bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holding the patient to account at the gatekeeping stage
Authors: CARSON DAVID
Published: July 2016

Underlying the arguments against hospitalisation of some mentally disordered offenders, and violent offenders in particular, is the fear that such people are ‘getting away with it’ or that the psychiatrists have been ‘duped’ . There may be some justification for these concerns in that health service staff often have a very muddled approach to concepts of responsibility among their patients. This in turn can confuse the patients and be counter‐therapeutic. Among staff it can foster unduly authoritarian approaches of dubious morality. A proposal is presented for a much more objectively enquiring approach to patient behaviour, with rational, reasoned responses, which may include prosecution under the criminal justice system. Such approaches are not incompatible with hospital treatment, whether as an inpatient or outpatient. While these approaches may be applied to a patient with any mental disorder, including a psychotic illness, they are perhaps of particular importance in relation to those patients with an antisocial personality disorder, for whom limits must be clear and the appropriate establishment of personal responsibility is so important.
Criminal behaviour, personality disorder, and mental illness: the origins of confusion
Authors: BLACKBURN RONALD
Published: July 2016

The statutory concept of psychopathic disorder has only limited correspondence with clinical concepts of psychopathic personality, and obscures the heterogeneity of personality disorder among the antisocial. This is partly reflected in problems in assessing the treatability of ‘psychopaths’. Admission of ‘psychopaths’ for treatment may be justified when their socially deviant behaviour is a function of an identifiable personality disorder. This requires specification of treatment targets. It is proposed that personality disorder can be conceptualised as inflexible interpersonal styles supported by expectations of others which are self‐fulfilling prophecies, and that these cut across the medicolegal categories of mental illness and psychopathic disorder. Data are presented from a special hospital sample which support the model, and which have implications for clinical intervention.
Assessment and treatment of fire‐setting: A single‐case investigation using a cognitive‐behavioural model
Authors: CLARE I.C.H. , MURPHY G.H. , COX D. , CHAPLIN E.H.
Published: July 2016

There is a dearth of published studies on the treatment of arson in adults. A cognitive‐behavioural model of the fire‐setting of a young man with a mild learning disability and facial disfigurement is described. On the basis of the model, a comprehensive package of treatment, including facial surgery, social skills and assertiveness training, alternative coping strategies, and ‘assisted’ covert sensitisation, was carried out. At follow‐up, 48 months after moving to an environment which was not secure, there was no evidence that the man had either set further fires or made hoax calls to the fire brigade.
Health histories of juvenile offenders and a matched control group in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: KENDALL KATHLEEN , ANDRE GLENN , PEASE KEN , BOULTON ALAN
Published: July 2016

A great deal of public and academic concern has been directed towards juvenile criminal involvement. In efforts to predict and control criminal behaviour, various explanations have been forwarded. A review of the literature indicates that a number of physical and psychiatric characteristics are hypothesised to be related to subsequent criminal activity. This study examines the health histories of 1647 young offenders and a matched control group of non‐offenders. Information for the two groups was extracted from the records of various branches of the Saskatchewan Department of Health which contained historical data on hospital admissions and separations, outpatients services, and mental health services. Five health categories have been focused upon: trauma to the central nervous system; perinatal problems; psychiatric contacts; indicators of child abuse; and a general history of illness. A select number of health variables representing these categories were drawn from the available records and compared between the groups. Preliminary findings regarding the relationship of these health variables with juvenile justice system contacts indicated only weak or non‐significant associations. One or more follow‐up reports are anticipated.
Prison misconduct among mentally retarded inmates
Authors: FINN MARY ANN
Published: July 2016

This article examines prison misconduct of inmates who tested as mentally retarded, borderline intellectual functioning, and intellectually normal. The sample is drawn from a cohort of inmates released from the New York State correctional system. Misconduct is measured by examining official documents and is divided into two types: non‐violent and violent incidents. Analysis of variance suggests that the mentally retarded had significantly higher reported mean annual rates of involvement in both non‐violent and violent incidents. However, results of multiple regression analysis indicate that, when controlling for the effects of several social and criminal history factors, IQ score has a significant effect on the violent, but not the non‐violent, incident rate. Age and employment status at time of arrest have the strongest influence on an inmate’s disciplinary incident rate, while IQ score has the smallest influence of the variables examined in this study.
Gambling in young offenders
Authors: MADEN TONY , SWINTON MARK , GUNN JOHN
Published: July 2016

A review of the literature on gambling and crime suggests that gambling and excessive gambling are more common in offenders than in the general population. A survey of 404 incarcerated young offenders identified 48 excessive gamblers (12%). They were shown to differ from non‐gamblers in that their criminality was more extensive, they were more likely to have been in care or in children’s homes and to have experienced psychiatric treatment. It is unlikely that excessive gambling caused these differences. It is more likely that excessive gambling, other behaviour disorders and recidivism share common origins. The implications for other studies of correlates of crime are discussed. There is a need for improved treatment facilities for young offenders with gambling problems.
Unusual case report: Do violent dreams cause violent acts?
Authors: FELTHOUS ALAN R.
Published: July 2016

For most people most of the time nocturnal dreams seem to have a life of their own with little, if any, recognisable relevance to life in the waking state. Freud and other theorists have attempted to relate nocturnal dreams to underlying impulses and conflicts which also affect one's mental state when awake. In only a few mental disorders has the manifest content of dreams achieved widely accepted diagnostic significance. The case presented here demonstrates that a patient's tenuous hold on reality can allow manifest dream content to direct the patient's waking behaviour. In this case the dream content seemed to identify the potential victim and to prime the patient to take violent action. For the astute clinician, careful attention to violent dreams may help to anticipate both violent acts and specific victims and to make appropriate, preventive interventions.
Exposure to family violence: A partial explanation for initial and subsequent levels of delinquency?
Authors: KRUTTSCHNITT CANDACE , DORNFELD MAUDE
Published: July 2016

Two of the most significant bodies of research in criminology, career criminal research and family violence research, remain largely unconnected despite the implications each has for the other. The age at which offending begins has been linked to the frequency, severity and duration of subsequent offending. In turn, exposure to family violence has been connected with a variety of early behaviour problems as well as subsequent delinquency and adult offending. Using data obtained from 80 preadolescent youths, we explore whether the age at onset mediates the effect of exposure to family violence on the frequency and the severity of self‐reported offending. We find that youths exposed to more family violence initiate delinquent activities at an earlier age, and engage in more frequent and serious offending than those with less violent backgrounds. However, in considering the ways in which onset mediates the relationships between degree of family violence and delinquency, we find some notable variations in the processes responsible for frequent and serious offending.
Advances in the psychological treatment of delinquent behaviour*
Authors: HOLLIN CLIVE R.
Published: July 2016

This paper offers an overview of behavioural and cognitive— behavioural approaches to working with young offenders. The literature is considered in terms of individualised programmes and residential and community programmes. Despite the range and numbers of these and other studies, until recently there was no clear picture of the effectiveness of treatment programmes with young offenders. The development of the statistical technique of meta‐analysis, however, now allows the effective components of treatment programmes to be identified with some degree of confidence. A summary of the findings of the most recent meta‐analyses is given. Finally, suggestions are offered both to identify and to overcome barriers to successful programme design and effectiveness.
The role of a royal commission
Authors: GUNN JOHN
Published: July 2016

In the UK 142 royal commissions have been appointed this century. The topics studied have a bias towards crime, medicine and the acquisition of money. The royal commissions on population, capital punishment, medical education, and mental illness are highlighted. The two most recent royal commissions have both considered the criminal justice system. The Philips Commission on criminal procedure spawned the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. This was followed by a long Tory royal commission drought, broken in response to a series of serious miscarriages of justice, brought to light after people wrongly convicted had served many years of imprisonment. The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (RCCJ) has reported after 2 years’ work with a list of 352 recommendations. Its proposals had an initial bad press, one proposal on rationalising the inefficient and misused sytem for choosing the mode of trial in ‘either‐way’ cases being heralded as a negation of rights given to the English under Magna Carta! Less controversial proposals include setting up a new independent review authority to consider allegations of miscarriages of justice, improvements in the way scientific evidence is handled and presented to the court, and detailed pretrial procedures for serious and/or controversial cases. The RCCJ also commissioned 22 research reports which have had a considerable impact on the poorly funded discipline of criminology. It is concluded that, in spite of powerful iconoclastic views, royal commissions are cheap at the price.
The large‐scale provision of programmes for imprisoned sex offenders: issues, dilemmas and progress
Authors: THORNTON HM D. , HOGUE HM TODD
Published: July 2016

Serious sexual offending almost invariably attracts a custodial sentence, but sexual deviancy is among the most obviously interpersonal disorders, and the target or victim often very specific. In this context, many doubts have been expressed about the possibility of adequate assessment and treatment of sex offenders when in an institution, divorced from ordinary life, and generally also from the real objects of their desire. Since 1991 the prison service in England and Wales has progressively implemented a systematic strategy for the treatment of imprisoned sex offenders. At the heart of this is a structured group work programme designed to be delivered by para‐professional staff. The programme includes elements that, far from allowing the offender to `escape’ into the institution and its routine, bring him face to face with his cognitive distortions with respect to sexual interests and activity, possibly for the first time. By April 1994 over 700 sex offenders will have completed this programme, about half of those approached, demonstrating that such a programme is possible within a closed instituition. This paper considers issues arising in relation to the large‐scale delivery of this programme in such a setting, with particular reference to treatment integrity, selection of offenders for the programme and factors affecting offenders acceptance or refusal of the programme. The dangers of institutional reinforcement of attitudes in treatment refusers are also considered.
Compulsory treatment of substance use disorders
Authors: SOWERS WESLEY E. , DALEY DENNIS C.
Published: July 2016

Substance use disorders are the cause of significant suffering for individuals and impose a tremendous burden on society in terms of related social costs. Current drug policy in the USA has failed to have a significant impact on the prevalence or the deleterious effects of this group of illnesses. Crime, violence, family disruption and economic displacement are felt most acutely by already impoverished and disadvantaged communities. The need for a public health approach to these problems rather than a law enforcement solution, is discussed with special attention to compulsory drug use treatment approaches. These approaches are considered in the context of their history and effectiveness through a review of current literature. The positive and negative aspects of compulsory treatment approaches are summarised and recommendations for expanded use of treatment options for clients involved with the criminal justice system are elaborated.
The effectiveness of treatment in institutional and community settings
Authors: LÖSEL FRIEDRICH
Published: July 2016

Contrary to the ‘nothing works’ doctrine, there has been a recent revitalisation in attitudes to offender ‘treatment’ . New approaches to research integrating evaluations by meta‐analysis have substantially contributed to this. This paper reviews these approaches and evaluates how far the revitalisation is justified empirically. Although much previous work is of value, including pointers to the relatively beneficial effects of some kinds of treatment approach, and particularly those informed by sound theoretical models, gaps in knowledge have been identified, particularly in the area of treatment context. Data are lacking, not only in distinguishing the impact of a physical institution compared with a more open environment, but also in the effect of organisational, staff and treatment process characteristics.
Denial in sex offenders: workers’ perceptions
Authors: JACKSON CHRIS , THOMAS-PETER BRIAN A.
Published: July 2016

Forty‐one convicted male offenders in group treatment were assessed by their probation officers for denial. The officers made reliable observations. Two factors of denial emerged; denial of the facts of the offences, e.g. planning, and denial of responsibility or blame. No relationships were found between the types of denial and the offence characteristics.
Violence and psychosis: critical timings
Authors: TAYLOR PAMELA J. , HODGINS SHEILAGH
Published: July 2016

Three main themes are advanced in this paper — each referring to the importance of time with respect to acts of violence among people with a psychosis. The best substantiated theme is that observations of the relative timings of illness events and violent events, and particularly the relative onset of illness and violence careers, have been of fundamental importance in establishing the reality of a relationship between psychosis and violence. A second theme is much more tentative — that the frequency of association between violence and psychosis, or the rapidity with which it manifests, may be influenced by time because mental health policies and laws change over time and probably do have an impact on the presentation of disorder. There is a hint of this from studies conducted at different times, but they may not be strictly comparable. Serious violence is a rare event, and even using recent studies which take a long, retrospective view of homicide figures, this theme is harder to establish with confidence. In clinical practice the third theme is perhaps most important and yet requires much more elucidation. Risk of violence can be satisfactorily predicted only within specified time limits and indeed, in conjunction with seriousness of risk, it is its imminence that is of most concern to the public and practising clinicians alike. Too little is known about indicators of imminence of violence.
The attribution of blame for criminal acts: relationship with personality disorders and mood
Authors: DOLAN BRIDGET , TEAM STAFF
Published: July 2016

Attribution of blame for criminal acts and its relationship to DSM‐IIIR (APA, 1987) personality disorder diagnosis and psychological variables was investigated in 52 men referred to an intensive probation programme. Self‐report questionnaires revealed a high rate of personality disorder psychopathology in the subjects with 73% meeting criteria for one personality disorder and 63.5% meeting criteria for anti‐social personality disorder. However, there was high multiple morbidity of personality disorder diagnosis with an average of 3.6 diagnoses for each subject. Blame attribution was measured with the Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (Gudjonsson & Singh, 1989) . External attribution of blame was found to correlate significantly positively with scores for five personality disorder categories (schizoid, avoidant, obsessive compulsive, passive‐aggressive and borderline), whilst mental element attribution was associated with avoidant personality disorder, high depression, anxiety and inward direction of irritability. Guilt feelings were positively associated with scores for schizotypal, avoidant and dependent personality disorder categories and with irritability directed inwards.
The supervision of mentally disordered offenders: the work of probation officers and their relationship with psychiatrists in England and Wales
Authors: ROBERTS COLIN , HUDSON BARBARA L. , CULLEN RACHEL
Published: July 2016

This article presents data from a study which has provided evidence of probation officers’ close involvement with some of the most hard to help psychiatric patients and of the nature of their working relations with psychiatrists. Given the burden of responsibility they carry, and the training deficiencies they report, it is clear that probation officers could work more confidently and effectively in this field if there were more opportunities for consultation and shared working with the psychiatric services. We conclude with some suggestions for improving collaboration between psychiatrists and probation officers.
Facile Synthesis of CoWO4 Nanosheet Arrays Grown on Nickel Foam Substrates for Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Sanming , Yang Guang , Jia Yi , Zheng Huajun
Published: July 2016

Well‐aligned CoWO4 nanosheet arrays grown on nickel foam substrates have been fabricated by using a facile hydrothermal process. The interconnected CoWO4 nanosheets with abundant open spaces are uniformly deposited on the skeleton of the nickel foam. When investigated as binder‐free electrodes for supercapacitors, the CoWO4 nanosheet arrays exhibit a specific capacitance of 1127.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and remarkable cycle performance. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) is assembled by using CoWO4 nanosheets and activated carbon as the positive electrode and negative electrode, respectively. The ASC device delivers a maximum energy density of 48 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 365 W kg−1. The results demonstrate that CoWO4 nanosheet arrays could be potential electrode materials for energy‐storage systems.
Linquats: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Linear Extended Diquats
Authors: Čížková Martina , Pospíšil Lubomír , Klepetářová Blanka , Koval Dušan , Teplý Filip
Published: July 2016

We report an innovative synthetic route to linear extended diquats (linquats). Our approach is short and efficient and features a highly modular reaction sequence based on two‐fold quaternization followed by the key intramolecular [2+2+2] alkyne cycloaddition. The physico‐chemical properties of four new linquats were characterized by spectroscopic methods, X‐ray crystallography, and electrochemistry complemented by information obtained from DFT calculations. Electron deficient N‐heteroaromatic cations with linear extended diquat motif with high electron affinities have been recently recognized as attractive n‐type semiconductors for chemical and biological sensing. Their advantageous redox properties such as very fast reversible electron transfers make the title compounds interesting for applications.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Related Substances Based on α‐Imino Rhodium Carbene Complexes Derived from N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles
Authors: Jiang Yu , Sun Run , Tang Xiang‐Ying , Shi Min
Published: July 2016

In recent years, α‐imino rhodium carbene complexes derived by ring‐opening of N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles have attracted much attention from organic chemists. Many transformations of these species have been reported that involve, in most cases, nucleophilic attack at the carbene center of the α‐imino rhodium carbene, facilitating the synthesis of a wide range of novel and useful compounds, particularly heterocycles. This Minireview mainly focuses on advances in the transformation of N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles during the past two years.
Interpenetrated Cage Structures
Authors: Frank Marina , Johnstone Mark D. , Clever Guido H.
Published: July 2016

This Review covers design strategies, synthetic challenges, host–guest chemistry, and functional properties of interlocked supramolecular cages. Some dynamic covalent organic structures are discussed, as are selected examples of interpenetration in metal–organic frameworks, but the main focus is on discrete coordination architectures, that is, metal‐mediated dimers. Factors leading to interpenetration, such as geometry, flexibility and chemical makeup of the ligands, coordination environment, solvent effects, and selection of suitable counter anions and guest molecules, are discussed. In particular, banana‐shaped bis‐pyridyl ligands together with square‐planar metal cations have proven to be suitable building blocks for the construction of interpenetrated double‐cages obeying the formula [M4L8]. The peculiar topology of these double‐cages results in a linear arrangement of three mechanically coupled pockets. This allows for the implementation of interesting guest encapsulation effects such as allosteric binding and template‐controlled selectivity. In stimuli‐responsive systems, anionic triggers can toggle the binding of neutral guests or even induce complete structural conversions. The increasing structural and functional complexity in this class of self‐assembled hosts promises the construction of intelligent receptors, novel catalytic systems, and functional materials.
Effect of Molecular Interactions on Electron‐Transfer and Antioxidant Activity of Bis(alkanol)selenides: A Radiation Chemical Study
Authors: Kumar Pavitra V. , Singh Beena G. , Phadnis Prasad P. , Jain Vimal K. , Priyadarsini K. Indira
Published: July 2016

Understanding electron‐transfer processes is crucial for developing organoselenium compounds as antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents. To find new redox‐active selenium antioxidants, we have investigated one‐electron‐transfer reactions between hydroxyl (.OH) radical and three bis(alkanol)selenides (SeROH) of varying alkyl chain length, using nanosecond pulse radiolysis. .OH radical reacts with SeROH to form radical adduct, which is converted primarily into a dimer radical cation (>Se∴Se<)+ and α‐{bis(hydroxyl alkyl)}‐selenomethine radical along with a minor quantity of an intramolecularly stabilized radical cation. Some of these radicals have been subsequently converted to their corresponding selenoxide, and formaldehyde. Estimated yield of these products showed alkyl chain length dependency and correlated well with their antioxidant ability. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that compounds that formed more stable (>Se∴Se<)+, produced higher selenoxide and lower formaldehyde. Comparing these results with those for sulfur analogues confirmed for the first time the distinctive role of selenium in making such compounds better antioxidants.
Weak Ligand‐Field Effect from Ancillary Ligands on Enhancing Single‐Ion Magnet Performance
Authors: Meng Yin‐Shan , Zhang Yi‐Quan , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Song
Published: July 2016

A series of bis‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl‐supported Dy complexes containing different ancillary ligands were synthesized and characterized. Magnetic studies showed that 1 Dy [Cp*2DyCl(THF)], 1 Dy’ [Cp*2DyCl2K(THF)]n, 2 Dy [Cp*2DyBr(THF)], 3 Dy [Cp*2DyI(THF)] and 4 Dy [Cp*2DyTp] (Tp=hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borate) were single‐ion magnets (SIMs). The 1D dysprosium chain 1 Dy’ exhibited a hysteresis at up to 5 K. Furthermore, 3 Dy featured the highest energy barrier (419 cm−1) among the complexes. The effects of ancillary ligands on single‐ion magnetic properties were studied by experimental, ab initio calculations and electrostatic analysis methods in detail. These results demonstrated that the QTM rate was strongly dependent on the ancillary ligands and that a weak equatorial ligand field could be beneficial for constructing Dy‐SIMs.
EnantioselectiveEthylation of Various Aldehydes Catalyzed by Readily Accessible Chiral Diols
Authors: Gök Yaşar , Kiliçarslan Seda , Gök Halil Zeki , Karayiğit İlker Ümit
Published: July 2016

Four chiral C2‐symmetric diols were synthesized in a straightforward three‐step reaction and demonstrated excellent enantioselectivities and good overall yields. Their catalytic activities were examined via the addition of diethylzinc to various aldehydes. The enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to 2‐methoxybenzaldehyde gave the corresponding chiral secondary alcohol with high yields (up to 95%) and moderate to good enantiomeric excess (up to 88%). All synthesized ligands were evaluated in the addition of diethylzinc to various aldehydes in the presence of an additional metal such as Ti(IV) complexes. Chirality 28:593–598, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From value congruence to employer brand: Impact on organizational identification and word of mouth
Authors: Charbonnier‐Voirin Audrey , Poujol Juliet F. , Vignolles Alexandra
Published: July 2016

The war for talent has led organizations to develop a strong employer brand to attract and retain skilled employees. Few studies have examined the antecedents and consequences of the internal employer brand. We focus on (i) the influence of employee‐organization values congruence on the employee's perception of the employer brand and (ii) the influence of the employer brand on organizational identification and positive word of mouth vis‐à‐vis the employer. Results from a survey of 308 employees show that the employer brand fully mediates the relationship between values congruence and organizational identification and positive word of mouth. These results give rise to theoretical and managerial implications in terms of employer branding. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of 2‐naphthoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution using quaternized chitosan beads
Authors: Quinlan Patrick James , Grishkewich Nathan , Tam Kam Chiu
Published: July 2016

The present study investigates the use of quaternized chitosan hydrogels for the adsorption of an aromatic organic carboxylate, 2‐naphthoxyacetic acid (2‐NAA), to demonstrate the applicability of this type of adsorbent towards the removal of naphthenic acids (NAs) from oil sands process‐affected water (OSPW). The effects of varying three processing parameters on the physical and adsorption characteristics of the resulting adsorbents were investigated, namely the density, degree of cross‐linking, and degree of quaternization of the hydrogel beads. Their effects on the swelling behaviour and Langmuir adsorption capacity of 2‐NAA were reported. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided adequate fit for the equilibrium adsorption data (R2 ≥ 0.99), while the pseudo second order rate equation described the kinetic adsorption data quite well (R2 ≥ 0.95). The effects of adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation rate, ionic strength, pH, and temperature on the adsorption process were also studied. At the initial concentration of approximately 200 mg/L, up to 91 % of 2‐NAA was adsorbed. The best quaternized chitosan hydrogel adsorbents reported in this study possessed a maximum adsorption capacity of 315 mg/g.
Storage and disposal of medical cannabis among patients with cancer: Assessing the risk of diversion and unintentional digestion
Authors: Sznitman Sharon R. , Goldberg Victoria , Sheinman‐Yuffe Hedva , Flechter Ezequiel , Bar‐Sela Gil
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Increasingly more jurisdictions worldwide are legalizing medical cannabis. Major concerns related to such policies are that improper storage and disposal arrangements may lead to the diversion and unintentional digestion of cannabis. These concerns are particularly acute among patients with cancer because they take home medical cannabis for extended periods and have high rates of treatment termination and mortality shortly after the onset of treatment with medical cannabis. Therefore, leftover cannabis is potentially particularly prevalent, and potentially improperly stored, in households of current and deceased patients with cancer. The current study investigated the risk of medical cannabis diversion and unintentional digestion among oncology patients treated with medical cannabis and caregivers of recently deceased patients who were treated with medical cannabis.

METHODS

A total of 123 oncology patients treated with medical cannabis and 37 caregivers of deceased oncology patients treated with medical cannabis were interviewed regarding practices and the information received concerning the safe storage and disposal of medical cannabis, as well as experiences of theft, diversion, and unintentional digestion.

RESULTS

High rates of suboptimal storage were reported and caregivers were found to be particularly unlikely to have received information regarding the safe storage and disposal of medical cannabis. Few incidences of theft, diversion, and unintentional digestion were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Oncologists and other health care providers have an important, yet unfilled, role to play with regard to educating patients and caregivers of the importance of the safe storage and disposal of medical cannabis. Interventions designed to alert patients treated with medical cannabis and their caregivers to the problem of diversion, along with strategies to limit it, have the potential to limit diversion and unintentional exposure to medical cannabis. Cancer 2016;122:3363–3370. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Establishing quality indicators for neck dissection: Correlating the number of lymph nodes with oncologic outcomes (NRG Oncology RTOG 9501 and RTOG 0234)
Authors: Divi Vasu , Harris Jonathan , Harari Paul M. , Cooper Jay S. , McHugh Jonathan , Bell Diana , Sturgis Erich M. , Cmelak Anthony J. , Suntharalingam Mohan , Raben David , Kim Harold , Spencer Sharon A. , Laramore George E. , Trotti Andy , Foote Robert L. , Schultz Christopher , Thorstad Wade L. , Zhang Qiang (Ed) , Le Quynh Thu , Holsinger F. Christopher
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Prospective quality metrics for neck dissection have not been established for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between lymph node counts from neck dissection, local‐regional recurrence, and overall survival.

METHODS

The number of lymph nodes counted from neck dissection in patients treated in 2 NRG Oncology trials (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group [RTOG] 9501 and RTOG 0234) was evaluated for its prognostic impact on overall survival with a multivariate Cox model adjusted for demographic, tumor, and lymph node data and stratified by the postoperative treatment group.

RESULTS

Five hundred seventy‐two patients were analyzed at a median follow‐up of 8 years. Ninety‐eight percent of the patients were pathologically N+. The median numbers of lymph nodes recorded on the left and right sides were 24 and 25, respectively. The identification of fewer than 18 nodes was associated with worse overall survival in comparison with 18 or more nodes (hazard ratio [HR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09‐1.74;P = .007). The difference appeared to be driven by local‐regional failure (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.02‐2.08;P = .04) but not by distant metastases (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.77‐1.53;P = .65). When the analysis was limited to NRG Oncology RTOG 0234 patients, adding the p16 status to the model did not affect the HR for dissected nodes, and the effect of nodes did not differ with the p16 status.

CONCLUSIONS

The removal and identification of 18 or more lymph nodes was associated with improved overall survival and lower rates of local‐regional failure, and this should be further evaluated as a measure of quality in neck dissections for mucosal squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer2016;122:3464–71. ©2016 American Cancer Society.
Identification of novel candidate regulators of retinotectal map formation through transcriptional profiling of the chick optic tectum
Authors: Kukreja Shweta , Gautam Pratibha , Saxena Richa , Saxena Monika , Udaykumar Niveda , Kumar Aditi , Bhatt Ritesh , Kumar Vidur , Sen Jonaki
Published: July 2016

Information from the retina is carried along the visual pathway with accuracy and spatial conservation as a result of topographically mapped axonal connections. The optic tectum in the midbrain is the primary region to which retinal ganglion cells project their axons in the chick. The two primary axes of the retina project independently onto the tectum using different sets of guidance cues to give rise to the retinotectal map. Specificity of the map is determined by attractive or repulsive interactions between molecular tags that are distributed in gradients in the retina and the tectum. Despite several studies, knowledge of the retinotectal guidance molecules is far from being complete. We screened for all molecules that are expressed differentially along the anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral axes of the chick tectum using microarray based transcriptional profiling and identified several novel candidate retinotectal guidance molecules. Two such genes, encoding Wnt5a and Raldh2, the synthesizing enzymes for retinoic acid, were further analyzed for their function as putative regulators of retinotectal map formation. Wnt5a and retinoic acid were found to exhibit differential effects on the growth of axons from retinal explants derived from different quadrants of the retina. This screen also yielded a large number of genes expressed in a lamina‐specific manner in the tectum, which may have other roles in tectal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:459–477, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Propagation of Reactions in Inhomogeneous Media
Authors: Zlatoš Andrej
Published: July 2016

Consider reaction‐diffusion equation ut=Δ u + f(x,u) with and general inhomogeneous ignition reaction f ≥ 0 vanishing at u = 0,1. Typical solutions 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 transition from 0 to 1 as time progresses, and we study them in the region where this transition occurs. Under fairly general qualitative hypotheses on f we show that in dimensions d ≤ 3, the Hausdorff distance of the superlevel sets {u ≥ ε } and {u ≥ 1‐ε} remains uniformly bounded in time for each ε ∊ (0,1). Thus, u remains uniformly in time close to the characteristic function of in the sense of Hausdorff distance of superlevel sets. We also show that each {u ≥ ε} expands with average speed (over any long enough time interval) between the two spreading speeds corresponding to any x‐independent lower and upper bounds on f. On the other hand, these results turn out to be false in dimensions d ≥ 4, at least without further quantitative hypotheses on f. The proof for d ≤ 3 is based on showing that as the solution propagates, small values of u cannot escape far ahead of values close to 1. The proof for d ≥ 4 is via construction of a counterexample for which this fails. Such results were before known for d=1 but are new for general non‐periodic media in dimensions d ≥ 2 (some are also new for homogeneous and periodic media). They extend in a somewhat weaker sense to monostable, bistable, and mixed reaction types, as well as to transitions between general equilibria of the PDE and to solutions not necessarily satisfying . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for replica consistency in data grid – a comprehensive survey
Authors: Vashisht Priyanka , Sharma Anju , Kumar Rajesh
Published: July 2016

Data grid provides an efficient solution for data‐oriented applications that need to manage and process large data sets located at geographically distributed storage resources. Data grid relies on data replicas to enhance the performance and to ensure the fault tolerant results to the users. Replicas are developed to increase the availability of data and to provide better data access. Replicas have their own advantages, but there are a number of issues that must be resolved. Among various existing issues, the critical concern is replica consistency. Various replica consistency strategies are available in the literature. These strategies rationalize and investigate various parameters like bandwidth consumption, access cost, scalability, execution time, storage consumption, staleness, and freshness of replicas. In this paper, several asynchronous replica consistencies are classified and analyzed based on various strategies such as topology, level of abstraction, update propagation, and locality. Some other strategies are also discussed and analyzed like adaptive consistency, quorum‐based consistency, load balancing, and agent‐based economically efficient, check‐pointing, fault tolerance, and conflict management. Parameters on which these strategies are analyzed are methodology, replication classification, consistency, grid topology, environment, evaluation parameters, and performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A clinical pharmacology‐regulatory perspective on the approval of drugs for rare diseases
Authors: Bashaw ED
Published: July 2016

Orphan drugs or drugs for rare diseases represents a particular regulatory conundrum. There is a desperate need for effective therapies for these patients, who have been historically underserved by the drug development community. However, there is also a need to make sure these therapies are both safe and effective. In response, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has evolved new approaches to facilitate drug development in this area.
Optimization of Norbornadiene Compounds for Solar Thermal Storage by First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Kuisma Mikael , Lundin Angelica , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper , Hyldgaard Per , Erhart Paul
Published: July 2016

Invited for this Issue′s Cover are the groups of Moth‐Poulsen, Hyldgaard, and Erhart at Chalmers University of Technology. They investigated possible candidates for molecular solar thermal storage using quantum mechanical calculations and identified general guiding principles for the design of such compounds. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600281.
Seeds, browse, and tooth wear: a sheep perspective
Authors: Ramdarshan Anusha , Blondel Cécile , Brunetière Noël , Francisco Arthur , Gautier Denis , Surault Jérôme , Merceron Gildas
Published: July 2016

While grazing as a selective factor towards hypsodont dentition on mammals has gained a lot of attention, the importance of fruits and seeds as fallback resources for many browsing ungulates has caught much less attention. Controlled‐food experiments, by reducing the dietary range, allow for a direct quantification of the effect of each type of items separately on enamel abrasion. We present the results of a dental microwear texture analysis on 40 ewes clustered into four different controlled diets: clover alone, and then three diets composed of clover together with either barley, corn, or chestnuts. Among the seed‐eating groups, only the barley one shows higher complexity than the seed‐free group. Canonical discriminant analysis is successful at correctly classifying the majority of clover‐ and seed‐fed ewes. Although this study focuses on diets which all fall within a single dietary category (browse), the groups show variations in dental microwear textures in relation with the presence and the type of seeds. More than a matter of seed size and hardness, a high amount of kernels ingested per day is found to be correlated with high complexity on enamel molar facets. This highlights the high variability of the physical properties of the foods falling under the browsing umbrella.
Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in body‐ and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters
Authors: Leinaas Hans Petter , Jalal Marwa , Gabrielsen Tove M. , Hessen Dag O.
Published: July 2016

The tendency of ectotherms to get larger in the cold (Bergmann clines) has potentially great implications for individual performance and food web dynamics. The mechanistic drivers of this trend are not well understood, however. One fundamental question is to which extent variation in body size is attributed to variation in cell size, which again is related to genome size. In this study, we analyzed body and genome size in four species of marine calanoid copepods, Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus and Paraeuchaeta norvegica, with populations from both south Norwegian fjords and the High Arctic. The Calanus species showed typical interspecific Bergmann clines, and we assessed whether they also displayed similar intraspecific variations—and if correlation between genome size and body size differed between species. There were considerable inter‐ as well as intraspecific variations in body size and genome size, with the northernmost populations having the largest values of both variables within each species. Positive intraspecific relationships suggest a functional link between body and genome size, although its adaptiveness has not been settled. Impact of additional drivers like phylogeny or specific adaptations, however, was suggested by striking divergences in body size – genome size ratios among species. Thus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus, had fairly similar genome size despite very different body size, while P. norvegica, of similar body size as C. hyperboreus, had the largest genome sizes ever recorded from copepods. The inter‐ and intraspecific latitudinal body size clines suggest that climate change may have major impact on body size composition of keystone species in marine planktonic food webs.
Substitution of Metallocenes with [2.2]Paracyclophane to Enable Confocal Microscopy Imaging in Living Cells
Authors: Skiba Joanna , Schmidt Claudia , Lippmann Petra , Ensslen Philipp , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim , Czerwieniec Rafał , Brandl Fabian , Ott Ingo , Bernaś Tytus , Krawczyk Barbara , Szczukocki Dominik , Kowalski Konrad
Published: July 2016

Bioimaging techniques that allow the visualization of ferrocene in living cells do not exist. This work addresses this challenging problem, and a new indirect approach for the bioimaging of ferrocenyl compounds in living and fixed cells is proposed. It is based on the structural similarity of metallocenyl (ferrocenyl and ruthenocenyl) groups to their metal‐free [2.2]paracyclophanyl congeners. Three adequately designed compounds were obtained. They share a 5‐(1‐ethynylpyrenyl)uracil group as a common structural motif and differ in their three‐dimensional aromatic substituents, namely, [2.2]paracyclophanyl, ferrocenyl and ruthenocenyl. The first substituent allows pyrenyl luminescence to occur, whereas the latter two act as quenchers. The accumulation of the luminescent derivative in the membranes, cytoplasm and mitochondria of living and fixed cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Microscopy studies were further correlated with high‐resolution continuum‐source atomic absorption spectroscopy (HR‐CS AAS) measurements of the ruthenocenyl compound that confirmed the uptake of ruthenium into the cells. Thus, taking into account the overall similarity of the compounds under study, it can be hypothesized that the metallocenyl derivatives are localized in the membranes, cytoplasm and mitochondria of the assayed cells. This is the basis for the more general concept of the utilization of luminescent [2.2]paracyclophanes as probes in indirect bioimaging studies of metallocene derivatives.
Amino Acid Ligands for Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C–H Arylation of Aryltetrazoles with Chlorides: Expedient Access to Antihypertension Drugs
Authors: Hubrich Jonathan , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2016

Versatile ruthenium(II) complexes derived from amino acids enabled the first general C–H arylations of aryltetrazoles with inexpensive aryl chlorides. The user‐friendly Piv‐Val‐OH‐based ruthenium(II) catalyst was characterized by a broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and high catalytic activity. Thereby, the ruthenium(II) catalysis set the stage for the step‐economical preparation of the blockbuster antihypertension drug Valsartan, while displaying unique robustness in the C–H arylation regime.
An Overview of Recent Electrochemical Immunosensing Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection
Authors: Catanante Gaelle , Rhouati Amina , Hayat Akhtar , Marty Jean Louis
Published: July 2016

Electrochemical immunosensors are affinity ligand based biosesnors based on solid state devices in which immunochemical reactions are coupled to a transducer surface to generate the output electrochemical signal. The concept of immunosensor methodology is similar to conventional ELISA based immunoassays; however, in contrast to immunoassays, modern transducer technology permits the highly sensitive quantification of the immune complex in divers ways. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi contaminating food and feed and are responsible for mycotoxicosis with symptoms of intoxication causing substantial effects on animal and human health. Based on the adverse effect, it has been very crucial to develop ultrasensitive sensing methodologies to ensure food safety and prevent risks in agro‐food and environmental sector. For these purposes, many electrochemical immunosensors based on different analyzing techniques have been reported for mycotoxins monitoring. In this review paper, we provided a general overview on the practical aspects of electrochemical imunosensor designs such as assay format, choice of the transducer surface, immobilization methodologies, signal generating probe and type of output electrochemical signal. In doing so, we also reviewed the recent development in electrochemical immunosensor applications for mycotoxin analysis.
Sample preparation, preservation, and storage for volatile fatty acid quantification in biogas plants
Authors: Wagner Andreas O. , Markt Rudolf , Puempel Thomas , Illmer Paul , Insam Heribert , Ebner Christian
Published: July 2016

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) represent short‐chain fatty acids consisting of six or fewer carbon atoms that can be distilled at atmospheric pressure. In anaerobic digestion processes VFAs are of central importance for maintaining stable reactor performance and biogas production, are used as indicators for arising problems and are important process monitoring parameters. In the present study, sludge derived form a full‐scale anaerobic digester of a wastewater treatment plant was spiked with formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate in order to evaluate various commonly used techniques for VFA extraction, preservation, and storage. It was shown that VFA extraction after centrifugation warranted the highest recovery rates for spiked VFAs. Moreover, experiments clearly indicated the importance of a fast sample handling, including the necessity of immediate cooling of the samples. Chemical sample preservation within a narrow time frame or deep freezing emerged as an alternative to instant VFA extraction. Short‐time storage of extracted VFA samples at + 4°C is an option for up to 7 days, for longer periods storage at –20°C was found to be applicable.