bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From allenes to tetracenes: Syntheses, structures, and reactivity of the intermediates
Authors: Banide Emilie V. , Oulié Pascal , McGlinchey Michael J.
Published: January 2009

Each step of the conversion of a series of 9-alkynyl-9H-fluorenes into the corresponding fluorenylidene-allenes that dimerize and proceed sequentially via head-to-tail and tail-to-tail dialkylidene-cyclobutanes, en route to electroluminescent tetracenes, has been characterized X-ray crystallographically. Allenes possessing substituents of very different electronic and steric character, such as aryl, halogeno, silyl, phosphino, and ferrocenyl, exhibit novel and unexpected reactivity patterns. The silyl-allenes dimerize to yield 1,2-bis(fluorenylidene)cyclobutanes of intrinsicC2symmetry as a result of the overlapping fluorenylidenes with their large wingspans. Thermal rearrangement of a bis(fluorenyl)-bis(trimethylsilyl)-diallene generates the tetrabenzo-quatercyclopentadiene, C60H36, which represents 60 % of the C60framework. An attempt to isolate a "push-pull" allene, whose central carbon possesses carbene character, was made by incorporating a cation-stabilizing substituent (ferrocenyl) and an aromatic anionic moiety (fluorenide) at the termini. However, the allene underwent facile dimerization to the very heavily congested 3,4-di(spirofluorenyl)-1,2-bis(ferrocenyl-chloromethylene)cyclobutane that exhibits a very long (1.65 Å) C(3)-C(4) bond. Extension of this chemistry to dibenzosuberenylidene-allenes led to a straightforward route to the hitherto difficultly available dibenz[c,d,h]azulene system. Moreover, the reaction of 5-phenylethynyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ol with dicobalt octacarbonyl yielded, surprisingly, the first isolated example of a (μ-alkyne)Co2(CO)5(η2-alkene)complex, the long-sought first intermediate in the proposed mechanism of the Pauson-Khand reaction (PKR).
Magnetic field effects in chemical systems
Authors: Rodgers Christopher T.
Published: January 2009

Chemical reactions that involve radical intermediates can be influenced by magnetic fields, which act to alter their rate, yield, or product distribution. These effects have been studied extensively in liquids, solids, and constrained media such as micelles. They may be interpreted using the radical pair mechanism (RPM). Such effects are central to the field of spin chemistry of which there have been several detailed and extensive reviews. This review instead presents an introductory account of the field of spin chemistry, suitable for use by graduate students or researchers who are new to the area. It proceeds by giving a brief historical overview of the development of spin chemistry, before introducing the essential theory. This is then illustrated by application to a series of recent developments in solution-phase magnetic field effects (MFEs). The closing pages of this review describe the role played by spin chemistry in the remarkable magnetic compass sense of birds and other animals.
Bilateral Ovarian Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumor in a Dog
Authors: Antuofermo E. , Cocco R. , Borzacchiello G. , Burrai G. P. , Meloni F. , Bonelli P. , Pirino S. , Cossu-ROCCA P. , Bosincu L.
Published: January 2009

Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT) is a rare neoplasm of the female genital tract. We report a case of bilateral ovarian MMMT in a 10-year-old female dog. Ovaries were only moderately enlarged with a papillary surface and firm nodules. Multiple metastases were observed in the abdominal cavity and pulmonary parenchyma. Histologically, both ovaries had intermingled carcinomatous and sarcomatous components with cartilage and bone. Metastatic lesions were not mixed. The peritoneal metastases were carcinomatous; pulmonary metastases were sarcomatous. Carcinomatous elements of the MMMT were immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, CK7, and vimentin and estrogen receptors. Conversely, the sarcomatous cells were positive for vimentin, but negative for CKs. Chondrocytes also expressed S-100 protein. On the basis of similarities to human ovarian MMMT, the diagnosis was heterologous malignant mixed Müllerian tumor of the ovary.
Immunohistochemical Features of Dystrophic Axons in Papillon Dogs with Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
Authors: Nibe K. , Nakayama H. , Uchida K.
Published: January 2009

The immunohistochemical features of dystrophic axons in brain tissues of Papillon dogs with neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) were examined in comparison with 1 dog with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA) and a dog without neurologic signs. Histologically, many dystrophic axons were observed throughout the central nervous system of all dogs with NAD. These axonal changes were absent in the dog with CCA and in the control dog. Severe Purkinje cell loss was found in the dog with CCA, whereas the lesions were milder in all dogs with NAD. Immunohistochemically, the many dystrophic axons were positive for neurofilaments, tau, α/β-synuclein, HSP70, ubiquitin, synaptophysin, syntaxin-1, and synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25). A few dystrophic axons were positive for α-synuclein. In addition, these dystrophic axons, especially in the nucleus gracilis, cuneatus, olivaris, and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, were intensely immunopositive for the 3 calcium-binding proteins calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin. The accumulation of synapse-associated proteins in the dystrophic axons may indicate dysfunction of the synapse at the presynaptic portion. The accumulation of α-synuclein in the dystrophic axon and region-specific appearance of calcium-binding protein-positive spheroids are considered as unique features in NAD of Papillon dogs, providing the key to elucidate the pathogenesis.
Thymic Cystic Degeneration, Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia, and Hemorrhage in a Dog with Brodifacoum Toxicosis
Authors: Rickman B. H. , Gurfield N.
Published: January 2009

Thymic cysts with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia are described in a 7-month-old female American Eskimo Dog that died of complications from brodifacoum poisoning. Grossly, there was hemothorax with marked cranial mediastinal hemorrhage. Histologically, thymic lobules were expanded and distorted by irregular cysts, lined by single to multiple layers of plump to slightly attenuated polygonal squamous epithelial cells supported by a basement membrane (pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia). The thymus had a paucity of lymphocytes and lacked corticomedullary differentiation. Extensive hemorrhage within the cysts and thymic parenchyma extended into the adjacent adipose tissue. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of cystic thymic degeneration with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in a nonhuman species.
Copper-Associated Hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Smedley R. , Mullaney T. , Rumbeiha W.
Published: January 2009

Labrador Retrievers with elevated hepatic copper levels have been reported; however, it is unclear whether primary copper-associated hepatitis occurs in this breed. The objective of this study was to determine whether copper-associated hepatitis could be identified in Labradors by reviewing cases from the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University. Sixteen Labrador Retrievers (3 male, 12 female, and 1 of undetermined sex) between 4 and 11 years old, had multifocal and coalescing, centrilobular hepatitis characterized by macrophages with abundant intracytoplasmic copper and hemosiderin. Other lesions included multifocal, centrilobular and random, pigmented granulomas, hepatocellular necrosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, centrilobular or bridging fibrosis, and occasionally, pseudolobule formation. In rhodanine-stained sections, copper was concentrated in the cytoplasm of centrilobular and midzonal hepatocytes and in macrophages, which is consistent with copper-associated hepatitis. In 12 of the dogs, quantitative liver copper levels were available, and in all but 2 dogs the levels were greater than 2,000 parts per million dry weight (ppm dw). One dog had a liver copper level of 1,990 ppm dw and one dog with advanced hepatic cirrhosis had a level of 1,490 ppm dw. The findings suggest that primary copper-associated hepatitis likely occurs in Labrador Retrievers.
Increased Expression of BRCA2 and RAD51 in Lymph Node Metastases of Canine Mammary Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Klopfleisch R. , Gruber A. D.
Published: January 2009

The BRCA/RAD51 complex of tumor suppressor genes plays a major role in the DNA damage response. In this explorative study, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 mRNA expression was quantified in highly defined laser microdissected tissue samples of simple adenomas, adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland, and their lymph node metastases by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression levels in the tumors were normalized to the geometric mean of 3 housekeeping genes and quantified relative to normal mammary epithelium of the same dog. In adenomas, mRNA expression was reduced for BRCA1 (6/10 dogs, 60%), BRCA2 (4/10 dogs, 40%), and RAD51 (4/10, 40%). In adenocarcinomas BRCA1 expression varied with increased expression in 3 of 10 (30%) dogs and no differences in 7 of 10 (70%) dogs when compared with normal mammary gland. BRCA2 and RAD51 were overexpressed in 5 of 10 (50%) and 6 of 10 (60%) of adenocarcinomas, respectively. An overexpression of RAD51 and BRCA2 was found in 8 of 10 (80%) and 5 of 10 (50%) of the lymph node metastases, respectively. Direct comparison of primary tumors and metastases revealed increased mRNA expression of BRCA1 (2/10 dogs, 20%), BRCA2 (2/10 dogs, 20%), and RAD51 (3/10 dogs, 30%) in lymph node metastases. Taken together, the results suggest that RAD51 is upregulated in the majority of lymph node metastases of canine mammary tumors. Further experimental studies are needed to clarify whether these changes in gene expression are a direct carcinogenetic stimulus or a protective response due to genetic instability during tumor progression.
Idiopathic Chondrolysis Condition in Two Young, Wild-caught Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) Reared in Captivity
Authors: Rao S. , Bryant M. , Herbert R. , Sullivan N. , Murray C. , Bacher J. , Safdar N.
Published: January 2009

Idiopathic chondrolysis is a human clinical entity typically reported in adolescent individuals. In this brief communication, we report 2 cases of presumptive idiopathic chondrolysis of the femoral head in Cynomolgus macaques and discuss the clinical symptomatology and pathology of the disease. In detail, we describe the histomorphologic changes of idiopathic chondrolysis and compare these findings with those typically observed in the primary differential diagnoses of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and nonspecific osteoarthritis. Consideration of this entity among differential diagnoses in young Cynomolgus macaques with unilateral osteoarthritis could be important both for laboratory animal veterinarians and pathologists.
Schilddrüsendiagnostik in der Schwangerschaft. Referenzwerte und klinische Anwendung / Reference values for thyroid function tests during pregnancy
Authors: Spielhagen Christin , Bobermien Katja , Krebs Alexander , Wallaschofski Henri
Published: January 2009

Schilddrüsenerkrankungen gehören zu den häufigsten Stoffwechselstörungen der Frau im Reproduktionsalter und betreffen ca. 1 bis 2% aller Schwangerschaften. Da Schilddrüsenstoffwechselstörungen sowohl die Gesundheit der Mutter als auch eine gesunde Entwicklung des Kindes erheblich beeinträchtigen können, ist eine frühzeitige und exakte Diagnostik unerlässlich. Demgegenüber erschweren die physiologischen Veränderungen in der Schwangerschaft, unter anderem eine Zunahme des Plasmavolumens um 50%, ein Anstieg des Thyroxin-Bindungsglobulins und ein erhöhter Jodidbedarf die exakte Diagnostik und erfordern eine Anpassung der entsprechenden Schilddrüsenreferenzwerte zur Einschätzung des Schilddrüsenhormonstoffwechsels.
Evaluation of sample integrity measurement with VITROS® 5,1 FS chemistry system / Evaluation der Messung der Probenintegrität am VITROS® 5,1 FS
Authors: Knabbe Cornelius , Ratge Dieter , Christen Klaus , Sonntag Oswald
Published: January 2009

The measurement of sample integrity on a clinical laboratory system may help to avoid misleading results. The VITROS® 5,1 FS Chemistry System is a new analyzer which offers this feature. Approximately 50 diagnostic specimens were evaluated for the presence of hemolysis, icterus, and turbidity using MicroSensor™ technology onboard the VITROS® 5,1 FS. The samples were also assessed for hemoglobin concentration on a Lange photometer using the Harboe method and values were compared with the MicroSensor™ technology hemolysis index (H-index). For the icterus index (I-index), comparison was based on total bilirubin measured on the VITROS® system. To correlate the turbidity index (T-index), a comparison with triglycerides measured on the VITROS® 5,1 FS was undertaken. In addition, samples run on the VITROS® 5,1 FS were measured on a manual photometer at 700 nm. Good correlation was established between the manual Harboe method for measurement of hemoglobin and the VITROS® 5,1 FS H-index. For the I-index, a good correlation was observed compared to the quantitative bilirubin (TBIL slide) measurement. A poor correlation was expected for the comparison of the T-index with the triglycerides as measured on the VITROS® system. An additional study comparing the VITROS® MicroSensor T-index vs. manual photometer measurement at 700 nm yielded a very good correlation. The VITROS® 5,1 FS chemistry system MicroSensor™ technology measures the index for hemolyzed, icteric, and turbid samples. The indices correlate well compared to other methods for measuring these indices. Therefore, the use of MicroSensor™ technology offers a useful feature to identify samples containing optical interferents during routine work and to avoid misleading results by providing flags.
Evaluation of the Shear Modulus of Elastomeric Bridge Bearings Using Modal Data
Authors: Akbari Reza , Maalek Shahrokh
Published: January 2009

The current methods for the determination of the shear modulus for elastomeric bearings consist of the testing on a rather small part of the specimen cut from the manufactured bearing. Hence, such tests are destructive and at the same time, may not essentially represent the corresponding properties of the full size specimen with sufficient accuracy, due to the so-called “size effects.” Here, a modal-based nondestructive test method has been proposed which requires a rather simple modal testing apparatus and can be applied to find some important dynamic characteristics of the elastomeric bearings as well as its shear modulus. After the derivation of the dynamic characteristics of the specimens from modal analysis, the shear modulus has been obtained from modal analysis in conjunction with finite element analysis with different material properties that requires a series of finite element analyses based on a simple trial and error procedure. Four test specimens have been used and several tests have been carried out on each. Two of the test specimens were new elestomeric bearings and the other two were used bearings which have been in service for 35 years. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is a suitable manner in which important characteristics of the elastomeric bearings can be quantitatively obtained. Comparison of the results obtained from this method and conventional tests by ASTM have been discussed and some comments have been given on the results of tests on the new and old specimens.
A Critical Review of the Methodologies Employed for Determination of Tensile Strength of Fine-Grained Soils
Authors: Venkataramana K. , Rao B. Hanumantha , Singh D. N.
Published: January 2009

Tensile strength of fine-grained soils plays a significant role in assessing their cracking characteristics, which govern their suitability as a construction material for landfill liners and covers, earthen dams, embankments, and pavements. As such, determination of this property of these soils becomes essential. In this context, various experimental techniques that have been developed by earlier researchers to determine tensile strength of fine-grained soils are worth appreciating. Based on the experimental results obtained from these studies, several empirical relationships have been proposed. However, these relationships relate tensile strength of the soil with a single parameter (i.e., suction, plasticity index, liquid limit, CEC, clay content, or water content). This necessitates: (a) critical evaluation of such relationships, and (b) development of a generalized relationship that employs multiple soil properties. With this in view, investigations were carried out on some fine-grained soils and their tensile strength was determined by conducting undrained triaxial tests and suction measurements. Details of the methodologies adopted are presented in this paper and efforts have been made to achieve the two objectives mentioned above.
Indentation Measurements on Compacted Pharmaceutical Powders: Establishing the Sources of Variation in White Light Interferometer Dent Measurements
Authors: Hancock Bruno C. , Carlson Glenn T. , Langdon Beth A. , Ladipo Dauda D. , Mullarney Matthew P. , Vukovinsky Kim E.
Published: January 2009

Indentation measurements are commonly used to determine the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical compacts. Specifically, they are used to assess their resistance to plastic deformation and to help predict tablet properties. To date there has been little research reported aimed at understanding the variation associated with these types of measurements. In this work experiments were conducted to identify and, where possible, quantify the sources of variation for dent measurements on pharmaceutical excipient compacts using a white light interferometer. Statistical analyses of the results revealed that operator-to-operator and sample-to-sample variability each accounted for approximately 2.5 % of the total variability, whereas the intrinsic error of the experimental test procedure was about 10 % of the total variability. The remaining variability was due to known differences in the material properties or test conditions. The capability of the dent dimension measurements was determined to be approximately 8 % of the mean value, and thus it was possible to quantify the discriminating power of this type of compact mechanical property measurement.
Distribution and Habitat Associations of Radio‐Tagged Adult Lost River Suckers and Shortnose Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Authors: Banish Nolan P. , Adams Barbara J. , Shively Rip S. , Mazur Michael M. , Beauchamp David A. , Wood Tamara M.
Published: January 2009

Radiotelemetry was used to investigate the summer distribution and diel habitat associations of endangered adult Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris in northern Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. From 2002 to 2004, Lost River and shortnose suckers were tracked by boat, and water depth and water quality were measured at each fish location. A series of water quality monitors were deployed in northern Upper Klamath Lake to provide temporal information on ambient temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, and water samples were collected to assess chlorophyll a concentration. Suckers moved into northern Upper Klamath Lake during June and began to leave in late September each year. Kernel density estimates revealed differences in the distribution in the northern portion of Upper Klamath Lake in 2002 and 2004. In 2003, however, both Lost River and shortnose suckers were commonly located within and offshore from Pelican Bay, a shallow (1.0‐2.0 m), groundwater‐influenced area of Upper Klamath Lake. This was especially obvious beginning in late July of 2003, concurrent with reduced dissolved oxygen levels (<4.0 mg/L) in the northern portion of Upper Klamath Lake that resulted from a die‐off of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae. Both Lost River and shortnose suckers were generally associated with water depths greater than the mean depth (2.8 m) of northern Upper Klamath Lake. Evidence ratios did not suggest diel differences in depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, or pH at sucker locations. Both Lost River and shortnose suckers generally occupied depths greater than 2.0 m, except when suckers sought refuge in Pelican Bay during periods of poor water quality. Despite the potential for increased avian predation, suckers appeared to benefit from moving into Pelican Bay rather than staying in areas where dissolved oxygen was low. Pelican Bay appears to be an important refugium and thus may be important for sucker conservation.
Academic Resilience and Reading: Building Successful Readers
Authors: McTigue Erin M. , Washburn Erin K. , Liew Jeffrey
Published: January 2009

The socioemotional factors, which influence students' trajectories on their pathways to reading success, are often overlooked in literacy screenings and reading instruction. This article outlines the connections between personality factors, in particular resilient personalities, and early literacy success. It also offers teachers a series of six principles and supporting practices to facilitate socioemotional development situated in a second‐grade classroom with high‐quality reading instruction.

كثيراً من الأحيان تتغاضى تحليلات التعلم وتعليم القراءة النظر عن عوامل العواطف الاجتماعية التي تؤثر مسار الطلاّب في طريقهم إلى القراءة الناجحة. لذا تحدد هذه المقالة الروابط بين عوامل شخصية وخصوصاً شخصيات مرنة ونجاح التعلم المبكر. وتقدم أيضاً للمعلمين سلسلة من ستة مبادئ وممارسات الدعم لتسهيل تنمية العواطف الاجتماعية مأخوذة من صف من الصفوف الثانية يتمتع بجودة عالية من تعليم القراءة.

一些社会情绪因素，能影响到学生通往成功阅读之路的轨迹，可是却经常为读写能力筛选评估和阅读教学所忽略。本文概说学生人格因素，特别是富弹性的人格，与早期读写成功之间的各种关联。本文更给教师列出六项原则和一些支援教学的实践方法，以促进二年级学生在接受优质阅读教学时的社会情绪发展。

Les facteurs socio‐affectifs, qui influent sur les trajectoires des élèves sur le chemin de la réussite en lecture, sont souvent survolés en ce qui concerne la lecture‐écriture et l'enseignement de la lecture. Cet article met l'accent sur les liens entre les facteurs de personnalité, notamment les personnalités résilientes, et la réussite en lecture au début de la scolarité. Il présente aussi aux enseignants une série de six principes et des pratiques de soutien afin de faciliter le développement socio‐affectif en contexte dans une classe de seconde année offrant un enseignement de la lecture de bonne qualité.

При различных проверках грамотности и в самом процессе обучения чтению часто недоучитываются социально‐эмоциональные факторы, влияющие на те траектории, по которым двигаются ученики в своем общении с печатным словом. В статье очерчены связи между личностными факторами, в частности такими свойствами характера как жизнерадостность и гибкость, и ранним успехом в области грамотности. В статье также предложены шесть принципов и набор соответствующих методов, на основе которых можно успешно осуществлять социально‐эмоциональную поддержку второклассников при обучении чтению.

Los factores socioemocionales que afectan las trayectorias de los alumnos en el camino hacia el éxito en la lectura son pasados por alto a menudo en los exámenes de lectura y la instrucción de lectura. Este artículo perfila las conexiones entre los factores de personalidad, especialmente los de personalidades elásticas, y el éxito a temprana edad en las competencias. También les ofrece a los maestros una serie de seis principios y prácticas que sirven de apoyo a estas prácticas para facilitar el desarrollo socioemocional en un salón de clase de segundo grado en el que la instrucción de lectura es de alta calidad.
Malignancy in Children with Trisomy 21
Authors: Rabin Karen R. , Whitlock James A.
Published: January 2009

Learning Objectives

Evaluate malignancies for which children with Down syndrome are at increased and decreased risk in order to screen appropriately. Analyze the clinical and biologic features of transient myeloproliferative disease and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children with DS. Determine the clinical and biologic features of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children with DS and outline treatment strategies.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Durability of polyolefin geosynthetic drains
Authors: Müller W. W. , Jakob I. , Li C. S. , Tatzky-Gerth R.
Published: January 2009

The German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has established a testing guideline to assess the suitability of geosynthetic or geocomposite drain (GCD) elements for final landfill cover systems. In an earlier paper the uniform procedure according to the BAM guideline for determining long-term water flow capacity was described, and the structural stability of drain cores under creep was investigated. The extrapolation of creep curves is permissible only when it can be shown, over the extrapolated period (at least 100 years), that oxidative aging does not invoke any relevant changes in the polyolefin material. This can be shown by measuring antioxidant depletion and mechanical degradation of the drain cores and filter/ protection geotextiles in oven aging and water immersion tests. In this paper the results of such aging studies on three different GCD products are reported. Degradation of the tensile strength of HALS-stabilized polypropylene needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles (PP NWGTs) starts right from the beginning of the oven aging. This has to be taken into account for lifetime predictions based on residual tensile strength. The rate of oxidative degradation of NWGTs decreases significantly with increasing mass per area. Therefore the expected service life sets a limit on acceptable geotextile grammage. Antioxidant depletion in the drain cores, which are made of relatively thick PP strands or HDPE ribs, is about an order of magnitude slower than in filter and protection NWGTs, which are made of thin fibers. Service life values in excess of 100 years may be obtained for the products when the geotextiles and drain cores are properly stabilized and designed.
Ship impact on concrete offshore platform legs
Authors: Jones J. , Fraser R.
Published: January 2009

The majority of offshore oil platforms are of tubular steel construction which, because of the plasticity of the steel, are tolerant of damage from ship impact. Some platforms are supported by reinforced, pre-tensioned concrete legs, in which there is little capacity for energy absorption. To resist ship impact, the local strength of the concrete leg must therefore be greater than the crushing strength of the ship. The effect of a low-speed ship impact on the integrity of a reinforced concrete platform leg has been investigated using finite-element methods. The dynamic impact analysis has been run in Abaqus/Explicit. The concrete-damaged plasticity material model implemented in Abaqus has been used to model the behaviour of the concrete, with elastic–plastic properties used for the steel reinforcement. The model has been calibrated against scale tests carried out on a cylindrical reinforced shell and simple slab test experiments, and showed good agreement. A comparison is made between the finite-element model and an accident in which a low-energy ship impact occurred on a concrete platform leg. The damage predicted by the finite-element model is found to agree well with that observed following the accident, indicating that the approach is applicable to modelling the impact.
Transport implications of bring-site recycling
Authors: Hickford A. , Cherrett T. , Maynard S.
Published: January 2009

Local authorities are striving to meet their recycling targets by providing householders with a range of recycling opportunities within the community. Household waste recycling centres (HWRCs or manned recycling drop-off centres) and ‘bring-sites’ (unmanned recycling drop-off centres) allow householders to dispose of a range of items that may not be catered for at the kerbside. The current and future transport implications of these facilities as trip generators are not widely understood. Using a database of HWRC visitor origins (n = 7135), this paper estimates the current annual mileage and environmental impacts associated with current visitor trips to HWRCs, given the regulations that govern their use, and identifies how this could be reduced if a series of bring-sites in the community were enhanced. The 4 677 000 annual visitors to the 26 HWRCs in Hampshire (UK) generated 40 million km and approximately 1873 t of carbon dioxide (CO2, as carbon). A network of 104 bring-sites serviced by 78 refuse collection vehicles able to take green waste, operating in addition to the facilities at the 26 HWRCs, could save approximately 8·5 million km (21%) of travel per annum (369 t of carbon dioxide as carbon).
Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Taylor Steven , Clark David A.
Published: January 2009

Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral approaches attempt to develop broad theories of clinical conditions (e.g., general theories of mood and anxiety disorders) and corresponding treatment protocols that can be applied to a range of clinical conditions. These can be contrasted with diagnosis-specific theories and treatments, which focus on particular clinical conditions (e.g., theories of panic disorder and panic-specific treatments). In this introductory article we trace the history of transdiagnostic and diagnosis-specific cognitive-behavioral approaches. Both have their origins in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Over the subsequent decades there was waning interest in transdiagnostic approaches and a corresponding increase in interest in diagnosis-specific approaches to theory and treatment. Over the past several years, however, interest has been revived in transdiagnostic approaches. We summarize the reasons for this growing interest and provide an overview of the following articles in this special issue.
Transdiagnostic Group CBT for Anxiety: Clinical Experience and Practical Advice
Authors: Erickson David H. , Janeck Amy S. , Tallman Karen
Published: January 2009

Cognitive-behavioral treatments (CBT) for the six anxiety disorders are potent, but only a small portion of patients receive them. Among several factors limiting their broad dissemination is the diagnostically specific nature of CBT for anxiety; the multiplicity of protocols makes them ill-suited for many mental health programs. This article describes the development of a transdiagnostic treatment approach for anxiety disorders as one way to close the dissemination gap. In particular, we describe our experience with two generations of mixed anxiety groups, where our previous controlled and uncontrolled studies found medium effect sizes within the range of effect sizes found with diagnosis-specific treatments. We also describe lessons learned from the two protocols, which may be of value in the development of transdiagnostic approaches.
Transdiagnostic Approaches to the Prevention of Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Dozois David J. A. , Seeds Pamela M. , Collins Kerry A.
Published: January 2009

This article describes the rationale for a transdiagnostic approach to the prevention of depression and anxiety. Preventive interventions have typically been developed in isolation and have often focused on depression or anxiety as independent constructs. Yet these disorders frequently co-occur and share a number of risk and vulnerability factors. We review 4 modifiable risk factors and suggest preventive strategies: (1) negative cognitive content and processes; (2) parental psychopathology and parenting; (3) stress and coping; and (4) behavioral inhibition and avoidance. Though many of these strategies have been applied in existing preventive programs, some risk factors that may be important to emphasize in preventive interventions are not targeted routinely. Moreover, by adopting a transdiagnostic approach to prevention (understanding and targeting modifiable vulnerability factors that cut across these disorders), the efficacy, generalizability, and cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions may be enhanced.
The Nature and Treatment of Pain-Related Fear in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: De Peuter Steven , de Jong Jeroen , Crombez Geert , Vlaeyen Johan W. S.
Published: January 2009

Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most frequently reported complaints in primary care. The last decade’s research has evidenced the important role of pain-related fear in the maintenance and exacerbation of chronic pain problems. In this article we review the current state of the art regarding the nature, development, and consequences of pain-related fear. We also discuss the implications for therapy, including mass media campaigns, education, exercise therapy, and exposure in vivo. Finally, we propose directions for future research, including the need to tailor treatments to individual patient characteristics, the role of interoceptive conditioning, implications of the context dependency of learning, and the consideration of implicit versus explicit attitudes toward feared painful stimuli.
Radiation Interception and Yield Response to Increased Leaflet Number in Early‐Maturing Soybean Genotypes
Authors: Seversike Thomas M. , Purcell Larry C. , Gbur Edward , Chen Pengyin , Scott Roy
Published: January 2009

Early‐maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars require less irrigation than full‐season cultivars and may mature before drought periods most often occur in the midsouthern United States. These cultivars require high plant‐population densities for radiation interception and acceptable yields, which increase costs. We hypothesized that seven‐leaflet genotypes would have greater leaf area per plant, resulting in more radiation interception and higher yield than near‐isogenic three‐leaflet genotypes at similar populations. Near‐isogenic lines from maturity groups 00 to 1.8 were seeded at rates from 4 to 80 m−2 The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by plots was measured using digital imagery and used to estimate cumulative intercepted PAR (CIPAR). Although seven‐leaflet isolines had greater leaf area per leaf than three‐leaflet isolines, leaf area per plant was similar between three‐ and seven‐leaflet isolines because the three‐leaflet isolines had a slightly greater number of main‐stem leaves than seven‐leaflet isolines. Generally, seven‐leaflet isolines had 10 to 21% greater CIPAR at populations ≤40 m−2 compared to three‐leaflet isolines. At populations ≤20 m−2, seven‐leaflet isolines generally had higher yields than three‐leaflet isolines, but yields at these low populations were inherently low and agronomically unacceptable.
Common Bean Landrace Jalo Listras Pretas Is the Source of a New Andean Anthracnose Resistance Gene
Authors: Gonçalves‐Vidigal M. C. , Filho Pedro S. Vidigal , Medeiros A. F. , Pastor‐Corrales M. A.
Published: January 2009

Novel sources of resistance are continuously needed to combat anthracnose disease in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by the hypervariable pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Briosi and Cavara. We sought to characterize the novel anthracnose resistance in Andean common bean landrace ‘Jalo Listras Pretas’ (JLP). Jalo Listras Pretas is resistant to races 9, 64, 65, and 73 of the anthracnose pathogen used in this study. To examine inheritance of anthracnose resistance in JLP, F2 populations JLP/Mexico 222 and JLP/Cornell 49242 were inoculated with discriminating races of the pathogen. Segregation for resistance in both F2 populations fit a 3:1 resistant/susceptible ratio suggesting that the anthracnose resistance in JLP is controlled by a single dominant gene. To establish independence of the resistance gene in JLP from other published resistance genes, allelism tests were conducted with 14 F2 populations derived from crossing JLP with Andean cultivars carrying anthracnose resistance genes Co‐1, Co‐12, Co‐13, Co‐15, and Co‐12, and with Middle American cultivars with Co‐2, Co‐3, Co‐43, Co‐5, Co‐6, Co‐7, Co‐9, Co‐10, and Co‐11 Results revealed the resistance gene in JLP was independent of the Andean loci Co‐1 and Co‐12, and the nine Middle American anthracnose resistance genes. The symbol Co‐13 was assigned to this newly discovered anthracnose resistance gene in Brazilian Andean common bean landrace JLP.
Tagging and Mapping Pse‐1 Gene for Resistance to Halo Blight in Common Bean Differential Cultivar UI‐3
Authors: Miklas Phillip N. , Fourie Deidré , Wagner Jennifer , Larsen Richard C. , Mienie Charlotte M.S.
Published: January 2009

Halo blight [caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkh.) Young et al. (Psp)] is a serious seed‐borne bacterial disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A few resistance (R) genes and quantitative trait loci provide control to one or more races of the pathogen. To better understand monogenic resistance and improve breeding efficiency, we sought to tag and map a gene (Pse‐1) in host differential cultivar UI‐3 (previously named ‘Red Mexican UI‐3’) that provides resistance to races 1, 5, 7, and 9 of Psp Cosegregation for resistance to races 1, 5, 7, and 9, in a recombinant inbred population, ‘Canadian Wonder’/UI‐3 (CU), confirmed the effect of Pse‐1 against multiple races of the pathogen. Bulked‐segregant analysis in the CU population identified six random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers tightly linked (0–3.3 cM) to Pse‐1. Three of the RAPDs completely linked with Pse‐1 in the CU population were converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers SH11.800, SR13.1150, and ST8.1350. The linked markers were used to integrate Pse‐1 to linkage group B10 of the core map. Allelism tests (F2) confirmed relationships of Pse‐1 and Pse‐4 derived from UI‐3 with R genes in the other host differential cultivars. A survey of advanced lines and cultivars revealed that the SCAR markers generated in this study will have utility for marker‐assisted selection of Pse‐1 in germplasm from the Andean gene pool (e.g., kidney, calima) and from race Mesoamerican within the Middle American gene pool (black, carioca).
The Sensitivity Ratio: A Superior Method to Compare Plant and Pathogen Screening Tests
Authors: Otto‐Hanson Lindsey , Eskridge Kent M. , Steadman James R. , Madisa Gabotepele
Published: January 2009

There are numerous plant disease‐screening methods used to identify resistance in various crops. It is common practice to prefer the screening method with the smallest root mean square error (RMSE), least‐significant difference (LSD), or coefficient of variation (CV). However, valid comparison based on the RMSE or LSD requires both methods to have the same scale while the CV is only applicable if the scales are proportional to each other. Most plant disease‐screening methods developed for the same disease have different scales and, generally, it is not clear that the scales are proportional. The sensitivity ratio is a statistic specifically developed for comparing different measuring methods and is not based on any particular assumption about how the scales are related. We use the sensitivity ratio to compare two white mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary] resistance screening methods on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and two methods of evaluating pathogen isolate aggressiveness on dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Our results suggest that the sensitivity ratio should be used when comparing plant disease‐screening methods.
Hulless Barley Seeding Rate Effects on Grain Yield and Yield Components
Authors: Thomason W. E. , Brooks W. S. , Griffey C. A. , Vaughn M. E.
Published: January 2009

Recent efforts to expand markets for winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the mid‐Atlantic have focused on hulless types due to higher energy density. The exposed endosperm of hulless barley makes damage more likely than with hulled barley, and emergence is typically lower. Information to determine the optimum seeding rate for winter hulless barley is presently unavailable. Experiments were conducted over six site‐years in Virginia to evaluate seeding rate effects on grain yield and yield components of six hulless and three hulled barley lines. Seeding rates ranged from 278 to 742 viable seeds m−2. At similar seeding rates, final plant stands for hulless lines were 75% of that for hulled varieties. At equivalent plant density of 320 plants m−2, average grain yield for hulled lines was 6000 kg ha−1 and 4500 kg ha−1 for hulless lines. Yield of the best hulless barley line was 80% that of the hulled lines. A large portion of this is attributable to lower individual kernel weight, due to the absence of the hull weight. Hulless barley lines also had 5% fewer heads per square meter and 29% fewer grains per head. Seeding rates for hulless barley in a conventional, tilled seedbed should be at least 400 seeds m−2 to approach optimum yields. These results also support the conclusion that seeding at 480 to 520 seeds m−2 is appropriate for sites with high yield (5000 kg ha−1) potential.
Chemical Composition and Mammary Cancer Inhibitory Activity of Dry Bean
Authors: Thompson Matthew D. , Brick Mark A. , McGinley John N. , Thompson Henry J.
Published: January 2009

The global economic burden caused by chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer is enormous. Little information exists about the role that specific crops in the diet play to reduce these diseases. To address this question, the phenolic and flavonoid contents, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and anticancer activity of six market classes of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated. Cooked dry bean powder from two crop years were fed to laboratory rats to determine if bean had an effect on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis compared to the standard diet in a preclinical model for breast cancer. Dry beans in the diet reduced cancer incidence (no. of animals with cancerous tumor) from 95% in the control to 67% in animals fed bean, and mean multiplicity (no. of cancer tumors per animal) from 3.23 to 1.46, respectively (both P ≤ 0.001). Dry bean market classes differed for cancer multiplicity (white kidney vs. navy, 1.05 vs. 1.87 tumors per animal, P = 0.004), but anticancer activity was not associated with ORAC, phenolic or flavonoid content, seed coat color, or nutrient content. Dry bean market classes from the Andean center of domestication (COD) reduced cancer multiplicity more than those from the Middle American COD (P = 0.02), and dry beans from race Nueva Granada were more protective than those from race Mesoamerican (P = 0.01).
Differential Wilting among Soybean Genotypes in Response to Water Deficit
Authors: King C. Andy , Purcell Larry C. , Brye Kristofor R.
Published: January 2009

Genotypic differences for canopy wilting have been reported for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but no wilting data have been published, and mechanisms for differences remain unresolved. In field studies in 2002 and 2003, differences for wilting among 19 genotypes were consistent across years. Plant introductions (PI 416937 and PI 471938) were among the slowest wilting genotypes, and breeding lines (93705‐34 and 93705‐95) were among the fastest wilting. Row spacing (18 vs. 80 cm wide) did not affect wilting, indicating that lateral rooting did not contribute to genotypic differences. In a separate field study, volumetric soil water content at 15‐ and 50‐cm depths was generally greater for slow‐wilting PI 416937 than for fast‐wilting 93705‐95. Wilting for both genotypes responded similarly to soil water content (r2 = 0.63–0.74). In a growth chamber study, transpiration declined similarly for fast‐ and slow‐wilting genotypes in response to soil water deficit. Wilting response to soil water was the same for slow‐wilting PI 416937 and fast‐wilting genotypes 93705‐34 and A5959. Slow‐wilting 93705‐36 began wilting at a lower soil water content than did PI416937, 93705‐34, and A5959, indicating that more than one mechanism may be responsible for slow wilting.
Epistasis for Quantitative Traits in Crosses between Soybean Lines from China and the United States
Authors: Martin S.K. St. , Xie Fu‐ti , Zhang Hui‐jun , Zhang Wei , Song Xian‐jun
Published: January 2009

Epistasis has sometimes been reported in qualitative and quantitative traits of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Our objective was to determine the extent to which epistasis occurred in crosses between soybean lines adapted to similar latitudes in Liaoning, China, and in Ohio, USA. We crossed ‘Tiefeng #27’ × HS97‐4534 and ‘Ohio FG1’ × ‘Shennong #6’, and developed random F4–derived lines from each cross and BC1F3–derived lines from the backcross to each parent. We tested the lines, along with parents and their checks, at Plain City, OH, in 2005 to 2007, and at Shenyang, Liaoning, in 2005 and 2006. Comparison of the means of parents, biparental lines, and both backcrosses revealed significant epistasis for plant height, maturity, 100‐seed weight, yield, internode length, number of branches, harvest index, and content of protein and oil, but the epistasis was not expressed consistently across environments or parental combinations. Further, in some cases simple digenic epistasis did not account for the results, implying higher‐order interactions among loci. Some of the results could be explained by interactions of loci controlling timing of reproductive stages and interactions between such loci and the environment. Breeders who make crosses between soybean lines adapted to northeastern China and the midwestern United States should be prepared for a high frequency of poorly adapted progeny.
Valuing Noncontrolling Interests When a Buy-Sell Agreement Exists
Authors: Kasper Larry J.
Published: January 2009

When a buy-sell agreement exits, current valuation approaches based upon the "typical buyer" concept do not address the specific triggering events in the agreement. Until now, no approach has been put forth that addresses valuations based upon the triggering events, which produce different values to different interests. The proposed conditional probability approach provides a totally transparent, objective fair market valuation of a specific noncontrolling interest when 1) triggering events do not occur, 2) a triggering event fails to provide a formula, or 3) the agreement fails to fully specify what the parties intend by fair market value.
Investigation of Safety Influence Area for Four-Legged Signalized Intersections
Authors: Wang Xuesong , Abdel-Aty Mohamed , Nevarez Alexis , Santos Joseph B.
Published: January 2009

It is common in crash data recording and safety studies to designate crashes that occurred within a default radius from intersections as having occurred at or been influenced by intersections. The purpose of this study is to investigate thoroughly how intersection attributes affect this safety influence area and how the varied safety influence areas for intersection approaches improve safety analysis. First, a nationwide survey was conducted to review how police officers, crash records technicians, and state safety engineers identify intersection crashes. Data for a sample of 177 four-legged signalized intersections were collected from the state of Florida. On the basis of crash data and the approach features, the intersection's inside area (from the center to the stop bar, used to designate at-intersection crashes) and the safety influence area (measured upstream from the stop bar, used to designate intersection-related crashes) were explored by using classification trees. The research concluded that it is better to define at-intersection and intersection-related safety influence areas for each approach separately, and then to determine intersection influence area and size on the basis of approach features. Among the selected intersections, around 30% of the approaches had at least one intersection-related crash occurring beyond the physical boundary (left-turn lane), and these cases were examined. Test statistics showed that intersection-related crashes defined by a 250-ft boundary (the default used in many states) versus those defined by varied boundaries are significantly different. The approach-level intersection-related crashes were fitted by using the generalized estimating equations with a negative binomial. The significant factors identified were different for the models that used the fixed and the varied boundaries, and the model with varied influence areas had a better performance.