bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Technology
Authors: Asch Adrienne , Wasserman David
Published: January 2013

Reproductive technologies serve three purposes: they allow women to have sex without having children; they enable individuals and couples who could not otherwise do so to have biologically related children; and they permit individuals and couples to select the children they will have based on detectable features of gamete providers, embryos, or fetuses. We will refer to these purposes, respectively, as procreation preventing, procreation assisting, and trait selecting. A single technology can serve more than one purpose. For example, the use of a third party's sperm to inseminate a woman with no partner, or whose partner cannot impregnate her, enables her not only to have a child, but also – by choosing a sperm provider with particular attributes – to affect the traits of the child she will have. This essay will not be concerned with procreation prevention technologies (seeAbortion; Birth Control), except to the extent they are used for trait selection purposes.
Latin American Ethics
Authors: Nuccetelli Susana
Published: January 2013

Latin American philosophers often express doubt about whether there is a characteristically Latin American philosophy at all. Yet the question itself has already led to philosophical work that now makes up a substantial corpus of original philosophical arguments that are topically related to Latin American history and culture. These criteria, then, together with that of being a view or argument on a substantial ethical question, demarcate Latin American ethics, a discipline closely connected to social and political philosophy. The focus in this essay will be ethical issues about human rights and Hispanic identity raised within both academic and nonacademic philosophy.
Principlism
Authors: Rauprich Oliver
Published: January 2013

“Principlism” is a technical term coined by K. Danner Clouser and Bernard Gert in 1990 to denote what is also known as the “four‐principles approach” to biomedical ethics by Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress. Originally used by Clouser, Gert, and others to criticize this approach, “principlism” is now widely used as a neutral term for referring to a type of applied ethics that is most prominently represented by Beauchamp and Childress in their seminal book
Principles of Biomedical Ethics
(1979, 6th ed. 2009). Although most proponents of principlism work in the field of biomedical ethics, the account is suitable for other areas of applied ethics as well.
Guise of the Good
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: January 2013

The “guise of the good” (GG) thesis concerns the nature of human motivation and intentional action (seeAction; Intention). It is generally understood as the view that everything that an agent desires (seeDesire; Pro‐attitudes) or pursues is in some way thought to be good. In its most sweeping version, the thesis applies to any mental state capable of motivating the agent; that is, every state that can motivate the agent must involve some kind of thought of its object as good. An even more radical version of GG also accepts the converse claim: namely, that all evaluative judgments motivate.
Hellenistic Ethics
Authors: Allen James
Published: January 2013

By convention the Hellenistic age began with the death of Alexander the Great in 323BCand ended in 31BCwith the battle of Actium, in which Antony and Cleopatra were vanquished by Octavian, soon to be the Roman emperor Augustus. In a striking coincidence between changes in the intellectual and political realms, Alexander's death was followed one year later by that of his one‐time teacher, Aristotle (384–322BC;seeAristotle). The modern discussion of Hellenistic philosophy was long dominated by suggestive speculation about the influence on it of rapidly changing social and political conditions. Regardless of what one thinks of these ideas, which are no longer in fashion, the abruptness of the transition in philosophy at the beginning of the Hellenistic era, which seems to be marked less by continuity and development than by radical transformation, is remarkable.
Egalitarianism
Authors: McKerlie Dennis
Published: January 2013

Egalitarianism has a shorter history than most other moral views. This is understandable given that past societies were averse to egalitarian values. However, egalitarianism has become a strong force in moral philosophy in the past 50 years. It is not an exaggeration to say that its prominence is due to the work of John Rawls and his bookA Theory of Justice(1971;seeRawls, John). Most contemporary egalitarian writers disagree with some aspects of Rawls' theory, but they have all been influenced by him. It is also striking that many distinguished moral philosophers are egalitarians, or at least have some sympathy for such a view. A short list would include Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Amartya Sen, Thomas Scanlon, Derek Parfit, Larry Temkin, and G. A. Cohen. Many other names could be added to the list.
Pornography and Obscenity
Authors: Watson Lori
Published: January 2013

In ancient Greek, the term “pornography” means “writes about prostitutes,” emphasizing the link between pornography and prostitution. Although both involve the selling of sex for money, the two are often treated as (legally) distinct practices. The thread of the Greek root that is preserved in most modern considerations of pornography is the part about “writing” or words, and hence, particularly in the United States legal and social context, speech and expression (seeSpeech, Freedom of).
Intentionality
Authors: Schueler G. F.
Published: January 2013

“Intentionality” is the term given by philosophers to the feature of some mental states that allows them to be about things, that is, to have “content” that in some way refers to things outside themselves. The concept was introduced into philosophy by Brentano (seeBrentano, Franz), who famously held that it was the distinguishing mark of the mental (Huemer 2010: 1). Having an intention to do something is anexampleof an intentional state in this sense, because one must intend todo something. But hope and fear, love and hate, belief and desire, are also intentional states in the broader sense to be discussed here since such states also have “objects.” One must hope for something, fear something, love or hate something, believe or want something.
Doing and Allowing
Authors: Norcross Alastair
Published: January 2013

Is there a morally significant distinction between doing and allowing? The most natural way to understand this question is as asking whether doing harm is worse, in itself, than allowing harm. This is how I will, for the most part, understand the question. There is, however, a different way to put it. Perhaps the claim of moral significance is not that doing harm is worse than allowing harm, but that doing harm is more difficult to justify than allowing harm. One may reasonably wonder whether the latter claim could be based in something other than the former claim, but it is, at least on its face, worth considering separately. I will briefly do this later. The question of the moral significance of the doing/allowing distinction has received much attention in recent years, in large part due to the perceived connection with the moral issues surrounding euthanasia (seeEuthanasia). Much of the debate about doing and allowing focuses on the distinction between killing and letting die (seeKilling), which appears to be a specific instance of the distinction between doing harm and allowing harm (seeHarm). But this is not quite right. Most cases of killing involve doing harm, and most cases of letting die involve allowing harm. However, there are cases in which death is not a harm, and therefore in which killing does not involve doing harm. These are precisely those cases in which the moral case for euthanasia, either active or passive, is strongest. When continued life involves overwhelming suffering, death may be a benefit to the sufferer (seeDeath). It follows that even if doing harm is morally worse, in itself, than allowing harm, active euthanasia may not differ morally from passive euthanasia. In what follows, however, I shall ignore this complication, and treat killing as a specific instance of doing harm.
Professional Ethics
Authors: Meyers Christopher
Published: January 2013

In order to address what is distinctive about professional ethics, one must first clearly identify what it means to be a profession or a professional. Conceptual clarity is obviously a virtue in all practical ethics topics, but it is particularly so given the wide array of occupations and activities that identify themselves as professions, including everything from physicians to athletes to architects to beauticians. The disparity between these respective enterprises' qualifications and commitments is so wide as to make implausible the idea that they share a common ethical framework, and thereby to also challenge the opening presupposition that there is something distinctive about professional ethics.
Nature and the Natural
Authors: Moriarty Paul V.
Published: January 2013

What is nature, and what value does it have? These questions have been of great interest to environmental philosophers, conservation biologists (seeconservation biology), advocates (and critics) of ecological restoration, naturalists (both professional and amateur), nature lovers, policymakers, and society in general.
Thoreau, Henry David
Authors: Bates Stanley
Published: January 2013

David Henry Thoreau (1817–62) was born in Concord, Massachusetts. His family moved a number of times but returned to Concord in 1823, where his father was a shopkeeper and later had a pencil business. The rest of his life except for his college years and some periods of travel was spent in Concord, to which he had a complicated and sometimes confrontational relationship. He went to Harvard College from which he graduated in 1837, after which he returned to Concord, where he was for a brief time a schoolteacher. He began the most important friendship of his life with Ralph Waldo Emerson (
see
Emerson, Ralph Waldo) in Concord after his graduation from college. In this period when Thoreau was trying to find a course of life for himself, Emerson encouraged him to keep a journal. He did so for the rest of his life, and almost all of his published writing began in this journal. Like Emerson he reshaped that raw material of his journal into lectures, essays, and the books he published in his lifetime. (Thoreau also changed the order of his given names to Henry David.) He worked in the family pencil business, lived and worked in the Emerson household as a general factotum for a time, and worked as a land surveyor off and on for the rest of his life. Thoreau was a writer, a poet, a student of philosophy, and an avid reader of the wisdom literature of other, especially Asian, traditions. He was also the greatest of American “nature writers.” He died in Concord in 1862.
Commodification
Authors: Walsh Adrian
Published: January 2013

Are there some things that should not be commodified? By “commodification” we mean the process of transforming a good or activity into a commodity available on the market. How extensive should that market be? For instance, should transplant kidneys, water, professional soldiers, or sexual services be available on the market? Are there reasons to prevent the buying and selling of certain kinds of goods or might we permissibly allow the commodification of everything that can be commodified?
Difference Principle
Authors: Brighouse Harry
Published: January 2013

Distributive justice concerns how the benefits and burdens of social and economic activity should be shared out (seeJustice). So a theory of distributive justice identifies the benefits and burdens that social cooperation produces, and prescribes how they should be distributed. An important dimension on which theories differ is the extent to which, and mechanisms by which, inequalities can be legitimate (seeEquality; Egalitarianism). John Rawls' relatively egalitarian theory of justice as fairness shapes most contemporary philosophical debates, not in the sense that there is any kind of consensus on his principles, but in that other theories are often proposed explicitly as superior alternatives (seeRawls, John).
Religion and Politics
Authors: Coady C. A. J.
Published: January 2013

The interaction between religion and politics is a matter of urgent concern well into the early part of the twenty‐first century, principally because of the apparent revival of enthusiasm for religion in many parts of the world and the widespread belief that this revival poses a threat to democracy and political stability more generally. This threat is seen as coming not only from extremist Islamic jihadists but also from some democratic leaders with strong Christian commitments, of whom George W. Bush was a prime example. (For President George W. Bush's religio‐political inclinations, see in particular MacAskill 2005 and Weinberger 2006: 137.) Partly as a reaction to this revival and its perceived dangers, there has been a resurgence of intellectual hostility to religion, most evident in the popularity of “new atheist” publications and gatherings.
Hindu Ethics
Authors: Perrett Roy W.
Published: January 2013

While classical Indian philosophy is incredibly rich in rigorous discussion of topics in epistemology, logic, and metaphysics, comparable discussions in ethics were not as extensive as might be expected. Certainly, ethics was not a distinct field within Indian philosophy in the manner of pramāṇavāda (the part of Indian philosophy that corresponds roughly to epistemology and logic;seeComparative Religious Ethics). Instead, Indian ethical discussions are to be found scattered across many works and genres (Holdrege 1991). However, although classical Indian value theory is underdeveloped relative to other branches of Indian philosophy, Indian philosophers had a good deal to say about ethics as they vigorously discussed topics like the ends of life and the relation of virtuous action to those ends. Moreover, these ideas continue to have influence within contemporary Hinduism, though they have also been somewhat transformed by Hinduism's encounter with modernity.
Epistemology, Moral
Authors: Sayre‐McCord Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

Moral epistemology, as a field, is concerned with (i) whether, (ii) how, and (iii) what (if anything) we know about morality, about right and wrong, justice and injustice, virtue and vice.
Empathy
Authors: Stueber Karsten
Published: January 2013

The concept of empathy has played and continues to play a central role in the philosophical and psychological discussions and investigations of two central features characterizing the social nature of human beings: the ability to recognize what other people are thinking and feeling, and the ability to engage with other people in a social manner. Accordingly, empathy refers to a broad range of psychological processes and phenomena having to do with our ability to know another person's state of mind and our ability to be emotionally affected by how others feel and think about their situation, allowing us to feel like them, to feel with them, to care for them, and to be concerned about them. Although the concept of empathy had been coined only at the beginning of the twentieth century, empathy‐related phenomena have been the focus of attention under the heading of sympathy (
see
Sympathy) ever since British philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly David Hume and Adam Smith (
see
Hume, David; Smith, Adam), attempted to analyze the psychological foundation of moral judgments, of moral motivation, and of the social nature of human beings.
Gun Control
Authors: Hunt Lester H.
Published: January 2013

The phrase “gun control” has no very precise meaning. It typically refers either to prohibitions of or restrictions on gun ownership on the part of the civilian population. Such rules may apply either to guns in general or to some type of gun (such as handguns). More rarely, it can refer to legal restrictions, not on classes of weapons, but on classes of users, a sort of restriction that might be called “dangerous possessor gun control” (
see
Risk). In this case, the state denies the right of gun ownership to some class of the population deemed – perhaps due to youth, mental infirmity, or prior criminal behavior – to be insufficiently trustworthy. Dangerous possessor rules seem to be
per se
uncontroversial: though there is disagreement about which users are sufficiently untrustworthy, no one seems to deny that there should be some restrictions on who may own these weapons. The philosophical literature that has developed in the past two decades is focused mainly on legal restrictions on guns, and not on users.
Socrates
Authors: Rider Benjamin A.
Published: January 2013

Socrates (ca. 469–399BCE) is at once one of the most influential and one of the most mysterious and malleable figures in the history of Western ethical philosophy. Almost every ancient Greek and Roman philosophical school, from the iconoclastic Cynics and skeptical Academy to the system‐building Stoics and hedonistic Cyrenaics, claimed Socrates as an intellectual ancestor and moral exemplar (seeAncient Ethics; Cyrenaics; Hellenistic Ethics; Stoicism). His ideas about virtue, wisdom, and happiness set the agenda for subsequent ethical inquiry, and his life and example continued to exert their power down through the Western philosophical tradition, influencing and inspiring philosophers from Kierkegaard and Freud to contemporary proponents of virtue ethics (seeEudaimonism; Virtue Ethics). Yet, as this diversity of appropriations of Socrates and the Socratic life indicates, the man himself has always been something of an enigma, his life, ideas, and significance seen differently depending on who is looking at him. This held true even for those who knew him when he was alive: the decades after Socrates' death saw the emergence of a surprisingly diverse group of “Socratic” philosophers, as former companions of Socrates debated vigorously about the meaning of their mentor's life and work, often through the medium of Socratic dialogues (Döring 2011). Socrates himself, however, wrote nothing, and the three significant surviving depictions of Socrates – in the works of the comic playwright Aristophanes, the soldier and historian Xenophon, and the philosopher Plato – ascribe very different personalities and philosophical interests and commitments to their subject (on Aristophanes' Socrates, see Konstan 2011; on Xenophon's, see Dorion 2006). All agree he was a strange but compelling man, but they disagree about most of the reasons why.
Multiculturalism
Authors: Pierik Roland
Published: January 2013

From the mid‐1990s onward, cultural diversity and multiculturalism have become a subject of major interest in the social sciences and philosophy. Proponents argue that contemporary societies are characterized by cultural pluralism, and that this important fact has long been ignored or even denied in mainstream debates.
Greatest Happiness Principle
Authors: Riley Jonathan
Published: January 2013

The greatest happiness principle is the ultimate standard of morality set up by classical utilitarianism (seeUtilitarianism). That classical creed conceives of good as happiness (seeHappiness) and holds that right actions are those which maximize the total happiness of the members of the community. As John Stuart Mill (seeMill, John Stuart) explains inUtilitarianism(1861), “The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (1969: 210). Moreover, happiness is understood in hedonistic terms, “By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure” (seeHedonism; Pleasure).
Thought Experiments in Ethics
Authors: Walsh Adrian
Published: January 2013

Thought experiments have been part of the philosopher's toolkit when exploring ethical issues since the very beginnings of philosophy. One need only look to Book 1 of Plato'sRepublicto find a telling example of a thought experiment at work. Therein Plato asks us, in order to focus our attention on the problem of what reasons there are for acting morally, to imagine a ring that enables its wearer to become invisible and thereby to perpetrate all sorts of mischief. This is but one of many instances of their use to be found in the ethics literature. Some of the more famous recent examples of thought experiments in ethics, which vary widely with respect to their realism, include Philippa Foot's notorious “trolley problem,” Bernard Williams' story of Jim and the Indians, and Judith Jarvis Thomson's “famous violinist” (Foot 1978; Smart and Williams 1973; Thomson 1971).
Character
Authors: Cokelet Bradford
Published: January 2013

In both ordinary and academic contexts, people regularly invoke claims about character to support
normative
practical conclusions – conclusions about what is good, right, admirable, etc. Ordinary examples include a father who advises his son to avoid some unsavory characters in his school and a mother who praises her daughter for showing real strength of character in the face of peer pressure. Academic examples include moral philosophers who think that good character or virtue should play a central role in ethical theory (
see
Virtue Ethics) and sociologists, such as Sennett (2000), who raise worries about various socio‐political forces corroding peoples’ characters.
Health and Disease in Religions
Authors: Green Ronald M.
Published: January 2013

For most of human history, religion has been closely bound up with the understanding of health and disease. Religions have provided accounts of the origins of health and disease, as well as means for preserving health or restoring it. Although religious traditions around the world differ in the specifics of their understanding of disease, there are broad similarities in their basic views.
Impact of freshening over the Southern Ocean on ENSO
Authors: Ma Hao , Wu Lixin , Li Zhengquan
Published: January 2013

The response of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to idealized freshwater forcing over the Southern Ocean (SO) is investigated using a fully‐coupled climate model. Modeling results explicitly show that freshening over the SO can modulate mean climate of tropical Pacific, triggering La Niña‐like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and a sharper zonal tilt of tropical thermocline, which further influences ENSO variability. Amplitude of ENSO is intensified due to shallower thermocline in central‐eastern tropical Pacific, while the period of ENSO is significantly enlarged primarily because upper‐ocean meridional temperature gradient between equatorial and off‐equatorial region is decreased, which is favorable to extend the period of ENSO © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society.
A comparison of modern and historical methods for calculating Montgomery steamfunction
Authors: Market Patrick S. , Rochette Scott M. , Lupo Anthony R.
Published: January 2013

The suggestion has been made that the Montgomery streamfunction is now calculable for isentropic analysis purposes simply by applying the equation Ψ = gZ + cpT. Historically, this practice has been frowned upon, as measurements aloft did not have the accuracy requisite to allow such practice. Instead, an integral approach to calculating Ψ has been preferred to get workable values. Yet, advancements in the accuracy of radiosonde measurements have occurred, especially with global positioning system (GPS)‐verified height data. Herein, we show that the values from the simple and integral methods of getting Ψ are very similar, and differ by only ∼0.2%. © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
eChickAtlas: An introduction to the database
Authors: Wong Frances , Welten Monique C.M. , Anderson Claire , Bain Andrew A. , Liu Jiahui , Wicks Michael N. , Pavlovska Gordana , Davey Megan G. , Murphy Paula , Davidson Duncan , Tickle Cheryll A. , Stern Claudio D. , Baldock Richard A. , Burt David W.
Published: January 2013

The precise control of gene expression is critical in embryonic development. Quantitative assays, such as microarrays and RNA sequencing, provide gene expression levels for a large number of genes, but do not contain spatial information. In contrast, in situ methods, such as in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, provide spatial resolution, but poor quantification and can only reveal the expression of one, or very few genes at a time. Furthermore, the usual methods of documenting the results, by photographing whole mounts or sections, makes it very difficult to assess the three‐dimensional (3D) relationships between expressing and nonexpressing cells. Optical projection tomography (OPT) can capture the full 3D expression pattern in a whole embryo at a reasonable level of resolution and at moderately high throughput. A large database containing spatio‐temporal patterns of expression for the mouse (e‐Mouse Atlas Project, EMAP, www.emouseatlas.org) has been created, incorporating 3D information. Like the mouse, the chick is an important model in developmental biology and translational studies. To facilitate comparisons between these important model organisms, we have created a 3D anatomical atlas, accompanied by an anatomical ontology of the chick embryo and a database of gene expression patterns during chick development. This database is publicly available (www.echickatlas.org). genesis 51:365–371. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controlled Synthesis and High Oxidation Stability of Cobalt Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica using a Modified Stöber Approach and a Pseudomorphic Transformation
Authors: Batail Nelly , Clémençon Isabelle , Legens Christelle , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Uzio Denis
Published: January 2013

Uniform core@shell cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) embedded into mesoporous silica (Co@m‐SiO2) were prepared by a simple two‐step procedure. Metallic cobalt NPs stabilized by sodium citrate and a nonionic polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) were coated by a homogeneous silica shell by using a modified Stöber protocol. In the second step, the mesoporosity of the shell was produced through a pseudomorphic transformation by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in alkaline media. An in situ XRD study performed in air on the resulting Co@m‐SiO2 solid revealed that this new material is stable under ambient conditions and even resistant towards oxidation up to 450 °C. It is noteworthy that only 30 % of the Co3O4 phase is detected after air treatment at 550 °C. As a result, the core@shell morphology is preserved even at 700 °C in air, which shows the stabilization effect and sintering resistance of this type of structure.
Lifetime memories from persistently supple synapses
Authors: Routtenberg Aryeh
Published: January 2013

It is here proposed that the evanescent network derived from malleable or supple synapses is the substrate for long‐lasting memory. The subjective sense of memory permanence is not derived, as suggested by Bain and others, from the stabilization of synaptic structure which gives rise to consolidated distributed networks. This generally held wisdom that synapses are activated and ultimately stabilized to reflect the long‐lasting substrate of memory is reinforced by increased interest in the importance of sparse coding in memory consolidation. One line of evidence for sparse coding derives from studies on the lateral nucleus neurons of the amygdala (for review, see Josselyn, 2010). These findings lead to the conclusion that a small number of neurons are both necessary and sufficient to retrieve the fear engram. Recently, it has been shown that sparse coding in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is sufficient for retrieving the fear conditioning engram (Liu et al., 2012). One implication of these findings is that memory is stored in selected cells and that this restricted storage is more or less permanent, as the authors note: “… Defined cell populations can form the cellular basis for fear memory engrams (Liu et al., 2012, p. 89).” But the problem with this model is that because new learning is incorporated into existing networks, stabilization would work against this integration. For this reason and because of obligatory processes of metabolic protein turnover and ongoing synaptic malleability, the “supple synapse” model is proposed (Routtenberg, A., Rekart, 2005; Routtenberg, 2008a,b). Specifically, long‐lasting memory is derived from the instructive, use‐dependent sampling of neural networks selected from a very large universe of networks that are evanescent because they are linked together by supple synapses. Importantly, if such suppleness did not exist, the stabilization of synapses would then prevent the physiological malleability of brain circuitry that is essential both for proper integrated information storage and for flexible information retrieval. A corollary of this proposal is that it suggests an alternative view of consolidation: the same agent which is disruptive immediately after learning is no longer effective later because the network, over time, becomes widely distributed and evanescent. Thus, time‐dependence is replaced with space‐dependence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Yokukansan in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Matsuda Yuki , Kishi Taro , Shibayama Hiroto , Iwata Nakao
Published: January 2013

Objectives

There is currently no meta‐analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of Yokukansan in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.

Method

We used information obtained from the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases until October 2012. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials comparing Yokukansan with usual care (UC, i.e., controls). Standardized mean difference and weighted mean difference were calculated. All studies used the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) for the evaluation of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.

Results

Four relevant studies (total n = 236) were identified. Yokukansan was superior to UC in the reduction of total NPI scores (p = 0.0009, weighted mean difference =−7.20, I2 = 0%). In addition, Yokukansan was more efficacious in reducing scores on the NPI subscale (delusions, hallucinations, and agitation/aggression) than UC (p < 0.00001–0.0009). Yokukansan treatment also improved activities of daily living scores compared with UC (p = 0.04, standardized mean difference = −0.32, I2 = 0%). Mini‐mental state examination scores did not differ between the Yokukansan and UC treatment groups. Yokukansan was not different from UC regarding discontinuation due to any cause.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that Yokukansan has a beneficial effect on NPI and on ADL scores and that Yokukansan seems to be a well‐tolerated treatment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General and Facile Synthesis of Novel Polysubstituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones
Authors: Xin Minhang , Gao Ying , Xiang Hua , Chen Dong , He Yi , You Qidong
Published: January 2013

A simple and efficient approach to synthesize novel polysubstituted quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones has been developed, and the key step is a sequential procedure involved iron‐mediated reduction and acid‐catalytic cyclization. The present method provides a convenient and practical strategy for the synthesis of quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives.
Synthesis and Biological Applications of Some Novel Spiro Heterocycles Containing 1,3,4‐Thiadiazine, Thiazole, and Oxazole Derivatives
Authors: Dabholkar Vijay V. , Bhusari Nitin V.
Published: January 2013

2‐Ethoxy carbonylcyclopentanone (1) has been brominated to yield 2‐bromo‐2‐ethoxy carbonylcyclopentanone (2) which on further reaction with substituted thiosemicarbazones, thiocarbohydrazones, thiocarbamides and carbamides has furnished 1‐thia‐3,4‐diaza‐5,7‐dioxo‐2‐[(substituted benzylidine)‐amino]spiro[4.5]dec‐2‐ene (3a–e), 1‐thia‐3,4‐diaza‐5,7‐dioxo‐2‐[(substituted benzylidine)‐hydrazino] spiro[4.5]dec‐2‐ene (4a–e), 1‐thia‐3‐aza‐2‐(substituted imino)‐4,6‐dioxo‐spiro[4.4]nonane (5a–f) and 1‐oxa‐3‐aza‐2‐(substituted imino)‐4,6‐dioxo‐spiro[4.4]nonane (6a–g) respectively. The structures of the compounds have been elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.
A branch‐and‐cut algorithm for the ring spur assignment problem
Authors: Carroll Paula , Fortz Bernard , Labbé Martine , McGarraghy Seán
Published: January 2013

The ring spur assignment problem arises in the design of next‐generation telecommunications networks and has applications in location‐allocation problems. The aim is to identify a minimum cost set of interconnected ring spurs. We seek to connect all nodes of the network either on a set of bounded disjoint local rings or by a single spur edge connected to a node on a local ring. Local rings are interconnected by a special ring called the tertiary ring. We show that the problem is NP ‐Hard and present an Integer Programming formulation with additional valid inequalities. We implement a branch‐and‐cut algorithm and present our conclusions with computational results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile‐co‐starch copolymer matrix for enhancement of electrical, thermal, and gas barrier properties
Authors: Prusty Gyanaranjan , Swain Sarat K.
Published: January 2013

Nanomaterials gained great importance on account of their wide range of applications in many areas. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional electrical, thermal, gas barrier, and tensile properties and can therefore be used for the development of a new generation of composite materials. Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reinforced Polyacrylonitrile‐co‐starch nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization technique. The structural property of PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites was studied by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The conductivity, tensile strength, and thermal properties of nanocomposites were measured as a function of MWCNT concentrations. The thermal stability, conductivity, and tensile strength of PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites were improved with increasing concentration of MWCNTs. Oxygen barrier property of PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites was calculated and it was found that, the property was reduced substantially with increase of MWCNTs proportion. The synthesized PAN‐co‐starch/MWCNT nanocomposites may used for electrostatically dissipative materials, aerospace or sporting goods, and electronic materials. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
The p.L750V mutation in the NLRP7 gene is frequent in Mexican patients with recurrent molar pregnancies and is not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Estrada Higinio , Buentello Beatriz , Zenteno Juan Carlos , Fiszman Rachel , Aguinaga Mónica
Published: January 2013

Objective

The aim of this study is to analyze NLRP7 mutation frequency in 20 Mexican patients with recurrent hydatidiform moles (RHMs).

Patients

Twenty patients with RHMs, 50 couples with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and 100 controls were included in the study. Molecular analysis of the NLRP7 coding region was performed in patients with RHMs. Restriction enzyme digestion analysis and direct sequencing of the identified mutations were performed in controls and patients with RPL.

Results

Patients displayed between two and six moles, and 10 of them presented other forms of pregnancy loss. Twelve (60%) patients were homozygous for the missense mutation c.2248C > G (p.L750V), five (25%) patients were heterozygous for the p.L750V mutation and the c.1018 G > A (p.E340K) variant, and three (15%) patients were heterozygous for the c.1018 G > A (p.E340K) variant. Five (5%) control women and four women and one man (5%) with RPL were heterozygous for the p.L750V mutation and two (2%) patients with RPL were heterozygous for the p.E340K variant.

Conclusions

A total of 60% of our RHM patients presented homozygous p.L750V mutations, 25% were compound heterozygotes for p.L750V mutation and the p.E340K variant, and 15% were heterozygous for p.E340K variant. Heterozygous p.L750V mutations were frequently observed in our population. Homozygous mutations were also present in patients with RHMs. Additional studies are needed to understand the role of the p.E340K variant in RHMs and RPL. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of Vocal Fold and Pharyngeal Paralysis After Carotid Endarterectomy Using a Magnifying Laryngoscope
Authors: Tamaki Tomonori , Node Yoji , Saitou Norihiro , Saigusa Hideto
Published: January 2013

Background

Injury to the vagus nerve or one of its branches during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can result in vocal fold paralysis (VFP), but the exact mechanisms and site of injury responsible for VFP after CEA are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the site of nerve injury in patients with VFP after CEA using magnifying laryngoscopy.

Methods

We performed 96 consecutive CEA procedures in 87 patients over 5 years. After 56 CEA procedures, we examined vocal fold movements with a flexible nasolaryngoscope and detected VFP in 5 of 40 cases (9 %). At 6–8 weeks after CEA, these five patients also underwent magnifying laryngoscopy at another institution by a specialist in vocalization.

Results

We confirmed ipsilateral VFP and pharyngeal paralysis in three patients. The other two patients recovered from their nerve injuries spontaneously before the magnifying examination.

Conclusions

VFP and pharyngeal paralysis were caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal and pharyngeal nerves. Therefore, the probable site of nerve injury during CEA was near the inferior vagal ganglion of the vagus nerve trunk in our three patients.
Introgression of Botrytis grey mould resistance genes from Cicer reticulatum (bgmr1cr) and C. echinospermum (bgmr1ce) to chickpea (C. arietinum)
Authors: Ramgopal D. , Srivastava R. K. , Pande S. , Rathore A. , Jadhav D. R. , Sharma M. , Gaur P. M. , Mallikarjuna N.
Published: January 2013

Botrytis grey mould (BGM), caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., is an important disease of chickpea causing economic losses across the world in chickpea-growing regions. There are no available resistance sources in cultivated chickpea against this disease. Cicer echinospermum and C. reticulatum, the only two compatible annual wild species, have been reported to have resistance to BGM. Hence, interspecific populations were developed with susceptible cultivars as female parents and C. echinospermum accession IG 73 074 and C. reticulatum accession IG 72 937 as the pollen donors to transfer and assess the nature of genetic control for BGM. Screening the progeny indicated that resistance to BGM was controlled by a single additive gene/allele (bgmr1cr and bgmr1ce), which can be introgressed through a backcross breeding programme.
Avoiding malnutrition in the institutionalized elderly.
Authors: Lelovics Z. , Deé K.
Published: January 2013

Residents at long-term residential institutions (nursing homes, homes for the elderly and social housing) find supported livelihood, full board and peace of mind. However, malnutrition is very frequent among institutionalized elderly. This article systematically reviews the currently available literature on malnutrition, factors that influence nutritional status and also the possible ways of prevention. Avoiding malnutrition in this group is a very difficult task for the staff of the institutions. These elderly people need special attention. We reviewed the screening tools, catering, food intake and the factors that lead to malnutrition and possible solutions for them. The review only deals with factors that were reported during the last 3 years. The conclusions could offer useful guidelines for institutions to develop a special, local protocol that is best for the residents, thus avoiding malnutrition.
Reference Back: Herbert Woodbine, reference librarian and bibliographer
Authors: Whatley Allan
Published: January 2013

WHEN I BEGAN MY LIBRARY CAREER in the Birmingham Public Libraries in 1930 I came directly under the instruction of two men: Herbert Woodbine, who worked there from 1911 to 1944, and Francis J. Thacker. These men were alternately in charge of the running of the main reference library counter. They controlled the business of handling the requests for books that poured in from nine in the morning to ten at night all week, and from two to nine p.m. on Sundays. With the older part of Birmingham University just across the road, the main users during most of the year were from the university community, but there were also many newspaper staff, theatrical people, teachers, stockbrokers, business men, and the general public.
Anti‐Sex Trafficking Institutions
Authors: Karlsson Michael
Published: January 2013

Many anti‐sex trafficking analyses use the term institution in a narrow meaning, comprising mainly formal‐legal political structures (public laws and governmental organizations). However, by bringing in the new institutionalism approach, it is argued that an anti‐sex trafficking institution should refer to a relatively enduring collection of rules – including also informal rules such as norms and routines – and organized practices that prescribe appropriate behaviour for any actor, public or private, combating sex trafficking. Based on a review of current research it is concluded that anti‐sex trafficking institutions in the early 21st century tend to focus on behaviour that aims at detection, prevention, protection, crisis management, consequence management, and response. Finally, reflecting different strands of the new institutionalism approach, it is argued that the design of anti‐sex trafficking institutions depends on path‐dependencies, social constructions, international institutions, and domestic politics.
Migrant Men's Fathering Narratives, Practices and Projects in National and Transnational Spaces: Recent Polish Male Migrants to London
Authors: Kilkey Majella , Plomien Ania , Perrons Diane
Published: January 2013

Historically migrants have been constructed as units of labour and their social reproductive needs have received scant attention in policy and in academic literature. The growth in ‘feminist‐inflected’ migration research in recent decades, has provoked a body of work on transnational care‐giving that poses a challenge to such a construction, at least as it relates to female migrants in general and mothers in particular. Researchers, however, have demonstrated less interest in how migrant men give meaning to and perform their fathering roles. Such neglect is increasingly problematic in the context of rising social, political and academic interest in the significance of fathering in European (and other) societies. With the purpose of making a preliminary contribution to knowledge on migrant men's fathering narratives, practices and projects, this article draws on findings from interviews conducted with recent migrants from Poland to the UK. By focusing on migrant fatherhood, we add to the understanding of transnational care‐giving by illuminating the many parallels between migrant mothering and fathering. Our findings are consistent with much of the literature on transnational mothering, highlighting tensions between breadwinning and parenting and the various strategies fathers deploy to reconcile these tensions. Nevertheless, we find that migrant men's fathering narratives, practices, and projects, while challenging the construction of male migrants as independent and non‐relational, remain embedded within the dominant framework of the gendered division of labour. More uniquely, the article also demonstrates the importance of situated transnational analyses, in this case the institutional arrangements between the UK and European Union new Member States, which gave the Polish migrants privileged labour market access and social rights within the UK's highly differentiated migration regime. This access allowed mobility, settlement and or family reunion according to the migrant's specific circumstances and preferences with respect to the labour market and parenting.
‘Black holes’: escaping the void
Authors: Waldron Sharn
Published: January 2013

The ‘black hole’ is a metaphor for a reality in the psyche of many individuals who have experienced complex trauma in infancy and early childhood. The ‘black hole’ has been created by an absence of the object, the (m)other, so there is no internalized object, no (m)other in the psyche. Rather, there is a ‘black hole’ where the object should be, but the infant is drawn to it, trapped by it because of an intrinsic, instinctive need for a ‘real object’, an internalized (m)other. Without this, the infant cannot develop. It is only the presence of a real object that can generate the essential gravity necessary to draw the core of the self that is still in an undeveloped state from deep within the abyss. It is the moving towards a real object, a (m)other, that relativizes the absolute power of the black hole and begins a reformation of its essence within the psyche.
Why abused women do not seek professional help: a qualitative study
Authors: Prosman Gert‐Jan , Lo Fo Wong Sylvie H. , Lagro‐Janssen Antoine L.M.
Published: January 2013

Objective

We aimed to gain insight into the process of help seeking of abused women visiting their family physician (FP).

Setting

Family practice in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Method

We used a qualitative method with interviews in a sample of 14 abused women, identified in an earlier cross‐sectional survey with the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This qualitative method with semi‐structured interviews was used to obtain information on the process of seeking help.

Results

Unawareness of the impact of abuse on themselves and their children, unfamiliarity and negative experiences with professionals and fear for their partner hampers abused women to seek professional help. Our study reveals that abused women need informal support by family and friends to ask for professional support. Current health care does not fit into the needs of abused women during the abuse they want more practical support, after the abuse they need also psychological help. In our study, FPs and mothers pay less attention to the impact of witnessing violence on children.

Conclusion

When women are unaware of the negative consequences of IPV, the physical and mental well‐being of themselves and their children they do not ask for professional support. Abused women view informal support is important in the changing process. FPs should be trained to pay more attention to informal support and be alert to children's well‐being.
A plant‐specific in vitro ubiquitination analysis system
Authors: Zhao Qingzhen , Tian Miaomiao , Li Qingliang , Cui Feng , Liu Lijing , Yin Bojiao , Xie Qi
Published: January 2013

Protein ubiquitination requires the concerted action of three enzymes: ubiquitin‐activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3). These ubiquitination enzymes belong to an abundant protein family that is encoded in all eukaryotic genomes. Describing their biochemical characteristics is an important part of their functional analysis. It has been recognized that various E2/E3 specificities exist, and that detection of E3 ubiquitination activity in vitro may depend on the recruitment of E2s. Here, we describe the development of an in vitro ubiquitination system based on proteins encoded by genes from Arabidopsis. It includes most varieties of Arabidopsis E2 proteins, which are tested with several RING‐finger type E3 ligases. This system permits determination of E3 activity in combination with most of the E2 sub‐groups that have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome. At the same time, E2/E3 specificities have also been explored. The components used in this system are all from plants, particularly Arabidopsis, making it very suitable for ubiquitination assays of plant proteins. Some E2 proteins that are not easily expressed in Escherichia coli were transiently expressed and purified from plants before use in ubiquitination assays. This system is also adaptable to proteins of species other than plants. In this system, we also analyzed two mutated forms of ubiquitin, K48R and K63R, to detect various types of ubiquitin conjugation.