bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“But I Want Sincerity So Badly!”
Authors: Rutten Ellen
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the genesis and development of a trend that interprets (post-)postmodern paradigms as vehicles for coping with cultural trauma, and how that trend plays out in contemporary sincerity rhetoric. It first considers the simultaneous emergence of North American and Russian new-sincerity discourses in the 1980s before discussing the trauma thread that permeates its Russian pendant from the very beginning. Central to the chapter's argument is poet-cum-performer and undisputed classic of recent Russian literature Dmitrii Prigov, and his personal creative story is interwoven into a wider narrative of sincerity and collective remembering. The story of Prigov and his contemporaries challenges the view, proposed by Mieke Bal and others, that sincerity rhetoric flourishes specifically in times of intercultural conflict. The chapter also explores existing notions of post-Soviet memory and post-Soviet Russia's insistence not on remembering but on a collective forgetting of the gloomier pages of Soviet history.
“Has a Beautiful Girl the Right to Her Own Face?”
Authors: Lake Jessica
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the ways in which late nineteenth century concerns about the unauthorised publication of women’s portraits (in advertising, greeting cards and magazines) led to the legal formulation of a right to privacy in the US. It examines the history of this right within debates concerning the 1888 Bill to Protect Ladies, prior to Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis’ seminal article, and connects claims to a right to privacy to the advent of the New Woman and women’s broader struggle for equal citizenship. It argues that despite its emphasis on ladylike “modesty” and “reserve”, the case of Roberson v Rochester Folding Box (which led to the enactment of the first privacy laws in the United States) can be read as the protest of a courageous young woman against the use of her photograph within advertising that transformed her into an anonymous “pretty” object of mass consumption. This chapter compares her objections to the masculine language of liberty and freedom espoused in Pavesich v New England Life Insurance Co. In most of the early cases, a right to privacy was employed by young women who objected to their images being handled and circulated by others.
Privacy for Profit and a Right of Publicity
Authors: Lake Jessica
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts the evolution of a right to privacy to a “right of publicity” in US law and argues that if a right to privacy is recognized as a doctrine primarily used by women to control their images, the development of a right of publicity was a logical extension that accorded with women’s increasing participation in the paid work force. In the 1930s, women found new career opportunities in the emerging visual arts industries as dancers, models and actors and a right to privacy was employed by professional women to protect and profit from what Liz Conor has termed their “techniques of appearing”. It is in this context that a right to privacy’s racial dimensions are best examined, particularly the case of Myers v African American Publishing Co involving a claim by a young “tribal” dancer from Harlem who successfully sued over the publication of professional photographs that had been doctored to emphasise her nudity. A right to privacy was also invoked by men to protect their professions of performance (as golfers, bullfighters, boxers and ball players) and despite numerous early cases brought by professional women, it was in this masculine context that “a right of publicity” was first articulated.
Hollywood Heroes and Shameful Hookers
Authors: Lake Jessica
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the cases in which individuals used a right to privacy to claim ownership over their life stories, when appropriated by film studios for fiction films. It tracks the move of industrial image making from the East Coast to the West coast of the United States in the 1910s and compares the different contexts of New York’s privacy laws with California’s, informed as they were by a utopian “pursuit of happiness” guaranteed by the Californian Constitution. This chapter also examines the right of privacy in relation to the censorship demands of the Hays Code and considers the onscreen celebration of men’s heroic “public” lives compared to the shaming of women’s “private” lives. It discusses the motion pictures CDQ or Saved by Wireless (1911), The Red Kimono (1925), Yankee Doodle Dandy (1944) and The Sands of Iwo Jima (1949). Whereas female plaintiffs took issue with being condemned or marginalized by films because of their sexuality (their status as hookers or divorcees), men protested the implications of being publicly celebrated for their professional deeds or achievements.
Extraction and Legitimacy
Authors: Ganguly Sumit , Thompson William R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses extraction and legitimacy. Extraction is about the state's ability to acquire the resources it needs to carry out its designed tasks. Whereas extraction tends to focus on material resources, legitimacy is an attitudinal resource for the state. The more legitimacy a state possess, presumably, the easier it is to call on its population for support. If the state must allocate all or most of its resources to simply staying in power by brute force, there is also less left to allocate to other problems. Ample attitudinal support therefore reduces the costs of state maintenance. Not surprisingly, India's extraction capacity is not well developed. More unusual is India's high scores on legitimacy, which so far are not deteriorating greatly. While India no doubt benefits from fairly consistent democratic institutions, Indian scores on this criterion put it among far more affluent states.
Violence Monopoly
Authors: Ganguly Sumit , Thompson William R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines violence monopoly. Violence monopoly refers to whether the state is capable of establishing an order in which its claim to be the ultimate and principal employer of coercion goes largely unchallenged. The more often states are challenged, and the more intense the nature of the challengers, the less likely the state is to survive as the central institution of a political system. A poor showing in the violence monopoly category is one of the Indian state's greatest vulnerabilities in terms of state capacity. It will need to be improved upon simply to maintain order. Yet it is doubtful that the Indian state will improve in this area rapidly.
The Economy
Authors: Ganguly Sumit , Thompson William R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the economy, which provides a critical foundation for or potential roadblock to expanding state capacity. A state's economy is an important factor in assessing possibilities of ascent to great power status. This is because a state with a weak economy is highly vulnerable to external pressure. To gain more autonomy and insulation from external pressures, one must develop the economy so that resources are available for both resisting other states' influence and pursuing one's own state goals. If these goals include gaining membership in the elite club of states, considerable resources are needed to pay for the requisite military-political capabilities. If the starting point is far behind the competition, that means that the catch-up will require considerable and rapid economic growth.
Introduction
Authors: Storrs Christopher
Published: May 2017

The war, we have with Spain, seems more likely to be determined in Italy, than in America.

—Viscount Bolingbroke, September 1743

The first half of the eighteenth century was a momentous period in the history of Spain and its global empire, or Monarchy. The last Spanish Habsburg, Charles II, died in 1700 and was succeeded by the first Spanish Bourbon, Louis XIV’s grandson Philip V....
The Army
Authors: Storrs Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Philip V’s overhaul of Spain’s army. This involved some modernisation. It also meant expansion. Underpinning this was some reorganisation and a reform of the militia. The chapter also discusses–and rejects–the suggestion that Philip “militarised” Spanish society.
Italy and Identity
Authors: Storrs Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the various Italian territories, most of them formerly part of Habsburg Spanish Italy, which Philip sought to recover. It considers, among other things, the extent to which Philip’s success depended on continued bonds of attachment to Spain in those territories. It further discusses the extent to which exiles from Spanish Italy in Spain constituted a lobby backing Philip V’s revanchism. Finally, it explores the issue of Spanish and Italian identity.
Missionary Optimism
Authors: Wu Albert Monshan
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on German missionary work in China, in particular the work of the Berlin Missionary Society and the Society of the Divine Word in the decades before and after 1900. It examines how the missionaries responded to a new political and social landscape after the Boxer Uprising in 1900. The first decade of the twentieth century was a moment of missionary optimism for the BMS and the SVD. The cataclysmic events of the Boxer Uprising convinced German missionaries that Christianity was going to replace Confucianism. At the same time, German missionaries began to introduce new initiatives for more Chinese church independence, even though they continued to evince anti-Confucian attitudes and beliefs.
A Fractured Landscape
Authors: Wu Albert Monshan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the First World War devastated the missionary work of both the SVD and the BMS. The war humbled both missionary societies, and this chapter narrates how missionaries tried to reorient themselves in a dramatically altered global missionary landscape. Confessional differences shaped the responses of the missionary societies to their respective international missionary communities. After the war, German Protestants became increasingly nationalist and refused to work with their American and British rivals. The Catholic missionary society, on the other hand, embraced the Vatican and shed its nationalist character.
Order Out of Chaos
Authors: Wu Albert Monshan
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells the story of how German missionary leaders, unable to raise funds from Europe, began to transfer more power to their Chinese church leaders. The mission directors of the SVD and the BMS both traveled to China, hoping to encourage Chinese church independence. Yet, these reforms came with strings attached, and the missionaries delayed the transition to an independent church. The chapter also examines how the German missionaries formulated their ideas for Chinese church independence out of fears of a rising global socialist and secular threat.
Falling in Love with Confucius
Authors: Wu Albert Monshan
Published: May 2017

This chapter serves as the narrative hinge of the book. It examines how the once theologically conservative and vehemently anti-Confucian German missionaries came to grips with Confucianism in the 1920s and 1930s. It argues that the rise of Communism hastened the shift from an anti-Confucian to a pro-Confucian stance. The specter of a global Communist insurrection pushed the two German societies to turn toward Confucianism as an ally. The political situation in Germany was just as important as the one in China: German missionaries embraced Confucianism because they witnessed the threat of Communism in both countries. The chapter compares the German experience with other international missionary organizations and argues that the German embrace of Confucianism was conditioned by their particular experience of failure after World War I. It also examines how missionaries continued to criticize rival religions, such as Buddhism.
Fruits of the Spirit
Authors: Wu Albert Monshan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines and compares the lives of two Chinese Christians, Ling Deyuan and Chen Yuan, who worked with the BMS and the SVD. Their stories illustrate the narrowing political options that Chinese Christians faced between 1945 and 1950. By 1950, both Ling and Chen had to denounce their missionary allies and declare allegiance to the new Communist state. Ling and Chen’s stories attune us to the ironies of history and reveal how the missionary encounter helped lay the foundation for Christianity’s position in postwar China. Their engagement with German missionaries, the chapter contends, prepared and armed them with the anti-imperial, anti-Western rhetoric that the Chinese Communists could accept. Their stories help us understand the monumental and dangerous individual choices that Chinese Christians had to make after the Communist victory in 1949.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the complexity of the Syrian conflict and the multiple factors driving and shaping it. It argues that from the start, external factors have been essential in enabling and facilitating both regime and opposition actions. The war's character, scale and scope has been greatly impacted by these factors. The brutality of the Assad regime combined with the incompetence and disunity of the opposition led to a violent and intractable civil war. The role of international actors tends to be presented as secondary: they are sucked in once the war has begun, to pursue their own regional or global agendas. As a result, until the various external actors involved either have their goals sufficiently satisfied or cut their losses and leave the stage, the war is likely to continue in some form.
The Arab Spring comes to Syria
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the circumstances in which unrest began in Syria, profiling President Bashar al Assad's regime and explaining the logic behind its repressive strategy. It examines Syria's eruption into revolt to assess how similar or different it truly was. Below the facade of a modernising young ruler leading populist foreign polices, the same economic disparity, political disenfranchisement and social resentment existed as in other protesting Arab states. However, the structure of its ruling regime and the complexities of its relationship with society would mean that Syria would not mimic Tunisia and Egypt in the swift exit of their leaders. It was similar enough to be caught up in events, but different enough to have far bloodier outcomes.
Assad must stand aside? The international community’s ambivalent response
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the positions of the main political actors over the course of May–August 2011. It charts how loose stances on Assad evolved into two camps for and against him, with Turkey's sudden turn on its former ally particularly profiled. With the violence escalating, patience with Assad quickly expired. Over two crucial months, July–August 2011, Assad's allies Qatar and Turkey abandoned him, and several western states, led by Barack Obama, called for him to stand aside. Similarly, in what would prove a key dividing line for the coming civil war, Russia and Iran stood by Assad. While moral considerations may have justified these policymakers' stances, a range of factors, including domestic concerns, personal opinion, ideology, and regional ambition, actually drove their actions.
International institutions and the slide to war
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the early multilateral efforts to pressure Assad, such as economic sanctions and the peace plans of the Arab League and the United Nations, and the reasons for their failure. It particularly notes the role that Russia played in defending Assad. For a long time, Syria's oppositionists rejected the term ‘civil war’, arguing that what was happening was state oppression of peaceful protesters. However, at some point, Syria's uprising became a civil war. The evolution from uprising to civil war was not neat, with both protests and reciprocal violence occurring at the same time in different parts of Syria. The chapter seeks to answer why the international institutions charged with upholding international order proved unable to prevent it.
‘Arm the rebels!’ Backing the armed opposition
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the other side of the anti-Assad states' support, given to the different fighting opposition groups within Syria, with a pronounced profile of Qatar's role. The failures of foreign governments with the political opposition were nothing compared to their disastrous approach to the armed rebels. In different ways the key regional anti-Assad powers of Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey came to actively support the armed rebellion, supplying a range of arms, finance, and nonlethal assistance. But none of them had detailed knowledge of Syria, nor were they experienced in supporting armed insurgencies in foreign countries. Moreover, each had a separate agenda within their desire to topple Assad, prompting them to back rival groups, exacerbating divisions among the rebels and facilitating the rise of Jihadists.
No red lines: the question of western military intervention
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the question of western intervention and why no state deployed its military to bring about regime change in Syria. It explores why the Syria conflict attracted so little direct military intervention in its early, formative years, especially by the US. The ‘nonstrike’ of late summer 2013 was something of a watershed in the Syrian civil war. Until that point, some form of military intervention led by the US, modelled on the actions in Libya in 2011, seemed a realistic prospect to many of the key actors and impacted their behaviour. But afterwards, most recognised that US military action against Assad was unlikely. While Obama did eventually authorise direct military action in Syria in September 2014, it was against ISIS, not Assad.
Descent into chaos: stalemate and the rise of ISIS
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at why the US and other states had chosen to intervene in eastern Syria after 2014, following the rise of ISIS. It explores the fragmentation of Syria and considers how other regional events shifted actors' calculations. The expansion of ISIS' holdings in the summer of 2014 dramatically shifted outside views of the civil war. While the US had declined to strike Assad in 2013, a year later it assembled an international coalition to destroy the newly declared ‘Caliphate’. The chapter studies how and why ISIS emerged, and who was responsible — with most of the players, particularly Assad, complicit in some way. It also examines the immediate context in which ISIS' sudden expansion came: the failure of the Geneva II peace conference.
Enter Russia: Putin raises the stakes
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Russia's decision to send its air force to directly support Assad in late summer 2015 — what motivated this dramatic mobilisation and what impact it had on the conflict. Russia's involvement suddenly raised the stakes and the consequences for the Syrian civil war. The rebel resurgence of spring 2015 provoked real fears of Assad's collapse in Moscow and Tehran, resulting in the Vienna Process along with ceasefire and peace talks. However, while Russia's intervention likely prevented any prospect of sudden regime collapse, it did not change the fundamental structure of the civil war and thus was unlikely to lead to a decisive regime military victory. What it did was create a better negotiating position for pro-Assad forces — which may have been Putin's intention all along.
Conclusion: The war that everyone lost
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter talks about how important regional consensus will be for any lasting peace to be established in Syria. The US' role, as the declining hegemon, is a particular focus of this analysis. President Obama has been attacked for not doing enough on Syria. It is unknown whether, had he intervened against Assad earlier, either directly or by heavily backing the armed rebels before radicals took over, the war would have finished sooner. However, given the regional dynamics described in this study, it seems unlikely that Russia and Iran would have ceased support for Assad and his regime. The chapter argues that a more selective engagement with certain regional priorities as the most powerful of several actors, rather than the regional hegemon, looks the most likely and effective course for Washington in years to come.
Across Legal Lines
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: May 2017

This book presents a previously untold story of Jewish-Muslim relations in modern Morocco, showing how law facilitated Jews' integration into the broader Moroccan society in which they lived. Morocco went through immense upheaval in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the experiences of a single Jewish family, the book charts how the law helped Jews to integrate into Muslim society—until colonial reforms abruptly curtailed their legal mobility. Drawing on a broad range of archival documents, the book expands our understanding of contemporary relations between Jews and Muslims and changes the way we think about Jewish history, the Middle East, and the nature of legal pluralism.
The Sultan’s Jews
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws on the records of the Ministry of Complaints and other government correspondence to argue that Jews were tied to the state in part through their ability to demand redress from the Makhzan. This bond became particularly crucial for the sultan to reinforce as foreigners questioned the Makhzan's ability to properly protect its Jewish subjects and used the alleged abuses of Jews as an excuse to meddle in Morocco's internal affairs. Jews regularly petitioned the government when they felt they had been denied their rights; doing so forged a practical bond that reaffirmed their link to the sultan as protector of dhimmīs.
Extraterritorial Expansion
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that Jews frequented consular courts in addition to all the other legal venues available to them—particularly local Jewish and Islamic courts. Tracing Jews' efforts to move among different jurisdictions demonstrates the expanded legal mobility of Jews with extraterritoriality. This movement, in turn, shows why it was so important for consular court officials to adapt to the practices of local legal institutions—particularly shariʻa courts. In fact, the movement of individuals between local and consular courts required both sets of officials to adapt to the existence of the other institutions; consular officials relied on Islamic standards of evidence, while shariʻa courts attempted to control forum shopping among Islamic and foreign courts.
Introduction
Authors: Stow Kenneth
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter explores the transformation in Jewish life that failed to occur in late eighteenth-century Rome. The French Revolution and the U.S. Constitution had established that Jews were citizens with full and equal legal rights. But in Rome, the capital of the then Papal State, no such proclamation occurred. Although Rome's Jews possessed rights in civil law, the discrimination determined by canon law was great. Roman Jews were forced to live in the ghetto decreed by Pope Paul IV in 1555, as part of a vigorous conversionary drive. People were taken to an institution known as the House of Converts, where they were held for periods of time, and most eventually converted. However, some did not, most notably Anna del Monte, who not only remained a Jew but also left a diary recounting her thirteen days in the Catecumeni, as Rome's Jews called the place.
Crises
Authors: Stow Kenneth
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how the growing threat to Jewish security heightened Tranquillo's resolve to make Anna's story known, even if this required embellishing on the details. This includes the scene of the final glory, when Anna is returned to her family on a Friday eve, for a joyous Sabbath celebration. Apart from the perplexing dating, Tranquillo's portrait of joy is problematic. The real Anna almost surely did not convert, or her name would appear in the House of Converts' records. Yet the diary's “happy ending” stretches the imagination, with Anna sent back to her family to continue life as a Jew unhindered. The reader does well to think of two young women named Anna: the real one, who was likely destroyed by the pressure, even without converting, and the idealized one, who held her own and kept her head high.
The Confessional State
Authors: Stow Kenneth
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses whether Anna's story, as well as the others', represent a specifically Roman Jewish dilemma. Aside from being a product of the much larger European Jewish past, these stories are a product of the confessional state for whose continuity the Church so greatly fought. What defined this state was its incessant pursuit of that which might be achieved “in favor of the faith.” Anna's ordeal would have been unthinkable in places like the non-confessional United States or post-revolutionary France. By contrast, the legally reinforced formal structures of religion in states with official religious identities favored torments like those Anna suffered. Far more than illuminating Jewish issues alone, cases like Anna's illustrate crises which European society as a whole had to overcome.
Conversion and the State
Authors: Stow Kenneth
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to the matter of conversion, which allows for an analysis of the developing struggle between the confessional and the modern secular state. Over the question of conversion, the conundrum of a necessary religious unity was being fought out and resolved. Everything was done to persuade those who entered the Casa (House of Converts) to accept the Catholic faith, including those who had not entered of their own volition, but whom a relative or spouse had “offered.” The law gave parents power over their offspring, which included the power to demand that their children be taken to the Casa to test their religious will. The same rules applied to a spouse. The pressures exerted on those who were “offered” were great, almost guaranteeing success.
Under Papal Rule
Authors: Stow Kenneth
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how Tranquillo del Monte was aware that the Jewish reality of his contemporary Rome had no resemblance to that in places like France and the United States; nor that policies in the Papal State, especially conversionary ones, were sui generis. The discipline intended to break Roman Jews that had begun with Paul IV and peaked under Pius VI was having its effects. A variety of means was being used to bring the Roman Jewry to capitulate, such as the intentional weakening of their communal apparatus. From no later than the mid-seventeenth century, powers of internal self-discipline and governance were attacked. Lacking authorization for a formal rabbinic court, the Jews of Rome had cultivated self-governance by emphasizing and expanding the traditional practice of consensual arbitration and by adopting standardized forms of documentation created by Jewish notaries.
Legal Obstacles
Authors: Stow Kenneth
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the law confers privileges on the Jews as cives, except in the spiritual forum. Nonetheless, while in the Papal State, the privileges of being cives were never entirely erased. It was the burdens and the confessional aspects of ancient Roman Law that came ever more to the fore. To these burdens were added evolving legal interpretations that facilitated the “offerings” and denunciations that upended the life of Anna del Monte and many others. However, Jews were not the only ones affected. The demands of the burgeoning modern state fell ever more heavily, and in new ways, on all residents. Using the tools of ius commune to augment centralized authority, the state began to interfere unprecedentedly in the personal life of its residents.
Symbolic Goods as Media of Exchange in Paul’s Gift Economy
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

Using the concept of the “economy of symbolic goods” developed by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, this chapter shows how Paul construes linguistic “goods,” in the form of promises and assurances of gifts and benefits posited as proceeding from the god of Israel, as exchangeable with currency, material goods, and labor services within an ethic of reciprocity. Seneca the Younger uses the image of the dancing Graces to illustrate reciprocity. Paul’s letters indicate that he construes a benefit (charis) from the god of Israel as eliciting a countergift, whether in the mode of “paying it forward” by donating to a collection for the early Christian assembly in Jerusalem, or by “repaying” Paul himself through granting him the use of a slave, Onesimus.
The Gift of Status
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

Studies of gift exchange have long recognized that lavish giving is associated with enhanced status. This chapter shows that status itself may sometimes be granted as a gift rather than being simply a corollary of gift exchange. Two types of status are distinguished: positional status, which refers to a particular position or role within a sociopolitical field, and accorded status, which is allocated on the basis of communal assessments regarding the excellence or exemplary manner in which one fulfills the duties and obligations associated with a particular social position. An examination of the letters of Pliny the Younger shows how patronage brokers functioned as middlemen mediating “gifts of (positional) status” from the emperor to lower-ranking (often equestrian) elites. Paul, too, makes use of the idea of “gifts of status,” as the positions of apostle, prophet, and teacher are viewed as “gifts from God” within the hierarchically organized early Christian assemblies.
Spiritual Gifts and Status Inversion
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter enlists Carole Crumley’s notion of heterarchy as a means of critiquing and refining Wayne Meeks’s notion of status inconsistency as it pertains to Pauline assemblies. The chapter shows that status is to be viewed not only as a multidimensional phenomenon but also as the subject of intense contest, negotiation, and change over time. Paul deploys a discourse of “spiritual gifts”—specifically the idea that the power by which Jesus was raised from the dead was transforming his “inner human being” into a glorious immortal being—in order to propose an inversion of the criteria utilized for the evaluation of social rank, such that he, an impoverished itinerant craftsman, might be evaluated within early Christian assemblies as having a status higher than that of wealthier patronal figures and gifted orators.
A Family Long Free
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that no family embodies the anomalous history of New Orleans better than the Dede family. Of all the towns and cities in North America with populations of free African Americans, the chapter goes on to argue, New Orleans was the city most likely to have produced a black man like Edmond Dede—possessed of enough talent, ambition, and training to launch himself up to a high level of accomplishment. Only in New Orleans could African American families trace their family's history back beyond 1864, the year the Emancipation Proclamation took effect. Contrary to later reports that Edmond Dede was the son of West Indian refugees, he in fact belonged instead to a long-established family with roots in North America.
City of Sound
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter chronicles a time when Dede worked as a cigar roller in the day time while he dedicated himself to his avocation at night. In this period between his return to New Orleans in late 1851 and his departure for Europe, he published a song, “Mon pauvre coeur” (“My poor heart”). It was a melodie, a form of art song most closely associated with Hector Berlioz and Charles Gounod and similar to the German lieder of Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. The printed song makes it among the oldest, if not the oldest, published music by an African American. We can conclude from the song that Dede was composing stately melodies for a white and black audience at a time when most music lovers were responding to more lively, foot-tapping kinds of songs.
City of Dust
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that in neither of the profiles appearing in the Bordeaux does Dede claim to have matriculated at the Conservatory of Paris, but he does identify his teachers. The musicians he named lend weight to the possibility that his talent caught the attention of the faculty. To the author of an article, which appeared in L'Artiste de Bordeaux, Dede named three faculty members with whom he studied in Paris in the late 1850s. He began with the composer Adolphe Adam, who died the same year, but not before recommending Dede to the composer Jacques-Fromental Halévy. Meanwhile, in 1855, a year before Dede began studying with him, Eugene Delacroix wondered how the man got any work done.
The Lost Violin
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the evidence that suggests that Edmond Dede struggled to get by in the last years of his life. By 1897, when his son Eugene's daughter was born, three generations of Dedes were living together at 48 rue Liancourt. The arrangement lasted a few years, until late 1900 when Dede entered the Hospital Necker for Sick Children, the hospital nearest to their home. There, at the age of seventy-three, he died. This happened on January 5, 1901. His death certificate lists him as the son of “Bazile Dede and of Jeanne Marie Louise Dupre, deceased spouses,” a last elision of identity. No announcement of his death appeared in the Paris papers or in the Bordeaux newspapers most likely to have carried it. He had been forgotten by the bordelaise public long before.
Found
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains how the contradictory forces of invisibility and conspicuousness that worked incessantly upon dark-skinned black men and women living in societies dominated by European cultural values shaped Edmond Dede's interactions with the people he encountered. They defined people's expectations of him and provoked him to adopt strategies to evade those forces. He may not have prospered to the extent or in the way that he would have preferred to, but in the end the people who used him as an index of their hopes were right to do so. Conspicuousness was a permanent quality of his life in an overwhelmingly white society. Likewise, because his skin color consistently drew the attention of white, black, and mixed-race observers away from his work, the creative self would be always behind the mask.
Daumier in Vienna, 1936
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts how, by the time of the Daumier exhibition, Kris no longer expected the Viennese art historical profession or the Austrian Church to offer any reliable protections. In bringing the French artist's work to his own city, he now identified himself intellectually and politically with a broad Popular Front movement. However, the French Légion d'Honneur justified the exhibition and encouraged Kris to continue the caricature project. Gombrich, who had assisted with the exhibition, would not present his work again to an Austrian audience for decades. His career and new family became firmly rooted elsewhere. Much later, when Gombrich described his ties to his original and adopted homes, he discarded national identifications, characterizing himself simply as a Central European working in England.
The Caricature Book, 1936–38
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows the two scholars as they continued their work on the book manuscript in the quarters of Kris' study, during the months that led up to the Daumier exhibition. Gombrich translated the full German manuscript, Die Karikatur, into an English version, Caricature, for publication in exile. He kept the London manuscript to the same length as the Viennese: two hundred and fifty-four typescript pages of text and citations. Both the German and English versions of the book's foreword leave no doubt that it aimed to bridge Kris' research on Freud and the Warburg circle's art historical approach. Describing psychoanalytic theory as critical to bringing art history in line with science, Kris accepted the sole burden for applying Freud's concepts.
From Vienna to London and New York, 1938–41
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows Kris' travels to England and New York. First, he went to present a paper on caricature at the Warburg Institute, the first public presentation of his joint work with Gombrich. A year later, he returned to England as an exile from Vienna, hoping to make London his permanent residence, the Warburg reading room his workshop, and British psychoanalytic circles his new professional community. When Kris arrived at the Warburg Institute in 1937, no prospect existed for publishing the caricature book on the European Continent; he had to look elsewhere. While he remained firmly attached to his contacts within the psychoanalytic movement and the Warburg Institute, Kris found new colleagues and exemplars within John Marshall's network of American social scientists and émigré scholars.
War Work, 1941–45
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes how several months after the Allied landings in Europe, John Marshall undertook a fact-finding mission to Britain to explore the role that the Rockefeller Foundation could play in postwar reconstruction. At Kris' urging, he arranged to meet with Gombrich. Kris pressed upon Gombrich the importance of Marshall as a professional contact and awaited Gombrich's account of their meeting. During their conversation, Marshall posed a question regarding the caricature project and Gombrich's work as a monitor of German radio propaganda. Gombrich stated that just as the primitive myth studied by anthropologists tends to personalize the forces of the natural universe into beneficent or malign beings, so the Nazi propagandist transformed the political universe into a conflict of persons and personifications.
Losing legitimacy: monarchical weakness and the descent into disorder
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Shakespeare's Henry VI plays. The events of Henry VI's reign spoke to current English anxiety and experience in myriad ways. Here was a nation engaged in a long-standing war with a major continental monarchy, plunged by defeat abroad and internal faction conflict at home into dynastic civil war, an all or nothing struggle for supreme power between two factions organised around mutually exclusive claims to the throne. Here was an historical narrative that could link current realities and worries to a threatening image both of the past and of the immediate future; a future prefigured not merely by the recent English past but by the current state of France.
Hereditary ‘right’ and political legitimacy anatomised
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the Henry VI plays located the problems faced by the England of Henry VI not simply in an unsettled or contestable succession. Rather, they identified a combination of other factors and forces, which, taken together, threatened to render a currently unsettled and potentially contested succession a source of unappeasable political and moral crisis. Accordingly, these plays treat, in some detail, issues of succession: that is to say, both de jure questions of what constituted a legitimate claim and of how such claims might be adjudicated, and also de facto issues about how a dynastic claim could be turned into practical legitimacy; that is to say, established as the basis of a stable, functioning regime whose rule was accepted more or less by all, as, if not fully legitimate, then at least as an established fact.
How not to go there: 1 Henry VI as prequel and alternative ending
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on 1 Henry VI. Some critics see it as the first part of a trilogy. Others have identified it as a sort of prequel, written after the success of the plays that have become known as 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI had rendered a return to the same subject a profitable prospect. Ultimately, 1 Henry VI reshuffles the pack of narrative tropes and ideological materials it inherited from parts II and III. It relocates the threat of female political agency outside England and organises it under the sign not merely of witchcraft but of popery. It similarly displaces the locus of ancient political virtue from civil to military affairs, and downgrades the role of the king. Still central is the topos of noble faction, but that faction is centred not on the succession but rather on the conduct of the war.
Richard III: political ends, providential means
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Shakespeare's Richard III. If 1 Henry VI imposed a sort of closure on the two earlier plays by suggesting how the outcomes depicted therein might have been avoided, Richard III imposed a rather more conventional sense of an ending by depicting what actually happened next. In so doing, it departed from the modes of exposition and explanation adopted in the Henry VI plays. As Donald Watson observes, ‘the play provides us with essentially two approaches to explaining Richard's triumph, one on the level of providential ritual and the other through the making and unmaking of political factions’. Working, as it were, from both the inside and the outside, the play privileges neither of these modes of explanation but rather seeks to fit the one within the other.
The Elizabethan resonances of the reign of King John
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Shakespeare's King John. Writing a play about King John in the early or middle 1590s was not an ideologically neutral act. The subject-matter was so contested that no politically sentient contemporary was likely to produce an account of the reign, as it were, in a fit of absence of mind. That in such circumstances Shakespeare chose to write a play about King John is of some significance. For, by the very act of writing such a play, he could not help but position himself within a set of ideological co-ordinates laid down by the other available interpretations and stagings of the reign, and thus by the prior knowledge and expectations of his audience.
The first time as polemic, the second time as play: Shakespeare’s King John and The troublesome reign
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies King John and The troublesome reign of King John. There has been considerable scholarly debate about the relationship between the two texts; a debate centred on the issue of which came first and therefore of which provided the source for the other. All of this certainly means the resulting differences in tone and content between the two plays have to be seen as the product of a series of highly self-conscious ideological as well as aesthetic and dramatic choices. Either way, The troublesome reign represents a hot protestant take on the reign, written in effect as a piece of proto-nationalist propaganda in the period immediately following the Armada.
Richard II, or the rights and wrongs of resistance
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Richard II and King John. Both plays deal with the same issues of legitimacy, succession, and rebellion, albeit in very different ways. They complement one another through their differences, each one approaching a similar set of issues from radically different starting points. In King John, the reader is confronted with a situation in which legitimacy has been lost through the reign of a usurper, a monarch whose right to rule is actively contested throughout the play. In Richard II, on the other hand, political legitimacy is lost through the actions of a ruler whose dynastic legitimacy is above reproach.
Shakespeare and Parsons – again
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a comparison of Shakespeare and Parsons by reading Richard II against the central arguments of The conference. Here, there are three main comparisons that might be fruitful. Firstly, that between Shakespeare's and Parsons' account of the nature, course, and significance of the deposition of Richard II. Secondly, that between Parsons' and Shakespeare's account of the long-term political and dynastic consequences of that event. Thirdly, that between the very different answers to the question of what should happen about the succession, once Elizabeth was dead, given by Parsons and by Shakespeare, in his account of Richard's reign and of Bolingbroke's usurpation.
Festive Falstaff: of popularity, puritans and princes
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Falstaff. In a famous scene, Falstaff is actually installed in a mock throne, playing the angry king to Hal's miscreant prince. In the ensuing exchanges, they swap different versions of Falstaff's character and attributes. The result is an association of Falstaff and his world with a variety of aspects of popular festivity and the ritualised order of the carnivalesque mode. Falstaff, however, sees himself as but old and merry. Throughout both plays, Falstaff continually claims to have been corrupted by the prince. Young and old, not so much a person as a principle of nature, Falstaff both personifies and transcends the life cycle, and thus defeats the puny efforts of quotidian logic and constraint to define or contain him.
Oldcastle redivivus
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Sir John Oldcastle, part I, a play that was clearly written to respond to, indeed, in some sense, to refute, Shakespeare's version of Falstaff in his original persona as Sir John Oldcastle. Written by Michael Drayton, Richard Hathaway, Anthony Munday and Robert Wilson, this play is precisely dateable to the autumn of 1599 when in October, Henslowe paid the authors over the odds for a 'new play' about Sir John Oldcastle. Both in the prologue and the text, Oldcastle or Cobham is unequivocally distinguished from Falstaff. In Shakespeare's play, Falstaff is identified with a distinctively puritan style of discourse, here the Falstaff figure is assimilated to a very different set of anticlerical stereotypes.
The state we’re in
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that Henry V was not the only history play that Shakespeare wrote in 1599. Also dateable to that year is Julius Caesar. There the politics of popularity, honour and legitimacy are again in play, in a political scene in which men of the highest virtue are struggling to impose their will on events and, in this case, restore legitimacy to the state by refounding it. For all his world-dominating achievements and well nigh universal fame, Caesar's efforts to transform the Roman state end not only in his own assassination but also with the descent of the Roman world into chaos and civil war.
The politics of popularity and faction (in a popular state)
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that Julius Caesar is about more than the incompatibility of the politics of honour and of popularity. It also reveals the incompatibility of honour with the political process per se, when, that is, that process is conceived and evaluated instrumentally as the pursuit of personal and factional advantage and power. For, however great their personal claims to honour and virtue, the means deployed by all the major characters in the pursuit of their immediate political ends are shown to be incompatible with the demands of honour and virtue, as those same characters themselves define, espouse and at least claim to personify them.