bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE NORMAL HUMAN LENS CAPSULE FROM BIRTH TO OLD AGE
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

Ten normal lens capsules have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. A surface layer containing fibres (lamina zonularis) is present on the whole of the ant. capsule at birth. This layer disappears from the ant. pole in the first or second decade of life. A laminar architecture of the proper capsule has been confirmed and age dependant loss of lamination has been observed. The appearance of electron dense formed elements in the capsule seems to be a specific ageing phenomenon and three types of elements are described. “Hassall‐Henle”‐like bodies have been demonstrated in the peripheral part of the capsule.
BEITRAG ZUR FRAGE DER FUNKTIONELLEN UND REGULATORISCHEN BEEINFLUSSUNG DES AUGES BEIM MORBUS MENIÈRE
Authors: VICK H.‐P. , VICK U. , HEINE U.
Published: May 2009

Bei 24 in der Univ.‐HNO‐Klinik Rostock stationär behandelten Patienten mit einem Morbus Menière werden ophthalmologische Befunde einschließlich funktionsdiagnostischer Daten erhoben und analysiert. Besonderer Wert wurde auf die Aussage gelegt, daß keine funktionellen oder organischen Augenbefundsänderungen zwischen den Untersuchungen im Menière‐Anfall und im beschwerdefreien Intervall bestanden.
THE c‐WAVE OF THE HUMAN D.C. REGISTERED ERG. I. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN c‐WAVE AMPLITUDE AND STIMULUS INTENSITY
Authors: SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The c‐wave of the human ERG was studied with a new method, using d.c. amplification and averaging technique. Stable and reproducible recordings of the c‐wave were obtained without the aid of general anaesthesia. Within the investigated range of intensities (2 log units) a linear relationship between c‐wave amplitude and log stimulus intensity was found. This was valid whether the c‐wave was measured from the base‐line or from the bottom of the preceding trough. The value of standardizing this method for routine clinical purposes is discussed.
THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE CONJUNCTIVAL ANOPHTHALMIC SOCKET IN GLASS PROSTHESIS‐CARRIERS
Authors: CHRISTENSEN J. NYBOE , FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

In 44 patients wearing uniocular glass prostheses, the bilateral conjunctival bacterial flora was studied and compared. The predominant organisms were essentially the same in both sides: Staphylococcus albus, corynebacteria followed by Staphylococcus aureus. However, the incidence of contaminant bacteria (gram‐negative bacilli and anaerobic bacteria grouped together) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the socket side.

Patients with inflamed sockets proved to harbour more potentially pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus, streptococci and gram‐negative bacilli) than those without inflammation (P < 0.05).

The “wearing time” of the prosthesis and methods used for keeping it clean did not seem to alter the flora of the socket.
INCREASED VON WILLEBRAND‐ANTIHAEMOPHILIC FACTOR A IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Authors: PANDOLFI MAURIZIO , ALMÉR LARS‐OLOF , HOLMBERG LARS
Published: May 2009

The von Willebrand factor‐Factor VIII (vW‐AHF) related protein and the AHF (antihaemophilic factor A) activity have been measured in the blood of 63 diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. Compared to normals, diabetic patients showed a clear increase in both vW‐AHF related protein and AHF activity. Patients with retinopathy had a level of vW‐AHF related protein significantly higher than patients without retinopathy. Since the von Willebrand factor is involved in the mechanism of platelet adhesion and aggregation these findings may contribute to an explanation of the increased platelet stickiness known to occur in diabetics and especially in those with retinal changes.
TRANSMISSION OF ACUTE TOXOPLASMA INFECTION The survival of trophozoites in human tears, saliva, and urine and in cow's milk
Authors: SAARI MATTI , RÄISÄNEN SIMO
Published: May 2009

To explain the transmission of toxoplasmosis, it has been suggested that the trophozoites might not survive outside the body, but that cysts, oocysts and transplacental infection transmit the disease. In order to evaluate the possibility that the proliferative form transmits the disease, trophozoites were preserved in human tears, saliva, and urine and in pasteurized cow's milk at 4°C and for isolation inoculated daily into healthy, toxoplasma‐free mice i.p. It was observed that trophozoites remained infectious in excretions for several days, in tears for 4 days, in saliva for 5 days, in urine for 7 days and in milk for 6 days. Results suggest that trophozoites can survive in excretions outside the body long enough to transmit the disease.
THE ΔP/ΔV RATIO
Authors: STEPANIK JOSEPH
Published: May 2009

In 11 normotensive eyes, numerous ΔV were calculated from corneal applanations of different sizes. To each ΔV the corresponding ΔP was measured by Goldmann's applanation tonometer. Friedenwald's coefficient K, as derived from the results of this study (Ka), was in accordance with the manometries on living eyes of Prijot, Weekers and Ytteborg and definitely smaller than that given by differential tonometry (Kt) performed on the same eye.
THE FRIEDMANN VISUAL FIELD ANALYSER TESTED ON NEURO‐OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CASES
Authors: BYNKE H. , NORDENFELT L.
Published: May 2009

The Friedmann Visual Field Analyser has been tested on 108 visual fields, of which 67 had neuro‐ophthalmological defects and 41 were normal according to the kinetic Goldmann perimeter which was used as a control method. For an exact evaluation of the extent of the defects and for follow‐up studies, the analyser was found to be less suitable. The most obvious advantage of the instrument is that it may be operated even by an untrained assistant. Used at one single luminance level of 0.2 log units above the one recommended according to the age of the subject, it was found to be a rapid and fairly reliable screening method. If three fields with enlarged blind spots were excluded, there were four relative hemianopias which escaped detection, i. e. 6% false‐negative fields. In these cases, the analyser happened to detect the hemianopia of the fellow eye. There were also a number of false‐positive results.
WASTING OF NERVE FIBRES IN THE RETINA
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM MATS
Published: May 2009

Focal disappearance of retinal nerve fibres can be seen ophthalmoscopically as dark slits and wedges in the retinal nerve fibre layer. This article documents photographically the occurrence of such defects in various diseases of the eye and the optic pathways, and illustrates the diagnostic potential of the ophthalmoscopic examination of the retinal nerve fibre layer.
THE c‐WAVE OF THE HUMAN D.C. REGISTERED ERG. III. EFFECTS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ON THE c‐WAVE
Authors: SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV
Published: May 2009

The amplitude of thec‐wave of the human d.c. registered ERG is known to oscillate with a frequency of about 2/hour in response to repeated stimulations. A small oral dose of ethyl alcohol caused a marked increase in amplitude of the oscillations and also elevated their mean level. A first peak was reached 10–15 min after the intake of alcohol. Theb‐wave increased slightly in response to ethanol, but no significant effect on thea‐wave was observed with the present doses and stimulus conditions. The results encourage further studies of drug influence on thec‐wave with the intention of correlating ocular toxicity of a substance toc‐wave changes.
FLAT TYPE ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAM (EOG)
Authors: PINCKERS A. , THIJSSEN J. M.
Published: May 2009

The EOG is influenced by the corneo‐retinal potential of the contralateral eye. This contralateral influence results in polarity reversal in severely destructed eyes which do not have their own corneo‐retinal potential. In eyes with a decreased corneo‐retinal potential the contralateral effect can cause polarity reversal only during the light adapted period. Contralateral influence on eyes with abolished light sensitive component but a relatively well preserved light‐insensitive component results in a paradoxical curve. Deterioration of the light‐sensitive part of the EOG concerns primarily the positive component. In severely impaired eyes the EOG value should be corrected to allow for the influence of the contralateral sound eye; a formula, devised for calculating the corrected values, is given in a second paper.
TREATMENT OF OCULAR HYPERTENSION WITH ORAL BETA‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
Authors: PANDOLFI MAURIZIO , ÖHRSTRÖM ARNE
Published: May 2009

Propranolol, a β‐adrenergic blocking agent, was given by mouth to 22 patients with elevated IOP resistent to conventional medical treatment or where conventional treatment was contraindicated. A lasting reduction of IOP was obtained in 11 cases; open‐angle glaucoma or elevated IOP responded best. No significant side‐effects were observed. Having in mind the contraindications of β‐adrenergic blocking agents, propranolol can be usefully employed in ophthalmology for controlling elevated IOP.
GLUCOSE, PYRUVATE AND CITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF HUMAN CATARACTOUS EYES
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN , LORENTZEN S. E.
Published: May 2009

Results are reported of determinations of glucose concentrations in aqueous humour and plasma, of pyruvate concentrations in aqueous humour, and of citrate concentrations in aqueous humour and plasma from 22 non‐fasting and 17 fasting patients with senile cataracts, five fasting diabetics with senile cataracts, and four patients with cataract and other ocular diseases. Higher pyruvate concentrations were found in the non‐fasting group with senile cataract than in the fasting senile cataract group (P < 0.01). The group of diabetics likewise presented higher pyruvate concentrations than the group of fasting senile‐cataractous patients (P < 0.05).

The Spearman coefficient of rank correlation showed a positive correlation between cataract density and citrate concentrations in the aggregate series (P < 0.05). Senile cortical cataracts and senile nuclear plus cortical cataracts differed in that the citrate aqueous/citrate plasma ratio calculated for the whole series collectively was the lowest in the latter group (P < 0.05). Further investigations into the metabolite concentrations at different stages of cataract are, however, required, as an error of the first kind because of multiple significance tests cannot be left out of account in the present material.
THE COLOUR RECEPTORS STUDIED BY INCREMENT THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS DURING CHROMATIC ADAPTATION IN THE GOLDMANN PERIMETER
Authors: HANSEN EGILL
Published: May 2009

With the help of a method based on the Goldmann projection perimeter, measurements of spectral sensitivity during chromatic adaptation are performed utilizing the principle of the two‐colour threshold technique of Stiles. The method is flexible and is used for central as well as for peripheral registration. Characteristic sensitivity curves and static perimetry curves of normally sighted persons are demonstrated showing that each type of cones can be clearly separated and identified. With smaller sized objects, the foveal blue blindness is confirmed whilst in the parafoveal region the response of the blue receptor is good.
COLOUR FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE FUNDUS
Authors: JENSEN VIGGO A. , OLSEN WERNER
Published: May 2009

Highly efficient interference filters, the design and manufacture of which were controlled by computer programmes, are described. These filters may be used for a variety of purposes, including immunofluorescence microscopy and retinal fluorescein angiography. The filters are characterized by high transmission, great selectivity and a steep front of the transmission curve. Their use in the colour fluorescein angiography of the fundus is reported below.
SCLERAL PLAQUES
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A follow‐up (measurement by measuring ocular in the Haag Streit slit lamp) of 90 scleral plaques in 47 patients from 6 to 12 months after the primary examination showed the plaques to have increased in size: on an average 40% in height and 34% in breadth, growing more away from than towards the limbus corneae.

The previously advanced theories concerning their cause: desiccation, poor blood supply, and mechanical muscular action, are discussed.

The first theory is refutable by the growth direction of the plaque. The third one is borne out by the growth direction of the plaque, its site in front of the muscle insertion and by the plaque being found most frequently in front of the medial horizontal eye muscles.
BEITRAG ZUM ULLRICH‐FREMEREY‐DOHNAODER FRANÇOIS‐SYNDROM*
Authors: TEUSCHER MANFRED
Published: May 2009

Nach kurzer Literaturübersicht wird über einen an der Augenklinik des Bereiches Medizin der Universität Rostock beobachteten Fall von François‐Syndrom berichtet. Der derzeitige Status wird an Hand von 4 Bildern dargestellt.
BIONDI‐LIKE CELL INCLUSIONS IN THE HUMAN IRIS
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

Characteristic circular, ovoid, and racket‐shaped cell inclusions (usually termed Biondi bodies) have previously been observed within the epithelium of the choroid plexus. These bodies, containing pigment, lipids, and fiber bundles appear with increasing frequency from the fourth decade of life, and up to now they apparently have not been observed in any other tissue. In the present communication similar inclusions have been demonstrated within stromal cells of the human iris. The function of these bodies is by no means clear, but it is pointed out that morphologically they bear strong resemblance to lysosomes.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH IN GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

The remarkable prevalence of primary angle‐closure glaucoma (a.c.g.) in Greenland Eskimos called for a study of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) in this population. In the district of Umanaq the population above the age of seven was examined with a participation rate of 98%;. Optical pachymetry was performed in 1,828 eyes of 931 Eskimos with Haag Streit 900 instruments.

As an introduction to further analyses the variability due to age and sex was studied. The results showed that the ACD increased through school age, achieved a maximum at puberty and decreased throughout adult life as in other populations. In contrast to previous large samples the variance of ACD increased significantly by age. No difference was found between boys and girls. In adults the ACD level was 0.16 mm shallower in females, i.e. a highly significant sex difference.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED PEROXIDASE IN THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD OF RABBIT AND MONKEY
Authors: FLAGE TOR
Published: May 2009

Peroxidase was used as an histologic tracer to study the permeability properties of the tissues in the optic nerve head of rabbit and monkey. The distribution of the tracer was observed by light microscopy. Within a short time after intravenous injection peroxidase was located extravascularly in the optic nerve head. The present study confirms earlier reports of a defect in the blood‐optic nerve barrier in the region of the optic nerve head. The tracer was found to have reached the connective tissue of the optic nerve head, and to a lesser degree the optic nerve tissue proper. The observations made it probable that peroxidase had reached the connective tissue of the optic nerve head by diffusion from the perineural choroid and sclera.
THE PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION SYNDROME. A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The distribution and the surface of pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material on the anterior lens surface has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The lenses were fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4, and dried by the critical point method. The PE granules of the peripheral band may rest upon a basal lamella, which may terminate in a sharp edge bordering the intermediate zone. The basal lamella may continue peripherally beyond the granular peripheral band, towards the lens equator, where the basal lamella may cover the zonular attachment zone. The central disc is considered to be analogous to this lamella.

In high magnification it is found that the surface of the granular and the lamellar PE material is formed by an irregular meshwork of tortuous fibrils, which may be coiled as spirals. The diameter of the fibrils is between 500 and 1000 Å, and their length may be up to 5 μm. The possibility that these fibrils are a condensation product of mucopolysaccharides is discussed.
PARALIMBAL SCLEROMALACIA
Authors: SØRENSEN TORBEN B.
Published: May 2009

A case of unilateral paralimbal scleromalacia (so‐called spontaneous scleral intercalary perforation) is presented. The otherwise healthy patient was followed over a period of more than 10 years. Two years before the condition was diagnosed, the patient had an attack of scleritis in the same eye. The disease was complicated by keratitis and resulted in an eye with light perception only. Scleral tissue from the defect was examined histologically.
THE EFFECT OF CITRATE AND COAGULATED BLOOD ON ULTRASONIC INTENSITY
Authors: OKSALA ARVO
Published: May 2009

Pig eyes were used in the examination. The rear wall calotte formed by the sclera was filled alternately with citrate and coagulated blood. The effect of these on sound intensity was investigated by measuring relative sound intensities in six acoustic cross sections 1 mm from one another. The eye shell, i. e. the sclera had a strong effect on the echo amplitudes in the three outermost acoustic cross sections. In the three cross sections obtained from the centre of the calotte it was observed that coagulated blood attenuated ultrasound 10–15 dB more than citrate blood. In the centre of the calotte, attenuation was caused by coagulated blood but the effect of reflection and refraction in the sclera increased towards the edges. As far as clinical research is concerned, it can be concluded that when a large blood coagulation fills the vitreous the tissues behind it have to be examined with a greater sound energy than when the examination is performed through a clear vitreous or one filled with exudate.
FAMILIAL ASTEROID HYALITIS
Authors: MERETOJA JOUKO
Published: May 2009

Three brothers are presented with bilateral asteroid hyalitis. The condition was mild in one vitreous, and hence a weak penetrance is suggested. This is the fourth report of familial cases, and thus an inherited aetiology in asteroid hyalitis is emphasized again. The same family presented also two cases with medullated nerve fibres.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH AND PRIMARY ANGLE‐CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

The anterior chamber depth (ACD) was measured by optical pachymetry in 60 Eskimos with primary angle‐closure glaucoma (a.c.g.). They lived in seven medical districts from nearly all parts of Greenland, in locations with a total of 2,800 Eskimo inhabitants over 40 years. Out of these, an ACD survey, recently described, covered 1,072. The a.c.g. patients had been ascertained by symptoms or through screenings.

Prevalence rates are given according to epidemiologic method, age, and sex, totalling 1.6% in males and 5.1% in females, on an average 3.5%. The risk of a.c.g. at various levels of ACD was estimated in the survey population.

The ACD mean value of the a.c.g. patients closely agreed with that of the Caucasian series. On the other hand, in Eskimos the mean value of the general population was only 0.5 mm above the mean ACD found in a.c.g. patients, whereas in Caucasians this difference is reported to be about 1.0 mm. An attempt is made to explain the ethnic variation and the sex difference with respect to prevalence of a.c.g. simply in terms of the ACD distribution.
THE DIRECTLY RECORDED STANDING POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN EYE
Authors: SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV
Published: May 2009

By means of a newly developed method including a suction contact lens and matched calomel half‐cell electrodes which were temperature stabilized, the standing potential (SP) of the human eye, considered to be generated mainly in the pigment epithelium, could be directly recorded under stable conditions. Upon a change in illumination from darkness to 16 Lux, an initial, rather fast, negative transient was followed by slower, damped oscillations with a frequency of about 2/hour. The maximum amplitude of an oscillation was of the order of 5mV. When the illumination was changed in the opposite direction, the polarity of the oscillations was reversed into a mirror image of the variations described above. Also, the oscillations now were considerably smaller in amplitude. With respect to phases and frequencies, the results correspond well to the changes found in EOG measurements. The new method seems to permit a study of the effects of drugs and other substances on the human SP, which is also likely to reflect the condition of the pigment epithelium.
THE VALUE OF AN OPHTHALMIC TUMOUR CENTRE
Authors: GREGERSEN E.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the clinician's experience of an ophthalmic tumour centre established in an institute of ophthalmic pathology serving the whole of Denmark (population 5 mill). The Tumour Centre performs supplementary preoperative examination of patients, and gives advice with respect to biopsy, attempted total extirpation, enucleation or observation. The activities of the tumour centre have proved extremely valuable as it contributes to establishing more general lines concerning biopsy, attempted total extirpation, observation, or enucleation, to the benefit of patients as well as research. It is a presupposition that the advisory activity is carried out as an intimate collaboration between ophthalmic pathology and clinical ophthalmology.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE CHOROID IN AN 11‐MONTH‐OLD INFANT
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS , LAND ANNA MARIE
Published: May 2009

A malignant melanoma of the choroid was observed in an 11‐month‐old fair‐skinned Danish boy — one of the youngest cases ever published. There was no evidence of pre‐existing melanosis of eyes or skin. The tumour showed histopathologically a typical “adult” pattern and was classified as a mixed tumour. The melanin content was marked.

In some earlier reports on uveal tumours within the first year of life, pigmentation was sparse or lacking; a hypothesis has therefore previously been advanced: That melanomas are unable to produce melanin so early in life. The present case renders proof against this hypothesis.
OCULAR CALCIFICATIONS IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

In a case of primary hyperparathyroidism, ocular changes were observed as vacuoles in the basal cells of the corneal epithelium, and by staining procedures, calcium was found in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, the corneal endothelium and in the sclera.

By electron microscopy, needle‐like crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite precursors were found intracellularly, also in keratocytes. The crystals in the epithelial cells were often confined to the nucleus.

In a case of idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy, similar crystals were found intracellularly in the corneal epithelial and stromal cells, and in this case extracellular deposits, morphologically identical with extracellular deposits in conjunctival biopsies from patients with renal failure, were also seen. These extracellular aggregations were probably also composed of hydroxyapatite.

The difference in morphology between intracellular and extracellular deposits is discussed in the light of the serum values of the mineral ions found in the three groups of cases.
OBSERVATION OF KOLMER'S CRYSTALLOID OUTSIDE THE RETINA
Authors: JENSEN O. A. , HOGAN M. J. , WOOD IRMGARD
Published: May 2009

A structure similar to Kolmer's crystalloid, an organelle found in the horizontal cells of the retina, was observed in endothelial cells of the cornea from four patients (one case of hyperparathyroidism and three cases of corneal dystrophy). Based on a morphological analysis it is concluded that the structures in the present cases are identical with the cytoplasmic structure of the horizontal cell, and that the membranous tubes probably constitute a special form of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, eventually involved in transport and/or a specialized protein synthesis.
LYMPHOMA AND OTHER LYMPHOID LESIONS OF THE ORBIT
Authors: KLEENER JøRGEN
Published: May 2009

The orbit differs from the rest of the organism, excluding the central nervous system, as concerns lymph drainage. This may possible explain some of the peculiar features in lymphoid orbital lesions.

The lymphoid tumours of the orbit are discussed on the basis of the classification most widely applied. An illustrative case is reported and it is concluded that even if local therapy may prove successful, patients in whom orbital lymphoid tumours have been diagnosed should be kept under constant observation with a view to prompt institution of treatment upon evidence of generalized disease.
NORRIE'S DISEASE
Authors: WARBURG METTE
Published: May 2009

A report on six children with Norrie's disease is presented. It is shown that the diagnosis can be established in sporadic cases if the early retrolental opacities are seen, and dementia or psychosis occurs after a normal infancy. Hearing loss is an important diagnostic sign. Children with Norrie's disease are more sensitive to disruption of family relationship than most other congenitally blind children.
PERMEABILITY OF RABBIT CORNEAL EPITHELIUM TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AFTER THE INFLUENCE OF BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

A tight barrier against permeation of horseradish peroxidase into the corneal epithelium exists at the corneal surface adjacent to the tear film. The present light and transmission electron microscopic study reveals that the cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride, which is commonly added to eye drops as a preservative, breaks down this barrier. Lysis of the cell membranes was demonstrated, resulting in a leakage of the tracer into and underneath the superficial cells. The grade of cellular destruction caused by benzalkonium chloride was dependent upon the concentration and exposure time of the drug.
CORNEAL THICKNESS AFTER CATARACT EXTRACTION WITH AIR IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A total of 135 patients had the corneal thickness measured prior to cataract extraction. The chamber was re‐established by air in 86, while the remainder acted as controls. On the second postoperative day the corneal thickness had increased by 12.7 % in the air‐inflated group, and by 17.6% in the control group. On the sixth postoperative day the increases in thickness were 7.2 and 11.1% respectively. On follow‐up control 6 to 12 months later the corneal thickness was as before the operation. Epithelial oedema was significantly more frequent in the control group.

The conclusion is drawn that an air bubble in the anterior chamber has no unfavourable effect on the corneal endothelium. On the contrary, it seems to protect the endothelium from postoperative damage.
DISTRIBUTION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN THE CILIARY BODY OF ALBINO RABBIT, GUINEA PIG AND RAT
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

The distribution of ascorbic acid in the ciliary body has been demonstrated by means of a silver nitrate technique. It appeared that the basal cells in the pars plana region and in the valleys between the ciliary processes contain great amounts of ascorbic acid, in contrast to the basal cells over the processes proper which showed only traces. Rabbit and guinea pig revealed mainly the same findings, and quantitative differences occurred before and after intracardial injection of ascorbic acid. On the other hand, ascorbic acid was absent in the ciliary body of untreated rats, whereas only traces were found after intracardial injection of this substance. These species differences are in keeping with previous reports showing high concentration of ascorbic acid in the aqueous humour from rabbit/guinea pig, and no ascorbic acid at all in aqueous humour from rats.
BACTERIAL FLORA IN RELATION TO CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: May 2009

The conjunctival flora of 499 patients operated for cataract was studied on the 4th and 7th postoperative days and compared with the flora examined previously on admission to the hospital and at the time of surgery (Fahmy et al. 1975b, c). Antibiotics had been administered approximately 18 hours before operation, at the conclusion of surgery, and then on the 4th postoperative day after the cultures had been taken.

After a significant fall in incidence, including all kinds of bacteria at the time of surgery (Fahmy et al. 1975c), Staphylococcus albus showed an increase in incidence on the 4th postoperative day to the level found on admission. Corynebacteria and gram‐negative bacilli likewise showed increasing incidence but not to the level of admission. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci remained unchanged.

On the 7th postoperative day, S. aureus showed a fall in incidence while other bacteria had largely the same incidence as that of the 4th postoperative day.

The origin of S. aureus isolated postoperatively from the conjunctiva was studied, and showed that the great majority of strains were similar to those found on the patient's own conjunctiva preoperatively. In a few instances, S. aureus could be traced to the patient's own nose or to the noses of some of the nurses.

The air of the wards, eye drops or ophthalmic ointments used in the treatment of the patients apparently did not play any role as a source of S. aureus infection.

Cultures obtained on the 4th postoperative day showed only a minor relationship to the flora of the wound site observed at the conclusion of surgery.
ENDOPHTHALMITIS FOLLOWING CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

The incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis in a series of 4,498 consecutive cataract operations, performed in a period of 10 years, was examined and found to equal 0.533%.

Paracentesis of the anterior chamber was done in two cases and revealed Staphylococcus albus to be the causative organism in both instances. Conjunctival cultures were recovered in a further 17 cases, and showed S. albus in pure culture in eight cases and in combination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteous morgani in two cases. Streptococcus haemolyticus was isolated in pure culture in one case, while the cultures from six other patients were negative.

The role of such factors as age, diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchitis, “weak ocular tissue”, and persurgical complications which predisposed to postoperative infections was examined and found to have no significance on the occurrence of endophthalmitis in the present study.

The visual end results were assessed and showed a better prognosis than generally expected. Of 24 cases, five achieved good visual acuity (6/6–6/12), 13 had a useful vision (6/18–6/60), while five remained actually blind (> 6/60). In only one case was the eye enucleated.

Methods of treatment and prophylaxis are described and discussed. A total suppression or elimination of all regional bacteria at the time of surgery seems to be the logical goal.
RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN TONOMETER READINGS ON RELATIVES AND SPOUSES
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

The resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses was studied in a material derived from a population survey and consisting of 1042 unique individuals forming 365 nuclear families and 1333 pairs divided into groups with different sex‐composition and type of connection. Persons in whom glaucoma was suspected were excluded. The general level of resemblance in the present study was similar to that in previous studies. Differences between groups with different sex‐composition conformed to a pattern expected from environmental effects. The resemblance between husbands and their wives was highly significant and of the same order of magnitude as that in relatives sharing a common genetic background. We concluded that a common environment contributes materially to the resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives. The possibility of a cumulative environmental effect was suggested by an increase in resemblance with age.
THE “KNAPP‐RØNNE” TYPE OF MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE CHOROID
Authors: JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

Five cases of a rare type of malignant melanoma of the choroid with a typical clinical and histopathological picture are reported. This tumour is characterized by its location near the optic disk, its early growth through the retina, its structure with bloodless and blood‐filled cavernous spaces, and its manifestation by a massive haemorrhage into the vitreous. “Historical” cases are mentioned, showing that this rare tumour, occurring in about 1:250 of malignant melanomas of the choroid, has a Scandinavian tradition. The clinical and histopathological details are discussed.
MELANOTROPIC DRUGS AND RETINAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: CALISSENDORFF BERIT
Published: May 2009

The present work is the first in a series of investigations on the effects of melanotropic drugs on retinal functions. The changes in the conventional ERG of the dark‐adapted, intact sheep eye were studied after iv administrations of quinine and chloroquine. Both drugs influenced the ERG in principally the same way. Small doses changed only the c‐wave amplitude which began to oscillate after a delay of about 1 hour. Larger doses had an immediate effect on both the b‐ and c‐waves. The b‐wave amplitude dropped and the c‐wave showed an initial peak followed by oscillatory changes about 1 h later. These late changes were similar to those observed after administration of small doses of the drugs.

The present results indicate that small doses of quinine and chloroquine have a delayed effect on the pigment epithelial cells, while larger doses exert a more immediate and general retinotoxic effect.
A FAMILIAL SYNDROME OF PROGRESSIVE CONE DYSTROPHY, DEGENERATIVE LIVER DISEASE, ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION AND HEARING DEFECT
Authors: HANSEN EGILL , LARSEN INGEGERD FRØYSHOV , BERG KÅE
Published: May 2009

Seven patients, 6 females and one male, with progressive cone dystrophy are reported. One patient developed amaurosis in one eye and fere amaurosis in the other. The least affected patient (13 years of age) had fairly good central cone vision, but a rod response only outside the central area. Attenuated retinal vessels, disc pallor and general atrophic appearance without pigmentation were typical findings. Six of the patients originated from 2 sibships. Increasing impairment of vision during pregnancy was seen in two patients. Pathological glucose tolerance, diabetes, liver disease, endocrinological disturbances, and hearing defects were recorded. Thus, this cone dystrophy appears to be part of a disease affecting several organs. The familial occurrence suggests that this disorder is inherited.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL EFFECTS OF CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE ON THE RABBIT CORNEA
Authors: GREEN KEITH
Published: May 2009

The effects of cetylpyridinium chloride on the trans‐corneal potential difference and the surface anatomy of the cornea have been examined. Concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride from 0.21 mM to 2 mM were used for either 1 or 2 minute exposure times on the in vitro and in vivo cornea for the electrophysiology studies. The potential difference of the in vitro cornea showed a concentration and exposure‐time dependent decrease, the in vivo cornea shows a qualitatively similar behaviour although quantitatively less. The fall in potential difference is preceeded by a hyperpolarization. The scanning electromicroscopy reveals a loss of microvilli and microplicae as well as surface pitting, with some exposure of cells underlying the superficial epithelium. These changes occur in a dose‐dependent manner. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on the cornea is to enhance the permeability of the superficial cells by destroying the cell membranes and causing lysis of the cells.
THE EPIPAPILLARY MEMBRANE AND THE GLAUCOMATOUS OPTIC DISC
Authors: JERNDAL TORD
Published: May 2009

The frequent presence of an epipapillary membrane as a glial covering of the optic disc is a common source of error when evaluating the cupping of the optic disc in glaucoma.

Four instructive cases are documented with colour photographs and field charts.
BLOOD CIRCULATION CHANGES IN THE EYE AND LIMBS
Authors: HØRVEN I. , GJØNNÆSS H. , KROESE A.
Published: May 2009

Alterations in corneal indentation pulse (CIP) amplitudes and pulse volume recordings (PVR) on the limbs were demonstrated in pregnant women, indicating that significant changes occur in the peripheral blood circulation during pregnancy.

The PVR measured at week 30–36 of gestation demonstrated a significant increase when recorded on the forearm and index finger. In the eye an increase in CIP amplitudes was found early in pregnancy. From week 20 on, however, a steady decrease occurred, until the CIP amplitudes at term averaged about 1/3 of the values from normal, non‐pregnant women.

Similar changes, although less pronounced, were demonstrated in the ocular blood circulation during oral contraceptive treatment and, to some extent, during menstruation. Intake of gestagens and diaethyl‐stilboestrol did not alter the CIP amplitudes.
ÜBER DAS VERHALTEN DES INTRAOKULAREN DRUCKES NACH DER KATARAKTOPERATION IN MIKROCHIRURGISCHER TECHNIK MIT KORNEALEM STUFENSCHNITT UND FORTLAUFENDER NYLONNAHT
Authors: CORYDON L. , DUPERRÉ J.
Published: May 2009

Die Druckregulation nach Kataraktoperationen wurde untersucht. Die Operationen wurden mit mikrochirurgischer Technik unter Anwendung eines kornealen Stufenschnittes ab externo und fortlaufender Naht mit Nylonfaden (30 μ) ausgeführt. Normale Druckwerte fanden sich sowohl in den ersten Stunden als auch in den ersten Tagen nach dem Eingriff. Die Ursache dieser erhaltenen guten Druckregulation liegt wahrscheinlich in einem für den Kammerwinkelbereich sehr schonenden Operationsverfahren.
CENTRAL CLOUDY CORNEAL DYSTROPHY OF FRANÇOIS
Authors: BRAMSEN T. , EHLERS N. , BAGGESEN L. H.
Published: May 2009

A family is reported with central cloudy dystrophy of the cornea, as described by François in 1956. The lesion consists of a grey zone deep in the stroma, made up of polygonal or rounded areas with indistinct margins, separated by apparently clear, normal stroma. No deposits are visible in the slit lamp. The anterior and posterior boundary layers appear normal. The corneal thickness is normal. Open angle glaucoma was present in the family. The pathogenesis of the dystrophy is unknown, and histopathological examination has not been described. The differential diagnosis is briefly discussed. The family tree is suggestive of a dominant mode of transmission.
VISUAL FUNCTIONS AFTER PERINATAL MACULAR HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: LOWES MARTIN , EHLERS NIELS , JENSEN IB KRARUP
Published: May 2009

Perinatal macular haemorrhage has been suggested as being a cause of amblyopia and strabismus. 39 of 48 children with macular haemorrhage after birth were examined at the age of 5 years. The study comprised visual acuity with E‐test types and cycloplegic refraction. Binocular function was evaluated by cover test, and 4d‐prism test. Fixation was studied by an ophthalmoscope with a central dark star. Sensory function was estimated by Schober test and Worth 4‐dot‐test.

The observations gave no support to the existence of organic amblyopia or strabismus following perinatal macular haemorrhage.
ORBITAL PHLEBOGRAPHY
Authors: BRISMAR GUDRUN , BRISMAR JAN
Published: May 2009

The technique for orbital phlebography is described and the phlebographic anatomy of the orbit and the skull base presented. The possibilities and limitations of phlebography in the diagnosis of different intraorbital and ophthalmoneurological disorders is discussed and illustrated out of personal experiences from 200 cases.
TREPHINE SECTIONS FOR CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: KAPOOR SHASHI
Published: May 2009

In 100 cases of senile cataract keratoplasty trephine was used for making lamellar cataract sections from the 3 to 9 o'clock position. The results are compared with sections made by keratome and scissors. The advantages achieved by performing the sections with the trephine are discussed. Complications due to defective wound healing are reduced to the bare minimum. There was no astigmatism in 41% of the cases. The sections were ab externo enabling preplaced sutures to be inserted.
ZUR AUTOMATISIERUNG DER PERIMETRIE
Authors: WEBER BEAT , SPAHR JÜRG
Published: May 2009

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Problemen der Darstellung perimetrischer Untersuchungsergebnisse und den Lösungsmöglichkeiten, die sich durch die Verwendung eines Computers und eines Datensichtgeräts ergeben. Besonderes Gewicht wurde auf dreidimensionale Darstellungen mit Berücksichtigung der Sichtbarkeit sowie auf zweidimensionale Isopte‐rendarstellungen gelegt.
MAST CELLS AND PTERYGIUM
Authors: RATNAKAR K. S. , GOSWAMY V. , AGARWAL L. P.
Published: May 2009

A total of thirty pterygia were studied for mast cells using metachromatic dye (toluidine blue) together with routine histological stains. On microscopic examination, the lesion was differentiated and classified into angiomatous, fibrous and mixed varieties based on the vascular and collagenous components. The mast cell counts were undertaken in all types and were found to have significant correlation with the morphological types when compared to normal conjunctiva. 15.1 ± 3.1, 22.7 ± 3.8, 9.5 ± 3.2 mast cells per mm2 were found in the angiomatous, mixed and fibrous types respectively. In the control material, the mast cell count was 12.4 ± 2.3 per mm2. The results are discussed. It is believed that mast cells are actively involved in the genesis and progress of pterygium.
INTERFERENCE FILTER FOR COLOUR AND BLACK‐AND‐WHITE FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: KORNACKI B. , ALGVERE P. , STEFANIAK T.
Published: May 2009

A new dichromic interference filter was used as the excitation filter in colour and black‐and‐white fluorescein angiography of the human fundus. The interference filter transmits light shorter than 490 nm (blue) and longer than 640 nm (red). In colour photography the red light shows the topography of the fundus.

In black‐and‐white photography, the red light is prevented from reaching the fundus by an additional absorption filter used together with the interference filter. These two comprise the excitation filter, which eliminates the pseudo‐fluorescence from black‐and‐white angiograms.
A CASE OF LATE PSEUDOMONAS OCULAR INFECTION FOLLOWING SCLERAL BUCKLING
Authors: ROMEM M. , ROMANO A. , BEN‐TOVIM T. , STEIN R.
Published: May 2009

Two and half years after a circling buckle operation in which two Supramid sutures and a solid silicone explant were employed, a Pseudomonas infection developed around the explant and progressed to the inner eye. Removal of all implanted foreign material and treatment with Rifamicin saved the eye. The relevant literature on infection following scleroplastic procedures is reviewed, and the pathogenesis of the late infections is discussed.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHOLINE IODIDE ON THE METABOLITES OF THE GLYCOLYTIC, PENTOSE PHOSPHATE AND SORBITOL PATHWAYS IN THE RABBIT LENS
Authors: HÄRKONEN MATTI , TARKKANEN AHTI
Published: May 2009

Steady‐state concentrations of the key intermediates from the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and sorbitol pathways as well as the pyridine nucleotides were measured from the lens after 0.25% phospholine iodide had been instilled into rabbits' eyes twice a day for 18 weeks. In the lenses of those rabbits which had received treatment in both eyes fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate and pyruvate levels were increased, whereas 6‐phospho‐gluconate, sorbitol and α‐glycerophosphate concentrations were decreased. α‐Ketoglutarate and concentrations and ratios of NAD+ and NADH did not show any changes. In contrast, NADPH and total NADP concentrations as well as the NADPH/NADP+ ratio were decreased, and therefore total NAD/total NADP ratio increased after treatment. It appears that instillation of long‐acting 0.25% phospholine iodide into rabbits' eyes results in increased glycolytic activity in the lens in response to the increased energy demand, whereas the activities of other metabolic pathways are suppressed.
POST‐MORTEM CHANGES IN THE RABBIT RETINA
Authors: JOHNSON NEIL F. , GRIERSON IAN
Published: May 2009

The course of post‐mortem changes in rabbit retina has been followed. Short post‐mortem periods are accompanied by degenerative changes limited mainly to the visual cells and retinal pigment epithelium. Long post‐mortem periods are associated with degenerative changes throughout the retina. Retinal tissue maintained at room temperature was less affected than that kept at body temperature (37°C). Post‐mortem changes are similar to those observed following periods of pressure induced ischaemia and it is thought that the mechanical effects of pressure on retinal tissue are minimal at the level of resolution afforded by light microscopy.
RETINAL FUNCTIONS IN DOMINANT CYSTOID MACULAR DYSTROPHY (DCMD)
Authors: PINCKERS A. , DEUTMAN A. F. , NOTTING J. G. A.
Published: May 2009

Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (DCMD) occurred in 28 members of 5 unrelated families. The disease is characterized by cystoid macular oedema and leakage from retinal capillaries in the posterior pole. Colour vision examination reveals a type I red‐green defect with concomitant blue‐yellow defectiveness; the latter may be caused by the leaking capillaries. The ERG is normal. The EOG is subnormal. Darkadaptation curves are often slightly disturbed. There are frequently also aspecific pigmentary alterations in the peripheral fundus.
CONGO RED VITAL STAINING OF CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Vital staining with an aqueous solution of 1% Congo red has been studied in the slit lamp. In 98 cases the dye was mixed with 1% lissamine green, in 120 eyes subsequent staining was performed with 0.125% fluorescein, and in 80 cases the mucous thread from the inferior conjunctival fornix was microscoped.

Congo red stains dead cells, degenerate cells, and mucus. The dye discloses keratitis, corneal erosion, contact lens damages, corrosions, etc. It stains like lissamine green and rose bengal, though less frequently and less intensely than these

Congo red is a pH indicator. Acid reaction beyond its pH‐range (3.0–5.2) has not been demonstrated

Amyloid‐specific colour reaction (red‐green dichromatic polarisation) has been noticed in mucous fibrils, most often in relation to infectious conjunctivitis and corrosion, never in normal eyes. Th phenomenon is believed to indicate degeneration of the mucous fibrils (on the analogy of toluidine‐blue‐stained mucus), whereas not presence of genuine amyloid. It is, in other words, an important phenomenon in the differential diagnosis

Congo red is hardly indicated in ordinary clinical practice for vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva. Fluorescein, combined with rose bengal or lissamin green should be preferred
ATROPHY OF OPTIC NERVE FIBRES IN COMPRESSION OF THE CHIASM
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM M. , FRISÉN L.
Published: May 2009

Chiasmal lesions produce a characteristic form of partial optic atrophy, subtly reflected by objective changes in the peripapillary portion of the retinal nerve fibre layer. The degrees and distributions of these changes were documented by fundus photography in a series of steady state patients with different degrees of chiasmal damage from pituitary adenoma. Semi‐quantitative analysis disclosed a close correspondence with the degree of functional deficit. The state of the retinal nerve fibre layer can therefore be used as an objective indicator of the occurrence and severity of anatomical, chiasmal damage.
VOGT's RETRO‐IRIDIAN PIGMENT LINES
Authors: LARSEN F. ERLIN , HVIDBERG J.
Published: May 2009

A woman, aged 69, with latent diabetes was found to have retro‐iridian pigment lines. Cataract extraction was followed by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Cross sections of the pigment lines showed these to consist of two main constituents, whose structures are described. The portion of the lines closest to the lens had a certain resemblance to the substance seen on the lens and in the iris in pseudo‐exfoliation, while the remaining part of the pigment lines consisted of uniform microtubules.