bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KEYS TO ADULTS AND PUPARIA OF FIVE SPECIES OF MICRODON (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) FROM EASTERN WASHINGTON AND NORTHERN IDAHO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Novak John A. , Akre Roger D. , Garnett Wm. B.
Published: December 2009

Adult and puparial keys are presented for five Microdon species occurring in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. The original description of Microdon cockerelli Jones is revised, and a new species of Microdon is described.
DESCRIPTION OF AN INDIVIDUAL POSSIBLE HYBRID TENEBRIONID BEETLE AND THE HABITAT PREFERENCE OF THE PARENTAL SPECIES
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Penrith Mary-Lou
Published: December 2009

The structure and behavior of a sterile male intergeneric hybrid tenebrionid beetle from the Namib Desert are described. Compared with the courtship performance of males of the parental types the hybrid male was intermediate in choice of females. The parental species occur together in the field and there is a broad habitat overlap in utilized parts of the environment. Intergeneric courtship was regularly observed, but only one instance of hybridization was noted.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF TRISETACUS (PROSTIGMATA: ERIOPHYOIDEA) ASSOCIATED WITH CUPRESSACEAE
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Trisetacus chamaecypari n. sp., and female adults of T. thujivagrans n. sp. are described, and species of Trisetacus associated with Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae are discussed and keyed. An original diagnosis of the genus Trisetacus is included.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE OF SOME AXONOPSINE WATER MITES (PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA: ATURIDAE), WITH NOTES ON PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF THE SUBFAMILY
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of three Nearctic species of Axonopsinae, Axonopsis setonensis Habeeb, Brachypoda cornipes Habeeb, and Woolastookia sp. near pilositarsa (Habeeb) are described, and diagnoses are proposed for the taxa involved. Observations on these larvae permit new insight regarding the phylogenetic affinities of Axonopsinae, thereby leading to a suggestion for reassessment of the supergeneric classification of the Aturidae.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR MALES OF THE DARKSIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Struble D. L. , Swailes G. E. , Ayre G. L.
Published: December 2009

Field testing of a large number of synthetic compounds and several combinations of them revealed that male moths of the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), were attracted to combinations of Z-7-hexadecen-1-yl acetate and Z-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate. The most satisfactory attractants were combinations of these two compounds in ratios of 1:20 or 1:40. The presence of small amounts of the corresponding E-isomers did not interfere with the attractant. The diene, Z-7, Z-11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate, in combination with Z-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate also attracted the males, but there was no advantage in using the diene in place of Z-7-hexadecen-1-yl acetate.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY OF ORGILUS OBSCURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) AND THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN FOODS ON LONGEVITY
Authors: Syme Paul D.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the longevity and fecundity of Orgilus obscurator Nees and of the effects on longevity of feeding on various flowers. This parasite is pro-ovigenic, requiring little, if any, energy to develop its eggs, but the oviposition rate of 10 eggs per day requires a longevity of up to 3 weeks to utilize fully the potential of 160–200 eggs. Feeding on several species of flowers permits this longevity. The implications of the presence of these flowering plants within pine plantations for the success of parasites are discussed and the establishment and encouragement of Daucus carota L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Asclepias syriaca L., and Nepeta cataria L. in plantations are recommended within the bounds of local weed control legislation.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF EPICLERUS FROM THE NEW WORLD (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA, TETRACAMPIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Epiclerus Haliday from North America and the Greater Antilles are described and illustrated, these being the first records of the family Tetracampidae native to the New World.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN ALFALFA
Authors: McDonald S. , Harper A. M.
Published: December 2009

Of 11 insecticides tested, nine were as effective as dimethoate for control of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), in alfalfa. None, including the systemic insecticides, provided adequate protection in growing alfalfa at 7 days after treatment. The environmental impact of these materials could be reduced if the lowest effective rates were used for control because repeat applications may be required. Because pirimicarb at 0.28 kg AI/ha had a reduced effect on Chrysopa oculata (Say), a predator of the pea aphid, it would be preferred to dimethoate for control of this aphid.
ENTOMOPHTHORA CULICIS (PHYCOMYCETES: ENTOMOPHTHORALES) PARASITIZING BLACK FLY ADULTS (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A. , Humber Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Entomophthora culicis (Braun) Fresenius was found parasitizing adults of Simulium venustum Say and Simulium vittatum Zett. in central Alberta. The first parasitized black fly adults were collected on 17 August 1973 from a moist log on the margin of Flat Creek (113°52′ W. long., 54°41′ N. lat.). In subsequent summers, parasitized black flies were found on various substrates at sites on three other creeks in the area. Parasitized black flies first appeared in late June and were present to mid-September with peak numbers occurring during August. The fungus kills young black fly adults. This is the first record of E. culicis on black flies in Canada.
ACARONEMUS, A NEW GENUS PROPOSED FOR TARSONEMID MITES (ACARI: PROSTIGMATA) PREDACEOUS ON TETRANYCHOID MITE EGGS
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Smiley Robert L.
Published: December 2009

Acaronemus n. gen. is described, and its type-species, Tarsonemus destructor Smiley and Landwehr, 1976, is reillustrated. Other, undescribed species of Acaronemus are discussed briefly. Members of this genus are unique among the tarsonemid mites as known to date in preying on mite eggs.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BRACONINAE
Authors: Shenefelt Roy D.
Published: December 2009

The “cyclostome” subdivision of the Family Braconidae was recognized by Wesmael in 1835 and characterized as having the clypeus emarginated in such a way that a circular opening is left between it and the mandibles. This character has been used as one of the bases for primary segregation of the family into major groups ever since. However, it has long been recognized that other features are involved. For example, the clypeus is not simply emarginate but is also raised or becomes carinate transversely (horizontally) across the middle and it is the portion of the clypeus ventrad of the ridge which is impressed in such a way that the clypeus appears to be cut out. The degree to which the clypeus is infolded (backfolded) varies considerably. In addition, the labrum, which is broad at the base and narrows to the apex, is concave on the anterior side. This concavity is useful in segregating groups such as the Opiinae from the cyclostomes. Authors have tended to retain the cyclostome group as the subfamily Braconinae in the broad sense and to include therein the Rogadinae and Doryctinae.
TEMPERATURE INDUCED VARIATION IN THE RATES OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES IN DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): A NEW APPROACH TO DETECTING CHANGES IN POPULATION QUALITY
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Thomson A.J.
Published: December 2009

To discover measurable parameters for detecting quality differences (with respect to reproduction) in insect populations, variations in temperature were utilized to obtain manifestation of quality at different levels. Rates of reproductive and associated processes such as yolk deposition, gallery excavation, and oviposition were measured in Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) at four temperatures. Information presented here allows an estimation of D. rufipennis reproduction as affected by temperature. Among the various parameters measured the length of initial egg-free gallery and the number of eggs/unit productive gallery length and yolk deposition rate could be used to discriminate bark-beetle population quality. Rates of yolk deposition appeared most useful and widely applicable for this purpose.
PALAEODIPTERON WALKERI (DIPTERA: NYMPHOMYIIDAE) IN NORTHERN QUEBEC
Authors: Back C. , Wood D.M.
Published: December 2009

Palaeodipteron walkeri Ide (Diptera: Nymphomyiidae) is recorded from watercourses of two northern Quebec localities. The known distribution of the species is thus extended to 54°N, in the subarctic zone. Collections were made in a wide variety of habitats. Nearly 200 adults and many larvae were captured; emergence rate of this supposedly uncommon insect reached 98 adults/m2/day. Habitats and sampling methods are described, and larval locomotion, phenology, distribution, and abundance are discussed.
STUDIES OF AEDES TRISERIATUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) OVIPOSITION ATTRACTANTS. EVIDENCE FOR ATTRACTANT PRODUCTION BY KAOLIN-TREATED LARVAE
Authors: McDaniel Ivan N. , Bentley Michael D. , Lee Hai-Poong , Yatagai Mitsuyoshi
Published: December 2009

Larvae of both Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) produce oviposition attractants active for A. triseriatus, even when the larvae are pretreated with kaolin. These experiments demonstrate that the earlier observed attractancy of larval holding waters was not simply due to the presence of waste matter or associated microorganisms from the larval gut. It is further shown that the active material may be extracted directly from the larvae into hexane or ether. It is also demonstrated that the larval produced oviposition attractants of these species are similar in their ability to attract gravid females of A. triseriatus.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ANNULIPALPIA (TRICHOPTERA) FROM SOUTHEASTERN ASIA
Authors: Schmid Fernand , Denning D. G.
Published: December 2009

From a number of Trichoptera predominantly from Thailand, collected by W.L. and J.G. Peters, Florida A & M University, and Fred W. Knapp, University of Kentucky, the following new species are selected for description: Dipseudopsis ulmeri, akhila, petersorum, thailandica, and knappi of the family Dipseudopsidae and Pahamunaya jihmita, Pseudoneureclipsis saccheda, and Polycentropus vanachakuni of the family Polycentropodidae. Unless designated otherwise types will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Some paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND ABUNDANCE IN A COMMUNITY OF WILD BEES FROM AN OLD FIELD HABITAT IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: MacKay P.A. , Knerer G.
Published: December 2009

An apoidean community in southern Ontario was intensively sampled over two seasons. One hundred and forty-one species in six families were collected. The species–abundance relationship exhibited a log-normal distribution. Flight activity began before late April and continued past late September. Most species were active for only a brief portion of that period. The most abundant species were known to be primitively social. Thirty-six of the species were parasitic bees. A number of other specialized parasitoids of the orders Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera were recorded.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHEROMONE TRAP CAPTURE AND EMERGENCE OF ADULT ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTHS, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Baker Thomas C. , Cardé Ring T. , Croft Brian A.
Published: December 2009

Pheromone trap capture of feral male Oriental fruit moths was highly correlated with capture of males emerging from ground litter in the spring of 1977 and 1978. The correlation between pheromone trap capture of males and female emergence was also good in 1978 but poor in 1977. It is concluded that pheromone monitoring traps are an accurate measure of the actual spring adult emergence pattern of this species.
DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR OF ADULT AEDES STICTICUS AND AEDES VEXANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

In 1976 and 1977, adults of Aedes sticticus (Meigen) and Aedes vexans (Meigen), marked with fluorescent dust, were captured in light traps up to 33 days after release and at distances up to 11 km from the release site. Adults flew primarily northwest from the release sites, and with the prevailing winds. Porcine and bovine hosts present at some of the trapping sites, appeared to be highly attractive to female mosquitoes. Within an 8 km trapping radius of the release site, the mean number of marked/trapped female mosquitoes decreased with distance. In 1977, 50% of the marked captures (weighted according to km2 of trapping area) were taken within the first 2 km, 82% within 4 km, 92% within 6 km, and the remainder out to 8 km from the release site. For all trap sites, the mean recovery of marked/unmarked adults over a 33 day trapping period in 1977 was 1:1113.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EUDASYPHORA TOWNSEND (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), AND REFLECTIONS ON ITS EVOLUTION
Authors: Cuny Robert
Published: December 2009

The genus Eudasyphora Townsend 1911 is resurrected from junior synonymy and recognized with the genera Dasyphora Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 and Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830. Rypellia Malloch 1932 is a subgenus of Eudasyphora, but Dasypyrellia Lobanov 1976 is reported as synonym novum. A key to the species of Eudasyphora is presented. Two new species are described: E. cordilleriana n. sp. from western North America, and E. canadiana n. sp. from northern North America. The phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis led to the following conclusions: Eudasyphora became separated from its sister genus Pyrellia before the beginning of the Pleistocene glaciations. The Rypellia line evolved further in the Oriental Region, whereas the Eudasyphora s. str. line developed in the Holarctic Region. Speciation in both subgenera is correlated with the history of the forest vegetation during the Pleistocene.
THE PHENOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDS IN CALIFORNIA ALFALFA AS MODIFIED BY LADYBIRD BEETLE PREDATION (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Summers C. G. , Baumgaertner J.
Published: December 2009

The phenologies and distributions of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi (Shinji)), and spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)) were intensively studied in California alfalfa. The results showed, as expected, that aphid populations across all densities were aggregated; but that ladybird beetle (Hippodamia convergens (G.-M.)) predation increased the degree of aggregation. The distribution parameters of the aphids were estimated using methods developed by Iwao and Kuno (1971).
DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF XYSTICUS WINNIPEGENSIS (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Redner J. H. , Dondale C. D.
Published: December 2009

The female of Xysticus winnipegensis Turnbull et al., 1965 is described for the first time. The external genitalia of the female show the species to belong to the luctuosus group of the genus rather than the triangulosus group as previously supposed.
A KEY TO MACROSIPHUM (SITOBION) SPP. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON FERNS IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A key is given to nine species of Macrosiphum (Sitobion) on ferns in North America, including four new species: M. (S.) lambi new species from Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth, in Algonquin Park, Ontario; M. (S.) woodsiae new species from Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br., Manitoba and Northwest Territories; M. (S.) clydesmithi new species from "bracken fern" (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn), Utah and Oregon; and M. (S.) walkeri new species from Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott., Arcadia, California.
COMPETITION AND POPULATION QUALITY IN DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Sahota T. S.
Published: December 2009

Spruce beetles (D. rufipennis) from a population homogeneous with respect to population quality were subjected to different degrees of competition at corresponding stages of their reproductive cycles by varying the spacing of individuals and by varying the time of introduction of individuals into the competitive environment. Competition effects increase with gallery accumulation, as suggested in previous studies, and result in subsequent reduction of gallery production and oviposition. Increase in individual beetle quality, however, confers increased powers of resistance to the competition effects. Initial egg-free length is an unsuitable attribute for comparisons of populations. Expression of reproductive efficiency is a dynamic population characteristic which varies over the reproductive cycle, and which may be readily estimated by measurement of yolk deposition rate. For comparing populations, such measurements would be more valuable when carried out before the onset of competition effects. Individuals with the highest quality at the start of the egg-production cycle exhibit the highest reproductive efficiency as conditions change.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) XVI. (Z)-5-DECENYL ACETATE A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR THREE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES, EUXOA DECLARATA, EUXOA CAMPESTRIS, AND EUXOA ROCKBURNEI
Authors: Underhill E. W. , Steck W. F. , Byers J. R. , Chisholm M. D.
Published: December 2009

The three closely related species of Euxoa cutworm moths comprising the declarata group gave identical male antennal responses to synthetic C10 to C18 alkenyl derivatives. An extract and a solution of the volatile emissions from E. campestris females when fractionated by gas chromatography yielded a single EAG-active fraction whose elution corresponded to a C10 acetate. The active component was assigned (Z)-5-decenyl acetate based on its mass spectrum and capillary GC retention time and the EAG responses of campestris males to isomeric decenyl acetates. Field trials demonstrated (Z)-5-decenyl acetate attracted males of all three species although it was not as attractive as live females. Attraction was suppressed by (Z)-5-dodecenyl actate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate.
THE ADULT OF DRUNELLA ALLEGHENIENSIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE) WITH BIOLOGICAL NOTES
Authors: Kondratieff Boris C. , Voshell J. Reese , Howell Douglas A.
Published: December 2009

The adult stage of Drunella allegheniensis (Traver) is described for the first time. Characters separating it from the closely related D. tuberculata (Morgan) are summarized, and the existing taxonomic key to the group is modified to include D. allegheniensis. Other species of Ephemeroptera associated with D. allegheniensis are reported along with observations on its biology.
BIOLOGY OF ANCYLIS DISCIGERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Claflin Susan H. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

Ancylis discigerana (Walker) is a univoltine leaf folder of yellow birch. Final instar larvae overwinter in litter and pupate from mid-April through mid-May. Adults emerge in early June and deposit single eggs on the upper surface of a leaf, usually on a major leaf vein or other small depression in the epidermis. The first two instars skeletonize the lower surface of a leaf, beneath a sheet of silk that is constructed between two lateral veins. Third-instar larvae move to the upper surface of a different leaf and fold it lengthwise. Larvae feed on the upper epidermis within the fold until leaf-fall. Life stages are described.

An egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, and a larval parasitoid, Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck, were the major natural enemies in the population studied.

A key is presented for three species of Ancylis found on yellow birch.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LAST INSTAR LARVA OF THE CABBAGE WEBWORM, HELLULA ROGATALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), WITH A KEY TO LARVAE OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF HELLULA GUENÉE
Authors: Allyson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

The last instar larva of Hellula rogatalis (Hulst) is described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters of the genus are given, and a key included for the North American species. Larvae of this genus are compared with those of Dicymolomia Zeller.
A NOTE ON THE PRIORITY OF HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES AND HYLASTES SALEBROSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Rabaglia Robert J. , Lanier Gerald N.
Published: December 2009

The subjective synonymies of Hylastes rufipes Eichhoff with Hylesinus opaculus Leconte and Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff with Hylurgus scabripennis Zimmermann have been generally accepted (Eichhoff 1896; Wood 1979), but there has been disagreement about priority owing to differences in opinion about publication dates of Eichhoff's descriptions. Recently, Wood (1979) gave priority to Hylastes opaculus Leconte and Hylurgus scabripennis Zimmermann. This note reaffirms the priority of Eichhoff's names.
OVIPOSITION SITES OF AEDES VEXANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): WET-PRAIRIE HABITATS
Authors: Novak Robert J.
Published: December 2009

Intensive sampling for eggs of Aedes vexans (Meigen) in upland wet-prairie habitats revealed that three species of plant, Echinochloa crusgalli (barnyard grass), Polygonum pennsylvanicum (smartweed), and Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutgrass), commonly occurring in contiguous U.S.A. and southern Canada and dense mats of vegetative detritus could be used as indicators of oviposition sites. Where a slope was steep, specific elevations indicated oviposition site preferences. Plant species and elevation were both indicators of areas where soil moisture was attractive to gravid females. Soil moistures between 55% and 69% were found optimal for oviposition.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS SESIOPLEX (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Sanborne Michael
Published: December 2009

Two species of the genus Sesioplex Viereck of North America are revised. One new species, californicus, is described, the other, depressus Viereck, is redescribed. The limits of the genus are redefined and a key to adults is provided. The important taxonomic features of both species are illustrated by line drawings.
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATIONS OF CARBOFURAN ON EGG POPULATIONS OF THE NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

Control of nothern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), resulting from soil applications of carbofuran in southwestern Ontario varied considerably (Smith 1980). However, Ball and Su (1979) showed in laboratory studies that topical applications with sublethal doses of carbofuran increased the longevity and fecundity of western corn rootworm, D. virgifera LeConte, females. This is a report of effects of soil applications of carbofuran on northern rootworm egg populations in corn grown without rotation. The work was done in conjunction, with studies to determine the economic importance of larval populations on clay soil at two locations in southwestern Ontario. Details of methods of applying carbofuran and sampling rootworm eggs were described (Smith 1980).
SUBFREEZING EGGS OF LAMBDINA PELLUCIDARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) ALTERS STATUS AS FACTITIOUS HOST FOR OOENCYRTUS ENNOMOPHAGUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Authors: Drooz A. T.
Published: December 2009

The egg parasite Ooencyrtus ennomophagus Yoshimoto (1975) is a good candidate for the biological control of certain defoliators. In 3 years it eliminated an outbreak of the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner), that reached from southeastern New York State across Connecticut and into Rhode Island (Kaya and Anderson 1974). Timely biological control, however, requires maintenance of parasite cultures in a laboratory for mass production when the need arises. Adults of O. ennomophagus live for about 3 months in the laboratory, but supplying them with suitable host material has been a problem. Drooz and Solomon (1980) found that the eggs of the factitious host, the notodontid Clostera inclusa (Hübner), could be stored at −10°C for a month and used for culturing O. ennomophagus. Tests under way indicate that the eggs may be stored longer than 12 months. I report here the development of O. ennomophagus in eggs kept at −10°C but not in fresh eggs of the pine looper, Lambdina pellucidaria (Grote and Robinson). The results indicate a potential for rearing parasites on treated eggs of non-host insects, if the need arises.
EFFECT OF POTATO FOLIAGE INFECTED WITH POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS ON FECUNDITY AND LONGEVITY OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau G. , Singh R. P.
Published: December 2009

Female Colorado potato beetles fed foliage of Solarium tuberosum of the Russet Burbank variety infected with potato leafroll virus have lower fecundity and shorter longevity than those fed virus-free foliage. Also, female beetles prefer feeding on foliage infected with potato leafroll virus. This observation could be of importance in the development of resistant varieties of potatoes to potato beetles.
EFFECTS OF SEQUENTIAL ATTACK ON GALLERY CONSTRUCTION, OVIPOSITION, AND RE-EMERGENCE BY DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Wagner Terence L. , Fargo W. Scott , Keeley Larry L. , Coulson Robert N. , Cover John D.
Published: December 2009

The effects of sequential attack on gallery construction, oviposition, and reemergence by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann were studied in the laboratory at 25 °C. Six mating pairs were allowed to attack bark slabs in groups of 2 pairs every 2 days. Total gallery and eggs per pair decreased with increasing day of attack. The time of attack had little effect on the distance and time from the gallery origin to the first egg. Distances between eggs were shortest for pairs attacking second and greatest for pairs attacking last. Inverse relationships of egg-bearing gallery length, oviposition period, and adult residence time were observed with the day of attack.

The basic behavioral and physiological mechanisms thought to influence reproduction of D. frontalis are discussed. A hypothesis for termination of oviposition is formulated from these mechanisms, which provides greater understanding of the effects of attack density on reproduction.
AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR DOSING LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), WITH MEASURED QUANTITIES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI
Authors: Moore A. , Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.) are commonly performed by applying a serial dilution of the test sample to either foliage or artificial diet (Burges and Thompson 1971). In these assays the ingested dose is not measured directly, but is assumed to be proportional to the concentration of the sample applied to the diet. This assumption is valid only if the total amount of food ingested during the experiment is the same at all dosage levels. However, this assumption may not be true because Bt. inhibits feeding of some lepidoptera larvae (Burges and Thompson 1971). Furthermore, artificial diets usually contain nutrients and possibly antimicrobial agents which may interact with Bt.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC EFFECTS ON MEAN EGG WEIGHT IN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies of the mean weights of initial eggs (Ei) of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), show that this value is determined by the genetic constitution of the female moth and is relatively independent of environmental control. Dietary differences experienced by the female during larval development, and originating from different hosts or from reduced nutrient levels in artificial diets, did not affect Ei values; however, depletion of nutrients sufficient to reduce fertility greatly did reduce Ei. Temperature conditions during the ultimate larval and pupal stages influence Ei values which vary inversely. Mean egg weights are strongly heritable and are readily selected for, thereby demonstrating the presence of strong genetic control.
MORTALITY OF LARVAE IN STOCKED COHORTS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mason R. R. , Torgersen T. R.
Published: December 2009

Cohorts of instar I larvae of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata, were stocked on branches of white fir, Abies concolor. Branches were either exposed naturally over drop-trays or protected with cages of nylon netting. Only 8.7% of the larvae in exposed cohorts survived to pupate, compared with 68.0% survival in caged cohorts where dispersal and predation were prevented. Losses from the exposed cohorts were caused mostly by arthropod predation, disappearance, and non-replaced dispersal. Disappearance of early larvae was attributed primarily to predation by spiders and insects while disappearance of late larvae was suspected to be due mostly to bird predation. In an analysis of k-values, actual or suspected predation accounted for 47.2% and dispersal 40.5% of the total loss.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) EMERGENCE BY TEMPORARY STORAGE OF EGGS AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: Boiteau G. , Alford A.
Published: December 2009

Attempts to develop artificial diets for the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), have had limited success (Hsiao 1972; Krzymanska and Zwolinska-Sniatalowa 1980). Consequently, all available rearing methods require the use of fresh potato foliage (e.g., de Wilde 1957) and large greenhouse space over an extended period of time. We needed a rearing method that could produce batches of beetles < 1 week old and with synchronized emergence (± 3 days) from a small laboratory colony of < 100 pairs of adults. One method might have been to induce adult diapause and break it whenever sufficient numbers had accumulated for testing. Unfortunately, this method requires mature adults that have fed for 1–2 weeks. not her procedure used in rearing a number of insect species uses a period of low temperature storage. For example, 2nd instar Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) can be stored at 1°C for 4–8 months (Grisdale 1970). Wegorek (1959) suggested that the hatching of eggs of L. decemlineata could similarly be delayed by placing them at relatively low temperatures. Wegorek observed that the incubation period of the eggs in Poland could take < 8 days in warm weather but last as long as 19 days in periods of cool weather when the temperature fell below 15°C. The feasibility of using this temperature dependence for incubation in our rearing program was investigated.
DESCRIPTION OF ADULTS OF A NEW SPECIES OF GEAYIA (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: KRENDOWSKIIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Geayia ontarioensis n. sp. are described. Members of this species exhibit character states of the tibia of the pedipalp and of the legs characteristic of Geayia (s.s.), but differ from all other members of the subgenus in having 5 rather than 4 pairs of genital acetabula. A revised diagnosis of Geayia (s.s.) is presented.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LARVAL INGESTION RATES IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

The food intake of fourth, fifth, and sixth instar spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferanaClemens, was investigated by feeding larvae for 24 h artificial diet incorporating amaranth dye. Amaranth was selected because it followed Beer's law over a wide concentration range, mixed well with the meridic diet, could be extracted in ice-cold water, was not absorbed by larval tissue, had minimal feeding deterrence as well as marginal adverse chronic effects on the larvae, and finally had negligible effect on ingestion rate over a 24 h period. The results indicated that 6th instars consumed 20 times and 5th instars 3 times as much as 4th instars, but when compared on a body weight basis the ingestion rate was similar in all three instars. Temperature and photoperiod influenced the rate of food intake. The application of these findings in assessing defoliation to the forests as well as estimating dosage of pesticides for control of this species are discussed.
IDENTIFICATION OF THREE SPECIES OF PROTEOTERAS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ATTACKING SHOOTS OF MANITOBA MAPLE IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: Wong H. R. , Drouin J. A. , Szlabey D. L. , Dang P. T.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of three species of Proteoteras (P. willingana (Kearfott), P. crescentana Kearfott, and P. aesculana Riley) attack shoots of Manitoba maple (Acer negundo L.) in the Canadian prairies. Larvae of P. willingana and P. crescentana have been confused because both cause gall formations on Manitoba maple and both lack the anal fork that is present in P. aesculana. This paper describes the ultimate larval instar and pupa of P. crescentana. Keys are presented to separate mature larvae, pupae, and adults of the three species.
PINE SISKIN PREYS ON EGG MASSES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Jennings Daniel T. , Crawford Hewlette S.
Published: December 2009

During preoutbreak periods before spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), populations reach epidemic levels, birds can play an important role in regulating budworm abundance (Gage and Miller 1978). All life stages of the spruce budworm are subject to predation by birds, but documentation of predation on budworm eggs is sparse (Hope 1945).
PARASITE AND PREDATOR COMPONENT OF WITHIN-TREE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) MORTALITY
Authors: Linit M. J. , Stephen F. M.
Published: December 2009

The parasite and predator component of within-tree southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality was investigated by mechanically excluding insect parasites and predators from the bark surface of naturally infested shortleaf, Pinus echinata Mill., and loblolly, P. taeda L., pines. Mortality caused by insect parasites and predators was determined by comparisons of five treatments that differed only in the duration of natural enemy exclusion. These natural enemies were responsible for 28.04% and 23.85% of the within-tree beetle mortality in 1978 in Arkansas and in 1979 in Georgia, respectively. Natural enemy species that arrived on the tree during the first week following mass attack by beetles caused the greatest amount of mortality.

Predator density was greater than parasite density at both locations. The majority of the predator complex arrived during the first week following mass attack by beetles, while the parasite complex arrived throughout the entire period of beetle brood development.

A linear response was found between the number of southern pine beetle prey and the number of prey destroyed per predator. A mean (± S.E.) of 4.79 ± 0.64 southern pine beetle immatures were destroyed by each individual predator.
THE SPECIES OF EUCHEILOID PERICALINA: CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: LEBIINI)
Authors: Ball G. E. , Shpeley D.
Published: December 2009

The endemic New World eucheiloid complex is distinguished from the other complexes (thyreopteroid, eurycoleoid, somotrichoid, and pericaloid) of pericaline Lebiini by securiform labial palpomere 3, serrate-setose margins of the pronotum, and flattened stylomere 2 of the ovipositor. The geographical range of eucheiloids extends from northern Argentina to southernmost United States (Brownsville, Texas). All taxa are believed to be arboreal. A key distinguishes among the three genera and 16 species, and each taxon is characterized in terms of structural features, habitat, and geographical distribution. The genera are:Hansus, new genus (generitype—H. reichardti, new species);InnaPutzeys (generitype—Inna punctataPutzeys =Polystichus boyeri(Solier)); andEucheilaDejean (generitype—Euchyla flavilabris(Dejean)). Seven new species and one new subspecies are described:Hansus reichardti(type locality—Guyana, EssequiboR.. Morrabali Ck.);Inna palpalis,I. atrata arbor, andI. inpa(type locality—Brazil, Amazonas, near Manaus);I. purpurea(type locality—Brazil, Amazonas, 60 km n. Manaus);I. splendens(type locality—Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande);Eucheila adisi(type locality—Brazil, Amazonas, 60 km n. Manaus); andE. cordova(type locality—México, Veracruz, Cordova). The following new synonymies of specific names are proposed (valid names listed first):Inna costulataChaudoir, 1872 =I. granulataChaudoir, 1872;Inna boyeri(Solier, 1835) =I. punctataPutzeys, 1863, andI. texanaSchaeffer, 1910. A reconstructed phylogeny of the eucheiloids, based on analysis of 60 character states included in 33 characters, shows thatHansusis sister group of the ancestral stock ofInna+Eucheila. Evolutionary modifications have affected principally body size, head and mouthparts (feeding and associated adaptations), reproductive structures, and features of the body surface thought to be associated with avoidance of predators (concealment and flash coloration). Diversification may also have involved differentiation by habitat (type of forest occupied). The principal theater of evolution has been tropical South America, with incursions both southward and northward. Middle America has been invaded by five lineages, probably during Cenozoic time, from Middle Tertiary to the Quaternary. Of these lineages, three are represented in Middle America by endemic species:E. cordova,I. planipennisBates, andI. nevermanniLiebke. Two lineages are represented by species whose ranges extend northward from South America:I. costulataChaudoir andI. boyeri(Solier).
PHEROMONE DISRUPTION CONTROLS DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) REPRODUCTION AT HIGH INSECT DENSITIES
Authors: Sower L. L. , Daterman G. E. , Sartwell C. , Funkhouser W.
Published: December 2009

Hollow fibers containing synthetic pheromone (Z-6-heneicosen-11-one) were applied by helicopter to six plots of about 8 ha each. Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), had reached such high population levels on the plots that trees in some areas were completely defoliated. Reproduction of the moths was reduced 71 and 81%, respectively, at dosages of 8 and 25 g of pheromone/ha relative to untreated control plots.
AN IMPROVED REARING PROCEDURE FOR THE CARROT RUST FLY (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE) WITH OBSERVATIONS ON LIFE HISTORY AND CONDITIONS CONTROLLING DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND TERMINATION
Authors: McLeod D.G.R. , Whistlecraft J.W. , Harris C.R.
Published: December 2009

Carrot rust fly (CRF), Psila rosae (Fabricius) (Diptera: Psilidae), caged with 2-month-old carrot plants at 20 °C, 50–70% RH, and 16:8 L:D laid an average of 109 eggs per female. With ca. 50% survival from egg to pupae, the rearing procedure yielded a 25 × population increase per generation. The duration of the life cycle at 20 °C was ca. 65 days. Calculated threshold temperatures and degree days above those temperatures necessary for complete development were: eggs, 4.5 °C and 94 degree days (°D); larvae, 2.02 °C and 625 °D; and pupae, 1.47 °C and 374 °D. Larvae collected in the field in fall developed normally when incubated at 22 and 19 °C; ca. 40% of the pupae entered diapause at 16 °C, and 100% at 13 and 10 °C. Fall-collected larvae chilled at 1 °C for ca. 3 months developed normally at all temperatures including those which induced diapause in pupae from unchilled larvae. With laboratory-reared pupae, 100% diapause was induced with > 10 days exposure to 13 or 10 °C. Twenty weeks storage at 1 °C was sufficient to terminate diapause in > 95% of the pupae. The ability of both CRF larvae and pupae to survive cold temperature conditions suggests that 2 separate spring emergence peaks may occur, which could have important implications if the spring flight is to be predicted on the basis of °D accumulations.
REVIEW OF XYLOTOPUS OLIVER AND DESCRIPTION OF IRISOBRILLIA N. GEN. (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Oliver D.R.
Published: December 2009

Detailed generic descriptions are given for the adult male and female, larva, and pupa of Xylotopus Oliver and for the adult male of Irisobrillia n. gen. Two new species, Xylotopus burmanensis and Irisobrillia longicosta, are described. A key is presented to separate adult males of Xylotopus and Irisobrillia from allied genera, Brillia Kieffer, Eurycnemus Wulp, and Euryhapsis Oliver.
PREDATION ON PUPAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON THE FOREST FLOOR
Authors: Kelly Brett , Régnière Jacques
Published: December 2009

Predation on spruce-budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), pupae on the forest floor was estimated at 72.5% per day. It is unlikely that many adults of the spruce budworm emerge from the forest floor and there would be little bias introduced in the estimation of apparent fecundity by disregarding pupae on the ground. There were large seasonal fluctuations in the rate of predation attributable to various predator groups; the overall rate ranged from 66 to 91% per day. Low temperatures had no detectable effect on vertebrate predation, but reduced invertebrate predation; however, this effect is unlikely to result in much variation in survival of pupae on the forest floor.
NEW PLACEMENT OF TANYPUS PALLENS COQUILLETT, 1902 NEC LARSIA PALLENS (COQ.) SENSU ROBACK 1971 (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) AND REDESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE
Authors: Bilyj Bohdan
Published: December 2009

The generic placement of Tanypus pallens Coquillett, 1902 is changed to Conchapelopia s. str., with a redescription given of the male holotype. As a result Conchapelopia (s.s.) gonoides (Subi.) becomes a junior synonym of Conchapelopia (s.s.) pallens (Coq.). The status of Larsia pallens (Coq.) sensu Roback 1971 with its synonymies are discussed.
FOOD PLANT STUDIES FOR THE HALF-WING GEOMETER, PHIGALIA TITEA (CRAMER) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Butler Linda
Published: December 2009

During 1983, collections and observations of the half-wing geometer, Phigalia titea (Cramer), were made in 2 counties of eastern West Virginia where the species had caused heavy defoliation of hardwoods in the previous 2 years. Larvae were observed on 41 species of host plants in the field. Host–plant evaluations for 69 species were made in the laboratory with 1st-instar larvae. According to criteria of response/developmental time of larvae, 33 plants were categorized as highly acceptable, 12 as acceptable, 20 as unacceptable, and 4 as toxic.
PREDATION ON THE IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM PIERIS RAPAE BY THE STINK BUG EUSCHISTUS SERVUS EUSCHISTOIDES (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Culliney Thomas W.
Published: December 2009

On 2 occasions in August 1983, during the course of a study of the arthropod community associated with collards (Brassica oleracea L. [Cruciferae]) in central New York State, the pentatomid bug Euschistus servus euschistoides (Vollenhoven) was observed feeding on larvae of the imported cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.). The individuals making the attacks, both adults, were discovered on the upper surface of a collard leaf with 4th-stage caterpillars firmly impaled on their rostra. Both caterpillars appeared lifeless. In 1 case, the P. rapae larva appeared somewhat shrunken, indicating that the bug had probably removed some body fluids from it. Voucher specimens of the bug have been deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection (lot #1137). This note constitutes another record of predatory behavior exhibited by this nominal phytophage (Esselbaugh 1948; McPherson 1982).
ECONOMICS PRINCIPLES IN ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: Klein Kurt K.
Published: December 2009

Organizers of this year's conference chose a surprising theme — the economics of entomological effort. It is surprising because, to many professional entomologists, economics is a foreign and little-understood subject area that has limited applicability to their work. There have been few examples of entomological effort that involved the working together of professionals from both disciplines.
A NEW HYPOSOTER (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (MCD.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Torgersen Torolf R.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Hyposoter Foerster from western North America is described based on features of the adult, final-instar cephalic structure, cocoon, and biology. Hyposoter masoni n. sp. is a common parasite of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata.
Bone marrow biopsy in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: Spectrum of findings and diagnostic utility
Authors: Klco Jeffery M. , Geng Bob , Brunt Elizabeth M. , Hassan Anjum , Nguyen Tu‐Dung , Kreisel Friederike H. , Lisker‐Melman Mauricio , Frater John L.
Published: December 2009

Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection develop a number of hematologic disorders, with benign and malignant B‐cell proliferations being the most common. HCV‐infected patients are also prone to developing peripheral cytopenias, the etiologies of which are multifactorial and include hypersplenism and/or antiviral medications. Some of these patients may undergo bone marrow biopsy but no study has systematically recorded the bone marrow findings in this patient group. Here, we report on the range of bone marrow findings in 47 adult HCV‐infected patients. These patients, who lacked concurrent human immunodefiency virus (HIV) infection, most commonly presented for a bone marrow biopsy due to abnormal peripheral cell counts. The bone marrow biopsies displayed a range of findings. Dyserythropoiesis, present in 19% of the cases, was the most common finding. Patients with pancytopenia(n = 6), as defined by current World Health Organization standards, were the most likely to have bone marrow abnormalities; two pancytopenic patients had acute myeloid leukemia, and one patient had a primary myelodysplastic syndrome. There was no correlation in bone marrow findings and antiviral medications, MELD score, cirrhosis or splenomegaly, suggesting that the degree of bone marrow dysfunction is independent of stage of HCV. The results of this study suggest that bone marrow biopsy in HCV‐infected patients, even those with features of hypersplenism and/or documented antiviral therapy, can be a valid test for hematologic evaluation, especially for patients with severe pancytopenia and/or sudden alterations in peripheral cell counts. Am. J. Hematol. 85:106–110, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systemic AL amyloidosis with acquired factor X deficiency: A study of perioperative bleeding risk and treatment outcomes in 60 patients
Authors: Thompson Carrie A. , Kyle Robert , Gertz Morie , Heit John , Pruthi Rajiv , Pardanani Animesh
Published: December 2009

Systemic light‐chain (AL) amyloidosis may be associated with acquired factor X (FX) deficiency and optimal management of this coagulopathy is unknown. We reviewed our experience with 60 patients with isolated FX deficiency (≤50%) due to AL amyloidosis that underwent an invasive procedure between 1975 and 2007. They were classified as having severe (<10%; n = 6), moderate (10–25%; n = 15), or mild (26–50%; n = 39) FX deficiency. The patients underwent a total of 112 procedures, 19 (17%) of which were managed with periprocedural treatment with one or more hemostatic agents. There were complications in 14 (13%) procedures (bleeding = 12, thrombosis = 1, death = 1). Baseline FX level was not predictive of bleeding risk; the only association with postintervention bleeding was central venous catheter placement. However, bleeding complications were relatively infrequent, particularly in patients with mild or moderate FX deficiency undergoing nonvascular procedures. Activated recombinant factor VII might be considered in patients undergoing major surgical procedures, but further experience is needed. Optimal management of AL patients with FX deficiency undergoing invasive procedures remains to be determined. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.