bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Occupational Health
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian
Published: February 2024

Work and employment are central to people’s lives, health, and well-being. Through participation in the labour market, income and related life chances are improved, social protection and security are strengthened, and important psychological and social needs are met, such as striving for skill development, autonomy, social recognition, and social belonging. Yet, globally, only a minority of working people experience these favourable conditions. With the advent of economic globalization and ground-breaking technological innovations, new occupational health risks have emerged, such as stressful high psycho-mental work pressures, increased job insecurity and flexibility, and widely prevalent social tensions and conflicts. These risks are aggravated by two global challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. How can professionals who are committed to occupational health cope with these challenges? This book provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence dealing with the changes and challenges of modern work and its impact on health, spanning occupational medicine, social and behavioural sciences, and biomedical research. The opening chapters cover the conceptual and historical background of the field, followed by a section on the theoretical and methodological bases of knowledge. The next part looks at empirical evidence on psychosocial work-related health effects derived from epidemiologic investigations and studies, with a focus on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and mental disorders. The fourth part addresses the effects of disease and disability on work and employment opportunities and related coping efforts. Finally, options of prevention and health promotion at the level of organization and of national labour and social policies are discussed.
Theoretical concepts of psychosocial work
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian
Published: February 2024

This chapter lays the conceptual ground for subsequent parts of the book. It starts by introducing some basic notions of scientific analysis and by explaining the role of theory in this process. Subsequently, four main theoretical models of psychosocial work environments with relevance to health are introduced: the demand-control, effort-reward imbalance, organizational justice, and job demands-resources models. Their selection is based on the scope of empirical investigations within prospective study designs, their inclusion of clinical data, and their evidence on psychobiological pathways linking work exposures with disease risk. As these models represent current research developments, a further section of the chapter addresses the most recent challenges of the world of work and new scientific attempts towards their analysis. By introducing definitions of core concepts of stress research, a major part of the chapter explains the dynamics of psychobiological stress responses. To this end, we briefly describe the role of the brain’s limbic structures, with their activation of stress axes, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune- and inflammation-related responses, and the long-term effects of sustained autonomic nervous system activation. Finally, the role of working people’s efforts of coping with demands and threats at work is emphasized. A direct problem-oriented strategy of coping with options of success is distinguished from an indirect, more problematic strategy, where people tend to reduce their emotional strain by the consumption of stress-relieving substances.
Prevention and health promotion at work
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian
Published: February 2024

Transfer of research findings into practice is a key task of applied science. After an extensive review of empirical evidence on associations of adverse working conditions with reduced health (Chapters 6 and 7), this chapter discusses ways of transferring this knowledge into practice at the level of companies/enterprises. As a useful starting point, risk assessment among the staff of organizations serves to develop a worksite health promotion programme that can be applied to the entire staff (primary prevention), selected at-risk groups (secondary prevention), or employees with a chronic disease or disability (tertiary prevention). Regulatory and voluntary approaches support the implementation of planned activities. These interventions address individual workers (behaviour modification), working teams with their leaders (collaboration, participation), or structural aspects of work environments (organization-level approach). The second part of the chapter demonstrates health effects resulting from these interventions, as documented by systematic and narrative reviews of research literature. Some concepts seem to produce particularly beneficial effects on health and well-being (e.g. cognitive behavioural intervention; positive leadership styles, enhanced employee participation, flexible work schedules, multi-component interventions at the organizational level). While the evidence base of intervention studies on health-promoting psychosocial work environments has been advanced more recently, economic benefits remain less well evaluated so far.
Consenting, Assenting and Promising
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

This chapter compares and contrasts two normative powers, consenting and promising, each being a special case of ‘assenting’. The most fundamental difference is that consenting involves waiving a right, whereas promising involves incurring a duty. Both are future-oriented: just as you cannot promise to do something in the past, neither can you meaningfully give consent (i.e. permission) for something that has already been done. Both can be conditional, but neither can be merely hypothetical. Whereas consenting is self-executory, however, promising is not: something further needs to be done to execute a promise. Promises cannot be unilaterally revoked, whereas consent sometimes can be. The two also differ in the remedies for their breach. Both must be communicated, according to rule-governed, institutionally structured practices (typically but not exclusively certain forms of words). Both invite reliance.
Evoking and Invoking Consent
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

Evoking consent involves calling it into being in the first place. Invoking consent involves appealing to already-existing consent to justify one’s actions. Asking for consent can itself be morally problematic (inappropriate, even coercive). In the limiting case, you may need something like consent to ask for consent. Invoking consent can be done vis-à-vis either the principal who gave it (‘don’t you remember, you agreed that…’) or a third party (‘she agreed to let me…’). It would be wrong to assimilate the latter to a claim to have been ‘authorized’, however: the other’s consent has merely given you permission (i.e. waived the other’s rights to object), it has not made you literally the ‘agent’ of the other in this matter (as literal ‘authorization’ would do). Finally, there are some circumstances in which even if you have someone’s consent you ought not invoke it.
Consent of the Mute
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses upon the permissibility of inferring consent from people who have previously refused it, taking as its running example that of prisoners engaged in collective hunger strikes. Assisted feeding of patients who refuse to consent to it is standardly regarded as a serious violation of medical ethics. But in the case of collective hunger strikes, strong peer pressure provides a way of ‘explaining away’ a patient’s refusal to give explicit consent and justifies reliance on more indirect but nonetheless clear ways (such as ‘silence on notice’) by which their consent might be indicated. Should hunger strikers become comatose, those same considerations also justify discounting any ‘advance directives’ that they have given in favour of doctors doing what is in the patient’s best interests.
Here, There, and Everywhere
Authors: Banerjee Mouli
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a ‘state-of-the-field’ critical overview of the role of political parties in democratic transitions, especially in nation states of the Global South. With specific references to case studies from Ethiopia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the Gambia, the chapter maps the patterns that emerge in the interactions between party politics and fluxes in regimes within nation states. It conceptualises the role of political parties in democratic strengthening or backslides along two broad thematic parameters—first, in relation to the historical, legal, and institutional contexts within with parties exist; and second, in relation to the dynamic roles parties play as agents. The chapter focuses on parties as individual units instead of party systems and touches upon questions of party constitutionalisation, party bans, party finance, party institutionalisation, and the linkages between political parties and business elites, autocratic or military regimes, populist leaders, and dynastic politics. It also sheds light on the previous lives of parties as grassroots or social organisations and locates post-colonial parties in their historical context. By doing so, the chapter understands parties as heterogenous, constantly shifting, dynamic entities, and provides the thematic rubrics against which the place of parties in democratisation processes in the selected case studies in this volume, as well as in other states in transition globally, can be better understood.
Civil–Military Relations
Authors: Wijesinha Shanil , Alphonsus Daniel
Published: February 2024

What have constitutions got to do with civil–military relations? How does security-sector reform intersect with democratic consolidation and constitutional endurance, especially at moments of democratic transition? These are the primary questions that this chapter seeks to answer. Drawing from literature on militarisation, it examines how constitutional features regulate and influence civil–military relations, that is, the balance of power between civilian authorities and the security sector. This includes analysis of the executive powers of the head of state, the role and powers of the commander-in-chief, the role of the military, and the ‘military imprint’. It also reflects on the limitations of constitutions and constitutional reform as tools to balance civil–military relations and how contextual factors and the balance of power foreground any such effort. Finally, it considers strategies on how to recalibrate imbalanced civil–military relations.
Sri Lanka’s Chronic Inability to Sustain Democratic Reform
Authors: Ganeshathasan Luwie
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the failures of Sri Lanka’s 2015–2018 constitutional reform process. The chapter starts with a brief explanation of the country context in Sri Lanka and then discusses Sri Lanka’s constitutional evolution since its independence. This includes a brief discussion on Sri Lanka’s fraught ethnic relations, majoritarian politics, and secessionist claims. The chapter also discusses the political change that occurred in January 2015 with the election of President Maithripala Sirisena, paying special attention to the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was enacted during this period and the larger constitutional reform process, including a discussion on the manner in which the political opposition to these reforms manifested itself both within and outside the government. This chapter also provides a brief comment on Sri Lanka’s response to COVID-19 and the pandemic’s impact on constitutional governance. The final section of this chapter reflects on the reasons for the failure of the 2015–2018 reform effort, discussing the failures both in terms of process and substance that allowed the momentum and public support for curtailing the powers of the executive president to be completely squandered and provided ammunition for a counter-narrative as to why a stronger executive president was, in fact, needed.
“Gun Shoot at Bay Point”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter talks about US Navy Captain Samuel Francis Du Pont, who commanded a joint Union Army-Navy expedition to capture Port Royal Sound and caught the Confederate forces unawares. It describes Port Royal Sound, which is formed by the Broad and Beaufort Rivers and its entrance marks the farthest points of Hilton Head and Bay Point. It also mentions the USS Wabash that guided the fleet mid-channel and fired broadside cannons at Confederate Bay Point battery, opening the mouth of Port Royal Sound. The chapter details how several Confederate steamers, commanded by Commodore Josiah Tattnall, opened fire on US gunboats, namely Ottawa, Seneca, Pembina, and Penguin. It recounts how US gunboats Pocahontas, which towed in a transport steamer, and Mercury that played decisive roles in ending the drama at Bay Point.
Broken Promises
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter describes the crooning of the African-American boatmen who navigated through the narrow passages to Beaufort that attracted the attention of many, including London Times correspondent William H. Russell. It recounts Harriet Tubman’s arrival at Beaufort and how she was taken back by the desolate, melancholy state of the Lowcountry’s third-largest city. It also details Tubman’s work at the Contraband Hospital that was located right in the center of town where Beaufort’s parallel streets and perpendicular avenues intersected. The chapter talks about the occupation of Wartime Beaufort, noting the fortifications and checkpoints that prevented traffic from moving freely and the town curfew under a nine o’clock for both black and white people. It highlights the influence of the Port Royal Experiment in the rural areas.
“A Pleasure Excursion”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter describes local planters or volunteer aides-de-camp that provided material assistance to Confederate Army units and to their commanding generals. It mentions Alexander Robert Chisolm, the owner of Chisolm Plantation on Coosaw Island, who brought men he held in bondage to Charleston to work on building fortifications at Morris Island. It also recounts Isaac Hayward, his mother, Sibby, brothers Adam, Joe, Kit, and Oliver, and sister Mathilda, which were among the 208 enslaved people listed in Sarah Constance Chisolm’s 1855 settlement for her marriage to Major Edward North Thurston. The chapter discusses the Charleston Light Dragoons, which displayed their skills in musters and acted as slave patrols to protect the state’s white residents from insurrections or at least diminish their fears of them. It details the Union Army’s shift in focus to the siege of Charleston that left freedom seekers on Hutchinson Island and other remote outposts vulnerable.
Charleston Siege
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter details Harriet Tubman’s work at the quarters of Brigadier-General Alfred H. Terry, commander of the Seventh Regiment of Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, and of Morris and Folly Islands. It talks about how the US Army commanders saw Tubman as an indispensable spy and scout, implying that either General Terry or General Quincey A. Gilmore had sent Harriet Tubman to Folly Island to gather information about the location of the torpedoes. It also highlights the Battle of Olustee, which was part of the largest Civil War campaign in Florida and one of the deadliest for Black troops. The chapter recounts how the Seventh New Hampshire and Eighth US Colored Troops came through the Seventh Connecticut’s middle and chose to die fighting the enslavers rather than to fall into the Confederacy’s hands and be re-enslaved or killed. It describes how the Seventh New Hampshire’s disorderly retreat left the Eighth USCT without cover against enemy fire.
Creative Arts in Social Work Education
Authors: Power Lori
Published: February 2024

This chapter offers theory and examples of “four good ideas” that contribute to developing a classroom environment for art-based social work education. These ideas are historically contextualized, and examples of their applications highlight how they have been used by educators, activists, and organizers over time to amplify social justice and advocacy. It is observed in the chapter that using the expressive arts in teaching assists students to think critically and reflexively and enhances affective learning skills commensurate with the values of the social work profession. The chapter describes four specific domains of arts-based activities for the classroom: kinesthetic movement/dance, theater, music, and writing. Each of these is illustrated for the reader at micro, mezzo, and macro levels of practice. This chapter offers insight for those new to the arts in social work and affirms the work of those already engaged in innovative ways that students can extend into their professional careers.
Introduction
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter explains the value of examining the nature of regret and the role that it plays in decision-making. It outlines the focus and structure of the book, along with the main issues and arguments that it covers. These are wide-ranging, including debates about the nature of reasons and justification, their relationship with time, and how beliefs about the self and the world influence our understanding of regret. It also highlights some of the ways that people’s experiences of regret are shaped by social discourses, especially those about gender and motherhood, and how these discourses impact people’s decision-making and agency.
On the “Fittingness” of Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter sets out what it means for regret to be “fitting”, that is, an appropriate emotion to feel, given the situation. Following D’Arms and Jacobson, it asserts that this is a matter of whether the situation “warrants” or “calls for” regret, rather than, for example, whether experiencing regret is morally praiseworthy or blameworthy. It argues that regret is only fitting when one has made a mistake. Contrary to what a lot of philosophers have said, this means that it is only fitting to regret something one did, which one intended to do. It then discusses how intense the feeling of regret should be. This, it is claimed, is determined by how much one cares about the mistake one made: the more one cares about it, the more intense one’s regret should be.
Trans Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a critical assessment of concerns about trans regret (i.e., people who regret transitioning) and arguments against gender confirmation treatment. It shows that the worry that many people regret transitioning is unfounded. Research shows that few people regret transitioning and it is argued that people ought to be allowed to make decisions that they may regret. Furthermore, it is shown that it cannot be known, or even reliably predicted, whether someone might regret transitioning, because the process of transitioning is a transformative experience. How a person will feel about transitioning, and thus whether they might regret it, cannot be known until they have transitioned. Thus, regret should not be a part of medical decision-making about gender confirmation treatment. The chapter concludes by showing how the concepts of authenticity and gender performativity structure the way that trans regret is understood and whether understands it to be problematic.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

Microaggressions are prevalent in medicine, yet often go unnoticed by those who commit them. This chapter outlines the main problem with which the book engages: that there are subtle things that healthcare professionals commonly say and do to patients that don’t register as serious, yet that cause major harms to patients. To set the stage to unpack this problem, this chapter introduces readers to microaggressions, provides examples of microaggressions in medical contexts, outlines the aims and goals of the book, and explains key concepts (e.g., harm, structural oppression) that are necessary for understanding the book’s arguments. It shows how this discussion is valuable to marginalized patients who want to better understand their own experiences interacting with healthcare institutions. It also demonstrates its value for healthcare professionals who want to improve their clinical interactions with marginalized patients and strategize about how to make their practices more inclusive, welcoming, and just.
Conclusion
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

The concluding chapter accomplishes three aims. First, it summarizes the main argument presented in the book, revisiting some of the key cases discussed and highlighting the moral dimensions of the project. Whereas the previous chapter provided strategies for avoiding microaggressions in healthcare settings, this chapter provides practical tips for healthcare professionals (or anyone) when they realize that they have committed a microaggression. Finally, it outlines a number of areas in microaggression research that have received little or no attention in academic literature (e.g., microaggressions against people with disabilities, elderly people, and children) and on the basis of this discussion, outlines some further areas for research on microaggressions in medicine.
Respectful Care and Reproductive Justice as Foundations for Maternal Health Innovation
Authors: Clark Aja , Wescott Phoebe , Ushry Amy , Cruz Kiara , Allen Christie , Mahdi Inas-Khalidah
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on a framework created by a group of reproductive justice leaders, maternal and child health experts, and reproductive health researchers and practitioners. The Reproductive and Sexual Health Equity Framework is an approach to achieving the highest level of health for all people and addressing inequities in health outcomes by centering people’s reproductive and sexual health needs. Principles of the framework include centering the needs of, and redistributing power to, communities; having clinical and public health systems acknowledge historical and ongoing harms related to reproductive and sexual health; and addressing root causes of inequities. Although the framework is written for the direct use of traditionally/academically trained medical professionals, it can be used by any healthcare professional who serves Black birthing people and has a vested interest in improving maternal health experiences and outcomes.
Ida B. Wells
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 3 centers Ida B. Wells’s revolutionary educational activism within the classroom, in the press, and in the church. The deaths of Wells’s parents resulted in the stunting of her own education. Wells taught out of necessity even though the classroom was the birthplace of her contributions to educational activism. This chapter also shows how Wells utilized her voice in the press as a means of radical education, as she wrote in a way that was legible and informative to Black communities. She did so through her contributions to the Evening Star, The Living Way, and Free Speech and Headlight. Chapter 3 highlights her participation in and struggles with Black activist organizations, such as the NAACP. Lastly, this chapter foregrounds and recenters Wells’s contributions to her church community: as a Sunday school teacher bringing awareness to the young men in her class of the injustices plaguing the Black community.
Septima Poinsette Clark
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 5 centers Septima Poinsette Clark’s educational activism and innovation during and long before the civil rights movement. Illustrated in her collection of published and unpublished writings is the intersection of faith, teaching, and activism. Clark demonstrated this intersection through her resourceful method of education, that is, her improvisational pedagogy. Chapter 5 gives insight into Clark’s passion for activism, highlighting the effects of her experiences with classism and colorism, as well as her early career as a teacher. Most importantly, it describes the journey of Clark’s exposure to leadership within her church to her participation in a myriad of activist organizations, including the NAACP, South Carolina’s Federation of Colored Women’s Club, and Palmetto State Teachers Association. Finally, chapter 5 defines Clark’s pedagogy as one that is communal, student centered, and aimed toward love. Clark accomplished such a mission through citizenship training, leader cultivation, and faith in God.
Introduction
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

In this book, every chapter is the product of the author’s individual research. Hence its nontrivial results and an approach that accounts for the book’s main attraction. The stories of word origins address the reader who has never studied the history of English or any other language. The introduction explains what it takes to discover the etymology of a word (old or recent) and why, after many centuries of work, the origin of some words is still disputed or even unknown. It thus provides, among other things, a brief sketch of the state of the art. Several especially typical examples illustrate the last point. Examples are also given of two types of words: those that reveal their history through digging more and more into a remote past and those that are sound-imitative or sound-symbolic and that could therefore be coined at any time and in any place. Both situations will be explored in minute detail in the chapters that follow.
In the Air, on the Ground, and in the Sea
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

The subject of this chapter is the names of flowers, insects, and animals. People often try to explain the origin of words by simply looking at them. Yet butterfly hardly has any connection with butter, while foxglove has nothing to do with foxes. Both “derivations” are classic cases of folk etymology. Shrimp and shrew seem to be partly sound-symbolic (both names once began with scr-), and the history of shrew is especially interesting because of the many superstitions connected with the animal and the later application of the word to a cantankerous woman, immortalized by Shakespeare. Here historical linguistics meets the history of folklore and literature.
Some of Our Greats
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

Someone opening a dictionary, even a detailed etymological dictionary, rarely knows anything about the people who put together those huge volumes. James A. H. Murray, the first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, is featured in nearly every chapter of this book, with multiple passages from his letters quoted in the text (this will be made obvious from the name index). Also, several books have been written about him. Therefore, no special chapter deals with Murray here. But the essays on Walter W. Skeat (the author of the greatest dictionary of English etymology) and Joseph Wright (the compiler of English Dialect Dictionary) celebrate their achievements. The public seldom hears about John Thoms, the founder of Notes and Queries and the man who coined the word folklore. He deserves our gratitude and recognition. The book concludes with an essay about him.
The Candidates
Authors: Ollion Étienne
Published: February 2024

In 2017, the French political class experienced a small revolution. After decades marked by the ever more pronounced presence of career politicians in positions of power, the country elected a new president with limited experience. And in the aftermath of Emmanuel Macron’s victory, an unusual legislature was elected. Rejuvenated, feminized, it was also made up of more than a hundred complete political novices. This unprecedented situation is the starting point of this book. Have these newcomers transformed politics, as claimed by the antiprofessional discourses that had been flourishing in the recent years? Or did they simply adapt to it? How have these novices adjusted to their new life? And what does this rare social experiment tell us about the contemporary political condition? Based on an ethnographic journey among these new MPs, while drawing on massive digital data analyzed with artificial intelligence methods, the book offers responses to these classic questions. It also yields a theoretical reflection on what the process of waiting does, in politics and beyond. It finally outlines fruitful avenues for thinking about the role of political experience in democracies.
The Passion for Politics
Authors: Ollion Étienne
Published: February 2024

While politics is an ill-reputed trade, it suffers no shortage of applicants. This last chapter tries to solve this apparent paradox. It first calls into question common-sense explanations, which emphasize either money or prestige as the main drivers of the interest of politicians. It then offers an alternative explanation, based less on interest and more on the long socialization to politics, which makes the hardships of the activity invisible to those who have been in the field as a whole. By so doing, the chapter offers an exploration of the political illusio, this belief in the importance of the stakes at play in this very peculiar space.
How the Old World Came to the New
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

In the third century ce, global connections weakened and the driving forces behind exploration dissipated, especially in the Roman west. The Later Han Empire collapsed, and the Roman Empire was gripped by a near-fatal military and economic crisis. Nevertheless, the western Latin world preserved the essential knowledge and achievements of ancient expansion. Many geographical concepts like the spherical earth and methods for calculating the circumference of the globe, as well as the quest for marvellous places at the edge of the world, now reconceived as an earthly paradise, were inherited and developed by the Christian tradition. Transmitted through the Middle Ages and into the early-modern period, these became important preconditions for the great exploratory voyages of the Portuguese and Columbus.
Epilogue
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

Antiquity was the first ‘hot’ phase of discovery in historical times. It began with the search for precious metals and luxuries for the great powers of the Bronze Age. Then came the trade and colonizing voyages of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Carthaginians. From the fifth century bce, large empires such as Persia, Macedonia under Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic kingdoms, and, finally, Rome in the west and the Han Empire in the east encouraged long-distance trade and sent envoys on faraway missions. This led to a first globalization of the Eurasian world. It was fuelled by competitive rivalry and a mentality that combined the quest for riches with the expansion of political and military power. The constant stream of new knowledge and experiences promoted the development and evolution of various sciences, from ethnography and geography to astronomy and cosmology. Our world still draws on this legacy.
Introduction
Authors: Nakra Teresa M.
Published: February 2024

The Introduction presents multiple reasons why the contents of the book are vitally important. A personal story about early childhood musical experiences results in questions about the mysterious effects of music on our emotions, thoughts, and movements. Section I.1 explains that the book’s primary goal is to use creative coding practices to visualize, simulate, and experiment with the basic building blocks of musical structure. Section I.2 presents a motivating principle: to foster inclusion in music study by reducing barriers, bypassing notation literacy requirements, and embracing a plurality of musical styles. Section I.3 begins by reframing music theory as a creative activity of constructing sound and describes several ways to use the book. Section I.4 presents the general approach of constructing coherent groupings of tonal music from basic sonic elements, comparing that method with existing practices of breaking down musical forms into their constituent parts. It proposes the idea of a shared tonal framework used by different music traditions, referencing Philip Tagg’s term “everyday tonality.” It explains useful concepts from STEM fields, introduces the Max coding environment, and reviews its properties in detail. Section I.5 suggests that readers use the book by first reading the short lessons, then running the code examples, and finally, creatively remixing and modifying the code to make it “your own.” Contents include basic instructions on how to install Max, access the sample code files, and set up a computer workspace with audio playback, electronic keyboards, and other hardware devices.
Reflections
Authors: Nakra Teresa M.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 6 reflects on what was learned in the previous chapters, encouraging readers to explore new possibilities in music and coding and continue to develop their skills. It then reviews a broad sweep of historical, scientific, and conceptual ideas, placing Max in the context of a continuum of musical and technological innovation. It discusses how creative technologies can enable access and inclusion in music, and presents a broad definition of music as one of the best ways to learn about what it means to be human. It proposes the idea of music as a form of proto-AI, and introduces Constructionist learning theory as a framework for how coding processes can be used to better understand how music is put together. Readers are encouraged to build upon their new skills with future creative work.
Philosophical Perspective: The Challenge of Role Morality
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley
Published: February 2024

The deep structure underlying the criticism of lawyers in moral terms is known as the problem of role-differentiated morality. Lawyers claim to have distinctive obligations and permissions that follow from their professional role. However, without the right kind of relationship between these role-specific duties and the concerns of background “ordinary folks” morality, a profession risks losing legitimacy in the eyes of the society it is intended to serve. For example, it is possible to give too much or too little weight to a professional role. Role morality must always confront the “Eichmann problem”—that is, it is no defense to moral culpability that one was just following orders or being obedient to an authority. Paying attention to the personal dimension of acting in a professional role can help avoid the Eichmann problem.
Practicing Courage in My Sneakers
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

This chapter investigates how to use distance running as a laboratory for virtue. It first addresses virtue’s bad reputation and defends why we should care about virtue development, both for the sake of athletic performance and for the sake of a good life, running aside. Next, it evaluates how we can use running to grow in both virtue and in freedom, learning to choose well and self-govern effectively. This chapter examines how we might set character goals alongside performance goals in training. Finally, it addresses several critiques of using athletics for virtue development, including a concern about being imbalanced people, and the limitations of using sport to improve our characters.
Feeling Good
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

A perennial question in athletics is whether there is such a thing as virtuous competition. Can we compete well and aim to win without compromising our characters? This chapter answers that question in the affirmative: We can compete well and above reproach, but it is often difficult to do so. In part, our ability to compete well depends on which emotions mediate our relationships to competitors—envy, admiration, or something else. This chapter argues for the importance of caring about competing with excellence, in ways that do not undermine community, and it does a deep dive into emotions relevant to competition. It first defines emotions, as opposed to moods and feelings, and describes their relevance for virtue. Next, it introduces a set of emotions especially important for discussions of competition. Finally, it describes ways in which we might diffuse the presence of envy in our sport.
Bad Competition
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

What if there are certain vices that support peak performance? Should we permit high-level athletes to be bad people, in certain respects, if it means they will get more out of themselves on race day? This chapter introduces the concept of performance-enhancing vices—defects of character that assist us to perform well as runners. These vices result from a misalignment between a good life and good running, and they are a difficult set of vices to root out because of their beneficial impact on performance. Having a good character may have a performance cost. This puts athletes and coaches in an odd position. In this chapter, we examine four candidates for performance-enhancing vices—selfishness, intransigence, pride, and envy. We investigate whether high-level athletes should be excused from virtue in these respects. We also explore how the media and fame culture surrounding sport contributes to the presence of vices in athletics.
Limitless
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

Maybe the “limitless” language we often use in sports is misguided. This chapter places limitlessness in conversation with considerations of nature and community. It investigates what it means to be human. It explores the Faustian bargains we often make with our health for the sake of performance and the dangers of overstepping our natural limits in sport. This chapter also critiques how suffering is often regarded in endurance sports, such as with the lionizing of physical damages that follows from phrases like “No pain, no gain” and “Pain is weakness leaving the body.” It argues that not all forms of elective suffering are equally productive or part of a good life.
Conclusion
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

The conclusion reflects on what this book has aimed to do. This book has placed running in conversation with the classical tradition of inquiry about character and the good life. In doing so, it has described the process of developing virtues and how we might learn from athletes. It has also explored emotions and competition, natural limits, happiness, and the nature of suffering. There are two new classes of traits relevant to sport: performance-enhancing virtues, the carbon-plated shoes of the soul; and performance-enhancing vices, traits that make us successful performers but otherwise detract from a good life. The hope is that this book will start a new conversation about how to take our happiness seriously and live good lives in and out of the sport.
Mental Health Impacts
Authors: Doherty Thomas J. , Lykins Amy D.
Published: February 2024

Mental health impacts of climate change include direct impacts, vicarious impacts, and indirect psychosocial impacts. Direct impacts of climate change on mental health include stress disorders, anxiety and worry, depression and grief (including ecological grief), and adjustment disorders. Vicarious impacts of climate change include intense emotions associated with unprecedented environmental and social changes and uncertainty about the future. Indirect psychosocial impacts include substance abuse, violent behavior, and suicide. Measures for prevention should focus on addressing risk factors for psychological disorders, preparedness and response to climate-related disasters, and helping people cope with the vicarious impacts of climate change. The chapter also includes textboxes on the mental health impacts of wildfires in Alaska and Australia.
Transportation Policy
Authors: Zyla Kathryn A.
Published: February 2024

This chapter identifies policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to vehicle technology, fuel content, and vehicle miles traveled. A textbox provides epidemiological evidence of the health co-benefits of active transportation. To significantly reduce energy use and emissions from the transportation sector, all levels of government have important roles to play. There are many and varied opportunities to make these reductions while achieving other societal and health goals. There are also many benefits to reducing energy use and emissions, such as improved air quality, fewer temperature and weather extremes, and health co-benefits from alternative transportation modes, such as bicycling and walking. Measures to reduce GHG emissions and other air pollutants from heavy-duty on-road traffic can reduce disparities concerning exposure to air pollutants and related adverse health effects. Offering transportation alternatives can promote stronger, more sustainable, and more resilient communities.
Among Women
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine
Published: February 2024

Chapter 4 turns to the women of Aldgate, a Franciscan community just outside the medieval walls of London. A deathbed liturgy from the community is preserved in the fifteenth-century manuscript Reigate (Surrey), Parish Church of St Mary Magdalene, Cranston Library, Ms. 2322. This chapter includes editions of the ritual’s notated chants and details the small but significant changes made to the deathbed liturgy promulgated by the Franciscan Order—changes that allowed the women of Aldgate to conduct the liturgy by themselves, without the presence of a friar or priest. Analyses of the ritual’s chants reveal the functions of music: emphasizing and drawing connections among vivid textual images, embellishing depictions of the afterlife with distinctive soundscapes, and guiding the community through the process of taking leave of a sister.
Prologue
Authors: Saemi Amir
Published: February 2024

There are morally controversial passages in Scripture. A seemingly prescribed evil is an action prescribed by Scripture which is deemed immoral by our independent moral judgments. Some contemporary Islamic scholars deny the existence of any seemingly prescribed evil by using the reinterpretation strategy or the contextualization strategy. The prologue argues that neither of those strategies works: the existence of seemingly prescribed evils cannot be denied. It is such evils that give rise to a new problem of evil, the problem of divinely prescribed evil. This problem is the result of a tension between three theses: the divinity of Scripture, the existence of seemingly prescribed evil, and the reliability of our independent moral judgments. The prologue also provides an overview of the book’s structure and a preliminary historical background for readers unfamiliar with the Islamic tradition.
The Deontological Ethics of the Muʿtazilites
Authors: Saemi Amir
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s ethical theory, which is deontological in nature, as well as his moral epistemology, which is based on intuitive moral knowledge. In his view, while we have intuitive knowledge about pro tanto wrongness judgments, we don’t have intuitive knowledge about actions’ being wrong everything considered. Revelation helps us make judgments about everything-considered wrongness. Based on ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s ideas, the argument for strict adherence can be defended against the objections presented in the previous chapter. ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s moderate skepticism about the power of reason to make everything-considered moral judgments is in line with the skeptical theist’s response to the classical problem of evil.
Slow Carbon and Deep Time
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2024

The fast carbon cycle is populated by microbes with lifespans measured in hours, whereas the slow carbon cycle operates over thousands to millions of years. One connection between the two cycles is the calcium carbonate synthesized by the alga coccolithophore, as part of the carbonate pump which sequesters carbon in deep sediments for millions of years. Symbiotic algae help another major producer of calcium carbonate, reef-building corals. Before coccolithophores and corals had evolved, calcium carbonate built up in massive stromatolites during the Precambrian. Fossil stromatolites yield evidence of how and when life first evolved on Earth. Once a rock is exposed to air or water, it is rapidly colonized by microbes, setting in motion forces that end in the rock’s eventual demise. The breakup of carbonate and silicate rocks, or weathering, augmented by microbes, consumes carbon dioxide and regulates global temperatures and Earth’s climate over hundreds to thousands of years.
Natural Gas
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2024

A molecule of methane is nearly 30 times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide is. Because of methanogens in ruminants and rice fields, agriculture is a large source of methane, double that coming from fossil fuels, but the recent rise in methane is thought to be due to wetlands and global warming–induced changes in the hydrological cycle. Methane emissions would be even higher if not for degradation by aerobic methanotrophic bacteria and anaerobic microbial symbioses. Methane emissions from the Arctic could increase as global warming continues. One concern is the melting of methane hydrates, which may house five times more methane than what is in known natural gas reserves. Thawing of permafrost in the Arctic now releases more carbon dioxide than methane, but that could change with abrupt thawing. More so than for carbon dioxide, what microbes do is essential for understanding methane and its contribution to climate change.
Laughing Gas
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2024

The rise in nitrous oxide, an even more powerful greenhouse gas than methane, is due to nitrogen fertilizer made by the Haber-Bosch process, which has doubled the amount of nitrogen in the global nitrogen cycle. Fertilizer nitrogen is transformed into nitrous oxide by nitrification and denitrification, depending on oxygen levels, while it is degraded only by denitrifying microbes in the absence of oxygen. Nitrous gas is tied to other environmental problems caused by nitrogen pollution, such as harmful algal blooms and oxygen-depleted aquatic habitats, known as dead zones. In the future, nitrous oxide is likely to continue to rise because of higher nitrogen fertilizer use and climate change. In the Arctic, global warming may thaw permafrost and organic matter, releasing the starting nitrogen chemicals that can be transformed into nitrous oxide. Perhaps more so than for carbon dioxide and methane, the future of nitrous oxide is full of unknowns.
Methodological Interlude
Authors: Leite Adam
Published: February 2024

This chapter considers arguments from Duncan Pritchard, James Pryor, Crispin Wright, and Krista Lawlor that might be thought to raise problems for the approach urged in this book. Duncan Pritchard’s recent attempt to motivate a Wittgenstein-inspired “hinge epistemology” does not offer compelling reasons for thinking that we cannot know that the skeptical scenarios—the Evil Demon Hypothesis and the like—do not obtain. Skeptical arguments developed by James Pryor and Crispin Wright can be rejected by the Moorean without making use of or developing any epistemological theory. Objections from Krista Lawlor provide an opportunity to clarify central substantive and methodological features of the approach developed in this book. Closure principle arguments for skepticism are shown not to provide a problem for the approach developed here. The chapter closes with a set of methodological lessons from this encounter with contemporary discussions of skepticism.