bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF HOUSEWORK ON THE MARKET WAGE, AND CAN IT EXPLAIN THE GENDER WAGE GAP?
Authors: Maani Sholeh A. , Cruickshank Amy A.
Published: October 2009

Abstract Does housework reduce the market wage, and if so, does it have a similar impact for males and females? In this paper, we survey and evaluate the recent and growing empirical literature on the linkages between housework and the wage rate. The review is motivated by unexplained gender wage gaps across studies, which consider personal and market‐related factors. We focus on this less‐studied aspect of wage determination. We consider the required modelling framework, and provide standardized estimated effects of housework on the hourly wage across studies. We evaluate how this literature has addressed potential estimation problems, in particular, the endogeneity of housework, concavity of the housework–wage function, threshold effects and work effort effects. We conclude that the evidence across ordinary least squares, instrumental variable, fixed effects and two‐stage least squares results casts serious doubt on the idea that the negative female housework–wage relationship is only driven by endogeneity bias or individual‐specific characteristics. Yet, much more needs to be done to address modelling and data requirements, and we point out likely and promising future research directions.
RBCs AND DSGEs: THE COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO BUSINESS CYCLE THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Authors: Karagedikli Özer , Matheson Troy , Smith Christie , Vahey Shaun P.
Published: October 2009

Abstract Real business cycle (RBC) and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) methods have become essential components of the macroeconomist's toolkit. This literature review stresses recently developed techniques for computation and inference, providing a supplement to the Romer textbook, which stresses theoretical issues. Many computational aspects are illustrated with reference to the simple divisible labor RBC model. Code and US data to replicate the computations are provided on the internet, together with a number of appendices providing background details.
METHODS, TRENDS AND CONTROVERSIES IN CONTEMPORARY BENEFIT TRANSFER
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Rosenberger Randall S.
Published: October 2009

Abstract Benefit transfer uses research results from pre‐existing primary research to predict welfare estimates for other sites of policy significance for which primary valuation estimates are unavailable. Despite the sizable literature and the ubiquity of benefit transfer in policy analysis, the method remains subject to controversy. There is also a divergence between transfer practices recommended by the scholarly literature and those commonly applied within policy analysis. The size, complexity and relative disorganization of the literature may represent an obstacle to the use of updated methods by practitioners. Recognizing the importance of benefit transfer for policymaking and the breadth of associated scholarly work, this paper reviews and synthesizes the benefit transfer literature. It highlights methods, trends and controversies in contemporary research, identifies issues and challenges facing benefit transfer practitioners and summarizes research contributions. Several areas of future research on benefit transfers naturally emerge.
A pilot study of citizens' opinions on the Incident Command System in Taiwan
Authors: Lam Carlos , Lin Mau‐Roung , Tsai Shin‐Han , Chiu Wen‐Ta
Published: October 2009

Local residents may have different views on disaster‐response modes depending on their cultural and socioeconomic background. The purpose of this study was to examine Taiwan residents' opinions on the Incident Command System (ICS). We performed a structured survey through face‐to‐face interviews in mudslide‐affected communities. Quantitative analysis showed that the residents exhibited a clear preference for the ICS core‐principle attributes of ‘integrated communications’, ‘transfer of command’ and ‘modular organisation’. By contrast, the residents tended towards a non‐ICS approach for ‘incident action plan’ and ‘manageable span of control’. Qualitative analysis revealed an uncertain attitude towards ‘transfer of command’ and ‘incident action plan’. Community acceptance is important in the promotion of the ICS. A better understanding of residents' preferences should be acquired through a broader community survey, allowing us to understand perspectives on the ICS among different societies and facilitate implementation of the ICS at the basic community level.
Implementing the number needed to harm in clinical practice: risk of myocardial infarction in HIV‐1‐infected patients treated with abacavir
Authors: Kowalska JD , Kirk O , Mocroft A , Høj L , Friis‐Møller N , Reiss P , Weller I , Lundgren JD
Published: October 2009

Objectives

The D:A:D study group reported a 1.9‐fold increased relative risk (RR) of myocardial infarction (MI) associated with current or recent use of abacavir. The number needed to harm (NNH) incorporates information about the underlying risk of MI and the increased RR of MI in patients taking abacavir.

Methods

NNH was calculated as the reciprocal of the difference between the underlying risks of MI with and without abacavir use. A parametric statistical model was used to calculate the underlying risk of MI over 5 years.

Results

The relationship between NNH and underlying risk of MI is reciprocal, resulting in wide variation in the NNH with small changes in underlying risk of MI. The smallest changes in NNH are in the medium‐ and high‐risk groups of MI. The NNH changes as risk components are modified; for example, for a patient who smokes and has a systolic blood pressure (sBP) of 160 mmHg and a 5‐year risk of MI of 1.3% the NNH is 85, but the NNH increases to 277 if the patient is a nonsmoker and to 370 if sBP is within the normal range (120 mmHg).

Conclusions

We have illustrated that the impact of abacavir use on risk of MI varies according to the underlying risk and it may be possible to increase considerably the NNH by decreasing the underlying risk of MI using standard of care interventions, such as smoking cessation or control of hypertension.
Lower maternal folate status in early pregnancy is associated with childhood hyperactivity and peer problems in offspring
Authors: Schlotz Wolff , Jones Alexander , Phillips David I.W. , Gale Catharine R. , Robinson Sian M. , Godfrey Keith M.
Published: October 2009

Background: Maternal nutrition during pregnancy has been linked with fetal brain development and psychopathology in the offspring. We examined for associations of maternal folate status and dietary intake during pregnancy with brain growth and childhood behavioural difficulties in the offspring.

Methods: In a prospective cohort study, maternal red blood cell folate (RCF) was measured at 14 weeks of pregnancy and total folate intake (TFI) from food and supplements was assessed in early and late pregnancy. The offspring’s head circumference and body weight were measured at birth and in infancy, and 100 mothers reported on children’s behavioural difficulties at a mean age of 8.75 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

Results: Lower maternal RCF and TFI in early pregnancy were associated with higher childhood hyperactivity (RCF:beta = −.24;p = .013; TFI:beta = −.24;p = .022) and peer problems scores (RCF:beta = −.28;p = .004; TFI:beta = −.28;p = .009) in the offspring. Maternal gestational RCF was positively associated with head circumference at birth (adjusted for gestational age), and mediation analyses showed significant inverse indirect associations of RCF with hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems via fetal brain growth. Adjustment for mother’s smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy did not change the results.

Conclusions: Although the associations are small and residual confounding is possible, our data provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that lower folate status in early pregnancy might impair fetal brain development and affect hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems in childhood.
Measuring Skulls: Race and Science in Vicente Riva Palacio's México a través de los siglos
Authors: AVILES‐GALAN MIGUEL ANGEL
Published: October 2009

This article discusses the use of the term ‘race’ as a corpus of racial theories sustained by scientific knowledge of biological human evolution in late nineteenth‐century Mexico. It also explores how scientific and political discourses have constructed equivalent notions of race and national subjects, and how racial thought is imbedded in nation‐building processes within the context of knowledge and social differentials in Mexico's national history. This is carried out through an examination of the second chapter of the second volume of Mexico a través de los siglos (Mexico Throughout the Centuries), by Mexican historian Vicente Riva Palacio (1832–1896), seen through the perspective of cultural history.
AP‐1 inhibitory peptides are neuroprotective following acute glutamate excitotoxicity in primary cortical neuronal cultures
Authors: Meade Amanda J. , Meloni Bruno P. , Cross Jane , Bakker Anthony J. , Fear Mark W. , Mastaglia Frank L. , Watt Paul M. , Knuckey Neville W.
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 258–270.

Neuronal cell death caused by glutamate excitotoxicity is prevalent in various neurological disorders and has been associated with the transcriptional activation of activator protein‐1 (AP‐1). In this study, we tested 19 recently isolated AP‐1 inhibitory peptides, fused to the cell penetrating peptide TAT, for their efficacy in preventing cell death in cortical neuronal cultures following glutamate excitotoxicity. Five peptides (PYC19D‐TAT, PYC35D‐TAT, PYC36D‐TAT, PYC38D‐TAT, PYC41D‐TAT) displayed neuroprotective activity in concentration responses in both l‐ and retro‐inverso d‐isoforms with increasing levels of neuroprotection peaking at 83%. Interestingly, the D‐TAT peptide displayed a neuroprotective effect increasing neuronal survival to 25%. Using an AP‐1 luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed that the AP‐1 inhibitory peptides reduce AP‐1 transcriptional activation, and that c‐Jun and c‐Fos mRNA following glutamate exposure is reduced. In addition, following glutamate exposure the AP‐1 inhibitory peptides decreased calpain‐mediated α‐fodrin cleavage, but not neuronal calcium influx. Finally, as neuronal death following glutamate excitotoxicity was transcriptionally independent (actinomycin D insensitive), our data indicate that activation of AP‐1 proteins can induce cell death via non‐transcriptional pathways. Thus, these peptides have potential application as therapeutics directly or for the rational design of small molecule inhibitors in both apoptotic and necrotic neuronal death associated with AP‐1 activation.
Genetic disruption of G proteins, Gi2α or Goα, does not abolish inotropic and chronotropic effects of stimulating muscarinic cholinoceptors in atrium
Authors: Boknik P , Grote‐Wessels S , Barteska G , Jiang M , Müller FU , Schmitz W , Neumann J , Birnbaumer L
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose: Classically, stimulation of muscarinic cholinoceptors exerts negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in the atrium of mammalian hearts. These effects are crucial to the vagal regulation of the heart beat. This effect is assumed to be mediated via GTP binding (G) proteins, because they can be abolished byPertussistoxin. However, it is unknown which G proteins are involved.

Experimental approach: We studied contractility in isolated left or right atrium from genetically manipulated mice with deletion of one of two G proteins, either of the α subunit of Gi2protein (Gi2α) or of the α subunit of Goprotein (Goα). Preparations were stimulated with carbachol alone or after pretreatment with the β‐adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline. For comparison, the effects of carbachol on L‐type Ca2+‐channels in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes were studied.

Key results: The negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of carbachol alone or in the presence of isoprenaline were identical in atria from knockout or wild‐type mice. However, the effect of carbachol on isoprenaline‐activated L‐type Ca2+‐channel in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes was greatly attenuated in both types of knockout mice studied.

Conclusions and implications: These data imply that there is either redundancy of G proteins for signal transduction or thatPertussistoxin‐sensitive proteins other than Gi2α and Goα mediate the vagal stimulation in the atrium. Moreover, different G proteins mediate the effect of carbachol in ventricle compared with atrium.
P2Y1receptors mediate inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the rat colon
Authors: Grasa Laura , Gil Víctor , Gallego Diana , Martín Maria Teresa , Jiménez Marcel
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose: Inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to pharmacologically characterize the neurotransmitters [nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] and receptors involved at the inhibitory neuromuscular junctions in the rat colon using newly available P2Y1antagonists.

Experimental approach: Organ bath and microelectrode recordings were used to evaluate the effect of drugs on spontaneous mechanical activity and resting membrane potential. IJP and mechanical relaxation were studied using electrical field stimulation (EFS).

Key results: Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine (L‐NNA) inhibited the slow component of the IJP and partially inhibited the mechanical relaxation induced by EFS. MRS2179, MRS2500 and MRS2279, all selective P2Y1receptor antagonists, inhibited the fast component of the IJP without having a major effect on the relaxation induced by EFS. The combination of both L‐NNA and P2Y1antagonists inhibited the fast and the slow components of the IJP and completely blocked the mechanical relaxation induced by EFS. Sodium nitroprusside caused smooth muscle hyperpolarization and cessation of spontaneous motility that was prevented by oxadiazolo[4,3‐α]quinoxalin‐1‐one. Adenosine 5′‐O‐2‐thiodiphosphate, a preferential P2Y agonist, hyperpolarized smooth muscle cells and decreased spontaneous motility. This effect was inhibited by P2Y1antagonists.

Conclusions and implications: The co‐transmission process in the rat colon involves ATP and NO. P2Y1receptors mediate the fast IJP and NO the slow IJP. The rank order of potency of the P2Y1receptor antagonists is MRS2500 greater than MRS2279 greater than MRS2179. P2Y1receptors might be potential pharmacological targets for the regulation of gastrointestinal motility.
Enhancing Sustainability of the International Trade in Seahorses with a Single Minimum Size Limit
Authors: FOSTER S. J. , VINCENT A. C. J.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Management tools are needed to help regulate the international trade in seahorses ( Hippocampus spp.) under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora. Given the limited understanding of seahorse population dynamics and fishing mortality, a single minimum size limit for all seahorse species appears to be a useful initial step toward adaptive management, both biologically and socially. We collected data on maximum height and size at first maturity for 32 seahorse species and cross‐validated the data with results from an analysis across marine teleosts. A minimum height restriction of 10 cm would permit, based on calculated data, reproduction in 15 species before they recruited to the fishery. Of the remaining 17 species, 16 were essentially not in international trade, were safeguarded under domestic legislation, or were partly protected by this size limit. Only one species, H. kelloggi, was not well served by the 10‐cm minimum size limit. The CITES technical committee on animals has now decided to propose this single size limit to all 167 signatory nations as one option toward sustainable trade. Complementary management measures for seahorses are also required, particularly for populations primarily exploited in bycatch.
An Economic Assessment of Wildlife Farming and Conservation
Authors: BULTE ERWIN H. , DAMANIA RICHARD
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  The supply‐side approach to conservation, as recommended by economists, prescribes the provision of cheap substitutes for wildlife commodities in an effort to lower the price of such commodities and reduce harvesting pressure. We developed a theoretical economic model to examine whether wildlife farming or ranching indeed contributes to conservation. We first present the naïve economic model that lends support to the supply‐side approach. This model is incomplete because it fails to capture the fact that most wildlife markets are not perfectly competitive (instead, models are characterized by a small number of suppliers who have a certain degree of market power), which also implies that it fails to incorporate strategic interaction between suppliers. We then present an alternative model of the (illegal) wildlife trade that reflects imperfect competition and strategic interaction, and demonstrate that wildlife farming may stimulate harvesting (or poaching) rather than discourage it. By applying the model to the case of rhinoceros poaching and ranching, we demonstrate the potentially ambiguous outcomes of rhinoceros‐ranching initiatives—wild rhinoceros stocks may recover or suffer from additional depletion, depending on key parameters and the type of competition on output markets. We also show that this type of ambiguity may be eliminated when policy makers restrict quantities of farmed output through a quota system; in that case, introducing wildlife farming will unambiguously promote conservation. In the absence of such accompanying regulation, however, policy makers should be careful when stimulating wildlife farming and be aware of potentially adverse consequences.
Genetic evidence for pax‐3 function in myogenesis in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus
Authors: Yi Buqing , Bumbarger Dan , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
PAX3 is a member of the PAX3/7 subfamily of the paired box proteins. In vertebrates, Pax3 is essential for skeletal myogenesis by activating a cascade of transcriptional events that are necessary and sufficient for skeletal myogenesis. Four related basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors, MyoD, Myf5, Mrf4, and Myogenin, are targets of PAX3 and serve as myogenic regulatory factors. Although the role of Pax3 in myogenesis is well studied in vertebrates, little is known about invertebrate PAX‐3 proteins and myogenesis. Here, we took advantage of viable alleles of pax‐3 in the nematode satellite model organism Pristionchus pacificus to investigate the function of PAX‐3 in myogenesis. Two strong reduction‐of‐function alleles of Ppa‐pax‐3 show severe muscle‐derived abnormalities and phalloidin staining indicates a disruption of body wall muscle patterning. Furthermore, we identified a myogenic regulatory factor‐related gene Ppa‐hlh‐1/MyoD and a serum response factor‐related gene Ppa‐unc‐120. Expression of both genes in Ppa‐pax‐3 mutant animals is down regulated suggesting that Ppa‐pax‐3 acts upstream in the regulatory network. Together, our results provide the first genetic evidence for a conserved function of PAX‐3 in myogenesis between vertebrates and nematodes.
The trishanku gene and terminal morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Mujumdar Nameeta , Inouye Kei , Nanjundiah Vidyanand
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
Multicellular development in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is triggered by starvation. It involves a series of morphogenetic movements, among them being the rising of the spore mass to the tip of the stalk. The process requires precise coordination between two distinct cell types—presumptive (pre‐) spore cells and presumptive (pre‐) stalk cells. Trishanku (triA) is a gene expressed in prespore cells that is required for normal morphogenesis. The triA− mutant shows pleiotropic effects that include an inability of the spore mass to go all the way to the top. We have examined the cellular behavior required for the normal ascent of the spore mass. Grafting and mixing experiments carried out with tissue fragments and cells show that the upper cup, a tissue that derives from prestalk cells and anterior‐like cells (ALCs), does not develop properly in a triA− background. A mutant upper cup is unable to lift the spore mass to the top of the fruiting body, likely due to defective intercellular adhesion. If wild‐type upper cup function is provided by prestalk and ALCs, trishanku spores ascend all the way. Conversely, Ax2 spores fail to do so in chimeras in which the upper cup is largely made up of mutant cells. Besides proving that under these conditions the wild‐type phenotype of the upper cup is necessary and sufficient for terminal morphogenesis in D. discoideum, this study provides novel insights into developmental and evolutionary aspects of morphogenesis in general. Genes that are active exclusively in one cell type can elicit behavior in a second cell type that enhances the reproductive fitness of the first cell type, thereby showing that morphogenesis is a cooperative process.
Ptc, Smo, Sufu, and the Hedgehog signaling pathway in amphioxus
Authors: Lin Yushuang , Cai Zhaoping , Huang Shuhong , Yang Ling , Wang Chengdong , Liu Zhongzhen , Cao Jianmeng , An Yunhe , Zhang Hongwei
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates many developmental processes both in vertebrates and in invertebrates. However, little is known about this pathway in the cephalochordate amphioxus. In this paper, we focus on the Ptc, Smo, and Sufu homologs in amphioxus, which are the key members of the Hh signaling pathway. Their genomic structures show their comparability with homologs in vertebrates. In situ hybridization reveals that amphioxus Ptc, Smo, and Sufu have similar expression patterns in embryogenesis. They are expressed in the neural plate at early neurula stage, and then down‐regulated in dorsal neural ectoderm. During development, their transcripts appear and persist in the notochord, the wall of the head cavity, the epithelium of the pharynx, and the gut. The data show that the expression patterns of these three genes are overlapping with Hh and Gli during the embryonic development in amphioxus. Moreover, injection of amphioxus Hh RNA into zebrafish‐fertilized eggs can expand the expression domains of Ptc1 and Nk2.2a, the target genes of the Hh signaling pathway, which is similar to the injection of zebrafish Sonic hh a (zShha) and Sonic hh b (zShhb). Our results suggest that amphioxus may possess a conserved and functional Hh signaling pathway similar to that of vertebrates.
How do changes in parental investment influence development in echinoid echinoderms?
Authors: Alcorn Nicholas J. , Allen Jonathan D.
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYUnderstanding the relationship between egg size, development time, and juvenile size is critical to explaining patterns of life‐history evolution in marine invertebrates. Currently there is conflicting information about the effects of changes in egg size on the life histories of echinoid echinoderms. We sought to resolve this conflict by manipulating egg size and food level during the development of two planktotrophic echinoid echinoderms: the green sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus droebachiensisand the sand dollar,Echinarachnius parma. Based on comparative datasets, we predicted that decreasing food availability and egg size would increase development time and reduce juvenile size. To test our prediction, blastomere separations were performed in both species at the two‐cell stage to reduce egg volume by 50%, producing whole‐ and half‐size larvae that were reared to metamorphosis under high or low food levels. Upon settlement, age at metamorphosis, juvenile size, spine number, and spine length were measured. As predicted, reducing egg size and food availability significantly increased age at metamorphosis and reduced juvenile quality. Along with previous egg size manipulations in other echinoids, this study suggests that the relationship between egg size, development time, and juvenile size is strongly dependent upon the initial size of the egg.
Evolutionary and experimental change in egg volume, heterochrony of larval body and juvenile rudiment, and evolutionary reversibility in pluteus form
Authors: Bertram Douglas F. , Phillips Nicole E. , Strathmann Richard R.
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
Heterochronic developmental plasticity of the juvenile rudiment and larval body of sea urchin larvae occurs in response to supply of food. Evolutionary increase in egg size can also be associated with earlier development of the juvenile rudiment. We examined effects of egg volume of feeding larvae on this heterochrony and other changes in larval form. (1) Evolutionary and experimental enlargements of egg volume did not accelerate formation of the rudiment relative to the larval body. Development of the larval body and juvenile rudiment was compared for the echinoids Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (with an egg of 78–82 μm) and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (with an egg of 150–160 μm diameter). Development of both larval body and rudiment were accelerated in S. droebachiensis relative to S. purpuratus but with greater acceleration of the larval body, so that the rudiment of S. droebachiensis was initiated at a later larval stage even though at an earlier age. Also, experimentally doubling the egg volume of S. purpuratus did not accelerate development of the juvenile rudiment relative to the larval body. (2) Both species exhibited similar plasticity in timing of rudiment development in response to food supplies. (3) Doubling egg volume of S. purpuratus produced a larval form more similar to that of S. droebachiensis. This result mirrors previous experiments in which larvae from half embryos of S. droebachiensis were more similar to larvae of S. purpuratus. Many of the effects of egg volume on larval form are similar against either species' genetic background and are thus evolutionarily reversible effects on larval form.
Topical treatment with the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol enhances the upregulation of the antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL‐37 during wounding in human skin in vivo
Authors: Heilborn Johan D. , Weber Günther , Grönberg Alvar , Dieterich Christine , Ståhle Mona
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Topical treatment with the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol enhances the upregulation of the antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL‐37 during wounding in human skin in vivo. Experimental Dermatology 2009.

Abstract:  Cathelicidin antimicrobial protein, hCAP18, is the sole cathelin protein in human. Its C‐terminal peptide, which is released enzymatically from the holoprotein, has broad antimicrobial activity but also has effects on eukaryotic cells. hCAP18 is present in leukocytes and is produced at epithelial interfaces as part of the innate immune system. In normal intact skin, there is low constitutive expression of hCAP18, which is rapidly upregulated upon injury. Accumulating evidence indicates that hCAP18/LL‐37 may serve a key role in protecting the integrity of the epithelium and also actively promote re‐epithelialization and tissue repair. Molecular mechanisms responsible for controlling hCAP18 gene expression in vivo are only partly understood. Vitamin D3 and its analogue calcipotriol were recently found to directly induce transcription of the hCAP18 gene via functional vitamin D responsive elements in the hCAP18 gene promoter. Skin is the major source for vitamin D3 in human, where its production is dependent on ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. We have shown that exposure to UVB, sufficient to produce vitamin D3, upregulates hCAP18 in human skin in vivo. In the present study, we demonstrate that the upregulation of hCAP18/LL‐37 following acute skin injury is further enhanced, at both hCAP18 mRNA and protein levels, after topical treatment with the vitamin D3 analogue calcipotriol. In chronic ulcers, calcipotriol treatment upregulated hCAP18 mRNA, whereas no consistent upregulation of hCAP18 protein was detected. Our results further support the role of vitamin D3 as a key physiologic regulator of hCAP18/LL‐37 in human skin.
Behaviour and thermal experience of adult sockeye salmon migrating through stratified lakes near spawning grounds: the roles of reproductive and energetic states
Authors: Roscoe D. W. , Hinch S. G. , Cooke S. J. , Patterson D. A.
Published: October 2009

Roscoe DW, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA. Behaviour and thermal experience of adult sockeye salmon migrating through stratified lakes near spawning grounds: the roles of reproductive and energetic states. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 51–62. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – Little is known about physiological factors underlying thermal behaviour in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). We implanted acoustic transmitters and temperature loggers into migrating adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and nonlethally assessed their reproductive hormone levels and energetic states immediately prior to their passing through natal lakesen routeto spawning grounds. We tested the hypothesis that energetic and reproductive status influence thermoregulatory and other in‐lake behaviours. More reproductively advanced females with lower levels of energy transited through cooler temperatures compared to less mature females with high levels of energy, possibly to reduce metabolic energy expenditure and delay final maturation. Transit temperatures of males were not related to physiological variables. Salmon travelled on average 13.6 km·day−1through two lakes, and often circled or held for more than 1 day before moving upstream, but these behaviours were generally not related to physiological variables.
Nano Titanium Dioxide Particles Promote Allergic Sensitization and Lung Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Larsen Søren T. , Roursgaard Martin , Jensen Keld A. , Nielsen Gunnar D.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles have adjuvant effect, when administered in combination with ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. Mice were immunized via intraperitoneal injections of OVA, OVA + TiO2 or OVA + Al(OH)3 and challenged with aerosols of OVA. At the end of the study, serum was analysed for content of OVA‐specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analysed for content of inflammatory cells and levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10 and interferon‐γ. The TiO2 particles promoted a Th2 dominant immune response with high levels of OVA‐specific IgE and IgG1 in serum and influx of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in BALF. The TiO2 particles induced a significantly higher level of OVA‐specific IgE than the standard adjuvant Al(OH)3. However, the two substances were comparable regarding the level of eosinophilic inflammation and interleukins present in BALF.
The dangers of deprojection of proper motions
Authors: McMillan Paul J. , Binney James J.
Published: October 2009

We re-examine the method of deprojection of proper motions, which has been used for finding the velocity ellipsoid of stars in the nearby Galaxy. This method is only legitimate if the lines of sight to the individual stars are uncorrelated with the stars' velocities. Very simple models are used to show that spurious results similar to ones recently reported are obtained when velocity dispersion decreases with galactocentric radius in the expected way. A scheme that compensates for this bias is proposed.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE COOLING PERFORMANCE OF A FOOD PROCESSING STIRLING COOLER
Authors: SUN JIAN‐FENG , KITAMURA YUTAKA , SATAKE TAKAAKI
Published: October 2009

The experimental free‐piston Stirling cooler was described in a previous article and has now been improved. A sieve layer was added to the displacer (regenerator), which significantly enhanced the cooling performance of the cooler. A two‐way analysis of variance test was used to confirm the optimal conditions (the type of mesh and thickness of the sieve layer) of the modified displacer, which was used in butter churning experiments. The results showed that only the thickness of the sieve layer had a statistically significant main effect on the cooling performance of the Stirling cooler. A comparison of the efficiency of butter churning using the original and modified displacer showed that with the modified displacer, butter clusters formed rapidly and that the quality of the butter was improved. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that although the two types of butter cluster produced using the original and modified displacers had the same configuration, the content of fat and water was different. The results showed that the mass of the butter cluster manufactured with 25% fat content cream is higher than that of the butter cluster manufactured using 15 and 35% fat content cream. The results showed that the production of butter with more than 80% fat content seemed feasible.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Because a free‐piston Stirling cooler uses no Chlorofluorocarbons as working fluid, it is applicable to food processing required for environmental sustainability recently. According to the vertical shaking of the cylinder of the experimental Stirling cooler, the process is available to apply for butter churning with refrigeration and mixing simultaneously. According to a smart design, the performance of the Stirling cooler was improved, and the results showed that using the Stirling cooler to produce butter was a highly feasible option. Improving the cooling efficiency of the Stirling cooler enhanced its suitability for butter churning.
INFLUENCE OF FAT CONTENT ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN ICE CREAM COMPOUND COATINGS AND THICKNESS OF SOLIDIFIED PRODUCTS
Authors: GHORBEL DORRA , BARBOUCHE NAZIHA , RIAHI HAÏTHEM , BRAHAM AHMED , ATTIA HAMADI
Published: October 2009

Flow properties of nine ice cream compound coatings having different total fat contents were studied with the coaxial geometry in the shear rate range 520–1,200/s. The resulting rheograms were best fit by the Casson‐Steiner model, with good values of the coefficient of determination (R2). These coatings were used in the melt state to enrobe ice cream bars by means of an electro‐pneumatic system used in lab‐scale to reproduce industrial conditions (controlled dipping rate and time). Fat content was seen to determine significantly the coating flow properties and its solidification characteristics. The plastic viscosity and the yield stress were well correlated to the coating thickness and the draining time, which would aid to a better control of the coating process in industry.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the food industry, the achievement of the formulation step in product development needs a good understanding of the techno‐functional properties of the ingredients employed. Important quantities of vegetable fats play a part in the formulation of ice cream compound coatings, but their role in the determination of the coating qualities is not well clarified. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of fat content on the rheological properties of ice cream compound coatings used to enrobe ice cream bars and to examine the relationships with thickness after dip coating.
ESSENTIAL OIL AND OLEORESINS OF CARDAMOM (AMOMUM SUBULATUM ROXB.) AS NATURAL FOOD PRESERVATIVES FOR SWEET ORANGE (CITRUS SINENSIS) JUICE*
Authors: KAPOOR I.P.S. , SINGH BANDANA , SINGH GURDIP
Published: October 2009

The essential oil and oleoresins (methanol, acetone, isooctane and carbon tetrachloride) of large cardamom have been used as natural food preservatives for juice of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). The titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, pH, total and reducing sugar, percent weight loss and microbial count were studied. Essential oil and oleoresins have a significant effect on shelf life of juice. However, cardamom oil and oleoresin (acetone) were found to be superior.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Essential oils and oleoresins of spices are considered as luxurious items because of their uses in aromatherapy, food and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, they also possess antioxidant and antimicrobial efficiency. All fruit juices undergo varying degrees of deterioration during storage. Deterioration may be due to losses in organoleptic, nutritional value and aesthetic appeal. Essential oil and oleoresins extracted from large cardamom are used in the preservation of orange juice, and are better and safer than synthetic preservatives.
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT OF SHELF‐STABLE CHINESE STEAMED BUN
Authors: LAOHASONGKRAM K. , POONNAKASEM N. , CHAIWANICHSIRI S.
Published: October 2009

This research aims to develop a shelf‐stable Chinese steamed bun by using Aw and pH as hurdle. The effects of adding glycerol and lactic acid on Aw, pH and sensory qualities were studied. It was found that optimum condition is reached with the addition of 2.5% glycerol and 0.25% lactic acid, which could reduce Aw and pH to 0.912 and 5.78, respectively. From shelf‐life study, the aerobic plate count, Aw, and pH of control and hurdle‐treated products (HP) with different levels of calcium propionate (CaP), packed in polyvinylidene chloride pouches and stored at 30 ± 2C, were investigated. The HP without CaP can be stored for at least 16 days, similar to HP with CaP, and Aw increased slightly while pH did not change. From textural measurement and sensory evaluation of HP without CaP compared with control sample, the shelf life of this product can be extended to 8 days.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The result from this study can be used to develop a safe and acceptable Chinese steamed bun by using hurdle technology, aiming to be shelf‐stable at ambient temperature. The archived research led to the benefit of industrial production for better distribution and marketing of this product.
Design and Characterization of an Acid‐Activated Antimicrobial Peptide
Authors: Li Lina , He Jian , Eckert Randal , Yarbrough Daniel , Lux Renate , Anderson Maxwell , Shi Wenyuan
Published: October 2009

Dental caries is a microbial biofilm infection in which the metabolic activities of plaque bacteria result in a dramatic pH decrease and shift the demineralization/remineralization equilibrium on the tooth surface towards demineralization. In addition to causing a net loss in tooth minerals, creation of an acidic environment favors growth of acid‐enduring and acid‐generating species, which causes further reduction in the plaque pH. In this study, we developed a prototype antimicrobial peptide capable of achieving high activity exclusively at low environmental pH to target bacterial species like Streptococcus mutans that produce acid and thrive under the low pH conditions detrimental for tooth integrity. The features of clavanin A, a naturally occurring peptide rich in histidine and phenylalanine residues with pH‐dependent antimicrobial activity, served as a design basis for these prototype ‘acid‐activated peptides’ (AAPs). Employing the major cariogenic species S. mutans as a model system, the two AAPs characterized in this study exhibited a striking pH‐dependent antimicrobial activity, which correlated well with the calculated charge distribution. This type of peptide represents a potential new way to combat dental caries.
Meta‐analysis: The efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody targeted to epidermal growth factor receptor in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: NIE Fang , SHEN Jun , TONG Jin Lu , XU Xi Tao , ZHU Ming Ming , RAN Zhi Hua
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE:  To evaluate systematically the efficacy and safety of anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody added to a chemotherapeutic regimen in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

METHODS:  Eligible articles were identified by searching electronic databases. All randomized trials comparing the arm with an anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody to the arm without an anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody during the treatment of mCRC were included. A statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager 4.2.8.

RESULTS:  Seven randomized trials (n= 4186) were identified. The pooled response rates were 25.4% and 17.6% by intention‐to‐treat analyses for patients with or without an anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody, respectively, the OR was 3.36 (95% CI 1.42–7.95); the incidence of grades 3–4 adverse events were 71.2% and 54.3% for two groups, respectively, the OR was 2.23 (95% CI 1.74–2.86). The incidence of diarrhea, skin toxicity, hypomagnesemia was 62.3% versus 55.7%; 79.3% versus 19.7%; 27.2% versus 5.6%; and the summary OR was 1.36 (95% CI 1.03–1.80); 33.47 (95% CI 14.81–75.61); 6.73 (95% CI 3.84–11.82), respectively.

CONCLUSION:  Our results confirmed that monoclonal antibody targeted to EGFR could be effective in increasing response rates and could be a key therapeutic agent in the optimal treatment of mCRC, despite a moderate increase in grades 3–4 adverse events.
RNAi‐mediated silencing of ezrin gene reverses malignant behavior of human gastric cancer cell line SGC‐7901
Authors: WANG Hong Jian , ZHU Jin Shui , ZHANG Qiang , GUO Hua , DAI Yun Hai , XIONG Xiao Peng
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the effects of ezrin targeting gene of RNA interference (RNAi) on human gastric cancer cell line SGC‐7901 in vitro.

METHODS:  The highly metastatic human gastric cancer cell line SGC‐7901 transfected with a small interfering (siRNA) lentivirus vector was selected for this research study. Expressions of ezrin mRNA and ezrin protein in the SGC‐7901 cells were detected using RT‐PCR and Western blot. Cell apoptosis was observed using flow cytometry. Transwell invasion and the cell adhesion test were used to verify the effect of RNAi on ezrin expression in the human gastric cancer cell line SGC‐7901 in vitro.

RESULTS:  Ezrin gene targeting via a RNAi‐mediated lentivirus vector had obvious inhibitory effects on ezrin expression in the human gastric cancer cell line SGC‐7901. The results of the RT‐PCR show the obvious inhibition of ezrin mRNA expression in Eai and Ebi groups (0.22 ± 0.01 vs 0.95 ± 0.04, P < 0.05; 0.31 ± 0.01 vs. 0.95 ± 0.04, P < 0.05). Western blot analysis revealed a 72.35 ± 3.74% reduction of the ezrin protein level after interference with the ezrin targeting gene. Moreover, the inhibition of ezrin expression clearly inhibited SGC‐7901 cell migration and invasion, and improved cell adhesion as well as increased sensitivity to camptothecin‐induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSION:  Ezrin gene targeting by RNAi can inhibit the metastatic growth and migration of SGC‐7901 human gastric cancer cells.
Association of the human leukocyte antigen class II alleles with chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma in Koreans
Authors: LEE Hae‐Wan , HAHM Ki‐Baik , LEE Jeong Sang , JU Young‐Su , LEE Kee Myung , LEE Kyung Wha
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE:  Gastric carcinogenesis is a multi‐step process and is influenced by several etiological agents, including the host's genetic factors. Since whether a patient remains with chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) or progresses to either chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) or gastric carcinoma (GC) could be a genetic predisposition unique in each population, we hypothesized that host human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles could be discriminative in predicting the risk of CSG progression to precancerous CAG and GC in Koreans.

METHODS:  A total of 165 patients with gastric disorders (CSG, 62; CAG, 69 and GC, 34), were selected to investigate the association of HLA class II alleles with the progression of CSG to CAG or GC. HLA genotypes were obtained by the polymerase chain reaction‐sequence based typing method.

RESULTS:  The phenotypic frequencies of DRB1*1101 and DQA1*0505 were significantly higher in the CAG group compared to those in the CSG group. In the subjects with Helicobacter pylori (H. pypori) (+), the frequencies of DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 were significantly lower in the CAG compared to those in the CSG. Further analysis showed that sex (P < 0.05, OR= 0.41–0.42) and age (P < 0.05, OR= 1.05) also affected the risk of progression from CSG to CAG in H. pylori (+) patients carrying the DRB1*1501 or DQB1*0602 allele. Additionally, the frequency of DRB1*0404 in the GC group was significantly higher than that in the gastritis group.

CONCLUSION:  Our findings strongly imply an association between HLA class II alleles and the risk of CAG development and GC progression in Koreans.
Interventional effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the progression of gastric precancerous lesions in rats
Authors: JIANG Xiao Yun , QIAN Li Ping , ZHENG Xiao Juan , XIA Yu Ye , JIANG Yi Bin , SUN Da Yu
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on gastric precancerous lesions in rats.

METHODS:  80 4‐week‐old Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a model group, a low and a high dose Ginkgo biloba extract intervention group; 20 in each group. Gastric precancerous lesions were induced by giving them 100 mg/L N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) solution to drink ad libitum for 20 weeks. In addition to the MNNG, the intervention groups were lavaged with Ginkgo biloba extract (0.5 mg/kg/d in the low dose group, 1.5 mg/kg/d in the high dose group) for 20 weeks. Starting from week 21 all the rats were fed with normal rat chow and tap water. At the end of week 30 the rats were killed. The histopathological changes of their gastric mucosa, ISA, NGI, the serum and gastric mucosal SOD/MDA and the expressions of oncogenes were studied.

RESULTS:  The incidence of mild to severe intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were significantly lower in the intervention groups than those in the model group (P < 0.01). The ISA and NGI in the intervention groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.01). In the intervention groups the activity of SOD was increased and the concentration of MDA was decreased (P < 0.01). Expressions of Bcl‐2, c‐myc and FasL decreased in the intevention groups, whereas the expression of Fas increased. When compared with the model group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSION:  Ginkgo biloba extract can increase anti‐oxidative activity and inhibit the progression of gastric precancerous lesions via the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Direct international normalized ratio determination using multicalibrators is more responsive than the conventional method for measuring prothrombin time
Authors: CHA C.‐H. , PARK C.‐J. , KIM D. H. , KIM M.‐J. , CHO Y.‐U. , JANG S. , CHI H.‐S.
Published: October 2009

Direct international normalized ratio (INR) determination using certified INR plasmas was shown to improve precision and accuracy. We evaluated the utility of a multicalibrator in determining INR. INR values were measured in 493 blood samples from patients subjected to anticoagulation therapy (320) and control subjects (173). Study was performed using CA‐7000 coagulation analyzer (Sysmex, Japan) with Thromborel S (Dade Behring, Germany). Direct INR values were obtained using PT‐Multi Calibrator (Dade Behring) composed of five lyophilized calibrant plasmas. Conventional INR values were calculated from mean normal prothrombin time and instrument/reagent‐specific international sensitivity index (ISI). We compared the difference between the INR results obtained with the two methods. The mean INR value of direct INR method was significantly higher than that of conventional method. The differences in values (direct INR – conventional INR) generated using the two methods increased in proportion to the INR values. Elevation of INR was observed in data obtained with the direct INR method, compared with conventional INR values. Accordingly, we conclude that direct INR method is more responsive than conventional method in determining INR.