bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Serotonin Antagonist Cyproheptadine on Uterine and Duodenal Muscle Contractions in Rats
Authors: Sadovsky E. , Dora A. , Pfeifer Y. , Polishuk W.Z. , Rachamimoff R. , Sulman F.G.
Published: March 2010

Invitro experiments with strips of pregnant rat uterus, normal estrogen-primed rat uterus and duodenum showed that cyproheptadine HCl (Periactin®), a serotonin antagonist, inhibits the intensity of spontaneous contractions of these muscle strips. The degree of inhibition depends upon the concentration of cyproheptadine. Contraction frequency was also reduced in these smooth muscles, the basic tonus not being affected. Addition of serotonin (5-HT) to the water bath increases the intensity of muscle contractions. Cyproheptadine inhibits this increase at smaller doses than those required for inhibiting spontaneous contractions. Whereas cyproheptadine does not inhibit completely the pace-maker rhythm of the muscle cells, it suppresses the amplitude of their contractions.
Metabolic Clearance Rate and Production Rate of 20α-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Billiar R.B. , Lin T.J. , Little B.
Published: March 2010

The metabolic clearance rate (MCRrB), plasma concentration, and production rate (PI) and conversion to progesterone of 20Α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20Α-OHP) have been determined in women during the menstrual cycle. The MCRrB was 3,110 ± 217 (SE) 1/day and was independent of the day of the cycle. The PI was 0.92–2.53 mg/day for days 6–18 of the cycle and 0.78–15.6 mg/day for days 20–24. The percent conversion of 20Α-OHP to progesterone was 4.88 ± 1.10 (SE)% and the calculated transfer constant of 20Α-OHP to progesterone was 0.05. The contribution of progesterone to the blood production rate of 20Α-OHP for days 20–24 was calculated to be between 24 and 73 %, and it was concluded that plasma concentrations of 20Α-OHP are not a valid indicator of corpus luteum regression in the human.
Autoradiographic Studies on the Influence of Gestagens on Oestrogen-Induced Incorporation of 3H-Uridine and 3H-Thymidine into Nucleic Acids of the Rat Uterus
Authors: Trams G. , Raese J. , Maass H.
Published: March 2010

A single dose of oestradiol stimulates proliferative activity in the endometrium of castrated rats. This was tested autoradiographically by measuring 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation and by determining the mitotic index. Administration of gestagens simultaneously or at different time intervals after oestradiol treatment (early G1 or early S phase) resulted in an inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake which was greatest with simultaneous application of the two steroids. With regard to 3H-uridine incorporation into the different uterine cell types, progesterone produced a significant inhibition of RNA synthesis in all three cell types most pronounced in the myometrium. The role of these effects is discussed with regard to the growth-inhibiting effect of gestagens in human endometrial carcinoma.
Inhibition of Rat Adrenal Hydroxylase Activities by Affinity-Labeling Steroids
Authors: Clark Charles E. , Warren James C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of affinity-labeling progesterone derivatives (16Α-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 11Α-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 21-acryloxyprogesterone) on the activity of rat adrenal steroid 11Β-hydroxylase and steroid 21-hydroxylase have been examined. All three derivatives, at 3.0×10––5 M concentration, significantly inactivate both enzymes, but to variable degrees. This inactivation is completely eliminated by the presence of excess Β-mercaptoethanol in the medium. Presence of progesterone during the preincubation period markedly decreases inactivation. While the enzymes are inactivated by 3×10––5 M ethylbromoacetate, in this case, progesterone confers only minimal protection. Ethylacrylate (3×10––5 M) does not inactivate the enzymes. The results indicate that these steroid derivatives may be used to study amino-acid residues present at steroid-binding sites in biosynthetic enzymes. They further indicate that medical use as irreversible inactivators may be possible.
Cytogenetic Micromethod on Fetal Blood
Authors: Khudr Gabriel , Benirschke Kurt
Published: March 2010

A lymphocyte culture method was developed that allow the use of as little as 0.01 ml of fetal blood. The yield of metaphase plates for the assessment of cytogenetic abnormalities was good. A safe way to aspirate fetal blood early in pregnancy is required, so the present method will be useful.
Neonatal Differentiation of Hepatic DHA 16α- and 7α-Hydroxylases
Authors: Tabei Toru , Heinrichs LeRoy
Published: March 2010

The postpubertal sex differences in rats, for the hepatic mixed function oxidation of many steroids and drugs, are gonad-dependent in males. Hepatic microsomes of males castrated as neonates had DHA 16Α- and 7Α-hydroxylase activities in adult hood that were similar to those of adult females, but castration after the’critical period’ does not alter normalenzymic differentiation.
In vitro Perfusion Studies of the Human Placenta
Authors: Nesbitt, jr. Robert E.L. , Rice Philip A. , Rourke James E.
Published: March 2010

Measurements have been made of in vitro glucose metabolism as a function of glucose concentration with all other parameters held as close as possible to normal values. These measurements show that the glucose utilization rate increases in proportion to glucose concentration up to about 150 mg% and then becomes constant at approximately 1.27 g/kg/h. The glucose utilization rates at normal concentrations agree with those observed by others. The transfer of glucose does not seem to be affected by the saturation of the glucose utilization rate, i.e., the permeability of the placental membrane to glucose seemed to remain unchanged at high concentrations.
Interpretation of the Multinucleated Giant Cell in Human Trophoblast Cultures
Authors: Foldes J. , Kehaty Tehila , Schwartz Jeanna
Published: March 2010

Morphology of human trophoblast culture has been studied in relation to certain conditions such as duration of the pregnancy, age of the culture, and strength of the trypsinization. ‘Multinucleated giant cells’ appear to be actually fortuitous transversal sections of chorionic buds. Their presence and aspects depend on the degree of trypsinization. Origin of epithelioid polygonal cells and of fibroblast cells is discussed.
Blood Flow to the Reproductive Organs of the Estrus Rabbit
Authors: Blasco L. , Wu C.H. , Flickinger G.L. , Wheeler J. , Mikhail G.
Published: March 2010

The average blood flow to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterine horns and vagina of estrus rabbits was 1.40 ± 0.14, 1.44 ± 0.13, 0.75 ± 0.06, 0.30 ± 0.04 ml/min/g of tissue, respectively. There was no differences between the right and left organs. Ligation of the ovarian artery resulted in 80–90% decrease in blood flow to the ovary and oviduct, but recovery occurred within 1 and 6 days for the ovary and oviduct, respectively. There was no effect on the uterus and vagina. Ovulatory response to HCG occurred within 1 day and pregnancy after 6 days following ligation.
Long-Term Regulation of Fetal Cardiac Output
Authors: Longo Lawrence D. , Power Gordon G.
Published: March 2010

An important control mechanism in the regulation of fetal cardiac output and tissue blood flow may be the rate of CO2 production. By affecting blood osmotic pressure through changes in bicarbonate ion concentration, fetal CO2 may affect the rate of maternal to fetal water exchange, and, in turn, fetal blood volume, cardiac output and tissue blood flow.
Effect of Antiestrogens on Uterine Estradiol Receptors
Authors: Rochefort H. , Lignon Françoise , Capony Françoise
Published: March 2010

Synthetic and natural antiuterotrophic and uterotrophic compounds were tested invitro in their ability to bind to the uterine cytosol receptor for estradiol (Rc) and to favor the formation of the nuclear receptor. These compounds were compared to estradiol in their capacity to decrease the number of specifically bound estradiol in cytosol and increase those in nuclear extracts when incubated with uteri invitro. For each compound, a ‘nuclear transfer activity’ was defined and compared on the one hand to its binding affinity for Rc and on the other hand to its invivo uterotrophic activity. For estrogens devoided of antiestrogenic activity, estradiol and estrone, the nuclear transfer activity was parallel to the affinity for Re and the biological activity. The antiestrogen nafoxidine (U11,100) when added to the cytosol was found to be a reversible and competitive inhibitor of estradiol for Re with an affinity about 30-fold less than estradiol (Ki 7 nM). A complete inhibition could be obtained both before and after the dissociation of Rc by KCl. However, these binding properties of nafoxidine were not in agreement with its partial nuclear transfer activity and its partial uterotrophic activity. The androgens do not bind to Rc; however, they were shown to activate the transfer of the estrogen Rc to the nucleus whereas progesterone did not. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of uterotrophic and antiuterotrophic compounds.
Lysosomal Membrane Stabilization and Antiestrogen Action in Specific Hormonal Target Cells (With colour plate I)
Authors: Szego Clara M.
Published: March 2010

Recent advances in these laboratories in analysis of mechanisms of steroid hormone-induced growth have identified lysosomal function in the triggering of the coupled events leading from selective accumulation of the active agent at the cell periphery, to its rapid, cyclic AMP-dependent traversal of the nuclear envelope, and eventual genie activation of the cellular target. Capture of trophic steroid hormone leads to site-specific labilization of the lysosomal bounding membrane, associated with graded extrusion of characteristic hydrolases and acidic glycolipoprotein matrix. In uterus and preputial gland of the ovariectomized rat, these closely-linked phenomena result in the cascading secondary metabolic responses characteristic of estrogen stimulation. The demonstrated antagonistic effects of glucocorticoids upon estrogen action are paralleled to a striking degree by their capacity, likewise, to accumulate in lysosomal fractions where, in optimal concentrations, they and certain other anti-inflammatory agents produce membrane stabilization. Biochemical and cytomorphologic data have been presented which reveal that the counteractive influence of specific glucocorticoids and estrogens upon relative stability of lysosomal membranes is concordant with the long-recognized antagonistic and competitive interaction of these classes of steroid hormones at membranous interfaces. Conversely, estrogen hyperactivity correlated with exaggerated lytic susceptibility of target-specific lysosomal preparations are observed following exposure to estradiol-17Β invivo in the absence of adrenocortical function. The Β-adrenergic blocking-drug, propranolol, which shares the membrane-stabilizing properties of the glucocorticoids, is also capable of inhibiting estrogen-induced structural labilization of target-specific lyso-somes, as well as certain additional estrogenic functions. DOC and the Α-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, are inert under the same conditions. Thus, it is demonstrated that the counterpoised influence which estrogens and certain membrane-stabilizing agents, respectively, exert upon lysosomo:plasma membrane complex of specific cellular targets is a decisive regulatory factor in the ultimate growth response. The new findings provide a rational integrative approach to numerous unresolved questions on the mechanisms underlying steroid hormone action and its blockade.
Aspects on the Mode of Action of Antiestrogens and Antiprogestogens
Authors: Terenius L. , Ljungkvist I.
Published: March 2010

Most so-called antiestrogens are ‘estrogenic’ in the mouse uterine growth test and in the Allen-Doisy test (in mice or rats). With regard to their uterotrophic effects, they were classified as giving normal (cis- and trans-clomiphene, ICI-46,474 and U-11,555A); impeded (estriol, DMS and ent-estradiol); partial (U-11100A and CN- 55,945) or practically no response (MER-25). A similar classification was obtained in a modified Allen-Doisy test in mice. As antiestrogens, the impeded estrogens are fairly inactive, while compounds such as U-11100A, CN-55,945 and MER-25 are more effective. This difference could be traced back to differences in interaction with estradiol-17Β at the uterine level: the impeded estrogens have rather high affinities for estrogen receptors but are easily lost to the circulation while the other compounds have lower affinities but still remain on the receptors for a longer period of time. Compounds U-11,555A, U-11100A, MER-25, ICI-46,474 and 66/179 produced an estrogen-like ultrastructural picture of the luminal epithelium of the rat uterus. However, when given before a standard dose of estradiol-17Β to a progesterone-treated rat, all except U-11,555A, which was inactive, were antiestrogenic, i. e., inhibited the so-called attachment reaction which is believed to be a prerequisite for implantation of the ovum. Two compounds, R2323 and 66/179 which have been described as antiprogestational, could not selectively counteract the effects of progesterone on rat uterine epithelial ultrastructure. Closer analysis of the ultrastructural effects of MER-25 revealed that at doses which are negative in conventional tests for estrogenicity the whole uterus looked atrophic except the uterine luminal epithelium which showed marked estrogen-like stimulation.
Effect of Estrogen Antibodies on Pregnancy in the Rat
Authors: Wotiz H.H. , Scublinsky A. , Walker C.
Published: March 2010

Treatment of pregnant rats with small amounts of non-specific estrogen antibodies did not inhibit pregnancy but increased the percent males in the litter. Administration of specific antibodies to estradiol immediately following mating prevented pregnancy in all animals, while administration at mid-pregnancy caused only some reduction in the number of pregnant animals. Administration of specific estriol antibody had no effect following mating but caused nearly total resorption of fetuses at mid gestation.
Studies on the Anti-Oestrogenic and Oestrogen-Like Action of Clomiphene Citrate. Animal experiments
Authors: Schulz K.D. , August S. , Gasde K. , Kramer G.
Published: March 2010

The anti-oestrogenic and oestrogen-like potencies of clomiphene citrate are presumably mainly responsible for the mode of action of this synthetic compound in different organs of the female endocrine system. The investigations described in this paper should give more informations about these properties of clomiphene. Therefore the in vivo effect of cis- or trans-clomiphene on some metabolic pathways of the uterine tissue was tested. Studying the influence of cis- or trans-clomiphene on the 3H-oestradiol uptake into uterine tissue in vivo, the cis-isomer indicated the higher anti-oestrogenic effectiveness. In contrast to this observation both isomers were able to imitate biochemical effects of natural oestrogens in the uterus, i.e. the stimulation of the protein- and RNA-synthesizing activity of this organ. These biochemical alterations however, appeared some hours later as compared with 17β-oestradiol. On the base of these results and of experimental data obtained from the literature a model for the mode of action of clomiphene in the female reproductive system is proposed.
A Critique on the Evaluation and Mode of Action of Antiestrogens
Authors: Sankaran M.S. , Prasad M.R.N.
Published: March 2010

(1) The ‘true antiestrogens’ are estrogenic and are competitive inhibitors of estrogen action at the estrogen-sensitive target organs. The estrogenicity of a compound needs to be specified with reference to (a) the target tissue, (b) parameter used, (c) route of administration, (d) dose of the compound, (e) time sequence of action. The degree of antiestrogenicity is directly proportional to the, estrogenicity of the compound. The antiestrogenic action of a compound is related to its affinity with the receptor sites in the target organ: (a) compounds which are bound to the receptors for brief periods are weakly estrogenic (DMS, cis-clomiphene), (b) compounds which have greater binding affinity with the receptors in the target organ are strongly estrogenic and antiestrogenic (CN 55, 945–27; trans-clomiphene, DES, MER-25 at high doses). The duration of antiestrogenic action of a compound is related to the duration of its binding with the receptor in the target organ.
Validity of Intrauterine Pressure Measurements with Transcervical Intra-Amniotic Catheters and an Intra-Amniotic Miniature Pressure Transducer during Labor
Authors: Neuman M.R. , Jordan Judith A. , Roux J.F. , Knoke J.D.
Published: March 2010

The accuracy of transvaginal intrauterine pressure measurements was determined in 21 subjects in labor, 12 of which were monitored with two transcervical intrauterine catheters and one miniature intrauterine pressure transducer, and 9 subjects of which were monitored with a double lumen transcervical catheter. Statistical analysis of variance of data from the first group showed significant sensor variations. Pressure amplitude ratios between different sensors for the same contraction were calculated for all contractions and were found to vary with a coefficient of variation of greater than 23%. This value was reduced to less than one half when a double lumen catheter with adjacent tips was used or only smooth bell-shaped contractions were considered. The internal transducer was shown to give equivalent data to that obtained from the catheter and external pressure transducer combinations. It is concluded that no single uterine pressure observation is an accurate reflection of uterine pressure during labor.
Augmentation of Endotoxin-Induced Fibrin Deposits by Pregnancy and Estrogen-Progesterone Treatment
Authors: Beller F.K. , Schoendorf T.
Published: March 2010

Virgin, pregnant and hormone prctreated rats were infused with endotoxin for 6 h. Pregnant rats revealed, in the endotoxin dose ranges employed, more glomerular involvement than virgin rats, indicating their higher susceptibility to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Pretreatment of virgin rats with estrogen and progesterone augmented the glomerular involvement of virgin rats, but glomerular fibrin deposition did not reach the high values of pregnant animals, except in the excessive dose ranges. It is concluded that a pseudopregnancy regimen augments DIC but that there are additional factors involved in the high susceptibility of pregnant animals. The platelet number decreases after endotoxin infusion similarly in all three groups. The hematocrit decreased more in the pregnant and hormone-treated rats than in the virgin group.
Some Immunological Properties of Human Cervical and Vaginal Secretions
Authors: Govers J. , Girard J.P.
Published: March 2010

The cervico-vaginal secretions of 58 women were shown to contain IgG and IgA globulins in high concentration. The ratio IgG/IgA was found to be 1.5. IgM globulin was demonstrated only occasionally. Agglutinating antibodies to Candida albicans were present in 48% of the samples and antibodies to E.Coli in 77%. The opsonizing property of genital tract secretions against Enterococcus, Kleb-siella, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas was found to be present in 207 tests (79%). Absorption of the material with a rabbit anti-human y-globulin anti-serum removed almost all the opsonizing activity. Lysozyme and complement were shown to enhance the phagocytic properties of these external secretions. Local immunological mechanisms are likely to play a significant role in the protection of human genital tract against infection.
Comparison of Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation and Resin Adsorption Methods for Routine Measurements of Total Urinary Estrogens in Pregnancy
Authors: Hagerman D.D. , Isaacson Kathleen A.
Published: March 2010

Two rapid methods for the determination of urinary estrogens in samples from pregnant women were compared under routine laboratory conditions. The resin adsorption method was slightly modified to improve its accuracy when applied to urine samples containing glucose. The results from the two methods were significantly correlated (r = 0.91); the results on individual specimens were seldom far apart. In a single subject, the difference in results given by the two methods was relatively constant from one specimen to another, but there was no consistent difference among all subjects. The resin adsorption method is technically less demanding, more rapid, and somewhat more precise.
Study into the Mechanisms of Damage of Human Placental Syncytiotrophoblast
Authors: Carr M.C.
Published: March 2010

The microscopic characteristics of in vitro maternal plasma-induced syncytical trophoblast damage were studied. They were compared to structural alterations and/or damage produced by trypsin, pronase, vibrio cholera neuraminidase and deoxyribonuclease. It was found that the plasma-induced syncytiolysis had a distinctive pattern which was different from damage produced by the specific enzymes investigated.
Simultaneous Measurement of Plasma and Erythrocyte Oxypurines
Authors: Hayashi T.T. , Gillo D. , Robbins H. , Sabbagha R.E.
Published: March 2010

The plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of were measured simultaneously among nonpreg Oxypurines nant subjects and pregnant patients with and without toxemia. There was a two- to threefold increase in the intracellular Xanthine concentration of hypoxanthine and , whereas the plasma concentration of uric acid exceeded the erythrocyte level by tenfold. Both plasma and erythrocyte xypurines were elevated with pregnancy, especially with toxemias. Of the 6 toxemic patients studied comparing both the peripheral vein and the intervillous space oxypurine concentrations, only one case clearly demonstrated unusually elevated hypoxanthine in the intervillous space blood suggesting possible overproduction by the toxemic placenta. There were no marked changes in blood oxypurines with labor; the umbilical cord levels reflected the maternal concentration.
Simultaneous Measurement of Plasma and Erythrocyte Oxypurines
Authors: Hayashi T.T. , Gillo D. , Turner J.H. , Rodnan G.P.
Published: March 2010

The individual oxypurine concentrations in the plasma and erythrocytes were determined among normal male subjects and gouty patients with and without allopurinol medication. Oxypurine measurements in the gouty patients on various medications but not on allopurinol displayed near normal values. However, allopurinol therapy produced a highly significant increase in the intracellular concentration of hypoxanthine associated with an additional increase in uric acid content in the red blood cells. Such changes suggest that xanthine oxidase inhibitors may possibly complicate the management of pregnancy toxemias by altering blood levels of oxypurines.
Inhibition of 3β-Hydroxy-Δ5-Steroid Dehydrogenase
Authors: Goldman A.S.
Published: March 2010

Selective inhibition of rat fetal 3Β-Hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenase with certain substrate analogs has produced a precise animal model of human congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a genetic deficiency of this enzyme system. Inhibition of fetal testicular dehydrogenase dehydrogenase by the analog produces testosterone-reversible blockade of penis formation and of nipple anlagen resorption in male fetuses. These observations have been duplicated by maternal administration of rabbit antisera to testosterone-3-bovine serum albumin. Inhibition of the fetal adrenal dehydrogenase system leads to excess dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) production which, in turn, produces corticosterone-reversible virilization of female fetal genitalia and nipple anlagen. Inhibition-induced excess DHA production may also explain the persistence of wolffian duct structures in male fetuses since recent studies indicate presence of a ductal dehydrogenase system capable of transforming DHA into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. The striking properties of these analogs, e.g., tight binding to the enzymatic active sites, potency, specificity, prolonged duration of action and intrauterine effectiveness before differentiation of the fetal enzyme, can be ascribed to active site-directedirreversible (ASDI) inhibition. Application of principles of ASDI inhibition has led to the discovery of new ASDI inhibitors with a differing specificity of enzymatic inhibition and sites of action. Steroidal excretion patterns determined by gasliquid chromatography – mass spectrometry produced by these inhibitors support the sites of action determined in vitro. These ASDI inhibitors and hormone-antibodies give promise of highly specific and precise molecular probes of the chemical controls of sexual differentiation.
Action of Cyproterone on the Rat Prostate in Organ Culture
Authors: Santti R.S. , Johansson R.
Published: March 2010

Explants of the ventral prostate of adult rats, were maintained in organ culture with various steroids and insulin. In addition to androgens glucocorticoids and insulin were necessary for the maximal stimulation of the explants as judged by measuring the incorporation of labeled precursors into DNA, RNA and protein and the formation of 14CO2 from 1FC-glucose by explants. The addition of cyproterone, a steroid with high antiandrogenic potency to the culture medium suppressed the testosterone action, but did not interfere withthe effects of insulin. These findings were taken as a proof of the direct and specific antiandrogenic action of cyproterone on the rat prostate.
Nucleus-Associated 5α-Reductase Activity in the Rat
Authors: Verhoeven G. , de Moor P.
Published: March 2010

The occurrence of steroid 5Α-reductase activity has been investigated in nuclear preparations of various organs from rats. The kinetic properties of the enzyme have been studied in renal nuclei in view of the apparent involvement of the 5Α-reductase in androgen action. Special attention has been paid to the substrate specificity of the enzyme and the influence of natural and synthetic androgen antagonists upon its activity. It has been concluded that the occurrence of the enzyme in nuclear preparations is not limited to male target organs and that the activity of this 5Α-reductase is not limited to androgens. Preliminary data concerning the cell distribution of the enzyme indicate that about 16% of the enzyme activity is associated with purified nuclei in the rat kidney. In the rat prostate the nuclear activity reaches 28 % of the total cellular activity.
Testosterone Metabolism in Skin of 46 XY Phenotypic Females
Authors: Gillespie A.
Published: March 2010

Scrotal skin converts more testosterone to 5Α-dihydro-testosterone than normal labial skin. Labial skin from a patient with androgen insensitivity carried out the conversion in amounts similar to normal labial skin. Labial skin of 3 XY female patients with streak gonads carried out the conversion in amounts similar to those seenin androgen insensitivity.
Inhibition of Steroidogenesis by Cyanoketone
Authors: di Prisco Lupo , Materazzi G. , Scattolini B.
Published: March 2010

The effect of cyanoketone on some steps of steroidogenesis has been studied on testicular and adrenal tissue of male Wistar rats. Pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone (4-C14) have been used as substrates. The metabolites have been separated by thin layer chromatography and identified by crystallization to constant specific activity. The results have shown that cyanoketone inhibits the activity of 3Β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17Α-hydroxylase is not inhibited in adrenal tissue, while in testicular tissue the metabolic pathway pregnenolone →17Α-hydroxypregnenolone – > dehydroepiandrosterone is altered and testosterone biosynthesis is almost completely inhibited.
Peroxidase-mediated Antimicrobial Activity of Rat Uterine Fluid
Authors: Klebanoff S.J. , Smith D.C.
Published: March 2010

Uterine fluid obtained from estrogen primed rats (adult-ovari-or immature) has an antimicrobial effect on certain bacterial, fungal and viral species when combined with iodide ions and H202. Iodide ions can be replaced by bromide ions and reagent H2O2 by glucose and glucose oxidase or by a H2O2-generating microorganism such as Lactobacillus acidophilus. A heat stable, low molecular weight inhibitor or inhibitors of the uterine fluidiodide-H2O2 antimicrobial system also is present in uterine fluid. Reduced glutathione, cysteine, NADH, NADPH and ascorbic acid can inhibit the antimicrobial system. Uterine fluid exhibits peroxidase activity and its antimicrobial effect in the presence of iodide and H2O2 is believed to be due to this enzyme. The possible presence of the peroxidase, halide, H2O2 antimicrobial system in human vaginal or uterine secretions is considered.
Further Characterization of the Influence of Supine Posture on Renal Function in Late Pregnancy
Authors: Lindheimer M.D.
Published: March 2010

Renal function was measured in hydrated, mineralcorticoid treated third-trimester women positioned in lateral recumbency. One group of the women remained in lateral recumbency and the remainder assumed a supine position for two additional hours during which hypotonic saline was infused. Infusions of the lateral recumbent group were followed by increments in both filtered and excreted sodium. In the supine-subjects a similar increase in filtered sodium, but decrease in sodium excretion took place. When extracellular volume was expanded decrements in percent proximal tubular reabsorption of filtrate occurred in the lateral recumbent women but not in those positioned on their backs. Hypotonic saline infusions did not alter fractional uric acid clearances in the lateral recumbent group. Despite infusion these clearances decreased in the supine group. The physiologic alterations observed in the supine pregnant women therefore simulated three renal metabolic abnormalities associated with toxemia: persistently decreased sodium excretion in spite of interstitial fluid volume expansion, impaired ability to handle a water load, and decreased fractional uric acid clearance.
Demonstration of Beta Adrenergic Receptors in the Rabbit Oviduct
Authors: Martin J.E. , Ware R.W. , Crosby R.J. , Pauerstein C.J.
Published: March 2010

The rabbit oviductal isthmus was examined, in vivo and in vitro, for the presence of beta adrenergic receptor activity. Epinephrine, ethyl norepinephrine, and isoproterenol were employed as adrenergic agonists. Alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blockades were induced with phentolamine and propranolol respectively. Beta activity was consistently demonstrated in progesterone treated animals. Estrus animals demonstrated variable beta activity. These results suggest that progesterone pretreatment enhances beta receptor activity in the rabbit oviduct.
The Effect of Anesthesia and Surgery in Pregnant Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Misenhimer H.R. , Ramsey Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2010

There is a growing need to define the physiologic ‘steady state’ in pregnant rhesus monkeys because of the increased demand for this experimental model in investigation of maternalfetal relationships. As a first step toward this end maternal and fetal arterial BP, pulse, pH and blood gases were studied in the normal rhesus monkey, both awake and following pentobarbital surgical anesthesia. From our results we must deduce that the effects of the requisite experimental procedures cannot be discounted until at least 8 h have elapsed.
In vitro Perfusion Studies of the Human Placenta
Authors: Nesbitt, Jr. R.E.L. , Rice P.A. , Rourke J.E. , Torresi V.F. , Souchay A.M.
Published: March 2010

A newly-designed apparatus for extracorporeal perfusion achieving dual closed circulation has been described. Methods and techniques of operation of this investigative model have been outlined. The results of a series of experiments were presented to demonstrate adequacy of perfusion and maintenance of placental viability for up to 4–5 h. These tests of functional capability of the apparatus encompassed four major experimental approaches, i.e., fluid transfer rates from fetal to maternal circulation; dye perfusionstudies; oxygen studies; and glucose transfer and utilization, including the influence ofoxygen on glucose metabolism.
Vaginal Mucification Induced by Pituitary Prolactin and Placental Lactogen in Mice
Authors: Josimovich J.B. , Wilson E.L. , Leff A.
Published: March 2010

A new test in mice is described in which luteotrophic substances induce mucification of the vagina. Evidence that vaginal mucification reflects pseudopregnancy is given by morphologic studies of the vagina, ovaries, and adrenal glands. Electrophoretic separation of components of a commercial preparation of human placental lactogen and heating of ovine pituitary prolactin failed to destroy their luteotrophic activity. Partial peptic hydrolysis of placental lactogen resulted in total loss of effect. The practicality of the mouse vaginal mucification test is demonstrated, so that it may serve as an adjunct to pigeon crop sac and mammary gland assays of different luteotrophic protein preparations.
Estriol Conjugates in Amniotic Fluid in Normal Pregnancies and Rh-isoimmunization
Authors: Goebelsmann U. , Work, Jr. B.A.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of unconjugated (‘free’) estriol (E3), estriol-3-sulfate, estriol-16-glucosiduronate (E316Gl) and estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate (E3-SGl) in amniotic fluid was measured by fluorimetry using tritiated ‘free’ and conjugated E3 as internal standards. Determinations were carried out in uncomplicated pregnancies at elective repeat cesarean section and in severe Rh-isoimmunization prior to intrauterine transfusion at 29–32 weeks of gestation. In Rh-isoimmunization, a low total E3 concentration was found. This was accompanied by relatively reduced E3-16Gl and increased E3-SGl concentrations as compared to normal term pregnancy. The data do not permit to conclude that low amniotic fluid E3 levels are the result of impaired 16-glucosiduronation of E3.
Content of Kininogen and Activity of Kininase in the Amniotic Fluid in the Various Periods of Pregnancy
Authors: Wiegershausen B. , Klausch B. , Hennighausen G. , Paegelow I. , Raspe R.
Published: March 2010

Amniotic fluid from the different periods of pregnancy was investigated on its content of kininogen, kinins and the activity of the kininolytic enzymes. In contrast to plasma, the kininogen content in the amniotic fluid is very low (max. 0.5 µg Eq bradykinin/ml amniotic fluid). During pregnancy, a rise of the kininogen content could be detected in the amniotic fluid. The kininolytic activity of the amniotic fluid increases during pregnancy, but not significantly. The detected kinins are a factor for the biological activity of the amniotic fluid on smooth muscle organs.
Study into the Mechanisms of Damage of Human Placental Syncytiotrophoblast
Authors: Carr M.C.
Published: March 2010

The ability of related or unrelated intrapartum maternal plasma to damage the syncytiotrophoblast lining of human placental chorionic villi was studied using a suspension culture system. It was found that the degree of syncytiolysis was a function of concentration of plasma, length of incubation, and incubation temperature. Less cytolytic activity was evidenced when the plasma was heated for 1 h at 56 °C or if the initial pH of the medium was decidedly alkaline. Although the precise mechanism for this cytolysis was unclear, this study established that maternal plasma can severely damage syncytial trophoblast in vitro. This may have relevance as one of the available pathways by which syncytiotrophoblast can be damaged in vivo.
Influence of Progesterone and Alpha Adrenergic Blockade upon Tubal Transport of Ova
Authors: Pauerstein C.J. , Fremming B.D. , Martin J.E.
Published: March 2010

Previous investigations of the influence of exogenous progesterone on the rate of egg transport through the rabbit oviduct have yielded some conflicting data. This study was designed to measure the effects of exogenous progesterone on tubal ovum passage, and to examine possible interaction between alpha adrenergic receptors and progesterone. Groups of New Zealand does were given progesterone for 3 days prior to ovulation, or on the day of ovulation and the 2 following days. Some groups were treated with phenoxybenzamine in doses sufficient to induce alpha adrenergic blockade. Progesterone given prior to ovulation accelerated ovum transport through the oviduct. When given after ovulation, progesterone did not increase the rate of transport of eggs through the oviduct. Phenoxybenzamine treatment did not alter the changes in rate of egg transport induced by progesterone.
The Nature of a Latex-Reacting Compound in Amniotic Fluid
Authors: Wobbes T. , Huisjes H.J.
Published: March 2010

Employing several methods, we investigated the identity of a substance in human amniotic fluid which gives a positive agglutination reaction with latex-albumin. It was shown that the substance was particulate and originated from the vernix caseosa.
The Aromatizing Activity of Placental Mitochondrial and Microsomal Fractions
Authors: Aleem F.A. , Valdivia E. , Colás A.E.
Published: March 2010

Examination with the electron microscope showed that mitochondrial and microsomal fractions from py human placenta were not homogeneous, despite their careful preparation by several methods. Repeated washing of the mitochondrial fraction, which substantially reduced its glucose-6-phosphatase activity, caused only a small decrease in the aromatizing activity of this fraction. In incubations with 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 3Β-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, the ratio of 17Β-estradiol to estrone produced was greater with the microsomal ( > 2.00) than with the mitochondrial fraction (0.59–1.82) at each substrate level.
Accurate Pressure Recording in the Non-Pregnant Human Uterus
Authors: Braaksma J.T. , Janssens J. , Eskes T.K.A.B. , Arp A. , Hein P.R.
Published: March 2010

In order to resolve some of the conflicting opinions concerning the relative accuracy of open vs. closed systems used in recording uterine activity, the various types of catheter recording systems were tested under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The findings indicate that open tip catheters accurately reflect true manometric pressures. Balloon tip catheters not only fail to record accurately, but are also subject to additional errors as the recording continues, or if there is any alteration of the fluid volume within the balloon at any time during the recording.
Macromolecular Binding of Estradiol in the Rabbit Oviduct and Uterus
Authors: Martin J.E. , McGuire W.L. , Pauerstein C.J.
Published: March 2010

Macromolecular binding of estradiol in the ampullary and isthmic portions of the rabbit oviduct and the rabbit uterus was examined by in vivo uptake studies, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and binding assays. The studies revealed that the in vivo uptake was similar in the 3 mullerian areas examined. In addition, the estrogen receptor complex from all 3 areas had almost identical sedimentation characteristics in sucrose gradient centrifugation. Finally, the binding assays revealed that the number of estrogen-binding sites and the dissociation constants were similar in the 3 areas studied. These results indicate that the initial interaction of estrogen with the uterus and both portions of the oviduct is identical.
The Value of Progesterone Derivatives in Prevention of Serotonin Abortion in Rats
Authors: Sadovsky E. , Pfeifer Y. , Polishuk W.Z. , Sulman F.G.
Published: March 2010

Intra-amniotic injection of pregnant rat mothers with pargyline HCl (Eutonyl), a MAO blocker, produces fetal death through activation of endogenous serotonin. In the present paper 5 progesterone derivatives were tested for their capacity to prevent serotonin abortion. While progesterone, dydrogesterone, medroxy-progesterone acetate and allylestrenol were not effective in preventing serotonin abortion, treatment with the retroprogesterone trengestone (RO 4-8347) prevented abortion and premature delivery in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, though it could not prevent serotonin abortion in rats in the 1st trimester. The fetus-saving effect of trengestone appears to be due to the fact that it increases formation of serotonin-metabolizing enzymes, including MAO in the endometrium, whereas estrogens decrease it.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Deficiency Protects Against Visceral Fat-Induced Atherosclerosis
Authors: Öhman Miina K. , Wright Andrew P. , Wickenheiser Kevin J. , Luo Wei , Russo Hana M. , Eitzman Daniel T.
Published: March 2010

Objective—

To determine the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1) on the progression of visceral fat-induced atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

Visceral fat inflammation was induced by transplantation of perigonadal fat. To determine whether recipient Mcp-1 status affected atherosclerosis induced by inflammatory fat, apolipoprotein E-deficient (
ApoE
−/−
) and
ApoE
−/−
and Mcp-1-deficient (
Mcp-1
−/−
) mice underwent visceral fat transplantation. Intravital microscopy was used to study leukocyte-endothelial interactions. To study the primary tissue source of circulating Mcp-1, both fat and bone marrow transplantation experiments were used. Transplantation of visceral fat increased atherosclerosis in
ApoE
−/−
mice but had no effect on atherosclerosis in
ApoE
−/−
,
Mcp-1
−/−
mice. Intravital microscopy revealed increased leukocyte attachment to the endothelium in
ApoE
−/−
mice compared with
ApoE
−/−
,
Mcp-1
−/−
mice after receiving visceral fat transplants. Transplantation of visceral fat increased plasma Mcp-1, although donor adipocytes were not the source of circulating Mcp-1 because no Mcp-1 was detected in plasma from
ApoE
−/−
,
Mcp-1
−/−
mice transplanted with
Wt
fat, indicating that recipient Mcp-1-producing cells were affecting the atherogenic response to the fat transplantation. Consistently, transplantation of
Mcp-1
−/−
fat to
ApoE
−/−
mice did not lead to atheroprotection in recipient mice. Bone marrow transplantation between
Wt
and
Mcp-1
−/−
mice indicated that the primary tissue source of circulating Mcp-1 was the endothelium.

Conclusion—

Recipient Mcp-1 deficiency protects against atherosclerosis induced by transplanted visceral adipose tissue.
Short Communication: Genetic Ablation of L-Type Ca
2+
Channels Abolishes Depolarization-Induced Ca
2+
Release in Arterial Smooth Muscle
Authors: Fernández-Tenorio Miguel , González-Rodríguez Patricia , Porras Cristina , Castellano Antonio , Moosmang Sven , Hofmann Franz , Ureña Juan , López-Barneo José
Published: March 2010

Rationale
:

In arterial myocytes, membrane depolarization-induced Ca
2+
release (DICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) occurs through a metabotropic pathway that leads to inositol trisphosphate synthesis independently of extracellular Ca
2+
influx. Despite the fundamental functional relevance of DICR, its molecular bases are not well known.

Objective
:

Biophysical and pharmacological data have suggested that L-type Ca
2+
channels could be the sensors coupling membrane depolarization to SR Ca
2+
release. This hypothesis was tested using smooth muscle–selective conditional Ca
v
1.2 knockout mice.

Methods and Results
:

In aortic myocytes, the decrease of Ca
2+
channel density was paralleled by the disappearance of SR Ca
2+
release induced by either depolarization or Ca
2+
channel agonists. Ca
v
1.2 channel deficiency resulted in almost abolition of arterial ring contraction evoked by DICR. Ca
2+
channel–null cells showed unaltered caffeine-induced Ca
2+
release and contraction.

Conclusion
:

These data suggest that Ca
v
1.2 channels are indeed voltage sensors coupled to the metabolic cascade, leading to SR Ca
2+
release. These findings support a novel, ion-independent, functional role of L-type Ca
2+
channels linked to intracellular signaling pathways in vascular myocytes.
Popular Explanations of Poverty in Europe
Authors: Lepianka Dorota , Gelissen John , van Oorschot Wim
Published: March 2010

In this contribution we describe and explain the differences in popular poverty attributions that exist within and between 28 European countries. On the basis of the existing literature we distinguish five predictors: awareness of the existence of poverty, personal experience of disadvantage, personal values, socio-demographic background and structural and cultural country-level characteristics. Using data from the European Values Survey (EVS) 1999/2000, we assess for most of these predictors the extent to which they relate directly to people’s partial ranking of popular poverty attributions. The results of rank-ordered logistic regression models show that differences in popular poverty explanations relate directly to whether one lives in a country with a Catholic tradition and a high level of poverty, their (subjective) experience of disadvantage and personal values. Furthermore, we find that the size of the various associations depends on people’s particular choices of poverty explanations.
Do Rural Residents Really Use the Internet to Build Social Capital? An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Stern Michael J. , Adams Alison E.
Published: March 2010

Recent research suggests that Internet usage can positively influence social capital in rural communities by fostering avenues for voluntary participation and creating social networks. Most of this research has examined whether Internet use is associated with participation in local organizations and social networks but not the means by which residents use the technology to learn about local activities. To address this gap in the literature, the authors use a mixed-methods approach in an isolated rural region of the western United States to evaluate how residents use their connections to maintain local social networks and learn about local community events and organizations. The authors show that Internet usage can play an important role in building social capital in rural communities, thus extending the systemic model of rural voluntary participation and community attachment. Implications for rural community development are addressed.
Centralizing the Experiences of LGB People of Color in Counseling Psychology 1Ψ7
Authors: Moradi Bonnie , DeBlaere Cirleen , Huang Yu-Ping
Published: March 2010

This article introduces the Major Contribution on centralizing the experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people of color in counseling psychology. The roles of LGB people of color in LGB sociopolitical movements and their invisibility in the psychological literature are discussed as a context for this series of articles. This article also discusses the overall aims of the Major Contribution and presents an overview of each of its three component articles.
Automatic Identification of Lyocell and Cotton Fibers Using Cluster Analysis
Authors: Rong Wu Wang  , Jia Liang Yan  , Xiong Ying Wu  , Shan Yuan Wang
Published: March 2010

This study applies cluster analysis to identifying two frequently blended fibers, lyocell and cotton, based on the six characteristic parameters extracted from the automatic fiber identification system presented in the previous publications. Two independent parameters are first derived from the six characteristic parameters by using factor analysis. Second, a probability density distribution map of the two indirect parameters is established through sample observations. Finally, the clusters of lyocell and cotton fibers in the probability density distribution map are segmented according to contour lines and distance. The experiment showed that the accuracy of lyocell and cotton fiber identification with the cluster analysis is above 95%.
Evaluation of Globalization Strategies: External Analysis of the Turkish Clothing Industry
Authors: Eryuruk Selin Hanife , Kalaoglu Fatma , Baskak Murat , Besoa Rabenasolo A.
Published: March 2010

In this article we present an external analysis of the Turkish clothing industry. Information on the companies was obtained by means of a questionnaire survey. Data were evaluated to see whether or not the Turkish clothing industry utilizes globalization market strategies, the important factors effective to implement these strategies, perceived problems, and execution of the strategies to compete in the global environment in addition to the modeling of the current situation of the strategies.