bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Status in Relation to Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adults: A Focus on Sex Differences
Authors: Yoon Yeong Sook , Oh Sang Woo , Park Hye Soon
Published: April 2008

Objective: We examined the relationship between income and education level with BMI and waist circumference to provide further understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity and to identify the presence of sex differences.

Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 7962 people ≥20 years of age (3597 men; 4365 women) who participated in the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provided data including height, weight, waist circumference, education, and income level. We examined adjusted BMI and waist circumference according to level of income and education and the association between income and education with obesity and abdominal obesity by multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results: In men, significant dose‐response relationships were noted between income and obesity (trend, p < 0.05) and abdominal obesity (trend, p < 0.05). Compared with the lowest income group, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of the highest income group for obesity and abdominal obesity were 1.65 (1.18 to 2.32) and 1.37 (0.94 to 1.98), respectively. However, income was not associated with obesity or abdominal obesity in the fully adjusted models in women. With regard to education, women showed significantly decreased ORs, with inverse trends for obesity and abdominal obesity across all education levels. Compared with the lowest education group, the adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) for obesity and abdominal obesity were 0.66 (0.57 to 0.76) and 0.40 (0.35 to 0.45), respectively, among women with 7 to 12 years of schooling and 0.27 (0.21 to 0.34) and 0.15 (0.12 to 0.18), respectively, among women with 13 or more years of schooling.

Discussion: Socioeconomic difference has a considerable impact on the prevalence of obesity among the Korean population, and the patterns differ substantially across sex.
Population‐Based Analysis of Obesity and Workforce Participation
Authors: Klarenbach Scott , Padwal Raj , Chuck Anderson , Jacobs Philip
Published: April 2008

Objective: To describe the relationship between obesity class and workforce participation and the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid disease states on this relationship using population‐based Canadian data.

Research Methods and Procedures: Responses from 73, 531 adults surveyed in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2000 to 2001 who provided complete information regarding variables of interest were analyzed. Workforce participation was defined as individuals reporting that they held and were present at a job or business in the week before survey administration. The association between obesity and workforce participation was explored using logistic regression after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and obesity‐related comorbidities.

Results: In univariate analysis, obese individuals had lower odds of participating in the workforce. In the fully adjusted model, increasing obesity was associated with decreasing odds of workforce participation, with Class I, II, and III obesity having odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99), 0.85 (0.77 to 0.94), and 0.66 (0.57 to 0.78), respectively. Obese individuals were also less likely to be employed and more likely to be absent from work.

Discussion: Obesity is associated with lower workforce participation. This association appears to be independent of associated comorbidity and sociodemographic factors. These results indicate that the economic impact of obesity alone on workforce productivity is larger than previous reports suggest.
Reducing Overweight through a Multidisciplinary School‐based Intervention
Authors: Spiegel Samuel A. , Foulk David
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary elementary school—based intervention entitled Wellness, Academics & You. The primary areas of impact examined were BMI, consumption of fruits and vegetables, and physical activity.

Research Methods and Procedures: The sample consisted of 1013 students in fourth and fifth grades from 69 classes in four states. Intervention and comparison classes were randomly selected at each school. Intervention teachers participated in workshops on the intervention and received program materials. BMI was calculated for baseline and post‐data points based on measured height and weight collected by trained research teams. Baseline surveys were administered by the students’ teacher in the presence of one of the research team members and collected.

Results: SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) analysis of post‐data shows significant positive shifts (p = 0.01) in BMI in the intervention group compared with the comparison group. Notable increases in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased physical activity levels were reported in the intervention group.

Discussion: Data from this study indicate that this school‐based program may contribute to the reduction of overweight and obesity. The intervention was well received by the classroom teachers and shows promise for a school‐based obesity prevention initiative. This program has shown the capacity to effect positive changes in BMI through consumption of fruits and vegetables and physical activity. The evaluation covered a limited time period and, therefore, warrants additional studies to determine whether long‐term program fidelity will result in continued improvement.
Increased Leptin Expression in the Dorsal Vagal Complex Suppresses Adiposity without Affecting Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones
Authors: Boghossian Stéphane , Lecklin Anne , Dube Michael G. , Kalra Pushpa S. , Kalra Satya P.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Increased leptin transgene expression locally in hypothalamic sites suppresses weight and energy intake, enhances thermogenic energy expenditure, and differentially modulates metabolic hormones for an extended period. We evaluated whether a similar localized expression of leptin transgene in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the caudal brain stem that also displays the biologically relevant leptin receptor would reproduce these varied responses and thus demonstrate functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and DVC.

Research Methods and Procedures: Adult female rats were microinjected with a recombinant adeno‐associated virus encoding either rat leptin or green fluorescent protein gene (control) in the DVC. Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly, and metabolic variables were analyzed at the end of 10 weeks.

Results and Discussion: Increased leptin transgene expression in the DVC suppressed the time‐related increase in body weight accompanied by a transient decrease in food intake at week 1 post‐injection and little effect on thermogenic energy expenditure. That suppression of weight was due to decreased adiposity is shown by the markedly suppressed white adipose tissue‐derived hormones, leptin and adiponectin. Circulating concentrations of pancreatic insulin, gastric ghrelin, and glucose levels were unchanged. This segregation of the varied effects of leptin expression in hypothalamic sites vs. DVC endorses the view that among the various endocrine organs under sympathetic nervous system control, only those leptin‐activated neural circuits in the hypothalamus that suppress weight and adiposity on a long‐term basis transverse through DVC en route to white adipose tissue.
Early Decreases in Plasma Lipid Transfer Proteins During Weight Reduction
Authors: Tzotzas Themistoklis , Dumont Laure , Triantos Athanasios , Karamouzis Michael , Constantinidis Theodoros , Lagrost Laurent
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the effect of short‐term weight loss in obese women on concentrations of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), two new risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma CETP and PLTP mass concentrations were measured in 38 obese, non‐diabetic women before and after a moderate, 4% weight loss that was obtained by a 1250 kcal/d diet for 4 weeks. Anthropometric and biological parameters were measured before and after weight loss.

Results: Plasma CETP concentration decreased substantially after weight loss (2.76 ± 0.79 before and 2.31 ± 0.69 mg/L after; p = 0.000), and the same was true for plasma PLTP concentration (9.01 ± 2.44 mg/L before vs. 8.34 ± 2.57 after; p = 0.043). The HDL profile shifted toward the small‐sized range, with significant decreases in the relative abundance of HDL2b and HDL2a at the expense of HDL3b after weight loss. A significant, positive correlation between CETP and PLTP mass concentrations is reported for the first time in obese patients (r = 0.43, p = 0.004), and weight reduction was accompanied by early, concomitant, and parallel decreases in plasma CETP and PLTP levels (r = 0.47, p = 0.003). The significant relationship between CETP and PLTP levels was lost after the dietary intervention (r = 0.27; p = 0.11).

Discussion: CETP and PLTP correlate positively and significantly in obese patients. The hypocaloric dietary manipulation constitutes a relevant intervention to reduce rapidly and simultaneously plasma levels of CETP and PLTP. The impact of reduced PLTP activity on HDL size appeared to be more prominent than the impact of concomitant reduction in CETP activity.
Changes in Intra‐abdominal Fat in Early Postmenopausal Women: Effects of Hormone Use
Authors: Gower Barbara A. , Muñoz Julian , Desmond Renee , Hilario‐Hailey Tena , Jiao Xiuxiang
Published: April 2008

Objective: Intra‐abdominal fat (IAF) accumulates with age, is greater among postmenopausal vs. premenopausal women, and is linked to risk for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prevents or attenuates changes in IAF and related risk factors is not clear. The objectives of this observational study were to 1) determine whether HRT attenuated the expected age‐related increase in IAF and 2) identify the independent effects of HRT and fat distribution on changes in disease risk factors.

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were early postmenopausal white women 45 to 55 years of age. Women either used HRT at the time of enrollment (n = 33) or did not (n = 17). Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 2 years for body composition (DXA), body fat distribution (computed tomography), insulin sensitivity (Si; minimal model), and serum lipids.

Results: IAF increased significantly over 2 years, and this increase was not attenuated by HRT. HRT users had less IAF throughout the study. HRT users showed an increase in Si, whereas non‐users showed a decrease. Superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly and independently related to total cholesterol, whereas IAF was related to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and Si.

Discussion: HRT users had less IAF at baseline and throughout the study. Whether HRT altered the relationship between total body fat and IAF or whether differences between groups existed before the study should be addressed through a randomized, interventional study design. HRT had a significant effect on Si; IAF and superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue were significant determinants of disease risk factors.
Aerobic Exercise Is Necessary to Improve Glucose Utilization with Moderate Weight Loss in Women
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Berman Dora M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the effects of weight loss (WL) alone and combined with aerobic exercise on visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intramuscular fat, insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, and the rate of decline in free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations during hyperinsulinemia.

Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 33 sedentary, obese (BMI = 32 ± 1 kg/m2) postmenopausal women who completed a 6‐month (three times per week) program of either WL alone (n = 16) or WL + aerobic exercise (AEX) (n = 17). Glucose utilization (M) was measured during a 3‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp (40 mU/m2 per minute). M/I, the amount of glucose metabolized per unit of plasma insulin (I), was used as an index of insulin sensitivity.

Results: Body weight, total fat mass, and percentage fat decreased similarly in both groups (p < 0.01). VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, mid‐thigh subcutaneous fat, and intramuscular fat decreased to a similar extent in both groups and between 14% and 27% after WL and WL+AEX (p < 0.05). WL alone did not change M or M/I; however, M and M/I increased 15% and 21% after WL+AEX (p < 0.05). Fasting concentrations and rate of decline of FFA did not change in either group. In stepwise regression models to determine the independent predictors of changes in M and M/I, the change in VAT was the single independent predictor of M (r2 = 0.30) and M/I (r2 = 0.33).

Discussion: Intramuscular fat decreases similarly with 6 months of moderate WL alone or with aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women. In contrast, only WL combined with exercise results in increased glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. These findings should be validated in a larger population.
Economic Evaluation of Weight Loss Interventions in Overweight and Obese Women
Authors: Roux Larissa , Kuntz Karen M. , Donaldson Cam , Goldie Sue J.
Published: April 2008

Objective:To conduct a clinical and economic evaluation of outpatient weight loss strategies in overweight and obese adult U.S. women.

Research Methods and Procedures:This study was a lifetime cost‐use analysis from a societal perspective, using a first‐order Monte Carlo simulation. Strategies included routine primary care and varying combinations of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and/or pharmacotherapy. Primary data were collected to assess program costs and obesity‐related quality of life. Other data were obtained from clinical trials, population‐based surveys, and other published literature. This was a simulated cohort of healthy 35‐year‐old overweight and obese women in the United States.

Results:For overweight and obese women, a three‐component intervention of diet, exercise, and behavior modification cost $12,600 per quality‐adjusted life year gained compared with routine care. All other strategies were either less effective and more costly or less effective and less cost‐effective compared with the next best alternative. Results were most influenced by obesity‐related effects on quality of life and the probabilities of weight loss maintenance.

Discussion:A multidisciplinary weight loss program consisting of diet, exercise, and behavior modification provides good value for money, but more research is required to confirm the impacts of such programs on quality of life and the likelihood of long‐term weight loss maintenance.
Weight Gain Induced by High‐Fat Feeding Involves Increased Liver Oxidative Stress
Authors: Milagro Fermín I. , Campión Javier , Martínez J. Alfredo
Published: April 2008

Objective: To assess the effects of high‐fat feeding on white adipose tissue gene expression and liver oxidative stress.

Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on standard pelleted or high‐fat diet to produce a diet‐induced obesity model. Therefore, body composition, serum biochemical values and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined after 56 days of feeding. Expression (mRNA) values of three genes were also determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in white adipose tissue.

Results: Animals fed on the high‐fat diet showed more body weight, higher fat deposition and total liver weight, and increased energy intake compared with those on the standard‐fat diet. Serum fasting measurements (glucose, insulin, leptin) and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index were significantly increased by the high‐fat diet consumption. As an indicator of oxidative stress, peroxide decomposition in liver was analyzed, showing an increase of MDA concentrations in rats fed on high‐fat diet in comparison with control rats. Interestingly, liver MDA levels correlated positively with body weight gain, serum leptin, and homeostasis model assessment. Finally, leptin and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels, but not fatty acid synthase, were increased by high‐fat diet in comparison with the control‐fed group.

Discussion: These results show a link among increased fat depots, insulin resistance, and liver oxidative stress. Thus, liver oxidative stress probably contributes to hepatic disorders and aggravates the metabolic syndrome, which is accompanied by a stimulation of the esterification of fatty acids as measured by glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in the adipose tissue, providing support to the hypothesis that not only calories count in the induction of weight gain or metabolic syndrome and that other factors such as oxidative stress may be involved.
Glucose‐Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Modulates Adipocyte Lipolysis and Reesterification
Authors: Getty‐Kaushik Lisa , Song Diane H. , Boylan Michael O. , Corkey Barbara E. , Wolfe M. Michael
Published: April 2008

Objective: Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin released from intestinal K‐cells during the postprandial period. Previous studies have suggested that GIP may play an etiologic role in obesity; thus, the GIP receptor may represent a target for anti‐obesity drugs. The present studies were conducted to elucidate mechanisms by which GIP might promote obesity by examining the effect of GIP on both glycerol release (indicative of lipolysis) and free fatty acid (FFA) release (indicative of both lipolysis and reesterification), as well as the ability of a GIP‐specific receptor antagonist (ANTGIP) to attenuate these effects.

Research Methods and Procedures: Isolated rat adipocytes were perifused on a column with 10 nM GIP alone or in combination with 10 μU/mL insulin, 1 μM isoproterenol, or 1 μM ANTGIP. Samples were collected every minute and assayed for FFA, glycerol, and lactate.

Results: GIP significantly increased FFA reesterification (decreased FFA release by 25%), stimulated lipolysis (increased glycerol release by 22%), and attenuated the lipolytic response to isoproterenol by 43%. These properties were similar to those of insulin in vitro, suggesting that GIP possesses insulin‐like lipogenic effects on adipocytes. Finally, ANTGIP reversed the effects of GIP on both basal and stimulated adipocyte metabolism.

Discussion: These studies provide further evidence for an important physiological role for GIP in lipid homeostasis and possibly in the pathogenesis of obesity. They also suggest that the GIP receptor may represent an excellent target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and obesity‐related type 2 diabetes.
Binge Eating and Weight Loss in a Self‐Help Behavior Modification Program
Authors: Delinsky Sherrie Selwyn , Latner Janet D. , Wilson G. Terence
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the occurrence of binge eating and its impact on weight loss outcomes among obese participants in the Trevose Behavior Modification Program, a lay‐administered, lay‐directed self‐help weight loss program offering continuing care.

Research Methods and Procedures: Participants completed questionnaires, and weight loss data were recorded prospectively.

Results: Although objective bulimic episodes were reported by 41% of the sample, objective bulimic episodes were not associated with worse weight loss outcomes. Mean weight loss after 12 months was 18.2 kg (18.8% of initial body weight) for the treatment completers and 10.3 kg (10.5% of initial body weight) for the full sample (using intent‐to‐treat analyses, with baseline scores carried forward).

Discussion: Substantial long‐term weight loss, resulting from a continuing care treatment program, occurred in individuals both with and without frequent binge eating.
Secular Change in Size at Birth from 1973 to 2003: National Data from Denmark
Authors: Schack‐Nielsen Lene , Mølgaard Christian , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Greisen Gorm , Michaelsen Kim F.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To explore whether birth weight (BW) has been increasing in Denmark at the same level as in other countries and whether this increase is paralleled by an increase in birth length (BL) or whether body proportionality, expressed as ponderal index (PI), has changed.

Research Methods and Procedures: This study used data analysis of information from The Danish Medical Birth Registry including all single live births in Denmark from 1973 to 2003 (n = 1,863,456). BW, BL, gestational age, maternal age, and smoking status (only from 1991 on) were measured.

Results: Mean BW increased steadily during the period (160 grams; equivalent to ∼5 g/yr) at a rate higher than that reported from other countries. BL showed only a minor increase (2.4 mm), leading to an increase in PI (0.8 kg/m3) during the period. Controlling for the effect of increasing maternal age and decreasing gestational age and maternal smoking prevalence (only data after 1991), there was still an increase in BW of ∼4 g/yr.

Discussion: During the last 30 years, neonates have become bigger, with a larger relative increase in BW than BL, leading to an increase in PI. The increasing BW and PI, which may be caused by increased maternal weight, could further promote the obesity epidemic.
Effect of Exercise on Hepatic Gene Expression in an Obese Mouse Model Using cDNA Microarrays
Authors: Lee Kyoung‐Young , Kim Su‐Jong , Cha Youn‐Soo , So Ju‐Ryun , Park Joon‐Suk , Kang Kyung‐Sun , Chon Tae‐Won
Published: April 2008

To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of exercise training, we examined hepatic transcriptional profiles using cDNA microarrays in exercise‐trained and untrained mice with diet‐induced obesity. C57BL/6J male mice (n = 10/group) were fed with a normal diet, high‐fat diet (HFD), or HFD with exercise training for 12 weeks. The expression level of ∼10,000 transcripts in liver tissues from each group was assessed using cDNA microarray analysis. Exercise training improved lipid profiles and hepatic steatosis and decreased body fat mass induced by the HFD. Seventy‐three genes were differentially expressed in the HFD‐ and/or HFD with exercise training‐treated groups, compared with the normal diet‐ and HFD‐fed groups, respectively. Interestingly, the expression profiles involved in metabolism, such as elongation of very long chain fatty acids‐like 2, lipin, and malic enzyme, were changed by exercise training. In addition, expression of genes altered by exercise training related to defense and stress response, including metallothionein 1 and 2 and heat shock protein, showed interesting findings. Our study showed beneficial effects of exercise training in preventing the development of obesity and metabolic disorders in mice with diet‐induced obesity.
Modulation and Lack of Cross‐Talk between Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling‐3 in Insulin and Growth Hormone Signaling in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Story David J. , Stephens Jacqueline M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)‐3 in the cross‐talk between growth hormone and insulin (INS) signaling in fat cells.

Research Methods and Procedures: Fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were exposed to INS, growth hormone (GH), or both of these growth factors, and the activation of STAT5 proteins and mitogen‐activated protein kinase was examined using phospho‐specific antibodies. The induction of SOCS‐3 mRNA was assessed by Northern blot analysis. INS‐stimulated glucose transport was also measured.

Results: We observed that GH, not INS, induced STAT5 activation in adipocytes in a manner that was independent of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activation or new protein synthesis. GH strongly induced SOCS‐3 mRNA expression, whereas INS had a much less potent effect on SOCS‐3 mRNA expression. Because SOCS‐3 has been implicated in the attenuation of GH and INS signaling, we examined the cross‐talk between these signaling pathways. GH pretreatment of adipocytes inhibited GH signaling. Similarly, INS pretreatment inhibited INS signaling. However, INS did not block the GH‐induced activation of STAT5, and GH did not block the INS induction of ERK activity or of increased glucose uptake. We observed that neither new protein synthesis nor activation of ERKs 1 and 2 were required for the inhibition of GH signaling.

Discussion: These results demonstrate that blocking the induction of the SOCS‐3 protein has no effect on the attenuation of GH signaling and support recent studies suggesting that SOCS proteins have additional functions. In addition, these studies demonstrate that GH‐induced SOCS‐3 expression is insufficient to inhibit INS‐induced glucose uptake in adipocytes.
Predictors of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Obese Youth
Authors: Zeller Meg H. , Modi Avani C.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Recent literature has documented the psychosocial consequences of pediatric obesity, including poor health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). The present study examines HRQOL and its association with depressive symptoms and perceived social support in African‐American and white youth pursuing weight management treatment.

Research Methods and Procedures: Study participants were 166 obese youth (mean = 12.7 years, 70% females, 57% African American, mean BMI = 37.0) referred to a pediatric weight management program. Parents of participants completed a demographics form and the parent‐proxy Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Youth completed the Children's Depression Inventory, PedsQL, and Perceived Social Support Scale for Children.

Results: HRQOL scores were quite impaired relative to published norms on healthy youth (p < 0.001). Approximately 11% of the sample met criteria for clinically significant depressive symptoms. Simultaneous regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms, perceived social support from classmates, degree of overweight, and socioeconomic status seem to be strong predictors of HRQOL.

Discussion: Obesity has a clear impact on HRQOL regardless of respondent (e.g., parent, youth) or racial group. It is likely that assessing and treating depressive symptoms and fostering social support in the context of pediatric intervention have implications for both improved HRQOL and weight management outcomes.
Plasma Adipokines and Body Composition in Response to Modest Dietary Manipulations in the Mouse
Authors: Silha Josef V. , Weiler Hope A. , Murphy Liam J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: The relationship between adipokine levels and body composition has not been carefully examined. Most studies in humans are cross‐sectional, and the few studies in mice have been restricted to a comparison of control animals with markedly obese, insulin‐resistant mice. Our objective was to study changes in adipokine levels and body composition in response to modest dietary intervention.

Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma resistin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were examined in mice fed ad libitum, a 75% restricted diet, or a diet supplemented with 10% sucrose. Body composition was determined by whole‐body DXA.

Results: The percentage body fat was reduced in mice subjected to the restricted diet and increased in mice supplemented with 10% dextrose. Adipokine levels were not different in either of these groups compared with the control mice. A significant inverse correlation was observed between resistin levels and total body fat, whereas there was no significant correlation between body fat and adiponectin levels. Positive correlations were observed between leptin levels and percentage body fat, total body fat, and abdominal fat. Leptin levels correlated with plasma glucose, but multivariate analysis revealed that this correlation was the result of a strong positive correlation between leptin and insulin levels. There were no correlations between glycemia and resistin or glycemia and adiponectin levels, and no correlation was observed between any of the adipokine levels and bone mineral content or density.

Discussion: These data suggest that in the mouse, modest dietary perturbations have little effect on resistin and adiponectin levels despite significant effects on glycemia, insulin levels, and bone parameters.
Very Low‐Carbohydrate versus Isocaloric High‐Carbohydrate Diet in Dietary Obese Rats
Authors: Axen Kathleen V. , Axen Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Objective: The effects of a very low‐carbohydrate (VLC), high‐fat (HF) dietary regimen on metabolic syndrome were compared with those of an isocaloric high‐carbohydrate (HC), low‐fat (LF) regimen in dietary obese rats.

Research Methods and Procedures: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats, made obese by 8 weeks ad libitum consumption of an HF diet, developed features of the metabolic syndrome vs. lean control (C) rats, including greater visceral, subcutaneous, and hepatic fat masses, elevated plasma cholesterol levels, impaired glucose tolerance, and fasting and post‐load insulin resistance. Half of the obese rats (VLC) were then fed a popular VLC‐HF diet (Weeks 9 and 10 at 5% and Weeks 11 to 14 at 15% carbohydrate), and one‐half (HC) were pair‐fed an HC‐LF diet (Weeks 9 to 14 at 60% carbohydrate).

Results: Energy intakes of pair‐fed VLC and HC rats were less than C rats throughout Weeks 9 to 14. Compared with HC rats, VLC rats exhibited impaired insulin and glycemic responses to an intraperitoneal glucose load at Week 10 and lower plasma triacylglycerol levels but retarded loss of hepatic, retroperitoneal, and total body fat at Week 14. VLC, HC, and C rats no longer differed in body weight, plasma cholesterol, glucose tolerance, or fasting insulin resistance at Week 14. Progressive decreases in fasting insulin resistance in obese groups paralleled concomitant reductions in hepatic, retroperitoneal, and total body fat.

Discussion: When energy intake was matched, the VLC‐HF diet provided no advantage in weight loss or in improving those components of the metabolic syndrome induced by dietary obesity and may delay loss of hepatic and visceral fat as compared with an HC‐LF diet.
Effect of Weight Loss on P Wave Dispersion in Obese Subjects
Authors: Duru Mehmet , Seyfeli Ergun , Kuvandik Guven , Kaya Hasan , Yalcin Fatih
Published: April 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate effect of loss weight on P wave dispersion in obese subjects.

Research Methods and Procedures: After a 12‐week weight loss program (diet and medical therapy), a total of 30 (24 women and six men) obese subjects who had lost at least 10% of their original weight were included in the present study. All subjects underwent a routine standard 12‐lead surface electrocardiogram. Electrocardiograms were transferred to a personal computer by a scanner and then magnified 400 times by Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, Mountain View, CA). P wave dispersion, which is also defined as the difference between the maximum P wave duration and the minimum P wave duration, was also calculated.

Results: After a 12‐week weight loss program, BMI (p < 0.001), maximum P wave duration (p < 0.001), and P wave dispersion (p < 0.001) significantly decreased. The mean percentage of weight loss was 13% (10% to 20.3%). The decrease in the level of P wave dispersion (21 ± 10 and 7 ± 12 ms, p < 0.002) was more prominent in Group II (≥12% loss of their original weight) than Group I (<12% loss of their original weight) after the weight loss program. A statistically significant correlation between decrease in the level of P wave dispersion and percentage of weight loss was found (r = 0.624, p < 0.001).

Discussion: Substantial weight loss in obese subjects is associated with a decrease of P wave duration and dispersion. Therefore, these observations suggest that substantial weight loss is associated with improvement in atrial repolarization abnormalities in obese subjects.
Dietary Quality Predicts Adult Weight Gain: Findings from the Framingham Offspring Study
Authors: Quatromoni Paula A. , Pencina Michael , Cobain Mark R. , Jacques Paul F. , D'Agostino Ralph B.
Published: April 2008

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that dietary quality, measured by adherence to the Dietary Guidelines, was related to weight change in adults.

Research Methods and Procedures: Dietary intake was assessed among 2245 adult men and women (average age, 49 to 56 years) in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Three‐day dietary records were collected in 1984 to 1988 and again in 1991 to 1996. Weight change was measured over 8 years after each assessment. A five‐point diet quality index (DQI) was computed based on mean nutrient intake levels from each set of diet records. One DQI point was contributed for each of five nutrients if intake met Dietary Guidelines for total and saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and carbohydrate. Gender‐specific generalized estimating equations pooled data across the two assessments to relate DQI to 8‐year weight gain.

Results: Men and women with higher DQI scores gained less weight during follow‐up (p < 0.05). Average gain over 8 years was ∼3 pounds among those with highest scores, compared with 5 to 8 pounds among those with lower scores. Smoking cessation was an important predictor of weight gain, accounting for about a 5‐ to 9‐pound difference in weight gain.

Discussion: A high‐quality diet, one that is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines, may help curb rising rates of obesity at the population level. Poor compliance with the Guidelines, rather than the guidelines themselves, is likely responsible for the weight gain observed in the American population. Adoption of an eating pattern consistent with the Dietary Guidelines should facilitate population weight control if sustained long term.
Obesity and Attained Education: Cohort Study of More Than 700,000 Swedish Men
Authors: Karnehed Nina , Rasmussen Finn , Hemmingsson Tomas , Tynelius Per
Published: April 2008

Objective: To study the relationship between BMI at age 18 years and later attained education, with control for intelligence and parental social position.

Research Methods and Procedures: A cohort of 752,283 Swedish men born from 1952 to 1973 were followed in registers with respect to attainment of high education (≥15 years of education) until December 31, 2001. Intelligence and BMI (kilograms per meter squared) were measured at compulsory military conscription at age 18 years. Ninth grade school marks were available for a subgroup born from 1972 to 1973 (N = 93,374). The hazard ratio for attaining high education was estimated with proportional hazard regression analysis controlling for intelligence, height, parental socioeconomic position, country of birth, conscription center, and municipality.

Results: Young men who were obese (BMI ≥ 30) at age 18 years (N = 10,782) had a much lower chance of attaining a high education than normal‐weight subjects [(18.5 ≤ BMI < 25); adjusted hazard ratio 0.48 (95% confidence interval, 0.45, 0.52)]. Young men who were obese at age 18 had lower mean ninth grade school marks than young men with normal weight at any given intelligence level.

Discussion: Obese men in Sweden are doing much worse in the educational system than their normal‐weight counterparts even after adjustments for intelligence and parental socioeconomic position. Discrimination in the educational system and other sectors of the society may explain these strong associations.
Freshman 15: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Morrow Michelle L. , Heesch Kristiann C. , Dinger Mary K. , Hull Holly R. , Kneehans Allen W. , Fields David A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate changes in body weight, BMI, body composition, and fat distribution among freshman women during their 1st year of college.

Research Methods and Procedures: Freshman women during the 2004 to 2005 academic year were recruited to participate. The initial baseline visit occurred within the first 6 weeks of the fall 2004 semester, with the follow‐up visit occurring during the last 6 weeks of the spring 2005 semester. At each visit, height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and body composition (by DXA) were obtained.

Results: One hundred thirty‐seven participants completed both the fall and spring visits. Significant (p < 0.0001) increases between the fall and spring visits were observed for body weight (58.6 vs. 59.6 kg), BMI (21.9 vs. 22.3), percentage body fat (28.9 vs. 29.7), total fat mass (16.9 vs. 17.7 kg), fat‐free mass (38.1 vs. 38.4 kg), waist circumference (69.4 vs. 70.3 cm), and hip circumference (97.4 vs. 98.6 cm), with no significant difference observed in the waist‐to‐hip ratio (0.71 vs. 0.71; p = 0.78).

Discussion: Although statistically significant, changes in body weight, body composition, and fat mass were modest for women during their freshman year of college. These results do not support the purported “freshman 15” weight gain publicized in the popular media.
Obesity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Evidence for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: McTigue Kathleen M. , Hess Rachel , Ziouras Jennifer
Published: April 2008

Objective: Although obesity is increasing in older U.S. adults, treatment is controversial in this age group. We sought to examine evidence concerning obesity's health‐related risks, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes in older individuals.

Research Methods and Procedures: We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases, consulted with experts, and examined bibliographies for English language studies discussing obesity in older adults (mean age ≥ 60), published between January 1980 and November 2005. Inclusion criteria were met by 32 longitudinal analyses, seven diagnostic studies, and 17 randomized controlled trial articles. At least two authors independently reviewed and abstracted study design, population, results, and quality information.

Results: Correlations between body fat and three anthropometric measures (BMI, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio) decrease with age but remain clinically significant. Obesity contributes to risk for several cardiovascular endpoints, some cancers, and impaired mobility but protects against hip fracture. The association between obesity and mortality declines as age increases. Intensive counseling strategies incorporating behavioral, dietary, and exercise components promote a weight loss of 3 to 4 kg over 1 to 3.3 years. The loss is linked with improved glucose tolerance, improved physical functioning, reduced incidence of diabetes and a combined hypertension and cardiovascular endpoint, and reduced bone density.

Discussion: In older adults, obesity can be diagnosed with standard clinical measures. Intensive counseling can promote modest sustained weight loss, but data are insufficient to evaluate surgical or pharmacological options. Obesity treatment is most likely to benefit individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Limited data suggest possible functional improvement. Treatment should incorporate measures to avoid bone loss.
Adiponectin and Membrane Fluidity of Erythrocytes in Normotensive and Hypertensive Men
Authors: Tsuda Kazushi
Published: April 2008

Objective: Abnormalities in physicochemical properties of the cell membranes may underlie the defects that are strongly linked to hypertension. Recent evidence indicates that adiponectin may have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to assess the possible link between plasma adiponectin and membrane fluidity in normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) men.

Research Methods and Procedures: We measured the membrane fluidity (a reciprocal value of membrane microviscosity) of erythrocytes in NT and HT men by using an electron paramagnetic resonance and spin‐labeling method.

Results: The order parameter (S) for the spin label agent (5‐nitroxide stearate) and the peak height ratio (h0/h−1) for 16‐nitroxide stearate in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of erythrocytes were significantly higher in HT men than in NT men, indicating that membrane fluidity of erythrocytes was decreased in HT men compared with NT men. Both of plasma adiponectin and nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels were significantly lower in HT men than in NT men. The plasma adiponectin levels were correlated with plasma NO metabolites. The S and the h0/h−1 of erythrocytes were inversely correlated with the plasma adiponectin and NO metabolite levels, indicating that the decreased membrane fluidity of erythrocytes was associated with hypoadiponectinemia and reduced plasma NO metabolites.

Discussion: The results of the present study demonstrated that plasma adiponectin levels were lower in HT men than in NT men and that hypoadiponectinemia was associated with decreased membrane fluidity of erythrocytes. The finding suggests that adiponectin may be linked to the rheologic behavior of the erythrocytes and the microcirculation in men, at least in part, by the NO‐dependent mechanism.
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibition Reduces Lipid Deposits in Myocardium and Improves Left Ventricular Function of Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Toblli Jorge Eduardo , Cao Gabriel , Rivas Carlos , DeRosa Graciela , Domecq Patricia
Published: April 2008

Objective: Alterations in the renin angiotensin system, cardiac lipotoxicity, and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction have been reported in obese rats. The present study examined whether angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition could ameliorate lipid deposition and ventricular function in the myocardium of obese Zucker rats (OZRs).

Research Methods and Procedures: For 6 months, rats were treated as follows: Group (G) 1, OZR, no treatment; G2, OZR + ramipril (R); G3, OZR + amlodipine (AML); and G4, lean Zucker rats. LV function was assessed by echocardiogram and lipid deposits in cardiomyocytes (LDCM) by light microscopy using Oil red O.

Results: At the end of the experiment, both OZR + R and OZR + AML groups presented similar reduction in blood pressure in comparison with untreated OZR (p < 0.01). OZR with R presented lower insulin‐to‐glucose ratio and lower serum triglycerides and cholesterol when compared with both untreated OZR and OZR with AML (p < 0.01). Fractional shortening by echocardiogram was as follows: G1, 25.4 ± 3.8 (vs. G2 and G4, p < 0.05); G2, 37.2 ± 2.4; G3, 29.3 ± 4.4 (vs. G2 and G4, p < 0.05); and G4, 40.8 ± 2.3. Percentage LDCM was as follows: G1, 12.4 ± 2.7 (vs. G2 and G4, p < 0.05); G2, 0.8 ± 0.2; G3, 11.1 ± 2.1 (vs. G2 and G4, p < 0.05); and G4, 0.1 ± 0.1. There was a negative correlation between fractional shortening and LDCM percentage in OZR (r = −0.93) and in OZR + AML (r = −0.87).

Discussion: AML reduced blood pressure significantly; however, it failed to modify both metabolic parameters and LDCM. In contrast, R showed a substantial reduction in LDCM, together with LV function preservation.
A Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 18q for Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Hispanic Children
Authors: Cai Guowen , Cole Shelley A. , Butte Nancy , Bacino Carlos , Diego Vincent , Tan Karen , Göring Harald H. , O'rahilly Stephen , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Comuzzie Anthony G.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Genetic components of energy homeostasis contributing to childhood obesity are poorly understood. Genome scans were performed to identify chromosomal regions contributing to physical activity and dietary intake traits in Hispanic children participating in the VIVA LA FAMILIA Study.

Research Methods and Procedures: We report linkage findings on chromosome 18 for physical activity and dietary intake in 1030 siblings from 319 Hispanic families. Measurements entailed physical activity by accelerometry, dietary intake by two 24‐hour recalls, and genetic linkage analyses using SOLAR software.

Results: Significant heritabilities were seen for physical activity and dietary intake, ranging from 0.46 to 0.69, except for vigorous activity (h2 = 0.18). Percentage time in sedentary activity mapped to markers D18S1102‐D18S64 on chromosome 18 [logarithm of the odds (LOD) score = 4.07], where melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) resides. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for total activity counts, percentage time in light or in moderate activity, and carbohydrate intake and percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates were detected in the same region (LOD = 2.28, 2.79, 2.2, 1.84, and 1.51, respectively). A novel loss of function mutation in MC4R (G55V) was detected in six obese relatives, but not in the rest of the cohort. Removal of these MC4R‐deficient subjects from the analysis reduced the LOD score for sedentary activity to 3.94.

Discussion: Given its role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, MC4R is a strong positional candidate gene for the QTL on chromosome 18 detected for physical activity and dietary intake in Hispanic children.
A Quantitative Trait Locus for Body Fat on Chromosome 1q43 in French Canadians: Linkage and Association Studies
Authors: Aissani Brahim , Perusse Louis , Lapointe Gilles , Chagnon Yvon C. , Bouchard Luigi , Walts Brandon , Bouchard Claude
Published: April 2008

Objective: To explore a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on human chromosome 1q affecting BMI, adiposity, and fat‐free mass phenotypes in the Quebec Family Study cohort.

Research Methods and Procedures: Non‐parametric sibpair and variance component linkage analyses and family‐based association studies were performed with a dense set of chromosome 1q43 microsatellites and single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers in 885 adult individuals.

Results: Linkage was observed between marker D1S184 and BMI (p = 0.0004) and with body fat mass or percentage body fat (p ≤ 0.0003), but no linkage was detected with fat‐free mass. Furthermore, significant linkages (p < 0.0001) were achieved with subsamples of sibpairs at both ends of phenotype distributions. Association studies with quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests refined the linkage to a region overlapping the regulator of G‐protein signaling 7 (RGS7) gene and extending to immediate upstream gene loci.

Discussion: The present study indicates that the QTL on chromosome 1q43 specifically affects total adiposity and provides a genetic mapping framework for the dissection of this adiposity locus.
Body Image and Quality of Life in Post Massive Weight Loss Body Contouring Patients
Authors: Song Angela Y. , Rubin J. Peter , Thomas Veena , Dudas Jason R. , Marra Kacey G. , Fernstrom Madelyn H.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Because post‐bariatric surgery patients undergo massive weight loss, the resulting skin excess can lead to both functional problems and profound dissatisfaction with appearance. Correcting skin excess could improve all these corollaries, including body image. Presently, few data are available documenting body image and weight‐related quality of life in this population.

Research Methods and Procedures: Eighteen patients who underwent both bariatric surgery and body contouring completed our study. Both established surveys and new surveys designed specifically for the study were used to assess body perception and ideals, quality of life, and mood. Patients were surveyed at the following time‐points: pre‐body contouring (after massive weight loss) and both 3 and 6 month post‐body contouring. Statistical testing was performed using Student's t test and ANOVA.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 46 ± 10 years (standard deviation). Quality of life improved after obesity surgery and was significantly enhanced after body contouring. Three months after body contouring, subjects ascribed thinner silhouettes to both current appearance and ideal body image. Body image also improved with body contouring surgery. Mood remained stable over 6 months.

Discussion: Body contouring after surgical weight loss improved both quality‐of‐life measurements and body image. Initial body dissatisfaction did not correlate with mood. Body contouring improved body image but produced dissatisfaction with other parts of the body, suggesting that as patients become closer to their ideal, these ideals may shift. We further developed several new assessment methods that may prove useful in understanding these post‐surgical weight loss patients.