bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of cations at the illite–water interface and its effect on intrinsic potassium ions
Authors: Li Xiong , Xing Yuhang , Tang Luobin , Liu Na , Chang Qing , Zhang Jianguo
Published: July 2021

Na+, K+, Cs+ and Ca2+ are common exogenous cations that could be introduced into soils either via long‐term tillage with inorganic fertilizers or the leakage of nuclear waste. However, the manner in which they co‐adsorb and compete with the intrinsic potassium ions in illite, the response of intrinsic potassium (K′+), as well as the underlying mechanisms of these interactions, remain unclear. These aspects were explored using molecular dynamics simulations based on a series of concentrations. Because of the competition between exogenous cations and K′+, the number of adsorbed exogenous cations such as Na+ increased by 11.2, whereas the corresponding number of adsorbed potassium decreased by 14.2, with the increase in concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 mol·L−1, indicating that long‐term application of inorganic fertilizers tends to promote the release of intrinsic potassium. This was further validated from the increased adsorption free energy of IS (inner‐sphere) K′+, which increased from −54.3 kJ·mol−1 (0.1 mol·L−1) to −42.9 kJ·mol−1 (1.0 mol·L−1). The stability of both exogenous cations and intrinsic potassium decreased with the increase in concentration. This was mainly caused by the reduction of illite–cation interactions, as evidenced by the radial distribution function analysis. Nonetheless, intrinsic potassium always dominated the competition, as its abundance was lower than that of exogenous cations only beyond 0.7 mol·L−1. Different exogenous cations exerted diverse effects on the intrinsic potassium and may vary with the concentration, as reflected by the distribution, adsorption number, coordination environment and adsorption stability. Generally, the effect of exogenous cations on intrinsic potassium decreased as Ca2+ > Na+ > Cs+, which may have been caused by the different adsorption sites. These results provide new insight into the environmental effect of the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and the leakage of radioactive waste in soils.

Highlights

Increase in exogenous cations tended to promote the release of intrinsic potassium in illite.

Intrinsic potassium generally dominated the competition with exogenous cations.

Stability of adsorbed mixed cations was reduced with increase of concentration.

Exogenous cations exerted a diverse effect on the intrinsic potassium.
How much for a haircut? Illiquidity, secondary markets, and the value of private equity
Authors: Bollen Nicolas P. B. , Sensoy Berk A.
Published: July 2021

Limited partners (LPs) of private equity funds commit to invest with extreme levels of illiquidity and significant uncertainty regarding the timing of capital flows, often exacerbated by the LPs’ spending requirements and portfolio rebalancing needs. Secondary markets have emerged that alleviate some of the associated cost. This paper develops a valuation model incorporating these institutional features. Model‐implied breakeven returns match empirically observed average fund returns for moderately risk‐tolerant LPs with private equity allocations up to 40%. In contrast, when earning average returns in private equity, highly risk‐averse LPs optimally allocate only a few percent to the asset class.
Limited effect of environmental stress on cannabinoid profiles in high‐cannabidiol hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Authors: Toth Jacob A. , Smart Lawrence B. , Smart Christine D. , Stack George M. , Carlson Craig H. , Philippe Glenn , Rose Jocelyn K. C.
Published: July 2021

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a burgeoning crop, but research‐based information about genetic and environmental effects of cannabinoid production is limited and will be essential for expanded cultivation. There are limited data available about the effect of environmental stressors on cannabinoid content, particularly for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in high‐cannabidiol (CBD) hemp. To address this, five stress treatments were applied in a replicated field trial with three high‐CBD hemp cultivars and cannabinoid content was assayed over a 3‐week time‐course spanning floral maturation. Cannabinoid production in terminal inflorescence shoot tip samples of three cultivars was measured under stress imposed by flooding, ethephon, powdery mildew, herbicide, and physical wounding in a split plot design. The treatments had limited effects on cannabinoid levels, with the exception of herbicide treatment which resulted in decreased cannabinoid content. Notably, there was no evidence that any of these stresses caused THC concentration or the ratio of THC to CBD to increase at harvest.
Compensation of high nitrogen toxicity and nitrogen deficiency with biochar amendment through enhancement of soil fertility and nitrogen use efficiency promoted rice growth and yield
Authors: Khan Zaid , Nauman Khan Mohammad , Luo Tao , Zhang Kangkang , Zhu Kunmiao , Rana Muhammad Shoaib , Hu Liyong , Jiang Yang
Published: July 2021

The quality and nutritional status of agricultural soils are depleting gradually, and biochar is widely used in soil quality improvement. A sustainable approach of biochar application needs a better understanding of its interaction with nitrogen application and the final effect on crop growth. In our study, the effect of different biochar application levels (0, 15, 30, and 60 tons ha−1) in combination with nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha−1) on soil properties, rice growth, and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated. The results showed that sole application of biochar (B60) did not promote the rice growth except the soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and available potassium compared with no biochar addition, while a single application of 450 kg N ha−1 (N450) adversely affected the rice physiological and yield traits by destroying rice leaf ultrastructure and reducing the stomatal length by 13%, stomatal width 3% and density 12%, plant height 5%, dry biomass plant−1 4%, spike weight plant−1 8%, and grain weight plant−1 9% compared to N300 unless it was treated in combination with biochar. Biochar can significantly compensate the toxicity of excessive nitrogen and deficiency of low nitrogen fertilizer on rice growth. Compared to a single application of B0+N450 (450 kg N ha−1), combined application of biochar and nitrogen B30+N450 could elevate rice plant nitrogen content by 13%, plant height 30%, aboveground dry biomass plant−1 136%, spike weight plant−1 34%, and grain weight plant−1 36% while increments in total nitrogen accumulation (TNA 79%%) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE 35%) were noted in B30+N300 treatment. These results suggest that biochar amendment combined with a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer is an effective approach to promote soil conditions, manage nitrogen utilization, improve plant growth and increase crop yield on a sustainable basis.
10‐Day and 14‐day high‐dose dual therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Zou Pei‐Ying , Hu Jie , Zhao Jing‐Tao , Zhao Zhe , Mei Hao , Yang Jing , Zhu Yang‐Jie , Zhang Yi , Lan Chun‐Hui
Published: July 2021

Background

Inconsistent eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori have been reported worldwide with dual therapy, perhaps owing to the difference in dose administration and treatment duration. This retrospective study aimed to determine whether high‐dose dual therapy (HDDT) with different regimens leads to different eradication rates. The study compares the efficacy and safety of HDDT 10‐day vs 14‐day and investigates the factors that might affect the eradication rates.

Materials and Methods

Two comparable treatment groups were based on propensity score matching (PSM). Patients were divided into two groups based on the therapy they underwent: 10‐day HDDT and 14‐day HDDT (20 mg esomeprazole and 750 mg amoxicillin, administered four times daily). The eradication rates, adverse events (AEs), patient compliance, CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms, and antibiotic resistance rates of the two groups were compared.

Results

The intention to treat (ITT) analysis showed that the eradication rates for 10‐day and 14‐day groups were 78.4% (95% CI 69.6%–87.2%) and 89.7% (95% CI 83.3%–96.2%; p = .039), respectively, while the per‐protocol (PP) eradication rates were 80.0% (95% CI 71.3%–88.7%) and 92.9% (95% CI 87.4%–98.5%; p = .014), respectively. The corresponding drug‐related AEs were 6.8% (6/88) and 5.7% (5/88; p = .755). No significant differences were observed between the compliance rates of the two groups. The CYP2C19 gene polymorphism had no effect on the eradication rates of the two groups.

Conclusion

The results showed that the 14‐day HDDT affords a higher H. pylori eradication rate than the 10‐day HDDT.
Ethical issues in participatory arts methods for young people with adverse childhood experiences
Authors: Pavarini Gabriela , Smith Lindsay M. , Shaughnessy Nicola , Mankee‐Williams Anna , Thirumalai Josita Kavitha , Russell Natalie , Bhui Kamaldeep
Published: July 2021

Context

Participatory arts‐based methods such as photovoice, drama and music have increasingly been used to engage young people who are exposed to psychosocial risks. These methods have the potential to empower youth and provide them with an accessible and welcoming environment to express and manage difficult feelings and experiences. These effects are, however, dependent on the way these methods are implemented and how potential ethical concerns are handled.

Objective

Using the current literature on arts‐based health research as a foundation, this paper examines ethical issues emerging from participatory arts methods with young people with traumatic experiences.

Results

We present a typology covering relevant issues such as power, accessibility, communication, trust and ownership, across the domains of partnership working, project entry, participation and dissemination. Drawing on our extensive clinical and research experiences, existing research and novel in‐practice examples, we offer guidance for ethical dilemmas that might arise at different phases of research.

Conclusion

Adequate anticipation and consideration of ethical issues, together with the involvement of young people, will help ensure that arts methods are implemented in research and practice with young people in a fair, meaningful and empowering way.

Patient or Public Contribution

The issues reviewed are largely based on the authors' experience conducting participatory research. Each of the projects referenced has its own systems for PPI including, variously, consultations with advisory groups, coproduction, youth ambassadors and mentor schemes. One of the coauthors, Josita Kavitha Thirumalai, is a young person trained in peer support and has provided extensive input across all stages.
Clinical outcomes of performance of dental students using erythritol powder by means of air polishing with ultrasonic debridement with students’ assessment: Part II
Authors: Albonni Hala , Alseirafi Walaa , Tekleh Hiba , Sawaf Hazem
Published: July 2021

Objective

Assessment of a dental student's clinical performance is essential for providing feedback for improving education. This study evaluated the ability of undergraduate dental students to treat periodontal patients with two techniques, ultrasonic debridement with polishing (UD+P) and the erythritol powder air polishing with ultrasonic instrumentation (EPAP+UD) in a split‐mouth design.

Methods

The study was conducted on undergraduate students with patients suffering from gingivitis and stage I periodontitis with grade A. The evaluation consisted of two parts: first, assessment of the student by clinical indices (full mouth plaque index (FMPI), calculus index (CI), remaining calculus index (RCI), modified gingival index (MGI) and papillary bleeding index (PBI)) at baseline, immediately and after 2 weeks. In addition to assessing treatment time for each student; and second, obtaining student feedback about the two methods used.

Results

Five undergraduate fourth years’ students, and thirteen patients participated. Statistically significant decreases in FMPI, CI, MGI and PBI between baseline and 2 weeks post‐treatment were noted in both test and control groups. At 2 weeks of inter‐group comparisons, there was a statistically significant difference in FMPI and MGI indices, and immediately after the treatment, there was also a significant reduction in FMPI and CI. Treatment time was significantly less for the EPAP+UD method, and it got 10‐time method preferring in comparison with the control group (UD+P) by students.

Conclusion

The undergraduate dental student has the capacity to treat the periodontal patient using both approaches with a preference for the EPAP+UI approach over UI+P. In addition, this EPAP+UI is a promising method of education.
Is store density associated with sugar‐sweetened beverages consumption and overweight or obesity in Mexican adolescents?
Authors: Arango‐Angarita Andrea , Méndez‐Gómez‐Humarán Ignacio , Guerrero‐López Carlos M. , Shamah‐Levy Teresa
Published: July 2021

Background

The consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a risk factor for obesity. In Mexico, SSBs are widely available and consumed daily by adolescents.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to estimate the indirect association between store density (including grocery, convenience, non‐alcoholic beverage stores and supermarkets) and overweight or obesity (OW/O) among Mexican adolescents, using SSB consumption as a mediator.

Methods

We used cross‐sectional data on adolescent SSB consumption, weight status (body mass index for age [BMI for age]), physical activity, screen time and sociodemographic factors from the 2016 Mexican Midway National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT MC 2016). The National Statistical Directory of Economic Units provided information on stores selling SSBs. We estimated structural equations models to test associations between store density and OW/O, using SSB consumption as a mediator.

Results

We found a direct positive association between store density and SSB intake in adolescents (β =1.229), including density of supermarkets (β = 132.07), grocery stores (β = 1.170) and non‐alcoholic beverage stores (β = 1.537). No significant association was observed for convenience stores. Direct association between store density and OW/O was strongest for supermarket density (β = 0.426). In addition, SSB intake was significantly associated with OW/O (p = 0.033). No significant indirect association between density of any store and OW/O was found.

Conclusions

Store density was directly associated with SSB consumption but not indirectly associated with OW/O mediated by SSB. Further research on food environment is required in order to design evidence‐based strategies aimed at reducing SSB intake and OW/O in adolescents.
Among Facilitators, Instructors, Advisors and Educators – How Teachers Educate for Sustainability in Design and Craft Education
Authors: Hofverberg Hanna , Westerlund Stina
Published: July 2021

Design and craft education, like that of the Swedish school subject, Sloyd, has great potential for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). With so many possibilities, it is relevant to investigate what teachers teach about sustainability, and how. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine what Sloyd teachers express that they do as they educate for sustainability in design and craft education (Grades 3–9). This aim is guided by two research questions: (1) What ESD content is prominent in Sloyd teachers’ statements about their teaching? and (2) What expected learning outcomes and teaching strategies become visible in the Sloyd teachers’ statements about ESD? Our analysis of the qualitative questionnaires answered by 70 teachers shows that working with design and craft materials is a key factor for the teachers. Specifically, three learning outcomes have been identified: to utilise material, to use sustainable materials and to become a maker with materials. The most common teaching strategies are instructing and advising strategies, where the goal is known beforehand by the teacher. The findings are discussed in relation to the mix of sustainability concepts and different logics that emerge in the teachers’ expressions and also in relation to what consequences the findings have for teaching ESD in design and craft education.
Impact of microecological agents on water environment restoration and microbial community structures of trench system in a Baiyangdian wetland ecosystem
Authors: Li Zhifei , Liu Yang , Xie Jun , Wang Guangjun , Cheng Xiangju , Zhang Junwang , Sang Chaojiong , Liu Zhijun
Published: July 2021

Aims

To evaluate the effects of periodic application of effective microorganism (EM) bacteria and calcium peroxide on water environment restoration of a trench wetland ecosystem and its impact on microbiota in water and sediment.

Methods and Results

The EM bacteria and calcium peroxide were alternately sprayed into the trench water, and changes in the physicochemical indices of water and sediment, and in microbiota structure were subsequently investigated. Alternately spraying of calcium peroxide and EM bacteria improved the water quality, especially in terms of the dissolved oxygen and transparency of water body, and could further reduce the levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen. At the same time, the microbiota structure of the water body was significantly changed by spraying with calcium peroxide and EM bacteria, and the relative abundances of Pseudanabaena, Legionellaceae, Planktothrix, Planctomyces, Phenylobacterium, Rhodobacter, Rhodoferax and Aquirestis were significantly increased. However, there was no significant effect on the physicochemical indexes and microbiota composition of the sediment.

Conclusions

The water quality of the Baiyangdian trench could be significantly restored by regular sprinkling of calcium peroxide and EM bacteria.

Significance and Impact of Study

The results provide an effective technical method for the restoration of trench wetland water.
Public health nurses’ perceptions on promotive and risk factors for children’s mental health: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Savolainen Outi , Sormunen Marjorita , Turunen Hannele
Published: July 2021

Aim

To describe promotive and risk factors for children's mental health at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy levels of the socioecological environment.

Design

A descriptive qualitative interview study.

Methods

Data were collected in Finland during autumn 2019 via semi‐structured interviews. Participants (n = 23) comprised public health nurses who worked in child health clinics and school healthcare. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.

Results

Several promotive and risk factors were identified to have affected children's mental health. Intra‐family factors were the most important in the opinion of public health nurses, and they were most concerned about family related risk factors. In addition, the descriptions of nurses revealed that children are in a socially unequal position in terms of their place of residence. It was also uncovered that there were fewer social and healthcare and leisure services in small municipalities, the distances to services were longer, which was perceived to complicate the use of services, and the fear of stigma was greater.

Conclusion

According to public health nurses, factors at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy levels of the socioecological environment affect children's mental health and overall well‐being. Consequently, the promotion of children's mental health should be emphasized at every level of the society, considering the whole family.

Impact

This study indicated the importance of considering factors that affect children's mental health at all levels of the socioecological environment. The results can be reflected in the relation of the socioecological model of health promotion and used in planning the work of nurses in primary healthcare and other relevant nursing settings to emphasize promotive and preventive work.
Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk of all‐cause mortality and other clinical outcomes in patients with confirmed COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jia Na , Zhang Guifang , Sun Xuelin , Wang Yan , Zhao Sai , Chi Wenjie , Dong Sitong , Xia Jun , Zeng Ping , Liu Deping
Published: July 2021

Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, physicians concerned about the potential adverse effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). To explore the relationship between ACEIs/ARBs and the risk of mortality and other clinical outcomes in COVID‐19 patients, the authors conducted a systemic review and meta‐analysis. An electronic search was performed from inception to November 12, 2020 in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials, TRIP, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and CBM database. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non‐randomized Studies of Interventions tool. The primary outcome was in‐hospital all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included all‐cause mortality measured at 30‐day or longer term, mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, readmission, and cardiac adverse events. A total of 28 studies with 73 465 patients was included. Twenty‐two studies with 19 871 patients reported the incidence of all‐cause mortality. Results showed no association between using ACEIs/ARBs and risk of mortality crude odds ratio （OR） of 1.02, 95% CI 0.71–1.46,p = .90,I2 = 88%, adjusted OR in 6260 patients of 0.96, 95% CI 0.77–1.18,p = .68,I2 = 0%. While six studies with 10 030 patients reported a lower risk of mortality in ACEIs/ARBs group hazard ratio (HR) of 0.53, 95% CI 0.34–0.84,p = .007,I2 = 68%. Similar association (for HR) was found in hypertension subgroup. There was no significant association for the secondary outcomes. Based on the available data, we concluded that ACEIs/ARBs is not associated with the risk of in‐hospital all‐cause mortality in COVID‐19 patients, but may be associated with a decreased risk of 30‐day all‐cause mortality. Patients with hypertension may benefit from using ACEIs/ARBs.
Improvement in Hidradenitis Suppurativa and quality of life in patients treated with adalimumab: Real‐world results from the HARMONY Study
Authors: Hafner A. , Ghislain P.D. , Kovács R. , Batchelor R. , Katoulis A.C. , Kirby B. , Banayan H. , Schonbrun M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a chronic, recurrent, debilitating skin disease, is characterized by painful, inflammatory, subcutaneous lesions of the axilla, inguinal and anogenital regions. Overall prevalence of HS is ˜1%, and the impact of disease on patient quality of life (QoL) and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) is high.

Objectives

To estimate the real‐world effectiveness of adalimumab (Humira®) treatment in patients with moderate‐to‐severe HS on disease severity, pain, QoL, work productivity and HRU.

Methods

HARMONY (Effectiveness of Adalimumab in Moderate to Severe HidrAdenitis SuppuRativa Patients – a Multi‐cOuNtry studY in Real Life Setting) is a multicentre, postmarketing observational study in adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe HS. Disease severity and QoL parameters were evaluated using validated measures at 12‐week intervals over 52 weeks of treatment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving a Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR: ≥50% reduction in abscess and inflammatory nodule count, with no increase in abscess and draining fistula counts relative to baseline) at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints were HiSCR at 24, 36 and 52 weeks and changes in QoL parameters and work productivity assessments. Analyses were conducted using as‐observed data.

Results

The proportion of patients reaching the primary HiSCR endpoint was 70.2% (n = 132/188 enrolled) and remained ≥70% until study completion. There were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) reductions in worst and average skin pain. All of the QoL measures evaluated improved significantly (P < 0.0001) by 12 weeks of adalimumab treatment, as did work productivity assessments (P < 0.05), and there was a ˜50% decrease in HRU between baseline and week 52. Adalimumab was well tolerated.

Conclusions

In this real‐world setting, adalimumab treatment of moderate‐to‐severe HS resulted in decreased disease severity and improvements in QoL and productivity. Response to adalimumab was rapid (within 12 weeks) and sustained (52 weeks). No unexpected safety signals were reported.
Private labels and product quality under asymmetric information
Authors: Chen Zhiqi , Xu Heng
Published: July 2021

Contrary to the existing theories of private label (PL) products, we demonstrate that the introduction of a PL product by a retailer may improve the profit of the supplier of a competing national‐brand (NB) product. Our theory is built on two main elements. First, the introduction of a PL product may expand the total demand for the products carried by the retailer and thus enlarge the joint profit to be split between the retailer and the supplier of the NB product. Second, in an environment where consumers do not know the quality of the PL product, the NB serves as a bond to assure consumers that the retailer sells high‐quality products only. This quality assurance enhances the joint profit generated by the introduction of the PL product, which, in conjunction with the weakening of the retailer's bargaining position caused by asymmetric information, may enable the NB supplier to earn a larger profit than in the absence of the PL product.
Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in geese
Authors: Sartini Irene , Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska Beata , Lisowski Andrzej , Poapolathep Amnart , Sitovs Andrejs , Giorgi Mario
Published: July 2021

The study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after a single intravenous and oral dose (20 mg/kg) in geese. In addition, two multiple‐dose simulations have been performed to investigate the predicted plasma concentration after either a 10 or 20 mg/kg daily administration repeated consecutively for 5 days. Ten geese were enrolled in a two‐phase cross‐over study with a washout period of two weeks. All animals were treated intravenously and orally with doxycycline, and blood samples were collected up to 48 h after drug administration. Sample analysis was performed using a validated HPLC‐UV method. A non‐compartmental approach was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. A long elimination half‐life was observed (13 h). The area under the curve was statistically different between the two treatments, with the oral bioavailability being moderate (43%). The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (%T>MIC) during the 48 h treatment period in the present study (71%) suggests that doxycycline appears to have therapeutic efficacy against some Mycoplasma species in the goose. The multiple‐dose simulations showed a low accumulation index. A dosage of 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days seemed to be adequate for a good therapeutic efficacy without reaching unnecessarily high plasma concentrations.
The fundamental model of deep disagreements
Authors: Lavorerio Victoria
Published: July 2021

We call systematic disputes that are particularly hard to resolve deep disagreements. We can divide most theories of deep disagreements in analytic epistemology into two camps: the Wittgensteinian view and the fundamental epistemic principles view. This essay analyzes how both views deal with two of the most pressing issues a theory of deep disagreement must address: their source and their resolution. After concluding that the paradigmatic theory of each camp struggles on both fronts, the essay proceeds to show that, despite their differences, these theories share some core assumptions and think of deep disagreements similarly: as grounded in fundamental epistemic differences between the parties. This underlying conception of deep disagreements the author calls “the fundamental model.” The essay provides reasons to be wary of this conception, and hence, mainstream epistemologists’ treatment of the issue.
The hot cross bun sign in corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Ando Takashi , Yokoi Fuji , Riku Yuichi , Akagi Akio , Miyahara Hiroaki , Hasegawa Masato , Katsuno Masahisa , Yoshida Mari , Iwasaki Yasushi
Published: July 2021

The hot cross bun (HCB) sign encompasses a cross‐shaped hyperintensity area in the pons on axial T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The HCB sign is characteristic of multiple system atrophy (MSA) and has occasionally been observed in other neurological disorders. Here, we report an autopsied case of corticobasal degeneration (CBD) that showed the HCB sign. A female patient presented with progressive gait disturbance and cognitive impairment at the age of 60 years. A neurological examination revealed dysarthria, muscle rigidity of the limbs, akinesia, truncal ataxia, urinary incontinence, and dementia. The HCB sign was observed on a brain MRI at the age of 65 years, and a clinical diagnosis of possible MSA was made. She died of pneumonia at the age of 67 years. A postmortem observation, provided neuropathological findings characteristic of CBD, including the presence of astrocytic plaques, pretangles, neuropil threads, and ballooned neurons in association with four‐repeat‐tau aggregation. Interestingly, the pons displayed severe neuronal loss and astrogliosis that were prominent in the pontine and raphe nuclei. Myelin sheath depletion was prominent in the transverse fibers of the pontine base and the myelinated fibers of the pontine tegmentum in contrast to relative sparing of the pontine corticospinal tract and medial lemniscus. The cerebellar dentate nucleus exhibited neuronal loss and grumose degeneration. Western blot analysis of sarkosyl‐insoluble fractions from brain tissue lysates using an anti‐phosphorylated tau antibody identified immunoreactive signal bands in approximately 37–40, 43, 64, and 68 kDa, consistent with CBD. Genetic analysis did not reveal any known pathogenic mutations in the microtubule‐associated protein tau gene (MAPT). Our case was characterized by the HCB sign and concordant neuropathological changes in the pons. CBD should be considered an underlying pathology of the HCB sign, even though the pontocerebellar changes would be unusual in CBD cases.
Andean uplift, drainage basin formation, and the evolution of plants living in fast‐flowing aquatic ecosystems in northern South America
Authors: Bedoya Ana M. , Leaché Adam D. , Olmstead Richard G.
Published: July 2021

Northern South America is a geologically dynamic and species‐rich region. Fossil and stratigraphic data show that mountain uplift in the tropical Andes reconfigured river drainages. These landscape changes shaped the evolution of the flora in the region, yet the impacts on aquatic taxa have been overlooked.

We explore the role of landscape change on the evolution of plants living strictly in rivers across drainage basins in northern South America by conducting population structure, phylogenetic inference, and divergence‐dating analyses for two species in the genus Marathrum (Podostemaceae).

Mountain uplift and drainage basin formation isolated populations of M. utile and M. foeniculaceum in northern South America and created barriers to gene flow across river drainages. Sympatric species hybridize and the hybrids show the phenotype of one parental line. We propose that the pattern of divergence of populations reflects the formation of river drainages, which was not complete until < 4.1 million yr ago (Ma).

Our study provides a clear picture of the role of landscape change on the evolution of plants living strictly in rivers in northern South America. By shifting the focus to aquatic taxa, we provide a novel perspective on the processes shaping the evolution of the Neotropical flora.
Three‐dimensional printing in oral and maxillofacial surgery: Current landscape and future directions
Authors: Mian Mustafa , Delpachitra Seth , Ackland David , Fink Sarah , Wang Nathan , Dimitroulis George
Published: July 2021

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology continues to develop at a rapid pace, with the potential to revolutionise multiple industries and fields including medicine. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are particularly well placed to advance and integrate this technology into practice. This review provides a summary of 3D printing and discusses the current and future applications of this technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including the production of surgical planning models, training tools, cutting guides and personalised implants. While early research is promising, there still remains a paucity of large‐scale, well‐controlled clinical studies supporting the use of 3D printing technologies for many of these applications. There are also a number of other technical and regulatory challenges which will need to be addressed as this technology is taken up more widely.
What and how do mentors learn? The role of relationship quality and mentoring self‐efficacy in mentor learning
Authors: Astrove Stacy L. , Kraimer Maria L.
Published: July 2021

Drawing on the relational mentoring perspective and social cognitive theory, the purpose of this study is to understand how mentoring relationship quality relates to mentor knowledge acquisition and to refine and identify the types of knowledge mentors gain from their mentoring relationships. We hypothesize that relationship quality positively relates to mentor knowledge acquisition (mentoring‐specific, relational, and self‐knowledge) through career and psychosocial mentoring self‐efficacy. We tested our model and research questions in a mixed methods study of 199 professor mentors. Our qualitative results provided a more in‐depth understanding of what mentors learn from their mentoring relationships with respect to mentoring‐specific knowledge, relational knowledge, and self‐knowledge. Furthermore, we identified occupational‐specific knowledge as an additional type of mentor knowledge acquisition. In our quantitative analysis, contrary to our hypothesis, we found that career mentoring self‐efficacy mediated a negative relationship between relationship quality and mentoring‐specific knowledge acquisition. Further, relationship quality had a direct, negative, effect on relational knowledge acquisition. Finally, career and psychosocial mentoring self‐efficacy positively related to occupational‐specific knowledge acquisition and together mediated the relation between relationship quality and occupational‐specific knowledge acquisition. From our post hoc analysis, we found that behavioral change intentions mediated the negative relationships between relationship quality and mentoring‐specific, relational, and self‐knowledge. Our study contributes to the mentoring literature by focusing on the mentor's learning and provides practical implications for how organizations can better foster effective mentoring outcomes.
Climate litigation to protect the Brazilian Amazon: Establishing a constitutional right to a stable climate
Authors: Setzer Joana , Winter de Carvalho Délton
Published: July 2021

In recent years, climate cases to combat illegal deforestation in the Amazon have begun to be brought before Brazilian courts. We focus on a lawsuit filed by the Institute of Amazonian Studies against the Brazilian state. The lawsuit seeks not only an order to compel the federal government to comply with national climate law but also the recognition of a fundamental right to a stable climate, for present and future generations, under the Brazilian Constitution. We argue that this case both exists in the context of a transnational movement, as it draws from existing rights‐based cases, whilst also trying to develop this movement. This lawsuit seeks to establish that a stable climate system is critical to the protection of other fundamental rights. We consider what it means to seek a constitutional right to a stable climate through courts within the wider context in which national governance systems are constitutionalizing climate change commitments.
Wild Wind, Social Storm: “Energy Populism” in Rural Areas? An Exploratory Analysis of France and Italy*
Authors: Dechézelles Stéphanie , Scotti Ivano
Published: July 2021

The literature has often used the term “populism” as a sensitizing concept to inquire the increasing relevance of right‐wing political organizations in Western countries, specifically in rural areas and marginalized territories (e.g., deindustrialized districts). The spread of populism appears as a consequence of the multidimensional failure of globalized neoliberal capitalist promises of prosperity. In this frame, the current climate agenda is challenged because it is perceived as a source of socio‐territorial marginalization and depletion. Local oppositions against green facilities in rural areas and right‐populist political forces seem to converge in a common discursive frame. The paper proposes some considerations on the “energy populism” by exploring the phenomenon in France (in Occitanie) and Italy (in Basilicata). The comparison allows us to discuss and problematize the possible links between the reception of renewable policies in rural areas and the attempt of populist movements to become spokesmen for local resistance. The main hypothesis is that the sense of dispossession and non‐involvement perceived by the rural population on renewables finds in the populist rhetoric a coherent and effective discursive framework to represent their issues. However, research suggests that the link between local opposition to renewables and populist organizations is weak and instrumental.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DPA1*01:60 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Cargou Marine , Andreani Marco , Troiano Maria , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: July 2021

HLA‐DPA1*01:60 differs from HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01:04 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 224 in exon 4.
Ignition Delay Time Correlation of C1–C5 Natural Gas Blends for Intermediate and High Temperature Regime
Authors: Mohamed A. Abd El-Sabor , Sahu Amrit Bikram , Panigrahy Snehasish , Bourque Gilles , Curran Henry
Published: July 2021

New ignition delay time (IDT) data for stoichiometric natural gas (NG) blends composed of C1–C5 n-alkanes with methane as the major component were recorded using a high pressure shock tube (HPST) at reflected shock pressures (p5) and temperatures (T5) in the range 20–30 bar and 1000–1500 K, respectively. The good agreement of the new IDT experimental data with literature data shows the reliability of the new data at the conditions investigated. Comparisons of simulations using the NUI Galway mechanism (nuigmech1.0) show very good agreement with the new experimental results and with the existing data available in the literature. Empirical IDT correlation equations have been developed through multiple linear regression analyses for these C1–C5 n-alkane/air mixtures using constant volume IDT simulations in the pressure range pC = 10–50 bar, at temperatures TC = 950–2000 K, and in the equivalence ratio (φ) range 0.3–3.0. Moreover, a global correlation equation is developed using nuigmech1.0 to predict the IDTs for these NG mixtures and other relevant data available in the literature. The correlation expression utilized in this study employs a traditional Arrhenius rate form including dependencies on the individual fuel fraction, TC, φ, and pC.
Influence of Flow Coefficient on Ingress Through Turbine Rim Seals
Authors: Graikos Dimitrios , Carnevale Mauro , Sangan Carl M. , Lock Gary D. , Scobie James A.
Published: July 2021

Rim seals are critical in terms of limiting the temperature of highly stressed engine components but function with a penalty to the power output and contribute to entropy gain stemming from mixing losses in the turbine. Ingress through rim seals is influenced by the presence of rotor blades and stator vanes, and the mainstream flow coefficient in the annulus that determines the corresponding swirl. This paper presents an experimental study of ingress upstream and downstream of the rotor disk in a 1.5-stage rig with double radial clearance rim seals. Two rotor disks were used, one with blades and one without, and two platforms were used downstream of the rotor, one with vanes and one without. Tests were conducted at two rotational speeds and a range of flow conditions was achieved by varying the annulus and sealing mass flow rates. Concentration effectiveness, swirl, and steady pressure measurements separated, for the first time, the influence of the blades and vanes on ingress over a wide range of flow conditions. Measurements on the downstream stator platform provide added insight into the complex interaction between the egress and the mainstream. Measurements of unsteady pressure revealed the presence of large-scale structures, even in the absence of blades. The number and speed of the structures were shown to depend on the flow coefficient and the purge flow rate.
Characterization of Flow Curves for Ultra-Thin Steel Sheets With the In-Plane Torsion Test
Authors: Stiebert Fabian , Traphöner Heinrich , Meya Rickmer , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: July 2021

The in-plane torsion test (IPT) is a shear test that has already been successfully used to determine flow curves up to high strains for thin sheets with thicknesses between 0.5 mm and 3.0 mm. In the same way as with other shear tests, the formation of wrinkles is a major challenge in determining flow curves with the IPT, especially when testing ultra-thin sheets with a thickness between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. A new method for suppressing wrinkling is introduced, in which the formation of wrinkles is avoided by arranging and gluing single sheets to multi-layered specimens. The influence of the used adhesive on the determination of flow curves is negligible. The proposed method is used to identify flow curves for two materials, the high-strength steel TH620 and the soft steel TS230, used in the packaging industry. The materials are tested in sheet thicknesses between 0.17 mm and 0.6 mm. The determined equivalent plastic strains for the TH620 with a sheet thickness of 0.20 mm could be increased from 0.38 (bulge-test) to over 0.8 with the new method using four-layered specimens.
Internal Tibial Forces and Moments During Graded Running
Authors: Baggaley Michael , Derrick Timothy R. , Vernillo Gianluca , Millet Guillaume Y. , Edwards W. Brent
Published: July 2021

The stress experienced by the tibia has contributions from the forces and moments acting on the tibia. We sought to quantify the influence of running grade on internal tibial forces and moments. Seventeen participants ran at 3.33 m/s on an instrumented treadmill at 0 deg, ±5 deg, and ±10 deg while motion data were captured. Ankle joint contact force was estimated from an anthropometrically-scaled musculoskeletal model using inverse dynamics-based static optimization. Internal tibial forces and moments were quantified at the distal 1/3rd of the tibia, by ensuring static equilibrium with all applied forces and moments. Downhill running conditions resulted in lower peak internal axial force (range of mean differences: −9% to −16%, p < 0.001), lower peak internal anteroposterior force (−14% to −21%, p < 0.001), and lower peak internal mediolateral force (−14% to −15%, p < 0.001), compared to 0 deg and +5 deg. Furthermore, downhill conditions resulted in lower peak internal mediolateral moment (−11%to −21%, p < 0.001), lower peak internal anteroposterior moment (−13% to −14%, p < 0.001), and lower peak internal torsional moment (−9% to −21%, p < 0.001), compared to 0 deg, +5 deg, and +10 deg. The +10 deg condition resulted in lower peak internal axial force (−7% to −9%, p < 0.001) and lower peak internal mediolateral force (−9%, p = 0.004), compared to 0 deg and +5 deg. These findings suggest that downhill running may be associated with lower tibial stresses than either level or uphill running.
Hybrid Nodal Integral/Finite Element Method for Time-Dependent Convection Diffusion Equation
Authors: Namala Sundar , Uddin Rizwan
Published: July 2021

Nodal integral methods (NIM) are a class of efficient coarse mesh methods that use transverse averaging to reduce the governing partial differential equation(s) (PDE) into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE). These ODEs or their approximations are analytically solved. These analytical solutions are used to then develop the numerical scheme. Transverse averaging is an essential step in the development of NIM, and hence the standard application of this approach gets restricted to domains that have boundaries parallel to one of the coordinate axes (in 2D) or coordinate planes (in 3D). The hybrid nodal-integral/finite element method (NI-FEM) reported here has been developed to extend the application of NIM to arbitrary domains. NI-FEM is based on the idea that the interior region and the regions with boundaries parallel to the coordinate axes (2D) or coordinate planes (3D) can be solved using NIM, and the rest of the domain can be discretized and solved using FEM. The crux of the hybrid NI-FEM is in developing interfacial conditions at the common interfaces between the NIM regions and FEM regions. Since the discrete variables in the two numerical approaches are different, this requires special treatment of the discrete quantities on the interface between the two different types of discretized elements. We here report the development of hybrid NI-FEM for the time-dependent convection-diffusion equation (CDE) in arbitrary domains. The resulting hybrid numerical scheme is implemented in a parallel framework in fortran and solved using portable, extensible toolkit for scientific computation (PETSc). The preliminary approach to domain decomposition is also discussed. Numerical solutions are compared with exact solutions, and the scheme is shown to be second-order accurate in both space and time. The order of approximations used for the development of the scheme is also shown to be second order. The hybrid method is more efficient compared to standalone conventional numerical schemes like FEM.
Creep–Cyclic Plasticity and Damage Assessment of an SS304 Weldolet
Authors: Puliyaneth Manu , Chen Haofeng
Published: July 2021

Creep–fatigue and creep–ratcheting life assessment of an SS304 weldolet considering full creep–cyclic plasticity interaction is investigated using the extended direct steady cycle analysis within the linear matching method framework. The creep behavior is modeled using the Norton relationship, which is modified by the Arrhenius rule to account for the temperature variation within the weldolet. The introduction of a creep dwell increases the reverse plasticity resulting from the creep relaxation. This leads to both creep–fatigue and creep–ratcheting damage mechanisms at different regions within the weldment. For thermal load dominated loading combinations, creep ratcheting due to both cyclically enhanced creep and creep enhanced plasticity are observed based on the dwell period. The effect of dwell period, load and temperature on the creep–fatigue and creep–ratcheting interaction of a weldolet are presented. The simultaneous presence of various damage mechanisms at different locations within the weldment highlights the importance and requirement of the proposed creep–cyclic plasticity investigations at weld locations.