bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating Masculinities in WPS
Authors: Myrttinen Henri
Published: December 2018

UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and subsequent resolutions on Women, Peace, and Security only theoretically consider gender to include men and boys. Far more common is the use of the term “gender” as a placeholder for women. This textual marginalization of men, boys, and, in particular, masculinities—their gendered ways and expectations of being and acting—is problematic as it renders their vulnerabilities invisible. This chapter argues that these perceptions fail to acknowledge the gendered ways in which men and boys contribute as agents for positive change or as potential spoilers. It concludes that the WPS architecture’s approach to gender, be it masculinities or femininities, creates unrealistic expectations of the gendered roles individuals occupy in peace and conflict. To that end, this chapter suggests that to ensure progress is made toward the goal of gender equality institutions need to transition from a WPS agenda to one that considers Gender, Peace, and Security.
WPS and Peacekeeping Economies
Authors: Jennings Kathleen M.
Published: December 2018

In recent years, scholars have sought to understand the relationship between international interveners and locals within peacekeeping communities. To do so, these scholars explore the everyday encounters between these actors through their interactions in the “peacekeeping economy.” Peacekeeping economy refers to the formal and informal economic activity that would or would not occur at a lower scale and pay-rate, without the presence of international peacekeepers and peace-builders. They are highly gendered in ways that accord to common understandings of “women’s work” and “men’s work.” However, the venues and services of the peacekeeping economy offer the rare opportunity for peacekeepers and “ordinary” locals to meet, transact, and interact in peacekeeping environments. This chapter examines the peacekeeping economies in Liberia and the DR Congo gaining unique insight into how the goals of “protection” and “prevention” are understood and embodied in the largely informal, “everyday” spaces that populate peacekeeping environments. Drawing on these case studies, this chapter argues that the everyday political-economic contexts in which peacekeeping missions unfold challenge the WPS aims of gender equality.
WPS and the Pacific Islands Forum
Authors: Bhagwan Rolls Sharon , Rolls Sian
Published: December 2018

The Pacific Regional Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (RAP) (2012–2015) is recognized as a key regional mechanism in the advancement of gender equality and women’s rights in the Pacific. In particular, this action plan facilitates the substantive and meaningful participation of women across a diverse range of issues areas. The adoption of the RAP is part of a legacy of women’s peace activism. FemLINKpacific has been tracking the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 across the region and has established a regional media and policy network to inform the development of the Pacific RAP. This chapter highlights these experiences and insights with respect to the dissemination of knowledge across the Pacific region about the WPS agenda. A series of best practices are included, designed to ensure continued accountability within the regional intergovernmental peace-building architecture. Moreover, exploration of FemLINKpacific’s work provides valuable insights regarding the nature of productive engagement and collaboration on WPS in the Pacific.
Adoption of 1325 Resolution
Authors: Chinkin Christine
Published: December 2018

UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was not adopted in a vacuum, but rather can be read with a number of other programs within the Security Council (SC) and UN architecture. These include other thematic resolutions, as well as broader policy initiatives. Taken together, these diverse strands sought to shift the understanding of the SC’s role in the maintenance of international peace and security, away from a classic state-oriented approach to one that places people at its center. The adoption of Resolution 1325, along with these other developments, had implications for the making of international law (the place of civil society and experts within the international legal and institutional framework), for rethinking participation, and the meaning of security/protection. This chapter suggests that 2000 was a pivotal moment when a more human-oriented international law seemed a real possibility and before the turn back toward militarism and national security in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
Donor States Delivering on WPS
Authors: Skjelsbæk Inger , Tryggestad Torunn L.
Published: December 2018

In 2006 Norway became the second country in the world to adopt a national action plan on the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325. Yet, Norway’s role as norm entrepreneur on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) dates back to the mid-1990s and efforts at mainstreaming gender in UN peacekeeping policy and planning. Over the past decades Norway has provided considerable financial support to the UN system and civil society organizations involved in implementing the WPS agenda. Internationally Norway is often perceived as an altruistic actor when it comes to promoting normative agendas such as WPS. As this chapter demonstrates, however, by exercising normative power in the WPS issues area, Norway has been able to reinforce its standing in the international community of states and has been given a platform for addressing more pressing issues of national interest.
Women Controlling Arms, Building Peace
Authors: Nario-Galace Jasmin
Published: December 2018

Gun proliferation and violence is an issue of concern in the Philippines. Rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence often occur at gunpoint. This chapter explores the benefits of linking arms control and the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agendas. Drawing on data sourced from the author’s experience in formulating and implementing the NAP, this chapter suggests that integrating arms control in the National Action Plan (NAP) on WPS helps strengthen lobbying for engendered arms-related policies. Moreover, it argues that acknowledging the importance of arms control in the NAP secures resources and enables women in armed conflict areas to share knowledge on issues such as conflict prevention and conflict resolution. Finally, this chapter concludes that linking arms control and WPS agendas creates a dialogue between women and gun wielders in areas with high rates of gun violence and revitalizes the call to peace negotiators to integrate arms control in peace agreements.
The WPS Agenda
Authors: Parashar Swati
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers a postcolonial critique of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda. Moreover, it problematizes the emphasis on gender equality and women’s empowerment as universal outcomes for the implementation of a gender-just peace. In doing so, it suggests that the normative evolution of the WPS agenda that derives from UN Security Council Resolution 1325 produces a discourse for understanding WPS that perceives of individuals in the Global South as merely recipients of norms. To demonstrate the implications of this claim, the chapter draws from attempts to include the WPS agenda in the development of policies designed to counter violent extremism (CVE). It highlights the failure of these policies to account for the complex histories of political violence and extremist ideologies rooted in colonial encounters. In response, this chapter argues that for the WPS agenda to acquire universal character and meaning, the Global South must be employed as a site of knowledge and investigation.
WPS, Children, and Armed Conflict
Authors: Lee-Koo Katrina
Published: December 2018

Like Women, Peace, and Security (WPS), the issues of Children and Armed Conflict (CaAC), and more recently Youth, Peace, and Security (YPS) have become significant cross-cutting themes of the UN Security Council’s work. There are important overlaps in their protection agendas and in the goal to render the experiences of marginalized groups in armed conflict visible. However, there are also important differences around age, experience, competency, and agency. This chapter examines the intellectual and policy-based opportunities for collaboration across the three agendas, but also identifies the areas where distinction is necessary. It recognizes that further alignment can reap rewards for these agendas, but that this must be pursued cautiously and reflectively so as to avoid endangering the potential each has to advance a better understanding of the relationship between each group, and peace and security. This chapter argues that while there are structural and technical benefits to alignment of these agendas, they are conceptually unique and must be recognized as such.
WPS, Migration, and Displacement
Authors: Hall Lucy
Published: December 2018

The gendered impact of forced displacement is written into the foundation of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda. This chapter explores the relationship between the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and the WPS agenda to consider the potential for closer alignment between these frameworks. The chapter distinguishes between refugees and IDPs and their corresponding normative frameworks to explore how, despite being closely related, they have in different ways and to different degrees engaged with the WPS Agenda. Tracing the relationship between refugee protection and the WPS agenda, the chapter follows with a similar discussion of the relationship between IDP protection and the WPS agenda. With reference to more recent attempts to closely align the WPS agenda with IDP and refugee protection, the possibilities and limitations of closer alignment are explored. This chapter argues that there is significant potential for the WPS agenda to be more closely aligned with the protection frameworks that address forced displacement and suggests several points of departure for displaced women, advocates, and scholars to reinvigorate feminist visions of peace and security that could more strongly unite these three normative agendas.
The Challenges of Monitoring and Analyzing WPS for Scholars
Authors: Hudson Natalie
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores scholarly contributions to the dialogue on women, peace, and security (WPS) and reveals the challenges faced by those conducting research on WPS. Some in this space identify as feminists, some as activists, and some even step into the policy world for brief moments. Scholarly research goals vary, from a focus on the development of the WPS architecture and the implementation of WPS policy, to explorations of the impact of the overall agenda on women’s lives. As the scholarship aims diverge, so too does the motivation behind the research and the ways in which the research intersects with advocacy, policy, and practice. Using survey data from those who claim to work in the WPS space, this chapter examines the positionality of this group of scholars (as individuals), the practical and ethical challenges that this group faces in conducting research on (and at times engaging in advocacy for) WPS, and the ways in which these scholars and their research intersect with WPS policy and politics.
Civil Society’s Leadership in Adopting 1325 Resolution
Authors: Anderlini Sanam Naraghi
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a narrative account of the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 from the perspective of a civil society activist directly involved in the process. It maps the consultation and development process undertaken to create Resolution 1325 and highlights some of the challenges associated with ensuring that the resolution incorporated the needs and experiences of a diverse range of women. This chapter observes that despite all the difficulties associated with the development and implementation of Resolution 1325, the underlying principles of inclusivity in war and peace, of valuing civil society, cannot be rescinded or erased. Finally, it concludes that at its best, Resolution 1325 still has transformative capacities, but only if those who adopt and utilize it value that quality.
Hegemony
Authors: McNally Mark
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, arguing that it is a theory of national-popular class politics aimed at illuminating how the achievement of state power and socioeconomic transformation can only be secured by mobilizing and winning the consent of the masses through a strategy of “national-popular” political and ideological alliance in civil society. Examined here are three essential aspects of the theory: the conditions of hegemonic struggle conceived as a dynamic field of “relations of force”; the apparatus of hegemony constituted by parties, states, civil society, and intellectuals; and the politics of hegemony involving a political and ideological campaign for mass consent among the “national-popular” masses. The chapter demonstrates how Gramsci’s concepts illuminate the success and failures of capitalist and socialist hegemonic strategies. The conclusion suggests that contemporary interpretations and applications of hegemony in social scientific research need to give greater weight to its holistic, class-based, and “national-popular” character.
European “Integration”
Authors: Ryner Magnus
Published: December 2018

European integration has until recently suffered from relative neglect in Marxist research and analysis. Nevertheless, Mandel and Poulantzas made foundational contributions to Marxist theorization of European integration in the late 1960s and early 1970s: these have had a lasting influence of the rapidly emerging scholarship of the present. This entry provides a broad overview of Marxist analyses and debates about European integration while arguing that Poulantzas’s “interiorization thesis” has proven to be prescient and central for a critical understanding of the European Union.
Health Policy in American Economic History
Authors: Thomasson Melissa A.
Published: December 2018

The late nineteenth century witnessed the beginning of a strong, downward trend in mortality in the United States. Economists and others have been identifying and measuring the factors that contributed to these gains in health and to the growth of the healthcare sector over the twentieth century. This chapter attempts to organize and enumerate their various contributions and to suggest directions for future research. Most work falls under one of several strands of research. Public health efforts, innovations in medical technology, and the rise of social insurance and health insurance all play important roles in explaining the decline in mortality, the improvement in health in the United States over the twentieth century, and the growth in the healthcare sector.
Immigration in American Economic History
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P.
Published: December 2018

Immigration has been a powerful force is the US economy right from the period of initial settlement in the early seventeenth century. It has been instrumental in building the nation’s infrastructure, transforming its manufacturing sector, and growing its labor force, as it transferred human capital from where it was initially generated (abroad) to where it was productively employed (the United States). This chapter surveys the impact on the economy, on the immigrants themselves, and on the Americans they joined in four eras: (1) settlement (1600s–1700s); (2) the first “Great Wave” (1800–1890); (3) the second “Great Wave” (1890–1920s); and (4) the post-1965 period.
Introduction
Authors: Cain Louis P. , Fishback Price V. , Rhode Paul W.
Published: December 2018

This introduction offers an overview of the research discussed in the 37 chapters in the Oxford Handbook of American Economic History. It discusses the path of economic growth and development and the methods that economic historians have used to measure and analyze them. Over the last 300 years population growth has slowed, and the population has lived longer and healthier lives. The economy has shifted from predominantly agricultural through a major industrialization period into a service-based modern economy largely located in urban areas. Per capita incomes have grown largely through increased productivity from improved technologies, better education, improved organizations of processes, and governments that established private property rights, rule of law, and protections of individual freedom. Capital aspects of the economy have varied more than commonly known, and financial institutions have gone through several innovations as their regulatory regimes have waxed and waned. A diverse population of men, women, ethnic groups, races, and ages played major roles in labor markets. Labor market institutions changed with the elimination of slavery, the development of “at will” contracts, internal labor markets, and changing treatment of collective bargaining. In the federal system of governments, states were initially the dominant actors, followed by local governments in the late nineteenth century, and then an expansion of all governments and the national government in the last hundred years, partially in response to the major crises of the World Wars and the Great Depression.
Transportation in American Economic History
Authors: Atack Jeremy
Published: December 2018

Given the continental scale and relatively low population density of the United States, transportation has always been, and remains, a vital service connecting sources of supply with demand. Over time, technological change within specific modes of transportation and differences and competition between water, land, and air modes of transportation have dramatically lowered shipping and travel costs—eventually by well over 90–95 percent in real terms. These changes have both created and diverted trade, promoting economic growth and shaping development. However, the existence of substantial positive externalities also creates a significant gap between social and private benefits so that transportation services are often undersupplied by the market, leading to frequent but inconsistent and intermittent public-sector interventions that have been reinforced by financial volatility arising from the cost structure of the industry.
The New Deal in American Economic History
Authors: Fishback Price V.
Published: December 2018

The New Deal was a response to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Roosevelt administration built an incredible array of public works and established a series of regulations, government insurance, and poverty programs that are still in place today. This chapter examines the research in the last two decades on the monetary and fiscal policies of the New Deal; the public choice aspects of the distribution of New Deal funds to states, cities, and counties; the state income multiplier; and the impact of specific New Deal programs on a wide range of other socioeconomic outcomes. In the process it describes anticipated directions for future research.
Energy in American Economic History
Authors: Kitchens Carl
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the electrification experience in the United States from 1880 to 1960, noting electricity’s effects on manufacturing and agricultural productivity, changes in the demand for worker skills, and changes in household structure. The chapter also discusses how the rise of a new industry led to new regulations and addressed discrepancies in service between urban and rural areas and presents evidence on the current state of research into the effects of these institutional changes on electricity pricing and economic growth. This historical literature can inform the current debate on the impact of large infrastructure projects in developing countries, and of electrification in particular. With over half of the world’s population still yet to acquire consistent access to electricity, these issues remain pertinent to the current policy sphere.
Lying and Fiction
Authors: Maier Emar
Published: December 2018

Lying and fiction both involve the deliberate production of statements that fail to obey Grice’s first Maxim of Quality (“do not say what you believe to be false”). The question thus arises if we can provide a uniform analysis for fiction and lies. This chapter discusses the similarities, but also some fundamental differences between lying and fiction. It argues that there is little hope for a satisfying account within a traditional truth-conditional semantic framework. Rather than immediately moving to a fully pragmatic analysis involving distinct speech acts of fiction-making and lying, the chapter first explores how far we get with the assumption that both are simply assertions, analyzed in a Stalnakerian framework, i.e., as proposals to update the common ground.
Lying and Vagueness
Authors: Egré Paul , Icard Benjamin
Published: December 2018

Vagueness is a double-edged sword in relation to lying and truthfulness. In situations in which a cooperative speaker is uncertain about the world, vagueness offers a resource for truthfulness: it avoids one’s having to commit oneself to more precise utterances that would be either false or unjustifiably true, and it is arguably an optimal solution to satisfy the Gricean maxims of Quality and Quantity. In situations in which a non-cooperative speaker is well-informed about the world, on the other hand, vagueness can be a deceptive mechanism. We distinguish two cases of that sort: cases in which the speaker is deliberately imprecise in order to hide information from the hearer; and cases in which the speaker exploits the semantic indeterminacy of vague predicates to produce utterances that are true in one sense, but false in another. Should such utterances, which we call half-truths, be considered lies? The answer, we argue, depends on the context: the lack of unequivocal truth is not always sufficient to declare falsity.
Lying and Lie Detection
Authors: Mann Samantha
Published: December 2018

Detecting lies is a difficult task. People lie frequently, and most lies are trivial. However, some lies can have very serious consequences. Research has repeatedly demonstrated that people are not good at detecting deceit, with accuracy typically equating to a guess. Indeed, there are many impediments to the process, including that most people are quite adept at lying, there are large individual differences in people’s behaviour when they lie, often the person suspected of lying is not known to the lie detector, and that people look for the wrong cues to deceit. Technology has produced numerous aids which are claimed to detect deceit, but the problem is that such technologies typically detect anxiety, but lying may or may not lead to anxiety. Conversely, so may truth-telling, hence the difficulty. However, recent research, discussed here, concentrates on making the liar’s task more difficult, and shows promise in distinguishing liars from truth-tellers.
Lying and Psychology
Authors: Gamer Matthias , Suchotzki Kristina
Published: December 2018

Lying is a very complex behavior, occurring in different forms and situations. It requires the liar not only to constantly keep the perspective of the to-be-deceived person in mind, but at the same time to remember and activate the truth, prevent the truth from slipping out, and flexibly switch between the lie and the truth. The affective correlates of lying seem to range from guilt and the fear of being discovered to a delight after successfully getting away with a lie. Because of the observed variability in the affective correlates of lying, most recent research on lie detection has started to explore methods that are based on cognitive rather than affective processes. Those methods aim either to measure the increased cognitive load during lying, or to measure lying indirectly by assessing whether a suspect recognizes critical crime-related information.
Lying and Neuroscience
Authors: Ganis Giorgio
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the cognitive neuroscience of deception and deception-detection. First, the two main classes of deception paradigms are briefly introduced and some of their key features are discussed. Next, key results of electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies are summarized and the main findings reviewed, in terms of both theoretical implications and potential applications. The key theoretical question about whether the patterns of neural activation found in these neuroimaging studies reflect deception-specific processes or, conversely, general-purpose processes, is discussed in detail within the context of reverse inferences in cognitive neuroscience.
Lying and Ethics
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: December 2018

The author presents the arguments of Augustine and Kant for thinking that lying is always wrong no matter what. Act-utilitarianism holds that lying is morally right whenever the consequences of lying are better than (or as good as) those of not lying. Ross rejects absolutism, but says that utilitarianism is too permissive about lying. He holds that there is a duty not to lie, other things being equal. Absolutism about lying is wildly counterintuitive (it implies that the duty not to lie always outweighs any conflicting duties) and the arguments given by Augustine and Kant do not give us adequate reasons to accept absolutism about lying. Act-utilitarianism and Ross’s theory are much more promising theories about the morality of lying. Augustine, Kant, and Ross all hold that lying is morally worse than deception without lying. Utilitarians deny that there is any morally relevant difference between lying and deception.
Lying and the Law
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the various ways in which the law regulates lies and other forms of deception. In the case of offenses such as perjury, fraud, and rape by deception, it takes a hard line, subjecting offenders to serious criminal sanctions. With respect to deception used by the police (during interrogations) and lawyers (in litigation), the law is more tolerant. And lies told by the media and by political candidates are sometimes regarded as constitutionally protected and therefore beyond the scope of permissible legal regulation entirely. The main point is that the law’s treatment of deception varies significantly depending on the role of the person deceiving (e.g., private individuals versus government officials), the social context in which the deception occurs (e.g., courtrooms, the marketplace, police stations, and sexual encounters), the harms the deception is believed to cause, and the chilling effect its regulation might entail.
Lying and History
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: December 2018

Plato famously defends lying by leaders. This chapter argues that there is a strong moral presumption against lying by leaders. Two historically important examples of leaders who lied to gain public support for wars that they wanted to fight are discussed—Franklin Roosevelt and George W. Bush. Also discussed are cases of lying about the historical record, most notably the lies that created the Dolchstoßlegende (myth of the stab in the back) in Germany after WWI. Half-truths are narratives consisting of true statements or sets of true statements that selectively emphasize facts that support a particular assessment of an issue and selectively ignore or minimize other relevant facts that support contrary assessments. Some important examples of half-truths about the historical record are presented and the chapter concludes by discussing the obligations of historians to be accurate and truthful.
Lying and the Arts
Authors: Kümmerling-Meibauer Bettina
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates the significance of the topic of lying in the arts with an emphasis on the potential connection of lying with specific literary genres, such as the tall tale, the travelogue, the detective story, and the dystopian novel, and the related question whether fiction can be understood as a specific form of lying. Other sections deal with the depiction of lying characters and the representation of standard situations of lying. The major examples are drawn from literary texts, ranging from picturebooks and young adult novels to literature for adults, and films. Finally, this chapter gives a brief outlook on painting and photography by addressing the often-disputed issue of whether pictures are able to lie.
Lying in Different Cultures
Authors: Nishimura Fumiko
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews key issues related to lying within the framework of a cross-cultural context. First, important notions such as individualism and collectivism are discussed. Various definitions of lying are then introduced based on semantics and pragmatics frameworks (e.g., Grice’s Cooperative Principle). Next, the motivations and acceptability of lies are addressed by referring to values and assumptions found in different cultures. Finally, the chapter examines conversational data collected from Japanese people and New Zealanders. The data contain lies that are used as strategies to manage undesirable situations. The examples illustrate how people would choose different types of lie by following their own cultural protocols and preferences.
Lying and Truth
Authors: Wright Stephen
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between lying and truth. It begins with an overview of various inflationary and deflationary approaches to truth, before turning to the question of whether or not a speaker’s testimony cannot be a lie if it is also true. It considers some of the intuitive cases that have been brought to bear on the relationship between lying and truth. More specifically, the chapter is concerned with three ideas of the relationship between lying and truth. The first is the idea that a speaker’s testimony is a lie only if it is false. The second is that a speaker’s testimony is a lie only if it is believed to be false. The third is that a speaker’s testimony is a lie only if it is something that the speaker does not believe.
Music
Authors: Weimer Jade B.
Published: December 2018

Music was a ubiquitous feature of life in Graeco-Roman antiquity and musical performance often took place in ritual settings. Singing and instrumental performance played a key role in many socio-religious contexts, including communal meals, religious ceremonies, and other social gatherings. Communal singing and instrumental performance were both vital components of many ritual practices and these performative acts served as an essential communicative medium for the expression of religious belief, emotional disposition, and group identity. Musical practice within the context of ritualized settings helped to reinforce a sense of unity within socio-religious groups and facilitated social cohesion among group members in Graeco-Roman, Israelite, and early Christian religious traditions of antiquity.
Mortuary Rituals
Authors: Gudme Anne Katrine de Hemmer
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses mortuary ritual practices among early Jews/Christians and Romans in order to draw a ritual profile of early Christian mortuary practices in their ancient Mediterranean context. The theoretical framework for the chapter is CSR-inspired ritual theory with a special focus on the ‘action perspective’, that is an underlying premise that ritual actions mirror social actions and that they are analysable as such. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to mortuary ritual in general, followed by a presentation of the most relevant sources (texts and archaeology). Finally, rituals of funeral and mourning and of visiting and eating with the dead are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between mortuary rituals and afterlife beliefs, in which it is argued that mortuary rituals are rarely influenced by dogma and belief systems, but are rather pragmatic, traditional, and local practices that are directed at the deceased as a social agent.
Sacrificial Practice and Language
Authors: Eberhart Christian A.
Published: December 2018

This chapter deals with sacrificial practice and language among the earliest Christians according to New Testament literature. It notes the ambivalent attitude of Jesus towards Herod’s Temple in Jerusalem and its sacrificial worship, which is manifest in the episode called ‘Cleansing of the Temple’ (Mark 11:15–19). This tendency probably led early Christians to discontinue actual sacrificial practices in their own worship; New Testament texts mention the Jewish sacrificial cult occasionally, but mostly employ sacrificial metaphors. The only exception is the celebration of the Eucharist, which appears as a renewal ritual to substitute for the early Jewish sacrificial cult. Hence this chapter explores sacrificial rituals in the Hebrew Bible, first, through a ritual theory approach and, second, with a theological perspective. The New Testament authors embrace the latter in their use of sacrificial metaphors in Christological concepts and paraenetic contexts.
Ritual and Embodied Cognition
Authors: Klocová Eva Kundtová , Geertz Armin W.
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the growing empirical knowledge about the interaction between bodily actions, human thinking, and the cultural embeddedness of human cognition. An approach to ritual based on this expanded view of cognition produces important perspectives and insights for the study of religions. Embodied cognition is a very diverse field and the chapter therefore draws on what is called the ‘4E approach’, i.e. cognition as embodied, embedded, extended, and enactive. Humans are enmeshed in a vast dynamic network of other bodies and minds stretching across the planet and back to the beginnings of time. We are biocultural creatures, in a most concrete sense. What is needed is a systematic, scientific study of brain, body, and behaviour in religious rituals. This chapter will sketch out some of the available evidence and the theories that have been developed to understand the evidence.
Introduction: Know Thyself
Authors: Gipps Richard G.T. , Lacewing Michael
Published: December 2018

This Handbook examines the contributions of philosophy to psychoanalysis and vice versa. It explores the most central concept of psychoanalysis—the unconscious—in relation to its defences, transference, conflict, free association, wish fulfilment, and symbolism. It also considers psychoanalysis in relation to its philosophical prehistory, the recognition and misrecognition afforded it within twentieth-century philosophy, its scientific strengths and weaknesses, its applications in aesthetics and politics, and its value and limitations with respect to ethics, religion, and social life. The book explains how psychoanalysis draws our attention to the reality of central aspects of the inner life and how philosophy assists psychoanalysis in knowing itself. This introduction elaborates on the phrase ‘know thyself’, the words inscribed at the Temple of Delphi, and illustrates the connection between matters philosophical and psychoanalytic in relation to the Delphic command by highlighting their mutual concern with truth and truthfulness.
Wish-Fulfilment
Authors: Pataki Tamas
Published: December 2018

The concept of wish-fulfilment as a substitutive mode of satisfying wish or desire was one of Freud’s most important and singular psychoanalytic innovations. In his view dreams, neurotic symptoms, conscious and unconscious phantasies, delusions, hallucinations, jokes, much art, parapraxes, omnipotent thinking, illusions such as religion, the institutions of morality and social organization are all wish-fulfilling phenomena or attempts at wish-fulfilment. Although its remit is more circumscribed in contemporary psychoanalysis, wish-fulfilment can be seen to underlie such important conceptions as omnipotent phantasy, projective identification, actualization, and so on. This chapter exposes in detail Freud’s singular innovation, relates it to some recent neuroscientific work, and shows how Freud’s initial model of hallucinatory wish-fulfilment in dream and infant phantasy gratification, together with his conception of symbolism, can be extended to explain a range of symptoms as intentional behaviour, in line with Freud’s ambitious claims for wish-fulfilment’s remit.
Symbolism, the Primary Process, and Dreams: Freud’s Contribution
Authors: Petocz Agnes
Published: December 2018

This chapter surveys new developments in the theory of symbolism, primary process thinking, and dreams, and then revisits some of Freud’s own material to suggest how his contribution has been variously neglected or misconstrued. Freud’s broader treatment of symbolism, and his theory of drive as a motivation–cognition–affect matrix, suitably clarified, offer a rich and coherent context for understanding symbolization and symbolic activity across primary and secondary processes and along a pathological-normal continuum—from psychosis, dream, defence, and phantasy to healthy ego functioning, creativity, and waking rational thought. This material helps to bridge the supposed gap between Freud’s metapsychology and his clinical theory.
Integrating Unconscious Belief
Authors: Leite Adam
Published: December 2018

The very idea of psychic integration presents puzzles in the case of unconscious belief, both for the analysand and for the theorist. In many cases, the unconsciously believed proposition is one that the analysand knows perfectly well to be false. What could it be to bring such a belief to consciousness? What could psychic integration come to in this sort of case? Put bluntly, the task facing the analysand is to consciously hold the belief even while placing it within a broader perspective in which it is recognized to be false. Implications are drawn concerning a number of large issues in epistemology and philosophy of mind: Moore’s Paradox, the role of rationality in psychic unity and self-consciousness, the nature of the first-person standpoint in relation to one’s own attitudes, transparency accounts of self-knowledge, and the role of endorsement in the constitution of the self.
Human Excellence and Psychic Health in Psychoanalysis
Authors: Harcourt Edward
Published: December 2018

This chapter begins with a seeming rivalry between two answers to the question ‘what are the aims of psychoanalysis?’, which seem to situate psychoanalysis differently in relation to ideals of human excellence: ‘we are trying to make people good’; and ‘goodness is none of our business—we are just trying to make people healthy’. But are these alternatives? If, as Aristotle said, human excellence is psychic health, one aim cannot be achieved without the other. That still leaves a space between human excellence and ‘the moral virtues’, until it is shown that one cannot be excellent of our human kind without possessing the moral virtues—as modern philosophers assume, though as Nietzsche denied. Attempting to resist these various assimilations, this chapter aims to untangle the complex relations between psychic health as it is conceived in psychoanalysis, the possession of the ‘moral virtues’, and excellence of our human kind.
Psychoanalysis in the Twenty-First Century: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Gyler Louise
Published: December 2018

This chapter is concerned with exploring the relevance of gender as a critical category for clinical psychoanalysis. It recognizes two developments in the late twentieth century that may appear to present gender as either not a pressing issue in self-development or as sufficiently troubled and undone to have lost its regulatory grip. The first concerns the domination of the psychoanalytic imagination with preoccupations other than sexuality, sexual difference, and gender; and the second is linked to the deconstruction and reconstruction of hetero-normative gendered frameworks initiated by cultural gender theorists. It is argued that the gendered binary of Western thought with its socially normative values and assumptions shapes the unconscious minds of every person. Notwithstanding critical appreciation of the gendered discourses of psychoanalysis as well as expanded thinking about the possible repertoire of individual gender variations, gender continues to carry evaluative burdens.
Twentieth-Century Engagements: Introduction
Authors: Gipps Richard G.T. , Lacewing Michael
Published: December 2018

This section of the Handbook consists of four chapters that focus on the different ways in which twentieth-century philosophers engaged with psychoanalysis. The first chapter examines Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s existential-phenomenological reformulation of the psychoanalytic unconscious, with emphasis on his argument that the unconscious is an all-pervasive invisible ‘atmosphere’ (atmosphère) inexorably surrounding the lived-body and shaping all our emotional experience. The second chapter considers Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical critique of psychoanalysis and how he drew on Sigmund Freud’s writings to test his new linguistic methods in philosophy. The third chapter describes how the Frankfurt School used Freudian psychoanalysis to bolster its Marxist critique of modern society, citing as an example Theodor W. Adorno, who offered an explanation of how fascist mass movements occurred by drawing on Freud’s theory of narcissism. The last chapter discusses the key hermeneutic themes found in Paul Ricoeur’s engagement with Freud in his book Freud and Philosophy.
The Life-World of Persons with Drug Addictions
Authors: Di Petta Gilberto
Published: December 2018

Drug addiction undermines intentional consciousness. Whereas in normal conditions we have a fluid intentionality and our common sense is the obviously pre-reflective result of this situation, under the influence of a drug intoxication we lose this intentional stability and, as a consequence, suffer from a kind of intentional instability, which we can refer to with the term floating world. This floating world is characterized by splitting, vibration, and a multiplication of images which can be both sequential or overlapping. On the other hand, following chronic drug tolerance, we have a sort of an intentional dramatic capture or seizure of the world, which we can call frozen world. Lived time, space, the body, and other existential parameters differ enormously in these two contrasting ways of being. The crisis of the temporal-spatial vortex inevitably leads to the blow of the vacuum (le coup de vide): the experience of unreality or no self-experience. The total collapse of the world is the common final result of the breaking down of the temporal and spatial structure of “being-there” (“Dasein”).
Philosophical investigations of the taboo of insult
Authors: Anderson Luvell
Published: December 2018

What makes something an insult? There are various ways of insulting someone. We can insult directly or indirectly, via omission or commission, verbally or non-verbally, or with explicitly marked expressions or seemingly mundane language. What, if anything, ties all of these instances together under the banner of insult? And how does insult work? In this chapter, the concept of ‘insult’ is explored, offering a characterization of it as a mechanism that undermines reasonable expectations of respect. Attention is then turned to linguistic insults to investigate how they work, drawing on insights from Ernest Lepore and Matthew Stone. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how slur terms fit, raising and responding to possible objections to the account of their discursive role.
Religious and ideologically motivated taboos
Authors: Allan Keith
Published: December 2018

Religious ideologies are distinguished from non-religious ideologies but they are closely enough related that the proverb cuius regio, eius religio should be rephrased cuius regio, eius idealogia with wider application and truth. This chapter elaborates on the names for—and terms of address to—gods and their cohorts, which are comparable with those used for other powerful dominators such as sovereigns and dictators and their courts. All ideological taboos arise from perceived traducing of dogma, and/or insult to revered and/or intimidating persons, institutions, and objects. Focusing (where feasible) on the relevant applicable language, this chapter differentiates and discusses the taboos of heresy, blasphemy, and profanity, exemplifying from the histories and treatment of traitors, heretics, witches, martyrs, blasphemers, and profaners from the time of the Maccabees around 200 bce to the Charlie Hebdo massacre in 2015.
Classical and Near Eastern Slavery in the First Millennium bce
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: December 2018

Twentieth-century scholarship, guided in particular by the views of M. I. Finley, saw Greece and Rome as the only true ‘slave societies’ of antiquity: slavery in the Near East was of minor economic significance. Finley also believed that the lack of a concept of ‘freedom’ in the Near East made slavery difficult to distinguish from other shades of ‘unfreedom’. This chapter shows that in the Near East the legal status of slaves and the ability to make clear status distinctions were substantively similar to the Greco-Roman situation. Through a survey of the economic contribution of slave labour to the wealth and position of elites in Israel, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, and Carthage, it is shown that the difference between the ‘classical’ and ‘non-classical’ worlds was not as pronounced as Finley thought, and that at least some of these societies (certainly Carthage) should also be considered ‘slave societies’.
Social and early life adversity and chronic health conditions among Tunisian adults
Authors: El Mhamdi Sana , Lemieux Andrine , Ben Fredj Manel , Bouanene Ines , Ben Salah Arwa , Abroug Hela , Ben Salem Kamel , al’Absi Mustafa
Published: December 2018

Early life adversities (ELAs) are shown as significant risk factors for chronic health conditions (CHCs). ELAs include multiple types of abuse such as the social abuse (peer, community, and collective violence). The purpose is to describe the relationship between childhood social abuse and chronic conditions in adulthood among a sample of adults in Tunisia and to investigate the role of obesity and tobacco use as mediators of this association. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tunisia, from January to June 2016 using the Arabic Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Items of social abuse (peer violence, witnessing community violence, and exposure to collective violence) were analyzed. A total of 2,120 adults were enrolled. After adjustment for age, gender, and intrafamilial ELA, social adversities were associated significantly with the selected CHC. Experiencing more than two social ELA increase the risk of occurrence of hypertension and coronary diseases. After accounting for the indirect effect of body mass index, statistically significant partial mediation effects were observed for the cumulative number of social ELA as the exposure variable and chronic diseases as the outcome variable (p ≤ .001; % mediated = 44.5%). These findings support an association between many chronic health disorders and childhood social abuse, independently of intrafamilial ACEs.