bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Department of Labor Changes White-Collar Overtime Exemptions
Authors: Rosseau Stephanie Vaughn
Published: July 2004

The Department of Labor (DOL) issued its final “fair pay” rules that overhaul the overtime exemptions for white-collar employees, such as executive, administrative, professional, computer and outside sales employees, on April 23, 2004. This is the first time since the Fair Labor Standards Act became law in 1938 that the DOL has completely reviewed and modernized the exemptions. The changes to the rules have been hotly debated, but legislative attempts to block them over the past year have failed. However, the final rules reflect compromise and seem less controversial than the DOL’s original proposal last year. The rules are effective August 23, 2004. This article describes the major changes to the rules and provides action steps for employers.
Transfer of Naltrexone and its Metabolite 6, Β-Naltrexol into Human Milk
Authors: Chan Carol F. , Page-Sharp Madhu , Kristensen Judith H. , O’Neil George , Ilett Kenneth F.
Published: July 2004

The excretion of naltrexone and its primary metabolite 6,Β-naltrexol in breast milk from a 30-year-old lactating opiate addict undergoing oral naltrexone pharmacotherapy (5 mg/d) was studied. Concentrations of naltrexone and 6,Β-naltrexol in serial milk and plasma samples taken over a 19.3-hour period of a dose interval at steady state were measured by gas chromatography. The calculated infant dose relative to the maternal weight was 0.03% for naltrexone and 0.83% (as naltrexone equivalents) for 6,Β-naltrexol. Total relative infant dose estimated for the complete 24-hour dose intervalwas 1.06%. Her 6-week-old breastfed infant was healthy, achieving expected milestones, and showed no adverse effects. Only 6,Β-naltrexol was detected in infant plasma and at a very low concentration of 1.1 µ g/L. Use of naltrexone during breastfeeding should be undertaken only after an individual riskbenefit analysis. J Hum Lact. 20(3):322-326.
Factors Influencing the Breastfeeding Decisions of Long-term Breastfeeders
Authors: Rempel Lynn A.
Published: July 2004

Understanding determinants of mothers’ decisions regarding long-term breastfeeding is important for the promotion of breastfeeding for up to 12 months postpartum and beyond. In this longitudinal infant feeding study, the theory of planned behavior was used to explain the intended and actual breastfeeding duration of 80 participants who were breastfeeding 9-monthold infants. Participants perceived less approval for breastfeeding the longer they breastfed. Perceived approval did not explain prenatal intended duration but strongly explained intended duration at 9 months postpartum. The amount of control mothers perceived they had over breastfeeding, however, explained both prenatal and 9-month breastfeeding duration intentions. Reasons for weaning between 9 and 12 months reflected the effects of perceived control but not of perceived approval. These results suggest the need for (1) interventions to increase the social acceptability of long-term breastfeeding and (2) ongoing breastfeeding guidance and support for long-term breastfeeders. J Hum Lact. 20(3):306-318.
Diagnostic Value of Signs and Symptoms of Mammary Candidosis among Lactating Women
Authors: Francis-Morrill Jimi , Heinig M. Jane , Pappagianis Demosthenes , Dewey Kathryn G.
Published: July 2004

Mammary candidosis in lactating women is not well defined and is most often presumptively diagnosed by signs and symptoms. This study evaluates the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and likelihood ratios of signs and symptoms of mammary candidosis based on the presence of Candida species on the nipple/areola or in the milk. In this prospective cohort study, the nipple/areola skin and milk of 100 healthy breastfeeding mothers were cultured from each breast at 2 weeks postpartum, and mothers were interviewed regarding signs and symptoms associated with mammary candidosis between 2 and 9 weeks postpartum. Positive predictive value for Candida colonization was highest when there were 3 or more signs or symptoms simultaneously or when flaky or shiny skin of the nipple/areola was reported together or in combination with breast pain. J Hum Lact. 20(3):288-295.
Diversity and Change in Pre-Accession Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989
Authors: Manning Nick
Published: July 2004

In 2004 eight Central and East European countries are joining the EU. This article explores the changes that have overtaken those countries since the 1989 transition from communism. It begins with a note on the alternative sources of data that might be used, and the difficulties of arriving at a summary of the nature of social policy development and the social conditions that have evolved in the countries. It then presents an analysis of the broad changes across the whole region, now comprising 27 countries, the common phases of change they have shared, and the way that they have diversified into some countries that are already close to the circumstances of existing EU members and some which are in a desperately disintegrated state. The main part of the article presents data on public expenditure, social policies, and social conditions that can be found in the eight new members, and discerns the common and divergent patterns of change that can be found. In the conclusion, issues of path dependency, diversity, and Europeanization are considered. The prospects for the eight new EU members are summarized, and a judgement is made that there are grounds for optimism in their future capacity to sustain social solidarity through social protection and support.
Accession and Social Policy: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Ferge Zsuzsa , Juhász Gábor
Published: July 2004

The EU started relatively late to inject social considerations into the enlargement process. A vision connected to the European Social Model could have been instrumental in handling the social problems emerging after the transition but did not play a basic role in shaping Hungarian social policy. Many factors and actors impacted on the changes that took place in social policy procedures and institutions. For instance, the ILO and the EU influenced labour market issues, while family policy was mostly shaped by home-bred ideologies, and to some extent the World Bank. Pension reform was fully steered by the World Bank. The EU had an important role in shaping social and civil dialogue. As the monitoring reports following the progress of the candidate countries show, the concerns of the EU remained economic and political. The reports approved the moves towards the neo-liberal model inspired by the monetarist agencies. This paper argues that the European impact in the social sphere has strengthened over recent years, and its main payoff is the growing interest and commitment of politics towards poverty and inclusion, and the widening practice of civil and social dialogue.
The EU’s Impact on the Spanish Welfare State: The Role of Cognitive Europeanization
Authors: Guillén Ana M. , Álvarez Santiago
Published: July 2004

This article assesses to what extent the enlargement of the EU towards Spain has impacted the reform of social policies up to the present. Despite the fact that the norms issued by the European Union regarding the regulation of social-protection policies is scant, becoming a member of such a supranational institution can be expected to have influenced the redesign of welfare states either directly or indirectly, thus contributing to the overcoming of path dependence. The article analyses the influence of EU accession on both procedural and substantive aspects, i.e. on the policy-making process and institutional remodelling, and on the design and content of social policies respectively. The article discusses the influence of the EU as compared to that of domestic politics and other international organizations on the redesign of the Spanish welfare state. It concludes that a significant process of ‘cognitive Europeanization’ may be ascertained.
Does EU Enlargement Start a Race to the Bottom? Strategic Interaction among EU Member States in Social Policy
Authors: Kvist Jon
Published: July 2004

This article examines whether Eastern enlargement has led the EU 15 member states to enter strategic interactions implying a race to the bottom. The question is whether concerns about welfare migration have led to downward pressure on the EU 15 member states in the form of more restrictive access to their labour markets and adjustments of their social policy benefits. We find little empirical evidence to support the asumption that welfare states with generous benefits and accessible labour markets will become magnets for welfare migration. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates that the EU 15 member states do enter strategic interactions as if such migration would occur. The majority of them have temporarily restricted the free movement of workers from the acceding countries. EU 15 member states with the least restrictions are the ones most active in adjusting their social policies. Strategic interactions in social policy may thus intensify in the future as transitional periods come to an end and future enlargements come into place.
The EU’s Impact on the Greek Welfare State: Europeanization on Paper?
Authors: Sotiropoulos Dimitri A.
Published: July 2004

For the past 25 years in Greece, welfare-state reforms have been the result of the interplay between domestic politics and European influences. While pension reform has been aborted, some targeted and smallscale reforms have proven more successful. Wholesale changes of the welfare system have met with strong resistance from private interests and bureaucratic mechanisms. The EU’s impact has mostly been felt in the policies of employment, vocational training, regional development and, less so, social assistance. Other welfare-state reforms have remained mostly on paper. However, the Greek welfare regime is gradually undergoing a cognitive change, manifested in the diffusion of social rights, and has adopted EU-driven policy tools for consultation and decision making. Throughout, path dependence has interacted with reform dynamics, flowing from the country’s integration into the EU.
The Deserved Care Framework for Evaluating Health Care Quality
Authors: Alster Kristine Beyerman , Radwin Laurel E.
Published: July 2004

Excessively narrow definitions of health care quality do not identify certain important components of health care for clinicians, providers, or patients. Excessively broad definitions drive up health care costs and encourage unjustified interventions. This article proposes a framework for examining health care quality that distinguishes between what patients need, want, and deserve, and it advances the idea that deserved care is the relevant concept of care to inform health policy debates.
Paid Home Care in the 21st Century: Need and Demand
Authors: Bishop Christine E.
Published: July 2004

Diverging trends will affect the use of home-delivered, paid, disability-related services over the next 30 years. Age-adjusted rates of disability appear to be declining, but the sheer numbers of elders in future cohorts imply that use of all types of long-term support services (LTSS) will increase markedly. Trends in ability to pay, home ownership, and long-term care insurance coverage will combine with consumer preferences for care at home thereby shifting an increasing proportion of LTSS to home settings. Most important for home-delivered care is the unflagging commitment of spouses and other family members to provide informal support complementary to home-delivered, paid services, which continues despite demographic and labor market challenges. Working against these trends in resources for LTSS at home are the increasing cost of services and the reluctance of government to pay adequately for LTSS, whether for lower income elders or as universal coverage for needed supportive services at home.
Complementary and Alternative Health Care and the Home Care Population
Authors: Cushman Margaret J. , Hoffman Margaret J.
Published: July 2004

As the use of complementary and alternative medicine has steadily risen over recent years, it is safe to assume a significant portion of the home care population has or is using health treatment modalities outside of the conventional Western medical model. The authors provide an overview of complementary and alternative medicine and three modalities commonly encountered and occasionally practiced by nurses and other licensed health care professionals: acupuncture, Reiki, and botanical healing.
Home Health Care and Medicaid: The Challenge Ahead
Authors: Handy Joanne
Published: July 2004

State budget crises across the nation are creating significant uncertainties regarding the future funding of all Medicaid services including home health care. In response to Medicaid funding challenges, the Visiting Nurse Association of Boston designed and implemented a prospective payment pilot project with the state of Massachusetts. This article describes the challenges agencies face in providing Medicaid home health services and explores whether prospective payment will be the Medicaid reimbursement mechanism of the future.
Environmental Health Promotion: Bridging Traditional Environmental Health and Health Promotion
Authors: Howze Elizabeth H. , Baldwin Grant T. , Kegler Michelle Crozier
Published: July 2004

This article highlights the juncture between environmental health and health promotion and underscores the need for health promotion involvement in environmental health practice. It begins with a synopsis of current issues in environmental public health and deficiencies in environmental public health practice that could be partly ameliorated by an increased focus on environmental health promotion. Environmental health promotion lies at the intersection between the two disciplines and can be defined as any planned process employing comprehensive health promotion approaches to assess, correct, control, and prevent those factors in the environment that can potentially harm the health and quality of life of present and future generations. An introduction is also provided to the six articles contained in this special issue focused on environmental health promotion, and a brief discussion of crosscutting themes and issues is presented.
Understanding Wicked Problems: A Key to Advancing Environmental Health Promotion
Authors: Kreuter Marshall W. , De Rosa Christopher , Howze Elizabeth H. , Baldwin Grant T.
Published: July 2004

Complex environmental health problems—like air and water pollution, hazardous waste sites, and lead poisoning—are in reality a constellation of linked problems embedded in the fabric of the communities in which they occur. These kinds of complex problems have been characterized by some as “wicked problems” wherein stakeholders may have conflicting interpretations of the problem and the science behind it, as well as different values, goals, and life experiences. Accordingly, policy makers, public health professionals, and other stake-holders who grapple with these problems cannot expect to effectively resolve them by relying solely on expert-driven approaches to problem solving. Rather, they need to acknowledge that wicked environmental health problems are most likely to yield to (1) the application of effective community health promotionskills, (2) a sustained commitment to sound toxicological and epidemiological science, (3) the application of systems thinking, and (4) transparent communication among all stakeholders.
Community Capacity for Environmental Health Promotion: Determinants and Implications for Practice
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas
Published: July 2004

The human response to an environmental hazard can either reduce or exacerbate its impact on health. This article reviews determinants of community-level responses to environmental health hazards. The aim is to identify factors that can enhance a community’s capacity to protect itself and to suggest public health strategies that can increase such capacity. Four case histories of community environmental health action are presented to test a theoretical model for understanding the determinants of community capacity to promote environmental health. Specific actions public health professionals can take to strengthen community capacity include increasing access to accurate science, building strong relationships between communities and local health departments, and supporting political reforms that level the playing field for communities that seek to challenge corporate or government practices.
Application of Health Promotion Theories and Models for Environmental Health
Authors: Parker Edith A. , Baldwin Grant T. , Israel Barbara , Salinas Maria A.
Published: July 2004

The field of environmental health promotion gained new prominence in recent years as awareness of physical environmental stressors and exposures increased in communities across the country and the world. Although many theories and conceptual models are used routinely to guide health promotion and health education interventions, they are rarely applied to environmental health issues. This article examine show health promotion theories and models can be applied in designing interventions to reduce exposure to environmental health hazards. Using the Community Action Against Asthma (CAAA) project as an example, this article describes the application of these theories and models to an intervention aimed at reducing environmental triggers for childhood asthma. Drawing on the multiple theories and models described, a composite ecological stress process model is presented, and its implications for environmental health promotion discussed.
Environmental Health Promotion Interventions: Considerations for Preparation and Practice
Authors: Kegler Michelle Crozier , Miner Kathleen
Published: July 2004

Interventions to address current, future, and potential public health dilemmas, such as air pollution, urban sprawl, brown field reclamation, and threats of intentional toxic exposures would benefit from a synergy between the disciplines of environmental health and health education. A comparison between the Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health and the PRECEDE-PROCEED model used in health education illustrates some similarities and differences in terminology, assessment procedures, intervention design, and types of evidence used by the two disciplines. Promising intervention strategies draw on the expertise of both fields and include social action, policy and media advocacy, coalition building, organizational change, lay health advisers, risk communication, and tailored educational messages. Appropriate targets of change can range from the equitable distribution of resources to individual behavior change. Significant interdisciplinary evaluation research is necessary to accelerate the identification of successful models for reducing the burden of environmental health problems in communities.
Stepped-Care, Community Clinic Interventions to Promote Mammography Use among Low-Income Rural African American Women
Authors: West Delia Smith , Greene Paul , Pulley LeaVonne , Kratt Polly , Gore Stacy , Weiss Heidi , Siegfried Nicole
Published: July 2004

Few studies have investigated community clinic-based interventions to promote mammography screening among rural African American women. This study randomized older low-income rural African American women who had not participated in screening in the previous 2 years to a theory-based, personalized letter or usual care; no group differences in mammography rate were evident at 6-month follow-up. Women who had not obtained a mammogram were then randomized to a tailored call delivered by community health care workers or a tailored letter. There were no group differences in mammography rates after the second 6-month follow-up. However, among women who had never had a mammogram, the tailored call was more effective in promoting mammography use. Tailored counseling may be an effective screening promotion strategy for hard-to-reach rural African American women with no history of screening. Further research into this strategy may facilitate efforts to reduce health disparities in underserved low-income rural African American populations.
Walking Patterns in a Sample of African American, Native American, and Caucasian Women: The Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study
Authors: Whitt Melicia C. , DuBose Katrina D. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Tudor-Locke Catrine
Published: July 2004

This analysis describes walking patterns among African American, Native American, and Caucasian women from South Carolina and New Mexico. Walking was assessed using pedometer and physical activity (PA) record data based on 4 consecutive days on either three (Study Phase 1) or two (Study Phase 2) occasions. Participants walked 5,429 ± 2,959 steps per day and recorded 159 ± 59 minutes per day of total walking in the PA record. Most daily walking was accumulated during household (46%), transportation (26%), occupation (16%), and exercise-related (10%) walking. There was a modest correlation between steps per day and minutes per day. Steps per day were higher with education and household size, and lower with increasing age and body mass index. These findings have implications for developing PA surveys and for planning interventions related to walking patterns among women.
Relationship Characteristics and Sexual Practices of African American Adolescent Girls Who Desire Pregnancy
Authors: Davies Susan L. , DiClemente Ralph J. , Wingood Gina M. , Person Sharina D. , Crosby Richard A. , Harrington Kathleen F. , Dix Emily S.
Published: July 2004

This study examined associations between African American adolescent girls’ desire to become pregnant and their sexual and relationship practices. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to detect significant associations between pregnancy desire and the assessed correlates. Of 522 participants (14 to 18 years old), 67 (12.8%) were pregnant and were thus excluded from this analysis. Of the remaining 455 adolescents, 107 (23.6%) expressed some desire to be pregnant at the time of assessment. Adolescents who desired pregnancy were significantly more likely to report having had sex with a casual partner and to use contraception inconsistently. Factors involving an adolescent girl’s relationship with her partner (e.g., being in a relationship, length of relationship, time spent with boyfriend, or satisfaction with boyfriend) were not significantly associated with the desire for pregnancy. Effective pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease prevention programs for female adolescents should address their level of pregnancy desire.
A Technology Readiness-Based Taxonomy of Customers
Authors: Tsikriktsis Nikos
Published: July 2004

Although the service management field has developed and put forward new concepts, we have historically done a less effective job validating these concepts after their introduction. Given this issue, this study attempts to test and extend Parasuraman and Colby’s (2001) taxonomy of technology readiness. Their taxonomy (originally developed based on a U.S. sample) was replicated with a U.K. sample. This study’s replication partially supports their taxonomy of five types of customers based on their technology beliefs. The author found support for the existence of four of the five original clusters (explorers, pioneers, skeptics , andlaggards ) but found no evidence of the existence of a fifth segment named paranoids . The author also identifies the themes that underlie the formation of the taxonomy, namely, technophobia and technological positivism. Finally, for each cluster, the relationships between technology readiness, demographics, current use, and future adoption of technology-based services are explored and compared.
Youth - Learning - Europe
Authors: du Bois-Reymond Manuela
Published: July 2004

This article explores the relationship between three basic concepts that are much discussed by pedagogues, scientists and politicians: changes in the life-courses of young people, educational opportunities, and ongoing Europeanization. There is a complex relationship existing between the three ‘partners’, with youth, learning and Europe forming a difficult ménage à trois. But evident to all players in the field is that educational institutions no longer respond adequately to societal demands and individual needs. The author suggests that among contemporary European youth are trendsetters who make their own learning agendas by drawing less on formal education and more on informal and non-formal learning contexts. This is in parallel with growing political and scientific consciousness of the need to arrive at new educational/vocational policies and practices in Europe to serve all young people.
Building Community and Reconstructing Citizenship in the Youth and Culture Houses of Post-War France
Authors: Jobs Richard I.
Published: July 2004

This article explores the historical significance of Youth and Culture Houses in the cultural reconstruction of post-war France in the wake of war and occupation. Integrating the young into the cultural life of the nation was a project designed to unify the French polity after the divisive years of the late Third Republic and Vichy. The Youth and Culture Houses, a private initiative with government support, emphasized the cultural development of the young within an inclusive, pluralist, secular, and democratic environment premised on the notion that by fashioning the young culturally, the youth of France would participate more fully and more effectively in the national community as adult citizens. However, another element of the Youth and Culture Houses, and the popular education movement more generally, was to homogenize the national community, to produce a standard of cultural normality that would create a common bond of Frenchness.
A selected Few
Authors: Petersson Gunilla
Published: July 2004

The article is about student associations - so-called school societies - and the formation of social hierarchies in the Swedish upper secondary school. The aim is to analyse the ways in which the school societies are significant in the formation of the school as a field of symbolic struggle. The empirical material consists of interviews with 18 students - ten women and eight men. The main conclusion is that these school societies function as an elite culture within the upper secondary school. They dominate the school both socially and spatially. By recruiting popular and successful students they reproduce the status attributed to society members, but at the same time they reproduce the distinctions and hierarchies of gender, class and educational aspirations within a school that was created to be equal for all.
United States of Adolescence?
Authors: Maira Sunaina , Soep Elisabeth
Published: July 2004

This article offers an analytic review of US youth culture studies, which is defined as research that recognizes the agency of youth - their meaning-making, cultural productions, and social engagements - in relationship to cultural and political contexts. The article focuses on four selected areas of research that are influential in US youth culture studies: developmental research, the ‘youth crisis’ literature, educational research, and subcultural and cultural studies. The discussion of each of the four areas is focused on one or two major theorists and a particularly illuminating question or problem that speaks to the larger question of how theory, methodology, and national context are intertwined. In conclusion, we attempt to develop a framework of ‘youthscapes’ to provide an analytic and methodological link between youth culture and nationalizing or globalizing processes, using our own research as examples. We envision a youthscape as a way of thinking about youth culture studies that revitalizes discussions about youth cultures and social movements, while simultaneously theorizing the political and social uses of youth.
Youth Research in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Wyn Johanna , Harris Anita
Published: July 2004

This article draws selectively on youth research in Australia and New Zealand to illustrate the distinctive nature of this emerging field. It reveals a vibrant, interdisciplinary field, which has developed rapidly from its derivative beginnings in the post-war period to a significant and distinctive field that is challenging theoretical and methodological traditions and providing new approaches to understanding youth, society and social change. The article highlights distinctive approaches to youth research that are characterized by two key elements. These are: (a) local conditions under which young people are growing up in Australia and New Zealand, including the ongoing shaping of meaning of indigeneity; and (b) active engagement with international debates on youth. The article first explores the traditions dominating the early conceptualization of youth in Australia and New Zealand, including the Birmingham school in the UK and psychological theories of development from the US. Next, the article describes how these traditions have resulted in a reconceptualization of youth in Australia and New Zealand. This is illustrated in discussions of the way in which discourses of youth and indigeneity and of health have been rethought. The paper also discusses emerging research traditions in the area of new identities and youth subjectivities, on young people’s participation in civic society and their engagement with global and virtual youth cultures.
Pornography, Women and Feminism: Between Pleasure and Politics
Authors: Ciclitira Karen
Published: July 2004

This article draws on a qualitative research study which set out to explore women’s experiences and views of pornography within the broader context of conflicting feminist positions on pornography. The research methodology posed an implicit criticism of the kind of ‘findings’ familiar from mainstream psychological research: semi-structured interviews were conducted with women from diverse backgrounds in the UK, and feminist theory and discourse analysis were used to inform interpretation of their accounts. Although the question of feminism was not explicitly raised by the interviewer, it emerged as a recurrent theme in interviews, with interviewees suggesting that the feminist anti-porn stance in particular has influenced their perspective on pornography. Their accounts show that women’s experiences are variegated, individual and complex, and that discourses of pornography and feminism may be negotiated in unpredictable ways.
Sex and the Senior Woman: Pleasure and Danger in the Viagra Era
Authors: Loe Meika
Published: July 2004

This article reveals women aged 67 to 86 making sense of sexuality in the Viagra era. Drawing from interviews, survey data and content analysis of newspaper advice columns, I argue that senior women use Viagra as a vehicle to discuss and critique sexualized masculinity, sexualized culture, sexual obligation in marriage, and sexual health and pleasure. This data complicates and fills out existing qualitative research on aging and sexuality, while rejecting popular assumptions that the elderly are asexual. These women use Viagra to discuss pleasure and danger in their lives, to tell sexual stories, to build community, to critique social institutions, and even to promote social change in the 21st century.
‘I am not Homophobic But...’: Disclaiming in Discourse Resisting Repeal of Section 28
Authors: Burridge Joseph
Published: July 2004

This article attempts to take seriously the discourse of the morally conservative in the context of the failed repeal of Section 28 in the year 2000, and explores the operation of opposition to repeal which denied that homophobia was its motivation. It is argued that such disclaiming implies an orientation towards an attribution of homophobia as unhelpful or undesirable in this context. The failure of those advocating repeal to successfully problematize such arguments is deemed to reflect a collective ‘discourse of tolerance’ which assisted the arguments of those against repeal.
Weblogs and the Epistemology of the News: Some Trends in Online Journalism
Authors: Matheson Donald
Published: July 2004

Journalism has been slow to develop distinctive forms in response to the new contexts provided by the internet. One rapidly developing form, unique to the world wide web, is the weblog. This article reviews the claims made by proponents of the form and explores, through the case study of a weblog produced by the British Guardian newspaper, epistemological differences to the dominant Anglo-American news form. The article argues that the rearticulation in this institutional product of the relation between journalists and users, of the claim to authority made in the news text and of the news text as product, provides historians of both journalism and new media with a case study of the adaptation of journalism to new contexts.
Virtually Multicultural: Trans-Asian Identity and Gender in an International Fan Community of a Japanese Star
Authors: Darling-Wolf Fabienne
Published: July 2004

While recent analyses have helped to challenge commonly-held stereotypes of fans of popular cultural texts as freakish individuals ‘without a life’, few studies have focused on texts produced and/or consumed outside the United States and Europe. Even fewer have considered the particular significance of the advent of the internet as a tool for intercultural fan activity. This is what this study attempts to accomplish through an ethnographic and textual analysis of an online community of fans of Kimura Takuya - one of the most popular Japanese male celebrities of the moment - dispersed across 14 countries. It explores, in particular, how participants defined their fan, gendered and cultural/global identities through their involvement with each other and with their favorite star, and negotiated as a group the complex process of virtual cross-cultural identity formation.
Social Pedagogy and Care
Authors: Cameron Claire
Published: July 2004

• Summary: Although social pedagogy is unfamiliar in the UK, in many European countries it is the main discipline underpinning residential care work with children and young people. Social pedagogy is about the relationship of the individual to society and a pedagogic method of working in residential care is about how to achieve the integration of disadvantaged young people into the wider society in which they live.

• Findings: This article argues, using an exploratory cross-national study of social pedagogy, that pedagogic practice offers a unified, coherent and holistic approach to working in residential care. Vignette data from two countries, Denmark and Germany, are used to provide practice examples. A remarkable consensus of views about practice emerged from the tutors, practitioners and students who took part. Young people’s views were also sought, and these largely concurred with the approaches advocated by the adult informants.

• Applications: Three themes are discussed which illuminate the pedagogic approach: the active vs the passive child; physical care or contact; and heart, brains and hands working in combination. Some questions for English policy, training and practice are posed.
Developing the Concept of Professional Advocacy
Authors: Dalrymple Jane
Published: July 2004

• Summary: This article examines the development of child and youth advocacy through an analysis of the meaning of professionalization and argues that a culture of advocacy is needed to facilitate the development of professional advocacy expertise.

• Findings: The fragmented development of child and youth advocacy in England and Wales has accelerated within the modernizing agenda of New Labour. While child and youth advocacy competes with other imperatives in the provision of health and social care services, advocates seek to develop professional status in order to ensure effectively the involvement of children and young people in decision making. The nature of advocacy practice creates resistance to traditional models of professionalization but a committed practitioner model, recognizing advocacy expertise, enables advocacy to develop in a way that does not compromise its role.

• Applications: Debates about the professionalization of child and youth advocacy are ongoing, particularly with the publication of advocacy standards in England and Wales. This article contributes to the discussion and suggests a model for developing the theory and practice of child and youth advocacy.
The Place of Writing in Social Work
Authors: Heron Gavin , Murray Rowena
Published: July 2004

• Summary: Despite the rhetoric surrounding the merits of practitioners’ contributions, writing for publication in social work continues to be an activity dominated by academics. Furthermore, it could be argued that the influence of the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is reshaping what can be considered as quality research. This article examines the nature of writing for publication within social work and gives particular focus to residential child care, where the problem is most striking, although this discussion will have relevance for professionals in other social work settings. We argue that without greater involvement of practitioners, quality research may be quite narrowly defined.

• Findings: There would appear to be minimal discussion of the absence of practitioner writing in the social work literature. The causes for this absence have not been fully explored; potential factors, such as inequality, barriers to writing and current education and training programmes, have not been addressed as fully as in other professions.

• Applications: This focus on academic writing shows the need for a more inclusive approach to social work practice and research. There is a need for further discussion of strategies to involve residential child care practitioners in research.
Whither Tradition?
Authors: Khilji Shaista E.
Published: July 2004

This study explores the antecedents and complexities of values of employees and organizations in Pakistan where, following a decade of deregulation and increased globalization, a striking change has surfaced in the value system. Khilji’s study has revealed that at least two distinct dimensions of values have emerged: national values remain rooted in tradition, while employees’ work-related values reveal changes reflecting a modern market economy. Taking a lead from this study, a total of 100 interviews and 303 questionnaires from six organizations are used to investigate the process and outcome of revamping HR systems in order to develop a new organizational culture. Findings validate that a younger cohort of employees, in particular, has experienced a transition in their value system; and that they expect a different set of HR practices. Organizations that are responsive to these changes appear to achieve greater HR satisfaction. It is suggested that senior managers should re-assess values of their employees and play a more committed role in developing new HR systems.
Exploratory Study of within-Country Differences in Work and Life Values
Authors: Dolan Shimon L. , Díez-Piñol Miriam , Fernández-Alles MariLuz , Martín-Prius Antonio , Martínez-Fierro Salustiano
Published: July 2004

The goal of the article is to present the results of an exploratory study that analyses a sample of business students from two geographically separated regions (the North-East and the South-West) in Spain, to establish if different sub-cultures can be detected within one country, taking into account work and life values. Measures of culture (defined by a set of work and life values) were constructed, and data were obtained from 653 business students in these two distinct geographical locations. Results suggested in an indirect manner that the universal theory of culture as proposed by Hofstede and other colleagues was not entirely confirmed in the Spanish context. Variances along the set of eight value factors emerging as the underlying structure of culture (four work values and four life values) were widely spread, and significant differences in values were found for the two locations. Moreover, an individual difference, gender, was found to play a major role in attributing importance to various work and life values. Findings emphasize the importance of diverse sub-cultures within a single country (Spain), and the article explores the implications for management practices and research
Attitudinal and Behavioral Outcomes of Psychological Contract Breach
Authors: Kickul Jill , Lester Scott W. , Belgio Elizabeth
Published: July 2004

This study responds to the call for more cross cultural examinations of the psychological contract by investigating differences in: (1) the perceived importance of various psychological contract obligations, (2) the frequency of perceived psychological contract breach, and (3) employee attitudes and behaviors following psychological contract breach. A sample of 60 American and 76 Hong Kong Chinese employees completed measures related to the psychological contract, job satisfaction, intention to turnover, organizational commitment, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Results showed that the employees from both cultures differed in terms of perceived psychological contract importance and breach. Specifically, the American workers placed higher importance and perceived less breach of both intrinsic and extrinsic psychological contract outcomes than the Hong Kong employees. Additionally, American employees responded more negatively to perceived breaches of intrinsic outcomes, while their Hong Kong counterparts responded more negatively to perceived breaches of extrinsic outcomes. Limitations of the current study and suggestions for future cross cultural research are discussed.
The Desire Called Civil Society: A Contribution to the Critique of a Bourgeois Category
Authors: Goonewardena Kanishka , Rankin Katharine N.
Published: July 2004

How does ‘civil society’ serve the Washington Consensus while also attracting the aspirations of left political activists and progressive planners? We address this troubling question by interrogating the concept of civil society, with due respect to the actual role played by civil society in the development of capitalism. Based on close readings of Hegel, Marx and planning theory dealing with it, we also argue that the discourse of civil society now serves neoliberalism quite well, but provides dubious support for ‘radical’ or ‘insurgent’ planning. As an ideal for the latter, we propose instead the radical democratization of both the economy and the state.
Towards a Reconstruction of the Public Interest Criterion
Authors: Moroni Stefano
Published: July 2004

The justification for planning intervention has traditionally centred on the concept of the public interest. The situation is completely different today. Even though there are still some planning theorists trying to defend the idea of the public interest, and even though there are some planning practitioners still referring to the idea of the public interest, this traditional idea is today under severe attack. The purpose of this article is to explore the possibility of reconstructing the public interest criterion.
Safe Nurse Staffing: A Win-Win Collaboration Model for Influencing Health Policy
Authors: Wieck K. Lynn , Oehler Teresa , Green Alexia , Jordan Clair
Published: July 2004

The nursing shortage has resulted in patients seeing fewer registered nurses (RNs) at the bedside in this time of high acuity and high use of health care facilities. A possible solution to the shortage is to improve staffing in hospitals to make them more nurse-friendly. A further benefit is the improvement of safety standards when full nursing staff complements are available. This article describes a collaborative initiative to implement health policy to improve the work environment by incorporating the American Nurses Association (ANA) staffing principles into state rules and regulations. The process described is one that used the political and regulatory arenas to bring together historically competing groups to work toward a mutually acceptable policy initiative that actually increased nurses’ ability to influence staffing in hospitals in the State of Texas. The process of mediation and collaboration is translatable into many health policy and political areas in which a win-win solution benefits everyone.
The North Carolina Nurse Workforce Planning Model: Goals and Accomplishments
Authors: Clark Kathryn , Cleary Brenda L.
Published: July 2004

Created by legislation in 1991, the North Carolina Center for Nursing is the first state-funded agency dedicated to assuring adequate nursing resources to meet the health care needs of the citizens of the state. This article describes the evolution of the North Carolina Nurse Workforce Planning Model, including regional planning alliances and a statewide consortium, and the development of a statewide plan for nursing. Current efforts to increase data-driven nurse workforce policy are also discussed.
Dietary Supplements: Policy and Research Implications for Nurses
Authors: Xue Ying , Cohen Sally S.
Published: July 2004

Millions of Americans use dietary supplements without full knowledge of their effects. Given the serious safety issues surrounding dietary supplements and the potential for nurses to play pivotal roles as patient educators and policy advocates, this article describes laws and regulations pertaining to dietary supplements, relevant research, the role of organized interests in policy making for dietary supplements, and how other countries regulate dietary supplements. We offer recommendations for policy change and identify implications of this issue for nursing practice.
Predictive Model to Determine Need for Nursing Workforce
Authors: Cramer Mary E. , Chen Li-Wu , Mueller Keith J. , Shambaugh-Miller Michael , Agrawal Sangeeta
Published: July 2004

This article describes a statistical modeling study designed to improve targets of need for registered nurse (RN) workforce. The model is place-based and incorporates the concepts of clinical need and regional service utilization. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Nebraska (1993-1999), and the unit of study was the county (N = 66). A mixed-model approach was used, and five predictor variables (% age 20-44,% age 45-64,% age 65+,% White non-Hispanic, and area) were significantly (p < .001) associated with service demand. Coefficient estimates were applied to various population projection scenarios, and the model’s algorithm converted service demand into number of RNs needed to compare numbers of RNs employed with projected need. The implications for RN workforce policy and funding decisions—at both federal and state levels—are significant. Further research with a larger, multistate database will be conducted to refine the model and demonstrate generalizability.
East-West: Interactions between the United States and Japan and their Effect on Utopian Realism
Authors: Shoshkes Ellen
Published: July 2004

This article sheds light on the creative interaction between East and West in the emergence of a counter hegemonic globalism and a new planning paradigm. Arguably this imminent, global counterculture represents a dynamic synthesis of Eastern and Western versions of an image of utopia as the ideal decentralized community, based on cooperation and in harmony with nature. The formation of this syncretic set of Eastern and Western social-aesthetic ideals coincides with the participatory line of planning thought. It examines these ideas by tracing their origins, transmission, and transformation along lines that become increasingly interconnected with the rise of a global system leading to the emergence of modernism in the West by World War I and the formation of a global consensus on the concept of sustainable development in the 1970s and 1980s. The formation, transmission, and transformation processes involved leading Western and Eastern intellectuals whose ideas on community planning evidenced strong influences from Asia (and Japan in particular).