bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permutation‐based adjustments for the significance of partial regression coefficients in microarray data analysis
Authors: Wagner Brandie D. , Zerbe Gary O. , Mexal Sharon , Leonard Sherry S.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this paper is to generalize permutation methods for multiple testing adjustment of significant partial regression coefficients in a linear regression model used for microarray data. Using a permutation method outlined by Anderson and Legendre [1999] and the permutation P‐value adjustment from Simon et al. [2004], the significance of disease related gene expression will be determined and adjusted after accounting for the effects of covariates, which are not restricted to be categorical. We apply these methods to a microarray dataset containing confounders and illustrate the comparisons between the permutation‐based adjustments and the normal theory adjustments. The application of a linear model is emphasized for data containing confounders and the permutation‐based approaches are shown to be better suited for microarray data. Genet. Epidemiol. 31, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Staffing sufficiency and job enrichment: Support for an optimal level theory
Authors: Vecchio Robert P. , Sussmann Mario
Published: July 2007

In a study of the relations of staffing sufficiency to a variety of job enrichment constructs, eighty‐three supervisors provided data on job‐related attitudes and the extent of workgroup staffing sufficiency. Trend analysis provided support for a proposed curvilinear relation between staffing sufficiency and certain job enrichment constructs. In addition, moderate support was also obtained for Greenberg's (1979) proposal that moderate understaffing is optimally related to reactions to one's job. The potential of this research area for the understanding of enrichment processes is proposed.
Relationships among employees' work and nonwork responses
Authors: Gupta Nina , Beehr Terry A.
Published: July 2007

This study was concerned with an examination of the relationships among employee responses to the work setting. Responses in the work and nonwork spheres were examined, and an attempt made to determine the stability of the relationships across organizations. Data were obtained from 651 employees of five midwestern organizations using four data sources—structured interviews, on‐the‐job observations, supervisory ratings, and personnel records. The analysis indicated that, in general, employee reactions in the work and nonwork spheres loaded on separate factors, and that the relationships among employee responses were relatively stable across organizations. Some directions for future research on this issue are suggested.
What is organizational stress? A facet analytic conceptualization
Authors: Shirom Arie
Published: July 2007

In this article, a facet analytic approach is applied toward the delineation of the definitional parameters of organizational stress. In contrast to past conceptualizations, the present definition is built upon the view of stress as arising from an employee's perception of an environmental demand which exceeds her/his resources, and is theoretically distinct from the employee's coping processes and responses to the stress interaction. The uses of the facet definition of stress in (1) constructing questionnaires or interview schedules; (2) formulating hypotheses for further theorizing; and (3) guiding empirical research are demonstrated and illustrated.
Whither stress research?: An agenda for the 1980s
Authors: Payne Roy , Jick Todd D. , Burke Ronald J.
Published: July 2007

This paper offers a way of identifying fruitful research avenues through the maze of possibilities existing in the field of occupational stress. The field appears to be at a crossroads in which key choices will have to be made in the 1980s. The choices involve: How should we study stress? Who do we want to study? And what problems should we study? Central methodological challenges include: highlighting the relative value of various methods with respect to the level of explanation and the nature of the audience; examining the meaning and phenomenology of the stress experience; and evaluating the validity of measures in the hope of standardizing diagnostic instruments. Regarding research populations, more care must be devoted to selection of subjects. Subjects who are strained should be selected noting whether the state is acute versus chronic. Researchers should concentrate on blue collar jobs which are demanding but of low discretion; the long term unemployed; chronically threatened job incumbents; the wives of men who are themselves in stressful occupations; women in professional and executive roles; the wives of the unemployed; and single parent families in general. Stress problems worthy of study include: acute versus chronic states of stress; the role of the objective and subjective environment; the relationship between psychological strain and physiological mechanisms; coping behaviours; and the work, family and societal interface. The quality of knowledge of about each of these elements needs to be improved if we are to achieve a more comprehensive analysis of the stress process.
Occupational and sex differences in leisure needs and leisure satisfaction
Authors: Kabanoff Boris
Published: July 2007

A stratified sample of 210 employees in Adelaide, Australia, were interviewed. Occupational and sex differences in eleven, need‐related uses of leisure time and level of leisure satisfaction were examined. Occupational differences were small but lower status occupations were less likely to report autonomy and skill utilization needs. Females were more likely to report social oriented leisure needs. Occupations did not differ in leisure satisfaction and for the sample as a whole skill‐utilization was the major predictor of satisfaction. The results were interpreted as supporting the segmentation model of work and leisure but also indicating a number of ways in which work and leisure are related.
Choosing how to intervene: Factors affecting the use of process and outcome control in third party dispute resolution
Authors: Lewicki Roy J. , Sheppard Blair H.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of three situational variables‐time pressure to resolve the dispute, expectation of future relations between disputants and range of impact of the settlement on future conflicts—on a third party's style of managing a dispute. These variables were systematically manipulated in two different case scenarios and presented to respondents in questionnaire form. It was hypothesized that these variables would differentially affect the parties' willingness to exert control over the outcome of the conflict and the process by which the parties attempted to achieve resolution. The predisposition of the respondents to adopt one of four specific third party styles (adversarial intervention, inequisitorial intervention, mediation and providing impetus) was also measured, to determine both overall preference for each style and preference as a function of the independent variables.

The results demonstrate that respondents were significantly more likely to employ outcome control strategies when they were under time pressure, when the disputants would not be likely to work together in the future, and when the settlement would have broad impact on the resolution of other disputes. Differences for the two case scenarios were also noted. The disposition to use process control was stronger when the third party did not expect the disputants to interact in the future; the results for time pressure were less clear. Finally, expressed preferences for particular third party styles were consistent with the main effects noted for outcome control, and ambiguous with regard to the effects for process control. Respondents said that they clearly preferred mediation as a third party style, but it is not clear that the parties truly understood mediation versus other forms of dispute management. Implications are drawn for further examination of those factors which predispose managers to use outcome or process control in dispute intervention.
An exploratory study of self‐regulating activities and their effects on job performance
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Hollenbeck John R.
Published: July 2007

The present study attempted to assess the extent to which job incumbents engage in performance relevant self‐regulatory activities. Specifically, the degrees to which 62 insurance salespersons; (1) set performance goals, (2) monitored performance levels, and (3) exercised contingent self‐reward or punishment with respect to goal achievement or goal failure were measured; and, the consequences that such activities had on performance were examined. The results of this study indicate that, in general, subjects set goals, but typically of a distal/result‐orientated, as opposed to a proximal/behaviourally orientated‐nature. Goal setting per se had no effects on sales performance, although an objective measure of goal difficulty was related to this criterion. With respect to self‐monitoring, it was discovered that the greatest amount of performance feedback came from oneself and one's supervisor, as opposed to one's co‐workers. In terms of performance, there was an interaction of feedback source and feedback preference such that the ability to generate internal feedback was related to performance only for individuals who had a preference for such internal feedback. There appeared to be no substantial amount of contingent self‐reward occurring within this organization, although contingent self‐punishment (in the form of self‐criticism) was in evidence; and, such self‐admonishment seemed to have detrimental effects on performance. While the three classes of variables independently explained 26 per cent of the variance in performance, the interactive effects suggested by theories of self‐regulation (Bandura, 1977; Kanfer, 1971) were not in evidence.
Protestant work ethic, work involvement and the psychological impact of unemployment
Authors: Shamir Boas
Published: July 2007

This study is an attempt to replicate and extend recent findings concerning the moderating effect of employment commitment on the psychological impact of unemployment. It was carried out in a highly educated population and employed Protestant work ethic endorsement (PWE) and work involvement (WINV) as indicators of commitment to work. Evidence was collected by questionnaires from 432 individuals who had been unemployed and again, six months later, from most of the same individuals. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis shows that individuals with high WINV were likely to suffer more from unemployment and to gain more from finding employment than low work‐involved individuals. PWE, on the other hand, did not moderate the relationship between employment status and psychological state.
Employee attitudes toward working with computers
Authors: Rafaeli Anat
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a theoretical analysis and empirical observations about the correlates of employees' attitudes toward working with computers. A measure of attitudes toward working with computers was developed and tested on a sample of 284 white collar employee from three manufacturing organizations. The expected structure of 'positive' attitudes and 'negative' attitudes (concerns) about working with computers was confirmed. Following a review of the related literature five hypotheses were proposed. Use of computers and job involvement were predicted to be positively related to attitudes toward computers. And levels of job involvement were expected to moderate the relationship between usage of computers on the job and attitudes toward computers. Both hypotheses were confirmed, although different dynamics were observed with positive attitudes than with concerns. It was found that employees who use a computer to support their work hold more positive attitudes than employees who report very limited use of the computer. And employees who are highly involved in their jobs, or committed to their organization typically reported lesser concern about working with computers than employees at a low level of job involvement. Moreover, a significant interaction was observed between job involvement and usage of computers in their relationship to attitudes toward working with computers. Further directions for research and theory development are suggested.
Employed mothers: Interrole conflict, spouse support and marital functioning
Authors: Suchet Melanie , Barling Julian
Published: July 2007

Increased participation by mothers in the labour force may exert a negative effect on working mothers themselves (e.g. interrole conflict) and influence the marital relationship negatively. Recent research suggests that not all individuals experiencing psychological distress suffer psychological strain (e.g. marital discord). Rather, variables such as social support moderate negative effects of psychological stressors. To test this, sixty‐four employed mothers (M age = 36 years) completed interrole conflict and spouse support scales. Marital satisfaction, verbal and nonverbal communication were the criteria operationalized to assess marital functioning. Using moderated multiple regression analyses, interrole conflict and spouse support predicted marital satisfaction and verbal communication significantly. In addition, spouse support may moderate negative effects of interrole conflict on marital satisfaction and verbal communication. With regard to nonverbal communication, spouse support was both a significant main effect and possibly a moderator of interrole conflict. The role of spouse support, conceptual and treatment implications, and future research priorities are identified.
Studying job stress: Are we making mountains out of molehills?
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Atieh Jennifer M.
Published: July 2007

Job stress researchers are urged to examine job conditions which threaten workers' experienced quality of life. The relationship between measures of job‐related strains and well‐being is discussed. Past theorizing and research suggests that it is not safe to assume that job conditions which have an adverse impact on affective reactions to the job (a frequently used indicator of job strain) will also have a negative impact on overall subjective well‐being. One set of job conditions which may be particularly relevant for well‐being is identified and discussed, namely those conditions related to the economic instrumentality of work. Finally, some methodological suggestions for future research in the job stress area are offered.
Configuration of a functional department: A study of contextual and structural variables
Authors: Twomey Daniel , Scher Frederick C. , Hunt Walter S.
Published: July 2007

This study investigates whether departments performing the same functions in different firms incur similar changes in structural configuration in response to industry‐wide stimuli. Based on the proposition that the context of functional departments is similar across firms, changes in differentiation, integration, and perspective are hypothesized. Managers' perceptions of the validity of a series of statements to conditions five to 10 years ago and to present conditions are contrasted and show statistically significant shifts in these structural configurations. This change is confirmed by the analysis of responses of other managers in different departments within the same firms. Correlation analysis shows significant agreement among alternative measures of the same aspects of structure, and significant comovement among different structural dimensions. The later result supports the quantum theory of organizations.
The identification and classification of reactions to sexual harassment
Authors: Terpstra David E. , Baker Douglas D.
Published: July 2007

Distinct forms of reactions to sexual harassment were identified in the current study, and a classification scheme was developed based upon those reactions. One hundred forty two male and 100 female upper‐division undergraduate management students and 44 working women read 18 randomly ordered scenarios, each of which depicted a woman being exposed to a different form of sexual harassment by a man. For each incident, the subjects were asked to write down what they themselves would do if they were in the woman's place. The resulting 5148 open‐ended responses were systematically sorted into 10 classes of reaction types. In addition to assessing the reliability and validity of the classification scheme, the relative frequency of employment of the various classes was examined. Comparisons of the reactions of men and women students and comparisons of the reactions of working women and women students yielded few significant differences.
Free-running and Q-switched Er:YAG laser dental cavity and composite resin restoration
Authors: Jelínková H , Dostálová T , Němec M , Koranda P , Miyagi M , Iwai K , Shi Y-W , Matsuura Y
Published: July 2007

The results of two types of mid-infrared Er:YAG laser intensities impacts on hard dental tissue were investigated. The Er:YAG radiation with the intensities 62 kW/cm2 or 62 MW/cm2, for the case of free-running or Q-switched pulses, respectively, was delivered into the interaction place by a cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow glass waveguide (700 μm inner and 850 μm outer diameter). The lens (30 mm focal length) in delivery output focused the radiation on the polished longitudinal, from 5 to 7 mm thick, extracted tooth samples. The methods were compared from the point of prepared cavity shape (SEM), inner surface, and possibility of selective removal of carries. Composite filling material was used to reconstruct the cavities.
Quantitative trait loci for red blood cell traits in swine
Authors: Reiner G. , Fischer R. , Hepp S. , Berge T. , Köhler F. , Willems H.
Published: July 2007

Haematological traits are essential diagnostic parameters in veterinary practice but knowledge on the genetic architecture controlling variability of erythroid traits is sparse, especially in swine. To identify QTL for erythroid traits in the pig, haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HB), erythrocyte counts (RBC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCHC) were measured in 139 F2 pigs from a Meishan/Pietrain family, before and after challenge with the protozoan pathogen Sarcocystis miescheriana. The pigs passed through three stages representing acute disease, reconvalescence and chronic disease. Forty‐three single QTL controlling erythroid traits were identified on 16 chromosomes. Twelve of the QTL were significant at the genome‐wide level while 31 were significant at a chromosome‐wide level. Because erythroid traits varied with health and disease status, QTL influencing the erythroid phenotypes showed specific health/disease patterns. Regions on SSC5, 7, 8, 12 and 13 contained QTL for baseline erythroid traits, while the other QTL regions affected distinct stages of the disease model. Single QTL explained 9–17% of the phenotypic variance in the F2 animals. Related traits were partly under common genetic influence. Our analysis confirms that erythroid trait variation differs between Meishan and Pietrain breeds and that this variation is associated with multiple chromosomal regions.
Importance of historical factors on species richness and composition of butterfly assemblages (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in a northern Iberian mountain range
Authors: Gutiérrez David
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT.The butterfly assemblages of three vegetation types (pasture, heathland and rocky outcrop withGenistaspp.) and two geographical orientations (a northern slope and a sheltered gorge) were studied along an altitudinal gradient in the Picos de Europa in northern Spain. In order to study the effects or historical climatic changes on current butterfly assemblages, it was examined if changes in richness and faunal composition of assemblages were joined with changes in their biogeographical composition. The three vegetation types showed characteristic butterfly assemblages, but no difference in species richness and biogeographical composition was found. Species richness in the sheltered gorge was higher than in the northern slope. Faunal composition also varied between orientations and there were more widespread and Mediterranean species in the sheltered gorge than in the northern slope. Species richness declined with increasing altitude, though a midaltitudinal peak was observed. There was a faunal segregation between high and low localities. Species richness of widespread and Mediterranean butterflies decreased as altitude increased, whereas the reverse was true for montane species. Moreover, biogeographical elements differed in their climatic tolerances measured as altitudinal ranges. Therefore, changes in richness and composition of butterfly assemblages between both slopes and along the altitudinal gradient were joined in part with variation in their biogeographical composition. These results suggest that current species richness and composition of butterfly assemblages in the Picos de Europa might be the consequence of differential colonization of refuges during the past climatic changes.
Correspondence
Authors: MACPHAIL M. K.
Published: July 2007

Comment on M. Pole (1994): ‘The New Zealand flora—entirely long‐distance dispersal?’Journal of Biogeography (1994) 22, 625–635
The transport and metabolism of gibberellins A1 and A5 in excised segments from internodes of Phaseolus coccineus
Authors: Jacobs William P. , Beall Frederick D. , Pharis Richard P.
Published: July 2007

Jacobs, W. P., Beall, F. D. and Pharis, R. P. 1988. The transport and metabolism of gibberellins A1 and A5 in excised segments from internodes of Phaseolus coccineus. ‐Physiol. Plant. 72: 529–534.

The transport and metabolism of gibberellins (GAs) ([3H]‐GA, and [3H]‐GA5) of high specific radioactivity were investigated in excised segments from young internodes of Phaseolus coccineus L. Both GA1 and GA5 are native to this species and present in shoot tissue. The segments, 5.1 mm long, were incubated for 6 h in the horizontal position with agar donor blocks containing the [3H]‐GA on the morphological apical or basal ends and with plain agar receiver blocks on the opposite end. At the end of incubation, the individual agar blocks were analyzed immediately for total radioactivity, or both blocks and intervening tissue were frozen and freeze‐dried for later chromatographic analysis.

The movement of both [3H]‐GA, and [3H]‐GA5 was found to be consistently without polarity. However, approximately 5‐fold more [3H]‐GA, than [3H]‐GA5 was transported through the Phaseolus segments into receivers when equal amounts were in the donors. The extractable radioactivity from receiver blocks was primarily that of the donor GA. No putative GA conjugates were found in any class of receivers, but more GA metabolites were found in the free acid fraction from acropetal than basipetal receivers. Chromatographic analysis by reversed phase C18 high performance liquid chromatography of the tissue segments showed that [3H]‐GA, was metabolized more than [3H]‐GA5. Tissue adjacent to receiver blocks contained not only the precursor GA from the donor, but also polar ‘free GA metabolites’ and putative GA glucosyl conjugates. These results provide evidence that GA., which is the known ‘effector’ GA for elongation in shoot tissue of several species, is more effectively transported than GA5 (a known precursor of GA1) or than GA1s more polar metabolites.
Biochemical basis of high‐temperature inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in ripening tomato fruits
Authors: Biggs M. Scott , Woodson William R. , Handa Avtar K.
Published: July 2007

Biggs, M. S., Woodson, W. R. and Handa, A. K. 1988. Biochemical basis of high‐temperature inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in ripening tomato fruits. Physiol. Plant. 72: 572578

Incubation of fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers) at 34°C or above resulted in a marked decrease in ripening‐associated ethylene production. High temperature inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis was not associated with permanent tissue damage, since ethylene production recovered following transfer of fruits to a permissive temperature. Determination of pericarp enzyme activities involved in ethylene biosynthesis following transfer of fruits from 25°C to 35 or 40°C revealed that 1‐aminocyclopropane‐l‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) activity declined rapidly while ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) activity declined slowly. Removal of high temperature stress resulted in more rapid recovery of ACC synthase activity relative to EFE activity. Levels of ACC in pericarp tissue reflected the activity of ACC synthase before, during, and after heat stress. Recovery of ethylene production following transfer of pericarp discs from high to permissive temperature was inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating the necessity for protein synthesis. Ethylene production by wounded tomato pericarp tissue was not as inhibited by high temperature as ripening‐associated ethylene production by whole fruits.
Involvement of a neutral proteolytic activity in the senescence of unpollinated ovaries of Pisum sativum>
Authors: Carrasco Pedro , Carbonell Juan
Published: July 2007

Carrasco, P. and Carbonell, J. 1988. Involvement of a neutral proteolytic activity in the senescence of unpollinated ovaries of Pisum sativum. ‐ Physiol. Plant. 72: 610–616.

The study of proteolysis by autodigestion in extracts from developing (gibberellic acid‐treated) or senescing (non‐treated) unpollinated ovaries of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska indicated the presence of two main proteolytic activities sensitive to inhibitors of sulfhydryl proteases. One of them was active at acidic pH and was present both in developing and senescent ovaries. The other one, active at neutral pH, was only detected in non‐treated ovaries and was identified by the hydrolysis of the large subunit of ribulose‐l,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39). Senescence of non‐treated ovaries was also associated with an increase in proteolytic activity measured with a Coomassie Blue reagent and by determination with ninhydrin of a‐NH2 groups released after autodigestion of the extracts. The presence of the neutral proteolytic activity only in senescing ovaries, but not in developing ones, suggests that it plays a key role in the senescence of pea ovaries and that its appearance is prevented by gibberellic acid.
Polyphenol oxidase: The chloroplast oxidase with no established function
Authors: Vaughn Kevin C. , Lax Alan R. , Duke Stephen O.
Published: July 2007

Vaughn, K. C, Lax, A. R. and Duke, S. O. 1988. Polyphenol oxidase: The chloroplast oxidase with no established function. ‐ Physiol. Plant. 72: 659–665.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an enzyme localized on the thylakoids of chloroplasts and in vesicles or other bodies in non‐green plastid types. Although virtually all plastids contain PPO, little or no detectable activity is associated with guard cell and bundle sheath cell chloroplasts. Despite this nearly ubiquitous occurrence, no function for this enzyme has been established. The enzyme is nuclear‐encoded and, unlike most chloroplast proteins is not encoded as a larger M, precursor molecule. This lack of a transit peptide sequence may be related to a unique mechanism of uptake, apparently involving inner envelope‐derived vesicles. The M, range of most of the PPO forms is 36–45 kDa. PPO is apparently not involved in phenolic biosynthesis but is probably involved with the production of o‐quinones during pathogen invasion. A role for PPO as an “oxygen buffer” is postulated, but little concrete data have been collected on any other functional role for this enzyme.
Proteolysis of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in leaves of Citrus explants throughout the annual cycle and its regulation by ethylene
Authors: Peñarrubia Lola , Moreno Joaquín , García‐Martínez José L.
Published: July 2007

Leaf senescence and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBP carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.39) degradation in orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Washington Navel] explants have been investigated. Explants consisted of a segment of stem (ca 15 cm) and 5 mature leaves. In vitro RuBP carboxylase degradation was determined by culturing the explants in water for different periods of time (3 days usually) and quantifying the two RuBP carboxylase subunits in the extracts following sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). In vitro RuBP carboxylase degradation was estimated by autodigestion of leaf extracts and SDS‐PAGE. The extent of in vivo RuBP carboxylase degradation in explants cultured under 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod varied throughout the year and showed a cyclic behaviour correlated with the growth cycle of Citrus. The highest proteolytic activity both in vivo and in vitro was found in explants made from April to August coinciding with the maximum vegetative growth period of the tree.

Leaf senescence and abscission could be retarded significantly at any time of the year by maintaining the explants continuously in the dark. Treatment of the explants in the dark with a continuous flow of ethylene enhanced both leaf abscission and rate of RuBP carboxylase degradation, proportionally to ethylene concentration (0.1‐0.6 ppm). Ethylene‐induced senescence of Citrus leaf explants in the dark appears to be a convenient model system to study the regulation of the proteolytic degradation of RuBP carboxylase.
Two forms of fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase from immature wheat endosperm
Authors: Sangwan R. S. , Singh Randhir
Published: July 2007

Fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase (α‐D‐fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate 1‐phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.11; FBPase) from immature wheat endosperm has been resolved into two forms, FBPase‐I and FBPase‐II. Their specific activities over crude homogenate increased 47‐ and 77‐fold, respectively, by using ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE‐cellulose chromatography and gel filtration through Sephadex G‐200. The pH optimum was 7.6 for FBPase‐I and 8.4 for FBPase‐II. The two forms were highly specific for the substrate FBP with Km values of 0.17 and 0.08 mM, respectively, for FBPase‐I and FBPase‐II at their respective pH optimum and saturating Mg2+ concentration. pH had no effect on the Km value for FBPase‐I, but that for FBPase‐II increased below optimum pH. Neither of the forms had an absolute requirement for Mg2+, although it was essential for maximum activity. Mg2+ could not be replaced by Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Co2+ or Ni2+. Sulfhydryl reagents inactivated both FBPase‐I and FBPase‐II. Of the metabolites, only 6‐phosphogluconate was inhibitory with 50% inhibition at 2 and 4 mM for FBPase‐I and FBPase‐II, respectively.
The effects of soil and atmospheric drought on photosynthesis and stomatal control of gas exchange in three coniferous species
Authors: Grieu P. , Guehl J. M. , Aussenac G.
Published: July 2007

The responses of steady‐state CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (gs) to changes in leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference (δW) on one hand and to increasing soil drought on the other hand were examined in 2‐year‐old seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa and Cedrus atlantica. Analysing the data through A vs intercellular CO2 molar fraction (ci) graphs, we could determine stomatal and mesophyll contributions to changes in A as δW or soil drought were increased. Increasing soil drought affected gs and mesophyll photosynthesis independently, since clearly distinct predawn leaf water potential (ψp) regions appeared in which either stomatal or mesophyll effects prevailed for explaining the changes in A. The two Pseudotsuga species exhibited a large ψP range (between ca ‐0.8 and ‐1.5 to ‐1.9 MPa) in which only stomata were responsible for the decrease in A. A dramatic decline in mesophyll photosynthesis was noticed starting from values as high as ‐1.2 MPa (C. atlantica), ‐1.5 MPa (P. macrocarpa) and ‐1.9 MPa (P. menziesii). Increasing ΔW at high soil water content led to a sharp decline in A primarily due to an alteration of mesophyll photosynthesis. Stomatal conductance for CO2 diffusion was affected in a lesser extent and in close correlation with the changes in mesophyll photosynthesis, which could suggest the existence of a functional linkage between mesophyll photosynthesis and stomata. Surprisingly, the drought resistant P. macrocarpa exhibited the least conservative water use efficiency in response to the two types of drought. In this species drought adaptation seems to be mainly due to its high root growth and soil prospection ability.
Influence of red irradiation and of removal of integuments on the metabolism of (±) [2‐14C]‐abscisic acid by Lactuca sativa Grand Rapids achenes
Authors: Orlandini M. , Barthe Ph. , Bulard C.
Published: July 2007

Achenes of Lactuca saliva L. cv. Grand Rapids, imbibed for 6 h in water or in a 10 µM solution of non‐radioactive abscisic acid (ABA), were cultivated on (2‐14C]‐ABA (10 µM) for 40 to 90 h. Red irradiation (660 ± 2.5 nm, 5 min, 2 W m ‐2) or removal of integuments were carried out before transfer to (2‐14C]‐ABA. When both treatments were applied, irradiation preceded removal of integuments. Imbibition and culture took place in darkness at 24°C. Two acidic diethyl ether phases, which contained the free acids (free phase) and the acids released after mild alkaline hydrolysis, respectively, were isolated. They were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). as well as the remaining aqueous phase.

Both red irradiation and removal of integuments led to increased [2‐14C|‐ABA uptake. Application of ABA during imbibition partly limited the stimulating effect of red irradiation on radioactive ABA uptake. Red irradiation stimulated [2‐14C|‐ABA metabolism by achenes, favouring the formation of the polar compound found in the remaining aqueous phase. Removal of the integuments stimulated metabolism notably, leading to an increase of the radioactivity in the remaining aqueous phase. This treatment also induced the appearance of new metabolites in the free phase (compound believed to be 7'‐hydroxy‐ABA) as well as in the remaining aqueous phase. The glucose ester of ABA was the only representative compound of the ester phase. Irrespective of the experimental conditions, there was no classical oxidative metabolism indicating that oxygen was not the limiting factor.
The organization of biological membranes
Authors: Møller Ian M.
Published: July 2007

A nomenclature for the organization of biological membranes is proposed. The terms primary (composition), secondary (transverse and lateral distribution), tertiary (membrane stacking/unstacking), and quaternary (membrane‐membrane, cell‐cell interactions) levels of organization are used by analogy with protein structure, but at each level the membrane organization is more complex and dynamic than protein structure.
Left Ventricular Free‐Wall Rupture Occurring During Programmed Ventricular Stimulation in a Patient With Recent Myocardial Infarction
Authors: ANDRESS J. DANIEL , MITTLEMAN ROBERT S. , CUÉNOUD HENRI , GREENBERG JOSHUA M. , HUANG SHOEI K. STEPHEN
Published: July 2007

ANDRESS, J.D., et al.: Left Ventricular Free‐Wall Rupture Occurring During Programmed Ventricular Stimulation in a Patient With Recent Myocardial Infarction. In this report we describe a patient who died during programmed ventricular stimulation due to a rupture of the left ventricular free wall at the site of a recent myocardial infarction. The patient was a 75‐year‐old male who presented with an extensive anterior wall myocardial infarction complicated by sustained ventricular tachycardia occurring 8 days after admission. Cardiac catheterization revealed total occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery and an anteroapical aneurysm. The patient died due to electromechanical dissociation during electrophysiological testing 11 days after myocardial infarction. Postmortem examination showed a rupture of the left ventricular free wall at the site of the myocardial infarction and distant from the site of catheter placement. It is suggested that caution be taken in choosing patients for electrophysiological studies who have had recent large myocardial infarctions with ventricular aneurysm.
Enhanced Left Ventricular Endocardial Border Delineation with an Intravenous Injection of SonoVue, a New Echocardiography Contrast Agent:
Authors: Senior Roxy , Kenny Antoinette , Andersson Ove , Caidahl Kenneth , Carlens Per , Herregods Marie Christine , Jenni R. , Melcher Anders , Svedenhag Jan , Vanoverschelde Jean Louis , Wandt Birger , Widgren Bengt R. , Williams Gordon , Guerret Pascal , la Rosee Karl , Agati Luciano , Bezante Gianpaolo
Published: July 2007

The safety and efficacy of SonoVue (also referred to as BR1), a new contrast agent for delineating endocardial border of the left ventricle after intravenous administration, was assessed. Two hundred and eighteen patients with suspected coronary artery disease undergoing fundamental echocardiography for the assessment of left ventricle were enrolled in a prospective multicenter, single blind, cross‐over study with random sequence allocation of four different doses of SonoVue. Endocardial border definition in the apical and parasternal views was scored as O = not visible, 1 = barely visible, and 2 = well visualized before and after contrast enhancement. Analysis was performed by two pairs of off‐site observers. Safety of SonoVue was also assessed. Results of our study indicated that the mean improvements in the endocardial border visualization score were as follows: 3.1 ± 7.8 (95% CI, 2.5 and 3.7) for 0.5 ml, 3.4 ± 8.0 (95% CI, 2.8 and 4.0) for 1 ml, 3.4 ± 7.9 (95% CI, 2.8 and 4.0) for 2 ml, and 3.7 ± 8.0 (95% CI, 3.1 and 4.3) for 4 ml (P < 0.05 for all doses from baseline). Changes from baseline in endocardial visualization scores were also seen in the apical views (P < 0.05) and they were dose‐dependent (P < 0.001). Similar enhancements of endocardial visualization scores were observed in the apical views in patients with suboptimal baseline echocardiographic images. Diagnostic confidence for assigning a score and image quality also were significantly better following contrast enhancement. No significant changes in the laboratory parameters and vital signs were noted following contrast enhancement, and the side effects were minimal. It was concluded that SonoVue is safe and effective in delineating endocardial border, including in patients with suboptimal baseline images.
Genital co‐infection with herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2: comparison of real‐time PCR assay and traditional viral isolation methods
Authors: Perkins Dana , Chong Haengcha , Irvine Barbara , Domagalski Jason
Published: July 2007

We report the clinical case of a genital outbreak with both Herpes Simplex Type 1 (HSV‐1) and Herpes Simplex Type 2 (HSV‐2) during pregnancy. Herpes was presumptively identified by clinical presentation of lesion and Tzanck smear while serotypes were identified by cell culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This case report highlights the need for increased surveillance of both serotypes in genital infection of pregnant women for effective disease management and reduced risk of transmission. Increasing rates of genital infection with HSV‐1, the possibility of genital co‐infection with HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 and the non‐specificity and lack of sensitivity of traditional viral isolation methods may lead to under‐diagnosis of genital HSV‐1 infections unless molecular diagnostic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are routinely deployed in the clinical setting.
Landmark discoveries in intracellular transport and secretion
Authors: Paknikar Kishore M.
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Discovery of proteins involved in intracellular vesicle budding and fusion

Discovery of the ‘porosome’: intracellular vesicle budding and fusion the cells secretion machinery

Cellular protein transport and secretion is fundamental to the very existence of an organism, regulating important physiological functions such as reproduction, digestion, energy production, growth, neurotransmission, hormone release, water and ion transport, etc., all required for the survival and maintenance of homeostasis within an organism. Molecular understanding of transport and secretion of intracellular product has therefore been of paramount importance and aggressively investigated for over six decades. Only in the last 20 years, the general molecular mechanism of the process has come to light, following discovery of key proteins involved in ER‐Golgi transport, and discovery of the ‘porosome’– the universal secretion machinery in cells.
Education and the Prevention of AIDS
Authors: Cleary Paul D.
Published: July 2007

Over the years, Jay Katz has consistently emphasized the need to consider both the psychodynamic factors and more general societal forces that play a role in shaping the way individuals and society respond to patients. In their 1975 book on catastrophic diseases, Katz and Capron addressed the central question of who should have the authority to make the decisions affecting those afflicted with catastrophic diseases: a theme that appears repeatedly in the insightful writing of Katz. In The Silent World of Doctor and Patient he presents a compelling case that patients’ deasion-making is an idea alien to the ethos of medicine. He has argued frequently for the importance of patient autonomy and has showed us how important conscious, as well as unconscious, and rational, as well as irrational forces are in shaping our actions.

In his work, Dr. Katz writes primarily about how physicians and patients should interact to arrive at decisions about research and treatment. These issues are certainly salient when considering the way acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) should be treated and how we should evaluate new therapies.
Towards Progress in Resolving Dilemmas in International Research Ethics
Authors: Benatar Solomon R.
Published: July 2007

Interest in the ethics of research on human subjects, stimulated by atrocious human experimentation during WWII and the resultant Nuremberg Code, has been sustained by examples of unethical research in many countries and by proliferation of codes and guidelines. Such interest has intensified in recent years in association with expanding international collaborative research endeavors. The ongoing controversy in international research ethics takes place at two levels. At the practical level it is about the competing concerns of those predominantly interested in doing research to advance knowledge and those who, while supporting the need for research, are more acutely aware of the potential to exploit vulnerable participants, especially in developing countries. At the level of theory the controversy pits ethical universalism against moral relativism.

In her recent review of agreements and controversies in international research ethics, Ruth Macklin has concluded that, despite seeming agreement on several issues, many different viewpoints persist. In her view it is unlikely that these will be resolved easily.
Involvement of galanin receptors 1 and 2 in the modulation of mouse vagal afferent mechanosensitivity
Authors: Page Amanda J. , Slattery James A. , Brierley Stuart M. , Jacoby Arie S. , Blackshaw L. Ashley
Published: July 2007

It is established that the gut peptide galanin reduces neuronal excitability via galanin receptor subtypes GALR1 and GALR3 and increases excitability via subtype GALR2. We have previously shown that galanin potently reduces mechanosensitivity in the majority of gastro‐oesophageal vagal afferents, and potentiates sensitivity in a minority. These actions may have implications for therapeutic inhibition of gut afferent signalling. Here we investigated which galanin receptors are likely to mediate these effects. We performed quantitative RT‐PCR on RNA from vagal (nodose) sensory ganglia, which indicated that all three GALR subtypes were expressed at similar levels. The responses of mouse gastro‐oesophageal vagal afferents to graded mechanical stimuli were investigated before and during application of galanin receptor ligands to their peripheral endings. Two types of vagal afferents were tested: tension receptors, which respond to circumferential tension, and mucosal receptors which respond only to mucosal stroking. Galanin induced potent inhibition of mechanosensitivity in both types of afferents. This effect was totally lost in mice with targeted deletion of Galr1. The GALR1/2 agonist AR‐M961 caused inhibition of mechanosensitivity in Galr1+/+ mice, but this was reversed to potentiation in Galr1−/− mice, indicating a minor role for GALR2 in potentiation of vagal afferents. We observed no functional evidence of GALR3 involvement, despite its expression in nodose ganglia. The current study highlights the complex actions of galanin at different receptor subtypes exhibiting parallels with the function of galanin in other systems.
Predicting Entropy Generation Rates in Transitional Boundary Layers Based on Intermittency
Authors: Nolan Kevin P. , Walsh Edmond J. , McEligot Donald M. , Volino Ralph J.
Published: July 2007

Prediction of thermodynamic loss in transitional boundary layers is typically based on time-averaged data only. This approach effectively ignores the intermittent nature of the transition region. In this work laminar and turbulent conditionally sampled boundary layer data for zero pressure gradient and accelerating transitional boundary layers have been analyzed to calculate the entropy generation rate in the transition region. By weighting the nondimensional dissipation coefficient for the laminar conditioned data and turbulent conditioned data with the intermittency factor, the entropy generation rate in the transition region can be determined and compared to the time-averaged data and correlations for laminar and turbulent flow. It is demonstrated that this method provides an accurate and detailed picture of the entropy generation rate during transition in contrast with simple time averaging. The data used in this paper have been taken from conditionally sampled boundary layer measurements available in the literature for favorable pressure gradient flows. Based on these measurements, a semi-empirical technique is developed to predict the entropy generation rate in a transitional boundary layer with promising results.
A Novel Continuous Alternate Motion Mechanism With Two Input Wheels
Authors: Quaglia Giuseppe , Maffiodo Daniela , Pescarmona Francesco
Published: July 2007

This paper presents the design of a mechanism with the following specifications: continuous alternate motion, wide motion phases with constant angular velocity, parallel input and output shafts, and great strokes. Those specifications derive from a possible application in the textile field. The mechanism is composed of two star wheels properly coupled together: there are two counter-rotating input wheels, alternately coupling with slots first, then teeth at each side of the output wheel. As usual for star wheels, pins and slots handle the acceleration and deceleration phases, while the constant velocity phase is performed by coupling sectors of toothed gears. A proper design of pins and slots is performed, so that at the same time when a pin from one input wheel is releasing a slot, a pin from the other input wheel engages a slot on the other side of the output wheel, forcing the latter to an opposite motion. In this way the output wheel has a continuous and smooth alternate motion. By annihilating the arrest phases typical of star wheels, the proposed system eliminates the discontinuities in the acceleration diagram. The paper develops a complete parametrical analysis of the device, underlining the effect of the constraints on the shape of the motion laws with particular emphasis on the acceleration and deceleration phases. In this way the output wheel has a continuous and smooth alternate motion. With respect to an analogous mechanism realizing the same laws of motion, e.g., cams, this device is very compact and economical, also presenting parallel input and output shafts, and significantly reduces sliding and wear.