bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The discovery of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) in Taiwan with the description of a new species, including its web architecture
Authors: HORMIGA GUSTAVO , DIMITROV DIMITAR
Published: October 2017

We report for the first time the occurrence of pimoids (Araneoidea, Pimoidae) in Taiwan, describe Putaoa seediq new species, revise the genus diagnosis accordingly, and illustrate for the first time the web architecture of Putaoa based on field photographs. Males of Putaoa species differ from other pimoids in having distinctively large macrosetae on the pedipalpal tibia and/or cymbium and by the absence of typical cuspules, such as those found in Pimoa and Weintrauboa. In addition, Putaoa species lack a median apophysis and have a relatively short and non-filiform embolus. In Putaoa the metatarsus I is unmodified, while sinuous in the males of most Weintrauboa species. Females of Putaoa are diagnosed by their relatively flat epigynum with lateral openings, relatively short copulatory ducts and medial fertilization ducts.
A Climate for Art: Enhancing Scientist–Citizen Collaboration in Bangladesh
Authors: Stiller-Reeve Mathew , Naznin Zakia
Published: October 2017

In our climate research project in Bangladesh, we work closely with local rural communities. The communities have designed their own citizen science projects in close dialogue with the project’s climate scientists. The climate scientists have also directed their research based on the stories the communities previously shared in longer narrative interviews. In order for the citizen science to be a success, a sense of community and good team spirit is essential. We collaborated with a Bangladeshi artist to achieve some important goals. Not only did we want to create new and exciting outreach materials, but, more importantly, we also wanted to see how the artistic process could nurture a sense of community for the local participants. Despite being limited by time, we saw some promising outcomes from the collaboration. The artist successfully interacted with the project researchers and the local participants. The final artwork was a real collaboration between the artist and the participants, who felt pride and ownership in the results.
Genesis and Development of Spring Rainstorms in Northern Southeast Asia: Southwest China–Northern Indochina and the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang , Tsay Jenq-Dar , Yen Ming-Chang
Published: October 2017

During May and June, the monsoon rainfall in northern Southeast Asia is primarily produced by rainstorms. At the mature stage, these storms, coupled with a midtropospheric subsynoptic-scale trough, produce rainfall ≥50 mm (6 h)−1and exhibit a cyclonic surface vortex. With a scale ~ O(102) km, rainstorms during the period of 1979–2016 are identified with station and satellite observations, along with assimilation data. Several dynamic processes of rainstorm geneses are disclosed by an extensive analysis. 1) Maximum occurrence of rainstorm geneses is located in the midtroposphere of two regions (northern Vietnam–southwestern China and the northern South China Sea), but eventually penetrates downward to the surface. 2) The environment favorable for rainstorm genesis is a southwest–northeast-oriented narrow trough formed by the confluence of the midtropospheric northeasterly around the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the lower-tropospheric monsoon southwesterlies. Because the criterion for Charney–Stern instability is met by the shear flow of this narrow trough, rainstorms are likely initiated by this instability. 3) The majority of rainstorm geneses occurs during the evening over the land and the morning at sea. This timing preference is caused by the modulation of the clockwise rotation of the East Asia continent circulation in response to the diurnal variation of the land–sea thermal contrast. These new findings from this study offer not only a new perspective for the genesis mechanism of the late spring–early summer rainstorms in northern Southeast Asia, but also a new initiative to develop medium-range forecasts for these rainstorms.
Elevated Mixed Layers and Associated Severe Thunderstorm Environments in South and North America
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno Z. , Bosart Lance F.
Published: October 2017

This study presents a climatological and composite analysis of elevated mixed layers (EMLs) in South and North America derived from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. The EMLs are identified based on objective criteria applied to the reanalysis data. Composite analyses of synoptic-scale conditions and severe weather parameters associated with spring EML cases are presented. EMLs are more frequent immediately to the east of the Andes and the Rockies. The North American EMLs form by surface heating over the higher terrain of the Rockies, with peak frequency occurring in spring and summer. EMLs in South America are generated by differential temperature advection due to ageostrophic circulations east of the Andes, as indicated by the temperature lapse rate tendency equation, which relates to the higher frequency of EMLs during the cold season in South America. EMLs over North America are about 100 hPa lower than over South America due to the lower height of the Rockies in comparison to the Andes. The synoptic conditions associated with EMLs in South and North America are characterized by an upper-level trough upstream and low-level moisture flux convergence due to poleward-directed flow, favoring synoptic-scale ascent poleward of the EML location, where the convective inhibition is relatively low. When EMLs occur, higher surface-based convective available potential energy and low-level storm-relative helicity, in association with lower lifting condensation level heights observed in North America, indicate that surface-based supercell storms and tornadoes are more likely to occur on this continent in comparison with South America, corroborating observations.
A New Risk Factor Profile for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Who Underwent an Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Yuan Ying , Qiu Hong , Song Lei , Hu Xiaoying , Luo Tong , Zhao Xueyan , Zhang Jun , Wu Yuan , Qiao Shubin , Yang Yuejin , Gao Runlin
Published: October 2017

We developed a new risk factor profile for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) under a new definition in patients who underwent an emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Consecutive patients (n = 1061) who underwent an emergency PCI were divided into a derivation group (n = 761) and a validation group (n = 300). The rates of CI-AKI were 23.5% (definition 1: serum creatinine [SCr] increase ≥25% in 72 hours), 4.3% (definition 2: SCr increase ≥44.2 μmol/L in 72 hours), and 7.0% (definition 3: SCr increase ≥44.2 μmol/L in 7 days). Due to the high sensitivity of definition 1 and the high rate of missed cases for late diagnosis of CI-AKI under definition 2, definition 3 was used in the study. The risk factor profile included body surface area <1.6 m2 ( P = .030), transient ischemic attack/stroke history ( P = .001), white blood cell count >15.00 × 109/L ( P = .047), estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ( P = .002) or baseline SCr >133 μmol/L ( P = .007), intra-aortic balloon pump application ( P = .006), and diuretics administration ( P < .001), showing a significant predictive power in the derivation group and validation group. The new risk factor profile of CI-AKI under a new CI-AKI definition in emergency PCI patients is easily applicable with a useful predictive value.
Changes in Ocular Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness After Carotid Endarterectomy Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lareyre Fabien , Nguyen Elisabeth , Raffort Juliette , Carboni Joseph , Doyen Jérôme , Hassen-Khodja Réda , Gastaud Pierre , Chofflet Jacques , Jean-Baptiste Elixène
Published: October 2017

The influence of both severe chronic carotid stenosis and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on ocular tissue has been poorly evaluated. The goal of this study was to measure subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), before and after CEA, in patients with severe carotid stenosis. Consecutive patients (n = 36) with severe carotid stenosis were prospectively included. Patients (n = 19) were followed up at 1 and 3 months after CEA. The SFCT was measured bilaterally using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Preoperatively, the median SFCT of the ipsilateral eye did not differ significantly from the contralateral eye (223 vs 236 µm; P = .75). In the ipsilateral eye, the mean SFCT was significantly higher at 1 month postsurgery and the effect was maintained at 3 months (226.3 ± 17.1 at 3 months vs 210.8 ± 16.5 µm at baseline; P < .001). For the contralateral eye, the increase in SFCT reached statistical significance at 3 months (220.1 ± 11.3 at 3 months vs 214.8 ± 11.5 µm at baseline; P = .04). The mean SFCT significantly increased bilaterally after CEA, with a more noticeable effect in the ipsilateral eye. Further studies are required to determine whether EDI-OCT could be useful as a potential marker of ophthalmologic outcomes.
Quantitative Detection of Ethanol/Acetone in Complex Solutions Using Raman Spectroscopy Based on Headspace Gas Analysis
Authors: Zhao Yubin , Yamaguchi Yoshinori , Liu Chenchen , Sekine Shinichi , Dou Xiaoming
Published: October 2017

This paper demonstrated the quantitative detection of ethanol and acetone mixtures in complex solutions with Raman spectroscopy based on headspace gas analysis. By analyzing the volatile components in the headspace, their concentrations in liquid solutions were determined. We constructed our own Raman spectroscopy system to detect the headspace gas quantitatively over a solution in a sealed vial. The Raman spectra of the headspace gases over standard solutions were standardized for finding the concentrations of ethanol, acetone, and ethanol–acetone in mixture solutions. The results showed that the concentration of a gaseous component in the headspace gas was proportional to its ratio in the liquid solution. We obtained a linear relationship between the spectral intensity of volatile components in headspace and the concentration of the liquid solutions. Then, we analyzed the alcohol concentration in a white wine and a Chinese liquor called Fen Chiew by measuring the Raman spectra of the headspace gas over their liquids. For the river water sample, we also implemented our headspace gas detection with Raman spectra to obtain the concentration of acetone in the river sample. This work demonstrated the facilitation of headspace gas analysis by the qualitative and quantitative determination of volatile substances from liquid samples using Raman spectroscopy.
Disentangling the Roles of Institutional and Individual Poverty in the Identification of Gifted Students
Authors: Hamilton Rashea , McCoach D. Betsy , Tutwiler M. Shane , Siegle Del , Gubbins E. Jean , Callahan Carolyn M. , Brodersen Annalissa V. , Mun Rachel U.
Published: October 2017

Although the relationships between family income and student identification for gifted programming are well documented, less is known about how school and district wealth are related to student identification. To examine the effects of institutional and individual poverty on student identification, we conducted a series of three-level regression models. Students of poverty are generally less likely to be identified for gifted services, even after controlling for prior math and reading achievement. Furthermore, school poverty predicts the percentage of gifted students identified in a school. Within districts, even after controlling for reading and math scores, the poorer schools in a district have lower identification rates. Whereas students of poverty are generally less likely to be identified for gifted services, poor students in poor schools are even less likely to be identified as gifted.
The ‘transportation disadvantaged’: Urban form, gender and automobile versus non-automobile travel in the Detroit region
Authors: Lee Jieun , Vojnovic Igor , Grady Sue C
Published: October 2017

Urban decentralisation in the USA during the past five decades has created an automobile-dependent landscape characterised by low-densities, largely single-use zoning and disconnected street networks. Longer distances between dispersing destinations, resulting from urban decentralisation, negatively affects the mobility of socially disadvantaged groups, including women, minorities and lower-income populations. Furthermore, the urban poor and minorities in communities experiencing severe disinvestment and decline, as evident in Detroit, suffer from greater transportation burdens in accessing basic necessities, such as employment and shopping. This study explores gendered travel patterns in six neighbourhoods within the Detroit region, including neighbourhoods experiencing severe disinvestment and decline. This analysis into the gendered dimensions of travel, with a particular focus placed on women, involves a full array of trips, including work and non-work. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) were used to further examine gender differences by childcare responsibility in an extensive array of disaggregated travel, including trips to work, shopping and personal services, restaurant visits and leisure destinations. This study reconfirms that the traditional gender role is reflected in women’s daily travel. It also reveals the burdens of travel placed on women living in racially segregated and socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods experiencing extreme disinvestment and decline. In addition, the research shows the importance of class and race in shaping travel behaviour.
Multiplicative Models For Continuous Dependent Variables: Estimation on Unlogged versus Logged Form
Authors: Petersen Trond
Published: October 2017

In regression analysis with a continuous and positive dependent variable, a multiplicative relationship between the unlogged dependent variable and the independent variables is often specified. It can then be estimated on its unlogged or logged form. The two procedures may yield major differences in estimates, even opposite signs. The reason is that estimation on the unlogged form yields coefficients for the relative arithmetic mean of the unlogged dependent variable, whereas estimation on the logged form gives coefficients for the relative geometric mean for the unlogged dependent variable (or for absolute differences in the arithmetic mean of the logged dependent variable). Estimated coefficients from the two forms may therefore vary widely, because of their different foci, relative arithmetic versus relative geometric means. The first goal of this article is to explain why major divergencies in coefficients can occur. Although well understood in the statistical literature, this is not widely understood in sociological research, and it is hence of significant practical interest. The second goal is to derive conditions under which divergencies will not occur, where estimation on the logged form will give unbiased estimators for relative arithmetic means. First, it derives the necessary and sufficient conditions for when estimation on the logged form will give unbiased estimators for the parameters for the relative arithmetic mean. This requires not only that there is arithmetic mean independence of the unlogged error term but that there is also geometric mean independence. Second, it shows that statistical independence of the error terms on regressors implies that there is both arithmetic and geometric mean independence for the error terms, and it is hence a sufficient condition for absence of bias. Third, it shows that although statistical independence is a sufficient condition, it is not a necessary one for lack of bias. Fourth, it demonstrates that homoskedasticity of error terms is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for absence of bias. Fifth, it shows that in the semi-logarithmic specification, for a logged error term with the same qualitative distributional shape at each value of independent variables (e.g., normal), arithmetic mean independence, but heteroskedasticity, estimation on the logged form will give biased estimators for the parameters for the arithmetic mean (whereas with homoskedasticity, and for this case thus statistical independence, estimators are unbiased, from the second result above).
‘I Myself am an Israelite’: Paul, Authenticity and Authority
Authors: Eyl Jennifer
Published: October 2017

This article argues that Paul prefers to present himself as an Israelite instead of a Judean for strategic purposes (Phil. 3.5; 2 Cor. 11.13; Rom. 9.4 and 11.1). I examine how Paul simultaneously makes use of claims to ethnic authenticity and his connection to the primordial past in authorizing his gospel message. The article draws on contemporary and ancient comparanda to demonstrate the appeal and function of discourses of ethnicity and antiquity in attracting and convincing Gentile followers. I use anthropological models of ‘instrumental authenticity’ and ‘situational ethnicity’ to examine Paul’s claims, and suggest that scholars’ traditional arguments of insider (Israelite) vs outsider (Judean) language do not go far enough; insider/outsider claims are more complex than scholars have allowed, and using the aforementioned anthropological models sheds light on Paul’s construction of his own authority.
Deception in the Speech Profile of the Johannine Jesus (John 7.1-10)
Authors: Smith Tyler
Published: October 2017

The Johannine Jesus regularly speaks in terms that are ‘misunderstood’ by dialogue partners. That is, Jesus’ dialogue partners fail to appreciate his words in the profound register he apparently intends and which the paradigmatic reader is apparently able to grasp. Taken at face value, however, in a mundane register, the remarks constitute acts of deception. The exchange between Jesus and his brothers in Jn 7.1-9, combined with the narrator’s comment in 7.10, offers the clearest instance of this pattern. Jesus’ brothers hear his words in a mundane sense, are deceived and depart. The figure of Jesus, furthermore, despite having preternatural access to ‘what was inside a person’ (cf. 2.24-25), appears unaffected by their deceived state and does nothing to remedy it. This too is consistent with his speech profile in the Fourth Gospel, where he is represented as uninterested in guiding conversation partners towards the profound, higher-order ‘truths’ of his verbal revelations. These tendencies of the Johannine Jesus to mislead his conversation partners on the mundane level and subsequently leave them in the dark, I argue, have been largely obscured by a tradition of apologetic hermeneutics reaching from antiquity to modern New Testament study.
The meaning of trans* in a family context
Authors: Dierckx Myrte , Platero R. Lucas
Published: October 2017

Though research into gender transition has grown in the social sciences and policy has turned its attention to the rights of trans* people, the social and family environment in which gender transition takes place is often overlooked. Based on qualitative data from two projects in Belgium and Spain addressing the experiences of parents and children undertaking a gender transition, this article explores the experiences of these families. First, we look into the reflective processes that take place within these families. Second, we look into the experience of stigmatisation and the relationship between trans* families and health professionals. These findings have implications for trans* families as well as for policy makers and trans* health professionals.
Delayed and disordered development of articulation and phonology between four and seven years
Authors: Dodd Barbara , Ttofari-Eecen Kyriaki , Brommeyer Katherine , Ng Kelly , Reilly Sheena , Morgan Angela
Published: October 2017

Some children’s speech impairment resolves spontaneously. Others have persistent problems affecting academic and social development. Identifying early markers that reliably predict long-term outcome would allow better prioritization for preschool intervention. This article evaluates the significance of different types of speech errors, made by 93 four-year-olds in a longitudinal population cohort study, for performance at seven years. At four years, the non-age appropriate speech errors made on standardized assessments were categorized as: phonologically delayed (error patterns typical of younger children); or, some errors atypical of normal development, including consistent errors (e.g. word initial consonant deletion), inconsistent pronunciations of the same word, or lateral distortion of /s, z/). Delayed children, some with occasional interdental /s, z/ articulation errors, were more likely to resolve (67%) than those making atypical errors (35%) by seven years. Qualitative analyses indicated that children making few atypical errors were more likely to resolve, irrespective of total number of errors or whether they received intervention. The findings’ theoretical implications relate to deficits underlying phonological disorders. Clinical implications concern assessment measures and prioritization for intervention.
What’s happening? And other questions obligating complete sentences as responses
Authors: Jean-Baptiste Rachel , Klein Harriet B , Brates Danielle , Moses Nelson
Published: October 2017

This study was designed to examine the strength of question types to obligate complete responses from children, and the effect of age and play context. Participants were typically developing children (mean ages 2;8, 3;4 and 4;7), who engaged in play with three speech-language pathologists in play contexts. Questions posed to the children were coded by semantic content (Epistemic, Procedural Action, External State, and Causal). Children’s responses were coded for syntactic complexity (complete or incomplete sentences). The effect of question type on response was analysed. All questions yielded high proportions of complete responses, which increased with age. There were no statistically significant differences between question type and completeness of response except for a significant difference found for External State when multi-verb responses were analysed. The results support the use of these question types in play settings with children to promote expression of complete sentences.
A scoping review of the needs of children and other family members after a child’s traumatic injury
Authors: Jones Samantha , Davis Naomi , Tyson Sarah F
Published: October 2017

Objective:

To review children’s and their families’ needs after a child’s traumatic injury and assessment tools to measure needs.

Data sources:

Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases (2005–September 2017) were searched and screened for papers (of any design) investigating children’s and families’ needs after a child’s traumatic physical injury.

Review methods:

Data regarding children’s and families’ needs were extracted by two independent raters. Methodological quality of the identified papers was not assessed. Thematic content analysis drew out the key needs.

Results:

A total of 12 studies were identified, involving 932 participants including 105 injured adolescents and 827 family members or professionals. The needs of children under 12 years were identified indirectly from families or professionals. Most studies focussed on traumatic brain injuries. Two groups of needs were identified: person-related and service-related. Person-related needs were categorized into adolescent-specific needs, need for support with cognitive, emotional, social and physical problems and help with practical problems. Service-related needs were categorized into the need for information, educational needs and support during care transitions (specifically access to community-based services). These needs were largely unmet, particularly regarding information, emotional support and care transitions, which were compounded by professionals’ limited understanding of the children’s difficulties. We found no published measurement tools to assess children’s and families’ needs after a child’s traumatic injury.

Conclusion:

The evidence about children’s and families’ needs following a child’s traumatic injury was limited, but needs for information, emotional support and access to community-based services were consistently unmet.
Tight coupling of astrocyte energy metabolism to synaptic activity revealed by genetically encoded FRET nanosensors in hippocampal tissue
Authors: Ruminot Iván , Schmälzle Jana , Leyton Belén , Barros L Felipe , Deitmer Joachim W
Published: October 2017

The potassium ion, K+, a neuronal signal that is released during excitatory synaptic activity, produces acute activation of glucose consumption in cultured astrocytes, a phenomenon mediated by the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 ( SLC4A4). We have explored here the relevance of this mechanism in brain tissue by imaging the effect of neuronal activity on pH, glucose, pyruvate and lactate dynamics in hippocampal astrocytes using BCECF and FRET nanosensors. Electrical stimulation of Schaffer collaterals produced fast activation of glucose consumption in astrocytes with a parallel increase in intracellular pyruvate and biphasic changes in lactate . These responses were blocked by TTX and were absent in tissue slices prepared from NBCe1-KO mice. Direct depolarization of astrocytes with elevated extracellular K+ or Ba2+ mimicked the metabolic effects of electrical stimulation. We conclude that the glycolytic pathway of astrocytes in situ is acutely sensitive to neuronal activity, and that extracellular K+ and the NBCe1 cotransporter are involved in metabolic crosstalk between neurons and astrocytes. Glycolytic activation of astrocytes in response to neuronal K+ helps to provide an adequate supply of lactate, a metabolite that is released by astrocytes and which acts as neuronal fuel and an intercellular signal.
Measuring changes in functional ability in older children and young people with acquired brain injury using the UK FIM + FAM
Authors: Austin Dalya , Frater Tai , Wales Lorna , Dunford Carolyn
Published: October 2017

Introduction

There is a need for validated and responsive measurement tools to demonstrate changes in functional ability. Existing outcome measurement tools have significant limitations for children and young people with acquired brain injury (ABI).

Aim

This study examines the potential of the UK Functional Independence Measure + Functional Assessment Measure (UK FIM + FAM) to detect clinical change in older children and young people with ABI.

Method

This is a secondary retrospective pretest–post test analysis of 72 children and young people age 8–17 years. Internal responsiveness was examined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and effect sizes indices; external responsiveness was examined in relation to the Neurological Impairment Scale (NIS) using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.

Results

Highly significant changes were detected from admission to discharge on motor, cognitive and total UK FIM + FAM scores ( p < 0.001). Medium to large effect sizes were found on the total scale indicating good internal responsiveness. There was a significant, negative correlation between UK FIM + FAM change scores and NIS change scores ( p < 0.01) indicating good external responsiveness.

Conclusion

The UK FIM + FAM was able to detect clinically meaningful change in functional ability in children and young people with ABI over 8 years. Further validity and reliability must be established before recommending its use in this client group.
Investing for profit, investing for impact: Moral performances in agricultural investment projects
Authors: Kish Zenia , Fairbairn Madeleine
Published: October 2017

The recent global boom in agricultural investment has spurred much normative critique of “land grabbing,” but amidst this critical scrutiny investor morality has remained a black box. This article examines the role of ethical narratives in advancing the financialization of nature by comparing how agricultural investment projects are pitched and implemented among two different groups of investors: mainstream agricultural investors and impact investors. We analyze the different discursive strategies used by these distinct financial communities to position themselves as ethical investor-subjects while also showing that, within both groups, some form of moral performance is necessary to maintaining legitimacy and profitability. Mainstream agricultural investors, we argue, perform morality primarily through economic and agricultural productivity, while explicit claims of socially or environmentally responsible investing serve mostly to mitigate reputational risk and preempt the value destruction of potential bad publicity. For impact investors, on the other hand, moral storytelling is essential to value generation. Their solicitation of capital involves persuading potential investors of both the value of their individual projects and the ethical framework guiding the entire sector. Finally, we present two case studies—a large-scale farmland acquisition in Mozambique and an impact investment farming project in Ghana—which demonstrate how moral performances can falter when put into practice. These case studies shed light on the co-creation of economic and moral value in markets by demonstrating how—beyond formal evaluative metrics—the everyday moral narratives of investors play a pivotal role in expanding the financial penetration of nature.
Variation in the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Origin in the Skeletally Immature Knee: An Anatomic Study
Authors: Shea Kevin G. , Martinson W. Duncan , Cannamela Peter C. , Richmond Connor G. , Fabricant Peter D. , Anderson Allen F. , Polousky John D. , Ganley Theodore J.
Published: October 2017

Background:

The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is frequently reconstructed to treat recurrent patellar instability. The femoral origin of the MPFL is well described in adults but not in the skeletally immature knee.

Purpose:

To identify a radiographic landmark for the femoral MPFL attachment in the skeletally immature knee and study its relationship to the distal femoral physis.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Thirty-six cadaveric specimens between 2 and 11 years old were dissected and examined (29 male and 7 female). Metallic markers were placed at the proximal and distal borders of the MPFL femoral origin footprint. Computed tomography scans with 0.625-mm slices in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were used to measure the maximum ossified height and ossified depth. The measurements were used to describe the position of the midpoint MPFL attachment with respect to the posterior-anterior and distal-proximal dimensions of the femoral condyle on the sagittal view and to describe the distance from the physis to the femoral origin of the MPFL.

Results:

In 23 of 36 specimens, the femoral origin of the MPFL was distal to the physis. Thirteen of the 36 specimens had an MPFL origin at or proximal to the physis, with a more proximal MPFL origin consistently seen in older specimens. The distance of the MPFL origin to the physis ranged from 15.1 mm distal to the physis to 8.3 mm proximal to the physis. The mean midpoint of the MPFL femoral origin was located 3.0 ± 5.5 mm distal to the physis for all specimens. For specimens aged <7 years, the mean MPFL origin was 4.7 mm distal to the physis, and for specimens aged ≥7 years, the mean MPFL origin was 0.8 mm proximal to the femoral physis. The MPFL origin was more proximal and anterior for those aged ≥7 years and more distal and posterior for those aged <7 years.

Conclusion:

Surgical reconstruction of the MPFL is a common treatment to restore patellar stability. There appears to be significant variability in the origin of the MPFL in skeletally immature specimens. This study demonstrated that the MPFL origin was more proximal and anterior with respect to the physis in the older age group. The MPFL origin footprint may be customized for different age groups.

Clinical Relevance:

This information shows anatomic variation of the MPFL origin with age, with older specimens having a footprint that was more proximal and anterior than younger specimens. Customization of the surgical technique might be considered based on patient age.
Why were Dutch East Indiamen so slow?
Authors: Solar Peter M. , de Zwart Pim
Published: October 2017

The speed of ships is a crucial variable in shipping productivity. Despite the dominance of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Eurasian trade in the early modern era, its ships were generally slower than those of other companies. This article investigates the causes of this gap in shipping speeds. We dismiss reasons that highlight more numerous stops, longer routes, inferior navigation and restrictive instructions, and emphasize differences in ship design resulting from constraints imposed by the Dutch shallow inland waterways, and the slow adoption of copper sheathing in the late eighteenth century, as plausible explanations.
Whatever happened to those villains of the Indian seas? The happy retirement of the Madagascar pirates, 1698–1721
Authors: Holroyd Ryan
Published: October 2017

This article argues that the pirates who sailed the Indian Ocean during the early eighteenth century faced a different set of challenges to those confronting their counterparts in the Atlantic and Caribbean. The passage of Britain’s East India Act in 1698 left them economically isolated and with no choice but to continue as pirates in the short term. But as no European empire was able to suppress them, over the course of the next two decades they found ways to transition out of piracy. Some were able to bribe their way into non-British colonies, and many others settled in Madagascar and began participating in the slave trade. These pirates therefore were neither hapless rebels nor utopians crushed by the expansion of European empires. They were opportunists who used piracy as a temporary means to improve their positions in the world, while actively seeking ways to reintegrate themselves into the commercial markets of an increasingly international economy.
Design and testing of an innovative electro-hydraulic actuator for a semi-active differential
Authors: Pulcinelli Andrea , Pugi Luca , Vinattieri Francesco , Capitani Renzo , Annicchiarico Claudio
Published: October 2017

The performance of semi-active differential systems is deeply influenced by the way in which they are actuated. Conventional semi-active systems are actuated by pressure-controlled hydraulic actuators that, despite their good dynamical behaviour, are relatively inefficient. In this work, the authors propose an innovative controlled hydraulic pump solution that is able to drastically improve the efficiency and to reduce the overall encumbrances, maintaining very high performance in terms of dynamical behaviour and corresponding frequency response. The authors investigate design criteria of the proposed solution, describe a simulation model and validate design and simulation models with experimental data.
Unsteady numerical investigation of two different corrugated airfoils
Authors: Ho WH , New TH
Published: October 2017

An unsteady, two-dimensional numerical study was conducted to investigate the aerodynamic and flow characteristics of two bio-inspired corrugated airfoils at Re = 14,000 and compared with those of a smooth NACA0010 airfoil. Mean aerodynamic results reveal that the corrugated airfoils have better lift performance compared to the NACA0010 airfoil but incur slightly higher drag penalty. Mean flow streamlines indicate that this favourable performance is due to the ability of the corrugated airfoils in mitigating large-scale flow separations and stall. Unsteady flow field results show persistent formations of small recirculating vortices that remain within the corrugations at 10° angle-of-attack or less for one of the corrugated airfoil and below 15° for the other. In contrast, the flow behaviour can be highly turbulent with regular pairings of large-scale flow separation vortices along the upper surface at higher angles-of-attack. This not only disrupts the small recirculating vortices and causes them to detach from the corrugated surfaces, but it gets increasingly dominant at higher angles-of-attack resulting in regular lift and drag oscillations. At the end of each cycle, there is a sudden ejection of flow perpendicular to the airfoil surface and these disruptions manifest themselves as “kinks” in the instantaneous lift and drag of the corrugated airfoils. Therefore instead of regular fluctuations, the lift and drag curves have additional undulations. Despite that, the corrugations are able to produce larger pressure differentials between the upper and lower surfaces than the smooth airfoil. The current study demonstrates the intricate relationships between different sharp surface corrugations and favourable aerodynamic performance. In particular, results from this paper supports earlier investigations that corrugated airfoils may be used to good effects even at low Reynolds numbers, where flow separations are more likely.
Disentangling the Sources of Mimicry: Social Relations Analyses of the Link Between Mimicry and Liking
Authors: Salazar Kämpf Maike , Liebermann Helén , Kerschreiter Rudolf , Krause Sascha , Nestler Steffen , Schmukle Stefan C.
Published: October 2017

Mimicry is an important interpersonal behavior for initiating and maintaining relationships. By observing the same participants ( N = 139) in multiple dyadic interactions (618 data points) in a round-robin design, we disentangled the extent to which mimicry is due to (a) the mimicker’s general tendency to mimic (imitativity), (b) the mimickee’s general tendency to evoke mimicry (imitatability), and (c) the unique dyadic relationship between the mimicker and the mimickee. We explored how these mimicry components affected liking and metaperceptions of liking (i.e., metaliking). Employing social relations models, we found substantial interindividual differences in imitativity, which predicted popularity. However, we found only small interindividual differences in imitatability. We found support for our proposition that mimicry is a substantially dyadic construct explained mostly by the unique relationship between two people. Finally, we explored the link between dyadic mimicry and liking, and we found that a person’s initial liking of his or her interaction partner led to mimicry, which in turn increased the partner’s liking of the mimicker.
Strategically Communicating Minds
Authors: Mercier Hugo , Dezecache Guillaume , Scott-Phillips Thom
Published: October 2017

Several recent theories postulate communicative functions for cognitive mechanisms previously thought to have individualistic functions—in particular, reasoning and metacognition. These theories join older theories suggesting that many of our behaviors have communicative functions, for instance to communicate emotions or to influence how people perceive us. Using the framework of the evolution of communication, we offer a series of questions to test these hypotheses. The first question is whether the mechanism enables effective communication. The second question takes into account the different strategic incentives between agents who send signals and those who receive them, asking whether receivers can discriminate beneficial from harmful signals. However, serving a function well is not sufficient evidence that a mechanism evolved to this end in particular. Accordingly, the third question bears on whether the mechanism serves other purported functions well and the fourth on whether some of its features can be explained as specifically serving a communicative function. An overview of the literature suggests that these questions have been experimentally addressed for some cognitive mechanisms (reasoning in particular) but not others. This framework thus opens up avenues for further research that will enable researchers to better test hypotheses regarding the communicative functions of cognitive mechanisms.
Process-Tracing Methods in Decision Making: On Growing Up in the 70s
Authors: Schulte-Mecklenbeck Michael , Johnson Joseph G. , Böckenholt Ulf , Goldstein Daniel G. , Russo J. Edward , Sullivan Nicolette J. , Willemsen Martijn C.
Published: October 2017

Decision research has experienced a shift from simple algebraic theories of choice to an appreciation of mental processes underlying choice. A variety of process-tracing methods has helped researchers test these process explanations. Here, we provide a survey of these methods, including specific examples for subject reports, movement-based measures, peripheral psychophysiology, and neural techniques. We show how these methods can inform phenomena as varied as attention, emotion, strategy use, and understanding neural correlates. Two important future developments are identified: broadening the number of explicit tests of proposed processes through formal modeling and determining standards and best practices for data collection.
Cross-sectional STEPwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) Population Survey of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and Risk Factors in Brunei Darussalam 2016
Authors: Ong Sok King , Lai Daphne Teck Ching , Wong Justin Yun Yaw , Si-Ramlee Khairil Azhar , Razak Lubna Abdul , Kassim Norhayati , Kamis Zakaria , Koh David
Published: October 2017

This article provides a cross-sectional weighted measurement of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and risk factors prevalence among Brunei adult population using WHO STEPS methodology. A 2-staged randomized sampling was conducted during August 2015 to April 2016. Three-step surveillance included (1) interview using standardized questionnaire, (2) blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, and (3) biochemistry tests. Data weighting was applied. A total of 3808 adults aged 18 to 69 years participated in step 1; 2082 completed steps 2 and 3 measurements. Adult smoking prevalence was 19.9%, obesity 28.2%, hypertension 28.0%, diabetes 9.7%, prediabetes 2.1%, and 51.3% had fasting cholesterol level ≥5 mmol/L. Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables prevalence was high at 91.7%. Among those aged 40 to 69 years, 8.9% had a 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk ≥30%, or with existing CVD. Population strategies and targeted group interventions are required to control the NCD risk factors and morbidities.
Foundation trainees and changes in career intentions
Authors: Joiner Adam B , Mahmood Shamsa , Dearman Samuel P , Maddicott Sarah
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

To understand whether foundation trainees change their career intentions during psychiatry placements and explore what factors influence such changes.

Methods:

Over a two-year period, foundation trainees completed questionnaires at the beginning, middle and end of their four-month placement. There were two questions, the first as to how likely they were to pursue a career in psychiatry and the second openly asked them to elaborate on their reasons.

Results:

Twenty-one out of 41 eligible trainees returned all three questionnaires. The number of trainees ‘highly likely’ to choose psychiatry increased over the four-month period, from 4.5% to 19%. The number of trainees ‘highly unlikely’ to choose psychiatry decreased, from 27.3% to 9.5%. An increasingly positive intention towards a psychiatry career appeared to relate to enjoyment of the placement and the quality of supervision. The most common reason for not choosing psychiatry was a pre-existing interest in another specialty.

Conclusions:

Undertaking a psychiatry placement during the foundation programme continues to increase the likelihood of a positive attitude towards psychiatry as a career. The findings of our study suggest good practice in providing foundation placements in psychiatry includes identifying medical school experience, enjoyment, quality weekly supervision and mindful experiential design of placements.
Surrender, Catch, and the Imp of Fieldwork
Authors: Whitaker Emilie Morwenna , Atkinson Paul
Published: October 2017

We build on the work of Kurt Wolff to capture some distinctive aspects of ethnographic fieldwork. Drawing on the sociology of knowledge and phenomenology, Wolff introduced and developed the idea of surrender-and-catch to encapsulate the twin processes of engagement and reflection. Although Wolff’s ideas were not developed exclusively in relation to ethnography, he grounded them in his own community study. But he extended the general idea to encompass virtually any aspect of sociological or phenomenological analysis. We extend the idea to incorporate what we call the “imps” of ethnographic fieldwork. For neither surrender nor catch are themselves predictable or perfectly under the ethnographer’s control. Although fieldwork is itself unpredictable, there may be many unanticipated “catches.” Moreover, there is often an ethnographic “imp” that intrudes itself, questioning the very desirability or good sense of the fieldwork itself. The imps arise unbidden but can pose searching, sometimes unwelcome though ultimately productive questions. We illustrate the article from a brief fieldwork encounter with the world of studio photography.
After the Escape: Physical Abuse of Offspring, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Legacy of Political Violence in the DPRK
Authors: Emery Clifton R. , Yoo Jieun , Lieblich Amia , Hansen Randall
Published: October 2017

What is the relationship between victimization by political violence against women in North Korea and later physical abuse of offspring? This article examines the relationships between victimization by political violence, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol abuse/dependence, and abuse of offspring after arrival in South Korea. A random sample of 204 female North Korean defectors was used to test hypotheses. An oral history conducted with a survivor of North Korean political violence is provided in an appendix to contextualize the results. Analyses established a significant link between previous victimization by political violence and abuse of offspring but not mediation by either PTSD or alcohol abuse/dependence.
What are public moods?
Authors: Ringmar Erik
Published: October 2017

‘Public moods’ are often referred to in laymen’s accounts of public reactions to social events, yet the concept has rarely been invoked by social scientists. Taking public moods seriously as an analytical concept, this article relies on recent work on the moods of individuals as a means of exploring the moods of the public. To be in a certain mood is to attune oneself to the situation in which one finds oneself. Our mood is the report we give on the state of our attunement. A public mood can either be understood as the mood of a certain age, the mood of an audience which jointly attends to a public performance, or the bonding which takes places between bodies which are in close physical proximity to each other. It is in the public mood that emotions, thoughts and plans for action arise.
Magic and Reformation Calvinism in Max Weber’s sociology
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: October 2017

Weber’s claim that Calvinism eliminated magic from the world, inserted into The Protestant Ethic in 1920 and arising out of research reported in The Sociology of Religion, entails a sociological but also a theological proposition identified in this article. Weber’s conceptualization of magic permits his examination of the economic ethics of the world religions. Non-European cases, including China, are examined by Weber to confirm his Protestant Ethic argument regarding modern capitalism. He holds that Confucian rationality, associated with bureaucratic order, is compromised by its tolerance of magic. Weber contrasts this with the Calvinist rejection of magic. Weber’s claims regarding Calvinist demagicalization are made without regard to the Reformation Calvinist obsession with satanic witchcraft, in which the efficacy of magic is accepted as real. The distance between Calvinism and Confucianism, essential to Weber’s argument, is thus narrowed.