bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erecting closets and outing ourselves: uncomfortable reflexivity and community‐based research
Authors: Reed Sarah J. , Miller Robin Lin , Nnawulezi Nkiru , Valenti Maria T.
Published: December 2011

Feminist scholars and community psychologists have argued that reflexivity is a necessary component to conducting socially conscious research. Reflexivity, however, is rarely evident in community psychology. In this article, we share the uncomfortable realities that surfaced during a community‐based research project in which we adapted and implemented an HIV prevention intervention for young Black sexual minority women. We each describe how aspects of our identities, values, and socialization affected our engagement in the research and our interactions with and feelings towards participants. In doing so, we hope to call attention to the messiness of community‐based work, as well as to promote a community of scholars who are open to self‐appraisal and willing to share their least comfortable examples of conducting community‐based work in diverse communities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grand challenge competition to predict in vivo knee loads
Authors: Fregly Benjamin J. , Besier Thor F. , Lloyd David G. , Delp Scott L. , Banks Scott A. , Pandy Marcus G. , D'Lima Darryl D.
Published: December 2011

Impairment of the human neuromusculoskeletal system can lead to significant mobility limitations and decreased quality of life. Computational models that accurately represent the musculoskeletal systems of individual patients could be used to explore different treatment options and optimize clinical outcome. The most significant barrier to model‐based treatment design is validation of model‐based estimates of in vivo contact and muscle forces. This paper introduces an annual “Grand Challenge Competition to Predict In Vivo Knee Loads” based on a series of comprehensive publicly available in vivo data sets for evaluating musculoskeletal model predictions of contact and muscle forces in the knee. The data sets come from patients implanted with force‐measuring tibial prostheses. Following a historical review of musculoskeletal modeling methods used for estimating knee muscle and contact forces, we describe the first two data sets used for the first two competitions and summarize four subsequent data sets to be used for future competitions. These data sets include tibial contact force, video motion, ground reaction, muscle EMG, muscle strength, static and dynamic imaging, and implant geometry data. Competition participants create musculoskeletal models to predict tibial contact forces without having access to the corresponding in vivo measurements. These blinded predictions provide an unbiased evaluation of the capabilities and limitations of musculoskeletal modeling methods. The paper concludes with a discussion of how these unique data sets can be used by the musculoskeletal modeling research community to improve the estimation of in vivo muscle and contact forces and ultimately to help make musculoskeletal models clinically useful. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:503–513, 2012
Synergy of tendon stem cells and platelet‐rich plasma in tendon healing
Authors: Chen Lei , Dong Shi‐Wu , Liu Jun‐Peng , Tao Xu , Tang Kang‐Lai , Xu Jian‐Zhong
Published: December 2011

Injured rat Achilles tendons were treated with botulism toxin to create a mechanically unloaded condition (unloaded) or left untreated (loaded), and then treated with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), tendon stem cells (TSCs), or a combination (TSCs + PRP). mRNA and protein expression of collagen I, collagen III, tenascin C, and Smad 8 were determined by real time PCR and immunostaining, respectively. Loaded tendons treated with PBS, PRP, or TSCs for 3 or 14 days had higher collagen I mRNA expression than unloaded tendons. Loaded tendons treated with PBS for 3 or 14 days or with PRP for 3 days had higher collagen I protein levels than unloaded tendons. Loaded tendons treated for 3 days with PBS, for 14 days with PRP or TSCs or TSCs + PRP for 3 or 14 days had higher collagen III protein levels than unloaded tendons. Collagen I mRNA levels were higher in TSCs + PRP‐treated loaded tendons compared to PBS‐treated loaded tendons on day 3 of treatment. Based on changes in the expression of tendon‐healing genes, our data suggest that the combination of TSCs and PRP has synergistic effects on tendon healing under both loaded and unloaded conditions, and loaded conditions improve tendon healing. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:991–997, 2012
Constraining Holocene 10Be production rates in Greenland
Authors: Briner Jason P. , Young Nicolás E. , Goehring Brent M. , Schaefer Joerg M.
Published: December 2011

The absence of a production rate calibration experiment on Greenland has limited the ability to link 10Be exposure dating chronologies of ice‐margin change to independent records of rapid climate change. We use radiocarbon age control on Holocene glacial features near Jakobshavn Isbræ, western Greenland, to investigate 10Be production rates. The radiocarbon chronology is inconsistent with the 10Be age calculations based on the current globally averaged 10Be production rate calibration data set, but is consistent with the 10Be production rate calibration data set from north‐eastern North America, which includes a calibration site nearby on north‐eastern Baffin Island. Based on the best‐dated feature available from the Jakobshavn Isbræ forefield, we derive a 10Be production rate value of 3.98 ± 0.24 atoms g a−1, using the ‘St’ scaling scheme, which overlaps with recently published reference 10Be production rates. We suggest that these 10Be production rate data, or the very similar data from north‐eastern North America, are used on Greenland. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization and validation of a fast ultrahigh‐pressure liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of selected sulphonamides in water samples using a fully porous sub‐2 μm column at elevated temperature
Authors: Shaaban Heba , Górecki Tadeusz
Published: December 2011

High temperature in HPLC is considered a valuable tool helping to overcome the increase in the column backpressure when using small packing particles such as sub‐2 μm, as it allows reduction in the mobile‐phase viscosity. In this study, a fast analytical method based on HPLC‐UV was developed using a sub‐2 μm column at elevated temperature for the simultaneous determination of nine sulphonamides. Owing to the lower viscosity of the mobile phase, the separation could be achieved in 3 min at 60°C for all analytes. The effect of temperature, the organic modifier percentage and the flow rate on the retention time was studied. The method developed was used for the determination of selected sulphonamides in surface and wastewater samples. Sample preparation was carried out by solid‐phase extraction on Oasis HLB cartridges. The method developed was validated based on the linearity, precision, accuracy, detection and quantification limits. The recovery ranged from 70.6 to 96 % with standard deviations not higher than 4.7%, except for sulphanilamide. Limits of detection ranged from 1 to 10 μg/L after optimization of all analytical steps. This method has the highest performance in terms of analytical speed compared with other published HPLC‐UV methods for the determination of sulphonamides in water.
Isothermal Cold‐Crystallization of PLA/PBAT Blends With and Without the Addition of Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
Authors: Quero Enic , Müller Alejandro J. , Signori Francesca , Coltelli Maria‐Beatrice , Bronco Simona
Published: December 2011

The isothermal cold‐crystallization kinetics of the PLA phase is studied by DSC and the crystallization from the melt by PLOM. Even though the blends exhibit two phases by SEM, several pieces of evidence indicate that partial miscibility may be present in these blends: small changes in both Tg and Tm of the PLA phase; a dependence of the spherulitic growth rate on blend composition and the oclusion of PBAT droplets inside PLA spherulites. Acetyl tributyl citrate is able to plasticize both phases in the blends, but it displays a preference to dissolve within the PBAT rich phase. There is a synergystic effect on the increase in the overall crystallization rate of the PLA rich phase when both ATBC and PBAT are present in the blend.
Liquid Crystalline Polythiophenes With Amphiphilic Side Chains
Authors: Yoon Young‐Sik , Ko Taeyun , Chung Jaeyub , Chung Jae‐Seung , Kim Jin‐joo , Lee Jong‐Chan
Published: December 2011

A series of poly(thiophene) derivatives with decyl‐oligo(oxyethylene) side groups, (PDnET) is synthesized via oxidative coupling polymerization. PD3ET and PD4ET with longer oligo(oxyethylene) units exhibited a liquid crystalline phase with well‐ordered lamella structures, although PD3ET showed a more ordered structure than PD4ET. PD1ET and PD2ET have shorter oligo(oxyethylene) groups than PD3ET and show less‐ordered structures with liquid‐crystalline phase observed. The UV‐vis spectra indicated that the maximum absorption wavelengths of PDnET increase when the number of oxyethylene units increases from 1 to 3; however, the maximum absorption wavelength of PD4ET is lower than that of PD3ET. Therefore, the most ordered and conjugated structures are obtained when the number of oxyethylene units is three.
Diabetes and pancreatic cancer
Authors: Li Donghui
Published: December 2011

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is likely the third modifiable risk factor for pancreatic cancer after cigarette smoking and obesity. Epidemiological investigations have found that long‐term type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a 1.5‐fold to 2.0‐fold increase in the risk of pancreatic cancer. A causal relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer is also supported by findings from prediagnostic evaluations of glucose and insulin levels in prospective studies. Insulin resistance and associated hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation have been suggested to be the underlying mechanisms contributing to development of diabetes‐associated pancreatic cancer. Signaling pathways that regulate the metabolic process also play important roles in cell proliferation and tumor growth. Use of the antidiabetic drug metformin has been associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer in diabetics and recognized as an antitumor agent with the potential to prevent and treat this cancer. On the other hand, new‐onset diabetes may indicate subclinical pancreatic cancer, and patients with new‐onset diabetes may constitute a population in whom pancreatic cancer can be detected early. Biomarkers that help define high‐risk individuals for clinical screening for pancreatic cancer are urgently needed. Why pancreatic cancer causes diabetes and how diabetes affects the clinical outcome of pancreatic cancer have yet to be fully determined. Improved understanding of the pathological mechanisms shared by diabetes and pancreatic cancer would be the key to the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for this cancer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology and potential mechanisms of tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Duell Eric J.
Published: December 2011

Tobacco smoking represents an important known cause of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recent data from pooled analyses in consortia involving multiple case–control and cohort studies suggest that heavy (but not moderate or light) alcohol consumption also may increase pancreatic cancer risk. Animal and human evidence indicate that tobacco carcinogens and metabolites may act in concert and have both genetic and epigenetic effects at early and later stages in pancreatic tumorigenesis. One of the more important tobacco‐related carcinogens, NNK, probably acts via multiple pathways. Heavy alcohol consumption may increase pancreatic cancer risk by potentiating the effects of other risk factors such as tobacco smoking, poor nutrition, and inflammatory pathways related to chronic pancreatitis, but also may have independent genetic and epigenetic effects. Animal and human studies of tobacco‐ and alcohol‐related pancreatic carcinogenesis suggest multi‐modal, overlapping mechanistic pathways. Tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption are preventable exposures, and their avoidance would substantially decrease the burden of pancreatic cancer worldwide. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrant signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer: A two compartment view
Authors: McCleary‐Wheeler Angela L. , McWilliams Robert , Fernandez‐Zapico Martin E.
Published: December 2011

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with historically limited success in treatment and a poor prognosis. Pancreatic cancer appears to have a progressive pathway of development, initiating from well‐described pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions and concluding with invasive carcinoma. These early lesions have been shown to harbor‐specific alterations in signaling pathways that remain throughout this tumorigenesis process. Meanwhile, new alterations occur during this process of disease progression to have a cumulative effect. This series of events not only impacts the epithelial cells comprising the tumor, but they may also affect the surrounding stromal cells. The result is the formation of complex signaling networks of communication between the tumor epithelial cell and the stromal cell compartments to promote a permissive and cooperative environment. This article highlights some of the most common pathway aberrations involved with this disease, and how these may subsequently affect one or both cellular compartments. Consequently, furthering our understanding of these pathways in terms of their function on the tumoral epithelial and stromal compartments may prove to be crucial to the development of targeted and more successful therapies in the future. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer
Authors: Klein Alison P.
Published: December 2011

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the United States. However, it has the poorest prognosis of any major tumor type, with a 5‐yr survival rate of approximately 5%. Cigarette smoking, increased body mass index, heavy alcohol consumption, and a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus have all been demonstrated to increase risk of pancreatic cancer. A family history of pancreatic cancer has also been associated with increased risk suggesting inherited genetic factors also play an important role, with approximately 5–10% of pancreatic cancer patients reporting family history of pancreatic cancer. While the genetic basis for the majority of the familial clustering of pancreatic cancer remains unclear, several important pancreatic cancer genes have been identified. These consist of high penetrance genes includingBRCA2orPALB2, to more common genetic variation associated with a modest increase risk of pancreatic cancer such as genetic variation at theABOblood group locus. Recent advances in genotyping and genetic sequencing have accelerated the rate at which novel pancreatic cancer susceptibility genes have been identified with several genes identified within the past few years. This review addresses our current understanding of the familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer, established pancreatic cancer susceptablity genes and how this knowledge informs risk assessment and screening for high‐risk families. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiautomated spleen volumetry with diffusion‐weighted MR imaging
Authors: Lee Jeongjin , Kim Kyoung Won , Lee Ho , Lee So Jung , Choi Sanghyun , Jeong Woo Kyoung , Kye Heewon , Song Gi‐Won , Hwang Shin , Lee Sung‐Gyu
Published: December 2011

In this article, we determined the relative accuracy of semiautomated spleen volumetry with diffusion‐weighted (DW) MR images compared to standard manual volumetry with DW‐MR or CT images. Semiautomated spleen volumetry using simple thresholding followed by 3D and 2D connected component analysis was performed with DW‐MR images. Manual spleen volumetry was performed on DW‐MR and CT images. In this study, 35 potential live liver donor candidates were included. Semiautomated volumetry results were highly correlated with manual volumetry results using DW‐MR (r = 0.99; P < 0.0001; mean percentage absolute difference, 1.43 ± 0.94) and CT (r = 0.99; P < 0.0001; 1.76 ± 1.07). Mean total processing time for semiautomated volumetry was significantly shorter compared to that of manual volumetry with DW‐MR (P < 0.0001) and CT (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, semiautomated spleen volumetry with DW‐MR images can be performed rapidly and accurately when compared with standard manual volumetry. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electron paramagnetic resonance monitoring of ischemia‐induced myocardial oxygen depletion and acidosis in isolated rat hearts using soluble paramagnetic probes
Authors: Komarov Denis A. , Dhimitruka Ilirian , Kirilyuk Igor A. , Trofimiov Dmitrii G. , Grigor'ev Igor A. , Zweier Jay L. , Khramtsov Valery V.
Published: December 2011

A new low‐field electron paramagnetic resonance approach for noninvasive measurements of myocardial oxygen tension and tissue acidity was developed. The approach was applied to monitor myocardial pO2 and pH in a model of global no‐flow ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion in isolated perfused rat hearts. The myocardial oxygen measurements were performed using deuterated Finland trityl radical probe. A rapid decrease in myocardial pO2 from 160 mmHg to about 2 ± 1 mmHg was observed within the first minute of ischemia followed by incomplete restoration of pO2 to 50 mmHg during 30 min of reperfusion. The lower oxygen concentration after ischemia was attributed to the 50% reduction in coronary flow after ischemia as a consequence of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion damage. Myocardial pH measurements using a specially designed imidazoline pH‐sensitive nitroxide showed severe myocardial acidification to pH 6.25 during 30 min of ischemia. Preconditioning of the hearts with two 5‐min periods of ischemia significantly reduced the acidification of myocardial tissue during sustained ischemia. Noninvasive electron paramagnetic resonance monitoring of myocardial oxygenation and pH may provide important insights into the mechanisms of ischemia and reperfusion injury and a background for development of new therapeutic approaches. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correction for arterial‐tissue delay and dispersion in absolute quantitative cerebral perfusion DSC MR imaging
Authors: Mouannes‐Srour Jessy J. , Shin Wanyong , Ansari Sameer A. , Hurley Michael C. , Vakil Parmede , Bendok Bernard R. , Lee John L. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Carroll Timothy J.
Published: December 2011

The singular value decomposition deconvolution of cerebral tissue concentration–time curves with the arterial input function is commonly used in dynamic susceptibility contrast cerebral perfusion MR imaging. However, it is sensitive to the time discrepancy between the arrival of the bolus in the tissue concentration–time curve and the arterial input function signal. This normally causes inaccuracy in the quantitative perfusion maps due to delay and dispersion effects. A comprehensive correction algorithm has been achieved through slice‐dependent time‐shifting of the arterial input function, and a delay‐dependent dispersion correction model. The correction algorithm was tested in 11 healthy subjects and three ischemic stroke patients scanned with a quantitative perfusion pulse sequence at 1.5 T. A validation study was performed on five patients with confirmed cerebrovascular occlusive disease scanned with MRI and positron emission tomography at 3.0 T. A significant effect (P < 0.05) was reported on the quantitative cerebral blood flow and mean transit time measurements (up to 50%). There was no statistically significant effect on the quantitative cerebral blood volume values. The in vivo results were in agreement with the simulation results, as well as previous literature. This minimizes the bias in patient diagnosis due to the existing errors and artifacts in dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increase in SNR for 31P MR spectroscopy by combining polarization transfer with a direct detection sequence
Authors: van der Kemp W. J. M. , Boer V. O. , Luijten P. R. , Wijnen J. P. , Klomp D. W. J.
Published: December 2011

The sensitivity of 31P MRS can be increased using higher magnetic fields, but also by using 1H to 31P polarization transfer techniques where the sensitivity is determined by the polarization of the proton spins and thus the signal‐to‐noise per unit time is unaffected by the slow T1 relaxation properties of the 31P spins. This implies that 31P spins can be manipulated during the T1 relaxation of the 1H spins without affecting the signal‐to‐noise of the 1H to 31P polarization transferred spins. It is shown here that by combining 1H to 31P polarization transfer with a direct 31P detection sequence in one repetition time, one can gain more signal‐to‐noise per unit of time as compared to a polarization transfer sequence alone. Proof of principle was demonstrated by phantom measurements and additionally the method was applied to the human calf muscle and to the human breast in vivo at 7T. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of osteoarthritis in knee and hip joints by fast field‐cycling NMR
Authors: Broche Lionel M. , Ashcroft George P. , Lurie David J.
Published: December 2011

It is known that in the early stages of osteoarthritis, the concentration of glycan proteins decreases in articular cartilage. This phenomenon is under active research to develop a means to characterize osteoarthritis accurately in the early stages of the disease, when still reversible. However, no method of quantification has yet shown clear success in this area. In this article, we propose a novel approach to detect glycan depletion using fast field‐cycling NMR. This technique was previously reported to allow noninvasive measurement of protein concentration via the 14N quadrupolar relaxation in certain amide groups. We have demonstrated that the articular cartilage exhibits clear quadrupolar peaks that can be measured by a benchtop fast field‐cycling NMR device and which changes significantly between normal and diseased tissues (P < 0.01). This signal is probably glycan specific. The method may have potential for early evaluation of osteoarthritis in patients on fast field‐cycling‐MRI scanners currently under evaluation in the authors' laboratory. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative in vivo diffusion imaging of cartilage using double echo steady‐state free precession
Authors: Bieri Oliver , Ganter Carl , Scheffler Klaus
Published: December 2011

Single‐shot echo‐planar imaging techniques are commonly used for diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) but offer rather poor spatial resolution and field‐of‐view coverage for species with short T2. In contrast, steady‐state free precession (SSFP) has shown promising results for DWI of the musculoskeletal system, but quantification is generally hampered by its prominent sensitivity on relaxation times. In this work, a new and truly diffusion‐weighted (that is relaxation time independent) SSFP DWI technique is introduced using a double‐echo steady‐state approach. Within this framework (and this is in contrast to common SSFP DWI techniques using SSFP‐Echo) both primary echo paths of nonbalanced SSFP are acquired, namely the FID and the Echo. Simulations and in vitro measurements reveal that the ratio of the Echo/FID signal ratios of two double‐echo steady‐state scans acquired with and without diffusion sensitizing dephasing moments provides a highly relaxation independent quantity for diffusion quantification. As a result, relaxation‐independent high‐resolution (0.4 × 0.4 − 0.6 × 0.6 mm2 in‐plane resolution) quantitative in vivo SSFP DWI is demonstrated for human articular cartilage using diffusion‐weighted double‐echo steady‐state scans in the knee and ankle joint at 3.0 T. The derived diffusion coefficients for cartilage (D ∼ 1.0–1.5 μm2/ms) and synovial fluid (D ∼ 2.6 μm2/ms) are in agreement with previous work. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring brain oxygenation in humans using a multiparametric quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent MRI approach
Authors: Christen Thomas , Schmiedeskamp Heiko , Straka Matus , Bammer Roland , Zaharchuk Greg
Published: December 2011

Quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent approaches have been designed to obtain quantitative oxygenation information using MRI. A mathematical model is usually fitted to the time signal decay of a gradient‐echo and spin‐echo measurements to derive hemodynamic parameters such as the blood oxygen saturation or the cerebral blood volume. Although the results in rats and human brain have been encouraging, recent studies have pointed out the need for independent estimation of one or more variables to increase the accuracy of the method. In this study, a multiparametric quantitative blood oxygenation level dependent approach is proposed. A combination of arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility contrast methods were used to obtain quantitative estimates of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow. These results were combined with T and T2 measurements to derive maps of blood oxygen saturation or cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen. In 12 normal subjects, a mean cerebral blood volume of 4.33 ± 0.7%, cerebral blood flow of 43.8 ± 5.7 mL/min/100 g, blood oxygen saturation of 60 ± 6% and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen 157 ± 23 μmol/100 g/min were found, which are in agreement with literature values. The results obtained in this study suggest that this methodology could be applied to study brain hypoxia in the setting of pathology. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A piezoelectric 3D hexahedral curvilinear finite element based on the space fiber rotation concept
Authors: Zouari Wajdi , Ayad Rezak , Zineb Tarak Ben , Benjeddou Ayech
Published: December 2011

The paper is focused on a piezoelectric 3D hexahedral finite element formulation on the basis of the space fiber rotation concept. The proposed electromechanical finite element has eight nodes and is animated by the virtual rotation of an elementary spatial fiber that creates an additional mechanical displacement enhancing the classical one generally considered to formulate the standard solid elements. The mechanical strain tensor and the electric field vector are expressed in a curvilinear coordinate system to handle the transverse isotropy behavior of piezoelectric materials. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed electromechanical element is less sensitive to mesh distortion than the standard piezoelectric solid elements. Besides, it is shown that the developed element response is better than those of the standard first‐order piezoelectric elements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐node mixed Hu–Washizu shell element with drilling rotation
Authors: Wisniewski K. , Turska E.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, enhanced four‐node shell elements with six DOFs/node based on the Hu–Washizu (HW) functional are developed for Green strain. The drilling rotation is included through the drilling rotation constraint equation. The key features of the approach are as follows.

The shell HW functional is derived from the shell potential energy functional, which is an alternative to the derivation from the three‐dimensional HW functional. This method is more versatile as it enables the derivation of the so‐called partial HW functionals, with different treatment of the bending/twisting part and the transverse shear part of strain energy.

For the membrane part of HW shell elements, a seven‐parameter stress, a nine‐parameter strain and a two‐parameter enhanced assumed displacement gradient enhancement are selected as optimal. The assumed representations of stress and strain are defined in skew coordinates in the natural basis at the element's center. This improves accuracy and has positive theoretical consequences.

The drilling rotation constraint equation is treated by the perturbed Lagrange method. The faulty term resulting from the equal‐order approximations of displacements and the drilling rotation is eliminated, and one spurious mode is stabilized using the gamma method. The proposed formulation is insensitive to the element's distortions and yields a large radius of convergence in the examples involving in‐plane bending.

The performance of 4 four‐node shell HW elements, having different bending/twisting and transverse shear parts, is analyzed on several numerical examples. Such aspects are considered as: accuracy, radius of convergence, required number of iterations of the Newton method or the arc‐length method and time of computations. The element with 29 parameters (HW29) is selected as the best performer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Couple functioning and post‐traumatic stress symptoms in US army couples: The role of resilience
Authors: Melvin Kristal C. , Gross Deborah , Hayat Matthew J. , Jennings Bonnie Mowinski , Campbell Jacquelyn C.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate combat‐related post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and couple relationships in Army couples. US Army combat veteran couples (N = 66 couples) completed self‐report questionnaires on couple functioning, coercion, resilience, and PTSS. In 23% of the couples (n = 15), both members had PTSS above the clinical cut‐off for suspected Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Higher levels of PTSS were associated with lower couple functioning and resilience. Individuals with high resilience scores reported higher couple functioning scores, regardless of PTSS (p = .004). Future researchers should focus on the role of resilience in relation to couple functioning, and ways to amplify resilience in military couples. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Res Nurs Health 35:164–177, 2012
Modern Raman spectroscopy for biomedical applications
Authors: Popp Jürgen , Krafft Christoph , Mayerhöfer Thomas
Published: December 2011

Bacteria identification by conventional methods still requires too much time, metastasis is often detected too late and generally too much healthy tissue around a tumor must be excised as the tumor borders cannot be detected with the necessary precision and reliability. Apart from being yet unsolved but urgent and important medical problems these three examples have a potential solution in common, being delivered by the application of Raman spectroscopy. In the following we present how this label‐free method can complement or even replace standard but unsatisfying medical procedures in the future.
Attosecond Physics – the first decade
Authors: Naeser Thorsten
Published: December 2011

Deep inside matter, our ideas of time lose their validity. Light flashes which last only a few millionths to billionths of a billionth second snatch from the microcosm its closely guarded secrets: Electron movements become visible. Quantum phenomena can be examined in real time. The control of elementary particles comes within reach. Responsible for all that is the young science of attosecond physics, „born”︁ in 2001, when Prof. Ferenc Krausz succeeded in producing and measuring light flashes which last less than one femtosecond. Krausz founded the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (LAP) which is located at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany. Here is the history of how Attosecond Physics has been developed in LAP over the last ten years.
2‐D DIGE analysis of UV‐C radiation‐responsive proteins in globe artichoke leaves
Authors: Falvo Sara , Di Carli Mariasole , Desiderio Angiola , Benvenuto Eugenio , Moglia Andrea , America Twan , Lanteri Sergio , Acquadro Alberto
Published: December 2011

Plants respond to ultraviolet stress inducing a self‐defence through the regulation of specific gene family members. The UV acclimation is the result of biochemical and physiological processes, such as enhancement of the antioxidant enzymatic system and accumulation of UV‐absorbing phenolic compounds (e.g. flavonoids). Globe artichoke is an attractive species for studying the protein network involved in UV stress response, being characterized by remarkable levels of inducible antioxidants. Proteomic tools can assist the evaluation of the expression patterns of UV‐responsive proteins and we applied the difference in‐gel electrophoresis (DIGE) technology for monitoring the globe artichoke proteome variation at four time points following an acute UV‐C exposure. A total of 145 UV‐C‐modulated proteins were observed and 119 were identified by LC‐MS/MS using a ∼144 000 customized Compositae protein database, which included about 19 000 globe artichoke unigenes. Proteins were Gene Ontology (GO) categorized, visualized on their pathways and their behaviour was discussed. A predicted protein interaction network was produced and highly connected hub‐like proteins were highlighted. Most of the proteins differentially modulated were chloroplast located, involved in photosynthesis, sugar metabolisms, protein folding and abiotic stress. The identification of UV‐C‐responsive proteins may contribute to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to UV stress.
Guidelines for identifying and mitigating thermal hazards of sustainable materials
Authors: Morrison Delmar “Trey” , Hart Ryan J.
Published: December 2011

Sustainable materials and technologies (a.k.a. “green”) are those that are “delivered with progressively less negative impact upon the Earth.” Thermal hazards such as self‐heating, thermal runaway, fires, and explosions may be associated with a particular sustainable material or process technology. Thermal hazards are a result of the interaction between the exothermic reactivity of the material and the processing or storage conditions (e.g., environment, temperature, duration, size, and configuration). These materials and technologies may pose thermal hazards that only become apparent at large‐scale production and storage levels. With the move toward developing sustainable materials and technologies, many potential new hazardous scenarios for established organizations or for start‐up companies may be identified only during final developmental stages. For example, scaling processing up from pilot to full‐scale may lead to large enough material volumes that thermal hazards that were not identified at the pilot level become significant. Another example may be the increased size of stockpiles of materials required for full‐scale operations. This article aims to provide an overview of several sustainable materials and green technology areas with a discussion of the potential thermal hazards presented. The article will provide guidance for identifying potential thermal hazards in systems and for developing successful prevention and mitigation schemes against fires and explosions. © 2011 American Institute of
Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Influence of spark duration on deflagration characteristics of methane‐air mixtures
Authors: Zhang Qi , Li Wei , Huang Ying , Duan Yun
Published: December 2011

Deflagration behavior data of methane/air mixtures for sparks are essential for a detailed quantitative assessment. This article presents the deflagration data of methane/air mixtures for three spark durations: 6.5 μs, 16.1 μs, and 40.6 μs at standard conditions of pressure and temperature. All the presented data were obtained from the experiments conducted in two explosion vessels: the cylindrical one of 5 L volume, and the spherical one of 20 L volume. For the given ignition energy 56 mJ, the maximum deflagration overpressure, the maximum deflagration temperature, the maximum rate of deflagration pressure rise, and the maximum rate of deflagration temperature rise in the 5 L vessel are approximately constant, as the spark durations increases from 6.5 to 40.6 μs. The same conclusion was obtained for the 20 L vessel. Under the same ignition energy of 56 mJ, the deflagration overpressure of methane/air mixture in the 20 L vessel is approximately equal to those in the 5 L vessel, but the deflagration temperature near the wall of 20 L vessel is significantly lower than those near the wall of 5 L vessel. © 2011 American Institute of
Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Large magneto‐optical effect in low‐temperature‐grown GaCrN and GaCrN:Si
Authors: Zhou Y. K. , Fan P. H. , Emura S. , Hasegawa S. , Asahi H.
Published: December 2011

GaCrN layers were grown at 300 and 100 °C by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. X‐ray diffraction results showed no obvious secondary phase in the GaCrN samples grown at 300 °C with Cr concentration even up to 9%. A very sharp line was found at 356 nm in the photoluminescence spectra below 50 K, which comes from high crystalline quality regions in the GaCrN layers. All the samples grown at low temperatures exhibited ferromagnetic characteristics. Si‐doped GaCrN with Cr concentration of 6% has the largest saturation magnetization. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) measurement was performed for these samples at 10 K to investigate magneto‐optical effect. Large magneto‐optical effect was confirmed in the low‐temperature‐grown non‐doped and Si‐doped GaCrN. Zeeman splitting was enhanced by Si‐doping in the low‐temperature‐grown GaCrN (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preserving the allocation ratio at every allocation with biased coin randomization and minimization in studies with unequal allocation
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga M. , Tymofyeyev Yevgen
Published: December 2011

The demand for unequal allocation in clinical trials is growing. Most commonly, the unequal allocation is achieved through permuted block randomization. However, other allocation procedures might be required to better approximate the allocation ratio in small samples, reduce the selection bias in open‐label studies, or balance on baseline covariates. When these allocation procedures are generalized to unequal allocation, special care is to be taken to preserve the allocation ratio at every allocation step. This paper offers a way to expand the biased coin randomization to unequal allocation that preserves the allocation ratio at every allocation. The suggested expansion works with biased coin randomization that balances only on treatment group totals and with covariate‐adaptive procedures that use a random biased coin element at every allocation. Balancing properties of the allocation ratio preserving biased coin randomization and minimization are described through simulations. It is demonstrated that these procedures are asymptotically protected against the shift in the rerandomization distribution identified for some examples of minimization with 1:2 allocation. The asymptotic shift in the rerandomization distribution of the difference in treatment means for an arbitrary unequal allocation procedure is explicitly derived in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of molecular catalysts for achievement of high turnover number in homogeneous hydrogenation
Authors: Arai Noriyoshi , Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: December 2011

Development of highly active catalysts has been an important research area in synthetic chemistry, especially from a practical point of view. Herein, we focus on the homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation using well‐defined molecular catalysts and discuss recent advances in the field with regard to the turnover number for these catalysts. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100019
The need for men's health initiatives: ‘connecting the dots’
Authors: Goldenberg S. Larry , Bilsker Dan
Published: December 2011

A strategy to improve health outcomes for men is dependent on the ability to ‘connect the dots’, requiring increased partnership and synergy within and between research, practice and policy contexts. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Syndrome mit dem Leitsymptom Großwuchs
Authors: Küchler A. , Wieczorek D.
Published: December 2011

Syndromale Krankheitsbilder mit dem Leitsymptom Großwuchs stellen eine häufige Fragestellung in der humangenetischen und pädiatrischen Sprechstunde dar. Definiert ist ein Großwuchs durch eine Körperlänge, die mehr als 2 Standardabweichungen oberhalb des Mittelwerts liegt. Dies entspricht einer Körperlänge oberhalb der 97. Perzentile. Dargestellt werden in diesem Artikel häufigere Großwuchssyndrome, die Relevanz haben für die tägliche Arbeit des klinischen Genetikers bzw. des Pädiaters: das Marfan-, Beckwith-Wiedemann-, Sotos-, Weaver-, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel- und das Proteus-Syndrom. Es werden die jeweiligen charakteristischen klinischen Zeichen, die diagnostischen Kriterien, die molekularen Ursachen, einschließlich zugrunde liegendem Erbgang, und – falls notwendig – Vorsorgeprogramme sowie mögliche Differenzialdiagnosen dargestellt.
Molekularzytogenetische Methoden und Array-Diagnostik in der Pränatalmedizin
Authors: Westrich V. , Liehr T.
Published: December 2011

In der pränatalen Diagnostik kommen aktuell neben zytogenetischen Standardverfahren vermehrt molekulare Methoden zum Einsatz. Während die molekulare Zytogenetik im Rahmen der Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierungs(FISH)-Technik seit Jahren routinemäßig in der invasiven vorgeburtlichen Diagnostik eingesetzt wird, wird die Array-Diagnostik gerade erst in dieses Feld eingeführt. FISH wird pränatal meist zur Bestimmung der Größe eines Zellmosaiks, zum Mikrodeletionsausschluss oder zur Abklärung von strukturellen Chromosomenaberrationen durchgeführt. Die Array-CGH („comparative genomic hybridization“, komparative genomische Hybridisierung) wird eher zurückhaltend verwendet, zumeist zur weiterführenden Abklärung bei sonographisch auffälligen Feten und zur Bruchpunktbestimmung bei zytogenetisch nachgewiesenen chromosomalen Umbauten. In Zukunft wird die Array-CGH sicher noch weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen, stellt aber bereits jetzt schon eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu den diagnostischen Verfahren der Zytogenetik und der bisher verwendeten molekulargenetischen Methoden dar.
The Value of an Employment-Based Green Card
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sankar , Oxborrow David
Published: December 2011

The need for and role of highly skilled immigrant workers in the U.S. economy is fiercely debated. Proponents and opponents agree that temporary foreign workers are paid a lower wage than are natives. This lower wage partly originates from the restricted mobility of workers while on a temporary visa. In this article, we estimate the wage gain to employment-based immigrants from acquiring permanent U.S. residency. We use data from the New Immigrant Survey (2003) and implement a difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimator. We find that for employer-sponsored immigrants, the acquisition of a green card leads to an annual wage gain of about $11,860.
Discovery of a novel enzymatic cleavage site for botulinum neurotoxin F5
Authors: Kalb Suzanne R. , Baudys Jakub , Webb Robert P. , Wright Patrick , Smith Theresa J. , Smith Leonard A. , Fernández Rafael , Raphael Brian H. , Maslanka Susan E. , Pirkle James L. , Barr John R.
Published: December 2011

BoNT/F1
cleaves
Synaptobrevin‐2
by protease assay (View interaction: 1, 2)
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of juvenile and middle‐aged rats after chronic stress
Authors: Ewa Badowska‐Szalewska , Beata Ludkiewicz , Ilona Klejbor , Dariusz Świetlik , Janusz Moryś
Published: December 2011

The type and duration of stress stimulation are postulated to affect the expression of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) differentially during ontogenetic life. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of two different stressors, i.e. chronic (15 min daily for 21 days) exposure to the forced swim (FS) test or the high light open field (HL‐OF) test, on the BDNF contained in magnocellular (PVm) and parvocellular (PVp) neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PV) and the supraoptic (SO) nuclei. The immunofluorescence (‐ir) method was used to detect BDNF‐ir cells. The research showed that only the PVp part of the PV in juvenile (P28; P‐postnatal day) control rats had a significantly lower density of BDNF‐ir neurons than that in middle‐aged (P360) control subjects. After chronic FS, a significant decrease in BDNF‐ir cells was observed in the studied hypothalamic nuclei of the juvenile rats, but no changes were noted in the middle‐aged individuals. The PV (PVm, PVp) and the SO nuclei in juvenile rats showed a significantly lower density of BDNF‐ir neurons than the corresponding area of the hypothalamus in middle‐aged rats. However, following the HL‐OF test, the density of BDNF‐ir neurons remained unaltered both in the P28 and the P360 groups. The data suggest that the type of the stressor applied was the factor that differentiated the number of BDNF‐ir cells in the PVm and the SO only in juvenile rats: chronic HL‐OF was more severe than FS. The age of the animals was the main factor that conditioned the BDNF hypothalamic PV (PVm, PVp) and the SO response to FS stimulation. The different density of BDNF‐ir containing cells in the PVp of juvenile versus middle‐aged rats can be explained by a functional, age‐related change in the demand of PVp neurons for BDNF.
How does celebrity meaning transfer? Investigating the process of meaning transfer with celebrity affiliates and mature brands
Authors: Miller Felicia M. , Allen Chris T.
Published: December 2011

The influence of celebrity spokespersons has largely been examined using source models from the communication literature that feature explicit persuasive messages. Alternatively, theorizing by McCracken (1989) offers a more comprehensive explanation based on meaning transfer. Our research elaborates McCracken's model by investigating a cognitive process underlying meaning transfer. Evaluative conditioning procedures are used as the tool to expose this process. To assess celebrity influence as it may operate in the marketplace, well‐known brands and well‐known celebrities are featured. The results support, at the individual level, McCracken's theoretical axiom concerning meaning transfer from celebrity affiliate to brand.
The presence of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in renal damage after intestinal ischemia reperfusion
Authors: Yurdakan Gamze , Tekin Ishak Ozel , Comert Mustafa , Acikgoz Serefden , Sipahi Emine Yilmaz
Published: December 2011

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a complex phenomenon that causes destruction of both local and remote tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible participation of oxidized low‐density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in renal tissue damage after intestinal I/R. The superior mesenteric artery was blocked for 30 minutes, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, renal tissues were removed; the presence of oxLDL, superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, malondialdehyde levels, and iNOS expression were evaluated. I/R resulted in positive oxLDL staining in renal tissue. Compared with control rats, tissue from the I/R group showed significantly higher malondialdehyde levels and lower superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. Strong and diffuse iNOS expression was present in the I/R group. Our findings support the hypothesis that I/R of intestinal tissue results in oxidative and nitrosative stress and enhances lipid peroxidation in the end organ. These data show that oxLDL accumulates in rat renal tissue after intestinal I/R. Antioxidant strategies may provide organ protection in patients with reperfusion injury, at least by affecting interactions with free radicals, nitric oxide, and oxLDL. This study demonstrates for the first time that oxLDL may play a role in renal tissue damage after intestinal I/R. Antioxidant strategies may be beneficial for protection from reperfusion injury.