bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rights Constitutionalism and the Challenge of Belonging: An Empirical Inquiry into the Israeli Case
Authors: Alexander Dana
Published: December 2022

Rights constitutionalism faces a global crisis of legitimacy, and recent years have seen a surge in scholarship on the crisis. The vast majority of analyses focus on broad structural factors and processes. This article takes a different approach: sociological and bottom up. I use qualitative discourse analysis to examine how social actors in Israel justified their antagonism toward rights constitutionalism in three cases where judicial intervention for human rights encountered exceptional public opposition and political backlash. The analysis reveals that social actors used discourses of belonging—both liberal and non-liberal—to challenge rights constitutionalism as a constraint on democratic politics, when they perceived rights protection as conflicting with or undervaluing boundaries of collective identity. Based on these findings, I introduce a new concept—the challenge of belonging—that expresses the normative tension between individual rights and collective belonging. By highlighting the ethical dimension of social opposition to rights constitutionalism, the sociological approach allows a nuanced understanding of such opposition. The challenge of belonging can account for mixed attitudes in the same polity and even in the same social group on rights-oriented judicial intervention, and it points to a common normative thread linking attacks on liberal constitutionalism in vastly different sociopolitical settings.
A Causal-Role Account of Ecological Role Functions
Authors: Morrow Katie H.
Published: December 2022

I develop an account of ecological role functions—the functions of species within ecosystems—that is informed by alternative regime phenomena in ecology. My account is a causal-role theory that includes a counterfactual sensitivity condition. The account tracks and explains a distinction ecologists make between functions and various activities that are not functions. My counterfactual sensitivity condition resolves the liberality problem often attributed to causal-role theories of function while also illuminating the explanatory centrality of role functions within ecology.
Geometric filling curves on punctured surfaces
Authors: Doan Nhat Minh
Published: December 2022

This paper is about a type of quantitative density of closed geodesics and orthogeodesics on complete finite-area hyperbolic surfaces. The main results are upper bounds on the length of the shortest closed geodesic and the shortest doubly truncated orthogeodesic that are
$\varepsilon$
-dense on a given compact set on the surface.
Oropharyngeal dysphagia in head and neck cancer: how to reduce aspiration pneumonia
Authors: Martin-Gonzalez C , Gonzalez-Gimeno M J , De-Frutos-Hernan B , Valor-Garcia C
Published: December 2022

Objective

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is caused by difficulty in bolus preparation and transport from the mouth to the oesophagus; this may result in malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. It has a high prevalence in head and neck cancer patients. The objective of this study is to reduce these complications using a new protocol of diagnosis and evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Method

This is a prospective study developed in a secondary hospital. All patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer in 2021 and 2022 are subjected to this protocol: an oropharyngeal dysphagia screening test, a swallowing-related quality of life questionnaire and a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallow.

Results

A total of 72 evaluations are reported using this protocol, before and after cancer treatment, and only 1 presents with aspiration pneumonia.

Conclusion

Using this protocol, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia can be reduced, and diet recommendations can be given earlier in order to maintain a patient's nutritional requirements.
Public Acceptance of Regional Redistribution in Germany: A Survey Experiment on the Perceived Deservingness of Regions
Authors: Gniza Jan , Wrede Matthias
Published: December 2022

Many policies target the economic and social consequences of regional inequality. This study experimentally investigates factors explaining the public degree of consent to financial transfers to disadvantaged regions. The main hypothesis of this study is that most people use the deservingness-heuristic not only to judge individuals but also to judge regions. We argue that people advocate interregional transfers based on perceived deservingness determined by recipient region’s need, lack of responsibility for the need, likelihood of reciprocity, and by a shared identity. To support this hypothesis, we conducted a factorial survey in Germany asking respondents to rate transfers to needy regions under different hypothetical conditions. We demonstrate, as predicted by the deservingness hypothesis, that consent to transfers to other regions is positively influenced by the extent of need and, in particular, past effort of the recipient region as well as by a shared identity. The results suggest that regional policies are particularly accepted when they target needs caused by factors beyond the control of recipient regions.
‘They Made an Excellent Start…but After a While, It Started to Die Out’, Tensions in Combining Personalisation and Integration in English Adult Social Care
Authors: Allen Kerry , Burn Emily , Hall Kelly , Mangan Catherine , Needham Catherine
Published: December 2022

This article seeks to understand the challenges of combining the distinct aims of personalisation and integration in adult social care. Addressing the local context of service delivery in England through interviews with key stakeholders, we identify how personalisation and integration activities require different, and potentially conflicting, approaches. We observe direct tensions when structural integration with health systems distracts focus from achieving personalised delivery of care or where a focus on clinical outcomes takes precedence over broader wellbeing aspirations. Integration can entail the prioritisation of health over social care and a population rather than personal orientation. We suggest that personalisation and integration are in ‘policy conflict’ (Weible and Heikkila, 2017) and that policy-makers need to acknowledge and address this rather than promise the ‘best of both worlds’.
Early and on-ground image-based detection of poppy (Papaver rhoeas) in wheat using YOLO architectures
Authors: Pérez-Porras Fernando J. , Torres-Sánchez Jorge , López-Granados Francisca , Mesas-Carrascosa Francisco J.
Published: December 2022

Poppy (also common poppy or corn poppy; Papaver rhoeas L., PAPRH) is one of the most harmful weeds in winter cereals. Knowing the precise and accurate location of weeds is essential for developing effective site-specific weed management (SSWM) for optimized herbicide use. Among the available tools for weed mapping, deep learning (DL) is used for its accuracy and ability to work in complex scenarios. Crops represent intricate situations for weed detection, as crop residues, occlusion of weeds, or spectral similarities between crop and weed seedlings are frequent. Timely discrimination of weeds is needed, because postemergence herbicides are used just when weeds and crops are at an early growth stage. This study addressed P. rhoeas early detection in wheat (Triticum spp.) by comparing the performance of six DL-based object-detection models focused on the “You Only Look Once” (YOLO) architecture (v3 to v5) using proximal RGB images to train the models. The models were assessed using open-source software, and evaluation offered a range of results for quality of recognition of P. rhoeas as well as computational capacity during the inference process. Of all the models, YOLOv5s performed best in the testing phase (75.3%, 76.2%, and 77% for F1-score, mean average precision, and accuracy, respectively). These results indicated that under real field conditions, DL-based object-detection strategies can identify P. rhoeas at an early stage, providing accurate information for developing SSWM.
Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with cardiometabolic conditions in Pakistani population
Authors: Fiaz Humera , Khan Abdul Rehman , Abbas Shahid , Bilal Ahmed , Khan Haq Nawaz , Hussain Misbah , Awan Fazli Rabbi
Published: December 2022

Abstract: Apart from bone related effects, vitamin D has roles in immune modulation, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic functions of vitamin D are mediated after binding with vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR polymorphisms affect its physiological functions. Several VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were reported previously. However, VDR polymorphisms causing influence on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders have not been investigated in the Pakistani population so far. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the role of VDR polymorphisms (rs2228570 and rs7975232) in the pathobiology of cardiometabolic disorders. In total, 400 cardiometabolic patients and 226 healthy control human adults were enrolled from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Biochemical parameters (serum glucose, liver function test, renal function test and lipid profile) were analyzed by standard kit methods. Genetic analysis was done by ARMS-PCR assay. Data was analyzed in SPSS v20. Regression analysis revealed that GG and AG genotypes of rs2228570 A>G polymorphism significantly increased the risk of hypertension in cardiovascular patients by 5.29 and 5.94 times respectively (GG: OR=5.29, 95% CI=1.63–17.2, p=0.005; AG: OR=5.94, 95% CI=1.70–20.7, p=0.005). However, rs7975232 C>A polymorphism was not correlated with cardiometabolic conditions. In conclusion, GG and AG genotypes of VDR SNP rs2228570 significantly contribute to hypertension in cardiovascular disease patients.
Die Bedeutung des Vorgefühls bei Tic-Störungen
Authors: Schütteler Christina , Gerlach Alexander L.
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Funktion des Vorgefühls in der Pathogenese und Aufrechterhaltung von Tic-Störungen (TS) wird in den letzten Jahren verstärkt erforscht. Die mögliche funktionelle Bedeutung der Vorgefühle wird aber noch nicht ausreichend verstanden. Methode: Im vorliegenden Review wird der Kenntnisstand zu Vorgefühlen entlang eines integrativen funktionalen Störungsmodells zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zum Jugendalter nehmen Tic-Symptome bei Tic-Störungen im Erwachsenenalter ab, während immer mehr Betroffene ein Vorgefühl berichten. Hierbei kann zwischen einem allgemeinen Vorgefühl (trait) und dem Drang, Tics auszuführen (state) unterschieden werden. Das Vorgefühl als trait ist abhängig von der Interozeptionsfähigkeit. An den Drang, Tics auszuführen, kann habituiert werden, moderiert von Aufmerksamkeits- und Attributionsprozessen. Durch das Auflösen des Vorgefühl-Tic-Reizreaktionsmusters reduzieren sich die Tic-Symptome. Schlussfolgerung: Für weitere Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf die Bedeutung von Vorgefühl und den Drang, Tics auszuführen, sollten zukünftige Forschungsansätze Drang und allgemeine Vorgefühle in therapeutischen Interventionsstudien berücksichtigen, weitere Interozeptionsparadigmen einbeziehen und die Entwicklung von allgemeinem Vorgefühl und Drang über die Lebensspanne hinweg untersuchen.
An Updated Catalog of Rayed Craters on Mars
Authors: Harris Jennifer K. , McKeown Lauren E. , Parenti Carlotta , Tornabene Livio L. , Grindrod Peter M.
Published: December 2022

Martian meteorites represent the only samples of Mars available for study in terrestrial laboratories. In addition to their crystallization and surface ejection ages, these samples provide a detailed understanding of the geochemistry of the martian crust. One of the major outstanding problems regarding martian meteorites is locating the exact source regions on Mars, although the composition and texture of these meteorites limits the source craters to mostly igneous provinces. To help find source craters, we present an updated global catalog of impact craters greater than 3 km diameter with thermally distinct radial patterns (“rays”), which could represent recent impact events. We defined search criteria for identifying rayed craters, assigning a confidence level to each crater, and noted the presence or absence of associated secondary craters. Using daytime and nighttime thermal infrared image data we identified 118 craters with thermally distinct radial patterns between ±60° latitude, of which 89 had not appeared in previous catalogs. We discuss some potential uses of this new catalog in terms of understanding the morphology, location, and composition of each crater. Our preliminary analysis demonstrates the potential future use of this catalog in finding the source location of martian meteorites in regions of sufficient thermal contrast.
Interannual Variability of Near‐Inertial Energy in the South China Sea and Western North Pacific
Authors: Lu Huaihao , Chen Zhiwu , Xu Kang , Liu Zhiyu , Wang Chunzai , Xu Jiexin , Gong Yankun , Cai Shuqun
Published: December 2022

Interannual variability of surface mixed‐layer near‐inertial energy (NIE, representing the intensity of near‐inertial waves) in the South China Sea and western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using satellite‐tracked surface drifter data set. It is found that NIE in the study region correlates negatively with El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with a correlation coefficient of R = −0.44 and a time lag of 5 months, mainly because the variation of local wind stress lags behind El Niño by 4 months. By separating summer and winter seasons, the correlation is significantly improved. The summer NIE correlates positively with El Niño (R = 0.62), since tropical cyclones over the WNP tend to be stronger and longer‐lived during the El Niño developing phase. The winter NIE correlates negatively with El Niño (R = −0.65), since the winter monsoon is weakened by the ENSO‐related WNP anomalous anticyclone. This is the first time that interannual variability of NIE is studied by direct current velocity observations.
Decadal Time‐Series Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen at Abyssal Depths in the Northeast Pacific
Authors: Smith K. L. , Messié M. , Connolly T. P. , Huffard C. L.
Published: December 2022

Dissolved oxygen depletion in the global ocean is well documented over several decades from the surface ocean to abyssal depths. This decline is especially prevalent in the Northeast Pacific. A significant decline in dissolved oxygen has been measured over 30 years at 4,000–4,100 m depth (Station M) beneath the California Current off central California. Three principal hypotheses examined the relationship of declining oxygen with biological and physical factors over the 30‐year time series. Annual resolution revealed Ekman pumping, coastal upwelling, particulate matter flux, and sediment community oxygen consumption having significant correlations with bottom water dissolved oxygen concentration. Coastal upwelling accounted for 65% of the annual variation in bottom water oxygen concentration. Stepwise regression yielded descriptive models of bottom water dissolved oxygen using coastal upwelling, wind stress and primary production variables. Is continued oxygen depletion in the Northeast Pacific indicative of abyssal regions in the world ocean?
Double Layers in the Earth's Bow Shock
Authors: Sun J. , Vasko I. Y. , Bale S. D. , Wang R. , Mozer F. S.
Published: December 2022

We present Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of electrostatic double layers in quasi‐perpendicular Earth's bow shock. These double layers have predominantly parallel electric field with amplitudes up to 100 mV/m, spatial widths of 50–700 m, and plasma frame speeds within 100 km/s. The potential drop across a single double layer is 2%–7% of the cross‐shock potential in the de Hoffmann‐Teller frame and occurs over the spatial scale of 10 Debye lengths or one tenth of electron inertial length. Some double layers can have spatial width of 70 Debye lengths and potential drop up to 30% of the cross‐shock potential. The electron temperature variation observed across double layers is roughly consistent with their potential drop. While electron heating in the Earth's bow shock occurs predominantly due to the quasi‐static electric field in the de Hoffmann‐Teller frame, these observations show that electron temperature can also increase across Debye‐scale electrostatic structures.
The Earth's Magnetic Field Enhances Solar Energy Deposition in the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Maggiolo R. , Maes L. , Cessateur G. , Darrouzet F. , De Keyser J. , Gunell H.
Published: December 2022

The presence of a large‐scale planetary magnetic field is thought to be a protective factor for atmospheres, preventing them from being blown off by the solar wind. We focus on one key aspect of atmospheric escape: how does a planetary magnetic fields affect the energy transfer from the Sun to the atmosphere? We estimate the solar wind energy currently dissipated in the Earth's atmosphere using empirical formulas derived from observations. We show that it is significantly higher than the energy dissipated in the atmosphere of a hypothetical unmagnetized Earth. Consequently, we conclude that the Earth's magnetic field enhances the solar energy dissipation in the Earth's atmosphere and that, contrary to the old paradigm, an intrinsic magnetic field does not necessarily reduces atmospheric loss.
Major Migration Channels of Mesoscale Eddies in the Southern Ocean Derived From Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Guo Xiaoxiao , Zheng Jie , Yang Xiaokun , Ma Chunyong , Chen Ge
Published: December 2022

The propagation pathways of mesoscale eddies have an essential impact on the meridional transport of freshwater, carbon, nutrients, and other tracers. However, existing methods have limitations in exactly expressing their major propagation pathways. To tackle this problem, a direction‐based spatial clustering algorithm for the trajectory is proposed according to the partition‐and‐group framework. The idea is to extract the major eddy channels quantitatively, thus effectively representing the eddy trajectories with similar propagation pathways in a given spatial distance and direction, from the eddy identification and tracking datasets obtained by satellite altimetry spanning nearly 20 years in the Southern Ocean. The major eddy channels of the Southern Ocean are more geographically correlated rather than determined by polarity (anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and cyclonic eddies (CEs)). Importantly, the main axes of zonal propagation for eddy channels are extracted in this study. In the area north of 45°S (30°S–45°S), the zonal propagation (both for AEs and CEs) is intrinsically westward along ∼42°S ± 2° (main axes). While in those south of 45°S (45°S–80°S), it is reversed to eastward, propagating zonally along ∼56°S ± 2° (main axes) and obviously showing a gyre pattern. The bottom topography significantly effects on the propagation pathways of eddy channels in the Southern Ocean. Mainly, their meridional propagation pathways are pronouncedly steered by the shape of oceanic ridges around isobath −3900m (AEs for −3,877 m, CEs for −3,922 m).
Restratification Structure and Processes in the Irminger Sea
Authors: Sterl M. F. , de Jong M. F.
Published: December 2022

The Irminger Sea is one of the few regions in the ocean where deep (>1,000 m) convection occurs. Convection is followed by restratification during summer, when the stratification of the water column is reestablished and the convectively formed water is exported at depth. There are currently no descriptions of interannual variability and physical drivers of restratification in the Irminger Sea. We investigate restratification in the upper 600 m of the central Irminger Sea using reanalysis data for the years 1993–2019. We find distinctly different restratification processes in the upper 100 m (the upper layer) and the water below it (the lower layer). In the upper layer, the stratification is dominated by a seasonal cycle that matches the cycle of the surface heat flux. In 2010 and 2019, there were peaks in upper layer restratification, which could partly be related to strong atmospheric heat and freshwater fluxes. Greenland runoff likely also contributed to the high restratification, although this contribution could not be quantified in the present study. In the lower layer there is strong interannual variability in stratification, caused by variability both in the convection and the restratification strength. The restratification strength is strongly correlated with the eddy kinetic energy in the eastern Irminger Sea, suggesting that lower layer restratification is driven by lateral advection of warm, saline waters through Irminger Current eddies. In the future, surface warming and freshening of the Irminger Sea due to anthropogenic climate change are expected to increase upper layer stratification, potentially inhibiting convection.
What's New at JGR‐Oceans? Confronting Bias, Burn Out, and Big Data
Authors: Beal Lisa M. , Padman Laurie , Zhou Lei , Singh Arvind , Chambers Don , Friedrichs Marjy , Gnanaseelan Chellappan , Goodkin Nathalie , Hetland Robert , Mulligan Ryan , Nagai Takeyoshi , O'Callaghan Joanne , Pinardi Nadia , Power Hannah , Umlauf Lars , Wahlin Anna , Xu Fanghua
Published: December 2022

JGR‐Oceans receives many more submissions from a broader demographic of authors than in the past and burnout among reviewers as well as potential bias among editors is threatening excellence and equity at the journal. To confront these issues, we have implemented some new editorial strategies that are anticipated to provide a fairer and more rewarding peer‐review experience for authors, as well as alleviate pressure on reviewers and deliver high quality science for readers. First, we have recruited a dozen new editors from across the world who better reflect our author demographic and who can make wiser and more inclusive decisions about the running of the journal. Second, we now require that each manuscript clearly communicate new understanding about the ocean before we send it out for review. This simple rubric deflects potentially biased editorial decisions based on author attributes and brings us closer to the original scope of JGR‐Oceans. Third, we are facilitating a culture of collaboration among reviewers and among ourselves, the editors, that brings more balanced decision‐making to reviews and manuscripts and provides authors more feedback. Our aim is to better help authors communicate their science with confidence and clarity. Finally, JGR‐Oceans has always been a multi‐disciplinary journal and we are encouraging more submissions that convey new understanding of biogeochemical processes and human interactions with ocean variability and change.
A Reevaluation of Cryolava Flow Evolution: Assumptions, Physical Properties, and Conceptualization
Authors: Morrison Aaron A. , Whittington Alan G. , Mitchell Karl L.
Published: December 2022

Cryovolcanism has been invoked to explain numerous features observed on icy bodies. Many of these features show similar morphologies to volcanic features observed on Earth suggesting similar physics involved in their formation. Cryovolcanism lies at the intersection of volcanology and hydrology but as such, no one model from either discipline satisfactorily represents cryolava flow emplacement. We produced a new model for cryolava flow evolution that draws from both disciplines to track the physical, chemical, and thermal states of a hypothetical H2O‐NaCl flow on a Europa‐like body as it evolves away from the vent. This model is currently restricted to compositions on the water‐rich side of this chemical system and only predicts emplacement up to the turbulent to laminar transition. Modeling the laminar regime and a broader compositional space will be dealt with separately. Concentrations between 5 and 23 wt% (H2O‐NaCl eutectic) and initial flow thicknesses of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 m were set as initial conditions. Model results suggest that flow may reach 40–60 vol% solids before transitioning to laminar flow. The thermal budget for these flows is dominated by the heat loss from vaporization in the low‐pressure environment. This model produces length to thickness aspect ratios, for the given compositions, that are broadly consistent with candidate cryovolcanic features on Ceres and Titan. These first‐order comparisons are not ideal and suggest the need for future modeling of cryovolcanic features in at least two dimensions.
The Erosional Signature of Drainage Divide Motion Along the Blue Ridge Escarpment
Authors: Stokes Maya F. , Larsen Isaac J. , Goldberg Samuel L. , McCoy Scott W. , Prince Philip P. , Perron J. Taylor
Published: December 2022

The planform rearrangement of river basins is recognized as an important process for landscape evolution. The boundaries of river basins can shift either through gradual drainage divide migration or discrete river captures, but the methods for identifying these processes often rely on topographic evidence that remains otherwise untested. Moreover, efforts to understand the relative importance of either process are hampered by a lack of age constraints on river captures. We use 10Be‐derived erosion rates to test whether, and how, divide motion is occurring at three locations along the Blue Ridge Escarpment in the Appalachian Mountains. In the Pee Dee River basin, we find that the escarpment is migrating inland up to 45 m/Myr, consistent with topographic evidence for gradual divide migration. In the Dan River basin, erosion rates support the topographic evidence for river capture, and we use a forward model of river incision to estimate that the capture likely occurred in the past 12.5 Myr. In the South Fork Roanoke River basin, where the presence of a knickzone has been interpreted as evidence that a river capture initiated a pulse of faster erosion, we instead measure nearly uniform tributary erosion rates above and within the mainstem knickzone. Simulations show that river incision into a more erodible layer of rock, with or without a river capture, could produce the observed topography and erosion rates in the South Fork Roanoke River. Our results show how multiple lines of evidence can illuminate the rates and mechanisms of river basin reorganization.
SubZero: A Sea Ice Model With an Explicit Representation of the Floe Life Cycle
Authors: Manucharyan Georgy E. , Montemuro Brandon P.
Published: December 2022

Sea ice dynamics exhibit granular behavior as individual floes and fracture networks become particularly evident at length scales O(10–100) km and smaller. However, climate models do not resolve floes and represent sea ice as a continuum, while existing floe‐scale sea ice models tend to oversimplify floes using discrete elements of predefined simple shapes. The idealized nature of climate and discrete element sea ice models presents a challenge of comparing the model output with floe‐scale sea ice observations. Here we present SubZero, a conceptually new sea ice model geared to explicitly simulate the life cycles of individual floes by using complex discrete elements with time‐evolving shapes. This unique model uses parameterizations of floe‐scale processes, such as collisions, fractures, ridging, and welding, to simulate a wide range of evolving floe shapes and sizes. We demonstrate the novel capabilities of the SubZero model in idealized experiments, including uniaxial compression, the summer‐time sea ice flow through the Nares Strait, and winter‐time sea ice growth. The model naturally reproduces the statistical behavior of the observed sea ice, such as the power‐law appearance of the floe size distribution and the long‐tailed ice thickness distribution. The SubZero model could provide a valuable alternative to existing discrete element and continuous sea ice models for simulations of floe interactions.
An Integrated View of Organic Biomarker‐Based Sea Surface Temperature Changes in the Subarctic Pacific Since the Last Ice Age
Authors: Li Qian , Chen Min‐Te , Li Guangxue , Yu Jimin , Zou Jianjun , Shi Xuefa , Liu Shidong , Yu Pai‐Sen
Published: December 2022

The phase relationships of sea surface temperature (SST) changes between the North Pacific and North Atlantic during deglacial millennial‐scale climate events have been of great interest. However, uncertainties remain partly due to the sparsity of deglacial SST records in the North Pacific. This study presents a new high‐resolution ‐SST record spanning the entire last deglaciation from core LV63‐41‐2 retrieved from the Northwestern Pacific off the Kamchatka Peninsula, which allows us to explore regional SST change patterns and associated driving mechanisms by compiling previously published SST data in the subarctic Pacific. The subarctic Pacific SST changes during the Bølling‐Allerød and Younger Dryas show in‐phase relationships in response to the North Atlantic SST variations, suggesting a dominant control of atmospheric teleconnections between both oceans. During Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) when the North Atlantic exhibited significant cooling, the subarctic Pacific SST developments are complex, showing gradual warming from the Last Glacial Maximum to HS1 in the Northwestern Pacific and cooling at the onset of HS1 in the Northeastern Pacific. We suggest that the inconsistent phase responses resulted from the combined effects of multiple processes, which involve an enhanced poleward advection of warm subtropical waters, cold meltwater inputs from the retreating Cordilleran Ice Sheet into the Northeastern Pacific, and a persistent La Niña‐like state in the tropical Pacific.
Inhibition of p21 activates Akt kinase to trigger ROS-induced autophagy and impacts on tumor growth rate
Authors: Maheshwari Mayank , Yadav Nisha , Hasanain Mohammad , Pandey Praveen , Sahai Rohit , Choyal Kuldeep , Singh Akhilesh , Nengroo Mushtaq A. , Saini Krishan K. , Kumar Deepak , Mitra Kalyan , Datta Dipak , Sarkar Jayanta
Published: December 2022

Owing to its ability to induce cellular senescence, inhibit PCNA, and arrest cell division cycle by negatively regulating CDKs as well as being a primary target of p53, p21 is traditionally considered a tumor suppressor. Nonetheless, several reports in recent years demonstrated its pro-oncogenic activities such as apoptosis inhibition by cytosolic p21, stimulation of cell motility, and promoting assembly of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex. These opposing effects of p21 on cell proliferation, supported by the observations of its inconsistent expression in human cancers, led to the emergence of the concept of “antagonistic duality” of p21 in cancer progression. Here we demonstrate that p21 negatively regulates basal autophagy at physiological concentration. Akt activation, upon p21 attenuation, driven ROS accumulation appears to be the major underlying mechanism in p21-mediated modulation of autophagy. We also find p21, as a physiological inhibitor of autophagy, to have oncogenic activity during early events of tumor development while its inhibition favors survival and growth of cancer cells in the established tumor. Our data, thereby, reveal the potential role of autophagy in antagonistic functional duality of p21 in cancer.
Microencapsulation and nanowarming enables vitrification cryopreservation of mouse preantral follicles
Authors: Tian Conghui , Shen Lingxiao , Gong Chenjia , Cao Yunxia , Shi Qinghua , Zhao Gang
Published: December 2022

Preantral follicles are often used as models for cryopreservation and in vitro culture due to their easy availability. As a promising approach for mammalian fertility preservation, vitrification of preantral follicles requires high concentrations of highly toxic penetrating cryoprotective agents (up to 6 M). Here, we accomplish low-concentration-penetrating cryoprotective agent (1.5 M) vitrification of mouse preantral follicles encapsulated in hydrogel by nanowarming. We find that compared with conventional water bath warming, the viability of preantral follicles is increased by 33%. Moreover, the cavity formation rate of preantral follicles after in vitro culture is comparable to the control group without vitrification. Furthermore, the percentage of MII oocytes developed from the vitrified follicles, and the birth rate of offspring following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer are also similar to the control group. Our results provide a step towards nontoxic vitrification by utilizing the synergistic cryoprotection effect of microencapsulation and nanowarming.
Emergence of electric-field-tunable interfacial ferromagnetism in 2D antiferromagnet heterostructures
Authors: Cheng Guanghui , Rahman Mohammad Mushfiqur , He Zhiping , Allcca Andres Llacsahuanga , Rustagi Avinash , Stampe Kirstine Aggerbeck , Zhu Yanglin , Yan Shaohua , Tian Shangjie , Mao Zhiqiang , Lei Hechang , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Upadhyaya Pramey , Chen Yong P.
Published: December 2022

Van der Waals (vdW) magnet heterostructures have emerged as new platforms to explore exotic magnetic orders and quantum phenomena. Here, we study heterostructures of layered antiferromagnets, CrI3 and CrCl3, with perpendicular and in-plane magnetic anisotropy, respectively. Using magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy, we demonstrate out-of-plane magnetic order in the CrCl3 layer proximal to CrI3, with ferromagnetic interfacial coupling between the two. Such an interlayer exchange field leads to higher critical temperature than that of either CrI3 or CrCl3 alone. We further demonstrate significant electric-field control of the coercivity, attributed to the naturally broken structural inversion symmetry of the heterostructure allowing unprecedented direct coupling between electric field and interfacial magnetism. These findings illustrate the opportunity to explore exotic magnetic phases and engineer spintronic devices in vdW heterostructures.
A signal-like role for floral humidity in a nocturnal pollination system
Authors: Dahake Ajinkya , Jain Piyush , Vogt Caleb C. , Kandalaft William , Stroock Abraham D. , Raguso Robert A.
Published: December 2022

Previous studies have considered floral humidity to be an inadvertent consequence of nectar evaporation, which could be exploited as a cue by nectar-seeking pollinators. By contrast, our interdisciplinary study of a night-blooming flower,Datura wrightii, and its hawkmoth pollinator,Manduca sexta, reveals that floral relative humidity acts as a mutually beneficial signal in this system. The distinction between cue- and signal-based functions is illustrated by three experimental findings. First, floral humidity gradients inDaturaare nearly ten-fold greater than those reported for other species, and result from active (stomatal conductance) rather than passive (nectar evaporation) processes. These humidity gradients are sustained in the face of wind and are reconstituted within seconds of moth visitation, implying substantial physiological costs to these desert plants. Second, the water balance costs inDaturaare compensated through increased visitation byManducamoths, with concomitant increases in pollen export. We show that moths are innately attracted to humid flowers, even when floral humidity and nectar rewards are experimentally decoupled. Moreover, moths can track minute changes in humidity via antennal hygrosensory sensilla but fail to do so when these sensilla are experimentally occluded. Third, their preference for humid flowers benefits hawkmoths by reducing the energetic costs of flower handling during nectar foraging. Taken together, these findings suggest that floral humidity may function as a signal mediating the final stages of floral choice by hawkmoths, complementing the attractive functions of visual and olfactory signals beyond the floral threshold in this nocturnal plant-pollinator system.
Quartz-bearing rhyolitic melts in the Earth’s mantle
Authors: Dallai Luigi , Bianchini Gianluca , Avanzinelli Riccardo , Deloule Etienne , Natali Claudio , Gaeta Mario , Cavallo Andrea , Conticelli Sandro
Published: December 2022

The occurrence of rhyolite melts in the mantle has been predicted by high pressure-high temperature experiments but never observed in nature. Here we report natural quartz-bearing rhyolitic melt inclusions and interstitial glass within peridotite xenoliths. The oxygen isotope composition of quartz crystals shows the unequivocal continental crustal derivation of these melts, which approximate the minimum composition in the quartz-albite-orthoclase system. Thermodynamic modelling suggests rhyolite was originated from partial melting of near-anhydrous garnet-bearing metapelites at temperatures ~1000 °C and interacted with peridotite at pressure ~1 GPa. Reaction of rhyolite with olivine converted lherzolite rocks into orthopyroxene-domains and orthopyroxene + plagioclase veins. The recognition of rhyolitic melts in the mantle provides direct evidence for element cycling through earth’s reservoirs, accommodated by dehydration and melting of crustal material, brought into the mantle by subduction, chemically modifying the mantle source, and ultimately returning to surface by arc magmatism.
Magnesium hexacyanoferrate nanocatalysts attenuate chemodrug-induced cardiotoxicity through an anti-apoptosis mechanism driven by modulation of ferrous iron
Authors: Huo Minfeng , Tang Zhimin , Wang Liying , Zhang Linlin , Guo Haiyan , Chen Yu , Gu Ping , Shi Jianlin
Published: December 2022

Distressing and lethal cardiotoxicity is one of the major severe side effects of using anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin for cancer chemotherapy. The currently available strategy to counteract these side effects relies on the administration of cardioprotective agents such as Dexrazoxane, which unfortunately has unsatisfactory efficacy and produces secondary myelosuppression. In the present work, aiming to target the characteristic ferrous iron overload in the doxorubicin-contaminated cardiac microenvironment, a biocompatible nanomedicine prepared by the polyvinylpyrrolidone-directed assembly of magnesium hexacyanoferrate nanocatalysts is designed and constructed for highly efficient intracellular ferrous ion capture and antioxidation. The synthesized magnesium hexacyanoferrate nanocatalysts display prominent superoxide radical dismutation and catalytic H2O2 decomposition activities to eliminate cytotoxic radical species. Excellent in vitro and in vivo cardioprotection from these magnesium hexacyanoferrate nanocatalysts are demonstrated, and the underlying intracellular ferrous ion traffic regulation mechanism has been explored in detail. The marked cardioprotective effect and biocompatibility render these magnesium hexacyanoferrate nanocatalysts to be highly promising and clinically transformable cardioprotective agents that can be employed during cancer treatment.
Serotonin regulation of behavior via large-scale neuromodulation of serotonin receptor networks
Authors: Salvan Piergiorgio , Fonseca Madalena , Winkler Anderson M. , Beauchamp Antoine , Lerch Jason P. , Johansen-Berg Heidi
Published: December 2022

Although we understand how serotonin receptors function at the single-cell level, what role different serotonin receptors play in regulating brain-wide activity and, in turn, human behavior, remains unknown. Here, we developed transcriptomic–neuroimaging mapping to characterize brain-wide functional signatures associated with specific serotonin receptors: serotonin receptor networks (SRNs). Probing SRNs with optogenetics–functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pharmacology in mice, we show that activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons differentially modulates the amplitude and functional connectivity of different SRNs, showing that receptors’ spatial distributions can confer specificity not only at the local, but also at the brain-wide, network level. In humans, using resting-state functional MRI, SRNs replicate established divisions of serotonin effects on impulsivity and negative biases. These results provide compelling evidence that heterogeneous brain-wide distributions of different serotonin receptor types may underpin behaviorally distinct modes of serotonin regulation. This suggests that serotonin neurons may regulate multiple aspects of human behavior via modulation of large-scale receptor networks.
Development of a newly immunoassay specific for mouse presepsin (sCD14-ST)
Authors: Takahashi Gaku , Hoshikawa Kouichi , Suzuki Rioto , Sato Kotaro , Hoshi Shintaro , Yoshinao Daisuke , Shirakawa Kamon
Published: December 2022

Presepsin (sCD14-ST) is used as a marker for sepsis diagnosis. The production mechanism of presepsin is unique in that it is produced through phagocytosis of microorganisms. However, some studies have demonstrated that non-infected patients had increased presepsin levels and that presepsin is related to the risk or severity of diseases. This study was designed to describe a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for mouse presepsin developed to investigate the association of presepsin with diseases. Polyclonal antibodies were generated from peptide-immunized rabbit antiserum. Mouse presepsin standard was prepared using the recombinant method as an Fc-fusion protein. The linear detection range of the method was 4.7–300 pg/mL with a detection limit of 1.4 pg/mL. The assay detected mouse presepsin where mouse soluble CD14 (sCD14) was digested by cathepsin D proteinase and the cross-reactivity of sCD14 was not observed. The normal levels of mouse presepsin and sCD14 were compared; 65.9 ± 21.4 pg/mL and 43.2 ± 7.2 ng/mL were determined, respectively. Moreover, the levels of presepsin and sCD14 were compared with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected sepsis mouse model. The newly developed analytical method had high specificity to presepsin and is an efficient tool for studying the association between presepsin and diseases.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping using plug-and-play alternating direction method of multipliers
Authors: Kamesh Iyer Srikant , Moon Brianna F. , Josselyn Nicholas , Kurtz Robert M. , Song Jae W. , Ware Jeffrey B. , Nabavizadeh S. Ali , Witschey Walter R.
Published: December 2022

Quantitative susceptibility mapping employs regularization to reduce artifacts, yet many recent denoisers are unavailable for reconstruction. We developed a plug-and-play approach to QSM reconstruction (PnP QSM) and show its flexibility using several patch-based denoisers. We developed PnP QSM using alternating direction method of multiplier framework and applied collaborative filtering denoisers. We apply the technique to the 2016 QSM Challenge and in 10 glioblastoma multiforme datasets. We compared its performance with four published QSM techniques and a multi-orientation QSM method. We analyzed magnetic susceptibility accuracy using brain region-of-interest measurements, and image quality using global error metrics. Reconstructions on glioblastoma data were analyzed using ranked and semiquantitative image grading by three neuroradiologist observers to assess image quality (IQ) and sharpness (IS). PnP-BM4D QSM showed good correlation (β = 0.84, R2 = 0.98, p < 0.05) with COSMOS and no significant bias (bias = 0.007 ± 0.012). PnP-BM4D QSM achieved excellent quality when assessed using structural similarity index metric (SSIM = 0.860), high frequency error norm (HFEN = 58.5), cross correlation (CC = 0.804), and mutual information (MI = 0.475) and also maintained good conspicuity of fine features. In glioblastoma datasets, PnP-BM4D QSM showed higher performance (IQGrade = 2.4 ± 0.4, ISGrade = 2.7 ± 0.3, IQRank = 3.7 ± 0.3, ISRank = 3.9 ± 0.3) compared to MEDI (IQGrade = 2.1 ± 0.5, ISGrade = 2.1 ± 0.6, IQRank = 2.4 ± 0.6, ISRank = 2.9 ± 0.2) and FANSI-TGV (IQGrade = 2.2 ± 0.6, ISGrade = 2.1 ± 0.6, IQRank = 2.7 ± 0.3, ISRank = 2.2 ± 0.2). We illustrated the modularity of PnP QSM by interchanging two additional patch-based denoisers. PnP QSM reconstruction was feasible, and its flexibility was shown using several patch-based denoisers. This technique may allow rapid prototyping and validation of new denoisers for QSM reconstruction for an array of useful clinical applications.
On the robustness of gender differences in economic behavior
Authors: Fornwagner Helena , Grosskopf Brit , Lauf Alexander , Schöller Vanessa , Städter Silvio
Published: December 2022

Because of the importance of economic decisions, researchers have looked into what factors influence them. Gender has received a lot of attention for explaining differences in behavior. But how much can be associated with gender, and how much with an individual’s biological sex? We run an experimental online study with cis- and transgender participants that (1) looks into correlational differences between gender and sex for competitiveness, risk-taking, and altruism by comparing decisions across these different subject groups. (2) we prime participants with either a masculine or feminine gender identity to examine causal gender effects on behavior. We hypothesize that if gender is indeed a primary factor for decision-making, (i) individuals of the same gender (but different sex) make similar decisions, and (ii) gender priming changes behavior. Based on 780 observations, we conclude that the role of gender (and sex) is not as decisive for economic behavior as originally thought.
B-value variations in the Central Chile seismic gap assessed by a Bayesian transdimensional approach
Authors: Morales-Yáñez Catalina , Bustamante Luis , Benavente Roberto , Sippl Christian , Moreno Marcos
Published: December 2022

The b-value can be used to characterize the seismic activity for a given earthquake catalog and provide information on the stress level accumulated at active faults. Here we develop an algorithm to objectively estimate variations of b-value along one arbitrary dimension. To this end, we employ a Bayesian transdimensional approach where the seismic domains will be self-defined according to information in the seismic catalog. This makes it unnecessary to prescribe the location and extent of domains, as it is commonly done. We first show the algorithm’s robustness by performing regressions from synthetic catalogs, recovering the target models with great accuracy. We also apply the algorithm to a microseismicity catalog for the Central Chile region. This segment is considered a seismic gap where the last major earthquake with shallow slip was in 1730. Our results illuminate the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone and the transition to intraslab seismicity. In the along-strike direction, low b-value coincides with the extent of locked asperities, suggesting a high-stress loading at the Central Chile seismic gap. Our results indicate the reliability of the Bayesian transdimensional method for capturing robust b-value variations, allowing us to characterize the mechanical behavior on the plate interface of subduction zones.