bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale analysis of the low-velocity impact behavior of ceramic nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposite beams by micromechanics and finite element approaches
Authors: Rasoolpoor M , Ansari R , Hassanzadeh-Aghdam MK
Published: July 2019

An efficient multiscale analysis is proposed to investigate the dynamic behavior of metal matrix nanocomposite beams reinforced by SiC nanoparticles under low-velocity impact loads. First, an analytical micromechanics model is developed to obtain the effective elastic properties of ceramic nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposite, and then the finite element method is used to predict the dynamic response of beams made of this nanocomposite material. Two important microstructural features, including size effect and agglomeration of nanoscale particles, are incorporated into the micromechanical analysis. The present simulation results for the elastic modulus and low-velocity impact response show good agreement with previously published results. The effects of volume percent, diameter and dispersion type of ceramic nanoparticles, geometrical features and boundary conditions of nanostructure, velocity and size of projectile on the contact force, and center deflection time histories of metal matrix nanocomposite beams are extensively examined. Analysis shows that homogenously distributed SiC nanoparticles into the metal matrix nanocomposites can obviously increase the nanostructure/projectile contact force and decrease both the beam center deflection and impact duration which is due to the enhancement of elastic properties. However, the ceramic nanoparticle agglomeration has an effect on the decrease of contact force and the increase of both the center deflection and impact duration. Also, it is concluded that decreasing nanoparticle size can increase the contact force and decrease the beam center deflection.
Working with Deafblind people to develop a good practice approach
Authors: Roy Alana , McVillly Keith R , Crisp Beth R
Published: July 2019

There is growing recognition of the importance in social research and social policy development of engaging with people with lived experience and using intervention approaches characterised by co-design and co-production. However, the inclusion of some minority groups such as those who are Deafblind has proven challenging. Working from the perspective of Appreciative Inquiry, a qualitative research methodology called The World Café was used to generate patterns of insight and collective discoveries from Deafblind participants. Data from The Deafblind World Café were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Findings

Four themes were produced that could inform the development of a good practice model for engaging with people who are Deafblind: Being Deafblind – it’s who we are, not what we are; we welcome co-production with outsiders who are prepared to make the effort to become insiders; being culturally inclusive is about both what you say and what you do; and listen to our story – don’t try to count it.

Applications

Group-based and interactive approaches, such as World Café, though challenging, can be successfully adapted for those who are Deafblind. How this might be up-scaled is yet to be explored.
Modeling diesel combustion with tabulated kinetics and different flame structure assumptions based on flamelet approach
Authors: Lucchini Tommaso , Pontoni Daniel , D’Errico Gianluca , Somers Bart
Published: July 2019

Computational fluid dynamics analysis represents a useful approach to design and develop new engine concepts and investigate advanced combustion modes. Large chemical mechanisms are required for a correct description of the combustion process, especially for the prediction of pollutant emissions. Tabulated chemistry models allow to reduce significantly the computational cost, maintaining a good accuracy. In the present work, an investigation of tabulated approaches, based on flamelet assumptions, is carried out to simulate turbulent Diesel combustion in the Spray A framework. The Approximated Diffusion Flamelet is tested under different ambient conditions and compared with Flamelet Generated Manifold, and both models are validated with Engine Combustion Network experimental data. Flame structure, combustion process and soot formation were analyzed in this work. Computed results confirm the impact of the turbulent–chemistry interaction on the ignition event. Therefore, a new look-up table concept Five-Dimensional-Flamelet Generated Manifold, that accounts for an additional dimension (strain rate), has been developed and tested, giving promising results.
Use of downstream fluid injection to reduce subsonic jet noise
Authors: Rajput Pankaj , Kumar Sunil
Published: July 2019

A fluid injection scheme consisting of multiple radial microjets located downstream from the nozzle exhaust is analyzed for its ability to suppress far field jet noise. Microjets in cross flow are known to enhance turbulent mixing due to the induced stream-wise vortices. Contrary to previous studies which injected fluid either inside the nozzle or just at the nozzle exhaust, this injection scheme uses a coaxial injector tube to inject multiple equally spaced microjets perpendicular to the jet axis at an axial location downstream from the nozzle exhaust. Microjet injection closer to the jet axis leads to the formation of a counter rotating vortex pair (CVP) close to the injection location which further beaks down into stream-wise vortices as the microjet bends and follows the flow direction. Detailed Large Eddy Simulations are performed for a nozzle-injector setup operating at Mach 0.9 jet with Reynolds number ≈106 to help understand the aerodynamic and acoustic features of the interaction of this fluid injection scheme with the main jet. Permeable Ffowcs Willaims Hawkings based formulation is used for computing the far field acoustic spectra for injector setups with various numbers of injection ports ( np) at two microphone locations. It is observed that as the number of microjets is increased, it leads to reduction in the far field noise. Peak noise reduction of ≈ 4.5 dB is observed for both locations. However, beyond np > 4 there is a lower acoustic benefit per additional port due to spatial interference between the induced CVPs.
Introduction and Purpose of the Issue
Authors: Baker Rose M.
Published: July 2019

The Problem

This issue of Advances in Developing Human Resources addresses the establishment of a research agenda for theories and constructs selected from established theories from other fields of study, which are related to elements of the study of human resource development (HRD). Several of the theories or constructs were selected for inclusion in this issue based on prior publications in Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD)–sponsored journals in which authors suggested the use of the theory to advance the theory, research, and practice in HRD. Other theories and constructs were inspired to be included by calls for interdisciplinary and multi-paradigmatic empirical research from journals within the economics, management, organizational psychology, and sociology fields of study.

The Solution

Integrated, systematic, or theoretical literature reviews were conducted for each of the selected theories or constructs. Models, research propositions, and research agendas were developed to provide recommendations for the development of research designs and protocols. The goal of the implementation of the research agendas is to advance the theoretical foundations of HRD.

The Stakeholders

This issue is expected to benefit HRD researchers and HRD practitioners by providing suggestions for empirical research studies to be conducted to explore HRD-related concepts using the theories selected and to establish interdisciplinary and multi-paradigmatic research opportunities.
Toward Agentic HRD: A Translational Model of Albert Bandura’s Human Agency Theory
Authors: Yoon Hyung Joon
Published: July 2019

The Problem

Albert Bandura has refined a theory of human agency with three modes and four core properties within social cognitive theory. Human agency plays a critical role in one’s adaptation, self-development, and self-renewal. Despite its relevance to human resource development (HRD), human agency theory has not been explored or effectively utilized in HRD research and practice.

The Solution

Following Bandura’s human agency theory, a translational and implementational model for HRD was proposed. First, the model integrated the four core properties of human agency (intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness) into a model by altering the sequence to align with major HRD processes. Second, it synthesized triadic reciprocal determinism with the four core properties of human agency by placing the agent at the center of the model. Third, it is an open systems model that describes reciprocal determinism between the agent and the environment at micro, meso, and macro levels, indicating the dynamics of personal, proxy, and collective agency.

The Stakeholders

The model will be useful for career practitioners, coaches, organization development consultants, and other HRD professionals who deliver interventions. HRD researchers and theorists may find it worthwhile to test and validate the model. In addition, regardless of disciplines, researchers, and practitioners who follow social cognitive theory may find some insights from the translational model.
Ballistic impact performance and surface failure mechanisms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional woven p-aramid multi-layer fabrics for lightweight women ballistic vest applications
Authors: Abtew Mulat Alubel , Boussu François , Bruniaux Pascal , Loghin Carmen , Cristian Irina , Chen Yan , Wang Lichaun
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates the influences of woven fabric type, impact locations and number of layers on ballistic impact performances of target panels through trauma dimension and panel surface damage mechanisms for lightweight women ballistic vest design. Three panels with 30, 35 and 40 layers of two-dimensional plain weave and another two panels with 30 and 40 layers of three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics were prepared. The three-dimensional woven fabric was manufactured using automatic Dornier weaving machine, whereas the two-dimensional fabric (with similar p-aramid fibre type (Twaron®)) was received from the Teijin Company. The ballistic tests were carried out according to NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA. Based on the result, woven fabric construction type, number of layers and target locations were directed an upshot on the trauma measurement values of the tested target panels. For example, 40 layers of two-dimensional plain weave fabric panels show lower trauma measurement values as compared to its counterpart three-dimensional warp interlock fabric panels with similar layer number. Moreover, 40 layers of two-dimensional fabric panels revealed 47% and 39% trauma depth reduction as compared to panels with 30 layers of two-dimensional fabric panel in moulded (target point 1) and non-moulded (target point 6), respectively. Due to higher amount of primary yarn involvement, two-dimensional plain weave fabric panel face higher level of local surface damages but less severe and fibrillated yarns than three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics panels. Moreover, three-dimensional warp interlock fabric panels required higher number of layers compared to two-dimensional plain weave aramid fabrics to halt the projectiles. Similarly, based on the post-mortem analysis of projectile, higher projectile debris deformation was recorded for panels having higher number of layers for both types of fabrics at similar target locations.
Cognition and Understanding of Neuropathy of Inpatients Admitted to a Specialized Tertiary Diabetic Foot Unit With Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers
Authors: Corbett Claire , Jolley Jane , Barson Elizabeth , Wraight Paul , Perrin Byron , Fisher Caroline
Published: July 2019

This study investigated cognitive functioning and understanding of peripheral neuropathy in a cohort of individuals with diabetes-related foot ulcers requiring hospitalization. The aim was to examine the association between cognition, understanding of peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic health variables. Thirty inpatients referred to the Diabetic Foot Unit Clinical Psychology service, at the Royal Melbourne hospital, were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Patient Interpretation of Neuropathy (PIN) questionnaire. Relevant demographic and medical information was collected. In this predominantly middle-aged, male cohort, the average MoCA score (22.37, SD = 3.65) fell below the general population age-matched mean, and a quarter of the MoCA patient scores were consistent with those seen in early dementia samples (<20). There appeared to be several misperceptions regarding peripheral neuropathy, less accurate attributions of blame to self or practitioners, and more accurate attributions of control of ulcer management to practitioners. Correlation analysis indicated that individuals with stronger MoCA scores tended to provide more accurate answers on the Acute Foot Ulcer Onset PIN scale. Individuals with diabetes-related foot ulcers requiring hospitalization demonstrate reduced cognitive functioning and this may affect their understanding of peripheral neuropathy, particularly information regarding foot ulcer onset. Routine screening of cognitive functioning in this cohort may be useful so that health education and care management can be adjusted according to individual patients’ cognitive capabilities.
How competitive is cue competition?
Authors: Packheiser Julian , Pusch Roland , Stein Clara C , Güntürkün Onur , Lachnit Harald , Uengoer Metin
Published: July 2019

Cue competition refers to phenomena indicating that learning about the relationship between a cue and an outcome is influenced by learning about the predictive significance of other cues that are concurrently present. In two autoshaping experiments with pigeons, we investigated the strength of competition among cues for predictive value. In each experiment, animals received an overexpectation training (A+, D+ followed by AD+). In addition, the training schedule of each experiment comprised two control conditions—one condition to evaluate the presence of overexpectation (B+ followed by BY+) and a second one to assess the strength of competition among cues (C+ followed by CZ−). Training trials were followed by a test with individual stimuli (A, B, C). Experiment 1 revealed no evidence for cue competition as responding during the test mirrored the individual cue–outcome contingencies. The test results from Experiment 2, which included an outcome additivity training, showed cue competition in form of an overexpectation effect as responding was weaker for Stimulus A than Stimulus B. However, the test results from Experiment 2 also revealed that responding to Stimulus A was stronger than to Stimulus C, which indicates that competition among cues was not as strong as predicted by some influential theories of associative learning.
Polyphenols From Vitis vinifera Lambrusco By-Products (Leaves From Pruning): Extraction Parameters Evaluation Through Design of Experiment
Authors: Tacchini Massimo , Burlini Ilaria , Maresca Immacolata , Grandini Alessandro , Bernardi Tatiana , Guerrini Alessandra , Lerin Lindomar , Sacchetti Gianni
Published: July 2019

Vitis vinifera L. leaves from pruning are by-products of the wine industry and represent an important source of secondary raw material, thanks to their polyphenols content. Optimization of the extraction processes is a key factor for their valorization, and Design of Experiment (DOE) could be a tool to obtain the most performing extract in terms of polyphenols quality/quantity and bioactivity. Vitis vinifera Lambrusco leaves were subjected to ultrasound-assisted extractions guided by a 23 factorial design. Three independent parameters (% solvent, time of extraction, and solvent:solid ratio) were considered to evaluate the extraction process by analyzing the extraction yield, the total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay). Moreover, the content of the main molecules was identified and quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry. The DOE highlighted the best extraction conditions that showed slight changes considering the different evaluating parameters. The highest extraction yield was obtained by extraction with 100% water, 60 minutes of extraction time, and 30:1 solvent:solid ratio, but it was neither the richest in polyphenols nor antioxidant capacity. The latter 2 characteristics were associated with the extraction performed using 50% ethanol, 35 minutes of extraction time, and a 20:1 solvent:solid ratio. That extract also exhibited the highest quantity of flavonols.
Is it necessary to show virtual limbs in action observation neurorehabilitation systems?
Authors: Modroño Cristián , Bermúdez Sergi , Cameirão Mónica , Pereira Fábio , Paulino Teresa , Marcano Francisco , Hernández-Martín Estefanía , Plata-Bello Julio , Palenzuela Nereida , Núñez-Pádron Daniel , Pérez-González José M , González-Mora José L
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Action observation neurorehabilitation systems are usually based on the observation of a virtual limb performing different kinds of actions. In this way, the activity in the frontoparietal Mirror Neuron System is enhanced, which can be helpful to rehabilitate stroke patients. However, the presence of limbs in such systems might not be necessary to produce mirror activity, for example, frontoparietal mirror activity can be produced just by the observation of virtual tool movements. The objective of this work was to explore to what point the presence of a virtual limb impacts the Mirror Neuron System activity in neurorehabilitation systems.

Methods

The study was conducted by using an action observation neurorehabilitation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment with healthy volunteers and comparing two action observation conditions that: 1 – included or 2 – did not include a virtual limb.

Results

It was found that activity in the Mirror Neuron System was similar during both conditions (i.e. virtual limb present or absent).

Conclusions

These results open up the possibility of using new tasks that do not include virtual limbs in action observation neurorehabilitation environments, which can give more freedom to develop such systems.
We Should Not Get Rid of Incivility Online
Authors: Masullo Chen Gina , Muddiman Ashley , Wilner Tamar , Pariser Eli , Stroud Natalie Jomini
Published: July 2019

Incivility and toxicity have become concepts du jour in research about social media. The clear normative implication in much of this research is that incivility is bad and should be eliminated. Extensive research—including some that we’ve authored—has been dedicated to finding ways to reduce or eliminate incivility from online discussion spaces. In our work as part of the Civic Signals Initiative, we’ve been thinking carefully about what metrics should be adopted by social media platforms eager to create better spaces for their users. When we tell people about this project, removing incivility from the platforms frequently comes up as a suggested metric. In thinking about incivility, however, we’ve become less convinced that it is desirable, or even possible, for social media platforms to remove all uncivil content. In this short essay, we discuss research on incivility, our rationale for a more complicated normative stance regarding incivility, and what other orientations may be more useful. We conclude with a post mortem arguing that we should not abandon research on incivility altogether, but we should recognize the limitations of a concept that is difficult to universalize.
Ten Years of Data Verification: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database Audits
Authors: Overman David M. , Jacobs Marshall L. , O’Brien James E. , Kumar S. Ram , Mayer John E. , Ebel Angela , Clarke David R. , Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: July 2019

Background:

The completeness and accuracy of data contained within clinical databases and registries is critical to the reliability of reports emanating from these platforms. Therefore, vigorous data verification processes are a core competency of any mature database or registry. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (STS CHSD) has conducted audits of participant data for just over ten years. This report documents the validity of data elements within the STS CHSD.

Methods:

We review the various elements of a robust audit process, detail the STS CHSD audit methodology, and report completeness and agreement rates for all adjudicated fields in the most recently completed audit.

Results:

The rate of completeness for general data elements was 97.6% and the rate of agreement was 97.4%. The rate of completeness for variables in the mortality review was 100% and the rate of agreement was 99.3%.

Conclusions:

The STS CHSD audit is a highly structured and reproducible process. The most recently completed audit documents a very high level of completeness and accuracy of data variables, particularly those most germane to outcomes measurement.
Developing High Medical Technology, a Challenge for Developing Countries: The Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects Using Nit-Occlud ASD-R: Early and Mid-term Results
Authors: Heath Alexandra , Alvensleben Inge von , Navarro Joaquin , Echazú Gabriel , Kozlik-Feldmann Rainer , Freudenthal Franz
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To assess the efficacy and safety of the Nit-Occlud ASD-R (PFM S.R.L, La Paz, Bolivia) in the percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASD).

Patients and Methods:

Fifty-three consecutive patients with median age of 11 years (range 3-67) and mean weight 27.1 kg (range 13-75 kg), treated in two cardiology centers between May 2007 and March 2011.

Results:

Mean fluoroscopy time was 14 minutes (5-53), mean procedure time was 70 minutes (45-150), mean defect size, as measured by the stop-flow technique, was 17.8 mm (5.6-31), and mean stent size of the implanted device was 18 mm (6-28), which is 0.98 times the defect size. Successful closure of the ASD without major complications was achieved in 49 of 53 patients. In 71.4% of patients in whom device implantation was accomplished, there was no evidence of a persistent shunt at the completion of the procedure. This closure rate increased to 91.7% after 24 hours, with 95.8% closure after three months and 100% closure after six months. Device embolization occurred in one patient within 24 hours of implantation and required surgical device removal and ASD closure. There were no other major complications and no deaths during the period of follow-up (average 72 months; range 59-105 months).

Conclusion:

The Nit-Occlud ASD-R device is safe and effective with very good closure rates.
Direct Arterial Cannulation Allows Easy and Safe Continuous Selective Cerebral Perfusion During Repair of Interrupted Aortic Arch Even for Low Birth Weight Neonates
Authors: Chen Qiang , Caputo Massimo , Stoica Serban , Lansdowne William , Parry Andrew J.
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

To review the outcomes of direct innominate artery cannulation for continuous cerebral perfusion used for repair of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) in a consecutive cohort of neonates regardless of weight.

Methods:

Between September 1999 and April 2016, forty-four children with IAA (18 type A and 26 type B) underwent repair using continuous, hypothermic (18°C) low-flow cerebral perfusion via direct innominate artery cannulation. Associated cardiac lesions were truncus arteriosus (TA; 5), ventricular septal defect (VSD; 30), transposition of the great arteries (TGA; 1), unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (1), double-inlet left ventricle (1), double-outlet right ventricle (3), and aortopulmonary window (APW; 5). Truncus arteriosus, single VSD, TGA, and APW were corrected while the other patients were palliated.

Results:

Age at the time of surgery was 7 days (4-120 days) and weight 3.1 kg (2.1-5.8 kg). Selective cerebral perfusion was maintained in all patients. During the selective cerebral perfusion, perfusion flow rate was maintained at 30 mL/kg/min. Aortic cross-clamp time, low-flow, and total cardiopulmonary bypass time were 63 (40-116), 28 (17-41), and 108 (80-217) minutes, respectively. There were no deaths nor clinical evidence of neurological injury. Postoperative ventilation time, length of intensive care unit, and hospital stay were 3 (2-14), 5 (3-21), and 13 (6-27) days, respectively. Follow-up, complete at 84 months (24-221), revealed no late clinically evident neurologic sequelae nor innominate artery complications.

Conclusions:

Direct innominate arterial cannulation with continuous selective cerebral perfusion can be safely applied for repair of IAA even in low birth weight neonates. It is technically simple and associated with excellent clinical outcomes.
Utilization of an Abiomed Impella Device as a Rescue Therapy for Acute Ventricular Failure in a Fontan Patient
Authors: Coffman Zachary J. , Bandisode Varsha M. , Kavarana Minoo N. , Buckley Jason R.
Published: July 2019

Progressive ventricular dysfunction is not uncommon in patients with univentricular hearts as they age. In the acute setting vasoactive support can be employed, but is not always sufficient and patients occasionally require mechanical support. We report the successful implantation and subsequent challenges of a percutaneous Abiomed Impella ventricular assist device as a rescue therapy for a 15-year old-patient with Fontan circulation and severe ventricular dysfunction after cardiac arrest.
Impact of High-Risk Characteristics in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Salve Gananjay G. , Datar Gauri M. , Perumal Gopinath , Singh Aakansha Ajay Vir , Ayer Julian G. , Roberts Philip , Sholler Gary F. , Cole Andrew D. , Pigott Nick , Loughran-Fowlds Alison , Weatherall Andrew , Alahakoon T. Indika , Orr Yishay , Nicholson Ian A. , Winlaw David S.
Published: July 2019

Background:

Management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) presents many challenges. We describe our institutional outcomes for management of patients with HLHS over the past 12 years and highlight our strategy for those with highly restrictive/intact interatrial septum (R/I-IAS).

Methods:

Eighty-eight neonates with HLHS underwent surgical treatment, divided equally into Era-I (n = 44, April 2006 to February 2013) and Era-II (n = 44, March 2013 to June 2018). Up to 2013, all patients with R/I-IAS were delivered at an adjacent adult hospital and then moved to our hospital for intensive care and management. From 2014, these patients were delivered at a co-located theatre in our hospital with immediate atrial septectomy. The hybrid approach was occasionally used with preference for the Norwood procedure for suitable candidates.

Results:

One-year survival after Norwood procedure was 62.5% and 80% for Era-I and Era-II ( P = not significant (ns)), respectively, and 41% of patients were categorized as high risk using conventional criteria. Survival at 1 year differed significantly between high-risk and standard-risk patients ( P = 0.01). For high-risk patients, survival increased from 42% to 65% between eras ( P = ns). In the R/I-IAS subgroup (n = 15), 11 underwent Norwood procedure after emergency atrial septectomy. Of these, seven born at the adjacent adult hospital had 40% survival to stage II versus 60% for the four born at the colocated theatre. Delivery in a colocated theatre reduced the birth-to-cardiopulmonary bypass median time from 445 (150-660) to 62 (52-71) minutes.

Conclusion:

Reported surgical outcomes are comparable to multicenter reports and international databases. Proactive management for risk factors such as R/I-IAS may contribute to improved overall outcomes.
Proximal Arch in Left Thoracotomy Repair of Neonatal and Infant Coarctation—How Small Is Too Small?
Authors: Callahan Connor P. , Saudek David , Creighton Sara , Kuhn Evelyn M. , Mitchell Michael E. , Tweddell James S. , Woods Ronald K.
Published: July 2019

Background:

We sought to evaluate the relationship between proximal arch hypoplasia and reintervention for left thoracotomy repair of coarctation of the aorta.

Methods:

This was a retrospective review of 153 consecutive neonates and infants undergoing left thoracotomy and extended end-to-end repair of coarctation from January 1, 2000, to January 1, 2014, at a single center with exclusion of single ventricle–palliated patients. Primary outcome was reintervention evaluated with respect to five definitions of proximal arch hypoplasia.

Results:

Median follow-up was 7.2 years. Reintervention occurred in eight (5.2%) patients, with 50% of patients undergoing re-intervention in the first six months after their index operation. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test, with hypoplasia defined by weight, hypoplasia was not associated with increased reintervention for arch size < patient weight (in kilograms; P = .24) or for arch size < patient weight (in kilograms) +1 ( P = .02, higher freedom from reintervention in hypoplasia group). For each of the five comparison groups, freedom from reintervention was similar between the groups with and without proximal arch hypoplasia: (1) z-score < −2 versus ≥−2 ( P = .72), (2) z-score < −3 versus ≥−3 ( P = .95), and (3) z-score < −4 versus ≥−4 ( P = .17).

Conclusion:

In our cohort of patients with left thoracotomy and extended end-to-end repair of coarctation, proximal arch hypoplasia, defined by various weight-based or z-score thresholds, was not associated with reintervention. While this may imply value to a more liberal use of thoracotomy, confirmation requires longer term follow-up with a more comprehensive evaluation of the patients and their arches.
Young ischaemic stroke incidence and demographic characteristics – The Norwegian stroke in the young study – A three-generation research program
Authors: Nawaz Beenish , Eide Geir E , Fromm Annette , Øygarden Halvor , Sand Kristin M , Thomassen Lars , Næss Halvor , Waje-Andreassen Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Norwegian Stroke in the Young Study (NOR-SYS) is a three-generation research program of young ischaemic stroke. In this study, we assessed ischaemic stroke incidence, education and work status among young stroke patients. Furthermore, we evaluated the participation of family members for future validated information on hereditary cardiovascular events.

Patients and methods

Patients aged 15–60 years with radiologically verified acute ischaemic stroke, admitted to Haukeland University Hospital in Bergen, Norway from 2010 to 2015, were included. Patients’ partners, common offspring ≥ 18 years and biological parents of patients and partners were invited to participate. Ischaemic stroke incidence was analysed with respect to year, age and sex using multiple logistic regression.

Results

A total of 385 patients, 260 partners (80.0%) and 414 offspring (74.6%) were clinically examined. The mean annual ischaemic stroke incidence rate was 30.2 per 100,000. Incidence was higher in men, and the difference was accentuated with increasing age (p = 0.008). There was no sex difference in educational status (p = 0.104) in contrast to work status (p < 0.001) for patients. In all, 84.1% of men worked, and of these, 80.3% are fulltime. In all, 74.4% of women worked, and of these, 52.9% are fulltime. Parents participated by returning a questionnaire. For patients, 91 fathers (55.2%) and 142 mothers (57.3%) participated. For partners, 48 fathers (38.4%) and 68 mothers (40.2%) participated.

Conclusion

The mean annual incidence rate of young stroke was 30.2 per 100,000, and the incidence rate was higher in men. Work status was high among both sexes. Active participation rates were high for patients, partners and offspring.
Compression suits with and without films and their effects on EMG during isokinetic exercise
Authors: Choi Jiyoung , Hong Kyunghi
Published: July 2019

This study aimed to determine the differences in the EMG of thigh among film-welded compression suits (WCS), film-free compression suit (CS) and a loose sportswear during knee joint exercise. To differentiate the effect of clothing variable accurately, two types of compression suits were made elaborately using the same material and 3D pattern. Difference in two compression suits is only whether film was welded or not. EMG was observed during isokinetic exercise of flexion and extension, comprising four sets of maximum contraction of thigh at the angular velocity of 60, 180 and 240°/s using Cybex 660. When the WCS was worn, the mean muscle activities of the anterior thigh was generally higher during extension, especially in the left rectus femoris (RF) and right vastus oblique medialis (VMO) throughout the exercise. Wearing WCS enhanced mean muscle activities and decreased muscle fatigue of VL and VMO at each angular velocity, however, it did not support the mean muscle activity nor the fatigue of the hamstrings in almost all conditions of exercise. Muscle-specific EMG implies that film-welded compression suit designed in this study is beneficial to VMO, inducing high muscle activity with less fatigue during knee extension.
Therapy of Hypoparathyroidism With rhPTH(1-84): A Prospective, 8-Year Investigation of Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Tay Yu-Kwang Donovan , Tabacco Gaia , Cusano Natalie E , Williams John , Omeragic Beatriz , Majeed Rukshana , Gomez Almonte Maximo , Bilezikian John P , Rubin Mishaela R
Published: July 2019

Context

Conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism is associated with decreased renal function and increased bone mineral density (BMD).

Objective

To evaluate the effects of 8 years of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) [rhPTH(1-84)] therapy on key biochemical and densitometric indices.

Design

Prospective open-label trial.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Participants

Twenty-four subjects with hypoparathyroidism.

Intervention

Treatment with rhPTH(1-84) for 8 years.

Main Outcome Measures

Supplemental calcium and vitamin D requirements, serum calcium and phosphorus levels, calcium-phosphate product, urinary calcium excretion, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and BMD.

Results

PTH therapy was associated with progressive reduction in supplemental calcium (57%; P < 0.01) and active vitamin D (76%; P < 0.001) requirements over 8 years. Serum calcium concentration was stable; urinary calcium excretion declined 38% (P < 0.01). eGFR remained stable and was related to baseline eGFR and serum calcium levels. Calcium-phosphate product was below the recommended limit; serum phosphorus remained within normal range. Lumbar spine and total hip BMD increased, peaking at 4 (mean ± SE, 4.6% ± 1.5%; P = 0.01) and 8 years (2.6% ± 1.1%; P = 0.02), whereas femoral neck BMD did not change and one-third radius BMD decreased (mean ± SE, −3.5% ± 1.1%; P = 0.001). BMD at all sites was higher throughout the 8 years than in the age- and sex-matched reference population. Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia were uncommon.

Conclusion

rhPTH(1-84) is a safe and effective treatment for hypoparathyroidism for 8 years. Long-term reductions in supplemental requirements and biochemical improvements with stable renal function are maintained.
Neonatal Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism: What Can We Learn From Discordant Twins?
Authors: Medda Emanuela , Vigone Maria Cristina , Cassio Alessandra , Calaciura Francesca , Costa Pietro , Weber Giovanna , de Filippis Tiziana , Gelmini Giulia , Di Frenna Marianna , Caiulo Silvana , Ortolano Rita , Rotondi Daniela , Bartolucci Monica , Gelsomino Rossella , De Angelis Simona , Gabbianelli Marco , Persani Luca , Olivieri Antonella
Published: July 2019

Context

Newborn screening program for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) adopting rescreening in at-risk neonates.

Objectives

To estimate the concordance rate for CH in twin pairs discordant at the first screening; to verify whether long-term follow-up of healthy cotwins belonging to CH discordant pairs may be useful to diagnose thyroid hypofunction during development; to evaluate the importance of genetic and environmental influences on liability to permanent and transient CH.

Design and Patients

Forty-seven screening discordant twin pairs were investigated. Proband was defined as the twin in the pair with a positive test at the first screening and a confirmed diagnosis of CH.

Results

Seven screening discordant twin pairs became concordant for CH within the first month of life (pairwise concordance of 14.9%) because seven screening negative cotwins showed high TSH values when retested. During long-term follow-up (range, 3 to 21 years), hypothyroidism was diagnosed in two monozygotic screening negative cotwins at the age of 9 months and 12 years, respectively. Furthermore, the twin analysis showed that 95% of liability to transient CH was explained by genetic factors and 5% by environmental (unshared) factors, whereas 64% of phenotypic variance of permanent CH was explained by common environmental factors (shared during the fetal life) and 36% by unshared environmental factors.

Conclusions

This study showed that the introduction of rescreening permits the diagnosis of CH in a greater number of twins. It also showed the importance of long-term follow-up in both twins in the pair, and the role of nongenetic factors in the etiology of permanent CH.
Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: Exploring Causality Using Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Melhus Håkan , Michaëlsson Karl , Larsson Susanna C
Published: July 2019

Context

Elevated circulating parathyroid hormone concentrations have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in observational studies, but whether the association is causal is unknown.

Objective

We used the Mendelian randomization design to test whether genetically increased serum parathyroid hormone (S-PTH) concentrations are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Design, Setting, and Participants

Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with S-PTH concentrations were used as instrumental variables to estimate the association of genetically higher S-PTH concentrations with CAD. Summary statistics data for CAD were obtained from a genetic consortium with data from 184,305 individuals (60,801 CAD cases and 123,504 noncases).

Main Outcome Measure

OR of CAD per genetically predicted one SD increase of S-PTH concentrations.

Results

Genetically higher S-PTH concentration was not associated with CAD as a whole or myocardial infarction specifically (∼70% of total cases). The ORs per genetically predicted one SD increase in S-PTH concentration were 1.01 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.09; P = 0.88) for CAD and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.94 to 1.10; P = 0.64) for myocardial infarction. The lack of association remained in various sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

Genetic predisposition to higher S-PTH concentrations does not appear to be an independent risk factor for CAD.
Archival Epistemology: Honor, Sodomy, and Indians in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico
Authors: Hagler Anderson
Published: July 2019

This article analyzes three eighteenth-century sodomy cases in New Mexico to highlight the ways in which colonial authorities passed judgment on their subjects and the landscapes that they inhabited. Examining how ethnocentric outlooks shaped the ways in which Spanish colonizers interlinked sin and physical space illuminates the process by which colonial authorities made biased value judgments, deeming native peoples and indigenous spaces as sinful. The first case (1728) examines the denunciation and subsequent exoneration of a Spanish resident accused of sodomy. The second case (1731) highlights the tensions between spaces regarded as civilized and other areas removed from the purview of the Spanish state that colonizers viewed as morally suspect. The third case (1775) reveals how colonial authorities attempted to normalize local denizens’ sexual comportment in locations deemed asexual. By analyzing gender and sexuality alongside the environment, this essay problematizes descriptions of seemingly natural landscapes and elucidates the cultural construction behind pejorative tropes used to justify conquest.
Photoacoustic imaging as a tool to probe the tumour microenvironment
Authors: Brown Emma , Brunker Joanna , Bohndiek Sarah E.
Published: July 2019

The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a complex cellular ecosystem subjected to chemical and physical signals that play a role in shaping tumour heterogeneity, invasion and metastasis. Studying the roles of the TME in cancer progression would strongly benefit from non-invasive visualisation of the tumour as a whole organ in vivo, both preclinically in mouse models of the disease, as well as in patient tumours. Although imaging techniques exist that can probe different facets of the TME, they face several limitations, including limited spatial resolution, extended scan times and poor specificity from confounding signals. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging modality, currently in clinical trials, that has the potential to overcome these limitations. Here, we review the biological properties of the TME and potential of existing imaging methods that have been developed to analyse these properties non-invasively. We then introduce PAI and explore the preclinical and clinical evidence that support its use in probing multiple features of the TME simultaneously, including blood vessel architecture, blood oxygenation, acidity, extracellular matrix deposition, lipid concentration and immune cell infiltration. Finally, we highlight the future prospects and outstanding challenges in the application of PAI as a tool in cancer research and as part of a clinical oncologist's arsenal.
Enhancing gene set enrichment using networks
Authors: Prummer Michael
Published: July 2019

Differential gene expression (DGE) studies often suffer from poor interpretability of their primary results, i.e., thousands of differentially expressed genes. This has led to the introduction of gene set analysis (GSA) methods that aim at identifying interpretable global effects by grouping genes into sets of common context, such as, molecular pathways, biological function or tissue localization. In practice, GSA often results in hundreds of differentially regulated gene sets. Similar to the genes they contain, gene sets are often regulated in a correlative fashion because they share many of their genes or they describe related processes. Using these kind of neighborhood information to construct networks of gene sets allows to identify highly connected sub-networks as well as poorly connected islands or singletons. We show here how topological information and other network features can be used to filter and prioritize gene sets in routine DGE studies. Community detection in combination with automatic labeling and the network representation of gene set clusters further constitute an appealing and intuitive visualization of GSA results. The RICHNET workflow described here does not require human intervention and can thus be conveniently incorporated in automated analysis pipelines.
CGAT-core: a python framework for building scalable, reproducible computational biology workflows
Authors: Cribbs Adam P. , Luna-Valero Sebastian , George Charlotte , Sudbery Ian M. , Berlanga-Taylor Antonio J. , Sansom Stephen N. , Smith Tom , Ilott Nicholas E. , Johnson Jethro , Scaber Jakub , Brown Katherine , Sims David , Heger Andreas
Published: July 2019

In the genomics era computational biologists regularly need to process, analyse and integrate large and complex biomedical datasets. Analysis inevitably involves multiple dependent steps, resulting in complex pipelines or workflows, often with several branches. Large data volumes mean that processing needs to be quick and efficient and scientific rigour requires that analysis be consistent and fully reproducible. We have developed CGAT-core, a python package for the rapid construction of complex computational workflows. CGAT-core seamlessly handles parallelisation across high performance computing clusters, integration of Conda environments, full parameterisation, database integration and logging. To illustrate our workflow framework, we present a pipeline for the analysis of RNAseq data using pseudo-alignment.
СИСТЕМА ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ НЕРАВЕНСТВО: АНАЛИЗ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ ПОДХОДОВ К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ ПРОБЛЕМЫ
Authors: Tropnikova Valery Valerevna
Published: July 2019

Международный опыт реформирования системы образования свидетельствует о значительных проблемах социального неравенства в получении услуг образования. Существующее неравенство доходов – индикатор социального неравенства образовательных возможностей. Объект исследования: система образования развитых стран. Предмет исследования: неравные возможности в получении образования. Показано, что различия между странами в уровне образования граждан коррелируют с разнообразием мест проживания и неравенством доходов домохозяйств. Доступность образования и преодоление социального неравенства является необходимым компонентом социально-экономического и культурного развития общества. Образование является инструментом установления равенства граждан. Имея высшее образование, гражданин может изменить социальное положение и уровень доходов. Однако, в современном мире институт образования не только усугубляет социальное неравенство, но и закрепляет разделение общества на социальные слои. Анализ зарубежных подходов позволил определить тенденцию углубления социального неравенства; в мировом сообществе, ориентирующемся на модель глобального образования, изменения в доступности обучения средним и низшим слоям населения не произошло.Цель: выявить, по материалам существующей литературы, подходы к анализу социального неравенства в системе образования в зарубежных странах.Метод и методология проведения работы: использовался сравнительный метод исследования методической, аналитической, социологической, педагогической литературы по изучению международного опыта реформирования системы образования и возникающим проблемам социального неравенства. Исследование основывалось на опыте, представленном в международных публикациях сборников научных статей и научно-методических периодических изданиях.Результаты: выявлена корреляционная связь между неравенством доходов, разнообразием мест проживания и уровнем образования.Область применения результатов: международный образовательный опыт может быть использован Россией, входящей в мировое образовательное пространство и меняющей образовательную политику на всех уровнях образования, с целью объединения усилий по преодолению общей проблемы социального неравенства.
Theoretical and Applied Aspects of the Use of Virtual Reality Technology in High School
Authors: Шевченко Г. , Shevchenko G. , Кочкин Д. , Kochkin D.
Published: July 2019

Lack of knowledge about virtual reality often hinders the introduction of these technologies in education. Consideration of theoretical and applied aspects allows to eliminate this drawback through a comprehensive study of these technologies. As a theoretical aspect, an analysis of the development of educational programs of virtual reality is given, as well as approaches to work in educational environments of virtual reality. In the application aspect, specific hardware and software of virtual reality is described. Personal computers, virtual reality glasses and complex systems of user interaction with virtual reality, such as virtual simulators, are listed as immersive equipment. The software is reviewed in accordance with the described hardware, examples of free software are also given. Based on the available research and personal experience of using virtual reality technologies in the educational process of higher education, it is concluded that these technologies are eff ective in improving the quality of education.