bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literasi Penyusunan Pelaporan Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi Pelaku Usaha Kecil UMKM Kota/Kabupaten Sukabumi
Authors: Susilawati  , Syahril Djaddang  , Zulkifli  , Mombang Sihite  , Findita  , Nurmala Ahmar  , M. Ardiansyah Syam
Published: November 2022

ABSTRAK

Pajak merupakan kontribusi wajib rakyat kepada negara yang terutang oleh orang pribadi atau badan yang bersifat memaksa berdasarkan Undang-Undang dengan tidak mendapatkan imbalan secara langsung dan digunakan untuk keperluan negara bagi kemakmuran rakyat. Saat ini, pertumbuhan UMKM berkembang dengan pesat, hal ini tidak terlepas dari pembebanan pajak yang harus disetorkan oleh pelaku UMKM dan besarnya setoran tersebut berdasarkan ketentuan yang sudah dijelaskan dalam PP Nomor 46 tahun 2013 dengan tarif 1 % dan turunkan menjadi 0,5% berdasarkan PP Nomor 23 tahun 2018. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Pancasila bekerjasama dengan Universitas Muhamadyah Sukabumi bersama Sukabumi Enterpreneur Association (SEA) memberikan pelatihan penyusunan pelaporan Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi yang melakukan usaha tertentu. Pelatihan yang diberikan merupakan pelatihan agar UMKM bisa memahami tentang PPh Orang Pribadi yang melakukan usaha, kemudian bisa menghitung, menyusun serta melaporkan PPh Orang Pribadi setiap periodenya baik secara periode bulanan atau masa dan periode tahunan. Metode pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan cara pemberian materi perpajakan, pajak penghasilan (PPh) OP, dan mengisi e-spt. Peserta UMKM di Kota dan Kabupaten Sukabumi memiliki kemampuan dalam menghitung dan menyusun pelaporan pajak usahanya.

ABSTRACT

Tax is an obligatory payment of the people to the state that is owing by individuals or entities that are coercive in nature based on the law and are utilized for the state's purposes for the prosperity of the people without receiving direct recompense. The rapid growth of MSMEs cannot be separated from the imposition of taxes that must be submitted by MSME actors, and the amount of the deposit is based on the conditions outlined in PP No. 46 of 2013 at a rate of 1%, which was decreased to 0.5 percent by PP No. 23 of 2018. Pancasila University's Graduate School, in partnership with the University of Muhamadyah Sukabumi and the Sukabumi Entrepreneur Association (SEA), offers instruction in the preparation of income tax returns for persons who operate particular enterprises. The program is designed to help MSMEs understand how personal income tax affects their firm and how to calculate, assemble, and report personal income tax on a monthly or annual basis. This type of community service implementation entails submitting tax materials, income tax (PPh) OP, and completing the e-SPT. The ability to calculate and produce business tax reports is available to MSME participants in the City and District of Sukabumi.
Desa Rempah: Sebuah Inisiasi Kemitraan Perguruan Tinggi dengan Industri, Dunia Usaha dan Dunia Kerja
Authors: Ahmar Nurmala , Suratno Suratno , Darminto Dwi Prastowo , Trisnawati Ika
Published: November 2022

ABSTRAK

Matching fund adalah program membangun ekosistem kampus merdeka sebagai upaya menyelesaikan berbagai isu sosial masyarakat, tantangan industri, dan masalah perguruan tinggi. Program Desa Rempah merupakan sebuah program kemitraan yang dibentuk pada tahun 2014 oleh PT. Sidomuncul, Tbk dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dengan memanfaatkan kearifan lokal sekaligus memenuhi pasokan bahan baku. Melalui program Desa Rempah, dewan komisaris mendukung program-program tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan yang digagas oleh direksi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan para petani dan masyarakat desa disekitar perusahaan. Desa Rempah merupakan sarana pembelajaran dengan tujuan untuk mewujudkan perubahan masyarakat desa untuk menjadi lebih mandiri dan banyak memiliki ilmu untuk meningkatkan kualitas diri. Mekanisme program kerja desa rempah dapat ditiru untuk menjadi aktivitas yang meluas melalui program matching fund dengan sinergi perguruan tinggi, dunia industri, dunia usaha, dunia kerja dan masyarakat.

ABSTRACT

The Matching Fund is a program that aims to create a self-sustaining campus ecosystem in order to address a variety of social issues, industry obstacles, and institutional issues. The Spice Village Program is a collaboration program established in 2014 by PT. Industri Jamu dan Farmasi Sidomuncul, Tbk with the goal of increasing community welfare by employing local wisdom while fulfilling raw material supply. The board of commissioners supports social and environmental responsibility activities created by the board of directors to improve the welfare of farmers and village communities surrounding the company through the Spice Village program. The Spice Village is a learning tool designed to help village communities become more self-sufficient and knowledgeable in order to improve their quality of life. Through a matching fund program with the synergy of colleges, industry, the business world, the world of work, and the community, the spice village work program's mechanism can be duplicated to become a widespread activity.
PERANCANGAN TAMAN BELAJAR ONLINE TERBUKA DI BUKIT PAMULANG INDAH RW 09/013
Authors: Daurrohmah Eka Wirajuang , Hendrian Hendrian , Puspitasari Nindya Farah Dwi , Robiansyah Anton
Published: November 2022

ABSTRAK

Perancangan taman belajar online terbuka ini bertujuan untuk memudahkan warga di Bukit Pamulang Indah (BPI) RW 09/013 dalam berkumpul dengan menyediakan kegiatan belajar online sehingga dapat menambah pengetahuan. Kegiatan perancangan dilakukan untuk memudahkan kegiatan warga di BPI yang suka berkumpul dengan memberikan kegiatan tambahan ilmu melalui media online. Ilmu yang ditawarkan antara lain belajar tentang manajemen keuangan keluarga, wirausaha dan hidroponik. Hasil yang ditargetkan dari kegiatan ini antara lain terjadinya interaksi sosial dengan kegiatan yang bermanfaat dan peningkatan pengetahuan berdasarkan pembelajaran yang dipilih. Perancangan taman belajar online terbuka merupakan kegiatan yang sangat dibutuhkan warga dalam meningkatkan pengetahuannya dengan memanfaatkan internet. Perancangan taman belajar online terbuka memberikan kontribusi bagi peningkatan pengetahuan bagi masyarakat khususnya warga BPI.

ABSTRACT

The design of an open online learning park aims to facilitate residents in Bukit Pamulang Indah (BPI) RW 09/013 in gathering by providing online learning activities so they can increase their knowledge. Design activities are carried out to facilitate the activities of resident in BPI who like to gather by providing additional knowledge activities through online media. The knowledge offered include learning about family financial management, entrepreneurship and hydroponics. The results targeted by this activity include the occurrence of social interaction with useful activities and increasing knowledge based on the selected learning. The design of an open online learning park is an activity that is needed by the resident in increasing their knowledge by utilizing internet. The design of an open online learning park contributes to increasing knowledge for the community, especially BPI residents.
PELATIHAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN UNTUK PARA REMAJA DI DESA TANAH ABANG GUNA MENERAPKAN GNRM DAN MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN JIWA WIRAUSAHA
Authors: Setiadi Yulius Wahyu , Sumarlan Ahmad , Fitri Marliza Ade
Published: November 2022

ABSTRAK

Di masa pandemi covid-19 ini remaja banyak menghabiskan waktu di rumah, dan beberapa remaja tidak berminat untuk memulai usaha, padahal sebagai tunas bangsa para pemuda pemudi Indonesia adalah asset terpenting bagi Negara untuk memajukan Indonesia. Terutama  untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup remaja ,masyarakat  dan Negara. Masih terdapat banyak  masyarakat Indonesia menghabiskan masa muda hanya untuk kesenangan pribai dan hal ini membuat masa depan mereka tidak mempunyai arah dan sulit mendapat pekerjaaan  yang sesuai dengan skill mereka. Metode pelaksanaan yang dipilih oleh tim pengabdi yaitu pendampingan dan pelatihan, untuk menambah wawasan dan menumbuhkan semangat jiwa Wirausaha pelaku, Menambah pengetahuan peserta pelatihan tentang bagaimana kewirausahaan dan pengaplikasian pemasaran digital, mengetahui cara pembuatan pembukuan sederhana. Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat tentang Pelatihan kewirausahaan untuk para remaja Di Desa Tanah Abang Guna Menerapkan GNRM Dan Meningkatkan Kemampuan Jiwa Wirausaha kegiatan pengabdian ini mendapat respon yang positif. Melalui Kegiatan ini peserta diberikan motivasi untuk menumbuhkan jiwa semangat berwirausaha yang tinggi dan optimal, untuk mengubah paradigma berpikir menjadi seorang entrepreneur muda yang sukses.

Kata Kunci: Kewirausahaan, Usaha

ABSTRACT

In this time of the COVID-19 pandemic, teenagers spend a lot of time at home, and there are still many teenagers who don't want to be entrepreneurs even though as the nation's buds, Indonesian youth are important assets for social and national life to improve the quality of life for the community and the country. spend their youth for meaningless pleasures which can make their future devoid of direction in life and difficult to get a job. The implementation method chosen by the service team is mentoring and training, to add insight and foster the entrepreneurial spirit of actors, increase the knowledge of training participants about entrepreneurship and the application of digital marketing, know how to make simple bookkeeping. Community Service Activities on Entrepreneurship Training for Youth in Tanah Abang Village to Implement GNRM and Improve Entrepreneurial Spirit Capabilities This service activity received a positive response. This activity gave participants the motivation to have a high entrepreneurial spirit, changing the paradigm of thinking to become an entrepreneur.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Business.
ORGANIZATION OF VEGETABLE STORAGE IN A MEDICAL AND CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OF THE FSIN SYSTEM
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute for the Use of Technology and oil products in agriculture, Zazulya Alexander , Makarov Valentin ,   Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P.A. Kostycheva, Makarova Olga ,   Academy of Law and Administration of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Gasparyan Svetlana ,   Academy of Law and Administration of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia
Published: November 2022

The issues of the organization of rational storage of food products supplied for the needs of the penal system for the purpose of food supply of the special agent are considered. Much attention is paid to the development of a warehouse economy in the direction of storing plant-growing products included in the medical nutrition standards of people in medical and correctional institutions. To study the rational storage of vegetable products received for the needs of the penal system, the entire system of the warehouse management of the medical institution was analyzed in order to identify possible storage of vegetable products for a longer time than prescribed in regulatory legal acts by reducing natural loss. The economic efficiency of the warehouse economy is analyzed on the example of a typical medical correctional institution operating in one of the territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in order to possibly find money savings associated with the process of storing vegetables. The main directions of the warehouse economy functioning are considered. The general characteristics of the warehouses of the medical and correctional institution are given. The volumes of harvesting vegetables for 2019-2021 in a medical and correctional institution are characterized. The norms of natural loss for such vegetable products as: late fresh carrots, fresh food potatoes (late), fresh beetroot (late), fresh white cabbage (late) are calculated. It follows from the analyzed directions that the largest storage areas of vegetable products are occupied under potatoes, since in accordance with regulatory legal acts, the name of this product is included in the catering of the special ingredient in a larger volume and it is advisable to keep these products fresh for a long time, while avoiding the purchase of fresh harvest at a more expensive price. A similar analysis was carried out for vegetable products included in the norms of food security. The dynamics of changes in natural loss by month in percentage terms of vegetable losses is shown. Ways to reduce natural attrition in medical and correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia are outlined.
THE EFFECT OF LOCAL WEAR ON THE RESOURCE OF LOADED CANTILEVER – FIXED PARTS
Authors:   Bryansk State Agrarian University, Komogortsev Vladimir , Kozarez Irina ,   Bryansk State Agrarian University, Feskov Sergey ,   Bryansk State Agrarian University, Mikhalchenkova Marina ,   Bryansk Institute of Management and Business, Orekhova Galina ,   Bryansk State Agrarian University
Published: November 2022

Among the details of the working bodies of soil-developing tools, cantilever-fixed structural elements occupy a certain place, which are operated under conditions of high-intensity abrasive wear. Known theoretical studies do not allow predicting the resource of cantilevered parts, taking into account the wear factor and the deformation ability of the material. Two tasks were theoretically solved in the work on determining the resource of a part until the moment when: 1 - the wear section becomes so thin that the transition area from the worn part to the non-worn part becomes more dangerous when bending than the cantilever fastening area; 2 - destruction will occur in the transition zone from the unworn to the worn area. Problem solving was carried out using the methods of the course "Strength of materials". The cantilever-fixed beam of variable section is taken as the design scheme. It was taken into account that the main parameter characterizing the strength of a bent beam is the magnitude of tensile strains that occur on its convex side. It was taken into account that the main parameter characterizing the strength of a bent beam is the magnitude of tensile strains that occur on its convex side. The conditions for the occurrence of the danger of destruction and the destruction itself in the section of the part, where the transition from the worn part to the non-worn part takes place, are determined by theoretical studies. The result of solving two problems was the derivation of formulas by which it is possible to predict the resource of a part in case of its local wear. A mathematical expression has been obtained that makes it possible to calculate the operating time of a locally worn cantilever-fixed part, when the width of the cross-section of the wear area decreases so much that the transition area to the unworn part becomes more dangerous than the cantilever fastening. A mathematical expression has been obtained that makes it possible to determine the resource of a structural element for the case when its destruction occurs at the point of transition from a worn area to a non-worn one.
EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL ON THE PROPERTIES OF ENGINE OIL
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute for the Use of Machinery and Petroleum Products in Agriculture, Ostrikov Valery , Zabrodskaya Alla ,   All-Russian Research Institute for the Use of Machinery and Petroleum Products in Agriculture, Vyazankin Viktor ,   All-Russian Research Institute for the Use of Machinery and Petroleum Products in Agriculture, Koshelev Alexander ,   All-Russian Research Institute for the Use of Machinery and Petroleum Products in Agriculture, Safonov Valentin ,   Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov
Published: November 2022

Research materials on the analysis of the quality and influence of diesel fuel characteristics on the properties of engine oil are presented. The relationship of some characteristics of diesel fuel with the service life of engine oil in engines of agricultural machinery has been established as a first approximation. A selective analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of fuels purchased from commercial structures and stored in oil depots of farms showed that 50 percent of the samples had an increased sulfur content, a weighted fractional composition, and low-temperature properties did not correspond to the values declared in the quality certificates. It was noted that the number of used motor oils M-10G2 and M-10DM with deviations from the requirements of the standards has significantly decreased. An intensive change in the color of the oil is observed during the use in tractor engines in the first hours of operation, the base number decreases, the content of insoluble sediment and the acid number of engine oil increases. It has been established that, despite the different technical condition, the load in many respects, the accumulation of resins and oxidation products depends on the quality of the diesel fuel used. The dependences of the change in the base number of M-10G2 and M-10DM oils over a period of 100 hours of operation were obtained when using fuel that meets the requirements of GOST and fuel with a weighted fractional composition. It was found that the base number of M-10DM oil decreased from 8 mg KOH/g to 5.3 mg KOH/g, while when using fuel with a weighted fractional composition, the base number decreased to 4.7 mg KOH/g. Similar changes were observed in the engines of tractors running on M-10G2 oil. It has been determined that the lower the quality of diesel fuel, the more contaminants accumulate in the engine oil and the properties of the oil decrease more intensively, which ultimately affects its service life before replacement.
TIRE AND SUPPORT AREA AS A FUNCTION OF VERTICAL LOAD AND TIRE PRESSURE
Authors:   Rosinformagrotekh. Pravdinsky Township, Revenko Valery , Skorlyakov Viktor ,   Rosinformagrotekh. Pravdinsky Township, Ivanov Artem
Published: November 2022

A comprehensive increase in the efficiency of mobile agricultural machinery is impossible without taking into account the level of impact of its movers on the soil, while the most important target is to improve the coupling qualities of tractors and agricultural machines, including by increasing the size of the contact area of the mover with the supporting base. The dimensions of the contact surface at the soil-tire interface will determine the specific pressure of the pneumatic wheeled equipment on the soil, which in turn determines the level of environmental safety of the “mechanized vehicle – environment – crop” system. Agricultural tires, widely used in the Russian Federation, were chosen as objects of research, in total 22 options. The studies were carried out at vertical load levels from 10 to 60 kN and tire pressure from 50 to 500 kPa. As a result of the research, the authors proposed a method for determining the contour area of the contact of modern wheel propellers, with a change in external (wheel axle load) and internal (in-tire pressure) factors. The level of adequacy of the mathematical model, calculated by the Nash–Sutcliff modeling efficiency criterion, was 0.991. Simplicity and sufficient accuracy for engineering calculations make it quite suitable for practical use.
WEAR OF PARTS OF THE WORKING BODY OF THE PSKU HIGH-SPEED PLOW
Authors:   Bryansk State Agrarian University, Mikhalchenkov Alexander , Feskov Sergey ,   Bryansk State Agrarian University, Kubyshkin Andrey ,   Bryansk State Agrarian University
Published: November 2022

The use of high-speed plows manufactured in the Russian Federation is due to the intensification of field work and the problem of import substitution. The purpose of the research is to study the wear of the structural elements of the working body of the plow of the PSKu series. The parameters for assessing the technical condition of parts taken out of service were changes in linear dimensions (linear wear). The number of controlled parts for each item was 27 units. Plowing was carried out on loamy soils - 25 ha per product. Research has established that the wear geometry of the surfaces of the left knives has a complex configuration, and the maximum wear in width and thickness is not critical, so the part is suitable for further operation. The control of the right knives according to the residual thickness and the amount of wear of the blade showed that they are in working condition, and the wear of the penetrating area has a radial character and is located in two sections. Typical for vertical knives is radial wear that extends to the side. The thinning of the cutting area leads to local through rubbing of the part. The suitability of these knives for further operation and restoration is determined by their permissible residual width and thickness. The limiting wear of vertical knives determines the working state of the working body. Radiation wear is a defining defect for dumps, although it does not reach its limit value in terms of residual thickness. Therefore dumps after an operating time of 25 hectares are suitable for operation. Thus, the controlled parts are suitable for further operation, however, it is necessary to carry out hardening operations.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE INTERSTATE STANDARD FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF EQUIPMENT
Authors:   All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Use of Techniques and Oil Products in Agriculture, Tishaninov Nikolai
Published: November 2022

It has been established that in the structure of the evaluation criteria GOST 34393 -2018 there is no cost component from the working conditions of the service personnel. This provides an increase in the objectivity of assessments in comparison with GOST R 53056-2008. An analysis of the costs of changing the quantity and quality of products showed that the possibility of their accounting is limited to the case when they have a “-” sign relative to the comparison base. At the same time, the value of costs determines the lost profit, and in the case when they have a “+” sign, the calculation procedure loses its meaning, since positive changes in the quantity and quality of products are a source of economic effect that cannot be summed up with costs. The analysis confirmed that the total cost of funds unreasonably includes the costs of the irrational use of seed, and the costs of damage to agricultural products take into account only one type of damage (crushing) of only one type of product (grain). The cost component according to GOST 34393-2018 from the irrational use of seeds, assessed by germination, depends on many factors that are not related to the technical level of the evaluated machine, and other damage to the grain includes: breaking; embryo micro damage. An analysis of methods for determining economic indicators in accordance with GOST 34393-2018 confirmed that the calculation procedures for assessing losses of agricultural products limit the application of the standard by harvesting machines and processing complexes, and the calculation procedures for assessing damage to agricultural products limit the application of the standard by sowing and grain cleaning machines with partial consideration of the totality of single indicators process quality. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of equipment according to GOST 34393-2018 are unproductive in developing solutions for its modernization and efficient use.
Code Mixing As Woman Identity: A Case on Instagram Captions of Influencer
Authors: Alhusna Asma , Febriana Noni
Published: November 2022

This paper deals with the fact that special code mixing is used by every people for their caption. Include the Influencer. They promoting the products on Instagram using unique, chic, and fancy captions that will make their fans interested. The code mixing, which is employed in this case involve words or phrases identified as woman language. The data were taken from documented captions, which accompany the Influencers with the most people love their photos from Indonesia. The data focuse on Indonesian clauses or sentence mixed by English language. The result of  study demonstrates that code mixing in the captions is the woman language features; empty adjective, special color terms, hashtags, polite form and sweet clossing, used by women but commonly avoided by men. In this case, those features as a certain group with distinctive language features. Internal and external factors determine the process of certain language features to be a marker of the group as well.
The Implication of Teachers’ Politeness Strategy In Teaching on Higher Institution
Authors: Anggraini Dian , Rafiola Ryan Hidayat , Sari Vivi Nila , Andriani Desi
Published: November 2022

This research aims to explain the types of politeness strategies used by teachers and students in class interactions, how these strategies are manifested in actions in class interactions and pedagogical functions of politeness strategies. The subjects in this study are teachers and students who used politeness strategies as many as 52 students and one teacher in the learning and teaching process. The research is a qualitative research. Data collected through observation and interviews. The results showed that is used by students to talk to the teacher when the meaning of speech is conveyed implicitly. There are four pedagogic functions in politeness strategies, namely giving the distance between teacher and students, atmosphere in class, reducing student tension, and making social interaction between teacher and students.
Optimalisasi Perawatan Dan Pengoperasian Alat Keselamatan Sekoci Sebagai Penunjang Keselamatan Di MV Kartini Baruna
Authors: Rudiana  , Wulandari Retno , Junita Retno
Published: November 2022

Sekoci merupakan alat penolong yang dapat digunakan untuk evakuasi seluruh awak kapal karena memiliki konstruksi yang lebih kuat dari alat penolong lainnya. Masalah yang sering terjadi adalah kurang terampilnya ABK tentang perawatan dan pengoperasian sekoci yang sesuai dengan prosedur dan rendahnya  perawatan sekoci di atas MV Kartini Baruna. Kemudian tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui penyebab kurang terampilnya ABK tentang perawatan dan pengoperasian sekoci yang sesuai dengan prosedur dan mengetahui penyebab rendahnya  perawatan sekoci di atas MV Kartini Baruna. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa faktor yang menyebabkan kurang optimalnya kinerja dari sekoci di MV. Kartini Baruna adalah kurangnya spare part, penerapan PMS (Plan Maintenance System) yang tidak sesuai ketentuan, kurang terampilnya anak buah kapal (ABK) dalam pengoperasian sekoci. Faktor yang menyebabkan perawatan lifeboat yang kurang baik terhadap crew di MV. Kartini Baruna adalah lambatnya proses pengoperasian sekoci, membahayakan keselamatan crew diatas kapal. Kemudian upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan perawatan terhadap lifeboat di MV.Kartini Baruna yaitu dengan menerapkan PMS (plan maintenance system) sesuai ketentuan atau panduan.
Thermal Analysis of Insulation Materials Used for Exterior Walls of Buildings Considering the Wind Effect
Authors: UÇAR Aynur
Published: November 2022

The optimum thickness of insulation material dependent on wall orientation and wind speed were determined for selected insulation materials and external wall types in different compositions and orientations by using the Life Cycle Cost method. The methodology is applied as a case study by comparing the different combinations of thermally insulated walls with four different insulation materials for four different degree-day regions of Turkey considering the effect of wind speed and direction. In the economic analysis, the costs of the life cycle of each different combination of insulated walls were calculated. It was obtained from these results that heating requirement of the north facing wall was the highest and heating requirement of the south facing wall was the lowest. The optimum thickness of insulation changes from 4.77 to 13.35 cm dependent on the insulation materials and orientations.
Computable Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: Bennett Michael Timothy
Published: November 2022

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) may herald our extinction, according to AI safety research. Yet claims regarding AGI must rely upon mathematical formalisms -- theoretical agents we may analyse or attempt to build. AIXI appears to be the only such formalism supported by proof that its behaviour is optimal, a consequence of its use of compression as a proxy for intelligence. Unfortunately, AIXI is incomputable and claims regarding its behaviour highly subjective. We argue that this is because AIXI formalises cognition as taking place in isolation from the environment in which goals are pursued (Cartesian dualism). We propose an alternative, supported by proof and experiment, which overcomes these problems. Integrating research from cognitive science with AI, we formalise an enactive model of learning and reasoning to address the problem of subjectivity. This allows us to formulate a different proxy for intelligence, called weakness, which addresses the problem of incomputability. We prove optimal behaviour is attained when weakness is maximised. This proof is supplemented by experimental results comparing weakness and description length (the closest analogue to compression possible without reintroducing subjectivity). Weakness outperforms description length, suggesting it is a better proxy. Furthermore we show that, if cognition is enactive, then minimisation of description length is neither necessary nor sufficient to attain optimal performance. These results undermine the notion that compression is closely related to intelligence. We conclude with a discussion of limitations, implications and future research. There remain several open questions regarding the implementation of scale-able general intelligence. In the short term, these results may be best utilised to improve the performance of existing systems. For example, our results explain why Deepmind's Apperception Engine is able to generalise effectively, and how to replicate that performance by maximising weakness. Likewise in the context of neural networks, our results suggest both limitations of ``scale is all you need", and how those limitations can be overcome.
Peran Fisioterapi pada Myastenia Gravis Paska Thymectomy
Authors: Jaya I Gede Egy Saputra , Anatasia Kosasih Kartika , Karang Anak Agung Ayu Srikandhyawati
Published: November 2022

Latar Belakang : Myastenia gravis (MG) merupakan penyakit autoimun yang disebabkan akibat timbulnya antibody terhadap reseptor asetilkolin esterase (AChR) pada neuromuscular junction yang menimbulkan kelemahan otot okular, bulbar, respirasi, aksial dan ekstremitas. Berdasarkan rekomendasi, rehabilitasi memiliki peran penting dalam pencegahan dari komplikasi MG seperti kontraktur dan kegagalan pernapasan. Namun, pada MG akan terjadi kelemahan otot dengan latihan fisis dan penggunaan otot secara repetitive yang menyebabkan dokter menjadi ragu untuk merekomendasikan rehabilitasi medik pada pasien MG. Tujuan dari laporan kasus ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran rehabilitasi medik pada pasien MG.

Presentasi Kasus : Pasien laki-laki 20 tahun dengan MG paska operasi video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) thymectomy. Operasi berjalan lancar dan program rehabilitasi dilakukan pada hari kedua perawatan dengan supervisi dokter rehabilitasi medik dengan program: latihan pernapasan, latihan peregangan anggota gerak, dan relaksasi selama 30 menit pagi hari. Pada hari ke-3 pasien mengalami perburukan klinis sehingga terpasang ventilator mekanik. Pada hari berikutnya kondisi pasien membaik dan program rehabilitasi dilanjutkan setelah kesadaran pasien membaik sebanyak  2x dalam sehari dengan durasi 30-60 menit. Kondisi pasien berangsur membaik  dan pada hari ke-10 pasien dipulangkan dengan bantuan oksigenasi ResMed.

Pembahasan: Pada pasien dengan MG generalisata dan gangguan sistem respirasi, pelatihan otot respirasi terbukti efektif untuk menangani kelemahan otot akibat fatigue atau kegagalan pernasasan. Manfaat dari latihan pernapasan tidak hanya berupa peningkatan kekuatan otot respirasi, ketahanan pernapasan dan performa fisis, namun juga penurunan dari beberapa komplikasi MG dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien. Pada pasien MG paska operasi, latihan dapat dengan aman dilakukan segera setelah terekstubasi dengan supervisi dokter rehabilitasi medik.

Simpulan: Fisioterapi bermanfaat pada pasien MG paska thymectomy. Program rehabilitasi medik sebaiknya dirancang sesuai dengan kondisi pasien MG dan dilakukan dalam supervisi dokter rehabilitasi medik.
Stenting of Ductus Arteriosus for Duct-Dependent Pulmonary Circulation: An Emergency and Life Saving Procedure
Authors: Permitasari Desy Ayu , Andini Aulia Rizki , Ayukusuma Anggita Rahma , Susilawati Martvera , Priyatno Agus
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND: Critical congenital heart defect with ductal-dependent pulmonary flow presents as a life-threatening condition. The patency of ductus arteriosus is required to supply blood flow into the lung. Stent implantation into ductus arteriosus has been proposed as non-surgical management for critical congenital heart disease with duct-dependent.
CASE DESCRIPTION: We present full-term newborns who had critical congenital heart disease with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood blow and successfully managed with ductal stenting. Patient A, a 13-days-old male newborn had Tetralogy of Fallot-Pulmonary Atresia, restrictive Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Patient B, a 5-days-old female newborn had Tricuspid Atresia, restrictive VSD, PDA, and multiple congenital anomaly. Patient C, a 2-days-old female newborn had PA-IVS, PDA with stretched Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO). Prostaglandin-E1 infusion was started at first and stopped 6 hours prior to the procedure. All patients underwent ductus arteriosus stenting via femoral artery approach with drug-eluting stent. Pulmonary vascular markings were increased and oxygen saturations were improved in all of the patient. 5-month follow up, patients were in stable condition and prepared for surgical correction.
 
DISCUSSION: Ductal stenting in patient with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation appears to be an alternative to surgery. It provides bridging palliation until the time of definitive surgery. The effectiveness of the procedure was highlighted by the fact that all the patients showed a significant improvement in arterial saturation and pulmonary vascular marking.
CONCLUSION: Stenting of ductus arteriosus is feasible and safe with great result. Early detection and timely management are imperative to save the life.
KEYWORDS: critical congenital heart defect, ductus arteriosus, ductal stenting, ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow
Hubungan Jenis Kelamin dengan Waktu Kematian Pada Kematian Akibat Infark Miokard Akut
Authors: Iswara Raja Al Fath Widya
Published: November 2022

LATAR BELAKANG : Salah satu penyebab kematian mendadak terbanyak pada sistem kardiovaskular adalah infark miokard akut. Pada pemeriksaan jenazah kasus kematian mendadak sangat penting untuk mengetahui kemungkinan penyebab kematiannya berdasarkan jenis kelamin, usia, status gizi dan pola waktu kematiannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan jenis kelamin dengan waktu kematian pada kematian akibat infark miokard akut.
METODE : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional desain cross sectional, dengan menggunakan total sampling. Data diambil dari semua kasus kematian akibat infark miokard akut di Rumah Sakit Umum Bahteramas Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara pada tahun 2016-2019. Variabel bebas penelitian ini yaitu jenis kelamin yang terdiri atas laki-laki dan perempuan. Variabel tergantung penelitian ini yaitu waktu kematian yang dinilai berdasarkan jam kematian dan musim. Analisa data dengan menggunakan uji Chi Square.
HASIL : Terdapat 90 kasus kematian akibat infark miokard akut yang terdiri atas 52 orang laki-laki (57.8%) dan 38 Perempuan (42.2%). Jam kematian paling banyak di malam hari sebanyak 28 orang (31.1%) dan paling banyak pada musim hujan sebanyak 50 orang (55.6%). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin dengan jam kematian (p= 0.042) dan musim (p= 0.035) pada kematian akibat infark miokard akut. 
SIMPULAN : Terdapat hubungan jenis kelamin dengan waktu kematian pada kematian akibat infark miokard akut.
KATA KUNCI: infark miokard akut, jenis kelamin, waktu kematian
Analisis Faktor Predisposisi Coated Tongue Di Rumah Sakit Nasional Diponegoro
Authors: Rachmawati Dini , Santoso Oedijani , Triwahyu Hutami Hesti
Published: November 2022

LATAR BELAKANG : Keluhan pada rongga mulut yang sering dialami oleh kelompok usia di atas 45 tahun berupa kerusakan gigi, kehilangan gigi, dan kelainan jaringan lunak. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok usia di atas 45 tahun memiliki keluhan coated tongue dengan persentase lesi tertinggi pada rongga mulut. Hal ini terjadi karena perubahan kondisi seperti perubahan konsumsi makanan, penurunan laju saliva, efek samping obat antihipertensi, merokok, dan perilaku menggosok lidah.
TUJUAN : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor predisposisi dengan terjadinya coated tongue, dan mengetahui faktor yang paling berperan terhadap coated tongue pada kelompok usia di atas 45 tahun di Rumah Sakit Nasional Diponegoro (RSND) di Kota Semarang.
METODE : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional, dengan 84 responden berusia >45 tahun di poli penyakit dalam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan wawancara faktor predisposisi dan Tongue Coating Index (TCI) Shimizu untuk penilaian coated tongue. Uji statistik menggunakan uji chi-square, uji regresi logistik.
HASIL : Responden yang memiliki nilai TCI >50% sebanyak 82 responden, dan nilai ≤50% sebanyak 2 responden. Uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara coated tongue dengan xerostomia (P<0,05), menyikat lidah (P<0,05), namun tidak ada hubungan dengan merokok (P>0,05), mengonsumsi antihipertensi (P>0,05), dan mengonsumsi makanan lunak (P>0,05). Hasil uji regresi logistik menunjukkan secara parsial xerostomia dan menyikat lidah tidak memengaruhi kejadian coated tongue (P>0,05).
KESIMPULAN : Terdapat hubungan antara xerostomia dan menyikat lidah dengan coated tongue. Tidak ada pengaruh secara parsial antara xerostomia dan menyikat lidah terhadap coated tongue.
KATA KUNCI : Coated tongue; Faktor predisposisi; Kelompok usia diatas 45 tahun.
Pemberian Krim Ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. pada Tikus dengan Luka Insisi: Studi terhadap Kadar IL-1, IL-10 dan rasio IL-1:IL-10
Authors: Surya Utoyo Frederick , Bahrudin Udin , Prajoko Yan Wisnu , Mahati Endang , Maharani Nani
Published: November 2022

LATAR BELAKANG : Saat ini, berbagai tanaman asli Indonesia dikembangkan sebagai bahan perawatan luka untuk hasil penyembuhan yang lebih baik. Salah satunya, yaitu Moringa oleifera L., yang  merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia serta berpotensi dapat membantu penyembuhan luka  melalui regulasi jalur sitokin inflamasi, interleukin (IL)-1 dan IL-10.
TUJUAN : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. terhadap IL-1, IL-10, dan rasio IL-1: IL-10 di jaringan kulit, pada tikus dengan luka insisi.
METODE : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain post test only controlled group dengan sampel berupa 15 tikus Wistar yang dilakukan luka insisi. Sampel dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan: perawatan luka dengan framycetin sulphate (KP), krim ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. 15% (M), dan krim plasebo (KN). Pengukuran kadar IL-1, IL-10, dan rasio IL-1:  IL-10 dilakukan pada hari ke-10 perlakuan melalui pengambilan jaringan.
HASIL :  Kadar IL-1 pada kelompok perlakuan (M) tidak berbeda bermakna dibanding KN dan KP (33,56±4,68 vs 40,92±27,32 vs 30,23±3,92 pg/mL, p=0,543). Kelompok KP memiliki IL-10 lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok M dan KN (113,95±9,38; 91,75±5,65 dan 94,93±2,39 pg/mL, p<0,001), dan tidak didapatkan perbedaan antara kelompok M dan KN (p=0,296). Rasio IL-1: IL-10 kelompok KP, M, dan KN tidak menunjukan perbedaan bermakna (0,27±0,05, 0,37±0,06 dan 0,44±0,30, p=0,249).
KESIMPULAN: Pemberian ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. secara topikal tidak mempengaruhi kadar IL-1 dan rasio IL-1 : IL-10 di jaringan kulit tikus dengan luka insisi. Kadar IL-10 di jaringan kulit tidak berbeda dibanding kelompok kontrol negatif, serta lebih rendah dibanding kelompok framycetin sulphate.
KATA KUNCI           : Luka insisi, Moringa oleifera L., perawatan luka
The Correlation Between Bullous Concha Volume and Type of Nasal Septal Deviation with Lund-Mackay CT Score in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Anastasia Monica Cherlady , Mailasari Kusuma Dewi Anna , Ningrum Farah Hendara
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the mucoperiosteum lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses for more than 12 weeks. Computed Tomography (CT scan) of the paranasal sinuses is the gold standard for diagnosing chronic rhinosinusitis. Nasal septal deviation and bullous concha are anatomical variation that often found in CT scan of chronic rhinosinusitis patients. The severity of chronic rhinosinusitis can be evaluated with Lund Mackay CT score.
AIM: To analyse the correlation between bullous concha volume and type of nasal septum deviation with Lund-Mackay CT Score in chronic rhinosinusitis
METHOD: This was an observational study with a cross sectional design. This study was conducted from March-May 2019. Subjects were CRS patients whom underwent paranasal sinuses CT scan in Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang whom met the criteria. The inclusion criteria were chronic rhinosinusitis patients more than 17 years old with deviated nasal septum and conchae bullosa.
RESULT:  There were 50 CRS patients, the age average is 18 – 67 years. The mean volume of the bullous concha was  0.534 cm3. The highest deviation of the nasal septum is to the right (53.2%) and the highest total Lund-Mackay CT Score was 4 (56%). The correlation between septal type and bullous concha volume with Lund-Mackay CT Score
CONCLUSION: Lund Mackay CT score didn't correlate with  septal type and bullous concha volume.
KEYWORDS: Bullous Concha, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Lund Mackay CT score, Nasal Septum Deviation
Potential Of Kenikir (Cosmos Caudatus Kunth) Leaves Essential Oil Against Candida Albicans Atcc 10231 In Vitro
Authors: Zainatun Wasilah Siti , Hardisari Ratih , Martono Budi , Adi Pratama Wahyu
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND : Kenikir is a medicinal plant whose leaves are often consumed as vegetables. Kenikir leaves contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and essential oils. These compounds are thought to be able to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosa and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains
OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of kenikir leaf essential oil on the growth of the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains. with 4 concentrations and 6 repetitions in Candida albicans and the concentration of kenikir leaf essential oil concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%,
METHOD : This type of research is a pure experimental research by providing treatment in the form of giving essential oil of kenikir leaves with various concentrations on the growth of the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains. The inhibition test of kenikir leaf essential oil on the growth of the  Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains was carried out using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The research design used is Post Test Only with Control Group Design.Data obtained in the form of inhibition zone diameter, were analyzed using Variant Analysis (Anova), P£ 0,05 and continued with Post Hoc test.
RESULT : The results showed that 0.5% essential oil concentration had a inhibition zone of 9.67 mm (moderate criteria); essential oil concentration of 1% with a inhibition zone of 9.72 mm with criteria moderate and 1.5% concentration with inhibition zone 11.86% with strong criteria and concentration 2% with inhibition zone 12.67 mm with strong criteria all concentrations affect the growth of Candida albicans  with the most optimal concentration of 2% for the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains.
CONCLUSION : The higher the concentration of kenikir leaf extract, the inhibitory effect on the growth of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains was also higher.
KEYWORDS : Cosmos caudatus Kunth, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains, diameter of the inhibition zone
FAKTOR RISIKO OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Patria Dimas Adi , Budiarti Rery , Ayu Ruspita Dian , Yunika Kanti , Tedjo Minuljo Tania , Farokah Farokah
Published: November 2022

Latar Belakang : Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) memiliki hubungan dua arah dengan sindrom metabolik seperti Diabetes Mellitus (DM) dan hipertensi, komponen sindrom metabolik meningkatkan risiko terjadinya OSA. IMT >30 kg/m2, aktivitas fisik, lingkar leher >40 cm dan hipertensi berisiko tinggi terhadap kejadian OSA. OSA telah terbukti meningkatkan risiko dan keparahan DM, sehingga penanganan OSA dibutuhkan untuk tindakan preventif DM.Tujuan : Mengetahui bahwa obesitas, lingkar leher besar, hipertrofi konka inferior, deviasi septum hidung, hipertrofi tonsila palatina, makroglosia, obstruksi saluran nafas atas dan hipertensi merupakan faktor resiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian OSA pada penderita DM. Metode : Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional melibatkan subyek sebanyak 57 penderita DM rawat jalan di Poli Penyakit Dalam RSUP Kariadi Semarang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi pada bulan Januari 2022 - Maret 2022. Data diperoleh dari rekam medik, kuesioner ESS, pemeriksaan fisik THT dan pemeriksaan Laryngoscopy Flexible. Analisis menggunakan uji chi-square dan uji regresi multivariat. Hasil : Rerata usia 51.87 tahun, dengan SD 9.094, termuda usia 27 tahun, tertua usia  63 tahun. Laki-laki sebanyak 28(49.1%) dan perempuan 29 (50.9%). Obesitas (p= 0,036), lingkar leher besar(p=0.017), hipertrofi konka inferior(p=0,020), makroglossia(p=0,012), hipertrofi tonsila palatina(p=0,017), hipertensi (p=0,001), dan obstruksi saluran nafas atas(p=0,020) merupakan faktor risiko OSA pada penderita DM. Analisis regresi multivariat didapatkan obesitas (p=0,043 RP=13,387.CI 95%:1,083-165,475)dan hipertropi tonsil palatina(p=0,019 RP=9,703.CI 95%=1,446-65,121) merupakan faktor risiko yang paling dominan. Simpulan : Obesitas, lingkar leher besar, hipertrofi konka inferior, makroglossia, hipertrofi tonsila palatina, hipertensi, dan obstruksi saluran nafas atas merupakan faktor resiko OSA pada penderita DM. Obesitas dan hipertropi tonsil palatina merupakan faktor risiko yang paling dominan

Kata Kunci: OSA, DM, faktor risiko
Investigation of the Relationship between Mindfulness Awareness, Anxiety, Dental Anxiety, and Oral Hygiene Status in Population
Authors: Ozkan Yerda , Bicer Dilek , Ozpolat Gokhan , Ozen Gizem Yazdan , Onat Faruk Cagri , Orbak Recep
Published: November 2022

Objectives: Attention and awareness are essential features of human nature. Mindfulness can be defined as increased attention and awareness of the experience that exists in the present moment. Dental anxiety is a state of intense restlessness that develops due to fear and delusions due to dental examination and treatment. Periodontitis, periodontal plaque, and bleeding are known as major periodontal diseases. There are many different reasons for the development of these diseases, including the education level of the person, his knowledge of health and oral health, the state of physician and hospital concerns, and awareness. Our study, it was aimed to investigate whether the level of mindfulness and dental anxiety status of individuals influences periodontal health by using different scales.
Materials and Methods: In our study, 100 systemic and psychologically healthy patients, aged 25-35, at least high school graduates, who applied to Atatürk University Faculty of Dentistry for dental examination and treatment were included. First of all, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-1, STAI-2), Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and Dental Fear Survey (DFS) tests were applied to the patients. Then, a periodontal examination of the patients was performed and plaque indices and bleeding indices were determined.
Results: No correlation was found between the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and periodontal bleeding, and plaque index.