bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation of Neural Beta-Oscillations of the Subthalamic Nucleus to Clinical Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Sayfulina K. E. , Filyushkina V. I. , Gamaleya A. A. , Tomskiy A. A. , Sedov A. S. , Belova E. M.
Published: April 2024

Beta oscillations within the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are proposed to serve as biomarker for Parkinson’s disease. A wealth of data indicate essential functional differences between two subbands – low beta (13–19 Hz) and high beta (20–30 Hz), but there is still no full understanding of their specialization. We collected postoperative LFP data using externalized leads from 6 PD patients with implanted bilateral STN DBS electrodes before and after levodopa administration. We studied the relationship between parameters of low and high beta activity and motor symptom scales (UPDRS3, bradykinesia and rigidity). Mean PSD in both subbands decreased after levodopa administration. Low beta mean PSD was positively correlated with all three inspected motor scales (UPDRS3, rigidity and bradykinesia), while high beta mean PSD correlated only with rigidity. Most of the oscillatory peaks were concentrated within the high beta band. Their number decreased after levodopa administration, still leaving a prominent part unaffected. Almost all the low beta peaks compiling small initial number have disappeared after levodopa administration, thus we analyzed only high beta peak parameters. High beta peak frequency and amplitude changed with OFF-ON transition and were correlated with only rigidity scores. Our findings indicate that, although both low and high beta respond to medication state, there are functional differences between the subbands: low beta reflects motor symptoms non-specifically, while high beta is more specialized and reflects rigidity.
Effect of 3 Weeks of Strict Head‑Down Tilt Bed Rest on Human Muscle Fuction and Architecture
Authors: Koryak Yu. A. , Prochiy R. R. , Knutova N. S.
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to first, experimentally measure in vivo changes in the length, fiber angle and thickness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) in young men in response to changes in foot position and joint moment during isometric plantar flexion and, in secondly, to compare the changes in the above characteristics of the muscular architecture that occur during the transition from a state of rest to a given isometric intensity during plantar flexion. The internal architecture of the MG was determined after 21-day of strict head‑down tilt bed rest (HDT). MG scanning was performed using ultrasound at rest at ankle joint angles of –15° (dorsiflexion), 0° (neutral), +15° and +30° (plantar flexion). Additional ultrasounds were performed during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and additionally at 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the MVC with the ankle in neutral position. In each position, longitudinal ultrasound images of the MG were obtained in a relaxed (passive) state with the determination of the length (Lf) and angles of fascicles (Θf) relative to the aponeurosis. After HDT, the thickness of the MG during graduated isometric force up to 80% of the MVC in the neutral position of the ankle joint remained constant. Various Lf and Θf and their changes after HDT can be a limiting factor in the generation of muscle contractile functions. The results of the study show that the change in muscle structure during contraction compared to rest, as measured by changes in muscle architecture, can be used to assess muscle mechanical output.
Influence of the Hypomagnetic Environment on the Metabolism and Psychophysiological Reactions of a Healthy Human
Authors: Markin A. A. , Zhuravleva O. A. , Zhuravleva T. V. , Kuzichkin D. S. , Markina E. A. , Polyakov A. V. , Vostrikova L. V. , Zabolotskaya I. V. , Loginov V. I.
Published: April 2024

8 male volunteers aged 26 to 44 years were examined, who were in the “Arfa” hypomagnetic environment simulation facility for 4 hours at a normal magnetic field level (background session), and twice within 24 hours: one session during hypomagnetic environment simulation. environment with an attenuation coefficient of 500, and one − in the conditions of the terrestrial magnetic field (placebo). Venous blood was collected at the end of each session. The values of 48 biochemical parameters reflecting the state of organs and tissues, as well as the main links of metabolism, were determined in plasma and serum. Psychological testing of the testers was carried out using the questionnaires “Assessment of acute physical fatigue” by R. Kinsman and P. Weiser adapted by A.B. Leonova and “Assessment of acute mental fatigue” by A.B. Leonova and N.N. Savicheva. The level of physical condition of the participants of the experiment was assessed according to the method of D.N. Davidenko. As a result of the first biochemical screening examination and psychological testing of volunteers who were in a simulated space-level hypomagnetic environment, it was established that the effect is stressful, accompanied by the activation of glycolysis, lipolytic processes, affects the acid-base balance of the body, the state of the vascular endothelium, leads to to changes in the hepato-biliary system. At the same time, the index of physical fatigue among the volunteers increases, and the level of physical condition significantly decreases. Subjectively, pronounced changes in the biochemical parameters of stressful orientation are not felt.
Vaporization and the Thermodynamic Properties of the SrO–Al2O3–SiO2 System
Authors: Tyurnina N. G. , Lopatin S. I. , Shugurov S. M. , Tyurnina Z. G. , Polyakova I. G. , Balabanova E. A.
Published: April 2024

Vaporization and thermodynamic properties of the SrO–Al2O3–SiO2 system are studied by high-temperature differential mass spectrometry in the concentration range from 90 to 10 mol % of SrO and the molar ratio of x(Al2O3)/x(SiO2) = 1.5. The samples are evaporated from Knudsen effusion cell made of tungsten. The partial pressures of the molecular forms of the vapor, the activities of the condensed phase components, the Gibbs energies, and the excess Gibbs energies are determined. It is established that the studied system is characterized by a slight negative deviation from the ideal behavior. For mullite (Al6Si2O13) the value of the standard enthalpy of formation is determined. The melting points of the synthesized samples are established by high-temperature microscopy.
Investigation of the Reaction-Sintered B4C–SiC Materials Produced by Hot Slip Casting
Authors: Belyakov A. N. , Markov M. A. , Chekuryaev A. N. , Bykova A. D. , Duskina D. A. , Perevislov S. N.
Published: April 2024

Ceramic materials based on B4C–SiC are obtained by using the method of hot slip casting followed by reaction sintering (impregnation with liquid silicon). Composite ceramic samples are characterized by low density and porosity, and have strong mechanical characteristics. The microstructure of the obtained material is studied, and the uniformity of the distribution of boron carbide and silicon carbide particles in the structure of ceramic materials is demonstrated.
Formation of Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 Nanocrystals in Conditions of Solution Combustion: Effect of the Type of Fuel on the Structure and Morphology
Authors: Gavrilova M. A. , Gavrilova D. A. , Kondrashkova I. S. , Krasilin A. A.
Published: April 2024

Nickel-zinc ferrites, which have pronounced ferrimagnetic and semiconductor properties, can be used as promising magnetically controlled photocatalysts for the purification of aqueous media from organic pollutants. The value of the specific surface area largely affects the photocatalytic properties of the material; therefore, the possibility of its control and variation at the stage of synthesis is of great scientific and technical interest. In this study, nanocrystalline ferrite of the Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 composition is obtained under conditions of solution combustion using various types of organic fuel as the main factor affecting the formation of the specific surface area, and subsequent heat treatment in air at a temperature of 500°C for 2 h. The crystal structure, chemical composition, and morphology of Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 are studied by methods of X‑ray phase analysis, X-ray spectral microanalysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The values of the specific surface area of the synthesized nanopowders are calculated based on the method of liquid-phase adsorption from a Methylene Blue solution and the low-temperature adsorption-desorption of nitrogen. The results of the X‑ray phase analysis show that a single-phase nanocrystalline product with a spinel structure is formed, where the average crystallite size varies within 11–23 nm and is inversely related to the value of the specific surface area, respectively, after the reaction with succinic acid (39.1 m2/g) and with glycine (20.2 m2/g). It is established that the choice of the fuel largely affects the formation of nanocrystals and the specific surface area of the samples, and the approach used makes it possible to control its values.
Study on the Photosensitivity of a Composite Based on Lead Selenide and Selenite
Authors: Tomaev V. V. , Stoyanova T. V. , Petrov Yu. V. , Mikhailovsky V. Yu.
Published: April 2024

This paper discusses the technology of formation of photoresistive structures based on a composite of lead selenide and lead selenite. The structures are formed by the oxidation of n-PbSe polycrystalline films. Film The surface modification mechanism of n-PbSe films in the oxidation process is analyzed by a Zeiss Merlin scanning electron microscope (SEM). The new results of the authors on the oxidation mechanism of n-PbSe, together with their earlier publications, are summarized and their consistency with each other is examined. A theoretical model (hypothesis) of the potential profile of a photosensitive heterojunction is proposed, in which each crystal of the n-PbSe film during oxidation in an atmosphere of dry air forms a continuous shell on the p-PbSeO3 surface. The hypothesis on the structural model of the photosensitive heterojunction proposed by other authors, which is based on the oxidation mechanism proposed by us, is practically confirmed in this study.
Cluster Self-Organization of Intermetallic Systems: Cluster Precursors K3, K4, K5, K7, and K8 for the Self-Assembly of Lu66Te24-mC90, Te4Lu28-oC32, Lu3(TeLu3)Lu2-hP9, and Lu4Te4-cF8 Crystal Structures
Authors: Shevchenko V. Ya. , Ilyushin G. D.
Published: April 2024

With the help of computer methods (ToposPro software package), a combinatorial topological analysis and modeling of the self-assembly of Lu4Te4-oF8 (Fm-3m, V = 211.0 Å3), Te4Lu28-oC32 (Cmcm, V = 908.3 Å3), Lu3(TeLu3)Lu2-hP9 (P-62m, V = 908.3 Å3), and Lu66Te24-mC90 (C12/m1, V = 2467.2 Å3) crystal structures are carried out. For the crystal structure of Lu4Te4-oF8, cluster precursors K8 = 0@Te4Lu4 with symmetry –43m; for Te4Lu28-oC32, tetrahedral cluster precursors K4 = 0@Lu4 and K4 = 0@TeLu3 with symmetry 2 and m; and for Lu3(TeLu3)Lu2, cluster precursors K7 = 0@Lu3(TeLu3) with symmetry 3m and spacers Lu are established. For the crystal structure of Lu66Te24-mC90, pyramid-shaped cluster precursors K5 = 0@Lu5 with symmetry 2, tetrahedra K4 = 0@Lu4 with symmetry 2, tetrahedra K4 = 0@TeLu3, and tetrahedra K4 = 0@Te2Lu2 are established, and rings K3 = 0@TeLu2 are involved in the formation of supraclusters-trimers. The symmetry and topological code of the processes of self-assembly of 3D structures from cluster precursors is reconstructed in the following form: primary chain → layer → framework.
Mechanoactivation of Clinoptilolites with Sodium and Ammonium Hydrophosphates to Improve Their Electrophysical Properties
Authors: Dabizha O. N. , Soloboeva T. P. , Khamova T. V. , Shilova O. A.
Published: April 2024

The mechanochemical activation of zeolite (clinoptilolite and clinoptilolite–stilbite) rocks with acidic salts—sodium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium hydrogen phosphate—with the weight ratio of the initial components of 1 : 1 in an IVS-4 vibratory attritor (1500 rpm, 0.6 kW, specific power 4 W/g, steel grinding set) is studied. The structure, chemical and phase composition, and thermal stability of salt-modified zeolite samples are studied by infrared spectroscopy, atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray phase analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The specific volume resistance of pelletized samples is measured using a three-electrode circuit. It is established that the electrical conductivity of high-silica zeolite rocks modified with sodium and ammonium hydrophosphates is 2.2 × 10–6 up to 2.4 × 10–5 S m–1 at 25°C. It is shown that the mechanochemical activation of clinoptilolite and clinoptilolite–stilbite rocks with sodium hydrogen phosphate in a vibratory attritor at a mechanical energy dose of 2.4 kJ/g increases the conductivity of mechanically activated zeolites by factors of 140 and 470 at 25°C, and by factors of 30 and 490 at 100°C, respectively. This allows us to consider mechanochemical activation as a promising method for improving the electrical properties of mineral materials.
Thermal Expansion of Ba3Lu(BO3)3 Borate
Authors: Biryukov Ya. P. , Bubnova R S.
Published: April 2024

In this study, Ba3Lu(BO3)3 borate obtained by solid-phase synthesis is explored by high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction in the temperature range from 25 to 900°C. At room temperature, the compound expands slightly anisotropically (αmax/αmin = 1.2), and with an increase in temperature, the degree of anisotropy increases significantly (αmax/αmin = 6.9 at 900°C). The maximum expansion is observed along the crystallographic axis c (αc = 10.45 × 10–6°C–1 at 25°C and 36.34 × 10–6°C–1 at 900°C), perpendicular to which the boron-oxygen triangles [BO3] are located, and the minimum is in the plane where the triangles are located
Formation of Waveguide Layers on the Surface of K8 Glass Produced by Thermoradiation Ion Exchange
Authors: Nuritdinov I. , Eshbekov A. A. , Tuymanov B. N.
Published: April 2024

The low-temperature heat treatment of K8 glass is carried out at temperatures of 350–500°C in alkaline melts of NaNO3 and CsNO3 salts in the field of gamma radiation from the 60Co source at the dose rate of 3000 R/s and also outside the field. Under the influence of thermoradiation treatment due to the @ ↔ @ ion-exchange diffusion, mechanical compressive stresses are created in the surface layer of the glass, which lead to the formation of a waveguide layer of the given thickness and an increase in the refractive index (RI) increment, the number of waveguide modes, and the depth of the waveguide layer.
Comparative Study of the Synthesis of Ceramic Composites Based on Lanthanum Orthophosphate
Authors: Ugolkov V. L. , Koptelova L. A. , Khamova T. V. , Mezentseva L. P. , Osipov A. V.
Published: April 2024

Two approaches to the synthesis of nanosized precursor powders 0.5LaPO4·nH2O–0.5ZrO(OH)2 and 0.5LaPO4·nH2O–0.5Y(OH)3 for the fabrication of ceramic composites 0.5LaPO4–0.5ZrO2 and 0.5LaPO4–0.5Y2O3 were used. In the first case, sol-gel synthesis of components (LaPO4·nH2O, ZrO(OH)2 or Y(OH)3) was carried out separately by reverse precipitation technique. In the second case, reverse precipitation was used too but without separate preparation of sols of the components. The results of the synthesis were compared by XRD analysis, thermal behavior of precursor powders by DSC/TG technique, as well as Vickers microhardness values of 0.5LaPO4–0.5ZrO2 and 0.5LaPO4–0.5Y2O3 ceramic composites.
Cluster Self-Organization of Intermetallic Systems: K3, K4, K5, K6, and K13 Clusters-Precursors for the Self-Assembly of U8Ni10Al36-mC54, U20Ni26-mC46, and U8Co8-cI16 Crystal Structures
Authors: Shevchenko V. Ya. , Ilyushin G. D.
Published: April 2024

Using computer methods (the ToposPro software package), a combinatorial topological analysis and modeling of the self-assembly of U8Ni10Al36-mC54 (a = 15.5470 Å, b = 4.0610 Å, c = 16.4580 Å, β = 120.00°, V = 899.89 Å3, C m), U20Ni26-mC46 (a = 7.660 Å, b = 13.080 Å, c = 7.649 Å, β = 108.88°, V = 725.26 Å3, C2/m), and U8Co8-cI16 (a = 6.343 Å, V = 255.20 Å3, I 213) are carried out. For the U8Ni10Al36-mC54 crystal structure, 960 variants of the cluster representation of the 3D atomic grid with the number of structural units 5, 6, and 7 are established. Six crystallographically independent structural units in the form of a pyramid K5 = 0@Al(U2Al2), pyramid K6A = 0@U(NiAl4), and pyramid K6B = 0@U(NiAl4), as well as rings K3A = 0@NiAl2, K3B = 0@NiAl2, and K3C = 0@Al3, are determined. For the U20Ni26-mC46 crystal structure, the structural units K5 = Ni(Ni2U2) and icosahedra K13= Ni@Ni6U6 are defined. For the crystal structure U2Co2-cI16, the structural units—tetrahedra K4 = U2Co2—are defined. The symmetry and topological code of the processes of self-assembly of 3D structures from clusters-precursors are reconstructed in the following form: primary chain → layer → framework.
Fragmentary Model of the Atomic Structure of the Ion-Conducting Semiconductor Glass AgGeAsSe3
Authors: Aleinikova K. B. , Zinchenko E. N. , Melnikova N. V.
Published: April 2024

The atomic radial distribution function of vitreous AgGeAsSe3, obtained based on the experimental intensity curves taken with monochromatic copper and molybdenum radiation, is interpreted using a fragmentary model in the entire ordering region (~9 Å). It is shown that the glass consists of selenium and selenium-arsenic tetrahedra with germanium and silver atoms inside. The spatial arrangement of such tetrahedra in glass within the ordering region is similar to their arrangement in the GeAsSe and GeSe2 structures. It is proposed that the “openwork” structure of the fragments of these structures allows the movement of Ag+ ions (ionic conductivity) in vitreous AgGeAsSe3. Fragments of the structure of the ion-conducting compound Ag2Se are not found in the studied glass.
Cluster Self-Organization of Intermetallic Systems: Clusters-Precursors K4, K6, and K7 for the Self-Assembly of Crystal Structures Y20Cu20Mg64-oC104, Y20Cu20Mg52-oC92, and Y3(NiAl3)Ge2-hP9
Authors: Shevchenko V. Ya. , Ilyushin G. D.
Published: April 2024

Using computer methods (ToposPro software package), a combinatorial topological analysis and modeling of the self-assembly of the following crystal structures are carried out: Y20Cu20Mg64-oC104 (a = 4.136 Å, b = 19.239 Å, c = 29.086 Å, V = 2314.45 Å3, Cmcm), Y20Cu20Mg52-oC92 (a = 4.097 Å, b = 19.279 Å, c = 25.790 Å, V = 2037.30 Å3, Cmcm), and Y3(NiAl3)Ge2-hP9 (a = b = 6.948 Å, c = 4.156 Å, V = 173.78 5 Å3, P-62m). For the Y20Cu20Mg64-oC104 crystal structure, 52 variants of the cluster representation of the 3D atomic network with the 3, 4, and 5 structural units are established. Four crystallographically independent structural units in the form of a tetrahedron are determined: tetrahedron K4 = 0@CuMg3, tetrahedron K4 = 0@YMg3, tetrahedron K4 = 0@YCuMg2, and a supratetrahedron K6 = 0@YCu2Mg3. A variant of self-assembly with the participation of hexamers from six linked structural units is considered (K4B+ K4C)(K4A+ K6)(K4B+ K4C). For the Y20Cu20Mg64-oC92 crystal structure, 27 variants of cluster representation of the 3D atomic mesh with 3, 4, and 5 structural units are established. Three crystallographically independent structural units in the form of a tetrahedron are determined: tetrahedron K4 = 0@YCuMg2, cluster K6 = 0@6(Y2Mg4) in the form of double tetrahedrons YMg3, and a nine-atom supratetrahedron K9 = Mg@Y2Cu2Mg4 consisting of two YMg2Cu and two YMg3 tetrahedrons. A variant of the self-assembly involving trimers of three structural units K4+ K6+ K9 is considered. For the Y3(NiAl3)Ge2-hP9 crystal structure, eight variants of decomposition of the 3D atomic mesh into cluster structures with the participation of two structural units are established. A variant of the self-assembly with the participation of packing generatrices of seven-atom clusters-precursors K7 = 0@Y3(NiAl3) with the participation of Ge atoms-spacers is considered. The symmetry and topological code of the self-assembly processes of 3D-structures is reconstructed from clusters-precursor in the following form: primary chain → layer → framework.
Analysis of the Degree of Crystallinity of Aluminosilicates of the Kaolinite Subgroup According to the IR Spectroscopy Data
Authors: Alikina Yu. A. , Golubeva O. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The data of X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy of synthetic aluminosilicates of the kaolinite subgroup with different degrees of crystallinity are analyzed. The samples are obtained under hydrothermal conditions in alkaline and neutral media with different durations of synthesis. It is shown that as the synthesis time increases a gradual transition of the amorphous phase to the crystalline phase is observed, which is reflected in the IR spectra by the shift of the bands related to the oscillations of the groups in the octahedral and tetrahedral grids. The first band of stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups at 3628 cm–1 appears after three days of hydrothermal treatment in a neutral medium, and under alkaline conditions with the same duration of treatment, two more bands are observed at 3687 and 3668 cm–1. The detected changes in the IR spectra correspond to the appearance of the characteristic X-ray reflections of halloysite according to the XRD data. Thus, IR spectroscopy can be considered as a method for a qualitative assessment of the degree of crystallinity.
Islamic radicals in Europe: between religion and politics
Authors: Shumilin Alexander Ivanovich
Published: April 2024

The article discusses the reasons that prompted the governments and expert of many EU countries to pay increased attention to the activities of the religious and political association of the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood (BM) and a number of Shiite groups (primarily Hezbollah) within the EU in recent years. The study indicates that the causes of it are the terrorist attacks in France and Austria in 2020, which gave rise to a wave of retaliatory measures from the authorities, and also a growing influence of this Muslim organizations and groups on social and political life of the countries of the Old World. The article analyses the means, methods and mechanisms characteristic of groups associated with the structures of BM and Hezbollah in Europe, the specifics of their activities. The authority and influence of radical groups are noticeably weakening in the Middle East region. However, in the Old World they manage to fit into the current political-ideological discourse, resorting to the left, “progressist” rhetoric to hide their Islamist identity. They are exploiting the far-fetched feelings of disadvantage and vulnerability that are spreading in Muslim communities in socio-political environment. As inter-civilizational relations in Europe worsen, radical groups publicly claim the status of "defenders of humiliated Muslims", trying to legalize their radical views and strategies. Further aggravation of the confrontation between political elites in the EU and Islamic radicals seems inevitable. Islamist radicalism becomes a factor in political life in the European Union.
Italy in the Rome – Paris – Berlin Triangle
Authors: Maslova Elena Aleksandrovna , Shebalina Ekaterina Olegovna
Published: April 2024

In November 2021 Italy and France signed the Quirinal Treaty for a Strengthened Bilateral Cooperation. The document suggested the emergence of the Rome - Paris - Berlin triangle following the Aachen Treaty concluded in 2019 between France and Germany. The Quirinal Treaty has a high significance for Italy. Firstly, it secures its place among the leaders of the EU. Secondly, the Treaty strengthens Rome's credibility, portraying Italy as a trustworthy country. Thirdly, the agreement lays the basis for regular bilateral interaction. In the absence of hard commitments fulfillment of the Treaty depends on domestic affairs and international agenda of the political leaders. The volatility of Italian politics may affect the integrity of the alliance. There has been a dramatic change of attitude to the Quirinal Treaty under the premiership of G. Meloni, which has a direct impact on its implementation. At the same time the Quirinal Treaty fails to resolve some serious differences between the two countries, including the Libyan case and the migration issue. Moreover, this bilateral agreement threatens to place Rome in a subordinate position. In the current political configuration France is at an advantage in light of concluded treaties with both Italy and Germany.
Arctic science diplomacy of the Nordic Countries
Authors: Gutenev Maxim Yur'evich , Sergunin Alexander Anatol'evich , Shadrina Olga Nikolaevna
Published: April 2024

Arctic science diplomacy (ASD) is one of the innovative tools for promoting a positive image of the state and building strong international partnerships in the region. This study aims to identify common and distinctive features of Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish ASDs. The article analyses the motivation and main priorities of the Nordic ASD both at the national and regional levels. The state of the ASD infrastructure in each of the Nordic countries is also described. The Nordic states seek to coordinate their Arctic research and create joint structures for these purposes. Since Denmark, Finland and Sweden are the EU members, The Nordic countries are actively using the financial, organizational and intellectual resources of the EU to increase the effectiveness of their ASD. A common feature for all five Nordic countries is also the close attention they pay to ASD as part of their polar strategies. The Nordic countries focus on the ASD since they have much less economic, geopolitical and military resources than such "Arctic giants" than the United States, Canada and Russia. The article also indicates that with the start of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine, scientific cooperation between the Nordic countries and Russia has been significantly reduced on the initiative of these states. This has further complicated the situation in the Arctic region.
Spanish economy on the trajectory of the modernisation process
Authors: Yakovlev Petr Pavlovich
Published: April 2024

The experience of Spain indicates that in the actual conditions of decomposition of global and European economic growth, the promotion of modernisation processes involves reforming and structural rebooting of the economy, highlighting and systemic support for high-tech sectors of the economy. These and other problems of modernization are solved on the basis of the existing scientific and technical potential and international competitive advantages of Spanish business leaders in certain sectors of the world economy. As an example, the article demonstrates that in the changing European environment Madrid has tried to seize the initiative in the critical energy field. In this regard, the Spanish authorities predictably focused on relations with neighboring countries: Portugal and France, the creation of an energy system's interconnectivity, which has become one of the main tasks of the reform. Among other key areas are reindustrialisation, innovatisation programme digitalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises, creating conditions for the growth of technological unicorn startups. With the assistance of scientific methods of systemic, comparative, historical, content and statistical analysis, case study, the article reveals the concept of Spanish modernisation and gives its periodisation, defines the goals, tools, risks and challenges of the current stage of modernisation.
Common fisheries policy in the light of Brexit
Authors: Kolomin Vyacheslav Olegovich
Published: April 2024

The article examines the impact of the Сommon Fisheries Policy of the European Union (CFP) on the UK's withdrawal from the EU. On the one hand, the article explains the reasons for the appearance of an economically insignificant fishing issue on the forefront of the British domestic political agenda on the eve of Brexit. On the other hand, it sheds light on the factor of the CFP in the negotiations on Britain's withdrawal from the EU and the subsequent Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) between the parties. Also, the author elaborates on the role of fishing communities in the Brexit vote, as well as on the factors that shaped the bargaining positions and strategies of the parties in the Brexit negotiations with regards to the CFP. The article focuses on institutional and political-economic features of the CFP that determined the final agreement in terms of fisheries. Despite a few concessions from Brussels and the transfer of a quarter of the European proportion of the catch to fishermen of the United Kingdom during the transition period, the Agreement does not involve fundamental changes in the UK's fisheries policy and the cooperation with the EU. The final deal reflects the interdependence of the partners, the Europeanization of the fisheries management, and preserves preferential access to British waters for European fishermen.
The turning point: new foreign policy concept of Russia
Authors: Neimark Mark Afroimovich
Published: April 2024

The avalanche processes in the world have clearly confirmed the need for a holistic inventory, significant correction and, in many cases, a radical reassessment of the previous version of the 2016 Foreign Policy Concept of Russia. The dynamics of world politics is so rapid that many of them, no longer fit into the previous schemes. A fundamentally significant matrix in understanding and rethinking the doctrinal and practical-political experience of Russian diplomacy has become the approval by President V.V. Putin on March 31, 2023 of the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (hereinafter: FPC-2023). FPC-2023 marks an unprecedented turning point in the conceptualization of attitudes of Russian diplomacy. A clearly defined continuity has been preserved with respect to the fundamental principles of Russia's foreign policy. FPC-2023 is a new geopolitical premises for the positioning of Russia in the global space and in its relations with the world. The basic system components of Russia's national-state interests have been elaborated in a comprehensive integrity and linkage. FPC-2023 is a convincing answer to those Western politicians who stubbornly consider Russia a semi-peripheral zone in the global space. From FPC-2023 it clearly follows that the strategically “unprofitable” search for a balance between the possible and the impossible has ended. It fully takes into account the negativism of the predominant part of the Western political establishment towards Russia, which has sharply increased in connection with the special military operation in Ukraine. The new Concept takes into account the destructive features of today's crisis geopolitics, but does not block constructive paths to a more optimistic future of international relations.
A.A. Gromyko and Security Policy: Strategic Detente Project
Authors: Sindeev Alexey Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article continues the study of the role of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.A. Gromyko in the shaping, development and maintenance of security policy, its principles and structural elements. The relevance of the article is determined by the importance of strategy and strategic thinking in modern foreign policy and diplomacy, their influence on interstate cooperation, the evolution and manageability of international relations. The subject of the article is the study of the strategic project of detente developed by A.A. Gromyko to 1972-1973. The chronological framework of the study is limited to 1972 and 1973. The article consists of three subsections. The first subsection examines the criteria for bilateralism and presents the conditions for concluding new agreements, substantiates the importance of purposeful work on new agreements. The second subsection analyzes the differences between formal balance and equal security. At present, the concept of «equal security» has become a structural element of the foreign policy doctrine and security doctrine of the Russian Federation. The third subsection characterizes the content of the strategic project, the features of differentiated cooperation - the interaction of the USSR with small, medium and large countries, shows the meaning of the concept of «pure national interest», mechanisms for the transition to a «long-term detente» of international tension. The author explores the approaches of A.A. Gromyko to a new system of international relations during the negotiations on the Moscow Treaty. The possible practical application of the main elements of the project in modern times is determined. The sources of the article are published documents of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany. The author conducts the analysis on the basis of the foreign partners' assessment of the statements made by the Soviet Foreign Minister during official negotiations.
Model of “soft” and “hard” euroscepticism: Estonian case
Authors: Tambi Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article explores the features of party Euroscepticism on the example of the Estonian case. A classification of a number of modern Estonian political parties is given on the basis of their classification as “hard” or “soft” Eurosceptics. Based on this typology the author structured the Estonian party-political landscape on the issue of European integration. The importance of this factor in the Estonian party-political space, which influences the further course of European integration in this Baltic state, is highlighted. The scale of anti-European sentiments in modern Estonia has been determined. The study identifies the reasons for the significant increase in electoral support for parties advocating anti-EU positions. It is revealed that the Conservative People’s Party of Estonia (CPPE) demonstrates a consistent increase in the number of its members and is gaining more and more popularity among the Estonians and has an ever-increasing influence on Estonian politics. Represented in Parliament since 2015, the CPPE has achieved in 2019-2021 its entry into the government coalition. It is considered how the CPPE, which previously occupied a marginal position, is implementing its goal of gradually increasing its influence and entering the political forefront. Taking into account the analysis of the latest election program of the CPPE (for the parliamentary elections in March 2023), it was determined in which direction the radical Estonian populists are moving. At present the trend towards a steady increase in Euroscepticism in Estonia has changed to a course towards relative stabilization of the Eurosceptic mood of voters. Discursive and institutional methods were applied in the study.
Western churches and politics: frontiers of ideologic divergence
Authors: Parenkov Daniil Alekseevich , Vorotnikov Vladislav Vladislavovich
Published: April 2024

The article deals with conflict lines in the interaction of religious institutions and political actors in Europe. Church policy in the West is seen as a practical implementation of the neo-secular approach, which implies a reduction in the role of religious institutions and church elites while remaining religiosity and quasi-religiousness. It is shown that the contradictions of state-confessional relations in Western countries pose both a threat to the value autonomy of religious organizations and an increasing trend towards the instrumentalization of religion in foreign policy. It is shown that attempts of value pressure on traditional church institutions contribute to the formation of a hostile environment that contributes to the strengthening of intra-church contradictions. As a result, religious organizations find themselves in a situation of multiplying ideological divisions and artificially pushed internal competition. The risks of reducing the institutional stability of traditional churches based on the unity of the doctrine and striving for internal unity are increasing. In this regard, the article offers an analysis of possible internal and external reactions of church institutions to the increasing pressure. As possible scenarios, the strengthening of the processes of ideological and regional autonomy and the increase in increasingly open conflicts with secular authorities in a number of countries on topical issues of the political agenda are considered. Under any of the scenarios, it is predicted that the fault line between European countries will strengthen on issues with a strong religious connotation, which may lead to an increase in social tension and deepening of divisions among the electorate in the Western states.
Energy Metabolism of Crustaceans (Amphipoda) from the Northern Populations (White Sea Basin)
Authors: Berezina N. A.
Published: April 2024

Cold waters and low productivity of the reservoir create energetically special conditions for the life of aquatic organisms, which are exacerbated by the current climate change. The temperature-dependent indicators of energy metabolism (active metabolic rate) have been studied for the representatives of different ecological– iogeographic groups of amphipods: arctic (Gammaracanthus loricatus), palearctic (Gammarus zaddachi), and holarctic (G.lacustris), from the coastal lake and the littoral of the White Sea basin. Interspecific differences in the standard energy metabolism rate and its 1.5–2.0-fold increase for predating amphipods are found.
Dispersal of Common Shrews (Sorex Araneus L.): The Dream and “An Accident”
Authors: Shchipanov N. A.
Published: April 2024

Understanding the processes that affect the dispersal distance is essential from perspective of ecology and evolution. It is essential to understand processes that affect dispersal distances. Dispersal distances can may depend on environmental and demographic factors and on the motivation of an individual. Effective dispersal results in the distribution of related genotypes in space. The distribution of pairwise distances between related common shrews (sibs and half-sibs) is characterized by a nonrandom increase in the number of relatives at distances up to 200 m. Aggregations of relatives are formed in a part of individuals dispersed in a random direction to the nearest available home rang (“stright-line search”). The distribution of all distances between relatives (up to 1200 m) is satisfactorily approximated by the straight-line search model and is not consistent with the “spiral search” model as it is; however, the best match can be achieved by combining these two search types. The latter model variant (“mixed search”) assumes that the population includes animals with different personal traits: “superficial” and “thorough” explorers. Thorough explorers search for a vacant territory employing the spiral search strategy and correspond to “dreamers” in the model describing the movement and habitat selection strategy (MHSS). If vacant territories are in deficit and the environment is favorable, dreamers move over long distances and become randomly distributed in space: a random dispersion of related genotypes was recorded at distances from 200 to 1200 m. Therefore, searches for a dream territory in combination with a shortage of vacant territories (an accident) result in a random dispersal of related genotypes within a radius of at least 1200 m. The combination of temporal aggregations of relatives and the dispersal of related genotypes over a vast area explain well the previously discovered combination of an excess of homozygous alleles and a high allelic diversity.
Influence of the Reduction of the Flow of the Foothill Izdrevaya River (the Basin of the Upper Ob) on the Fish Species Composition and Distribution
Authors: Yadrenkina E. N. , Knizhnik E. V.
Published: April 2024

The results of the survey of the small foothill river of the Salair mountain ridge (Upper Ob basin) reflect the correlation of the species richness, species diversity, and density of the fish community with the hydrological regime of the watercourse in areas from the source to the mouth. The features of fish distribution in the river channel have been assessed during a decrease in the flow volume. Water withdrawal for irrigating agricultural lands leads to a decrease in the abundance and species richness of representatives of the boreal plain faunal fish assemblage and, at the same time, to an increase in the proportion of representatives of the Arctic assemblage in the shoaled areas of the lower reaches of the river.
Influence of the Invasive Earthworm Eisenia nana (Lumbricidae) on the Content of Water-Soluble Forms of Cations (NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in Soil
Authors: Babiy K. A. , Knyazev S. Yu. , Solomatin D. V. , Golovanova E. V.
Published: April 2024

Using a field simulation experiment in mesocosms, the influence of epi-endogeic earthworms was assessed, invasive E. nana and native E. nordenskioldi (in monopopulations and when kept together), on the availability of cations (NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in soil. A significant effect of both species on the increase in the content of sodium ions in the 10–15 cm soil layer relative to the control without worms, differences between the E. nana and E. nordenskioldi monovariants in the content of magnesium and calcium ions in the 0–5 cm layer, and a significant effect of the interaction of species on an increase in the availability of ammonium in the 20–30 cm layer.
Invasion Levels of Alien Plants in Various Habitat Types in the Middle Urals
Authors: Veselkin D. V. , Dubrovin D. I. , Korzhinevskaya A. A. , Podgaevskaya E. N. , Pustovalova L. A. , Ivchenko T. G. , Zolotareva N. V.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the study was to estimate invasion levels of alien plants in various natural and anthropogenic habitats of the Middle Urals in two urbanization manifestation variants: (1) within the boundaries of a large city; and (2) in suburban areas. In total, 965 geobotanical releves produced in natural (bogs, floodplains, petrophytic areas, meadows, and forests) and anthropogenic (wastelands, public gardens, and residential areas) habitats were analyzed. Natural habitats were surveyed within the boundaries of a large city and in its suburban zone (at distances of 30–40 km from the city). Invasion levels were determined based on the number and proportion of alien (adventitious) species in the description. Both in suburban and urban conditions, the lowest numbers of alien species were recorded in bog habitats (on average, 0–0.6 species per description); while the largest numbers, in anthropogenic habitats (on average, 9.8–17.6 species per description). Outside the city, average numbers of alien species in natural habitats (except for bogs) varied in the range of 1.0–2.8 species per description; within the city, 3.8–6.2 species per description. In natural habitats (except for bogs), average shares of alien species varied in the range of 1.8–5.6% outside the city and in the range of 8.1–16.2% within the city; in anthropogenic habitats, they varied in the range of 22.8–32.8%. Suburban and urban wastelands did not differ in numbers and proportions of alien species (10.3 and 12.9 species per description and 25.3 and 30.2%, respectively). Invasion levels identified in suburban areas are consistent with those recorded in Europe.
Trophic selectivity of the barnacle goose and the white-fronted goose in the area of reproductive concentration
Authors: Sheremetyev I. S. , Rosenfeld S. B. , Lavrinenko I. A.
Published: April 2024

Against the backdrop of intense transformation of the Arctic environment and biota, differences in population trends of massive and widespread herbivores in the Arctic are of great interest. In this regard, the main goal of our work was a comparative assessment of the trophic selectivity of the barnacle goose and the white-fronted goose under conditions of the largest reproductive concentration, characterizing the role of competition in the dynamics of their populations. It has been shown that the differences in the quantitative ratio of plants eaten by these species are not sufficient to avoid competition, and that the most selective, i.e. The food of the barnacle goose is sensitive to quality and energy-consuming. However, its status as a relatively weak competitor belies the exponential growth of its population in the study area and the entire Arctic population. We believe that differences in the population dynamics of the barnacle goose and the white-fronted goose are currently not due to competition during reproductive concentrations, but to the influence of anthropogenic and climatic factors far beyond the breeding range.
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROWING OF YOUNG MUKSUN IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Stepanov L. N. , Bogdanov V. D. , Ilyin M. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The feeding characteristics of juvenile muksun Coregonus muksun (Pallas, 1814) when reared in cages installed on the Lower Ob channel are considered. It has been established that, along with artificial food, juveniles feed on zoobenthos and zooplankton organisms that enter the cages during drift. Their consumption was noted from the first to the last days of growing. The bulk of the mass of the food bolus was artificial food – 88.3–94.3%; aquatic invertebrates accounted for 1.3–5.7% of the mass of the food bolus. Chironomid larvae dominated. There were no statistically significant differences in the consumption of invertebrate animals by muksun juveniles before and after feeding (p = 0.442) with average values of 0.005 and 0.006 g, respectively. The ability of juveniles to transition from artificial to natural food supply at all stages of development was noted, which is an indicator of successful adaptation to environmental conditions during cage rearing in the channels of the river Obi.
MORPHOGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF SHORT-TERM HEAT STRESS IN SHORT- AND LONG-LIVED LINES OF THE HOUSE FLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA L.): WING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRY
Authors: Vasil'ev A. G. , Ben'kovskaya G. V. , Akhmetkireeva T. T.
Published: April 2024

The morphogenetic consequences of short-term heat stress (SHS) were studied in two housefly lines that were massively selected for lifespan based on assessing the variability of the adult wing using geometric morphometry methods. Significant differences in wing size and shape were revealed between control and impact groups of different sexes in the Shg (short-lived) and Lg (long-lived) lines. The CTS effect manifested itself in an increase in the size of the wing and a directional change in its shape. The intergroup hierarchy of sex and stress-induced differences is expressed equally in both strains of flies. The range of linear differences is significantly higher than gender differences, which in turn are higher than the level of stress-induced ones. The instability of the adult wing development (Vm) of the Shg line is significantly higher than that of the Lg line, and higher in all groups of females, but in most cases significantly lower in impact groups (taking into account the increase in size, the latter may be associated with the effect of hormesis). It is hypothesized that the directed morphogenetic effects of CTS are based on hidden species-specific modifications, the appearance of which in the phenotype is caused by stress-induced epigenetic rearrangements of the genome, causing similar morphological changes in the wing in groups of males and females of adults of both lines. The phenotypic plasticity of lines during selection for different life spans and changes caused by CTC directly indicate the reality of stress-induced rapid morphogenetic rearrangements during a sharp change in environmental conditions.
Dynamics of the upper forest limit on the Katunsky ridge (Altai Mountains) over the past 120 years
Authors: Savchuk D. A. , Timoshok E. E. , Filimonova E. O. , Nikolaev S. A.
Published: April 2024

The temporal dynamics of the upper forest boundary in the oroclimatic conditions of the Katunsky Range is described using the example of the Akkem mountain-glacial basin over the past 120 years. Changes in the density of trees and undergrowth of cedar and larch on the eastern and western slopes, the origin and features of the formation of dense and sparse groups and external factors influencing their formation are considered.