bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXISTENCE OF OPTIMAL STATIONARY POLICIES IN FINITE DYNAMIC
PROGRAMS WITH NONNEGATIVE REWARDS
Authors: Cavazos-Cadena Rolando , Montes-de-Oca Raúl
Published: September 2019

This article concerns Markov decision chains with finite state
and action spaces, and a control policy is graded via the expected
total-reward criterion associated to a nonnegative reward function.
Within this framework, a classical theorem guarantees the existence
of an optimal stationary policy whenever the optimal value function
is finite, a result that is obtained via a limit process using
the discounted criterion. The objective of this article is to
present an alternative approach, based entirely on the properties
of the expected total-reward index, to establish such an existence
result.
Provenances: Real, Fake, and Questionable
Authors: Gerstenblith Patty
Published: September 2019

Provenance, the ownership history of an artifact or work of art, has become one of the primary mechanisms for determining the legal status and authenticity of a cultural object. Professional associations, including museum organizations, have adopted the “1970 standard” as a means to prevent the acquisition of an ancient object from promoting the looting of archaeological sites, which is driven by the economic gains realized through the international market. The Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD), one of the museum world’s most influential professional organizations, requires its members to list the ancient artworks and artifacts that they have acquired after 2008 that do not conform to the 1970 standard in an online object registry. The study presented here of the AAMD’s Object Registry for New Acquisitions of Archaeological Material and Works of Ancient Art analyzes the extent to which AAMD member museums do not comply with the 1970 standard and, perhaps of greater significance, the weaknesses in the provenance information on which they rely in acquiring such works. I argue that systematic recurrences of inadequate provenance certitude are symptomatic of the larger problem of methodology and standards of evidence in claiming documented provenance. A museum’s acceptance of possibly unverifiable provenance documentation and, therefore, its acquisition of an object that may have been recently looted, in turn, impose a negative externality on society through the loss of information about our past caused by the looting of archaeological sites.
The Current State of the Antiquities Trade: An Art Dealer’s Perspective
Authors: Hixenbaugh Randall
Published: September 2019

The antiquities trade is the subject of contentious debate. The anti-trade position stems from a long unquestioned stance within academia that private ownership of antiquities inherently results in archaeological site destruction and the loss of valuable data. However, there is little data to support this notion. It also ignores the enormous contributions to our shared knowledge of the past that have been made through art collecting and museum acquisitions. The narrative that the destruction of ancient sites is directly tied to Western demand for ancient art is overly simplistic. Despite the ongoing destruction in the Middle East and North African region, virtually no artifacts from there have entered the Western trade in recent years. Opportunistic treasure hunting by desperate locals and intentional destruction of ancient objects for religious reasons cannot be curtailed by increased legislation in Western nations. Fetishizing mundane ubiquitous antiquities as sacrosanct objects of great national importance that must be retained within modern borders in a globalized world and demanding criminalization of the legitimate international art trade are counterproductive. In many archaeologically rich countries, antiquities are regarded as items to sell to foreigners at best or sacrilegious objects to be destroyed at worst. The free trade in cultural objects is itself an institution that needs to be protected. An open legitimate trade in antiquities is now more than ever necessary to ensure the preservation and dissemination of worldwide cultural property.
Trypanosoma evansi in Indonesian buffaloes: evaluation of simple models of natural immunity to infection
Authors: COEN P. G. , LUCKINS A. G. , DAVISON H. C. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J.
Published: September 2019

Deterministic models were employed to investigate the biology of Trypanosoma evansi infection
in the Indonesian buffalo. Models were fitted to two age-structured data sets of infection. The
Susceptible–Infected–Susceptible (SIS) model was the best supported description of this
infection, although the results of the analysis depended on the serological test used: the Tr7
Ag-ELISA was judged the most reliable indicator of infection. Estimated forces of infection
increase with age from 1·2 to 2·0 acquisitions per buffalo per year. The buffaloes would clear
infection in an estimated mean time period of 16·8 months (95% CIs: 12·5–25·9 months) since
acquisition, either by drug treatment by owners or self-cure. A general discussion on the role
of immunity in protozoan infections includes consideration that the fitted SIS model would be
consistent with strain-specific immunity. The model may become a useful tool for the
evaluation of control programmes.
Editorial: Operationalizing child maltreatment: Developmental processes and outcomes
Authors: CICCHETTI DANTE , MANLY JODY TODD
Published: September 2019

Significant advances have occurred in our knowledge of the effects of maltreatment on the
developmental process since the “battered child syndrome” (Kempe, Silverman,
Steele, Droegemueller, & Silver, 1962) was first identified. In fact, during the mid-1980s and
onward, the quality and methodological sophistication of investigations of the developmental
sequelae of child maltreatment increased dramatically (for summaries, see Cicchetti & Lynch,
1995, and Cicchetti & Toth, 2000). However, overall progress has been hampered by a lack
of consensus on the operationalization of the construct of child maltreatment (Barnett, Manly,
& Cicchetti, 1993; Besharov, 1981; Cicchetti & Rizley, 1981; Giovannoni &
Becerra, 1979). In recognition of the complexities accompanying definitional issues in the area of
maltreatment, a decade ago a Special Issue of Development and Psychopathology was
devoted to defining psychological maltreatment (Cicchetti, 1991). The challenges associated with
defining maltreatment were again highlighted in a Special Issue of Development and
Psychopathology that addressed advances and challenges in the study of the sequelae of
child maltreatment (Cicchetti, 1994a). In the editorial to that issue, Cicchetti (1994b) concluded
that “the lack of consensus regarding the definition of maltreatment employed by various
investigators [had] made comparability across studies difficult to achieve” (p.
2).
Examining the conceptual and scientific underpinnings of research in developmental
psychopathology
Authors: CICCHETTI DANTE , RICHTERS JOHN E.
Published: September 2019

The interdisciplinary science of developmental psychopathology has evolved from its
historical roots in a variety of fields including: sociology; epidemiology; embryology; the
neurosciences and psychobiology; psychoanalysis; clinical, developmental, and experimental
psychology; and psychiatry (Cicchetti, 1990) into an increasingly mature integrative framework
within which the contributions of these heretofore largely separate disciplines could be fully
realized within the broader context of understanding individual development and functioning,
both normal and abnormal (see chapters in Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995a, 1995b; see also
Cicchetti & Toth, in press). In one of the early statements concerning the goals of this field,
Cicchetti (1990) asserted that: “Developmental psychopathology ... should bridge fields
of study, span the life cycle, and aid in the discovery of important new truths about the processes
underlying adaptation and maladaptation, as well as the best means of preventing or ameliorating
psychopathology. Moreover, this discipline should contribute greatly to reducing the dualisms
that exist between the clinical study of and research into childhood and adult disorders, between
the behavioral and biological sciences, between developmental psychology and psychopathology,
and between basic and applied science” (p. 20).
A stabilizing effect of vanishing diffusion in

electrohydrodynamics
Authors: FEIREISL EDUARD
Published: September 2019

We consider a model of the motion of a viscous dielectric

liquid subjected to a DC electric field

when the bulk conduction results from the presence of a

dissociation-recombination process.

It is shown that any weak solution approaches a neighbourhood of a

spatially homogeneous steady state with radius

r≈(d+

+d−)&14frac;,

where d+, d− are the

diffusion coefficients.
Cusp formation for the undercooled Stefan

problem in two and three dimensions
Authors: VELÁZQUEZ JUAN J. L.
Published: September 2019

We consider in this paper the classical one-phase

Stefan problem in dimensions two and three

in the undercooled situation. By means of matched asymptotic

expansions, a mechanism of

cusp formation is presented for interfaces that are initially smooth.
Two-dimensional Stokes flows with time-dependent free

boundaries driven by surface tension
Authors: RICHARDSON S.
Published: September 2019

We consider the two-dimensional quasi-steady Stokes flow

of an incompressible Newtonian

fluid occupying a time-dependent simply-connected region bounded by a

free surface, the

motion being driven solely by a constant surface tension acting at the

free boundary. Of

particular concern here are such flows that start from an initial

configuration with the fluid

occupying an array of touching circular disks. We show that, when there

are N such disks in

a general position, the evolution of the fluid region is described by a

conformal map involving

2N−1 time-dependent parameters whose variation is governed
by

N invariants and N−1 first

order differential equations. When N=2, or when the

problem enjoys some special features of

symmetry, the moving boundary of the fluid domain during the

motion can be determined by

solving purely algebraic equations, the solution of a single differential

equation being needed

only to link a particular boundary shape to a particular time. The analysis

is aided by exploiting

a connection with Hele-Shaw free boundary flows when the zero-surface-tension

model is employed. If the initial configuration for the Stokes flow problem
can be

produced by injection

(or suction) at N points into an initially empty Hele-Shaw cell,

as can the N-disk configuration

referred to above, then so can all later configurations; the points where

the fluid must be

injected move, but the amount to be injected at each of the N

points remains invariant. The

efficacy of our solution procedure is illustrated by a number of examples,

and we exploit the

method to show that the free boundary in such a Stokes flow driven by

surface tension alone may pass through a cusped state.
Promoting rewriting to a programming language: a compiler for non-deterministic rewrite programs in associative-commutative theories
Authors: KIRCHNER HÉLÈNE , MOREAU PIERRE-ETIENNE
Published: September 2019

First-order languages based on rewrite rules share many features with functional languages,
but one difference is that matching and rewriting can be made much more expressive
and powerful by incorporating some built-in equational theories. To provide reasonable
programming environments, compilation techniques for such languages based on rewriting
have to be designed. This is the topic addressed in this paper. The proposed techniques are
independent from the rewriting language, and may be useful to build a compiler for any
system using rewriting modulo Associative and Commutative (AC) theories. An algorithm for
many-to-one AC matching is presented, that works efficiently for a restricted class of patterns.
Other patterns are transformed to fit into this class. A refined data structure, namely compact
bipartite graph, allows encoding of all matching problems relative to a set of rewrite rules.
A few optimisations concerning the construction of the substitution and of the reduced term
are described. We also address the problem of non-determinism related to AC rewriting, and
show how to handle it through the concept of strategies. We explain how an analysis of the
determinism can be performed at compile time, and we illustrate the benefits of this analysis
for the performance of the compiled evaluation process. Then we briefly introduce the ELAN
system and its compiler, in order to give some experimental results and comparisons with
other languages or rewrite engines.
The United States and the Political Union of Western Europe, 1958–1963
Authors: Giauque Jeffrey G.
Published: September 2019

Between 1958 and 1963 Charles de Gaulle attempted to replace supranational integration in Europe with a French-dominated confederation able to become a ‘Third Force’ in the Cold War. The United States took a tolerant approach toward de Gaulle's proposals, in the hope of modifying them to suit American goals. It hoped to contain the anti-supranational and anti-American aspects of the plan and channel it to increase the cohesion of Western Europe so that the continent would become a stronger American partner. When European supporters of the Amercian view of the confederation refused to follow de Gaulle's more sweeping ambitions, he abandoned the plan and turned to a unilateral foreign policy instead.
The French Left, François Mitterrand and the Socialist Party
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: September 2019

Eric Duhamel, François Mitterrand. L'unité d'un homme (Paris: Flammarion, 1998), 260 pp., FF 104, ISBN 2-0807 29 40. Bruce D. Graham, Choice and Democratic Order: the French Socialist Party, 1937-1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 430 pp., ISBN 0-521-41402-4 hardback. Robert Ladrech and Philippe Marlière, eds., Social Democratic Parties in the European Union. History, Organization, Policies. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), 234 pp., ISBN 0-333-68940-2. Mairi Maclean, ed., The Mitterrand Years. Legacy and Evaluation (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), 336 pp., ISBN 0-333-67167-8. Joseph P. Morray, Grand Disillusion. François Mitterrand and the French Left (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 168 pp., £46, ISBN 0-275-95735-7. Frédéric Sawicki, Les réseaux du Parti socialiste. Sociologie d'un milieu partisan (Paris: Belin, 1997), 335 pp. ISBN 2-7011-2078-0.
Rare haematogenous sarcoma metastasis to the heart in a child
Authors: Gross Gil J. , Postovsky Sergey , Khoury Asaad
Published: September 2019

Haematogenous non-contiguous metastatic spread of remote solid tumours to the heart is rare. We describe a previously healthy 5-year-old girl who presented with extensive intracardiac involvement by metastatic pelvic sarcoma.
Automatic language and information processing: rethinking evaluation
Authors: SPARCK JONES KAREN
Published: September 2019

System evaluation has mattered since research on automatic language and information processing
began. However, the (D)ARPA conferences have raised the stakes substantially in
requiring and delivering systematic evaluations and in sustaining these through long term
programmes; and it has been claimed that this has both significantly raised task performance,
as defined by appropriate effectiveness measures, and promoted relevant engineering development.
These controlled laboratory evaluations have made very strong assumptions about the
task context. The paper examines these assumptions for six task areas, considers their impact
on evaluation and performance results, and argues that for current tasks of interest, e.g. summarising,
it is now essential to play down the present narrowly-defined performance measures
in order to address the task context, and specifically the role of the human participant in the
task, so that new measures, of larger value, can be developed and applied.
COGNITIVE FACTORS IN TRAUMATIC STRESS REACTIONS: PREDICTING PTSD SYMPTOMS FROM ANXIETY SENSITIVITY AND BELIEFS ABOUT HARMFUL EVENTS
Authors: Fedroff Ingrid C. , Taylor Steven , Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Koch William J.
Published: September 2019

The present study evaluated the relative importance of different cognitive
factors (anxiety sensitivity and trauma-related beliefs) in predicting PTSD
symptom severity and treatment-related changes in these symptoms. Eighty-one
victims of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) completed self-report measures of
PTSD symptoms, anxiety sensitivity (AS), MVA-related beliefs and control
variables (e.g., medication use, pain severity). A subsample of patients
(n=28), who received cognitive-behavioural treatment for PTSD, completed
these measures pre- and post-treatment. For the combined sample (n=81),
regression analyses indicated that AS and pain severity were significant
predictors of PTSD symptoms, whereas MVA-related beliefs were not. For
patients completing treatment, regression analyses indicated that
reductions in AS and pain severity were significant predictors of
reductions in PTSD symptoms. MVA-related beliefs did not significantly
predict symptom reduction once AS, pain severity and medication status
was controlled for. These findings suggest that AS is a significant
cognitive risk factor for exacerbating and maintaining PTSD
symptoms. Treatment implications are discussed.
“NOW I KNOW IT COULD HAPPEN, I HAVE TO PREVENT IT”: A CLINICAL STUDY OF THE SPECIFICITY OF INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS AND THE DECISION TO PREVENT HARM
Authors: Wroe Abigail L. , Salkovskis Paul M. , Richards H. Candida
Published: September 2019

This study uses semi-structured interviews with obsessionals and nonclinical controls to investigate the frequency with which these individuals experience intrusions about possible harm and the frequency with which they then act to prevent that possible harm. The findings suggest that obsessionals do not generally experience more frequent intrusions about possible harm than do nonobsessionals, but that obsessionals more frequently experience intrusions in specific situations: obsession-relevant situations and situations they find most problematic. There was found to be a generalized difference between obsessionals and nonobsessionals in terms of frequency of actions taken to prevent potential harm following intrusions in situations that are obsession-relevant and obsession-irrelevant. The findings suggest that the occurrence of intrusions is just one factor influencing obsessional behaviour.
Editorial
Authors: Salkovskis Paul
Published: September 2019

As of 1 October 2000, the editorial office for the journal moves to a different
address, when I take up a new post in London. I will be sorry to move from Oxford, but
welcome the opportunities and challenges of a new job. I will try to continue
to edit the journal at least as well as before! Manuscripts for publication
(and all other related material) should be directed to:

Professor Paul Salkovskis,
Editor, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,
Department of Psychology,
Institute of Psychiatry,
De Crespigny Park,
Denmark Hill,
London SE5 8AF.
CONSCIOUS APPRAISAL AND THE MODIFICATION OF AUTOMATIC PROCESSES IN ANXIETY
Authors: Mansell Warren
Published: September 2019

Intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, panic attacks and sudden physiological
arousal are each experienced as involuntary, are difficult to control, and
lead to considerable distress. Such observations have led to the suggestion
that anxiety disorders are associated with the operation of automatic
information-processing biases. Clinical and experimental evidence for this
proposal is reviewed and three different classes of routes to the development
and modification of these automatic processes are described: an innate route,
repetition/habituation, and conscious appraisal. The review focuses in
particular on the third route, proposing that automatic processing biases
can be altered by accessing and modifying conscious appraisals of internal
and external events. Indirect evidence is provided by selective attention
paradigms in anxiety, treatment studies and clinical observations, although
further research will be necessary for a direct test of the pathway. The
implications for the theory and practice of psychological therapy for anxiety disorders are described.
“TO DO SO MUCH...” NEIL S. JACOBSON: 23 FEBRUARY 1949 – 2 JUNE 1999
Authors: Dimidjian Sona
Published: September 2019

“Most people would welcome the chance to make a tenth of the
contribution in any one area”, began Steve Hollon at Neil
Jacobson's memorial service in Seattle, Washington this past
June. “If you stop and think of the number of different domains to
which he has made such a contribution, it really just boggles the
mind. And, at the same time to be so beloved by so many people...To
do so much – with such grace, with such clarity, and with so much
concern and caring for family, for students, for friends – he was
absolutely a marvel.”
TREATMENT OF ENCOPRESIS BY PARENT-MEDIATED BIOFEEDBACK IN A CHILD WITH CORRECTED IMPERFORATE ANUS
Authors: Griffiths Peter , Livingstone Harriet
Published: September 2019

A six-year-old girl with surgically corrected imperforate anus and chronic
faecal soiling was successfully treated by biofeedback. A portable biofeedback
machine using an anorectal balloon was constructed and lent to the patient’s
mother who administered the treatment at home following instruction in the
clinic. Faecal incontinence was replaced by normal bowel evacuation habits
after four weeks of the procedure. The effect was durable at least until
follow-up at three months. Positive spin-offs were observed. The reversal of
the child's encopresis suggested neuromuscular intactness of the anorectalregion despite the congenital malformation. Biofeedback probably compensated
for an earlier learning fault. Domiciliary, parent-mediated biofeedback
therapy is a cost-effective procedure and may be widely applicable to suitable
patients within the population of children with primary expulsive and retentive
bowel control disorders.
CHANGING THE FACE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COMMON SENSE: JOSEPH WOLPE, 20 APRIL 1915 – 4 DECEMBER 1997
Authors: Salkovskis Paul
Published: September 2019

In 1958, Dr Joseph Wolpe published a book (Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition) in which he not only claimed that it was possible to treat the symptoms of anxiety by helping patients to confront their fears, but also systematically to evaluate such effects. These suggestions were greeted with scorn by the psychoanalytic establishment, which maintained that symptomatic treatment that did not deal with the “cause’ of neuroses would inevitably result in “symptom substitution”. The prevailing view was that problems such as phobias were defences against deep seated conflicts, and that the removal of such symptoms would at best be ineffective, and at worst be harmful by destabilizing the patient's psyche. The notion that the effectiveness of psychotherapy could be scientifically evaluated in controlled studies was also rejected by analysts as irrelevant to their work. Forty years later the work instigated by this quiet, gentle and determined man has resulted in cognitive-behavioural therapy substantially replacing psychoanalysis as the psychological treatment of choice. Furthermore, Wolpe's view has passed into “common sense”, which now maintains that anxieties are best reduced by confronting them. His emphasis on controlled evaluation of the efficacy of the treatment he advocated anticipated current interest in “evidence based” approaches to mental health by more than three decades.
OUTCOME PREDICTORS OF BENZODIAZEPINE WITHDRAWAL
Authors: Elsesser Karin , Sartory Gudrun
Published: September 2019

Psychological treatment that reduces anxiety has been found to be beneficial
to benzodiazepine withdrawal. High drop-out and relapse rates, however, have
also been reported. They might be due to a heightened anxiety level
maintaining the drug-taking habit or to the addictive potency of the drug,
which is not addressed by the intervention strategies. In the present study,
initial assessment data were compared among treatment refusers, drop-outs
and completers – successful as well as unsuccessful ones – of a
psychological treatment programme in support of benzodiazepine
withdrawal. Treatment refusers showed a more negative current mood state
than those consenting to treatment. Internal locus of control was predictive
of premature termination and unsuccessful completion of the treatment trial.
Neither medication-related variables nor anxiety or depression were found to
influence the success of treatment. Perceived control over medication intake
is thought to reduce compliance with the treatment regimen – a pattern
that may be consistent with the addiction hypothesis.
TREATMENT OF GAD IN A PERSON WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: Léger Eliane , Freeston Mark , Ladouceur Robert
Published: September 2019

A 34-year old woman with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis was treated in a single case design. The case formulation approach was used to assess and integrate the various difficulties reported by the participant. Treatment interventions targeted intolerance of uncertainty, overestimation of the utility of worrying, problem orientation, and problem solving. Results indicated a decrease in the tendency to worry. Difficulties in the application of typical interventions for Generalized Anxiety Disorder to people with multiple sclerosis are discussed and suggestions are provided.
CATASTROPHIC COGNITIONS AND THE CLINICAL OUTCOME: TWO CASE STUDIES
Authors: Khawaja Nigar G. , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: September 2019

The present study used two single case studies to evaluate clinical
improvement as a result of cognitive behavior therapy in panic disorder
with or without agoraphobia (PDA). A special emphasis was placed on assessing
the reduction in catastrophic cognitions, which are considered to be of prime
importance in PDA. Multiple measures were employed, during pre and post
treatment and at a six month follow-up. Data from self-report questionnaires,
physiological measures and cognitive sampling during in vivo exposure
were used. Convergent results demonstrated clinical improvement and supported
the importance of catastrophic cognitions in the process of change for treatment
outcome of PDA.
“RESPECT” IN RESEARCH WITH PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES
Authors: Kiernan Chris
Published: September 2019

There would be broad agreement with the need to address the issues put forward by Clements, Rapley and Cummins amongst service providers and researchers in learning disability. However, these authors' presentation of their arguments may well unnecessarily antagonize both groups. Additionally, it is suggested, the authors fail to identify the different paradigmatic bases of their proposals and thereby miss the opportunity to air genuine ethical dilemmas in learning disability research.
SONGS OF FAINT PRAISE: A REPLY FROM THE DAMNED
Authors: Clements John , Rapley Mark , Cummins Robert A.
Published: September 2019

In this response to the commentary on our original article (Clements, Rapley, & Cummins, 1999), we examine the rhetoric of the commentary as well as some of the substantive issues raised. Although there are areas of agreement we challenge some of the views put forward in the commentary, particularly those related to the institutional power of ‘‘science’’, the questions of accountability and the involvement of vulnerable people in research decision making. We argue strongly for action now to increase the checks and balances in the system and to promote more vigorously examples of good practice.
THE FEASIBILITY OF A COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY GROUP FOR MEN WITH
MILD/MODERATE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
Authors: Kipling Tara , Bailey Michelle , Charlesworth Georgina
Published: September 2019

Memory aid groups have often been used
as a method for teaching mnemonic strategies to older adults in early stages of dementia. This study
describes the use of CBT to address unhelpful memory-related beliefs in three older men with
mild/moderate dementia and associated low mood or anxiety. The members were able to participate and
engage in the sessions, and changes in behaviour, cognition and affect were monitored over the course
of a 7 week group intervention. Recommendations are made for further research.
SOCIAL ANXIETY
IN ADOLESCENTS AND APPRAISAL OF NEGATIVE EVENTS: SPECIFICITY OR GENERALITY OF BIAS?
Authors: Magnúsdótir Idunn , Smári Jakob
Published: September 2019

The role of appraisal of negative events in social anxiety of adolescents was
studied. One-hundred and sixty-eight Icelandic pupils between the ages of 13 and 15 years completed
the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C), Children’s Depression Inventory
(CDI), and measures of situational appraisal. Social anxiety was found to be specifically related to
the appraisal as threatening of negative social events happening to the self. These relationships
remained when depression was partialized out, whereas the reverse was not true. On the whole, the
results support the notion of judgmental specificity in relation to social anxiety in adolescents.
WHAT BECOMES OF COGNITIVE THERAPY TRAINEES? A SURVEY OF TRAINEES’ OPINIONS AND CURRENT
CLINICAL PRACTICE AFTER POSTGRADUATE COGNITIVE THERAPY TRAINING
Authors: Ashworth Polly , Williams Christopher , Blackburn Ivy
Marie
Published: September 2019

Training in cognitive therapy includes a grounding in relevant
empirical research, and the development of a range of clinical skills. It is recognized that this
training will need to be continually updated in line with new developments. Several postgraduate
training courses in cognitive therapy or cognitive behaviour therapy exist in the United Kingdom. Such
courses are expensive in terms of both direct and indirect costs. A postal survey was employed to
investigate the effects of the one-year post-qualification course in cognitive therapy at the
Newcastle Cognitive Therapy Centre on trainees who had attended the course. The questionnaire examined
trainees’ views about the course, of their current clinical skills in cognitive therapy and
their use of cognitive therapy since leaving the course. Finally, continuing professional development,
on-going supervision and further training in cognitive therapy were examined.
“Subcortical” cognitive impairment in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: LERITZ ELIZABETH , BRANDT JASON , MINOR MELISSA , REIS-JENSEN FRANCES , PETRI MICHELLE
Published: September 2019

Studies of cognitive functioning in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have found deficits
even in patients without other evidence of neurologic involvement.
The present study used scores on the 11 items of the Mini-Mental
State Exam (MMSE) to classify the cognitive impairment
of 93 SLE patients as suggestive of “cortical”
or “subcortical” dysfunction using a validated
statistical algorithm. Ninety-five percent of patients
were categorized as having “subcortical” deficits,
and 5% were categorized as having “cortical”
deficits. When the analysis was limited to only those with
total MMSE scores ≤ 24, 81% were classified as “subcortical”
and 19% as “cortical.” These results suggest
that SLE patients can have psychomotor and mental tracking
deficits of a type seen in patients with subcortical brain
disease, even in the absence of gross neurologic involvement.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 821–825.)
More Old Gold Than New
Authors: Lezak Muriel D.
Published: September 2019

Since its first publication in 1978, and even more
since having the second edition (1987), this prodigious
compilation of clinically relevant information about the
spectrum of neuropsychiatric entities and issues has been
one of my most used reference books. Among its many virtues
are its clarity of presentation, useful documentation,
and coverage of just about all neurologic disorders that
have behavioral (i.e., psychological and/or psychiatric)
implications. I would not have wanted to practice or write
without the current edition of Lishman at hand.
The Gap and Memory in Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: Bohac Daryl L.
Published: September 2019

This edited book has the stated purpose of filling
the gap between books on normal memory and books dealing
with abnormal memory by focusing specifically on memory
in neurodegenerative conditions. The editor has done so
by organizing the book into three main sections representative
of different perspectives on memory. Each of these sections,
biological, cognitive, and clinical, are summarized to
coalesce the respective viewpoints into a cogent state
of the art perspective for each section. The editor's
intended audience includes neuropsychologists, neurologists,
psychiatrists, and neuroscientists.
Cultural Relativity in Neuropsychology
Authors: Flekkøy Kjell , Larøi Frank
Published: September 2019

Aristotle was right: Give me a fixed point, and I will
move the earth. The “earth” in this case is the
urban, semiliterate, nontestwise patient, in particular from
South Africa, with symptoms of mild or moderate head trauma
and in need of neuropsychological assessment. The “fixed
point” does not exist in the form of test given being
the same as test received conceptually with valid norms to go
with it. How then can we move the earth? With justice done to
psychometric requirements and most importantly, to the mental
abilities of the patient, we can not. The neuropsychological
tests normed on Western subjects within the Western cultural
sphere, has put this patient to a disadvantage.
Sex and the Developing Brain
Authors: Sherman Barbara R.
Published: September 2019

Sexual Differentiation of the Brain will appeal
primarily to researchers with specific interest in
neuroendocrinological contributions to the sexual dimorphism
of brain structures and neuropathways, predominantly in
nonhumans. Collectively, the 16 chapters provide comprehensive
review of our current understanding of the effects of hormonal
steroids and their metabolites on brain development and the
manner in which this correlates with specific behavioral functions.
The clinician interested in furthering an understanding of sexually
differentiated cognitive functioning or behavioral patterns
in humans, may perceive discussion in many chapters
as esoteric at best, or less charitably, as irrelevant. It is
assumed that the reader has a prerequisite understanding of
basic genetic and hormonal influences on brain development and
subsequent behavioral manifestation. Although these issues are
clarified by reference or associated discussion in several
chapters, an introductory overview by the editor would have
been beneficial. Similarly, the editor would have facilitated
the reader's effort by organizing chapters according to
findings of brain sexual dimorphism in humans versus
“primitive” species, by clarifying the relevance
of examining other species and/or by focusing attention to
parallels in anatomical findings or in associated behavior.
Attentional factors in response time variability after traumatic
brain injury: An ERP study
Authors: SEGALOWITZ S.J. , DYWAN J. , UNSAL A.
Published: September 2019

Reaction time (RT) is often used in the assessment
of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), presumably
because it reflects either information processing speed
or attentional capacity. To clarify this distinction, we
examined behavioral RT and the within-subject variability
of RT as they relate to electrophysiological measures of
attention and information processing. These include the
P300 latency, which reflects stimulus evaluation time,
P300 amplitude, which reflects attentional allocation,
and the preresponse component of the contingent negative
variation (CNV), which reflects sustained attention. We
found that the latency and variability in behavioral RT
were not correlated with the latency or variability of
the P300, suggesting that stimulus evaluation time is not
a major contributor to RT and its variability in this paradigm.
However, among normal controls, RT was related to P300
amplitude, and therefore to attentional allocation. For
the TBI subjects, it was the variability, not the speed,
of RT that was related to P300 amplitude and to the preresponse
component of the CNV. These data suggest that, while in
normal controls RT reflects attentional allocation, among
TBI subjects it is the variability in RT that is sensitive
to the ability to allocate and sustain attention. (JINS,
1997, 3, 95–107.)
The importance of word-initial phonology: Error patterns
in prolonged naming efforts by aphasic patients
Authors: GOODGLASS HAROLD , WINGFIELD ARTHUR , HYDE MARY R. , GLEASON JEAN BERKO , BOWLES NANCY L. , GALLAGHER ROBERTA E.
Published: September 2019

Whether multiple conscious efforts at word search
bring a subject closer to an elusive word and to eventual
successful retrieval remains a subject of debate. Previous
work with normal participants has shown that multiple attempts
eventuating in correct retrieval are not usually associated
with a systematic progression toward target word phonology
in the intervening attempts. In this study we analyzed
the naming errors produced by 30 aphasic patients who had
received the Boston Naming Test. The analyses were designed
to elucidate the characteristics of responses that led
to eventual success. Our data showed that among aphasics,
as with normal subjects, the presence of target-initial
phonology in the subject's first response was the
most important predictor of correct retrieval. Moreover,
progression towards target phonology in the course of multiple
attempts was unrelated to eventual correct retrieval. (JINS,
1997, 3, 128–138.)
Semantic priming impairment in HIV
Authors: NIELSEN-BOHLMAN LYNN , BOYLE DEVON , BIGGINS CHRISTIE , EZEKIEL FRANK , FEIN GEORGE
Published: September 2019

HIV+ subjects have shown impairment on tests of
executive function including automatic attention and verbal
tasks. Impairment of semantic priming in HIV patients would
suggest a disruption of automatic semantic activation.
We examined semantic priming in HIV+ individuals and HIV−
control participants with no history of substance abuse,
neurologic or psychiatric disorder unrelated to HIV. HIV+
participants were divided into cognitively normal and cognitively
impaired subgroups on the basis of a neuropsychological
battery of 15 tests. Participants were presented with English
words and nonword letter strings and indicated if the stimulus
was a word or nonword. The nonwords were orthographically
and phonologically correct and were created by rearranging
the letter sequence of words (“ulpit”). All
words had an obvious antonym (“deep”); two-thirds
were presented as sequential antonym pairs (“enter”–“exit”).
There were no group differences in speed of response to
nonwords, indicating no generalized reaction time deficit.
While control and cognitively normal HIV+ participants
showed an effect of priming on reaction time to correctly
detected words, cognitively impaired HIV+ participants
did not. The lack of semantic priming demonstrated by cognitively
impaired HIV+ participants suggests that they have lessened
activation of automatic semantic networks. (JINS,
1997, 3, 348–358.)
Sense of time in children with ADHD: Effects of duration,
distraction, and stimulant medication
Authors: BARKLEY RUSSELL A. , KOPLOWITZ SETH , ANDERSON TAMARA , McMURRAY MARY B.
Published: September 2019

A recent theory of ADHD predicts a deficiency in
sense of time in the disorder. Two studies were conducted
to test this prediction, and to evaluate the effects of
interval duration, distraction, and stimulant medication
on the reproductions of temporal durations in children
with ADHD. Study I: 12 ADHD children and 26 controls (ages
6–14 years) were tested using a time reproduction
task in which subjects had to reproduce intervals of 12,
24, 36, 48, and 60 s. Four trials at each duration were
presented with a distraction occurring on half of these
trials. Control subjects were significantly more accurate
than ADHD children at most durations and were unaffected
by the distraction. ADHD children, in contrast, were significantly
less accurate when distracted. Both groups became less
accurate with increasing durations to be reproduced. Study
II: Tested three doses of methylphenidate (MPH) and placebo
on the time reproductions of the 12 ADHD children. ADHD
children became less accurate with increasing durations
and distraction was found to reduce accuracy at 36 s or
less. No effects of MPH were evident. The results of these
preliminary studies seem to support the prediction that
sense of time is impaired in children with ADHD. The capacity
to accurately reproduce time intervals in ADHD children
does not seem to improve with administration of stimulant
medication. (JINS, 1997, 3, 359–369.)
Emotion processing in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: CADIEUX NICOLE L. , GREVE KEVIN W.
Published: September 2019

Emotion processing deficits may have an important
effect on the quality of life of Alzheimer's disease
(AD) patients and their families, yet there are few studies
in this area and little is known about the cause of such
deficits in AD. This study sought to determine if some
AD patients have a disruption in a specific right hemisphere
emotion processing system, and to determine if the processing
of emotional facial expression is more vulnerable to the
pathology of AD than is the perception of emotional prosody.
It was specifically hypothesized that patients with greater
right hemisphere dysfunction (low spatial AD patients)
would be impaired on emotion processing tasks relative
to those with predominantly left hemisphere dysfunction
(low verbal AD patients). Both groups showed impairment
on emotion processing tasks but for different reasons.
The low verbal patients performed poorly on the affect
processing measures because they had difficulty comprehending
and/or remembering the task instructions. In contrast,
low spatial AD patients have emotion processing deficits
that are independent of language and/or memory and
may be due to a more general visuoperceptual deficit that
affects the perception of static but not dynamic affective
stimuli. (JINS, 1997, 3, 411–419.)
Differential rates of age of seizure onset between sexes
and between hemispheres?
Authors: STRAUSS ESTHER , HUNTER MICHAEL , HERMANN BRUCE P. , LORING DAVID W. , TRENERRY MAX R. , BARR WILLIAM B. , CHELUNE GORDON J. , PERRINE KENNETH , WESTERVELD MICHAEL , WADA JUHN
Published: September 2019

In a descriptive analysis of 158 patients
with temporal lobe epilepsy, Taylor (1969) reported that
the age of first seizure varied systematically as a function
of laterality and sex. We conducted inferential
analyses of Taylor's original data which (1) provided
support for his proposal of disproportionate left hemisphere
vulnerability to seizure onset in early life, but (2) failed
to provide evidence of sex differences in age of onset
of unilateral seizures. Examination of these effects in
a larger sample of 844 patients drawn from the Bozeman
Epilepsy Consortium provided some additional support for
findings from the inferential analysis. Specifically, the
left hemisphere appeared more vulnerable to seizure onset
in childhood, this increased vulnerability extending to
about age 5 years. Age of onset of seizures was not different
when males and females were compared. Thus, reanalysis
of Taylor's original data as well as examination of
data from a larger, more contemporary sample suggest that
seizure onset varies as a function of laterality, but not
sex. (JINS, 1997, 3, 428–434.)
Introduction: The merging of two departments
Authors: BRANDT JASON
Published: September 2019

This issue of JINS sees the merging of
two of its departments: “Critical Reviews/Updates”
and “Dialogues” have been combined to form
“Critical Reviews & Dialogues.”
The effects of focal and diffuse brain damage on strategy
application: Evidence from focal lesions, traumatic brain
injury and normal aging
Authors: LEVINE BRIAN , STUSS DONALD T. , MILBERG WILLIAM P. , ALEXANDER MICHAEL PAXSON , SCHWARTZ MICHAEL , MACDONALD RON
Published: September 2019

A new test of strategy application was designed
to be relatively free of the constraints that limit the
standard neuropsychological assessment of supervisory abilities.
The validity of the test was assessed in 3 samples of participants
with varying degrees of supervisory deficits and frontal
systems dysfunction: focal frontal lesions, traumatic brain
injury (TBI), and normal aging. Inefficient strategy application
varied systematically across the 3 groups and was not due
to extraneous factors such as forgetting the test instructions.
Previous case studies have emphasized strategy application
deficits in the face of normal neuropsychological test
performance. In this study, it was shown that strategically
impaired participants from a consecutive series can include
those both with and without deficient neuropsychological
test performance. When neuropsychological impairment was
present, it was greatest on executive functioning tasks.
Among participants with nonstrategic performance, there
was evidence for a dissociation of knowledge from action.
This finding was not specific to focal frontal lesions.
A number of supervisory processes contributing to strategy
application were identified. Exploratory analyses indicated
differential effects of lesion location on these processes,
especially inferior medial frontal and right hemisphere
lesions. Overall, the results supported the use of unstructured
tasks in the assessment of supervisory abilities. (JINS,
1998, 4, 247–264.)
A comparison of clustering solutions for cognitive heterogeneity
in schizophrenia
Authors: GOLDSTEIN GERALD , ALLEN DANIEL N. , SEATON BRENT E.
Published: September 2019

A cluster analytic solution based upon a battery
of tests consisting of the Halstead Category and Tactual
Performance Tests, the Trail Making Test, and the Wisconsin
Card Sorting Test was compared with a solution based on
the subtests of the Wechsler intelligence scales, utilizing
a sample of 221 schizophrenic patients. Both analyses permitted
four-cluster solutions, and we found a weak but significant
degree of association between solutions. Examination of
external validity of the two solutions revealed stronger
associations with clinical variables for the Wechsler-scale-based
solution. The major conclusions were that the existence
of cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia exists across
a broad range of abilities, and appears to reflect a combination
of continuity of ability level and existence of possible
subtypes requiring further neuropsychological and neurobiological
verification. (JINS, 1998, 4, 353–362.)
Addressing a continuum of recovery after acquired brain
injury
Authors: NOVACK THOMAS A. , JOHNSTONE BRICK
Published: September 2019

In their dialogue published in JINS, Wilson
(1997) and Prigatano (1997) have eloquently and concisely
presented the challenges facing neuropsychology with respect
to cognitive rehabilitation. However, both authors neglect
two important issues that must be addressed if people with
cognitive disorders are to be effectively treated. First,
cognitive impairment must be treated during the acute stages
of recovery; as to ignore cognitive deficits until patients
are more fully recovered may bypass an opportune time for
intervention. Evidence is mounting that the injured brain
adapts to the losses sustained and that the adaptation
will be enhanced by increasing interaction with the environment,
as compared to more passive states (Johansson & Ohlsson,
1996; Stein et al., 1995). Given such information, it is
difficult to justify withholding cognitive stimulation
and remediation from people during acute stages of recovery
and instead awaiting a point when spontaneous recovery
(presumably) will be complete.