bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SmartField – Accounting and mitigation of N2O emissions and N budgets of agricultural soils in Denmark
Authors: Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Ann Britt Værge Ann-Britt
Published: March 2024

In Denmark, the agricultural sector contributes almost 1/3 of total GHG emissions, second only to the energy sector. As significant GHG emission reductions have been achieved for the energy sector, there is increasing pressure on the agricultural sector to achieve GHG reductions of about 55-65% in the coming years.While the current GHG emission inventory for the agricultural sector at national level in Denmark is based on a combination of Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodology following the standard IPCC methodology, the vision is to report national soil N2O emissions to the UNFCCC at either Tier 2 or Tier 3 level, the latter being the preferred level for the authorities as they plan to incentivize farmers to reduce emissions based on predictive yield and N2O emission models.Against this background, the Danish SmartField initiative aims to establish an innovative field-scale platform for testing and validating solutions to reduce N2O emissions from agricultural fields. The data obtained will be used to further develop modeling tools for scaling, design and targeting of incentives to be included in regulatory frameworks to encourage adoption of knowledge and solutions by farmers and to ensure that these measures are accurately reflected in national inventories.The core activities of SmartField are to establish: 1) a field measurement infrastructure to provide state-of-the-art benchmark datasets of N2O fluxes and other N loss and turnover pathways (NH3 volatilization and deposition, NOx fluxes, NO3 leaching, harvest N, soil N stock changes) for the most prominent field management practices in Denmark, including testing of classical and novel mitigation measures, 2) a data assimilation and modeling hub with a consolidated framework to provide evidence-based models for N2O emission quantification and to test N2O mitigation measures at large scale in scenario studies, and 3) a science-policy-practice interface (SPPI) to exchange knowledge and information and to build a smooth interaction with agricultural decision and policy models.This will ensure that SmartField develops and delivers an improved methodology for accounting N2O emissions at field and farm scale, upon which policy incentives can be developed for farmers to adopt technologies and management measures with verified emission reductions.SmartField is led by the Danish Technological Institute (DTI) in collaboration with Aarhus University (AU), the University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Colorado State University (CSU), SEGES Innovation (SEGES) and the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (MFAF). Note, that final funding decision for SmartField is pending approval
Physical and biological controls on deep Pacific carbon storage over the last glacial cycle
Authors: Pelly Megan , Shankle Madison , Trudgill Molly , Millet Bruno , Xu Chen , Owens Gwyn , Owen Hermione , Foreman Alan , Bauska Thomas , Ridgwell Andy , Michel Elisabeth , Gray William , Burke Andrea , Rae James
Published: March 2024

The ability of the deep ocean to store and exchange large quantities of CO2 with the atmosphere on relatively short timescales means that it is thought to play a key role in dictating glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2, however records of deep ocean carbon storage and release remain sparse. The Pacific Ocean contains the largest store of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. As a result, changes in its circulation dynamics and biogeochemistry have the potential to significantly impact global climate. Despite this, changes in Pacific conditions and carbon storage over the last glacial cycle are poorly constrained.Here we present new geochemical proxy records from abyssal, deep, and intermediate depths in the Southwestern Pacific to determine the changes in deep ocean carbon storage over the last glacial cycle and the mechanisms involved in driving these changes. Foraminiferal trace element and stable isotope data indicate that increased carbon storage occurred over the course of the last glaciation, promoting a drawdown in atmospheric CO2. The processes involved in driving glacial ocean carbon storage are debated, however proxy data from these sites indicate that changes in circulation dynamics promoting the isolation and expansion of deep Pacific waters was likely a key process involved. Comparison of δ13C data to box model and Earth system model output provides further insight into the physical as well as biogeochemical mechanisms involved and their relative contributions at different stages over the last glacial cycle. This includes the role of Southern Ocean sea-ice expansion, reduced ocean temperatures, and increased Southern Ocean stratification and biological productivity. We find that physical processes dominate the early in the glacial cycle, with biological processes promoting further drawdown as glacial conditions intensify. These results help to improve the understanding of deep ocean carbon cycling over the last glacial cycle and provide a new framework with which to interpret proxy δ13C data.
High Enthalpy Shallow Geothermal Energy: The Anomaly
Authors: Gil Alejandro , Santamarta Juan Carlos , Baquedano Carlos , Martínez León Jorge , Marazuela Miguel Ángel , Gasco Cavero Samanta , Jimenez Jon , Alonso Sánchez Teresa , Rey  Ronco Miguel Ángel , Sánchez-Navarro José Ángel , Andreu Gallego Alicia , Tiscar Cervera Juan Miguel
Published: March 2024

The SAGE4CAN project focuses on investigating the shallow geothermal potential of the Canary Islands. During the project execution in 2021, the Tajogaite volcanic eruption took place. This eruption resulted in the deposition of lava flows, totaling approximately 200 million cubic meters, with temperatures ranging between 400 and 900°C. Remarkably, these materials represent a shallow geothermal reservoir of exceptionally high enthalpy, deviating from conventional shallow geothermal reservoirs that typically maintain temperatures close to the annual atmospheric average.This study presents the calculated results of harnessing geothermal energy from these deposits during the cooling period of the lava flows. The goal is to extract heat from the reservoir to generate both electricity and domestic hot water. The unique nature of this geothermal reservoir, characterized by its elevated temperatures, challenges the conventional understanding of shallow geothermal systems, offering an exceptional opportunity for sustainable energy utilization in the Canary Islands. Moreover, these findings provide a framework for redefining shallow geothermal potential, traditionally associated only with depth. While depth remains a crucial factor, our study highlights the exception that proves the rule, demonstrating that geothermal anomalies, such as the one observed here, contribute valuable insights to the broader understanding of shallow geothermal resources in the Canary Islands.
Observational constraints on uncertainties in stratospheric water vapour projections: how to open the black-box with explainable machine learning
Authors: Amiramjadi Mozhgan , Nowack Peer
Published: March 2024

Stratospheric water vapor (SWV) plays an important role in Earth's climate. For example, variations in SWV levels can feedback onto global temperatures and climate patterns. However, projections of future changes in SWV still pose a difficult challenge for global climate models, mainly due to their dependence on a variety of highly uncertain factors ranging from chemical reactions to changes in the tropospheric and stratospheric circulation (Charlesworth et al. 2023).Diverse factors lead to significant variations in SWV projections among CMIP6 climate models (Keeble et al., 2021). To tackle this issue, we aim to narrow down and comprehend model uncertainty in SWV projections by employing advanced, explainable machine learning (XML) frameworks. We build on recent work by Nowack et al. (2023) who used a linear XML approach to infer historical relationships between atmospheric temperature patterns and tropical lower SWV. Across CMIP models, they demonstrated that these relationships also hold under strong greenhouse gas forcing scenarios, opening up a direct link between present-day observations and future projections.However, Nowack et al.'s work highlighted the challenge of interpreting the patterns learned by the statistical model. In this presentation, our goal is to decode these patterns, relating them to key physical mechanisms. Additionally, we aim to validate the reliability of prominent features from observations by testing equivalent patterns in selected climate models over longer timescales. To achieve this, we'll utilize advanced non-linear XML techniques like SHAP values combined with regression-tree methods to estimate feature importance.The outcomes stress the importance of local temperature patterns near the targeted level in estimating SWV. Additionally, the impact of a two-month lag stands out comparing to one- and zero-month lags. Although CMIP dataset training period aligned with observations seems consistent, it varies across models. A longer training period results in a more stable and robust training pattern.References:Charlesworth, E., Plöger, F., Birner, T. et al. Stratospheric water vapor affecting atmospheric circulation. Nat Commun 14, 3925 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39559-2Keeble, J., Hassler, B., et al. Evaluating stratospheric ozone and water vapour changes in CMIP6 models from 1850 to 2100. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(6), 5015-5061 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5015-2021Nowack, P., Ceppi, P., Davis, S.M. et al. Response of stratospheric water vapour to warming constrained by satellite observations. Nat. Geosci. 16, 577–583 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01183-
Lakes act as slow integrators of atmospheric disturbance like oceans: Evidence from a deep perialpline lake
Authors: Amadori Marina , Bresciani Mariano , Giardino Claudia , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: March 2024

Slow and long-term variations of sea surface temperature anomalies have been interpreted as a red-noise response of the ocean surface mixed layer to fast and random atmospheric perturbations. How fast the atmospheric noise is damped depends on the mixed layer depth.In this contribution we provide first evidence that lakes are integrators of noisy atmospheric variability just like oceans are. Based on a stochastic approach inspired by the stochastic climate models theory by the 2021 Nobel Physics laureate Hasselmann, we determine estimates of surface mixed layer depth from satellite measurements of Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT). The proposed approach is showcased for Lake Garda, Italy. We demonstrate that LSWT anomalies have a red noise spectrum resulting from the integration of higher frequency atmospheric forcing. By connecting the decorrelation time scale of LSWT anomalies to net heat fluxes, we obtain a spatially varying estimate of mixed layer depth. The basin-scale variability of our estimate is consistent with in-situ measurements and connects to the dominant modes of LSWT and chlorophyll-a concentrations obtained via empirical orthogonal functions. We thus show that (i) remotely-sensed quantities also carry information on the relevant spatial and temporal scales of mixed-layer processes and (ii) there is a limit to the persistence, hence the predictability, of the anomalies of LSWT, which poses a physical constraint to temporal gap-filling procedures.The lessons learnt from ocean modelling is that such first-order picture necessarily overlooks finer scale dynamics, e.g. the effect of intense currents advecting water temperature vertically and horizontally, seasonal modulations and higher order modes of variability, which can be well described by more complex deterministic models. For such a reason, applications to spatial scales different than single points or small portions of the ocean are not common in marine literature. That kind of dynamics also affect lakes surface mixed layer, where spatial and temporal scales of thermal inertia shrink. Our study demonstrates that such a stochastic approach, rather classical in ocean literature, can be applied to the entire surface of enclosed basin and provides useful insights on the thermal and ecological heterogeneity beneath surface.
How has urbanisation already altered a city’s natural water balance? The case study of Hamburg to present a commonly missing step before considering green infrastructure interventions
Authors: McNamara Ian , Wolters Tim , Schröder Michael , Wotha Nele , Wendland Frank
Published: March 2024

The concept of water-sensitive cities continues to gain traction globally, as the disruptive effects of urbanisation on local hydrological processes and the potential benefits of green infrastructure become increasingly evident. Despite this, in many planning instances, consideration is only given to how the water balance will be altered and hazard risk reduced from the current urbanised state to the state after implementation of green infrastructure. Why is the understanding of the natural water balance in the pre-urbanisation state often not considered as reference point for planning? If urban green infrastructure should provide hydrological and ecosystem services, should these services be similar to those in the natural condition before urbanisation?For our study, we recreated the daily near-natural water balance for the city of Hamburg to quantify how urbanisation has already affected the water balance, particularly in years of hydrological extremes that represent hydrological hazards. Using the fully-distributed daily water balance model mGROWA, we developed two very high resolution (25 m) models for the city of Hamburg for 1991–2020; one representing the current hydrological situation and one representing a theoretical near-natural situation. To generate the near-natural scenario, the input datasets for topography, soil and land cover were adjusted through the integration of various datasets representing non-anthropogenic conditions, while sealed surfaces and artificially drained areas were removed from the datasets. As expected, due to the lack of runoff from sealed surfaces the actual evapotranspiration is much higher (+40%) in the near-natural scenario than in the current one. Groundwater recharge was also higher in the near-natural scenario (+27%), mainly due to the lack of surface sealing. We then compared the water balance components for the two models against the SPEI meteorological drought index to assess differences in the extremely wet and extremely dry periods that represent potential hydrological hazards. This revealed an increasing divergence in some water balance components between the scenarios for the extreme conditions, quantifying the extent to which the urbanisation of the city has exacerbated hydrological hazard risks. Our study presents a transferable methodology for assessing how urbanisation has affected the natural water balance of a region, which can be used as a starting point for defining targeted solutions for green infrastructure, with the aim of achieving water-sensitive cities.
The urban heat island effect aggravates the impact of climate change on the spatial distribution shifts of Phlebotomus perniciosus in Europe
Authors: Tak Vera , Wang Danyang , Matson Kevin
Published: March 2024

Urban environments are especially sensitive to global warming due to their characteristic man-made surfaces and decreased vegetation cover. Elevated temperature in cities can facilitate the pole-wards expansion of arthropod disease vectors, including Phlebotomine sand flies (SFs). No study to date has yet been done to understand the effects of elevated urban temperatures on the distribution range shifts of SFs on continental scale. This study fills that gap and tests the role of urban heat island (UHI) in driving distribution range shifts of Phlebotomus perniciosus in Europe under two climatic scenarios. We find that P. perniciosus can occur more northly in summer due to UHI under both scenarios. Our study suggests that arthropod disease vectors can occur in cities where they are not expected due to UHI.
Elastic versus permanent along-strike deformation at the North Chilean forearc, observed by radar interferometry
Authors: Kosari Ehsan , Metzger Sabrina , Navarro Sanchez Victor , Parraguez Landaeta Begona Fernanda , Oncken Onno , Rosenau Matthias , Schurr Bernd , Victor Pia
Published: March 2024

Along-strike seismogenic behavior of subduction megathrusts may feed back into the forearc deformation pattern as elastic and permanent deformation. The Chilean subduction zone, including the megathrust and the forearc, shows along-strike variations in both short-term behavior observed from seismicity and geodesy as well as from long-term records (upper-plate faults and topography) archived in the forearc. Unlike elastic deformation, which accumulates temporarily during the earthquake cycle, permanent deformation is reflected in the topography. Over which stage of the earthquake cycle permanent deformation occurs, however, remains unclear. Also, the connection between short-term (mainly elastic) and long-term (permanent) deformation in the forearc remains unclear.To evaluate the forearc deformation, we analyze interseismic surface deformation data of the coast and coast range (i.e., Coastal Cordillera), covering the North Chilean forearc from the south of Iquique to south of Taltal (Latitude: -20.5 to -26). We tie displacement rates obtained from five years of Sentinel-1 radar interferometric (InSAR) time series, and two view angles to a uniform reference frame spanned by accurate positioning rates and decompose the InSAR to east and vertical components. We evaluate the correlation between interseismic deformation, topography, and the activity of forearc faults. This involves an attempt to subtract the elastic vertical component, assuming a small percentage of interseismic permanent deformation. We assess the conversion of interseismic vertical deformation into permanent deformation along the coast (i.e., examining available uplifted marine terraces data) and Coastal Cordillera topography. Our preliminary findings propose a systematic change in vertical deformation from the coast to the Coastal Cordillera during the interseismic period: the coast (a narrow zone) is mainly experiencing subsidence, whereas the Coastal Cordillera is undergoing uplift. Uplift rates at the Coastal Cordillera vary along strike and are highest at the northern and southern regions of the Mejillones peninsula. Here, our elastic interface locking model fails to predict the uplift rates, implying additional processes governing uplift. Subsurface data (e.g., seismicity and seismic tomography) are required to examine the processes involved in the uplift pattern. Known as a barrier for megathrust events, the Mejillones peninsula exhibits maximum ongoing subsidence. Although interface locking is probably the primary process controlling the subsidence, our preliminary results imply the potential contribution of upper-plate faults in amplifying the subsidence rate.
ADVANCEing FieldSafety: A new course and toolkit for diverse and inclusive geoscience teams
Authors: Jacquemart Mylene , Hill Alice , Padilla Alexandra , Mattheis Allison , Gold Anne , Thurber Alyse , Schneider Blair , Geraghty Ward Emily , Marín-Spiotta Erika , Tiampo Kristy , Dryák-Vallies Mariama , Hastings Meredith , Cassotto Ryan
Published: March 2024

Field-based research is integral to many geoscientific studies. Harassment and discrimination in these settings are not new, but widespread recognition of their prevalence, different facets, and the harm they cause has led to demands for cultural change and increased training and preparation for researchers heading into the field. Here, we present a newly developed, widely accessible training program and resource hub for field researchers in preparation for successful and inclusive  field campaigns. This new collaboration, ADVANCEing FieldSafety, builds on the experiences from field safety trainings developed within the University of Colorado, Boulder's FieldSafe project and workplace climate trainings created by the AdvanceGeo Partnership. The ADVANCEing FieldSafety course offers numerous tools designed to create and maintain a positive team culture. The main elements of the training are informed by an intersectional framework and include strategies for creating and implementing codes of conduct, group dynamics and communication tools, allyship training, bystander intervention techniques, traditional and identity-focused risk assessment strategies, and evidence-based practices for inclusive mentorship in the field setting. The course will be offered as a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on coursera.org and will become available in 2024, allowing easy access and broad participation. The MOOC will have two pathways:  a Coursera certification and an ADVANCEing FieldSafety certification. The Coursera certificate is obtained by completing the fully online and self-paced course. The ADVANCEing FieldSafety certificate is obtained by completing the course and by participating in facilitated debriefs/reflections related to course topics. The ADVANCEing FieldSafety certification pathway is designed to help field teams meet the new field safety and harassment-mitigation requirements that have recently been implemented, for instance for field campaigns funded by the United States National Science Foundation. Additionally, an easily adaptable  toolkit is also in development such that references and resources can be easily taken into the field. Finally, we are conducting mixed-methods research to assess the effectiveness of the ADVANCEing FieldSafety training for participants and for implementing the management and support structures in field situations offered through the additional toolkit resources. Our goal is to build a stronger geoscience community that works proactively to create norms of inclusive and safe group behavior equipped with tools that promote anti-harassment and early intervention of exclusionary behaviors. 
Effects of long-term changes in anthropogenic aerosol emissions on shortwave radiative flux and cloud variables over the North Pacific
Authors: Liu Jingyi , Carslaw Ken , Grosvenor Daniel , Huang Xin , Ding Aijun
Published: March 2024

China's high-intensity anthropogenic emissions have strongly affected regional aerosols, weather and climate over recent decades. Affected by the typical circulations in the Asian monsoon region, aerosols over the North Pacific are closely related to emissions from China. However, how changes in aerosol emissions from China has affected changes in aerosols, clouds and radiation over the North Pacific on the timescale of decades have not been explored in detail.In this study, using in situ and satellite observations together with model data, we investigate the long-term trends of anthropogenic emissions, aerosols, cloud properties and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) net downward shortwave radiation flux (Fsw↓) over China and the North Pacific, and discussed the potential effects of aerosol on changes in Fsw↓ over the North Pacific. Anthropogenic emissions in China have undergone significant changes in the past few decades, 1960-2020. They show a similar increasing trend before 2000 and then start to fluctuate and decline. The significant turning points of observed visibility and PM2.5 occur around 2000 and 2013 due to the successive implementation of clean air policies. The coefficient of correlation between the two regions is 0.857 for Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and 0.953 for Aerosol Index (AI), indicating that aerosols in the two regions are highly correlated.We use the MERRA-2 model outputs to investigate the Fsw↓ trends and diagnose the potential impact of aerosols on shortwave radiative fluxes. The Fsw↓ over the North Pacific shows a faster decline trend (-0.16 W m-2 y-1) compared to the trend without aerosols (-0.11 W m-2 y-1) during 1980-2000 (defined as the pre-2000 period), which is mainly driven by the enhanced cooling effect of increasing aerosols associated with growth in the anthropogenic emissions of East China. However, the Fsw↓shows an upward trend (+0.12 W m-2 y-1) during 2000-2020 (the post-2000 period), accompanied by a downward trend of cloud droplet number concentration (decreased by 13.9% during 2003-2020). The cooling effect of aerosols causes an overall reduction in the annual mean values of Fsw↓ of 3.5 W m-2 in the pre-2000 period,and 2.9 W m-2 in the post-2000 period, indicating that the aerosol forcing is weakened by 17%. To understand the trends and explore the dominant driven factors of Fsw↓ in different periods, we use multiple simulations of the UK Earth System Model. We will show the contributions of anthropogenic emissions to trends in aerosol-radiation interactions (ARI) and aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) over the North Pacific, and quantify how changes in aerosol and other climate variables have contributed to the observed trends in Fsw↓ over the North Pacific caused by changes in cloud droplet concentrations, cloud fraction and liquid water path.
An investigation of fog and low cloud life cycles and their interaction with biomass burning aerosols in the Namib
Authors: Mass Alexandre , Andersen Hendrik , Cermak Jan , Pauli Eva
Published: March 2024

In this contribution, a statistical model and several satellite products (SEVIRI, CALIPSO) are used to study the potential semi-direct effects of biomass burning aerosols (BBA) on the persistence of fog and low clouds (FLC) in the Namib during the biomass burning season.Fog, which is the most relevant non-rainfall water source for plants and animals in the coastal parts of the Namib Desert, may become increasingly important for local ecosystems as regional climate simulations predict a warmer and drier climate for southern Africa in the future. Previous studies showed the role of BBA on cloud development over the ocean off the Namibian coast. The same processes are likely to influence Namib-region FLC formation and persistence as well. However, the potential effects of aerosols on FLC in the Namib Desert have yet to be investigated.Using reanalysis products in combination with satellite data, a statistical model is built to predict FLC dissipation times in high and low BBA loading days. It is found that during this season, FLC dissipation times are positively correlated to BBA loading (higher aerosol loading coinciding with later FLC dissipation). By analyzing the contribution of the different predictors to the output of the statistical model, it is found that the positive correlation is mostly explained by the synoptic scale meteorology. Nevertheless, the synoptic scale circulation and aerosol loading are highly correlated in the region, thus some of the results could still be attributed to aerosol semi-direct effects. To definitively contrast aerosol effects from meteorology, modeling of aerosol-cloud interactions in the region could be promising.
Improving the simulation of permafrost extent by representing the multi-tiling energy budgets in ORCHIDEE-MICT model
Authors: Xi Yi , Qiu Chunjing , Zhang Yuan , Zhu Dan , Peng Shushi , Hugelius Gustaf , Chang Jinfeng , Salmon Elodie , Ciais Philippe
Published: March 2024

The surface energy budget plays a critical role in terrestrial hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, its highly spatial heterogeneity across different vegetation types is still missing in the land surface model, ORCHIDEE-MICT (ORganizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic EcosystEms–aMeliorated Interactions between Carbon and Temperature). In this study, we describe the representation of a multi-tiling energy budget in ORCHIDEE-MICT and assess its short and long-term impacts on energy, hydrology, and carbon processes. We found that: 1) With the specific values of surface properties for each vegetation type, the new version presents warmer surface and soil temperatures, wetter soil moisture, and increased soil organic carbon storage across the Northern Hemisphere. 2) Despite reproducing the absolute values and spatial gradients of surface and soil temperatures from satellite and in-situ observations, the considerable uncertainties in simulated soil organic carbon and hydrologic processes prevent an obvious improvement of temperature bias existing in the original ORCHIDEE-MICT. 3) The simulated continuous permafrost area (15.2 Mkm2) and non-continuous permafrost area (3.1 Mkm2) are comparative to observation-based datasets from Brown et al. (2002) (10.8 Mkm2 for continuous and 4.6 Mkm2 for non-continuous) and Obu et al. (2019) (11.5 Mkm2 for continuous and 5.3 Mkm2 for non-continuous). Consequently, the new version will facilitate various model-based permafrost studies in the future. 
Typical signatures of the transition zone of cumulus cloud shadows in solar radiation
Authors: Witthuhn Jonas , Deneke Hartwig , Kalesse-Los Heike
Published: March 2024

Investigating solar radiation and its variability due to clouds and aerosol is critical for efficient and reliable solar energy systems. During broken cloud conditions, reflections at cloud edges and changing aerosol properties in the vicinity of clouds affect the surface solar radiation significantly. In these situations, the distinction between clouds and clear skies with aerosol is not always well defined[1]. As seen from the surface, this region exists around cloud core shadows and is called the transition zone. Here, a unique dataset of observations from a dense pyranometer network is used to detect and investigate signatures of shortwave broadband transmittance in the transition zone.The TROPOS pyranometer network consists of up to 100 individual stations. Data of one campaign is used for this study: 60 stations were distributed over an area of about 6 km² during the S2VSR[2] measurement campaign in 2023 at the ARM Southern Great Planes (SGP) site in Oklahoma, USA. The surface solar irradiance is measured at each station with a time resolution of 10 Hz. The transition zone is detected and characterized by applying a modified clear sky detection algorithm[3] to the data. An additional component of our analysis is the determination of the cloud motion. This vector is determined using the Farneback optical flow algorithm[4] on a cloud shadow mask calculated from the “Clouds Optically Gridded by Stereo” (COGS) product[5].The study aims to quantify the small-scale effects of the transition zone on surface solar irradiance and potential photo-voltaic yield. This information is valuable for photo-voltaic site planning and provides scientifically relevant insights into the interaction between clouds, aerosol and solar radiation.
[1] e.g., Calbó et al. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.010

[2] https://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/sgp2023s2vsr

[3] Bright et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109706

[4] Farneback 2000, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2000.905291.

[5] Romps & Oktem et al. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0029.1
Hydrothermal Vents in Panarea, Italy: Investigating Mercury inputs and evaluating Biota Oxidative Stress Status with a focus on Phorcus turbinatus as a Bioindicator of Mediterranean Sea Health
Authors: Rodrigues Andreia C. M. , Petrova Mariia V. , Torres-Rodriguez Natalia , Dufour Aurelie , Cosio Claudia , Malengros Deny , Marschal Christian , Lazzaro Gianluca , Longo Manfredi , Heimbürger-Boavida Lars-Eric
Published: March 2024

Panarea, an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, is distinguished for its hydrothermal vent ecosystems that substantially influence the local biodiversity. While hydrothermal vents are recognised for their mineral-rich composition, the potential release of mercury (Hg), a non-essential metal, into the surrounding environment raises environmental concerns. This study investigates the oxidative stress status and cellular energy allocation of the autochthonous marine gastropod Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778), collected from rocky shores at two distinct hydrothermal vents, Bottaro and La Calcara, characterized by different hydrothermal vent activities. Our results show a higher THg input at La Calcara vent (864 pM) when compared to Bottaro (45.9 pM), suggesting exposure by diet. Accordingly, significantly higher levels of oxidative damage, measured as lipid peroxidation (LPO), were observed in gastropods from La Calcara compared to their counterparts from Bottaro. This observation aligns with lower catalase (CAT) activity and total glutathione levels (tGSH) in these gastropods, indicating compromised antioxidant defenses against reactive oxygen species (ROS). No significant differences were observed in energy metabolism when comparing cellular energy allocation (CEA) between snails from the two locations. Nevertheless, gastropods from La Calcara exhibited significantly reduced levels of available sugars, suggesting potential energetic costs of dealing with higher levels of oxidative stress due to increased Hg exposure. Understanding the complex relationships among hydrothermal vent activity, Hg inputs, Hg transfer in food webs, and biota responses provides valuable insights for conservation and management efforts in these unique and fragile ecosystems. Future research should focus on elucidating the long-term effects of Hg exposure at several hydrothermal vent locations, their biodiversity, and ecosystem dynamics, contributing to the broader understanding of metal contamination in marine environments.
Passive Removal of Stormwater Polar Organic Contaminants in Geomedia-Amended Biofilters
Authors: Cruz Bolaños María Alejandra , Foppen Jan Willem , Vázquez-Suñé Enric , Teixidó Marc
Published: March 2024

Next-generation stormwater drainage systems (e.g., green infrastructure) are increasingly implemented to enable runoff infiltration into the subsoil for aquifer recharge. Unfortunately, urban runoff can act as a major transport vector of pollution, and conventional infrastructure fails to remove polar organic contaminants. We studied the transport and removal of novel polar (mobile) stormwater vehicle-related organic contaminants of emerging concern, utilizing batch experiments and laboratory sand biofilters amended with granulated activated carbon (GAC) and biochar. Rapid small-scale column breakthrough curves and a 1D transport model demonstrated geomedia amendments can enhance target organic contaminant removal via sorption. However, contaminant transport was subject to kinetic effects, making it sensitive to infiltration flow rates and hydraulic retention times. To overcome these challenges, we developed pilot-scale 1-m length biofilters operating at relevant environmental conditions. These columns included a water retention zone equipped with various sensors to keep track of hydraulic and contaminant removal performance. Overall, our research contributes to understanding pollutant fate and transport during passive infiltration and enhancing conventional removal technologies for polar organic contaminants.
A million-year reconstruction of global volcanism intensity: How does it link to glaciation?
Authors: Longman Jack , Gernon Thomas M. , Hincks Thea K. , Panitz Sina , Palmer Martin R.
Published: March 2024

Reduced ice volume during interglacials is hypothesized to amplify volcanic activity because ice-mass removal reduces pressure on magma chambers (Huybers & Langmuir, 2009). There is some evidence for this process occurring on regional (Maclennan et al., 2002) and perhaps semi-global scales (Kutterolf et al., 2019), but there is a lack of globally representative tephra production records. Therefore, our understanding of the global relationship between glacial-interglacial cycles and volcanism uncertain. As a result, we do not know whether deglaciation directly drives enhanced volcanism, or if the feedbacks are more complex. In this work we use a database of visible tephra layers in marine sediments, and a weighted bootstrap resampling method to develop a record of global tephra (the products of explosive volcanism) production which covers the past million years.Our results show an intensification of global tephra production around 420 to 400 thousand years ago (ka), which coincides with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 – the warmest interglacial of the past million years. MIS11 was a period of high sea level (up to 10 m above present) and low ice cover, with Greenland likely largely ice free. We suggest the low ice levels drove enhanced volcanism, and consequently enhanced volcanic carbon dioxide degassing, which in turn drove further ice sheet ablation. This positive feedback may the explain this warmth, and in turn, the Mid-Brunhes transition, which heralded the arrival of generally warmer interglacials after 400 ka. Further, after 400 ka we begin to see cyclicity in the tephra record, mirroring eccentricity forcing seen in ice volume records. More pronounced ice-volcano feedbacks may therefore explain the stronger interglacials of the past 400,000 years.ReferencesHuybers, P., & Langmuir, C. (2009). Feedback between deglaciation, volcanism, and atmospheric CO2. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 286(3–4), 479–491.Kutterolf, S., Schindlbeck, J. C., Jegen, M., Freundt, A., & Straub, S. M. (2019). Milankovitch frequencies in tephra records at volcanic arcs: The relation of kyr-scale cyclic variations in volcanism to global climate changes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 204, 1–16.Maclennan, J., Jull, M., McKenzie, D., Slater, L., & Grönvold, K. (2002). The link between volcanism and deglaciation in Iceland. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(11), 1–25. 
Gradient boosting-based soil wetness for forestry climate adaptation in HarvesterSeasons service -training a model to forecast soil water index SWI from a comprehensive set of IFS model predictors in Destination Earth
Authors: Strahlendorff Mikko , Kröger Anni , Kosmale Miriam , Prakasam Golda , Moisander Mikko , Ovaskainen Heikki , Poikela Asko
Published: March 2024

Gradient boosting-based soil wetness for forestry climate adaptation in HarvesterSeasons service -training a model to forecast soil water index SWI from a comprehensive set of IFS model predictors in Destination Earth was an exercise that clearly improved a crucial part of the forestry climate service HarvesterSeasons.com. Forestry in nordic countries has to adapt to good and sustainable winter conditions being less and less available. Dry summer conditions are being looked for to compensate for weak winter times.We present our service, the machine learning method for the new product and the validation of the new product. For machine learning Xtreme Gradient was used to train the Earth Observation product Soil Water Index from ERA5-Land, soilgrids.org and other features. Predicting is then enabled from Destination Earth Extremes and Climate Adaptation Digital Twins.
Quantifying spatial peat depth with seismic micronodes and the implications for carbon stock estimates
Authors: Nissen-Meyer Tarje , Muir Jack , Jeffery Simon , Collins Joe , Marks Alice , Brake Nathan
Published: March 2024

Peatlands are a major store of soil carbon, due to their high concentration of carbon-rich decayed plant material. Consequently, accurate assessment of peat volumes are important for determining land-use carbon budgets. Determination of carbon stocks at the scale of individual peat sites has principally relied on either mechanical probing or electromagnetic geophysical methods. In this study, we investigated the use of seismic nodal instrumentation for quantifying peat depth. We used Stryde nodes for a deployment at the Whixall Moss in Shropshire, England. We measured seismic arrival times from peat-bottom reflections, as well as dispersive surface waves to invert for a model of variable peat depth along a linear cross-section using level-set based interface inversion for peat depth. We found that the results from seismic surveying corresponded well with manual probe depths, and delivered high spatial resolution. The use of very small seismic nodes (micronodes) allows for particularly rapid deployment on challenging terrain.
Response of EC-Earth3 to Antarctic meltwater
Authors: Jüling André , Lambert Erwin , Le Sager Philippe , Drijfhout Sybren
Published: March 2024

Ice-sheet meltwater affects ocean stratification and circulation, sea ice, and ultimately the global climate through various feedback mechanisms. Most current generation global climate models do not include interactive ice sheets and as such do not capture the projected increases in additional meltwater under future emission scenarios. We use the EC-Earth3 coupled climate model to investigate the climate response to various scenarios of Antarctic meltwater input. With the idealized experiments of the Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica Model Intercomparison Project (SOFIAMIP), as well as a plausible future meltwater release experiment, we investigate the sensitivity to both amount and location of the freshwater forcing in both the eddy-permitting (0.25°) and the standard, non-eddying (1°) resolution model versions. We find that the amount of freshwater strongly controls the sea ice with associated atmospheric adjustments and feedbacks. We also see that while inserting additional meltwater at the surface enhances stratification increasing sea ice cover, inserting it at depth decreases stratification and enables more ocean heat to be released at the surface. Our results represent improved model physics and support calls for using prescribed Antarctic meltwater input as forcing in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to, for example, improve modelled sea ice evolution and sea level trends.
Efficient surrogate-based multi-objective optimisation for sustainable island groundwater management
Authors: Bau Domenico , Yu Weijiang , Mayer Alex , Geranmehr Mohammadali
Published: March 2024

Computational burden, resulting from intensive executions of simulators during optimisation, often hinders the application of the simulation-optimisation (SO) methods for deriving optimal pumping schemes in coastal groundwater management, and impedes conducting sensitivity analysis of optimal pumping strategies to management constraints. For quickly identifying optimal pumping strategies under various constraints, this study develops an efficient framework, where adopting a lower-resolution simulator generates data to build surrogate models with a novel offline training algorithm and then applying a global optimization algorithm to determine optimal solutions according to the surrogate predictions. Traditional offline training approach involves developing surrogates before optimisation, often using training datasets that cover the input space either uniformly or randomly, which can prove inefficient due to potential oversampling of low-gradient areas and under-sampling of high-gradient areas. This study proposes an iterative search algorithm that efficiently selects training points by first scoring each unknown point based on its distance to the closest training point and the gradient of the surrogate estimate and then choosing the input candidate with the maximum score as the next sampling point. The proposed surrogate-based optimisation framework is applied to solve a two-objective groundwater management problem formulated on a three-dimensional island aquifer, using hydrogeological conditions representative of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. The goal is to minimize the operation cost resulting from groundwater pumping and desalination, while maximizing the amount of qualified groundwater supply, subject to constraints on seawater intrusion (SWI) control, expressed in terms of aquifer drawdown and salt mass increase in the aquifer.Gaussian Process (GP) techniques are employed to construct model surrogates, predicting management objectives and constraint values, alongside quantifying associated uncertainties. By conducting repeated Monte Carlo simulations using these GP models, it becomes possible to ascertain the probability of Pareto optimality for each pumping scheme. Derived optimal pumping schemes are characterized by the Pareto-optimal probabilities and validated by the higher-resolution simulator. Results indicate that the proposed surrogate-based multi-objective optimisation framework can efficiently provide trustable optimal pumping schemes and be used to analyse the sensitivity of optimal groundwater supply cost to the constraints.
Vegetation and climate: Exploring feedbacks across scales
Authors: Miralles Diego G.
Published: March 2024

Vegetation plays a fundamental role in shaping Earth's climate by controlling the energy, water, and carbon cycles across terrestrial landscapes. It exerts influence by altering surface roughness, consuming significant water resources through transpiration and interception, regulating atmospheric CO2 concentration, and controlling net radiation and its partitioning. This influence propagates through the atmosphere, from microclimate scales to the atmospheric boundary layer, subsequently impacting large-scale circulation and the global transport of heat and moisture. Understanding the feedbacks between vegetation and atmosphere across multiple scales is crucial for predicting the influence of land use and cover changes and for accurately representing these processes in climate models. This presentation aims to review the mechanisms through which vegetation modulates climate across scales. Particularly, I will evaluate the vegetation impact on circulation patterns, precipitation and temperature during extreme events, such as droughts and heatwaves. Key questions regarding the influence of vegetation feedbacks during these events will be explored: What is the impact of extreme meteorological conditions on ecosystem transpiration? How does vegetation regulate the atmospheric boundary layer and affect the potential intensification and propagation of droughts and heatwaves? Furthermore, I will review the climatic consequences of land use/cover changes, with specific emphasis on extreme events. The goal of this presentation is not to provide a convincing answer to these questions, but rather to highlight the state of science and review recent studies that may help advance our collective understanding of vegetation feedbacks and the role they play in climate.
A mechanical model for lava dome deformations using the visco-poroelastic damage rheology 
Authors: Nikkhoo Mehdi , Lyakhovsky Vladimir
Published: March 2024

The eruption style and structural stability of lava domes are determined by the mechanical strength (rigidity), porosity and temperature of their constituent magmas and the stress (pressure) and strain rates acting on them. Both rigidity and porosity of dome materials evolve with time as a result of (1) formation of new micro-fractures (damage) due to cooling and/or increasing strain rates (causing rigidity decrease and porosity increase) and (2) large effective pressures (causing porosity decrease and compaction) in lava domes. The interaction between damage and porosity may lead to different deformation modes including transition between brittle or ductile behavior in the same material even at constant temperature, pressure and strain rate. We use a visco-poroelastic damage model to quantify the evolution of damage and porosity and their interactions in lava domes. The model is based on thermodynamic principles and uses a non-linear continuum mechanics formulation which predicts different effective elastic moduli for a solid when the loading changes from tension to compression. The model accounts for the temporal evolution of damage and porosity, damage-porosity interaction and gradual accumulation of irreversible deformation due to damage-related viscosity. Thus, the model can simulate a wide range of deformation mechanisms including local damage increase and strain localization leading to brittle failure, and cataclastic flow characterized by homogeneous damage increase and porosity decrease (inelastic compaction). We apply this continuum damage-porosity model to lab experiments on lava samples form Volcán de Colima (Mexico) and Galeras volcano (Colombia). We show that the model allows us to distinguish the contributions of different deformation mechanisms in the course of each experiment. For each volcano, we compare the model parameters constrained by the lab experiments and discuss the implications of the results for up-scaling the model and performing natural-scale simulations of lava dome deformations. 