bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Object Recognition and Localization from Scanning Beam Sensors
Authors: Wallack Aaron S. , Canny John F.
Published: March 2007

Model-based object recognition and object localization are fundamental tasks in industrial automation. In this article, we present a system that quickly recognizes (5 μs) and accurately localizes (0.025 mm) objects using a scanning beam sensor that consists of an array of binary light-beam sensors. Our scanning beam sensor is robust, inexpensive, compact, precise, and insensitive to ambient light, which are all prerequisites for industrial manufacturing applications. Scanning beam sensing involves moving objects with respect to the sensor and record ing the manipulator positions when the sensor outputs change. The recognition problem and the localization problem share the correspondence subproblem, the task of interpreting the sensed data in terms of model features. In this article, we present a constant-time indexing correspondence algorithm. Indexing in volves discretizing the sensed data to achieve integral indices, and using these indices to look up a table entry containing the correspondence information (the consistent model feature inter pretations). Complete indexing tables are crucial for scanning beam sensing, and for sparse sensing strategies in general, because each experiment only produces a handful of indexing coordinates. Constructing complete indexing tables has previ ously been an open problem (Clemens and Jacobs 1991). In this article, we describe a method for constructing complete indexing tables by enumerating the cells in an arrangement in configuration space.
"Child in Need of Services" in Massachusetts: Does the New System Work?
Authors: Bellermann Hans
Published: March 2007

In 1979, Vol. 23, No. 3, we published an article under this title by Mr. Maurice Guberman, in which he argued that the new "Child in Need of Services" system has removed most of the leverage that formerly existed to force the runaway child to conform. He argued that ,mostly the child is happy in his rebellious attitude; the parents are not and they expect help from the court and the probation officer which cannot be provided under the new law. All the proba tion officer can do is to act as conciliator in an effort to keep the family together and increase mutual understanding. In the following article Mr. Bellermann sets out to refute many of Mr. Guberman's arguments:
Resources for Change in Local Jails
Authors: Klofas John M.
Published: March 2007

The problem of contemporary jails appear to be particularly resistent to change efforts. Many reformers have attributed this to local control of jails and have proposed greater state and national influence in local corrections. This paper outlines an alternative approach to jail reform. The project which is discussed employed participatory methods in which front line staff plan the operation of new detention facilities. The model appears to be valuable for local jails through its development of staff members, organizational development and community involvement.
Alcoholism
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Alcoholism, although lacking a unified biomedical foundation, can be understood in metaphor; an alcoholic is an individual seeking an altered state of consciousness (A.S.C.). The theoretical discussion is buttressed by clinical examples in an effort to clarify the present hypothesis.
Intrinsic Social and Political Bias in the History of American Physical Anthropology
Authors: Blakey Michael L.
Published: March 2007

Prior to World War II research in physical anthropology functioned within its social and political context to produce an inegalitarian ideology. Aleš Hrdlička, 1869-1943, held a prominent place in these developments. Subsequent contextual changes (not simply hypothesis testing) produced epistemological changes.Although the field has been liberalized, many of the research interests and beliefs regarding the concept of race of the pre-war period remained for reasons having little to do with analytical efficacy. The continuing emphasis placed on naturalistic explanation in general is shown in continuity with the apologetic politics of pre-war anthropology. Yet, its promise for political application has dimished. Alternatives with broader application exist in social science approaches to comparative human biology, but social constraints upon the field limit the focus of physical anthropology to natural history. Moreover, this historical analysis shows socio-scientific articulation is intrinsic to the process of scientific discovery and change.
Why Do Workers Bother?
Authors: White Caroline
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to deal with questions which arose in the course of research using participant-observation in some factories in the south of England. Sabotage and class warfare were not immediately obvious to the observer, indeed, activities which superficially appeared as workers' colluding in their own exploitation were more common. What I shall argue here is that resistance to the demands of capital may take different forms, only one of which is open confron tation. Some of these aparently collusive strategies may simultaneously be ways of asserting human agency under dehumanising conditions.
Alterity: the Colonial Nude
Authors: Corbey Raymond
Published: March 2007

"Going up the river was like travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings. An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest.... There were moments when one's past came back to one ... in the shape of an unrestful and noisy dream, remembered with wonder amongst the over whelming realities of this strange world of plants, and water, and silence."
Dispatch II. Anthropology and Commerce in Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Baines Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

Stephen Baines, who wrote on the Waimiri-Atroari in Critique (11:2), provides an update on a situation which is all too common. It often comes as a surprise to those unfamiliar with the Brazilian/Amazonian/Indian political nexus to realize that the brutal treatment of Indians is not due simply to shortcomings of the on-the-ground Indian Service (FUNAI), but that ethnocidal policies directed toward the Indians originate in and are supported at the highest levels of government. Indeed, it has been an important feature of development planning in Amazonia that the state be seen to acknowledge the 'Indian problem'. Being seen to acknowledge and actually doing something positive for Indians are, however, entirely different matters. As Baines's account shows, the forces against which the Indians and their supporters are ranged are extremely powerful and influential. For a comparably damning account of state and development aid agencies' success in dominating the politics of Indian rights and foreclosing free and open debate, see David Price's Before the Bulldozer: the Nambiquara and the World Bank (1989, Seven Locks Press).
The Invention of Thanksgiving
Authors: Siskind Janet
Published: March 2007

Thanksgiving was 'invented' in its present form at the end of the 19th century. Through the consummation of a sacred meal, a diverse collection of immigrants become the descendants of the Pilgrims. In every household that considers itself Amencan or desires to become American, Thanksgiving brings family members back home, ritually strengthening attenuated ties of kinship and investing the set of meanings incorporated in being an Amencan with the emotional intensity and significance of family. This article traces the develop ment and analyzes the meanings of this ritual and its symbols.
The Flexible Woman
Authors: Susser Ida
Published: March 2007

■ In the US, as more poor women must work to support their house holds, and state support for women/caregivers is consistently reduced, we find an increase in violence and domestic conflict and the abandonment and neglect of children. The 1996 welfare laws exacerbate this situation as they force more poor women into the low-paid or unpaid labor force, to the further cost of poor children. These new laws reflect and reinforce a shift in what was viewed by the welfare state as legitimate dependence for mothers and children. It is no longer sufficient, if it ever was, to talk of male or female domination or subordination among poor people in the United States. In the 1990s, arenas of power for men are contradicted by other arenas of power or access to resources from the state for women. Thus in spite of the utility of analyses that dealt with the experiences of men and women separately, only an analysis that portrays the integral inter dependencies of the two interlocking/conflicting gender hierarchies in terms of class, poverty and state regulations can elucidate the parameters of the new poverty and the violence it generates.
The Structure of 1 Kings 1-11
Authors: Brettler Marc
Published: March 2007

Through the use of formal markers, specifically the similarity between 1 Kgs 3.1-2 and 9.24-25, it is possible to divide the Solomon pericope into three sections. These are 1 Kgs 1-2, 'Solomon's accession to the throne', 3.3-9.23, 'Solomon serves YHWH and is blessed' and 9.26- 11.49, 'Solomon violates Deuteronomy 17.14-17 and is punished'. The boundary proposed for the last unit suggests that the editor of 1 Kgs 9.26-11.10 recast pro-Solomonic material in a new framework and wrote or revised material concerning Solomon's foreign wives with conscious reference to the law of the king in Deuteronomy.
Sources and Redaction in the Chronicler's Genealogies of Asher and Ephraim
Authors: Na'aman Nadav
Published: March 2007

The genealogies of Asher (1 Chron. 7.30-40) and Ephraim (7.20-29) are examined in order to isolate the pre-Chronicles sources and to under stand the Chronicler's contribution. It is suggested that the old source(s) included vv. 21aγ-25aα and 31b-39 and covered the territory of the sons of Ephraim in the northern Shephelah and the hill country. Around this core the Chronicler built his genealogies, all the remaining text being composed by him. He identified Heber, the grandson of Asher (Gen. 46.17), with Heber, the founder of the Galilaean tribe. The Chronicler's additions and elaborations are usually devoid of authentic foundation and hence it is of utmost importance to isolate the old sources within his work.
Town and Rural Countryside in Ancient Israelite Law: Reception and Redaction in Cuneiform and Israelite Law
Authors: Otto Eckart
Published: March 2007

The usual alternative between an independent indigenous origin of Israelite casuistic law and the thesis of its dependency on the tradition of cuneiform law is too simple. The individual casuistic sentence of the book of Covenant (e.g. Exod. 21.18-19) is rooted in Israelite trial narratives and records, and is of indigenous origin in the local courts of the early Israelite rural countryside. In this context a knowledge of the tradition of cuneiform law was rather improbable. Entirely different is the situation with the collection and redaction of these laws into Israelite law codes. The drafting techniques of the Book of Covenant were derived from a tradition of cuneiform legal drafting techniques. The law codes were used in the curriculum of legal education in Israelite administrative centres. Here the knowledge of cuneiform legal traditions could have its place.
Reaching for Unity in Isaiah
Authors: Carr David
Published: March 2007

This paper surveys recent proposals regarding the 'unity' of Isaiah, emphasizing those which argue that certain programmatic texts (Isa. 1; 35.1-40.8, and 65-66) signal the presence of an overarching structure that forms the essential literary context for interpretation of the book's individual parts. A closer look at these texts reveals that they only imperfectly organize a diverse tradition not amenable to final closure. Recent studies focusing on these programmatic texts have helped illuminate their macrostructural pretensions and parallel them in a shared attempt to 'reach for unity' in Isaiah.
Head Hunting: 'Judith' On the Cutting Edge of Knowledge
Authors: Bal Mieke
Published: March 2007

The story of Judith is one of those biblical stories that Western culture has been eager to adopt. It is an exciting story because Judith is a national heroine, but frightening for men, using her sexual attraction to lure her foe. Owing to the conflict of loyalties the story poses, it was often used in the history of art and literature to project misogyny and gynophobia. In this paper an attempt is made to see the story as intriguing, indeed important, for reasons that are not contingent upon the distribution of loyalties. Instead, the story's ambiguities and questionings concern issues of knowledge: certainty and perception, clarity and objectivity are challenged. Starting from the biblical phrase 'and his head was missing', the implications of the story for modern Western epistemology are explored through close readings of a number of Renaissance paintings on Judith by Caravaggio and Artemesia Gentileschi.
The Wisdom of Divine Disputation? On Job 40.2-5
Authors: Dailey Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

The standard translations of Job's two responses in the Theophany section suggest that Job has been overwhelmed by the divine discourses and that, as a result, his silence and later repentance express a resigned capitulation to the omnipotence of Yahweh. However, in light of a new translation of the divine-human dialogue that takes place briefly in 40.2-5, it can be argued that this first response of Job is actually a sophisticated epistemological ploy. Read in light of Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutical phenomenology, this text discloses a receptive listening on the part of Job by which the protagonist initiates his own acquisition of wisdom.
On the Reading 'bytdwd' in the Aramaic Stele From Tel Dan
Authors: Zvi Ehud Ben
Published: March 2007

Although bytdwd in the Aramaic stele of Tel Dan may be understood as 'the House of David', alternative meanings are also possible. Thus, caution is commended.
A Postmodern Version of Paradise
Authors: Ward Graham
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon the postmodern thinking of Luce Irigaray, Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, this essay explores the relationship between desire, sexuality and representation in J's account of paradise. It draws attention to the necessity for dif ference—particularly sexual difference. Difference constitutes desire and is prior to naming. Read through the filters of postmodernity, the story of paradise is an aetio logical account of the origins of sexuality, desire and representation. It is also the account of the origin of a patriarchal culture which has silenced the woman.
The Root Škl and the Soul Bereaved in Psalm 35
Authors: Janzen J. Gerald
Published: March 2007

Psalm 35 appeals to God against those who requite 'evil for good'. When they were sick the psalmist had donned sackcloth, fasted and prayed 'as though for my friend or my brother'. Indeed, the intimacy and intensity of his kinship feelings toward them moves him to the phrases, šekôl lenapsî (v. 12b) and 'abel-'em (v. 14.b) (RSV, 'my soul is forlorn', and 'one who laments his mother'). From an examination of the root šakal I argue that the psalmist's feelings toward his erstwhile but now estranged kin are likened to those of a mother bereaved of her young.
'Scenes From a Marriage'—According To Jeremiah
Authors: Zipor Moshe A.
Published: March 2007

The episode of the peculiar marriage of Hosea is not the only description of a peculiar marriage or family life related to a prophet and his mission. Such is the episode of Num. 12, in which the subject is the Ethiopian wife whom Moses married, and in which, strangely enough, God mentions the standing of Moses as a prophet. At Isa. 8.2 the prophet 'approaches' the prophetess, and a son is born to them as a prophetic symbol. This probably explains the action of prophets whom Jeremiah accuses of adultery, which is related to their prophesying (Jer. 29.23; cf. 23.10-14). Also the term is related to adultery (cf. 2.3 etc.). In a similar way we can grasp 23.23-24 within the context of such accusations; cf. in Num. 5.13. Jeremiah himself held the opposite ideology concerning relationship with women (16.1ff.).

As in Hosea the first prophecies of Jeremiah contain a retrospective of a ruined marriage (chs. 2-3). Many of the sequences of metaphors are related explicitly or implicitly to the cycle of 'Scenes from a Marriage'. This essay proposes a connection between the seemingly sporadic metaphors, e.g. the vine, as a metaphor of a woman (2.21), and the metaphor of the washing of the (v. 22)—actually a term used for stains of menstrual blood—which is also symbolized in the ancient world by wine. Similarly, other expressions, such as 'I am not defiled', 'to be clean', and others, appear in a context of accusation of adultery (Num. 5). In this chapter we have the phenomenon of a metaphor within a metaphor: the prophet is speaking of the unfaith ful with metaphors (an untamed animal, a restive camel), and appears to forget that the hated-beloved woman, with whom he is settling accounts, does not really exist and is only a metaphor. Does such intensive occupation with this topic spring from some personal (traumatic) experience?
Insiders and Outsiders in the Book of Jeremiah: Shifts in Symbolic Arrangements
Authors: Stulman Louis
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the 'insider-outsider' Weltanschauung in the social matrix of the book of Jeremiah as a way to account for its primary literary symbols. Following a brief introduction, the essay examines several code words for danger in Jeremiah in order to identify whom the text stigmatizes with labels of 'outsider' and privileges as 'insider'. These categories are employed next as indices of major shifts and transformations in symbolic and social arrangements of the book. In the final analysis the paper attempts to show that the literary world of Jeremiah is witness to two disparate networks of meaning, each attempting to come to grips with counter- coherence during a season of liminality. As a result of the experience of dissonance, symbol systems in the book of Jeremiah are in process of restructuring, and long standing distinctions between 'us' and 'them' are blurred and reconceptualized.
Death and Endurance: Reassessing the Literary Structure and Theology of Psalm 49
Authors: Pleins J. David
Published: March 2007

Psalm 49's chiastic form guides and focusses its sentiments about wisdom, wealth, death and endurance. Hearing and silence are wisdom's mode of reception. Dangers exist for those who fail to hear through wisdom. One need not fear another's accumulation of wealth, for death negates wealth. Before death, human action is useless; only divine action brings protection, as also reflected in Hosea 13-14 and Psalm 18. The rich fail to grasp their destiny in a grave which reverses wealth and wisdom's apparent value. Wealth does not endure, only one's reputation for folly or one's redemption by wisdom endure.
'I Myself Gave Them Laws That Were Not Good': Ezekiel 20 and the Exodus Traditions
Authors: Patton Corrine
Published: March 2007

While the book of Ezekiel contains little reflex to the exodus traditions, on closer look it becomes clear that Ezekiel knew some of these traditions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in ch. 20, which culminates in God's declaration that he had given Israel 'no good laws' in order to lead them further into sin. This text functions in the book in two ways. First, as a reaction to the fall of Jerusalem, it preserves the power of God, even at the expense of God's justice. Secondly, it prepares the reader for the new laws revealed to Ezekiel in chs. 40-48.
Isaiah 8.23b and the Three Great Parts of the Book of Isaiah
Authors: Gosse Bernard
Published: March 2007

H.G.M. Williamson has proposed that Isa. 8.23b-9.6 inspired the relations between the first and second parts of the book of Isaiah, first with the time of the darkness and then with the time of the light. In this article Gosse demonstrates that the context of 8.23b inspired in fact the relations between the three great parts of the book. The third part underlines the difficulties of the coming of the light on the return from the exile.
Bible, Theology and the University: a Response To Philip Davies
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: March 2007

This paper responds to the claim that, in a university context, it is inappropriate for biblical interpretation to be influenced, directly or indirectly, by theological concerns. Far from assimilating biblical studies to other humanities disciplines, this exclusion- order would in fact make biblical studies an anomaly. Yet, on theological grounds, it is inadequate to counter the exclusion-order by appealing to a pluralistic meta- perspective within which various modes of interpretation (including theological ones) all have their own relative legitimacy.
The Garlands of Ephraim: Isaiah 28.1-6 and the Marzeah
Authors: Asen Bernhard A.
Published: March 2007

Comments and commentaries on Isa. 28.1-6 generally centre on the drunkenness and debauchery of Ephraim's political leaders. What has been overlooked in the dis cussion is the connection between drunkenness and the references to the garlands and flowers of Ephraim. This article argues that these references indicate that Ephraim's leaders participated in lavish banquets reminiscent of the ancient marzeah, where flowers, food, unguents and wine were essential ingredients. For Isaiah, participation in such banquets was indicative of Israel's inner decay that would ultimately result in external destruction. The reason for the destruction is rooted in the failure to bring forth the fruit of justice at the gate.
The Alleged Rape of Bathsheba: Some Observations On Ambiguity in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Nicol George G.
Published: March 2007

In an earlier study I argued that Bathsheba is represented in the texts as a clever and resourceful woman, and suggested that her bathing where she might be seen by David may have been deliberately provocative. I now respond to Cheryl Exum's attack in Fragmented Women on this view, and especially to the charge that I have shown complicity in the narrator's rape of Bathsheba 'by the pen', by addressing five areas of ambiguity in this brief narrative, and demonstrating that my own reading deals coherently and consistently with each of the ambiguities.
Jeremiah 4.5-31 and Apocalyptic Myth
Authors: Olson Daniel C.
Published: March 2007

The oracle of Jer. 4.5-31 is chiastic in structure, featuring within it a short, 'apocalyptic' poem (vv. 23-28). Comparison with the 'Book of the Watchers' (chs. 1-36 of 1 Enoch), suggests that the Enochic mythology of the fallen angels lies behind this poem. Seen within the full context of the 'Book of the Watchers', obscure elements of the larger Jer. 4.5-31 chiasm become clear, particularly if a double meaning of ? as 'city/watcher' is recognized. Since the relevant Enochic materials do not appear to be dependent on Jeremiah, Jer. 4.5-31 probably presupposes the Enochic mythology, which echoes elsewhere in Jeremiah.
Why Would the Deuteronomists Tell About the Sacrifice of Jephthah's Daughter?
Authors: Römer Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

It is commonly assumed that the story of Jephthah's vow refers to an 'old tradition' that was integrated into the Deuteronomistic History. But such a view is contrary to Dtr ideology which is absolutely hostile to any human sacrifice (2 Kgs 16.3; 17.17, 31; 21.6 etc.). A literary-critical approach to Judges 11 shows that vv. 30-31 [32] and 34-40 may be considered as post-Dtr.

The author of Judg. 11.30-40 seems to know the story of the Aqedah, but he is not willing to make a happy ending. There is a tragic dimension in the story and quite an Hellenistic atmosphere (the best parallels to Judg. 11.30-40 may be found in Hel lenistic texts). So this text should be considered an insertion from the end of the Per sian or beginning of the Hellenistic periods. The author tends to show that Jewish classics can be as tragic as Greek ones.
The Masoretic Redaction of Jeremiah: an Explanation
Authors: Gosse Bernard
Published: March 2007

The words of Jer. 19.8 and the symbolic action of 19.10-11 correspond to the com ing of the calamity announced in ch. 36, which plays an important part in the redac tion represented by the LXX (see also 2.1-13 and 45.1-5). In the Masoretic redaction, however, it is the new orientation promised in chs. 30-31 that answers Jeremiah 36. The 'wounds' of Jerusalem (19.8) will be healed (30.17), and the curse of 19.8 is transferred to Babylon (50.13 and 51.37), while the symbolic action of 51.59-64 is an answer to 19.10-11. The reorganization of the book of Jeremiah illustrates this point, for the last verse of the original Masoretic redaction (51.64; ch. 52 is an addi tion) is an answer to the last verse of the LXX redaction.
The Tel Dan Stela as a Piece of Royal Historiography
Authors: Lemaire André
Published: March 2007

The fragmentary stela found in Tel Dan, erected by Hazael, king of Damascus, is to be understood in the context of Semitic royal historiography of the ninth-eighth centuries BCE. Its text makes sense when confronted with the data and formulae of contemporary Akkadian, Aramaic, Phoenician and Moabite inscriptions, as well as with the Hebrew books of Kings.
The French-Canadian Family Economy and Standard-of-Living in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1870
Authors: Early Frances H.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to traditional inter pretations of the immigrant experience in America, this study shows that French- Canadian families moving to Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1870s managed to adapt the pattern of the family farm economy to their new, working-class lives, to survive, and in some cases to prosper. But survival meant a continuing cycle of child labor to maintain income levels above the poverty line, and for many, ad verse living conditions at best in an indus trialized society which offered few oppor tunities to escape the new urban proletar iat.
Rural Retirement Arrangements in Seventeenth- To Nineteenth-Century Austria: a Cross-Community Analysis
Authors: Held Thomas
Published: March 2007

The peasant retirement arrangement known in Austria as Ausgedinge, is established by the transfer of a farm holding to an heir in exchange for the lifelong provision of shelter, food and other services to the retirees. Since the retirement of the old peasant is closely linked to the marriage of the successor, this arrangement leads to a specific stem-family household in which the head-of- household position rests with the younger generation. The article compares the frequency of retirement arrangements across a wide range of Austrian villages and small towns, controlling for age distribution as well as the various structural and cultural characteristics of these units. The data used are census-type parish registers (soul books) from the early seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Households with retirement arrangements are found to be rare; only a small pro portion of the elderly were formally retired. The increase of retirement ar rangements during the nineteenth century cannot be attributed to changes in age distribution but rather, to increasing wealth in specific agricultural areas. Moreover, the data suggest that in case of the death of a spouse, retirement was increasingly preferred over remarriage.
"For Their Own Reasons": Individual Marriage Decisions and Family Life
Authors: Levine David
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to direct attention away from measures of central tenden cy, this essay focuses on the dispersion of marriage ages derived from the family reconstitution study of Shepshed, Leicestershire, 1600-1851. The evidence shows that there was no connection between "inheritance" and the timing of mar riage-in fact, most marriages took place well before paternal death. Birth-parity seems to have had little impact on male age at marriage, while for women there was a difference of something over one year between the age at marriage of eldest daughters and other-parity daughters. It is shown that the family had little in the way of a "demonstration effect" and that there is almost no correlation between intra- and inter-generational ages at marriage within specific families. In sum, it is considered that individuals decided to marry for their own reasons.
Marriage, Family Size, and Inheritance Among Hessian Nobles, 1650-1900
Authors: Pedlow Gregory W.
Published: March 2007

European nobilities generally relied upon primogeniture to preserve their landholdings and often also developed systems of family controls to limit the number of marriages and the size of families. But what about nobilities that prac ticed neither primogeniture nor strict family controls? Did they quickly fall prey to overpopulation and impoverishment? This study of the landed nobility of Hesse- Kassel examines the interrelationship of marriage patterns, demographic change, and inheritance systems and shows that less rigid systems of inheritance and family controls could also be effective in preserving landholdings while at the same time reducing the danger of family extinction.
Making Village Women into "Good Wives and Wise Mothers" in Prewar Japan
Authors: Smith Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Among the many programs undertaken by the Japanese government between 1868 and 1945 was one designed to make of Japanese women "good wives and wise mothers. " The principal vehicle used in the effort to produce paragons of domestic virtue was the school system. The field materials collected in the mid- 1930s by Ella Lury Wiswell in the agricultural community of Suye-mura include excellent firsthand information on the degree to which the policy was effective, particularly with respect to reducing the incidence of premarital. sexual activity, premarital pregnancy, and divorce.
Family and Religion in Two Noble Families: French Catholic and English Puritan
Authors: Chrisman Miriam
Published: March 2007

This paper is a case study of two seventeenth-century noble families—the French Catholic Chantal-Rabutin-Sévigné and the English Puritan Verneys—in which the effect of doctrinal differences on marriage and family life is observed. Marriage doctrines of the Catholic church and the Calvinist church are summarized. Each family is then studied in terms of its major functions, the relationship between husbands and wives, the relationships between parents and children, attitudes towards education, and the religious observances of the fam ily. Although the functions of both families were similar, the relationship be tween the Protestant husbands and wives seems to have been more reciprocal in contrast to the more patriarchal relationship within the Catholic family. In terms of parent-child relations, a higher degree of independence seems to have been present in the Protestant family. In both cases, religion was an important factor in creating family identity.
Nuptiality and Rural Industry: Families and Labor in the French Countryside
Authors: Lehning James R.
Published: March 2007

This essay examines the impact of rural industry on nuptiality from several perspectives. First, aggregate data on marriage behavior during the sec ond half of the eighteenth century are considered for one of the major proto- industrial regions of France, the departments along the northern border. No clear relationship is found between nuptiality and the presence of rural industry. The essay then examines the composition of the proto-industrial labor force in the department of the Loire during the nineteenth century and suggests some clarifi cations of this relationship. Two different models of proto-industrial family economy emerge. It is the combination of these two kinds of family economy in the same area that produced the ambiguous results found in the aggregate data. Thus, while in some parts of Europe proto-industrialization may have influenced age at marriage and proportions ever-marrying, this was by no means a universal effect. The household context of proto-industry played a major role in determin ing its impact on nuptiality.
Family and Class: the Household Economy of Languedoc Winegrowers, 1830-1870
Authors: Smith Harvey
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the debate over the peasant household by using the example of a French wine commune to challenge the notion of the universal nuclear family. Household organization and family demographic patterns varied distinctively among laborers, farmers, and landowners in this commune in the nineteenth century. The influence of inheritance, marriage patterns, fertility, and work patterns on household organization is explained. A second finding is that extended households increased in number between 1836 and 1866. Far from dis appearing with "modernization, " extended households enabled some families to adapt to market forces by mobilizing household resources and labor in new ways.
Adolescent Culture in Colonial Massachusetts
Authors: Thompson Roger
Published: March 2007

This article first examines the paradoxes and disagreements of recent research on adolescence under four heads: the recognition of a distinctive age group between puberty and marriage during the early modern period; parent- teenager relationships; adolescent sexuality; and youth culture, hardly investi gated in seventeenth-century New England. Evidence from the Middlesex County Court Records between 1649 and 1699 is then presented and analysed. The 26 in cidents involving companies of young people suggest that there was a youth culture in the county, most evident in Charlestown and Cambridge, but also reported in eight other towns. The records suggest that this distinct culture emerged during the 1660s and that the militia may have provided an institutional framework. Those involved came from all classes and almost equally from elect and nonregenerate families. The study concludes that adolescence was generally recognized as a distinct stage of life, that there was a marked generation gap, that puritan patriarchalism may have been short-lived, that Middlesex youths were fascinated by but uninformed about sex, and that the introversion of the conver sion experience was usually a feature of early married life rather than of adoles cence.
Spinsters
Authors: Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: March 2007

This article is an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Family History devoted to spinsters, who are defined as women who have not married by age 35 and are thus unlikely ever to marry. Relatively high propor tions of spinsters in Western Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries raise questions for the history of marriage, the family, and women. After in troducing the articles in this issue, the author discusses differences in the propor tions of women never-marrying in China and eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Western Europe, and the association of spinsterhood with the timing of mar riage, the sex ratio, economic circumstances, and religion.
Turkish Families and Households in Historical Perspective
Authors: Duben Alan
Published: March 2007

This paper examines certain features of Turkish Muslim family and household structures in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on a variety of historical, ethnographic, and demographic sources, largely in relation to rural society, it analyzes meanings attributed to the terms family and house hold in the past in Turkey, and then outlines the main features of the late Ot toman Turkish household formation system. Consideration is given to disparities between the rules of the system and their realization.
Another Fossa Magna: Proportion Marrying and Age At Marriage in Late Nineteenth-Century Japan
Authors: Hayami Akira
Published: March 2007

Using several heretofore neglected but very significant sources of demo graphic information for late nineteenth-century Japan, the study investigates the statis tics for proportions marrying and age at first marriage in all the Japanese prefectures. It establishes the existence of two patterns of marriage-one of early marriage in eastern Japan and one of late marriage in western Japan. Several explanations for this division are considered
The Life Course of Seventeenth-Century Immigrants To Canada
Authors: Landry Yves , Légaré Jacques
Published: March 2007

Using the register of the early French Canadian population, the "Pro gramme de recherche en démographie historique "(Université de Montréal) has set out to identify the demographic parameters behind the individual life course of the cohorts of immigrants which founded the country. The authors selected for their study all the individuals born outside of Canada who settled in Canada before 1680. The analysis covers not only the timing of the marriages and births of children of the immigrants, from their arrival to their death, but also the intensity of the phenomena that character ize their family life. The idea is to identify the proportion of individuals who lived through the main phases of the family life cycle (pre-parental, parental, post-parental) and to measure their timing. So as to avoid hiding the diversity of demographic behaviors behind broad averages, the study takes into account such basic variables as sex, length of life, number of marriages contracted, and number of children born.
The Character of Familial History, Its Limitations and the Conditions for Its Proper Pursuit
Authors: Laslett Peter
Published: March 2007

This is a deliberately controversial piece, deriving the duties of the historian of the family from the ethical philosophy of Immanuel Kant. It criticizes the following tendencies in the treatment of the subject: the tendency to read history backwards (the Whig interpretation of history), to see it in terms of the doctrine of modernization (disastrous for the history of the family), to fail to recognize that familial change goes forward at the pace of social structural change, the slowest of all paces of change. The notion of approaches (a demographic approach, afeminist approach and so on) is rejected and the subject is defined as one of those within historical sociology, the type of all social science. An appendix deals with misinterpretations of the introduc tion to Household and family in past time.
Observations On the Development of Kinship History, 1942-1985
Authors: Wheaton Robert
Published: March 2007

The post-World War II development of kinship history was initiated by the emergence of methods for the analysis of quantitative historical-demographic sources: in France by means of the Family Reconstitution Method based on genealogi cal records and parish registers; in England by the analysis of nominative household censuses. The essay discusses five areas of subsequent development in the field : (1) the search for an investigation of large-scale kinship structures, and their influence on society as a whole; (2) life-course analysis, which integrates both events in individual life histories and larger historical events with the household developmental cycle; (3) interactions between kinship and economic relations, and particularly the roles played by women in the economic life of the family; (4) the effects of kinship on social relations at the community level; and (5) the relationships between kinship and social structures more generally. In this last respect, the essay emphasizes the influence of the particularly French intellectual institutions and traditions, and of the alliance theory of marriage on the distinctive direction taken by French social historians. Finally, the essay considers the study of mentalités, as it has influenced kinship history.
Women's History and Family History: Fruitful Collaboration or Missed Connection?
Authors: Tilly Louise A.
Published: March 2007

Although the intellectual projects of women's history and family his tory have been diverse, there have been some fruitful interrelationships as well as continuing disagreements about conceptualization and method. A systematic exami nation was carried out of the content of articlespublished in the period 1976-1985 in the Journal of Family History, in three self-defined feminist or women's studies journals, and in four general historical journals. Definitions of the two fields were derived from this exercise. These show that women's history, unlike family history, is movement history; it is closer to more central historical fields in the kinds of questions it asks and in method. Because of its role in placing women as a group into a context of family relationships, family history has an important contribution to make to women's history. To the extent that diversity among women, institutions and informal politics become more central to women's history, it will come closer to family history.
Centuries of Childhood/ Centuries of Parenting: Philippe Ariès and the Modernization of Privileged Infancy
Authors: Johansson S. Ryan
Published: March 2007

In Centuries of Childhood Philippe Ariès studied the evolution of par ental investment among the materially and socially privileged families of France from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. His general hypothesis, interpreted in the vocabulary of modern research, was that both the financial and emotional costs of elite childrear ing were rising during this period Once greater emotional involvement led to high investments in infant survival, infant mortality declined, survivorship rose, and privi leged families were forced to adopt fertility control in order to avoid the production of too many very costly children. In this article Ariès' verbal "model" is tested using quantitative data from both French and other European elite groups.
Marriage and Family in Nablus, 1720-1856: Toward a History of Arab Marriage
Authors: Tucker Judith E.
Published: March 2007

Despite assumptions to the contrary, marriage practices among Arab Muslims in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Nablus in Palestine varied in relation to the social back ground of the bride and groom. The significance of the indirect dower (mahr), the prevalence of child and cousin marriage, and the frequency of divorce and remarriage differed according to the role marriage played in the political and economic life of various urban classes. The records of the Islamic court, which include marriage contracts and the partition of estates, reveal this diversity and demonstrate the ways in which a woman's experience of marriage depended on her social background
A Comment On Goody's Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe
Authors: Verdery Katherine
Published: March 2007

Goody's argument linking European marriage and family forms with the growth of the Church is criticized as teleological It is argued instead that early Church pro hibitions, rather than reflecting churchly institutional designs, served as instruments through which powerful members of kin groups reduced the claims of their kinsmen upon property; this facilitated their using that property to consolidate the effective fighting units.
Demographic Transition and Life Course Change in Colombia
Authors: Florez C. Elisa , Hogan Dennis P.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates changes and differentials in the organization of the early life course of Colombian women. Life course events of interest include school enrollment, labor force attachment, cohabitation (formal and informal marriage), and parenthood. Using a variety of measures of the timing and synchronization of events, the early life course is described for Colombian women in terms of classifications such as birth cohort (indexing demographic and social modernization), urban and rural residence (indicating the institutionalization of the life course), and economic class (a measure of personal affluence). The results of the research are interpreted in the context of research on the history of the transition to adulthood in the United States, Norway, and Japan.
Divorce Patterns in Nineteenth-Century New England
Authors: Schultz Martin
Published: March 2007

Sociological explanations of marital disruption and social change have relied on official governmental statistics that trace the emergence of divorce to the late 1800s. New data (N = 2,241) derived from an eight-county sample in three New England states during the 1800- 1860 period are compared with existing evidence for the late nineteenth-century. The findings indicate that divorce rates emerged in the early 1800s, increased sharply in the mid-century decades, and then leveled off toward the end of the century. These patterns are analyzed in terms of such variables as urbanization, the changing status of women, and the divorce laws and policies of the individual states, demonstrating that ideological changes were more important than forces associated with the industrial revolution.
Who Lives With Whom? Individual Versus Household Measures
Authors: King Miriam , Preston Samuel H.
Published: March 2007

Conceived of as a contribution to the methodological debate over the relative desirability of measuring living arrangements in terms of households or in terms of indi viduals, the study develops formal relationships between household characteristics measured among the set of households and those measured among the set of individuals. Empirical evidence is presented about what difference it makes to use households rather than indi viduals as the units of analysis, and some measurement tools are developed for analyzing components of change in the prevalence of particular living arrangements. The latter are illustrated with results from representative national samples of the U.S. population in 1910 and 1980.
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE TIMING OF EARLY LIFE COURSE TRANSITIONS: The United States 1900 to 1980
Authors: Stevens David A.
Published: March 2007

This article is a description and analysis of the timing of early life course transitions in the twentieth century. Using data from national microdata samples of the census for 1900, 1910, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980, the study investigates the timing of seven transitions to adulthood, relationships between pairs of transitions, and how changes in these patterns affected the behavior of several population subgroups. The results show that youth in the second half of the century made the transition to adulthood earlier and followed a more prescribed and compressed schedule of transitions than their early-twen tieth-century counterparts. The period of greatest change came after the Second World War, but by 1980 the trend toward earlier and increasingly age-graded familial transitions ap peared to have reversed. Between 1900 and 1980 there is also a homogenization of experi ence among subgroups.
Female Solitude and Patrilineage: Unmarried Women and Widows During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Palazzi Maura
Published: March 2007

Until recently, little historical work has been done on the lives of women who lived apart from their kin. This article, examining family life in eighteenth and nineteenth- century Italy, focuses on such women, both those who never married and widows. Factors affecting the lives of these women, including prevailing patrilineal norms and changing legal rules regarding inheritance and the rights of women, are considered. The different situations of spinsters and widows are compared, and class differences are considered. Finally, situations in which women came to head households of their own are examined.
Confidence Intervals for True Scores: Is There a Correct Approach?
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Feldt Leonard S.
Published: March 2007

Five well-known confidence interval approach es were presented and scrutinized for the pur pose of determining which approach is cor rect. Two theoretical conceptualizations for confidence intervals were presented. The con clusion was reached that two of the approaches were correct and the others were conceptually unsound. The correct approaches are: (a) the standard error of measurement centered on the obtained score, and (b) the standard error of estimate centered on the estimated true score.