bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interplay of Aesthetics, Usability and Credibility in Mobile Website Design and the Effect of Gender
Authors: Oyibo Kiemute , Vassileva Julita
Published: November 2020

In human-computer interaction, aesthetics, usability and credibility are key factors in the design of a successful website. Specifically, aesthetics has been identified as one of the main drivers of web credibility. However, in the mobile domain, large-scale research, cutting across cultures and continents, which is key to the generalizability of findings, is scarce. To bridge this gap, we conducted a multicultural study among 526 participants from 5 continents: Africa, Asia, North America, South America and Europe. Using four systematically designed mobile websites, we investigated: (1) the interrelationships among aesthetics, usability and credibility; and (2) the moderating effect of gender. Our results, based on partial least square path modeling, reveal that: (1) perceived aesthetics is stronger than perceived usability in predicting the perceived credibility of mobile websites; and (2) gender moderates the effect of perceived aesthetics on perceived usability, with this effect being stronger for males than for females. Our findings underscore the need for designers to pay closer attention to aesthetics in designing successful mobile websites, as their visual appeal, irrespective of gender, enhances their perceived ease of use and credibility. These findings are noteworthy because, given the usability challenges posed by the relatively small-screen size of the mobile device, designers may be tempted to focus on designing easy-to-use websites only, while downplaying their visual appeal. Such a decision may adversely impact the overall credibility of their websites going by users’ first impression.
HyMobWeb: A hybrid adaptation of context-sensitive Web interfaces with multimodality support in mobile devices
Authors: Bueno Danilo Camargo , Zaina Luciana Martinez
Published: November 2020

The use of mobile devices to browse on the Web has become increasingly popular as a consequence of the easy access to the Internet. However, moving from the desktop development to the mobile platform features requests to the developers an important focus on the interaction elements which fit into the interaction demands. The frameworks front-end is the solution most adopted by Web developers for working with application’s adaptation supported by responsive Web design techniques. Nevertheless, this technique has shortcomings that directly impact in the interaction elements and user satisfaction. This article presents a hybrid adaptation approach of context-sensitive Web interfaces with multimodality support called HyMobWeb. The approach proposal is an expansion of the adaptation capacity of the application concerning the variables of the user context in combination with the different interaction methods. A case study was conducted and data collected showed the great acceptance of the proposal in the perspective of developers who used it. The findings suggest that HyMobWeb brings significative contributions to the developers’ work.
Combining Configurable Interaction Anticipation Challenges and Volitional Aspects in the Analysis of Digital Posthumous Communication Systems
Authors: Pereira Fabrício Horácio Sales , Prates Raquel Oliveira , Maciel Cristiano , Pereira Vinícius Carvalho
Published: November 2020

Digital posthumous communication systems are those that allow users to create messages that will only be sent to the intended recipients after their deaths. In these systems users have to express their wishes through configuration settings which will only take effect in the future, when the user is no longer available. In this paper, we propose a methodology that allows us to analyze posthumous communication systems and focuses on users’ decisions and how users can understand their future impact at the moment when they are making such decisions. To do so, we have combined the Semiotic Inspection Method (SIM) with the Configuration for Interaction Anticipation Challenges and recommendations on volitional aspects in digital legacy systems. Such analytical lenses were used to inspect three digital posthumous communication systems: If I Die, Se Eu Morrer Primeiro and Dead Man's Switch. The result of our analysis is a thorough account of the decisions designers have made available to users, as well as how they convey what the impact of these decisions will be when they come into effect. Our discussion of these systems and of the challenges identified contributes to the research and development of digital legacy systems in general. The methodology described is a relevant contribution to research on digital legacy and on digital posthumous communication, and also supports the consolidation of the challenges and recommendations used in this analysis.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Raposo Alberto , Corrêa Cléber
Published: November 2020

Welcome to the first issue of SBC Journal on Interactive Systems in 2018.This edition starts with a special issue dedicated to Human-Computer Interaction. More specifically, it contains extended versions of five of the best full papers presented at the 14th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC’15). Our guest editors are Prof. Andreia Libório Sampaio, from the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), and Prof. Clodis Boscarioli, from the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). We would like to thank them for preparing this special issue. You are invited to read their Guest Editors’ Note in the following.This issue also has a regular paper presenting the results of a joint work from groups of three Brazilian Universities: UFSCar, UNICAMP, and UFES. The paper is entitled “Applicability and evaluation of the GestureChair virtual game: comparison between people with and without spinal cord injury”, and produced evidence of relevant aspects of the use of VR games among people with spinal cord injury sequelae and a comparative group of people without injury.We hope you enjoy this issue of JIS and it encourages you to send us your own contributions.
The Influence of the Device on User Performance in Handheld Augmented Reality
Authors: Sanches Silvio R. R. , Oizumi Marcio A. , Oliveira Claiton , Sementille Antonio C. , Corrêa Cléber G.
Published: November 2020

Augmented Reality applications, which were known to require sophisticated hardware, can now be run on handheld devices. Although such devices provide the required computer power, the size or weight of some of them may become a barrier to user performance, mainly when the interaction is by the touch on the screen. Inserted in this context, this research consists of applying a set of subjective experiments in which volunteers use an application that runs on devices with different sizes and weights. These experiments aim to measure how much the type of handheld device influences the performance of the user in Augmented Reality applications. The main contributions of this study are (i) we concluded by subjective experiments that users with previous knowledge of how to interact with a similar AR application or a game are able to improve their performance when the device is larger and (ii) we demonstrated the age of the participant was also a good indicator of the user performance in AR applications.
European Public Prosecutor's Office
Authors: Herrnfeld Hans-Holger , Brodowski Dominik , Burchard Christoph
Published: November 2020

The Regulation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) provides the legal framework for an entirely new Union body with the power to investigate and prosecute criminal offences affecting the financial interests of the Union. Expect­ed to start its operational work by the end of 2020, the EPPO will be an additional and powerful player in at least 22 national criminal justice systems, work­ing closely together with national law enforcement authorities and exercising the functions of prosecutor in the competent courts of the Member States.

The Commentary on the EPPO Regulation is intend­ed to guide practitioners – within EPPO as well as in the national prosecution services and law enforcement agencies, courts, and law offices – in the interpretation of the Regulation. By providing an in-depth analysis of the intricate interplay of the Regulation’s provisions and their legal and practical context, it will also provide a valuable source for further academic research on individual aspects relating to the EPPO. In addition, the Commentary will assist political decision-makers in assessing the practical implementation of the EPPO Regulation by clarifying its relations to national law and national judicial and law enforcement authorities.
Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Agro-Industries in Arid Lands: Productions, Applications Strategies and Challenges
Authors: Karima Bencherif , Samia Therrafi
Published: November 2020

Bio-fertilizers based on mycorrhizal fungi represent a natural way to enrich the soil in respect of environmental balance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most common symbiotic association between terrestrial plants and microorganisms, which are known to improve plants development and growth, especially under stress conditions. The potential for application of AMF in agricultures is an agro-ecological approach to allow better use of soil nutrient reserves. That receives increasing consideration for their prospective application for sustainable agriculture. The present chapter aims to highlight the agro-industrial strategy of AMF bio-fertilizers production explaining agronomics, ecological and economic approaches and benefits. This study aims to focus on the importance of production of bio-fertilizers based on indigenous AMF strains and their role in improving soils enrichment, which will subsequently lead to improved production and agricultural yields on degraded arid soils.
A Dynamic Finite Element Cellular Model and Its Application on Cell Migration
Authors: Zhao Jieling
Published: November 2020

While the tissue is formed or regenerated, cells migrate collectively and remained adherent. However, it is still unclear what are the roles of cell-substrate and intercellular interactions in regulating collective cell migration. In this chapter, we introduce our newly developed finite element cellular model to simulate the collective cell migration and explore the effects of mechanical feedback between cells and between cell and substrate. Our viscoelastic model represents one cell with many triangular elements. Intercellular adhesions between cells are represented as linear springs. Furthermore, we include a mechano-chemical feedback loop between cell-substrate mechanics and cell migration. Our results reproduce a set of experimental observation of patterns of collective cell migration during epithelial wound healing. In addition, we demonstrate that cell-substrate determined mechanics play an important role in regulating persistent and oriented collective cell migration. This chapter illustrates that our finite element cellular model can be applied to study a number of tissue related problems regarding cellular dynamic changes at subcellular level.
An Overview of Geothermal Energy Production in Germencik, Turkey
Authors: Yamanturk Kaan , Dogruoz Cihan
Published: November 2020

As it is known, the utilization and production of renewable energy resources are very important in recent years. Due to its geological structural formations, Turkey has a serious geothermal energy potential as a renewable energy resource comparing with the other countries. West side of Turkey has also a critical role to use the geothermal energy resources. In these fields, geothermal is mostly used in electricity generation, greenhouse heating and locational requirements. The components while producing the geothermal water from wells such as heating pumps, re-injection pipes and other equipment are also significant. In this study, coefficient of performance (COP) utilizing in heat pumps has been investigated and the new approach to find out the parameter has been identified. Based on COP equation, the formula of COP has been re-coded on Dev C++ compiler by using C++ computer language in order to focus on the importance of computer aided applications in geothermal energy sector. There are no more studies showing the COP with C++ codes in literature. On the other hand, Germencik region, in the west side of Turkey, has been evaluated and the production processes by Guris Construction and Engineering Co. Inc. have been explained in the study. Moreover, the potential of Turkey has also been mentioned in this study. The aim of the study is to examine the Germencik region geothermal energy potential and to improve the coefficient of performance by using C++ in heat pumps. The result of this study shows us the Germencik region has an important potential and the computer aided technologies can also be adapted easily into the processes while producing geothermal energy.
The Azores Archipelago as a Region with Vast Potential for the Development of Adventure and Slow Tourism
Authors: Pimentel Pedro , Oliveira André , Couto Gualter , Crispim Ponte João , Castanho Rui
Published: November 2020

WTO (World Tourism Organization) recognizes that adventure tourism is a journey that includes at least two of three elements: (a) physical activity, (b) natural environment; and (c) cultural immersion. With this in mind, the Autonomous Region of Azores, classified as one of the OR (Outermost Regions) by the European Union (EU), meets several of those elements. Therefore, the Archipelago shows several potential for the development of this typology of tourism. However, this insular region faces many challenges. Some of those obstacles are also great opportunities for regional development towards new sustainable models. For example, there is the islands’ geographical location, which enables exceptional territorial development opportunities and growth opportunities. Contextually, the Archipelago’s nine islands afford great variety to the destination, and the tranquil rural landscape fits the perfect framework for unparalleled, charming, and relaxing experiences. Moreover, the Archipelago’s specific characteristics, as its volcanic nature, make the destination a perfect place to be explored. These are just some examples of the region’s potential to develop this typology of tourism, based on nature, and consequently, a vehicle to achieve the so-desired regional sustainability.
SOME MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY OF MASSES
Authors: Jelić Gordana , Stošović Dejan
Published: November 2020

The study of the distribution of geometrical points, loaded by some scalars plays an important role in various fields of science, of theoretical and practical character. Since such study was first applied and studied when mass had the role of played a scalar, the mass loaded point was named material point, and the discipline dealing with the arrangement of material points in space is called the geometric mass. In that discipline, in the general case under mass one should imply a scalar of arbitrary nature, which can be negative as well. For example, the discipline includes the study of distribution of magnetic or electrical masses, which can be positive and negative. This paper presents some concepts from the geometry of masses that play an important role, particularly in mechanics and physics.
Entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos: intelectuais, ideias e projetos de educação (1927-1935)
Authors: Rocha Ana Cristina S. M.
Published: November 2020

Vencedora do prêmio Capes de melhor tese de história de 2017, Ana Rocha traz, agora em livro, a trajetória de quatro educadores brasileiros – Noemy Rudolfer, Isaías Alves, Lourenço Filho e Anísio Teixeira – entre as décadas de 1920 e 1930, tendo como ponto principal as viagens que realizaram ao Teachers College, na Universidade de Columbia, em Nova York. A partir desses deslocamentos institucionais, mas também culturais, econômicos e políticos, cada intelectual desenvolveu um papel importante na educação brasileira: Anísio Teixeira e Lourenço Filho articularam um projeto nacional de formação de professores; Noemy Rudolfer e Isaías Alves trabalharam em serviços ligados à psicologia, com testes de inteligência, trazendo a psicologia educacional para o debate brasileiro. Essas diferentes atuações sinalizaram uma busca por um discurso científico que estivesse alinhado com o projeto de modernidade pelo qual passava o Brasil na década de 1930, época em que o país ainda lutava contra o alto grau de analfabetismo de sua população. Mais do que uma troca de ideias entre países, esses intelectuais representam um quadro de problemas e soluções da educação no Brasil, iniciadas no século XX, e que até hoje constituem um grande desafio para o sistema educacional brasileiro.
LTD at amygdalocortical synapses as a novel mechanism for hedonic learning
Authors: Haley Melissa S , Bruno Stephen , Fontanini Alfredo , Maffei Arianna
Published: November 2020

A novel, pleasant taste stimulus becomes aversive if associated with gastric malaise, a form of learning known as conditioned taste aversion (CTA). CTA is common to vertebrates and invertebrates and is an important survival response: eating the wrong food may be deadly. CTA depends on the gustatory portion of the insular cortex (GC) and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) however, its synaptic underpinnings are unknown. Here we report that CTA was associated with decreased expression of immediate early genes in rat GC of both sexes, and with reduced amplitude of BLA-GC synaptic responses, pointing to long-term depression (LTD) as a mechanism for learning. Indeed, association of a novel tastant with induction of LTD at the BLA-GC input in vivo was sufficient to change the hedonic value of a taste stimulus. Our results demonstrate a direct role for amygdalocortical LTD in taste aversion learning.
Cohesin residency determines chromatin loop patterns
Authors: Costantino Lorenzo , Hsieh Tsung-Han S , Lamothe Rebecca , Darzacq Xavier , Koshland Douglas
Published: November 2020

The organization of chromatin into higher order structures is essential for chromosome segregation, the repair of DNA-damage, and the regulation of gene expression. Using Micro-C XL to detect chromosomal interactions, we observed the pervasive presence of cohesin-dependent loops with defined positions throughout the genome of budding yeast, as seen in mammalian cells. In early S phase, cohesin stably binds to cohesin associated regions (CARs) genome-wide. Subsequently, positioned loops accumulate with CARs at the bases of the loops. Cohesin regulators Wpl1 and Pds5 alter the levels and distribution of cohesin at CARs, changing the pattern of positioned loops. From these observations, we propose that cohesin with loop extrusion activity is stopped by preexisting CAR-bound cohesins, generating positioned loops. The patterns of loops observed in a population of wild-type and mutant cells can be explained by this mechanism, coupled with a heterogeneous residency of cohesin at CARs in individual cells.
The SSVEP tracks attention, not consciousness, during perceptual filling-in
Authors: Davidson Matthew J , Mithen Will , Hogendoorn Hinze , van Boxtel Jeroen JA , Tsuchiya Naotsugu
Published: November 2020

Research on the neural basis of conscious perception has almost exclusively shown that becoming aware of a stimulus leads to increased neural responses. By designing a novel form of perceptual filling-in (PFI) overlaid with a dynamic texture display, we frequency-tagged multiple disappearing targets as well as their surroundings. We show that in a PFI paradigm, the disappearance of a stimulus and subjective invisibility is associated with increases in neural activity, as measured with steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs), in electroencephalography (EEG). We also find that this increase correlates with alpha-band activity, a well-established neural measure of attention. These findings cast doubt on the direct relationship previously reported between the strength of neural activity and conscious perception, at least when measured with current tools, such as the SSVEP. Instead, we conclude that SSVEP strength more closely measures changes in attention.
A Review of Psychosocial Models for the Development of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Common Psychosocial Instruments
Authors: Tang Kuok Ho Daniel
Published: November 2020

Aims: While the biomechanical factors causing musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs) are well defined, the psychosocial dimension of MSDs is complex and affected by personal, organizational and environmental elements. There is an impetus to understand how psychosocial risk factors contribute to the manifestation of MSDs and systematically present the strengths and constraints of various instruments in assessing psychosocial risk factors.

Study Design: This article critically reviews various models linking psychosocial constructs to MSDs and various instruments for evaluating psychosocial risk factors.

Methodology: This article reviews the most pertinent literature which presents and discusses the connection of psychosocial domains with the development of MSDs as well as the common instruments used for evaluation of psychosocial factors.

Results: It shows an intricate connection between psychosocial and biomechanical aspects compounded by organizational, individual and environmental factors. Psychosocial factors particularly psychological demand, decisional latitude, level of social support and work organization result in stress which produces strain and physiological deterioration hence MSDs. Different psychosocial risk factors have also been found to evoke MSDs in different body parts. Overarching cognitive and psychological aspects consisting of work demands, maneuver margins and work recognition have also been proposed in examining the psychosocial dimension of MSDs. Instruments for measuring psychological constructs are often subjective and rely on personal reflections. Some instruments assess multiple psychosocial factors while other assess specific attributes. There instruments share a common shortcoming of treating risk factors across different workplaces as homogenous.

Conclusion: Refinement of the instruments and development of sector-specific instruments are beneficial for more reliable evaluation of psychosocial risk factors.
Perception of Farmers’ on Soil Fertility Problems and Replenishment Technologies in the North Rift Region of Kenya
Authors: Osundwa Margaret A. , Saina Earnest , Othieno Caleb
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the farmers’ perception on soil fertility replenishment technologies in the North Rift Region of Kenya. A survey was conducted in Trans Nzoia and Uasin Gishu counties of the North Rift Region of Kenya. A total of 108 respondents were interviewed. A two stage random sampling technique was employed in the study. In the first stage, farmer groups growing maize as the main crop were selected. The second stage involved the selection of farmers who were practicing cereal banking for ease of marketing of their produce. A survey and field demonstration plots were adopted. On-farm demonstration were carried out and used to ascertain the farmers’ perception towards the technologies. A structured questionnaire was administered to them to elicit information on their perception on soil fertility replenishment technologies (SFRT). Descriptive statistics and the multiple regression analysis was done using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that farmers perceived that technologies could be used to address the declining soil fertility. The inputs were affordable available, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MOALF) was effective in disseminating the technologies and that the technologies could work on any farm at mean score of 3.5, 4.1, 4.0, 3.4 and 4.6 out of 5.0 respectively. Farmers in Trans Nzoia county identified lack of capital (70.4%) compared to Uasin Gishu (39.9%) as the greatest challenge in the adoption of SFRT technologies. Credit schemes that offer loans with low interest rates should be established to enable farmers have access to credit.
Sanitation and Water Quality in Port Harcourt Waterfront Settlements
Authors: Stanley H. O. , Ugboma C. J. , Horsfall M. A. S.
Published: November 2020

Sanitation and water quality are a good measure to judge the living standard and health status of a community. This study focused on the assessment of surface and ground water resources from selected waterfront areas within Port Harcourt metropolis notable for their poor sanitary conditions as receptacles for domestic wastes. Surface water (river) and ground water samples were collected from Abuloma waterfront, Marine Base and Afikpo (Diobu) and their microbiological and physiochemical parameters determined using standard laboratory methods. The microbiological parameters analyzed include total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC), fecal coliform count, total coliform count, Salmonella count, Shigella count and Vibrio count. The physiochemical parameters monitored include pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The THBC ranged from 15x101cfu/ml to 1.3x102 cfu/ml; total coliform count ranged from 0 to 17cfu/ml; all the samples had no fecal coliform; the Salmonella count ranged from 0 to 15 cfu/ml; the Shigella count ranged from 0 to 30cfu/ml and Vibrio count ranged from 0 to 15 cfu/ml. The pH values ranged from 5.9-7.6; temperature from 27.5°C to 29.6°C; salinity from 0.012 mg/l to 0.379 mg/l; conductivity from 17.8 s/cm to 19370 s/cm; TDS from 12.3 mg/l to 13610 mg/l; DO from 2.41 mg/l -3.4mg/l, turbidity from 0.24 NTU to 1.11 NTU and BOD from 16 mg/l to 120 mg/l. The results obtained showed that the water resources are not safe and pose risk to human health. These findings highlight the need to improve the sanitary condition of waterfront areas and promote water treatment to ensure the health and safety of the public.
Chomsky, and the Chomskyan Tradition vs. Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The goals of the Chomskyan tradition in autonomous linguistics, and those of linguistic anthropology, are quite disparate. The entry examines some of the assumptions and practices of Chomskyan formal linguistics, and describes how and why sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology became increasingly more detached from the Chomsky project in the 1960s.
Competence, Communicative and Linguistic
Authors: Moore Emilee
Published: November 2020

The notion of communicative competence, proposed by Dell Hymes, emerged in reaction to the concept of linguistic competence put forward by Noam Chomsky. Chomsky distinguished between linguistic performance, or actual language use in context, and linguistic competence, or innate language knowledge. He claimed that only the latter was worthy of scientific attention. Hymes refuted this distinction and the disregard for performance, proposing instead a theory of communicative competence that sought to explain the rules underlying people's contextually appropriate language use. More recently the notion of communicative competence has been extended in research on interactional competence.
Creole and Creolization
Authors: Garrett Paul B.
Published: November 2020

Creole languages are the products of sustained social contact and intensive interaction, occurring within a relatively narrow historical timeframe, among speakers of multiple previously existing languages who initially had no language in common. Creolization is the multidimensional process through which a creole language takes form and becomes established within a community of speakers, typically becoming a native language and language of ethnic identity. Most creoles are associated with colonialism and the large‐scale, long‐range movements (both voluntary and involuntary) of persons (both free and unfree) that it entailed. For most of their history, creoles and their speakers were persistently marginalized. Only in the the past half‐century has increasing attention from linguists, anthropologists, and other scholars revealed their diversity and complexity and brought them into the mainstream of linguistic and social theory.
Darwin, Charles
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was one of history's most important scientists. He is widely known for his theory of evolution, and the tumult it caused in the last half of the nineteenth century. He also made speculations on the connections between how biological species and human languages evolve.
Dialect: Introduction
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The definitions of “language” vs. “dialect” are difficult and problematic. The usual criteria – mutual intelligibility – is unsatisfactory: there are many “languages” which are indeed mutually intelligible, while in many places “dialects” are not. Politics as much as linguistics plays a role in these definitions.
Distributional Method
Authors: Joseph John E.
Published: November 2020

The distributional method in linguistics has its origins in the work of the anthropologist Franz Boas and the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, with additional impetus from behaviorist psychology. Its aim was to shift linguistic analysis away from dependency on meaning, and to determine the structure of a language based on the distribution of its forms alone. In the 1920s it received a new formulation in articles by Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield, the latter of whom became a proponent of behaviorism, which eschewed meaning as a “mentalist” hangover from metaphysics. In the 1930s the distributional approach was at the center of disputes over the nature of the phoneme. The 1940s saw an extreme version of the method developed by some of Bloomfield's students, and it was to this version that the term “distributional method” was first applied. The retreat of behaviorism in linguistics following attacks by Noam Chomsky did not, however, put an end to the distributional approach, the basics of which are still a core part of linguistic methodology in the twenty‐first century.
Historical Linguistics
Authors: Smith Alexander D.
Published: November 2020

Historical linguistics is a fundamental field of linguistics and traces its origins to nineteenth‐century Europe and the pioneering work of the Neogrammarians in describing the relatedness of Indo‐European languages and developing the modern comparative method. Historical linguistics is broad, but is principally concerned with language change, reconstruction of past languages, and can be an important tool in reconstructing ancient cultures, homelands, and population movements.
Language and Identity
Authors: Khor Su Yin
Published: November 2020

The relationship between language and identity is a topic of major interest in linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, the sociology of language, psychology, applied linguistics, and education. Identity can be approached in a number of ways, from individual projections (such as the use of attribution labels or self‐identifiers) to more “primordial” characteristics (such as those involving gender, race, or ethnicity). Contemporary work has shown that, however it is revealed or indexed linguistically, “identity” is a complicated process – socially co‐constructed, sometimes contradictory and ever‐changing.
Language, Sexuality, and Desire
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

“Language and sexuality,” long studied as ancillary to language and gender research, emerged relatively recently; it has become recognized as a subfield of sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, or linguistics only since the late 1990s. Concomitant with this new subfield was a theoretical debate between those mainly interested in language, and sexuality and “identity,” and those mainly interested in language, and sexuality and “desire.” Today, with more nuanced research methods and robust theoretical models, these two positions have become more reconciled.
McLuhan, Marshall
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980) was a famous Canadian communications theorist, philosopher, social critic, and public intellectual of the 1960s and 1970s. He is probably best remembered today for aphorisms like “The medium is the message” and “We shape our tools and afterwards our tools shape us.”
Field Sites and Field Methods in Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Payne Thomas E.
Published: November 2020

Linguistic anthropologists attempt to infer the tacit system of categories and patterns (or “grammar”) that allow members of a culture group to communicate with one another. The field for linguistic anthropology is any community in which the system is used. If the researcher is an outsider to the system, there are two possible approaches: a monolingual approach or a common language approach. In either case, there are several recurring “stages” of research that one may take. This entry briefly describes the two general approaches and the five stages of linguistic anthropological field research.
Naming
Authors: Kroskrity Paul V.
Published: November 2020

Naming is one of the most ubiquitous and important activities that humans do with their languages. Every language provides lexical and grammatical resources that are then shaped by specific cultures to provide names for people, places, and culturally important activities and things. Names often take particular forms and are given in ways that are culturally appropriate and therefore variable across cultures.
Pidgin and Pidginization
Authors: Handman Courtney
Published: November 2020

Pidgin languages are grammatically and lexically restricted languages used in limited domains in which much of the lexical and some of the grammatical material is derived from a language spoken by a socially dominant group of speakers (what is called a lexifier, or superstratal, language). Pidginization refers to the process of simplification and reduction of a superstratal language from which a stable pidgin language emerges. Pidgins have most commonly been used to facilitate trade and colonial labor schemes. While many pidgins have European languages as their lexifier languages, there are several examples of pidginized varieties of non‐European languages. In both the history of pidgins/pidginization and the history of the scholarly analysis of pidgins/pidginization, a central feature has been the ways in which Euro‐Americans have marginalized and mocked these languages as not real languages or not worthy of proper study.
Practice(s) and Practice‐Based Approaches
Authors: Wroblewski Michael
Published: November 2020

Practices refer to all manner of actions, enacted by human agents, which are embedded in and constitutive of social structures and power relations. Practices are directed toward active presence in a social world that both constrains and enables them. Practice‐based approaches trace the processes by which knowledge, signs, institutions, and power relations emerge, are sustained, and change over time through the actions of individuals and collectivities. Linguistic anthropological notions of practice share an orientation toward language and sign‐making as forms of social organization and differentiation. Practice‐based approaches view social constructs such as language, culture, community, and identity as politically driven forms of practice which are defined by heterogeneity and fluidity.
Proverbs
Authors: Barajas E. Domínguez
Published: November 2020

This entry provides an overview of the study of proverbs as linguistic expressive forms and as instruments for the mediation of social interaction. It establishes that paremiology, the field of study devoted to them, can be characterized as having two vantage points with regard to its object of study: the social dimension and the linguistic‐cognitive dimension. In light of this distinction, prominent research is referenced to convey some of the applications to which paremiological research has been put.
Qualia
Authors: Harkness Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Qualia (singular, quale) are cultural emergents that manifest phenomenally as sensuous features or qualities. The anthropological challenge presented by qualia is to theorize elements of experience that are semiotically generated but apperceived as non‐signs. Qualia are not reducible to a psychology of individual perceptions of sensory data, to a cultural ontology of “materiality,” or to philosophical intuitions about the subjective properties of consciousness. The analytical solution to the challenge of qualia is to consider
tone
in relation to the familiar linguistic anthropological categories of
token
and
type
. This solution has been made methodologically practical by conceptualizing qualia, in Peircean terms, as “facts of firstness” or firstness “under its form of secondness.”
Relative Clause and Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

A relative clause is a clause which modifies the noun of an antecedent noun phrase. In English, typically these include a “relative pronoun” (like
who
,
where
, or
which
) linking the two clauses, as in

Students
who
study linguistic anthropology always get good jobs

.
Sacks, Harvey
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The American sociologist Harvey Sacks (1935–1975) is generally regarded as one of the founders of conversation analysis. Though he published only 10 pieces in his lifetime, his posthumous collected lectures have made a lasting impact on two generations of linguists, anthropologists, and sociologists.
Sapir, Edward
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Edward Sapir (1884–1939) was one of the early seminal founders of linguistic anthropology. He continues to be widely known for his contributions to culture theory, Americanist linguistics, the development of phonemics, linguistic relativity, and the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. As was said in one memoir, “There is probably no North American linguist or anthropologist today who does not respect, even revere, the name of Edward Sapir.”
Semiotics
Authors: Parmentier Richard J.
Published: November 2020

This entry presents an overview of the major developments in semiotics and semiology in the twentieth century. It begins with a systematic comparison of the basic ideas of Peirce and Saussure. It discusses early efforts by Benveniste and Jakobson to apply these ideas to the study of language. And it discusses efforts by other European writers, including Barthes, Lévi‐Strauss and Lotman, to apply these ideas to the study of different aspects of culture and society.
Stance
Authors: Romero Sergio
Published: November 2020

In this entry I examine the meaning, conceptual determinations, and analytic roles of “stance.” Stance is the means of indicating subjective orientations and evaluations of “states of affairs,” including individual subjects and objects. First, I describe various kinds of stance based on the kinds of evaluations they entail: epistemic (ontological status), evidential (speaker commitment and evidence), and deontic (moral obligation). I illustrate each of them with appropriate examples from the literature. Next, I consider the intersubjective, dialogic nature of stancetalking and discuss several relevant examples. Stances are multiple and changing in interaction, and can be laminated on each other. They are the product of an ongoing, changing, intersubjective process in which every participant contributes. Poetics are therefore a key element of stancetalking. I consider also the relation between stance and intentionality. In particular, I examine the ways in which speakers consciously position themselves in relation to different social groups, social personas, and cultural stereotypes. Finally, I discuss the ways in which stances may be embedded as presuppositions in cultural registers, often forcing speakers to deactivate presuppositions in naturally occurring exchanges lest they become undesired entailments.
Standard Language(s)
Authors: Costa James
Published: November 2020

Language standardization is approached here through the main debates that inform reflection on majority and minority language standardization in Europe and beyond. Beyond the main contemporary debates, it frames standardization as the outcome of a unique historical, philosophical, and political project that originates in seventeenth‐century Europe and which sought to stabilize knowledge beyond the divergences between Protestants and Catholics that had led to war and destruction throughout the century. Standard languages are, in that sense, the descendants of the early attempts to create universal language schemes devoid of indexicals of place and social or religious origins. This entry also asks if those processes, born among speakers of now dominant European languages, can be transposed to minority language settings worldwide.
Subject and Topic
Authors: Floyd Simeon
Published: November 2020

The concept ofsubjectand the related concept oftopiceach refers to a different aspect of what linguistic units (phrases, sentences, utterances) are primarily “about.” While these terms have proven fruitful over the years for understanding many linguistic phenomena, at the same time they have been found to be difficult to define in a robust cross‐linguistic sense that fully reflects the diversity of the world's languages, and in some cases these concepts are simply not useful for analyzing certain constructions, or perhaps even for describing some linguistic systems entirely. Ultimately, like most linguistic terms, the concepts of subject and topic are useful tools that fit many descriptive purposes but that do not necessarily have theoretical status as cross‐linguistic universals, and as such they cannot necessarily account for the full cultural diversity observed across linguistic systems.
Surface Structure (and Deep Structure)
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The terms “surface structure” and “deep structure” are part key parts of the transformational‐generative grammar program proposed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s. The surface structure is arepresentationof the syntax of a sentence –notan actual spoken sentence – derived from a presumed underlying deep structure (a syntactic representation at an even more abstract level).
Syncretism
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The term “syncretism” in autonomous linguistics refers to how a single morphological form, such as a case‐marker, can serve dual syntactic functions. Among socially oriented linguists, “syncretism” refers to the new versions, or syntheses, that arise when speakers try to understand, ameliorate, or reify the historical moment of the meeting of languages.
Syntax
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

In simplest terms, syntax is the study of the rules that combine words into sentences, or to a lesser extent, how sentences relate to each other.
Language of Therapy
Authors: Smith Benjamin
Published: November 2020

The language of therapy is a domain of study that considers the role that signs – or, more narrowly, language – play in psychotherapeutic change and in the institutions in which that change occurs. Major problems include the characteristic sequencing of utterances in therapy as well as the ideologies that make therapeutic language an effective form of social action. Increasingly, also, the domain of study includes a consideration of how therapeutic language comes to be consequential for the broader institutions and social formations within which the therapeutic encounter regularly occurs.
Harris, Zellig
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Zellig Harris (1909–1992) was an important intermediary figure in the study of language in the mid‐twentieth century, straddling both the transition from “structuralism” to “linguistic anthropology” in anthropology, and “structuralism” to “transformational grammar” in autonomous linguistics. He later made important contributions to information theory and computational linguistics.
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890–1938) is often regarded as the creator of modern phonology. HisPrinciples of Phonologywas a groundbreaking work, influencing both structural anthropologists like Claude Lévi‐Strauss and autonomous linguists like Noam Chomsky.
Venous Thromboembolic Events in African American Lupus Patients in Association With Antiphospholipid Antibodies Compared to White Patients
Authors: Gkrouzman Elena , Peng Mary , Davis‐Porada Julia , Kirou Kyriakos A.
Published: November 2020

Objective

The risk of thrombotic events is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to the general population and has been attributed to both systemic inflammation and to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Our objective was to examine differences in aPL prevalence in White and African American patients with SLE and venous thromboembolic (VTE) events, and to compare inflammatory markers at the time of a VTE event.

Methods

Records of White and African American patients with SLE and VTE events were retrieved from a rheumatology practice based at an academic hospital. A clinically significant aPL profile was defined as anti‐cardiolipin IgG/IgM and/or anti–β2‐glycoprotein I IgG/IgM ≥40 units, and/or positive lupus anticoagulant ≥1.3. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of a clinically significant aPL profile.

Results

Ninety‐seven patients fulfilled American College of Rheumatology and/or 2012 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for SLE, had a history of VTE events, and had available aPL tests (59 White and 38 African American patients). African American patients were 66% less likely (95% confidence interval 0.12–0.96; P = 0.04) to have a clinically significant aPL profile compared to White patients in multivariable regression. Triple positivity was most frequent among White patients, while 7 of 8 African American patients had a positive lupus anticoagulant test. At the time of a VTE event, African American patients had significantly higher levels of anti–double‐stranded DNA (P = 0.02), lower hemoglobin (P = 0.01), and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Among patients with SLE and VTE events, African American patients were less likely to have a clinically significant aPL profile compared to White patients, indicating that a negative aPL profile in African American patients does not decrease VTE risk.
Traditional versus fuzzy optimal coupling in multi‐axis distributed motion control: a pre‐IoT‐ integration procedure
Authors: Ghder Soliman Wasim , Reddy D. V. Rama Koti
Published: November 2020

For the Internet of Things (IoT)‐enabled motion control, the controller's efficient behavior should be justified before the IoT‐integration procedure. With the IoT revolution, the remote control of multimotors in the industry can take place. For this aim, a set of four permanent magnetic DC (PMDC) motors is considered in the current study as one of the industrial applications in which the speed synchronization of the motors is required. Optimal individual systems controller tuning is performed using the Particle swarm optimization technique which is also used for the coupling gains and scaling factors tuning of the traditional and fuzzy cross‐coupling strategies, respectively, as proposed methods. A comparison between the two proposed coupling strategies and the two existing traditional and fuzzy coupling strategies is carried out as a pre‐IoT‐integration procedure while considering a load implementation on each motor. The comparison procedure takes place in terms of the individual motors performance indices values and the synchronization error performance indices between every two systems. The obtained results show that the proposed fuzzy cross‐coupling strategy gives smaller indices and therefore better synchronization error than the proposed traditional and the other two existing strategies making it more suitable for the IoT‐Integration process. A proposed scheme for the IoT‐integration is presented.