bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polysomnographic study of nocturnal sleep in idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time
Authors: Pizza Fabio , Ferri Raffaele , Poli Francesca , Vandi Stefano , Cosentino Filomena I. I. , Plazzi Giuseppe
Published: October 2012

We investigated nocturnal sleep abnormalities in 19 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time (IH) in comparison with two age‐ and sex‐ matched control groups of 13 normal subjects (C) and of 17 patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC), the latter considered as the extreme of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Sleep macro‐ and micro‐ (i.e. cyclic alternating pattern, CAP) structure as well as quantitative analysis of EEG, of periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS), and of muscle tone during REM sleep were compared across groups. IH and NC patients slept more than C subjects, but IH showed the highest levels of sleep fragmentation (e.g. awakenings), associated with a CAP rate higher than NC during lighter sleep stages and lower than C during slow wave sleep respectively, and with the highest relative amount of A3 and the lowest of A1 subtypes. IH showed a delta power in between C and NC groups, whereas muscle tone and PLMS had normal characteristics. A peculiar profile of microstructural sleep abnormalities may contribute to sleep fragmentation and, possibly, EDS in IH.
Water content: a key factor of the induction of secondary dormancy in barley grains as related to ABA metabolism
Authors: Hoang Hai Ha , Sotta Bruno , Gendreau Emmanuel , Bailly Christophe , Leymarie Juliette , Corbineau Françoise
Published: October 2012

Primary dormant barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains germinate at 10–15°C but not at 30°C, and there exist a positive correlation between embryo ABA content after 24 h on water and the depth of dormancy. Incubation at 30°C results in a progressive loss of the ability to germinate at 15°C. This induction of a secondary dormancy is optimal after 3 days and requires an embryo water content higher than 0.50 g H2O g–1 DW, this corresponding with activation of the cell cycle. There exists no correlation between ABA content after 3 days at 30°C and the induction of secondary dormancy. However, at high water content (1.60–1.87 g H2O g–1 DW), secondary dormancy is associated with an high embryo ABA content after transfer to 15°C, resulting from an increase in HvNCED1 and HvNCED2 expression and a decrease in HvABA8'OH‐1. Such changes are not observed at 0.45 g H2O g–1 DW. Incubation at 30°C also results in an increase in expression of genes involved in GA catabolism (HvGA2ox1, HvGA2ox3 and HvGA2ox5) and synthesis (HvGA3ox2, HvGA20ox1 and HvGA20ox3). The HvGA3ox2/HvGA2ox3 transcript ratio remains low (0.27–0.37) at 30°C and after transfer to 15°C in secondary dormant seeds, but it is higher than two when secondary dormancy is not induced. Changes in HvExpA11 expression indicate that GA signaling decreases when a secondary dormancy is expressed. Our results clearly indicate that expression of genes involved in ABA and GA metabolism differs in primary and secondary dormancies and furthermore, their expression is related to embryo water content.
Deep sequencing discovery of novel and conserved microRNAs in strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa)
Authors: Ge Anjing , Shangguan Lingfei , Zhang Xi , Dong Qinghua , Han Jian , Liu Hong , Wang Xicheng , Fang Jinggui
Published: October 2012

In plants, microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in post‐transcriptional gene regulation and have been shown to control many genes involved in various biological and metabolic processes. There have been extensive studies to discover miRNAs and analyze their functions in model plant species, such as Arabidopsis and rice. Deep sequencing technologies have facilitated identification of species‐specific or lowly expressed as well as conserved or highly expressed miRNAs in plants. In this research, we used Solexa sequencing to discover new miRNAs in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa). A total of 23 282  309 reads representing 22 500  402 distinct sequences were obtained from a short RNA library generated from small RNAs extracted from strawberry fruit tissues. On the basis of sequence similarity and hairpin structure prediction, we found that 156 639 reads representing 153 sequences have good matches to known miRNAs. We also identified 37 novel miRNA candidates. These sequences had not been previously described in other plant species. Potential target genes were predicted for the majority of and novel miRNAs. These results show that regulatory miRNAs exist in the agriculturally important cultivated strawberry and may play an important role in its growth, development and response to disease.
The clinical benefit of blood transfusion: a hypothetical experiment based on a nationwide survey of severe maternal morbidity
Authors: Hendriks J. , Zwart J. J. , Briët E. , Brand A. , van Roosmalen J.
Published: October 2012

Background  It is beyond doubt that blood transfusion services have added to the decline in maternal mortality in high‐resource countries. To quantify the clinical benefit of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in obstetric care, we performed a hypothetical experimental study using data from a prospective nationwide cohort of women giving birth in the Netherlands.

Study Design and Methods  Data were abstracted from a nationwide cohort study on severe maternal morbidity, including obstetric haemorrhage requiring 4 or more units of RBC, to obtain an observed and a hypothetical control group consisting of the same women. In the hypothetical control group, we simulated a situation where RBC transfusion was unavailable and estimated how many of these women would have died in that situation. A questionnaire survey asked experts in major (obstetric) haemorrhage to choose a critical minimal number of RBC transfusions at which a woman with obstetric haemorrhage would have died if RBC transfusion was not available. Maternal mortality rate per 100 000 maternities [maternal mortality ratios (MMR)] and relative risk were calculated for the observed and hypothetical group.

Results  The observed MMR was 13 per 100 000 maternities. According to 47 responding experts, the median number of RBC units without which a woman would have most probably died was nine, resulting in a hypothetical MMR of 87 per 100 000 maternities (relative risk 6·5; 95% confidence interval 4·2–10·0).

Conclusions  It can be expected that unavailability of RBC transfusion in obstetric care increases the risk of maternal death 6.5‐fold. Blood transfusion thus largely contributes to the decline of MMR and would also be an important pillar of improving quality of care in resource‐poor settings.
Quality validation of data in national haemovigilance systems in Europe: report of a survey on current state of practice
Authors: Wiersum‐Osselton J. C. , Faber J. C. , Politis C. , Brand A. , van der Bom J. G. , Schipperus M. R.
Published: October 2012

European Union member states must have national haemovigilance reporting of serious adverse reactions and events. We sent national competent authorities an email questionnaire about data validation. Responses were received from 23/27 countries. Nine previously had no national haemovigilance system. In 13 (57%), the serious adverse reactions and events can be verified. Coverage of blood establishments is documented in 20 systems (87%) and of hospitals in 15 systems (65%). Although all member states have implemented haemovigilance systems, there are currently wide variations in data quality assurance, not allowing comparisons between countries.
A salicylic acid‐induced rice (Oryza sativa L.) transcription factor OsWRKY77 is involved in disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lan A. , Huang J. , Zhao W. , Peng Y. , Chen Z. , Kang D.
Published: October 2012

Plant WRKY transcription factors act as either positive or negative regulators of plant basal disease resistance. To comprehensively characterise the complicated functional network, we isolated OsWRKY77 from rice seedlings treated with salicylic acid. OsWRKY77 is a typical WRKY transcription factor, based on in its protein structure analysis, nuclear localisation of the fused OsWRKY77‐GFP protein and gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay binding, which demonstrated that OsWRKY77 was able to bind a W‐box. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing OsWRKY77 repressed growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PstDC300), and the reduced susceptibility was associated with enhanced expression of defence‐related PR1, PR2 and PR5 genes. These results show that OsWRKY77 is a positive regulator of PR gene expression and basal resistance to the bacterial pathogen PstDC3000.
Aqueous fraction of Sauropus androgynus might be responsible for bronchiolitis obliterans
Authors: HASHIMOTO IZUMI , IMAIZUMI KAZUYOSHI , HASHIMOTO NAOZUMI , FURUKAWA HIROSHI , NODA YUKIHIRO , KAWABE TSUTOMU , HONDA TOYOHIRO , OGAWA TOMOMI , MATSUO MASAKI , IMAI NAOYUKI , ITO SATORU , SATO MITSUO , KONDO MASASHI , SHIMOKATA KAORU , HASEGAWA YOSHINORI
Published: October 2012

Background and objective:  Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) has been reported to develop following ingestion of Sauropus androgynus (SA), a leafy shrub distributed in Southeast Asia. Little is known about direct effects of SA on airway resident cells or haematopoietic cells in vitro. Identification of the SA component responsible for the development of BO would be an important key to elucidate its mechanism. We sought to elucidate the direct effects of SA on airway resident cells or haematopoietic cells and identify the SA element responsible for the pathogenesis of BO.

Methods:  SA dry powder was partitioned into fractions by solvent extraction. Human and murine monocytic cells, epithelial cells and endothelial cells were cultured with SA solution or fractions eluted from SA. We also investigated the effect of SA in vivo using a murine BO syndrome (BOS) model.

Results:  The aqueous fraction of SA induced significant increases of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production from monocytic lineage cells. This fraction also induced significant apoptosis of endothelial cells and enhanced intraluminal obstructive fibrosis in allogeneic trachea allograft in the murine BOS model. We found individual differences in tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) production from monocytes of healthy controls stimulated by this aqueous fraction of SA, whereas it induced high‐level TNF‐α production from monocytes of patients with SA‐induced BO.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that an aqueous fraction of SA may be responsible for the pathogenesis of BO.
Alcohol consumption and its impact on the risk of high blood pressure in Russia
Authors: Akhmedjonov Alisher , Suvankulov Farrukh
Published: October 2012

Introduction and Aims

This study aims to examine the causal effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of high blood pressure in Russia.

Design and Methods

Using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, we estimated the influence of alcohol consumption on high blood pressure, controlling for social and other factors related to alcohol use. To address the issue of causality, we instrumented alcohol consumption by the number of frequent alcohol drinkers in the household.

Results

We found that frequent consumption of vodka and beer has an adverse impact on health. In particular, frequent vodka consumption increases the likelihood of high blood pressure by 2.88% while frequent beer consumption increases it by 2.06%. Controlling for the endogeneity of frequent alcohol consumption using the instrumental variable method produces an even larger effect for frequent vodka consumption, with a marginal effect of 7.23%.

Discussion and Conclusion

Prevention policies as well as government programs aimed at treating alcohol‐related health outcomes should take into consideration the significant adverse effect of alcohol consumption on high blood pressure. It is also recommended that policy interventions aimed to address alcohol addiction issues in Russia explicitly differentiate between vodka and beer drinkers.
Dependent on one but vulnerable to another: opportunism threats and control solutions for customization providers
Authors: Sridharan VG , Phang Michelle M. S.
Published: October 2012

While economic theory suggests that identifying alternate customers is costlier than identifying alternate specialized employees for customization providers, substantial field research evidence indicates the opposite, where providers are reportedly more dependent on employees than customers. We inquire into this contrasting picture between theory and practice through an in‐depth case study that suggests that what begins as customer dependence transforms into vulnerability to employees. While perceived vulnerability to customers is efficiently removed throughex antecontrols, the physical asset specificity in each customer order generates task uncertainty, specialization and teamwork, which become the new sources of opportunism threat for the customization providers. Compounded layers ofex anteandex postcontrols with frequent iterations suggest a need for continuous management (as against removal) of vulnerability to employees.
A GENEALOGY OF CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Lombardo Rosaria
Published: October 2012

Over the past half a century correspondence analysis has grown from a little known statistical technique designed to graphically depict the association structure of categorical variables that form a contingency table to a very popular tool used in a wide variety of disciplines. Despite this growth, correspondence analysis remains relatively unknown in some parts of the world, including the Australasian statistical community.

This paper provides a non‐technical, bibliographic exploration of correspondence analysis. We take a step back to view the development of this statistical technique and provide a brief account of its genealogy with a selection of over 270 key publications that have contributed to its growth. We also look at its maturity over the decades.
Selwyn, Neil (2011) Education and technologyContinuum (London SE1 & New York) isbn 978‐1‐4411‐5036‐3 197 pp £22.99 http://www.continuumbooks.com/books/detail.aspx?BookId=158591&SubjectId=940
Authors: Thomas Michael
Published: October 2012

Education and technology: Key issues and debates offers an informed and carefully argued perspective on the role of information technology in education, adopting historical and critical perspectives in its attempt to produce a shift towards a more evidence‐based approach. If the book is relevant to you, I recommend that you buy a copy.

Michael Thomas
Stergioulas, Lampros & Drenoyianni, Helen ed (2011) Pursuing digital literacy in compulsory educationPeter Lang (New York & Bern) isbn 978‐1‐4331‐0618‐7 269 pp £22 http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=63099&concordeid=310619
Authors: Smyth Robyn
Published: October 2012

This is a book for theorists and academics who wish to keep track of the intellectual debate surrounding the nature and composition, breadth and depth of meaning associated with the term “digital literacy”. It provides many perspectives and some research findings; these add to but do not necessarily coalesce into a common description of digital literacy. If the content of this book is likely to be relevant to you, I advise that you will probably find only parts of it of interest or use.

Robyn Smyth
Judd, Charles M et al (2009) Data analysisRoutledge (New York & London) isbn 978‐0‐8058‐3388‐1 328 pp £42.50 http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780805833881/
Authors: Thomas Michael
Published: October 2012

This book is the second edition of an earlier 1989 text that deals with an integrated approach to data analysis and statistics suitable for advanced undergraduates, taught postgraduates and doctoral students. It is based on an integrated approach in which each chapter builds the foundations for an accumulated understanding of the subject. If you feel its content likely to be relevant, I recommend you buy a copy for your own use.

Michael Thomas
Mehlenbacher, Brad (2010) Instruction and technologyMIT Press (Cambridge MA & London) isbn 978‐0‐262‐01394‐9 495 pp £25.95 http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12243
Authors: Johnson Mike
Published: October 2012

Anyone involved with learning technology, especially within higher education, should at least know about this text, and preferably read large chunks of it. The author adroitly surveys the field and then explains it without avoiding its subtleties as too many have done. If the content of this book is likely to be relevant to you, I recommend you borrow a copy.

Mike Johnson
On the Distribution and Merger ofIsandBiðin Old and Middle English
Authors: Petré Peter
Published: October 2012

This article accounts for the transition of Old Englishis‘is’ andbið‘will be’ from separate verbs with an overlapping past tensewæsinto a single, non‐overlapping suppletive paradigm in Middle English, in whichisbecame limited to the indicative singular andbiðto the indicative plural and all other forms. I first analyse the synchronic situation in Old English, showing thatiswas mainly used for predicating present states of specific subjects, and in identifying clauses. By contrast,biðwas used to encode future situations and generic statements, which are connected to future situations through their implication of future validity (compare expressions likeboys will be boys). Importantly, the high frequency of generic statements, which are about kinds instead of individuals, also led to plural forms ofbiðbeing more salient than those ofis. Second, I show how environmental constructional change can account for their merger. Specifically, the grammaticalization of the construction [shallInf] brought about semantic erosion of the sense of futurity inbið. The subsequent semantic confusion betweenbiðandisled to a reanalysis of their distribution, which was guided by their number asymmetry:biðwas restricted to plural andisto singular number.
Obstacles to Financial Development in Transition Economies: A Literature Survey
Authors: McNulty James E. , Harper Joel T.
Published: October 2012

This survey of approximately 70 studies considers five causes of weak financial system development in transition economies. These are: problem loans and inadequate capital; the absence of a credit culture, giving rise to perverse incentives to continue to make bad loans; inadequate regulatory systems; deposit insurance; and weak legal systems. There results a perverse feedback loop across the various problem areas that constrains the development of solutions. Policy recommendations include a focus on basic contract law as a way to break the perverse feedback loop.
Continuity and/or Discontinuity at Vatican II? Examining the Council in the Context of the ‘Long Nineteenth Century’
Authors: Colberg Kristin
Published: October 2012

This article explores recent questions regarding the interpretation of Vatican II by examining the council's theological and historical relation to what John O'Malley has called ‘the long nineteenth century’. This period, which O'Malley dates from the French Revolution until the end of the pontificate of Pius XII (1958), connotes a time when political and philosophical developments ‘traumatized’ the Church. This sustained trauma left the Church in a defensive position which deeply informed its view of itself and its relation to the world. While a great deal of attention has been directed at examining the council's degree of continuity or discontinuity with the conciliar tradition, not enough has been done to understand its relationship to developments within this more immediate setting. This study argues that a more contextualized appreciation of the Church's efforts to respond to the challenges of the long nineteenth century, expressed especially in the teachings of Vatican I, can illumine key elements of the meaning of Vatican II's documents and the continuity and/or discontinuity that they represent.
Association of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms (–460C/T, +405G/C and +936T/C) with Endometriosis: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Xu Shaohua , Wu Wei , Sun Hong , Lu Jing , Yuan Beilei , Xia Yankai , De Moor Bart , Marchal Kathleen , Wang Xinru , Xu Peizhen , Cheng Wenjun
Published: October 2012

Published data on the association between the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene –460C/T (rs833061), +405G/C (rs2010963), +936T/C (rs3025039) polymorphisms and endometriosis risk are inconclusive. Eleven eligible case‐control studies including 2690 cases and 2803 controls were included in this meta‐analysis through searching the databases of PubMed and CBMdisc (up to August 1, 2011). In the overall analysis, no significant association between the –460C/T and +405G/C polymorphisms and risk of endometriosis was observed. However, significant associations were observed between endometriosis risk and VEGF+936T polymorphism with summarized odds ratio of 1.19 (95%CI, 1.02–1.37), 1.18 (95%CI, 1.03–1.37), 1.15 (95%CI, 1.01–1.30) for CT versus CC genotype, dominant mode (CT/TT vs. CC) and allele comparison (T vs. C), respectively. Furthermore, stratified analysis showed that significantly strong association between +936T/C polymorphism and endometriosis was present only in stage III–IV (OR = 1.32 for dominant mode; OR = 1.30 for T vs. C), but not in stage I–II. However, no significantly increased risk of endometriosis was found in any of the genetic models in Asians or in Caucasians. This meta‐analysis supports that VEGF+936T/C polymorphism is capable of causing endometriosis susceptibility.
Rhetoric and Reality? Unilateralism and the Obama Administration
Authors: Kelley Christopher S.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

The objectives of this article are to examine the concept of presidential unilateralism in the Obama administration. The research to date suggests that unilateralism in a presidency occurs once the political conditions for a president become unstable—drop in public opinion, loss of congressional support, etc. This article argues that the Obama administration came to office with the assumption that those conditions would naturally occur, thus began to prepare to act unilaterally from the outset.

Methods

This article uses official White House memoranda coupled with an examination of presidential signing statements to support the argument.

Results

President Obama made it difficult to track the use of the signing statement by discontinuing use of the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents in the first days of the administration as well as a redesign of the White House website to make it hard to determine which signing statements made constitutional challenges to provisions of law and which did not, all without drawing much attention from the public, the press, or the Congress.

Conclusions

Obama has governed very much like his predecessors, where acting unilaterally is concerned. He has continued to use the signing statement much like his predecessors with an eye toward keeping his actions hidden from public view.
The Chicago Clan: The Chiefs of Staff in the Obama White House
Authors: Cohen David B. , Hult Karen M. , Walcott Charles E.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

This article examines the roles, responsibilities, and performance of the first two White House chiefs of staff during the Obama administration: Rahm Emanuel and William Daley.

Methods

Data are drawn and analyzed from academic and media resources, original interviews conducted by the authors with former staff in the Obama White House, and public documents.

Results

Perhaps the most high‐profile chief of staff in history, Rahm Emanuel was an important, but at times, ineffective advisor to, and proxy of, the president. He also served as a sturdy guardian, despite evident disagreement on policy priorities and strategies. His focus on shorter term tactics and his weakness as an honest broker negatively impacted the Obama administration. Emanuel's successor, William Daley, initially brought needed discipline and focus to a White House riven by factions. Daley, however, lasted only a year as he never fully adjusted to the demands of the job nor did he appear to fully appreciate the depth of the partisan polarization and hostility in Washington.

Conclusion

The Obama administration's first two chiefs of staff had to navigate a challenging environment in an administration filled with strong personalities and tested by events including the financial crisis and recession, passage of the health‐care legislation, the 2010 midterm election debacle, the debt‐ceiling crisis, and a number of foreign policy challenges in the Middle East, North Africa, and Afghanistan. Though very different in terms of personality, style, and the roles they emphasized during their tenures, both chiefs of staff were largely ineffective, thus diminishing the performance of the president and administration.
Facile Synthesis of Self‐Sensitized TiO2 Photocatalysts and Their Higher Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zuoli He , Wenxiu Que , Haixia Xie , Jing Chen , Yuan Yuan , Peng Sun
Published: October 2012

“Self‐sensitized” TiO2 photocatalysts sensitized by TiO2 nanocrystals with quantum structures were successfully prepared via a solvothermal process and a facile subsequent treatment process. We calculated an optimized structure by using a pseudopotential Hartree–Fock method and investigated the structure using X‐ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The self‐sensitized products exhibit an extremely high photocatalytic activity due to their unique optical properties. To discuss the optical properties of the 3‐D nanoparticles sensitized by the TiO2 nanocrystals, we proposed a model of the electron band structure of the as‐prepared products to give a reasonable explanation for such a high photocatalytic activity.
Age, Nursing Home Residence, and Presentation of Urinary Tract Infection in U.S. Emergency Departments, 2001–2008
Authors: Caterino Jeffrey M. , Ting Sarah A. , Sisbarro Sarah G. , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: October 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:1173–1180 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Current outpatient diagnostic algorithms for urinary tract infection (UTI) in older adults require the presence of classic signs and symptoms of UTI, such as fever and genitourinary symptoms. However, older adults with UTI may present with atypical signs and symptoms. The objective was to identify the associations of age and nursing home status with the clinical presentation of emergency department (ED) patients diagnosed with UTI.

Methods:  This was a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis of the 2001–2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), ED component. Participants were adult ED patients diagnosed with UTI. Outcome variables were presence of fever, altered mental status, and urinary tract symptoms. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed for each outcome. Age and nursing home status were the independent variables of interest. Age was divided into adults 18 to 64 years, older adults 65 to 84 years, and oldest adults 85 years of age and older.

Results:  There were 25.4 million ED visits in which UTI was diagnosed from 2001 through 2008, including 5.0 million in older adults and 2.2 million in the oldest adults. Fever was present in 13% of adults, 21% of older adults, and 19% of the oldest adults. Altered mental status was present in 1% of adults, 7% of older adults, and 13% of the oldest adults. Urinary tract symptoms were identified in 32% of adults, 24% of older adults, and 17% of the oldest adults. In multivariable analysis, altered mental status was more common in older adults (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94) and in the oldest adults (OR = 2.49). Urinary tract symptoms were less common in older adults (OR = 0.60) and the oldest adults (OR = 0.48). Nursing home residence was associated with increased fever (OR = 1.63) and altered mental status (OR = 4.79) and with decreased urinary tract symptoms (OR = 0.35).

Conclusions:  Fever and urinary tract symptoms are absent in a large proportion of adults over 65 years of age diagnosed with UTI in the ED. Age over 65 years and nursing home residence are associated with increased presence of altered mental status and with lack of urinary tract symptoms. Nursing home residence is also associated with increased presence of fever. Emergency physicians (EPs) continue to diagnose UTI in patients without classic symptoms. Diagnostic criteria for UTI among adults 65 years and over specifically designed for use in the acute care setting should be developed and validated to prevent both inappropriate overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of UTI.
Physical Restraint and Near Death of a Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Nissen Trygve , Rørvik Per , Haugslett Laila , Wynn Rolf
Published: October 2012

Physical restraint is used as a last resort emergency measure to calm and safeguard agitated and/or aggressive psychiatric patients. This can sometimes cause injuries, and rare fatalities have occurred. One mechanism of injury and death while in physical restraint is that of severe asphyxiation. We present the case of a hospitalized man in his mid‐30s, suffering from schizophrenia. The patient was obese. He became aggressive and had to be manually restrained with a “takedown.” After having been put in the prone position on the floor with a significant weight load on his body, he lost respiration and consciousness. Subsequently, he was given CPR. He regained consciousness and respiration, while the cyanosis receded in 1–2 min. Psychiatrists and pathologists should be aware that physically restraining a patient in the prone position with a significant weight load on the torso can, in rare cases, lead to asphyxiation.
Estimation of Ancestry Using Dental Morphological Characteristics
Authors: Edgar Heather J. H.
Published: October 2012

The use of dental morphological characteristics to estimate the ancestry of skeletal remains commonly includes few traits, combines dental traits with other skeletal characteristics, and is nonstatistical. Here, discriminant function equations for estimating whether an unknown person was African American or European American, or Hispanic American are presented. Equations were developed from observations of 29 dental traits in 509 individuals. These equations were then applied to the original sample and a test sample (n = 40). Correct assignment rates for estimating African or European American versus Hispanic American range from 66.7 to 89.3%. Correct assignment of African Americans versus European Americans is 71.4 to 100%. Correct geographic assignment of Hispanics from South Florida or New Mexico range from 46.2 to 72.7%. Various discriminant equations using combinations of characteristics are provided. Coupled with the error estimates, these equations offer an important step in the use of dental morphology in contemporary, post‐Daubert forensic science.
Assessing Stereotypes of Black and White Managers: A Diagnostic Ratio Approach
Authors: Block Caryn J. , Aumann Kerstin , Chelin Amy
Published: October 2012

This study investigated whether racial group membership is diagnostic in predicting the characteristics ascribed to managers. Scales were created to examine the work‐relevant racial stereotypes of Black and White managers. Following the diagnostic ratio approach to assessing stereotypes, participants rated the likelihood that characteristics from each scale were descriptive of Black and White managers. We found that White managers were stereotyped as more competent, ambitious, and manipulative; whereas Black managers were stereotyped as more interpersonally skilled and less polished. Additionally, we examined whether success information would ameliorate the effects of these stereotypes. Once success information was made explicit, differences in the achievement‐oriented scales (competence and ambition) were eliminated. However, differences in the social‐oriented scales (interpersonally skilled, manipulative, unpolished) still persisted.
Be Proactive as Empowered? The Role of Trust in One's Supervisor in Psychological Empowerment, Feedback Seeking, and Job Performance
Authors: Huang Jie‐Tsuen
Published: October 2012

This study explores whether psychological empowerment links to employees’ feedback‐seeking behavior, as well as the subsequent consequences of feedback‐seeking behavior (i.e., job performance) by showing that trust in one's immediate supervisor plays a key role. Data were collected from full‐time employees enrolled in the On‐the‐Job Masters programs of 13 universities in Taiwan. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of this study provide support for a process model that links psychological empowerment, trust in one's immediate supervisor, feedback‐seeking behavior, and job performance. Specifically, psychological empowerment is positively associated with feedback‐seeking behavior via trust in one's immediate supervisor. Moreover, feedback‐seeking behavior mediates the relationships between trust in one's immediate supervisor and job performance.
Effects of daily energy expenditure on academic performance of elementary students in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Peng‐Sheng , Huang Yi‐Ching , Wu Shu‐Fang Vivienne , Wang Kuo‐Ming
Published: October 2012

Aim

The objective of the study was to investigate the potential effects of daily energy expenditure on the academic performance (AP) of elementary schoolchildren, the results of which will be used as the basis of planning physical activity (PA) for children in the future.

Methods

Participants were collected from 4th to 6th grade children at an elementary school in southern Taiwan. The effective sample data size was 1065 (79.8%; 528 boys and 537 girls). Daily mean energy expenditure was obtained using the 3 Day Physical Activity Recall (3‐DPAR), and the intensive activities degrees of physical activity were categorized into lowest PA, middle PA, and highest PA group, and academic performance assessed with weighted academic score.

Results

The significant effect on the academic performance of schoolchildren was only in energy expenditure but not for sexes and tutorials attended. All students in the middle PA group performed better academically than those in the highest PA group. After controlling sexes, male students in the middle PA group performed better than other groups; female students in the lowest PA group performed better than other groups.

Conclusion

These results may be consulted by schools, academic faculties, and parents in setting up exercise plans for children.
Evaluation of a peer‐based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Thupayagale‐Tshweneagae Gloria , Mokomane Zitha
Published: October 2012

Aim

This article provides the findings of a qualitative study done to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer‐based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa known as BAR, an acronym for “Better Accept Reality”.

Methods

Data was collected from 15 adolescents orphaned by AIDS using focus group discussions, reflective diaries, and recordings of the adolescents' school grades. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's steps of data analysis.

Results

The results showed a notable positive change in the participants' attitude to caregivers, responsibility to self and to others, and school grades.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that the peer‐based mental health support program is effective in meeting the mental health needs of adolescents orphaned by AIDS. The participants were able to express their needs and improve relationships with caregivers, a clear sign of adapting to their loss.
Lessons From the Trenches: Meeting Evaluation Challenges in School Health Education*
Authors: Young Michael , Denny George , Donnelly Joseph
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND: Those involved in school health education programs generally believe that health‐education programs can play an important role in helping young people make positive health decisions. Thus, it is to document the effects of such programs through rigorous evaluations published in peer‐reviewed journals.

METHODS: This paper helps the reader understand the context of school health program evaluation, examines several problems and challenges, shows how problems can often be fixed, or prevented, and demonstrates ways in which challenges can be met. A number of topics are addressed, including distinguishing between curricula evaluation and evaluation of outcomes, types of evaluation, identifying stakeholders in school health evaluation, selection of a program evaluator, recruiting participants, design issues, staff training, parental consent, instrumentation, program implementation and treatment fidelity, participant retention, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, presentation of results, and manuscript preparation and submission.

RESULTS: Although there is a lack of health‐education program evaluation, rigorous evaluations that have been conducted have, at least in some cases, led to wider dissemination of effective programs.

CONCLUSIONS: These suggestions will help those interested in school health education understand the importance of evaluation and will provide important guidelines for those conducting evaluations of school health‐education programs.
The Extra‐Parliamentary Organisation of the Whig Junto in the Reign of William III
Authors: Jones Clyve
Published: October 2012

There is much evidence for the parliamentary organisation of the whig junto in Queen Anne's reign, but little for its extra‐parliamentary organisation. This note gives evidence for such extra‐parliamentary organisation late in the reign of William III from letters by both James Vernon and Robert Harley, which describe meetings of the junto and some of its supporters in the country houses of followers in the summers of 1698, 1699 and 1700.
‘Attaque and Break Through a Phalanx of Corruption . . . the Court Party!’ The Scottish Representative Peers' Election and the Opposition, 1733–5: Three New Division Lists of the House of Lords of 1735*
Authors: MATSUZONO SHIN
Published: October 2012

In the early 1730s, Archibald Campbell, the earl of Ilay, gained a dominant position in Scotland, and Sir Robert Walpole, the prime minister, entrusted him with the distribution of patronage there. Ilay took full advantage of this power, and controlled the votes of the financially weak Scottish peers in the election of 16 representative peers. The excise crisis of 1733–4, however, changed the political scene in Scotland. Although they had been chosen as supporters of the court party, some of the Squadrone Volante members (the duke of Montrose and the marquess of Tweeddale) and two courtiers (the earls of Marchmont and Stair) raised a standard of revolt against Walpole and Ilay. The Scottish opposition co‐operated with the English country party (‘the Patriots’) and such Scottish tories as the duke of Hamilton. In the 1734 peers' election they launched a challenge to the ministry, but the opposition was crushed by a bankrolled election campaign organised by the court party. Although the English and Scottish opposition petitioned in the house of lords to criticize the ‘undue practices’ of Walpole and Ilay at the election, the ministry was backed up by English and Scottish courtiers and bishops, and overwhelmed the opposition. Three new division lists related to the aftermath of the Scottish election shed much light upon the party alignment of the upper House in the middle of the 1730s.
A Crisis of Urban Conservatism? Politics and Organisation in Edwardian Norwich
Authors: DOYLE BARRY M.
Published: October 2012

Writing in the mid 1990s, Ewen Green suggested that the Edwardian Conservative Party was locked in a crisis which, after 1910, was leading towards a disintegration of Unionism. Recent research has challenged this view, contending that at constituency level, Conservative activists and parties were recovering, rebuilding around issues such as Ireland, land reform and opposition to National Insurance. However, there are few studies of the causes and consequences of the crisis of Conservatism in urban constituencies or the extent to which the party may have been recovering by the outbreak of the Great War. This article considers these issues in the city of Norwich. It assesses the profile of activists; the fortunes of the Conservatives in the parliamentary election contests of the period, addressing the ways the party used a variety of candidates to attempt to attract popular support; and the particular issues of tariff reform and socialism, to determine the extent to which voters and activists were willing to accept protection as part of a broader defence against socialism. These national issues are contrasted with the performance of the party in municipal elections, considering the basis of the growing appeal they evidenced in council elections after 1906, along with the continuing emphasis on organisational weakness evidenced by party leaders. Overall, it suggests that, despite their municipal strength, the continued commitment of the local party to tariffs prevented them from challenging effectively for the constituency against a Liberal‐Labour alliance with a shared belief in free trade.
Conservatives, the Constitution and the Quest for a ‘Representative’ House of Lords, 1911–35*
Authors: THOMAS GERAINT
Published: October 2012

This article presents a new interpretation of Conservative attitudes towards house of lords' reform in the early 20th century. Coinciding, as it did, with the introduction of universal adult suffrage, the campaign to reform and strengthen the second chamber has traditionally been understood as a reaction against democracy. Conversely, this article, emphasizing the politics rather than policies of reform, argues that many Conservatives sought to establish a legitimate role for a second chamber within the new democratic settlement and that the campaign for reform is, consequently, better understood as a constitutional means of ‘making safe’, rather than resisting, mass democracy. The account sheds new light on how the impulse behind reform was frequently rooted in a commitment to democracy, how reform commanded the support of a wide cross section of the Conservative parliamentary party, and why the reform campaign had folded by the early 1930s. In doing so, it reframes an important episode that helped close the long‐19th‐century tradition of constitutional reform in British politics.
‘The Costly Luxury of Protesting’: The Deselection of J.M. Maclean, MP
Authors: CHARMLEY GERARD
Published: October 2012

With the increase in the electorate as the result of the Second and Third Reform Acts in the latter half of the 19th century came a corresponding increase in the importance of political parties. With this increase in the importance of party came the fear that the Burkean definition of the MP as a representative, owing his electorate his judgment as well as his industry would be replaced by a narrower conception of the MP as a delegate, returned to vote according to the dictates of party or ‘caucus’, subject to rejection by his party prior to an election, rather than the electorate as a whole at an election. This article examines the case of J.M. Maclean, Conservative MP for Cardiff 1895–1900, deselected by his constituency executive for his opposition to the Boer War, using it to shed light on the reaction of constituency parties in instances where MPs were felt to have overstepped the proper bounds of party discipline. The article concentrates on the relations between Maclean and his constituency party, crucial in Maclean's deselection. The limits of political dissent in time of war are examined, and the limitations placed by party on the freedom of action of individual MPs. In addition, the article gives glimpses of the tensions present in the Conservative‐Liberal Unionist coalition which governed Britain between 1895 and 1906, particularly on perceptions of the controversial figure of Joseph Chamberlain among Conservative back benchers.
Surgical treatment of septic physitis in 17 foals
Authors: Hall MS , Pollock PJ , Russell T
Published: October 2012

Objective

To document the progression and outcome after surgical curettage of septic physes in foals.

Study design

Case series of 17 foals, aged <9 weeks, with septic physitis.

Methods

All foals were treated surgically with curettage of physeal lesions. Combinations of systemic antibiotics, intravenous regional perfusion of antibiotic and antibiotic‐impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads were used as adjunct medical treatments. Tissue removed from the physis of three foals during surgery was sent for pathological analysis.

Results

At follow‐up, 15 of the 17 foals were alive. In the two foals with septic physitis of the distal tibia, the condition was bilateral. Eight foals had concurrent septic arthritis of the joint adjacent to the growth plate, but this did not affect outcome. Referring veterinarians of the foals were contacted at least 9 months post‐surgery and all reported excellent functional, and good to excellent cosmetic, outcomes. Pathological examination of the septic physeal tissue showed that normal growth plate had been replaced by inflammatory tissue.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Septic physitis in foals may be treated using surgical curettage in selected cases. Removal of septic material might be expected to expedite resolution of infection, especially important in immunologically challenged neonates, where septic tissue may act as a reservoir for seeding of infection to other sites.
Costs of Treating Depression With Individual Versus Family Therapy
Authors: Crane D. Russell , Christenson Jacob D. , Dobbs Sareta M. , Schaalje G. Bruce , Moore Adam M. , Pedal Fu Fan Chiang , Ballard Jamie , Marshall Elaine S.
Published: October 2012

Depression is one of the most common concerns that bring clients to treatment. Although marriage and family therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment, little research exists regarding the cost‐effectiveness of related services. In this study, we examined claims data for 164,667 individuals diagnosed with depression to determine (a) differences in the cost of treating depression according to type of therapy and license type, (b) differences in recidivism rates by age, gender, type of therapy, and type of mental health professional, and (c) differences in cost‐effectiveness by therapy modality and type of professional. The results showed that services provided by marriage and family therapists resulted in the lowest recidivism rate, and family therapy services were the least expensive.
Bridging the Clinician/Researcher Gap with Systemic Research: The Case for Process Research, Dyadic, and Sequential Analysis
Authors: Oka Megan , Whiting Jason
Published: October 2012

In Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), as in many clinical disciplines, concern surfaces about the clinician/researcher gap. This gap includes a lack of accessible, practical research for clinicians. MFT clinical research often borrows from the medical tradition of randomized control trials, which typically use linear methods, or follow procedures distanced from “real‐world” therapy. We review traditional research methods and their use in MFT and propose increased use of methods that are more systemic in nature and more applicable to MFTs: process research, dyadic data analysis, and sequential analysis. We will review current research employing these methods, as well as suggestions and directions for further research.