bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science, Policy Advocacy, and Marine Protected Areas
Authors: GRAY NOELLA J. , CAMPBELL LISA M.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Much has been written in recent years regarding whether and to what extent scientists should engage in the policy process, and the focus has been primarily on the issue of advocacy. Despite extensive theoretical discussions, little has been done to study attitudes toward and consequences of such advocacy in particular cases. We assessed attitudes toward science and policy advocacy in the case of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the basis of a survey of delegates at the First International Marine Protected Areas Congress. Delegates were all members of the international marine conservation community and represented academic, government, and nongovernmental organizations. A majority of respondents believed science is objective but only a minority believed that values can be eliminated from science. Respondents showed only partial support of positivist principles of science. Almost all respondents supported scientists being integrated into MPA policy making, whereas half of the respondents agreed that scientists should actively advocate for particular MPA policies. Scientists with a positivist view of science supported a minimal role for scientists in policy, whereas government staff with positivist beliefs supported an advocacy or decision‐making role for scientists. Policy‐making processes for MPAs need to account for these divergent attitudes toward science and advocacy if science‐driven and participatory approaches are to be reconciled.
Generality of Models that Predict the Distribution of Species: Conservation Activity and Reduction of Model Transferability for a Threatened Bustard
Authors: GRAY THOMAS N. E. , BOREY RO , HOUT SENG KIM , CHAMNAN HONG , COLLAR NIGEL, J. , DOLMAN PAUL M.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Predictive models can help clarify the distribution of poorly known species but should display strong transferability when applied to independent data. Nevertheless, model transferability for threatened tropical species is poorly studied. We built models predicting the incidence of the critically endangered Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) within the Tonle Sap (TLS) floodplain, Cambodia. Separate models were constructed with soil, land‐use, and landscape data and species incidence sampled over the entire floodplain (12,000 km2) and from the Kompong Thom (KT) province (4000 km2). In each case, the probability of Bengal Florican presence within randomly selected 1 × 1 km squares was modeled by binary logistic regression with multimodel inference. We assessed the transferability of the KT model by comparing predictions with observed incidence elsewhere in the floodplain. In terms of standard model‐validation statistics, the KT model showed good spatial transferability. Nevertheless, it overpredicted florican presence outside the KT calibration region, classifying 491 km2 as suitable habitat compared with 237 km2 predicted as suitable by the TLS model. This resulted from higher species incidence within the calibration region, probably owing to a program of conservation education and enforcement that has reduced persecution there. Because both research and conservation activity frequently focus on areas with higher density, such effects could be widespread, reducing transferability of predictive distribution models.
Cross‐National Burden of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East
Authors: Hoffman Deborah L. , Sadosky Alesia , Alvir Jose
Published: November 2008

The burden of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. This study expanded on the human burden of painful DPN by quantifying functional and health status impairments among international patients from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of painful DPN. Evaluated outcomes measures included: Brief Pain Inventory‐Short Form (mBPI‐sf), EuroQOL 5D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale. Outcomes were stratified by pain severity using cut‐points: 0 to 10 numeric rating scale (NRS) for average pain (0 to 3: none/mild, 4 to 6: moderate, 7 to 10: severe). Study sample is: 401 patients (163 in Asia, 110 in Latin America and 128 in the Middle East), mostly female (61%) (± standard deviation, SD), age of 57 ± 10 years. Participants reported at least moderate levels of pain severity (mean [± SD] scores on a 0 to 10 NRS for average pain of 5.9 ± 1.8 for Asia, 6.7 ± 1.6 for Latin America, and 6.6 ± 1.7 for the Middle East).

Mean (± SD) values on the mBPI‐sf Pain Interference Index were 4.7 ± 2.3 for Asia, 5.6 ± 2.1 for Latin America, and 5.5 ± 2.3 for the Middle East. Patients in all 3 regions reported difficulties with functioning, sleep, and overall health status, which increased with higher pain severity levels. Patients in Asia had substantial impairments; however, they reported less serious problems than the other regions. These data are consistent with painful DPN being a burdensome condition worldwide: people with poorly managed neuropathic pain report a substantial burden of disease.
The Relation between Epinephrine Concentration and the Anesthetic Effect of Lidocaine Iontophoresis
Authors: Wakita Ryo , Oono Yuka , Oogami Saori , Hayashi Shizuka , Umino Masahiro
Published: November 2008

We assessed the effect of epinephrine at various concentrations on the anesthetic effect during lidocaine iontophoresis. A solution of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine in concentration of 1:80,000, 1:160,000, 1:320,000, 2% lidocaine plain and normal saline control was delivered to the medial antecubital skin for 10 minutes by iontophoresis with 1.0mA of direct current. The pinprick test and the von Frey test were conducted to evaluate anesthetic effect. Pricking pain using visual analogue scale was significantly lower throughout the entire experiment compared with the baseline values and lasted for 60 minutes in groups with 1:80,000 and 1:160,000 epinephrine. The pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and the touch thresholds (TT) were significantly elevated in groups with 1:80,000 and 1:160,000 epinephrine compared with the baseline values. No significant elevations in the PPT and TT values were observed in the other groups. The present study revealed that the anesthetic effect was significantly enhanced in an epinephrine dose‐related manner and the anesthetic effect of 2% lidocaine with 1:160,000 epinephrine was equivalent to the same anesthetic with 1:80,000 epinephrine.
Effective Diffusivity and Spalling Models for Slagging Coal Gasifiers
Authors: Williford Ralph E. , Johnson Kenneth I. , Sundaram S. Kamakshi , Pilli Siva
Published: November 2008

Spalling reduces the lifetime of hot‐face refractory linings in slagging coal gasifiers, and has an important impact on the economics of coal gasification. Spalling is caused by ingress of the molten slag into the porous refractory, followed by reaction with the refractory to produce either volumetric expansion (compressive stresses) or volumetric shrinkage (tensile stresses). In this paper, ingress of the molten slag into the porous refractory is described by an effective diffusivity that treats simultaneous capillary and diffusive mechanisms in terms of the average pore radius and the slag viscosity. This effective diffusivity can be applied in spalling models to estimate spall thicknesses that are useful for determining whether the spall originated from tensile or compressive mechanisms.
Facile Route to Nanoporous NiO Structures from the α‐Ni(OH)2/EG Precursor and Application in Water Treatment
Authors: Song Xuefeng , Gao Lian
Published: November 2008

Nanoporous actinia‐shaped NiO structures have been synthesized by thermal decomposition of an actinia‐shaped precursor that consists of the coalescence of α‐Ni(OH)2/EG nanosheets achieved by the hydrothermal method. A possible formation mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of nanoporous actinia‐shaped NiO structures. After calcination at different temperatures of 320° and 400°C, the actinia‐like precursor completely transformed into nanoporous actinia‐shaped NiO structures, which possessed a high specific surface and high nanoporous structures. As the calcination temperature increased, the BET surface area and the average pore diameter of products decreased, indicative of partial collapse of the nanoporous structures. The as‐obtained nanoporous actinia‐shaped NiO structures show an effective photocatalytic degradation of acid red 1 as well as a significant adsorption capacity of toxic chromium in water.
Microwave Dielectric Characterization of a Li3NbO4 Ceramic and Its Chemical Compatibility with Silver
Authors: Zhou Di , Wang Hong , Pang Li‐Xia , Yao Xi , Wu Xin‐Guang
Published: November 2008

A Li3NbO4 ceramic has been prepared using the solid‐state reaction method and well sintered at around 930°C. The best microwave dielectric properties were obtained in the ceramic sintered at 930°C for 2 h with permittivity 15.8, Qf value about 55 009 GHz, and temperature coefficient about −49 ppm/°C. From X‐ray diffraction, backscattered electron imaging, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy results of the ceramic co‐fired with 20 wt% silver additive, the Li3NbO4 ceramic was found not to react with Ag at 900°C. The Li3NbO4 ceramic is a promising dielectric material for low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic technology.
Liquid‐Phase Sintering of Nanocrystalline Titania Doped with Boron Oxide: Bulk Versus Thin Film
Authors: Wallot Johanna , Reynders Peter , Rödel Jürgen
Published: November 2008

Boron oxide with a melting point of 450°C was used as an additive to study liquid‐phase sintering of nanocrystalline titania, both in bulk as well as in thin films. The liquid phase has two salient effects. (I) It leads to enhanced transformation of anatase to rutile in the bulk material, accompanied by strong grain growth, and thus to a reduction in the densification rate with the anatase. (II) In the rutile, the liquid phase leads to a strongly increased densification rate in the bulk, but a reduced densification rate in the thin film. The latter is suggested to be caused by excellent wetting and low grain‐boundary energies, leading to extended grain‐boundary grooving and very rough surfaces of the thin film. The transition of boron oxide, once enhancing and once reducing the densification rate, is suggested to be related to the ratio of grain size to film thickness.
Optical Basicity Analysis of Vanadium‐Bearing Silicate Glasses/Melts
Authors: Farah Humera
Published: November 2008

The relationship between glass composition and optical basicity was studied by redox analysis of vanadium in Na2O‐ and CaO‐based Al2O3–SiO2 glasses/melts. A total of 73 samples were equilibrated over a range of oxidizing/reducing atmospheres and temperatures, and the composition of resulting quenched glasses/melts was subsequently analyzed. Optical absorption of the glasses was also examined for color change with the glass composition and the partial oxygen atmosphere. The optical basicity of the quenched glass/melts was then calculated using the method reported in literature and examined with change in the glass composition, oxidizing/reducing atmosphere, and temperature during melting. A relationship was developed to express the ratio of the concentrations of the redox ions (V3+, V4+, and V5+) in terms of the equilibrium constant and the calculated optical basicity of the glass/melt. The trends in change in the redox ratios with the calculated optical basicity were similar in both calcium and sodium silicate melts/glasses. The V4+/V5+ equilibrium was more affected by a change in the calculated optical basicity compared with that of the V3+/V4+ in both sodium and calcium silicate series. Alumina saturation from the crucible did not affect the calculated optical basicity of the sodium silicate glasses, although there was a change in the corresponding redox ratios. The results are compared using different experimental parameters and are useful in glass production (including those for biomedical applications) and extractive metallurgy of vanadium.
Dedensification During Sintering of BaTiO3 Caused by the Decomposition of Residual BaCO3
Authors: Yoon Byung‐Kwon , Chin Eog‐Yong , Kang Suk‐Joong L.
Published: November 2008

The dedensification of BaTiO3 by residual BaCO3 has been demonstrated. By changing compaction pressure or presintering time in H2, samples with different relative densities were prepared. During subsequent sintering at 1350°C in air, abnormal grain growth, which was suggested to be a cause of dedensification, was completely suppressed. As the presintering time or compaction pressure increased, the relative density of the presintered samples also increased. During sintering in air, however, the relative density of the samples decreased and large pores and cracks formed in the presintered samples with high relative density. This tendency intensified with increasing relative density of the presintered samples. These results indicate that the decomposition of residual BaCO3 caused the dedensification of BaTiO3. The dedensification effect of residual BaCO3 also critically depended upon the time for pore closure during sintering.
Effect of Thermal Initiator Concentration on the Electrical Behavior of Polymer‐Derived Amorphous Silicon Carbonitrides
Authors: Wang Yansong , Zhang Ligong , Xu Weixing , Jiang Tao , Fan Yi , Jiang Dapeng , An Linan
Published: November 2008

The electric conductivity of polymer‐derived silicon carbonitrides made from a polysilazane modified with different amounts of thermal initiator is measured at room temperature. It is found that the thermal initiator has a significant effect on the electric conductivity, which first increases and then decreases with increasing thermal initiator concentration. The highly conductive sample exhibits a very high piezoresistive coefficient and weak temperature dependence as compared with the low conductive samples. The microstructures of the materials are characterized using a Raman spectroscope. Based on these results, two conducting mechanisms are identified: the highly conductive sample is dominated by the tunneling–percolation mechanism, while the low conductive samples are dominated by matrix phases. The effect of the thermal initiator on the development of the microstructures of the materials is discussed.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Macroporous Oxide Coatings on Stainless‐Steel Substrates
Authors: Prasad Belavalli E. , Kamath P. Vishnu , Upadhya Sarala
Published: November 2008

Cathodic reduction of aqueous metal nitrate solutions leads to the deposition of micrometer‐thick coatings of metal hydroxides. Heat treatment of the green hydroxide deposits results in the formation of adherent oxide coatings. The synthesis of a number of oxides such as MgO, Co3O4, and RE2O3 (RE=Y, Dy, and Eu) is reported. These oxides as well as their hydroxide precursors belong to different structure types, showing that electrochemical deposition is a general method of fabrication of oxide coatings. The distinctive feature of all the precursor coatings is that they are macroporous, with the pore size in the micrometer range. The pores arise from the truncation of lamellar crystallites. The porosity is morphological rather than structural and is caused by aggressive gas evolution that takes place simultaneously with the deposition process at the cathode. The oxide coatings obtained by the thermal decomposition of the hydroxide precursors are also macroporous. The porosity is conserved as the pore size is larger than the diffusion length at the decomposition temperature.
The Recovery and Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from Exploded Pipe Bombs*
Authors: Foran David R. , Gehring Michael E. , Stallworth Shawn E.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) represent one of the most common modes of arbitrarily injuring or killing human beings. Because of the heat generated by, and destruction to, an IED postconflagration, most methods for identifying who assembled the device are ineffective. In the research presented, steel pipe bombs were mock‐assembled by volunteers, and the bombs detonated under controlled conditions. The resultant shrapnel was collected and swabbed for residual cellular material. Mitochondrial DNA profiles were generated and compared blind to the pool of individuals who assembled the bombs. Assemblers were correctly identified 50% of the time, while another 19% could be placed into a group of three individuals with shared haplotypes. Only one bomb was assigned incorrectly. In some instances a contaminating profile (mixture) was also observed. Taken together, the results speak to the extreme sensitivity the methods have for identifying those who assemble IEDs, along with precautions needed when collecting and processing such evidence.
Revisiting the Thermal Development of Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces: New Aspects and Refinements*
Authors: Brown Adam G. , Sommerville Daniel , Reedy Brian J. , Shimmon Ronald G. , Tahtouh Mark
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Although the ability to develop latent fingerprints on paper using heat alone has been noted previously, it has been considered impractical for casework and inferior to other techniques. Here a new refinement of the technique is demonstrated for the high quality development of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces such as paper. Fingerprints deposited on various papers were developed by exposing them to hot air with a temperature in the vicinity of 300°C, for periods of c. 10–20 sec. Several different heating methods were tested. The novel observation was made that after shorter heating times, fluorescent prints could be observed. These became visible after longer heating times, as noted by earlier workers, but with greatly improved contrast compared with their results. Prints from various donors (and aged prints) were developed with excellent ridge contrast. Direct heating methods (such as with a hot plate or press) produced inferior results. The refined technique, which is simple, safe and inexpensive compared with conventional methods, has great potential for use in forensic laboratories.
A suppressor of multiple extracellular matrix‐degrading proteases and cancer metastasis
Authors: Yin Lan lan , Chung Chin Man , Chen Jie , Fok Kin Lam , Ng Chuen Pei , Jia Rui Rui , Ren Xuan , Zhou Jiannong , Zhang Tong , Zhao Xiao Hang , Lin Min , Zhu Hu , Zhang Xiao Hu , Tsang Lai Ling , Bi Ye , Zhou Zuomin , Mo Fugen , Wong Nathalie , Chung Yiu Wa , Sha Jiahao , Chan Hsiao Chang
Published: November 2008

Cancer metastasis remains the most poorly understood process in cancer biology. It involves the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by a series of ‘tumour‐associated’ proteases. Here we report the identification of a novel protease suppressor, NYD‐SP8, which is located on human chromosome 19q13.2. NYD‐SP8 encodes a 27 kD GPI‐anchored cell surface protein, which shows structural homology to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments showed that NYD‐SP8 binds to uPA/uPAR complexes and interfere with active uPA production. Overexpression of NYD‐SP8 results in reducing activities of the three major classes of proteases known to be involved in ECM degradation, including uPA, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsin B, leading to suppression of both in vitro and in vivo cancer cell invasion and metastasis. These data demonstrate an important role of NYD‐SP8 in regulating ECM degradation, providing a novel mechanism that modulates urokinase signalling in the suppression of cancer progression.
Crosstalk between Hsp70 molecular chaperone, lysosomes and proteasomes in autophagy‐mediated proteolysis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Ryhänen Tuomas , Hyttinen Juha M. T. , Kopitz Jürgen , Rilla Kirsi , Kuusisto Erkki , Mannermaa Eliisa , Viiri Johanna , Holmberg Carina I. , Immonen Ilkka , Meri Seppo , Parkkinen Jussi , Eskelinen Eeva‐Liisa , Uusitalo Hannu , Salminen Antero , Kaarniranta Kai
Published: November 2008

The pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration involves chronic oxidative stress, impaired degradation of membranous discs shed from photoreceptor outer segments and accumulation of lysosomal lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. It has been estimated that a major part of cellular proteolysis occurs in proteasomes, but the importance of proteasomes and the other proteolytic pathways including autophagy in RPE cells is poorly understood. Prior to proteolysis, heat shock proteins (Hsps), agents that function as molecular chaperones, attempt to refold misfolded proteins and thus prevent the accumulation of cytoplasmic protein aggregates. In the present study, the roles of the Hsp70 molecular chaperone and proteasomal and lysosomal proteolytic pathways were evaluated in human RPE cells (ARPE‐19). The Hsp70 and ubiquitin protein levels and localization were analysed by Western blotting and immunofluorescense. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect cellular organelles and to evaluate the morphological changes. Hsp70 levels were modulated using RNA interference and overexpression techniques. Cell viability was measured by colorimetric assay. The proteasome inhibitor MG‐132 evoked the accumulation of perinuclear aggregates positive for Hsp70, ubiquitin‐protein conjugates and the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP‐2. Interestingly, the hsp70 mRNA depletion significantly increased cell death in conjunction with proteasome inhibition. We found that the accumulation of lysosomes was reversible: a cessation of proteasome inhibition led to clearance of the deposits via a mechanism believed to include autophagy. The molecular chaperone Hsp70, proteasomes and autophagy have an important regulatory role in the protein turnover of human RPE cells and may thus open new avenues for understanding degenerative processes in retinal cells.
FCGR3A‐158V/F polymorphism may correlate with the levels of immunoglobulin in patients with non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma after rituximab treatment as an adjuvant to autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Nishio Mitsufumi , Endo Tomoyuki , Fujimoto Katsuya , Yamamoto Satoshi , Obara Masato , Yamaguchi Keisuke , Takeda Yukari , Goto Hideki , Kasahara Ikumi , Sato Norihiro , Koike Takao
Published: November 2008

Objectives:  Recent studies have indicated that patients who receive stem cell transplantation (SCT) and rituximab demonstrate an increased risk of developing hypogammaglobulinemia. Such hypogammaglobulinemia has been found to be due to delayed recovery of memory B cells with an abnormal cell marker expression and impaired immunoglobulin production in vitro. However, no predictive factors for the levels of immunoglobulin after autologous SCT and rituximab therapy have been reported. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationships between the FCGR3A‐158V/F genotype and the levels of serum immunoglobulin after SCT.

Methods:  A total of 24 non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients received autologous SCT with an adjuvant rituximab. The FCGR3A‐158V/F genotype was determined in these patients. We also included ten NHL patients who received an identical conditioning regimen and autologous SCT but no rituximab as control patients.

Results:  The levels of IgG were significantly lower in FCGR3A‐158F homozygous patients (n = 9) in comparison to those in FCGR3A‐158V carriers (n = 15). Moreover, the levels of IgG and IgA of FCGR3A‐158F homozygous patients, but not those of FCGR3A‐158V carriers, were significantly lower than those of control patients.

Conclusions:  The genotype of FCGR3A determines not only the response to rituximab, but also the levels of immunoglobulin after SCT and an adjuvant rituximab.
Patients with acute coronary syndromes have low tissue factor activity and microparticle count, but normal concentration of tissue factor antigen in platelet free plasma – a pilot study
Authors: Maly Martin , Hrachovinova Ingrid , Tomasov Pavol , Salaj Peter , Hajek Petr , Veselka Josef
Published: November 2008

Objectives:  Tissue factor (TF) is a main initiator of coagulation cascade. Its determination in conditions of acute coronary syndrome is logistically difficult. Hence, in our study, the activity and the concentration of TF and the count of microparticles in the platelet free plasma (PFP) were determined.

Methods:  Blood was drawn from both coronary sinus and femoral vein circulation in a cohort of 40 patients. TF activity was measured by activation of factor X in the presence of factor VIIa, whereas microparticles were detected using flow cytometry. TF antigen concentrations were determined using the ELISA test.

Results:  TF activity in the stable angina subgroup was not significantly different from the control group (18.12 ± 3.35 mOD/min vs. 17.72 ± 4.05 mOD/min, respectively), but it was significantly lower in the unstable angina (7.62 ± 4.19 mOD/min) and myocardial infarction (MI) (3.56 ± 3.85 mOD/min) subgroups (P < 0.05). Results from the coronary sinus and femoral vein circulations were not significantly different. The count of microparticles decreased according to the severity of the acute coronary syndrome: control group, 520 ± 172; stable angina subgroup, 532 ± 167; unstable angina subgroup, 392 ± 142; and MI subgroup, 165 ± 30 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in concentrations of TF antigen in four subgroups.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the procoagulant TF‐bearing microparticles could be recruited from PFP by interaction with platelets and blood cells in the conditions of acute coronary syndrome.
Aberrant methylation of the death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) CpG island in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Qian Jun , Wang Ya‐li , Lin Jiang , Yao Dong‐ming , Xu Wen‐rong , Wu Chao‐yang
Published: November 2008

The death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) gene is a candidate tumor suppressor (TSG) and the abnormal methylation of DAPK1 gene has been found in many carcinomas. The epigenetic changes of TSGs are now recognized as a mechanism contributing to the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). To clarify the role of DAPK1 in CML, we examined the methylation status of DAPK1 in 49 patients with CML using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. The aberrant methylation of the DAPK1 gene was found in 25 of 49 (51.0%) CML cases, not in all controls. No correlation was found between DAPK1 gene methylation and the age, hematologic parameters, chromosomal abnormalities, the types and levels of bcr/abl transcripts of CML patients. However, correlation could be observed between the sex and the status of DAPK1 methylation in CML patients (R = 0.374, P = 0.008). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between DAPK1 methylation and the stages of CML (R = 0.354, P = 0.013). The CML patients in accelerated phase (AP) and blast crisis (BC) had higher frequency of DAPK1 methylation than those in chronic phase (CP) (75.0% vs. 34.5%) (χ2 = 7.776, P = 0.005). In one patient, the status of DAPK1 methylation became positive on the transition from CP to AP and BC. These results suggested that DAPK1 promoter methylation might play a significant role in the progression of CML.
Considerations in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a consensus statement from Italian experts
Authors: Patriarca Francesca , Petrucci Maria T. , Bringhen Sara. , Baldini Luca , Caravita Tommaso , Corradini Paolo , Corso Alessandro , Di Raimondo Francesco , Falcone Antonietta , Ferrara Felicetto , Morabito Fortunato , Musto Pellegrino , Offidani Massimo , Petrini Mario , Rizzi Rita , Semenzato Gianpietro , Tosi Patrizia , Vacca Angelo , Cavo Michele , Boccadoro Mario , Palumbo Antonio
Published: November 2008

Purpose and basic procedure of the study:  The availability of new targeted therapies has revolutionised the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), for both the newly diagnosed and the relapsed and refractory settings. A panel of Italian experts provided guidelines for optimal clinical practice in the treatment of MM.

Main findings and conclusions:  The panel recommended that treatment should only be initiated in symptomatic patients. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) with melphalan is the treatment of choice in patients younger than 65 yr, and induction therapy including new drugs seems the most suitable preparatory regimen before ASCT. In patients who fail to achieve at least a very good partial response (VGPR) after transplant, a consolidation with a second transplant is of clinical benefit. Also, there is evidence that maintenance with thalidomide after ASCT in young patients failing to reach at least VGPR could prolong survival. In elderly patients, the combination of an alkylating drug with a novel agent should be considered as standard approach. Relapsed MM should be retreated after the reappearance of symptoms and signs of organ and tissue damage. Salvage regimens should include corticosteroids plus bortezomib, thalidomide or lenalidomide.
Generalized cutis laxa and fibrillar glomerulopathy resulting from IgG Deposition in IgG‐lambda Monoclonal Gammopathy: pulmonary hemorrhage during stem cell mobilization and complete hematological response with bortezomib and dexamethasone therapy
Authors: De Larrea Carlos Fernández , Rovira Montserrat , Mascaró Jr. José M. , Torras Albert , Solé Manel , Lloreta Josep , Serra Núria , Cibeira Maria Teresa , Bladé Joan
Published: November 2008

The case of a 52‐years‐old man with generalized acquired cutis laxa associated with IgG‐lambda monoclonal gammopathy and nephrotic syndrome with renal failure (due to fibrillar glomerulopathy resulting from IgG deposition) is reported. A peripheral blood autologous stem cell transplant was planned, but the procedure was complicated by severe pulmonary hemorrhage during stem cells mobilization with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasome was subsequently started and a complete hematological response was achieved. Finally, the complete hematological response with the disappearance of the toxic M‐protein allows the possibility of a long‐term benefit with a kidney transplant followed by an autologous bone marrow transplant.
MHC haplotype frequencies in a UK breeding colony of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques mirror those found in a distinct population from the same geographic origin
Authors: Mee Edward T. , Badhan Anjna , Karl Julie A. , Wiseman Roger W. , Cutler Keith , Knapp Leslie A. , Almond Neil , O’Connor David H. , Rose Nicola J.
Published: November 2008

Background  Mauritian cynomolgus macaques have greatly restricted genetic diversity in the MHC region compared to other non‐human primates; however, the frequency of common MHC haplotypes among captive‐bred populations has not been reported.

Methods  Microsatellite PCR was used to determine MHC haplotype frequencies among captive macaques at a UK breeding facility. Allele‐specific PCR and reference strand conformational analysis were used to determine the allele expression profile of a subset of animals.

Results  Haplotypes H3 (21%) and H1 (19%) were most common in the captive population of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Predicted alleles were detected by allele‐specific PCR‐SSP in 98% of animals. Allele expression profiles were similar in animals with identical haplotypes.

Conclusions  Mauritian cynomolgus macaques in the UK breeding facility have restricted MHC diversity comparable to a previously described population. Microsatellite‐derived haplotypes are highly predictive of allele expression. A selective breeding program has been established to produce MHC‐identical animals for biomedical research.
The effect of long‐term streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus (STZ‐DM) on cynomolgus (Macaca Fascicularis) monkeys
Authors: Wu D. , Zou C. , Yue F. , Li X. , Li S. , Zhang Y.A.
Published: November 2008

Background  This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the effect of long‐term streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus (STZ‐DM) on adolescent cynomolgus monkeys.

Methods  A total of 12 monkeys (six STZ‐DM and six controls) were monitored for fasting glucose levels and locomotor activities, tested for hematological and serum parameters, measured for body weight and somatometric values.

Results  Fasting glucose was maintained at high levels in STZ‐DM monkeys. At the age when normal adolescent monkeys dramatically increased their weight, STZ‐DM led to the retardation of weight increase in diabetic monkeys. Moreover, STZ‐DM monkeys showed abnormal lipid levels and somatometric measurements. In locomotor activity test, STZ‐DM monkeys were more active than control ones.

Conclusions  Long‐term STZ‐DM disrupts the normal growth of young monkeys and interferes with some aspects of hormone, lipid metabolism and physical activities. Mean plasma glucose (MPG) appeared to be an important factor in physical activity abnormalities of STZ‐DM monkeys.
Diversity in a complex ecological network with two interaction types
Authors: Melián Carlos J. , Bascompte Jordi , Jordano Pedro , Krivan Vlastimil
Published: November 2008

Most studies on ecological networks consider only a single interaction type (e.g. competitive, predatory or mutualistic), and try to developrules for system stability based exclusively on properties of this interaction type. However, the stability of ecological networks may be more dependent on the way different interaction types are combined in real communities. To address this issue, we start by compiling an ecological network in the Doñana Biological Reserve, southern Spain, with 390 species and 798 mu‐tualistic and antagonistic interactions. We characterize network structure by looking at how mutualistic and antagonistic interactions are combined across all plant species. Both the ratio of mutualistic to antagonistic interactions per plant, and the number of basic modules with an antagonistic and a mutualistic interaction are very heterogeneous across plant species, with a few plant species showing very high values for these parameters. To assess the implications of these network patterns on species diversity, we study analytically and by simulation a model of this ecological network. We find that the observed correlation between strong interaction strengths and high mutualistic to antagonistic ratios in a few plant species significantly increases community diversity. Thus, to predict the persistence of biodiversity we need to understand how interaction strength and the architecture of ecological networks with different interaction types are combined.
Predator shadows: complex life histories as generators of spatially patterned indirect interactions across ecosystems
Authors: McCoy Michael W. , Barfield Michael , Holt Robert D.
Published: November 2008

Ecological coupling by material exchanges or dispersal between spatially distinct communities has important impacts on ecological processes, such as diversity–stability relationships, ecosystem function, and food web dynamics. One important mode of coupling between ecosystems occurs via organisms with complex life histories, which often switch between distinct ecosystems during their life cycle, and so can be channels of material exchanges between these ecosystems. Some organisms with complex life histories (e.g. frogs, dragonflies) can be abundant and effective predators during one or more life stages, and so provide conduits for strong direct and indirect interactions across ecosystem boundaries, linking the dynamics of discrete and often quite dissimilar community types. We present simple models and a case study (tailored to pond ecosystems), to explore how interactions within larval habitats can indirectly impact ecological interactions in adult habitats. Using our case study as a springboard, we propose that cohorts of predators emerging from natal habitats (e.g. ponds) cast ‘predation shadows’ on the surrounding adult (e.g. terrestrial) landscape. Trophic interactions within ponds, and the distribution of ponds on the landscape, can thus affect the spatial pattern in the strength of these predation shadows, creating strong spatial patterning in terrestrial trophic cascades. Our findings emphasize the importance of organisms with complex life histories as generators of strong links across ecosystem boundaries, and as potential sources of spatial variation in the strength and indirect impacts of interspecific interactions.
Loss of consumers alters the effects of resident assemblages on the local spread of an introduced macroalga
Authors: Bulleri F. , Tamburello L. , Benedetti‐Cecchi L.
Published: November 2008

Despite the great interest for the role played by resident assemblages in regulating biological invasions, few studies have assessed how these can influence the spread of exotic species that have successfully established or have included more than one trophic level. On shallow rocky reefs, we assessed how the effects of different benthic assemblages on the spread of an invasive alga,Caulerpa racemosa, are influenced by alterations in the density and species composition of the resident sea urchin assemblage. In order to simulate herbivore species loss scenarios, assemblages dominated by different morphological groups of algae (i.e. turfs or encrusting corallines) or experimentally cleared plots (i.e. bare rock) were exposed to grazing by different combinations of species (Arbacia lixulaandParacentrotus lividus) and densities (natural, −50% and −100% of natural densities) of urchins. Algal turfs and encrusting corallines generally facilitatedC. racemosa. Manipulating urchins assemblages did not affect the cover and density of fronds ofC. racemosa. In contrast, halving the density ofP. lividusfavoured the penetration of stolons ofC. racemosa, consistently among algal assemblages. Other effects of urchins varied among algal assemblages, indicating interactions between trophic levels. In algal turfs, the total removal of urchins caused a decrease in the penetration of stolons, while it enhanced the length of fronds, indicating a shift in the growth form of this clonal plant and, ultimately, a depression of its spreading ability. In bare or encrusting corallines dominated surfaces, the removal of urchins had positive effects on the penetration of stolons and on the length of fronds ofC. racemosa, irrespective of one or two species being manipulated and for the intensity of their removal. Our results show that tradeoffs between negative and positive effects of herbivores, varying according to relative densities of species and to the direction and strength of the effects of resident plant assemblages, can influence local rates of spread ofC. racemosa. Thus, not only facilitation of exotics by natives can be key in enhancing the spread of exotic species, but it can occur between organisms at different trophic levels. Finally, our findings have important implications for the management ofC. racemosa, in view of the progressive domination of shallow rocky reefs by algal turfs.
Classification of hypotheses on the evolution of autumn colours
Authors: Archetti Marco
Published: November 2008

I review the hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the adaptive value of autumn leaf colours. The available adaptive hypotheses can be reduced to the following. Photoprotection: pigments protect against photoinhibition or photooxidation allowing a more efficient recovery of nutrients. Drought resistance: pigments decrease osmotic potential allowing leaves to tolerate water stress. Leaf warming: pigments convert light into heat and warm leaves. Fruit flag: colour attracts animals that help disperse seeds. Coevolution: colour signals that the tree is not a suitable host for insects. Camouflage: colour makes leaves less detectable to herbivores. Anticamouflage: colour enhances conspicuousness of parasites dwelling on leaves to predators or parasitoids. Unpalatability: pigments act as direct anti‐feedants against herbivores. Reduced nutrient loss: yellow leaves have less to lose against herbivory. Tritrophic mutualism: colour attracts aphids which attract ants that defend the trees from other insects. For each hypothesis I mention the original references, I define assumptions and predictions, and I discuss briefly conceptual problems and available evidence.
Who are we sampling? Apparent survival differs between methods in a secretive species
Authors: Vögeli Matthias , Laiolo Paola , Serrano David , Tella José L.
Published: November 2008

Survival is a fundamental parameter in population dynamics with increasing importance in the management and conservation strategies of wildlife populations. Survival probability in vertebrates is usually estimated by live‐encounter data obtained by means of physical mark–capture–recapture protocols. Non‐invasive acoustic marking relying on individual‐specific features of signals has been alternatively applied as a marking technique, especially in secretive species. Nevertheless, to date no research has compared survival rate estimates obtained by acoustic and physical marking. We estimated half‐yearly and annual survival and recapture rates of a secretive and threatened passerine, the Dupont's larkChersophilus duponti, using two separate live‐encounter data sets of males collected simultaneously by physical and acoustic marking in the same study area. The separate analysis of both methods led to different model structures, since transient individuals had to be accounted for in the acoustic marking but not in the physical marking data set. Furthermore, while reencounter probabilities did not differ between methods, survival estimates employing physical marking were lower than those obtained acoustically, especially between the postbreeding and the breeding period when the apparent survival of colour‐banded birds was twice as low as for acoustic marking. The combination of marking methods suggested the existence of different subsets of individuals differentially sampled within the population: whereas colour‐banded males seemed to represent the territorial fraction of the population, both resident and floater individuals were probably detected by acoustic marking. Using traditional mark–recapture methods exclusively could have misled our estimates of survival rates, potentially affecting prospective predictions of population dynamics. Acoustic marking has been poorly applied in mark–recapture studies, but might be a powerful complement to obtain accurate estimates of fundamental demographic parameters such as survival and dispersal.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Paternal Cell Immunization Raises Autoantibodies and Improves Pregnancy Success in Mice
Authors: Barjaktarevic Igor , Vukmanovic Stanislav
Published: November 2008

Problem  Autoimmunity and alloimmunity are thought to be the bases of some recurrent miscarriages. Paternal cell immunization was used with varying success as the treatment of allo‐immune‐mediated recurrent miscarriages.

Method of study  Female mice immunized with paternal cells were assessed for development of male‐specific antibodies and autoantibodies. Pregnancy success rates were compared between immunized and control mice.

Results  The immunization with male cells resulted in an increase in the number of successful pregnancies without affecting the size of the litter. Surprisingly, paternal cell injections before the pregnancy induced mostly autoantibodies, rather than male‐specific antibodies.

Conclusion  These findings suggest that autoantibodies may have a protective, rather than damaging role in promoting pregnancy.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Mechanism of Prolonged Sperm Storage and Sperm Survivability in Hen Oviduct: A Review
Authors: Das Shubash C , Isobe Naoki , Yoshimura Yukinori
Published: November 2008

A unique property of the avian oviduct is to store sperm for a prolonged period. The sperm storage tubules (SST) are located in the utero‐vaginal junction of the oviduct, where sperm can be stored and survived for a few weeks after insemination or natural mating. The immune system in the oviduct is essential to prevent tissue infection by various microorganisms, and it may also affect the fate and survivability of sperm in the oviduct. Anti‐sperm immunoresponses including infiltration of leukocytes may be induced in the vagina of the oviduct. Sperm that will participate in fertilization may be selected by these immunoresponses. However, sperm stored in the SST may be protected from the immunoresponse by SST structures and transforming growth factor β, whose expression is increased during sperm storage in the SST. In this review, the mechanism of sperm survivability with reference to the regulation of anti‐sperm immunoresponses in hen oviduct is emphasized.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Development of Human Graafian Follicles Following Transplantation of Human Ovarian Tissue into NOD/SCID/γcnull Mice
Authors: Terada Yukihiro , Terunuma‐Sato Yumi , Kakoi‐Yoshimoto Tomoko , Hasegawa Hisataka , Ugajin Tomohisa , Koyanagi Yoshio , Ito Mamoru , Murakami Takashi , Sasano Hironobu , Yaegashi Nobuo , Okamura Kunihiro
Published: November 2008

Problem  Transplantation of human ovarian cortex into host mice may permit various kinds of challenges in reproductive medicine. A novel immunodeficient mouse strain (NOD/SCID/γcnull: NOG) has been developed as a host of transplantation of human tissue.

Method of study  Human ovarian cortex was transplanted into various sites of NOG mice and human follicular development was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results  Transplantation of human ovarian tissue into NOG mice resulted in approximately similar tissue survival and follicle growth as did transplantation into non‐obese diabetic‐severe combined immunodeficient mice. The human Graafian follicule from NOG mouse expressed the same steroidogenic enzymes as observed in human Graafian follicles, which developed in the human body. The NOG mice’s ovarian bursa was better placed for transplantation than the back skin or kidney capsule.

Conclusion  These results represent the successful generation and biological confirmation of the human Graafian follicles from the human ovarian cortex in the NOG mice.
Two Different Gods or Two Types of Unity? A Critical Response to Zizioulas’ Presentation of ‘The Father as Cause’ with Reference to the Cappadocian Fathers and Augustine
Authors: Rostock Nigel
Published: November 2008

John Zizioulas is not only a prolific writer but arguably one of the most original and influential Orthodox scholars of our present time. His originality can be most clearly observed in his development of a personal and relational ontology. Central to this approach is his assertion that the Father as cause should be understood as the one God rather than the divine ousia. Zizioulas subsequently asserts that the divine ousia should be understood in terms of divine communion. While this approach might be original, it is not without its difficulties, not least the possible implication that there are two different Gods. It is our contention that this problem arises out of a failure by Zizioulas to adequately distinguish between two distinct types of divine unity particularly located in the writings of the Cappadocian Fathers. The first is located solely in the ousia and ensures the ontological oneness of God, the second may be observed in the relational role of the Father as a point of reference for the Son and the Spirit. Finally, although these two forms of unity are identified by the Cappadocians we will suggest that the second is more adequately located with the Spirit by Augustine.
Providence, Distributive Justice, and Divine Government in the Theology of Thomas Aquinas: Some Implications for Ecclesial Practice
Authors: Dempsey Michael T.
Published: November 2008

Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologiae to provide Dominican friars with solid theological instruction in moral theology and pastoral care on the firm foundation of scripture. Despite an increasing awareness among scholars of the importance of Thomas' scriptural commentaries to his thought, few have attempted to interpret his theology and philosophy in light of his scriptural commentaries and the mendicant context of the 13th century. This paper offers a reading of Thomas' theology of providence and divine government both as a mendicant friar and Master of the Sacred Page in order to understand some of the implications of the doctrine of providence for distributive justice in ecclesial practice today.