bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-precision ID-TIMS cassiterite U–Pb systematics using a low-contamination hydrothermal decomposition: implications for LA-ICP-MS and ore deposit geochronology
Authors: Tapster Simon , Bright Joshua W. G.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Cassiterite (SnO2) is the most common ore phase of Sn. Typically
containing 1–100 µg g−1 of uranium and relatively low concentrations of common
Pb, cassiterite has been increasingly targeted for U–Pb geochronology,
principally via microbeam methods, to understand the timing and durations
of granite-related magmatic–hydrothermal systems throughout geological time.
However, due to the extreme resistance of cassiterite to most forms of acid
digestion, there has been no published method permitting the complete,
closed-system decomposition of cassiterite under conditions in which the basic
necessities of measurement by isotope dilution can be met, leading to a
paucity of reference and validation materials. To address this a new low
blank (< 1 pg Pb) method for the complete acid decomposition of
cassiterite utilising HBr in the presence of a mixed U–Pb tracer, U and Pb
purification, and thermal ionisation mass
spectrometry (TIMS) analyses has been developed. Decomposition rates have
been experimentally evaluated under a range of conditions. A careful balance
of time and temperature is required due to competing effects (e.g. HBr
oxidation), yet the decomposition of 500 µm diameter fragments of
cassiterite is readily achievable over periods comparable to zircon
decomposition. Its acid-resistant nature can be turned into an advantage by
leaching common Pb-bearing phases (e.g. sulfides, silicates) without
disturbing the U–Pb systematics of the cassiterite lattice. The archetypal
Sn–W greisen deposit of Cligga Head, SW England, is used to define accuracy
relative to chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionisation mass
spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) zircon U–Pb ages and demonstrates the potential of
this new method for resolving high-resolution timescales (<0.1 %) of magmatic–hydrothermal systems. However, data also indicate that the
isotopic composition of initial common Pb varies significantly, both between
crystals and within a single crystal. This is attributed to significant
fluid–rock interactions and the highly F-rich acidic nature of the
hydrothermal system. At microbeam precision levels, this issue is largely
unresolvable and can result in significant inaccuracy in interpreted ages.
The ID-TIMS U–Pb method described herein can, for the first time, be used to
properly characterise suitable reference materials for microbeam
cassiterite U–Pb analyses, thus improving the accuracy of the U–Pb
cassiterite chronometer as a whole.
Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Depression and Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Medical School in Pakistan
Authors: Ansar Farrukh , Ali Waqar , Zareef Adil , Masud Noman , Zahab Sawar , Iftikhar Huma
Published: December 2020

Background: Excessive Internet use may induce depression, influence relationships, and decrease academic performance. There is scarce information about Internet addiction in Pakistan. This study aimed to determine prevalence of Internet addiction and its relationship with depression and academic performance.

Methods: A study based on a self-administered survey was carried out at a medical school in Peshawar, Pakistan. Participants were medical students (MBBS) and a non-randomized convenience sampling technique was utilized for data collection. We collected demographic information, last professional exam score, Internet addiction, and depression scores using the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. The analysis included binomial 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) estimations and linear and logistic regressions to assess variables relations.

Results: We analyzed responses from 231 participants (380 students approached and 250 responded: response rate=65.79%, 19 excluded), 64.07% were male and the age average was 21±2 years. Profound and slight addiction to the Internet was found in 9.09% (95%CI=5.71-13.56) and 41.99% (95%CI=35.55-48.64) of students, respectively. Frequency of depression (mild-severe) was 59.74% (95%CI=53.11-66.12). Levels of Internet addiction and depression were found associated after adjusting by sex and age (β=0.27, R2=0.03, p-value=0.009). Internet addiction (OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.2-1.49, p-value=0.23) and depression (OR=0.62, 95%CI=0.36-1.09, p-value=0.10) were not significantly associated with low grades after adjusting by sex and age.

Conclusion: More than half of the students are having excessive Internet usage which could result in despondency and academic performance deterioration. Internet addiction should be considered an emerging challenge and appropriate mitigation measures should be taken opportunely.
Promoting Open Educational Resources: A Beginner’s Playbook
Authors: Stafford Daniel
Published: December 2020

The awareness, adoptions, adaptions, and publishing activity around Open Educational Resources (OER) vary greatly among institutions of higher education in Pennsylvania and beyond. This article provides an overview of the paths and efforts, described as preparation and plays, that I have taken to promote OER at Kutztown University and around the state as an OER Specialist for the Affordable Learning PA Project. While this article focuses on tactics for beginning OER promotion, readers who are further along in their efforts to develop and support OER projects may find some new ideas to explore and expand upon at their institutions.
Voiceless Idols, Speaking People: 1 Corinthians 12–14 and the Accessibility of Divine Presence
Authors: Thomson Ambrose
Published: December 2020

There is a broad consensus in New Testament scholarship that 1 Cor 12–14 is Paul’s attempt to reign in an abusing use of glossolalia among the Corinthian Christ followers. While a concern about such abuse is evident in the passage, the extent of Paul’s discussion, particularly in its theologically reflective character, is rather more complex than typical treatments of this passage recognize. This article sets forth a fresh reading of 1 Cor 12–14 that takes as its starting point the framing statements of 1 Cor 12:1–3 as an essentially Jewish theological formulation. I argue that Paul’s entire discussion in 1 Cor 12–14 hangs on an Old Testament theological framework that specifically addresses the problem of access to divine presence in terms that are culturally relevant to the ancient world. A coherent description of what Paul is actually saying about a proper understanding and use of spiritual “gifts” is then developed from this framework. The resulting thrust of the passage is that universal and equal access to the presence of God is the hallmark of the redeemed community, which thereby has the responsibility of making God’s presence available, accessible, and efficacious to others.
Israel e a Organização para a Libertação da Palestina: Como ocorre a cooperação econômica entre duas nações em conflito?
Authors: De Araújo Gomes Maiko Jhonata
Published: December 2020

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar como funciona a cooperação entre duas nações em conflito, sob um Sistema Internacional anárquico, com foco no caso da cooperação econômica entre Israel e a Organização para a Libertação da Palestina (OLP). Através do uso da metodologia qualitativa exploratória, a pesquisa tem como objetivos específicos: (I) expor a lógica da cooperação sob a anarquia, baseando-se, principalmente nas obras de Axelrod e Keohane (1985) e Oye (1985); e; (II) examinar especificamente o Protocolo de Paris (1994), um importante acordo econômico firmado entre as partes, com o intuito de evidenciar o objetivo geral deste trabalho. Dessa forma, a pergunta-problema pode ser caracterizada como: é possível haver uma cooperação econômica, com ganhos absolutos significativos, entre duas nações em conflito? Portanto, a hipótese é que mesmo havendo a concordância, entre duas nações em conflito, em buscar uma maior aproximação econômica, essa cooperação manifesta-se como assimétrica e sem ganhos absolutos significativos visíveis para um dos lados. Assim, conclui-se que mesmo inseridos em um Sistema Internacional anárquico, duas nações podem tanto entrar em guerra, quanto buscar a cooperação, de modo que ao optar pela cooperação, o que se observa é a existência de um jogo de quem perde menos em relação ao outro, além da acomodação do conflito, já que não há ganhos absolutos plenos para ambos os lados, mas sim ganhos relativos.Palavras-Chave: Cooperação econômica; Conflito palestino-israelense; Sistema Internacional anárquico.
A saga do algodão no semiárido nordestino: histórico, declínio e as perspectivas de base agroecológica
Authors: Mattos Luis Cláudio , Mattos Jorge Luiz Schirmer de , Blackburn Ricardo , Santiago Fábio Dos Santos , Menezes Neto Jayme Bezerra de
Published: December 2020

O cultivo do algodão no semiárido nordestino remonta ao período colonial no Brasil. Nas épocas áureas de produção, cumpriu importante papel na economia da região semiárida. Inicialmente, as lavouras de algodão localizavam-se próximas aos quintais das casas, destinadas à produção de fibra para as roupas dos escravos, bem como à produção de alimentos quando se associava o algodão com milho e feijão. Mais tarde, o cultivo de algodão se associou também à pecuária, gerando fibra, alimento para os animais e renda para a população local. O algodão teve seu apogeu no semiárido nos idos do século XX, quando ficou conhecido como o “ouro branco do Nordeste”, até o seu declínio a partir dos anos 1980. No entanto, a partir do início do século XXI, iniciou-se um lento e progressivo processo de recuperação, agora em bases agroecológicas vinculadas à agricultura familiar e ao mercado de moda em nível mundial, com interesse crescente na fibra de algodão orgânica. Alguns aspectos que desafiaram a produção de algodão no passado ainda continuam instigando agricultores e agricultoras no presente. E é precisamente sobre estes aspectos que a revisão proposta nesse artigo visa tratar. Foram trazidos aqui autores clássicos e contemporâneos, além de algumas entrevistas com pessoas-chave envolvidas na retomada do algodão. O objetivo é fazer aflorar a multidimensionalidade da saga do algodão no semiárido nordestino, considerando-se as suas bases históricas, técnicas, sociológicas e mercadológicas para apontar caminhos que poderão contribuir com sua sustentabilidade futura.
Obstacles of Teaching Science in Saudi Universities and the Proposed Solutions during the COVID-19
Authors: Alnajjar Eiad Abdulhalim Mohammad
Published: December 2020

This study aims to investigate the main obstacles and barriers that affect Teaching Science in Saudi Universities and the Proposed Solutions during the COVID-19. The sample consists of 94 male and female students chosen randomly from different year groups in the department of science at Al-Qunfudah College at Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected through a questionnaire developed by the researcher. The results showed that the ranking of the Obstacles, respectively, were: obstacles to the university, obstacles for students, obstacles in the curriculum, and at the last rank it was the obstacles of faculty members. We can say that there is no relation between GPA and obstacles of E-learning, as well the both of males and female students were homogeneous and agreed about existing of obstacles nearly in the same degree. Also, there is a positive relation between the study levels and some obstacles of E-learning.
Trade Effect of the Free Trade Zone
Authors: Zhou Chao , Su Ying
Published: December 2020

Facing to the increasingly complex international environment and the new normal of China's economic growth, the pilot of free trade zone is an important measure for China to further deepen reform and opening up. Promoting trade liberalization is an important part of the construction of the free trade zone. Based on the city panel data from 2004 to 2018, this paper analyzes the trade effects of 11 free trade zones established in 2017 and before by using the method of period by period did. Also the trade effect of each free trade zone is analyzed separately by the method of synthetic control.The results show that, firstly, the free trade zone has obvious trade promotion effect on total trade and export trade, but not on import trade. Second, the trade promotion effect of the pilot free trade zone is not significant in the eastern region, but there is an obvious trade promotion effect in the central and western regions. Thirdly, the analysis of each pilot free trade zone also shows some heterogeneity. Generally speaking, the trade effect of export is greater than that of import.Specifically speaking, the pilot free trade zone shows certain heterogeneity, which may be related to the local economic development level and econnmic scale.
Coronacrisis en rechtspleging
Authors: van Dijk Frans , Bauw Eddy
Published: December 2020

Corona crisis and the administration of justice

Four phases of the Corona crisis are distinguished: a first acute phase, the gradual transition to a new normal, the economic downturn and the long run. The article describes what happened in the courts in the first and in the beginning of the second phase, and what is subsequently likely to happen. In the acute phase the court buildings shut down, and adjudication came largely to a halt. The courts were late in opening up, and as a result backlogs of, in particular, criminal cases increased. The courts extended their use of digital tools (e.g. tele-hearings) that, while allowing cases to proceed, did not fully protect the rights of parties. While so far the volume of commercial cases and bankruptcies has not increased, a (rapid) increase is inevitable. Contract breach will be wide spread, and will give rise to fundamental legal issues. For economic recovery it is essential that the courts give clear and consistent guidance in these matters quickly. This requires the courts to reduce the currently long duration of civil cases, and to use the available procedures to get expeditious decisions of the Supreme Court. The courts will also need to develop their ICT-instruments rapidly to guarantee the rights of parties. After a difficult first phase, the courts now face the challenge to effectively guide society through the Corona crisis and its aftermath, and thereby play its role in the trias politica.
De gelegenheid te baat nemen?
Authors: Kruisbergen Edwin , Haas Marco , Snijders Joanieke , Maas Ron
Published: December 2020

Seizing the opportunity? Corona, social distancing and crime

To control the COVID-19 outbreak Dutch government opted for a so-called intelligent lockdown. The virus as well as the lockdown caused significant personal and societal damage. It also created, however, a unique natural experiment. How did the forced stay in affect the crime levels? This article presents empirical data on crime trends during the lockdown. Initially, the general crime level decreased sharply. However, the general crime level quickly returned to pre-lockdown levels. Different types of crime displayed divergent trends, e.g. property crimes decreased sharply whereas online crime rates increased considerably. These trends fit rather well with an opportunity theoretical approach regarding crime.
‘Dividing the goods or dividing the beds?’ De dreiging van triage in de risicomaatschappij
Authors: Arnoldussen Tobias
Published: December 2020

Dividing the goods or dividing the beds, discussing health care ethics in the risk society

The COVID-19 pandemic caused overcrowded IC units. In the Netherlands a discussion erupted on what category of patients should be granted a bed, if there would not be enough place to treat everybody. In this article the medical guidelines for this situation as well as the public discussion are examined and related to Ulrich Beck’s theory of reflexive modernization. It is argued that discussion and regulation of this dilemma follow reflexive patterns, albeit patchy. The discussion and regulation displayed reflective understanding of the perilous position of the elderly and frail but issues of class and ethnicity were not discussed. This research revealed that Beck’s theory holds its own when tested in an empirical situation, but it has weaknesses in regard to the predicted emergence of cosmopolitan solidarity.
Digital transition, digital development of Germany, аnd their potential impact on Мongolia
Authors: Tsermaa Lkham
Published: December 2020

In the current era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, digital revolution and digital transition based on artificial intelligence are expected to entirely change traditional industries and social life, while cyber security, the expansion of cyberspace, and the creation of cyberspace have become important issues. In this sense, it is important to examine how these issues are addressed by important players in international relations, and what positive, negative, direct and indirect impacts their policies would bring to Mongolia. In this regard, the article sheds a light on digital transition and digital development pursued by Germany which is one of the Mongolia’s important “third neighbors”, and its potential impact on Mongolia.

ХБНГУ-ын цахим шилжилт, цахим хөгжлийн чиг баримжаа, түүний Монгол Улсад тусах нөлөө

Хураангуй: Аж үйлдвэрийн дөрөвдүгээр хувьсгалын өнөөгийн эрин үед хиймэл оюун ухаанд тулгуурласан цахим хувьсгал, цахим шилжилттэй холбоотойгоор хүн төрөлхтөний уламжлалт аж үйлдвэр, нийгмийн амьдралын хэв маяг бүхэлдээ өөрчлөгдөх төлөвтэй байгаа төдийгүй цахим аюулгүй байдлаа хангах, кибер орон зайгаа тэлэх, кибер орон зайгаа бий болгох зэрэг асуудлууд чухлаар тавигдаж байна. Эдгээр асуудлыг дэлхийн бодлогод нөлөө бүхий улс орнууд хэрхэн авч үзэж, ямар бодлого явуулж буй нь Монгол Улсын хувьд эерэг сөрөг, шууд ба шууд бус ямар нөлөө үзүүлж болохыг судалж байх нь зүйтэй юм. Энэ үүднээс Монгол Улсын нэгэн чухал “гуравдагч хөрш”-ийн нэг болох ХБНГУ-ын цахим шилжилт, цахим хөгжлийн чиг баримжаа, түүний Монгол Улсад үзүүлэх нөлөөг судалж үзэв.Түлхүүр үгс: ХБНГУ, цахим шилжилт
Rehabilitation after anatomical resection of lung parenchyma with persistent air leakage
Authors: Janczura Mirosław
Published: December 2020

Anatomical resection of the lung parenchyma is the treatment of choice at an early stage of lung cancer. The inevitable result of these operations is the loss of the respiratory surface causing varying degrees of respiratory dysfunction, depending on the extent of the procedure and the operated side. Therefore, from the first hours after the operation, patients should undergo comprehensive rehabilitation, which is fundamental to minimize the risk of complications and improve respiratory function. Due to the popularization of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), the importance of effective rehabilitation is increasing. One of the more common complications after anatomical resection of the lung parenchyma is persistent air leakage. There are no guidelines in the literature regarding rehabilitation in this group of patients. This paper describes the physiotherapy of patients after resection of the lung parenchyma complicated by persistent air leakage.
PROGNOZA ODDZIAŁYWANIA NA SZATĘ ROŚLINNĄ ORAZ WALORY OCHRONIARSKIE PROJEKTOWANEGO PRZEDSIĘWZIĘCIA POD NAZWĄ „BUDOWA I MODERNIZACJA URZĄDZEŃ SPOWALNIAJĄCYCH ODPŁYW WODY NA TERENIE LEŚNICTWA GAJ” W NADLEŚNICTWIE LUTÓWKO
Authors: Cyzman Wiesław , Kannenberg Anna
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this article is to assess the usefulness of the hydrotechnical project for the natural environment, designed in one of the most valuable fragments of the Lutówko Forest District in terms of natural resources, using phytosociological methods. For the needs of the project, there have been applied both the existing, long-term research on vegetation made in the area of the planned investment, as well as the results of supplementary research. In addition, research transects have been established, which in the future may be used as starting surfaces (zero state) for monitoring studies. As a result, it will be possible to assess thoroughly the effects of implementation and operation of modernized or newly created hydrotechnical equipment under the small retention program. The research shows that the planned investment will have a particularly large and positive impact on the plant groups developing on hygrophilous habitats. Currently, most of them are subject to various forms of degeneration related to the lowering of groundwater levels. In some ecosystems, acceleration of natural succession processes is also observed. Due to the high nature, landscape and protection value, especially the location in the Natura 2000 site, the project must take into account water level fluctuations, both in the calendar year and in the long term. It is therefore necessary to monitor its impact on plant communities. Research areas established on eight transects located in the area of modernized or newly created hydrotechnical devices are to serve this purpose.
METODY PROWADZENIA ODNOWIEŃ NATURALNYCH SOSNY ZWYCZAJNEJ (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) W NADLEŚNICTWIE SKWIERZYNA
Authors: Hałuszczak Maciej
Published: December 2020

For many years, the Skwierzyna Forest District has been a leader among 35 units of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Szczecin in terms of the area of the obtained natural regeneration of Scots pine. In the Skwierzyna Forest District in the period 2010-2018, 522.93 ha of natural regeneration was recognized, which constitutes 43% of the total regeneration, the habitat of fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh coniferous forest as optimal for obtaining regeneration of the natural pine. In the spring date of plowing, the forest plow LPz-75 is applied, as the best for obtaining satisfactory self-seeding. The basic method of natural regeneration of pine in the Skwierzyna Forest Inspectorate is the use of a strip-like clear cutting (Ib) in the form of classic narrow sheds, with a cutting width of up to 60 m. It is noteworthy that in the woodcutting the under-eaves undergrowths, arising in forest stands close to the harvest, are left intact and later used within the naturally renovated area.
WPŁYW HURAGANU NA STRUKTURĘ I RÓŻNORODNOŚĆ FLORYSTYCZNĄ GRĄDU NISKIEGO W PIERWSZYM ETAPIE REGENERACJI LASU W UROCZYSKU AMERYCZKA W NADLEŚNICTWIE SZUBIN
Authors: Cyzman Wiesław
Published: December 2020

The work analyzes changes in the structure and floristic composition in communities in the forest areas that suffered from a hurricane. The analyzes were based on phytosociological studies carried out in the small forest complex "Ameryczka", within and in Szubin Forest District in the years 2017-2019. They showed that after the hurricane, the collective share of phanerophytes and other forest species decreased significantly. The role of non-forest species has increased significantly, especially ruderal and segetal plants from the group of theophytes. Biodiversity has increased at least temporarily.
Freins à la mise en œuvre en contexte canadien de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des Peuples autochtones
Authors: Gentelet Karine , Samson Maria
Published: December 2020

Cet article propose une revue de littérature des enjeux freinant la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des Peuples autochtones en contexte canadien. Adoptée en 2007, cela fait plus de dix années que des processus de mise en œuvre ont été initiés un peu partout au pays. Cet article constitue ainsi l’opportunité de revenir sur ces dix années et d’en dresser un bilan. Trois types d’enjeux ont été répertoriés, liés à la nature, au contenu et encore à l’utilisation de la Déclaration. A ces enjeux, se rajoute la question de la réconciliation en tant que frein consubstantiel au contexte canadien. Le concept de réconciliation, fortement mobilisé ces dernières années par le gouvernement fédéral pour justifier un certain nombre de pratiques, suggère un cadre référentiel de mise en œuvre beaucoup plus restrictif puisque circonscrit uniquement au cadre politique interne canadien et limitant de fait la reconnaissance des droits politiques des Peuples autochtones.
Squaring the Circle
Authors: McMorran Ciaran
Published: December 2020

This chapter highlights the practical and metaphysical issues which James Joyce associates with the application of Euclidean geometry as a geo-meter (a measure of the Earth) in “Ithaca.” It demonstrates how the “mathematical catechism” of “Ithaca” geometrizes the visible world, translating natural phenomena into their ideal Euclidean equivalents. In a topographical context, it illustrates how variably curved surfaces undergo a process of rectification as they are mediated by the catechetical narrative, and how this leads to a confusion between maps and their territories. In light of the narrative’s conceptualization of Molly Bloom as both a human and a heavenly body, this chapter also examines the mythical notions which originate from the mathematical catechism’s conflation of geometric objects and the visible world. By evoking an incongruity between visual objects and their meters, it argues, Joyce explores the possible limits of squaring the circle, both topographically (in terms of projecting a curved natural surface onto a two-dimensional map, as in Mercator’s projection) and figuratively (in the sense that the irregularly curved features of the natural world are rectified as they are represented textually on a rectilinear page).
Conclusion
Authors: McMorran Ciaran
Published: December 2020

The concluding chapter explores how James Joyce evokes the origins of geometry and language within the context of the Wakean Letter, which the Hen discovers in the dump. It argues that Joyce undermines the classical understanding of geometry as a transcendental system; rather, he presents geometry as a language which was “created by ourselves,” as Le Corbusier argues, and through the figure of the Wake’s progenitive Hen he illustrates how geometric ideal objectivities have their origin in the sensory world. This chapter also considers how the movement of Joyce’s work towards nonlinearity reaches its epitome in Finnegans Wake, which frustrates the topographical application of ideals which are founded on notions of geometric and conceptual rectitude. Rather than constituting a mere celebration of indeterminacy, it argues, the Wake’s Babelian disintegration of geometric univocity offers more varied contexts in which visible world can be understood. In light of Joyce’s polymedial representations of the human body, it further argues that Joyce’s geometric and topographical representations of Molly Bloom and ALP reflect a movement beyond “those symbols which represent to us perfection and the divine” and a return to the imperfect origins from which these symbols were created.
Pariah Modernism
Authors: Feinstein Amy
Published: December 2020

Chapter 4 considers the solely-metaphorical presence of Jews in the final text of The Making of Americans. Paralleling the evolution found in Stein’s notebooks, the novel’s narrator largely abandons storytelling in lieu of character study. Stein replaces the Jewish and Anglo-Saxon character types from the notebooks with a purely behavioral nomenclature and, as a result, the published volume contains no explicit references to Jews. The narrator nonetheless maintains a focus on a categorically Jewish and modern type: the pariah. He introduces several pariah figures, from servant girls and parvenus to avant-garde writers, who join him in a fraternity of what he calls “Brother Singulars.” With an eye to Hannah Arendt’s notion of the modern Jewish visionary or “conscious pariah,” the chapter argues that Stein’s narrator, with the characterological “plot” he is writing for himself and strangers, estranges narration by increasingly abstracting his characterology with indefinite pronouns as the novel progresses. Amidst the formal experimentation of ever-increasing repetition and abstraction, the narrator’s Jewish pariahs recede into textual indistinguishability while still differentiating themselves from others. Through this association, Stein sets the agenda for ethical authorship in the modern era.
“Can a Jew be wild”
Authors: Feinstein Amy
Published: December 2020

In the fourteen years between the completion and publication of The Making of Americans, Stein found a new voice writing poetry, portraits, and plays. Chapter 5 considers the startling proliferation of explicitly Jewish motifs in Stein’s formally revolutionary compositions of the 1910s and 1920s. In these seemingly ahistorical non-referential writings, Stein’s Jew remains a figure of convention and difference that demonstrates the paradoxical fixity and indeterminacy of modernist poetics. Stein’s Jewish lexicon expresses bourgeois family relations (especially marriage), the singularity of Jewish tradition, and, in the aftermath of World War I, international relations concerning the proper nouns “Zionist” and “Palestine.” The chapter looks closely at the poems “A Sonatina Followed by Another,” “Look at Us,” “Have They Attacked Mary. He Giggled” (which appeared in Vanity Fair in 1917), “A Radical Expert,” “Coal and Wood,” and “The Revery of the Zionist.” Beginning in the decade preceding Eliot’s The Waste Land and Joyce’s Ulysses and continuing through the 1920s, Stein’s references to Jews in her experimental poetry radically change the story of the Jew in modernism by uniting the historical with the quotidian, the cultural with the racial, and the personal with the political.
“Everybody can persecute anybody”
Authors: Feinstein Amy
Published: December 2020

Chapter 6 discusses the interpenetration of Stein’s experience as a Jew in Vichy France with the non-Jewish experiences of war and persecution in Europe. In the 1930s, Stein happily deemed the modern era Jewish; by the 1940s, she condemns the current wave of antisemitism as a hateful archaism. In her memoir, Wars I Have Seen, Stein writes as openly about the Jewish question as she had in her college essay a half-century earlier. She criticizes Pétain, Vichy’s head of state, for persecuting Jews, paints Hitler as a monster, and strives to understand the forces that brought such figures to prominence. Though purportedly protected, she recounts being threatened with internment in a concentration camp. Continuing from her earlier wartime novel Mrs. Reynolds, Stein, in the memoir, worries over situations of persecution, imprisonment (recalling Dreyfus), deportation, refugeeism, and resistance, as they afflict the Jews and non-Jews of her acquaintance. At a time when Vichy decrees were sharply demarcating Jewish and French identities, she rebelliously suggests that the persecution to which Jews historically were subject now has become general. By Judaizing the experience of occupation, Stein affirms the specificities of Jewish experiences while imagining the symbolic import of such experiences for gentiles.
The Cultural Sequence during the Formative Period in the Valley of Colima
Authors: López Laura Almendros
Published: December 2020

The Formative period in Colima has been treated extensively in the archaeological literature, but it—particularly its Capacha phase—remains among the most misunderstood and controversial pre-Hispanic phenomena in the region. This chapter presents new data and interpretations that bolster archaeological understanding of the societies that inhabited the Valley of Colima in the Formative period. It first contextualizes debate surrounding the Capacha phase and then critically evaluates available evidence, including radiocarbon and AMS dating as well as Bayesian statistics, that informs perceptions of Capacha and its current uses in archaeological dialogues. Using data from the El Diezmo–Adonai site, the chapter presents new interpretations of the Capacha phase. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how these new data augment archaeological understanding of ancient Colima and the region’s role in larger Formative period sociocultural processes.
The Early Postclassic Aztatlán Colonization of the Pacific Coast of Jalisco
Authors: Mountjoy Joseph B. , Cupul-Magaña Fabio Germán , Quevedo-Machain Rafael García de , Camberos Martha Lorenza López Mestas
Published: December 2020

The focus of this chapter is a recently discovered archaeological site, Arroyo Piedras Azules, located on the northern Pacific coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Excavated materials provide considerable information about the colonization of this area by Aztatlán groups in the Early Postclassic period, as well as the nature of the expansion of the Aztatlán phenomenon in West Mexico. Based on the data thus far obtained from the site, the authors offer five significant conclusions regarding the development and the spread of the Aztatlán archaeological culture in West Mexico, concerning the timing of development, subsistence strategies of Pacific coastal groups, the nature of Aztatlán expansion, specialized production, and links between the Arroyo Piedras Azules site to the Mixteca-Puebla area.
Constructing the Pre-Hispanic Landscape in the Santiago Bayacora Basin, Durango
Authors: García David Arturo Muñiz , Ortega Kimberly Sumano
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents a critical review of the settlement patterns recognized to date in relation to the occupation of Pre-Hispanic groups in the central–west region of the modern state of Durango in northwestern Mexico. It also proposes visualizing settlement patterns in the region through the perspective of landscape archaeology, in which distribution over a given landscape may be viewed as part of a society’s power strategies. To that end, it employs spatial analysis to critically examine a series of settlements that pertain to the Chalchihuites culture between AD 550–1250 in the Santiago Bayacora River Basin. Results suggest that Chalchihuites groups may have shared a system of knowledge–power with the rest of Mesoamerica, but that their physical landscape was distinct, and therefore the ways in which these groups appropriated the landscape differed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the logic that dominates our interpretations of Mesoamerican settlements needs rethinking in northwestern Mexico.
Cerro de Santiago
Authors: Caretta M. Nicolás , García Manuel Dueñas
Published: December 2020

In many ways, the state of Aguascalientes in Mexico is unknown territory in terms of understanding its Pre-Hispanic cultures. Recent research at the archaeological site of Cerro de Santiago shows a population with characteristics that link them to their southern neighbors and provides evidence of certain Mesoamerican canons in the creation of their material culture. This chapter draws on data from field surveys and excavations to present diagnostic cultural features and their implications for the dynamics of macro-regional social interaction in Epiclassic Mesoamerica (ca. AD 600–900). These data not only illuminate the Pre-Hispanic occupation of the site, but also augment archaeological understanding of the processes of interaction that took place throughout the expansive north-central border of Greater Mesoamerica involving regional societies at the time. The authors depart from a World Systems Theory, which allows for a more nuanced understanding of regional history, as well as the nature of cultural changes in Late Classic times. The chapter concludes that change during this period was due to an increased economic interaction and a labor reorganization in the different political units that participated in such interactions.
Charting a New Course for Chinese Diaspora Archaeology in North America
Authors: Kennedy J. Ryan , Rose Chelsea
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides a brief history of the field of Chinese diaspora archaeology in North America, from its beginning in the 1960s to its present state, and it places this work within the context of 19th-century Chinese migration throughout the Pacific world. Although the body of work produced by archaeologists of the Chinese diaspora has provided tremendous insights into the daily lives of 19th-century Chinese migrants, it has been hampered by a continued reliance on models of continuity and change that frequently ignore the transnational lives of Chinese migrants. This has made Chinese diaspora archaeology slow to impact broader archaeological and anthropological discussions, and this chapter argues that embracing transnational and diasporic models will allow archaeologists of the Chinese diaspora to make important contributions outside of the field.
Toward Engaged and Critical Archaeologies of the Chinese Diaspora
Authors: Fong 方少芳‎ Kelly N.
Published: December 2020

Drawing upon the work of other archaeologists of color and the author’s personal experiences as an Asian American woman in archaeology, this chapter explores potential future directions for Chinese American / diaspora archaeologies as a community-oriented field that is critically engaged with issues of race, racism, racialization, power, capitalism, politics, and white supremacy. Particularly inspired by black feminist archaeology and interdisciplinary work with Ethnic Studies and Asian American Studies, this chapter outlines five areas for building engaged and critical archaeologies of Chinese Americans and the Chinese diaspora: recruiting and retaining more Asian American archaeologists; conducting interdisciplinary work with Ethnic Studies; engaging in collaboration with community partners; practicing critical reflexivity of positionality and privilege; and participating in contemporary politics. The chapter uses examples from Isleton Chinatown and Chinese American community cookbooks to demonstrate what community-engaged, community-collaborative critical archaeologies by archaeologists of color might look like.
Exposing Negative Chinese Terminology and Stereotypes
Authors: Wegars Priscilla
Published: December 2020

By evaluating unacceptable terminology, as well as by exposing several negative Chinese stereotypes, this essay seeks to prevent the perpetuation of legends, myths, rumors, and stereotypes about the Chinese in the United States, and to provide readers with a deeper, more empathetic, understanding of Chinese American culture. Some of the derogatory terms discussed include “Chinaman,” “coolie,” and “joss house.” Anti-Chinese stereotypes in common use today include “Chinese ovens” for Italian bread-baking ovens and “Chinese tunnels” for sidewalk vaults. A lengthy case study of the latter term examines related architectural evidence, documentary research, oral histories, and archaeological investigations to confirm that “Chinese tunnels” are a myth.
An Archaeology of a Chinese Laundryman in the Jim Crow South
Authors: Gray D. Ryan
Published: December 2020

The experiences of Chinese diasporic communities in the American South has been little studied compared to those in the West, despite the importance of Chinese immigration in discussions of post-Emancipation plantation labor. This chapter explores the making of a Chinese American identity in Jim Crow–era New Orleans through the archaeology of a Chinese-operated hand laundry, in business at the same location for three decades. Chinese immigrants in the South entered a two-tiered racial hierarchy in which they were officially relegated to a lower status, but the ambiguities of color in an urban setting like New Orleans provided opportunities to use the material markers of ethnicity instrumentally to negotiate a status that was neither white nor black.
“Let My Body Be Buried Here”
Authors: Praetzellis Adrian , Praetzellis Mary
Published: December 2020

This chapter suggests that archaeologists consider age and diversity of the immigrant experience in their interpretations. Many Chinese immigrants abroad changed their attitudes toward the host country, picking up cultural competencies as they faced and experienced different circumstances overtime. Yee Ah Tye was born in China around 1820, immigrated to California in the early 1850s, married there, and was the father of California-born children. Before he died, Yee asked to be buried in America “in land where I have lived.” While Yee left a substantial mark, many other Chinese Californians remain anonymous. Archaeological biography can help reclaim them from invisibility.
Toward a Historical Archaeology of the Chinese in Montana and a Transnational Lens
Authors: Merritt Christopher
Published: December 2020

Chinese immigrants started arriving in Montana in 1862 to participate in the region’s growing economic growth from gold mining. Over the next 80 years, the Chinese population contributed to the cultural fabric of the state, while contending with a number of challenges, including growing anti-Chinese sentiment, collapse of their population after passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, and lack of opportunity for families and entrepreneurial interests. Framing the historical and archaeological story of the Chinese in Montana in regional and transnational trends can broaden the analytical lens compared to other more site-specific narratives.
A Novel Pre-Synchronization Control for Grid Connection of Virtual Synchronous Generator
Authors: Chen Xuhai , Zhang Yiwang , Dong Jiqing , Mao Xingkui , Chen Jiaqiao , Wen Buyin , Zhang Zhe
Published: December 2020

The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) introduces rotational inertia and damping through the droop control to take part in frequency regulation of the grid. By building the VSG model, the VSG controller, including both the frequency controller and the excitation controller, are analysed and designed. The analysis shows that the large phase difference Δθ between the VSG voltage and the grid voltage at the grid-tied moment may produce large power and damage the VSG. The proposed pre-synchronization control minimizes the phase difference, which is implemented by replacing Δθ with sinΔθ to avoid any step change from Δθ. The proposed method is able to simplify control, shorten pre-synchronization tracking time, and achieve high accuracy without a phase-lock loop. The built 12 kW VSG simulation and prototype verify the theoretical analysis, the proposed control and its associated design.
Traditional Versus Contemporary Dwellings in a Desert Environment: The Case of Bechar, Algeria
Authors: Benslimane Nawal , Biara Wided Ratiba , Bougdah Hocine
Published: December 2020

Traditional architecture has always demonstrated a strong relationship between the buildings and their environment, as these are designed with the climatic conditions and socio-cultural values in mind. However, multiple challenges facing traditional buildings are linked to the ability of communities to sustainably preserve themin an ever changing and very different urban fabric. At a time of great socio-economic change and technological progress, sustainability, both tangible and intangible, means preserving as much heritage as possible, would be an important factor in restoring and preserving the city’s identity.
The traditional “ksour”settlements have proved their environmental and socio-cultural credentials. Given that this dwelling typology is fast disappearing and being replaced by villas and apartments using contemporary production methods and materials, this work aims to compare the two dwelling typologies with a view to test to what extent the latter ones do fulfil their environmental and socio-cultural roles and to identify what lessons, if any, can be learned from traditional settlements.
The research presented here, which was undertaken using a qualitative approach based on case study analysis, is likely to contribute to a better understanding of the design and functioning of the“ksar”, which is a fast disappearing urban dwelling typology.
Structure and Dynamics of Soil Microbial Communities of Natural and Transformed Ecosystems
Authors: Demyanyuk Olena , Symochko Lyudmyla , Shatsman Dmitry
Published: December 2020

Soil microbial communities play an important role in ecosystems functioning and are on the field scale essential for plant nutrition and health. On a larger scale, they contribute to global element cycling. Furthermore, they are involved in the turnover processes of organic matter, the breakdown of xenobiotics and the formation of soil aggregates. An ecological state of soils depends on the structure and activity of soil microorganisms. The results of soil monitoring in various ecosystems in different climatic zones of Ukraine showed a clear trend for the correlation between the agroecological conditions and activity of microbiocenosis. The most significant influence of agricultural activity on the soil microbiota can be observed on the poorly soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils, where the crop cultivation without fertilization resulted in a decrease in the total count of microorganisms by 2.2-4.5 times. Application of agricultural measures aimed at achieving maximum productivity, specifically the combination of mineral, organic and biological fertilizers, contributes to an average 1.3-4.1 times increase in the total count of microorganisms in the soil, compared with non-fertilized variants. Soils with low content of organic matter and acidic medium, soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils were characterized by a high number of micromycetes, 136-185×103 CFU·g-1 soil, and a relatively low number of eutrophic and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. The soil of natural ecosystems is characterized by a high total count of the microorganisms with a balanced structure of various ecological-trophic groups and balanced processes of mineralization-immobilization, organic matter decomposition, and humus accumulation.
Desulphurization Efficiency of Snail Shell on Coal-Groundnut Shell Briquette
Authors: Oyelaran Olatunde Ajani , Sanusi Olawale M. , Ogundana Tunde O. , Odetoye Adefunke Adedayo , Bolaji Bukola O.
Published: December 2020

The diminishing accessibility of wood fuel and the danger of desertification and deforestation call for interest in the use of alternative energy sources. Herein, we studied the properties of bio-briquettes produced from Onyeama coal in Nigeria and groundnut shell used as the desulphurizer, while cassava starch was used as binder with Snail shell. For effective capturing of Sox, snail shell was added. The ratios of coal to groundnut shell (w/w) in the briquette were 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50, while 1:1, 1.25:1, 1.5:1, 1.75:1 and 2:1 were used as the ratios of calcium to sulphur (Ca/S) in mole/mole. The briquette was then subjected to some physical characteristics and desulphurization was carried out between 300 to 500°C at an interval of 50°C at an airflow rate of 1.2 L/min for 12 minutes. The results illustrated that 88.1% was the highest desulphurization efficiency with 2:1 Ca/S ratio at 500°C. The results showed that the durability ranged between 88.67 and 98.67, the porosity index ranged between 0.19 to 0.41, while the humidity resistance ranged between 95.15 and 99.15%. The best briquette in terms of durability and relative humidity resistance is briquette made of 90% coal with a Ca/S 1:1 desulphurizer ratio, which is preferred for household and cottage industrial applications. However, the use of a Ca/S desulphurizer in the ratio of Ca/S 2:1 at 500 gave better desulphurization.The introduction of SO2 adsorbent also reduced the SOx emitted to the atmosphere.
Eco-design Methods and Tools: An Overview and Applicability to Packaging
Authors: Varžinskas Visvaldas , Kazulytė Ieva , Grigolaitė Valda , Daugėlaitė Valdonė , Markevičiūtė Zita
Published: December 2020

Eco-design is used as a tool in the product and service sectors with the aim to increase sustainability and reduce negative environmental impact on the product design stage. When analyzing available information on eco-design methodologies from the point of view of applicability to the packaging, it often becomes unclear which method should be preferred and would best suit the specific application.
This paper explains the main principles of eco-design and sustainable application advantages and aims to show the benefits of applying eco-design strategies and methodologies into the development of sustainable packaging. The highlighted differences between the design methods, available tools and their features helps with finding the most suitable specific sustainable packaging design application.