bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The spring 2011 final stratospheric warming above Eureka: anomalous dynamics and chemistry
Authors: Adams C. , Strong K. , Zhao X. , Bourassa A. E. , Daffer W. H. , Degenstein D. , Drummond J. R. , Farahani E. E. , Fraser A. , Lloyd N. D. , Manney G. L. , McLinden C. A. , Rex M. , Roth C. , Strahan S. E. , Walker K. A. , Wohltmann I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In spring 2011, the Arctic polar vortex was stronger than in any other year on record. As the polar vortex started to break up in April, ozone and NO2 columns were measured with UV-visible spectrometers above the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Canada (80.05° N, 86.42° W) using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. These ground-based column measurements were complemented by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Optical Spectrograph and Infra-Red Imager System (OSIRIS) satellite measurements, Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) simulations, and meteorological quantities. On 8 April 2011, NO2 columns above PEARL from the DOAS, OMI, and GMI datasets were approximately twice as large as in previous years. On this day, temperatures and ozone volume mixing ratios above Eureka were high, suggesting enhanced chemical production of NO2 from NO. Additionally, GMI NOx (NO + NO2) and N2O fields suggest that downward transport along the vortex edge and horizontal transport from lower latitudes also contributed to the enhanced NO2. The anticyclone that transported lower-latitude NOx above PEARL became frozen-in and persisted in dynamical and GMI N2O fields until the end of the measurement period on 31 May 2011. Ozone isolated within this frozen-in anticyclone (FrIAC) in the middle stratosphere was lost due to reactions with the enhanced NOx. Below the FrIAC (from the tropopause to 700 K), NOx driven ozone loss above Eureka was larger than in previous years, according to GMI monthly average ozone loss rates. Using the passive tracer technique, with passive ozone profiles from the Lagrangian Chemistry and Transport Model, ATLAS, ozone losses since 1 December 2010 were calculated at 600 K. In the air mass that was above Eureka on 20 May 2011, ozone losses reached 4.2 parts per million by volume (ppmv) (58%) and 4.4 ppmv (61%), when calculated using GMI and OSIRIS ozone profiles, respectively. This gas-phase ozone loss led to a more rapid decrease in ozone column amounts above Eureka in April/May 2011 compared with previous years. Ground-based, OMI, and GMI ozone total columns all decreased by more than 100 DU from 15 April to 20 May. Two lows in the ozone columns were also investigated and were attributed to a vortex remnant passing above Eureka at ~500 K on 12/13 May and an ozone mini-hole on 22/23 May.
Retrieving volcanic, desert dust, and sea-salt particle properties from two/three-component particle mixtures after long-range transport using UV-VIS polarization Lidar and T-matrix
Authors: David G. , Thomas B. , Nousiainen T. , Miffre A. , Rairoux P.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. During transport by advection, atmospheric nonspherical particles, such as volcanic, desert dust or sea-salt particles experience several chemical and physical processes, leading to a complex vertical atmospheric layering at remote sites where intrusion episodes occur. In this contribution, a new methodology is proposed to analyze this complex vertical layering in the case of a two/three-component particle external mixtures after long-range transport. This methodology relies on a precise analysis of the spectral and polarization properties of the light backscattered by atmospheric particles. It is based on combining a sensitive and accurate UV-VIS polarization Lidar experiment with accurate T-matrix numerical simulations and air mass back-trajectories. The Lyon UV-VIS polarization Lidar is used to efficiently partition the particle mixture into its nonspherical components, while the T-matrix algorithm is used for computing backscattering and depolarization properties specific to nonspherical volcanic, desert dust and sea-salt particles, the latter being described in the cubic shape approximation. It is shown that, after long-range transport, the particle mixtures' depolarization ratio δp differs from the nonspherical particles' depolarization ratio δns due to the presence of spherical particles in the mixture. Hence, after identifying a tracer for nonspherical particles, particle backscattering coefficients specific to each nonspherical component can be retrieved in a two component external mixture. For three-component mixtures, the spectral properties of light must in addition be addressed by using a dual-wavelength polarization Lidar. Hence, for the first time, in a three-component external mixture, the nonsphericity of each particle is taken into account in a so-called 2β + 2δ formalism. Applications of this new methodology are then demonstrated in two case studies carried out in Lyon, France, related to the mixing of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash with sulphate particles (case of a two-component mixture) and to the mixing of dust with sea-salt and water-soluble particles (case of a three-component mixture). This new methodology, which is able to provide separate vertical profiles of mixed atmospheric dust, sea-salt and water-soluble particles, may be useful for accurate radiative forcing assessments.
The ICON-1.2 hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core on triangular grids – Part 1: Formulation and performance of the baseline version
Authors: Wan H. , Giorgetta M. A. , Zängl G. , Restelli M. , Majewski D. , Bonaventura L. , Fröhlich K. , Reinert D. , Rípodas P. , Kornblueh L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core is developed for the purpose of global climate modelling. The model applies finite-difference methods to discretize the primitive equations on spherical icosahedral grids, using C-type staggering with triangles as control volumes for mass. This paper documents the numerical methods employed in the baseline version of the model, discusses their properties, and presents results from various idealized test cases. The evaluation shows that the new dynamical core is able to correctly represent the evolution of baroclinic eddies in the atmosphere as well as their role in heat and momentum transport. The simulations compare well with the reference solutions, and show a clear trend of convergence as the horizontal resolution increases. First results from two aqua-planet simulations are also presented, in which the equatorial wave spectra derived from tropical precipitation agree well with those simulated by a spectral transform model. The new dynamical core thus provides a good basis for further model development. Certain aspects of the model formulation that need further investigation and improvement are also pointed out.
Hydrological long-term dry and wet periods in the Xijiang River basin, South China
Authors: Fischer T. , Gemmer M. , Su B. , Scholten T.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In this study, hydrological long-term dry and wet periods are analyzed for the Xijiang River basin in South China. Daily precipitation data of 118 stations and data on daily discharge at Gaoyao hydrological station at the mouth of the Xijiang River for the period 1961–2007 are used. At a 24-month timescale, the standardized precipitation index (SPI-24) for the six sub-basins of the Xijiang River and the standardized discharge index (SDI-24) for Gaoyao station are applied. The monthly values of the SPI-24 averaged for the Xijiang River basin correlate highly with the monthly values of the SDI-24. Distinct long-term dry and wet sequences can be detected. The principal component analysis is applied and shows spatial disparities in dry and wet periods for the six sub-basins. The correlation between the SPI-24 of the six sub-basins and the first principal component score shows that 67% of the variability within the sub-basins can be explained by dry and wet periods in the east of the Xijiang River basin. The spatial dipole conditions (second and third principal component) explain spatiotemporal disparities in the variability of dry and wet periods. All sub-basins contribute to hydrological dry periods, while mainly the northeastern sub-basins cause wet periods in the Xijiang River. We can also conclude that long-term dry events are larger in spatial extent and cover all sub-basins while long-term wet events are regional phenomena. A spectral analysis is applied for the SPI-24 and the SDI-24. The results show significant peaks in periodicities of 11–14.7 yr, 2.8 yr, 3.4–3.7 yr, and 6.3–7.3 yr. The same periodic cycles can be found in the SPI-24 of the six sub-basins but with some variability in the mean magnitude. A wavelet analysis shows that significant periodicities have been stable over time since the 1980s. Extrapolations of the reconstructed SPI-24 and SDI-24 represent the continuation of observed significant periodicities at given magnitudes until 2030. The projected hydrological long-term dry and wet periods can be used for planning purposes in water resources management. The applied methodologies prove to be able to identify spatial disparities, and to detect significant periodicities in hydrological long-term dry and wet periods in the Xijiang River basin.
Validation of a Meteosat Second Generation solar radiation dataset over the northeastern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Cristóbal J. , Anderson M. C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Solar radiation plays a key role in the Earth's energy balance and is used as an essential input data in radiation-based evapotranspiration (ET) models. Accurate gridded solar radiation data at high spatial and temporal resolution are needed to retrieve ET over large domains. In this work we present an evaluation at hourly, daily and monthly time steps and regional scale (Catalonia, NE Iberian Peninsula) of a satellite-based solar radiation product developed by the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility (LSA SAF) using data from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Product performance and accuracy were evaluated for datasets segmented into two terrain classes (flat and hilly areas) and two atmospheric conditions (clear and cloudy sky), as well as for the full dataset as a whole. Evaluation against measurements made with ground-based pyranometers yielded good results in flat areas with an averaged model RMSE of 65 W m−2 (19%), 34 W m−2 (9.7%) and 21 W m−2 (5.6%), for hourly, daily and monthly-averaged solar radiation and including clear and cloudy sky conditions and snow or ice cover. Hilly areas yielded intermediate results with an averaged model RMSE (root mean square error) of 89 W m−2 (27%), 48 W m−2 (14.5%) and 32 W m−2 (9.3%), for hourly, daily and monthly time steps, suggesting the need of further improvements (e.g., terrain corrections) required for retrieving localized variability in solar radiation in these areas. According to the literature, the LSA SAF solar radiation product appears to have sufficient accuracy to serve as a useful and operative input to evaporative flux retrieval models.
Geometric dependency of Tibetan lakes on glacial runoff
Authors: Phan V. H. , Lindenbergh R. C. , Menenti M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The Tibetan plateau is an essential source of water for South-East Asia. The run-off from its ~ 34 000 glaciers, which occupy an area of ~ 50 000 km2, feed Tibetan lakes and major Asian rivers like Indus and Brahmaputra. Reported glacial shrinkage likely has its impact on the run-off. Unfortunately, accurate quantification of glacial changes is difficult over the high relief Tibetan plateau. However, it has been recently shown that it is possible to directly assess water level changes of a significant part of the ~ 900 Tibetan lakes greater than one square kilometer. This paper exploits different remote sensing products to explicitly create links between Tibetan glaciers, lakes and rivers. The results allow us first to differentiate between lakes with and without outlet. In addition, we introduce the notion of geometric dependency of a lake on glacial runoff, defined as the ratio between the total area of glaciers draining into a lake and the area of the catchment of the lake. These dependencies are determined for all ~ 900 Tibetan lakes. To obtain these results, we combine the so-called CAREERI glacier mask, a lake mask based on the MODIS MOD44W water product and the HydroSHEDS river network product derived from SRTM elevation data. Based on a drainage network analysis, all drainage links between glaciers and lakes are determined. The results show that 25.3% of the total glacier area directly drains into one of 244 Tibetan lakes. The results also give the geometric dependency of each lake on glacial runoff. For example, there are 10~lakes with direct glacial runoff from at least 240 km2 of glacier. Three case studies, including one over the well-studied Nam Tso, demonstrate how the geometric dependency of a lake on glacial runoff can be directly linked to hydrological processes.
A reversed hierarchy of active normal faults: the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.3, L'Aquila earthquake (Italy)
Authors: Bonini L. , Di Bucci D. , Toscani G. , Seno S. , Valensise G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Understanding the relationship between seismogenic slip at depth and surface deformation is fundamental in any seismic hazard analysis because the assessment of the earthquake potential of large continental faults relies largely on field investigations. The well-documented 6 April 2009, Mw 6.3, L'Aquila earthquake affords a unique opportunity to explore the relationships between the activity of the deep source and its surface evidence. We used available high-resolution geologic, geodetic and seismological data aided by analogue modeling to reconstruct the geometry of the seismogenic rupture in relation with surface and sub-surface faults. We contend that the earthquake was caused by a blind fault, controlled at depth by pre-existing discontinuities and expressed at the surface by pseudo-primary breaks resulting from coseismic crustal bending. Finally, we propose a scheme for hierarchizing normal faults that explains all surface occurrences related to blind faulting in the frame of a single, mechanically coherent, interpretative model. Failure to appreciate such complexity may result in severe over– or under-estimation of the local seismogenic potential.
UTIs in Small Animal Patients: Part 2: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications
Authors: Smee Nicole , Loyd Kimberly , Grauer Gregory F.
Published: January 2013

There are multiple considerations when making a treatment plan for patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). In part 2 of this review the authors discuss the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and complications associated with bacterial UTIs in dogs and cats. Part 1 of this review summarized etiology and pathogenesis (see the Jan/Feb 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association).
Robust Face Recognition Based on Texture Analysis
Authors: Srisuk Sanun
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we present a new framework for face recognition with varying illumination based on DCT total variation minimization (DTV), a Gabor filter, a sub-micro-pattern analysis (SMP) and discriminated accumulative feature transform (DAFT). We first suppress the illumination effect by using the DCT with the help of TV as a tool for face normalization. The DTV image is then emphasized by the Gabor filter. The facial features are encoded by our proposed method - the SMP. The SMP image is then transformed to the 2D histogram using DAFT. Our system is verified with experiments on the AR and the Yale face database B.
Force Sensor of a Climbing Robot Derived from Its Own Flexible Structure
Authors: Somolinos José Andrés , López Amable , Morales Rafael , Morón Carlos
Published: January 2013

One of the most important design constraints of a climbing robot is its own weight. When links or legs are used as a locomotion system they tend to be composed of special lightweight materials, or four-bars-linkage mechanisms are designed to reduce the weight with small rigidity looses. In these cases, flexibility appears and undesirable effects, such as dynamics vibrations, must be avoided at least when the robot moves at low speeds. The knowledge of the real tip position requires the computation of its compliance or stiffness matrix and the external forces applied to the structure. Gravitational forces can be estimated, but external tip forces need to be measured. This paper proposes a strain gauge system which achieves the following tasks: (i) measurement of the external tip forces, and (ii) estimation of the real tip position (including flexibility effects). The main advantages of the proposed system are: (a) the use of external force sensors is avoided, and (b) a substantial reduction of the robot weight is achieved in comparison with other external force measurement systems. The proposed method is applied to a real symmetric climbing robot and experimental results are presented.
Mobile Robot Collision Avoidance in Human Environments
Authors: Zeng Lingqi , Bone Gary M.
Published: January 2013

Collision avoidance is a fundamental requirement for mobile robots. Avoiding moving obstacles (also termed dynamic obstacles) with unpredictable direction changes, such as humans, is more challenging than avoiding moving obstacles whose motion can be predicted. Precise information on the future moving directions of humans is unobtainable for use in navigation algorithms. Furthermore, humans should be able to pursue their activities unhindered and without worrying about the robots around them. In this paper, both active and critical regions are used to deal with the uncertainty of human motion. A procedure is introduced to calculate the region sizes based on worst-case avoidance conditions. Next, a novel virtual force field-based mobile robot navigation algorithm (termed QVFF) is presented. This algorithm may be used with both holonomic and nonholonomic robots. It incorporates improved virtual force functions for avoiding moving obstacles and its stability is proven using a piecewise continuous Lyapunov function. Simulation and experimental results are provided for a human walking towards the robot and blocking the path to a goal location. Next, the proposed algorithm is compared with five state-of-the-art navigation algorithms for an environment with one human walking with an unpredictable change in direction. Finally, avoidance results are presented for an environment containing three walking humans. The QVFF algorithm consistently generated collision-free paths to the goal.
The Inhibin B Response to the Testicular Toxicant 1, 3 Dinitrobenzene in Male Rats
Authors: Sonee Manisha , Bogdan Nancy , Hall LeRoy , Bryant Stewart , Vinken Petra
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted as part of an ILSI‐HESI International Life Sciences Institute‐Health & Environmental Sciences Institute consortium effort to assess the utility of circulating Inhibin B as an early biomarker of Sertoli cell‐specific testicular toxicity in rats. 1, 3‐Dinitrobenzene (1,3‐DNB) was selected as a testicular toxicant in this study as it is known to target Sertoli cells.

METHODS

1,3‐DNB (2 and 6 mg/kg/day) or control (corn oil) was administered orally to male rats for two or five consecutive days. Blood was collected from rats treated for 2 days on days 1 and 2 and from rats treated for 5 days on days 1, 3, and 5. The resulting serum was evaluated for Inhibin B and follicle stimulating hormone. At the end of the treatment periods, the testes were removed, weighed, and examined histopathologically.

RESULTS

Daily administration of 1,3‐DNB resulted in decreased testis weight only on day 5 and only at the high dose (6 mg/kg/day). There was a time‐dependent increase in incidence and severity of testicular findings characterized by degeneration of the germinal epithelium with loss of pachytene spermatocytes and vacuolization of the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules at the high dose. Inhibin B levels in 1,3‐DNB‐treated animals were decreased with treatment only on day 5 at the high dose; there were no associated changes in follicle stimulating hormone.

CONCLUSIONS

Changes in serum Inhibin B levels were detected only in association with moderate or severe testicular toxicity as evidenced by histopathology and is therefore considered to be of limited value as a biomarker for Sertoli cell toxicity.
Effect of Silk Protein Processing on Drug Delivery from Silk Films
Authors: Pritchard Eleanor M. , Hu Xiao , Finley Violet , Kuo Catherine K. , Kaplan David L.
Published: January 2013

Sericin removal from the core fibroin protein of silkworm silk is a critical first step in the use of silk for biomaterial‐related applications, but degumming can affect silk biomaterial properties, including molecular weight, viscosity, diffusivity and degradation behavior. Increasing the degumming time (10, 30, 60, and 90 min) decreases the average molecular weight of silk protein in solution, silk solution viscosity, and silk film glass‐transition temperature, and increases the rate of degradation of a silk film by protease. Model compounds spanning a range of physical‐chemical properties generally show an inverse relationship between degumming time and release rate through a varied degumming time silk coating. Degumming provides a useful control point to manipulate silk's material properties.

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Coming across academic social media content serendipitously
Authors: Dantonio Laura , Makri Stephann , Blandford Ann
Published: January 2013

We wanted to find out whether students come across academic social media content serendipitously and, if so, to gain a detailed understanding of their experiences. To achieve this aim, we conducted semi‐structured Critical Incident interviews with 15 postgraduate students from various disciplines. We found that the students did indeed come across academic social media content serendipitously – often when undertaking unfocused browsing during a break from other academic work. Time investment was identified as an important over‐arching theme: investing time in creating and sharing social media content led to the creation of opportunities for serendipity for both the person creating/sharing the content and others. The interviews also highlighted a time investment trade‐off – where more time spent using social media was perceived to provide greater opportunity for serendipity but, as serendipity can never be guaranteed, it was also perceived to increase the chance that none of the information encountered would contribute to the interviewees' academic research (and therefore would be ‘wasted’ time). We make a number of suggestions for the design of social media tools that create opportunities for serendipity based on our findings.
Investigating positive and negative affects in collaborative information seeking: A pilot study report
Authors: González‐Ibáñez Roberto , Shah Chirag
Published: January 2013

Emotions and other affective processes have long been considered a key component in people's life. Despite research conducted in several research domains, little is known about the role of emotions in the information seeking process of both individuals and teams. This poster presents preliminary results from a pilot study conducted in order to evaluate design decisions, experimental protocol, tasks, and the system that will be used in research aiming to investigate the implications of positive and negative affects in the information search process of both individuals and teams. The pilot study involved 12 subjects randomly assigned to five experimental conditions in which a common information search task was performed. In each session, facial expressions, eye tracking data, electrodermal activity, desktop activity, users' actions, and searches as well as communication logs were collected. In addition, as sessions were conducted, observations about subjects' behaviors, system problems, and research protocols were made. Results from this pilot study suggests effects of both positive and negative affects at the level of performance, communication, and perceived difficulty, among other aspects. In addition to these preliminary findings, the poster also contributes a unique methodology, involving a rigorous design, for conducting such user studies.
A tag‐based framework for extracting spoken surrogates
Authors: Kim Hyun Hee
Published: January 2013

We investigated the effectiveness of a tag method for speech summarization and then examined the efficient integration of the tag method with two approaches (an acoustic method and a sentence location approach). Then, we examined the means to present extracted speech summaries. Last, on the basis of our findings and previous studies, we proposed and evaluated a tag‐based framework for generating lecture video speech.
FUTURE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES: TOWARD CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE TRAINING IN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Lopez Emilia C. , Bursztyn Alberto M.
Published: January 2013

This article argues that school psychology programs must prepare future school psychologists to address the needs of our increasingly diverse society. Providing training and field experiences that are grounded in multicultural practices, research, and advocacy will foster greater competence in addressing diverse schools’, students’, and families’ needs. Following a review of relevant research on training program practices in this area, the authors identify four major program challenges to advancing culturally responsive preparation of school psychologists. These include (a) integrating multicultural perspectives within the philosophical foundation of training programs, (b) adapting multicultural approaches to reframe education and psychological theory in school psychology training, (c) defining the multicultural scope for training, and (d) articulating and implementing multicultural competencies via criteria already sanctioned by our profession through the latest National Association of School PsychologistsStandards for Graduate Preparation of School Psychologists.
EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS TO ENHANCE OUR REMEDIATION PROCEDURE EVIDENCE BASE AS WE APPLY RESPONSE TO INTERVENTION
Authors: Skinner Christopher H. , Mccleary Daniel F. , Skolits Gary L. , Poncy Brian C. , Cates Gary L.
Published: January 2013

The success of Response‐to‐Intervention (RTI) and similar models of service delivery is dependent on educators being able to apply effective and efficient remedial procedures. In the process of implementing problem‐solving RTI models, school psychologists have an opportunity to contribute to and enhance the quality of our remedial‐procedure evidence base. In this article, we describe and analyze how the broad‐scale implementation of RTI may allow school psychologists to collaborate with others to apply, develop, adopt, and adapt contextually valid remedial and research design procedures. To capitalize on this opportunity, graduate training in school psychology must be enhanced to focus on the application of repeated measures design in applied settings using more precise and sensitive measurement and evaluation procedures. Such strategies should prevent us from advocating for procedures that cannot be applied in educational contexts and/or are ineffective. This will also encourage comparative effectiveness studies that can be used to determine which procedures remedy problems the quickest.
π–π Stacking mediated drug–drug interactions in human CYP2E1
Authors: Liu Yue , Liu Bing‐Ya , Hao Pei , Li Xuan , Li Yi‐Xue , Wang Jing‐Fang
Published: January 2013

Because of having many low molecular mass substrates, CYP2E1 is of particular interests to the pharmaceutical industry. Many evidences showed that this enzyme can adopt multiple substrates to significantly reduce the oxidation rate of the substrates. The detailed mechanism for this observation is still unclear. In the current study, we employed GPU‐accelerated molecular dynamics simulations to study the multiple‐binding mode of human CYP2E1, with an aim of offering a mechanistic explanation for the unexplained multiple‐substrate binding. Our results showed that Thr303 and Phe478 were key factors for the substrate recognition and multiple‐substrate binding. The former can form a significant hydrogen bond to recognize and position the substrate in the productive binding orientation in the active site. The latter acted as a mediator for the substrate communications via π–π stacking interactions. In the multiple‐binding mode, the aforementioned π–π stacking interactions formed by the aromatic rings of both substrates and Phe478 drove the first substrate far away from the catalytic center, orienting in an additional binding position and going against the substrate metabolism. All these findings could give atomic insights into the detailed mechanism for the multiple‐substrate binding in human CYP2E1, providing useful information for the drug metabolism mechanism and personalized use of clinical drugs. Proteins 2013; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reliability Data Analysis for Life Test Designed Experiments with Sub‐Sampling
Authors: Freeman Laura J. , Vining G. Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

The ability to model lifetime data from life test experiments is of paramount importance to all manufacturers, engineers and consumers. The Weibull distribution is commonly used to model the data from life tests. Standard Weibull analysis assume completely randomized designs. However, not all life test experiments come from completely randomized designs. Experiments involving sub‐sampling require a method for properly modeling the data. We provide a Weibull nonlinear mixed models (NLLMs) methodology for incorporating random effects in the analysis. We apply this methodology to a reliability life test on glass capacitors. We compare the NLLMs methodology to other available methods for incorporating random effects in reliability analysis. A simulation study reveals the method proposed in this paper is robust to both model misspecification and increasing levels of variance on the random effect. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The quality of parent/child relationships in adolescence is associated with poor adult psychosocial adjustment
Authors: Raudino Alessandra , Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John
Published: January 2013

This study used data gathered over the course of a New Zealand longitudinal study (N = 924) to examine the relationships between measures of parental bonding and attachment in adolescence (age 15–16) and later personal adjustment (major depression; anxiety disorder; suicidal behaviour; illicit drug abuse/dependence; crime) assessed up to the age of 30. Key findings included: 1) There were significant (p < 0.05) and pervasive associations between all measures of attachment and bonding and later outcomes. 2) Structural equation modelling showed that all measures of bonding and attachment loaded on a common factor reflecting the quality of parent/child relationships in adolescence. 3) After adjustment for covariates there were modest relationships (β = 0.16–0.17) between the quality of parent/child relationships in adolescence factor and later adjustment. The study findings suggest that the quality of parent/child relationships in adolescence is modestly related to later psychosocial functioning in adulthood.
Expanding the domain of the understandable in psychiatric illness: an updating of the Jasperian framework of explanation and understanding
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Campbell J.
Published: January 2013

Jaspers famously argued that psychiatry has two distinct ways of knowing about psychiatric illness: explanation – which utilizes natural sciences, and objective and empirical methods; and understanding – which reflects our subjective, empathic appreciation of our patients' experiences. He saw a clear division between these two approaches and considered a number of psychotic symptoms to be fundamentally un-understandable. We here argue for an updating of Jasper's view that includes the possibility, due to advances in neuroscience and neuropsychology, for explanation-aided understanding. We describe two scientific explanatory models for kinds of psychotic symptoms deemed un-understandable by Jaspers that illustrate this process. The first describes how dysfunction of the brain dopamine salience system may produce ideas of reference. The second demonstrates that symptoms of made-actions may be caused by abnormalities in the feed-forward motor control system. Both of these models begin at a biological level describing pathological brain processes in neuroscience language but then utilize neuropsychology to ‘translate’ from brain dysfunction into the mental. Both models break down the pathological pathways into individual subjective elements (particularly misattributing meaning to environmental stimuli and having body parts moved by others) that are understandable because they are common to nearly all of us. The neuropsychology provides hypotheses about the functional and physiological structures underlying familiar subjective experiences. Analyses of disorders of those structures thus provide a scaffold for expanding our empathic understanding of the subjective experiences of those suffering from psychiatric illness.
Transfusion Requirements in Microsurgical Reconstruction in Maxillofacial Surgery: Ethical and Legal Problems of Patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses
Authors: Martin Lorena Pingarron , Arias-Gallo Javier , Perez-Chrzanowska Hanna , Seco Pilar Ruiz , Moro Javier Gonzalez M. , Burgueño-Garcia Miguel
Published: January 2013

Objective

To study transfusion requirements in patients with cancer undergoing head and neck reconstructive surgery and to discuss surgical and anesthetic strategies to reduce blood loss when the patient is a Jehovah's Witness.

Material and Methods

A descriptive study to expose the percentage of blood transfusions performed in patients with cancer undergoing microsurgical reconstructions in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of the referred hospital in the past 9 years.

Results

Two hundred thirty-seven microsurgical reconstructions were performed in head and neck tumors between January 2001 and December 2009. Statistical analysis shows a significant decrease ( p = 0.035) in the number of patients needing transfusions patients in recent years.

Conclusions

The treatment of patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses is an ethical and moral dilemma for the clinician and in particular for surgeons.
Super-oscillatory optical needle
Authors: Rogers Edward T. F. , Savo Salvatore , Lindberg Jari , Roy Tapashree , Dennis Mark R. , Zheludev Nikolay I.
Published: January 2013

Super-oscillatory optical lenses have recently been shown to achieve subwavelength focusing and have been used for super-resolution imaging. However, the subwavelength hotspots created by these lenses are always accompanied by sidebands containing a significant fraction of the optical energy and are highly localised in the axial direction. Here, we report a class of super-oscillatory lenses that form extended subwavelength optical needles on a 15λ field of view.
Ca K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure in BaTiO3-CaTiO3 solid solutions
Authors: Krayzman V. , Levin I. , Woicik J. C. , Bridges F. , Nelson E. J. , Sinclair D. C.
Published: January 2013

Ca K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) has been used to analyze local coordination of Ca in (Ba,Ca)TiO3 and Ba(Ti,Ca)O3−δ solid solutions. EXAFS reveals the average Ca-O distance in (Ba1−xCax)TiO3 (0 < x ≤ 0.3) is significantly larger compared to CaTiO3, which suggests a relatively limited relaxation of the oxygen framework around Ca in the solid solutions; nevertheless, the [CaO12] coordination environment appears to be strongly distorted. No significant differences in Ca-O distances were observed among the solid-solution samples with different x-values. For BaTi0.97Ca0.03O3−δ sample, EXAFS indicates that Ca is predominantly located on the B-sites with a Ca-O distance of 2.28 Å. X-ray absorption near-edge structure, which is different for A and B-site Ca, has been interpreted using phenomenological considerations.
Nonmonotonic radial distribution of excited atoms in a positive column of pulsed direct currect discharges in helium
Authors: Barnat E. V. , Kolobov V. I.
Published: January 2013

Nonmonotonic radial distributions of excited helium atoms have been experimentally observed in a positive column of pulsed helium discharges using planar laser induced fluorescence. Computational analysis of the discharge dynamics with a fluid plasma model confirms the experimental observations over a range of pressures and currents. The observed effect is attributed to the peculiarities of electron population-depopulation of the excited states during the “dynamic discharge” conditions with strong modulations of the electric field maintaining the plasma.
[010] uniaxial-anisotropy induced asymmetry of magnetic reversal in (Ga,Mn)As
Authors: Lin D. C. , Bi G. Y. , Li F. , Song C. , Wang Y. Y. , Cui B. , Wang G. Y. , Pan F.
Published: January 2013

We investigate the asymmetric magnetic rotation arising from [010] uniaxial anisotropy in (Ga,Mn)As thin films by measuring the planar Hall effect, with the Hall bars fabricated along [110] direction. Two modes, angle-scan and field-scan, are utilized to do the measurements, both of which show remarkably asymmetric rotations. This phenomenon is found to arise from the minimal [010] uniaxial anisotropy, which is commonly overshadowed by its strong cubic anisotropy counterpart. Besides, we also measure the temperature and film thickness dependence of asymmetric rotation, showing a more remarkable behavior with the increase of temperature or thickness. The direct demonstration of [010] uniaxial anisotropy by an electrical fashion provides useful information for designing electrically programmable memory and logic device on the basis of (Ga,Mn)As.
Millimeter scale electrostatic mirror with sub-wavelength holes for terahertz wave scanning
Authors: Park Hyeon-Cheol , Lee Jung-Hwan , Park Sang-Gil , Yee Dae-Su , Jeong Ki-Hun
Published: January 2013

This work reports the design, microfabrication, and characterization of highly reflective electrostatic mirrors with sub-wavelength holes for scanning terahertz (THz) waves. The mirror consists of an aluminum coated silicon mirror plate precisely assembled on the top of two axis torsional microactuators. The mirror plate with sub-wavelength microholes not only provides high reflectivity over 98% at THz waves by decoupling the surface plasmon resonance but also reduces air damping by allowing air to flow through the mirror plate during the mirror scanning. The device can provide many opportunities for miniaturized THz time domain spectroscopic imaging systems.
Resonant optical absorption and defect control in Ta3N5 photoanodes
Authors: Dabirian A. , van de Krol R.
Published: January 2013

In this study, we explore resonance-enhanced optical absorption in Ta3N5 photoanodes for water splitting. By using a reflecting Pt back-contact and appropriate Ta3N5 film thickness, the resonance frequency can be tuned to energies just above the bandgap, where the optical absorption is normally weak. The resonance results in a significant improvement in the photoanode's incident photon-to-current efficiency. The Ta3N5 films are made by high-temperature nitridation of Ta2O5. The nitridation time is found to be critical, as extended nitridation result in the formation of nitrogen vacancies through thermal reduction. These insights give important clues for the development of efficient (oxy)nitride-based photoelectrodes.
Toroidal precession as a geometric phase
Authors: Burby J. W. , Qin H.
Published: January 2013

Toroidal precession is commonly understood as the orbit-averaged toroidal drift of guiding centers in axisymmetric and quasisymmetric configurations. We give a new, more natural description of precession as a geometric phase effect. In particular, we show that the precession angle arises as the holonomy of a guiding center's poloidal trajectory relative to a principal connection. The fact that this description is physically appropriate is borne out with new, manifestly coordinate-independent expressions for the precession angle that apply to all types of orbits in tokamaks and quasisymmetric stellarators alike. We then describe how these expressions may be fruitfully employed in numerical calculations of precession.
Tensile fracture dynamics and intrinsic plasticity of metallic glasses
Authors: Cui J. W. , Calin M. , Eckert J. , Zhang Z. F.
Published: January 2013

Under tensile tests of metallic glasses (MGs) subjected to annealing below glass transition temperature Tg, ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) occurs due to structural relaxation, which results in more ordered atomic packing and decrease of glass fraction φ. DBT is observed simultaneously with fracture mechanism transition: shear banding to cracking. All MG samples annealed under different temperature were also restricted to shear banding and cracking separately under small-aspect-ratio compression and compact tension avoiding DBT. Experimental results prove that as annealing temperature increases (or glass fraction φ decreases), strength for shear banding increases, while strength for cracking decreases; as φ becomes less than critical state φDBT, MG samples tend to cracking instead of shear banding. So, φDBT is proposed as an important parameter to characterize the intrinsic plasticity of various MGs and to conform to the previous factors soundly.
SwarmDock: a server for flexible protein–protein docking
Authors: Torchala Mieczyslaw , Moal Iain H. , Chaleil Raphael A. G. , Fernandez-Recio Juan , Bates Paul A.
Published: January 2013

Summary: Protein–protein interactions are central to almost all biological functions, and the atomic details of such interactions can yield insights into the mechanisms that underlie these functions. We present a web server that wraps and extends the SwarmDock flexible protein–protein docking algorithm. After uploading PDB files of the binding partners, the server generates low energy conformations and returns a ranked list of clustered docking poses and their corresponding structures. The user can perform full global docking, or focus on particular residues that are implicated in binding. The server is validated in the CAPRI blind docking experiment, against the most current docking benchmark, and against the ClusPro docking server, the highest performing server currently available.

Availability: The server is freely available and can be accessed at: http://bmm.cancerresearchuk.org/%7ESwarmDock/.

Contact:  Paul.Bates@cancer.org.uk

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Marketing implications of the destination image of Mongolia
Authors: Mwaura David , Acquaye David , Jargal Sarnai
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the destination image of Mongolia held by actual and potential tourists, including how such images are formed and its implications in destination marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative research was undertaken in order to understand the image of Mongolia held by actual and potential tourists and how such images were formed. An online questionnaire survey, that utilized structured questions, was carried out in leading travel blogs.

Findings

Destination image plays an important role in determining whether a destination will be visited or not. Actual visitors' experience and perception of Mongolia was found to be highly positive and showed that generally the projected image represents an accurate picture of Mongolia. However, many potential visitors perceived Mongolia to be a long haul destination, that is remote and isolated.

Practical implications

Successful destination marketing campaigns will require tourism marketers to understand how those images are formed. This information will enable them to project a positive image to the right target markets. Understanding the information sources is beneficial to long haul destinations such as Mongolia, which can use such channels to promote their destination.

Originality/value

Most destination image studies have concentrated on mainstream tourism destination and less popular long haul destinations such as Mongolia have received little, if no, attention. This paper will appeal to destination marketers of other long haul destinations who are seeking to position their destination in the right target markets.
Measuring aggregate productivity growth using plant‐level data
Authors: Petrin Amil , Levinsohn James
Published: January 2013

We define aggregate productivity growth (APG) as the change in aggregate final demand minus the change in the aggregate expenditures on labor and capital. We show how to aggregate plant‐level data to this quantity and how to decompose APG into technical efficiency and reallocation components. This requires us to confront the “non‐neoclassical” features that impact plant‐level data, including plant‐level heterogeneity, the entry and exit of goods, adjustment costs, fixed and sunk costs, and market power. The APG decomposition includes one term per plant related to technical efficiency and one term for each input at each plant that is a function of the value of marginal product ‐ input price gap and that relates the reallocation of inputs to growth. We compare APG to several competing variants of productivity growth that are based only on plant‐level technical efficiency. Two simple theoretical examples illustrate that technical‐efficiency reallocation can be negatively correlated with actual APG reallocation because technical efficiency is a production concept and need not have any relation with the APG reallocation gaps. We illustrate this point empirically using panel data from manufacturing industries in Chile, where we show technical‐efficiency reallocation differs substantially from measured reallocation based on our definition of APG.
Ethnicity and risk of caesarean section in a term, nulliparous New Zealand obstetric cohort
Authors: Anderson Ngaire H. , Sadler Lynn C. , Stewart Alistair W. , Fyfe Elaine M. , McCowan Lesley M.E.
Published: January 2013

Background

One in four New Zealand (NZ) women undergo caesarean section (CS); however, little is understood about how ethnicity influences CS rates. Previous NZ studies do not include many of NZ's ethnic groups and have been unable to account comprehensively for clinical risk factors.

Aim

To investigate ethnicity as an independent risk factor for elective and emergency CS in nulliparous women at term. We hypothesised that compared with European, Māori and Pacific women would have a lower risk of elective CS, but there would be no ethnic differences in emergency CS.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively recorded maternity data at National Women's Health, Auckland, NZ from 2006 to 2009. The study population was 11 848 singleton, nulliparous, term births. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed for elective and emergency CS, accounting for comprehensive confounding factors.

Results

The overall CS rate was 31.2% (elective 7.8%, n = 923 and emergency 23.4%, n = 2770). Compared with European ethnicity, Pacific and Chinese women had a reduced odds of elective CS (adjusted odds ratios, aOR 0.42, [95% CI 0.24–0.73] and 0.68, [0.49–0.94], respectively), while Indian women had an increased odds of emergency CS (aOR 1.54, [1.26–1.88]). Rates of elective or emergency CS for other ethnicities were similar to European.

Conclusions

After adjustment for confounding, we report ethnic differences in elective and emergency CS rates, which may be related to patient and/or care provider factors. Further prospective research is recommended to examine reasons for these ethnic differences in CS rates.