bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-talk between topological defects in different fields revealed by nematic microfluidics
Authors: Giomi Luca , Kos Žiga , Ravnik Miha , Sengupta Anupam
Published: July 2017

Significance

Topological defects play a defining role in systems as extensive as the universe and as minuscule as a microbial colony. Despite significant advances in our understanding of topological defects and their mutual interactions, little is known about the formation and dynamics of defects across different material fields embedded within the same system. Here, using nematic microfluidics as a test bed, we report how topological defects in the flow and the orientational fields emerge and cross-talk with each other. Although discussed in a nematofluidic context, such multifield topological interactions have potential ramifications in a range of systems spanning vastly different length and time scales: from material designing, to exploration of open questions in cosmology and living matter.
Improved color constancy in honey bees enabled by parallel visual projections from dorsal ocelli
Authors: Garcia Jair E. , Hung Yu-Shan , Greentree Andrew D. , Rosa Marcello G. P. , Endler John A. , Dyer Adrian G.
Published: July 2017

Significance

Color sensing requires a capacity to discount the changing color of natural light. We present a biologically validated mathematical solution to this classic problem based on honey bee color vision. The observed spectral tuning of two simple ocellar photoreceptors in the honey bee allows for an optimal color constancy solution to different light environments, including standard CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) illuminations, natural forest light, sunlight, or shade. The model is fully supported by a neural pathway potentially allowing for the transfer of spectral information originating from the ocellar photoreceptors to the centralized information processing regions in the brain and explains previously observed behavioral results. This solution to color constancy can be implemented into color imaging systems to enable accurate color interpretation.
Last name analysis of mobility, gender imbalance, and nepotism across academic systems
Authors: Grilli Jacopo , Allesina Stefano
Published: July 2017

Significance

In the age of Big Data and high-throughput sequencing, a list of names might seem like a meager source of data. However, here we show that, by analyzing last name distributions, one can highlight distinctive patterns in academic systems around the world. By collecting data on academics in Italy, France, and the United States, we show that, in the Italian system, professors tend to work in their native region, whereas the US system is geographically well-mixed. We can detect the effect of field-specific immigration in the United States and highlight patterns of gender imbalance in the sciences. Finally, we show that, in Italy, the plague of nepotism—professors hiring their relatives—is slowly declining.
Effective temperature concept evaluated in an active colloid mixture
Authors: Han Ming , Yan Jing , Granick Steve , Luijten Erik
Published: July 2017

Significance

In the long-standing debate on whether the insights of statistical thermodynamics could apply to nonequilibrium systems, a key unsolved problem is whether it is useful to postulate an emergent effective temperature, different from the thermal temperature. Here, we introduce a two-component system of driven Janus colloids such that collisions induced by external energy sources play the role of temperature. We find that this nonequilibrium system quantitatively behaves as if at equilibrium, with collisions caused by differential rhythmic motion between the two components acting as a strict analog to thermal motion. We demonstrate that the effective temperature can serve as a common control parameter for both kinetics and phase behavior.
FANCM, BRCA1, and BLM cooperatively resolve the replication stress at the ALT telomeres
Authors: Pan Xiaolei , Drosopoulos William C. , Sethi Louisa , Madireddy Advaitha , Schildkraut Carl L. , Zhang Dong
Published: July 2017

Significance

Currently, chemotherapy is still the only treatment option for ALT cancers. ALT cells rely heavily on homologous recombination to maintain their telomere length and are more susceptible to replication stress. A better understanding of how ALT cells respond to replication stress at their telomeres will help to uncover novel therapeutic strategies to treat ALT cancers. Here we found that depletion of FANCM or its obligatory binding partners induces pronounced replication stress at ALT telomeres. We thus propose that FANCM-depleted ALT cells can be used as an endogenous replication stress model. Most importantly, we propose that the new synthetic lethal interactions discovered in our study can be explored for targeting ALT cancers.
The origin and use of a relative clause construction that targets objects in Orungu (Bantu, Gabon)
Authors: Van de Velde Mark L. O. , Ambouroue Odette
Published: July 2017

This paper provides an analysis of two relative clause constructions in the Gabonese Bantu language Orungu that are in complementary distribution. The choice between them is determined by the target of relativisation in a typologically interesting way, in that it involves the combination of the criteria of the syntactic relation, thematic role and referential properties of the target. The construction that targets most types of objects is formally nearly identical to relative clauses that target the subject of a passive clause and we argue that it originates in the syntactic reanalysis of such subject relatives. That is, relative clauses that targeted the subject of a passive clause have been reanalysed as relative clauses that target the object of an active clause. This shows a rare type of change in relative clause constructions, which is unique in Bantu, but grounded in the universal tendencies captured by the accessibility hierarchy.
Multiple ergatives
Authors: Arkadiev Peter
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a cross-linguistic survey of case systems with several non-phonologically distributed markers of ergative case, based on a convenience sample of more than 70 languages from all over the world. It is shown that in most languages the distribution of different ergative markers splits along the lines predicted by the referential hierarchy (local pronouns > non-local pronouns > proper names > kinship terms > humans > nonhumans > inanimates), thus complementing the much better known ergativity splits. Other types of conditioning of “multiple ergatives” include gender, such nominal morphosyntactic features as number and (in)definiteness, as well as clausal morphosyntactic features like tense/aspect, polarity and person of co-arguments. “Fluid” systems where the choice of ergative marker is based on semantic or pragmatic factors are attested as well. The article also discusses the implications of ergative allomorphy and ergative alternations for the typology of ergativity and case marking in general.
Verbalizing sensory experience for marketing success
Authors: Temmerman Rita
Published: July 2017

Descriptors of sensory experience are known to be crucial in trying to objectify the world. New descriptors are coined to express the enhanced experience of a reality experienced by human beings. In this article we illustrate the cognitive and cross-cultural framing for verbalizing sensory experience discussing the indeterminacy and vagueness of the wine descriptormineralityand the successful universal neologismsmoothie, a product name for a new product. Both case studies concern units of understanding that are difficult to define but that are related to products with high marketing potential. First we refer to the expert literature in food studies dealing with minerality and smoothies. Then we report on observations based on discourse oriented empirical heuristics and surveying. Finally we discuss in how far experiencing food and drinks is culture-bound and language-specific, which implies that translating food descriptions may be a daunting task.
Coffee polyphenols extracted from green coffee beans improve skin properties and microcirculatory function
Authors: Fukagawa Satoko , Haramizu Satoshi , Sasaoka Shun , Yasuda Yuka , Tsujimura Hisashi , Murase Takatoshi
Published: July 2017

Coffee polyphenols (CPPs), including chlorogenic acid, exert various physiological activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CPPs on skin properties and microcirculatory function in humans. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 49 female subjects with mildly xerotic skin received either a test beverage containing CPPs (270 mg/100 mL/day) or a placebo beverage for 8 weeks. The ingestion of CPPs significantly lowered the clinical scores for skin dryness, decreased transepidermal water loss, skin surface pH, and increased stratum corneum hydration and the responsiveness of skin blood flow during local warming. Moreover, the amounts of free fatty acids and lactic acid in the stratum corneum significantly increased after the ingestion of CPPs. These results suggest that an 8-week intake of CPPs improve skin permeability barrier function and hydration, with a concomitant improvement in microcirculatory function, leading to efficacy in the alleviation of mildly xerotic skin.
Combined individual scrummaging kinetics and muscular power predict competitive team scrum success
Authors: Green Andrew , Dafkin Chloe , Kerr Samantha , McKinon Warrick
Published: July 2017

Scrummaging is a major component of Rugby Union gameplay. Successful scrummaging is dependent on the coordination of the forward players and the strength of the eight individuals. The study aim was to determine whether individual scrummaging kinetics and other candidate factors associated with scrummaging performance discriminate team scrum performances. Sixteen club‐level forwards (stature: 1.80 ± 0.1 m; mass: 99.0 ± 18.2 kg) were initially divided into two scrummaging packs. A total of 10 various scrum permutations were tested, where players were randomly swapped between the two packs. Winning scrums were determined by two observers on opposite sides of the scrum. Fatigue (100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS)) and scrummaging effort (6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE)) were assessed following each scrum contest. Individual scrummaging kinetics were acquired through an instrumented scrum ergometer and muscular power indicated through vertical jump heights. Student's t‐tests were used to differentiate between winning and losing scrum packs. VAS and RPE were assessed using repeated measures ANOVAs. Winning scrum packs had significantly larger combined force magnitudes (p < .002), regardless of the player contribution calculations. Additionally, winning packs had less individual movement (p = .033) and higher combined vertical jump heights (p < .001) but were not significantly heavier (p = .759) than losing scrum packs. While perceived VAS and RPE values progressively increased (p < .001), no differences in the individual scrum magnitudes were observed between the 1st and 10th scrum (p = .418). The results indicated that the combination of individual forces, variation in movement and factors related to scrummaging performance, such as vertical jump height, were associated with team scrummaging success.
A travel between the Corpus Hippocraticum and the Gazette médicale de Paris
Authors: Marta Mion , Enrico Alexandre
Published: July 2017

Background:

In ancient times, dizziness was divided into two different forms: ílingos (true and proper vertigo) and skotódinos (vertigo associated with blurred vision). For centuries, it was considered as a cerebral affection: the otologic aetiology remained unthinkable. At the end of the sixteenth century, we find the first written documentation of the otovestibular triad pathognomonic for endolymphatic hydrops: the jurist Bonaventura Angeli from Ferrara, thanks to his symptoms’ description, can rightfully be considered the first patient with Ménière’s syndrome whom we have historical information. From that, the anatomical and physiological studies of balancing system continued: after Valsalva, a first evolution of medical thinking came with the recognition of the presence of liquid, and not air, inside the labyrinth. With Flourens, the principle that the semicircular canals were a vestibular organ, began to emerge.

Purpose:

The rationale to perform this research lied in the need to investigate a fascinating chapter of the history of medicine, regarding a difficult subject of otorhinolaryngology: the vestibular system.

Methods:

We collected a variety of documents, from Ancient Greek time to nineteenth century, related to the studies of vestibular pathologies, highlighting the earliest evidences of the association between hearing disorders and balance complaints. The finally selected papers were methodologically evaluated.

Results:

Because of the frequent association between vestibular and hearing disorders, the hypothesis that ear could be involved both in the sense of hearing and balance gradually advanced across the centuries, until Prosper Ménière’s observations: from 1861 onwards, vertigo was recognized not only as a brain alteration, but also as an otologic disorder.

Conclusions:

Although there has been an obvious medical developments regarding the inner ear function, labyrinthine disorders remain a challenging field yet to be explored.
Channelling discontent? Non-voters, populist party voters, and their meaningful political agency
Authors: Kemmers Roy
Published: July 2017

This article assesses the assumption that populist parties form an efficacious exhaust valve for voters, the channelling discontent thesis, as it is termed here. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Dutch PVV voters and (deliberate) non-voters, I assess this thesis in a comparison between them. This analysis shows that non-voters do not lack political fulfilment on two of the three dimensions of efficacy I distinguish. On the third, it is not electoral participation, but respondents’ perceptions of the locus of political power that explains differences in what I term ‘meaningful’ political agency. This inductively generated power-orientation theory contextualises the channelling discontent thesis, demonstrating that it only effectively applies to those citizens who share the definition of the situation the thesis assumes. I argue that these findings highlight an institutional blind spot in the study of populism and political discontents, and make a case for a cultural-sociological perspective.
On the Legal Enforcement of Values. The Importance of the Institutional Context
Authors: Itzcovich Giulio
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that any sensible answer to the question of the role of explicit moral reasoning in adjudication must take into account a broad set of institutional facts. Whether the court aiming to ‘enforce values’ is the ECJ or whether it is a domestic constitutional court is an important distinction for many reasons, and this chapter attempts to explore these reasons and argue for their relevance. It first maintains that the current debate on the role of moral reasoning in adjudication is related to a set of institutional processes. The chapter then distinguishes two positions in the debate on the role of moral reasoning in adjudication: ‘normative legal positivism’ and ‘neoconstitutionalism’. Finally, this chapter clarifies some methodological and substantive consequences which can be drawn from the nexus that binds together the choice of interpretive method with the greater or lesser trust we have in the interpreter.
Assessing the quality of administrative data for research: a framework from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy
Authors: Smith Mark , Lix Lisa M , Azimaee Mahmoud , Enns Jennifer E , Orr Justine , Hong Say , Roos Leslie L
Published: July 2017

The growth of administrative data repositories worldwide has spurred the development and application of data quality frameworks to ensure that research analyses based on these data can be used to draw meaningful conclusions. However, the research literature on administrative data quality is sparse, and there is little consensus regarding which dimensions of data quality should be measured. Here we present the core dimensions of the data quality framework developed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, a world leader in the use of administrative data for research purposes, and provide examples and context for the application of these dimensions to conducting data quality evaluations. In sharing this framework, our ultimate aim is to promote best practices in rigorous data quality assessment among users of administrative data for research.
Single-molecule imaging and tracking of molecular dynamics in living cells
Authors: Li Nan , Zhao Rong , Sun Yahong , Ye Zi , He Kangmin , Fang Xiaohong
Published: July 2017

Unlike the ensemble-averaging measurements, the single-molecule imaging and tracking (SMIT) in living cells provides the real-time quantitative information about the locations, kinetics, dynamics and interactions of individual molecules in their native environments with high spatiotemporal resolution and minimal perturbation. The past decade has witnessed a transforming development in the methods of SMIT with living cells, including fluorescent probes, labeling strategies, fluorescence microscopy, and detection and tracking algorithms. In this review, we will discuss these aspects with a particular focus on their recent advancements. We will then describe representative single-molecule studies to illustrate how the single-molecule approaches can be applied to monitor biomolecular interaction/reaction dynamics, and extract the molecular mechanistic information for different cellular systems.
The Graduate Medical Education Scholars Track: Developing Residents as Clinician–Educators During Clinical Training via a Longitudinal, Multimodal, and Multidisciplinary Track
Authors: Ahn James , Martin Shannon K. , Farnan Jeanne M. , Fromme H. Barrett
Published: July 2017

Problem

Residency clinician–educator tracks have been created; however, they have generally been limited to a single discipline or program and experienced some challenges. The Graduate Medical Education Scholars Track (GMEST), an embedded longitudinal, multimodal, multidisciplinary clinician–educator track for residents, was piloted at the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, in academic year 2014–2015.

Approach

The GMEST is a two-year experience completed during residency training. The goal is to prepare trainees for academic careers as clinician–educators with a focus on medical education scholarship. This track is designed for residents from diverse training programs with variable clinical schedules and blends a live interactive program, asynchronous instruction and discussion, and overarching multimodal mentorship in medical education. Participants are expected to complete a capstone medical education project and submit it to institutional, regional, and/or national venues.

Outcomes

Data gathered from the 2014–2016 and 2015–2017 cohorts demonstrated that 21/22 (95%) participants were satisfied with the GMEST curriculum, felt it was important to their development as future clinician–educators, and felt it would positively influence their ability to work in medical education. Further, 18/22 (82%) participants wished to pursue a career as a clinician–educator and in medical education leadership and/or scholarship.

Next Steps

The authors will longitudinally track graduates’ future career positions, projects, publications, and awards, and cross-match and compare GMEST graduates with non-GMEST residents interested in medical education. Faculty mentors, program directors, and the Medical Education, Research, Innovation, Teaching, and Scholarship community will be asked for feedback on the GMEST.
Effectiveness and Safety of Batroxobin, Tranexamic Acid and a Combination in Reduction of Blood Loss in Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery
Authors: Nagabhushan Roopa M. , Shetty Ajoy P. , Dumpa Srikanth R. , Subramanian Balavenkat , Kanna Rishi M. , Shanmuganathan Rajasekeran
Published: July 2017

Study Design.

A prospective randomized double blind placebo controlled trail.

Objective.

To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of batroxobin (botropase), tranexamic acid (TXA), and their combination in reduction of perioperative blood loss in lumbar spine single level fusion surgeries.

Summary of Background Data.

Spinal surgeries are associated with significant blood loss leading to perioperative anemia and increased need for allogenic transfusion. TXA competitively inhibits plasmin and batroxobin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and theoretically their combination is synergistic. Though TXA is widely studied in controlling blood loss, there is little information on use of batroxobin and their combination. Thus, we aimed to study effect and safety of individual drugs and their combination in controlling blood loss in spinal surgery.

Methods.

Hundred patients were randomized into four groups. Group B received batroxobin, group T received TXA, group BT received batroxobin and TXA and group P received placebo. Outcomes assessed are intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, hematocrit, allogenic blood transfusion, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), postoperatively.

Result.

Mean intraoperative blood loss in Group B, T, BT, and P were 268.32 ± 62.92 mL, 340.72 ± 182.75 mL, 256.96 ± 82.64 mL, and 448.44 ± 205.86 mL, respectively. Postoperative surgical site drain collection in Group B, T, BT, and P were 218.00 ± 100.54 mL, 260.40 ± 100.85 mL, 191.00 ± 87.84 mL, and 320.00 ± 125.83 mL, respectively. Intraoperative blood loss of Group P was statistically higher than Groups B and BT (P < 0.001). Mean postoperative surgical site drain collection was statistically significant (P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in fluid administration (P = 0.751), blood transfusion (P = 1.000), preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin (P = 0.090, P = 0.134, respectively), and deep vein thrombosis (P = 1.000).

Conclusion.

Batroxobin and combination of batroxobin with tranexamic acid significantly reduced perioperative blood loss when compared with placebo.

Level of Evidence: 2
Prophylactic effects of secretion metabolites of dairy lactobacilli through downregulation of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 genes on colon cancer cells
Authors: Faghfoori Zeinab , Pourghassem Gargari Bahram , Saber Amir , Seyyedi Maryam , Fazelian Siavash , Khosroushahi Ahmad Yari
Published: July 2017

Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers, and intestinal microbial community plays a pivotal role in colorectal tumor genesis. Probiotics as live microorganisms may be able to exert an anticancer effect in colon cancer. The aim of this study was to isolate and identifyLactobacillusspp. from traditional dairy products with probiotic properties and to investigate their anticancer effects through ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 gene expression in colon cancer cells. The isolated lactobacilli from yogurt and cheese samples were molecularly identified by blasting of 16–23s rDNA region PCR sequenced products. The probiotic properties, including acid and bile tolerance, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility, were assayed. The proliferation inhibition effects of lactobacilli secretion metabolites with probiotic potential on colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and caco-2) were analyzed using MTT assay. The real-time PCR was used for assessment of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 gene expression after being treated with probiotics. Four species of bacteria with the most probiotic properties, includingLactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus paracasei,Lactobacillus rhamnosus, andLactobacillus plantarum, were characterized and their effects on different human cell lines were taken into consideration. Total bacterial secretions significantly reduced the viability of HT-29 and caco-2 cancer cells compared with untreated controls. The metabolites secreted by bacteria downregulated the expression of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 genes in colon cancer cells. The present study indicated that probiotic bacteria isolated from traditional dairy products exert anticancer effect on colon cancer cells through the downregulation of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 gene expression.
Raised Frequency of Microcephaly Related to Zika Virus Infection in Two Birth Defects Surveillance Systems in Bogotá and Cali, Colombia
Authors: Hurtado-Villa Paula , Puerto Angie K. , Victoria Salomé , Gracia Gloria , Guasmayán Lesly , Arce Patricia , Álvarez Gilberto , Blandón Esperanza , Rengifo Nubia , Holguín Jorge A. , Durán Alexander , Zarante Ignacio
Published: July 2017

Zika virus infection during pregnancy is now known to cause congenital microcephaly and severe brain defects. In 2016, rates of microcephaly appeared to start increasing around May, peaking in July, and declining through December. The occurrence of microcephaly appears to have increased nearly 4-fold in 2 large cities in Colombia, concurrently with the reported Zika virus epidemic in the country.
Incidence and predictors of adenoma after surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Marques-Antunes Joana , Libânio Diogo , Gonçalves Pedro , Dinis-Ribeiro Mário , Pimentel-Nunes Pedro
Published: July 2017

Objective

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are at increased risk for developing metachronous premalignant and malignant lesions. However, its real incidence and underlying risk factors are still unclear, and therefore quality measures for colonoscopy under this indication have not been completely established. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for the development of adenomas after surgery for CRC.

Patients and methods

A total of 535 patients submitted to curative surgery for CRC between January 2008 and December 2011 were selected and their clinical records and surveillance colonoscopies were reviewed.

Results

During a median follow-up of 62 months, 39.4% of the patients developed adenomas, 17.6% advanced adenomas and 3.4% developed metachronous cancers. Male sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29–3.07] was an independent risk factor for adenomas during follow-up and absence of a high-quality baseline colonoscopy was the only independent risk factor for advanced adenomas (AOR=1.78; 95% CI: 1.03–3.07) and metachronous cancer (AOR=7.05; 95% CI: 1.52–32.66). In patients who had undergone a high-quality colonoscopy at baseline and at the first follow-up, the presence of adenomas (odds ratio=12.30; 95% CI: 2.30–66.25) and advanced adenomas (odds ratio=10.50; 95% CI: 2.20–50.18) in the first follow-up colonoscopy was a risk factor for the development of metachronous advanced adenomas during the subsequent surveillance.

Conclusion

Undergoing a high-quality baseline colonoscopy is the most important factor for reducing the incidence of advanced lesions after CRC surgery. All patients remain at high-risk for adenomas and advanced adenomas, but standardized follow-up should be adjusted after the first year of follow-up.
Children Receiving Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation are at Increased Risk of Onychocryptosis Requiring Surgical Management
Authors: Ezekian Brian , Englum Brian R. , Gilmore Brian F. , Kim Jina , Leraas Harold J. , Driscoll Timothy A. , Tracy Elisabeth T. , Rice Henry E.
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

At our institution, a high proportion of children with onychocryptosis (ingrown toenail) requiring surgical intervention were noted to have a history of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We analyzed the characteristics of patients who underwent surgical intervention for onychocryptosis and examined our institutional HSCT database to determine if an association exists between onychocryptosis and HSCT.

Materials and Methods:

Surgical cases for onychocryptosis performed from 2000 to 2012 were identified. Nine demographic, clinical, and perioperative variables for both patients with and without prior HSCT were assessed. In a separate analysis, the institutional HSCT database was then queried to identify the prevalence and clinical characteristics associated with onychocryptosis after HSCT.

Results:

We identified 17 children who had undergone surgical management of onychocryptosis, of which 8 (47.1%) had previous HSCT. Children who had undergone HSCT had an aggressive form of onychocryptosis with 50.0% having bilateral great toe and nail edge involvement and 37.5% having a recurrence. In HSCT cohort analysis of 1069 children, 91 (8.5%) had onychocryptosis. Male sex, non-black race, acute graft versus host disease, and increasing age at transplantation were independently associated with onychocryptosis.

Conclusions:

HSCT is strongly associated with onychocryptosis requiring surgical intervention. Children with a history of HSCT may also have more aggressive toenail disease, with higher rates of surgical intervention, bilateral ingrown toenails, recurrence, and need for return to the operating room. Clinicians should perform careful screening and early treatment in these patients.
Can Anger Be Helpful?
Authors: Adler Amy B. , Brossart Daniel F. , Toblin Robin L.
Published: July 2017

Studies have found that soldiers returning from combat deployment report elevated levels of anger and aggression. The present study examined the perception that anger was helpful in performing occupationally related duties and whether this perception was associated with mental health problems, somatic symptoms, and functioning. Soldiers (N = 627) completed a survey 4 months after their deployment to Afghanistan and again 3 months later. When examining anger over time, findings revealed four groups of different latent classes: low stable (resilient), high stable (chronic), decreasing over time (improved), and increasing over time (delayed problems). For two of the groups (chronic and delayed problems), perceiving anger as helpful was closely related to anger reactions. Perceiving anger as helpful was also associated with worse mental health symptoms. Further work in understanding how to mitigate this positive perception of anger in prevention initiatives may be useful in addressing anger reactions.
Sialocele Following Traumatic Dental Procedure
Authors: Hoehn Erin F. , Wurster Ovalle Victoria , Kim Young , Hariharan Selena L.
Published: July 2017

We present a case of a 17-year-old girl with sialadenitis and sialocele due to trauma sustained from a dental procedure. Our objectives are to review relevant literature and anatomy of the floor of the mouth and salivary glands and discuss potential complications of dental procedures.
A Theoretical Model of Flow Disruptions for the Anesthesia Team During Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Boquet Albert , Cohen Tara , Diljohn Fawaaz , Cabrera Jennifer , Reeves Scott , Shappell Scott
Published: July 2017

Objectives

This investigation explores flow disruptions observed during cardiothoracic surgery and how they serve to disconnect anesthesia providers from their primary task. We can improve our understanding of this disengagement by exploring what we call the error space or the accumulated time required to resolve disruptions.

Methods

Trained human factors students observed 10 cardiac procedures for disruptions impacting the anesthesia team and recorded the time required to resolve these events. Observations were classified using a human factors taxonomy.

Results

Of 301 disruptions observed, interruptions (e.g., those events related to alerts, distractions, searching activity, spilling/dropping, teaching moment, and task deviations) accounted for the greatest frequency of events (39.20%). The average amount of time needed for each disruption to be resolved was 48 seconds. Across 49.87 hours of observation, more than 4 hours were spent resolving disruptions to the anesthesia team’s work flow.

Conclusions

By defining a calculable error space associated with these disruptions, this research provides a conceptual metric that can serve in the identification and design of targeted interventions. This method serves as a proactive approach for recognizing systemic threats, affording healthcare workers the opportunity to mitigate the development and incidence of preventable errors precedently.
Clinical Implications of the 2016 International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery Definition and Grading of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula on 775 Consecutive Pancreatic Resections
Authors: Pulvirenti Alessandra , Marchegiani Giovanni , Pea Antonio , Allegrini Valentina , Esposito Alessandro , Casetti Luca , Landoni Luca , Malleo Giuseppe , Salvia Roberto , Bassi Claudio
Published: July 2017

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical implications of the 2016 International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) definition and classification of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) using a single high-volume institutional cohort of patients undergone pancreatic surgery.

Background:

The ISGPS definition and grading system of POPF has been recently updated. Although the rationale for the changes was supported by previous studies, the effect of the new definition and classification scheme on surgical series has not been established.

Methods:

A total of 775 patients undergone pancreatic surgery in our institute from 2013 to 2015 were reviewed. The parameters modified in the ISGPS classification were analyzed according to postoperative outcomes. Finally the classification was validated by external clinical and economical outcomes.

Results:

Applying the 2016 scheme, 17.5% of patients changed classification group compared to the 2015 system. Grade B increased from 11.5% to 22.1%, whereas grade C decreased from 15.2% to 4.6%. Biochemical leak occurred in 7% of patients, and it did not differ from the non-POPF condition in terms of surgical outcomes. Non-POPF group, grades B and C POPF differed significantly in terms of intensive care unit staying (P < 0.001), length of stay (P < 0.001), readmission rate (P < 0.001), and hospital costs (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The present study has confirmed the pertinence of the changes introduced in the 2016 ISGPS POPF definition and grading. This updated classification is effective in identifying three conditions that differ in terms of clinical and economic outcomes. These results suggested the reliability of the new definition and scheme in classifying POPF-related outcomes.
Sporadic late-onset nemaline myopathy with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Authors: Uruha Akinori , Benveniste Olivier
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review

Sporadic late-onset nemaline myopathy (SLONM) with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a rare subacute progressive muscle disease. The prognosis is poor due to severe respiratory insufficiency. Recently, however, autologous stem-cell transplantation following high-dose melphalan has been shown to be effective unless there is delay before the treatment. Therefore, early recognition of the disease is important. This review gives an overview of recent advances in SLONM–MGUS, which could help to understand clinical and pathological features and treatment.

Recent findings

Efficacy of autologous stem-cell transplantation following high-dose melphalan has been demonstrated in a long-term observation study. Subsequently, reports from other groups also have supported it. Furthermore, efficacy of chemotherapy toward plasma cell dyscrasia without stem-cell transplantation have been reported as well. A few case reports have suggested the presence of cardiac involvement related to SLONM–MGUS.

SLONM–MGUS is now considered as a treatable disease. Antiplasma cell dyscrasia therapy is a promising therapeutic option. Meanwhile, the pathomechanic link between muscle degeneration and monoclonal gammopathy remains unclear and further investigations are warranted.
Relation between travel strategy and social organization of migrating birds with special consideration of formation flight in the northern bald ibis
Authors: Voelkl B. , Fritz J.
Published: July 2017

A considerable proportion of the world's bird species undertake seasonal long-distance migrations. These journeys are energetically demanding. Two major behavioural means to reduce energy expenditure have been suggested: the use of thermal uplifts for a soaring-gliding migration style and travelling in echelon or V-shaped formation. Both strategies have immediate consequences for the social organization of the birds as they either cause large aggregations or require travelling in small and stable groups. Here, we first discuss those consequences, and second present an analysis of formation flight in a flock of northern bald ibis on their first southbound migration. We observe clear correlations between leading and trailing on the dyadic level but only a weak correlation on the individual level during independent flight and no convincing correlation during the human guided part of the migration. This pattern is suggestive of direct reciprocation as a means for establishing cooperation during formation flight. In general, we conclude that behavioural adaptations for dealing with physiological constraints on long-distance migrations either necessitate or ultimately foster formation of social groups with different characteristics. Patterns and social organization of birds travelling in groups have been elusive to study; however, new tracking technology—foremost lightweight GPS units—will provide more insights in the near future.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
The effect of hypoxia on fish schooling
Authors: Domenici Paolo , Steffensen John F. , Marras Stefano
Published: July 2017

Low-oxygen areas are expanding in the oceans as a result of climate change. Work carried out during the past two decades suggests that, in addition to impairing basic physiological functions, hypoxia can also affect fish behaviour. Given that many fish species are known to school, and that schooling is advantageous for their survival, the effect of hypoxia on schooling behaviour may have important ecological consequences. Here, we review the effects of hypoxia on school structure and dynamics, together with the mechanisms that cause an increase in school volume and that ultimately lead to school disruption. Furthermore, the effect of hypoxia generates a number of trade-offs in terms of schooling positions and school structure. Field observations have found that large schools of fish can exacerbate hypoxic conditions, with potential consequences for school structure and size. Therefore, previous models that predict the maximum size attainable by fish schools in relation to oxygen levels are also reviewed. Finally, we suggest that studies on the effect of hypoxia on schooling need to be integrated with those on temperature and ocean acidifications within a framework aimed at increasing our ability to predict the effect of multiple stressors of climate change on fish behaviour.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Physiology modulates social flexibility and collective behaviour in equids and other large ungulates
Authors: Gersick Andrew S. , Rubenstein Daniel I.
Published: July 2017

Though morphologically very similar, equids across the extant species occupy ecological niches that are surprisingly non-overlapping. Occupancy of these distinct niches appears related to subtle physiological and behavioural adaptations which, in turn, correspond to significant differences in the social behaviours and emergent social systems characterizing the different species. Although instances of intraspecific behavioural variation in equids demonstrate that the same body plan can support a range of social structures, each of these morphologically similar species generally shows robust fidelity to its evolved social system. The pattern suggests a subtle relationship between physiological phenotypes and behavioural flexibility. While environmental conditions can vary widely within relatively short temporal or spatial scales, physiological changes and changes to the behaviours that regulate physiological processes, are constrained to longer cycles of adaptation. Physiology is then the limiting variable in the interaction between ecological variation and behavioural and socio-structural flexibility. Behavioural and socio-structural flexibility, in turn, will generate important feedbacks that will govern physiological function, thus creating a coupled web of interactions that can lead to changes in individual and collective behaviour. Longitudinal studies of equid and other large-bodied ungulate populations under environmental stress, such as those discussed here, may offer the best opportunities for researchers to examine, in real time, the interplay between individual behavioural plasticity, socio-structural flexibility, and the physiological and genetic changes that together produce adaptive change.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
MS Western, a Method of Multiplexed Absolute Protein Quantification is a Practical Alternative to Western Blotting
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Joseph Shai R. , Augsburg Martina , Bogdanova Aliona , Drechsel David , Vastenhouw Nadine L. , Buchholz Frank , Gentzel Marc , Shevchenko Andrej
Published: July 2017

Absolute quantification of proteins elucidates the molecular composition, regulation and dynamics of multiprotein assemblies and networks. Here we report on a method termed MS Western that accurately determines the molar abundance of dozens of user-selected proteins at the sub-femtomole level in whole cell or tissue lysates without metabolic or chemical labelling and without using specific antibodies. MS Western relies upon GeLC-MS/MS and quantifies proteins byin-gelco-digestion with an isotopically labelled QconCAT protein chimera composed of concatenated proteotypic peptides. It requires no purification of the chimera and relates the molar abundance of all proteotypic peptides to a single reference protein. In comparative experiments, MS Western outperformed immunofluorescence Western blotting by the protein detection specificity, linear dynamic range and sensitivity of protein quantification. To validate MS Western in anin vivoexperiment, we quantified the molar content of zebrafish core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 during ten stages of early embryogenesis. Accurate quantification (CV<10%) corroborated the anticipated histones equimolar stoichiometry and revealed an unexpected trend in their total abundance.
Porcine commensalEscherichia coli: A reservoir for class 1 integrons associated with IS26
Authors: Reid Cameron J. , Wyrsch Ethan R. , Chowdhury Piklu Roy , Zingali Tiziana , Liu Michael , Darling Aaron , Chapman Toni A. , Djordjevic Steven P.
Published: July 2017

Porcine faecal waste is a serious environmental pollutant. Carriage of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and the zoonotic potential of commensalEscherichia colifrom swine is largely unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the role of commensalE. colias contributors to the mobilisation of antimicrobial resistance genes between food animals and the environment. Here, we report whole genome sequence analysis of 141E. colifrom the faeces of healthy pigs. Most strains belonged to phylogroups A and B1 and carried i) a class 1 integron; ii) VAGs linked with extraintestinal infection in humans; iii) antimicrobial resistance genesblaTEM, aphAl, cmlA, strAB, tet(A)A,dfrA12, dfrA5, sul1, sul2, sul3; iv)IS26;and v) heavy metal resistance genes (merA, cusA, terA). Carriage of the sulphonamide resistance genesul3was notable in this study. The 141 strains belonged to 42 multilocus sequence types, but clonal complex 10 featured prominently. Structurally diverse class 1 integrons that were frequently associated with IS26 carried unique genetic features that were also identified in extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli(ExPEC) from humans. This study provides the first detailed genomic analysis and point of reference for commensalE. coliof porcine origin, facilitating tracking of specific lineages and the mobile resistance genes they carry.

Conflict of Interest Statement

None to declare.
Magic pools: parallel assessment of transposon delivery vectors in bacteria
Authors: Liu Hualan , Price Morgan N. , Waters Robert Jordan , Ray Jayashree , Carlson Hans K. , Lamson Jacob S. , Chakraborty Romy , Arkin Adam P. , Deutschbauer Adam M.
Published: July 2017

Transposon mutagenesis coupled to next-generation sequencing (TnSeq) is a powerful approach for discovering the functions of bacterial genes. However, the development of a suitable TnSeq strategy for a given bacterium can be costly and time-consuming. To meet this challenge, we describe a parts-based strategy for constructing libraries of hundreds of transposon delivery vectors, which we term “magic pools”. Within a magic pool, each transposon vector has a different combination of promoters and antibiotic resistance markers as well as a random DNA barcode sequence, which allows the tracking of each vector during mutagenesis experiments. To identify an efficient vector for a given bacterium, we mutagenize it with a magic pool and sequence the resulting insertions; we then use the best vector to generate a large mutant library. We used the magic pool strategy to construct transposon mutant libraries in five genera of bacteria, including three genera of the phylumBacteroidetes.
The pomegranate (Punica granatumL.) genome provides insights into fruit quality and ovule developmental biology
Authors: Yuan Zhaohe , Fang Yanming , Zhang Taikui , Fei Zhangjun , Han Fengming , Liu Cuiyu , Liu Min , Xiao Wei , Zhang Wenjing , Zhang Mengwei , Ju Youhui , Xu Huili , Dai He , Liu Yujun , Chen Yanhui , Wang Lili , Zhou Jianqing , Guan Dian , Yan Ming , Xia Yanhua , Huang Xianbin , Liu Dongyuan , Wei Hongmin , Zheng Hongkun
Published: July 2017

Pomegranate(Punica granatumL.) with an uncertain taxonomic status has an ancient cultivation history, and has become an emerging fruit due to its attractive features such as the bright red appearance and the high abundance of medicinally valuable ellagitannin-based compounds in its peel and aril. However, the absence of genomic resources has restricted further elucidating genetics and evolution of these interesting traits. Here we report a 274-Mb high-quality draft pomegranate genome sequence, which covers approximately 81.5% of the estimated 336 Mb genome, consists of 2,177 scaffolds with an N50 size of 1.7 Mb, and contains 30,903 genes. Phylogenomic analysis supported that pomegranate belongs to the Lythraceae family rather than the monogeneric Punicaceae family, and comparative analyses showed that pomegranate andEucalyptus grandisshares the paleotetraploidy event. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of ellagitannin-based compounds, the color formation in both peels and arils during pomegranate fruit development, and the unique ovule development processes that are characteristic of pomegranate. This genome sequence represents the first reference in Lythraceae, providing an important resource to expand our understanding of some unique biological processes and to facilitate both comparative biology studies and crop breeding.