bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weeping and Bad Hair
Authors: Henning Meghan
Published: September 2017

This chapter draws upon the conceptions of gendered bodily suffering found in the ancient medical corpus (Hippocrates, Galen and inscriptions), martyrdom literature, and the Roman judicial rhetoric of punitive suffering to read apocalyptic depictions of bodily suffering as “effeminizing” punishments, which in turn utilized masculinity and bodily normativity to police behavior, and equated early Christian ethical norms with masculinity and bodily “health.” By highlighting the different types of bodies found in these texts, as well as the ways in which Christian norms interacted with Greek and Roman notions of the body, the chapter shows how masculinity and ancient notions of bodily normativity worked in concert to mark sin in early Christian hell, in turn creating an ancient Christian culture of bodily normativity. These early Christian texts expanded the existing frameworks of bodily suffering as a disciplinary performance and focused on the non-normative body as a punitive spectacle and pedagogical object.
Porgy and Dubose
Authors: Schweik Susan
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores Dubose Heyward’s route toward the creation of his famous character Porgy, in his novel of the same name and in his work with the Gershwins in its musical stage adaptation, “Porgy and Bess.” By recasting his own experiences into those of Porgy’s—writing disability in blackface—offered Heyward created a safe space for exploring the social dynamics of crippling abjection precisely because it also provided a compelling way to affirm disabled masculinity. By focusing on Heyward’s earlier, unpublished writing, this chapter argues that later adaptations abandoned the structures of mutual vulnerability and mutual anomaly between the disabled man and the marred woman that undergirded both Heyward’s early writing and the Porgy novel. The chapter’s conclusion returns to Porgy and Bess to examine its great lyric, arguing that in it lie embedded traces of Heyward’s writing on the social consequences of disablement.
Working for the Neighbours
Authors: Babar Zahra
Published: September 2017

The forces and factors driving regional migration have become more complex over time, and traditional explanations for the motivations, attraction, and selection of migrants are no longer sufficient in the study of migration to the Persian Gulf. Qatar, which in the last decade has emerged as one of the Middle East’s fastest-growing economies, provides a sound case study for discussing some of the emerging dynamics of regional labor migration. This chapter examines Arab-origin migration to Qatar, reviewing how the state has negotiated the entry and control of “alien” Arabs. The chapter examines the evolution and transformation of migration patterns to the Gulf Cooperation Council, and assesses policies adopted by the states to better manage their regional labor markets and control the flow of foreigners. Particular attention is given to scrutinizing how and why Qatar has become more selective and politicized in negotiating labor migration, and how this has impacted the Arab expatriate population.
The Egyptian ‘Invasion’ of Kuwait
Authors: Taylor Abbie , Soudy Nada , Martin Susan
Published: September 2017

By virtue of their omnipresence and lived investment in the country, Egyptians are both heavily reliant upon and intrinsic to Kuwait, its citizenry, and its various forms of social, political, and economic production. In this chapter, drawing upon extensive interviews with Egyptians and Kuwaitis, we explore three main questions: How has Egyptian migration to Kuwait changed over time? In what ways do Egyptian migrants and their Kuwaiti hosts perceive and interact with one another against official ideology, and within the time limits placed on migrants’ lives in Kuwait? And what, if any, are the implications of political and socioeconomic instability in Egypt on the wellbeing and migration trajectories of Egyptian migrants in Kuwait? Implicit throughout the chapter is the framing paradox identified by Neha Vora in her study of the Indian diaspora in Dubai: namely, the ways in which Egyptians as impossible citizens suspended in a state of permanent temporariness experience, narrate and negotiate their existence in Kuwait. Lastly, we demonstrate ways in which Egyptians can and do navigate a degree of social and economic mobility in Kuwait, although these negotiations rarely succeed in extending or eroding the prejudices or existential time limits placed on their lives in Kuwait.
The ‘Other Arab’ and Gulf Citizens
Authors: Jamal Manal A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the fate of Arabs of Palestinian origin in the UAE, culminating in events surrounding the first Gulf War and the Arab uprisings. The specific questions this project addresses include: In the context of the UAE, which factors have historically shaped and changed the position of “other Arabs” over time? How have Palestinians, including younger generations, negotiated and addressed their sometimes tenuous relationship with the UAE? What do current dynamics portend for future relations between Emiratis and Arabs of Palestinian origin who live in the UAE? Two important observations emerged from this research which challenged existing assumptions about the status of Arabs in the UAE and the GCC more generally. First, there is an important generational divide which challenges many preconceived notions surrounding relations between locals and expatriates, sense of belonging, and issues of trust. The guardedness and caution that characterized earlier generations did not appear as salient or relevant for the younger generation. Second, and perhaps more importantly, this research reaffirmed the primacy of privilege associated with class and social status as it relates to citizenship. Although Emirati citizenship itself was not necessarily sought after, the attainment of legal citizenship in a stable country remained significant for the lives of Palestinian migrants.
Sport Labour Migrant Communities from the Maghreb in the GCC
Authors: Amara Mahfoud
Published: September 2017

Qatar and the UAE in particular are emerging as a new destination for sport labor migration, including from the Maghreb and the Maghrebi community in Europe, which is the focus of this chapter. Specifically, the study examines the patterns and motives of sport labor migration in three sectors: professional football, elite sport development, and sport TV broadcasting. Migration flows in sport can be understood as a legacy of colonial history, or a dependency of former colonies upon former colonizers in social, cultural, economic, and sport domains. Sport migration is also a product of globalization characterized by increased interconnectedness between territories due to advancements in the means of transportation and communication. While it is becoming more difficult to migrate to Europe and North America, sport migrants from the Maghreb, like other Arab communities, are attracted to the GCC because it offers both material facilities and the familiarity of Arab and Islamic cultures.
Multiple Negativity: Negativity and Difference in Hegel’s Science of Logic
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 diagnoses the operation of constitutive exclusion in hegemonic or closed systems, using Hegel’s philosophical system as a model. I argue that Hegel’s totalized philosophical system relies on a more radical, heterogeneous negativity and difference that it constitutively excludes. The Science of Logic—and by extension the whole of the Hegelian system—relies on the constitutive exclusion of a multiple negativity that exceeds the logic of determinate negation and contradiction that organizes the Hegelian system. However, while this multiple negativity is necessary to the system, because it cannot be recognized by the system it operates in an epistemological “blind spot.” I show that the ontological account of the Logic is arrived at by means of the disavowal of a multiple negativity with its roots in contingent empirical differences, and that this is an ultimately political operation. This irruption of politics into ontology is the hallmark of constitutive exclusion.
Adorno’s Negative Dialectics as Critical Method
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 turns to the method of critique, for the sake of the political epistemology of constitutive exclusion. If constitutive exclusion produces the terms of intelligible political agency, then those cast in the space of exclusion will still be within, but will be politically unintelligible. How do we listen for what we cannot hear? This chapter takes up Adorno’s negative dialectics as a model for method, through an analysis of “nonidentity” as quasi-transcendent. Like the constitutively excluded element, nonidentity can only be found within what has excluded it rather than absolutely beyond it. Two requirements thus emerge: first, our method must be dialectical, because dialectics respects that what exceeds the delimited terms of politics emerges from within those terms but is not captured by them. Second, our method must be negative, because this keeps us from determining the meaning of contestations of constitutive exclusion in advance.
Postscript
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 8, I discuss how I came to the question of constitutive exclusion in the aftermath of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Drawing on both Afro-pessimist and Latina feminist thought, I outline a pluralist political ontology as a response to the political ontologies presumed by and reinscribed through constitutive exclusion. Reconstitution, rather than mere inclusion, would be necessary to respond adequately to constitutive exclusion. And I argue for a recognition of our selves as multiple and constituted by each other—a possibility implicit in the critical account of the book, and explicitly developed in practice by #BlackLivesMatter and allied activist organizations.
The Politics of Liberation (1965–1980)
Authors: Rich Dorman Sara
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 argues that this period is characterized by ambiguity and contestation between competing political groups and their civilian supporters, which plays an important role in shaping post-colonial political dynamics. It begins with an examination of nationalist politics, and the legacy of the liberation war on guerrillas, civilians and their relationships in both rural and urban areas. The juxtaposition of diverse ideological and personal divisions within and between these groups, alongside great pressure for "unity," is crucial for understanding the dynamics of nationalist coalition-building that extend into the post-colonial period. The chapter explores the mobilization of support and the complex relationship between key supporter groups—rural peasants, urban dwellers of all races, labor and church organizations—and the nationalist movements, as well as intersectional complexities of gender and race. It highlights the often under-appreciated tensions of urban residential growth during the liberation war. The chapter concludes by situating the Zimbabwean case against the broader backdrop of nationalist politics in Africa, setting the stage for the societal demobilization and limited pluralism of the independence era.
The Politics of Inclusion (1980–1987)
Authors: Rich Dorman Sara
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that unity, development and nationalism became the dominant and interlocking themes of public discourse in independent Zimbabwe, rather than "liberation." Demands for political unity justified attacks not just on ZAPU but also on the civilians of Matabeleland. In the name of "development" land reform focused more on productivity and export markets than poverty alleviation. We also see how symbolic capital is deployed within a less-than-radical cultural policy. The second half of the chapter moves the focus from discourse to practice. The chapter shows how the regime used state institutions to impose policies which regulated and demobilized NGOs, urban dwellers, academics, unions, churches, the media and opposition parties in ways that were similar and reinforcing across sectors. Taken together, the two halves of the chapter show how ZANU’s strategies were imposed through both violent and rhetorical means, constraining and shaping both the discursive sphere of the polity and the ways in which Zimbabweans organized and engaged with politics.
The Politics of Durability (1987–1997)
Authors: Rich Dorman Sara
Published: September 2017

The chapter argues that this was a period in which the authoritarian nature of the state was developed and expanded, rather than one of "democratization" or liberalization (as it is often described). It begins by examining how economic challenges led strategies and rhetorics of "nation-building" to become more extreme and exclusive between 1987 and 1997. It then assesses how society responded to these changes. Focusing on the press, elections, opposition parties, unions, churches, students and NGOs, the chapter explores tentative moves to build political coalitions, against a backdrop of political scandals and crises. The chapter focuses on how state institutions generated new legislative control – elections and the judiciary are explored in some detail, alongside the security apparatus and militarization of existing bodies. The final section of the chapter explores how apparent "liberalization" was used as a strategy of divide and rule to weaken and fragment societal groups such as trade unions, academics, students and NGOs.
The Politics of Polarization (1998–2000)
Authors: Rich Dorman Sara
Published: September 2017

The chapter identifies this period as a key, albeit brief, moment when civil society was able to shape political discourse and practice in Zimbabwe. It first sets out the economic conditions in the late 1990s. It then delineates the changing alignments and increasing polarization between state and society. It traces the origins of the National Constitutional Assembly (NCA), and the unease with which it was met by some NGOs and churches. The ways in which the NCA frames the constitutional debate fundamentally challenges the post-independence record of the Mugabe government, its development agenda and its liberation credentials. The focus of the chapter then turns to the regime’s reaction: both institutionally, in the form of the Constitutional Commission and rhetorically, as it first intensified the nationalist rhetoric of previous decades and then labeled those who chose to work with the NCA as illegitimate interlocutors, disloyal to the state and the legacy of liberation. It concludes with the 2000 constitutional referendum.
Traditions
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 provides an overview of major trends and movements leading up to and contributing to the successful transmission of the Chinese Chan tradition to Japan while considering methodological problems that arise in conducting research on East Asian religion and culture in the post–World War II era. Set against the historical context of Song-dynasty China and Kamakura-era Japan, the chapter shows how and when Zen took hold in Japan with the rise of the shogun government by highlighting the differences between Chinese and Japanese societies during the period of transplantation. The chapter also explains current methods and scholarly developments involving the study of Zen by various leading researchers on both sides of the Pacific.
Transplantations
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 tracks the challenges of adaptation and accommodation that the major pioneering monks dealt with after returning to Japan and establishing their monasteries in Kyoto and other regions for the fledgling Rinzai and Sōtō branches of Zen. While the returnees were highly innovative, their progress was slow because of opposition from other sects, particularly Tendai Buddhism, located on Mount Hiei, as well as internal sectarian rifts. The chapter then analyzes the late thirteenth-century influx of Chan priests, especially Lanqi and Wuxue, from China, where the Chan school was being confronted by social and political challenges. It shows how these leaders greatly influenced the expansion of Zen in Japan through establishing personal and political connections with the Hōjō shoguns.
Tones
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 8 uses the multifaceted term “tones” to explain the expressive role of texts that were produced as part of a growing publication industry to record and circulate various sermons in prose and verse that reflected a master’s awakened state of mind beyond logical thinking. This section also explains the importance of nuanced ink tones for the creation of sparse, monochromatic calligraphy and painting that reveals the interior depths of enlightened engagement with all forms of human and natural existence. Advances in literary and visual arts greatly contributed to the success of maritime transitions and transfers. Salons located within and outside of temple compounds propagated the production of writings and drawings, and contributed to the formation of the tradition that at once affirmed and negated the importance of artistic pursuit in relation to the religious goal of attaining spiritual awakening.
Untimely Democracy
Authors: Laski Gregory
Published: September 2017

Untimely Democracy tells the surprising story of how American authors and activists defined the path of racial progress after the abolition of slavery. Conventional narratives of democracy stretching from Thomas Jefferson’s America to the present day posit a purposeful break between past and present as the key to the viability of this political form—the only way to ensure its continual development. But for Pauline E. Hopkins, Frederick Douglass, Stephen Crane, W. E. B. Du Bois, Charles W. Chesnutt, Sutton E. Griggs, Callie House, and the other figures examined in this book, the campaign to secure liberty and equality for all citizens proceeds most potently when it refuses the precepts of progressive time. Placing these authors’ post–Civil War writings into dialogue with debates about racial optimism and pessimism, tracts on progress, and accounts of ex-slave pension activism, and extending their insights into our contemporary moment, the book recovers late nineteenth-century literature as a vibrant site for doing political theory. Untimely Democracy ultimately shows how one of the bleakest periods in American racial history provided fertile terrain for a radical reconstruction of some of the foundational elements of the nation’s political system. Offering resources for moments when the march of progress seems to slow, stutter, and even cease, the book invites readers to reconsider just what democracy can make possible.
Introduction
Authors: Laski Gregory
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter outlines the conceptual, historical, and literary stakes of the book’s examination of the place of progress in definitions of democracy. The chapter opens with a reading of Walt Whitman’s Democratic Vistas (1871) as articulating one of the constitutive tensions of standard narratives of American democracy: the tendency to locate this political form’s promise in a future that is divorced from the past of racial slavery. Offering context for Whitman’s vision, the chapter surveys key political, cultural, and legal developments that functioned to consolidate the idea of time as linear and progressive in the period that historians have termed the nadir of racial history in the United States. The chapter then outlines the contributions of the authors and activists at the center of this study who identify an untimely democratic hope in contesting the common-sense notion that the forward movement of chronological time entails change.
Pauline E. Hopkins’s Untimely Democracy
Authors: Laski Gregory
Published: September 2017

This chapter reveals how Pauline E. Hopkins transforms the boundary between slavery and freedom into the source of a paradoxical political hope—indeed, as the best chance for realizing democracy. Announcing in Contending Forces that problems such as rape and lynching constitute “duplications” of the past of bondage, Hopkins calls for a neo-abolitionist crusade. For Thomas Jefferson or W. E. B. Du Bois, such a declaration would signal democracy’s arrested development. In the recursive narrative structures and scenes of temporal arrest that characterize her fictional and journalistic oeuvre, however, Hopkins constructs a critical resource for the campaign to redress democracy’s failings. Interrogating the limits of liberal agency, she redefines scenes of slavery’s recurrence as a starting point for a politics that might realize progress because it engenders an uncertainty about what has changed. From her democratic vista, progress results not by breaking with the past but by embracing its persistence.
Religion vs. Science
Authors: Howard Ecklund Elaine , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

Religion vs. Science: What Religious People Really Think busts today’s common myths about science and religion. It reveals several interesting and perhaps surprising realities. The book shows that religious people love much of science. They perceive conflicts only with the forms of science that seem to have implications for God’s role in the world and the value and sacredness of humans. Yet, they are often suspicious of scientists, thinking that scientists generally do not like religious people. Many religious people claim to be young-earth creationists, but they are actually much more open to evolution than this initial label might suggest. Not all religious people deny that the climate is changing, and that it is changing because of humans. And political views more than religious views are really the best predictor of what Americans think about climate change. Further, religious people want to support the environment, as long as love for the environment does not replace love of people. Finally, religious people are supportive of technological advancements, including typically controversial ideas like reproductive genetic technologies and human embryonic stem-cell research, but they want scientists to reflect more on the moral implications of their work. The book ends with practical suggestions and ideas for collaboration among all individuals and communities.
Now That the Cold War Is Over, Who Is a Refugee?
Authors: García María Cristina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 discusses American responses to refugee flows during the transitional period of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Fleeing a communist state had previously maximized one’s chances of admission to the United States, but as early as 1980, policymakers had questioned the logic of assuming that those fleeing communism had more legitimate needs for protection than other refugees. As government officials struggled to define a coherent refugee policy for the post–Cold War era, a wide range of domestic actors also tried to influence policy, advocating and lobbying on behalf of particular populations whose rights they felt had been ignored. The case studies in this chapter—the Soviet refuseniks, the Chinese university students, the Haitian and Cuban boat people—illustrate the changing political landscape both abroad and at home, as well as the importance of advocacy in eliciting responses from the Executive and Legislative branches of government.
The New Asylum Seekers
Authors: García María Cristina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 discusses the US asylum bureaucracy. The number of asylum petitions increased in the post–Cold war era, creating a backlog of cases. This backlog, as well as growing concerns over the permeability of US borders, led to several reforms of the asylum system in the interest of national security. By the first decade of the twenty-first century, asylum seekers navigated a complex and impersonal bureaucracy that seemed more intent on deterring and deporting than in granting refuge. Today, the majority of asylum seekers navigate this complex bureaucracy without the benefit of legal counsel or even translators, minimizing their chances of a successful outcome. Many asylum seekers fall outside the defined categories of persecution, and their struggles to secure asylum raise important ethical and moral questions about who is deserving of protection.
Introduction
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 presents the purpose of the study: to map, contextualize, and discuss the discourse of more or less explicit Satanic feminism as it is conveyed in a number of esoteric works, literary texts, autobiographies, scholarly books, political and polemical publications, newspaper reviews, editorials and articles, early works of cinema, paintings, sculptures, and even artefacts of consumer culture such as jewellery. The time period under scrutiny stretches from 1772 to the years before World War II. The great majority of sources, however, belong to the period ca. 1880–1910. Theoretical points of departure are explained, drawing on Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva, and Bruce Lincoln. In this chapter, key terms like counter-discourse, counter-myth, esotericism, occultism, and Satanism are also defined.
Romantic and Socialist Satanism
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 treats the fact that from the very start, literary Satanism has had a pronounced political dimension. It provides an overview of the radical Romantics who made Satan a symbol of rebellion against oppressive religious structures, and how socialists later appropriated this strategy of resistance to religious mores. Special attention is given to Percy Shelley’s The Revolt of Islam (1817), perhaps the first piece of Satanic feminism. Later, anarchists like Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin took the Devil to heart and integrated the figure into their respective endeavours. Rounding off the chapter, a number of reasons why Satan was strategically attractive to Romantics and socialists are suggested.
Satan as the Emancipator of Woman in Gothic Literature
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter5 considers woman’s collusion with the Devil in five major novels of the Gothic genre, from the years 1772 to 1820, along with three vampire tales written between 1836 and 1897 and a werewolf novella from 1928. The latter takes the by now firmly established Gothic notion of Satan as the emancipator of woman—previously mostly depicted by Gothic authors as a terrible thing, though at times with some ambivalence—and combines it with a feminist sensibility. Gothic texts, it is argued, were party to the gradual shift in the view of rebellious, demonic females, which made them more and more attractive as positive role models. In the early Gothic novels, ritual magic and the invocation of demons (typically with women as the invocator) is a recurring theme. They are thus also examples of how esotericism was very much a part of popular culture, and intertwined with “Satanic feminism”.
Lucifer and the Lesbians
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter8 looks at how lesbianism was connected to Satanism in fin-de-siècle discourses, and how a lesbian poetess could turn the tables and use this association as part of a subversive feminist strategy. An important transitional text between outright condemnation and embrace of this combination as something positive, Catulle Mendès’s Méphistophéla (1890), is analysed in some detail. The main section of the chapter treats the explicit Sapphic Satanism of poetess Renée Vivien. She produced pieces celebrating Satan as the God of femininity, or even the creator of woman, as well as a protector of homosexuals. It would be an oversimplification to view this tendency as simply an internalization of negative stereotypes. A better option, it is argued, is to understand it as part of the ambiguities of the broader Decadent project, with its inversions that are only occasionally followed through to the end.
Becoming the Demon Woman
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter9 analyses individuals who, both on and off the stage, actively assumed the role of the demon woman. Three persons are considered in detail: Sarah Bernhardt, the Italian marchioness Luisa Casati, and silent film actress Theda Bara. They chose—or, in Bara’s case, were chosen—to embody the (more or less supernatural or occult) femme fatale, as constructed mostly by male authors and artists. Seemingly, they felt this was empowering or useful for commercial, subversive, or other purposes. The analysis attempts to tease out some of the implications this enactment of a disquieting stereotype had on an individual level as well as in a broader cultural context. This also applies to the unknown women who wore jewellery depicting devils, demons, or Eve—a rebellious token clearly drawing on motifs familiar from Satanic feminism.
Mary MacLane’s Autobiographic Satanic Feminism
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter10 has Canadian-American Mary MacLane (1881–1929) as its topic and draws on her own texts as well as contemporary newspaper articles on her. MacLane’s autobiographical bestseller The Story ofMary MacLane (1902) depicted the author’s burning desire to become Satan’s bride. Earlier research on MacLane has neglected the fact that her use of Satan is directly related to an established tradition of literary Satanism and also overlaps with contemporary esoteric and political-feminist use of the figure. The chapter attempts to contextualize her work from this perspective. MacLane’s use of several by now familiar motifs is highlighted: the liberating demon-lover, Satan as a voice of cultural criticism and diabolical lesbianism. The reception of the text is also considered, detailing how MacLane’s contentious public persona was an important part of the (brief) success she enjoyed and how she became an anti-heroine role model to scores of young American women.
Conclusions
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter12 summarizes the findings of the study and answers the main questions posed in chapter 1, namely: In the material that can, in some sense, be classified as Satanic feminism, what motifs are recurrent? What sort of individuals usually expressed these ideas—what was their social class, level of education, temperament, and political orientation? What was the typical readership of the texts and how were they received? What hermeneutical strategies were employed when counter-reading the Bible or subverting misogynist motifs in Christian myth? How far is the inversion of Christian myth taken? What seems to be problematic when using Satan as a paragon of feminism, and how do the figures in question deal with this? Finally, some additional ruminations are presented.
Dream Reports from Sleep Laboratories
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 highlights the most important and enduring findings from systematic studies of dreaming in sleep laboratories, then discusses their implications. Most importantly, these frequently replicated studies show that dreams are a reasonable simulation of waking life that are only rarely highly unusual or “bizarre” in their structure or content. These studies also show that dreaming happens in NREM Stage 2, during the sleep-onset process, and even in brief episodes during drifting waking thought, which shows that dreaming is not tied to one stage of sleep, or even to sleep. The chapter explains how dreams collected in the sleep lab can provide a bridge to high-quality studies of dream reports collected in non-lab settings.
Dream Reports Collected in Non-Laboratory Settings
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

The second chapter first shows that there are only a few differences in content between dream reports collected inside and outside the laboratory. It then presents the major discoveries made in non-lab studies, which supplement and extend the lab findings. They include the most frequent types of waking personal concerns that are simulated in dreams, the rarity of alleged “typical” dreams that most people claim to have experienced, the differential incorporation of music into the dreams of musicians and nonmusicians, the gender similarities and differences in dream content, and cross-national similarities and differences in dream content. The implications of these findings are discussed, and their usefulness as normative baselines is stressed.
Findings from Studies of Individual Dream Series
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 presents findings from the study of individual dream journals as well as the methodological and statistical case for using them. These nonreactive measures (which are called “dream series” in the literature) lend themselves to a variety of quantitative studies. The systematic and replicated findings from such studies reveal that dream content is far more consistent over months, years, and decades than could be realized from lab and non-lab group studies. They also demonstrate that there is continuity between the personal concerns and interests enacted in dream scenarios and the waking personal concerns and interests of the dreamer. This is especially the case in terms of characters, social interactions, and activities (such as a passion for music or sports). However, the chapter also stresses that there is much dream content that is not understood.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Dreaming
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

The fifth chapter presents the evidence for the novel idea that the neural substrate that enables dreaming is based in subsystems within the waking default network. The evidence for this hypothesis includes neuroimaging studies of representative samples of children and adults as well as studies of neurological patients who report they have experienced alterations in their dreaming, or even lost the ability to dream, due to their injury or illness. Based on these relatively new findings from many research settings, some as recent as 2015 and 2016, both the developmental trajectory of dreaming and the nature of dream content can be explained by the neurocognitive theory of dreams.
The Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreaming
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides the most detailed critical analysis yet developed of the neurophysiological theory of dreaming called activation-synthesis theory, a bottom-up theory that rejects a top-down neurocognitive approach because rigorous studies of dream content allegedly cannot be carried out, especially on the basis of dream reports collected in the sleep lab. This theory suggests that dreams may be “cognitive trash.” The chapter draws on detailed neurophysiological evidence little known outside of neurophysiology, and hardly at all among dream researchers, to show that all of the empirical claims put forth by activation-synthesis theorists in 1977 had been shown to be wrong by the mid-1980s, with further evidence for this refutation appearing in the 2000s due to methodological and technical advances. Similarly, the studies of dream content by activation-synthesis theorists have major flaws and are contradicted by most of the findings presented in earlier chapters.
The Failed Freudian Revival
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 presents a detailed, empirically based refutation of both the classical Freudian theory and the attempt to recast it as neuropsychoanalysis based on neurological case studies. It presents the evidence that dreams do not have the adaptive function of preserving sleep, as Freudians claim. It further shows that no systematic psychological studies of Freudian claims about the cognitive mechanism that create dreams or about the nature of dream content have been supported. Nor is there any evidence that the Freudian method of free association has any value in understanding the meaning of dreams.
Advanced Education
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

People of European descent and of African descent who struggled for equal rights agreed that education, including higher education, was essential for black advancement. When white reformers in the 1830s considered ways for people of color to attain equal rights, they, like black reformers, almost always gravitated to uplift. The prejudice of their times, they thought, would disappear as African Americans acquired education and middle-class values. Sunday schools, evening schools, writing schools, and other schools for black children and occasionally for black adults began appearing to fill basic needs. This chapter provides in-depth analysis and description of the attempt to create an African American college in New Haven, Prudence Crandall's school in Canterbury, Connecticut, and the Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire. Each of these experiments began with optimism and idealism, and each failed because of white opposition and violence.
Intimidation, Assaults, and Riots
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

Verbal attacks, physical assaults, and race riots were regular occurrences in the first two-thirds of the 1830s. Black reformers (and African Americans in general) and white abolitionists were the usual targets. The peak year for such assaults in New England turned out to be 1835. After that date, although individual insults and taunts continued, mass attacks on African American neighborhoods and on abolitionists of every hue tapered off and then all but disappeared. A backlash to the violence developed. Some people—through shame, embarrassment, or perhaps just a curiosity sparked by dramatic events—gave a second look to emancipation and equal rights. That might be cause for hope, but any dispassionate assessment of the decade of the 1830s had to conclude that the rights of black New Englanders were no better in 1840 than they had been in 1830. Unity and uplift were not enough.
Breaking a Barrier
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

Had Massachusetts legislators been aware of how many mixed marriages existed in their state (and in their region, for that matter), they may not have repealed the law. In their own lives they may have encountered or heard of a couple with mixed ancestry, but that would have been rare. Their experience reinforced the idea that people of African descent and people of European descent preferred to live among their "kind." Even if they didn't find each other physically repugnant, they still had no desire to intermarry. But observations and hearsay did not match reality. During the antebellum period there were at least 410 mixed marriages in New England, scattered through no fewer than 209 cities, towns, and villages. They occurred in all parts of the region and had distinctive characteristics. Their existence substantiated the fluidity of the construction of race (as evidenced in public records) and showed the complexity of New England types of racism and even its absence.
Fugitives
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

There was no straight line from a racist society to one that supported full equality, and there was no guarantee that a right established one year could not be changed the next. That rang true in the United States and particularly in New England following the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. This chapter analyzes the four most important fugitive slave cases of the region: William and Ellen Craft, Frederick Minkins, Thomas Sims, and Anthony Burns. The result of those cases—two successful, two not—was a change in New England. Antislavery became socially acceptable, and there was an increased willingness among white New Englanders to accept the equal rights of African Americans. But racism hadn't died. What was different were attitudes about New England and about the slave South. In the short term black New Englanders benefited, but there were limits to progress.
Miles to Go
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

This epilogue examines the breakdown (but not the disappearance) of the struggle for equal rights after the Civil War. Reform-minded New Englanders dispersed in various directions. Some focused on the newly liberated freedmen to the south and on reconstructing that region. Others concentrated on such causes as women's rights, temperance, and labor. No one denied that forms of racism persisted in New England, but many shared Garrison's belief that the basic work for equal rights had been accomplished or soon would be and welcomed the opportunity to invest in their own lives. And some of the black leaders died far too soon. The book concludes with a brief examination of why New England was in advance of the rest of the nation in providing equal rights but far from an equal society.
Explaining the Design of Global Environmental Regimes
Authors: Ovodenko Alexander
Published: September 2017

This initial chapter presents the main puzzle motivating the book by describing the transition under way in the climate change regime from a top-down model to a bottom-up model of global governance. It describes the different forms of global governance that countries have developed to address a range of transboundary environmental problems, specifying the empirical questions that later chapters answer. It then develops a markets theory, drawing from economics and political science, to explain the institutional design of international environmental regimes. After elaborating the markets theory, the chapter then details the research design of the book by describing the analytical function of each chapter and how the chapters fit together more generally.
Producers, Trade Groups, and the Design of Global Environmental Regimes
Authors: Ovodenko Alexander
Published: September 2017

The chapter provides a macro-level analysis of the legalization, standardization, and integration of global environmental rules. The statistical tests rely on two new datasets on global treaty regimes and business stakeholders in those regimes. The results demonstrate that treaty regimes that regulate oligopolistic industries tend to become integrated over time with protocols, amendments, and similar agreements that add new rules or institutions to the international regime. They also consist of legally binding agreements, not soft law commitments by parties, and standardized rules applicable to all member states or categories of member states. By contrast, treaty regimes that regulate competitive markets tend to become more disintegrated (or unintegrated) over time. These international regimes are also legal hybrids because they consist of hard and soft law, and often give countries the responsibility to make nationally specific commitments. Producer-level concentrations significantly constrain the design of global environmental treaty regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Chodat Robert
Published: September 2017

Literary works since the rise of high modernism have been intensely hostile to abstract generalization, and have focused attention on the unique experience and singular expression. This nominalist impulse—summed up in the cry “show, don’t tell!”—has encouraged a deep wariness toward broad normative concepts: “good,” “bad,” “courage,” “justice,” etc. More than is often recognized, however, this literary skepticism parallels the skepticism toward such concepts in the natural sciences, which accords no place to such abstract “high words” in a world of matter and calculable motions. Against this dual literary and scientific inheritance, the postwar sage offers a “weak realism” about normative concepts and a “reflective” mode of composition: a movement between the particular and the general, art and argument. Such a literary–intellectual project is risky, and opens the sage to charges of sentimentalism. Closely attending to their works, however, suggests that we should avoid entering this protest too quickly.
Sociology to the Scientists
Authors: Chodat Robert
Published: September 2017

Unlike Percy and Robinson, Ellison shows minimal interest in religious questions, and in this sense can be seen as part of a larger anticlerical project among some twentieth-century African-American writers. Unlike many other secular black intellectuals, however, he scorns the social sciences. His nonfiction repeatedly distinguishes meaning from matter, purposeful action from bodily motion, and continually highlights both “improvisation” and “black and white fraternity”—concepts that align him both with the pragmatism of his mentor Kenneth Burke and place him in a longstanding tradition of republican sociopolitical thought. His fiction, however, repeatedly emphasizes just how vexed such terms are in the context of modern American life. Invisible Man portrays a world governed unrelentingly by determinism and social–scientific theorizing, and his second novel went unfinished in part because he struggles to portray the mutual recognition that his essays insist is needed between black and white culture.
The Advanced U.S. Citizenship of David Foster Wallace
Authors: Chodat Robert
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins by examining the ways that Ludwig Wittgenstein and Stanley Cavell helped David Foster Wallace overcome the allure of philosophical logic, and allowed him to appreciate the artistic and moral powers of the improvisatory human voice. More persistently than Cavell, however, Wallace sought a broad account of our contemporary sociopolitical condition. This impulse led Wallace to take seriously the virtues of civic humanism—mature temperance, skilled knowledge, practical wisdom—that begins with Aristotle and descends to Dewey and Wallace’s own father, the philosopher James D. Wallace. Wallace’s fiction, however, allots little space for the civic virtues that most capture Wallace the essayist. Everywhere in Infinite Jest we see meaning reduced to matter, purposeful action reduced to compulsion, and when Wallace tries in The Pale King to give body to his highest words, he ends up—as one character in the text puts it—“talking like a civics class.”
Afterword
Authors: Chodat Robert
Published: September 2017

At least four things could be taken away from the preceding chapters. First, the nominalism that has stood behind so much of our culture’s scientific advances is not restricted to science alone: it has marked literary and artistic culture as well. Second, such nominalism has been a cause both for celebration and for condemnation, but the postwar sages that this book has considered have a more ambivalent response—an ambivalence manifest in their effort to negotiate the narrative and the discursive. Third, in pursuing this reflective composition, the authors here anticipate certain important trends in contemporary philosophy and literary studies. Yet—fourth—this reflective composition also highlights difficulties that we as scholars do not often recognize. In moving so insistently between the discursive and the literary, the postwar sage is able to display the fissures that such formal and intellectual movements can generate.
Education as Initiation into the Space of Reasons
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

A long tradition in the philosophy of education identifies education’s most fundamental aim and ideal as that of the fostering or cultivating of rationality. This chapter relates this tradition in philosophy of education to recent work, inspired by Wilfrid Sellars, on “the space of reasons.” I briefly lay out Sellars’ notion and discuss its place in the work of some of those he influenced, especially John McDowell. I next address recent work in philosophy of education that suggests that there is a tension between Sellars’ notion and the traditional educational ideal, or that the Sellarsian view as developed by McDowell resolves outstanding difficulties with my version of the traditional view. I argue that there is less tension than some of my critics suggest, and that the Sellarsian notion is compatible with the traditional view, but that it leaves out an important aspect of that view that should not be lost.