bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Tax Reliefs among Workers in Ghana: A Case Study of University Hospital, Legon
Authors: Omane Freda Asantewaa , Affum Frederick
Published: October 2020

The study examined the reasons why public workers do not utilize Ghana’s tax relief scheme and its associated challenges with the University Hospital, Legon as the case study. The mixed method approach was adopted thus using both qualitative and quantitative method of collecting data. Questionnaires were distributed to and responses obtained from 174 staffs of the University Hospital, Legon selected using the stratified random sampling and the simple random sampling method whereas four (4) purposively selected officials of the Ghana Revenue Authority were also interviewed. Majority of respondents had no information or knowledge about the tax relief scheme in Ghana and this is largely attributable to inadequate seminars organized by Ghana Revenue Authority in creating public awareness on its benefits to taxpayers in Ghana. Furthermore, complex procedures or processes coupled with inadequate knowledge regarding how to apply are major reasons why tax reliefs are not utilized. To others, the subject of tax reliefs was not very necessary as they do not have much information on its existence, benefits and how to access it. The study recommended vigorous and regular symposiums to educate the public on the benefits accruing to utilizing tax reliefs extending this publicity among the various social welfare departments and the physically challenged groups in Ghana. The study also recommended a more simplified application process and forms to be put in place but the Ghana Revenue Authority to eliminate the discouraging factor taxpayers have whenever tax reliefs and its application is cited.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Institutional Education System and its Associated Students in Bangladesh
Authors: Emon Efta Khairul Haque , Alif Ashrafur Rahman , Islam M. Shahanul
Published: October 2020

Aim: The effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the education system of Bangladesh and its possible solution is the focus of the present study.

Design: The study employed a descriptive survey research design.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted through all the districts of Bangladesh from 8 March (2020) to 30 July (2020) accordingly.

Methodology:  Descriptive survey with the interactive interview via online in the pandemic area and offline field works for collecting data in possible places were the main structural design of this research.

Results: The COVID-19 has affected worldwide education sectors by shutting down many institutes and temporarily pushing the majority of students out of school. Most countries have temporarily closed their educational institutions to control the COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, near 40 million students are now out of school, until the epidemic returns to normal. Besides this universal disruption, out-school learning deprivation varies depending on the socio-economic status of the mass population, their access to technology, parental capabilities, and so on. Most countries are using online or satellite television platforms to deliver education during the pandemic, which is not enough to meet the contrasting levels. Although, developed countries (first and second world) are making good strides with online teaching while struggles are seen in rest (third-world countries). This article highlights how COVID-19 is affecting the education sector and students in Bangladesh. Undoubtedly, the most immediate impact of the Covid-19 on students of Bangladesh is abruptions in learning opportunities with multiple other aspects. Despite earnest government attempts, COVID-19 is adversely affecting students in Bangladesh for several significant reasons.

Conclusion: Collective responses and analysis revealed that not technologies but also technicalities are needed to run the education system smoothly besides this pandemic situation accordingly.
Developing Leisure Agriculture and Educational Trip Model
Authors: Yen Tsai-Fa(TF) , Qiu Yali
Published: October 2020

Leisure agriculture and educational trip are not new concepts, and their integration may contribute to the sustainable development of leisure agriculture. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the essence of research tourism, including the significance and function of educational trip, and to explore the feasibility of developing a leisure agriculture research tourism model through literature consolidation and analysis. It is found that the development of leisure agriculture and the educational trip model have the feasibility of resource, management, economic and social aspects, and the integration of the two is conducive to the sustainable development of leisure agriculture.
A New Improved Adomian Decomposition Method for Solving Emden{Fowler Type Equations of Higher{Order
Authors: AL-Rabahi Zainab Ali Abdu , Hasan Yahya Qaid
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we present a suggested modification for Adomain decomposition method to solve Emden{Fowler Types Equations of higher-order ordinary differential equations. The proposed method can be applied to linear and non-linear problems. By using some illustrative examples, we tested the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method and we found that the obtained results approximate the exact solution. Thus, we can conclude that this proposed method is efficient and reliable .
Nutritional Profile of Pleurotus geesteranus from Different Harvests
Authors: Oka N’zué Kouadio Christian , Coulibaly Aissatou , Kouamé Adam Camille , N’dri Yao Denis , Amani N’guessan Georges
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the mushroom Pleurotus geesteranus (P. geesteranus) to a good balanced diet. Against the backdrop of three harvests of this mushroom were carried out on the same substrate, this evaluation was made through a physico-chemical analysis according to standard methods and SAIN/LIM scores were calculated using the nutrient profiling system of the French Food Safety Agency. The main information that emerges is that P. geesteranus remains of excellent nutritional quality, independently of the harvest. This result is justified by their SAIN5 ≥ 5 and LIM3 < 7.5 scores and their classification in the category of foods recommended for health. Also, the different harvests of the mushroom seemed not to have influenced this quality despite the large variations observed in its biochemical composition.
Sodium Valproate versus Propranolol in Chronic Migraine Prophylaxis
Authors: Egila Hossam , El-Mahdy Zeinab , Azab Ahmed , Abu-Hegazy Mohamed , Abdel-Naby Ayman
Published: October 2020

Background: There is a need for effective, well tolerated and affordable drug for chronic migraine prophylaxis in low socioeconomic countries.

Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of propranolol and sodium valproate (a food and drug administration approved and widely used treatment for prevention of migraine) as a prophylactic treatment in chronic migraine (CM) patients and to compare their efficacy and safety to each other.

Methods: In this single center, open labeled clinical trial, 40 patients with CM were subdivided into two group: group 1 (n=20) treated with propranolol and group 2 (n=20) treated with sodium valproate. Patients maintained headache diaries over a 1-month baseline period and a 6- month active study period. The evaluation of the treatment was done after 3 and 6 months of the initiation of the treatment. The efficacy measures were evaluation of monthly attacks frequency and attacks severity using VAS of pain (visual analogue scale. Disability and impact of migraine were evaluated using Migraine assessment disability scale (MIDAS) and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). Throughout the study, patients were monitored for any symptoms or signs of adverse effects.

Results: Of 40 patients participated in this study (mean age, 33.48; females 72.5%). At the 6th month, the study was completed by 27 patients (propranolol; n=14 and sodium valproate; n=13). Between 55 and 62% of both groups reported more than 50% reduction in monthly attacks frequency. In both groups, there was significant reduction of VAS of pain scores. Both groups showed significant improvement of HIT-6 and MIDAS scores. Before the start of treatment, 85% to 100% of patients in both groups had severe MIDAS and HIT-6 scores. At the end of the study, only 35.7% of propranolol group and 30.8 of sodium valproate group showed severe MIDAS scores and 50% of propranolol group and 40% of sodium valproate group reported severe HIT-6 scores. 55% (n=11) of patients in propranolol reported AEs related to treatment compared to 75% (n=15) in the sodium valproate group. A higher proportion of patients discontinued the treatment because of AEs in Na valproate group compared to sodium valproate group with no statistically significant difference in between (20% vs. 5%, respectively).

Conclusions: Propranolol and sodium valproate demonstrated similar efficacy and tolerability in the prophylactic treatment of CM.
Working Capital Management and Profitability of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Olaoye Samuel Adebayo , Okunade Richard Adeleye
Published: October 2020

This study observed the link amid working capital management and profitability of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Using panel methodology, this study discovered a significant influence of working capital management (ITID, CPP & ACP) on profitability of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Although, creditors payment period shows a significant impact on profitability while inventory turnover days and account receivables period were insignificant. This study recommends that well managed CPP over time would be a plus for manufacturing entities, to enhance their financial performance.
Oiling‐Out Crystallization of Beta‐Alanine on Solid Surfaces Controlled by Solvent Exchange
Authors: Zhang Xuehua , Wei Zixiang , Choi Howon , Hao Hao , Yang Huaiyu
Published: October 2020

In this work, the solvent‐exchange crystallization processes of beta‐alanine in mixture of isopropanol and water on solid surfaces are reported. As the antisolvent isopropanol displaces the alanine solution pre‐filled in a microchamber, liquid–liquid phase separation occurs at the mixing front. The alanine‐rich subphase forms surface microdroplets that subsequently crystallize with during the solvent exchange. It is found that the flow rates and solid surfaces have significant influence on the droplet size, growth rate, and crystal size and morphology. At fast flow rates, the droplets solidify rapidly, forming spherical‐cap structures resembling the shape of droplets, in contrast to crystal microdomains or thin films formed at slow flow rates. On a highly hydrophilic surface, the crystals form thin film without droplets formation. It is further demonstrated that by the solvent exchange, the crystals, generated by using a stock solution with a very low concentration of the precursor, can be used as seeds to facilitate crystallization in bulk solution. The results suggest that the solvent exchange has the potential to be an effective approach for controlling oiling‐out crystallization, and to be wider applied in, such as, separation and purification of many food, medical, and therapeutic ingredients.
Effect of drought and carbon dioxide on nutrient uptake and levels of nutrient‐uptake proteins in roots of barley
Authors: Bista Deepesh R. , Heckathorn Scott A. , Jayawardena Dileepa M. , Boldt Jennifer K.
Published: October 2020

Premise

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is increasing, as is the frequency and duration of drought in some regions. Elevated CO2 can decrease the effects of drought by further decreasing stomatal opening and, hence, water loss from leaves. Both elevated CO2 and drought typically decrease plant nutrient concentration, but their interactive effects on nutrient status and uptake are little studied. We investigated whether elevated CO2 helps negate the decrease in plant nutrient status during drought by upregulating nutrient‐uptake proteins in roots.

Methods

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) was subjected to current vs. elevated CO2 (400 or 700 ppm) and drought vs. well‐watered conditions, after which we measured biomass, tissue nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations (%N and P), N‐ and P‐uptake rates, and the concentration of the major N‐ and P‐uptake proteins in roots.

Results

Elevated CO2 decreased the impact of drought on biomass. In contrast, both drought and elevated CO2 decreased %N and %P in most cases, and their effects were additive for shoots. Root N‐ and P‐uptake rates were strongly decreased by drought, but were not significantly affected by CO2. Averaged across treatments, both drought and high CO2 resulted in upregulation of NRT1 (NO3− transporter) and AMT1 (NH4+ transporter) per unit total root protein, while only drought increased PHT1 (P transporter).

Conclusions

Elevated CO2 exacerbated decreases in %N and %P, and hence food quality, during drought, despite increases in the concentration of nutrient‐uptake proteins in roots, indicating other limitations to nutrient uptake.
Ancestry, health, and lived experiences of enslaved Africans in 18th century Charleston: An osteobiographical analysis
Authors: Fleskes Raquel E. , Ofunniyin Ade A. , Gilmore Joanna K. , Poplin Eric , Abel Suzanne M. , Bueschgen Wolf D. , Juarez Chelsey , Butler Nic , Mishoe Grant , Oubré La'Sheia , Cabana Graciela S. , Schurr Theodore G.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

In 2013, the burials of 36 individuals of putative African ancestry were discovered during renovation of the Gaillard Center in downtown Charleston, South Carolina. The Charleston community facilitated a bioarchaeological and mitogenomic study to gain insights into the lives of these unknown persons, referred to as the Anson Street Ancestors, including their ancestry, health, and lived experiences in the 18th century.

Methods

Metric and morphological assessments of skeletal and dental characteristics were recorded, and enamel and cortical bone strontium stable isotope values generated. Whole mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and analyzed.

Results

Osteological analysis identified adults, both females and males, and subadults at the site, and estimated African ancestry for most individuals. Skeletal trauma and pathology were infrequent, but many individuals exhibited dental decay and abscesses. Strontium isotope data suggested these individuals mostly originated in Charleston or sub‐Saharan Africa, with many being long‐term residents of Charleston. Nearly all had mitochondrial lineages belonging to African haplogroups (L0‐L3, H1cb1a), with two individuals sharing the same L3e2a haplotype, while one had a Native American A2 mtDNA.

Discussion

This study generated detailed osteobiographies of the Anson Street Ancestors, who were likely of enslaved status. Our results indicate that the Ancestors have diverse maternal African ancestries and are largely unrelated, with most being born locally. These details reveal the demographic impact of the trans‐Atlantic slave trade. Our analysis further illuminates the lived experiences of individuals buried at Anson Street, and expands our understanding of 18th century African history in Charleston.
Spectrum of Single‐Photon Scattering in a Strong‐Coupling Hybrid Optomechanical System
Authors: Yang Si‐Yao , Jia Wen‐Zhi , Yuan Hao
Published: October 2020

The single‐photon excitation and transmission spectra of strong‐coupling hybrid optomechanics are theoretically analyzed, where a two‐level system (TLS) is coupled to a mechanical resonator (MR), generating Jaynes–Cummings‐type polariton doublets. In this model, both the optomechanical coupling and the TLS‐MR coupling are strong. In this parameter region, polaron‐assisted excitation reemission processes can strongly affect the single‐photon excitation and output spectra of the cavity. It is found that the fine structure around each sideband can be used to characterize the TLS‐MR and the effective TLS‐photon couplings, even at the single‐quantum level. Thus, the spectrum structures may make it possible to sensitively probe the quantum nature of a macroscopic mechanical element. A possible approach for tomographic reconstruction of the state of a TLS, utilizing the single‐photon transmission spectra, is further provided.
Is anaerobic digestion a feasible alternative to the combustion of olive mill solid waste in terms of energy production? A critical review
Authors: Serrano Antonio , Villa‐Gomez Denys , Fermoso Fernando G. , Alonso‐Fariñas Bernabé
Published: October 2020

The use of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) for energy production has mainly been promoted through combustion processes. However, the EU is promoting the substitution of combustion in favor of greener alternatives. Several publications have stated that the energy obtained from anaerobic digestion (AD) is a feasible waste‐to‐energy technology for OMSW. However, these studies lack reliable energy balances that can assess this statement. The present research work aims to address this issue by evaluating the energy potential of the biomethanization of OMSW in comparison with the current combustion technology, based on a review of the available scientific literature. The present analysis demonstrates that the AD of OMSW can generate a net energy production in the same range as that obtained from the OMSW combustion, qualifying AD as an alternative to combustion but not clearly offering a surplus of energy production. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Transition zone prostate cancer is associated with better clinical outcomes than peripheral zone cancer
Authors: Sato Shun , Kimura Takahiro , Onuma Hajime , Egawa Shin , Takahashi Hiroyuki
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To determine the biological significance of zonal origins in prostate cancer.

Patients and methods

Altogether, 270 consecutive radical prostatectomy cases from 2009 to 2012 were adopted. Cases were divided into those having transition zone (TZ) cancer or peripheral zone (PZ) cancer. Cases with indeterminate tumor location and central zone cancers were excluded from the analyses. Prognosis and clinicopathological features were compared between the two tumor locations. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) and clinical progression (CP) were adopted as prognostic outcome measures. Immunohistochemical features of the v‐ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG)/serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal‐type 1 (SPINK1) status, and loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN‐loss), as well as conventional preoperative and postoperative characteristics, were analyzed.

Results

This cohort comprised 93 cases of TZ cancer and 160 cases of PZ cancer. TZ cancer cases showed significantly higher BCR and CP‐free survival rate than PZ cancer cases. Notably, no TZ cancer cases developed CP during the 7.8 years of median follow‐up time. Tumor location was an independent predictive factor for BCR in the multivariate analysis. Additionally, TZ cancer cases showed a significantly lower prevalence of ERG‐overexpression and PTEN‐loss than PZ cancer cases (3.2% vs 20.1% and 2.2% vs 18.2%, respectively).

Conclusion

TZ cancer cases showed a better prognosis and different immunohistochemical features. Conservative treatment strategies could be considered for TZ cancer cases.
Anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: Diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Cammuso Karen , Vorderstrasse Valerie
Published: October 2020

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately one in 59 new births in the United States. This neurodevelopmental condition is associated with increased risk for comorbid psychiatric conditions. Anxiety is particularly common, with a prevalence rate of nearly 40% for children and teens with ASD. In contrast, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 7.1% of children aged 3–17 in the general population have been diagnosed with anxiety. There is evidence that anxiety in individuals with ASD tends to be characterized by more significant symptom presentation than community populations. Further, findings suggest that anxiety may persist as the most common comorbid condition in adults with ASD. Here, we summarize diagnostic issues and characteristics of ASD that can complicate the diagnosis and psychotherapeutic treatment of anxiety in this population.
Vaping nicotine and marijuana more than doubles among college‐age students
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2020

The annual Monitoring the Future (MTF) report from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) on 19–22‐year‐olds revealed dramatic increases in vaping of marijuana and nicotine among college students and young adults. The study shows that marijuana use is almost at its highest level in the past 4 decades.
Short to medium term outcomes of right ventricular outflow tract stenting as initial palliation for symptomatic infants with complete atrioventricular septal defect with associated tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Abumehdi Mohammad , Al Nasef Mohamed , Mehta Chetan , Botha Phil , McMahon Colin , Oslizlok Paul , Walsh Kevin P. , McCrossan Brian , Kenny Damien , Stümper Oliver
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To assess the impact of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) stenting as the primary palliation in infants with complete atrioventricular septal defect with associated tetralogy of Fallot (cAVSD/TOF).

Background

Historically, palliation of symptomatic patients with cAVSD/TOF has been achieved through surgical systemic to pulmonary artery shunting. More recently RVOT stenting has evolved as an acceptable alternative in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.

Methods

Retrospective review of all patients with cAVSD/TOF who underwent RVOT stenting as palliation over a 13‐year period from two large tertiary referral centers.

Results

Twenty‐six patients underwent RVOT stenting at a median age of 57 days (interquartile range [IQR] 25.5–106.5). Median weight for stent deployment was 3.7 kg (IQR 2.91–5.5 kg). RVOT stenting improved oxygen saturations from a median of 72% (IQR 70–76%) to 90% (IQR 84–92%), p < .001.

There was a significant increase in the median Z‐score for both branch pulmonary arteries at median follow‐up of 255 days (IQR 60–455). Eight patients required RVOT stent balloon dilatations and 8 patients required re‐stenting for progressive desaturation. The median duration between reinterventions was 122 days (IQR 53–294 days). Four patients died during the follow‐up period. No deaths resulted from the initial intervention. To date, definitive surgical intervention was achieved in 19 patients (biventricular repair n = 15) at a median age of 369 days (IQR 223–546 days).

Conclusion

RVOT stenting in cAVSD/TOF is a safe and effective palliative procedure in symptomatic infants, promoting pulmonary artery growth and improving oxygen saturations.
Effect of Food Intake on the Pharmacokinetics of the Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Vilaprisan: A Randomized Clinical Study in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Schultze‐Mosgau Marcus‐Hillert , Kaiser Andreas , Zollmann Frank S.
Published: October 2020

This exploratory, open‐label, randomized, 3‐period crossover study in 12 healthy postmenopausal women investigated the effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of vilaprisan. Single doses of vilaprisan (2 mg) were administered under fasting conditions, after intake of a high‐fat, high‐calorie meal, and after intake of a moderate‐fat, moderate‐calorie meal. The intake of food had only a marginal impact on the oral bioavailability of vilaprisan. The mean exposure of vilaprisan (area under the plasma concentration‐time curve [AUC]) was increased by approximately 20% when the drug was taken after a meal and not on an empty stomach (point estimate for AUC ratios [%] and 90% confidence interval: high‐fat and ‐calorie meal/fasting 121 [114–128]; moderate‐fat and ‐calorie meal/fasting 118 [111–125]). The rate of absorption was slightly decreased when the drug was taken after a meal as indicated by approximately 10% lower mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) of vilaprisan in plasma (Cmax ratios: high‐fat and ‐calorie meal/fasting 87.9 [75.6–102]; moderate‐fat and ‐calorie meal/fasting 89.4 [76.9–104]) and a prolonged time to Cmax (fasting: 1.5 hours; fed conditions; ∼4 hours).

Overall, the results of this study indicate that vilaprisan can be administered equally well with or without food.
A scalable Kalman filter algorithm: Trustworthy analysis on constrained least square model
Authors: D'Amore Luisa , Cacciapuoti Rosalba , Mele Valeria
Published: October 2020

Kalman filter (KF) is one of the most important and common estimation algorithms. We introduce an innovative designing of Kalman filter algorithm based on domain decomposition (we call it DD‐KF). DD‐KF involves decomposition of the whole computational problem, partitioning of the solution and a slight modification of KF algorithm allowing a correction at run‐time of local solutions. The resulted parallel algorithm consists of concurrent copies of KF algorithm, each one requiring the same amount of computations on each subdomain and an exchange of boundary conditions between adjacent subdomains. Main advantage of this approach is that it can be potentially applied in a moderately nonintrusive manner to existing codes for tracking and controlling systems in location, navigation, in computer graphics and in much more state estimation problems. To highlight the capability of DD‐KF of exploiting the computing power provided by future designs of microprocessors based on multi/many‐cores CPU/GPU technologies, we consider DD both at physical core level and at microprocessor level and we discuss scalability of DD‐KF algorithm at coarse and fine grained level. Throughout the present work, we derive and discuss DD‐KF algorithm for solving constrained least square model, which underlies any data sampling and estimation problem.
Silicon Photoanode Modified with Work‐function‐tuned Ni@FeyNi1−y(OH)2 Core‐Shell Particles for Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Duanduan , Jiang Tong , Liu Depei , Zhang Weining , Qin Hao , Yan Shicheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: October 2020

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting determines by the light absorption and charge extraction/injection. Here, we dispersedly modified the core‐shell structured Ni@NiyFe1−y(OH)2 on Si photoanodes and in‐situ electrochemically converted it to Ni@NiyFe1−yOOH to form a Si/SiOx/Ni@NiyFe1−yOOH assembly, exhibiting the adjustable band bending and catalytic ability in water oxidation depending closely on the composition of NiyFe1−yOOH. Combining with the island‐like dispersed distribution to maximize the light absorption and the Ni@NiyFe1−y shell as a high work function and a catalytic layer to simultaneously enlarge charge extraction and injection, the Si/SiOx/Ni@Ni0.7Fe0.3OOH assembly achieved an onset potential of 1.0 VRHE, a saturated current density of 35.4 mA cm−2 and a more than 50 h stability in an electrolyte with pH 9 under AM1.5G simulated sunlight irradiation. Our findings suggested that regulating the charge energetics at Si‐electrolyte interface by discontinuously modifying a composition‐adjustable core‐shell structure is a potential route to develop highly efficient PEC devices.
Is glaucoma an autoimmune disease?
Authors: Wakefield Denis , Wildner Gerhild
Published: October 2020

There is increasing evidence from animal and human studies that glaucoma is an autoimmune disease. Evidence for this hypothesis includes the fact that antibodies as well as T‐cell responses to heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) are detectable in some patients with glaucoma and in an animal model of the disease. As in the human disease, experimental animal models of glaucoma have been found to demonstrate neurodegenerative changes in the optic nerve associated with immunoglobulin and T‐cell infiltration. Although there is still insufficient evidence in humans to classify all cases of glaucoma as autoimmune diseases, the implications of this hypothesis have major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
The metastatic promoter DEPDC1B induces epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation via Rac1‐PAK1 signaling
Authors: Li Zean , Wang Qiong , Peng Shirong , Yao Kai , Chen Junxiu , Tao Yiran , Gao Ze , Wang Fen , Li Hui , Cai Wenli , Lai Yiming , Li Kaiwen , Chen Xu , Huang Hai
Published: October 2020

Metastasis is the major cause of prostate cancer (PCa)‐related mortality. Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital characteristic feature that empowers cancer cells to adapt and survive at the beginning of metastasis. Therefore, it is essential to identify the regulatory mechanism of EMT in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) and to develop a novel therapy to block PCa metastasis. Here, we discovered a novel PCa metastasis oncogene, DEP domain containing 1B (DEPDC1B), which was positively correlated with the metastasis status, high Gleason score, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. Functional assays revealed that DEPDC1B enhanced the migration, invasion, and proliferation of PCa cells in vitro and promoted tumor metastasis and growth in vivo. Mechanistic investigations clarified that DEPDC1B induced EMT and enhanced proliferation by binding to Rac1 and enhancing the Rac1‐PAK1 pathway. This DEPDC1B‐mediated oncogenic effect was reversed by a Rac1‐GTP inhibitor or Rac1 knockdown. In conclusion, we discover that the DEPDC1B‐Rac1‐PAK1 signaling pathway may serve as a multipotent target for clinical intervention in mPCa.
Allylphenols as a new class of human 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 inhibitors
Authors: Alavi Seyed Jamal , Seyedi Seyed Mohammad , Saberi Satar , Safdari Hadi , Eshghi Hossein , Sadeghian Hamid
Published: October 2020

In this study, a series of mono‐ and diallylphenol derivative were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential human 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 (15‐hLOX‐1) inhibitors. Radical scavenging potency of the synthetic allylphenol derivatives was assessed and the results were in accordance with lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition potency. It was found that the electronic natures of allyl moiety and para substituents play the main role in radical scavenging activity and subsequently LOX inhibition potency of the synthetic inhibitors. Among the synthetic compounds, 2,6‐diallyl‐4‐(hexyloxy)phenol (42) and 2,6‐diallyl‐4‐aminophenol (47) showed the best results for LOX inhibition (IC50 = 0.88 and 0.80 μM, respectively).
One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of Hydroxymethylated Unsaturated VHOSO and Its Application to the Synthesis of Biobased Polyurethanes
Authors: Cousin Kévin , Quienne Baptiste , Pinaud Julien , Caillol Sylvain , Monflier Eric , Hapiot Frédéric
Published: October 2020

A one‐pot two‐step procedure is developed to catalytically convert very high‐oleic sunflower oil (VHOSO) into hydroxymethylated unsaturated derivatives featuring both primary alcohols and carbon–carbon double bonds. The degree of functionalization in alcohols and C═C double bonds can be accurately controlled affording low and high substituted hydroxymethylated VHOSO. The key point to achieve such control is to partly hydroformylate the C═C bonds at 80 °C and to subsequently reduce the reaction temperature to 20 °C to selectively reduce the aldehydes, while keeping a high CO/H2 pressure. Step‐growth polymerization of highly substituted hydroxymethylated VHOSO with cyclohexyl isocyanate or 4,4ʹ‐methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) furnishes biobased polyurethanes with improved thermal stability compared to similar polyurethanes synthesized from castor oil.

Practical Applications: This study highlights the implementation of triglycerides featuring both C═C double bonds and hydroxymethyl groups. The synthesis proceeds through a one‐pot two‐steps procedure that consists of a hydroformylation reaction at 80 °C followed by a hydrogenation reaction carried out at room temperature. This simple synthetic procedure is of major interest in a context of an industrial–environmental approach. The high reactivity of the obtained primary alcohols allows the synthesis of bio‐PUs, displaying untouched C═C double bonds, which could be further functionalized. This finding is of importance as the obtained bio‐PUs can be used in many industrial areas such as foams, elastomers, thermoplastics, thermosets, adhesives, coatings, sealants and fibers.
Recent advances in hybrid perovskite nanogenerators
Authors: Ding Ran , Wong Man‐Chung , Hao Jianhua
Published: October 2020

Hybrid organic‐inorganic halide perovskites have attracted massive attention during the last several years because of their promising properties for high‐performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. The intriguing ferroic nature of hybrid perovskites, especially ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, bring new opportunities for mechanical energy harvesting applications. They are also introduced as triboelectric materials coupling with their remarkable dielectric and electrical features. This mini review presents a concise overview of the recent progress on hybrid perovskite nanogenerators, including piezoelectric nanogenerators and triboelectric nanogenerators. Different dimensional perovskites with prominent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties are discussed in detail. Lastly, we provide a brief outlook for the future development of self‐powered wearable electronics based on hybrid perovskites.

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Using Mediation Analysis to Uncover Psychological Mechanisms of Attitude Change in a Development Volunteer Program
Authors: Bruder Martin , Polak Jan Tobias , Guffler Kerstin , Scheinert Laura
Published: October 2020

One aim of development volunteer services is to foster positive attitudes in participants toward those they encounter in their host countries. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying such attitude change remain underexplored. This is true despite intergroup contact theory proposing that contact between groups causes more positive intergroup attitudes through the mechanism of increased mutual knowledge, improved perspective‐taking, and higher levels of empathy. A theory‐based multi‐method evaluation of the German weltwärts development volunteer service included a quasi‐experimental component to address the question of whether and how development volunteering contributes to such attitude change. Part of this component was the specification of a multiple‐mediator model based on intergroup contact theory to investigate the mechanism that brings about attitude change at a critical juncture of the program theory. The evaluation observed a highly significant small‐to‐medium‐sized effect of development volunteering on intergroup attitudes (β = .19). The analysis revealed that this effect was fully mediated by changes in the mediational pathways of knowledge, perspective‐taking, and empathy. The mediation analysis thereby lent strong support to the validity of causal hypotheses derived from intergroup contact theory in the context of development volunteering. It also substantially increased the explanatory strength, utility, and policy relevance of the evaluation. Based on these evaluation findings, development volunteer services should be designed such that they allow for the identified mechanism to fully unfold in order to increase program effectiveness. The chapter ends with a discussion of limitations and future directions concerning the use of mediation analysis in program evaluation.
The 100-Watt Method: A Protocol for Backpack Electrofishing in Small Streams
Authors: Meyer Kevin A , Chiaramonte Luciano V , Reynolds James B
Published: October 2020

We present a 100-Watt protocol for backpack electrofishing to capture salmonids in small streams. The protocol requires that electrofisher settings produce ~100 W of average power output. Since 2000, the protocol has been used in Idaho streams ranging in ambient conductivity from ~20–1,000 µS/cm and water temperatures from ~0–28°C, and results in satisfactory capture efficiency and desired fish response (i.e., taxis and immobilization) for pulse frequencies ranging from 30–60 Hz. Moreover, resulting spinal injuries are low (<5%) and similar between 30 and 60 Hz, contradicting past studies that show higher injury rates for salmonids at higher pulse frequencies. Despite significant variation in pulse frequency, fish size, and water conductivity, the 100-W target works for salmonids in small streams because fish are especially vulnerable to electrofishing in small water volumes where boundary effects concentrate the electric field. Avenues of further research are highlighted that would more fully evaluate the 100-W method.
Fugitive methane gas migration around Alberta's petroleum wells
Authors: Abboud J. M. , Watson T. L. , Ryan M. C.
Published: October 2020

Methane emission quantification from gas migration (GM) and surface casing vent flow (SCVF) is needed to support strategic methane reduction targets and mitigate explosion and groundwater quality risks. This paper assessed which of 451 990 Alberta oil and gas wells should have been (or will be) tested for SCVF and/or GM according to regulations, and compared the results with the provincial GM testing database. As of 2017, GM testing was required on 3.5%, and reported for 0.75%, of Alberta’s energy wells. Similarly, SCVF testing was required on 58.2%, and reported for 6.2%, of all wells. An estimated 14.5% of all wells were legally abandoned before GM and SCVF testing regulations existed. All of the remaining wells will require SCVF testing prior to legal abandonment, and an estimated 32.9% to 75.5% of the total will not require GM testing before abandonment based on current regulations. The cumulative number of ‘serious’ GM reports that have remained open since submission has continuously been increasing each year, which contradicts the requirement for repair within 90 days, suggesting regulations are not enforced. The GM testing procedure is inadequate for quantitative testing. We conclude that fugitive methane emissions, and in particular gas migration, are not well constrained in Alberta. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression predicts cognitive and functional decline one month after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Neuropsychiatric Outcomes After Heart Surgery study)
Authors: Oldham Mark A. , Lin I‐Hsin , Hawkins Keith A. , Li Fang‐Yong , Yuh David D. , Lee Hochang B.
Published: October 2020

Background

Prior research on cognitive and functional outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has largely explored these two domains in isolation. In this study, we assess baseline depression and cognition as risk factors for decline in the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum‐of‐Boxes (CDR‐SB) 1 month post‐CABG surgery, which a combined measure of cognition and function.

Design

The Neuropsychiatric Outcomes After Heart Surgery study is a prospective observational cohort study.

Setting

A tertiary care, academic center.

Participants

Of a total study sample of 148 patients undergoing CABG surgery, 124 (83.8%) completed 1‐month follow‐up assessment. Mean age was 66.3, 32 (25.8%) female and 112 (90.3%) White.

Measurements

Cognition, function, and depression were assessed on semi‐structured clinical interviews. Cognitive and functional status were defined using CDR‐SB; mild or major depression was defined by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Additionally, neuropsychological battery was performed at baseline.

Results

CDR‐SB decline occurred in 18 (14.5%) subjects. Older age, depression, baseline CDR‐SB, and postoperative delirium were associated with 1‐month decline on univariate analysis. Older age (OR 1.1 [1.0–1.2]) and depression (OR 6.2 [1.1–35.0]) remained significant on multivariate regression. In separate models, baseline performance on visual Wechsler memory scale (delayed), Hopkins verbal learning test (immediate and delayed), controlled oral word fluency test, and Trails B predicted CDR‐SB decline.

Conclusion

Roughly one in seven patients experienced CDR‐SB decline 1 month after CABG surgery. Also, preoperative depression deserves recognition for being a predictor of CDR‐SB decline one month post‐CABG.
Boards' relevant experience and international strategy: A recipe for success or a case of too many cooks?
Authors: Fernandez Whitney Douglas , Sundaramurthy Chamu
Published: October 2020

Research Summary

Board scholarship has generally taken the perspective that when it comes to board expertise, more is better. This study, in contrast, explores contingencies that may stretch board experience beyond the limits of its usefulness. We integrate insights from extant research in board leadership and international strategy to identify and test internal and external contextual factors that can limit the effectiveness of boards' international experience. Exploring this in the context of cross‐border M&As, we find evidence that the positive effects of boards' international experience are attenuated when the CEO lacks such knowledge, and when the institutional distance between the home and target countries is high. Overall, our findings suggest the need to exercise caution in viewing board expertise as a “panacea” of board effectiveness.

Managerial Summary

Boards are generally viewed as experts that CEOs can look to for advice when formulating corporate strategy. Accordingly, the predominant view has been that the more relevant expertise on the board, the better the strategic advice they can offer. The results of our study, however, suggest that is not always the case. As it pertains to cross‐border M&As, in order to get the maximum benefit from boards' international experience, CEOs must have enough international experience of their own, and the institutional environment of the target firm's country must not be too dissimilar from the acquiring firm's home country. Otherwise, it is possible that the boards' international experience will be stretched beyond its strategic usefulness.
Carbazole‐based colorimetric and fluorescent probe for Cu2+ and its utility in bio‐imaging and real water samples
Authors: Xu Peipei , Liu Xiaonan , Liu Li , Zhu Weiju , Li Cun , Fang Min
Published: October 2020

A new carbazole functionalized Schiff base CBM was synthesized and characterized. CBM can selectively recognize Cu2+ via UV–vis and fluorescence signal among common biologically relevant metal ions. When Cu2+ was added to CBM, there was a significant enhancement at the maximum absorption wavelength of 393 nm and with a distinct blue shift. The maximum emission peak was significantly attenuated by a factor of about 15 times at 535 nm and the blue shift of emission wavelength was observed. When other metal ions were added, there was no remarkable change at the maximum absorption and emission peak. Under the illumination of 365 nm ultraviolet lamp, the color of the CBM solution changed from light blue to dark blue after the addition of Cu2+. The combination mechanism of CBM with Cu2+ was nicely explored by density functional theory studies. The probe CBM has good cell permeability, fluorescence electron microscopy experiments show that CBM can be used as a fluorescent probe to detect the presence or absence of Cu2+ in Hela cells. Furthermore, the probe CBM can also be used for the detection of copper ions in actual water samples.
Fidelity of peripheral blood for monitoring genomics and tumor immune‐microenvironment in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Lee Sung‐Eun , Wang Feng , Trujillo‐Ocampo Abel , Ruiz‐Vasquez Wilfredo , Cho Hyun‐Woo , Takahashi Koichi , Molldrem Jeffrey J. , Futreal Andrew , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Im Jin S.
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the peripheral blood (PB) can serve as a surrogate immune‐microenvironment to bone marrow for genetic and immune monitoring in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We compared the composition of T cell subsets and somatic mutation burden in 36 pairs of PB and matching bone marrow aspirate (BMA) using multi‐parameter flow cytometry and NGS‐based targeted sequencing analysis, respectively. Our immune‐subset and NGS‐based mutation analysis of BMA showed significant concordance with those of PB in MDS. Therefore, PB can provide easily accessible tumor immune‐microenvironment for monitoring in the immune and genetic landscapes for MDS patients.
Hybrid Three‐Dimensional–Printed Ear Tissue Scaffold With Autologous Cartilage Mitigates Soft Tissue Complications
Authors: Chang Brian , Cornett Ashley , Nourmohammadi Zahra , Law Jadan , Weld Blaine , Crotts Sarah J. , Hollister Scott J. , Lombaert Isabelle M. A. , Zopf David A.
Published: October 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

To analyze the use of highly translatable three‐dimensional (3D)–printed auricular scaffolds with and without novel cartilage tissue inserts in a rodent model.

Study Design

Preclinical rodent animal model.

Methods

This prospective study assessed a single‐stage 3D‐printed auricular bioscaffold with or without porcine cartilage tissue inserts in an athymic rodent model. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine computed tomography images of a human auricle were segmented to create an external anatomic envelope filled with orthogonally interconnected spherical pores. Scaffolds with and without tissue inset sites were 3D printed by laser sintering bioresorbable polycaprolactone, then implanted subcutaneously in five rats for each group.

Results

Ten athymic rats were studied to a goal of 24 weeks postoperatively. Precise anatomic similarity and scaffold integrity were maintained in both scaffold conditions throughout experimentation with grossly visible tissue ingrowth and angiogenesis upon explantation. Cartilage‐seeded scaffolds had relatively lower rates of nonsurgical site complications compared to unseeded scaffolds with relatively increased surgical site ulceration, though neither met statistical significance. Histology revealed robust soft tissue infiltration and vascularization in both seeded and unseeded scaffolds, and demonstrated impressive maintenance of viable cartilage in cartilage‐seeded scaffolds. Radiology confirmed soft tissue infiltration in all scaffolds, and biomechanical modeling suggested amelioration of stress in scaffolds implanted with cartilage.

Conclusions

A hybrid approach incorporating cartilage insets into 3D‐printed bioscaffolds suggests enhanced clinical and histological outcomes. These data demonstrate the potential to integrate point‐of‐care tissue engineering techniques into 3D printing to generate alternatives to current reconstructive surgery techniques and avoid the demands of traditional tissue engineering.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 131:1008–1015, 2021
Gymnaster Koraiensis Extract Alleviated Metabolic Syndrome Symptoms and Stimulated UCP1‐Independent Energy Consumption via AMPK Activation in White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Jung Da Seul , Son Yang‐Ju , Shin Ji Min , Won Hyo Jun , Le Tam Thi , Jung Sang Hoon , Lee Chang‐Ho , Nho Chu Won
Published: October 2020

Scope

Metabolic syndrome and obesity are rising worldwide concerns that are accompanied by adverse health consequences. Here, it is hypothesized that the ethanol extract from Gymnaster koraiensis (GK), an edible Korean plant known for its anti‐cancer and hepatoprotective properties, could attenuate metabolic syndrome‐related symptoms in high‐fat dietary‐induced obese (DIO) mice.

Methods and Results

Administration of 100 mg kg−1 GK extract to DIO mice effectively reduces body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight. It also reduces cardiovascular disease risk and improves insulin resistance by lowering the fasting blood glucose levels and mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, supplementation with GK causes elevated energy expenditure in WAT by increasing the mitochondrial oxidative capacity and lipid catabolism through upregulated adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Orlistat is used as a positive control drug due to its widespread use in previous studies. It is found that GK extract causes weight loss, similar to Orlistat, and it additionally shows unique functions, such as upregulation of energy consumption in WAT.

Conclusion

GK extract treatment prominently reduces obesity and its associated metabolic complications, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Hence, It can be used as a promising multi‐target functional food that can improve metabolic syndrome‐related symptoms.