bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WITHIN PLANT PREFERENCES OF LARVAE OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FEEDING ON OILSEED RAPE
Authors: Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

The order of feeding preference on plant parts of rape (Brassica napus L.) by sixth instar (L6) larvae of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, in laboratory tests was leaves, bracts, immature pods, and mature pods. Field sampling showed that upper, immature pods are attacked with greater frequency than lower, more mature pods. In a greenhouse test, a slightly larger proportion of L6 larvae was recorded on inflorescences of rape plants during darkness than during light; the proportion of larvae found on the inflorescences was about 20%. Larvae pupated more quickly, formed heavier pupae, and gained more dry weight when fed exclusively from mid L4 on leaves than when fed mature or immature pods; mortality for larvae fed mature pods was 30% compared with none for larvae fed leaves or immature pods.The finding that pods are neither as preferred nor as adequate a dietary source as leaves is discussed in relation to the phenology of leaf retention of rape on the economic impact of bertha armyworm infestations.
NOCTUA COMES, A NOCTUID NEW TO NORTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE: NOCTUINAE)
Authors: Neil Kenneth A.
Published: December 2009

On 19 August 1982, a female noctuid moth resembling the Palearctic species Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus), which has recently been introduced into Eastern Canada (Neil 1981), was collected at an ultraviolet light at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. An additional specimen, a male, was taken 13 September 1982. A third was seen, but not captured, 2 September 1982. A comparison of the British Columbia material with figures and descriptions of other Noctua species given by Bretherton et al. (1979) revealed them to represent Noctua comes (Hübner), based on their smaller size, light brown, narrow primaries, and well defined discal dot on the secondaries. This preliminary identification was later confirmed by external morphological and genitalic comparison with specimens of various Noctua species obtained from the Nova Scotia Museum collection in Halifax.
PROGRESS TOWARDS EARLY DETECTION OF POPULATION QUALITY DIFFERENCES IN BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Sahota T. S. , Peet F. G. , Bartels P. H.
Published: December 2009

Samples of the Douglas-fir bark beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., taken from two different segments of the infested bole were different in gallery production, egg deposition, and yolk deposition. The same two groups were distinguished by comparing fat body cell nuclei taken before the onset of the reproductive period. Techniques for comparing nuclei involved creation and analysis of digital images of nuclei. These groups were indistinguishable from each other, at that stage, by any other known method. The two groups differed in total absorbance of Fuelgen-stained nuclei (DNA content) and nuclear area. Significance of these findings is discussed in relation to early detection of reproduction-related quality differences and population dynamics of bark beetles.
FIELD EVALUATION OF CYPERMETHRIN AND CARBARYL AS SPRAYS AND BAITS FOR GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) CONTROL IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Ewen Al B.
Published: December 2009

Cypermethrin and carbaryl, as both aqueous sprays and bran baits, were tested in the field as crop protection measures against third-instar grasshopper populations infesting bromegrass and alfalfa–bromegrass pastures. Application of 15 g cypermethrin/ha as a spray reduced the grasshopper populations by 97% within 120 h; 700 g carbaryl/ha as spray reduced the populations by 90% during the same period of time after application. Neither insecticide applied on bran bait sufficiently reduced populations to be useful as crop protection measures against grasshoppers.
EGG, LARVA, AND PUPA OF LEXIPHANES SAPONATUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CRYPTOCEPHALINAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: December 2009

The immature stages of Lexiphanes saponatus (Fabricius) are the first members of Nearctic Cryptocephalinae to be described as well as to be studied. The egg is coated with oblique ornamentations as in other Cryptocephalinae. The larva shows several resemblances with that of the Palearctic genus Suffrianus from which it is distinguished mainly by its large papillate frontal setae. The pupa resembles in general those of Chlamisinae but bears very distinctive projections on the seventh and ninth abdominal segments. The life cycle of L. saponatus is also very interesting. Unlike most other cryptocephaline larvae which live in the leaf litter and are unable to climb on plants, the larva of L. saponatus moves easily on its host plant (Cassandra calyculata) and mimics perfectly the plant buds, becoming almost invisible to the human eye. Although me information is incomplete, it is evident that L. saponatus overwinters in the larval stage, in the first or second instar. It is not known if the larva completes its development during the following warm season or overwinters twice as in other Cryptocephalinae.
AUTECOLOGY OF TWO AESHNA SPECIES (ODONATA) IN WESTERN VIRGINIA
Authors: Halverson Timothy G.
Published: December 2009

Aeshna tuberculifera Walker and A. umbrosa Walker were studied in the Shenandoah Mountains, Rockingham County, Virginia for 5 years. Both species had 2-year life cycles. They passed the first winter in an embryonic diapause and the second in a larval diapause. Although A. umbrosa was slightly smaller and developed earlier in the year, growth patterns of the two species were similar. Adults emerged from mid-summer to mid-fall with a slight protandry. Sex ratio at emergence was equal in A. tuberculifera but slightly biased toward males in A. umbrosa. Individuals emerging later in the season tended to be smaller than those emerging earlier, and the decline in size was linear over time. The maturation period lasted 4–6 weeks. Poor recovery of marked teneral and breeding adults indicates either high mortality or high dispersal, but observed movement among ponds by marked breeding adults suggests high dispersal. Breeding males of both species defended entire ponds for short periods. Both males and females were present more frequently in the afternoon than during the morning or at mid-day. Females often oviposited in the late afternoon or early evening when males were usually absent from the ponds. A. tuberculifera used stems of Juncus effusus L. almost exclusively for oviposition, while A. umbrosa used a variety of dead plant or other material and rarely used J. effusus stems.
DISPERSION AND SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF THE PALES WEEVIL, HYLOBIUS PALES (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN MICHIGAN CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATIONS
Authors: Corneil Jeffrey A. , Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

Adult weevils were tracked in four Michigan Christmas tree plantations using a capture–recapture method. About 40% of 886 marked weevils were recaptured, some as many as 11 times. All weevils were recaptured in the plots in which they had originally been captured, suggesting that weevils disperse slowly in plantations having favorable conditions for weevil growth and reproduction. Weevils congregated near fresh stumps in the spring, and moved to nearby trees in the summer. They rested beneath the trees during the day and climbed on the trees at night. They can be controlled with chemicals and, in some cases, cultural practices.
FOSSIL AQUATIC ORIBATID MITES (ACARI: ORIBATIDA: HYDROZETIDAE: HYDROZETES) FROM THE PALEOCENE OF SOUTH-CENTRAL ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Baker Gerry T. , Wighton Dennis C.
Published: December 2009

Fossil oribatid mites were recovered from the Paskapoo Formation exposed along the Red Deer River valley near Blackfalds (fossil insect site 1, 12UUP 171 030). The fossils are Late Paleocene (approximately middle Tiffanian) in age (Fox in press). Other adult and immature fossil insects collected from the same locality reported by Mitchell and Wighton (1979) inhabited a mixed forested environment with associated low-energy, shallow, fresh water. The climate at the time of deposition is suggested by Wighton (1980, 1982) to have been warm-temperate to subtropical. The 11 adult and seven immature fossil mites (Fig. 1 specimen no. UAPC6186) are associated with an unidentified fossil insect larva and two chironomid fly pupae on the underside of a compression-impression fossil leaf of “Viburnum” cupanioidea (Newbeq) R. W. Brown (Caprifoliaceae). Most structures on the larvae are obscured, but the size (length 220–240 μm, width 140–150 μm), absence of dark pigmentation, presence of 3 pairs of legs, and general appearance closely resemble oribatid mite larvae (Fig. 2a,b). The adult specimens have several characteristics in common with the extant genus Hydrozetes. The triangular prodorsum lacks microsculpture and narrows to a pointed rostrum (Fig. 2c,d). Examination of the bothridial area in two specimens indicates that the bothridium is reduced and the sensillus is not present. The legs are monodactylous (Fig. 2d,e) and pteromorphae are absent. The notogastral margin is incomplete anteriorly and bears a round, concave area that probably represents the lenticulus. The size (length 495–520 μm, width 325–355 μm) and general habitus of the fossil mites closely resemble those of extant Hydrozetes species.
(Z)-11-HEXADECEN-1-OL: A BEHAVIORAL MODIFYING CHEMICAL PRESENT IN THE PHEROMONE GLAND OF FEMALE HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Teal P. E. A. , Tumlinson J. H. , McLaughlin J. R. , Heath R. , Rush R. A.
Published: December 2009

Fourteen and 16 carbon saturated and monounsaturated aldehydes have been identified as sex pheromone components for the four. species of Heliothis studied to date (Nesbitt et al. 1979; Klun et al. 1979; Teal et al. 1981). With the exception of H. zea (Boddie), the alcohol corresponding to the major aldehyde component, (Z)-1 l-hexadecen- 1-ol (Zl l-16:OH), also has been found in pheromone gland extracts of all species. We report here the identification of Zll-16:OH from pheromone gland extracts of H. zea females and the results of field trapping studies used to assess the behavioral effects of this compound on conspecific males.
INSECTICIDE-STIMULATED REPRODUCTION OF MYZUS PERSICAE, THE GREEN PEACH APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Gordon P. L. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

Many instances of pest populations increasing following the application of pesticides to crops have been reported, with natural enemy destruction by the pesticide often cited as the cause (Putman and Heme 1959). Other explanations include a greater food supply available due to the death of competing pest species (Root and Gowan 1978), and direct stimulation of the enhanced species by sublethal doses of a pesticide, evidenced as increased fecundity (Leigh and Wynholds 1980; Boykin and Campbell 1982; Coombes 1983). In Ontario the use of the insecticide azinphosmethyl has been followed by population increases of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) (Founk and McClanahan 1970; Ritcey et al. 1982). Our study was undertaken to determine the causes.
PERFORMANCE OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE), ON FOUR ALFALFA VARIETIES
Authors: Drolet Jacques , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

Under laboratory conditions adult feeding, ovipositional preference, daily fecundity and longevity, as well as larval and pupal development time and survival of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, were compared on Anchor, Vernal, Iroquois, and Saranac varieties of alfalfa. Although some significant differences were noted, no constant trends were evident when considering all parameters, and rmax values for A. frontella (Rondani) on the four varieties tested were very similar.

Data from field plots confirmed that intervarietal differences of the varieties tested were not of sufficient magnitude to markedly affect the population dynamics of this pest species.
THE EFFECT OF HOST DENSITY ON EGG DISTRIBUTION BY THE SOLITARY PARASITOID APHIDIUS NIGRIPES (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Cloutier Conrad
Published: December 2009

Egg distribution by the solitary parasitoid Aphidius nigripes was studied experimentally at 14 densities of the host aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae. The number of hosts parasitized increased with host density, the functional response being of Holling's type II. However the average number of eggs/female was not significantly affected by host density, and consequently superparasitism increased with decreasing host density. When egg distributions were tested against random models, higher than predicted numbers of both unparasitized and superparasitized hosts were observed at all densities tested. Further analysis assuming random search suggested that female A. nigripes tend to deposit several eggs per host while experiencing a low rate of encounter with hosts. The ecological significance of this behaviour is examined.
HOST ASSOCIATIONS, PHENOTYPIC VARIATION, AND MATING COMPATIBILITY OF CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON
Authors: Volney W. Jan A. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Waters William E.
Published: December 2009

Brown larval morphs, diagnostic of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, and green larval morphs, diagnostic of C. retiniana (Walsingham), were found on both Douglas-fir and white fir in mixed stands in south-central Oregon. The rank proportion of brown morphs in stands was strongly correlated with the rank proportion of Douglas-fir in host species basal area component. Despite considerable overlap in most phenotypic characters, differences in phenotypic frequencies between sympatric green and brown morphs were found in larval head capsule pigmentation, thoracic shield pigmentation, pupal coloration, and adult forewing ground color. In laboratory matings, neither larval host nor larval color morph influenced the mating success, as assessed by the production of viable eggs. Crosses between females reared from brown larval morphs and males from green morphs produced a slightly lower proportion of viable eggs when compared with intramorph matings. Larval host had little effect on either the fecundity of females or the viability of their progeny. Females reared from brown larval morphs produced significantly more eggs than their green counterparts from the same stand. The occurrence of intermediates in all mixed stands and the production of families with anomalous morph frequencies indicate that these two species hybridize in nature. The lack of much structural differentiation and varying efficacy of reproductive barriers indicate that relatively little differentiation of the regulatory genome has occurred between these two species.
EVALUATION OF CROSS-ATTRACTION BETWEEN SYMPATRIC CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Volney W. Jan A. , Waters William E.
Published: December 2009

The pheromone specificity of female Choristoneura occcidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) from several locales, laboratory colonies, and interspecific matings was determined by observing the numbers and wing maculations of males attracted at several sites in southern Oregon. Pheromone specificity of females reared from field-collected brown (typical of C. occidentalis) and green (typical of C. retiniana) larval morphs differed considerably but differed little among sites of origin. Field-collected females attracted more males than conspecific individuals from laboratory colonies. F1 and F2 interspecific hybrids most closely resembled C. occidentalis in the numbers and types of males attracted. As a group, progeny of backcrosses to C. retiniana appeared intermediate between pure lines of the species in their pheromone specificity. Females reared from intermediate-colored field-collected larvae varied considerably in attractiveness. Most attracted groups of males similar to those attracted to female C. retiniana, but others attracted males most similar to those attracted to female progeny of C. retiniana hybrid backcrosses. These findings support the conclusion that hybrid matings occur between these species at a low frequency in nature.
TWO SUBSPECIES OF TROIDES SPECIES FROM NATUNA ISLANDS, INDONESIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)
Authors: Parrott R. E. , Schmid F.
Published: December 2009

Two subspecies, Troides amphrysus chrysomelas new subspecies and T. helena bunguranensis Ohya, from Natuna islands, Indonesia are described.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OVIPOSITION, FEEDING, AND LONGEVITY OF LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Parrella Michael P.
Published: December 2009

The effect of selected constant temperatures (15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, 32.2°, 37.8 °C) on oviposition, feeding, and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) was examined in the laboratory with chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, as a host plant. There was no significant difference in total feeding at 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2 °C nor was there significant difference in egg deposition at these temperatures. The ratio egg deposition: feeding was significantly larger at 26.7 °C. Longevity was similar (12–16 days) at all temperatures except 37.8 °C where it was reduced to ca. 3 days. The effect of temperature was more pronounced when feeding and oviposition were analyzed per day. Maximum feeding occurred at 32.2 °C while significantly more oviposition was found at 26.7 °C. An estimate of the threshold temperature for oviposition was 12.2 °C which was higher than that observed experimentally (10 °C). Ninety percent of oviposition occurred with 550°D of adult female life (above base 10 °C).
TWO NEW SPECIES OF APHIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND OREGON
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Aphis L. are described, holodisci from British Columbia and Oregon, and schuhi from Oregon, both from Holodiscus discolor Maxim.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA: IV. PREDATION BY APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

Predation of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), by the cecidomyiid Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.) was studied in the laboratory and the field. Predation was random with respect to aphid instar, and predation rate was constant with respect to aphid density. A. aphidimyza consumed 1.7 times more aphids in the laboratory than in the field during larval development. When aphid weight and age distribution were accounted for, it was found that the same biomass, 2.14 mg, was eaten in both cases.

The pupal developmental temperature threshold for A. aphidimyza was 9.2 °C. The developmental times of the egg, larval and pupal stages, and complete life cycle were 32°, 66°, 171°, and 283°D9.2. In the field, there was at least 5 times more food available on individual leaves than was necessary for larval development, suggesting that female A. aphidimyza took care to place their eggs where there was sufficient food for larval development.

The numerical response of A. aphidimyza to aphid density was calculated using sample data from three field plots. The response between plots was not statistically different.

The implications of using prey weight rather than number to measure predator consumption, and biological control of aphids by A. aphidimyza, are discussed.
MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: II. A REALISTIC MODEL OF PLANT–HERBIVORE–PARASITOID–PREDATOR INTERACTIONS
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U.
Published: December 2009

An energy-flow multitrophic-level model incorporating acquisition (functional response) and assimilation (metabolic pool model) functions and stochastic development is proposed and put into historical perspective. The model is general for each trophic level and for all subcomponents. Prey demand drives the functional response model, while food supply–demand determines all intrinsic rates in the model. The model is used to explore the theoretical properties of a multitrophic system comprising alfalfa, blue aphids, pea aphids, a host-specific parasitoid, and two predators (lady beetles, green lacewings). The model shows:

(1) the importance of the resource base on higher trophic level dynamics and vice versa

(2) the stability properties of different combinations of species

(3) the role of parasitoids and predators in population regulation in this system

(4) how food acquisition and respiration as functions of temperature and per capita resource interact to determine the rate of population growth

(5) that extreme caution must be used in extrapolating theoretical results to field situations.
EFFECT OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS ON A GENETICALLY-DEFINED POPULATION OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN A MONTANE NEW HAMPSHIRE STREAM
Authors: Pistrang Lawrence A. , Burger John F.
Published: December 2009

A small, undisturbed stream in central New Hampshire was treated for 1 min with a 10 ppm suspension of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) to determine the effect on an outlet-breeding black fly population and associated nontarget aquatic insects. The black fly larval population was eliminated and susbsequent adult black fly biting activity reduced near the treatment site although weather conditions may also have contributed to an observed decrease in biting activity. Some Chironomidae were killed by B.t.i. but they were not abundant enough to adequately assess impact on their populations. Temporary increases in the drift of two Ephemeroptera and two Trichoptera species were observed following treatment. Increase in rate of drift was inversely related to increase in distance from the treatment point. Slight increases in observed drift of three Plecoptera species could not be attributed directly to the B.t.i. treatment. No direct mortality caused by B.t.i. was observed in any stream insects studied except black fly larvae and some Chironomidae.
FIELD RESPONSE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TO DOSAGE AND VOLUME RATES OF COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Thuricide and Dipel, formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), were applied aerially against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in forest stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea L. A dosage of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) of B.t./ha applied in 2.4 to 4.7 L of spray/ha was most effective. Application of 20 BIU/ha was marginally effective against a population of 12 to 36 larvae/45 cm of branch.
Dissemination of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus against the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Stairs Gordon R.
Published: December 2009

A nuclear polyhedrosis virus was disseminated into field populations of an incipient outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner). Mortality varied with the concentration of virus used and the age of larvae at the time of spraying. Larvae showed symptoms of infection more rapidly when sprayed with the higher concentrations and secondary infection and mortality occurred in areas where initial mortality developed during the early larval stages.
Factors in the Attractiveness of Bodies for Mosquitoes
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Roessler H. P. , Lipsitz E. Y. , Carmichael A. G.
Published: December 2009

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the last 15 years, and others who have contributed to it in the past are L. Burgess, D. G. Peterson, R. P. Thompson, W. L. Sippell and M. R. Smart.

The laboratory experiments have been made with Aedes aegypti in a large cage, in which a choice is offered between a pair of objects differing in one factor, or a pair of emission ports for airborne vapours. Thus six factors have been evaluated and their order of importance has been found to be as follows:
Effect of Host Age on Rate of Development ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Development time for the parasiteNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) was shorter on young pupae (less than 48 hours old at 24.5 ± 0.5 °C) than on older pupae of the house fly,Musca domesticaL. This was primarily because of intrinsic differences between young and old house-fly pupae as hosts. Though less important, two other conditions in young hosts favoured a shorter mean development period forN.vitripennis: first, the smaller proportion of very small parasites, which mature more slowly than the larger ones; and, second, the greater number of parasite larvae per host, which is associated with more rapid development in this species.
Sibling Species of Leaf Beetles
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: December 2009

The exhibit shows how knowledge of food relationships and distributional patterns has aided in the recognition of sibling species, i.e., of species that lack evident distinguishing characters, in three genera of Chrysomelidae. Both adults and larvae of all species exhibited feed on leaves. All can be reared in the laboratory on their normal fool-plants with little mortality.
Electron Microscopy of Tenebrio Excretory Tissues
Authors: Cameron M. L. , Byers J. R.
Published: December 2009

The electron microscope can be used to advantage in the investigation of a physiological problem, where the reactions are differentiated at the cellular rather than at the tissue level. This set of electron micrographs shows some of the morphological arrangements accompanying various excretory functions in Tenebrio larvae.

The Tenebrio larva has a cryptonephridial arrangement of the Mlalpighian tubes, in that the distal end of each tube is applied to the surface of the rectum and covered by a heavy membrane, in which periodic “Windows”, the leptophragmata, occur where the membrane is very thin or replaced by a different structure. The free part of the tubes can be differentiated into physiological zones by means of their succinic dehydrogenase activity, which is high in places and low in others along the tube showing no gross morphological differences. The hindgut also contributes to the excretory work of the iinsect. Thc cryptonephridial part of the tube is unique in ultra-structure among cells so far studied. The membrane structure is very extensive, and mitochondria very numerous. Membrane structures bearing no resemblance to ordinary reticulum are common, especially near the leptophragma. The leptophragma is a complex structure, made up of parts from both the Malpighian tube cell and surrounding membrane. Its appearance strongly suggests that it forms a region of easy transport for water and solutes between lumen of tube and body cavity.
The Morphology, Histology, and Fine Structure of the Gut of the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Authors: Forbes A. R.
Published: December 2009

A pictorial representation of the gut of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is shown based on dissection, light microscopy, and electron microscopy.

The sucking pump is crescentic in cross section with a thick, rigid, posterior wall and a thinner, flexible, anterior wall. Dilator muscles arise on the clypeus and are inserted along the midline of the anterior wall of the pump chamber. Morphologicael evidence of the sucking action of the pump is included.
The Biology of the Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Eastern Canada
Authors: Forbes R. S. , Daviault L.
Published: December 2009

The mountain-ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.), a pest on Sorbus spp., is known to occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. It has two generations a year in eastern Canada but only one in northern Quebec. The first generation predominates. The sawfly overwinters as a larva in a cocoon in litter or soil. Adults emerge from late May to early July, and lay eggs in pockets between the epidermal lavers around the edges of leaflets. The eggs hatch in about a week and the larvae feed from two to three weeks. The second generation, which starts in late July, is usually small. Adults producing the first generation may come from both generations of the preceding year whereas adults producing the second generation stem only from the first. Parthenogenesis is facultative and arrhenotokous; about 61% of adults reared were females. The male larvae have four instars and the female five. Some larvae remain in diapause up to five years. Foliage consumption of female larvae was about 1.4 times that of male larvae.

P. geniculata lacks adequate density-dependent control factors and an important limiting factor may be its scattered food supply. The introduction of parasites, predators, or disease organisms might be beneficial.
Ticks in Relation to Certain Diseases of Man and Animals in Canada
Authors: Gregson J. D.
Published: December 2009

In Canada eight species of ticks are implicated with ten and possibly seventeen diseases of man and animals. The most important of these, tick paralysis, is caused by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, and of three hundred human cases in British Columbia since 1910, thirty have been fatal. In livestock, outbreaks have involved up to four hundred cattle in a single herd, with losses of up to fifty head. Other diseases resulting from tick toxins include a paralysis of cattle by Oyobius megnini Dugès, which has caused twelve deaths since 1955; occasional deaths in deer and moose from heavy infestations of Dermacentor albipictus (Packard); and slow-healing sores in man resulting from the bites of Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls.
Biological Control of Weeds
Authors: Harris P.
Published: December 2009

well over half the agricultural weeds in Canada are introduced species, many of them introduced without their chief insect enemies. Biological control, by the introdtiction of these insects, would reduce the aggressiveness of these weeds; but it should be regarded as a supplement to, and not a replacement for, mechanical or chemical control as it is most likely to succeed where these methods are ineffective or impractical. Thus the weeds chosen for biological control are either: resistant to chemical or mechanical control; serious pests of range or other low quality land where conventional methods of control are impractical; or resistant to control because they are continually spreading on to arable land from hedgerows and waste areas.
Amino Acid Requirements for the Wheat Stem Sawfly Determined with Glucose-U-C14 after Vacuum-infiltration
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: December 2009

Glucose-U-C14 was incorporated into immature larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., by vacuum-infiltration. These insects were too small to be conveniently injected and could not be easily fed on artificial diets. About half of them survived the infiltration treatment. C14O2 was produced by the organism showing that the radioactive substrate was metabolized. Of the amino acids isolated from the larvae, proline, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine contained relatively large quantities of carbon-14 indicating biosynthesis, and are classed as nutritionally non-essential. In contrast, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine contained little, if any, radioactivity and are classed as nutritionally essential. The concentrations of some of the amino acids in the larval tissues are also presented.
Phylogeny of Bumble Bees Based on Brood-Rearing Behaviour
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

Studies of 19 species of bumble bees, Bombus Latr., representing seven of the nine subgenera that occur in North America north of Mexico show that queens construct first broods in at least two ways. Queens of species belonging to the subgenera Subterraneobombus Vogt, Fervidobombus Skor., Pyrobombus D. T., Bombus., Latr., Cullumanobombus Vogt, and Bombias Robt. construct adjoining cells of pollen and lay a single egg in each. When an egg is laid, the pollen forming the wall of the cell is immediately manipulated with the mandibles to enclose the egg. Usually, an egg is laid when a cell is completed, but sometimes as many as four cells are made before any eggs are deposited. Two to three days are needed to complete the first brood mass, which usually consists of about 10 eggs. Additional pollen, on which the first-brood larvae apparently feed, is packed beneath the brood mass after all the eggs are laid and after the envelope covering the eggs in the cells has been infused with wax. The pollen is packed beneath the cells through gaps in either end of the wax-pollen envelope covering the brood. Honey is fed to the larvae by biting holes in the envelope and pumping the honey into the cells. The holes are repaired immediately after the larvae have been fed. Queens of balteatus Dahl. of the subgenus Alpinobombus Skor. deposit the full complement of first-brood eggs in a single cell built out of a rough mass of pollen. The eggs are deposited in vertical positions as are the first-brood eggs of species that lay only one egg per cell. Pollen is added to the base in the manner described above.
The Fungous Disease Caused by Entomophthora grylli Fres., and its Effects on Grasshopper Populations in Saskatchewan in 1963
Authors: Pickford R. , Riegert P. W.
Published: December 2009

A widespread epizootic of the fungous disease caused by Entomophthora grylli Fres. occurred among grasshoppers in Saskatchewan in 1963. Camnula pellucida (Scudder), in particular, suffered high mortality and was nearly wiped out in those areas of central and east-central Saskatchewan where heavy infestations had been present. Weather was warm and humid during the outbreak with above normal rainfall in the seriously affected areas.

Field-cage studies showed that proper timing of rainfall was essential for continuation and spread of the disease. Rainfall shortly after death of the diseased grasshopper induced profuse growth of conidiophores along with intense discharge of conidia. When death occurred during hot, dry weather, no sporulation was noted and the insects rapidly dried up. The interval from infection to death of the grasshopper was about 13 days.

The fungous disease also developed in natural field populations of Melanoplus bivittatus Say, but none was noted in field cages where this grasshopper was being reared alongside of or together with C. pellucida that were dying continuously from the disease; this suggests that different strains of E. grylli were involved.
Postglacial Invasion Routes of Canadian Arctic Butterflies
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

Several thousand specimens of arctic butterflies were accumulated in the Canadian Northern Insect Survey. When the distributions of the various species were recorded and plotted on a map, some evidence appeared that these insects entered Canada in postglacial times from the northwest, and from the south. There is also some evidence that a few may have come from the north. The most common invasion was from the northwest, and it appears that some, such as Erebia youngi Holl., probably entered Canada rather recently, as it is only known to occur in the Yukon. Boloria pales D. & S. occurs from the Yukon to within about 150 miles west of Hudson's Bay. Colias boothii Curt. occurs as far east as Southampton Island, and Erebia rossii Curt. is distributed to Baffin Island. Others such as Boloria polaris Bdv. have spread to northern Quebec and Labrador. Thus it appears that there are successive stages of distributional spread from the northwest.
The Breeding Evidence Indicating Two Genetic Types of Females of Ips tridens Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Members of the genus Ips are polygamous. The male excavates the entrance hole and a small nuptial chamber between the inner bark and sapwood. The females then enter and each excavates an egg gallery starting from the nuptial chamber. The number of females per gallery system ranges from 1 to 5 but the most common number is 3. This sex ratio of approximately 3 ♀ ♀: 1 ♂ has been attributed to some mortality factor more lethal to the males in some stage of development. Breeding of isolated pairs under laboratory conditions was carried out primarily to determine the variability between individuals from the same brood and between individuals from different broods. The objective was to resolve the complex of closely related species in the Ips tridens–I. engelmanni group. An unexpected result was a clarification of the sex ratio problem.
The Morphology, Life History and Habits ofBetulaphis quadrituberculata(Kalt.) on Birch in New Brunswick (Homoptera: Callaphididae)
Authors: Varty I. W.
Published: December 2009

Betulaphis quadrituberculata(Kalt.) is an inconspicuous leaf-feeding aphid on birches in North America and Europe, now recorded onBetula papyriferaMarsh andB.alleghaniensisBritt. in the Province of New Brunswick. Some aspects of its morphology are described in order to complement the incomplete accounts already in the literature. The viviparae are seasonally polymorphic in size and color.

In New Brunswick the aphid has an annual monoecious holocycle comprising up to 10 generations. The seasonal history and habits of the various morphs are described. The insect disperses mainly by the flight activity of the stem-mothers in spring, but in succeeding generations almost all individuals are apterous and rather sedentary in habit. Data on rate of development and fecundity are presented and briefly discussed as factors contributing to the seasonal population pattern.
Eggs and Oviposition Sites of Some Predacious Mirids on Apple Trees (Miridae: Hemiptera)
Authors: Sanford K. H.
Published: December 2009

The eggs and oviposition sites of six species of predatory mirids from Nova Scotia apple orchards are described. These species are Hyaliodes harti Knight, Atractotomus mali (Meyer), Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight, Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall), and Pilophorus perplexus D. & S. The differences between the eggs of each species are great enough to identify them in situ.
A Fly of the Archaic Family Nymphomyiidae Found in New Brunswick in 1961
Authors: Ide F. P.
Published: December 2009

Until now this family has been known only through one species Nymphomyia alba Tokunaga, found in Japan in 1932. The specimens taken in New Brunswick and shown in the exhibit differ strikingly from Nymphomyia and represent a new genus.

With one exception, the thirty-eight individuals recovered from collections to date, were taken by fine-mesh screens set in the rapids of a small stream. These had been placed to catch casualties among aquatic insects drifting downstream following spraying of the adjacent forest with DDT. The spraying operation was of an experimental nature, carried out cooperatively by Forest Protection Limited, the Chemical Control Section, Canada Department of Forestry and the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
The Spined Stink Bug: Cause of Cottony Spot in Pear in British Columbia
Authors: Wilks Jack M.
Published: December 2009

Cottony spot of Anjou and Bartlett pear fruits in British Columbia is caused by the feeding injury of the spined stink bug, Euschistus variolarius (Beauv.). Symptoms are small white cottony-like pockets about ¼ inch in diameter and ⅛ inch deep in the flesh immediately beneath the skin. Anjous may show irregularly depressed areas where the bugs have been feeding, but no symptoms are apparent in Bartlett unless the fruit is peeled. Most of the injury appears to occur in August during the second peak of the stink bugs.
Resistance to the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort.
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K.
Published: December 2009

In resistant wheats, although many eggs and early-instar larvae of the wheat stem sawfly die, most of the effect is in the high mortality of late instar larvae as the stems ripen. In oats, which are immune to sawfly damage, most sawfly eggs hatch but all larvae die in the first or second instar.

The amount and distribution of the pith in the stem determines the sawfly resistance of wheat. The stems of all resistant wheats are at least partially solidly filled with pith in the lower three internodes whereas those of susceptible wheats are hollow. Significant sawfly mortality occurs only in the solid part of resistant stems; in the hollow part survival is as high as in susceptible wheats. Shading the growing plants of the resistant bread wheat Rescue reduces its solidness of stem and at the same time its resistance to sawfly.
The Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: December 2009

The Byron Bog lies within the city limits of the City of London in southwestern Ontario. It is a relic bog lying about 300 miles south of the forested region of Ontario in which bogs are prevalent. It lies in the northern border of the Carolinian Zone.

The wooded slopes around the bog include trees characteristic of southern Ontario, including White Elm, Bur Oak, Hackberry, Silver Maple, Black Cherry and Choke Cherry. The slopes encircle a zone of damp woods with Alder Buckthorn, White Pine, White Birch, Larch, Black Spruce with an undergrowth of Purple Chokeberry, Huckleberry, Blueberry and Leather-leaf.
Importation of Biological Control Agents
Authors: Kelleher J.S.
Published: December 2009

The introduction of natural enemies of an insect pest from foreign countries is one method of biological control which relies on the addition of missing factors to increase pest mortality. The Research Institute, Belleville is the Canadian agent that obtains and provides biological control information and material required anywhere in Canada from foreign countries. This is usually done through the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control.
New Apparatus and Rearing Techniques for the Study of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Organic Soils
Authors: Lafrance J.
Published: December 2009

Adults attracted to heap-traps are normally mixed with a large quantity of hay trash which makes the recovery of beetles tedious and difficult. To facilitate this work, an insect sorting box was designed and built. To recover the beetles, the heaps are shaken above the cover of the box and the insects with the trash fall into the box through the wire mesh. The beetles run in all directions to avoid daylight and finally enter one of the darkened compartments where they drop through the funnel opening into the attached glass jar. The beetles are then recovered from the jars and separated out under clean conditions within a very short time.
Pea Aphid Behaviour: Colour Preference on a Chemical Diet
Authors: Cartier Jean Jacques , Auclair Jacques L.
Published: December 2009

A rearing chamber designed to test colour preference by biotypes of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), indicated preferences for orange or yellow or both (615 mμ, and 595 mμ). Aphids of biotype R1 confined to chemical diets back-lighted blue or white survived only for a few days, whereas they lived longer and grew rapidly on diets lighted orange or yellow.
Determination of Sex of the Douglas-fir Beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Jantz Orlo K. , Johnsey Richard L.
Published: December 2009

A comparison of four sex determination methods shows that microscopic observation of the elytral declivity is the most accurate and rapid method for sexing large quantities of Douglas-fir beetles.
Anthophora (Clisodon) terminalis Cresson in Trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)
Authors: Medler J. T.
Published: December 2009

Sixty nests of Anthophora terminalis Cresson were obtained from sumac stick trap-nests during 1952-1962. The cells were constructed with sawdust chewed from the walls of the hole drilled in the trap. Each cell was 7 mm. wide and 11 mm. long, lined with a salivary secretion, and separated from adjacent cells by partitions. The mean number of cells was 5.8 (range 1-11). A sawdust plug was constructed on top of the last cell, and usually located a few inches from the orifice of the hole. Provisions in the cells normally had a "sour" odor, and in many cells the provisions were spoiled. Adults were reared with difficulty, as the larva did not spin a cocoon. In nests with both sexes, the females invariably preceded the males. A nest found in a dead poplar log was essentially the same as those made in the traps. Floral hosts included Stachys palustris L., Nepeta cataria L. and Epilobium angustifolium L. There was one generation a year in Wisconsin.
The Occurrence and Life History of the Leaf Tier, Cnephasia virgaureana Treit. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Its Parasites in Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island
Authors: Read D. C. , Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

The leaf tier or webworm, Cnephasia virgaureana Treit., was first reported in Newfoundland in 1916, but no further records were noted from that area until 1957 when it was found causing severe damage to certain crops. An infestation of this webworm was discovered in Prince Edward Island in 1955, and severe infestations were reported in areas of Bavaria and Boden, Germany, in 1954. It was assumed that importations of the pest must have been made into Canada about 1954 or 1955. The life history of the pest is discussed and the parasites found during the period of study are listed.
Some Species of the New World Genus Paraolinx Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

The species of the New World genus Paraolinx Ashmead are reviewed. Paraolinx typica Howard and Paraolinx lineatifrons Ashmead are recognized. Paraolinx nigriventris Girault is equated to P. typica, a new synonymy. Three new species are described, one from Canada, another from the southeastern United States and a third from Trinidad.
The Spatial Distribution of Two Pine Sawflies and Methods of Sampling for the Study of Population Dynamics
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

The spatial distribution of egg clusters and cocoons of Neodiprion swainei and N. sertifer is described, and methods are developed for estimating the density of different stages on the same numerical basis.

Egg-cluster density varies directly with height in the tree, branch length, and tree size, evidently due to the females’ preference for illuminated sites. The overdispersion of egg-cluster counts reflects the heterogeneity of distribution of suitable oviposition sites rather than an inherent aggregative behaviour of parent females. Cocoon density within stands is not strongly related to the distance from the nearest tree, due to the wide dispersal of cocoon-spinning larvae. Some of the overdispersion of cocoon counts is due to differences in cocoon density between sections of a stand. Cocoons of males are more highly aggregated than those of females, and cocoons attacked by predators are more highly aggregated than ones not attacked.

The sampling unit selected for each life-history stage is one that permits density estimates of desired precision at minimum cost. In some stands, egg density can be estimated at minimum cost by direct counts per quadrat, in most stands, however, the whole tree is the most economical unit, despite the fact that per-tree density must be converted to absolute density in order to express all stages on a common basis. Sampling error can be reduced by stratification according to tree size. Gradients in cocoon density are seldom steep enough to permit stratification, but the cost of sampling can be minimized by adjusting unit size. Optimal unit size varies inversely with cocoon density and degree of aggregation, and is affected by soil type and the method used to extract cocoons.

The role of spatial distribution and sampling programs in studies of population dynamics is discussed.