bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Multi‐organizational Partnerships: an Analysis of Changing Modes of Governance
Authors: Lowndes Vivien , Skelcher Chris
Published: March 2003

Multi‐organizational partnerships are now an important means of governing and managing public programmes. They typically involve business, community and not‐for‐profit agencies alongside government bodies. Partnerships are frequently contrasted with competitive markets and bureaucratic hierarchies. A more complex reality is revealed once partnerships as an organizational form are distinguished from networks as a mode of social co‐ordination or governance. Data from studies of UK urban regeneration partnerships are used to develop a four‐stage partnership life cycle: pre‐partnership collaboration; partnership creation; partnership programme delivery; and partnership termination. A different mode of governance ‐ network, market or hierarchy ‐ predominates at each stage. Separating organizational form from mode of governance enables a richer understanding of multi‐organizational activity and provides the basis from which theory and practice can be developed. The key challenge for partnerships lies in managing the interaction of different modes of governance, which at some points will generate competition and at other points collaboration.
Complex Social Organization: Multiple Organizing Modes, Structural Incongruence, and Mechanisms of Integration
Authors: Machado Nora , Burns Tom R.
Published: March 2003

This article conceptualizes and analyses a type of complex social organization consisting of heterogeneous organizing modes and social relationships, combining, for instance, relationships making up markets and hierarchies as well as various types of informal networks. Each mode is constituted and regulated on the basis of a system of social rules making up a particular normative order and operates in terms of its own particular rationality or social logic. When modes are combined or integrated into multi‐institutional complexes or organizations, the resultant structure entails zones of incongruence and tension at the junctures or interfaces of the different organizing modes and social relationships. The article identifies a number of such incongruent organizing modes that are common in complex social organizations or inter‐ institutional complexes. It goes on to identify several of the institutional strategies and arrangements including rituals, non‐task‐oriented discourses, and mediating roles that actors develop and institutionalize in dealing effectively with incongruences and potential conflicts in complex, heterogeneous organizations. The article suggests that problems of structural incongruence ‐ and the tensions and conflicts that arise in connection with it as well as responses to these ‐ are major features of complex organizational and inter‐institutional arrangements. Moreover, it suggests that social order ‐ the shaping of congruent, meaningful experiences ‐ in these complex organizations as in most social life builds on non‐rational foundations such as rituals and non‐instrumental discourses. These contribute to maintaining social order and to providing a stable context, even for rational decision‐making and action.
Ministerial Resignations 1945–97
Authors: Dowding Keith , Kang Won‐Taek
Published: March 2003

This article reports on data collected on ministerial resignations and non‐resignations 1945–1997. It analyses the reasons why ministers resign and patterns that emerge in terms of the types of issues that are more likely to lead to resignation, and variances between different Prime Ministers, parties and over time. It provides the first fully quantified analysis of ministerial resignations in Britain in the post‐war period to enhance the impressionistic analyses which have been offered before.
Public Organizations, Multiple Constituencies, And Governance
Authors: Jørgensen Torben Beck , Hansen Hanne Foss , Antonsen Marianne , Melander Preben
Published: March 2003

Public organizations vary considerably. Yet little attention has been paid to the systematic analysis of this diversity. Drawing on case studies of four public organizations and a survey on all central government organizations in Denmark, variations in tasks, environments, constituencies, and central governance are conceptualized. Public organization tasks can be analysed at three levels ranging from user‐oriented outputs, general outputs which can further be divided into policy goals, scope of profile, standard setting and capital accumulation, to the normative base of the public sector. Public organizations vary with regard to the emphasis put on level of output and on how the different aspects of the tasks are interrelated. Variations in constituencies and exchange cycles with the environment are further related to different task profiles. Finally it is shown that central oversight organizations compete with other actors in the public organizations’ environment in the governance of public organizations. From an organizational point of view ‘the state’ appears to have a humble and remote position.
Political Manipulation Or Feedback In English Local Authorities’ Standard Spending Assessments? The Case Of The Abolition Of The Inner London Education Authority
Authors: Gibson John
Published: March 2003

The focus of attention in this article is on the major shift in Education Standard Spending Assessments, and with it central grants, in favour of Inner London which first took place in 1990, and has persisted since then. This coincided both with the abolition of the Inner London Education Authority and the transfer of education responsibilities to the Inner London Boroughs, and the introduction of the poll tax. The objective of this article is to test whether this shift in favour of Inner London was due to political manipulation or, instead, was another example of the long‐established technical characteristic of ‘feedback’ in spending needs assessments in the English local finance system. A test is devised which distinguishes between these two explanations and involves the use of an Inner London dummy variable. The results provide strong evidence of political manipulation. The implications of this finding are considered.
The Impact of Bureaucratic Structure on Policy Making
Authors: Egeberg Morten
Published: March 2003

Students of public administration have often focused on behaviour and attitudes without relating them explicitly to bureaucratic structure. They have also concentrated on structural descriptions, and on reorganization processes. These steps are, beyond doubt, necessary and important. However, connecting structure and policy making in order to learn about the consequences of alternative arrangements can be assumed to be the ultimate concern of academics as well as of practitioners. The relationship between formal structure and actual decision behaviour is an issue of enduring theoretical interest. At the same time, insights into how organizational change might affect policy‐making and performance are crucial for most high‐level officials. I will proceed by identifying theoretical components that assign a role to the formal administrative structure in this respect. The empirical studies I draw on are mainly confined to research on central government bureaucracies at the national level, and how their structures affect substantive policy making
The Dynamics of Decentralization and Recentralization
Authors: Christensen JØrgen grønnegaard
Published: March 2003

Decentralization of authority from central government to sub‐national governments is an important part of modern public sector reforms and has been the primary contribution to public sector reform in Denmark and the other Nordic countries. On the assumption that political and administrative actors are authority maximizers, the paper analyses how national and sub‐national actors react to these decentralization goals, and the extent to which they are implemented. The analysis points to the importance of both institutional and power variables. It concludes that dynamic change can take place in a public sector which is characterized by strong corporatist and multi‐level institutions, such as in Denmark.
Top Civil Servants Under Contract
Authors: Lægreid Per
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the introduction of the new top civil servant contract system in New Zealand and Norway. Even though both countries introduced contractual arrangements at the same time, the content of the reforms and their scope, scale and intensity are very different. The New Zealand reform was more radical and internally consistent. In contrast to an aggressive and thorough implementation in New Zealand, the contract system was implemented more cautiously and reluctantly in Norway. The effects of the reform are ambiguous and uncertain in both countries. A transformative perspective focusing on the interconnection between international administrative doctrines, national political‐administrative culture, and polity feature is used to understand why contracts reforms have different contents, effects and implications.
Public Sector Added Value: Can Bureaucracy Deliver?
Authors: Jackson Peter.M
Published: March 2003

This paper takes stock of our understanding of the ‘architecture’ of public sector resource allocation mechanisms. It is a speculative venture and provides a framework for thinking about issues rather than a completed theoretical model. The concept of architecture is borrowed from the design sciences and is used to explore the conditions of performativity within networks of relational contracts. The age‐old question of markets versus hierarchy is too simplistic. Instead, the search is for optimal complex network relationships that are based upon co‐operation and participation rather than competition and control. Within these networks the public sector, it is argued, has a new role of acting as a broker in the creation of value. Judging the public sector’s relative effectiveness in the creation of value also requires closer attention to be given to the context within which public sector managers take decisions. In particular it is necessary to acknowledge that they confront the ‘wicked’ problems of society that the electorate demand to be solved. This gives renewed interest in the notion of market failure.
From‐Long Term To Short‐Term Contracting
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik
Published: March 2003

One can look at the arrival of New Public Management and the extensive public sector reforms inspired by this theory from many angles. Here we examine the shift from long‐term contracting, typical of bureaucracy and traditional enterprises, to short‐term contracting, borrowed from private sector governance methods. Short‐term contracting has three principal uses in the governance of the public sector: (a) contracting with service providers after a tendering/bidding process; (b) contracting with the CEOs of the incorporated public enterprises; and (c) contracting with executive agencies about what they should deliver. Theoretical analysis, supported by substantial empirical evidence, suggests that short‐term contracting eliminates the extensive post‐contractual opportunism connected with long‐term contracting, but is vulnerable to precontractual opportunism. Short‐term contracting is not just another public sector reform fad, but constitutes a new tool for government which increases efficiency when handled with prudence.
Localization and Partnership in the ‘New National Health Service': England and Scotland Compared
Authors: Hudson Bob , Hardy Brian
Published: March 2003

This article examines some important and interesting differences in the designs of the ‘New NHS’ in England and Scotland in respect of two common guiding imperatives – localization and partnership. In examining the view of key local stakeholders faced with introducing the changes, we contrast the generally more flexible and less prescriptive approach in Scotland. In England there was, initially, a raft of guidance from the centre: in Scotland, by contrast, there was virtually none. In England the prime bases for localization will be PCGs and PCTs: in Scotland they will be Local Health Care Co‐operatives (LHCCs). The latter, like the English PCGs, are to be GP‐led; but unlike PCGs, membership is voluntary. Underlying such redesign of the organizational architecture are some important changes in cultures and modes of governance. In particular, we note the rhetoric of a shift, at macro‐level, from hierarchies and quasi‐markets to networks and the perceived reality of a micro‐level shift from individualism to collegiality amongst GPs.
Local Government Policy Evolution in New Zealand: Radical Reform and the Ex Post Emergence of Consensus or Rival Advocacy Coalitions
Authors: Wallis Joe , Dollery Brian
Published: March 2003

Between 1984 and 1993 New Zealand reformers followed a top‐down strategy designed to minimize the opportunity for resistors to affect the reform process and preclude the ex post emergence of a stable alignment of rival advocacy coalitions. The evolution of the local government policy debate since the implementation of radical reform in 1989 suggests that these strategic goals may be more difficult to achieve than at first thought. The quest to make local government more efficient and democratic by making it more accountable has given way to a ‘minimalist‐activist’ controversy over the comparative institutional advantage of local authorities and the role of trust in their relations with central government that has the potential to contribute to the eclipse of the post‐reform consensus and the emergence of a ‘advocacy coalition structure’.
Beyond Policy Community — the Case of the GP Fundholding Scheme
Authors: Kay Adrian
Published: March 2003

The paper examines the conception, implementation and abolition of the GP fundholding scheme, all within 10 years, for evidence of a changed style of health care policy‐making. A health care policy community, in which the interests of the medical profession were prominent, existed between 1948 and the mid‐1980s. The paper highlights the important factors in the breakdown of the policy community and traces the effect through to the negotiation, implementation and abolition of the GP fundholding scheme. In particular, the role of evidence in health care policy‐making has changed significantly. A consequence of the collapse of the policy community has been that a ‘folk psychology’ rather than evaluative evidence has guided some aspects of health care policy since the 1990s.
Regulation in an Episodic Policy‐Making Environment: The Water Industry in England and Wales
Authors: Maloney William A.
Published: March 2003

This article describes and analyses the evolving regulatory game in the post‐privatized water industry. It highlights a regulatory environment that is more complex than that which existed under public ownership, and an industry which is subject to heavier regulation in the private sector than it was in the public sector. There has been erosion of the strict public/private divide following privatization. The article highlights an episodic and seemingly incongruous policy‐making environment that defies consistent characterization: sometimes private consensus is the main feature and sometimes it is public conflict. It also illustrates that while there are two broad‐based constituencies of interest active in the water sector — cost and environmental — the composition of these coalitions mutates depending on the issue being considered. Indeed, there are occasions when core constituency participants ‘defect’ and join the ‘opposing side’.
Stepping Out: Rhetorical Devices and Culture Change Management in the UK Civil Service
Authors: Driscoll Amanda , Morris Jonathan
Published: March 2003

Organizational culture is the pattern of values and beliefs held by members of an organization and the management of culture is now one of the most frequently discussed of all organizational concepts. The excitement associated with culture is attributable to two factors. First, it is argued that culture is the key to organizational performance; simply stated, a strong organizational culture can be a source of competitive advantage. Second, culture is perceived as an alternative method of control to traditional and technocratic forms of management and can be manipulated to ensure that employees are enthusiastic and committed to organizational objectives.

Despite the extensive interest in this topic, culture remains an elusive concept. This paper investigates the nature of culture and considers strategies for introducing cultural change. Specifically, the aims of the paper are threefold. First, to locate and explain the interests and significance of culture change for the public sector. Second, using a case study of a newly created agency, to investigate the problems and issues affecting cultural change in the civil service. Third, to reassess and critically evaluate the claims for culture management made in the literature. Finally, this paper questions some of the assumptions in the literature, which with few exceptions are biased toward top management and the unitary conception of organization, an ideological frame of reference which is particularly problematic in the public sector.
Evaluation, Policy Learning and Evidence‐Based Policy Making
Authors: Sanderson Ian
Published: March 2003

The increasing emphasis on the need for evidence‐based policy indicates the continuing influence of the ‘modernist’ faith in progress informed by reason. Although the rationalist assumptions of evidence‐based policy making have been subject to severe challenge from constructivist and post‐modernist perspectives, it is argued that the attempt to ground policy making in more reliable knowledge of ‘what works’ retains its relevance and importance. Indeed, its importance is enhanced by the need for effective governance of complex social systems and it is argued that ‘reflexive social learning’ informed by policy and programme evaluation constitutes an increasingly important basis for ‘interactive governance’. The expanded use of piloting of new policies and programmes by the current UK Government is considered to provide limited scope for evaluation to derive reliable evidence of whether policies work. There is a need for greater clarity about the role of evaluation in situations where piloting essentially constitutes ‘prototyping’. More emphasis should be placed on developing a sound evidence base for policy through long‐term impact evaluations of policies and programmes. It is argued from a realist position that such evaluation should be theory‐based and focused on explaining and understanding how policies achieve their effects using ‘multi‐method’ approaches.
The Competent Boundary Spanner
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: March 2003

Inter‐organizational frameworks of intervention dominate the resolution of complex societal problems facing the UK and many other countries. Strategic alliances, joint working arrangements, networks, partnerships and many other forms of collaboration across sectoral and organizational boundaries currently proliferate across the policy landscape. However, the discourse is positioned at an institutional and organizational level, and comparatively little attention is accorded to the pivotal role of individual actors in the management of inter‐organizational relationships. This paper attempts to redress this balance by focusing on the skills, competencies and behaviour of boundary spanners. A critical review of the relevant literature, both from an institutional and relational perspective, is undertaken. This is complemented by some new empirical research that involves an engagement with groups of particular types of boundary spanner using a combination of surveys and in‐depth interviews. Finally, a discussion makes connections between the existing literature and the research findings and offers suggestions for future areas of enquiry.
Life is a lottery: New Labour’s strategy for the reform of devolved governance
Authors: Stoker G.
Published: March 2003

Drawing on insights from grid–group cultural theory the article argues that New Labour’s approach to government units beyond Westminster and Whitehall rests on a fatalistic reading of its environment that specifies its key features in terms of low–trust relationships and a lack of predictability about the success of a range of potential reforms. New Labour’s response in these circumstances resembles that of strategy based on the principles of a lottery. The strategy has allowed a plethora of decentralization units and reform initiatives to find favour but none to dominate. The article explores the nature of this strategy, how it was established and the prospects for its maintenance. The key point is not that New Labour’s polices have been ad hoc or even that they have been confused. Rather, its policies are a chosen course of action aimed at searching for the right reform formula and creating a dynamic for change by encouraging instability but also space for innovation among the institutions of devolved governance. The strategy is aimed at an overarching goal of developing an enabling state form. The adoption of the strategy, in addition, reflects political contingencies. Moreover, the lottery strategy has helped New Labour sustain its coalition of supporters and manage tensions between different reform approaches.
Annual report 2001
Authors: Rhodes R.A.W. , Jenkins Bill , Kickert Walter
Published: March 2003

The report describes the flow of manuscripts and the contents of the journal before briefly surveying each section of the journal. It ends with a résumé of changes during the year and a thank you to the many people who have helped.
The relative importance of project success dimensions
Authors: Lipovetsky Stan , Tishler Asher , Dvir Dov , Shenhar Aaron
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, the success of a project is assessed using internal measures such as technical and operational goals, and meeting schedule and budget. More recently, it has been recognized that several other measures should be used to define project success. These measures reflect external effectiveness: the project's impact on its customers, and on the developing organization itself.

In our study of 110 defense projects performed by Israeli industry, we used a multidimensional approach to measure the success of defense projects. Based on previous studies, we defined four dimensions of success: meeting design goals; benefits to the customer; benefits to the developing organization; and benefits to the defense and national infrastructure. For each project, we asked three different stakeholders (the customer, the developing organization, and the coordinating office within the Ministry of Defense) for their views on the relative importance of these dimensions of success. Analysis of the data revealed that the dimension benefits to the customer is by far the most important success dimension. The second in importance is meeting design goals. The other two dimensions are relatively unimportant.
Performance of alliances: formative stages and changing organizational and environmental influences
Authors: George Varghese , Farris George
Published: March 2003

There is near unanimous agreement that the performance of alliances usually falls short of expectations. Studies have identified several generic reasons for poor performance: inadequate communication, lack of trust, insufficient complementarity of resources, inappropriate organizational structures and processes, and so on. While we broadly agree with these, knowledge of these self‐evident reasons does not seem to have turned the tide of bad news in any way. We show in this paper that it is important to unpack a broad set of antecedent variables, including the ones identified above, and to track them over the crucial formative stages of an alliance. Based on our interviews with 24 senior and middle level managers and professionals of a focal company about 10 of its major alliances, we identify the following four formative stages of an alliance: (1) Recognition, (2) Research, (3) Relationship Set‐up, and (4) Ramp up. We show that the primary predictors of success across these stages are not identical, nor their effect uniform. Further, proper completion of all the preceding stages is essential for the success of subsequent stages. We finally show that the compaction of the various successful stages, in particular of the Ramp‐Up stage, is one of the best predictors of overall success of an alliance.
Liberalization and the growth of business‐led R&D: the case of India
Authors: Bowonder B. , Richardson P.K.
Published: March 2003

Firms and organizations in India have responded to market reforms, liberalization and globalization by improving efficiency, importing technology and by increasing in‐house R&D. This paper highlights some of the evolutionary changes that have occurred since India undertook sweeping reforms in July 1991 to open its economy to foreign participation and competition. Although some authors, such as Forbes (1999), have looked at the impact of the liberalization on India’s R&D and innovation, they missed a number of dimensions that have far‐reaching implications for the process of technological capability development in India. Using the concept of technological capability, this paper makes a contribution to the discourse on the changing R&D and innovation scenario in the face of on‐going liberalization in India. It concludes with three case studies, which illustrate some of the recent changes made by industrial organisations.
Strategic planning for technology products
Authors: Scott George M.
Published: March 2003

A DELPHI Questionnaire study was completed that evaluates the relative importance of management of technology (MOT) problems and ranks 24 problems in order of importance, as perceived by MOT expert participants in industry and academia. The problem of ‘Strategic Planning for Technology Products’ ranked well above all others in terms of its evaluated importance. A follow‐up DELPHI study was completed to clarify the nature and dimensions of the top problem. This second study identifies the 21 top ranked sub‐problems within the Strategic Planning for Technology Products general problem and ranks these sub‐problems in order of importance. The two most important of these sub‐problems are ‘Linking Technology Strategic Planning to Corporate Strategic Planning’, and ‘Linking R&D Strategic Planning to Business Unit Product Development Planning’. Seen as closely related, these two problems are discussed in this article as ‘the linkage problem’. The 11 highest ranked problems of this second study are considered individually in this article. This follow‐up study has important implications for both academic researchers and company managers. For researchers the results suggest specific avenues of research that can fruitfully be followed. For technology managers as well as corporate managers the study offers strong indications of areas where company planning performance may be weak, as well as steps that can be taken to deal with any planning weaknesses perceived.
The effects of creative problem solving training on creativity, cognitive type and R&D performance
Authors: Wang Ching–Wen , Horng Ruey–Yun
Published: March 2003

The effects of Creative Problem Solving (CPS) training on creativity, cognitive type, and R&D performance were investigated with 106 R&D workers of a large government–owned manufacturing company in Taiwan. Seventy–one of them volunteered to participate in the CPS training and were divided into three groups. Each group received 12 hours of CPS training and two follow–up training sessions over a one–year long period in a time–series design. The ‘Circle Test of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking’, and the ‘Myers–Briggs Type Indicator’ were administered before and after the CPS training. R&D performance averaged over the past three years before the CPS training and one year after the pretest were obtained from the company. Results showed that participant’s scores on fluency and flexibility of ideas were higher after the CPS training. There was also an increase in the number of persons being classified as extrovert or feeling type of cognition. In terms of R&D performance, the participants’ number of co–authored service projects increased significantly from pretest to posttest, whereas no such change was observed among those 35 R&D workers who did not participated in the CPS.
A structural analysis of process development in process industry: A new classification system for strategic project selection and portfolio balancing
Authors: Lager Thomas
Published: March 2003

A research project on the development of process technology in process industry led to recognition of the importance of a better classification of different types of process development. A new classification system and matrix have consequently been developed, using the dimensions ‘newness to the world’ and ‘newness to the company’. The distribution of annual company expenditures for process development in the matrix and the estimated usability of the matrix have been tested as part of a larger survey conducted among R&D managers in European process industry. In view of the favourable response from industry, it is argued that the matrix could facilitate company portfolio balancing of process development projects, and that it is also necessary to distinguish between different types of process development in academic research.
Technology transfer and the creation of companies: the CSIRO experience
Authors: Upstill Garrett , Symington David
Published: March 2003

There is increasing interest worldwide in stimulating the emergence and growth of new technology–based companies, and in the role of public–funded research agencies in this process. This paper examines the experience of CSIRO, Australia’s largest R&D organisation, in creating new companies, as part of its technology transfer activities.

Three modes of technology transfer are described, namely Non–Commercial Transfer, Commercial Transfer and New Company Generation. The technology transfer ‘mix’, that is the relative weight given to the different modes, has changed in CSIRO and in other public funded agencies in recent years. The increased importance being given to New Company Generation in CSIRO is attributed to the development of in–house commercial expertise, changing public expectations and the increased availability of venture capital.

CSIRO’s experience with spin–offs and other new companies is analysed, and the challenges related to effective use of this mode of technology transfer are discussed.
What is it Like to be Someone Else? Simulation and Empathy
Authors: Ravenscroft Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper explores two models of empathy. One model places theory centre stage; the other emphasises our capacity to re‐enact fragments of another's mental life. I argue that considerations of parsimony strongly support the latter, simulative approach. My results have consequences for the current debate between the theory‐theory and simulation theory. That debate is standardly conceived as a debate about mental state attribution rather than about empathy. However, on the simulation model, empathy and mental state attribution involve a common mechanism. Thus the strength of the simulative approach to empathy lends considerable credence to the simulation account of mental state attribution. Considerations of empathy are thus surprisingly important in the philosophy of mind..
Some Not‐Much‐Discussed Problems for Non‐Cognitivism in Ethics
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: March 2003

The main objection to non‐cognitivism explored in the philosophical literature to date has been semantic in nature. How can normative claims lack truth conditions when they have so many features in common with claims that have truth conditions? The main aim of this paper is to shift attention away from this dominant line of objection onto a range of other problems that non‐cognitivists face. Specifically, I argue that, contrary to the non‐cognitivists, normative claims do express beliefs, even by their own lights; that the truth of Normative Judgement Internalism does not support non‐cognitivism; that arguing for non‐cognitivism on the basis of the Open Question Argument, as non‐cognitivists do, leads them to embrace a contradiction; and, finally, that non‐cognitivists do not provide us with plausible candidates for the desires and aversions that, as they see things, get expressed in normative claims.
Philosophy in Primary Schools: Fostering Thinking Skills and Literacy
Authors: Fisher Robert
Published: March 2003

We read for many reasons and this paper focuses on one of those – reading for thinking. It reports on the Philosophy in Primary Schools project and argues that one of the best ways teachers can add value to their work in literacy is by incorporating philosophical discussion with children through an approach called Stories for Thinking. It outlines what ‘philosophy for children’ is and how it can be used for developing the thinking skills that underpin literacy and higher order reading skills. It argues that a Stories for Thinking approach can enrich thinking and learning in the literacy hour, and uses evidence from teachers and children to illustrate the effects of the programme on classroom practice and on raising levels of pupil achievement
Parallel literacy classes and hidden strengths: learning to read in English, Urdu and classical Arabic
Authors: Helavaara Robertson Leena
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is to explore young bilingual children’s early literacy experiences in three different languages, English, Urdu and classical Arabic, and in three strikingly different types of classes in England. It draws on a larger ethnographic study that sets out to discover what kinds of advantages or additional strengths bilingual children might bring from their community literacy practices and from their experiences of learning to read in two or more languages simultaneously into their English literacy lessons.

The main focus of the article is on one bilingual boy, Ikram, of Pakistani background, who at the beginning of the study was 5 years old. The participant observations in these three different types of classes and audio and video tapes of some these lessons show that at the age of 7 Ikram has begun to read in three languages. I argue that in doing so he is developing additional strengths that are generally overlooked. These new types of literacy strengths derive from the fact he is learning to read simultaneously in three languages. Yet they remain hidden within his English lessons.
Impact of Economic Development on Commodity and Public Research Policies in Agriculture
Authors: De Gorter Harry , Swinnen Johan F.M.
Published: March 2003

A political‐economic explanation is provided for the existence of commodity policy and research expenditures in agriculture. Structural economic characteristics such as pre‐policy endowment incomes, deadweight costs, and distributional impact of research are found to determine the levels of commodity price subsidies (taxes in developing countries) and underinvestment in research in all countries. Unequal benefits from research generate two types of interaction effects: political interaction effects, whereby commodity policy reduces research‐induced inequality, resulting in more research; and economic interaction effects, whereby deadweight costs per unit transfer decline with research. The latter effect generates increased levels of political optimal research investment.
Effects of Primary Exports on Industrial Exports and GDP: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Xu Zhenhui
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the effects of the growth of nonfuel primary exports on the growth of industrial exports and GDP in 74 economies between 1965 and 1992. There is clear evidence of positive effects, both in the short term and in the long term, of the growth of primary exports on the growth of industrial exports and GDP in more than two‐thirds of the economies. Therefore, governments in developing countries should not discriminate against the export of primary products, as some earlier studies suggest. Instead, they should adhere to policies that aim at export promotion.
Social Norms and the Time Allocation of Women’s Labor in Burkina Faso
Authors: Kevane Michael , Wydick Bruce
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes that major determinants of allocation of women’s time are social norms that regulate the economic activities of women. The emphasis on norms contrasts with approaches that view time allocation as determined by household‐level economic variables. Using data from Burkina Faso, it is shown that social norms significantly explain differences in patterns of time allocation between two ethnic groups: Mossi and Bwa. Econometric results show women from the two groups exhibiting different responses to changes in farm capital. Implications are that policies changing social norms may have more permanent effects on altering women’s behavior.
Trade Liberalization and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing
Authors: Chand Satish , Sen Kunal
Published: March 2003

The impact of trade liberalization on productivity growth is still an empirical issue; the theoretical literature is as yet unclear on the direction of any such association. This paper develops an analytical framework and employs it to empirically test whether trade liberalization in Indian manufacturing has raised total factor productivity (TFP) growth. The answer is in the affirmative. The results also support a key postulate of the new growth theories, that liberalization of the intermediate‐good sectors has a larger favorable impact on TFP growth than that of the final‐good sectors.
No End to the Racial Wage Hierarchy in South Africa?
Authors: Allanson Paul , Atkins Jonathan P. , Hinks Timothy
Published: March 2003

The South African apartheid system formally ended with the election of the African National Congress at the first all‐race elections held in 1994. As a result, racist policies such as color barring, that particularly hindered the advancement of black workers throughout the apartheid period, are no longer legal. Yet the legacy of apartheid may endure as a result of both the persistence of racial differences in human capital attributes and the possible continuation of discriminatory practices within employment. In this paper the authors examine the evolution of the racial wage hierarchy in the early post‐apartheid era against the background of the long‐term decline in racial wage disparities observed over the last years of the apartheid regime. They find evidence that the position of black workers between 1995 and 1997 actually deteriorated relative to the overall geometric mean wage, while that of colored, Asian, and white workers improved.
Adjustment in General Equilibrium: Some Industrial Evidence
Authors: Rassekh Farhad , Thompson Henry
Published: March 2003

The link between output changes and factor‐mix adjustments in general equilibrium is examined for each of nine industries using pooled data from 12 developed countries over the years 1970–85. Specifications of the Stolper‐Samuelson theorem and the specific‐factors model of production are built on the assumptions and structure of theory with each industry isolated in turn. In their simplest version with only capital and labor input, these competitive general‐equilibrium models explain a good deal of the observed variations in industrial factor mixes. The specific‐factors model performs better.
Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Trade in a Cointegration Framework
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Chui Michael K. F.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents further evidence on the empirical regularity known as the “45‐degree rule.” Income and price elasticities of trade are estimated for 21 countries in a cointegration framework. More specifically, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling approach and the DOLS procedure are adopted to estimate the long‐run structure. The empirical results confirm the existence of a systematic relationship between growth rates and income elasticity estimates: faster growing economies have high income elasticities of demand for their exports but lower import elasticities, which implies that faster growth can be observed without any marked secular trend in real exchange rates.
Diverging Populations and Endogenous Growth in a Model of Meaningless Trade
Authors: Deardorff Alan V.
Published: March 2003

The endogenous growth literature raises the possibility that countries may grow without bound in terms of per capita income, and that they may do so at different rates. This possibility also exists in neoclassical growth models with diverging populations—populations that grow at different rates. In both cases, however, this means that international inequality of per capita incomes will not only exist but also get worse over time. This paper examines that possibility within a very simple one‐sector model that allows for both diverging populations and endogenous growth.
Environmental Quality and Industry Protection with Noncooperative Versus Cooperative Domestic and Trade Policies
Authors: Schleich Joachim , Orden David
Published: March 2003

This paper characterizes environmental quality and industry protection in a large‐country Grossman–Helpman model when production or consumption externalities exist and governments decide noncooperatively or cooperatively on domestic and trade policies. Governments choose policies efficiently from among those available, but competitive lobbies may prefer less efficient regimes. Under restricted policy availability, political‐support effects can offset terms‐of‐trade effects on equilibrium outcomes, and inefficient trade policies can lead to higher environmental quality than efficient domestic policies. If governments cooperate, they can satisfy particular organized industries at lower costs to other lobbies and total welfare. This may result in lower environmental quality than noncooperation.
Tariffs, Time Preference, and the Current Account under Weakly Nonseparable Preferences
Authors: Ikeda Shinsuke
Published: March 2003

Incorporating weakly nonseparable preferences into the familiar time–preference model, the author emphasizes a role of steady–state welfare changes in determining the effect of permanent tariffs on the current account. The effect consists of a welfare effect, due to steady–state welfare changes, which is negative (positive) when preferences toward imports are more (less) wealth–enhanced than toward exports; and a substitution effect, which occurs only with initial distortion. Even without initial distortion, a marginal tariff has a first–order welfare effect on the current account. Its sign does not depend on whether impatience is increasing or decreasing in wealth.
Market Segmentation, Market Integration, and Tacit Collusion
Authors: Colonescu Constantin , Schmitt Nicolas
Published: March 2003

Moving from market segmentation to market integration (firms cannot discriminate among markets) is shown to have often anticompetitive effects in an infinitely repeated Cournot game. In particular, market integration between two countries leads both of them to experience anticompetitive effects when product markets are similar. The same conclusion holds when trade liberalization is modeled as a decrease in bilateral trade barriers followed by moving from market segmentation to market integration. The analysis also predicts that a less efficient country (like a country in transition) enjoys pro–competitive effects from market integration.
An Empirical Model of Land Use Change in China
Authors: Zhai Guofang , Ikeda Saburo
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to develop an empirical model of land use change that integrates the growth of regional economy and land use change in a developing country such as China. The concept of ecological growth in terms of regional resources and population is introduced to make an empirical model of land use changes. It is shown that the model might be an efficient tool to analyze and predict regional land use change, and that the policies based on it can play an important role in land use change in China.
The Spatial Distribution of Japanese Manufacturing Industries in Indonesia
Authors: Syamwil Indra Budiman , Tanimura Paul Hidehiko
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an analysis of regional changes in the spatial pattern of Japanese manufacturing industries and the effect of deregulation of foreign investment in Indonesia during 1984–1994. Empirical analysis in this paper uses data of 560 Japanese manufacturing industries in Indonesia. The result of this study indicates their continuous regional concentration in the core region of Java. The regression analysis indicates that market, agglomeration and infrastructure continue to be the main reasons for the location of Japanese manufacturing industries. The current economic crisis has substantially reduced the level of new investment in the core region of Java.
FDI Location and Special Economic Zones in the Philippines
Authors: Makabenta Maria Peregrina
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the location behavior of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in the Philippines from 1987–1998 and points out the role special economic zones (SEZs) and infrastructure play in this location decision. The effects of real income, wages, skills, SEZs, highways and ports on the probability that a manufacturing FDI firm chooses a region are estimated using a negative binomial count model. Results yield expected signs and significant coefficients for all variables except for skills. Regressions were also run for 1987–1992 and 1993–1998 sub‐periods to examine structural changes. The stark shift of investments from Metro Manila into other regions during the latter period shows some possible spillover effects of the SEZs as well as infrastructure development carried out in the previous transitional sub‐period. Significant marginal effects are highest for paved highways and ports, which strongly indicate that improvement of these two regional factors increase the probability of FDI location.
Compensation Rules and Investment under Land‐Taking
Authors: Lee Woohyung , Naito Tohru
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between urban systems and compensation rules when government takes private land for public use. Numerous papers in Law and Economics have analyzed the problem of title transfer in land transactions. They do not, however, deal with land‐taking or title transfer in the framework of spatial economics for simplification of the model. When government plans for provision of public goods, it often needs land in the region to do it. In the United States, for example, if public goods increase the utility level of each household in the city, the land required to provide them can be expropriated with fair compensation. In this paper, we focus on this compensation rule for land‐taking and attempt to analyze the effects of it on a spatial model and the landowners. investment behavior on their own land.
Sustainability and Technical Progress
Authors: Weitzman Martin L.
Published: March 2003

A rigorous model connects together the following three basic concepts: (1) “sustainability”— meaning the generalized future power of an economy to consume over time; (2) “Green NNP”— meaning a current measure of national income that subtracts off from GNP not just depreciation of capital but also, more generally, depletion of environmental assets evaluated at current efficiency prices; (3) “technological progress”— meaning a projection onto the future of the so‐called “Solow residual”. A simple general formula is derived. Some crude calculations suggest a possibly strong effect of the residual, which hints that our best present estimates of long‐term sustainability may be largely driven by predictions of future technological progress.