bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation out of Contradiction: A World of Music in the West Indies
Authors: Guilbault Jocelyne
Published: August 2013

This paper addresses the researcher's double challenge: to acknowledge and situate contrasting experiences of the same phenomenon and yet to integrate them into a personal rendition of that phenomenon. An examination of the various strategies employed in ethnographic writing, from the copious use of quotations to dialogical or polyphonic writing, shows how contradictory viewpoints have been given more attention in ethnographic literature, as the politics of representation have developed into an important debate in the social sciences. While these various approaches have undeniably allowed more voices to be heard, they have nevertheless left unanswered the problem of interpretation in the case of contested appropriations or contradictory versions of the same phenomenon. The simple fact of integrating various voices in an ethnography does not indeed constitute in an by itself an explanation of what is being said and why.

This paper examines possible uses and treatments of diverging voices in ethnographic writing. By way of illustration, I emphasize the great complexity of the responses and interpretations generated by zouk, a mass-distributed popular music from the West Indies, by presenting contrasting voices and viewpoints from the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Domenica, and Haiti. By doing so, I show, on the one hand, how each viewpoint can provide distinct types of knowledge. On the other hand, I argue that while there can be no analysis which can provide final answers to the questions raised by controversial phenomenon such as zouk, not all the points of view should be accorded the same importance.
Topos, Text, and the Parody Problem in Bach's Mass in B minor, BWV 232
Authors: Szeker-Madden Lisa
Published: August 2013

Even though parody and borrowing have long been recognized as legitimate features of Bach's compositional practices, the criteria by which the composer selected appropriate material to parody remains problematic. Christoph Wolff and Güther Stiller, for example, suggest that musical elements, such as the quality of the original or its potential for further embellishment, represent possible criteria. On the other hand, textual elements such as analogous subjects, "affects," and metrical patterns between old and new texts also many have factored into Bach's criteria. In an effort to redress the imposition of these twentieth-century solutions to what is in effect an eighteenth-century phenomenon, this study undertakes a cultural/contextual examination of the Crucifixus movement from the Mass in B minor and its model, the opening chorus of Cantata 12. Indeed, a logical analysis of both texts reveals that an equivalence of topoi, or topics, represents an important criterion in the selection of an appropriate model from which to borrow. Moreover, a musical-rhetorical analysis confirms that Bach's borrowings from the opening chorus of Cantata 12 are actually musical-rhetorical figures. His application of the parody procedure thus represents the re-use of specific musical-rhetorical gestures which are suitable for the embellishment of a particular topos.
Deep Rivers: Selected Songs of Florence Price and Margaret
Bonds
Authors: Peters Penelope
Published: August 2013

This essay examines the songs of two African-American women, Florence Price (1888–1953) and Margaret Bonds (1913–72), who embarked upon their compositional studies and careers only a couple of generations after the emancipation. Both discovered in the poetry of Langston Hughes (1902–67) the means for reconciling the musical traditions of their African-American heritage with those of their European training. Through detailed analysis of the textual and musical symbolism in Price's Song to a Dark Virgin and Bonds's The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Three Dream Portraits, the author demonstrates the influence of spirituals ("plantation songs"), blues, and jazz and reveals how these African-American idioms are integrated with the melodic and harmonic idioms from the early twentieth-century European tradition.
The Gender Stereotyping of Musical Instruments in the Western
Tradition
Authors: Steblin Rita
Published: August 2013

The sexual stereotyping of musical instruments in Italian, German, and English society from the beginning of the Renaissance period to the end of the nineteenth century is the object of this essay. Through evidence gleaned from iconography and a variety of written documents, the author demonstrates how the gender association of musical instruments virtually eliminated female participation from important musical activities, ensuring the male domination of the art and preventing women from becoming prominent composers.
Perceptual Aspects of Tuning in a Balinese Gamelan Angklung for North American Students
Authors: Rahn Jay
Published: August 2013

A detailed analysis of the spectra and frequencies of tones produced on metallophones in a Balinese orchestra clarifies a number of issues that arise in studying timbre and tuning. Among these are the relative importance of accuracy and completeness of measurements, the relevance of acoustical description to musical perception and style, the appropriateness of statistical generalizations and numerical formulations to musical practice and theory, and the possibility of bi-musical responses to divergent tuning systems. Byproducts of the investigation include a proposed basis for inter-cultural ear training and a novel formulation of the unison, octave, and other intervals (including wide and narrow variants), as well as traditional scales and interval collections that have existed side-by-side in widely varying forms within individual cultures.
Aesthetic Imagination in the Literacy-based Music Classroom: Implications for School Policy and Practice
Authors: Harris Carol E.
Published: August 2013

Ministry statements regarding music programming tend to be couched either in vague generalities or as conflicting directives for implementation. The aesthetic imagination of students suffers the first loss in school boards that elect to place the responsibility for music in the hands of untrained teachers. This paper traces imagination as emanating from an inextricable combination of impression, sensual perception, ideas, and intentional expression. Imagination itself is examined here first, as heightened perception, and second, as phenomena "becoming." As expression must have substantive material for its realization, music education should include the skills both of performance and of literacy. Anything less denies students, especially the disadvantaged, "voice" and exacerbates the present state of cultural inequality.
Tros, Tevodas, and Haircuts: Ritual, Music, and Performance in Khmer Wedding Ceremonies
Authors: McKinley Kathy M.
Published: August 2013

This paper explores the importance of musical performance, its purpose and significance within Cambodian wedding ceremonies. While social and economic conditions of the early 1990s have contributed to the affordability of live wedding music in Phnom Penh, this paper suggests that the primary reason for the maintenance of live traditional wedding music is its role in enhancing the ritual and social efficacy of the ceremony, achieved through inspired and connected performances by singer-musicians as social-ritual actors.
Multiple Meanings: The Role of Black Gospel in an Interracial and Multi-Ethnic Edmonton Church
Authors: Taranger Angela
Published: August 2013

This paper examines the process by which Black gospel music (performed according to aesthetic standards determined by African Americans) has become a site of meaning for both Black and White congregants at Edmonton Community Worship Hour, a church with an interracial and multi-ethnic ministry. Certain "transformations" (or "inversions") are at play in the conceptual systems of the people who attend; each individual has disparate, though intersecting, webs of meaning which become operational in a cross-cultural setting, relating to: the music itself, the method of worship, and the interpersonal relationships of the church's Black majority and White minority.
Dancing with the Divine(r): Batá Drumming, Ifá Divination, and Orisha Worship in Cuba
Authors: Marcuzzi Michael
Published: August 2013

This paper is an examination of similarities between batá drumming and Ifá divination among the Afrocuban socio-religious group, Lukumí. Primarily addressing the use of diametrically opposed social actions within each of these practices, the paper maintains that this juxtaposition of opposites is a constituent characteristic of divining modes—be they interpretive or mediumistic—in effecting suprahuman communication. The paper purports the necessity to examine batá drumming as a divination system; thus, it argues the need for an expanded construct of divination that can readily include musical behaviours such as possession induction.
Articulations of Locality: Portraits and Narratives from the Toronto-Cuban Musicscape
Authors: Gallaugher Annemarie
Published: August 2013

In keeping with a current movement in ethnomusicology and popular music studies concerned with musical constructions of space, time, and other, this paper presents a mini-ethnography of the Toronto-Cuban musicscape. Using as a point of departure Sara Cohen's statement that "We are all multiply placed with multiple identities but that does not necessarily mean that we are well-placed" (1995), the paper highlights some of the problems and discrepancies—i.e., the more negative, troublesome, and less coherent sides of placement—involved in the multiple and heterogeneous articulations of Cuban-ness within this locality.
Violet Archer, Jean Coulthard, and Barbara Pentland Remembered
Authors: Deaville James , Kenneson Claude , Bruneau William , Keillor Elaine , Munn Alexandra , Hughes Neil R. , Colton Glenn , Beckwith John
Published: August 2013

In a bizarre coincidence, three important Canadian women composers from the same generation recently died within five weeks of each other: Barbara Pentland on 6 February 2000, Violet Archer on 22 February 2000, and Jean Coulthard on 9 March 2000. As a tribute to their lives and work, this colloquy gathers remembrances of them by friends and colleagues, ranging from brief anecdotes to extended memoirs. It is thus a collection of primary documents, which yield many new insights into the lives of our composers, ranging from personal habits to the way they taught composition.
Schubert's Impromptu in G-flat: A Response to Adam Krims
Authors: Renwick William
Published: August 2013

Schubert's Impromptu in G-flat Major is a test case for the varied functions of the upper neighbour. After reviewing Schenker's notion of the upper neighbour, I propose that context is the key to a consistent reading of the upper neighbours in Schubert's Impromptu. The parallelism of neighbours at different levels accounts for much of the organic unity of the composition. Then I reconsider Schoenberg's notion of structural functions, demonstrating the complementary relationship of Schenker and Schoenberg. Finally I revisit the concept of productivity. I argue that most critical approaches employ productivity as a matter of course. The question arises as to which combinations of insight are the most productive.
The Piano Music of Percy Grainger: A Pianist's Perspective on Pedalling
Authors: Carruthers Glen
Published: August 2013

Eminent pianist and composer Percy Aldridge Grainger (1882–1961) filled his original music and folksong arrangements with detailed, though idiosyncratic instructions to performers. The extent to which his own meticulous pedal technique is mirrored in careful directions to pianists is both unusual and revelatory. Grainger's scores are examined here from the standpoint of the damper, sostenuto and una corda pedals. Numerous musical examples serve two purposes: 1) they give information concerning the complexity of Grainger's pedal technique and 2) they exhibit the array of notational methods the composer employed, at various stages in his career, to enable performers to replicate as nearly as possible his own scrupulous pedalling. As well, by examining in detail this one aspect of Grainger's rich artistry, light is shed on the relationship between composer and performer, and notation and interpretation, that Grainger sought to understand and articulate ever more clearly throughout his career.
Mots cachés: Autobiography in Cocteau's and Poulenc's La Voix humaine
Authors: Clifton Keith
Published: August 2013

Poulenc's Dialogues des Carmélites has been consistently identified as the summit of his operatic works. Such an assessment has assured that his final opera, La Voix humaine, based on Cocteau's monodrama, has been overlooked, the impetus for its composition inadequately defined. Musically, La Voix humaine employs a complex tonal language unprecedented in Poulenc's compositional arsenal. Rather than advancing the interpretation that Poulenc composed Voix out of loyalty to Cocteau, I propose that the opera represents his final attempt to come to terms with his homosexuality. Numerous references in correspondence expose the opera as a mirror of Poulenc's emotional life. Poulenc and Cocteau's employment of gay camp also informs the work and provides a glimpse into possible hidden meanings. A closer examination of this neglected work reveals new insights into Poulenc's troubled and elusive personality.
Écriture tonale et perspectives nouvelles de l’harmonie fauréenne
Authors: Caron Sylvain
Published: August 2013

Dans une analyse orientée vers des applications en écriture, l’auteur démontre comment Fauré intègre à la tonalité classique une conception nouvelle des fonctions harmoniques. Si la dominante conserve son rôle structurant en contexte cadentiel, la multiplication des dominantes défonctionnalisées rendent équivoques les progressions en cours de phrase. Comme autres procédés, on observe par endroits un usage « autonome » de la modalité, la séquence harmonique, l’harmonie des médiantes et un contrepoint qui prédomine de plus en plus sur l’harmonie; ces techniques viennent modifier considérablement, mais de l’intérieur, les caractéristiques du langage tonal. Au lieu de définir ces nouvelles caractéristiques par rapport à la tonalité, il est préférable de parler de nouvelles fonctions tonales. Celles-ci deviennent parties intégrantes du langage car elles conditionnent la structure harmonique globale.
La méthode Suzuki et l’approche de la langue maternelle
Authors: Comeau Gilles
Published: August 2013

Dans la méthode Suzuki, un parallèle est proposé entre l’apprentissage de la langue maternelle et celui d’un instrument de musique. De ce rapprochement se dégage toute une série de principes qui orientent chacun des aspects de la méthode. Si le concept de l’apprentissage de la langue maternelle est une métaphore intéressante pour expliquer, en termes simples et imagés, la pédagogie privilégiée, un parallèle direct entre les deux types d’apprentissage suggère une simplicité illusoire de l’apprentissage de l’instrument. Cet article veut baliser les limites de la métaphore.
On Popular Music: Philip Tagg, William Straw / À propos de musique populaire : Philip Tagg, William Straw
Authors: Pedneault Julie
Published: August 2013

In the course of the last decade, the study of popular music has gradually taken its place as one of the most important branches of musicology. Is Montreal on its way to becoming one of the centres of this institutionalization? William Straw (Director of the Graduate Programme in Communication Studies at McGill) and Philip Tagg (senior professor at the University of Montreal) discuss the current state and future of this discipline. They speak both about the field, its place in the university curriculum, and its most active and promising orientations.
La technique 5–6 comme modèle descriptif d’un aspect de l’élaboration du vocabulaire chromatique
Authors: Daigle Paulin
Published: August 2013

L’article propose un modèle théorique pour la compréhension des répertoires romantique et postromantique : celui de la syncope consonante 5–6. Ce modèle se défend à la lumière, d’une part, des relations de fondamentales de tierce et, d’autre part, de l’élaboration du vocabulaire chromatique que ces répertoires comportent. Les exemples sont puisés aux œuvres de Debussy, Fauré, Liszt, Schoenberg, Richard Strauss et Wolf, parce qu’elles présentent une « idée de base » décrite par la technique 5–6, qui subit plusieurs transformations. De telles œuvres contribuent à affaiblir l’harmonie fonctionnelle et, surtout, à mettre en valeur l’accord de sixte ajoutée dans la fonction de tonique.
Metrical Reinterpretations in Ursula Mamlok's Panta Rhei, IV (1981)
Authors: Prevost Roxane
Published: August 2013

Although composer Ursula Mamlok (b. 1928) has gained prominence in the areas of performance, recording, and publishing, her music has been largely neglected by scholars. This paper focuses on the fourth movement of her popular trioPanta Rhei(1981), specifically on the return of a distinctive repeated-note unit at the beginning and throughout the refrains. Mamlok varies the entries of the repeated-note unit so that perceived accelerations and decelerations, as described by Christopher Hasty, occur. By completing projections early or late, Mamlok's work gives the impression of "time in flux" orPanta Rhei.
CanCon and the Canon
Authors: Elliott Robin
Published: August 2013

Canadian music is almost completely absent from university-level textbooks used in this country, most of which are published in the United States. Canadian content typically is added to a music history survey course, if at all, at the end of the chronological account. This article argues for a different approach, one in which Canadian content is integrated into the survey course from the medieval era to the present day. Introductory courses in ethnomusicology could also include Canadian music materials at many different points.
Entretien avec François Bayle
Authors: Julien Olivier
Published: August 2013

Directeur du GRM (Groupe de Recherches Musicales) de 1966 à 1997, le compositeur François Bayle a été un témoin privilégié des mutations technologiques de ces 50 dernières années. Au cours de cet entretien, il revient sur sa rencontre avec Pierre Schaeffer et sur les débuts de la musique électroacoustique. Il évoque également les techniques et les principes qui sont le fondement de cette musique depuis 1958 tout en répondant à la question qui tourmente aujourd’hui de nombreux musicologues : est-il possible d’établir un parallèle entre la pratique des musiciens électroacoustiques et celle de certains musiciens populaires de la fin du XXe siècle?
Classical Music Criticism at the Globe and Mail: 1936-2000
Authors: Eatock Colin
Published: August 2013

This article is a study of developments in classical music criticism at the Toronto-based Globe and Mail newspaper from its inception in 1936 to the year 2000. Three distinct time-periods are identified, according to content, style and ideology: 1936-1952, a period of boosterism, when critics often saw it as their role to support Toronto's musicians and musical institutions; 1952-1987, when (during the lengthy tenure of critic John Kraglund) the newspaper took a more detached, non-partisan stance towards musicians and musical activities in the city; and 1987-2000, when critics began to address social, political, and economic issues governing classical music, and to question inherited cultural assumptions about the art form.
Some Motets in Honour of St Joseph in the Archives of the Ursulines of Québec
Authors: Schwandt Erich
Published: August 2013

There is a handful of motets in honour of one of New France's most important patrons—St Joseph—preserved at the Archives of the Ursulines of Québec. This group of eight motets has formed the basis of speculation about the musical gifts of Père René Ménard and Mère Marie de St Joseph. Both of them are mentioned in 1640 as being capable musicians, but both were dead by the middle of the seventeenth century. In this article the St Joseph motets are examined to see if there is any basis for connecting any of the music to either person. Unfortunately, all of the music is stylistically much too late to have been composed by Père Ménard, or to have been assembled or copied by Mère de St Joseph. Solum nomen super est.
Self-Similarity and Compositional Strategies in the Music of Milton Babbitt
Authors: Cuciurean John
Published: August 2013

The unfolding of a compact algebraic group into a larger structure which exhibits an isomorphic relationship with the smaller group is the essence of "self-similarity." Through the use of transformational networks which take advantage of the group properties of the forty-eight canonical operators and through the examination of the hexachordally combinatorial properties of Babbitt's row forms, this paper examines the manner in which Babbitt selects and combines rows to produce maximal diversity on the surface while optimizing internal coherence at the deeper structural levels. This study focuses on three works that cover straightforward serial structures, simple array structures and superarray structures respectively — Babbitt's three main compositional strategies.
Une nouvelle découverte à Montréal dans la bibliothèque musicale de Jean Girard : des œuvres vocales rares de Lebègue, de Bacilly et de Du Mont
Authors: Gallat-Morin Élisabeth
Published: August 2013

Un recueil donné à la Bibliothèque nationale du Québec (Montréal) en 1993 porte les signatures de François Vachon de Belmont, supérieur des Sulpiciens de Montréal de 1701 à 1732, et de Jean Girard, à qui appartenait le Livre d’orgue de Montréal. Les quatre volumes renferment les Motets (1687) de M. Noël (pseudonyme de Lebègue), les Airs spirituels de « différents autheurs » (1697), édition « pirate » d’œuvres de Baccilly, et les Airs à quatre parties (1663) de Du Mont. Très rares, voire uniques, ces œuvres complètent la bibliothèque musicale de Jean Girard et ajoutent à notre connaissance du répertoire musical interprété à Ville-Marie au XVIIIe siècle.
The Organized Muse? Organization Theory and "Mediated" Music
Authors: Deaville James
Published: August 2013

Throughout musical history, organizations have occupied a significant role in the production of music. The article explores how scholarship might approach the study of musical organizations through organization theory. After a discussion of modernist and postmodern paradigms in organization theory, the article applies those principles, as well as the thought of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, to two case studies from the history of the New-German movement. The case studies illustrate how organization theory helps explain the failure of the Euterpe-Verein in Leipzig on the one hand, and the success of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein on the other.
L’ornementation de la musique française pour orgue de la première moitié du XVIIe siècle, d’après Titelouze, Mersenne et Denis
Authors: Brauer Vincent
Published: August 2013

Compte tenu de l’état actuel de la recherche musicologique relative à l’ornementation de la musique française pour orgue de la première moitié du XVIIe siècle, cette étude apporte, par comparaison et synthèse de trois sources musicales et théoriques contemporaines de cette période, un certain nombre d’éclaircissements. Il faut notamment faire une distinction entre l’ornementation utilisée par les organistes du début et de la fin du XVIIe siècle en France : certains ornements seront abandonnés entre ces deux périodes, d’autres n’apparaîtront qu’à la fin du siècle. De plus, les différents ornements notés ou décrits dans ces trois sources que sont l’œuvre d’orgue de Titelouze, l’Harmonie universelle de Mersenne et le Traité de l’accord de l’espinette de Denis, sont suffisamment nombreux pour qu’il ait été jugé utile d’en établir une nomenclature qui représente un outil pratique pour l’interprète intéressé au répertoire pour orgue de cette période.
Condition de l’auteur dramatique dans l’espace théâtral contemporain : des textes en trop ?
Authors: Leroux Louis Patrick
Published: August 2013

À qui s’adresse l’auteur dramatique québécois? Et quelle est la portée de cette adresse? L’auteur, en mode essai, pose ces questions, à la lumière d’une pratique et d’un milieu en pleine transformation où l’auteur perd de son autorité et où il doit peut-être repenser son rapport avec l’objet de création.
« Le texte est sur la table… » : Chaurette et la primauté du texte
Authors: Godin Jean Cléo
Published: August 2013

À partir d’une indication scénique de Provincetown Playhouse — « Le texte est sur la table »—, cet article analyse les multiples aspects de la primauté du texte, souvent posé comme hypotexte de sa propre représentation, dans l’oeuvre de Normand Chaurette, dont l’écriture « musicale » engendre des récits se développant selon une étrange logique et dont la genèse réserve des surprises.
L’écriture du spectacle Seuls de Wajdi Mouawad : poétique et détours transculturels
Authors: Fisher Dominique D.
Published: August 2013

DansSeuls, Wajdi Mouawad exploite une nouvelle forme de transposition d’écriture scénique qu’il nomme «  polyphonie d’écriture ». Ce texte se donne comme le produit d’une pratique théâtrale polymorphe qui met en dialogue plusieurs arts et/ou médias sur l’espace de la page. Cet article examine les multiples facettes de cette pratique scripturale dans un contexte transculturel et post-orientaliste ainsi que la manière dont Mouawad met en crise les modèles artaudien et lepagien qu’il recycle.
The Challenge of the Bad Man
Authors: Plaxton Michael
Published: August 2013

H.L.A. Hart’s insight, that some people may be guided by an
offence provision because they take it as authoritative and not merely
to avoid sanctions, has had an enormous influence upon criminal law
theory. Hart, however, did not claim that any person in any actual
legal order in fact thinks like the “puzzled man”, and
there is lingering doubt as to the extent to which we should place him
at the center of our analysis as we try to make sense of moral problems
in the criminal law. Instead, we might find that our understanding of
at least some issues in criminal law theory is advanced when we look
through the eyes of Holmes’ “bad man”. This becomes
clear when we consider the respective works by Hart and Douglas Husak
on overcriminalization, James Chalmers and Fiona Leverick’s
recent discussion of fair labeling, and Meir Dan-Cohen’s classic
analysis of acoustic separation. These works also suggest, in different
ways, that an emphasis on the bad man can expose the role of discretion
in criminal justice systems, and the rule of law problems it generates.
Polyol Synthesis of Ultrathin Pd Nanowires via Attachment‐Based Growth and Their Enhanced Activity towards Formic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Wang Yi , Choi Sang‐Il , Zhao Xin , Xie Shuifen , Peng Hsin‐Chieh , Chi Miaofang , Huang Cheng Zhi , Xia Younan
Published: August 2013

Palladium wavy nanowires with an ultrathin diameter of 2 nm are synthesized using the polyol method without the involvement of any template. The success of this synthesis relies on the use of a suitable precursor that could be reduced instantaneously to generate a large number of small Pd nanoparticles. Due to a quick depletion of precursor, the small nanoparticles were unable to grow in size through atomic addition. In the case of low surface charges and high surface energies, these small nanoparticles were forced to coalesce into ultrathin nanowires with a wavy morphology via an attachment mechanism. Thanks to the unique structure and involvement of twin defects, the as‐obtained Pd ultrathin nanowires show a catalytic current density of 2.5 times higher than the conventional Pd/C catalyst towards formic acid oxidation. This work not only offers a powerful route to the synthesis of nanowires through attachment‐based growth but also opens the door to the rational design and fabrication of novel metal nanostructures with enhanced properties.
Implications for Osmorespiratory Compromise by Anatomical Remodeling in the Gills of Arapaima gigas
Authors: Ramos Cleverson Agner , Fernandes Marisa Narciso , da Costa Oscar Tadeu Ferreira , Duncan Wallice Paxiuba
Published: August 2013

The gill structure of the Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas, an obligatory air breather, was investigated during its transition from water breathing to the obligatory air breathing modes of respiration. The gill structure of A. gigas larvae is similar to that of most teleost fish; however, the morphology of the gills changes as the fish grow. The main morphological changes in the gill structure of a growing fish include the following: (1) intense cell proliferation in the filaments and lamellae, resulting in increasing epithelial thickness and decreasing interlamellar distance; (2) pillar cell system atrophy, which reduces the blood circulation through the lamellae; (3) the generation of long cytoplasmic processes from the epithelial cells into the intercellular space, resulting in continuous and sinuous paracellular channels between the epithelial cells of the filament and lamella that may be involved in gas, ion, and nutrient transport to epithelial cells; and (4) intense mitochondria‐rich cell (MRC) proliferation in the lamellar epithelium. All of these morphological changes in the gills contribute to a low increase of the respiratory surface area for gas exchange and an increase in the water–blood diffusion distance increasing their dependence on air‐breathing as fish developed. The increased proliferation of MRCs may contribute to increased ion uptake, which favors the regulation of ion content and pH equilibrium. Anat Rec, 296:1664–1675, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ATG8 IN LEPIDOPTERAN INSECT CELLS
Authors: Gai Zhongchao , Zhang Xiaojuan , Islam Mayira , Wang Xia , Li Aiying , Yang Yongbo , Li Yi , Peng Jianxin , Hong Huazhu , Liu Kaiyu
Published: August 2013

Yeast Atg8 and mammalian microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) are landmark proteins essential for autophagy. Here the lepidopteran Atg8, a homolog of LC3, is characterized. Sequence analysis reveals that Atg8 proteins are highly conserved in lepidopteran species. The abundance of endogeous Atg8 and the ratios of Atg8 conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (Atg8‐PE)/Atg8 are different among several lepidopteran cell lines and different tissues of Helicoverpa armigera larvae. Both the density of fluorescent pre‐autophagosomal structures with GFP‐Ha Atg8 and the abundance of Atg6 are positively correlated with levels of Atg8‐PE in different cell lines. The mutant GFP‐Atg8G116A has lost the function in punctual formation, suggesting that G116 is important for autophagy.

Exogenous factors have significant influences on the conversion of Atg8 in lepidopteran cells. Bacillus thuringiensis enhances the degradation of Atg8 in Spodoptera litura Sl‐HP cells. Atg8‐PE degrades gradually with extension of amino acid starvation, and bafilomycin A1 can block the decrease through the inhibition of autophagosome fusion with lysosome. Interestingly, high pH is more effective than amino acid starvation in Bombyx mori Bme cells to induce the conversion of BmAtg8 to BmAgt8‐PE. Change of the quality of fetal bovine serum in the culture medium results in alteration of the ratio of Atg8‐PE/Atg8 in some lepidopteran cell lines.
Peer assessment among first year medical students in anatomy
Authors: Spandorfer John , Puklus Tanya , Rose Victoria , Vahedi Mithaq , Collins Lauren , Giordano Carolyn , Schmidt Richard , Braster Chris
Published: August 2013

Peer assessment has been shown to be an effective tool to promote professionalism in medical students. Peer assessment may be particularly useful in anatomy dissection laboratory as the required close collaboration and long hours of anatomy laboratory provide students insights into their peers' work habits and interpersonal skills. The objective of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the use of a validated peer assessment tool in Gross Anatomy. Students in a first year medical school class evaluated three members of their dissection group using an online survey tool. The mid‐course and end‐of‐course evaluation included open‐ended comments, as well as a five‐point scale that measured three work habits, two interpersonal attributes and one overall score. All 267 students completed the assignment. The overall score and four of the five other assessed categories showed significant improvement from the mid‐ to end‐of‐course evaluations. Quantitative and qualitative data also revealed significant improvement among the students who received the lowest mid‐course assessments. Seventy‐six percent of the class agreed with the statement: “Based on the feedback I received, I made a change in how I worked with or taught my peers.” The use of this peer assessment tool used by students in anatomy was associated with improvements in work habits and interpersonal attributes, particularly by the cohort of students who received the lowest mid‐course feedback. Peer assessment offers students an opportunity to improve their interpersonal skills and work habits. Anat Sci Educ 7: 144–152. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
A retrospective look at replacing face‐to‐face embryology instruction with online lectures in a human anatomy course
Authors: Beale Elmus G. , Tarwater Patrick M. , Lee Vaughan H.
Published: August 2013

Embryology is integrated into the Clinically Oriented Anatomy course at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine. Before 2008, the same instructor presented embryology in 13 face‐to‐face lectures distributed by organ systems throughout the course. For the 2008 and 2009 offerings of the course, a hybrid embryology instruction model with four face‐to‐face classes that supplemented online recorded lectures was used. One instructor delivered the lectures face‐to‐face in 2007 and by online videos in 2008–2009, while a second instructor provided the supplemental face‐to‐face classes in 2008–2009. The same embryology learning objectives and selected examination questions were used for each of the three years. This allowed direct comparison of learning outcomes, as measured by examination performance, for students receiving only face‐to‐face embryology instruction versus the hybrid approach. Comparison of the face‐to‐face lectures to the hybrid approach showed no difference in overall class performance on embryology questions that were used all three years. Moreover, there was no differential effect of the delivery method on the examination scores for bottom quartile students. Students completed an end‐of‐course survey to assess their opinions. They rated the two forms of delivery similarly on a six‐point Likert scale and reported that face‐to‐face lectures have the advantage of allowing them to interact with the instructor, whereas online lectures could be paused, replayed, and viewed at any time. These experiences suggest the need for well‐designed prospective studies to determine whether online lectures can be used to enhance the efficacy of embryology instruction. Anat Sci Educ 7: 234–241. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Three‐dimensional culture of differentiated endometrial stromal cells to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in fibrin hydrogel
Authors: Asmani Mohammad Nabi , Ai Jafar , Amoabediny Ghasem , Noroozi Abbas , Azami Mahmoud , Ebrahimi‐Barough Somayeh , Navaei‐Nigjeh Mona , Ai Armin , Jafarabadi Mina
Published: August 2013

Neural tissue engineering is one of the most promising strategies for treatment of nerve tissue injuries. Three‐dimensional (3D) environment mimics in vivo conditions for cells. 3D distribution and growth of the cells within the scaffold are both important for neural tissue engineering. In this study, endometrial stromal cell‐derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (EnSC‐derived OPCs) were cultured in fibrin gel and cell differentiation and viability were evaluated after 8 days of post‐culture. The structural and mechanical characteristics of fibrin gel‐like scaffold were examined with rheological analysis. EnSCs were isolated from donor tissue and were induced to OPCs with growth factors (FGF2/EGF/PDGF‐AA) for 12 days, then were cultured in fibrin gel with Triiodothyronine (T3) medium for another 8 days. The viability of cells was analyzed using MTT assay for a period of 8 days culturing in a fibrin matrix. Structure of fibrin matrix and cell morphology was analyzed with SEM. TEM, immunostaining and quantitative RT‐PCR was performed for OPCs markers after cell culturing in fibrin matrix. Cell viability is enhanced in fibrin matrix after 8 days. SEM and TEM show that cells are in good integration with nano‐fibers. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT‐PCR of OPCs differentiation markers showed that Olig2, Sox10, PDGFRa, CNP, and A2B5 are expressed after 8 days culturing within fibrin matrix. Fibrin can provide a suitable 3‐D scaffold for EnSCs differentiated cells for the regeneration of CNS.
Heteroleptic Tin(II) Initiators for the Ring‐Opening (Co)Polymerization of Lactide and Trimethylene Carbonate: Mechanistic Insights from Experiments and Computations
Authors: Wang Lingfang , Kefalidis Christos E. , Sinbandhit Sourisak , Dorcet Vincent , Carpentier Jean‐François , Maron Laurent , Sarazin Yann
Published: August 2013

The tin(II) complexes {LOx}Sn(X) ({LOx}−=aminophenolate ancillary) containing amido (1–4), chloro (5), or lactyl (6) coligands (X) promote the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters. Complex 6, which models the first insertion of L‐lactide, initiates the living ROP of L‐LA on its own, but the amido derivatives 1–4 require the addition of alcohol to do so. Upon addition of one to ten equivalents of iPrOH, precatalysts 1–4 promote the ROP of trimethylene carbonate (TMC); yet, hardly any activity is observed if tert‐butyl (R)‐lactate is used instead of iPrOH. Strong inhibition of the reactivity of TMC is also detected for the simultaneous copolymerization of L‐LA and TMC, or for the block copolymerization of TMC after that of L‐LA. Experimental and computational data for the {LOx}Sn(OR) complexes (OR=lactyl or lactidyl) replicating the active species during the tin(II)‐mediated ROP of L‐LA demonstrate that the formation of a five‐membered chelate is largely favored over that of an eight‐membered one, and that it constitutes the resting state of the catalyst during this (co)polymerization. Comprehensive DFT calculations show that, out of the four possible monomer insertion sequences during simultaneous copolymerization of L‐LA and TMC: 1) TMC then TMC, 2) TMC then L‐LA, 3) L‐LA then L‐LA, and 4) L‐LA then TMC, the first three are possible. By contrast, insertion of L‐LA followed by that of TMC (i.e., insertion sequence 4) is endothermic by +1.1 kcal mol−1, which compares unfavorably with consecutive insertions of two L‐LA units (i.e., insertion sequence 3) (−10.2 kcal mol−1). The copolymerization of L‐LA and TMC thus proceeds under thermodynamic control.
Fe‐Cr‐Mo based ODS alloys via spark plasma sintering: A combinational characterization study by TEM and APT
Authors: Wu Y. Q. , Allahar K. N. , Burns J. , Jaques B. , Charit I. , Butt D. P. , Cole J. I.
Published: August 2013

Nanoscale oxides play an important role in oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys for improved high temperature creep resistance and enhanced radiation damage tolerance. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) were combined to investigate two novel Fe‐16Cr‐3Mo (wt.%) based ODS alloys. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to consolidate the ODS alloys from powders that were milled with 0.5 wt.% Y2O3 powder only or with Y2O3 powder and 1 wt.% Ti. TEM characterization revealed that both alloys have a bimodal structure of nanometer‐size (∼ 100 – 500 nm) and micron‐size grains with nanostructured oxide precipitates formed along and close to grain boundaries with diameters ranging from five to tens of nanometers. APT provides further quantitative analyses of the oxide precipitates, and also reveals Mo segregation at grain boundaries next to oxide precipitates. The alloys with and without Ti are compared based on their microstructures.
Distinct roles of Drosophila cacophony and Dmca1D Ca2+ channels in synaptic homeostasis: Genetic interactions with slowpoke Ca2+‐activated BK channels in presynaptic excitability and postsynaptic response
Authors: Lee Jihye , Ueda Atsushi , Wu Chun‐Fang
Published: August 2013

Ca2+ influx through voltage‐activated Ca2+ channels and its feedback regulation by Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels is critical in Ca2+‐dependent cellular processes, including synaptic transmission, growth and homeostasis. Here we report differential roles of cacophony (CaV2) and Dmca1D (CaV1) Ca2+ channels in synaptic transmission and in synaptic homeostatic regulations induced by slowpoke (slo) BK channel mutations. At Drosophila larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), a well‐established homeostatic mechanism of transmitter release enhancement is triggered by experimentally suppressing postsynaptic receptor response. In contrast, a distinct homeostatic adjustment is induced by slo mutations. To compensate for the loss of BK channel control presynaptic Sh K+ current is upregulated to suppress transmitter release, coupled with a reduction in quantal size. We demonstrate contrasting effects of cac and Dmca1D channels in decreasing transmitter release and muscle excitability, respectively, consistent with their predominant pre‐ vs. postsynaptic localization. Antibody staining indicated reduced postsynaptic GluRII receptor subunit density and altered ratio of GluRII A and B subunits in slo NMJs, leading to quantal size reduction. Such slo‐triggered modifications were suppressed in cac;;slo larvae, correlated with a quantal size reversion to normal in double mutants, indicating a role of cac Ca2+ channels in slo‐triggered homeostatic processes. In Dmca1D;slo double mutants, the quantal size and quantal content were not drastically different from those of slo, although Dmca1D suppressed the slo‐induced satellite bouton overgrowth. Taken together, cac and Dmca1D Ca2+ channels differentially contribute to functional and structural aspects of slo‐induced synaptic modifications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1–15, 2014
Making scent of the presence and local translation of odorant receptor mRNAs in olfactory axons
Authors: Dubacq Caroline , Fouquet Coralie , Trembleau Alain
Published: August 2013

Rodents contain in their genome more than 1000 functional odorant receptor genes, which are specifically expressed by the olfactory sensory neurons projecting from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb. Strong evidence for the presence and local translation of odorant receptor mRNAs in the axon of olfactory sensory neurons was obtained, but no function has been assigned to these axonal mRNAs yet. The aim of this review is to discuss the evidence for the presence and local translation of odorant receptor mRNAs in olfactory sensory axons, and to speculate on their possible function in the wiring of the mouse olfactory sensory projections. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 259–268, 2014
Optimization of the Protonation Level of Polyaniline‐Based Hole‐Transport Layers in Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Omar , Bourdo Shawn E. , Saini Viney , Bairi Venu G. , Dervishi Enkeleda , Viswanathan Tito , Nima Zeid A. , Biris Alexandru S.
Published: August 2013

In this work, polyaniline (PANI) protonated with various levels of camphor sulfonic acid (HCSA) has been used as a hole‐transport layer (HTL) in organic bulk‐heterojunction solar cells. Polyaniline with three different protonation levels was inserted between poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) and the indium‐tin oxide (ITO) glass transparent electrode to explore the effects of varying the protonation level to optimize the hole‐transport properties. The three protonation concentrations (in molar ratios) of PANI are zero‐protonated (PANI/HCSA, 1:0), half‐protonated (PANI/HCSA, 1:1), and fully protonated (PANI/HCSA, 1:2) thin films. Current–voltage measurements under AM 1.5 conditions revealed that a conversion efficiency of 1.3 % was achieved if half‐protonated PANI was used as the HTL. Several analytical methods were utilized for characterizing PANI to understand the effects of the protonation level on the electrical, optoelectronic, and structural characteristics, and their correlation with final device properties.
First principles prediction of a new high‐pressure phase of dense hydrous magnesium silicates in the lower mantle
Authors: Tsuchiya Jun
Published: August 2013

First principles calculations have shown that the high‐pressure phase transition of phase D MgSi2O6H2 to the new high‐pressure hydrous phase MgSiO4H2 plus stishovite occurs at about 40 GPa. The crystal structure of the new phase is very similar to that of CaCl2‐type SiO2 and has monoclinic symmetry with space group P2/m. This new hydrous phase is stable up to about 52 GPa and then dissociates into MgSiO3 perovskite and H2O (ice VIII) at static 0 K conditions. The Clapeyron slope between phase D and the new phase + SiO2 is positive; about 6.4 MPa/K at 1000 K. This new hydrous phase further extends the stability field of dense hydrous magnesium silicates and also opens the pathway toward the existence of a high‐pressure phase of ice at the lower mantle conditions.
Greenland mass variation from time‐variable gravity in the absence of GRACE
Authors: Baur O.
Published: August 2013

In a recent paper, the authors succeeded in the inference of time‐variable gravity from orbit analysis of the CHAMP satellite. The authors demonstrated the potential of the adopted methods by validation against GRACE data and surface height changes from GPS ground stations. This paper presents the capability of orbit analysis for the spatiotemporal quantification of Greenland mass change trends. Based on CHAMP time‐variable gravity fields from January 2003 to December 2009, we estimated the ice mass loss over the entire of Greenland to 246±10 Gt/yr. This result is in line with the findings from GRACE data analysis (223±10 Gt/yr) over the same period; the trend estimates differ by only 10%. Moreover, for some areas, the spatial mass variation patterns are in good agreement, pinpointing dominant deglaciation along the Greenland coastline. We conclude that orbit analysis of low‐Earth orbiting spacecraft is suitable to assess Greenland mass balance in the absence of the GRACE satellites.
The role of CO2 variability and exposure time for biological impacts of ocean acidification
Authors: Shaw Emily C. , Munday Philip L. , McNeil Ben I.
Published: August 2013

Biological impacts of ocean acidification have mostly been studied using future levels of CO2 without consideration of natural variability or how this modulates both duration and magnitude of CO2 exposure. Here we combine results from laboratory studies on coral reef fish with diurnal in situ CO2 data from a shallow coral reef, to demonstrate how natural variability alters exposure times for marine organisms under increasingly high‐CO2 conditions. Large in situ CO2 variability already results in exposure of coral reef fish to short‐term CO2 levels higher than laboratory‐derived critical CO2 levels (~600 µatm). However, we suggest that the in situ exposure time is presently insufficient to induce negative effects observed in laboratory studies. Our results suggest that both exposure time and the magnitude of CO2 levels will be important in determining the response of organisms to future ocean acidification, where both will increase markedly with future increases in CO2.