bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SENSORY AND CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF MANCHEGO CHEESE AND OTHER CHEESE VARIETIES AVAILABLE IN THE SPANISH MARKET
Authors: VIÑAS M.A. GONZÁLEZ , POVEDA J.M. , CABEZAS L.
Published: May 2007

Chemical and sensory characteristics of 28 different cheeses acquired in the Spanish market were evaluated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the physico‐chemical results showed that the cheeses were separated into three groups: hard, soft and elastic cheeses, while PCA of the sensory results classified the same cheeses into four groups, distinguishing between two types of hard cheese (Manchego cheese with Appellation of Origin and other Spanish hard cheeses). Sensory Analysis differentiated between cheeses of very similar physicochemical characteristics, the attributes that contributed most to differentiation being fragility, adhesiveness, pasty and spicy. Some correlations were obtained between sensorial and chemical variables, the most significant being hardness versus total nitrogen (TN) and versus dry matter (DM), and fragility versus water activity.
COMPOSITION OF CROCINS AND PICROCROCIN FROM SPANISH SAFFRON (CROCUS SATIVUS L.)
Authors: ALONSO GONZALO L. , SALINAS Ma ROSARIO , GARIJO JOSÉ , SÁNCHEZ‐FERNÁNDEZ Ma ANGELES
Published: May 2007

A method for simultaneous identification and quantification of crocins and picrocrocin by HPLC‐DAD in aqueous extracts of saffron spice was used. The coefficients of variation obtained were lower than 10% for a majority of the crocins and picrocrocin. These substances are not found as standard compounds, for this reason it was necessary to obtain the response factor for each compound by collecting the fractions of each chromatographic peak and by using molar absorpitivity. This method can be used not only for crocins and picrocrocin determination but also for adulteration detection of saffron with water‐soluble colorants.

The method was applied to 260 samples of Spanish saffron, which came from the regions where saffron is an important crop, i. e., Castilla‐La Mancha and Aragón. Spain is in the top group of saffron producers and Castilla‐La Mancha is the largest saffron producing region in Spain. Four crocins and picrocrocin were ranked and the values used for differentiation according to origin. Only discriminant analysis could explain 100% of the variance by samples and location. The major discriminant variable was trans‐crocin 4.
PROCESSING AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF SOURSOP (ANNONA MURICATA L) NECTAR
Authors: PETERS MARY , BADRIE NEELA , COMISSIONG EDWARD
Published: May 2007

Soursop (Annona muricata L) nectar was processed from pasteurized unstored or pasteurized frozen pulp. Nectars of pH 3.6–3.7 with 0.1% xanthan gum were produced from either 6° or 8° Brix pulp and increased to 13° or 15° Brix by addition of sucrose. The effect of storage (4C or 30C for 12 weeks) was investigated on nectar pH, titratable acidity (TA), browning, consistency, microbes and sensory attribute. At 8 weeks of storage, consistency was similar in all nectars, except for thinning of nectar from pasteurized, unstored pulp (8°–15° Brix) stored at 4C for 12 weeks. Nectars produced from frozen pulp had significantly (p < 0.01) lower pH and higher TA than nectars from unstored pulp. Browning increased in all products except nectar produced from unstored 8° Brix pulp adjusted to 15° Brix and then stored at 4C. This nectar was most highly ranked and had an overall rating of being liked moderately to liked very much after 12 weeks of storage. Microbial growth occurred in all nectars between 8–12 weeks of storage.
GEL PROPERTIES OF BIGEYE SNAPPER (PRIACANTHUS TAYENUS) SURIMI AS AFFECTED BY SETTING AND PORCINE PLASMA PROTEINS
Authors: BENJAKUL SOOTTWAT , VISESSANGUAN WONNOP , SRIVILAI CHANTIRA
Published: May 2007

Effects of setting temperature, time, and addition of porcine plasma protein (PPP) on gel properties of surimi from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) were investigated. Breaking force and deformation of the surimi gels increased as the setting time and temperature increased. The gel preincubated at 35C for 90 min in the presence of 0.5% PPP, followed by cooking at 90C for 20 min showed the maximum force and deformation. The decrease in solubility of the resultant suwari and kamaboko gels in solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea and β‐mercaptoethanol suggested that gel enhancement was mainly mediated through the formation of nondisulfide covalent bonds catalyzed by both transglutaminase (TGase) in fish muscle and porcine plasma. Addition of PPP slightly decreased the whiteness of the kamaboko gels.
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY OF MICROWAVE‐BLANCHED SNOW PEAS
Authors: BEGUM S. , BREWER M.S.
Published: May 2007

Snow peas were blanched using four methods [conventional boiling water (BW); steam (ST); microwave (MW); and microwave blanched in heat sealable bags (MWB)], then held frozen at (∼18C) for four weeks. Immediately after blanching, MWB‐blanched snow peas retained more reduced ascorbic acid (RAA; 72%), than other treatments. Blanching treatment had no effect on lightness [L* value). With the exception of BW‐blanched peas, blanching significantly altered color. After frozen storage, MWB‐ and MW‐blanched samples both contained about 26 mg/100 g RAA, significantly more RAA than other treatments. MWB‐blanched peas generally had as high or higher sensory appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and general acceptability scores than other treatments. These results imply that blanching snow peas in a heat‐sealable microwave bag, prior to frozen storage, produces a product of equivalent sensory quality and superior nutritional quality compared with more conventional blanching methods.
MODEL PREDICTION FOR SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF NONGLUTEN PASTA
Authors: HUANG JEN‐CHIEH , KNIGHT SUE , GOAD CARLA
Published: May 2007

Response surface methodology was used to predict sensory attributes of a nongluten pasta and develop response surface plots to help visualize the optimum region. Optimum regions of xanthan gum, modified starch, and locust bean gum were selected by overlapping the contour plots of sensory properties of nongluten pasta as compared with the control pasta. The formula of nongluten pasta that possessed the most desirable properties was xanthan gum at 40 g, modified starch at 35 g, locust bean gum at 40 g, tapioca starch at 113 g, potato starch at 57 g, corn flour at 250 g, and rice flour at 50 g. The quality of nongluten pasta could be improved by using different levels of nongluten starches and flours, and nonstarch polysaccharides.
CHEMICAL, MICROBIAL, AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF A FROZEN KUBBEE PRODUCT1
Authors: ARAMOUNI F.M. , BOYLE E.A.E. , YASMIN S.
Published: May 2007

Kubbee, a Middle Eastern entree, was made from ground beef (10% fat), bulgur wheat, and spices with a filling of barbecue sauce. Shelf‐life of raw and precooked vacuum packaged product was evaluated during 180 days of storage at −18C. Precooked frozen kubbees were reheated in a conventional or microwave oven, and uncooked frozen kubbee was baked in a conventional oven prior to evaluation. Except for redness, color values did not change during storage (P < 0.05), but pH and TBA values increased slightly after 60 days. Kubbee was microbiologically stable throughout the storage period. Some sensory properties of the products deteriorated with storage time and microwave reheating. Overall liking of kubbee by consumers was 7.2 on a scale of 1 to 9.
WHEAT BRAN (TRITICUM AESTIVUM): COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONALITY AND INCORPORATION IN UNLEAVENED BREAD
Authors: H. ARCHANA SHENOY , PRAKASH JAMUNA
Published: May 2007

High fiber Chapathi, an Indian unleavened bread incorporating different levels (5–15%) of wheat bran to wheat flour was prepared and evaluated for acceptability and farinograph characteristics. Whole wheat flour, wheat bran and its differently milled fractions were analyzed for chemical composition and functional properties. The water absorption capacity of bran was slightly lower than that of flour and did not increase as a function of time. The bran incorporated doughs were difficult to knead and sticky with no change in rolling properties. Farinograph characteristics revealed an increase in dough development time and a decrease in mixing tolerance index as the level of incorporation of bran increased. Wheat bran incorporated products scored lesser for the sensory quality attributes than controls. The differences were statistically significant for products prepared with 10% and 15% bran and not significant for products prepared with 5% level of bran. It can be concluded that wheat bran can be incorporated up to a level of 5% for preparation of high fiber phulkas or chapathis without affecting sensory quality.
EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL PROCESSING STAGES OF APPLE JUICE ON PATULIN, FUMARIC ACID AND HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL (HMF) LEVELS
Authors: KADAKAL ÇLETIN , SEBAHATTIN NAS , POYRAZOGLU ENDER SINAN
Published: May 2007

The effects of different stages of commercial apple juice production on the patulin, fumaric acid and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) contents of apple juice were investigated. Heat treatment and activated charcoal were effective for the reduction of patulin. The average reduction of patulin were 13.4% and 22.9% for heat treatment and activated charcoal, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P<0.05) in the presence of fumaric acid between different treatments. Filtration and heat treatment caused an apparent increase in the HMF content, while activated charcoal caused a decrease. The average increments of HMF were 40.4% and 38.0% for separation and heat treatment, respectively, while the average reduction of HMF was 23.7% for activated charcoal. Spiking of samples with known amounts of patulin and fumaric acid revealed respective recovery rates of 96.4% and 95.9%.
INHIBITION OF SURFACE BROWNING, CUT AVOCADO
Authors: GÓMEZ‐LÓPEZ VICENTE MANUEL
Published: May 2007

Browning prevention of avocado halves using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitors along with sulfites was investigated. Browning inhibitiors were selected on the basis of the inhibition of a crude extract of avocado PPO. The most effective inhibitors were ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite, these compounds plus citric acid were mixed to get an inhibitory solution. In vivo experiments were performed on avocado halves by measuring Hunter color values after 15 days' storage to test the potential of solutions to prevent browning. Results showed that immersion in solutions along with refrigerated storage was needed to get an inhibitory effect. Color preservation was not due to oxygen exclusion nor to low pH and sulfite was unnecessary. The best treatment was the storage of avocado halves in a 1% ascorbic acid/1 % citric acid solution at pH 5 and 7C.
USE OF AN ELECTRONIC NOSE TO STUDY THE CONTRIBUTION OF VOLATILES TO ORANGE JUICE FLAVOR
Authors: FARNWORTH EDWARD R. , MCKELLAR ROBIN C. , CHABOT DENISE , LAPOINTE STÉPHANE , CHICOINE MARTIN , KNIGHT KELLEY P.
Published: May 2007

Ideal orange juice and orange juice from which the volatile compounds had been stripped were analyzed using an electronic nose. In the ideal juice, dlimonene was the volatile in highest concentration. The stripped orange juice contained less than 1% of the original d‐limonene and all other volatiles were reduced to below levels of detection as measured by gas‐chromatography analysis. The electronic nose was able to distinguish between the two orange juices, ideal and volatile stripped. Four commercial orange juice essences were added to the stripped orange juice at concentrations up to 2%. The differences, as measured by the electronic nose, between the original orange juice and the volatile stripped orange juice were reduced when orange essence was added to the volatile stripped juice. In orange juice flavor, α‐pinene, sabinene, β‐myrcene, and d‐limonene appear to play an important role.
QUALITY OF FROZEN SHRIMP THAWED BY RECIRCULATING AIR VERSUS WATER IMMERSION
Authors: LIN C. S. , HUNG Y.‐C. , MCWATTERS K. H. , PARK C.‐M.
Published: May 2007

The quality of shrimp thawed using a constant temperature thawing chamber compared with running water was studied. Shrimp thawed in room temperature air was used as the control. Shrimp thawed using the thawing chamber had lower drip loss, higher yield and moisture content than shrimp thawed by running water. However, the differences were not statistically significant. There were also no significant differences in press juice and shear force between control and shrimp thawed using either thawing method. Shrimp thawed using the thawing chamber had lower aerobic bacterial counts than either control or shrimp thawed using running water. Shrimp thawed using the thawing chamber did not exceed −1C throughout the thawing experiment, and microbial growth during thawing was also avoided. Results indicated that the thawing chamber has potential for the foodservice industry to produce uniformly thawed products under sanitary conditions.
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CREAMING VARIABLES IMPACTING PROCESS CHEESE MELT QUALITY
Authors: GLENN T.A. , DAUBERT C.R. , FARKAS B.E. , STEFANSKI L.A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract Although many variables influence the melt quality of finished processed cheese, this investigation focused on mechanical and thermal energy transport involved during the creaming process. To simulate commercial processing, a pilot scale 10‐gallon (0.04m3), dual ribbon blender was equipped with a thermal control system and a 0.75 hp (559.27 W) electrical motor. An experimental design consisted of three temperatures (75, 80, 85C), three mixing rates (50, 100,150 RPM), and six durations (1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35 min). Quantified process variables included: process strain and thermal history, and total, instantaneous, and change in mechanical energy. The Schreiber melt test was used to examine the relationship between the processing parameters and melt performance. A statistical analysis revealed significant parameter estimates (P < 0.0001) for each quantified variable in a general linear model. The process cheese industry will gain insight into controlled manufacturing conditions to deliver desired melt functionality.
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE PERCOLATION OF SEA BUCKTHORN PRESS JUICE1
Authors: BEVERIDGE THOMAS H.J. , CLIFF MARGARET , SIGMUND PHILLIP
Published: May 2007

Sea buckthorn press juice was subjected to percolation with supercritical carbon dioxide at 13.8 and 27.6 MPa. Control juice was not percolated. Percolation extracted about 81 % of the oil present in the press juice, lightened the orange color compared with the control juice, and changed the character of the juice as perceived by observers. Percolated juices had no visible particulate that adhered to glass surfaces as did the control juice. All juices were perceived by taste panelists as to be very sour, and it was decided to sweeten the juices with 10% sucrose before proceeding with sensory evaluations. Control juice was more yellow and thicker in consistency than the percolated juices which did not differ from each other. Juices prepared by 27.6 MPa percolation were more frequently reported as having citrus and peach‐like quality attributes compared with either of the other two juices. Analytical values for protein, oil, moisture, titratable acidity and pH were reported for the juices. Light microscopy indicated a lower oil content in the percolated juices and that the particle sizes were smaller in the percolated juices. Some morphological characteristics of the particles in both juice types are described.
THE POTENTIAL OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA (TROPICAL ALMOND) SEED AS A SOURCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN
Authors: EZEOKONKWO C.A. , DODSON W.L.
Published: May 2007

The nutritional value of Terminalia catappa seed as a source of dietary protein was investigated. The crude protein content of the seed was high (25.81%). The amino acid analysis showed a good pattern of the essential amino acids (EAA) (in g/16 g N) ‐ leucine (7.32), isoleucine (3.58), valine (2.74), phenylalanine (3.04), tryptophan (0.9), methionine (1.48), lysine (3.39), threonine (2.94), histidine (2.96). Tyrosine (2.12) is the limiting amino acid. The protein quality of the seed was evaluated by in vivo bioassays using weanling male Sprague Dawley rats (50–60 g). The indices of protein quality measured include PER, BV, NPU and TD. There were positive correlation between PER and BV (r = 0.7105), PER and body weight gain (r = 0.9157), PER and nitrogen intake (r = 0.7428). The results showed that T. catappa seed protein has a good pattern of the EAA, is highly digestible, can support growth and positive nitrogen balance and thus has a high dietary protein quality.
THE EFFECT OF CASEINOMACROPEPTIDE AND WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS ADHESION TO POLYSTYRENE SURFACES AND CELL AGGREGATION
Authors: JANER CAROLINA , DÍAZ JOSÉ , PELÁEZ CARMEN , REQUENA TERESA
Published: May 2007

Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) from bovine, ovine and caprine milk and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were both evaluated for adhesion inhibition of Streptococcus mutans to polystyrene surface and cell aggregation. Adhesion inhibition by the CMPs and WPC at 1 mg/mL was higher than 84%. The CMPs and WPC caused aggregation of S. mutans cells at low concentrations. These findings suggest the application of these milk derived proteins as potential dental caries inhibitors and for possible food application uses.
Multi‐attribute evaluation of flood management in Japan: a choice experiment approach
Authors: Zhai Guofang , Fukuzono Teruki , Ikeda Saburo
Published: May 2007

This paper intends to clarify the relationship among the important attributes of flood prevention measures and the effects of socio‐economic factors on the public preferences of selecting the measures based on the choice experiment approach. The experiment was conducted via a mail survey in the Toki–Shonai River basin of central Japan. First, the relationships among the five attributes (external flood reduction, internal flood reduction, early warning systems, environmental protection and willingness to pay for such countermeasures) were quantitatively clarified, and it was shown that an early warning system in terms of fatality rate due to floods was lowly evaluated by the public. Second, certain socio‐economic factors, like annual household income, flood experience, sex and distance to a river, had statistically significant impacts on the utility functions in our model. Third and finally, there was a statistically significant difference in regional model results between Toki city and Kita ward of Nagoya city. These results imply the necessity to implement localized watershed management in Japanese urban catchments, and to improve information provision and public understanding of flood risk.
Assessment of the hip reduction angle for predicting osteoarthritis of the hip in the Labrador Retriever
Authors: Corfield GS , Read RA , Eastley KA , Richardson JL , Robertson ID , Day R
Published: May 2007

Hip palpation has been used to provide semiquantitative information regarding passive joint laxity and susceptibility to hip dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate the intra‐ and inter‐examiner repeatability of the hip reduction angle measured at 4 months of age by three examiners using manual goniometry and an electromagnetic tracking system; (2) compare the hip reduction angle measured with manual goniometry to the hip reduction angle measured with the electromagnetic tracking system; and (3) evaluate the hip reduction angle, distraction index and Ortolani manoeuvre at 4 months of age as predictors of the development of hip osteoarthritis at 12 months of age in 11 Labrador Retriever dogs. Intra‐ and inter‐examiner repeatability was demonstrated for both the manual and electromagnetic goniometric measurement of the hip reduction angle (coefficient of variation < 4.3% and < 6.1%; and P = 0.163 and P = 0.836 respectively). The hip reduction angle measured by manual goniometry was moderately correlated to the hip reduction angle measured by the electromagnetic tracking system (r = 0.603, P < 0.0000). The hip reduction angle measured by manual and electromagnetic goniometry was a poor predictor of osteoarthritis at 12 months of age (r = 0.231, P < 0.062, and r = 0.321, P < 0.01). The distraction index was moderately correlated with the development of osteoarthritis by 12 months of age (r = 0.493, P < 0.0000). The Ortolani sign was sensitive (100%) but not specific (41%) for the development of osteoarthritis at 12 months of age. The hip reduction angle did not further quantify the Ortolani manoeuvre as a predictor of osteoarthritis in Labrador Retrievers.
Pooled faecal culture for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in goats
Authors: Eamens GJ , Walker DM , Porter NS , Fell SA
Published: May 2007

Objective  To evaluate pooled faecal culture for herd diagnosis of caprine Johne's disease and relate these findings to faecal shedding rates of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map).

Design  Radiometric broth culture was applied to several pooling dilutions, and shedding rates were estimated from a regression equation based on bacterial growth rates and known processing losses during radiometric culture.

Procedure  Sixteen faecal samples from goats naturally infected with sheep (n = 3) or cattle (n = 13) strains of Map, were diluted in normal goat faeces from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. Cultures were confirmed by IS900 polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis, and mycobactin dependency. The numbers of viable Map in the culture inocula were determined by endpoint titration (most probable number) of nine samples and related to a cumulative growth index.

Results  A pooling dilution of 1 in 25 with an incubation period of 10 weeks detected 13 of 16 culture positive goats, all shedding ≥ 2 × 104 Map per gram of faeces. Two samples containing very low numbers of Map (< 2 × 103/g) were only culture positive from undiluted faeces. Thirteen of 16 goats were considered to be shedding low to moderate concentrations of Map (< 2 × 105/g faeces).

Conclusions  These data support a pooling dilution of 1 in 25 for application of pooled faecal culture as a diagnostic tool in caprine Johne's disease control. A test based on this dilution would reduce laboratory costs of whole herd testing in goats by approximately 40% relative to serology and 75 to 90% relative to individual faecal culture.
“Standard Samples”: How “Standard” Are They?
Authors: ABBEY SYDNEY
Published: May 2007

A review is presented regarding the problems in the assignment of values for individual components of reference samples of silicate rooks. Possible causes are examined for the disparity of data obtained from contributing laboratories and for the fact that there has been little improvement over the years. Differences between collaborative programmes on rocks and those on ores are emphasized, particularly regarding the imbalance resulting from the inability to maintain adequate control over operations involving so many varied components. A plea is made for more careful interpretation of published values, for more meaningful description of analytical methods used and for more uniform practices in programmes originating in various countries. An argument is presented in favor of tempering statistical treatment with subjective considerations, and several tentative tests are proposed for verifying the validity of derived values.
Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analyses Of Barium in Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: DE LAETER J.R. , HOSIE D.J.
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐four geochemical reference samples have been analysed far barium using the stable isotope dilution technique. These include five CRPG, ten ANRT, six Nimroc and two CCRMP samples together with the Tonalite from Tanzania, Duplicate analyses have been made in each case and our values for barium are believed to be accurate to approximately 3 %. In general, our results are in good agreement with the published data except for Nimroc samples where our data are consistently lower than the presently accepted values. No evidence of sample inhomogeneities was observed in the present work.
Determination of Traces of Rare‐Earth elements, Yttrium and Thorium in Several International Geological Reference Samples and Comparison Of Data with Other Published Values
Authors: GUPTA J.G. SEN
Published: May 2007

Experimental results for most rare‐earth elements, yttrium and thorium in several international geological reference samples are presented and compared with other published values, where available. The analytical method used to obtain these results involved a preliminary concentration of the rare‐earths On milligram quantities of iron as carrier for atomic‐absorption, flame‐emission and spectrophotometric determinations, or on milligram quantities of Fe2O3, Al2O3 and SiO2 as carriers for optical‐emission spectrometric determination.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Two USGS Rock Reference Samples (Granite G‐2, Andesite AGV‐I) and Discussion in The Light of Compiled Data
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K. , ROELANDTS I.
Published: May 2007

New data for 21 trace elements including eight rare‐earths, determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) in two rook reference samples (Granite G‐2, Andesite AGV‐1), are compared with the preferred values previously proposed. Using compiled data published in 1969 and in 1972, further comparisons are made with the preferred means calculated for different methods of trace analysis. NAA data compiled in 1969 and in 1972 and new results published since then are assembled in two tables for the 21 elements. These 1976 NAA data lead us to suggest slight revisions of the preferred values for five to ton elements in each sample.
Le Dosage du Chlore dans Quelques Géostandards Silicatés
Authors: STERN W.B.
Published: May 2007

Utilisant la spectromètrie de fluorescence‐X, la teneur en chlore de quelques 30 échantillons, roches et minéraux, a été déterminée. Nos résultats sont comparées avec les valeurs recommandées ou proposées pour ces échantillons de référence. La méthode proposée doit être utile pour des applications géochimiques courantes. Toutefois, nous pensons qu'il est nécessaire encore d'améliorer le dosage du chlore dans les silicates.
Neutron Activation Analysis for Trace Element Determination in Geostandards
Authors: BRUNFELT A. O. , STEINNES E.
Published: May 2007

The advantages of neutron activation analysis as applied to geological material are discussed. Analytical work performed in the authors’ laboratories is described, and preferred values from this work for 38 elements in some USGS standard rocks are presented and compared with literature data.
Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Determination Of Palladium in Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: LAETER J. R. DE , MERMELENGAS N.
Published: May 2007

Fifteen geochemical reference samples have been analysed for palladium using the stable isotope dilution technique. These include seven USGS, five CRPG and three CCRMP samples. Our results ape in reasonable agreement with the presently accepted values for the USGS samples, but are significantly lower than the present CCRMP values. Our data for the CRPG samples are the first to be published. This is the first reported study of the determination of palladium in silicate samples using the isctope dilution technique.
Dosage par Activation Neutronique des Terres Pares et d'Autres Eléments en Trace dans I'Etalon Géochimique Feldspath Potassique FK‐N (ANRT)
Authors: ROELANDTS I.
Published: May 2007

Cet article présente les résultats pour vingt‐trois éléments en trace, obtenus par activation neutronique et spectromètrie ‐ γà l'aide d'un détecteur Ge(Li) à haut pouvoir de résolution, dans l'étalon géochimique feldspath FK‐N distribué par l'Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique (ANRT).
Preparation of Reference Samples of Mineral Raw Materials and Their Use In Analytical Practice
Authors: DEMPIR J.
Published: May 2007

47 reference samples of mineral raw materials were prepared by collaborative work of Czechoslovak geological laboratories; these reference samples include silicates, feldspars, kaolin, clays, fluorspars, baryta, carbonates, siliceous materials, ores of Pb‐Zn, Cu, Sb, Eg, Sn‐W and Ag‐Au. The pulverized samples were tested for homogeneity using analysis of variance. The analytical results were evaluated statistically; arithmetic mean, its confidence interval and values of precision and accuracy of the individual determinations were computed. Some analytical problems which were encountered during this study and which require further research work are also reported.
Dosage Spectrophotométrique de L'Arsenic Dans Quelques Echantillons Géochimiques de Reaférence
Authors: MARIN L. , VERNET M.
Published: May 2007

Malgré sa facile volatilisation, une méthode chimique spécifique a été utilisée avec succès pour 1e dosage de l'arsenic dans la plupart des matériaux géologiques: attaque par les acides, séparation par extraction et dosage spectrophotométrique par absorption. La méthode s'applique à partir du ppm.
Report (1968–1978) on Two Mica Reference Samples: Biotite Mica‐Fe and Phlogopite Mica‐Mg
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K.
Published: May 2007

Since 1967–68, two mica reference samples, Biotite Mica‐Fe and Phlogopite Mica‐Mg, were made available to several geochemical laboratories. The analytical data reported during the past ten years by 142 geoanalysts belonging to 74 international laboratories are presented and assessed for deriving preferred values. Reaomrmended or proposed values are assigned for major, minor and several trace elements. The biotite Mica‐Fe is better characterized for its chemical composition than the Phlogopite Mica‐Mg. Both the samples are also proposed as geochronological standards. Because very few mica reference samples have been processed in large quantities, the international geochemiaal community is invited to contribute further useful data.
Comparison of Rare‐Earth Element Data Obtained by Neutron Activation Analysis Using International Rock and Multielement Solution Standards
Authors: BORLEY G.D. , ROGERS N.
Published: May 2007

The authors have used a high‐purity multielement solution, containing known quantities of individual Pare earth elements, as a reference standard in neutron activation analysis of rare earths in several international standard rocks. The data obtained by the authors have been compared with those obtained using the international standard rock Basalt BCR‐1 as a reference material. The authors’data compare favourably with those obtained by other workers, particularly for the more basic rock types, and encourages the authors to suggest that a multielement solution standard can be used successfully for neutron activation analysis of rave earth elements. High values obtained for Ce in Basalt BCR‐1, however, might indicate that the behaviour of Ce in solution needs further investigation.
New CCRMP Refernce Soils SO‐1 to SO‐4
Authors: BOWMAN W.S. , FAYE G.H. , SUTARNO R. , McKEAGUE J.A. , KODAMA H.
Published: May 2007

Four reference soils have been prepared and certified through the cooperation of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada and Agriculture Canada. Their origin and details of preparation and characterization are presented. Thirty‐six laboratories participated in the international certification program by providing approximately 16000 results for 65 elements. One or more of the reference soils were certified for 18 elements and preliminary data were obtained for another 47.
Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Determination of Cadmium in Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: ROSMAN K.J.R. , DE LAETER J.R.
Published: May 2007

Twenty seven geochemical reference samples have been analysed for cadmium using the stable isotope dilution technique. These include four USGS, one NBS, five CRPG, eleven ANRT and six NIMROC samples. Each sample has been analysed at least in duplicate.

The four USGS samples have previously been measured in this laboratory by Rosman and De Laeter, but the present results are believed to be more accurate than the earlier data. Our results for the other twenty three samples are much lower than most of the published data. There is also evidence of cadmium inhomogeneities in some of the samples.
Determination of the Absolute Hydrogen Isotopic Ratio of V‐SMOW and SLAP
Authors: de WIT J.C. , van der STRAATEN C.M. , MOOK W.G.
Published: May 2007

By mixing 1H2O and 2H2O, both with accurately known purity, samples were prepared with 2H/1H ratios close to those of the international isotopic water standards: V‐SMOW and SLAP. A mass spectrometrical comparison of these calibration samples with the actual water standards revealed:

2H/1H of V‐SMOW = (155.95 ± 0.08) × 10−6

2H/1H of SLAP = (89.12 ± 0.07) × 10−6

δ2HV‐SMOW(SLAP) =−428.5 ± 0.5 %
Another Approach to the Mode of a Skewed Set of Data: the Plot Method*
Authors: COLOMBO A.
Published: May 2007

A method which consists essentially in ranking and then plotting on rectangular coordinates the data of a skewed set of results to the purpose of identifying the modal value of the set, is described. The method is simple, fast (if a plotter is used) and requires no calculations.
Moroccan Phosphate Rock as a BCR* Reference Material
Authors: SERRINI G.
Published: May 2007

A brief presentation of the results obtained on a Moroccan phosphate rock reference material is reported. Nine parameters (calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, carbonate carbon, sulphur, aluminium, magnesium and iron) have been certified.
The New Certification Procedure of the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project
Authors: STEGER Henry F.
Published: May 2007

The Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project has amended its procedure in interla‐boratory certification programs. The reasons for reducing to one from two the number of bottles of a candidate reference materials submitted to each participating laboratory are discussed. The effect of the smaller number of results of the one‐bottle approach to be expected on the certified value and 95% confidence interval is shown to be minor.
Evaluation of Analytical Data: A Practical Guide for Geoanalysts
Authors: LISTER Brian
Published: May 2007

Some of the techniques that the writer has found useful in the assessment of analytical data are described. These have been culled from statistical text books and scientific journals and it is hoped that the bringing together of this information will be helpful to other workers dealing with analytical data. The techniques include the ordering of data and elimination of outliers, the mean and median and their respective confidence intervals and a description of robust estimates of central tendency and non‐normal distributions. These are followed by methods that can be used in the comparison of data sets such as t‐tests and analysis of variance. There are three appendices, the first being a comprehensive list of statistical expressions and formulae; the second gives worked examples using the various techniques and tests described in the text; the third consists of statistical tables and notes on their use.
Uranium Content of Thirty‐Three Rock Reference Samples Determined by the Delayed Fission Neutron Counting Method
Authors: REDDY G.R. , PANT D.R. , DAS M. SANKAR
Published: May 2007

The delayed fission neutron counting method has been used for the analysis of thirty‐three international geochemical reference samples for their uranium contents in the range of 0.2 to 1500 ppm. These include three from the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, three from Atomic Energy Commission, USA, New Brunswick Laboratory, two from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India, fourteen from Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques and eleven from US Geological Survey. The experimental set up has a detection limit of 0.08 μg and a determination limit of 0.15 μg U. At the lower limit the precision of determination is about 20 percent while at concentrations higher than 1 ppm it is better than 10 percent.
Molybdenum and Tungsten Contents of Five CRPG and Eight ANRT Geochemical Reference Materials
Authors: CAMPBELL Esma , ARUSCAVAGE Philip J.
Published: May 2007

Mo and W have been determined in five CRPG and eight ANRT geochemical reference samples by spectrophotometric ‐ zinc dithiol procedures. Although data are lacking for adequate comparisons on most samples, our data for tungsten in GIT‐IWG MA‐N and GIT‐IWG BE‐N are very near the presently proposed values.
Determination of Ultra ‐ Trace Amounts of Thorium in NIM‐D and NIM‐P Standard Geological Reference Materials Using Cation Exchange Chromatography ‐ Spark Source Mass Spectrography
Authors: VICTOR A.H. , ROGERS D.E.C.
Published: May 2007

Ultra‐trace (<1 ppm) amounts of thorium in NIM‐D and NIM‐P geochemical reference materials are determined by the technique of cation exchange chromatography ‐ spark source mass spectrography. After dissolution, thorium is selectively separated from all other elements on a column of AG50W‐X4 resin. The thorium eluate is concentrated and evaporated onto silver powder together with 1 000 ng of uranium which serves as the internal standard. Mass spectrographic analysis of this spiked silver powder is carried out with a spark source mass spectrograph.
Determination of Elements in National Bureau of Standards' Geological Reference Materials SRM 278 Obsidian and SRM 688 Basalt by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: CROCK J.G. , LICHTE F.E. , BRIGGS P.H.
Published: May 2007

Two new geologic reference materials, issued by the National Bureau of Standards as standard reference materials, have been analyzed by a precise, accurate, and rapid method of analysis for their element content. The described procedure uses a multi‐acid, low temperature digestion in a closed teflon vessel, followed by the simultaneous determination of 50 elements by inductively coupled argon plasma‐optical emission spectrometry. A preconcentration procedure was applied to a separate digestion for the accurate and precise determination of the rare earth elements. Average concentrations of 39 elements for SRM 278 obsidian and 36 elements for SRM 688 basalt are reported. The results for most elements are in good agreement with the certified values and those reported in the literature. Data for as many as 12 elements are reported for these samples for the first time.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Silicate Rock Standards AN‐G, BHVO‐1, QLO‐1, RGM‐1, and STM‐1
Authors: SEIFERT Karl E.
Published: May 2007

Silicate rock standards AN‐G, BHVO‐1, QLO‐1, RGM‐1, SDC‐1 and STM‐1 have been analyzed for 7 REE (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu), Na2O, FeOt, Sc, Co, Cr, Ta, Hf and Th by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The mean values are compared to those from other studies reported in the literature.
Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Ferrous Iron in Twelve French Geochemical Reference Standards
Authors: BOWER Nathan W.
Published: May 2007

Iron (II) oxide in silicate rocks can readily be measured after digestion with HF and HCl by reaction with KI and KIO3. The iodine produced during the digestion is trapped in CCl4 and measured at 512 nm spectrophotometrically. Results for ten accepted and two new geochemical reference standards are presented.
Accurate Determination of Gallium in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: VAN DER WALT T.N. , STRELOW F.W.E.
Published: May 2007

Results are presented for gallium in six South African primary rock standards (NIMROCS) and in twelve secondary rock standards (SAROCS). A selective ion exchange procedure is used to separate gallium completely from all other elements, except remaining traces of thorium. It is followed by a determination of gallium with flame atomic absorption spectrometry using the nitrous oxide‐acetylene flame, after the addition of 2000 ppm lanthanum as ionization suppressor.
Report (1973–1984) on Two ANRT Geochemical Reference Samples: Granite GS‐N and Potash Feldspar FK‐N
Authors: GOVINDARAJU Kuppusami
Published: May 2007

Granite GS‐N and Potash Feldspar FK‐N are two ANRT reference samples prepared in 1973 in 960 and 567 kg, respectively. All data reported since 1973 are compiled in this report. GS‐N and FK‐N are now well characterized for major and minor elements. As for trace elements, working values have been assigned for 36 elements in GS‐N and for 30 elements in FK‐N. We need much more data on trace elements for characterizing them better. As GS‐N and FK‐N are still available in large quantities and are certain to remain so for two or three decades to come, a plea is made for contribution of more data on trace elements.
XRF Determination of Zr, Nb, Y, Sr, Rb, Zn, Pb in Fifteen International Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: GERMANIQUE J.C. , BRIAND B.
Published: May 2007

Fifteen geochemical reference samples were analysed for Zr, Nb, Y, Sr, Rb, Pb and Zn, using a X‐ray fluorescence spectrometric method. In general, the results are in good agreement with those proposed or recommended.
1983 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for Samples SO‐1 to SO‐4
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , BURNS Colleen E. , Roelandts Iwan
Published: May 2007

Concentration data for as many as 72 constituents in the four Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project (CCRMP) soil samples have been collected from journal articles and technical reports published since these soil standards were issued in 1978. These data are summarized into mean +/‐ one standard deviation values and compared with available certification data from CCRMP. All literature data located or calculated are presented in the appendices.
A Re‐Evaluation of Three Canadian Reference Rocks
Authors: ABBEY Sydney , GLADNEY Ernest S.
Published: May 2007

Analytical data on samples SY‐2, SY‐3 and MRG‐1, reported since preparation of an earlier report, are presented, and “usable values” for the concentrations of a number of additional constituents are derived. Improved values are also derived for some of the constituents where insufficient data were available in the preceding compilation.
Flameless Atomic Absorption Determination of Gold and Palladium in Geological Reference Samples
Authors: KONTAS E. , NISKAVAARA H. , VIRTASALO J.
Published: May 2007

Gold and palladium have been determined in 42 geological reference samples with graphite furnace AAS after aqua regia digestion and SnCl2‐Hg extraction. A brief discussion on the quality of these analyses also is presented.
rare Earth Elements in Six New GSJ Standard Rock Samples as Determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: TOYODA Kazuhiro , HARAGUCHI Hiroki
Published: May 2007

Analytical data of rare earth elements (REEs) are presented for six new standard rock samples (JB‐2, JB‐3, JR‐1, JR‐2, JA‐1, and JGb‐1) issued by the Geological Survey of Japan. These data have been simultaneously determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
determination of Trace Elements in Eight Chinese Stream‐Sediment Reference Samples by Energy‐Dispersive X‐Ray Spectrometry
Authors: KING Bi‐Shia Wang
Published: May 2007

Concentrations of twelve trace elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, La and Ce) in eight Chinese stream‐sediment reference samples have been determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The samples were analyzed directly and non‐destructively in loose powder form. Compton scatter radiation was used as an internal standard to compensate for variations in sample matrix, particle size, packing density, and instrumental operating characteristics. The results agree well with the Chinese recommended values.
Total And Inorganic Carbon Content Of Eighteen National Bureau Of Standards And Four Canadian Certified Reference Materials
Authors: CAHILL Richard A. , AUTREY Ann D.
Published: May 2007

Total carbon and inorganic carbon were determined by coulometric titration for 18 National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Standard Reference Material (SRM) and 4 Canadian Certified Reference Project Standards (CCRMP). A wide range of carbon contents was represented in the samples, which included biological, geological, and environmental materials. The analytical data produced helps fill gaps in the available literature for total and inorganic carbon values.
Application of an Iodide Extraction System For The Determination Of Ag, Cd, Mo And Tl In Rocks by GFAAS
Authors: de CASTRO M.A. , BUGAGAO R. , EBARVIA B. , ROQUE N. , RUBESKA I.
Published: May 2007

Ag, Cd, Ti and Mo are extracted from 3M HCI and 0.03M I as ion associates with trioctylphosphine oxide into MIBK. Measurement of the organic extract by GFAAS enables a determination down to 0.02 ppm of Cd, 0.2 ppm of Ag, Mo and Tl. The procedure has been tested on standard reference rock materials prepared by the GSJ and the USGS.

Ag, Cd, Tl et Mo sont extraits à partir d'une solution de HCI 3M et d'ions I 0.03M associés à une solution de TOPO (Trioctylphosphine oxyde) dans le MIBK. Les dosages dans l'extrait organique par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique avec four graphite permettent une détermination à partir de 0.02 ppm pour Cd et 0.2 ppm pour Ag, Mo et TI. La méthode est testée sur des échantillions de reférence préparés par le GSJ et par I'USGS.
Analyse des Standards de L'U.S.G.S. : GXR‐1 a GXR‐6 par Activation Neutronique et Fluorescence X
Authors: MEYER G. , GLADNEY E.S. , GRUFFAT J.J. , RAIMBAULT L.
Published: May 2007

Six roches standards de I'USGS : GXR‐1 à GXR‐6 ont été analysées par activation neutronique instrumentale (INAA) pour le dosage de 17 éléments traces et par fluorescence X (XRF) pour les autres éléments difficiles à doser par activation neutronique. Les travaux précédemment publiés par Gladney et al. ont été pris comme référence en particulier les valeurs recommandées (R.V.) qui sont généralement en bon accord avec nos résultats. Quelques remarques et corrections sont proposées pour expliquer certaines disparités.

Six United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Geochemical Exploration References Samples (GXR) have been analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the determination of seventeen trace elements and by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) for other trace elements difficult to determine by INAA. Our results compare favourably with the values recommended by E.S. Gladney et al. Some suggestions and corrections are proposed to explain some discrepancies.
Compilation Report (1966–1987) on Trace Elements in five CRPG Geochemical Reference Samples: Basalt BR; Granites, GA and GH; Micas, Biotite Mica‐Fe and Phlogopite Mica‐Mg
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K. , ROELANDTS I.
Published: May 2007

The five CRPG geochemical reference samples (BR, GA, GH, Mica‐Fe and Mica‐Mg) have been distributed as reference samples for more than twenty years. All data on trace elements in these samples available to the authors since their first reports have been compiled and evaluated. It has been possible to assign working values for more than forty elements in BR, GA, GH and Mica‐Fe and for twenty‐three elements in Mica‐Mg. The samples are expected to last for another twenty years.
Determination of Total Carbon and Sulfur in Fifty‐two Geochemical Reference Samples by Combustion and Infrared Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The contents of total carbon and sulfur in 52 international geochemical reference samples have been determined by a method of infrared absorption following combustion in a high‐frequency induction furnace. A comparison with published data shows clearly the need for much more data on most samples before consensus values could be assigned.

Les teneurs en carbone et soufre totaux ont été déterminées dans 52 échantillons géochimiques de référence par combustion suivie de spectrométrie d'absorption infra‐rouge. Une comparaison de ces résultats avec ceux de la littérature montre bien la nécessité de disposer davantage de données pour pouvoir fixer des valeurs de consensus.
Uranium, Thorium and Potassium Contents In Eighteen Geochemical Reference Samples Issued from the Geological Survey of Japan
Authors: KOMURA Kazuhisa , TAN Kok‐Leong , UENO Kaoru
Published: May 2007

Uranium, thorium and potassium contents in eighteen geochemical reference samples issued from the Geological Survey of Japan have been measured by non‐destructive gamma‐ray spectrometry using germanium semiconductor detectors. Results are generally in good agreement with recent values measured by various methods.