bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uneven partners: managing the power balance
Authors: Pérez Lourdes , Cambra-Fierro Jesús J.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– Research suggests that asymmetry has a negative impact on value creation and value distribution and assumes that the smaller partner has an inferior position and must defend itself from value misappropriation. However, industries are plagued with a range of business relationships of varying degree of imbalance. Ambitious and growth-oriented small firms enter relationships with larger counterparts, tolerate the imbalance and learn to achieve successful outcomes. In spite of the increasing importance of asymmetric partnerships, there are still many research and conceptual lacunas.

Design/methodology/approach

– Ideas and conclusions of this paper are based on the authors’ experience as well as on evidence from a qualitative case study conducted at a small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) and one of its key larger partners.

Findings

– Findings reveal that asymmetric partnerships may offer a clear route to value creation and innovation for firms. Moreover, both partners can fully appropriate the value jointly generated.

Originality/value

– Asymmetric partnerships, generally characterized by large dissimilarities between firms, offer the possibility of moving beyond the zero-sum game, where firms obtain value at the expense of their partners. By examining the development and dynamic aspects of these partnerships, we found a novel concept, “dual-value appropriation”, and addressed the issues of how and under which conditions dual value emerges to explain the success of asymmetric partnerships.
Gathering meaningful service user feedback regarding a community forensic service
Authors: Bamford Karen , Benton Carl
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– Engaging with people with a learning disability to develop and enhance service provision is central to the ethos of personalisation and citizenship. Despite this there appears to be a lack of research to gather users’ views on how they feel the services meet their unique needs and how these could be improved. A service evaluation was developed to understand service user’s experience of accessing a community forensic service (CFS). The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– The questionnaire was conducted by an independent third party experienced in facilitating complex communication, utilising a written format and Widget Rebus symbols. Questions were based on Trust Values, family and friends test and clinical forensic engagement. The samples were service users open to the CFS on 1 July 2014.

Findings

– Data were gathered from 28 individuals, there was an even spread of ages 17-65. In all, 93 per cent understood what help they needed from the service, there was acknowledgement of who they would go to if they wanted to complain, 100 per cent were happy with how information had been provided, most felt the service was respectful, fair, friendly and they were listened to.

Practical implications

– The findings suggest that more needs to be done around understanding and engagement in care planning. There are plans to gather information from direct carers and setting up focus groups to further understand some of the issues and ways forward.

Originality/value

– Asking for feedback from people who have offended, some of whom now experience increased restrictions, is fraught with concern and approached with trepidation. However, the responses received contradict the natural instincts. The results showed promising appreciation of the support received in the context of everyday lives and positive risk taking.
A case study of an embedded system in prison to support individuals with learning difficulties and disabilities in the criminal justice system
Authors: Kirby Amanda , Saunders Lisette
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe first the rationale for an embedded process for learning difficulties and disabilities in the criminal justice system (CJS). This is followed by an example of how this approach has been delivered in one offender setting. The use of a novel computerised assessment tool is described, and the way it has been used to undertake the initial screening processes and provide person centred guidance for staff and the individuals. The bio-psychosocial approach to supporting individuals moving through the CJS is suggested as an approach that could be potentially used in other prisons settings. The paper also highlights some of the current challenges in doing so.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper presents a review of the currently literature to provide a rationale for the example of the embedded approach taken.

Findings

– The approach, aligns to the challenges cited in much of the research.

Practical implications

– The model presented can be used as a basis for potentially delivering such a system in other prisons settings and to highlight areas that remain contentious.

Social implications

– The embedded model represents a bio-psychosocial approach to supporting individuals moving through the CJS so has important implications.

Originality/value

– This is novel approach.
Types of informal learning in cross-organizational collegial conversations
Authors: Wilson Daniel Gray , Hartung Kyle John
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to gather empirical evidence for what colleagues from different organizations reported they learned from informal professional learning conversations. Informal learning conversations with colleagues is a powerful yet understudied source of self-directed, professional development.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study of mixed methods investigated the types of learning 79 leaders from 22 organizations reported they learned via post-conversation surveys from 44 peer-led discussions over a two-year period.

Findings

– Survey data suggest empirical evidence of five learning outcomes – informational, conceptual, operational, reflective and social learning. The study describes these categories, the overall distribution of these types of learning in the community and how most conversations were “high-yielding” in a particular outcome.

Originality/value

– To the knowledge of the authors, this study is the first to suggest empirical evidence of categories of learning that participants report from informal, cross-organizational learning conversations.
Evaluating the quality of the learning outcome in healthcare sector
Authors: Cervai Sara , Polo Federica
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the Expero4care model. Considering the growing need for a training evaluation model that does not simply fix processes, the Expero4care model represents the first attempt of a “quality model” dedicated to the learning outcomes of healthcare trainings.

Design/Methodology/Approach

– Created as development of the Expero model (Cervaiet al., 2013), the Expero4care model has been tailored for workplace learning in the healthcare sector and tested in six organizations across Europe. The model has been validated through the review of an international team of experts and its approval as QualiCert standard.

Findings

– Expero4care allows the evaluation of the quality of learning outcomes focusing on competences, impact in the workplace, transferability, participation and credits. The evaluation process involves different categories of stakeholders (learners, trainers, colleagues, managers, internal or external bodies that can benefit the training’s results, i.e. final users of the service, such as patients and citizens), and it is based on a systematic data collection and comparison among expectations and perceptions. The implementation of the Expero4care model gives the opportunity to start a continuous improvement process of the trainings in the healthcare service.

Research limitations/implications

– Expero4care has been tested in both university courses and organizational trainings dedicated to professionals in the healthcare sector. The initial sample is not wide enough to cover all the countries and the types of trainings, so a larger implementation is needed to validate its appropriateness.

Social Implication

– Expero4care is the first model created specifically for organizations providing training in the healthcare sector. The implementation of the Expero4care model – adaptable to different kind of organizations and trainings – means that it is possible to highlight the value of the training considering its impact on the workplace and on the citizens.

Originality/value

– As the most commonly used tools to assess the quality of trainings consist of questionnaires submitted to participants at the end of the training and considering that quality models have not been utilized to analyse learning outcomes in healthcare, Expero4care represents the first quality model dedicated to training in healthcare service.
Incorporating practical application in graduate introductory public health courses
Authors: Greece Jacey A. , Patterson Joanne G. , Kensky Sarah A. , Festa Kate
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of a redesigned course assessment in a required, introductory Master of Public Health (MPH) course to demonstrate competency achievement through practical application. School of public health curricula are informed by competency-based education (CBE) to prepare students for the field. This is a challenge in introductory courses as traditional assessments do not translate into practical application of knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

– This retrospective post-test-only evaluation examined a practice-based, multi-disciplinary assessment utilized in Fall 2014 (n = 63 students). Web-based surveys were administered three months after the course to participating students (n = 33), the teaching team or teaching teams (n = 7) and organization representatives (n = 3) to evaluate the utility of the assessment. Questions were analyzed descriptively using chi-square tests, where applicable responses were compared across groups.

Findings

– Results indicate that a practice-based assessment in an introductory MPH course may enhance student learning by fostering deeper appreciation and application of course content while more closely reflecting the collaborative, multi-disciplinary and problem-solving nature of practice. The assessment may also increase the depth of competency achievement and career preparedness.

Practical implications

– Institutions that are guided by CBE, train students for multi-disciplinary practice and are impacted by the changing landscape of the field may want to consider course assessments that mimic practice to best prepare students.

Originality/value

– Course assessments should be evaluated to ensure they appropriately measure competency achievement. This evaluation provides multiple perspectives on the process and outcome of a practice-based course assessment.
Beyond storing old stuff: analysing the socio-economic value of museums
Authors: Mudzanani Takalani Eric
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to analyse the socio-economic role of museums.

Design/methodology/approach

– To explore the socio-economic role of museums, relevant literature on the role of museums was reviewed. Books and articles were consulted to shed light on museums as a cultural tourism product offering within the broader context of tourism as a catalyst of societal development.

Findings

– The literature review revealed that museums are symbols of unity and identity and can serve as a catalyst of economic development of local communities. The article dispels the perception that museums are places where old stuff is stored and that they are at the periphery of societal development.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper is based on literature review and not an empirical study.

Practical implications

– This paper proposes that museums should play a more active role in the socio-economic development of society.

Social implications

– This paper suggests that museums should educate the public about their role and place in society. Most importantly, they should create awareness about the socio-economic opportunities which they create. Thus, museums should position themselves as part of the societal effort to deal with societal challenges and not relegate themselves to the fringes of society. To this end, museums should establish partnerships with other agents of societal development. These organisations include chambers of commerce, educational institutions, government agencies and tourism organisations.

Originality/value

– The paper dispels the perception that museums are places where old stuff is stored and that they are at the periphery of societal development.
The challenge of personalized education on the institution of higher education
Authors: Abeles Tom P.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to look at the potential impact of personalized or competency-based learning on educational institutions at the structural level and in the knowledge acquisition domain.

Design/methodology/approach

– This article takes the structure of an editorial piece.

Findings

– The essay suggests that the shift in pedagogy can impact on the operational and economic structure of the institution separate from the educational impact.

Originality/value

– The potential impact of pedagogy shift could affect the economics of institutions as well as the entire operational structure and employment of the institution at the administrational level.
Prescriptions and proscriptions: moralising sleep medicines
Authors: Gabe Jonathan , Coveney Catherine M. , Williams Simon J.
Published: November 2015

The pharmaceuticalisation of sleep is a contentious issue. Sleep medicines get a ‘bad press’ due to their potential for dependence and other side effects, including studies reporting increased mortality risks for long‐term users. Yet relatively little qualitative social science research has been conducted into how people understand and negotiate their use/non‐use of sleep medicines in the context of their everyday lives. This paper draws on focus group data collected in the UK to elicit collective views on and experiences of prescription hypnotics across different social contexts. Respondents, we show, drew on a range of moral repertoires which allowed them to present themselves and their relationships with hypnotics in different ways. Six distinct repertoires about hypnotic use are identified in this regard: the ‘deserving’ patient, the ‘responsible’ user, the ‘compliant’ patient, the ‘addict’, the ‘sinful’ user and the ‘noble’ non user. These users and non‐users are constructed drawing on cross‐cutting themes of addiction and control, ambivalence and reflexivity. Such issues are in turn discussed in relation to recent sociological debates on the pharmaceuticalisation/de‐pharmaceuticalisation of everyday life and the consumption of medicines in the UK today.
Childhood‐onset Takayasu arteritis: an update
Authors: Mathew Ashish J. , Goel Ruchika , Kumar Sathish , Danda Debashish
Published: November 2015

Childhood‐onset Takayasu arteritis (c‐TA) is a distinct subset affecting a wide age group, ranging from young infants to adolescents and it differs from adult TA in many aspects. There is scarcity of data on c‐TA worldwide. The disease is classified using the European League Against Rheumatism/Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization/Pediatric Rheumatology European Society criteria. The non‐specific nature of presenting complaints and lack of appropriate biomarkers delay the early diagnosis of this illness and many children present with complications, which become irreversible once they set in. One of the largest cohorts of 40 children with c‐TA from our center reports hypertension as the commonest presenting feature. Systemic symptoms like headache, fever and weight loss are also described. Assessment of disease in c‐TA is done by correlating clinical features with raised inflammatory markers. Advanced imaging plays an important role in diagnosis. In c‐TA, the role of magnetic resonance angiography is advocated, taking into consideration the enormous amount of radiation exposure with other modalities. Complications of c‐TA include cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological and those arising secondary to long‐term steroid and immunosuppression therapy.
Plasma phospholipase, γ‐CEHC and antioxidant capacity in fibromyalgia
Authors: Fais Antonella , Cacace Enrico , Atzori Luigi , Era Benedetta , Ruggiero Valeria
Published: November 2015

Objective

Recent studies have suggested a possible role of high levels of plasma lysophosphocholines (lysoPCs) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of plasma phospholipases (e.g., Platelet Activating Factor Acetyl Hydrolase [PAF‐AH], secretory Phospholipase A2 [sPLA2], Total Antioxidant Capacity [TAOC] and 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxy chroman [γ‐CEHC]) in FMS patients and their association with clinical status and quality of life.

Methods

Thirty‐six females meeting the 2011 American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of FMS and thirty‐four healthy females were enrolled for the study. Plasma enzyme levels were quantified using commercial enzyme‐linked‐immunosorbent‐assay (ELISA). In order to assess the disease severity and the functional status of patients, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnarie (FIQ) was used.

Results

Higher levels of sPLA2 and lower PAF‐AH and γ‐CEHC were observed in the plasma of FMS patients compared to the controls. A decrease in PAF‐AH and TAOC levels were found in severe FMS (S‐FMS) compared to mild/slight (MS‐FMS) forms.

Conclusion

The results of the study indicate a possible involvement of phospholipases and γ‐CEHC in fibromyalgia syndrome.
Shareholder say on pay and CEO compensation: three strikes and the board is out
Authors: Grosse Matthew , Kean Stephen , Scott Tom
Published: November 2015

From 2011 in Australia, if over 25% of shareholders vote against a non‐binding remuneration resolution, firms are awarded a ‘strike’. We examine 237 firms that receive a strike relative to matched firms, and find no association with any measure of CEO pay. However, we do find that strike firms have higher book‐to‐market and leverage ratios, suggesting that the remuneration vote is not used to target excessive pay. We also find that firms respond to a strike by decreasing the discretionary bonus component of CEO pay by 57.10% more than non‐strike firms and increasing their remuneration disclosure by 10.95%.
Fool's mate: What does CHESS tell us about individual investor trading performance?
Authors: Bradrania Reza , Grant Andrew , Westerholm Peter Joakim , Wu Wei
Published: November 2015

We investigate the short‐term relation between individual investor trading and stock returns on the Australian Securities Exchange. Stocks heavily bought by individual investors underperform stocks heavily sold over the subsequent three days, with respective returns on to a long–short portfolio of −93, −67 and −12 basis points on days one, two and three. Individuals underperform in small and mid‐size stocks when they trade passively using limit orders waiting for the market price to move in their favour. Individuals underperform in large stocks when they trade aggressively using marketable orders. Foreign institutions gain from taking the opposite side of individual trades. We present an information asymmetry‐based explanation for the findings.
Do animal size, seasons and vegetation type influence detection probability and density estimates of Serengeti ungulates?
Authors: Bukombe John , Senzota Ramadhani B. , Fryxell John M. , Kittle Andrew , Kija Hamza , Hopcraft John Grant C. , Mduma Simon , Sinclair Anthony R. E.
Published: November 2015

Accurate detection of individual animals and estimation of ungulate population density might be a function of vegetation cover, animal size, observation radius or season. We assessed the effect of these factors on estimates of detection probability and density using five ungulate species in Western Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Estimates were derived from information collected using ground surveys involving line transects targeting three resident species (impala, topi and buffalo) and two migrants (wildebeest and zebra) and analysed using DISTANCE, MANOVA,t‐test and Pearson correlation. Results showed that ground surveys that take observation radii of 100 m would appreciably estimate at least 80% of the available ungulates. Beyond 100 m radii, surveys would leave approximately 43% of individuals undetected, the reason being a substantial influence of animal size, vegetation cover and observation radius on the detection. Animal size and observation radius have interactive effects. On their own seasonal differences, they do not have any effect but in interaction with animal size have significant effects especially on the migrant species. As reliable estimates of detection and density are required for making reasonable inferences, we urge that surveys using DISTANCE approach should consider incorporating both ground and aerial survey methods and ensure adequate sample replication.
Changes in the expression profiles of claudins during gonocyte differentiation and in seminomas
Authors: Manku G. , Hueso A. , Brimo F. , Chan P. , Gonzalez‐Peramato P. , Jabado N. , Gayden T. , Bourgey M. , Riazalhosseini Y. , Culty M.
Published: November 2015

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common type of cancer in young men and their incidence has been steadily increasing for the past decades. TGCTs and their precursor carcinoma in situ (CIS) are thought to arise from the deficient differentiation of gonocytes, precursors of spermatogonial stem cells. However, the mechanisms relating failed gonocyte differentiation to CIS formation remain unknown. The goal of this study was to uncover genes regulated during gonocyte development that would show abnormal patterns of expression in testicular tumors, as prospective links between failed gonocyte development and TGCT. To identify common gene and protein signatures between gonocytes and seminomas, we first performed gene expression analyses of transitional rat gonocytes, spermatogonia, human normal testicular, and TGCT specimens. Gene expression arrays, pathway analysis, and quantitative real‐time PCR analysis identified cell adhesion molecules as a functional gene category including genes downregulated during gonocyte differentiation and highly expressed in seminomas. In particular, the mRNA and protein expressions of claudins 6 and 7 were found to decrease during gonocyte transition to spermatogonia, and to be abnormally elevated in seminomas. The dynamic changes in these genes suggest that they may play important physiological roles during gonocyte development. Moreover, our findings support the idea that TGCTs arise from a disruption of gonocyte differentiation, and position claudins as interesting genes to further study in relation to testicular cancer.
Functional gastro‐intestinal disorder algorithms focus on early recognition, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , Benninga Marc , Broekaert Ilse , Falconer Jackie , Gottrand Frederic , Guarino Alfredo , Lifschitz Carlos , Lionetti Paolo , Orel Rok , Papadopoulou Alexandra , Ribes‐Koninckx Carmen , Ruemmele Frank M. , Salvatore Silvia , Shamir Raanan , Schäppi Michela , Staiano Annamaria , Szajewska Hania , Thapar Nikhil , Wilschanski Michael
Published: November 2015

Up to 50% of infants present with symptoms of regurgitation, infantile colic and/or constipation during the first 12 months of life. Although they are often classed as functional disorders, there is an overlap with cows' milk allergy. We present practical algorithms for the management of such disorders, based on existing evidence and general consensus, with a particular focus on primary health care. Management consists of early recognition of warning signs of organic disease, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies.

Conclusion

The proposed algorithms aim to help healthcare providers manage frequent gastrointestinal and cows' milk‐related symptoms in infants safely and effectively.
The burden and outcome of in utero transfers
Authors: Musson Rebecca E. , Harrison Catherine M.
Published: November 2015

Aim

To quantify the number of intrauterine transfers (IUTs) arranged by Embrace Yorkshire and Humber Infant and Children's Transport Service and, to determine the outcome of when women delivered their babies, or when they were discharged following transfer.

Methods

Identification of all IUTs Embrace arranged between January 1, 2011 and February 29, 2012 with data collection to determine delivery time or date of discharge.

Results

There were 623 IUT referrals with a mean time taken to arrange a transfer of 109 minutes. The mean distance of IUT was 42.5 miles, and the main reason for IUT request was capacity of referring unit. 247 (52%) women delivered during the same admission and 156 delivered within 48 hours of transfer. Of those undelivered, 111 (48.7%) were discharged within 48 hours. Fibronectin test was used in 51 patients.

Conclusion

The IUT service provided by Embrace is busy, with significant demands on administrative staff time. Neonatal cot capacity and gestation are the main reasons for transfer. There is potentially a cohort of women who may not have benefitted from IUT. We suggest the use of obstetric expertise will enhance the service, while ongoing work looking at neonatal unit cot capacity problems continues.
Purposes of Internet use and problematic Internet use among Turkish high school students
Authors: Demirer Veysel , Bozoglan Bahadir
Published: November 2015

Introduction

After the emergence of the Internet, the sudden increase in its use soon attracted attention to this phenomenon. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between problematic Internet use (PIU) and the purposes of Internet use.

Methods

The aims of this study are to examine the purposes of Internet use among Turkish high school students according to their gender, frequency of Internet use (FIU), grade point average (GPA) and family income (F‐income), and to investigate whether all these variables predict PIU. The participants in the study were 375 high school students (185 girls and 190 boys), and verbal consent was obtained from the subjects before application. The participants' ages ranged between 14 and 18 (Mean = 15.6, SD = 1.26). One‐way analysis of variance was used to identify the purposes of Internet use in terms of demographic variables. Also, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore whether demographic variables and purposes of Internet use affected PIU.

Results and Discussion

Finally, the results demonstrate that male gender, high FIU, low GPA, and high levels of F‐income correlate significantly with PIU. Also, the social, leisure and virtual‐emotional purposes of Internet use, besides demographic variables, were significantly correlated with PIU.
People with learning disabilities and ‘active ageing’
Authors: Foster Liam , Boxall Kathy
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

People are living longer, and policymakers are talking about ‘active ageing’.

Active ageing can mean older people being still physically active, still working and still being involved in their local communities.

Most policy makers do not talk about people with learning disabilities and active ageing, but this paper does.

We also say that people with learning disabilities should be involved in inclusive active ageing research.

Background: People (with and without learning disabilities) are living longer. Demographic ageing creates challenges and the leading policy response to these challenges is ‘active ageing’. ‘Active’ does not just refer to the ability to be physically and economically active, but also includes ongoing social and civic engagement in the communities of which older people are a part. Active ageing should apply to all citizens, including the experiences of older people with learning disabilities.

Materials and Methods: This literature based paper explores the focus of active ageing discussions in relation to the general population drawing comparisons with the experiences of older people with learning disabilities.

Results: It points out that older people with learning disabilities and their experiences are largely missing from broader policy discussions of active ageing.

Conclusion: The paper concludes by arguing for inclusive research in active ageing which takes account of the concerns and interests of older people with learning disabilities.
Ageing‐related experiences of adults with learning disability resident in rural areas: one Australian perspective
Authors: Wark Stuart , Canon‐Vanry Miranda , Ryan Peta , Hussain Rafat , Knox Marie , Edwards Meaghan , Parmenter Marie , Parmenter Trevor , Janicki Matthew , Leggatt‐Cook Chez
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

This paper is about older people with learning disabilities who live in the country in Australia.

We talked to both individuals and their carers to find out what things helped them they got older, and what things made it harder.

These people said that they were well supported by the local community and particularly their doctors.

However, many people in this project also reported problems about living in the country such as limited choices and being forced to make decisions they did not like.

Background: Access to support services in rural areas is known to be problematic both in Australia, and in other countries around the world, but the majority of research on the population of people ageing with learning disability has so far focussed on metropolitan residents. The authors report about select aspects of the lived experience of older adults with learning disability resident in rural locations in two states of Australia.

Materials and Methods: This pilot project examined data drawn from 34 semi‐structured interviews conducted with 17 older adults and 17 carers. Responses were analysed for thematic areas.

Results: It was observed that the capacity of certain rural areas to support meaningful choice‐making was limited due to constraints of access to key services, including community‐based aged care, generic and specialist health services, and both supported disability and aged‐care residential options. Responses indicated that those living in both small‐ and medium‐sized congregate care settings (such as group homes and residential aged‐care facilities) had more limited choices and only partial (if any) control over their living situation.

Conclusion: An understanding of the needs of older adults with learning disability resident in rural areas is important to ensure that both aged‐care and disability support structures are built on individuals' needs.
Ageing and people with learning disabilities: in search of evidence
Authors: Walker Carol
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

More people with learning disabilities are living longer. This is a good news story! But, the bad news is that they do not live as long as the rest of the population.

Health and other services need to be better organised to ensure that people with learning disabilities get better healthcare and other services which would help them lead more healthy lives.

Most older people with learning disabilities live at home with their Mum or Dad, who are getting older too and find life more difficult. Care and support services need to adapt as families' needs change, but often this does not happen.

We need to know more about these problems, which people with learning disabilities and their family carers face as they get older.

This article looks at what we know and what more we need to find out to help older people with learning disabilities and their family carers live happier and healthier lives.

Background: Growing numbers of people with learning disabilities are now living into older age. This study aims to examine the state of knowledge about their lives and the challenges that ageing has for both family carers and policymakers and practitioners.

Materials and Methods: The article synthesises existing research in the fields of learning disability, ageing and family and social care with a view to learning lessons from these separate fields, identifying possibilities for collaboration and identifying gaps in knowledge.

Results: The article concludes that existing research in the fields of ageing and family and social care can add significantly to an understanding of the impact of ageing on people with learning disabilities and their carers but, to date, there has been little collaboration or sharing of knowledge between the three areas.

Conclusion: The article concludes that further research is required to fully understand the impact of ageing on the quality of life of people with learning disabilities and their family carers and to inform the design and delivery of services. A useful and productive way forward would be learn from and to work with researchers in cogniscent fields, notably, but not only, in the fields of social gerontology and family and social care.
The importance of hearing: a review of the literature on hearing loss for older people with learning disabilities
Authors: Bent Sarah , McShea Lynzee , Brennan Siobhan
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

It is important to be aware of hearing loss as it affects everyday life and gets worse with age in all adults.

Many people with learning disabilities do not have their hearing checked, and families or carers often struggle to notice hearing problems.

This study summarises previous research on hearing loss and old age for people with learning disabilities.

Large numbers of older people with learning disabilities were found to have hearing problems, but smaller numbers were aware of this before testing.

Everyone with learning disabilities should be aware of how important hearing is and have regular checks, especially before they reach old age.

Background: Hearing loss has a significant impact on living well and on communication in all adults, with the numbers affected increasing with age, and adults with learning disabilities being at particular risk.

Methods: A review of the literature on hearing loss in older adults with learning disabilities was completed.

Results: A significant increase in hearing loss with increasing age in this group was demonstrated, at a greater level than in the general population. Prevalence rates have been the main focus of research, with few considerations of access to hearing assessment or benefits of rehabilitation such as hearing aids, or the effect that age has on living with hearing loss.

Conclusions: With advances in audiology services and increased life expectancy of those with learning disabilities, further research would be valuable. In addition, all health and social care services should consider actively promoting hearing assessment and rehabilitation. Individuals, carers and families should also take action, not only when concerns around memory arise, but proactively for all.
Has the Canadian labour market polarized?
Authors: Green David A. , Sand Benjamin M.
Published: November 2015

We use Census and Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for the period from 1971 to 2012 to investigate whether the Canadian wage and employment structures have polarized, that is, whether wages and employment have grown more in high‐ and low‐ than in middle‐paying occupations. We find that there has been faster growth in employment in both high‐ and low‐paying occupations than those in the middle since 1981. However, up to 2005, the wage pattern reflects a simple increase in inequality with greater growth in high‐paid than middle‐paid occupations and greater growth in middle than low‐paid occupations. Since 2005, there has been some polarization but this is present only in some parts of the country and seems to be related more to the resource boom than technological change. We present results for the US to provide a benchmark. The Canadian patterns fit with those in the US and other countries apart from the 1990s when the US undergoes wage polarization not seen elsewhere. We argue that the Canadian data do not fit with the standard technological change model of polarization developed for the US.
Bradykinin B2 receptor expression in the bronchial mucosa of allergic asthmatics: the role of NF‐kB
Authors: Ricciardolo F. L. M. , Petecchia L. , Sorbello V. , Di Stefano A. , Usai C. , Massaglia G. M. , Gnemmi I. , Mognetti B. , Hiemstra P. S. , Sterk P. J. , Sabatini F.
Published: November 2015

Background

Bradykinin (BK) mediates acute allergic asthma and airway remodelling. Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) is potentially involved in BK B2 receptor (B2R) regulation.

Objective

In this observational cross‐sectional study, B2R and NF‐kB expression was evaluated in bronchial biopsies from mild asthmatics (after diluent/allergen challenge) and healthy controls, examining the role of NF‐kB in B2R expression in primary human fibroblasts from normal and asthmatic subjects (HNBFb and HABFb).

Methods

B2R and NF‐kB (total and nuclear) expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in biopsies from 10 mild intermittent asthmatics (48 h after diluent/allergen challenge) and 10 controls undergoing bronchoscopy. B2R co‐localization in 5B5+ and αSMA+ mesenchymal cells was studied by immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy, and B2R expression in HABFb/HNBFb incubated with interleukin (IL)‐4/IL‐13 with/without BK, and after NF‐kB inhibitor, by Western blotting.

Results

Bronchial mucosa B2R and nuclear NF‐kB expression was higher in asthmatics after diluent (B2R only) and allergen challenge than in controls (P < 0.05), while B2R and NF‐kB (total and nuclear) increased after allergen compared with after diluent (P < 0.05). Allergen exposure increased B2R expression in 5B5+ and αSMA+ cells. Constitutive B2R protein expression was higher in HABFb than in HNBFb (P < 0.05) and increased in both cell types after IL‐13 or IL‐4/IL‐13 and BK treatment. This increase was suppressed by a NF‐kB inhibitor (P < 0.05).

Conclusions & Clinical Relevance

Bronchial B2R expression is constitutively elevated in allergic asthma and is further increased after allergen exposure together with NF‐kB expression. NF‐kB inhibitor blocked IL‐4/IL‐13‐induced increase in B2R expression in cultured fibroblasts, suggesting a role as potential anti‐asthma drug.
TiO2scaffolds in peri‐implant dehiscence defects: an experimental pilot study
Authors: Verket Anders , Müller Benjamin , Wohlfahrt Johan Caspar , Lyngstadaas Ståle Petter , Ellingsen Jan Eirik , Jostein Haugen Håvard , Tiainen Hanna
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The primary objective was to assess osseointegration of implants with dehiscence defects grafted with a TiO2scaffold. The secondary objective was to assess the performance of the scaffold in terms of mechanical stability and bone fill.

Material and methods

Five minipigs had the mandibular premolars extracted. After healing, two dental implants (SLActive®, Institut StraumannAG, Basel, Switzerland) with associated semi‐cylindrical dehiscence defects (Ø = 6 mm, height = 10 mm) were installed in each quadrant. The defects were grafted with test scaffolds (n = 10) or control autologous bone blocks (n = 10). After 3 months submerged healing, the pigs were euthanized and the sites analysed by microcomputed tomography and histology.

Results

Four minipigs were available for second stage surgery; (n = 9) experimental and (n = 7) control sites. The mean bone‐to‐implant contact on the defect side was 82% (±10%) and 79% (±11%) in the test and control groups respectively. The mean level of first bone‐to‐implant contact was more coronal on the defect side in the test group 3.2 mm (±0.4 mm) than in the control group 3.6 mm (±1.1 mm). The defect area occupied by bone within the extent of the scaffold varied, but averaged 37% (±14.6%) whereas the material itself occupied 7.4% (±3.5%).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of the study, the results suggest that the novel synthetic scaffold material perform similar to the autologous bone block control with respect to implant osseointegration. The mechanical properties of the scaffold appeared sufficient to withstand clinical load in the present experimental model.
Neuroprotective Effects of Icariin on Brain Metabolism, Mitochondrial Functions, and Cognition in Triple‐Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice
Authors: Chen Yi‐Jing , Zheng Hai‐Yang , Huang Xiu‐Xian , Han Shuang‐Xue , Zhang Dong‐Sheng , Ni Jia‐Zuan , He Xiao‐Yang
Published: November 2015

Aims

This study investigated the neuroprotective properties of icariin (an effective component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Epimedium) on neuronal function and brain energy metabolism maintenance in a triple‐transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3 × Tg‐AD).

Methods

3 × Tg‐AD mice as well as primary neurons were subjected to icariin treatment. Morris water maze assay, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), Western blotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to evaluate the effects of icariin administration.

Results

Icariin significantly improved spatial learning and memory retention in 3 × Tg‐AD mice, promoted neuronal cell activity as identified by the enhancement of brain metabolite N‐acetylaspartate level and ATP production in AD mice, preserved the expressions of mitochondrial key enzymes COX IV, PDHE1α, and synaptic protein PSD95, reduced Aβ plaque deposition in the cortex and hippocampus of AD mice, and inhibited β‐site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression. Icariin treatment also decreased the levels of extracellular and intracellular Aβ1‐42 in 3 × Tg‐AD primary neurons, modulated the distribution of Aβ along the neurites, and protected against mitochondrial fragmentation in 3 × Tg‐AD neurons.

Conclusions

Icariin shows neuroprotective effects in 3 × Tg‐AD mice and may be a promising multitarget drug in the prevention/protection against AD.
Long‐Term Effects of Repeated Cycles of Intrathecal Triamcinolone Acetonide on Spasticity in MS Patients
Authors: Rommer Paulus Stefan , Kamin Frank , Abu‐Mugheisib Mazen , Koehler Wolfgang , Hoffmann Frank , Winkelmann Alexander , Benecke Reiner , Zettl Uwe Klaus
Published: November 2015

Main problem

Spasticity is a common feature in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although options have broadened over the last years, there are still patients with no response to common therapeutic agents. Intrathecal administered triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) has been tested for spasticity in patients with MS. However, the long run effects are not known so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated cycles of intrathecal TCA instillations on clinical parameters.

Methods

A total of 54 patients with clinically definite MS and no response to commonly utilized antispastic drugs were enrolled. TCA was administered every 3 months for a period of 9 months. Clinical assessments including spasticity, disability (EDSS), mobility (walking distance, and timed 25‐foot walk), bladder function, and quality of life were carried out prior to and at the end of each treatment cycle.

Results

Repeated TCA treatment led to repeated effects on spasticity (P < 0.01). Bladder function improved in every 10th patient. Quality of life improved during each cycle but did not reach significance at the end of study (P = 0.09). However, long‐lasting improvement on spasticity or EDSS was not shown at end of the study. Effects diminished over 3 months.

Conclusion

Repeated TCA instillations led to replicable effects on spasticity; subgroup analyses suggest that higher spasticity, more frequent treatments, and higher EDSS may lead to pronounced effects on spasticity and EDSS. Intrathecal TCA treatment was safe and no severe side effects occurred. We hypothesize a significant time dependence of re‐administration of TCA and that an interval of 3 months between the treatments might be too long.
One‐year metreleptin improves insulin secretion in patients with diabetes linked to genetic lipodystrophic syndromes
Authors: Vatier C. , Fetita S. , Boudou P. , Tchankou C. , Deville L. , Riveline JP. , Young J. , Mathivon L. , Travert F. , Morin D. , Cahen J. , Lascols O. , Andreelli F. , Reznik Y. , Mongeois E. , Madelaine I. , Vantyghem MC. , Gautier JF. , Vigouroux C.
Published: November 2015

Recombinant methionyl human leptin (metreleptin) therapy was shown to improve hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and insulin sensitivity in patients with lipodystrophic syndromes, but its effects on insulin secretion remain controversial. We used dynamic intravenous (i.v.) clamp procedures to measure insulin secretion, adjusted to insulin sensitivity, at baseline and after 1 year of metreleptin therapy, in 16 consecutive patients with lipodystrophy, diabetes and leptin deficiency. Patients, with a mean [± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.)] age of 39.2 (±4) years, presented with familial partial lipodystrophy (n = 11, 10 women) or congenital generalized lipodystrophy (n = 5, four women). Their mean (± s.e.m.) BMI (23.9 ± 0.7 kg/m2), glycated haemoglobin levels (8.5 ± 0.4%) and serum triglycerides levels (4.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l) significantly decreased within 1 month of metreleptin therapy, then remained stable. Insulin sensitivity (from hyperglycaemic or euglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic clamps, n = 4 and n = 12, respectively), insulin secretion during graded glucose infusion (n = 12), and acute insulin response to i.v. glucose adjusted to insulin sensitivity (disposition index, n = 12), significantly increased after 1 year of metreleptin therapy. The increase in disposition index was related to a decrease in percentage of total and trunk body fat. Metreleptin therapy improves not only insulin sensitivity, but also insulin secretion in patients with diabetes attributable to genetic lipodystrophies.
REGULATED AND UNREGULATED SUBSTITUTES: AVERSION EFFECTS OF AN ETHANOL MANDATE
Authors: Noel Michael D. , Roach Travis
Published: November 2015

One approach for handling more aggressive goals under an ethanol mandate is to use a “dual blend” mandate in which both the preferred new ethanol blend and the old (possibly ethanol‐free) blend of gasoline coexist. Highlighting the case of New South Wales, Australia, we show the dual nature of such a mandate can potentially lead to significant costs when consumers are averse. We show consumers en masse rejected the new blend and paid 43 cents per gallon more to avoid it. Not even the second of the mandate's four targets could be reached, and the consumer cost was substantial. (JEL L51, Q41, Q42, Q51)