bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Head ’em Up! Move ’em Out!”The Westerns
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

The history of music for TV westerns (which begins with old songs for Roy Rogers and Gene Autry shows) centers mostly on the 1950s and 1960s, the heyday of the genre. Gunsmoke’s theme was drawn from the radio show that preceded the TV edition; movie great Bernard Herrmann wrote considerable western music for the CBS library that wound up tracked into dozens of episodes of Have Gun Will Travel, Rawhide, and others. Western themes by top songwriters including Harry Warren (Wyatt Earp) and Livingston and Evans (Bonanza), movie composers like Dimitri Tiomkin (Rawhide) and Jerome Moross (Wagon Train), and top record arrangers like Percy Faith (The Virginian), rule the airwaves. Americana scores by David Rose (High Chaparral), Elmer Bernstein (Riverboat), and George Duning (Big Valley) and, later, a spaghetti-western style theme by Italian composer Ennio Morricone (The Men from Shiloh), are notable additions.
“You are traveling through another dimension”Fantasy and Science Fiction
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Some of the most unusual and compelling scores in TV history have been written for the fantasy and science-fiction genre. Twilight Zone launched with a Bernard Herrmann theme, one that was replaced by the avant-garde French composer Marius Constant (although it was decades before he knew how his unusual musical phrases were turned into a TV theme). Jerry Goldsmith scored several Twilight Zone episodes before moving to Universal for Thriller. Herrmann later contributed to The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. The Outer Limits and Lost in Space were major entries, but the multi-decade success of Star Trek in the 1960s and its various spinoffs of the 1980s and 1990s were landmarks, and their themes and scores now iconic. Later, Twin Peaks, The X-Files, and Lost charted new territory for the eerie and bizarre, and their composers matched the storytelling with evocative scores. Electronic music pioneer Gil Melle works primarily in television.
The Medieval Earth
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

Chapter 2 discusses medieval models of the physical changes of the globe, which often entailed the possibility or “probability” of an ancient Earth. The Bible was not the only source that described the destruction of humankind by a catastrophic flood: Plato, Aristotle, Ovid, and Seneca all posited that a physically and morally “corrupt” Earth was periodically renovated by deluges of water or fire, either universal or local, occasioned by particular astral conjunctions. Scholars like Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony deployed impressive intellectual efforts to show that new mountains could replace aging ones as they were eroded, since the absence of such a mechanism would have denied the possibility of an ancient Earth. While they could not determine when the world began, they went to great extents to demonstrate that its extreme antiquity was physically plausible as well as compatible with the faith.
The Invention of the History of Deep Time, 1700–1770
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

In the course of the eighteenth century, Earth history was increasingly weaponized into a tool of cultural wars and political propaganda. Immensely influential philosophes like Voltaire, Boulanger, and d’Holbach turned the recent association of diluvialism and Christianity into a paradigm of the alleged historical clash of religious dogmatism and rational enquiry. As they rearranged sources and evidence in a way that suited their political and cultural agendas and their conception of history, they outlined for the first time what remains to these days the common understanding of pre-1800 Earth history. Theories based on an ancient Earth were presented not in their uninterrupted continuity with medieval and Renaissance traditions, but as recent feats of human reason freed from Christian obscurantism.
Political Fossils, 1740–1800
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

Recast into a tool of anti-Christian propaganda, the antiquity of the Earth came to be perceived in conservative milieus as a direct threat to the basis of the existing social order, rooted in the proverbial alliance of the throne and the altar. Using eighteenth-century Venice as a case study, this chapter argues that fears of social subversion contributed powerfully to the politicization and polarization of Earth history. Venetian ruling elites espoused diluvialism and a young Creation as instruments of social and political preservation, using their social clout to impose a diluvialist orthodoxy where none had existed before. Ultimately, the identification of an ancient Earth with irreligion was instrumental in establishing the new narrative of the history of deep time. Conservatives bolstered the legitimacy of their positions by claiming, too, that the biblical chronology had always been an essential tenet of Christianity, only recently challenged by modern secularism.
A Higher Education Sector on the Edge: Part I
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter turns to the American side of the Great Chasm (i.e., the “supply side”). Reflecting the book’s materialist approach, it examines the economic substructure of the U.S. higher education sector (the “realm of finances”), from which arises the ideological superstructure of American higher education (the “realm of ideas”). The chapter identifies elements that support this substructure, traces their historical evolution, and describes the profiles of institutions that make up the sector. The description is intended to give the reader an idea of the rich diversity of institutions that constitute the “vast majority” of American colleges and universities. The ranks of these institutions go beyond the “elite few.”
Germany
Authors: Pritzsche Kai Uwe , Reinhardt Katharina
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on generation adequacy in Germany. Germany’s energy politics remain sceptical about capacity markets. They prefer to rely on an ‘electricity market 2.0’, which is an ‘energy-only market’ supported by several strengthening reserve capacity mechanisms. To secure supply of electricity and to incentivize the building of new renewables generation capacities, Germany prefers to use measured amounts of subsidies. After some friction, the German market design has been made compatible with the European state aid rules. However, on its way towards climate neutrality Germany’s Energy Transition (Energiewende) faces severe challenges. Despite Germany’s strong industrial sector, driven by the fight against climate change and the target of a ‘net zero carbon economy’ by 2045, in addition to the shutdown of nuclear power generation by the end of 2022, it was decided to close down all coal-fired power plants by 2038. This will have to rely heavily on the quick extension of generation capacity from renewable sources, mainly onshore and offshore wind and photovoltaics, on sufficient gas supply, in particular from Russia, on the development of ‘green hydrogen’ and electricity imports from other European countries.
Melancholia and Its Evolution in Thirteenth-Century Iberia
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

This introduction shows how this book fits into the context of melancholic discourses in Iberian culture, art, and literature and across Europe more broadly. In other words, it aims to explicate what specific epistemic gap attempts to fill within the emerging interdisciplinary field of medical humanities. To do so, I establish a direct correlation between the literary production of the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts I analyze and the cultural evolution in Iberian systems of thought. These foundational literary works, I contend, contain the seeds that cause the transition from a theocentric worldview to a humanistic one. Hence, I offer a summary of how the multifaceted condition of melancholia evolved across epochs and cultures, paying particular attention to the role Spain (Toledo in particular) played in the translation of Arabic medical treatises into Latin and the Castilian vernacular and the subsequent dissemination across Europe. The clinical literature, in turn, helped Iberian authors understand health and diseases through the inner workings of the human body, rather than the divine.
“Mais braadou come cabron”
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 studies an odd type of madness believed to result from the burning of the melancholic humors, or black bile, a common disease characterized by false identity beliefs and a misperception of the external world. King Alfonso, King Sancho IV, and Juan Manuel knew this illness from the New Galenic system of thought dominating in cultured circles across Europe. This type of aberration quickly became a literary motif and was exploited by Iberian authors to showcase the frailty of humankind and the transience of life. This first chapter benefits from these literary tropes to analyze cantigas 65 and 283 from King Alfonso’s influential Cantigas de Santa Maria. Both cantigas exhibit traits of what medieval physicians believed to be adust melancholia, including the false belief of having become an animal and the withdrawal from society and into the self.
Melancholic Delusions in the Margins ofEl Conde Lucanor
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

Chapter 2 offers a continuation of the discussion about adust melancholia in the context of Juan Manuel’s masterpiece, Conde Lucanor. Melancholy and humoral theories had become popular before the composition of this work, and its popularity is well attested, particularly toward the end of the book whose time of composition coincides with the author’s mature age. This chapter mainly investigates two stories, one written by Juan Manuel (exemplo 47) and one interpolated in the margins of a manuscript of Conde Lucanor by a fifteenth-century editor (exemplo 53). Both stories complement each other to offer a complete portrait of what medieval physicians recognized as adust melancholia, as the philosopher from exemplo 47 suffers from a type of illness that would render him delusional if he fails to evacuate his bowels in a timely manner, while the man from exemplo 53 comes to believe that he has died. Taken together, these two tales aesthetically represent the causes, symptoms, and effects of the surplus of black humor in the body and its combustion.
Stress and equilibrium
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the basics of force and moment equilibrium. The definitions of traction and stress are given, and the special state of plane stress is described. The traction-stress relation is derived, and the equations of force equilibrium and moment balance are developed using differential element constructions. The equations of motion which account for inertia are also discussed. Common states of homogeneous stress—pure tension/compression, pure shear, and hydrostatic pressure—are discussed. The notions of mean normal stress and stress deviator are also introduced.
Wave propagation in isotropic elastic bodies
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter briefly considers wave propagation in isotropic linear elastic solids. During wave propagation inertial effects must be accounted for, which results in the so-called elastodynamic problem. This problem admits plane harmonic waves as an important class of solutions. A plane wave possesses a direction of travel and an amplitude, which gives the magnitude and direction of particle motion, a wave speed, and a wavelength. The wave is called a longitudinal wave if the amplitude is parallel to the direction of propagation, and a shear wave if the amplitude is perpendicular to the travel direction. Longitudinal and shear waves are shown to travel at different speeds that depend on the elastic moduli and the mass density of the material.
Three-dimensional small deformation theory of rate-independent plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the small deformation three-dimensional Mises–Hill theory of rate-independent plasticity with isotropic hardening. The additive decomposition of the strain tensor into elastic and plastic parts is introduced, together with the assumption of plastic incompressibility. The Mises yield condition and the concept of isotropic strain-hardening are introduced, as is a plastic flow rule—together with attendant loading/unloading conditions—to formulate a complete macroscopic theory for three-dimensional rate-independent elastic-plastic deformation of metallic solids. The rigid-plastic limit of this theory is discussed, along with an extension to large deformations, valid for proportional loading paths.
Introduction to fracture mechanics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the important topic of fracture of materials and discusses the difference between brittle and ductile mechanisms of fracture; this distinction is discussed at both the local level in a process zone at a crack tip, and at the structural level. A criterion for the brittle fracture of a component which fractures by a locally brittle cleavage mechanism is derived by considering the locally elevated level of tensile stress at a crack tip in relation to the ideal cleavage strength of the material. A derivation of the ideal cleavage strength in terms of the Young’s modulus, the surface energy, and the interatomic lattice spacing of a crystalline material is provided. As a prelude to a discussion of modern fracture mechanics, this fracture criterion is recast in terms of an applied stress intensity factor and a critical stress intensity factor, or fracture toughness, of the material.
Rubber elasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the large deformation elastic response of rubber-like (elastomeric) materials. Such materials are usually idealized to be isotropic and incompressible. A large deformation theory for isotropic elastic materials in principal stretch space is discussed; the general form for the free-energy function in terms of principal stretches for isotropic materials is stated, and special considerations needed for incompressible materials are elaborated upon. The resulting expressions for the principal true (Cauchy) stresses and the principal engineering stresses are derived. The Neo-Hookean free-energy function—which is widely used for modelling material response at moderately large stretches—is discussed, as are the generalizations of this free energy which result in the Arruda–Boyce and Gent free energies which account for chain-locking effects at large stretches. An extension of the theory beyond principal stretches, using the general notion of the deformation gradient, is also briefly discussed.
Science Education for Building Public Trust
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

The radical changes needed in science education will be difficult to accomplish. There are a number of forces keeping the status quo intact, including science teachers teaching the same, contentfocused way they have been taught, the societal emphasis on standards and standardized assessment, enduring assumptions about the connections between technical training and economic prosperity, and the deep-seated function of science education serving as a means of sorting and credentialing students for college admission and future careers. In order to effect the necessary change, we need to revitalize the civic mission of the high school, change the way we prepare science teachers, and build a science education based on evidence.
Tapestry of Beliefs and Faith
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: January 2023

The people of central and non-Tsangla speaking eastern Bhutan worshipped a series of progenitor-gods headed by Lha Ode Gungyel and Gur Zhi. Rites such as Lhamochen and Lhamochung focused on longevity, vitality, fertility and potency of human beings and livestock. They also articulated the need for abundant wildlife and bountiful nature. Cosmological concepts related to this belief system was distinct from both Buddhism and Yudrung Bon. Readers are transported to the ancient Tsango festival to get a glimpse of its itinerary. Another aspect of the people’s plural mindset was the veneration of local deities personifying the mystery and the awe of nature among the local population. Landscapes especially the dwelling places of local deities were animated by spirits. Local deities represented nature, the ultimate landlord. From an ecologist viewpoint, a landscape venerated as the dwelling place of a resident deity turned out to be ecologically profound. Certain yearly oblation-offerings to resident deities were significant for breed preservation. A belief in resident deities in whom the local people reposed their distresses forged a sense of belonging to the locality, though it is changing due to migration and modernization. At the same time, lay people got acquainted with lores of Buddhist luminaries and their esoteric achievements. Others who were neither disempowered by scarcity nor distracted by wealth-seeking took to Buddhist teachings more formally and systematically.
Motive-based Judicial Review: Introduction
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the ways in which public reason (PR)—usually, with no express reference to this concept—has made it into constitutional interpretation around the world. It is shown that the ‘unconstitutional motives’ doctrine, which is a useful vehicle for public reason, often ostensibly targets ‘purposes’ of lawmakers rather than their motives, and that in actual judicial decisions in systems as different as the United States, Canada, Germany, Australia, or South Africa, these terms are used interchangeably. The recognition of a theory akin to public reason in the US constitutional doctrine can be exemplified by a conception of the exclusionary reasons in constitutional law developed by Richard Pildes. The central argument of this chapter is devoted to showing how heightening the levels or standards of scrutiny of a given piece of legislation may correspond, in different legal systems (including in the United States, Canada, Germany, and South Africa) to a judicial attempt to discern true motives by legislators, and in particular to screen out non-public reasons from legislation. By reference to a theory developed by Laurence Tribe, the chapter considers at the end the clash between judicial and legislative functions occasioned by motive scrutiny.
Embodied Cognition
Authors: Tanton Tobias
Published: January 2023

Embodied cognition, a new paradigm in cognitive science, proposes that human cognition is shaped by the particularities of human embodiment. It emerges as a reaction to ‘cognitivism’, which understands the mind as akin to a computer which uses algorithms to processes abstract symbols. In contrast to cognitivism, its alternative understanding of cognition finds expression in three distinct hypotheses. First, the conceptualisation hypothesis argues that concepts are not abstract symbols but are grounded in sensorimotor states. Second, the replacement hypothesis suggests that cognitive processes rely on sensorimotor engagement with the surrounding environment rather than on internal mental representations. Third, the constitution hypothesis posits that the physical media on which cognition is instantiated is not restricted to the brain but extends to bodily states and environmental resources. Having described the distinctive claims of embodied cognition, evidence and arguments in favour of its picture are surveyed, as well as their current limitations.
Photography and Cinema
Authors: Crew David F.
Published: January 2023

One of the Nazis’ main priorities after 1933 was to transform the ways that Germans saw the world and themselves. Although this project of reshaping popular perceptions and subjectivities employed written and spoken language, as well as music, it depended heavily upon images, particularly photographic and filmic images. The Nazi rise to power coincided with the breakthrough of photography and film as mass cultural and social practices in Germany. Between 1933 and 1945, millions of Germans took photographs and millions more consumed photographic images in illustrated magazines and went to the movies. What role did this unprecedented and pervasive visualization of popular culture play in constructing new views of the world that were consonant (or perhaps also in tension) with Nazi values? This chapter responds to this question by exploring the encounters with photographs and filmic images that an ordinary German could experience as he/she pursued the activities that constituted his/her everyday life. The aim of this chapter is to look at photography and film not only in terms of the images themselves but more importantly as mass social and cultural practices that became normal, ubiquitous constituents of everyday life in the Third Reich. Although the chapter tries to give readers a clear sense of all the different sites where Germans might have engaged with photography and film during the Third Reich, it concentrates on three of the most important mass practices—reading illustrated magazines, going to the movies, and taking private photographs.
The Economy
Authors: Hayes Peter
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains how and why the German economy failed to accomplish the expansionist goals Adolf Hitler set for it. At the outset of his rule in 1933, he dedicated economic policy to satisfying his military’s requirements for conquering a vast, contiguous, and economically self-sufficient empire in central and eastern Europe. Given his nation’s shortage of key natural resources, this programme involved the Nazi regime in constantly improvising measures to manage foreign trade and distribute raw materials, labour, and investments, all of which functioned for a time before foundering on the contradiction between the Reich’s limited capacities and Hitler’s sweeping ambitions and then generating new stopgaps. This spiral culminated in Albert Speer’s and Fritz Sauckel’s enormous programme of applying forced and slave labour to the German war effort, which prolonged the fighting but could not prevent Germany’s collapse in the face of the vastly superior productive capacities of the country’s enemies.
The reference system of Mupun
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: January 2023

Mupun (West Chadic) has a fundamental distinction between reference to the environment of speech and to the anaphora, which is marked through distinct coding means that run throughout the grammatical system in the language. Mupun has one of the richest logophoric systems described so far in the literature in that logophoricity can have the subject, the object, and the addressee in its scope. The logophoric system is a part of the reference to speech environment-anaphoric distinction in the language. Anaphoric reference in Mupun distinguishes between pronouns whose antecedent occurs in the preceding discourse but not in the same clause; pronouns whose antecedents occur in the same clause; and logophoric pronouns whose antecedents occur in the same sentence but not in the same clause. The reference system of Mupun serves as a diagnostic tool for the discovery of syntactic categories in this language. From the point of view of reference, the topicalized phrase does not belong to the same clause as the comment on the phrase.
The law of Mars: The problem of violence mitigation in the development of extraterrestrial political institutions
Authors: Morales Ethan
Published: January 2023

In extreme environments like space, the inherent fragility of the settlement means that the usage of force is substantially more powerful than on Earth. For much less force, much more damage can be done, and the use of force is ‘democratized’ in the sense that the average settler is empowered to do much more damage (proportionally) to the state than an individual person could do on Earth. This growing power symmetry between state and civilian actors forces a rethinking of state design to mitigate the influence of violence in political decision-making, as violence can be both easily deployed and can more easily destroy the entire polity. Decision-making in such a setting begins to represent a society wide game of ‘chicken’, involving increasing escalation and unclear red lines. States in general have two approaches to mitigating these conflicts: they can attempt to repress them (authoritarianism), or they can attempt to create fair and legitimate decision-making methods wherein actors will buy into the system (only if they believe it is fair) because consenting to such a system, even risking losing the contest, brings more utility than an uncertain game with destruction as an outcome. Alternative weak forms of each state design are likely to lead to collapse, and a functioning democratic system is more likely to endure over time, as an authoritarian system may be unable to repress such conflicts forever.
Enlightenment beyond Earth
Authors: Pagden Anthony
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that the Enlightenment concept of ‘sympathy’, in particular as found in Adam Smith and David Hume, as the quality necessary for the creation of any kind of sociability, will be of still greater value in any possible future extraterrestrial community, in which all previous systems of laws and conventions will need to be reinvented. Were this to be the case then the future human extraterrestrial existence might become the fulfilment of Immanuel Kant’s vision of a cosmopolitan order of justice. In both cases, beyond Earth as on it, the conceptions and the values developed during the Enlightenment will be invaluable.
Sovereign states, private actors, and (national) space laws. A rapidly evolving landscape
Authors: Paladini Stefania , Castellucci Ignazio
Published: January 2023

Nothing has changed as dramatically in the space sector as the growing number of private actors in what has traditionally been the domain of nation-states only. Whilst this creates opportunities and synergies for the sector as a whole, it also presents serious challenges in terms of the now outdated regulatory framework of reference, as the example of the Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251 collision in 2009 demonstrated. The present contribution shows how the emerging national space laws contribute to the ongoing evolution of the global legal environment, highlights the difference in terms of scope of these often-clashing legislations, and discusses possible ways forward.
Extraterrestrial governance
Authors: Shermer Michael
Published: January 2023

If and when humans explore, settle, and establish a community on Mars, and eventually on other planets, moons, and extrasolar systems, determining what sort of political and economic systems should be set up there are explored in this chapter. Given that these explorers and colonists will be human, they will have similar biological natures as our Paleolithic ancestors who migrated out of Africa and settled down in nearly every habitable place on earth. As such, it would be prudent to start thinking about how best to govern an extraterrestrial civilization, starting with what we have learned already from the scientific study of governance on our planet. Those lessons are considered here.
Dave Brubeck and the Performance of Whiteness
Authors: Klotz Kelsey
Published: January 2023

How can historians, writers, musicians, and audiences understand the legacy and impact of a musician like Dave Brubeck? Brubeck leveraged his fame as a jazz musician and status as a composer for social justice causes, holding to a belief system that, during the civil rights movement, modeled a progressive approach to race and race relations. However, it also took Brubeck, like others, some time to understand the full spectrum of racial power dynamics at play in post–World War II, early Cold War, and civil rights America. Dave Brubeck and the Performance of Whiteness uses Brubeck’s mid-century performances of whiteness across his professional, private, and political lives to understand mid-century whiteness, privilege, and white supremacy more fully. How is whiteness performed, and re-performed? How do particular traits become inscribed with whiteness? How do those traits, now racialized in a listener’s mind, filter the sounds a listener hears? To what extent was Brubeck’s whiteness made by others? How did audiences and critics use Brubeck to craft their own identities centered in whiteness? Drawing on archives, recordings, and previously conducted interviews, the book explores the complex and shifting frames of mid-century whiteness and how they shaped the experiences of Brubeck, his critics, and his audiences. Throughout, it asks what happens when a musician tries to intervene, using his white privilege as a tool with which to disrupt structures of white supremacy, even as whiteness continues to retain its hold on its beneficiaries.
“We Want to Play in the South”
Authors: Klotz Kelsey
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 focuses on the activities surrounding Brubeck’s 1960 tour of the South. In January 1960, Brubeck made headlines after twenty-two segregated colleges and universities across the American South refused to allow his interracial quartet to perform on their campuses. Brubeck had been quietly rehearsing his activism leading up to the scheduled southern tour; he had previously canceled concerts in Dallas (1957) and at the University of Georgia (1959), refused to entertain a South African tour when organizers required an all-white group (1958), and had a near miss at East Carolina College (1958). New details in his steps toward race activism highlight the ways in which he leveraged his whiteness to support integration efforts. Ultimately, Brubeck adopted a new musical and promotional strategy aimed directly at southern audiences, a strategy that married commercial interests with political ideology by banking on his ability to draw new audiences to jazz. At the same time, the broader music industry’s placement within racial capitalism ensured that no matter what Brubeck’s individual efforts were, the market would continue to support white supremacy.
The Fuzziness of Form
Authors: Greenberg Yoel
Published: January 2023

Theories of sonata form, for all their variety, share a common challenge, well articulated by William Drabkin as “the tension between general principles, which can be derived from the repertory as a whole, and the exceptions one is forever encountering in individual works.” This chapter argues that this tension is the result of an inherent property of sonata form: its fuzziness. Instead of the crisp boundaries that characterize many theoretical entities, fuzzy categories propose a less clear notion of categorization: membership within a category is not binary (yes/no), but rather graded (more/less). Sonata form is fuzzy both synchronically, in that the limits of its definition are unclear, and diachronically, in that it is impossible to delineate when it first arose. The chapter surveys existing theories of sonata form according to the strategies they adopt in handling these types of fuzziness.
A Periodic Table of Elements
Authors: Greenberg Yoel
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides empirical evidence for the suitability of a reductionist model of form to an actual musical corpus. I test the presence of three types of repetition within a corpus of more than 700 movements with binary repeat signs, dating 1670–1769: the “medial repeat,” or the requotation of the primary theme at the beginning of the second half; the “double return” of the primary theme in the tonic in the middle of the second half; and the “end rhyme,” matching the endings of both halves. I demonstrate that these elements becomes increasingly popular over the sample, and, more important, they are statistically independent. The corpus study thus strongly supports a bottom-up theory of the emergence of form.
Introduction
Authors: Buss Sarah
Published: January 2023

This introduction offers brief summaries of the essays collected here. It calls attention to shared concerns and overlapping themes, even as it notes the wide range of positions the contributors explore and defend. What justifies the assumption that we are obligated to treat one another with concern and respect? What is it about us that gives each of us a moral claim on the others which goes deeper than any social conventions and does not depend on our race, ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, class, or any other aspect of our identity? Knowing the hazards we face when we seek useful truths about “humanity,” “human rights,” and “moral values,” the authors take on the challenge of rethinking the value of humanity. In so doing, they encourage us to probe this value ourselves.
Decomposing Humanity
Authors: Garthoff Jon
Published: January 2023

The moral status of mature human persons entitles them to consensual relationships and to equal social status. This moral status is plausibly grounded in the possession of critical reason, and it contrasts with the most minimal moral status, which is grounded in consciousness. The latter entitles beings not to be harmed, but it does not entitle them to equal or consensual relations. The essay defends a moral status intermediate between these, one that entitles beings to intelligible relations: we must address ourselves to them and attend to how they understand their treatment. This does not entail consensuality. It does involve accountable relationships, but this is compatible with social hierarchy. Judgment, not critical reason, underlies the intermediate moral status, and so this intermediate status is distinct from that of mature human persons. There are at least three types of moral status, accordingly, and these constitute both a hierarchy and a developmental sequence.
Spinoza’s Anti-Humanism: Human Value and Dignity
Authors: Melamed Yitzhak Y.
Published: January 2023

Spinoza is probably the greatest anti-humanist of modern philosophy, and this underlying feature of his philosophy motivates many of his most outrageous claims, from his rejection of (human) free will to his critique of common, anthropomorphic, religion. This essay investigates whether in spite of his deep critique of humanism, we can rescue from Spinoza’s thought any notion of human value, rank, or even dignity. The two most promising venues which could lead Spinoza to ascribe substantial value to human beings are human friendship and human (partial) rationality. The essay explores both of these venues as well as Spinoza’s attitude toward dignity, and specifically, human dignity.
Hegemonic Religions, Public Spaces, and Established Churches
Authors: Perez Nahshon
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores two cases representing the category of government-endorsed religious symbols in public spaces. It explores (section 3.1.1) the Bladensburg Cross case, in which the US Supreme Court decided that the cross does not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The chapter then discusses the Lautsi case (section 3.1.2), in which the Italian government defended its policy mandating the placement of the crucifix in public schools in Italy before the European Court of Human Rights. It then explores the importance of public spaces (section 3.2) defined as publicly owned spaces used by the public. It explores (section 3.3) the view that governmental endorsement of religious symbols in public spaces fits within a majoritarian model. This view—“the religious majoritarian approach” (RMA)—is defined and analyzed. Subsequently, the chapter presents (section 3.4) critiques of this approach. It concludes (section 3.5) that, while the RMA is ill-advised, it is permissible within the contours of democratic politics.
Shock, 1971–1979
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

On August 15, 1971, President Nixon announced on national television a unilateral decision to remedy America’s diminished global position due to the ailing dollar. Designed to redress monetary policy that had weakened the dollar abroad and to tame inflation at home, his plan prevented allies from exchanging their dollars for gold and imposed a 10 percent surcharge on imports to compel exporting countries to revalue their currencies. This second, clearly nationalistic Nixon Shock induced monetary negotiations that doomed the gold-based Bretton Woods system and punished free-trading friends. Such neo-mercantilism did not honor the capitalist peace paradigm; the 1970s was a time of transformation. Grand strategy and ideology—liberal internationalism itself—came under fire in a decade that ended in recession but along the way produced détente in trade with the Soviet Union and China and a new trade round of GATT.
Victory, 1980–1990
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

In 1979, Cold War détente ended, but a decade later, the superpower conflict itself was all but over as the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union headed toward oblivion. It was clear that the United States had “won” the Cold War, even though competition in the world economy grew ever fiercer. Ideas and ideology, as well as policies, had mattered immensely; Soviet leadership changed with the realization that the country was bankrupted by Western liberalism. Ronald Reagan himself was a free trade ideologue who combated communism, and statist Democrats at home, to push for trade liberalization. He faced, however, a difficult adversary in Japan, which seemed like a predatory trader and investor. The capitalist peace paradigm played a major role in this battle during the 1980s for the hearts and souls in the communist, and capitalist, worlds.
Globalization, 1991–2000
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

The end of the Cold War birthed a resurgence in capitalist peace belief, which supported the process of globalization. The United States, the sole superpower, integrated globalization into its foreign policy, shaping the international economy through free-trade internationalism that embedded market capitalism in the world economic system. The hope of peace and prosperity through open free trade seemed possible, nourished by a relaxation of security imperatives and the integrative force of the free market. In the 1990s, a positivism about openness, interdependence, and connectedness drove diplomats, thereby vindicating the capitalist peace. That faith would be tested at home and abroad—in the renewal of most-favored-nation status for China and, eventually, Permanent Normal Trade Relations in preparation for that nation’s entry into the World Trade Organization; the ratification of the WTO itself, as well as NAFTA, and in domestic politics that witnessed rebellions against globalization—even as it triumphed.
Crisis, 2001–2021
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States, transforming the domestic and foreign policy landscape. Change and challenge seemed constants. Leaders had two possible responses. They could look forward, wielding the capitalist peace paradigm, or they could ignore the lessons of history in a nationalistic throwback to the Great Depression. Washington engaged in both strategies. A conservative, George W. Bush, was a neo-liberal free trader who signed numerous bilateral trade accords. A progressive, Barack Obama, moderated trade liberalization, pursuing new trade institutions across the Atlantic and Pacific but beginning to resist China. Donald Trump issued a personalized attack on free trade internationalism, dissolving the capitalist peace through tariff wars and withdrawal from global trade commitments and organizations. Joe Biden aimed for restoration but struggled with a pandemic and a progressive base that preferred domestic stability rather than globalization. The twenty-year crisis witnessed a full circle of capitalist peace dogma, nihilism, and moderation.
Conclusion
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

The capitalist peace doctrine that emerged from the Great Depression did not bring a perfect world, prosperity for all, or eternal peace, but it was an instrument of foreign policy that converted trade policy from narrow nationalism based on protectionism into a force for mutual aid, security, and political reform abroad. Until 2017, the figures who surrounded presidents, like the presidents themselves, appreciated the appeal and the need on occasion for protectionism, but they recast trade policy for foreign policy reasons. In the end, capitalist liberalism won the Second World War and the Cold War, enriched the North, and helped develop much of the global South with material goods. Capitalist peace also boosted democracy and promoted human rights. On the larger scale of grand strategy, trade boosted security, global peace prevailed, and a third world war did not occur. Capitalist peace reshaped the world for the better.
The Interlocking Domains of Racism and Ecological Indifference
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: January 2023

Ecointersectional analyses offer a lens for understanding that environmental degradation and systemic racisms are mutually constitutive, a lens that goes well beyond the current focus on unequal distribution of risks and harms central to work in environmental and climate justice. This lens, while important, occludes the often complex and long history of the co-constitution of systemic racisms and environmental degradation. By focusing on ecological indifference, this chapter provides the groundwork for identifying the linkages between seeing and treating environments as exploitable, disposable, and fungible and ways of seeing and treating certain groups of people as exploitable, disposable, and fungible. Through a focus on systemic racisms, the case is made that climate injustice and ecological indifference are not separate or separable phenomena but are two sides of the same coin. Building on the insights of environmental justice scholarship that documents the differential distribution of environmental harms or benefits due to systemic racisms, the chapter introduces two additional dimensions in which the intersections between systematic racisms and ecological indifference are manifest, namely, where racist institutions and practices contribute to or cause environmental degradation and that the social structures that generate environmental degradation also generate systemic oppression of certain groups of people.
Conclusion
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: January 2023

Anthropocenean sensibilities might serve to disrupt and transform racialized nature/culture divides as well as narratives of progress, development, and civilization. Anthropocenean sensibilities attune us to the happening of many worlds and the realization that not all of them posit humans via a racialized hyperseparation from nature or animate a divide between humans and nonhumans. Anthropocenean sensibilities cultivate attunements to other lifeways and relationalities within the more-than-human world. They can direct attention to what Marisol de la Cadena refers to as the “anthropo-not-seen.”
Introduction
Authors: Willis Michael J.
Published: January 2023

The resignation of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria in 2019 following mass public demonstrations across the country provoked global surprise. This was not only because the country had experienced little of the upheavals of the Arab Spring in the region around it eight years earlier. It was also because of the completely peaceful nature of the mass protests in a country that had experienced huge bloodshed in its recent past in both a civil conflict in the 1990s and its long liberation struggle against French colonial rule. This underlined how little-known Algeria was in comparison to its neighbors in the Arab world. Much has been written about Algeria under French rule but comparatively few studies exist for the period after independence. This book explores the period of the first two decades of the twenty-first century. This period began with three significant changes: the election of Bouteflika as president, the steady rise in prices for Algeria's significant gas and oil resources and a noticeable decline in the violence of the civil conflict of the 1990s. This book explores these changes and their effects and how they ultimately led to the mass protest movement that brought down Bouteflika.
Restive Regions
Authors: Willis Michael J.
Published: January 2023

Politics at the sub-national is largely overlooked, despite its importance. Useful insights into some of the aspects of politics beyond Algiers and the major cities can be gained by looking at some of Algeria's more remote and ethnically distinct regions, especially three that witnessed significant local political change and upheaval in the early twenty-first century: Kabylia, the Mzab, and the Saharan south. All three had escaped much of the tumult and violence of the 1990s. Berber Kabylia had witnessed significant protests in 1980, but saw a new explosion of unrest in 2001 that culminated in mass marches including one in Algiers. The traditionally politically quiescent south of Algeria saw significant protests breaking out in main population centers. The Mzab region experienced extended clashes between its local Mozabite and Chaamba populations in 2013–15. All these incidents had their own distinct local causes and features but all were significantly stoked by socio-economic grievances linked frequently to jobs, exploitation of natural resources (like fracking), and perceived marginalization and disregard from the central government. Significantly, all the protest movements demanded greater national integration and involvement of the government rather than autonomy or secession from the Algerian state.
In the Shadow of Mistrust
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: January 2023

Since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the normalization of relations between Iran and America has appeared unrealistic if not inconceivable, given that the Iranian state has vigorously pursued an anti-American ideology. This account of US–Iranian relations examines the efficacy of external pressure such as sanctions, as well as domestic grassroots reform movements within the Islamic Republic. The Obama presidency marked a rare high point in the Washington–Tehran relationship, as negotiations between the two countries and other powers produced an unprecedented nuclear deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. However, the Trump administration's unilateral withdrawal from the JCPOA, and re-imposition of new sanctions in pursuit of "maximum pressure", had devastating economic consequences, undermining the Iranian middle class, which has consistently been the voice of political moderation and supported Iran's integration into the global economy. Crucially, sanctions have also driven Iran further into the arms of China, while rendering it an even more recalcitrant and aggressive adversary. Monshipouri's central conviction is that negotiations are pivotal to dismantling the mistrust that has long characterised US–Iranian relations, and to seeking détente between Iran and its Arab neighbours--a critical priority, since gradual US withdrawal from the region is all but certain.
What Is Motivation, Where Does It Come from, and How Does It Work?
Authors: Dweck Carol S. , Dixon Matthew L. , Gross James J.
Published: January 2023

Motivation is the process that drives, selects, and directs goals and behaviors. Motivation typically arises out of the person’s needs, and it then comes to life through the person’s specific goals. In this essay, the authors examine the concept of “needs” as the crucible from which motivated behavior arises because all individuals are born with needs that jump-start the goal-oriented, motivated behaviors that are critical to survival and thriving. These are both physical needs (such as hunger and thirst) and psychological needs (such as the need for social relationships, optimal predictability, and competence). The aim of motivation is therefore to bring about a desired (need, goal) state. Motivation underlies and organizes all aspects of a person’s psychology. As it does so, motivation “glues” a person together as a functioning individual in their culture and context.