bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative risk‐based analysis for military counterterrorism systems
Authors: Kujawski Edouard , Miller Gregory A.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a realistic and practical approach to quantitatively assess the risk‐reduction capabilities of military counterterrorism systems in terms of damage cost and casualty figures. The comparison of alternatives is thereby based on absolute quantities rather than an aggregated utility or value provided by multicriteria decision analysis methods. The key elements of the approach are (1) the use of decision‐attack event trees for modeling and analyzing scenarios, (2) a portfolio model approach for analyzing multiple threats, and (3) the quantitative probabilistic risk assessment matrix for communicating the results. Decision‐attack event trees are especially appropriate for modeling and analyzing terrorist attacks where the sequence of events and outcomes are time‐sensitive. The actions of the attackers and the defenders are modeled as decisions and the outcomes are modeled as probabilistic events. The quantitative probabilistic risk assessment matrix provides information about the range of the possible outcomes while retaining the simplicity of the classic safety risk assessment matrix based on Mil‐Std‐882D. It therefore provides a simple and reliable tool for comparing alternatives on the basis of risk including confidence levels rather than single point estimates. This additional valuable information requires minimal additional effort. The proposed approach is illustrated using a simplified but realistic model of a destroyer operating in inland restricted waters. The complex problem of choosing a robust counterterrorism protection system against multiple terrorist threats is analyzed by introducing a surrogate multi‐threat portfolio. The associated risk profile provides a practical approach for assessing the robustness of different counterterrorism systems against plausible terrorist threats. The paper documents the analysis for a hypothetical case of three potential threats. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 273–289, 2007
A portable spectrometer for simultaneous PIXE and XRF analysis
Authors: Pappalardo L. , de Sanoit J. , Marchetta C. , Pappalardo G. , Romano F. P. , Rizzo F.
Published: July 2007

A new portable system that performs simultaneous particle induced x‐ray emission and x‐ray fluorescence analysis is described. It is based on the use of a 244Cm radioactive source as α‐particle and x‐ray emitter, coupled to a Si drift detector. Particular care has been devoted to the choice of the materials surrounding the source. X‐ray fluorescence spectra are presented, showing high detection efficiency for elements from Na (K lines) to Pb (L and M lines). The system can be used as a qualitative tool for ‘fingerprint’ analysis and, in some cases, as a quantitative one. Examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic studies of epoxidation and oxirane cleavage of palm olein methyl esters
Authors: Gan L. H. , Goh S. H. , Ooi K. S.
Published: July 2007

The kinetics for the epoxidation of methyl esters of palm olein (MEPOL) by peroxyformic acid and peroxyacetic acid generatedin situwere studied. The rate‐determining step was found to be the formation of peroxy acid. Epoxidized MEPOL (EpMEPOL), with almost complete conversion of the unsaturated carbon and negligible ring‐opening, can be synthesized by thein situtechnique described.

The kinetics of the oxirane cleavage of EpMEPOL by acetic acid were studied at various temperatures. The reaction was found to be first‐order with respect to the epoxy concentration and second‐order to the acetic acid concentration. The activation energy and the entropy of activation for the epoxidation of MEPOL were comparable to those for the oxirane cleavage of EpMEPOL by acetic acid, suggesting that the two reactions are competitive. The success of the epoxidation of MEPOL with only negligible oxirane cleavage is attributed to the heterogeneous nature of the system employed in thein situtechnique.
Buckwheat leaf meal fat. II. Composition of the fatty acids
Authors: Krewson Charles F.
Published: July 2007

The composition of fatty acids of the saponified fat of buckwheat leaf meal was investigated. The mixed fatty acids amounted to 49.6% of the composition of the fat. The chief organic acids found were: linolenic, 15.1%; oleic, 13.1%; linoleic, 8.5%; and palmitic, 8.0%. Less than 1% each of such acids as formic, lactic, stearic, arachidic, hexacosanoic, and octacosanoic, and only traces of acetic, lignoceric, and tricontanoic (or higher) acids were found. The so‐called “insoluble acids” of the saponified fat, less the unsaponifiable matter, contained 28.5% (18.5% based on the original fat) of material identified as red pigment and probably a mixture of chlorophyll degradation compounds, chiefly phylloerythrin.
A simple method for determining the spontaneous oil absorption capacity of proteins and the kinetics of oil uptake
Authors: de Kanterewicz R. J. , Pilosof A. M. R. , Bartholomai G. B.
Published: July 2007

A simple method was developed for determining the spontaneous oil uptake and the kinetics of oil uptake by several food protein materials. The amount q of oil taken up by a protein powder during time t was described by the equation q=Qt/(B+t), where Q is the total oil uptake at equilibrium and B is the time required to sorb Q/2. The rate of oil uptake was proportional to the square of the amount of oil that must still be absorbed to reach equilibrium. A specific rate constant for the process was calculated as (BQ)−1 and an initial rate of oil uptake as Q/B.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd. Extraction of oil or trivernolin from the seed
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Scott W. E.
Published: July 2007

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.). Willd. (ironweed) seed from Pakistan or India produced 22\s‐28% oil rich in trivernolin, the glyceride of 12,13‐epoxyoleic acid, when the highly active lipolytic enzyme was properly controlled. Trivernolin was obtained from the seed as a major end‐product without isolation of the oil from the extract in yields of 55\s‐60% of the wt of the oil present. Control of lipolysis was achieved, either by a rapid extraction technique where whole seed was flaked as a slurry made of seed and extracting solvent (petroleum naphtha, bp 35\s‐59C), or by autoclaving the seed prior to flaking or grinding. An improved quality oil was produced by removal of the major portion of the unsaponifiable material; this upgraded the oil by increasing the epoxy lipid content, decreasing the iodine value (I.V.) and reducing the amount of color and odor.
Antioxidative activity measurement in lipid peroxidation systems with malonaldehyde and 4‐hydroxy nonenal
Authors: Tamura H. , Shibamoto T.
Published: July 2007

Antioxidative activities of vitamin E, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ferulic acid, and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) were monitored with lipid peroxidation systems. Formation of malonaldehyde (MA) and 4‐hydroxy nonenal (4‐HN) from ethyl linoleate or rat liver microsome oxidized by FeCl2/H2O2 or ADP/FeSO4 was measured by gas chromatography. Over 90% of MA and 4‐HN formation was inhibited by 100 mmol/L of vitamin E. A synthetic antioxidant, BHT, showed the strongest antioxidative activity, followed by that of vitamin E, whereas EDTA accelerated formation of MA and 4‐HN in the ethyl linoleate/FeCl2/H2O2 system. Vitamin E did not suppress lipid peroxidation significantly when microsome was oxidized by ADP/FeSO4. EDTA inhibited oxidation of microsome by ADP/FeSO4 considerably; in contrast, it did not in the case of oxidation by FeCl2/H2O2.
Bisoxathiolane sulfides from a dioxoene fatty acid
Authors: Mustafa J. , Saeed M. T. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

A quantitative preparation of bisoxathiolane from 9,12‐dioxo‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic acid is discussed. The reagents used are β‐mercaptoethanol and BF3− etherate in acetic acid. The structure of the product was established with the help of elemental analysis, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy data.
An automatized method for determination of free fatty acids
Authors: Ekström Lars‐Gösta
Published: July 2007

An automated colorimetric method is described for determining free fatty acids (FFA) in vegetable oils using the flow injection analysis (FIA) technique. In this procedure, an almost linear relationship exists between the peak height and the FFA concentration. Liquid samples can be poured directly into the sample cups on the sampler for an automatic analysis of the FFA content. The dynamic range of this method is from 0.01 to almost 5%. Samples with higher FFA content must be diluted before analysis. The sample capacity is 12–20 injections/hr. No evidence of the existence of the earlier proposed cage‐like complex (Cu(II)(FFA)2)2 in the organic phase was observed in this study.
Effect of surfactant micelles on homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid with pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex
Authors: Nagarajan M. K. , Venkataraman B.
Published: July 2007

The influence of anionic (SLS), cationic (CTAB) and nonionic (NP 9E0) surfactant micelles on the homogeneous catalytic selective hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid to 2‐hexenoic acid in alkaline aqueous solutions of pehtacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex was studied at 1 atm pressure and 30 C. The results indicate that, compared to the reactions in the aqueous medium, (a) surfactant micelles present in concentrations in the neighborhood of their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) enhance both the net rate of formation of the pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex and its equilibrium concentration by factors of 2 to 5 and 1.1 to 1.5, respectively; (b) the neutral NP 9E0 surfactant micelles enhance the rate of hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid by pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex by a factor of 3, and, (c) the SLS and the CTAB surfactant micelles totally inhibit the hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid. Probable mechanistic reasons are also advanced in order to explain the observed activation of the well known pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex by surfactant micelles.
Argentation resin chromatography of diterpene resin acids
Authors: Curran S. S. , Zinkel D. F.
Published: July 2007

Argentation chromatography with silver ion macroreticular ex‐change resin was applied to diterpene resin acids and methyl esters. Best results for diterpene acids were obtained with silver‐saturated ion exchange resin and solvent systems such as ethyl ether/acetone or acetone. The technique was applied in the isolation of a major component, identified as 20‐nor‐5,7,9‐abietatrien‐18‐oic acid, from a commercial disproportionated rosin.
Effectiveness of several polyunsaturated seed oils as boll weevil feeding deterrents
Authors: Jacobson M. , Crystal M. M. , Kleiman R.
Published: July 2007

Prompted by the previous discovery that (9Z,11E,13E)‐9,11,13‐octadecatrienoic acid (α‐eleostearic acid) was one of the compo‐nents responsible for the boll weevil feeding deterrency of tung oil, the seeds of 11 other plant species were extracted with pentane and the oils were evaluated for their feeding deterrency in the laboratory. The oils ofCalendula suffruticosa, Centrantbus macro‐siphon, Jacaranda mimosifoliaandMomordica cochincbineniswere effective feeding deterrents for the boll weevil.
Determination of the Unsaponifiable Matter in Fatty Acids by a Rapid Column Method
Authors: Maxwell R. J. , Reimann K. A. , Percell K.
Published: July 2007

A rapid, quantitative method for determining the unsaponifiable matter (USM) of commercial fatty acids is described. The fatty acid samples are saponified with a mixture of potassium hydroxide and Celite 545 ground together then heated for a short period. The resulting granular powder is transferred to a glass chromatography column containing a short section of CaCl2/Celite mixture, and the USM is eluted with dichloromethane. Samples were analyzed in 2 separate laboratories by the new method with slight variations. Good agreement between duplicates and between laboratories was obtained for all of the acids examined. Samples were also analyzed by Official Methods, and the results were uniformly somewhat higher by the proposed method.
Effect of elevated drying temperature on rapeseed oil quality
Authors: Pathak P. K. , Agrawal Y. C. , Singh B. P. N.
Published: July 2007

Effect of rapeseed drying temperature on oil quality was investigated over the range 50–250°C. Total oil content was not significantly affected at 5% probability. Amounts of free fatty acids were significantly affected but remained much below the maximum permissible limit. Oil color was also significantly affected but had no specific trend of variation with temperature, and visual differentiation was difficult. Further, visual cracks and blackening were observed in rapeseeds dried at 250°C. Based on this study, elevated drying temperature up to 200°C was recommended for rapeseed without adversely affecting oil quality. This would save up to 80% drying time compared to the present practice of drying rapeseed at a maximum temperature of 93°C.
Studies on kinetics and preparation of C36 dimer acid esters
Authors: Kale Vijay , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G. , Rao M. Bhagwant
Published: July 2007

C36 Dimer acids were esterified with various short‐chain alcohols, namely 2‐propanol, n‐butanol, n‐hexanol, n‐octanol, 2‐octanol and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol by using sulfuric acid as catalyst and benzene as an azeotropic solvent. Various reaction parameters were standardized. In case of isopropyl esters, acid‐to‐alcohol mole ratio of 1:5 and sulfuric acid concentration of 2% based on the weight of dimer acids were found to be optimum. In case of straight‐chain primary alcohols, namely n‐butanol, n‐hexanol and n‐octanol, 1:2.5 mole ratio of acid to alcohol and 1% by weight of sulfuric acid were found satisfactory. Esterification reaction rates were determined from the fall in acid value of the product. The reaction followed pseudo first order kinetics. The reaction rates increased with the increase in chainlength of straight‐chain primary alcohols from n‐butanol to n‐octanol. The rate of reaction decreased from n‐octanol to 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol to 2‐octanol due to the branching of the chain in 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol and secondary nature of the −OH group in 2‐octanol.
Differential scanning calorimetry of confectionery fats. Pure triglycerides: Effects of cooling and heating rate variation
Authors: Cebula Deryck J. , Smith Kevin W.
Published: July 2007

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the crystallization and melting phenomena of pure forms of the three principal triglycerides present in cocoa butter and related confectionery fats are presented. The results are used to exhibit the usefulness of the DSC technique for potential application in quality control of these types of material, but also as a warning of the difficulties in interpretation of data. The results also serve as a reference for future use in DSC studies of similar materials.
Ability of surfactants to form highly loaded coal‐water mixtures
Authors: Naka Akihiro , Honjo shuichi , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Nishida Yoshihisa , Murakami Osamu
Published: July 2007

Coal tends to aggregate in water. In a coal‐water mixture (CWM), the higher the coal content is, the more thickened the mixture is. To highly load a CWM with coal, therefore, it is necessary to use a dispersant. The authors synthesized new types of multibranched high molecular nonionic surfactants that did not contain any alkali metal which would be harmfuls in combustion. Those surfactants were added to CWM samples containing Tatung coal pulverized by a ball mill. As a result, it was found that they contributed greatly to improving the fluidity of CWM, as briefly described below.

(i) Alkylene‐oxide‐added multi‐branched high molecular nonionic surfactants improve their ability to highly load a CWM with an increase in the molecular weight per active hydrogen atom. When the molecular weight is 3,000 to 6,000 or more, they can make a CWM containing 69% coal. (ii) Sodium salt of formalin naphthalenesulfonate condensate, a type of anionic surfactant, can increase the coal content only to a maximum of 65%. (iii) Multi‐branched high molecular nonionic surfactants can make a stable CWM.
Gram‐scale preparative HPLC of phospholipids from soybean lecithins
Authors: Hanras C. , Perrin J. L.
Published: July 2007

A preparative procedure has been developed to isolate gram quantities of phospholipid classes from soybean lecithins. Various steps taken to accomplish the isolation are described—an analytical method with silica column and light scattering detector, alcohol fractionation of deoiled lecithins, and columns with increasing internal diameters but packed with the same stationary phase. The loading study showed that it was possible to inject 20 mg on a 100 × 8 mm RadialμPorasil colume. The separation was scaled up to a 25‐mm i.d. column and finally to a 50‐mm i.d. column. With the larger column, 2.1 g of phospholipids were separated. The collected fractions (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine) were of high purity (>99%). The solvent consumption was 7.2 L (separation and column equilibration), and a minimum of 10 g of polar lipids can be separated daily.
Identification of volatile flavor compounds in roasted coconut
Authors: Jayalekshmy A. , Narayanan C. S. , Mathew A. G.
Published: July 2007

Heating of coconut leads to browning and development of fine roasted flavor. Flavor studies were carried out with control and heated samples of conconut. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry analyses of the basic, neutral and acid fractions of flavor, isolated by hydrodistillation and selective extraction, showed the presence of pyrazines and other heterocyclic compounds in heated samples. These compounds contribute to the overall roasted flavor. Twenty pyrazines were identified in roasted coconut, which included pyrazine, methyl pyrazine, dimethyl pyrazines, ethyl methyl pyrazines, vinyl pyrazine and isopropyl pyrazine. Pyrazine content increased with temperature. In addition to these compounds,δ‐lactones, esters, ketones and fatty acids were present in control and heated samples of coconut.
Fatty acid composition of oil from exotic corn breeding materials
Authors: Dunlap Francie G. , White Pamela J. , Pollak Linda M.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition of corn oil can be altered to meet consumer demand for “healthful” fats. The first step in altering the oils is to survey existing corn breeding materials for fatty acid composition. The Latin American Maize Project (LAMP), an international program designed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of maize accessions in Latin American and U.S. germplasm banks for future use, provides useful starting materials. LAMP was based on the cooperative efforts of 12 countries. In a two‐stage evaluation, the project identified the highest‐yielding open‐pollinated top 20% of populations, then approximately the top 5% of those 20%. Twenty of the populations from four countries with temperate climates were randomly selected for fatty acid analysis. The populations were from United States, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Fifty S1 lines from each population were randomly chosen for analysis for a total of 1,000 genotypes sampled. Statistical differences in fatty acid composition were computed among the 20 populations and among the four countries. The findings showed a wide range of fatty acid profiles present in unadapted, elite corn breeding materials with ranges for each fatty acid as follows: palmitic acid, 6.3–18.2%; stearic acid, 0.9–4.5%; oleic acid, 18.5–46.1%; linoleic acid, 36.6–66.8%; linolenic acid, 0.0–2.0%; and arachidic acid, 0.0–1.4%. Several populations were significantly different from the others. Some lines had unusual fatty acid compositions, including one with 8.3% total saturates and another with 20.2% total saturates. This study shows that existing corn breeding materials could be used to produce high‐ and low‐saturate oils, but other methods would probably be required to produce a high‐oleic corn oil.
Continuous production of cyclic fatty acids
Authors: Beal R. E. , Eisenhauer R. A. , Griffin E. L.
Published: July 2007

Kinetic studies of a batch treatment of linseed oil to produce cyclic acids indicated that of a continuous process conducted in a flow‐through reactor and involving rapid heat‐up of reactants, followed by a short reaction time, might be feasible. Tests were conducted in a continuous system to examine the effects of flow rate (retention time), reaction temp, reaction system pressure and reagents on product yields. The reactant solution (linseed oil‐ethylene glycol‐sodium hydroxide) was pumped through an externally heated tube and discharged through a back‐pressure valve. Maximum cyclic acid yields based on wt of oil were 37% by the continuous method and 40.4% by the batch process when the feed was saturated with nitrogen, and 39.5% and 46.1% for the respective methods when the feed was saturated with ethylene. These differences may be offset by the advantages inherent in a continuous process.
Studies in detergency correlation
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: July 2007

In alkaline cleaning solutions of ca. pH 12 containing either a primary alcohol sulphate, a straight chain alkyl aryl sulphonate, or a fatty acid soap, detergent efficiency is increased synergistically by the addition of nonionic agents the HLB values of which lie within certain ranges. Those cleaners containing the anionic surfactant with the highest HLB exhibit the most synergism. In such cleaners, increasing detergency is directly related to increasing surface tension and critical micelle concentration of the unbuilt anionic surfactant, and to increasing surface tension of the nonionic surfactant. Asphalt soil removal, judged the resultant of the combined properties of penetrability, peptization, and wetting, was used to indicate detergent synergism in the aqueous alkaline cleaners studied.
Effect of 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid on the seed, protein, oil, and fatty acids of egyptian cotton
Authors: Sawan Zakaria M. , Sakr Ramadan A. , Ahmed Fouad A.
Published: July 2007

The effects of 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied at various levels and times on yield, seed index, protein and oil content and fatty acid compositions of cotton plants seeds were studied. NAA increased the seed yield/plant and the seed, protein, and oil yields/ha compared to the control. A level of 20 ppm proved best for yield. Most NAA treatments significantly increased the seed index, but only slight increases in seed protein content were recorded. Increases in the amount of seed oil was moderate, with fluctuation that was due to treatment. NAA generally caused decreases in saturated fatty acids that were associated with increases in unsaturated fatty acids. One treatment proved to be more effective than multiple treatments. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the most abundant saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively.
Stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerolsvia resolution of diastereomeric diacylglycerol derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography on silica
Authors: Christie William W. , Nikolova‐Damyanova Boryana , Laakso Päivi , Herslof Bengt
Published: July 2007

The compositions of positionssn‐1, 2 and 3 of triacylglycerols can be determined by partial hydrolysis with ethyl magnesium bromide, derivatization of the total products with (S)‐(+)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate and isolation of the diacyl‐sn‐glycerol urethane derivatives by chromatography on solid‐phase extraction columns containing an octadecylsilyl phase. The diastereomericsn‐1,2‐and 2,3‐diacylglycerol derivatives are separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography on silica for determination of their fatty acids by gas chromatography. Each step in the process has been evaluated rigorously. The compositions of all three positions can be calculated with good accuracy from the analyses of these compounds and that of the total triacylglycerols. Although the 1,3‐sn‐diacylglycerol derivatives can also be isolated easily, they do not give reliable results for the composition of positionsn‐2 because acyl migration occurs during their generation. The stereospecific analysis procedure has been applied to some plant and animal triacyl‐sn‐glycerols of commercial and scientific interest, containing predominantly C16 and C18 fatty acids,i.e. safflower, sunflower, olive and palm oils, tallow, egg and rat adipose tissue. The method is not at present suited to the analysis of more complex triacylglycerols, such as milk fat or fish oils, and problems associated with these are discussed.
Studies of jasmine wax: I. Physical properties and chemical composition
Authors: El‐Magoli S. B. , Hassanen N. Z. , Morad M. M. , El‐Wakeil F. A.
Published: July 2007

Jasmine wax was fractionated using thin layer chromatography. Six fractions were isolated, purified and identified using combined gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Infrared spectra were adopted for the chemical structure confirmation of each fraction. The fractions were 49.44% hydrocarbons, 15.73% esters, 3.49% aldehydes and ketones, 7.91% primary fatty alcohols, 8.31% free fatty acids and 8.99% was considered origin. The hydrocarbon fraction was found to consist mainly of saturated chains with C29, C31 and C27 the most predominant. The aldehyde fraction was characterized by straight chains with even numbers of carbon atoms ranging between C10 and C28, whereas the ketone fraction was found to contain a longer chain structure, i.e., C36. However, the C = O was found to be at the C8 and C11 positions. Free primary alcohols were found to occur in short chains, indicating their existence in the liquid phase, whereas the free fatty acids were found in long chains and were more likely in the solid phase.
Studies of jasmine wax: II. Use of the wax fractions in producing enriched cleansing cream and as a fixative for soap perfumes
Authors: El‐Wakeil F. A. , Hassanen N. Z. , Morad M. M. , El‐Magoli S. B.
Published: July 2007

The primary alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and part of the wax esters were used as fixatives for the odor in soap perfume. Statistical analysis proved the sutiability of this fraction for this purpose. The hydrocarbons and the free fatty acid fractions were used to replace carnauba wax in the production of an enriched cleansing cream. The triangle panel test proved that this fraction could replace carnauba wax without affecting the quality of that type of cleansing cream.
Solar thermal systems in industry
Authors: Allen D. J. , Gangadharan A. C.
Published: July 2007

A significant portion of the demand for industrial process heat can be met with solar energy. Whether this energy source is widely used will depend not only on its economic attractiveness, but also on the ease with which solar thermal systems interface with the remainder of the industrial plant. Foster Wheeler has recently designed solar thermal systems to supply hot water and process steam to industry and has nearly completed the construction of one of these. Drawing on this experience, this paper discusses selection of solar technologies that can best satisfy the user’s energy requirements and minimize interfacing problems.
The decomposition of secondary esters of castor oil with fatty acids
Authors: Erciyes A. T. , Dandik L. , Erkal F. S.
Published: July 2007

In this study, thermal splitting of secondary fatty acid esters of castor oil was investigated to determine the reaction kinetics under various conditions. Zinc oxide,p toluenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid were used as catalysts. Reactions were carried out at 260, 270, and 280°C. Experimental data fitted the first‐order rate equation for the catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions. In addition to the kinetic investigation, the splitting (pyrolysis) mixture was evaluated in the preparation of a synthetic drying oil. For this purpose, the mixed fatty acids of linseed, sunflower andEcballium elaterium seed oils were used in the esterification stage of the process. Pyrolysis mixtures were converted to drying oils by combining the liberated acids with equivalent amounts of glycerol. The oils thus obtained show good drying oil properties.
Atrovenetin as a potent antioxidant compound from penicillium species
Authors: Ishikawa Yukihiro , Morimoto Kyozo , Iseki Shigeyasu
Published: July 2007

We have established a program to screen large numbers of wild‐type fungi isolated from soil for potential producers of antioxidants and synergists for tocopherol (Toe). An antioxidant and potent Toc synergist was isolated from mycelial mats ofPenicillium paraherquei. It was one of the deoxyherqueinone‐type phenalenones and has been identified as atrovenetin.

Under autoxidation conditions, the induction periods of this compound (0.025%) tested by the active oxygen method were 571 and 171 hr in lard with and without Toc (0.04%), respectively. It was also capable of stabilizing vegetable oils such as soybean, rapeseed and palm oils.
An evaluation of commercial nickel catalysts during hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Chu Yan‐Hwa , Lin Li‐Hui
Published: July 2007

The activities of several commercial nickel catalysts were determined by measuring their activation energies. Among these catalysts, G95E, Resan 22, Nysosel 222 and 325, all with low activation energy, were more active than DM3 and G95H, which had higher activation energy. However, the less active catalysts increased the linoleate selectivity of soybean oil during hydrogenation. The yields of bothtrans isomers and winterized oil were higher for the more selectively hydrogenated oil catalyzed by the less active catalysts. In the sensory evaluation, the fractionated solid fat that contained moretrans isomers was lower in flavor scores than the fractionated liquid oil after hydrogenation and winterization of soybean oil.
Physical and textural characteristics of some North American shortenings
Authors: de Man L. , de Man J. M. , Blackman B.
Published: July 2007

A number of North American vegetable and animal fat shortenings were evaluated for their melting, crystallization, textural and polymorphic crystal characteristics and solid fat content (SFC). The majority of the dropping points and crystallization temperatures of the fats ranged from 42 to 46°C and from 27 to 31°C, respectively. Softening points of the products were higher than the dropping points of their fats, especially for the vegetable shortenings. Differential scanning calorimetry melting curves of the products were different for the various products. The animal fat shortenings were mainly in theβ‐polymorphic form, while vegetable shortenings containing palm oil were in theβ′ form. Textural evaluation was carried out on the products with the cone penetrometer, constant speed penetration and constant speed compression. Constant speed compression supplied a measure of brittleness and a degree of viscosity. Lard and shortenings containing high levels of palm oil were able to withstand large deformations without breakage.

The effect of tempering temperature of the fat in the SFC determination was evaluated and the values obtained were compared with the SFC of the actual product. SFC of fat and product were determined by pulse nuclear magnetic resonance. Correlation of values within textural methods was significant (P<..01), but were not significant between texture and SFC of the fat, indicating that the nature of the crystal network also plays a role in texture.
A novel compound, 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid from oleic acid by bioconversion
Authors: Hou C. T. , Bagby M. O. , Plattner R. D. , Koritala S.
Published: July 2007

Sixty‐two cultures from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Culture Collection and 10 cultures isolated from soil and water samples in Illinois were screened for their ability to convert agricultural oils to value‐added industrial chemicals. A new compound, 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid (DOD), was produced from oleic acid at a yield of greater than 60% by bacterial strain PR3 which was isolated from a water sample in Morton, IL. To our knowledge, DOD has not been previously reported. The optimum time, pH and temperature for the production of DOD were 2 days, 7.0, and 30°C, respectively. The production of DOD is unique in that it involves hydroxylation at two positions and rearrangement of the double bond of the substrate molecule.
Chinese Vegetable Tallow‐characterization and contamination by stillingia oil
Authors: Jeffrey B. S. J. , Padley F. B.
Published: July 2007

Samples of seed of the Chinese Vegetable Tallow (CVT) tree,Sapium sebiferum, obtained from trial plantings in the U.S., together with materials obtained directly from a small‐scale production unit in China, have been examined. The major glycerides of the CVTs have been characterized and a wide variation in the tripalmitin and 2‐oleodipalmitin levels has been observed.

The contamination of CVT by stillingia oil has been examined. The major source of contamination occurs at the isolation/separation stage of CVT production. Only very low amounts of stillingia oil are actually present in the seed coat. The wider exploitation of this fat will depend upon satisfactory methods being available to ensure that estolide‐type glycerides (from stillingia oil) are essentially absent from CVT.
A novel quasi‐dimeric oxidation product of (+)‐catechin from lipid peroxidation
Authors: Hirose Yuko , Yamaoka Hiroshi , Nakayama Mitsuru
Published: July 2007

A novel quasi‐dimeric oxidation product of (+)‐catechin, formed during the radical‐scavenging reaction that prevents lipid peroxidation, was isolated by chromatography, and its structure was elucidated by infrared, ultraviolet and1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and mass spectrometry. It was 5′‐[3‐[3,4‐(3′,5′‐dihydroxy) benzo‐8‐oxo‐2,7‐dioxabicyclo [4.4.0] deca‐3,9‐dien‐10‐yl]acryloyl]‐(+)‐catechin. It is an unusual type of dimer of flavan‐3‐ol derivatives, which is different from the naturally formed dimer, procyanidin.
Rapid extraction of canola oil
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Rubin L. J. , Ting N. , Trass O.
Published: July 2007

The simultaneous size reduction and solvent extraction of canola seeds were studied using a laboratory blender and a small, pilot‐scale Szego mill. The laboratory tests established that over 95% of the oil may be removed from the seed in a single contact stage. The effects of contact time and solvent‐to‐seed ratio were investigated. The extraction equilibrium favored the extraction of the oil at higher solvent‐to‐seed ratios. In all cases the extraction reached some 90% of the equilibrium value after 3 min. Runs in the Szego mill, which is a unique orbitalmill developed by one of us (O. Trass), confirmed that solvent grinding is an efficient extraction technique. In this equipment, contact times as short as 30 sec give significant extraction, with the system approaching equilibrium in one minute. The Szego mill appears to be suitable for the rapid extraction of edible oil seeds such as rapeseed.
Lipid oxidation in potato chips
Authors: Min D. B. , Schweizer D. Q.
Published: July 2007

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatile compounds in fresh and aged potato chips and unused fresh and aged frying oils showed that oxidation of oils was mainly responsible for volatile compound changes in potato chips during storage. The lipid oxidation of potato chips was determined by measuring the peroxide value of potato chips and the amount of volatile compounds and oxygen content in the headspace of potato chip bottles by gas chromatography. The correlation coefficients between volatile compounds and oxygen content, volatile compounds and peroxide value, and peroxide values and oxygen content were ‐0.93, 0.95 and ‐0.93, respectively. These high correlation coefficients indicated that volatile compound changes in potato chips during storage were mainly due to the oxidation of oil. The lipid oxidation of potato chips during storage can be studied by measuring oxygen content and the amount of volatile flavor compounds in the headspace. The potato chips produced in oil containing an antioxidant tertiarybutyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) had better oxidation stability than the chips fried in oil without TBHQ.
High performance liquid chromatographie separation of fatty imidazolines from their diamide hydrolysis derivatives
Authors: Hampson James W. , Bistline Raymond G. , Linfield Warner M.
Published: July 2007

A reverse‐phase high performance liquid Chromatographic method is described which separates long‐chain fatty dialkyl imidazolines from their corresponding diamide hydrolysis derivatives. This permits fol‐lowing the synthesis of these compounds and their storage stability. With a mobile phase of methanol/dilute acetic acid and a differential refractometer, both qualitative and quantitative analysis can be done quickly. Elution order follows chain length with the imidazo‐line eluting before the diamide. Capacity and selectivity factors are presented for the imidazoline‐diamide pairs from pelargonic to lauric acid.
Fluorination of fatty alcohols with 1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropyl diethylamine
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Suga K. , Nasuno I.
Published: July 2007

Fluorination of fatty alcohols with 1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropyl di‐ethylamine (PPDA) was investigated. A mixture of lauryl fluoride (yield 45%) and lauryl 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropionate (yield 22%) was obtained from the reaction of PPDA and lauryl alcohol. Similar results were obtained from other fatty alcohols.
Bleaching with sodium hypochlorite: Interactions of temperature, time, pH and concentration with stain removal and fabric strength
Authors: Simpson L. Palmer , Riggs C.
Published: July 2007

In response to recent concern for energy conservation while laundering at lowered temperatures, this study investigated stain removal and fabric degradation effects of sodium hypochlorite bleach on stained cotton fabrics. Blue and green reflectance readings were used to calculate both whiteness values and percentage of stain removal values, while tensile strength measurements were used to determine fabric degradation. An “acceptable bleach treatment” category was established, having a minimum of 75% whiteness and 90% of origi‐nal breaking strength. Temperature, bleach concentration, time and pH were investigated, with each factor except pH being significant. Low bleach concentration was more satisfactory than high concen‐tration, while cold and warm temperatures were more acceptable than very cold and hot temperatures. An overnight bleach soak treatment of up to 16 hr was not damaging if a cold temperature of 25 C was chosen. Selecting cold (room) temperatures for chlorine bleaching could provide energy savings for the consumer, textile mill or commercial laundry, while providing acceptable whiteness and fabric strength retention.
Crystal structures and melting points of unsaturated triacylglycerols in theβphase
Authors: de Jong S. , van Soest T. C. , van Schaick M. A.
Published: July 2007

Theβ‐phase crystal structures of unsaturated triacyl‐glycerols (TAGs) have been analyzed. Long spacings and melting points of monounsaturated TAGs such as16· O· 16and16· O·18indicate aβ‐3C packing mode with a methyl terrace that differs from that of the saturatedβ‐ 3 TAGs. In addition to the hydrocarbon chain subcell packing and the methyl terrace structure, the conformation of the oleoyl chain also has to be considered. This conformation is analyzed in connection with the symmetry relation between the two half‐layers on either side of the plane through the double bonds. Geometric analysis shows four possibilities, which have been explored further by means of energy minimization computations. In these calculations the structure of the oleoyl chain, in its crystalline environment, has been optimized while taking all relevant intramolecular and intermolecular forces into account. Though the calculations reveal relatively small energy differences between the four possibilities, the most likely structure can still be identified. On the basis of the results obtained for the monounsaturated TAGs, proposals for the crystal structures of diunsaturated (e.g., O · 18 · O) and triunsaturatede.g., O· O · OTAGs are briefly outlined.
Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipid fatty acids of rats in response to okra(hibiscus escuientus) seed oil
Authors: Srinivasa Rao P. , Udayasekhara Rao P. , Sesikeran B.
Published: July 2007

Tender pods of okra are commonly consumed vegetables in India. Okra seed kernel, like soybean, is a rich source of protein and fat. Its fat, with its appreciable linoleic acid content (>42%), prompted us to look into its metabolic utility in comparison with commonly consumed groundnut oil. Serum lipid profiles, with respect to cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipid fatty acids were determined in rats receiving okra seed oil at a level of 10% in the casein based diet which was adequate with respect to vitamins, minerals, etc. The control group received a casein based diet in which groundnut oil was the source of fat. Serum lipid profiles in this group were similarly monitored. The feeding trial was carried out for a period of 90 days. Results showed that serum cholesterol content of rats receiving okra seed oil was significantly lower compared to those consuming groundnut oil. A decreasing trend in total lipids as well as triglycerides was also evident in animals fed okra seed oil. Serum fatty acid profiles showed a relatively higher proportion of long chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in this group as compared to the group receiving groundnut oil. These results indicate that okra seed oil consumption has a potential hypocholesterolemic effect.
New accelerated test for rapid measurement of detergent biodegradability
Authors: Hitzman D. O.
Published: July 2007

A new accelerated biodegradation test has been developed in order to determine rapidly the biodegradability of detergents. Natural river water is fortified with additional microorganisms isolated from sewage effluent by continuous centrifugation to remove residual detergent. This increases the reproducibility between different samples of river water and decreases seasonal effects. Using detergents of different chemical structures, this accelerated procedure gave the same biodegradable results as obtained with the usual river die‐away test. However, such data can now be obtained in as little as ten days or less.

Multiple test results are presented showing the rate and degree of biodegradation of representative test detergents and the reproducibility between different series of tests with the same compound. Examples are given showing that the extent and completeness of biodegradability of the test compounds depends on the degree of branching.
Evaluation of fatty vinyl ether polymers and styrenated polymers for metal coatings
Authors: Brand B. G. , Schoen H. O. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: July 2007

A further evaluation of fatty vinyl ether poly‐mers as potential coatings for metals (particu‐larly cans) includes studies on 12 linseed and soy‐bean polymers containing isobutyl vinyl ether and cyclopentadiene. Baked films with and with‐out driers from these homo‐, co‐, and terpolymers and their styrenated derivatives were examined for flexibility, adhesion, chemical resistance and hardness. Film properties were related to chemi‐cal composition of the polymers, including the effect of styrenation, linseed vs. soybean polymers and content of cyclopentadiene. Films possessed excellent flexibility, adhesion and hardness. Sur‐prisingly, for most polymers, the hardest films were obtained without driers.
Production and nutritional evaluation of extrusion‐cooked full‐fat soybean flour
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Griffin E. L. , Allen L. E. , Smith O. B.
Published: July 2007

A processing method for preparing full‐fat soybean flours for human consumption by a new extrusion‐cooking method was developed. Biological evaluations were made of samples produced experimentally by this method to determine the best conditions for preparing a product of maximum nutritive value and stability. Twelve processed full‐fat soybean flours, prepared under different conditions, were evaluated by means of chemical analyses, biological assays, available lysine content, organoleptic and bacteriological tests, and oxidative stability storage tests. Flour of high nutritive value and good stability can be prepared by preheating unextracted soybean flakes or grits to 200–212F, premixing and adding sparge steam at 212F to adjust moisture content to 18–21%, extruding for 1–1.5 min with final extrusion temp reaching 250–290F, cooling, drying and grinding. Clinical testing of the flour with infants up to 12 months of age has begun in two Far Eastern countries on a fairly extensive scale, and completed results should be available by late 1964.
Hydrogenation of canola oil using chromium catalysts
Authors: Bernstein P. A. , Graydon W. F. , Diosady L. L.
Published: July 2007

Homogeneous, supported and precipitated chromium catalysts were prepared from chromium hexacarbonyl in an attempt to selectively hydrogenate canola oil. These chromium compounds showed low activity, lowering the iodine value of the oil by only 10 IV units. The concentration oftrans‐isomers, however, was very low (<1% for most runs). Infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of a Cr(CO)3(diene) PPH3complex in two of the hydrogenated oils. The selectivity and the mechanism by which chromium catalysts hydrogenate unsaturates are discussed.
Investigation of 1‐decyne formation in cottonseed oil fried foods
Authors: Fan Lucy L. , Tang Jiunn‐ Yann , Wohlman Alan
Published: July 2007

1‐Decyne identified in oxidized cottonseed oil was previously thought to originate from oleic acid. However, we have demonstrated that 1‐decyne is a degradative product from the photo‐oxidation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) naturally present in cottonseed oil. Products containing photooxidized cottonseed oil have the distinct off‐flavor of 1‐decyne. Experiments were conducted to identify the factors involved in 1‐decyne formation. Reactions were done under the following conditions: (a) in the dark or under light, (b) with or without removal of CPFA from cotton‐seed oil, (c) in the presence or absence of singlet oxygen quenchers, (d) in the presence or absencc of a hydroperoxide‐reducing agent (triphenylphosphine), and (e) with or without photosensitizers. Methyl sterculate was used as a substrate for studying 1‐decyne formation under photosensitized oxidation conditions in a model system. We have concluded that 1‐decyne is formed by the photo‐oxidation of CPFA utilizing chlorophyll as a photosensitizer. A reaction mechanism for 1‐decyne formation is proposed.
Fatty alcohols: Natural or petrochemical feedstocks in the 1980s?
Authors: Leonard E. C.
Published: July 2007

The economics of fatty alcohol use and production is reviewed. Beyond that in place or announced, there is little likelihood of more US fatty alcohol capacity in the next ten years. Barring a cataclysmic event, the real price of ethylene will increase at a rate approximately equal to the rate of increase for coconut oil price in the next ten years. Producers of fatty alcohols will be indifferent, if feedstock economics are the only consideration, between natural and petrochemical raw material bases for this class of oleochemicals. Presented at the 73rd annual meeting of the AOCS, Toronto, May 1982.
The selection of surfactants for specific household applications
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Matson Ted P.
Published: July 2007

The various criteria involved in choosing a surfactant for laundry products, light‐duty liquids, shampoos and liquid soap products are discussed. These include cleaning performance, foam characteristics, formulatability, tolerance to water hardness, processability, and cost. The effect of surfactant composition on performance is also discussed.