bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Evidence of Hepato‐ and Neuro‐Protective Effects of Fish Press Juices against Hydrogen Peroxide‐Induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: Waly Mostafa , Al-Rizeiqi Mohammed , Al-Sabahi Jamal , Soussi Bassam
Published: June 2021

Background

Oxidative stress induced by free radicals and reactive oxygen species, depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) and inhibits antioxidant enzymes. Consumption of antioxidant‐rich foods protects against oxidative stress‐related health problems.

Objective

This study aimed to (1) measure the antioxidants contents of the press juices (PJs) extracted from Hamour and King Fish and (2) Evaluate the PJs effect on oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), using human cultured neuronal cells (SH‐SY5Y) and hepatic cells (HepG2).

Results

PJs analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of antioxidants, vitamin C and GSH in both fish species. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of Hamour PJ was significantly higher than that of Kingfish PJ. H2O2‐induced oxidative stress in SH‐SY5Y and HepG2 as presented by GSH depletion and antioxidant enzymes inhibition. PJs protect against the H2O2‐induced cellular oxidative stress.

Conclusion

PJs from Hamour and Kingfish, locally available fishes in Oman, are powerful dietary sources for antioxidants and protect against oxidative stress. Further experimental animals studies are required to further investigate the in vivo effect of PJs against oxidative stress and its related health problems.
Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroquinone (TBHQ) Augments Intracellular Glutathione Concentrations and Induces Antioxidant Gene Expression in Organogenesis‐Stage Rat Conceptuses Grown in Whole Embryo Culture (WEC)
Authors: Sant Karilyn Elizabeth , Hansen Jason M. , Harris Craig
Published: June 2021

Food‐additives like the phenolic antioxidant TBHQ have limited intrinsic antioxidant activity, but are themselves reactive chemicals that activate the Keap/Nrf2 pathway. Nrf2 induces Gclc (rate‐limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis) and NQO1 (flavoenzyme for quinone reduction) through the antioxidant response element (ARE). The role of these pathways in embryoprotection has not been fully characterized during organogenesis. The goal of this study was to verify the ability of TBHQ to induce ARE targets and, thereby, confer embryoprotection during development. Rat conceptuses were explanted into WEC on gestational day 10 and treated with 50 μM TBHQ at 0 hr, 95% O2 at 6 hr, or the combination of both treatments. Embryo and visceral yolk sac (VYS) tissues were sampled at 6, 9, 12, and 26 hr. Exposure to TBHQ produced significant inductions of Gclc and NQO1 in VYS along with > 50% increases in GSH concentrations at 12 and 26 hr. TBHQ induction in VYS diminishes over 26 hr for Gclc but is maintained for NQO1. GSH remains elevated in embryo and VYS through 26 hr. ARE targets and GSH concentrations were increased in TBHQ ± 95% O2 samples but did not confer embryoprotection based on assessment of embryonic morphology. This work shows selective induction of antioxidant responses by TBHQ in embryo and VYS during organogenesis but also that these changes fail to protect the embryo from O2‐induced toxicity.

Grant Funding Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30 ES017885, T32 ES007062)
Functional cleavage of selenoprotein K is regulated by calpain/calpastation system in toll‐like receptor activated macrophages
Authors: HUANG ZHI , Hoffmann FuKun W. , Hashimoto Ann S. , Hoffmann Peter R.
Published: June 2021

Calpains (CAPN) are proteolytic enzymes that modulate cellular function through cleavage of targets. Calpastatin (CAST) is a key endogenous inhibitor of CAPN, thereby modifying its actions. An important role is emerging for CAPN/CAST system in regulating immune responses. Herein, we identify a novel target of CAPN, selenoprotein K (SelK), which is important for Ca2+ flux in immune cells. CAPN‐mediated cleavage of SelK was detected in myeloid cells but not in lymphoid cells. Both m‐ and μ‐CAPN were capable of cleaving SelK, but m‐CAPN was the predominant isoform. Specific inhibitors of CAPN were used to show that m‐CAPN cleaved SelK in macrophages. The cleavage site in SelK was identified between Arg81 and Gly82 and the resulting truncated SelK was shown to lack selenocysteine, the amino acid that defines selenoproteins. Resting macrophages predominantly expressed cleaved SelK and, when activated through Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), SelK cleavage was inhibited. We found that decreased CAPN cleavage was due to TLR‐induced up‐regulation of CAST. CAST knock down resulted in higher CAPN activity and sustained SelK cleavage in TLR activated macrophage. Moreover, the expression of the CAPN and CAST in macrophages was different from T and B cells. Overall, our findings identify SelK as a novel CAPN target and reveal dynamic changes in functional cleavage of SelK is regulated by CAPN/CAST system in TLR activated macrophages.
Antioxidant Activity of Ribes Diacanthum Pall Extracts in the Northern Region of Mongolia
Authors: Birasuren Bayarmaa , Kim Mee Ree
Published: June 2021

Many herbs have been used therapeutics in Mongolian traditional medicine. Ribes Diacanthum Pall (Tehiin sheeg) is an important medicinal plants native to Mongolia. Areal parts of the plant are used in Mongolian folk medicine for the treatment of kidney and bladderˈs diseases, cystitis, kidney stones, watery edema, to stimulate the diuretic effect and reducing the toxic. However, antioxidant information on these plants has not been available. The antioxidant potency of methanolic extract of Ribes Diacanthum Pall (MRDP) was investigated by employing various in vitro systems, such as total polyphenolic contents, 1,1‐diphenyl‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, ABTS and hydroxyl (•OH) radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing power assay. Higher levels of total phenolics ( 0.518 mg/ml extract) and flavonoids ( 0.390mg/ml) were observed in methanolic extract of areal parts. Moreover, this extract had the predominant antioxidant capacity, DPPH (IC50: 8.7046mg/ml ), hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (IC50: 9.3268mg/ml) and ferric reducing power (0.3161mg/ml), as well as ABTS radical scavenging activity (92.054% 10mg/ml). In addition, MRDP showed strong ability on ferric reducing power (0.3161mg/ml ). Overall, results suggested MRDP might be beneficial as a potent antioxidant effectively employed as an ingredient in functional food applications and information for understanding pharmacological effects of this herbs.
Inhibitory effect of Curdrania tricuspidata extract on gastric inflammation induced by acute alcohol treatment in SD Rats
Authors: Kim Ok kyung , Ho Jin-Nyoung , Nam Da-Eun , Jeon Hye-lin , Park Soo Jeung , Jun Woojin , Kang Jung Eun , Lee Jeongmin
Published: June 2021

We investigates the protective effect of Curdrania tricuspidata ethanol 10% extract (CTL10) on alcohol‐induce acute gastritis in Sprague‐Dawley(SD) rats. Rats were divided into four groups : control(G1), ethanol(G2), ethanol plus CTL10 – 100 mg/kg (G3), ethanol plus CTL10 – 300 mg/kg (G4). After oral administration of CTL10 for 7 days, acute gastritis was induced by 70% alcohol and 0.15M HCl. After 1h on alcohol administration, the animals were sacrificed. Gastric acid secretion and gastric mucosal injury were significantly decreased in G4 when compared to that of G2. To examine the regulatory factors related inflammation, NF‐kB, COX‐1, COX‐2 and cytokines were measured by immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR. The expression of NF‐kB, COX‐1 and COX‐2 were clearly decreased in G3 and G4 compared with the G2. Additionally, IL‐6 was significantly decreased in G3 and G4, whereas IFN‐r was dramatically increased. However, TNF‐a levels were no significant difference between G2 and CTL10 supplementation groups. We next examined the levels of MDA and SOD activity related in antioxidative effects. Oral administration of CTL10 significantly decreased levels of MDA and SOD activity was dramatically increased. In conclusion, CTL10 may be considered for potential agent to control acute gastritis induced by alcohol through antioxidative effect of CTL10.
Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Ala‐9‐Val of Manganese‐Superoxide Dismutase and Normal Weight, Overweight and Obesity in Mexican Population
Authors: Hernandez-Guerrero Cesar , Parra-Carriedo Alicia , Isoard-Acosta Fernando , Perez-Lizaur Ana Bertha , De Noriega Daniela Galindo , Cherem-Cherem Loren
Published: June 2021

The study included Mexican participants with at least two generations of relatives born in Mexico. The control and study groups were selected from the Clinic of Nutrition of Health Department of the Universidad Iberoamericana of Mexico City. The control group included 36 participants with a body mass index (IMC) of: 18.5–24.9. The overweight group included 18 participants with IMC of: 25.0–29.9, and the obesity group included 29 participants with IMC >30. DNA was isolated by DNAzol reagent. The identification of SNP Ala‐9‐Val was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction technique using specific primers, follows of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique using the Bsa WI restriction enzyme. The frequency of polymorphism was analyzed by Xi squared and a p<0.05 was accepted as a statistical difference. The frequencies of SNP Ala‐9‐Val (homozygote plus heterozygote) were 0.34, 0.50 and 0.66 in control, overweight and obesity groups, respectively. There was a statistical difference between obesity and control group (Xi2= 5.44; p=0.019; O/R= 3.8; I.C. 95% 1.35 − 10.6). When the obesity group was stratified by obesity degree a statistical difference was observed between obesity‐III (IMC> 40) and control group (Xi2= 4.49; p=0.034; O/R= 5.0; I.C. 95% 1.29–19.3). The polymorphisms Ala‐9‐Val could be one of several genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to development obesity in the Mexican population.
Ethanol and unsaturated fat diet‐induced liver injury is associated with intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Kirpich Irina , Feng Wenke , Wang Yuhua , Liu Yanlong , Barve Shirish , McClain Craig
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Ethanol‐induced endotoxemia due to disruption of intestinal integrity plays an important role in the alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Linoleic acid (LA), a major unsaturated fatty acid in the American diet, is known to exacerbate alcohol‐induced liver injury. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the deleterious effects of dietary LA in ALD are not fully understood.

Materials and Methods

C57BL/6N mice were fed either an unsaturated fat (USF, LA enriched) or a saturated fat (SF, medium triglycerides enriched) Lieber‐DeCarli diet (5% EtOH) for 8 weeks. Control mice were pair‐fed on an isocaloric basis. Liver injury and steatosis; systemic and intestinal inflammation as well as intestinal permeability and blood endotoxin levels were evaluated.

Results

USF+EtOH feeding resulted in significant hepatic triglyceride accumulation and increased plasma ALT levels as a marker of liver injury; increased intestinal permeability (ileal segments) and elevated blood endotoxin levels compared to SF+EtOH and control fed animals. Significantly elevated intestinal TNF‐α and MCP1 mRNA levels as markers of inflammation were also observed only in USF+EtOH group.

Conclusion

Intestinal inflammation caused by USF+EtOH likely play a critical role in the gut leakiness, elevated blood endotoxemia and consequent liver injury in an animal model of ALD. This work was supported by funding from NIH and VA.
Which One to Choose? Selecting Food Consumption Measurement Methods for Decision‐Making in Nutrition and Food Security Programs
Authors: Coates Jennifer , Colaiezzi Brooke , Fiedler John , Wirth James , Lividini Keith , Rogers Beatrice
Published: June 2021

Food consumption and dietary intake data are critical inputs into the design, implementation and evaluation of large‐scale nutrition and food security programs. Food consumption measurement methods (FCM) vary widely in terms of how validly they can be used to meet different program information requirements throughout the program cycle and range in terms of the time, cost, and expertise required. This paper presents a) a conceptual framework of the food and nutrient consumption information required by categories of nutrition interventions and b) a decision‐tree to guide the selection of the most appropriate FCM for different types of programming decisions within given resource constraints. A review of the peer‐reviewed and gray literature was complemented by semi‐structured interviews with 25 internationally recognized subject matter experts in order to assess the characteristics of 24‐hour Recall, Food Frequency Questionnaires, Food Balance Sheets, Dietary Diversity Indices, and Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys. Each method was rated in terms of its resource requirements, validity, and accuracy for meeting each type of program information need. The results suggested that each food consumption method has strengths and weaknesses that vary according to contextual purpose and should be used complementarily to answer different programmatic questions and to triangulate results.
US‐born Blacks have more Dietary and Inflammatory Risks for Coronary Heart Disease than Foreign‐born Blacks in South Florida
Authors: Davis Errol , Huffman Fatma
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine and compare dietary and hs‐CRP values of US‐born Afro Caribbean American (USBACA), African American (AA) and Foreign‐born Afro Caribbean (FBAC) adults.

Method

A cross‐sectional study recruited 62 USBACA (30 males; 32 females), 61 AA (30 males; 31 females) and 66 FBAC (31 males; 35 females) adults (18–40 years) living in the US < 10 years. Socio‐demographic, dietary and hs‐CRP values were determined and analyzed.

Findings

Compared to the Dietary Guidelines, USBACA and AA adults compared to FBAC adults consumed < 55 % carbohydrates (%) (41.0 & 25.4 vs. 55.4) but, more ≥ 30% energy from fat (%) (65.6 & 72.9 vs. 46.2), > 20g saturated fat (%) (45.9 & 50.8 vs. 35.4), > 300 mg dietary cholesterol (%) (23.0 & 27.1 vs. 16.9) and, > 2400 mg sodium (%) (37.7 & 39.0 vs. 26.2). However, more AA compared to USBACA and FBAC adults (%) (26.7 vs. 8.8 and 10.5) had elevated hs‐CRP (> 3.0 mg/L).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that there are significant differences in mean dietary and hs‐CRP values between FBAC and their US‐born counterparts. Understanding the variations in health indicators among different ethnic groups of the same race can provide healthcare professionals and policy planners with the opportunity to develop culturally sensitive programs and strategies for the improvement of health outcomes.

Source of funding: Florida International University Foundation
Shifts in Consumption of Food Between 1998 and 2009 in Korea
Authors: Lee Haeng-Shin , Popkin Barry M.
Published: June 2021

Korea has undergone a major opening of its food markets and economy in the past decade. The impact on the diet of Koreans is unknown. Using the KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), a nationally representative sample of individuals age ≥2, in 1998 and 2009 (n10,267 and 9,264, respectfully). The data are corrected for seasonality and the original raw food data are regrouped into 74 food groups. STATA is used to adjust for design effects and weight the results. Despite a decade of efforts to increase whole grain intake, fruit and vegetable intake, the mean intake of whole grain intake increased a small amount (+16 kcal/d); however the proportion consuming any whole grains doubles from 24% to 46.3%. Rice declined significantly and several important less healthful food trends emerged: total alcohol intake increased from 39 kcal/d to 82 kcal/d. Also sugar‐sweetened beverages among teens and kcal from tea and coffee increased. Dynamic causes of these trends and the government's response are discussed.
Assessment of nutrition status and pulse consumption patterns in adolescent girls from Huletegna Choroko Keble, Halaba Special Woreda ‐ Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Zello Gordon Alexander , G/Michael Kebebush , Chala Alemzewed , Jaffe JoAnn
Published: June 2021

In Ethiopia, adolescents have the lowest mortality, and, therefore, are of low priority for nutrition interventions. However, the prevalence of malnutrition and anemia remains high in adolescent girls. Pulse crops are important in Ethiopiaˈs small landholders’ agriculture practices offering enhanced food security. Using a cross‐sectional design, our IDRC‐CIDA community based study assessed the nutrition status, pulse consumption patterns, indigenous knowledge, and food security among adolescent girls (n=188, 15–19 y). The prevalence of stunting and underweight were 31% and 30%, respectively. The intakes of energy, calcium, vitamin C and zinc were 70%, 13%, 5% and 65% of requirements, respectively. From pulse foods, lentils (85%) haricot bean (59%), peas (51%), faba bean (36%) and chick pea (29%) were consumed once or more than once per day. The nutrient contribution of pulses for iron, protein, zinc and fiber was 10%, 20%, 80% and 18% respectively. For household food security, 13% were secure, 17% were mildly insecure, 54% were moderately insecure and the remaining 16% severely insecure. Girls were shorter than the 2007 WHO standards and the diets were grossly deficient in energy and other nutrients; yet, pulse foods offered a significant contribution to nutrient intake. The dietary practices, particularly the girls’ avoidance of milk and yogurt, contribute to the nutrient deficiencies. Programs to support adequate nutrition for adolescents would provide for a healthy transition to adulthood and be a step towards breaking the cycle of intergenerational malnutrition.
Energy contribution on non‐breast milk items reported for 5 month old, low‐income infants in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Authors: Alvey Jeniece , Vossenaar Marieke , Doak Colleen M , Solomons Noel W
Published: June 2021

Background

Although the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 mo of life, evidence compiled in earlier studies of CeSSIAM documented that mixed feeding often occurs earlier.

Objectives

To examine the magnitude and manner or use of formula milk and to assess its energy contribution in breastfed infants aged 5 mo.

Methods

In the course of enrollment of 152 breastfeeding 5 mo old infants, recruited at a health clinic in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, a previous‐day recall of all food and beverages consumed by the infant was performed.

Results

A total of 39 (26%) mothers reported feeding their infants formula or cow milk the day before the interview. The vast majority (92%) used a bottle as the means of delivery. Amongst consumers, the reported intake of milk ranged between 5 and 1206 mL/day with a median of 260 mL/day. Its energy contribution varied between 1 to 803 kcal/day, with a median of 139 kcal/day.

Conclusion

The use of formula in combination with breastfeeding, i.e. mixed feeding, is common in Guatemalan infants by the 6th month of life and apparently sustainable. Adherence to the internationally‐recognized guidelines for early infant feeding is in need of strengthening among the population of this region.

Funded by the Nestlé Foundation, Switzerland

Grant Funding Source: The Nutrition Society
The pattern of initiating mixed feeding by Guatemalan infants and toddlers: reported age of introduction of drinks and foods in breastfeeding children
Authors: Vossenaar Marieke , van Beusekom Ilse , Montenegro-Bethancourt Gabriela , Doak Colleen M , Solomons Noel W
Published: June 2021

Background

The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 mo of life; however, violations are widespread.

Objective

To assemble among infants in Guatemala a retrospective record on the temporal pattern of introducing foods and beverages before 6 mo, constituting mixed feeding and violating the EBF or predominantly breast fed (PBF) patterns.

Methods

Mothers of 300 infants, aged 6 to 23 mo, attending a public health, equalized for months of life, were interviewed about early life practices with a structured questionnaire.

Results

At interview, continued BF was commonly reported: 6–11 mo (84%); 12–17 mo (90%); and 18–23 mo (53%). When questioned retrospectively, 90% of mothers reported BF for at least 6 mo. EBF was rare, with only 14% of infants receiving EBF for 5 mo, and just 9% for the recommended 6 mo. The most common violation was the premature introduction of liquids, such as ritual fluids, at a median age of 14 wks. The proportion of infants with PBF, which allows certain liquids such as water, juices and ritual fluids, was 33% through 5 mo and 23% through 6 mo. The median age of introduction among ever‐consumers was 18 wks for infant formula; 14 wks for complex beverages; and 23 wks for other food items.

Conclusion

Overall adherence to the WHO guidelines for feeding in the first semester of infancy was much less than ideal and in need of strengthening.

Funded by Sight and Life, Switzerland
Physical activity in normal weight/overweight, non‐stunted/stunted school‐age Guatemalan children
Authors: Chacon Ana Violeta , Ramirez-Zea Manuel , Kroker Maria F , Letona Paola , Roche Dina , Schlosser Karen , Caballero Benjamin
Published: June 2021

Background

Prevalence of childhood overweight is rising in developing countries, where stunting is still a public health issue. Data on physical activity (PA) is scarce when both conditions coincide.

Objective

To assess PA in normal weight non‐stunted (NW‐NS) and stunted (NW‐S) and overweight non‐stunted (OW‐NS) and stunted (OW‐S) school‐age children.

Methods

54 NW‐NS (BMI‐z < +1; HA‐z >−1), 79 NW‐S (BMI‐z < +1; HA‐z s ≤ −1), 78 OW‐NS (BMI‐z ≥ +1; HA‐z >−1) and 33 OW‐S (BMI‐z ≥ +1; HA‐z ≤ −1) children (118 girls/126 boys, 6–12 y old) were recruited in 9 low‐income, urban schools from Guatemala City. Children wore activity monitors to count steps and their intensity (min/d at moderate to vigorous PA ‐ MVPA) for a week. Data is presented as median/Q1–Q3.

Results

Boys were more active than girls (12573/10598–15145 vs 10864/9368–13142 steps/d, 44.0/31.9–55.1 vs 33.4/25.2–42.6 MVPA, p<0.01). S children (12366/9737–14980, 41.3/29.9–51.9) were more active than NS children (11293/9868–13712, 35.2/25.6–46.9, p=0.05 and p<0.01). OW‐NS boys (11414/9814–13603 and 35.8/27.3–46.5) were less active than NW‐NS boys (13553/11134–15245, 45.9/35.1–53.8, p<0.05). There were no significant differences in PA between OW‐S and NW‐S boys and among girls in all groups.

Conclusion

S children walk about 1000 steps/d more than NS children. Overweight was only associated with reduced PA in NS boys.

Grant Funding Source : NHLBI HHSN 268200900028C
The pattern of offering ritual fluids (agüitas) to infants and toddlers in the Guatemalan highlands in metropolitan Quetzaltenango
Authors: Doak Colleen M , van der Staare Robine , van Beukoms Ilse , Campos Maiza , Vossenaar Marieke , Solomons Noel W
Published: June 2021

Background

In many cultures, simple herbal infusions, thin gruels or sweetened water (‘agüitas’ in Guatemalan parlance) are given to infants and toddlers.

Objective

To examine the prevalence and timing of introduction of agüitas during early life in a low‐income population of metropolitan Quetzaltenango.

Methods

452 responses about ever introduction of agüitas through ages 5 to 23 mo were analyzed using logistic regression to explore relationships between growth (stunting) and morbidity (diarrheal and respiratory infection) and timing of first consuming agüitas.

Results

For 452 dyads, 354 (78%) were agüitas‐users, independent of sex or ethnicity. Of those given agüitas, half were introduced within the first 2 mo. These subjects were 1.6 times more likely to be stunted (CI=1.0, 2.5) after adjusting for ethnicity. Early introduction of agüitas was strongly associated with more reported instances of diarrhea (OR=3.4; CI=2.1, 5.4) and respiratory infections OR=2.5 (CI=1.6,4.0), irrespective of ethnicity.

Conclusion

The high prevalence and early introduction of agüitas are consistent with other findings showing agüitas to be deeply rooted in the culture of infant rearing. Understanding these associations requires an in‐depth understanding of the meaning and use of agüitas.

Funded by the Nestlé Foundation and Sight and Life, Switzerland
Maternal fructose consumption during gestation increases body weight and fat mass in young adult offspring
Authors: Bell Rhonda C , Patel Nikhil , Lineker Christopher , Hoedl Abha , Budge Helen , Symonds Michael E
Published: June 2021

Increased fructose (FR) consumption is a potential cause of adult obesity and the metabolic syndrome but the extent to which enhanced exposure to FR through pregnancy influences later body mass and composition of offspring has received little attention. Our study examined the effect of FR consumption during gestation body mass and composition in young adulthood. Female rats received 10% FR solution (n=8) or tap water (C) (n=8) throughout gestation and lactation in addition to standard chow. Offspring were weaned at 21 days; 1 male and 1 female/litter were fed standard chow plus tap water to 90 days of age. Retroperitoneal and epididymal (males) and uterine (females) fat was dissected and weighed. Body weight was offspring born and reared to FR dams compared to C (Females ‐ C: 251.9±6.7; FR: 278.6±5.67 g (p<0.01); Males – C: 469.3±7.44; FR: 506.7±13.49 g (p= 0.05). Fat mass was greater in all depots (absolute and relative) regardless of gender (e.g. retroperitoneal depot: Females – C: 2.1±0.11; FR: 3.2±0.27g (p<0.01); Males – C: 6.4±0.74; FR: 10.9±1.57 g (p<0.05)). Exposure to FR through pregnancy and lactation promotes postnatal growth and fat deposition in the offspring irrespective of gender. FR consumption during pregnancy deserves further attention given its potential contribution to obesity in offspring. Funding: NSERC (Canada); British Heart Foundation.
Loss of maternal atrial natriuretic peptide programs cardiac and renal gene expression: role of GATA4 and Npr‐1 in the fetal programming of cardiovascular health and disease
Authors: Armstrong David WJ , Tse M Yat , Wong Philip G , Pang Stephen C
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine the effect of loss of maternal atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on cardiac hypertrophy (CH) and salt‐sensitivity in offspring.

Methods

We obtained heterozygous offspring from ANP wild‐type (+/+) and knockout (−/−) dams (ANP+/−WTand ANP+/−KO offspring). Gene expression was measured using real‐time PCR.

Results

Maternal ANP had no effect on litter size or offspring growth. At 9‐weeks of age, ANP+/−KO had significantly higher left ventricular (LV) mass compared to ANP+/−WT. Left ventricular mRNA levels of ANP (a marker hypertrophy) and the pro‐hypertrophic factors GATA4 and P300 were significantly higher in ANP+/−KOmice. There was no significant difference in the hypertrophic response to daily injections of isoproterenol (ISO) between ANP+/−WT and ANP+/−KO, although CH remained significantly higher in ANP+/−KO. In the kidney of ANP+/−KO, we observed significantly higher mRNA levels of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (Npr1), as well as P300 and Ets‐1, which are known to cooperatively stimulate Npr1 transcription. To determine the effect of elevated Npr1 on salt‐sensitivity, we treated offspring with a high salt diet for 5 weeks. Salt‐induced CH was only evident in ANP+/−WT and not ANP+/−KO mice.

Conclusions

Maternal ANP programs the structure and function of the cardio‐renal axis, and the loss of maternal ANP prevents salt‐sensitive CH in offspring, possibly via elevated renal Npr1.

Grant Funding Source: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario
Gut microbiota modulates metabolic and nutrient sensing signaling pathways in obesity
Authors: Duca Frank , Sakar Yassine , Covasa Mihai
Published: June 2021

Accumulating evidence shows a complex interaction between gut microbiota, weight gain and energy regulation. However, the mechanisms by which this interaction occurs to influence satiety and food intake leading to body weight changes in animals prone for obesity (OP) are not well known. Therefore, in these studies, we first examined changes in lipogenic and adipogenic markers, as well as intestinal nutrient signaling components (GPCRs) in OP and obese‐resistant (OR) rats. Next, we examined whether the metabolic and intestinal “phenotypical signatures” present in OP and OR rats are transferable, by inoculating germ free animals with fecal microbiota obtained from OP (OP/GF) and OR (OR/GF) donor rats. After 8wks of high‐fat feeding, we found that OP/GF animals gained more weight, and had increased adiposity and 24hr food intake compared to OR/GF. Alterations in lipogenesis and adipogenesis, as well as intestinal nutrient receptor signaling molecules characteristic of the OP phenotype were recapitulated in the germ free animals that received microbiota from the OP rat. These results demonstrate the ability of the gut microbiota to modulate host metabolism, by altering both intestinal nutrient sensing and energy‐storing signaling pathway information, and ultimately contributing to the obese state.

Grant Funding Source : INRA
Comparison of diets containing whole grain oats versus low bran oat flour on insulin sensitivity and fecal microbiota composition in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Lefevre Michael , Hergert Nancie , Rompato Giovanni
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to identify novel physiological effects of whole grain oat flour. Two AIN93G‐based diets were prepared containing 32% of energy from carbohydrate derived from either whole grain (WGO) or low bran (LBO) oat flour. Diets were fed to C57Bl/6J mice (13 mice/diet) for eight weeks. Weight gain, fat mass gain and food intake did not differ between the groups. Insulin sensitivity was greater in the WGO group as reflected by significantly (P<0.05) lower plasma levels of insulin, C‐peptide and resistin along with a trend for lower glucose excursions following intraperitoneal glucose injection. Cecal microbiota population structure was determined by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Similarity of microbiota populations was assessed by unweighted UniFrac analysis (which is sensitive to microbiota community membership) followed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Plots of PCoA vectors 1 and 3 revealed near complete segregation of the populations by diet. PCoA vectors 1 and 3 were significantly correlated with levels of insulin, C‐peptide and resistin, and combined accounted for 47%, 39% and 48% of their plasma variation, respectively. These data suggest that improvements in insulin sensitivity with WGO are independent of changes in body composition and may be mediated through changes in cecal microbiota population composition. Funded by the General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition.
Comparison of physiological, sensory, and personality attributes in 6‐n‐propylthiouracil tasters and non‐tasters
Authors: Ludy Mary-Jon , Patil Monali , Mattes Richard D.
Published: June 2021

The genetically‐determined ability to taste the bitter compound 6‐ n‐propylthiouracil (PROP) has been purported to influence food choice and predict diet‐related chronic disease risk. Previous reports directly associate PROP responsiveness with diet selection and perception of other taste qualities, chemical irritants, and oral tactile exposures. Less focus has been given to published literature failing to demonstrate these relationships. This study's purpose was to clarify divergent findings by comprehensively evaluating physiological, sensory, and personality attributes in PROP tasters (n=12) and non‐tasters (n=13). Food preference, hedonic eating, extraversion, finickiness, and sensation seeking were assessed using validated questionnaires. Spicy food palatability, as well as oral tactile, oral thermal, pressure, burn, and auditory intensity, were evaluated using the general labeled magnitude scale. Tasters and non‐tasters exhibited comparable responsiveness to all physiological and sensory stimuli. Similarly, food preference, palatability, and personality traits did not vary by taster status. These findings do not indicate that PROP taster status predicts responsiveness to other sensory signals or indices of ingestive behavior. Supported by McCormick Science Institute and the NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (5T32DK076540).
A high‐fat diet impairs alternative splicing of the troponin T pre‐mRNA in skeletal muscle
Authors: Kimball Scot R , Schilder Rudolf J , Charleston Elisabeth A , Jefferson Leonard S
Published: June 2021

Obesity leads to deficits in skeletal muscle function that are accompanied by reduced physical activity and energy expenditure. The basis of such deficits may originate from within the contractile apparatus, but little is known about how obesity might interfere with body weight‐induced changes in skeletal muscle composition. We recently showed that in obese Zucker rats, body weight‐appropriate alternative splicing of troponin T (TnnT3) pre‐mRNA is impaired, representative of a mismatch between body weight and skeletal muscle molecular composition. However, the generality of these finding to other models of obesity is unknown. In the present study, alternative splicing of the TnnT3 pre‐mRNA was observed within 1 wk of feeding a HFD to Sprague‐Dawley rats, even though no significant change in either body weight or composition was apparent. Moreover, changes in alternative splicing were dose‐dependent, with a greater effect observed in animals fed a diet containing 60 compared to 30 or 45 kcal% from fat. These findings represent the first evidence of nutrient‐induced regulation of alternative splicing in mammals, and suggest that early‐onset disruptions of body weight homeostasis in response to HFD may play an important role in the development of obesity. (support: NIH DK15658 (LSJ), Pennsylvania Department of Health (SRK), APS Postdoctoral Fellowship (RJS), and an APS 2011 Frontiers in Physiology Award (EAC))
Black Raspberry Powder Inhibits IL‐8‐Mediated Angiogenesis in Human Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells Role of; MAPK, Bcl2, Akt and COX‐2
Authors: Link Benjamin , Medda Rituparna , Nie Linghui , Schmidt Jamie , Jovanovic Nebosja , Otterson Mary F , Rafiee Parvaneh
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, plays an important role in gastrointestinal chronic inflammation and cancer. Previously we have shown that interleukin 8 (IL‐8) exerts a potent angiogenic effect on human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). Black raspberry (BRP) is a dietary product and an effective chemopreventive agent in animal models of malignancy, undergoing evaluation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the effect of BRP on HIMEC is not well defined. We investigated the antiangiogenic effect of BRP on IL‐8 activated HIMEC.

METHODS

HIMECs were treated with IL‐8 and BRP (5–50 μg/ml). Effect of BRP on survival/apoptosis, proliferation, transmigration, stress fiber and tube formation in IL‐8 activated cells were examined. The intracellular signaling molecules; MAPKs, Akt, Bcl2, Bax, NFκB and COX‐2 were assessed with or without BRP by Real‐time, Western blot and Immunofluorescence microscopy.

RESULTS

BRP inhibited IL‐8‐induced in vitro tube formation, cell migration, proliferation and stress fiber formation. IL‐8 enhanced Bcl2, Akt, COX‐2 expression and ERK1/2 and JNK activation. BRP down regulates Bcl2, Akt, ERK1/2, JNK, and COX‐2 expression and enhanced Bax expression in HIMEC.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, BRP possesses antiangiogenic properties, which warrants further investigation as adjuvant treatment of IBD and cancer.
The effect of the antipsychotic, clozapine, on monocyte mitochondria function and cytokine production
Authors: Heart Dylan Lee , Contreras-Shannon Veronica , Walss-Bass Consuelo
Published: June 2021

This project studied the effects of the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, on monocyte mitochondria and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Cultured monocytes were treated with different doses of clozapine (0, 25, 50 and 75 uM) and effects on viability, mitochondria morphology, membrane potential, ATP and cytokine secretion were assessed. With increasing doses of clozapine, mitochondria appear spotty and speckled, an indication of fission. Western blots demonstrate an increase in both profusion (OPA1) and profission (DLP1) proteins; OPA1 increased significantly with increasing clozapine relative to the control. As clozapine increased, the membrane potential increased and was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the control at all doses. An ATP luminescence assay showed ATP levels decreased significantly (p < 0.005) at all clozapine doses relative to the control. Increased clozapine caused increased cytokine production. Cytokines that were significantly altered (p < 0.05) with clozapine treatment included GMCSF, IL‐1b, IL‐10, IL‐13, and MCP1. Therefore, increasing doses of the antipsychotic clozapine negatively affects mitochondria function and causes the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Supported by SURF to DLH from the URO at St. Mary's University
Effect of naphthalene and copper nanoparticles on three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Villarreal Fernando , Falisse Elodie , Morin Dexter , Buckpitt Alan , Kültz Dietmar
Published: June 2021

Nanoparticles (NPs) and naphthalene represent pollutants of increasing concern for aquatic organisms. To test their effects on fish we exposed individuals from a fresh water population of the euryhaline three‐spined stickleback (G. aculeatus) to naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolized via cytochrome P450 pathway, and copper oxide (CuO) NPs, which have been suggested to have a toxic effect related primarily to their size rather than their chemical properties. Naphthalene exposure (10 mg/L) caused a marked stress after a period of 24 hours (loss of buoyancy control and accelerated opercular ventilation rate). In contrast, no signs of stress were observed for CuO NPs after treatment for as long as 96 hs (20 mg/L). A significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase was observed after naphthalene and CuO NPs treatment. Moreover, gills and liver microsomal fractions from another euryhaline fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), were assayed for their naphthalene metabolizing cytochrome P450 activity. The results indicate that naphthalene detoxification takes place mainly in liver and not in gills of euryhaline fish. Based on these studies we can now reveal how salinity stress and different salinity acclimation states will affect the ability of euryhaline fish for coping with naphthalene toxicity. Supported by NIH grant 5 P42 ES004699‐25.
Accumulation and biochemical effects of microcystin‐LR on Patagonian silverside (Odontesthes hatcheri) fed with Microcystis aeruginosa cells
Authors: Luquet Carlos Marcelo , Bieczynski Flavia , Bianchi Virginia Angélica
Published: June 2021

We studied accumulation and biochemical effects of microcystin‐LR (MC) in the Patagonian silverside Odontesthes hatcheri after dietary administration of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (load~1.3 μg MC / g fish, incorporated in standard fish food). After 12 h, MC content in liver did not differ between fish fed with crushed or intact cells, demonstrating O. hatcheri's capacity to digest cyanobacterial cells and also absorb free MC.

In a second experiment, fish received crushed toxic cells, non‐toxic cells or control feed; MC accumulation was monitored for 48 h. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S transferase (GST) activities and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were measured in liver and intestine. Methanol‐extractable MC was determined by PP1 inhibition assay, total MC (extractable + protein‐bound) was measured by Lemieux oxidation ‐ gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. MC accumulated rapidly up to 22.9 and 9.4 μg MC / g in intestine and liver respectively, followed by a decreasing tendency. Protein‐bound MC represented 65–98 % of total MC in both tissues. CAT and GST activities and MDA were significantly increased by MC in liver, but not in intestine. We conclude O. hatcheri is able to digest cyanobacteria, accumulating MC mostly bound to proteins. This could have implications for aquaculture and trophic chain toxic transference.

Grants: CONICET PIP 0282, ANPCYT PICT 00214
Integrin‐β1 participates in the spreading, adhesion, and migration of human adipose tissue‐derived stem cells
Authors: Bai Xiaowen , Yan Yasheng , Bosnjak Zeljko
Published: June 2021

Transplantation of human adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (hASCs) is a promising treatment for cardiac regeneration following myocardial infarction. However, the reported improvements in cardiac function have been generally modest partly due to low engraftment of injected stem cells in ischemic hearts. In addition, the mechanisms underlying engraftment and migration of stem cells remain unknown. Thus, the aim of study is to investigate the roles of integrin‐β1 in the engraftment and migration of hASCs using an in vitro cell culture model. Lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA was used to knockdown integrin‐β1 in hASCs. The expression of integrin‐β1 and cytoskeletal F‐actin in hASCs were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Cell adhesion assay was performed by counting adherent cell number 3 hours after seeding. Cell migration ability was examined using a Chemotaxis Cell Migration kit. The results show that inactivation of integrin‐β1 resulted in 1) poor cell spreading and few membrane protrusions; 2) disorganized F‐actin fibers in hASCs; and 3) decreased adhesion efficiency and migration potential of hASCs (p<0.05, n=3). Together, integrin‐β1 participates in the engraftment and migration of hASCs. The finding may guide the design of novel therapies that can increase stem cell‐mediated myocardial regeneration efficiency by increasing the ability of hASCs to engraft and persist in ischemic hearts.

Supported in part by P01GM066730, R01HL034708 (ZJB) from the NIH, Bethesda, MD.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enhance the neoplastic progression of human breast epithelial cells in a xenograft model
Authors: Pang Haiyan , Miller Fred R. , Kocarek Thomas A. , Runge-Morris Melissa
Published: June 2021

PCBs have long been suspected as environmental breast carcinogens but the epidemiological evidence has not strongly supported this concern. As an experimental approach to investigate the role of PCBs in breast cancer development, the preneoplastic MCF10AT1 human breast epithelial cell line was used in xenograft experiments. After implantation, MCF10AT1 cells form tubular structures, some of which progress to lesions with the histological features of atypical hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive carcinoma (IC). MCF10AT1 cells were injected into female Ncr nude mice, and the mice were treated with corn oil, 0.3 or 1 μg/kg/day PCB126 (a coplanar PCB), or 1 or 3 mg/kg/day PCB153 (a non‐coplanar PCB) by gavage for 10 weeks. As indices of PCB exposure, 0.3 and 1 μg/kg/day PCB126 increased hepatic Cyp1a1 mRNA levels by ~40‐and ~1000‐fold while 1 and 3 mg/kg/day PCB153 increased hepatic Cyp2b10 mRNA levels by ~12‐and ~125‐fold. The MCF10AT1 lesions were graded histologically on a scale of 0 (simple tubules) to 5 (IC). 17% of the lesions in the corn oil group were graded at 4 (DCIS) or 5, while 45% and 36% in the 0.1 and 1 μg/kg/day PCB126 groups and 67% and 50% in the 1 and 3 mg/kg/day PCB153 groups were graded at 4 or 5. These results suggest that relatively low doses of PCBs can enhance the neoplastic progression of human breast epithelial cells. Supported by NIH grant (ARRA) 1R21ES016373.
Pronounced and persistent inflammatory response induced through Polymicrobial sepsis is exacerbated by second insult by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A “Two‐Hit” model of sepsis
Authors: Figueiredo Maria José , Celes Mara , Nascimento Daniele , Dias Priscila , Cunha Fernando Q. , Filho José C. A. , Rossi Marcos A.
Published: June 2021

This study analysed the morphological changes and inflammatory response on cecum and lung of animals undergoing sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by pneumonia. Male balb/c mice were subjected to sham or moderated septic injury (MSI) induced by CLP, 24 and 48 hours after CLP the cecum was collected and submitted to morphological evaluation. Three days post‐CLP, surviving mice were subjected to a second hit (SH) with P. aeruginosa, 24 and 48 hours after pneumonia induction the morphology of cecum/lung were evaluated. The MSI‐cecum presented increased foci of necrotic cells, spreading of neutrophils near the punctures site and outside of the gut wall, 24 and 48 hours after CLP. However, 24 and 48 hours after SH this inflammatory response was not as pronounced as earlier. After SH, the morphology of lung showed an increased amount of polymorphonuclear cells associated to fibrin deposition. In addition, a significant increased mortality after the SH was observed when compared to animals submitted to CLP or pneumonia alone.

CLP induces severe neutrophil infiltration characterizing hyperinflammatory response and the SH (that mimics a clinical scenario of secondary infection) aggravated the sepsis. New studies are essential to better understand of the hyperinflammatory response during sepsis given the continued impact of sepsis and the risks of secondary infection on morbidity and mortality.
Role of interleukin‐33 in sepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction
Authors: Choe Yoonmi , Kao Raymond , Xenocostas Anargyros , Martin Claudio M , Rui Tao
Published: June 2021

The disruption of myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) protein has been implicated in myocardial dysfunction during sepsis. However, the underlying mechanism(s) are not clear. Interleukin‐ 33 (IL‐33) is a cytokine which can regulate collagen synthesis in various cardiac pathologies. The purpose of the present study is to test whether IL‐33 contributes to the sepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction through regulation of matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐ 9).

Methods

In vivo, feces‐induced peritonitis (FIP) in mice and in vitro LPS treatments to isolated cardiomyocytes were used in the study.

Results

In mice with FIP, myocardial IL‐33 and MMP‐9 expression were increased and myocardial contractility was decreased. Myocardial function in mice with FIP was improved when the mice were treated with soluble ST2 (sST2), a decoy receptor of IL‐33. The in vitro, expression of IL‐33 and MMP‐9 in cardiomyocytes treated with LPS was increased. Addition of sST2 prevented the increase in MMP‐9 expression in LPS treated myocytes.

Conclusion

Our results indicate IL‐33 plays an important role in mediating sepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction by regulation of myocyte MMP‐9 expression. (Supported by the Department of National Defense, Canadian Forces Medical Group)