bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The examination of the effect of the criterion for neural network’s learning on the effectiveness of the qualitative analysis of multidimensional data
Authors: Jamróz Dariusz
Published: February 2020

A variety of multidimensional visualization methods are applied for the qualitative analysis of multidimensional data. One of the multidimensional data visualization methods is a method using autoassociative neural networks. In order to perform visualizations of n-dimensional data, such a network has n inputs, n outputs and one of the interlayers consisting of two outputs whose values represent coordinates of the analyzed sample’s image on the screen. Such a criterion for the network’s learning consists in that the same value as the one at the ith input appears at each ith output. If the network is trained in this way, the whole information from n inputs was compressed to two outputs of the interlayer and then decompressed to n network outputs. The paper shows the application of different learning criteria can be more beneficial from the point of view of the results’ readability. Overall analysis was conducted on seven-dimensional real data representing three coal classes, five-dimensional data representing printed characters, 216-dimensional data representing hand-written digits and, additionally, in order to illustrate additional explanations using artificially generated seven-dimensional data. Readability of results of the qualitative analysis of these data was compared using the multidimensional visualization utilizing neural networks for different learning criteria. Also, the obtained results of applying all analyzed criteria on 20 randomly selected sets of multidimensional data obtained from one of the publicly available repositories are presented.
Observations on the May 2019 Joffre Peak landslides, British Columbia
Authors: Friele Pierre , Millard Tom H. , Mitchell Andrew , Allstadt Kate E. , Menounos Brian , Geertsema Marten , Clague John J.
Published: February 2020

Two catastrophic landslides occurred in quick succession on 13 and 16 May 2019, from the north face of Joffre Peak, Cerise Creek, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia. With headscarps at 2560 m and 2690 m elevation, both began as rock avalanches, rapidly transforming into debris flows along middle Cerise Creek, and finally into debris floods affecting the fan. Beyond the fan margin, a flood surge on Cayoosh Creek reached bankfull and attenuated rapidly downstream; only fine sediment reached Duffey Lake. The toe of the main debris flow deposit reached 4 km from the headscarp, with a travel angle of 0.28, while the debris flood phase reached the fan margin 5.9 km downstream, with a travel angle of 0.22. Photogrammetry indicates the source volume of each event is 2–3 Mm3, with combined volume of 5 Mm3. Lidar differencing, used to assess deposit volume, yielded a similar total result, although error in the depth estimate introduced large volume error masking the expected increase due to dilation and entrainment. The average velocity of the rock avalanche-debris flow phases, from seismic analysis, was ~ 25–30 m/s, and the velocity of the 16 May debris flood on the upper fan, from super-elevation and boulder sizes, was 5–10 m/s. The volume of debris deposited on the fan was ~ 104 m3, 2 orders of magnitude less than the avalanche/debris flow phases. Progressive glacier retreat and permafrost degradation were likely the conditioning factors; precursor rockfall activity was noted at least ~6 months previous; thus, the mountain was primed to fail. The 13 May landslide was apparently triggered by rapid snowmelt, with debuttressing triggering the 16 May event.
Spectral estimates and discreteness of spectra under Riemannian submersions
Authors: Polymerakis Panagiotis
Published: February 2020

For Riemannian submersions, we establish some estimates for the spectrum of the total space in terms of the spectrum of the base space and the geometry of the fibers. In particular, for Riemannian submersions of complete manifolds with closed fibers of bounded mean curvature, we show that the spectrum of the base space is discrete if and only if the spectrum of the total space is discrete.
Experimental Determination of the Mechanical Properties and Deformation Constants of Mórágy Granitic Rock Formation (Hungary)
Authors: Davarpanah M. , Somodi G. , Kovács L. , Vásárhelyi B.
Published: February 2020

Determination of the mechanical behaviour of intact rock is one of the most important parts of any engineering projects in the field of rock mechanics. The most important mechanical parameters required to understand the quality of intact rock are Young’s modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio (ν), the strength of rock (σc) and the ratio of Young’s modulus to the strength of rock known as modulus ratio (MR), which can be used for calculations. The particular interest of this paper is to investigate the relationship between these parameters for Hungarian granitic rock samples. To fulfil this aim, Modulus of elasticity (E), Modulus of rigidity (G), Bulk modulus (K) and the modulus ratio (MR = E/σc) of 50 granitic rock samples collected from Bátaapáti radioactive waste repository were examined. Fifty high-precision uniaxial compressive tests were conducted on strong (σc > 100 MPa) rock samples, exhibiting the wide range of elastic modulus (E = 57.425–88.937 GPa), uniaxial compressive strength (σc = 133.34–213.04 MPa) and Poisson’s ratio (ν = 0.18–0.32). The observed value (MR = 326–597) and mean value of MR = 439.4 are compared with the results of similar previous researches. Moreover, the statistical analysis for all studied rocks was performed and the relationship between MR and other mechanical parameters such as maximum axial strain (εa, max) for studied rock samples was discussed. Finally, the validity of the proposed mathematical model by Palchik (Geomech Geophys Geo-energy Geo-resour 6:1–12, 2019) for stress–strain behaviour of granitic rock samples was investigated.
A data-driven procedure to determine the bunching window: an application to the Netherlands
Authors: Bosch Nicole , Dekker Vincent , Strohmaier Kristina
Published: February 2020

We extend the bunching approach introduced by Saez (Am Econ J Econ Policy 2:180–212, 2010) by proposing an intuitive, data-driven procedure to determine the bunching window. By choosing the bunching window ad hoc, researchers throw away informative data points for estimating the counterfactual income distribution in the absence of the kink. Assuming a descending bunching mass to both sides of the threshold, the proposed algorithm produces a distribution of lower and upper bounds for the bunching window. In each iteration, the bunching window is defined as all contiguous bin midpoints around the threshold that lie outside of the confidence band resulting from running a local regression through all data points outside of the excluded region. Monte Carlo simulations provide evidence that our data-driven procedure outperforms larger bunching windows in terms of bias and efficiency. In our application for the Netherlands, we find clear evidence of bunching behaviour at all three thresholds of the Dutch tax schedule with a precisely estimated elasticity of 0.023 at the upper threshold, which is driven by self-employed, women and joint tax filers.
Substantial understory contribution to the C sink of a European temperate mountain forest landscape
Authors: Dirnböck T. , Kraus D. , Grote R. , Klatt S. , Kobler J. , Schindlbacher A. , Seidl R. , Thom D. , Kiese R.
Published: February 2020

Context

The contribution of forest understory to the temperate forest carbon sink is not well known, increasing the uncertainty in C cycling feedbacks on global climate as estimated by Earth System Models.

Objectives

We aimed at quantifying the effect of woody and non-woody understory vegetation on net ecosystem production (NEP) for a forested area of 158 km2in the European Alps.

Methods

We simulated C dynamics for the period 2000–2014, characterized by above-average temperatures, windstorms and a subsequent bark beetle outbreak for the area, using the regional ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC.

Results

In the entire study area, woody and non-woody understory vegetation caused between 16 and 37% higher regional NEP as compared to a bare soil scenario over the 15-year period. The mean annual contribution of the understory to NEP was in the same order of magnitude as the average annual European (EU-25) forest C sink. After wind and bark beetle disturbances, the understory effect was more pronounced, leading to an increase in NEP between 35 and 67% compared to simulations not taking into account these components.

Conclusions

Our findings strongly support the importance of processes related to the understory in the context of the climate change mitigation potential of temperate forest ecosystems. The expected increases in stand replacing disturbances due to climate change call for a better representation of understory vegetation dynamics and its effect on the ecosystem C balance in regional assessments and Earth System Models.
A machine learning approach to univariate time series forecasting of quarterly earnings
Authors: Fischer Jan Alexander , Pohl Philipp , Ratz Dietmar
Published: February 2020

We propose our quarterly earnings prediction (QEPSVR) model, which is based on epsilon support vector regression (ε-SVR), as a new univariate model for quarterly earnings forecasting. This follows the recommendations of Lorek (Adv Account 30:315–321, 2014.10.1016/j.adiac.2014.09.008), who notes that although the model developed by Brown and Rozeff (J Account Res 17:179–189, 1979) (BR ARIMA) is advocated as still being the premier univariate model, it may no longer be suitable for describing recent quarterly earnings series. We conduct empirical studies on recent data to compare the predictive accuracy of the QEPSVRmodel to that of the BR ARIMA model under a multitude of conditions. Our results show that the predictive accuracy of the QEPSVRmodel significantly exceeds that of the BR ARIMA model under 24 out of the 28 tested experiment conditions. Furthermore, significance is achieved under all conditions considering short forecast horizons or limited availability of historic data. We therefore advocate the use of the QEPSVRmodel for firms performing short-term operational planning, for recently founded companies and for firms that have restructured their business model.
Soziotechnische Analyse und Gestaltung von Virtualisierungsprozessen
Authors: Paulsen Hilko , Zorn Victoria , Inkermann David , Reining Nine , Baschin Julian , Vietor Thomas , Kauffeld Simone
Published: February 2020

Dieses Praxisbeispiel der Zeitschrift „Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation (GIO)“ betrachtet den Fall einer virtuellen Inbetriebnahme bei einem Unternehmen aus dem Anlagen- und Maschinenbau aus soziotechnischer Systemperspektive. In einer digitalisierten Arbeitswelt werden Tätigkeiten zunehmend in den virtuellen Raum verlagert, sodass mit Hilfe digitale Abbilder beispielsweise Simulationen durchgeführt werden können. Bevor die Maschine real in Betrieb genommen wird, soll die Inbetriebnahme durch eine Simulation mittels Software erfolgen. Das Zusammenspiel der Steuerungssoftware und Hardwarekomponenten einer Maschine wird dabei mit dem Ziel, Fehler und Probleme frühzeitiger zu erkennen, simuliert und geprüft. Diese neue Entwicklungstechnologie und deren Implementierung in den Produktentwicklungsprozess wird vor dem Hintergrund eines soziotechnischen Systemverständnisses reflektiert. Im Praxisbeispiel erfolgt eine Analyse und Gestaltung von Mensch, Technik und Organisation sowie deren Wechselspiel. Es zeigt sich, dass die virtuelle Inbetriebnahme simultane Entwicklungsprozesse bei der Bearbeitung von Kundenaufträgen sowie dadurch eine stärkere modulartige Vernetzung der beteiligten Entwicklungsdomänen nahelegt. Diese Prozesse gehen mit erhöhten Anforderungen an die Mitarbeitenden in Bezug auf Medienkompetenzen sowie Selbstkompetenzen einher.
Temperature-Dependent Misfit Stress in Gamma Double Prime Strengthened Ni-Base Superalloys
Authors: Zhang R. Y. , Qin H. L. , Bi Z. N. , Li J. , Paul S. , Lee T. L. , Zhang S. Y. , Zhang J. , Dong H. B.
Published: February 2020

Misfit stresses in the γ″-strengthened Ni-base superalloy Inconel 718 were calculated from the measured constrained misfit strain using Eshelby’s inclusion method. The constrained misfit strains of the γ″ precipitates were measured using neutron diffraction at various temperatures with the aid of the stress-induced variant selection method. Eshelby tensor was calculated using the expressions for the case of anisotropic matrix given by Mura. Results show the presence of significant compressive misfit stresses in the γ″ precipitates with an anisotropic distribution, namely 3.0 GPa along the habit plane and 1.7 GPa along the plane normal direction at room temperature, and 2.0 and 1.2 GPa at 664 °C. The decrease in misfit stresses was due to the decrease in stiffness and the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the γ and γ″ phases. The average internal stresses in the γ matrix due to lattice misfit were found to be ~ 329 MPa at room temperature and ~ 186 MPa at 664 °C in tension. The possibility of relieving such high levels of misfit stresses in precipitates by loss of coherency during continued growth of precipitates is also discussed.
Continuation of fishing subsistence in the Ukrainian Neolithic: diet isotope studies at Yasinovatka, Dnieper Rapids
Authors: Budd Chelsea , Potekhina Inna , Lillie Malcolm
Published: February 2020

Yasinovatka is one of around 30 prehistoric cemetery sites of fisher-hunter-foragers located along the Dnieper River in southern Ukraine. Dating toc.5540–4930 cal BC, the skeletal remains at Yasinovatka suggest that around sixty-eight individuals were interred at the cemetery, during three broad phases of interment: A-type burials (c. 5540–4930 cal BC), Ƃ1 pit burials (c. 5550–4750 cal BC), and Ƃ2 pit burials (c. 4980–4460 cal BC). The burials are characterized, in part, by the inclusion of a number of Mariupol-type plates of boar tusk, in addition to deer tooth pendants, Unio shells, knife-like flint blades,Cyprinidaeteeth, sherds of Neolithic pottery, and significant deposits of ochre in the later burial pits. Here we analyse δ13C and δ15N values for 50 human bone collagen samples from the site. The majority of the isotope results show a fisher-hunter-forager population reliant predominantly on freshwater aquatic proteins, which is in keeping with previous dietary isotope studies in the area. Two individuals however have δ15N values that are clearly depleted when compared with the main population; these reflect dietary protein intakes based on plant and animal terrestrial resources rather than the predominant focus on aquatic resources. Notably, the δ13C values of these anomalous individuals are not enriched compared with the fauna samples analysed from the region; this supports the possibility that they were incomers to the area, potentially from a nearby agrarian population.
Predictive model for multistage cyber-attack simulation
Authors: Kour Ravdeep , Thaduri Adithya , Karim Ramin
Published: February 2020

Adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) in railway has improved the reliability, maintainability, operational efficiency, capacity as well as the comfort of passengers. This adoption introduces new vulnerabilities and entry points for hackers to launch attacks. Advanced cybersecurity threats with automated capabilities are increasing in such sectors as finance, health, grid, retail, government, telecommunications, transportation, etc. These cyber threats are also increasing in railways and, therefore, it needs for cybersecurity measures to predict, detect and respond these threats. The cyber kill chain (CKC) model is a widely used model to detect cyber-attacks and it consists of seven stages/chains; breaking the chain at an early stage will help the defender stop the adversary’s malicious actions. Due to lack of real cybersecurity data, this research simulates cyber-attacks to calculate the attack penetration probabilities at each stage of the cyber kill chain model. The objective of this research is to predict cyber-attack penetrations by implementing various security controls using modeling and simulation. This research is an extension of developed railway defender kill chain which provides security controls at each stage of CKC for railway organizations to minimize the risk of cyber threats.
Eco-hydrology and the effects on the national economy: case of the eastern region of Abakaliki Anticlinorium, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Ukpai Stephen Nwoba , Ezeh Hilary Nwogboduwhu , Effam Solomon Chukwuedum
Published: February 2020

The area was mineralized, yet it is an agricultural settlement. Histories of water hardness and local migration of connate (saline) water exist across the region. This study investigated effects of these geogenic circumstances on the economy of the region and Nigeria. Geophysical and geochemical analyses were carried out for delineation of hydrological structures relevant to groundwater movement and pollution status, respectively. Results revealed silty–sandy shale sandwiched between 60 and 100 Ω-m at the fourth geoelectric layer. This layer marks depths to water table from 7.0 to 12.0 m and formed aquitard as medium of regional stance for groundwater percolation. The aquitards confined localized resistivity anomalies of ≤ 60 Ω-m and was interpreted as various aquifers. Isolated peaks of hydraulic head up to 85 m around north-western and south-eastern ends of NW–SE-trending local water divide indicated areas of water table crops where conjunctive hydrological interaction exists between surface water and groundwater resources; each flushes dissolved elements from the calcareous sediments into the water resources. Consequently, configurations of pH, total dissolved solutes (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and total hardness ranged as: 6.97–7.96, 20–1399 mg/l, 30–2100 μs/cm and 8–160 mg/l, respectively. Localized concentrations of calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, iron, manganese, zinc, lead, chromium and cobalt in mg/l ranged to pollution or alert levels as follows: 38–590, 5–89, 10–126, 30–460, 6–128, 0.01–1.74, 0.1–0.41, 0.001–0.13, 0/01–1.98, 0.011–0.56 and 0.05–0.22, respectively. The water is therefore hard and hence supports encrustations of fittings for water supplies. Consequently, screens’ slot sizes were clogged, resulting in incessant boreholes failures in the region. Heavy metals are polluting from identifiable loading sources, possibly, due to the proximity of associated lodes. These pollution(s) caused the exceedance of TDS (as reflected in EC) above the saline borderline and hence the salinity and sodium hazards that hampered crop growth, mainly cereal foods. It also endangered biodiversity of adjoining downstream regions.
Enhancing the performance of xanthan gum in water-based mud systems using an environmentally friendly biopolymer
Authors: Akpan Emmanuel U. , Enyi Godpower C. , Nasr Ghasem G.
Published: February 2020

Xanthan gum is commonly used in drilling fluids to provide viscosity, solid suspension, and fluid-loss control. However, it is sensitive to high temperatures and not tolerant of field contaminants. This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of an eco-friendly biopolymer (diutan gum) on xanthan gum (XC) in a water-based bentonite mud. Laboratory experiments were carried out for different compositions of the biopolymers in water-based bentonite muds formulated without salt and in water-based bentonite muds containing sodium chloride (NaCl). The rheological properties of the water-based bentonite muds formulated with XC (2 Ibm) and those of the water-based bentonite muds prepared using XC (1Ibm) and diutan gum (1Ibm) were measured using Model 1100 viscometer after aging at 25 °C, 100 °C, and 120 °C for 16 h. The API fluid loss and filter cake of the mud formulations were measured using HTHP filter press. The properties of the water-based bentonite muds containing only XC were compared with those of the water-based bentonite muds containing XC and diutan gum. Presented results show that combining diutan gum and xanthan gum in a ratio of 1:1 in a water-based bentonite mud enhances its performance with respect to fluid properties—apparent viscosity, gel strength, yield points, YP/PV ratio, LSRV,n, andK. The fluid formulations also showed favorable mud cake building characteristics. Experimental data also indicate a 16%, 19%, and 34% reduction in API fluid loss values for the water-based benitoite muds containing XC in the presence of diutan gum after aging at 25 °C, 100 °C, and 120 °C for 16 h, respectively. Experimental results also show that the water-based benitoite mud containing XC and diutan gum would cause less formation damage and was tolerant of contamination with a monovalent cation (Na+). The synergy of xanthan gum and diutan gum can, therefore, improve the performance of water-based drilling fluids.
ContextNet: representation and exploration for painting classification and retrieval in context
Authors: Garcia Noa , Renoust Benjamin , Nakashima Yuta
Published: February 2020

In automatic art analysis, models that besides the visual elements of an artwork represent the relationships between the different artistic attributes could be very informative. Those kinds of relationships, however, usually appear in a very subtle way, being extremely difficult to detect with standard convolutional neural networks. In this work, we propose to capture contextual artistic information from fine-art paintings with a specific ContextNet network. As context can be obtained from multiple sources, we explore two modalities of ContextNets: one based on multitask learning and another one based on knowledge graphs. Once the contextual information is obtained, we use it to enhance visual representations computed with a neural network. In this way, we are able to (1) capture information about the content and the style with the visual representations and (2) encode relationships between different artistic attributes with the ContextNet. We evaluate our models on both painting classification and retrieval, and by visualising the resulting embeddings on a knowledge graph, we can confirm that our models represent specific stylistic aspects present in the data.
Lecture Capture Policies: A Survey of British Universities
Authors: Ibrahim Yasmin , Howarth Anita , Stone Ian
Published: February 2020

The integration of digital and convergent technologies into the classroom poses policy level challenges for universities, as these constitute a wider process of digitalization and marketization of the higher education institutions (HEIs) ranging from open access publishing to augmenting pedagogy through learning platforms. Digital technologies not only augment teaching and learning, they present HEIs with a multitude of challenges from copyright of third-party materials to performance rights. This paper surveyed lecture capture policies in 149 British universities in 2015–2016. As mobile and capture technologies become part of the classroom and extend their construction beyond the physical realms, this paper assesses the policy challenges that have emerged with the incorporation of lecture capture technologies into HEIs. Lecture capture is part of the ‘digitalization’ of the HEI sector, illuminating both the investments into digital modes of delivery and dissemination and in tandem the numerous challenges (structural, pedagogic, legal and ethical) that face the sector today through the increasing incorporation of technologies into everyday teaching practices, policy and delivery.
Camera calibration and orientation for PCB jet printing inspection
Authors: Heinemann David , Dutz Silvio , Knabner Steffen , Haueisen Jens , Baumgarten Daniel
Published: February 2020

To assess the quality of printed solder joints in the jet printing of printed circuit boards, a calibrated camera is used to reconstruct the solder volume via photogrammetry as a specific task of computer vision. This requires a procedure for calibration and orientation determination due to restrictions within the image acquisition process. We herein consider a novel application area called an ultra-close range normal case photogrammetry, where a camera acquires small objects at small operating distances and fields of depth. Because the camera cannot rotate or translate in the z-direction, we propose and evaluate four calibration procedures in terms of their capability in a normal case calibration within the ultra-close range. To set up an optimal calibration pipeline, a three-dimensional (3D) calibration field is used for single and multi-image calibrations. To enhance the accuracy and to simplify the assignment of 3D coordinates to the detected markers, we propose a geometry-based estimation of the lens model to undistort the image points. Close-range applications utilize spacer rings and extension tubes to enlarge the magnification and reduce the operating distance. We also examine the influence of these extensions on the intrinsics of the camera and the reconstruction result. Additionally, we demonstrate the dependence of the accuracy on the lens model in terms of radial and tangential distortions and the number of distortion coefficients regarding the reprojection error $$\epsilon _{repro}$$

ϵ

repro

. Finally, we provide recommendations for a lens configuration for ultra-close range normal case calibrations and measurements, based on the calibration and reconstruction results, which are evaluated by the 2D reprojection error $$\epsilon _{repro}$$

ϵ

repro

and the 3D reconstruction error $$\epsilon _{recon}$$

ϵ

recon

obtained from a second independent calibration field.
Authoritarian International Law?
Authors: Ginsburg Tom
Published: February 2020

International law, though formally neutral among regime types, has mainly been a product of liberal democracies since World War II. In light of recent challenges to the liberal international order, this Article asks, what would international law look like in an increasingly authoritarian world? As compared with democratic countries, authoritarians emphasize looser cooperation, negotiated settlements, and rules that reinforce regime survival. This raises the possibility of authoritarian international law, designed to extend authoritarian rule across time and space.
Climate Change Litigation in Ghana: An Analysis of the Role of Courts in Enforcing Climate Change Law
Authors: Erinosho Bolanle
Published: February 2020

Jacqueline Peel and Jolene Lin note that a “transnational understanding of the nature, significance and effects of climate litigation is incomplete if it fails to encompass the Global South experience.” This is especially important because the broader aim of climate litigation—namely, to provide redress to victims for climate harms—requires a collective global effort. Peel and Lin thus call for a broadening of our understanding of climate change litigation to include the experiences of the Global South. The term “Global South” has been used to refer to the collection of mostly developing countries with similar agendas that have often collaborated in environmental negotiations. These countries form a significant bloc in climate change negotiations. However, the experiences and views of many of the countries of the Global South differ in the way climate change matters are conceived and tackled. This essay demonstrates as much by examining climate change litigation in Ghana.
Climate Change Litigation in the Global South: Filling in Gaps
Authors: Setzer Joana , Benjamin Lisa
Published: February 2020

New scholarship has identified trends, constraints, and opportunities for climate litigation in the Global South. While countries in the Global South tend to experience a lack of capacity within government agencies, civil society, and the judiciary, the Global South is not a homogenous group. Where climate litigation has been identified, the judiciary is often implementing government policy prescriptions in the absence of detailed climate legislation or filling enforcement gaps. But there are also a number of countries where climate litigation is not taking place or where gaps exist between ongoing litigation and traditional definitions of climate litigation. The scholarship is yet to further explore the relationship between climate legislation and litigation in the Global South, in particular in circumstances where ripe policy and legislative conditions for climate litigation exist. Taking into account different regional and national experiences, this essay explores that relationship.
Recovering the Logic of Double Effect for Business: Intentions, Proportionality, and Impermissible Harms
Authors: Monge Rosemarie , Hsieh Nien-hê
Published: February 2020

Business actors often act in ways that may harm other parties. While the law aims to restrict harmful behavior and to provide remedies, legal systems do not anticipate all contingencies and legal regulations are not always well-enforced. This article argues that the logic of double effect (LDE), which has been developed and deployed in other areas of practical ethics, can be useful in helping business actors decide whether or not to pursue potentially harmful activities in commonplace business activity. The article illustrates how LDE helps to explain the exploitative nature of payday lending, the distinction between permissible and impermissible forms of market competition, and the potential wrong of imposing risk of harm on others. The article also addresses foundational debates about LDE itself. We offer the article as an illustration of the sort of “midlevel” theorizing that can address directly the needs of practitioners.
Factors Influencing the Prioritization of Injured Patients for Transfer to a Burn or Trauma Center Following a Mass Casualty Event
Authors: Lancet Elizabeth A. , Zhang Wei Wei , Roblin Patricia , Arquilla Bonnie , Zeig-Owens Rachel , Asaeda Glenn , Kaufman Brad , Alexandrou Nikolaos A. , Gallagher James J. , Cooper Michael L. , Styles Timothy , Prezant David J. , Quinn Celia
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

In New York City, a multi-disciplinary Mass Casualty Consultation team is proposed to support prioritization of patients for coordinated inter-facility transfer after a large-scale mass casualty event. This study examines factors that influence consultation team prioritization decisions.

Methods:

As part of a multi-hospital functional exercise, 2 teams prioritized the same set of 69 patient profiles. Prioritization decisions were compared between teams. Agreement between teams was assessed based on patient profile demographics and injury severity. An investigator interviewed team leaders to determine reasons for discordant transfer decisions.

Results:

The 2 teams differed significantly in the total number of transfers recommended (49 vs 36; P = 0.003). However, there was substantial agreement when recommending transfer to burn centers, with 85.5% agreement and inter-rater reliability of 0.67 (confidence interval: 0.49–0.85). There was better agreement for patients with a higher acuity of injuries. Based on interviews, the most common reason for discordance was insider knowledge of the local community hospital and its capabilities.

Conclusions:

A multi-disciplinary Mass Casualty Consultation team was able to rapidly prioritize patients for coordinated secondary transfer using limited clinical information. Training for consultation teams should emphasize guidelines for transfer based on existing services at sending and receiving hospitals, as knowledge of local community hospital capabilities influence physician decision-making.
A cross-validated three-dimensional model of an englacial and subglacial drainage system in a High-Arctic glacier
Authors: Hansen Lena U. , Piotrowski Jan A. , Benn Douglas I. , Sevestre Heidi
Published: February 2020

Recent speleological surveys of meltwater drainage systems in cold and polythermal glaciers have documented dynamic englacial and in some cases subglacial conduits formed by the ‘cut-and-closure’ mechanism. Investigations of the spatial distribution of such conduits often require a combination of different methods. Here, we studied the englacial drainage system in the cold glacier Longyearbreen, Svalbard by combining speleological exploration of a 478 m long meltwater conduit with a high-resolution ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey with two different centre-frequencies (25 and 100 MHz). The results yielded a 3-D documentation of the present englacial drainage system. The study shows that the overall form of englacial conduits can be detected from velocity−depth converted GPR data, and that the 3-D model can facilitate a method to pinpoint the reflections in a radargram corresponding with the englacial drainage system, although fine detail cannot be resolved. Visible reflections approximately parallel to the mapped englacial water drainage system likely result from sediment incorporated in the ice or from abandoned parts of the englacial drainage system.
Negotiating the Value Chain: A Study of Surplus and Distribution in Indian Markets for Food
Authors: Cohen Amy J.
Published: February 2020

To enhance the welfare of smallholder farmers, development agencies increasingly promote “value chain agriculture” where farmers partner with more powerful entities, such as corporations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), to create new sources of economic value. Via a qualitative study of how small farmers negotiate with the buyers of retail and agribusiness corporations in India, this article explores why the promise of value creation can appear so elusive on the ground. It makes two primary contributions. For global value chain scholars, it illustrates how studying value chains “below” the level of the firm illuminates complex ways in which new pathways for economic development are constrained by actually existing local economies—and how these local economies, rather than easily replaced, shape what counts as a source of value for small farmers. For negotiation scholars, it illustrates how, in some contexts, an equitable distribution of risk and social relationships may need to precede anything we call value creation.
From Punishment to Control: Assessing Juvenile Diversion in China
Authors: Li Enshen , Su Mingyue
Published: February 2020

China’s juvenile justice system has grown and changed substantially since the 1980s. While considerable research focuses on institutional treatment of juvenile delinquents, little attention has been paid to the diversion processes and measures that allow troubled juveniles to be directed away from the formal justice system. Through a comparison with juvenile justice in the United States, this article aims to investigate the development of the juvenile diversion framework in China. We argue that despite their similar efforts to divert juvenile delinquents from traditional court proceedings, in practice China’s diversionary arrangements diverge from those of their US counterparts. Unlike in the United States, Chinese juvenile diversion does not operate according to welfarist or restorative models. Rather, juvenile diversion in China is a managerialism-driven scheme that rests on two key pillars: institutional diversion, which imposes punishment and control on juvenile offenders pursuant to their level of offending and dangerousness, and noninstitutional diversion, which revolves around risk-based management and correction through community-level interventions. We conclude that China’s distinctive sociolegal culture and political priorities have shaped a practice that appears to be at odds with the officially advertised narratives of the state’s juvenile justice policy.
The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation
Authors: TROUNSTINE JESSICA
Published: February 2020

Public goods in the United States are largely funded and delivered at the local level. Local public goods are valuable, but their production requires overcoming several collective action problems including coordinating supply and minimizing congestion, free-riding, and peer effects. Land use regulations, promulgated by local governments, allow communities to solve the collective action problems inherent in the provision of local public goods and maintenance of property values. A consequence of these efforts is residential segregation between cities along racial lines. I provide evidence that more stringent land use regulations are supported by whiter communities and that they preserve racial homogeneity. First, I show that cities that were whiter than their metropolitan area in 1970 are more likely to have restrictive land use patterns in 2006. Then, relying on Federal Fair Housing Act lawsuits to generate changes in land use policy, I show that restrictive land use helps to explain metropolitan area segregation patterns over time. Finally, I draw on precinct level initiative elections from several California cities to show that whiter neighborhoods are more supportive of restricting development. These results strongly suggest that even facially race-neutral land use policies have contributed to racial segregation.
Abomasally infused SFA with varying chain length differently affect milk production and composition and alter hepatic and mammary gene expression in lactating cows
Authors: Rico D. E. , Parales J. E. , Corl B. A. , Lengi A. , Chouinard P. Y. , Gervais R.
Published: February 2020

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of post-ruminally infused fat supplements, varying in fatty acid (FA) chain length, on animal performance, metabolism and milk FA. Eleven multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated incomplete 3 × 3 Latin square design with 7-d periods, separated by 7-d washouts. Treatments were administered as abomasal infusions of enrichments providing 280 g/d of FA: (1) palmitic acid (98·4 % 16 : 0; PA), (2) caprylic and capric acids (56·2 % 8 : 0, 43·8 % 10 : 0; medium-chain TAG (MCT)) and (3) stearic acid (99·0 % 18 : 0; SA). Relative to PA, SA decreased the efficiency of fat-corrected milk production, which was associated with a tendency for higher DM intake and lower FA absorption with SA, whereas MCT was not different from PA for these variables. Milk fat concentration and yield were increased by PA relative to SA, but only fat yield tended to be greater relative to MCT. Relative to PA, MCT increased milk fat concentration of FA < 16 C, whereas SA increased FA > 16 C. Expression of mammary stearoyl-coA desaturase 1 was lower with SA than with PA. Relative to PA, liver expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-1 and pyruvate kinase was increased with MCT, whereas expression of these genes tended to be increased by SA. The mechanism of increased fat secretion with PA does not seem to be related to a modulation of the expression of lipogenesis-related genes, but rather to increased substrate availability as reflected by milk FA profile.
Bringing Terrorists to Justice in the Context of Armed Conflict: Interaction between International Humanitarian Law and the UN Conventions Against Terrorism
Authors: Sánchez Frías Alejandro
Published: February 2020

The participation of foreign fighters on the side of terrorist groups has raised many questions about the legal basis for the criminal prosecution of acts of terror during armed conflicts. In cases regarding the commission of terrorist crimes with transnational elements, such as the foreign nationality of the alleged perpetrator, cooperation with other states in matters such as extradition or mutual legal assistance can be crucial. This study will analyse two regimes that may constitute a legal basis for cooperation in criminal matters against acts of terror committed during armed conflicts: (i) the rules on criminal responsibility under international humanitarian law (IHL), and (ii) the United Nations framework of anti-terrorist conventions. IHL has been seen by many as the only framework applicable to acts committed during armed conflicts. In contrast, the position adopted in this article is that IHL does not necessarily exclude the application of other regimes to acts committed during armed conflicts, which can serve as a complementary tool in international efforts for the prevention and suppression of terrorism.
The impact of international law on natural resource governance in Greenland
Authors: Johnstone Rachael Lorna
Published: February 2020

The paper demonstrates how the evolution of international law on colonial and indigenous peoples, in particular evolving rights to sovereignty over natural resources, shaped the changing relationship between Greenland and the rest of the Danish Realm. Greenland today is in a unique position in international law, enjoying an extremely high degree of self-government. This paper explores the history, current status and future of Greenland through the lens of international law, to show how international obligations both colour its relationship with the Kingdom of Denmark and influence its approaches to resource development internally. It considers the invisibility of the Inuit population in the 1933Eastern Greenlandcase that secured Danish sovereignty over the entire territory. It then turns to Denmark’s registration of Greenland as a non-self-governing territory (colony) in 1946 before Greenland’s-purported decolonisation in 1953 and the deficiencies of that process. In the second part of the 20thcentury, Denmark began to recognise the Greenland Inuit as an indigenous people before a gradual shift towards recognition of the Greenlanders as a people in international law, entitled to self-determination, including the right to permanent sovereignty over their natural resources. This peaked with the Self-Government Act of 2009. The paper will then go on to assess competing interpretations of the Self-Government Act of 2009 according to which the Greenland self-government is the relevant decision-making body for an increasing number of fields of competence including, since 1 January 2010, the governance of extractive industries. Some, including members of the Greenland self-government, argue that the Self-Government Act constitutes full implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP 2007), but this view is not universally shared. The paper also considers the status and rights of two Greenland minorities: the North Greenlanders (Inughuit) and the East Greenlanders, each of whom has distinct histories, experiences of colonisation, dialects (or languages) and cultural traditions. While the Kingdom of Denmark accepts the existence of only one indigenous people, namely, the Inuit of Greenland, this view is increasingly being challenged in international fora, including the UN human rights treaty bodies, as the two minorities are in some cases considered distinct indigenous peoples. Their current position in Greenland as well as in a future fully independent Greenland is examined, and the rights that they hold against the Greenland self-government as well as the Kingdom of Denmark explored. Greenland’s domestic regime for governance of non-renewable natural resources (principally mining and hydrocarbons) is briefly analysed and compared with international standards, with a particular emphasis on public participation. The paper assesses the extent to which it complies with the standards in key international instruments.
Reflections on the role of due diligence in clarifying State discretionary powers in developing Arctic natural resources
Authors: Bankes Nigel
Published: February 2020

This article argues that the concept of diligence provides a useful role in clarifying (and perhaps narrowing) the discretionary powers of the State with respect to the development of natural resources. The claim has two branches. First, the concept of due diligence plays an important role in bridging the normative gap between the harms caused by private actors and the international law of State responsibility. It is the vehicle by which States can be made to assume responsibility for private developments within their jurisdiction and control that cause harm to other States. Second, the concept of due diligence plays an important role (a “generative role”) in teasing out the detailed logical implications of more abstract primary norms such as the duty of prevention. These derivative duties include the duties to make a preliminary assessment of whether the proposed activity may cause a risk of significant transboundary harm: to conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA) if there is a risk of significant harm and, if the EIA confirms that risk, to notify and consult with respect to possible measures to prevent or mitigate that risk. The article demonstrates both of these claims through an examination of the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and arbitral awards. Finally, the article applies these claims in the context of possible resource developments in Alaska, British Columbia and Yukon that may have transboundary implications.
Predictors of affect following discharge from partial hospitalization: a two-week ecological momentary assessment study
Authors: Forgeard Marie , Beard Courtney , Shayani Danielle , Silverman Alexandra L. , Tsukayama Eli , Björgvinsson Thröstur
Published: February 2020

Background

Little is known about the everyday experiences of individuals transitioning from acute to outpatient psychiatric care, an important period of risk for mood symptom relapse. This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine whether specific daily experiences were related to momentary affective states following discharge from a partial hospitalization program (PHP).

Methods

A sample of 114 adults (Mage = 36 years old, 52% female, 83% White) completed four brief EMA surveys every day for 2 weeks assessing intensity/type of stressful events and social contact, as well as positive/negative affect (PA/NA). Half of participants reported therapeutic skills use.

Results

Stress severity ratings prospectively predicted increased NA. NA predicted spending less time with close relationships. However, interacting with close relationships predicted increased positive affect (PA). Finally, PA predicted spending time with more people. The use of two skills (behavioral activation and interpersonal effectiveness) was concurrently, but not prospectively, associated with improved affect.

Conclusions

Examining daily experiences of individuals discharging from partial hospitalization provides important information about factors that may influence affective states during the transition from acute to outpatient care. Findings from this study can be used to help prepare patients for discharge and develop interventions for the post-acute period.
Aging and Sexual Health: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Patients in a Canadian Urban Academic Family Health Team
Authors: Lurie Erin , Nathwani Meera , Slater Morgan , Pascoal Erica , Chadwick Sarah , Cmorejova Jana , Guiang Charlie
Published: February 2020

Primary care physicians are in a position to recognize sexuality as a core component of health. Data examining the sexual behaviours of Canadians over the age of 50 and the role of primary care in this domain is lacking. A cross-sectional survey was administered to patients over the age of 50, which assessed the importance of sexual activity, problems, and preferences in discussing sexual health with their primary care providers. A total of 39 per cent of patients indicated ongoing sexual activity and 52% of male participants reported current sexual activity compared with 25 per cent of females (p < 0.01). More males reported sexual activity as important than did females (69% vs. 45%, p < 0.01). Participants identifying sexual health concerns discussed physical dysfunctions more than emotional, social, or global health concerns (p < 0.01). More male participants discussed sexual health concerns with their family physician than did females (p < 0.01). The results of our study indicate that many individuals over the age of 50 continue to be sexually active, and that physical and non-physical concerns directly impact participation in sexual activity.