bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endring i forekomst av villet egenskade hos ungdom
Authors: Tørmoen Anita J. , Myhre Martin Ø. , Walby Fredrik A. , Grøholt Berit , Rossow Ingeborg M.
Published: January 2021

Selvskade er vanlig hos ungdommer, og er assosiert med psykiske helseproblemer og negative livshendelser.Denne artikkelen beskriver resultatene fra en ny studie om endringer i forekomsten av selvskade blant ungdomsskoleelever i Norge og diskuterer implikasjoner av funnene. To kryss-seksjonelle undersøkelser blant ungdommer i ungdomsskolen (8.–10. klasse) ble benyttet for å analysereendring i forekomsten av selvskade: Ung i Norge-undersøkelsen fra 2002 (N = 5 842) og Ungdata-undersøkelsen fra 2017 og 2018 (N = 29 063). Fra undersøkelsene hentet vi forekomst av selvskade siste år og kjente risikofaktorer for selvskade hos ungdom. Vi analyserte endring i forekomst av selvskade blant ungdomsskoleelever fra 2002 til 2017/2018, og undersøkte i hvilken grad den observerte endringen kunne forklares av samtidig endring i underliggende risikofaktorer. Forekomsten av selvskade siste år økte fra 4,1 % i 2002 til 16,2 % i 2017/2018. Blant risikofaktorene økte forekomsten av depressive symptomer, mens forekomsten av antisosial atferd, eksponering for vold og alkoholberuselse sank. Økningen av depressive symptomer forklarte en liten del av økningen i selvskade, men hadde liten betydning når alle risikofaktorer ble tatt i betraktning. Vi fant at forekomsten av selvskade siste år hos ungdom firedoblet seg i løpet av 15 år. Etablerte risikofaktorer forklarer ikke hele den observerte økningen. Det er behov for mer forskning for å forstå det komplekse samspillet mellom faktorer som kan påvirke forekomstenav selvskade hos ungdom.
Castor (Ricinus communis): An Underutilized Oil Crop in the South East Asia
Authors: Chakrabarty Swapan , Kalam Mohammad Aminul Islam Abul , Yaakob Zahira , Kalam Mohammad Mominul Islam Abul
Published: January 2021

Castor belongs to a monotypic genus Ricinus and subtribe Ricininae. It is one of the oldest plants, getting importance as an agricultural crop for subtropical and tropical countries in the world. Castor is a hardy plant, requires low input, tolerates marginal soils, is easy to establish in the field, is resistant to drought, and gives yield 350–900 kg oil per hectare. Castor oil shows great functional value in energy sector, industry, and pharmaceutical. In recent years, it received increasing demand in the international market for its more than 700 uses, ranging from medicine and cosmetics to biodiesel, plastic, and lubricants. The oil is significant for many industrial uses compared with other oils from plant sources because of its high and low temperature-tolerant properties. This chapter has been written to provide botanical descriptions, ecology, agro-technology, and versatile industrial uses.
Role of Nutrient and Energy Sensors in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hurtado-Carneiro Verónica , Pérez-García Ana , Álvarez Elvira , Sanz Carmen
Published: January 2021

Cell survival depends on the constant challenge to match energy demands with nutrient availability. This process is mediated through a highly conserved network of metabolic fuel sensors that orchestrate both a cellular and whole-body energy balance. A mismatch between cellular energy demand and nutrient availability is a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other associated pathologies; thus, understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which cells detect nutrient availability and energy demand may lead to the development of new treatments. This chapter reviews the role of the sensor PASK (protein kinase with PAS domain), analyzing its role in the mechanisms of adaptation to nutrient availability and the metabolic response in different organs (liver, hypothalamus) actively cooperating to control food intake, maintain glycaemia homeostasis, and prevent insulin resistance and weight gain.
Zambia’s Poorest Progressively Left Behind: Well-Being Denied
Authors: P. Carmody Brendan
Published: January 2021

After Independence in 1964, the government of Zambia set out to fashion a national of equals. In this, the school was seen to be a key strategy along the lines of the modernisation route to development. Initially, this seemed to be well directed but within a short time it was evident that this mode of schooling was elitist, promoting division between ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots.’ Today, the country is greatly divided between those who are well-off and those who are not. This article traces the path to this outcome historically.
Current Trends in Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Sanchetee Pratap
Published: January 2021

Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability. The social, physical and psychological consequences of stroke are devastating. With better understanding of causation and breakthrough advances in management, we are witnessing a greater population of stroke survivors with varying neurological and functional deficits. Poststroke rehabilitation is a multi-disciplinary and multi-modal endeavor and not a ‘one size fits all’ intervention. A combination of interventions may be better suited to treat motor and sensory impairments, cognitive problems and psychological issues. There is great interest in exploring novel rehabilitation technologies to augment conventional therapies to reduce neurological disability and improve function. Yoga and spirituality, though ancient practices, are finding a bigger role in field of rehabilitation. In spite of good potentials for recovery, these rehabilitative measures are underutilized and major barriers are limited availability, geographical distance, high cost and lack of awareness about its benefits. While conventional measures are well engraved, this article review the recent concepts in stroke rehabilitation.
Interkulturní komunikační kompetence v odborné francouzštině – vybrané výsledky pilotního šetření
Authors: Delalande Hana
Published: January 2021

The present study treats the methodology and pilot research of a PhD thesis on development of intercultural communication competence in teaching of French for specific purposes and preparation of university students for international internships. Focus is put on the description of the qualitative research design, grounded theory method, the pilot research, data analysis, but also on the reflexivity of the pilot research results and its implication for furthers steps of the research
Duše předmětu a tělo modlitby aneb zkoumání sociologických nejistot na případu Sóka Gakkai International
Authors: Tlčimuková Petra
Published: January 2021

This case study presents the results of long-term original ethnographic research on the international Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai International (SGI). It focuses on the relationship between the material and immaterial and deals with the question of how to study them in the sociology of religion. The analysis builds upon the critique of the modernist paradigm and related research of religion in the social sciences as presented by Harman, Law and Latour. The methodology draws on the approach of Actor-Network Theory as presented by Bruno Latour, and pursues object-oriented ethnography, for the sake of which the concept of iconoclash is borrowed. This approach is applied to the research which focused on the key counterparts in the Buddhist praxis of SGI ‒ the phrase daimoku and the scroll called Gohonzon. The analysis deals mainly with the sources of sociological uncertainties related to the agency of the scroll. It looks at the processes concerning the establishing and dissolving of connections among involved elements, it opens up the black-boxes and proposes answers to the question of new conceptions of the physical as seen through Gohonzon.
Jaká komunikace v technické době?
Authors: Chudý Tomáš
Published: January 2021

Communication, at least that which is potentially human-independent, makes the issue of what is actually communicated come to the fore. The whole set-up is new: real-time filtration and selection cast doubt on the idea of communication of objective representations. That is why the bundle signal-data-information-sign-message must be analysed, taking into account the possibility that communicative quanta can teleact by themselves. Distinguishing technogenic interactivity and natural interaction produces the concept of infogenic man, which facilitates a new definition of information as opposed to signal, but also serves well if applied to machine communication. A feature that helps discern data and information is the increase of complexity level. The key to communication, taking into account the machine context, is the interest in being “wired”; Luhmann’s theory of communication, based on triple selection (information, conveyance, understanding), is especially well-positioned to meet the demands of today’s technogenic communication. Non-linearity and analysis of the mechanisms for putting up with contingency are among the advantages of Luhmann’s theory, which also provides a framework to capture and distinguish the human and technogenic communicative factors.
The effects of earthquake and tsunami loadings on structural behavior of reinforced concrete building
Authors: Sutarja Nyoman , Pringgana Gede , Wikrama Made
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of structures such as drift ratios and internal forces arising on structural components due to earthquake and tsunami loads. The structures were modeled in three dimensions with varying heights of 3, 5, and 7-story according to the allowable building height in Bali, Indonesia. The earthquake load was designed in accordance with Indonesian standard SNI-1726-2012 and Tsunami loading refers to FEMA P646-2012. Three different loads were applied namely earthquake load, combined tsunami load 1 (T1), and combined tsunami load 2 (T2). The results showed that the drift ratios of the 3-story building structure subjected to all loads meets the criteria for a building with risk category IV, should less than 1%. However, for the 5 and 7-story building structures, the drift ratio on the first floor was only due to the earthquake load fulfilled (<1%). The drift ratio of 1.44% and 2.13% respectively were due to the loads T1 and T2 for 5-story and 2.88% and 4.67% for the 7-story building. These results indicated that the 5-story and 7-story building structure is unable to withstand the lateral forces due to the tsunami load neither load T1 nor T2.
#NoSinMisPrácticas
Authors: Piñel Pérez Carlos Santiago
Published: January 2021

No tiene resumen al ser un comentario breve.
Los militares de la Ilustración y la construcción del Este de Europa en España
Authors: Recio Morales Óscar
Published: January 2021

En los siglos XVI y XVII la relación de España con el Este de Europa estuvo marcada por la distancia geográfica, la discontinuidad diplomática y los prejuicios culturales. Desde principios del XVIII la frontera oriental despertó, sin embargo, un inusitado interés, que se intensificó desde la llegada al trono de Carlos III en 1759. La historiografía interpretó este “redescubrimiento” en clave diplomática: el Este de Europa permitiría a España desarrollar una política autónoma a los Pactos de Familia borbónicos. El envío de militares a las embajadas de Varsovia y San Petersburgo, las necesidades de la Real Armada y las misiones de observadores militares, nos permiten introducir la importancia del factor militar en esta aproximación. Las siguientes páginas se interrogan por el papel de los militares ilustrados en la construcción de un nuevo espacio estratégico, científico-tecnológico, mental y cultural. Las conclusiones avanzan que el utilitarismo militar fue decisivo en el “redescubrimiento” ilustrado del Este de Europa en España.
Casimiro Granzow de la Cerda duque de Parcent. Entre Polonia y España
Authors: Nalewajko Małgorzata Nalewajko,
Published: January 2021

El artículo presenta la figura y la actividad del duque de Parcent. Este diplomático y hombre de negocios de origen polaco-hispano es autor de artículos de prensa sobre la Polonia resurgida como nación independiente en 1918, publicados en la prensa española en 1919-1921, así como del manual de historia de Polonia, también publicado en España, además de informes diplomáticos enviados de Polonia al Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores español durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y de las memorias personales de la Varsovia ocupada por los alemanes, donde residió entre 1939-1944; fue entonces el único diplomático extranjero en Polonia. Sus testimonios, desarrollados a lo largo de 25 años, en gran parte contribuyeron a la formación de la imagen de Polonia en España y constituyen fuentes ricas y variadas que bien ameritan un análisis ulterior. El presente artículo se limita a resumir algunos de los aspectos más importantes de su carrera junto a elementos claves de su interpretación de la historia y actualidad polaca.
Structures for Heat Treatment Assembled from Cast Elements
Authors: Piekarski Bogdan , Drotlew Andrzej
Published: January 2021

Various types of technological equipment individually designed for operation in pit and elevator heat treatment furnaces aredescribed in this article. A common characteristic of these structures is that they are composed of several or several dozen thin--walled elements of various shapes and sizes, gravity cast in sand moulds from creep-resistant alloys (austenitic Cr-Ni/Ni-Crcast steel and cast nickel alloys). The design of the castings requires the development of a manufacturing technology that caneffectively use the principle of the simultaneous solidification of all components. Properly designed equipment should have minimumweight, maximum strength, and maximum loading capacity combined with adequate durability and reliability. Two designsof the equipment for the heat treatment of steel parts were presented. Both designs, as well as their individual components, weredescribed in detail and illustrated. The main task of the equipment is to form the charge in the furnace and transport this chargeboth inside and outside the furnace. The first design is the design of an equipment for the heat treatment of large ring-shapedparts. The second design is the design of an equipment, whose structure can be modified using various repeatable components. Asa result of these modifications, different variants of the equipment are obtained, allowing for the heat treatment of five differenttypes of the shafts characterized by different shapes and sizes. The study is of an application nature. It is addressed to engineeringand technical staff dealing with both the design and operation of heat treatment furnaces.
A Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Study of Invitation Strategies As Produced by Indonesian and Yemeni EFL Language Learners
Authors: Saleh Al-Hamzi Ali Mohammed , Sartini Ni Wayan , Hapsari Nurul Fitri , Gougui Ayoub , Mansour Ali Al-Nozili Raghda
Published: January 2021

Based on cross-cultural pragmatic research perspectives, the present study aimed at comparing the attainment of speech acts of invitation between Indonesian and Yemeni EFL learners. The study participants were 30 undergraduate students from Airlangga University, Indonesia, and 30 undergraduate students from Sana’a University, Yemen. All of the participants were different in terms of their cultural background. The data were gathered by using Discourse Completion Task (DCT) and then analyzed on the bases of Bruder and Tillitt (1999), Al-Khatib (2006), and Suzuki (2009) compilations of invitation strategies. The findings of the study displayed some similarities and differences in terms of invitation making. Some invitation strategies seemed to be culturally specific to one culture and others are universal across the two cultures. In this regard, Indonesian EFL learners preferred to be indirect in the use of speech acts while invitation making with the high preference to use Yes/No questions, asking for willingness and Wh. questions strategies. They believe that the use of such strategies helps them to add some polite expressions that they use in their daily conversation while using their first language. In contrast, Yemeni EFL learners favored being direct in the use of the speech act of invitation, with the highest percentage of imperative strategy followed by Yes/ No questions strategy. This might show a portion of the effect of their first language on their answers. They also know that direct invitations are mostly accepted in their culture. Besides, the findings of the study revealed that Indonesian and Yemeni EFL learners translated the utterances in their mother tongue into the target language without considering the variations between the two languages in patterns of sentences and the order of words. Implications of the study are supplied too.
Investigation of Dependent Variables on Utilizing Cotton Simulation Model
Authors: Biglar Beigi Abolfazl
Published: January 2021

This research is focused on utilizing cotton simulation model (GOSSYM) to investigate the impact of different dependent variables such as different amount of Carbone Dioxide, rainfall, different Nitrogen Level, UV-B with or without irrigation, or different soil type in a MID-season cultivar for predicting and finding the influence of environmental factors on cotton yield, plant height, main stem nodes, and major phenological events such as squaring, flowering and boll opening during 30 years from 1964 to 1993 in Razan, Hamedan, Iran.
Financial Inclusion of Farmers: A Case Study of Dhenkanal District of Odisha, India
Authors: Priyadarshini Sharda , Singh P. K. , Singh O. P. , Gautam Yash
Published: January 2021

Finance is essential for both economic growth and development of the country. Lack of access to finance for small, marginal farmers and weaker sections of the society has been recognized as a serious threat to economic progress especially in developing countries like India. Moreover, prolonged and persistent deprivation of banking services to a large segment of the population causing financial exclusion which leads to a decline in investment hindering economic development of the country. Thus, the need for inclusive growth comes in the picture of economic and social development of the society. The study was aimed at analysing the extent of financial inclusion among the farmers, a way to include the weaker and vulnerable section of society in the inclusive financial system which will make their present life better and secure with future plans. A multistage sampling technique was adopted in selecting one hundred farmers. Data were collected using survey schedule administered by the researcher. Descriptive statistical tools such as Garret’s ranking technique and inferential statistical tool such as multiple regression analysis were employed to analyse the data.
Effect of Salinity Stress on Enzymatic Antioxidants Defense System of Two Maize (Zea mays L.). Varieties
Authors: Shehu Zulkallaini , Abubakar A. L. , Musa M. , Labbo Abdullahi Muhammad , Bello Zainab Hassan , Salihu Shehu
Published: January 2021

Maize is an economically important cereal crop cultivated worldwide depending on suitable climate condition. maize production is hindered by biotic and abiotic factors. Salinity is one of the major factors that affect maize yield. Plant respond to salinity by changes in their antioxidant enzymes activities which include Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). In the present study, maize seedlings were subjected to salinity stress at a different concentrations of 50 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl and were watered regularly with normal pure water. Root, mature leaves and young leaves were collected after 21 days of sowing and antioxidant enzyme activities in the collected samples were assayed using enzymatic method. A significant (P<0.05) increase in MDA and H2O2 concentration was observed in the roots and young leaves for NaCl-treated samples as compared to the control. Activities of CAT increased significantly (P<0.05) in all organs (root, mature leaves and young leaves) of salt treated maize seedling, while SOD and POX increased specifically in mature leaves. This indicates a possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the systemic signalling from roots to leaves, allowing leaves to activate their defence mechanism for better protection against salt stress.
Analytic Solutions of the Rotating and Stratified Hydrodynamical Equations
Authors: Barna Imre F. , Mátyás L.
Published: January 2021

In this article we investigate the two-dimensional incompressible rotating and stratified, just rotating,  just stratified Euler equations, comparing with each other and with the normal Euler equations with  the self-similar Ansatz. The motivation of our study is the following the presented rotating stratified  fluid equations can be interpreted as a well-established starting point of various more complex and  more realistic meteorologic, oceanographic or geographic models. We present analytic solutions  for all four models for density, pressure and velocity fields, most of them are some kind of power-law  type of functions. In general the presented solutions have a rich mathematical structure. Some  solutions show nonphysical explosive properties others, however are physically acceptable and  have finite numerical values with power law decays. For a better transparency we present some figs  for the most complicated velocity and pressure fields. To our knowledge there are no such analytic  results available in the literature till today. Our results may attract attention in various scientific fields.
Diagnostic Value of Serum Leptin Level in Critically Ill Septic Child
Authors: El Yazeed Asmaa A. Abo , Harkan Ahmed I. , Ahmed Amira Y. , Elezz Ahmed A. Abo
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Diagnosis of sepsis is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. Leptin is an important immunoregulatory hormone that enhances a number of immune responses in sepsis.

Objective: to assess serum leptin in diagnosing sepsis in critically ill pediatric patients.

Subjects and Methods: This study was carried out on 50 children divided into a case group included 40 critically ill patients initially sepsis free and fulfilling 2 of 4 criteria of SIRS admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, children hospital, Tanta university and a control group included 10 apparently healthy children. According to the presence or absence of infection, our patients were classified into SIRS group and sepsis group. For all studied patients; serum leptin, CRP and others indicators of sepsis were measured at admission and 72h later, while were measured one time only for control group.

Results: patients who developed sepsis had significantly higher serum leptin levels than those of the control group and SIRS (33.9 ± 20.8 vs. 1.9 ± 0.4, 21.5+ 10.1 respectively, p>0.05).

Conclusion: Serum leptin may have a role in early diagnosis of sepsis.
“Mother-Microbe-Infant-Microbe” Synchrony– A Mini Review
Authors: Kutty Prameela Kannan
Published: January 2021

Is breast milk nutrition “alive”, dynamic and impossible to emulate? This question remains important in the context of the emergence of novel diseases and may be answered by comparing it to a few events that happen in nature, with parallels evident in the breast feeding dyad. Edified by nature, and its myriad coexisting species, including the microbes, there seems to be much interplay between species through symbiosis, perhaps, with a lofty purpose. This is compared to the breastfeeding infant’s gut that develops in symbiosis with the microbes that enter it through every feed. Breast milk not only nurtures the infant, but also nourishes the commensal microbes it provides. Milk microbes are influenced by maternal, infant and environmental variables, supporting them differently, parallel to the manner in which microbes and other elements in nature support ecosystems. Reviewing and synthesising information from two different but comparable ecosystems show parallels worthy of appraisal. The lactating mammary gland provides and supports beneficial microbes and microbial environments. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the key molecule of mucosal gut immunity, is mutualistic with commensal microbes, capable of mucosal defences, yet preserving equilibrium between pathogen defences and commensal tolerance. Through microbial signals, the nursing mother shares her mucosal immune experiences, commenced in utero, transplacentally and then “translactionally”, to mature infant immunity, concluding an exceptional loop of nurture. Technology allows much appreciation that “immune cross- talk” between mother and infant does occur. In this review, commensal gut microbes in the infant are conceptualised as miniature ecosystems and, breastfeeding, as a vibrant compartment where being “alive” pivots in and around microbial existence and sustenance - a biological setting that, at best, may be emulated but not reproduced.
Evaluation of Self-medication Practice along with Prescribed Medicines among the Local Population of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Tahseen , Mangi Altaf Ali , Ahmed Waqar , Abbas Jabbar , Shaikh Bilawal , Qazi Maryam , Irfan Rao , Ahmer Arslan , Muhammad Shaib , Rizvi Syed Shafqat Ali Shah
Published: January 2021

The main theme of the study was to evaluate the usage of medicine other than their use. This is actually a problem, which was observed worldwide. It is direct associated with the patients that were using medicine to cure themselves from minor ailment without discussing with any health care professional as selection of proper medicine for any disease is the prime responsibility of health care providers. The significance of the research was to evaluate the self-medication pattern over the prescribed medicines among the local population of Karachi. So the descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the period of six months and participants were guided for the completion of questionnaire. Specified sample technique was used for the proper selection of participants. The average age of participants was 38.5±11.8 with minimum age of 16 and 53 was the maximum age of participant of the study. The frequent habit was taking medicines was observed mostly with age group of 24 to 36 years and mostly arts related person and businessman were taking self medication without knowing any accurate knowledge of medicines. From the prescribed medicines Steroids, antibiotics and Cetrizine were very common taken by the participants. Females participants were taking more medicines for minor ailments as compare to males. Education level and marital status were most common factors that prejudiced the risk factors awareness along with self medication among the participants. Frequency of self-medication with or without prescription was very common among the females than males. Females were using oral corticosteroids and cyprohepadine without any therapeutic need. Professional life along with marital status was considered as main pillar for the attentiveness of significant side effects associated with mal practice of taking medicine without any medical advice.
Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Profile and Patterns for Pus Isolates and Recurrent Wound Infections in Nongovernmental Hospitals of Jordan
Authors: Abu-Harirah Hashem A. , Amawi Kawther , Deeb Ammar S. Ali , Daradka Haytham M. , Fares Nawal , Maraqa Anwar D. , Qudah Audai Jamal Al , Daabes Emad
Published: January 2021

Background: Many types of infection can cause pus Infections involving the bacteria; E.coli, so the assessment of multidrug Bacterial profile and patterns is needed to understand the source and management of these injuries.

Purpose: To determine infections and patterns toward antibiotics of pus isolates and recurrent wound infections in nongovernmental hospitals of Jordan

Methods: During period eleven months, 607 Patients were involved, out of which 128 patients had pus samples and/or recurrent wound infections. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. P value was set at <0.05.

Results: One hundred twenty eight (21.1%) out of 607 patients were identified to had pus isolates and/or wound recurrent infections 86(87%) out of 128 patients had infections with known pathogenic microbes. Microbiological culture pattern was total of 19 different pathogenic microorganisms were isolated from the participants, with mixed gram-positive and gram-negative species; percentage of 37% gram-positive aerobic bacteria and 63% gram-negative aerobic bacteria.

Conclusion: The global burden from multidrug resistant bacteria highly impacted in wound and pus-causing infections, either in hospital acquired infections or community acquired infections. The main causative agents of recurrent wound infection were Staph. aureus MRSA, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp (MDR). Gram-negative bacteria caused the most of infections by more than 67% comparing with gram-positive bacteria.
Metanephric Adenoma with Embryonal Hyperplasia of Bowman's Capsular Epithelium: Previously Unreported Association
Authors: de Silva Keshani , Tobias Vivienne , Kainer Gad , Beckwith Bruce
Published: July 2002

We report a case of a 9-year-old boy with focal, segmental glomerulosclerosis who, following peritoneal dialysis, underwent renal transplantation and bilateral nephrectomy. The kidneys showed histological features of embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium, an uncommon lesion that is seen most often in patients with chronic renal failure who are being maintained on dialysis. In addition, a 1-cm tumor in the left kidney showed features of metanephric adenoma. Although both lesions are uncommon, they share many similarities on a morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural basis. This association has not been previously reported and may shed some light on the histogenesis of these recently described lesions.
Ovarian Sarcoma with Pathologic Features of Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
Authors: Finn Laura S. , Patterson Kathleen
Published: July 2002

We report a case of an unusual sarcoma arising in the ovary of an infant girl. Histologically, the tumor was composed of clear, undifferentiated cells set in an arborizing vascular stroma. Immunohistochemical staining was positive only for vimentin. Ultrastructural evaluation demonstrated undifferentiated cells with interdigitating broad cell processes that encompassed irregular electron lucent spaces that contained flocculent extracellular material. Light and electron microscopic features of the tumor resembled a clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Although the cell of origin is unproven, both tumors may arise from primitive mesenchymal cells that may not be restricted to the kidney.
Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of Insulin-like Growth Factor II and Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor Type 1 in Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Ogino Shuji , Kubo Shigeki , Abdul-Karim Fadi W. , Cohen Mark L.
Published: July 2002

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is an important growth factor in development of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate expression of IGF-II and IGF receptor type 1 (IGFR1) in various pediatric brain tumors. Immunohistochemistry for IGF-II and IGFR1 was performed on 15 choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) including 1 atypical CPP, 2 choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs), 5 anaplastic ependymomas, 7 nonanaplastic ependymomas (simply referred to as “ependymoma”), 5 medulloblastomas, 1 cerebral neuroblastoma, and 1 atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) along with 10 non-neoplastic choroid plexus and 3 non-neoplastic ependymal linings. All non-neoplastic choroid plexus, CPPs, CPCs, anaplastic ependymomas, ATRT, 71% of ependymomas, and 67% of non-neoplastic ependymal linings showed cytoplasmic positivity for IGF-II, whereas all medulloblastomas and the cerebral neuroblastoma were negative for IGF-II. In addition to cytoplasmic positivity for IGFR1, membranous positivity was observed in 73% of CPPs, both CPCs, the ATRT, 22% of non-neoplastic choroid plexus, 80% of anaplastic ependymomas, and 29% of ependymomas, but not in any medulloblastoma, cerebral neuroblastoma, or non-neoplastic ependymal lining. IGF-II and IGFR1 may play roles in the pathogeneses of CPP, CPC, anaplastic ependymoma, ependymoma, and ATRT. Immunohistochemical testing for IGF-II and IGFR1 may be useful in differentiating ATRT, CPC, and anaplastic ependymoma from medulloblastoma and cerebral neuroblastoma.
Ectopic Cerebellum Presenting as a Suprasellar Mass in Infancy: Implications for Cerebellar Development
Authors: Chang Andrew H. , Kaufmann Walter E. , Brat Daniel J.
Published: July 2002

A 4-month-old infant with a history of nasopharyngeal teratoma developed progressive optic neuropathy. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated a solid, isointense, suprasellar mass impinging on optic nerves and chiasm superiorly. The mass was subtotally resected. No attachment of the mass to brain stem or cerebellar structures was noted. Histological examination identified the tissue as developing cerebellum. The cytoarchitecture and cellular constituents of the cerebellar tissue were only slightly distorted. All cerebellar cortical constituents were arranged anatomically, and an external granular cell layer was present superficially. The latter was actively proliferating and appropriately cellular for the infant's age. The clinical presentation of ectopic cerebellum as a suprasellar mass in an infant is highly unusual. Moreover, this example illustrates the ability of cerebellar tissue to mature appropriately in a site distant from the posterior fossa, removed from ascending and descending afferent projections. Intrinsic signaling mechanisms appear sufficient to direct histogenesis in developing cerebellar cortex.
Absence of the Ductus Venosus with Direct Connection between the Umbilical Vein and Right Atrium
Authors: Langman Gerald , Wainwright Helen , Matthews Louise
Published: July 2002

Abnormalities of the ductus venosus are rare. We present the case of a dichorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancy in which complete absence of the ductus venosus, with direct communication between the umbilical vein and right atrium, was detected in one infant on antenatal ultrasonography. Autopsy confirmed the aberrant course of the umbilical vein, which also had an abnormal histological structure. Associated congenital anomalies included an ostium secundum type atrial septal defect, absent inferior vena cava, single left pulmonary vein, stenosed right pulmonary artery, proliferation of the hepatic arterioles with reduction of portal venules, and a duplex ureter. The literature is reviewed and pathogenesis relevant to this case is discussed.
Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy: Three New Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Shehata Bahig M. , Patterson Kathleen , Thomas Jean E. , Scala-Barnett Diane , Dasu Sarada , Robinson Haynes B.
Published: July 2002

Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy (HC), a rare arrhythmogenic disorder, presents as difficult-to-control arrhythmias or sudden death in infants and children, particularly girls. Three cases are described with autopsy findings. In two cases, yellow-tan nodules were grossly visible in the myocardium; in the third case, no gross lesions were identified. Microscopic examination in all three cases revealed multiple, scattered clusters of histiocytoid myocytes which on ultrastructural examination were filled with abnormal mitochondria, scattered lipid droplets, and scanty myofibrils. These pathologic findings are similar to those previously described. The pathogenesis of this entity remains controversial. It was recently proposed that this disorder is X-linked dominant with the associated gene located in the region of Xp22.
National Wilms Tumor Study: An Update for Pathologists
Authors: Beckwith J. Bruce
Published: July 2002

The National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS)-5, begun in August 1995, incorporates some important new definitions and concepts that have critical importance in determining therapy and prognosis. The criteria for stage 1 were refined to accommodate an important subset of stage 1 Wilms tumors that are being managed by nephrectomy alone, without the use of adjuvant therapy. The distinction between stages 1 and 2 in the renal sinus is no longer defined by the hilar plane but by the presence or absence of venous or lymphatic invasion. Specific problems encountered in the interpretation of the renal sinus are discussed here. The topographical definition of focal anaplasia has proven to be of prognostic value and is incorporated into the NWTS-5 study design.
Intraoral Tumor of Chievitz in a Child
Authors: Vadmal Manjunath S. , Rossi Mario B. , Teichberg Saul , Hajdu Steven I.
Published: July 2002

Juxtaoral organs known as organs of Chievitz are intramuscular embryonic structures found close to the angle of the mandible near the insertion of the pterygomandibular raphae. They are considered of neuroepithelial origin with no known function. We describe the first tumor of the organ of Chievitz which presented intraorally in a child. Immunohistochemically, the Chievitz nests showed positive reaction for vimentin, cytokeratins, and epithelial membrane antigen and ultrastructurally demonstrated cytoplasmic processes and intermediate filament bundles. These observations, together with light microscopic features, suggest that the epithelial nests of the organ of Chievitz are meningothelial rather than neuroepithelial.
Primary Malignant Epithelial Tumors of the Liver in Children: A Study of DNA Content and Oncogene Expression
Authors: Zerbini M.C.N. , Sredni S.T. , Grier H. , Cristofani L.M. , Latorre M.R.D.O. , Hollister K.A. , Alves V.A.F. , Weinberg D.S. , Perez-Atayde A.R.
Published: July 2002

Primary malignant epithelial tumors of the liver (PMETL) are rare in the pediatric age group, and very little is known about their biology as compared with adult tumors. The prognostic value of the DNA contents measured by image analysis and expression of oncogene c-erb2 and tumor suppressor gene p53 were studied in 30 cases of PMETL in children, including 24 with hepatoblastomas (HB) and 6 with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). p53 overexpression was detected in 12 out of 26 cases (46.0%), or in 3 of 5 HCC and 9 of 21 HB cases. A relatively high concordance of staining was observed with the two antibodies used (clone DO7, Dako and clone DO1, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). c-erb-B2 did not yield the characteristic membrane staining in any of the 27 cases in which reliable staining was obtained. However, 1 out of 4 patients with HCC and 1 of 23 with HB revealed strong granular cytoplasmic staining in several neoplastic cells. Interestingly, these were two of the three aneuploid multiploid cases. DNA histograms of 13 out of 29 cases (54.8%) were classified as DNA aneuploid (5/6 HCC and 8/23 HB): nine were hyperdiploid, one was hypodiploid (1HB), and three were multiploid (2HB and 1HCC). In the HB group, DNA aneuploidy was strongly associated with embryonal histological areas, suggesting that a disturbance in the process of cell differentiation is associated with marked genetic aberrations. Only the group of HB was submitted to univariate analysis of survival by the Kaplan-Meier method for age (<24 months vs. ≥24 months), sex, preoperative chemotherapy (yes vs. no), residual disease (metastasis, and/or unresectable tumor), p53 expression by immunohistochemistry (positive vs. negative), and DNA ploidy (diploid vs. aneuploid). Only residual disease at the time of diagnosis (P< 0.017) and preoperative chemotherapy (0.030) were found to be negatively correlated with biological behavior, estimated as overall survival. DNA aneuploidy tumors ( P < 0.125) and male patients ( P = 0.123) showed a trend toward a more aggressive clinical behavior, although the difference was not statistically significant. Combining DNA ploidy and residual disease, patients were categorized into three groups: group I, patients with no adverse prognostic factors, i.e., diploid tumors without residual disease; group II, patients with only one adverse prognostic factor, i.e., aneuploid tumor or residual disease; and group III, patients with both adverse factors, aneuploid tumors and residual disease at time of diagnosis. A log-rank test comparing the three survival curves showed a statistically significant difference between them ( P < 0.003). Although the series of cases is small, the results of this study highlight the importance of including DNA ploidy in the protocols designed for HB in children by international cooperative groups.
Cloacal Dysgenesis Sequence: Observations in Four Patients Including Three Fetuses of Second Trimester Gestation
Authors: Liang Xiayuan , Ioffe Olga B. , Sun Chen-Chih J.
Published: July 2002

Cloacal dysgenesis is a rare malformation sequence. We studied cloacal dysgenesis in four fetuses, including three at 18–22 weeks of gestation. All four fetuses showed a smooth perineum with absence of anal, urethral, and/or vaginal openings. The urinary bladder was dilated in 3 cases. The labia majora and minora were absent in the two female fetuses; the scrotum and penis were absent in one male fetus and hypoplastic in the second. The kidneys were either absent (1 case), dysplastic (1 case), or hydronephrotic (1 case). Normal kidneys were seen in a fetus of 20–22 weeks gestation in whom the urinary obstruction was alleviated by a vesicocolonic fistula. This fetus did not have pulmonary hypoplasia.

Severe renal anomaly and pulmonary hypoplasia are the limiting factors for the survival of infants born with cloacal dysgenesis. The unique observation of normal kidneys and lungs in one of our fetuses, despite anhydramnios, suggests that the effect of oligohydramnios on lung development may be limited early in gestation, at least up to 20–22 weeks. It may also indirectly support the theory that there are factors other than oligohydramnios that interfere with early lung development, such as reduced production of a pulmonary growth factor by the kidney or reduced proline production by malformed kidneys, that may cause decreased collagen formation and result in hypoplastic lung mesenchyme.
Variation in Major Pulmonary Fissures: Incidence in Fetal Postmortem Examinations and a Review of Significant Extrapulmonary Structural Abnormalities in Sixty Cases
Authors: Bates A.W.
Published: July 2002

A retrospective study of 1513 fetal postmortem examination reports from 1967 to 1996 yielded 35 cases with anomalous major pulmonary fissures (2.3%), to which a further 25 cases were added from fetal postmortem examinations performed between 1929 and 1966. Of 60 cases with anomalous fissures, 43 had an absent right horizontal fissure and 8 had a supernumerary left horizontal fissure; the remaining 9 showed various patterns in which one lung lacked major fissures. Histological examination in 29 cases did not reveal any additional pulmonary abnormality and pulmonary maturity was appropriate for gestational age. Additional malformations were present in 40 cases and these were frequently multiple, the most common being central nervous system, cardiovascular, and genitourinary system defects; notable heart malformations (10 cases); hydrocephalus (5 cases); and cystic renal dysplasia (4 cases). Chromosomal abnormalities were demonstrated in six cases although this figure does not reflect their prevalence, as many cases predate the availability of karyotyping. In seven cases, including three with polysplenia syndrome and one with situs inversus totalis, there was evidence of an underlying abnormality of left–right asymmetry, and in 13 cases there was documented pulmonary hypoplasia.
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy: A Molecular Genetic Study
Authors: Khoddami Maliheh , Squire Jeremy , Zielenska Maria , Thorner Paul
Published: July 2002

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy is a rare but well-recognized entity in pediatric pathology. However, the relationship of this tumor to other pediatric small cell tumors with neuroectodermal features (such as neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor) is undetermined. Molecular genetic studies of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy have not been reported. We studied three typical cases of mela-notic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy in an attempt to link this tumor to other small cell tumors with well-characterized molecular genetic changes. Tests performed included: detection of MYCN gene amplification and deletion of 1p (all 3 cases), and presence of the t(11;22)(q24;q12) and the t(11;22)(p13;q12) translocations (2 of 3 cases). None of these tests yielded positive results. Thus, there is no genetic basis at present to link melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy to neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, or desmoplastic small round cell tumor.
Cleidocranial Dysplasia with Neonatal Death Due to Central Nervous System Injury in Utero: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Oyer Calvin E. , Tatevosyants Nina G. , Cortez Selina C. , Hornstein Abby , Wallach Michael
Published: July 2002

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), an uncommon disorder involving membranous bones, is rarely lethal in early life. The calvaria is defective and wormian bones are present. Abnormalities of the clavicles vary in severity from a minor unilateral defect to bilateral absence. This report concerns pre- and postmortem anatomical and radiological findings in a 15-day-old female neonate with CCD. Her postnatal course was characterized by seizures and recognition of hydrocephalus during the first day of life. The calvaria was hypoplastic with numerous wormian bones. A pseudofracture of the right clavicle was present. Hydrocephalus was present in the brachycephalic brain which had a severely thinned cerebral cortex. Hemosiderin in the ventricular lining and marked subependymal gliosis were interpreted as evidence of old intraventricular hemorrhage that had occurred in utero. A CCD-related condition, Yunis-Varon syndrome (YVS), is noted for early lethality and for developmental and secondary abnormalities of the central nervous system. The present case only partially matches the phenotype of YVS and might represent a part of a spectrum of phenotypic variants ranging from viable CCD to lethal YVS.
The stereochemical configuration of the natural 23,25,26‐trihydroxyvitamin D3
Authors: Ishizuka Seiichi , Norman Anthony W.
Published: July 2002

Four possible diastereoisomers of 23,25,26‐trihydroxyvitamin D3 were synthesized and compared with the natural metabolite. The 4 synthetic diastereoisomers could be separated into 4 peaks by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The natural 23,25,26‐trihydroxyvitamin D3 comigrated with 23(S),25(R),26‐ trihydroxyvitamin D3. This result unequivocally demonstrates that the stereochemistry of the natural 23,25,26‐trihydroxyvitamin D3 has the 23(S) and 25(R) configuration.
Phosphorylation of histones and non‐histone nuclear proteins in liver cells stimulated by glucagon and cyclic AMP
Authors: Iynedjian Patrick B. , Arslan Yener
Published: July 2002

Phosphorylation of a characteristic subset of nuclear proteins is increased in rat liver cells stimulated with glucagon. Regulated proteins include histones HI and H3, an HMG 14‐like protein and a previously unidentified 23‐kDa basic protein. The effect of glucagon is mimicked by forskolin and exogenous cAMP. Insulin and dexamethasone have no effect. In a cell‐free system containing purified hepatocyte nuclei, addition of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase results in phosphorylation of histone H3, an HMG 14‐like protein and a 23‐kDa basic protein similar or identical to the protein phosphorylated in vivo.
Glicentin is present in the pig pancreas
Authors: Sheikh Søren P. , Baldissera Furio G.A. , Karlsen Flemming Ø. , Holst Jens J.
Published: July 2002

Specimens from porcine pancreas and ileal mucosa were extracted in acid/ethanol, subjected to gel permeation chromatography, ion‐exchange chromatography, enzymatic peptide degradation, reverse‐phase HPLC, and analysed for glucagon‐like and glicentin‐like immunoreactivity by region‐specific radioimmunoassays. Results obtained with all methods were consistent with the hypothesis that glicentin is present in the pig pancreas in small amounts.