bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of the relationship between the quality of lifestyle counselling and later adherence to the lifestyle changes based on patients with stroke and TIA
Authors: Oikarinen Anne , Engblom Janne , Kyngäs Helvi , Kääriäinen Maria
Published: September 2017

Objective:

To identify associations between lifestyle counselling quality and adherence to lifestyle changes during the 12-month period after discharge.

Setting:

Neurology unit.

Subjects:

Stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients ( n = 98).

Design:

Longitudinal explorative study that utilized data initially collected for quasi-experimental study.

Main measures:

The exploratory measures of Counselling Quality were collected at the hospital on the day of discharge between January 2010 and October 2011, and the outcome measures of Adherence to Lifestyle Change and clinical values were collected 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge.

Results:

There were significant associations between the exploratory and outcome measures over time. Three of the counselling quality parameters, counselling interaction, advantages and resources, were found to be significantly associated with adherence to lifestyle change. In particular, counselling interactiveness was positively associated with physical activity at 3 ( B = 0.31, SD = 0.10, P = 0.004) and 12 ( B = 0.29, SD = 0.13, P = 0.030) months, as was advantages of following the advice at 3 ( B = 0.33, SD = 0.11, P = 0.006) and 12 ( B = 0.34, SD = 0.14, P = 0.021) months. Counselling resources were associated with lower body mass index throughout the entire follow-up period, that is, at 3 ( B = −0.06, SD = 0.02, P = 0.006), 6 ( B = −0.05, SD = 0.02, P = 0.040) and 12 months ( B = −0.05, SD = 0.02, P = 0.022). Furthermore, all aspects of counselling quality were positively related to support from nurses.

Conclusion:

Adherence to lifestyle change is more likely to be attained if lifestyle counselling is interactive, the advantages of following the given advice are perceived as beneficial and the counsellor has sufficient resources.
Property, Geopolitics, and Eurocentrism: The “Great Divergence” and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Duzgun Eren
Published: September 2017

The Ottoman Empire has thus far remained at the margin of the “Great Divergence” debate. Relatedly, no systematic attempt has been made to overcome Eurocentric views about the early modern Ottoman Empire. This paper seeks to fill this gap by problematizing and re-historicizing arguably the core concept of the Great Divergence debate, that is, capitalism. Drawing from the theory of social-property relations, the paper reconsiders the question of the origin of capitalism, and by doing so, provides not only new comparative insights on the early modern Ottoman Empire, but also the preliminary outlines of an alternative non-Eurocentric reading of world historical development.

JEL Classification: N40, P14, P16, P5, P47
Hygrothermal aging effects on axial behaviour of pultruded web–flange junctions and adhesively bonded build-up bridge members
Authors: Xin Haohui , Mosallam Ayman , Liu Yuqing , Wang Congzhe
Published: September 2017

Premature local failure of web/flange junctions of the majority of unstiffened commercially produced pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer composites profiles is inescapable due to lack of fiber continuity at the resin-dominated junction zones. This paper focuses on evaluating both short- and long-term behavior of such junctions when subjected to axial tensile stresses. In this study, the axial mechanical behavior of web/flange junctions of pultruded bridge deck components before and after hygrothermal aging effect is investigated. In the experimental phase, axial tensile tests were performed on six different types of pultruded web–flange junctions to assess axial characteristics of each web/flange junction type. In order to evaluate the hygrothermal behavior of such junctions, axial tensile tests were conducted on web/flange junction specimens that were exposed to both fresh water and artificial seawater environments at temperatures of 40℃, 60℃, and 80℃. Several controlling parameters affecting both strength and stiffness of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer junctions were identified and discussed that include: (i) Junction's web and flange thicknesses, (ii) fillet radius, and (iii) variation of hygrothermal exposure environments. Results of this study indicated that the axial tensile capacity of a pultruded profiles is increased as the thickness of both web and flange increases. Also, it was found that the larger fillet radius of the pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer profile may contribute to a larger axial tensile capacity of pultruded profiles. However, due to variable size and geometry of the resin-rich junction zones and the common manufacturing defects in the form of folded fabric and other fibers misalignment effects, it is difficult to generalize the preceding results. Experimental results also showed that the degradation of web/flange junctions axial tensile strength increases when junctions are exposed to higher temperatures. Also, it was found that the axial tensile characteristics for junctions specimens exposed to freshwater environment are slightly different than those that were exposed to artificial seawater environments.
Assessment and analysis of aged refuse as ammonium-removal media for the treatment of landfill leachate
Authors: He Yan , Li Dan , Zhao Youcai , Huang Minsheng , Zhou Gongming
Published: September 2017

This is the first attempt to explore the sustainability of aged refuse as ammonium-removal media. Batch experiments combined with the aged-refuse-based reactor were performed to examine how the adsorption and desorption processes are involved in the ammonia removal via aged refuse media in this research. The results showed that the adsorption of ammonium by aged refuse occurred instantly and the adsorbed ammonium was stable and less exchangeable. The adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherms well and the n value of 0.1–0.5 indicated that the adsorption of ammonium occurred easily. The maximum adsorbed ammonium occupied less than 10% of the cation exchange capacity in aged-refuse-based reactors owing to the high solid/liquid ratios (50:1–120:1). The synergistic transformations of ammonium within the aged-refuse-based reactor indicated that the cation exchange sites only provide temporary storage of ammonium, and the subsequent nitrification process can be considered the predominant restoration pathway of ammonium adsorption capacity of the reactor. It seems reasonable to assume that there is no expiry for the aged-refuse-based reactor in terms of ammonium removal owing to its bioregeneration via nitrification.
Subjective-Objective Sleep Discrepancy in Older Adults With MCI and Subsyndromal Depression
Authors: DiNapoli Elizabeth A. , Gebara Marie Anne , Kho Terry , Butters Meryl A. , Gildengers Ariel G. , Albert Steven M. , Dew Mary Amanda , Erickson Kirk I. , Reynolds Charles F. , Karp Jordan F.
Published: September 2017

Background/Objectives:

We investigated the prevalence and correlates of discrepancies between self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and objective sleep efficiency (actigraphy) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subsyndromal depression.

Methods:

This was a secondary analysis of a clincial trial with 59 adults aged 60 years and older with MCI and subsyndromal depression. We included baseline data on participants’ subjective sleep quality, objective sleep efficiency, depressive symptoms, insomnia diagnosis, and cognitive functioning.

Results:

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index subjective sleep quality and actigraphy-measured sleep efficiency were not significantly correlated ( r = −.06; P = .64), with 61% of participants having subjective-objective sleep discrepancies. Correlates of subjective-objective sleep discrepancy included the presence of an insomnia diagnosis and impaired memory, particularly delayed memory.

Conclusion:

These findings are important because subjective underestimation of symptoms in older adults with memory impairments may result in sleep disturbances going unrecognized in clinical practice; on the other hand, an insomnia disorder may be a possible remediable contribution to subjective overestimation of sleep disturbances.
Subjective Memory Change, Mood, and Cerebrovascular Risk Factors in Older African Americans
Authors: Sperling Scott A. , Tsang Siny , Williams Ishan C. , Park Moon Ho , Helenius Ira M. , Manning Carol A.
Published: September 2017

Objective:

Subjective memory change (SMC) in older individuals may represent a harbinger of cognitive decline. This study examined the factors associated with SMC in older African Americans (AA), who have greater risk of developing dementia. We predicted that symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as the total number of cerebrovascular risk factors (tCVRFs), but not performances on objective memory measures, would be positively associated with SMC.

Methods:

Ninety-six AA completed brief cognitive testing and answered questions about mood and memory at their primary care appointment. Vascular data were obtained from medical records.

Results:

Symptoms of depression and anxiety, but not performances on objective memory measures, were positively associated with SMC, t(χ2(1) = 16.55 and 12.94, respectively, both P < .001). In nondepressed participants, the tCVRF was important in distinguishing between those with and without SMC.

Conclusions:

In older AA, symptoms of depression or anxiety were associated with SMC. In nondepressed AA, the tCVRFs were important in distinguishing between those with and without SMC.
Family Constitution and Business Performance: Moderating Factors
Authors: Arteaga Rocio , Menéndez-Requejo Susana
Published: September 2017

This study analyzes the relationship between implementing a Family Constitution (Protocol) and future family business performance. We analyze a unique sample of 530 Spanish family businesses. Half of these firms received financial aid from the government to implement a Family Protocol during 2003-2013. The analysis reveals that family businesses that implemented a Family Constitution had significantly improved performance within 2 years after the implementation. The positive relationship between the implementation of a Family Constitution and future firm performance is stronger for firms that had a nonfamily CEO, had multiple family owners, or were controlled by later generations.
Filtering performance and optimization of double-chamber compound hydraulic attenuators
Authors: Yang Fan , Deng Bin
Published: September 2017

At present, double expansion chamber structures are widely used in the field of acoustic attenuation, and two kinds of double-chamber compound structures for hydraulic attenuators are proposed in this paper. A one-dimensional analytical approach was developed to predict the pressure pulsation attenuation performance of these two structures, and comparisons of insertion loss predictions with experimental results illustrated that the one-dimensional approach is suitable for accurate prediction among the research frequency band. This approach was then used to investigate the effects of porosity and geometrical parameters on the pressure pulsation performance of these two double-chamber compound hydraulic attenuators. To optimize the pressure pulsation attenuation performance at the backwash frequency, parameter optimization was performed for these double-chamber compound structures, and a genetic algorithm based on double-precision floating-point encoding was proposed. The results showed that the range of attenuation frequency bands was widened; however, the effect on low frequency filtering characteristics was limited. The insertion loss of the second structure, which had a partially perforated tube, exhibits a superposition of dome attenuation and axial resonance in the plane wave region. By choosing the length and location of the perforated section to match resonances with the troughs of the pulsation attenuator, a desirable broadband pressure pulsation attenuation can be obtained.
Association between the use of protease inhibitors in highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Echecopar-Sabogal Jose , D’Angelo-Piaggio Lorenzo , Chanamé-Baca Diego M , Ugarte-Gil Cesar
Published: September 2017

This systematic review and meta-analysis tries to determine whether there is an association between the use of protease inhibitors (PIs) and the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or metabolic syndrome (MS) in HIV-infected patients. A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, CENTRAL, LILACS, and EMBASE. Included articles were observational studies published on or prior to November 2015 that met specific inclusion criteria. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria, describing 13,742 HIV patients. Use of PIs was associated with the development of MS (RR: 2.11; 95% CI 1.28–3.48; p-value 0.003). No association between the use of PIs and development of DM was found: the HR for the incidence of DM among patients using PIs was 1.23 (95% CI 0.66–2.30; p-value: 0.51) and the RR was 1.25 (95% CI 0.99–1.58; p-value 0.06). Use of PIs in HIV-infected patients is associated with an increased risk of MS. No evidence of an increased risk of DM was found. However, because MS is a precursor to DM, it is possible that studies with a longer follow-up duration are needed in order to detect an association between PI use and onset of DM.
Categories and Constraints in Causal Perception
Authors: Kominsky Jonathan F. , Strickland Brent , Wertz Annie E. , Elsner Claudia , Wynn Karen , Keil Frank C.
Published: September 2017

When object A moves adjacent to a stationary object, B, and in that instant A stops moving and B starts moving, people irresistibly see this as an event in which A causes B to move. Real-world causal collisions are subject to Newtonian constraints on the relative speed of B following the collision, but here we show that perceptual constraints on the relative speed of B (which align imprecisely with Newtonian principles) define two categories of causal events in perception. Using performance-based tasks, we show that triggering events, in which B moves noticeably faster than A, are treated as being categorically different from launching events, in which B does not move noticeably faster than A, and that these categories are unique to causal events (Experiments 1 and 2). Furthermore, we show that 7- to 9-month-old infants are sensitive to this distinction, which suggests that this boundary may be an early-developing component of causal perception (Experiment 3).
Rotation therapy for maniacs, melancholics and idiots: theory, practice and perception in European medical and literary case histories
Authors: Dickson Sheila
Published: September 2017

This article examines the development and use of rotation therapy in the emerging field of psychiatry at the beginning of the 19th century, and the cross-fertilization between British, Irish, German, French and other European proponents of ‘Cox’s Swing’. Its short-lived popularity is linked to prevalent Enlightenment thought, to the development of an industrial and technological society, to the modern medical theories of irritability, and to the new practice of ‘moral management’ of the mentally ill. Case studies documenting the use of the Swing are considered from these perspectives, and are compared with contemporary public reactions in the form of publications in newspapers and of a literary text by German Romantic author Ludwig Achim von Arnim.
Effect of the number of turbine blades on the air flow within a solar chimney power plant
Authors: Ayadi Ahmed , Driss Zied , Bouabidi Abdallah , Abid Mohamed Salah
Published: September 2017

Solar chimney power plants generate thermal heat and electrical power using the radiation from sun. These systems are characterized by their high costs. In fact, it is required to optimize the components of the solar system such as the collector, the chimney, the absorber, and the turbine. This paper focuses on the effect of the number of turbine blades on the air flow within a small prototype of a solar chimney power plant. Four configurations with different turbine blades are proposed to study the effect of the turbine blades number on the thermal characteristics of a solar chimney power plant. For each configuration, the distribution of the magnitude velocity, the air temperature, the pressure, the turbulent kinetic energy, and the turbulent viscosity are presented and discussed. This paper is identified to be of interest for engineers and designers for increasing the power output of a solar chimney power plant.
Unlikely reformer: Dr Henry Calvert Barnett (1832–1897)
Authors: Martyr Philippa
Published: September 2017

Objective:

To provide a brief biography of Western Australian colonial lunacy superintendent Dr Henry Calvert Barnett.

Method:

A range of primary sources were consulted.

Results:

Barnett was a complex man: a caring and forward-thinking practitioner who had a colourful and turbulent private life.

Conclusions:

Barnett’s contribution to mental health service development in Western Australia was genuine and worthwhile, and should be recognised.
Daughters’ Perceptions of Their Relationships With Their Fathers After Parents’ Divorce
Authors: Kelly Tina M.
Published: September 2017

The topic of fathers’ and daughters’ relationships has been explored on many levels. Authors inform readers that fathers are very important figures in their daughters’ life. It suggests that daughters elaborate on their first experience related to love, comfort, discomfort, honor, and disappointments of their father relationship with them. In the article “Divorced Fathers and Their Daughters: A Review of Recent Research,” Neilson explains that many believe daughters continually pay the price for parents’ divorce, as a result of receiving too little or no fathering after parents’ marriage ends.
Impact of Computed Tomography on Operative Planning for Ankle Fractures Involving the Posterior Malleolus
Authors: Donohoe Steven , Alluri R. Kiran , Hill J. Ryan , Fleming Mark , Tan Eric , Marecek Geoffrey
Published: September 2017

Background:

The purpose of this study was to (1) Determine the effect of computed tomography (CT) on identification of fractures involving the posterior malleolus, (2) determine its effect on operative indications, and (3) determine its effect on the overall operative plan.

Methods:

Patients with ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus were identified. Only injuries with complete preoperative plain radiographs and a CT scan were included. Spiral tibia fractures and pilon variants were excluded. The plain radiographs were deidentified, randomized, and presented to 3 orthopedic surgeons. They were asked 3 questions: (1) Is this fracture simple or complex? (2) Does the injury require direct visualization and reduction? and (3) How would you position the patient and approach the fracture? The same process was repeated for the CT scans. A total of 376 posterior malleolus injuries were identified and 25 met the inclusion criteria.

Results:

A complex fracture pattern was identified on 44% of plain radiographs and 56% of CT scans. The surgeons chose to operate in 84% of cases based on plain radiographs and 92% of cases based on CT scan. The observers changed their operative approach or positioning 44% of the time after reviewing CT images. The interobserver and intraobserver correlation coefficients were moderate.

Conclusion:

The use of CT scan changed operative positioning and approach in 44% of cases. There was no significant change in characterization or operative indications when comparing plain radiographs to CT scan. CT scan may be a valuable tool in the management of ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnostic Level III, comparative series.
Cluster analysis for family management of Chinese children with chronic kidney diseases
Authors: Sheng Nan , Ma Jiali , Ding Wenwen , Zhang Ying
Published: September 2017

This study aimed to identify patterns of family management and its predictors based on the perception of the care experience from 339 caregivers of Chinese children with chronic kidney disease in multiple medical centers. Each caregiver completed the Family Management Measure questionnaires. Cluster analysis generated five patterns: effective (12.7%), impaired (14.5%), burdensome (21.2%), disorganized (27.7%), and concerning (23.9%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that child’s age, disease duration, family income, and paternal employment predicted cluster membership. Findings assist healthcare providers to distinguish families that need more help and the areas in which to intervene to promote families’ overall coping and adaptation.
Comparative Process-oriented Research Using Social Media and Historical Text
Authors: Murthy Dhiraj
Published: September 2017

This article evaluates whether we can use process-oriented theory to conduct comparative, historical social media research. There is a lack of theoretically informed approaches to studying recently digitized historical text with contemporary social media. This article argues that such perspectives are needed and extends Norbert Elias’ notions of ‘sociogenesis’ and ‘psychogenesis’ into data-driven research. Canonical process-oriented researchers such as Elias used mixed-methods approaches, including visual maps and quantitative surveys. By comparing 17th-century digitized diaries and 5 million digitized books from Google Books with contemporary tweet data, this study provides a successful case of comparing tweets with historical printed text at a big data scale. Moreover, quantitative methods are important to process-oriented methodologies and can be extended to big data empirical sources. An important finding is that there are similarities in the curation of everyday life in elite historical diaries and in more democratic forms of contemporary social media. Although accessibility and volume of content have changed over time from historical text to tweets, we found that there is a marked preference for certain words associated with communal sentiment over the centuries.
Stigma avoidance through visual contextualization: Adult toy play on photo-sharing social media
Authors: Heljakka Katriina , Harviainen J Tuomas , Suominen Jaakko
Published: September 2017

While the benefits of play have been widely recognized, carrying out activities with toys at adult age is still often seen as stigmatizing behaviour. Some adults solve this issue by referring to their toy activities as either hobbies or collecting. Yet, the primary purpose of toys is play. People may therefore utilize their toys for new kinds of play. One popular decision is the utilization of toys in photographs and videos aiming at personalization and storytelling on social media. Using eight interviews, we point out that this visual contextualization of play ties into not only the adults’ sublimation of their desires to use their toys but also to threads of cultural history in which sublimated or substituted artistic uses have been found for objects. Finally, we show that this activity too is a form of play, made possible by the existence of photo-sharing sites like Flickr and Instagram.
‘Boundless informant’: Insecurity in the age of ubiquitous surveillance
Authors: Masco Joseph
Published: September 2017

This article considers how technological revolution in digital technologies is effecting scholarship, activism, and privacy in the United States. Examining the revelations of Edward Snowden about National Security Agency domestic programs, it considers the status of the security ‘file’ and the role of anthropology in engaging a world without privacy.
Conceptualizing spatial types
Authors: Castilhos Rodrigo B. , Dolbec Pierre-Yann
Published: September 2017

In this essay, we develop a typology of spaces. We highlight the broader dynamics at play in the structuring of space and its role in marketing and propose that spaces can be characterized as either public, market, emancipating, or segregating. These four types of space are structured along two main dynamics: a contradiction between contestation and consensus and a contrariety opposing participation to privatization. For each type, we map out existing literature and research opportunities in the study of consumption, markets, and space. We also analyze the possible transitions between the spatial types following the transformations in the arrangement of forces in society. We offer a template of how to devise novel research opportunities by providing a detailed account of the dynamics at the center of the transition from public to market spaces.
Peer Leaders Increase Organ Donor Designation Among Members of Historically African American Fraternities and Sororities
Authors: Loughery Caitlin , Zhang Nanhua , Resnicow Ken , Chapman Remonia , Magee John C. , Andrews Ann M.
Published: September 2017

Introduction:

Health education programs can positively impact organ donor designation among African Americans, a disproportionately represented group on the transplant waiting list. Alumni chapters of historically African American sororities and fraternities are a novel setting for organ donation education and research.

Research Questions:

This study tested the effectiveness of a lay health advisor model to increase donor designation registrations on the Michigan Organ Donor Registry among members of Midwest alumni chapters. The secondary outcome was change in attitudes toward donation assessed by pre–post questionnaire.

Design:

Sorority/fraternity members were trained to deliver educational presentations during a 12-month period. Follow-up messaging consisted of tailored newsletters and e-mails. A cluster randomized design was utilized with 25 chapters (16 sororities and 9 fraternities) assigned to intervention (organ donation) or comparison (chronic disease).

Results:

Odds of signing up for the donor registry were 1.45 times higher for the intervention group than the comparison group. Among those identified as nondonors at baseline, the odds of signing up were 1.58 times higher for intervention than comparison.

Discussion:

Using lay health advisors in African American sororities and fraternities can increase enrollment in a donor registry. Alumni chapters offer a unique and viable setting for organ donation education and research; relationship building with chapter officials is key to success.
Discussion Panel: General Aviation Weather: Human Factors Issues and Current Research
Authors: Ortiz Yolanda , Blickensderfer Beth , Johnson Ian , Johnson Chris , Caldwell Barrett , Beringer Dennis
Published: September 2017

Weather-related incidents account for the majority of general aviation accidents. Fortunately, a body of on-going, human factors research exists aimed at understanding and addressing this problem. The purpose of this session is to highlight that research. Topics will include the adequacy of pilots’ aviation weather knowledge and skills, weather information presentation, and use of technology to assess pilot performance and to improve pilot training. The session is designed to lead a discussion about the complexity of aviation weather, the dangers of weather in GA flight and the research underway to minimize the hazards and improve air safety.
The Comparative Benefits and Hazards of EFBs and Paper Documents in the Cockpit
Authors: Sweet John , Vu Kim-Phuong L. , Battiste Vernol , Strybel Thomas Z.
Published: September 2017

Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are replacing the traditional paper documents used by pilots for pre-flight planning and in-flight operations. Simulation studies comparing information retrieval times and error rates for EFBs and paper documents have found that pilots are faster and perform better with EFBs, but it is unclear whether this is true for all EFB systems. This study compared reports from the ASRS across categorical variables such as Human Factors Issue, Outcome, Function in Use, Operating Regulations and Phase of Flight. The most significant human factors issues relating to EFBs were lack of training, distractions/workload, and inhibited access to information. Crewmembers consistently ran into difficulty with the zooming/panning feature of EFBs, especially on multi-touch touchscreen displays.
Neural Correspondence to Human Cognition from Analysis to Intuition – Implications of Display Design for Cognition
Authors: Nuamah Joseph K. , Seong Younho
Published: September 2017

Psychophysiological measures can be used to determine whether a particular display produces a general difference in brain function. Such information might be valuable in efforts to improve usability in display design. In this preliminary study, we aimed to use the electroencephalography (EEG) task load index (TLI), given by the ratio of mean frontal midline theta energy to mean parietal alpha energy, to provide insight into the mental effort required by participants performing intuition-inducing and analysis-inducing tasks. We employed behavioral measures (reaction time and percent correct), and a subjective measure (NASA-Task Load Index) to validate the objective measure (TLI). The results we obtained were consistent with our hypothesis that mental effort required for analysis-inducing tasks would be different from that required for intuition-inducing tasks. Although our sample size was small, we were able to obtain a significant positive correlation between NASA-Task Load Index and TLI.
Communication in the Spaceflight Multi-Team System: Training and Technology Recommendations to Support Boundary Spanners
Authors: Anania Emily C. , Disher Timothy J. , Kring Jason P. , Iwig Chelsea L. , Keebler Joseph R. , Lazarra Elizabeth H. , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2017

Long-duration exploration missions (LDEMs) in space rely on the coordinated efforts of a large, dynamic, and global multi-team system (MTS) that crosses organizational, geographic, cultural, and temporal boundaries. A key role in the spaceflight MTS is the leader who connects or spans the boundaries between distinct teams and supports the development of team cognition. The purpose of the present paper is to provide recommendations on how to train “boundary spanner” leaders and the tools they use to coordinate and communicate with teams in the context of a LDEM MTS. To this end, we address four specific questions focused on 1) how the MTS will change for future missions, 2) identifying the primary boundary spanners, 3) identifying the key attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions (ABCs) for effective boundary spanners, and 4) communication technologies to support the development of team cognition in the MTS. Results indicate six critical boundary spanner roles in the NASA Mission Control Center and 12 ABCs that should be trained. We conclude with concrete recommendations for NASA and its partners to empirically test different training approaches and commercial task management tools the MTS can use to improve communication efficiency and accuracy.
Improvising Organizational Structure and Process: The Case of Post-disaster Debris Removal Operations
Authors: Zhang Xin , Mendonça David , Grabowski Martha , Holmes Christopher
Published: September 2017

Organizations are often called upon to restructure their work processes—and themselves—in nearly real-time to deal with unplanned-for contingencies. However, researchers are seldom present at the right place and time to deploy specialized instrumentation and thus capture appropriate data on these improvisations. Somewhat paradoxically, now more than ever, organizations are producing vast quantities of data on work process and structure. The goal of this work is to draw upon one such data set—on post-disaster recovery operations—to explore the interplay between improvised organizational structure and processes. The result of this work shows the pattern of organizational improvising behavior and elicits the relationship between ideation and decision making - two elemental processes of organizational improvisation. Future work directions are also discussed.
Operator Suspicion and Decision Responses to Cyber-Attacks on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Systems
Authors: Gay Chris , Horowitz Barry , Elshaw John , Bobko Philip , Kim Inki
Published: September 2017

Cyber-attacks against cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as unmanned vehicles, are emergent threats with potentially catastrophic impacts, and this issue has drawn considerable interest by military agencies. Abundant body of research has attempted to address the physical security aspects of CPS; however, research addressing the human dimensions of cyber-attack detection and responses from an operator and operational perspective is sparse. This research has provided a novel probe into the human factors affecting operator resilience in responding to cyber-attacks, which are situations characterized by uncertainty and malicious intent. The variability of individual operators makes it improbable to grasp the full range of factors contributing to operator performance; however, the application of Suspicion Theory as proposed by Bobko et al. (2013), provides a starting point to aid in understanding operator performance in situations involving malicious intent (e.g. a cyber-attack). According to the theory, malicious intent is a critical component of operator suspicion, which is a key factor in operator response to cyber-attacks. The current research explored this human dimension through scenario-based, human-in-the-loop simulation experiments with Air Force personnel. It included both abstract and empirical assessments of the application of Suspicion Theory to operator detection and responses to cyber-attacks against an unmanned vehicle system, and it took a systems-oriented approach to the problem by considering the interaction of a Human-Machine Team (HMT) in the response. The HMT here refers to an operator and a Sentinel, which is an automated cyber-attack detection aid. The study evaluated the effects of suspicion, as well as the effects of perceived consequence, on the operator, and the resulting HMT quality of performance in responding to alerts, including both false alarms and properly detected cyber-attack scenarios. The findings show that Sentinel alerts alone do not create operator suspicion. Instead, alerts can serve as a catalyst for a wider information search by the operator, which, on a situational basis can lead to formation of increased operator suspicion. The analysis of experimental results pointed to a negative correlation between operator suspicion and performance score that measured the quality of a response to the given scenario. In addition, a strong correlation between HMT performance score and task response time was noted.
Mission-Coded Map Icon Decision Aids for Play-Based Multi-Unmanned Vehicle Autonomy Delegation
Authors: Bartik Jessica , Ruff Heath , Behymer Kyle , Frost Elizabeth , Calhoun Gloria , Spriggs Sarah , Hammack Taleri
Published: September 2017

An extended play-based human-autonomy interface paradigm was designed to support rule-based and knowledge-based behaviors for human operators tasked with managing twelve unmanned vehicles (UVs). The present research evaluates how autonomy might provide additional decision support that helps the operator correlate new mission events with the required tasks/plays to be initiated, along with the locations each play should be initiated. Each of eight participants performed 240 trials in which they designated a location or vehicle on the map in response to mission-related event prompts in a chat window. Experimental manipulations included the presence or absence of pictorial mission-coded icons on the map, the clutter level of the map, and whether or not satellite imagery was presented on the map. Both the objective performance data and subjective ratings indicated that map designations in response to mission event prompts were significantly faster when the mission-coded icons were presented on the map. Additionally, questionnaire ratings were more favorable when the mission icons were used (e.g., higher perceived performance and less workload). Suggestions are made for follow-on research.
Performance of dismounted soldiers during waypoint navigation in darkness using GNSS-supported digital map or paper map
Authors: Stenius Charlotte , Oskarsson Per-Anders , Svensson Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Navigating in unknown terrain on foot in darkness is in many aspects challenging. This can be facilitated by support of GNSS positioning, digital maps and night vision devices. To investigate the advantages of technical support and its use in darkness, an experimental study was performed. In this study, dismounted soldiers equipped with a night vision device navigated in darkness with either a GPS device (with digital map) or a paper map and compass. The results showed that the distance traversed was shorter and that the soldiers needed significantly less time to navigate when supported by the GPS device compared to using a paper map and compass. The main reason for this difference was that the proportion of time in motion was significantly larger when the GPS device was used. Also, subjective ratings showed significantly higher preference for the GPS device than for the paper map and compass.
UX in Varied Domains: Similarities and Differences Presented Pecha Kucha Style
Authors: Nguyen Vickie , Cheng Lara , Loh Sinlee
Published: September 2017

Pecha Kucha is a presentation format where presenters are only able to use twenty images to describe their project or a specific topic for a grand total of six minutes and forty seconds. Specifically, the presentation consists of twenty images presented at twenty seconds each. This alternative format forces presenters to provide a focused presentation on their specific topic and creates a means to spark innovation by potentially helping presenters and audience members uncover unexpected ideas together. This session will help push conference participants to consider how UX is used similarly or differently in various Human Factors domains and how to adapt these methods into their own work domain. Our hope is that this session will help display a unique way of participating in an UX Day Challenge Session as well as spark innovation in the Human Factors field. This session continues the mission of using User Experience Day to introduce new session formats to the HFES Annual Meeting and attract User Experience Practitioners.
Psycognia: The Development of a Passive Gaming Environment for Use in Undergraduate Psychology Classes
Authors: Klisans Daniela E. Vazquez , Kelling Nicholas J.
Published: September 2017

Research has shown that games are able to engender educational settings that better the process of learning and enhance the execution and achievement of tasks. These studies, however, have only used games with automatic, responsive interfaces, or active games. Although effective, these video games necessitate the expenditure of human, physical, and monetary resources, and are, therefore, not inclusive of all populations. Alternatively, passive games are structured around the same principles as active games, but do not require programmed platforms. This study presents the theoretical design, development and implications of a passive game that is to be used in undergraduate psychology classes.
An Algorithmic Solution to Improve Command Centre Layout
Authors: Wang Wenbi
Published: September 2017

A genetic algorithm was developed in this study to optimize the spatial layout of military command centres. The algorithm uses a textual string as the genetic encoding method, two genetic operations (i.e., selection and swap) for simulating an evolution process, a fitness function that reflects a human factors characterization of workplace layout requirements, and an elitist strategy for improving its search efficiency. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a simulation experiment was conducted using a hypothetical one dimensional layout problem. The results revealed that the algorithm identified the complete list of solutions that are theoretically optimal for the test problem. Compared to exhaustive search, the proposed algorithm increased search efficiency by more than 99%.
Nighttime Photography & Videography: Techniques & Tips
Authors: Young Jason , Muttart Jeffrey W. , Suway Jeff , Cohen Joe
Published: September 2017

Investigation of nighttime motor vehicle collisions represents one of the most challenging aspects of collision reconstruction. Nighttime collisions with motorcycles, pedestrians, cyclists, skateboarders, or wildlife will often require the investigator to assess the visibility of the struck object from the driver perspective at the time of the collision. Since lighting conditions, weather conditions and traffic conditions are continually changing, the ability of the investigator to create a perfect re-enactment is, by definition, not usually possible. As such, the investigator must make use of nighttime visibility assessment techniques to best reproduce the conditions at the time and correctly account for all other factors that are not in the investigator’s control. The goal of this panel discussion session is to share the combined experience and knowledge of the panelists with the audience regarding the tried-and-tested best practice techniques and tips of conducting nighttime collision re-enactments.
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up Approaches to User Segmentation: The Best of Both Worlds
Authors: Mereu Stefania , Newman Matt , Peterson Michelle , Taylor Eric , White-Sustaita Jessica , Yeats Dave
Published: September 2017

Within the fast-paced world of Lean and Agile software development, researchers are always on the lookout for methods that allow for rapid data gathering and analysis, while still yielding robust design recommendations. This paper considers the use cases for “top-down” hypothesis testing and “bottom-up” statistical cluster analysis, within survey research on user behaviors and needs. Comparing the application of each method on the same data set shows that statistical cluster analysis can create rich data-driven personas that inform user needs and preferences and provide design teams with insightful recommendations in a short amount of time. This method also increases the potential for gaining unexpected information from quantitative data—an achievement typically viewed as within the purview of qualitative research alone. Using both approaches to the same dataset allowed us to both answer specific questions for the design team, and learn new insights from the bottom up.
Improving the Timing of Conference Presentations Using Web Applications
Authors: Green Paul
Published: September 2017

Four rules are suggested to keep sessions on time. 1: While the current presenter is answering questions about their presentation, the following presenter should be connecting their laptop and loading their presentation. This eliminates about a half minute of dead time between presenters. 2: For other than the plenary presenter, the session chair should only give the name of the next presenter as a cue to start their presentation as other introductory information is on the presenter’s first slide. This saves about a minute. 3: Project a second-accurate time of day display (e.g., time.gov) so everyone knows when the session should start. 4: Show a countdown clock with large digits showing the remaining time (e.g., online-stopwatch.com ) on a monitor in front of the presenter, and make it apparent to the presenter (by flashing the time) and the audience (by ringing a bell) when the presenter should stop.
Design Research Strategies for a Total Artificial Heart
Authors: Foster L. Bryant
Published: September 2017

Human factors formative and validation testing have become a part of the regulatory submission process for new medical devices in the U.S. and Europe. However, there are additional design research methods that manufacturers should consider implementing before and during development to ensure their products are safe, usable and desirable. Many manufacturers avoid conducting design research due to regulatory requirements to document adverse events. This paper discusses contextual research and participatory design performed to gather user needs for a new Total Artificial Heart TAH-t) user interface as well as strategies for conducting research with current users to comply with regulatory constraints.
Personalized Learning in Medical Education: Designing a User Interface for a Dynamic Haptic Robotic Trainer for Central Venous Catheterization
Authors: Yovanoff Mary , Pepley David , Mirkin Katelin , Moore Jason , Han David , Miller Scarlett
Published: September 2017

While Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a viable method for training new medical residents, it has not yet reached all areas of training. One area lacking such development is surgical residency programs where there are large learning curves associated with skill development. In order to address this gap, a Dynamic Haptic Robotic Trainer (DHRT) was developed to help train surgical residents in the placement of ultrasound guided Internal Jugular Central Venous Catheters and to incorporate personalized learning. In order to accomplish this, a 2-part study was conducted to: (1) systematically analyze the feedback given to 18 third year medical students by trained professionals to identify the items necessary for a personalized learning system and (2) develop and experimentally test the usability of the personalized learning interface within the DHRT system. The results can be used to inform the design of VR and personalized learning systems within the medical community.
Human Factors in the Wild: SOLUTIONS for Mitigating the Negative Impact of Interruptions in Healthcare (Discussion Panel)
Authors: Xiao Yan , Rivera A. Joy , Probst C. Adam , Blocker Renaldo , Wolf Laurie , Kellogg Kathryn M.
Published: September 2017

This discussion panel will focus on solutions for mitigating the negative impact of interruptions in healthcare. Five human factors practitioners who work within healthcare systems will present solutions of mitigating the negative impact of interruptions on safety and quality with the acknowledgement that interruptions in and of themselves should not be viewed as purely negative (i.e. some interruptions are not only necessary but beneficial to patient care). Additionally, one panelist will focus on the difficulties in bridging the gap between research and practice in this arena. The session will lead to an interactive discussion about how human factors methods can be adapted and applied to identify and develop realistic, impactful solutions that improve safety by eliminating the negative impact of interruptions in applied healthcare settings.
Human Factors Analysis of Infection Prevention Practices in the Anesthesia Work Environment
Authors: Franklin Ella , Stein Lucy
Published: September 2017

The department of anesthesia for a Washington, D.C. hospital engaged the MedStar National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare to identify opportunities for improving the anesthesia work environment with aims to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission during operating room procedures. The human factors approach included operating room visits for observation and thematic analysis to identify emerging themes. Process inconsistencies in hand hygiene and cleaning practices were indicative of system vulnerabilities, including organizational influences and the design of the physical environment. Work-space design recommendations as well as strategies to improve infection control processes and safety culture are presented.