bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbonate‐rich megabeds within a Triassic siliciclastic deep‐water system, West Qinling orogenic belt, Central China: Character, processes and implications
Authors: Li Pan , Kneller Ben , Valdez Buso Victoria
Published: July 2024

Deep‐water megabeds are a particular type of sediment gravity flow deposit that are anomalously thick and often of distinctive composition compared to the deep‐water strata within which they are embedded. Pure siliciclastic or carbonate megabeds have been widely reported from deep‐marine systems. Less documented are carbonate‐rich mixed megabeds with abundant carbonate clasts in a siliciclastic matrix, which are embedded in siliciclastic deep‐water systems. Here, such examples are reported from outcrops of the Lower Triassic in the West Qinling orogenic belt, central China, with a focus on the character, processes and implications of these carbonate‐rich megabeds. Based on regional geology and characteristics of the encasing siliciclastic turbidites and autochthonous micritic limestones, these megabeds are inferred to have been deposited in a deep marine trough. The megabeds are thick (1 to ca 10 m) compared to surrounding beds (commonly less than 1 m), and are of mixed composition, comprising both siliciclastic grains and shallow‐water carbonate clasts. These megabeds are commonly characterised by a distinctive bipartite or tripartite vertical succession of facies. A complete (tripartite) sequence consists of a basal clast‐supported conglomeratic division (Division I), an intermediate matrix‐supported conglomeratic division (Division II), and an upper normally graded and/or laminated sandy division (Division III). These divisions are interpreted to be deposited from evolving debris flows transitioning to turbidity currents during a single flow event, and are the result of flow deceleration and dilution. The megabeds show variability over very short lateral distances (several tens to a few hundred metres), possibly related to surface relief on the debritic portion of the deposit. A new depositional model is proposed for the mixed deep‐water system, with frequent siliciclastic turbidite deposition within this elongate basin from axially flowing turbidity currents, and episodic deposition from laterally‐supplied carbonate‐rich megaflows that eroded and incorporated the substrate during transport.
Pollinator activity and flowering in agricultural weeds in Sweden
Authors: Milberg Per , Franzen Markus , Karpaty Wickbom Amanda , Svelander Sabine , Johansson Victor
Published: July 2024

The extent to which weeds in arable land are useful to pollinators depends in part on the temporal pattern of flowering and insect flight activity. We compiled citizen science data on 54 bees and hoverflies typical of agricultural areas in southern Sweden, as well as 24 flowering weed species classified as pollinator‐friendly in the sense that they provide nectar and/or pollen to pollinators. The flight periods of the bees and hoverflies varied greatly, but there were also some consistent differences between the four groups studied. The first group to fly were the early flying solitary bees (7 species), followed by the social bees (18 species). In contrast, other solitary bees (11 species) and hoverflies (22 species) flew later in the summer. Solitary bees had the shortest flight periods, while social bees and hoverflies had longer flight periods. Flowering of weed species also varied greatly between species, with weeds classified as winter annuals (e.g., germinating in autumn) starting early together with germination generalists (species that can germinate in both autumn and spring). Summer annuals (spring germinators) and perennials started flowering about a month later. Germination generalists had a much longer flowering period than the others. Weekly pollinator records were in most cases significantly explained by weed records. Apart from early flying solitary bees, all models showed strong positive relationships. The overall best explanatory variable was the total number of weeds, with a weight assigned to each species based on its potential as a nectar/pollen source. This suggests that agricultural weeds in Sweden provide a continuous potential supply of nectar and pollen throughout the flight season of most pollinators.
A Concise Ring Closing Enyne Metathesis Approach for the Preparation of Functionalized Proline‐Derived Azabicycloalkane Amino Acids
Authors: Rubes Davide , Zupi Marco , Bisbano Giovanni , Belvisi Laura , Terreni Marco , De Lorenzi Ersilia , Serra Massimo
Published: July 2024

Herein we report the preparation of C4‐functionalized proline‐derived azabicycloalkane (Aba) amino acids by exploiting a direct ring closing enyne metathesis reaction of readily accessible dipeptide precursors. The reverse‐turn inducing properties of the newly synthesized constrained dipeptide mimics were assessed by computational studies. Furthermore, the desired Aba derivatives, carrying a synthetically versatile diene moiety, were subjected to post‐functionalization reactions to validate their potential application in peptide/peptidomimetic chemistry and drug discovery.
Nonheme Fe Based Enzyme Mimics for Fine Organic Synthesis: Catalytic C−H and C=C Oxygenations
Authors: Talsi Evgenii P. , Bryliakov Konstantin P.
Published: July 2024

Since the milestone contribution by Chen and White in 2007, bioinspired non‐heme bis‐amino‐bis‐pyridylmethyl Fe complexes have been at the forefront of studies related to designing catalytic approaches for direct oxidative functionalization of aliphatic C−H bonds. This, however, has not developed into large‐scale synthetic applications to date. The present concept is aimed at briefly discussing the state‐of‐the‐art of non‐heme Fe catalyzed oxidations of organic molecules with H2O2, the current oxidant of choice of bioinspired oxidation catalysis, mostly focusing on C−H oxidations, and analyzing the peculiarities of their reactivity through the prism of potential applications in fine organic synthesis.
A task‐centric knowledge graph construction method based on multi‐modal representation learning for industrial maintenance automation
Authors: Liu Zengkun , Lu Yuqian
Published: July 2024

Maintenance manuals are crucial information sources for maintenance and repair. Prior studies explored factual knowledge extraction from textual documents. However, maintenance knowledge in manuals is more task‐centric rather than factual knowledge and often documented in an unstructured Portable Document Format (PDF), posing challenges for knowledge extraction. Addressing this, this research develops effective methods to extract task‐centric maintenance knowledge from unstructured PDF manuals. A new Task‐centric Knowledge Graph (TCKG) schema centralized on maintenance task components (MTCs) is proposed to address the need for structured knowledge representation. A method (Heterogeneous Graph‐based Method, HGM) for knowledge extraction is then proposed, which is enhanced by incorporating visual and spatial information. In the experiments, the proposed HGM exhibits robust performance in the knowledge extraction process, surpassing the baseline Graph‐based Interaction Model with a Tracker (GIT) method in MTCs extraction by 13.3%, and the baseline Translate Embedding (TransE) method in MTCs' relation extraction by 3.8%. A series of ablation studies also prove that including visual and spatial information through the proposed method can improve the relation extraction performance by over 10%. This research supplies valuable insights for future developments in information extraction from maintenance manuals.
Morphogenesis of a new landform responsive to superimposed sulphate and carbonate buried karsts in western Canada
Authors: Broughton Paul L.
Published: July 2024

This case study documents the morphogenesis of a new karstic landform consisting of a calcareous tufa mound with a gypsum caprock that developed at La Saline Lake, an oxbow of the Athabasca River in northeast Alberta, Canada. The development of this novel tiered carbonate‐sulphate mound architecture resulted from emplacement above the largest known buried salt dissolution collapse‐subsidence karst system, which was superimposed by an overlying buried carbonate karst. Dissolution of halite‐anhydrite beds of the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite, 200 m below, resulted in extensive subsidence and brecciation of the overlying Upper Devonian carbonate karst. The development of the calcareous tufa mound resulted from meteoric‐driven groundwater mixed with glacial meltwater directed along the shallowly buried karstic carbonate terrain of Middle‐Upper Devonian limestone, which floors the McMurray Formation, the main reservoir unit of the Lower Cretaceous Athabasca Oil Sands. The flow of the carbonate‐saturated groundwater responsible for the emplacement of the tufa mound at the surface was abruptly redirected along a deeper pathway in response to dissolution collapse‐subsidence adjustments within the buried salt karst of the Prairie Evaporite. The redirected groundwater flow deeper encountered an anhydrite‐dominated segment of the salt dissolution trend within the Prairie Evaporite Formation, 200 m below. The migration up‐section of sulphate‐saturated brine onto the surface of the previously formed tufa mound resulted in the emplacement of a gypsum caprock as a new landform.
Serving up health: How phytochemicals transform food into medicine in the battle against cancer
Authors: Sharma Eshita , Tewari Manju , Sati Priyanka , Sharma Isha , Attri Dharam Chand , Rana Supriyanka , Aldahish Afaf Ahmed , Calina Daniela , Dhyani Praveen , Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Cho William C.
Published: July 2024

The escalating global cancer burden underscores the urgent need for more effective therapeutic strategies. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring compounds in plants, have garnered attention for their potential in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Their ability to modulate molecular mechanisms and influence cell signaling pathways offers a promising avenue for cancer management. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on phytochemicals’ chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential, focusing on their molecular mechanisms of action and impacts on cell signaling pathways involved in cancer. A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search strategy uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free‐text terms using Boolean operators to capture relevant studies. Inclusion criteria targeted original research and reviews on the effects of phytochemicals in cancer, with a specific focus on molecular mechanisms. Phytochemicals, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoids, demonstrated significant anticancer properties by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. They modulate critical cell signaling pathways, such as cyclooxygenase‐2, nuclear factor kappa B, and various growth factor‐related pathways, and rectify epigenetic alterations, contributing to their chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. Phytochemicals represent a valuable resource for developing novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies; their actions on molecular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways underscore their potential in cancer prevention and combat. Further research is warranted to translate these findings into clinical applications, optimizing phytochemical‐based interventions for cancer management.
Genotype × environment interaction patterns of dry matter yield in meadow brome, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and timothy evaluated at harsh winter sites
Authors: Robins Joseph G. , Biligetu Bill , Claessens Annie , Khanal Nityananda , Asselin Sean R. , Schellenberg Michael P.
Published: July 2024

Background

Genotype × environment interaction (GEI) slows genetic gains and complicates selection decisions in plant breeding programs. Forage breeding program seed sales often encompass large geographic regions to which the cultivars may not be adapted. An understanding of the extent of GEI in perennial, cool‐season forage grasses will facilitate improved selection decisions and end‐use in areas with harsh winters.

Methods

We evaluated the dry matter yield of nine meadow brome (Bromus biebersteinii Roemer & J. A. Schultes), nine orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), seven tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and 10 timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars or breeding populations at seven high latitude and/or elevation locations in Canada and the United States from 2019 to 2021.

Results

For each of the species, we found significant differences among the genotypes for dry matter yield across environments and found significant levels of GEI. Using site regression analysis and GGE biplot visualizations, we then characterized the extent of the interactions in each species. Except for tall fescue, there was little evidence for the broad adaptation of genotypes across locations.

Conclusions

This research adds further evidence to the limitations of perennial, forage breeding programs to develop widely adapted cultivars and the need to maintain regional breeding efforts.
Motivators for family carers of persons with dementia in Kenya
Authors: Musyimi Christine W. , Muyela Levi A. , Ndetei David M. , Thakya Diana , Mutiso Victoria N. , Mutunga Elizabeth , Evans‐Lacko Sara , Farina Nicolas
Published: July 2024

Objectives

The number of people with dementia is on the rise in Kenya and across Africa. Although family carers act as the main providers of dementia care in Kenya, there is still a significant knowledge gap regarding why family members care for someone with dementia. This study explores perceived drivers of care for people with dementia in a rural Kenyan context.

Methods

Participants were recruited in Makueni County, Kenya. Primary data were derived from a focus group discussion (FGD) and five individual interviews with family carers of people with dementia. To complement interpretation, triangulation occurred through using data from FGDs with healthcare workers and members of the general public. All audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and inductive thematic analysis performed using NVIVO 12.

Results

Using the Positioning Theory, we sought to generate information pertaining to motivation for becoming a family carer. Five themes emerged from the analysis and included: (i) self‐fulfillment, (ii) familial obligation, (iii) cultural and religious beliefs, (iv) reciprocity, and (v) societal pressures. These themes described the nature of care given to people with dementia, based on what the participants perceived as compelling and/or motivating factors.

Conclusions

Our findings describe the unique motivators of family carers for people with dementia in Kenya. The ability to find meaning in the caregiving experience could contribute to development of effective support systems, interventions and policies for dementia carers with the aim of improving the overall quality of dementia care in Kenya.
Hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in Bangladesh: Evaluating role of physical activity from cross‐sectional STEPS 2018 survey
Authors: Biswas Raaj Kishore , Chowdhury Srizan , Hossain Sorif , Chowdhury Promit Barua
Published: July 2024

Background and Aims

The objective of this study was to assess current condition of three noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)‐diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia and vulnerable cohorts among adults in Bangladesh.

Methods

The STEPwise Approach to the NCD Risk Factor Surveillance survey of 2018 was analyzed to evaluate the association between NCDs and sociodemographic factors, levels of physical activity, and behavioral measurements. Complex survey weight‐adjusted logistic models were fitted.

Results

From 6875 samples, prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were 27.3%, 9.8%, and 30.2%, respectively. The prevalence of the three NCDs were higher among older respondents. Low occupational activity with obese‐BMI status people was more prone to NCDs. Lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was observed in Rangpur, Rajshahi, and Mymensingh, whereas lesser diabetes in Khulna region. Likelihood of NCDs were higher among highly educated, urban residents with low physical activity. Lesser physical activity, and lack of weight maintenance were found to be key factors in higher rates of NCDs in Bangladesh.

Conclusion

Greater education and less strenuous profession led to a higher chance of NCDs. Overall, physical activity and maintenance of weight seem to be factors driving higher rates of NCDs in Bangladesh. As a preventive measure against NCDs, an active lifestyle is to be encouraged, particularly to the most vulnerable cohort.
Nowcasting Norwegian household consumption with debit card transaction data
Authors: Aastveit Knut Are , Fastbø Tuva Marie , Granziera Eleonora , Paulsen Kenneth Sæterhagen , Torstensen Kjersti Næss
Published: July 2024

We use a novel data set covering all domestic debit card transactions in physical terminals by Norwegian households, to nowcast quarterly Norwegian household consumption. These card payments data are not subject to revisions and are available weekly without delays, providing a valuable early indicator of household spending. To account for mixed‐frequency data, we estimate various quantile mixed‐data sampling (QMIDAS) regressions using predictors sampled at monthly and weekly frequency. We evaluate both point and density forecasting performance over the sample 2011Q4–2019Q4. Our results show that MIDAS regressions with debit card transactions data improve both point and density forecast accuracy over competitive standard benchmark models that use alternative high‐frequency predictors. Finally, we illustrate the benefits of using the card payments data by obtaining a timely and relatively accurate nowcast of 2020Q1, a quarter characterized by heightened uncertainty due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We further show how debit card data have been useful in nowcasting consumption during the four subsequent quarters.
Spray‐pyrolysis synthesis of CuMnO2 with the potential for photoelectrocatalysis
Authors: Martinez Benjamin , Kuo Chun‐Hong , Chiang Ming‐Hsi
Published: July 2024

Amidst the global endeavor toward sustainable energy sources, photocatalysis appears as a promising gateway toward the production of solar fuels, in particular hydrogen. Hydrogen is currently a crucial reagent for vital industries such as petrol desulfurization, iron reduction and ammonia production, so the decarbonization of its production is a major challenge. CuMnO2 (CMO), a p‐type semiconductor, has been shown to enhance the efficiency of catalysts such as TiO2 for the photoelectrocatalytic water splitting reaction. However, since pure CMO thin films have never been reported, its potential and limitations remain elusive. We used spray pyrolysis as a low‐cost synthesis technique to simplify and accelerate the synthesis of CMO thin films directly on FTO substrates. CMO prepared in this manner exhibits activity toward photoeletrocatalytic water splitting and O2 reduction. The activity has been found to be highly dependent on synthesis conditions, especially on the ratio and volume of precursors.
Exposure–Response Modeling in Adults and Adolescents With Schizophrenia to Support the Extrapolation of Brexpiprazole Efficacy to Adolescents
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Gopalakrishnan Mathangi , Rich Benjamin , Gobburu Jogarao V. , Larsen Frank , Raoufinia Arash
Published: July 2024

In order to accelerate drug development and avoid unnecessary drug trials in vulnerable pediatric populations, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a general advice letter to sponsors permitting the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults to be extrapolated to adolescents. Extrapolation is based on the evidence‐based assumptions that (1) disease characteristics and (2) response to therapy, are similar in adults and adolescents. Whereas the FDA validated the extrapolation approach using data from multiple drug development programs, aripiprazole data are the most relevant to confirm the validity of the extrapolation approach for brexpiprazole, since aripiprazole and brexpiprazole both modulate dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling in the brain. The aims of this analysis were (1) to quantitatively assess the aripiprazole exposure (average steady‐state concentration)–response (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score change from baseline) similarity between adults and adolescents with schizophrenia, (2) to extend the aripiprazole exposure–response modeling to brexpiprazole using adult data, and (3) to use the brexpiprazole model to predict schizophrenia symptom response in adolescents. Disease–drug–dropout models were developed using patient‐level data from clinical studies of aripiprazole (1007 adults, 294 adolescents) and brexpiprazole (1235 adults) in schizophrenia. The aripiprazole model demonstrated similar exposure–response between adults and adolescents with schizophrenia, validating the extrapolation approach. Extrapolation of the brexpiprazole adult exposure–response model to adolescents predicted the efficacy of brexpiprazole in adolescents aged 13‐17 years with schizophrenia.
Labetalol Dosing in Pregnancy: PBPK/PD and CYP2C19 Polymorphisms
Authors: Liu Xiaomei I. , Green Dionna J. , van den Anker John , Calderon Joaquin , Ahmadzia Homa , Burckart Gilbert J. , Dallmann André
Published: July 2024

As detailed information on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of labetalol in pregnant people are lacking, the aims of this study were: (1) to build a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model of labetalol in non‐pregnant individuals that incorporates different CYP2C19 genotypes (specifically, *1/*1, *1/*2 or *3, *2/*2, and *17/*17); (2) to translate this model to the second and third trimester of pregnancy; and (3) to combine the model with a previously published direct pharmacodynamic (PD) model to predict the blood pressure lowering effect of labetalol in the third trimester. Clinical data for model evaluation was obtained from the scientific literature. In non‐pregnant populations, the mean ratios of simulated versus observed peak concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and exposure (area under the plasma concentration–time curve, AUC) were 0.94, 0.82, and 1.16, respectively. The pregnancy PBPK model captured the observed PK adequately, but clearance was slightly underestimated with mean ratios of simulated versus observed Cmax, Tmax, and AUC of 1.28, 1.30, and 1.39, respectively. The results suggested that pregnant people with CYP2C19 *2/*2 alleles have similar labetalol exposure and trough levels compared to non‐pregnant controls, whereas those with other alleles were found to have increased exposure and trough concentrations. Importantly, the pregnancy PBPK/PD model predicted that, despite increased exposure in some genotypes, the blood pressure lowering effect was broadly comparable across all genotypes. In view of the large inter‐individual variability and the potentially increasing blood pressure during pregnancy, patients may need to be closely monitored for achieving optimal therapeutic effects and avoiding adverse events.
Anterior cruciate ligament—Return to sport after injury scale brief version after ACL reconstruction: Persian translation, cross‐cultural adaptation and validation
Authors: Eshraghi Nasim , Mirghaderi Peyman , Omid Reza , Sajadi Mohamad , Pashapour‐Yeganeh Amirreza , Hosseini‐Dolama Reza , Rahimzadeh Payman , Moharrami Alireza , Rakhshan Amir , Javad Mortazavi S. M.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the short anterior cruciate ligament return to sport after injury (ACL‐RSI) (Persian) version's cultural adaption and validity.

Methods

To assess test–retest reliability, 102 participants were filled out the short ACL‐RSI(Per) scale 6 months or more after ACLR surgery. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients), construct validity (Pearson's r) and sensitivity (floor/ceiling effect) were determined. In addition, patient completed other relevant measures such as Lysholm scores, the hospital for special surgery ACL satisfaction survey (HSS ACL‐SS), the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain and patient's satisfaction, the Tegner activity score (TAS), the single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) and the Cincinnati Knee Rating System (CKRS).

Results

The short ACL‐RSI(Per) scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.923). Significant correlations between short ACL‐RSI(Per) and other scales supported validity. There was a statistically significant connection between the short ACL‐RSI(Per) and the following outcomes: HSS ACL‐SS (r = 0.698, p < 0.001), VAS pain (r = 0.356, p < 0.001), CKRS (r = 0.644, p < 0.001), TAS (r = 0414, p < 0.001), Lysholm score (r = 0.467, p < 0.001) and SANE score (r = 0.536; p < 0.001). In addition to a satisfactory ceiling impact (15%), a sizeable floor effect (16.7%) was also seen.

Conclusion

The short ACL‐RSI(Per) scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing psychological readiness for return to sport after ACL reconstruction in Persian.

Level of Evidence

III.
A single gene determines allorecognition in hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema radiatum inbred lines
Authors: Tang Crystal , Tamura‐Nakano Miwa , Kobayakawa Kenta , Ozawa Takuto , Onojima Takao , Kajitani Rei , Itoh Takehiko , Tachibana Kazunori
Published: July 2024

Allorecognition—the ability of an organism to discriminate between self and nonself—is crucial to colonial marine animals to avoid invasion by other individuals in the same habitat. The cnidarian hydroid Hydractinia has long been a major research model in studying invertebrate allorecognition, establishing a rich knowledge foundation. In this study, we introduce a new cnidarian model Cladonema radiatum (C. radiatum). C. radiatum is a hydroid jellyfish which also forms polyp colonies interconnected with stolons. Allorecognition responses—fusion or regression of stolons—are observed when stolons encounter each other. By transmission electron microscopy, we observe rapid tissue remodeling contributing to gastrovascular system connection in fusion. Meanwhile, rejection responses are regulated by reconstruction of the chitinous exoskeleton perisarc, and induction of necrotic and autophagic cellular responses at cells in contact with the opponent. Genetic analysis identifies allorecognition genes: six Alr genes located on the putative allorecognition complex and four immunoglobulin superfamily genes on a separate genome region. C. radiatum allorecognition genes show notable conservation with the Hydractinia Alr family. Remarkedly, stolon encounter assays of inbred lines reveal that genotypes of Alr1 solely determine allorecognition outcomes in C. radiatum.
Therapeutic effect of Momordica charantia on cardiomyopathy in a diabetic maternal rat model
Authors: Elnahas Shaimaa M. , Mansour Hend Abd El‐Halim , El‐Sawi Mamdouh R. , Abou‐El‐Naga Amoura M.
Published: July 2024

Myocardial structural and functional abnormalities are hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a chronic consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Maternal DM affects and increases the risk of heart defects in diabetic mothers compared with nondiabetic mothers. Momordica charantia exhibits antidiabetic effects due to various bioactive compounds that are phytochemicals, a broad group that includes phenolic compounds, alkaloids, proteins, steroids, inorganic compounds, and lipids. Pregnant maternal rats were split into four groups: control (C), M. charantia‐treated (MC), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (DM), and diabetic (MC + DM) groups. Diabetes mothers had increased serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase‐myocardial band (CK‐MB), and lactate dehydrogenase were increased. Hormone levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estrogen decreased significantly. Inflammatory markers such as interleukin 6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and vascular adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) were elevated in diabetic mothers. Oxidative stress markers indicated increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, while antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were decreased in maternal heart tissue. The levels of apoptotic markers such as tumor suppressor 53 (P53) and cysteine aspartic protease‐3 (caspase‐3) were significantly greater in diabetic maternal heart tissue. Histopathological analysis revealed heart tissue abnormalities in diabetic maternal rats. M. charantia extract improved maternal diabetes‐induced changes in inflammation, antioxidant levels, and heart tissue structure.
Significance of acupuncture treatment for medical staff with low back pain: A case report
Authors: Masuda Takuya , Egawa Kenichiro , Takeshita Yu , Tanaka Koitchiro
Published: July 2024

A 24‐year‐old female nurse with a 4‐month history of low back pain (LBP) was treated with acupuncture because of difficulty to her working. At the first presentation, the numerical rating scale (NRS) value was 7. After 2 weeks, the NRS value improved to 2–3, and she could bend over better, including when working night shifts. After 4 months, the NRS value remained at 1–2 so her relocating or leaving of absence from the ICU department was avoided. Acupuncture treatment for medical staff with LBP could relieve their pain and improve decreased clinical performance in hospitals or clinics.
Fungal community and toxigenic taxa in chestnut fruits in postharvest conditioning process and storage
Authors: Bastianelli Giorgia , Morales‐Rodriguez Carmen , Thomidis Thomas , Vannini Andrea
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Chestnut fruit quality is affected by fungal contamination. The study of the patterns of contamination in the postharvest is crucial to individuate the critical phases and propose solutions. To understand how fungal colonization varies on fruits, the composition of mycobiota was investigated in postharvest handling and in between tissues (shell and kernel).

RESULTS

Fungal sequences were clustered into 308 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Biodiversity was higher in shell than kernel tissues. Results evidenced the risk of new contamination in specific phases such as the ‘cold bath’ and storage. Genera known as mycotoxin producers were detected in all phases. Specifically, 47 OTUs belonging to Penicillium, eight to Fusarium and two to Aspergillus genera were identified. While Fusarium spp. was sensitive to ‘warm bath’ phase, Penicillium spp. was largely insensitive and accumulated in storage conditions. Surprisingly, Aspergillus spp. was poorly represented. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and T‐2/HT‐2 detection was performed for shell and kernel, and process phases. Higher contamination was observed on shell than in kernel samples. While aflatoxins were within the European Union (EU) limits for dry fruits, Ochratoxin exceeded the EU limits. The present study represents the first report of fumonisins and T‐2/HT‐2 detection in chestnuts.

CONCLUSION

Fungal contamination taxa is high in chestnut fruits following postharvest handling and storage. A parametrization of process phases such as the ‘warm bath’ is functional to reduce the risk for some taxa. For other spoilage and mycotoxigenic genera strict sanitation procedures of equipment and water must be individuated and implemented to reduce their impact. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Functional Status Predicts Delay to Radiation in Free Tissue Transfer for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Mangan Andrew R. , Cotton Kenzo M. , Gardner James Reed , Shay Aryan , Farsi Soroush , Ross Noah B. , King Deanne , Sunde Jumin , Vural Emre , Moreno Mauricio Alejandro
Published: July 2024

Objective

Evaluate the effect of functional status and patient factors on delays in treatment with adjuvant therapy.

Methods

Retrospective chart review (2020–2022) was conducted at a single tertiary referral center. Data were collected between January 2020 and October 2022, and 63 patients underwent free flap reconstructive surgery of the head and neck due to the presence of cancer and received adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). The main outcomes measured were Area Deprivation Index (ADI), Beale scores, distance to radiation center, functional status, patient demographics, gender, and length from surgery to initiation of RT.

Results

Of the 63 patients who were reviewed, the average age was 65.5 years old and 63.8% were male. The average ADI state score was 5.6 and the national percentile of 77.1. The average Beale score was 3.7. The average distance traveled was 101.1 miles. Thirty‐five patients were living independently, 16 were living in assisted living or received home care, and 15 were dependent or lived in a nursing home. Mann–Whitney U analysis revealed a significant association of increasing levels of dependence to delays in treatment compared to on‐time treatment (p = 0.002). The odds of treatment delay were increased almost 10‐fold for every additional increase in dependency level (OR = 9.87, 95% CI = 1.42–68.83).

Conclusions and Relevance

Degree of dependent functional status correlates with delays in postoperative adjuvant RT in patients undergoing free tissue transfer for head and neck cancer. Preoperative risk stratification allows for physicians to address barriers to adjuvant therapy prior to delay.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:4979–4984, 2024
Strain‐dependent and host genotype–dependent priority effects in gut microbiome assembly affect host fitness in Daphnia
Authors: Gurung Aditi , Mukherjee Shinjini , Declercq Maj , Souffreau Caroline , De Meester Luc
Published: July 2024

The arrival order of species can strongly influence the early assembly of ecological communities. Such events, known as priority effects, are documented in various ecological settings, but remain understudied within the context of the gut microbiome. Given the fundamental link between the gut microbiome and host health, exploring the potential role of priority effects in shaping the assembly and development of microbial communities within the gut becomes imperative. Using the freshwater planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna as a model system, we manipulated the immigration order of three bacterial strain pairs in two germ‐free genotypes and quantified gut microbiome composition and host fitness at two time points, namely day 8 and day 12. Priority effects were observed; however, their presence, amplitude, and direction (suppressive or facilitative) were found to be contingent on the identity of bacterial strain and host genotype. These findings were accompanied by notable differences in Daphnia life history traits across inoculation order treatments, shedding light on the tangible consequences of priority effects triggered by the sequence of bacterial strain arrival in the gut environment, for host fitness. Our results thus highlight the complex nature of priority effects in gut community assembly, their strain/genotype specificity, and their potential impact on the host.
First lacustrine application of the diatom‐bound nitrogen isotope paleo‐proxy reveals coupling of denitrification and N2 fixation in a hyper‐eutrophic lake
Authors: Studer Anja S. , Wörmer Lars , Vogel Hendrik , Dubois Nathalie , Bartosiewicz Maciej , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe , Lepori Fabio , Lehmann Moritz F.
Published: July 2024

Past changes in the input/output, and internal cycling, of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in marine and lacustrine environments can be reconstructed by analyzing the N isotopic composition (δ15N) of organic matter in the sedimentary record. To verify, and eliminate, potential biases of bulk sedimentary δ15N (δ15Nbulk) signatures by diagenetic alteration and external N inputs, we applied, for the first time, the diatom‐bound N isotope (δ15Ndb) paleo‐proxy to lake sediments. By comparing δ15Nbulk and δ15Ndb in a sedimentary record from eutrophic Lake Lugano (Switzerland), we demonstrate that changing redox conditions influence the degree of N‐isotopic alteration of the bulk sediment, emphasizing the need for caution when interpreting δ15Nbulk in paleolimnological studies. Furthermore, in combining δ15Ndb measurements with X‐ray fluorescence scanning and state‐of‐the‐art molecular biomarker analyses, we reconstruct nutrient cycling and paleoenvironmental conditions in the lake over the past ~ 125 yr. Coeval with the period of severe eutrophication in Lake Lugano in the 1960s, our proxy data indicate that export production, δ15Ndb, and the concentration of heterocyst glycolipids (a biomarker for N2‐fixing cyanobacteria) increased simultaneously. Together, these data suggest that the rise in δ15Ndb is likely the result of enhanced water‐column denitrification in response to increased phytoplankton productivity. We hypothesize that greater export production during eutrophication led to anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion as a result of enhanced organic matter remineralization, raising water‐column denitrification. Enhanced N loss and remobilization of phosphorous (P) from the sediments under anoxic conditions lowered the N : P ratio in the lake, fostering cyanobacterial N2 fixation in surface waters.
Automated Video‐Based Approach for the Diagnosis of Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Schappert Ronja , Verrel Julius , Brügge Nele Sophie , Li Frédéric , Paulus Theresa , Becker Leonie , Bäumer Tobias , Beste Christian , Roessner Veit , Fudickar Sebastian , Münchau Alexander
Published: July 2024

Background

The occurrence of tics is the main basis for the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). Video‐based tic assessments are time consuming.

Objective

The aim was to assess the potential of automated video‐based tic detection for discriminating between videos of adults with GTS and healthy control (HC) participants.

Methods

The quantity and temporal structure of automatically detected tics/extra movements in videos from adults with GTS (107 videos from 42 participants) and matched HCs were used to classify videos using cross‐validated logistic regression.

Results

Videos were classified with high accuracy both from the quantity of tics (balanced accuracy of 87.9%) and the number of tic clusters (90.2%). Logistic regression prediction probability provides a graded measure of diagnostic confidence. Expert review of about 25% of lower‐confidence predictions could ensure an overall classification accuracy above 95%.

Conclusions

Automated video‐based methods have a great potential to support quantitative assessment and clinical decision‐making in tic disorders.
A New Case Series Suggests That SCA48 (ATX/STUB1) Is Primarily a Monogenic Disorder
Authors: van Prooije Teije H. , Pennings Maartje , Dorresteijn Lucille , Gardeitchik Thatjana , Odekerken Vincent J.J. , Oosterloo Mayke , Pedersen Annie , Verschuuren‐Bemelmans Corien C. , Vrancken Alexander , Kamsteeg Erik‐Jan , van de Warrenburg Bart P.C.
Published: July 2024

Background

Monoallelic, pathogenic STUB1 variants cause autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ATX‐STUB1/SCA48). Recently, a genetic interaction between STUB1 variants and intermediate or high‐normal CAG/CAA repeats in TBP was suggested, indicating digenic inheritance or a disease‐modifying role for TBP expansions.

Objective

To determine the presence and impact of intermediate or high‐normal TBP expansions in ataxic patients with heterozygous STUB1 variants.

Methods

We describe 21 patients with ataxia carrying a heterozygous STUB1 variant and determined TBP repeat length.

Results

A total of 15 of 21 patients (71%) carried a normal TBP
<40 allele, 4 (19%) carried an intermediate TBP
41–42 allele, and two carried a high‐normal TBP
40 allele (9.5%). Five of six carriers (83%) of both STUB1 variants and TBP
40–42 alleles showed marked cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

SCA48 is predominantly a monogenic disorder, because most patients carried an isolated, heterozygous STUB1 variant and presented with the typical combined phenotype of ataxia and cognitive dysfunction. Still, co‐occurrence of TBP
41–42 or high‐normal TBP40 alleles was relatively frequent and associated with marked cognitive defects (28.5%), suggesting a modifying effect on clinical expression in some cases.
Next‐generation sequencing identifies that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D mutation is favorable to immunotherapy in human cancer
Authors: Huang Yongsheng , Liao Jianwei , Gao Ming , Fu Sha , Liang Faya , Jiang Yuanling , Luo Jiahuan , Huang Jinghua , Tan Ni , Wang Danlan , Yin Xinke , Ren Shuwei , Lin Peiliang , Chen Renhui , Han Ping , Huang Xiaoming , Ouyang Nengtai
Published: July 2024

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors (PTPRs) play a crucial part in numerous tumor processes. However, the effect of PTPR mutations on the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) response needs to be further clarified. Next‐generation sequencing was performed on 453 cancer patients in our internal cohort. The genomic alterations, tumor mutation burden (TMB), neoantigens, and immune‐related features/pathways of other cohorts were analyzed. Here, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) has a high mutation frequency and an intensified co‐occurrence with other PTPRs. Patients who responded to ICI therapy were enriched with the PTPRD mutation (PTPRD‐MUT). PTPRD‐MUT patients had a higher objective response rate (44.1% vs. 29.1%), TMB/neoantigens, and longer overall survival time than PTPRD‐wild‐type (PTPRD‐WT) patients. Genomic alterations with a higher mutation frequency of genes (such as LRP1B) were enriched in PTPRD‐MUT patients. More abundant immune cells (including CD8+ T cells and macrophages) and upregulated immune‐related genes were found in PTPRD‐MUT patients. Moreover, Gene sets enrichment analyses showed that multiple antitumor immune pathways are activated in PTPRD‐MUT patients. Therefore, PTPRD‐MUT is beneficial for immunotherapy of multiple cancer types and may be a predictive biomarker of patient clinical outcomes.
Assessing multilevel barriers to hydroxyurea adherence in youth with sickle cell disease using pharmacy‐based refill records
Authors: Smaldone Arlene , Manwani Deepa , Aygun Banu , Appiah‐Kubi Abena , Smith‐Whitley Kim , Green Nancy S.
Published: July 2024

Background

Suboptimal medication adherence is common across youth with chronic health conditions and may contribute to health disparities and adverse health outcomes, especially in underserved communities.

Methods

Using pharmacy prescription records and guided by the World Health Organization Multidimensional Adherence Model, we examined patient‐, treatment‐, and health system–related factors that may affect hydroxyurea adherence in 72 youth with sickle cell disease (SCD), 10‐18 years who had participated in the multisite “Hydroxyurea Adherence for Personal Best in SCD” (HABIT) feasibility (6 months) and efficacy (12 months) trials. Pharmacy data were collected from the year prior to study entry through the duration of each trial. We also examined hydroxyurea dose at baseline, prescribing patterns (hydroxyurea formulation and dose prescribed), quantity of hydroxyurea dispensed, and number of daily capsules/tablets prescribed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

On average, youth were prescribed 1095 ± 402 mg hydroxyurea per day, requiring ingestion of 3 or more capsules for 39.4% of youth. Frequently identified potential barriers were complex medication regimens in which dose of hydroxyurea differed by day of week (47.2%); receipt of an inadequate (< 30 days) supply of hydroxyurea from the pharmacy ≥ 3 times during record collection period (29.2%); and prescription of hydroxyurea suspension suggesting problems swallowing capsules (22.2%). In this sample, most youth were exclusively prescribed 500 mg capsules (62.5%), which was associated with complex medication regimens (RR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4‐6.7). Potential barriers were common, occurred at all levels and are potentially modifiable with targeted interventions at the treatment‐ and health system–related levels.
Mechanical property of powder bed fusion printed carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone and enhanced interlayer strength by post‐processing
Authors: Yan Mengxue , Tian Xiaoyong
Published: July 2024

Additive Manufacturing (AM) of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) composites with excellent performance by Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) has great potential in the applications where high strength and high service temperature are required. However, the reinforcement mechanisms of CF/PEEK composites based on the PBF process are complex and show significant differences from traditional processing methods. In this paper, the mechanical properties of CF/PEEK prepared by PBF were investigated. The results showed that its X‐axis tensile strength and modulus were approximately equal to or a bit lower than the theoretical value with randomly distributed CF, but much lower than the theoretical value with unidirectional distribution of CF in composites. Meanwhile, mechanical strength anisotropy was observed. The composites' Y‐axis tensile strength was slightly lower than X‐axis, and the lowest strength existed in Z‐axis. To improve the weak Z‐axis strength, post‐processing of annealing and solvent‐induced crystallization were carried out, and the Z‐axis tensile strength of post‐processed parts reached 50 MPa, which was 62% higher than untreated samples. Consequently, suitable CF and proper post‐ processing for AM of high strength CF/PEEK were proposed, which would promote the industrial application of this technology.

Highlights

The effect of CF on mechanical property of CF/PEEK prepared by PBF were studied.

The optimal CF for PBF of high strength CF/PEEK were obtained.

The post‐processing method for improving the Z‐axis strength were proposed.

CF/PEEK with comprehensive mechanical property was successfully prepared by PBF.
Improving antibiotic prescribing to reduce antimicrobial resistance in UTIs: the IPAP‐UTI programme
Authors: Hammond Ashley , Muller‐Pebody Berit , Ellis Kate B , Brown Colin S , Denham Anthony , Hopkins Susan , Hay Alastair D
Published: July 2024

Unchecked antimicrobial resistance is lethal and carries a high economic burden on the global economy. Primary care is central to the success of health service antibiotic stewardship programmes, as most of these infections are managed in the community. This article examines a pioneering programme that aims to reduce resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat lower urinary tract infections.
Increasing pharmacy research activity and engagement: SW Pharmacy Research Network
Authors: Jones Matthew D. , Ibechukwu Uzo , Sinclair Anthony , Scott Jenny
Published: July 2024

The number of pharmacy professionals engaged in research‐oriented academic or clinical positions remains low. This article discusses recent efforts that have been initiated and implemented in the South West of England aimed at motivating pharmacy professionals to participate in research, with a special focus on considering clinical academic career paths.