bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses the reasons why governments rejected a formal recognition of the ASEAN Interparliamentary Organization/Assembly for a long time, but finally established an official affiliation during the Charter-making process in 2008/10. Until today, ASEAN provides a comparatively unfavourable context for parliamentarization because the organization has little authority and the membership is largely non-democratic. Yet, when the Asian financial crisis hit the region in 1997/98, a demand for re-legitimation emerged, which was supplied as a result of the combination of a subsequent change in the purpose of the organization, which created affinities with other ‘parliamentarized’ organizations and diffusion from the European Union.
Comparative case study analysis
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the results of a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of the case studies on the establishment and empowerment of international parliamentary institutions by international organizations. The analysis looks for patterns in the necessary and sufficient conditions of international parliamentarization as well as for distinct and diverse configurations of conditions favouring, generating, and preventing international parliamentarization. The QCA suggests that there are two contexts of and pathways to IPI creation—one starting from general-purpose and high-authority international organizations (IOs), the other one driven by international diffusion of IO parliamentarization. At the same time, we find that the task-specificity of IOs is the major obstacle to IPI creation.
Remarks on Nominalization
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: January 2021

In his introductory comments to this volume, Chomsky reviews the historical background surrounding the emergence of Remarks on Nominalization, the restrictive view of the syntax which it promoted, and, in that context, the need to separate syntactically predictable constructions, such as gerunds from less predictable formations, and specifically derived nominals, as described in Lees’ (1960) seminal study. It is also in that context that Chomsky reviews the emergence of the X’-scheme, offering, in particular, a contemporary perspective on its merits and drawbacks. <82>
Three ways of unifying participles and nominalizations
Authors: Dékány Éva , Georgieva Ekaterina
Published: January 2021

In their chapter ‘Three ways of unifying participles and nominalizations: The case of Udmurt’ Dékány and Georgieva discuss the fact that the same morpheme appears in both DNs and participial relative clauses with relative systematicity in different language families. This makes it unlikely that we are dealing with unconnected cases of accidental homophony in the lexicon. Instead, a principled syntactic account is called for. The authors aim to lay out the hypothesis space for an explanatory account of the cross-linguistic participle-nominalizer polysemy, and to discuss which of the hypotheses is best suited to capture the Udmurt facts in particular. They present three different ways in which the polysemy can be given a unified syntactic account, such that the same lexical entry underlies the shared suffix of relatives and DNs. They then proceed to the empirical focus of the chapter, detailing the morpho-syntactic properties of Udmurt relatives and DNs with -m. They argue against treating -m as a nominalizing head and develop an account of -m as a head in the extended verbal projection. <173>
Introduction
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter shows that it was in the nineteenth century that cancer acquired the unique symbolic, emotional, and politicized status it maintains today. Not only did it maintain a not-insignificant incidence, cancer also played a culturally significant role in nineteenth-century life. Then, as now, observers tied cancer to environment, diet, and morality; and malignancy was a prominent feature of the social, political, and cultural landscape. This chapter introduces the two main interrelated concerns of the book: one, the lasting formation of cancer’s identity as an uncommonly incurable and therefore uncommonly dreadful disease; and two, how cancer was made into a malady of modern life, a pathology of progress, and a product of civilization.
Cancer Quackery
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This chapter brings in patients and practitioners whose views on cancer diverged from those of the London and Edinburgh elites. Analysis of their perspectives demonstrates that the climate of pessimism surrounding cancer’s intractability was not hegemonic, and that various voices of dissent existed both within and without the ‘regular’ profession. This chapter reconsiders the medical marketplace and places the concept of incurability at the centre of patient choice and professional self-fashioning. The suffering that cancer patients were willing to undergo suggest that for many the diagnosis of an incurable disease and subsequent offers of palliative care alone were unsatisfying. Incurability made space for a crowded medical marketplace that catered for desperately ill people and provided treatments of last resort.
Conclusion
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This chapter concludes that cancer’s incurability was not just an obstacle to overthrow, but a galvanizing and intellectually provocative idea that shifted medicine, health care, and professional identity in profound and lasting ways. It enabled the construction of professional credentials and community values; turned hospitals into places for treating ‘terminal’ illness; made possible the invention of new forms and rationales of intervention; and brought into being certain modes of investigating the disease such as mapping, the microscope, and discourses of progress and decline. I also suggest that it is almost impossible to research and write a history of cancer without reflecting on its contemporary life. This chapter explores the relationship between cancer then and now and reappraises the twenty-first-century disease.
Tracking the Transformation of Growth Regimes in Advanced Capitalist Economies
Authors: Hassel Anke , Palier Bruno
Published: January 2021

The chapter aims at building the theoretical framework to understand the evolution of growth regimes in advanced capitalist economies. It starts by recalling the main questions, approaches, and current debates on the dynamics of capitalist development in the comparative political economy literature. In a second step, it revisits the terms of the various approaches considered (Regulation School, Varieties of Capitalisms, Growth Models), defines growth regimes and growth strategies, and emphasizes the role played by welfare systems in these. Third, it presents the main economic challenges capitalist economies have been confronted with (deindustrialization, financialization, and the rise of the knowledge economy) and underlines the fact that, despite common challenges, the economies have remained distinct. Fourth, it provides an overview of five main ideal-typical growth regimes that have developed in advanced capitalist economies: the dynamic services export-led growth regime, the high-quality manufacturing export-led, the FDI-financed export-led, the finance-based domestic demand-led, and the public-financed domestic demand-led ones. Finally, the chapter summarizes the main contributions of the other chapters of the book.
European Growth Models Before and After the Great Recession
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Pontusson Jonas
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes and elaborates on the “growth models perspective” proposed by Baccaro and Pontusson (2016). In addition, the chapter updates the previous analysis of post-Fordist growth trajectories in Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. With growth models operationalized in terms of the contributions of different components of aggregate demands to GDP growth, the analysis shows that the growth models that these countries adopted in the period prior to the crisis of 2008–10 have by and large persisted into the 2010s. Exports remain the driver of German economy while household consumption remains the key to British economic growth and Italy continues to be mired by economic stagnation. Sweden is the one case for which one observes a shift in growth dynamics in the wake of the crisis, with domestic consumption playing a more important role relative to net exports.
Forced Structural Convergence in the Eurozone
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: January 2021

The euro crisis has been a consequence of the structural divergence between the export-oriented growth models of Northern political economies and the domestic-demand oriented growth models of Southern political economies. In response to the crisis, the Monetary Union has established a regime of compulsory structural convergence on the Northern model that has asymmetrically imposed huge economic and social costs on its Southern member states. In economic terms, enforced structural transformation may perhaps work, but its distributional asymmetry that cannot be democratically legitimated undermines the regime’s political sustainability.
Fighting Youth Unemployment
Authors: Chevalier Tom
Published: January 2021

The chapter stresses that the transition to a post-industrial society has consequences on the life course, and especially on the transition from childhood to adulthood. However, this transition varies significantly between countries, because of different institutional arrangements. Accordingly, the chapter analyzes these different arrangements of socio-economic institutions, including education, labor market policies, and welfare policies (with student support), by presenting the typology of “youth welfare citizenship regimes.” The second part of the chapter proceeds to four “typical” case studies showing how different growth regimes presented in the first chapter shape these youth welfare citizenship regimes (France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Then it analyzes how growth strategies (the reforms implemented by governments in order to boost growth and job creation) have recently been influencing the evolution of youth citizenship regimes, especially through reforms of active labor market policies (ALMP) that aim to fight youth unemployment. The argument here is not causal but rather contextual and systemic, and the objective of the case studies is therefore to present the coherence between a growth regime and the way socio-economic institutions structure the entry into adulthood, leading to a specific youth welfare citizenship regime, and how reforms inspired by a specific growth strategy contributes to transform youth welfare regime.
Growth Strategies and Welfare Reforms in Europe
Authors: Avlijaš Sonja , Hassel Anke , Palier Bruno
Published: January 2021

This chapter shows that welfare reforms are institutionally and politically linked to countries’ growth strategies, i.e. the policies implemented by governments to boost growth and jobs creation since the 1980s. The chapter starts by identifying five growth strategies according to the engine of growth chosen and the type of welfare reform: export of dynamic services; export of high-quality manufacturing products; FDI-financed exports; domestic consumption driven by financialization; and domestic consumption driven by wages and welfare spending (which has transformed into “competitiveness through impoverishment” under pressure from the EU). We show that these five growth strategies can be associated with five types of welfare state reform: dualization of welfare, social investment, fiscal and social attractiveness, commodification of welfare, and social protectionism. The detailed account of the cases of the UK, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Baltic and Visegrád Eastern European countries, Italy and France underlines the actual connections between growth strategies and welfare reforms. The cases reveal that these strategies are not mutually exclusive and that more than one strategy might be pursued in a country. The chapter contributes to an understanding of how countries’ growth regimes change, by identifying the transformative feedback effect that the implementation of growth strategies has on them. The chapter concludes on the politics of growth strategies and welfare state reforms and the respective roles of producer coalitions and electoral politics.
The Shape of Agency
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

In this book Shepherd offers a perspective on the shape of agency by offering interlinked explanations of the basic building blocks of agency, as well as its exemplary instances. In the book’s first part, he offers accounts of phenomena that have long troubled philosophers of action: control over behavior, non-deviant causation, and intentional action. These accounts build on earlier work in the causalist tradition and undermine the claims of many that causalism cannot offer a satisfying account of non-deviant causation, and therefore intentional action. In the book’s second part, he turns to modes of agentive excellence—ways that agents display quality of form. He offers a novel account of skill, including an account of the ways that agents display more or less skill. He discusses the role of knowledge in skill and concludes that while knowledge is often important, it is inessential. This leads to a discussion of knowledge of action—of the way that knowledge of action and knowledge of how to act informs action execution. Shepherd argues that knowledgeable action includes a unique epistemic underpinning. For in knowledgeable action, the agent has authoritative knowledge of what she is doing and how she is doing it when and because she is poised to control her action by way of practical reasoning.
Skill
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

In this chapter and chapter 8 we are concerned with modes of agentive excellence. These are ways that agents, qua agent, display excellence. This chapter develops a philosophical account of skill. This account offers clarity on the primary targets of skill. It argues that these are not necessarily particular actions, but often clusters of actions and behaviors—action domains. A part of this account is an explanation of the different ways skill varies—that is, of the different ways skill is gradable. After developing the account, this chapter brings it into contact with competitors that place greater emphasis on the role of knowledge in skill. This chapter argues that though knowledge is often important for skill, the account gets the basic contours of skill right in a way that knowledge-involving accounts do not.
Knowledgeable Action
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

This chapter develops an account of a different mode of agentive excellence. This one essentially involves knowledge of action and knowledge of how to act. Here we call it knowledgeable action. The aim of this chapter is two-fold. First, to explain the special epistemic features often thought to hold of knowledge of action. Second, to explain how this knowledge plays an important role in action execution. Along the way this chapter discusses various accounts of knowledge of action, which variously emphasize roles for intention, perception, and conscious awareness. Towards the end, the chapter compares and contrast the author’s account to nearby accounts that focus, not on knowledgeable action, but on knowledge how.
Conclusion
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

This chapter concludes. Its aim is primarily summary and paraphrase, and placing the ideas developed in this book side by side. Cormac McCarthy is gratuitously quoted. And then the chapter brings reflection back to the metaphorical distinction between activity and passivity with which the book began. On the picture the book develops, agents become active by degree, in various ways. With the exercise of control, the passive becomes active, and plans give rise to intentional action. With the development of skill, capacities for planning and for exercising control and for executing intentional action begin to cover broad differences of circumstance. With the acquisition of knowledge, agents are able to impose their will on parts of the world that their practice may not have adequately prepared them for. In knowledgeable action, agents exert change in the world in part by figuring out the world they change.
The Democratic Design Framework: Motivations and the Dual Core
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

This chapter specifies the features at the heart of the new democratic design framework. Focusing on what motivates the framework, it details the notion of ‘democratic sensibility’ and other features of democracy’s normativity, and democracy’s minimum requirements (the ‘democratic minimum’). This is followed by specification of the critical idea of the ‘dual core’, consisting of (a) practices and (b) political principles. These two interacting elements together form the core of the democratic design framework as a whole. Central to the dynamics of the dual core is the enactment of principles through single or multiple institutionalized practices; the discussion treats this feature in some detail, along with the scope and justification of principles.
Conclusion
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

Democratic change or reform is a complex and challenging task. The democratic design framework provides a flexible but clear guide to thinking through the complexities and challenges. The framework is a versatile tool that might be put to work for many different reasons: to aid critical thinking, challenge existing power structures, generate new ideas, facilitate rapid responses, promote critical action, or to make links between different branches of democratic thinking and practice.
The Paradoxes of Quo vadis
Authors: Axer Jerzy
Published: January 2021

Both the manner in which Sienkiewicz constructed his vision of ancient Rome and the way it affected contemporary readers appear paradoxical. This chapter presents four examples of these contradictions. The topographical vision of the Eternal City constructed in the novel reflects the perception of a pilgrim tourist visiting it in the late nineteenth century; nevertheless that vision restored the sense of connection held by native Italians with the tradition of Urbs Roma. The characters endowed in the novel with the greatest freedom of movement belong to Sienkiewicz’s world rather than to classical antiquity. As for the historical characters, they are passive and essentially form part of the novel’s mock-up of Neronian Rome. The book turned out to be very attractive to European readers, giving them an impression of genuine contact with their Roman heritage. Yet this effect was achieved by an author who drew upon the tradition of a Latinity imported into Poland and who, in addition, gave a central place to the motif of a Slavic martyr evangelizing her Roman oppressors. Readers who were completely unaware of the slogan ‘Poland, the Christ of Nations’, and understood nothing of the book’s patriotic codes, could nonetheless feel the authenticity of the author’s experience of something that can be called a ‘totalitarian system’. In this way, thanks to a Polish writer, European readers were given a vivid and impressive vision of Nero’s time, told from the point of view of the weak and oppressed. It was a historical and religious vision that seemed more believable than anything the writers of the West could offer them.
Sienkiewicz and the Topography of Ancient Rome
Authors: Ziółkowski Adam
Published: January 2021

Sienkiewicz, who in Quo vadis strove to render as accurately as possible the topography of ancient Rome—knowledge of which was increasing dramatically thanks to archaeological finds, especially in the catacombs investigated from 1842 by Giovanni Battista De Rossi—as a rule did not disclose his modern authorities. The only glimpse at the novel’s eruditional aspect is his retort to a charge, repeated in the Polish weekly Słowo after unnamed Roman archaeologists, of having committed an anachronism locating St Peter’s first teaching in Ostrianum, the cemetery founded in the third century, in which he emphasized that some leading Roman archaeologists date it to the first century. Neither party realized that they had different cemeteries in mind. Sienkiewicz’s critic thought that he followed De Rossi’s universally accepted identification of Ostrianum with Coemeterium Maius on Via Nomentana, founded in the third century; yet Sienkiewicz surely identified it with the newly discovered ‘hypogeum of the Acilii’ in the Cemetery of Priscilla on Via Salaria, seemingly datable to the late first century. From whom did he get this identification if its acknowledged author, Orazio Marucchi, five years after the novel’s publication still identified Ostrianum with Coemeterium Maius and was unaware that Sienkiewicz located it in the Cemetery of Priscilla? This chapter tries to find out who may have been Sienkiewicz’s informant and why the location of Ostrianum figuring in Quo vadis published in 1896 was first proposed in a scholarly publication only in 1901, by the archaeologist who a few months before had still held the rival view.
Costumes in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Quo vadis and their Literary and Painterly Sources
Authors: Skwara Ewa
Published: January 2021

Sienkiewicz had to dress the characters of Quo vadis in period garments. Their descriptions rarely appear, but they are highly suggestive of how the author understood ancient Rome and tried to recreate it in his work. Sienkiewicz gives detailed descriptions of costumes only when they concern the most important figures in his novel, or if clothing plays an important role in the plot. The rest of the protagonists are treated as collective characters whose clothing is identified only in terms of togas, stolae, or the robes of the poor. Beside the ubiquitous tunic, other Latin names of clothing primarily indicate the status of characters or are mentioned when Sienkiewicz uses clothes to disguise them. In those cases, the ubiquitous tunic receives an adjectival descriptor of colour or shade, which in the world of Quo vadis has a differentiating function. The names of the characters’ outfits have their origins in Roman literature. The terms introduced in the novel allow for an easy recreation of the author’s reading list, which consists of the basic works of a classical education—Cicero, Suetonius, Plutarch, Pliny, Horace, Propertius, Juvenal, Martial. Sometimes Sienkiewicz mixes his classical terminology with those of ecclesiastical Latin, creating an unintendedly humorous effect. However, the writer’s use of costume colour seems to have been inspired by the paintings of Lawrence Alma-Tadema and Henryk Siemiradzki. This chapter will explore the very close relationship between text and paintings, and utilizes Sienkiewicz’s colour coding to pinpoint some of the images on which he drew.
Comparing the Reception of Quo vadis and Ben-Hur in the United States, 1896–1913
Authors: Solomon Jon
Published: January 2021

Shortly after the Boston publisher Little, Brown and Company issued Jeremiah Curtin’s English translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Quo Vadis: A Tale of the Time of Nero, it was soon compared in American newspapers to Lew Wallace’s novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The plot of Wallace’s novel, published in 1880 and by 1896 the most commercially successful American novel of its generation, concluded before the reign of Nero, so Sienkiewicz’s novel was widely perceived as a chronological sequel or historical comparandum to Ben-Hur. Comparisons ranged from publication announcements to advertising to literary analyses in contemporary newspapers. Similarly, when large-budget dramatic adaptations of both Quo Vadis and Ben-Hur were in development and production during the first decade of the twentieth century, there was a perceived head-to-head competition. This chapter reviews the contrasting backgrounds of the authors—Wallace being an American evangelical, Sienkiewicz a Polish Catholic—and the parallel successes of Quo Vadis and Ben-Hur during this period (mostly before the American premier of Guazzoni’s film) in the arenas of literature, drama, film, and business commerce. Its source material consists mostly of reviews, advertising, and analyses published in contemporary American newspapers.
Introduction
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: January 2021

This Introduction summarizes the book’s major arguments. The central claim is that Africa’s international courts have important impacts that have so far been underemphasized or entirely ignored. The chapters show that litigation in Africa’s international courts is part of a broader strategy to pursue the agenda of interest groups, litigants, and opposition political parties and politicians. The book shows that by bringing a domestic political dispute to an international court, litigants internationalize their dispute. In so doing, they mobilize law and capitalize on the litigation process to advance and promote their commitment to their ideals and immediate goals. These actors use the opportunity to enforce treaty commitments relating to human rights, the rule of law, and democracy to mobilize against those in control of dominant and authoritarian party regimes and to seek public support. The chapters therefore put the users of Africa’s international courts and their broader strategies at the center of the analysis. In addition, this book takes scholarship on Africa’s international courts a step further through in-depth case studies of how litigation in these international courts impacts political, legal, and social mobilization. It delves into the messy world of legal and political mobilization and the organizational choices made by activists, litigants, and opposition parties who bring litigation before these international courts. The book complements the attention to legal and doctrinal questions as well as the challenges of compliance with decisions of these courts that the first generation of scholarship on Africa’s international courts emphasized.
Sub-Regional Courts as Transitional Justice Mechanisms
Authors: Heinrich Andrew
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines cases in the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) arising from the protracted and systemic abuses of human rights in Burundi. It argues that the EACJ’s role in accepting and deciding cases arises in large part from the ongoing conflict and authoritarian governance in Burundi and the absence of transitional justice mechanisms. In so doing, this chapter dovetails with other chapters in this book that show how litigants resort to Africa’s sub-regional courts when national institutions perform sub-optimally in addressing their needs. The cases from Burundi are exceptional examples of resorting to Africa’s sub-regional courts. The EACJ is a powerful transitional justice mechanism by providing a forum for truth and attention to be brought to issues arising from Burundi’s ongoing conflict and authoritarian governance. This chapter also demonstrates how these cases have been used to galvanize resistance outside of Burundi against continued authoritarian rule in Burundi.
Africa’s Sub-Regional Courts as Back-Up Custodians of Constitutional Justice
Authors: Ebobrah Solomon T. , Lando Victor
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that Africa’s international courts are involved in a new supranational constitutionalism that is anchored outside national constitutions. The value of Africa’s international courts, the chapter argues, lies more in their potential to promote constitutional justice in the long term through direct and indirect impact than in delivering individual justice in the short term. The chapter focuses on two courts: the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) and the Community Court of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS Court). The chapter argues that the EACJ has mainly acted as a declaratory human rights court while the ECOWAS Court has operated as a protective (executory) human rights court. The authors argue using cases from the EACJ and the ECOWAS Court that international law as produced in the judgments of international courts can be, and are useful even in the absence of clear compliance. In doing so, the chapter presents the following four roles of sub-regional courts in Africa: flagging violations and acting as early warning systems, expanding the normative and institutional scope and protection of human rights, progressing norm development, and setting the boundaries of acceptable behavior. By emphasizing these roles, the chapter shows that even in the face of apparently low levels of judgment compliance, the impacts of litigation activities before those courts contributes to what it terms constitutional justice.
Backlash Against International Courts in West, East, and Southern Africa
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Gathii James Thuo , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses three credible attempts by African governments to restrict the jurisdiction of three similarly situated sub-regional courts in response to politically controversial rulings. In West Africa, when the Court of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) upheld allegations of torture by opposition journalists in Gambia, that country’s political leaders sought to restrict the Court’s power to review human rights complaints. The other Member States ultimately defeated Gambia’s proposal. In East Africa, Kenya failed in its efforts to eliminate the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) and to remove some of its judges after a decision challenging an election to a sub-regional legislature. However, the Member States agreed to restructure the EACJ in ways that have significantly affected the Court’s subsequent trajectory. In Southern Africa, after the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Tribunal ruled in favor of white farmers in disputes over land seizures, Zimbabwe prevailed upon SADC Member States to suspend the Tribunal and strip its power to review complaints from private litigants. Variations in the mobilization efforts of community secretariats, civil society groups, and sub-regional parliaments explain why efforts to eliminate the three courts or narrow their jurisdiction were defeated in ECOWAS, scaled back in the EACJ and largely succeeded in the SADC.
A Mind Over Matter
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

Philip W. Anderson (1923–2020) is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential physicists of the second half of the twentieth century. Educated at Harvard, he served during World War II as a radar engineer, and began a thirty-five year career at Bell Laboratories in 1949. He was soon recognized as one of the pre-eminent theoretical physicists in the world, specializing in understanding the collective behavior of the vast number of atoms and electrons in a sample of solid matter. He won a one-third share of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of a phenomenon common to all waves in disordered matter called Anderson localization and the development of the Anderson impurity model to study magnetism. At Cambridge and Princeton Universities, Anderson led the way in transforming solid-state physics into the deep, subtle, and coherent discipline known today as condensed matter physics. He developed the concepts of broken symmetry and emergence and championed the concept of complexity as an organizing principle to attack difficult problems inside and outside physics. In 1971, Anderson was the first scientist to challenge the claim of high-energy particle physicists that their work was the most deserving of federal funding. Later, he testified before Congress opposing the Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator. Anderson was a dominant figure in his field for almost fifty years. At an age when most scientists think about retirement, he made a brilliant contribution to many-electron theory and applied it to a novel class of high-temperature superconductors.
Introduction
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of Anderson’s career and contrasts his speciality, the physics of the very many (solid-state physics), with the areas of physics that tend to appear in popular media—the physics of the very small (particle physics) and the physics of the very distant (astrophysics and cosmology). It compares Anderson’s physics skills to those of a chess grandmaster. The number of pieces (atoms and electrons) is so large that merely knowing the microscopic rules of the game is not enough to gain real understanding. There is a focus on the big ideas Anderson brought to the table—symmetry breaking, emergence, and complexity—and also his great interest in the cultural and political aspects of physics. The goal of the book is to help readers understand the magician-like skills Anderson brought to theoretical physics and the effect these had on his students, coworkers, community, and on scientific enterprise.
A Solid Beginning
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

Anderson chooses a job at Washington State College over a boring-sounding job at Westinghouse. Van Vleck intervenes to arrange an interview with William Shockley at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Anderson declines Washington and accepts a job offer from Shockley in 1949. A short history of Bell Labs follows, including the creation of a Solid-State Physics group after the war to, among other things, seek a replacement for vacuum tubes. A short description of solid-state physics follows. The team of Shockley, John Bardeen, and William Brattain invent the transistor and Shockley alienates everyone. Shockley tells Anderson to work on ferroelectric materials. Anderson dislikes the work but is personally impressed by Shockley as a physicist.
Disorderly Conduct
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

Van Vleck taught his students to follow the data and build simple models to explain that data. Anderson followed this advice when he assumed Charlie Kittel’s old role as the “house theorist” who helped the Bell Labs experimenters working in the field of magnetism. One of these experimenters—George Feher—used magnetic resonance to study silicon crystals “doped” with impurity atoms and found evidence that the wave functions of the extra electrons contributed by the impurity atoms possessed wave functions that were localized in space rather than delocalized. This contradicted the standard theory of electron energy states in semiconductors which predicted that all electron states should be delocalized, even if the impurity atoms were distributed randomly throughout the silicon crystal.
Law in Disorder
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

A formal request by the theorists produces a stand-alone Solid-State Theory Group at Bell Labs. A summer visitor program leads several visiting theorists to conclude that localization occurred in Feher’s samples due to an electrostatic mechanism suggested by Nevill Mott. Anderson develops a theory for localization where the disorder in the positions of the dopants plays a crucial role. Mott champions Anderson’s theory and the Nobel Committee cites it when Anderson wins a share of the 1977 Nobel Prize with Mott and John Van Vleck. David Thouless re-ignites Anderson’s interest in localization and he leads the Gang of Four to develop a novel scaling theory of localization.
The Cantabrigian
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

Anderson spends a sabbatical year at the University of Cambridge. He informs graduate student Brian Josephson about spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductors and Josephson discovers the effects that bear his name and won him a share of a Nobel Prize. Anderson works in this area and pursues analogies to superfluid helium four. He uses an analogy to his work on superconductivity to suggest a mechanism for mass generation for elementary particles. Peter Higgs generalizes Anderson’s idea and later wins a Nobel Prize for doing so. Anderson spends eight years as a half-time professor at the University of Cambridge. He leads the way to transform solid-state physics into condensed matter physics and does important work on superfluid helium three. He and Joyce buy a vacation home in Port Isaac, Cornwall.
From Emergence to Complexity
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

Anderson was one of the first scientists to publicly challenge the claim by particle physicists that they deserved the lion’s share of federal funds for accelerators because their work was the most ‘fundamental’. Anderson’s 1972 article “More is Different” challenged this idea and led to the idea of ‘emergence’ as a deep principle of Nature. He and Sam Edwards introduced a model for spin glass behavior and this activity dovetailed with his involvement in helping George Cowan, Murray Gell-Mann, Ken Arrow, and others create the Santa Fe Institute as a venue where complexity was celebrated as an organizing principle to solve difficult many-agent problems.
Experience and Possibility
Authors: Mendola Joseph
Published: January 2021

This book is concerned with the ontology of the things that we experience, especially in regard to its modal features. Ontology studies the basic categories of beings, including particulars like chairs, properties like being yellow, and relations like being on. But this book focuses specifically on the ontology of the ordinary objects that our sensory experience seems to reveal, for instance blue cars and green trees. It investigates the colors, shapes, and other concrete properties these familiar objects present in experience, their spatial relations, and whatever beyond their concrete properties and relations is required to constitute them as the specific objects that they seem to be. But there is also another aspect of this topic: modality. Modality concerns what is possible and what is necessary, what could be and what must be. The central novelty of the book is an intense focus on the modal aspect of these experienced particulars and properties, and what it can tell us about modality in general. The proper understanding of such properties and relations and such forms of particularity has many implications regarding what is and is not possible. The reality of these sorts of properties, relations, and particularity would involve in surprising ways not merely what would be hence actual but what would be merely possible. And these phenomena support a novel general conception of modality, of the possible and the necessary, according to which the actual and the possible are locally entwined and involve different types of being.
Partnership as Organisational Law
Authors: Televantos Andreas
Published: January 2021

This chapter shows how partnership was able to function as organisational law, in effectively allowing the assets dedicated to the concern to be used primarily for its purposes, but also highlight the fragility of this ‘ringfencing’ effect. The assets settled for the purpose of the business are treated as separate from the assets of the shareholders, and so ‘bonded’ to the business, its disponees, and its creditors, rather than the shareholders. The focus of this chapter is on the extent to which Regency era legal rules allowed asset partitioning of this type, and so allowed what we would today regard as commercially efficient forms of trading. In the Regency era, commercial parties could not usually incorporate, and a sole trader would simply be liable in the same way for any debts he contracted. The chapter also asks whether traders regarded the law of partnership as sufficient to meet their needs, in light of the limitations of its asset partitioning rules.
Ostensible Authority and the Ordinary Course of Business
Authors: Televantos Andreas
Published: January 2021

This chapter takes a look at cases where a partner, or agent, of a business fraudulently acted for their own benefit, whilst purporting to act on behalf of their trade. It looks at how partners and agents would bind business assets when they were authorised to act or appeared to be acting in the ‘ordinary course of business’. This is because courts determined the effect of unauthorised transactions entered into by agents and partners by looking at the comparative fault of people who became unwittingly involved in a fraudulent transaction. The analysis here has roots in the political economic ideas that reckless trading was responsible for destabilising economy but developed in the court's own precedents to focus on whether the fraudulent party's actions would have appeared suspicious to a reasonable commercial party. It had the side effect of upholding transactions which occurred in the ordinary course of business — in that sense it was commercial efficient and facilitated trade.
The Authority of Trustees and Executors
Authors: Televantos Andreas
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the doctrines governing the authority of trustees and executors. It also looks at the extent to which they could bond the assets they managed where they had no authority to do so under the express or implied terms of the trust or will. As in other areas, the courts of equity and law were concerned to protect innocent purchasers by upholding transactions which appeared to take place in the ordinary course of business, and so to facilitate trade. However, in these cases the courts had to balance that concern with a desire to ensure that trusts and wills could continue to play their respective social functions. There was also a recognition that testators and beneficiaries were not responsible for creating the risk of the unauthorised disposition in the same way as partners and principals.
Flowline at Work
Authors: Bygdås Arne Lindseth , Hagen Aina Landsverk , Tolstad Ingrid M. , Rudningen Gudrun
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the use of metaphor to change temporal structuring of work practices in a news organization—from deadline to flowline. Deadline has been an ingrained institutionalized norm in the newspaper industry, representing a traditional temporal configuration that enables coordination and production of the printed newspaper. At present, it is out of sync with how news is produced and published online on a continuous basis throughout the day and night. To assist a news organization in making the shift towards an open-ended, near-future-oriented workflow, an action-research project was initiated for collaboration, co-construction of metaphors, and intervention in the newsroom. The chapter highlights the performative qualities of metaphors as enablers for transformative change and suggests that metaphorical events, understood as temporally enacted performances, have the potential to enact and spur sequences of change by creating new temporal structures and possibilities for action not previously imagined.
Capturing the Experience of Living Forward from Within the Flow
Authors: Wegener Frithjof E. , Lorino Philippe
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, we explore a methodology for “process as withness” (Fachin and Langley, 2018). The goal is to study the experience of “living forward” by creating “narratives of prospect” (Weick, 1999). The chapter builds on Shotter’s work (2006; 2009) on a withness approach, which helps in understanding the struggles of living forward experienced by practitioners and researchers alike. Withness until now has remained philosophical with a few vignettes by Shotter (2006; 2009). We operationalize withness through embedding it within pragmatist inquiry (Farjoun, Ansell, and Boin, 2015; Lorino et al., 2011; Martela, 2015). For this, we propose to build on the existing links between a withness approach and pragmatist inquiry in the work of James, Dewey, and Mead, but to extend these to fuse a withness approach and pragmatist inquiry into “pragmatist withness inquiry.” We end with a call for other researchers to learn from, criticize, and build on our attempts to develop “pragmatist withness inquiry.” The challenges are dialogue, access to doubtful situations, and creating “narratives of prospect.”
Organizational Time in Historical Perspective
Authors: Hassard John , Decker Stephanie , Rowlinson Michael
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how time and temporality have been analyzed in social and organizational theory. Specifically, it discusses forms of analysis developed prior to the purported synthesizing of conceptual dualities under the “postmodern turn” (Nowotny, 1994; Orlikowski and Yates, 2002). The chapter reviews some of the main concepts and theories of time developed historically by sociologists and anthropologists, and describes how—when applied in organizational research—they have yielded rich and diverse insights into workplace behavior. By drawing upon some of the major foundational figures in the sociology of time—such as Emile Durkheim, Mircea Eliade, Georges Gurvitch, Karl Marx, Pitirim Sorokin—we note not only differences between their positions, but also how such differences, when contrasted systematically, offer a broad basis for appreciating time as reflecting a cyclical as well as linear, heterogeneous as well as homogeneous, and processual as well as structural phenomenon in theoretical and empirical investigation.
Historical Consciousness as a Management Tool
Authors: Bongers Diane Ella Németh
Published: January 2021

The increasing call for historical perspectives in organization studies illustrates that history has become a central concern. While most studies of organizational history focus on the use of history by top managers, which we propose to call “tight history” (top-down), they seem to ignore the informal articulations of history that evolve from the lower levels of the organization (bottom-up), which we offer to label “loose history.” So far, scholars have largely focused on one level of analysis, but have not explored how the levels articulate with each other. This chapter investigates the activities and processes by which actors use history at both the individual and the institutional levels. Thus, our work aims to contribute to the understanding of processes by which organizations develop different forms of historical consciousness by promoting both tight and loose history, highlighting the collective dimension in both the process and the agency of historical consciousness.
Appropriating the Past in Organizational Change Management
Authors: Koll Henrik , Jensen Astrid
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers an analysis of organizational change management in a Scandinavian telecom from a historical perspective. Based on an ethnographic study, we investigate how the past was appropriated by managers for the purpose of implementing performance management in the company’s operations department. By combining Bourdieusian theory with a narrative approach to analysis, the chapter provides an alternative view on the impact of history to organizational change management studies by bridging objective and subjective elements of history. This is achieved by illustrating how practice brings together two modes of existence of history in action—that is, how habitus and field dialectically adjust to each other while endowing actors with a “practical sense” that allows them to appropriate history in practice. We show how actors’ inclination to appropriate and narrate history in certain ways was itself a product of historical acquisition derived from their experience in the departmental field of struggle.