bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enabling Social Responsibility through Inculcating Habits of Giving by
Learning from Successful Non-profit Crowdfunding Campaigns
Authors: Fadhil A. Darwis and Sachi Arafat Fadhil A. Darwis and Sachi Arafat
Published: January 2020

Enabling social responsibility is a key goal of the Saudi 2030 vision and a strong factor
for socioeconomic development of the Middle East and North Africa region in general. Our work
explores how social responsibility can be enabled through inculcating habits of giving to
nonprofit causes, using the KIVA crowdfunding platform, mobile technology and predictive
analytics. We propose first that, based on prior research, the frequent involvement of a user in a
successful campaign–by donating to it (even a small amount)–is an effective way to form the
habit of giving/donation. Second, that in addition, involving the user in an optimal number of
such campaigns in the shortest possible time is required for effective habit formation. As such, we
investigate the factors that lead to nonprofit campaigns being funded quickly (within 12 days of
origination at most), so that we can learn to effectively predict whether a new campaign would be
successful within a short time. Campaigns predicted to be successful can be recommended to
users through an effective interactive-design strategy within a suitable mobile application (as
common to habit formation applications), and habits can thus be effectively formed. Our results
show our current approach to be sufficiently successful in our required context, at predicting such
campaigns, giving us hope that a full mobile solution that uses our analytics architecture would
good strategy for habit formation.
Feature Selection Approach for Improving the Accuracy of Software Bug
Prediction
Authors: Emad Kaen and Abdullah Algarni Emad Kaen and Abdullah Algarni
Published: January 2020

We recently noticed the advancement and growth in the field of artificial intelligence
and in its various branches such as Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning in various vital
fields such as robotics, smart cars, smart cities, health care, software engineering and many other
fields. Software bug prediction are one of the most important ML uses in software engineering. In
addition, the feature selection is one of ML methods that aim to reduce a feature set that are used
for building models. In this paper, we propose to use the Chi-Square feature selection method to
calculate features importance, then to build a ML models, first by using top ten important features
and second by using top five important features, based on three of well-known ML classifications
algorithms, Support Vector Machine, Naïve Bayes and Linear Discriminant Analysis, with adding
and exploring more about the effeteness of new metric of code smell intensity, the performance
results of our approach against baseline achieved an improvements as average accuracy among
nine datasets reaching up to 5.12%, 4.15% and 1% on the NB, SVM and LDA classifiers
respectively.
إدارة الغرر في التأمين التعاوني
Authors: عبدالرحيم عبدالحميد الساعاتي عبدالرحيم عبدالحميد الساعاتي
Published: January 2020

بما أنه يمكن إدارة الخطر بتحديد وتقويم الخطر واختيار وإدارة التقنيات والصيغ القانونية للتكيف والتعامل معه، يمكن إدارة الغرر، وهو نوع من الخطر، في عقود المعاوضات، وذلك باستخدام وسائل تخفيف الغرر تجميعه في مجمع وتوزيع أعباءه على مجموع المعرضين لهذا الخطر، واستخدام الطرق الإحصائية لتقليل حجم هذا الغرر وقياسه والتنبؤ به، كما يمكن استخدام الصيغ التعاقدية الفقهية مثل عقد المشاركة في تحمل الغرر التي تسمح بوجود الغرر في العقود، وفي الأدبيات الفقهية وجدنا بعض المدارس الفقهية تضع بعض الشروط التي تجعل الغرر غير فاحش، وبتطبيق ذلك في عقد التأمين التعاوني نجد مقدار الغرر في العقد ليس فاحشا، وذلك بسبب تجميع المخاطر التي تصيب البعض، إذ يؤدي التجميع إلى تخفيف الخطر أو الغرر، كما يؤدي مشاركة الجميع في تحملها إلى تحويل عقد التأمين إلى عقد مشاركة يجوز الغرر فيه كما يجوز في بقية عقود المشاركات.
ديناميكية الشريعة الإسلامية والنظام العالمي
Authors: مسعود العالم شودري مسعود العالم شودري
Published: January 2020

تناقش الورقة النظرة العالمية الإسلامية مقابل الليبرالية الجديدة. ويتم هنا مقارنة الابستمولوجيا المتضمنة في القاعدة المعرفية للتوحيد كأساس للمستقبل الإسلامي مع تلك المعرفة الخاصة بالمصلحة الشخصية والحرية الفردية في الليبرالية. وهنا نوضح المنهجية التي تقوم عليها النظرة التوحيدية كصياغة لأنظمة العوالم التوحيدية.وتأسيساً على هذه المنهجية الجامعة للوحدة المعرفية القائمة على النظم فإننا نقدم شرحًا للنموذج التصوري الخلاق المتضمن في التدفقات المعرفية والوحدات التي تحفزها أو تثيرها المعرفة لأنظمة العوالم. ومثال العولمة الرأسمالية كفرع لليبرالية الجديدة تتم مقابلته مع إطار نظم العوالم الإسلامي المسمى "الأمة"، وهنا يتم اقتراح إطار العمل البديل للعولمة للأمة الإسلامية بالمقارنة بالعولمة الرأسمالية. ويتم هنا كذلك فحص أدوات أو وسائل التغير عظيم الأهمية، وعلى وجه الخصوص الروابط التكاملية بين النقود والمال والاقتصاد الحقيقي، وفقًا لوحدة المعرفة النظامية لمعرفة التوحيد واستخدام أدوات الشريعة.إن ديناميكيات الشريعة يتم توضيحها على أساس النظرة العالمية للتوحيد بالمقارنة مع فهم إطار عمل الشريعة بالعقلية الإسلامية السائدة، التي هي بعيدة جدًا عن العمل الداخلي للابستمولوجيا التوحيدية المتضمنة فيها.
الاقتصاد الإسلامي بين التوجيه والتشريع
Authors: عبداللطيف الشيخ توفيق الشيرازي الصباغ عبداللطيف الشيخ توفيق الشيرازي الصباغ
Published: January 2020

تبين هذه المحاضرة أهم خصائص النظام الاقتصادي في الإسلام وبشكل خاص جمعه بين التوجيه الديني والأخلاقي والتشريع الإلزامي، وأنه يقوم على أساس عقائدي إيماني ومنطلقات وأهداف أخلاقية ونفسية تعبدية، مما يجنبه الشطط المادي والاستغلال والأزمات والاختناقات التي تواجه النظم الاقتصادية الوضعية المادية على اختلافها وتنوعها. وقد ميز الباحث بين المذهب الاقتصادي وعلم الاقتصاد، وأوضح أن الاقتصاد الإسلامي هو مذهب اقتصادي متكامل وليس علم اقتصاد. كما أكد الباحث على أن الاقتصاد الإسلامي هو تشريع ونظام ملزم وليس مجرد توجيهات ومواعظ وآداب أخلاقية، وإن كانت هذه من صميم نسيجه ووسائله وأهدافه. وبين أن هناك تداخلا وتكاملا بين الجانب التوجيهي في الاقتصاد الإسلامي والجانب التشريعي فيه، وأن كل تشريع فيه لا ينفك عن التوجيه، وإن كان التوجيه فيه لا يفضي دائما إلى التشريع الملزم بسلطة الدولة. وتساءل في النهاية عن إمكانية نقل بعض الأحكام الاقتصادية من المستوى التوجيهي الفردي إلى المستوى التشريعي الإلزامي إذا ما اقتضت المصلحة ذلك، كما تساءل عن إمكانية تطبيق الاقتصاد الإسلامي في مجتمع غير إسلامي؟!
المفهوم التسويقي الحديث وجهة نظر إسلامية
Authors: طارق بلحاج طارق بلحاج
Published: January 2020

لقد استعرضنا في هذه الورقة أهم المراحل التي مر بها الفكر التسويقي الوضعي حتى وصل إلى مفهومه الحديث، حيث استوقفنا النظر والتحليل لتلك المراحل عند بعض الملاحظات النقدية، حاولنا من خلالها إبراز سمة مهمة في النظام التسويقي الوضعي وهي تغير المفاهيم والمبادئ التي يقوم عليها تبعًا للتحولات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي شهدتها المجتمعات الغربية، والأزمات التي مر بها النظام الرأسمالي، وهو ما يفقده - من وجهة نظرنا- صفة الثبات والاستقرار، وانطلاقا من ذلك حاولنا تقديم إطار لممارسة التسويق وفق منهج الإسلام القائم على مبادئ ثابتة من العدالة والإنصاف، وعلى أصول عامة تجد جذورها الراسخة في القيم العقدية، والأخلاقية والتشريعية التي ينضح بها ديننا الحنيف، حيث اقترحنا تعريفا لمفهوم التسويق الإسلامي
Antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of extracts of crustose coralline alga
Lithophyllum sp. from the central Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdulmohsin A. Al-Sofyani Abdulmohsin A. Al-Sofyani
Published: January 2020

In this study, the antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of the crustose coralline alga (CCA)
Lithophyllum sp. collected from the central Red sea was investigated. The dried CCA samples were extracted
with hot water and methanol. Both extracts were tested against marine biofilm forming bacteria to assess the
antibiofilm activity. Results showed that methanol extract of the CCA inhibited bacterial growth
considerably. The water extract revealed higher antioxidant activity than the methanol extract. The FT-IR
spectrum of the CCA showed the presence of functional groups like alkanes, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ethers
and esters. In general, results of the present study indicated that CCA produces bioactive compounds, which
can inhibit the attachment of unwanted marine bacteria on their surfaces.
Shelf-Life of Indian White Shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus Stored in
Different Icing Conditions
Authors: Mamdoh T. Jamal and T. A. Bin Alshekh AbuBakar Mamdoh T. Jamal and T. A. Bin Alshekh AbuBakar
Published: January 2020

The Shelf-life of farmed Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus, formerly
Penaeus indicus stored in ice using three different ratios of ice for 22 days was evaluated.
During the storage period, changes in sensory characteristics, TMA-N levels, pH values
and total bacterial count (TBC) were investigated, where the results showed a clear
deterioration in the appearance, texture and odor of F. indicus from the 10th day in the
samples stored at a shrimp to ice ratio of 1:1 and from the 12th day in the samples stored at
a ratio of 1:2, while no such deterioration was observed in the samples stored at ratio of 1:3
until the 18th day of storage. The TMA-N levels increased with time during the icing
storage. The TBC of the normal flora in the flesh of F. indicus increased with the time of
storage. Changes in the sensory characteristics were associated with the changes in TMAN, pH and TBC, showing that the 1:2 ratio did not significantly extend the shrimp shelf-life
compared to 1:1, whereas 1:3 significantly delayed the deterioration rate of quality,
providing the longest shelf-life and the highest quality shrimp. The shelf-life extended to 9,
11 and 17 days at ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 (shrimp to ice), respectively. Therefore, for
storage purposes in ice, using a large amount of ice at a 1:3 ratio is recommended, as it
extended the shelf-life to the greatest extent in this study.
العوامل المؤثرة على توزيع احجام الرواسب الساحلية تحت السطحية الضحلة لمصب
وادي الحمض، شمال شرق البحر الأحمر، المملكة العربية السعودية
Authors: عايد قادري الزبيري عايد قادري الزبيري
Published: January 2020

تهتم هذه الدراسة بتوزع الحجم الحبیبي للرواسب تحت السطحة الضحلة في مصب واد
الحمض على الساحل الشرقي للحر الاحمر للمملكة العر'ة السعودة بهدف وصف وتفسیر التغیرات
الم7انة والرأسة الرئسة التي تتح7م بتوزع خصائص حجم الحبیات للسواحل منخفضة المد في
المناط: الجافة. وقد أظهرت نتائج التحلیل الحجمي لـ ٢٠٦ عینة مستخلصة من خمسة قطاعات رسو'ة
رأسة ضحلة تم جمعها من مسطحات المد والجزر ومصب واد الحمض أن الرواسب رملة ش7ل عام
ومتوس? حجم حبیبي یتراوح من الرمل إلى الرمل المتوس? وندرة 7لا من الحصى والطین.
و7انت رواسب القناة ومصب الواد ردیئة الى جیدة الفرز وذات حیود ناعم ومعامل تاین منخفض ما
عدا في سحنة الجزء السفلي من قاعدة قطاعات القناة. بینما رواسب مسطحات المد والجزر في الجزء
الجنو'ي من منطقة الدراسة 7انت متجانسة وذات احجام حبیبة متوسطة وذات حیود ناعم الى شدید
النعومة ومعدل تاین منخفض. لكن الرواسب الشاطئة في اتجاه الشمال 7انت عارة عن رواسب رملة
ناعمة الى ناعمة جدا جیدة الفرز وذات حیود شدید اتجاه الحبیات الناعمة ومعامل تاین منخفض جدا.
مما شیر الى ان توزع وخصائص حجم حبیات الرواسب في منطقة الدراسة تخضع للخصائص
النسیجة للرواسب المتوفرة والعملات الهیدرودینام7ة اثناء عملة النقل والترسیب حیث ان الرواسب
المتوفرة تعتمد على درجة العوامل المناخة المؤثرة وطرقة التجوة في صخور المصدر الإضافة الى قوة
التار الناقل ومسافة النقل والعملات الساحلة في مصب الواد. فالمنطقة تمثل بیئات ترسیبه مختلفة
على طول الشاطئ والتي تتمثل ببیئة مسطحات المد والجزر انحدار س? اتجاه الحر المفتوح في
الجانب الجنو'ي من مصب الواد والتي تسود فیها الامواج وتتأثر التارات المدة و'یئة الشاطئ الخطي
في الجزء الشمالي من مصب الواد والتي تسود فیها الامواج الحرة والتالي فان رواسب الجانب
الشمالي تترسب تحت طاقة ترسیب عالة نوعا مقارنة برواسب الجانب الجنو'ي من مصب الواد.
الإنتاج الصوتي اليومي لأسماك الجربوع: تأثير درجات الحرارة وحالة الإضاءة
Authors: عمرون عمرون
Published: January 2020

يمكن التمييز بين إنتاج الصوت من قبل أنواع معينه من الأسماك من خلال تحليل الخصائص الصوتية التي تنتجها. وأسماك الجربوع باعتبارها واحده من الأسماك التي تصدر أصواتا فإنها تنتج نغمات بنقره واحده او نقرات مزدوجة أو سلسله من النغمات ضمن خصائص معينه. وقد أثر تقلب درجات الحرارة وحالات الإضاءة خلال فترات النهار والليل على الإنتاج الصوتي اليومي لأسماك الجربوع. وعلى الرغم من انه لم يكن بالإمكان إعطاء تأثير معنوي على الخصائص الصوتية، فقد أثر على إنتاجية الصوت للأسماك. وزاد عدد الأصوات في مجموعه الأسماك نحو منتصف الليل (حالة الإضاءة هي ظلام) وفي ذروة اليوم (حالة الإضاءة هي إشراق) حيث كانت درجه الحرارة الدنيا والعظمى. وعلى النقيض من ذلك، فقد زاد إنتاج الصوت في الأسماك الفردية عندما تغيرت حالة الإضاءة من الظلام إلى الإشراق ومن الإشراق إلى الظلام.
خصائص التيارات السطحية أمام ميناء البرلس الجديد، مصر
Authors: طارق محمد الجزيري طارق محمد الجزيري
Published: January 2020

في هذا البحث تم رسم النمط العام للتيارات السطحية أمام ميناء البرلس الجديد، وتم تحليل مركباته. وأظهرت النتائج أن سرعة التيار السطحي تراوحت بين الهدوء (كل السنوات) و 24.7 سم/ثانية (2007) بمتوسط 5.9 سم/ثانية. وكان الاتجاه السائد E-SE إلا خلال عامي 2003 و 2008 عندما تحول إلى N-NW. وكان أدنى متوسط للسرعة السنوية 3.7 سم/ثانية (2005) والحد الأقصى كان 6.8 سم/ثانية (2007). وسجل عام 2005 أضعف التيارات السطحية، في حين سجل عام 2007 أقوى تلك التيارات. وكان أدنى متوسط للسرعة الشهرية 2.8 سم/ثانية (أغسطس 2005) بينما الحد الأقصى لها 8.6 سم/ثانية (فبراير، 2003).
Coastal Coral Reef in Arabian Gulf between Ras Al Khafji and Ras Tannurah
Biogeography and Marine Environment Protection Study
Authors: Hanadi Khalifah Al-Argoubi Hanadi Khalifah Al-Argoubi
Published: January 2020

This research concerned the coastal reefs in the Arabian Gulf between Ras Al Khafji
and Ras Tannurah, to identify the current status of the coral colonies, their geographic
distribution, their most important forms and the impacts that affected them. The research is based
on the descriptive approach by studying the environment of the coral reefs in the Arabian Gulf,
knowledge of the coral species, and it was also based on the spatial analytical approach when
studying the geographical distribution of coral reefs by analysis of the images of Landsat 8 OLI
using ArcGIS 10.2.2 and Erdas Imagine 2014. Different processing techniques were carried out
over the six images, such as: rectification, masking, water column correction, classification, and
coral areas survey. The statistics of coral reef obtained from supervised classifications of 2016 in
the study area was 78.3 km², which are scattered spots close to the coast except the area between
Ras Al Khair to Abu Ali Island, which it is one of the richest areas in coral reefs. The most
important coral species that resisted the environmental changes are Favia spp. and Porites
compressa. It was also found that oil pollution and the climate change are the most important
environmental pressures that have affected the species composition and reduced the area of coral
reefs.
First Record of Synalpheus africanus Crosnier & Forest, 1965 (Caridea,
Alpheidae) in the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast
Authors: Khaled M. Abdelsalam Khaled M. Abdelsalam
Published: January 2020

The snapping shrimp Synalpheus africanus Crosnier & Forest, 1965 is recorded for the
first time in the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. During August and September 2018, specimens
were accidentally collected from the associated fouling communities of the Eastern Harbor of
Alexandria city, Egypt. It is the second species of genus Synalpheus Spence Bate, 1888 to be
recorded in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. A brief re-description with illustrative photos,
distribution, and remarks for discrimination from other recorded alpheid shrimps are provided.
Частично обратимые сильно зависимые $n$-арные операции
Authors: Cheremushkin Aleksandr Vasil'evich
Published: January 2020

В работе доказываются аналоги теорем Ф. М. Малышева о строении конечных $n$-квазигрупп с условием слабой обратимости и теоремы В. Д. Белоусова с описанием $(i,j)$ ассоциативных $n$-квазигрупп для случая сильно зависимых $n$-арных полугрупповых операций на конечном множестве.
Библиография: 8 названий.
Kako udobno so v antiki potovali škofje?
Authors: Cedilnik Alenka
Published: January 2020

Članek na osnovi del grških cerkvenih zgodovinarjev 4. in prve polovice 5. stoletja, del aleksandrijskega škofa Atanazija in zakonov, zbranih v Teodozijevem kodeksu, osvetljuje potovanja škofov v antiki. Način, kako so potovali, ni zanimiv le kot prikaz možnosti, ki jih je izbrano obdobje popotnim nudilo, ampak tudi kot prikaz vloge, ki jo je Cerkev takrat imela. Ker je bilo delovanje Cerkve in države od Konstantina Velikega dalje vse bolj prepleteno, velik del podatkov, ki jih izbrana besedila prinašajo, razkriva, na kakšen način so na potovanja škofov vplivali cesarji. Ti so najverjetneje v želji, da bi hitro razrešili nastale težave, škofom potovanje omogočili, olajšali in pospešili tako, da so jim dovolili potovati z državno pošto. Članek potovanja škofov osvetljuje predvsem s treh vidikov: v kakšnih primerih so škofje lahko potovali z državno pošto in kako je ta možnost vplivala na njihova potovanja ter kaj so škofje mislili o pogojih, v katerih so potovali.
Statistical foundations of ecological rationality
Authors: Brighton Henry
Published: January 2020

If we reassess the rationality question under the assumption that the uncertainty of the natural world is largely unquantifiable, where do we end up? In this article the author argues that we arrive at a statistical, normative, and cognitive theory of ecological rationality. The main casualty of this rebuilding process is optimality. Once we view optimality as a formal implication of quantified uncertainty rather than an ecologically meaningful objective, the rationality question shifts from being axiomatic/probabilistic in nature to being algorithmic/predictive in nature. These distinct views on rationality mirror fundamental and longstanding divisions in statistics
Cloud history can change water–ice–surface interactions of oxide mineral aerosols: a case study on silica
Authors: Abdelmonem Ahmed , Ratnayake Sanduni , Toner Jonathan D. , Lützenkirchen Johannes
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Mineral aerosol particles nucleate ice, and many insights have been obtained
on water freezing as a function of mineral surface properties such as charge
or morphology. Previous studies have mainly focused on pristine samples
despite the fact that aerosol particles age under natural atmospheric
conditions. For example, an aerosol-containing cloud droplet can go through
freeze–melt or evaporation–condensation cycles that change the surface
structure, the ionic strength, and pH. Variations in the surface properties
of ice-nucleating particles in the atmosphere have been largely overlooked.
Here, we use an environmental cell in conjunction with nonlinear
spectroscopy (second-harmonic generation) to study the effect of freeze–melt
processes on the aqueous chemistry at silica surfaces at low pH. We found
that successive freeze–melt cycles disrupt the dissolution equilibrium,
substantially changing the surface properties and giving rise to marked
variations in the interfacial water structure and the ice nucleation ability
of the surface. The degree of order of water molecules, next to the surface,
at any temperature during cooling decreases and then increases again with
sample aging. Along the aging process, the water ordering–cooling
dependence and ice nucleation ability improve continuously.
Modulation of radiative aerosols effects by atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Mediterranean region
Authors: Nabat Pierre , Somot Samuel , Cassou Christophe , Mallet Marc , Michou Martine , Bouniol Dominique , Decharme Bertrand , Drugé Thomas , Roehrig Romain , Saint-Martin David
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The present work aims at better understanding regional climate-aerosol interactions by studying the relationships between aerosols and synoptic atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Mediterranean region. Two 40-year simulations (1979–2018) have been carried out with the CNRM-ALADIN64 regional climate model, one using interactive aerosols and the other one without any aerosol. The simulation with aerosols has been evaluated in terms of different climate and aerosol parameters. This evaluation shows a good agreement between the model and observations, significant improvements compared to the previous model version, and consequently the relevance of using this model for the study of climate-aerosol interactions over this region. A first attempt to explain the climate variability of aerosols is based on the use of the North-Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, which explains a significant part of the interannual variability, notably in winter for the export of dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Mediterranean, and in summer for the positive anomalies of anthropogenic aerosols over Western Europe. This index is however not sufficient to fully understand the variations of aerosols in this region, notably at daily scale. The use of weather regimes, namely persisting meteorological patterns, stable at synoptic scale for a few days, provide a relevant description of atmospheric circulation, which drives the emission, transport and deposition of aerosols. The four weather regimes usually defined in this area in winter and in summer bring significant information to answer this question. The blocking and NAO+ regimes are largely favourable to strong aerosol effects on shortwave surface radiation and surface temperature, either because of higher aerosol loads, or because of weaker cloud fraction, which reinforces the direct aerosol effect. Inversely the NAO- and Atlantic Ridge regimes are unfavourable to aerosol radiative effects, because of weaker aerosol concentrations and increased cloud cover. This study thus puts forward the strong dependence of aerosol loads on the synoptic circulation from interannual to daily scales, and as a consequence, the important modulation of the aerosol effects on shortwave surface radiation and surface temperature by atmospheric circulation. The role of cloud cover is essential in this modulation as shown by the use of weather regimes.
Increase in ocean acidity variability and extremes under increasing atmospheric CO2
Authors: Burger Friedrich A. , Frölicher Thomas L. , John Jasmin G.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Ocean acidity extreme events are short-term periods of extremely high [H+] concentrations. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by the ocean is expected to lead to more frequent and intense ocean acidity extreme events, not only due to mean ocean acidification, but also due to increases in ocean acidity variability. Here, we use daily output from ensemble simulations of a comprehensive Earth system model under a low and high CO2 emission scenario to isolate and quantify the impact of changes in variability on changes in ocean acidity extremes. We show that the number of days with extreme [H+] conditions for surface waters is projected to increase by a factor of 14 by the end of the 21st century under a high CO2 emission scenario relative to preindustrial levels. The duration of individual events is projected to triple, and the maximal intensity and the volume extent in the upper 200 m to quintuple. Similar changes are projected in the thermocline. At surface, the changes are mainly driven by increases in [H+] seasonality, whereas changes in interannual variability are also important in the thermocline. Increases in [H+] variability and extremes arise predominantly from increases in the sensitivity of [H+] to variations in its drivers. In contrast to [H+] extremes, the occurrence of short-term extremes in low aragonite saturation state due to changes in variability is projected to decrease. An increase in [H+] variability and an associated increase in extreme events superimposed onto the long-term ocean acidification trend will enhance the risk of severe and detrimental impacts on marine organisms, especially for those that are adapted to a more stable environment.
The fate of land evaporation – A global dataset
Authors: Link Andreas , van der Ent Ruud , Berger Markus , Eisner Stephanie , Finkbeiner Matthias
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Various studies investigated the fate of evaporation and the origin of precipitation. The more recent studies among them were often carried out with the help of numerical moisture tracking. Many research questions could be answered within this context such as dependencies of atmospheric moisture transfers between different regions, impacts of land cover changes on the hydrological cycle, sustainability related questions as well as questions regarding the seasonal and inter-annual variability of precipitation. In order to facilitate future applications, global datasets on the fate of evaporation and the sources of precipitation are needed. Since most studies are on a regional level and focus more on the sources of precipitation, the goal of this study is to provide a readily available global dataset on the fate of evaporation for a fine-meshed grid of source and receptor cells. The dataset was created through a global run of the numerical moisture tracking model WAM-2layers and focused on the fate of land evaporation. The tracking was conducted on a 1.5° × 1.5° grid and was based on reanalysis data from the ERA-Interim database. Climatic input data were incorporated in 3- respectively 6-hourly time steps and represent the time period from 2001 to 2018. Atmospheric moisture was tracked forward in time and the geographical borders of the model were located at +/- 79.5° latitude. As a result of the model run, the annual and monthly average as well as the inter-annual average fate of evaporation was determined for 8684 land grid cells (all land cells except those located within Greenland and Antarctica) and provided via source-receptor matrices. The gained dataset was complemented via an aggregation to country and basin scales in order to highlight possible usages for areas of interest larger than grid cells. This resulted in data for 265 countries and 8223 basins. Finally, five types of source-receptor matrices for average moisture transfers were chosen to build the core of the dataset: land grid cell to grid cell, country to grid cell, basin to grid cell, country to country, basin to basin. The dataset is, to our knowledge, the first ready-to-download dataset providing the overall fate of evaporation for land cells of a global fine-meshed grid in monthly resolution. At the same time, information on the sources of precipitation can be extracted from it. It could be used for investigations into average annual, seasonal and inter-annual sink and source regions of atmospheric moisture from land masses for most of the regions in the world and shows various application possibilities for studying interactions between people and water such as land cover changes or human water consumption patterns. The dataset is accessible under https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.908705 (Link et al., 2019a) and comes along with example scripts for reading and plotting.
GIR v1.0.0: a generalised impulse-response model for climate uncertainty and future scenario exploration
Authors: Leach Nicholas James , Nicholls Zebedee , Jenkins Stuart , Smith Christopher J. , Lynch John , Cain Michelle , Wu Bill , Tsutsui Junichi , Allen Myles R.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Here we present a Generalised Impulse Response (GIR) model for use in probabilistic future climate and scenario exploration, integrated assessment, policy analysis and teaching. This model is based on a set of only six equations, which correspond to the standard Impulse Response model used for greenhouse gas metric calculations by the IPCC, plus one physically-motivated additional equation to represent state-dependent feedbacks on the response timescales of each greenhouse gas cycle. These six equations are simple and transparent enough to be easily understood and implemented in other models without reliance on the original source code, but flexible enough to reproduce observed well-mixed greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations and atmospheric lifetimes, best-estimate effective radiative forcing, and temperature response. We describe the assumptions and methods used in selecting the default parameters, but emphasize that other methods would be equally valid: our focus here is on identifying a minimum level of structural complexity. The tunable nature of the model lends it to use as a fully transparent emulator of complex Earth System Models, such as those participating in CMIP6, while also reproducing the behaviour of other simple climate models. We argue that this GIR model is adequate to reproduce the global temperature response to global emissions and effective radiative forcing, and that it should be used as a lowest-common denominator to provide consistency and continuity between different climate assessments. The model design is such that it can be written in tabular data analysis software, such as Excel, increasing the potential user base considerably.
Are tidal predictions a good guide to future extremes? – a critique of the Witness King Tides Project
Authors: Hunter John
Published: January 2020

Abstract. An analysis of the viability of the Witness King Tides Project (hereafter called WKT) using data from the GESLA-2 database of quasi-global tide-gauge records is described. The results indicate regions of the world where WKT should perform well (e.g. the west coast of the USA) and others where it would not (e.g. the east coast of North America). Recommendations are made both for assessments that should be made prior to a WKT project, and also for an alternative to WKT projects.
An MCMC Bayesian full moment tensor inversion constrained by first-motion polarities and double couple percent
Authors: Pakzad Mehrdad , Khalili Mahnaz , Vahidravesh Shaghayegh
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) samplings can obtain a set of samples by directed random walk, mapping the posterior probability density of the model parameters in Bayesian framework. We perform earthquake waveform inversion to retrieve focal angles or the elements of moment tensor and source location using a Bayesian MCMC method with the constraints of first-motion polarities and double couple percentage using full Green functions and data covariance matrix. The algorithm tests the compatibility with polarities and also checks the double couple percentage of every site before the time-consuming synthetic seismogram computation for every sample of moment tensor of every trial source position. Other than large earthquakes, the method is especially suitable for weak events (M
Switch of fungal to bacterial degradation in natural, drained and rewetted oligotrophic peatlands reflected in δ15N and fatty acid composition
Authors: Groß-Schmölders Miriam , von Sengbusch Pascal , Krüger Jan Paul , Woodard Kristy , Birkholz Axel , Leifeld Jens , Alewell Christine
Published: January 2020

Abstract. During the last centuries major parts of European peatlands were degraded along with drainage and land use changes. Peatland biodiversity and essential ecosystem functions (e.g. flood prevention, groundwater purification and CO2 sink) were dramatically impaired. Moreover, climate change threatens peatlands in the near future. Increasing pressure to peatland ecosystems calls for a more cost-efficient method to indicate the current state of peatlands and the success of restoration effort. Metabolism processes in peatland soils are imprinted in stable isotope signatures due to differences in microorganism communities and their metabolic pathways. Therefore we hypothesize that depth profiles of nitrogen stable isotope values provide a promising opportunity to detect peatland decomposition or restoration. We studied five peatlands: Degerö Stormyr (Northern Sweden), Lakkasuo (Central Finland) and three mires in the Black Forest (Southern Germany). At all locations cores were taken from adjacent drained (or rewetted) and natural sites to identify δ15N trends that could indicate changes due to drainage and restoration. At all drained (and rewetted) sites we found a distinct peak (turning point) of the δ15N values in the center of the drained horizon. To verify our interpretation δ13C, the C / N ratio and the bulk density were measured and a microscopic analysis of the macro residuals in the peat cores was made. In addition we did a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFAs) analysis to link our results to microbial community composition. We distinguished between fungal and bacterial-derived PLFAs. In accordance with other studies, our results suggest, that fungi dominate the microbial metabolism in the upper, aerobic peat horizon. This is reflected by depleted δ15N values. Downwards the drained horizon conditions slowly switch to oxygen limitation. In consequence fungal-derived PLFAs decreases whereas bacterial-derived PLFAs are rising. The highest diversity of microbial-derived PLFAs is indicated by the δ15N turning point. Below the δ15N turning point, oxygen is increasingly limited and concentrations of all microbial-derived PLFAs are decreasing down to the onset of the permanently waterlogged, anaerobic horizon. Peatland cores with restoration success show, above the formerly drainage-affected horizon, again no depth trend of the isotopic values. Hence, we conclude that δ15N stable isotope values reflect microbial community composition, which differ between drained and natural peatlands.
The contrasting response of outlet glaciers to interior and ocean forcing
Authors: Christian John Erich , Robel Alexander , Proistosescu Cristian , Roe Gerard , Koutnik Michelle , Christianson Knut
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The dynamics of marine-terminating outlet glaciers are of fundamental interest in glaciology, and affect mass loss from ice sheets in a warming climate. In this study, we analyze the response of outlet glaciers to different sources of climate forcing. We find that outlet glaciers have a characteristically different transient response to surface-mass-balance forcing applied over the interior than to oceanic forcing applied at the grounding line. A recently developed reduced model represents outlet glacier dynamics via two widely-separated response timescales: a fast response associated with grounding-zone dynamics, and a slow response of interior ice. The reduced model is shown to emulate the behavior of a more complex numerical model of ice flow. Together, these models demonstrate that ocean forcing first engages the fast, local response, and then the slow adjustment of interior ice, whereas surface-mass-balance forcing is dominated by the slow interior adjustment. We also demonstrate the importance of the timescales of stochastic forcing for assessing the natural variability of outlet glaciers, highlighting that decadal persistence in ocean variability can affect the behavior of outlet glaciers on centennial and longer timescales. Finally, we show that these transient responses have important implications for: attributing observed glacier changes to natural or anthropogenic influences; the future change already committed by past forcing; and the impact of past climate changes on the preindustrial glacier state, against which current and future anthropogenic influences are assessed.
Report and repeat: Investigating Facebook’s hate speech removal process
Authors: Carlson Caitlin Ring , Rousselle Hayley
Published: January 2020

Social media is rife with hate speech. Although Facebook prohibits this content on its site, little is known about how much of the hate speech reported by users is actually removed by the company. Given the enormous power Facebook has to shape the universe of discourse, this study sought to determine what proportion of reported hate speech is removed from the platform and whether patterns exist in Facebook’s decision-making process. To understand how the company is interpreting and applying its own Community Standards regarding hate speech, the authors identified and reported hundreds of comments, posts, and images featuring hate speech to the company (n=311) and recorded Facebook’s decision regarding whether or not to remove the reported content. A qualitative content analysis was then performed on the content that was and was not removed to identify trends in Facebook’s content moderation decisions about hate speech. Of particular interest was whether the company’s 2018 policy update resulted in any meaningful change.Our results indicated that only about half of reported content containing hate speech was removed. The 2018 policy change also appeared to have little impact on the company’s decision-making. The results suggest that Facebook also had substantial issues including: removing misogynistic hate speech, establishing consistency in removing attacks and threats, an inability to consider context in removal decisions, and a general lack of transparency within the hate speech removal processes. Facebook’s failure to effectively remove reported hate speech allows misethnic discourses to spread and perpetuates stereotypes. The paper concludes with recommendations for Facebook and other social media organizations to consider to minimize the amount and impact of hate speech on their platforms.
Platform politics: Software as strategy in Apple’s platform ecosystem
Authors: Stratton Cole
Published: January 2020

In the past 10 years platform ecosystems have come to play a significant role in many aspects of human societies, bringing with them certain logics and practices that structure how people live and work. Operating such a platform ecosystem gives rise to certain strategies for creating and managing a distributed labor force that is not directly controlled by the platform owner. This paper explores some of those strategies by investigating Swift, a programming language created by Apple to facilitate third-party software development for its platform ecosystem. Through the story of its emergence and evolution I show how Apple wields Swift as a managerial tool and as a competitive weapon to maintain the generative potential of its platform ecosystem and to evolve it in profitable ways. In so doing this paper foregrounds the internal dynamics of software platforms and helps us better understand some of the politics at play in the constitution of everyday technologies.
Shifting Perceptions of Orient and Occident in Nineteenth-Century Arabic Travel Writing
Authors: Almarhaby Ibrahem
Published: January 2020

This study investigates the relationship between the Eastern Self and the Western Other by focusing on the influence of the French Other on the ideology of the Arab Self in modern Arabic travel literature. As a case study, the analysis has been conducted on Takhlīṣ al-Ibriz fī Talkhīṣ Paris [“The extraction of pure gold in the abridgement of Paris”]. The nineteenth century, from which this source originates, is considered to be significant in terms of distinguishing modern travelogue literature from that of the medieval period, when the image of the Western Other in Arabs' imagination dramatically changed due to colonialism. The study sheds light on the extent to which the ideological impact of the Other on the political, religious, civil, and social domains of the Self can be seen in this wide-ranging travel source.
Female Writing in Chinese Postmodern Literature: From Neorealism to Avant-garde
Authors: Castelli Alberto
Published: January 2020

Loyal to the path spotted by the avant-garde and in contrast to the aesthetics of socialist realism, Chinese female literary production in the post-Mao era is iconoclast in its intentions. Having the ideological truth being stripped away from the text, the shaking reality writers draw up their ideas is staged on the individual's impressions and experiences. However, considering this literature as all-encompassing realism would be misjudging the reality of postmodern China. The object of the present study is to define the literary experience of Chinese postmodernism from the perspective of four ontologically different female writers.
‘Salir del clóset’ teniendo plata: un estudio sobre discriminación con hombres homosexuales de clase alta en Chile.
Authors: Ulloa Osses Francisco
Published: January 2020

En esta investigación de tipo cualitativo se exploran las respuestas y demandas de hombres homosexuales de clase alta frente a la discriminación a causa de su orientación sexual. El hecho de enfocarse en esta fracción de clase responde a un esfuerzo por complejizar la comprensión sobre las minorías sexuales, bajo el entendido de que no sólo la discriminación de sexo-género interactúa con la clase social, sino que los capitales y recursos distribuidos desigualmente también influyen en la capacidad de los sujetos de hacer frente a la discriminación. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se realizaron diez entrevistas semi-dirigidas de aproximadamente 90 minutos a hombres de clase alta auto declarados homosexuales, que trabajan y residen en Santiago. Los hallazgos muestran que estos sujetos se sirven de su posición de clase privilegiada para realizar particularmente operaciones conscientemente clasistas con el fin de compensar la discriminación que enfrentan.
Estructuras de sexo-género binarias y cisnormadas tensionadas por identidades y cuerpos no binarios: Comunidades educativas en reflexión y transformación
Authors: Bodenhofer González Canela
Published: January 2020

Este artículo aborda distintas reflexiones, tensiones y transformaciones generadas a partir de la visibilización de identidades de género, expresiones de género y cuerpos no binarios y/o cisnormados, al interior de comunidades educativas, las que históricamente han tenido estructuras de sexo-género binarias y cisnormadas. En este escenario de disputa, se analizan las relaciones sociales entre actores de la comunidad educativa: docentes, estudiantes y apoderades , . El choque entre estructuras dominantes de sexo-género con experiencias de género y cuerpos no binarios en algunas comunidades educativas gatillaron situaciones de violencias transfóbicas, y en otros casos motivaron procesos de cuestionamientos internos, ahondando en los propios discursos y prácticas cisnormativas producto del sistema de sexo-género hegemónico. La estrategia metodológica utilizada fue cualitativa, para producir la información se realizaron entrevistas no estructuradas a estudiantes trans y docentes cis, y grupo focal a apoderades de estudiantes trans. La técnica de análisis fue análisis de contenido.
Experiencia vivencial de personas adultas diagnosticadas con VIH positivo de Juigalpa Chontales
Authors: Lazo Guerrero Yuber Ariel
Published: January 2020

El presente estudio titulado “Experiencias vivencial de personas adultas diagnosticadas con VIH positivo en Juigalpa Chontales, el objetivo fue analizar las percepciones del estigma y discriminación que han vivido las personas adultas diagnosticadas con VIH que voluntariamente aceptaron participar en el estudio. El tipo de investigación es cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico. La muestra estuvo constituida por cinco informantes claves entre los 25 y 50 años, y fueron elegidos por un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La técnica que se utilizó fue la entrevista en profundidad y de instrumento la guía de preguntas directrices. Entre las consideraciones más importantes están: Las personas con VIH se identifican con diferentes temas que en definitiva son formas de manifestación del estigma, afrontamiento del mismo y consecuencias. Los participantes relatan experiencias de rechazo en su entorno social y laboral, y carecen de mecanismo de afrontamiento. tanto en el momento de conocer su diagnóstico como en su evolución, siendo la depresión, ira y miedo a la muerte las manifestaciones más frecuentes. La mayoría de personas con VIH/Sida participantes en esta investigación han comprendido la importancia de llevar una vida tranquila y libre de riesgo, esto contribuye una actitud favorable para mejorar su calidad de vida.
Dermatopolimiositis en paciente adolescente. Reporte de caso
Authors: Vásquez Reconco Scarleth Paola , Cerna Márquez Marlon Alexánder , Contreras Martínez Larissa Maydelin , Izaguirre González Allan Iván , Mejía Cándido
Published: January 2020

La Dermatopolimiositis (DPM) pertenece a las miopatías inflamatorias idiopáticas (MII), un grupo heterogéneo de miopatías autoinmunitarias sistémicas crónicas, asociadas con una alta morbilidad y discapacidad funcional. Comprende aquellas entidades de naturaleza adquirida que cursan con debilidad muscular y presentan de forma característica un infiltrado inflamatorio y necrosis celular en el tejido muscular estriado. Es una enfermedad rara, con una incidencia global de 2–10 casos por millón de habitantes/año. Presentamos el caso de adolescente masculino de 14 años con antecedente de dermatomiositis, el cual presenta debilidad muscular proximal progresiva, acompañado de mialgias intensas e incapacitantes, presencia de eritema en heliotropo y pápulas de Gottron. Estudios laboratoriales que evidenciaron anemia, alteraciones enzimáticas, reactantes de fase aguda alterados, estudio electromiográfico que evidenció la presencia de polimiositis reactiva, y biopsia de tejido muscular que reportó cambios compatibles con DPM. El diagnóstico de miopatías inflamatorias se sospecha sobre la base de un conjunto de signos y síntomas y es confirmado mediante estudios complementarios, entre los que se incluyen: elevación de enzimas musculares, presencia de autoanticuerpos específicos de miositis electromiografía con patrón miopático, hallazgos específicos en la biopsia. La PDM en niños tiene un comportamiento clínico diferente al adulto por la presencia vasculitis, existiendo varios desordenes que pueden confundir esta entidad y retardar su diagnóstico y tratamiento, por lo tanto, es muy importante el conocimiento de esta enfermedad en la edad pediátrica y establecer comparaciones con lo reportado en la literatura mundial.
Formación docente en El Salvador: Implicaciones en la educación salvadoreña
Authors: Luna Óscar , Candray Jeser Caleb
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo establecer un diálogo sobre las distintas visiones acerca de la formación docente en El Salvador y sus implicaciones en la educación. Para ello se decidió entrevistar a diferentes personalidades que conocen del tema, ya sea por su actual estatus de funcionario público o por ser parte de procesos de formación, o por ser docentes, que permitirá, a juicio de los autores, ampliar el debate y así dar distintas aristas al tema en cuestión. Para comenzar este artículo, se presentará, a grosso modo, el estado actual de la formación docente en el país. Después de exponer este marco legal/histórico se procederá a presentar las entrevistas realizadas a los funcionarios seleccionados, a las docentes y con el formador de docentes. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas separadamente durante el año 2018 y 2019 siendo grabadas y textualizadas. Por último, luego de las entrevistas se realiza un pequeño análisis de los aportes de los entrevistados. Se espera con la publicación del artículo incentivar al debate crítico sobre la formación docente.
Uso de tecnologías de programación visual para el desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles. Casos Universidad Francisco Gavidia - UFG
Authors: Meyer Claudia Reneé , Cuchillac Víctor Miguel
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo busca determinar si el desarrollo de aplicaciones para dispositivos móviles es viable o no: comienza por presentar el estado actual del mercado internacional y la tendencia de las tecnologías que se vinculan con los teléfonos inteligentes y las tabletas electrónicas. Posteriormente, se analiza de manera sucinta el sistema de enseñanza tradicional (codificación usando texto) y la nueva metodología denominada programación visual, la cual requiere de menos conocimientos técnicos para la creación de las aplicaciones; adicionalmente, se presenta la panorámica del sector TIC en El Salvador tanto desde la perspectiva económica, como del capital humano disponible y del talento humano calificado. Finalmente, se exponen tres diferentes experiencias en la UFG sobre el uso de una metodología basada en la programación visual para producir aplicaciones móviles empleando entornos de software libre disponibles en línea. En la primera experiencia participaron estudiantes de educación media; en la segunda, jóvenes universitarias de diferentes facultades y al final, investigadores en tecnología y matemáticas.