bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exotic chemical weapon explains low herbivore damage in an invasive alga
Authors: Enge Swantje , Nylund Göran Mikael , Harder Tilmann , Pavia Henrik
Published: July 2012

Invasion success of introduced species is often attributed to a lack of natural enemies as stated by the enemy release hypothesis (ERH). The ERH intuitively makes sense for specialized enemies, but it is less evident why invaders in their new area escape attacks by generalist enemies. A recent hypothesis explains low herbivore damage on invasive plants with plant defense chemicals that are evolutionarily novel to native herbivores. Support for this novel weapon hypothesis (NWH) is so far based on circumstantial evidence. To corroborate the NWH, there is a need for direct evidence through explicit characterizations of the novel chemicals and their effects on native consumers. This study evaluated the NWH using the highly invasive red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera. In pairwise feeding experiments, preferences between B. hamifera and native competitors were assessed for four common generalist herbivores in the invaded area. Through a bioassay‐guided fractionation, we identified the deterrent compound and verified its effect in an experiment with the synthesized compound at natural concentrations. The results showed that native herbivores strongly preferred native algae to B. hamifera. The resistance against herbivores could be tracked down to the algal metabolite 1,1,3,3‐tetrabromo‐2‐heptanone, a compound not known from native algae in the invaded area. The importance of the chemical defense was further underlined by the feeding preference of herbivores for individuals with a depleted content of 1,1,3,3‐tetrabromo‐2‐heptanone. This study thus provides the first conclusive example of a highly successful invader where low consumption in the new range can be directly attributed to a specific chemical defense against evolutionarily naïve native generalists. In conclusion, our results support the notion that novel chemical weapons against naïve herbivores can provide a mechanistic explanation for plant invasion success.
Normal and abnormal uterine involution in cows monitored by ultrasound
Authors: Cengic B. , Varatanovic N. , Mutevelic T. , Katica A. , Mlaco N. , Cutuk A.
Published: July 2012

Success in cattle breeding is one of the most important goals in livestock
farming and it requires particular attention when it is about securing
unobstructed reproduction. Final goal in cattle breeding is to produce one
live calf per year, which will likewise enhance milk production through
successful pregnancy. The aim of our research was to monitor uterine
involution speed with aid of ultrasound device and make records when cows are
ready to be inseminated again, which cows need more time to complete
involution and how many cows will have uterine disorders and require therapy.
The experiment was carried out from October 2009 until the end of January
2010. In our experiment 50 cows were included and 412 transrectal ultrasound
examinations were performed. Cows were transrectally examined, starting from
6th day postpartum until 52 days postpartum. Speed of uterine involution has
been monitored through decrease of uterine horn diameter and wall thickness.
Cows with normal puerperium have completed involution in the period from 38 -
45 days postpartum, while those with abnormal puerperium needed more time to
complete it or required therapy of disturbed uterine status. In total 48% of
cows had normal uterine involution, 52% of cows had some abnormalities in
involution and 10% of cows in experiment required therapy. With continuous
monitoring of reproductive tract in cattle with ultrasound it is possible to
timely detect right time for first insemination postpartum, decrease period
of open days or to detect abnormalities in uterine health status and treat
it.
Polymorphism of β-lacto globulin gene in Barki sheep breed
Authors: El-Hanafy A.A. , Sabir J.S.M. , Mutawakil M.H.Z. , Elsoud Abo , Abdel-Sadek M.A.
Published: July 2012

?-LG gene polymorphism at the DNA level has been analyzed by PCR-RFLP and
reported two genetic variants of the ? -LG gene in Pag native and Leccese
sheep breeds. However, no study has been reported in Barki Egyptian local
sheep breed regarding ? -LG polymorphism at DNA level. The association of ?-
LG polymorphism with milk production and manufacturing properties of the
cheese in sheep have been extensively studied. However, the results are
conflicting, indicating either superiority of a given ? - LG variant or
absence of relationship. The fingerprinting of ? -LG gene and this relation
has not clarified yet in local Barki and other sheep breeds raised in Egypt.
Regarding the importance of Barki sheep breed as a local adaptive breed in
Egypt, this preliminary study aimed to fingerprint ?-LG gene in the Barki
sheep breed, in an attempt to have clear image about genotypes of ?-LG gene
in this breed. A total of 60 adult females Barki ewes were fingerprinted for
?-LG gene by the PCR-RFLP method. The sheep are raised by farmers in North
West coast (Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt) in which sheep are living in
natural habitats. The amplified product was observed as 120 bp and the
restriction digestion with Rsa I revealed three genotypes, namely AA, and
BB at the ?-LG locus. The frequencies of AA, and BB genotypes were 0.45,
0.30, 0.25, respectively.
Volatile compounds in medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) at two ripening stages
Authors: Velickovic Milovan , Radivojevic Dragan , Oparnica Cedo , Nikicevic Ninoslav , Zivkovic Marijana , Djordjevic Neda , Vajs Vlatka , Tesevic Vele
Published: July 2012

Medlar is the fruit of Mespilus germanica L. in the family of Rosaceae. The
fruit can be eaten only if ?bletted? (softened by frost or longer storage).
The effect of the maturation stages on the volatile compounds of the medlar
fruit was investigated during two different stages. Volatile flavour
substances were isolated from the minced pulp of unripe and full ripe medlar
fruits by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) with methilen
chloride as the extracting solvent. The concentrate was analysed by
GC-FID-MS. Hexanoic and hexadecanoic acids were the predominant acids,
hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal were the predominant aldehydes, (Z)-3-hexenol and
hexanol were the predominant alcohols, with p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol, and
?-terpiene (the terpenes responsible for the characteristic medlar flavour)
being also present. The C6 aliphatic compounds, such as hexanal and
(E)-2-hexenal, were observed as the major volatile constituents in the green
stage. In contrast, hexanol and (Z)-3-hexenol were the main volatiles in ripe
fruits.
Chemical composition, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of essential oil Ocimum sanctum L.
Authors: Beatovic Damir , Jelacic Slavica , Oparnica Cedo , Krstic-Milosevic Dijana , Glamoclija Jasmina , Ristic Mihailo , Siljegovic Jovana
Published: July 2012

Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) sin. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or Tulsi basil is a
plant originating from tropical and subtropical areas of India. It is used in
both the traditional and official medicine in India. Tulsi is a type of basil
that is insufficiently explored and studied in Europe. The goal of this paper
is to determine the chemical composition, antioxidative, and antimicrobial
activity of the essential oil Ocimum sanctum L. grown in Serbia. The quantity
of essential oil in 100 g of herb (v/w) is 0.68%, with 41 components
identified in the tested essential oil. The most represented chemical group
are sesquiturpene hydrocarbonates with 80.47%. Other groups were much less
represented. Sesquiturpene hydrocarbonate ?-cariophyllene is a predominant
component in the essential oil with 63.80%. The quantity of tested essential
oil needed to achieve 50% of inhibition of DPPH radicals is 0.35 ?g/ml, and
it has high potential to neutralize free radicals. The essential oil
exhibited antibacterial activity to all tested strains of bacteria, both
Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It affected all strains in an inhibitory way
in the interval 0.34-41.50 ?l/ml, and in a bactericide way within the range
22.50-124.5 ?l/ml. The most sensitive strains of bacteria are Salmonella
typhimurium and Escherichia coli, while Listeria monocytogenes and
Enterococus faecalis showed greatest resistance. The essential oil exhibited
antifugal activity on all tested fungi. It affected all tested fungi in an
inhibitory way in the interval 4.42-8.83 ?l/ml, and in a microbicide way
within the range 10.00-50.00 ?l/ml. The most sensitive fungi are: Aspergillus
ochraceus, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicilium funiculosum, while the
most resistent one is Aspergillus niger. The tested basil essential oil
Ocimum sanctum demonstrated significant antioxidative and antimicrobial
effect and may be used as a raw material in food, pharmaceutical and chemical
industries.
Paradigm shift needed - municipal solid waste management in Belgrade, Serbia
Authors: Popovic Florina , Filipovic Jovan , Bozanic Vojislav
Published: July 2012

The aim of this paper is to assess the current state of municipal solid waste
management (MSWM) in Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia, by analyzing a
legal framework, quantities of generated waste, collection systems,
transportation, final disposal, separate collection of recyclables, and waste
minimization incentives. The analysis is mostly based on the available data
of public utility company ?Gradska cistoca?, the only provider of municipal
solid waste (MSW) services i.e. collection, transportation, and disposal. Key
features, problems and goals of MSWM system in Belgrade are discussed, and
the efficiency of the existing separate collection system of recyclables is
reviewed. Finally, some further guidelines are given in order to assure
paradigm shift in the next period.
Fat-Specific DsbA-L Overexpression Promotes Adiponectin Multimerization and Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Liu Meilian , Xiang Ruihua , Wilk Sarah Ann , Zhang Ning , Sloane Lauren B. , Azarnoush Kian , Zhou Lijun , Chen Hongzhi , Xiang Guangda , Walter Christi A. , Austad Steven N. , Musi Nicolas , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Asmis Reto , Scherer Philipp E. , Dong Lily Q. , Liu Feng
Published: July 2012

The antidiabetic and antiatherosclerotic effects of adiponectin make it a desirable drug target for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, the adiponectin-based drug development approach turns out to be difficult due to extremely high serum levels of this adipokine. On the other hand, a significant correlation between adiponectin multimerization and its insulin-sensitizing effects has been demonstrated, suggesting a promising alternative therapeutic strategy. Here we show that transgenic mice overexpressing disulfide bond A oxidoreductase-like protein in fat (fDsbA-L) exhibited increased levels of total and the high-molecular-weight form of adiponectin compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. The fDsbA-L mice also displayed resistance to diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis compared with WT control mice. The protective effects of DsbA-L overexpression on diet-induced insulin resistance, but not increased body weight and fat cell size, were significantly decreased in adiponectin-deficient fDsbA-L mice (fDsbA-L/Ad−/−). In addition, the fDsbA-L/Ad−/− mice displayed greater activity and energy expenditure compared with adiponectin knockout mice under a high-fat diet. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DsbA-L protects mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance through adiponectin-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, upregulation of DsbA-L could be an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders.
Workplace-Based Assessment Instruments in the Health Sciences
Authors: Magnier Kirsty M. , Dale Vicki H.M. , Pead Matthew J.
Published: July 2012

A historical overview of the development of assessment instruments in the health sciences is presented here, with specific attention paid to workplace-based assessment instruments. Three instruments are reviewed in detail: the mini clinical evaluation exercise (mCEX), direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), and multi-source feedback (MSF). Features common to these instruments include their authenticity, their use in assessing professional skills, and the opportunities they afford for the provision of feedback. Although almost exclusively used in graduate medical training, they are likely to play an increasingly important role in the assessment of veterinary undergraduate students in preparation for professional practice. However, the time and cost associated with implementing these instruments raises questions about their feasibility. The continued search for the holy grail of assessment instruments and the challenges relating to the need for trained assessors leads us to conclude that ultimately, the competence of health professionals should continue to be measured using several complementary instruments.
Ice thickness, areal and volumetric changes of Davies Dome and Whisky Glacier (James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula) in 1979–2006
Authors: Engel Zbynĕk , Nývlt Daniel , Láska Kamil
Published: July 2012

This study calculates area, volume and elevation changes of two glaciers on James Ross Island, Antarctica, during the period 1979-2006. Davies Dome is a small ice cap. Whisky Glacier is a valley glacier. Ground-penetrating radar surveys indicate ice thickness, which was used for calculations of the bed topography and volume of both glaciers. Maximum measured ice thicknesses of Davies Dome and Whisky Glacier are 83 ± 2 and 157 ± 2 m, respectively. Between 1979 and 2006, the area of the ice cap decreased from 6.23 ± 0.05 km2 to 4.94 ± 0.01 km2 (-20.7%), while the area of the valley glacier reduced from 2.69 ± 0.02 km2 to 2.40 ± 0.01 km2 (-10.6%). Over the same period the volume of the ice cap and valley glacier reduced from 0.23 ± 0.03 km3 to 0.16 ± 0.02 km3 (-30.4%) and from 0.27 ± 0.02 km3 to 0.24 ± 0.01 km3 (-10.6%), respectively. The mean surface elevation decreased by 8.5±2.8 and 10.1 ±2.8m. The average areal (~0.048-0.011 km2a-1) and volumetric (~0.003−0.001 km3 a-1) changes are higher than the majority of other estimates from Antarctic Peninsula glaciers.
Mass-balance parameters derived from a synthetic network of mass-balance glaciers
Authors: Machguth Horst , Haeberli Wilfried , Paul Frank
Published: July 2012

Glacier mass-balance parameters such as the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) play an important role when working with large glacier samples. While the number of observational mass-balance series to derive such parameters is limited, more and more modeled data are becoming available.Here we explore the possibilities of analyzing such 'synthetic' mass-balance data with respect to mass-balance parameters. A simplified energy-balance model is driven by bias-corrected regional climate model output to model mass-balance distributions for 94 glaciers in the Swiss Alps over 15 years. The modeling results in realistic interannual variability and mean cumulative mass balance. Subsequently model output is analyzed with respect to 18 topographic and mass-balance parameters and a correlation analysis is performed. Well-known correlations such as for ELA and median elevation are confirmed from the synthetic data. Furthermore, previously unreported parameter relationships are found such as a correlation of the balance rate at the tongue with the accumulation-area ratio (AAR) and of the glacier elevation range with the AAR. Analyzing modeled data complements in situ observations and highlights their importance: the small number of accurate mass-balance observations available for validation is a major challenge for the presented approach.
An objective structured biostatistics examination: a pilot study based on computer-assisted evaluation for undergraduates
Authors: Khan Abdul Sattar , Acemoglu Hamit , Akturk Zekeriya
Published: July 2012

We designed and evaluated an objective structured biostatistics examination (OSBE) on a trial basis to determine whether it was feasible for formative or summative assessment. At Ataturk University, we have a seminar system for curriculum for every cohort of all five years undergraduate education. Each seminar consists of an integrated system for different subjects, every year three to six seminars that meet for six to eight weeks, and at the end of each seminar term we conduct an examination as a formative assessment. In 2010, 201 students took the OSBE, and in 2011, 211 students took the same examination at the end of a seminar that had biostatistics as one module. The examination was conducted in four groups and we examined two groups together. Each group had to complete 5 stations in each row therefore we had two parallel lines with different instructions to be followed, thus we simultaneously examined 10 students in these two parallel lines. The students were invited after the examination to receive feedback from the examiners and provide their reflections. There was a significant (P= 0.004) difference between male and female scores in the 2010 students, but no gender difference was found in 2011. The comparison among the parallel lines and among the four groups showed that two groups, A and B, did not show a significant difference (P> 0.05) in either class. Nonetheless, among the four groups, there was a significant difference in both 2010 (P= 0.001) and 2011 (P= 0.001). The inter-rater reliability coefficient was 0.60. Overall, the students were satisfied with the testing method; however, they felt some stress. The overall experience of the OSBE was useful in terms of learning, as well as for assessment.
Predation of Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by Amphibians
Authors: Sloggett John J.
Published: July 2012

Studies of predation of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) have focused on a limited number of predator taxa, such as birds and ants, while other potential predators have received limited attention. I here consider amphibians as predators of ladybirds. Published amphibian gut analyses show that ladybirds are quite often eaten by frogs and toads (Anura), with recorded frequencies reaching up to 15% of dietary items. Salamanders (Caudata) eat ladybirds less frequently, probably as their habits less often bring them into contact with the beetles. Amphibians do not appear to be deleteriously affected by the potentially toxic alkaloids that ladybirds possess. Amphibians, especially frogs and toads, use primarily prey movement as a release cue to attack their food; it is thus likely that their ability to discriminate against ladybirds and other chemically defended prey is limited. Because of this poor discriminatory power, amphibians have apparently evolved non-specific resistance to prey defensive chemicals, including ladybird alkaloids. Although amphibian-related ladybird mortality is limited, in certain habitats it could outweigh mortality from more frequently studied predators, notably birds. The gut analyses from the herpetological literature used in this study, suggest that in studying predation of insects, entomologists should consider specialized literature on other animal groups.
Automatic Organization and Generation of Presentation Slides for E-Learning
Authors: Sathiyamurthy K. , Geetha T. V.
Published: July 2012

The effectiveness of an e-learning system for distance education to a large extent depends on the relevancy and presentation of learning content to the learner. The ability to gather documents on a particular topic from the web and adapt the contents of the document to suit the learner is an important task from the content creation perspective of e-learning. For the developer of e-learning material the provision to automatically extract, organize, and present content material would improve its effectiveness. This paper proposes to extract information from documents using language processing techniques and organizing the content into appropriate presentation slides for learning purposes using domain ontology and learning oriented pedagogy ontology.
A Study of the Predictive Relationship Between Online Social Presence and ONLE Interaction
Authors: Tu Chih-Hsiung , Yen Cherng-Jyh , Blocher J. Michael , Chan Junn-Yih
Published: July 2012

Open Network Learning Environments (ONLE) are online networks that afford learners the opportunity to participate in creative content endeavors, personalized identity projections, networked mechanism management, and effective collaborative community integration by applying Web 2.0 tools in open environments. It supports social interaction by integrating User-Generated Content, Participatory Web, digital identities, social and networking linkages, and collaborative learning community to allow learners manage and tailor their social presence. The purposes of this study were to assess the predictive relationship between online social presence and overall ONLE’s social interaction and examine the predictive relationships between online social presence and four dimensions of ONLE’s interaction (i.e., cognitive, social, networking, and integration). The results of this study did not support the role of online social presence as a predictor for overall ONLE’s social interaction. Although social presence can serve as a predictor for networking and integration dimensions, social presence cannot serve as a predictor for cognitive and social dimensions. This study suggests CMC and ONLE have different dynamics in social interaction. ONLE focuses on “social and “networking” linkages to transform online learners into “network learners” to project their ideal and preferred “network social presence” rather than online social presence.
FUDAOWANG
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhao Ke , Li Yatao , Yi Zhenzhen
Published: July 2012

Determining how to provide good tutoring functions is an important research direction of intelligent tutoring systems. In this study, the authors develop an intelligent tutoring system with good tutoring functions, called “FUDAOWANG.” The research domain that FUDAOWANG treats is junior middle school mathematics, which belongs to the objective mature domain. Its characteristic is that the knowledge employed is the mature knowledge accepted by most people. FUDAOWANG uses automatic reasoning technology about objective mature problems to realize its intelligence. Based on the results of the automatic reasoning, FUDAOWANG synthetically applies the problem-based tutoring and advanced education concepts to achieve the tutoring functions of stepwise prompt, detailed answers, rethinking after solution, consolidated exercise, etc. The evaluation of FUDAOWANG shows that it is helpful to students in improving learning achievements and cultivating good learning habits.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metallo β-lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species in Burns and Surgical Wards in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kumar Simit H , De Anuradha S , Baveja Sujata M , Gore Madhuri A
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The production of Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) is one of the resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. There is not much Indian data on the prevalence of MBLs in burns and surgical wards.

Materials and Methods: A total of 145 non-duplicate isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species, isolated from pus/wound swabs and endotracheal secretions from burns and surgical wards, were tested for MBL production by modified ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) disc synergy and double disc synergy tests.

Results: Prevalence of MBLs was 26.9% by both the above tests. All MBL-positive isolates were multidrug resistant. Only 6.06% (2/33) P.aeruginosa and 16.67% (1/06) Acinetobacter species were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam and netilmycin, respectively. These patients had multiple risk factors like >8 days hospital stay, catheterization, IV lines, previous antibiotic use, mechanical ventilation, etc. Graft application and surgical intervention were significant risk factors in MBL-positive patients. Overall mortality in MBL-positive patients was 34.21%.

Conclusion: Emergence of MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species in this hospital is alarming, which reflect excessive use of carbapenems and at the same time, pose a therapeutic challenge to clinicians as well as to microbiologists. Therefore, a strict antibiotic policy and implementation of proper infection control practices will go a long way to prevent further spread of MBLs. Detection of MBLs should also become mandatory in all hospitals.
Ophthalmomyiasis Externa Caused by Oestrus ovis
Authors: Shankar Mahesh Kumar , Diddapur Seethalakshmi Krishnamurthy , Nadagir Shobha Dhruv , Kota Subramanya Giliyar
Published: July 2012

A 50-year-old male presented with foreign body sensation, pain, and redness in left eye. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed tiny larvae crawling around the conjunctival sac. The larvae, numbering 13, were mechanically removed under topical anesthesia and identified under light microscope as first-stage larvae of Oestrus ovis causing ophthalmomyiasis externa.
Primary Pulmonary Sporotrichosis in a Sub-Himalayan Patient
Authors: Singhai Monil , Rawat Vinita , Verma Pankaj , Jha Pawan Kumar , Shree Divya , Goyal Rajeev ,   Umesh
Published: July 2012

Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis, a rare fungal disease was found in chronic alcoholic farmer from the sub-Himalayan region, an endemic mycoses area. Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis is a hidden entity, at times mimicking tuberculosis, and often under or lately diagnosed due to lack of awareness. We should consider the possibility of pulmonary sporotrichosis in patients with chronic cough and cavitary parenchymal disease, particularly in chronic alcoholics, gardeners, and forest workers. Sputum culture for fungus as a part of diagnostic studies is needed especially in endemic mycoses areas for early detection and management of such fungal diseases.
Fluoro-deoxy-glucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Pattern in a Patient with Linitis Plastica of the Stomach Caused by Primary Signet Cell Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Harisankar Chidambaram Natrajan , Kashyap Raghava , Bhattacharya Anish , Mittal Bhagwant
Published: July 2012

We report the findings of [18F] fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) performed in a 67-year-old female with suspicion of gastric carcinoma. Intense FDG uptake was noted in the thickened gastric wall. Subsequent laparotomy showed diffuse involvement of the gastric wall by signet ring cell adenocarcinoma. This report highlights FDG PET/CT pattern in linitis plastica of the stomach caused by primary signet cell adenocarcinoma.
A Rare Scenario of Stenosed Type IV Dual LAD with Normal Myocardial Perfusion Scan
Authors: Puranik Ameya , Nair Gopinathan , Vijayraghavan R.
Published: July 2012

Dual left anterior descending artery (LAD) is a rare variation in the coronary artery anatomy having 4 different subtypes. We report a rare scenario of type IV dual LAD, with short LAD critical stenosis, compensated by a long LAD perfusing the same territory, which was missed on initial angiographic evaluation. Myocardial perfusion scan (MPS) of this patient showed preserved perfusion. A review of angiogram revealed this anomaly, indicating that a meticulous correlation of anatomic and functional modalities is necessary as it could change further management of patient.
Post-treatment Assessment of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Imaging with Fluorodeoxyglucose, Sestamibi, and Choline
Authors: Tan Chjoong Howe , Tan Eik Hock
Published: July 2012

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and is generally of poor prognosis. The post-treatment assessment of GBMs is a known diagnostic issue, with problems in the differentiation of viable remnant tumor and post-treatment inflammatory changes. We present a case where various molecular tracers (fluorodeoxyglucose, choline, and methoxyisobutylisonitrile) were used in the post-treatment assessment of a patient with histologically proven GBM.
Tako-Tsubo Syndrome: Atypical Nuclear Medicine Findings
Authors: Cabrera Rodríguez Lázaro , Fernández Raymid , Quirós Luis Juan , González Amalia
Published: July 2012

The Tako-Tsubo syndrome is a reversible form of an acute stress-related cardiomyopathy that was reported during the last decade. It typically presents with a constellation of symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, and elevated cardiac enzyme levels consistent with an acute coronary syndrome. However, when the patient undergoes cardiac angiography, left ventricular apical ballooning finding is seen, but no significant coronary artery stenosis. This balloon-like morphology, being the hallmark of this entity, can be detected by imaging. We present a case report of a patient who was admitted to our hospital and met all the diagnostic criteria of the Tako-Tsubo syndrome. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) showed an anteroapical perfusion defect at rest, moderated systolic dysfunction, and intraventricular asynchrony all assessed by gated-SPECT phase analysis. Two months later, all MPI findings returned to normal parameters.
Split cord malformations: A two years experience at AIIMS
Authors: Borkar Sachin , Mahapatra A
Published: July 2012

Background: Over a 2-year period, 2008-2009, a total of 53 cases of split cord malformation (SCM) were treated at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). This study is a retrospective analysis of clinical features, radiological findings, and surgical outcome of these patients. Materials and Methods: During this period, 53 cases of SCM were treated at AIIMS. They constitute around 27% of all spinal dysraphism surgeries performed at the department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS; as 200 cases of spinal dysraphism were operated during the study period. The data was obtained from case files, operation notes, discharge summaries, and follow-up files. Observations: There were 30 cases of SCM type I and 23 cases of type II SCM. Seven patients were adult above 18 years of age. Except 7 patients, remaining 46 were symptomatic. Bony deformity of spine was recorded in 24 patients; of them, 19 had scoliosis and 4 had kyphosis. Deformity of foot was recorded in 10 patients. Thirteen patients had hypertrichosis, while four had dermal sinus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in all patients. MRI revealed syringomyelia in 14 patients; however, only one patient had associated Chiari malformation. Six patients had meningomyelocele. Intra-operative; thick filum was noticed in 10 cases and in another 9 cases, there was filum lipoma. Dermoid was encountered in 4 patients, one patient had epidermoid tumor. Site of split was thoracic in 22, followed by lumbar region in 21 patients. Only 3 patients had split in cervical spinal cord. Seven patients had two separate splits at two different levels. Two patients had posteriorly located bony spur. All patients underwent surgery. Seven patients, those who had no neurological deficits pre-op, remained unchanged post-op. Amongst the 46 patients who had preoperative neurological deficits, eight had neurological deterioration post-op; five had deterioration in motor power and three had urinary problem. Five of these patients had type Id split, 2 had type Ic split, and one had type Ib split. However, among 8 patients who deteriorated post-op, four improved to preoperative status by the time of discharge. Thus, 4/53(7%) patients had long-term deficits, all with type Id split. Follow-up data was available for 36 patients (68%) and mean follow-up period was 12 months (range 6-24 months). Follow-up MRI revealed decrease in syringomyelic cavity in 6 of the 14 patients (44%) who had syringomyelia on preoperative MRI scans. Conclusion: Overall, SCM is an uncommon condition. In all cases of progressive scoliosis, MRI must be carried out. We subjected all asymptomatic patients to surgery and none developed post-op deterioration. Overall post-op neurological deterioration was noticed in 15% patients, of which 8% had transient post-operative deterioration. The new Type I SCM subclassification system proposed by Mahapatra and Gupta is found to have a significant prognostic value in assessing post-operative neurological deterioration in patients with type I SCM.
Telemedicine in neurosurgical emergency: Indian perspective
Authors: Sinha Virendra , Tiwari Rahul , Kataria Rashim
Published: July 2012

Telemedicine is rapidly developing telecommunication technology to provide medical information and services. The importance of telemedicine for neurosurgical emergencies was established with the fact that majority of the neurosurgical specialists are practicing in urban settings and in most of the rural areas, neurosurgical care is far off or non-existing. Countries with inadequate health care must incorporate telemedicine in their health care system. Telemedicine offers real benefits in a country as vast as India, where the majority of the population lives in remote areas with no access to even the most basic healthcare. Issues pertaining security, privacy, maintaining standards, and legal aspects are relevant. A recommended set of standards and guidelines for telemedicine needs to be set in place and constantly refined to promote the integrated growth of telemedicine in the country. The paper discusses various issues, shortcomings, and utility of telemedicine in India.
Dermoid cyst: A rare intramedullary inclusion cyst
Authors: Patankar A , Sheth J
Published: July 2012

Intramedullary dermoid cysts are rare tumors, especially those not associated with spinal dysraphism. Only six cases have been reported in the literature. Of these, only two cases have had magnetic resonance imaging studies. We report a case of an 18-year-old female patient, who presented with progressive weakness of both the lower limbs and wasting of both the upper limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intramedullary lesion extending from C3 to D2 with peripheral enhancement on contrast. Decompression of the cystic contents with partial removal of cyst wall was done. Hair with oily cholesterol and keratin debris was encountered. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of dermoid cyst. This case adds to the previous reported cases of the rare and uncommon intramedullary space occupying lesions of the spinal cord.
Cerebral astroblastoma: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Agarwal Vivek , Mally Rahul , Palande D , Velho Vernon
Published: July 2012

Astroblastomas are uncommon neuroepithelial tumors of uncertain origin. These occur predominantly in the cerebral hemisphere of young adults and children. They form only 0.45-2.8% of all neuroglial tumors. They can be easily misdiagnosed as they are rarely encountered in clinical practice and share common radiological and histopathologic appearance with other glial neoplasms. A 12-year-old female presented to us with progressive headache and diplopia. Her neurological examination showed right 6 th nerve paresis with papilledema. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed well-demarcated, peripherally enhancing solid cystic mass of 6 cm in right parietal lobe with mass effect. She underwent gross total resection of the lesion through right parietal craniotomy. The histopathologic diagnosis was suggestive of low-grade astroblastoma. The patient had no evidence of recurrence of tumor without adjuvant radiotherapy during the last 14 months of follow-up. Supratentorial astroblastomas are very rare tumors. Complete excision without radiotherapy is sufficient in low-grade variants.
Sea level variability in the Arctic Ocean observed by satellite altimetry
Authors: Prandi P. , Ablain M. , Cazenave A. , Picot N.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. We investigate sea level variability in the Arctic Ocean from observations. Variability estimates are derived both at the basin scale and on smaller local spatial scales. The periods of the signals studied vary from high frequency (intra-annual) to long term trends. We also investigate the mechanisms responsible for the observed variability. Different data types are used, the main one being a recent reprocessing of satellite altimetry data in the Arctic Ocean. Satellite altimetry data is compared to tide gauges measurements, steric sea level derived from temperature and salinity fields and GRACE ocean mass estimates. We establish a consistent regional sea level budget over the GRACE availability era (2003–2009) showing that the sea level drop observed by altimetry over this period is driven by ocean mass loss rather than steric effects. The comparison of altimetry and tide gauges time series show that the two techniques are in good agreement regarding sea level trends. Coastal areas of high variability in the altimetry record are also consistent with tide gauges records. An EOF analysis of September mean altimetry fields allows identifying two regions of wind driven variability in the Arctic Ocean: the Beaufort Gyre region and the coastal European and Russian Arctic. Such patterns are related to atmospheric regimes through the Arctic Oscillation and Dipole Anomaly.
Límites socioeconómicos a la extensión de la lengua española en los Estados Unidos
Authors: Alarcón Alarcón Amado , Heyman Josiah
Published: July 2012

Este artículo analiza los mecanismos de mercado y las constriccionesinstitucionales que condicionan la valoración y extensión social de lalengua española en El Paso (Texas, Estados Unidos). Los resultadosse presentan a través del análisis de empresas y sectores de actividadcaracterizados por una diferente intensidad lingüística del producto ydel proceso productivo. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad observandoque en los sectores de menor califi cación son frecuentes lasprácticas y gestión de trabajo «solo en español». Los requisitos lingüísticosde conocimiento de español formal aparecen sólo en actividadesmuy concretas y profesionalizadas. Los sectores de demanda emergenteen español, como los centros de atención de llamadas, optan porel español patrimonial como instrumento de trabajo y como forma deconseguir mano de obra abundante y barata.
Edad, cohortes o período. Desenredando las causas del desinterés político en España
Authors: Galais Carol
Published: July 2012

¿En qué medida el escaso interés por la política de los españoles sedebe al efecto de la edad, del período o de la pertenencia a una cohorte?Mientras que la edad no puede explicar la evolución de los nivelesagregados de interés por la política a lo largo del tiempo, la sustitucióngeneracional sí; aunque cabe determinar si su efecto aumentaría, reproduciríao empeoraría los actuales niveles interés político. Finalmente,cabe tener en cuenta el período, el único factor capaz de provocar cambiosa corto plazo en esta actitud. El artículo también pretende arrojaralgo de luz sobre los mecanismos por los cuales determinadas cohortestendrían una mayor o menor propensión a interesarse por la política; yconcluye que el grado de desarrollo social y económico que experimentaronmientras crecieron resulta crucial.
Changes in Temperature Profile, Texture and Color of Pork Loin Chop during Pan-frying
Authors: Li Chunbao , Hu Yuxiang , Tang Lin , Dong Yuyu , Teng Anguo , Xu Xinglian , Xu Baocai , Zhou Guanghong
Published: July 2012

The aim of this work was to investigate changes in thermal profile, meat texture and color of pork chop during pan-frying with or without one turnover. Pork chops (1.2 cm thick) were individually pan-fried at 175 ºC for 75 s without turnover or 150 s with one turnover. Internal temperature, meat color and texture at 11 designated positions were tracked. During frying, temperature and cooking loss significantly increased (P<0.001), accompanied by a significant increase (P<0.001) in hardness, gumminess, chewiness and L* value, together with a significant decrease (P<0.05) in springiness, cohesiveness, resilience and a* value. Positions close to the periphery generally showed significantly higher (P<0.05) final temperatures, and significantly lower (P<0.05) hardness, gumminess, chewiness, L* and a* values than those close to the center. These results could explain variation in tenderness within the same sample when evaluating eating quality of cooked meat.
A Box-behnken Design for Characterizing Chinese Truffles (Tuber indicum) Aroma by HS-SPME-GC-MS
Authors: Fang Sanping , Pu Biao , Chen Anjun , Zhou Kang , Ao Xiaolin , Xu Danping
Published: July 2012

The aim of the present investigation is to fully characterize the aroma of Chinese truffles (Tuber indicum) by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). To develop an objective method to extract aroma compounds, four different fibers were studied and a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied. From the statistical analysis of the experimental result, it was able to determine that the most important factor was the extraction temperature and the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 20.6 min, extraction temperature 52.4 oC and equilibrium time 6.8 min, By using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis under the optimal conditions, it identified 24 compounds, three of which were reported for the first time in the Chinese truffle: 2-methylpropanal, 2,3-butanedione, 2-nonanone. And we found that the highest content compound was dimethyl sulfide, followed by 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-butanol and 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, all of those compounds were previously described as characteristic aroma of truffle.
Guidance and recommendations for posttreatment of desalinated water
Authors: Duranceau Steven J. , Wilder Rebecca J. , Douglas Susaye S.
Published: July 2012

As part of a Water Research Foundation project called Post‐Treatment Stabilization of Desalinated Water, current posttreatment issues related to desalination were explored in an effort to provide guidance to the water industry. Although literature on posttreatment exists, there are fundamental knowledge gaps on accepted water quality goals for posttreated finished water related to location, source water, and membrane process. This article provides a current overview of the literature on posttreated desalinated water and discusses posttreatment issues identified and ranked by experienced desalination professionals. Guidance and recommendations were developed for priority issues regarding posttreatment design and operation (including increased characterization of membrane permeate quality), membrane pilot‐study evaluations (including posttreatment evaluations), and increased distribution system monitoring after full‐scale operation. Finished water quality goals and posttreatment processes were developed according to type of source water and membrane process and are recommended on the basis of available literature, industry experience, and research findings.
Reducing Donor Site Morbidity When Reconstructing the Nipple Using a Composite Nipple Graft
Authors: Lee Taik Jong , Noh Hyung Joo , Kim Eun Key , Eom Jin Sup
Published: July 2012

Background Numerous procedures are available for nipple reconstruction without a single gold standard. This study presents a method for reducing donor-site morbidity in nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft after transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap breast reconstruction.

Methods Thirty-five patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft technique between July of 2001 and December of 2009 were enrolled in this study. To reduce the donor site morbidity, the superior or superior-medial half dome harvesting technique was applied preserving the lateral cutaneous branch of the fourth intercostal nerves. The patients were asked to complete a previously validated survey to rate the color and projection of both nipples, along with the sensation and contractility of the donor nipple; and whether, in retrospect, they would undergo the procedure again. To compare projection, we performed a retrospective chart review of all the identifiable patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using the modified top hat flap technique by the same surgeon and during the same period.

Results Thirty-five patients were identified who underwent nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft. Of those, 29 patients (82.9%) responded to the survey. Overall, we received favorable responses to the donor site morbidity. Projection at postoperative 6 months and 1 year was compared with the immediate postoperative results, as well as with the results of nipples reconstructed using the modified top hat flap.

Conclusions The technique used to harvest donor tissue is important. Preserving innervation of the nipple while harvesting can reduce donor site morbidity.
A Retrospective Review of Iatrogenic Skin and Soft Tissue Injuries
Authors: Lee Tae Geun , Chung Seum , Chung Yoon Kyu
Published: July 2012

Background Even though the quality of medical and surgical care has improved remarkably over time, iatrogenic injuries that require surgical treatment including injuries caused by cast and elastic bandage pressure, extravasation, and dopamine-induced ischemia still frequently occur. The goal of this study was to estimate the incidence and analyze the distribution of iatrogenic injuries referred to our department.

Methods A retrospective clinical review was performed from April 2006 to November 2010. In total, 196 patients (116 females and 80 males) were referred to the plastic surgery department for the treatment of iatrogenic injuries. We analyzed the types and anatomic locations of iatrogenic complications, along with therapeutic results.

Results An extravasation injury (65 cases, 37.4%) was the most common iatrogenic complication in our study sample, followed by splint-induced skin ulceration, dopamine-induced necrosis, prefabricated pneumatic walking brace-related wounds and elastic bandage-induced wounds. Among these, prefabricated pneumatic walking brace-related complication incidence increased the most during the 5-year study period.

Conclusions The awareness of the very common iatrogenic complications and its causes may allow physicians to reduce their occurrence and allow for earlier detection and referral to a plastic surgeon. We believe this is the first study to analyze iatrogenic complications referred to a plastic surgery department in a hospital unit.
The Surgical Release of Dupuytren's Contracture Using Multiple Transverse Incisions
Authors: Lee Hyunjic , Eo Surak , Cho Sanghun , Jones Neil F.
Published: July 2012

Dupuytren's contracture is a condition commonly encountered by hand surgeons, although it is rare in the Asian population. Various surgical procedures for Dupuytren's contracture have been reported, and the outcomes vary according to the treatment modalities. We report the treatment results of segmental fasciectomies with multiple transverse incisions for patients with Dupuytren's contracture. The cases of seven patients who underwent multiple segmental fasciectomies with multiple transverse incisions for Dupuytren's contracture from 2006 to 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Multiple transverse incisions to the severe contracture sites were performed initially, and additional incisions to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, and the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints were performed if necessary. Segmental fasciectomies by removing the fibromatous nodules or cords between the incision lines were performed and the wound margins were approximated. The mean range of motion of the involved MCP joints and PIP joints was fully recovered. During the follow-up periods, there was no evidence of recurrence or progression of disease. Multiple transverse incisions for Dupuytren's contracture are technically challenging, and require a high skill level of hand surgeons. However, we achieved excellent correction of contractures with no associated complications. Therefore, segmental fasciectomies with multiple transverse incisions can be a good treatment option for Dupuytren's contracture.