bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary disposition and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of chloramphenicol in healthy fasted adult horses
Authors: Dedecker Lana , Ceriotti Serena , Mora-Pereira Mariano , Knych Heather K. , Zuber Emily , Lascola Kara M.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To describe and compare the pulmonary and plasma pharmacokinetics of different oral formulations of chloramphenicol administered as a single dose to healthy adult horses.

Methods

A single dose of chloramphenicol was administered to 6 healthy, university-owned fasted adult horses IV (25 mg/kg), orally as commercial tablets (50 mg/kg), or orally or intragastrically as compounded suspension (50 mg/kg), according to a randomized crossover protocol. Plasma was collected 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected after 1, 4, and 8 hours and processed to obtain pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and the BAL cell pellet (BALc). Chloramphenicol concentrations were determined by means of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in plasma, PELF, and BALc. Data were used for plasma noncompartmental analysis and calculation of apparent PELF and BALc concentrations.

Results

Chloramphenicol concentrations were higher in the PELF than in plasma, irrespective of formulation and administration route (IV, orally, or intragastrically). Compounded suspension administered intragastrically yielded higher maximum concentration and drug exposure than administered orally, with a relative bioavailability of 79%. After oral administration, no significant differences were found between compounded suspension and commercial tablets.

Conclusions

Oral administration of chloramphenicol achieved pulmonary concentrations ≥ 2 and 4 µg/mL for at least 4 hours (50% to 75% of a 6- to 8-hour dosing interval) in 4 out of 5 treated horses.

Clinical Relevance

Pulmonary pharmacokinetics can be used by practitioners to judiciously select an antimicrobial for the treatment of complex equine pneumonia cases.
Toxicoinfectious Botulism in Foals and Adult Horses
Authors: Swerczek T. W.
Published: February 2025

Toxicoinfectious botulism was proved to be the cause of a neuromuscular paralytic syndrome in foals and adult horses. In eight successive cases, Clostridium botulinum type B was isolated at necropsy. Foals were either found dead without premonitory signs of illness or, most often, they had signs of progressive and symmetric motor paralysis. Stilted gait, muscular tremors, and the inability to stand longer than 4 to 5 minutes were the salient clinical signs. Other clinical manifestations included dysphagia, constipation, mydriasis, and frequent urination. As the disease progressed, dyspnea with extension of the head and neck, tachycardia, and respiratory arrest occurred. Death occurred most often 24 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. The most consistent postmortem findings were congestion and edema of the lungs and excessive pericardial fluid, which contained free-floating strands of fibrin. Gastric ulcers, foci of necrosis in the liver, abscesses in the navel and lungs, and wounds of the skin and muscle were predisposing sites for development of toxicoinetectious botulism.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Levamisole
Authors: Brunner Cindy J. , Muscoplat Charles C.
Published: February 2025

The conditions under which the anthelmintic drug levamisole modulates immune function were reviewed. Treatment with the drug corrects defective leukocyte reactivity and can bring clinical improvement in chronic infections, inflammatory disease, and malignancy. Therapeutic effectiveness depends upon dose, timing, and the patient's immune status, and results are often inconsistent. Levamisole therapy can cause marked but reversible complications, many of which have immunopathologic features.
A Disorder of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in a Cat
Authors: Hendricks Joan C. , Morrison Adrian R. , Farnbach George L. , Steinberg Sheldon A. , Mann Graziella
Published: February 2025

A young female cat with no neurologic abnormality during wakefulness was discovered to have violent motor activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Various characteristics of the disorder, which differentiated these episodes from epileptic seizures, suggested that the movements resulted from an exaggeration of phasic excitation during rapid eye movement sleep.
Clinicopathologic Effects of Rapid Infusion of 5% Sodium Bicarbonate in 5% Dextrose in the Horse
Authors: Rumbaugh G. E. , Carlson G. P. , Harrold Doris
Published: February 2025

Clinicopathologic effects of rapid intravenous infusion of 3 L of 5% dextrose in water containing 150 g of sodium bicarbonate were evaluated in 8 clinically normal horses. A highly significant metabolic alkalosis was produced in all the horses. This response was maximal at the end of the 20-minute infusion but persisted for as long as 8 hours. Packed cell volume, total plasma proteins, plasma potassium, and plasma chloride concentration decreased significantly after infusion, while plasma sodium concentration increased significantly. The clinical and clinicopathologic responses of the horses were comparable to those in man and other animal species.
A Comparison of Intrarectal Doppler and Rectal Abdominal Palpation for Pregnancy Testing in Goats
Authors: Ott R. S. , Braun W. F. , Lock T. F. , Memon M. A. , Stowater J. L.
Published: February 2025

Two methods of pregnancy diagnosis—rectal abdominal palpation and the intrarectal Doppler technique—were compared for accuracy in the female goat (does). Three veterinarians were given a short period of instruction as to the use of these methods, after which 38 does were evaluated by both methods by each veterinarian. The percentage of correct determination for pregnant does ranged from 94% to 100% for examiners using the intrarectal Doppler technique and from 94% to 97% for the rectal abdominal palpation. The percentage of correct determinations for nonpregnant does ranged from 25% to 75% for intrarectal Doppler technique and was 75% for rectal abdominal palpation; however, the number of nonpregnant does was small and did not allow a valid conclusion.

The results indicated that both methods are reasonably accurate for pregnancy diagnosis in does at 55 days or more after breeding and can be learned with only brief training. However, rectal abdominal palpation appears to be more hazardous with respect to rectal injury and abortion and, therefore, would not be the preferred method.
Tetracycline for Oral Treatment of Canine Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Creighton Stanley R. , Ruby Annette L.
Published: February 2025

Oral treatment with tetracycline resulted in bacteriologic cure in 23 of 25 (92%) dogs with urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 25 of the isolates of Pseudomonas spp were susceptible to in vitro concentrations of tetracycline (≤64 µg/ml), well below the mean urine concentrations attained in the urine of clinically normal dogs given standard oral doses of tetracycline.
Anesthesia of Small Kangaroos
Authors: Richardson K. C. , Cullen L. K.
Published: February 2025

Small kangaroos were anesthetized, using sodium thiopental iv for induction followed by endotracheal intubation and administration of a halothane and oxygen mixture. Endotracheal intubation in these small kangaroos was difficult, primarily because the long oral cavity prevented adequate visualization of the larynx. Intubation was facilitated by the use of a laryngoscope and a straight wire stylet inserted into the lumen of the endotracheal tube. Blood samples were collected from the median saphenous artery, and analysis showed that statistically significant increases in PO2 and PCO2 had occurred during anesthesia. Only minor variable changes in pH values were recorded. During anesthesia, decreased heart rate and increased mean respiratory rate were accompanied by rapid depression in cloacal temperature.
Distal polyneuropathy after canine heartworm disease therapy complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Dillon A. R. , Braund K. G.
Published: February 2025

A 3-year-old male Setter-type dog had a progressive distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy characterized by weakness, bilateral atrophy of distal appendicular musculature, and reduced response to tactile stimuli. The diagnosis of a distal axonopathy was supported by electromyographic findings of fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves in distal limb muscles, and absence of evoked action potentials, myopathic changes of atrophic angular fibers, and myelinated nerve fiber depletion in distal parts of peripheral nerves. The neuropathy appeared 5 weeks after 38 days of heparin therapy for disseminated intravascular coagulation. The disseminated intravascular coagulation, a complication of thiacetarsamide therapy for heartworm disease, had resolved 40 days after the end of heparin therapy. The cause of the neuropathy was not determined.
Bovine cystic ovarian disease: Hereditary relationships and case study
Authors: Kirk John H. , Huffman E. Michael , Lane Michael
Published: February 2025

Cystic ovarian disease (cod) was studied in a closed 300-cow dairy herd, using Dairy Herd Improvement Association and individual health records for a 7-year period (1974–1980). There were 2,112 calvings by 649 cows during the period. Cysts were found in 130 cows. Of the 649 cows that calved, 110 (16.9%) produced at least 1 daughter in which cod developed. Two bulls sired 17.6% of the daughters with cod, which was more than anticipated inasmuch as they sired only 11.6% of all daughters (P<0.05). These bulls were removed from the breeding program in an attempt to reduce cod in the herd.
Regulation of protein intake in adult dogs
Authors: Romsos Dale R. , Ferguson Deborah
Published: February 2025

To determine whether adult dogs are able to regulate their intake of protein, 2-year-old female Beagles were allowed self-selection from 2 diets that differed in concentration of protein. Such a feeding regimen permitted the dogs to select for protein without affecting energy intake. Within the 1st week of the 4-week study, the dogs had established their pattern of protein intake. They selected approximately 30% of metabolizable energy from protein. Adult female rats offered the same diets also selected 30% of metabolizable energy from protein. The results indicated that adult dogs are able to regulate protein and energy intake.
Echocardiographic features of aortic valve endocarditis in a dog, a cow, and a horse
Authors: Bonagura John D. , Pipers Frank S.
Published: February 2025

A horse, a cow, and a dog with aortic valve vegetative endocarditis were studied by M-mode echocardiography. Echocardiographic abnormalities of the aortic valve, mitral valve, and left ventricle were observed. These features were identical to those reported in human beings with aortic valve endocarditis. Abnormalities associated with aortic valve endocarditis included irregular thickening of the valve, multiple linear echoes in the aortic root, diastolic prolapse of the aortic vegetation, and diastolic fluttering of a torn aortic valve. Some of these features were found in each animal. The consequences of aortic regurgitation observed by echocardiography were left ventricular dilatation, diastolic fluttering of the mitral valve, premature closure of the mitral valve, and left ventricular hyperkinesia.
Bacterial and fungal isolates from Equidae with ulcerative keratitis
Authors: Moore Cecil P. , Fales William H. , Whittington Patrice , Bauer Lauren
Published: February 2025

Gram-negative bacteria were the most common microbial isolates from 38 eyes of 37 horses with ulcerative keratitis. Pseudomonassp, Enterobacter group, and Acinetobacter sp were the most prevalent. Fungi were cultured from 15 eyes and included 7 genera, with Aspergillus sp being the most prevalent. Ten of the eyes with fungal keratitis had been treated with corticosteroids. Eleven of 38 eyes had mixed bacterial and fungal infections. Clinically, the most severe cases were those in which Aspergillus and gram-negative bacteria existed in a mixed infection.

On the basis of susceptibility testing, gentamicin was highly efficacious (88.4%) against all bacterial isolates. Cephaloridine was slightly more efficacious than gentamicin against the gram-positive organisms. Only 32.3% of the gram-negative isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Of the relatively small number of gram-positive organisms isolated, streptococci were more often susceptible to chloramphenicol, whereas staphylococci were more often susceptible to gentamicin.
Milkborne outbreak of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides infection in a commercial goat dairy
Authors: East N. E. , DaMassa A. J. , Logan L. L. , Brooks D. L. , McGowan B.
Published: February 2025

A commercial goat dairy comprised of about 300 lactating does suddenly began to have a problem with polyarthritis in the kids and clinical mastitis in the does. The problem began 3 to 4 weeks following the introduction of 27 lactating does from a herd with a history of mastitis caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (Mmm).

Over 2 kidding seasons (about 12 months), approximately 170 kids and 70 does died or were euthanatized. Affected kids were 2 to 8 weeks old, had multiple warm swollen joints, body temperature of 40.8 to 41.5 C, marked weight loss, and pneumonia. All were lame and some experienced so much discomfort that they were unable to get up. The predominant necropsy finding was severe fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, but fibrinous pleuritis, fibrinous pericarditis, interstitial pneumonia, and bronchopneumonia also were found in some kids.

Culturing of affected joints and ofbulk tank milk yielded large numbers of Mmm. The outbreak was terminated by feeding heat-treated colostrum (56 C for 1 hr) and pasteurized milk to kids. Milk from the does was cultured repeatedly; by this procedure, the does shedding Mmm in the milk were identified and culled.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia in the dog
Authors: Leifer Connie E. , Matus Robert E. , Patnaik Amiya K. , MacEwen E. Gregory
Published: February 2025

Chronic myelogenous leukemia was diagnosed in 7 dogs. In each case, marked neutrophilia in the absence of infection was observed in association with nonspecific illness. Diagnosis was based on morphologic cytology of blood smears, bone marrow aspirates, and in 1 case, a lymph node biopsy specimen. In 5 cases, treatment with hydroxyurea was successful in lowering circulating wbc counts, but was of questionable value in the prevention of leukemic blast crisis.
Central nervous system lymphosarcoma in the dog
Authors: Couto C. G. , Cullen J. , Pedroia V. , Turrel J. M.
Published: February 2025

Central nervous system lymphosarcoma was diagnosed in 8 dogs with seizures and clinical signs compatible with multifocal central nervous system involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed high white cell counts with abnormal lymphoid cells in all dogs, and high protein concentration in 5 dogs. Two dogs were given systemic anticancer chemotherapy, and 4 dogs were given a combination of systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal cytosine arabinoside, and craniospinal irradiation, resulting in marked improvement of the clinical signs.
Feeding trials with vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-contaminated wheat: Effects on swine, poultry, and dairy cattle
Authors: Trenholm H. L. , Hamilton R. M. G. , Friend D. W. , Thompson B. K. , Hartin K. E.
Published: February 2025

Nutritional and toxicologic feeding trials with 3 species of farm animals demonstrated that decreased feed consumption and reduced weight gains in pigs are the main effects of ingestion of a diet with low vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol; don) content, eg, 2 mg of don/kg of feed, ie, 2 ppm.

The feeding trials indicated that swine can ingest up to 2 mg of don/kg of feed without serious adverse effects. Poultry can tolerate at least 5 mg of don/kg feed. In fact, at concentrations up to 5 mg of don/kg feed, some beneficial effects on poultry were observed. In dairy cattle, feed consumption decreased slightly when a wheat-oats diet containing 6 mg of don/kg was fed at the rate of 1% of body weight/day, with hay offered ad libitum.

In surveys of Canadian grains carried out during the past 3 years, the don content (maximum of 8.5 mg/kg) in eastern Canadian wheats probably was not high enough to account for reports of feed refusal, vomiting, and reproductive problems in livestock operations. This conclusion is based partly on the fact that even at the highest concentrations of don found in wheat, formulated diets comprise, at maximum, about 70% to 80% wheat. Consequently, the actual don content of diets fed to farm animals would be much lower.
Vestibular syndrome associated with temporohyoid joint fusion and temporal bone fracture in three horses
Authors: Blythe Linda L. , Watrous Barbara J. , Schmitz John A. , Kaneps Andris J.
Published: February 2025

Acute onset of vestibulocochlear and facial nerve dysfunction due to a stress fracture of the petrous part of the temporal bone was diagnosed in 3 horses. The fracture was secondary to chronic inflammatory changes in the petrous part of the temporal bone and the proximal stylohyoid bone, with fusion of the temporohyoid joint. Bacterial meningoencephalitis was a complicating factor. Treatment resulted in reduction of severity of clinical signs in 2 of the 3 cases, but residual compensated vestibular deficits persisted.
Natural infection of captive Coyote Pups with a herpesvirus antigenically related to canine herpesvirus
Authors: Evermann J. F. , LeaMaster B. R. , McElwain T. F. , Potter K. A. , McKeirnan A. J. , Green J. S.
Published: February 2025

Herpesviruses were isolated from captive coyote pups with ocular discharge and hepatomegaly. The viruses were shown to be antigenically related to canine herpesvirus on the basis of specific virus neutralization with canine herpesvirus antiserum. The epizootiology of the outbreak suggested that the herpesvirus was acquired by indirect contact with guard dogs being cared for by the same animal technicians who cared for the coyotes.
Cryptosporidiosis in young artiodactyls
Authors: Van Winkle Thomas J.
Published: February 2025

Cryptosporidium was found in the intestinal tract of 10 blackbuck, 2 scimitar-horned oryx, 2 fringe-eared oryx, 2 addax, and 1 sable antelope that had diarrhea. Cryptosporidia were most numerous in the small intestine, but also were found in the cecum, spiral colon, and colon. The small intestine had minimal inflammation in association with the cryptosporidia. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 10 of the 51 animals evaluated, with extensive inflammation of the cecum, spiral colon, and colon observed in these animals.
Sudden death in training and racing Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Gelberg H. B. , Zachary J. F. , Everitt J. I. , Jensen R. C. , Smetzer D. L.
Published: February 2025

We reviewed case records, necropsy reports, and histologic sections from 25 Thoroughbred racehorses that died suddenly at 3 Chicago racetracks. These were young horses ranging in age from 2 to 5 years. There were more females (n = 16) than males (n = 9), and the incidence of death increased slightly in the spring and summer. Twenty-one of the 25 horses died while racing or training. Only 8 of the 25 horses (32%) had lesions sufficient to account for the death. In 6 of those 8 cases, death was caused by massive thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage. The site or nature of the vascular defect in these cases could not be determined. One horse died of severe preexisting pulmonary disease, and one died of encephalitis and cardiac papillary muscle fibrosis. The cause of death was undetermined in 17 horses (68%). Nearly all horses had pulmonary edema, congestion, and/or hemorrhage. We postulate that these unexplained deaths were a result of exercise-induced acute cardiovascular failure.
Detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma felis in horses
Authors: Rosendal Sϕren , Blackwell Timothy E. , Lumsden John H. , Physick-Sheard Peter W. , Viel Laurent , Watson Sheila , Woods Paul
Published: February 2025

Mycoplasma felis has been isolated from horses with pleuritis, and limited research indicates that mycoplasma pleuritis can be reproduced in horses. The serodiagnostic potential of the indirect hemagglutination and the metabolism-inhibition tests was evaluated by testing 177 horses for antibodies to M felis. Seven horses with M felis pleuritis developed antibodies, and 6 horses with sterile or bacterial pleuritis had high titers suggesting a previous M felis infection. Six horses with pleuritis (one sterile and five bacterial) had low or no titers to M felis. Only one of 30 horses with conditions other than respiratory diseases seroconverted during hospitalization and the remaining horses had low titers. Seventy-eight foals, 4 to 6 months old, from one farm did not have titers, whereas 7 out of 50 yearlings from the same farm had high titers in the indirect hemagglutination test and titers in the metabolism-inhibition test. It appears that both tests are suitable for serodiagnosis of M felis infection in horses.
Prevention of postmetrizamide myelographic seizures in dogs, using 5% dextrose solution
Authors: Tamas P. Μ. , Walker Μ. A. , Paddleford R.R. , Tinkel S. R.
Published: February 2025

Diuresis by iv administration of 5% dextrose in a balanced electrolyte solution (bes) reduced the frequency of occurrence of postmyelographic seizures in dogs. In the first study, a single myelogram was obtained in 8 dogs without dextrose diuresis. Two of these dogs weighed >15 kg and both had seizures after metrizamide myelography. The remaining 6 dogs weighed <15 kg and only 2 had seizures. Greater body weight may have increased the risk of postmyelographic convulsions.

In a crossover study, myelograms were obtained in 12 dogs weighing 20 to 31 kg. Six dogs were given 5% dextrose in bes (20 ml/kg of body weight/hr [diuresed]) and 6 were given bes alone (10 ml/kg/hr [not diuresed]). When myelography was repeated 10 days later, the 6 dogs that had been given 5% dextrose in bes were given bes only and the 6 dogs that had been given bes alone were given 5% dextrose in bes. The frequency of convulsions after metrizamide myelography was lower when dogs were given dextrose (33%) than when they were not (100%).
Midline scrotal ablation technique for unilateral cryptorchid castration in horses
Authors: Palmer Scott E. , Passmore Judith L.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-nine unilateral cryptorchid horses were castrated, using a midline scrotal ablation technique. This approach was satisfactory to access both inguinal rings, to eliminate the need for 2 incisions, and to allow for completion of the surgery by primary closure. These horses recovered from surgery with few complications, returned to work promptly, and had excellent cosmetic results.
Modification and evaluation of a multichannel blood cell counting system for blood analysis in veterinary hematology
Authors: Weiser M. G.
Published: February 2025

A multichannel, semiautomated, blood cell counting system (Coulter Counter Model S550) was modified for use in veterinary hematology by increasing both the erythrocyte and leukocyte aperture currents to 225 V and 195 V, respectively, followed by calibration with human blood. It was evaluated by use of 350 samples from dogs, cats, horses, and cows. Values for leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit generated by the S550 were compared with values generated by an automated multichannel counter with histogram capability and other reference procedures when appropriate. Mean differences for values between S550 and reference values were less than calibration tolerance limits for the instrument. Correlation coefficients were excellent for all values of each species.

To assess behavior of leukocytes of the different species with respect to the counting threshold, leukocyte size distribution histograms were generated for all samples analyzed on the S550. Means for mean leukocyte volumes in diluent and lysing reagents were 55.5, 56.6, 67.4, and 72.8 fl for dogs, cats, horses, and cows, respectively. Canine leukocyte counts, because of small leukocyte size, were an average of 14% less for 5 samples analyzed on the unmodified instrument, compared with analysis after increasing the leukocyte aperture current. Leukocyte threshold failures attributable to interfering particles, resulting in falsely high counts, were recognized in 14%, 10%, 8%, and 0% of feline, bovine, canine, and equine samples, respectively. The magnitude of error in these samples averaged 5% for cows and dogs, but was considered not important. However, leukocyte counts of feline samples in this group averaged 44% falsely high.
Feed refusal in swine fed ochratoxin-contaminated grain sorghum: Evaluation of toxicity in chicks
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Lawhorn D. Bruce , Fletcher Oscar J. , Phillips Timothy D.
Published: February 2025

In an episode of feed refusal in a swine herd, feed specimens were found to be contaminated with mycotoxin. Grain sorghum, the chief ingredient of the swine diet, was found to be the source of contamination and contained 5 mg of ochratoxin/kg of feed. Incorporation of the grain into poultry diets induced renal and hepatic lesions, reduced weight gains, decreased feed utilization, and altered serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine concentrations in chicks.
Microbiologic evaluation of canine urine: Direct microscopic examination and preservation of specimen quality for culture
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Jones Robert L. , Purvance Jonathan
Published: February 2025

Urine specimens were obtained from 115 dogs. Each specimen was divided into 2 aliquots; one aliquot was placed into a sterile container (nonpreserved), and the other was preserved in a boric acid-glycerol-sodium formate at 4 C. Both aliquots were then transported to a laboratory, and specimens of each aliquot were bacteriologically cultured immediately upon arrival at the laboratory. Specimens of the preserved aliquot also were cultured after 24, 48, and 72 hours of preservation. In 47 specimens containing ≥1 × 104 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml, the results of quantitative bacteriologic culturing of preserved urine at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours were the same as the result ofthe immediate quantitative bacteriologic culture of nonpreserved urine. In 2 of 5 specimens containing ≥1 × 103 cfu/ml but < 1 × 104 cfu/ml, the results of quantitative bacteriologic culture of preserved urine differed from the corresponding immediate culture of nonpreserved urine. Bacteria were not isolated from 63 specimens (< 1 × 103 cfu/ml). Bacteriologic cultures of preserved urine were also negative for bacterial growth at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours.

Bacteriuria was detected by direct microscopic examination of gram-stained smears of uncentrifuged urine in 50 of 52 urine specimens from dogs with urinary tract infection. Bacteria were observed in 1 of 63 specimens that did not have bacterial growth when cultured.
Epidemiologic study of canin blastomycosis in Wisconsin
Authors: Archer John R. , Trainer Daniel O. , Schell Ronald F.
Published: February 2025

An epidemiologic study was designed to investigate the increasing number of cases of canine blastomycosis being reported in Wisconsin. From January 1980 through July 1982, 200 cases of canine blastomycosis from 39 Wisconsin counties were examined to assess epidemiologic and environmental aspects of this disease. Based on a survey of 176 dog owners, principal disease characteristics for canine blastomycosis were anorexia, lethargy, shortness of breath, chronic cough, and weight loss. The greatest number of cases of canine blastomycosis was in the northwest, north central, northeast, central, and southeast regions of Wisconsin. The northeast and central regions were determined to be new enzootic areas. Sporting breeds accounted for the largest percentage of cases among the various breeds of dogs in Wisconsin. Most of the affected dogs were 3 years old or younger and there was no apparent sexual predilection. Canine blastomycosis was diagnosed more frequently from late spring through late fall. Enzootic areas, except for the southeast region of Wisconsin, were located where the soil was sandy and acid. The results of this study suggested a possible association of enzootic areas with waterways, especially impoundments.
Surgical treatment of epulides in dogs: 25 cases (1974–1984)
Authors: Bjorling D. E. , Chambers J. N. , Mahaffey E. A.
Published: February 2025

Epulides were diagnosed and surgically removed in 25 dogs. Histologic examination of the epulides indicated that 40% (10/25) were acanthomatous, 32% (8/25) were ossifying, and 28% (7/25) were fibromatous. Recurrence of the tumor directly resulted in the death of 2 dogs. One of these dogs died of malnutrition 13 months after removal of an ossifying epulis, and regrowth of an acanthomatous epulis that was not resected completely resulted in malnutrition and death in another dog 6 months after surgery. Malignant transformation was observed in a third dog 6 months after removal of an ossifying epulis when an osteosarcoma developed where the epulis had been removed.

The range of survival was 6 to 134 months, mean survival time was 43.1 months, median survival time was 49 months, and 1-year survival rate was 92%. Satisfactory long-term tumor control was achieved by aggressive surgical treatment of epulides.
Herd management and prevalence of mastitis in dairy herds with high and low somatic cell counts
Authors: Erskine R. J. , Eberhart R. J. , Hutchinson L. J. , Spencer S. B.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-two dairy herds, 16 with low somatic cell counts (lscc; Dairy Herd Improvement Association 12-month mean herd scc ≤150,000 cells/ml) and 16 with high somatic cell counts (hscc; Dairy Herd Improvement Association 12-month mean herd scc ≥700,000 cells/ml) were evaluated to determine the relationship between the prevalence of mastitis in each herd and each herd's mastitis control and management practices.

Once for each herd, duplicate quarter milk samples were collected from the lactating cows, a survey of herd mastitis control, milking hygiene, and management practices of each herd was performed, and milking machine function was evaluated.

Of the 16 herds with lscc, 2 (12.5%) had Streptococcus agalactiae isolated and 7 (44 %) had Staphylococcus aureus isolated. Both organisms were found in all of the herds with hscc. In herds with lscc, the mean percentage of quarters infected with Str agalactiae was 0.1%, the mean percentage infected with streptococci other than Str agalactiae was 1.9 %, and the mean infected with S aureus was 0.7%. In herds with hscc, 25.7% of the quarters were infected with Str agalactiae, 3.7% were infected with streptococci other than Str agalactiae, and 7.6% were infected with S aureus.

A program of postmilking teat dipping and treatment of all cows at the beginning of the nonlactating period was practiced more frequently in the herds with lscc (81.3%) than in the herds with hscc (37.5%). Major differences were not found between the 2 groups of herds in the use of the more common milking hygiene techniques or in the maintenance and functional characteristics of the milking equipment.
Misdiagnosis in normal radiographic anatomy: Eight structural configurations simulating disease entities in dogs and cats
Authors: Losonsky J. M. , Kneller S. K.
Published: February 2025

Radiographic diagnosis is a combination of accurately identifying normal and abnormal variants, projecting anatomic structures, and describing abnormal findings. Disease conditions may easily be confused with normal structures. Eight conditions and normal counterparts that are presented illustrate the similarities and differences between normal and abnormal.
Urethral pressure profilometry in mares
Authors: Kay Alan D. , Lavoie Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2025

A technique was developed for recording urethral pressure profiles (upp) in mares. Profiles were obtained from 12 clinically normal mares and from 3 mares with urinary incontinence. Variables measured on the profile included intravesicular pressure and maximal urethral closure pressure. The mean maximal urethral closure pressure of the incontinent mares was significantly less (P ≤ 0.001) than that of the normal mares. The technique is simple and reliable for objectively evaluating urethral pressures in mares.
Spinal meningiomas in dogs: 13 cases (1972–1987)
Authors: Fingeroth James M. , Prata Raymond G. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 13 dogs with spinal meningiomas were reviewed. Breed predilections were not found. Males outnumbered females 9 to 4, and most of the dogs were middle-aged. All dogs had motor deficits of various degrees, and approximately half of the dogs had clinical signs of mild to moderate spinal pain. The remainder had histories of clinical signs suggestive of chronic discomfort. There was a prolonged (> 3 months) delay between the onset of signs and diagnosis, except in 3 dogs. The neurologic courses usually were progressive. Results of noncontrast spinal radiography were normal in 10 dogs; in 3 dogs, the lamina appeared scalloped. Results of myelography contributed to the correct diagnosis in 10 of 12 dogs; however, in 2 dogs, intradural/extramedullary tumors were thought to be intramedullary lesions. A preponderance of cervical meningiomas was found, accounting for 10 of 13 tumors. Lumbar meningiomas were found in the remaining 3 dogs. Surgery was performed in 9 of the dogs, six of which improved after surgery. Poor results were correlated with tumors that involved spinal cord segments of an intumescence, ventrally located tumors, iatrogenic trauma, and tumor invasion into adjacent neural parenchyma. Four of 13 spinal meningiomas were found to be invasive into the spinal cord itself.
Investigation of cryptosporidial infection in calves in San Bernardino County, California
Authors: Sobieh Mohamed , Tacal J. V. , Wilcke Burton W. , Lawrence William , El-Ahraf Amer
Published: February 2025

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that inhabits the intestinal epithelium of calves, lambs, foals, pigs, and poultry. Of the 500 calves studied, 95 calves had diarrhea and 20 (21.05%) of those were infected with Cryptosporidium; only 8 (1.9%) of the remaining 405 nondiarrheic calves had Cryptosporidium oocysts in their feces.
Use of splenectomy in the management of lymphoma in dogs: 16 cases (1976-1985)
Authors: Brooks Marjory B. , Matus Robert E. , Leifer Connie E. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: February 2025

Sixteen dogs with lymphoma underwent splenectomy to relieve signs of massive splenomegaly including splenic rupture. The most common preoperative hematologic abnormalities, anemia and thrombocytopenia, were reversed in all dogs surviving the initial postoperative period. Within 6 weeks after surgery, 5 dogs died because of disseminated intravascular coagulation and sepsis. The remaining 11 dogs underwent chemotherapy. These 11 dogs had a complete response rate of 66% at one month after surgery; the mean and median survival times were 9.3 and 5 months, respectively. In 7 dogs evaluated until death, the mean and median survival times were 13.4 months and 14 months, respectively.
Vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey strain) infection in two California dairy herds: An epidemiologic study
Authors: Thurmond M. C. , Ardans A. A. , Picanso J. P. , McDowell T. , Reynolds B. , Saito J.
Published: February 2025

The course of vesicular stomatitis in cattle was investigated in 2 dairy herds (A and B) located in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. Cattle were examined and specimens were obtained for virus isolation and for serologic survey for one year after an epizootic in December 1982. All 33 lactating cows selected for study had oral lesions, but only 19 (58%) were drooling or frothing around the mouth. Lesions on feet and teats were not observed. The healing time (longer than has been reported previously) for oral lesions ranged from 34 to 59 days. The mean serum neutralizing antibody titer for all cows tested in both herds 21 days after clinical signs were first observed was >1:512. The mean titer decreased in the first 11 months after the epizootic, but remained > 1:128, and then increased during December 1983. Vesicular stomatitis virus/New Jersey strain was not isolated from 239 blood samples, 235 swab specimens of oral cavities, 38 swab specimens of oral epithelium, 206 urine specimens, or 232 fecal specimens collected from cows; however, it was isolated from tongue epithelium of 3 cows at 1, 4, and 21 days after signs of frothing were first noticed. For 20 lactating cows brought into dairy A during the epizootic, a mean time of 8.9 days elapsed between time of entry and appearance of clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis. Of 26 heifers that had entered dairy B 38 days after the last observed signs of vesicular stomatitis, 1 had antibody to vesicular stomatitis virus/New Jersey strain when tested 70 days after entry. Contrary to previous information, on the basis of serologic test results, age-specific prevalence rates for calf infection were estimated to be as high as 20% for calves 0 to 2 months old, 0% for calves 3 to 4 months old, and 88% for calves ≥ 5 months old at the time of the epizootic. In calves born after the epizootic, antibody titers decreased to ≤ 1:32 by the time they were 4 months old. One calf born 3 months after the epizootic had a titer of 1:256 at 9 months of age.
Toxicosis in newborn pigs associated with cutaneous application of an aerosol spray containing chlorpyrifos
Authors: Scheidt Alan B. , Long Gerald G. , Knox Kay , Hubbard Steven E.
Published: February 2025

Weakness, lethargy, ataxia, lateral recumbency, limb paddling, tremors, salivation, and diarrhea were observed in newborn pigs on a commercial swine farm. Many pigs became moribund and died. All had been treated with an aerosol wound spray containing 2.5% chlorpyrifos. A controlled study was undertaken to determine whether the aerosol spray was the cause of these clinical signs. Pigs exposed to aerosol spray containing 2.5% chlorpyrifos at 3 hours (n = 4) and 6 hours (n = 3) after birth developed clinical signs similar to those on the farm; none survived. Pigs exposed at 24 hours (n = 5) after birth developed clinical signs consistent with those that had developed in pigs on the farm; 3 died and 2 survived. Of 3 pigs exposed to the same spray at 36 hours after birth, 1 developed tremors 7.5 hours later and diarrhea 9 hours later, then returned to normal.
Congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: 46 cases (1979-1986)
Authors: Johnson C. A. , Armstrong P. J. , Hauptman J. G.
Published: February 2025

Congenital portosystemic shunts (cpss) were diagnosed in 46 dogs. The historic, physical, and laboratory findings were tabulated. Half of the affected males were cryptorchid. Urolithiasis was detected in 20% of the dogs. The biochemical tests with the best sensitivity for the diagnosis of cpss were sulfobromophthalein retention, fasting serum ammonia concentration, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Thesurvival time and quality of life were assessed by physical and biochemical reevaluation ofthe dogs and by means of a questionnaire that was completed by the owners. Five dogs were treated medically. Thirty - three dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that had complete surgical occlusion of the cpss became normal, and quality of life was excellent. Dogs that had partial occlusion of the cpss improved, and some became clinically normal. Dogs that did not have surgical correction of the cpss had continuation of signs, but several survived for years.
Fecal survey of llamas (Lama glama) in Oregon: Incidental recovery of Nematodirus battus
Authors: Bishop Janell K. , Rickard Lora G.
Published: February 2025

Between September 1985 and March 1987, 243 fecal specimens from llamas (195 adults, 48 crias) were examined for parasite eggs. Of the adults, 78% had at least one type of egg. Trichostrongyles were found in 67% of the adults, Nematodirus spp in 23%, Strongyloides spp in 9%, Capillaria spp in 8%, and Trichuris spp in 5%. Of the crias, 90% had at least one kind of egg. Trichostrongyles were found in 71% of the crias, Nematodirus spp in 52%, Strongyloides spp in 17%, and Trichuris spp and Capillaria spp in 4% each. Most important, N battus eggs were observed in fecal specimens from 2 crias.
Fixed Point Index for Simulation Mappings and Applications
Authors: Benmezaï Abdelhamid , Hammache Karima , Melouane Nassima
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we construct the fixed point index for a class of contractive mapping defined by a simulation mapping and a measure of noncompact-ness noted by Z

µ

− contraction maps. Then we establish some fixed point theorem for this mapping of the Krasnoselskii type. An Application to the integral equation is presented to support the results.
Closure operators on hoops
Authors: Borzooei R.A. , Aaly Kologani M. , Rezaei G.R. , Mohseni Takallo M.
Published: February 2025

In this article, we study relationships between closure operators and hoops. We investigate the properties of closure operators and hoop-homomorphism on hoops. We show that the image of a closure operator on a hoop is isomorphic to a quotient hoop. In addition, we define the notion of closure operator on ideals of hoop and investigate some properties of it and some related results are proved. We define proper closer operators on ideals of hoop and we show that the set of all proper closure operators on hoops makes a bounded lattice by some operations.
Weighted MP weak group inverse
Authors: Mosić Dijana , Marovt Janko
Published: February 2025

To extent the notion of the MP weak group inverse for square matrices, we introduce the concept of the weighted MP weak group inverse for rectangular matrices. A number of different representations and characterizations are derived for the weighted MP weak group inverse as well as limit and integral expressions. Applying the weighted MP weak group inverse, we solve some linear equations and give their solutions.
Remarks on some connections between ideals and filters in residuated lattices
Authors: Piciu Dana , Dan Christina , Boboc Florentina
Published: February 2025

Ideals and filters are important notions with different meanings in the study of algebraic structures related to logical systems. In this paper we establish new connections between these concepts in residuated lattices.
Skew cyclic codes over 𝔻4
R and their applications to DNA codes construction
Authors: Rehman Nadeem ur , Ahmad Mohammad Fareed , Azmi Mohd
Published: February 2025

The fundamental aim of this research is to analyze the configuration of 𝔽4
R submodules, skew cyclic codes over 𝔽4
R and establish their connection with DNA codes, where 𝔽4 is a field of order 4 and R = 𝔽4 + u𝔽4 + v𝔽4 + w𝔽4 with u
2 = u, v
2 = v, w
2 = w, uv = vu = 0, vw = wv = 0, wu = uw = 0 is a finite ring. This is achieved by examining particular subclasses like reversible codes. Ultimately, this study aims to utilize Gray maps to derive codes that possess the characteristics of DNA structures. At the end of this paper, we have provided the necessary and sufficient condition for skew cyclic codes to be reversible complement.
Comparative Study of Dissipation Factor of Young and Mature Bitter Leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina) based on Location
Authors: Ekpenyong Nsikak Edet , Robert Ubong Williams , Ekong Sylvester Andrew , Akpabio Inyang Anietie , Agbasi Okechukwu Ebuka , Emegha Joseph Onyeka
Published: February 2025

The use of Schering Bridge arrangement in combination with function generator and oscilloscope allows for precise measurement of heat dissipation in plant materials. This study aims to determine and compare the heat dissipation properties of young bitter leaf (YBL) and mature bitter leaf (MBL) samples obtained from two different locations. Measurements were conducted on ten fresh leaf samples per category from each location. Results indicated that for samples from the first location, the dissipation factors for YBL and MBL were (2.076 ± 0.010) and (3.231 ± 0.013) respectively, while from the second location, the values were (3.231 ± 0.013) and (3.233 ± 0.015) respectively. The data suggest that while the geographical location does not significantly influence the heat dissipation of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), the age of the leaves does, with YBL exhibiting a higher capacity to withstand elevated temperatures compared to MBL under identical storage conditions. This study provides insight into the thermal properties of bitter leaf, contributing to broader research on plant thermoregulation. The novelty of this work lies in its demonstration that leaf age, rather than location, is a determinant factor in heat dissipation.
Accelerating the Clarke-Wright algorithm using GPUs
Authors: Guerriero Francesca , Saccomanno Francesco Paolo
Published: February 2025

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a combinatorial optimization problem that seeks to determine the optimal set of routes for a fleet of vehicles, with limited capacity, to deliver goods to customers while minimizing the total cost. Due to its NP-hard nature, finding exact solutions for the large-scale CVRP instances is computationally intractable. Therefore, heuristics and metaheuristics are widely employed to find approximate optimal solutions. Among these, the Clarke-Wright (CW) algorithm is a popular greedy approach that constructs routes by iteratively merging nodes to minimize transportation costs. This study presents an implementation of the CW algorithm in graphics processing units (GPUs) using the CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) framework. The GPU implementation is compared to its CPU counterpart in terms of execution time and performance. The results demonstrate significant speed-ups achieved by the GPU implementation, particularly for large-scale instances. Performance gains can be attributed to the parallel processing capabilities of GPUs, enabling efficient execution of the algorithm computational steps.
History of Science and Methodology: The Significance of Aristotle’s Treatises
Authors: Berehova Halyna , Andruszkiewicz Fabian , Frolova Marharyta
Published: February 2025

The study is devoted to highlighting the legacy of Aristotle from the point of view of its modern interpretation. Also, this work has a didactic character, since the structure of the proposed educational material corresponds to the main milestones of the life and work of an outstanding thinker of antiquity. The article emphasises the importance of studying Aristotle’s biological knowledge in modern sciences, in particular in interdisciplinary studies, teaching methods, in the methodology of sciences, etc. The authors recommend scientists who work in the field of natural sciences, as well as teach these sciences to students in educational institutions, to take into account the principles of Aristotle’s scientific picture of the world, since Aristotle was the first in the history of science to present a scheme of scientific research methods and provide a complete classification of animals. He also proposed a hierarchy of levels of life, created a scheme of causality in biology, initiated the doctrine of distribution and the principle of analogy, laid the foundations of embryology, enriched the categorical apparatus of science (whole and its part, species and genus, functions, form and matter, movement, primary cause, entelechy, substance, soul, etc.), which are still used in various fields of scientific knowledge.