bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segregation, recirculation and deposition of coarse particles near
two-dimensional avalanche fronts
Authors: GRAY J. M. N. T. , ANCEY C.
Published: June 2009

Stratification patterns are formed when a bidisperse mixture of large rough
grains and smaller more mobile particles is poured between parallel plates to
form a heap. At low flow rates discrete avalanches flow down the free surface
and are brought to rest by the propagation of shock waves. Experiments performed
in this paper show that the larger particles are segregated to the top of the
avalanche, where the velocity is greatest, and are transported to the flow
front. Here the particles are overrun but may rise to the free surface again by
size segregation to create a recirculating coarse-grained front. Once the front
is established composite images show that there is a steady regime in which any
additional large grains that reach the front are deposited. This flow is
therefore analogous to finger formation in geophysical mass flows, where the
larger less mobile particles are shouldered aside to spontaneously form static
lateral levees rather than being removed by basal deposition in two dimensions.
At the heart of all these phenomena is a dynamic feedback between the bulk flow
and the evolving particle-size distribution within the avalanche. A fully
coupled theory for such segregation–mobility feedback effects is beyond
the scope of this paper. However, it is shown how to derive a simplified
uncoupled travelling-wave solution for the avalanche motion and reconstruct the
bulk two-dimensional flow field using assumed velocity profiles through the
avalanche depth. This allows a simple hyperbolic segregation theory to be used
to construct exact solutions for the particle concentration and for the
recirculation within the bulk flow. Depending on the material composition and
the strength of the segregation and deposition, there are three types of
solution. The coarse-particle front grows in length if more large particles
arrive than can be deposited. If there are fewer large grains and if the
segregation is strong enough, a breaking size-segregation wave forms at a unique
position behind the front. It consists of two expansion fans, two shocks and a
central ‘eye’ of constant concentration that are arranged in a
‘lens-like’ structure. Coarse grains just behind the front are
recirculated, while those reaching the head are overrun and deposited. Upstream
of the wave, the size distribution resembles a small-particle
‘sandwich’ with a raft of rapidly flowing large particles on top
and a coarse deposited layer at the bottom, consistent with the experimental
observations made here. If the segregation is weak, the central eye degenerates,
and all the large particles are deposited without recirculation.
Anisotropic clustering of inertial particles in homogeneous shear flow
Authors: GUALTIERI P. , PICANO F. , CASCIOLA C. M.
Published: June 2009

Recently, clustering of inertial particles in turbulence has been thoroughly analysed for statistically homogeneous isotropic flows. Phenomenologically, spatial homogeneity of particle configurations is broken by the advection of a range of eddies determined by the Stokes relaxation time of the particles. This in turn results in a multi-scale distribution of local particle concentration and voids. Much less is known concerning anisotropic flows. Here, by addressing direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a statistically steady particle-laden homogeneous shear flow, we provide evidence that the mean shear preferentially orients particle patterns. By imprinting anisotropy on large-scale velocity fluctuations, the shear indirectly affects the geometry of the clusters. Quantitative evaluation is provided by a purposely designed tool, the angular distribution function (ADF) of particle pairs, which allows to address the anisotropy content of particle aggregates on a scale-by-scale basis. The data provide evidence that, depending on the Stokes relaxation time of the particles, anisotropic clustering may occur even in the range of scales in which the carrier phase velocity field is already recovering isotropy. The strength of the singularity in the anisotropic component of the ADF quantifies the level of fine-scale anisotropy, which may even reach values of more than 30% direction-dependent variation in the probability to find two closeby particles at viscous-scale separation.
Breakup of surfactant-laden jets above the critical micelle concentration
Authors: CRASTER R. V. , MATAR O. K. , PAPAGEORGIOU D. T.
Published: June 2009

The breakup of viscous liquid jets that contain surfactant, that is potentially above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is considered here within the long-wave approximation. The soluble surfactant is assumed to be present in three phases: as an interfacial species, bulk monomers and micelles. A model is developed for the interaction between these phases and the surface tension which obeys a nonlinear equation of state. The effects of the equation of state and the reservoir of surfactant created by micelles on breakup are investigated. The long-wave approximation naturally leads to a system of coupled one-dimensional equations that are solved numerically. It is demonstrated that jet breakup and satellite formation are critically affected by the presence of high surfactant concentrations above the CMC. This manifests itself by the formation of unusually large satellites. We present extensive numerical evidence that the mechanism for this phenomenon centres on the interplay between Marangoni stresses and the nonlinear surfactant equation of state; the latter exhibits a plateau at high interfacial concentrations.
A regularized model for strongly nonlinear internal solitary waves
Authors: CHOI WOOYOUNG , BARROS RICARDO , JO TAE-CHANG
Published: June 2009

The strongly nonlinear long-wave model for large amplitude internal waves in a two-layer system is regularized to eliminate shear instability due to the wave-induced velocity jump across the interface. The model is written in terms of the horizontal velocities evaluated at the top and bottom boundaries instead of the depth-averaged velocities, and it is shown through local stability analysis that internal solitary waves are locally stable to perturbations of arbitrary wavelengths if the wave amplitudes are smaller than a critical value. For a wide range of depth and density ratios pertinent to oceanic conditions, the critical wave amplitude is close to the maximum wave amplitude and the regularized model is therefore expected to be applicable to the strongly nonlinear regime. The regularized model is solved numerically using a finite-difference method and its numerical solutions support the results of our linear stability analysis. It is also shown that the solitary wave solution of the regularized model, found numerically using a time-dependent numerical model, is close to the solitary wave solution of the original model, confirming that the two models are asymptotically equivalent.
Bulk turbulence in dilute polymer solutions
Authors: OUELLETTE NICHOLAS T. , XU HAITAO , BODENSCHATZ EBERHARD
Published: June 2009

By tracking small particles in the bulk of an intensely turbulent laboratory flow, we study the effect of long-chain polymers on the Eulerian structure functions. We find that the structure functions are modified over a wide range of length scales even for very small polymer concentrations. Their behaviour can be captured by defining a length scale that depends on the solvent viscosity, the polymer relaxation time and the Weissenberg number. This result is not captured by current models. Additionally, the effects we observe depend strongly on the concentration. While the dissipation-range statistics change smoothly as a function of polymer concentration, we find that the inertial-range values of the structure functions are modified only when the concentration exceeds a threshold of approximately 5 parts per million (p.p.m.) by weight for the 18 × 106 atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) molecular weight polyacrylamide used in the experiment.
Dark and grey electromagnetic electron-cyclotron envelope solitons in an electron-positron magnetoplasma
Authors: SHUKLA P. K. , BINGHAM R. , PHELPS A. D. R. , STENFLO L.
Published: June 2009

We present an investigation of the amplitude modulation of an external magnetic field-aligned right-hand circularly polarized electromagnetic electron-cyclotron (EMEC) wave in a strongly magnetized electron-positron plasma. It is shown that the dynamics of the modulated EMEC wave packet is governed by a cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The latter reveals that a modulated wave packet can propagate in the form of either a dark or a grey envelope soliton. This result could have relevance to the transport of electromagnetic wave energy over long distances via envelope solitons in the magnetospheres of pulsars and magnetars.
Immune responses generated by intramuscular DNA immunization of Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) in mice
Authors: VANAM UMA , PRABHU PRINCE R. , PANDEY VIVEK , DAKSHINAMURTHY GAJALAKSHMI , VENKATA RAMI REDDY MARYADA , PERUMAL KALIRAJ
Published: June 2009

An attempt was made to evaluate the immunoprophylactic efficacy of Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) as a DNA vaccine, for human lymphatic filariasis. BmTGA was cloned and characterized in the DNA vaccine vector pVAX1. Further, the tissue distribution study of the DNA construct, pVAX-TGA was carried out in mice and the DNA vaccine was shown to be efficiently distributed to all the organs, was accessible to the immune system, and at the same time was metabolized quickly and did not pose problems of toxicity. Intramuscular immunization in mice showed significant antibody production and splenocyte proliferation upon antigenic stimulation. The immune responses were biased towards the Th1 arm, as evaluated in terms of isotype antibody distribution and cytokine profile. Thus, analysis of the humoral and cellular immune responses indicated that BmTGA is a potent immunogen. However, protection studies as determined by the micropore chamber method using live microfilarial larvae, showed that the DNA vaccine could confer only partial protection in the mouse model. We conclude that despite the induction of sufficient humoral and cellular immune responses, BmTGA as a DNA vaccine could not confer much protection against subsequent challenge and other aspects of the immune responses need to be further investigated.
The Use Of Graded In Vivo Flooding In The Extinction of Children's Phobias.
Authors: Galloway David , Miller Andrew
Published: June 2009

Phobias have been defined as excessive fear reactions which are both persistent and unadaptive (Rachman 1974) and have been successfully treated by techniques such as systematic desensitisation (Wolpe 1958) and flooding (Malleson, 1959). Rudestam and Bedrosian (1977) have shown their relative effectiveness to depend upon the type of phobia. Although the client constructs a similar fear hierarchy graded flooding differs from systematic desensitisation in that he is not permitted to “escape” from an item on the hierarchy by returning to an earlier, less threatening one when he experiences fear. Instead, he is required to maintain the activity which has been specified until it no longer evokes anxiety. In the studies described below frequent verbal encouragement was used to elicit and maintain the target behaviours.
Behavioural Approaches to Alcoholism
Authors: Stockwell Timothy
Published: June 2009

A Report on the NATO International Conference “Experimental and Behavioural Approaches to Alcholism” held in Bergen, Norway (August 1977).

Behaviour therapists everywhere should rejoice that such a conference received the support of the major military powers of the Western World. This unlikely teaming up with NATO is apparently just one example of the noble organisation's efforts to promote international goodwill. Possibly the ultimate achievement of the conference, however, was the promotion of inter-disciplinary goodwill by successfully gathering together 150 participants from the fields of behavioural psychology, anthropology, sociology, animal research and neuropsychology. The subject matter was wide-ranging, including symposia on the assessment of cognitive functioning in alcoholics, alcohol and crime, cross-cultural studies as well as on the behavioural treatment and analysis of excessive drinking.
Behavioural Nurse Therapists 1978 — Developments and Implications
Authors: Marks Isaac , Bird Julian , Lindley Peter
Published: June 2009

In selected adult neurotics, nurse-therapists have a significant contribution to make in giving behavioural psychotherapy to patients who were formerly denied it for lack of trained personnel (Marks et al. 1977). Perhaps 10% of all adult psychiatric outpatients can benefit from behavioural psychotherapy as themainapproach for those categories of problem where established behavioural methods have been found to be superior to contrasting treatments (Marks, 1976).
Verbal Methods of Behaviour Change
Authors: Marzillier John S.
Published: June 2009

Traditionally, behavioural psychotherapists have underplayed the significance of purely verbal means of effecting behaviour change. Verbal therapies have always been regarded with some suspicion and considerable doubts cast about their efficacy (Eysenck 1952; 1960). Even when writers have acknowledged that some change occurs from verbal interventions, their effects are generally seen as weak when compared to more active therapies (e.g. Bandura 1977). In reviews of evaluative research claims are made for the superiority of the behavioural approaches (Rachman 1971) and, even where no such claims are made, there is still the tendency to draw a distinction between behaviour therapy on the one hand, and the verbal or insight therapies on the other (e.g. Smith & Glass, 1977). It is my contention that this distinction is an artificial one; it ignores the fact that behavioural psychotherapists draw heavily on words in their treatments, and, indeed, that many verbal psychotherapists are often very active or behavioural in their work. In this paper I want to illustrate the power of words within behavioural psychotherapy by referring to what therapists actually do in practice. To make this explicit I shall describe a particular case in order to illustrate the way one behaviour therapist uses words for effect. More generally, I shall argue that verbal methods are already a highly significant feature of behavioural psychotherapy, that words, far from being weak in their effects, can be both powerful and efficient and that it is quite appropriate to use verbal methods of analysis and treatment without undermining the basic principles of a behavioural orientation.
Cognitive behaviour modification with children
Authors: Meijers J. J.
Published: June 2009

The story of the creation of the cognitive trend in behaviour modification, cognitive behaviour modification (CBM), might well, if ever written, begin as follows:

In the beginning Skinner created behaviourism. Behaviourism, in its radical form, was pure, elementary, objective, and visible to all. So, when Skinner observed everything he had created, he said: “Let behaviourism bring forth operant man to study and manipulate S and R in mice, pigeons, rats, and men”. It was in the forties and it was the fifties; the first period. Now, when Skinner saw operant man, surrounded by light, sound, and food, throwing pellets to the pigeons and studying the behaviours of mice, rats, and men, Skinner said: “Thou, operant man, are permitted to touch every branch of the radical trees in my paradise of freedom and dignity, but … the tree of knowledge and cognition thou shalt not touch lest thou be seduced”. Operant man, however, was cunning and sly, and said to himself: ‘On the day I will touch the tree of knowledge and cognition, I shall surely unravel the secret behind S & R; then I shall be like Skinner, master of prediction and explanation”. So operant man acted upon his internal dialogue and not only touched but actually ate from the forbidden fruit. When Skinner saw that operant man had transgressed his comandment, his anger was kindled. He then said to operant man: “Since thou hast tasted from the forbidden fruit, thou must leave this pure garden. I hereby condemn you to descend into the valley of mentalism, where thou shalt wander and wonder for ever and ever, since the causal path knows no end. Further, from now on thy name is not operant man anymore, but coverant man”. Now this is the history of coverant man …
The use of Self-Recording in Behaviour Modification in a Secondary School
Authors: McNamara E.
Published: June 2009

While behaviour modification techniques are becoming more widely used in primary schools (Ward, 1971; Harrop, 1974; Presland, 1978), special education (McNamara, 1977; Ward, 1975) and even nursery schools (Coleman and Laishley, 1977), only a few studies have demonstrated successful implementation in Secondary Schools (McAllister et al, 1969; Broden et al, 1971). Harrop (1977) found that his in-service training course which had been successful with Primary School teachers was less successful in Secondary Schools. Lane (1977) argues that this is partly due to an inadequate initial functional analysis, whilst McNamara (1977) lists a number of reasons why implementation may be more difficult in the Secondary School setting.
Alcohol and Anxiety: The Role of Drinking Context, Expectancy, and Sex of Subject
Authors: Tucker Jalie A. , Maisto Stephen A. , Vuchinich Rudy E. , Blumenthal Laurie
Published: June 2009

Contrary to traditional models of the emotional effects of alcohol (e.g., Conger, 1956), recent evidence has not supported the notion that alcohol's pharmacological action consistently reduces anxiety in all persons across all drinking situations (see reviews by Cappell, 1975; Freed, 1978; Higgins, 1976; Marlatt, 1976). Instead, emotional responses to alcohol, including changes in anxiety, appear to be critically determined by the drinking context characteristics (e.g., Kalin, 1972; Pliner & Cappell, 1974) and the drinker's expectations of alcohol's effects (e.g., Polivy, Schueneman, & Carlson, 1976; Wilson & Abrams, 1977).
Meal/Snack Frequencies of College Students: A Normative Study
Authors: Hawkins Raymond C.
Published: June 2009

The behavioral treatment of obesity is based upon the largely unverified theoretical assumption that many forms of overweight are acquired and maintained through deviant eating styles characterized by problems in meal/snack initiation and termination. Since overweight persons are theorized to display an exaggerated responsiveness to salient external stimuli, such as the sight, smell, and taste of food, more frequent meal/snack initiations might be anticipated from persons with weight concerns (Hawkins, 1977). Several recent observational studies (e.g. as recently reviewed by Mahoney, 1975, and Stunkard & Kaplan, 1977) have provided equivocal support for the contention that overweight persons eat at a faster rate in single ingestions occuring in naturalistic or laboratory settings. There is a dearth of information, however, regarding the frequency of meals and snacks for normal and overweight persons in naturalistic contexts. One problem is that such normative studies require the collection of data across several ingestions occurring in different situations.
Selective Attention in Reviews of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Hemsley D. R. , Clark D. M.
Published: June 2009

Two reviews have recently appeared which are relevant to the continuing debate on the effectiveness of the ‘cognitive therapies’ (Ledwidge 1978; Di Giuseppe and Miller 1977). Their conclusions differ in emphasis, Ledwidge's position being exemplified by the title of his article, “Cognitive Behaviour Modification: A Step in the wrong direction?”, while Di Giuseppe and Miller conclude “the results (of Rational Emotive Therapy) are positive and hopeful … (but) far from conclusive” (p.91). It will be argued that the authors show some selectivity in the data they consider relevant to this topic, and that their conclusions are, in part, related to such selectivity.
Patients and Social Skills Groups: Do they Lack Social Skills?
Authors: Newton Annette , Kindness Kathleen , McFadyen Malcolm
Published: June 2009

Twenty-eight young adult out-patients with social interaction difficulties were assessed in an attempt to measure the three variables of social performance, social anxiety and self-esteem. A non-clinical comparison group comprising 32 subjects from a university subject panel were assessed on the same measures. There were significant differences in the patient and non-clinical group on anxiety and esteem, however, some patients scored well within the range of the non-clinical group and had adequate social performance. The patient group was characterized by high social anxiety which was more often related to low self-esteem than adequacy of social performance. We concluded that interaction difficulties are multiply determined and social performance, social anxiety and self-esteem are potentially independent variables. The implications of this for therapy were discussed.
The Contribution of Arousal and Performance in Reducing Spider Avoidance
Authors: Katz Roger C. , Stout Anna , Taylor C. Barr , Horne Michael , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2009

To determine the role played by peripheral autonomic arousal in reducing avoidance behavior, 16 spider phobics were randomly assigned in a double blind fashion to either a propranolol (a drug which blocks beta-adrenergic activity) or to a placebo group. Subjects in the propranolol group performed significantly better than those given placebo although the magnitude of the effect was small. All subjects later received 90 min of participant modeling. They performed significantly better with participant modeling and there were no differences between the groups in their final performance. Implications of the data for theories of fear and avoidance behavior are discussed.
You Don't Have to be Sick to be a Behaviour Therapist but it can Help! Treatment of a “Vomit” Phobia
Authors: McFadyen M. , Wyness J.
Published: June 2009

The successful treatment of a client with a handicapping fear of other people vomiting is described. This involved exposure to “vomiting”, using a simulation procedure. It is suggested that the appropriate stimulus in such cases may be someone vomiting rather than vomit itself.
An Analysis of the Progressive Development of Vocal Responses in a Mute Schizophrenic Patient
Authors: Fraser Douglas , Anderson James , Grime Joanne
Published: June 2009

The progressive development of vocal responses in a 72-year-old male schizophrenic patient with a history of 48 years of complete mutism is described. The emergence of recognizable words and phrases is closely linked to the application of a range of behaviour modification procedures. The programming of generalization of treatment effects across individuals and across settings is also described.
The Use of Positive Reinforcement and Stimulus Fading in the Treatment of an Elective Mute
Authors: Clayton W. T.
Published: June 2009

This paper describes in detail the treatment of a 6-year-old elective mute who had not spoken either at playgroup or school since the age of 3½ years. Treatment was carried out in school using an approach which combined both stimulus fading and positive reinforcement. At the end of a 7-month treatment period she was able to read aloud in class, convey messages and converse spontaneously. This behaviour was still being maintained 9 months after treatment ended.
Personality and Treatment Outcome in Obsessional—Compulsive Patients
Authors: Sartory G. , Grey S. J.
Published: June 2009

Correlations were evaluated between personality factors, as measured by the EPI, and treatment outcome in obsessional–compulsive patients. The results suggest that extraverts have a slightly better outcome than introverts when treatment is carried out with a time-limit. After treatment to criterion extraversion failed to correlate with outcome. The Neuroticism scale (N) correlated with assessment variables before treatment as well as after. There was, however, an indication that high N scores were predictive of elevated anxiety ratings after treatment. None of the results applied to the sub-group taking clomipramine at the time of assessment.
Is there an Alternative to Drugs in the Treatment of Depressed Ambulatory Patients?
Authors: Blackburn I. M. , Bishop S.
Published: June 2009

Sixty-four patients suffering from primary major depressive illness from hospital and general practice clinics were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: drug of choice, cognitive therapy and a combination of the two. Looking at end-point scores on two rating scales of depression, there was no difference in the proportion of responders to the three treatments in the hospital group, but in the general practice, significantly less patients treated with drugs improved. Looking at group mean changes from baseline, all groups improved significantly on most variables except for the general practice drug group. The potential value of cognitive therapy for therapy-resistant hospital patients and for general practice patients is discussed.
Perception of “Control” and its Relation to Behavior Change
Authors: Marlatt G. Alan
Published: June 2009

In recent years, I have become increasingly interested in the question of self-initiated behavior change or the process by which individuals come to change their own behavior without the assistance of external treatment programs or formal intervention techniques. Based on a preliminary study of New Year's Resolutions as a framework within which to study self-initiated change (Marlatt and Kaplan, 1972), my interests have recently focused on addictive behaviors as an arena of investigation. Specifically, I am interested in studying the process of self-initiated change in individuals who attempt to modify or discontinue their use of alcohol and tobacco.
Teaching a Patient to Remember People's Names after Removal of a Left Temporal Lobe Tumour
Authors: Wilson Barbara
Published: June 2009

This project was undertaken in an attempt to reduce one of the many problems faced by a man with a severe memory deficit following a left temporal tumour. He was taught to remember the names of 10 people he regularly came into contact with by using rehearsal and visual imagery strategies. Rehearsal alone was ineffective, but within a few weeks he could remember all 10 names once a visual image had been introduced. The findings suggest that this procedure may be used to teach other people with severe memory deficits facts which are useful in their everyday lives. The major difference between this project and most of the others using visual imagery is that the present one is of some practical value for the subject. Most of the others simply demonstrate the ability of the neurologically damaged to use visual imagery.
Meta-analysis of Comparative Therapy Outcome Studies: a Reply to Wilson
Authors: Shapiro David A. , Shapiro Diana
Published: June 2009

Wilson's recent critique of the authors' appraisal of meta-analysis appears to misunderstand them as claiming more for meta-analysis than they intended. The present paper seeks to clarify consequent confusions concerning selection of studies, the quality of the literature reviewed, the classification of therapies, and the non-identical results of different meta-analyses. It is acknowledged that no single meta-analysis is definitive.
The Therapeutic Management of an Autistic Child's Phobia Using Laughter as the Anxiety Inhibitor
Authors: Jackson Henry J. , King Neville J.
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the treatment of a 4½-year-old autistic boy who exhibited phobic responses to the sounds of flushing toilets. He was successfully treated using reinforcement and laughter: the latter service as an anxiety inhibitor. At 3- and 6-month follow-ups the child was symptom-free.
The Three Systems Model of Fear and Anxiety: Implications for Assessment of Social Anxiety
Authors: Douglas Anne R. , Lindsay William R. , Brooks D. Neil
Published: June 2009

It has been argued that verbal reports and questionnaire data may be constrained by cultural and social demands to the extent that they are unlikely to show concordance with more direct measures of behavioural and physiological anxiety. The present report investigates this hypothesis with reference to social anxiety. It was found that physiological and cognitive questionnaires were good predictors of physiological anxiety and cognitions in a social interaction test. A behavioural questionnaire, however, was a poor predictor of actual behaviour. In the social interaction test, which was designed to produce anxiety, there was a high degree of concordance on all the measures except non-verbal behaviour and heart rate. Because behaviour ratings showed least concordance and the poorest predictive validity, it was suggested that a behavioural assessment alone may give an erroneous picture of a person's overall social anxiety.
Applied Relaxation in the Management of Chronic Pain
Authors: Linton Steven J. , Melin Lennart
Published: June 2009

Seventeen chronic pain patients at a rehabilitation center participated in an investigation of the effects of applied relaxation on chronic pain. The experimental group received regular rehabilitation treatment plus intensive training in applied relaxation. One control group received the regular rehabilitation treatment only, while another control group consisted of patients waiting for treatment. Results indicated that the applied relaxation group did significantly better than the control group(s) on measures of subjective pain, medication intake, activity, and overall evaluation of the treatments. This suggests that applied relaxation can be a valuable addition to chronic pain treatment programs.
Benzodiazepines and Behavioural Treatment of Phobic Anxiety
Authors: Sartory Gudrun
Published: June 2009

The use of benzodiazepines during behavioural treatment is frequently encouraged. However, this review of clinical studies failed to find any beneficial effect of the drugs on therapy outcome. An examination of drug effects on different response variables revealed conflicting results concerning behaviour, i.e. approach. Whilst the anxiolytic nature of the drugs is well established in results on autonomic measures in the absence of the phobic object, they had no effect during its presence. Verbal report data again favour administration of benzodiazepines but studies on cognitive effects of long-term use are still to come. It is recommended that the use of this group of drugs as an adjunct to behaviour therapy should be discouraged.
Multiple Phobias and Grief: A Case Study
Authors: Tilley Stephen
Published: June 2009

This is a report of a 29-year-old man who presented with (1) multiple phobias, including fears of eating with others, blood and injury, and fainting in crowds; (2) ejaculatory incompetence; and (3) grief unresolved five years after his first wife's death, causing distress and avoidance of grief cues. As he declined an offer of behavioural treatment for the grief, the intention of the case design was to measure changes in grief-related distress and avoidance, but not treat it. However, exposure in vivo for the largely non-grief-related phobias involved inadvertent exposure to cues for grief and the man initiated some self-directed exposure to cues for grief. Measures indicated reduction in both phobic and some grief-related symptomatology. Mechanisms possibly accounting for these changes, and difficulties encountered in trying to treat this phobia while leaving grief untreated, are discussed. It is suggested that under certain circumstances, grief pathology may reduce during behavioural treatment for related phobic problems.
Behaviour Therapy for DIMS: Comparison of Three Treatment Procedures with Follow-up
Authors: Sanavio Ezio , Vidotto Giulio , Bettinardi Ornella , Rolletto Teresa , Zorzi Marina
Published: June 2009

Forty patients suffering from persistent psychophysiological Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep (DIMS) were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) EMG-biofeedback training; (2) cognitive modification treatment, combining paradoxical instructions, cognitive restructuring and thought stopping; (3) stimulus control and progressive relaxation treatment; (4) waiting list (control). Each active treatment consisted of six sessions over a period of 2 weeks.

After treatment, the patients in the three treatment groups showed shorter sleep onset latency (37%), shorter wake time after sleep onset (50%), and more positive evaluations of sleep quality and restedness on awakening in the morning. The waiting-list group did not show any changes. Benefits were maintained and further increased during the 1 and 3 year follow-ups. Results did not suggest substantial differences, among the three treatments, in amount and/or stability of benefits. The 3 year follow-up revealed seven failures, as against 23 successes. The initial variables differentiating the failures were shorter sleep time and higher scores on the P scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
Anxiety, Freedom and Democracy: Editor's Note
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M.
Published: June 2009

The links between science, clinical practice and politics are not always evident to us. Recent changes in Eastern Europe have affected all areas of life, and serve as a reminder that such links between apparently separate areas can and do exist. Maria Kopp, who wrote the following article, is a Hungarian researcher and clinician who, despite considerable restrictions and lack of resources, has conducted a range of important studies into the nature and treatment of anxiety and psychophysiological problems and published important articles both in Hungarian and English (e.g. Kopp & Gruzelier, 1989; Kopp et al., 1986). In the following article, a version of which was publishec in the newspaper Magyar Nemzet (“Hungarian Nation”) on the 2nd October, 1989, she brings her knowledge of the processes involved in the origins and maintenance of anxiety to bear on present-day difficulties in the emergent eastern European democracies. In particular, she highlights the responsibility of those who are entrusted with control over others not to abuse their ability to provoke anxiety and engender helplessness. Dr Kopp also highlights the responsibility of those who place others in power to be aware of the potential danger of abuse, regardless of the declared good intentions of those who wield such power. Such considerations are not completely alien to our own situation.
Behavioural Group Training for Anxiety Management
Authors: Eayrs Caroline B. , Rowan D. , Harvey P. G.
Published: June 2009

Developments in behavioural group therapy over the past decade are described, with particular reference to a change in focus from administering individual treatment techniques to teaching coping skills for the management of anxiety. In spite of this growing interest there has been little empirical research reported. The current study was an attempt to develop a coping skills package and to evaluate it against the more traditional approach of group relaxation training. Three experiments were conducted, comprising a total of seven groups and they were run in either an N.H.S. psychiatric hospital outpatient setting or in General Practice.

Results were equivocal, both experimental and control groups showed treatment gains. These were superior in the coping skills group on one measure. Reasons for these findings are discussed in the light of the curriculum and the experimental design. And ways of making the coping skills package more potent are suggested.
Skill Evaluations of Nurse-Training in Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Milne Derek
Published: June 2009

This paper describes five measures of behavioural skill that apply to the “generalist” level of therapy sophistication. This level was trained in a group of 65 qualified psychiatric nurses working in the rehabilitation sector of a large N.H.S. hospital. Three of the measures were administered before and after a 5 day in-service training course, followed by two measures of proficiency in using behaviour therapy on the ward. The results indicated that reliable and valid measurements could be made in this crucial domain. Also, a discriminant analysis showed that one test, a video-presented functional analysis task, accounted for most of the variance and predicted utilisation. It is therefore possible to use this brief assessment device to dependably gauge a vital area of behavioural skill.
The Effect of Headphone Music on Persistent Auditory Hallucinations
Authors: Hustig Harry H. , Tran Dong B. , Hafner R. Julian , Miller Robyn J.
Published: June 2009

Ten psychiatric patients with a DMS-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations of at least 12 months' duration entered the study, and nine completed it. Subjects used portable audiocassette players with headphones to listen to two music audiotapes that they had selected, one for relaxing and the other for a stimulating/arousing effect. It was hypothesized that the relaxing music would reduce the frequency of auditory hallucinations more than the stimulating music. Subjects rated the effects of the music on nine scales for seven consecutive mornings. Analysed individually, six subjects reported significant response changes to the music, but the response pattern was heterogeneous, and the results of group analysis did not confirm the experimental hypotheses. Generally, the relaxing tape had more beneficial effects than the stimulating/arousing tape. Five subjects reported overall benefits from the experimental procedure, and in all five the content of their hallucinations was innocuous. One subject was adversely affected by the audiotapes, and three failed to respond; these subjects tended to have unpleasant or frightening hallucinations. It was concluded that headphone music was of some value as a non-pharmacological treatment for schizophrenic patients with persisting auditory hallucinations that were innocuous in content. Overall, the findings justify further research in the area.
A Multi-Component Intervention with a Lady Displaying an Intense Fear of Flying—A Case Study
Authors: Sidley Gary L.
Published: June 2009

A brief (5 week) multi-component intervention is described which successfully enabled a lady to overcome an intense fear of flying.
Patients and Social Skills Groups: Is Social Skills Training Enough?
Authors: Kindness Kathleen , Newton Annette
Published: June 2009

Eighteen young adult out-patients with social interaction difficulties were treated using a multifaceted group approach, which incorporated skills training, anxiety reduction and cognitive restructuring techniques. They were assessed before and after treatment, and at 2-year follow-up. A non-clinical comparison group was assessed using the same measures. The treatment group showed significant improvement on measures of social performance, social anxiety and self-esteem, which was maintained at 2-year follow-up. Individual results are reported, which show differing patterns of change. The implications of using anxiety reduction and cognitive restructuring techniques with social skills training are discussed.
Prediction and Responsiveness in Behavioural Marital Therapy
Authors: Bennun I.
Published: June 2009

There is empirical evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of behavioural marital therapy. However the issues of predicting outcome and the responsiveness of particular marital problems to behavioural treatments, while crucial, have been largely ignored. Forty-five couples requesting therapy were consecutively assigned to either conjoint treatment, couples group treatment or treatment of one partner alone to ascertain whether a screening profile could be developed that would predict treatment outcome. In addition, the presenting target problems were analysed to investigate their responsiveness to treatment. The effects of the treatment were evaluated using measures of marital satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, presenting marital target problems and by an independent assessor. Using demographic and treatment variables as regressors, the analyses revealed that the coefficients were not on the whole statistically significant in predicting outcome. The trend analysis of target problems showed that conjoint treatment produced a more rapid rate of change compared to the other treatments. In addition, particular marital problems failed to respond to the treatment suggesting that the behavioural approach may require modification in the treatment of these problems.
Organizing Staff to Promote Purposeful Activity in a Setting for Mentally Handicapped Adults: an Evaluation of Alternative Strategies—Small Groups and Room Management
Authors: Crisp A. G. , Sturmey P.
Published: June 2009

In a hospital training unit for severely mentally handicapped adults, alternative methods of staff organization, Room Management (RM) and Small Groups (SG) were experimentally evaluated. Both procedures were found to be equivalent in ensuring that trainees had materials available to them, in promoting on-task behaviour and staff trainee interaction and minimizing staff–staff interaction. Group engagement was significantly higher during the SG condition. Room Management was nevertheless significantly more successful in facilitating individual training than the SG arrangement, trainees receiving four times more individual training during RM than SG.

The implications of these results for the appropriate use of training staff are discussed. The use of group engagement as a dependent variable is critically evaluated.
The Constructional Approach to “Problem Behaviour” in an Institutionalized Setting
Authors: Fleming Ian
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the successful application of a behavioural intervention to the inappropriate behaviour of a severely mentally handicapped hospital resident. The intervention was based on the Constructional approach and at sixth week follow-up the effects had been maintained. Furthermore, there was evidence that these had generalised to other behaviours. Significant changes were noted in the attitudes of direct care staff and it is suggested that these may have been attributable to the nature of the approach used. The Constructional approach was considered ethically and practically superior to alternatives which would have concentrated alone on reducing or removing behaviour in the client's limited repertoire.
The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M.
Published: June 2009

The theoretical and empirical basis of commonly accepted propositions concerning the role of behaviour in the practice of behavioural psychotherapy for anxiety problems is considered. A number of problems are identified, and an alternative, more explicitly cognitive hypothesis is described. According to this cognitive account, there is both a close relationship and specific interactions between “threat cognitions” and “safety seeking behaviour”. For any individual, safety seeking behaviour arises out of, and is logically linked to, the perception of serious threat. Such behaviour may be anticipatory (avoidant) or consequent (escape). Because safety seeking behaviour is perceived to be preventative, and focused on especially negative consequences (e.g. death, illness, humiliation), spontaneous disconfirmation of threat is made particularly unlikely by such safety seeking behaviours. By preventing disconfirmation of threat-related cognitions, safety seeking behaviour may be a crucial factor in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. The implications of this view for the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders are discussed.
The Changing Face of Behavioural Psychotherapy: Children's Problems
Authors: Yule William
Published: June 2009

Behavioural psychotherapy is being applied to an ever increasing range of children's problems. Well established techniques continue to be used by an increasing range of people from different professions. There is a slight danger that the techniques are so widely used that they are outstripping their data base and some thought needs to be given about the level of training necessary to ensure that new approaches are encouraged and critically evaluated.
Twenty Years a-Growing: Some Current Issues in Behavioural Psychotherapy with Elderly People
Authors: Whitehead Antonia
Published: June 2009

Over the past few years, there has been increasing availability of effective behavioural psychotherapies for use with elderly people. Notably, procedures developed with younger adults have been found effective with elderly clients. However, the needs of people with dementia are still only partially met. Some therapies are used that are of questionable benefit, while possibilities based on sound theoretical bases have been largely ignored. Given that the targets of intervention for people with dementia are likely to be wide ranging, and certainly include the needs of families and of other caring systems, and of their effective functioning, behavioural interventions must address these wider issues, which may well include behavioural methods applied to systemic change.
Recent Advances in Work with People with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Carr Janet
Published: June 2009

“Of all the contributions made by psychologists to the education and training of the mentally retarded in recent years, pride of place must surely be accorded to behaviour modification” (Clarke and Clarke, 1987). This is a significant claim and one that may be disputed by those who work in other areas (as indeed do the Clarkes themselves) but there is little doubt that behavioural methods have made a major contribution to the teaching and management of people with learning difficulties. This paper will divide the, necessarily selective, review of recent research into two main areas: first, that concerned with skill development and second, that concerned with behaviour reduction and the management of what has become known as Challenging Behaviour.
Rapid versus Gradual Scheduling of Therapeutic Contact in a Family Based Behavioural Weight Control Programme for Children
Authors: Senediak Christine , Spence Susan H.
Published: June 2009

Forty-five overweight children aged 6 to 13 were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: a behavioural programme occurring on a rapid schedule, the same behavioural programme presented on a schedule of gradually decreasing frequency, a non-specific control procedure and a waiting list control group. Experimental procedures required subjects to attend eight sessions, accompanied by a parent. The behavioural approach was found to lead to significantly greater reductions in obese status as measured by absolute weight loss and percentage overweight for age, sex and height, in comparison to both the non-specific control procedure and the waiting list group during treatment. This difference was maintained at the 11 week follow-up. Comparison between the rapid and gradual scheduling of behavioural sessions revealed little difference in outcome in the long term, other than effects which reflected differences in duration since the onset of treatment. Skinfold measures were found to be less sensitive to change, with differences between groups being evident only in the longer term assessments.
The Assessment and Short-term Manipulation of Affect in the Severely Demented
Authors: Gaebler Heather C. , Hemsley David R.
Published: June 2009

A series of observation studies on elderly demented patients were carried out in an attempt to devise a reliable instrument for measuring engaged behaviour and emotional responses. This was achieved in a number of stages, and a final small scale study demonstrated a high level of inter-rater reliability. The instrument was then employed to assess the effects of a short-term intervention in a group of non-verbal elderly patients on a geriatric ward. A single case design was employed and replicated across six subjects. The results provide some support for the efficacy of this type of intervention, although there was considerable inter-subject variability in response.