bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prieto receives 2010 Keiiti Aki Young Scientist Award
Authors: Beroza Gregory C. , Prieto Germán A.
Published: June 2011

Germán Prieto received the 2010 Keiiti Aki Young Scientist Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes the scientific accomplishments of a young scientist who makes outstanding contributions to the advancement of seismology.
Updated algorithms improve aerosol detection accuracy
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: June 2011

The direct and indirect effects of airborne particles remain among the greatest sources of uncertainty in scientists' understanding of climate change. NASA's Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) has nine cameras that image Earth over a range of viewing angles, each in four wavelength bands, providing global observations of atmospheric aerosols aimed at eliminating some of this uncertainty. But like all orbiting observatories, MISR detectors are unable to be adjusted or improved after launch. Fortunately, the instrument, in a polar obit aboard NASA's Terra satellite, provides only the first link in the data production chain, leaving retrieval algorithms to do the heavy lifting of converting raw data into useful representations of aerosol properties. MISR's algorithms work by finding good matches between the observed radiances and ones simulated for multiple, predefined aerosol types, spanning a range of particle sizes, shapes, brightnesses, and amounts. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD014601, 2010)
Multidecadal variability of the North Brazil Current
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: June 2011

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), which carries warm water to high northern latitudes near the surface and returns cold water in the deep ocean to the Southern Hemisphere, affects and is affected by global climate change. There has been debate as to whether the AMOC has begun slowing down due to global warming, but research on AMOC variability based on instrumental records is limited. One possible indicator of change in the AMOC is the North Brazil Current (NBC), a strong current that flows northward in the tropical South Atlantic, connecting the North and South Atlantic oceans, and plays an important role as a major pathway for surface return flow in the AMOC. Zhang et al. calculated how NBC varies on multidecadal time scales based on a record of 50 years of observations off the coast of Brazil. They found that NBC transport changes are correlated with Labrador Sea deep convection (important for deepwater formation) and with a broad pattern of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Atlantic (sometimes referred to as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation or Atlantic Multidecadal Variability), both of which have previously been linked to AMOC fluctuations. The researchers therefore suggest that observed NBC variability is a useful indicator of AMOC variations. They confirm this using a climate model simulation. Furthermore, the authors note that although some studies have suggested that the AMOC is slowing down due to global warming, NBC shows multidecadal variability but no significant slowing trend over the past 50 years. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans, doi:10.1029/2010JC006812, 2011)
Interstitial-interstitial interaction of oxygen atoms in a Nb-based ternary body-centered-cubic system
Authors: Yu Liming , Yin Fuxing , Ping Dehai , Liu Yongchang
Published: June 2011

An extended statistical mechanical treatment is suggested to calculate the interstitial-interstitial interaction in a ternary bcc system. With the assumption of the first-order quasichemical approximation and the conservative condition of the interstitial solutes concentration, the numerical solution of the interstitial interaction can be determined by Fermi–Dirac statistics. The calculated results for a Nb-M (V or Ti)-O system shown that the O-O interaction in Nb-based alloys exhibits a repulsive effect, and is markedly influenced by the substitutional solute concentration. These results can be applied as useful information for the description and understanding of the interstitials atoms’ behaviors in ternary alloy systems.
Electromagnetic drag on a magnetic dipole near a translating conducting bar
Authors: Kirpo Maksims , Tympel Saskia , Boeck Thomas , Krasnov Dmitry , Thess André
Published: June 2011

The electromagnetic drag force and torque acting on a magnetic dipole due to the translatory motion of an electrically conducting bar with square cross section and infinite length is computed by numerical analysis for different orientations and locations of the dipole. The study is motivated by the novel techniques termed Lorentz force velocimetry and Lorentz force eddy current testing for noncontact measurements of the velocity of a conducting liquid and for detection of defects in the interior of solid bodies, respectively. The present, simplified configuration provides and explains important scaling laws and reference results that can be used for verification of future complete numerical simulations of more realistic problems and complex geometries. The results of computations are also compared with existing analytical solutions for an infinite plate and with a newly developed asymptotic theory for large distances between the bar and the magnetic dipole. We finally discuss the optimization problem of finding the orientation of the dipole relative to the bar that produces the maximum force in the direction of motion.
A new matching method for linear stability analysis of MHD modes close to the ideal MHD marginal stability
Authors: Furukawa M. , Tokuda S.
Published: June 2011

A new matching method has been invented for linear stability analysis of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) modes for plasmas marginally stable against ideal MHD. An inner region with a finite width is utilized as in our previous study [M. Furukawa, S. Tokuda, and L.-J. Zheng, Phys. Plasmas 17, 052502 (2010)]. An ordering scheme for the outer region has been newly developed, thereby it succeeds to include effects of small plasma inertia and resistivity perturbatively in the outer region. The corresponding boundary condition requires direct, not asymptotic, matching of the outer and inner solutions, which assumes nothing special for the behavior of parallel electric field across the matching points. The union of the ordering scheme and the boundary condition enables us to apply our matching method even for plasmas marginally stable against ideal MHD. Because our matching method is not asymptotic, it is easy to implement numerically. The stability analysis of resistive MHD modes, such as internal kink and tearing modes, is satisfactory.
Non-isothermal flow of a thin film of fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity on a stationary horizontal cylinder
Authors: Leslie G. A. , Wilson S. K. , Duffy B. R.
Published: June 2011

A comprehensive description is obtained of the two-dimensional steady gravity-driven flow with prescribed volume flux of a thin film of Newtonian fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity on a stationary horizontal cylinder. When the cylinder is uniformly hotter than the surrounding atmosphere (positive thermoviscosity), the effect of increasing the heat transfer to the surrounding atmosphere at the free surface is to increase the average viscosity and hence reduce the average velocity within the film, with the net effect that the film thickness (and hence the total fluid load on the cylinder) is increased to maintain the fixed volume flux of fluid. When the cylinder is uniformly colder than the surrounding atmosphere (negative thermoviscosity), the opposite occurs. Increasing the heat transfer at the free surface from weak to strong changes the film thickness everywhere (and hence the load, but not the temperature or the velocity) by a constant factor which depends only on the specific viscosity model considered. The effect of increasing the thermoviscosity is always to increase the film thickness and hence the load. In the limit of strong positive thermoviscosity, the velocity is small and uniform outside a narrow boundary layer near the cylinder leading to a large film thickness, while in the limit of strong negative thermoviscosity, the velocity increases from zero at the cylinder to a large value at the free surface leading to a small film thickness.
Detection of anomalous reactor activity using antineutrino count evolution over the course of a reactor cycle
Authors: Bulaevskaya Vera , Bernstein Adam
Published: June 2011

This paper analyzes the sensitivity of antineutrino count rate measurements to changes in the fissile content of civil power reactors. Such measurements may be useful in IAEA reactor safeguards applications. We introduce a hypothesis testing procedure to identify statistically significant differences between the antineutrino count rate evolution of a standard “baseline” fuel cycle and that of an anomalous cycle, in which plutonium is removed and replaced with an equivalent fissile worth of uranium. The test would allow an inspector to detect anomalous reactor activity, or to positively confirm that the reactor is operating in a manner consistent with its declared fuel inventory and power level. We show that with a reasonable choice of detector parameters, the test can detect replacement of 82 kg of plutonium in 90 days with 95% probability, while controlling the false positive rate at 5%. We show that some improvement on this level of sensitivity may be obtained by various means, including use of the method in conjunction with existing reactor safeguards methods. We also identify a necessary and sufficient minimum daily antineutrino count rate and a maximum tolerable background rate to achieve the quoted sensitivity, and list examples of detectors in which such rates have been attained.
Experimental observation of ion beams in the Madison Helicon eXperiment
Authors: Wiebold Matt , Sung Yung-Ta , Scharer John E.
Published: June 2011

Argon ion beams up to Eb = 165 eV at Prf = 500 W are observed in the Madison Helicon eXperiment (MadHeX) helicon source with a magnetic nozzle. A two-grid retarding potential analyzer (RPA) is used to measure the ion energy distribution, and emissive and rf-filtered Langmuir probes measure the plasma potential, electron density, and temperature. The supersonic ion beam (M = vi/cs up to 5) forms over tens of Debye lengths and extends spatially for a few ion-neutral charge-exchange mean free paths. The parametric variation of the ion beam energy is explored, including flow rate, rf power, and magnetic field dependence. The beam energy is equal to the difference in plasma potentials in the Pyrex chamber and the grounded expansion chamber. The plasma potential in the expansion chamber remains near the predicted eVp ∼ 5kTe for argon, but the upstream potential is much higher, likely due to wall charging, resulting in accelerated ion beam energies Eb = e[Vbeam − Vplasma] > 10kTe.
Correlation of electrostatic fluctuation and reversal of toroidal field in the reversed-field pinch plasma
Authors: Yambe Kiyoyuki , Koguchi Haruhisa , Sakakita Hajime , Hirano Yoichi , Kiyama Satoru
Published: June 2011

The magnetic fluctuations and electrostatic probe potential have been measured in the Toroidal Pinch Experiment - RX (TPE-RX) reversed-field pinch plasma [Y. Yagi et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 45, 421 (1999)] (at the plasma surface r/a = 1.00). Fast electrons with energy comparable to or slightly higher than the core electron temperature are observed as many spikes in the electrostatic probe signal. These electrons are diffused by a fluctuating magnetic field from the core region. During the period of mild deepening of the reversal of the edge toroidal field, a significant reduction in the spike signal, increases in electron density and soft x-ray radiation, and a decrease in the Dα line radiation are observed, even though the reduction in magnetic fluctuations is not significant during the same period, which indicates that the mild deepening of the reversal of the toroidal field can improve the confinement of fast electrons.
Spin current generation due to mechanical rotation in the presence of impurity scattering
Authors: Matsuo Mamoru , Ieda Jun’ichi , Saitoh Eiji , Maekawa Sadamichi
Published: June 2011

We investigate theoretically the generation of a spin current from a uniformly rotating body with impurity scattering based on the spin-dependent transport equation. If the cyclotron frequency is lower than the inverse of the relaxation time, the spin current is then created mainly in the radial direction when a weak magnetic field is applied parallel to the rotation axis. Spin accumulation is estimated by solving the spin diffusion equation. We show that the inverse spin Hall effect can be used to detect the spin current induced by rotation.
Gas phase analogs of stable sodium-tin Zintl ions: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic structure
Authors: Zheng W.-J. , Thomas O. C. , Nilles J. M. , Bowen K. H. , Reber A. C. , Khanna S. N.
Published: June 2011

Mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy together with first principles theoretical calculations have been used to study the electronic and geometric properties of the following sodium-tin, cluster anion/neutral cluster combinations, (NanSn4)−/(NanSn4), n = 0–4 and (NaSnm)−/(NaSnm), m = 4–7. These synergistic studies found that specific Zintl anions, which are known to occur in condensed Zintl phases, also exist as stable moieties within free clusters. In particular, the cluster anion, (Na3Sn4)− is very stable and is characterized as (Na+)3(Sn4)−4; its moiety, (Sn4)−4 is a classic example of a Zintl anion. In addition, the cluster anion, (NaSn5)− was the most abundant species to be observed in our mass spectrum, and it is characterized as Na+(Sn5)2−. Its moiety, (Sn5)2− is also known to be present as a Zintl anion in condensed phases.
Intermediate vibronic coupling in charge transfer states: Comprehensive calculation of electronic excitations in sexithiophene crystal
Authors: Stradomska Anna , Kulig Waldemar , Slawik Michał , Petelenz Piotr
Published: June 2011

A comprehensive theory of linear vibronic coupling in a coupled manifold of Frenkel and charge-transfer states in an infinite molecular crystal is presented and applied for sexithiophene. The approach, valid in the intermediate-coupling regime, includes up to three-particle terms of the Philpott expansion, with the vibronic wavefunctions represented in the Lang-Firsov basis. As a stringent test, the scheme is used to reproduce the complete set of available sexithiophene absorption and electroabsorption spectra within a unified theoretical framework. The input is based primarily on independent calculations and to some extent on independent experiments, with explicit fitting contained within the limits set by the estimated inherent errors of a priori parameter estimates. Reasonably good quantitative agreement with experimental spectra is achieved. The results resolve some existing interpretational ambiguities and expose some peculiarities of electric field effect on vibronic eigenstates of Frenkel parentage, highlighting the role of charge-transfer interactions.
Nonthermal phase transition in phase change memory cells induced by picosecond electric pulse
Authors: Huang D. Q. , Miao X. S. , Li Z. , Sheng J. J. , Sun J. J. , Peng J. H. , Wang J. H. , Chen Y. , Long X. M.
Published: June 2011

The ultrafast amorphization phenomenon induced by a single picosecond electric pulse was studied. The RESET operations were performed on phase change memory cells with 50 nm and 150 nm thick Ge2Sb2Te5 layers by a self-built test system, respectively. The ultrafast amorphization of only 0.2 ns was observed in phase change memory cell. The dependence of RESET resistance on the pulse amplitude was investigated. Thermal simulations with a RESET pulse width of 50 and 0.8 ns using finite element method were compared. Experimental and simulation results suggest that the amorphization in phase change memory cells induced by a picosecond electric pulse exhibits nonthermal nature.
Effect of selective nanopatterns on the performance of a pentacene-based thin-film transistor
Authors: Yu Chang-Jae , Lee You-Jin , Choi Jong Sun , Kim Jae-Hoon
Published: June 2011

We investigate an effect of selective nanopatterns on the performances of a pentacene-based organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) in a top contact configuration. The one-dimensional nanopatterns onto an insulating layer are selectively formed at the channel and/or the source/drain (S/D) regions using the electron-beam lithography. The performance of the S/D-patterned OTFT was greater than that of the patternless OTFT while the performance of the channel-patterned OTFT was rather less. From Fowler–Nordheim analysis, it is found that the mobility improvement in the nanopatterned OTFTs is mainly originated from the enhanced carrier injection by the nanopatterns at the S/D regions rather than the enhancement of the current flow in the channel region.
Kinetic equations for classical and quantum Brownian particles and eigenfunction expansions as generalized functions
Authors: Kanki Kazuki , Tanaka Satoshi , Petrosky Tomio
Published: June 2011

We study momentum relaxation processes of a classical and a quantum Brownian particle by considering the eigenvalue problem of the collision operators in the kinetic equations. The collision operators are anti-Hermitian with an appropriate inner product defined by an integral with a weight factor given by the inverse of the equilibrium distribution function. Owing to the weight factor, the norm of a momentum distribution function is infinite, if the distribution is characterized by a temperature higher than a threshold temperature determined by the environmental temperature. Although the eigenfunction expansion of a given distribution function with an infinite norm does not converge to a function in the Hilbert space, it has a legitimate meaning as a generalized function and defines a linear functional. We introduce an H-function through the norm which directly reflect the spectral properties of the collision operators. When the norm of the momentum distribution function diverges, the H-function reduces to a simple form characterized by only the value at the accumulation point of the spectrum of the collision operator.
Designing organic spin filters in the coherent tunneling regime
Authors: Herrmann Carmen , Solomon Gemma C. , Ratner Mark A.
Published: June 2011

Spin filters, that is, systems which preferentially transport electrons of a certain spin orientation, are an important element for spintronic schemes and in chemical and biological instances of spin-selective electronic communication. We study the relation between molecular structure and spin filtering functionality employing a theoretical analysis of both model and stable organic radicals based on substituted benzene, which are bound to gold electrodes, with a combination of density functional theory and the Landauer–Imry–Büttiker approach. We compare the spatial distribution of the spin density and of the frontier central subsystem molecular orbitals, and local contributions to the transmission. Our results suggest that the delocalization of the singly occupied molecular orbital and of the spin density onto the benzene ring connected to the electrodes, is a good, although not the sole indicator of spin filtering functionality. The stable radicals under study do not effectively act as spin filters, while the model phenoxy-based radicals are effective due to their much larger spin delocalization. These conclusions may also be of interest for electron transfer experiments in electron donor–bridge–acceptor complexes.
A compact digital time differential perturbed angular correlation-spectrometer using field programmable gate arrays and various timestamp algorithms
Authors: Jäger Markus , Iwig Kornelius , Butz Tilman
Published: June 2011

A user-friendly fully digital time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC)-spectrometer with six detectors and fast digitizers using field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) is described and performance data are given. The new spectrometer has an online data analysis feature, a compact size, and a time resolution such as conventional analog spectrometers. Its calculation intensive part was implemented inside the digitizer. This gives the possibility to change parameters (energy windows, constant fraction trigger delay) and see their influence immediately in the γ-γ correlation diagrams. Tests were performed which showed that the time resolution using a 60Co source with energy window set at 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV is 265 ps with LaBr3(Ce) scintillators and 254 ps with BaF2 scintillators. A true constant fraction algorithm turned out to be slightly better than the constant fraction of amplitude method. The spectrometer performance was tested with a TDPAC measurement using a 44Ti in rutile source and a positron lifetime measurement using 22Na. The maximum possible data rate of the spectrometer is 1.1 × 106 γ quanta per detector and second.
Synergetics in multiple exciton generation effect in quantum dots
Authors: Turaeva N. N. , Oksengendler B. L. , Uralov I.
Published: June 2011

We present detailed analysis of the non-Poissonian population of excitons produced by multiple exciton generation (MEG) effect in quantum dots on the base of statistic theory of MEG and synergetic approach for chemical reactions. From the analysis we can conclude that a non-Poissonian distribution of exciton population is evidence of nonlinear and nonequilibrium character of the process of multiple generation of excitons in quantum dots at a single photon absorption.
Origin of the low thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric material β-Zn4Sb3: An ab initio theoretical study
Authors: Chen Weibing , Li Jingbo
Published: June 2011

By modeling β-Zn4Sb3 material as a Zn36Sb30 crystal with defects, the crystal structure and thermal properties of β-Zn4Sb3 are studied by ab initio method to explain its extremely low thermal conductivity at moderate temperature. The formation and migration energies of defects are calculated and used to explain the partial occupation of Zn at the lattice sites, the disordered local structures and the origin of the low thermal conductivity of β-Zn4Sb3. Our study also unravels the puzzling dependence of thermal conductivity on doping in β-Zn4Sb3. A doping strategy is proposed to improve the thermoelectric performance of β-Zn4Sb3.
Plasmonic enhancement of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for single nanoparticle detection
Authors: Shopova S. I. , Rajmangal R. , Holler S. , Arnold S.
Published: June 2011

We describe and demonstrate a physical mechanism that substantially enhances the label-free sensitivity of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for the detection of individual nanoparticles in aqueous solution. It involves the interaction of dielectric nanoparticle in an equatorial carousel orbit with a plasmonic nanoparticle bound at the microparticle’s equator. As the dielectric particle parks to hot spots on the plasmonic particle we observe frequency shifts that are enhanced by a factor of 4, consistent with a simple reactive model. Once optimized the enhancement by this mechanism should exceed several orders of magnitude, putting individual protein within reach.
Spin current depolarization under high electric fields in undoped InGaAs
Authors: Okamoto N. , Kurebayashi H. , Harii K. , Kajiwara Y. , Beere H. , Farrer I. , Trypiniotis T. , Ando K. , Ritchie D. A. , Barnes C. H. W. , Saitoh E.
Published: June 2011

Carrier spin polarization in In0.13Ga0.87As under high electric fields has been investigated. The spin polarization was created by optical spin orientation techniques and the inverse spin-Hall effect was employed to measure the spin polarization. For moderate electric fields, the spin polarization was constant, whereas the significant change in the spin polarization was found in the high electric field range. The spin-density rate equation, together with carrier transport analysis, clarifies that the observed change is attributed to the voltage-induced Auger process which modifies the carrier number in InGaAs.
Experimental investigations of silicon tetrafluoride decomposition in ECR discharge plasma
Authors: Vodopyanov A. V. , Golubev S. V. , Mansfeld D. A. , Sennikov P. G. , Drozdov Yu. N.
Published: June 2011

The results of first experiments on the investigation of plasma of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) discharge, sustained by CW radiation of technological gyrotron with frequency 24 GHz are considered. The parameters of nitrogen plasma of ECR discharge in magnetic field up to 1 T were investigated by Langmuir probe in the pressure range 10−4–10−2 mbar under different values of microwave power. Depending on gas pressure and power of microwave radiation, the typical temperature and density of electrons could attain values of 1–5 eV and 1011–1012 cm−3, respectively. The prospects for using of ECR discharge for plasma chemical decomposition of silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) have been experimentally demonstrated. Plasma was created from SiF4 and hydrogen (H2) gas mixture and heated by microwave radiation in ECR conditions. Using the method of mass-spectrometry analysis of the gas at the outlet from the reactor and the weighting method, the content of the resultants of SiF4 decomposition as a function of process parameters was investigated. It was shown that SiF4 decomposition degree strongly depends on the microwave power, gas pressure in the reactor, gas flow rates, and can attain the value of 50%. The possible applications of PECVD method based on ECR discharge for production of isotopically pure elements with high deposition rate are discussed.
Boron nitride substrates for high mobility chemical vapor deposited graphene
Authors: Gannett W. , Regan W. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Crommie M. F. , Zettl A.
Published: June 2011

Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene is often presented as a scalable solution to graphene device fabrication, but to date such graphene has exhibited lower mobility than that produced by exfoliation. Using a boron nitride underlayer, we achieve mobilities as high as 37 000 cm2/V s, an order of magnitude higher than commonly reported for CVD graphene and better than most exfoliated graphene. This result demonstrates that the barrier to scalable, high mobility CVD graphene is not the growth technique but rather the choice of a substrate that minimizes carrier scattering.
Si-interdiffusion in heavily doped AlN-GaN-based quantum well intersubband photodetectors
Authors: Hofstetter Daniel , Di Francesco Joab , Martin Denis , Grandjean Nicolas , Kotsar Yulia , Monroy Eva
Published: June 2011

We demonstrate the effect of rapid thermal annealing on heavily Si-doped AlN/GaN quantum wells. After 1000 °C annealing during 5, 10, and 20 min, the dominant effect was interdiffusion of Si rather than intermixing between the Al and Ga atoms. Both their original value and the magnitude of the changes after annealing reveal that intersubband absorption and photovoltage are related to two different optical transitions as follows: absorption occurs in the 1 to 2 intersubband transition, whereas photovoltage is due to a subsequent process from the 1 to 2 and the manifold of 2 to higher order transitions.
Thickness-dependent magnetism and spin-glass behaviors in compressively strained BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Cheng Ching-Jung , Lu Chengliang , Chen Zuhuang , You Lu , Chen Lang , Wang Junling , Wu Tom
Published: June 2011

Compressively strained BiFeO3 (BFO) films from 19 to 114 nm are epitaxially grown on LaAlO3 substrates, and their thickness-dependent evolutions of structural and magnetic properties are investigated. Across the morphotropic phase boundary, complex strain relaxation behaviors involving low-symmetry intermediate/bridging phases are observed. The fully strained 38 nm BFO film exhibits a saturation magnetization of ∼28 emu/cm3 at 300 K with a coercivity of 130 Oe while all films show a spin-glass behavior. These findings suggest that tailoring film thickness is effective to suppress the cycloidal magnetic modulation in BFO, leading to magnetic properties different from the bulk counterpart.
The Legacy of D. A. Andrews in the Field of Criminal Justice: How Theory and Research Can Change Policy and Practice
Authors: Wormith J.Stephen
Published: June 2011

Donald Andrews’ overarching goal in the field of criminal justice was to assist offenders in changing their antisocial behavior. His means of doing so was to assist criminal justice agencies and their practitioners by changing the manner by which they worked with offenders. Beginning with the principles of differential association and social learning theory, Andrews crafted his own version of the psychology of criminal conduct (PCC). As a result of PCC, terms like “criminogenic needs” and “risk-need-responsivity” (RNR), which he coined and then researched extensively, have become commonplace in the lexicon of corrections. But that is only the beginning of his legacy. Translating theory to practice and then implementing it in countless criminal justice agencies represents his second monumental contribution to correctional and forensic psychology. The tools he developed were vital to his linking assessment with intervention and his translating theory and research to policy and practice. He also insisted that these efforts be conducted in a humane and just manner.
The nucleoporin RanBP2 tethers the cAMP effector Epac1 and inhibits its catalytic activity
Authors: Gloerich Martijn , Vliem Marjolein J. , Prummel Esther , Meijer Lars A.T. , Rensen Marije G.A. , Rehmann Holger , Bos Johannes L.
Published: June 2011

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger that relays a wide range of hormone responses. In this paper, we demonstrate that the nuclear pore component RanBP2 acts as a negative regulator of cAMP signaling through Epac1, a cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap. We show that Epac1 directly interacts with the zinc fingers (ZNFs) of RanBP2, tethering Epac1 to the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RanBP2 inhibits the catalytic activity of Epac1 in vitro by binding to its catalytic CDC25 homology domain. Accordingly, cellular depletion of RanBP2 releases Epac1 from the NPC and enhances cAMP-induced Rap activation and cell adhesion. Epac1 also is released upon phosphorylation of the ZNFs of RanBP2, demonstrating that the interaction can be regulated by posttranslational modification. These results reveal a novel mechanism of Epac1 regulation and elucidate an unexpected link between the NPC and cAMP signaling.
The cortical protein Lte1 promotes mitotic exit by inhibiting the spindle position checkpoint kinase Kin4
Authors: Bertazzi Daniela Trinca , Kurtulmus Bahtiyar , Pereira Gislene
Published: June 2011

The spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) is an essential surveillance mechanism that allows mitotic exit only when the spindle is correctly oriented along the cell axis. Key SPOC components are the kinase Kin4 and the Bub2–Bfa1 GAP complex that inhibit the mitotic exit–promoting GTPase Tem1. During an unperturbed cell cycle, Kin4 associates with the mother spindle pole body (mSPB), whereas Bub2–Bfa1 is at the daughter SPB (dSPB). When the spindle is mispositioned, Bub2–Bfa1 and Kin4 bind to both SPBs, which enables Kin4 to phosphorylate Bfa1 and thereby block mitotic exit. Here, we show that the daughter cell protein Lte1 physically interacts with Kin4 and inhibits Kin4 kinase activity. Specifically, Lte1 binds to catalytically active Kin4 and promotes Kin4 hyperphosphorylation, which restricts Kin4 binding to the mSPB. This Lte1-mediated exclusion of Kin4 from the dSPB is essential for proper mitotic exit of cells with a correctly aligned spindle. Therefore, Lte1 promotes mitotic exit by inhibiting Kin4 activity at the dSPB.
Characterizing Common Cause Closed Probability Spaces
Authors: Gyenis Zalán , Rédei Miklós
Published: June 2011

A probability space is common cause closed if it contains a Reichenbachian common cause of every correlation in it and common cause incomplete otherwise. It is shown that a probability space is common cause incomplete if and only if it contains more than one atom and that every space is common cause completable. The implications of these results for Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle are discussed, and it is argued that the principle is only falsifiable if conditions on the common cause are imposed that go beyond the requirements formulated by Reichenbach in the definition of common cause.
Does Temperature Have a Metric Structure?
Authors: Skow Bradford
Published: June 2011

Is there anything more to temperature than the ordering of things from colder to hotter? Are there also facts, for example, about how much hotter (twice as hot, three times as hot, etc.) one thing is than another? There certainly are, but the only strong justification for this claim comes from statistical mechanics. What we knew about temperature before the advent of statistical mechanics (what we knew about it from thermodynamics) provided only weak reasons to believe it.
Summing up Sendai: progress integrating climate change science and fisheries
Authors: Murawski Steven A.
Published: June 2011

Murawski, S. A. 2011. Summing up Sendai: progress integrating climate change science and fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1368–1372.
Elephants of south‐east Angola in war and peace: their decline, re‐colonization and recent status
Authors: Chase Michael J. , Griffin Curtice R.
Published: June 2011

Angola’s intermittent 27‐year civil war displaced over four million people and decimated wildlife populations. During the 1980s, African elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) in Angola drew international alarm with reports of 100,000 elephants killed. Luiana Partial Reserve (PR), a conservation area in south‐east Angola, was the military operations centre for UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), which used elephant ivory to pay for arms and meat. However, the full impact of the civil war on elephants is uncertain because there are no reliable estimates of Angolan elephant populations. Following the end of the civil war in 2002, our three aerial surveys of Luiana PR indicated that elephant numbers are increasing rapidly, from 366 in January 2004 to 1827 in November 2005, and expanding their range in the Reserve. Concurrently, elephants tagged with satellite collars in northern Botswana and the Caprivi Strip, Namibia, moved into Luiana PR. To facilitate re‐colonization and conservation of elephants and other wildlife in Luiana PR, we recommend: (i) realignment of the veterinary fence on the Botswana–Namibia border; (ii) development of effective land use management and anti‐poaching programmes; (iii) clearing of landmines; (iv) designation of the Reserve a national park; and (v) development of ecotourism and community conservation programmes.
The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the management of autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes
Authors: Baven‐Pronk A. M. C. , Coenraad M. J. , van Buuren H. R. , de Man R. A. , van Erpecum K. J. , Lamers M. M. H. , Drenth J. P. H. , van den Berg A. P. , Beuers U. H. , den Ouden J. , Koek G. H. , van Nieuwkerk C. M. J. , Bouma G. , Brouwer J. T. , van Hoek B.
Published: June 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 335–343

Background  Treatment failure occurs in 20% of autoimmune hepatitis patients on prednisolone and azathioprine (AZA). There is no established second line treatment.

Aim  To assess the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil as second line treatment after AZA‐intolerance or AZA‐nonresponse in autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes.

Methods  Consecutive patients from the Dutch Autoimmune Hepatitis Group cohort, consisting of 661 patients, with autoimmune hepatitis or overlap syndromes, AZA‐intolerance or AZA‐nonresponse and past or present use of mycophenolate mofetil were included. Primary endpoint of mycophenolate mofetil treatment was biochemical remission. Secondary endpoints were biochemical response (without remission), treatment failure and prevention of disease progression.

Results  Forty‐five patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil were included. In autoimmune hepatitis remission or response was achieved in 13% and 27% in the AZA‐nonresponse group compared to 67% and 0% in the AZA‐intolerance group (P = 0.008). In overlap‐syndromes remission or response was reached in 57% and 14% in the AZA‐nonresponse group and 63% and 25% of the AZA‐intolerance group (N.S.); 33% had side effects and 13% discontinued mycophenolate mofetil. Overall 38% had treatment failure; this was 60% in the autoimmune hepatitis AZA‐nonresponse group. Decompensated liver cirrhosis, liver transplantations and death were only seen in the autoimmune hepatitis AZA‐nonresponse group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  Mycophenolate mofetil induced response or remission in a majority of patients with autoimmune hepatitis and azathioprine‐intolerance and with overlap syndromes, irrespective of intolerance or nonresponse for azathioprine. In autoimmune hepatitis with azathioprine nonresponse mycophenolate mofetil is less often effective.
Sleep behaviour in children with developmental co‐ordination disorder
Authors: Barnett A. L. , Wiggs L.
Published: June 2011

Background  Children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (DCD) experience significant difficulty in the performance of everyday movement skills in the absence of obvious neurological, sensory or intellectual impairment. They often underachieve academically and have higher rates of anxiety than their typically developing peers. Such factors are known to be associated with sleep problems in other clinical populations but the sleep patterns of children with DCD have not been examined. Information about the frequency and nature of sleep problems in DCD will aid our understanding of this developmental disorder. It may also be clinically helpful, alerting clinicians to potential difficulties so that these can be identified early and appropriate support offered.

Objective  To examine sleep behaviour of children with DCD compared with typically developing control children.

Methods  Two groups of 16 boys aged 8 to 12 years (M = 10.28, SD = 1.28) participated: (1) the DCD group had Movement ABC‐2 Checklist scores below the 5th percentile; (2) an age‐matched control group of typically developing children had Movement ABC‐2 Checklist scores above the 15th percentile. Parents of children from both groups completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire.

Results & discussion  The total sleep disturbance score was significantly higher for children with DCD compared with the control group (U= 24, P < 0.001). Subscale scores indicated particular problems with bedtime resistance (U= 77.5, P < 0.05), parasomnias (U= 28.5, P < 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (U= 58.00, P < 0.01). There were no differences between the groups for sleep onset delay, sleep duration, night wakings and sleep‐disordered breathing. These preliminary results suggest that sleep patterns of children with DCD may be of clinical relevance and are worthy of further investigation.
Effect of drying and proline addition on aroma volatile compounds of acid‐hydrolysed rice bran protein concentrate
Authors: Kaewka Kunwadee , Therakulkait Chockchai , Cadwallader Keith R.
Published: June 2011

Rice bran protein concentrate (RBPc) was hydrolysed by 0.5 N aqueous HCl at 95 °C for 12 h. The liquid hydrolysate obtained was prepared as hydrolysate powder by spray drying. Aroma volatile compounds in liquid hydrolysate and its hydrolysate powder were tentatively identified by GC‐MS. Furfural and vanillin were found in both hydrolysates with high concentration, and vanillin showed the highest odour activity value. Hexanal was present in only liquid hydrolysate. Concentrations of carboxylic acids and heterocyclic compounds, especially 2‐methoxy‐6‐methylpyrazine, increased after drying. Amino acid composition of the hydrolysate powder showed high aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Aroma volatile compounds of hydrolysate powder prepared by the addition of proline at pH 6.0 (Pro6.0‐H) and pH 7.5 (Pro7.5‐H) before drying were investigated. Furaneol was found only in Pro6.0‐H, but it was not detected in Pro7.5‐H and hydrolysate powder without proline addition. Pro7.5‐H had higher furfural and vanillin concentrations than Pro6.0‐H.
Family carer personal concerns in Huntington disease
Authors: Williams Janet K. , Skirton Heather , Barnette James Jackson , Paulsen Jane S.
Published: June 2011

williams j.k., skirton h., barnette j.j. & paulsen j.s. (2012) Family carer personal concerns in Huntington disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(1), 137–146.

Aim.  To examine and compare the personal concerns of family members providing care for people with Huntington disease in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Background.  Family carers of people with Huntington disease may feel burdened by caregiving responsibilities and concerned about illness risk for relatives.

Method.  A mailed personal concerns survey was completed by 108 United Kingdom and 119 United States adult family carers of people with Huntington disease in 2006 and 2007. Survey responses included frequency and intensity of concerns, and narrative comments. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics of the products of frequency and intensity of reaction scores to identify a personal concerns index for items with the twelve highest combined scores. Factor analysis identified three factors, which were compared between respondents by factor and items within factors using t tests mean frequency by intensity scores. Narrative comments were thematically analysed.

Results.  Three main factors were labelled impact of role change, sense of isolation and concerns for children. Within the role change factor, United States family caregivers had significantly higher concerns about family finances and United Kingdom carers expressed significantly greater personal sadness. Both groups expressed concern about isolation from family. Although family carers in both countries expressed concern about their children, those of United States caregivers were significantly higher.

Conclusion.  Further studies are required to identify benefits of support services that are specific to carer concerns and consistent with national healthcare systems.
Molecular biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in trace metal‐polluted soils
Authors: HASSAN SAAD EL DIN , BOON EVA , ST‐ARNAUD MARC , HIJRI MOHAMED
Published: June 2011

We assessed the indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure from the roots and associated soil of Plantago major (plantain) plants growing on sites polluted with trace metals (TM) and on unpolluted sites. Uncontaminated and TM‐contaminated sites containing As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn were selected based on a survey of the TM concentration in soils of community gardens in the City of Montréal. Total genomic DNA was extracted directly from these samples. PCR followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE), augmented by cloning and sequencing, as well as direct sequencing techniques, was all used to investigate AMF community structure. We found a decreased diversity of native AMF (assessed by the number of AMF ribotypes) in soils and plant roots harvested from TM‐polluted soils compared with unpolluted soils. We also found that community structure was modified by TM contamination. Various species of Glomus, Scutellospora aurigloba and S. calospora were the most abundant ribotypes detected in unpolluted soil; ribotypes of G. etunicatum, G. irregulare/G. intraradices and G. viscosum were found in both polluted and unpolluted soils, while ribotypes of G. mosseae and Glomus spp. (B9 and B13) were dominant in TM‐polluted soils. The predominance of G. mosseae in metal‐polluted sites suggests the tolerance of this species to TM stress, as well as its potential use for phytoremediation. These data are relevant for our understanding of how AMF microbial communities respond to natural environments that contain a broad variety of toxic inorganic compounds and will substantially expand our knowledge of AMF ecology and biodiversity.
First dengue virus detection inAedes albopictusfrom Delhi, India: Its breeding ecology and role in dengue transmission
Authors: Kumari Roop , Kumar Kaushal , Chauhan Lakhbir Singh
Published: June 2011

Objective To report dengue virus and its disease transmission inAedes albopictusin the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India.

Methods MonthlyAedessurveys were carried out in 126 urban localities of Delhi in 2008 and 2009. Pools of all three species ofAedesmosquitoes were tested for Dengue virus (DENV) using an antigen‐capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results Aedes aegyptiwas the most prevalent species, breeding throughout the year.Aedes albopictuswas found in 9.52% of surveyed localities including the central urban part of Delhi, in March and from August to October.Aedes albopictusandAedes vittatusare adapting to breed in manmade containers in the urban areas of Delhi in addition to their natural habitats of bamboo bushes and rock pits. Of the 229 pools ofAe. aegyptiand 34 pools ofAe. albopictustested, 10.5% and 11.76% were positive for dengue virus, respectively. No dengue virus infection was recorded inAe. vittatus.

Conclusion This is the first report of dengue virus inAe. albopictusfrom north India. Because DENV was detected inAe. albopictus, which adapted to manmade containers, both its spread and transmission dynamics should be checked.
Socioeconomic differences in diabetes prevalence, awareness, and treatment in rural southwest China
Authors: Le Cai , Jun Dong , Zhankun Shu , Yichun Lu , Jie Tao
Published: June 2011

Objective  To examine how socioeconomic differences are related to the prevalence, awareness and treatment of diabetes in rural Yunnan province, a relatively undeveloped province in southwest China.

Methods  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from 2008 to 2010; 10 007 consenting individuals aged ≥18 years were selected to participate in the study using a stratified, multistage sampling technique. Information about participants’ demographic characteristics, smoking habits, drinking habits, awareness and treatment of diabetes, and family history of diabetes were obtained using a standard questionnaire. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, fasting blood sugar level and blood pressure were also measured for each individual. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results  The age‐standardised presence of diabetes was 6.8% in the study population. In diabetic subjects, 28.7% were aware that they had diabetes, and 22.6% had received treatment. After controlling for age, sex, smoking behaviour, drinking behaviour, hypertension, being overweight, central obesity and family history of diabetes, individual educational level was negatively associated with the prevalence of diabetes and positively associated with the awareness and treatment of diabetes. The awareness and treatment of diabetes showed a negative relationship with ethnic minority status and a positive relationship with individual household income.

Conclusions  There are low levels of awareness and treatment among individuals living with diabetes in rural southwest China. Strategies that can enhance public awareness of diabetes and increase access to affordable medications are urgently needed, especially for poor, less educated individuals who belong to ethnic minorities.