bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) on Post Harvest Quality of Apple Fruit (Malus domestica) cv. Gala
Authors: Beiparysa A. , Topno Samir Ebson , Joseph Annjoe V. , Bahadur Vijay , Kerketta Anita , Kesharwani Lav
Published: July 2023

The study investigated the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) on the post-harvest quality of Gala apple fruit (Malus domestica). The apples were stored under controlled refrigerated conditions for 90 days, and eight different treatment combinations were tested: 0.5% CaCl2, 1.0% CaCl2, 900ppm CO2, 1000ppm CO2, 0.5% CaCl2 + 900ppm CO2, 0.5% CaCl2 + 1000ppm CO2, 1.0% CaCl2 + 900ppm CO2, and 1.0% CaCl2 + 1000ppm CO2. Various quantitative and quality parameters were evaluated throughout the experiment, including fruit weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, and sensory evaluation at 30, 60, and 90 days of post-harvest storage. The results demonstrated that fruit weight loss was significantly in the treatments with calcium and carbon dioxide compared to the control group. Furthermore, the calcium and carbon dioxide treatments led to an increase in pH and total soluble solids, and causing a decrease in firmness, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid during the 90-day cold storage at 0 to 2°C. The findings also indicated that the calcium and carbon dioxide treatments influenced the production of ethylene to the control group. Overall, the experiment revealed that post-harvest calcium treatments prevented fruit softening and minimized weight losses. The application of 1.0% CaCl2 + 1000ppm CO2 showed superior results compared to other treatments, effectively controlling weight loss, maintaining firmness, and minimizing fruit decay. In conclusion, storing Gala apples under controlled atmosphere conditions with the application of calcium chloride and carbon dioxide successfully inhibited fungal growth, maintained firmness, minimized weight loss, and extended the shelf life compared to the control group. These findings have significant implications for the apple industry, as they provide a means to improve fruit quality and increase the shelf life of apples. Future research may build upon these results to refine treatment conditions, gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and explore the application of these techniques to other apple varieties and different fruits. Ultimately, these experimental findings have the potential to contribute to the development of practical strategies for enhancing the shelf life of apple fruits, ensuring better quality and reduced post-harvest losses.
Effect of Photosynthetic Bacteria, Vermiwash and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria on Growth, Yield and Quality of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Rajpoot Mahendra , Topno Samir E.
Published: July 2023

The present investigation was carried out with title ‘Effect of Photosynthetic bacteria, Vermiwash and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria on growth, Yield and Quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)’ at the Central Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the 2021-22 with a view to identify the effects of different combinations of biofertilizers and organic nutrition and its role in growth, yield and quality of French bean variety Lakshmi. The experiment was laid in Randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications with different combination in Biofertilizers and application of organic nutrition. Under this experiment, overall, 7 treatment was taken T1 (Photosynthetic Bacteria @ 30 ml/ m2 (PSB-1)), T2 (Vermiwash @ 40 ml/ m2 (VW)), T3 (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (30 ml/ m2) (PSB-2)), T4 (PSB-1 + VW (40 each ml/ m2)), T5 (PSB-1 + PSB-2 (30 ml/ m2)), T6 (PSB-2 + VW (40 ml/ m2)) and T0 (Control). From the above experimental finding it was concluded that the treatment T5 (PSB-1 + PSB-2 (30 ml/ m2) was found to be best in the terms of growth parameters like plant (240.51 cm), plant spread (1984.64 cm2), earliness parameters like days to first flowering (54.33 days), days to 50% flowering (64.67 days), days to first pod setting (59.78 days) and days to first pod picking (67.47 days). T5 (PSB-1 + PSB-2 (30 ml/ m2) was also found best in terms of yield parameters like number of pods per plant (132.33 pods), pod length (13.73 cm), pod width (10.11 mm), individual pod weight (7.99 g), yield per plant (1.04 kg/plant) and yield per hectare (12.53 t/ha) of French bean. Therefore, Treatment combination of biofertilizers T5 (PSB-1 + PSB-2 (30 ml/ m2) can be suggested for better yield achievement in French bean.
A Case-based Analytical Review on How to Evaluate Elevated Troponin Levels in Patients Excluding Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hayrab Chuker
Published: July 2023

The role of troponin in the evaluation and assessment of cardiac emergencies has always been appreciated. It has always played a great role in helping physicians diagnose conditions such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI). However, over the past few years, it has been estimated that troponin is also increased in a few other conditions apart from myocardial infarction. It is undoubtedly the elevated titres of Troponin I an T that help in making the conclusive diagnosis in patients with the respective pathologies. The most common reasons for which Troponin levels could be increased include injury to the myocytes, necrosis of the mycoytes, apotosus and cell turnover of the myocytes and an overall imbalance or uncontrolled metabolic activity in the myocytes’ oxygen and supply demand. The most common cardiac pathologies that lead to the elevation of troponin levels include heart failure, dissection, and dyssrhythmia. However, there are some other non-cardiacc causes as well that cause elevated troponin levels, including pulmonary embolism, sepsis, and stroke. Since all these conditions are highly serious and emergency conditions, it is important for all the pghysicans to take into account all of the patient’s signs and symptoms, radiological and ultrasound findings before diving into their interventional plan. This is important because of the high mortality rates and chances of misdiagnosis attached to it.
Exercise and Weight Loss as a Strategy for Chronic Pain Control: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ojo Soji Akin , Adeola Oluwakemi Lois , Orhin Albert Ekow , Mmaduabuchi John I. , Nwachukwu Ogechukwu , Okobi Okelue E. , Okobi Isioma Francis
Published: July 2023

Chronic pain is a complex and debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide. Traditional pain management strategies often focus on medication and invasive procedures, but growing evidence supports the role of exercise and weight loss in chronic pain control. This manuscript provides a detailed review of current literature, discussing the physiological mechanisms, benefits, and recommendations of exercise and weight loss as a strategy for chronic pain management. The aim is to highlight the potential of these non-pharmacological approaches and their integration into comprehensive pain management plans.
Urgency Index and Preoperative Index: Prediction of Anastomotic Leakage in Patients Operated For Colorectal Cancer Treatment
Authors: Dias Vinícius Evangelista , Padilha Homero Terra , Pilar Lara Vicente , Gomes Nathália Augusta , Soares Aleida Nazareth , Silva Thais Almeida Marques da
Published: July 2023

Background: Several tools are available for predicting the risk of anastomotic leakage (AL) in patients undergoing colectomy for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. However, these prognostic indexes have limitations in applicability and efficiency.

Aim: Developing validated, efficient and easily applicable tools to help physicians predict the risk of AL.

Methods: From a meta-analysis and a retrospective cohort, risk factors associated with the development of AL were used to construct and validate two new indexes (Urgency Index and Preoperative Index) to predict AL risk. Sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive value were calculated.

Results: The Urgency Index indicated four variables for AL risk prediction and showed sensitivity of 81.24%, specificity of 75.8%, AUC of 0.841 (95% CI: 0.742-0.939), and accuracy of 76.24%. The Preoperative Index revealed 13 variables and showed 86.56% specificity, 50% sensitivity, 0.699 area under the ROC curve, 83.66% accuracy, 24.24% positive predictive value, and 95.27% negative predictive value.

Conclusion: The two new indexes created for AL risk prediction in patients operated for CRC treatment present good results of specificity, accuracy and reasonable AUC values, and could be used in clinical practice.
Does ABO Blood Type Implicate Susceptibility to Respiratory Abnormalities? A Controlled Cross-sectional Study among Indigenous University Students in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Asiwe Jerome Ndudi , Umoren Elizabeth Bassey , Kolawole Tolunigba Abisola , Etim Kingsley Bassey , Agbeluyi Adedolapo Adeola , Asiwe Nicholas , Igbokwe Vincent
Published: July 2023

Background: The blood typing is a genetically defined immune system characteristic that has a well-known role in transplantation and chemotherapy. However, it is unclear what role it could serve in diagnosing or predicting respiratory pathologies. The study aims at investigating the prevalence of respiratory disorder among ABO blood type. This study investigated the prevalence of respiratory disorder among ABO blood types.

Methods: Using a quantitative survey research design, this cross-sectional study comprises of 102 young University students (64 females and 36 males) within the age of 17-28 years, extracted from different local Government Area in Rivers State. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather the social demograpgic characteristics of respondent’s. Anthropometric investigations and respiratory function test was done.

Results: The prevalent blood types A, B, O, and AB was 19.6%, 16.7%, 56.9%, and 6.9% respectively. BMI showed that 2.9%, 39.2%, 38.2% and 19.6% was underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese respectively. Respiratory problems were distributed unevenly among blood types, with risk of obstructive pulmonary dysfunction having the highest frequency of occurrence.

Conclusion: The susceptibility to respiratory abnormalities is not associated with any blood type, the risk of obstructive pulmonary disease is higher in blood type O, which is largely influenced by the predominancy.
How the SCOTUS Affirmative Action Ruling Could Affect Medical Schools and Health Care
Authors: Rubin Rita
Published: July 2023

This Medical News feature examines the potential impact of the US Supreme Court’s affirmative action decision on medical schools and health care.
AI‐Enabled Metal‐Polymer Plain Bearing Based on the Triboelectric Principle
Authors: Gao Mang , Sun Tongda , Li Yahui , Zhang Zixuan , Lee Chengkuo , Choi Junho
Published: July 2023

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence (AI), the requirement for sensing technologies for smart bearings has increased dramatically. The general bearing sensors can only recognize the basic information from temperature or vibration, far from satisfying the self‐diagnosis and self‐maintenance. Recently, self‐powered sensing technologies based on triboelectric nanogenerators have paved a new route for fabricating smart bearings. In this study, the triboelectric principle is applied to a commercial metal‐polymer plain bearing (MPPB) bearing, which can achieve self‐sensing, self‐diagnosis, and self‐maintenance. The geometrical structure of the triboelectric MPPB (T‐MPPB) is designed to balance the output efficiency and external load, and the super durability and load capability are verified. Besides, the mechanism behind the output change trend under boundary and hydrostatic fluid lubrication is revealed for the first time. Furthermore, the deep learning algorithm can classify the lubrication states with highly accurate performance. The proposed T‐MPPB has the potential to achieve self‐maintenance with the lubricating pump according to the lubrication condition classified by the AI. This research not only establishes the feasibility of designing self‐powered smart MPPB but also demonstrates a way for identifying lubrication states, thus achieving self‐diagnosis and self‐maintenance ability by self‐powered sensors.
High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Non‐Fullerene Acceptors with Benzimidazole as the Central Core
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhu Junwei , Li Chenxi , Lin Yi , Yang Yang , Ma Zaifei , Lu Yan
Published: July 2023

Electron‐deficient central core plays a crucial role in the construction of efficient Y‐series non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Here, fused‐ring benzimidazole (BIm) served as a central core for the first time to yield a new NFA named MZ‐1 and its structural analogue named MZ‐2, which is obtained by replacing the methyl group on the 2C position of BIm in MZ‐1 with trifluoromethyl group. Compared with MZ‐1, MZ‐2 shows obviously blue‐shifted absorption and lowers the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level that is more matched to that of polymer donor PM6. Benefiting from the more efficient charge transport and favorable microphase separation morphology of the active layer, the acceptor MZ‐2‐based device affords an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.31% along with a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.903 V, a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 26.32 mA cm−2 and a fill factor (FF) of 72.83%, which is remarkably superior to that of MZ‐1‐based devices with PCE of 10.70%. This study offers valuable insight into the design of acceptors to enrich Y series NFAs for high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs).
A Mechanically Robust, Self‐Healing, and Adhesive Biomimetic Camouflage Ionic Conductor for Aquatic Environments
Authors: Gong Yue , Yu Li , Lyu Xiaolin , Zheng Shixiang , Yu Yan , Zhou Piaopiao , Luo Zhong‐Zhen , Zou Zhigang
Published: July 2023

Flexible conductive materials capable of simulating transparent ocean organisms have garnered interest in underwater motion monitoring and covert communication applications. However, the creation of underwater flexible conductors that possess mechanical robustness, adhesion, and self‐healing properties remains a challenge. Herein, hydrophobic interaction is combined with electrostatic interaction to obtain a solvent‐free transparent poly(ionic liquid) elastomer (PILE) fabricated using soft acrylate monomers and acrylate ionic liquids. The synergy of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions can eliminate the hydration of water molecules underwater, giving the PILE adjustable fracture strength, good elasticity, high stretchability, high toughness, fatigue resistance, underwater self‐healing ability, underwater adhesion, and ionic conductivity. As a result, the transparent iontronic sensor generated from the PILE can achieve multifunctional sensing and human motion detection with high sensitivity and stability. In particular, the sensor can also transmit information underwater through stretching, pressing, and non‐contact modes, demonstrating its huge potential in underwater flexible iontronic devices.
Ultrafast and Controlled Capturing, Loading, and Release of Extracellular Vesicles by a Portable Microstructured Electrochemical Fluidic Device
Authors: Krivitsky Vadim , Krivitsky Adva , Mantella Valeria , Ben‐Yehuda Greenwald Maya , Sankar Devanarayanan Siva , Betschmann Jil , Bader Johannes , Zoratto Nicole , Schreier Kento , Feiss Sarah , Walker Dario , Dengjel Jörn , Werner Sabine , Leroux Jean‐Christophe
Published: July 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all living cells and are found in body fluids. They exert numerous physiological and pathological functions and serve as cargo shuttles. Due to their safety and inherent bioactivity, they have emerged as versatile therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and potential drug carriers. Despite the growing interest in EVs, current progress in this field is, in part, limited by relatively inefficient isolation techniques. Conventional methods are indeed slow, laborious, require specialized laboratory equipment, and may result in low yield and purity. This work describes an electrochemically controlled “all‐in‐one” device enabling capturing, loading, and releasing of EVs. The device is composed of a fluidic channel confined within antibody‐coated microstructured electrodes. It rapidly isolates EVs with a high level of purity from various biofluids. As a proof of principle, the device is applied to isolate EVs from skin wounds of healthy and diabetic mice. Strikingly, it is found that EVs from healing wounds of diabetic mice are enriched in mitochondrial proteins compared to those of healthy mice. Additionally, the device improves the loading protocol of EVs with polyplexes, and may therefore find applications in nucleic acid delivery. Overall, the electrochemical device can greatly facilitate the development of EVs‐based technologies.
Device‐Scale Nanochannel Evaporator for High Heat Flux Dissipation
Authors: Ranjan Durgesh , Maroo Shalabh C.
Published: July 2023

High heat flux values in thin film evaporation experiments are typically attained based on short wicking distance, ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers between the meniscus and the liquid reservoir, thus making such devices vulnerable to quick drying out while also limiting their real‐world applicability. Here, the performance of a nanochannel (122 nm depth and 10 µm width) based evaporator with FC72 is demonstrated as working fluid. FC72 is an ideal fluid for electronics cooling as it is nonpolar and dielectric with a low boiling point. The 1 mm thick evaporator consists of more than 1000 nanochannels connecting two micro‐reservoirs 4.8 cm apart. Thin film evaporation experiments are conducted for four different power inputs, and the steady‐state wicking distance varied from 21 to 8 mm depending on the evaporator's working temperature. Direct weight measurement of evaporated FC72 is used to estimate the interfacial evaporative heat flux. Such a technique mitigates the need for contact angle measurement in micro/nano confined space, a methodology commonly used in literature studies that is prone to error and uncertainties. The maximum evaporative heat flux is 0.93 kW cm−2 at ≈65 °C hot spot temperature. Interestingly, the product of wicking distance and evaporative heat flux remain constant for all power inputs. Numerical simulations are performed to quantify heat loss and effectiveness of the evaporator.
Stretchable, Adhesive, and Self‐Healable Liquid‐Free Electron‐Conductive Electronics for Wearable Strain Sensors
Authors: Qiao Sheng‐Lin , Zhang Ying‐Ao , Wang Ke , Zhou Da‐Wei , Li Zhen‐Yi , Yang Xiao‐Chun , Yu Shou‐Shan , Chen Ke‐Zheng
Published: July 2023

Performance degradation and even loss of function due to mechanical stiffening caused by internal water evaporation and/or freezing significantly limit the application of hydrogel‐based electronics. Herein, a high‐performance liquid‐free electronic skin (e‐skin) is assembled based on the dry poly(ethylene glycol)‐based gel and conductive Ti3C2 MXenes that is successfully applied in wearable strain sensors. The fabricated liquid‐free e‐skin exhibits superior mechanical performance, broad sensing ranges (>1000%), good temperature adaptability, and durable environmental stability. Without extra sealed packaging, the e‐skin sensor maintains remarkable cycling stability and retains 98.5% conductivity at room temperature after 6 months. Furthermore, the liquid‐free e‐skin sensors are utilized to provide individuals with proper guidance on body alignment and posture awareness, fostering the development and maintenance of correct exercise techniques, thus mitigating the likelihood of sports‐related injuries. This work provides a novel liquid‐free electron‐conductive electronic integrated with adhesiveness, stretchability, self‐healabilitiy, and antifreezing, which can meet wide application needs from artificial skins to smart interfaces.
Polyoxometalate‐Cyclodextrin‐Based Cluster‐Organic Supramolecular Framework for Polysulfide Conversion and Guest–Host Recognition in Lithium‐sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ni Lubin , Gu Jie , Jiang Xinyuan , Xu Hongjie , Wu Zhen , Wu Yuchao , Liu Yi , Xie Ju , Wei Yongge , Diao Guowang
Published: July 2023

Developing polyoxometalate‐cyclodextrin cluster‐organic supramolecular framework (POM‐CD‐COSF) still remains challenging due to an extremely difficult task in rationally interconnecting two dissimilar building blocks. Here we report an unprecedented POM‐CD‐COSF crystalline structure produced through the self‐assembly process of a Krebs‐type POM, [Zn2(WO2)2(SbW9O33)2]10−, and two β‐CD units. The as‐prepared POM‐CD‐COSF‐based battery separator can be applied as a lightweight barrier (approximately 0.3 mg cm−2) to mitigate the polysulfide shuttle effect in lithium‐sulfur batteries. The designed Li−S batteries equipped with the POM‐CD‐COSF modified separator exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance, attributed to fast Li+ diffusion through the supramolecular channel of β‐CD, efficient polysulfide‐capture ability by the dynamic host–guest interaction of β‐CD, and improved sulfur redox kinetics by the bidirectional catalysis of POM cluster. This research provides a broad perspective for the development of multifunctional supramolecular POM frameworks and their applications in Li−S batteries.
Hydrogen‐Atom Tunneling in a Homochiral Environment
Authors: Xie Fan , Sun Wenhao , Hartwig Beppo , Obenchain Daniel A. , Schnell Melanie
Published: July 2023

The role‐exchanging concerted torsional motion of two hydrogen atoms in the homochiral dimer of trans‐1,2‐cyclohexanediol was characterized through a combination of broadband rotational spectroscopy and theoretical modeling. The results reveal that the concerted tunneling motion of the hydrogen atoms leads to the inversion of the sign of the dipole moment components along the a and b principal axes, due to the interchange motion that cooperatively breaks and reforms one intermolecular hydrogen bond. This motion is also coupled with two acceptor switching motions. The energy difference between the two ground vibrational states arising from this tunneling motion was determined to be 29.003(2) MHz. The corresponding wavefunctions suggest that the two hydrogen atoms are evenly delocalized on two equivalent potential wells, which differs from the heterochiral case where the hydrogen atoms are confined in separate wells, as the permutation‐inversion symmetry breaks down. This intriguing contrast in hydrogen‐atom behavior between homochiral and heterochiral environments could further illuminate our understanding of the role of chirality in intermolecular interactions and dynamics.
Controlled Partial Linker Thermolysis in Metal‐Organic Framework UiO‐66‐NH2 to Give a Single‐Site Copper Photocatalyst for the Functionalization of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Li Mengying , Liu Xin , Che Yan , Xing Hongzhu , Sun Fanfei , Zhou Wei , Zhu Guangshan
Published: July 2023

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with expanding porosity and tailored pore environments are intriguing for catalytic applications. We report herein a straightforward method of controlled partial linker thermolysis to introduce desirable mesopores into mono‐ligand MOFs, which is different from the classical thermolyzing method that starts from mixed‐linker MOFs. UiO‐66‐NH2, after partial ligand thermolysis, exhibits significant mesoporosity, retained crystal structure, improved charge photogeneration and abundant anchoring sites, which is ideal to explore single‐site photocatalysis. Atomically dispersed Cu is then accommodated in the tailored pore. The resulting single‐site Cu catalyst exhibits excellent performance for photocatalytic alkylation and oxidation coupling for the functionalization of terminal alkynes. The study highlights the advantage of controlled partial linker thermolysis to synthesize hierarchical MOFs to achieve the advanced single‐site photocatalysis.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Difluoromethylation‐Alkynylation of Olefins by Solving the Dilemma between Acidities and Reduction Potentials of Difluoromethylating Agents
Authors: Wei Zhiqiang , Zheng Weiqin , Wan Xiaolong , Hu Jinbo
Published: July 2023

Molecules containing a difluoromethyl group or a propargylic stereocenter are widely used in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and 1,2‐functionalization of olefins is an important method for introducing the two groups into molecules simultaneously. The construction of the propargylic stereocenter with terminal alkynes usually requires bases. However, difluoromethylating agents with high reduction potentials often decompose in the presence of bases because of their acidities, and those with low reduction potentials are stable but difficult to undergo the desired single electron transfer (SET) reduction. Using the linear relationship between reduction potential differences (ΔE) and Hammett substituent constants (σ) of difluoromethyl aryl sulfones, we solved the dilemma between acidities and reduction potentials of difluoromethylating agents. Herein, we report the first enantioselective difluoromethylation‐alkynylation of olefins with difluoromethyl 4‐chlorophenyl sulfone with high enantioselectivity (>90 % ee). We also extended this asymmetric fluoroalkylation‐alkynylation reaction with other fluoroalkyl sulfones, which enabled efficient installation of trifluoromethyl, difluoroalkyl, difluorobenzyl, (benzenesulfonyl)‐difluoromethyl and monofluoromethyl groups into products.
Effects of soft and hard fillers on electromechanical properties and performance of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer for actuator applications
Authors: Prabhakar Om Prakash , Sahu Raj Kumar
Published: July 2023

Desired ratio of relative permittivity and elastic modulus limits the application of silicone rubbers as flexible electromechanical actuators. The relative permittivity can be improved by incorporating varieties of high‐k (high dielectric constant) particles and polymer reagents as plasticizers and crosslinkers into elastomer matrix. The present work investigates the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) flakes, as a soft filler, and titanium diborides (TB) particles, as a hard filler, on electromechanical actuation performance of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer for soft actuator. Elastomer composites with various concentrations of fillers are prepared to compare the influences on optical, dielectric, and mechanical properties. Uniform dispersion of fillers is confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐ray spectrometer, and Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy analysis. Results show that the elastic modulus and relative permittivity are significantly influenced by filler contents. The elastic modulus increases with lower concentrations of PEG fillers, and at 8 wt%, it becomes comparable to the base material. Soft fillers aid in maintaining low elastic modulus, whereas hard fillers increase electrical breakdown strength as well as dielectric loss with almost equal changes in relative permittivity for both composites. The maximum actuation strain of 30.8% and 26.2% is attained for an in‐house fabricated linear actuator with 8 wt% of PEG and TB particles, respectively.
Sex‐based treatment and outcomes for coronary bifurcation stenting: A report from the e‐ULTIMASTER registry
Authors: Doolub Gemina , Iannaccone Mario , Rab Tanveer , Routledge Helen , Aminian Adel , Chevalier Bernard , Hildick‐Smith David , Jacobs Lotte , Kobo Ofer , Roguin Ariel , Chieffo Alaide , Mamas Mamas A.
Published: July 2023

Background

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for bifurcation lesions can be technically challenging and is associated with higher risk. There is little data on sex‐based differences in strategy and outcomes in bifurcation PCI.

Aims

We sought to assess whether differences exist between women and men in the treatment and outcomes of bifurcation PCI.

Methods

We collected data on 4006 patients undergoing bifurcation PCI, from the e‐ULTIMASTER study, a prospective, multicentre study enrolling patients from 2014 to 2018. We divided the bifurcation cohort according to sex, with 1‐year follow‐up of outcomes (target lesion failure [TLF], target vessel failure [TVF], and patient‐oriented composite endpoint [POCE]).

Findings

Women were older (69.2 ± 10.9 years vs. 64.4 ± 11.0 years), with a greater burden of cardiovascular comorbidities. For true and non‐true bifurcation lesions, women and men were equally likely to undergo a single stent approach (true: 63.2% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.79, non‐true: 95.4% vs. 94.3%, p = 0.32), with similar rates of final kissing balloon (FKB) (37.2% vs. 35.5%, p = 0.36) and proximal optimization (POT) (34.4% vs. 34.2%, p = 0.93) in cases where two stents were used. Lastly, after propensity score matching, there was no difference between women and men in the incidence of the composite endpoints of TLF (5.5% vs. 5.2%, RR 1.05 [95% CI 0.77−1.44], p = 0.75), TVF (6.2% vs. 6.3%, RR 0.99 [95% CI 0.74−1.32], p = 0.96), and POCE (9.9% vs. 9.5%, RR 1.05 [95% CI 0.83−1.31], p = 0.70).

Conclusion

In this contemporary, real‐world study of bifurcation PCI, we report no difference in stent strategy between women and men, with similar outcomes at 1‐year.
Effect of hydrocolloids, Pentosan, and egg yolk in mimicking the functional properties of protein in a low‐protein sponge cake
Authors: Karimi Neda , Abbasi Hajar
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder of the metabolism of phenylalanine. Patients with PKU have to consume protein‐free or low‐protein products. For the purpose of formulating a low‐protein sponge cake, the effects of Xanthan‐Locust bean hydrocolloids, Pentosan, and egg yolk on the qualitative properties of the product based on corn starch were evaluated.

Findings

Independent variables reduced the hardness and improved the cohesiveness of the products. In a distinctive starch‐based batter, the water absorbability of Pentosan and hydrocolloids and the emulsification property of egg yolk reduced the water availability of starch granules. Increasing the gelatinization temperature of granules increased the expansion of air bubbles, reduced the final product's density, and improved the colorimetric properties of the developed product.

Conclusions

The best sample had 0.33% hydrocolloids, 1.1% Pentosan, and 1.5% egg yolk. Approximately 80% of the protein content of control was reduced in this sample. Its total protein content (1.27/100 g) and amino acid composition (0.028/100 g phenylalanine and 0.04/100 g tyrosine) were in the acceptable range for PKU.

Significance and Novelty

The combination of pentosan and Xanthan‐Locust bean gum at appropriate levels by simulating a gluten‐like network is suitable for the preparation of a low‐protein sponge cake.
Stereoselective study of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine across the blood–brain barrier mediated by organic cation transporter 1/3 in rats using an enantioselective UPLC‐MS/MS method
Authors: An Hai , Fang Jinjun , Wang Min , Lin Haiyang , Sun Yingying , Hu Bingying , He Zhisheng , Ge Zhen , Wei Yang
Published: July 2023

Fluoxetine (FLT) is a widely used antidepressant in clinical practice, which can be metabolized into active norfluoxetine (NFLT) in vivo. The stereoselectivity of FLT and NFLT enantiomers across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is still to be clarified. In this study, accurate and reliable UPLC‐MS/MS enantioselective analysis was established in rat plasma and brain. The characteristics of FLT and NFLT enantiomers across the BBB were studied by chemical knockout of rat transporters. We found that the dominant enantiomers of FLT and NFLT were S‐FLT and R‐NFLT, respectively, both in plasma and in brain. The FLT and NFLT enantiomers showed significant stereoselectivity across the BBB, and S‐FLT and S‐NFLT were the dominant configurations across the BBB. Chemical knockout of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT3 can affect the ratio of plasma FLT and NFLT enantiomers into the brain, suggesting that OCT1/3 is stereoselective for FLT and NFLT transport across the BBB.
Intermediates‐induced CO2 Reduction Reaction Activity at Single‐Atom M−N2 (M=Fe, Co, Ni) Sites
Authors: Liu Kang , Ni Ganghai , Luo Tao , Fu Junwei , Li Hongmei , Liu Min , Lin Zhang
Published: July 2023

Single‐atom M−N2 (M=Fe, Co, Ni) catalysts exhibit high activity for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the CO2RR mechanism and the origin of activity at the single‐atom sites remain unclear, which hinders the development of single‐atom M−N2 catalysts. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we reveal intermediates‐induced CO2RR activity at the single‐atom M−N2 sites. At the M−N2 sites, the asymmetric *O*CO configuration tends to split into *CO and *OH intermediates. Intermediates become part of the active moiety to form M−(CO)N2 or M‐(OH)N2 sites, which optimizes the adsorption of intermediates on the M sites. The maximum free energy differences along the optimal CO2RR pathway are 0.30, 0.54, and 0.28 eV for Fe−(OH)N2, Co−(CO)N2, and Ni−(OH)N2 sites respectively, which is lower than those of Fe−N2 (1.03 eV), Co−N2 (1.24 eV) and Ni−N2 (0.73 eV) sites. The intermediate modification can shift the d‐band center of the spin‐up (minority) state downward by regulating the charge distribution at the M sites, leading to less charge being accepted by the intermediates from the M sites. This work provides new insights into the understanding of the activity of single‐atom M−N2 sites.
Enhanced Four‐Electron Selective Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Carbon‐Nanotube‐Supported Sulfonic‐Acid‐Functionalized Copper Phthalocyanine
Authors: Yadav Mamta , Kumar Singh Devesh , Kumar Yadav Dharmendra , Kumar Sonkar Piyush , Gupta Rupali , Ganesan Vellaichamy
Published: July 2023

In the present work, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is explored in an acidic medium with two different catalytic supports (multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nitrogen‐doped multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (NMWCNTs)) and two different catalysts (copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and sulfonic acid functionalized CuPc (CuPc‐SO3−)). The composite, NMWCNTs‐CuPc‐SO3− exhibits high ORR activity (assessed based on the onset potential (0.57 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and Tafel slope) in comparison to the other composites. Rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) studies demonstrate a highly selective four‐electron ORR (less than 2.5 % H2O2 formation) at the NMWCNTs‐CuPc‐SO3−. The synergistic effect of the catalyst support (NMWCNTs) and sulfonic acid functionalization of the catalyst (in CuPc‐SO3−) increase the efficiency and selectivity of the ORR at the NMWCNTs‐CuPc‐SO3−. The catalyst activity of NMWCNTs‐CuPc‐SO3− has been compared with many reported materials and found to be better than several catalysts. NMWCNTs‐CuPc‐SO3− shows high tolerance for methanol and very small deviation in the onset potential (10 mV) between the linear sweep voltammetry responses recorded before and after 3000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, demonstrating exceptional durability. The high durability is attributed to the stabilization of CuPc‐SO3− by the additional coordination with nitrogen (Cu‐Nx) present on the surface of NMWCNTs.
Surface‐Modified Carbon Materials for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Mattarozzi Francesco , Tapia Rosales Marisol , van de Poll Rim C. J. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Ngene Peter , de Jongh Petra E.
Published: July 2023

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to produce sustainable fuels and chemicals has attracted great attention in recent years. It is shown that surface‐modified carbons catalyze the CO2RR. This study reports a strategy to modify the surface of commercially available carbon materials by adding oxygen and nitrogen surface groups without modifying its graphitic structure. Clear differences in CO2RR activity, selectivity and the turnover frequency between the surface‐modified carbons were observed, and these differences were ascribed to the nature of the surface groups chemistry and the point of zero charge (PZC). The results show that nitrogen‐containing surface groups are highly selective towards the formation of CO from the electroreduction of CO2 in comparison with the oxygen‐containing surface groups, and the carbon without surface groups. This demonstrates that the selectivity of carbon for CO2RR can be rationally tuned by simply altering the surface chemistry via surface functionalization.
Metal‐ and Additive‐Free Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzylic C−X Bonds to Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Sun Chengbo , Li Boao , Peng Xichao , Lin Ling , Xiang Longnan , Tang Yu , Feng Pengju
Published: July 2023

A scalable electrochemical strategy for oxidation of various benzylic C−X bonds to carbonyl groups was achieved. The protocol runs under mild reaction conditions and air atmosphere in a simple undivided electrolysis cell, H2O as oxygen source, and cheap graphite plates as both anode and cathode. In addition, the electrolysis strategy features good functional groups tolerance for selectively generating structure versatile ketones, aldehydes, and esters.
Metamorphic P–T conditions, in‐situ LA–ICP–MS biotite–muscovite Rb–Sr geochronology and tectonic implications of two‐mica–quartz schist from the Kuanping Group in the North Qinling Orogenic Belt
Authors: Tian Zhi‐Bo , Gou Long‐Long , Liu Xue‐Feng , Zhou Feng
Published: July 2023

The Kuanping Group is an important lithotectonic unit in the North Qinling Tectonic Belt, which has experienced metamorphism from greenschist to high amphibolite facies and is of great significance in defining the orogenic process of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. This study presents the results of petrology, geothermobarometry, phase equilibrium modelling, in‐situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) biotite–muscovite Rb–Sr analysis, for the two‐mica–quartz schist of the Kuanping Group in the Hongtuling and Heihe areas. These results are employed to better understand their metamorphic P–T conditions and ages, as well as geological implications. Garnet‐bearing two‐mica–quartz schist in the Hongtuling area records a clockwise P–T trajectory on the basis of phase equilibrium modelling, with peak P–T conditions of ~600°C and ~0.85 GPa. In addition, the Ti‐in‐biotite thermometry yielded metamorphic temperature conditions of ~578°C–580°C and ~590°C–596°C for the garnet‐bearing two‐mica–quartz schist from the Hongtuling area and the two‐mica–quartz schist from the Heihe area, respectively. These results indicate that metamorphic temperature conditions in both areas are higher than the closure temperature of the Rb–Sr isotopic system of muscovite and biotite. In‐situ LA–ICP–MS biotite and muscovite Rb–Sr analyses yielded three groups of isochron age, i.e., ca. 410 Ma, ca. 360 Ma and ca. 320–300 Ma. On the basis of previously published data and the data in this study, the Kuanping Group underwent ca. 440 Ma regional metamorphism in the NQB, retrograde cooling at ca. 410–360 Ma due to exhumation and ca. 320–300 Ma tectonothermal overprinting.
Carbon isotope composition characteristics of light hydrocarbon gas from typical kerogen cracking and its application for gas source identification: A case study of the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Liu Hu , Cao Taotao , Qi Minghui , Huang Yi , Feng XiaoMing , Tan Jieqing , Cheng Bin
Published: July 2023

The natural gas resources in the Sichuan Basin are abundant and exhibit various phenomena, for example, mixed sources, mixed maturities and overlapping combinations, resulting in great difficulties in identifying natural gas sources. In this study, several groups of thermal simulation experiments were conducted on various types of kerogens using closed and/or semi‐open systems to investigate the characteristics of the carbon isotope compositions of light hydrocarbon gases derived from different typical kerogens. The results showed that the carbon isotope compositions and variation trends of methane and ethane are controlled by the kerogen type, thermal simulation system and thermal evolution degree. The carbon isotope compositions of light hydrocarbon gases derived from different types of kerogens exhibit some differences with increased thermal evolution degree. When the thermal simulation temperature increases from 320 to 550°C, the methane carbon isotope of typically marine source rocks, mainly type I and type II1 kerogens, is slightly higher than or equivalent to that of ethane. However, the ethane carbon isotope of terrestrial source rocks, primarily types II2 and III kerogens, is significantly heavier than methane. By comparison, the evolution trend of carbon isotope compositions of actual natural gas is well consistent with that of light hydrocarbon gases cracked from thermal simulation experiments with increased thermal evolution degree. These findings are of great importance to identify the source rock of actual natural gas with high thermal maturities, as well as to determine the sources of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin, the Yuanba gas field and the Puguang gas field. Finally, a fitting method of carbon isotope values of methane and ethane of light hydrocarbon gases can be used to more finely differentiate the sources of natural gas in complex areas with mixed sources, mixed maturities and overlapping combinations.
Health literacy and older adults: Findings from a national population‐based survey
Authors: Fry Jane M. , Antoniades Jo , Temple Jeromey B. , Osborne Richard H. , Cheng Christina , Hwang Kerry , Brijnath Bianca
Published: July 2023

Issue Addressed

With an ageing population and growing complexity and fragmentation of health care systems, health literacy is increasingly important in managing health. This study investigated health literacy strengths and challenges reported by older Australians (people aged 65 or over) and identified how socio‐demographic and health factors related to their health literacy profiles.

Methods

The sample comprised 1578 individuals responding to the Australian Government's 2018 Health Literacy Survey, conducted between January and August. Regression modelling was used to estimate the association between each of nine domains of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) and individual socio‐demographic and health characteristics. The model allowed for correlation between HLQ scores that was linked to unobserved characteristics of individuals.

Results

Across the health literacy domains, few individuals received mean scores in the lowest score range. Key individual characteristics associated with higher health literacy were increasing age, English proficiency, higher education levels, better self‐assessed health and having certain chronic conditions (cancer, hypertension and arthritis).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that, among those aged 65 or over, being older or living with chronic illnesses were associated with greater confidence in engaging with providers, accessing information and navigating health services compared to individuals aged 65–69 and those older individuals without chronic illness. Lower health literacy was associated with psychological distress and low English proficiency.

So What?

Interventions to improve individual health literacy and organisation health literacy responsiveness to minimise complexity of the Australian health system are required. This may enhance uptake and use of health information and services for the underserviced members of the community.
Study on the efficacy of compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection in patients with ischemic stroke: A randomized, single‐center, open‐label, prospective study
Authors: Chen Ya , Zhang Xia , Zhang Hai‐Qing , Luo Zhong , Zhou Xue‐Jiao , Liang Tao , Yang Fei , Zhang Jun , Xu Zu‐Cai
Published: July 2023

Compound porcine perebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI) was used to treat stroke. The study was initiated because of the high incidence of low‐does CPCGI use in our area. However, no research has confirmed the effectiveness of CPCGI below the standard dose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a reference for the clinical selection of different dose treatments. We collected ischemic stroke patients and divided them into three groups (low‐dose group: Group A = 4 mL, Group B = 6 mL, standard‐dose group: Group C = 10 mL). The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, and the Barthel Index (BI) scores were performed before treatment and 14 days and 90 days post CPCGI treatment. For 90 days, the primary outcomes were calculated including the degree of disability, neurological recovery, and activities of daily living. All data were compared between pretherapy and posttreatment and among groups. NIHSS, mRS and BI scores improved on 14 and 90 days in each group. Group B and C improved than Group A on 14 and 90 days. The difference between groups B and C was not statistically significant. On 90 days, there were differences in the degree of disability, the recovery of neurological function, and the ability of daily living among groups. No drug‐related adverse reactions occurred in the groups. Although 4 or 6 mL CPCGI had some neuroprotective effects, the standard dose of 10 mL CPCGI had the best effect on reducing the degree of disability and improving abilities of daily living.
Sensitivity Enhancement of THz Metamaterial by Decoupling its Resonance from the Substrate's Fabry–Pérot Oscillations
Authors: Khand Heena , Sengupta Rudrarup , Sarusi Gabby
Published: July 2023

LC‐circuit‐based resonant metamaterials (MM) operating in the terahertz (THz) are proven to detect the presence of nanoparticles within the capacitive gap of nanoantennas, manifesting a red‐shift in the resonance frequency. Sensitivity reduction (reduced red‐shift) due to the interaction/coupling of the substrate's Fabry–Pérot (FP) oscillations with the MM resonance is discussed. This new discovery of coupling is more probable and intense in thicker semiconductor substrates used in standard complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor processes, due to the high density of the FP oscillations and thus the probability for coupling with the single MM resonance increases. This also results in reducing the quality factor (Q‐Factor) of MM resonance, as well as the dielectric response to nanoparticles spread on the MM surface, by reducing the resonance frequency shift (ΔF) and thus the sensitivity of resonant MM. A sensitivity restoration of the MM resonance's red‐shift by decoupling it from the FP oscillations after thinning down the substrate by standard backside polishing is shown. The research is based on a combination of rigorous CST system‐level simulations along with THz impedance spectroscopy laboratory experiments: up to a fivefold enhancement of sensitivity of the thinned substrate compared with the conventional thick substrates is shown. This work has potential applications in the high‐sensitivity detection of nanomaterials and bio‐sensing at ultra‐low concentrations.