bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semantic Network Analysis of Legacy News Media Perception in South Korea: The Case of PyeongChang 2018
Authors: Yoon Sung-Won , Chung Sae Won
Published: November 2018

This paper aims at exploring how conservative and liberal newspapers in South Korea framed PyeongChang 2018 directly. Our research questions addressed four points: first, different attitudes of conservative and liberal newspapers in the PyeongChang news reporting; second, their success and failure in influencing public opinion; third, South Koreans’ perceptions on PyeongChang 2018; and fourth, South Korean public reliance on the newspapers. To investigate the framing differences, we employed a big data analytic method (automated semantic network analysis) with NodeXL (analytic software). Conclusively, we were able to find out four main findings. First, the conservative media showed pessimistic attitudes to the Olympics, and the liberal media did conversely. Second, despite the conservative media’s resourcefulness, they could not succeed in influencing public opinion. Third, the conservative media perceived the Olympics as an undesirable event, but the liberal media did the Olympics as a significant event for further peace promotion. Fourth, the conservative media’s framings did not considerably influence upon the public opinion. As a conclusion, the public are no longer passive recipients of the messages from the media. Instead, they tend to selectively accept the information from the media based on ‘collective intelligence’. This trend provides a significant implication for enhancing the sustainability of the media environment in South Korea.
Revitalization of Trust in Local Government after Wenchuan Earthquake: Constraints and Strategies
Authors: Li Zhichao , Tan Xihan
Published: November 2018

Government trust is an important manifestation of the legitimacy of government, which can reduce the cost of recovery policy implementation and improve the efficiency of reconstruction after natural hazards. Local government is the main force of post-disaster reconstruction in China. The villagers’ trust in local government plays an important role in post-disaster reconstruction. Therefore, enhancing the villagers’ trust in local government will greatly benefit the resilience of post-disaster reconstruction and the sustainable development of the disaster area. Through analyzing the data collected from a three-year (2009–2012) follow-up survey in Wenchuan after it was struck by an earthquake, we found that villagers’ trust toward the local government witnessed a significant decline. Low fairness in policy implementation, dense networks, and particularistic trust were the constraints that hindered the revitalization of trust in the local government. However, the economic improvement had no impact on the “trust in local government”. These results suggest that post-disaster recovery should involve more than the reconstruction of the economic performance, such as the fairness of policy implementation and the relief of negative effects of villagers’ social networks. Only when considering all of these factors will the sustainability of trust in local government be promoted and the reconstruction efficiency be enhanced in the process of disaster recovery.
Strategy for the Sustainability of a Food Production System for the Prosperity of Low-Income Populations in an Emerging Country: Twenty Years of Experience of the Peruvian Poultry Association
Authors: Fontana Alejandro , De los Ríos Carmenado Ignacio , Villanueva-Penedo Johan , Ulloa-Salazar José , Santander-Peralta Denisse
Published: November 2018

This research shows a business initiative that has been able to integrate into an environmentally sustainable food production system, such as poultry farming, a positive impact on food security and public health patterns of low-income populations in an emerging country. For a process that took 20 years, the adopted strategy has become a positive experience of sustainability and prosperity in low-income populations in Peru. The objective of the research is to conceptualize and identify the key elements of this experience so that its replication in other food production systems to impact favorably the prosperity of such vulnerable population. The Working With People (WWP) model, a validated methodology for analyzing the sustainability and prosperity of rural areas in Europe, is used for the analysis of this experience. The analysis shows that the presence of the three dimensions of this model (political-contextual, technical-business, and ethical-social) ensure the sustainability of a food production system that has an impact on the prosperity of low-income populations in emerging countries. This balance is important to enrich the connections between sustainability and prosperity, with other concepts such as core values in companies, public-private cooperation, food safety, inclusion and consumption patterns.
Sustainable Justice: Community Connections, Lower Debt, and the Process of Becoming a Work College
Authors: Bolger Andrew T. , Collins Christopher S.
Published: November 2018

This study presents the findings that emerged in a qualitative policy-oriented case study of an institution’s transition to a work college in the United States of America. Researchers collected 32 individual interviews, along with other observational data and institutional archives to understand the appeal of federal policy and government investment in the institution’s transition to a work college. From this data, two findings emerged that promoted the sustainability of the institution: Educational Justice Promotes Cultural Sovereignty and Academic Activism and Political Connections. What emerged in the analysis of the findings was that notions of access, affordability, dignity, sovereignty, and justice are all expressions of sustainability in higher education, which is one part of a societal ecosystem. The institution’s movement toward a work college model created a more sustainable educational model that allowed the institution to access federal policies and government investment inclined toward employability, promote its community, and develop significant political connections and advocacy. Throughout the transition, the institution exhibited profound ethical vision of higher education. This ethical vision—justice through education—stretched beyond the boundaries of the institution and into its adjacent neighborhood, city, and nation.
Transition Management for Improving the Sustainability of WASH Services in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa—An Exploration
Authors: Silvestri Giorgia , Wittmayer Julia M. , Schipper Karlijn , Kulabako Robinah , Oduro-Kwarteng Sampson , Nyenje Philip , Komakech Hans , Van Raak Roel
Published: November 2018

This paper explores how transition management processes can be designed to address the unsustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in informal settlements in cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The unsustainability of services related to WASH in informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa is deeply embedded in current societal and governance structures, cultures, and practices; it is context-dependent and involves numerous actors with different interests. Based on a literature review and empirical work in Arusha (Tanzania), Dodowa (Ghana), and Kampala (Uganda), we identify five context dimensions that account for the unsustainability of WASH services: (a) multiplicity of WASH practices, structures, and arrangements; (b) governance capacities for WASH services and maintenance; (c) landownership for sustainable access to WASH; (d) public participation in decision-making related to WASH; and (e) socio-economic inequalities governing access to WASH. These dimensions pose numerous conceptual and application challenges for transition management. Based on these challenges, recommendations are formulated for the design of a contextualized, participatory transition management process that is not only functional, but also emancipatory.
An Analysis of the Sustainable Development of Environmental Education Provided by Museums
Authors: Wang Yun-Ciao , Chiou Shang-Chia
Published: November 2018

Under the international initiative of environmental education and ecological conservation, promoting the public’s environmental awareness is the mission and goal of the museum’s environmental education. The main function of the museum is to integrate the values of local, regional, and national culture toward multifaceted management, as the museum is an important cultural carrier and a key force for informal education. Past studies have focused on environmental protection in formal educational settings, while museums in nonformal educational settings have undertaken relatively few missions to the environment, which is the motivation of this study. In the past three hundred years, nine countries, including world powers like Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Japan, have left their footprints in Tamsui, Taiwan, creating an important field for cross-cultural environmental education. Therefore, this study takes environmental education in the protection of Taiwan’s Tamsui cultural assets as its case study, and uses gradual regression analysis as a method to explore the potential factors of audience cognition resulting from the channels of museum environmental education, and to grasp the possibility of implementation. The results show that the reliability coefficient of this study is 0.908, and the internal consistency of the representative scale is high. The overall satisfaction with environmental education of audiences is above 4.24 in the five-level subscale. Further gradual regression analysis shows that positive and negative explanatory power can be used to examine the environmental education programs of museums. Therefore, according to data analysis, the findings can serve as a basis for promoting social environmental education goals, as well as a field for cross-cultural learning, to achieve a people-oriented sustainable development strategy.
Identifying Promising Research Frontiers of Pattern Recognition through Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Park Inchae , Yoon Byungun
Published: November 2018

This paper aims at proposing a quantitative methodology to identify promising research frontiers (RFs) based on bibliographic information of scientific papers and patents. To achieve this, core technological documents are identified by suggesting several indices which measure paper impact, research impact, patent novelty, impact, marketability, and the right range to evaluate technological documents and which measure the research capability of research organizations (ROs) such as a RO’s activity, productivity, market competitiveness, and publication impact. The RFs can be identified by clustering core technological documents, and promising indices of each RF which are from the perspectives of growth, impact, marketability, and science-based effect, are calculated to promising RFs. As an illustration, this paper selects the case of pattern recognition technology among various technologies in the information and communication technology sector. To validate the proposed method, emerging technologies on the hype cycle are utilized, allowing analysts to compare the results. Comparing the results derived from scientific papers and patents, the results from scientific papers are proper to suggest themes for research (R) in relatively long-term perspective, whereas the results from patents are appropriate for providing themes for development (D) in terms of relatively short-term view. This approach can assist research organizations and companies in devising a technology strategy for a future direction of research and development.
A Filtering Method for Grain Flow Signals Using EMD Thresholds Optimized by Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Authors: Wang He , Song Hua
Published: November 2018

For the purpose of reducing noise from grain flow signal, this paper proposes a filtering method that is on the basis of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. At first, decomposing noise signal is performed adaptively into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Then, ABC algorithm is utilized to determine a proper threshold shrinking IMF coefficients instead of traditional threshold function. Furthermore, a neighborhood search strategy is introduced into ABC algorithm to balance its exploration and exploitation ability. Simulation experiments are conducted on four benchmark signals, and a comparative study for the proposed method and state-of-the-art methods are carried out. The compared results demonstrate that signal to noise ratio (SNR) and root mean square error (RMSE) are obtained by the proposed method. The conduction of which is finished on actual grain flow signal that is with noise for the demonstration of the effect in actual practice.
A Strong Designated Verifier Proxy Re-Signature Scheme for IoT Environments
Authors: Yang Xiao-Dong , Xiao Li-Kun , Chen Chun-Lin , Wang Cai-Fen
Published: November 2018

With the rapid popularization of the Internet of Things (IoT) in our daily lives, the communication security and identity privacy of IoT devices must be ensured. However, traditional authentication mechanisms utilized in IoT cannot completely ensure a user’s privacy when his/her messages are routed via an untrusted intermediate device. Strong designated-verifier proxy re-signature (SDVPRS) is a new cryptographic technology that combines the advantages of strong designated verifier signature and proxy re-signature. Therefore, SDVPRS is considered to be a better approach to maintain data integrity and protect the identity privacy of the signer in a resource-limited IoT device. Nevertheless, designing a secure SDVPRS scheme without random oracles is still a challenging task. In this paper, we mainly focus on such a construction by providing a new method. We first provide the formal definition of SDVPRS and its security model. Then, we present the first SDVPRS scheme, which is bidirectional, multi-use and non-transferable, and we prove its security under the standard complexity assumptions in the standard model. The analysis results show that our SDVPRS scheme can not only protect the privacy of the signer’s identity, but also provide non-delegatability for signature verification. We present an example of potential application to environmental monitoring systems using our SDVPRS scheme.
Assessment of Conditions for Implementing Information Technology in a Warehouse System: A Novel Fuzzy PIPRECIA Method
Authors: Stević Željko , Stjepanović Željko , Božičković Zdravko , Das Dillip Kumar , Stanujkić Dragiša
Published: November 2018

The application of information technology in all areas represents a significant facilitation of all business processes and activities. A competitive business system is hardly imaginable without adequate information technology. Therefore, this paper evaluates the conditions for the implementation of barcode technology in a warehouse system of a company for the manufacture of brown paper. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) matrix was formed with a total of 27 elements based on which the benefits of the implementation of barcode technology in the warehouse system need to be analysed. For this purpose, a new fuzzy PIPRECIA (PIvot Pairwise RElative Criteria Importance Assessment) method has been developed to evaluate all elements in SWOT matrix. In addition, a part of the new developed approach includes new fuzzy scales for criterion assessment that are adapted to the methodology required by the fuzzy PIPRECIA method. To determine the consistency of the method, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients are applied. The results obtained in this study show that weaknesses are most noticeable in the current system. By implementing barcode technology, it is possible to create opportunities defined in SWOT matrix, which, in a very efficient way, allow elimination of the current weaknesses of the system.
A Robust Optimization Approach to the Multiple Allocation p-Center Facility Location Problem
Authors: Du Bo , Zhou Hong
Published: November 2018

In this study, we apply a robust optimization approach to a p-center facility location problem under uncertainty. Based on a symmetric interval and a multiple allocation strategy, we use three types of uncertainty sets to formulate the robust problem: box uncertainty, ellipsoidal uncertainty, and cardinality-constrained uncertainty. The equivalent robust counterpart models can be solved to optimality using Gurobi. Comprehensive numerical experiments have been conducted by comparing the performance of the different robust models, which illustrate the pattern of robust solutions, and allocating a demand node to multiple facilities can reduce the price of robustness, and reveal that alternative models of uncertainty can provide robust solutions with different conservativeness.
Vector Field Convolution-Based B-Spline Deformation Model for 3D Segmentation of Cartilage in MRI
Authors: Wang Jinke , Shi Changfa , Cheng Yuanzhi , Zhou Xiancheng , Tamura Shinichi
Published: November 2018

In this paper, a novel 3D vector field convolution (VFC)-based B-spline deformation model is proposed for accurate and robust cartilage segmentation. Firstly, the anisotropic diffusion method is utilized for noise reduction, and the Sinc interpolation method is employed for resampling. Then, to extract the rough cartilage, features derived from Hessian matrix are chosen to enhance the cartilage, followed by binarizing the images via an optimal thresholding method. Finally, the proposed VFC-based B-spline deformation model is used to refine the rough segmentation. In the experiments, the proposed method was evaluated and demonstrated on 46 magnetic resonance images (MRI) (including 20 hip joints and 26 knee joints), and the results were compared with three state-of-the-art cartilage segmentation methods. Both qualitative and quantitative segmentation results indicate that the proposed method can be deployed for accurate and robust cartilage segmentation. Furthermore, from the segmentation results, patient-specific 3D models of the patient’s anatomy can be derived, which then can be utilized in a wide range of clinical applications, such as 3D visualization for surgical planning and guidance.
Anti-Breast Cancer Activity of Latroeggtoxin-V Mined from the Transcriptome of Spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Eggs
Authors: Xu Dehong , Tang Xiaochao , Wu Xinzhou , Yu Dianmei , Tang Pingping , Wang Xianchun
Published: November 2018

As a black widow spider, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus has poisonous components not only in venomous glands but also in eggs. Our previous work had carried out a transcriptome analysis of the spider eggs in an attempt to probe into the molecular basis of the egg toxicity. A proteinaceous toxin, named Latroeggtoxin-V, was mined from the identified transcriptome. In this study, the gene of Latroeggtoxin-V was cloned and heterologously expressed, and the anticancer activity of the recombinant Latroeggtoxin-V (rLatroeggtoxin-V) was characterized. Activity assay found that rLatroeggtoxin-V could selectively act on breast cancer line MDA-MB-231 cells, not only arresting their cell cycle, inhibiting their proliferation and migration, but also inducing their apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that Latroeggtoxin-V belongs to the ATPase inhibitor protein family and the further activity assay showed that the rLatroeggtoxin-V inhibited the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase in MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the anticancer activity of Latroeggtoxin-V is based on its affecting the ion transport and receptor functions of Na+/K+-ATPase. The present work not only laid the foundation for the utilization of Latroeggtoxin-V in the anticancer drug development and the related fields, but also provided a new paradigm for exploration of the proteinaceous toxins under the direction of transcriptomics and bioinformatics.
Accumulation of Dinophysis Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs
Authors: Blanco Juan
Published: November 2018

Several species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis produce toxins that accumulate in bivalves when they feed on populations of these organisms. The accumulated toxins can lead to intoxication in consumers of the affected bivalves. The risk of intoxication depends on the amount and toxic power of accumulated toxins. In this review, current knowledge on the main processes involved in toxin accumulation were compiled, including the mechanisms and regulation of toxin acquisition, digestion, biotransformation, compartmentalization, and toxin depuration. Finally, accumulation kinetics, some models to describe it, and some implications were also considered.
Panton-Valentine Leucocidin Proves Direct Neuronal Targeting and Its Early Neuronal and Glial Impacts a Rabbit Retinal Explant Model
Authors: Liu XuanLi , Roux Michel J , Picaud Serge , Keller Daniel , Sauer Arnaud , Heitz Pauline , Prévost Gilles , Gaucher David
Published: November 2018

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) retinal intoxication induces glial activation and inflammatory response via the interaction with retinal neurons. In this study, rabbit retinal explant was used as a model to study neuronal and glial consequences of PVL intoxication. Retinal explants were treated with different concentrations of PVL. PVL location and neuronal and glial changes were examined using immunohistochemistry. Some inflammatory factors were quantified using RT-qPCR at 4 and 8 h. These results were compared with those of control explants. PVL co-localized rapidly with retinal ganglion cells and with horizontal cells. PVL induced Müller and microglial cell activation. Retinal structure was altered and some amacrine and microglial cells underwent apoptosis. Glial activation and cell apoptosis increased in a PVL concentration- and time-dependent manner. IL-6 and IL-8 expression increased in PVL-treated explants but less than in control explants, which may indicate that other factors were responsible for glial activation and retinal apoptosis. On retinal explants, PVL co-localized with neuronal cells and induced glial activation together with microglial apoptosis, which confirms previous results observed in in vivo model. Rabbit retinal explant seems to be suitable model to further study the process of PVL leading to glial activation and retinal cells apoptosis.
Recent Trends and Long-Range Forecasts of Water Resources of Northeast Iraq and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
Authors: Abbas Nahlah , Wasimi Saleh A. , Al-Ansari Nadhir , Nasrin Baby Sultana
Published: November 2018

Iraq has been experiencing water resources scarcity, and is vulnerable to climate change. Analysis of historical data revealed that the region is experiencing climate change to a degree higher than generally reported elsewhere. The relationship between climate change and its effect on water resources of a region has been sparsely addressed in published literature. To fill that gap this research work first investigates if there has been a significant change in climate in the region, which has been found to be true. In the next stage, the research projects future climatic scenarios of the region based on six oft-used General Circulation Model (GCM) ensembles, namely CCSM4, CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, GFDL-ESM2M, MEROC5, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-LR. The relationship between climate change and its impact on water resources is explored through the application of the popular, widely used SWAT model. The model depicts the availability of water resources, classified separately as blue and green waters, for near and distant futures for the region. Some of the findings are foreboding and warrants urgent attention of planners and decision makers. According to model outputs, the region may experience precipitation reduction of about 12.6% and 21% in near (2049–2069) and distant (2080–2099) futures, respectively under RCP8.5. Those figures under RCP4.5 are 15% and 23.4%, respectively and under RCP2.6 are 12.2% and 18.4%, respectively. As a consequence, the blue water may experience decreases of about 22.6% and 40% under RCP8.5, 25.8% and 46% under RCP4.5, and 34.4% and 31% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. Green water, by contrast, may reduce by about 10.6% and 19.6% under RCP8.5, by about 14.8% and 19.4% under RCP4.5, and by about 15.8% and 14.2% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. The research further investigates how the population are adapting to already changed climates and how they are expected to cope in the future when the shift in climate is expected to be much greater.
Drought Propagation in Semi-Arid River Basins in Latin America: Lessons from Mexico to the Southern Cone
Authors: Oertel Melanie , Meza Francisco Javier , Gironás Jorge , A. Scott Christopher , Rojas Facundo , Pineda-Pablos Nicolás
Published: November 2018

Detecting droughts as early as possible is important in avoiding negative impacts on economy, society, and environment. To improve drought monitoring, we studied drought propagation (i.e., the temporal manifestation of a precipitation deficit on soil moisture and streamflow). We used the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), and Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI) in three drought-prone regions: Sonora (Mexico), Maipo (Chile), and Mendoza-Tunuyán (Argentina) to study their temporal interdependence. For this evaluation we use precipitation, temperature, and streamflow data from gauges that are managed by governmental institutions, and satellite-based soil moisture from the ESA CCI SM v03.3 combined data set. Results confirm that effective drought monitoring should be carried out (1) at river-basin scale, (2) including several variables, and (3) considering hydro-meteorological processes from outside its boundaries.
Permeable Pavements Life Cycle Assessment: A Literature Review
Authors: Antunes Lucas Niehuns , Ghisi Enedir , Thives Liseane Padilha
Published: November 2018

The number of studies involving life cycle assessment has increased significantly in recent years. The life cycle assessment has been applied to assess the environmental performance of water infrastructures, including the environmental impacts associated with construction, maintenance and disposal, mainly evaluating the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the consumption of energy and natural resources. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of permeable pavements and show studies of life cycle assessment that compare the environmental performance of permeable pavements with traditional drainage systems. Although the studies found in the literature present an estimate of the sustainability of permeable pavements, the great heterogeneity in the evaluation methods and results is still notable. Therefore, it is necessary to homogenize the phases of goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. It is also necessary to define the phases and processes of the evaluation, as well as the minimum amount of data to be considered in the modelling of life cycle assessment, in order to avoid heterogeneity in the functional units and other components. Thus, more consistent results will lead to a real evaluation of the environmental impacts caused by permeable pavements. Life cycle assessment studies are essential to guide planning and decision-making, leading to systems that consider increasing water resources and reducing natural disasters and environmental impacts.
Étude minéralogique de quelques marnes noires oxfordiennes
Authors: Maurel Pierre
Published: November 2018

On étudie la minéralogie de marnes noires oxfordiennes de provenances variées. Les dosages quartz-calcite montrent que les échantillons s'écartent peu des valeurs moyennes suivantes : 16 % pour le quartz, 25 % pour la calcite. Les minéraux argileux sont examinés par diffraction aux rayons X, A. T. D., microscopie électronique et analyse chimique. Le minéral dominant est, dans tous les cas, une illite dioctaédrique, associée, suivant les régions, soit à de la kaolinite soit à une chlorite.
L'informativité des énoncés : contraintes sur le jugement et le raisonnement
Authors: Politzer Guy
Published: November 2018

Les maximes conversationnelles de Grice sont brièvement discutées, ainsi que les concepts d'informativité et de pertinence. La reformulation des maximes par Horn (1989) est utilisée comme base théorique pour expliquer pourquoi certains théorèmes de logique propositionnelle sont rejetés par les sujets sans connaissances en logique, et pour prédire avec succès la performance des sujets dans les déductions immédiates entre propositions quantifiées. Il est ensuite proposé que certains paradigmes expérimentaux devenus célèbres et qui sont supposés soit fournir la preuve de l'existence de biais dans la pensée (par exemple l'erreur de conjonction dans le jugement probabiliste, et l'incapacité à éliminer des hypothèses dans le raisonnement inductif), soit révéler le moment où se produit un changement conceptuel décisif pour le développement cognitif de l'enfant (par exemple l'inclusion de classes) doivent être réinterprétés quand on les examine à la lumière des principes conversationnels. Les tâches en question montrent plutôt la violation de ces principes par l'expérimentateur, ce qui explique l'échec apparent des sujets. Finalement, il est proposé que le phénomène omniprésent de marquage sémantique trouve une explication psychologique en ce que son fonctionnement exige du cerveau humain cette capacité fondamentale qu'est la réalisation de l'inclusion de classes. Il est démontré que l'acquisition de concepts et les changements qui s'ensuivent dans la représentation des connaissances peuvent souvent s'interpréter en termes d'émergence d'une nouvelle relation de marquage.
Générateurs automatiques d'analyseurs linguistiques : un point de vue linguistique
Authors: Renaud Francis
Published: November 2018

Nous proposons un modèle linguistique basé sur les grammaires d'unification et le lambda-calcul. Il travaille sur des séquences de triplets formés par des catégories syntaxiques, des contraintes de traits et de lambda-termes. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de lui adapter les techniques classiques de parsage et de génération de parseurs.
Etude empirique et modélisation d'une activité de diagnostic cognitif
Authors: Salembier Pascal
Published: November 2018

Empirical field study and modelling of a cognitive diagnosis activity

This paper brings up some methodological and epistemological implications that result from a study based on the analysis of a cognitive diagnosis task. It attempts to emphasize the importance of the analysis of cognitive activities in complex work situations. It shows that these field studies can provide some elements for the investigation of research topics in cognitive science, and for the development of models capable of taking into account the contextual aspects of cognitive activities. We assume that they are also able to provide elements for the discussion of logicist views of cognition, which regard certain cognitive structures (e.g. stereotypes) solely as the manifestation of an imperfect rationality.
Différence ontologique et cognition
Authors: Salanskis Jean Michel
Published: November 2018

L'article explore la signification que peuvent revêtir les considérations ontologiques de Heidegger, et tout particulièrement le concept de différence ontologique, vis-à-vis des recherches cognitives. Il analyse dans cet esprit l'interprétation du sens du mot 'Être' que donnent ou suggèrent trois conceptions de type cognitif des structures sémantiques les plus générales : la grammaire universelle de Montague, la grammaire cognitive de Langacker et la théorie catastrophiste de l'organisation casuelle de René Thom ou de ses successeurs Jean Petitot et Wolfgang Wildgen.

On examine ensuite les deux manières de comprendre l'implication de la philosophie dans l'affaire scientifique illustrée par la première partie : on bien la différence ontologique est prise comme une simple clef herméneutique favorisant la relecture intelligente de théories et de modèles scientifiques, ou bien elle est plus radicalement tenue pour le discours qui fournit la bonne approche de l'objet poursuivi par les théories sémantiques. Dans le même ordre d'idées, on apporte quelques commentaires sur la différence qu'il y a entre la manière dont le présent article invoque Heidegger pour des motifs théoriques, et le rôle d'instance critique à l'égard du projet et de la méthode de l'intelligence artificielle classique qui a été donné à la philosophie heideggerienne dans les travaux de Dreyfus et Winograd-Florès.
De la "naturalité" des catégories sémantiques : des catégories d'objets naturels aux catégories lexicales
Authors: Dubois Danielle , Resche-Rigon Philippe
Published: November 2018

About the "naturalness " of semantic categories — From categories of "natural objects" to lexical categories

This paper examines the notion of naturality developed in the framework of the theory of natural categories and the natural process of categorization. We first analyze the seminal work of Rosch on focal colors as instances of natural categories. We then track the extension of the notion of natural categories to natural objects, from natural categories to artefacts and to any object categorized on the basis of typicality. Finaly we point to the consequences of such a concept on cognitive linguistics based on the naturalization of lexical semantic categories. The polysémie use of the notion of naturality is subsumed by the epistemic function of preserving the principles of universality of cognition against cultural determination.
La méthode expérimentale, la modélisation informatique et l'intelligence artificielle
Authors: Lassègue Jean
Published: November 2018

Experimental method, computing modélisation and artificial intelligence. The notion of experience has a long history which is focused on three key-notions : deductive reasoning, mathématisation and instrumentation. Artificial intelligence, defined either as the "science of the general and effective conditions of intelligence" or as the "science of interactive artefacts", inherits this history but goes a step further thanks to computing modélisation : from this point of view, a new relation between objectivity and empiricity is made possible. In reinterpreting the notion of experience, AI gives a new meaning to the idea of thought experiment. This idea is made possible thanks to two notions : that of writing procedure and that of procedural unconscious.
L'expression des odeurs en français : analyse lexicale et représentation cognitive
Authors: David Sophie , Dubois Danielle , Rouby Catherine , Schaal Benoist
Published: November 2018

A partir d'un corpus constitué par les réponses de 246 étudiants, devant définir le terme "odeur" et citer des types d'odeurs, nous menons une analyse des dénominations employées : condition d'emploi et formes des dénominations (noms simples, synapsies), analyse des adjectifs construits morphologiquement (les constructions déverbales permettent de mettre en avant la notion d'"effet"), mise à jour d'axes de classification (c'est-à-dire des types de propriétés visées à travers la dénomination). Il apparaît que le domaine de l'odeur est un champ organisé par l'expérience personnelle, hypothèse qui est confrontée à l'analyse de l'emploi des marques personnelles (pronoms et déterminants). De manière plus générale, ce travail vise à montrer l'importance de la prise en compte les données linguistiques pour parvenir à une représentation cognitive du domaine olfactif.
Explanation, Prediction, and Reduction in Emergentism
Authors: Kim Jaegwon
Published: November 2018

Explication, prévision et réduction dans la doctrine émergentiste : Selon la doctrine centrale de l'émergentisme, certaines propriétés d'un système complexe ne sont ni prévisibles ni explicables en termes de propriétés des composants d'un niveau inférieur. Toujours selon cette doctrine, on considère également que des propriétés émergentes ne sont pas réductibles aux propriétés plus élémentaires du niveau inférieur à partir duquel l'émergence a lieu. Cet article présente un nouveau modèle de la réduction, à savoir un modèle fonctionnel qui s'oppose au modèle classique de Nagel, et qui permet une formulation unifiée de cette doctrine émergentiste.
Sur un nouveau type de représentation catastrophiste pour les modélisations en biologie et sciences cognitives
Authors: Lacorre Philippe
Published: November 2018

Une nouvelle formulation de la catastrophe fronce est utilisée pour modéliser les fonctions biologiques fondamentales de la prédation et de la reproduction. Cette nouvelle représentation repose sur la décomposition du potentiel global de la fronce en deux composantes, individualisant les prégnances conflictuelles. Elle conduit à une description plus précise et moins problématique que la proposition originale de R. Thom, grâce surtout à l'utilisation de paramètres à forts pouvoir évocateur et signification physique. Par exemple, cette nouvelle représentation rend compte de manière très suggestive des importants processus biologiques de la digestion et de l'assimilation, ou de la grossesse et de l'accouchement. Deux couples de paramètres sont utilisés dans la nouvelle représentation de la fronce : l'un définit la forme exacte des attracteurs en conflit, qui symbolise le codage génétique, l'autre contrôle la déformation et l'interaction entre les deux attracteurs et représente les effets hormonaux. Cette nouvelle description fait écho de manière frappante à la pensée philosophique de Heidegger concernant la différence ontologique, en donnant une représentation des concepts distincts de Vêtant et de Y Être. Elle invalide une précédente critique concernant l'impossibilité pour les modèles catastrophistes de décrire le niveau de Vêtant. Ce type de représentation pourrait s'avérer utile pour la traduction des modèles syntaxico-sémantiques de la théorie des catastrophes en langage informatique.
Les modèles cognitifs à l'épreuve des formes religieuses et sociales : proposition de directions de recherche centrées sur l 'empathie
Authors: Deffuant Guillaume
Published: November 2018

Cet article propose plusieurs directions de recherche sur l'interprétation et la compréhension de certaines formes religieuses ou sociales (sociétés archaïques, traditionnelles hiérarchiques, les religions monothéistes révélées, l'individualisme moderne), à l'aide d'hypothèses sur le fonctionnement cognitif responsable des interactions sociales élémentaires. L'empathie est vue comme opérateur central et nous tentons de montrer qu'il permet une intelligibilité nouvelle de ces formes sociales, qui apparaissent comme différents types d'attracteurs de systèmes dynamiques régis par ces interactions élémentaires.
L'innovation cognitive dans des communautés hybrides homme/animal de partage de sens, d'intérêts et d'affects
Authors: Lestel Dominique
Published: November 2018

Cognitive innovation in hybrid human/animal communities where meanings, interests and emotions are shared.

Animals are not condemned to purely routine patterns of use. Animals with the higher degrees of complexity have the capacity to innovate cognitively, i.e. to acquire one or several cognitive procedures that are quite without precedent in the original collectivities of their species where they usually evolve. This article discusses recent work, based on observations in the field or in experimental laboratory situations, which describes changes in the cognitive behaviour of animals and which attempts to account for them. The studies on the linguistic capacities of apes, and on tool use in animals, are particularly interesting in this respect. This work raises questions concerning the role of certain particular communities, where meanings, interests and emotions are shared, in shaping the cognitive ecology of animals ; and opens the possibility of elaborating a natural history of culture from a cognitive point of view.
Le schème : opérateur de la conception architecturale
Authors: Raynaud Dominique
Published: November 2018

L'étude de la conception architecturale se trouve au carrefour de trois approches : sciences de la conception, psychologie cognitive et architecturologie. Cette dernière tente de modéliser toute la gamme des changements d'état qui apparaissent durant le processus de conception. L'architecturologie sait décrire, au moyen d'échelles, les opérations de conception par lesquelles l'architecte attribue des mesures à l'édifice. Cette modélisation paraît adéquate lorsque le modèle morphologique n'est pas transformé durant le processus de conception (comme dans certains projets de Jørn Utzon ou de Alvar Aalto). Dans d'autres cas — comme dans certains projets de Philibert de l'Orme, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Norman Foster — les changements d'état altèrent la structure même du modèle morphologique. De telles transformations ne peuvent plus être décrites par l'échelle. Reprenant une idée de Herbert A. Simon, l'article suggère que la description de ces nouvelles transformations appelle une autre classe d'opérateurs. Ce pourrait être des schèmes, si l'on entend par ce terme la classe des actions prototypiques qui peuvent être exprimées par des verbes fondamentaux comme ouvrir, fermer, séparer, lier, etc.
Neuropsychopathologie cognitive sociale de l 'action : apport à l'étude des symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie
Authors: Georgieff Nicolas
Published: November 2018

Nous discutons l'intérêt d'un modèle cognitif issu de l'approche contemporaine de la perception et représentation de l'action, pour une relecture d'une partie de la symptomatologie positive de la schizophrénie à partir de l'hypothèse d'un trouble de la représentation de l'action. L'application de ce modèle à la psychopathologie, ici à la schizophrénie, repose sur l'individualisation d'un domaine particulier de l'action, correspondant aux conduites intentionnelles, relationnelles ou sociales, c'est-à-dire aux actions interindividuelles dirigées non pas vers des objets mais vers autrui, visant à produire ou modifier l'action et/ou les états mentaux intentionnels de l'autre. Cette perspective centrée sur l'action propose ainsi une lecture spécifique des "cognitions sociales". Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'une désorganisation de ce processus de représentation mutuelle du soi et de l'autre dans et par l'action est sous-jacente aux symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie, qui constituent différents aspects d'une pathologie de l'empathie et de la constitution des représentations de soi et d'autrui engagés dans un mode particulier d'action mutuelle.
Que reste-t-il de la représentation ? Pour introduire au dossier
Authors: Lassègue Jean , Visetti Yves-Marie
Published: November 2018

L'introduction au dossier «Représentations » dresse un état des lieux de l'usage actuel de la notion, après un bref rappel historique portant sur la naissance de la problématique représentationnaliste au 17ème siècle. Après avoir évoqué les débats ayant pour thème la reprise de la notion à partir des années 60 du 20eme siècle, les auteurs s'attachent à décrire les nouvelles pistes empruntées par les auteurs des articles du dossier qui, chacun à leur manière, renouvelle l'interprétation de la notion.
Des «normes catégorielles » : structuration cognitive et/ou linguistique des catégories sémantiques
Authors: Dubois Danielle , Poitou Jacques
Published: November 2018

Cet article analyse ce qui est désigné, en psychologie cognitive, comme des normes catégorielles, et qu'une approche linguistique peut considérer comme des «listes de termes ». Ainsi ce «produit » d'une activité psycholinguistique particulière (rémunération de mots isolés) peut, soit être considéré comme le «reflet » de structures catégorielles permettant d'évaluer les hypothèses psychologiques relatives aux prototypes et à la typicalité, soit comme un objet linguistique contraint par les propriétés du lexique et d'un discours très particulier (une liste). Nous tentons de montrer que les premières hypothèses doivent tenir compte des «biais » introduits par l'épaisseur du fonctionnement linguistique et que l'accès aux représentations cognitives, objectivées dans cette tâche, n'est en rien direct. Ce travail entend ainsi illustrer la nécessaire coopération disciplinaire entre linguistique et psychologie dans les sciences cognitives à condition cependant que les observables construits dans chaque discipline ne se trouvent pas réduits à un «cognitif» indéterminé.
2.2. Les avantages de la notion de modèle interne incomplet
Authors: Livet Pierre
Published: November 2018

La notion de modèle interne du mouvement intentionnel (Paillard, Wolpert) est séduisante, mais elle se heurte à une impossibilité épistémique. Nous la contournons en revenant à un modèle incomplet, dont les tests portent sur la séparation entre domaines différenciés, avec une limite qui reste vague, et l'identification de points critiques évidemment discontinus. Cette approche permet de rendre compte du différentiel de prise de conscience entre une tâche focale et une tâche connexe, et de distinguer quatre niveaux de conscience dans le mouvement.
3.1 Au cœur du temps : l'auto-antécédence II
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Depraz Nathalie
Published: November 2018

Dans cet essai pour décrire en sa micro-temporalité pré-réflexive notre faculté d'anticipation de l'événement imminent, la neurodynamique et la théorie de la temporalité de Husserl sont conjointement appliquées à l'analyse d'exemples neuropsychologiques : la vision stéréoscopique et la crise épileptique.
3.4. Action and Self-Determination
Authors: Pink Thomas
Published: November 2018

We naturally think that we have a capacity for self-determination ; that we can determine for ourselves how we act, so that we are morally responsible for our actions. The paper discusses two very different conceptions of self-determination -freedom, or a power over alternatives, and voluntariness, or a capacity to act as we want or decide. Opposing the arguments of Frankfurt and Davidson, the paper shows that the common sense psychology of human action commits us to a conception of self-determination as freedom, and excludes any conception of it as voluntariness.
Babbage et Boole : les lois du calcul symbolique
Authors: Durand-Richard Marie-José
Published: November 2018

Dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle, Charles Babbage (1791-1871) conçoit les plans de sa "machine analytique", aujourd'hui catégorisée comme calculatrice automatique et mécanique à programme externe, avant que George Boole (1815-65) ne produise la première formulation mathématique d'une logique attachée depuis Aristote à l'analyse du langage. Le propos de cet article est de montrer que ces auteurs, qui sont en général convoqués indépendamment l'un de l'autre, appartiennent à un même réseau d'algébristes anglais, et de resituer leur entreprise parmi les effets, conceptuels et institutionnels, de la Révolution Industrielle. Ces algébristes, nourris de l'empirisme et de la philosophie du langage de Locke, n''interviennent pourtant pas dans une perspective constructiviste. Réformateurs anglicans, ils attribuent la nécessité des mathématiques à un calcul symbolique radicalement premier, explicitant les opérations de l'esprit indépendamment de toute contingence interprétative. Ils inaugurent une séparation radicale, mais cependant hiérarchique, entre opérativité et signification du calcul symbolique.