bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Four Pimarane Diterpenes from Marine Fungus: Chloroform Incorporated in Crystal Lattice for Absolute Configuration Analysis by X‐Ray
Authors: Yoshida Sanae , Kito Keijiro , Ooi Takashi , Kanoh Kaneo , Shizuri Yoshikazu , Kusumi Takenori
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocalpin A, a Bioactive Cyclic Depsipeptide from the Antarctic Lichen Stereocaulon alpinum.
Authors: Seo Changon , Yim Joung Han , Lee Hong Kum , Park Seong Min , Sohn Jae‐Hak , Oh Hyuncheol
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Divergent Route to 3‐Amino‐2,3,6‐trideoxysugars Including Branched Sugar: Synthesis of Vancosamine (Xb), Daunosamine (Xa), Saccharosamine (VIIIb), and Ristosamine (VIIIa).
Authors: Doi Takayuki , Shibata Kazuaki , Kinbara Atsushi , Takahashi Takashi
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Platelet‐Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Binding Antagonists from Alpinia officinarum.
Authors: Fan Gao‐jun , Kang Young‐Hwa , Han Yong Nam , Han Byung Hoon
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Two‐Step Synthesis of Avenanthramides, Constituents of Oats (Avena sativa L).
Authors: Kamat Shrivallabh P. , Parab Sulaksha J.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Proton‐Conducting Films of Nanoscale Ribbons Formed by Exfoliation of the Layer Perovskite H2SrTa2O7.
Authors: Schottenfeld Joshua A. , Kobayashi Yoji , Wang Jinguo , Macdonald Digby D. , Mallouk Thomas E.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards a Molecular Understanding of Shape Selectivity
Authors: Smit Berend , Maesen Theo L. M.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Films of Heusler Alloys
Authors: Dubowik J. , Goscianska I. , Szlaferek A. , Kudryavtsev Y. V.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electric and Magnetic Properties in High‐TC Ferromagnetism on (Ga,Mn)N and Related DMS Materials
Authors: Hori Hidenobu , Sonoda Saki , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Kindo Koichi
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Recognition and Templation in Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Vilar Ramon
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoboron Reagents in the Preparation of Functionalized α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Kaiser Peter F. , Churches Quentin I. , Hutton Craig A.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reduction of Carbonyl and Epoxy Compounds Using Aluminum, Boron and Other Metal Reagents. Comparison of Reducing Characteristics Between the Meerwein—Ponndorf—Verley Type Reduction and Metal Complex Hydrides Reduction: A Review
Authors: Cha Jin Soon
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Total Synthesis of Marine Polycyclic Ethers
Authors: Sasaki Makoto
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Organometallic Synthesis Utilizing Diorganoiodine(III) Reagents
Authors: Canty Allan J. , Rodemann Thomas , Ryan John H.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: B—N versus C—C: How Similar Are They?
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Marder Todd B.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Activation by Unsaturated Mixed‐Metal Cluster Complexes: New Directions
Authors: Adams Richard D. , Captain Burjor
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Practice of Pharmaceutical Care Based on a Clinical Pharmaceutical Research in a Community Pharmacy
Authors: Sato Hiroki , Maruyama Toru
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Moderne und innovative Messmethoden zur laseroptischen Maschinenvermessung und Maschinendiagnose
Authors: Strack V.
Published: March 2008

Zustandsorientierte Instandhaltung

Maximale Anlagenverfügbarkeit

Prozessoptimierung

Produktionssicherung
Curing Kinetics and Thermal Stability of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol‐A Using Mixtures of Heterocyclic Derivatives of Stannanes and 4,4′‐Diaminodiphenylsulfone
Authors: SINGH Vikram , DEEP Gagan , NARULA Anudeep Kumar
Published: March 2008

Curing kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) in the presence of varying molar ratios of derivatives of stannanes to 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) was investigated by the dynamic differential scanning calorimetry. The derivatives were synthesized by reacting 1 mole of biguanide (B) with 1 mole of phenylethyltindihydride (PETH) or phenylmethyltindihydride (PMTH) or phenylbutyltindihydride (PBTH) and designated as BPETH or BPMTH or BPBTH respectively. These derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 119Sn NMR. The mixtures of these derivatives to DDS at ratios of 0:1, 0.25:0.75, 0.5:0.5, 0.75:0.25 and 1:0 were used to investigate the curing behaviour of DGEBA. The multiple heating rate method (5, 10, and 15 and 20 °C·min−1) was used to study the curing kinetics of epoxy resins. The thermal stability of the isothermally cured resins was also evaluated using dynamic thermogravimetry in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Ceramic Filter Balls Loaded withα‐Fe2O3and Their Application to NH3‐N Wastewater Treatment
Authors: FANG Ji‐Min , WANG Zhi‐Quan , GONG Wen‐Qi , YANG Hong‐Gang , MENG Ya‐Wen , ZHANG Xiao‐Zhen
Published: March 2008

Hydrolysis reaction of Fe(NO3)3at a high temperature in the presence of urea as the homogeneous precipitant was studied. With the prepared ceramic filter balls loaded withα‐Fe2O3after high temperature calcination, the loading ofα‐Fe2O3on the porous ceramic filter balls from Fe(NO3)3solutions of different concentrations and mechanical stability of the loadedα‐Fe2O3were studied. The product was characterized using XRD and SEM. Adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the product in adsorbing NH3‐N. It turned out that the specific surface area of the ceramic filter balls loaded withα‐Fe2O3had increased to 36.5387 m2/g from original 4.6127 m2/g. When the concentration of Fe(NO3)3was 0.40 mol/L, the loading ofα‐Fe2O3on the ceramic filter balls accounted for 8.4% of the total mass of the adsorbent andα‐Fe2O3was adsorbed on the filter balls very well. The adsorption isotherm of NH3‐N on the ceramic filter ball adsorbent loaded withα‐Fe2O3was of Langmuir type. The saturated adsorption capacity was 3.33 mg/L, and the adsorption constantKwas 0.1873. NH3‐N was adsorbed byα‐Fe2O3more easily, which was a kind of specific adsorption.
Preparation and Characterization of Polycarbonate Modified Multiple‐walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: YU Jin‐Gang , HUANG Ke‐Long , LIU Su‐Qin , TANG Jin‐Chun
Published: March 2008

To prepare polymer/carbon nanotube composites, polycarbonate was chosen to modify multiple‐walled carbon nanotubes. Poly[(propylene oxide)‐(carbon dioxide)‐(ε‐caprolactone)], poly(butylene‐co‐ε‐caprolactone carbonate), and poly[(propylene oxide)‐co‐(carbon dioxide)‐co‐(maleic anhydride)] were the polycarbonates which were used to modify multiple‐walled carbon nanotubes, but only soluble poly[(propylene oxide)‐(carbon dioxide)‐(ε‐caprolactone)] modified multiple‐walled carbon nanotubes could be obtained. Thermogravimetric analysis clearly indicated that more polycarbonates were attached to soluble poly[(propylene oxide)‐(carbon dioxide)‐(ε‐caprolactone)] modified multiple‐walled carbon nanotubes. The formation of surface functional groups and changes of nanotube structures and morphology were monitored by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Because of their solubility and bioactive moieties, poly[(propylene oxide)‐(carbon dioxide)‐(ε‐caprolactone)] modified multiple‐walled carbon nanotubes may find their potential use in drug delivery.
Extra Copper‐mediated Enhancement of the DNA Cleavage Activity Supported with Wild‐type Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: ZHOU Ruo‐Yu , JIANG Wei , ZHANG Li‐Na , WANG Li , LIU Chang‐Lin
Published: March 2008

It is well known that the primary function of wild type Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (holo SOD) is to catalyze the conversion of the superoxide anion to H2O2 and O2 as an antioxidant enzyme. However, the aberrant copper‐mediated oxidation chemistry in the enzyme (including its mutation forms) that damages nucleic acids, proteins including itself and cell membrane has attracted extensive attention in the past decade. The present study examined the hydrogen peroxide‐dependent DNA cleavage activity supported with the combinations between holo SOD and extra copper (holo SOD+nCu(II)). The results indicate that the presence of extra copper can enhance the DNA cleavage activity and a cooperative effect between holo SOD and the extra Cu(II) occurs in DNA cleavage. The relative activity and kinetic assay showed that the DNA cleavage activity of holo SOD+nCu(II) was enhanced upon addition of extra Cu(II). The favorable pH regions for the DNA cleavage were observed to be 3.6–5.6 and 9.0–10, suggesting the species responsible for the DNA cleavage are different in different pH regions. In addition, to obtain an insight into DNA cleavage pathways, the effect of free radical scavengers and inhibitors on the DNA cleavage activity was probed.
Direct Ab Initio Dynamics Study on the Reaction of CH3CHF2 (HFC‐152a) with the Cl Atom
Authors: Sun Hao , He Hongqing , Liu Jingyao , Li Zesheng , Pan Xiumei , Wang Rongshun
Published: March 2008

A direct ab initio dynamics method is used to investigate the hydrogen‐abstraction reaction CH3CHF2+Cl. One transition state is located for α‐H abstraction, and two are identified for β‐H abstraction. The potential‐energy surface (PES) is obtained at the G3(MP2)//MP2/6‐311G(d, p) level. Furthermore, the rate constants of the three channels are evaluated by using canonical variational transition‐state theory (CVT) with small‐curvature tunneling (SCT) contributions over a wide temperature range of 200–2500 K. The dynamic calculations show that the reaction proceeds mainly by α‐H abstraction over the whole temperature range. The calculated rate constants and branching ratios are both in good agreement with the available experimental values.
Photofragmentation of 2‐Deoxy‐D‐Ribose Molecules in the Gas Phase
Authors: Vall‐llosera Gemma , Huels Michael A. , Coreno Marcello , Kivimäki Antti , Jakubowska Katarzyna , Stankiewicz Marek , Rachlew Elisabeth
Published: March 2008

We have measured the synchrotron‐induced photofragmentation of isolated 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose molecules (C5H10O4) at four photon energies, namely, 23.0, 15.7, 14.6, and 13.8 eV. At all photon energies above the molecule′s ionization threshold we observe the formation of a large variety of molecular cation fragments, including CH3+, OH+, H3O+, C2H3+, C2H4+, CHxO+ (x=1,2,3), C2HxO+ (x=1–5), C3HxO+ (x=3–5), C2H4O2+, C3HxO2+ (x=1,2,4–6), C4H5O2+, C4HxO3+ (x=6,7), C5H7O3+, and C5H8O3+. The formation of these fragments shows a strong propensity of the DNA sugar to dissociate upon absorption of vacuum ultraviolet photons. The yields of particular fragments at various excitation photon energies in the range between 10 and 28 eV are also measured and their appearance thresholds determined. At all photon energies, the most intense relative yield is recorded for the m/q=57 fragment (C3H5O+), whereas a general intensity decrease is observed for all other fragments— relative to the m/q=57 fragment—with decreasing excitation energy. Thus, bond cleavage depends on the photon energy deposited in the molecule. All fragments up to m/q=75 are observed at all photon energies above their respective threshold values. Most notably, several fragmentation products, for example, CH3+, H3O+, C2H4+, CH3O+, and C2H5O+, involve significant bond rearrangements and nuclear motion during the dissociation time. Multibond fragmentation of the sugar moiety in the sugar–phosphate backbone of DNA results in complex strand lesions and, most likely, in subsequent reactions of the neutral or charged fragments with the surrounding DNA molecules.
Behavior of LiOH·H2O crystals obtained by evaporation and by drowning out
Authors: Graber T. A. , Morales J. W. , Robles P. A. , Galleguillos H. R. , Taboada M. E.
Published: March 2008

In the present work, the behavior of crystals derived from two different crystallization methods applied in a concentrated aqueous lithium salt solution was studied. The LiOH·H2O crystals obtained by a simple evaporation (Crystal I) differed in terms of morphology and solubility from those precipitated from lithium hydroxide solutions by addition of ethanol as a co‐solvent (Crystal II). Solubility of Crystal II at different temperatures (15 to 35°C) and mass ratios of ethanol to water (0 to 0.1) was determined. Polymorphic like behavior of these crystals was evidenced from X‐ray diffraction patterns. Measurement of density, refractive index, absolute viscosity and electrical conductivity of saturated solutions are reported. A thermodynamic analysis in terms of the Chen model for the calculation of activity coefficients, indicate that the polymorphic system in water and in water + ethanol (ethanol/water ratio 0.1) is enantiotropic. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, crystal growth and properties of the charge transfer complex adduct of 2‐nitro aniline with picric acid – An organic non‐linear optical material
Authors: Bharathikannan R. , Chandramohan A. , Kandhaswamy M. A. , Chandrasekaran J. , Renganathan R. , Kandavelu V.
Published: March 2008

The organic NLO material 2‐nitro aniline and picric acid (2NAP) was synthesized, needle shaped single crystals of dimension 10 × 1 × 0.8 mm‐3 were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique from the saturated solution of the title compound in chloroform at ambient temperature. The material was characterized through elemental analysis, powder XRD, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR techniques. The various planes of reflection have been identified from the XRD powder pattern. The formation of the charge transfer complex was confirmed by UV‐VIS spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the crystals was investigated using TG/DTA analyses techniques. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the material was estimated using Nd: YAG laser as source. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of rhombohedral strontium carbonate aggregates at the water/hexamethylene interface with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
Authors: Chen Long , Shen Yuhua , Xie Anjian , Huang Fangzhi , Li Shikuo , Zhang Qingfeng
Published: March 2008

Unusual rhombohedral strontium carbonate (SrCO3) aggregates have been synthesized in situ from strontium nitrate by the slow release of carbon dioxide by alkaline hydrolysis of diethyl carbonate at the water/hexamethylene interface in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffractometry were used to characterize the products. The results indicate that rhombohedral SrCO3 aggregates are obtained with weaker crystallinity and sizes of several micrometers. The possible formation mechanism of the SrCO3 aggregates at the interface is discussed, which can be interpreted by particle‐aggregation based non‐classical crystallization laws. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and properties of Ba‐doped KDP crystals
Authors: Zheng Guozong , Su Genbo , Zhuang Xinxin , Lin Xiuqin , Li Zhengdong
Published: March 2008

KDP crystals were rapidly grown from solution doped with different Ba2+ concentrations. The effects of Ba2+ on the growth rate, morphology and quality of KDP crystals were discussed. Significant changes in shapes and volume of the grown crystals have been observed. During the growth process, defect region expands gradually with the increasing Ba2+ concentration. Samples were cut from different parts of the as‐grown crystals for investigating the optical quality, including transmission spectrum, scattering centers. Through comparison, it is found that the nonuniform distribution of Ba2+ ions causes remarkable difference in optical quality between prismatic and pyramidal sectors. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bifunctional Metal‐Salen Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Fixation of CO2 with Epoxides under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Miao Cheng‐Xia , Wang Jin‐Quan , Wu Ying , Du Ya , He Liang‐Nian
Published: March 2008

A bifunctional cobalt‐salen complex containing a Lewis acidic metal center and a quaternary phosphonium salt unit anchored on the ligand effectively catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides under mild conditions without the utilization of additional organic solvents or co‐catalysts. The effects of various reaction variables on the catalytic performance were studied in detail and indicate an optimized reaction temperature of about 100 °C and CO2 pressure of around 4 MPa, although the reaction proceeds smoothly even at pressures as low as 2 MPa. The catalyst is applicable to a variety of epoxides, producing the corresponding cyclic carbonates in good yields in most cases. Furthermore, the catalyst can be easily recovered and reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. This process thus represents a greener pathway for the environmentally benign chemical fixation of CO2 to produce cyclic carbonates.
Analysis of Particle Pumping Using SOLDOR/NEUT2D Code in the JT‐60U Tokamak
Authors: Kawashima H. , Shimizu K. , Takizuka T.
Published: March 2008

In order to understand the particle pumping on JT‐60U, we analyze the roles of atomic and molecular processes using SOLDOR/NEUT2D code. A case of short strike point distance shows that most of neutrals produced on the targets go toward the exhaust slot directly. Whereas, neutrals are scattered in the spherically at random for the long distance case by collision processes and a few of them go toward the slot. It is clarified that the incident neutrals to the slot at low ne /high Te divertor plasma condition are dominated by atoms. Those at high ne /low Te condition are dominated by molecules due to elastic collision. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zebrafish sip1a and sip1b are essential for normal axial and neural patterning
Authors: Delalande Jean‐Marie , Guyote Meaghann E. , Smith Chelsey M. , Shepherd Iain T.
Published: March 2008

Smad‐interacting protein‐1 (SIP1) has been implicated in the development of Mowat‐Wilson syndrome whose patients exhibit Hirschsprung disease, an aganglionosis of the large intestine, as well as other phenotypes. We have identified and cloned two sip1 orthologues in zebrafish. Both sip1 orthologues are expressed maternally and have dynamic zygotic expression patterns that are temporally and spatially distinct. We have investigated the function of both orthologues using translation and splice‐blocking morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. Knockdown of the orthologues causes axial and neural patterning defects consistent with the previously described function of SIP1 as an inhibitor of BMP signaling. In addition, knockdown of both genes leads to a significant reduction/loss of the post‐otic cranial neural crest. This results in a subsequent absence of neural crest precursors in the posterior pharyngeal arches and a loss of enteric precursors in the intestine. Developmental Dynamics 237:1060–1069, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
psoriasis regulates epidermal development in zebrafish
Authors: Webb Ashley E. , Driever Wolfgang , Kimelman David
Published: March 2008

The zebrafish epidermis completely envelopes the embryo by 14 hours postfertilization, providing an essential barrier between the internal organs and the environment. As the embryo increases in size, keratinocytes in the epidermis must proliferate and differentiate to form the three epidermal layers present in the adult. The mechanisms controlling growth, differentiation, and maintenance of the fish epidermis are mostly unknown. Here, we describe psoriasis, an epidermal mutant that exhibits widespread overproliferation of the epidermis at 3 days postfertilization and a defect in keratinocyte differentiation. Based on mosaic analysis, we show that psoriasis acts non–cell‐autonomously, suggesting that psoriasis encodes a secreted factor. Our analysis of the psoriasis mutant indicates that keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation are tightly regulated to maintain a cohesive epidermal sheet around the embryo and that disruptions in these processes result in the formation of epidermal aggregates. Developmental Dynamics 237:1153–1164, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BetaA, the major beta globin in definitive red blood cells, is present from the onset of primitive erythropoiesis in chicken
Authors: Alev Cantas , McIntyre Brendan A.S. , Nagai Hiroki , Shin Masahiro , Shinmyozu Kaori , Jakt Lars M. , Sheng Guojun
Published: March 2008

Reflecting physiological changes in oxygen acquisition and regulatory changes in globin transcription, the makeup of globin chains in erythrocytes varies in development and disease. The relationship between the globin chain composition and erythropoietic lineages/niches is not well‐understood. Using a combination of proteomic‐, genomic‐, and intron‐based in situ hybridization analyses, we show that the transcripts and protein product of the major adult beta globin, betaA, are present as early as the major embryonic beta globins during chicken primitive erythropoiesis. A rapid rise in betaA percentage is seen from embryonic day (E) 5, reaching adult profile by E7. Our data suggest that betaA locus is active from the onset of primitive erythropoiesis and that beta globin switching during development may reflect a change in relative transcript abundance rather than a strict on/off switch in gene activation. Developmental Dynamics 237:1193–1197, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendritic cell expression of the Notch ligand jagged2 is not essential for Th2 response induction in vivo
Authors: Worsley Alan G. F. , LeibundGut‐Landmann Salome , Slack Emma , Phng Li‐Kun , Gerhardt Holger , Sousa Caetano Reis e , MacDonald Andrew S.
Published: March 2008

We have addressed the hypothesis that Notch ligands play a decisive role in determining the ability of antigen‐presenting cells to influence T cell polarization. Dendritic cells displayed distinct expression profiles of Delta and Jagged ligands for Notch when exposed to biologically relevant pathogen preparations associated with Th1 or Th2 responses. Expression of delta4 was increased, and jagged2 decreased, after dendritic cell exposure to the Th1‐promoting bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. In contrast, soluble egg antigen (SEA) from the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni, a potent Th2 inducer, failed to significantly alter dendritic cell expression of any of the Notch ligands measured. Irrespective of this, jagged2‐deficient dendritic cells were severely impaired in their ability to instruct Th2 polarization of naive T cells in vitro. However, the ability of SEA‐pulsed jagged2‐deficient dendritic cells to induce a Th2 response in vivo was unimpaired relative to jagged2‐sufficient dendritic cells. Further, jagged2‐deficient dendritic cells activated by P. acnes exhibited no evidence of enhanced (or impaired) Th1 induction in vivo. These data suggest that, although involved in Th2 direction in vitro, jagged2 is not fundamentally required for Th2 induction by SEA‐activated dendritic cells in vivo.
Sequential phases in the development of Aire‐expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells involve distinct cellular input
Authors: White Andrea J. , Withers David R. , Parnell Sonia M. , Scott Hamish S. , Finke Daniela , Lane Peter J. L. , Jenkinson Eric J. , Anderson Graham
Published: March 2008

Intrathymic deletion of immature thymocytes that express self‐reactive TCR specificities is essential in the generation of self tolerance. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) expressing the transcriptional regulator Aire play a key role in this process by regulating expression of tissue‐restricted antigens to ensure tolerance to peripheral tissues. Here, we have analysed the cellular and molecular requirements for the initial appearance of Aire+ mTEC in the embryonic thymus, in addition to their persistence in the adult thymus. Analysis of thymic ontogeny shows that the emergence of embryonic Aire+ mTEC occurs prior to the appearance of mature thymocytes, and depends upon lymphoid tissue inducer cells expressing retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor γ. In the adult thymus, we show that Aire+ mTEC develop in the absence of thymocyte positive and negative selection and CD40 signalling, but are present at reduced frequency. Collectively these data support a model where the initial differentiation of Aire+ mTEC involves receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK)‐RANKL interactions with lymphoid tissue inducer cells, with subsequent mTEC turnover and/or survival involving CD40‐mediated signalling following interactions with mature CD4+ thymocytes that express CD40L.
United we win, divided we fail? Effects of cognitive merger representations and performance feedback on merging groups
Authors: Giessner Steffen R. , Mummendey Amélie
Published: March 2008

Research has shown that cognitive representations of mergers influence intergroup evaluations. This paper extends this research by studying how cognitive representations of mergers (one group, dual identity, and two groups) interact with performance feedback (success and failure) to affect intergroup evaluations. Two competing hypotheses were tested, which made different predictions in case of superordinate group salience combined with subgroup salience after merger failure: The subgroup‐salience‐hypothesis predicts that subgroup salience during a merger generally results in pre‐merger ingroup bias toward the pre‐merger outgroup (i.e., two groups and dual identity). The superordinate‐ salience‐hypothesis predicts that subgroup salience only results in pre‐merger ingroup bias if superordinate group salience is low (i.e., two groups). Both hypotheses predict low levels of ingroup bias after merger success. Study 1 confirmed the second hypothesis using a 3 (merger representation: one group, dual identity, and two groups) × 2 (merger feedback: failure and success) design with interacting groups. Study 2 replicated the results in an adapted minimal group paradigm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of carbonyl‐modified proteins in interfibrillar rat mitochondria using N′‐aminooxymethylcarbonylhydrazino‐D‐biotin as an aldehyde/keto‐reactive probe in combination with Western blot analysis and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chung Woon‐Gye , Miranda Cristobal L. , Maier Claudia S.
Published: March 2008

There is now a large body of supporting data available that links oxidative modifications of proteins to a large number of diseases, degenerative disorders and aging. However, the detailed analysis of oxidative protein modifications remains challenging. Here, we report a new efficient method for identification of oxidatively modified proteins in complex biological samples which is based on the use of an aldehyde‐reactive probe, N′‐aminooxymethylcarbonylhydrazino‐D‐biotin (ARP), in combination with Western‐type analyses and MS. The biotinylated hydroxylamine derivative forms a chemically stable oxime derivative with the aldehyde/keto group found in carbonyl‐modified proteins. The biotin tag is detected by avidin affinity staining. ARP‐positive proteins are subsequently subjected to in‐gel trypsinization and MS/MS for protein identification. We demonstrate the usefulness of the method for the analysis of protein extracts obtained from interfibrillar heart mitochondria (IFM) from young and old rats. In this study, we identified as putative major protein targets of oxidative modifications the mitochondrial matrix protein, aconitase, the inner mitochondrial membrane protein, ADP/ATP translocase, and constituents of the electron transport chain complexes IV and V. An age‐related increase of carbonyl levels was found for aconitase and ATP synthase.
Numerical experiments with several variant WENO schemes for the Euler equations
Authors: Hsieh Tsang‐Jen , Wang Ching‐Hua , Yang Jaw‐Yen
Published: March 2008

Numerical experiments with several variants of the original weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes (J. Comput. Phys. 1996; 126:202–228) including anti‐diffusive flux corrections, the mapped WENO scheme, and modified smoothness indicator are tested for the Euler equations. The TVD Runge–Kutta explicit time‐integrating scheme is adopted for unsteady flow computations and lower–upper symmetric‐Gauss–Seidel (LU‐SGS) implicit method is employed for the computation of steady‐state solutions. A numerical flux of the variant WENO scheme in flux limiter form is presented, which consists of first‐order and high‐order fluxes and allows for a more flexible choice of low‐order schemes. Computations of unsteady oblique shock wave diffraction over a wedge and steady transonic flows over NACA 0012 and RAE 2822 airfoils are presented to test and compare the methods. Various aspects of the variant WENO methods including contact discontinuity sharpening and steady‐state convergence rate are examined. By using the WENO scheme with anti‐diffusive flux corrections, the present solutions indicate that good convergence rate can be achieved and high‐order accuracy is maintained and contact discontinuities are sharpened markedly as compared with the original WENO schemes on the same meshes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting volatility with noisy jumps: an application to the Dow Jones Industrial Average stocks
Authors: Awartani Basel M. A.
Published: March 2008

Empirical high‐frequency data can be used to separate the continuous and the jump components of realized volatility. This may improve on the accuracy of out‐of‐sample realized volatility forecasts. A further improvement may be realized by disentangling the two components using a sampling frequency at which the market microstructure effect is negligible, and this is the objective of the paper. In particular, a significant improvement in the accuracy of volatility forecasts is obtained by deriving the jump information from time intervals at which the noise effect is weak. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimised Mixture Formation for Diesel Fuel Processing
Authors: Porš Z. , Pasel J. , Tschauder A. , Dahl R. , Peters R. , Stolten D.
Published: March 2008

Mixture formation plays an important role in the diesel reforming process. It is important to maintain proper O2/C and H2O/C ratios to avoid hot spots and coking. Fuel must be completely evaporated before entering the reaction zone in order to prevent catalyst damage by coking.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to optimise the mixing process. Turbulent mixing, diesel spray injections and evaporation and simplified chemical reactions have been calculated. This revealed critical parts of the existing construction. However, experimental verification is necessary.

To identify thermodynamic conditions for a possible carbon formation process, experiments with idealised model fuels as well as with real diesel fuel were carried out.

Flow visualisation experiments serve for the verification of the CFD simulations. Quartz glass reactors as models of the reformers were operated under real mixing temperatures (400 °C) to observe the effect of the flow profile on fuel sprays. Experiments with coloured fuels were used to visualise the flow and concentration profiles in the mixing chamber. Results were compared with CFD models.

Two patented reformers were designed as a result of the CFD optimisation. These were operated for 500 h and 1,000 h respectively with a commercially available diesel, showing very promising results.
Cytotoxic Terpenoids from Turraea pubescens
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Ning , Fan Cheng‐Qi , Yin Sheng , Lin Li‐Ping , Ding Jian , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: March 2008

Three new triterpenoids, turrapubesols A–C (1–3), and one new sesquiterpenoid, 1α,4α‐dihydroxyeudesman‐11‐ene (4), along with 12 known terpenoids were isolated from Turraea pubescens. The structures of the terpenoids were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by a chemical transformation. The previous assignment of the NMR data for guaidiol (5) was corrected. Some of the triterpenoids exhibited cytotoxicity against the P‐388 cell line.
Two New Polyoxygenated Triterpenoids from Actinidia valvata
Authors: Xin Hai‐Liang , Yue Xiao‐Qiang , Xu Yan‐Feng , Wu Ying‐Chun , Zhang Ya‐Ni , Wang Yong‐Zi , Ling Chang‐Quan
Published: March 2008

Two new polyoxygenated triterpenoids, (2β,3α,6α)‐2,3,6,20,23,30‐hexahydroxyurs‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid (1) and (2β,3α)‐2,3,20,23,24,30‐hexahydroxyurs‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (2) were isolated from the roots of Actinidia valvata Dunn. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic studies. Both compounds showed moderate cytotoxic activity in vitro against the BEL‐7402 and SMMC‐7721 tumor cell lines.
Placebo response to caffeine improves reaction time performance in sleepy people
Authors: Anderson Clare , Horne James A.
Published: March 2008

Caffeine is the most widely used stimulant to counteract sleepiness. However, little is known about any placebo effect of caffeine in sleepy people and the effect of suggestibility. Over a 95 min test period, and in a counterbalanced design, 16 young healthy adults underwent 3 × 30 min sessions at the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), during an early afternoon ‘dip’ enhanced by a prior night's sleep restriction (5 h). On both occasions they were given a cup of a decaffeinated coffee; once when the participant was verbally primed to suggest the coffee was caffeinated (Placebo) and on the other under neutral priming (Control). There were significantly fewer lapses and shorter reaction times following Placebo, for the initial two 30 min sessions, indicating that suggestion about consuming caffeine was effective in improving performance in moderately sleepy people. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pregabalin in the discontinuation of long‐term benzodiazepines' use
Authors: Oulis Panagiotis , Konstantakopoulos George , Kouzoupis Anastasios V. , Masdrakis Vasilios G. , Karakatsanis Nikolaos A. , Karapoulios Evangelos , Kontoangelos Konstantinos A. , Papadimitriou George N.
Published: March 2008

Objective

Tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects on cognitive functions are well‐known consequences of long‐term use of benzodiazepines (BDZ), especially at high doses, raising thorny therapeutic problems in their discontinuation. One promising pharmacological agent in BDZ discontinuation might be the newer anti‐epileptic pregabalin, already successfully tested in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Methods

We report on a sample of 15 patients with long‐term, mostly high‐dose dependence from BDZ, treated with pregabalin in an open‐label study at doses 225–900 mg.

Results

All patients discontinued successfully BDZ in 3–14 weeks, moreover with a significant reduction of their previous anxiety levels under BDZ. In addition, patients showed also a significant amelioration in their cognitive functioning. Pregabalin's side‐effects were mild and transient, lasting only during the first 2 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion

Although preliminary, our findings suggest that pregabalin may be one new promising agent in the treatment of BDZ dependence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a river delta: a case study of Cimanuk river mouth, Indonesia
Authors: Yuanita Nita , Tingsanchali Tawatchai
Published: March 2008

This paper describes delta development processes with particular reference to Cimanuk Delta in Indonesia. Cimanuk river delta, the most rapidly growing river delta in Indonesia, is located on the northern coast of Java Island. The delta is subject to ocean waves of less than 1 m height due to its position in the semi‐enclosed Java Sea in the Indonesian archipelago. The study has been carried out using a hydrodynamic model that accounts for sediment movement through the rivers and estuaries. As an advanced approach to management of river deltas, a numerical model, namely MIKE‐21, is used as a tool in the management of Cimanuk river delta. From calibration and verification of hydrodynamic model, it was found that the best value of bed roughness was 0·1 m. For the sediment‐transport model, the calibration parameters were adjusted to obtain the most satisfactory results of suspended sediment concentration and volume of deposition. By comparing the computed and observed data in the calibration, the best values of critical bed shear stress for deposition, critical bed shear stress for erosion and erosion coefficient were 0·05 N m−2, 0·15 N m−2, and 0·00001 kg m−2 s−1, respectively.

The calibrated model was then used to analyse sensitivity of model parameters and to simulate delta development during the periods 1945–1963 and 1981–1997. It was found that the sensitive model parameters were bed shear stresses for deposition and erosion, while the important model inputs were river suspended sediment concentration, sediment characteristics and hydrodynamic. The model result showed reasonable agreement with the observed data. As evidenced by field data, the mathematical model proves that the Cimanuk river delta is a river‐dominated delta because of its protrusion pattern and very high sediment loads from the Cimanuk river. It was concluded that 86% of sediment load from the Cimanuk river was deposited in the Cimanuk delta. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the factors contributing to the settling potential of fine fluvial sediment
Authors: Williams N. D. , Walling D. E. , Leeks G. J. L.
Published: March 2008

The settling potential of fine sediment is known to be influenced by particle size, shape, density and porosity, and is commonly predicted using Stokes's law, despite its known limitations for modelling the behaviour of natural particles. In order to develop an improved understanding of the potential for fine sediment to settle out of suspension or undergo transport by hydraulic processes, it is important to examine the role of particle structure in detail. In this study, stepwise regression was used to identify which structural properties of particles exert an important control on fine sediment behaviour in river systems. The presence of composite particles and their associated particle size, porosity and fractal dimension were shown to be the most important controls on settling potential. Composite particles that form in the aquatic environment (flocs) were shown to have significantly different form and behaviour from composite particles of terrestrial origin (aggregates). Importantly, it was demonstrated that particle structure and behaviour exhibited consistencies between contrasting river catchments in different locations. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of composite particles is viewed as providing a valuable input to efforts to model the mobilisation, transport and fate of fine sediment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPARC‐induced increase in glioma matrix and decrease in vascularity are associated with reduced VEGF expression and secretion
Authors: Yunker Christopher K. , Golembieski William , Lemke Nancy , Schultz Chad R. , Cazacu Simona , Brodie Chaya , Rempel Sandra A.
Published: March 2008

Glioblastomas are heterogeneous tumors displaying regions of necrosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and invasion. SPARC, a matricellular protein that negatively regulates angiogenesis and cell proliferation, but enhances cell deadhesion from matrix, is upregulated in gliomas (Grades II–IV). We previously demonstrated that SPARC promotes invasion while concomitantly decreasing tumor growth, in part by decreasing proliferation of the tumor cells. In other cancer types, SPARC has been shown to influence tumor growth by altering matrix production, and by decreasing angiogenesis via interfering with the VEGF‐VEGFR1 signaling pathway. We therefore examined whether the SPARC‐induced decrease in glioma tumor growth was also, in part, due to alterations in matrix and/or decreased vascularity, and assessed SPARC‐VEGF interactions. The data demonstrate that SPARC upregulates glioma matrix, collagen I is a constituent of the matrix and SPARC promotes collagen fibrillogenesis. Furthermore, SPARC suppressed glioma vascularity, and this was accompanied by decreased VEGF expression and secretion, which was, in part, due to reduced VEGF165 transcript abundance. These data indicate that SPARC modulates glioma growth by altering the tumor microenvironment and by suppressing tumor vascularity through suppression of VEGF expression and secretion. These experiments implicate a novel mechanism, whereby SPARC regulates VEGF function by limiting the available growth factor. Because SPARC is considered to be a therapeutic target for gliomas, a further understanding of its complex signaling mechanisms is important, as targeting SPARC to decrease invasion could undesirably lead to the growth of more vascular and proliferative tumors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic non‐equivalence of murine (monocyte‐) macrophage cells in biomaterial and inflammatory models
Authors: Chamberlain Lisa M. , Godek Marisha L. , Gonzalez‐Juarrero Mercedes , Grainger David W.
Published: March 2008

Cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system including monocytes and macrophages (e.g., pooled human monocytes, bone marrow‐derived macrophages, etc.) are often employed for in vitro assessment of novel biomaterials and to assay anti‐inflammatory drug activity. In this context, numerous macrophage cells are treated interchangeably in the literature despite a lack of demonstrated equivalence among immortalized cell lines and further, between cell lines and primary‐derived macrophages of different species. Three murine (monocyte‐) macrophage cell lines (IC‐21, J774A.1, and RAW 264.7), commonly utilizedin biomaterial and pharmaceutical screening research, have been compared with primary‐derived murine bone marrow macrophages. Significant differences were discovered in the expression of cell surface proteins requisite for cell adhesion and activation among cell lines and primary‐derived cells as well as between the different cell lines. Results demonstrate activation but with reduced cytokine expression to chemical stimulus (lipopolysaccharide) by cell lines compared with that of primary‐derived macrophages. Limited correlation between cultured primary and immortalized cells in cytokine production, phenotype and intrinsic activation states has relevance to fidelity for in vitro testing. These differences warrant justification for selection of various cell lines for specific assay purposes, and merit caution if comparisons to primary cell types (i.e., for biocompatibility) are required. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009