bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borden-Shucart Type I dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical course including risk of conversion to higher-grade fistulas
Authors: Shah Manish N. , Botros James A. , Pilgram Thomas K. , Moran Christopher J. , Cross DeWitte T. , Chicoine Michael R. , Rich Keith M. , Dacey Ralph G. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Zipfel Gregory J.
Published: June 2012

Object

The goal of this study was to determine the clinical course of Borden-Shucart Type I cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) and to calculate the annual rate of conversion of these lesions to more aggressive fistulas that have cortical venous drainage (CVD).

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients harboring DAVFs who were seen at the authors' institution between 1997 and 2009. Twenty-three patients with Type I DAVFs who had available clinical follow-up were identified. Angiographic and clinical data from these patients were reviewed. Neurological outcome and status of presenting symptoms were assessed during long-term follow-up.

Results

Of the 23 patients, 13 underwent endovascular treatment for intolerable tinnitus or ophthalmological symptoms, and 10 did not undergo treatment. Three untreated patients died of unrelated causes. In those who were treated, complete DAVF obliteration was achieved in 4 patients, and palliative reduction in DAVF flow was achieved in 9 patients. Of the 19 patients without radiographic cure, no patient developed intracranial hemorrhage or nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits (NHNDs), and no patient died of DAVF-related causes over a mean follow-up of 5.6 years. One patient experienced a spontaneous, asymptomatic obliteration of a partially treated DAVF in late follow-up, and 2 patients experienced a symptomatic conversion of their DAVF to a higher-grade fistula with CVD in late follow-up. The annual rate of conversion to a higher-grade DAVF based on Kaplan-Meier cumulative event-free survival analysis was 1.0%. The annual rate of intracranial hemorrhage, NHND, and DAVF-related death was 0.0%.

Conclusions

A small number of Type I DAVFs will convert to more aggressive DAVFs with CVD over time. This conversion to a higher-grade DAVF is typically heralded by a change in patient symptoms. Follow-up vascular imaging is important, particularly in the setting of recurrent or new symptoms.
Paradoxical trends in the management of vestibular schwannoma in the United States
Authors: Lau Tsz , Olivera Raul , Miller Timothy , Downes Katheryne , Danner Christopher , van Loveren Harry R. , Agazzi Siviero
Published: June 2012

Object

Recent natural history studies of vestibular schwannomas (VSs) suggest that most of these tumors do not grow. The impact of these new data on management trends in the US is currently unknown. The aim in the present study was to evaluate current trends in the treatment of VS in the US by analyzing a national cancer database.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program is a national database maintained by the National Cancer Institute representing 26% of the US population. Data from the database were downloaded using provided software. Cases were isolated based on histology codes and the site code. Data from 2004 to 2007 were included in the analysis. The number of patients undergoing resection was compared with the number treated with beam radiation and observation, based on tumor size.

Results

Three thousand six hundred fifty cases were identified in the database. Over the study period, management choices for VSs showed a significant change only for tumors with a diameter < 2 cm. In this tumor category, a decrease in resection and an increase in radiation were observed, with observation showing a modest increase but remaining low at an average of 25%.

Conclusions

Study data demonstrated a shift in the management of small VSs in the US between 2004 and 2007, with microsurgical removal giving way to radiation treatment and the overall rate for observation remaining low and stable. With recent literature suggesting that the majority of small tumors do not grow, the authors assert that VSs are being overtreated in the US.
Pedicle screw navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of perforation risk for computer-navigated versus freehand insertion
Authors: Shin Benjamin J. , James Andrew R. , Njoku Innocent U. , Härtl Roger
Published: June 2012

Object

In this paper the authors' goal was to compare the accuracy of computer-navigated pedicle screw insertion with nonnavigated techniques in the published literature.

Methods

The authors performed a systematic literature review using the National Center for Biotechnology Information Database (PubMed/MEDLINE) using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms “Neuronavigation,” “Therapy, computer assisted,” and “Stereotaxic techniques,” and the text word “pedicle.” Included in the meta-analysis were randomized control trials or patient cohort series, all of which compared computer-navigated spine surgery (CNSS) and nonassisted pedicle screw insertions. The primary end point was pedicle perforation, while the secondary end points were operative time, blood loss, and complications.

Results

Twenty studies were included for analysis; of which there were 18 cohort studies and 2 randomized controlled trials published between 2000 and 2011. Foreign-language papers were translated. The total number of screws included was 8539 (4814 navigated and 3725 nonnavigated). The most common indications for surgery were degenerative disease, spinal deformity, myelopathy, tumor, and trauma. Navigational methods were primarily based on CT imaging. All regions of the spine were represented. The relative risk for pedicle screw perforation was determined to be 0.39 (p < 0.001), favoring navigation. The overall pedicle screw perforation risk for navigation was 6%, while the overall pedicle screw perforation risk was 15% for conventional insertion. No related neurological complications were reported with navigated insertion (4814 screws total); there were 3 neurological complications in the nonnavigated group (3725 screws total). Furthermore, the meta-analysis did not reveal a significant difference in total operative time and estimated blood loss when comparing the 2 modalities.

Conclusions

There is a significantly lower risk of pedicle perforation for navigated screw insertion compared with nonnavigated insertion for all spinal regions.
Lamivudine plus Adefovir or Telbivudine plus Adefovir for Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Suboptimal Response to Adefovir
Authors: Chen En-Qiang , Zhou Tao-You , Bai Lang , Wang Jing-Rong , Yan Li-Bo , Liang Ling-Bo , Tang Hong
Published: June 2012

Background

There is no standard management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with suboptimal response to nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs). This study aimed to evaluate two different NA combination therapies in patients with suboptimal response to adefovir (ADV).

Methods

In this study, 72 CHB patients with suboptimal response to ADV were assessed, with 37 patients receiving lamivudine plus ADV (group A) and 35 patients receiving telbivudine plus ADV (group B).

Results

Baseline characteristics between two groups were similar. At month 12, rates of biochemical response (BR) and virological response (VR) were similar between groups A and B (17/19 versus 18/20 for BR, [ P=0.269] and 30/37 versus 31/35 for VR [ P=0.377]), and cumulative rates of serological response were greater in group B than in group A (10/26 versus 2/28 in hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg] loss [ P=0.006] and 7/26 versus 1/28 in HBeAg/ hepatitis B e antibody seroconversion [ P=0.022]). After 12-month treatment, 8.1% (3/37) of patients in group A and 5.7% (2/35) of patients in group B had VR; among patients in group A, two had rtM204V/I and rtL180M and one had rtN236T, whereas the two patients in group B had rtM204I+rtL180M.

Conclusions

Both combination therapies led to a significant decrease in HBV DNA. HBeAg serological outcomes were higher with telbivudine plus ADV combination therapy.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Oseltamivir for Influenza Prophylaxis in Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ison Michael G , Szakaly Peter , Shapira Michael Y , Kriván Gergely , Nist Ann , Dutkowski Regina
Published: June 2012

Background

Haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at high risk for severe influenza and its complications, and may not be adequately protected by vaccination.

Methods

Liver, kidney, or liver–kidney transplant or allogeneic HSCT recipients aged ≥1 year were randomized to oseltamivir (75 mg once daily for those ≥13 years or weight-based dosing for children 1–12 years) or placebo for 12 weeks during periods of local influenza circulation. Patients were assessed for influenza infection via daily diary, every-other-week culture and PCR, and baseline and end-of-treatment serology.

Results

A total of 477 subjects were enrolled (239 oseltamivir and 238 placebo); most were adults (96%) and SOT recipients (81%). In the intent-to-treat population, the frequency of laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza (culture positive and/or >4-fold increase in haemagglutinin antibody inhibition [primary end point]) was similar in the oseltamivir and placebo groups (2.1% [5/237] and 2.9% [7/238]). Incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza was significantly reduced in the oseltamivir group versus placebo when determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR (1.7% [4/237] versus 8.4% [20/238]; 95% CI 2.8, 11.1) or viral culture (<1% [1/237] versus 3.8% [9/238]; 95% CI 0.7, 6.6), giving protective efficacies of 79.9 and 88.8%, respectively. Serious adverse events (oseltamivir 8% and placebo 10%) and adverse events (oseltamivir 55% and placebo 58%) were reported in both arms with a similar frequency. One illness due to oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1 virus was detected in each group.

Conclusions

Oseltamivir prophylaxis is generally well-tolerated and may reduce culture- or PCR-confirmed influenza incidence in transplant recipients.
Masochisme réflexif et instauration du principe de plaisir
Authors: Chervet Bernard
Published: June 2012

Résumé Qu’est-ce qui assure la projection progrédiente des formations psychiques régressives, tels le rêve et le discours de séance, sur l’écran de la conscience ? La première réponse de Freud est un acte de foi, leur tendance spontanée à devenir conscientes. Mais une difficulté apparaît : par quels contenus sont figurées les pensées abstraites. Silberer fournit une solution, le « phénomène fonctionnel ». À partir de 1920, la spontanéité est battue en brèche. La régressivité pulsionnelle doit subir une déflexion aboutissant à une orientation progrédiente. Les autoérotismes primaires et secondaires, ainsi que la réflexion diurne, en dépendent et illustrent cette réflexivité primordiale.
El tratamiento térmico en rocas silíceas, un procedimiento técnico para la talla
Authors: Boix Calbet Joana
Published: June 2012

Se pretende mostrar un panorama general del estado actual de las investigaciones sobre el tratamiento térmico como procedimiento para la talla de rocas silíceas. Partiendo de varios autores, se ha desarrollado un programa experimental en el que se sintetizan los aspectos que se consideran más relevantes: las ventajas que supone el tratamiento térmico de la roca; los estigmas característicos que produce sobre ella, principalmente el cambio de color y el lustre térmico; y el momento de su aparición. Hemos experimentado con 24 muestras de un sílex nodular de color oscuro de Serra Llarga (Balaguer, Lleida) que no ha mostrado las mismas reacciones que otros tipos de sílex. Debemos destacar los resultados obtenidos en los pruebas de rugosidad de superficies, que han abierto una línea de investigación prometedora. Finalmente, apuntar la consideración del tratamiento térmico en un contexto técnico y económico más amplio, y no como un fin en sí mismo.
La tecnología cerámica de los niveles IV y III en el yacimiento de Kobaederra (Cortézubi, Bizkaia). Aprovisionamiento y modificación de las materias primas
Authors: Cubas Miriam , García-Heras Manuel , Méndez David , De Pedro Imanol , Zapata Lydia , Ibáñez Juan José , González Urquijo Jesús Emilio
Published: June 2012

El estudio tecnológico del material cerámico requiere de la aplicación de técnicas de análisis arqueométrico que permitan un acercamiento a su mineralogía y composición química, con la finalidad de identificar las etapas de su secuencia de elaboración. Este artículo presenta el análisis tecnológico de la cerámica neolítica documentada en los niveles inferiores del yacimiento de Kobaederra (Cortézubi, Bizkaia), a partir de su análisis mineralógico (petrografía y difracción de rayos X, DRX) y geoquímico (microscopio electrónico de barrido-espectómetro de dispersión de energía, MEB-EDS). Su objetivo es discriminar las potenciales áreas de aprovisionamiento de las materias primas y su modificación mediante la adición de desgrasantes. Por último, se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos en relación con el resto de las evidencias arqueológicas disponibles para los niveles IV y III de Kobaederra.
Linked Data
Authors: Colomo-Palacios Ricardo , Sánchez-Cervantes José Luis , Alor-Hernández Giner , Rodríguez-González Alejandro
Published: June 2012

The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. To make the Semantic Web or Web of Data a reality, it is necessary to have a large volume of data available in a standard, reachable, and manageable format. This collection of interrelated data on the Web can also be referred to as Linked Data. Linked Data is the large scale integration of, and reasoning on, data on the Web. Supporting the adoption of semantic Web technologies, there exist tools oriented to creation, publication, and management of data, and a big subset for Linked Data. However, an important weakness in this area is that it has not completely established a formal reference that integrates the necessary infrastructure in terms of components. This lack implies a slower technological adoption, covering both the public and private sectors. This paper explores the emergence of the Semantic Web and Linked Data, and their potential impact on IT industry. The main advantages of using Linked Data are discussed from an IT professional perspective where the capability of having standard technologies and techniques to access and manipulate the information is an important achievement in the application of Linked Data.
The Effect of Team Dynamics on Software Development Process Improvement
Authors: O’Connor Rory , Basri Shuib
Published: June 2012

This article identifies the effect of team dynamics in the context of software development teams and its impact on software process improvement (SPI) activities in very small companies, in order to understand the relationship between these two variables. Most software development work is done by teams of software engineers working together in a collaborative manner to execute a software development process. Although there is much literature examining software process and how to improve it, less attention has been paid to the issues of team-working and specifically the impact of team dynamics on the software development process. Team dynamics is the term used to define how people work and interact together in teams. Teamwork is more effective with the existence of positive team dynamic, as it encourages a better working environment with satisfied, fulfilled employees who will in turn be more productive. This paper presents the results of a research study of team dynamics in very small software development companies and its impact on the software development process and software process improvement activities.
Customer Team Effectiveness through People Traits in Information Systems Development
Authors: Bellini Carlo Gabriel Porto , Pereira Rita de Cássia de Faria , Becker João Luiz
Published: June 2012

This article introduces measures to improve theoretical knowledge and managerial practice about the participation of teams in customized information systems software (CISS) projects. The focus is on people traits of the customer team (CuTe), that is, professionals from the client organization that contracts CISS projects who assume specific business and information technology roles in partnerships with external developers, given that both in-house and outsourced teams share project authority and responsibility. A systematic literature review based on a particular perspective of the socio-technical approach to the work systems enabled the compilation of measures that account for people traits assumed to improve CuTe performance. The resulting framework contributes to a much needed theory on the management of knowledge workers, especially to help plan, control, assess, and make historical records of CuTe design and performance in CISS projects.
Clinical Perspectives with Long‐Term Pulsed Inhaled Nitric Oxide for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Barst Robyn J. , Channick Richard , Ivy Dunbar , Goldstein Brahm
Published: June 2012

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic, progressive disease of the pulmonary vasculature with a high morbidity and mortality. Its pathobiology involves at least three interacting pathways – prostacyclin (PGI2), endothelin, and nitric oxide (NO). Current treatments target these three pathways utilizing PGI2 and its analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase type‐5 (PDE‐5) inhibitors. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is approved for the treatment of hypoxic respiratory failure associated with pulmonary hypertension in term/near‐term neonates. As a selective pulmonary vasodilator, iNO can acutely decrease pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance without affecting cardiac index or systemic vascular resistance. In addition to delivery via the endotracheal tube, iNO can also be administered as continuous inhalation via a facemask or a pulsed nasal delivery. Consistent with a deficiency in endogenously produced NO, long‐term pulsed iNO dosing appears to favorably affect hemodynamics in PAH patients, observations that appear to correlate with benefit in uncontrolled settings. Clinical studies and case reports involving patients receiving long‐term continuous pulsed iNO have shown minimal risk in terms of adverse events, changes in methemoglobin levels, and detectable exhaled or ambient NO or NO2. Advances in gas delivery technology and strategies to optimize iNO dosing may enable broad‐scale application to long‐term treatment of chronic diseases such as PAH.
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Presenting with Adult‐Onset Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Sears Edmund H. , Aliotta Jason M. , Klinger James R.
Published: June 2012

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare cause of adult onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that can present with a wide spectrum of severity from early childhood throughout adult life. We present two patients with PAH secondary to PAPVR who reflect this range of disease. The diagnosis and treatment of PAPVR and its role in pulmonary vascular disease is discussed. Cardiac and pulmonary physicians should be aware of this entity and its diagnosis and management options.
AP2/ERF Transcription Factor in Rice: Genome-Wide Canvas and Syntenic Relationships between Monocots and Eudicots
Authors: Rashid Muhammad , Guangyuan He , Guangxiao Yang , Hussain Javeed , Xu Yan
Published: June 2012

The transcription factor family intimately regulates gene expression in response to hormones, biotic and abiotic factors, symbiotic interactions, cell differentiation, and stress signalling pathways in plants. In this study, 170 AP2/ERF family genes are identified by phylogenetic analysis of the rice genome ( Oryza sativa l. japonica) and they are divided into a total of 11 groups, including four major groups (AP2, ERF, DREB, and RAV), 10 subgroups, and two soloists. Gene structure analysis revealed that, at position-6, the amino acid threonine (Thr-6) is conserved in the double domain AP2 proteins compared to the amino acid arginine (Arg-6), which is preserved in the single domain of ERF proteins. In addition, the histidine (His) amino acid is found in both domains of the double domain AP2 protein, which is missing in single domain ERF proteins. Motif analysis indicates that most of the conserved motifs, apart from the AP2/ERF domain, are exclusively distributed among the specific clades in the phylogenetic tree and regulate plausible functions. Expression analysis reveals a widespread distribution of the rice AP2/ERF family genes within plant tissues. In the vegetative organs, the transcripts of these genes are found most abundant in the roots followed by the leaf and stem; whereas, in reproductive tissues, the gene expression of this family is observed high in the embryo and lemma. From chromosomal localization, it appears that repetition and tandem-duplication may contribute to the evolution of new genes in the rice genome. In this study, interspecies comparisons between rice and wheat reveal 34 rice loci and unveil the extent of collinearity between the two genomes. It was subsequently ascertained that chromosome-9 has more orthologous loci for CRT/DRE genes whereas chromosome-2 exhibits orthologs for ERF subfamily members. Maximum conserved synteny is found in chromosome-3 for AP2 double domain subfamily genes. Macrosynteny between rice and Arabidopsis, a distant, related genome, uncovered 11 homologs/orthologs loci in both genomes. The distribution of AP2/ERF family gene paralogs in Arabidopsis was most frequent in chromosome-1 followed by chromosome-5. In Arabidopsis, ERF subfamily gene orthologs are found on chromosome-1, chromosome-3, and chromosome-5, whereas DRE subfamily genes are found on chromosome-2 and chromosome-5. Orthologs for RAV and AP2 with double domains in Arabidopsis are located on chromosome-1 and chromosome-3, respectively. In conclusion, the data generated in this survey will be useful for conducting genomic research to determine the precise role of the AP2/ERF gene during stress responses with the ultimate goal of improving crops.
New representation of water activity based on a single solute specific constant to parameterize the hygroscopic growth of aerosols in atmospheric models
Authors: Metzger S. , Steil B. , Xu L. , Penner J. E. , Lelieveld J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Water activity is a key factor in aerosol thermodynamics and hygroscopic growth. We introduce a new representation of water activity (aw), which is empirically related to the solute molality (μs) through a single solute specific constant, νi. Our approach is widely applicable, considers the Kelvin effect and covers ideal solutions at high relative humidity (RH), including cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation. It also encompasses concentrated solutions with high ionic strength at low RH such as the relative humidity of deliquescence (RHD). The constant νi can thus be used to parameterize the aerosol hygroscopic growth over a wide range of particle sizes, from nanometer nucleation mode to micrometer coarse mode particles. In contrast to other aw-representations, our νi factor corrects the solute molality both linearly and in exponent form x · ax. We present four representations of our basic aw-parameterization at different levels of complexity for different aw-ranges, e.g. up to 0.95, 0.98 or 1. νi is constant over the selected aw-range, and in its most comprehensive form, the parameterization describes the entire aw range (0–1). In this work we focus on single solute solutions. νi can be pre-determined with a root-finding method from our water activity representation using an aw−μs data pair, e.g. at solute saturation using RHD and solubility measurements. Our aw and supersaturation (Köhler-theory) results compare well with the thermodynamic reference model E-AIM for the key compounds NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 relevant for CCN modeling and calibration studies. Envisaged applications include regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate modeling.
Temperature profiles with bi-static Doppler-RASS and their correction
Authors: Hennemuth B. , Peters G. , Kirtzel H.-J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The technique of atmospheric temperature profiling by Doppler-RASS is discussed. The set up with bi-static (separated transmit and receiving) antennas implies a range dependent scattering angle. The retrieval scheme developed by Kon for such antenna geometry is reviewed and its limits of validity are discussed. Empirical tuning of the effective antenna aperture is proposed to fit the retrieved temperature profiles to reality. The method is based on the assumption that potential temperature profiles under presumedly neutral conditions are constant with height. Examples of application of the measuring technique for atmospheric boundary layer characterization are presented.
Climate of the last millennium: ensemble consistency of simulations and reconstructions
Authors: Bothe O. , Jungclaus J. H. , Zanchettin D. , Zorita E.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Are simulations and reconstructions of past climate and its variability comparable with each other? We assess if simulations and reconstructions are consistent under the paradigm of a statistically indistinguishable ensemble. Ensemble consistency is assessed for Northern Hemisphere mean temperature, Central European mean temperature and for global temperature fields for the climate of the last millennium. Reconstructions available for these regions are evaluated against the simulation data from the community simulations of the climate of the last millennium performed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The distributions of ensemble simulated temperatures are generally too wide at most locations and on most time-scales relative to the employed reconstructions. Similarly, an ensemble of reconstructions is too wide when evaluated against the simulation ensemble mean. Probabilistic and climatological ensemble consistency is limited to sub-domains and sub-periods. Only the ensemble simulated and reconstructed annual Central European mean temperatures for the second half of the last millennium demonstrates consistency. The lack of consistency found in our analyses implies that, on the basis of the studied data sets, no status of truth can be assumed for climate evolutions on the considered spatial and temporal scales and, thus, assessing the accuracy of reconstructions and simulations is so far of limited feasibility in pre-instrumental periods.
New multiphase choke correlations for a high flow rate Iranian oil field
Authors: Safar Beiranvand M. , Mohammadmoradi P. , Aminshahidy B. , Fazelabdolabadi B. , Aghahoseini S.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The multiphase flow through wellhead restrictions of an offshore oil field in Iran is investigated and two sets of new correlations are presented for high flow rate and water cut conditions. The both correlations are developed by using 748 actual data points, corresponding to critical flow conditions of gas-liquid mixtures through wellhead chokes. The first set of correlations is a modified Gilbert equation and predicts liquid flow rates as a function of flowing wellhead pressure, gas-liquid ratio and surface wellhead choke size. To minimize error in such condition, in the second correlation, free water, sediment and emulsion (BS & W) is also considered as an effective parameter. The predicted oil flow rates by the new sets of correlations are in the excellent agreement with the measured ones. These results are found to be statistically superior to those predicted by other relevant published correlations. The both proposed correlations exhibit more accuracy (only 2.95% and 2.0% average error, respectively) than the existent correlations. These results should encourage the production engineer which works at such condition to utilize the proposed correlations for future practical answers when a lack of available information, time, and calculation capabilities arises.
The German-Jewish Soldiers of the First World War in History and Memory
Authors: Grady Tim
Published: June 2012

The First World War saw almost 100,000 German Jews wear the uniform of the Imperial army; some 12,000 of these soldiers lost their lives in battle. Over the last century, public memory of their sacrifice has been very gradually subsumed into the much greater catastrophe of the Holocaust. This book focuses on the multifaceted ways in which these Jewish soldiers have variously been remembered and forgotten from 1914 through until the late 1970s. During and immediately after the conflict, Germanys Jewish population were active participants in a memory culture that honoured the war dead as national heroes. With the decline of the Weimar Republic and the National Socialists rise to power, however, the public commemoration of the Jewish soldiers gradually faded, as Germanys Jewish communities were systematically destroyed by the Nazi regime. It was only in the late 1950s that both Jews and other Germans began to rediscover and to re-remember this largely neglected group. By examining Germanys complex and continually evolving memory culture, this book opens up a new approach to the study of both German and German-Jewish history. In doing so, it draws out a narrative of entangled and overlapping relations between Jews and non-Jews during the short twentieth century. The Jewish / non-Jewish relationship, the book argues, did not end on the battlefields of the First World War, but ran much deeper to extend through into the era of the Cold War.
Taste Rules!: Food Marketing, Food Law, and Childhood Obesity in Canada
Authors: Elliott Charlene
Published: June 2012

Food marketing comprises a core part of the current food environment and is routinely identified as a main contributor to childhood obesity. Excess body weight affects over 26% of children in Canada—prompting a range of interventions to address the problem.

Food policy and regulation form a key strategy in current attempts to combat the toxic environment, and this paper outlines the various modes of regulation that work to govern children’s “taste” in Canada. In particular, it details some of the promising, and problematic, aspects of seeking legal solutions to public health problems, especially when it comes to children and children’s food marketing.
The Iconography of Kitchen Wallpaper in Canada
Authors: Owens Gwendolyn
Published: June 2012

Kitchen wallpaper is a relatively modern development. The types of images that we associate with kitchen wallpaper—what we now think of as “normal” or “usual” designs—tell us a lot about when it was developed in the early part of the 20th century, particularly the 1920s. Its iconography provides a key to understanding how kitchen design has evolved and how the user of the kitchen has been regarded over time. This article pays particular attention to the development and distribution of kitchen wallpaper in Canada.
Migrer et manger dans un espace social alimentaire transculturel
Authors: Sercia Pierre , Girard Alain
Published: June 2012

Cet article analyse les résultats d’entrevues réalisées avec 72 personnes immigrantes résidant à Montréal depuis moins de dix ans. Les entrevues abordaient les sujets de leurs habitudes et de leurs préférences alimentaires. Malgré la diversité des pays sources et des profils socioéconomiques et démographiques des répondants, il se dégage des résultats des similitudes structurelles marquées au sein de l’échantillon. Dans l’ensemble, les répondants demeurent très attachés à leur style alimentaire prémigratoire et tentent de conserver un continuum alimentaire aussi cohérent que possible. La représentation du « vrai repas » est fortement liée à l’idée de fraîcheur, de préparation à la maison, de même qu’à l’emploi d’aliments et de techniques « traditionnelles ». Cependant, on constate des changements au niveau de la consommation de viandes et de fruits, de même qu’au niveau de la temporalité alimentaire chez certains sous-groupes de l’échantillon. Dans l’ensemble, la consommation de « fast-foods », de produits congelés ou prêts à l’emploi demeure très faible. Il ressort aussi très clairement que, dans les processus de marquage alimentaire, l’identité des mangeurs et l’identification des aliments sont des dimensions fondamentales dans la compréhension de ces phénomènes de transformation et de rétention culturelle.
Exploring Connections Between People, Places and Food in Three Nova Scotia Farmers’ Markets
Authors: Lowitt Kristen
Published: June 2012

This study explores connections between people, places and food in three Nova Scotia farmers’ markets through a series of qualitative interviews with consumers and producers. It introduces readers to the concept of “social embeddedness” as a means of understanding the social ties and reciprocal relationships that form in market environments, and deconstructs notions of “local” and “quality” food by exploring distinct understandings of these terms from the perspectives of producers and consumers.
Terroir Products in North America: Dreams or Future Reality?
Authors: Lemasson Jean-Pierre , Trubek Amy
Published: June 2012

This introduction seeks to analyze the French concept of terroir and its possible applications in North America. By focusing on Quebec and Vermont, respectively the most advanced Canadian province and American state in terms of defining and regulating terroir, it outlines the primary challenges in developing government certifications for terroir and explores ways in which the practical and legal considerations associated with such certifications compare and contrast with similar considerations in Europe. In so doing it focuses on three products: cheese, wine, and maple syrup.
Placing the Taste of Vermont Cheese
Authors: Paxson Heather
Published: June 2012

This essay considers two ways in which farmstead cheesemakers in Vermont are translating the term “terroir” in order to convey the instrumental as well as gustatory values of their artisanal products. In the first, familiar from European systems of geographical indication, terroir calls attention to the material qualities of a locale that may carry through to the taste of a handmade cheese. But in the second, terroir talk offers a more prescriptive reading of the “taste of place” to encourage rural economic revitalization through artisan cheese production. What coalesces in Vermont farmstead cheese as the taste of place reflects, above all, cheesemakers’ entrepreneurial creativity and commitment to making a living by working the land.
Les enjeux de la certification des vins québécois
Authors: de Coussergues Charles Henri
Published: June 2012

Maintenant qu’existe au Québec une production viticole significative et que les lois et règlements québécois autorisent la commercialisation des vins locaux, un des défis majeurs des exploitants agricoles est de faire un vin de qualité comparable aux meilleurs crus. C’est pourquoi l’Association des vignerons du Québec s’est engagée dans une démarche de certification. De cette manière, tous les membres ont accepté, depuis l’automne 2009, de répondre aux exigences d’un cahier des charges ayant pour objectif d’améliorer toutes les opérations de culture et de transformation du raisin. Ce faisant, non seulement l’Association a-t-elle un instrument souple qui lui permettra progressivement de mieux contrôler la qualité de sa production et à terme de l’améliorer encore, mais elle s’assure aussi de la notoriété collective de ses produits. La commercialisation devrait en être améliorée dans un avenir proche. À plus long terme, l’Association voit dans la certification un outil aidant à renforcer la typicité des vins du Québec, permettant ainsi de préparer une possible demande d’appellation au Conseil des appellations réservées et des termes valorisants du Québec.
Challenges and Opportunities in Vermont
Authors: Allbee Roger
Published: June 2012

In this short essay, the author explores the importance of terroir, or the taste of place, for the future of food and agriculture in Vermont. Here, the taste of place is connected to increased engagement with local foods. However, Allbee claims that local can also mean foods that reflect a unique local character, that tell the story of a place, bringing the tastes, history, and culture of a region to the consumer.
Le Québec sur la scène internationale. Les raisons de son dynamisme
Authors: Paquin Stéphane , Chaloux Annie
Published: June 2012

Le Québec fait partie de la courte liste des États fédérés les plus actifs sur la scène internationale. La thèse de cet article est que le nationalisme et les nécessités de développement économique dans un environnement mondialisé favorisent une tension constructive qui pousse vers l’élargissement des relations internationales afin de développer la nation québécoise dans les domaines culturel et économique. C’est cette tension qui explique pourquoi la France et les États-Unis sont les deux principaux partenaires du Québec. Le coeur pousse vers des relations plus profondes avec la France, la Francophonie, mais aussi le reste de l’Europe, alors que la raison incite à une intégration économique plus importante avec les États-Unis, les principaux « producteurs » du PIB québécois.
La Suisse et le Québec au temps de la Révolution tranquille. Échos et effets de la francophonie en périphérie culturelle
Authors: Hauser Claude
Published: June 2012

Dirigée au sortir de la décolonisation par une France qui peut s’appuyer sur une vocation messianique souvent proclamée et une longue tradition en matière de politique culturelle, la mise en place de l’ensemble politico-linguistique de la francophonie est également stimulée par divers élans culturels qui se produisent de façon simultanée dans les périphéries francophones. Il s’agit dans cet article d’évaluer quels ont été les moteurs de ces renouveaux identitaires qui s’expriment de diverses manières au cours des années 1960 et 1970. Au Québec, par une « Révolution tranquille » qu’accompagne une autonomisation du champ culturel, dont les vecteurs les plus connus (chansonniers, poètes) s’exportent avec succès sur le terrain francophone. En Suisse romande, par l’émergence d’une nouvelle génération prompte à s’engager pour briser les cadres établis d’une culture suisse qu’elle juge rigidifiée, et qui exprime ses nouvelles forces créatrices en dynamisant divers secteurs culturels (cinéma, chanson, théâtre, littérature) dont la réputation dépasse rapidement les frontières du pays. Dans quelle mesure l’émergence et le développement de ces élans culturels francophones, qu’ils proviennent de nouveaux centres institutionnels ou de champs culturels périphériques (même s’ils ne sont pas directement affiliés aux actions menées par les mouvements indépendantistes alors très engagés, au Québec comme dans le Jura suisse, dans un combat identitaire fondé sur la défense de la langue française) ont-ils été considérés comme un danger politique par les autorités fédérales helvétiques ou canadiennes ? L’analyse des relations culturelles bilatérales Québec-Suisse durant la période charnière de la Révolution tranquille permet d’évaluer pour chaque partenaire le degré d’autonomie du champ culturel vis-à-vis de la sphère politique.
Multifunctional Materials through Modular Protein Engineering
Authors: DiMarco Rebecca L. , Heilshorn Sarah C.
Published: June 2012

The diversity of potential applications for protein‐engineered materials has undergone profound recent expansion through a rapid increase in the library of domains that have been utilized in these materials. Historically, protein‐engineered biomaterials have been generated from a handful of peptides that were selected and exploited for their naturally evolved functionalities. In recent years, the scope of the field has drastically expanded to include peptide domains that were designed through computational modeling, identified through high‐throughput screening, or repurposed from wild type domains to perform functions distinct from their primary native applications. The strategy of exploiting a diverse library of peptide domains to design modular block copolymers enables the synthesis of multifunctional protein‐engineered materials with a range of customizable properties and activities. As the diversity of peptide domains utilized in modular protein engineering continues to expand, a tremendous and ever‐growing combinatorial expanse of material functionalities will result.
Nitrene Chemistry in Organic Synthesis: Still in Its Infancy?
Authors: Dequirez Geoffroy , Pons Valérie , Dauban Philippe
Published: June 2012

The element nitrogen is essential to life. Considerable attention is thus paid to the development of synthetic methods for its introduction into molecules. Nitrenes, long regarded as highly reactive but poorly selective species, have recently emerged as useful tools for the formation of CN bonds. Practical metal‐catalyzed protocols are now available for the preparation of amines through either the aziridination of alkenes or the CH amination of alkanes. Recent results highlighted in this Minireview suggest that synthetic nitrene chemistry is maturing with a wider scope not limited to these two reactions.
The hydration of nitriles catalyzed by simple transition metal salt of the fourth period with the aid of acetaldoxime
Authors: Ma Xiaoyun , He Ying , Wang Pengcheng , Lu Ming
Published: June 2012

We describe here a method for selective hydration of nitriles into the corresponding amides by employing commercially available acetaldoxime and simple transition metal catalysts such as nickel salts, zinc salts, cobalt salts and manganese salts in water. Nickel salts show the highest catalytic activity, owing to their relatively small diameter of the metal cation. Nitriles having electron‐withdrawing groups could be converted into the corresponding amides in excellent yields using nickel catalyst at room temperature. Heterocyclic nitriles with heteroatom lone pair positioned ortho to the nitrile group show high reactivity; even these special nitriles could be hydrated by transition metal catalyst and water at refluxing temperature in the absence of acetaldoxime. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure evolution of ammonia‐catalyzed phenolic resin during thermooxidative aging
Authors: Guo Dan‐Dan , Zhan Mao‐Sheng , Wang Kai
Published: June 2012

The thermooxidative aging of ammonia‐catalyzed phenolic resin for 30 days at 60–170°C was investigated in this article. The aging mechanism and thermal properties of the phenolic resin during thermooxidative aging were described by thermogravimetry (TG)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–FTIR spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results show that the CN bond decomposed into ammonia and the dehydration condensation between the residual hydroxyl groups occurred during the thermooxidative aging. Because of the presence of oxygen, the methylene bridges were oxidized into carbonyl groups. After aging for 30 days, the mass loss ratio reached 4.50%. The results of weight change at high temperatures coincided with the results of TG–FTIR spectroscopy and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) increased from 240 to 312°C after thermooxidative aging for 30 days, which revealed the postcuring of phenolic resins. In addition, an empirical equation between the weight change ratio and Tg was obtained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cytotoxicity of cationic liposomes coated by N‐trimethyl chitosan and their in vivo tumor angiogenesis targeting containing doxorubicin
Authors: Guo Xian‐Xi , He Wen , Zhang Xiao‐Jie , Hu Xian‐Ming
Published: June 2012

Doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded cationic liposomes (DOXL) coated by N‐trimethyl chitosan (TMCs) has been previously shown to enhance DOX uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and the tumor inhibition on solid tumor in vivo, and the effects were both enhanced with the degree of quaternization (DQ) increase of TMCs. The aim of the present work is to study the cytotoxicity of the blank cationic liposomes (CLs) coated by TMCs with various DQ on L‐929 mouse fibroblasts, by MTT assay, using the relative proliferation rate as the indicator, and the toxicity extent was classified according to the evaluation criteria of United States Pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, the in vivo tumor angiogenesis targeting of DOXL coated by TMC60 was studied. It was found that with the increase of TMCs concentration and DQ, cytotoxicity was increased accordingly. However, the cell proliferation rates of TMCs‐coated CLs with TMCs concentrations of 0.02% and 0.05%(w/w) were all above 80%, even the concentration of TMC20 was increased to 0.2%(w/w), the cell proliferation rate was still above 80%, showing noncytotoxicity. The mouse H22 tumor model was established by transplanted tumor experiment. In vivo fluorescence in tumor tissue was investigated through the tail vein injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated dextran at the 7th day after the administration of different DOX preparations. Compared with DOX solution and uncoated DOXL, the mice given TMC60‐coated DOXL showed tumor angiogenesis with good shape, uniform arrangement, and small vascular branches, and the vascular density was decreased, suggesting promising tumor angiogenesis targeting of TMC60‐coated DOXL. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Orientation of carbon fiber precursors from 1‐butyl‐3‐metylimidazoluim chloride cellulose solutions
Authors: Sammons Rhea J. , Collier John R. , Rials Timothy G. , Spruiell Joseph E. , Petrovan Simioan
Published: June 2012

Cellulose/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) solutions were wet spun at varied concentrations, temperatures and draw down ratios using a semi‐hyperbolically converging die to produce fibers that were highly oriented and highly crystalline. The orientation number (NOR) and the Herman's orientation factor (fH) were compared with the fiber crystallinity. The analysis of the results indicates that the spinning parameters had a significant effect on the fiber properties, especially the orientation factor as well as the orientation number. Therefore, to spin cellulose fibers that would be suitable for carbon fiber precursors, the spinning parameters are a high concentration solution at approximately 90°C and at a medium draw ratio. This would yield fibers with a high orientation number. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fabrication and properties of surface‐modified β‐Si3N4 whiskers reinforced dental resin composites
Authors: Lu Li‐Min , Zuo Kai‐Hui , Zeng Yu‐Ping
Published: June 2012

In this article, three kinds of surface‐modified methods were used to treat β‐Si3N4 whiskers before being incorporated into Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA dental resin matrix in order to improve the whiskers' reinforcing effect. The experimental results showed that composites with directly heat‐treated and then silanized β‐Si3N4 whiskers had the best reinforcing effect. They had flexural strength of 160 ± 7.0 MPa (mean ± SD; n = 6), compressive strength of 371 ± 1.4 MPa (mean ± SD; n = 5) and HRA of 48.4 ± 0.5(mean ± SD; n = 5), respectively. In addition, water sorption and solubility test demonstrated that the composites were reliable to use as the dental restoration materials. Therefore, the directly heat‐treated and then silanized β‐Si3N4 whiskers (better than β‐Si3N4 whiskers mixed with SiO2 nanoparticles or SiO2 sols) were most suitable fillers to reinforce dental resin composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013