bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desensitization for prevention of chronic antibody‐mediated rejection after kidney transplantation
Authors: Tanabe Kazunari , Inui Masashi
Published: December 2013

Chronic antibody‐mediated rejection (C‐AMR) is the most important and leading cause of graft loss after kidney transplantation. Although it is well known that chronic renal allograft dysfunction or failure is caused by various immunological or non‐immunological factors, donor‐specific anti‐human leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSAs) are considered to be the most detrimental to graft survival and could cause C‐AMR. Despite the use of intensive treatment for C‐AMR, outcomes have not always been promising. Recently, prevention, rather than treatment, of C‐AMR has been attempted, and this approach appears to be a more effective option for reducing the incidence of C‐AMR and, ultimately, improving long‐term survival. To prevent C‐AMR, removal of antibodies, inactivation of antibodies, and prevention of antibody production after kidney transplantation are essential. Preconditioning treatment including plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab injection seems the most effective of current desensitization protocols. In this minireview, we will focus on the prevention of C‐AMR through desensitization and improving long‐term graft survival.
Local cholinergic interneurons modulate GABAergic inhibition in the chicken optic tectum
Authors: Weigel Stefan , Luksch Harald
Published: December 2013

The chicken optic tectum (TeO) and its mammalian counterpart, the superior colliculus, are important sensory integration centers. Multimodal information is represented in a topographic map, which plays a role in spatial attention and orientation movements. The TeO is organised in 15 layers with clear input and output regions, and further interconnected with the isthmic nuclei (NI), which modulate the response in a winner‐takes‐all fashion. While many studies have analysed tectal cell types and their modulation from the isthmic system physiologically, little is known about local network activity and its modulation in the tectum. We have recently shown with voltage‐sensitive dye imaging that electrical stimulation of the retinorecipient layers results in a stereotypic response, which is under inhibitory control [S. Weigel & H. Luksch () J. Neurophysiol., 107, 640–648]. Here, we analysed the contribution of acetylcholine (ACh) and the NI to evoked tectal responses using a pharmacological approach in a midbrain slice preparation. Application of the nicotinic ACh receptor (AChR) antagonist curarine increased the tectal response in amplitude, duration and lateral extent. This effect was similar but less pronounced when γ‐aminobutyric acidA receptors were blocked, indicating interaction of inhibitory and cholinergic neurons. The muscarinic AChR antagonist atropine did not change the response pattern. Removal of the NI, which are thought to be the major source of cholinergic input to the TeO, reduced the response only slightly and did not result in a disinhibition. Based on the data presented here and the neuroanatomical literature of the avian TeO, we propose a model of the underlying local circuitry.
Diagnosing Teachers’ Understandings of Rational Numbers: Building a Multidimensional Test Within the Diagnostic Classification Framework
Authors: Bradshaw Laine , Izsák Andrew , Templin Jonathan , Jacobson Erik
Published: December 2013

We report a multidimensional test that examines middle grades teachers’ understanding of fraction arithmetic, especially multiplication and division. The test is based on four attributes identified through an analysis of the extensive mathematics education research literature on teachers’ and students’ reasoning in this content area. We administered the test to a national sample of 990 in‐service middle grades teachers and analyzed the item responses using the log‐linear cognitive diagnosis model. We report the diagnostic quality of the test at the item level, mastery classifications for teachers, and attribute relationships. Our results demonstrate that, when a test is grounded in research on cognition and is designed to be multidimensional from the onset, it is possible to use diagnostic classification models to detect distinct patterns of attribute mastery.
Linking genotype, ecotype, and phenotype in an intensively managed large carnivore
Authors: Shafer Aaron B. A. , Nielsen Scott E. , Northrup Joseph M. , Stenhouse Gordon B.
Published: December 2013

Numerous factors influence fitness of free‐ranging animals, yet often these are uncharacterized. We integrated GPS habitat use data and genetic profiling to determine their influence on fitness proxies (mass, length, and body condition) in a threatened population of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, Canada. We detected distinct genetic and habitat use (ecotype) clusters, with individual cluster assignments, or genotype/ecotype, being correlated (Pearson r = 0.34, P < 0.01). Related individuals showed evidence of similar habitat use patterns, irrespective of geographic distance and sex. Fitness proxies were influenced by sex, age, and habitat use, and homozygosity had a positive effect on these proxies that could be indicative of outbreeding depression. We further documented over 300 translocations occurring in the province since the 1970s, often to areas with significantly different habitat. We argue this could be unintentionally causing the pattern of outbreeding, although the heterozygosity correlation may instead be explained by the energetic costs associated with larger body size. The observed patterns, together with the unprecedented human‐mediated migrations, make understanding the link between genotype, ecotype, and phenotype and mechanisms behind the negative heterozygosity‐fitness correlations critical for management and conservation of this species.
Specific loop modifications of the thrombin‐binding aptamer trigger the formation of parallel structures
Authors: Aviñó Anna , Portella Guillem , Ferreira Ruben , Gargallo Raimundo , Mazzini Stefania , Gabelica Valérie , Orozco Modesto , Eritja Ramon
Published: December 2013

Guanine‐rich sequences show large structural variability, with folds ranging from duplex to triplex and quadruplex helices. Quadruplexes are polymorphic, and can show multiple stoichiometries, parallel and antiparallel strand alignments, and different topological arrangements. We analyze here the equilibrium between intramolecular antiparallel and intermolecular parallel G‐quadruplexes in the thrombin‐binding aptamer (TBA) sequence. Our theoretical and experimental studies demonstrate that an apparently simple modification at the loops ofTBAinduces a large change in the monomeric antiparallel structure ofTBAto yield a parallel G‐quadruplex showing a novel T‐tetrad. The present results illustrate the extreme polymorphism of G‐quadruplexes and the ease with which their conformation in solution can be manipulated by nucleotide modification.
Prevalence and factors associated with xerostomia and hyposalivation among community‐dwelling older people in Japan
Authors: Ohara Yuki , Hirano Hirohiko , Yoshida Hideyo , Obuchi Shuichi , Ihara Kazushige , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Mataki Shiro
Published: December 2013

Objective

This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with xerostomia and hyposalivation among community‐dwelling older people.

Background

Xerostomia and hyposalivation are common symptoms in the older population.

Materials and methods

This study included with 894 community‐dwelling, Japanese older people (355 men, 539 women; age 65–84 years) who participated in a comprehensive geriatric health examination, which included questionnaires and interviews regarding medical history, medications, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG‐IC), depressive condition. The Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was used to evaluate depression. Resting salivary flow rate was evaluated by the modified cotton roll method.

Results

In this study, 34.8% of the participants (mean age, 73.5 ± 5.0 years) complained about xerostomia, while the prevalence of hyposalivation was 11.5%. Multiple regression analysis revealed hypnotics use [odds ratio (OR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–2.61], SDS (OR = 1.05, CI = 1.04–1.07) and TMIG‐IC total points (OR = 0.87, CI = 0.76–0.99) to be significantly associated with xerostomia. In contrast, female gender (OR = 2.59, CI = 1.55–4.31) and the use of agents affecting digestive organs (OR = 1.78, CI = 1.11–2.86) were associated with hyposalivation.

Conclusion

Our findings showed that the prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation were approximately 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 respectively. The factors associated with psychological factors and high‐level functional competence, while hyposalivation was associated with medications and gender, as well as systemic and/or metabolic differences. It is important to consider these multidimensional factors associated with xerostomia and hyposalivation.
TET3–OGT interaction increases the stability and the presence of OGT in chromatin
Authors: Ito Ryo , Katsura Shogo , Shimada Hiroki , Tsuchiya Hikaru , Hada Masashi , Okumura Tomoko , Sugawara Akira , Yokoyama Atsushi
Published: December 2013

Gene expression is controlled by alterations in the epigenome, including DNA methylation and histone modification. Recently, it was reported that 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) is converted to 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by proteins in the ten‐eleven translocation (TET) family. This conversion is believed to be part of the mechanism by which methylated DNA is demethylated. Moreover, histones undergo modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation. In addition, modification with O‐linked‐N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) by O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) was recently identified as a novel histone modification. Herein, we focused on TET3, the regulation of which is still unclear. We attempted to elucidate the mechanism of its regulation by biochemical approaches. First, we conducted mass spectrometric analysis in combination with affinity purification of FLAG–TET3, which identified OGT as an important partner of TET3. Co‐immunoprecipitation assays using a series of deletion mutants showed that the C‐terminal H domain of TET3 was required for its interaction with OGT. Furthermore, we showed that TET3 is GlcNAcylated by OGT, although the GlcNAcylation did not affect the global hydroxylation of methylcytosine by TET3. Moreover, we showed that TET3 enhanced its localization to chromatin through the stabilization of OGT protein. Taken together, we showed a novel function of TET3 that likely supports the function of OGT.
In search of compassion: a new taxonomy of compassionate physician behaviours
Authors: Cameron Rachel A. , Mazer Benjamin L. , DeLuca Jane M. , Mohile Supriya G. , Epstein Ronald M.
Published: December 2013

Background

Compassion has been extolled as a virtue in the physician–patient relationship as a response to patient suffering. However, there are few studies that systematically document the behavioural features of physician compassion and the ways in which physicians communicate compassion to patients.

Objective

To develop a taxonomy of compassionate behaviours and statements expressed by the physician that can be discerned by an outside observer.

Design

Qualitative analysis of audio‐recorded office visits between oncologists and patients with advanced cancer.

Setting and Participants

Oncologists (n = 23) and their patients with advanced cancer (n = 49) were recruited in the greater Rochester, New York, area. The physicians and patients were surveyed and had office visits audio recorded.

Main Outcome Measures

Audio recordings were listened to for qualitative assessment of communication skills.

Results

Our sensitizing framework was oriented around three elements of compassion: recognition of the patient's suffering, emotional resonance and movement towards addressing suffering. Statements of compassion included direct statements, paralinguistic expressions and performative comments. Compassion frequently unfolded over the course of a conversation rather than being a single discrete event. Additionally, non‐verbal linguistic elements (e.g. silence) were frequently employed to communicate emotional resonance.

Discussion and Conclusions

This study is the first to systematically catalogue instances of compassionate communication in physician‐patient dialogues. Further refinement and validation of this preliminary taxonomy can guide future education and training interventions to facilitate compassion in physician–patient interactions.
Urinary biomarkers of kidney injury are associated with all‐cause mortality in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)
Authors: Peralta CA , Scherzer R , Grunfeld C , Abraham A , Tien PC , Devarajan P , Bennett M , Butch AW , Anastos K , Cohen MH , Nowicki M , Sharma A , Young MA , Sarnak MJ , Parikh CR , Shlipak MG
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in HIV‐infected individuals, and is associated with mortality in both the HIV‐infected and general populations. Urinary markers of tubular injury have been associated with future kidney disease risk, but associations with mortality are unknown.

Methods

We evaluated the associations of urinary interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), liver fatty acid binding protein (L‐FABP), kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1), neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and the albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) with 10‐year, all‐cause death in 908 HIV‐infected women. Serum cystatin C was used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys).

Results

There were 201 deaths during 9269 person‐years of follow‐up. After demographic adjustment, compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertiles of IL‐18 [hazard ratio (HR) 2.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–3.68], KIM‐1 (HR 2.04; 95% CI 1.44–2.89), NGAL (HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.05–2.14) and ACR (HR 1.63; 95% CI 1.13–2.36) were associated with higher mortality. After multivariable adjustment including adjustment for eGFRcys, only the highest tertiles of IL‐18 (HR 1.88; 95% CI 1.29–2.74) and ACR (HR 1.46; 95% CI 1.01–2.12) remained independently associated with mortality. Findings for KIM‐1 were borderline (HR 1.41; 95% CI 0.99–2.02). We found a J‐shaped association between L‐FABP and mortality. Compared with persons in the lowest tertile, the HR for the middle tertile of L‐FABP was 0.67 (95% CI 0.46–0.98) after adjustment. Associations were stronger when IL‐18, ACR and L‐FABP were simultaneously included in models.

Conclusions

Among HIV‐infected women, some urinary markers of tubular injury are associated with mortality risk, independently of eGFRcys and ACR. These markers represent potential tools with which to identify early kidney injury in persons with HIV infection.
Selected factors influencing the ability of Bifidobacterium to form biogenic amines
Authors: Lorencová Eva , Buňková Leona , Pleva Pavel , Dráb Vladimír , Kubáň Vlastimil , Buňka František
Published: December 2013

The ability of typical probiotic culture of Bifidobacterium to produce biogenic amines could be considered a contrastive feature to the beneficial dietary effect on human health. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the decarboxylase activity of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CCDM 239 influenced by selected factors (pH 4.5 and 5.0; the contents of NaCl 0–20.0 g L−1, glucose and lactose 0–10.0 g L−1) at in vitro conditions. The kinetics of the biogenic amine production under the above‐mentioned conditions was also monitored. The biogenic amine content detection was carried out in the supernatants of inoculated broth [MRS enriched with amino acids: arginine, ornithine, lysine, tyrosine; 3 g L−1 after the cultivation (48 h, 37 ± 1 °C)]. RP‐HPLC after the precolumn derivatisation with dansyl chloride was used. In most cases, the low concentrations of tyramine were monitored (<15 mg L−1). Simultaneously, it was found out that the addition of certain fermentable saccharide concentrations and NaCl in their mutual combination seemed to have supporting effect on the decarboxylase activity of the tested Bifidobacterium.
Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from three freshwater carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) using Flavorzyme
Authors: Elavarasan Krishnamoorthy , Shamasundar Bangalore Aswathnarayan
Published: December 2013

Fish protein hydrolysates from three freshwater carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala with different degree of hydrolysis (DH) (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), were prepared using Flavorzyme enzyme and designated as HCF, HRF and HMF, respectively. The angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hydrolysates was found to vary from 43 ± 2% to 71 ± 3%. Based on ACE inhibitory activity, HRF with DH‐15% was taken up for further study. The mode of ACE activity inhibition by HRF‐DH 15% was mixed type as revealed by Lineweaver–Burk plot. Sequential digestion of HRF‐DH 15% using pepsin and pancreatin decreased the ACE inhibitory activity from 76% to 63%. Partial purification of HRF‐DH 15% by size exclusion chromatography gave three different fractions designated as F‐1, F‐2 and F‐3 with the molecular mass in the range of 6456–407 Da. Fraction 2 had significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity than the other fractions.
Carbonate in Struvite Stone Detected in Raman Spectra Compared with Infrared Spectra and X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Takasaki Etsuji
Published: December 2013

Background: In regard to identify the compositions of urinary stones, the infrared spectra is a contemporary routine method. However, it is difficult to detect the absorption of carbonate in struvite stone by infrared spectra, because NH4 absorption of magnesium ammonium phosphate overlaps CO3 absorption of carbonate at 1420–1435 cm−1. With the purpose of demonstrating the existence of carbonate in struvite stones, the analysis of these stones by means of Raman spectra has been tried.

Methods: Forty urinary stones, the chemical compositions of which were previously determined by infrared spectroscopy, were submitted to Raman spectrum analysis, and subsequently to analysis by x‐ray diffraction.

Results: Thirty of 40 urinary stones were found to be composed of struvite and of mixed struvite‐calcium oxalate by infrared analysis. Twelve of these stones were shown to have Raman spectra of magnesium ammonium phosphate, and the other stones to have spectra of apatite. By x‐ray diffraction magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals were detected in 25 of these struvite stones and hydroxyl‐apatite in another 3, and 2 cases were undeterminable. For other components, such as calcium oxalate, uric acid and cystine, the analytical results of infrared spectra coincided with those of Raman spectra and x‐ray diffraction. Carbonate was detected in only a part of one struvite stone by Raman spectra.

Conclusions: Above‐mentioned results may indicate that carbonate is only a minor component of urinary stones. Therefore, most of 1420–1435 cm−1bands on the infrared spectra of struvite stones do not indicate CO3 absorption of carbonate, but NH4 absorption of magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Intravesical Ureterocele Presenting Bladder Outlet Obstruction in an Adult Male
Authors: Sekine Hideaki , Kojima Shin‐ichi , Mine Masahide , Yokokawa Masayuki
Published: December 2013

Large ureteroceles in adult males causing bladder outlet obstruction are rare. We report a case of a large intravesical orthotopic ureterocele in an adult male presenting as acute urinary retention. Incisional transurethral endoscopy was successful with decompression of ureteral end obstruction, enabling smooth urination immediately and no occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux.
Assessing the role of body mass and sex on apparent adult survival in polygynous passerines: a case study of cetti's warblers in central Portugal
Authors: Monticelli David , Araújo Pedro M. , Hines James E. , Tenreiro Paulo Q. , Silva Luis P. , Ramos Jaime A.
Published: December 2013

Adult survival, an important fitness component, is usually 1) lower in lighter individuals due to their reduced ability to survive winter conditions compared to heavier ones, especially in resident species at northern temperate latitudes and 2) lower in females compared with males due to higher reproductive costs incurred by females. In this paper, a capture–mark–recapture dataset of 649 cetti's warblers Cettia cetti ringed seasonally at two wetlands in central Portugal over an 11‐yr period (2000–2010) was modelled in a multi‐state framework to examine the influence of these individual covariates on apparent adult survival, while controlling for the presence of transient individuals in our study area. The probability of change in mass state (ψLight→Heavy, ψHeavy→Light) during the annual cycle was also estimated. Overall, birds survived better during spring–summer (breeding/moulting periods) compared with autumn–winter, but there was no effect of body mass on apparent adult survival probability. The modelling detected a significant interaction between sex and season, in which resident females survived better than resident males in spring–summer (ϕRF= 0.857 ± 0.117 and ϕRM= 0.698 ± 0.181) while the opposite pattern was found in autumn–winter (ϕRM= 0.440 ± 0.086 and ϕRF= 0.339 ± 0.084). In addition, cetti's warblers had a tendency to lose mass in spring–summer (ψHeavy → Light= 0.560 ± 0.063) and to regain mass in autumn–winter (ψLight→Heavy= 0.701 ± 0.069). This pattern of body mass change during the annual cycle may reflect energetic costs to reproduction and moulting, and/or a response to increased starvation risk during winter. High body mass, however, did not increase adult survival in this population presumably due to the relatively mild winter weather prevailing in central Portugal. Survival estimates are more likely to be explained by important ecological and behavioural differences between the two sexes in polygynous passerines. Our results highlight that studies aiming to identify the main factors shaping survival and individual fitness in polygynous species should be conducted during different phases of their annual cycle.
Positron Annihilation Study of Zirconia Nanopowders and Nanoceramics Stabilized by Magnesia and Ceria
Authors: Prochazka Ivan , Cizek Jakub , Melikhova Oksana , Konstantinova Tetyana E. , Danilenko Igor A. , Yashchishyn Igor A.
Published: December 2013

Positron lifetime (LT) and coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB) measurements on nanopowders and ceramics of ceria‐ and magnesia‐stabilized zirconia (CeSZ and MgSZ, respectively) are presented. The nanopowders were prepared by the coprecipitation technique. Effects of nanopowder calcination and sintering at various temperatures were investigated. In the nanopowders, the two kinds of open‐volume defects associated with grain boundaries (GBs) could be identified via positron trapping: (i) vacancy‐like misfit defects situated along GBs and (ii) larger defects at the intersections of at least three GBs (triple points). CDB measurements on CeSZ compacted nanopowders indicated a segregation of Ce ions along GBs. A few percent fractions of positrons were found to form positronium localized in pores of ≈1.8 nm diameter in compacted nanopowders. Sintering of nanopowders at 1500°C appeared to be sufficient for disappearance of pores and triple point defects. In sintered ceramics, contrary to compacted nanopowders, positrons were trapped in zirconium vacancies in grain interiors.
Leadership and innovation in nursing seen through a historical lens
Authors: Harris Ruth , Bennett Janette , Ross Fiona
Published: December 2013

Aim

To explore nurses' archived accounts of Matron Muriel Powell's management and leadership style and the impact of this on the implementation and sustainability of innovation in the workplace.

Background

In popular discourse, the matron has become an emblem of leadership. Although the title disappeared in the UK in the late 1960s as part of the re‐organization recommended by the Salmon Report, it re‐appeared in 2002 in an attempt to improve care standards by reasserting a strong nursing presence and clinical leadership role.

Design

Secondary data analysis using qualitative thematic analysis.

Methods

This paper draws on interview data held in the ‘Nurses Voices’ archive. The interview transcripts of 132 nurses who trained or worked at St George's hospital in 1920–1980 were analysed in depth between March 2011–January 2012 and themes were generated inductively by grouping together emergent codes in the data with similar meaning.

Results

Looking back, the nurses recalled strong memories of the leadership of Matron Powell. Her presence emerged as a significant influence throughout the interviews. Two resonant themes were identified: innovation and open communication.

Conclusions

Through her visibility and direct access with patients and staff, Dame Muriel Powell showed what we would now call transformative leadership qualities. Her leadership created a culture of open communication and innovation that initiated change in the organization and the nursing workforce. Looking back and learning from historical figures can deepen understanding and provide pointers for the nurse leaders of today.
A Collaborative Group Method of Inclusive Research
Authors: Bigby Christine , Frawley Patsie , Ramcharan Paul
Published: December 2013

Background

Funding bodies in Australia and the United Kingdom require research on issues that affect the lives of people with intellectual disability to be inclusive. Debate continues about the nature and benefits of inclusive research, which has become an umbrella term encompassing a broad spectrum of approaches.

Method

This study proposes one method of inclusive research, the ‘collaborative group' approach. It examines the processes used to conduct a study involving academics and self‐advocates, presenting findings derived from an inductive analysis of field note data, interview and meeting transcripts.

Results

Five components are identified: shared and distinct purposes of participants equally valued, shared involvement and distinct contributions equally valued, flexible, adapted research methods, working as a group with trusting relationships and dispersed power, and scaffolding for inclusion.

Conclusions

This collaborative group method potentially results in better research than either academics or self‐advocates could achieve alone and has multiple knowledge outcomes with differing accessibility and complexity.

Accessible Abstract

Background

When people with an intellectual disability and researchers from universities or other organisations do research together it is called inclusive research. People have worked together on research for a long time but there are still some questions about why we should do it and the best way to do it.

Method

This paper talks about one way of doing inclusive research that the people who wrote the paper call ‘collaborative group approach’. They did a big project with a group of people with an intellectual disability and talked and thought a lot about what they were doing. What they found out. There are five parts to working this way; (i) Having some of the same and some different reasons for doing the research (ii) Doing some things together and doing some things apart (iii) Being able to change things as you go so people can do what they want to do and are good at. (iv) Knowing each other well and being able to work together equally. (v) Thinking about the way you work all the time to make sure people are doing what they are good at and what they want to do.

Conclusion

If people work this way it might lead to better research and understanding about the lives of people with an intellectual disability.
Conceptualizing Inclusive Research with People with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Bigby Christine , Frawley Patsie , Ramcharan Paul
Published: December 2013

Background

The inclusion of people with intellectual disability in research is a common requirement of research funding. Little conceptual clarity is available to guide the conduct of inclusive research or judge its fidelity, there is minimal evidence of its impact, and questions remain about its feasibility and rigour.

Method

A comprehensive review of the peer reviewed literature and key texts was undertaken to more clearly conceptualize inclusive research and identify the issues associated with ways of approaching it.

Finding

Three approaches to inclusive research were identified: advisory, leading and controlling, and collaborative group. Using the literature and the authors' own experience, each approach is illustrated and discussed.

Conclusions

A clearer conceptual framework is developed to guide researchers and administrators as they consider inclusive research and its feasibility to particular research questions. A strong self‐advocacy movement is identified as one of the conditions necessary for inclusive research to flourish.

Accessible Abstract

Background

Organisations including government that fund research about people with an intellectual disability in the UK and Australia say it is important that people with an intellectual disability are involved in planning and doing research that is about them; this is called inclusive research. Some people have written about what they have done but not enough has been written and shared about the different ways of doing inclusive research.

Method

The people who wrote this paper looked at all the literature about ways of doing inclusive research and reflected on the way they had worked with a group of self advocates in writing about their history.

Results

There are three main ways of doing inclusive research; (i) Where people with an intellectual disability give advice about what to do; (ii) Where people with an intellectual disability lead and control research (iii) Where people with and without intellectual disability work together as a group with different jobs based on their different interests and skills.

Conclusions

In the past there has been an idea that there is only one way to do inclusive research. This paper talks about the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of doing inclusive research, and when you might choose one way rather than another.
Partitioning taxon, phylogenetic and functional beta diversity into replacement and richness difference components
Authors: Cardoso Pedro , Rigal François , Carvalho José C. , Fortelius Mikael , Borges Paulo A. V. , Podani Janos , Schmera Denes
Published: December 2013

Aim

To propose a unified framework for quantifying taxon (Tβ), phylogenetic (Pβ) and functional (Fβ) beta diversity via pairwise comparisons of communities, which allows these types of beta diversity to be partitioned into ecologically meaningful additive components.

Location

Global, with case studies in Europe and the Azores archipelago.

Methods

Using trees as a common representation for taxon, phylogenetic and functional diversity, we partition total beta diversity (βtotal) into its replacement (turnover, βrepl) and richness difference (βrich) components according to which part of a global tree was shared by or unique to communities that were being compared. We demonstrate the application of this framework using artificial and empirical examples (mammals in Europe and epigean arthropods in the Azores).

Results

Our empirical examples show that comparing Pβ and Fβ with the most commonly used Tβ revealed previously hidden patterns of beta diversity. More importantly, we demonstrate that partitioning Pβtotal and Fβtotal into their respective βrepl and βrich components facilitates the detection of more complex patterns than using the overall coefficients alone, further elucidating the different forces operating in community assembly.

Main conclusions

The methods presented here allow the integration and full comparison of Tβ, Pβ and Fβ. They provide a tool for effectively disentangling the replacement (turnover) and richness difference components of the different biodiversity facets within the same methodological framework.
Pectus Excavatum: Uncommon Electrical Abnormalities Caused by Extrinsic Right Ventricular Compression
Authors: CHAN WAH HAK YEE‐SEN , LIM YEONG‐PHANG , LIEW REGINALD , HSU LI‐FERN
Published: December 2013

Pectus Excavatum

We report a case of pectus excavatum associated with ventricular tachycardia provoked by exercise in a 19‐year‐old man. Although this chest deformity has been associated with supraventricular dysrhythmias, documented ventricular tachycardia has only been reported once. Our patient's ventricular dysrhythmia was treated by surgical correction of his pectus excavatum only, and at 3 years follow‐up he has had no recurrence of his ventricular tachycardia.
Progression of attachment loss is strongly associated with presence of the JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: a prospective cohort study of a young adolescent population
Authors: Höglund Åberg Carola , Kwamin Francis , Claesson Rolf , Dahlén Gunnar , Johansson Anders , Haubek Dorte
Published: December 2013

Aim

To assess the progression of attachment loss (AL) during a 2‐year period according to the presence of JP2 and non‐JP2 genotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in a Ghanaian adolescent population.

Methods

A total of 500 adolescents (mean age 13.2 years, SD ± 1.5) were enrolled in the study. After 2 years, 397 (79.4%) returned for a periodontal re‐examination, including the measurement of AL. The carrier status of the JP2 and non‐JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans was evaluated in a baseline examination 2 years earlier.

Results

Individuals who carried the JP2 genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans had a significantly increased risk [relative risk (RR) = 7.3] of developing AL ≥ 3 mm. The mean AL at the follow‐up and the mean 2‐year progression of AL were significantly higher in the JP2 genotype‐positive group (n = 38) compared with the group positive for the non‐JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans (n = 169), and the group of A. actinomycetemcomitans‐negative individuals (n = 190). The JP2 genotype was strongly associated with the progression of AL ≥ 3 mm (OR = 14.3). The non‐JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans were also, however, less pronounced, associated with the progression of AL ≥ 3 mm (OR = 3.4).

Conclusion

The JP2 genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans is strongly associated with the progression of AL.
Clinical evaluation of coronally advanced flap with or without acellular dermal matrix graft on complete defect coverage for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions with thin tissue biotype
Authors: Ahmedbeyli Cavid , İpçi Şebnem Dirikan , Cakar Gokser , Kuru Bahar E. , Yılmaz Selçuk
Published: December 2013

Aim

The objective of this study was to compare acellular dermal matrix graft (ADM) combination with coronally advanced flap (CAF) on complete defect coverage, aesthetics and patient satisfaction with CAF alone for multiple recessions with gingival thickness (GT) <0.8 mm.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐eight Miller Class I multiple recessions ≥3 mm were divided into test (CAF + ADM) and control (CAF) groups. At baseline and 12 months, recession height (RH), keratinized tissue height (KT), GT, mean and complete defect coverage were evaluated. Patient satisfaction, root coverage aesthetic score (RES) and the correlation between GT and defect coverage were also assessed.

Results

Baseline RH in CAF + ADM and CAF groups was 3.25 ± 0.34 mm and 3.21 ± 0.26 mm, respectively. Mean and complete defect coverage were 94.84% and 83.33% in test group, 74.99% and 50.00% in control group, respectively. Inter‐group differences were found to be statistically significant for RH reduction, attachment gain, KT and GT increase, mean defect coverage and RES in favour of test group (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between GT and mean defect coverage (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Coronally advanced flap in association with ADM can be proposed as a valid approach for the treatment of multiple recessions with thin tissue biotype.
Risk factors for the progression of periodontal attachment loss: a 5‐year population‐based study in South Brazil
Authors: Haas Alex Nogueira , Wagner Marcius Comparsi , Oppermann Rui Vicente , Rösing Cassiano Kuchenbecker , Albandar Jasim M. , Susin Cristiano
Published: December 2013

Aim

To assess sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors for periodontal attachment loss (PAL) progression after 5 years in an urban sample from south Brazil.

Methods

At baseline, 1586 subjects, 14 years and older, were derived using a multistage probabilistic sample strategy. At follow‐up, 653 of 755 subjects had ≥6 teeth and were included in this analysis. A modified multiple Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Overall, 247 (37.8%) subjects exhibited PAL progression ≥3 mm in ≥4 teeth. Subjects older than 30 years had approximately two times higher risk of having PAL progression than younger subjects. Subjects with low education had 53% higher risk (RR = 1.53; 95% CI:1.06–2.22) of PAL progression compared to those with high education. A significant interaction between gender and smoking was observed. Among never‐smokers, males were 33% more likely (RR = 1.33; 95% CI:1.06–1.66) to experience PAL progression than females. Among smokers, there was 8% increased risk of PAL progression (RR = 1.08; 95% CI:1.01–1.14) for males and 21% (RR = 1.21; 95% CI:1.11–1.33) for females per 10 packyears. Skin colour, socioeconomy, dental care and diabetes were not significantly associated with PAL progression after statistical adjustment.

Conclusion

Sociodemographic factors and smoking are independent risk factors for PAL progression in this Brazilian population.
Culturing chelifers (Pseudoscorpions) that consume Varroa mites
Authors: Read S. , Howlett B. G. , Donovan B. J. , Nelson W. R. , van Toor R. F.
Published: December 2013

Chelifers (Pseudoscorpions) are generalist predators of small prey such as mites. Their occasional presence in honeybee hives suggests potential to exploit them as part of a management programme against Varroa mites (Varroa destructor), a significant pest of honeybees. Two species of native New Zealand chelifers Nesochernes gracilis and Heterochernes novaezealandiae, shown to consume Varroa mites, were collected from commercial nucleus hives or in litter surrounding the hives. Methods for mass‐rearing the chelifers were developed to provide specimens for research and introduction into beehives for biological control of Varroa. Cultures were fed aphids and fruit fly larvae in vented containers containing sand and bark. N. gracilis was maintained at 14°C, 18°C, and 22°C. At 18°C, 1423 nymphs were reared from 140 N. gracilis adults, with 84.8% of all nymphs produced at this temperature. H. novaezealandiae was maintained at 18°C and 22°C, with 5 nymphs raised from 12 adults at 18°C and none at the higher temperature.
Resting sites, edge effects and dispersion of a polyphagous Bactrocera fruit fly within crops of different architecture
Authors: Balagawi S. , Jackson K. , Clarke A. R.
Published: December 2013

The spot or strip application of poisoned protein bait is a lure‐and‐kill technique used for the management of fruit flies. Knowledge of where flies occur in the crop environment is an important part of maximizing the efficacy of this tool. Bactrocera tryoni is a polyphagous pest of horticulture for which very little is known about its distribution within crops. With particular reference to edge effects, we monitored the abundance of B. tryoni in two crops of different architecture; strawberry and apple. In strawberries, we found more flies on the crop edge early in the fruiting season, which lessened gradually and eventually disappeared as the season progressed. In apple orchards, no such edge effect was observed and flies were found equally throughout the orchard. We postulated these differences may be due to differences in crop height (high vs. short) and/or crop canopy architecture (opened and branched in apple, dense and closed in strawberry). In a field cage trial, we tested these predictions using artificial plants of different height and canopy condition. Height and canopy structure type had no significant effects on fly oviposition and protein feeding, but the ‘apple’ type canopy significantly influenced resting. We thus postulate that there was an edge effect in strawberry because the crop was not providing resting sites and flies were doing so in vegetation around the field margins. The finding that B. tryoni shows different resting site preferences based on plant architecture offers the potential for strategic manipulation of the fly through specific border or inter‐row plantings.
Spatial distribution and life‐history aspects of blackspot seabreamPagellus bogaraveo(Osteichthyes: Sparidae)
Authors: Mytilineou Ch. , Tsagarakis K. , Bekas P. , Anastasopoulou A. , Kavadas S. , Machias A. , Haralabous J. , Smith C. J. , Petrakis G. , Dokos J. , Kapandagakis A.
Published: December 2013

Spatial distribution and life history aspects ofPagellus bogaraveoin the eastern Ionian Sea were investigated using the data from 13 different studies carried out in the area from 1983 to 2010. The spatial patterns of the abundance, biomass and mean size showed that the species inhabits the shallow waters of the shelf (<170 m depth) as juveniles up to a certain size (<180 mm total length,LT), moving to deeper waters of the slope (mainly 400–500 m depth) as adults. The spatial pattern of abundance indicated a continuous distribution of the species in deep waters, with hot‐spot areas of high values, whereas in shallow waters distribution was more discontinuous, with higher concentrations of juveniles in estuaries and brackish waters. The study of biological aspects of the species revealed (1) a difference in the increase in mass between males and females, (2) protandrous hermaphroditism, accompanied by the presence of primary females and males that do not change sex, (3) a sex ratio in favour of females >250 mmLT, (4) the presence of hermaphrodites between 200 and 370 mm, (5) a long reproduction period from June to March, (6) a size at first maturity around 300 mm and (7) a diet composition of adults based mainly on fishes, and also on opportunistic behaviour in the food scarce environment of deep waters. The results suggest that the species' distribution and feeding strategies are the most appropriate for the oligotrophic eastern Ionian waters and that these conditions result in smaller sizes of the species in the east Mediterranean Sea compared to the west basin and the east Atlantic Ocean, with implications for the growth and reproductive biology of the species.
Iron‐Chelating Properties of Melanoidins and Inducing Effect of Pulsed Electric Field
Authors: Wang Zhonghe , Wang Jun , Guo Shoujun , Xue Xiaoli , Yu Shujuan
Published: December 2013

Iron‐chelating properties of melanoidins, derived from glucose–glycine model system, were firstly investigated, and then melanoidin‐iron solutions were subjected to pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment at electric field strength of 0 to 80 kV/cm, respectively. Iron‐chelating ability of melanoidins decreased with increasing ferrous concentrations and reached the saturation state to bind 2.36 mg iron (II) per gram of melanoidin. At pH 3.0, the iron‐chelating ability of melanoidins was higher, partly due to isoelectric precipitation. The PEF treatment significantly increased the chelating ability of melanoidins toward Fe (II) at 20 and 80 kV/cm (P < 0.05 versus the control group), and the increased values were achieved 20.0 and 21.4%, respectively. The enhancing effects of PEF treatment on iron‐chelating ability of melanoidins were probably attributed to preservation of more negative charge in melanoidins molecule induced by PEF to facilitate the binding of more cationic species, or acceleration of Maillard reaction at high intensity of PEF.

Practical Applications

Melanoidins‐iron (II) solutions (pH 5.0) were subjected to PEF treatment at different electric intensities of 20–80 kV/cm. Results presented in this article should find their practical applications in the field of food industries. They will enhance the iron‐chelating abilities of melanoidins in shorter time and at lower temperature.
How reliable are design flood estimates in the UK?
Authors: Kjeldsen T.R.
Published: December 2013

Design flood estimates in the UK are routinely obtained by using the improved Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) statistical procedure. This paper presents a practical framework for assessing the uncertainty associated with estimates of the index flood (QMED) obtained for a range of commonly encountered problems: the gauged, the ungauged and the sparsely gauged catchment. An assessment is presented of the uncertainty of design flood estimates when estimated at ungauged catchments for a range of return periods. The results show that the inclusion of data from nearby gauged catchments increases the reliability of the estimates when compared to an automated application of the improved FEH methods relying on catchment descriptors only.
Genome‐wide identification and expression analyses of cytochrome P450 genes in mulberry (Morus notabilis)
Authors: Ma Bi , Luo Yiwei , Jia Ling , Qi Xiwu , Zeng Qiwei , Xiang Zhonghuai , He Ningjia
Published: December 2013

Cytochrome P450s play critical roles in the biosynthesis of physiologically important compounds in plants. These compounds often act as defense toxins to prevent herbivory. In the present study, a total of 174 P450 genes of mulberry (Morus notabilis C.K.Schn) were identified based on bioinformatics analyses. These mulberry P450 genes were divided into nine clans and 47 families and were found to be expressed in a tissue‐preferential manner. These genes were compared to the P450 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Families CYP80, CYP92, CYP728, CYP733, CYP736, and CYP749 were found to exist in mulberry, and they may play important roles in the biosynthesis of mulberry secondary metabolites. Analyses of the functional and metabolic pathways of these genes indicated that mulberry P450 genes may participate in the metabolism of lipids, other secondary metabolites, xenobiotics, amino acids, cofactors, vitamins, terpenoids, and polyketides. These results provide a foundation for understanding of the structures and biological functions of mulberry P450 genes.
Pigmented concealing powders for the hair loss patient
Authors: Cossman Jack P , Ladizinski Barry , Lee Kachiu C
Published: December 2013

Patients suffering from alopecia may experience low self‐esteem, low self‐image, and other psychological consequences. While medical and surgical options for treating hair loss exist, these may be prohibitively expensive or have an unpredictable outcome. In lieu of or in addition to therapeutic approaches, cosmetic options have long been an approach to hair loss. However, patients and clinicians alike often regard cosmetic options to be limited to hairstyling and hairpieces, unaware that newer options, namely pigmented concealing powders, may offer a more practical and seemingly natural camouflage. This article introduces the clinician to concealing powders as a viable option for the hair loss patient.