bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolated IgG4-related gastric disease presenting as diffuse gastric wall thickening with ulcer
Authors: Lim David Yurui , Cheng Lionel Tim-Ee , Tan Damien Meng Yew , Al Jajeh Issam
Published: September 2018

An 81-year-old male presented with loss of appetite, early satiety and iron deficiency anaemia. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis during initial work-up revealed diffuse gastric mural thickening associated with a large ulcer and adjacent gastro-hepatic lymphadenopathy. The CT appearances, together with the clinical features, were highly suspicious for an infiltrative type of gastric malignancy. Endoscopic biopsy however showed erosive inflammation, IgG4 plasmacytosis and fibrosis, raising the possibility of IgG4-related disease. A serologic assay for IgG showed normal IgG4 and elevated IgG2 serum levels. After appropriate steroid treatment, endoscopy and CT scan showed resolution of the ulcer and gastric wall thickening. This case shows yet another possible appearance of gastric involvement in IgG4-related disease on the current evolving spectrum of this disease presentation. Greater awareness and education of this disease would help in patient care, ensuring earlier diagnosis, prevention of severe organ damage and morbidity, as well as unnecessary surgery.
Dental Image Segmentation Using Clustering Techniques and Level Set Methods
Authors: Sathees Prabha
Published: October 2018

Segmentation is necessary for dental images for finding the parts of the teeth, surrounding tissues, and bones. The human identification system in dental methodology is a tedious and time-consuming process. The automatic identification system is the best solution for dental diagnosis and dental treatment systems. Choosing an appropriate region of interest with high accuracy and success rate is a challenging one. This can be attained with the help of proper segmentation methodologies. The segmentation techniques proposed for the root canal treatment are analyzed and compared. Clustering techniques and level set methods with different edge maps are implemented for the proper analysis of segmentation in dental images. Finally, the integration of coherence-enhanced diffusion filtering in basic level set segmentation methodology seems to be effective in improving the segmentation performance of dental images.
Jaya Algorithm-Assisted Evaluation of Tooth Elements Using Digital Bitewing Radiography Images
Authors: Manic Kesavan Suresh , Al Naimi Imad Saud , Hasoon Feras N. , Rajinikanth V.
Published: October 2018

A considerable number of heuristic procedures are widely implemented to evaluate biomedical images. This chapter proposes an evaluation procedure for digital bitewing radiography (DBR) images using the Jaya algorithm. The proposed procedure implements an image processing technique by integrating of the multi-thresholding and segmentation procedure to extract the essential tooth elements recorded with DBR. In this paper, 80 dental x-ray images are considered for the evaluation. The performance of the proposed procedure is confirmed using a relative assessment between the extracted section and its corresponding ground-truth. The results of this study confirm that, for most of the DBR cases, the proposed approach offers better values of picture likeliness measures. Hence, this technique can be considered for the automated detection of tooth elements from the DBR obtained from clinics.
Comparison and Analysis of Dental Imaging Techniques
Authors: Najumnissa D.
Published: October 2018

Fluoride dental decay is the second most common disease around the world. Detection methods for early disease are very crude. Precise oral diagnosis and treatment are very strongly connected to the quality of dental imaging techniques which advances the diagnostic procedure. To study the external appearance of the teeth arches, 2D images are used. CBCT images were used to locate the bone at dental implant sites. Fiberoptic transillumination, fluorescence imaging detects caries. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of dental applications, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used. Electron caries monitor (ECM), fiberoptic transillumination (FOTI), digital fiberoptic transillumination (DIFOTI), quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) are also some of the detection methods used. Hence, in this chapter, the methodologies are analyzed and compared for easy use of the dentist.
Examining the Role of Green Transformational Leadership on Promoting Green Organizational Behavior
Authors: Mukonza Chipo , Swarts Ilze
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the role of green transformational leadership on promoting green organizational behavior. Green transformational leadership has been found to be influencing green organizational behavior. The study uses content analysis and website analysis. Nedbank is used in the chapter as an archetype of an organization with a green transformational leadership which has influenced green organizational behavior. Four characteristics of green transformational leadership namely idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration were used. The leadership engages its customer and rewards them for green behavior which is important for intellectual stimulation and motivating their employees. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on green transformational behavior by confirming the relationship. The chapter recommends that more trainings and educational awareness on green values be provided to the management so that ultimately this are emulated and practiced by their employees.
The Practices of Learning Assessment in the Initial Teacher Training
Authors: González Berenice Morales , Navarro Rubén Edel , Aguilar Genaro Aguirre
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the chapter is to disseminate a comparative study developed in an institution dedicated to teacher training in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The study led the follow-up of two teachers responsible for a course of bachelor's degree in Preschool Education called Learning Environments during a semester. Three interviews were applied to two participating teachers. Through inductive analysis, MaxQDA software was chosen to identify categories of analysis. The work is analyzed from the TPACK model, as a systemic and integral proposal to investigate teacher training practices as a complex and necessary phenomenon to continue studying.
Development and Transfer of TPACK From Pre-Service to In-Service Experience for a Special Education Elementary School Teacher
Authors: Kaplon-Schilis Aleksandra A. , Lyublinskaya Irina
Published: October 2018

This case study analyzed the TPACK development and a learning trajectory of a single pre-service special education elementary school teacher during TPACK-based graduate pedagogy course and TPACK transfer from this course to the teaching during induction year. The case study was guided by the following research questions: 1) What instructional strategies and experiences in the graduate pedagogy course supported TPACK development of this pre-service teacher? and 2) What are the internal and external factors affecting TPACK transfer for this teacher? The study showed that TPACK level of the participant increased to exploring level of TPACK throughout the graduate course, but regressed to Adapting level during first year of teaching showing partial transfer of TPACK. The study described course experiences and instructional strategies that supported preservice teacher's TPACK development in the graduate course and identified some external and internal factors that could have affect the transfer of TPACK from college classroom to teaching.
A Study on Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Experiences of Primary School Teachers Throughout Blended Professional Development Programs
Authors: Kokoç Mehmet , Karal Hasan
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the chapter is to examine the effectiveness of a blended teacher professional development program focused TPACK on the TPACK development of primary school teachers. The study describes a blended teacher professional development program in which primary school teachers developed their TPACK. An embedded experimental mixed method design was employed. A total of 12 events were organized including six face-to-face seminars and six online seminars which were performed by field experts within the program. A Facebook group was created to promote sharing and to increase communication and interaction among the participants. Quantitative results indicated that all participants developed their perceived TPACK knowledge and skills with respect to their subject matter and pedagogical approaches. Qualitative results indicated that the participants reflected knowledge, skills, and actions that met the indicators related to TPACK development. The study has significant implications for the understanding of how design and conduct effective blended program.
Virtual Reality Therapeutic Environments in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's
Authors: Sime David W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter is devoted to observing and analyzing the role of virtual reality environments in the therapeutic treatment, analysis, and ongoing treatment planning of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), Alzheimer's, and dementia. Using live real-world examples of the above activities in action and a literature review, the chapter will examine the level of empirical data and pre-existing qualitative and quantitative research to support these ongoing approaches. Critical analysis will also be made of the current level of empirical research available highlighting areas that should be focused on for future research.
Virtual Reality (VR) as Medical Prevention of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Authors: Miron Anastasia
Published: October 2018

This chapter identifies numerous cases on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their link with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). It explores the use of virtual reality (VR) as a clinical tool in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of ACEs. The emotional, physical, psychological and cognitive demands of a child going through ACEs are discussed using scientific researchers. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the beneficial uses of virtual reality (VR) in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ACEs.
The State of Virtual and Augmented Reality Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Authors: Turnacioglu Sinan , McCleery Joseph P , Parish-Morris Julia , Sazawal Vibha , Solorzano Rita
Published: October 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition affecting a growing number of individuals across the lifespan. It is characterized by observable impairments in social communication, as well as repetitive behaviors and restricted patterns of interests. Early, intensive behavioral interventions improve long-term outcomes in ASD, but are often expensive and hard to administer consistently. This chapter describes a new approach to autism intervention, using highly motivating virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies that could soon support traditional autism therapies across ages and ability levels. The chapter begins by reviewing the ASD phenotype, followed by a review of the current landscape of research on VR and AR in ASD. A discussion of ASD-specific benefits and risks is followed by a presentation of new, harnessed immersive VR technology from Floreo, Inc. Finally, we propose a series of future research directions.
Virtual Reality (VR) for Children Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Authors: Adjorlu Ali , Serafin Stefania
Published: October 2018

Children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have significant difficulties with communication and social skills. Consequently, children diagnosed with ASD are often victims of social rejection and targets of bullying, which have an adverse impact on their emotional and mental wellbeing. Social anxiety, depression, and poor academic achievement are some of the consequences that can harm their whole lives. This chapter will begin with an elaboration of the challenges facing children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD. This will be followed by an introduction to virtual reality (VR) and its advantages for extending the capabilities of some of the traditional interventions developed to teach social and everyday living skills to children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD.
Mentoring and Lived Experiences of Beginning Teachers in a Resident Teacher Program
Authors: Adjei-Boateng Emmanuel , Gourneau Bonni
Published: October 2018

There has been considerable attention and focus, in the field of education, on development support for beginning teachers. The resident teacher program or a teacher residency is a comprehensive means of providing beginning teachers with support. This initiative is usually organized through the concerted efforts of a college of education and school district. Within this study, attention is given to the potential or real benefits and to the successes and challenges of an existing resident teacher program with six beginning teachers enrolled in an elementary education resident teacher program. The outcome shows that resident teachers' experiences is characterized by double commitment with a lot of responsibilities but double support; ability to bring what's learned in graduate courses into classroom teaching; and confidence to transition into regular classroom teaching after the program.
Special Education Service Delivery Models Around the Globe
Authors: Epler Pam L. , Ross Rorie
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines various service delivery models being used around the world. It discusses models of inclusion, in which all students are placed into the public school educational arena and the regular education teachers provide the services to the student with special needs while the special education teacher is used as a consultant. It continues with a discussion about other types of service delivery models, such as separate schools or even institutions away from family, friends, and society. It concludes with a discussion about the future trends within the field of special education service delivery models and what can be done to improve them.
One University's Pathway to a Change in Practice
Authors: Moran Renee , Keith Karen , Hong Huili
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on the process of implementing problem based assessment at the college/university level in teacher education. Past research points to an overemphasis on factual information, lecture, and paper and pencil tests in higher education. Performance based assessment is discussed as an alternative and a measure that calls for students to demonstrate more active participation, critical thinking, and work that aligns more closely to what they will actually be engaged in in the field of education after graduation. Particularly, a case study of one university's path in the implementation of performance based assessment is highlighted. The process of implementing three specific performance based assessments are considered as well as roadblocks, assets, and specific methods found to be beneficial and/or challenging.
Digital Tools for Accelerating Preservice Teacher Effectiveness
Authors: Harrington Rachel , Rhine Steve
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the authors describe one model for how teacher preparation programs can use research and technology to facilitate the development of preservice teachers and accelerate their effectiveness. Our work illustrates a collection of teacher preparation tools including our online Encyclopedia of Algebraic Thinking, online Video Case Database, online Formative Assessment Database and our collection of Virtual Algebra Manipulatives (iOS Apps). We situate our work in the content of algebra because it has been shown to be a gatekeeper to future mathematics (Moses & Cobb, 2001). However, our model could be applied to other subjects and content areas. Case study data indicate that our tools impact preservice teacher practice regarding the anticipation of student thinking. We have made these resources freely available to the profession so that we might begin to create consistently reliable tools for facilitating effective instruction, particularly for preservice and early career teachers.
Transforming Lesson Design Through Animation
Authors: Amador Julie M. , Earnest Darrell
Published: October 2018

This chapter reports on a project in which elementary mathematics preservice teachers visualized lessons through an online animation platform. Preservice teachers at two universities engaged in an extensive project that translated printed mathematics curricular materials into visualizations of enactment. The project centered on preservice teacher-created animations as a way to extend the lesson planning process and more closely approximate actual decisions of teaching practice, including representations used, student contributions, and mathematical understanding. Project components are described with an emphasis on the role of animations as an extension of lesson planning. The intent is to understand the ways in which the technology platform illuminated preservice teachers' curricular decision making as they transitioned from a written lesson plan to animated lessons. Consideration is made for how the technology may provide transformational opportunities that otherwise may not have occurred.
The Impact of Video Self-Analysis on the Development of Preservice Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)
Authors: Jang James E. , Lei Jing
Published: October 2018

Teachers often teach on their own in their individual classrooms and thus have to mostly rely on themselves to reflect on their teaching practices and make improvements. This study explores the potential of using a video self-analysis component in an undergraduate technology integration course to help preservice teachers effectively integrate technology into instruction. Specifically, this study explores the impact of video self-analysis on developing preservice teachers Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Results reveal video self-analysis was beneficial in helping preservice teachers facilitate their TPACK development. However, participants TPACK development varied within the six TPACK knowledge domains.
Technology Tools, Proficiency, and Integration of Physical Education Teacher Educators
Authors: Baert Helena
Published: October 2018

Accredited Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) programs within the U.S. are bound by the implementation of national standards, which include a standard on the use of technology to meet lesson objectives. It is the responsibility of PETE faculty and program management to include technology within the program and insure that physical education pre-service teachers are well prepared to integrate technology into their teaching. This chapter investigates the perceptions of PETE faculty towards their technology proficiency, their use of technology in their courses, and the approaches PETE programs use to integrate technology and address the preparedness of pre-service teachers. Results show that PETE faculty use technologies such as computer technologies, pedometers, heart rate monitors and digital cameras most often, yet in general, perceive their proficiency and integration levels to be low. Their technology proficiency levels significantly predicted their level of integration. The chapter also includes recommendations for technology integration in PETE.
Mathematics Teachers' Knowledge-of-Practice With Technologies in an Online Masters' Program
Authors: Niess Margaret L. , Gillow-Wiles Henry
Published: October 2018

As teacher education leverages online instructional environments, an important research focus is how best to re-conceptualize mathematics inservice teacher classroom observations. This chapter proposes an alternative methodology to the structure of traditional observations, where the Scoop Notebook provides a window into mathematics teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), specifically their TPACK-of-practice. In this descriptive, cross-case study, a re-designed Scoop process frames teachers' engagement in classroom practices, putting into practice their scholarly formal knowledge and developing in-depth, rich reflections from their classroom actions and artifacts. This study illustrates how embedding the Scoop process into a graduate instructional strategies course as part of a Master's degree curriculum results in engaging teachers in action research where they use artifacts as objects to think with for transforming their TPACK for integrating technologies in teaching mathematics.
A Scenario That Works
Authors: Gibson Patricia K. , Smith Dennis A. , Smith Sarah G.
Published: October 2018

Technology use in K-12 classrooms in this era of rapid high-tech change ranges from deep and meaningful technological immersion to an outright classroom ban on electronic devices. Attempting to mitigate this technological divide between students and teachers, school districts increasingly require professional development in applicable student technologies and teacher support resources. Unfortunately, the standards for continuing education requirements are broad, money is tight, and development efforts are often far less organized. As unfortunate, current issues and general information sharing dominate the professional learning communities (PLCs) or teacher learning communities (TLCs) originally designed to fulfill professional development requirements. These challenges render the occasional professional development initiative included in a PLC or TLC event, ineffective where the fragmented, uninteresting, and often poorly planned technology instruction very rarely seems to stick. Drawing on experience with military training and continuing education training, the authors propose a simple, inexpensive, and internally resourced means used by soldiers to train individual and collective military tasks, to assist elementary and secondary teachers to learn how emerging technology works, and more importantly, how to maximize its effective use in the classroom.
The 21st Century Library and Information Services for the Enhancement of Teacher Education
Authors: Idiegbeyan-ose Jerome , Ilo Promise , Isiakpona Chidi
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses 21st century Library and Information Services for the enhancement of teacher education. The work starts by highlighting the place of teachers in every society. Teachers transform lives. They inculcate worthwhile attitude in the leaders of tomorrow. It is therefore important to ensure that they receive qualitative education on the platform of 21st century libraries. The chapter further discusses the services provided by 21st century libraries among which are Online Reference Services, Selective Dissemination of Information, Current Awareness Services and Online Public Access Catalogue. The opportunities provided by 21st century libraries are highlighted. These include multi-user access to resources, improvement of internal operations, round- the-clock access, etc. This chapter recommends adequate provision of funds, intensification of user education, as well as back-up power supplies for better performance of these libraries. It concludes that 21st century libraries are sine qua non to the enhancement of teacher education and should therefore not be trivialized in any way.
Performance-Based Assessment Evaluated by Croatian Preschool Teachers and Students
Authors: Vorkapić Sanja Tatalović , Katić Vesna
Published: October 2018

Performance-based assessment strongly relies on the observation of children's behavior, preschool teachers' objectivity and accuracy, and presents a significant part of documenting children's development. Therefore, the main aim of this chapter is to analyze the PBA-use and its evaluation by Croatian preschool teachers and students from the Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Rijeka. 60 undergraduate students and 64 preschool teachers participated in this empirical research by filling out self-rated questionnaires. As it was expected, students and preschool teachers demonstrated positive attitudes toward PBA and its documentation in general and if it is applied (will be applied) in practice. However, the students' positive attitudes, satisfaction and perceived usefulness of PBA are significantly higher than those of preschool teachers. These last findings definitely imply the need for modifications of the policy of the preschool education system, as well as significant changes that should be done in practice and relevant study programs.
The Benefits and Challenges of Study Abroad in Teacher Education in a Neoliberal Context
Authors: Dockrill Hannah , Rahatzad Jubin , Phillion JoAnn
Published: October 2018

In this chapter the authors review literature--primarily within the field of teacher education--and present their own data about the benefits and challenges of study abroad. Drawing from the literature and data collected over eleven years of Purdue University's Honduras Study Abroad, the authors pragmatically doubt the often unquestioned benefits or transformative nature of study abroad programs. The authors argue that while international cross-cultural experiences can result in increased multicultural awareness, it is important that study abroad participants are encouraged to critically examine the reasons they are going abroad, the neoliberal context in which they study abroad, and the manner in which they process their assumptions and experiences in the host country in relation to their own identity. The authors offer suggestions for improvement for those wanting to integrate more intentional reflection and critical curriculum.
Climate Change
Authors: Kais Shaikh Mohammad
Published: October 2018

Global aquaculture is one of the key features of present global agro-food systems. Though aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, its growth trajectory is confronted with various challenges including climate disruptions. Since both aquaculture and climate change have regional variations, their interconnections are very complex and require systematic investigation. In various regions of the world, especially in the Global South, aquaculture countries are assessing those interconnections and devising resilience-enhancing programs for the development of the sector. Thorough investigations are required for a comprehensive understanding of the complex interconnections between climate vulnerability and resilience of global aquaculture. Drawing on primary and secondary data from the Bangladesh shrimp sector, and using conceptual lenses of global climate change and resilience, this chapter critically examines how the industrial shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh is affected by climate disruptions and how the shrimp farming communities address these challenges.
Linked Ocean Data 2.0
Authors: Leadbetter Adam , Cheatham Michelle , Shepherd Adam , Thomas Rob
Published: October 2018

Within the theme of sustainable development, it is not desirable to either have data siloed in one location where it cannot be reused for purposes beyond which it was originally collected, or in a state where it cannot be integrated into a holistic view of the marine environment. As such, the links between datasets should be formally documented and exploited as best as possible. Given this, the use of Semantic Web technology and information modelling patterns are explored in this chapter with reference to the marine domain. Further, new strategies for adding semantic annotation to data in real-time are discussed and prototyped.
Social-Ecological Systems in Local Fisheries Communities
Authors: Tsobanoglou George O. , Vlachopoulou Eirini Ioanna
Published: October 2018

Even though the study of the commons has been expanding rapidly in the past years, and there have been multiple cases of successful local conservation initiatives, still, significant gaps in knowledge remain. The Social-Ecological Systems framework attempts to analyse the linkages between the “human system” (society) and the “natural system” (ecosystems). In every conservation attempt, the interactions and feedback between the two systems become evident. By examining thoroughly this relationship through the SES lens, we can develop a deep and holistic understanding of the processes that should be taken into consideration before the implementation of conservation actions. This study, through the exploration of the fisheries management procedures in Japan, attempts to develop an understanding of how the adoption of the Social-Ecological Systems approach could promote local development in the insular periphery of the developed world, in countries like Greece, where public participation in the decision-making processes is limited.
Data and Operational Oceanography
Authors: Wulff Enrique
Published: October 2018

Data obtained within the operational oceanography infrastructures denote a possibility of significant analysis of fisheries in the progress of the implementation of the 1995 FAO Code for Responsible Fisheries. Data products for fisheries and aquaculture cater for research needs, thereby ensuring a capacity to meet temporal resolution, time frame, reporting frequency and interoperability formats requirements. The existence of this legislation and the costs of its enforcement make that the present data infrastructures are employed under relatively precarious circumstances. This chapter provides with an overview, not exhaustive but demonstrative, of what has been achieved for data within operational oceanography addressing the needs of fisheries and aquaculture scientists.
A Qualitative Analysis of Social Entrepreneurship Involving Social Innovation and Intervention
Authors: Fernandes Vera , Moreira António Carrizo , Daniel Ana Isabel
Published: October 2018

Social entrepreneurship is emerging as an innovative approach for dealing with complex social and environmental needs, and is an important lever for the development of a sustainable society. Social entrepreneurship and related concepts have had a growing attention in the academy, giving rise to dissimilar approaches in the United States of America and in Western Europe. Despite the importance of the Third Sector in Portugal, it has been difficult to set ideal definitions for social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneur and social enterprises. By means of a qualitative study involving four Portuguese social ventures, this chapter identifies contemporary socio-cultural and economic factors that foster social innovation and intervention in Portugal, and contributes to understand the role of social entrepreneur in this context.
Multinational Corporations
Authors: Kaushal Leena Ajit
Published: October 2018

Foreign Investors are looking forward to enter organized retail sector, which has a mere 8 percent presence in India, but the present government in India which endorses liberal economic framework proscribe 100 percent FDI in multi-brand retail sector on the grounds of safeguarding small indigenous retailers known as ‘kirana stores'. The objective of the chapter is to explore the importance of Multi National Corporations (MNCs) not only in multi-brand retail sector but otherwise as a potent source of technology, efficiency and equality for farmers and poor, poverty alleviation and growth for a developing economy as a whole.
Deploying ICT to Enhance Small Businesses and Achieving Sustainable Development
Authors: Omiunu Ojinga Gideon
Published: October 2018

Beside the SMEs, families operate small and fragmented businesses due to poverty and unemployment to help cater for their needs and family needs. These small and fragmented businesses are common among the poor due to lack of credit to expand such businesses. In addition, with the mandate from the federal government of Nigeria, every business must be registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission of the federal republic of Nigeria and pay a certain amount of money every year depending on level of business growth and development. Suffice to note that despite the payment of these charges by businesses, nothing is done by the federal government to assist them.
Grassroots Innovation for Human Development
Authors: Boni Alejandra , Leivas Monique , De La Fuente Teresa , Belda-Miquel Sergio
Published: October 2018

Can digital technologies serve to highlight and strengthen the work of social organizations that promote human development? This is the question the authors want to answer in this article, in which they analyse an eight-month participatory video (PV) process, promoted by a group of university researchers and conducted in collaboration with two grassroots innovations (GI) in the city of Valencia (Spain): the Fuel Poverty Group and Sólar Dómada. The innovative component of PV is situated in two areas: firstly, as an action research methodology, the PV process enables people's participation, with the aim of generating learning, agency and contextual knowledge from the participants; secondly, the innovation is found in the product, the video itself. The video narratives can be used to disseminate the practices of the GIs and offer a space for critical reflection on the structural constraints that may hamper the diffusion of innovations. Furthermore, the audiovisual work itself has its own agency and has the potential to create opportunities for advocacy and contribute towards removing barriers that limit human development.
Tourism Marketing in Developing Countries
Authors: Hegazy Nermeen Atef Ahmed
Published: October 2018

Tourism is an attractive tool for economic development, especially in the developing world because tourism industry is considered as one of the largest and the most diverse industries in the world and it is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economic. Many countries are seeking a way to improve their economic conditions; they see tourism as a major source of income, employment, and development of economic. The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) researches assesses that the Travel & Tourism industry's contribution to GDP and jobs for 184 countries and 24 regions and economic groups in the world1.
Holistic, Evolving Aspects of Nonviolence for Bringing About Needed Social-Political Change and Important Practitioners of Nonviolence
Authors: Groff Linda
Published: October 2018

This article examines holistic, evolving aspects of nonviolence—as a goal and as the desired means for bringing about needed social-political change, whether in schools or society, along with important practitioners of nonviolence. It covers Gandhi's principled and spiritually-based nonviolence for collective social-political change (Part 1); a number of other nonviolence practitioners in the Gandhian tradition—from different countries and spiritual-religious traditions working for different goals in their respective countries (Part 2); strategic nonviolence of Gene Sharp and others (Part 3); and additional forms of working nonviolently within existing systems that have emerged since Gandhi's time (Part 4).
Shrinkage of Rural Areas as a Result of Urbanization and Migration Processes in Mexico
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: October 2018

The study of tendencies in economic and environmental shrinkage is tied to the expressions of substantive changes in complexity of determinant contexts of internal and migration flows. This chapter answers the challenges posed by economic tendencies, using the theories and models and does not fall victim to simplistic projections and conjectures and theories based more in speculation than in fact. The method used is the critical analysis of economic, social, and political tendencies in relation to the situation of shrinking cities in Mexico. The results of this analysis led to the finding that the shrinkage process in Mexico, as a developing economy, does not follow the same patterns of well-developed countries, and an increase in shrinking cities has occurred since the middle of the 1950s and the use of incentives in some localities to attract economic growth have had modest success in turning around the shrinking process.
Foreign Land Acquisitions
Authors: Aigbokhan Ben E. , Ola Kehinde O.
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on the impact of foreign land acquisition on the livelihood of the host communities. The chapter investigates Presco Industries, which has been in existence for the past 23 years in Obaretin and Ologbo Estates in Edo State. The impact on employment, entrepreneurship, community relation, environment, and farming, which are the main sustenance of rural communities, are also considered. The result of the Binary Probit Estimator employed shows that the existence of the company in the communities has not offered any significant impact on the livelihood of the people. All indicators of economic wellbeing are not significant for all the households. Therefore, there is need to incorporate the host communities' economic sustenance into the programmes of large-scale agricultural business before land acquisition.
Foreign Direct Investment in Land Acquisitions in India
Authors: Sudan Falendra Kumar
Published: October 2018

There has been large-scale Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in land in India for promotion of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The key drivers of land acquisitions are food security, the bio-fuels boom, growing business opportunities, and policy reforms. Increased foreign land investment may increase economic growth and raise government revenues and create new livelihood opportunities through new capital, technology, know-how, infrastructure, and better market access. At the same time, foreign land acquisitions may result in local people losing access to the resources. Therefore, there is a need for wider public consultation involving all stakeholders to ensure improved livelihoods and food security. The creation of robust institutions and social and environmental impact assessments of FDI in land acquisitions are called for to promote inclusive growth through more job creation, infrastructure development, public revenues, environmental protection, and to protect local food security, particularly in times of food crisis. This chapter explores FDI in land acquisition in India.
Population Growth and Urbanization in Africa
Authors: Adams Samuel , Opoku Eric Evans Osei
Published: October 2018

This study examined the effect of population growth and urbanization on the environment (carbon dioxide emissions) for 37 sub Saharan African countries based on 1980-2010 annual data. Using the Pooled Mean Group estimation technique, the findings of the study show that affluence and industrialization have negative effect on the environment (increases carbon dioxide emissions) while urbanization does not have a significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The population variable is significant only in the long run but insignificant in the short run. Also, after controlling for the different age groups, the results show that the more active age group (15-59) is positive and significantly related to carbon dioxide emissions.
Women Entrepreneurs Address Poverty and Social Change Through Empowering Grassroots Initiatives in Tanzania
Authors: Semali Ladislaus M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates the story of Jitahidi women in Tanzania to understand the dynamics of empowerment at the grassroots level. The stories chronicled in this chapter present self-reliance events, motivations, and practical initiatives of a small entrepreneurial group of women, organized with shoe-string budgets. Their goal was to establish a women's collective strength that could unleash women's lives from oppressive economic regimes, patriarchal traditions, gender inequality, gender discrimination, and socio-historical legacies that exploit women everywhere. The study revealed that dialogical way of thinking and underlying conventions wrapped-up in Women in Development activities in Tanzania were critical in providing the vision that guided the Jitahidi group to create a space for transformation and potential to empower women so as to define their own educational needs and create political organizations within the local community.
Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility by the Employees
Authors: Nedelko Zlatko , Potocan Vojko
Published: October 2018

The main purpose of this chapter is to examine the relationships between three underlying aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), namely economic, environmental, and societal aspects, and the level of CSR, as perceived by the employees. The strength and direction of the impact of a single underlying aspect of CSR, on the level of CSR in organizations, is examined through a sample of 288 employees in Slovenian organizations. Results from the empirical survey suggest that employees' higher concern for environmental and social issues increases the level of organizational CSR, while higher striving for solely economic outcomes lowers the level of organizational CSR. Findings in this chapter provide insight into the state of CSR in organizations as perceived by the employees, providing an important starting point for definition or re-thinking of strategies in relation to CSR, and as a starting point for other actions as well, like changes in academia.
Impact of Local Self-Government Institutions on Creating a Business-Friendly Environment
Authors: Stanković Jelena , Novaković Igor
Published: October 2018

The chapter objective is to demonstrate application possibilities of Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) in the specific local economic development problem in Serbia that refers to assessment of Local Self-Government (LSG) institutions' capabilities to act in order to create business-friendly environments and increase entrepreneurial activities. The primary aim of the chapter is to formulate an adequate multi-criteria model for evaluation of institutional cooperation between business councils, as representatives of local authorities and the business community in observed LSG units. Results indicate inadequate quality and functionality of the business councils, although cooperation has been established between the business councils, as a local government institution, and representatives of business community. Data analysis is conducted using relevant statistical methods. For multi-criteria analysis of subjective preferences of Local Economic Development (LED) offices has been applied Analitic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Population Growth, Governance and Urban Social Conflicts in Africa
Authors: Garba Shaibu Bala
Published: October 2018

Many African countries are witnessing an increase in social conflicts with negative impacts on their development. Most conflicts are urban centered, with causes rooted in social, economic and political issues and fatalities, property destruction and displacement as outcomes. This chapter asserts that issues of growth and governance are at the heart of conflict, with growth challenging the ability of most governments to deliver services. The chapter undertakes a broad examination of social conflict in the African context with focus on understanding their cause and effects and the role that population growth, urbanization and governance play in country conflict situation. The chapter examined conflict in three countries; Algeria, Kenya and Nigeria, from a macro and micro level, along with the role that population growth, urbanization and governance play. The chapter concludes with findings and recommendations on ways to mitigate conflicts.
Seismic Vulnerability of Historic and Monumental Structures and Centers
Authors: Guney Deniz
Published: October 2018

Earthquakes are the most destructive natural phenomena on the earth. Unfortunately, the most historical part of the World is under seismic risk. Seismic activities result in significant damages, even collapse on the historical and monumental structures and centers. In order to evaluate and decide the vulnerability level of any building, first visual and fast nondestructive methods and preliminary evaluation are to be carried out at the beginning for preventing damages. According to this concept, an engineer or an architect can decide whether the building is safe or needs further detailed evaluation to assess its adequacy. Based on these investigations, the best rehabilitation and retrofit method can be chosen. The aim of this chapter is to produce useful framework and easy applicable assumptions to not only the practicing engineer or architect but also to an ordinary person who can broadly understand and note the absence or presence of seismic-resistant features in the building and also the possibilities of further steps like seismic retrofit or rehabilitation.
Oblique Aerial Image Acquisition, 3D City Modeling, 3D City Guide Project for Konya Metropolitan Municipality
Authors: Ozerbıl Tuncer , Gokten Ergun , Onder Mustafa , Selcuk Osman , Sarılar Nilhan Ciftci , Tekgul Ayhan , Yılmaz Erdal , Tutuneken Alpaslan
Published: October 2018

Usage of aerial oblique cameras and oblique images in generation of 3D city models has become popular all over the world in recent years and various solutions has been developed involving specialized methods and softwares. The first comprehensive step in this field was taken by Konya Metropolitan Municipality in Turkey in 2012 and the project undertaken by GEOGIS has been successfully completed in February 2014. It is the first time in Turkey that 3D city model of this large scale has been generated. The project involves: Aerial image acquisition of the project area with vertical and oblique cameras respectively and photogrammetric triangulation; Development of OttoPenta software, which can display oblique images in pentaview screen, make spatial queries and also can measure the horizontal, vertical distance and area; Digitization of roof and roof structures from vertical stereo images using photogrammetric interpretation techniques and generation of 3D solid building models using this data; Assigning building ID numbers to solid models to integrate with the GIS data of the Municipality that is available in Oracle Spatial database; Automatic texturing of 3D models with oblique images; Exporting of textured 3D models into Oracle Spatial Database in CityGML format, complying the OGC standards; and development of KNVCity software, to create and publish the 3D city guide on WEB and mobile devices. The goal of this paper is sharing the experience and knowledge that was gained during the 3D City modeling and 3D city guide project which was performed for the first time in Turkey.
Enrichment Ontology via Linked Data
Authors: Praga Salvia
Published: October 2018

The automatic construction of ontologies from texts is usually based on the text itself, and the domain described is limited to the content of the text. In order to design semantically richer ontologies, the authors propose to extend the classical methods of ontology construction (1) by taking into account the text from the point of view of its structure and its content to build a first nucleus ontology and (2) enriching the ontology obtained by exploiting external resources (general texts and controlled vocabularies of the same domain). This chapter describes how these different resources are analyzed and exploited using linked data properties.
Security in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Fatiha Mekelleche , Hafid Haffaf , Belkacem Ould Bouamama
Published: October 2018

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a special ad hoc network. It consists of a large number of sensors communicating with wireless links to monitor the real-world environment. They have limited energy, computational power, memory, and transmission range. They are widely used in different fields like military operations, environmental monitoring, and healthcare applications. However, the openness and hostility of the deployment space and the resources limitations make these networks vulnerable to several types of attacks and intrusions. So, the WSN security becomes a real challenge. Principally, the attacks in the network aim at damaging the smooth running of the legitimate nodes and cause a dysfunction of the network. Sybil attack is one of the perilous attacks which affects the WSN networks and poses threats to many security goals. This attack makes the sensor node into Sybil node and illegitimately takes and claims multiple identities.