bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the posterior segment of the cat eye by optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Authors: Gekeler Florian , Gmeiner Helmut , Völker Michael , Sachs Helmut , Messias Andre , Eule Corinna , Bartz‐Schmidt Karl Ulrich , Zrenner Eberhart , Shinoda Kei
Published: April 2007

Objectives To assess the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for examining the cat ocular fundus, to provide normative data on retinal thickness in different fundus regions, and to demonstrate selected surgically induced vitreoretinal pathologies in the cat.

Animal studied Forty‐five eyes of 28 healthy domestic cats and two eyes of domestic cats that had undergone subretinal implantation surgery for a visual prosthesis were examined.

Procedures An optical coherence tomograph (Zeiss‐Humphrey) was used to examine the anesthetized animals. At least five vertical and five horizontal scans in regular distribution were recorded for each cat including (1) the peripapillary region, (2) the area centralis, and (3) the peripheral retina. Thickness was measured manually at five locations in each scan. Retinal thickness was compared in the three above‐mentioned fundus regions, between eyes and between vertical and horizontal scans. OCT was additionally performed in animals with retinal detachment and a subretinal visual prosthesis.

Results OCT measurements required only minimal adjustments of human settings and yielded high quality images. In comparison to humans intraretinal layers were more difficult to differentiate. Retinal thickness was highest in the peripapillary region (245 ± 21 µm), followed by the peripheral retina (204 ± 11 µm) and the area centralis (182 ± 11 µm; allP < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between right and left eye or between vertical and horizontal scans. OCT demonstrated retinal detachment, an iatrogenic break and a subretinal prosthetic device in high detail.

Conclusions Retinal thickness was measurable with high precision; values compare well to older histologic studies. OCT bears significant advantages over histology in enabling one to repeat measurements in living animals and thus allowing longitudinal studies. Various vitreoretinal pathologies common in feline eyes are detectable and quantifiable by OCT.
EXPLANATORY FACTORS OF MARKET POWER IN THE BANKING SYSTEM*
Authors: DE GUEVARA JUAN FERNÁNDEZ , MAUDOS JOAQUÍN
Published: April 2007

The aim of the study is to analyse the explanatory factors of market power in the banking system. Using as laboratory the Spanish banking system in the period 1986–2002, results show an increase of market power from the mid‐1990s. Of the set of variables that the model posits as explaining market power, those with the greatest explanatory power are size, efficiency and specialization; concentration is not significant. This last result shows the limitations of the approaches, studies and decision‐making rules of economic policy that uses market concentration as a proxy for the degree of competition.
STRATEGIC OUTSOURCING AND R&D IN A VERTICAL STRUCTURE*
Authors: MUKHERJEE ARIJIT , RAY ACHINTYA
Published: April 2007

It has been argued that a monopolist input supplier may find it profitable to create an outside source for its input if it reduces product price and attracts buyers (Farrell and Gallini, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 103 (1988), pp. 673–694). We consider a monopolist input supplier's incentive for outsourcing and R&D. We show that even if outsourcing can attract new buyers, it is not beneficial to the input supplier if either the existing final goods market is not very concentrated or cost reduction through R&D is sufficiently large. We further show that while R&D may be preferable to the input supplier, outsourcing may be socially desirable, and thus may create a conflict of interest between the input supplier and the society for R&D and outsourcing.
Influence of composition on the biochemical and sensory characteristics of commercial Cheddar cheese of variable quality and fat content
Authors: KILCAWLEY K N , O'CONNELL P B , HICKEY D K , SHEEHAN E M , BERESFORD T P , MCSWEENEY P L H
Published: April 2007

Ten commercial Cheddar cheeses of variable quality differing in fat content and age were subjected to compositional, proteolytic, lipolytic and sensory analyses. The compositional parameters of the full‐fat cheeses were predominantly outside those typically associated with good‐quality cheese. Sensory analysis discriminated the full‐fat cheeses predominantly by age, with the longer ripened cheeses associated with more negative attributes, some which appeared to be due to excessive lipolysis and/or β‐casein breakdown. Both proteolysis and lipolysis appear to be age dependent. The two reduced‐fat cheeses were clearly discriminated from the eight full‐fat cheeses by sensory analysis that appeared to be due to differences in composition and the extent of lipolysis.
Effect of refrigerated storage temperature on the viability of probiotic micro‐organisms in yogurt
Authors: MORTAZAVIAN A M , EHSANI M R , MOUSAVI S M , REZAEI K , SOHRABVANDI S , REINHEIMER J A
Published: April 2007

The effect of refrigerated storage temperature was studied at 2, 5 and 8°C on the viability of probiotics in ABY (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis BB‐12 and yogurt bacteria. Bulgaricus, i.e. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus) probiotic yogurt. The study was carried out during a 20‐day refrigerated storage period to identify the best storage temperature(s). Also, the viability change of the probiotic micro‐organisms was analysed at 5‐day intervals throughout the refrigerated storage period. After 20 days, storage at 2°C resulted in the highest viability of L. acidophilus, whereas for Bifidobacterium lactis the highest viability was obtained when yogurt was stored at 8°C.
Viability of probiotic micro‐organisms (Lactobacillus acidophilus La‐5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb‐12) in ice cream
Authors: MAGARIÑOS HAROLDO , SELAIVE SADE , COSTA MARCIA , FLORES MIRTZA , PIZARRO OLIVIA
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine the survival of two probiotic micro‐organisms in ice creams (4% fat). The micro‐organisms were Lactobacillus acidophilus La‐5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb‐12. To meet this objective, an ice cream mixture was formulated and subjected to three treatments. Treatment 1 was inoculated with L. acidophilus, treatment 2 with B. lactis and the third treatment was inoculated with a mixture of both bacteria inoculated in 1 : 1 proportions. The inoculation was with 4% culture for each treatment. The final products were stored at −25°C for 60 days. The ice cream inoculated with L. acidophilus had a final concentration of 2 × 106 cfu/g and the survival rate was 87%. The treatment inoculated with B. lactis had a final concentration of 9 × 106 cfu/g, with a logarithmic decrease of 10%. When both micro‐organisms were inoculated together, the survival rate was 86%.
A study of the pH of individual milk samples
Authors: TSIOULPAS A , LEWIS M J , GRANDISON A S
Published: April 2007

The pH of 285 milk samples was measured from early, middle and late stages of lactation. In total, 35 individual cows were used in this study.

It was found that the average pH value for all individual samples analysed was 6.63 ± 0.08. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in mean pH between early, middle and late lactation. The overall data and that for early lactation displayed normal distributions.
Microbiological quality of shredded Cheddar cheese packaged in modified atmospheres
Authors: OYUGI EVONNE , BUYS ELNA M
Published: April 2007

The microbiological quality of shredded Cheddar cheese packaged in different modified atmospheres with and without oxygen scavengers included in the packaging film was studied with the aim of determining how modified air packaging would affect the mould species present on shredded Cheddar cheese. The film with oxygen scavengers was more effective than the control film against mould growth, whereas the 73% CO2/27% N2atmosphere resulted in the cheese with the best microbiological qualities. The three modified atmospheres and the packaging film influenced the mycoflora of shredded Cheddar cheese as the mould species isolated initially differed, from those isolated at 16 weeks in the six treatments. This study demonstrated that O2scavengers were effective in controlling the growth of moulds on shredded Cheddar cheese.
Assessment of the quality of cottage cheese produced from standard and protein‐fortified skim milk
Authors: HALLAB RAMI , KOHEN CAMILA , GRANDISON MAX A , LEWIS MICHAEL J , GRANDISON ALISTAIR S
Published: April 2007

The effects of milk protein fortification on the texture and microstructure of cottage cheese curd were evaluated. Protein powder (92.6% protein) was added to the skim milk at a level of 0.4% (w/w) to produce curds. Control curds with no protein powder addition were also produced. These curds were analysed for differences in yield, total solids, curd size, texture and structure. It was found that the addition of protein powder contributed to a significant yield increase, which can be attributed to increased water retention, with better curd size distribution. Control curds were firmer than the fortified curds and the structure showed less open‐pore structure as revealed by electron microscopy. However, the addition of dressing masked the textural differences, and a sensory panel was unable to distinguish between cheeses produced from fortified milk and controls.
Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates 3‐nitropropionic acid‐induced neurotoxicity in rats: possible antioxidant mechanisms
Authors: Kumar P. , Padi S.S.V. , Naidu P.S. , Kumar A.
Published: April 2007

Systemic administration of 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP), a complex II inhibitor of the electron transport chain, causes motor and cognitive deficits that are associated with excitotoxicity and excessive free radical generation. Recently, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have been implicated as a neuroprotectant in the treatment of various neurological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of COX inhibitors in 3‐NP‐induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of 3‐NP (20 mg/kg for 4 days) showed motor abnormalities and cognitive impairment in rats. Chronic treatment with naproxen (10 and 20 mg/kg) and valdecoxib (5 and 10 mg/kg) once daily for a period of 8 days beginning 4 days prior to 3‐NP administration significantly improved 3‐NP‐induced motor and cognitive impairment in rats. Biochemical analysis revealed that systemic 3‐NP administration significantly increased lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, depleted reduced glutathione levels and reduced succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the brains of rats, whereas administration of naproxen, a nonselective COX inhibitor (10 and 20 mg/kg p.o.) and valdecoxib, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor (5 and 10 mg/kg p.o.) significantly attenuated 3‐NP‐induced oxidative stress. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also significantly restored the decreased SDH activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that naproxen and valdecoxib showed protection against 3‐NP‐induced motor and cognitive impairment by decreasing oxidative stress.
‘United We Stand’: American Attitudes toward (Muslim) Immigration Post‐September 11th
Authors: Moore Kathleen M.
Published: April 2007

Listen here, professor. You're the one that needs an American history lesson! You don't know nothing about Lady Liberty standing there in the harbor with her torch on high, saying ‘Give me your poor, your dead‐beats, your filthy.’ ‐Archie Bunker All in the Family
SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM FREUDENTHAL, S. GOREAUII SP. NOV., S. KAWAGUTII SP. NOV. AND S. PILOSUM SP. NOV.: GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIONTS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES 1
Authors: Trench Robert K. , Blank Rudolf J.
Published: April 2007

The use of several independent biochemical, physiological, morphological, and behavioral assays has resulted in the reassessment of the taxonomy of the gymnodinioid symbionts of marine invertebrates which belong to the genus Symbiodinuim Freudenthal (Dinophyceae). The formal description of the type species S. microadriaticum Freudenthal is augmented, and three new species are introduced; S. goreauii, symbiotic with the Caribbean sea anemone Ragactis lucida; S. kawagutii, harbored by the Hawaiian stony coral Montipora verrucosa; and S. pilosum, inhabiting the Caribbean zoanthid Zoanthus sociatus.
CHRYSOAMPHIPYXIS GEN. NOVA A NEW GENUS IN THE STYLOCOCCACEAE (CHRYSOPHYCEAE) 1
Authors: Nicholls K. H.
Published: April 2007

Chrysoamphipyxis Canadensis gen. Et sp. nov. a new loricate, shizopodial chrysophyte was discovered growing as an epiphyte on filamentous algae in an Ontario pond, Lorica structure includes some features of both Chrysoamphitrema and Chrysopyxis and it can be inferred that Chrysoamphipyxis occupics the same phylogenetic position in the stylococcaceae relative to Chrysoamphitrema and Porostylon as Chrysopyxis does to Lagynion and Stylococcus.
FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITY AMONG ISOMORPHIC LIFE‐HISTORY PHASES OF POLYCAVERNOSA DEBILIS (RHODOPHYTA, GRACILARIACEAE) 1
Authors: Littler Mark M. , Littler Diane S. , Taylor Phillip R.
Published: April 2007

Morphologically identical but different life‐history phases of the red alga Polycavernosa debilis (Forsskål) Fredericq and J. Norris showed no conspicuous differences in physiological or ecological performances. The costs and benefits of ploidy level, as measured by net photosynthesis, calorific content, structural makeup and resistance to predation, were not sufficient to result in statistically significant differences (P > 0.05 ANOA) for the various reproductive phases [haploid male or female (including cystocarps) and diploid tetrasporic]. The lack of measurable functional responses leads to two hypotheses: (1) that adaptive ecological‐physiological differences between life‐history phases are subtle, or (2) that predominantly genetic / reproductive factors are implicated in maintaining isomorphic life‐history phases.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELL DIVISION BY ANTARCTIC MICROALGAE: COMPARISON OF BENTHIC, PLANKTONIC AND ICE ALGAE1
Authors: Rivkin Richard B. , Putt Mary
Published: April 2007

Irradiance‐dependent rates of photosynthesis and cell division of six species of microalgae isolated from the benthos, plankton and sea ice microbial community in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica were compared. Microalgae isolated from different photic environments had distinct photosynthetic and growth characteristics. For benthic and ice algae, photosynthesis saturated at 6 to 20 μE.m−2.s−1 and was photoinhibited at 10 to 80 μE.m−2.s−1 while for the planktonic algae, saturation irradiances were up to 13 times higher and photoinhibition was not detected. The slope of the light‐limited portion of the P‐I relationship was up to 50 times greater for the benthic algae than for either the ice or planktonic algae suggesting that benthic algae used the low irradiances more efficiently for carbon uptake. Cell division was dependent on the incubation irradiance for all but one microalga examined. The dependence of division rates on irradiance was however much smaller than for carbon uptake, suggesting that cell division buffers the influence of short term variations of irradiance on cellular metabolism.
TRACE METAL REDUCTION BY PHYTOPLANKTON: THE ROLE OF PLASMALEMMA REDOX ENZYMES1,2
Authors: Jones Gary J. , Palenik Brian P. , Morel François M. M.
Published: April 2007

The phytoplankton cell surface reduces external copper(II) and iron(III) complexes and redox dyes. This reductive activity appears to be mediated by one or more plasmalemma redox enzymes. Trace metal complexes are directly reduced by the redox enzyme, therefore the reduction rate is not regulated by the metal free ion activity in solution. This is in direct contrast to previous measurements of trace metal interactions with the phytoplankton cell membrane. Half‐saturation constants for the reduction of Cu(II) complexes with carbonate, phenanthroline and bathocuproinedisulfonate are in the range 2.3–14.7 μM, which suggests that trace metal complexes are not the main electron acceptor in natural waters. In the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii there is additional reductive activity associated with the cell wall.
TOTAL LIPID PRODUCTION OF THE GREEN ALGA NANNOCHLOROPSIS SP. QII UNDER DIFFERENT NITROGEN REGIMES1
Authors: Suen Yu , Hubbard J. S. , Holzer G. , Tornabene T. G.
Published: April 2007

The green alga Nannochloropsis sp. QII was cultivated in media with sufficient and growth‐limiting levels of nitrogen (nitrate). Nitrogen deficiency promoted lipid synthesis yielding cells with lipids comprising 55% of the biomass. The major lipids were triacylglycerols (79%), polar lipids (9%) and hydrocarbons (2.5%). The polar lipids consisted of a broad range of phospholipids, glycolipids and sulfolipids. Other lipids identified were pigments, free fatty acids, saponifiable and unsaponifiable sterol derivatives, various glycerides, a family of alkyl‐1, 4‐dioxane derivatives and a series of alkyl‐ and hydroxyalkyl‐dimethyl‐acetals. Experiments in which 14CO2 was provided at different times in the growth cycle demonstrated that enhanced lipid biosynthesis at low nitrogen levels resulted principally from de novo CO2 fixation.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PIGMENTS OF TWO STRAINS OF THE PICOPLANKTONIC ALGAPELAGOCOCCUS SUBVIRIDIS(CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Vesk Maret , Jeffrey S. W.
Published: April 2007

The organelle ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigments of a new isolate of the picoplanktonic alga Pelagococcus subviridis Norris from the East Australian Current was compared with the North Pacific Ocean type species. No differences in the ultrastructure of the two isolates were observed. Mitosis was studied in detail in the Australian strain, and showed two unusual features: the de novo appearance of centrioles prior to mitosis, and the formation of a small, extra‐nuclear spindle.

The major carotenoids in both strains were fucoxanthin and a 19′‐butanoyloxyfucoxanthin‐like pigment, with diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin as secondary pigments. Several minor carotenoids have not yet been identified. In addition to chlorophylls a and c2, a new chlorophyll c derivative (chlorophyll c3), present in both strains, was separated by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC). The Australian isolate, unlike the type material, showed no evidence of chlorophyllase activity during cell harvest and extraction.

While the pigment composition suggests affinities with certain newly examined prymnesiophytes, organelle ultrastructure indicates Pelagococcus to be a member of the Chrysophyceae. Mitosis is, however, atypical of both Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, and if this picoplanktonic alga is to be retained in the Chrysophyceae it must be seen as a most unusual member.
DIURNAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES TO LIGHT BY MACROALGAE1,2
Authors: Coutinho Ricardo , Zingmark Richard
Published: April 2007

The diurnal variability of photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P‐I) curves was evaluated for the six most dominant species of macroalgae that occur annually in North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina. Three existing models best simulated the observed data: (1) the Hyperbolic Tangent Model of Jassby and Platt (1976), which was applied to data that showed no photoinhibition; (2) the Exponential Inhibition Model of Parker (1974); and (3) the Photoinhibition Model of Platt et al. (1980), which were employed when photo‐inhibition was measured. Photoinhibition was observed in about 75% of the experiments, and in some cases at irradiance levels as low as 500 μE.m−2. s−1. Most of the resulting P‐I curves did not differ significantly when measured at various times of the day. As a consequence of these results, we question conclusions expressed by others that it is not possible to accurately determine diurnal photosynthesis of macroalgae from light saturation curves that are measured over short time periods.
STABLE DIPLOIDS FROM INTRAGROUP ZYGOSPORES OF CLOSTERIUM EHRENBERGII MENEGH. (CONJUGATOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Kasai Fumie , Ichimura Terunobu
Published: April 2007

Two pairs of stable diploid clones were obtained as aberrant forms among F1 progeny of an intragroup (intraspecific) cross between R‐11‐4 (mating type +) and M‐16‐4b (mating type ‐) of Group A of Closterium ehrenbergii Menegh. Each pair was derived from the two germination products of a single zygospore, and both clones were mating type minus. The cell size range of these four diploid minus clones was considerably above that of normal (haploid) Group A clones. Chromosome counts at the second meiotic metaphase indicated that these clones were diploid with approximately 200 chromosomes, which was double the number for normal Group A clones. Diploid minus clones conjugated normally with any haploid Group A plus clones, and yielded many triploid zygospores. Triploid zygospores germinated normally as did intragroup diploid zygospores. In metaphase I preparations, only bivalents were observed except on a few occasions where some uni‐ and multivalents were also detected. Viability of F1 progeny from triploid zygospores (55–74%) was somewhat lower than from diploid zygospores of Japanese Group A populations (65–90%), but higher than intergroup (interspecific) hybrid zygospores from Groups A, B and H (0–12%). In addition to lower viability, some F1 progeny from triploid zygospores exhibited slow vegetative growth. Almost all pairs of F1 clones from single triploid zygospores were of opposite mating type, similar to normal diploid zygospores of the intragroup cross. Morphological variability of F1 progeny of triploid zygospores was great. The apparently normal meiosis of triploid zygospores and the high viability of F1 progeny suggested that the genome of Group A contains several sets of chromosome complements with mechanisms by which bivalents are regularly formed in the first meiotic division.
A GREEN DINOFLAGELLATE WITH CHLOROPHYLLS a and b: MORPHOLOGY, FINE STRUCTURE OF THE CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL COMPOSITION1
Authors: Watanabe Makoto M. , Takeda Yoshie , Sasa Tsutomu , Inouye Isao , Suda Shoichiro , Sawaguchi Tomohiro , Chihara Mitsuo
Published: April 2007

A green‐colored marine unicell has been grown in unialgal culture and its morphology, chloroplast fine structure, and chlorophyll composition investigated. The organism is typical of dinoflagellates in its shape, flagellation, nucleus, mitochondria, and trichocysts. It is similar to Gymnodinium but possesses fine body scales. Chloroplasts and two kinds of vesicles bounded by double membranes, but no organelles obviously identifiable as nuclei or mitochondria, are associated in ribosome‐dense cytoplasm separated by a double membrane from the dinophycean cytoplasm. The chloroplasts are unlike any previously reported for dinoflagellates. Each is enclosed by an envelope consisting of a double membrane. Chloroplast lamellae consist of three appressed thylakoids. Interlamellar pyrenoids are present. Pigment analysis reveals chlorophylls a and b but not chlorophyll c. It seems likely that the organism is an undescribed dinoflagellate containing an endosymbiont with chlorophylls a and b and that the reduction of the endosymbiont nucleus and mitochondria has permitted a more initmate symbiosis.
MONOSPECIFIC AGGREGATIONS OF TWO CYANOPHYTES IN A EUTROPHIC LAKE1
Authors: Shapiro Joseph
Published: April 2007

Microcystis incerta Lemmerman, and Lyngbya versicolor (Wartmann) Gomont, formed large monospecific aggregations on the surface of a lake rich in Aphanizomenon flos‐awuae (L.) Ralfs. Neither of the two algae in the aggregations was found in the water beneath.
The safety profile of automated collections: an analysis of more than 1 million collections
Authors: Wiltbank Thomas B. , Giordano Gerald F.
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND: Recent technology allows for the collection of 2‐unit red cells (RBCs) and single‐unit RBCs plus plasma or platelets (PLTs).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With a common definition of adverse events, 1,023,682 whole‐blood collections were evaluated and compared with 249,154 two‐unit apheresis RBC collections, 40,870 single‐apheresis RBC collections, and 90,082 apheresis PLT collections.

RESULTS: The data show that manual whole‐blood collections have a low incidence of moderate and severe reactions (47.1 per 10,000 collections, 0.47%). Single‐unit RBCs collected by apheresis have the same safety profile (37.44 per 10,000 collections, p > 0.20). Double‐RBC collections by apheresis and plateletpheresis have a significantly lower reaction rate (15.65 per 10,000 collections, p < 0.00005; and 14.84 per 10,000 collections, p < 0.00005, respectively).

CONCLUSION: It is concluded that automated collections are safe or safer than manual whole‐blood collections. There should be few concerns when procedures are performed according to manufacturer's instructions.
Three missense mutations, including a novel 860C>T transition, and allelic enhancement phenomenon associated with ABO blood subgroups A in Taiwan
Authors: Li Lei , Yang Meng‐Hua , Chak Kin‐Fu , Lin Pi‐Hsiang , Lai Chao‐Hung , Lin Kuan‐Tsou , Tsai Su‐Jen Lin , Lin Kuo‐Sin , Chu Da‐Chang
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND: It was estimated that approximately 25 percent of Taiwanese residents were ABO blood group A. Many subgroups of A, however, revealed ambiguous serologic typing results. This study aimed to delineate the molecular basis of the A3, Ax, and weak A phenotypes.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serologic analyses including adsorption and elution assay, serum transferases activity assay, and saliva test were performed to determine the unique phenotypes of these samples. DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism were performed to further investigate the relationships between the genetic characteristics and phenotypic features of these samples.

RESULTS: Three single‐nucleotide transitions (745C>T, 820G>A, and a novel 860C>T) were found in nine A3/A3B cases. In addition, the Ax and A3B subjects shared the same 860C>T mutation. This Ax allele with 860C>T transition expressed A3B phenotype in Ax/B101 heterozygote but Ax phenotype in Ax/O01 heterozygote. This allelic enhancement was also observed in the weak A family with Aw05 allele, which was previously not found in Taiwan.

CONCLUSION: This allelic enhancement phenomenon was prone to cause serologic discrepancy between parents and children. Genotyping could help us to resolve this problem. Thus, a novel mutation is reported among Taiwanese blood donors.
Storage of platelets in a novel additive solution (M‐sol), which is prepared by mixing solutions approved for clinical use that are not especially for platelet storage
Authors: Hirayama Junichi , Azuma Hiroshi , Fujihara Mitsuhiro , Homma Chihiro , Yamamoto Sadamitsu , Ikeda Hisami
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND: To reduce adverse reactions due to platelet (PLT) transfusion, medical solutions on the market, such as saline and ACD‐A, are used to replace the plasma of PLT concentrates in Japan; however, they are not strongly preservative. Here, an attempt was made to develop a novel additive solution (M‐sol) having the ability to preserve PLTs stably, with only approved solutions for clinical use.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: M‐sol is a mixture of solutions for medical use, which consists of 77 mmol per L NaCl, 3 mmol per L KCl, 1 mmol per L CaCl2, 21 mmol per L Na acetate, 15 mmol per L glucose, 9.4 mmol per L Na3 citrate, 4.8 mmol per L citric acid, 44 mmol per L NaHCO3, and 1.6 mmol per L MgSO4. The in vitro variables of PLTs stored in M‐sol, Seto‐sol, PASIIIM, or 100 percent plasma were compared during 14 days of storage.

RESULTS: The in vitro parameters (pH, P‐selectin, %hypotonic shock response, %disk, mean PLT volume, aggregability) of PLTs were better maintained in M‐sol containing 3 percent plasma than in 100 percent plasma, PASIIIM with 31 percent plasma, and Seto‐sol with 3 percent plasma during 14 days of storage.

CONCLUSION: The 2‐week storage of PLTs in M‐sol is feasible in terms of the in vitro PLT function. Our results here show that the additive solution, with a high ability to preserve PLTs, can be prepared by mixing solutions approved for clinical use that are not specifically for PLT storage.
Red blood cell (RBC) age at collection and storage influences RBC membrane‐associated carbohydrates and lectin binding
Authors: Sparrow Rosemary L. , Veale Margaret F. , Healey Geraldine , Payne Katherine A.
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND: Membrane‐associated carbohydrate changes act as signals for removal of senescent and damaged red blood cells (RBCs) from the circulation and could play a role in the RBC storage lesion and RBC survival after transfusion. In this study, a panel of lectins was used to investigate the expression of carbohydrates on RBCs that had been separated before storage into young and old RBCs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Leukodepleted RBCs were separated before storage into young and old RBCs (n = 9 paired units) by centrifugation and sampled at nominated time points during 42 days of storage. Changes to carbohydrate expression at the RBC membrane during storage were determined by flow cytometry with a panel of fluorescein‐labeled lectins.

RESULTS: Old RBCs showed lower fluorescence intensity throughout storage, suggesting reduced binding of lectins compared to young RBCs. Progressively increased binding of lectins specific for galactose and N‐acetylglucosamine residues was observed during storage of young and old RBCs.

CONCLUSION: Changes to lectin binding during storage of RBCs suggest that significant changes occur to the carbohydrate structures at the RBC membrane. These findings provide further insight into the mechanisms of the RBC storage lesion and potential influence on RBC survival after transfusion.
Choroidal neovascularization secondary to Sorsby fundus dystrophy treated with systemic bevacizumab (Avastin®)
Authors: Prager Franz , Michels Stephan , Geitzenauer Wolfgang , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula
Published: April 2007

Purpose:  A case of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) treated with systemic bevacizumab (Avastin®)

Methods:  A 41‐year‐old woman presented with CNV secondary to SFD in her better eye. The patient received three initial infusions of bevacizumab at a dose of 5 mg/kg at 2 week intervals and one additional infusion because of CNV recurrence at the 7 month follow‐up.

Results:  At 16 month follow‐up, visual acuity had improved from 20/50 at baseline to 20/25; optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography showed no evidence of CNV activity.

Conclusion:  Systemic bevacizumab seems to be a promising treatment option for CNV secondary to SFD.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as indicator for aggressive periodontitis by two analysing strategies
Authors: Schacher Beate , Baron Frédéric , Roßberg Matthias , Wohlfeil Martin , Arndt Rita , Eickholz Peter
Published: April 2007

Objective: To compare the subgingival microbiota of aggressive and chronic periodontitis (ChP) using single‐site and pooled plaque samples.

Methods: In 60 patients with aggressive or ChP, subgingival plaque was sampled from the four deepest pockets using two sterile paper points simultaneously. One paper point from each pocket was put in a separate transport vial, the second was pooled with the three other paper points of a respective patient. The content of each vial was analysed for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola.

Results: Pooled plaque samples detected higher numbers for all tested pathogens than single‐site samples. Detection frequencies were similar for both strategies. Using single‐site samples, A. actinomycetemcomitans detection rate was statistically significantly a higher in aggressive than in ChP (p=0.01). A. actinomycetemcomitans was found in higher numbers, the other pathogens in lower numbers in aggressive than in ChP. Neither presence nor absence of one of the tested bacteria had sufficient positive or negative predictive value for aggressive periodontitis.

Conclusion: A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in higher numbers and frequency in aggressive than in ChP. Its detection may confirm the clinical diagnosis and influence therapy. As a diagnostic test, its sensitivity and predictive value was low.
Areca nut extracts‐activated secretion of leukotriene B4, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and elevated intracellular calcium concentrations in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Hung S.‐L. , Lin Y.‐J. , Chien E. J. , Liu W.‐G. , Chang H.‐W. , Liu T.‐Y. , Chen Y.‐T.
Published: April 2007

Background and Objective:  Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the major source of leukotriene B4, which is synthesized via the 5‐lipoxygenase pathway. Activation of the 5‐lipoxygenase pathway is regulated by intracellular calcium and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). The impact of areca nut extracts on the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated, and some of the possible mechanisms underlying the responses were examined.

Material and Methods:  Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were treated with various concentrations of areca nut extracts. The concentrations of leukotriene B4 released into the supernatants were evaluated using enzyme immunoassay. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was monitored using immunoblotting, and the cytosolic calcium kinetics were assessed fluorometrically using Fura‐2.

Results:  Exposure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to areca nut extracts led to a dose‐dependent increase in the production of leukotriene B4, with levels peaking at 30 min and decreasing thereafter. Areca nut extracts enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, an enzyme known to activate 5‐lipoxygenase. Incubation with areca nut extracts also resulted in a rapid elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The induction of leukotriene B4 by areca nut extracts was suppressed with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or with the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA‐AM.

Conclusion:  The interaction of areca nut extracts with polymorphonuclear leukocytes activated the arachidonic acid metabolic cascade. Incubation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with areca nut extracts resulted in the activation of intracellular events, such as phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Ca2+ mobilization, involved in the release of pro‐inflammatory lipid mediators. The results of this study emphasize the potential importance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a source of leukotriene B4, which may modulate the inflammatory response in areca chewers.
Deficit irrigation affects seasonal changes in leaf physiology and oil quality of Olea europaea (cultivars Frantoio and Leccino)
Authors: Tognetti R. , D’Andria R. , Sacchi R. , Lavini A. , Morelli G. , Alvino A.
Published: April 2007

The olive tree is a traditionally nonirrigated crop that occupies quite an extensive agricultural area in Mediterranean‐type agroecosystems. Improvements in water‐use efficiency of crops are essential under the scenarios of water scarcity predicted by global change models for the Mediterranean region. Recently, irrigation has been introduced to increase the low land productivity, but there is little information on ecophysiological aspects and quality features intended for a sagacious use of water, while being of major importance for the achievement of high‐quality products as olive oil. Therefore, deficit irrigation programmes were developed to improve water‐use efficiency, crop productivity and quality in a subhumid zone of Southern Italy with good winter–spring precipitation. The response of mature olive trees to deficit irrigation in deep soils was studied on cultivars Frantoio and Leccino by examining atmospheric environment and soil moisture, gas exchange and plant water status, as well as oil yield and chemical analysis. Trees were not irrigated (rainfed) or subjected to irrigation at 66% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETC), starting from pit hardening to early fruit veraison. Improvements in the photosynthetic capacity induced by increasing soil water availability were only of minor importance. However, plant water status was positively influenced by deficit irrigation, with 66% and 100% of ETC treatments hardly differing from one another though consistently diverging from rainfed plants. The effect of water stress on photosynthesis was mainly dependent on diffusion resistances in response to soil moisture. Leccino showed higher instantaneous water‐use efficiency than Frantoio. Crop yield increased proportionally to the amount of seasonal water volume, confirming differences between cultivars in water‐use efficiency. The unsaturated/saturated and the monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios of the oil also differed between cultivars, while the watering regime had minor effects. Although irrigation can modify the fatty acid profile, polyphenol contents were scarcely affected by the water supply. Irrigation to 100% of ETC in the period August–September might be advisable to achieve high‐quality yields, while saving consistent amounts of water.
Can wheat yield be assessed by early measurements of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index?
Authors: Marti J. , Bort J. , Slafer G.A. , Araus J.L.
Published: April 2007

An early prediction of crop biomass at maturity and yield is important in different circumstances. The use of spectral reflectance indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), has been proposed as a fast, nondestructive way of estimating crop growth capacity. In this study, we examined whether NDVI assessment relatively early in the crop cycle may be useful for predicting final biomass and yield in wheat. To that end, NDVI was measured and biomass quantified regularly from tillering to maturity for six different wheat genotypes grown under a contrasting range of N and water availabilities. In addition, final biomass and yield were measured at maturity. In line with expectations from the literature, we found that NDVI at milk‐grain stage was well correlated to final yield and biomass. However, it was also observed that NDVI at the onset of stem elongation was also reasonably correlated to both attributes. Because crop growth in wheat from the end of tillering to anthesis is related to the determination of grain number and yield, we propose the use of NDVI at the onset of stem elongation as a complementary criterion for establishing the required late crop management (N fertilisation, irrigation) practices.
Targeting HIV‐1 Through Molecular Modeling and Docking Studies of CXCR4: Leads for Therapeutic Development
Authors: Singh Shailza , Malik B. K. , Sharma D. K.
Published: April 2007

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is the receptor for several chemokines and major co‐receptor for X4 human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 strains entry into cell. A three‐dimensional model of human CXCR4 was developed by homology modeling using the high‐resolution bovine rhodopsin structure as template. Interactions between CXCR4 and flavonoids were investigated using in silico docking studies. The results underscore the potential of these compounds that they may become important new antiviral drugs to combat AIDS. It is worth mentioning also that apart from these existing flavonoids, there are many new compounds that may also be useful as topical agents to inactivate virus, or may act as adjuvants with other antiviral drugs.
The Discovery of Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitors: Pharmacophore Modeling, Virtual Screening and Docking Studies
Authors: Yu Hui , Wang Zhanli , Zhang Liangren , Zhang Jufeng , Huang Qian
Published: April 2007

We have applied pharmacophore generation, database searching and docking methodologies to discover new structures for the design of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, the tyrosine kinase insert domain‐containing receptor kinase inhibitors. The chemical function based pharmacophore models were built for kinase insert domain‐containing receptor kinase inhibitors from a set of 10 known inhibitors using the algorithm HipHop, which is implemented in the catalyst software. The highest scoring HipHop model consists of four features: one hydrophobic, one hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrogen bond donor and one ring aromatic function. Using the algorithm CatShape within catalyst, the bound conformation of 4‐amino‐furo [2, 3‐d] pyrimidine binding to kinase insert domain‐containing receptor kinase was used to generate a shape query. A merged shape and hypothesis query that is in an appropriate alignment was then built. The combined shape and hypothesis model was used as a query to search Maybridge database for other potential lead compounds. A total of 39 compounds were retrieved as hits. The hits obtained were docked into kinase insert domain‐containing receptor kinase active site. One novel potential lead was proposed based on catalyst fit value, LigandFit docking scores, and examination of how the hit retain key interactions known to be required for kinase binding. This compound inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor stimulated kinase insert domain‐containing receptor phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Fenoprofen and Ketoprofen Amides as Potential Antitumor Agents
Authors: Marjanović Marko , Zorc Branka , Pejnović Lana , Zovko Marijana , Kralj Marijeta
Published: April 2007

Following numerous experimental observations that various non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs have antitumor potentials, a series of fenoprofenamides (1a–g) and ketoprofenamides (2a–c) was tested on proliferation of different human tumor cell lines and normal human fibroblasts in vitro. Fenoprofen and ketoprofen showed modest antiproliferative activity, whereas the growth inhibitory activity of the tested amides clearly demonstrates that the substituents linked by an amide bond are essential for the significantly stronger cytostatic activity, probably because of a greater lipophilicity and/or better cell uptake. Additionally, it was shown that the most active derivatives (1d and 2a) induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, as well as apoptosis.
Joint Attention and Vocabulary Development: A Critical Look
Authors: Akhtar Nameera , Gernsbacher Morton Ann
Published: April 2007

Joint attention – parents’ and children's coordinated attention to each other and to a third object or event – is believed to play a causal and critical role in early word learning. However, joint attention, as conventionally defined and measured, relies only on overt indicators of attention, is studied predominantly in the visual modality, and varies by culture. Moreover, word learning can occur without joint attention in typical development, in autistic development, and in Williams syndrome, and joint attention can occur without commensurate word learning in Down syndrome. Thus, the assumption that joint attention is a necessary and sufficient precursor to vocabulary learning is not universally supported.
THE ROLE OF THE DENTAL‐SERVICE CORPORATION IN PROVIDING ORAL HEALTH FOR GROUPS OF CONSUMERS
Authors: Gillespie George M.
Published: April 2007

An Englishman looks at our dental prepayment. This survey of the literature seemed too comprehensive merely to be filed.
THE DENTISTS AND THE SERVICES THEY PROVIDED FOR TWO POPULATIONS; COMMENTS ON METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
Authors: Draker Harry L. , Metzner Charles A. , Allaway Norman C.
Published: April 2007

EASY?—Dr. Harry L. Draker points out the pitfalls in an interview‐survey and confirmation by dentists' records.
TESTING FOR THE EFFICACY OF A MOUTHWASH*
Authors: Schonfeld Hyman K.
Published: April 2007

Read this step‐by‐step guidance on organizing a project of research to test the benefits of a mouthwash.
ORAL HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG PERSONNEL OF THE CHINESE ARMY
Authors: Fay Hsio‐dsung
Published: April 2007

This survey was reported initially in the Chinese Medical Journal of the Republic of China. It now has been adapted to the format of the Journal of Public Health Dentistry.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE PRACTICE OF DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH*
Authors: Mitchell George E.
Published: April 2007

The writer summarizes the impact of the factors in the administration of dental public health that were discussed in the Training Course held in San Francisco June 14–18, 1964.
CHICAGO'S PROGRM IN ORAL CYTOLOGY*
Authors: Morrey Low W.
Published: April 2007

Step by step, a former editor reports the birth of a comprehensive program to utilize a cytological technic for the early detection of oral cancer in Chicago.
DENTAL CARE FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED; A CHALLENGE TO THE PROFESSION
Authors: Miller Sidney L.
Published: April 2007

Here is a plea, with some suggestions of procedure, in gaining dental care for retarded children.
PROGRAMS OF DENTAL CARE FOR THE AGED AND CHRONICALLY ILL*
Authors: Collins John W.
Published: April 2007

The writer makes dental care for the aged and chronically ill a rather simple matter of cooperation and coordination.
MEDICAL‐DENTAL ALERT PROGRAM
Authors: Gillooly Charles J.
Published: April 2007

A medico‐dental cooperative program in P. H. S. Region IX
THE DENTAL CONSULTANT
Authors: Gillooly Charles J.
Published: April 2007

The writer warns public‐health dentists, “Don't assume ability as a consultant—learn how!”
THE ROLE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR OF DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH*
Authors: Soricelli David A.
Published: April 2007

The writer talks both philosophy and practice.
CARIES‐EXPERIENCE OF RECRUITS IN THE U. S. AIR FORCE*
Authors: Shannon Ira L. , Gibson William A. , Terry James M.
Published: April 2007

The teeth of enlistees in the U. S. Air Force still reflect country‐wide neglect of carious lesions.
DIETARY FLUORIDE; THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL INGESTION ON OFFSPRING
Authors: Burt Brian A.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Burt, with a background of Australian education, was asked to take a “tough,” but objective look at the supplementation of the mother's diet with fluoride to prevent dental caries in her offspring.
ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATION OF DENTAL STUDENTS RELATIVE TO THE TEACHING OF DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Smith Larry V.
Published: April 2007

If you think that teaching dental public health to the undergraduate dental student is easy, read Dr. Smith's survey of the literature. Addicts of questionnaires should read it!
PREVENTION IN DENTISTRY; CONCEPT AND NECESSITY*
Authors: Menendez Otto R.
Published: April 2007

As in the United States, prevention means a different activity to various dentists in Latin America.
NEW WAYS FOR DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS*
Authors: Carvalho Walter J.
Published: April 2007

A course in dental public health is born in the State of Minas Gerais, the second most populous in Brazil.
PREDICTING THE ACCEPTANCE OF DENTAL CARE BY RESIDENTS OF NURSING HOMES
Authors: Kegeles S. Stephen , Lotzkar Stanley , Andrews Lewis W.
Published: April 2007

Inasmuch as prediction should be simpler and cheaper than planning and completing a survey, you are advised to read this paper.
THE DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH RESIDENCY*
Authors: Weiss Robert L.
Published: April 2007

Training for students of dental public health, through an added year of supervised residency, indeed, has grown.
A COMPARISON OF SODIUM FLUORIDE, STANNOUS FLUORIDE AND ACIDULATED SODIUM FLUOROPHOSPHATE AS AGENTS FOR FLUORIDIZATION
Authors: Butts John E.
Published: April 2007

If you can find the time, here is a substantial review of the development of the topical application of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride and acidic fluoride‐phosphate. Fluoridization, if you forget, is a term for the topical application of fluoride.
25,000 MILES OF TRANSPORTATION FOR SHUT‐IN PATIENTS
Authors: Waldman H. Barry
Published: April 2007

Dr. Waldman tells his story effectively with pictures.
THE PRACTICE OF COMMUNITY DENTAL HYGIENE; A REQUIRED COURSE FOR SENIOR STUDENTS OF DENTAL HYGIENE
Authors: Boren Nancy , Gish Charles W.
Published: April 2007

Mrs. Boren and Dr. Gish have collaborated in describing a new approach for educating dental hygienists.
SAN FRANCISCO'S “OPERATION HEADSTART”; THE IMPACT OF FLUORIDATION
Authors: Wallace Donald C. , Gillooly Charles J.
Published: April 2007

San Francisco's “Headstart” detected an opportunity to look at the impact of fluoridation and reported its findings for whatever it is worth.