bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventing a Better Mousetrap
Authors: Lienhard John H
Published: November 2023

The old saying “Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door” is widely attributed to Emerson. In his article on the history of the mousetrap as an invention, writer JackHope points out that Emerson really wrote something quite different: “If a man has good corn or wood, or boards, or pigs, to sell, or can make better chairs or knives, crucibles or church organs, than anybody else, you will find a broad hard-beaten road to his house, though it be in the woods.” Emerson said nothing about mousetraps. In 1889, however— (seven years after Emerson died)—someone quoted him as having said, “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor . . .” and so on.
After Modern
Authors: Lienhard John H
Published: November 2023

Modern was not displaced by other ideas. Rather, it simply ranout of energy. Technological growth did not abate, nor didthe seemingly new technologies that arose in the near wakeof Modern—the space program and computers, for example—seem discontinuous with the past. Rocketry and computers could easily have lent themselves to the unique verve of Modern, and they had, indeed, been evolving for a long time as a part of Modern.

I might liken the end of Modern to a great caravan that reaches one river, perhaps a little more formidable than most of the previous rivers it has crossed. There the travelers finally lose their collective confidence and stop.
A Picture of Human Suffering
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

In April 1859, Brevet Major James Henry Carleton received the orders that would mark his place in Utah history. He and his First Dragoons were to escort Maj. Henry Prince, U.S. Army paymaster, on the first leg of his journey from California’s Fort Tejon to northern Utah’s Camp Floyd.1 But that was not all. “When I left Los Angeles,” Carleton later explained, “General [N. S.] Clarke, commanding the department of California, directed me to bury the bones of the victims of that terrible massacre” at the Mountain Meadows in southern Utah.
Exiles from Freedom
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

The Mormons knew they were “peculiar” people. They had no prepared liturgies, no starched clerical collars, and no purchased pews. They accepted new scripture, including the Book of Mormon, and considered their church “the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth”—the only one with God’s authority. They gathered themselves into their own communities, where their leaders preached that they should be one people— unified—and in those days that went for their politics, too. For them, social, political, and religious issues mingled as easily as they did for Puritans in seventeenth-century New England.
Restless and Excited Beings
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

West of South Pass in what became the state of Wyoming, most California-bound over landers turned toward what is now Idaho, avoiding all but the northwest corner of present-day Utah. Others drove southwest into Salt Lake City—and thereby added miles, trail time, and the worry of mingling with the reputedly fanatical Mormons. Despite the rumors, those who braved the Mormon capital found a bit of frontier civilization.
Make It an Indian Massacre
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

Along the California road some 250 miles south of Salt Lake City and 20 miles south of Parowan lay Cedar City, the heart of the Mormons’ Iron Mission. To Brigham Young and his people, iron making was almost a religious sacrament, as worthy a Saint’s consideration as preaching the gospel. Iron making even became a Mormon metaphor. “We found a Scotch party, a Welch party, an English party, and an American party,” reported Mormon apostle Erastus Snow after touring the area in 1852, “and we . . . put all these parties through the furnace, and run out a party of Saints for building up the Kingdom of God.”
Decoyed Out and Destroyed
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

Hours after nightfall on Thursday, the new detachments from Cedar City reached Hamblin’s ranch house at the north end of the Meadows and set up camp. A few key men “found Lee and others, and found how matters stood.” Lee “and some of the principal chiefs of the Indians were gathered” at Hamblin’s, awaiting word from Cedar. Higbee relayed the orders, saying they had come from Haight and Dame. The emigrants were “to be decoyed out and destroyed with the exception of the small children” who were “too young to tell tales,” Higbee said, “and if the Indians cannot do it without help, we must help them.”
Setting The Scene
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Symposium is the account of a (presumably fictional) gathering in the house of the Athenian tragic poet Agathon to celebrate his first victory in one of the great dramatic festivals of the city; the work itself was probably composed in the period and belongs to the same broad period as some of Plato’s other most famous works, such as Phaedo, Phaedrus, and Republic. The Symposium looks back to a remarkable period in Athenian history, shortly before the city undertook a major military expedition to Sicily which was to end in disaster and which, at least with hind-sight.
The Morning After
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: November 2023

The Symposium has always been one of Plato’s most read, most influential, and most imitated works. No doubt this has much to do with the universal appeal of its subject matter — no Greek text is, for example, cited more often in Roland Barthes’s famous Lover’s Discourse — but it is also the rich variety of the work, together with its accessibility to readers with little philosophical training, which have given it a place of honor in the reception of Platonic ideas. Unsurprisingly, of course, some parts — Pausanias’s “Two Venuses,” the speeches of Aristophanes (cited as early as Aristotle) and Diotima, the entry of Alcibiades (depicted by, inter alios, Rubens, Testa, and Feuerbach),2 Alcibiades’ night with Socrates — have proved more memorable and worthy of allusion than others, but the work as a whole has shaped the way that the “golden age” of classical Athens has been imagined.
The Enduring Ottoman Legacy
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan
Published: November 2023

In order to understand the origin and evolution of contemporary Turkish Islamic movements and their relationship with the Kemalist Republic, it is necessary to understand the formative impact of the Ottoman state tradition. This continuity of the state tradition continued through the Kemalist period, as the Republican regime consciously aggregated political and economic power in order to create a rationalized homogenous nation-state. Societal groups, however, reacted strongly against the Republican elite’s policies of forced homogenization and the displacement of Ottoman-Islamic institutions and traditions. This overt hostility was repressed during the early years of the Republic but surfaced after a multiparty political system tentatively was instituted in 1945-1946. In the case of Turkey, democratization and liberalization have brought Islamic and Ottoman traditions and idioms closer to the center of politics. The relationship between democratization and Islamic movements is not causal but rather constitutive. A diffuse Islamic political and cultural identity served as a focal point around which popular discontent with the authoritarian policies of the ruling Republican People’s Party (CHP: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) rallied.
The Tempering of the kemalist Revolution
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan
Published: November 2023

The 1950s represent an ambiguous period for the Turkish Republic; the state gradually came to view religion as a possible antidote for coping with embryonic leftist/communist movements. During the period 1950-1980, as a result of the circumscribed emergence of participatory politics, the reinfiltration of Islam into public life became quite apparent. This was most striking in the case of the DP, which quickly trounced Mustafa Kemal’s own Republican CHP in the pivotal election of May 1950. The political opening in terms of a multiparty system in 1950 was a catalyst for Islamic groups to participate in the system. The 1961 constitution enabled associational life and created new autonomous institutions to curtail party politics. Islamic groups very much invested in party politics, whereas the leftist movement focused on the associational life. The 1971 coup tried to curtail this associational life and opened the way for conservative nationalist-Islamic groups to become politically active. When diverse groups started to penetrate the state and redefine it, the military intervened again to insulate the state from the society.
The Political Economy of Islamic Discourse
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan
Published: November 2023

Contemporary Turkish society is experiencing simultaneously the processes of economic growth and political liberalization on the one hand and the development of an assertive Islamic political movement on the other. This chapter seeks to address this seeming paradox by demonstrating how several decades of economic expansion and political liberalization have provided the grounds for the construction of a modem Islamic political identity. One must ask whether these processes are causal or constitutive. What is the impact of economic transformation on local, national, and Islamic identity? How do these identities, in tum, shape economic interests and policies?
The Role of Literacy and the Media in the Islamic Movement
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan
Published: November 2023

We are always changing and becoming But this is to state another basic condition of making sense of ourselves, that we grasp our life in a narrative In order to have a sense of who we are, we have to have a notion of how we have become, and of where we are going.

Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self

The momentous transformation of primordial religious identity into a modem political identity in Turkey has been carried out via a revolution in mass printing and education and the creation of a new genre of Muslim intellectuals.1 This transformation, which promises paradoxically a renaissance of Turkish Islamic thought and culture and its internal secularization and pluralization, is the most profound phenomenon on the horizon, transcending any particular individual or movement. The locus for this, as well as much else, in terms of Turkish Islamic sociopolitical movements, has been the Nakşibendi order. It served as the conduit of change and allowed the transformation of orally based tekkes (Sufi lodges) into textual communities, a change made possible by the revolution in media technology and mediated by a new autonomous class of Muslim intellectuals. This process, in tum, has endowed the current generation of Turkish Muslims with a sense of agency, encouraging them to participate in politics so that they may better shape the society they live in.
Prologue
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

It had rained hard the night before, and it was still drizzling and overcast as James Thomas walked briskly along Deaderick Street in Nashville late the morning of March 6, 1851. He passed the State Bank and made his way through the bustling open market toward the public square. Dominating it was the Davidson County Courthouse, an imposing structure whose first-story facade was decorated with finely hewn stone, while an attractive red brick adorned the upper levels. Atop the roof, the town clock rested in a dome, surrounded by eight Ionic columns. Despite its beauty, the courthouse seemed forbidding on this day, shrouded as it was in a gray mist. James Thomas nervously made his way through the front entrance. There, he was greeted by Ephraim H. Foster, a distinguished lawyer, politician, and planter who had some years before served as a United States senator from Tennessee. The colonel was a “fine looking, wholesome, good humored person, a warm friend to those he liked,” Thomas recalled, but toward his enemies he could be menacing. The two men ascended the stairs to the second floor; passing the marshal’s office, they entered the courtroom.
Sally Thomas
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

More than thirty years before James Thomas was freed, and some ten years before he was born, his mother began a journey of her own. As she sat in a wagon moving slowly along the road leading out of Charlottesville, Virginia, the slave Sally worried about what might become of her two boys riding with her. Sally’s owner, Charles L. Thomas, had died in 1814, followed by the owner’s wife two years later, which left Sally and her sons as part of the Thomas estate. That her children had not been taken from her brought Sally little solace. As handsome and energetic youngsters, her sons would fetch a good price. Was she being taken to a new location so that her children could be sold? She had little time to fret, however, as they journeyed up into the high country, amid the cedars, pines, and evergreens, across the Blue Ridge Mountains, and down into the grassy expanse of the Shenandoah Valley.
The Midwest, Haiti, and Jamaica
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

Although young James Rapier was hoping to return south when the Civil War commenced, he had at least found religion and had settled into a steady life teaching in Buxton. His uncle Henry had committed himself to raising his family on a farm. Henry’s brother John Rapier Sr., after debating whether or not to leave Florence, had decided to ride out the southern troubles at home. But two of Sally Thomas’s family were still birds unwilling to perch. Both her son James Thomas and her grandson John Rapier Jr. continued to feel uncomfortable about worsening conditions in the South, so that when John Jr. took passage from Minnesota heading south along the Mississippi, he intended to return to the Caribbean, where he had traveled with his uncle James Thomas. James, too, was unsettled. But unlike John Rapier Jr., he had not given up on the Midwest.
Epilogue
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

It was a clear, chilly morning on January 10, 1863 as James Thomas stood on the deck of the steamboat Ruth and watched the Battle of Arkansas Post unfold. He had found work as a barber aboard the Ruth, the new elegant passenger steamer. On its maiden voyage, however, the ship had been commandeered by Union general Clinton B. Fisk to carry Union troops to fight against the Confederates along the White and Arkansas rivers. Years later, Thomas recalled how Fisk had walked into the boat’s barbershop, raked winnings off a table in the corner where a poker game was in progress, and put the money in a box marked “sanitary commission”—put aside to buy food, clothing, and medical supplies for war refugees. Erect and confident, with deep-set eyes and a full, heavy black beard, Fisk exuded power and authority.
Dream Catchers
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In books such as Mystics and Messiahs, Hidden Gospels, and The Next Christendom, Philip Jenkins has established himself as a leading commentator on religion and society. Now, in Dream Catchers, Jenkins offers a brilliant account of the changing mainstream attitudes towards Native American spirituality, once seen as degraded spectacle, now hailed as New Age salvation. While early Americans had nothing but contempt for Indian religions, deploring them as loathsome devil worship and snake dancing, white Americans today respect and admire Native spirituality. In this book, Jenkins charts this remarkable change, highlighting the complex history of white American attitudes towards Native religions from colonial times to the present. Jenkins ranges widely, considering everything from the 19th-century American obsession with “Hebrew Indians” and Lost Tribes, to the early 20th-century cult of the Maya as bearers of the wisdom of ancient Atlantis, to films like Pocahontas and Dances With Wolves. He looks at the popularity of the Carlos Castaneda books, the writings of Lynn Andrews, and the influential works of Frank Waters, and he explores the New Age paraphernalia found in places like Sedona, Arizona, including dream-catchers, crystals, medicine bags, and Native-themed Tarot cards. Jenkins examines the controversial New Age appropriation of Native sacred places; notes that many “white Indians” see mainstream society as religiously empty; and asks why a government founded on religious freedom tried to eradicate native religions in the last century--and what this says about how we define religion. An engrossing account of our changing attitudes towards Native spirituality, Dream Catchers offers a fascinating introduction to one of the more interesting aspects of contemporary American religion.
Building Function
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

In order to understand how a building works, we can dissect it and study its various elemental functions. But few building functions take place in isolation. Almost every component of a building serves more than one function, with some components commonly serving ten or more simultaneously, and these functions are heavily inter dependent.
Recycling Wastes
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

Nature works in closed cycles. What is waste to one organism is food to another, in an endless, intricately interwoven web that ultimately wastes nothing at all except small amounts of renewable energy from the sun. In the wild, an army of insects and microorganisms feed on the excrement and corpses of higher animals, reducing these wastes to soil nutrients that can be utilized by plants. Dead vegetable matter of all types is similarly attacked, broken down, and used again as plant food. In the soil, in the water, and in the air, processes take place continually to ensure that none of Nature’s valuable substances is ever left in an unproductive state.
Fitting Buildings to People
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

People are the true measure of all things in building. Buildings are designed by people and built by people for inhabitation by people. At both ends of the architectural process, the designing and the inhabiting, the dimensions and movements of the human body are the major determinants of the shapes and sizes of things. This presents the problem that people vary a good deal in size, shape, and mobility.
Space Power Systems
Authors: Dakermanji George , Sullivan Ralph
Published: November 2023

Reliable, continuous operation of the power system is essential to the successful fulfillment of a spacecraft mission. A failure, even a brief interruption in the source of power, can have catastrophic consequences for the spacecraft’s attitude and thermal control as well as its electrical systems. Therefore, the power system and its components must be designed and fabricated with reliability as a primary requirement. The challenge for the power system designer is to accomplish this in the face of ever-increasing costs, demands for improved performance, and the usual competition with other systems for spacecraft resources.
Spacecraft Reliability, Quality Assurance, and Radiation Effects
Authors: Maurer R H
Published: November 2023

Introduction

In addition to being an engineering activity, reliability and quality assurance are disciplines. In terms of the institution or facility that builds hardware, the internal reliability function represents self-discipline that is often in conflict with the creative design functions.
Space Mission Operations
Authors: Holdridge Mark E
Published: November 2023

There comes a point in every space program when the development efforts are completed and the resulting flight hardware and software are ready for launch. The mission operations phase of the mission begins with the liftoff of the launch vehicle and continues through termination of spacecraft and payload operations. It is during this phase that a space program realizes its mission objectives and a return on the program’s investment is finally realized.
God’s Man for the Gilded Age
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

At his death on the eve of the 20th century, D.L. Moody was widely recognized as one of the most beloved and important of men in 19th-century America. A Chicago shoe salesman with a fourth grade education, Moody rose from obscurity to become God’s man for the Gilded Age. He was the Billy Graham of his day--indeed it could be said that Moody invented the system of evangelism that Graham inherited and perfected. Bruce J. Evensen focuses on the pivotal years during which Moody established his reputation on both sides of the Atlantic through a series of highly popular and publicized campaigns. In four short years Moody forged the bond between revivalism and the mass media that persists to this day. Beginning in Britain in 1873 and extending across America’s urban landscape, first in Brooklyn and then in Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, and Boston, Moody used the power of prayer and publicity to stage citywide crusades that became civic spectacles. Modern newspapers, in the grip of economic depression, needed a story to stimulate circulation and found it in Moody’s momentous mission. The evangelist and the press used one another in creating a sense of civic excitement that manufactured the largest crowds in municipal history. Critics claimed this machinery of revival was man-made. Moody’s view was that he’d rather advertise than preach to empty pews. He brought a businessman’s common sense to revival work and became, much against his will, a celebrity evangelist. The press in city after city made him the star of the show and helped transform his religious stage into a communal entertainment of unprecedented proportions. In chronicling Moody’s use of the press and their use of him, Evensen sheds new light on a crucial chapter in the history of evangelicalism and demonstrates how popular religion helped form our modern media culture.
Structure as Argument in Civil War1
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we argue that in book 1 of the Civil WarCaesar uses the commentary form for a new purpose. Caesar’s seven Gallic Warcommentaries have a consistent year-by-year structure and appear to function as reports to senators and others in Rome about Caesar’s achievements in Gaul. They offered a picture of Caesar the general and Caesar the man who brings order and civilization to the chaotic and warring provinces, but these political and rhetorical purposes remained a function of particular scenes and of the overall picture of success toward which the Gallic Warpoints but at which it never arrives, since it is Hirtius, rather than Caesar, who completes the record in book 8. The Civil Waris different from the Gallic Warin important ways, perhaps none so significant as the fact that its events were not news to Caesar’s first readers: they had lived through and in many cases participated in those events. Thus, the primary justification of the Gallic commentaries was missing for the Civil War. What then was Caesar’s purpose? The structure and argument of Civil War1 can help us understand what Caesar may have been trying to accomplish.
A New Nation: The American Experiment
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Two centuries or more after the American Revolution, it is difficult to believe that this war of independence was fought for religious liberty no less than political liberty. The colonists declared that they were resisting the political tyranny of Great Britain, but any victory in that regard would have been hollow if Americans could not enjoy full liberty of conscience. Historically, Britain had imposed its political will side by side with its spiritual will upon all its subjects, at home and abroad. In the 1760s and 1770s, many Americans were determined that this would never be the case should they achieve independence.

An early indication of American determination was the firm refusal to allow Church of England bishops to reside in the colonies. At first glance, this may seem an unlikely place to draw a line in the sand. Were not bishops kindly souls who watched over their flocks and cared for their spiritual needs? Who could be anxious about such respected gentlemen sailing across the ocean to settle in Virginia or New York?
The Twentieth Century and Beyond: A Busy Court
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century the U.S. Supreme Court heard relatively few church-state cases. During the twentieth century, this changed dramatically, due to several factors.

First, the Court began (during the 1940s) to use the Fourteenth Amendment as a means of applying the First Amendment’s religion clauses to the states. This change sharply increased the number of religion cases the Court could accept for review. Thus a trickle of church-state cases was transformed into a mighty river.

Second, many new organizations began challenging traditional religious practices in the public arena, again and again carrying the legal process all the way to the Supreme Court. At least three such groups deserve mention: the American Civil Liberties Union, the American Jewish Congress, and Americans United for Separation of Church and State. These groups carry on a kind of dialogue with the federal courts, testing how far religious liberty can be carried, or how near to religious establishment the government can come.
The Free Exercise Clause: Religious Liberty
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

The establishment clause of the First Amendment indicates that government may not assist or advance religion. The free-exercise clause, by contrast, states that the government may not penalize or inhibit religion. They are two sides of the same coin, designed to ensure neutrality on the part of government and maximum freedom for individual citizens to choose their form of religious worship, or choose not to worship at all. Those most in danger of having their “free exercise” cramped or denied tend to be members of minority (that is, nonmainstream) religious groups. For this reason, the major Supreme Court cases dealing with the free-exercise clause can be conveniently grouped according to the minority denominations that were parties to the legal action.

In the twentieth century, the appropriate place to begin, both chronologically and in terms of the number of suits, is with the Jehovah’s Witnesses. This religious body, founded in 1872, is best known for its vigorous evangelizing activity (both in the United States and abroad), an activity that most Americans are familiar with through door-to-door solicitation, usually accompanied by the sale or distribution of literature. Those techniques are responsible for many of the cases that reached the Supreme Court, though not for all of them. Widely persecuted both in the United States and abroad, especially in wartime (for the Witnesses decline to bear arms), the group continues to grow, with world membership now exceeding 4 million.
How dio composed his account of augustus’ reign (31 b.c.-a.d. 14)
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

The reader of the Roman History from the morrow of Actium to Augustus’ death, i.e., Books 51-56, encounters a heterogeneous pastiche: some sixty year-accounts of widely variable character and length (from under twenty lines to over 500), entailing a medley of subgenres ranging from bare catalogues of events through dramatic military narratives to grandiloquent set speeches. How is one to approach this miscellany? In what follows I sketch the materials and methods that Dio used in composing it as the basis for an assessment of his historical authority that takes account of the critical adjustments needed as he shifts from subgenre to subgenre, each bringing its special problems as to source, reliability, and significance.
Parent-Child Synchrony and Adolescent Adjustment
Authors: Barber James G , Bolitho Floyd , Bertrand Lorne
Published: November 2023

Although the notion of interactional synchrony has received a great deal of attention in the developmental literature (Chu and Powers, 1995), most of the interest has centered on infants and their caregivers, particularly mothers. Synchrony has been variously defined depending on the context and intent of the research but all definitions share an emphasis on patterns of reciprocation or “give-and-take” between two interacting parties. More specifically, the available evidence suggests that successful parenting is associated with the caregiver’s capacity to see the world through the child’s eyes.
Parenting Stress and Externalizing Child Behavior
Authors: Morgan J , Robinson D , Aldridge J
Published: November 2023

This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between parenting stress and children with externalizing behavior. Following an introduction to parenting stress and externalizing behavior, research that has investigated the predictors of parenting stress is reviewed. The third section addresses the consequences of high levels of parenting stress. Children perceived as having externalizing behaviors, characterized by problems such as inattention, defiance, impulsivity, and aggression, account for a significant proportion of referrals to child and adolescent clinic psychology services. Conduct disorder has been identified in 8.3% of referred children age 4–11, and in 14% of referred children age 12–16 (Offord 1987), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 16% of referred children (Taylor et al. 1996).
The Function of Fathers: What Poor Men Say about Fatherhood
Authors: Kost Kathleen A
Published: November 2023

The incidence of nonmarital parenting and divorce and their relationship to child poverty has brought renewed attention to the influence of fathers in the acquisition of skills and access to resources by their children (Duncan, Hill, & Yeung, 1996; Perloff & Buckner, 1996). While it is beyond the scope of this paper to detail the evolution of the paternal identity with its multiple functions and the subsequent growth of female-headed families, this paper addresses recent work on paternal identity and its implications for social policies affecting fathers. This research uses information obtained from interviews with poor young men who used General Assistance (GA), a cash assistance program primarily for single adults and childless couples.
Redefining Motherhood: Adaptation to Role Change for Women with AIDS
Authors: Loon Ruth Anne Van
Published: November 2023

The unique experiences of women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) illness have been the focus of recent research efforts. Psychosocial concerns, including finances, housing, isolation and stigma, sexuality, health issues, death and dying, and concern for their partners and children with HIV, were identified in early studies of women with AIDS (Buckingham & Rehm, 1987; Chung & Magraw, 1992; Kaspar, 1989; Ybarra, 1991; Zuckerman & Gordon, 1988). More recently, researchers have begun to detail processes of disclosure of HIV and AIDS status (Marcenko & Samost, 1999; Moneyham et al., 1996; Pliskin, Farrel, Crandles, & DeHovitz, 1993; Regan-Kubinski & Sharts-Hopko, 1995; Walker, 1998) and adaptation (DeMarco, Miller, Patsdaughter, Chisholm, & Grindel, 1998; Guillory, Sowell, Moneyham, & Seals, 1997; Nannis, Patterson, & Semple, 1997; van Servellen, Sarna, & Jablonski, 1998) and to point to benefits women find in the experience of HIV illness (Dunbar, Mueller, Medina, & Wolf, 1998).
The Long-term Outcome of Reunions between Adult Adopted People and Their Birth Mothers
Authors: Howe David , Feast Julia
Published: November 2023

Although there is an established literature on adopted people who search for their birth relatives, little is known about the actual experience of contact and reunion. When the long-term view is taken of people’s reunion experiences, even less is understood. The subject matter is not only of practical interest to adopted people and those who counsel them on the search process; it also taps into deeper themes to do with biology and upbringing, nature and nurture, identity and belonging, connectedness and family relationships. What is the nature and origin of filial relationships? Are the ties of blood stronger and more compelling than the social bonds formed during childhood? A number of recent studies have followed adopted people’s experiences of searching and reunion beyond the initial contact.
Later-Life Transitions into Widowhood
Authors: Lee Cheryl D , Bakk Louanne
Published: November 2023

The loss of one’s spouse can be described as the single most stressful life event. It is more stressful than a serious personal illness, separation, or divorce; being sentenced to prison; or living through the death of a parent or child (DiGiulio, 1989). In a pilot study of the social, emotional, service, and economic supports of widowed women, an assessment of 34 life events was included in the interview. Without exception, these widows, with a minimum of five years and a maximum of 10 years of widowhood, indicated that the loss of a spouse had affected them more than any other single life event (Matthews, 1991).
A New Understanding of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Alternate Concepts and Interventions
Authors: Yeschin Natalie J
Published: November 2023

Contemporary research and theories on the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are based on contrasting ideas and data. Some stud-ies test for neurological causation, searching for proof that ADHD can be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry or anatomy. However, there is currently no consensus that ADHD is based solely on a specific neurological dysfunction. In contrast, the be-havioral symptoms of “inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity” are often interpreted as psychopathological (American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV, 1994). When behavioral problems accompanying, and integral to, the diagnosis of ADHD are defined solely as psychopathology, the individual acquires a pejorative, stigmatizing label.
Panic Disorder and Self States: Clinical and Research Illustrations
Authors: Mahoney Donna M
Published: November 2023

The view of panic disorder presented in this article is based on the assumption that panic functions as a signal of danger to the self and is comprised of various unconscious personal fantasies about the self. Based on self psychological theory, and particularly on Heinz Kohut (1977), it is purported that panic relates to selfobject failures (specifically empathic failures) which result in disorganization and fragmentation experiences. At issue is the explanation of panic offered by cognitive theorists, namely, the catastrophic misinterpretation construal. According to that model, panic results from a misattribution of somatic or psychological experiences misinterpreted as dangerous. Using clinical material from a single case report along with material from this author’s research, attempts will be made to demonstrate the applicability of self psychological tenets to the treatment of panic.
Homeless Persons with Mental Illness and Their Families: Emerging Issues from Clinical Work
Authors: Fisk Deborah , Rowe Michael , Laub Dori , Calvocoressi Lisa , Demino Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Our purpose in this brief clinical study is to explore several family-related issues that emerged in our early work with homeless persons with mental illness in a comparison site for the federally funded Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Support (ACCESS) homeless outreach initiative. The emergence of these issues surprised us, because we expected that homeless persons with mental illness would, for the most part, be isolated from and have no connection to their families. We draw from our experiences to suggest that clinicians and case managers offer a family-focused approach to clinical treatment of this population. A familyfocused clinical treatment approach may offer clinicians and case managers relevant information to engage clients in clinical and rehabilitative services and to help clients successfully transition from homelessness to independent living.
Shyness and Social Phobia: A Social Work Perspective on a Problem in Living
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: November 2023

Among the anxiety disorders described in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2001) is social phobia. Although not new to the nomenclature, the disorder has received a great deal of attention in the professional and popular press in recent years as a condition that is prevalent and is treatable. Of concern to me is the extent to which social phobia, of which shyness can be considered a mild form, is being conceptualized as a mental disorder with an emphasis on its treatment with medication.
Smoking Cessation: Increasing Practice Understanding and Time-Limited Intervention Strategy
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Eater Jamie A
Published: November 2023

Tobacco use has been cited as the number one avoidable cause of illness and death in our society. It is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths in the United States each year. Smoking is a known cause of cancer, heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Kaplan & Weiler, 1997; Solberg, Maxwell, Kottke, Gepner, & Brekke, 1990; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). Each year there are more deaths due to tobacco use than there are from the combined effects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), suicide, homicide, alcoholism, cocaine use, heroine use, traffic accidents, and fire (Glynn, Greenwald, Mills, & Manley, 1993; Solberg et al., 1990; Warner, 1987).
A Descriptive Analysis of Older Adults with HIV/AIDS in California
Authors: Emlet Charles A , Farkas Kathleen J
Published: November 2023

HIV/AIDS has been a growing area of concern for social workers and other health care professionals since the early 1980s; HIV/AIDS has become a disease common in later life. More cases of AIDS have been diagnosed in the geriatric population than in younger children (Ory & Mack, 1998). As of June 2000, 22,014 cases of AIDS had been reported in people age 60 and over compared with 12,669 cases in children and adolescents age 0 to 19 years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2000). New cases of AIDS have risen twice as fast in people age 50 and over compared with the younger population (CDC, 1998). One physician recently described the increasing HIV-positive rate among elderly men as spreading like a “forest fire” (Palmer, 2000).
Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Epple Dorothea Marie
Published: November 2023

Five million Americans are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. This number is projected to triple by the year 2050. Ten percent of people 65 years old, and nearly 50% of those age 85 or older are affected by Alzheimer’s disease (Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, 1997). The average life span 100 years ago was 49 years. Now it is 76. People are living longer, healthier lives. Alzheimer’s may become one of the pressing health problems for this longerlived, baby boomer generation (Kuhn, 1999).
Working with Victims of Persecution: Lessons from Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Levine Joanne
Published: November 2023

Fueled partly by geopolitical manipulation, the numbers of people experiencing severe political, religious, ethnic, and social persecution are rising. These displaced populations are created by civil wars, ethnic conflict, economic depressions, and wars between countries (Amnesty International, 1997; Drachman, 1995; U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1998). Social workers have a long history of advocating for and promoting the psychosocial adjustment of displaced and traumatized populations, as was the case in the aftermath of the Holocaust. Similarities exist between problems observed in Holocaust survivors and those seen in current victims of persecution in regard to behaviors exhibited under extreme stress and transmission of the trauma to subsequent generations (Danieli, 1988, 1994; Rosenbloom, 1995; Solkoff, 1992).
Constructing a Place for Religion and Spirituality in Psychodynamic Practice
Authors: Northcut Terry B
Published: November 2023

A story about the Protestant theologian Paul Tillich tells of his beginning one of his lectures by sweeping into the classroom, pausing for dramatic effect and then uttering one word, “GOD.” The students have their pencils poised for THE answer of what God is as defined by this famous and brilliant man. Tillich then says, “Whatever you have been thinking is not God. God is mystery” (Gray, 1998). The idea that perceptions of God, a supreme being, and/or spirituality is filled with unknown and unexplainable ideas and experiences has been a source of difficulty in articulating a coherent framework for the inclusion of religion and spirituality in clinical work.
Long-Distance Psychoanalysis
Authors: Lipton Leah
Published: November 2023

More and more frequently analysts are conducting treatment on the telephone. It can provide continuity in an increasingly mobile, even nomadic, world. Yet this is ironic, as a more sophisticated awareness of the significance of nonverbal communication is developing in the field. Eliminating the nonverbal dimension of communication creates difficulties for treatment. Reducing the channels available for transmitting and processing affect may impair the expression and detection of dissociated affects, especially with patients who have difficulty integrating affects with verbal expression. The absence of facial expression, eye contact, gesture, and movement interferes with the analyst’s ability to attune herself with the patient.
Resolving Therapeutic Impasses by Using the Supervisor’s Countertransference
Authors: Strean Herbert S
Published: November 2023

A little over four decades ago when I was a supervisor at a treatment institution for emotionally disturbed youngsters, I was summoned one day to the director’s office. Without warning I was told that as part of the process of being groomed to be his assistant director, I would be required to fire one of my supervisees. Very anxious, extremely selfconscious, and most uncertain about how I would conduct myself, after much hesitation I arranged an appointment with my supervisee. With enormous trepidation, I initiated the discussion by asking, “How is it going, Melvin?” To my deep consternation, Melvin confidently and enthusiastically responded, “I think you are doing a good job!” Although Melvin’s reply to my query might be considered somewhat unconventional even in the year 2000, it was “out of this world” in 1959.
Parent Training via CD-ROM: Using Technology to Disseminate Effective Prevention Practices
Authors: Gordon Donald A
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this paper is to describe how technology can reduce barriers to dissemination and use of parent and family interventions. This technology consists of highly interactive, video-based CD-ROMs and interactive videodisk programming. I begin the paper by presenting the scientific basis for family-based prevention programs, briefly review some effective programs, then describe barriers to their dissemination. I then describe, beginning with the literature on interactive videodisk instruction, the development and research on a parent training CD-ROM, which integrates interactive videodisk methodology with videotaped modeling of parenting skills. I discuss barriers to the technology’s dissemination, particularly among mental health professionals, then list gaps in our research knowledge on this technology. Finally, I present steps for overcoming barriers to widespread dissemination.
Jessie Daniel Ames
Authors: Brinkley Alan
Published: November 2023

Historians are generally drawn to people whose impact on history is clear and unequivocal, and there is muchjustifzcation for that preference. But history is also the product of struggles by courageous individuals who stand against the temper of their time and bear witness to injustice. During the long, dark period of racial segregation and oppression from the end of Reconstruction to the beginning of the modern civil rights mMement, there were relatively few white Americans who were willing to work openly and actively on behalf of racial justice. Jessie Daniel Ames, a white southern woman, emerged from an unlikely background to become-at great personal risk-a powerful, committed, and effective leader in mobilizing opposition to lynching in the South.
Oliver Evans
Authors: Evans Harold
Published: November 2023

Ask anyone if they know who put the first automoti()e ()ehicle on an American road Or who was it that in()ented and manufactured the.first amphibious craft? Or who invented the high-pressure steam engine that powered the early American factories? And who dreamed up the basic design for air-conditioning? Or who was it that de()ised and ran the first automatic production line?The questions might reasonably be answered by fi()e names. In fact, only one name is needed: Oli()er E ()ans. What is amazing about E()ans is that he did all these things right in the turmoil of the American Re()olution and in the early years of the United States in the late eighteenth century. He was, in fact, the new nation’s first notable in()entor at a time when manufacturing was primiti()e, machine tools and steel had yet to be de()eloped, technical education dzd not exist, and he could call only on his genius for in()ention and determined impro()is ation. It is extraordinary that he is such a neglected.figure. He was a prophet as well, envisaging the age of railways and steamboats. Of course, like so many innMators, he attracted the scorn of the traditionalists and the en()y of inferiors, all the more reason why our generation owes him his due.
Dorothy Fields
Authors: Lehman David
Published: November 2023

Sometimes overlooked in discussions of great American lyricists, Dorothy Fields would deserve posthumous applause if she had only written the words of”On the Sunny Side of the Street.”That song enchants us into leaving our worries on the doorstep: used to walk in the shadeWith those blues on parade I But I’m not afraid I Because this Mr I Crossed over.” The statement that you can be broke yet “rich as Rockefeller” is a clever variant on the Depression-era theme that “The Best Things in Life Are Free” and as powerful an affirmation of American optimism as Irving Berlin’s “Blue Skies. “With her brother Herbert, Dorothy collaborated on the book of Annie Get Your Gun and several musicals with Cole Porter.
Nathanael Greene
Authors: Golway Terry
Published: November 2023

Like most Americans, my knowledge of the American Revolution was intertwined with the saga of George Washington. Then, while watching a documentary on the war, I heard the name of another general about whom I knew little: Nathanael Greene. The program did not dwell much on General Greene-like most histories of the war, it.focused on Washington s leadership to the exclusion of his immediate subordinates. Still, the program certainly demonstrated that Greene was everywhere: Bunker Hill, Long Island, the slog through New Jersey, Christmas morning in Trenton, Brandywide, Valley Forge, Monmouth, Morristown.