bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A tale of two dyads: Explaining moral dilemmas without natural kinds
Authors: Anderson Stephen , Spring Victoria L , Cameron Daryl , Gray Kurt
Published: July 2022

Moral dilemmas are central to moral psychology, with hundreds of papers using variants of the trolley problem. The popular Dual Process Model (DPM) understands moral dilemmas as a conflict between two (natural) kinds of mind—an intuitive deontological mind, and a reasoned utilitarian mind. An alternative theory—the Theory of Dyadic Morality (TDM)—may provide a more parsimonious understanding of moral dilemmas. TDM suggests that moral dilemmas consist of two dyads of harm, each involving an intentional agent, causation of damage, and vulnerable patient, and that people choose the dyad with the least salient harm. A systematic review reveals that TDM can account for the existing phenomena within moral dilemmas—and may also suggest new effects—while making fewer philosophical assumptions.
Validity of chronometric TMS for probing the time-course of word production: a modified replication
Authors: Jodzio Adrian , Piai Vitória , Verhagen Lennart , Cameron Ian , Indefrey Peter
Published: July 2022

In the present study, a modified replication of Schuhmann et al. (2012), we used chronometric TMS to probe the time-course of three brain regions during a picture naming task. The left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) and left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) were all separately stimulated in one of five time-windows (225, 300, 375, 450, 525ms) from picture onset. We found posterior temporal areas to be causally involved in picture naming in earlier time-windows, whereas all three regions appear to be involved in the later time-windows. However, chronometric TMS produces non-neuronal effects that may impact behavior, and furthermore, the time-course of any given process is a product of both the involved processing stages along with individual variation in the duration of each stage. We therefore extend previous work in the field by accounting for both individual variations in naming latencies and directly testing for non-neuronal effects of TMS. Our findings reveal that both factors influence behavioral outcomes at the group level. Underlining the importance of accounting for individual variations in naming latencies, especially for late processing stages closer to articulation and recognizing the presence of non-neuronal effects of TMS. The paper advances key considerations and avenues for future work using chronometric TMS to study overt production.
Frequentist-Bayesian analyses in parallel using JASP - A tutorial
Authors: Perezgonzalez Jose D.
Published: July 2022

This tutorial demonstrates the use of parallel Frequentist-Bayesian analyses using JASP, and the plausible inferences one may be able to make from such combined analyses. Chiefly, the first analytical step is to learn from the sample in a descriptive manner, without getting confounded by inferential statistics outputs (Tukey, 1977). A second step is to gauge the soundness of the method and of any inference using frequentist inferential statistics, following on the severity testing approach by Mayo (1996; Mayo and Spanos, 2010). Finally, the third step uses a Jeffreysian—Bayes factors—approach (Jeffreys, 1961) in order to make sensible inferences about the hypotheses being tested. The tutorial is an eminently learning exercise rather than a write up of a formal article for publication. Therefore, appropriate commentary is included where needed to foster such learning.
Swayambhu Buddhacharya's relationship with Bungadya:
Authors: Bajracharya Bajramuni
Published: July 2022

Swayambhu is located in ward 15 of Kathmandu Municipality and Bungamati is situated in ward 22 of Lalitpur Municipality. Bungadya: is the common deity of Nepalmandal whose image is kept six months in Bungamati and six months at Tahbahal of Lalitpur. Its chariot festival starts in the month of Baisakha. The main aim of the study is to explore Swayambhu Buddhacharya's relation with Bungam Lokesvara. What and how cultural activities are performed during the chariot festival by Budhacharyas. I spent 15 days in Swayambhu for data collection in 2016 Baisakha month. I selected some renowned priests of Swayambhu. I have applied the ethnographic method. During the course of data collection, I have interviewed with priests and observed animal sacrifice four days before starting the festival and involved in the preliminary procession of worship to Bungadya: at Pulchok. Books and articles have been used for description. This study is mostly completed based on the field research. Buddhacharya collects Pooja goods (objects) from each houses of Swayambhu then go to Hanuman Dhoka. The representative Buddhacharya first of all worship to Bungadya: in Pulchok before pulling chariot. Then, other devotees worship Bungadya:. On the way of returning home they deliver Prasad to the certain people. Instead of that, Prasad receiver gives Dakshina. Buddhacharya celebrate Jhwaglapagla Bhoy in Swayambhu. Four days before Panju sacrifice animal at Vayupur in Swayambhu at night and take away Swayambhu as Asana (seat) of Bungadya:. They have strong relation with Bungadya and Pānju of Bungamati. They do not keep marital relation with Bunga as well as Bunga do not marry with Swayambhu.
Racial and Cultural Tension in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun
Authors: Neupane Dipesh
Published: July 2022

The culture in which we are brought up shapes our traits and identity. When people move from one place to another, they get acquainted with new cultures. Then, they vacillate on the conflicting modes of dilemma – whether to follow the new culture or not. Cultural conflict arises when people cannot discard the original culture they carry from their birth. This paper explores how an African-American family confronts racial discrimination and culture clash in America, and how they react against the racial injustice. The voices that African-America people raise against racial discrimination and segregation are overtly or covertly represented in the African-American literature, as in the play- “A Raisin in the Sun”. This study explores the conflict between American culture and African culture in the play conceptualizing the theoretical frame work of cultural studies developed by Geert Hofstede and Edward Hall. This study answers the question: how does the African-American family (Younger family) confront the culture clash, and combat against racial discrimination in the play? The conflict between the Younger family and the white representative indicates the racial and culture clash between the African and the America culture as dramatized in the play.
Status of Nepalese Orphan through Parental Death in Foreign Labour Migration
Authors: Adhikari Govinda Prasad , Paudel Thuma Kumari
Published: July 2022

Migration is one of the components of the demographic Process. Parental migration has both positive and negative impacts on child development. Trends of death and injury in foreign labour migration are increasing. The death rate of male migrants is higher than female migrants in foreign employment. Parental deaths were observed higher for province one. The absence of the parents will impact the health and education of children. This study aims to analyse the impact on Nepalese orphans through parental death in foreign labour migration. This study has used quantitative information through secondary sources to achieve the research objectives. The major secondary sources are national and international publications, reports and journals. Information on school students, the injured or death status of the parents and scholarship status of children has been collected from the foreign employment promotion board of Nepal. All provinces are purposively selected as most foreign labour migrant provinces. Finally, data were presented in tabular and graphic form. Data were analysed in a descriptive method. The death of foreign labour migrants is increasing in Nepal. The absence of parents due to foreign labour migration in the family has increased negative effects on child health and education. The major causes of parental death are disease, accident, natural cause and investigation pending. The major death occurrence countries are Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Qatar. The government’s major social programs to support orphan and their families are injury benefit compensation and student scholarship programs, medicine support, rescue, and transportation of the dead body, orientation and training and other support
Role of Cooperatives in Women Empowerment: A Case of Surkhet District, Nepal
Authors: Sharma Laxmi Kanta , Shahi Mohan Bahadur
Published: July 2022

This study aims to identify the contribution of Mangalgadhi Multipurpose Cooperative Limited (MMCL) on economic, socio-cultural and political aspects of women empowerment who were involved in MMCL. The study was conducted in Birendranagar Municipality of Surkhet district among the 120 women beneficiaries of MMCL. Out of 441 women members of MMCL only 120 members with five years of experience on cooperative activities were randomly selected for data collection. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus-group discussions and key informant interviews. Paired samples t-test was applied in three different domains of women empowerment; economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions. The result specifies that all the indicators were found significant impact on women’s empowerment. This study found that there was significant difference in economic, socio-cultural and political empowerment of women after involvement in MMCL programs. Women members were found empowered in their economic activities, maintain social relationship, reduce the gender disparity, involve in social program, conduct the cultural program and participate in political program through MMCL activities. They have expanded their network of relationship through saving and credit program. The study shows the need of expansion of MMCL program in hard-to-reach areas also to empower the economically, socially, culturally and politically disadvantaged groups.
Divided Consciousness in The Bluest Eye
Authors: Shrestha Ravi Kumar
Published: July 2022

Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye uncovers the identity conflicts between the African- Americans and the whites due to the notions of Eurocentrism, America-centrism, racism, and dominance of the west over the east. This paper explores an African-American girl Pecola’s divided identity because of the reasons such as Dominance of West over the East, Being Black Immigrant, Lack of Recognition from Home and Society, Racism, and Poverty and Lack of Social security. The tragic part of their getting victimized is that due to the white standard of beauty even blacks regard themselves ugly and inferior, which gets analyzed by the use of W. E. B. Du Bois’ theory of double consciousness. Though the novel shows both reasons and consequences of an African-American girl Pecola’s divided identity, my paper mainly focuses on the reasons for Pecola’s divided identity.
Astronomy for Precise Positioning and Stellarium
Authors: Gurung Sher Bahadur , Musyaju Satish
Published: July 2022

Astronomy studies the Universe as a whole. Astronomy is the science that studies the origin and evolution of the Universe and everything in it. The present study discussed on the application of astronomy in general and explored its application on precise positioning specifically. Calendars, computers, communication satellites, navigation systems, mathematics, trigonometry, solar panels, wireless internet, culture and religions, and many other technological applications development such as aerospace, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or precise positioning, solar and nuclear energy, medicine, and many other technological applications development are all examples of astronomy. The study is conducted based on secondary information and astronomical observation using virtual application software. This paper also introduced the astronomical application software stellarium. The study shows that the astronomical knowledge and techniques are very useful for precise positioning.
Employee Views Towards Retirement Scheme in Development Bank of Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Shiva Prasad , Shrestha Rohit Kumar
Published: July 2022

The main objective of the study is to assess the employee view toward the Employee Provident Fund (EPF) scheme, as a retirement scheme, with various factors that influence the attitude in development banks of Nepal. The study is based on a descriptive and explanatory research design. A quantitative research design was applied. Out of 18 development banks in Nepal, Jyoti Bikas Bank, Shangrila Development Bank, Muktinath Bikas Bank, and Garima Bikas was selected as sample unit for the study. The study is based on the primary data collected from Employees or contributors as respondents. Pearson’s multiple correlations and linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. Correlation analysis shows a significant linear, positive, and moderate relationship between independent variables namely, saving and investment, benefits scheme, and work environment, and dependent variable namely, employee view toward EPF scheme. The regression analysis reveals that there is a positive view of employees toward EPF in terms of saving and investment. Also, there is a positive view of employees toward EPF in terms of the working environment. However, there is a negative view of employees toward EPF in respect of the benefits scheme.
Multifaceted Criticisms of the Bhagavad Gītā
Authors: Khatri Tilak Bahadur
Published: July 2022

This research article deals with the multi-dimensional commentaries of the Bhagavad Gītā given by some of the major commentators in the nineteenth century India. The study has its relevance to understand the text through multi-dimensional lens. The article addresses on the research problem concerning to the variant criticisms of the same text the Gītā. The research approach (methodology) adopted for this study is the review-based analysis of the text's commentaries of some of the well-known nineteenth century Indian commentators. The study has included the commentaries of Vivekananda, Gandhi, Desai, Aurobindo and Vinoba. The study reveals that the above commentators of the Gītā give the multilayered criticisms of the text, which are found to be queer and controversial.
कुरुवाः दह {Kuruwa Daha}
Authors: महर्जन Maharjan कृष्ण Krishna
Published: July 2022

बौद्ध धर्मालम्बी तथा बुँगद्यो/आर्यावलोकित्तेश्वर, लोकनाथ, पदमपाणी, करुणामय सम्बन्धी आस्था, चासो, जानकारी र अध्ययन गर्नेहरुको लागि ‘कुरूवाः दह’ अति महत्वपूर्ण स्थान मानिन्छ । करूणमयलाईनेपालमा आमन्त्रणा गर्ने क्रममा योजनावद्घ रूपमा सफल भएका थिए । कामरूका यक्षहरूका आक्रोशलेजवरजस्ती फिर्ता लान पटक पटक सफल पनि भएका थिए । जसरी पनि करूणामयलाई नेपालमाप्रस्थापना गराउनु नै थिए । त्यसैले सबैको सामूहिक अथक परिश्रम र प्रयत्न जारी गर्दा गर्दै विभिन्नपीठमा बसेर पूजा, पाठ, तन्त्र विद्या साध्ने क्रममा आखिर कुरूवाः दहमा आई पुगे । यस स्थानमारहेको एउटा गुफामा बसेर गुह्य रूपमा आठ दिशा क्षेत्रमा आठ बन्धन शील गरी गुह्य विधि अनुसारयोगाम्वर योगद्वारा करूणामयलाई सुवर्ण कलशमा प्रवेश गराउन आठ दिनसम्म योग ध्यान साधना गरीकरूणामयलाई नेपाल भित्र्याउनमा सफल रहे । यस स्थानमा स्थापना गरिएको पाःल्हाः (हत्केला)आकारको मूर्तिसँग काठमाडौँ सँकटा टोलको सँकटा देवतासँग निकत सम्बन्ध रहेको देखिन्छ । यसस्थानको वास्तविक नाम ‘कुरूवा दह’ को गलतफहमी भई अहिले ‘कटुवाल दह’ भन्न थालेका छन् ।यस लेखको पद्घतिको क्रममा विभिन्न वँशावली, किम्वदन्ती, ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि, नेवारको धर्म रसँरचना सम्बन्धी ग्रन्थ, साम्प्रदायिक भावना र प्रचलन, अध्ययन र भनाईहरुको ब्याख्यालाई उपकरणकोरूपमा प्रस्तृत छ । वास्तविक रूपमा सही कुरालाई सही दृष्टिकोणले हेर्दा अझ प्रष्ट हुने देखिन्छ ।
‘सिकोफाइभ’ कथामा प्रजाति, परिवेश र क्षण {Subnationalities, Surroundings and Circumstances in the Story 'Sikofive'}
Authors: गुरुङ Gurung गौरीसरा Gaurisara
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन साहित्यको समाजशास्त्रसँग सम्बन्धित छ । प्रजाति, परिवेश र क्षण साहित्यको समाजशास्त्रीय चिन्तन परम्परामा हिप्पोलाइट तेनद्वारा प्रतिपादित समाजशास्त्रीय अवधारणा हो । यसले समाजको भौगोलिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक र सामाजिक परिवेशले कृतिमा कसरी प्रभाव पार्छ भन्ने कुराको अध्ययन गर्दछ । बिना थिङद्वारा लिखित ‘सिकोफाइभ’ कथा २०७७ सालमा प्रकाशित याम्बुनेर कथासङ्ग्रहमा सङ्गृहीत छ । यस कथामा मङ्गोल प्रजातिकी महिलाले पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमा आफ्नो अस्तित्व रक्षाका लागि गरेको कठिन सङ्घर्षको दर्दनाक यथार्थ चित्रण गरिएको छ । कलकत्ताको वेश्यालयमा बेचिएकी नेपाली चेलीले आफ्नो जन्मभूमि नेपालफर्केपछि पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमापुनःस्थापित भएर बाँच्न र आफ्नो अस्तित्व रक्षा गर्नका लागि गरेको सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक, सांस्कृतिक अवस्थाको सन्दर्भलाई क्षणको रूपमा, हेटौँडा, पशुपतिनगरको समाजमा सङ्घर्षपूर्ण जीवन बाँचिरहेकी महिलालाई मङ्गोल प्रजातिकी महिलाका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्दै साहित्यिक कृतिमा समाजको भौगोलिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक परिवेशको प्रभाव पर्ने कुरालाई कथामा चित्रण गरिएको छ ।

{The presented study is related to the sociology of literature. Species, milieu and moment are sociological concepts propounded by Hippolytus Ten in the sociological thinking tradition of literature. It studies how the geographical, economic, political and social environment of the society affects the work. The story 'Cyco Five' written by Bina Thing is collected in Yambuner Katha Sangrah published in 2077. In this story, the painful reality of Mongolian women's struggle to protect their existence in the patriarchal society is depicted. The reference to the social, economic, political, and cultural conditions of a Nepali girl who was sold in a brothel in Calcutta after returning to her native land of Nepal to survive and protect her existence in a patriarchal society, as a moment, presenting a woman living a struggling life in the society of Hetauda, ​​Pashupatinagar as a woman of the Mongol race, in a literary work, the geography of society, The story depicts the effects of economic, political and social environment.}
‘याम्बुनेर’ कथामा अनुभूतिको संरचना {The structure of cognition in the story 'Yambuner'}
Authors: सापकोटा Sapkota दामोदर Damodar
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत आलेखमा बिना थिङद्वारा रचित याम्बुनेर (२०७७) कथाको समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन गरिएको छ । समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययनका विभिन्न आयाम मध्ये रेमन्ड विलियम्सद्वारा प्रस्तावित अनुभूतिको संरचनालाई विश्लेषणको आधार बनाइएको छ । यो अध्ययन याम्बुनेर कथामा के कस्ता पिँढीआएका छन् र ती पिँढीहरूले प्रभुत्वशाली पिँढीका परिप्रेक्षमा के कस्तो दबाब र तनावको अनुभूति गरेका छन् भन्ने समस्यामा आधारित छ । यही समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेर ‘याम्बुनेर’ कथाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनका निम्ति सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालय विधिबाट गरिएको छ भने ती प्राप्तसामग्रीको विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । अध्ययनका अन्त्यमा प्रभूत्वशाली पिँढीका रूपमा रहेको शासकीय सत्ता र त्यसको दबाबमा दोस्रो पिँढीले गरेको विशिष्ट अनुभूतिलाई देखाइएको छ । प्रभूत्वशाली पिँढीले काँठका तामाङ समुदायमाथि गरेको दमन र शोषणबाट त्यो समुदायका मानिसले दबाब र तनावजन्य अनुभूति गरेका छन् । यसमा उदीयमान पिँढीका रूपमा सोममाया आएकी छ । उसले दबाबजन्य अनुभूतिबाट विद्रोहको जन्म दिएकी छ । यहाँ पिँढी र समुदायबीचको दबाब र तनावको समाधान स्वरूप वैकल्पिक संस्कृतिको निर्माण नभएपनि त्यसको सुरुवातको छनक भने सोममायाका कार्यबाट देख्न सकिन्छ । यसर्थ यसमा उदीयमान पिँढीले नयाँ संस्कृतिको निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गरेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । राजधानीको नजिक रहेर पनि सँधै सत्ताभन्दा टाढा रहेको अनुभूति गर्नेकाँठका तामाङ समुदायको जीवनानुभूतिलार्ई यस कथामा निकै कलात्मक र मार्मिक ढङ्गले प्रस्तुत गर्नसक्नु लेखकको वैशिष्ठ्य हो र यो नै यसको प्राप्ति पनि हो ।

{In the presented article, a sociological study of Yambuner (2077) story written by Bina Thing has been done. Among the different dimensions of sociological studies, the structure of cognition proposed by Raymond Williams has been made the basis of analysis. This study is based on the problem of what kind of generations have come in the Yambuner story and what kind of pressure and stress have those generations felt from the perspective of the dominant generation. The story of 'Yambuner' has been analyzed focusing on this problem.  In the presented article, a sociological study of Yambuner (2077) story written by Bina Thing has been done. Among the different dimensions of sociological studies, the structure of cognition proposed by Raymond Williams has been made the basis of analysis. This study is based on the problem of what kind of generations have come in the Yambuner story and what kind of pressure and stress have those generations felt from the perspective of the dominant generation. The story of 'Yambuner' has been analyzed focusing on this problem. Although there is no creation of an alternative culture as a solution to the pressure and tension between generations and communities, the beginning of it can be seen from the work of Sommayaka. Therefore, it has been concluded that the emerging generation is trying to build a new culture. Being close to the capital, but always feeling far from power, the life experience of the Tamang community in Kanth is presented in this story in a very artistic and poignant way, and this is also its achievement.}
स्थानीय विकासमा भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीको महत्व {Significance of Geographical Information System in Local Development}
Authors: ओली Oli लाल बहादुर Lal Bahadur
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत लेखमा भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीको परिभाषा तथा विकास, भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणाली (Geographic Information System) का मुख्य कार्यहरु र स्थानीय विकासमा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणालीको महत्वबारे द्धितिय स्रोतहरुबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङ्क र सुचनाको उपयोग गरि वर्णनात्मकविधिबाट व्याख्या र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणाली कम्प्युटरमा आधारित प्रणाली हो जसमा एउटै थलोवाट कुनै क्षेत्रको भौगोलिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा वातावरणीय अवस्था र विकासका पूर्वाधारको अवस्था आदि पक्षहरुवारे छिटो छरितो रुपमा भरपर्दो सूचना उपलव्ध गराउन सकिन्छ । यसर्थ GIS  भौगोलिक सूचनाहरुको विश्लेषण गरी सहि नतिजा प्राप्त गर्ने भरपर्दो साधन मानिन्छ । सन् १९६० पछि विकास भएको GIS प्रविधि परिमार्जिन र विकास हुदै व्यापक प्रयोगमा आएको छ र शुरुवातमा भौगोलिक अवधारणासंग जोडिएर आए पनि वर्तमान समयमा GIS अन्तरविषयक विधाको रुपमा स्थापित भैसकेको छ । GIS प्रविधीले भौगोलिक सूचनाहरुको भण्डारण,एकिकरण गरी विश्लेषण गर्ने र सहि नतिजा प्राप्त गरी त्यसलार्ई प्रभावकारी रुपमा प्रस्तुत गर्ने कार्य गर्दछ । भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीबाट उपलव्ध सुचनाहरुलाई स्थानीय क्षेत्रका आर्थिक, सामाजिक, वातावरणीय र सेवा व्यवस्थापनका समस्याहरु समाधान गर्न तथा छिटोछरितो रुपमा सेवा उपलब्ध गराउन उपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । मुख्यतःस्थानीय स्तरमा स्रोतनक्सांकन, सेवाव्यवस्थापन (सडक सञ्जाल, खानेपानी, विजुली, कृषि तथा पशुबजार, पर्यटन सेवा सञ्चार आदि), विद्यालय तथा स्वास्थ्यचौकी नक्सांकन School and Health post Mapping  बन तथा प्रकोप व्यवस्थापन Forestry and Disaster Management आदि मानव जीवनका विविध क्षेत्रमा GIS प्रविधीको उपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीले उपलव्ध गराउने डाटावेशवाट स्थानीय आवश्यकता अनुसार नतिजा प्राप्त गरी त्यसलार्ई उपयुक्त विकास योजना निर्माण र छनौटमा प्रयोग गर्न तथा सही निर्णय लिनपनि मद्दत पुर्याउँछ । यसवाट स्थानीय विकासको गतिलार्ई तिव्र वनाई सामाजिक आर्थिक विकासका लक्ष्यहरु हासिल गर्न मद्दत पुग्दछ ।
‘मधेसतिर’ कथामा चार्वाक दर्शन {Charvak Darshan in the story 'Madhestir'}
Authors: धिताल Dhital सरोज Saroj
Published: July 2022

मधेसतिर कथामा चार्वाक दर्शन शीर्षकको यस आलेख पूर्वीय दर्शनअन्तर्गत चार्वाक दर्शनमा आधारितभई तयार गरिएको छ । विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाद्वारा लिखित मधेसतिर कथामा आएका विभिन्नपात्र सुखको खोजीमा मधेसतिर झरेको प्रसङ्ग कथामा प्रस्तुत छ । पूर्वीय दर्शनअन्तर्गत वैदिक रअवैदिक गरी दुई भेद रहेका छन् । पूर्वीय अवैदिक दर्शनमा बौद्ध, जैन र चार्वाक दर्शन पर्दछन् ।चार्वाक दर्शनसम्बन्धी विद्वानहरूका परिभाषा, मान्यता र विशेषतालाई यस अध्ययनमा समेटिएको छ ।चार्वाक दर्शनले वैदिक षड्दर्शनले राख्ने ईश्वर, आत्मा, पूर्वजन्म, पुनर्जन्म जस्ता मान्यतालाई अस्वीकार गर्दछ । भौतिकवादी दर्शनका रूपमा चिनिने यो दर्शनले राख्ने विभिन्न मान्यताहरूको निरूपण गर्दै मधेसतिर कथाका घटनाक्रम र त्यहाँ उपस्थित भएका विधवा, बूढो, भोटे, गोरे र धनेजस्ता पात्रका कार्यव्यापारहरूलाई चार्वाक मतका दृष्टिकोणबाट विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।

{This article titled Charvak Darshan in Madhestir Katha has been prepared based on Charvak Darshan under Eastern philosophy. Written by Vishweshwar Prasad Koirala, the story of various characters who came to Madhes in search of happiness is presented in the story. There are two distinctions in Eastern philosophy, Vedic and Non-Vedic. Eastern non-Vedic philosophy includes Buddhist, Jain and Charvaka philosophy. The definitions, beliefs and characteristics of scholars related to Charvaka philosophy are included in this study. Charvaka philosophy rejects the beliefs of God, soul, pre-birth, reincarnation held by Vedic philosophy. Depicting the various beliefs held by this philosophy known as materialist philosophy, the events of the Madhestir story and the actions of the characters present there such as widows, old men, bhotes, whites and riches have been analyzed from the point of view of Charvak Mat.}
Asymptomatic Massive Fibrous Dysplasia Obliterating Maxillary Sinus Extending to the Skull Base: a Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Sigdel Brihaspati , Neupane Bhima , Pokhrel Amrit , Kshetri Bikash , Sharma Keshab , Ghimire Ashish , Jha Avinash
Published: July 2022

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare bone condition in which normal bone is replaced by aberrant fibrous tissue. The patient may come to evaluate with other diseases and while doing investigations, it is observed. Here we present a case of 24 years male with fibrous dysplasia who came to our OPD with swelling around the left cheek region for 5 days. The patient underwent a Computerised tomography scan which revealed an expansile, sclerotic, cystic ground-glass appearance that extended to the maxillo-alveolar ridge, right sphenoid sinus wall, right pterygoid plate, and zygomaticofacial suture. The right maxillary sinus was almost obliterated.  These radiographical features of the lesion were indicative of fibrous dysplasia in the maxilla.
Association of Adverse Effects following COVID-19 Immunization with Previously COVID-19 Infected and Non- Infected Health Care Professionals
Authors: Bansal Prerna , Koirala Pallavi , Shrestha Ayasha , Upadhyay Hari Prasad , Khadka Kamal , Phuyal Ranjeeta
Published: July 2022

Introduction: The immunogenicity of COVID-19 disease and variability among adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccine in previously infected and non-infected individuals is not clearly understood. So, this study aims to assess the association of adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccine with previously infected and non-infected individuals.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal from July 2021 to February 2022 among 324 health care professionals who had received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Cases included those who developed any adverse effects following COVID-19 immunization and controls included those who did not develop any adverse effects. Exposure was presence and non-exposure was absence of previous COVID-19 infection. The data collected was analyzed in SPSS version 17 software in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, exposure rates and odds ratio.
Results: Mild adverse effects like fever, myalgia, headache and pain in injection site were observed following both first dose (46.9%) and second dose (6.17%) of vaccine. The exposure rate was more in cases (23.45%) than in controls (11.11%). Odds ratio was 2.452 (95 % CI, 1.332 to 4.512, p<0.05) which is statistically significant.
Conclusions: The risk of developing adverse effects following COVID-19 immunization was 2.452 times more in health care professionals who were previously infected with COVID-19 as compared to those who were not infected. Thus, there is a significant association of adverse effects following COVID-19 immunization with previous COVID-19 infection.
Keywords: adverse effects; following immunization; association; case-control study; COVID-19 vaccines; health care professionals
Women’s Choice of Immediate Postpartum Reversible Contraceptives Visiting a Tertiary Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Subha , Shrestha Buddhi Kumar , Shrestha Rubina , Upadhyay Hari Prasad , Poudel Sneha
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC, Intrauterine contraceptives devices and Implants) stand on 1st regards to safety and effectiveness. It is an easily accessible variety for spacing birth as well as preventing unintended pregnancy soon after childbirth in Nepal due to free supply by the Government under safe motherhood program of Reproductive health policy. Despite free supply, LARC is not routinely implemented in practice among immediate post-partum lady as single approach contraceptives concern to unintended pregnancy due to unmet need. To find out the choice of LARC by antenatal and immediate postpartum women after delivery.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 women in antenatal clinic and obstetric ward of College of Medical Science and Teaching Hospital using non probability convince sampling technique. Ethical approval was taken form Institutional Review Committee of College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital and data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools in SPSS.
Results: Twenty eight percent of antenatal and 42% of postnatal women had induced abortion for unintended pregnancy in past. All women had knowledge about modern method of contraception but only 47 percent antenatal and 58 percent postnatal women adopted contraception in past. Implant was chosen by 44% antenatal and 46% postnatal women; whereas IUCD was chosen by 45% antenatal and postnatal women as LARC. Jadelle was the choice of LARC in both group due to its convenient duration (5 years) for birth spacing and its safety profile during breastfeeding. Twenty women refuse for LARC in immediate postpartum period.
Conclusions: Single approach immediate postpartum LARC in is chosen by women who had induced abortion for unintended pregnancy in past for its long action, convenience during breast feeding and reliability. Maximum antenatal women prefer IUCD compared to Implants among postnatal women.
Keywords: Copper T; Immediate post-partum; Jadelle; long-acting reversible contraceptives; Puerperium; Unintended pregnancy.
Microbiological and Antibiotic Profile of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage Aspirate in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Yadav Rajesh , Thapa Ajay Singh , Basnet Rajan
Published: July 2022

Introduction: VAP increases the patient stay in the ICU and indirectly increases the cost of patient management. Based on the time of onset of VAP, it can be divided into two types. Early-onset VAP occurs during the first four days of mechanical ventilation and is usually caused by antibiotic sensitive bacteria. Late-onset VAP develops five or more days after initiation of MV and is caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.5 Early diagnosis of VAP with appropriate antibiotic therapy can reduce the emergence of resistant organisms.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan after taking clearance from the institutional review committee. Study included all the patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hoursAll the included patients had their endotracheal tube aspirated using an ambu bronchoscope and sent to microbiology department for culture and sensitivity. The reports were collected after 72.
Results: The most common organism grown during culture and gram staining were Acinetobacter Baumannii (81), followed by Klebsiella Peumoniae (44) than Pseudomonas Aeroginosa (32).. We observed a higher rate of culture positivity from the samples of male patients than those obtained from the female patients. Similar findings were observed by Morehead et al13and debjita debnath et al12 . In our study, gram-negative bacilli were the most commonly isolated pathogen from BAL which is similar to studies done by, debjita debnath, Fagon et al14 and Şimşek et al15. In our study, Acinetobacter Baumannii (81) was the most common  followed by Klebsiella Peumoniae (44) than Pseudomonas Aeroginosa (32),first line of antibiotics in patients who were mechanically ventilated were piperacillin plus tazobactam, meropenem,cotrimoxazole, amikacin and gentamicin. The second line drugs were polymyxin B, colistimethate and tigecycline.
Conclusions: Acinetobactor Baumanni is the most common causative organism of ventilator associated pneumonia. In most of the cases first line antibiotics ( meropenem, amikacin and clotrimoxazole) are sensitive. Among the second line antibiotics, Polymyxin B was found to be most effective.
आधारभूत तहको भाषाशिक्षणमा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनको सान्दर्भिकता {Continuing student in basic level language learning Relevance of evaluation}
Authors: आचार्य Acharya कुश्मिला Kushmila
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख आधारभूत तहमा गरिने निरन्तर मूल्याङ्कनको सान्दर्भिकतासँगसम्बन्धित छ । विद्यार्थीहरूमा सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइपछि लेखाइ सिपको विकास गराउनु भाषाशिक्षणको प्रमुख उद्देश्य हो । यी चारवटा सिपहरूको उपयुक्त तरिकाले विकास गराउन भाषिक मूल्याङ्कनको आवश्यकता पर्दछ । गुणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरी लेखिएको यस लेखको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनका साधनहरू रहेको छ । यस लेखमा विशेषगरी आधारभूत तहमा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कन गर्दा अपनाइने साधनहरूको सान्दर्भिकतालाई समीक्षात्मक रूपमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । कक्षा कार्यकलाप वा सहभागिता, विद्यार्थी हाजिरी,सिर्जनात्मक कार्य, व्यवहार परिवर्तन, गृहकार्य, हाजिरी जवाफ, छलफल, अन्तक्र्रिया, अवलोकन,एकाइ र त्रैमासिक परीक्षाहरू आदि निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनका विधि र साधनहरूकोआधारभूत तह (कक्षा छ, सात र आठ) सँग जोडेर यहाँ विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस तहकाविद्यार्थीका निरन्तर मूल्याङ्कनको आवश्यकता, समस्या र त्यसको समाधानका उपायहरूकोपनि यथोचित रूपमा समीक्षात्मक विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । त्यसबाट आधारभूत तहमा निरन्तरविद्यार्थीका साधनहरूको सान्दर्भिकताको अवस्था सकारात्मक रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएकोछ । आधारभूत तहमा भाषा शिक्षण गर्न र यसका बारेमा जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न भएका सम्पूर्ण सरोकारवालाहरूमा यो लेख उपयोगी सावित हुने विश्वास लिइएको छ ।
Coming Of Age In Post-War Anglophone Lebanese Literature: The Search For Identity In Niko And Lifted By The Great Nothing
Authors: Layoun Pamela
Published: July 2022

The aim of this article is to highlight the emergence of a coming-of-age trend in post-war Anglophone Lebanese literature and offer a postcolonial reading of the ways in which it explores the complexities of forming an identity in transnational subjects. Niko by Dimitri Nasrallah and Lifted by the Great Nothing by Karim Dimechkie adapt the form of the Bildungsroman to examine the role that diaspora and trauma play in shaping the identity of their young protagonists, whose self-realization depends on finding the parent they lost as a result of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). By analyzing these novels’ spatial and temporal mobility, this article argues that their protagonists’ transnational identity prescribes a fluid self which is not fixed to a specific home or to a present, but rather free to move between here and there and then and now.
Healing Intergenerational Trauma through Cultural Reclamation in David Alexander Robertson’s Cree-Centric Retelling ofThe Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Authors: Fachinger Petra
Published: July 2022

In this article, I argue that Cree author David Alexander Robertson’s YA novel The Barren Grounds retells C.S. Lewis’s war trauma narrative The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe from a Cree perspective. The “war” addressed in The Barren Grounds is that of the violent acts of colonization that have disconnected several Indigenous generations from their ancestral cultures. The compulsion to reimagine this British classic story in a way that focuses on his own cultural background shows that there was something missing for Robertson in the source text: his Cree identity. Using as a framework Suzanne Methot’s approach to complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), which results from repeated traumatic experiences over a prolonged period, I demonstrate that The Barren Grounds emphasizes the significance of cultural reclamation for the healing of intergenerational trauma, including trauma resulting from the foster care experience. The Indigenization of Lewis’s story recognizes children’s rights to an education that includes Indigenous children’s and YA literature and adopts nation-specific Indigenous knowledge as a framework for reading this literature.
Représentations des identités masculine et féminine en littérature jeunesse d’Afrique et du Canada: Quelques exemples
Authors: Nnadi Joseph
Published: July 2022

Selon la Guinéenne, Hadja Sarang Seck, l’imaginaire n’a pas de frontières. Cet article se veut une étude comparative de la littérature jeunesse des deux côtés de l’Atlantique—du Canada et de l’Afrique. Les ressemblances se trouvent surtout au niveau de la représentation des identités masculines et féminines. Malgré les bagages culturels différents qui les inspirent, les œuvres évoquées ici tendent non seulement à sanctionner l’inconscient collectif de leurs auteurs adultes, mais à conserver les préjugés collectifs de leur milieu respectifs. Pourtant, une différence importante se remarque: la littérature jeunesse de Sarang Seck prend un accent décidemment plus féministe que celle des écrivains canadiens. Ses œuvres respirent un « féminisme africain », nourri du principe de la relativité du féminisme peu connu en Occident. Si le mouvement féministe atteint son apogée en Occident dans les années 1960, il est encore d’actualité dans plusieurs pays d’Afrique occidentale.
Toward a Zeroth Voice: Theorizing Voice in Children’s Literature with Deleuze
Authors: Newland Jane
Published: July 2022

Drawing on the theories of Gilles Deleuze, this paper explores the rhizome of voices in children’s texts and postulates that voice may be considered as something created through a Deleuzian becoming. Looking in turn at the coming together of book and reader, this rhizome of voices, and the complexity of authorship of children’s literature, this paper shows how the simulacral nature of voices present in children’s literature can lead to what Deleuze terms a collective assemblage of enunciation with its own voice, a zeroth voice. It is my contention that this zeroth voice liberates the reader from all the voices present in the creation of the text.
“Better Friends”: Marshall Saunders Writing Humane Education and Envisioning Animal Rights
Authors: Harde Roxanne
Published: July 2022

This essay examines several of the animal narratives that Margaret Marshall Saunders (1861–1947) wrote for children. From her first book, Beautiful Joe, a Dog’s Own Story, the first Canadian book to sell more than a million copies, to the end of her long career, Saunders developed a trenchant set of pedagogies and rhetorical strategies in support of humane education. Even as she negotiated her own culturally endorsed tendencies to see the animal as a thing, Saunders offered carefully reasoned arguments for the ethical treatment of animals through appealing pedagogies of humane education, renovations of her society’s views of non-human animals as objects for human consumption and pleasure, and rhetorical emphases on cultural understandings of connections between the child and the animal.
Entering the Chthulucene? Making Kin with the Non-human in Amie Kaufman and Meagan Spooner’s Starbound Trilogy
Authors: Cicholewski Alena
Published: July 2022

Amie Kaufman and Meagan Spooner’s YA Starbound Trilogy takes its readers to a faraway future in which humanity has colonized several foreign planets. This is made possible through the invention of hyperspace travel by engineer and entrepreneur Roderick LaRoux, who—upon discovering that the dimensions affected by this mode of travel are inhabited by a sentient collective consciousness—imprisons and enslaves parts of this consciousness to exploit them to maximize his profits. Throughout the trilogy, six teenage protagonists encounter the imprisoned sentient non-humans (known as “whispers”), form collaborative relationships with them, and eventually set them free. In this article, I argue that while the Starbound Trilogy advocates for multispecies justice through its representation of teenagers who form alliances with non-human beings and stand up to corporate practices exploiting them, the novels ultimately fall short of abandoning their anthropocentric perspective.
"So Much More than Pretty": Body Modification and Boundary Transgression in Melvin Burgess's Sara's Face
Authors: Hanabusa Miyuki
Published: July 2022

This paper examines three contemporary novels dealing with adolescent girls and cosmetic surgery, in which the bodies of the protagonists are constructed by social norms and structures based on gender. Melvin Burgess’s Sara’s Face offers an alternative to this cultural norm by depicting non-normative bodies that transgress gender and other categories and reveal them to be cultural fictions. Referring to theorists of embodiment studies who have tracked the history of cosmetic surgery, the article considers the hybridity of the body and of subjectivity that Burgess’s novel offers readers.
Do Something! Disciplinary Spaces and the Ideological Work of Play in James De Mille’s The “B. O. W. C.” and Richard Scrimger’s Into the Ravine
Authors: Cowdy Cheryl
Published: July 2022

This analysis of a recent example of a Canadian adventure novel, Richard Scrimger’s Into the Ravine, is informed by a comparison to a nineteenth-century adventure novel, James De Mille’s The “B. O. W. C.”: A Book for Boys. I examine the development of the relationship between wilderness and domestic spaces and the ideological imperatives of the genre. As the locus of adventure moves from “real” wilderness spaces to the domesticated spaces of ravine and suburb, I suggest that play replaces survival as the ideological subtexts of young adult fiction. For the boys of contemporary Canadian adventure novels, the ravine becomes a complex moral geography shaped by the reactionary panic of modern adults.
Charlotte Sometimes de Penelope Farmer, entre Histoire nationale et histoire individuelle, identité collective et identité personnelle
Authors: Douglas Virginie
Published: July 2022

Les romans pour la jeunesse qui abordent les conflits mondiaux ont connu un essor important en Grande-Bretagne dans la seconde partie du vingtième siècle, notamment à partir des années 1960. Cette vague de récits évoquant, souvent de façon oblique, les problématiques liées à la guerre donnait une fois de plus la preuve, s’il en était besoin, de la persistance d’une mission éducative de la littérature adressée aux jeunes lecteurs, malgré l’affranchissement apparent que ces livres connaissaient progressivement de la dimension édifiante les caractérisant précédemment. À travers une étude de cas, celle du roman Charlotte Sometimes de Penelope Farmer, nous entendons nous pencher sur la démarche de tout un courant de romans pour la jeunesse, qui non seulement présentent au jeune lecteur la guerre d’un point de vue mineur mais font également le choix d’un traitement non réaliste de l’Histoire.
Remediating Tinker Bell: Exploring Childhood and Commodification through a Century-Long Transmedia Narrative
Authors: Meyers Eric M. , McKnight Julia P. , Krabbenhoft Lindsay M.
Published: July 2022

The one-hundred-year trajectory of the mischievous Tinker Bell, from J. M. Barrie’s 1904 play Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Would Not Grow Up to the present-day Disney Fairies franchise, is a metanarrative of adaptation and remediation through which media and “childhood” can be seen to interrelate as mutually constitutive forces. With a focus on contemporary children’s narratives and media, this paper examines incarnations of this media franchise at fifty-year intervals. Our close reading yields insights into the reflexive relationship between the social constructions of childhood, the evolution of narrative in children’s literature, and the development of media for child audiences since the Edwardian era. Using Tinker Bell as an exemplar for a phenomenon, we find that as children’s narratives and media evolve in ways that increase the potential for childhood agency, commercial formulations shape this agency strategically by structuring access and participation.
Tomboyism and Familial Belonging in Carson McCullers’s The Member of the Wedding: Queer Sentiments
Authors: Proehl Kristen B.
Published: July 2022

This article brings queer-theoretical scholarship on the Southern Gothic into dialogue with the history of childhood and sentimental studies. Published in 1946, Carson McCullers’s The Member of the Wedding introduces readers to Frankie Addams, an awkward, unruly adolescent protagonist who resists the rigid gender and sexual norms of early twentieth-century Southern United States. While McCullers’s writing is often characterized as “Gothic” and “unsentimental,” this paper argues that her tomboy narrative invokes and revises the sentimental Bildungsroman of the mid-nineteenth century. Specifically, McCullers draws upon sentimental tropes of non-traditional families as she reimagines Frankie’s “family.” Like many sentimental child protagonists, Frankie endures the early fracturing of her nuclear family due to the death of her mother but forges a surrogate family with her African American housekeeper, Berenice Sadie Brown, and her cousin, John Henry West. Through her juxtaposition of queer children and non-normative families, McCullers critiques heteronormative institutions and rituals, meditates upon issues of membership in the body politic, and demonstrates how sentimentalism crystallizes persistently around the intersections of race, girlhood, and the family.
An Intersectional Feminist Review of the Literature on Gendered Cyberbullying: Digital Girls
Authors: Crooks Hayley R.
Published: July 2022

Harmful tropes such as the “mean girl” and the “good girl” continue to inform both public dialogue and dominant scholarship around girls and bullying. This article reviews the existing interdisciplinary literature on cyberbullying from an intersectional feminist perspective. The author argues that there are currently two major gaps in dominant developmental psychology, education literature, and mass media discourses on girls and bullying from 2000 to the present: they often neglect the voices of girls themselves and lack intersectional frameworks. Drawing on a multi-year study of gendered cyberviolence and significant literature in girls’ digital culture that takes the voices of girls seriously, the author argues that alternative research methods will help us better understand the complex social phenomenon that is cyberbullying.
David A. Carter, Alexander Calder, and the Childlikeness of the Moveable Book: Children as “Children of All Ages”
Authors: Nodelman Perry
Published: July 2022

David A. Carter’s abstract pop-up books, identified as being “for children of all ages,” share qualities with the art of Alexander Calder, whose mobiles are often called “childlike.” In particular, both artists diverge from the conventions of their crafts by introducing moveable elements and by implying how they should be moved, and discussions of each of them often connect their mobility with ideas about childlikeness. As well as exploring the relationship between mobility and childlikeness in Calder’s and Carter’s works, this essay explores the connections between those qualities in the discussion of children’s literature and art more generally.
Characterizing mental, behavioural, and physical health among active duty U.S. sailors and Marines
Authors: Barczak-Scarboro Nikki E. , Stone Michael S. , Hernández Lisa M. , Taylor Marcus K.
Published: July 2022

LAY SUMMARY

Optimal health is critical for military personnel’s performance and readiness. To date, military research on mental and behavioural health has primarily focused on men in the U.S. Army. Indicators of physical health (e.g., blood pressure) and how they relate to mental and behavioural health are also understudied in military populations. To explore the impact of occupational stress and to simultaneously assess different types of health in a more diverse military population, this study evaluated mental, behavioural, and physical health factors in a large group of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps service members that included men and women from various occupational specialties. Military job stress (e.g., time of service, number of deployments) was related to mental, behavioural, and physical health. A more well-rounded approach to health status assessment in large, diverse military populations may support the development of targeted disease prevention strategies.