bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Involvement Designed to Circumvent Public Concern? The “Participatory Turn” in European Nuclear Activities
Authors: Sundqvist Göran , Elam Mark
Published: April 2011

In this paper we critically evaluate contemporary processes of public involvement in nuclear activities in Europe. Our focus is two collaborative “technology platforms” at the European level, one for implementing the geological disposal of nuclear waste, the other for rendering nuclear energy sustainable. In key documents and statements connected with the launching of these two platforms, public participation is assigned a vital role in their construction. While participation is presented in both cases as important for heightening the legitimacy of national nuclear industry programs and creating more room for public influence, the nature of this participation tends to remain obscure. From our analysis of the European Union documents and statements, informed by recent discussions in science and technology studies (STS), we conclude that “the participatory turn” in the nuclear sector focuses too strongly on procedural matters—on public involvement as a good in itself—while deflecting attention away from the possibilities of using participation as a more genuine means of enabling public issues and concerns to reach a higher level of articulation. Attempting to resolve legitimacy problems by conceiving of public participation as a way of maneuvering around public concerns is problematic since the latter must be more properly conceived as remaining the foundation for the former. If the issues calling for enlarged public participation in nuclear activities in Europe were awarded greater attention, then the legitimacy of these activities might indeed be improved. It can be imagined, for example, that the connections between the disposal of legacy wastes and the authorization of new build would be rendered more transparent.
Effect of Temperature-Dependent Variable Viscosity on Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection Flow along a Vertical Wavy Surface
Authors: Parveen Nazma , Alim Md. Abdul
Published: April 2011

The effect of temperature dependent variable viscosity on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow of viscous incompressible fluid along a uniformly heated vertical wavy surface has been investigated. The governing boundary layer equations are first transformed into a nondimensional form using suitable set of dimensionless variables. The resulting nonlinear system of partial differential equations are mapped into the domain of a vertical flat plate and then solved numerically employing the implicit finite difference method, known as Keller-box scheme. The numerical results of the surface shear stress in terms of skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer in terms of local Nusselt number, the stream lines and the isotherms are shown graphically for a selection of parameters set consisting of viscosity parameter (), magnetic parameter (), and Prandtl number (Pr). Numerical results of the local skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer for different values are also presented in tabular form.
Effects of the size and filler loading on the properties of copper‐ and silver‐nanoparticle‐filled epoxy composites
Authors: Chan K. L. , Mariatti M. , Lockman Z. , Sim L. C.
Published: April 2011

Copper‐nanoparticle (CuNP)‐filled nanocomposites were prepared with various particle sizes and loadings. The nanocomposites incorporating 20‐nm CuNPs with 5 vol % loading displayed optimum properties as determined by electrical, mechanical, and thermal characterization. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a size of 20 nm were loaded into the epoxy resin to allow a comparison of the properties. Interestingly, at the percolation threshold, a 5 vol % loading of CuNP and AgNP nanocomposites resulted in slightly similar electrical conductivities of 0.01 and 0.02 S/cm, respectively. The CuNP and AgNP nanocomposites were also subjected to thermal aging at 150°C, and we observed that the electrical conductivity of both nanocomposites dropped only by about one order of magnitude after 8 weeks of exposure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Improved properties of highly oriented graphene/polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Ren Peng‐Gang , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Chen Tao , Zeng Bao‐Qing , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: April 2011

A kind of molecular‐level dispersed and highly oriented graphene monolayer nanocomposite film was successfully obtained by in situ reduction of phenyl isocyanate functionalized graphite oxide (RPIGO) in N,N‐dimethylformamide in the presence of polystyrene (PS). Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results show that the RPIGO monolayers were not only homogeneously intercalated into the PS matrix but also arranged parallel to the surface of the nanocomposite films. Because of the efficient interaction between the graphene monolayers and PS matrix, the mechanical properties of the graphene‐based nanocomposite films improved significantly. Compared with the pure PS film, a 28.4% increase in the Young's modulus and a 27.8% improvement in the tensile strength of the RPIGO–PS nanocomposites films were obtained with the addition of only 0.5 wt % graphite oxide. The glass‐transition temperature and onset degradation temperature of PS also increased from 96.6 and 427°C to 103.2 and 439°C, respectively. The improvement of the properties was mainly due to the large lateral thickness ratio and the high orientation of graphene monolayers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Electropolymerization of polypyrrole and polypyrrole‐ZnO nanocomposites on mild steel and its corrosion protection performance
Authors: Hosseini M. G. , Bagheri R. , Najjar R.
Published: April 2011

Polypyrrole (PPy) and Polypyrrole‐ZnO (PPy‐ZnO) nanocomposites were electrodeposited on mild steel and its corrosion protection ability was studied by Tafel and Impedance techniques in 3.5% NaCl solution. Pure Polypyrrole film was not found to protect the mild steel perfectly but the coating with nano‐sized ZnO (PPy‐ZnO) has dramatically increased the corrosion resistance of mild steel. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicated that the coating resistance (Rcoat) and corrosion resistance (Rcorr) values for the PPy‐ZnO nanocomposite coating was much higher than that of pure PPy coated electrode. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Relation of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor (CB1) gene with metabolic syndrome by ATP III classification
Authors: de Luis D. A. , Sagrado M. González , Aller R. , Izaola O. , Conde R.
Published: April 2011

Background

A polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the cannabinoid type‐1 receptor gene was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations. Some metabolic disorders are related to this polymorphism.

Objective

The aim of our study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and this polymorphism.

Design

A population of 917 obese patients was analysed in a cross‐sectional survey. Bioimpedance, blood pressure, an assessment of nutritional intake and biochemical analysis were recorded.

Results

Five hundred and twelve patients (55.8%) had the genotype G1359G (wild‐type group), whereas 344 (37.5%) had genotype G1359A and 61 (6.7%) patients had A1359A. (G1359A and A1359A were included in the mutant‐type group; 44.2% total). In wild type patients, metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher (54.9% versus 45.1%; p < 0.05) than no metabolic syndrome prevalence. In patients with mutant genotypes, metabolic syndrome prevalence was lower (43.7% versus 56.3%; p < 0.05). Glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment levels were higher in patients with the wild genotype than in those with the mutant type. Adiponectin levels were lower in patients with the wild genotype than in those with the mutant type.

Conclusion

The novel finding of this study is the association of the G1359A and A1359A cannabinoid type‐1 genotypes with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome than the G1359G genotype. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering studies of hexagonal rare‐earth RMnO3 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) thin films
Authors: Hien Nguyen Thi Minh , Oh Su‐Young , Chen Xiang‐Bai , Lee D. , Jang S.‐Y. , Noh T. W. , Yang In‐Sang
Published: April 2011

We have studied the rare‐earth (R) dependence of the phonon and magnon scattering in hexagonal RMnO3 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) thin films using Raman scattering spectroscopy. We found, as the ionic radius of R decreases from Tb to Er, the phonons shift to higher energies. Our results indicate that both the lattice constants a and c of hexagonal RMnO3 would decrease when the ionic radius of R decreases, and the lattice constant c would have a weaker R dependence. The magnons also shift to higher energies when the radius of the R ion decreases, and they show faster upshift than the phonons. In addition, the Néel temperature also shows a systematic increasing behavior when the radius of the R ion decreases. The dependence of the rare‐earth R on the magnons and the Néel temperature can be explained by the rapid increase of the spin‐exchange integral when the Mn–Mn distance decreases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compound Design by Fragment‐Linking
Authors: Ichihara Osamu , Barker John , Law Richard J. , Whittaker Mark
Published: April 2011

The linking together of two fragment compounds that bind to distinct protein sub‐sites can lead to a superadditivity of binding affinities, in which the binding free energy of the linked fragments exceeds the simple sum of the binding energies of individual fragments (linking coefficient E<1). However, a review of the literature shows that such events are relatively rare and, in the majority of the cases, linking coefficients are far from optimal being much greater than 1. It is critical to design a linker that does not disturb the original binding poses of each fragment in order to achieve successful linking. However, such an ideal linker is often difficult to design and even more difficult to actually synthesize. We suggest that the chance of achieving successful fragment linking can be significantly improved by choosing a fragment pair that consists of one fragment that binds by strong H‐bonds (or non‐classical equivalents) and a second fragment that is more tolerant of changes in binding mode (hydrophobic or vdW binders). We also propose that the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations can be used to analyse the nature of the binding interactions of the fragment hits for the selection of fragments for evolution, merging and linking in order to optimize the chance of success.
Naturgefahren und Infrastruktur
Authors: Paus Hans‐Leo , Hackstein Jochen
Published: April 2011

Eine Software erkennt Risiken für die chemische Industrie durch Blitzschlag oder Hagel. Dabei berücksichtigt sie nicht nur die Topographie des jeweiligen Standorts, sondern auch Lieferketten und historische Wetterdaten.
Correction to ‘Mixed ℋ︁2/ℋ︁∞ Nonlinear Filtering’
Authors: Aliyu M. D. S. , Boukas E. K.
Published: April 2011

In Section 5 of Aliyu and Boukas (Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 2009; 19:394–417), the authors have presented certainty‐equivalent filters for the mixed ℋ︁2/ℋ︁∞ filtering problem for affine nonlinear systems. Sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem with a finite‐dimensional filter are given in terms of a pair of coupled Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs equations (HJIEs). In this note, we supply a correction to these HJIEs. Moreover, for linear systems this correction is not necessary. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrast and change mining
Authors: Boettcher Mirko
Published: April 2011

Because the world with its markets, innovations, and customers is changing faster than ever before, the key to survival for businesses is the ability to detect, assess, and respond to changing conditions timely and intelligently. Understanding changes and reacting to or acting upon them therefore become a strategic issue not only for companies but also in many other domains. The corresponding need for knowledge has been answered by data mining research by proposing a multitude of methods for analyzing different aspects of change. This article provides an overview of recent works on methods for change analysis, thereby focusing on contrast mining and change mining, the two emerging subfields of contemporary data mining research. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 215–230 DOI: 10.1002/widm.27

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

Technologies > Association Rules

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
The Pocahontas Story in Early America
Authors: Gould Philip
Published: April 2011

Near the end ofNotes on the State of Virginia(1785), Thomas Jefferson offers a notably ambivalent assessment of Captain John Smith: “To his efforts principally may be ascribed [the colony's] support against the opposition of natives. He was honest, sensible, and well-informed; but his style is barbarous and uncouth. His history, however, is almost the only source from which we derive any knowledge of the infancy of the state” (177). Such ambivalence registers the degree to which late 18th-century ideologies of civility and refinement mediated historical accounts of Virginia's colonial past, and it begins to suggest an overlooked context for reconsidering the cultural meaning of the Smith–Pocahontas story during this era. For the episode traditionally has been read in terms of race and “the birth of the nation” (Jenkins, 10). While influential critics of Smith have extolled his enterprising “genius” and his “doctrine of hard work and self–reliance,” revisionist critiques of Smith's version of American heroism manage only to reproduce the same interpretive categories. Indeed, to revisionists, the Pocahontas story instances an ethnocentrism endemic to colonial encounters: Smith fails to recognize thehuskanawceremony (whereby he is made awerowanceto Powhattan); and Pocahontas's “self-abandonment” prefigures the doctrine of Manifest Destiny.
Rewriting the Barbary Captivity Narrative: The Perdicaris Affair and the Last Barbary Pirate
Authors: Baepler Paul
Published: April 2011

In 1904, Teddy Roosevelt sent seven U.S. warships to Tangier to demand the release of the millionaire Ion Perdicaris, who had been captured and held for ransom by Raisuli, a sworn enemy of the Moroccan sultan. Rumors of invasion filtered into the national headlines and, at the Republican National Convention that summer, Roosevelt's secretary of state, John Hay, called for Raisuli's death. What later became known as the Perdicaris Affair stirred public outrage and rekindled memories of the nation's first postrevolutionary war when, in 1801, Thomas Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy to combat Barbary privateers. At that time, Barbary abduction was almost commonplace, and the genre of the Barbary captivity narrative flourished. While held hostage, Perdicaris wrote his own Barbary captivity narrative, which circulated widely, first in Leslie's Magazine and later in the National Geographic Magazine. The crisis, however, was soon forgotten after Roosevelt's successful reelection. The public might have altogether forgotten about Perdicaris but for John Milius's 1975 film, The Wind and The Lion. Milius, who both wrote and directed the film, based his account on Perdicaris's 1904 captivity episode and, in many ways, he preserved the popular image of the savage North African, even calling Perdicaris's captor the “Last of the Barbary Pirates.”
Advertising, Utopia, and Commercial Idealism: The Case of King Gillette
Authors: Prettyman Gib
Published: April 2011

In the history of American consumer society, the case of King Camp Gillette, the “Razor King,” is at once strange and typical. Gillette — named King after a friend of his father — is recognized as the inventor of the modern safety razor and the namesake of the corporation launched to produce and sell it. As a tale of individual entrepreneurial triumph, Gillette's life follows a familiar pattern: hard work, visionary zeal, ridicule and adversity, persistence, trial and error, and conspicuous success. His story also functions well as a case study in the evolution of modern corporate business practice. The commercial genius of Gillette's invention was its disposable blade, and given a product (the razor) which created its own perpetual market (for the blades), the corporation used the modern tools of patent enforcement, stock offerings, public relations, market research, distribution, technology, diversification, and especially advertising to build and maintain its market share for the last 100 years. In these respects and others, Gillette's story finds an indigenous place in business textbooks, company testimonials, and cultural mythology.
Américo Paredes's Development of a Border Outlaw
Authors: Trombold John
Published: April 2011

In their considerations ofChicanolaborder poetry and narrative, Gloria Anzaldúa, Guillermo Gómez-Peña, and José David Saldívar have suggested that the cultural condition of the border writer addresses central concerns of contemporary American culture and what one can regard — as I try to do here — as its aspiring cultural outlaws. In the context of their postmodern approaches to culture the notion of the American frontier outlaw has a rather archaic ring, for such an identity recalls 19th–century constructions of self and an underlying belief in individual agency. Even in the 1930s the figure of the folkloricTejanorebel existed in a similar historical halfway house, one in which the idea of the Mexican outlaw is both utterly anachronistic and politically relevant. Nonetheless, the traditional heroic outlaw ofTejanoballadry —corridos— still has the power to signify a legacy of opposition to Anglo power, and the themes of such balladry persist today in the form of legal conflict over unresolved land claims (Verhovek), as if yesterday's outlaw has materialized from legend and taken form as lawful claimant. Thus it is valuable to see how the concerns of contemporary theory can be related to antiquated legends and to note any intermediary texts located in a moment between the late 20th-century present and the mid-19th-century past. Arguably, Américo Paredes's 1930s novelGeorge Washington Gomezprefigures the newly lawful claims of those heir to the mythos of legendary outlaws and at the same time prefigures postmodern border theory. The novel underscores the divided character of a culture inheriting a folkloric tradition in a newly modern American context and elaborates on themes pertinent to a postmodern one.
III. Afterword: Mark Twain and the Sense of Racism
Authors: Budd Louis J.
Published: April 2011

Literary historians or biographers who stay interested in a particular author drift in opposite directions. Some, jaded or disillusioned, fixate on that author's personal and even artistic flaws, eventually sounding as if they could have done the primary works better themselves. Others keep getting more and more tolerant toward their vulnerably human subject, often ending up as protective. I would be delighted if pinpoint scholarship could prove that Mark Twain was an avatar of antiracism. But I hope for too much. Throughout his career Twain could aim some stereotyping invective and belittling humor at several groups, most notably the Chinese, the Irish, and American Indians while, like his educated contemporaries, applying labels of race and nationality both casually and interchangeably. So, to narrow down, I would be delighted if Twain emerged – intellectually, emotionally, and politically – as a champion of African Americans or, better still, as a humanist who essentially considered them his peers by birth rather than pitiable victims of bias and social injustice. Not incidentally, I may be making two unforgivable mistakes by narrowing down to Twain's attitudes about African Americans. First, any posing of the matter in that binary way accepts race as a scientifically definable entity in effect or, to use currentspeak, reifies race as a concrete reality. Second, posing the matter in terms of black versus white forgets the much broader process in the United States during much of Twain's lifetime when the privileging label of white was often denied to many nationalities from Eastern Europe and the Middle East and – most egregiously – to the Japanese and Chinese. We ponder too little the fact that Samuel L. Clemens was made inescapably conscious that his determinable ancestors on both sides rated clearly as Anglo-Saxon, the self-proclaimed highest, only unimpeachable level of whiteness.
Making the View from Lookout Mountain: Sectionalism and National Visual Culture
Authors: Cohen Matt
Published: April 2011

Recent scholarship in the history of American art has uncovered the deep social, political, and economic context within which specific inividuals invented highly charged (and frequently contested) visions of the American landscape. Drawing attention away from the naturalizing tendency of criticism that emphasizes landscape painting as a reflection of national and transcendental ideals, this kind of analysis has brought new richness to the study of landscapes, weaving political and social history into the criticism of American art. Charting paintings as they function within the constellations of patronage, intellectual history, and reception, these new histories help us understand the cultural work of landscape in the 19th-century United States.
“When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Harriet Beecher Stowe and theStowe v. ThomasCopyright Infringement Case
Authors: Homestead Melissa J.
Published: April 2011

In 1853, Harriet Beecher Stowe filed a copyright suit against F. W. Thomas, a Philadelphia printer who had published an unauthorized German translation ofUncle Tom's Cabinin his newspaper,Die Freie Presse. Stowe brought suit in the federal circuit court in Philadelphia, thus ironically placing her claim in the hands of Justice Robert Grier, a notable enforcer of slaver-owners' interests under the Fugitive Slave Law. Grier found that Stowe's property rights in her novelistic plea for resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law were very narrow and that she could not prevent Thomas from publishing a translation without her authorization. In the conclusion to the court's opinion, Grier wrote,
Questioning the Future: Polling Americans at the Turn of the New Millennium
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: April 2011

Elected in 1996 to serve as President into a new century, Bill Clinton announced a national mood of expectation in his second inaugural address: “It is our great good fortune that time and chance have put us not only at the edge of a new century, in a new millennium, but on the edge of a bright new prospect in human affairs — a moment that will define our course, and our character, for decades to come.” It was a moment, in short, when Americans, used to thinking ahead, were asked intensely about the future. Known for his close attention to polling data in policy making, Clinton responded to a frequently reported categorization of Americans during the 1990s as self-absorbed. Clinton's homespun message in his second inaugural address called on Americans planning their individual destinies to think collectively when he said simply, “[T]he future is up to us.” As the year 2000 approached, American polls repeatedly measured the national “mood” in light of individual beliefs about the future. Gallup, Torrance, Zogby, CNN (Cable News Network), USA Today, ABC News, and the Pew Research Center, among others, polled Americans about their feelings for the impending millennium “event” and their hopes and fears for the next year, generation, and century. Based on the experience of the last turn of the century, many publishers, educators, and politicians encouraged reflections on the century just past as much as the era ahead, but it was a rare poll that actually asked Americans about their view of the past. To be sure, authorities were queried for the greatest events, presidents, books, films, and television shows of the last century, but it was as much a sign of the difference in their historical perspective from the man or woman on the street as it was some national reflective urge.
“To Plead Our Own Cause”: The St. Domingue Legacy and the Rise of the Black Press
Authors: Edmondson Philip
Published: April 2011

From the 1820s to the 1850s, the black press, with early support from white abolitionists, published historical essays on the St. Domingue slave rebellion for new generations of readers. The purpose was to exhort free black readers to emulate the vigor of the St. Dominguan rebels in taking control of their communities and personal lives. In this essay, I address how antebellum black activist writers formulated a St. Domingue legacy to unite free black communities, to promote literacy education, and to build firm moral character.
“With Scalpel and Microscope in Hand”: The Influence of Professor Lucius Sherman's 19th-Century Literary Pedagogy on Willa Cather's Developing Aesthetic
Authors: Funda Evelyn I.
Published: April 2011

Today few, if any, scholars of American literature have heard of University of Nebraska English Professor Lucius Adelno Sherman (Figure 1), and if they know of him at all, it is likely through his antagonistic association with a young Willa Cather, who had been his student in Nebraska in the 1890s (more on that relationship in the latter part of this essay). During that last decade of the 19th century, however, this Yaleeducated professor was becoming well known in his own right as a soughtafter educator and literary critic who, during his more than fifty-year career, wrote seven books on the study of literature and education and edited several others.
Painting History: John Trumbull and the Battle of Bunker's Hill
Authors: Angelis Angelo T.
Published: April 2011

Flags snap in the breeze and smoke hangs menacingly above the ground. Men clash, yield, and die in a desperate battle on the crest of a hill. These images merge to form John Trumbull's painting, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, 17 June 1775 (Figure 1). It is a dramatic image that appears frequently in print as illustration and cover art. Art historians comment positively on its technical merits, offering a variety of intriguing interpretations. These interpretations, though, frequently overlook the historical context of the original painting. Historical applications pair the painting with an appropriate historical text, but rarely take the opportunity to interpret the painting as a source in its own right. Historian Louis Masur makes this point when he criticizes the use of images in textbooks. Pictures, Masur argues, have become necessary but are not as a general rule presented in a way that asks or even allows for a complete reading of those same images. The loss is not merely in textbooks and other publications. It also occurs in the classroom, where pictures have become necessary backdrops for computer-supported lectures, and on Web site applications, where images dress but seldom add to the text.

This essay argues for a more complete use of images outside and inside the classroom. In doing so, it applies techniques from two disciplines — history and art history — to offer a more complete reading of John Trumbull's The Death of General Warren at Bunker's Hill. This reading is presented from multiple perspectives, including the historical context in which the image was created, the artist's connection to the subject, and his interpretive and technical choices.
John Lovejoy Elliott and the Social Settlement Movement
Authors: Salzman-Fiske Ellen
Published: April 2011

During the Progressive Era, American social settlements played a critical role in helping immigrants adjust to a new life that was puzzling, difficult, and often grueling. Settlements offered immigrants medical help, language classes, art and music lessons, day-care services — and sometimes a place where they could learn to be community leaders. Most often, it is the inspiring work of women reformers that one thinks of in connection with the important work of social settlements. Yet among the many prominent women, several men in the settlement movement were influential and extraordinary in their own right. John Lovejoy Elliott, founder and head worker of the Hudson Guild in New York City, was a prime example.

Although Elliott held such impressive posts as President of the Board of Directors of the National Federation of Settlements (from 1919 to 1923) and was described by one of his contemporaries as “one of the great social workers and spiritual leaders of our time…. a kind of lay saint,” historically Elliott's work has been overshadowed by that of his more famous female counterparts. Yet one could argue that it is Elliott who created and put into practice a settlement house that best addressed the needs of immigrants and most helped the immigrant underclass achieve some independence and political power.

Although John Lovejoy Elliott had a single focus (helping immigrants), female settlement head workers, such as Jane Addams, often pursued a dual goal. They were concerned about helping immigrants, but also were intent on giving college-educated, middle-class or upper-class young American women something to do with their lives. “We have in America,” wrote Addams, “a fast growing number of cultivated young people who have no recognized outlet for their active abilities.”
Looking After the Singer Tower: The Death and Life of Block 62
Authors: Sandeen Eric J.
Published: April 2011

In early 1968, two development sites lay virtually side by side in Lower Downtown Manhattan. West of Broadway, the clearing of thirty blocks spectacularly announced the Port Authority's intention to build a World Trade Center (WTC) complex. Along Broadway itself, a more modest, two-block site awaited the U.S. Steel Building, later renamed 1 Liberty Plaza. The northern half of this site, bounded by Cortland and Liberty Streets, block 62, had most recently been the address of the Singer Tower, an Ernest Flagg-designed building that, in the eighteen months after its completion in 1908, had been the tallest building in the world. In 1967, it once again attained record status, which it, in fact, retains: the tallest building in the world to be intentionally demolished by its owners.

This essay resides in the cultural moment represented by these two sites, these two locations of erasures and reinscription. Instead of looking at what would be built — the intensely analyzed WTC site — let us examine what had been erased next door: a particular aesthetic, an earlier form of corporate capitalism massed in the outline of a grand cityscape. Produced by the burgeoning, international sewing-machine trade in the early 20th century and brought down by the pressures of the international, industrial competition of the 1960s, the life of the Singer Tower takes New York City from the exuberance of the first decade of the century to the decline of city fortunes at the end of American industrial dominance. Its demise is also the result of cultural triage performed by historic preservationists in the years immediately after the passage of New York City's Landmark legislation in 1965.
Clement Greenberg, Harold Rosenberg, and Their Jewish Issues
Authors: Baigell Matthew
Published: April 2011

Clement Greenberg (1909–94) and Harold Rosenberg (1906–78) were the two art critics most closely associated with abstract expressionism in the 1940s and 1950s. Neither began their careers as art critics, however. By the mid-1980s, Rosenberg had published literary essays and poems in left-wing magazines, and Greenberg's articles and reviews first appeared at the end of that decade. During the 1940s, Greenberg began to write art criticism, and Rosenberg's essays began to appear frequently in the 1950s. By that time, both had become part of the group known informally as the New York Intellectuals, many of whom were Jewish and children of immigrant parents.

Highly verbal, vocal, argumentative, and politically left of center, they often published in magazines such asPartisan Review, Commentary, andDissent. Although both Greenberg and Rosenberg ultimately rejected the more dogmatic and authoritarian aspects of leftist politics, they nevertheless supported the idea that society must move forward, but not necessarily by political means. Greenberg thought that such momentum could be maintained by the cultural elite, and Rosenberg, influenced by surrealism's concerns for the creative process, believed that individuals who were independent minded and creative could do the same. Both encouraged artists to turn from the social concerns that engaged many during the 1930s to apolitical, self-searching themes that came to characterize the art of the 1940s. In effect, they, especially Rosenberg, lionized the artist as an heroic individual. In the words of one historian, both “worked to find a safe haven for radical progress within the realm of individualistic culture.” And both, among the most perspicacious critics of their time, discovered, encouraged, and/or supported artists who ultimately became major figures, such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.
Beauty and Nightmare in Vietnam War Fiction
Authors: Gelfant Blanche H.
Published: April 2011

“Hue is the most beautiful city in the world,” a Vietnamese woman tells Marine Lieutenant Kramer, a central character in Robert Roth's Vietnam War novel,Sand in the Wind. Published in 1973, five years after the sweeping Tet Offensive had reduced Hue to rubble,Sand in the Windset the city within a complex meditation upon beauty and its relation to human desire, history, the vagaries of chance, ephemerality of happiness, and ineluctability of loss. Though ambitious in intent,Sand in the Windhas not been widely acclaimed. Except for John Hellmann's close reading, it has usually been referred to passingly or overlooked. Thomas Myers dismissed it as a “sterile mural,” a static work fixed upon a wall. I prefer to think of it as “walking point” — an action Myers ascribed to Vietnam War fiction he endorsed for “cutting trails” (227). Like the pointman of a patrol who clears a path for others to follow, the Vietnam War novel, Myers argued, opened a way into tangled historic territory — the territory of war now inhabited by literature. I propose to enter this forbidding area throughSand in the Wind, for I believe that like the novels Myers lauded it too secures a way, a unique way, of engaging safely with the Vietnam War and the losses it entailed.

The lives of an estimated 5,713 soldiers, American and Vietnamese, were lost in the battle at Hue, as were almost 3,000 civilian lives. That the “longest and bloodiest” battle of the Offensive took place in Hue during the festive days of Tet was particularly shocking, for Hue was commonly considered an open city, and Tet, the lunar New Year, a time of peace and renewal. Traditionally, Tet Nguyen Dan ushered in the new year with three days of festivity, days of respite during which communal bonds were strengthened. Family members and their relatives renewed the bond of blood by gathering together for an exchange of gifts and good wishes; ancestral bonds were renewed by visits to family graves. Rice farmers plowing their paddies renewed the bond between man and nature.
Patterns of retail location and urban form in Amsterdam in the mid-eighteenth century
Authors: LESGER CLÉ
Published: April 2011

In this article location theory is used to map and analyse the patterns of retail location in Amsterdam in the eighteenth century. In the city centre as well as along the main axes to markets and the city gates the retailing of shopping goods (textiles, consumer durables) was much more prominent than elsewhere in the city. In contrast, shops selling convenience goods (foodstuffs etc.) were scattered all over the city. The correspondence of empirical data and location theory suggests that the urban government and institutions did not interfere with the location preferences of shopkeepers. An analysis of local acts and guild regulations corroborated this assumption. What did affect the location patterns of shops was history. The morphological and socio-economic legacy of the past acted as an intermediary between general location principles and the implantation of shops in the urban landscape.
Vessel Size Imaging Reveals Pathological Changes of Microvessel Density and Size in Acute Ischemia
Authors: Xu Chao , Schmidt Wolf UH , Villringer Kersten , Brunecker Peter , Kiselev Valerij , Gall Peter , Fiebach Jochen B
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of vessel size imaging with precise evaluation of apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood volume and to apply this novel technique in acute stroke patients within a pilot group to observe the microvascular responses in acute ischemic tissue. Microvessel density-related quantity Q and mean vessel size index ( VSI) were assessed in 9 healthy volunteers and 13 acute stroke patients with vessel occlusion within 6hours after symptom onset. Our results in healthy volunteers matched with general anatomical observations. Given the limitation of a small patient cohort, the median VSI in the ischemic area was higher than that in the mirrored region in the contralateral hemisphere ( P < 0.05). Decreased Q was observed in the ischemic region in 2 patients, whereas no obvious changes of Q were found in the remaining 11 patients. In a patient without recanalization, the VSI hyperintensity in the subcortical area matched well with the final infarct. These data reveal that different observations of microvascular response in the acute ischemic tissue seem to emerge and vessel size imaging may provide useful information for the definition of ischemic penumbra and have an impact on future therapeutic approaches.
Brain energization in response to deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nuclei in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Garraux Gaëtan , Bahri Mohamed A , Lemaire Christian , Degueldre Christian , Salmon Eric , Kaschten Bruno
Published: April 2011

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment in a subgroup of medically refractory patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we compared resting-state 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography images in the stimulator off (DBS_OFF) and on (DBS_ON) conditions in eight PD patients in an unmedicated state, on average 2 years after bilateral electrode implantation. Global standardized uptake value (SUV) significantly increased by ∼11% in response to STN-DBS. To avoid any bias in the voxel-based analysis comparing DBS_ON and DBS_OFF conditions, individual scan intensity was scaled to a region where FDG-SUV did not differ significantly between conditions. The resulting FDG-SUV ratio (FDG-SUVR) was found to increase in many regions in response to STN-DBS including the target area of surgery, caudate nuclei, primary sensorimotor, and associative cortices. Contrary to previous studies, we could not find any regional decrease in FDG-SUVR. These findings were indirectly supported by comparing the extent of areas with depressed FDG-SUVR in DBS_OFF and DBS_ON relatively to 10 normal controls. Altogether, these novel results support the prediction that the effect of STN-DBS on brain activity in PD is unidirectional and consists in an increase in many subcortical and cortical regions.
Neurovascular function in Alzheimer's disease patients and experimental models
Authors: Nicolakakis Nektaria , Hamel Edith
Published: April 2011

The ability of the brain to locally augment glucose delivery and blood flow during neuronal activation, termed neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling, respectively, is compromised in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since perfusion deficits may hasten clinical deterioration and have been correlated with negative treatment outcome, strategies to improve the cerebral circulation should form an integral element of AD therapeutic efforts. These efforts have yielded several experimental models, some of which constitute AD models proper, others which specifically recapture the AD cerebrovascular pathology, characterized by anatomical alterations in brain vessel structure, as well as molecular changes within vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells forming the blood– brain barrier. The following paper will present the elements of AD neurovascular dysfunction and review the in vitro and in vivo model systems that have served to deepen our understanding of it. It will also critically evaluate selected groups of compounds, the FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones, for their ability to correct neurovascular dysfunction in AD patients and models. These and several others are emerging as compounds with pleiotropic actions that may positively impact dysfunctional cerebrovascular, glial, and neuronal networks in AD.
The zero vector potential mechanism of attosecond absorption
Authors: Baeva T. , Gordienko S. , Robinson A. P. L. , Norreys P. A.
Published: April 2011

A new mechanism for the absorption of energy during the interaction between an ultra-intense laser pulse and a sharp-edged overdense plasma, which we term the zero vector potential (ZVP) mechanism, is presented. The ZVP-mechanism is a nonponderomotive absorption mechanism that should dominate in the interaction of very strong short laser pulses (a0>>1) with overdense plasmas in the case of sharp density gradients. In the ZVP-mechanism the existence of moving zeroes in the vector potential of the relativistic skin layer is crucial to the generation of both fast electron bunches and coherent x-rays. We demonstrate that the laser energy is absorbed from the plasma on the attosecond timescale in the form of electron bunches with unprecedentedly short duration. The numerical simulations are able to validate all qualitative and quantitative aspects of the ZVP-mechanism.
AKNS hierarchy, Darboux transformation and conservation laws of the 1D nonautonomous nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Zhao Dun , Zhang Yu-Juan , Lou Wei-Wei , Luo Hong-Gang
Published: April 2011

By constructing nonisospectral Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur (AKNS) hierarchy, we investigate the nonautonomous nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations which have been used to describe the Feshbach resonance management in matter-wave solitons in Bose–Einstein condensate and the dispersion and nonlinearity managements for optical solitons. It is found that these equations are some special cases of a new integrable model of nonlocal nonautonomous NLS equations. Based on the Lax pairs, the Darboux transformation and conservation laws are explored. It is shown that the local external potentials would break down the classical infinite number of conservation laws. The result indicates that the integrability of the nonautonomous NLS systems may be nontrivial in comparison to the conventional concept of integrability in the canonical case.
Prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy to adolescents in England
Authors: Langley Tessa E. , Huang Yue , Lewis Sarah , McNeill Ann , Coleman Tim , Szatkowski Lisa
Published: April 2011

Aims  In November 2005, the indications for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) were broadened in the United Kingdom, making all forms available to 12–17‐year‐olds. This study aimed to estimate the effects of this change on prescribing of NRT to adolescents in England.

Design  Segmented regression analysis of primary care data on prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy using general additive mixed models.

Setting  A total of 350 general practices in England included in The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a database of UK electronic primary care records.

Participants  All 12–17‐year‐old patients registered with a THIN practice in England.

Measurements   Monthly rates of prescribing of NRT per 100 000 12–17‐year‐old patients registered with a THIN practice between January 2002 and June 2009.

Findings  Prescribing of NRT was highest in 16–17‐year‐olds and extremely low in 12–13‐year‐olds, generally fewer than 10 prescriptions per 100 000 adolescents per month. Girls tended to be prescribed NRT more frequently than boys. In 12–17‐year‐olds rates of prescribing were increasing prior to the broadening of indications, and there was no step change, but the rate of increase was lower, after the indications were broadened.

Conclusions  Recent changes to the marketing licence for nicotine replacement therapy in England to include adolescents appear to have had little or no effect on prescribing practices.
Can the emergence of pine Diplodia shoot blight in France be explained by changes in pathogen pressure linked to climate change?
Authors: FABRE BÉNÉDICTE , PIOU DOMINIQUE , DESPREZ‐LOUSTAU MARIE‐LAURE , MARÇAIS BENOÎT
Published: April 2011

Sphaeropsis shoot blight, caused by Diplodia pinea and Diplodia scrobiculata, damage conifers throughout the world. In France, the first disease outbreaks were reported during the 1990s. The factors associated with the pathogen presence in stands and the relationship between pathogen and disease distributions were analysed in order to understand the Sphaeropsis emergence. Eighty‐two stands of Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata were visited. Cones were collected on the ground to assess the pathogen frequency. Diplodia spp were isolated and determined by a species‐specific PCR test. The role of potential explaining factors of D. pinea prevalence on cones was analysed by logistic regression. D. pinea was the dominant species in visited stands. The main factors influencing the pathogen presence selected in the models were host species (the pathogen being less frequent on P. pinaster than on P. nigra and P. sylvestris cones), winter temperature and summer rain, which were both positively correlated with cone colonization. The climate became more favourable to D. pinea presence within the last 15 years compared with the previous 30‐year period. By contrast, future climatic changes over the next 40 years should have far less impact on the pathogen presence.
The Joint Effects of Corporate Governance and Regulation on the Disclosure of Manager‐Adjusted Non‐GAAP Earnings in the US
Authors: Jennings Ross , Marques Ana
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  This paper examines the joint effects of corporate governance and regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission on the disclosure of manager‐adjusted non‐GAAP (or pro forma) earnings numbers in the United States. We provide evidence that prior to Regulation G investors were misled by disclosures of non‐GAAP earnings, but only for disclosures made by firms with weaker corporate governance. After the SEC intervention there is no evidence that investors were still being misled. Furthermore, the effect of the intervention applied to both adjustments that are ex ante recurring as well as to adjustments that just meet or beat analysts’ forecasts.
5‐Month‐Olds’ Categorization of Novel Objects: Task and Measure Dependence
Authors: Mash Clay , Bornstein Marc H.
Published: April 2011

To examine key parameters of the initial conditions in early category learning, two studies compared 5‐month‐olds’ object categorization between tasks involving previously unseen novel objects, and between measures within tasks. Infants in Experiment 1 participated in a visual familiarization–novelty preference (VFNP) task with two‐dimensional (2D) stimulus images. Infants provided no evidence of categorization by either their looking or their examining even though infants in previous research systematically categorized the same objects by examining when they could handle them directly. Infants in Experiment 2 participated in a VFNP task with 3D stimulus objects that allowed visual examination of objects’ 3D instantiation while denying manual contact with the objects. Under these conditions, infants demonstrated categorization by examining but not by looking. Focused examination appears to be a key component of young infants’ ability to form category representations of novel objects, and 3D instantiation appears to better engage such examining.