bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
11.46: The design of suspended zipper braced frames in the framework of eurocode 8
Authors: Bosco Melina , Ghersi Aurelio , Quaceci Giuseppe , Rossi Pier Paolo
Published: September 2017

To counteract the tendency of chevron‐braced structures to form soft storey mechanisms during earthquakes, some researchers have proposed the addition of zipper columns between brace locations at midspan of floor beams and the design of an elastic hat truss system. In this paper, the design procedure proposed by Yang et al. for suspended zipper braced frames is first slightly modified to conform to the design approach and capacity design rules stipulated in Eurocode 8 (EC8) for concentrically braced frames. The procedure is applied to a set of structures with different number of storeys and founded on either soft or rock soil and the structural response is analysed to highlight qualities and deficiencies of the above design procedure. Some improvements are then proposed to the design procedure proposed by Yang et al. to achieve a better seismic performance of the suspended zipper braced frames. Compared with this latter design procedure, the proposed procedure allows a more accurate evaluation of the internal forces – axial forces and bending moments – and a direct control of the inelastic response of chevron‐braces of all storeys. The effectiveness of the design proposal is evaluated by incremental dynamic analysis on structures characterised by a different number of storeys and soil of foundation.
00.02: Developments in research and assessment of steel structures: Highlights from the perspective of an American researcher
Authors: Schafer Benjamin William
Published: September 2017

The objective of this paper is to provide a summary of recent developments in the research and assessment of steel building structures. The task is too broad to accomplish in a general sense, as such the perspective and biases of the author as an American research professor who primarily focuses on thin‐walled steel building applications is explicitly recognized. The discussed research is separated into three areas: cold‐formed steel structures, hot‐rolled steel structures, and earthquake engineering for steel structures. The focus of the presentation is on research conducted within each of these three areas, in the last 5 years, primarily in the United States, with particular emphasis on projects that the author was directly involved in or lead. In addition, each area concludes with a brief discussion of developments in American steel codes and standards that are related to the research. Cold‐formed steel structures have enjoyed a large body of recent research, advancements in: modelling, imperfection measurement, stiffness characterization, coupled instabilities, design under multiple actions, and system reliability are all highlighted. The author has had less direct involvement in much of the recent hot‐rolled steel structural research, but serves on the committees where this research is brought into the American standards. Work that has had a specific impact on the American hot‐rolled steel standards in beams, slender columns, composite columns, bracing, fire, and progressive collapse are all highlighted. In addition, recent research advancing modelling for fracture in steel is summarized due to the authors belief in the large long term impact of those efforts. Earthquake engineering for steel structures spans a broad space, highlighted research includes: benchmark tests and building models for cold‐formed steel framing; new tests, modelling, and design guidance on structural steel seismic force‐resisting systems; and new research in steel diaphragm systems. Taken as a whole, the paper aims to demonstrate the vibrancy in American steel building research, now more than 125 years since the first steel‐framed skyscraper.
From Anilines to Quinolines: Iodide‐ and Silver‐Mediated Aerobic Double C−H Oxidative Annulation–Aromatization
Authors: Wu Jiwei , Liao Zhixiong , Liu Dong , Chiang Chien‐Wei , Li Zheng , Zhou Zhonghao , Yi Hong , Zhang Xu , Deng Zixin , Lei Aiwen
Published: September 2017

Quinoline synthesis from easily accessible raw materials such as anilines is a valuable and meaningful task. Herein, we communicate an iodide‐ and silver‐mediated C−H/C−H oxidative annulation–aromatization between anilines and allyl alcohols. This protocol provides a direct route to the synthesis of quinoline derivatives from inexpensive commodities. Various kinds of anilines, even heterocyclic anilines, were shown to be workable substrates, generating the corresponding multi‐substituted quinolines in good yields.
Magnetic Control of MOF Crystal Orientation and Alignment
Authors: Cheng Fei , Marshall Ellis S. , Young Adam J. , Robinson Peter J. , Bouillard Jean‐Sebastien G. , Adawi Ali M. , Vermeulen Nicolaas A. , Farha Omar K. , Reithofer Michael R. , Chin Jia Min
Published: September 2017

Most metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) possess anisotropic properties, the full exploitation of which necessitates a general strategy for the controllable orientation of such MOF crystals. Current methods largely rely upon layer‐by‐layer MOF epitaxy or tuning of MOF crystal growth on appropriate substrates, yielding MOFs with fixed crystal orientations. Here, the dynamic magnetic alignment of different MOF crystals (NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) and NU‐1000) is shown. The MOFs were magnetized by electrostatic adsorption of iron oxide nanoparticles, dispersed in curable polymer resins (Formlabs 1+ clear resin/ Sylgard 184), magnetically oriented, and fixed by resin curing. The importance of crystal orientation on MOF functionality was demonstrated whereby magnetically aligned NU‐1000/Sylgard 184 composite was excited with linearly polarized 405 nm light, affording an anisotropic fluorescence response dependent on the polarization angle of the excitation beam relative to NU‐1000 crystal orientation.
Synthesis of RNA Containing 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐Formyl‐, and 5‐Carboxycytidine
Authors: Michaelides Iacovos N. , Tago Nobuhiro , Viverge Bastien , Carell Thomas
Published: September 2017

5‐Hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐formyl‐, and 5‐carboxy‐2′‐deoxycytidine are new epigenetic bases (hmdC, fdC, cadC) that were recently discovered in the DNA of higher eukaryotes. The same bases (5‐hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐formyl‐, and 5‐carboxycytidine; hmC, fC, and caC) have now also been detected in mammalian RNA with a high abundance in mRNA. While DNA phosphoramidites (PAs) that allow the synthesis of xdC‐containing oligonucleotides for deeper biological studies are available, the corresponding silyl‐protected RNA PAs for fC and caC have not yet been disclosed. Here, we report novel RNA PAs for hmC, fC, and caC that can be used in routine RNA synthesis. The new building blocks are compatible with the canonical PAs and also with themselves, which enables even the synthesis of RNA strands containing all three of these bases. The study will pave the way for detailed physical, biochemical, and biological studies to unravel the function of these non‐canonical modifications in RNA.
High‐Throughput Screening of HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Using UbFluor
Authors: Foote Peter K. , Krist David T. , Statsyuk Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases are responsible for many human disease phenotypes and are promising drug targets; however, screening assays for HECT E3 inhibitors are inherently complex, requiring upstream E1 and E2 enzymes as well as ubiquitin, ATP, and detection reagents. Intermediate ubiquitin thioesters and a complex mixture of polyubiquitin products provide further opportunities for off‐target inhibition and increase the complexity of the assay. UbFluor is a novel ubiquitin thioester that bypasses the E1 and E2 enzymes and undergoes direct transthiolation with HECT E3 ligases. The release of fluorophore upon transthiolation allows fluorescence polarization detection of HECT E3 activity. In the presence of inhibitors, HECT E3 activity is ablated, and thus no reaction and no change in FP are observed. This assay has been adapted for high‐throughput screening of small molecules against HECT E3 ligases, and its utility has been proven in the discovery of HECT E3 ligase inhibitors. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Giant Pressure‐Induced Enhancement of Seebeck Coefficient and Thermoelectric Efficiency in SnTe
Authors: Baker Jason , Kumar Ravhi , Park Changyong , Kenney‐Benson Curtis , Cornelius Andrew , Velisavljevic Nenad
Published: September 2017

The thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline SnTe have been measured up to 4.5 GPa at 330 K. SnTe shows an enormous enhancement in Seebeck coefficient, greater than 200 % after 3 GPa, which correlates to a known pressure‐induced structural phase transition that is observed through simultaneous in situ X‐ray diffraction measurement. Electrical resistance and relative changes to the thermal conductivity were also measured, enabling the determination of relative changes in the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT), which increases dramatically after 3 GPa, reaching 350 % of the lowest pressure ZT value. The results demonstrate a fundamental relationship between structure and thermoelectric behaviours and suggest that pressure is an effective tool to control them.
Application of Methylamine Gas in Fabricating Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Raga Sonia R. , Jiang Yan , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing
Published: September 2017

Since a hybrid perovskite‐based solar cell was reported for the first time, its efficiency and stability were boosted to remarkably high levels. With record efficiencies beyond 22 % and record stability up to 10 000 h under working conditions, perovskite solar cells are a promising candidate for further commercial applications. Among the myriads of fabrication methods to deposit perovskite films, we have chosen a unique technique that only needs methylamine gas (CH3NH2) to convert the inorganic film. In contrast to all other fabrication methods, this is based on room temperature and exposure to an organic gas exposure at ambient pressure, which can be easily employed for large‐area and fast coatings. In this Review, the advantages and characteristics of methylamine gas applications will be discussed. First, we will evaluate the different techniques to convert an inorganic film into a perovskite with an emphasis on the chemical interactions. Then, we will summarize the applications of methylamine gas to “heal” and improve the perovskite films prepared by other methods.
A probabilistic framework for estimating the residual drift of idealized SDOF systems of non‐degrading conventional and damped structures
Authors: Guo Jack Wen Wei , Christopoulos Constantin
Published: September 2017

This paper presents a general framework for predicting the residual drift of idealized SDOF systems that can be used to represent non‐degrading structures, including those with supplemental dampers. The framework first uses post‐peak oscillation analysis to predict the maximum ratio of residual displacement to the peak transient displacement in a random sample. Then, residual displacement ratios obtained from nonlinear time‐history analyses using both farfield and near‐fault‐pulse records were examined to identify trends, which were explained using the oscillation mechanics of SDOF systems. It is shown that large errors can result in existing probability models that do not capture the influence of key parameters on the residual displacement. Building on the observations that were made, a general probability distribution for the ratio of residual displacement to the peak transient displacement that more accurately reflects the physical bounds obtained from post‐peak oscillation analysis is proposed for capturing the probabilistic residual displacement response of these systems. The proposed distribution is shown to be more accurate when compared with previously proposed distributions in the literature due to its explicit account of dynamic and damping properties, which have a significant impact on the residual displacement. This study provides a rational basis for further development of a residual drift prediction tool for the performance‐based design and analysis of more complex multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems.
Fire performance of brominated and halogen‐free flame retardants in glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Suzanne M. , Ramani A. , Ukleja S. , McKee M. , Zhang J. , Delichatsios M.A. , Patel P. , Clarke P. , Cusack P.
Published: September 2017

This paper investigates the effects of brominated and halogen‐free fire retardants on the fire performance of glass‐fiber (GF) reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Brominated polystyrene was used as the brominated fire retardant, whereas aluminum diethylphosphinate with/without nanoclay as halogen‐free fire retardants (HFFRs). Tests were conducted by using thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL94, and the cone calorimeter. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that decomposition of GF plus PBT (PBT + GF) starts earlier in the presence of all fire retardants (FRs). In the cone calorimeter, all FRs reduce significantly the heat release rate (HRR) compared with PBT + GF, with brominated polystyrene achieving lowest HRR primarily because bromine released in the pyrolysis gases inhibits combustion. Brominate polystyrene does not, however, affect the mass loss rate. Aluminum diethylphosphinate alone has significant effects on reduction of both HRR and mass loss rate, which become considerably more when combined with nanoclay. It was also found that the combustion efficiency of the brominated polystyrene compound is much lower than that of HFFRs, indicating that brominated polystyrene has higher gas phase flame retardant efficiency compared with HFFRs because the bromine radicals released during degradation of brominated polystyrene effectively quench the chemical reactions of the pyrolysis gases due to degradation of PBT.
Implementation challenges and outcomes of a randomized controlled pilot study of a group prenatal care model in Malawi and Tanzania
Authors: Patil Crystal L. , Klima Carrie S. , Steffen Alana D. , Leshabari Sebalda C. , Pauls Heather , Norr Kathleen F.
Published: September 2017

Objective

To identify implementation challenges associated with conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of group prenatal care (PNC) and report outcomes of the pilot.

Methods

A multi‐site randomized pilot was conducted in Malawi and Tanzania between July 31, 2014, and June 30, 2015. Women aged at least 16 years with a pregnancy of 20–24 weeks were randomly assigned using sealed envelopes (1:1) to individual or group PNC. Structured interviews were conducted at baseline, in the third trimester and 6–8 weeks after delivery. The primary outcomes were attendance at four PNC visits and attendance at the 6‐week postnatal visit.

Results

The pilot showed that an RCT with individual randomization can be conducted in these two low‐resource settings. Significantly more women in group PNC than in individual PNC completed at least four PNC visits (96/102 [94.1%] vs 53/91 [58.2%]) and attended the postnatal visit (76/102 [74.5%] vs 45/90 [50.0%]; both P<0.001).

Conclusion

Group PNC was feasible and associated with an increase in healthcare utilization and improved outcomes in Malawi and Tanzania. Lessons learned should be considered when designing large RCTs to determine efficacy.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02999334
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of New Spiropyran Quinazolinone Derivatives with Amide, Urea, and Sulfonamide Moieties
Authors: Poojari Subba , G Krishnamurthy , P Parameswar Naik , K.S Jithendra Kumara , N Sunil Kumar , Naik Satish
Published: September 2017

Three new series of quinazolinone derivatives containing amide, urea, and sulfonamide were synthesized through multistep synthesis. The required intermediates 4‐[(4′‐oxo‐2,3,3′,4′,5,6‐hexahydro‐1′H‐spiro[pyran‐4,2′‐quinazolin]‐1′‐yl)methyl]benzoic acid 4 and 1′‐(3‐aminobenzyl)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐1′H‐spiro[pyran‐4,2′‐quinazolin]‐4′(3′H)‐one 8 were prepared by hydrolysis of ester and reduction of nitro intermediates. Three different series of compounds were synthesized from these two scaffolds. The key scaffolds 4 and 8 were successfully converted to target molecules via amides 5a–k, urea 9a–f, and substituted sulfonamides 10a–e. The chemical structures of newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral analysis. The structure of 5d was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography study. These newly synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial studies against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, and Shigella sonnei and for the antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Among all the compounds, 9b–d showed excellent activities against S. typhi. Compound 9a showed moderate activity against all fungi stains, and 5I showed moderate activity against P. mirabilis, while the other derivatives showed fairly good activities.
Simultaneous acquisition sequence for improved hepatic pharmacokinetics quantification accuracy (SAHA) for dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI of liver
Authors: Ning Jia , Sun Yongliang , Xie Sheng , Zhang Bida , Huang Feng , Koken Peter , Smink Jouke , Yuan Chun , Chen Huijun
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To propose a simultaneous acquisition sequence for improved hepatic pharmacokinetics quantification accuracy (SAHA) method for liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI.

Methods

The proposed SAHA simultaneously acquired high temporal‐resolution 2D images for vascular input function extraction using Cartesian sampling and 3D large‐coverage high spatial‐resolution liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced images using golden angle stack‐of‐stars acquisition in an interleaved way. Simulations were conducted to investigate the accuracy of SAHA in pharmacokinetic analysis. A healthy volunteer and three patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma were included in the study to investigate the feasibility of SAHA in vivo.

Results

Simulation studies showed that SAHA can provide closer results to the true values and lower root mean square error of estimated pharmacokinetic parameters in all of the tested scenarios. The in vivo scans of subjects provided fair image quality of both 2D images for arterial input function and portal venous input function and 3D whole liver images. The in vivo fitting results showed that the perfusion parameters of healthy liver were significantly different from those of cirrhotic liver and HCC.

Conclusions

The proposed SAHA can provide improved accuracy in pharmacokinetic modeling and is feasible in human liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI, suggesting that SAHA is a potential tool for liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 79:2629–2641, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Coupled adjoint‐based sensitivities in large‐displacement fluid‐structure interaction using algorithmic differentiation
Authors: Sanchez R. , Albring T. , Palacios R. , Gauger N. R. , Economon T. D. , Alonso J. J.
Published: September 2017

A methodology for the calculation of gradients with respect to design parameters in general fluid‐structure interaction problems is presented. It is based on fixed‐point iterations on the adjoint variables of the coupled system using algorithmic differentiation. This removes the need for the construction of the analytic Jacobian for the coupled physical problem, which is the usual limitation for the computation of adjoints in most realistic applications. The formulation is shown to be amenable to partitioned solution methods for the adjoint equations. It also poses no restrictions to the nonlinear physics in either the fluid or structural field, other than the existence of a converged solution to the primal problem from which to compute the adjoints. We demonstrate the applicability of this procedure and the accuracy of the computed gradients on coupled problems involving viscous flows with geometrical and material nonlinearities in the structural domain.
Spectral binning for energy production calculations and multijunction solar cell design
Authors: Garcia Iván , McMahon William E. , Habte Aron , Geisz John F. , Steiner Myles A. , Sengupta Manajit , Friedman Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

Currently, most solar cells are designed for and evaluated under standard spectra intended to represent typical spectral conditions. However, no single spectrum can capture the spectral variability needed for annual energy production (AEP) calculations, and this shortcoming becomes more significant for series‐connected multijunction cells as the number of junctions increases. For this reason, AEP calculations are often performed on very detailed yearlong sets of data, but these pose 2 inherent challenges: (1) These data sets comprise thousands of data points, which appear as a scattered cloud of data when plotted against typical parameters and are hence cumbersome to classify and compare, and (2) large sets of spectra bring with them a corresponding increase in computation or measurement time. Here, we show how a large spectral set can be reduced to just a few “proxy” spectra, which still retain the spectral variability information needed for AEP design and evaluation. The basic “spectral binning” methods should be extensible to a variety of multijunction device architectures. In this study, as a demonstration, the AEP of a 4‐junction device is computed for both a full set of spectra and a reduced proxy set, and the results show excellent agreement for as few as 3 proxy spectra. This enables much faster (and thereby more detailed) calculations and indoor measurements and provides a manageable way to parameterize a spectral set, essentially creating a “spectral fingerprint,” which should facilitate the understanding and comparison of different sites.
Impact of five‐tiered Gleason grade groups on prognostic prediction in clinical stage T3 prostate cancer undergoing high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy
Authors: Tsumura Hideyasu , Ishiyama Hiromichi , Tabata Ken‐ichi , Katsumata Hiroki , Kobayashi Momoko , Ikeda Masaomi , Kurosaka Shinji , Fujita Tetsuo , Kitano Masashi , Satoh Takefumi , Yanagisawa Nobuyuki , Hayakawa Kazushige , Iwamura Masatsugu
Published: September 2017

Background

We evaluated a five‐tiered Gleason grade groups arising from the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference on prognostic prediction in clinical stage T3a (extracapsular invasion) and T3b (seminal vesicle involvement) prostate cancer undergoing high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (HDR‐BT).

Methods

From November 2003 to December 2012, 283 patients with stage T3 prostate cancer received HDR‐BT and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with long‐term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Of these, 203 (72%) and 80 (28%) patients had stage T3a and T3b disease, respectively. The mean dose to 90% of the planning target volume was 7.5 Gy/fraction of HDR‐BT. After five fractions, EBRT with 10 fractions of 3 Gy was administered. All patients first underwent ≥6 months of neoadjuvant ADT, and adjuvant ADT continued for 36 months. Median follow‐up was 74 months from the start of radiotherapy.

Results

The 10‐year biochemical recurrence (BCR) −free rate for stage T3a and T3b disease was 79% and 64%, respectively (P = 0.0083). The 10‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rate for stage T3a and T3b was 96% and 91%, respectively (P = 0.0305). Although grade groups ≥4 were independent predictors for BCR in cT3a patients (P = 0.0270), they failed to significantly predict prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) among cT3a patients. Among cT3b patients, grade group 5 was a significant predictor of both BCR (P = 0.0017) and PCSM (P = 0.0233). Among stage T3a patients, no significant difference existed in 10‐year CSS between grade groups 5 and 4 (94% vs 97%, P = 0.3960). In contrast, grade group 5 had a significantly worse outcome in 10‐year CSS than grade group 4 among stage T3b patients (74% vs 100%, P = 0.0350).

Conclusions

Stage T3a patients with grade groups 4/5 and stage T3b with grade group 4 had fairly low PCSM risk. Approximately one of four patients among stage T3b patients with grade group 5 showed PCSM after combined HDR‐BT and EBRT with long‐term ADT. Stage T3b patients with grade group 5 may have a greater risk for PCSM.
Bringing cognition into strategic interactions: Strategic mental models and open questions
Authors: Menon Anoop
Published: September 2017

Research Summary

This article explicitly introduces cognitive considerations into the treatment of strategic interactions, using the value‐based framework as an extended example. Through real‐world examples and prior empirical findings, it shows that many of the implicit assumptions of the framework are regularly violated in practice when actors simplify their complex realities into incomplete, inaccurate mental models. These violations lead to outcomes that are often contrary to the predictions of the classical framework. As initial steps toward developing a cognitively grounded theory of strategic interactions, the article characterizes the core components of strategic mental models that might form the foundation of such a theory and then lays out some open questions that this theory would need to address. These questions, when answered, can point to novel cognitive capabilities.

Managerial Summary

This article argues that a realistic analysis of interactions between strategic agents requires us to include the mental models, that is, belief systems, of those agents into the analysis. Real‐world examples and prior empirical findings are used to show that if such mental models are not accounted for, the outcomes predicted by the analysis could be quite different from those obtained in reality. The article identifies a few key aspects of these strategic mental models that deserve attention. It also identifies a few central questions that, when answered, could allow firms to develop novel cognitive capabilities that confer competitive advantage.
Thin Films of Tin Oxide Nanosheets Used as the Electron Transporting Layer for Improved Performance and Ambient Stability of Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Wu Wu‐Qiang , Chen Dehong , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Caruso Rachel A.
Published: September 2017

Inorganic semiconducting metal oxide electron transporting layers (ETLs) with tailored nanostructures have the potential to yield efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with improved stability and reduced hysteresis. Here, a simple and facile hydrothermal protocol is demonstrated for the growth of crystalline SnO2 nanosheet (SNS) thin films with excellent optical and photoelectrical properties. When applied as ETLs, the SNS enhances light harvesting, boosts charge collection, reduces hysteresis and improves the ambient stability. Moreover, optimization of the interfacial properties between the SNS and the perovskite layer by the introduction of a C60 interlayer results in better energy level alignment, decreasing charge recombination and thus prolonging the electron lifetime and improving the open‐circuit voltage (Voc). Therefore, the efficient conventional n‐i‐p PSCs based on C60‐modified SNS ETLs have almost hysteresis‐free behavior, with a champion power conversion efficiency, PCE, of 18.31% and a stabilized PCE over 18.00%. The SNS‐based PSC exhibits respectable ambient stability retaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after being stored in air at room temperature for 500 h without encapsulation. Such robust SNS ETLs pave the way to low‐cost and stable PSCs with high efficiency, less hysteresis, and long‐term stability.
Crystallization Dependent Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells With Different Hole Transporting Layers
Authors: Zhang Cuiling , Li Wenzhe , Liu Chong , Fan Jiandong , Mai Yaohua
Published: September 2017

In this work, the crystallization dependent stability of perovskite solar cells with different hole transporting layers (HTLs), i.e., PEDOT: PSS and Cu:NiOx is studied. The evolution of photovoltaic performance over time is demonstrated to be associated with the variety of crystallized quality and conductivity of as‐prepared films. The potential mechanisms behind the device are also provided in view of the microscopic kinetics of crystallization combined with the varied conductivity of HTLs induced by the ambient atmosphere.
Solid Flow in a Shaft Furnace in Smelting Reduction Process under Circumferential Imbalance Conditions
Authors: Zhou Heng , Wu Shengli , Kou Mingyin , Tang Biao , Cheng Hanchi , Zhang Yunlong , Shen Yansong
Published: September 2017

Smelting reduction process is a promising technology that produces liquid iron with the advantages of a reduction in costs and a reduction in adverse effects on the environment. In this work, a three‐dimensional DEM‐based model is used to investigate solid flow in a shaft furnace under circumferential imbalance conditions. The results confirm that under the abnormal conditions, where several inactive screws are adjacent to each other, the solid flow patterns change significantly. A large stagnant zone forms above the inactive screws, and the stagnant zone volume and interactive force increase with an increasing number of inactive screws. The average descending velocity, stagnant zone volume, and interactive force in separated inactive conditions are lower than that in adjacent inactive conditions when the number of inactive screws is the same. Increasing the rotation speed of active screws that are located near the inactive screws can decrease the stagnant zone volume and particle interactive force in shaft furnace. Therefore, adjusting the screw speed of active screws near inactive screws is an effective method for reducing the imbalance impact. The findings of this work are useful for the control and optimization of the operation of shaft furnace.
Fault location in an unbalanced distribution system using support vector classification and regression analysis
Authors: Gururajapathy Sophi Shilpa , Mokhlis Hazlie , Illias Hazlee Azil Bin , Abu Bakar Ab Halim , Awalin Lilik Jamilatul
Published: September 2017

Support vector machine (SVM) is a novel machine for data analysis and has advantageous characteristic of good generalization. Because of this characteristic, SVM is used in this work for fault classification and diagnosis in distribution systems. This work proposes an effective fault location method using SVM to identify the fault type, faulty section, and fault distance. The classification and regression analysis of the SVM are performed to locate a fault. The proposed method utilizes the voltage sag magnitude and angle measured at the primary substation of a distribution system. First, the fault type is identified using one‐ versus‐one concept of support vector classification. The next step identifies the faulty section by calculating fault resistance, finding possible faulty sections and ranking the possible sections. Finally, the fault distance is identified using support vector regression analysis. The performance of the proposed method is tested using SaskPower distribution system from Canada having 20 line sections. Test cases are carried out under various fault scenarios considering the fault type and fault resistance. The results of fault distance are compared for different kernel functions, and the most accurate kernel is chosen. Test results show that the proposed method obtains reliable fault location. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The study of a wound brushless doubly fed machine based on a rotor with the reluctance effect
Authors: Ren Taian , Kan Chaohao , Wu Hongbin , Huang Changxi
Published: September 2017

The brushless doubly fed machine is a new type of variable‐speed, constant‐frequency AC generator. In this paper, we combine the winding type rotor with a reluctance rotor and propose a new type of magnetoresistive effect of the wound rotor type. First, the three‐dimensional finite element model is established using finite element analysis software, and the structure and principle of the model are introduced; second, based on the principle of sine winding, a new type of winding with a higher fundamental winding coefficient and a lower harmonic content is proposed, and its magnetic motive force is analyzed; third, a related analysis of its performance is conducted using finite element analysis software; fourth, based on the special characteristics of the rotor, the influence of the relative positions of the inner salient pole axis and the winding axis on the performance of the new type of brushless doubly fed motor is investigated; fifth, the ripple torque at different locations is analyzed; and finally, the correctness of the simulation is verified by experiments on a prototype. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High concentration measurements of U and Pu with nondestructive and standardless K‐edge densitometer device
Authors: Esbelin E. , Rivier C. , Duhamel G.
Published: September 2017

In nuclear activities such as reprocessing plants, safeguard laboratories, or research centers, U and Pu are regularly analyzed. Fast and accurate analytical devices are favored such as K‐edge densitometer. This paper presents the results obtained by this device from assay samples with high U and Pu concentrations. Two processing methods without calibration (except energy calibration) are compared and discussed. Despite literature advising against the use of estimated mass attenuation coefficients for near edge energy, this study shows that these values can contribute to very good results for uranium and plutonium concentration estimations, with a bias less than 1%.
Impact of mimicking natural dispersion on breeding success of captive North American Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Gillman Sierra J. , Ziegler‐Meeks Karen , Eager Carol , Tenhundfeld Thomas A. , Shaffstall Wendy , Stearns Mary Jo , Crosier Adrienne E.
Published: September 2017

This paper examines the effects of transfer away from natal facility and littermate presence on cheetah breeding success in the AZA Species Survival Plan (SSP) population. Transfer and breeding history data for captive males and females were gathered from seven and four AZA SSP breeding facilities, respectively, to identify factors influencing breeding success. The results indicate that transfer history (p = 0.032), age at transfer (p = 0.013), and female littermate presence/absence (p = 0.04) was associated with breeding success, with females transferred away from their natal facility before sexual maturity and without littermates present accounting for the highest breeding success. Keeping males at their natal facility and/or removing them from their coalitions did not negatively affect their breeding success. Males appeared to demonstrate the same fecundity regardless of transfer history or coalition status, indicating that dispersal away from natal environment was not as critical for the breeding success of males compared with female cheetahs. These results highlight the significance of moving females away from their natal environment, as would occur in the wild, and separating them from their female littermates for optimization of breeding success in the ex situ population.
Variables affecting the manifestation of and intensity of pacing behavior: A preliminary case study in zoo‐housed polar bears
Authors: Cless Isabelle T. , Lukas Kristen E.
Published: September 2017

High‐speed video analysis was used to quantify two aspects of gait in 10 zoo‐housed polar bears. These two variables were then examined as to how they differed in the conditions of pacing versus locomoting for each bear. Percent difference calculations measured the difference between pacing and locomoting data for each bear. We inferred that the higher the percent difference between pacing and locomoting in a given subject, the more intense the pacing may be. The percent difference values were analyzed alongside caregiver survey data defining the locations, frequency, and anticipatory nature of pacing in each bear, as well as each bear's age and sex, to determine whether any variables were correlated. The frequency and intensity of pacing behavior were not correlated. However, location of pacing was significantly correlated both with the subjects’ age and whether or not the subject was classified as an anticipatory pacer. Bears appeared to select specific spots within their exhibits to pace, and the location therefore seemed tied to underlying motivation for the behavior. Additionally, bears that were classified in the survey as pacing anticipatorily displayed significantly more intense pacing behavior as quantified by gait analysis.
Are food‐deceptive orchid species really functionally specialized for pollinators?
Authors: Fantinato Edy , Del Vecchio Silvia , Baltieri Mattia , Fabris Beatrice , Buffa Gabriella
Published: September 2017

Food‐deceptive orchid species have traditionally been considered pollination specialized to bees or butterflies. However, it is unclear to which concept of specialization this assumption is related; if to that of phenotypic specialization or of functional specialization. The main aim of this work was to verify if pollinators of five widespread food‐deceptive orchid species (Anacamptis morio (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich., Himantoglossum adriaticum H. Baumann, Orchis purpurea Huds. and Orchis simia Lam.) predicted from the phenotypic point of view matched with the observed ones. We addressed the question by defining target orchids phenotypic specialization on the basis of their floral traits, and we compared the expected guilds of pollinators with the observed ones. Target orchid pollinators were collected by conducting a meta‐analysis of the available literature and adding unpublished field observations, carried out in temperate dry grasslands in NE Italy. Pollinator species were subsequently grouped into guilds and differences in the guild spectra among orchid species grouped according to their phenotype were tested. In contradiction to expectations derived from the phenotypic point of view, food‐deceptive orchid species were found to be highly functionally generalized for pollinators, and no differences in the pollinator guild spectra could be revealed among orchid groups. Our results may lead to reconsider food‐deceptive orchid pollination ecology by revaluating the traditional equation orchid‐pollination specialization.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a High School Football Player With Familial Hemiplegic Migraine: A Case Report
Authors: Chand Manisha R. , Kanwar Sumit , Peck Evan
Published: September 2017

Mild traumatic brain injury is a major concern in young athletes, with an estimated 1.6‐3.8 million reported concussions in the United States annually. Familial hemiplegic migraine is a rare autosomal‐dominant condition characterized by sporadic episodes of transient unilateral motor weakness that may begin at any age. We present a case of a 17‐year‐old boy with a history of familial hemiplegic migraine who suffered prolonged symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury during sports participation.

Level of Evidence

V
The Asaba Massacre
Authors: Bird S. Elizabeth , Ottanelli Fraser M.
Published: September 2017

In October 1967, early in the Nigerian Civil War, government troops entered Asaba in pursuit of the retreating Biafran army, slaughtering thousands of civilians and leaving the town in ruins. News of the atrocity was suppressed by the Nigerian government, with the complicity of Britain, and its significance in the subsequent progress of that conflict was misunderstood. Drawing on archival sources on both sides of the Atlantic and interviews with survivors of the killing, pillaging and rape, as well as with high-ranking Nigerian military and political leaders, S. Elizabeth Bird and Fraser M. Ottanelli offer an interdisciplinary reconstruction of the history of the Asaba Massacre, redefining it as a pivotal point in the history of the war. Through this, they also explore the long afterlife of trauma, the reconstruction of memory and how it intersects with justice, and the task of reconciliation in a nation where a legacy of ethnic suspicion continues to reverberate.
SITUATING THE CLAIBORNE SOAPSTONE VESSEL CACHE IN THE HISTORY OF POVERTY POINT
Authors: Sassaman Kenneth E. , Brookes Samuel O.
Published: September 2017

A cache of 12 soapstone vessels from the Claiborne site in Mississippi was recently repatriated to the state after being excavated in 1968 and removed to Ohio. As a locus of Poverty Point affiliation, Claiborne was positioned along a Gulf Coast route for the influx of soapstone into the lower Mississippi valley from quarries in the southern Appalachians, hundreds of kilometers to the east. Although residents of Claiborne were likely to have been active traders during the heyday of Poverty Point exchange, ca. 3600–3400 cal BP, new AMS assays on carbon deposits from seven of the soapstone vessels show that the cache was emplaced ~200 years later, during or shortly before the abandonment of Poverty Point. Reported here are the results of AMS assays, observations on vessel form and function, and preliminary inferences about the significance of the cache in the context of environmental and cultural change after 3200 cal BP.
A quantitative assessment of viscous asymmetric vortex pair interactions
Authors: Folz Patrick J. R. , Nomura Keiko K.
Published: September 2017

The interactions of two like-signed vortices in viscous fluid are investigated using two-dimensional numerical simulations performed across a range of vortex strength ratios, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{1}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{2}\leqslant 1$, corresponding to vortices of circulation, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{i}$, with differing initial size and/or peak vorticity. In all cases, the vortices evolve by viscous diffusion before undergoing a primary convective interaction, which ultimately results in a single vortex. The post-interaction vortex is quantitatively evaluated in terms of an enhancement factor, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{end}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{2,start}$, which compares its circulation, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{end}$, to that of the stronger starting vortex, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{2,start}$. Results are effectively characterized by a mutuality parameter, $MP\equiv (S/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})_{1}/(S/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})_{2}$, where the ratio of induced strain rate, $S$, to peak vorticity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$, for each vortex, $(S/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})_{i}$, is found to have a critical value, $(S/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})_{cr}\approx 0.135$, above which core detrainment occurs. If $MP$ is sufficiently close to unity, both vortices detrain and a two-way mutual entrainment process leads to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}>1$, i.e. merger. In asymmetric interactions and mergers, generally one vortex dominates; the weak/no/strong vortex winner regimes correspond to $MP<,=,>1$, respectively. As $MP$ deviates from unity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$ decreases until a critical value, $MP_{cr}$ is reached, beyond which there is only a one-way interaction; one vortex detrains and is destroyed by the other, which dominates and survives. There is no entrainment and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\sim 1$, i.e. only a straining out occurs. Although $(S/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})_{cr}$ appears to be independent of Reynolds number, $MP_{cr}$ shows a dependence. Comparisons are made with available experimental data from Meunier (2001, PhD thesis, Université de Provence-Aix-Marseille I).
The scaling of straining motions in homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Elsinga G. E. , Ishihara T. , Goudar M. V. , da Silva C. B. , Hunt J. C. R.
Published: September 2017

The scaling of turbulent motions is investigated by considering the flow in the eigenframe of the local strain-rate tensor. The flow patterns in this frame of reference are evaluated using existing direct numerical simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence over a Reynolds number range from $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=34.6$ up to 1131, and also with reference to data for inhomogeneous, anisotropic wall turbulence. The average flow in the eigenframe reveals a shear layer structure containing tube-like vortices and a dissipation sheet, whose dimensions scale with the Kolmogorov length scale, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. The vorticity stretching motions scale with the Taylor length scale, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$, while the flow outside the shear layer scales with the integral length scale, $L$. Furthermore, the spatial organization of the vortices and the dissipation sheet defines a characteristic small-scale structure. The overall size of this characteristic small-scale structure is $120\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ in all directions based on the coherence length of the vorticity. This is considerably larger than the typical size of individual vortices, and reflects the importance of spatial organization at the small scales. Comparing the overall size of the characteristic small-scale structure with the largest flow scales and the vorticity stretching motions on the scale of $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$ shows that transitions in flow structure occur where $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\approx 45$ and 250. Below these respective transitional Reynolds numbers, the small-scale motions and the vorticity stretching motions are progressively less well developed. Scale interactions are examined by decomposing the average shear layer into a local flow, which is induced by the shear layer vorticity, and a non-local flow, which represents the environment of the characteristic small-scale structure. The non-local strain is $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$ in width and height, which is consistent with observations in high Reynolds number flow of a $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$ wide instantaneous shear layer with many $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$-scale vortical structures inside (Ishihara et al., Flow Turbul. Combust., vol. 91, 2013, pp. 895–929). In the average shear layer, vorticity aligns with the intermediate principal strain at small scales, while it aligns with the most stretching principal strain at larger scales, consistent with instantaneous turbulence. The length scale at which the alignment changes depends on the Reynolds number. When conditioning the flow in the eigenframe on extreme dissipation, the velocity is strongly affected over large distances. Moreover, the associated peak velocity remains Reynolds number dependent when normalized by the Kolmogorov velocity scale. It signifies that extreme dissipation is not simply a small-scale property, but is associated with large scales at the same time.