bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How architectural principles can help conceptualize and analyze breakups among intergenerational households
Authors: Brandon Peter D. , George-Lucas Danielle , Ivashchenko Oleg
Published: March 2022

Guided by two architectural design principles, we investigated whether differences in the ways intergenerational households were structured could predict the odds of intergenerational households breaking apart. The two architectural design principles guiding our study were: (a) to classify structures, such as intergenerational households, according to a hierarchical ordering, in our case, a generational hierarchy, first, second, third, and so forth); and (b) to identify a central entity or focal point responsible for maintaining the structure, again for us, the focal generation responsible for a household. Applying both principles to a rich source of data that contained a large sample of intergenerational households, we found striking differences in odds of breakups by generational ordering, focal generation, and race. Whereas white three-generation households headed by grandparents were the most likely to break up, black skipped-generation households headed by grandparents were the least likely to break up.
Advancements in p-type zinc oxide for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: March 2022

Reviewing developments, challenges, and the outlook of p-type ZnO for photocatalytic water splitting
The initial-value formulation of the λ-R model
Authors: Pires L.
Published: March 2022

We apply the conformal method to solve the initial-value formulation of general relativity to the λ-R model, a minimal, anisotropic modification of general relativity with a preferred foliation and two local degrees of freedom. We obtain a modified Lichnerowicz–York equation for the conformal factor of the metric and derive its properties. We show that the behavior of the equation depends on the value of the coupling constant λ. In the absence of a cosmological constant, we recover the existence and uniqueness properties of the original equation when λ > 1/3 and the trace of the momentum of the metric, π, is non-vanishing. For π = 0, we recover the original Lichnerowicz equation regardless of the value of λ and must therefore restrict the metric to the positive Yamabe class. The same restriction holds for λ < 1/3, a case in which we show that if the norm of the transverse-traceless data is small enough, then there are two solutions. Taking the equations of motion into account, this allows us to prove that there is, in general, no way of matching both constraint-solving data and time evolution of phase-space variables between the λ-R model and general relativity, thereby proving the non-equivalence between the theories outside of the previously known cases λ = 1 and π = 0 and of the limiting case of λ → ∞, with a finite π, which we show to yield geometries corresponding to those of general relativity in the maximal slicing gauge.
Finite dimensional systems of free fermions and diffusion processes on spin groups
Authors: Borasi Luigi
Published: March 2022

In this article, we are concerned with “finite dimensional fermions,” by which we mean vectors in a finite dimensional complex space embedded in the exterior algebra over itself. These fermions are spinless but possess the characterizing anticommutativity property. We associate invariant complex vector fields on the Lie group Spin(2n + 1) to the fermionic creation and annihilation operators. These vector fields are elements of the complexification of the regular representation of the Lie algebra so(2n+1). As such, they do not satisfy the canonical anticommutation relations; however, once they have been projected onto an appropriate subspace of L2(Spin(2n + 1)), these relations are satisfied. We define a free time evolution of this system of fermions in terms of a symmetric positive-definite quadratic form in the creation–annihilation operators. The realization of fermionic creation and annihilation operators brought by the (invariant) vector fields allows us to interpret this time evolution in terms of a positive self-adjoint operator that is the sum of a second order operator, which generates a stochastic diffusion process, and a first order complex operator, which strongly commutes with the second order operator. A probabilistic interpretation is given in terms of a Feynman–Kac-like formula with respect to the diffusion process associated with the second order operator.
Phase-controlled epitaxial growth of MoTe2: Approaching high-quality 2D materials for electronic devices with low contact resistance
Authors: Tao Li , Zhou Yaoqiang , Xu Jian-Bin
Published: March 2022

Because silicon transistors are approaching the limit of device miniaturization, 2D semiconductors show great promise in electronic devices as post-silicon alternatives. However, critical bottlenecks that impede applications remain in 2D material-based devices, such as the lack of scalable fabrication techniques of highly crystalline samples and the challenge of contact resistance. In this Perspective, we review the recently developed 2D MoTe2 as an excellent material in phase-controlled epitaxial growth and phase transition. The high flexibility in phase engineering of MoTe2 enables (1) wafer-scale fabrication of semiconducting MoTe2 single crystals and (2) intrinsically ideal contact geometry for high-performance electronic devices.
The role of attraction in the phase diagrams and melting scenarios of generalized 2D Lennard-Jones systems
Authors: Tsiok Elena N. , Fomin Yuri D. , Gaiduk Eugene A. , Tareyeva Elena E. , Ryzhov Valentin N. , Libet Pavel A. , Dmitryuk Nikita A. , Kryuchkov Nikita P. , Yurchenko Stanislav O.
Published: March 2022

Monolayer and two-dimensional (2D) systems exhibit rich phase behavior, compared with 3D systems, in particular, due to the hexatic phase playing a central role in melting scenarios. The attraction range is known to affect critical gas–liquid behavior (liquid–liquid in protein and colloidal systems), but the effect of attraction on melting in 2D systems remains unstudied systematically. Here, we have revealed how the attraction range affects the phase diagrams and melting scenarios in a 2D system. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have considered the generalized Lennard-Jones system with a fixed repulsion branch and different power indices of attraction from long-range dipolar to short-range sticky-sphere-like. A drop in the attraction range has been found to reduce the temperature of the gas–liquid critical point, bringing it closer to the gas–liquid–solid triple point. At high temperatures, attraction does not affect the melting scenario that proceeds through the cascade of solid–hexatic (Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless) and hexatic–liquid (first-order) phase transitions. In the case of dipolar attraction, we have observed two triple points inherent in a 2D system: hexatic–liquid–gas and crystal–hexatic–gas, the temperature of the crystal–hexatic–gas triple point is below the hexatic–liquid–gas triple point. This observation may have far-reaching consequences for future studies, since phase diagrams determine possible routes of self-assembly in molecular, protein, and colloidal systems, whereas the attraction range can be adjusted with complex solvents and external electric or magnetic fields. The results obtained may be widely used in condensed matter, chemical physics, materials science, and soft matter.
Dynamic contact angles and pressure drop at moving contact lines of water/ethanol mixture slug in hydrophobic capillary tubes via synchrotron x-ray imaging
Authors: Park Su Cheong , Kim Young Hyun , Jang Jin Gyu , Cho Hak Rae , Kwak Ho Jae , Kim Jong Hyun , Yu Dong In
Published: March 2022

For decades, numerous researchers have evaluated dynamic contact angles to understand the interfacial behaviors of moving contact lines. However, owing to the limitations of visualization techniques based on light rays, experiments for dynamic contact angles have typically been conducted in high solid–liquid interaction cases (e.g., hydrophilic surfaces with oil fluids). Currently, in research and industrial fields, there is a continuous need for research on dynamic contact angles in low solid–liquid interaction cases (e.g., hydrophobic surfaces with aqueous fluids); therefore, in this study, we used synchrotron x-ray imaging with high temporal (∼1000 fps)/spatial (∼1.1 μm/pixel) resolutions to precisely measure the dynamic contact angles of various aqueous fluids (distilled water, water–ethanol 5% mixture, and water–ethanol 10% mixture) in hydrophobic minitubes (D = 1.580, 1.023 mm) and microtubes (D = 0.796 mm). Based on the visualization data, we analyzed the dynamic/static contact angles and pressure drops at the moving contact lines according to the fluid properties and tube diameters. This study proposes that the contact angle hysteresis, dynamic contact angles, and pressure drop at the moving contact lines in hydrophobic capillary tubes can be estimated using modified equations and correlations.
Quantifying the robustness of a chaotic system
Authors: Sprott J. C.
Published: March 2022

As a way to quantify the robustness of a chaotic system, a scheme is proposed to determine the extent to which the parameters of the system can be altered before the probability of destroying the chaos exceeds 50%. The calculation uses a Monte-Carlo method and is applied to several common dissipative chaotic maps and flows with varying numbers of parameters.
Crack-path bifurcation, arrest, and renucleation in porous 3C-SiC
Authors: Elahi Fazle , Hossain Zubaer M.
Published: March 2022

This paper presents the physics of crack-path formation in single-crystalline 3C-SiC containing an isolated pore as a combination of three physical processes: bifurcation, arrest, and renucleation. Results show that, depending on the symmetry of the crystal structure, three distinctive crack paths form: (i) crack bifurcates and propagates in the domain without being affected by the pore, (ii) crack bifurcates and interacts strongly with the pore leading to a termination of the propagating crack, and (iii) crack does not bifurcate, retains its propagation path on the symmetry plane, and gets arrested at the pore. The continued growth of the terminated crack requires crack renucleation at the pore edge, and the renucleation event enhances the effective toughness of the domain. The degree of toughness enhancement depends on the pore diameter, the crack length, and the crack–pore distance. While the crystallographic anisotropy forms the basis for bifurcation, the conditions for bifurcation and arrest are governed by the strength of elastic interactions emanating from the crack tip and the pore edge. As such, there exists a critical crack–pore distance of 40 nm below which the crack–porosity interaction is strong enough to enforce the bifurcated crack to divert toward the pore, leading to instant termination of its growth.
Three-dimensional deep learning-based reduced order model for unsteady flow dynamics with variable Reynolds number
Authors: Gupta Rachit , Jaiman Rajeev
Published: March 2022

In this article, we present a deep learning-based reduced order model (DL-ROM) for predicting the fluid forces and unsteady vortex shedding patterns. We consider the flow past a sphere to examine the accuracy of our DL-ROM predictions. The proposed DL-ROM methodology relies on a three-dimensional convolutional recurrent autoencoder network (3D CRAN) to extract the low-dimensional flow features from the full-order snapshots in an unsupervised manner. The low-dimensional features are evolved in time using a long short-term memory-based recurrent neural network and reconstructed back to the full-order as flow voxels. These flow voxels are introduced as static and uniform query probes in the point cloud domain to reduce the unstructured mesh complexity while providing convenience in the 3D CRAN training. We introduce a novel procedure to recover the interface description and the instantaneous force quantities from these 3D flow voxels. To evaluate the 3D flow reconstruction and inference, the 3D CRAN methodology is first applied to an external flow past a static sphere at the single Reynolds number of Re = 300. We provide an assessment of the computing requirements in terms of the memory usage, training, and testing cost of the 3D CRAN framework. Subsequently, variable Re-based flow information is infused in one 3D CRAN to learn a symmetry-breaking flow regime (280 ≤ Re ≤ 460) for the flow past a sphere. Effects of transfer learning are analyzed for training this complex 3D flow regime on a relatively smaller time series dataset. The 3D CRAN framework learns the flow regime nearly 20 times faster than the parallel full-order model and predicts this flow regime in time with a reasonable accuracy. Based on the predicted flow fields, the network demonstrates an R2 accuracy of 98.58% for the drag and 76.43% for the lift over the sphere in this flow regime. The proposed framework aligns with the development of a digital twin for 3D unsteady flow field and instantaneous force predictions with variable Re-based effects.
SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction field-effect transistors and vertical p–n diodes
Authors: Tetzner Kornelius , Egbo Kingsley , Klupsch Michael , Unger Ralph-Stephan , Popp Andreas , Chou Ta-Shun , Anooz Saud Bin , Galazka Zbigniew , Trampert Achim , Bierwagen Oliver , Würfl Joachim
Published: March 2022

In this work, we report on the realization of SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction vertical diodes and lateral field-effect transistors for power electronic applications. The p-type semiconductor SnO is grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on n-type (100) β-Ga2O3 with donor concentrations of 3 × 1017 cm−3 for the diode devices and 8.1 × 1017 cm−3 for the field-effect transistors. The deposited films show a predominant SnO (001) phase featuring a hole concentration and a mobility of 7.2 × 1018 cm−3 and 1.5 cm2/V s, respectively. The subsequent electrical characterization of the heterojunction diodes and field-effect transistors show stable switching properties with on/off current ratios >106 and specific on-resistances below 4 mΩ cm2. Furthermore, breakdown measurements in air of the non-field-plated heterojunction transistor with a gate-to-drain distance of 4 μm yield a breakdown voltage of 750 V, which equals an average breakdown strength of nearly 1.9 MV/cm. The resulting power figure of merit is calculated to 178 MW/cm2 demonstrating state-of-the-art properties. This emphasizes the high potential of this heterojunction approach.
Time-resolved photoluminescence studies of single interface wurtzite/zincblende heterostructured InP nanowires
Authors: Jash Asmita , Yangui Aymen , Lehmann Sebastian , Scheblykin Ivan G. , Dick Kimberly A. , Gustafsson Anders , Pistol Mats-Erik
Published: March 2022

The interface between wurtzite and zinc blende InP has been identified as type-II, where electrons gather on the zinc blende side and holes on the wurtzite side of the interface. The photoluminescence resulting from recombination across the interface is expected to be long-lived and to exhibit non-exponential decay of emission intensity after pulsed excitation. We verify this prediction using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy on nanowires containing a single heterostructure between a single segment of wurtzite and zinc blende. We find that a significant intensity of type-II emission remains even more than 30 ns after excitation. The decay of the emission intensity is also non-exponential and considerably longer than the exponential decay of the wurtzite InP segment (260 ps). Our results are consistent with the expected photoluminescence characteristics of a type-II interface between the two polytypes. We also find that the lifetime becomes shorter if we create an electron gas at the interface by n-type doping the entire wurtzite segment of the nanowire. This is expected since there are many electrons that a given hole can recombine with, in contrast to the undoped case.
Controllable second harmonic generation based on topological spin-dependent edge states
Authors: Zhou Hongping , Ma Jun , Guo Kai , Chen Fujia , Zhou Keya , Liu Shutian , Guo Zhongyi
Published: March 2022

Spin-dependent nonlinear harmonic generations from nanostructures may provide a new class of design for future applications such as nonlinear optical switching and modulation and nonlinear information processing. Most reported works are based on the utilization of metasurfaces with specific symmetry (such as C3 and C4) and the application of the Pancharatnam–Berry phase approach, making them sensitive to local defects. In this work, we investigated a controllable second harmonic generation (SHG) based on the topological spin-dependent edge state, which is robust to a broad class of perturbations. Simulation results demonstrated that spin-dependent edge states with strong field localization can be obtained through spin–orbit coupling, resulting in SHG with increased efficiency. In addition, the propagation direction of the enhanced SHG could be dynamically controlled using an excitation source with left/right circular polarizations, exhibiting negligible backscattering and topological protection against local defects. The proposed approach may open a new avenue for manipulating light–light interactions.
Strain rate induced toughening of individual collagen fibrils
Authors: Yang Fan , Das Debashish , Chasiotis Ioannis
Published: March 2022

The nonlinear mechanical behavior of individual nanoscale collagen fibrils is governed by molecular stretching and sliding that result in a viscous response, which is still not fully understood. Toward this goal, the in vitro mechanical behavior of individual reconstituted mammalian collagen fibrils was quantified in a broad range of strain-rates, spanning roughly six orders of magnitude, from 10−4 to 35 s−1. It is shown that the nonlinear mechanical response is strain rate sensitive with the tangent modulus in the linear deformation regime increasing monotonically from 214 ± 8 to 358 ± 11 MPa. More pronounced is the effect of the strain rate on the ultimate tensile strength that is found to increase monotonically by a factor of four, from 42 ± 6 to 160 ± 14 MPa. Importantly, fibril strengthening takes place without a reduction in ductility, which results in equivalently large increase in toughness with the increasing strain rate. This experimental strain rate dependent mechanical response is captured well by a structural constitutive model that incorporates the salient features of the collagen microstructure via a process of gradual recruitment of kinked tropocollagen molecules, thus giving rise to the initial “toe-heel” mechanical behavior, followed by molecular stretching and sustained intermolecular slip that is initiated at a strain rate dependent stress threshold. The model shows that the fraction of tropocollagen molecules undergoing straightening increases continuously during loading, whereas molecular sliding is initiated after a small fibril strain (1%–2%) and progressively increases with applied strain.
Global strong solutions to planar radiative magnetohydrodynamic equations with density-dependent viscosity and degenerate heat-conductivity
Authors: Wang Teng , Wang Xiang , Zhang Rong
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary-value problem for planar magnetohydrodynamics equations. In particular, the influence of radiation on the dynamics at high-temperature regimes is taken into account. For the viscosity depending on the specific volume of the gas and the heat-conductivity proportional to a positive power of the temperature, we establish the global existence and uniqueness of strong solutions with large initial data to the initial-boundary-value problem, which means no shock wave, vacuum, or mass or heat concentration will be developed in finite time, although the interaction between the magnetodynamic effects and hydrodynamic is complex and the motion of the flow has large oscillations.
Magnetic energy spectrum produced by turbulent dynamo: Effect of time irreversibility
Authors: Kopyev A. V. , Il'yn A. S. , Sirota V. A. , Zybin K. P.
Published: March 2022

We consider the kinematic stage of evolution of magnetic field advected by turbulent hydrodynamic flow. We use a generalization of the Kazantsev–Kraichnan model to investigate time irreversible flows. In the viscous range of scales, the infinite-time limit of the spectrum is a power law, but its slope is more flat than that predicted by the Kazantsev model. This result agrees with numerical simulations. The rate of magnetic energy growth is slower than that in the time-symmetric case. We show that for high magnetic Prandtl turbulent plasma, the formation of the power-law spectrum shape takes very long time and may never happen because of the nonlinearity. We propose another ansatz to describe the spectrum shape at finite time.
Automaticity in ventricular myocyte cell pairs with ephaptic and gap junction coupling
Authors: Ly Cheng , Weinberg Seth H.
Published: March 2022

Spontaneous electrical activity, or automaticity, in the heart is required for normal physiological function. However, irregular automaticity, in particular, originating from the ventricles, can trigger life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, understanding mechanisms of automaticity and synchronization is critical. Recent work has proposed that excitable cells coupled via a shared narrow extracellular cleft can mediate coupling, i.e., ephaptic coupling, that promotes automaticity in cell pairs. However, the dynamics of these coupled cells incorporating both ephaptic and gap junction coupling has not been explored. Here, we show that automaticity and synchronization robustly emerges via a Hopf bifurcation from either (i) increasing the fraction of inward rectifying potassium channels (carrying the IK1 current) at the junctional membrane or (ii) by decreasing the cleft volume. Furthermore, we explore how heterogeneity in the fraction of potassium channels between coupled cells can produce automaticity of both cells or neither cell, or more rarely in only one cell (i.e., automaticity without synchronization). Interestingly, gap junction coupling generally has minor effects, with only slight changes in regions of parameter space of automaticity. This work provides insight into potentially new mechanisms that promote spontaneous activity and, thus, triggers for arrhythmias in ventricular tissue.
Influence of Ga+ milling on the spin waves modes in a Co2MnSi Heusler magnonic crystal
Authors: Mantion S. , Biziere N.
Published: March 2022

Ferromagnetic resonance experiment was performed to study the magnonic modes of an antidot lattice nanopatterned in a sputtered Co2MnSi Heusler alloy thin film. The magnonic crystal was prepared with a Ga+ focused ion beam, and micromagnetic simulations were used to explain qualitatively and quantitatively the complex experimental spin waves spectrum. We demonstrate the necessity to consider the geometrical imperfections and the modification of the Co2MnSi magnetic parameters induced by the nanofabrication process to describe the evolution of the frequencies and spatial profiles of the principal experimental spin waves modes in the 0–300 mT magnetic field range. In particular, our model suggests that Ga+ milling induces a drastic decrease (between 80% and 90%) in the bulk Co2MnSi magnetic parameters. In addition, simulations reveal the presence of a diversity of localized and extended spin waves modes whose spatial profiles are closely related to the evolution of the magnetic state at equilibrium from a very non-collinear configuration up to a quasi-saturated state.
Modification of monolayer 1T-VSe2 by selective deposition of vanadium and tellurium
Authors: Karn Abhishek , Chan Yang Hao , Chazarin Ulysse , Chen Peng , Pai Woei Wu
Published: March 2022

Hetero-structures of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layers offer vast possibilities of new materials properties. The growth behaviors of such TMD hetero-structures can be complex. In this study, we report the structure modification of a VSe2 monolayer by the molecular beam deposition of Te, V, or both. With a typical growth temperature of 300 °C and a nominal flux rate, we found that Te deposition leaves the VSe2 intact. Vanadium deposition, in contrast, leads to small clusters ordered in stripes along well-defined directions. The charge density wave symmetry of monolayer VSe2 surprisingly changes in small regions enclosed by such vanadium stripes. With V and Te co-deposition, a dramatic change of the monolayer surface structure to a (2 × 1) ordered phase is observed. This study illustrates the unexpected complexities involved in preparing even a simple bilayer TMD hetero-structure, such as VTe2/VSe2.
Accurate small major hysteresis loops calculation by the Preisach model with improved parametric distribution function
Authors: Chen Long , Zhang Tairan , Ben Tong , Wei Peng
Published: March 2022

The inversed Preisach hysteresis model is widely used to realize the rapid coupling of hysteresis characteristics of core materials in finite element analysis. However, the small major hysteresis loop is difficult to be accurately simulated. In this paper, an improved inversed Preisach model based on an improved parametric distribution function is proposed. By analyzing the magnetic remanence, the waveform factor is coupled with the parametric distribution function, and the identification of the small major hysteresis loop is strengthened. The distribution function parameters can be found from the limit hysteresis loop through the optimization algorithm. In the numerical calculation process of the model, the amplitude correction coefficient in the discrete formula is extracted by the basic magnetization curve. Compared with the previous method, this method simulates the limit hysteresis loop well and has higher simulation accuracy for the small major hysteresis loops.
Interplay of vitrification and ice formation in a cryoprotectant aqueous solution at low temperature
Authors: Alba-Simionesco Christiane , Judeinstein Patrick , Longeville Stéphane , Osta Oriana , Porcher Florence , Caupin Frédéric , Tarjus Gilles
Published: March 2022

Significance

Studying water crystallization at low temperature and the lower limit of ice formation is crucial both for a fundamental understanding of water and for practical reasons such as cryopreservation. By taking advantage of the polarized neutron scattering technique and by considering a nanosegregated water–glycerol solution, we are able to characterize the key parameters of ice formation at temperatures near and below the calorimetric glass transition of the solution and provide a general rule for estimating the lower temperature limit of water crystallization in a broad range of aqueous solutions. We also show that nanosegregated water in the glassy solution at low temperature is not in a high-density form but in a low-density one.
Triglyceride breakdown from lipid droplets regulates the inflammatory response in macrophages
Authors: van Dierendonck Xanthe A. M. H. , Vrieling Frank , Smeehuijzen Lisa , Deng Lei , Boogaard Joline P. , Croes Cresci-Anne , Temmerman Lieve , Wetzels Suzan , Biessen Erik , Kersten Sander , Stienstra Rinke
Published: March 2022

Significance

Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play important roles in cellular energy homeostasis, tightly regulating the accumulation and release of lipids. In macrophages, lipids accumulate in LDs during inflammation. However, it is unclear how inflammatory activation promotes the accumulation of lipids in LDs, and how the dynamic between lipid accumulation and breakdown could drive or inhibit inflammation. Elucidating the role of lipid accumulation during inflammation may provide important knowledge to influence inflammatory processes during health and disease. We identify the importance of the hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet–associated protein and the intracellular adipose triglyceride lipase in the regulation of lipid accumulation and breakdown in inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, we determine the regulatory effect of lipid breakdown from LDs in supporting inflammation.
Bending-torsional elasticity and energetics of the plus-end microtubule tip
Authors: Igaev Maxim , Grubmüller Helmut
Published: March 2022

Significance

The mechanochemical basis of microtubule growth, which is essential for the normal function and division of eukaryotic cells, has remained elusive and controversial, despite extensive work. In particular, recent findings have created the paradox that the microtubule plus-end tips look very similar during both growing and shrinking phases, thereby challenging the traditional textbook picture. Our large-scale atomistic simulations resolve this paradox and explain microtubule growth and shrinkage dynamics as a process governed by energy barriers between protofilament conformations, the heights of which are in turn fine-tuned by different nucleotide states, thus implementing an information-driven Brownian ratchet.
Diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer by high-performance serum metabolic fingerprints
Authors: Huang Yida , Du Shaoqian , Liu Jun , Huang Weiyi , Liu Wanshan , Zhang Mengji , Li Ning , Wang Ruimin , Wu Jiao , Chen Wei , Jiang Mengyi , Zhou Tianhao , Cao Jing , Yang Jing , Huang Lin , Gu An , Niu Jingyang , Cao Yuan , Zong Wei-Xing , Wang Xin , Liu Jun , Qian Kun , Wang Hongxia
Published: March 2022

Significance

Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common cancer worldwide, and high-performance metabolic analysis is emerging in diagnosis and prognosis of BrCa. Here, we used nanoparticle-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to record serum metabolic fingerprints of BrCa in seconds, achieving high reproducibility and low consumption of direct serum detection. Our analytical method, combined with the aid of machine learning algorithms, was demonstrated to provide high diagnostic efficiency with accuracy of 88.8% and desirable prognostic prediction (
P
< 0.005). Furthermore, seven metabolic biomarkers differentially enriched in BrCa serum and their related pathways were identified. Together, our findings provide a tool to characterize BrCa and highlight certain metabolic signatures as potential diagnostic and prognostic factors of diseases including but not limited to BrCa.
Morphological processing is gradient not discrete in L1 and L2 English masked priming
Authors: Lõo Kaidi , Toth Abigail , Karaca Figen , Järvikivi Juhani
Published: March 2022

In recent years, evidence has emerged that readers may have access to the meaning of complex words even in the
early stages of processing, suggesting that phenomena previously attributed to morphological decomposition may actually emerge
from an interplay between formal and semantic effects. The present study adds to this line of work by deploying a forward masked
priming experiment with both L1 (Experiment 1) and L2 (Experiment 2) speakers of English. Following recent research trends, we
view morphological processing as a gradient process emerging over time. In order to model this, we used a large within-item
stimulus design combined with advanced statistical methods such as generalised mixed models (GAMM) and quantile regression (QGAM).
L1 GAMM analyses only showed priming for true morpho-semantic relations (the identity ‘bull’, inflected ‘bulls’ and derived
conditions ‘bullish’), with no priming observed in the case of other relations (the pseudo-complex ‘bully’ or the stem-embedded
‘bullet’ conditions). Furthermore, with respect to the time-course of effects, we found significant differences between conditions
were present from very early on as revealed by the QGAM analyses. In contrast, L2 speakers showed significant facilitation across
all five conditions compared to the baseline condition, including the stem-embedded condition, suggesting early L2 processing is
only dependant on the form.
Flame kernel development with radiofrequency oscillating plasma ignition
Authors: Yu Xiao , Wang Linyan , Yu Shui , Wang Meiping , Zheng Ming
Published: March 2022

In this paper a radiofrequency oscillating plasma discharge is investigated under various initial pressures up to 5 atm in a constant-volume combustion chamber. The oscillating plasma is suppressed by elevated pressure, both in length and branch number. The ignition performance under elevated background pressure is investigated, and the results are compared with spark events with a similar ignition energy. Under ambient conditions, the oscillating plasma discharge generates multiple streamers that are much longer than a spark gap, resulting in a much bigger initial flame kernel. Under elevated background pressures, fewer streamers with much smaller sizes are observed, thus the advantage of an oscillating plasma discharge over a spark discharge is compromised. Prolonged duration of an oscillating plasma discharge consistently demonstrates a positive impact on flame propagation speed, but neither prolonged duration nor enhanced discharge current has a noticeable impact on flame kernel growth for the spark ignition cases. Both oscillating plasma and spark are used to treat non-combustible propane–air mixtures under background pressures from 1 to 5 atm.
Observation of low temperature VUV tungsten emission in JET divertor plasmas
Authors: Lawson K D , Pawelec E , Coffey I H , Groth M , Litherland-Smith E , Meigs A G , Scully S
Published: March 2022

The properties of tungsten make it ideal for use as a plasma facing surface in the divertor of large plasma machines such as JET and ITER. However, the intense heat and particle fluxes that fall on the divertor surfaces lead to its release from these surfaces into the plasma and it is necessary to model its transport from the divertor and plasma edge into the plasma core. This requires measurement of spectral features over a wide temperature range. In large machines the W influx is often determined from W I line intensities, there being few measurements of discrete W lines from other low ionization stages. Their observation is highly desirable because the transport of neutral W differs markedly from that of the W ions. A change in the line-of-sight of a VUV survey spectrometer on JET to view directly into the divertor has led to the observation of numerous discrete low temperature W lines in the VUV spectral region. The spectrum of an intense influx in which W IV to W VIII features are observed has been analysed in order to provide spectral classifications so that these lines can be used for diagnostic purposes. The first observation of a VUV low temperature W magnetic dipole (M1) transition is reported for the W VIII ionization stage. The analysis shows where further line identifications are needed and that the provision of the highest quality atomic data for these ionization stages is desirable. W VI and W VII line intensity measurements are used to illustrate their use in determining the electron temperature of the emitting plasma region and the W concentration. Dependences of the W line intensities on plasma parameters shows the optimal conditions for the W release and suggests the site of its release.
Energy eigenvalue spectra and applications of the sextic and the Coulomb perturbed potentials
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Bhardwaj S B , Mehar Singh Ram , Chand Fakir
Published: March 2022

Keeping in view the importance of the anharmonic potentials, closed-form solutions to the N-dimensional Schrödinger equation, for the Coulomb perturbed and the sextic potentials using the Nikiforov-Uvarov functional analysis and power series methods respectively, are investigated. Complete energy spectrum is obtained for both the potentials by invoking some restrictions on wave function parameters of the sextic potential and the Greene-Aldrich approximation for centrifugal term of the Coulomb perturbed potential. A relationship between energy eigenvalues of the two potentials is verified in higher dimensions. This study is further extended to find physical applications of both the potentials. The energy eigenvalues of the Coulomb perturbed potential are used to compute the mass spectra of five mesons viz

c

c

¯

,

b

b

¯

,

b

c

¯

,

c

s

¯

and

c

q

¯

(where q = u, d). Within the framework of the sextic potential, Zr and Sn isotopic chains are analyzed and 96
Zr and

112

Sn

isotopes have been identified as critical point nuclei. The results of this study are consistent with others similar studies.
Lyman-α constraints on freeze-in and superWIMPs
Authors: Decant Quentin , Heisig Jan , Hooper Deanna C. , Lopez-Honorez Laura
Published: March 2022

Dark matter (DM) from freeze-in or superWIMP production is well known to imprint non-cold DM signatures on cosmological observables. We derive constraints from Lyman-α forest observations for both cases, basing ourselves on a reinterpretation of the existing Lyman-α limits on thermal warm DM. We exclude DM masses below 15 keV for freeze-in, in good agreement with previous literature, and provide a generic lower mass bound for superWIMPs that depends on the mother particle decay width. Special emphasis is placed on the mixed scenario, where contributions from both freeze-in and superWIMP are similarly important. In this case, the imprint on cosmological observables can deviate significantly from thermal warm DM. Furthermore, we provide a modified version of the Boltzmann code class, analytic expressions for the DM distributions, and fits to the DM transfer functions that account for both mechanisms of production. Moreover, we also derive generic constraints from ΔN
eff measurements and show that they cannot compete with those arising from Lyman-α observations. For illustration, we apply the above generic limits to a coloured t-channel mediator DM model, in which case contributions from both freeze-in through scatterings and decays, as well as superWIMP production can be important. We map out the entire cosmologically viable parameter space, cornered by bounds from Lyman-α observations, the LHC, and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
Misinterpreting modified gravity as dark energy: a quantitative study
Authors: Wen Yuewei , Nesbit Eva , Huterer Dragan , Watson Scott
Published: March 2022

Standard cosmological data analyses typically constrain simple phenomenological dark-energy parameters, for example the present-day value of the equation of state parameter, w
0, and its variation with scale factor, w
a. However, results from such an analysis cannot easily indicate the presence of modified gravity. Even if general relativity does not hold, experimental data could still be fit sufficiently well by a phenomenological w
0
w
aCDM, unmodified-gravity model. Hence, it would be very useful to know if there are generic signatures of modified gravity in standard analyses. Here we present, for the first time to our knowledge, a quantitative mapping showing how modified gravity models look when (mis)interpreted within the standard unmodified-gravity analysis. Scanning through a broad space of modified-gravity (Horndeski) models, and assuming a near-future survey consisting of CMB, BAO, and SNIa observations, we report values of the best-fit set of cosmological parameters including (w
0, w
a) that would be inferred if modified gravity were at work. We find that modified gravity models that can masquerade as standard gravity lead to very specific biases in standard-parameter spaces. We also comment on implications for measurements of the amplitude of mass fluctuations described by the parameter S
8.
Effect of the phase switching of the optical FID in magnetic field
Authors: Chesnokov E N , Kubarev V V , Koshlyakov P V , Gorbachev Ya I
Published: March 2022

This work demonstrates the possibility of switching the phase of optical free induction decay (FID) in time-domain experiments. This possibility arises in experiments with paramagnetic molecules (free radicals) in a magnetic field. Changing the direction of the magnetic field alters the direction of rotation of the FID polarization plane and inverts the phase of one of the components of FID. This effect will be useful for heterodyne detection of the optical FID of the free radicals in the terahertz region.
Fe3+-substitution effect on the thermal variation of J–E characteristics and DC resistivity of quadruple perovskite CaCu3Ti4O12
Authors: Modi Kunal B. , Raval Pooja Y. , Parekh Dolly J. , Modi Shrey K. , Joshi Niketa P. , Makadiya Akshay R. , Vasoya Nimish H. , Joshi Utpal S.
Published: March 2022

The electrical properties of cubic perovskite series, CaCu3–x
Ti4–x
Fe2x
O12 with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, have been studied by employing current density as a function of electric field characteristics registered at different temperatures and thermal variations of direct current electrical resistivity measurements. All of the compositions exhibit strong non-ohmic behavior. The concentration dependence of breakdown field, the temperature at which switching action takes place, and maximum value of current density (J
max) has been explained on account of structural, microstructural, and positron lifetime parameters. The highest ever reported value of J
max = 327 mA/cm2 has been observed for pristine composition. The values of the nonlinear coefficient advise the suitability of ceramics for low-voltage varistor applications. The Arrhenius plots show typical semiconducting nature. The activation energy values indicate that electric conduction proceeds through electrons with deformation in the system.
Ultra wideband CMOS digital T-type attenuator with low phase errors
Authors: Fan Chao , Ran Yahua , Ye Liqun
Published: March 2022

A proposed inductive-phase-compensation ultra wideband CMOS digital T-type attenuator design based on an analysis of minimising phase errors is presented in this letter. In a standard CMOS technology, the proposed attenuator is analytically demonstrated to have low phase errors due to the inductive-phase-compensation network. A design equation is inferred and a wide-band 4dB attenuation bit digital attenuator with low phase errors is designed as a test vehicle for the proposed approach.
Instability of parasitic capacitance in T-shape-gate enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs
Authors: Bi Lan , Yao Yixu , Jiang Qimeng , Huang Sen , Wang Xinhua , Jin Hao , Dai Xinyue , Xu Zhengyuan , Fan Jie , Yin Haibo , Wei Ke , Liu Xinyu
Published: March 2022

Parasitic capacitances associated with overhangs of the T-shape-gate enhancement-mode (E-mode) GaN-based power device, were investigated by frequency/voltage-dependent capacitance–voltage and inductive-load switching measurements. The overhang capacitances induce a pinch-off voltage distinguished from that of the E-mode channel capacitance in the gate capacitance and the gate–drain capacitance characteristic curves. Frequency- and voltage-dependent tests confirm the instability caused by the trapping of interface/bulk states in the LPCVD-SiN
x
passivation dielectric. Circuit-level double pulse measurement also reveals its impact on switching transition for power switching applications.
Dynamic land use implications of rapidly expanding and evolving wind power deployment
Authors: Harrison-Atlas Dylan , Lopez Anthony , Lantz Eric
Published: March 2022

The expansion of wind power poses distinct and varied geographic challenges to a sustainable energy transition. However, current knowledge of its land use impacts and synergies is limited by reliance on static characterizations that overlook the role of turbine technology and plant design in mediating interactions with the environment. Here, we investigate how wind technology development and innovation have shaped landscape interactions with social and ecological systems within the United States and contribute to evolving land area requirements. This work assesses trends in key land use facets of wind power using a holistic set of metrics to establish an evidence base that researchers, technology designers, land use managers, and policymakers can use in envisioning how future wind-intensive energy systems may be jointly optimized for clean energy, social, and environmental objectives. Since 2000, we find dynamic land occupancy patterns and regional trends that are driven by advancing technology and geographic factors. Though most historical U.S. wind deployment has been confined to the temperate grassland biome in the nation’s interior, regional expansion has implicated diverse land use and cover types. A large percentage of the typical wind plant footprint (∼96% to

>

99%) is not directly impacted by permanent physical infrastructure, allowing for multiple uses in the spaces between turbines. Surprisingly, turbines are commonly close to built structures. Moreover, rangeland and cropland have supported 93.4% of deployment, highlighting potential synergies with agricultural lands. Despite broadly decreasing capacity densities, offsetting technology improvements have stabilized power densities. Land use intensity, defined as the ratio of direct land usage to lifetime power generation of wind facilities, has also trended downwards. Although continued deployment on disturbed lands, and in close proximity to existing wind facilities and other infrastructure, could minimize the extent of impacts, ambitious decarbonization trajectories may predispose particular biomes to cumulative effects and risks from regional wind power saturation. Increased land-use and sustainability feedback in technology and plant design will be critical to sustainable management of wind power.
Nonreciprocal Goos–Hänchen effect at the reflection of electromagnetic waves from the one-dimensional magnetized ferrite photonic crystals
Authors: Shi Yuan-Kun , Wan Bao-Fei , Zhang Hai-Feng
Published: March 2022

Leveraging the traditional transfer matrix and stationary phase methods, the nonreciprocal Goos–Hänchen (GH) phenomena for the electromagnetic (EM) waves reflected at the surface of the one-dimensional photonic crystals with ferrite layers and dielectric layers are investigated numerically. The GH effect (the peak of the lateral shift value up to over 200 times the wavelength) produced by the forward and backward incidence of EM waves under the transverse electric wave is identified to arise at significantly different frequency positions in the terahertz (THz) regime, whereas the transverse magnetic wave produces almost no GH effect under the same condition. Based on such a nonreciprocal phenomenon, the effect of the incident angle on the nonreciprocal properties is covered initially, for every 20° increase in the angle of the incident TE wave, the frequency span at which the two GH shift peaks emerge will decrease by 0.1 THz. In addition, the thicknesses of dielectric layers are modified separately, and distinct sensitivities of them to the nonreciprocal phenomenon are displayed. Lastly, through the regulation of the external magnetic fields of ferrite layers, the nonreciprocal effect can be selectively presented in multiple forms, which provides a novel pathway to design nonreciprocal sensors.
Air-clad photonic lanterns: fabrication and applications
Authors: Mathew Neethu Mariam , Grüner-Nielsen Lars , Lillieholm Mads , Galili Michael , Rottwitt Karsten
Published: March 2022

The fabrication steps for an air-clad photonic lantern that can excite the first two LP mode groups in a multimode fiber are presented in this paper. A multiplexing crosstalk below −16.8 dB is measured on the fabricated lantern using S
2 imaging technique over a wavelength of 1525–1575 nm. The de-multiplexing crosstalk is measured for both LP
01 and LP
11 mode groups as −16.8 dB and −9.4 dB respectively using loss measurements.

2
×
40

Gbs−1 MIMO-less mode division multiplexing (MDM) transmission through 7 m of two mode step index fiber is demonstrated using the fabricated photonic lanterns.

2
×
10

Gbs−1 MIMO-less MDM transmission through 1.6 km standard 50/125 µm multimode fiber is also demonstrated and a Q value higher than 3.7 is obtained for both spatial channels over all input polarizations. Simple intensity modulation and direct detection schemes are used for these MDM transmissions.