’s experiences of work. Second, the author examines the theory of emotional labor and the ongoing challenge of accounting for exploitative power relations in field work. Finally, the author suggests that the nexus of emotional labor and empathy/complicity in research is an area worthy of further investigation.
The Influence of Forensic Evidence on the Case Outcomes of Assault and Robbery Incidents
Authors: Baskin Deborah , Sommers Ira
Published: March 2011

The study focused on the influence of forensic evidence on the case processing of assault and robbery incidents. The study utilized a prospective analysis of official record data that followed cases in five jurisdictions from the time of police incident report to final criminal disposition. The results indicated that forensic evidence was collected in less than a third of all robbery and assault cases. Forensic evidence did not impact case outcomes for either robbery or assault cases. Cases in which there is physical evidence are no more likely to reach conviction than those without such evidence. However, the availability of victim and/or witness accounts were found to predict movement through various stages of the criminal case process. Thus, locating and encouraging victims and witnesses to provide testimony appears to enhance case solvability. In addition, variables associated with the perceived seriousness of the offense impact case progression.
Happy birthday, Mr Murdoch!
Authors: Hewlett Steve
Published: March 2011

As the world's greatest media tycoon turns 80, Steve Hewlett wonders if he has become less hands-on as various wobbles have beset several tentacles of the News Corp octopus. Will his successors bring the same passion for news that has been behind much of Murdoch's success?
Academia to zinger
Authors: Lee-Wright Peter
Published: March 2011

Peter Lee-Wright on Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan's Keywords in News and Journalism Studies; and Daniel Synge's The Survival Guide to Journalism.
Tory supporters say: ‘No more’
Authors: Vercoe Liz
Published: March 2011

A BJR/YouGov poll showed that a majority of respondents believe the WikiLeaks disclosures were made responsibly and that the British media dealt with the outcome in a responsible way. A high percentage of Lib-Dem and Labour voters did not think WikiLeaks should be prevented from releasing more data but there was significant dissent on that point by Conservative voters.
Remembering Harold Guetzkow
Authors: Druckman Daniel
Published: March 2011

This article provides an overview of the tributes to follow. Written from the perspective of each author’s experience with Harold Guetzkow, this set includes junior colleagues, graduate students, and third-generation scholars who were influenced by Harold. Through these lenses, Harold is seen as a multifaceted social scientist. His synthetic, holistic vision of scholarship is complemented by important influence on the careers of many colleagues and students. That vision is reflected also in his innovative contributions to the science and art of simulating. For Harold, the Inter-Nation Simulation was viewed as a device for integrating diverse island of theories in international relations and social psychology. The contributions are lasting. The person is missed.
The Influence of Harold Guetzkow: Scholarship and Values
Authors: Druckman Daniel
Published: March 2011

In this article, I recount the many ways in which Harold Guetzkow influenced my career. From the beginning of my graduate studies at Northwestern University in the 1960s into the next century, Harold’s guidance has been indispensable. His idea of bridging islands of theory has provided many of us with a broad, integrated vision of social science. His workman-like approach to scholarship has provided us with the tools needed to contribute to the field. As a broad theorist, Harold inspired us to devote a lifetime in pursuit of knowledge. As a mentor, he imparted the essential skills of writing for publication, presenting at professional meetings, teaching and advising, and contributing to the profession. Above all, his values of interdisciplinary and responsible scholarship have been a hallmark of my own research and project leadership. My work on simulation reflects these values as well, with regard to research platforms and classroom learning. Indeed, a recent article in this journal owes much to Harold’s influence (Druckman & Ebner, 2008).
Behavior and the Brain: Mediation of Acquired Skills
Authors: Raybeck Douglas , Ngo Paul Y. L.
Published: March 2011

In this article, we employ a systems approach that crosses three levels of analysis—neurophysiology, psychology, and anthropology—to investigate the relationship between childhood experiences and adult skills. Our hypothesis is that early learning situations can result in neural entrainments, that have psychological consequences, some of which can later be reflected in a constellation of adult skills. This model can account for an association of adult behaviors that would otherwise resist explanation. In support of our model, we present both quantitative data resulting from treatments of ethnographic evidence contained in the Human Relations Area Files, and qualitative evidence abstracted from that source and from additional ethnographies.
Differences of Present Recommendations and Guidelines for Generic Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins: Is There Room for Harmonization
Authors: Harenberg Job
Published: March 2011

Based on the results of large clinical trials, several low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been approved for prophylaxis and the treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism. As a result of expiration or pending expiration of patent protection of the originator LMWHs, the first generic LMWH enoxaparin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use in all medical indications. The European Medicines Agency has set up guidelines for the production of generic LMWHs. The International Society of Thrombosis, the North American Thrombosis Forum and other scientific organizations raised concerns regarding the safety of generic LMWHs due to economic reasons. These organizations have published statements for the production of generic LMWHs to ensure the quality of the products and the safety for patients. Ideally, the differences between the actual recommendations and guidelines for the production of generic version of LMWHs should be harmonized.
Transfusion Transmitted Infections in Patients With Hemophilia of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Borhany Munira , Shamsi Tahir , Boota Samsan , Ali Hazrat , Tahir Naeem , Naz Arshi , Naseer Imran , Farzana Tasneem , Ansari Saqib , Nadeem Muhammad , Zia-ur-Rahman  , Sangji Zainab
Published: March 2011

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of HCV, HBV, and HIV infections among the patients with hemophilia. Patients with Hemophilia A and B were evaluated who visited hospital for factor replacement therapy. The viral markers tested in these patients included anti-HCV-Ab, HBsAg, and anti-HIV-Ab. Seroprevalence was compared from 5717 exchange healthy blood donors for same markers. A total of 173 multitransfused male hemophiliacs showed prevalence of 51.4% for HCV, 1.73% for HBV, and nil for HIV. In blood donors seroprevalence was 1.9% for HCV, 1.81% for HBV, while no HIV-positive case was detected. Prevalence of anti-HCV-Ab was significantly high in patients with hemophilia than normal donors ( P = .0005). This study showed that HCV infection was more frequently identified than HBV and HIV infections in multitransfused hemophiliacs. The frequency of hepatitis C among blood donors is also higher than that of hepatitis B which is showing downward trend.
The ontological politics of artistic interventions: Implications for performing action research
Authors: Beyes Timon , Steyaert Chris
Published: March 2011

The aim of our article is to reflect upon intervention as a threshold where art and action research meet. For this, we will relate calls to apply the capacity of the performing arts to the social sciences to examples of neo-avant-garde art practices which show a renewed interest in (intervening into) the everyday production of public space. We recount and analyze two vignettes of artistic interventions to illustrate the politico-aesthetic power of art to interfere with how the social is assembled and to provoke new constellations of what is visible and sayable. Such experimental forms of engaging with the public raise the issue of a minoritarian politics of participation. Rather than being just another tool in the researcher’s toolkit, taking into account these practices can illustrate and inform certain dimensions of what could be called performative action research.
Overcoming poor youth stigmatization and invisibility through art: A participatory action research experience in Greater Buenos Aires
Authors: Freytes Frey Ada , Cross Cecilia
Published: March 2011

Participatory Action Research (PAR) involves collaborative construction of knowledge among researchers and local actors. Collaboration is particularly challenging for researchers when working with subaltern populations, as we experienced in a PAR project shared with young people living in extreme poverty in the Greater Buenos Aires area. The objective was to promote educational rights, based on a participatory diagnosis of factors associated with school abandonment. The main challenge was young people’s reluctance to address their school experience, due to stigmatization processes associated with school failure. Video production and dramatization helped us to overcome this blockage and to make youth perspectives visible to other social actors in the educational field. The article discusses how this happened during the PAR process.
Theatre and action research: How drama can empower action research processes in the field of unemployment
Authors: Tofteng Ditte , Husted Mia
Published: March 2011

Action research on marginalization and exclusion often seeks to examine relations between recognition, respect, and inclusion, but addressing these topics is difficult. Theatre-based action research opens up a new way to communicate and make visible knowledge and experiences from below that have difficulties reaching the public agenda or influencing structures of power. In this article we follow the creation of a play and of scenes that address the life, sufferings, and wishes of unemployed people. The skills of actors, writers, and producers are worked into a critical utopian action research project and used to highlight and enlarge both critique and dreams in life outside the labor market. The article also discusses some of the reactions the plays received and the formation of knowledge linked to these processes.
Comparison of the Memory Performance Index With Standard Neuropsychological Measures of Cognition
Authors: Rafii Michael , Taylor Curtis , Coutinho Alice , Kim Ken , Galasko Douglas
Published: March 2011

The Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen (MCIS) is a computer-based cognitive assessment designed for clinical and research use in detecting amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Performance on the MCIS is reported as the Memory Performance Index (MPI). However, the comparability between the MPI and traditional neuropsychological tests in detecting aMCI, and in differentiating it from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and normal aging has not been examined. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the validity of the MPI relative to standard neuropsychological measures. Participants included 12 individuals diagnosed with aMCI, 49 with mild AD, and 25 healthy elderly. The MCIS significantly discriminated among aMCI, AD, and healthy elderly controls. The MCIS is effective in detecting aMCI, and in discriminating it from cognitive changes observed in AD and normal aging. The MCIS may be a valuable tool in the identification of elderly at high risk for dementia due to its ease-of-use and brief administration time.
Alcohol References on Undergraduate Males’ Facebook Profiles
Authors: Egan Katie G. , Moreno Megan A.
Published: March 2011

Perceived peer alcohol use is a predictor of consumption in college males; frequent references to alcohol on Facebook may encourage alcohol consumption. Content analysis of college males’ Facebook profiles identified references to alcohol. The average age of 225 identified profiles was 19.9 years. Alcohol references were present on 85.3% of the profiles; the prevalence of alcohol was similar across each undergraduate grade. The average number of alcohol references per profile was 8.5 but increased with undergraduate year ( p = .003; confidence interval = 1.5, 7.5). Students who were of legal drinking age referenced alcohol 4.5 times more than underage students, and an increase in number of Facebook friends was associated with an increase in displayed alcohol references ( p < .001; confidence interval = 0.009, 0.02). Facebook is widely used in the college population; widespread alcohol displays on Facebook may influence social norms and cause increases in male college students’ alcohol use.
Preliminary Findings of a 4-Month Tai Chi Intervention on Tenderness, Functional Capacity, Symptomatology, and Quality of Life in Men With Fibromyalgia
Authors: Carbonell-Baeza Ana , Romero Alejandro , Aparicio Virginia A. , Ortega Francisco B. , Tercedor Pablo , Delgado-Fernández Manuel , Ruiz Jonatan R.
Published: March 2011

The study aimed to determine the effects of a 4-month Tai Chi intervention on tenderness, functional capacity, symptomatology, and quality of life in men with fibromyalgia. The effect of a 3-month detraining period was also analyzed. Six men with fibromyalgia (age 52.3 ± 9.3 years) followed a 4-month Tai Chi intervention. The outcome variables were tenderness, functional capacity (30-second chair stand, handgrip strength, chair sit and reach, back scratch, blind flamingo, 8 feet up and go, and 6-minute walk tests), and self-administered questionnaires. A significant improvement ( p = .028) after the intervention period for the chair sit and reach test was found, such improvement was maintained after the detraining phase. Tenderness, symptomatology, and quality of life did not significantly change after the intervention period or the detraining phase. In summary, a 4-month Tai Chi intervention improved lower body flexibility in men with fibromyalgia. This improvement persisted after the detraining period.
DNAM-1 ligand expression on Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes is mediated by ROS-dependent activation of DNA-damage response: relevance for NK–T cell interaction
Authors: Ardolino Michele , Zingoni Alessandra , Cerboni Cristina , Cecere Francesca , Soriani Alessandra , Iannitto Maria Luisa , Santoni Angela
Published: March 2011

An important role for natural killer (NK) cells in the regulation of T-cell responses is emerging, although the receptor pairs regulating the NK–T-cell interaction have still not been identified. We found that superantigen-stimulated T cells express Nectin-2 (CD112) and poliovirus receptor (PVR; CD155), the ligands of the activating NK receptor DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1; CD226). Interestingly, only PVR was present at the T cell surface, particularly on cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. The up-regulation of PVR expression involves DNA-damage response (DDR)–dependent pathways, because we found that pharmacologic inhibition of ATM and ATR kinases reduced PVR expression and that PVR was almost exclusively induced on cells expressing the DDR marker γH2AX. Oxidative stress contributed to DDR activation, and our results showed impaired PVR levels in the presence of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), being monocytes the main ROS source needed for optimal PVR expression on activated T cells. Interestingly, in accordance with ligand expression, NK cells lysed allogeneic proliferating more efficiently than nonproliferating T lymphocytes, with a mechanism requiring the cooperation between DNAM-1 and NKG2D. These results could contribute to unraveling the role of NK cells in the down-regulation of T-cell responses in physiologic and pathologic processes such as autoimmunity or GVHD.
In vitro and in vivo model of a novel immunotherapy approach for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by anti-CD23 chimeric antigen receptor
Authors: Giordano Attianese Greta Maria Paola , Marin Virna , Hoyos Valentina , Savoldo Barbara , Pizzitola Irene , Tettamanti Sarah , Agostoni Valentina , Parma Matteo , Ponzoni Maurilio , Bertilaccio Maria T. S. , Ghia Paolo , Biondi Andrea , Dotti Gianpietro , Biagi Ettore
Published: March 2011

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an accumulation of mature CD19+CD5+CD20dim B lymphocytes that typically express the B-cell activation marker CD23. In the present study, we cloned and expressed in T lymphocytes a novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the CD23 antigen (CD23.CAR). CD23.CAR+ T cells showed specific cytotoxic activity against CD23+ tumor cell lines (average lysis 42%) and primary CD23+ CLL cells (average lysis 58%). This effect was obtained without significant toxicity against normal B lymphocytes, in contrast to CARs targeting CD19 or CD20 antigens, which are also expressed physiologically by normal B lymphocytes. Moreover, CLL-derived CD23.CAR+ T cells released inflammatory cytokines (1445-fold more TNF-β, 20-fold more TNF-α, and 4-fold more IFN-γ). IL-2 was also produced (average release 2681 pg/mL) and sustained the antigen-dependent proliferation of CD23.CAR+ T cells. Redirected T cells were also effective in vivo in a CLL Rag2−/−γc−/− xenograft mouse model. Compared with mice treated with control T cells, the infusion of CD23.CAR+ T cells resulted in a significant delay in the growth of the MEC-1 CLL cell line. These data suggest that CD23.CAR+ T cells represent a selective immunotherapy for the elimination of CD23+ leukemic cells in patients with CLL.
Bone and the hematopoietic niche: a tale of two stem cells
Authors: Bianco Paolo
Published: March 2011

The revived interest in (hematopoietic) stem cell (HSC) niches has highlighted the role of multiple cellular players found in the bone environment. Initially focused on the role of osteoblasts and sinusoid endothelial cells, the quest for HSC niche cells has recently focused on a unique role for osteoprogenitor cells (skeletal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells). Strongly validated by observations of HSC dysregulation dictated by the dysregulation of osteoprogenitors, the role of osteoprogenitors in the HSC niche integrates data from different studies into a unified view. As preosteoblastic, periendothelial cells residing at the sinusoid wall, skeletal progenitors reconcile the notions of “osteoblastic” and “sinusoidal” niches with one another. In addition, they bring into focus the cross-regulation of skeletal and hematopoietic physiology as rooted into the interplay of two stem cells (hematopoietic and skeletal) sharing a single niche. As direct regulators of hematopoietic space formation, sinusoid development, and hematopoietic function(s), as well as direct progenitors of positive and negative regulators of HSCs such as osteoblasts and adipocytes, skeletal progenitors have emerged as pivotal organizers of a complex, highly plastic niche. This development seems to represents an evolutionary advance over the deterministic stem cell niches found in archetypal invertebrate systems.
Inner dynein arm defects causing primary ciliary dyskinesia: repeat testing required
Authors: O’Callaghan C. , Rutman A. , Williams G.M. , Hirst R.A.
Published: March 2011

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) results in chronic nasal symptoms and chest disease leading to bronchiectasis. We noted a number of patients referred for diagnostic testing whose initial results suggested PCD due to an inner dynein arm or radial spoke defect but in whom no abnormality was found on retesting.

The present study was an audit of all patients referred for PCD diagnostic testing over a 3-yr period whose initial electron microscopy (EM) and beat pattern analysis suggested an inner dynein arm or radial spoke defect.

21 patients referred for diagnostic testing for PCD suspected of an inner dynein arm defect and six suspected of a radial spoke defect on initial EM and beat pattern analysis had repeat testing performed. On repeat testing, five patients initially suspected of an inner dynein arm defect and one with a radial spoke defect had normal EM and beat pattern, leading to the initial diagnosis being questioned.

Patients suspected of PCD due to an inner dynein arm defect or radial spoke defect should have the diagnosis reassessed if it has been based on only one diagnostic sample.
Endothelin receptor expression in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: effect of bosentan and epoprostenol treatment
Authors: Hall S.M. , Davie N. , Klein N. , Haworth S.G.
Published: March 2011

Endothelin receptor antagonists are used to treat idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), but human pulmonary arterial endothelin receptor expression is not well defined. We hypothesised that disease and treatment would modify normal receptor distribution in pulmonary resistance arteries of children.

Using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative analysis, we investigated endothelin receptor subtypes A and B (ETAand ETB, respectively), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in peripheral pulmonary arteries of tissue from untreated children with IPAH (n=7), following extended combined bosentan and epoprostenol therapy (n=5) and from normal subjects (n=5).

Clinical, haemodynamic and pathological abnormalities were severe and advanced in all IPAH cases. ETAwas detected in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells of all normal and diseased tissue and cultured cells. Endothelial ETA, ETBand eNOS expression was reduced in patent, plexiform and dilatation lesions of untreated cases, but in treated cases, ETAand ETBwere normal and eNOS increased. In smooth muscle, ETAexpression was reduced in treated cases but ETBexpression increased in all arteries of both treated and untreated cases.

In summary, ETAis expressed on human pulmonary arterial endothelium. In IPAH, combination treatment with bosentan and epoprostenol had a more marked influence on endothelin receptor expression of endothelial than smooth muscle cells.
Biochemical and physiological characterization of the GTP-binding protein Obg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Sasindran Smitha J , Saikolappan Sankaralingam , Scofield Virginia L , Dhandayuthapani Subramanian
Published: March 2011

Background

Obg is a highly conserved GTP-binding protein that has homologues in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. In bacteria, Obg proteins are essential for growth, and they participate in spore formation, stress adaptation, ribosome assembly and chromosomal partitioning. This study was undertaken to investigate the biochemical and physiological characteristics of Obg in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in humans.

Results

We overexpressed M. tuberculosis Obg in Escherichia coli and then purified the protein. This protein binds to, hydrolyzes and is phosphorylated with GTP. An anti-Obg antiserum, raised against the purified Obg, detects a 55 kDa protein in immunoblots of M. tuberculosis extracts. Immunoblotting also discloses that cultured M. tuberculosis cells contain increased amounts of Obg in the late log phase and in the stationary phase. Obg is also associated with ribosomes in M. tuberculosis, and it is distributed to all three ribosomal fractions (30 S, 50 S and 70 S). Finally, yeast two-hybrid analysis reveals that Obg interacts with the stress protein UsfX, indicating that M. tuberculosis Obg, like other bacterial Obgs, is a stress related protein.

Conclusions

Although its GTP-hydrolyzing and phosphorylating activities resemble those of other bacterial Obg homologues, M. tuberculosis Obg differs from them in these respects: (a) preferential association with the bacterial membrane; (b) association with all three ribosomal subunits, and (c) binding to the stress protein UsfX, rather than to RelA. Generation of mutant alleles of Obg of M. tuberculosis, and their characterization in vivo, may provide additional insights regarding its role in this important human pathogen.
Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses
Authors: Krawitz Christian , Mraheil Mobarak Abu , Stein Michael , Imirzalioglu Can , Domann Eugen , Pleschka Stephan , Hain Torsten
Published: March 2011

Background

Black elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) are well known as supportive agents against common cold and influenza. It is further known that bacterial super-infection during an influenza virus (IV) infection can lead to severe pneumonia. We have analyzed a standardized elderberry extract (Rubini, BerryPharma AG) for its antimicrobial and antiviral activity using the microtitre broth micro-dilution assay against three Gram-positive bacteria and one Gram-negative bacteria responsible for infections of the upper respiratory tract, as well as cell culture experiments for two different strains of influenza virus.

Methods

The antimicrobial activity of the elderberry extract was determined by bacterial growth experiments in liquid cultures using the extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The inhibitory effects were determined by plating the bacteria on agar plates. In addition, the inhibitory potential of the extract on the propagation of human pathogenic H5N1-type influenza A virus isolated from a patient and an influenza B virus strain was investigated using MTT and focus assays.

Results

For the first time, it was shown that a standardized elderberry liquid extract possesses antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria of Streptococcus pyogenes and group C and G Streptococci, and the Gram-negative bacterium Branhamella catarrhalis in liquid cultures. The liquid extract also displays an inhibitory effect on the propagation of human pathogenic influenza viruses.

Conclusion

Rubini elderberry liquid extract is active against human pathogenic bacteria as well as influenza viruses. The activities shown suggest that additional and alternative approaches to combat infections might be provided by this natural product.
Reliability and validity of Thai versions of the MOS-HIV and SF-12 quality of life questionnaires in people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Chariyalertsak Suwat , Wansom Tanyaporn , Kawichai Surinda , Ruangyuttikarna Cholthicha , Kemerer Verne F , Wu Albert W
Published: March 2011

Background/Aim

As Thai people living with HIV/AIDS gain increasing access to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, it is important to evaluate the impact this has not only on clinical outcomes, but also on patients' functional status and well-being. In this study, we translated, culturally adapted and tested the reliability and validity of two widely-used health-related quality of life questionnaires - the MOS-HIV Health Survey and the SF-12 - in people living with HIV/AIDS in Northern Thailand. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 100 patients at community hospital outpatient ARV clinics in northern Thailand. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha, while evidence for validity was tested using known-groups comparison based on CD4 group, symptom distress score, bed days and days of reduced activity in the past three months.

Results

Patients' median age was 36, with 58% female, 58% working as laborers, and 60% completing at least primary education. Median CD4 count was 218 cells/mm3. There were no missing data. For the MOS-HIV and SF-12, mean physical summary scores were 53.1 and 49.0 respectively; mean mental summary scores were 53.4 and 45.6, respectively. Internal consistency coefficients were >0.7 for all but one scale, the PF scale (0.67). As hypothesized, scores were slightly to moderately correlated with CD4 count, symptom score, number of days in bed or with reduced activity. Correlations were higher with physical health scores than with mental health scales. The MOS-HIV discriminated clinical known groups slightly better than the SF-12.

Conclusion

Both the MOS-HIV and the shorter SF-12 were successfully adapted for people with HIV/AIDS in Northern Thailand, and showed encouraging evidence for reliability and validity. These patient reported questionnaires could be valuable tools in evaluating therapeutic interventions and other innovations in health and social services, and to estimate health needs and population disability related to HIV.
Particle size effects in the thermal conductivity enhancement of copper-based nanofluids
Authors: Saterlie Michael , Sahin Huseyin , Kavlicoglu Barkan , Liu Yanming , Graeve Olivia
Published: March 2011

We present an analysis of the dispersion characteristics and thermal conductivity performance of copper-based nanofluids. The copper nanoparticles were prepared using a chemical reduction methodology in the presence of a stabilizing surfactant, oleic acid or cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Nanofluids were prepared using water as the base fluid with copper nanoparticle concentrations of 0.55 and 1.0 vol.%. A dispersing agent, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and subsequent ultrasonication was used to ensure homogenous dispersion of the copper nanopowders in water. Particle size distribution of the copper nanoparticles in the base fluid was determined by dynamic light scattering. We found that the 0.55 vol.% Cu nanofluids exhibited excellent dispersion in the presence of SDBS. In addition, a dynamic thermal conductivity setup was developed and used to measure the thermal conductivity performance of the nanofluids. The 0.55 vol.% Cu nanofluids exhibited a thermal conductivity enhancement of approximately 22%. In the case of the nanofluids prepared from the powders synthesized in the presence of CTAB, the enhancement was approximately 48% over the base fluid for the 1.0 vol.% Cu nanofluids, which is higher than the enhancement values found in the literature. These results can be directly related to the particle/agglomerate size of the copper nanoparticles in water, as determined from dynamic light scattering.
Phase transition on the Si(001) clean surface prepared in UHV MBE chamber: a study by high-resolution STM and in situ RHEED
Authors: Arapkina Larisa V , Yuryev Vladimir A , Chizh Kirill V , Shevlyuga Vladimir M , Storojevyh Mikhail S , Krylova Lyudmila A
Published: March 2011

The Si(001) surface deoxidized by short annealing at T ~ 925°C in the ultrahigh vacuum molecuar beam epitaxy chamber has been in situ investigated using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)and redegreesected high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED. RHEED patterns corresponding to (2 × 1) and (4 × 4) structures were observed during sample treatment. The (4 × 4) reconstruction arose at T ≲ 600°C after annealing. The reconstruction was observed to be reversible: the (4 × 4) structure turned into the (2 × 1) one at T ≳ 600°C, the (4 × 4) structure appeared again at recurring cooling. The c(8 × 8) reconstruction was revealed by STM at room temperature on the same samples. A fraction of the surface area covered by the c(8 × 8) structure decreased, as the sample cooling rate was reduced. The (2 × 1) structure was observed on the surface free of the c(8 × 8) one. The c(8 × 8) structure has been evidenced to manifest itself as the (4 × 4) one in the RHEED patterns. A model of the c(8 × 8) structure formation has been built on the basis of the STM data. Origin of the high-order structure on the Si(001) surface and its connection with the epinucleation phenomenon are discussed.

PACS 68.35.B-·68.37.Ef·68.49.Jk·68.47.Fg
Myelin down-regulates myelin phagocytosis by microglia and macrophages through interactions between CD47 on myelin and SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes
Authors: Gitik Miri , Liraz-Zaltsman Sigal , Oldenborg Per-Arne , Reichert Fanny , Rotshenker Shlomo
Published: March 2011

Background

Traumatic injury to axons produces breakdown of axons and myelin at the site of the lesion and then further distal to this where Wallerian degeneration develops. The rapid removal of degenerated myelin by phagocytosis is advantageous for repair since molecules in myelin impede regeneration of severed axons. Thus, revealing mechanisms that regulate myelin phagocytosis by macrophages and microglia is important. We hypothesize that myelin regulates its own phagocytosis by simultaneous activation and down-regulation of microglial and macrophage responses. Activation follows myelin binding to receptors that mediate its phagocytosis (e.g. complement receptor-3), which has been previously studied. Down-regulation, which we test here, follows binding of myelin CD47 to the immune inhibitory receptor SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on macrophages and microglia.

Methods

CD47 and SIRPα expression was studied by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and myelin phagocytosis by ELISA.

Results

We first document that myelin, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells express CD47 without SIRPα and further confirm that microglia and macrophages express both CD47 and SIRPα. Thus, CD47 on myelin can bind to and subsequently activate SIRPα on phagocytes, a prerequisite for CD47/SIRPα-dependent down-regulation of CD47+/+ myelin phagocytosis by itself. We then demonstrate that phagocytosis of CD47+/+ myelin is augmented when binding between myelin CD47 and SIRPα on phagocytes is blocked by mAbs against CD47 and SIRPα, indicating that down-regulation of phagocytosis indeed depends on CD47-SIRPα binding. Further, phagocytosis in serum-free medium of CD47+/+ myelin is augmented after knocking down SIRPα levels (SIRPα-KD) in phagocytes by lentiviral infection with SIRPα-shRNA, whereas phagocytosis of myelin that lacks CD47 (CD47-/-) is not. Thus, myelin CD47 produces SIRPα-dependent down-regulation of CD47+/+ myelin phagocytosis in phagocytes. Unexpectedly, phagocytosis of CD47-/- myelin by SIRPα-KD phagocytes, which is not altered from normal when tested in serum-free medium, is augmented when serum is present. Therefore, both myelin CD47 and serum may each promote SIRPα-dependent down-regulation of myelin phagocytosis irrespective of the other.

Conclusions

Myelin down-regulates its own phagocytosis through CD47-SIRPα interactions. It may further be argued that CD47 functions normally as a marker of "self" that helps protect intact myelin and myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells from activated microglia and macrophages. However, the very same mechanism that impedes phagocytosis may turn disadvantageous when rapid clearance of degenerated myelin is helpful.
Intermolecular masking of the HIV-1 Rev NLS by the cellular protein HIC: Novel insights into the regulation of Rev nuclear import
Authors: Gu Lili , Tsuji Takahiro , Jarboui Mohamed Ali , Yeo Geok P , Sheehy Noreen , Hall William W , Gautier Virginie W
Published: March 2011

Background

The HIV-1 regulatory protein Rev, which is essential for viral replication, mediates the nuclear export of unspliced viral transcripts. Rev nuclear function requires active nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and Rev nuclear import is mediated by the recognition of its Nuclear Localisation Signal (NLS) by multiple import factors, which include transportin and importin β. However, it remains unclear which nuclear import pathway(s) predominate in vivo, and the cellular environment that modulates Rev nucleocytoplasmic shuttling remains to be characterised.

Results

In our study, we have identified the cellular protein HIC (Human I-mfa domain-Containing protein) as a novel interactor of HIV-1 Rev. We demonstrate that HIC selectively interferes with Rev NLS interaction with importin β and impedes its nuclear import and function, but does not affect Rev nuclear import mediated by transportin. Hence, the molecular determinants mediating Rev-NLS recognition by importin β and transportin appear to be distinct. Furthermore, we have employed HIC and M9 M, a peptide specifically designed to inhibit the transportin-mediated nuclear import pathway, to characterise Rev nuclear import pathways within different cellular environments. Remarkably, we could show that in 293T, HeLa, COS7, Jurkat, U937, THP-1 and CEM cells, Rev nuclear import is cell type specific and alternatively mediated by transportin or importin β, in a mutually exclusive fashion.

Conclusions

Rev cytoplasmic sequestration by HIC may represent a novel mechanism for the control of Rev function. These studies highlight that the multivalent nature of the Rev NLS for different import receptors enables Rev to adapt its nuclear trafficking strategy.
Identification of a mutated BHK-21 cell line that became less susceptible to Japanese encephalitis virus infection
Authors: Ding Tianbing , Zhang Wei , Ma Wenyu , Ren Junping
Published: March 2011

The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is not definitely elucidated as the initial interaction between virus and host cell receptors required for JEV infection is not clearly defined yet. Here, in order to discover those membrane proteins that may be involved in JEV attachment to or entry into virus permissive BHK-21 cells, a chemically mutated cell line (designated 3A10-3F) that became less susceptible to JEV infection was preliminarily established and selected by repeated low moi JEV challenges and RT-PCR detection for viral RNA E gene fragment. The susceptibility to JEV of 3A10-3F cells was significantly weakened compared with parental BHK-21 cells, verified by indirect immunofluorescence assay, virus plague formation assay, and flow cytometry. Finally, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with LC-MS/MS was utilized to recognize the most differentially expressed proteins from membrane protein extracts of 3A10-3F and BHK-21 cells respectively. The noted discrepancy of membrane proteins included calcium binding proteins (annexin A1, annexin A2), and voltage-dependent anion channels proteins (VDAC 1, VDAC 2), suggesting that these molecules may affect JEV attachment to and/or entry into BHK-21 cells and worthy of further investigation.
Entire genome sequence analysis of genotype IX Newcastle disease viruses reveals their early-genotype phylogenetic position and recent-genotype genome size
Authors: Qiu Xusheng , Sun Qing , Wu Shuang , Dong Li , Hu Shunling , Meng Chunchun , Wu Yantao , Liu Xiufan
Published: March 2011

Background

Six nucleotide (nt) insertion in the 5'-noncoding region (NCR) of the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of Newcaslte disease virus (NDV) is considered to be a genetic marker for recent genotypes of NDV, which emerged after 1960. However, F48-like NDVs from China, identified a 6-nt insert in the NP gene, have been previously classified into genotype III or genotype IX.

Results

In order to clarify their phylogenetic position and explore the origin of NDVs with the 6-nt insert and its significance in NDV evolution, we determined the entire genome sequences of five F48-like viruses isolated in China between 1946 and 2002 by RT-PCR amplification of overlapping fragments of full-length genome and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. All the five NDV isolates shared the same genome size of 15,192-nt with the recent genotype V-VIII viruses whereas they had the highest homology with early genotype III and IV isolates.

Conclusions

The unique characteristic of the genome size and phylogenetic position of F48-like viruses warrants placing them in a separate geno-group, genotype IX. Results in this study also suggest that genotype IX viruses most likely originate from a genotype III virus by insertion of a 6-nt motif in the 5'-NCR of the NP gene which had occurred as early as in 1940 s, and might be the common origin of genotype V-VIII viruses.
Improving the potency of DNA vaccine against Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) by fusing VP1 protein of CAV to Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) Type-1 VP22 protein
Authors: Moeini Hassan , Omar Abdul Rahman , Rahim Raha Abdul , Yusoff Khatijah
Published: March 2011

Background

Studies have shown that the VP22 gene of Marek's Disease Virus type-1 (MDV-1) has the property of movement between cells from the original cell of expression into the neighboring cells. The ability to facilitate the spreading of the linked proteins was used to improve the potency of the constructed DNA vaccines against chicken anemia virus (CAV).

Methods

The VP1 and VP2 genes of CAV isolate SMSC-1 were amplified and inserted into eukaryotic co-expression vector, pBudCE4.1 to construct pBudVP2-VP1. We also constructed pBudVP2-VP1/VP22 encoding CAV VP2 and the VP22 of MDV-1 linked to the CAV VP1. In vitro expression of the genes was confirmed by using RT-PCR, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence. The vaccines were then tested in 2-week-old SPF chickens which were inoculated with the DNA plasmid constructs by the intramuscular route. After in vivo expression studies, immune responses of the immunized chickens were evaluated pre- and post-immunization.

Results

Chickens vaccinated with pBudVP2-VP1/VP22 exhibited a significant increase in antibody titers to CAV and also proliferation induction of splenocytes in comparison to the chickens vaccinated with pBudVP2-VP1. Furthermore, the pBudVP2-VP1/VP22-vaccinated group showed higher level of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ.

Conclusions

This study showed that MDV-1 VP22 gene is capable of enhancing the potency of DNA vaccine against CAV when fused with the CAV VP1 gene.
Differentiation of canine distemper virus isolates in fur animals from various vaccine strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism according to phylogenetic relations in china
Authors: Wang Fengxue , Yan Xijun , Chai Xiuli , Zhang Hailing , Zhao Jianjun , Wen Yongjun , Wu Wei
Published: March 2011

In order to effectively identify the vaccine and field strains of Canine distemper virus (CDV), a new differential diagnostic test has been developed based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). We selected an 829 bp fragment of the nucleoprotein (N) gene of CDV. By RFLP analysis using Bam HI, field isolates were distinguishable from the vaccine strains. Two fragments were obtained from the vaccine strains by RT-PCR-RFLP analysis while three were observed in the field strains. An 829 nucleotide region of the CDV N gene was analyzed in 19 CDV field strains isolated from minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in China between 2005 and 2007. The results suggest this method is precise, accurate and efficient. It was also determined that three different genotypes exist in CDV field strains in fur animal herds of the north of China, most of which belong to Asian type. Mutated field strains, JSY06-R1, JSY06-R2 and JDH07-F1 also exist in Northern China, but are most closely related to the standard virulent strain A75/17, designated in Arctic and America-2 genetype in the present study, respectively.
Characterization of a newly identified ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kralik Johanna M , Kranewitter Wolfgang , Boesmueller Hans , Marschon Renate , Tschurtschenthaler Gertraud , Rumpold Holger , Wiesinger Kurt , Erdel Martin , Petzer Andreas L , Webersinke Gerald
Published: March 2011

Background

Characterization of novel fusion genes in acute leukemia is important for gaining information about leukemia genesis. We describe the characterization of a new ETV6 fusion gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) FAB M0 as a result of an uncommon translocation involving chromosomes 12 and 15.

Methods

The ETV6 locus at 12p13 was shown to be translocated and to constitute the 5' end of the fusion product by ETV6 break apart fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). To identify a fusion partner 3' rapid amplification of cDNA-ends with polymerase chain reaction (RACE PCR) was performed followed by cloning and sequencing.

Results

The NTRK3 gene on chromosome 15 was found to constitute the 3' end of the fusion gene and the underlying ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement was verified by reverse transcriptase PCR. No RNA of the reciprocal NTRK3-ETV6 fusion gene could be detected.

Conclusion

We have characterized a novel ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript which has not been previously described in AML FAB M0 by FISH and RACE PCR. ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangements have been described in secretory breast carcinoma and congenital fibrosarcoma.