bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Personality
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill , Davidson Richard J
Published: November 2023

Personality is one of broadest and thus hardest to delineate subareas of psychological science. Investigators who employ a traitlike approach to individual differences in the domains of psychophysiology, psychometrics, clinical disorders, social relations, and development might define themselves as personality psychologists, or at least might have done so at some stages of the development of the field of psychology. Thus, the boundaries for the content of this part of the Handbook are somewhat arbitrary and much that might qualify as personality research in a broad sense appears in virtually every other section of this Handbook. In this part, we have included three chapters that represent important trends in personality research—trends that we expect will help define the intersection of personality and affective science during the coming years. On the other hand, some areas where personality research and the study of affect intersect have been treated extensively in prior literature, and we judged it unnecessary to recount the issues within this Handbook. Historically, several fundamental issues required resolution before traditional trait-oriented personality research meaningfully integrated emotion concepts. One such issue was whether emotion had an organizing role for behavior or instead functioned more as a factor that interrupted ongoing behavior. It is easy to say that emotion plays both roles, but the organizing role is the one that would seem crucial for personality development and functioning. Over the first part of the past half-century, the view that emotion was an organizer of behavior had only a few advocates, exemplified by the seminal perspective of Leeper (1948). Several influential theorists emphasized the disruptive nature of emotion (Arnold, 1960; Simon, 1967), and it was only in the 1980s that the organizational role began to dominate thinking in the area (e.g., Lazarus, 1991). Several contemporary theorists, including Goldsmith and Campos (1982) and Clark and Watson (1999), view the emotional aspects of personality as temperament. This view reflects Allport’s (1937) definition of temperament: “Temperament refers to the characteristic phenomena of an individual’s emotional nature, including his susceptibility to emotional stimulation, his customary strength and speed of response, the quality of his prevailing mood, and all peculiarities of fluctuation and intensity in mood” (p. 54). Thus, emotion sometimes enters into the study of personality via temperament and then interacts with attitudes, self-concepts, contextual influences, and other factors in personality functioning. This tradition is represented in several chapters in part III, “Genetics and Development.”
Response Modulation and Emotion Processing: Implications for Psychopathy and Other Dysregulatory Psychopathology
Authors: Newman Joseph P , Lorenz Amanda R
Published: November 2023

Regardless of its specific etiology, most psychopathology involves maladaptive responses to environmental circumstances. Thus, to the extent that a primary function of emotions is to facilitate appropriate responses to environmental circumstances, psychopathology is likely to reflect an emotion processing deficit. Emotion, however, is an exceedingly broad construct that promotes adjustment by coordinating numerous biopsychological systems, spanning motivation, memory, attention, cognition, and learning. Given this broad view, the emotion deficits associated with psychopathology may reflect a similarly diverse array of biopsychological dysfunctions, including difficulty coordinating the various aspects of emotion processing. Rather than review the myriad possibilities regarding emotion processing deficits in psychopathology, we have elected to focus on a specific biopsychological process, response modulation, which we believe is fundamental to emotion processing but which, to date, has been underutilized by emotion theorists and psychopathologists. More specifically, the purpose of this chapter is to clarify the extent to which deficient response modulation may short-circuit adaptive emotion processing, interfere with self-regulation, and culminate in psychopathology. Toward this end, we (1) briefly review the construct of response modulation, (2) outline a model of emotion processing that highlights the importance of response modulation, and (3) examine the role of response modulation and emotion processing in moderating the selfregulation of behavior. Next, we illustrate the potential importance of response modulation for emotion processing and psychopathology, using psychopathy as a case example. Psychopaths are infamous for their profound emotion and self-regulatory deficits which, we argue, reflect a primary deficit in response modulation. Finally, we broaden our analysis of the relation between response modulation and psychopathology by considering how intense emotion responses may short-circuit adaptive emotion processing and, thus, contribute to the development and maintenance of dysregulatory psychopathology.
Cognitive Biases in Emotional Disorders: Information Processing and Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Authors: Mineka Susan , Rafaeli, Eshkol , Yovel Iftah
Published: November 2023

In the past several decades emotion and psychopathology researchers have devoted a great deal of attention to the study of emotions such as anxiety and depression as they are experienced in the normal range, as well as to their more extreme manifestations, seen in clinically significant emotional disorders such as anxiety and mood disorders. During this time research and theory from various perspectives have been converging on a consensus that views emotion and cognition as closely intertwined. The complex interplay between the two is still being unraveled and explored. Nonetheless, the field has reached a clear appreciation of a number of factors that play a part in this emotion-cognition interface—both for “normal” levels of these emotions and for maladaptive forms of these emotions seen in emotionally disordered individuals. These factors include the evolutionary forces that shaped the architecture of emotion systems at the species level, as well as the basic and social-cognitive learning processes that affect the ontogenesis and functioning of these emotion systems at the individual level. Plutchik (1984) argued from a psychoevolutionary perspective that “cognitions have largely evolved in the service of emotions” (p. 209). According to Plutchik, the interaction of cognition with emotion allows our emotional behaviors to be adaptive responses to biologically significant events. In addition, Gray (1990) has also argued for a “genuine interweaving of emotional and cognitive processes in the workings of the brain” (p. 271). This related argument is that over the course of human evolution, human beings were selected for their ability to learn information about reinforcing events (predators, food, mates). Further, because reinforcers elicit primary emotions, cognitions (appraisals of reinforcing events) are linked to the experience of emotion. Finally, Gray (1990) also cites research which implicates the same neuroanatomical structures and systems in the brain as being involved in important emotionand cognition-related functions (e.g., hippocampus and amygdala). Recently, Cosmides and Tooby (2000) summarized the evolutionary view by noting that emotions serve as “superordinate programs,” or modules of the mind, which are responsible for setting priorities. According to this model, when an emotion is elicited, it activates some subordinate mechanisms (e.g., attention, heuristic processing, or action-readiness programs) and deactivates others (e.g., higher level goals, systematic processing, digestion). In contrast to most other adaptations or modules (cf. Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992), emotions are a “mode of operation for the entire psychological architecture”: They are, in a sense, primary.
Hypochondriasis: History of the Concept
Authors: Berrios Germane.
Published: November 2023

Like any other field of empirical research, psychiatric history has to confront general and specific problems. Among the latter, two are particularly salient to the “hypochondriacal disorders.” One pertains to the validity and explanatory power of the so-called continuity hypothesis, (the “Greeks to the present” tale); the other relates to the finding of a definition of hypochondriasis that may survive historical translocation.
Audience and Africanisms in August Wilson’s Dramaturgy A Case Study
Authors: Shannon Sandra G
Published: November 2023

In what is perhaps one of August Wilson’s earliest published interviews following the sudden notoriety thrust upon him by the Broadway success of Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, he told Kim Powers about his aspirations for his next work, Joe Turner’s Come and Gone: “My idea is that somewhere, sometime in the course of the play, the audience will discover these are African people. They’re black Americans, they speak English, but their worldview is African.”1
A Metaphor Is a Metaphor Is a Metaphor Exorcising the Homunculus from Appraisal Theory
Authors: Kappas Arvid
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to discuss certain misconceptions concerning appraisal processes that are, at least in part, due to the use of specific, implicit or explicit, metaphors. Specifically, I will discuss metaphors of appraisal as thought, appraisals as check lists, and appraisals assuming a homunculus or central decision maker. Furthermore, I suggest that these metaphors impact how appraisals are studied. A metaphor may influence the choice of dependent and independent variables as well as decisions regarding which kinds of processes are relevant for the study of appraisal. In an attempt to provide a more useful operationalization of appraisals for re­ search, I suggest the use of transfer functions to facilitate building and testing theories of appraisal. Finally, I outline my own Dynamic Appraisal Theory of Emotion as an application of the transfer function metaphor.
Social Appraisal: The Social World as Object of and Influence on Appraisal Processes
Authors: Manstead Antony S R , Fischer Agneta H
Published: November 2023

It is not our purpose in this chapter to take issue with appraisal theory. The fact that appraisal theory has made a substantial contribution to our understanding of the emotion process is evident from the sheer scope of this book. Furthermore, appraisal theory can be seen as providing a useful framework within which the study of social and cultural influences on the emotion process can proceed, and indeed, the role played by social and cultural processes in emotion is our concern in this chapter. Our general thesis is that although it has been acknowledged that emotions have social causes and that emotion expressions have social functions (see, e.g., Averill, 1980a, Parkinson, 1995, for an overview), appraisals have generally assumed to be the core of inner emotional experience. Appraisals are considered to reflect the meaning of an event for the individual and its implications for his or her personal well-being and are thus located outside the realm of the social environment (for exceptions, see Mesquita & Ellsworth, this volume; Kappas, 1996; Parkinson, this volume). This does not mean that appraisal theory does not permit the study of social and cultural processes but rather that there has been a tendency in appraisal research to study the operation of appraisal processes at the level of the socially isolated individual.
The Role of Culture in Appraisal
Authors: Mesquita Batja , Ellsworth Phoebe C
Published: November 2023

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries travelers to the South Seas brought back stories of a Malaysian emotional syndrome called amok, in which a per­ son rushes around in a state of frenzy, recklessly attacking anyone who gets in the way, and impervious to all attempts at restraint. No Western language had a word that meant the same thing as amok, and Westerners were fascinated by this bizarre phenomenon. Fascinated, but not mystified. Amok was strange, but it was not unrecognizable, and the term “running amok” was quickly incorporated into Western speech to refer to a kind of violent frenzy that had previously been nameless.
Toward Computational Modeling of Appraisal Theories
Authors: Wehrle Thomas , Scherer Klaus R
Published: November 2023

In recent years the importance of algorithmic formalizations of affective processes has been steadily increasing. A new field of “affective computing,” located between psychology, engineering, and natural science, demonstrates the promise for interdisciplinary collaboration in these domains. Although the attempt to implement specific models of the emotion process is not new (see the review of the literature hereafter), the availability of powerful techniques in artificial intelligence, the in­ creasing focus on enhanced user interfaces, and on the usability of computer applications render this approach particularly promising and also necessary.
The Nature and Study of Appraisal: A Review of the Issues
Authors: Scherer Klaus R
Published: November 2023

This book has focused on appraisal as the central mechanism in the elicitation and differentiation of emotion, providing an up-to-date survey of current theorizing and research. This concluding chapter will take stock of the convergences and differences emerging from the contributions to this book and point to open issues and desiderata for future work in this area. This attempt at integration and extrapolation is a highly personal, subjective enterprise that is unlikely to reflect the views of all contributors. In fact, in some cases some of the opinions expressed in particular chapters are challenged, flagging points of divergence for future discussion. Definitional and terminological issues will be examined briefly before turning to central theoretical issues, addressing both the structure and process of appraisal as well as factors related to variability and context. In conclusion, the research desiderata that have been identified in this book will be reviewed.
Experimental Assessment of Specific Cognitive Abilities during the Second Year of Life
Authors: Wilson Steven M , Corley Robin P , Fulker David W , Steven Reznick J
Published: November 2023

Many researchers in the field of intelligence have accepted the notion of a hierarchical structure of adult intelligence, consisting of a number of specific ability groups as well as a general g factor (Cardon, 1994; Humphreys & Davey, 1988). Psychometrically, specific cognitive abilities are often defined either as the results (following rotation) of a factor analysis of test scores, either without first extracting a g factor (e.g., Guilford, 1967), or as the remaining systematic variance from a diverse test battery after g has been removed (Jensen, 1972, 1979). The nature and number of these abilities, however, varies widely. Thur stone (1938), for example, described six ability groups which he called verbal, space, number, word fluency, memory, and perceptual speed. Conversely, Guil ford (1967) suggested the existence of more than 120 distinctly measurable abilities. In this chapter we focus on the genetic and environmental etiology of individual differences in two specific abilities that can be assessed in young children, word comprehension and memory for location.
Context and Specificity of Individual Differences and Their Origins
Authors: Emde Robert N
Published: November 2023

Chapters 18 and 19 in this part concern aspects of the maternal environment and the context of our observations in the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study. The picture that emerges is a dynamic one of mutual influences. For example, one question that is asked is, To what extent do mothers behave differently with monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? McGuire and Roch-Levecq found evidence that maternal perceptions of differential attention, discipline, and affection differ for the two classes of twins across four ages in that mothers more often saw themselves as behaving similarly with MZ twins. Although this finding seems to violate the common environment assumption for genetic comparisons of twin types (see chapter 2), it is also consistent with findings reported by others in the literature; namely, that parents respond to early behavioral differences in their children. Considering the fact that MZ twins are genetically identical (and DZ twins are not), this finding could also serve as an example of a gene–environment correlation.
The Development of Observed Shyness from 14 to 20 Months: Shyness in Context
Authors: Cherny Stacey S , Saudino Kimberly J , Fulker David W , Plomin Robert , Corley Robin P , Defries John C
Published: November 2023

There are many different temperament theories; however, most agree that temperament refers to biologically based, early-appearing behavioral dispositions that display consistency across time and situations (Goldsmith et al., 1987). The issue of consistency across time has been addressed in earlier chapters presenting longitudinal analyses of observer-rated and parent-rated temperament. We now turn to the issue of cross-situational consistency.
Blowing Bubbles In The Cosmos
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Many astrophysical bodies produce winds, jets or explosions, which blow spectacular bubbles. From a nonmathematical, unifying perspective, based on the understanding of bubbles, the authors address many of the most exciting topics in modern astrophysics including supernovae, the production of structure in the Early Universe, the environments of supermassive black holes and gamma-ray bursts.
Size and Reproductive Success in a Lizard
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

I first visited Jamaica in August 1968, in the company of my advisor, Professor Ernest Williams, Harvard’s Curator of Herpetology. Dr. Williams was an authority on Anolis lizards, about 200 species spread from South America to the southern United States and including many species in the West Indies. I took one look at the women of Jamaica and a second look at the island itself and decided that if I had to become a “lizard man” to pay for frequent visits to the island, then by God I would humble myself and become a lizard man.
Selecting Good Genes for Daughters
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

When I had published my social insect and lizard work in 1976 I saw two topics ahead of me worth developing: one was a theory of mate choice, and the other, a theory of self-deception. For various reasons I was slow to develop either topic. In chapter 8 I describe my thinking on self-deception. Here I introduce the only paper I managed to publish on a theory of mate choice, a widely neglected paper with Jon Seger, which I believe demonstrates something fundamental, namely, that systems of female choice will naturally evolve with a bias toward the interests of daughters.
Genomic Imprinting
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

Genomic imprinting refers to a surprising discovery in the 1980s that in mammals (and flowering plants, such as corn) some genes in an individual have their pattern of expression affected by the sex of the parent that contributed the gene. Typically, there are paternally active genes, in which the copy from the father is active while the copy from the mother is inactive, and conversely, there are maternally active genes, in which the paternal copy is silenced. This difference does not reside in the DNA but is some kind of extragenetic piece of information (involving, e.g., how methylated the genes are).
Hunting, Power Scavenging, and Butchering by Hadza Foragers and by Plio-Pleistocene Homo
Authors: Bunn Henry T
Published: November 2023

The evolutionary significance of meat in human forager diet and adaptations is a long-standing and contentious issue in anthropology. A common view among Plio-Pleistocene archaeologists (e.g., Isaac 1984) acknowledges a marked average difference between the dietary meat percentage among extant nonhuman primates (particularly chimpanzees) and human foragers, with meat percentages of up to several percent versus 20–40%, respectively. From that perspective, central research questions for understanding the early evolution of the genus Homo from a more ape-like ancestral hominid are when did such a marked increase in meat-eating occur, and how did that influence the overall behavioral ecology of the genus?
Political Culture and Secession In Mississippi
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi explores the connections between gender, honour, and electoral politics, and argues that secession resulted from the demands and implications of masculinity within the state's antiparty political culture. Using evidence from local election returns, rural newspapers, manuscripts, and numerous county records, the work sketches a new picture of the varied and colourful world of local politics. It also advances a model of political culture that draws from several disciplines, mixing social science and traditional political history with anthropology and gender and ritual studies. Mississippi's political culture evolved as a system that relied on face-to-face relationships and personal reputation, organized around neighbourhood networks of friends and extended kin. The intimate, public nature of this local setting allowed voters to assess each candidate's individual status and fitness for public leadership. Above all other masculine virtues, men valued independence and physical courage, but also reliability and loyalty to community. The political culture offered numerous chances to demonstrate all of these (sometimes contradictory) qualities, and like duelling and other male rituals, voting and running for office helped set the boundaries of class and power. It mediated between the conflicting values of nineteenth-century American egalitarianism and democracy and the South's exaggerated patriarchal hierarchy, which was sustained by honour and slavery. But the political system functioned effectively only as long as it remained a personal exercise between individuals, divorced from the bureaucratic anonymity of institutional parties. Therefore, the state's dominant political culture was its local, fiercely loyal antiparty tradition that conflated the distinction between men as individuals and as public leaders or representatives. This turned all political conflict into a personal exchange, and explains why Mississippians assessed rhetoric in any public context as a real or potential insult. The political culture, then, dictated men's visceral reaction to the Republicans' anti-Southern free soil programme. Although Republicanism violated their sense of home, the exaggeration and violence of their reaction sprang from their non-institutional political culture. The sectional controversy engaged men where they measured themselves, in public, with and against their peers, and linked their understanding of masculinity with formal politics, through which the voters actually brought about secession.
A History of Top Management in Japan
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

This book analyses the top management of leading Japanese enterprises. Drawing on the work of Alfred Chandler, Morikawa demonstrates the difference between family-owned firms and professionally managed firms.
The Conquest of the Managerial Enterprise
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

As the various tables in chapter 3 show, the development of managerial enterprises among large, leading enterprises in the post Meiji era accelerated after World War II. Moreover, since 1970, the transformation has been such that the majority of large, leading enterprises are managerial enterprises and, in fact, this period could well be called the “era of managerial enterprises.”
Moral-Ethical, Spiritual Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

One of Erikson’s major concerns about adults was that the mature years of life harbor far too many internal restrictive covenants that are used against the self and others. Adults are “such moral creatures,” he wrote, “that we invariably react to any generalization regarding human behavior … with questions of immediate applicability to conduct.”1 Judging others quickly, adults neglect to ask what human needs they might understand if, on witnessing others’ behavior, they would first try to understand the meaning of such behavior. Instead, they draw conclusions, assign blame, and prescribe remedies. By middle age in particular, superego development has taken its adult as prisoner, leading adults to fear that in their expected-to-be-perfect state, they are far from being as good as they should be, as far as childhood is now distant from the self. As Erikson had illustrated in his prejudice imagery, this leads to self-judgment, to the magnifying of others’ quirks, and to the defensive projection of real or feared flaws onto others. Observed flaws are one’s negative identity; they come from and are deflected backward onto the accusing self.
The incredible Hunt for Double Smoothly Undulating integers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was exploring the African jungles when he came upon a large snake whose body undulated up and down, up and down, like waves on the water. He had to watch out before the snake encircled him in its muscular twists and turns! Slowly, Dr. Googol began to ponder mathematical undulation.
Audioactive Decay
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol smiled at the boy and asked if he could guess the numerical entries in the next row. The boy looked at the paper for a few seconds and said, “This is the Gleichniszahlen-Reihe Monster. But I’m sorry. I don’t know what comes next. And anyway, I’m not supposed to talk to strangers.”
Katydid Sequences
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

One day while dining at an elegant restaurant in Westchester, New York, Dr. Googol found a dead katydid in his spinach souffle. He examined the grasshopper-like insect, using his fork. “Disgusting,” his friend Monica said to him. Dr. Googol removed the insect from the spinach. “Monica, this reminds me of katydid sequences” Monica took a deep breath and rolled her eyes. “Do I want to hear about this?” “Sure, it’s a remarkable kind of number sequence.”
Humble Bits
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was lecturing members of YLEM, the California-based organization of artists who use science and technology. “The humble bits that lie at the very foundation of computing have a special beauty all their own. It takes just a little logical coddling to bring the beauty out. Who would guess, for example, that intricate fractal patterns lurk within the OR operation applied to the bits of ordinary numbers?”A huge man with an orange punk hairdo and Mortal Kombat® tattoos got up out of his seat. “Binary numbers! Those are the ones that are made up of just the digits 1 and 0.”
Apocalyptic Powers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Werner Knoeppchen of Glenwood Springs, Colorado, sent Dr. Googol a printout of the number 25’000’000. Werner writes: The number contains six 6s in a row. Therefore it is an apocalyptic power. I do not know if it is the lowest. The printout for 25,000’000 is over 500 pages long, and the number contains 1,505,150 digits. It required two weeks for a Mac IICI to calculate this number running Mathematica.
The Leviathan Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Michael Palmer from the United Kingdom was the first person on Earth to determine the first 6 digits of • Interestingly, you don’t have to compute all the digits of the Leviathan to determine just the first 6. The reasoning is as follows. Factorial functions can be approximated by Stirling’s formula. It’s named after James Stirling (1692-1770), a Scot who began his career in mathematics amid political and religious conflicts. He was friends with Newton but devoted most of his life after 1735 to industrial management.
The Aliens from independence Day
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

If you want to use the computer programs at to compute sexes for a large number of years, it’s important to have a high-precision value for /5, and you might want to check the value that is used in your particular computer language. (You don’t have to worry about this issue if you only want to compute the sex of the first few thousand abductees.) For example, many people who tried to use the Mulcrone formulation computed that a female would be the billionth person taken.
Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

Thus far in the book my focus has been on the experiences of positive and negative emotions that we all have in common. In this chapter I discuss two types of emotional disturbances that, when severe enough, are diagnosed as affective disorders: depression and anxiety. Just about everyone has had the most prominent symptoms of depression: loss of pleasure in everyday life events, feelings of profound sadness, and hopelessness. There are other symptoms also, ranging from loss of appetite (or overeating) to sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts. If these symptoms last day in and day out for at least 2 weeks, the person could receive a diagnosis of major depression, unless he or she has experienced a precipitating event such as the death of a loved one or a major physical injury that provoked the depressive symptoms. Community studies have estimated that 24% of women and 15% of men will, at some time in their lives, be clinically depressed (Kessler et al., 1994). About 10% of the adult population are clinically depressed at any one time, even without counting those who disguise their depressive illness by denying the symptoms and selfmedicating with alcohol or another drug. There is no doubt that depression is a major mental health problem in our communities.
Head’S Areas
Authors: Doel Ernst M H van den
Published: November 2023

It is the great merit of the English neurologist Henry Head to have drawn our attention to the fact that diseases of the inner organs frequently produce painful sensations (referred pains) or even hyperesthesias of the skin in those radicular areas that correspond to the spinal segment from which the said internal organ draws its rami communicantes. Thus the Swiss neurologist Robert Bing summarized in his Textbook of Nervous Diseases (1952)1 the work to which Henry Head (1861-1940) had devoted the greater part of his life. For the modern neurologist, especially at a time when complaints not directly understood can be analyzed with the help of innumerable diagnostic devices, the concept that a pain need not originate at the place of the body where it is felt may seem superfluous. Yet the common medical knowledge that pain between the shoulder blades may originate in the thoracic aorta is largely due to Henry Head. “The dwarf sees farther than the giant, when he has the giant’s shoulder to mount on” (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834). We present-day dwarfs sometimes seem to have lost sight of our giants altogether.
Horner’S Syndrome
Authors: Bruyn George W , Gooddy William
Published: November 2023

The year 1869 has something of a neuro-ophthalmological vintage: Argyll Robertson described “his” pupil and Johann Friedrich Horner (1831-1896) reported his symptom triad.1 Parallels between the two men can be extended: both trained further in ophthalmology in Albrecht von Graefe’s clinic in Berlin during their Wanderjahr, a popular customar following graduation in those times; both became attached to von Graefe by ties of lifelong friendship; both initiated (in their respective countries) teaching of ophthalmology; both were the first to introduce Lister’s antisepsis in their operating theaters. Neither published many papers, but what they published was to the point, exemplifying the old multum, non multa.
Wilson’S Disease
Authors: Pearce John M S
Published: November 2023

Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937) was born in Cedarville, New Jersey, on 6 December 1874. When he was a child his family moved to Scotland, where he was educated at George Watson’s College and qualified in medicine in 1902 at Edinburgh University. He became house physician to Byrom Bramwell, whose strong leanings toward neurology probably encouraged Wilson later to extend his training with Pierre Marie and Joseph Babinski in Paris.
A Deniable Plan
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

At tiie end or tiie eisen iower administration the Pentagon set down n:quin:nu:nts for an In-er1 invasion of Cuba ahk to secure a “lodgement” undertaken by volunteers, properly trained and supported by the United States. It would need a minimum force of five thousand plus air cover, and would take seven months to train to minimum standards. A force substantial enough ror the task “would require a sustained source or sup ply in such quantity and by such means, that it would obviously be beyond the capabilities or Cuban e.,i]es and beyond the U.S. capability to provide covertly.”1 On this basis General David Gray or the Joint Chiers or Staff, the main point or contact between the Joint Chiers and the CIA on this project, concluded tlut the only :iction with <l ccruin outcome was <l unibteral inv:ision by the United States.
Laos
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiiese issues, present in the Cuba case, proved decisive in Indochina. They were first met in Laos. The crisis over this small country now tends to be forgotten because it was eventually suhsunu:d into the larger Viet nam problem and did not result in any direct 1\J1u:rican military commitments, but until the last frw months of his lifr it took up more of Kennedy’s time than Vietnam and served as a test bed for the dcvdopment or relevant military doctrines, local political deals, and superpower diplomacy.
Deciding not to Decide
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie initial policy deilate had served to narrow rather than extend the range of options. The basic diknuna of American policy was encapsulated rather than resolved by NS.i\lvl 52. Vietnam must not fall to the com munists, but the administration was unpn:pan:d to move hard against Dii.:m or introduce American forces in a combat rok. For the monH:nt there was little chmcc hut to do more of the s:nne, hut how much more was undecided. From the middle or May, the Viet Cong began operating with greater numbers, rreque1KT, and effectiveness. The continuing use or l,aos as a communist supply mute reduced Diem’s chances or ever eliminating the communist threat. In March the Viet Cong had been at around 9,000 fighters. Hy the end or June the estimate had moved up to 12,000, with as many as 15,000 troops rrnm the North g-etting themsdves in position in Lws.
Kennedy to Johnson
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie assassination or president kennedy on 22 November 1963 canu:kss than thn.T weeks after that of Diem. \Vhich was the turning point in the American involvement in Vietnam? The argunll:nt that it was Diem’s death presumes that the rdationship between the two countries had undergone a fundamental change. So long as Diem was in power, the United States could claim to be operating in the country at the invitation or an independent regime. The degree or American responsibility ror the over throw or the regime created an obligation to deal with the consequences. Furthermore, the rapid deterioration orrhe political and military position in the counffy demanded action. lt was impossible ror \;Vashington to walk aw:iy. H:iving stressed the char:icter of Diem’s reg-ime-:md his re lucunce to uke :idvice-as the hig-g-est ohsuck to the successful prose cution of the w:ir, there was now Ml ohlig-ation of sorts to extr:ict the best from the new politic:li situ:ition and support the new leadership.
Self-Regulatory Abilities, Temperament, and Volition in Everyday Life Situations
Authors: Marszał-Wiśniewska Magdalena
Published: November 2023

1. Do temperamental properties (reactivity and mobility) differentiate the importance and efficiency of self-regulatory abilities in everyday life situations, as reported by participants?
Toward a Biology of Social Support
Authors: Taylor Shelley E , Dickerson Sally S , Klein Laura Cousino
Published: November 2023

People are, by nature, social animals, and group living is thought to be one of the most significant evolutionary mechanisms by which human beings have survived and thrived (Caporael, 1997). Living in social groups has enabled people to avoid the ill effects of clear physical limitations relative to other species that are larger, have endogenous weapons such as teeth and claws, and have greater mobility and speed. Group living affords collective enterprises such as gathering, hunting, and defense that also fa- cilitate survival.
Sharing One’s Story: On the Benefits of Writing or Talking About Emotional Experience
Authors: Pennebaker Kate G Niederhoffer & James W
Published: November 2023

One approach to positive psychology is to document the psychological factors that promote physical and mental health. Consistent with this approach, in the past few years we have been exploring the psychological factors that operate when individuals cope with major emotional upheavals. We have been intrigued by the variety of processes that individuals endure following a traumatic event. For example, some individuals are able to shrug it off and move on; others may talk about the event in detail for several days or weeks before getting on with their lives.
Positive Psychology at Work
Authors: Turner, Nick , Barling Julian , Anthea Zacharatos
Published: November 2023

The move to push psychology toward “the best things in life” (Seligman, 1998) comes at an interesting time with regard to the changing nature of work and the role psychology can play in helping us understand it. As researchers, we have only recently started to examine the shape of new employment relations (Barling, 1999; Tetrick & Barling, 1995), focusing mainly on the negative implications in our studies. Stress and burnout, violations of psychological contracts, workplace violence, job insecurity, and downsizing, to name but a few, remain the most popular topics for study.
Weaving Gold Out of Straw: Meaning-Making in Families Who Have Children With Chronic Illnesses
Authors: Patterson Joän M
Published: November 2023

When a family member has a chronic health condition, the family as a group is drawn into an ongoing set of challenges that can inextricably change their life course and affect the health and well-being of all members. In the past, the primary focus in published research was on how chronic conditions negatively affect functioning—in the person with the condition, in other family members, and in family system functioning and structure. An equally important set of research questions, to which investigators are increasingly turning their attention, includes the following: Why and how do some families successfully adapt to this chronic source of stress? What accounts for the observation that many of these families actually appear to function better than relevant comparison groups who are not living with a chronic condition? In this chapter, my focus is primarily on these latter two questions—what do we know from family research about successful or adaptive family processes and outcomes when a child in the family has a chronic illness or disability? I organize my observations of family research about childhood chronic conditions using a family stress theoretical model, the family adjustment and adaptation response (FAAR) model (Patterson, 1988).
Normalization: A Key to Children’s Recovery
Authors: Jagodic Gordana Kuterovac , Kontac Ksenija
Published: November 2023

Every day for Jasna, and for many other children around the world, extreme events change their daily routines and ordinary life, disrupt their psychological equilibrium, and demand new ways of dealing with the social and physical world in which they are growing up. Disasters, whether created by humans or natural, can involve the destruction of homes, kindergartens, schools, and hospitals; can cause injuries and loss of life; and can adversely affect large groups of people, not the least of whom are children, who are one of the most vulnerable groups in the population. Most important, disasters are out of the realm of ordinary human experience and therefore capable.
Phylogenetic Inference: Maximum Likelihood Methods
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

The idea of using a maximum likelihood (ML) method for phylogenetic inference was first presented by Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards (1967) for gene frequency data, but they encountered a number of problems in implementing the method. Later, considering nucleotide sequence data, Felsenstein (1981) developed an algorithm for constructing a phylogenetic tree by the ML method. Kishino et al. (1990) extended this method to protein sequence data using Dayhoff et al.’s (1978) transition matrix. In ML methods, the likelihood of observing a given set of sequence data for a specific substitution model is maximized for each topology, and the topology that gives the highest maximum likelihood is chosen as the final tree. The parameters to be considered are not the topologies but the branch lengths for each topology, and the likelihood is maximized to estimate branch lengths. In this chapter, we present an outline of these ML methods and discuss some aspects of the theoretical foundation of the methods.
Molecular Clocks and Linearized Trees
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

The molecular clock hypothesis asserts that the rate of amino acid or nucleotide substitution is approximately constant over evolutionary time, although the actual number of substitutions is subject to stochastic errors. Strictly speaking, no gene or no protein would evolve at a constant rate for a long evolutionary time, because the function of a gene is likely to change over time, particularly when the number of genes in the genome increases from simple organisms to complex ones or when environmental conditions change. The mechanisms of DNA damage and its repair may also vary among different groups of the organisms (Britten 1986).
Final Remarks
Authors: Basso Anna
Published: November 2023

What this Book has Attempted TO DO IS to establish the connection between research and therapy of aphasia. Taking as a starting point the beginning of scientific aphasiology in the second half of the nineteenth century, the currents of thought about the nature of aphasia and how these have influenced clinicians and their ways of thinking about rehabilitation have been illustrated.
Vanishing Voices
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Few people know that nearly 100 native languages once spoken in what is now California are near extinction, or that most of Australia’s 250 aboriginal languages have vanished. In fact, at least half of the world’s languages may die out in the next century. What has happened to these voices? Should we be alarmed about the disappearance of linguistic diversity? The authors of Vanishing Voices assert that this trend is far more than simply disturbing. Making explicit the link between language survival and environmental issues, they argue that the extinction of languages is part of the larger picture of near-total collapse of the worldwide ecosystem. Indeed, the authors contend that the struggle to preserve precious environmental resources-such as the rainforest-cannot be separated from the struggle to maintain diverse cultures, and that the causes of language death, like that of ecological destruction, lie at the intersection of ecology and politics. And while Nettle and Romaine defend the world’s endangered languages, they also pay homage to the last speakers of dying tongues, such as Red Thundercloud, a Native American in South Carolina, Ned Mandrell, with whom the Manx language passed away in 1974, and Arthur Bennett, an Australian, the last person to know more than a few words of Mbabaram. In our languages lies the accumulated knowledge of humanity. Indeed, each language is a unique window on experience. Vanishing Voices is a call to preserve this resource, before it is too late.
Originalism Does Not Entail Minimalism, I: The Indeterminacy of History
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

As I said at the beginning of the preceding chapter, originalism is a position about constitutional interpretation, not about constitutional specification. Judicial “minimalism”, as I shall call it, comprises two distinct but complementary positions. The first position, which we may call “interpretive minimalism”, is about the Court’s proper role in interpreting the constitutional text. The second position-”normative minimalism”-is about the Court’s proper role in specifying the indeterminate directives represented by the text. I discuss the two positions-their complementarity, the considerations supporting or opposing them, and related matters-in chapter 6. For now suffice it to say that grounding each of the two positions is the view that there should be relatively little opportunity for a judge’s own “subjectivity”-for her own political-moral values, her own “tastes,” “preferences,” etc.-to influence her resolution of the constitutional conflicts with which she must deal. As Robert Bork has put the point: “In a constitutional democracy the moral content of law must [never] be given ... by the morality of the judge That abstinence from giving his own desires free play, that continuous and self-conscious renunciation of power, that is the morality of the jurist.”
Suprerne Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, I: Equal Protection
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

We are now in a position to pursue the implications both of originalism and of normative minimalism for the constitutional doctrine the modern Supreme Court has fashioned in the name of “equal protection” and for the doctrine it has fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. No modern constitutional doctrines are more controversial. lo what extent are modern equal protection doctrine and modern substantive due process doctrine consistent with the originalist approach to constitutional interpretation? And to what extent are they consistent with the minimalist, or Thayerian, approach to the constitutional specification? Although I do not discuss, in this or in the next chapter, every doctrinal development the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process, I do discuss the most important doctrinal developments, including the two that are probably the most controversial: those concerning affirmative action and abortion. My concern here is not with every detail of the developments I discuss, but only with the basic features of those developments: I want to inquire into the implications of originalism and of normative minimalism for the basic features of the most important doctrinal developments the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process. In surveying the basic features both of the Supreme Court’s modern equal protection doctrine and of its modern substantive due process doctrine, I aim to determine the extent to which, if any, Robert Bork is right in asserting that “[o]f the [Fourteenth Almendment’s three clauses, two have been pressed into the service of judicial imperialism-the due process and equal protection clauses My concern here is not with formal, as distinct from substantive, matters.