bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Ideal” tearing and the transition to fast reconnection in the weakly collisional MHD and EMHD regimes
Authors: Del Sarto Daniele , Pucci Fulvia , Tenerani Anna , Velli Marco
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses the transition to fast growth of the tearing instability in thin current sheets in the collisionless limit where electron inertia drives the reconnection process. It has been previously suggested that in resistive MHD there is a natural maximum aspect ratio (ratio of sheet length and breadth to thickness) which may be reached for current sheets with a macroscopic length L, the limit being provided by the fact that the tearing mode growth time becomes of the same order as the Alfvén time calculated on the macroscopic scale. For current sheets with a smaller aspect ratio than critical the normalized growth rate tends to zero with increasing Lundquist number S, while for current sheets with an aspect ratio greater than critical the growth rate diverges with S. Here we carry out a similar analysis but with electron inertia as the term violating magnetic flux conservation: previously found scalings of critical current sheet aspect ratios with the Lundquist number are generalized to include the dependence on the ratio
, where de is the electron skin depth, and it is shown that there are limiting scalings which, as in the resistive case, result in reconnecting modes growing on ideal time scales. Finite Larmor radius effects are then included, and the rescaling argument at the basis of “ideal” reconnection is proposed to explain secondary fast reconnection regimes naturally appearing in numerical simulations of current sheet evolution.
MAVEN observation of an obliquely propagating low‐frequency wave upstream of Mars
Authors: Ruhunusiri Suranga , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , McFadden J. P. , Mazelle C. , Brain D. , Collinson G. , Harada Y. , Larson D. E. , Mitchell D. L. , Livi R. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: February 2016

We report Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission observations of a large amplitude low‐frequency plasma wave that propagated oblique to the ambient magnetic field upstream of Mars along with a non‐solar‐wind plasma component that had a flow velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field. We consider nine possibilities for this wave that include various combinations of its propagation direction, polarization in the solar wind frame, and ion source responsible for its generation. Using the observed wave parameters and the measured plasma parameters as constraints, we uniquely identify the wave by systematically discarding these possibilities. We determine that the wave is a right‐hand polarized wave that propagated upstream in the solar wind frame. We find two possibilities for the ion source that can be responsible for this wave generation. They are either newly born pickup protons or reflected solar wind protons from the bow shock. We determine that the observed non‐solar‐wind component is not responsible for the wave generation, and it is likely that the non‐solar‐wind component was merely perturbed by the passage of the wave.
Submarine groundwater discharge as a possible formation mechanism for permafrost‐associated gas hydrate on the circum‐Arctic continental shelf
Authors: Frederick Jennifer M. , Buffett Bruce A.
Published: February 2016

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a large‐scale, buoyancy‐driven, offshore flow of terrestrial groundwater. If SGD occurs within the permafrost‐bearing sediments of the circum‐Arctic shelf, such fluid circulation may transport large amounts of dissolved methane to the circum‐Arctic shelf, aiding the formation of permafrost‐associated gas hydrate. We investigate the feasibility of this new permafrost‐associated gas hydrate formation mechanism with a 2‐D, multiphase fluid flow model, using the Canadian Beaufort Shelf as an example. The numerical model includes freeze/thaw permafrost processes and predicts the unsteady, 2‐D methane solubility field for hydrate inventory calculations. Model results show that widespread, low‐saturation hydrate deposits accumulate within and below submarine permafrost, even if offshore‐flowing groundwater is undersaturated in methane gas. While intrapermafrost hydrate inventory varies widely depending on permafrost extent, subpermafrost hydrate stability remains largely intact across consecutive glacial cycles, allowing widespread subpermafrost accumulation over time. Methane gas escape to the sediment surface (atmosphere) is predicted along the seaward permafrost boundary during the early to middle years of each glacial epoch; however, if free gas is trapped within the forming permafrost layer instead, venting may be delayed until ocean transgression deepens the permafrost table during interglacial periods, and may be related to the spatial distribution of observed pingo‐like features (PLFs) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Shallow, gas‐charged sediments are predicted above the gas hydrate stability zone at the midshelf to shelf edge and the upper slope, where a gap in hydrate stability allows free gas to accumulate and numerous PLFs have been observed.
Retrieving co‐occurring cloud and precipitation properties of warm marine boundary layer clouds with A‐Train data
Authors: Mace Gerald G. , Avey Stephanie , Cooper Steven , Lebsock Matthew , Tanelli Simone , Dobrowalski Greg
Published: February 2016

In marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds the formation of precipitation from the cloud droplet distribution in the presence of variable aerosol plays a fundamental role in determining the coupling of these clouds to their environment and ultimately to the climate system. Here the degree to which A‐Train satellite measurements can diagnose simultaneously occurring cloud and precipitation properties in MBL clouds is examined. Beginning with the measurements provided by CloudSat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (including a newly available microwave brightness temperature from CloudSat), and a climatology of MBL cloud properties from past field campaigns, an assumption is made that any hydrometeor volume could contain both cloud droplet and precipitation droplet modes. Bayesian optimal estimation is then used to derive atmospheric states by inverting a measurement vector carefully accounting for uncertainties due to instrument noise, forward model error, and assumptions. It is found that in many cases where significant precipitation coexists with cloud, due to forward model error driven by uncertainties in assumptions, the uncertainty in retrieved cloud properties is greater than the variance in the prior climatology. It is often necessary to average several thousand (hundred) precipitating (weakly precipitating) profiles to obtain meaningful information regarding the properties important to microphysical processes. Regardless, if such process level information is deemed necessary for better constraining predictive models of the climate system, measurement systems specifically designed to accomplish such retrievals must be considered for the future.
Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought in China and its impact on agriculture during 1982–2011 by using PDSI indices and agriculture drought survey data
Authors: Yan Hao , Wang Shao‐Qiang , Wang Jun‐Bang , Lu Hou‐Quan , Guo An‐Hong , Zhu Zai‐Chun , Myneni Ranga B. , Shugart Herman H.
Published: February 2016

Inspired by concerns of the effects of a warming climate, drought variation and its impacts have gained much attention in China. Arguments about China's drought persist and little work has utilized agricultural drought survey area to evaluate the impact of natural drought on agriculture. Based on a newly revised self‐calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) model driven with air‐relative‐humidity‐based two‐source (ARTS) E0 (PDSIARTS; Yan et al., 2014), spatial and temporal variations of drought were analyzed for 1982–2011 in China, which indicates that there was nonsignificant change of drought over this interval but with an extreme drought event happened in 2000–2001. However, using air temperature (Ta)‐based Thornthwaite potential evaporation (EP_Th) and Penman‐Monteith potential evaporation (EP_PM) to drive the PDSI model, their corresponding PDSITh and PDSIPM all gave a significant drying trend for 1982–2011. This suggests that PDSI model was sensitive to EP parameterization in China. Annual drought‐covered area from agriculture survey was initially adopted to evaluate impact of PDSI drought on agriculture in China during 1982–2011. The results indicate that PDSIARTS drought area (defined as PDSIARTS < −0.5) correlated well with the agriculture drought‐covered area and PDSIARTS successfully detected the extreme agriculture drought in 2000–2001 during 1982–2011, i.e., climate factors dominated the interannual changes of agriculture drought area, while PDSITh and PDSIPM drought areas had no relationship with the agriculture drought‐covered area and overestimated the uptrend of agriculture drought This study highlights the importance of coupling PDSI with drought survey data in evaluating the impact of natural drought on agriculture.
Decadal variability in PMCs and implications for changing temperature and water vapor in the upper mesosphere
Authors: Hervig Mark E. , Berger Uwe , Siskind David E.
Published: February 2016

Observations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) from the solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) satellite instruments are used to characterize variability and trends from 1979 to 2014. The SBUV PMC record indicates decadal oscillations during the 1980s and 1990s, which are expected to result from the 11 year solar cycle. This oscillation is absent in the recent decade, however, and we speculate that solar cycle effects at PMC altitudes during the 1980s and 1990s may have been fortuitously amplified by stratospheric warming due to volcanic eruptions which occurred near solar maximum. SBUV trend results are compared with temperature, water vapor, and PMCs from the Mesospheric Ice Microphysics and Transport (MIMAS) model. Both SBUV and the model indicate positive trends in PMC vertically integrated water content (IWC), which increase toward higher latitudes. Using analysis of Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) observations, the SBUV IWC trends are expressed in terms of the underlying changes in temperature and water vapor in the upper mesosphere. SBUV indicates cooling trends that increase toward higher latitudes (−0.5 ± 0.2 K decade−1 at 77°N), consistent with the MIMAS model and scant observations. SBUV indicates increasing water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere upper mesosphere (0.07 ± 0.03 ppmv decade−1 at 77°N, insignificant in the Southern Hemisphere), with values that are consistent with MIMAS but less than expected due to increasing methane.
Spatial variation in exhumation rates across Ladakh and the Karakoram: New apatite fission track data from the Eastern Karakoram, NW India
Authors: Wallis David , Carter Andrew , Phillips Richard J. , Parsons Andrew J. , Searle Michael P.
Published: February 2016

Characterization of low‐temperature cooling histories and associated exhumation rates is critical for deciphering the recent evolution of orogenic regions. However, these may vary significantly over relatively short distances within orogens. It is pertinent therefore to constrain cooling histories and hence exhumation rates across major tectonic boundaries. We report the first apatite fission track ages from the Karakoram Fault Zone in the Eastern Karakoram range, which forms part of the western margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Ten samples, from elevations of 3477–4875 m, have apatite fission track dates from 3.3 ± 0.3 Ma to 7.4 ± 1.1 Ma. The ages correspond to modeled average erosional exhumation rates of 0.67 + 0.27/−0.18 mm/yr across the Eastern Karakoram. The results are consistent with a trend northward from the Indus suture zone, across the Ladakh terrane and into the Karakoram, in which tectonic uplift associated with crustal thickening increases toward the north, raising elevation and promoting glaciation and generation of extreme relief. As a result, erosion and exhumation rates increase south to north. Present‐day precipitation on the other hand varies little within the study area and on a larger scale decreases southwest to northeast across this portion of the orogen. The Eastern Karakoram results highlight the diverse patterns of exhumation driven by regional variations in tectonic response to collision along the western margin of Tibet.
Mapping land water and energy balance relations through conditional sampling of remote sensing estimates of atmospheric forcing and surface states
Authors: Farhadi Leila , Entekhabi Dara , Salvucci Guido
Published: February 2016

In this study, we develop and apply a mapping estimation capability for key unknown parameters that link the surface water and energy balance equations. The method is applied to the Gourma region in West Africa. The accuracy of the estimation method at point scale was previously examined using flux tower data. In this study, the capability is scaled to be applicable with remotely sensed data products and hence allow mapping. Parameters of the system are estimated through a process that links atmospheric forcing (precipitation and incident radiation), surface states, and unknown parameters. Based on conditional averaging of land surface temperature and moisture states, respectively, a single objective function is posed that measures moisture and temperature‐dependent errors solely in terms of observed forcings and surface states. This objective function is minimized with respect to parameters to identify evapotranspiration and drainage models and estimate water and energy balance flux components. The uncertainty of the estimated parameters (and associated statistical confidence limits) is obtained through the inverse of Hessian of the objective function, which is an approximation of the covariance matrix. This calibration‐free method is applied to the mesoscale region of Gourma in West Africa using multiplatform remote sensing data. The retrievals are verified against tower‐flux field site data and physiographic characteristics of the region. The focus is to find the functional form of the evaporative fraction dependence on soil moisture, a key closure function for surface and subsurface heat and moisture dynamics, using remote sensing data.
Remote monitoring of volumetric discharge employing bathymetry determined from surface turbulence metrics
Authors: Johnson E. D. , Cowen E. A.
Published: February 2016

Current methods employed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to measure river discharge are manpower intensive, expensive, and during high flow events require field personnel to work in dangerous conditions. Indirect methods of estimating river discharge, which involve the use of extrapolated rating curves, can result in gross error during high flow conditions due to extrapolation error and/or bathymetric change. Our goal is to develop a remote method of monitoring volumetric discharge that reduces costs at the same or improved accuracy compared with current methods, while minimizing risk to field technicians. We report the results of Large‐Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) measurements conducted in a wide‐open channel under a range of flow conditions, i.e., channel aspect ratio (B/H = 6.6–31.9), Reynolds number (ReH = 4,950–73,800), and Froude number (Fr = 0.04–0.46). Experiments were carried out for two different channel cross sections (rectangular and asymmetric compound) and two bathymetric roughness conditions (smooth glass and rough gravel bed). The results show that the mean surface velocity normalized by the depth‐averaged velocity (the velocity index) decreases with increasing δ*/H, where δ* is the boundary layer displacement thickness and that the integral length scales, L11,1 and L22,1, calculated on the free‐surface vary predictably with the local flow depth. Remote determination of local depth‐averaged velocity and flow depth over a channel cross section yields an estimate of volumetric discharge.
Multimarker analysis suggests the involvement of BDNF signaling and microRNA biosynthesis in suicidal behavior
Authors: Pulay Attila J. , Réthelyi János M.
Published: February 2016

Despite moderate heritability estimates the genetics of suicidal behavior remains unclear, genome‐wide association and candidate gene studies focusing on single nucleotide associations reported inconsistent findings. Our study explored biologically informed, multimarker candidate gene associations with suicidal behavior in mood disorders. We analyzed the GAIN Whole Genome Association Study of Bipolar Disorder version 3 (n = 999, suicidal n = 358) and the GAIN Major Depression: Stage 1 Genomewide Association in Population‐Based Samples (n = 1,753, suicidal n = 245) datasets. Suicidal behavior was defined as severe suicidal ideation or attempt. Candidate genes were selected based on literature search (Geneset1, n = 35), gene expression data of microRNA genes, (Geneset2, n = 68) and their target genes (Geneset3, n = 11,259). Quality control, dosage analyses were carried out with PLINK. Gene‐based associations of Geneset1 were analyzed with KGG. Polygenic profile scores of suicidal behavior were computed in the major depression dataset both with PRSice and LDpred and validated in the bipolar disorder data. Several nominally significant gene‐based associations were detected, but only DICER1 associated with suicidal behavior in both samples, while only the associations of NTRK2 in the depression sample reached family wise and experiment wise significance. Polygenic profile scores negatively predicted suicidal behavior in the bipolar sample for only Geneset2, with the strongest prediction by PRSice at Pt < 0.03 (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.01, P < 0.007). Gene‐based association results confirmed the potential involvement of the BDNF‐NTRK2‐CREB pathway in the pathogenesis of suicide and the cross‐disorder association of DICER1. Polygenic risk prediction of the selected miRNA genes indicates that the miRNA system may play a mediating role, but with considerable pleiotropy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding the covariation of tics, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity, and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms: A population‐based adult twin study
Authors: Pinto Rebecca , Monzani Benedetta , Leckman James F. , Rück Christian , Serlachius Eva , Lichtenstein Paul , Mataix‐Cols David
Published: February 2016

Chronic tic disorders (TD), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity‐disorder (ADHD), and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) frequently co‐occur in clinical and epidemiological samples. Family studies have found evidence of shared familial transmission between TD and OCD, whereas the familial association between these disorders and ADHD is less clear. This study aimed to investigate to what extent liability of tics, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity, and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms is caused by shared or distinct genetic or environmental influences, in a large population‐representative sample of Swedish adult twins (n = 21,911). Tics, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity, and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms showed modest, but significant covariation. Model fitting suggested a latent liability factor underlying the three phenotypes. This common factor was relatively heritable, and explained significantly less of the variance of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity symptom liability. The majority of genetic variance was specific rather than shared. The greatest proportion of total variance in liability of tics, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity, and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms was attributed to specific non‐shared environmental influences. Our findings suggest that the co‐occurrence of tics and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, and to a lesser extent attention‐deficit/hyperactivity symptoms, can be partly explained by shared etiological influences. However, these phenotypes do not appear to be alternative expressions of the same underlying genetic liability. Further research examining sub‐dimensions of these phenotypes may serve to further clarify the association between these disorders and identify more genetically homogenous symptom subtypes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Functionalization at the C3 Position of l‐Pipecolinic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Yu Qun‐Ying , Zhong Hong‐Ming , Sun Wen‐Wu , Zhang Shi‐Jin , Cao Pei , Dong Xiao‐Ping , Qin Hong‐Bo , Liu Ji‐Kai , Wu Bin
Published: February 2016

The study of Pd‐catalyzed arylation, alkoxylation, and acyloxylation reactions at the C3 position of l‐pipecolinic acid derivatives to afford cis‐disubstituted piperidines as single stereoisomers was performed. To demonstrate the utility of the reaction, compound 10, an analogue of (−)‐3S‐3‐PPP (9) that is used as a neuroleptic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia, was synthesized featuring the arylation and radical decarboxylation reactions as key steps.
Variation in carbon isotope values among chimpanzee foods at Ngogo, Kibale National Park and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Authors: Carlson Bryce A. , Crowley Brooke E.
Published: February 2016

Stable isotope values in primate tissues can be used to reconstruct diet in the absence of direct observation. However, in order to make dietary inferences, one must first establish isotopic variability for potential food sources. In this study we examine stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values for chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) food resources from two Ugandan forests: Ngogo (Kibale National Park), and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Mean δ13C values for plant samples are equivalent at both sites. Plant δ13C values are best explained by a multivariate linear model including plant part (leaves, pith, flowers, and fruit), vertical position within the canopy (canopy vs. ground), and taxon (R2 = 0.6992). At both sites, leaves had the lowest δ13C values followed by pith and fruit. Canopy resources have comparable δ13C values at the two sites but ground resources have lower δ13C values at Ngogo than Bwindi (−30.7 vs. −28.6‰). Consequently, isotopic differences between ground and canopy resources (4.2 vs. 2.2‰), and among plant parts are more pronounced at Ngogo. These results demonstrate that underlying environmental differences between sites can produce variable δ13C signatures among primate food resources. In the absence of observation data or isotope values for local vegetation, caution must be taken when interpreting isotopic differences among geographically or temporally separated populations or species. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1031–1040, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of neuroprotective function of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) derived‐flavonoid monomers using a three‐dimensional stem cell‐derived neural model
Authors: Wu Yueting , Sun Jiachen , George Julian , Ye Hua , Cui Zhanfeng , Li Zhaohui , Liu Qingxi , Zhang Yaozhou , Ge Dan , Liu Yang
Published: February 2016

An in vitro three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture system that can mimic organ and tissue structure and function in vivo will be of great benefit for drug discovery and toxicity testing. In this study, the neuroprotective properties of the three most prevalent flavonoid monomers extracted from EGb 761 (isorharmnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were investigated using the developed 3D stem cell‐derived neural co‐culture model. Rat neural stem cells were differentiated into co‐culture of both neurons and astrocytes at an equal ratio in the developed 3D model and standard two‐dimensional (2D) model using a two‐step differentiation protocol for 14 days. The level of neuroprotective effect offered by each flavonoid was found to be aligned with its effect as an antioxidant and its ability to inhibit Caspase‐3 activity in a dose‐dependent manner. Cell exposure to quercetin (100 µM) following oxidative insult provided the highest levels of neuroprotection in both 2D and 3D models, comparable with exposure to 100 µM of Vitamin E, whilst exposure to isorhamnetin and kaempferol provided a reduced level of neuroprotection in both 2D and 3D models. At lower dosages (10 µM flavonoid concentration), the 3D model was more representative of results previously reported in vivo. The co‐cultures of stem cell derived neurons and astrocytes in 3D hydrogel scaffolds as an in vitro neural model closely replicates in vivo results for routine neural drug toxicity and efficacy testing. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:735–744, 2016
Putting cryptogenic stroke into perspective
Authors: Tobis Jonathan M.
Published: February 2016

Key Points

In patients who have a cryptogenic stroke and have their PFO closed, the recurrence rate of “cerebral ischemia” is much greater in patients who are older than 55 years.

Most of these recurrent events (2 strokes and 4TIAs) in the older age group were due to identifiable causes.

These findings corroborate the long‐term results from the RESPECT randomized clinical trial of PFO closure versus medical therapy.
Invasive hemodynamic versus Doppler echocardiographic assessment of aortic stenosis severity
Authors: Feldman Ted , Guerrero Mayra
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Recent real world comparisons of echo and invasive assessment of transaortic pressure gradients in aortic stenosis often show a poor correlation.

The guideline recommended use of Doppler echo without hemodynamic assessments may not reflect the variability of echo measurements in practice, particularly in unselected patients.

An approach using both echo and invasive data is often used in practice today. The guideline recommended use of echo assessments alone should be critically revisited.
Acute kidney injury after TAVI: Predict, detect, and prevent
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently observed immediately after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Both classifications, the RIFLE (the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End‐stage Kidney) and the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) from the VARC‐2 (Valve Academic Research Consortium‐2) are fairly interchangeable and performed well as clinical predictors of all‐cause mortality.

Patients with baseline reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or known atherosclerotic arterial disease are at increased risk of AKI.
Double cerebral embolic protection: Is more less?
Authors: Safian Robert D.
Published: February 2016

Key Points

During carotid artery stenting (CAS), atheroemboli may arise from the aorta, arch, and ipsilateral carotid artery.

Embolic protection devices (EPD) are designed to decrease the risk of stroke resulting from atheroembolization from the ipsilateral carotid artery during CAS; double (proximal and distal) EPDs may decrease the risk of stroke in high‐risk patients and lesions.

Further studies are needed to determine if double EPDs are superior to single EPDs or other devices.
Stroke care: Room for improvement
Authors: Heuser Richard
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Endovascular devices to treat stroke will continue to improve

Stroke care is suboptimal with IV TPA with such a narrow treatment window

Interventional cardiologists should be involved in stroke care with appropriate training.
Transcatheter valve implantation for calcific mitral valve disease
Authors: Webb John G. , Dvir Danny
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Transcatheter treatment of calcific mitral valve disease with commercially available balloon‐expandable valves is feasible

Current clinical outcomes are suboptimal, consequently this should be considered only in severely symptomatic patients without other options

Purpose‐specific mitral valves may allow for this therapy to achieve its full potential
The evolving features of Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome – a clinical report of a 20‐year follow‐up
Authors: Ejaz Resham , Babul‐Hirji Riyana , Chitayat David
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical Message

Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS) is a rare genetic condition associated with SMARCA2 gene mutations. Clinical diagnosis is challenging as its features evolve with time. The 20 years follow‐up of our NCBRS patient, with a previously unreported SMARCA2 mutation, illustrates the syndrome's natural history and its clinical variability, especially in a milder form.
Radical‐Induced Hydrosilylation Reactions for the Functionalization of Two‐Dimensional Hydride Terminated Silicon Nanosheets
Authors: Helbich Tobias , Lyuleeva Alina , Höhlein Ignaz M. D. , Marx Philipp , Scherf Lavinia M. , Kehrle Julian , Fässler Thomas F. , Lugli Paolo , Rieger Bernhard
Published: February 2016

Herein we present the functionalization of freestanding silicon nanosheets (SiNSs) by radical‐induced hydrosilylation reactions. An efficient hydrosilylation of Si−H terminated SiNSs can be achieved by thermal initiation or the addition of diazonium salts with a variety of alkene or alkyne derivatives. The radical‐induced hydrosilylation is applicable for a wide variety of substrates with different functionalities, improving the stability and dispersibility of the functional SiNSs in organic solvents and potentially opening up new fields of application for these hybrid materials.
Synthesis of Ammonia Borane Nanoparticles and the Diammoniate of Diborane by Direct Combination of Diborane and Ammonia
Authors: Song Yuanzhou , Ma Nana , Ma Xiaohua , Fang Fang , Chen Xuenian , Guo Yanhui
Published: February 2016

Pure nanoparticle ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB) was first prepared through a solvent‐free, ambient‐temperature gas‐phase combination of B2H6 with NH3. The prepared AB nanoparticle exhibits improved dehydrogenation behavior giving 13.6 wt. % H2 at the temperature range of 80–175 °C without severe foaming. Ammonia diborane (NH3BH2(μ‐H)BH3, AaDB) is proposed as the intermediate in the reaction of B2H6 with NH3 based on theoretical studies. This method can also be used to prepare pure diammoniate of diborane ([H2B(NH3)2][BH4], DADB) by adjusting the ratio and concentration of B2H6 to NH3.
Highly Stereoselective [3+2] Cycloadditions of Chiral Palladium‐Containing N1‐1,3‐Dipoles: A Divergent Approach to Enantioenriched Spirooxindoles
Authors: Li Tian‐Ren , Cheng Bei‐Yi , Fan Si‐Qi , Wang Ya‐Ni , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: February 2016

A catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of chiral palladium‐containing N1‐1,3‐dipoles with methyleneindolinones has been successfully developed. The reaction allows an efficient construction of 3,3′‐pyrrolinyl spirooxindoles with high yields and excellent stereoselectivities (up to 93 % yield, 19:1 d.r. and >99 % ee). A synthetic application of this methodology is demonstrated and a stereocontrol mechanism is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: ABSORPTIONSSPEKTREN VON CU(2+)‐IONEN IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG UND IN VERSCHIEDENEN ORGANISCHEN LOESUNGSMITTELN
Authors: CHHONKAR N. S.
Published: February 2016

Die Absorptionsspektren von Cu" in CuCl2 in etwa 12 organischen Lösungsmitteln werden über den Bereich von 10000 bis 3900 Å untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUSTANDSSELEKTION POLARER MOLEKUELE DURCH WECHSELGRADIENT‐FOKUSSIERUNG
Authors: GUENTHER F. , SCHUEGERL K.
Published: February 2016

Ein elektrisches Wechselgradient‐Fokussiersystem wird beschrieben, mit dem die Selektion von polaren, zweiatomigen Molekülen in Rotationszuständen möglich ist.
ChemInform Abstract: OSTWALDSCHE REIFUNG KRISTALLINER NIEDERSCHLAEGE IN WAESSRIGEN LOESUNGEN BEI KONSTANTER TEMPERATUR UND PERIODISCHEN TEMPERATURAENDERUNGEN
Authors: HOHMANN H. H. , KAHLWEIT M.
Published: February 2016

Die Ostwald‐Reifung kristalliner Niederschläge in wäßrigen Lösungen wird an den Beispielen H2O‐NaNO3 und H2O‐Tetraäthylammoniumjodid untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Phasenverhalten im System Sm‐B
Authors: SOLOVYEV G. I. , SPEAR K. E.
Published: February 2016

Die Phasengleichgewichte im System Sm‐B wurden röntgenographisch und metallographisch untersucht und die Phasen SmBx (x: 2,0 ± 0,6), SmB4, SmB6 und SmB66 nachgewiesen.
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTROCHEMIE IN PROPYLENCARBONAT 3. MITT. BESTIMMUNG DER NORMALPOTENTIALE DER ALKALIMETALLE UND DES CALCIUMS, SOLVATATION DER KATIONEN
Authors: L'HER MAURICE , COURTOT‐COUPEZ JACQUELINE
Published: February 2016

Die polarographische Reduktion der Alkalimetallkationen (außer Li) ist in Propylencarbonat reversibel.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIALABHAENGIGKEIT VON ELEKTROSORPTIONSGLEICHGEWICHTEN UND DIE ELEKTROSORPTIONSWERTIGKEIT GAMMA
Authors: VETTER K. J. , SCHULTZE J. W.
Published: February 2016

Die Elektrosorption, d.h. die Adsorption in der inneren Helmholtz‐Schicht an der Phasengrenze Elektrode/Elektrolyt wird in Abhängigkeit von der Potentialdifferenz in der starren Doppelschicht behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: STROMFLUSS BEI ELEKTROSORPTIONSPROZESSEN UND ELEKTROSORPTIONSWERTIGKEIT GAMMA
Authors: VETTER K. J. , SCHULTZE J. W.
Published: February 2016

Die Elektrokapillargleichung wird für Elektrosorptionsreaktionen unter Abtrennung der Effekte der diffusen Doppelschicht in Abhängigkeit von der Potentialdifferenz der starren Doppelschicht bzw. bei Fremdelektrolytüberschuß in Abhängigkeit vom Elektrodenpotential behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: ABHAENGIGKEIT DER STROEMUNGSRICHTUNG VON DER BESCHAFFENHEIT DES ELEKTROLYTS BEI DER WECHSELSTROMELEKTROOSMOSE
Authors: LASZLO Z.
Published: February 2016

Sind bei der Wechselstromelektroosmose die Porendurchmesser des Diaphragmas groß genug (40 um), so fließt die Lösung, unabhängig von der Beschaffenheit des Elektrolyts, immer zum Lösungsmittel hinüber.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS DER ANISOTROPIE UND VON WASSERDAMPF AUF DIE RK. VON CAO UND BETA‐QUARZ IM FESTEN ZUSTAND
Authors: BURTE ARVIND S. , NICHOLSON PATRICK S.
Published: February 2016

Die Kinetik der Festkörperreaktion von CaO mit β‐SiO2 wurde bei 1000‐1 200°C in feuchtem und trocknem N2 untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. DES ERSTEN OXIDS VON TETRASCHWEFELTETRANITRID
Authors: ROESKY HERBERT W. , PETERSEN OLAF
Published: February 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) wurde durch Reaktion von N,N′‐Bis‐[trimethylsilyl]‐ schwefeldiimid mit dem Anhydrid der Fluoroschwefelsäure unter Abspaltung von Trimethylfluorsilan und Trimethylsilylfluorosulfat erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: BEARBEITBARE GLASIG‐KERAMISCHE MATERIALIEN AUF DER BASIS EINES TETRASILICAT‐GLIMMERS
Authors: GROSSMAN DAVID G.
Published: February 2016

Gläser mit eingelagerter kristalliner Tetrasilicat‐Glimmerphase werden beim Erhitzen von KzO‐MgO‐MgFz‐SiOz‐Gläsern auf ca. 940°C erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISCHE METHODE ZUR HERST. DES SPINELLS MGAL2O4
Authors: MITCHELL P. W. D.
Published: February 2016

Durch Mischen stöchiometrischer Mengen einer wäßrigen A12(OH)5Cl‐Lösung mit einer Mg(OH)2‐Suspension in H2O wird ein Gel erhalten, das nach Trocknen und Erhitzen auf 900°C ein weißes, partiell kristallines Pulver des Spinells MgA12O4 ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: ANPASSUNG VON ZWEI LICHTLEITERN IN EINR ZELLE MIT ERZWUNGENER ZIRKULATION, ANWENDUNG AUF DIE SPEKTROTITRIEMETRIE UND AUF DIE BESTIMMUNG VON SELENSPUREN DURCH EINE KINETISCHE METHODE
Authors: GARY ANNE‐MARIE , SCHWING JEAN‐PAUL
Published: February 2016

Eine Apparatur wird beschrieben, die durch Adaptation von zwei Lichtleitern aus Glasfasern in einer Zelle mit erzwungener Zirkulation der Lösung mittels zweifacher gleichzeitiger Registrierung einen direkten Vergleich für den spektrophotometrischen Nachweis eines Äquivalenzpunktes mit seinem Nachweis durch eine elektrochemische Methode erlaubt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOELEKTRONENEFFEKT VON PYREN
Authors: PILLAI P. K. C. , GOEL M.
Published: February 2016

An Pyren‐Dünnschichten und ‐Polykristallen werden die Photopolarisationsund Photodepolarisationsströme unter verschiedenen Polarisationsbedingungen gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: ′THROUGH‐SPACE′‐WECHSELWIRKUNG ZWISCHEN NICHTKONJUGIERTEM NAPHTHALIN UND PHENANTHREN IN EINEM STARREN MOLEKUEL
Authors: FILIPESCU NICOLAE , MINN FREDERICK L. , THOMAS ANNA V.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Bestrahlung der Verbindung (I) in benzolischer Lösung entsteht das Photoisomerisationsprodukt (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ANALYSE DER KONFORM. UM DIE N‐N′‐BINDUNG MITTELS NMR‐SPEKTROSKOPIE, N′‐DERIVATE VON N‐AMINO(2,2,1)BICYCLOHEPTEN‐(5)‐2,3‐ENDO‐DICARBOXIMID
Authors: VERMA S. M. , KOTESWARA RAO C.
Published: February 2016

Die untersuchten Verbindungen, wie z.B. (III), werden aus dem Anhydrid (I) durch Kondensation mit den Hydrazinen (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SELEKTIVE ADSORPTION AN RUSS UND SILICIUMDIOXID‐GELE 3. MITT. IMMERSIONSWAERME UND ADSORPTIONSPOTENTIAL
Authors: ROBERT LOUIS
Published: February 2016

Zwischen den Immersionswärmen von Ruß oder SiO2‐Gelen in.
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON OLEFINEN DURCH SELENDIOXID, BEWEIS FUER ALLYLSELENINSAEUREN ALS ZWISCHENPRODUKTE
Authors: SHARPLESS K. B. , LAUER R. F.
Published: February 2016

Das durch Reaktion von Geranylchlorid mit Na2Se2 bzw. Na2Se dargestellte Diselenid (Ia) bzw. (Ib) liefert bei der Oxidation in THF‐Wasser Linalool (II).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON OXAZOLEN MIT SINGULETT‐SAUERSTOFF, MECHANISMUS DER UMLAGERUNG ZU TRIAMIDEN
Authors: WASSERMAN H. H. , VINICK F. J. , CHANG Y. C.
Published: February 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Oxazole (I) mit lsO‐markiertem 9,10‐Diphenyl‐anthracen‐ peroxid in Benzol entsteht ′BO‐angereicherter Singulett‐Sauerstoff, der mit den Oxazolen (I) zu den Triamiden (II) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISCHES MODELL DER KATALYSE DURCH THYMIDYLATSYNTHETASE
Authors: WILSON RAYMOND S. , MERTES MATHIAS P.
Published: February 2016

Die Behandlung des Uracils (Ia) mit Chinolin (II) liefert das Chinoliniumchlorid (IIIa), dessen Reduktion zum Dihydrochinolin (IVa) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: VERHAELTNIS VON TERMINALER ZU ZENTRALER ADDITION VON FLUORATOMEN AN PROPYLEN
Authors: WILLIMAS RONALD L. , IYER R. SUBRAMONIA , ROWLAND F. S.
Published: February 2016

Die Fluorierung von Propylen wird mit ′SF‐markiertem Fluor in SP6 in der Gasphase durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ZWISCHENPRODUKTE BEI DER AL(III)‐KATALYSIERTEN TRANSAMINIERUNG IN METHANOL
Authors: MATSUMOTO SHIGENOBU , MATSUSHIMA YOSHIKAZU
Published: February 2016

Anhand der Absorptionsspektren im 500 nm‐Bereich eines Reaktionsgemisches aus Pyridoxamin und Brenztraubensäureäthylester in methanolischer Al(III)‐ nitrat‐haltiger Lösung in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit von Tetranatriumäthylendiamintetraacetat oder Acetylaceton wird auf die Bildung von Al(III)‐Chelaten als Zwischenprodukte geschlossen.
ChemInform Abstract: SAEUREKATALYSIERTE UMWANDLUNGEN VON MESO‐PHOTOOXIDEN VON ACENEN 4. MITT. PHOTOOXID DES 9,10‐DIMETHOXY‐ANTHRACENS
Authors: RIGAUDY JEAN , SPARFEL DANIEL
Published: February 2016

Die Methanolyse des Photooxids (II) führt zum Acetal‐hydroperoxid (I), während die Hydrolyse das Hydroperoxid (III) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: ROLLE BENACHBARTER IMIDAZOLGRUPPEN BEI DER SOLVOLYSE VON HYDRAZONYLCHLORIDEN
Authors: HAGARTY A. F. , O'DRISCOLL J. , O'HALLORAN J. K. , SCOTT F. L.
Published: February 2016

Während die Cyclisierung z.B. der Hydrazonylchloride (I) in Dioxan‐Wasser bei 25°C die Dihydroimidazo‐s‐triazole (II) liefert, entstehen unter gleichen Bedingungen z.B. aus den Hydrazonylchloriden (III) die Hydrazide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION VON HCN AN BENZYLIDENANILINE, OX.‐PRODUKTE
Authors: OGATA Y. , KAWASAKI A.
Published: February 2016

Die am Benzylidenring p‐Nitro‐substituierten Schiffschen Basen (I) addieren in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff HCN unter Dehydrierung zu den Iminobenzalcyaniden (II).
ChemInform Abstract: UMLAGERUNG VON CYCLOPROPYLCHLORIDEN ZU ALLYLCHLORIDEN, STEREOSPEZIFITAET BEIM WIEDERABFANGEN DES CHLORID‐IONS
Authors: FLEMING I. , THOMAS E. J.
Published: February 2016

Das anti‐Methoxybicyclohexan (III) wird aus dem Cyclopenten (I), dem Ester (H) und Na‐methanolat dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLEKULARE UND INTERMOLEKULARE, ZUM NORTRICYCLAN FUEHRENDE RK.‐WEGE BEI BAMFORD‐STEVENS‐RK.
Authors: NICKON ALEX , WERSTIUK NICK H.
Published: February 2016

Die Deuteriumverteilung beider thermischen Zersetzung der Na‐Salze der Tosylhydrazone von [6‐exo‐D]‐ und [6‐endo‐D]Norbornanon‐(2) in Diglyme, dem Na‐methanolat zugesetzt ist (bzw. in Äthylenglykol, dem Na zugesetzt ist), zu Nortricyclan wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND THERMISCHE ZERS. EINER REIHE VON ACYLPEROXIDEN
Authors: BYRNE DELOS R. , BURTON STEPHEN R. , CHIU ANDREW , KABBE FREDERICK , GRUEN FRED M. , SCHUETZ ROBERT D.
Published: February 2016

Aus dem Peroxid (I) wird in Methanol durch Umsetzung mit Na und dem Acyl‐ Chlorid (II) das gemischte Peroxid (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON ARYLSULFONYLVERBINDUNGEN MIT EINEM ORGANOLITHIUM‐REAGENS IM UEBERSCHUSS 5. MITT. ADDITION VON 1‐(TERT.‐BUTYLSULFONYL)‐2‐LITHIO‐BENZOL AN 3‐LITHIO‐1,2‐DEHYDROBENZOL, NEUE UMLAGERUNG IN DER BIPHENYLREIHE
Authors: STOYANOVICH F. M. , KARPENKO R. G. , GORUSHKINA G. I. , GOL'DFARB YA. L.
Published: February 2016

Die Sulfone (I) reagieren mit n‐Butyllithium in THF‐Äther bei ‐2O bis ‐30°C zu den Sulfinaten (II), deren Carboxylierung die Sulfinsäuren (III) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISMEN PHOTOCHEMISCHER RK. IN LOESUNG 72. MITT. ELEKTRONISCHER MECHANISMUS DER PHOTODISSOZIATION VON 3‐METHYL‐1‐PHENOXY‐BUTEN‐(2)
Authors: CARROLL FELIX A. , HAMMOND GEORGE S.
Published: February 2016

Die Bestrahlung des Äthers (I) in Lösung (Propanol‐(2) oder Cyclohexan) oder in der Gasphase liefert neben Phenol (II) und dem Äther (III) die Phenole (IV) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOUMLAGERUNG VON TRANS‐1,1′/3,4‐DIEPOXY‐1‐METHYL‐TETRALON‐(2), EINEM ALPHA,BETA/ALPHA′,BETA′‐DIEPOXYKETON
Authors: SCHNEIDER DIANA S. , EASTWOOD F. W.
Published: February 2016

Die UV‐Bestrahlung des Ketons (I) in Äthanol oder tert.‐Butanol liefert die Aldehyde (II) und (III) sowie das Pyranon (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON HYDRAZINDERIVATEN MIT 4‐PHENYL‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLINDIONEN‐(3,5)
Authors: AHMED R. , ANSELME J.‐P.
Published: February 2016

Äquimolare Mengen des Hydrazons (I) und des Triazolindions (II) reagieren in Benzol unter Bildung des Azins (III) und des Urazols (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: BETEILIGUNG VON HOMOALLYLISCHEN DOPPELBINDUNGEN BEI DER SUBSTITUTION DURCH HYDRIDIONEN UNTER BLDG. VON CYCLOPROPANRINGEN
Authors: COURTOT PIERRE , RUMIN RENE
Published: February 2016

Das trans‐Ditosylat (IIa) und das cis‐Dimesylat (IIb) lassen sich mit "normalem" LiAlH4 zum Dien (I) hydrieren.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE RED. VON METHYLESTERN DER FETTSAEUREN C10‐C18 AN VERSCHIEDENEN KATALYSATOREN
Authors: LINCHEVSKII F. V. , MIN'KOVA Z. A. , GANIN YU. V.
Published: February 2016

Die Reduktion des Estergemisches (I) zu Alkoholen (II) und Kohlenwasserstoffen (III) mit Wasserstoff (300 at.) wird mit folgenden Katalysatoren untersucht: Cu/Cr (GIPKh‐l O5), Cu/Zn (Präparat der Deutschen Hydrierwerke), Zn/Cr und Zn/Cr/Al.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. KOORDINIERTER PHOSPHINE, ARYLIERUNG VON OLEFINEN DURCH PALLADIUM(II)‐ACETAT UND TRIARYLPHOSPHIN
Authors: KIKUKAWA K. , YAMANE T. , TAKAGI M. , MATSUDA T.
Published: February 2016

Der aus Palladiumacetat und Triarylphosphinen erhaltene Komplex (I) reagiert mit Olefinen wie 1‐Octen (II) über die Zwischenstufen (III) und (IV) unter Über tragung von Arylresten auf das Olefin, wobei im wesentlichen die beiden Substitutionsprodukte (V) und (VI) entstehen.Der Methylat‐Komplex (VII) liefert unter gleichen Bedingungen Benzol (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: AZETIDINON‐ANTIBIOTIKA 5. MITT. REVERSIBLE GEGENSEITIGE UMWANDLUNG VON PENAM‐ UND CEPHAM‐SYST. UEBER EIN GEMEINSAMES INTERMEDIAERES THIIRANIUMION
Authors: KUKOLJA STJEPAN , LAMMERT S. R.
Published: February 2016

Die aus dem Penicillinsulfoxid (I) durch Thermolyse dargestellte Sulfensäure (IIa) liefert mit Thionylchlorid in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff in Gegenwart von Tri‐ äthylamin beim Erhitzen das unbeständige Sulfenylchlorid (IIb) als Zwischenprodukt, das sich zum Penam‐ (III) und zum Cepham‐System (IV) (Verhältnis 3:4) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMISCHE RETRO‐DIELS‐ALDER‐VERDRAENGUNG VON SULFEN AUS EINEM FORMALEN SULFEN‐AREN‐ADDUKT
Authors: KING J. F. , LEWARS E. G.
Published: February 2016

Acetylendicarbonester (II) reagiert mit dem cyclischen ungesättigten Sulfon (I) zu einem Addukt (III), aus dem bei über 200°C unter Eliminierung von Schwefeldioxid 3‐Phenyl‐phthalester (IV) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE BASENKATALYSIERTE UMLAGERUNG VON ALLYL‐PROPINYL‐AMMONIUMKATIONEN IN PROTISCHEM MEDIUM
Authors: LAIRD T. , OLLIS W. D.
Published: February 2016

Anders als in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln erleiden die Kationen (I) in siedendem Wasser in Gegenwart von etwas Natriumhydroxid eine Umlagerung unter Bildung der isomeren Kationen (II) und/oder der diastereomeren Aldehyde (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON BETA‐HYDROXY‐ESTERN, ‐AMIDEN UND ‐NITRILEN MIT DREIFACHBINDUNG IN DELTA‐STELLUNG
Authors: COUFFIGNAL RENE
Published: February 2016

Während die Kondensation der β‐Keto‐ester, ‐amide und ‐nitrile (I) mit den Organozinkverbindungen (IIa) [aus Propargylbromid und Zn in THF ] nach anschli βender HC1‐Hydrolyse zu den Titelderivaten (III) im Gemisch mit ihren Isomeren (IV) führt, entstehen aus (I) mit den Al‐Analogen (IIb) nur die β‐Alkohole (III) (15‐62% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPEZIFISCHE SYNTH. DER (E,E)‐ UND (Z,E)‐5,6‐DIPHENYL‐O‐XYLYLENDIANIONEN, STEREOCHEMIE DER CYCLOREVERSION DER CIS‐ UND TRANS‐3,4‐DIPHENYL‐BENZOCYCLOBUTEN‐RADIKALANIONEN
Authors: BAULD NATHAN L. , CHANG CHIU‐SHAN , FARR FRANK R.
Published: February 2016

Die Birch‐Reduktion der Benzocyclobutene (I) und (III) liefert das Dibenzylbenzol (II).
ChemInform Abstract: FULVENE UND THERMOCHROME AETHYLENE 68. MITT. STEREOCHEMIE DER WITTIG‐HORNER‐RK.
Authors: RABINOVITZ M. , SOLOMONOVICI A. , WEILER‐FEILCHENFELD H.
Published: February 2016

Mittels Dünnschichtchromatographie, anhand von Dipolmoment‐ und NMR‐Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, daß im Gegensatz zu anderen Angaben beide geometrische Isomere der Verbindungen (I), (IIa) und (IIIa) bei der Wittig‐Horner‐ Reaktion aus den entsprechenden Ketonen gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTO‐FRIES‐UMLAGERUNG VON 2‐ALKYL‐4‐ARYLSULFONYLOXY‐PYRIMIDINEN
Authors: NASIELSKI‐HINKENS R. , MAECK J. , TENVOORDE M.
Published: February 2016

Bei der UV‐Bestrahlung des Pyiimidins (Ia) in Isopropanol entstehen die Pyrimidone (IIa) und (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. QUARTAERER AMMONIUMSALZE DURCH ADDITION TERT. AMMONIUMSALZE AN ELEKTROPHILE AETHYLENVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: ETIENNE ANDRE , LE BERRE ANDRE , DELACROIX ALAIN
Published: February 2016

Durch Addition der tertiären Ammoniumbromide (I) an Acrylsäureamid (II) lassen sich die quartären Carbamoyläthylammoniumbromide (III) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPEZIFISCHE SYNTH. TRISUBSTITUIERTER OLEFINE UEBER EINE UMWANDLUNG VON ALLYL‐SULFOXIDEN UND ‐SULFENATEN
Authors: GRIECO P. A.
Published: February 2016

Aus dem Allylcarbinol (I) erhält man mit Butyllithium und p‐Toluolsulfenylchlorid (II) das Sulfoxid (III), das leicht zu (IV) umgewandelt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON AETHYLVINYLAETHER AN HETEROGENEN INDUSTRIELLEN KATALYSATOREN
Authors: BOGOD I. A. , GUREVICH V. R. , MEZHLUMYAN L. E.
Published: February 2016

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Entalkoxylierung des Acetaldehyddi= äthylacetals (II) zu Äthylvinyläther (I) in Gegenwart verschiedener Katalysatoren.
ChemInform Abstract: SILYLALKENYLAETHER ALS SYNTHETISCHE AEQUIVALENTE VON ENOLEN, EINE NEUE SYNTH. FUER ALPHA,BETA‐UNGESAETTIGTE KETONE
Authors: MURAI S. , KUROKI Y. , AYA T. , SONODA N. , TSUTSUMI S.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Ketonen (I) erhält man mit Trimethylsilylchlorid (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin die Enol‐silyläther (III), die in Gegenwart von CuCl mit den Polyhalogenverbindungen (IV) über die Zwischenstufen (V) und (VI) in guten Ausbeuten zu den ungesättigten Ketonen (VII) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN IN BEZIEHUNG ZU MYCOBACTINEN 2. MITT. BLDG. VON MYCOBACTIN‐HYDROXAMSAEURE‐EINHEITEN DURCH MALONESTER‐SYNTH.
Authors: BLACK D. ST. C. , BROWN R. F. C. , WADE A. M.
Published: February 2016

Durch Alkylierung des Phthalimidomalonats (I) wird der Diester (II) erhalten, der bei der Behandlung mit wasserfreiem Na‐nitrit partiell in die Nitroverbindung (III) übergeführt wird; bei der Aufarbeitung wird außerdem durch Cyclisierung von nicht umgesetztem (II) das Piperidin (IV) erhalten.