bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Profile of Pin Tract Infections due to External Fixators
Authors: Priyanka Rokkam Meher Krishna , Anushka Devnikar V , Parimala Subramani , Hariprasad Seenappa
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Pin tract infections are complications associated with external fixators. Proper diagnosis and treatment can prevent further complications related to the infection. There are limited numbers of studies on this infection and thus treatment is usually based on individual’s experience. Therefore, this study was undertaken to have a better understanding of pin tract infections and to help us establish a treatment protocol in the hospital. Aim: To determine the incidence of pin tract infections among all patients who have external fixators, to identify the causative agents and study their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in a tertiary hospital for patients who had external fixators. After obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent from the patient, all patients were monitored and if there was clinical suspicion of infection, discharge/pus was collected from the infection site and processed in the microbiology laboratory as per standard laboratory protocol to isolate and identify the causative agent. Antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Statistical analysis was done by using Microsoft excel 2010. Results: It was found that out of the 30 patients included in the study, six patients showed clinical evidence of pin tract infections with male preponderance. The most common isolate was Acinetobacter baumanii followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter koseri with variable antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Conclusion: Pin tract infection occurred in 20% of the patients. Early diagnosis and treatment prevents complications which further reduces the cost of treatment and the number of days of hospital stay.
Study of Histomorphological Spectrum of Granulomatous Lesions of Skin
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Agarwal Pooja , Mishra Tarun , Chahar Yatendra , Kamal Raj , Tyagi Shikha , Kaushik Nupur
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The granulomatous reaction is defined as a distinctive inflammatory pattern characterised by the granuloma. The term Granuloma was first coined by Virchow in 1864. The granuloma is characterised by collection of activated histiocytes, epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells that may or may not be rimed by lymphocytes and/or show central necrosis. The pattern of skin disease varies from one country to another and across different parts within same country. The granulomatous lesions of skin are a common and intriguing problem in developing countries. Aim:To study the histomorphological spectrum of granulomatous lesions of skin. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, over a period of two years (from September 2018 to September 2020). All skin biopsies coming to The Department of Pathology werefixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for duration of 12 to 24 hours. Paraffin wax blocks were made and 3-4 micrometer section were taken and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), showing granulomas on histology were included in the study. On H&E, stained slide, granulomas were studied for type, morphology and site. Special stains were used for further evaluations and analysis. Results: Out of total 124 cases studied, the maximum patients 34 (27.41%) were of 11-20 years age group. The epithelioid granuloma was the most common type in 76 (61.29%) cases followed by histiocytic granuloma in 24 (19.35%). The infectious granulomatous dermatoses were the most common histological type in which tuberculosis was most common followed by leprosy. Most commonly the lesions were found to involve the whole dermis in 74 (59.68%) cases, followed by upper and mid dermis in 35 (28.23%) cases. Out of 40 cases of leprosy, 17(42.50%) cases were found Wade-Fite Stain positive. Out of total 57 cases of tuberculosis, 31 (54.38%) cases were found Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) positive. Conclusion: We concluded that major cause of granulomatous dermatoses in developing countries is still infectious, tuberculosis and leprosy being the leading causes. Histopathology is gold standard for diagnosis and categorisation of granulomatous dermatoses. Special stains are useful in cases of any dilemma.
Diagnosis of Spinal Tuberculosis in Retrovirus Negative Cases: A Case Series
Authors: Devi DR Gayathri , Soujanya B Rama , Padmanabhan Ashok Kumar , Gouri SR Mangala , Mahesh M
Published: July 2021

Spinal Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common destructive form of extrapulmonary TB. The diagnosis of spinal TB is challenging involving combined approach of clinical diagnosis, imaging techniques, detection of acid-fast bacilli in microscopy, histopathology, and culture. This case series reports four patients of spinal TB diagnosed clinically, radiologically and microbiologically that were treated appropriately with standard anti-TB treatment according to Category I daily regimen.
A Study on Phenotypic Association between Biofilm and Drug Resistant Klebsiella Species Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Riaz Ishrath Razia , Hindupur Anusha , Thota Akhil Raj , Balakrishnan Arulmozhi , Anbazhagan Iswarya , Palanisamy Indra Priya , Dhandapani Prabu
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI's) are considered to be one of the most prominent infections, worldwide. Klebsiella species are the commonest cause of community and hospital acquired UTIs. Biofilm production and hyper-mucous production are the important virulence factors among the pathogenic strains of Klebsiella species. Biofilm-associated and Hyper-Mucoviscosity (HMV) variants of Kiebsiella spp. ispotent enough to easily colonise the urinary tract, develop the invasiveness of infection and mainly contribute in higherresistance to most classes of antibiotics. Understanding the virulence factors associated with Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella spp. would aid in estimating the resistance related mortality. Aim: To identify and comparatively analyse the HMV, biofilm-producing capacity and drug resistance pattern of archived Klebsiella spp. isolates from UTI. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. A retrospective analysis was performed during January 2020 to March 2020 on 207 archived Klebsiellaspp. isolates collected between December 2017 to January 2019. The presumptive identification of Klebsiella spp. was done using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Klebsiella spp. were tested for biofilm production using microtiter plate method and HMV phenotype by string test. Descriptive statistics and Student’s t-test were performed to analyse the data. Results: A total of 207 Klebsiella isolates were used in this study and majority (94.6%) of the isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Out of 207 isolates, 14 isolates (6.8%) were Extensively Drug Resistant (XDR); 141 isolates (68.1%) were MDR; 43 isolates (20.8%) were resistant to one or two class of antibiotics. Biofilm detection assay showed 97.1% (201/207) were strong biofilm producers and 2.9% (6/207) were moderate biofilm producers. String test for HMV detection showed only two isolates (1.0%) were positive HMV producers. Among the biofilm producers, majority of the Klebsiella isolates were found to be MDR. Conclusion: Resistance in Klebsiella spp. is an evolving problem. Majority of the drug resistant Klebsiella isolates used in present study were strong biofilm producers. This study emphasises on the sensible use of last resort drugs to cut down the evolution of resistant strains.
Co-circulation of all the Four Serotype of Dengue Virus in Endemic Region of Saurashtra, Gujarat during 2019-2020 Season
Authors: Aring Binita Joseph , Gavali Dipali Magan Bhai , Kateshiya Pushpa Ramjibhai , Gadhvi Hiral Modbhai , Mullan Summaiya , Trivedi Kamaxi Kiritbhai , Nathametha Akhlakahemad Alibhai , Nakhava Anand Hitenbhai
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Dengue has rapidly emerged as a vector - borne viral disease in recent years and also endemic in all continents. The agent of dengue, i.e., dengue viruses, are categorised under the genus Flavivirus, with the four dengue virus serotypes: designated as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. These all four serotypes are in circulation either singly, or more than one at the same time. Aim: To study the epidemiological update of dengue with circulating serotype and co-infection in Saurashtra region, Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during January 2019 to December 2020 and total samples received were 12,563 which were clinically suspected dengue samples case. After receiving blood samples, serum was separated and proceeded for Dengue NS1Ag (nonstructural protein 1 antigen), and Dengue IgM Ab (Immunoglobulin M antibody). After serological confirmation, 151 samples from different geographical area were selected for Dengue specific Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for serotyping. results: Total 4069 (32%) had confirmed dengue positive by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The ratio of male cases was higher than female, and in age group 21-35 year (47%). Seasonal trend showed a gradual increase in positivity from June with high peak in October. Circulation of all the four serotypes in area, higher monotypic infection by DENV-1 serotype (41%), followed by DENV-4, DENV-2 and DENV-3. Co-infection of different serotypes were also found. conclusion: The present study concluded that all four serotypes circulate with predominant being DENV-1 type and co-infection of different serotypes in the saurashtra region. Dengue mainly affected adult male population, and seasonal peak during monsoon and post-monsoon period.
Co-infection of COVID-19 and Tuberculosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Anuradha . , Sharma Shiwangi , Rai Bani , Achra Arvind , Kansra Stuti , Chhabra Mala , Duggal Nandini
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The burden of Tuberculosis (TB) has managed to remain an age old menace to our society, especially India. The potential impact of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) on TB patients continues to be worrisome due to the disruption of the national program and its services. Aim: To compare the TB infection in COVID-19 vs non-COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken at Department of Microbiology, ABVIMS, Dr. RML Hospital Delhi, India. The data was collected, retrospectively from 15thSeptember 2020 to 15th January 2021 from admitted 1094 non-COVID-19 and 150 COVID-19 patients, >18 years of age, either sex. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was done to diagnose COVID-19 and GeneXpert was used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The data entry was done in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the final analysis was done with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) software version 21.0. Two by two contingency table was used for calculating the Odd’s ratio. Results: During the study period, 1094 samples were received from non-COVID-19 ward and 150 from COVID-19 ward. Out of 150 COVID-19 positive patients, 30 (20%) were also positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) and 120 (80%) were negative for MTBC. Out of 1094 COVID-19 negative patients, 98 (8.96%) were positive for MTBC and 996 (91.04%) were negative for MTBC. The Odd’s ratio/Risk Ratio (RR) of TB infection in COVID-19 infected patients was 3.08 {Confidence Interval (CI) 95%}. The mortality was 10% in the COVID-19 positive group. Conclusion: It was observed that the chances of contracting TBare thrice in COVID-19 patients and thus TB diagnosis should be equally emphasised and further strengthened in this ongoing pandemic.
Assessment of Biosecurity in Confined Pig Farms in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Abidjan (Ivory Coast)
Authors: Kadja M. C. , Sabi S. Sourokou , Dago A. , Laleye F. X. , Kane Y.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to assess the status of biosecurity measures in confined pig farms in the urban and peri-urban areas of Abidjan in order to make recommendations for improving their sanitary conditions. This study was conducted in 76 confined pig farms in order to assess biosecurity practices. It consisted of administering a questionnaire to farmers in the urban and peri-urban areas of Abidjan. The analysis of the implementation of external biosecurity measures showed that 46.67% of the farms were not fenced, 85.20% were adjacent to other pig farms and the distance between them was less than 200m in 75.40% of cases. Similarly, 35.80% of the farms were located less than 100m from houses. Barriers to entry existed in 37.5% but only 2.8% and 8.82% of farms had signs for visitors and trucks and a vehicle disinfection device at the entrance respectively. Only 6.8% of the farms had foot baths at the entrance of the buildings. The vast majority of farmers stated that they quarantine new animals. The principles of internal biosecurity are very little respected. Workers wear work clothes on the majority of farms, but more than half of them go outside with them. The same working equipment is used in the different lodges without distinction of the age of the subjects and very little cleaned and disinfected. The disinfectants used are bleach and cresyl without any dilution standard. The presence of other animal species was noted and rodent control was not practised. The pathologies encountered are predominantly diarrhoea, and postweaning animals are the most affected.
A Mini-Review: Marine Debris in Indonesian Waters
Authors: Akbar Muhammad Royhand Azkia , Junianto .
Published: July 2021

Indonesia is a country that has very wide sea waters and has abundant resources. The quality of the waters must be maintained, especially from marine debris (MD) contaminants. This article aims to explain the classification, movement, and impact of marine debris on the aquatic environment. From various studies, it was found that MD in Indonesian waters is grouped into macro and micro sizes. The movement of MD in waters is influenced by tides, currents, and wind speed. MD greatly impacts the ecosystem in aquatic habitats especially mangroves. The purpose of this article is to review of marine debris in Indonesian waters.
Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products Bitter Kola, Njangsang and Palm Wine to the Income of Marketers in the Mifi Division of the West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Essouman E. P. F. , Temgoua L. F. , Simo D. A. B.
Published: July 2021

The objective of the study is to contribute to the promotion of NTFPs (Bitter kola, Njangsang and palm wine) by assessing their contribution to the income of marketers in the Mifi division. The study was carried out in the Mifi division in the West Region of Cameroon between January and May 2020. Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of marketers. Data was collected through the administration of semi-structure questionnaires and interview guide as well as direct observations. 81 persons involved in the economic sector in five main markets were identified during the reconnaissance survey, of which 65 were interviewed accounting for 80.24%. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics for processing quantitative data and to generate tables and graphs. Results revealed that every stratum of the community participates in the trade, but the main actors were of the middle age group (45 to 55 years old). Economic analysis revealed that measurement unites for NTFPs in various markets are not standardized and there is a high variation in price between period of abundance and period of scarcity. Wholesalers were able to make an annual benefit of 2 338 900 FCFA, 1 077 400 FCFA and 178 600 FCFA per person from palm wine, bitter kola and Njansang respectively. This benefit was related to the origin of products, thus, the proximity of the supply area of palm wine permitted the concerned persons to meet higher benefit. The benefit observed is this study still includes transportation cost, so in reality, the final benefit is a variable value due to the constant variation (usually little variation) of transportation cost depending on the means of transport. Nevertheless, NTFPs are of real contribution to the income of the Mifi division population, but the supply areas are out of the Mifi division and this implicates some constraints such as high transportation cost, seasonality of products and high variation of sale prices. There is a real need of domestication of species to promote their sustainable management in the actual context of climate change.
Chemical Characterization and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Honey from Different Localities of Côte D’ivoire
Authors: Mida Kabran Guy Roger , Apollinaire Yeboue Koffi , Flavie Adopo Sopie Sheilla , Akhanovna Mamyrbékova-Békro Janat , Yves-Alain Békro
Published: July 2021

Aims: Although the honey produced in Côte d'Ivoire is widely used in households, there is no technical sheet mentioning its chemical composition. Thus, the present study aimed to fill this gap while studying the chemical composition and antioxidant power of eleven honey samples from nine localities in Côte d'Ivoire.

Methodology: The identification of secondary metabolites in the different honey samples was carried out by TLC and by color reaction tests. The quantification of these was performed by spectrophotometry. The antioxidant power of the honey samples was studied by DPPH and FRAP methods.

Results: All honey samples contains secondary metabolites from various families, with varying contents of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Overall, the honey samples showed a notable antioxidant profile, making them good free radical scavengers. The relationship established between the different variables analyzed showed in some cases positive and significant correlations.

Conclusion: The results of this study show that the honey produced in Côte d'Ivoire is of good quality. Therefore, its recurrent consumption could contribute to fighting certain pathologies caused by oxidative stress.
Health, Nutrition and Treatment Compliance of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at the Liberian Government Hospital in Buchanan, Grand Bassa County, Liberia
Authors: Nessian Arthureen Tina , Africa Leila S. , Agne Jaidee P. , Montecillo Kristine V.
Published: July 2021

Aims: To assess the nutritional and health status, and compliance with treatment and health services of adult people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) attending Liberian Government Hospital (LGH).

Study Design:  Cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: LGH, Buchanan, Grand Bassa County, 2018

Methodology: The survey was conducted among 90 adults PLWHA.

Results: The majority had acute HIV infection, and tuberculosis and herpes zoster were the most contracted opportunistic infections. Although the majority had normal nutritional status, malnutrition was still observed especially among the women. Most had poor diet diversity and claimed to have faced challenges, mainly monetary concerns, while some experienced other traumatic events. A few also showed indications of self-harm. Moreover, they generally have a good health condition and medication adherence and demonstrated substantial knowledge about the disease and its treatment. Compliance was found to be associated with the health status of the participants, but not with their nutrition status, socio-economic and other characteristics.

Conclusion: The results provide an insight into the nutritional status and compliance of the adult PLWHA in Liberia. It is hoped that this study would be useful in crafting and enhancing existing intervention programs and policies promoting the better quality of life of adult PLWHA in the country.
A Simplified Procedure for Cellulase Filter Paper Assay
Authors: Abdelazim Mohamed
Published: July 2021

A new procedures to minimize labor intensiveness and complexity that has long been recognized in cellulase filter paper activity measurement (FPAase) described by the international union of pure and applied chemistry (IUPAC) was developed. It follows the main idea of IUPAC finding at least two cellulase dilutions have optical densities slightly more and less than a reference optical density of an arbitrary fixed 2 mg absolute glucose amount after a red-ox color reaction and due to cellulase-filter paper hydrolysis. The yielding glucose amount difference as compared to this reference is expressed in terms of absorbance difference percent determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), in case of cellulase is cellubiase rich. If not, an external supplemental portion should be added. The intersection of the line of these two cellulase dilutions with abscissa intersect a vertical at a hypothetical 0% absorbance difference percent corresponding to a critical cellulase dilution exactly release this fixed arbitrary 2 mg glucose amount value. The factor 0.37 of this critical cellulase dilution equals to its filter paper units expressed in FPU per ml. A cellulase Cellic Ctech2 from novozymes has been tested with this methodology giving a satisfactory results with IUPAC procedures.
Seedling Growth of Tectona grandis using Different Potting Mixture
Authors: Omokhua G. E. , Fredrick C. , Okakpu C. N.
Published: July 2021

Aims: This study evaluated the influence of 11 potting media compositions on seedling growth and development of Tectona grandis.

Study Design: The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design involving ten replicates.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Nursery, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, between April 2019 and April 2020.

Methodology: Ten (10) seedlings per sowing media including topsoil, topsoil and cow dung (2:1, 3:1), topsoil and poultry dung (2:1, 3:1), topsoil and pig dung (2.1, 3:1), topsoil and sawdust (2.1, 3:1), topsoil and mushroom substrate (2.1, 3:1) were selected and transplanted into polybags. Growth parameters (seedling height, root collar diameter, leaf number and biomass (shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW) and total dry weight (TDW)) were determined and subjected to analysis of variance.

Results: Seedlings of T. grandis displayed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in height, root collar diameter, leaf number and biomass. Among treatments, tallest seedlings were observed in mixture of topsoil and poultry dung (3:1), at months 1 to 3 and in mixture of topsoil and cow dung (3:1) at months 4 and 5, highest root collar diameter was observed in mixture of topsoil and poultry dung (3:1) and highest leaf number was recorded in mixture of topsoil and poultry dung (2:1 and 3:1) and topsoil and cow dung (2:1 and 3:1) at months 1 to 5. The highest SDW was evident in mixture of topsoil and poultry dung (2:1) while highest RDW and TDW were observed in mixture of topsoil and cow dung (3:1). Lowest height, diameter, leaf number and biomass were recorded in topsoil (control) at months 1 to 5.

Conclusion: The results revealed that among the tested mixtures, topsoil and poultry dung and topsoil and cow dung mixtures were the best for seedlings growth of T. grandis.
Numerical Approximations of ODEs Initial Value Problem; A Case Study of Gluconic Acid Fermentation by Pseudomonas ovalis
Authors: Ihoeghian N. A. , John B. O.
Published: July 2021

Across different sections of life, physical and chemical sciences, differential equations which could be ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or partial differential equations (PDEs) are used to model the various systems as observed. Some types of ODEs, and a few PDEs are solvable by analytical methods with much difficulties. However, the great majority of ODEs, especially the non-linear ones and those that involve large sets of simultaneous differential equations, do not have analytical solutions but require the application of numerical techniques.  This work focused on exemplifying numerical approximations (Adams-Bashforth-Moulton, Bogacki-Shampine, Euler) of ODEs Initial value Problem in its simplest approach using a case study of gluconic acid frementation by Psuedonomas Ovalis. The performance of the methods was checked by comparing their accuracy.  The accuracy was detrermined by the size of the discretization error estimated from the difference between analytical solution and numerical approximations. The results obtained are in good agreement with the exact solution. This work affirms that numerical methods give approximate solutions with less rigorous work and time as there is room for flexibility in terms of using different step sizes with the Euler solver as most accurate.
The Influences of three Intraoperative Ventilatory Strategies on Arterial Oxygenation in Morbid Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Shaban Shaimaa E. , Salama Reda S. , Elyazed Mohamed M. Abu , Dowidar Abdelraheem M.
Published: July 2021

Background: Maintaining satisfactory ventilation for obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery frequently poses a challenge for anesthetists. The optimal ventilation strategy during pneumoperitoneum remains obscure in obese patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of conventional ventilation, inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) and alveolar recruitment maneuver (RM) on arterial oxygenation, lung mechanics and hemodynamics in morbid obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery.

Methods: 105 adult obese patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic bariatric surgery were randomly allocated into three groups: Conventional ratio ventilation (I:E ratio was 1:2, PEEP 5 cmH2O and no RM), Inverse Ratio Group (IRVG) (I:E ratio was 2:1 and PEEP 5 cmH2O and No RM ) and Recruitment Maneuver Group (RMG) ( RM was done and I:E ratio was 1:2). Arterial blood gases and respiratory mechanics were recorded after induction of anesthesia (T1), 5 minutes (T2), 30 minutes (T3), 60 minutes (T4) after the beginning of pneumoperitoneum and at the end of the surgery (T5).  Cardiac output was recorded at (T1), (T2), (T3) and (T5).

Results: At T3, T4 and T5, arterial oxygen tension was higher in RMG than IRVG than CG (P ˂ 0.05). At T3, T4 and T5, the mean airway pressure and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) were significantly higher in IRVG and RMG compared with CG (P ˂ 0.05) while at those times, the mean air way pressure and Cdyn in IRVG and RMG were comparable. Cardiac output result were comparable between all groups throughout the study period (P ˃ 0.05).

Conclusions: RM and IRV had provided better arterial oxygenation and respiratory mechanics compared to conventional ventilation in morbid obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. However, RM had better gas exchange than IRV.
Comparative Study on the effect of Varicocelectomy on Infertile Patients with Normal and Low Serum Testosterone Level
Authors: Sherif Mohammed Saad Mohammed , Hagras Ayman Mohammed , Radwan Mohammed Hassan , Khalwash Mohammed Abo El-enen
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Varicocele is a dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus and the internal Spermatic vein. It is detected approximately in 15% to 20 % of the general male Population; with the prevalence increasing to 40% in infertile men.

Methodology: This prospective, comparative study was conducted on 134 male patients with primary infertility who attended the outpatient clinic of Urology Department, Tanta University Hospital during the period between April 2017 to April 2019. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A (56 patients) with low testosterone level. Group B (78 patients) with normal testosterone level.

Results: In group A, the mean ± SD of testosterone level improved significantly to 2.93 ± 0.77 and 3.36 ± 0.86 after 3 and 6 months respectively (p1-value=0.001* and p2-value=0.001* respectively). In group B, the mean ± SD of testosterone level improved significantly to 6.22 ± 1.51 and 6.82 ± 2.25 after 3 and 6 months respectively (p1-value=0.026* and p2-value=0.001* respectively).

Conclusion: varicocelectomy could improve semen parameters, serum testosterone level and pregnancy rate.
Ethnobotanical Survey and Evaluation of Anti-Salmonella Potentials of Commonly Used Plants for Typhoid Treatment in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Olaniyi Temitope Deborah, , Awodugba Tamilore Modupe , Adetutu Adewale,
Published: July 2021

This study assessed the sensitivity of S. typhi to extracts of commonly used plants in treatment of typhoid in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Ethnobotanical survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Powdered leaves of plants were extracted by maceration in distilled water. In vitro sensitivity of S. typhi to the extracts were assessed using agar well diffusion method. Groups of rats were infected orally with 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. typhi. Bacteremia in the animals was monitored by plating on Salmonella-Shigellar agar. Biochemical parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Histological analysis was performed using H&E staining method.  S. typhi was sensitive only to P. guajava and A. indica leaf extracts. V. amygladina (90.31%) and C. papaya (92.26%) showed highest percentage inhibition of S. typhi comparable with ciprofloxacin (99.86%). Haematological parameters varied significantly (p<0.05) among the groups. Antioxidant status of rats, total protein, albumin and the corresponding globulin level increased significantly (p<0.05) in the groups treated with P. guajava and A. indica. C. papaya and C. citratus ameliorated the histopathological damages observed in the liver and intestine of S. typhi infected rats. The studied plants have direct activities against S. typhi, thus reflecting the reason for their combination in traditional system of medicine.
Overview on Sclerodermal Renal Crisis
Authors: Alyami Mahdi Ali M. , Alotaibi Jalawi Talal A. , Aljoaid Shahad Saad A. , Alanazi Tariq Bander F. , Alshammari Waleed Farhan D. , Albalawi Nuwayr Hamdan D. , Alanazi Reema Abdulrahman A. , Aldhameen Abrar Ali M. , Albalawi Muflih Abdullah S. , Alqubali Mona Khalid M. , Altemani Marawn Fahad H. , Basmih Abeer Abdulrhman.
Published: July 2021

Usually, malignant high blood pressure and severe renal damage are main characters in SSc. SRCs is a relatively rare condition, found in approximately 5% of all SSc patients. This study was carried out to summarize the contemporary evidence regarding the causes, risk factors, manifestations, management and prognosis of Sclerodermal Renal Crisis‎.‎ a simple review was carried out, searching databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. The authors extracted the needed data and stated that SRCs continues to be a rare diagnosis affecting up to six percent of SSc patients, but has a high morbidity and death influence. SRCs presentation is varied, with hypertension, normal BP and renal insufficiency. Medics should be minded by potential SRCs presentations. Early detection and initiation of aggressive ACEi antihypertensive medication in ED could enhance patient outcomes and around 60% of SRCs patients need dialysis.
Assessment of Perception of Palliative Care among the Patients of Palliative Therapy
Authors: Khan Saba , Dhande Nikhil
Published: July 2021

Background: The assessment of the good health and well-being of palliative care patients is summarised in this protocol analysis. It will bring about the financial and physical wellbeing of patients. The standard of life of patients and their families has been reviewed.

Methods: It is a cross-sectional analysis involving selected villages in the Wardha district. A sample of 95 participants will be taken from Wardha Palliative Care. Patients will be randomly allocated to the survey by the Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College of Wardha District Department of Community Medicine. A pre-designed multidimensional survey questionnaire will be prepared and pre-tested for quantitative data collection . The pro forma used to gather the data will include their current disease and disease management and will integrate the psychosocial and moral elements of hospital care. The motive of this research is to understand the interpretation of palliative care in the lives of affected patients. The goal of this study is to know the conception of a compromised patient living.

Results: Using descriptive and inferential statistics using the chi-square test, the result will be obtained by attributing the baseline and terminal consequences.

Conclusion: The purpose of this research is to define the predictive, mediating and moderating functions of select variables: self-efficacy, disease, psychosocial, spiritual caregiver. The findings of this study will influence the interpretation of the resilience of patients with palliative care and will enhance functional outcomes for emotional, mental and spiritual health. This change in attitude would be beneficial to them in their lives. And the patient's quality of life will improve.
Myths and Facts on Corona, Myths Related to Cure, Drugs, Measures
Authors: Jaiswal Yash
Published: July 2021

As of late toward the finish of 2019, another illness was found in Wuhan, China. This illness was analyzed to be brought about by another kind of Covid and influenced nearly the entire world. Chinese scientists named this novel infection as 2019-nCov or Wuhan-Covid. Notwithstanding, to try not to misjudge the World Health Organization commotions it as COVID-19 infection while interfacing with the media COVID-19 is new internationally just as in India. This has upset peoples and group minds. There are different gossips and tidbits about the Covid in Indian culture which causes alarm in neighborhoods and people group minds. It is the need of society to know legends and realities about Covid to lessen the frenzy and make the correct preparatory moves for our security against the Covid. Subsequently, this article attempts to bring to the open fantasies and present current realities to the ordinary citizens. We have to confirm fantasies spreading through online media and keep our selves prepared with realities and be confident of what we know and do at this COVID 19 era at individual levels. Fitting these activities in individual minds across nations is bound to benefit the whole world.
A Novel Severity Scoring Derived from Chest Radiographic Findings in COVID 19 Patients Admitted to a COVID Care University Hospital in India
Authors: Patil Abhijit Mahavir , Bhakare Meenakshi , Salvi Sundeep
Published: July 2021

Coronavirus (COVID 19) disease predominantly affects the Respiratory system and cause by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2). It enters into the host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), a part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) found in the epithelium of the nasal, lungs.

Aim: Chest Radiographic findings in COVID-19 patients detected for COVID care. Applying the novel chest radiographic scoring in disease-spread patients is admitted to the COVID care center and its correlation with blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and clinical severity.

Objective: 1) To apply the novel chest radiographic scoring in patients of COVID 19 infection are admitted to our Covid Care Centre and

2) To apply its correlation with blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and clinical severity.

Results: 1) We found a moderate negative correlation between the chest radiographic score and SpO2. 2) Weak positive correlation between Clinical grading and CxR score.

Conclusion: Chest radiographic score taking into account the nature of opacities and extent is useful in classifying the patients into mild-moderate, severe, and critical grades. Take-home Message: A chest radiograph can be used as a baseline radiological investigation in COVID 19 patients as it can help to triage them according to the severity and treat them accordingly.
Glutathione-S-Transferase Pi and Malondialdehyde in Alcoholic Patients Attending Smhrc and Avbrh Hospital
Authors: Ambad Ranjit S. , Nagtilak Suryakant , Bhadarge Gangaram , Kaple Meghali
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Alcohol abuse is a global health problem. The liver maintains high muscle damage by over drinking because it is a major source of ethanol metabolism. Among substance abusers, about 35 % develop advanced liver disease because the number of viral mutations increases, slows down, or inhibits the progression of liver disease. Glutathione-S-transferase is a family of Phase II enzyme-releasing toxins that cause the synthesis of glutathione in a variety of chronic and external electrophilic types. GSTs are divided into two very different family members: family members bound by microsomal membrane and cytosolic.

Aim: To study the Glutathione S Transferase π and Malondialdehyde in Alcoholic Patients.

Materials and Methods: Present study comprises 100 Subjects were included in the study and distributed in two groups. Patients from group one was alcoholic patients, enrolled from medicine ward and 50 non-alcoholic healthy individuals from group two were from non-alcoholic population as well as medicine ward.

Results: Rise of GGT, AST and ALT in Alcoholic patients (54.54 ± 3.72, 19.21 ± 0.68 and 24.32 ± 1.27 respectively) as compare to healthy individuals (24.40 ± 3.16, 10.36±0.35 and 17.06±0.84 respectively). The level of GST-π was decreased in alcoholic patients (62.44±26.30) as compare to control group (83.26±32.71). Similarly, the level of MDA was raised in alcoholic patients (5.36 ± 0.51) as compare to healthy individuals (4.73 ± 0.21).

Conclusion: Present study suggests that it would be vital to contain SGOT, SGPT, GGT, MDA and GST-π calculation in the prognostic assessment of alcoholic patients.
Case Study on Post-Discharge Persistence or Reappearance of Respiratory Symptoms in COVID-19 Hypoxia Patients
Authors: Kharche Jayshree , Khismatrao Deepak S. , Patil Reshma , Nikalje Rajkumar
Published: July 2021

Introduction: News published about persistence or reappearance of symptoms in Covid 19 is worrisome. However, only one study from Italy is observed in this reference.

Aim: the current study is conducted to study persistence or reappearance of especially respiratory symptoms amongst COVID 19 hypoxia patients.

Study Design: Post-discharge follow-up, observational study with the telephonic interview of Covid 19 hypoxia patients from a dedicated Covid 19 hospital in India.

Methods: Sixty-two patients were interviewed 1 – 3 months post-discharge to elicit history on persistence or reappearance of respiratory symptoms.

Results: out of the results many patients doesnot show any symptoms compared to female, male are more prone to respiratory problems. Thus, the oxygen therapy showed proof that males are more prone to illness and depict the symptoms compared to females.

Conclusion: A large multi-centric year-long study is recommended to further conclude on the natural history of the disease.
Study on Serum Zinc Levels and Vitamin a Levels in Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Bhadarge Gangaram , Bankar Nandkishor , Singh Sudhir
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is also a major cause of death in humans around the world. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) survey, MTB infects one-third of the world's population, with 9.6 million new tuberculosis (TB) infections and 1.5 million deaths confirmed this in 2021

Aim: study of serum zinc levels and vitamin a levels in tuberculosis patients.

Materials and Methods: This study included 40 newly diagnosed PTB patients of both sex with the age group of 18-60.Time period of this study was from September 2020 to Арril 2021 а nоn-rаndоmised соntrоlled trial was involved.

Result: There was a strong correlation between serum zinc and vitamin A levels P < 0.01) Hb, P < 0.01) and serum albumin levels P < 0.01) were also strongly correlated with the vitamin A levels; however, WBC P < 0.01) and ESR P < 0.01) were negatively correlated with the vitamin A levels.

Conclusion: In view of the above, the patient's nutritional status may be the most important determinant of infection tolerance. Zinc deficiency can have an indirect impact on Vitamin A metabolism by reducing the levels of circulating protein. Because of this, the addition of zinc in combination with vitamin A may be helpful in achieving the disease status.
Primary Gastric Lymphoma (Diffuse Large B Cell Type)
Authors: Pandey Milind , Vagha Sunita , Kotecha Raunak , Manchanda Anchal
Published: July 2021

The most frequent extra-nodal site of lymphoma is gastric lymphoma. The bulk of such lesions are extra nodal marginal zone B mucosal cell lymphoma correlated with lymphoid tissue (MALT) type or diffuse lymphoma of large B cells. We are reporting a case of diffuse major B-Cellular gastric lymphoma, which at first showed indigestion, abdominal heaviness, nausea and widespread weakness with 3-4 months of weight loss. In the antropyloric region and distal portion of lesser curvature of stomach suggestive of aetiology of cancer, the CT abdomen shows circumferential wall thickening. DLBCL has been confirmed by HPE and IHC. The neoplasm entered serosa and was found to have adherence to the pancreatic capsule in stage IIE of gastric lymphoma. Following the staging, treatment with an R-CHOP regimen (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, oncovin (vincristine), hydroxydaunorubicin, and prednisone) was done.
Antibiotic Prescribing Practices in Primary Care Settings Using 2019 WHO AWaRe Framework
Authors: Pasupulati Haritha , Avadhanula Vishal , Mamilla Amit , Bamini Mahadev , Padi Satyanarayana S. V.
Published: July 2021

Background: Bacteria have ability to rapidly evolve, develop strategies to resist antibiotics, and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance is an important global public health challenge to tackle. Studying antibiotic prescribing practices would allow rational use and preserve effectiveness of antibiotics.

Objective: To study prescribing practices of antibiotics in out-patients in primary care settings using the WHO AWaRe framework.

Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate prescribing practices of antibiotics in the primary care facility of three private hospitals using the WHO ‘core prescribing indicators’ and Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification. A systematic sampling technique was employed to collect the prescriptions at each hospital for three months. Descriptive statistics were applied to the collected data.

Results: A total of 2685 prescriptions were systematically evaluated. 1280 encounters had at least one antibiotic (47.7%), of which 1041 consist of only one antibiotic (81.5%). Among 1280 antibiotic encounters, the average number of antibiotics per encounter was 1.2 and 14.6% were prescribed with a parenteral antibiotic. 26.6% and 78.6% antibiotics were prescribed using generic names and from the WHO Essential Medicines List, respectively. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, cefoperazone, and amoxicillin were the five most commonly prescribed antibiotics. According to the WHO AWaRe classification, a total of 27 specific antibiotics (Access 11, Watch 14, and Reserve 2) were prescribed. 38.4%, 53.7%, 0.3%, and 10.5% of antibiotics prescribed were from the ‘Access’, ‘Watch’, ‘Reserve’, and ‘Not Recommended’ categories, respectively. Third generation cephalosporins (24.0%) were prescribed in high rate among ‘Watch’ category. The most commonly prescribed ‘Access’ and ‘Watch’ antibiotics were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (12.5%) and ceftriaxone (10.6%), respectively. Amoxicillin index was 19.5% and ‘Access-to-Watch’ index was 0.76, which were below the priority values.

Conclusion: Except few indicators, still better prescribing practices of antibiotics are needed to fully meet the WHO recommendations. Antibiotic prescribing guidelines as per the WHO AWaRe framework, changes in prescription patterns and preference of “Access” over ‘Watch’ antibiotics are crucial to preserve effectiveness and promote rational use of antibiotics.
Applicability of State Responsibility for Health Emergencies and the Unique Situation of China amid SARS-COV-2
Authors: Arya Sujata , Deb Srijoy , Thakur Virendra Singh
Published: July 2021

This article aims to understand the limitations in enforcing state responsibility on a state of Origin for Trans boundary harm caused by a health emergency by analyzing the factors of force majeure, multiparty involvement, and inability to provide reparations, and the unclear source of the virus as the chief hindrances in prosecuting such states. The authors further explore the various conditions that triggered other PHEICs in history and the consequences and actions taken due to the trans-boundary harm caused. Furthermore, the article also studies the conditions that gave rise to the wet markets and traces the shortcomings in law that hurt the Origin of the virus. After that, the article studies how countries have failed to invoke the state responsibility of trans-boundary harm caused by a PHEIC.  Lastly, the article further delves into how Chinese authorities blame both pre and post-outbreak and examine how the global community can negotiate with China for adequate compensation.
Exploitaton of the Functional Properties of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum as Probiotic using Soyabeans Flour as Vehicle
Authors: Musliu Abdulkadir , Yusuf Muhammed , Adebisi Sulaimon
Published: July 2021

Lactic acid bacteria produce a variety of antimicrobial compounds such as acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl on them as a natural competitive means to overcome other microorganism sharing the same niche. Seven different strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum were screened for their ability to produce enzymes and metabolites. They were also screened for their ability to withstand some physiological stress like acid tolerance, temperature, salt concentration and antibacterial activity. Leuconostoc mesenteroides S3 and Lactobacillus plantarum Yh1produced values significantly different to other five isolates and they were selected. These functional properties were exploited in the fermentation of soyabean in order to obtain a probiotic vehicle. The selected isolates were used as starter both singly and in consortium. This research work also finds out the suitability of soya beans flour as a vehicle for probiotic microorganisms (Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides). The cleaned, dried and roasted soya beans were grinded to flour. The soya beans flour was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides and there was mass increase in lactic acid counts in the fermented soya beans flour store at room temperature. All lactic acid fermented soya beans flour recorded increase at room temperature but slight reduction in number at refrigerator temperature from day 0 to day 14 of storage. Lactobacillus plantarum fermented soya beans flour (LPFSB) recorded increase from 5.9x105 (day 0) to 10.60x105cfu/g (day 14), while the L. plantarum stored at refrigeration temperature had 5.9x105cfu/g on (day 0) to 5.5x105cfu/g on day 14. The L. plantarum and consortium of both starters used were observed to have considerable increase in cell growth after storage, therefore this satisfies the criteria for good probiotic bacteria. Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermented soya beans slightly reduced in cell number at pH of 2 but others survived well at acidic pH and 10% bile. The cell number reduced from 4.8x106 (initial) to 4.2x106 (final). The pH of the intestine ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 and the starter culture used survive this pH and the bile product which shows greatly that they can serve as probiotic in the treatment of infection in gastrointestinal tract    .