bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La formación en emprendimiento en Educación Primaria y Secundaria: una revisión sistemática
Authors: González-Tejerina Sara , Vieira María-José
Published: January 2021

La competencia en sentido de iniciativa y espíritu emprendedor está adquiriendo gran relevancia en el sistema educativo actual, ya que, recientemente, la Unión Europea ha promovido su inclusión en el currículo educativo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los artículos referidos a Educación Primaria y Secundaria, con el fin de profundizar en el concepto de emprendimiento, las prácticas concretas realizadas para fomentarlo y en las recomendaciones para la práctica educativa. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de 43 artículos encontrados en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, Dialnet y ERIC utilizando como palabras clave Educación Primaria, Educación Secundaria, educación obligatoria y emprendimiento. Las principales conclusiones son que las prácticas educativas realizadas para fomentar el emprendimiento se encuentran todavía en una fase piloto a través de experiencias puntuales desarrolladas a través de asignaturas o programas, en las cuáles se abordan las habilidades, actitudes y fases necesarias para la creación de una empresa, de manera innovadora y creativa. Como aspecto novedoso, en ambas etapas se tiende a prácticas educativas orientadas hacia el emprendimiento social para la mejora de la comunidad. Las principales diferencias por etapas son que en Educación Secundaria se desarrolla más la creación de una empresa mientras que en la Educación Primaria se incide en el desarrollo de la creatividad. La mayoría de los estudios son teóricos-descriptivos y se centran en la etapa de Educación Secundaria, a pesar de su inclusión como competencia clave en la educación obligatoria, incluida la Educación Primaria. Finalmente, se destacan como principales limitaciones de la inclusión del emprendimiento en los centros educativos la falta de formación del profesorado y de recursos humanos y económicos, y la utilización de métodos ineficaces para fomentar dicha competencia.
The “Unknown” Middle Easterner: Post-Racial Anxieties and Anti-MENA Racism Throughout Colonized Space-Time
Authors: Fourlas George N.
Published: January 2021

Here, the claim that Middle Eastern (MENA) persons are racialized is a response to complexities that define the United States (US); namely, the language of race is seen as antiquated or misleading, and thus it fails to capture MENA American experiences, leading some to call for different terminology (i.e., xenophobia or Islamophobia). The author argues that we should call social-political violence committed against MENA people racism because to name it otherwise is to ground the experience in an incomplete description which affords lighter moral responsibility and omits historical conflict. The article first elaborates the problem of racial conflict in the US and the specific problem of MENA racialization. It then responds with a historical argument that emphasizes key genealogical markers in the co-emergence of orientalism, colonialism, and racialization. The article closes by contrasting the idea of race with competing terms to defend its use on descriptive and normative grounds.
The Persistence of Scientific Racism: Ernst Cassirer on the Myth of Race
Authors: Xiang Shuchen
Published: January 2021

This article argues that Ernst Cassirer's views about the concept of substance and his views on mythic consciousness are applicable to the concept of race. By analyzing examples from the most influential and representative racial theories, this article shows that the concept of race functions like the concept of substance whereby random, large-scale, and irreducibly complex phenomena is explained through the deterministic behavior of a smaller, material, constituent part. Given that mythic consciousness explains causality in the same way, this substance-mode explanation of becoming can also be termed “mythic.” Further, under this substance/racial understanding of personhood, humans have no agency to determine their own fates. It is this fatalism that Cassirer railed against in The Myth of the State. In place of this substance (racial) understanding of personhood, and as this article will describe, Cassirer argued for a “functional” (cultural) understanding of personhood.
La educación emocional: paradojas, peligros y oportunidades
Authors: Cornejo-Chávez Rodrigo , Araya-Moreno Rodrigo , Vargas-Pérez Sebastián , Parra-Moreno Diego
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a pensar las relaciones entre emociones, educación y docencia, así como plantear un cuestionamiento al enfoque hegemónico, psicologicista e individualista sobre la educación emocional. En primer lugar, se describen las principales características del oficio docente como un trabajo emocional. En segundo lugar, se analizan algunas fuentes en las que se basa el modelo psicologicista de la educación emocional, planteadas por organismos internacionales y las propuestas más influyentes que se han ido instalando en Chile. En tercer lugar, se presenta una serie de críticas que se han realizado a este enfoque, tales como el peligro de la individualización y psicologización de problemas sociales complejos, culpabilización y responsabilización de cada docente por problemas “emocionales” en su trabajo, negación y represión de “emociones negativas”, tendencia a privilegiar emociones orientadas al mayor rendimiento individual y logro de objetivos medibles, peligros del aumento del agobio y sobrecarga laboral docente, y la mercantilización de lo emocional en la educación. Por último, se da cuenta de las oportunidades y potencialidades que puede tener la educación emocional, desde el enfoque de las pedagogías críticas y la experiencia del movimiento pedagógico en Chile.
Aprendizaje basado en proyectos: una propuesta didáctica para el desarrollo socioemocional
Authors: Solís-Pinilla Jaime
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo pretende identificar las etapas del aprendizaje basado en proyectos (ABP) vinculadas al desarrollo socioemocional, por medio de una propuesta de proyecto para estudiantes de secundaria, considerando las nuevas bases curriculares establecidas por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Para ello, se analizan distintas dimensiones del aprendizaje socioemocional, la metodología ABP y sus proyecciones en el sistema educacional chileno. Se acompaña lo anterior con una propuesta didáctica basada en el desarrollo de actividades bajo la metodología del ABP, orientada a estudiantes de 3º y 4º año de enseñanza secundaria, considerando asignaturas de ciencias naturales. Las nuevas bases curriculares, en transición durante el año 2020, proporcionan espacios idóneos para desarrollar no solamente contenidos, sino también formar a los y las estudiantes de manera integral, desde lo cognitivo, lo social y lo emocional.
Itinerario de formación práctica e hito evaluativo: una experiencia para la coherencia, integración y progresión curricular
Authors: Castro-Rubilar Fancy , Rivas-Morales Cristian
Published: January 2021

Este artículo da a conocer un análisis de contexto y criterios de acreditación para las carreras de pedagogía. Luego, se expone la experiencia de una institución de educación superior en proceso de renovación curricular, dando a conocer algunas estrategias de microdiseño curricular que permiten fortalecer la coherencia, integración y progresión del plan de estudios. El artículo explora, además, los antecedentes teóricos que respaldaron el diseño de dos mecanismos (itinerario de formación práctica e hito evaluativo) y expone una metodología de proceso para el diseño de ambos, para efectos de monitoreo y evaluación del alcance del perfil de egreso y plan de estudios.
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation: A Paradigm Shift for Neuroma Management and Improved Prosthesis Control in Major Limb Amputees
Authors: Johnson Christine C. , Loeffler Bryan J. , Gaston R. Glenn
Published: January 2021

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a procedure that redirects nerves severed by amputation to new muscle targets. In tandem with advances in myoelectric prosthetics, TMR surgery provides amputees with improved control of myoelectric prostheses and simultaneously prevents or treats painful neuromas. TMR also has an emerging role in the management of neuromas in a nonamputation setting, and it seems to be a powerful strategy to treat a wide variety of neuromas. Because the pattern of nerve transfers varies based on the availability of donor nerves and muscle targets, TMR is inherently nonprescriptive, and thus, an understanding of the principles of TMR is essential for its successful application. This review describes the rationale for and principles of TMR, and outlines techniques for TMR, which can be used at various amputation levels and for the management of neuromas in nonamputees.
Complete Type Catalog of Trombiculidae sensu lato (Acari: Trombidiformes) of the U.S. National Entomology Collection, Smithsonian Institution
Authors: Bassini-Silva Ricardo , Jacinavicius Fernando de Castro , Welbourn Cal , Barros-Battesti Darci Moraes , Ochoa Ron
Published: January 2021

Mites in the family Trombiculidae sensu lato are parasites of terrestrial vertebrates, even humans, in their larval stage. There are more than 3,700 species of chiggers, and about one-third of these species are represented by type specimens in the Smithsonian Institution’s United States National Museum Entomology Collection. Here we provide a catalog of all primary and secondary type specimens of chiggers (holotype, paratype, syntype, lectotype, and paralectotype) housed in the collection. Listed herein are 1,026 type specimens with 645 representing holotypes, 782 paratypes, 69 syntypes, 19 lectotypes, and 16 paralectotypes of larvae, deutonymphs, and adult chiggers.
Work-Life Balance Constructs and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from the Palestinian Investment Sector
Authors: Khoury Muna M.
Published: January 2021

With the continuous evolution of globalization and the increasing technological openness between all countries worldwide, employees’ awareness about the quality of life and balance between work and life matters has constantly been escalating. Although a tremendous body of literature internationally exists on Work-Life Balance and Job Satisfaction, yet previous scholars across the Palestinian context have not connectedly addressed these terms. Both Work-Life Balance and Job satisfaction matters have been recently getting more focus than expected due to the fast-forwarding life cycles and the continuous obnoxious and inferior political and economic situation that faces every person, family, society, and company in Palestine, which have a significant influence on the productivity and performance of both the Palestinian organizations and employees. The focus of this study is on the measurement of work-life balance and job satisfaction of employees and the exploration of the relationship between both terms at different Palestinian companies in the investment sector while exploring the critical working issues and personal life matters among employees with further examination on how the concept of WLB might affect job satisfaction. This study's key contribution is to highlight this relationship among the Palestinian organizations and thus be further addressed and considered across all Palestine and in other developing countries with similar political and economic threats, especially after having this relationship positively correlated by the current research results.

The study was conducted on 502 employees from 7 different investment companies in Palestine. The statistical tests that were processed and the interference relationships tested confirmed a positive relationship between the three constructs of Work-Life Balance and Job Satisfaction.
Effect of Globalization on Income Inequality in Ghana
Authors: Manu Christiana
Published: January 2021

Available empirical evidence suggests that globalisation in recent years have had a significant positive impact on various sectors of most economies; however, significant evidence also exists suggesting that this economic process has also accentuated poverty and worsened income distribution in parts of some economies. This study examines the effects of foreign direct investment, trade openness and foreign remittance on income inequality in Ghana. The paper applied the vector error correction model in examining the effect of FDI inflow, foreign remittance and trade openness and income inequality in Ghana. The result indicates Foreign Remittance, FDI, Trade Openness and Gini index, are integrated of order one. Additionally, Johansen’s test for cointegration suggest a long-run relationship between the Gini coefficient (income distribution) and examined independent variables. The study also found out that foreign remittance has a significant negative relationship with Ghana’s income inequality and FDI inflows have no significant impact on Ghana’s income inequality.
The Impact of Health Expenditure on Economic Growth in Algeria
Authors: Admane Merizek , Slimani Samiha
Published: January 2021

The present study aims to investigate the impact of health expenditure on economic growth in Algeria for the period 1960-2016. Using data from the World Bank database, the Autoregressive Vector model and Granger causality, findings show that health expenditure positively affects economic growth in the short term; which means that the study’s hypothesis is proved. The results therefore reveal the increasing importance of investment in the health sector in order to improve economic growth indicator in Algeria.
Resources and Strategies Used by Young Parents in Serbia
Authors: Stanojević Dragan , Tomanović Smiljka , Ljubičić Milana
Published: January 2021

The paper deals with resources available to young parents and the strategies they deploy as a response to various domain-related demands (housing, finance, work, family). First, the structural and cultural features of the social context in Serbia are discussed as the framework for the study. Secondly, the paper analyses young parents’ differences, by socioeconomic status (SES) and gender, regarding their resources, such as housing, finances, and employment, as well as their strategies. The analysis is based on a mixed-methods approach, which brings together the survey results of a sub-sample of 435 parents from a nationally representative survey of young adults aged 18 to 35, and a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 24 young mothers and fathers. The analyses indicate significant SES and gender differences in young parents’ resources and strategies, which are shaped by the structures and cultures of parenthood specific to the contemporary social context in Serbia.
Ver, sentir, vivenciar e crer: os estudos sobre consumo pelos trilhos da consumer culture theory (CCT)
Authors: Joaquim Adriano de Mendonça , Andrade Helena da Gama Cerqueira , Resende Sara Pimenta , Pinto Marcelo de Rezende
Published: January 2021

É notório o aumento do interesse dos pesquisadores de marketing sobre questões envolvendo a Consumer Culture Theory (CCT) no Brasil. Assim, este artigo, de cunho ensaístico, tem por objetivo oferecer à comunidade de marketing um compêndio demonstrando como esta abordagem teorética e metodológica estruturou-se epistemologicamente, como foi historicamente construída, consolidou-se como uma marca e, também, como aqueles que ajudaram em sua construção pensam que esta poderia contribuir para que compreendamos os fenômenos do consumo por meio dos seus aspectos culturais e simbólicos. Para isso, estruturou-se em tópicos em que se apresenta a relação entre consumo e a perspectiva interpretativista, discutidos os antecedentes do lançamento da marca CCT e expostas as questões que permearam o lançamento e as contribuições teóricas e empíricas da CCT. Os comentários conclusivos sobre a temática, ao final, motivam os pesquisadores interessados a investir esforços para ampliar esse promissor campo de estudos no Brasil.
A representação do discurso do outro e os posicionamentos identitários
Authors: Rodrigues Daniella Lopes Dias
Published: January 2021

Neste artigo apresento resultados de estudo sobre a representação do discurso do outro (RDO) em artigos científicos publicados em revistas Qualis A e B nas áreas de Linguística, Ciências Sociais e Engenharias, à luz dos aportes teóricos da linguística da enunciação, a fim de evidenciar que a escrita de pesquisa não é homogênea como pressupõem, geralmente, os manuais que a orientam.  Partindo da premissa de que o discurso direto revela o RDO no sentido estrito, quer dizer, o discurso direto tem por objeto um ato de enunciação outro, bem como um estatuto autônomo ou de menção conferido ao enunciado reapresentado (AUTHIER-REVUZ, 2008), identifiquei 233 citações diretas do tipo longa (denominação dada pela ABNT), as quais foram cotejadas, o que me permitiu categorizá-las em teórica, documental e cultural, dados seu estatuto epistêmico e a origem da citação. Tal resultado pode: i) servir de ponto de partida ou de fio condutor para reflexões sobre os modos de textualização e discursivização da escrita de pesquisa; ii) levar os estudantes universitários a refletir sobre as características da escrita científica da sua área disciplinar; iii) possibilitar o uso consciente do RDO de modo que ele sirva para a construção de quadros teóricos mais consistentes e funcionais em gêneros como ensaios, artigos, projetos, dissertações e teses.
Integrated Lean-Green-Six Sigma Practices to Improve the Performance of the Manufacturing Industry
Authors: M. Gaikwad Lokpriya , K. Sunnapwar Vivek
Published: January 2021

To survive in the global competitive market, the manufacturing organization must adopt changes in technologies and strategies into their processes on a continuous basis. So, nowadays, Lean, Green, and Six Sigma became business process strategies, which are employed in most of the organization to enhance their manufacturing performance. However, the significant information is that these strategies are implemented sequentially instead of simultaneously. The objective of this chapter is to propose an integrated Lean- Green-Six Sigma strategic framework for manufacturing industries that effectively implementing this approach will lead business processes to achieve operational, financial, social, and environmental growth. This will also guide the practitioner and academician those who are working on manufacturing strategies.
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Ali Raza Naqvi Syed , Babar Imran Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Nuclear medicine techniques have a great deal of advantage of using gamma radiation emitter radiolabeled compounds to diagnose the long list of infectious and malignant disorders in human systems. The gamma emitter radionuclide-labeled compounds are associated with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) camera. SPECT camera mainly offers the detection and analysis of gamma rays origin to furnish the imaging of defective organs in the body. There are about 85% radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice which are being detected by SPECT camera. The following chapter is an update about the SPECT radiopharmaceuticals that were developed and tried for infection and cancer diagnosis.
A Hybrid Human-Data Methodology for the Conception of Operational Performance Management Systems
Authors: Ginjo Jantarada Diogo , Grilo Antonio
Published: January 2021

To excel in the overall business performance, daily processes and activities connected to produce a good or service need to be outperformed. Even though there is extensive literature on performance management and performance management systems, there is still no consensus over the conceptual model of such systems, in what is designated as Operational Performance Management Systems (OPMS). This chapter proposes a new approach to conceive feasible and desirable OPMS tools to assist managers on controlling and responding to operational needs, by combining Design Thinking (DT) and Data Analytics (DA), that provide holistic and deep business knowledge, as well as a data-driven based management. The authors conduct an empirical application through a case study within the context of a European airport’s Baggage Handling System (BHS). The case study procedure follows the proposed methodology’s stages, where the authors construct the problem space with a wide array of collected data, along with the solution exploration and refinement.
Microalgae: The Multifaceted Biomass of the 21st Century
Authors: Tyoker Kukwa Donald , Chetty Maggie
Published: January 2021

Microalgae are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms which possess unique qualities of replication, producing biomass as a precursor for biofuels, nutraceuticals, biofertilizer, and fine chemicals including hydrocarbons. Microalgae access nitrates and phosphates in wastewater from municipalities, industries, and agricultural processes to grow. Wastewater is, therefore, culture media for microalgae, and provides the needed nutrients, micronutrients, inorganic and organic pollutants to produce microalgae biomass. Suitable strains of microalgae cultivated under mesophilic conditions in wastewater with optimized hydrodynamics, hydraulic retention time (HRT), luminous intensity, and other co-factors produce biomass of high specific growth rate, high productivity, and with high density. The hydrodynamics are determined using a range of bioreactors from raceway ponds, photobioreactors to hybrid reactors. Carbon dioxide is used in the photosynthetic process, which offers different growth stimuli in the daytime and the night-time as the microalgae cultivation technique is navigated between autotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy resulting in microalgal lipids of different compositions.
Molecular Mechanisms of Distinct Diseases
Authors: Batman Adnan , Yalim Camci İrem , Kadioglu Elif , Uçar Çifçi Kezban , Yeman Kıyak Berçem , Tunoglu Servet , Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoglu Ezgi , Tutar Yusuf
Published: January 2021

Molecular medicine describes molecular structures and mechanisms and this chapter focuses on molecular and genetics errors of diseases. Diseases can be classified into deficiency diseases, hereditary diseases, infectious diseases and physiological diseases and to get a glimpse of the mechanisms the chapter covers the most common disease of each class.
Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal in Fluidized Bed - Double Circulation Microwave Column Adsorber
Authors: İsmail Tosun Yildirim
Published: January 2021

Heated Ca apatite slimes in microwave radiated salt slurries are one of the most promising technologies for advanced fuel energy storage with favorable economic potential and intrinsic properties. The development of solid pellet technology for molten salt is a key issue in the heat transport processing. The apathite phosphate, slurry salt in the slime-salt bath mixes was investigated under microwave radiation heating to result in insoluble sorbent fines dissolved in porous basket. The insoluble consists of noble metal fission products, such as Pb, Zn, Cu. In this study, there have been very few transport studies of wet steam alkali slurry (metal fines-molten alkali salt mixture). Bath ferrite/apatite particle size changed the heat conductivity to salt bath. A major reason is that the retention time in fixed film processes is longer than in solid–gas processes. This allows more time to the heat absorption for cracking to the desorbed persistent compounds. Furthermore, radiated ferrite by microwave allows a sufficient intimate contact between coal and biomass surface pores and gas atmosphere in the furnace due to more pyrolysis gas desorption. Bubbling slurry of sorbent porosity decreases while temperature decreases. There was a critical porous structure of bubbling sorbent bath which is a factor that determines to a great extent both the sorbent rate and degree of boiling it was found that, a porous slurry bath over 45% was more efficient with radiated a low amount ferrite below weight rate of 15% in microwave column.
The Role of Personal and Immune Variables in the Development of Co-Morbid Affective and Related Psychopathological Syndromes in Partial Epilepsies in Relation to Handedness
Authors: V. Kalinin Vladimir , Y. Subbotin Kirill , G. Yermakova Natalia , A. Zemlyanaya Anna , V. Sokolova Lyudmila
Published: January 2021

The current study was performed in order to find the influence of premorbid personality traits and immune variables on psychopathological constructs including affective and related syndromes in patients with epilepsy separately for right-handers and left-handers. Ninety two patients with epilepsy have been included into the study. There were 85 right-handers and 7 left-handers. Assessment of psychopathological status of patients has been performed by using of Symptom Check List −90 (SCL-90) and the Hamilton rating scales for Depression and Anxiety. The Munich Personality test (MPT) was used for the assessment of personality trait. The amounts of different lymphocytes clusters were calculated. The multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to find the relationships between personality, immunity variables and affective and related psychopathological syndromes separately for right-handers and left-handers.In the right-handers significant relationships between the Neuroticism level (MPT) and value of HAM-D, Depression construct (SCL-90), Anxiety (SCL-90), Obsessions (SCL-90) and Phobia construct (SCL-90) have been obtained. In the left-handers stochastically significant correlations between Regulatory Index (CD4/CD8) with Depression construct (SCL-90) and Obsession construct (SCL-90) were revealed. Premorbid personality traits determine the affective, anxiety, obsessive and phobia syndromes strictly in right-handed patients with epilepsy, while immunity variables (CD4/CD) quite the contrary predispose to affective and obsessive syndromes strictly in left-handed patients.
Determination of the Most Priority Conservation Areas Based on Population Pressure and Erosion Hazard Levels in Lesti Sub-Watershed, Malang Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Setyo Pambudi Andi
Published: January 2021

In a watershed, the Erosion Hazard Level (EHL) is usually associated with erosion rate and existing soil solum. In Lesti Sub-Watershed, erosion rate increases every year due to erosivity factor, erodibility, the length and slope, as well as crop factor and land conservation action. Analysis of erosion associated with population pressure has not been much discussed in the Lesti Sub-Watershed. This topic needs to be explored given that the erosion rate that affects sedimentation in the Sengguruh Reservoir, as an outlet of the Lesti Sub-Watershed, cannot be separated from the population activity therein. The population activity and the choice of use of land suppress the land so that it affects the carrying capacity of the watershed. Measuring land strength is usually based on the value of existing population pressure and its effect on vulnerability or erosion hazard level. This study seeks to assess the relationship between erosion hazard level and population pressure, as well as to determine the priority conservation areas in the Lesti Sub-watershed. The research approach uses a mixed method. The results shows that from 12 sub-districts in Lesti Sub-watershed there is 1 sub-district which has high population pressure as well as severe EHL. This sub-district is the most priority area for environmental conservation.
Effects of Antipsychotic Medication on Mortality in Long-Term Care Home Residents
Authors: John Stones Michael , Randle Jason , Brink Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines mortality in long-term care home (LTCH) residents as associated with the use antipsychotic medication when combined with other psychotropic medications. The data at census-level pertain to all new admissions to long-term care homes (LTCH) in Ontario, Canada, during a given financial year (i.e., over 20,000 LTCH residents). The observations include comprehensive assessment upon admission and at quarterly intervals thereafter for a maximal period of 1-year after the initial assessment. The mortality data derive from three linked databases, with mortality classified as death within 90 days of the final assessment. The findings indicate that combinations of concurrent daily usage of antipsychotic medication with daily usage of other psychotropic medications (particularly antidepressants and analgesics) are associated with relatively low mortality, whereas intermittent usage (e.g. pro re nata; as needed) is associated with relatively high mortality.
Lidar Observations in South America. Part II - Troposphere
Authors: Landulfo Eduardo , Cacheffo Alexandre , Calzavara Yoshida Alexandre , Arleques Gomes Antonio , Juliano da Silva Lopes Fábio , de Arruda Moreira Gregori , João da Silva Jonatan , Andrioli Vania , Pimenta Alexandre , Wang Chi , Xu Jiyao , Paulete Pereira Martins Maria , Batista Paulo , de Melo Jorge Barbosa Henrique , Alves Gouveia Diego , Barja González Boris , Zamorano Felix , Quel Eduardo , Pereira Clodomyra , Wolfram Elian , Ismael Casasola Facundo , Orte Facundo , Omar Salvador Jacobo , Vicente Pallotta Juan , Ana Otero Lidia , Prieto Maria , Roberto Ristori Pablo , Brusca Silvina , Henry Reina Estupiñan John , Sanchez Barrera Estiven , Carlos Antuña-Marrero Juan , Forno Ricardo , Andrade Marcos , Johanna Hoelzemann Judith , Guimarães Guedes Anderson , Tobler Sousa Cristina , Camilo Fortunato dos Santos Oliveira Daniel , de Souza Fernandes Duarte Ediclê , Paulo Araújo da Silva Marcos , Sammara da Silva Santos Renata
Published: January 2021

In Part II of this chapter, we intend to show the significant advances and results concerning aerosols’ tropospheric monitoring in South America. The tropospheric lidar monitoring is also supported by the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). It is concerned about aerosols originating from urban pollution, biomass burning, desert dust, sea spray, and other primary sources. Cloud studies and their impact on radiative transfer using tropospheric lidar measurements are also presented.
Role of Trace Elements in Breast Cancer and Their Characterization Using X-Ray Fluorescence Techniques
Authors: Singh Kainth Harpreet , Khandelwal Deeksha , Singh Ranjit , Singh Gurjeet , Puri Sanjiv
Published: January 2021

Breast cancer is the most common serious disease that occurs in the human body. Trace elements have an important function in biological and metabolism processes including activation or inhibition of enzymatic reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), competition between trace elements and metal proteins for binding positions and modifications in the permeability of cellular membranes which influence carcinogenic processes. A significant association between the abnormal concentration of trace elements and breast cancer has been found in many studies using XRF techniques like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence (SRIXE). This chapter considers trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl, Ca, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Se, As and Sr. from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of breast cancer. XRF techniques and sample preparation methods for analysis of biological samples are also reviewed.
The Challenge of Controlling a Small Mars Plane
Authors: Chiba Seiki , Waki Mikio
Published: January 2021

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are lightweight and high-power, making them ideal for power control in a planetary exploration spacecraft. In this chapter, we will discuss the control of an exploration airplane exploring the surface of Mars using DEs. This airplane requires lightweight and powerful actuators to fly in the rare Martian atmosphere. DEs are a possible candidate for use as actuator controlling the airplane since they have high power, and high efficiency. A structural model of a wing having a control surface, a DE, and a linkage was built and a wind tunnel test of a control surface actuation using a DE actuator was carried out.
Why Study Mathematics
Authors: Wren F. L.
Published: January 2021

Why should anyone study mathematics? This type of question is not peculiar to mathematics nor to the field of education. Let us look at a corresponding situation in the field of business. Suppose an automobile salesman attempts to sell a car, what are some of the questions he has to answer? The buyer wants to know the make of the car and compares it with other makes from the standpoint of beauty, service, and economy. Before the sale can be made the salesman must present convincing argument on all of these points and surely no real salesman will attempt such a task without being thoroughly familiar with the car himself. While the analogy may not be complete from the case of the automobile salesman to that of the teacher of mathematics, yet it is certainly true that the teachers of mathematics are primarily the ones who should be able to “sell” mathematics to the “doubting public.” There are two questions that every mathematics teacher should be able to answer if he is to be able to give an intelligent answer to the one already proposed: they are “What is mathematics?” and “What relation does mathematics have to the cultural, industrial, and recreational activities of a progressive civilization?”
Mathematical Lens: House, Amherst, Massachusetts
Authors: Reif Dan
Published: January 2021

Architects use sketches to show their ideas and to present problems and solutions. You should do the same for each problem below. In these problems you will be introduced to drawing a floor plan and elevations, as well as to creating perspective and isometric images.
A Little Competition Goes a Long Way: Holding a Mathematical Modeling Contest in Your Classroom
Authors: Munakata Mika
Published: January 2021

“What do you mean there's not one right answer?” We often hear this response from students who are given problems with more than one reasonable solution. Many students have been conditioned to think of mathematics as a cut-anddried subject where the quest is always for the one correct answer. When faced with a problem that is open to interpretation or one that has multiple answers, they can become uncomfortable.
A Little-Used Art of Teaching: The Case of Storytelling
Authors: Meel David E. , Gyurko Deborah , Gaspar Michelle
Published: January 2021

How many students would agree with the statement “My math teacher fails in the area of creativity” when asked if their teachers try to enliven their classroom? So, where is the fun in our teaching of mathematics? In Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics clearly recognizes the need for lively classrooms by stating, “Teaching mathematics well involves creating, enriching, maintaining, and adapting instruction to move toward mathematical goals, capture and sustain interest, and engage students in building mathematical understanding” (NCTM 2000, p. 18). We suggest incorporating storytelling as a means of introducing students to new concepts and working through the solution of several problems before the students even know they are investigating them.
Sharing Teaching Ideas: A$$e$$ing Effort: Earning a Salary
Authors: Frahm Bruce W.
Published: January 2021

In low-level mathematics classes, overcoming student apathy is a common challenge. It is difficult to motivate students who have had little or no success in a mathematics class and see no value in putting forth any effort. Using an alternative assessment for effort can cause students to stop and take notice, giving them a reason to achieve.
The Galileo Educational Network: Developing a Mathematical Habit-of-Mind
Authors: Friesen Sharon
Published: January 2021

In order to increase mathematical literacy and achievement in grades K-12, mathematics educators at Galileo Educational Network work collaboratively with mathematicians and teachers to find different ways to address matters of mathematical knowledge, classroom pedagogy, resources, and assessment. We are working to develop ways to engage teachers in professional learning opportunities through which they can learn mathematics differently, increase their effectiveness in the teaching of mathematics, engage with and develop more robust mathematical problems, and connect with colleagues and mentors who are also attempting to increase mathematical literacy and achievement in their classrooms.
The Present Year-Long Course in Euclidean Geometry Must Go
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: January 2021

It is assumed that the geometry course refers to one that is commonly taught in the tenth school year. It is traditional Euclidean synthetic geometry, of 2- and 3-space, modified by an introduction of ruler and protractor axioms into the usual synthetic axioms. A unit of coordinate geometry of the plane is usually appended. It is a course that is reflected in textbooks prepared by the School Mathematics Study Group and in most commercial textbooks.
Solving Simultaneous Equations: Getting More from Geometry
Authors: Gannon Gerald , Shultz Harris S.
Published: January 2021

How a geometric insight can add to the richness of our students' experiences when they first encounter the solutions to two equations in two unknowns. Includes sample graphs.
Activities for Students: Using Statistical Testing to Approximate π
Authors: Ebert Dave
Published: January 2021

Every March 14, teachers and students around the country celebrate “Pi Day” with a variety of activities. Some students and teachers bake pies, while others plan a special celebration at 1:59 to celebrate Pi Day down to the nearest minute. One of my colleagues gives a prize to the student who can memorize the greatest number of digits of π. They would have to memorize quite a few digits to break the record. In 1995, Hiroyuki Goto memorized 42,194 digits of π. It took him more than nine hours to recite them all.
Congratulatory Letter
Authors: Spelling Margaret
Published: January 2021

Letter of congratulations on celebrating 100 years of publishing Mathematics Teacher. The letter offers continued support through the National Mathematics Advisory Panel.
Reconsidering the 1980s: What Should Not Be in the Algebra and Geometry Curricula of Average College-Bound Students?
Authors: Usiskin Zalman
Published: January 2021

This article gives a retrospective view on major changes in mathematics education the last 25 years. It notes increased enrollment in higher mathematics courses, earlier grade levels at which algebra and geometry are taken, multiplicity of standards and assessments. The author looks back on his recommendation given in 1980 and presents his assessment of their validity under current conditions.
From the 1990s: Climbing Around on the Tree of Mathematics
Authors: Kennedy Dan
Published: January 2021

This September 1995 article approaches creating a modern mathematics curriculum using a metaphoric tree of Mathematics. Author describes problem of optimal selection and sequencing of subjects. He supports the ladder of technology for reaching higher branches of the tree and argues for clearing the dead leaves of centuries of curricular material, clearing the view of beautiful tree of Mathematics.
From the 2000s: Facing Facts: Achieving Balance in High School Mathematics
Authors: Steen Lynn Arthur
Published: January 2021

This article from 2005 presents comprehensive analysis of the state of mathematics education since launching of soviet Sputnik till now concluding that despite extraordinary efforts today's typical 17-year-old knows no more mathematics than his or her grandparents at the same age. After the analysis of the problem author proposes two recommendations balancing interests of different stakeholders. He concludes that due to the extraordinary recent expansion of mathematical applications a new strategy may be used. He believes that the unique power of mathematics that the current curriculum provides for a minority of calculus-bound students, such as reasoning, abstraction, generalization, can extended to a substantial majority of students through a more diverse curriculum designed to offer breadth, balance, utility, and coherence.
Imagine Yourself in This Calculus Classroom
Authors: Bryan Luajean
Published: January 2021

The efforts to attract students to precalculus, trigonometry, and calculus classes became more successful when projects-based classes were offered. Data collection from an untethered hot air balloon flight for calculus students was planned to maximize enrollment. The data were analyzed numerically, graphically, and algebraically. The project made calculus more meaningful and memorable for students.
What Else Can You Do with an Open Box?
Authors: Miller Catherine , Shaw Douglas
Published: January 2021

Starting with the classic Open Box problem, we present extensions of this problem that can be used in high school mathematics classes. We also challenge high school teachers to use this process of problem analysis in their own practice as a way to enrich the content of their lessons and as a means of individualized professional development.
Ancient Egyptians and Russian Peasants Foretell the Digital Age
Authors: Seppala-Holtzman D. N.
Published: January 2021

The “Ancient Egyptian” and “Russian Peasant” multiplication schemes and shows that they both use base two to reach the same algorithm. Teachers of algebra or other maths may engage students in developing the proofs and equivalent algorithms given.
Generating Problems from Problems and Solutions from Solutions
Authors: Arcavi Abraham , Resnick Zippora
Published: January 2021

Many mathematical problems can be completely solved analytically. Usually, when we reach a solution, we tend to be satisfied and consider the task finished. In this article, we illustrate the practice of reexamining the result of a full analytic solution, an approach that leads to the search for an alternative geometrical solution and thus enhances our understanding of both solutions.
Mathematical Lens: Reflections
Authors: Metz James , Scott Stephanie , Ottman Larry
Published: January 2021

James Metz, a community college mathematics professor in Honolulu, Hawaii, took photograph 1 on a street corner in Tokyo in the Akihabara area, known as “electric town” (where electronics shops of all types are found). In the photograph, a mirrored curved column reflects the image of a passing delivery truck. Students can use a short length of chrome exhaust pipe or drainpipe and a small toy truck to model this photograph.
Applied Algebra: The Modeling Technique of Least Squares
Authors: Zelkowski Jeremy , Mayes Robert
Published: January 2021

Algebra on the high school, community college, and college levels is often viewed by students as an abstract game—as skills to be mastered and algorithms to be memorized. To move students from this static view, algebra on all levels should be grounded in applications so that students see it as a useful tool in solving real-world problems. Early in their study of algebra, students should be exposed to mathematical modeling, which can link to their interdisciplinary interests as well as illuminate the need for algebra as a tool for making decisions in a democratic society.
A Song for 8-8-08
Authors: Lesser Lawrence M.
Published: January 2021

A song about mathematical properties of the number eight, and places the number occurs in the natural world. Written to a familiar tune, teachers could use this song in their classroom to get their students excited about numbers.
Technology Tips: The New Generation of Handheld Calculators: Can Your Students
Authors: Edwards Thomas G.
Published: January 2021

The latest advances in instructional technology have enabled teachers to use interactive, dynamic tools to explore mathematical representations in ways they cannot when using chalkboard or paper and pencil. With these new tools, the technology itself performs the computations required to translate actions across representations, leaving the student free to perform the actions and monitor the consequences. The effectiveness of these learning tools lies in being able to represent the same mathematical concept by using many representations and making explicit the relationships among those representations by dynamically linking them (Kaput 1986, 1994), although multiplylinked representations have possible disadvantages (Ainsworth 1999; van der Meij and de Jong 2006). Dynamic linking may make students passive by doing too much for them, and providing too much information may result in cognitive overload. Thus, these powerful instructional tools must be used with great care and preparation.
Delving Deeper: A Curious Sum with Interesting Dividends
Authors: Koshy Thomas
Published: January 2021

This article illustrates the power of pattern recognition as a problem-solving tool that provides some interesting dividends.
Diving In Head First: Finding the Volume of Norris Lake
Authors: Foster Drew W.
Published: January 2021

One of the challenges facing teachers is to develop students' ability to understand a problem, use this knowledge to find a solution, and then apply what they have learned to a real-world situation. The Ohio Academic Standards, as do many other states' standards, call for applying mathematical knowledge and skill in other content areas and practical situations (INFOhio 2007). The project described here—to determine the volume of water in Norris Lake, Tennessee—satisfies Ohio Academic Standards for computing various attributes, including area and volume, and for developing a mathematical model. It also addresses a specific, practical need: Knowing the volume of the lake is critical to managing the flow of water over the dam, generating electricity, and assessing the environmental impact on fish and wildlife. The project allows students to take what they have learned about calculating areas and volumes, using maps and scales, and incorporating the use of technology to approximate the total volume of water in Norris Lake.
The Evolution of the Cartesian Connection
Authors: Anderson Gail M.
Published: January 2021

One of NCTM's ten standards for school mathematics is Representation: “Representations [such as diagrams, graphs, and symbols] should be treated as essential elements in supporting students' understanding of mathematical concepts and relationships; in communicating mathematical approaches, arguments, and understandings to one's self and to others; in recognizing connections among related mathematical concepts; and in applying mathematics to realistic problem situations through modeling” (NCTM 2000, p. 67). In my experience, one of the biggest issues students struggle with is the connection between equations and their graphs (referred to as the “Cartesian connection” in an interesting study by Knuth [2000]). Unfortunately, although students are becoming proficient in using algebraic and graphical representations independently, they often do not make the connection between the two representational formats (Knuth 2000; NCTM 2000; Van Dyke and White 2004). In this article, I will explore the history of the graphical representation of functions and curves, specifically, the development of the Cartesian coordinate system as the most common frame for this graphical representation.
Mathematical Lens: Slippery Slopes
Authors: Lesser Lawrence M.
Published: January 2021

The University of Texas at El Paso's many distinctions include being the nation's only doctoral-research-intensive university with a majority Mexican-American student population and having the first NCAA basketball team start an all-black lineup in the championship game (in 1966). Also, UTEP is unique in the Western Hemisphere for its reproduction of Bhutanese architecture. The inspiration for this distinctive feature dates back almost a century, when a UTEP dean's spouse saw photographs of Bhutan's buildings and landscapes in National Geographic (see, e.g., the January 1910 and the April 1914 issues). She was struck by the similarities between the mountain vistas of that eastern Himalayan kingdom and those of the El Paso region.