bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection
Authors: Pojezdal Ľubomír , Adamek Mikolaj , Syrová Eva , Steinhagen Dieter , Minářová Hana , Papežíková Ivana , Seidlová Veronika , Reschová Stanislava , Palíková Miroslava
Published: July 2020

The population of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens. Salmonid alphavirus-2, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, piscine novirhabdovirus (VHSV) and salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) were not detected using PCR. Cell culturing showed no viruses as well, and serological analysis of 110 sera did not detect any specific antibodies against VHSV or IHNV. Fish from two rivers were positive for the presence of piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3), subtype PRV-3b. However, none of the PRV-3-positive fish showed gross pathologies typically associated with PRV infections. By far the most widespread pathogen was Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae which was confirmed in each of the examined locations, with a prevalence of up to 65% and 100%, as established by immunohistochemistry and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, up to 43.8% of fish showed signs of proliferative kidney disease caused by T. bryosalmonae, suggesting that this parasite is a main health challenge for brown trout in the Czech Republic.
A New Species of Mimosa L. ser. Bipinnatae DC. (Leguminosae) from the Cerrado: Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Insights
Authors: Morales Matías , Fortunato Renée , Simon Marcelo
Published: July 2020

Mimosa carolina (Leguminosae), a new species from the Parque Nacional Chapada das Mesas, located in the northern limit of the Brazilian Cerrado, is described and illustrated. In addition, a phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to recover the position of this species in relation to the main clades of the genus Mimosa. This new species is assigned to sect. Habbasia ser. Bipinnatae and exhibits relevant morphological differences with all described species of this series, most notably the prostate habit, glabrous stems, and absence of internal spicules. Our results indicate that this new entity is clearly nested in a strongly supported clade with other striated-corolla species of ser. Bipinnatae. Therefore, ser. Bipinnatae appears to be monophyletic, and a morphologically and ecologically cohesive group within Mimosa. An updated identification key for this series is provided.
Diversity of Secondary Metabolites in Roots from Conium maculatum L.
Authors: Chizzola Remigius , Lohwasser Ulrike
Published: July 2020

Background: Conium maculatum is known as highly toxic plant, due to piperidine alkaloids present in the aerial parts. In a first attempt, in various tap root samples, however, alkaloids could not be detected. The present study describes active compounds in the tap roots from 16 populations harvested at maturity. The compounds were extracted with dichloromethane from root pieces of single plants and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Ten bioactive compounds were evaluated: five furocoumarins, two prenylated coumarins, two aliphatic C17-polyacetylenes and the phenylpropanoid elemicin. A high variability could be observed, the highest concentrations were measured for falcarindiol, xanthotoxin and isopimpinellin, the lowest for elemicin. In sum C. maculatum roots contained comparable amounts of compounds that are characteristic for Apiaceae, and also occur in vegetables as carrots, parsnip, parsley or celeriac.
Diversity of Nematode Microbial Antagonists from Algeria Shows Occurrence of Nematotoxic Trichoderma spp.
Authors: Benttoumi Nawal , Colagiero Mariantonietta , Sellami Samira , Boureghda Houda , Keddad Abdelaziz , Ciancio Aurelio
Published: July 2020

Fungi and bacteria associated to phytoparasitic nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne spp. in Algeria were identified and characterized. Trichoderma spp. showed the highest prevalence in the cysts of G. rostochiensis. A number of isolates were identified through PCR amplification and the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-2 and Rpb2 gene regions. The most represented species were T. harzianum and T. afroharzianum. The latter and T. hirsutum were reported for the first time in Algeria. Fusarium spp., including F. oxysporum and F. solani, comprised a second group of fungi found in cysts. Taxa associated to females of Meloidogyne spp. included T. harzianum, Fusarium spp. and other hyphomycetes. To assess the efficacy of Trichoderma spp., two assays were carried out in vitro with the culture filtrates of two T. afroharzianum and T. harzianum isolates, to check their toxicity versus the second stage juveniles of M. incognita. After 24–48 h exposure, a mortality significantly higher than the control was observed for both filtrates at 1% dilutions. The TRI genes involved in the production of trichothecenes were also amplified with the PCR from some Trichoderma spp. isolates and sequenced, supporting a putative role in nematode toxicity. Bacteria isolated from the cysts of G. rostochiensis included Brucella, Rhizobium, Stenotrophomonas and Bacillus spp., identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The potential of the microbial isolates identified and their mechanisms of action are discussed, as part of a sustainable nematode management strategy.
Encapsulation of Active Ingredients in Food Industry by Spray-Drying and Nano Spray-Drying Technologies
Authors: Piñón-Balderrama Claudia I. , Leyva-Porras César , Terán-Figueroa Yolanda , Espinosa-Solís Vicente , Álvarez-Salas Claudia , Saavedra-Leos María Z.
Published: July 2020

Since its invention in 1872 by Samuel Percy, the spray drying of food products has been widely used, whether in products consumed by babies in milk formulations, powdered sweets and cocoa soluble in milk for children, or food supplements rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals for adults. All of these products were first formulated in solution and then converted into powders to facilitate the transport and preservation of the properties during storage. In recent years, novel technologies such as nano spray drying have emerged for the development of food formulations with high-cost active ingredients. The aim of the present work is to present a review of the literature reported in the last 10 years related to these technologies. The basis of the spray-drying technologies i.e., conventional and nano, are described and compared, emphasizing the instrumental processing conditions for achieving a desired product. Examples of some unwanted reactions presented during the encapsulation of active ingredients are provided.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Northern Limit of Winter Wheat in China Using MODIS Time Series Images
Authors: Chen Shi , Fan Lingling , Liang Shefang , Chen Hao , Sun Xiao , Hu Yanan , Liu Zhenhuan , Sun Jing , Yang Peng
Published: July 2020

Studying the spatiotemporal changes of the northern limit of winter wheat (NLWW) in China is important to ensure regional food security and deal with the effects of climate change. Previous studies mainly used climate indicators to analyze the variation of the potential NLWW in different historical periods, while little attention has been paid to the actual migrations and changes of the NLWW. The objectives of the present study were three-fold: (i) to map the spatial distribution of winter wheat in northern China in 2001, 2007, 2014 and 2019; (ii) to extract the actual NLWW; and (iii) to quantitatively explore the dynamics of the NLWW. First, we adopted the “combining variations before and after estimated heading dates” method to map the winter wheat in northern China based on time series MODIS EVI2 data. Second, we used the kernel density estimation algorithm to extract the actual NLWW in four historical periods. Finally, the fishnet method was utilized to quantitatively analyze the direction and distance of the spatiotemporal changes of the NLWW. The results demonstrated that the NLWW has exhibited a marked fluctuating trend of migration southward, with a 37-km shift in latitude over the past 20 years. The elevation limit of winter wheat planting was around 1600 m; however, the centroid of winter wheat planting has shifted slowly to lower elevations. There was a gap between the actual NLWW and the potential NLWW. The reason for this gap was that the actual NLWW moved southward under the interacting effects of human activities and climate change, while the potential NLWW moved northward due to climate change. The results of this study are of great scientific value in the formulation of winter wheat planting strategies in climate-sensitive areas to respond to climate change and ensure food security.
Traditional Medicine Analysis and Sustainable Use of Korean Pond Wetland Plants in the Agricultural Landscape
Authors: Son Jinkwan , Kim Changhyun , Park Minjung , Choi Dukkyu , Yun Sung-Wook
Published: July 2020

This study surveyed the most commonly observed plants at 40 pond wetlands in rural villages in Korea and assessed their use patterns in traditional medicine (TM) with reference to the contents of the Korea Traditional Knowledge Portal (KTKP). In this survey, 457 taxa in 108 families were identified. For these, there are use patterns in TM for 314 taxa; overall, 68.8% of the surveyed plants have uses in TM. The 314 taxa that have applications in TM involve 596 types of disease treatment and 771 types of efficacy. On average, for each taxon, there are 4.0 types of efficacy and 6.6 types of disease treatment. TM from 210 taxa have been described as applied to organs in 10 regions of the body: liver 123, lung 82, spleen 57, stomach 57, heart 45, large intestine 43, kidney 40, bladder 23, small intestine 16, and gall bladder 8. The results of this study will help support the conservation of pond wetlands that provide national biodiversity and various ecosystem services, by increasing the recognized value of pond wetlands even when they are no longer used in farming. Thus, this study can support educational materials for eco-experience and can be applied in the conservation of Korean pond wetlands.
Too Costly to Disregard: The Cost Competitiveness of Environmental Operating Practices
Authors: Yoo Soyoung , Eom Jiyong , Han Ingoo
Published: July 2020

Achieving the dual goal of improved environmental and financial performance has become a universal business concern. Our study distinguishes between firms’ environmental behaviors and their environmental performance, a distinction that has been largely disregarded in previous empirical studies that analyze the association between environmental performance and financial performance. As an improvement in environmental performance itself does not necessarily guarantee positive financial returns, our study pays particular attention to the value-added nature of preemptive environmental activities, investigating the effects of plant-level pollution prevention activities (PPAs) on environmental performance and financial performance in terms of cost competitiveness and market valuation. Drawing on detailed environmental information about 18,743 chemical plants in the U.S. and analyzing a multi-level panel dataset constructed bottom-up from plant-level data to their parent firms’ performance data, we find that more intensive PPAs are associated with both superior environmental performance and improved cost competitiveness but do not necessarily lead to higher market valuation. Our study illuminates the specific environmental activities and conditions linked to environmental and financial performance, thereby offering managers practical guidance in pursuing both sustainable and profitable businesses under increasingly stringent environmental standards.
Governance, Community Resilience, and Indigenous Tourism in Nahá, Mexico
Authors: Espeso-Molinero Pilar , Pastor-Alfonso María José
Published: July 2020

Employing resilience as the theoretical and methodological framework and focusing on governance, this long-term anthropological study analyzes the socio-ecological system of a small indigenous community, with community-based tourism development. After 10 years of ethnographic and participatory work with the Lacandon Maya of Nahá, Mexico, our anthropological research explores the complexities of community governance and its role in protecting the socio-ecological system. The processes of land restitution initiated by the Mexican government and the arrival of migrants from different ethnic groups in the surrounding areas have resulted in significant socio-ecological adjustments being made at the community level. A self-regulated governance system is evaluated to understand the drivers and variables that generated vulnerabilities in the system, as well as the factors that fostered resilience in the establishment of the Nahá’s Natural Protected Area of Flora and Fauna. Our results show that although the current Lacandon political organization is fairly recent, pressures from neighboring communities have fostered resilience responses. To protect their space from such pressures, the Lacandon, convinced of their ethnic legitimacy as guardians of the Lacandon Jungle, have internalized the official political-environmentalist discourse. This role has had critical implications for the birth and development of the Indigenous tourism system.
Binary Context-Free Grammars
Authors: Turaev Sherzod , Abdulghafor Rawad , Amer Alwan Ali , Abd Almisreb Ali , Gulzar Yonis
Published: July 2020

A binary grammar is a relational grammar with two nonterminal alphabets, two terminal alphabets, a set of pairs of productions and the pair of the initial nonterminals that generates the binary relation, i.e., the set of pairs of strings over the terminal alphabets. This paper investigates the binary context-free grammars as mutually controlled grammars: two context-free grammars generate strings imposing restrictions on selecting production rules to be applied in derivations. The paper shows that binary context-free grammars can generate matrix languages whereas binary regular and linear grammars have the same power as Chomskyan regular and linear grammars.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Control: An Overview
Authors: Alene Kefyalew Addis , Wangdi Kinley , Clements Archie C A
Published: July 2020

Throughout history, pandemics of viral infections such as HIV, Ebola and Influenza have disrupted health care systems, including the prevention and control of endemic diseases. Such disruption has resulted in an increased burden of endemic diseases in post-pandemic periods. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could cause severe dysfunction in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the infectious disease that causes more deaths than any other, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of TB is high. The economic and health crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the public health measures currently taken to stop the spread of the virus may have an impact on household TB transmission, treatment and diagnostic services, and TB prevention and control programs. Here, we provide an overview of the potential impact of COVID-19 on TB programs and disease burden, as well as possible strategies that could help to mitigate the impact.
Differential Viral-Host Immune Interactions Associated with Oseltamivir-Resistant H275Y and Wild-Type H1N1 A(pdm09) Influenza Virus Pathogenicity
Authors: Vidaña Beatriz , Martínez-Orellana Pamela , Martorell Jaime , Baratelli Massimiliano , Martínez Jorge , Migura-Garcia Lourdes , Córdoba Lorena , Pérez Mónica , Casas Inmaculada , Pozo Francisco , Fraile Lorenzo , Majó Natàlia , Montoya María
Published: July 2020

Oseltamivir is a common therapy against influenza A virus (IAV) infections. The acquisition of oseltamivir resistance (OR) mutations, such as H275Y, hampers viral fitness. However, OR H1N1 viruses have demonstrated the ability to spread throughout different populations. The objective of this work was to compare the fitness of two strains of OR (R6 and R7) containing the H275Y mutation, and a wild-type (F) pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (pdm09) virus both in vitro and in vivo in mice and to select one OR strain for a comparison with F in ferrets. R6 showed faster replication and pathogenicity than R7 in vitro and in mice. Subsequently, R6 was selected for the fitness comparison with the F strain in ferrets. Ferrets infected with the F virus showed more severe clinical signs, histopathological lung lesions, and viral quantification when compared to OR R6-infected animals. More importantly, differential viral kinetics correlated with differential pro-inflammatory host immune responses in the lungs of infected ferrets, where OR-infected animals developed a protective higher expression of type I IFN and Retinoid acid Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) genes early after infection, resulting in the development of milder disease. These results suggest the presence of early specific viral-host immune interactions relevant in the development of influenza-associated lung pathology.
Transcriptomic and Metabolic Responses to a Live-Attenuated Francisella tularensis Vaccine
Authors: Goll Johannes B. , Li Shuzhao , Edwards James L. , Bosinger Steven E. , Jensen Travis L. , Wang Yating , Hooper William F. , Gelber Casey E. , Sanders Katherine L. , Anderson Evan J. , Rouphael Nadine , Natrajan Muktha S. , Johnson Robert A. , Sanz Patrick , Hoft Daniel , Mulligan Mark J.
Published: July 2020

The immune response to live-attenuated Francisella tularensis vaccine and its host evasion mechanisms are incompletely understood. Using RNA-Seq and LC–MS on samples collected pre-vaccination and at days 1, 2, 7, and 14 post-vaccination, we identified differentially expressed genes in PBMCs, metabolites in serum, enriched pathways, and metabolites that correlated with T cell and B cell responses, or gene expression modules. While an early activation of interferon α/β signaling was observed, several innate immune signaling pathways including TLR, TNF, NF-κB, and NOD-like receptor signaling and key inflammatory cytokines such as Il-1α, Il-1β, and TNF typically activated following infection were suppressed. The NF-κB pathway was the most impacted and the likely route of attack. Plasma cells, immunoglobulin, and B cell signatures were evident by day 7. MHC I antigen presentation was more actively up-regulated first followed by MHC II which coincided with the emergence of humoral immune signatures. Metabolomics analysis showed that glycolysis and TCA cycle-related metabolites were perturbed including a decline in pyruvate. Correlation networks that provide hypotheses on the interplay between changes in innate immune, T cell, and B cell gene expression signatures and metabolites are provided. Results demonstrate the utility of transcriptomics and metabolomics for better understanding molecular mechanisms of vaccine response and potential host–pathogen interactions.
An Unbiased Immunization Strategy Results in the Identification of Enolase as a Potential Marker for Nanobody-Based Detection of Trypanosoma evansi
Authors: Li Zeng , Pinto Torres Joar Esteban , Goossens Julie , Vertommen Didier , Caljon Guy , Sterckx Yann G.-J. , Magez Stefan
Published: July 2020

Trypanosoma evansi is a widely spread parasite that causes the debilitating disease “surra” in several types of ungulates. This severely challenges livestock rearing and heavily weighs on the socio-economic development in the affected areas, which include countries on five continents. Active case finding requires a sensitive and specific diagnostic test. In this paper, we describe the application of an unbiased immunization strategy to identify potential biomarkers for Nanobody (Nb)-based detection of T. evansi infections. Alpaca immunization with soluble lysates from different T. evansi strains followed by panning against T. evansi secretome resulted in the selection of a single Nb (Nb11). By combining Nb11-mediated immuno-capturing with mass spectrometry, the T. evansi target antigen was identified as the glycolytic enzyme enolase. Four additional anti-enolase binders were subsequently generated by immunizing another alpaca with the recombinant target enzyme. Together with Nb11, these binders were evaluated for their potential use in a heterologous sandwich detection format. Three Nb pairs were identified as candidates for the further development of an antigen-based assay for Nb-mediated diagnosis of T. evansi infection.
Achieving High Thermoelectric Performance in Rare-Earth Element-Free CaMg
2
Bi
2
with High Carrier Mobility and Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Guo Muchun , Guo Fengkai , Zhu Jianbo , Yin Li , Zhang Qian , Cai Wei , Sui Jiehe
Published: July 2020

CaMg
2
Bi
2
-based compounds, a kind of the representative compounds of Zintl phases, have uniquely inherent layered structure and hence are considered to be potential thermoelectric materials. Generally, alloying is a traditional and effective way to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity through the mass and strain field fluctuation between host and guest atoms. The cation sites have very few contributions to the band structure around the fermi level; thus, cation substitution may have negligible influence on the electric transport properties. What is more, widespread application of thermoelectric materials not only desires high

Z
T

value but also calls for low-cost and environmentally benign constituent elements. Here, Ba substitution on cation site achieves a sharp reduction in lattice thermal conductivity through enhanced point defects scattering without the obvious sacrifice of high carrier mobility, and thus improves thermoelectric properties. Then, by combining further enhanced phonon scattering caused by isoelectronic substitution of Zn on the Mg site, an extraordinarily low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.51 W m
-1
 K
-1
at 873 K is achieved in (Ca
0.75
Ba
0.25
)
0.995
Na
0.005
Mg
1.95
Zn
0.05
Bi
1.98
alloy, approaching the amorphous limit. Such maintenance of high mobility and realization of ultralow lattice thermal conductivity synergistically result in broadly improvement of the quality factor
β
. Finally, a maximum

Z
T

of 1.25 at 873 K and the corresponding

Z
T

a
v
e

up to 0.85 from 300 K to 873 K have been obtained for the same composition, meanwhile possessing temperature independent compatibility factor. To our knowledge, the current

Z
T

a
v
e

exceeds all the reported values in AMg
2
Bi
2
-based compounds so far. Furthermore, the low-cost and environment-friendly characteristic plus excellent thermoelectric performance also make the present Zintl phase CaMg
2
Bi
2
more competitive in practical application.
JEJARING KEBIJAKAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM ECOVILLAGE DI DESA MEKARMUKTI, KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT
Authors: Gartika Dewi , Diana Muthya
Published: July 2020

Pengendalian dan pengawasan kualitas lingkungan hidup tidak dapat dilakukan hanya oleh pemerintah. Keterlibatan berbagai pihak sangat diharapkan. Program ecovillage bertujuan untuk mewujudkan kampung/desa/kelurahan berbudaya lingkungan secara partisipatif dan mandiri, dengan harapan berdampak pada perbaikan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan kualitas Daerah Aliran Sungai. Hasil pemantauan di awal penelitian, ditemukan adanya masyarakat yang tidak turut aktif. Hal ini tidak sejalan dengan tujuan dan sasaran program serta dapat mengancam keberlanjutan program. Penelitian jejaring kebijakan dalam pelaksanaan Program Ecovillage di Desa Mekarmukti Kecamatan Cihampelas Kabupaten Bandung Barat menjadi penting untuk menganalisis jejaring yang dibentuk dan bagaimana capaian kinerjanya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Tahun 2019. Metode penelitian adalahÂ  desktiptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan metode snowball dengan keyperson adalah Kepala Desa Mekarmukti. Instrument yang digunakan untuk pengambilan data yaitu wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi dan studi pustaka. Pembahasan hasil penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktor yang terlibat hanya terdiri dari 3 (tiga) unsur yaitu BPLHD Provinsi Jawa Barat, Pemerintah Desa Mekarmukti dan para Kader Ecovillage. Dalam implementasinya menghadapi kendala : tidak adanya komitmen Kepala Desa, keterbatasan anggaran dan belum optimalnya keterlibatan para stakelhoder. Peneliti menyarankan agar para Kader Ecovillage mengoptimalkan keterlibatan media, lembaga riset/perguruan tinggi dan kelompok masyarakat lainnya dalam Program Ecovillage di desanya.
KARAKTERISASI FAKTOR PENENTU KEBERLANJUTAN PENGEMBANGAN AYAM KUB DI KABUPATEN GARUT
Authors: Prawiranegara Darojat , Mulijanti Siti Lia
Published: July 2020

Inventory of factors determining the continuation of keeping KUB chickens by poor villager households, disseminated under #Bekerja program in 4 sub districts of Garut regency, was carried out through a survey study in September to November 2018. The data sampling was conducted purposely, consisting of representatives of various sources related to the development of keeping the KUB chickens gathered in FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The data consisted of primary data and secondary data. The data were analysed descriptively and by using multiple regression which was performed using SPSS 16. The results showed that internal factors consisted of quality of direct management by poor villager households, the existence of suppliers, market intermediaries, consumers and competitors. Whilst the external factors were the guidance of government services officers, the product selling price and the distance of location of the market. Furthermore the results showed that the motivation of RTM, supplier of business inputs, marketing intermediaries, consumer desires, officer guidance, selling prices, business location and quality of KUB chickens significantly influence the development of KUB chickens. Whilst competitor and promotion did not significantly influence the development of keeping KUB chickens.
Assessment of awareness and attitude of EMS personnel concerning pre-hospital stroke care based on American Stroke Association Guideline
Authors: Asadi Payman , Monsef Kasmaei Vahid , Zia Ziabari Seyyed Mahdi , Bakian Shiva , Noyani Amir
Published: July 2020

Objective: Emergency medical services (EMS) is a critical component of health care system and the forefront of stroke care. The prominent role of EMS in stroke care is timely and accurate diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke and transfer of the patients to stroke centers. The present study aimed to assess the "awareness" and "attitude" of EMS personnel concerning prehospital stroke care based on American Stroke Association (ASA) guideline in Rasht town. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The participants, consisted of all EMS personnel (n=115) in Rasht town in 2012, entered the study based on census method. Awareness and attitude of EMS personnel toward prehospital stroke care were assessed using a questionnaire based on ASA guideline. The questionnaire had two sections. The first part contained demographic data and the second part had multiple choice items (Likert-type scale response anchors) to assess awareness and attitude of the personnel. The questionnaires were filled out by the personnel. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 20. P value less than 5% was considered significant. Results: Ninety people participated in this study. The average of age and working experience of participants were 36.84 ± 8.02 and 11.36 ± 5.71, respectively. Most of the participants had bachelor degree (n=33, 36.7%) and majored in medical emergency (n=43, 47.8%). Most of them were contract employees (47.8%). Mean scores of awareness and attitude of the personnel were 26.68 (the total number of score = 51) and 32.56 (the total number of score = 80), respectively. Conclusion: Findings revealed poor awareness and attitude of EMS personnel toward prehospital stroke care based on ASA guideline in Rasht Town. We recommended retraining courses to promote awareness of EMS personnel.
Case report of a piece of dishwashing steel wool in a child’s pharynx
Authors: Abbaslou Parvin , Ahmadipour Maryam
Published: July 2020

Objective: Foreign body swallowing is a common pediatric problem. A foreign body in the pharynx is a medical emergency that requires urgent intervention. Evaluation and treatment of pharyngeal foreign bodies is much more difficult in children than in adults and sometimes requires hospitalization and removal of the foreign bodies under general anesthesia due to children’s lack of cooperation. Fish and chicken bones are the most common swallowed foreign bodies, but an interesting case of a piece of dishwashing steel wool stuck in a child’s pharynx is reported in this article. Case Presentation: A 10-year old boy was presented with a history of dysphagia from five weeks ago. Oral examination did not reveal anything significant. In lateral neck radiographs of the patient, a metal wire was observed in the hypopharyngeal region opposite the 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. Endoscopic attempts to remove the foreign body were not successful. Therefore, the foreign body was removed from the patient’s pharynx in the operating room under general anesthesia. No complications were observed. Conclusion: Despite the prevalence of swallowing foreign bodies in children, ingestion of a piece of dishwashing steel wool not diagnosed for three weeks was considered interesting to report. Pharyngeal foreign bodies are medical emergencies; therefore, it is particularly important to suspect the presence of a foreign body and perform diagnostic procedures.
Pediatric upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children: etiology and treatment approaches
Authors: Polat Esra , Bayrak Nevzat Aykut , Kutluk Günsel , Civan Hasret Ayyıldız
Published: July 2020

Objective: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is one of the most important and serious cause of emergency admission in childhood. The aim of the study was to evaluate the etiological factors and the treatment approaches in patients with UGB. Methods: In this retrospective study, children with UGB admitted to emergency clinics of Istanbul Health Sciences University Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital and Diyarbakir Children’s Hospital were evaluated between January 2014 and August 2017. Results: Of the 198 children, 14.6% had non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) history, and 12.6% had chronic liver disease. We detected esophagitis, esophagus varices and peptic ulcer with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic evaluation (47%, 11.1%, 18.1%, respectively). Helicobacter pylori was found in 61.6% of patients. Endoscopic therapeutic procedures (band ligation therapy, sclerotherapy, and adrenaline injection) were appied in 11.1% of patients. Eighty-four (42.4%) patients were hospitalized, and erythrocyte transfusion (ET) was ordered in 29 (14.6%) patients. Conclusion: Approximately in 20% of the pediatric patients, the source of gastrointestinal bleeding is the upper gastrointestinal system. The cause of UGB varies with age. Appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are very important for management and to reduce mortality.
Investigating the relationship between how a chief complaint is expressed and the patient workflow
Authors: Ahmadi Sajjad , Pouresmaeil Niloufar , Najjarian Farima , Shams Vahdati Samad , Rahimpour Asenjan Maryam , Morteza Bagi Hamid Reza
Published: July 2020

Objective: Emergency departments and hospital emergency departments are important due to their critical role in providing urgent medical care to patients in dire need of medical interventions. Checking bottlenecks in new conditions and planning to reduce bed occupancy and hospitalization is needed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the patient’s chief complaint and their departure to the emergency room. Methods: From non-traumatic patients referred to the emergency department of Imam Reza Hospital during 2018, about 57000 patients were selected and enrolled in the study. Then, age, sex, initial diagnosis, time of the final decision, and time of departure from the emergency department as well as hospitalization ward were included in the checklist. Patients whose documentation was incomplete were excluded. Data were entered into SPSS software version 15.0 and descriptive statistics (normal distribution, average of time, minimum time and maximum time, confidence interval, mode, and median, etc) were used for descriptive analysis and linear regression was used to analyze the correlation among findings. Results: There was a significant relationship between chief complaint and the length of stay in the emergency department (P = 0.046) and patients with dyspnea due to heart disease, bloody vomit, bloody stool, constipation, jaundice, anemia, decreased level of consciousness, diabetes, complications of diabetes, shortness of breath and kidney injury stayed longer in the emergency room compared to other complaints. Conclusion: The patient’s manner of expressing and chief complaint has an impact on the length of time they wait to leave the emergency room. Also, most patients with problems related to internal medicine have the longest time in the emergency room; in particular gastrointestinal patients have the longest stay in the emergency room.
The importance of victim’s clothes in gunshot wounds
Authors: Najari Fares , Jafari Hadi , Alimohammadi Ali Mohammad , Najari Dorsa
Published: July 2020

Objective: Determination of victim’s clothes in gunshot wounds is important due to the necessity of immediate workup in the emergency room as well as the legal aspects of cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of victim’s clothes in gunshot wounds referred to autopsy hall of legal medicine bureau of Tehran, Iran from 2014 to 2017. Methods: In this analytical comparative study, 202 consecutive cadavers of gunshot victims, referred to Tehran Legal Medical Hall from 2014 to 2017, were enrolled and the effect of shotgun and gunshot wound were determined and compared. Data were collected using a researchermade questionnaire. The significance level of the tests was considered as P<0.05. Spearman correlation coefficient and chi-square tests were used accordingly. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results: In this study, all women were killed by gunshot. Also, all of the 26 people who were killed by shotgun were men. The mean of age only in males was 39-48 years for shotgun, and 29-38 years in both genders for gunshot. Evaluation of their clothes in the emergency room and autopsy hall was helpful in 70% of cases in order to determine shot distance and type of gun (P=0.0001). Conversely, we did not observe a significant difference between sex (P=0.082) and the pattern of death (P=0.211). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it seems that some characteristics of victim’s clothes may be useful to differentiate shotgun and gunshot.
Trauma in pregnant women: an experience from a level 1 trauma center
Authors: Gillani Mishal , Saqib Sabah Uddin , Martins Russell Seth , Zafar Hasnain
Published: July 2020

Objective: Trauma is the significant non-obstetrical cause of maternal mortality in women aged 35 years or younger. It is expected to complicate around 1 in 12 pregnancies and accounts for 46% of such deaths. In this study, we present our experience of trauma during pregnancy at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Methods: A standardized form was used to extract data from online records for all pregnant women who presented with traumatic injuries to the Aga Khan University Hospital from 2014 to 2019. Analysis was performed using SPSS v. 21. Chi-squared tests were performed for comparison of categorical data. Results: A total of 48 pregnant females with a mean age of 28.80 ± 6.50 years were included in this study. Road traffic accidents (RTA) accounted for the commonest cause of injury in the first (66.7%) and second (65%) trimesters. However, fall (45.5%) followed by RTA (27.3%) was the most frequent mechanism of injury during the third trimester. Gunshot injuries were seen in 4 patients only. Overall, fetal ultrasound was the most commonly performed imaging (87.5%) followed by limb X-ray and focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) ultrasound. Out of total, 52.1% of the patients were surgically managed. Fetal demise in utero and spontaneous abortion was reported in 2 patients only. Conclusion: Road traffic accidents and falls comprise a significant burden of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. In terms of prevention, several policies and interventions at the government level need to be introduced in order to reduce the incidence of traumatic events.
Severe hemoglobinuria due to Hemiscorpius enischnochela (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae) envenomation from South of Iran
Authors: Shahi Mehran , Moosavy Seyed Hamid , Sanaei-Zadeh Hossein
Published: July 2020

Objective: Scorpion stings are common in tropical regions of Iran. Hemiscorpius enischnochela are distributed in southern part of Iran. The venom of this scorpion causes severe hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and occasionally death. Case Presentation: This report describes the clinical manifestations of envenomation by H. enischnochela in a 3-year-old boy from Ruydar city in south of Iran. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to the painless stings of yellow scorpions and more studies are needed to set out a protocol for the management of these cases in areas with this envenomation to be a common one
RESTORATION OF THE PHYTO-DIVERSITY OF BETULA PENDULA FORMATION ON SOD-FOREST GLEY-ELUVIAL SANDY POST-PYROGENIC SOIL
Authors: Gorbunova Yuliya , Grigor'evskaya Anna , Devyatova Tatyana
Published: July 2020

A sequence of changes of three stages over 10 years is reported during the formation of the phytocenosis of the pyrogenic formation of Betula pendula. The change of stages is due to the introduction of new plants of different phytocenotypes, the appearance of consortia and the complexity of its composition and structure. The account of abundance was performed according to O. Drude. The content of readily soluble phosphates and exchange potassium was performed according to Chirikov. After pyrogenic exposure, there was an increase in the content of P2O5 and K2O in the 0-10 cm layer, due to their increased content in the ash formed after the pyrogenic exposure. In 2014, the content of P2O5 in the soil in the territory of Betula pendula formation increased by 9.15% compared to the background. In 2018, the content of P2O5 decreased by 11% compared with the second year of the study after the 2010 forest fire and gradually approached the background value. In 2014, the K2O content in the 0-10 cm layer of sod-eluvial glue clay-illuviated soil increased by 6.86% compared to the background area. From 2014 to 2018, the K2O content decreased by 5.39% in the area of Betula pendula formation. Phyto-diversity decreased in 2015 and amounted to 13 species, compared to 2014 (47 species), 2016 - 18 species, 2018 - 22 species and in 2019 - 23 species. The work describes anthropotolerant groups
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COMPLEXITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF DEPARTMENTAL MOTORWAYS
Authors: Zelikov Vladimir , Skrypnikov Aleksey , Samcov Vadim , Sablin Sergey , Borovlev Anton
Published: July 2020

When planning the construction of a forest road and choosing its rational position on the ground, engineer is constantly faced with the need to take into account the features of the relief, climate, physical and geographical processes and phenomena, surface and underground waters, soil, vegetation, and human economic activity, as factors determining the first first of all, the cost of the construction of a forest road. A correlation analysis carried out for all the arguments has made it possible to establish the most important characteristics of the components of the geographic environment that affect the complexity of constructing a timber road by cost type. The state of theoretical research in the field of construction of departmental motorways has been thoroughly reviewed and analyzed. The analysis made it possible to outline the goals, objectives and general methodology for determining the cost of building roads, depending on the type of work, as well as varying degrees of complexity of road construction, the value of natural resources, and the specific qualities of the territory in the area of the road. The presented results and dependencies may be the basis for determining the basic cost of road construction
ANALYSIS OF THE COST STRUCTURE OF TIMBER TRANSPORTATION AND THEIR SEASONAL DYNAMICS
Authors: Mokhirev Aleksandr , Gerasimova Marina , Pozdnyakova Mariya
Published: July 2020

The study is an analysis of the results obtained by the authors in the course of solving the problem of finding the best option for transporting wood from a harvesting point to a consumption point. The main indicators for determining the effectiveness of the supply chain, such as productivity, labor, cost, have been considered. The methods for determining the productivity of the used machines taking into account seasonality have been considered in detail: the influence of meteorological conditions, the change in the types and characteristics of the used transportation routes are considered. The methods for calculating the weighted average productivity of machines have been determined. Calculations of the performance when driving on different types of roads have been carried out based on the statistical data of the enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The dynamics of these indicators is calculated depending on seasonality. The calculations of labor costs for the process of exporting timber in long-length stems and logs and analysis of their seasonal fluctuations have been made. The structure of the cost of the logging process by operations, as well as its change during the year, has been examined in detail. A comparative analysis of the magnitude and structure of costs for the resulting model of the optimal supply chain and traditional models used in domestic practice has been made. The values of unit costs per cubic meter of harvested timber are obtained for the calculated optimal logistic model and traditional options. A general comparison of timber transportation technologies used by domestic enterprises has been carried out. Logging sites located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and providing wood with one of the largest enterprises in the forest industry have been used for numerical calculations.
FEATURES OF GROWTH AND STATE OF FOREST-STEPPE AND STEPPE ECOTYPES OF SCOTS PINE IN PROVENANCE TRIAL PLANTATIONS OF THE VORONEZH REGION
Authors: Mihaylova Mariya , Chernyshov Mikhail
Published: July 2020

The indicators characterizing growth, productivity and living conditions of forest-steppe and steppe ecotypes of Scots pine in provenance trial plantation of Stupinsky Pole training ground in the Voronezh Region, obtained in 2019 on temporary sample plots, have been analyzed. The object of comprehensive research are forest-steppe and steppe ecotypes of Scots pine in 60-year-old provenance trial plantations growing in the Ramonsky district forestry of the Voronezh forestry. The studied cultures were laid on the lands after agricultural use in 1959 under the guidance of Professor M. M. Veresin. The planting material was 2-year-old standard seedlings of Scots pine, planted manually under Kolesov's planting iron. The type of growing conditions is A2 and B2. No additional planting was made. Based on the materials of 13 test plots laid according to the standard method, some features of the growth of forest-steppe and steppe pine ecotypes has been revealed. Their productivity and living condition have been evaluated. The highest average height is a characteristic of the steppe ecotype from the seeds of the Valsky forestry of the Saratov region and the forest-steppe ecotype from the seeds of the Platonov forestry of the Tambov region. The lowest average height is in crops of the forest-steppe ecotype from the seeds of the Monastic forestry of the Penza region. Local ecotypes (seeds from the Khrenovsky forestry) have the largest average diameter. The steppe ecotypes from the Saratov Region have the smallest diameter. The variability of the diameters of the preserved 60-year-old trees at a height of 1.3 m and at the surface of the soil was estimated as average - 16.99-31.09% and 19.50-29.94%, respectively. It is also typical for ordinary forest plantations. All the trees are classified as industrial trees. The stock of raw wood depends on the stand density. The largest stock was recorded in cultures from the Bryansk region (Krasnoslobodskoye forestry) due to the greater number of preserved trees. The smallest is among forest-steppe ecotypes of the Belgorod region. The analysis of the vital state of the surviving plants has showed that the best indicators have forest-steppe ecotypes from adjacent areas with similar climatic conditions. At the same time, the amount of preserved pine trees of all ecotypes per 1 ha is not large. Their preservation is 3.8-10.2% of the trees planted in 1959. Preservation varies greatly in ecotypes. Edaphic conditions for the growth of maternal stands where seeds were harvested have a significant impact on the living conditions of pine provenance trial plantations
UJI IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA VIOLA-JONES DALAM PENGENALAN WAJAH
Authors: Jatmoko Cahaya , Setiadi De Rosal Ignatius Moses , Hartanto Danu , Kurniawan Alvin Faiz , Rachmawanto Eko Hari , Sari Christy Atika , Nilawati Florentina Esti
Published: July 2020

Salah satu algoritma yang sering digunakan untuk melakukan deteksi pada wajah yaitu Viola-Jones. Metode ini merupakan gabungan dari 3 buah fitur yaitu integral image, adaboost dan cascade classifier. Masing-masing fitur mempunyai fungsi tersendiri dan saling melengkapi. Integral image digunakan dalam penentuan ada dan tidaknya gambar, adaboost untuk memilih dan mengatur nilai threshold, sedangkan cascade classifier untuk mengklasifikasi daerah yang akan di deteksi. Untuk memudahkan deteksi, terurtama pada bagian mata maka digunakan Haar like feature. Proses pengenalan wajah telah dilakukan pada gambar dengan satu objek dan beberapa objek. Hasil impelemntasi juga dapat mengenali objek foto lukisan dan foto tampak samping. Dari seluruh percobaan di dapatkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 65% dengan sebaran nilai akurasi tertinggi 70%, sensitivitas 55% dan spesifitas 71%.
PENGARUH VARIASI KUAT ARUS DAN POLARITAS TERHADAP KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN LAS PADA BAJA ASTM A36
Authors: Siswanto Siswanto , Asmadi Asmadi , Nuryanti Siti Zahara , Pusvyta Yeny
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi ampere dan polaritas pengelasan terhadap kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan las SMAW dengan dengan elektroda E6013 diameter 3.2 mm. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan baja karbon rendah yang mengandung kadar C = 0,25 %, Mn = 0,4% Si = 0,4 %, Cr = 0,16 %, Ni = 0,3 %, Mo = 0,17 %, V = 0,17 %. Arus yang dipakai sebesar 100 A, 120 A dan 140 A serta polaritas DCEP dan DCEN. dengan menggunakan las SMAW AC/DC. DCEP yaitu polaritas terbalik, pemegang elektroda dihubungkan dengan kutub positif dan logam induk dihubungkan dengan kutub negatif sedangkan DCEN yaitu polaritas searah, pemegang elektroda dihubungkan dengan kutub negatif dan logam induk dihubungkan dengan kutub positif. Jenis kampuh yang digunakan adalah kampuh V dengan sudut 60o. Spesimen dilakukan pengujian tarik dan kekerasan.  Kekuatan tarik sambungan las tertinggi terjadi pada pengelasan arus 100 A polaritas DCEP yaitu sebesar 48,75 kgf/mm2 dan terendah pada arus 140 A polaritas DCEN yaitu sebesar 43,11 kgf/mm2. Tingkat kekerasan tertinggi di logam las terjadi pada pengelasan arus 100 A DCEN yaitu sebesar 264,1 HV, dan terendah terjadi pada pengelasan arus 140 A DCEP yaitu sebesar 226,2 HV, Sesuai hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan variasi arus dan polaritas  pengelasan dapat terjadi perubahan nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan tariknya

Kata kunci: Kuat Arus, polaritas, pengelasan SMAW, kekuatan tarik, kekerasan, Baja ASTM A36