School‐Based Education Programmes for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Zwi Karen , Woolfenden Sue , Wheeler Danielle , O’Brien Tracey , Tait Paul , Williams Katrina 
Published: June 2013

School‐based education programmes on the prevention of sexual abuse may increase children's knowledge and protective behaviour but this does not necessarily reduce the number of incidents of abuse. The programmes should be seen as part of a community approach to prevent child sexual abuse. This is the conclusion of this Campbell/Cochrane systematic review of the best international research findings.

Background

Child sexual abuse is a significant problem that requires an effective means of prevention.

Objectives

To assess: if school‐based programmes are effective in improving knowledge about sexual abuse and self‐protective behaviours; whether participation results in an increase in disclosure of sexual abuse and/or produces any harm; knowledge retention and the effect of programme type or setting.

Search strategy

Electronic searches of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts and other databases using MESH headings and text words specific for child sexual assault and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted in August 2006.

Selection criteria

RCTs or quasi‐RCTs of school‐based interventions to prevent child sexual abuse compared with another intervention or no intervention.

Data collection & analysis

Meta‐analyses and sensitivity analysis, using two imputed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (0.1, 0.2), were used for four outcomes: protective behaviours, questionnaire‐based knowledge, vignette‐based knowledge and disclosure of abuse. Meta‐analysis was not possible for retention of knowledge, likelihood of harm, or effect of programme type and setting.

Main results

Fifteen trials measuring knowledge and behaviour change as a result of school‐based child sexual abuse intervention programmes were included. Over half the studies in each initial meta‐analysis contained unit of analysis errors. For behaviour change, two studies had data suitable for meta‐analysis; results favoured intervention (OR 6.76, 95% CI 1.44, 31.84) with moderate heterogeneity (I2=56.0%) and did not change significantly when adjustments using intraclass coefficients were made. Nine studies were included in a meta‐analysis evaluating questionnaire‐based knowledge. An increase in knowledge was found (SMD 0.59; 0.44, 0.74, heterogeneity (I2=66.4%). When adjusted for an ICC of 0.1 and 0.2 the results were SMD 0.6 (0.45, 0.75) and 0.57 (0.44, 0.71) respectively. Heterogeneity decreased with increasing ICC. A meta‐analysis of four studies evaluating vignette‐based knowledge favoured intervention (SMD 0.37 (0.18, 0.55)) with low heterogeneity (I2=0.0%) and no significant change when ICC adjustments were made. Meta‐analysis of between‐group differences of reported disclosures did not show a statistically significant difference.

Reviewers’ conclusions

Studies evaluated in this review report significant improvements in knowledge measures and protective behaviours. Results might have differed had the true ICCs from studies been available or cluster‐adjusted results been available. Several studies reported harms, suggesting a need to monitor the impact of similar interventions. Retention of knowledge should be measured beyond 3‐12 months. Further investigation of the best forms of presentation and optimal age of programme delivery is required.