Spatiotemporal variability of methane emissions of tundra landscapes in the Lena River Delta, Siberia
Authors: Kutzbach Lars , Rößger Norman , Eckhardt Tim , Knoblauch Christian , Sachs Torsten , Wille Christian , Boike Julia , Pfeiffer Eva-Maria 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;Increased methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) release from a warming Arctic is expected to be a major feedback on the global climate. However, due to the complex effects of climate change on arctic geoecosystems, projections of future CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions are highly uncertain. CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from complex tundra landscapes will be controlled not only by direct climatic effects on production, oxidation and transport of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; but, importantly, also by geomorphology and hydrology changes caused by gradual or abrupt permafrost degradation. Therefore, improving our understanding of both the temporal dynamics and the spatial heterogeneity of CH4 fluxes on multiple scales is still necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we present pedon- and landscape-scale CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; flux measurements at two widespread tundra landscapes (active floodplains and late-holocene river terraces) of the Lena River Delta in the Siberian Arctic (72.4&amp;#176; N, 126.5&amp;#176; E). The dominating scales of spatial variability of soil, vegetation and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes differ between the two landscapes of different geological development stage. The active floodplains are characterized by sandy beaches and ridges, and backswamp depressions, forming a mesorelief with height differences of several meters on horizontal scales of 10-1000 m. On the other hand, the river terraces are characterized by the formation of ice-wedge polygons, which lead to a regular microrelief with height differences of several decimeters on horizontal scales of 1 to 10 meters. CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes were investigated on the landscape scale with the eddy covariance method (15 campaigns during 2002-2018 at the river terrace, 2 campaigns 2014-2015 at the floodplain) and on the pedon scale with chamber methods (campaigns at different sites in 2002, 2006, 2013, 2014, 2015).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Average growing season (June-September) CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; flux for the floodplain was 166 &amp;#177; 4 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=2) and for the river terrace 100 &amp;#177; 25 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=15). There was pronounced spatial variability of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes within both tundra landscapes types. On the river terrace, growing season CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; flux was only 20-40 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; at elevated polygon rims and polygon high centers, respectively, and up to 300 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; at polygon low centers. On the floodplain, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; flux was as low as 5 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; at sandy ridges and above 400 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; in backswamp depressions. Mean growing season CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes at the river terrace were positively linearly correlated (&lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.9, &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=15) to growing-degree-days (base temperature of 5 &amp;#176;C). Our findings suggest that a warmer climate stimulates the production of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, which is directly reflected in increased CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. On the other hand, warming effects on CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; oxidation appear limited because transport processes that bypass the soil oxidation zone, i.e. plant-mediated transport and ebullition, dominate CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emission from wet tundra landscapes. However, since CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions strongly vary with (micro-)topographical situation within tundra landscapes, the changes of geomorphology and hydrology due to permafrost degradation will probably be the dominating driver of future CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from arctic tundra landscapes.&lt;/p&gt;