bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased muscle blood flow in fibromyalgia patients during standardised muscle exercise: A contrast media enhanced colour doppler study
Authors: Elvin Anders , Siösteen Anna‐Karin , Nilsson Anders , Kosek Eva
Published: March 2005

The aim of the study was to investigate if contrast enhanced ultrasound (US) imaging of muscular blood flow during and following exercise could detect alterations in vascularity in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. Ten FM patients and 10 matched controls were examined with US during standardised static and directly following static and dynamic muscular contractions of the infraspinatus muscle. Doppler ultrasound evaluation was performed before and after the administration of ultrasound contrast media. The FM patients had lower magnitude of muscle vascularity following dynamic (p < 0.001) and during (p < 0.002) static exercise compared to controls. The immediate flow response to muscular activity was not only of a lower magnitude, but also of a shorter duration in FM patients following dynamic exercise (p < 0.001) and during static exercise (p < 0.01). There were no statistically significant group differences in blood flow intensity or duration following static contraction. In conclusion, contrast enhanced US was found useful to study real‐time muscle blood flow changes during and following standardised, low‐intensity exercise in FM patients and healthy controls. Our results support the suggestion that muscle ischemia can contribute to pain in FM, possibly by maintaining the central nervous changes such as central sensitisation/disinhibition. US with contrast can be a new valuable approach to assess muscle perfusion in pain patients during standardised exercise.
Opioid‐induced or pain relief‐reduced symptoms in advanced cancer patients?
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Villari Patrizia , Ferrera Patrizia , Casuccio Alessandra
Published: March 2005

Background While opioids in increasing doses may produce adverse effects, the same adverse effects may be associated with poor pain control. Moreover, in the clinical setting symptomatic treatment and illness may balance the outcome of opioid titration. Some adverse effects may tend to disappear continuing the treatment in a long‐term period.

Aims The aim of this study was to monitor the effects of a rapid opioid titration combined with symptomatic treatment in patients with poor relief and to monitor these changes in the following period of 20 days.

Methods A consecutive sample of 35 patients admitted to an acute Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit were titrated with opioids, according to a department policy, allowing administration of parenteral opioids to assist opioid titration with oral or transdermal opioids.

Results Thirty‐three patients were followed up for the period of the study. Pain was adequately controlled and doses were opioid doses were stable after a mean of 40 h. Opioid escalation index (OEI) was extremely high initially, and then progressively declined at the following study intervals. Weakness and nausea and vomiting did not change, as well as confusion and appetite. Drowsiness, constipation and dry mouth significantly increased and then did not change, although a significant decrease in drowsiness was subsequently observed. Well‐being improved some weeks after opioid stabilization. In multivariate analysis, drowsiness and dry mouth were correlated to opioid doses.

Conclusion The effects reported were often due to multiple causes. A rapid decrease in pain intensity induced by rapid opioid titration does not produce changes in weakness, nausea and vomiting, appetite. While constipation appears the most relevant problem, resistant to common symptomatic treatment, drowsiness initially produced by acute opioid dose increase and the achievement of pain relief, tends to spontaneously decrease, probably as the result of late tolerance. Improved well‐being may be the late positive effect of pain relief, also influenced by the setting of home care.
Heparanase processing by lysosomal/endosomal protein preparation
Authors: Cohen Esti , Atzmon Ruth , Vlodavsky Israel , Ilan Neta
Published: March 2005

Heparanase is an endo‐β‐glucuronodase involved in cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains, activity that is strongly implicated in cell dissemination associated with tumor metastasis and inflammation. Heparanase is first synthesized as a latent 65 kDa precursor that is converted into an active enzyme upon proteolytic processing. Previously, we have reported that elevation of the lysosomal pH results in complete inhibition of heparanase processing, suggesting that lysosomal protease(s) and acidic pH conditions are required for heparanase processing. Here, we adopted a cell fractionation approach and provide evidence that incubation of the pro‐enzyme with lysosome/endosome, but not with cytoplasmic fractions resulted in processing and activation of the 65 kDa latent heparanase. Moreover, while the water soluble lysosome/endosome fraction exhibited no apparent processing activity, heparanase processing by the water insoluble lysosome/endosome membrane fraction was readily detected and exhibited the expected pH dependency.
The cell surface receptor G6b, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, binds heparin
Authors: de Vet Edwin C.J.M. , Newland Stephen A.B. , Lyons Paul A. , Aguado Begoña , Campbell R. Duncan
Published: March 2005

The G6b gene, located in the human Major Histocompatibility Complex, encodes a receptor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. In this study, we show using a variety of techniques that the extracellular domain of the G6b protein, containing a single Ig‐like domain, binds to heparin with high affinity. In an ELISA assay, this binding was displaceable with soluble heparin with an IC50 value of approximately 0.5 μg/ml. Other sulfated glycans showed weaker or no competition. The observed interaction between G6b and heparin is strongly salt dependent suggesting a mainly electrostatic interaction. Heparin might modulate the interaction of G6b with its as yet unidentified protein ligand.
Aberrant glycosylation of α‐dystroglycan causes defective binding of laminin in the muscle of chicken muscular dystrophy
Authors: Saito Fumiaki , Blank Martina , Schröder Jörn , Manya Hiroshi , Shimizu Teruo , Campbell Kevin P. , Endo Tamao , Mizutani Makoto , Kröger Stephan , Matsumura Kiichiro
Published: March 2005

Dystroglycan is a central component of dystrophin–glycoprotein complex that links extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton in skeletal muscle. Although dystrophic chicken is well established as an animal model of human muscular dystrophy, the pathomechanism leading to muscular degeneration remains unknown. We show here that glycosylation and laminin‐binding activity of α‐dystroglycan (α‐DG) are defective in dystrophic chicken. Extensive glycan structural analysis reveals that Galβ1‐3GalNAc and GalNAc residues are increased while Siaα2‐3Gal structure is reduced in α‐DG of dystrophic chicken. These results implicate aberrant glycosylation of α‐DG in the pathogenesis of muscular degeneration in this model animal of muscular dystrophy.
Unrip is a component of SMN complexes active in snRNP assembly
Authors: Carissimi Claudia , Baccon Jennifer , Straccia Marco , Chiarella Pieranna , Maiolica Alessio , Sawyer Alan , Rappsilber Juri , Pellizzoni Livio
Published: March 2005

A macromolecular complex containing survival of motor neurons (SMN), the spinal muscular atrophy protein, and Gemin2–7 interacts with Sm proteins and snRNAs to carry out the assembly of these components into spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Here we report the characterization of unr‐interacting protein (unrip), a GH‐WD protein of unknown function, as a component of the SMN complex that interacts directly with Gemin6 and Gemin7. Unrip also binds a subset of Sm proteins, and unrip‐containing SMN complexes are necessary and sufficient to mediate the assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs. These results demonstrate that unrip functions in the pathway of snRNP biogenesis and is a marker of cellular SMN complexes active in snRNP assembly.
ACADEMIC AMNESIA AND THE POVERTY OF POLEMICS
Authors: BEINART WILLIAM
Published: March 2005

VAN Sittert's review article, which included coverage of my The Rise of Conservation in South Africa: Settlers, Livestock and the Environment, 1770–1950 (Oxford, 2003), contained so many inaccuracies and misrepresentations that it is difficult to let it pass. These undermine many of the points he purports to make, on both small and substantive issues. The Journal of African History is one of our few journals of record and I would like to set the record straight. I have only limited space for this rejoinder, and it will be impossible to take up all relevant questions.
REPLY
Authors: VAN SITTERT LANCE
Published: March 2005

‘THE discipline of history’, E. P. Thompson once said, ‘is, above all, the discipline of context; each fact can only be given meaning within an ensemble of other meanings’. By disputing points of detail Beinart elides the original review's central criticism that the book suffers from the omission of the political economic context. I will address the contested details before restating the gist of the original critique and by so doing suggest that it still stands unanswered.
WARTIME RECRUITING PRACTICES, MARTIAL IDENTITY AND POST-WORLD WAR II DEMOBILIZATION IN COLONIAL KENYA
Authors: BRANDS HAL
Published: March 2005

After World War II, African ex-servicemen in Kenya sought to maintain the socioeconomic gains they had accrued through service in the King's African Rifles (KAR). Looking for middle-class employment and social privileges, they challenged existing relationships within the colonial state. For the most part, veterans did not participate in national politics, believing that their goals could be achieved within the confines of colonial society. The postwar actions of KAR veterans are best explained by an examination of their initial perceptions of colonial military service. Indeed, the social and economic connotations of KAR service, combined with the massive wartime expansion of Kenyan defense forces, created a new class of Africans with distinctive characteristics and interests. These socioeconomic perceptions proved powerful after the war, often informing ex-askari action.
What is Popular Music Studies? Some observations
Authors: Cloonan Martin
Published: March 2005

Popular Music Studies (PMS) is now taught in over 20 higher education institutions (HEIs) in the UK and numerous others across the world. This article outlines the constituent parts of PMS in the UK and questions its status as a discipline in its own right. It concludes by arguing that, having established itself, PMS will need to deal with two key pressures in modern academic life – those of conducting research and widening participation. In the former instance, PMS might have to be pragmatic, in the latter lies potential for radicalism.
Earnings, Poor Relief and the Economy of Makeshifts: Bedfordshire in the Early Years of the New Poor Law
Authors: WILLIAMS SAMANTHA
Published: March 2005

It is increasingly recognised by those engaged in the debate concerning the standard of living of workers during industrialisation that all forms of household income need to be assessed, not just male waged work. A more holistic approach also considers women and children's earnings, poor relief, and the wide range of self-provisioning activities and resources available through the ‘economy of makeshifts’. Over one hundred household budgets of agricultural labourers and their families have been analysed from the Ampthill Union, Bedfordshire, just before and during the implementation of the new poor law in order to further explore and quantify all components to the household income of labouring families in this key transition decade. The article finds that poor relief to families was cut in the wake of the Poor Law Amendment Act. It also finds that the low incomes of families necessitated supplementation through making shift. When the makeshift economy is quantified, it becomes clear that such activities could significantly supplement incomes.
Rural-Urban Churchgoing in Victorian England
Authors: CROCKETT ALASDAIR
Published: March 2005

The rich data provided by the 1851 Census of Religious Worship make clear that very different processes were governing churchgoing rates in rural parts of England compared with the more urban parts. The clear rural-urban differences provide important clues that help to explain the rise and fall of English churchgoing rates over the modern historical period, and are relevant to a major and ongoing sociological dispute. My conclusion is that, in rural areas, the additional ‘supply’ recently introduced by the dissenting denominations had boosted attendance rates. This was largely because distance between home and worship was a key check on regular observance and new chapels tended to reduce this distance. In urban parts of England a very different pattern emerges: the greater the degree of urbanisation, the lower the churchgoing rate, despite the great choice of religious alternatives on offer. These rural-urban differences offer some important observations regarding the sociological theorisation of religion and modernity. In the economic language increasingly employed by sociologists of religion, both ‘supply-side’ and ‘demand-side’ processes were influencing English churchgoing rates. However, the former were much more limited and transient in their effect, being restricted to geographically isolated rural areas, while in the more urban places, where most people lived, and to which many more were migrating, urbanisation was eroding demand as predicted by secularisation theory.
A Pasture in Common: A Twentieth-Century Environmental History of Ewyas Harold Common (Herefordshire)
Authors: PARKES PETER
Published: March 2005

This paper examines the decline in the use of one Herefordshire common and how this is reflected in changes in the common's ecology. Direct field observation and biological evidence have been combined with oral histories and documentary sources, particularly the records of the Commoners Association and the National Farmers Union Branch Records, photographs, and maps in reconstructing these changes. The paper explores how the common has been recursively valued as its diminished productive use has been accompanied with increased recognition, although without formal designation, of its importance as a refuge for wildlife and as an amenity resource. These changes, however, present challenges for the traditional structures for the governance of the common as, in post-war years, the number of active graziers has declined and the community of commoners has become increasingly gentrified.
The Decipherable Rigveda: tiróahnyam as an Example
Authors: Thomson Karen
Published: March 2005

The interpretation of the Rigveda presents enormous problems for Vedic scholars, as Stephanie Jamison recently acknowledged in a paper on translating the Rigveda delivered at the Eleventh UCLA Indo-European Conference held in 1999. “It is discouragingly common to find passages in the Rig Veda that do not make sense without the silent supplying of additional material”. (2000: 13)
Male Anxieties: Nerve Force, Nation, and the Power of Sexual Knowledge
Authors: Frühstück Sabine
Published: March 2005

In the autumn of 1929, a Kyôto-based journal for popular medicine reported that the dean of sexology, Habuto Eiji, had committed suicide after having suffered from neurasthenia (shinkei suijaku) for a long time. A practicing gynaecologist, Habuto had been the editor of the sexological journal Seiyoku to Jinsei (Sexual Desire and Humankind), the author of numerous books on sexual issues, and the co-author, together with Sawada Junjirô, of an abridged Japanese version of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, entitled Hentai Seiyokuron (1915). He also was involved in the translation of Havelock Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1901–1928), the twenty Japanese-language volumes which were advertised under the title Sei no Shinri as early as in 1927. Among other sexologists, Habuto had been a chief theorist on the causes of neurasthenia. Physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, pedagogues, and sexologists agreed with him that neurasthenia primarily afflicted men and was caused by overpowering exhaustion that was in turn the result of certain sexual practices. Modern commentators like Habuto speculated that neurasthenia was the result of masturbation or – even worse – homosexuality.
Friends in high places
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: March 2005

Aristotle, in his Ethics, argued that good legislators should pay more attention to friendship than to law. Common law, however, has trouble with friendship and has historically taken the view that agreements between friends are unenforceable for lack of intention to create legal relations. The roots of this presumption against amicable agreements lie in theology and antique ecclesiastical case law. Those sources are reviewed here and it is argued that seemingly progressive decisions that accord cohabiting friends legal recognition as spouses have the paradoxical effect of depriving them of contractual capacity. They join traditionally married couples in the ‘amity’ of the household which case law defines as an Alsatia outside of law. It is argued that such a consequence is both unintended and undesirable.
Fathering practices in twenty-six intact families and the implications for child contact
Authors: Lewis Jane , Welsh Elaine
Published: March 2005

The nature of the contribution that fathers make to families is the subject of intense debate by both academics and policymakers. Contact between non-resident fathers and their children has been promoted by government and the courts, but remains difficult to achieve. This paper reports on interview data collected from fathers, mothers and their adolescent children in intact families on the perceptions of fathering practices and the factors that influence them. In addition, the nature and extent of fathers’ involvement with their children is explored in relation to the problem of ‘boundary setting’.

While the traditional, rather distant, breadwinning father has disappeared, there is no evidence from this study of a shift towards the kind of father who takes equal day-to-day responsibility for his children. Rather, the changes in the nature of fathers’ involvement with their children are more subtle, relying to a large extent on an appreciation of the importance of ‘passive care’ and of mediation by mothers. We suggest that these findings have important implications for what might be expected by and of fathers when relationships break-up, and for the development of policies to encourage father involvement.
Quantitative und qualitative Analysen von verbalen Flüssigkeitsaufgaben bei Parkinsonpatienten
Authors: Heiss C. , Kalbe E. , Kessler J.
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung: Bei nicht dementen Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson (PK) mehren sich die Hinweise auf spezifische neuropsychologische Funktionseinbußen. Insbesondere bei Wortflüssigkeitsaufgaben wird kontrovers diskutiert, ob und bei welchem Aufgabentypus PK-Patienten Minderleistungen erbringen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Leistungen von 26 nicht dementen PK-Patienten bei semantischen und formallexikalischen Wortflüssigkeitsaufgaben sowie einer Generierungsaufgabe nach Wortarten (Adjektive) untersucht und denen einer Kontrollgruppe (KG) von 24 hirngesunden Personen gegenübergestellt. Während die PK-Patienten bei sämtlichen Aufgaben signifikant niedrigere Wortraten erbrachten, ergab die qualitative Untersuchung der Nennungen keine Gruppenunterschiede bezüglich Clusterbildung, kategorialer Verteilung und Variationsbreite der Nennungen. Semantische Wortflüssigkeitsaufgaben erwiesen sich als besonders sensible Indikatoren für neuropsychologische Funktionseinbußen bei nicht dementen PK-Patienten.
Neuropsychologie des Autismus
Authors: Bölte Sven , Feineis-Matthews Sabine , Poustka Fritz
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung: Autismus ist eine persistierende, durch soziale und kommunikative Defizite sowie stereotypes, repetitives Verhalten charakterisierte tiefgreifende Entwicklungsstörung mit Beginn vor Vollendung des 3. Lebensjahres. Vielfältige organische Befunde weisen auf eine neurobiologische Basis des Syndroms hin. Wenngleich die molekulargenetischen Mechanismen noch unklar sind, legen Zwillings- und Familienstudien ätiologisch eine Involvierung hereditärer Faktoren nahe. Auf neuropsychologischer Ebene haben im Autismus in der jüngeren Vergangenheit vor allem drei kognitive Theorien zum besseren Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden gestörten Denkprozesse und zur Integration unterschiedlicher Erklärungsansätze beigetragen: die theory of mind, Exekutivfunktionen und die Theorie der (schwachen) zentralen Kohärenz. Für die zukünftige neuropsychologische Erforschung des Autismus sind die Konkretisierung und verbesserte Operationalisierung dieser kognitiven Theorien, die Einführung methodischer Standards sowie die Entscheidung über eine kategoriale versus dimensionale Betrachtung des Autismus von Bedeutung.
Zur Vergleichbarkeit von Schülerleistungen bei Leseaufgaben unterschiedlichen sprachlichen Ursprungs
Authors: Artelt Cordula , Baumert Jürgen
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung: In internationalen Schulleistungsstudien stellt ein differenzieller Vorteil bei Leseaufgaben des eigenen Sprach- bzw. Kulturraums eine potenzielle Gefährdung der fairness des Tests dar. Durch die Analyse von IRT-basierten differenziellen Itemfunktionen (DIF) der PISA-Lesetestaufgaben wird geprüft, ob Schüler gleicher Fähigkeit, aber unterschiedlicher Sprachgruppen, systematische Vorteile bei Aufgaben haben, die ursprünglich aus ihren Ländern (Sprachgruppen) stammen. Besonders bei französischen und griechischen und z. T. auch bei deutschen Aufgaben lassen sich entsprechende Effekte nachweisen (d = .23). Aufgrund der geringen Anzahl wirkt sich dieser Vorteil jedoch kaum auf das mittlere Abschneiden der Länder aus. Auch die Vorteile englischsprachiger Schüler durch die Dominanz englischsprachiger Items im Lesetest lässt sich auf der Länderebene nicht zufallskritisch absichern. Die Ergebnisse machen insgesamt deutlich, dass in international vergleichenden Studien die sprachliche Herkunft der Aufgaben eine systematische Varianzquelle darstellt. Dem hieraus potenziell entstehenden cultural bias des Tests kann dabei - wie in PISA - durch eine möglichst multi-kulturelle Zusammensetzung von Testaufgaben begegnet werden.
Die Validierung von Fragebogenerhebungen zum Interesse an Tieren und Pflanzen durch computergestützte Messdaten
Authors: Urhahne Detlef , Jeschke Jonathan , Krombaß Angela , Harms Ute
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung: Die Untersuchung geht der Frage nach, ob ein mittels Fragebogen gemessenes subjektives Interesse an Tieren und Pflanzen sich mithilfe von objektiven Messdaten bei der Benutzung eines Informationssystems zur Biodiversität validieren lässt. Übereinstimmungen zwischen den beiden Messverfahren sind ein wichtiger Beleg für die externe Validität des häufig angewandten Verfahrens der Fragebogenmessung von Interesse. N = 312 Schüler zwischen 10 und 18 Jahren bearbeiteten in einem Naturkundemuseum einen Interessefragebogen und erkundeten selbstgesteuert einen computergestützten Informationsteil zu verschiedenen Organismengruppen. Die Interaktionen der Probanden mit dem Informationssystem wurden über Logfiles festgehalten. Die Fragebogenangaben bestätigen den aus der Forschungsliteratur bekannten Befund eines sinkenden Interesses an Organismen mit dem Erreichen höherer Jahrgangsstufen. Beim Vergleich der Fragebogendaten mit den Messdaten aus dem Informationssystem ergeben sich Übereinstimmungen, die für die Gültigkeit der Ergebnisse aus der Fragebogenerhebung sprechen.
Dimensionalität und differenzielle Validität von Textaufgaben
Authors: Arendasy Martin , Sommer Markus , Glück Judith
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage der Dimensionalität von Veränderungsaufgaben mit unbekannter Startmenge und der relativen Bedeutung verschiedener Prädiktoren der Lösungshäufigkeit, die aus unterschiedlichen kognitiven Modellen zur Bearbeitung einfacher arithmetischer Textaufgaben abgeleitet werden können. Die Frage der Dimensionalität und Konstruktvalidität dieses Textaufgabentyps wird mit Hilfe der Item-Response-Theorie sowie hierarchischen Clusteranalysen der retrospektiv erhobenen Bearbeitungsstrategien und clusterweise berechneten multiplen Regressionsanalysen an einer Stichprobe von N = 124 Zweitklässlern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für die Geltung des Rasch-Modells auch unter Berücksichtigung interindividueller Unterschiede in den Bearbeitungsstrategien. Die relative Bedeutung der einzelnen Prädiktoren der Lösungshäufigkeit bei diesem Textaufgabentyp variiert deutlich in Abhängigkeit vom Bearbeitungsstrategietyp. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher Modelle der Bearbeitung dieses Textaufgabentyps, seiner Brauchbarkeit als Maß für das Verständnis grundlegender mathematischer Prinzipien sowie des Aspekts der differenziellen Validität einer Rasch-homogenen Skala diskutiert.
Welche Art sozialer Unterstützung bevorzugen ausländische Studierende?
Authors: Dutke Stephan , Born Petra , Kuhnert Katrin , Frey Marc
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung: Es wurden 96 ausländische und 171 inländische Studierende einer deutschen Universität schriftlich befragt, welche Art sozialer Unterstützung sie sich in drei prototypischen kritischen Studiensituationen wünschten und von welchen Personen/Rollenträgern diese Unterstützung ausgehen solle. In- und ausländische Studierende bevorzugten problemorientierte gegenüber emotionsorientierter Unterstützung. Die ausländischen Studierenden zeigten eine stärkere Präferenz für problemorientierte soziale Unterstützung als inländische. Problemorientierte Unterstützung wurde umso mehr gewünscht, je schwieriger die kritische Situation den Befragten erschien.
Partizipatives Produktivitätsmanagement (PPM) bei komplexen Dienstleistungen
Authors: Roth Colin , Moser Klaus
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung. Es wurde ein PPM-Projekt in einer Arbeitsgruppe (N = 8) eines internationalen Marktforschungsunternehmens, die komplexe Dienstleistungen zu erbringen hat, durchgeführt. Die Arbeitsgruppe entwickelte in einer zweimonatigen Systementwicklungsphase ein PPM-Mess- und Feedbacksystem mit drei Aufgabenbereichen und 13 Indikatoren. Zu zwei Messzeitpunkten (monatliche Perioden) wurden zunächst Baselinedaten erhoben. Daraufhin erfolgte eine Feedbackphase über einen Zeitraum von weiteren zwei Monaten. Im Verlauf des Projekts ergab sich eine Effektivitätszunahme von d = 0.89. Zudem wurde das Teamklima der Arbeitsgruppe untersucht. Es ergaben sich deutliche Verbesserungen auf allen vier Dimensionen (Zielorientierung, Aufgabenbewältigung, Zusammenhalt und Verantwortungsübernahme).
Tests und Tools
Authors: Höft Stefan
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung. Das Programmsystem ALASCA dient zur Messung des Nutzens bzw. der Attraktivität, den bestimmte Objekte (Konsumgüter, Berufe, Trainingsmaßnahmen usw.) für eine befragte Person oder eine Personengruppe aufweisen. Es besteht aus zwei verzahnten Subsystemen: In dem Expertenmodul werden die Erhebungen geplant und später ausgewertet, mit dem Interviewmodul werden die Befragungen computergestützt durchgeführt. ALASCA bietet fünf verschiedene Analyseformen an, die vorrangig aus der Familie der Conjoint-Analysen stammen. Sie können einzeln oder in Kombination durchgeführt werden. Anwendungsgebiete für Conjoint-Analysen sind prinzipiell alle betrieblichen Entscheidungsfelder, allerdings sind personalpsychologische Anwendungsbeispiele bisher selten zu finden.
Sr isotope evidence for sources of terrigenous sediment in the southeast Atlantic Ocean: Is there increased available Fe for enhanced glacial productivity?
Authors: Rutberg Randye L. , Goldstein Steven L. , Hemming Sidney R. , Anderson Robert F.
Published: March 2005

Sr isotope ratios of the terrigenous sediments from the Cape Basin (southeast Atlantic Ocean) exhibit a systematic pattern of climate‐related variability from the Holocene through the last glacial period. Values are high during warm climate intervals (marine isotope stages (MISs) 1 and 3) and lower during full glacial periods (MISs 2 and 4). The variability is large (87Sr/86Sr = 0.717–0.723), and the rapid changes correspond temporally to abrupt climate change during the MIS 5a/4 and 2/1 transitions and through MIS 3. The Sr isotope variability corresponds to changes in δ13C of benthic foraminifera at orbital frequencies and within periods of rapid variability. Prior studies have suggested that benthic δ13C records from the Cape Basin follow Greenland ice core variability and thus global overturning circulation. Other studies suggest that these benthic δ13C records contain a strong overprint from isotopically light carbon, possibly associated with high fluxes of organic matter to the seabed. We explore the scenario that the relationship between lower terrigenous 87Sr/86Sr and lighter benthic δ13C may reflect high productivity during cold climatic intervals as a result of iron fertilization of the southern Atlantic Ocean. Increased supply of iron during cold periods may be associated with greater terrigenous sediment fluxes from South America, characterized by a less‐radiogenic Sr isotopic signature.
Effects of normal stress perturbations on the frictional properties of simulated faults
Authors: Hong Tiancong , Marone Chris
Published: March 2005

We report on laboratory experiments to investigate the frictional response of creeping faults to sudden changes in normal stress. Experiments were conducted on layers of quartz powder, bare surfaces of Westerly granite, and layers of a 50/50 mixture of quartz powder and smectite clay powder. The tests were carried out at room temperature and controlled humidity using a servo‐controlled double‐direct shear configuration. Normal stress perturbations, corresponding to loading and unloading of tectonic fault zones, were applied during steady sliding at constant loading rate from 3 to 1000 μm/s (shear strain rates of 1.5 × 10−3 to 0.5 s−1). Sudden changes in normal stress resulted in a linear elastic response of shear stress followed by a transient evolution of friction over a characteristic displacement. The transient, inelastic response is quantified as α = (Δτα/σ)/ln(σ/σ0), where Δτα is the transient change in shear stress following a step change from initial normal stress σ0 to final normal stress σ. We find that α is independent of sliding velocity and varies with ambient relative humidity and shear loading history. For unloading, we document a transition from stable to unstable behavior as a function of net slip in the range 3 to 30 mm (shear strains of 1.5 to 15). Increased humidity led to higher values of α for pure quartz gouge, but smaller α for the quartz‐clay gouge. The effects of shear displacement and humidity are discussed in the context of particle characteristics and gouge fabric development. The extended rate‐ and state‐dependent friction laws, using one state variable and the Ruina evolution law with normal stress variation, describe our observations.
Identification of mantle reflections from a dense linear seismic array: Tectonic implications to the Taiwan orogeny
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Horng
Published: March 2005

A dense linear seismic array consisting of 18 short‐period seismic stations is deployed in the Western Foothills to study deep crustal structures across central Taiwan, where significant mountain‐building processes are considered as a result of the oblique convergence between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates since a few million years ago. The identification of mantle reflections (PmP, SmS and SmP) from later phases generated by one earthquake (ML = 4.3) in eastern Taiwan and recorded by the linear seismic array shows that crustal thickness gradually increases eastward from 40 km beneath the Western Central Range to 50 km beneath the Eastern Central Range. The significant horizontal offset (∼30 km) between the highest mountains and the deepest crust suggests that crustal deformation has not yet reached isostatic equilibrium. It is concluded that continental subduction might be acceptable for explaining the dynamic processes in the Taiwan orogeny.
Response of idealized Hadley circulations to seasonally varying heating
Authors: Walker Chris C. , Schneider Tapio
Published: March 2005

The response of Hadley circulations to displacements of the latitude of maximum heating is investigated in idealized axisymmetric and eddy‐permitting models. Consistent with an earlier study and with theory for the nearly inviscid limit (Lindzen and Hou, 1988), the strength of the Hadley circulation is sensitive to displacements of heating: the winter cell strengthens and summer cell weakens when the maximum heating is displaced off the equator. However, in conflict with the nearly inviscid limit but consistent with observations of Earth's atmosphere, the strength of an annually averaged Hadley circulation is comparable to the Hadley circulation driven by an annually averaged heating. The disagreement between these results and the nearly inviscid limit is ascribed to vertical diffusion of momentum and dry static energy in the axisymmetric model and to baroclinic eddy fluxes in the eddy‐permitting model. Nonlinear amplification of the annually averaged Hadley circulation is only seen near the upper boundary in simulations with a rigid lid near the tropopause, suggesting that the amplification is an artifact of the upper boundary condition.
Geothermal heating and the properties of bottom water in Cascadia Basin
Authors: Hautala Susan L. , Johnson H. Paul , Bjorklund Tor
Published: March 2005

A new compilation of CTD data sheds light on the circulation and properties of bottom water within Cascadia Basin. A relatively high salinity water mass is revealed in a region of likely bottom water inflow east of the Blanco Fracture Zone. Water mass distributions and the deep geostrophic shear field are consistent with a general cyclonic circulation within the basin and suggest a northward‐flowing boundary current next to the deep continental slope. Shifts in temperature‐salinity relationships are consistent with a vertical transition from waters of northern origin to waters of southern origin approaching the seafloor. This vertical water‐mass transition complicates the interpretation of temperature anomalies. We redefine the temperature anomaly due to geothermal activity and the thickness of the layer influenced by seafloor heating. Simple heat budget calculations lead to a residence time of about one year for the bottom water, shorter than suggested by previous studies.
Timescale for radiation belt electron acceleration by whistler mode chorus waves
Authors: Horne Richard B. , Thorne Richard M. , Glauert Sarah A. , Albert Jay M. , Meredith Nigel P. , Anderson Roger R.
Published: March 2005

Electron acceleration inside the Earth's magnetosphere is required to explain increases in the ∼MeV radiation belt electron flux during magnetically disturbed periods. Recent studies show that electron acceleration by whistler mode chorus waves becomes most efficient just outside the plasmapause, nearL= 4.5, where peaks in the electron phase space density are observed. We present CRRES data on the spatial distribution of chorus emissions during active conditions. The wave data are used to calculate the pitch angle and energy diffusion rates in three magnetic local time (MLT) sectors and to obtain a timescale for acceleration. We show that chorus emissions in the prenoon sector accelerate electrons most efficiently at latitudes above 15° for equatorial pitch angles between 20° and 60°. As electrons drift around the Earth, they are scattered to large pitch angles and further accelerated by chorus on the nightside in the equatorial region. The timescale to accelerate electrons by whistler mode chorus and increase the flux at 1 MeV by an order of magnitude is approximately 1 day, in agreement with satellite observations during the recovery phase of storms. During wave acceleration the electrons undergo many drift orbits and the resulting pitch angle distributions are energy‐dependent. Chorus scattering should produce pitch angle distributions that are either flat‐topped or butterfly‐shaped. The results provide strong support for the wave acceleration theory.
Mapping of the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities beneath the Japanese islands
Authors: Tono Yoko , Kunugi Takashi , Fukao Yoshio , Tsuboi Seiji , Kanjo Kenji , Kasahara Keiji
Published: March 2005

A family of core‐reflected shear waves generated by the 28 June 2002 Vladivostok deep earthquake, including near vertical reflections from the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities, were recorded by ∼500 tiltmeters of the Hi‐net and ∼60 broadband seismometers of the F‐net in Japan. The observed upper mantle reflections were cross‐correlated with synthetics calculated on the basis of the spectral element method for a fully three‐dimensional Earth model using the Earth Simulator supercomputer to accurately determine the depths of the reflection points. The mapped upper mantle discontinuities were compared with a high‐resolution P wave tomographic image. The 660‐km discontinuity is depressed at a constant level of ∼15 km along the bottom of the horizontally extending aseismic slab under southwestern Japan. The transition from the normal to the depressed level occurs within a lateral distance of less than ∼200 km. Observations suggest that the reflections from the 410‐km discontinuity interfere with those from slab‐related structures on top of this discontinuity, leading to a spuriously large elevation of the 410‐km discontinuity in and near the subducted slab. Records at stations relatively free from such interference effects, however, still imply elevation of this discontinuity within the slab.
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) atmospheric correction: GPS, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and InSAR integration
Authors: Li Zhenhong , Muller Jan‐Peter , Cross Paul , Fielding Eric J.
Published: March 2005

Atmospheric effects represent one of the major limitations of repeat‐pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). In this paper, GPS, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were integrated to provide regional water vapor fields with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km, and a water vapor correction model based on the resultant water vapor fields was successfully incorporated into the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology ROI_PAC software. The advantage of this integration approach is that only one continuous GPS station is required within a 2030 km × 1354 km MODIS scene. Application to ERS‐2 repeat‐pass data over the Los Angeles Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) area shows that this integration approach not only helps discriminate geophysical signals from atmospheric artifacts but also reduces water vapor effects significantly, which is of great interest to a wide community of geophysicists.
Retrieval of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentrations from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) measurements using a new algorithm
Authors: Polyakov A. V. , Timofeyev Y. M. , Ionov D. V. , Virolainen Y. A. , Steele H. M. , Newchurch M. J.
Published: March 2005

We describe a new inversion algorithm developed for the retrieval of atmospheric constituents from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) solar occultation measurements. The methodology differs from the operational (NASA) algorithm in several important ways. Our algorithm takes account of the finite altitude and spectral resolution of the measurements by integrating over the viewing window spectrally and spatially. We solve the problem nonlinearly by using optimal estimation theory, and we use an aerosol parameterization scheme based on eigenvectors derived from existing empirical and modeled information about their microphysical properties. The first four of these eigenvectors are employed in the retrieval algorithm to describe the spectral variation of the aerosol extinction. We retrieve ozone and nitrogen dioxide number densities and aerosol extinction from transmission measurements at 41 channels from 0.29 to 1.55 μm. In this paper we describe the results of the gas retrievals. Numerical simulations test the accuracy of the scheme, and subsequent retrievals from SAGE III transmission data for the period between May and October 2002 produce profiles of O3 and NO2. Comparisons of the O3 and NO2 profiles with those obtained using the SAGE III operational algorithm and with those from independent measurements made by satellites, ozonesondes, and lidar indicate agreement in ozone measurements in the middle and upper stratosphere significantly closer than the natural variability and agreement in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere approximately equal to the natural variability.
A 53‐year forcing data set for land surface models
Authors: Ngo‐Duc T. , Polcher J. , Laval K.
Published: March 2005

As most variables describing the state of the surface are not directly observable, we have to use land surface models in order to reconstruct an estimate of their evolution. These large‐scale land surface models often require high‐quality forcing data with a subdiurnal sampling. Building these data sets is a major challenge but an essential step for estimating the land surface water budget, which is a crucial part of climate change prediction. To study the interannual variability of surface conditions over the last half century, we have built a 53‐year forcing data set, named NCC. NCC has a 6‐hourly time step from 1948 to 2000 and a spatial resolution of 1° × 1°. It is based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis project and a number of independent in situ observations. In this study we show the adjustments which need to be applied to the reanalysis and how they impact the simulated continental water balance. The model outputs are validated with the observed discharges of the world's 10 largest rivers to estimate the combined errors of the forcing data and the land surface model. The seasonal and interannual variations of these discharges are used for this validation. Five numerical experiments have been carried out. They used the forcing data sets obtained after each step of data adjustment and the forcing of the Global Soil Wetness Project 2 as inputs for the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model. The quality of forcing data is improved after each adjustment. The precipitation correction gives the most important improvement in the simulated river discharges, while the temperature correction has a significant effect only at high latitudes. The radiation correction also improves the forcing quality, especially in term of discharge amplitude. The NCC forcing data set can be used to study the water budget over many areas and catchment basins that have not been yet analyzed in this study. With its period of 53 years, NCC can also be used to evaluate the trends of terrestrial water storage in particular regions.
Chloride and bromide depletions in sea‐salt particles over the northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Newberg John T. , Matthew Brendan M. , Anastasio Cort
Published: March 2005

We have characterized halide enrichment factors (EF) in aqueous extracts of size‐resolved marine aerosol particles collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean at a coastal site (June through October, 1997–1999) and during two ship cruises (January and June, 2000). Our investigation focused on the chemistry of marine particles with diameters of 1.6–4.8 and 4.8–15 μm, which we define as “sea‐salt particulate matter” (SS PM). The ratios of Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ to Na+ in our SS PM samples matched well with those of bulk seawater, suggesting there were minor contributions from other particle types such as soil dust. Anthropogenic nitrate and sulfate concentrations in our SS PM samples were relatively low, with average (±1σ) molar ratios of NO3−/Na+ = 0.05 ± 0.03 and nonsea‐salt SO42−/Na+ = 0.005 ± 0.008. The amounts of chloride missing from the sea‐salt particles were generally small and occasional enrichments in chloride were observed: the average (±1σ) EF was 0.97 ± 0.10. In general, the missing Cl− could be accounted for by displacement by nitric acid (with smaller contributions from nonsea‐salt sulfate (nss‐SO42−)), but this was not the case in the samples with the greatest chloride depletions. The fraction of bromide lost in the SS PM was always greater than that for chloride in a given sample, with an average enrichment factor of 0.57 ± 0.14. In general, the smaller, slightly more acidic SS PM (1.6–4.8 μm) had larger Br− depletions compared to the larger, slightly less acidic (4.8–15 μm) particles. Although acid displacement cannot account for these bromide depletions, the depletions were correlated with particle acidity (based on NO3− and nss‐SO42− concentrations), suggesting that acid‐dependent oxidation reactions formed photoactive bromine species that volatilized from the particles.
Modelling the climate of the last millennium: What causes the differences between simulations?
Authors: Goosse H. , Crowley T. J. , Zorita E. , Ammann C. M. , Renssen H. , Driesschaert E.
Published: March 2005

An ensemble of simulations performed with a coarse resolution 3‐D climate model driven by various combinations of external forcing is used to investigate possible causes for differences noticed in two recent simulations of the climate of the past millennium using General Circulation Models (GCMs). Our results strongly suggest that differences in sensitivity (equilibrium and transient climate response) could be responsible for temperature changes that differ by more than a factor of two between two models. In addition, the spin‐up procedure could explain some differences between the simulations during the first centuries of the second millennium. The choice of the forcing reconstruction is found to play a smaller role for the differences in the simulated climate, in the model configurations analyzed here. Furthermore, at decadal scale, internal climate variability can mask the differences associated with different forcing reconstructions.
Solubilities of O and Si in liquid iron in equilibrium with (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and the light elements in the core
Authors: Takafuji Naoto , Hirose Kei , Mitome Masanori , Bando Yoshio
Published: March 2005

Chemical reaction between liquid iron and (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite was investigated by a combination of laser‐heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) and analytical transmission electron microscope (TEM). The compositions of quenched liquid iron in contact with perovskite were determined quantitatively using both energy‐dispersive (EDS) and electron energy loss (EELS) spectra. Results demonstrate that the dissolution both of O and Si into molten iron is significantly enhanced with increasing pressure. The quenched liquid iron contains 5.3 wt% O and 2.8 wt% Si at 97 GPa and 3150 K that can account for the 7% core density deficit. Reaction products such as SiO2, FeSi, and FeO were not observed as stable phases in this study. The bottom of the mantle in contact with outer core liquid could be depleted in iron. O and Si are important light elements in the core, whose contents may have increased over the geological time.