bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Natural History of Jaundice in Predominantly Breastfed Infants
Authors: Maisels M. Jeffrey , Clune Sarah , Coleman Kimberlee , Gendelman Brian , Kendall Ada , McManus Sharon , Smyth Mary
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Breastfed newborns are more likely to develop prolonged hyperbilirubinemia than those fed formula, but the prevalence of prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in a largely white, North American breastfed population is unknown. In this population, we documented the natural history of jaundice and the prevalence of prolonged hyperbilirubinemia, and we evaluated the utility of assessing the cephalocaudal progression of jaundice in office-based practices.

METHODS:

We measured transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) levels during the first month in 1044 predominantly breastfed infants ≥35 weeks of gestation and assigned a cephalocaudal zone score to each infant at the time of the TcB measurement.

RESULTS:

TcB level was ≥5 mg/dL in 43% of infants at age 21 ± 3 days and 34% were clinically jaundiced. At 28 ± 3 days, the TcB was ≥5 mg/dL in 34% and 21% were jaundiced. There was a strong correlation between the TcB level and the jaundice zone score, but there was a wide range of TcB levels associated with each score.

CONCLUSIONS:

Practitioners can be reassured that it is normal for 20% to 30% of predominantly breastfed newborns to be jaundiced at age 3 to 4 weeks and for 30% to 40% of these infants to have bilirubin levels ≥5 mg/dL. The jaundice zone score does not provide an accurate assessment of the bilirubin level, but a score of zero (complete absence of jaundice) suggests that the level is unlikely to be >12.9 mg/dL, whereas a score of ≥4 usually predicts a level of ≥10 mg/dL.
Relationships between ecological infrastructure and the economy: The case of a fishery
Authors: Crafford Jacobus G. , Hassan Rashid M.
Published: July 2014

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified the regulating services as amongst the least understood but potentially most valuable services offered by ecosystems. This lack of understanding of regulating services has been a major reason for the overexploitation and degradation of ecosystems. The value of regulating services is best determined through an economic production function approach, which derives the value of regulating services as intermediate inputs into other economic goods and services. We used existing scientific knowledge and data sourced from existing scientific databases and studies to develop and demonstrate empirical production functions that measure relationships between ecological infrastructure and the economy in fisheries in KwaZulu-Natal, along the east coast of South Africa. We applied econometric analyses – a technique that allows for evidence-based analysis of observed data, based on existing scientific knowledge. Our work demonstrates that existing scientific databases may contain useful evidence of relationships between ecological infrastructure and the economy, and that decisions need not always wait for the results of controlled experiments.
Craniodental continuity and change between Iron Age peoples and their descendants
Authors: Warren Kerryn A. , Hall Simon , Ackermann Rebecca R.
Published: July 2014

The appearance of the Iron Age of southern Africa early in the first millennium AD is associated with the migration of Bantu speakers who were broadly ancestral to present-day Bantu speakers. While there is sufficient genetic, physical anthropological and cultural evidence to support general continuity into contemporary populations, the extent to which events since colonialism have affected morphological variation is poorly understood. We used dental anthropological techniques and three-dimensional craniomandibular metrics to examine biological relationships among Iron Age farmers, a historical 19th-century Ndebele sample and 20th-century Bantu speakers. We show that, although Iron Age and modern morphologies are generally similar, there are differences. Moreover, the historical sample falls between the precolonial and modern samples, suggesting increased genetic exchange from the 19th century onwards. These results suggest that recent historical events altered the genetic make-up of Bantu speakers and that, as a result, extrapolations from modern groups to the past should be done with caution as morphological variability is relative to historical context.
Policy required for entry of DNA profiles onto the National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa
Authors: Heathfield Laura J.
Published: July 2014

The recent Criminal Law (Forensic Procedures) Amendment Act (2013) provides a definition for forensic DNA profiles and, in so doing, states that medical information about an individual may not be revealed through a forensic DNA profile. Yet chromosomal abnormalities can exhibit as tri-allelic patterns on DNA profiles and such information can expose medical conditions such as Down syndrome. This short report highlights this concern and suggests a policy be created for the entering of such DNA profiles onto the National Forensic DNA database of South Africa.
Integrating Irrigation, Tillage, and Herbicides for Weed Control in Dry Bean
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Sbatella Gustavo M.
Published: July 2014

Field trials were conducted from 2010 through 2012 to evaluate the integration of three factors: overhead irrigation after planting great northern dry bean; three methods of seedbed preparation: no-tillage, one or two diskings; and eight weed control treatments on dry bean development and weed control. The previous crop each year was corn. Overhead irrigation with 13 mm of water immediately after herbicide application and planting in early June did not improve or reduce herbicide efficacy but where herbicides were not utilized, irrigation increased weed emergence. Soil crusting increased in 2 of 3 yr when soil was disked at a 20-cm depth before planting. Crop injury from herbicides applied PRE increased when soil crusting occurred. No tillage before planting reduced crop injury from herbicides in 2010 and 2011 and weed density in 2012. Dry bean injury was minimal from herbicides applied PRE except for flumioxazin, which reduced crop density in 2011 and 2012. Imazamox plus bentazon applied POST caused early-season dry bean injury in 2 of 3 yr and resulted in a reduction in crop seed yield compared to dimethenamid-P or halosulfuron applied PRE. As producers move away from intensive tillage before planting to reduced tillage or no-tillage production systems, the results of this experiment show that dimethenamid-P, halosulfuron, pendimethalin, andS-metolachlor can be utilized PRE to provide acceptable weed control and crop selectivity. Although flumioxazin applied PRE reduced plant density, Great Northern dry bean yields were not affected by the loss of plant stand.
High Seed Retention at Maturity of Annual Weeds Infesting Crop Fields Highlights the Potential for Harvest Weed Seed Control
Authors: Walsh Michael J. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: July 2014

Seed production of annual weeds persisting through cropping phases replenishes/establishes viable seed banks from which these weeds will continue to interfere with crop production. Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems are now viewed as an effective means of interrupting this process by targeting mature weed seed, preventing seed bank inputs. However, the efficacy of these systems is directly related to the proportion of total seed production that the targeted weed species retains (seed retention) at crop maturity. This study determined the seed retention of the four dominant annual weeds of Australian cropping systems - annual ryegrass, wild radish, brome grass, and wild oat. Beginning at the first opportunity for wheat harvest and on a weekly basis for 28 d afterwards the proportion of total seed production retained above a 15 cm harvest cutting height was determined for these weed species present in wheat crops at nine locations across the Western Australian (WA) wheat-belt. Very high proportions of total seed production were retained at wheat crop maturity for annual ryegrass (85%), wild radish (99%), brome grass (77%), and wild oat (84%). Importantly, seed retention remained high for annual ryegrass and wild radish throughout the 28 d harvest period. At the end of this period, 63 and 79% of total seed production for annual ryegrass and wild radish respectively, was retained above harvest cutting height. However, seed retention for brome grass (41%) and wild oat (39%) was substantially lower after 28 d. High seed retention at crop maturity, as identified here, clearly indicates the potential for HWSC systems to reduce seed bank replenishment and diminish subsequent crop interference by the four most problematic species of Australian crops.
Weed Control with Liquid Carbon Dioxide in Established Turfgrass
Authors: Mahoney Denis J. , Jeffries Matthew D. , Gannon Travis W.
Published: July 2014

In recent years, increasing implementation of biological, cultural, and mechanical weed-control methods is desired; however, many of these techniques are not viable in established turfgrass systems. The use of freezing or frost for weed control has previously been researched; however, is not well elucidated. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate liquid carbon dioxide (LCD) for weed control in established turfgrass systems. LCD was applied with handheld prototypes that were modified to reduce the amount of LCD required for weed control. Common annual and perennial turfgrass weeds included common chickweed, corn speedwell, goosegrass, large crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, Virginia buttonweed, and white clover. Turfgrass tolerance was evaluated on the following species: hybrid bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and zoysiagrass. The final modification allowed for lower output (0.5 kg LCD min−1) when compared with the initial prototype (3 kg LCD min−1). In general, weed control increased as LCD increased. When comparing weed species life cycles, annuals were controlled more than perennials (P < 0.0001) at 14 and 28 d after treatment (DAT). Further, exposure time affected control as white clover, Virginia buttonweed, and large crabgrass control was greater (18, 14, 15%, respectively) from the longer exposure time (30 vs. 15 s), although equivalent amounts of LCD (30 kg m−2) were applied. These data also suggest that plant maturity affects control, as large crabgrass control in one- to two- and three- to four-leaf stages (> 90%) was greater than in the one- to two-tiller stage (< 70%). Turfgrass injury at 7 DAT was unacceptable (> 30%) on all species, but declined to 0% by 28 DAT. These data suggest that LCD has the potential to provide an alternative for weed control of select species where synthetic herbicides are not allowed or desired.
Silver nanoparticle synthesis mediated by carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Uddin Khan Mohammad Ahsan , Lokanathan Arcot R. , Liljeström Anna , Chen Xi , Rojas Orlando J. , Laine Janne
Published: July 2014

Synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) using sustainable chemical methods has drawn significant interest. Here a new route for AgNP formation by using TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanocrystals (TEMPO-CNCs) is proposed. Sodium borohydride was used to reduce precursor Ag ions and the effect of carboxyl surface density of TEMPO-CNCs on the rate of nucleation and resultant size distribution of AgNPs was investigated. The rate of NP nucleation was inversely related to the carboxyl content of CNCs. On the contrary, the ability of TEMPO-CNCs to prevent the aggregation of AgNPs was directly related to the carboxyl content of CNCs. In comparison with earlier reported study dealing with the role of sulfate groups in CNCs, here the role of surface carboxyls is investigated over much wider range of concentration, thus allowing a more comprehensive study of the effect of surface charge on the size distribution of AgNPs formed. These results add to the current understanding of the mechanistic aspects related to synthesis and stabilisation of AgNP in a sustainable way.
Effect of autoclave curing on hydration of anhydrite in CFBC fly ash
Authors: Song Yuanming , Guo Chuanchuan , Qian Jueshi , Wang Zhijuan , Wang Zhi
Published: July 2014

Circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash contains plenty of anhydrite, so it is important to investigate the hydration behaviour of the anhydrite for the reutilisation of the ash in autoclaved products including autoclaved aerated concrete. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to study the effect of curing conditions on the hydrates and existence form of the anhydrite in CFBC fly ash–cement clinker pastes. Results show that autoclave curing can significantly limit hydration activity of the anhydrite in CFBC fly ash, and the hydration ability of the autoclaved anhydrite cannot be recovered, even if the anhydrite is submerged in water for the subsequent curing, because it is completely covered by fine hydrates. This work confirms that autoclave curing can effectively limit the expansion of anhydrite in CFBC fly ash, and suggests that CFBC fly ash is suitable to be used for the preparation of autoclaved products.
The anisotropic approximations of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function for neutron transport equation
Authors: Kacira Kadir , Bilgic Huseyin , Yasa Faruk
Published: July 2014

The effect of anisotropic scattering on the eigenvalues of a multiplying (c
>1) and non-multi-plying (c < 1) slab in one-speed neutron transport equation
is studied. We have made some calculations, not only for the cases c<1 and
0 < g < 1, but also the cases of c >1 and -1<g<0 by using the linear and
quadratic approximations of the Henyey-Greenstein scattering kernel. The
asymmetry parameter g consists of isotropic, backward and forward bias. An
extensive numerical survey is carried out for the eigenvalues in order to
provide an accurate evaluation. The numerical results indicate that the
discrete eigenvalue increases with forward scattering and decreases with
backward scattering in expansions of linear and quadratic anisotropic
scattering.
A fast and simple method for the visual enhancement of microcalcifications in digital mammograms based on mathematical morphology
Authors: Stojic Tomislav
Published: July 2014

A fast and simple method for the visual enhancement of small bright details
in digital mam- mograms based on mathematical morphology is proposed. By a
proper choice of the shape and size of the structuring element, an algorithm
for a particular processing task - in this case, for the visual enhancement
of microcalcifications in digital mammograms - was designed. The efficiency
of the proposed algorithm was tested on publicly available mammograms from
the mammographic image analysis society database. In all tested cases (23
mammograms), the proposed method successfully segmented and enhanced the
existing microcalcifications, in- dependently verified by medical experts.
The proposed procedure may be used both as a visual aid in clinical mammogram
analysis or as a preprocessing step for further processing, such as
segmentation, classification and detection of microcalcifications. Moreover,
the algorithm is very fast and robust, thus applicable to real-time mammogram
processing.
Investigation on radiation shielding parameters of ordinary, heavy and super heavy concretes
Authors: Singh Vishwaanath , Badiger Nagappa
Published: July 2014

Shielding of a reactor is required for protection of people and environment
during normal operation and accidental situations. In the present paper we
investigated the shielding parameters viz. mass attenuation coefficients,
linear attenuation coefficients, tenth-value layer, effective atomic numbers,
kerma relative to air and exposure buildup factors for gamma-ray for
ordinary, heavy, and super heavy concretes. Macroscopic effective removal
cross-sections for fast neutron had also been calculated. Ordinary concrete
is economically suitable for mixture high energy gamma-ray and neutron as it
has large weight fraction of low-Z as compared with super heavy concretes to
slow down the neutron. Super heavy concretes are superior shielding for both
reactor operation and accident situations. The study is useful for optimizing
for shielding design and radiation protection in the reactors.
Radiological assessment in case of an incident at the hot cells clean-up
Authors: Dragolici Cristian , Zorliu Adrian
Published: July 2014

The clean-up and decontamination of the hot cells will be performed in the
second phase of the WWR-S research reactor decommissioning. Identification of
possible incidents or accidents is the key element in radiological assessment
and prevention. As major incident it was considered a fire burst that
occurred during the progress of the clean-up operations. The postulated
incident has, as a consequence, thick smoke generation from the burned
radioactive material and the dispersion of this material in the environment
through the technological ventilation system and the evacuation chimney. From
the performed analysis it can be seen that in the case of an incident to the
reactor hot cells, an operator engaged in intervention operations could take
an effective dose of 5.29 Sv per event, coming from both external and
internal exposure. Such an incident, if it happens, would be classified of
level 3 on the INES scale.
Perforin Is a Novel Immune Regulator of Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance
Authors: Revelo Xavier S. , Tsai Sue , Lei Helena , Luck Helen , Ghazarian Magar , Tsui Hubert , Shi Sally Y. , Schroer Stephanie , Luk Cynthia T. , Lin Gloria H.Y. , Mak Tak W. , Woo Minna , Winer Shawn , Winer Daniel A.
Published: July 2014

Obesity-related insulin resistance is associated with an influx of pathogenic T cells into visceral adipose tissue (VAT), but the mechanisms regulating lymphocyte balance in such tissues are unknown. Here we describe an important role for the immune cytotoxic effector molecule perforin in regulating this process. Perforin-deficient mice (Prf1null) show early increased body weight and adiposity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance when placed on high-fat diet (HFD). Regulatory effects of perforin on glucose tolerance are mechanistically linked to the control of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production in inflamed VAT. HFD-fed Prf1null mice have increased accumulation of proinflammatory IFN-γ–producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and M1-polarized macrophages in VAT. CD8+ T cells from the VAT of Prf1null mice have increased proliferation and impaired early apoptosis, suggesting a role for perforin in the regulation of T-cell turnover during HFD feeding. Transfer of CD8+ T cells from Prf1null mice into CD8-deficient mice (CD8null) resulted in worsening of metabolic parameters compared with wild-type donors. Improved metabolic parameters in HFD natural killer (NK) cell–deficient mice (NKnull) ruled out a role for NK cells as a single source of perforin in regulating glucose homeostasis. The findings support the importance of T-cell function in insulin resistance and suggest that modulation of lymphocyte homeostasis in inflamed VAT is one possible avenue for therapeutic intervention.
Pancreastatin-Dependent Inflammatory Signaling Mediates Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Gautam K. , Lu Minh , Avolio Ennio , Siddiqui Jawed A. , Gayen Jiaur R. , Wollam Joshua , Vu Christine U. , Chi Nai-Wen , O’Connor Daniel T. , Mahata Sushil K.
Published: July 2014

Chromogranin A knockout (Chga-KO) mice exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity despite obesity. Here, we probed the role of the chromogranin A–derived peptide pancreastatin (PST: CHGA273–301) by investigating the effect of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on insulin sensitivity of these mice. We found that on a high-fat diet (HFD), Chga-KO mice (KO-DIO) remain more insulin sensitive than wild-type DIO (WT-DIO) mice. Concomitant with this phenotype is enhanced Akt and AMPK signaling in muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as increased FoxO1 phosphorylation and expression of mature Srebp-1c in liver and downregulation of the hepatic gluconeogenic genes, Pepck and G6pase. KO-DIO mice also exhibited downregulation of cytokines and proinflammatory genes and upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes in WAT, and peritoneal macrophages from KO mice displayed similarly reduced proinflammatory gene expression. The insulin-sensitive, anti-inflammatory phenotype of KO-DIO mice is masked by supplementing PST. Conversely, a PST variant peptide PSTv1 (PST-NΔ3: CHGA276–301), lacking PST activity, simulated the KO phenotype by sensitizing WT-DIO mice to insulin. In summary, the reduced inflammation due to PST deficiency prevented the development of insulin resistance in KO-DIO mice. Thus, obesity manifests insulin resistance only in the presence of PST, and in its absence obesity is dissociated from insulin resistance.
NMR and X-ray Studies Concerning Structure of 6,6’-(Oxybis(4,1-phenylene))bis-(2-allylpyridazin- 3(2H)-one)
Authors: Antoci Vasilichia , Apostu Mircea , Ciobanu Catalina , Mantu Dorina
Published: July 2014

The structural NMR and X-ray studies of 6,6’-(Oxybis(4,1- phenylene))bis-(2-allylpyridazin-3(2H)-one), a bis-pyridazine derivative heterocycle, are reported in this study. Both 1H- and 13C- NMR confirm the proposed structure of compound. In order to establish unequivocally the structure of compound, the X-ray data analysis was performed. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic P-1(2) space group with a = 10.3699(7) Å, b = 10.6972(6) Å, c = 11.0449(4) Å, α = 87.941(5)°, β = 75.564(5)°, γ = 72.055(5)°, V= 1127.68 (12) Å3 and Z = 2. Molecular and crystal packing parameters for the novel heterocyclic system were obtained from intensity data collected at room temperature. The two phenyl rings (from the diphenyl ether moiety) are perpendicular one to each other and, on its turn, each phenyl ring is almost coplanar with the pyridazine ring
Correlations among various factors influencing learning of chemistry
Authors: Lemnaru Liliana , Pui Mihaela , Cozma Danut-Gabriel
Published: July 2014

Modern education focuses the didactic discourse on learning (namely, on the development of an” instructive paradigm”), on the more intensely manifested need of orienting didactics towards competence, the pupil being viewed as the subject of his/her own accomplishment. The present study analyzes the correlations occurring among the various factors known as influencing the learning and the results of learning Chemistry, from two different perspectives: the psychopaedagogical realities of early adolescence and the inherent difficulties characteristic to a most special scientific discipline (Chemistry). The observation made is that several factors - such as the specific contents of the discipline, the age of the pupils, their family background, participation to extra-curricular activities - may positively influence the didactic process, while a precarious family condition and avoidance of extra-curricular involvement may negatively affect learning
Mycolic Acids as Markers of Osseous Tuberculosis in the Neolithic Skeleton from Kujawy Region (Central Poland)
Authors: Borowska-Strugińska Beata , Druszczyńska Magdalena , Lorkiewicz Wiesław , Szewczyk Rafał , Żądzińska Elżbieta
Published: July 2014

The subject of analysis is the male skeleton from a double burial of the Globular Amphora Culture, derived from the Neolithic site at Brześć Kujawski in Kujawy region (central Poland). Within the spine of the individual advanced lesions are observed (destruction of the vertebral bodies, symptoms of the periostitis in the thoracic region) which are characteristic of skeletal tuberculosis. To check whether the observed morphological changes resulted from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the bone material was tested positively for the presence of mycolic acids, the specific components of the cell wall of pathogenic M.tb bacilli, by mass spectrometry.
Variation in “foramina transversaria” of human cervical vertebrae in the medieval population from Sypniewo (Poland)
Authors: Kwiatkowska Barbara , Szczurowski Jacek , Nowakowski Dariusz
Published: July 2014

Since the foramina provide important reference points to radiologists and surgeons, and because their shape and size may affect the blood supply to the cerebellum and the brainstem, the knowledge of the variation of foramina transversaria is essential from the medical point of view. The variation in the number, size and shape of foramina transversaria was studied based on 129 skeletons (68 male, 61 female, total of 1065 foramina) from the environs of Sypniewo. In both sexes single foramina were the most frequent (ca. 70%); in females no double foramina were observed, while triple foramina appeared only twice. In males double foramina formed ca. 40% and triple foramina were very rare. The shape and size of foramina depended to the same extent on the position of the vertebra and on the body side.
Preliminary Investigations of The Bioarchaeology of Medieval Giecz (XI-XII C.): Examples of Trauma and Stress
Authors: Agnew Amanda M. , Justus Hedy M.
Published: July 2014

Human skeletal remains from past populations are an invaluable source to objectively study biological history. The combined biological and cultural assessment of bioarchaeology offers a unique perspective on the adaptation of people to their environment. This study summarizes a portion of ongoing work to decipher trends related to health and lifestyle in early medieval (XI-XII c.) Giecz, Poland. The skeletal assemblage from Giecz, the “Giecz Collection”, represents a community positioned at a major center of political, economic, and religious power during this important time in Polish history. Non-violent traumatic injuries were investigated to elucidate trends related to possible types and rigor of activities and linear femoral growth trends were analyzed to assess patterns of stress. Preliminary results suggest that all members of the community (men, women, and adolescents) contributed to a lifestyle characterized by repetitive hard-work. Furthermore, it appears that most individuals suffered from health insults negatively affecting their development and perhaps their mortality.
The Linguistic Image Of Man In The Hungarian And Romanian Languages
Authors: Magyari Sára
Published: July 2014

By analyzing the key words we reconstruct the conceptions created by the two speech communities in their languages in order to understand their interpretation of reality. The analysis of the collocations and expressions identifies common basic principles reflecting the relationship between language and thought. The analysis is based on the theory of linguistic relativity and uses methods recommended by Bańczerovski Janusz, Lera Boroditsky and Anna Wierzbicka in order to investigate connections between language and culture, language and thought. By adapting the recommended evaluation methods an evaluation model was created, able to reconstruct the Hungarian and Romanian linguistic image of man.
The Population of Fejér County in the 18th Century Through the Eyes of Foreign Travellers
Authors: Sztana-Kovács Adrienn
Published: July 2014

Lack of source material makes it difficult to examine the population history of the times of the Ottoman domination in Fejér county. Therefore it is inevitable to use memoirs, travel diaries, travel books and country descriptions penned by foreign travellers. In our study we are following the change of the image of the Hungarians, and the images of other ethnic groups as they appear in the memoirs of foreign visitors.

In this paper we compare the descriptions of different ethnic groups inhabiting the county in the 18th century. We are interested in the following questions: first, how much of these descriptions are based on personal experience; secondly, to what extent these books reflect their authors’ experiences or they are rather influenced by stereotypes of their age or earlier periods
The Myth-Shaping Power of a Past Vision of the Future
Authors: György V. Imola
Published: July 2014

The creation of an era itself, as rhetoric of time, creates the otherness from which it builds up its own borders. Thus the creation of an era goes hand in hand with identity formation. The beginning of the 20th century, as the boundary of an era, appears as such a self-reflective moment in the life of Târgu Mureş. The study aims at presenting the social, economic and cultural changes of this period, notably the time when György Bernády was the mayor, the most significant period of urbanization of the town, the moment of the conscious designation of the above mentioned boundary of an era. It makes an attempt to grasp the beginning of the powerful personality cult of the former mayor; it analyzes those strategies of canonization and discourses that have played a key role in the process of the myth-formation of the hero and its time. In this era the process of György Bernády’s raising to the status of a cultural hero took place. The articles, which appeared in the local press, give a clear-cut image about what kind of judgements and appreciations have developed about the city and its councillor, as well as the infrastructural and cultural development
The Detection and Evaluation of Burning Additives in Cigarette Paper/Über den Nachweis und die Bestimmung von Glimmsalzen in Cigarettenpapieren
Authors: Jodl R.
Published: July 2014

The possibilities of determining various anions of the burning additives in cigarette paper are described. The use of the flame-photometric method is recommended for the determination of the quantity of the burning agents and for deciding whether these are present as sodium and/or as potassium compounds.
The Determination of Pressure Drop of Filter Rods and Nozzles under Different Atmospheric Pressure Conditions/Messung des Zugwiderstandes von Filterstäben und Düsen unter verschiedenen Luftdruckbedingungen
Authors: Erxleben E. , Vorwerk A.
Published: July 2014

The relations between the pressure drop values of filter rods and nozzles obtained by customary gauges and the atmospheric pressure are investigated. Measurements are carried out between 500 and 1.000 mm Hg external pressure. This range was produced artificially. In case of filter rods it is shown, that a variation of 4 % only is received on the full measuring range by operating at constant air circulation (cm3/s) independent of atmospheric pressure. This shift is negligible in view of normally occurring local variations of atmospheric pressure. By operating at constant air circulation (cm3/s) the value of the nozzles' pressure drop varies in considerable degree over the full measuring range. Using reference nozzles for devices of pressure drop determination at different altitudes therefore, either a correction of the reference mark fixed at a standard pressure is necessary, or the values for filter pressure drop are to be corrected. The corrections are indicated.
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: II. Smoke Distribution and Mainstream Pyrolytic Composition of Added 14C-Menthol (U)
Authors: Jenkins R.W Jr. , Newman R.H. , Chavis M.K.
Published: July 2014

The distribution of
Resolutions of the 5th tobacco colloquium 1963 regarding the nomenclature of air permeability of cigarette paper and related terms - Beschlüsse des 5. Tabak-Kolloquiums 1963 zur Nomenklatur der Luftdurchlässigkeit von Cigarettenpapier und verwandter Begriffe
Authors: Lipp G.
Published: July 2014

1. Air permeability

1.1 Porosity

1.2 Perforation

2. Coefficient o fair permability oft he paper

3. Degree of ventilation of cigarettes
Analytical Treatment of Forecasts of Electric Energy Consumption in Latvia
Authors: Balodis M. , Gavars V. , Andersons J.
Published: July 2014

In the paper, the changes in electric energy consumption are analyzed as associated with structural changes in the Latvian economy of postsocialistic period. To the analysis, a particular approach is applied, which consists in comparison of the basic and specific electricity consumption indices in West-, Central-, and East-European states for the time span of 1990-2010, with differences and tendencies of changes revealed. Tendencies of the type are determined for the electric energy consumption in Latvia, and recommendations are given for the use of such indices in the relevant forecasts.
Gravimetric and Spectroscopic Studies of Reversible Hydrogen Sorption on Nanoporous Clinoptilolite
Authors: Lesnicenoks P. , Grinberga L. , Kleperis J.
Published: July 2014

Large surface aluminosilicate compounds such as zeolites are not the best option for hydrogen storage due to their low hydrogen sorption capacity above cryogenic temperatures. However, the known crystal structure and easy ion exchange allows considering zeolites as easily tuneable media that with a little effort can be changed to suitable porous media for hydrogen sorption. Metal (Li, Mg) and ammonia ion exchange is performed in natural clinoptilolite samples with the aim to increase the amount of adsorbed hydrogen. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the prepared samples is used to study sorption of hydrogen molecules in the vicinity of light metal ions. An original thermogravimetric method is applied to characterise the amount of sorbed hydrogen. Our experiments show that the highest hydrogen uptake (~ 6.2 wt%) is for a clinoptilolite sample treated in acid. The cation exchange did not provide the expected hydrogen sorption capability; however, the amount of sorbed hydrogen exceeded that for the initial material.
The Mun Valley and Central Thailand in prehistory: integrating two cultural sequences
Authors: Higham Charles Franklin , Rispoli Fiorella
Published: July 2014

This paper compares the later prehistory in two regions of Thailand. The Mun Valley lies on the
eastern side of the Phetchabun Range, the Lopburi Region (LR) to the west. They are linked by a major
pass. While the Lopburi area is rich in copper ore, the Mun Valley has none. Quality salt is abundantly
available in the Mun Valley but less so in the LR. This study explores the inter-relationships between the
areas over a period of 2300 years which sharpens our understanding of both, and presents explanations
and possibilities in the context of cultural transmission theories. Neolithic farmers with ultimate origins
in China, arrived in the first half of the second millennium BC. Widespread exchange in prestige goods
was a factor in the adoption of copper-base metallurgy in the late 11th century BC, when the LR became a
producer, the Mun Valley an importer. With the Iron Age, (from about 500 BC), sites grew in size. During
the course of this period, gold, silver, agate, carnelian and glass ornaments were ritually placed with dead
elites. It is in these powerful and wealthy Iron Age communities that we can identify the early transition
into states with population growth, agricultural intensification, conflict and increased production and
competition over salt and metal for exchange.
Control of Resting Heart Rate and Other Risk Factors Over a Three-year Period in Outpatients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Latvia
Authors: Balode Inga , Jēgere Sanda , Bajāre Iveta , Mintāle Iveta , Narbute Inga , Rasnačs Oskars , Latkovskis Gustavs , Ērglis Andrejs
Published: July 2014

The aim of the study was to evaluate control of heart rate (HR) and other risk factors (RF) over athree-year period in coronary artery disease (CAD) outpatients in Latvia. Patients (n = 120) were examined and questioned at baseline time and annually (four times in total). Increased resting HR (≥70 bpm) when measured by palpation was present in 35.8% of cases at baseline time, 35.6%, 29.8% and 35.1% of cases at Y1, Y2 and Y3, respectively; when measured by electrocardiography: in 33.6% (baseline), 36.8% (Y1), 26.7% (Y2), 33.7% (Y3) of cases. The proportion of patients with increased HR did not significantly change in Y1–Y3 vs baseline. Systolic blood pressure was lower in Y1 and Y3 vs baseline (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003, respectively). The proportion of patients with increased blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg) was lower in Y1, Y2 and Y3 than at baseline (P = 0.018, P = 0.030 and P = 0.017, respectively). The proportion of patients with a decreased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.2 mmol/l for women and <1.0 mmol/l fom men) was lower in Y1–Y3 compared to baseline (P < 0.001). A substantial (about one-third) and stable proportion of patients with increased HR≥70 bpm over the three-year period in the examined sample of treated CAD patients indicates that there is a need for better control of this RF.
Findings of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) in Nature Reserves in Ukraine
Authors: Yakovlev Ye. B. , Kharchenko V. A. , Mráček Z.
Published: July 2014

Findings of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) in Nature Reserves in-Ukraine. Yakovlev, Ye. B., Kharchenko, V. A., Mráček, Z. — Five strains of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 were isolated by live baiting method with last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 from the reserves of some central and southern oblasts of Ukraine and the Crimean AR. Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered from 5 of 196 (2.6 %) soil samples collected in 2010. Isolated nematodes were identified using a combination of molecular (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA gene sequencing) and morphological techniques. Four of the isolated strains were recognized as S. feltiae (Filipjev, 1934), one as S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky, 1967).
Prevalence of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Ancylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska
Authors: Lyons E.T. , Kuzmina T.A. , Carie J.L. , Tolliver S.C. , Spraker T.R.
Published: July 2014

Prevalence of Hookworms, Uncinaria lucasi (Ancylostomatidae), in Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Lyons, E. T., Kuzmina, T. A., Carie, J. L., Tolliver, S. C., Spraker, T. R. — Review of main studies on biology and ecology of the hookworm Uncinaria lucasi Stiles, 1901 performed on St. Paul Island, Alaska, is presented. Current data on prevalence of adult hookworms parasitizing northern fur seals (NFS), Callorhinus ursinus Linnaeus, 1758, were obtained based on the examination of the intestines of dead NFS pups and subadult 3-4 year-old males in July and August of 2011-2013. In addition, blubber samples collected from subadult NFS males were examined for parasitic third stage hookworm larvae (L3). All current data were compared with previously published studies performed in 1950s-1960s. Current prevalence of U. lucasi in dead pups collected from Reef Rookery was 4.9 % in 2011, 0 % in 2012 and 10.5 % in 2013. This rookery has a rocky substrate. On sandy rookeries prevalence was up to 75 % on Morjovi Rookery and 50 % on Vostochni Rookery. Parasitic L3 were recovered in 2.5 % of subadult males examined in 2013. Decreasing prevalence of hookworm infection of dead pups and subadult males during the last several years follows the tremendous decline in the number of fur seals in the herd on St. Paul Island during last several decades.
Over Hesperiaanse Melancholie: Eugène Nielen Marais en de Geschiedenis van een poëtische Gemoedsgesteldheid
Authors: van Luijk Ruben
Published: July 2014

The article gives a brief ‘idea history’ of Hesperian melancholy a.k.a. Hesperian depression, the fleeting state of dejection that some humans and animals experience at dusk. The term was apparently coined by the South African poet and naturalist Eugene Marais (1871-1936), who noticed the phenomenon during his field observations of baboons. Marais' observations of primates were in the first place an attempt to shed more light on the evolutionary roots of the human psyche and its afflictions - not in the least his own. A personal focus seems probable in his notes on the use of euphoria-inducing substances among animals and humans, which are an evident reflection of his own morphine addiction; but also in his writings about Hesperian depression. During his lifetime, Marais only published about Hesperian depression twice, once in a very concise article in English, and once in more elaborate form in Afrikaans. The term ‘Hesperian depression’ only became more current when his manuscript on primate behaviour, The Soul of the Ape, was posthumously published in 1963. Since then, the term and its description sometimes appear in (popular) publications of paleobiologists and scholars of the evolution of human behaviour. In psychology and psychiatry, the term was introduced by the eminent American psychoanalyst William G. Niederlander, who presented it in a 1971 article in Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association as an idea of his own. It is evident, however, that he took his cue from Marais, who thus was posthumously plagiarized.
Streekromans en het Tsjechische ruralisme
Authors: Engelbrecht Wilken
Published: July 2014

In the netherlands regional novels have never been considered as real literary works. in Flanders regional literature had a better status, especially because several writers of the Van Nu en Straks movement such as Stijn Streuvels wrote about regional themes. in Czech literature since 1848 regional themes was viewed as important in novels and stories, mainly till the end of world war ii. in 1932 the Catholic writer Antonín Matula defined the so-called ruralism, which became a movement of mainly Catholic writers from the countryside. Most of them were severely persecuted in a constructed Stalinist show trial against the green international in 1951. in his work Hlasy země v evropských literaturách (The Voice of Earth in European Literatures, 1933) Matula discussed nearly all major european literatures, i.e. Flemish regional writers. it is no coincidence that especially Flemish writers such as ernest Claes, Stijn Streuvels and Felix timmermans, were translated into Czech during the second quarter of the 20th century.
The Historical Edge of Irony: Marco Millions and Its Chinese Adaptations
Authors: Xuefeng Zhu
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT:

This article historicizes the playtext(s) of Eugene O’Neill’s Marco Millions (1927) as a satire on America and contextualizes its adaptations in semi-colonial and “postcolonial” China, to examine how irony functions across time and across cultures. In the first part, I investigate the play’s poetic resistance to American Orientalism and its ironic failure to transcend the Eurocentric discourse it criticizes. In the second part, I examine the play’s trajectory on the Chinese stage from 1929 to 2009, arguing that these adaptations, as transideological, “postcolonial” irony, embodied the polyphony of Chinese Occidentalism and wrote back to the divided self of modern China. The ironic Marco Millions and its Chinese adaptations provoke the audience to rethink history and rewrite reality, also providing a site for critics to reconceive the complementary relationship between Orientalism and Occidentalism. Thus, this minor O’Neill play of the 1920s has acquired historical significance and contemporary relevance.
Microstructure-Oriented Fatigue Assessment of Construction Materials and Joints Using Short-Time Load Increase Procedure
Authors: Walther Frank
Published: July 2014

Stress-strain-hysteresis, change in deformation-induced temperature and change in DC-based electrical resistance measurements are applied for the detailed characterization of structural-mechanical processes in construction materials and joints under multiple-step and single-step fatigue loading. Results concerning the influence of joining technologies on austenitic steel AISI304, carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) and beech wood materials, of environmental media on magnesium alloys Mg-4Al-2Ba-2Ca (DieMag422) and Mg-10Gd-1Nd, and of manufacturing processes on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and wood-plastic composites (WPC) are discussed. The load- and cycle-dependent change in microstructure was investigated by light and electron microscopy and correlated with fatigue properties, to reach a preferably precise description of process structure property relationship in a qualitative and quantitative manner. The time-efficient load increase procedure applied for evaluation of joining, environmental and manufacturing influence on fatigue performance is suitable for production-accompanied usage.
Effects of Re-Aging on the Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloy AA7075
Authors: Fakioglu Avni , Özyürek Dursun
Published: July 2014

In this study, 7075 aluminum alloy was subjected to triple-aging of retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatments. The alloy was retrogressed at 220 °C for 60 minutes following the T6 heat treatment and later re-aged at temperatures between 100 °C and 140 °C for 24 hours and at 120 °C for various durations in the range of 15–35 hours. The effects of temperature and duration of re-aging on hardness and the fatigue behaviors of RRA tempered 7075 aluminum alloys were investigated. The results show that temperature and duration of re-aging have an influence on both hardness and fatigue resistances. An increment of the hardness values depends on increasing of re-aging temperature and times until 120 °C and 24 hours and reaches to the maximum value. However, those values decrease with higher re-aging temperatures and longer duration than 120 °C and 24 hours, respectively. On the other hand, in the fatigue tests, the highest fatigue resistance was observed for the sample re-aged at 120 °C for 24 hours, while the sample re-aged at 140 °C for 24 hours showed the longest fatigue life under lower fatigue stress.
NDT Reliability in the Organizational Context of Service Inspection Companies
Authors: Holstein Ralf , Bertovic Marija , Kanzler Daniel , Müller Christina
Published: July 2014

The focus of NDT reliability research in the past was in the field of two high risk industries: (atomic) power plants and aircrafts. The responsible organizations have been well aware of the risks and founded projects to understand and optimize critical steps during production, operation and maintenance. But the use of NDT is not limited to these two fields. The risks during operation of chemical plants, trains or windmills are different from the area above but evident. The coverage by legal regulations is relatively low. Instead of this owner responsibility, product liability and financial issues are the driving forces to do inspections and to use non-destructive testing. The different targets and financial issues influence the practice of NDT-inspections. A survey of this practice and its results are shown.
Conclusions of the 5th European American Workshop on Reliability of NDE
Authors: Müller Christina , Holstein Ralf , Bertovic Marija
Published: July 2014

The tradition of discussing the newest achievements in the consideration of NDE reliability was continued with the 5th European American Workshop on Reliability of NDE (5th EAW) in Berlin in 2013. The focus of this workshop was to determine the “delta” between the laboratory-like conditions, in which reliability assessments are usually carried out, and the everyday field conditions. Which obstacles need to be still overcome and how do we get closer with our estimations to the real field reliability? With the joint effort of international researchers and in-field practitioners the up-to-date research was presented and discussed, culminating in a half-a-day long “Open Space Technology” discussion. This paper presents the main conclusions of the workshop.