bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iron-sulfur cluster loss in mitochondrial CISD1 mediates PINK1 loss-of-function phenotypes
Authors: Bitar Sara , Baumann Timo , Weber Christopher , Abusaada Majd , Rojas-Charry Liliana , Ziegler Patrick , Schettgen Thomas , Randerath Isabella Eva , Venkataramani Vivek , Michalke Bernhard , Hanschmann Eva-Maria , Arena Giuseppe , Krueger Rejko , Zhang Li , Methner Axel
Published: August 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Familial cases of PD are often caused by mutations of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and the ubiquitin ligase Parkin, both pivotal in maintaining mitochondrial quality control. CISD1, a homodimeric mitochondrial iron-sulfur-binding protein, is a major target of Parkin-mediated ubiquitination. We here discovered a heightened propensity of CISD1 to form dimers in Pink1 mutant flies and in dopaminergic neurons from PINK1 mutation patients. The dimer consists of two monomers that are covalently linked by a disulfide bridge. In this conformation CISD1 cannot coordinate the iron-sulfur cofactor. Overexpressing Cisd, the Drosophila ortholog of CISD1, and a mutant Cisd incapable of binding the iron-sulfur cluster in Drosophila reduced climbing ability and lifespan. This was more pronounced with mutant Cisd and aggravated in Pink1 mutant flies. Complete loss of Cisd, in contrast, rescued all detrimental effects of Pink1 mutation on climbing ability, wing posture, dopamine levels, lifespan, and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Our results suggest that Cisd, probably iron-depleted Cisd, operates downstream of Pink1 shedding light on PD pathophysiology and implicating CISD1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Thermotogota diversity and distribution patterns revealed in Auka and JaichMaa ‘ja ‘ag hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California
Authors: Peña-Salinas Manet E. , Speth Daan R. , Utter Daniel R. , Spelz Ronald M. , Lim Sujung , Zierenberg Robert , Caress David W. , Núñez Patricia G. , Vázquez Roberto , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: August 2024

Discovering new deep hydrothermal vent systems is one of the biggest challenges in ocean exploration. They are a unique window to elucidate the physical, geochemical, and biological processes that occur on the seafloor and are involved in the evolution of life on Earth. In this study, we present a molecular analysis of the microbial composition within the newly discovered hydrothermal vent field, JaichMaa ‘ja ‘ag, situated in the Southern Pescadero Basin within the Gulf of California. During the cruise expedition FK181031 in 2018, 33 sediment cores were collected from various sites within the Pescadero vent fields and processed for 16S rRNA amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and geochemical analysis. Correlative analysis of the chemical composition of hydrothermal pore fluids and microbial abundances identified several sediment-associated phyla, including Thermotogota, that appear to be enriched in sediment horizons impacted by hydrothermal fluid flow. Comparative analysis of Thermotogota with the previously explored Auka hydrothermal vent field situated 2 km away displayed broad similarity between the two locations, although at finer scales (e.g., ASV level), there were notable differences that point to core-to-core and site-level factors revealing distinct patterns of distribution and abundance within these two sediment-hosted hydrothermal vent fields. These patterns are intricately linked to the specific physical and geochemical conditions defining each vent, illuminating the complexity of this unique deep ocean chemosynthetic ecosystem.
Comparison of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocols with Conventional Treatment Protocols in Patients Undergoing Emergency Laparotomy: A Randomised Controlled Study
Authors: Kumar Ritesh , Goyal Honey , Kumar Davinder , Deepanshu . , Marwah Sanjay
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach intended to reduce the length of stay, postoperative complications, and readmission rates. The benefits of ERAS protocols in elective surgery are well established; however, the evidence to support their safety and efficacy in emergency surgery is rare. Aim: To compare the modified ERAS protocol with conventional management protocol following emergency laparotomy regarding the time taken to recover bowel function and the incidence of postoperative complications, duration of postoperative hospital stay, need for readmission, and 30 day mortality. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomised controlled study conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Pt BD Sharma Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India over a period of two years from June 2017 to May 2019. It included a total of 70 patients who presented in an emergency with perforation peritonitis. A total of 10 patients were excluded based on the exclusion criteria, and the remaining 60 patients were randomised into the Group-A (case group/ERAS group) and the control Group-B (control group/conventional group), with 30 patients in each group. Postoperative outcomes like postoperative complications, time of appearance of bowel sounds, time to first flatus, time to first defaecation, time to resumption of normal diet, and length of hospital stay were noted in both groups. Results: The length of hospital stay was shorter in the case group (8.83±4.69 days) compared to the control group (12.23±8.65 days); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.064). Similarly, the difference in the time taken for the recovery of bowel sounds, postoperative complications, and 30 day mortality was also statistically insignificant between the two groups. No patient required readmission in either group. Conclusion: The use of ERAS protocols in emergency surgery is feasible, but all the elements of ERAS are difficult to apply in an emergency setting. Hence, a tailored approach to the ERAS protocols has to be used in emergency surgery. However, no significant benefit was noted in the group following modified ERAS protocols compared to the group following conventional protocols.
Modeling the Spatial Dynamics and Human Mobility in Zika Virus Transmission: A Review
Authors: Musili Kasyoki Brandon , Wainaina Mary , Okwany Isaac
Published: August 2024

Spatial dynamics and human mobility significantly influence the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases like Zika virus. This paper reviews advancements in mathematical modeling that integrate spatial factors and human movement to enhance our understanding of disease transmission dynamics. Traditional SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered) models have been foundational but lack spatial heterogeneity and human mobility considerations. Recent studies have addressed these limitations by developing spatially explicit models that incorporate local interactions, environmental conditions, and human mobility patterns. By synthesizing findings from these studies, we identify strengths, limitations, and future research directions for improving predictive modeling of Zika virus transmission. Key insights include the amplifying effect of local interactions on disease spread and the critical role of human mobility networks in shaping transmission pathways. Addressing remaining challenges, such as refining spatial modeling techniques and integrating real-time data sources, will enhance the accuracy and applicability of spatial disease models in informing public health strategies.
Correspondence of Fixed-Point Theorem in \(T_2, T_3\)-SPACE
Authors: Koros Amos , Wabomba Musundi Sammy , Okongo Mark
Published: August 2024

Fixed-point theory (FPT) has lot of applications not only in the field of mathematics but also in various other disciplines. Fixed Point Theorem presents that if T:X \(\to\) X is a contraction mapping on a complete metric space (X, d) then there exists a unique fixed point in X. FPT is also essential in game theory, in this case Brower Fixed Point has an application in game theory specifically in non-cooperative games and existence of Equilibrium. In particular, a game is a set of actions done by the participants defined by a set of rules. This is commonly described using mathematical concepts, which offers a concrete model to describe a variety of situations.  On the other hand, the separation axioms Ti, i = 0,1,2,3,4 are vital properties that describes the topological spaces T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4. It is noted that a T3 - space is a generalized version of T2- space and since various results on application of fixed point theory in game theory on an arbitrary locally convex T2 - space has been established, in this study we sort to  extend this concept to the general T3 - space. The utilization of a symmetric property of Hausdorff space established that if two continuous commutative mappings are defined on a T3 - space, then the two maps achieves unique fixed points.
Consumption Pattern of A2 Milk in Bengaluru City of Karnataka of India
Authors: Veershetty  , M. S. Jagadeesh , Naik B. Samuel , S. Ragini B, , H. S. Chandan , G. J. Abhishek , Y. Nagaraju
Published: August 2024

The dairy sector in India, often referred to as the "milk bowl of the world," is a cornerstone of the nation's agricultural economy. A2 milk, derived from native Indian cow breeds, is gaining popularity due to its perceived health benefits over conventional milk. The research aims to provide a complete understanding of factors that influence A2 milk consumption in Bengaluru, addressing both consumer behaviour and market dynamics. The study used a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative analysis through surveys and factor analysis. Data were collected from 80 respondents across Bengaluru city of Karnataka. Garrett ranking was utilised to identify key constraints faced by consumers, while the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett's test were applied to ensure data adequacy for factor analysis. Results indicate that 82.50% of respondents are aware that A2 milk is a good source of lactose, but awareness drops significantly for other nutritional benefits, with only 19.16% aware of its omega-3 fatty acid content. The general awareness of A2 milk's health benefits of the A2 milk is moderate, with 57.5% of respondents exhibiting a medium level of awareness. Factor analysis revealed that product quality and market considerations significantly influence purchasing decisions, while high cost and lack of awareness are major constraints. The high price is attributed to lower yield per cow and higher maintenance costs. Furthermore, 90.50% of respondents highly accepted the taste of A2 milk, indicating a strong sensory appeal. In conclusion, the study highlights the need for targeted awareness campaigns and pricing interventions to enhance consumer education and engagement. Addressing these constraints could improve market penetration and maintain consumer interest in A2 milk, promoting its health benefits, and ensuring its competitive edge in the dairy market. The findings provide valuable information for producers and marketers aiming to expand the A2 milk market in Bengaluru and similar urban areas.
Extension Approaches on Soil Health Management: A Bibilometric Analysis
Authors: Manikandan S. , Premavathi R. , Anandaraja N. , P Janaki. , Selvi R. Gangai
Published: August 2024

Sustaining environmental health and sustainable agriculture depend on maintaining the health of the soil. Soil health management is a critical aspect of sustainable agriculture, aiming to maintain and enhance the productivity of soil while minimizing environmental impacts. This bibliometric analysis investigates the evolution and trends in extension approaches for soil health management over the past two decades. Using data from major scientific databases, we analyzed publications on soil health management, focusing on extension methodologies, stakeholder engagement, and the dissemination of best practices. The study identifies key themes, influential authors, prominent journals, and geographical distribution of research activities. The research landscape of soil health management and extension strategies is examined in this bibliometric study. We examine articles that were obtained from such as Scopus, between 2010 and 2023 Publication trends, authorship patterns, keyword co-occurrence networks, and citation analysis are the main areas of our investigation. How effective are different extension approaches in enhancing soil health management practices among farmers?" This Review is to pinpoint important figures in the field, recurring themes in the study, and new lines of investigation. We also investigate how well extension strategies work to spread information and methods for managing soil health. Researchers, decision-makers, and extension staff will benefit greatly from the findings, which will shape future research paths and improve the creation and use of efficient soil health management plans. The problem statement identifies a gap in understanding which extension methodologies most effectively promote soil health, particularly in diverse agricultural settings. Through a comprehensive biometrics analysis, this research evaluates the impact of educational programs, technological interventions, and participatory approaches on soil health indicators such as nutrient levels, soil structure, and microbial activity. Data was collected from a diverse sample of farming communities, and statistical tools were used to analyze changes in soil health parameters over time. The findings are expected to provide insights into optimizing extension strategies for better soil management, thereby contributing to improved agricultural sustainability and resilience.
Effect of Foliar Spray of Micronutrients on Yield and Benefit-cost Ratio of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under Polyhouse
Authors: Tirkey Ashok , Shankar Deo , Kaushik Sandhya
Published: August 2024

The present investigation was conducted during the Kharif season 2023 at the Center of Excellence on Protected Cultivation and Precision Farming, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G.). The experiment was laid in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications consisting of twelve treatments. The treatments included viz. T0: Control, T1: FeSO4 (0.5%), T2: ZnSO4 (0.5%), T3: Borax (0.2%), T4: Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%), T5: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%), T6: FeSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%), T7: FeSO4 (0.5%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%), T8: ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%), T9: ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%), T10: Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%) and T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium  Molybdate (0.03%). Foliar spray of micronutrients was done at 30 and 45 DAT of cauliflower. The results revealed that foliar application of treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum yield parameters such as curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1). In economics T11 incurred maximum total cost of cultivation (Rs. 263739.00 ha-1), gross income (Rs. 809800.44 ha-1), net income ( Rs. 546061.44 ha-1) and maximum benefit: cost ratio 3.07. In contrast, the minimum value for the above parameters were recorded under T1 (control).
Challenges in the Treatment of Co-infection of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Hepatitis B/C Viruses
Authors: Topno Roshan Kamal , Kumar Maneesh , Madhukar Major , Das Vidya Nand Rabi , Kumar Rishikesh , Agrawal Kanhaiya , Siddiqui Niyamat Ali , Kumar Subhash , Pandey Krishna
Published: August 2024

There is a significant research gap in India due to incomplete investigation of seroprevalence of co-infection with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV). This study attempts to fill this gap by providing an in-depth analysis of the prevalence and consequences of these co-infections. The study of 32 VL patients revealed that 28 (8.88%) tested positive for HBV, 1 (0.317%) for HCV and 3 (0.95%) for both HBV and HCV. These results highlight how difficult it is to treat people with two diseases at the same time. An example of how co-infection makes treatment much more difficult is the fact that a patient with both VL and HBV required six courses of anti-leishmaniasis medication. The study shows how important it is for VL patients to be tested regularly for HBV and HCV to improve treatment response and support India's plan to get rid of kala-azar. Accurate identification of co-infections is necessary to reduce the overall burden of the disease and develop effective treatment regimens. Systematic testing of VL patients for HBV and HCV not only helps in controlling and perhaps even eliminating kala-azar, but also makes it easier to treat each patient as an individual, improving their health. In areas where viral hepatitis is prevalent, this strategy is particularly important as these diseases represent a double burden on public health. Implementing integrated treatment regimens and routine screening can reduce the impact of co-infection and advance the public health goal of kala-azar elimination. To improve patient outcomes and advance public health goals, the results of this study strongly support the integration of comprehensive screening programs into existing healthcare systems to improve the treatment of VL patients.
Antifungal Activity of Erigeron floribundus (Asteraceae) and Ripe Banana Peel-NaHCO3 Extracts on Tomato in South-Kivu/DRC-Albertan Rift in the Great Lakes Region, Central-Africa
Authors: JA. Rubabura K. , M.C. Bahati , N.V Bashombana , B.P. Chihire , L.F. Ndatabaye , H.G. Kasole , B.D. Mugisho , M.P. Nsambu , Z.A. Balezi , B.E. Bisimwa
Published: August 2024

Tomato production faces significant challenges from fungal and bacterial diseases, often requiring chemical treatments. This study explores the potential of biopesticides derived from Erigeron floribundus and ripe banana peel-NaHCO3 as sustainable alternatives to conventional fungicides. A completely randomized design was employed to test the efficacy of the biopesticides. Local methods were used to prepare the extracts. Tomato plants were treated with ripe banana peel-NaHCO3, Erigeron floribundus, and a control (Dithane M45). Plant vigor, branch number, and disease incidence were monitored and recorded. Tomato plants treated with ripe banana peel-NaHCO3 showed increased vigor and similar branch numbers compared to those treated with Erigeron floribundus and the control. There was no significant difference in disease incidence between the biopesticides and Dithane M45. Both biopesticides were effective in disease protection and promoting yield, demonstrating their potential as sustainable alternatives to chemical treatments. The study concludes that ripe banana peel-NaHCO3 and Erigeron floribundus extracts are effective in protecting tomato plants from fungal and bacterial diseases while promoting growth and yield. Their non-toxic and environmentally friendly nature makes them suitable for sustainable tomato production.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Microsponge-based Topical Formulations Compared to Traditional Methods
Authors: Jain Monal Yogesh , Jadon Gunjan
Published: August 2024

The growing interest in microsponge-based topical formulations compared to traditional ones is shaping the future of skincare and pharmaceutical treatments. Microsponges are gaining attention for their ability to enhance drug stability, control release, and target specific areas, which could lead to better therapeutic outcomes and improved patient experiences. In this review, we dive into how these innovative formulations stack up against conventional methods. We start by exploring what makes microsponge technology unique—their structure, how they work, and the benefits they offer. We then look at the composition and challenges of traditional formulations that have been the standard for years. The review also takes a close look at key studies that compare the effectiveness of these two approaches in treating common skin conditions like acne, psoriasis, and fungal infections. We examine how well the drugs are released, how deeply they penetrate the skin, their overall effectiveness, and how they affect patient compliance. Additionally, we discuss real-world evidence from clinical trials and case studies to provide a practical perspective on how microsponge-based treatments perform. We also consider safety concerns, possible side effects, and the regulatory landscape. Finally, we wrap up with a summary of what we’ve learned, pointing out both the strengths and areas for improvement in microsponge technology, and suggest where future research could lead us in advancing these innovative delivery systems.
Detection of Bulky Endogenous Oxidative DNA Lesions Derived from 8,5′‐Cyclo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine by 32P‐Postlabeling Assay
Authors: Zhou Guo‐Dong , Moorthy Bhagavatula
Published: May 2015

8,5′‐Cyclopurine‐2′‐deoxynucleotides represent a class of oxidative DNA lesions that are specifically repaired by nucleotide excision repair but not by base excision repair or direct enzymatic reversion. The 32P‐postlabeling assay is an ultrasensitive method that has been extensively used for the detection of carcinogen‐DNA adducts in laboratory animal and epidemiological studies. This assay under modified chromatographic conditions is also a suitable and sensitive method for the detection of 8,5′‐cyclo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (cA). After enzymatic digestion of DNA, and enrichment of the oxidative products from the DNA digest, four dinucleotides containing cA, i.e., Ap‐cAp, Cp‐cAp, Gp‐cAp, and Tp‐cAp, are 5′‐labeled with [32P]orthophosphate from [γ‐32P]ATP, mediated by polynucleotide kinase (PNK). The 32P‐labeled cA products are separated by two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified by Instant Imager or by a scintillation counter. The assay only requires 1 to 10 μg of DNA sample and is capable of detecting cA lesions at frequencies as low as 1 in 1010 normal nucleotides. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thin current sheet formation in response to the loading and the depletion of magnetic flux during the substorm growth phase
Authors: Hsieh M.‐S. , Otto A.
Published: May 2015

The physics of geomagnetic substorms has been under debate for a long time. Although the growth phase has received less attention than the spectacular expansion phase, the state of the magnetotail at the end of the growth phase, i.e., a thin current sheet (CS) formation is of central importance because it provides the magnetotail conditions for the expansion phase onset. This study investigates CSs evolution during the substorm growth phase. The growth phase physics considered here includes the removal of closed magnetic flux in the near‐Earth tail and the addition of magnetic flux into the tail lobes. It is found that two separate CSs evolve at distinct locations in the near‐Earth and the midtail region in response to the depletion and the loading of magnetic flux. The relative current densities in the dual‐current‐sheet configuration depends strongly on whether the depleted or the added magnetic flux dominates. The presented results suggest that substorm expansion onset may be associated only with reconnection onset in the near‐Earth CS, while midtail reconnection causes bursty bulk flows or bubbles.
Realistic simulations of atmospheric gravity waves over the continental U.S. using precipitation radar data
Authors: Stephan Claudia , Alexander M. Joan
Published: May 2015

Convectively forced gravity waves can affect the dynamics of the upper troposphere and middle atmosphere on local to global scales. Simulating these waves requires cloud‐resolving models, which are computationally expensive and therefore limited to case studies. Furthermore, full‐physics models cannot accurately reproduce the locations, timing, and intensity of individual convective rain cells, limiting the validation of simulated waves. Here, we present a new modeling approach that retains the spatial scope of larger‐scale models but permits direct validation of the modeled waves with individual cases of observed waves. Full‐physics cloud‐resolving model simulations are used to develop an algorithm for converting instantaneous radar precipitation rates over the U.S. into a high‐resolution latent heating/cooling field. This heating field is used to force an idealized dry version of the WRF model. Wave patterns and amplitudes observed in individual satellite overpasses are reproduced with remarkable quantitative agreement. The relative simplicity of the new model permits longer simulations with much larger and deeper domains needed to simulate wave horizontal/vertical propagation. Eliminating the complicating factors of cloud physics and radiation this approach provides a link between conceptual and full‐physics models and is suitable for studying wave‐driven far‐field circulation patterns.
Implications of RCP emissions for future changes in vegetative exposure to ozone in the western U.S.
Authors: Lapina Kateryna , Henze Daven K. , Milford Jana B. , Cuvelier Cornelis , Seltzer Michael
Published: May 2015

Future changes in anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors will likely impact seasonal vegetative ozone exposure, W126, in the western U.S. To investigate this, source‐receptor relationships are calculated with the GEOS‐Chem adjoint model and are separated by location, species, and sector. These are used to project changes in W126 through midcentury following representative concentration pathway (RCP) emissions. The overall behavior of W126 is governed by declining domestic emissions. However, foreign emissions of NOx, non‐methane volatile organic compounds, and CO and CH4 abundance can either slow or enhance this trend, depending on scenario. The relative importance of foreign emissions increases as U.S. emissions decline, and, in some cases, the contribution of foreign sources exceeds that of domestic as early as 2020. In 2050, W126 in the western U.S. contributed by Chinese emissions alone, dominated by the industrial sector, is up to 15% higher than in 2000, although such estimates are strongly dependent on scenario.
Modulation of Antarctic vortex composition by the quasi‐biennial oscillation
Authors: Strahan S. E. , Oman L. D. , Douglass A. R. , Coy L.
Published: May 2015

Using a decade of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations, we show distinctly different N2O distributions in Southern Hemisphere winter that depend on the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). Composites of the nitrous oxide (N2O) anomalies calculated for westerly and easterly phases show that QBO‐generated variability originating in the subtropical middle stratosphere fills the midlatitude surf zone by late winter. After the spring vortex breakup, the anomaly is transported to the Antarctic where it remains until the next vortex forms in fall. Trapped in the newly formed vortex, the anomaly descends in isolation through fall and winter, arriving in the Antarctic lower stratosphere in September—about 1 year after it formed. This transport pathway explains previously reported variability of N2O and inorganic chlorine (Cly) inside the Antarctic vortex and demonstrates that the middle stratosphere QBO affects ozone depletion by modulating Antarctic Cly.
MESSENGER observations of magnetospheric substorm activity in Mercury's near magnetotail
Authors: Sun Wei‐Jie , Slavin James A. , Fu Suiyan , Raines Jim M. , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Imber Suzanne M. , Shi Quanqi , Yao Zhonghua , Poh Gangkai , Gershman Daniel J. , Pu Zuyin , Sundberg Torbjörn , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Baker Daniel N.
Published: May 2015

MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) magnetic field and plasma measurements taken during crossings of Mercury's magnetotail from 2011 to 2014 have been examined for evidence of substorms. A total of 26 events were found during which an Earth‐like growth phase was followed by clear near‐tail expansion phase signatures. During the growth phase, just as at Earth, the thinning of the plasma sheet and the increase of the magnetic field intensity in the lobe are observed, but the fractional increase in field intensity could be ∼3 to 5 times that at Earth. The average timescale of the growth phase is ∼1 min. The dipolarization that marks the initiation of the substorm expansion phase is only a few seconds in duration. During the expansion phase, lasting ∼1 min, the plasma sheet is observed to thicken and engulf the spacecraft. The duration of the substorm observed in this paper is consistent with previous observations of Mercury's Dungey cycle. The reconfiguration of the magnetotail during Mercury's substorm is very similar to that at Earth despite its very compressed timescale.
Pollen as atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei
Authors: Steiner Allison L. , Brooks Sarah D. , Deng Chunhua , Thornton Daniel C. O. , Pendleton Michael W. , Bryant Vaughn
Published: May 2015

Anemophilous (wind‐dispersed) pollen grains are emitted in large quantities by vegetation in the midlatitudes for reproduction. Pollen grains are coarse particles (5–150 µm) that can rupture when wet to form submicron subpollen particles (SPP) that may have a climatic role. Laboratory CCN experiments of six fresh pollen samples show that SPP activate as CCN at a range of sizes, requiring supersaturations from 0.81 (± 0.07)% for 50 nm particles, 0.26 (± 0.03)% for 100 nm particles, and 0.12 (± 0.00)% for 200 nm particles. Compositional analyses indicate that SPP contain carbohydrates and proteins. The SPP contribution to global CCN is uncertain but could be important depending on pollen concentrations outside the surface layer and the number of SPP generated from a single pollen grain. The production of hygroscopic SPP from pollen represents a novel, biologically driven cloud formation pathway that may influence cloud optical properties and lifetimes, thereby influencing climate.
Declining rainfall and regional variability changes in Jordan
Authors: Rahman Kazi , Gorelick Steven M. , Dennedy‐Frank P. James , Yoon Jim , Rajaratnam Bala
Published: May 2015

Jordan, with limited rainfall, has per capita water availability of 135 m3/yr making it one of the water‐poorest countries in the world. We analyzed the most comprehensive modern rainfall data set to date, consisting of 44 years of daily measurements from 58 stations primarily in the western, populated and agricultural portion of Jordan over the period 1970–2013 to assess temporal trends, variability, and spatial patterns. From 1995 to 2013, 13 of 19 years showed rainfall less than the mean, which has a probability <8.35% of chance occurrence. We used nonparametric statistical analysis and found 38 of 58 stations experienced an annual rainfall decrease at an average rate of 1.2 mm/yr. Over all 58 stations, the average decrease was 0.41 mm/yr. The annual coefficient of variation of daily rainfall showed a long‐term increase of ∼2–3% at 90% of stations. Analysis of annual variance of daily rainfall suggests decreasing variance in the low rainfall areas to the southwest and east and increasing variance in the high rainfall areas to the northwest, a pattern consistent with principal component analysis. Strict multiple hypothesis testing procedures using the k‐familywise error rate approach reinforced and confirmed the statistically significant regional rainfall decline as well as the spatial patterns of increasing and decreasing rainfall variability.
Rheumatologists’ Views and Perceived Barriers to Using Patient Decision Aids in Clinical Practice
Authors: Zong Jeff Y. , Leese Jenny , Klemm Alexandria , Sayre Eric C. , Memetovic Jasmina , Esdaile John M. , Li Linda C.
Published: May 2015

Objective

To explore rheumatologists’ perceptions of patient decision aids (PtDAs) and identify barriers to using them in clinical practice.

Methods

A cross‐sectional online survey of all members of the Canadian Rheumatology Association (CRA; n = 459) was conducted. We subsequently invited 10 respondents to participate in a 30‐minute telephone interview to further explore their views on using PtDAs in clinical practice. Interview participants were purposefully sampled to achieve a balance in sex, years in clinical practice, and types of practice.

Results

In August and September 2013, 153 CRA members responded to the survey (response rate 33.3%); of those, 113 completed the entire questionnaire. Sixty‐three respondents (55.8%) were male, 54 (47.8%) were ≥50 years of age, and 55 (48.7%) practiced in a multidisciplinary setting. When asked about their intention to use PtDAs, participants rated mean ± SD 5.7 ± 2.9 (where 0 = not likely and 10 = very likely). Sixty‐four (56.6%) believed that rheumatologists were unfamiliar with PtDAs, and 76 (67.3%) thought that PtDAs would disturb their workflow. In‐depth interviews revealed the following: the perception that PtDAs were no different from any other patient education tools, the concern that PtDAs were of limited value in real life since they relied solely on data from randomized controlled trials, and the fear that PtDAs could impair doctor–patient communication.

Conclusion

There was a sense of ambivalence among rheumatologists about PtDAs. Our interviews further revealed concerns regarding the utility and benefits of PtDAs in clinical practice. The results show a need to familiarize physicians with PtDAs and to develop strategies to support their integration in clinical practice.
Association of Physical Fitness With Pain in Women With Fibromyalgia: The al‐Ándalus Project
Authors: Soriano‐Maldonado Alberto , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Aparicio Virginia A. , Estévez‐López Fernando , Segura‐Jiménez Víctor , Álvarez‐Gallardo Inmaculada C. , Carbonell‐Baeza Ana , Delgado‐Fernández Manuel , Ortega Francisco B.
Published: May 2015

Objective

This population‐based cross‐sectional study aimed to characterize the association of different components of physical fitness with pain levels, pain‐related catastrophizing, and chronic pain self‐efficacy in women with fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

A total of 468 women with FM participated. The experience of pain was assessed with different tools (algometry, a numeric rating scale [revised FM impact questionnaire], a visual analog scale, and the bodily pain subscale on the Short Form 36 health survey). We also assessed pain‐related catastrophizing and chronic pain self‐efficacy. Physical fitness was assessed with performance‐based tests (Senior Fitness Test battery and handgrip dynamometry). A standardized composite score was computed for each component of physical fitness (aerobic fitness, muscle strength, flexibility, and motor agility), and their average comprised a clustered global fitness profile.

Results

Overall, higher physical fitness was consistently associated with lower levels of pain, lower pain‐related catastrophizing, and higher chronic pain self‐efficacy (regardless of the pain assessment method and the fitness test evaluated). Muscle strength and flexibility were independently associated with pain (P < 0.005 for both), and participants with high muscle strength plus high flexibility (combined effect) had the lowest levels of pain in this population. Aerobic fitness and flexibility were independently associated with pain‐related catastrophizing (P < 0.001 for both) and chronic pain self‐efficacy (P < 0.001 for both), and participants with high flexibility plus high aerobic fitness (combined effect) had the best catastrophizing and self‐efficacy profiles.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that higher physical fitness is associated with lower levels of pain, lower pain‐related catastrophizing, and higher chronic pain self‐efficacy in women with FM. These results might have implications for future intervention studies in this population.
Transition of Care and Health‐Related Outcomes in Pediatric‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Felsenstein Susanna , Reiff Andreas O. , Ramanathan Anusha
Published: May 2015

Objective

Transition from pediatric to adult care is a complex process and can negatively impact patients with chronic disease. We describe the transition experience of patients with pediatric‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its associated outcomes in adulthood.

Methods

A telephone survey of 41 pediatric‐onset SLE patients was conducted following their transition to adult care. Data on medical and social outcomes during and after the transition were collected. Health status was compared to retrospectively collected baseline data at pediatric discharge.

Results

The mean ± SD followup interval was 5 ± 3.7 years; the mean ± SD age at followup was 24 ± 4.2 years. More than half of patients (22 of 41) experienced transition difficulties, primarily due to loss of insurance and emotional readjustment, which were associated with poor symptom control (P = 0.03) and multiple organ system involvement (P = 0.05) at followup. After the transition, most patients (35 of 41) were followed by an adult‐care rheumatologist, and the majority (37 of 41) reported recent symptoms of active disease; 41% (13 of 29) had developed symptoms suggestive of new renal manifestations following transition. One‐third (15 of 41) reported new or ongoing neuropsychiatric symptoms. Both renal and neuropsychiatric manifestations were associated with unemployment (P < 0.05). Direct referral by a pediatric rheumatologist was associated with fewer hospitalizations following transition (P = 0.04).

Conclusion

The majority of patients transitioned successfully to adult rheumatologic care. Major challenges were loss of insurance and attachment to pediatric providers, highlighting the importance of a structured transition process that focuses on providing emotional and financial guidance. Disease activity in pediatric‐onset SLE remains high throughout adulthood, with morbidity primarily related to renal and neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Estimating the Burden of Osteoarthritis to Plan for the Future
Authors: Marshall Deborah A. , Vanderby Sonia , Barnabe Cheryl , MacDonald Karen V. , Maxwell Colleen , Mosher Dianne , Wasylak Tracy , Lix Lisa , Enns Ed , Frank Cy , Noseworthy Tom
Published: May 2015

Objective

With aging and obesity trends, the incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is expected to rise in Canada, increasing the demand for health resources. Resource planning to meet this increasing need requires estimates of the anticipated number of OA patients. Using administrative data from Alberta, we estimated OA incidence and prevalence rates and examined their sensitivity to alternative case definitions.

Methods

We identified cases in a linked data set spanning 1993 to 2010 (population registry, Discharge Abstract Database, physician claims, Ambulatory Care Classification System, and prescription drug data) using diagnostic codes and drug identification numbers. In the base case, incident cases were captured for patients with an OA diagnostic code for at least 2 physician visits within 2 years or any hospital admission. Seven alternative case definitions were applied and compared.

Results

Age‐ and sex‐standardized incidence and prevalence rates were estimated to be 8.6 and 80.3 cases per 1,000 population, respectively, in the base case. Physician claims data alone captured 88% of OA cases. Prevalence rate estimates required 15 years of longitudinal data to plateau. Compared to the base case, estimates are sensitive to alternative case definitions.

Conclusion

Administrative databases are a key source for estimating the burden and epidemiologic trends of chronic diseases such as OA in Canada. Despite their limitations, these data provide valuable information for estimating disease burden and planning health services. Estimates of OA are mostly defined through physician claims data and require a long period of longitudinal data.
Structure‐Invertible Nanoparticles for Triggered Co‐Delivery of Nucleic Acids and Hydrophobic Drugs for Combination Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Kai , Hu Qida , Zhu Wei , Zhao Mengmeng , Ping Yuan , Tang Guping
Published: May 2015

Here, a new type of structure‐invertible, redox‐responsive polymeric nanoparticle for the efficient co‐delivery of nucleic acids and hydrophobic drugs in vitro and in vivo is reported for the first time, to combat the major challenges facing combination cancer therapy. The co‐delivery vector, which is prepared by conjugating branched poly(ethylene glycol) with dendrimers of two generations (G2) through disulfide linkages, is able to complex nucleic acids and load hydrophobic drugs with high loading capacity through structure inversion. The cleavage of disulfide linkages at intracellular glutathione‐rich reduction environment significantly decreases the cytotoxicity, and promotes more efficient drug release and gene transfection in vitro and in vivo. The co‐delivery carrier also displays enhanced endosomal escape capability and improved serum stability in vitro as compared with G2, and exhibits prolonged residence time and stronger transfection activity in vivo. Most importantly, co‐delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) small interfering RNA (siRNA) exerts a combinational effect against tumor growth in murine tumor models in vivo, which is much more effective than either DOX or Bcl‐2 siRNA‐based monotherapy. The structure‐invertible nanoparticles may constitute a promising stimuli‐responsive system for the efficacious co‐delivery of multiple cargoes in future clinical applications of combination cancer therapies.
Soft, Flexible Freestanding Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes Fabricated from Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Apollo Nicholas V. , Maturana Matias I. , Tong Wei , Nayagam David A. X. , Shivdasani Mohit N. , Foroughi Javad , Wallace Gordon G. , Prawer Steven , Ibbotson Michael R. , Garrett David J.
Published: May 2015

There is an urgent need for conductive neural interfacing materials that exhibit mechanically compliant properties, while also retaining high strength and durability under physiological conditions. Currently, implantable electrode systems designed to stimulate and record neural activity are composed of rigid materials such as crystalline silicon and noble metals. While these materials are strong and chemically stable, their intrinsic stiffness and density induce glial scarring and eventual loss of electrode function in vivo. Conductive composites, such as polymers and hydrogels, have excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties, but are electrodeposited onto rigid and dense metallic substrates. In the work described here, strong and conductive microfibers (40–50 μm diameter) wet‐spun from liquid crystalline dispersions of graphene oxide are fabricated into freestanding neural stimulation electrodes. The fibers are insulated with parylene‐C and laser‐treated, forming “brush” electrodes with diameters over 3.5 times that of the fiber shank. The fabrication method is fast, repeatable, and scalable for high‐density 3D array structures and does not require additional welding or attachment of larger electrodes to wires. The electrodes are characterized electrochemically and used to stimulate live retina in vitro. Additionally, the electrodes are coated in a water‐soluble sugar microneedle for implantation into, and subsequent recording from, visual cortex.
Fabrication and Shell Optimization of Synergistic TiO2‐MoO3 Core–Shell Nanowire Array Anode for High Energy and Power Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Chong , Wu Lingxia , Wang Hai , Zuo Wenhua , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Jinping
Published: May 2015

A novel synergistic TiO2‐MoO3 (TO‐MO) core–shell nanowire array anode has been fabricated via a facile hydrothermal method followed by a subsequent controllable electrodeposition process. The nano‐MoO3 shell provides large specific capacity as well as good electrical conductivity for fast charge transfer, while the highly electrochemically stable TiO2 nanowire core (negligible volume change during Li insertion/desertion) remedies the cycling instability of MoO3 shell and its array further provides a 3D scaffold for large amount electrodeposition of MoO3. In combination of the unique electrochemical attributes of nanostructure arrays, the optimized TO‐MO hybrid anode (mass ratio: ca. 1:1) simultaneously exhibits high gravimetric capacity (ca. 670 mAh g−1; approaching the hybrid's theoretical value), excellent cyclability (>200 cycles) and good rate capability (up to 2000 mA g−1). The areal capacity is also as high as 3.986 mAh cm−2, comparable to that of typical commercial LIBs. Furthermore, the hybrid anode was assembled for the first time with commercial LiCoO2 cathode into a Li ion full cell, which shows outstanding performance with maximum power density of 1086 W kgtotal
−1 (based on the total mass of the TO‐MO and LiCoO2) and excellent energy density (285 Wh kgtotal
−1) that is higher than many previously reported metal oxide anode‐based Li full cells.
A Hybrid Material Approach Toward Solution‐Processable Dielectrics Exhibiting Enhanced Breakdown Strength and High Energy Density
Authors: Han Kuo , Li Qi , Chanthad Chalathorn , Gadinski Matthew R. , Zhang Guangzu , Wang Qing
Published: May 2015

The ever‐increasing demand for compact electronics and electrical power systems cannot be met with conventional dielectric materials with limited energy densities. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the energy densities of dielectrics by incorporating ceramic additives into polymer matrix. In spite of increased permittivities, thus‐fabricated polymer nanocomposites typically suffer from significantly decreased breakdown strengths, which preclude a substantial gain in energy density. Herein, organic–inorganic hybrids as a new class of dielectric materials are described, which are prepared from the covalent incorporation of tantalum species into ferroelectric polymers via in situ sol‐gel condensation. The solution‐processed hybrid with the optimal composition exhibits a Weibull breakdown strength of 505 MV m−1 and a discharged energy density of 18 J cm−3, which are more than 40% and 180%, respectively, greater than the pristine ferroelectric polymer. The superior performance is mainly ascribed to the deep traps created in the hybrids at the molecular level, which results in reduced electric conduction and lower remnant polarization. Simultaneously, the formation of the cross‐linked networks enhances the mechanical strengths of the hybrid films and thus hinders the occurrence of the electromechanical breakdown. This work opens up new opportunities to solution‐processed organic materials with high energy densities for capacitive electrical energy storage.
Progress and Prospects in Symmetrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Two Identical Electrodes
Authors: Su Chao , Wang Wei , Liu Meilin , Tadé Moses O. , Shao Zongping
Published: May 2015

Symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential for improved thermomechanical compatibility of the electrolyte and the electrodes, reduced fabrication cost, and enhanced immunity to coking and sulfur poisoning. While the electrode materials of symmetrical SOFCs are initially limited to those with stable phase structures under both reducing and oxidizing atmospheres, many novel electrode materials are currently being developed and investigated that may undergo a beneficial phase transition or reduction in a reducing atmosphere, although the same material may be used initially for the construction of both anode and cathode. Here, the advances made in the development of electrode materials and structures for symmetrical SOFCs are summarized, including single‐phase electrodes, multi‐phase (composite) electrodes, and those that are reducible upon exposure to a reducing atmosphere. The electrical conductivity, thermomechanical properties, and redox behavior of these electrode materials, together with their performance and stability in different SOFCs, are discussed and analyzed. The problems associated with different types of symmetrical SOFCs are outlined and the materials that show promise as symmetrical electrodes are highlighted, offering critical insights and useful guidelines for knowledge‐based rational design of better electrodes for commercially viable symmetrical SOFCs.