bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drawing on Architecture
Authors: Kauffman Jordan
Published: January 2019

How architectural drawings emerged as aesthetic objects, promoted by a network of galleries, collectors, and institutions, and how this changed the understanding of architecture.

Prior to the 1970s, buildings were commonly understood to be the goal of architectural practice; architectural drawings were seen simply as a means to an end. But, just as the boundaries of architecture itself were shifting at the end of the twentieth century, the perception of architectural drawings was also shifting; they began to be seen as autonomous objects outside the process of building. In Drawing on Architecture, Jordan Kauffman offers an account of how architectural drawings—promoted by a network of galleries and collectors, exhibitions and events—emerged as aesthetic objects and ultimately attained status as important cultural and historical artifacts, and how this was both emblematic of changes in architecture and a catalyst for these changes.

Kauffman traces moments of critical importance to the evolution of the perception of architectural drawings, beginning with exhibitions that featured architectural drawings displayed in ways that did not elucidate buildings but treated them as meaningful objects in their own right. When architectural drawings were seen as having intrinsic value, they became collectible, and Kauffman chronicles early collectors, galleries, and sales. He discusses three key exhibitions at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York; other galleries around the world that specialized in architectural drawings; the founding of architecture museums that understood and collected drawings as important cultural and historical artifacts; and the effect of the new significance of architectural drawings on architecture and architectural history.

Drawing on interviews with more than forty people directly involved with the events described and on extensive archival research, Kauffman shows how architectural drawings became the driving force in architectural debate in an era of change.
The Synthetic Age
Authors: Preston Christopher J.
Published: January 2019

Imagining a future in which humans fundamentally reshape the natural world using nanotechnology, synthetic biology, de-extinction, and climate engineering.

We have all heard that there are no longer any places left on Earth untouched by humans. The significance of this goes beyond statistics documenting melting glaciers and shrinking species counts. It signals a new geological epoch. In The Synthetic Age, Christopher Preston argues that what is most startling about this coming epoch is not only how much impact humans have had but, more important, how much deliberate shaping they will start to do. Emerging technologies promise to give us the power to take over some of Nature's most basic operations. It is not just that we are exiting the Holocene and entering the Anthropocene; it is that we are leaving behind the time in which planetary change is just the unintended consequence of unbridled industrialism. A world designed by engineers and technicians means the birth of the planet's first Synthetic Age.

Preston describes a range of technologies that will reconfigure Earth's very metabolism: nanotechnologies that can restructure natural forms of matter; “molecular manufacturing” that offers unlimited repurposing; synthetic biology's potential to build, not just read, a genome; “biological mini-machines” that can outdesign evolution; the relocation and resurrection of species; and climate engineering attempts to manage solar radiation by synthesizing a volcanic haze, cool surface temperatures by increasing the brightness of clouds, and remove carbon from the atmosphere with artificial trees that capture carbon from the breeze.

What does it mean when humans shift from being caretakers of the Earth to being shapers of it? And in whom should we trust to decide the contours of our synthetic future? These questions are too important to be left to the engineers.
Toward Fewer Images
Authors: Ekardt Philipp
Published: January 2019

The first English-language monograph devoted to the full oeuvre of Alexander Kluge, the prolific German filmmaker, television producer, digital entrepreneur, author, thinker, and public intellectual.

Alexander Kluge (born 1932) is a German filmmaker, author, television producer, theorist, and digital entrepreneur. Since 1960, he has made fourteen feature films and twenty short films and has written more than thirty books—including three with Marxist philosopher Oskar Negt. His television production company has released more than 3,000 features, in which Kluge converses with real or fictional experts or creates thematic montages. He also maintains a website on which he reassembles segments from his film and television work. To call Kluge “prolific” would be an understatement. This is the first English-language monograph devoted to the full scope of Kluge's work, from his appearance on the cultural scene in the 1960s to his contributions to New German Cinema in the 1970s and early 1980s to his recent collaborations with such artists as Gerhard Richter.

In Toward Fewer Images, Philipp Ekardt offers both close analyses of Kluge's individual works and sustained investigations of his overarching (and perpetual) production. Ekardt discusses Kluge's image theory and practice as developed across different media, and considers how, in relation to this theory, Kluge returns to, varies, expands, and modifies the practice of montage, including its recent manifestations in digital media—noting Kluge's counterintuitive claim that creating montages results in fewer images. Kluge's production, Ekardt argues, allows us to imagine a model of authorship and artistic production that does not rely on an accumulation of individual works over time but rather on a permanent activity of (temporalized) reworking and redifferentiation.
Development, Geography, and Economic Theory
Authors: Krugman Paul
Published: January 2019

Why do certain ideas gain currency in economics while others fall by the wayside? Paul Krugman argues that the unwillingness of mainstream economists to think about what they could not formalize led them to ignore ideas that turn out, in retrospect, to have been very good ones. Krugman examines the course of economic geograph and development theory to shed light on the nature of economic inquiry. He traces how development theory lost its huge initial influence and virtually disappeared from economic discourse after it became clear that many of the theory's main insights could not be clearly modeled. Economic geography seems to have fared even worse, as economists shied away from grappling with questions about space—such as the size, location, or even existence of cities—because the "terrain was seen as unsuitable for the tools at hand." Krugman's book, however, is not a call to abandon economic modeling. He concludes with a reminder of why insisting on the use of models may be right, even when these sometimes lead economists to overlook good ideas. He also recaps the discussion of development and economic geography with a commentary on recent developments in those fields and areas where further inquiry looks most promising.
Governing Molecules
Authors: Gottweis Herbert
Published: January 2019

Scientists, investors, policymakers, the media, and the general public have all displayed a continuing interest in the commercial promise and potential dangers of genetic engineering. In this book, Herbert Gottweis explains how genetic engineering became so controversial—a technology that some seek to promote by any means and others want to block entirely. Beginning with a clear exposition of poststructuralist theory and its implications for research methodology, Gottweis offers a novel approach to political analysis, emphasizing the essential role of narratives in the development of policy under contemporary conditions. Drawing on more than eighty in-depth interviews and extensive archival work, Gottweis traces today's controversy back to the sociopolitical and scientific origins of molecular biology, paying particular attention to its relationship to eugenics. He argues that over the decades a number of mutually reinforcing political and scientific strategies have attempted to turn genes into objects of technological intervention—to make them "governable." Looking at critical events such as the 1975 Asilomar conference in the United States, the escalating conflict in Germany, and regulatory disputes in Britain and France during the 1980s, Gottweis argues that it was the struggle over boundaries and representations of genetic engineering, politics, and society that defined the political dynamics of the drafting of risk regulations in these countries. In a key chapter on biotechnology research, industry, and supporting technology policies, Gottweis demonstrates that the interpretation of genetic engineering as the core of a new "high technology" industry was part of a policy myth and an expression of identity politics. He suggests that under postmodern conditions a major strategy for avoiding policy failure is to create conditions that ensure tolerance and respect for the multiplicity of socially available policy narratives and reality interpretations.
The Road Winds Uphill All the Way
Authors: Strober Myra , Chan Agnes Miling Kaneko
Published: January 2019

The authors take a fresh look at the widespread belief that U.S. gender equity is light years ahead of Japan's.

In a time of societal transition, women and men around the globe struggle to combine careers and family in new ways. However, conventional work and family structures and power imbalances between women and men often reinforce traditional gender stereotypes in both home and office.

In an effort to understand the roots of gender inequality, Myra Strober and Agnes Miling Kaneko Chan conducted an extensive survey of the 1981 graduates of Stanford and Tokyo Universities—parallel populations in historically very different cultures. First-hand comments from the graduates are combined with quantitative analyses for a lively examination of the career and family choices of these highly educated women and men. Contrasting the realities of household responsibilities, childcare, and discrimination in the workplace with the graduates' original expectations, the authors find that the road to more egalitarian work and family arrangements winds uphill all the way.

The authors take a fresh look at the widespread belief that U.S. gender equity is light years ahead of Japan's. The elite group of Japanese and Americans in their study describe surprisingly similar experiences as they faced the job market and began raising families. In both countries, more balanced gender roles will require improved public and business policies, individual strategies, and collective action.
Shadows in the Forest
Authors: Dauvergne Peter
Published: January 2019

This book is the first to analyze the environmental impact of Japanese trade, corporations, and aid on timber management in the context of Southeast Asian political economies. It is also one of the first comprehensive studies of why Southeast Asian states are unable to enforce forest policies and regulations.

1998 Winner of the International Studies Association's Harold and Margaret Sprout Award Peter Dauvergne developed the concept of a "shadow ecology" to assess the total environmental impact of one country on resource management in another country or area. Aspects of a shadow ecology include government aid and loans; corporate practices, investment, and technology transfers; and trade factors such as consumption, export and consumer prices, and import tariffs. In Shadows in the Forest, Dauvergne examines Japan's effect on commercial timber management in Indonesia, East Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japan's shadow ecology has stimulated unsustainable logging, which in turn has triggered widespread deforestation. Although Japanese practices have improved somewhat since the early 1990s, corporate trade structures and purchasing patterns, timber prices, wasteful consumption, import tariffs, and the cumulative environmental effects of past practices continue to undermine sustainable forest management in Southeast Asia. This book is the first to analyze the environmental impact of Japanese trade, corporations, and aid on timber management in the context of Southeast Asian political economies. It is also one of the first comprehensive studies of why Southeast Asian states are unable to enforce forest policies and regulations. In particular, it highlights links between state officials and business leaders that reduce state funds, distort policies, and protect illegal and unsustainable loggers. More broadly, the book is one of the first to examine the environmental impact of Northeast Asian development on Southeast Asian resource management and to analyze the indirect environmental impact of bilateral state relations on the management of one Southern resource.
Sidewalks
Authors: Loukaitou-Sideris Anastasia , Ehrenfeucht Renia
Published: January 2019

Examines the evolution of an undervalued urban space and how conflicts over competing uses—from the right to sit to the right to parade—have been negotiated.

Urban sidewalks, critical but undervalued public spaces, have been sites for political demonstrations and urban greening, promenades for the wealthy and the well-dressed, and shelterless shelters for the homeless. On sidewalks, decade after decade, urbanites have socialized, paraded, and played, sold their wares, and observed city life. These many uses often overlap and conflict, and urban residents and planners try to include some and exclude others. In this first book-length analysis of the sidewalk as a distinct public space, Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Renia Ehrenfeucht examine the evolution of the American urban sidewalk and trace conflicts that have arisen over its competing uses. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples as well as case study research and archival data from five cities—Boston, Los Angeles, New York, Miami, and Seattle—they discuss the characteristics of sidewalks as small urban public spaces, and such related issues as the ambiguous boundaries of their “public” status, contestation over specific uses, control and regulations, and the implications for First Amendment speech and assembly rights.
Understanding the Art of Sound Organization
Authors: Landy Leigh
Published: January 2019

The first work to propose a comprehensive musicological framework to study sound-based music, a rapidly developing body of work that includes electroacoustic art music, turntable composition, and acoustic and digital sound installations.

The art of sound organization, also known as electroacoustic music, uses sounds not available to traditional music making, including prerecorded, synthesized, and processed sounds. The body of work of such sound-based music (which includes electroacoustic art music, turntable composition, computer games, and acoustic and digital sound installations) has developed more rapidly than its musicology. Understanding the Art of Sound Organization proposes the first general foundational framework for the study of the art of sound organization, defining terms, discussing relevant forms of music, categorizing works, and setting sound-based music in interdisciplinary contexts. Leigh Landy's goal in this book is not only to create a theoretical framework but also to make the work more accessible—to suggest a way to understand sound-based music, to give a listener what he terms “something to hold on to,” for example, by connecting elements in a work to everyday experience. Landy considers the difficulties of categorizing works and discusses such types of works as sonic art and electroacoustic music, pointing out where they overlap and how they are distinctive. He proposes a “sound-based music paradigm” that transcends such traditional categories as art and pop music. Landy defines patterns that suggest a general framework and places the studies of sound-based music into interdisciplinary contexts, from acoustics to semiotics, proposing a holistic research approach that considers the interconnectedness of a given work's history, theory, technological aspects, and social impact.

The author's ElectroAcoustic Resource Site (EARS, www.ears.dmu.ac.uk), the architecture of which parallels this book's structure, offers updated bibliographic resource abstracts and related information.
Toward the Healthy City
Authors: Corburn Jason
Published: January 2019

A call to reconnect the fields of urban planning and public health that offers a new decision-making framework for healthy city planning.

In distressed urban neighborhoods where residential segregation concentrates poverty, liquor stores outnumber supermarkets, toxic sites are next to playgrounds, and more money is spent on prisons than schools, residents also suffer disproportionately from disease and premature death. Recognizing that city environments and the planning processes that shape them are powerful determinants of population health, urban planners today are beginning to take on the added challenge of revitalizing neglected urban neighborhoods in ways that improve health and promote greater equity. In Toward the Healthy City, Jason Corburn argues that city planning must return to its roots in public health and social justice. The first book to provide a detailed account of how city planning and public health practices can reconnect to address health disparities, Toward the Healthy City offers a new decision-making framework called “healthy city planning” that reframes traditional planning and development issues and offers a new scientific evidence base for participatory action, coalition building, and ongoing monitoring.

To show healthy city planning in action, Corburn examines collaborations between government agencies and community coalitions in the San Francisco Bay area, including efforts to link environmental justice, residents' chronic illnesses, housing and real estate development projects, and planning processes with public health. Initiatives like these, Corburn points out, go well beyond recent attempts by urban planners to promote public health by changing the design of cities to encourage physical activity. Corburn argues for a broader conception of healthy urban governance that addresses the root causes of health inequities.
Contagious Architecture
Authors: Parisi Luciana
Published: January 2019

A proposal that algorithms are not simply instructions to be performed but thinking entities that construct digital spatio-temporalities.

In Contagious Architecture, Luciana Parisi offers a philosophical inquiry into the status of the algorithm in architectural and interaction design. Her thesis is that algorithmic computation is not simply an abstract mathematical tool but constitutes a mode of thought in its own right, in that its operation extends into forms of abstraction that lie beyond direct human cognition and control. These include modes of infinity, contingency, and indeterminacy, as well as incomputable quantities underlying the iterative process of algorithmic processing.

The main philosophical source for the project is Alfred North Whitehead, whose process philosophy is specifically designed to provide a vocabulary for “modes of thought” exhibiting various degrees of autonomy from human agency even as they are mobilized by it. Because algorithmic processing lies at the heart of the design practices now reshaping our world—from the physical spaces of our built environment to the networked spaces of digital culture—the nature of algorithmic thought is a topic of pressing importance that reraises questions of control and, ultimately, power. Contagious Architecture revisits cybernetic theories of control and information theory's notion of the incomputable in light of this rethinking of the role of algorithmic thought. Informed by recent debates in political and cultural theory around the changing landscape of power, it links the nature of abstraction to a new theory of power adequate to the complexities of the digital world.
The Atlas of New Librarianship
Authors: Lankes R. David
Published: January 2019

An essential guide to a librarianship based not on books and artifacts but on knowledge and learning.

Libraries have existed for millennia, but today the library field is searching for solid footing in an increasingly fragmented (and increasingly digital) information environment. What is librarianship when it is unmoored from cataloging, books, buildings, and committees? In The Atlas of New Librarianship, R. David Lankes offers a guide to this new landscape for practitioners. He describes a new librarianship based not on books and artifacts but on knowledge and learning; and he suggests a new mission for librarians: to improve society through facilitating knowledge creation in their communities. The vision for a new librarianship must go beyond finding library-related uses for information technology and the Internet; it must provide a durable foundation for the field. Lankes recasts librarianship and library practice using the fundamental concept that knowledge is created though conversation. New librarians approach their work as facilitators of conversation; they seek to enrich, capture, store, and disseminate the conversations of their communities. To help librarians navigate this new terrain, Lankes offers a map, a visual representation of the field that can guide explorations of it; more than 140 Agreements, statements about librarianship that range from relevant theories to examples of practice; and Threads, arrangements of Agreements to explain key ideas, covering such topics as conceptual foundations and skills and values. Agreement Supplements at the end of the book offer expanded discussions. Although it touches on theory as well as practice, the Atlas is meant to be a tool: textbook, conversation guide, platform for social networking, and call to action.

Copublished with the Association of College & Research Libraries.
The Economics of Collusion
Authors: Marshall Robert C. , Marx Leslie M.
Published: January 2019

An examination of collusive behavior: what it is, why it is profitable, how it is implemented, and how it might be detected.

Explicit collusion is an agreement among competitors to suppress rivalry that relies on interfirm communication and/or transfers. Rivalry between competitors erodes profits; the suppression of rivalry through collusion is one avenue by which firms can enhance profits. Many cartels and bidding rings function for years in a stable and peaceful manner despite the illegality of their agreements and incentives for deviation by their members. In The Economics of Collusion, Robert Marshall and Leslie Marx offer an examination of collusive behavior: what it is, why it is profitable, how it is implemented, and how it might be detected.

Marshall and Marx, who have studied collusion extensively for two decades, begin with three narratives: the organization and implementation of a cartel, the organization and implementation of a bidding ring, and a parent company's efforts to detect collusion by its divisions. These accounts—fictitious, but rooted in the inner workings and details from actual cases—offer a novel and engaging way for the reader to understand the basics of collusive behavior. The narratives are followed by detailed economic analyses of cartels, bidding rings, and detection.

The narratives offer an engaging entrée to the more rigorous economic discussion that follows. The book is accessible to any reader who understands basic economic reasoning. Mathematical material is flagged with asterisks.
Individual and Collective Memory Consolidation
Authors: Anastasio Thomas J. , Ehrenberger Kristen Ann , Watson Patrick , Zhang Wenyi
Published: January 2019

An argument that individuals and collectives form memories by analogous processes and a case study of collective retrograde amnesia.

We form individual memories by a process known as consolidation: the conversion of immediate and fleeting bits of information into a stable and accessible representation of facts and events. These memories provide a version of the past that helps us navigate the present and is critical to individual identity. In this book, Thomas Anastasio, Kristen Ann Ehrenberger, Patrick Watson, and Wenyi Zhang propose that social groups form collective memories by analogous processes. Using facts and insights from neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and history, they describe a single process of consolidation with analogous—not merely comparable—manifestations on any level, whether brain, family, or society. They propose a three-in-one model of memory consolidation, composed of a buffer, a relator, and a generalizer, all within the consolidating entity, that can explain memory consolidation phenomena on individual and collective levels.

When consolidation is disrupted by traumatic injury to a brain structure known as the hippocampus, memories in the process of being consolidated are lost. In individuals, this is known as retrograde amnesia. The authors hypothesize a "social hippocampus" and argue that disruption at the collective level can result in collective retrograde amnesia. They offer the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) as an example of trauma to the social hippocampus and present evidence for the loss of recent collective memory in mainland Chinese populations that experienced the Cultural Revolution.
Illusions in Motion
Authors: Huhtamo Erkki
Published: January 2019

Tracing the cultural, material, and discursive history of an early manifestation of media culture in the making.

Beginning in the late eighteenth century, huge circular panoramas presented their audiences with resplendent representations that ranged from historic battles to exotic locations. Such panoramas were immersive but static. There were other panoramas that moved—hundreds, and probably thousands of them. Their history has been largely forgotten. In Illusions in Motion, Erkki Huhtamo excavates this neglected early manifestation of media culture in the making. The moving panorama was a long painting that unscrolled behind a “window” by means of a mechanical cranking system, accompanied by a lecture, music, and sometimes sound and light effects. Showmen exhibited such panoramas in venues that ranged from opera houses to church halls, creating a market for mediated realities in both city and country.

In the first history of this phenomenon, Huhtamo analyzes the moving panorama in all its complexity, investigating its relationship to other media and its role in the culture of its time. In his telling, the panorama becomes a window for observing media in operation. Huhtamo explores such topics as cultural forms that anticipated the moving panorama; theatrical panoramas; the diorama; the "panoramania" of the 1850s and the career of Albert Smith, the most successful showman of that era; competition with magic lantern shows; the final flowering of the panorama in the late nineteenth century; and the panorama's afterlife as a topos, traced through its evocation in literature, journalism, science, philosophy, and propaganda.
Car Crashes without Cars
Authors: Leonardi Paul M.
Published: January 2019

A novel theory of organizational and technological change, illustrated by an account of the development and implementation of a computer-based simulation technology.

Every workday we wrestle with cumbersome and unintuitive technologies. Our response is usually “That's just the way it is.” Even technology designers and workplace managers believe that certain technological changes are inevitable and that they will bring specific, unavoidable organizational changes. In this book, Paul Leonardi offers a new conceptual framework for understanding why technologies and organizations change as they do and why people think those changes had to occur as they did. He argues that technologies and the organizations in which they are developed and used are not separate entities; rather, they are made up of the same building blocks: social agency and material agency. Over time, social agency and material agency become imbricated—gradually interlocked—in ways that produce some changes we call “technological” and others we call “organizational.”

Drawing on a detailed field study of engineers at a U.S. auto company, Leonardi shows that as the engineers developed and used a a new computer-based simulation technology for automotive design, they chose to change how their work was organized, which then brought new changes to the technology.Each imbrication of the social and the material obscured the actors' previous choices, making the resulting technological and organizational structures appear as if they were inevitable.

Leonardi suggests that treating organizing as a process of sociomaterial imbrication allows us to recognize and act on the flexibility of information technologies and to create more effective work organizations.
Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility
Authors: Barilan Yechiel Michael
Published: January 2019

A novel and multidisciplinary exposition and theorization of human dignity and rights, brought to bear on current issues in bioethics and biolaw.

“Human dignity” has been enshrined in international agreements and national constitutions as a fundamental human right. The World Medical Association calls on physicians to respect human dignity and to discharge their duties with dignity. And yet human dignity is a term—like love, hope, and justice—that is intuitively grasped but never clearly defined. Some ethicists and bioethicists dismiss it; other thinkers point to its use in the service of particular ideologies. In this book, Michael Barilan offers an urgently needed, nonideological, and thorough conceptual clarification of human dignity and human rights, relating these ideas to current issues in ethics, law, and bioethics.

Combining social history, history of ideas, moral theology, applied ethics, and political theory, Barilan tells the story of human dignity as a background moral ethos to human rights. After setting the problem in its scholarly context, he offers a hermeneutics of the formative texts on Imago Dei; provides a philosophical explication of the value of human dignity and of vulnerability; presents a comprehensive theory of human rights from a natural, humanist perspective; explores issues of moral status; and examines the value of responsibility as a link between virtue ethics and human dignity and rights.

Barilan accompanies his theoretical claim with numerous practical illustrations, linking his theory to such issues in bioethics as end-of-life care, cloning, abortion, torture, treatment of the mentally incapacitated, the right to health care, the human organ market, disability and notions of difference, and privacy, highlighting many relevant legal aspects in constitutional and humanitarian law.
Communicating Moral Concern
Authors: Springer Elise
Published: January 2019

A novel reframing of moral agency, emphasizing the responsive habits and skills by which we engage one another's attention to moral concerns.

Modern moral theories have crystallized around the logic of individual choices, abstracted from social and historical context. Yet most action, including moral theorizing, can equally be understood as a response, conscious or otherwise, to the social world out of which it emerges. In this novel account of moral agency, Elise Springer accords central importance to how we intervene in activity around us. To notice and address what others are doing with their moral agency is to exercise what Springer calls critical responsiveness. Her account of this responsiveness steers critics away from both of the conventionally familiar ideals—justifying and expressing reactive attitudes on one hand, and prescribing and manipulating behavioral outcomes on the other. Good critical practice functions instead as a dynamic gestural engagement of attention, reaching further than expressive representation but not as far as causal control.

To make sense of such engagement, Springer unravels the influence of several entrenched philosophical dichotomies (active vs. passive, representation vs. object, illocution vs. perlocution). Where previous accounts have been preoccupied with justified claims or with end results, Springer urges the cultivation of situated critical engagement—an unorthodox virtue. Moral agency can thereby claim a creative and embodied aspect, transforming the world of action through a socially extended process of communicating concern.
Paradox
Authors: Cuonzo Margaret
Published: January 2019

An introduction to paradoxes showing that they are more than mere puzzles but can prompt new ways of thinking.

Thinkers have been fascinated by paradox since long before Aristotle grappled with Zeno's. In this volume in The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Margaret Cuonzo explores paradoxes and the strategies used to solve them. She finds that paradoxes are more than mere puzzles but can prompt new ways of thinking.

A paradox can be defined as a set of mutually inconsistent claims, each of which seems true. Paradoxes emerge not just in salons and ivory towers but in everyday life. (An Internet search for “paradox” brings forth a picture of an ashtray with a “no smoking” symbol inscribed on it.) Proposing solutions, Cuonzo writes, is a natural response to paradoxes. She invites us to rethink paradoxes by focusing on strategies for solving them, arguing that there is much to be learned from this, regardless of whether any of the more powerful paradoxes is even capable of solution.

Cuonzo offers a catalog of paradox-solving strategies—including the Preemptive-Strike (questioning the paradox itself), the Odd-Guy-Out (calling one of the assumptions into question), and the You-Can't-Get-There-from-Here (denying the validity of the reasoning). She argues that certain types of solutions work better in some contexts than others, and that as paradoxicality increases, the success of certain strategies grows more unlikely. Cuonzo shows that the processes of paradox generation and solution proposal are interesting and important ones. Discovering a paradox leads to advances in knowledge: new science often stems from attempts to solve paradoxes, and the concepts used in the new sciences lead to new paradoxes. As Niels Bohr wrote, “How wonderful that we have met with a paradox. Now we have some hope of making progress.”
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS IN THE METALWORKING PROCESS
Authors: LAZAREVIĆ VESNA , STANISAVLJEVIĆ MIODRAG
Published: January 2019

Used water emulsions obtained in the metalworking process contain oils and grease, organic compounds as well as secondary oils and anti-corrosion fluids, metal ions and other things. Since they can have a negative effect on the environment before released into the recipients, they need to be processed through the primary, secondary and tertiary phase of treatment. The primary treatment procedure of waste oil-in-water emulsions is used for the separation of free and non-emulsifying oils as well as for balancing the course of wastewater and oil concentration. In the secondary phase of treatment of waste oil-in-water emulsions, the emulsifying oil and a large fraction of dissolved oil are carried out. What follows is the tertiary biological treatment based on the basic biological processes present in nature. Key words: metalworking, waste oil-in-water emulsions, treatment
WORKING CONDITIONS AT THE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS: ACTIVITIES, HAZARDS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Authors: VASOVIĆ DEJAN , STANKOVIĆ SANDRa , VRANJANAC ŽARKO
Published: January 2019

In operational sense, wastewater treatment plants and operators who work at those facilities present a proper basis for good water quality status. The basic aim of this paper is to assess the risk to which workers - water treatment operators - are exposed to within water treatment plants, as well as to propose preventive measures in order to reduce the level of occupational risk. The applied methodology consists of system analysis, with in-depth literature review. The usage of appropriate occupational safety systems in the water treatment control processes leads to a double effect: a higher quality of treated water in shorter periods of time, with energy and material savings, as well as safer and healthier working environment. Key words: water treatment plants, occupational hazards, occupational risks, protection measures.
ANALYSIS OF BOWMAN SQUARES USING HYBRID BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: PERIĆ MIRJANA , ILIĆ SAŠA , VUČKOVIĆ ANA
Published: January 2019

The characteristic parameters of the Bowman squares are determined using the hybrid boundary element method. Influences of different parameters on characteristic impedance values are analysed. Also, the case of multilayered dielectric is considered. The results for the characteristic impedance have been compared with the results obtained by other methods. Key words: Bowman squares, characteristic impedance, diamondwise structure, finite element method, hybrid boundary element method.
A miniature inverted-repeat transposable element, AddIn-MITE, located inside a WD40 gene is conserved in Andropogoneae grasses
Authors: Grativol Clicia , Thiebaut Flavia , Sangi Sara , Montessoro Patricia , Santos Walaci da Silva , Hemerly Adriana S. , Ferreira Paulo C.G.
Published: January 2019

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) have been associated with genic regions in plant genomes and may play important roles in the regulation of nearby genes via recruitment of small RNAs (sRNA) to the MITEs loci. We identified eight families of MITEs in the sugarcane genome assembly with MITE-Hunter pipeline. These sequences were found to be upstream, downstream or inserted into 67 genic regions in the genome. The position of the most abundant MITE (Stowaway-like) in genic regions, which we call AddIn-MITE, was confirmed in a WD40 gene. The analysis of four monocot species showed conservation of the AddIn-MITE sequence, with a large number of copies in their genomes. We also investigated the conservation of the AddIn-MITE’ position in the WD40 genes from sorghum, maize and, in sugarcane cultivars and wildSaccharumspecies. In all analyzed plants, AddIn-MITE has located in WD40 intronic region. Furthermore, the role of AddIn-MITE-related sRNA in WD40 genic region was investigated. We found sRNAs preferentially mapped to the AddIn-MITE than to other regions in the WD40 gene in sugarcane. In addition, the analysis of the small RNA distribution patterns in the WD40 gene and the structure of AddIn-MITE, suggests that the MITE region is a proto-miRNA locus in sugarcane. Together, these data provide insights into the AddIn-MITE role in Andropogoneae grasses.
The effects of afforestation on soil bacterial communities in temperate grassland are modulated by soil chemical properties
Authors: Wu Shu-Hong , Huang Bing-Hong , Gao Jian , Wang Siqi , Liao Pei-Chun
Published: January 2019

Grassland afforestation dramatically affects the abiotic, biotic, and ecological function properties of the original ecosystems. Interference from afforestation might disrupt the stasis of soil physicochemical properties and the dynamic balance of microbiota. Some studies have suggested low sensitivity of soil properties and bacterial community to afforestation, but the apparent lack of a significant relationship is probably due to the confounding effects of the generalist habitat and rare bacterial communities. In this study, soil chemical and prokaryotic properties in a 30-year-old Mongolia pine (Pinus sylvestrisvar.mongolicaLitv.) afforested region and adjacent grassland in Inner Mongolia were classified and quantified. Our results indicate that the high richness of rare microbes accounts for the alpha-diversity of the soil microbiome. Few OTUs of generalist (core bacteria) and habitat-specialist bacteria are present. However, the high abundance of this small number of OTUs governs the beta-diversity of the grassland and afforested land bacterial communities. Afforestation has changed the soil chemical properties, thus indirectly affecting the soil bacterial composition rather than richness. The contents of soil P, Ca2+, and Fe3+account for differentially abundant OTUs such as Planctomycetes and subsequent changes in the ecologically functional potential of soil bacterial communities due to grassland afforestation. We conclude that grassland afforestation has changed the chemical properties and composition of the soil and ecological functions of the soil bacterial community and that these effects of afforestation on the microbiome have been modulated by changes in soil chemical properties.
Detection and variability analyses of CRISPR-like loci in theH. pylorigenome
Authors: García-Zea Jerson Alexander , de la Herrán Roberto , Robles Rodríguez Francisca , Navajas-Pérez Rafael , Ruiz Rejón Carmelo
Published: January 2019

Helicobacter pyloriis a human pathogenic bacterium with a high genomic plasticity. Although the functional CRISPR-Cas system has not been found in its genome, CRISPR-like loci have been recently identified. In this work, 53 genomes from different geographical areas are analyzed for the search and analysis of variability of this type of structure. We confirm the presence of a locus that was previously described in the VlpC gene in al lgenomes, and we characterize new CRISPR-like loci in other genomic locations. By studying the variability and gene location of these loci, the evolution and the possible roles of these sequences are discussed. Additionally, the usefulness of this type of sequences as a phylogenetic marker has been demonstrated, associating the different strains by geographical area.
Análise histomorfométrica do coração de ratos expostos indiretamente ao etanol e à desnutrição crônica durante o período perinatal
Authors: Araújo-Filho Jorge Luiz Silva , Melo-Júnior Mario Ribeiro de , Veiga Renata Kelly de Araújo , Machado Marcos Cezar Feitosa de Paula , Patu Vasco José Ramos Malta , Pontes-Filho Nicodemos Teles de
Published: January 2019

Mães alcoolistas, em humanos e animais de laboratório, vêm sendo responsáveis por distúrbios sistêmicos em seus descendentes. O presente estudo avaliou, através da histoquímica e da análise digital de imagem, o perfil histológico do coração de ratos (ratos Wistar) submetidos indiretamente ao etanol e à desnutrição crônica, durante o período perinatal, gerados por matrizes submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: dieta padrão do biotério, dieta experimental hipoprotéica, ingestão de água e ingestão crônica de etanol (3g/kg do peso corporal). Foram originados quatro grupos experimentais (Grupo Controle – GC, Etanol– GE, Desnutrido – GD, Etanol – Desnutrido – GED), avaliando-se a evolução do peso corporal em três períodos: 3o (P3), 25o (P25) e 40o (P40) dia de vida. Na análise morfométrica, avaliaram-se as áreas de depósito de colágeno, o número e o diâmetro médio dos vasos cardíacos e as inclusões PAS-positivas e lipofucsina. Os resultados demonstraram que, em P3, apenas o grupo etanol (GE) tinha peso significativamente menor, quando comparado com os demais grupos. Houve diferença significativa de peso entre os grupos com o mesmo tratamento e dietas diferentes (GE x GED) em P25 e P40, tendo o GED o menor peso. A análise de imagens dos depósitos de colágeno revelou um aumento significativo no GE. O GD exibiu uma redução no número médio de vasos, quando comparado a outros grupos. O GED apresentou um aumento significativo no diâmetro médio dos vasos do endo-miocárdio, bem como inclusões PAS-positivas, com distribuição difusa dos cardiomiócitos e do endotélio vascular. Pode-se, então, concluir que a exposição pré e pós-natal ao etanol induz alterações morfológicas importantes no tecido cardíaco dos descendentes, e muitas dessas alterações são intensificadas pelo estado de desnutrição protéica.
Perspectiva materna acerca da assistência oferecida aos filhos hospitalizados em dois hospitais de salvador, Bahia
Authors: Andrade Carol Ferreira de , May Daniel Simões , Silva Luciana Rodrigues
Published: January 2019

O estado emocional da criança e a expectativa dos pais devem ser compreendidos por toda a equipe de saúde. Além do mais, importa considerar as necessidades específicas de treinamento para essa equipe. Com o objetivo de avaliar a percepção materna acerca da assistência oferecida aos filhos hospitalizados, identificar aspectos humanos valorizados pela família e avaliar o conhecimento das mães sobre as doenças das crianças, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo exploratório, com dados quantitativos. Foram aplicados questionários às mães de crianças hospitalizadas há, no mínimo, 48 horas, em um hospital público (A) e um hospital particular (B) de Salvador, Bahia. Das cinqüenta mães (25 por hospital) questionadas, 72% (B) e 52% (A) concordaram que nada faltou no internamento; 66% (33) valorizam o tratamento atencioso e carinhoso dos médicos; 36% (13) destacaram a competência técnica e a linguagem na explicação da doença para o entendimento adequado da família; 44% (B) e 18% (A) (p< 0,001) afirmaram que receberam explicação clara sobre a doença e, ao se associar esse dado com o grau de instrução, observou-se uma Razão de Prevalência (RP) bruta de 2,13 (1,37; 3,32) e uma RP ajustada por hospital entre 1,19 e 1,98. Nos dois hospitais, os aspectos humanos foram enfatizados e uma significativa parcela das mães está satisfeita. Ressalta-se que as mães do hospital particular, talvez por melhor nível educacional, compreenderam a doença de seus filhos com mais detalhes. Dados adicionais são necessários para se avaliarem as características sociodemográficas das mães, na relação com os pediatras e os outros componentes da equipe de saúde.
Condições periodontais associadas aos fatores socio-econômicos na população adulta em Salvador (BA), 2005
Authors: Moreira André Luis , Vianna Maria Isabel Pereira , Cangussu Maria Cristina Teixeira
Published: January 2019

Diversos estudos internacionais têm demonstrado piores condições periodontais em populações com indicadores socioeconômicos desfavoráveis. Entretanto, são escassos os trabalhos no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a prevalência e a severidade da doença periodontal na população adulta de Salvador e identificar associações entre variáveis individuais, ambientais e familiares com a doença. Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, com uma amostra de 372 indivíduos selecionados de 40 famílias sorteadas aleatoriamente em 7 áreas cobertas pelas equipes de saúde bucal do PSF. Todos os adultos presentes no domicílio e que autorizaram o exame foram incluídos no estudo. Utilizou-se a ficha A do Sistema de Atenção Básica – MS e um questionário estruturado, para a obtenção de variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de higiene e de risco para a doença, o que foi mensurado através do Índice Periodontal Comunitário (IPC) e de Perda de Inserção Periodontal (PIP), segundo recomendação da OMS. Cerca de 30% dos indivíduos apresentaram profundidade de sondagem superior a 4 mm, e 43% dos sextantes encontravam-se sadios. O sextante inferior direito foi àquele mais afetado: 55,7%. Observou-se uma associação positiva para as variáveis fumo, etilismo e número de escovações por dia. Observa-se a necessidade de intervir de forma efetiva sobre a doença periodontal, em função da sua alta prevalência nesse grupo.