bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Figura świętego głupca w twórczości Andrieja Tarkowskiego
Authors: Wieczorek Bartosz
Published: March 2020

The figure of the “holy fool” in the work of Andrei TarkovskyThe article analyzes the figure of the “holy fool” — a specific cultural phenomenon of Russian Orthodoxy, which found its strong reflection in the work of Andrei Tarkovsky. After showing the essence of the work of the Russian director, i.e. the internal conflict in man between the material and spiritual sphere, the Christian pedigree of the figure of the “holy fool”, which finds a special expression in Russian culture, is presented. Over time, it undergoes significant transformations. In Tarkovsky’s films, the figure of the “holy fool” allows the director to manifest his opinions and his view of the world, the role of art or the vocation of the artist. Tarkovsky’s “holy fool” evolves from a purely Christian figure, a humble and trusting figure fighting with all evil, through the original loner seeking consolation for others, to a figure, which destroys the existing order while awaiting the reaction of God connected with the restoration of the harmony to the world.
Heretyk Jeroen i jego ekrany. Refleksje o pewnej wystawie multimedialnej
Authors: Pułka Leszek
Published: March 2020

Heretic Jeroen and his screens The article presents the multimedia binding of the many years’ project “Jheronimus Bosch 500”, which led — in the jubilee year — to developing the monographic exhibition of Hieronymus Bosch’s works in Hertogenbosch 2016. According to the author of the article Internet seems to be a useful “megaarchives” for works of art and for some important events organized because of them. It is useful especially for collecting and exposing film documentation of interpretation of the works, their con-servation and creating marketing strategies which make the artist a so-called glocalbrand hero. The documentation of some film events of the project in Hertogenbosch is presented on the page https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCh9n1lmat4buzWzjqJaDfMA/videos. We can find there a collection of documents and quasi-documents, some films of didactic and persuasive cinema, but also some marketing products, of which role is to cause selling the constellation of events of the project. Avoiding the rating of the substantive value of the mentioned objects, the author of the article shows that the portals YouTube or Vimeo are sometimes the only, and sometimes not too orderly, open film archive of associating of people with art.
Kino, czyli świat. Recenzja książki "KINtop. Antologia wczesnego kina", red. Andrzej Dębski i Martin Loiperdinger, Wrocław 2016, część I, ss. 452, część II, ss. 452
Authors: Pułka Leszek
Published: March 2020

Cinema or the world. Review of the book Kintop. Antologia wczesnego kina, ed. By Andrzej Dębski and Martin Loiperdinger, Wrocław 2016, Part I, 452 pp., Part II, 452 pp.The texts included in the anthology edited by Andrzej Dębski and Martin Loiperdinger were chosen from the yearbooks of KINtop of the period 1992–2013. They show the change of the cinema paradigm and the most important tendencies of the media and cultural modernism turn. Both volumes fill the cognitive gap in the Polish film studies. They bring out the value of the Polish–German scientific cooperation of authors and they present the state of researches of the so-called early cinema. Apart from the treatises on the phenomenon of film the book consists of some articles on institutions of the early cinema, on the evolution of film forms — from short-feature movies to full-length ones, on the changes of esthetics, on the connection of picture and sound, cinema and literature and also on the glocalization of cinema. The book gives the panoramic view, which is methodologically inspiring and cognitively brilliant.
Filmowe legendy o Świętym Franciszku
Authors: Wojnicka Joanna
Published: March 2020

Film legends about Saint FrancisThe article is devoted to four Italian movies about Saint Francis: Roberto Rossellini’s The Flowers of St. Francis 1950, Lilliana Cavani’s two movies 1966, 1989 and Franco Zeffirelli’s Brother Sun, Sister Moon 1972. The first of the four works is an author’s adaptation of some fragments of the medieval Flowers of St. Francis, and the three others are original concepts of the authors concerning the figure of St. Francis. The text shows in what way the three directors present the famous saint man, and — also — in what way they take use his biography and the legend of the Saint for creating — sometimes quite controversial — picture of Francis, making of him a contester Cavani or some precursor of “the flower children” Zeffirelli.
Województwo poleskie w polskich reportażach z okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego — wybrane aspekty
Authors: Kotrys Natalia Maria
Published: March 2020

Полесское воеводство в репортажах межвоенного двадцатилетия в Польше — избранные аспектыТемой этого текста является вопрос о Полесском воеводстве в репортажах межвоенного двадцатилетия в Польше. В статье проанализированы и обсуждены публикации этого периода, в которых особое внимание обращено на ландшафт, социальную, государственную и экономическую ситуации Полесского воеводства в указанное время. Территория Полесья — это в основном болота, леса и луга, на которых, прежде всего, культивировалось сельское хозяйство. Это территория, которую характеризует трудная экономическая и социально-бытовая ситуация.The Polesie Province in interwar reportage in Poland — selected aspectsThe article deals with the question of the Polesie Province as emerging from interwar reportage in Poland. The author analyses selected publications from the period, publications in which particular attention was paid to the landscape, social situation and economic situation of the Polesie Province in the period in question. Covered mainly by marshes, forests and meadows, Polesie was primarily an agricultural region, a place characterised by a difficult economic and social situation. The government of the Second Polish Republic made great efforts to improve the living conditions in the analysed region.
Dzieje Związku Patriotów Polskich w historiografii radzieckiej i poradzieckiej
Authors: Głowacki Albin
Published: March 2020

История Cоюза польских патриотов в советской и постсоветской историографииВ связи с 75-летием создания Союза польских патриотов в СССР автор сделал попытку обзора важнейших исторических публикаций на тему этой организации, которая возникла в СССР. Относительно много места уделено трудам в этой области Павла Каленыченко из Киева и Шодманкула Пиримкулова из Ташкента. Обсуждены также публикации многих других авторов, которые занимались судьбами репрессированных в СССР польских граждан в 1939–1946 годах и попутно поднимали вопросы разнообрaзной деятельности территориальных организаций Союза польских патриотов. В заключениu дан перечень вопросов, на которые нет ответа в советской и постсоветской историографии, а на которые надо ответить, чтобы создать достаточно полную картину деятельности Союза польских патриотов.The story of the Union of Polish Patriots in Soviet and post-Soviet historiographyTo mark the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Union of Polish Patriots in the USSR UPP, the present author has decided to provide an overview of the most important historical studies devoted to the organisation and written in the USSR and former Soviet territories. He focuses in particular on the writings of Pavel Kalenychenko from Kiev and Shodmankul Pirimkulov from Tashkent. In addition, he discusses publications by many other authors who studied the fate of Polish nationals oppressed in the USSR in 1939–1946 and examined the issue of the activities of the UPP’s local branches. In conclusion he presents a series of research questions for which he has found no answers in Soviet and post-Soviet historiography, and which need to be answered in order for the picture of the history of the UPP to become fairly complete.
Partycypacja katowickiej wspólnoty lokalnej w wyborach do organów władzy samorządu miejskiego i rad jednostek pomocniczych. Analiza zjawiska na podstawie wybranych zmiennych
Authors: Kubas Sebastian
Published: March 2020

Participation of the local community in Katowice in the elections to municipal authorities and the councils of facultative units. An analysis of a phenomenon on the basis of chosen factorsThe article presents the analysis of two factors connected with the local elections to municipal authorities in Katowice and to the councils of facultative units. The chosen factors: turnout and the number of invalid votes serve as a comparative tool of the attitudes of the local electorate in Katowice. The local turnout and the number of invalid votes in Katowice are primarily compared with the same factors connected with presidential, parliamentary and European Parliament elections, then the article touches upon the issue of elections to local municipal authorities and to the councils of facultative units in Katowice.
Polityka wyznaniowa w myśli austriackiej Partii Chrześcijańsko-Społecznej w latach 1918−1934
Authors: Bukowczyk Piotr
Published: March 2020

Religious policy in the thought of the Austrian Christian Social Party 1918−1934In the paper I present the vision of a relation between the state and religious denominations and the status of atheists and free-thinkers delineated in the political thought of the Christian Social Party Christlichsoziale Partei, active in Austria-Hungary and the First Republic of Austria, Christian-democratic, after 1931 influenced by Italian fascism and inclining towards authoritarianism. I infer it from its propaganda materials books, brochures, press articles, leaflets, posters and legislation enacted under its governmentI also show the impact of the social, cultural and political context on the postulates of the Christian Social Party with regard to religious policy.
Kultura organizacyjna instytutu naukowego. Studium kultury organizacyjnej Instytutu Politologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
Authors: Lisowska Alicja , Florczak Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Organizational culture of a scientific institute. A study of organizational culture in the Institute of Political Science at the University of WrocławIn the article the conslusions coming from the research into organisational culture, conducted in the Institute of Political Science at the University of Wrocław were presented. The employed research instrument was the OCAI questionnaire, created by Kim S. Cameron and Robert S. Quinn, which allows to diagnose the incidence of particular elements of organisational culture as well as to identify the types of this culture. The research results point that — currently — the Institute’s dominant form of organisational culture is the hierarchy culture, while the desired one is the clan and adhocracy culture.
Konflikt izraelsko-palestyński. Analiza nekropolityczna
Authors: Czapnik Sławomir
Published: March 2020

Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Necropolitics’ analysisThe aim of this paper is to analyze Israeli-Palestinian conflict from the perspective of the ‘necropolitics’ category term coined by Achille Mbembe. Firstly, author describes mass media coverage of the conflict, especially pro-Israeli bias in the American and British media. Nevertheless, some media representations in the mostly Muslin countries ieTurkey are anti-Semitic. Second part is devoted to the realities on the ground in occupied Palestinian territories and the discoursive practices of perceiving violence of both sides: ‘civilized’ Israeli and ‘uncivilised’ Palestinian. In conclusion, there are some considerations about future developments in the conflict.
Konflikty polityczne w przestrzeni publicznej i pamięci zbiorowej
Authors: Ponczek Eugeniusz
Published: March 2020

Political conflicts in public space and mass memoryConflict provenance must be sought not only in economic conditions, but also in socio-cultural, especially civilizational, religious, ethical and historiosophical ones. Conflict analysis should depend on their pro­found explanation taking into consideration their axiological and ethical, psychological and historiosoph­ical implications. Conflicts are frequently stimulated due to presentation of various, often extreme, views and explanations of the present, rooted in historical peculiarities of distant or closer past, especially when atendency to prefer aleading role of affirmed, frequently controversial heroes, appears.
Komunikacja liderów polskich partii politycznych w mediach społecznościowych w okresie pełnego cyklu wyborczego w latach 2014–2015
Authors: Bodys Marta
Published: March 2020

Communication of the leaders of Polish political parties in social media during the full election cycle 2014–2015This paper presents the results of research on the communication of relevant leaders in the years 2014–2015, during the campaign period before the four elections: to the European Parliament, local, parliamentary and presidential. Quantitative and qualitative research deals with the communication of Jaroslaw Kaczynski, Donald Tusk, Ewa Kopacz, Janusz Piechocinski, Leszek Miller, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, Ryszard Petru and Paweł Kukiz. The analysis is mainly focused on communication of party leaders on Facebook and Twitter. The research described in this article is not only a political party leader’s communication analysis but also a comparative material for further research into political actors’ communication.
Nowe wyzwania dla NATO. Sojusz Północnoatlantycki w obliczu zagrożeń hybrydowych
Authors: Zaremba Patrycja
Published: March 2020

New challenges for the North Atlantic Alliance. NATO in the face of hybrid threatsThe end of the cold war and, consequently collapsed of bipolar partition led to the situation of appearing new, unknown threats in the security and defense sphere. The representatives of North Atlantic Alliance face the challenge, which result was taking decisive steps to counteract and level newly created threats. The following article provides outline of the problem to apply a reality which NATO is. The author try to ask the question: “Do the main safety pillar have the mechanism to counteract and prevent unwanted scenarios in multimodal character as hybrid threats?”.
Wśród szans i barier. Aktualne problemy współpracy Unii Europejskiej z Białorusią
Authors: Wojcieszak Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Between chances and barriers. Current problems of cooperation between the European Union and BelarusThe article shows the complexity of the relationship between the European Union and Belarus. Despite efforts of the EU diplomacy these relations have faced a number of problems since years. Currently, they entered into a new phase, which raises hope for a closer cooperation. The author shows the importance of the relationship between Belarus and Russia, development of EU relations over the past years and the role of the Eastern Partnership and Poland as a country particularly interested in developing cooperation with Belarus. The author presents the areas of cooperation with Belarus, in particular he focuses on the economic aspect of the cooperationEven though the relationship between the EU and Belarus currently develops it is not clear if this will continue in the future.
Relacje węgiersko-słowackie w kontekście węgierskiej mniejszości narodowej
Authors: Starzyk Adam
Published: March 2020

Relations between Hungary and Slovakia in the context of Hungarian minorityThis article is about one of the priority aim of the Hungarian foreign policy from 1989 to 2012 — the inter­est of the Hungarian minority, which caused the situation of sinusoidal relations with Slovakia in almost 20 years. In one hand we had policy of the Victor Orban’s government, targeted iaon the minority issue, and in the other hand, we had twice Slovak cabinet with party/parties wanted to limited the laws of the minorities. This problem shows us how one part of the policy can involve affect on the relations between countries. This is also a good base for interpret contemporary relations between Bratislava and Budapest, also in the context of cooperation with the Visegrad Group.
Emerytura obywatelska w systemie zabezpieczenia emerytalnego. Opcja dla Polski?
Authors: Jurek Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Citizen’s pension in the retirement system. An option for Poland?The aim of the article is to present the role and place of citizen’s pension in the retirement system. Firstly, fo­cused on genesis and essence of citizen’s pensionThen, basing on desk research, discussed its strengths and weaknesses, also potential opportunities and threats resulting from the possible implementation in Poland.
Potencjalne kierunki zmian w zakresie wychowania przedszkolnego w świetle oczekiwań rodzin
Authors: Szczepaniak-Sienniak Joanna
Published: March 2020

Potential directions of changes in the field of the pre-school education in the light of family expectationsTwo research problems have been identified in the article: 1. Do parents of children between 25 and 5 years expect other types of pre-school support than pre-school institutions? 2. What are the main concerns and expectations of families regarding the quality of pre-school education in public kindergartens? These prob­lems were the basis for analyzing the potential expectations of families concerning the forms and quality of support in raising preschoolers, based on the opinions of selected groups of Wrocław families with children attending public kindergartens. This analysis was carried out in Wrocław in the years 2015 and 2016, based on quantitative survey conducted by survey technique and qualitative research — focused group interview. The results of these studies allow us to identify potential activities and directions for changes in pre-school education, which is the main purpose of the article.
Masoneria w dyskursie polskich środowisk prawicowych po 1989 roku
Authors: Strutyński Maciej
Published: March 2020

Freemasonry in the discourse of Polish right wing parties after 1989Contemporary anti-masonic circles in Poland are noticeable on the political scene. There are numerous publications, both books and articles in right-wing magazines. Ideological schemas present in pre-war journalism of hostile freemasonry are still used. The situation in the Catholic Church is particularly interesting, especially in connection with the changes that take place in it from the Second Vatican Council, which is critically assessed by the Antimony community. Important elements in the anti-masonic discourse are issues related to globalization and the development of the European Union. Critics attribute these phenomena to the construction of the Masonic world government New World Order.
Idea patriotyzmu polskiego sybiractwa okresu II wojny światowej
Authors: Pieróg Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

The idea of patriotism of Polish „sybiractwo” in the Second World War eraFrom December 1939, each month, 150 000 exiles were sent to the Siberian taiga. It is estimated that by mid April 1940, 1 million people lost their lives there, mainly due to maladjustment to the climate, hard work and lack of food. Is it possible to claim that such deprived persons had the need to manifest their attachment to their native country in such a difficult environment?
Ubóstwo energetyczne jako problem społeczny i sposoby jego rozwiązywania
Authors: Staniszewska Monika
Published: March 2020

Energy poverty as a social problem and the ways of solving this issueThe article is devoted to one of the social problem — fuel poverty, that is diffi culties with meeting energy needs. It provides the discretion of the issue, including the definitions which have been proposed by Brits and Poles. It also contains information about the scale of the problem in Poland in diff erent social groups, identification of the reasons of fuel poverty as well as the possible ways of solving it. The analyses of Polish legal acts related to this issue has been conducted and described.
Rola biznesu społecznego w procesie upodmiotowienia kobiet w Bangladeszu na przykładzie działalności organizacji BRAC w dystrykcie Magura
Authors: Makarewicz-Marcinkiewicz Agnieszka , Alam Hussin
Published: March 2020

The role of social business in the process of women’s empowerment in Bangladesh on the example of BRAC organization’s activities in Magura districtWomen’s empowerment is a process of gradual growth of the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of individuals, communities or entire societies. Strengthening the social position often entails strengthening confidence in one’s own abilities. It is also connected with full participation of women in economic life in all sectors, which is very important in the context of strengthening economies and achieving desirable goals of sustainable development. Social business introduces a completely revolutionary dimension to a free market economy. This does not interfere with the profit-generating mechanism, on the contrary, it promotes investment, management and competitiveness. Satisfaction obtained in achieving specific social goals is the only motive for the investment, and the resulting business is assessed in accordance with this standard. The article presents the process of empowering poor women from the rural district of Magura in Bangladesh, possible to carry out through the activities of the BRAC Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee. The work refers to the eff ectiveness of activities in the field of social business, first in the context of changing the awareness of rights and the self-worth of women taking part in such projects, and secondly in the context of improving their socio-economic status and exiting poverty.
Nowo powstałe partie małe w Polsce a wybory 2010–2011. Progi rozwoju partii
Authors: Jednaka Wiesława
Published: March 2020

New-created small parties in Poland and participation in the elections 2010–2011. Party thresholdsTh is article analyzes the participation of small parties in the municipal 2010, presidential 2010 and parliamentary 2011 elections. The genesis and programs and ideology of the party have been characterized. The concept of M. Pedersen was used, which describes the party’s life cycles. Four party thresholds are included: 1 the declaration threshold — the party declares participation in the elections, 2 the authorization threshold — the party meets the formal and legal requirements contained in the Act on political parties from 1997, 3 the representation threshold — the party wins elections, i.e. receives mandates for representative structures, 4 relevance threshold — G. Sartori’s concept is used. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of party thresholds, small parties have a problem to exceed the threshold of representation. If they do not overcome it, then the fourth threshold, the threshold of relevance, does not apply. Three reasons can be pointed out: the party’s program, which is uninteresting to voters, the lack of field structures and the lack of electoral facilities, the lack of financial resources for the election campaign.
Pytania o Polskę w okresie przełomu politycznego w 1989 roku w świetle relacji wybranych polityków zachodnioniemieckich
Authors: Świder Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

Questions about Poland during the political breakthrough in 1989 through the prism of a selection of West German politicians’ reports The situation in Poland at the end of 1988 as well as the dynamic changes in the first half of 1989 were a subject of many analyses in West Germany conducted by politicians and trade unionists. First of all, they were interested in the development of opposition’s power and also the condition of internal reforms. On this base they tried to predict directions of the future of Polish development. In West Germany the following questions were raised: What will the Polish political scene look like? What will democracy and Solidarity be in Poland? Furthermore, West German observers were tracking political “trends” of newly created political and social organizations.From the analysis emerges not only a picture of the country’s internal division and complicated domes­tic relations, but also a lack of a positive programme, internal tensions and contradictory interests. In that crucial time, public consciousness of the importance of changes had accompanied to passivity great part of society. Foreign observers more than once expressed anxiety that Poland could miss the opportunity which arose from the citizens’ mobilizations and the Solidarity movement from the beginning of the 1980s.
Rola państwa w kształtowaniu lokalnego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego
Authors: Niedziółka Monika
Published: March 2020

The role of the state in shaping local energy securityThe state, in addition to its classical economic functions, must also take care of the safety of its citizens. At the same time, the nature of this security has changed in recent years. Greater economic security is now more important than military or defense security. Energy is one of its main elements. The state performs its tasks in this area at various levels of the territorial organization of the country. The aim of the article is to analyze local conditions for ensuring energy security.
Socratic Askesis in the Symposium
Authors: Pacewicz Artur
Published: March 2020

The present paper attempts to explain Socrates’ remark in Symposium 212b, where the expression “diapherontos askein” is used to describe Socrates’ attitude towards erotic matters [ta erotika]. The analysis of the dialogue shows that a human being with a reliable power of Eros and knowledge about the proper way of life should strengthen their character virtues through self-restraint and justice. This power is a natural component of every person, and the knowledge about life can be obtained both from the Symposium itself and from the speech of Diotima. Furthermore, in the apology delivered by Alcibiades as well as in the Apology and Phaedo, Socrates is presented to the reader as the perfect moral ideal that serves as a criterion for leading a proper life. While the two aforementioned elements provide a suf ficient condition for being a philosopher, they do not guarantee access to transcendent reality. If this access is to be attained at all, it is only through hard work on the moral and intellectual aspect of being human.
Communitarian Dimensions in the Socio-Political Thought of the Solidarity Movement in 1980–1981
Authors: Brzechczyn Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this paper is an interpretation of the social and political thought of the Solidarity movement in the light of the political philosophy of communitarianism. In the first part of the paper, the controversies between liberalism and communitarianism are characterized in order to outline the communitarian response toward the authoritarian/totalitarian challenge. In the second part, the programme of a self-governing republic created by Solidarity is interpreted in the spirit of communitarianism. I reconstruct the ideal vision of human being expressed in of ficial trade union’s documents and essays of Solidarity’s advisers e.g., Stefan Kurowski and Jozef Tischner, and the efforts of the movement for telling the truth about history and its vision of Polish history. Also, I interpret the programme of Self-Governing Republic adopted during the First National Convention of Delegates of Solidarity. In these programmatic documents of Solidarity, one may find ideas characteristic both of the communitarian and liberal political philosophy. However, the liberal ones—including, primarily, the guarantee of human and citizens’ rights, and of individual liberties—were subordinated to the postulate of reconstructing the national and social community. In the course of transformation after 1989, these communitarian elements of Solidarity programme, incompatible with liberal ideological agenda, have been erased.
Problem eutanazji w ujęciu Roberta Spaemanna
Authors: Kożuchowski Józef
Published: March 2020

The problem of euthanasia as seen by Robert SpaemannThe main aim of the article is to present some aspects of euthanasia in the perspective of Robert Spaemann—one of the most significant contemporary German thinkers. First of all, the paradox of the right to euthanasia derived from one’s own decision is pointed out. It is illustrated by the practice of legalising these acts in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. On the one hand, such acts are to be motivated by our personal right to self-determination, but on the other, relevant decisions are taken by a doctor. Ultimately, the law protects the doctor, not the patient. Next, the nature of two main types of euthanasia is discussed and defined: active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Also, an attempt is made to show the inevitable consequences of the right to kill oneself by answering the question whether the right to euthanasia breeds a sense of duty. Finally, a polemic between Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer is presented, which gives us an opportunity to see the three fundamental differences between these philosophers in their views on the problem of the so-called good death.The author of the article emphasizes that the patient’s living will, introduced in Germany in 2009 Patientenverfugung, may indirectly imply consent to passive euthanasia, which is omitted in specialist literature. He then indicates the specificity of the philosophical argumentation of the eminent thinker against euthanasia. He also highlights two aspects of Spaemann’s discussion with Singer: one concerns the downward spiral argument which undermines the legitimacy of euthanasia legalisation, and the other distinguishes two ways of abandoning the treatment if a person faces death.
Hermann Cohen i Ernst Cassirer w relacji mistrz–uczeń
Authors: Kubalica Tomasz
Published: March 2020

Hermann Cohen and Ernst Cassirer in the Master–Disciple Relationship of AuthorityThe aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship between the authority of the master and the disciple occurring between the two main representatives of the Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg School, Hermann Cohen and Ernst Cassirer. The analysis is based on the pragmatic-logical model of authority developed by Jozef M. Bocheński within the framework of his logic of authority in application to research on the basic relations taking place in the history of philosophy. The purpose of the analysis is to verify the hypothesis of the existence of the master– disciple authority relationship between the mentioned representatives of the school and to explain its logical consequences of the basis of historical-philosophical research of this particular philosophical formation.
Dylematy moralne i logika deontyczna
Authors: Drofiszyn Marcin
Published: March 2020

Moral Dilemmas and Deontic Logic In the paper I discuss an argument of deontic logic concerning the problem of the existence of moral dilemmas. First, I draw attention to the philosophical context of this argument and present three proofs which reveal an inconsistency in the nature of moral dilemmas. These proofs, however, are philosophically and logically controversial. Accordingly, I provide an alternative proof, based on the LP-system of deontic logic. The system is described from syntactic and semantic point of view. Assuming only the noncontroversial axiom K and a certain formulation of Elzenberg’s principle, I argue that, from the point of view of the LP-system, there is an inconsistency in the definition of moral dilemmas.
„…wobec rozmiarów Zagłady świat doświadczył ogromnej winy…”. Debaty wokół nauczania o Holokauście
Authors: Ambrosewicz-Jacobs Jolanta
Published: March 2020

„…THE WORLD FELT A HUGE GUILT OVER THE SCALE OF THE HOLOCAUST…”. DEBATES SURROUNDING THE TEACHING ABOUT THE HOLOCAUSTIn Europe a strong association with a sense of victimhood based on the memory of terror and murder in many cases creates conflicting approaches and generates obstacles to providing education about Jewish victims. Suppressed shame and tension together with conflicts related to insufficiently acknowledged victimhood of one’s own group intersect with political agreements on teaching about the Shoah such as the signing of the Stockholm Declaration and membership in the IHRA and other IGOs. The text presents selected challenges and the dynamics of education about the Holocaust and poses questions such as whether it is possible to identify clear concepts, strategies and good educational practices, whether there are links between education about the Holocaust, education against genocides and human rights education, and how education about the Holocaust relates to attitudes toward Jews? In many European countries disparities have grown between Holocaust research and education about the Holocaust. Empirical studies in the field of education reveal that there is a gap between research and education in some aspects of the way the Holocaust is presented, particularly with regard to the attitudes of local populations towards Jews during the Shoah. Nevertheless, the number of educational initiatives designed to teach and learn about the Shoah is steadily increasing.
Wacław Makowski — teoretyk i praktyk polskiego autorytaryzmu, bohater dwóch poświęconych mu monografii
Authors: Zmierczak Maria
Published: March 2020

WACŁAW MAKOWSKI — A THEORIST AND PRACTITIONER OF POLISH AUTHORITARIANISM, PROTAGONIST OF TWO MONOGRAPHSThe article is an extensive discussion and comparison of books published by two authors in 2014, Grzegorz Ławnikowicz and Władysław T. Kulesza, devoted to the same figure from the inter-war period, Wacław Makowski. They present the political ideas of Makowski, a theorist of the state, who created a concept of social state, a state based on the solidarity principle, and, at the same time, was an opponent of liberal democracy based on the protection of human rights. Apart from bringing Makowski back from obscurity, the present author shows first of all how different two books on the same topic can be, a difference stemming from the research methodology applied, but probably also from the personality of the two authors. A rhetorical question remains whether the fact that two scholars explore the same topic for quite a while reflects well on communication between research centres in Poland.
Złudne nieuwikłanie. III Rzesza w interpretacji antyfaszystowskiej — casus NRD
Authors: Pietrzykowski Szymon
Published: March 2020

ILLUSORY NON-ENTANGLEMENT: THIRD REICH IN ANTIFASCIST NARRATIVE THE CASE OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAntifascism, a historiographical doctrine formulated in the 30s of the twentieth century by G. Dimitrov, as aresult of the Soviet victory over the Third Reich acquired the status of official narrative in countries of the Communist Bloc. It played aparticular role in GDR as a primary source of state’s legitimization, especially in the early postwar years. Relating on selected historical sources and extensive literature on this subject to mention, among others, D. Diner, J. Herf, S. Kattago, A. Wolff-Powęska, K. Wóycicki, J. McLellan, M. Fulbrook Iintend to capture the disingenuous­ness of East German antifascism. Making use of lies, illusion or denial, applying selectiveness on facts or specific way of their interpretation, the GDR authorities managed to integrate the society around apositive yet erroneous myth of victorious mass resistance of the German working class against fascism. What is more, such antifascism played adefensive supervisory function: „univer­salizing” the period of 1939–1945 as another stage of long-term rivalry between the proletariat and capitalists it discursively blurred the historical continuity between the GDR and the Third Reich, and sustained the illusion of lack of guilt for the Holocaust which actual i.e. Jewish specificity remained unrecognized.
Komunistyczna Partia Zachodniej Ukrainy i tzw. proces łucki
Authors: Bojko Łukasz
Published: March 2020

COMMUNIST PARTY OF WESTERN UKRAINE AND THE SO-CALLED LUCK TRIALCommunist Party of Poland KPP, operating within the territory of the Second Polish Republic, displayed strong racially-motivated separatist tendencies, which lead to the creation of the Commu­nist Party of Western Ukraine KPZU — an autonomous movement operating within the KPP struc­tures. In the mid-thirties of 20th century KPZU activists were put in the dock in the so-called Luck trial, the most prominent trial of communists in pre-war Poland. Drawing mainly upon court records, the author presents the history of this marginal political party and describes the Luck trial.
Pionierskość i aktualność przemyśleń Friedricha Georga Jüngera z „Perfekcji techniki”
Authors: Citkowska-Kimla Anna
Published: March 2020

INVENTIVENESS AND TOPICALITY OF FRIEDRICH GEORG JÜNGER’S CONSIDERATIONS CONTAINED IN THE PERFECTION OF TECHNOLOGYThe aim of the article is to show the inventiveness and topicality of F.G. Jünger’s conside­rations contained in his work entitled The Perfection of Technology. The article aims at outlining that Jünger’s attitude towards technology was evolving from delight to severe criticism. Moreover Jünger is depicted as athinker par excellence, as athinker whose thought reached the timeless di­mension.
George F. Kennan a „sprawa polska” u schyłku II wojny światowej
Authors: Kimla Piotr
Published: March 2020

GEORGE F. KENNAN AND THE “POLISH CAUSE” AT THE END OF WORLD WAR IIThe article aims at explaining why the famous American diplomatist and intriguing political thinker George F. Kennan already in 1944 considered “the Polish cause” as the “all alost cause” and did not believe in the possibility of restitution of Poland as an independent country after World War II. According to Kennan, this was determined primarily by the Russo-German Nonaggression Pact signed in August 1939. Strictly speaking, by the crimes committed on the Polish population by the Soviet police authorities in 1939–1941. Another important factor was the general expansionist nature of the Soviet regime. Even the Warsaw uprising filled with the unprecedented heroism could not change anything in Stalin’s policy towards Poland.
The National Police Academy as a leading component of the police education system in France
Authors: Dworzecki Jacek , Hryszkiewicz Dominik
Published: March 2020

THE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY AS A LEADING COMPONENT OF THE POLICE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN FRANCEThe purpose of the study is to present the functioning of the police education system in France by the example of the organization of the National Police Academy. The authors of the material dis­cuss the management of this institution, which is the central component of the French police educa­tion system. The reader will also be presented with a selection procedure for the National Police and the forms of education and professional training offered by French police academies and training centres. The introduction to the main part of the study describes the central organizational unit of the French Police, i.e., the General Directorate of the National Police, with its headquarters in Paris.
„Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945
Authors: Wichert Wojciech
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article is the analysis of German policy in Reichsgau Wartheland, an area of western Poland annexed to Germany in the years 1939–1945. In scientific literature German rule in Warthegau with its capital in Poznań is often defined as ,,experimental training area of National Socialism”, where the regime could test its genocidal and racial practices, which were an emanation of the German occupation of Poland. The Nazi authorities wanted to accomplish its ideological goals in Wartheland in a variety of cruel ways, including the ethnic cleansing, annihilation of Polish intelligentsia, destruction of cultural institutions, forced resettlement and expulsion, segregation Germans from Poles combined with wide-ranging racial discrimination against the Polish population, mass incarceration in prisons and concentration camps, systematic roundups of prisoners, as well as genocide of Poles and Jews within the scope of radical Germanization policy and Holocaust. The aim of Arthur Greiser, the territorial leader of the Wartheland Gauleiter and at the same time one of the most powerful local Nazi administrators in Hitler‘s empire, was to change the demographic structure and colonisation of the area by the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans Volksdeutschen from the Baltic and other regions in order to make it a ,,blond province” and a racial laboratory for the breeding of the ,,German master race”. The largest forced labour program, the first and longest standing ghetto in Łódź, which the Nazis renamed later Litzmannstadt and the first experimental mass gassings of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe carried out from autumn 1941 in gas vans in Chełmno extermination camp were all initiated in Warthegau, even before the implementation of the Final Solution. Furthermore, some of the first major deportations of the Jewish population took place here. Therefore in the genesis of the of the Nazi extermination policy of European Jewry Wartheland plays a pivotal role, as well as an important part of ruthless German occupation of Polish territories.
‘Expulsion’ in German historical policy — consequences for Polish-German relations
Authors: Bojenko-Izdebska Ewa
Published: March 2020

‘EXPULSION’ IN GERMAN HISTORICAL POLICY — CONSEQUENCES FOR POLISH-GERMAN RELATIONSAfter the Second World War constant controversies and confrontations between Poland and Germany were provoked, in addition to question of the recognition of Poland’s western border, by the “fl ight and expulsion” Flucht und Vertreibung of Germans — described as “population transfer” by the Polish side — and the activity of homeland associations. In the early 1990s, after the fi nal recognition of the border and in view of the growing collaboration in many fi elds, it could seem that the controversies were resolved. However, the problem of “expulsions” returned in the 21st century with a new German historical policy and institutionalisation of remembrance. The change was symbolised by the Centre Against Expulsions project of 2002. In the end the German Bundestag adopted a resolution establishing a documentation centre of the Foundation Flight, Expulsion, Reconciliation in Berlin. In 2017 the centre presented a concept for a permanent exhibition. Its opening is planned for 2019. The controversies surrounding both projects have had an impact on the Polish-German relations and have revealed the diff erences in historical policies of the two countries.
Italy’s fascist past: A difficult reckoning
Authors: Focardi Filippo
Published: March 2020

ITALY’S FASCIST PAST: A DIFFICULT RECKONINGIn January 2002, a survey conducted by a popular television program revealed that 25 percent of young Italians held a favorable opinion of Fascism and Dictator Benito Mussolini. Shortly thereafter, Italy’s most prominent scholar of Fascism, Emilio Gentile, warned of a “retroactive de-fascistization” in Italian society: the widespread tendency to cast fascism in a benevolent light forgetting, or softening, its repressive and brutal features. For many Italians, Fascism was very diff erent from Nazism and Communist Totalitarianism — it might have been an authoritarian regime but it was not a bloody one. This assessment was no doubt further conditioned by the politics of memory promoted at that time by Silvio Berlusconi’s center-right government. However the origins of this watered-down interpretation go back much further. The idea that Italian Fascism was not on a par with other totalitarian regimes took root in the collective conscience following the end of World War II, as Italy attempted to rehabilitate its reputation in the eyes of the world, hoping to be spared harsh judgment and punishment on the international stage. Its cornerstone was the contrast between Italian Fascism and German National Socialism. On one side, the brutality and ideological fanaticism of the Nazis and on the other, the Italian Fascists, who according to the narrative were over-bearing but not so criminal This distinction between Fascism and Nazism has permeated Italian public opinion throughout the history of the Italian Republic. It was shared by historian Renzo De Felice and pervasive from the 1980s onward in mass media which were inspired by the new wave of revisionism.Over the last twenty years, the ‘dark pages’ of Italian Fascism — from the regime’s anti-Semitic policies to crimes committed in the colonies and Balkan territories occupied during the Second World War — have been thoroughly investigated in the historiography. Broad sectors of the public still however consider Fascism a mild dictatorship not without its merits. The country that invented Fascism, therefore, is still struggling to come to terms with the legacy of its Fascist past.
Augusto Del Noce and the problem of totalitarianism
Authors: Wuwr Wuwr , Berti Francesco
Published: March 2020

AUGUSTO DEL NOCE AND THE PROBLEM OF TOTALITARIANISMThe aim of this paper is to present the refl ections of the Italian philosopher Augusto Del Noce 1910–1989 on totalitarianism and highlight some of the problems that this perspective can lead to in the analysis of the totalitarian phenomenon. Del Noce originally developed a philosophical and transpolitical interpretation of modernity, secularization and totalitarianism, pre-empting, in the early 1960s many of the arguments developed later by “revisionist” scholars: Fascism was an imperfect form of totalitarianism; Nazism was a reaction to Communism; Communism was the most perfect example of the totalitarian State. The philosophical reconstruction of Del Noce is focused on the dichotomy between theism and atheism. Modernity is identifi ed tout court with the rationalist rejection of the concept of original sin, from which atheism and totalitarianism necessarily follow, the latter being as an essential and necessary moment in the process of atheization of society. The assumption on which this interpretation is founded, however, is questionable, in that it is reductive.
Remembrance and education about the Holocaust and Gulag crimes at selected museums and memorial sites in the context of learning from the past and human rights education
Authors: Ambrosewicz-Jacobs Jolanta
Published: March 2020

REMEMBRANCE AND EDUCATION ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST AND GULAG CRIMES IN SELECTED MUSEUMS AND MEMORIAL SITES IN THE CONTEXT OF LEARNING FROM THE PAST AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATIONDiff erent historical narratives and collective memories linked to the constructions of national identity still divide Western and Central-Eastern Europe. The framework of Human Rights Education addressing universality and interdependence of Human Rights may have a potential to overcome divisions connected with national approaches to history. They may connect young people to “negative” memory and shameful, hidden, distorted historical narratives of the past of their own countries. The attitude of European societies towards the Holocaust is one of the themes still not included in many curricula. The history of the Holocaust and Soviet crimes in many countries still waits for contextual approaches. Museums and memorial sites in this context are carriers of memory of wars, genocides, slavery, totalitarian regimes, crimes against humanity, mass atrocities and memories of their victims. They are also signifi cant agents of historical socialisation. History education at memorial sites is a form of historical education based not on teaching about but rather on learning through the past. The text deals with empirical studies focused on education at museums and memorial sites and will explore issues related to education about the Holocaust and Gulag in selected case studies.