bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Reproductive Life Plan in Pregnant Women Referred to Teaching Hospitals of Mashhad, Iran
Authors: Sardasht Fatemeh Ghaffari , Keramat Afsaneh , Motaghi Zahra
Published: March 2021

Background:

Reproductive Life Planning (RLP) is a person-centered approach that investigates the reproductive needs, values, and priorities of each person and not only reduces the risk of unwanted pregnancies but also improves pregnancy outcomes and childbirth by investigating the health behaviors and underlying diseases of each individual. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess RLP in pregnant women.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 1019 pregnant women who were referred to outpatient clinics of teaching hospitals in Mashhad, Iran, during May–August 2019. The participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software.

Results:

The results of this study showed that about two-thirds of the participants had a plan for their reproductive years. The age range of the participants was 13–47 years. Among the women, 38.60% had experienced failure of contraceptive method, and 32.20% had an unmet need for family planning. Moreover, only one-third of the women had been referred for preconception care, but 88.70% of the pregnant women had their initial prenatal care visit in their first trimester.

Conclusions:

Given the considerable number of unwanted pregnancies and unmet needs for family planning in the present study, the modification of family planning policies seems necessary. Various strategies have been proposed to prevent unintended pregnancies such as RLP. The long-term goals of RLP are to plan pregnancies and improve maternal and infant outcomes.
Perceived Risk in Women with High Risk Pregnancy
Authors: Shojaeian Zahra , Khadivzadeh Talat , Sahebi Ali , Kareshki Hossein , Tara Fatemeh
Published: March 2021

Background:

Risk perception in high-risk pregnancies influences the mothers' adherence to medical treatments and recommendations. Because of the lack of information about the women's perception of risk, the aim of this study was to explain perception of risk in high-risk pregnancies.

Materials and Methods:

This qualitative study was conducted on 25 women with a high-risk pregnancy in educational hospitals of Mashhad, Iran, from August 2017 to August 2018. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data saturation was reached after 29 interviews. Data collection and analysis were simultaneously carried out using the qualitative content analysis method adopted by Elo and Kyngäs in MAXQDA software.

Results:

Data analysis resulted in the four main categories of perception of risk control ability (risk controlling through experience, risk tolerance through relying on a higher power, and risk tolerance to reach family goals), wrong estimation of risk (wrong calculation of possible risks based on wrong beliefs and knowledge, and incorrect risk estimation caused by misunderstanding), possibility of mutual vulnerability of pregnancy and risk condition (possibility of vulnerability of the fetus to risk factors, and possibility of the mother's vulnerability to risk factors), and induced risk (risk induced by negative experiences, induced threat of unknown pregnancy outcome, and fear of ambiguous medical terms).

Conclusions:

The results of this study promoted our understanding of risk perception in women with high-risk pregnancies. Therefore, it will help to establish a-Ž better link between women with a high-risk pregnancy and the health team, enhance and improve maternal and fetal care.
Rare Paratesticular Masses in Children
Authors: Sehgal Mehak , Anand Sachit , Dhua Anjan Kumar , Yadav Devendra Kumar , Arava Sudheer , Barwad Adarsh
Published: March 2021

Pediatric paratesticular mass is common in pediatric surgical practice, and they could be because of an underlying encysted hydrocele, a teratoma, or an epididymal cyst. Furthermore, a malignant lesion such as rhabdomyosarcoma should be ruled out. Rare entities, such as fibrous hamartoma of infancy and cellular angiofibroma, are rarely encountered. We report two such cases of paratesticular masses with these rare pathologies.
Vaginoplasty with Oxidized Cellulose in Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser Syndrome
Authors: Leite Mila Torii Corrêa , Shida Márcia Emilia Francisco , Takano Claudia Cristina
Published: March 2021

Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) is the major cause of vaginal agenesis. Vaginoplasty with oxidized cellulose has been used by gynecologists as a surgical option in vaginal agenesis; however, it is not very widespread among pediatric surgeons. A case of MRKHS who underwent vaginoplasty with oxidized cellulose is reported here.
A Carbon Intensity Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Pathways
Authors: Fitzmorris Drew
Published: March 2021

A hydrogen economy is an increasingly popular solution to lower global carbon dioxide emissions. Previous research has been focused on the economic conditions necessary for hydrogen to be cost competitive, which tends to neglect the effectiveness of greenhouse gas mitigation for the very solutions proposed. The holistic carbon footprint assessment of hydrogen production, distribution, and utilization methods, otherwise known as “well-to-wheels” carbon intensity, is critical to ensure the new hydrogen strategies proposed are effective in reducing global carbon emissions. When looking at these total carbon intensities, however, there is no single clear consensus regarding the pathway forward. When comparing the two fundamental technologies of steam methane reforming and electrolysis, there are different scenarios where either technology has a “greener” outcome. Despite misconceptions, steam methane reforming produces fewer total carbon emissions than current on-grid electrolysis due to the carbon emissions released by power plants. Similarly, for storing and deploying hydrogen, the optimal solution set will depend upon use case and geographic location. For example, truck transportation of gaseous hydrogen becomes less carbon efficient than liquification for distances greater than 614 miles. This paper explores the nuances of the factors of production that affect the total carbon footprint of a given technology, and how other emerging complimentary technologies, such as carbon capture storage and utilization, may change this carbon footprint calculation. As new technologies are evaluated, there are technological, political, and economic factors that will shape the landscape of how and where, hydrogen is produced, and the global infrastructure by which it is distributed.
FORMAÇÃO DO PROFESSOR E AS METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS
Authors: GERVASIO Cirlene Ferreira Neri , MEYER Marcel , SILVA Katia Cristina da , SOUZA Ana Maria Reis de , SOUZA Michele Ronsane Fanezzi de
Published: March 2021

This article deals with the active methodologies and the training of teachers to work with new information, new methodologies, which are necessary to follow the student's interest in a more interactive and motivated teaching. It is evident that basic education in Brazil is being transformed every day, due to the dynamism of a society that is constantly changing with the information received in this era of globalization, where competition with the media already permeates the school space, demanding from this educational space a constant reconstruction of its guidelines required by society itself as a whole. In the face of the development of human thought dispersed in the various ways people understand, this leads to necessary changes in order to place education at the level of contemporaneity. Conclusion: The bibliographical research resorts to several authors who have dedicated themselves to the theme and concludes that there is a need for training teachers to act in this new mentality of educating, which requires a change in perception of how to teach based on the student's needs and will to learn.
Release Within Confinement: An Alternative Proposal for Managing the Masturbation of Incarcerated Men in U.S. Prisons
Authors: Hughes Sam
Published: March 2021

Policies regarding masturbation among incarcerated men vary throughout the United States. To describe the state of these policies, a systematic review of prison masturbation policies was conducted. The review revealed that masturbation among incarcerated men is banned in most U.S. prisons (sometimes in all cases, and other times only when it is intended to disturb others, and/or is public). Furthermore, many states’ Departments of Corrections have made these policies difficult for the public to identify. Prison masturbation bans have been defended on the grounds that they reduce STI transmission, help maintain order, prevent hostile work environments for female prison staff, assist in prison rape prosecutions, and assist in rehabilitating incarcerated people. By reviewing the available social science and endocrinological research on masturbation, those justifications are found to have minimal basis in scientific evidence. Conversely, the evidence does suggest the masturbation bans could potentially be linked with higher rates of violence, rape, exploitation, sex offender recidivism, insomnia, stress, depression, and suicide. Instead of being rooted in evidence, bans on prison masturbation seem to be primarily motivated by sex-negativity and the desire to retributively punish incarcerated people. To alleviate these harms, this article suggests allowing incarcerated men to masturbate within specifically identified circumstances, and/or to lessen existing punishments for masturbation. Potential problems with the implementation of the suggested policy are discussed, and a call is made to make inmate handbooks, which contain most of these policies, available to the public. Unique opportunities for penological and sexological research are identified.
Codeine for Acute Extremity Pain
Authors: Marchand Dave K. , Argáez Charlene
Published: March 2021

No comparative evidence was found on the use of codeine, as a single ingredient, for acute extremity pain management.

There are many types of codeine combinations drugs available, which makes a direct comparison difficult and increases the uncertainty of the results. Although the overall analysis is inconclusive, in many comparisons, codeine was no different than the comparator group in increasing patient satisfaction or in reducing pain scores, the need for additional analgesia, and the number of adverse events.

Most of the evidence is from studies without a placebo arm; therefore, it is not possible to know how much of the pain reduction was unrelated to codeine.

Most of the evidence is from studies in which patients received a single dose of a codeine combination drug and were observed for a very limited time, usually minutes to hours. This increases the uncertainty of the findings, and safety information needs to be interpreted with caution.
College and Career Readiness Opportunities for Latinx English Learners in Urban High Schools
Authors: Martinez Corinne , Mendoza Cecilia
Published: March 2021

Through interviews and focus groups with 21 high school seniors, this research examines the experiences of Latinx English learners in college and career academies in urban districts across California. In California, the college and career readiness landscape is varied and complex. However, many stakeholders see the Linked Learning approach as leading the reform effort in preparing students for a full range of post-secondary options. Using opportunity to learning theory (OTL) within a social capital framework, we sought to understand the college and career readiness experiences of Latinx English learner students. The results indicated that students expressed a clear desire to attend college and pursue a career. Additional findings reveal that students benefited from the Linked Learning experience in ways that contributed to their self-confidence, increased responsibility, and important 21st century skills that could be used beyond the classroom. However, despite having accumulated social capital, students articulated existing challenges that they must navigate as they pursue their post-secondary opportunities, including attending college and entering the workforce. The recommendations include a multi-pronged approach to addressing the college and career readiness of Latinx English learner students.
Revision for periprosthetic joint infection rate stratified by seasonality of operation in a national population of total and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty patients: a register-based analysis
Authors: Hald Julius Tetens , Hesselvig Anne Brun , Jensen Andreas Kryger , Odgaard Anders
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the revision rate for
periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) depends on the season of the primary
procedure using a national population of knee arthroplasty (KA) patients.
Seasonal variation of some surgical procedures has been observed to impact
subsequent infection risks, with a higher risk of revision for surgeries performed during summer, but an analysis of PJI rates based on a national arthroplasty register has yet to be completed. We hypothesized that an
increased risk of revision due to PJI could be demonstrated in a national
population when primary surgery was performed during the summer.
Methods: The Danish Knee Arthroplasty Registry (DKR) was used to determine the risk
of revision due to PJI within 2 years after primary surgery. All primary KA
procedures between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2014 and revisions until 31 December 2016 were identified. Smoothing spline
regression was used to identify possible seasonal pattern effects of the primary procedure on revision risk, and logistic regression was used to calculate risk of infection differences between seasons.
Results: A total number of 124 809 primary procedures was registered in the study period. After excluding duplicates and matching primary procedures with the first revisions within 2 years after the primary procedure, 3391 were
identified. Of these, 348 cases were recorded with an indication of deep
infection requiring revision. Spline regression analyses did not demonstrate
any clear seasonal pattern of the primary procedure regarding the risk of
revision for infection or any other cause. Logistic regression found a
decreased risk of revision for infection when the primary procedure was
performed during the summer in the years 1997 to 2005, no influence on the risk of revision for infection in 2005 to 2012, and an increased risk of
revision for infection following summer procedures during the years 2013 to
2014.
Conclusion: It was not possible to demonstrate a consistent seasonal variation of the
risk of revision for PJI following primary KA. This is most likely because
the underlying etiologies for PJI are not subject to seasonal variation.
Hubungan Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Kualitas Air Bersih dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Desa Suka Mulia dan Desa Alur Manis Kecamatan Rantau Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang
Authors: Jamaluddin  , Zarnila Era
Published: March 2021

Data WHO (2017) menyatakan, hampir 1,7 miliar kasus diare terjadi pada anak dengan angka kematian sekitar 525.000 pada anak balita tiap tahunnya. Salah satu risiko diare yakni berasal dari keberadaan sampah.Sampah merupakan suatu bahan atau benda padat yang sudah tidak dipakai lagi oleh manusia atau benda-benda padat yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi dalam suatu kegiatan manusia dan dibuang.Sampah juga menjadi tempat yang ideal untuk sarang dan tempat berkembangbiaknya vektor penyakit (lalat).Pengelolaan sampah dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi keberadaan lalat rumah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Kualitas Air Bersih dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Desa Suka Mulia dan Desa Alur Manis Kecamatan Rantau Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan case control (kasus kontrol) pada 62 orang sampel. Teknik analisis data menggunakan statistik Chi square. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa ada hubungan pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Desa Suka Mulia dan Desa Alur Manis Kecamatan Rantau Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang didapatkan P value = 0.000 (P value < 0,05), ada hubungan kualitas air bersih dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Desa Suka Mulia dan Desa Alur Manis Kecamatan Rantau Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang didapatkan P value = 0.000 (P value < 0,05).
Community engagement and the promotion of sustainable diets: Lessons from a grassroots meat reduction campaign
Authors: Ramsing Rebecca , Chang Kenjin , Hendrickson Zoé , Xu Zhe , Friel Madison , Calves Ellen
Published: March 2021

Decreasing the consumption of meat and dairy has been identified as an effective strategy for protecting the health of humans and the planet. More specifically, transitioning to diets that are lower in animal-source foods and higher in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains offers a promising opportunity to better align consumer behaviors with contemporary nutritional and ecological goals. However, given the limited understanding of how these changes in dietary behaviors can be best promoted, there is a need to explore the merits of community-based approaches to meat reduction and their capacity to advance more sustainable practices of eating at the individual, household, and community levels. To address this gap in the literature, we surveyed more than 100 American households participating in a communitywide, 12-week-long Meatless Monday challenge and tracked the changes in their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and food choices over a nine-month period. The case study provided herein highlights a number of key findings from our evaluation. Most notably, our results demonstrate the value of community-based efforts in initiating and maintaining dietary behavior change and provide preliminary insights into the unique roles of multilevel interventions and diverse stakeholder engagement in promoting healthier, more sustainable diets.
Gamificando en tiempos de coronavirus: el estudio de un caso
Authors: Salvador-García Celina
Published: March 2021

La COVID-19 ha generado un escenario educativo inesperado en el que la educación a distancia se ha convertido una realidad en todas las etapas educativas. No obstante, atender a todo el alumnado debe seguir siendo una prioridad docente. Este estudio de caso examina el efecto generado por una propuesta gamificada sobre alumnado de tercero y cuarto de primaria. El estudio se acomete mediante una metodología mixta que analiza cuantitativamente los datos de participación del alumnado (n=138) y cualitativamente la percepción de la docente implicada a través de una entrevista. Los resultados cuantitativos, evidencian diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la participación del alumnado durante las semanas que se utilizó la gamificación. Además, la entrevista muestra cuatro categorías sobre las que se conforma la percepción de la docente sobre la intervención: inclusión, participación, motivación y reto personal. En conclusión, el estudio desvela que la gamificación puede ser un método útil para favorecer la educación inclusiva, aumentar la participación del alumnado e incrementar su motivación; y aporta información de calado susceptible de ser transferida a otros contextos a fin de mejorar las experiencias de educación a distancia garantizando la atención a todo el alumnado.

COVID-19 has come with an unexpected educative scenario where distance education became a reality in all educational stages. However, attending to every student should still be a must for all educators. This case study examines the effect of a gamified proposal on third and fourth level primary students. The study uses a mixed methods approach analyzing quantitatively students’ participation data (n=138) and qualitatively the viewpoint of the involved teacher through an interview. The quantitative results show statistically significant differences in the students’ participation during the weeks that gamification was applied. Moreover, the interview displays four categories that conform the teachers’ perspective regarding the intervention: inclusion, participation, motivation and personal challenge. In conclusion, the study discloses that gamification may be a useful method to promote an inclusive education, increase students’ participation as well as their motivation. In addition, it contributes to share relevant information transferable to other contexts in order to improve distance education experiences guaranteeing attention to all students.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of the OFP gene family in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)
Authors: Wang Ruihua , Han Taili , Sun Jifeng , Xu Ligong , Fan Jingjing , Cao Hui , Liu Chunxiang
Published: March 2021

Ovate family proteins (OFPs) are a class of proteins with a conserved OVATE domain that contains approximately 70 amino acid residues. OFP proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that participate in regulating plant growth and development and are widely distributed in many plants. Little is known about OFPs in Brassica rapa to date. We identified 29 OFP genes in Brassica rapa and found that they were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes. Intron gain events may have occurred during the structural evolution of BraOFP paralogues. Syntenic analysis verified Brassica genome triplication, and whole genome duplication likely contributed to the expansion of the OFP gene family. All BraOFP genes had light responsive- and phytohormone-related cis-acting elements. Expression analysis from RNA-Seq data indicated that there were obvious changes in the expression levels of six OFP genes in the Brassica rapa hybrid, which may contribute to the formation of heterosis. Finally, we found that the paralogous genes had different expression patterns among the hybrid and its parents. These results provide the theoretical basis for the further analysis of the biological functions of OFP genes across the Brassica species.
Quality Characteristics of Complementary Food from Locally Fermented Maize Flour Blended with Sprouted Velvet Bean (Mucuna utilis) Flour in Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo-Oyetoro Abiodun Omowonuola , Olatidoye Olawale Paul , Bamikole Taiwo Joy , Igene Christianah Ose , Coker Oluwafemi Jeremiah
Published: March 2021

Complementary food produced from fermented maize and sprouted velvet bean flour in ratios 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 100% maize (control) was studied in this research work. Proximate composition, anti-nutritional and sensory properties of the blends was evaluated using standard analytical methods. Results showed that moisture (5.49% - 8.35%), ash (0.55% - 1.25%), crude fiber (3.50% - 4.98%), protein (8.05 -13.05%) increased with increased velvet bean flour while carbohydrate content decreased (77.37% - 63.48%). Phytate (2.11 - 2.34 mg/100 g) and oxalate (0.40–10.1 mg/100 g) are within lethal doses. The colour, taste, and mouth-feel of the sample with 10% velvet bean flours were significantly (p<0.05) being the most acceptable by the assessors. This study showed that protein-energy malnutrition in developing nations could be alleviated with complementary foods.
A Wideband Magnetic Frequency Up‐Converter Energy Harvester
Authors: Fakeih Esraa , Almansouri Abdullah S. , Kosel Jürgen , Younis Mohammad I. , Salama Khaled N.
Published: March 2021

Many sensor applications require small and noninvasive methods of powering, such as marine animal tracking and implantable healthcare monitoring. In such cases, energy harvesting is a viable solution. Vibrational energy harvesting is abundantly available in the environment. These vibrations usually are low in frequency and amplitude. Conventional vibrational harvesters convert the environmental vibrations into electrical signals; however, they suffer from low‐voltage outputs and narrow bandwidths, limiting the harvesting to a small range of frequencies. Herein, a new mechanical harvester is introduced using a magnetic frequency up‐converter. It is implemented using attractive‐force magnetic coupling between a soft magnet and a permanent magnet to convert low‐frequency vibrations into high‐frequency pulses. Combined with a piezoelectric generator, the harvester generates a high output voltage for an extended bandwidth of operation. The proposed harvester shows a 50.15% increase in output voltage at the resonant frequency (12.2 Hz), resulting in 14.79 V at 1.0 g, with a maximum peak voltage of 16.28 V. The bandwidth of operation ranges from 10.77 to 22.16 Hz (11.39 Hz), which when compared with a single‐beam harvester shows an increase of 3250% in the bandwidth, where the average power is greater for 92.56% of this bandwidth.
Ontogeny and sex differences in object manipulation and probe tool use by wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)
Authors: Falótico Tiago , Bueno Carolina Q. , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: March 2021

Tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) are the only Neotropical Primates that regularly use tools in the wild, but only one population of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) is known to habitually use sticks as probes. In this population, males are typically the only sex to use stick tools, something unexpected, since there are no obvious physical constraints, and females do use stone tools in the wild and sticks in experimental conditions. We investigated the development of probe tool use in eight infants to clarify whether social influences on learning varied between the sexes, as tool use learning by capuchin monkeys is a socially biased process. We found that in the first 10 months of age, females manipulate sticks as much as males, but after 10–12 months of age, males begin to manipulate them at higher frequencies. We examined if social connections—as opportunities for social learning—could explain this difference and verified that, on close distance social networks, infant males and females have similar connections with older males. However, males observe probe tool use events more often than females when close to such events. The higher frequency of manipulation of sticks, as well as the higher rates of probe tool use observation, appear to be the key to understand why only males are probe tool users in this population. Since there are only male potential models of probe use, a sex motivational bias could explain the sex difference in observation; a bias in observation could explain the differences in manipulation—and manipulation rates would certainly influence the chances of individual, trial‐and‐error learning (a case of “local/stimulus enhancement”).
Enhanced Ultrasound Contrast of Renal‐Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Tan Yue , Chen Miaona , Chen Huarui , Wu Juefei , Liu Jinbin
Published: March 2021

Renal‐clearable nanoparticles are typically fast eliminated through the free glomerular filtration, which show weak interaction with the renal compartments and negligible ultrasound signals, raising challenges in direct imaging of kidney diseases. Here, we report the ultrasmall renal‐clearable luminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with both pH‐induced charge reversal and aggregation properties, and discover that enhanced ultrasound contrast could be facilely acquired through the increased tubular reabsorption and in situ aggregation of AuNPs in renal tubule cells in injured kidneys. The tuning elimination pathway of the renal‐clearable luminescent AuNPs is further demonstrated to provide a synergistical fluorescence and ultrasound imaging strategy for diagnosing early kidney injury with precise anatomical information.
Amine‐Tagged Fragmented Ligand Installation for Covalent Modification of MOF‐74
Authors: Lim Jaewoong , Lee Seonghwan , Ha Hyeonbin , Seong Junmo , Jeong Seok , Kim Min , Baek Seung Bin , Lah Myoung Soo
Published: March 2021

MOF‐74 is one of the most explored metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), but its functionalization is limited to the dative post‐synthetic modification (PSM) of the monodentate solvent site. Owing to the nature of the organic ligand and framework structure of MOF‐74, the covalent PSM of MOF‐74 is very demanding. Herein, we report, for the first time, the covalent PSM of amine‐tagged defective Ni‐MOF‐74, which is prepared by de novo solvothermal synthesis by using aminosalicylic acid as a functionalized fragmented organic ligand. The covalent PSM of the amino group generates metal binding sites, and subsequent post‐synthetic metalation with PdII ions affords the PdII‐incorporated Ni‐MOF‐74 catalyst. This catalyst exhibits highly efficient, size‐selective, and recyclable catalytic activity for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. This strategy is also useful for the covalent modification of amine‐tagged defective Ni2(DOBPDC), an expanded analogue of MOF‐74.
A Simple Biomimetic Receptor Selectively Recognizing the GlcNAc2 Disaccharide in Water
Authors: Francesconi Oscar , Milanesi Francesco , Nativi Cristina , Roelens Stefano
Published: March 2021

GlcNAc2 is the core disaccharide fragment present in N‐glycans exposed on the surface of enveloped viruses of high health concern, such as coronaviruses. Because N‐glycans are directly involved in the docking of viruses to host cells, recognition of GlcNAc2 by a biomimetic receptor may be a convenient alternative to the use of lectins to interfere with viral entry and infection. Herein, we describe a simple biomimetic receptor recognizing the methyl‐β‐glycoside of GlcNAc2 in water with an unprecedented affinity of 160 μM, exceeding that of more structurally complex receptors reported in the literature. The tweezers‐shaped acyclic structure exhibits marked selectivity among structurally related disaccharides, and complete discrimination between mono‐ and disaccharides. Molecular modelling calculations supported by NOE data provided a three‐dimensional description of the binding mode, shedding light on the origin of the affinities and selectivities exhibited by the receptor.
Catalyst‐ and Reagent‐Free Formal Aza‐Wacker Cyclizations Enabled by Continuous‐Flow Electrochemistry
Authors: Huang Chong , Li Zhao‐Yu , Song Jinshuai , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: March 2021

The development of efficient and sustainable methods to access saturated N‐heterocycles is of great importance because of the prevalence of these structures in natural products and bioactive compounds. Pd‐catalyzed aza‐Wacker type cyclization is a powerful method and provides access to N‐heterocycles bearing an alkene moiety available for further synthetic manipulations from readily available materials. Herein we disclose a catalyst‐ and reagent‐free formal aza‐Wacker type cyclization reaction for the synthesis of functionalized saturated N‐heterocycles. Key to the success is to conduct the reactions in a continuous‐flow electrochemical reactor without adding supporting electrolyte or additives. The reactions are characterized by broad tolerance of di‐, tri‐ and tetrasubstituted alkenes.
Are Amines the Holy Grail for Facilitating CO2 Reduction?
Authors: Jakobsen Joakim B. , Rønne Magnus H. , Daasbjerg Kim , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: March 2021

The selective and efficient reduction of carbon dioxide represents a key solution to producing non‐fossil‐fuel‐based feedstocks for the chemical industry, while alleviating the increasing atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas. A variety of catalytic methods for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) have been developed, including hydrogenations and electrochemical or photochemical reductions. For many of the most significant breakthroughs reported in the last decade, we realized that amines or closely related functional groups play a critical role for such transformations, and in several cases, are directly associated with the catalyst as a pendant group. Amines play multiple roles, such as CO2 trapping agents, proton shuttles, electron donors, or facilitators of CO2 reductions through formamide derivatives. In this Viewpoint, we compile some of these recent findings, and discuss their significance in a broader context in an attempt to provide guidelines for the design of new catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity.
The Unusual Homodimer of a Heme‐Copper Terminal Oxidase Allows Itself to Utilize Two Electron Donors
Authors: Zhu Guoliang , Zeng Hui , Zhang Shuangbo , Juli Jana , Tai Linhua , Zhang Danyang , Pang Xiaoyun , Zhang Yan , Lam Sin Man , Zhu Yun , Peng Guohong , Michel Hartmut , Sun Fei
Published: March 2021

The heme‐copper oxidase superfamily comprises cytochrome c and ubiquinol oxidases. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons from different electron donors onto molecular oxygen. A B‐family cytochrome c oxidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus was discovered previously to be able to use both cytochrome c and naphthoquinol as electron donors. Its molecular mechanism as well as the evolutionary significance are yet unknown. Here we solved its 3.4 Å resolution electron cryo‐microscopic structure and discovered a novel dimeric structure mediated by subunit I (CoxA2) that would be essential for naphthoquinol binding and oxidation. The unique structural features in both proton and oxygen pathways suggest an evolutionary adaptation of this oxidase to its hyperthermophilic environment. Our results add a new conceptual understanding of structural variation of cytochrome c oxidases in different species.
Some properties of Lemaitre regularization: Collinear trajectories
Authors: Titov Vladimir B.
Published: March 2021

Some properties of the Lemaitre regularization in the planar three‐body problem are considered. Application of these properties to the degenerate case of a rectilinear problem in the space of forms is studied. A number of the collinear orbits are obtained using suitable parametrization. Properties of such orbits are analyzed.
Prebiotic peptides, their formation, fermentation in the gut, and health implications
Authors: Ashaolu Tolulope Joshua , Ashaolu Joseph O.
Published: March 2021

Prebiotics can be synthesized from sources other than dietary fibers, such as proteins. The proteins, when processed into peptides have healthful or deleterious effects on the host. Outside living systems, prebiotic peptides (PP) are formed via preformation of amino acids or related monomeric building blocks, resulting in nonenzymatic polymerization/ligation to produce peptides. Whereas, inside living systems like the human gut, many metabolic pathways are involved in PP production, and mostly involve host–microbiota interactions. The interplay is responsible for PP activities and their implications on host amino acid balance and metabolism. Similar to carbohydrates fermentation, PP will yield short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but also branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), phenols, indole, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and ammonia, capable of biologically mediating molecular signals. This holistic review considers a brief description of prebiotics, and tracks down prebiotic peptides formation processes, interactions with gut microbes, and health outcomes.
Global, regional, and national burden and quality of care index (QCI) of thyroid cancer: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017
Authors: Azadnajafabad Sina , Saeedi Moghaddam Sahar , Mohammadi Esmaeil , Rezaei Negar , Ghasemi Erfan , Fattahi Nima , Aminorroaya Arya , Azadnajafabad Reza , Aryannejad Armin , Rezaei Nazila , Naderimagham Shohreh , Haghpanah Vahid , Mokdad Ali H. , Gharib Hossein , Farzadfar Farshad , Larijani Bagher
Published: March 2021

Background

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system. Over the past decades, TC incidence rates have been increasing. TC quality of care (QOC) has yet to be well understood. We aimed to assess the quality of TC care and its disparities.

Methods

We retrieved primary epidemiologic indices from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 1990–2017 database. We calculated four secondary indices of mortality to incidence ratio, disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) to prevalence ratio, prevalence to incidence ratio, and years of life lost (YLLs) to years lived with disability (YLD) ratio and summarized them by the principal component analysis (PCA) to produce one unique index presented as the quality of care index (QCI) ranged between 0 and 100, to compare different scales. The gender disparity ratio (GDR), defined as the QCI for females divided by QCI for males, was applied to show gender inequity.

Results

In 2017, there were 255,489 new TC incident cases (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 245,709–272,470) globally, which resulted in 41,235 deaths (39,911–44,139). The estimated global QCI was 84.39. The highest QCI was observed in the European region (93.84), with Italy having the highest score (99.77). Conversely, the lowest QCI was seen in the African region (55.09), where the Central African Republic scored the lowest (13.64). The highest and lowest socio‐demographic index (SDI) regions scored 97.27 and 53.85, respectively. Globally, gender disparity was higher after the age of 40 years and in favor of better care in women.

Conclusion

TC QOC is better among those countries of higher socioeconomic status, possibly due to better healthcare access and early detection in these regions. Overall, the quality of TC care was higher in women and younger adults. Countries could adopt the introduced index of QOC to investigate the quality of provided care for different diseases and conditions.
Minoritized Professionals' Experiences in Counselor Education: A Review of Research
Authors: Thacker Nancy , Minton Casey A. Barrio
Published: March 2021

Findings from our review of research articles published between 2004 and 2019 indicated students and faculty in counselor education who identify as women; as people of color; or as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning face eight common types of adverse experiences. Implications for praxis and research are provided to support the profession's aim to diversify and embody inclusion.
Synergy mechanism for TiO2/activated carbon composite material: Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue solution
Authors: Xu Wenqi , Jin Yang , Ren Yongsheng , Li Jun , Wei Zhizhen , Ban Changsheng , Cai Haitao , Chen Ming
Published: March 2021

To improve the photocatalytic effect of TiO2 and the possibility of recycling, three different types of commercial activated carbon (AC) are used to prepare the TiO2/AC composite photocatalyst using the sol–gel method. The properties and catalytic activity of TiO2/AC composite are evaluated in comparison with bare TiO2, based on several characterization techniques and methylene blue (MB) photodegradation studies. The results show that the addition of AC improves the degradation effect of MB. The TiO2/AC‐(L) composite material has the best photocatalytic effect. The efficiency of removing the MB solution in 60 min reaches 99.43% at the initial concentration of MB 20 mg/L and material dosage 400 mg/L. The synergy between the adsorption characteristics of the AC surface and the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 is the main reason for increasing the MB degradation rate. Hydroxyl radicals play a major role in the process of photocatalysis. The addition of AC enhances the formation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals, thereby improving the photocatalytic performance of the material. Compared with bare TiO2, the three TiO2/AC composite photocatalysts can maintain excellent photocatalytic effect after four cycles of experiments and are easier to recycle and reuse.
PROTOCOL: What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review
Authors: Wolfowicz Michael , Hasisi Badi , Weisburd David
Published: March 2021

Objectives

In this systematic review and meta analysis we will collate and synthesize the evidence on media‐effects for radicalization, focusing on both cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The goal is to identify the relative magnitudes of the effects for different mediums, types of content, and elements of human‐media relationships.

Methodology

Random‐effects meta analysis will be used and the results will be rank‐ordered according to the size of the pooled estimates for the different factors. Meta‐regressions, moderator analysis, and sub‐group analyses will be used to investigate sources of heterogeneity.

Implications

The results of this review will provide a better understanding of the relative magnitude of the effects of media‐related factors. This information should help the development of more evidence‐based policies.
Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors
Authors: Hernández Duran Linda , Wilson David Thomas , Briffa Mark , Rymer Tasmin Lee
Published: March 2021

Spiders are useful models for testing different hypotheses and methodologies relating to animal personality and behavioral syndromes because they show a range of behavioral types and unique physiological traits (e.g., silk and venom) that are not observed in many other animals. These characteristics allow for a unique understanding of how physiology, behavioral plasticity, and personality interact across different contexts to affect spider's individual fitness and survival. However, the relative effect of extrinsic factors on physiological traits (silk, venom, and neurohormones) that play an important role in spider survival, and which may impact personality, has received less attention. The goal of this review is to explore how the environment, experience, ontogeny, and physiology interact to affect spider personality types across different contexts. We highlight physiological traits, such as neurohormones, and unique spider biochemical weapons, namely silks and venoms, to explore how the use of these traits might, or might not, be constrained or limited by particular behavioral types. We argue that, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the flexibility and persistence of specific behavioral types in spiders, it is necessary to incorporate these underlying mechanisms into a synthesized whole, alongside other extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
Temporal patterns in the social network of core units in Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkeys: Effects of food availability and interunit dispersal
Authors: Adams Frances V. , Arseneau‐Robar T. Jean M. , Bonnell Tyler R. , Stead Samantha M. , Teichroeb Julie A.
Published: March 2021

Multi‐level societies are complex, nested social systems where basic social groups (i.e., core units) associate in a hierarchical manner, allowing animals to adjust their group sizes in response to variables such as food availability, predation, or conspecific threat. These pressures fluctuate over time and examining the extent to which this variation affects the clustering of core units into different tiers may be instrumental in understanding the evolution of multi‐level societies.

The goal of our study was to determine the degree of temporal variability in interunit associations in a multi‐level society of Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkey (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii), and to determine the social and ecological factors that underlie association patterns. TheC. a. ruwenzoriimulti‐level society consists of at least three tiers, with core units clustering into clans that share a home range in a band tier.

We performed social network analyses on 21 months of association data from 13 core units (totaling 139 identifiable individuals) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. We described the patterns of variation in core‐unit associations over time and investigated how changes in rainfall, food availability, and interunit dispersals were correlated with these associations over the short‐term (month to month) and long‐term (year to year).

Although clans were relatively stable, larger‐scale changes in association patterns included the formation of an all‐male unit and the transfer of one core unit between clans (within the band tier). Seasonally, core units associated significantly more when fruit, their preferred food source, was abundant (i.e., social networks were denser and more clustered) and there was no direct effect of rainfall seasonality or young leaf availability. Male dispersals also occurred more during periods of high fruit availability, suggesting that greater band cohesion allowed males to prospect and transfer between core units. Once males transferred, their previous and new units associated significantly more with one another than with other core units for 1–2 months postdispersal. The dispersal of five males from one core unit to another in a different clan co‐occurred with this core unit switching its clan affiliation.

By examining temporal shifts in social network structure among core units, this study shows the interconnected roles that food availability and dispersal have in shaping theC. a. ruwenzoriimulti‐level social system. Our findings highlight how ecological conditions can drive association patterns, impact interunit relationships, and influence social organization.
Formation of Mixed‐Valence Luminescent Silver Clusters via Cation‐Coupled Electron‐Transfer in a Redox‐Active Ionic Crystal Based on a Dawson‐type Polyoxometalate with Closed Pores
Authors: Haraguchi Naoya , Okunaga Tomoki , Shimoyama Yuto , Ogiwara Naoki , Kikkawa Soichi , Yamazoe Seiji , Inada Miki , Tachikawa Takashi , Uchida Sayaka
Published: March 2021

A redox‐active ionic crystal based on a Dawson‐type polyoxometalate (POM) [α‐P2WVI18O62]6− is utilized to form and stabilize small mixed‐valence luminescent silver clusters without the aid of protecting ligands at room temperature. A reduced ionic crystal of Cs3H5[Cr3O(OOCH)6(etpy)3]3[α‐P2WV5WVI13O62] ⋅ 5H2O (etpy=4‐ethylpyridine) is formed by a cation‐coupled electron‐transfer (CCET) reaction with sodium ascorbate as a reducing reagent to provide electrons and Cs+ as counter cations of POM. Then, silver is introduced via ion‐exchange between Cs+ and Ag+ jointly with CCET reaction: X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental analysis show that the ionic crystal is oxidized via electron‐transfer from the POM (W5+) to Ag+, and [Ag01.5AgI1.5]H4.5[Cr3O(OOCH)6(etpy)3]3[α‐P2WV3WVI15O62] ⋅ 7H2O is formed. Photoluminescence and X‐ray absorption fine structure suggest that the silver species exist as mixed‐valence luminescent clusters with an average formula of [Ag4]2+ probably in a tetrahedral geometry.
A remark on mean‐semivariance behaviour: Downside risk and capital asset pricing
Authors: Venkataraman Sree Vinutha
Published: March 2021

In the conventional capital asset pricing model (CAPM), standard deviation as a measure of risk penalizes both upward and downward movements. However, while downward movements in investments are risky, upward movements are favourable. Therefore, standard semideviation that treats only those negative differences in returns over the benchmark as risky was proposed as a measure of downside risk. Attempts have been made to obtain the formulation of beta in this context, called downside beta. In this work, CAPM in the mean‐semivariance framework (D‐CAPM), with semivariance measured in terms of negative deviation around expected return, is derived and established that the model proposed earlier with a version of downside beta with respect to this definition of semivaraince is invalid. The appropriate version of downside beta is obtained, and under the rectified formulation, the validity of the true D‐CAPM is empirically tested during July 2013–July 2018. The solution to the tangent point is also obtained. The proportion of investment in the stocks in the tangent portfolio and the downside beta for the stocks in the tangent portfolio are determined. We find that there is no evidence to disprove that D‐CAPM holds true considering either Nifty 50 or S&P BSE Sensex as market portfolio.