bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Native Mass Spectrometry as a Tool in Structural Biology
Authors: Lorenzen Kristina , Duijn Esther van
Published: November 2010

Native mass spectrometry (native MS) gives information about the composition, topological arrangements, dynamics, and structural properties of protein complexes. The mass range is principally unlimited and highly dynamic, allowing the detection of small subunits and large complexes within the same measurement. The amount of protein needed for an analysis is, compared to most other structural biology methods, very low. This unit provides an introduction to native MS. It starts with an explanation of the basic method and details on how to measure intact proteins and protein complexes, and continues with the study of dynamics and complex stability in the gas phase. The final section discusses the most recent extension to the native MS field, ion mobility, which allows the direct assessment of the structural properties of the complexes of interest. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 62:17.12.1‐17.12.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct Physical Imaging and Chemical Probing of LiFePO4 for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chung Sung‐Yoon , Kim Young‐Min , Choi Si‐Young
Published: November 2010

The control of unexpectedly rapid Li intercalation reactions without structural instability in olivine‐type LiFePO4 nanocrystals is one of the notable scientific advances and new findings attained in materials physics and chemistry during the past decade. A variety of scientific studies and technological investigations have been carried out with LiFePO4 to elucidate the origins of many peculiar physical aspects as well as to develop more effective synthetic processing techniques for better electrochemical performances. Among the several features of LiFePO4 that have attracted much interest, in this article we address four important issues—regarding doping of aliovalent cations, distribution of Fe‐rich secondary metallic phases, nanoparticle formation during crystallization, and antisite Li/Fe partitioning—by means of straightforward atomic‐scale imaging and chemical probing. The direct observations in the present study provide significant insight into alternative efficient approaches to obtain conductive LiFePO4 nanocrystals with controlled defect structures.
Determination of a quantitative relationship between hepatic CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A4 expression for use in the prediction of metabolic clearance in virtual populations
Authors: Barter Z. E. , Perrett H. F. , Yeo K. Rowland , Allorge D. , Lennard M. S. , Rostami‐Hodjegan A.
Published: November 2010

The creation of virtual populations allows the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters, such as metabolic clearance in extreme individuals rather than the ‘average human’. Prediction of variability in metabolic clearance within genetically diverse populations relies on understanding the covariation in the expression of enzymes. A number of statistically significant positive correlations have been observed in the hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 drug metabolising enzymes. However, these rarely provided a quantitative description of the relationships which is required in creating virtual populations. Collation of data from 40 human liver microsomal samples in the current study indicated a significant positive relationship between hepatic microsomal CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A4 content. Having developed a model describing the relationship between hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP3A5*1/*3, the Simcyp Population‐based Simulator®was used to investigate the consequences of either incorporating or ignoring the relationship between the two enzymes on estimates of drug clearance. Simulations indicated that for a compound with greater metabolism by CYP3A5 than CYP3A4, such as tacrolimus, incorporation of the correlation between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 does have an impact on the prediction of oral clearance. Failure to consider the relationship between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 when creating the virtual population led to a 32% lower estimate of oral clearance in individuals possessing both the CYP3A5*1/*3 genotype and high basal concentrations of CYP3A4. Potential clinical implications may include an inadequate dose estimation during clinical study design, the consequences of which may include organ rejection in transplant recipients using immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus or toxicity due to elevated concentrations of circulating metabolites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life and death in the lone star state: Three decades of violence predictions by capital juries
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Sorensen Jon R. , Vigen Mark P. , Woods S.O.
Published: November 2010

The accuracy of three decades of Texas jury predictions of future violence by capital defendants was tested through retrospective review of the disciplinary records of former death row (FDR) inmates in Texas (N = 111) who had been sentenced to death under this “special issue” and subsequently obtained relief from their death sentences between 1989 and 2008. FDR inmates typically had extended tenures on death row (M = 9.9 years) and post‐relief in the general prison population (M = 8.4 years). FDR prevalence of serious assault was low, both on death row (3.6%) and upon entering the prison population (4.5%). None of the assaults resulted in life‐threatening injuries to the victims. Violence among the FDR inmates was not disproportionate compared with life‐sentenced capital offenders. Consistent with other research, juror expectations of serious prison violence by these offenders had high error (i.e., false positive) rates. The confidence of legislators and courts in the violence prediction capabilities of capital jurors is misplaced. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo effects of pentoxifylline on enzyme and non‐enzyme antioxidant levels in rat liver after carrageenan‐induced paw inflammation
Authors: Vircheva Stefani , Alexandrova Albena , Georgieva Almira , Mateeva Polina , Zamfirova Rositza , Kubera Marta , Kirkova Margarita
Published: November 2010

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the carrageenan (CG)‐induced paw oedema and on the endogenous levels of cell enzyme and non‐enzyme antioxidants in rat liver, 4 and 24 h after CG injection. PTX (50 mg kg−1, i.p.), administered 30 min before CG, decreased the paw oedema, 2–4 h after CG administration. The drug protected CG‐induced decrease of glutathione (non‐enzyme antioxidant) and had no effect on CG‐unchanged activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (enzyme antioxidants) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (enzyme, important for the activity of GSH‐conjugated antioxidant enzymes). The drug showed a good antioxidant capacity in chemical systems, generating reactive oxygen species. The present results suggest that the antioxidant activity of PTX might contribute to its beneficial effects in liver injuries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of inflamed adipose tissue in the insulin resistance
Authors: Torres‐Leal Francisco L. , Fonseca‐Alaniz Miriam H. , Rogero Marcelo M. , Tirapegui Julio
Published: November 2010

In this article, we discuss inflammation associated with adipose tissue dysfunction as a potential link with obesity‐related insulin resistance, and how obesity‐related inflammatory components, such as immune cells, cytokines/chemokines and adipocytokines, induce obesity‐related pathologies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prebiotic Routes to Nucleosides: A Quantum Chemical Insight into the Energetics of the Multistep Reaction Pathways
Authors: Šponer Judit E. , Šponer Jiří , Fuentes‐Cabrera Miguel
Published: November 2010

One of the most controversial questions of the RNA world theory is the formation of nucleosides through the reaction of nucleobases with ribose. The study presented herein discusses the thermodynamics of nucleoside formation under prebiotic conditions through the classical reaction route, which involves ribose and cytosine, as well as through the novel pathway suggested by Powner et al. [Nature 2009, 459, 239–242]. Our computations show that, in contrast to the classical pathway, the route proposed by Powner et al. perfectly satisfies all conditions of a typical metabolic pathway that occurs in living organisms. In addition, we reveal the reasons that render the reaction of ribose with nucleobases endothermic and, thereby, less plausible under prebiotic conditions. We show that phosphates may play an indispensable role in the glycosylation of nucleobases by making this endothermic reaction step exothermic. In addition, we describe the catalytic role of phosphate anions in the formation of 2‐aminooxazole, which is one of the key steps of the synthetic route reported by Powner et al.
Exploiting the Divergent Reactivity of α‐Isocyanoacetate: Multicomponent Synthesis of 5‐Alkoxyoxazoles and Related Heterocycles
Authors: Lalli Claudia , Bouma Marinus J. , Bonne Damien , Masson Géraldine , Zhu Jieping
Published: November 2010

A novel multicomponent synthesis of 5‐alkoxyoxazoles, based on a new reactivity profile of α‐isocyanoacetates, is described. Thus, simply heating a solution of amine, aldehyde, and α‐(EWG‐phenyl)‐α‐isocyanoacetate or α‐(4‐pyridyl)‐α‐isocyanoacetate (EWG=electron‐withdrawing group) in toluene provided 5‐alkoxyoxazoles in good to excellent yields. Reaction of the 5‐alkoxyoxazoles with various α,β‐unsaturated acyl chlorides led to the formation of epoxytetrahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones by a domino N‐acylation/Diels–Alder cycloaddition sequence. Subsequent fragmentation under basic conditions provided 6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones. A four‐component synthesis of the pyridin‐5‐one compounds, without isolation of the 5‐alkoxyoxazole, was subsequently developed.
Development of an Analyzer System for Real‐time Fuel Gas Characterization in Gas Turbine Power Plants
Authors: Schorsch Stefan , Kiefer Johannes , Steuer Susanne , Seeger Thomas , Leipertz Alfred , Gonschorek Sonja , Abröll Bernd , Käß Martin
Published: November 2010

Technische Brenngase wie Erdgas sind typischerweise keine Reinstoffe, sondern bestehen aus einer Vielzahl von Einzelkomponenten und unterliegen vom Förderort und ‐zeitraum abhängigen, natürlichen Schwankungen. Diese Fluktuationen haben Auswirkungen auf den Verbrennungsprozess und damit auf den technischen Anlagenbetrieb. Es sind Regeleingriffe nötig, die die Effizienz der Verbrennung steigern und damit die Betriebskosten minimieren. Der Beitrag stellt ein neuartiges Messsystem zur Echtzeitanalyse von Erdgas basierend auf der Laser‐Raman‐Streuung vor und demonstriert die industrielle Einsetzbarkeit bei Messungen in einem Gasturbinenkraftwerk.
Technical Adsorption – Modern Processes
Authors: Gemmingen Ulrich von
Published: November 2010

The main Linde adsorption processes are in the production of H2 from hydrocarbon blends, utilising a pressure swing adsorption purification unit and for the removal of H2O, CO2, N2O, propane and other traces from air in front of air separation plants using a refined temperature swing adsorption technique. In any rigorous design one has to specifically consider all effects originating from the adiabatic process (typically cold and hot spots), as well as plateaus on concentration loadings and temperatures. The knowledge of non‐ideal behaviour of real equilibriums enables more reliable predictions when designing plants. One key issue for the accurate description of an adsorption process in detail is the coverage‐dependent chemical potential of adsorption and its consistent correlation to enthalpy, isotherms and spreading pressure.
Phenylacetylene: A Hydrogen Bonding Chameleon
Authors: Maity Surajit , Guin Mridula , Singh Prashant Chandra , Patwari G. Naresh
Published: November 2010

Molecules with multiple hydrogen bonding sites offer the opportunity to investigate competitive hydrogen bonding. Such an investigation can become quite interesting, particularly when the molecule of interest has neither lone‐pair electrons nor strongly acidic/basic groups. Phenylacetylene is one such molecule with three hydrogen bonding sites that cannot be ranked into any known hierarchical pattern. Herein we review the structures of several binary complexes of phenylacetylene investigated using infrared optical double‐resonance spectroscopy in combination with high‐level ab initio methods. The diversity of intermolecular structures formed by phenylacetylene with various reagents is remarkable. The nature of intermolecular interaction with various reagents is the result of a subtle balance between various configurations and competition between the electrostatic and dispersion energy terms, while trying to maximize the total interaction strength.
Representation, methods, and circuits for time‐based conversion and computation
Authors: Mhaidat Khaldoon M. , Jabri Marwan A. , Hammerstrom Daniel W.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we present an efficient representation of the analog signal using the inter‐pulse interval (IPI) time. Based on this representation, methods and circuits for conversion and computation have been developed. To validate these methods and circuits, a test chip has been fabricated using a 0.35µm mixed‐signal CMOS process. Together, the circuits occupy 59.52 × 10−3mm2of chip area and consume 8.8 mW of power from a 3.2 V supply. Test results at 10 MHz and simulations results at 100 MHz show good accuracy over ±600mV range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and First Studies of the Host–Guest and Substrate Recognition Properties of a Porphyrin‐Tethered Calix[6]arene Ditopic Ligand
Authors: Monnereau Cyrille , Rebilly Jean‐Noël , Reinaud Olivia
Published: November 2010

The synthesis and first host–guest investigations of a (Zn)porphyrin‐tethered calixarene are described. The target compound was obtained by selective copper‐catalyzed alkyne/azide cycloaddition at one position of a tris‐azide‐substituted calixarene using an alkyne‐functionalized (Zn)porphyrin. After the complexation of zinc to the tris‐imidazole site of the modified calixarene, the heteroditopic receptor showed a strong affinity for primary alkylamines, which formed host–guest complexes within the cavity. This process is in competition with the binding of the amine at the apical coordination site of the (Zn)porphyrin. The use of a diamine (primary) with a C12 aliphatic chain led to the formation of a heteroditopic complex, as evidenced by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. This highlights the possibility of generating cooperative interactions between the three “actors” of the complex (calixarene <> guest <> porphyrin), a feature of great interest as it is reminiscent of the interactions governing enzymatic catalysis (recognition pocket <> substrate <> reactive center).
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Fab‐Inhibitory Antibiotic Platencin and Analogues Thereof
Authors: Leung Gulice Y. C. , Li Hao , Toh Qiao‐Yan , Ng Amelia M.‐Y. , Sum Rong Ji , Bandow Julia E. , Chen David Y.‐K.
Published: November 2010

In this article, application of the masked o‐benzoquinone intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction in the total synthesis of platencin (2), a recently reported Fab inhibitory antibiotic, is described. Through intelligence gathering, the evolving strategies ultimately culminated in three syntheses of the tricyclic core structure 11 of platencin (2). The influence of the remote stereocenter(s) in the diastereoselectivity of the intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction was investigated, together with a remarkable additive effect in drastically improving the diastereoselectivity of the intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction of the dienone 17. The synthetic technology developed was further applied to the preparation of rationally designed analogues, based on the hypothesized FabF/FabH selectivity model. Antibacterial studies of platencin (2) and of the synthesized analogues 3–9 against a panel of normal and resistant strains are also reported.
Methane emissions from biogas‐producing facilities within the agricultural sector
Authors: Liebetrau Jan , Clemens Joachim , Cuhls Carsten , Hafermann Carsten , Friehe Jörg , Weiland Peter , Daniel‐Gromke Jaqueline
Published: November 2010

The emissions of ten representative agricultural biogas plants located in Germany were investigated to generate a comprehensive inventory of greenhouse gas emissions that occur within the biogas production process. The main methane emission sources were identified by a site inspection with a portable flame ionization detector. Whenever possible, the released amount of methane was quantified by installing a chamber around the identified sources. The chamber was flushed with air, and the values of the flow rate and the measured concentrations in the exhaust allowed the determination of the methane emissions. The two main sources of emissions turned out to be the digestate storage tanks when constructed without a sealed cover and the cogeneration unit. In some cases, improper handling of equipment within the gas‐filled digester headspaces and pipes caused substantial emissions. The results will be used for a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the biogas production process. Finally, sufficient measures for a substantial reduction of emissions will be developed.
Comparing environmental impacts of electricity, heat and fuel from energy crops: Evaluating biogas utilization pathways by the basket of benefit methodology
Authors: Bystricky Maria , Knödlseder Tobias , Weber‐Blaschke Gabriele , Faulstich Martin
Published: November 2010

Since the potentially available agricultural land for energy crop cultivation is limited, the area should be used in a sustainable and efficient way. In this project, the “basket of benefit” methodology, a special life‐cycle assessment approach, is used to calculate emissions of different bioenergy pathways, related to 1 ha of agricultural land. The method comprises both land use and energy output in one functional unit and enables a comparison in spite of the different “end use” (electricity, heat, and fuels). In this article, environmental impacts of different utilization pathways of biogas from energy crops are assessed. Decentralized electricity and heat production in a cogeneration plant is compared with feeding purified biomethane into the gas grid for centralized electricity and heat production, and to the usage as transportation fuel. Similarly, biogas is compared with biodiesel from rapeseed and bioethanol from sugar beet. Calculations are based on the conditions in south‐east Germany. Results for the impact categories global warming potential and eutrophication potential are presented. Regarding greenhouse gas emissions, the results are heterogeneous: Biogas shows fewer emissions than biodiesel and bioethanol only if a big proportion of the generated heat is consumed. Biogas use as biofuel can be rated similar to the use of the other biofuels. Due to the application of digestates as fertilizer, biogas exhibits a higher eutrophication potential than the other bioenergy carriers. At the moment, more bioenergy pathways, as well as additional impact categories, are being included into the analysis.
Preliminary analysis of a soft‐storey mechanism after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Verderame Gerardo M. , De Luca Flavia , Ricci Paolo , Manfredi Gaetano
Published: November 2010

Observation of damage caused by the recent Abruzzo earthquake on April 6th 2009 showed how local interaction between infills and RC structures can lead to soft‐storey mechanisms and brittle collapses. Results of the present case study are based on observed damage caused by the earthquake in the zone of Pettino. Analytical model based on simulated design procedure was built up and time history analyses were employed to verify the causes of the structural collapse, as highlighted by observed damage. This failure mechanism was investigated taking into consideration all components of the ground motion. Nonlinear behavior of brick masonry infills was taken into account and two parametric hypotheses for infill mechanical properties were considered, given the uncertainties that typically characterize these nonstructural elements. Nonlinear modeling of infills was made by a three‐strut macro‐model aimed at considering both local and global interaction between RC frame and infills. Seismic input was characterized by the real signal registered during the mainshock near the case‐study structure. Different shear capacity models were considered in the assessment.

Analytical results seem to confirm with good approximation the likely collapse scenario that damage observation highlighted; the lack of proper detailing in the columns made the local interaction between infills and RC columns and the strong vertical component of the ground motion to be the main causes of the brittle failure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material properties and external factors influencing the charring rate of solid wood and glue‐laminated timber
Authors: Friquin Kathinka Leikanger
Published: November 2010

In fire design of timber structures the charring rate of the material is a very important property, but the charring rate varies with the conditions in the fire compartment and the characteristics of the wood. Many experiments have been carried out through the years, trying to determine the effect of various properties on the charring rate of wood. This paper gives a summary of the material properties and external factors found in the literature to have the largest influence on the charring rate of exposed wood, i.e. the density, moisture content, chemical composition, grain orientation, permeability, scale effect, thermal exposure, char contraction, char oxidation, oxygen concentration and opening factor, resulting from experiments found in the literature. It has not been possible to determine which properties or factors have the most significant influence on the charring rate of wood, due to large differences between the test conditions and methods, wood species and measurement methods. There is a great need for further testing to determine the relative effect of these properties and factors, and international test methods need to be developed to enable comparison of results from research all over the world. More information about the most important properties and factors can help standardise the calculation of charring of wood, and improve the input to computer models for fire safety design. This will result in more economic fire design of wooden structures, as the calculated residual cross sections will be closer to reality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of polymer pyrolysis rate: Effect of property variations
Authors: Linteris G. T.
Published: November 2010

The mass loss rate (MLR) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exposed to known radiant fluxes is simulated with two recently developed numerical codes, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ThermaKin. The influence of various material properties (thickness, thermal conductivity, specific heat, absorption of infrared radiation, heat of reaction) on mass loss history is assessed, via their effect on the ignition time, average MLR, peak MLR, and time to peak. The two codes predict the influence of material parameters on the MLR in the order of decreasing importance: heat of reaction, thickness, specific heat, absorption coefficient, thermal conductivity, and activation energy of the polymer decomposition. Changes in the material properties also influence the MLR curves by switching the sample from thermally thick to thermally thin. The two numerical codes are generally in very good agreement for their predictions of the MLR vs time curves, except when in‐depth absorption of radiation was important. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rehydration activity of hydrated cement paste exposed to high temperature
Authors: Xuan D. X. , Shui Z. H.
Published: November 2010

Subjected to the wet surrounding, hydrated cement paste (HCP) exposed to high temperature may exhibit rehydration behavior. This paper presents the influence of the dehydration temperature and the initial water/cement ratio on the rehydration activity of dehydrated cement paste (DCP). Original HCPs were prepared with two water/cement ratios of 0.3 and 0.5, respectively, and cured under the fog‐spraying standard condition for 30thinspacedays. The DCP powders used were obtained by grinding dry HCP less than 75µm and then subjecting to different temperatures, up to 900∘C. The rehydration properties of DCP were evaluated by the required water for standard consistency, the setting time, the rehydrated compressive strength and the microstructure evolution. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to identify the crystalline phases before and after rehydration. Experimental results showed that the coupled rehydration effect from the dehydrated hydration products and the initially unhydrated cement determined the rehydration behavior of DCP. The rehydration of DCP strongly depended on the dehydration temperature and the water/cement ratio of the original HCP. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining aroma‐active compounds in Kama flour using SPME‐GC/MS and GC–olfactometry
Authors: Kaseleht Kristel , Leitner Erich , Paalme Toomas
Published: November 2010

Kama flour is a traditional Estonian food, consisting of a newly milled powder mixture of roasted barley, rye, wheat and pea flour. For consumption it is normally mixed with sour milk and sweetened with sugar. In this study the aroma profile of Kama flour was studied. For the analysis, the solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) method was optimized and used in combination with gas–chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC–olfactometry (GCO), where the human nose is used as a sensitive and specific detector for odour‐active compounds. For a positive identification of the aroma‐active compounds, calculation of retention indices combined with the odour impression of pure reference compounds in a comparable concentration, and the mass spectrum under the same conditions as GC‐O were used. The analysis of Kama flour headspace by GC/MS led to the detection of 89 compounds, of which 62 were found to have odour impression according to the literature. However, in total, 30 odour‐active compounds were detected with GCO from which seven could not be detected under the same chromatographic conditions either by GC/MS or GC with FID. Most of the identified aroma compounds belonged to pyrazines coming from roasting process of Kama flour due to the Maillard reaction. Additionally, 2,3‐butadedione, hexanal and 1‐octen‐3‐one contributed to the aroma of Kama flour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional and Paleoenvironmental setting of the Bizat Ruhama early pleistocene archaeological assemblages, Northern Negev, Israel: A microstratigraphic perspective
Authors: Mallol Carolina , VanNieuwenhuyse Dorcas , Zaidner Yossi
Published: November 2010

Bizat Ruhama, an Early Pleistocene site located in the southern coastal plain of Israel, has yielded a single archaeological horizon dating to the Matuyama chron. Recent technological and zooarchaeological studies suggest evidence of near in situ hominin occupations taking place in a semiarid climatic setting. Such an archaeological context is rare for the Early Pleistocene and must be corroborated through reconstruction of site formation processes. This paper offers a microstratigraphic view of the site based on results from a micromorphological and granulometric study aimed at reconstructing site formation processes. Results show that the bone and lithic specimens were deposited near their excavated provenience, in a depressed, seasonally waterlogged area, and were subsequently slightly displaced and buried by surface sediment. We infer that the Bizat Ruhama deposit represents one or a few hominin occupations taking place on the surface of an undulating inter‐dune depression under a semiarid Mediterranean climate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impacts of sediment load on Manning coefficient in supercritical shallow flow on steep slopes
Authors: Zhang Guang‐hui , Luo Rong‐ting , Cao Ying , Shen Rui‐chang , Zhang X. C.
Published: November 2010

The Manning equation is one of the most widely used formulae for calculating the velocity of shallow overland flow in hydrological and erosion models. Precise estimation of the Manning's friction coefficient (n) is critical to determining overland flow and soil erosion processes. Few studies have been conducted to quantify the effects of sediment load on Manning's n on steep slopes. This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of sediment load on Manning's n in a flume with a fixed bed, under wide ranges of hydraulics and sediment loads. Slope gradient varied from 8·7 to 34·2%, unit flow rate from 0·66 to 5·26 × 10−3 m2 s−1, and sediment load from 0 to 6·95 kg m−1 s−1. The Reynolds number ranged from 350 to 5899. Results showed that Manning's n varied in both sediment‐free and sediment‐laden flows ranging from 0·012 to 0·055. The apparent Manning's coefficients of sediment‐laden flow were much greater than those of sediment‐free flow. The mean Manning coefficient of sediment‐laden flow was 51·27% greater than the mean value of sediment‐free flow. For sediment‐laden flow, Manning's n could be estimated with a power function of unit flow discharge and sediment content. Further studies are needed to quantify the potential effects of sediment load on the Manning's n on erodible beds and in fields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stormwater quantity and quality response to climate change using artificial neural networks
Authors: He Jianxun , Valeo Caterina , Chu Angus , Neumann Norman F.
Published: November 2010

This research investigates the potential impacts of climate change on stormwater quantity and quality generated by urban residential areas on an event basis in the rainy season. An urban residential stormwater drainage area in southeast Calgary, Alberta, Canada is the focus of future climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs). A regression‐based statistical downscaling tool was employed to conduct spatial downscaling of daily precipitation and daily mean temperature using projection outputs from the coupled GCM. Projected changes in precipitation and temperature were applied to current climate scenarios to generate future climate scenarios. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) developed for modelling stormwater runoff quantity and quality used projected climate scenarios as network inputs. The hydrological response to climate change was investigated through stormwater runoff volume and peak flow, while the water quality responses were investigated through the event mean value (EMV) of five parameters: turbidity, conductivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. First flush (FF) effects were also noted. Under future climate scenarios, the EMVs of turbidity increased in all storms except for three events of short duration. The EMVs of conductivity were found to decline in small and frequent storms (return period < 5 years); but conductivity EMVs were observed to increase in intensive events (return period ≥ 5 years). In general, an increasing EMV was observed for water temperature, whereas a decreasing trend was found for DO EMV. No clear trend was found in the EMV of pH. In addition, projected future climate scenarios do not produce a stronger FF effect on dissolved solids and suspended solids compared to that produced by the current climate scenario. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating Duero's basin (Spain) response to the NAO phases: spatial and seasonal variability
Authors: Morán‐Tejeda Enrique , Ignacio López‐Moreno , Antonio Ceballos‐Barbancho , Sergio M. Vicente‐Serrano
Published: November 2010

In this study, we analysed the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the hydrological response of the Duero River (central Spain) and its tributaries. We identified the positive and negative phases of the winter NAO for the period 1961–2006 and related precipitation and river discharge anomalies. Significant differences in precipitation and river discharge were found between the positive and negative NAO phases with negative anomalies (dry conditions) during positive NAO periods, and positive anomalies (wet conditions) during negative NAO periods. Marked differences were also found in the precipitation and river discharge response times to the NAO episodes, with an immediate response for precipitation but a lag and more sustained response for river discharges. Differing patterns were also identified in the response of river discharge to the NAO throughout the Duero basin. The physical characteristics of watersheds (including area, altitude and permeability explained most of the differences in the timing and magnitude of anomalies in the river discharge in response to the NAO. The findings highlight the great variability in the hydrological response of rivers to the NAO episodes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluctuation of groundwater in an urban coastal city of India: a GIS‐based approach
Authors: Vijay Ritesh , Sharma Abhinav , Ramya S. S. , Gupta Apurba
Published: November 2010

Groundwater is the most important and valuable natural resources especially in coastal urban environment where surface water is insufficient to satisfy the water requirement. Puri city is located on the east coast of India where groundwater is the only source available to meet city water supply. As the city is situated on the sandy aquifer, quality of groundwater is deteriorating because of anthropogenic activities, lack of sewerage system, etc. The objective of the study was to assess the groundwater fluctuation during post‐monsoon and summer with respect to hydrogeological conditions, topography, and groundwater consumption pattern of the city. For this assessment and analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to visualize topography of the area through digital elevation model (DEM) and distribution of groundwater contours spatially and temporally. The probable areas prone to contamination were identified based on aquifer property and depths to water table below ground. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpersonal problems: self‐therapist agreement and therapist consensus
Authors: Pedersen G. , Hagtvet K.A. , Karterud S.
Published: November 2010

This study investigated patient‐therapist agreement and therapist consensus of patients' interpersonal problems. The sample comprised 199 patients, who answered a questionnaire addressing interpersonal problems. At the same time, each patient was rated by two therapists on an observer version of the same questionnaire. The participants came from 10 different treatment units within the Norwegian Network of Personality‐Focused Treatment Programs. Interpersonal problems were measured by a short version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems—Circumplex (IIP‐C). The results of both patient‐therapist agreements and therapist consensus of patients' interpersonal problems was low to moderate. The therapists perceived the patients to have somewhat higher levels of interpersonal problems than the patients reported, although the profile similarity between self‐reports and observer reports was high. Some gender differences were revealed, but in terms of self‐therapist agreement, no interaction with the therapists' length of clinical experience or acquaintance with the patient was found. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–10, 2010.
Inhibition of ascites tumor growth in vivo by sTie‐2 is potentiated by a combinatorial therapy with sFLT‐1
Authors: D'Souza Saritha Sandra , Gururaj Anupama E. , Raj Harsha M. , Rössler Jochen , Salimath Bharathi P.
Published: November 2010

Background

Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis is a promising approach for cancer therapy and the Tie‐2/angiopoietin pathway appears to play an important role. In the present study, we have developed strategies to explore the therapeutic potential of blocking the Tie‐2/angiopoietin pathway by sTie‐2.

Methods

Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells were stably transfected to overexpress a truncated form of sTie‐2. Transfectants were characterized for their in vitro growth behavior and transplanted into nude mice. Furthermore, recombinant sTie‐2 produced by the baculovirus expression system was used to sequester angiopoietins in the murine ascites carcinoma model. The effect of sTie‐2 treatment alone or in combination with sFLT‐1 on the weight of the animal, ascites cell number and volume was studied.

Results

EAT cells stably transfected with a truncated form of sTie‐2 showed no change in cell proliferation in vitro and colony forming in soft agar compared to control cells. However, sTie‐2 transfected EAT cells transplanted into nude mice reduced tumor burden and demonstrated a reduction in ascites formation and peritoneal angiogenesis. Recombinant sTie‐2 showed angiogenic activity in the tube formation and wound healing assay in vitro. sTie‐2 treatment alone or in combination with sFLT‐1 in an ascites tumor mouse model resulted in reduced peritoneal angiogenesis, with a concomitant decrease in tumor cell number, volume of ascites and the number of invasive tumor cells, as assayed by CD31 staining.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study demonstrate an important role for the Tie‐2/angiopoietin pathway in the formation of tumor vasculature and suggest that sTie‐2 might yield useful anticancer therapy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature and effective moisture variability in southern Finland during the Holocene quantified with midge‐based calibration models
Authors: Luoto Tomi P. , Kultti Seija , Nevalainen Liisa , Sarmaja‐Korjonen Kaarina
Published: November 2010

Effective moisture and temperature dynamics during the late glacial and Holocene were reconstructed from fossil midge (Diptera: Nematocera) assemblages in Lake Hirvijärvi, southern Finland. Quantitative inferences were performed using midge‐based transfer functions for water depth and mean July air temperature. The aim was to identify major trends in Holocene climate development. The results were generally consistent with patterns found in previous investigations from nearby regions and indicated some distinct differences in palaeoclimate between southern and northern Finland. The results indicate that the region was characterised by a very cold Late Pleistocene, cool and moist but drying early Holocene, warm and moist mid Holocene and cool and moist late Holocene. A progressive trend of increasing lake levels from the early Holocene towards the present was evident. The results of this study provide implications for regional differences in effective moisture between southern and northern Finland during the Holocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early‐middle Holocene land snail shell stable isotope record from Grotta di Latronico 3 (southern Italy)
Authors: Colonese André C. , Zanchetta Giovanni , Dotsika Elisabeth , Drysdale Russell N. , Fallick Anthony E. , Grifoni Cremonesi Renata , Manganelli Giuseppe
Published: November 2010

This paper compares stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) records of early–middle Holocene land snail shells from the archaeological deposits of Grotta di Latronico 3 (LTR3; southern Italy) with modern shell isotopic data. No substantial interspecific variability was observed in shell δ18O (δ18Os) of modern specimens (Pomatias elegans,Cornu aspersum,Eobania vermiculata,Helix ligataandMarmorana fuscolabiata). In contrast, interspecific shell δ13C (δ13Cs) variability was significant, probably due to different feeding behaviour among species. The δ18Os values of living land snails suggest that species hibernate for a long period during colder months, so that the signal of18O‐depleted winter rainfall in their δ18Os is lost. This suggests that δ18Os and δ13Cs values ofPomatias elegansfrom this archaeological succession provide valuable clues for seasonal (spring–autumn) climatic conditions during the early–middle Holocene. The δ18Os values of fossil specimens are significantly lower than in modern shells and in agreement with other palaeoclimatic records, suggesting a substantial increase of precipitation and/or persistent changes in air mass source trajectories over this region between ca. 8.8 cal ka BP and 6.2–6.7 ka ago. The δ13Cs trend suggests a transition from a slightly13C‐enriched to a13C‐depleted diet between early and middle Holocene compared to present conditions. We postulate that this δ13Cs trend might reflect changes in the C3 vegetation community, potentially combined with other environmental factors such as regional moisture increase and the progressive decrease of atmospheric CO2concentration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can 234U–230Th dating be used to date large semi‐arid tufas? Challenges from a study in the Naukluft Mountains, Namibia
Authors: Stone Abigail E.C. , Viles Heather A. , Thomas Louise , Van Calsteren Peter
Published: November 2010

The large, extensive tufa deposits of the semi‐arid Naukluft Mountains, Namibia are potentially important palaeoenvironmental indicators in an area with few proxy records. Tufas are reliable indicators of increased moisture availability, and have been shown to be amenable to 234U–230Th dating, although two challenges are detrital contamination and open‐system behaviour. Densely cemented tufa facies are good candidates for dating, minimising these problems. We report attempts to date five densely‐cemented units, which are only found rarely within the Naukluft deposits. We applied a detailed methodology using multiple subsample analysis, measurement of insoluble residues, application of ‘isochron’ mixing lines, and attempted open‐systems modelling, alongside observations of micromorphology and cathodoluminescence in order to assess the validity of any obtained dates. Surprisingly, densely cemented tufas were found not always to be suitable for dating. Two units contained detrital contamination, which could not be corrected for using a single leachate correction or ‘isochron’ methods. Two units contained ‘excess 230Th’. This could result under a closed‐system if initial (234U/238U) was sufficiently high. Alternatively this may be the result of open‐system behaviour, and loss of uranium, or incorporation of initial unsupported 230Th, which render samples unsuitable for 234U–230Th dating. Micromorphological appearance and cathodoluminescence behaviour are used to explore these possibilities. This study exemplifies the need for careful sample selection, and highlights the importance of analysing multiple subsamples from any tufa sample. The detailed methodology applied proves to be a powerful tool for identifying the range of problems that can be encountered when selecting suitable candidate samples for successful dating. It also shows that semi‐arid tufa sequences may contain very little material suitable for dating. A reliable age of c 80 ka was obtained for a banded unit within a large fluvial barrage, with less reliable dates suggesting tufa deposition during times since >350 ka through to the late Holocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Devensian (MIS 5d–5b) occupation at Dartford, southeast England
Authors: Wenban‐Smith Francis F. , Bates Martin R. , Schwenninger Jean‐Luc
Published: November 2010

A deeply buried horizon containing mint‐condition flint artefacts was discovered in 2006 during archaeological investigations in advance of major roadworks near Dartford, Kent, in southeast England. The context of the artefacts and the freshness of their condition suggest this horizon represents a buried occupation surface. Optically stimulated luminescence dating places this horizon in the period Marine Isotope Stage 5d–5b, early in the British Devensian glaciation. This paper describes details of the artefacts, their context and dates, and outlines how this apparent occupation fits in with the wider pattern of Neanderthal settlement in Britain and northwest Europe in the later Pleistocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS study of Ag nanoparticles electrodeposited on patterned TiO2 nanotube films
Authors: Huang Yongxia , Sun Lan , Xie Kunpeng , Lai Yuekun , Liu Biju , Ren Bin , Lin Changjian
Published: November 2010

In this work, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were deposited on patterned TiO2 nanotube films through pulse‐current (PC) electrodeposition, and as a result patterned Ag NPs films were achieved. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used, respectively, to study the morphology, uniformity, and phase structure of the patterned Ag NP films. The size and density of the as‐deposited Ag NPs could be controlled by changing the deposition charge density, and it was found that the patterned Ag NP films produced under a charge density of 2.0 C cm−2 gave intense UV–vis and Raman peaks. Two‐dimensional surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping of rhodamine 6G (R6G) on the patterned Ag NP films demonstrated a high‐throughput, localized molecular adsorption and micropatterned SERS effect. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐resolved Raman studies on Al2O3: Cr3+: lifetime measurements of the excited‐state transition Ē → 2Ā
Authors: Tobon Yeny A. , Bormann Denis , Canizares Aurélien , Raimboux Nicole , Simon Patrick
Published: November 2010

A time‐resolved intensified charge coupled device‐based Raman microspectrometer system dedicated to the study of solid samples is described, offering good optical, temporal and spatial resolution. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated on Al2O3:Cr3+, obtaining for the first time the temporal evolution of the excited state transition Ē → 2Ā. Moreover, the time dependence of the luminescence due to the chromium ion was also determined by the same Raman device. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent Raman scattering studies on Na2Mo2O7 disodium dimolybdate
Authors: Saraiva G. D. , Paraguassu W. , Maczka M. , Freire P. T. C. , de Sousa F. F. , Mendes Filho J.
Published: November 2010

Temperature–dependent Raman studies of disodium dimolybdate (Na2Mo2O7) crystal are reported. Lattice dynamical calculation was used to predict both wavenumbers and atomic displacements (eigenvectors) for the vibrational modes. These calculations were based on the classical rigid‐ion model. The high‐temperature Raman scattering study of the crystal showed that it remains in the orthorhombic structure in the 8–848 K range and undergoes a structural phase transition between 848 and 854 K. This phase transition is most likely connected with weak tiltings and/or rotations of both MoO4 (tetrahedra) and MoO6 (octahedra) units, which lead to a disorder in the oxygen sublattice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of gastric cancer invading the subserosa
Authors: Jiang Cheng‐Gang , Wang Zhen‐Ning , Sun Zhe , Liu Fu‐Nan , Yu Miao , Xu Hui‐Mian
Published: November 2010

Background

The clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis for gastric cancer invading subserosa (SS) are still not clear.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was under taken of 1,201 patients with advanced gastric cancer (pT2, pT3, and pT4a) who had undergone gastrectomy from 1980 to 2001. Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of gastric cancer invading SS were compared with those of cancers invading muscularis propria (MP) and serosa (Se).

Results

Patients with cancers invading SS had larger tumors and more frequent lymphovascular invasion, lymph node and peritoneal metastasis than those with cancers invading MP. Yet, they had smaller tumors and less frequent lymphovascular invasion, lymph node and peritoneal metastasis than those with cancers invading Se. Postoperative survival with cancers invading SS was intermediate between that with cancers invading MP and Se at pN0, pN1, pN2, and pN3 stages. Multivariate analysis indicated lymph node metastasis, type of resection, curability, peritoneal metastasis, and hepatic metastasis were independent prognostic factors for patients with cancers invading SS.

Conclusions

Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of gastric cancer invading SS are intermediate between those of gastric cancers invading MP and Se. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:737–741. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.