Tranexamic Acid to Prevent Bleeding in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Severe Thrombocytopenia (TREATT trial). a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Estcourt Lise J , McQuilten Zoe K , Bardy Peter , Cole-Sinclair Merrole , Collins Graham P. , Crispin Philip J , Curnow Jennifer , Degelia Amber , Dyer Claire , Fox Vanessa , Friebe Adam , Floro Lajos , Grand Effie , Hudson Cara , Jones Gail , Joseph Joanne , Kallmeyer Charlotte , Karakantza Marina , Kerr Paul , Last Sara , Lobo-Clarke Maria , Lumley Matthew , McMullin Mary Frances , Medd Patrick G. , Morton Suzy M , Mumford Andrew David , Mushkbar Maria , Parsons Joe , Powter Gillian , Sekhar Mallika , Soutar Richard , Stevenson William S. , Subramoniapillai Elango , Sutherland Robyn , Szer Jeff , Waters Neil A , Wei Andrew H. , Westerman David Alan , Wexler Sarah A , Wood Erica M. , Stanworth Simon J 
Published: December 2023

Conclusions

LJE & ZM and EMW & SJS contributed equally

Patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies continue to have a high burden of clinically significant bleeding (WHO grade 2 or above) despite receiving prophylactic platelet transfusions (43% in TOPPS trial, NEJM 2013).

One potential approach to reduce the burden of bleeding is antifibrinolytic therapy, which has been shown to reduce bleeding and transfusion needs in patients undergoing surgery.

The Trial to EvaluAte Tranexamic acid therapy in Thrombocytopenia (TREATT) is a double-blind randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients with hematologic malignancies with severe thrombocytopenia (EudraCT number 2014-001513-35).

We enrolled adults with hematologic malignancies having intensive chemotherapy or a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) who were expected to have severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count ≤10x10 9/L for ≥5 days) at 16 UK and 11 Australian sites. We stratified randomization by site.

We randomized participants to receive TXA (1g iv or 1.5g orally) or placebo (saline or capsule/tablet) 8-hourly from when platelet count ≤30x10 9/L or as soon as possible if the platelet count was already ≤ 30x10 9/L (no later than 72 hours after start of chemotherapy or HSCT). We stopped treatment if the unsupported platelet count reached ≥ 30x10 9/L, thrombosis occurred, or patient had received 30 days treatment.

Patients received red cell and platelet transfusions according to national transfusion guidelines. Bleeding assessments were performed by trained research staff (inpatients) or via a patient diary, with significant bleeding reported to clinicians (outpatients), using validated tools.

The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who died or had bleeding of WHO Grade 2 or above from study day 1 ([D1], first day of treatment) to D30. We used marginal Cox proportional hazards regression modelling (adjusted for site to account for clustering) to compare the two arms. Secondary outcomes included: safety outcomes (thrombotic events to D120) and use of blood components.

Recruitment was affected by the COVID pandemic. We randomized 616 participants between June 2015 and February 2022 and included 597 in the modified intention to treat (mITT) analysis (platelet count ≤ 30x10 9/L for ≥ 1 day and no exclusion criteria). 16 participants were lost to follow-up prior to D120 (8 each arm); we included them in analyses if possible.

Participant mean age was 55.6 years (SD12.2), 38.2% (236/616) were women, 42.9% (264/616) had AML, 35.1% (216/626) autograft and 25.4% (156/626) allograft.

There was no evidence of a difference in the risk of death or ≥ Grade 2 bleeding between the TXA and placebo arms (HR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.27; p-value 0.62). 29.0% (87/300) of participants in the TXA arm and 32.7% (97/297) in the placebo arm experienced ≥ Grade 2 bleeding, 66.0% (198/300) of participants in the TXA arm and 73.4% (218/297) in the placebo arm experienced ≥ Grade 1 bleeding. There was no evidence of a difference in the risk of death to D30 (HR 2.72; 95% CI 0.29, 25.36; p-value 0.38), however there were only 11 deaths overall. No patient died from bleeding (to D30) or thrombosis (to D120).

The proportion of participants surviving to D30 without a platelet transfusion was 8.3% in TXA arm (95% CI: 5.4, 11.9), 6.4% placebo arm (95% CI 3.9, 9.7) (HR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.02; p-value 0.10). The proportion of participants surviving to D30 without a red cell transfusion was 29.4% in TXA arm (95% CI: 24.1, 34.8), 20.5% placebo arm (95% CI 16.0, 25.4) (HR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.93; p-value 0.003).

13 participants developed thrombosis to D120: 2 arterial events (1 each arm), and 11 venous (7 TXA arm, 4 placebo). 5 participants developed veno-occlusive disease (VOD) to D60 (3 TXA arm, 2 placebo).

Additional secondary outcomes (Table 1).

Prophylactic TXA had no effect on the incidence of WHO Grade ≥2 bleeding or death when given in addition to prophylactic platelet transfusions to severely thrombocytopenic patients undergoing therapy for hematologic malignancies. The results are consistent with those of a similar trial (A-TREAT, Blood 2022). These results indicate no role for TXA to prevent WHO ≥ Grade 2 bleeding in this patient population. There was no evidence that TXA increases the risk of venous or arterial thrombosis, or VOD, despite use for up to 30 days.