bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SUPER SATURABLE SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR DASATINIB BY DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Authors: RAJINIKANTH C. , KATHIRESAN K.
Published: May 2024

Objective: In current research, Self-Nanoemulsifying Super Saturable Drug Delivery Systems S‑SNEDDS was formulated to attain superior drug dissolution and stability.
Methods: Using saturated solubility, capryol ® 90, cremophor®-EL, and transcutol HP were used to make S-SNEDDS. Its composition was optimized using the ternary phase diagram. Using the central composite design of Response Surface Methodology, dasatinib-SNEDDS developed responses for droplet size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), and % drug released in 15 min (Y3). Various Precipitation Inhibitors were added to optimize SNEDDS (S3) to make S-SNEDDS and evaluate.
Results: The optimum formulation was S3, with a particle size of 128 nm and zeta potential of-21 mV. Methylcellulose was shown better supersaturation than other inhibitors. The optimized formulation (F3) was more stable than ordinary SNEDDS due to its more significant zeta potential (-25 mV) and lower particle size (128 nm). Dasatinib was shown to be amorphous in S-SNEDDS using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray Powder Diffraction. F3 had a higher 90 min release rate (>99%) than pure drug dispersion (26%) and SNEDDS formulation (95%).
Conclusion: The results concluded that S-SNEDDS formulation successfully enhanced the dissolution and stability of dasatinib.
IN SILICO, PREPARATION AND IN VITRO STUDIES OF BENZYLIDENE-BASED HYDROXY BENZYL UREA DERIVATIVES AS FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Authors: CHAND JAGDISH , KANDY AMARJITH THIYYAR , PRASAD KAVERI , MATHEW JINU , SHERIN FARHATH , SUBRAMANIAN GOMATHY
Published: May 2024

Objective: The study focuses on the benzylidene-based hydroxy benzyl urea derivative as free radical scavengers in PD.
Methods: The derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized using FTIR, 1H, 13C-NMR, and Mass spectrometry. Further in vitro studies were performed on the SHSY-5Y cell lines. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed at 100 ns to predict the binding affinity and stability of the ligand/protein complex.
Results: Among the nine derivatives, compounds HBU-2, and HBU-4were found to have the highest binding affinity-9.699 kcal/mol, and-9.020 kcal/mol with the amino acid interactions SER 149, PHE 157, ARG 158, SER 159, ILE 230, and ASP 231. Further, this HBU-1 to HBU-9 derivatives were produced using a synthesis route. The neurotoxicity studies were performed on the SHSY-5Y cells, where the % cell viability for the compound HBU-2, and HBU-4 was 91.22 %, and 90.42 %at a minimal concentration of 125 µg/ml with a p-value<0.011. Further, the cell counts and LDH assay for the compound HBU-2, and HBU-4 with MPP+treatment predicted 0.72-fold change and 0.66-fold change. The ROS % activity was also measured for compounds HBU-2 and HBU-4 in conjunction with the MPP+induction. In the SHSY-5Y cell line, compound HBU-2 downregulated the ROS level to 45%.
Conclusion: The synthesized compounds were found to have good free radical scavenging properties on SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cell lines, considering these derivatives could be further assessed using appropriate PD models.
Learning English as a Second Language through basic Approaches and Methods
Authors: Theivarani K. Annal Girija , Nagarathinam Dr. K.
Published: May 2024

This paper is aimed to find out how school and college teachers use the Approaches and Methods in their teachings. This qualitative study analyses how teachers have to be aware in picking Approaches and Methods before they deliver certain materials and treat their students. They teach in schools considering English as a Foreign Language. This study found that the teachers only used several Approaches and Methods like Grammar-translation Method which discuss language rules of first language and target language, Audio-lingual Method where drilling is used, and so on. Later, this study is expected to help teachers in preparing their teaching in the classroom, and which teaching Methods and Approaches they should use in teaching the students.
Analysis of University Students' Current Level and Importance in ChatGPT Using Borich Needs and The Locus for Focus Model
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Jo Hyeyoung , Oh Sewon
Published: May 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the perception level of university students regarding ChatGPT using the Borich Needs and The Locus for Focus model.
Methods For this purpose, a total of 199 undergraduate students from University A in the metropolitan area were selected as participants, and the research was conducted using SPSS 25.0 and Excel software programs. Statistical significance was analyzed using t-tests to examine the differences between the current level and im-portance in IPA analysis.Borich'sNeeds and The Locus for Focus Model were examined in a 2x2 matrix, divided into four quadrants.
Results The key findings of this study are as follows: First, in the IPA analysis, the reinforcement and maintenance area(HH) revealed 2 items related to understanding ChatGPT, 5items related to ChatGPT principles and applica-tions, and 1 item related to data and machine learning. The concentration management area(HL) included 1 item related to ChatGPT principles and applications, and 3 items related to data and machine learning. The low priority area(LL) consisted of 1 item related to understanding ChatGPT, 2 items related to ChatGPT principles and applica-tions, and 4 items related to social impact. The excessive area(LH) was characterized bybiaseddata in the social impact category. Second, it was found that the differences between importance and current level were higher in terms of importance for all items, except for those related to data bias. This difference was statistically significant. The priority order according to Borich's needs includes 'structuredand unstructured data', 'sensorsand perception', 'computer vision', 'concepts of AI agents' and 'conceptsand application learning of machines'. Third, The Locus for Focus model analysis revealed that the HH area consisted of 9 items, including 'speech recognition and language understanding', 'problem solving and exploration', 'representation and deduction of information', 'concepts and ap-plication learning of machines', 'concepts and application of artificial neural networks', 'data attributes', 'structured and unstructured data', 'classification models', and 'machine learning model implementation'. Fourth, a total of 6 items, including 'speech recognition and language understanding', 'representation and deduction of information', 'concepts and application learning of machines', 'concepts and application of artificial neural networks', 'structured and unstructured data', and 'classification models' were consistently rated as high priority and demanded the high-est attention.
Conclusions The findings of this study indicate the need to explore ways to apply ChatGPT in education. Furthermore, it proposes a long-term education plan to enhance awareness of the social impact of ChatGPT and provide practical strategies for learning and applying it.
Analysis of the Resilience Importance and Performance of Early Childhood Teachers (IPA)
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Choi Hyun Ju , Kim Bo Hyun , Ko Jua
Published: May 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of the importance and performance of early childhood teachers' resilience and to seek improvement measures.
Methods teachers working at kindergartens and daycare centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. For the col-lected data, IPA analysis was conducted to verify the difference in the importance and performance of early child-hood teachers' resilience, and to verify future improvements.
Results As a result of IPA analysis by sub-factor of resilience, self-regulation ability was analyzed as a factor to be mainly improved. As a result of the analysis by detailed items, in self-regulation ability, “control of emotions,” “not getting caught up in my emotions,” “overcoming temptation or disturbance when something needs to be done,” “attempting to fully understand the cause in a problem situation,” in interpersonal skills, “finding the appro-priate phrase or word for what you want to express,” “getting love and attention from people around you,” “thinking that people who meet me like me,” “believe that they can control the problems that happen to me,” “thinking that various conditions in my life are satisfactory,” and “satisfied with my life” were the items to invest heavily in.
Conclusions These results suggest that in order to strengthen the resilience of early childhood teachers, it is first necessary to develop the ability to control, check, and adjust the current mind or behavior.
The Effect of Internal Locus of Control on Academic Achievement among College Students: The Dual Mediating Effect of Self-Handicapping and Academic Procrastination
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Shin Ha Seon , Kim NA-RAE
Published: May 2024

Objectives This study attempted to verify whether self-handicapping and academic procrastination are sequen-tially double-mediated in the relationship between internal locus of control and academic achievement for college students.
Methods To this end, an online survey consisting of internal locus of control, self-handicapping, academic pro-crastination, and academic achievement was conducted for university students enrolled in four years nationwide. A total of 320 people's data were collected and used for analysis, and SPSS 27.0, PROCESS Macro Model 4, and Model 6 were used for analysis.
Results The results of the study analysis are as follows. First, it was found that self-handicapping plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between internal locus of control and academic achievement. Second, it was found that academic procrastination plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between internal locus of con-trol and academic achievement. Third, it was found that self-handicapping and academic procrastination play a multiple mediating role in the relationship between internal locus of control and academic achievement. In other words, the high internal locus of control material affects the academic procrastination by lowering the self-handicapping. As a result, it has a positive effect on academic achievement.
Conclusions This means that in situations where many people have been confused about their studies due to fre-quent changes in teaching methods caused by COVID-19, internal locus of control, self-handicapping, and aca-demic procrastination should be paid attention to dealing with college students' academic achievement. In addi-tion, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
Parallel multiple mediating effects of self-encouragement and discouragement in the relationship between depression and self-esteem in college students
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Kim SeiKyung
Published: May 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study was to verify the parallel multiple mediating effects of cognitive-emo-tion-behavior, which were sub-factors of self-encouragement and self-discouragement, in the relationship be-tween depression and self-esteem in college students.
Methods A survey was conducted on college students who voluntarily participated online, and all surveys were set as mandatory responses so that there was no unanswered response. The collected data were subjected to re-liability analysis, descriptive statistics of variables, and correlation analysis using the SPSS 26.0 statistical pro-gram, and the parallel multiple mediation model was verified using PROCESS Macro Model 4.
Results First, college students' depression was negatively correlated with self-esteem and self-encouragement, and positively correlated with self-discouragement, and self-esteem was positively correlated with self-encour-agement and negatively correlated with self-discouragement. Second, in the relationship between depression and self-esteem in college students, the mediating effect of self-encouragement-cognition and self-encour-agement-emotion was significant, while the mediating effect of self-encouragement-behavior was not significant. The explanatory power of the model was 43.7%. Third, in the relationship between depression and self-esteem in college students, the mediating effects of self-discouragement-cognition and self-discourage-ment-behavior were significant, while the mediation effect of self-discouragement-emotion was not significant. The explanatory power of the model was 66.1%.
Conclusions Through the results of this study, we confirmed the importance of cognition in improving self-es-teem and preventing decline in self-esteem in depressed college students, and confirmed that the factors that need to be intervened in self-encouragement and self-discouragement are different. In addition, rather than fo-cusing on self-encouragement, it was verified that there was a need to help prevent depressive symptoms from accelerating due to a decline in self-esteem. This study is significant in that it provided empirical evidence for con-structing an intervention program to improve the self-esteem of depressed college students.
The learning effects of Korean writing through generative AI ChatGPT for Chinese learners
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Yu Yaqiong , Yoo HoonSik
Published: May 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the learning effects of the two methods of learning Korean writing by Chinese advanced-level learners of Korean writing using general Korean writing and generative AI ChatGPT.
Methods This study was conducted on 20 Chinese advanced-level learners of Korean and was divided into three stages: planning, writing, and evaluating Korean writing activities using general Korean writing and generative AI ChatGPT. To investigate the learning effects of writing, we examined the writing learning effect after the writing activities and analyzed the differences using the Mann-Whitney U test. For Korean writing using ChatGPT, the learning differences in each stage of planning, writing, and evaluation were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results The results of analyzing the learning effects of the two Korean writing methods and the three stages of Korean writing using the ChatGPT did not show any statistically significant differences. However, the interviews showed that most of the learners positively evaluated the learning content, learning flow, self-anxiety, learning efficacy, and learning satisfaction with Korean writing using ChatGPT, and expressed high intentions to use ChatGPT to learn Korean writing in the future. In addition, although the learners responded positively to using ChatGPT in the planning and writing stages, it seemed that it could not replace the teacher’s role because it aimed for more specific points and corrections in the evaluation stage.
Conclusions This study suggests that learners can learn to write most effectively by actively utilizing AI ChatGPT in the planning and writing stages of writing and receiving guidance from a teacher in the evaluation stage.
Sentiment Analysis and Semantic Network Analysis of University Lecture Evaluation Narrative Questionnaire through A University Practice
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Oh Suna , Na Eunchang , Kim Jinyoung
Published: May 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study was to derive directions and implications for quality of education through sentiment analysis and semantic network analysis of university descriptive course evaluations.
Methods The analysis data consisted of 243,900 descriptive lecture evaluations from the first semester of 2020 to the first semester of 2023 at University A. Emotion words were classified in the order of positive, negative, and neutral, and the frequency and ratio of descriptive lecture evaluation contents by year, subject, and college were calculated. N-gram and clustering were analyzed using Textome, and network centrality between keywords was analyzed and visualized using Ucinet 6.
Results First, in the sentiment analysis trend for descriptive lecture evaluation questions by year, course com-pleted, and university, positive opinions were found to be dominant. Second, as a result of the keyword frequency and N-gram analysis of the lecture evaluation contents, the frequency of ‘class’ and ‘thank you’ was high in pos-itive evaluations, and the frequency of ‘class’, ‘assignment’, and ‘unsatisfactory’ was high in negative descriptive course evaluations. In addition, ‘class’ was expanded around the keywords ‘content’, ‘progress’, ‘time’, and ‘regrettable’. Third, the results of semantic network analysis between keywords in the lecture evaluation contents showed that in the positive type, ‘gratitude’, ‘class’, ‘hard work’, ‘explanation’, ‘student’, ‘kindness’, ‘help’, ‘understanding’, ‘assignment’, ‘time’ were the most important and connected keywords. In the negative course evaluation, keywords including ‘class’, ‘lecture’, ‘professor’, ‘assignment’, ‘disappointing’, ‘difficult’, ‘anxiety of test’ were analyzed as the most connected.
Conclusions This study showed the possibility of suggesting directions for education improvement through de-scriptive lecture evaluation using sentiment analysis and semantic network analysis.
A Case Study on Collective Learning and Intermediary Activities in Living Lab
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Kim Jungeun , Kim Eunah
Published: May 2024

Objectives A group of various stakeholders itself cannot automatically guarantee learning for co-creation. For the creation of collective knowledge, intermediary activities that can interconnect and integrate several subjects with different interests, backgrounds, experiences, and knowledge are essential. Living Lab is a place of collective learning based on the horizontal cooperative relationship between private, public, industry, and academia, and is a representative form of co-creation. However, in the case of Living Lab in Korea, research from the perspective of collective learning through co-creation has hardly been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the collective learning of Living Lab and derive implications, focusing on intermediary activities.
Methods A qualitative case study was conducted on the ‘Smart Farm Planning Living Lab for Revitalizing the Old Urban Community’ held in Innovation District, Incheon. In order to structure interactions for collective learning, ac-tivities and tasks for each stage of the Living Lab were organized around the process and results of collective learn-ing, and then classified and analyzed as detailed intermediary activities of facilitating, configuring, brokering ac-cording to the definition of Hakkarainen & Hyysalo(2016).
Results In all three stages of Living Lab, the proportion of facilitating was the highest, and brokering were common. This can be interpreted as a result showing that intermediary activities that facilitate actors' activities and broker connections between actors are essential in the process of co-creation to solve social problems. Next, through the three stages of Living Lab, all detailed intermediary activities of the facilitating, configuring, brokering appeared, and it was confirmed that the proportion of detailed intermediary activities was different for each stage of progress. This shows that it is necessary to pay attention to the importance and multifacetedness of interme-diary activities that are overlooked in co-creation through Living Lab.
Conclusions This study supports the results of previous studies that the intermediary activities that contribute to collecitve learning and co-creation of Living Lab need to be extended and understood into three types: configuring and brokering as well as facilitating. In addition, the diversity of intermediary activities has important implications for the practical guidelines for Living Lab operation, which are characterized by a spiral development structure that changes according to the results of interaction and learning. Finally, the recognition of the intermediary's unique interactional expertise and the need for research on practical curriculum development and field operation guide-lines based on it were proposed.
Religious Institutions in Saudi Arabia: History, Evolution and Development Features
Authors: Ashurov M. D.
Published: May 2024

This work is devoted to religion and religious institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia, being a Muslim state according to the law, turns to religion in order to legitimize its policy. Therefore, due to the increasing role of Saudi Arabia in the region and the world, the study of religion and its place in the state is considered very relevant and important. The ﬁrst introductory part of the article examines the role of Islam in the history of the formation of Saudi statehood outlines the main provisions of the doctrine of Wahhabism. The main part of the work examines the history, evolution and features, the role and positions of various religious institutions in the country. In conclusion, it is concluded that the authorities of the kingdom are undertaking an increasing securitization of state policy in relation to religious institutions; religion is being «nationalized». The analysis of the role of religious change in the kingdom is based on the approach of dividing reforms into tajdid and islah.
Rizaetdin Fakhretdin (1859–1936) as a Founder of Faizkhanov Studies
Authors: Mukhetdinov D. V.
Published: May 2024

This article is timed to the 165th anniversary of the major Muslim theologian of Russia Rizaetdin Fakhretdin (1859–1936) and deals with the examination of his works on the life and activities of Husain Faizkhanov (1823–1866). The article shows that R. Fakhretdin was the author of the ﬁrst works specially devoted to Kh. Faizkhanov and thus actually became the founder of Faizkhanov Studies. The article analyses the materials of R. Fakhretdinov’s materials published in the biographical work Asār (1908), the journal Shura (1916), and some unpublished works that appeared later are analysed. The article shows that R. Fakhretdin was purposefully engaged in the study of H. Faizkhanov’s activities and also purposefully collected the related materials. The range of sources he used is wide and varied. The main of them was the manuscript work of Shikhabetdin Marjani (1818– 1889) Vaﬁyyat al-’aslāf va takḥiyyat al-’akḫlāf, supplemented by documentary materials and oral testimonies obtained as a result of R. Fakhretdin’s own research. He details a number of information reported by Sh. Marjani. Some reports and comments of R. Fakhretdin were conﬁrmed as a result of subsequent research.
Refutation of the Prescription of Death Penalty for Apostasy in Musa Bigiev’s book Qawaʼid ﬁqhiyyah
Authors: Khayrutdinov A. G.
Published: May 2024

The article examines the example of ĳtihad by Musa Jarullah Bigiev (1875–1949), which consists of a critical analysis and refutation of the Shari‘a provision prescribing the death penalty for apostates who renounced Islam. The material is based on Bigiev’s comments to one of the rules of ﬁqh, collected and presented by him on the pages of the work “Qawa‘id ﬁqhiyyah” (Kazan, 1910). Bigiev calls one of Shari‘a goals “protection of life,” i. e. the protection of the rights of both humanity as a species and each individual. At the same time, he considers the “right to freedom” to be an innate and inalienable human right. As an integral part of this right, Bigiev considers the “right to freedom of religion” as a Shari‘a principle, which is designed to prevent reprisals against those who change their faith and, in light of this conclusion, raises the question of whether the practice of the death penalty for apostasy is consistent with Islam. In conclusion, the idea of the existence of two types of Muslim fundamentalism, essentially different from each other, is voiced.
Benefactors of the Tatar Sloboda of Moscow of the XIX century: Isakovs and Mangushevs
Authors: Khayretdinov D. Z.
Published: May 2024

In the 19th century the social composition of the Moscow Muslim community changed in comparison with previous centuries; the driving force of the community were merchants. In the Tatar Sloboda (settlement) of Moscow lived the families of merchants Isakov — natives of town of Kasimov, and Mangushev — natives of the village of Kamkino of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Both families made a signiﬁcant contribution to the development of the community, in particular, providing their households for the prayer house (until the construction of a stationary stone mosque, now known as the Historical Mosque) and for the residence of Imam S.-M. Askhapov.
The Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdullahad-Khan in Saint Petersburg (1898)
Authors: Emelyanenko T. G.
Published: May 2024

The article presents documentary materials from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow) related to the history of the organization of the visit of the Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdullahad Khan to Saint Petersburg in 1898. They contain unique information about the details of the preparation and conduct of this visit, about the program of the emir’s stay in Petersburg, about the ﬁnancial costs of receiving the Bukhara delegation as well. Of great interest are the data on the gifts that were presented to the emir and his retinue during the visit, since some of them could be preserved in museum collections. Archival materials also make it possible to compare the organization and, above all, the ﬁnancing of the 1898 visit with the previous visits of Emir Abdullahad Khan — 1893 and 1896, demonstrating a gradual reduction in the costs of their conduct. This indirectly testiﬁed to the strengthening of Russia’s position in Central Asia, which resulted in a weakening of attention to the personal contacts of the rulers, who in the time of Alexander III played a signiﬁcant role in regulating relations between the Russian Empire and the Emirate of Bukhara.
Is equilibrium climate sensitivity clouding our judgement?
Authors: Williams Jonny
Published: May 2024

Equilibrium climate sensitivity - ECS - is easily-understood as the
global mean atmospheric warming for a doubling of CO2. It is widely
applied, has been studied for over 150 years and is therefore appealing
as a metric for communication of climate model results. However, here we
argue that ECS is not a good metric for comparing different climate
models and is no longer appropriate because of expanding model design
and conditions. Using brief examples concerning the Pliocene epoch and
the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, it is further posited that models
which produce temperatures towards the higher end of model
intercomparisons are useful in spite of recent studies concluding that
these models are ‘too hot’. It is hoped that this brief manuscript
generates discussion on how to prioritise the consideration of more
useful, and potentially novel, ways of comparing climate models going
forward.
Ice sheet-albedo feedback estimated from most recent deglaciation
Authors: Booth Alice Rachel , Goodwin Philip , Cael B. B.
Published: May 2024

Slow climate feedbacks are currently underrepresented in model
assessments of climate sensitivity and their magnitudes are still poorly
constrained. We combine a recently published record of Earth’s Energy
Imbalance (EEI) with existing reconstructions of temperature,
atmospheric composition, and sea level to estimate both the magnitude
and timescale of the ice sheet-albedo feedback since the Last Glacial
Maximum. This facilitates the first opportunity to quantify this
feedback over the most recent deglaciation using a purely proxy
data-driven approach, without the need for simulated reconstructions. We
find the ice sheet-albedo feedback to be amplifying, reaching an
equilibrium magnitude of 0.55 Wm-2K-1, with a 66% confidence interval
of 0.45 - 0.63 Wm-2K-1. The timescale to equilibrium is estimated as
3.6Kyrs (66% confidence: 1.9 - 5.5Kyrs). These results provide new
evidence for the timescale and magnitude of the amplifying ice
sheet-albedo feedback that will continue to drive anthropogenic warming
for millennia to come.
The Coastal Sea-Level Response to Wind Stress in the Middle Atlantic Bight
Authors: Lentz Steven J.
Published: May 2024

Analysis of forty years of tide gauge data and reanalysis wind stresses
from the Middle Atlantic Bight indicate that along-shelf wind stresses
are a dominant driver of coastal dynamic sea level (sea level plus
atmospheric pressure) variability at daily to yearly time scales. The
sea-level response to along-shelf wind stress varies substantially along
the coast and is accurately reproduced by a steady, barotropic,
depth-averaged model (Csanady 1978, Arrested Topographic Wave). The
model indicates that the sea-level response in the MAB depends primarily
on the along-shelf distribution of the along-shelf wind stress, the
Coriolis frequency, the bottom drag coefficient, and the cross-shelf
bottom slope. The along-shelf wind stress varies along the MAB shelf due
primarily to changes in the shelf orientation. The sea-level response
depends on both the local and upstream (in the sense of Kelvin wave
propagation) along-shelf wind stresses. Consequently, sea-level
variability at daily, monthly and yearly time scales along much of the
central MAB coast is more strongly driven by upstream winds along the
southern New England shelf than by local winds along the central MAB
shelf. The residual coastal sea-level variability, after removing the
wind-driven response and the trend, is roughly uniform along the MAB
coast. The along-coast average of the residual sea level at monthly and
yearly time scales is caused by variations in shelf water densities
primarily associated with the large annual cycle in water temperature
and interannual variations in salinity.
Explaining pan-Atlantic cold and windy extremes using an analog-based approach
Authors: Riboldi Jacopo , Dorrington Joshua , Krouma Meriem , Leeding Richard , Messori Gabriele
Published: May 2024

The occurrence of cold spells over different regions of North America
has been linked to windy extremes over western Europe. These events –
termed pan-Atlantic extremes – are mediated by an anomalous state of
the North Atlantic storm track. While it is known that the occurrence of
European windstorms is modulated by the state of the storm track, the
relative contribution of the North American cold spells to European wind
extremes is not easy to quantify.In this study, cold spells over two regions of North America are
clustered with respect to the evolution of the large-scale circulation
over the North Atlantic. The contribution of cold spells to the European
wind extremes is then ascertained using circulation analogs, so that
different states of the North Atlantic storm track can be compared for
days with and without cold spells.Consistent with previous work, two main pathways emerge from the
analysis, called “zonal” and “wavy” for simplicity. For a wavy
pathway, North American cold spell occurrence is associated with more
frequent European wind extremes than expected from the state of the
North Atlantic storm track. For the other pathways, on the other hand,
the anomalous state of the storm track was able to account alone for the
more frequent wind extremes than climatology observed across Europe,
with no or little ascertainable contribution from the cold spells. This
analysis clarifies the causality of wintertime pan-Atlantic extremes and
how these link to different atmospheric dynamical pathways.
Roles of Gravity Waves in Preconditioning of a Stratospheric Sudden Warming
Authors: Okui Haruka , Koshin Dai , Watanabe Shingo , Sato Kaoru
Published: May 2024

As well as strong upward propagation of planetary waves from the
troposphere, the state of the stratospheric mean flow has been
recognized as a key factor for the occurrence of stratospheric sudden
warmings (SSWs). The modification of the mean flow to a suitable state
for an SSW occurrence is called “vortex preconditioning”. Recently,
increasing attention has been paid to the role of gravity waves (GWs) in
the preconditioning mechanism. However, because of the limited
availability of datasets covering the whole neutral atmosphere, much
uncertainty still exists in the role of GWs in the preconditioning. The
aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of modification of the
mean flow in the stratosphere and mesosphere before SSWs from a
climatological viewpoint and elucidate the role of GWs in it. We use two
state-of-the-art datasets covering the whole neutral atmosphere: a
17-year medium-resolution reanalysis dataset and the output data from
hindcast simulations performed with a GW-permitting general circulation
model. It is shown that the second principal component of the zonal-mean
zonal wind in the stratosphere and mesosphere tends to show a maximum
prior to an SSW, characterizing preconditioning. GW forcing alters the
structure of the upper part of the jet and contributes to the
preconditioning along with planetary waves. Comparison of GW forcing
between the reanalysis and GW-permitting model suggests that the
magnitude of parameterized GW forcing is approximately half that of the
GW forcing in the polar upper stratosphere where the forcing is
responsible for the preconditioning.
Sub-daily Variations in Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from the Littoral Zone of a Temperate Eutrophic Lake
Authors: Iwata Hiroki , Kawagishi Shunta , Takahashi Kenshi , Miyabara Yuichi , Nagano Hirohiko , Itoh Masayuki , Suzuki Kazuki , Urai Atsushi
Published: May 2024

Lakes are sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). However, labor-intensive gas
analysis has confined evaluations of temporal variability in lakes to
the seasonal time scale. We used a state-of-the-art laser-based N2O
analyzer combined with a floating chamber to examine sub-daily
variations in N2O emissions from a shallow eutrophic lake in Japan. We
conducted intense daytime field campaigns during different seasons to
reveal differences in sub-daily variations in N2O emissions from the
water surface in conjunction with the dynamics of dissolved N2O
concentrations in the lake water. The study revealed that N2O fluxes
varied within a day: emissions increased in response to increased wind
speeds. Variations in surface dissolved N2O concentrations caused by
water mixing were also important during the summer, when accumulation of
N2O initially occurred in the lake bottom layer during stably stratified
conditions. During winter, the lake water was well mixed and dissolved
N2O concentrations were uniform throughout the water column; thus, wind
speed was the only factor controlling the diurnal variations in N2O
emissions. These findings demonstrate the need to consider diurnal
variability when estimating cumulative N2O emissions accurately over
long periods.
Implementation of Dynamic Fire Injection Height in GFDL’s Atmospheric Model (AM4.0): Impacts on Aerosol Profiles and Radiation
Authors: Pouyaei Arman , Ginoux Paul , Ward Daniel S. , Yu Yan , Horowitz Larry W.
Published: May 2024

Wildfires inject aerosols into the atmosphere at varying altitudes,
modifying long-range transport, which impacts Earth’s climate system and
air quality. Most global climate models use prescribed fixed-height
injections, not accounting for the dynamic variability of wildfires. In
this study, we enhance the injection method of biomass burning aerosols
implemented in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory’s Atmospheric
Model version 4.0, shifting to a more mechanistic approach. We test
several injection height schemes to assess their impact on the Earth’s
radiation budget by performing 18-year global simulations. Comparison of
modeled injection height from the mechanistic scheme with observations
indicates error within instrumental uncertainty (less than 500 meters).
Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is systematically underestimated due to
biases in the emission dataset, but the mechanistic scheme significantly
reduces this bias by up to 0.5 optical depth units during extreme
wildfire seasons over boreal forests. In term of the vertical profile of
the aerosol extinction coefficient, a comparison with satellite
observations indicates significant improvement below 4 km altitude.
Dynamic injection of biomass burning emissions changed the net radiative
flux at top of the atmosphere regionally (±1.5 Wm-2) and reduced it by
-0.38 Wm-2 at the surface globally, relative to a baseline with no fire
emissions. The temperature gradient anomaly associated with the dynamic
injection of absorbing aerosols affects the atmospheric stability and
circulation patterns. This study highlights the need to implement
dynamic injection of fire emissions to simulate more accurately the
atmospheric distribution of aerosols and their interactions with Earth’s
climate system.
A New GPM-DPR Algorithm to Estimate Snowfall in Mountain Regions
Authors: Bertoncini André , Pomeroy John W , Thériault Julie M.
Published: May 2024

Reliable precipitation forcing is essential for calculating the water
balance, seasonal snowpack, glacier mass balance, streamflow, and other
hydrological variables. However, satellite precipitation is often the
only forcing available to run hydrological models in data-scarce
regions, compromising hydrological calculations when unreliable. The
IMERG product estimates precipitation quasi-globally from a combination
of passive microwave and infrared satellites, which are intercalibrated
based on GPM’s DPR and GMI instruments. Current GPM-DPR radar algorithms
have satisfactorily estimated rainfall, but a limited consideration of
PSD, attenuation correction, and ground clutter have degraded snowfall
estimation, especially in mountain regions. This study aims to improve
satellite radar snowfall estimates for this situation. Nearly two years
(between 2019 and 2022) of aloft precipitation concentration, surface
hydrometeor size, number and fall velocity, and surface precipitation
rate from a high elevation site in the Canadian Rockies and collocated
GPM-DPR reflectivities were used to develop a new snowfall estimation
algorithm. Snowfall estimates using the new algorithm and measured
GPM-DPR reflectivities were compared to other GPM-DPR-based products,
including CORRA, which is employed to intercalibrate IMERG. Snowfall
rates estimated with measured Ka reflectivities, and from CORRA were
compared to MRR-2 observations, and had correlation, bias, and RMSE of
0.58 and 0.07, 0.43 and -0.38 mm h-1, and 0.83 and 0.85 mm h-1,
respectively. Predictions using measured Ka reflectivity suggest that
enhanced satellite radar snowfall estimates can be achieved using a
simple measured reflectivity algorithm. These improved snowfall
estimates can be adopted to intercalibrate IMERG in cold mountain
regions, thereby improving regional precipitation estimates.
Explainable Spatially Distributed Hydrologic Modeling of a Snow Dominated Mountainous Karst Watershed Using Attention
Authors: Longyang Qianqiu , Choi Seohye , Tennant Hyrum , Hill Devon , Ashmead Nathan , Neilson Bethany T. , Newell Dennis L , McNamara James P , Xu Tianfang
Published: May 2024

In many regions globally, snowmelt-recharged mountainous karst aquifers
serve as crucial sources for municipal and agricultural water supplies.
In these watersheds, complex interplay of meteorological, topographical,
and hydrogeological factors leads to intricate recharge-discharge
pathways. This study introduces a spatially distributed deep learning
precipitation-runoff model that combines Convolutional Long Short-Term
Memory (ConvLSTM) with a spatial attention mechanism. The effectiveness
of the deep learning model was evaluated using data from the Logan River
watershed and subwatersheds, a characteristically karst-dominated
hydrological system in northern Utah. Compared to the ConvLSTM baseline,
the inclusion of a spatial attention mechanism improved performance for
simulating discharge at the watershed outlet. Analysis of attention
weights in the trained model unveiled distinct areas contributing the
most to discharge under snowmelt and recession conditions. Furthermore,
fine-tuning the model at subwatershed scales provided insights into
cross-subwatershed subsurface connectivity. These findings align with
results obtained from detailed hydrogeochemical tracer studies. Results
highlight the potential of the proposed deep learning approach to
unravel the complexities of karst aquifer systems, offering valuable
insights for water resource management under future climate conditions.
Furthermore, results suggest that the proposed explainable, spatially
distributed, deep learning approach to hydrologic modeling holds promise
for non-karstic watersheds.
Ionospheric, Thermospheric, Electrodynamic and Magnetic response to the annular solar eclipse of 14 October 2023: a multi-instrumental study
Authors: Ouar Ines Dahlia , Astafyeva Elvira , Maletckii Boris
Published: May 2024

On 14 October 2023, an annular eclipse took place between 1503 UT and
2055 UT. It affected both North and South America. In this study, we
used multiple ground-based and space-borne instruments, and we analysed
ionospheric, thermospheric, magnetic and electrodynamic responses to
this eclipse. In the vertical total electron content (VTEC) maps, at
mid-latitudes, we observed a 40% depletion shortly after the Moon’s
shadow arrival. When the eclipse reached the low latitude region and the
northern crest of the equatorial anomaly, we observed only 20-25% VTEC
decrease in the vicinity of the eclipse path. However, after the Moon
shadow crossed the magnetic equator, the low-latitude VTEC depletion
reached 40%. The latter can be explained by the eclipse weakening the
equatorial electric fields and, consequently, the equatorial fountain.
In the topside VTEC and in the in-situ electron density measurements
from Swarm B and C satellites we observed 40-50% decrease over the area
affected by the eclipse. In the thermosphere, the eclipse produced a
noticeable drop in the neutral mass density (7-18%) at 490-510 km of
altitude, and changed the thermospheric composition in the vicinity of
the eclipse path by 25-35%. Finally, the eclipse also clearly affected
the geomagnetic field, especially at low and equatorial latitudes.
Shortly after the umbra’s arrival, we observed a clear decline in the
total intensity F and the horizontal component H at all equatorial
stations in South America. Whereas, in the variations of the vertical
magnetic component Z no common pattern was observed during the eclipse.
Key points:  the eclipse caused 40% depletion in total electron
content, and it produced 40-50% decrease in electron density in the
topside ionosphere  satellites show 7 to 20% decrease in the neutral
mass density and 25-35% change in the thermospheric composition due to
the eclipse  magnetic measurements show a clear decrease in the total
intensity and horizontal component at low latitudes during the eclipse
Large isotope signals in tropical precipitation require large-scale changes in rainout
Authors: Kukla Tyler , Siler N , Fiorella R P , Laguë M M , Hvam C , Rugenstein J K C , Swann A L S
Published: May 2024

In the tropics, oxygen isotope signals of past climate change range from
less than 1‰ to upwards of 7‰ or more. Regardless of the amplitude,
these signals are often interpreted to reflect changes in local rainout.
However, stable isotopes in precipitation can carry information about
rainout across thousands of kilometers, making it hard to parse the
local and non-local effects. Here, we present a framework that links the
amplitude of tropical isotope signals to spatial patterns of climate
change that cause them. Using three models of varying complexity, we
show that the largest signals require coherent hydrologic change across
~1,000 to 8,000 kilometers. This pattern can be
explained by the balance of vapor being rained out versus replenished as
it moves over space. Within ~1,000 kilometers, upwind
changes in rainout are too localized for a large isotope shift to
emerge. Beyond ~8,000 kilometers, the rainout signal is
overwhelmed by more locally-sourced vapor. We find that rainout in this
~1,000-8,000 km upwind window causes the largest isotope
shifts in tropical paleoclimate, even when the isotope composition is
strongly correlated with local precipitation amount. Our results
indicate that large amplitude isotope signals are reliable tracers of
large scale hydrologic change, and their link to local precipitation
amount is tenuous.
GOES-R Series X-Ray Sensor (XRS): 1. Design and pre-flight calibration
Authors: Woods Thomas N. , Eden Thomas , Eparvier Francis G. , Jones Andrew Richard , Woodraska Donald L. , Chamberlin Phillip C , Machol Janet L
Published: May 2024

The X-Ray Sensor (XRS) has been making full-disk observations of the
solar soft X-ray irradiance onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellites (GOES) since 1975. XRS provides critical information about
the solar activity for space weather operations, and the standard X-ray
classification of solar flares is based on its measurements. The GOES-R
series of XRS sensors, with the first in the series launched in November
2016, has a completely different instrument design compared to its
predecessors, GOES-1 through GOES-15. To provide continuity, the two
GOES-R XRS spectral bands remain unchanged providing the solar X-ray
irradiance in the 0.05-0.4 nm and 0.1-0.8 nm bands. The changes include
using Si photodiodes instead of ionization cells to improve performance,
using multiple channels to allow for a wider dynamic range, including
quadrant photodiodes for real-time flare location measurements, and
providing accurate radiometric calibrations using the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation
Facility (SURF) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The design and pre-flight
calibration results for this next-generation XRS instrument are
presented here in this XRS Paper-1, and in-flight solar X-ray
measurements from GOES-16, GOES-17, and GOES-18 are provided in the XRS
Paper-2.
Two cases of Factor XI deficiency: Use of Thrombin Generation Assays (TGA) to detect a non-bleeding phenotype
Authors:   COAGUMED Coagulation Center, Berlin, Germany; Medical School Brandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany, Sucker Christoph , Geisen Christof ,   Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden Wuerttemberg-Hessen GmbH, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Litmathe Jens ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, Wesel Protestant Hospital, Wesel, Germany
Published: May 2024

Factor XI deficiency is a rare disorder of hemostasis. Previously also known as “hemophilia C”, this defect has been regarded as a risk factor for bleeding. However, it has been known for long that bleeding tendency and severity of bleeding are not related to the residual factor XI activity in symptomatic patients. Moreover, a large proportion of patients with even severe factor XI deficiency are clinically unremarkable and do not show any signs of abnormal bleeding. Here, we present two cases of factor XI deficiency with a non-bleeding phenotype. Adequate diagnostic work-up and evaluation of the bleeding risk are reported and discussed with focus on thrombin generation assays (TGA) for the prediction of bleeding in affected patients. This is of high relevance in affected patients, particularly in the context of surgery.