bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sympatric morphs, populations and speciation in freshwater fish with emphasis on arctic charr
Authors: Skulason Skúli , Snorrason Sigurður S , Jónsson Bjarni
Published: November 2023

In recent years we have seen an increasing number of studies emphasizing both intraspecific variability among populations and individual differences within populations. Of particular interest in this respect are species which have distinct morphs that use different habitats and food resources (Wimberger 1994; Skulason and Smith 1995; Smith and Sh1lason 1996). Such resource polymorphism has been detected and studied in several vertebrate taxa: in birds (Sutherland 1987; Smith 1990, 1993); in amphibians (Collins and Cheek 1983; Pfennig 1992; Pfennig and Collins 1993; Maret and Collins 1997); and extensively in fish (e.g. Echelle and Kornfield 1984; Noakes et al.1989; Schluter and McPhail 1993; Robinson and Wilson 1994). The ubiquity of resource polymorphism stimulates numerous questions regarding the ecological and genetic factors that might promote the evolution of resource polymorphism and how it may be maintained. The purpose of this chapter is to examine resource polymorphism in freshwater fish in an evolutionary context. After a general overview emphasizing the ecological scenarios and similarities of patterns across taxonomic groups, we will examine the importance of genetic and environmental factors in producing resource polymorphism. We then offer an evolutionary proposal leading to resource polymorphism, emphasizing the importance of behaviour. Finally, resource polymorphism will be examined in relation to population formation and speciation. We will focus on fish in the northern hemisphere, with the salmonid species arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)as our main example.
Laying The Foundation Of A Theory Of Invariants
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: November 2023

With his mathematical life rejuvenated, Sylvester poured himself back into the work on determinants and elimination theory that had so captivated him in the early 1840s. He had an even greater motivation to concentrate anew on these topics, given that Cayley—taking his mathematical lead from George Boole— had done and was doing related work in the so-called theory of forms, and given that Sylvester’s earlier work had clear and direct applications to that evolving theory.
Ending And Beginning A Career
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: November 2023

Sylvester spent his first post-Woolwich year living in London and mobilizing his supporters in an effort to extract from the War Office the pension he had earned as a result of his fifteen years of service to the Royal Military Academy. After the LondonTimes carried a lead story on the mathematician’s case on 17 August, 1871 and following Sylvester’s own letters to the Times a week later and to the journal,Nature, also in 1871, the authorities finally capitulated, although they refused to award him the full amount he felt was his due.
Algebraic topology
Authors: Pier Jean-Paul
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the XXth century algebraic topology was created in view of solving geometric problems.
Differential topology
Authors: Pier Jean-Paul
Published: November 2023

I think that in mathematics there is something like a central nucleus, which I call essential mathematics, with a direct hold on reality. In my opinion everything turns around the real numbers and differential and integral calculus.
ThGeregorian Calendar
Authors: Richards E G
Published: November 2023

The Julian calendar had several defects.The average number of days in its year was 365.25, whereas the true length of the tropical year was about 365.24219 mean solar days. This discrepancy meant that annual events such as the vernal equinox were falling earlier and earlier in the calendar year at a rate of about one day in 128 years. Furthermore, the date of Easter was falling later and later in the seasonal year.
Engineering philosophy of EV development
Authors: Chan C C , Chau K T
Published: November 2023

Let us begin with the investigation of the growth of population and vehicles as shown in Fig. 1.1. In the next 50 years, the global population will increase from 6 billions to 10 billions and the number of vehicles will increase from 700 millions to 2.5 billions. If all these vehicles are propelled by internal combustion engines, where will the oil come from? and where should the emissions be disseminated? Under that circumstance, our sky will be permanently grey. Therefore, we should strive for sustainable road transportation for the 21st Century.
Electric propulsion
Authors: Chan C C , Chau K T
Published: November 2023

An electric propulsion system is the heart of EVs. Its functional block diagram is shown in Fig. 5.1. Its job is to interface batteries with vehicle wheels, transferring energy in either direction as required, with high efficiency, under control of the driver at all times. From the functional point of view, an electric propulsion system can be divided into two parts—electrical and mechanical. The electrical part consists of the subsystems of electric motor, power converter, and electronic controller, whereas the mechanical part includes the subsystems of mechanical transmission (optional), and vehicle wheels. The boundary between the electrical and mechanical parts is the air-gap of the motor, where electromechanical energy conversion is taken place. The electronic controller can be further divided into three functional units℄sensor, interface circuitry and processor. The sensor is used to translate the measurable quantities, such as current, voltage, temperature, speed, torque and flux, into electronic signals. Through the interface circuitry, these signals are conditioned to the appropriate level before being fed into the processor. The processor output signals are usually amplified via the interface circuitry to drive power semiconductor devices of the power converter. The converter acts as a power conditioner that regulates the power flow between the energy source and the electric motor for motoring and regeneration. Finally, the motor interfaces with the vehicle wheels via the mechanical transmission. This transmission is optional because the electric motor can directly drive the wheel as in the case of in-wheel drives (Chan, 1993).
Iterative Methods
Authors: Ng Michael K
Published: November 2023

Excellent comprehensive references for iterative methods can be found in (Golub and Van Loan, 1989; Barrett et al., 1993; Saad, 1996).
Non-Circulant Type Preconditioners
Authors: Ng Michael K
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we consider non-circulant type preconditioners for Toeplitz matrices. These include preconditioners based on fast transforms other than the Fourier transform and preconditioners based on Toeplitz matrices. For some Toeplitz systems, the performance of these preconditioners is better than that of circulant preconditioners. They are also useful for Toeplitz-related systems arising from practical applications, which we will discuss in Chapters 8-12.
Applications to Image Processing
Authors: Ng Michael K
Published: November 2023

A fundamental issue in image restoration is blur removal in the presence of observation noise. Noise (sometimes more appropriately called “clutter” in images) may come, for example, as the result of thermal effects, measurement errors, or digitation, or may be introduced by a recording or transmission medium. In the important case where the blurring operation is spatially invariant, i.e. it operates uniformly across the object domain, then the basic restoration computation involved is simply a deconvolution process that faces the usual difficulties associated with ill-conditioning in the presence of noise (Lagendijk and Biedmond, 1991; Castleman, 1996). Such a situation often occurs, for example, in imaging through atmospheric turbulence. In particular, the problem of imaging through a medium is encountered in many important situations, from astronomy to medicine.
The Physics of Particle Accelerators
Authors: Wille Klaus
Published: November 2023

The complex technology of particle accelerators is based upon a series of often rather simple physical concepts. This comprehensive introduction to the subject focuses on providing a deep physical understanding of these key ideas. The book surveys the many aspects of accelerator physics and not only explains how accelerators work, but also why the underlying physics leads to a particular choice of design or technique, and points out the limitations of the technology. The clear and thorough mathematical treatment always emphasizes the physical principles described by the equations, and includes a range of calculations which develop a genuine feeling for the quantities and concepts involved.
The Physics of Foams
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan
Published: November 2023

Ordinary foams such as the head of a glass of beer and more exotic ones such as solid metallic foams raise many questions for the physicist and have attracted a substantial research community in recent years. This book describes the results of extensive experiments, computer simulations and theories in an authoritative yet informal style, making ample use of illustrations and photographs. As an introduction to the whole field of the physics of foams it puts a strong emphasis on liquids while also including solid foams. Simple, idealized models are adopted and their consequences explored. Specific topics include: structure, drainage, rheology, conductivity and coarsening. A minimum of mathematics is used. Theory and experiment are described together at every stage. A guide to further reading is provided through carefully selected references. This is a complete and coherent introduction to the subject which no other modern text currently offers.
Local equilibrium rules
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan
Published: November 2023

But the pressure was too great. He would have to. find something to make good the equilibrium. Something must come with him into the hollow void of death in his soul, fill it up, and so equalise the pressure within to the pressure without. For day by day he felt more and more like a bubble […]

D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love.
Simulation and modelling
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan
Published: November 2023

Computation is merely the last useful stage of a scientist’s

Advice in a letter from C. S. Smith 1985.

Both two- and three-dimensional foams may now be accurately simulated, within the spirit of the model presented in our introduction. There are also many models in which the structure is not so accurately represented, but which can yield useful results with less computational difficulties. Finally, there are treatments of a purely statistical nature. In these no attempt is made to represent the detailed structure, but rather a statistical description is used, in which distribution functions such as the distribution p(n) of the number of edges play key roles.
Foam collapse
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan
Published: November 2023

Most liquid foams do not last very long. Usually they collapse by the rupture of exposed films. Many factors can be adduced to account for this, singly or in combination. Drainage is important in reducing the film thickness, evaporation may reduce it further, the surfactant concentration may be inadequate, dust may impact upon the films, or impurities and additives (antifoaming agents) may promote their instability. This is a large subject, of great practical importance. At its heart there is the problem of film stability, which we took for granted in the introductory chapters. Now we must return to question it, and identify the factors which promote, or mitigate against, foam stability.
Some applications of liquid foams
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan
Published: November 2023

Schuim is geen bier

Dutch proverb

In everyday life, liquid foam is most familiar in soaps, cleaning agents, shaving products, and beverages. In many cases, its appeal is largely psychological, as a factor in customer perception and satisfaction. What purpose is served by the suds in a washing machine, other than to indicate that one has not forgotten to add the detergent? The foaming properties of soaps and shampoos is often said to have no purpose. But the particular rheological properties explained in Chapter 8 do have some value, in enabling the clearly visible foam to cling to vertical surfaces − the face of the shaver, or the wall of a factory − before being washed off. This ability to coat surfaces without immediately running away is also helpful when foams are used for fire-fighting.
Some analogous physical systems
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan
Published: November 2023

The object of art is not

simple truth

but complex beauty

Oscar Wilde

Whenever there are boundaries between phases or territories in nature, those boundaries are likely to conform to the soap froth model, at least to some extent.

Cellular structures whose details are dictated by surface energy are to be found on all scales, the largest being the universe. The distribution of galaxy clusters has been explored in recent years and found to consist of walls (films?) and filaments (Plateau borders?) which meet at junctions vaguely reminiscent of foam; see Fig. 1.4. In this case the two phases are matter (possibly including dark matter) and no-matter, but why instability under gravitational forces should cause matter to aggregate in this particular way, and what meaning is to be attributed to surface energy in this case is not clear. The subject is still characterised by tenuous data and reckless theorising: ‘there is no shortage of chutzpah in extragalactic astronomy’, as one author has put it.
Mathematical and Computational Methods for Compressible Flow
Authors: Feistauer M , Felcman J , Straskraba I
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with mathematical and numerical methods for compressible flow. It aims to provide the reader with a sufficiently detailed and extensive, mathematically precise, but comprehensible guide, through a wide spectrum of mathematical and computational methods used in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the numerical simulation of compressible flow. Up-to-date techniques applied in the numerical solution of inviscid as well as viscous compressible flow on unstructured meshes are explained, thus allowing the simulation of complex three-dimensional technically relevant problems. Among some of the methods addressed are finite volume methods using approximate Riemann solvers, finite element techniques, such as the streamline diffusion and the discontinuous Galerkin methods, and combined finite volume - finite element schemes. The book gives a complex insight into the numerics of compressible flow, covering the development of numerical schemes and their theoretical mathematical analysis, their verification on test problems and use in solving practical engineering problems. The book will be helpful to specialists coming into contact with CFD - pure and applied mathematicians, aerodynamists, engineers, physicists and natural scientists. It will also be suitable for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of mathematics and technical sciences.
Introduction
Authors: Feistauer M , Felcman J , Straskraba I
Published: November 2023

In many areas of science and technology, one encounters the necessity to investigate the flow of liquids and gases in, for example, aviation and aeronautics, the car industry, the design of turbines, compressors and pumps, the chemical and food industry, medicine, biology, agriculture, meteorology, hydrology, oceanography and environmental protection. In the preface of the well-known book (Landau and Lifschitz, 1959) by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifschitz, fluid dynamics is characterized as a branch of theoretical physics. The fundamental concepts and equations of fluid dynamics are connected with the names of Newton, Euler, Cauchy, Lagrange, Bernoulli, Huygens, d’Alembert, Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, Lamb, Stokes, Navier and others and belong to the area of classical rational mechanics. Therefore, it is natural that fluid dynamics uses extensive mathematical tools, particularly partial differential equations, and can also be considered as a mathematical science.
Basic Facts from the Theory of the Euler and Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Feistauer M , Felcman J , Straskraba I
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall study the basic qualitative properties of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations of compressible flow. We start with the Euler equations as a nonlinear hyperbolic system. Then the existence of smooth solutions and the typical phenomenon of loss of smoothness and lifespan of smooth solutions will be discussed. This is followed by an introduction to the theory of weak solutions with such concepts as shock and rarefaction waves, Rankine–Hugoniot conditions and entropy admissible solutions. In particular, existence results for one, two and m scalar conservation laws are given, and the Riemann problem in one space dimension is studied.
Order and broken symmetry
Authors: Blundell Stephen
Published: November 2023

The appearance of spontaneous order at low temperature is a fundamental phenomenon of condensed matter physics. Ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, liquid crystals and superconductors are all ordered phases, as is the solid state itself. All these phenomena share some fundamental properties and characteristics.
Relaxation and related phenomena
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar
Published: November 2023

Relaxation of coherence and polarization limits the measuring time and thus the resolution of pulse EPR experiments, but is also a source of information on the electronic structure and, in particular, on molecular and lattice dynamics. In this chapter we first provide an overview of the most important processes which cause a decay of the signal (§8.1). True relaxation processes which lead to an irreversible loss of magnetization are distinguished from those processes which merely transfer magnetization to other parts of the spectrum or to other paramagnetic species. We discuss the most important relaxation mechanisms. The general strategy of relaxation studies is considered in §8.2, where we also explain specifics of relaxation in multi-level systems and examine the orientation dependence of relaxation times. The chapter concludes with a discussion of pulse sequences for the measurement of relaxation times and the separation of the different contributions to the signal decay (§§8.3-8.6).
Flat and Curved Space-Times
Authors: Ellis George F R , Williams Ruth M , Carfora Mauro
Published: November 2023

The present book explains special relativity and the basics of general relativity from a geometric viewpoint. Space-time geometry is emphasised throughout, and provides the basis of understanding of the special relativity effects of time dilation, length contraction, and the relativity of simultaneity. Bondi's K-calculus is introduced as a simple means of calculating the magnitudes of these effects, and leads to a derivation of the Lorentz transformation as a way of unifying these results. The invariant interval of flat space-time is generalised to that of curved space-times, and leads to an understanding of the basic properties of simple cosmological models and of the collapse of a star to form a black hole. The appendices enable the advanced student to master the application of four-tensors to the relativistic study of energy and momentum, and of electromagnetism. In addition, this new edition contains up-to-date information on black holes, gravitational collapse, and cosmology.
On the relationship between the ideal free distribution and the evolution of dispersal
Authors: Holt Robert D , Barfield Michael
Published: November 2023

The ideal free distribution (IFD), first proposed by Fretwell and Lucas, describes how a pattern, the distribution of abundances and fitnesses across habitats, emerges from a process: evolution moulding the habitat selection strategies of individuals. Key ecological mechanisms assumed in the IFD include localized density dependence and the freedom of individuals to choose habitats so as to maximise fitness.
Proximate mechanisms of natal dispersal: the role of body condition and hormones
Authors: Dufty Alfred M , Belthoff James R
Published: November 2023

We examine proximate issues related to the initiation of natal dispersal in birds and mammals, and focus on the interplay among hormone secretions and body condition in determining dispersal by individuals. In at least some mammals, early exposure to testosterone in males affects their subsequent dispersal, the timing of which is related to acquisition of a threshold level of body mass and body fat. Because in birds both sexes generally disperse, it is less likely that a gonadal hormone associated more with one sex than with the other plays a major role in that process.
Public information and breeding habitat selection
Authors: Danchin Etienne , Heg Dik , Doligez Blandine
Published: November 2023

In most animal species, natal and breeding dispersal is bounded by departure and settlement decisions. Such decisions are based on the individual perception of habitat suitability, which varies with intrinsic habitat quality and social components. Individual perception of habitat suitability may be based on internal information (maternal effects) or on external cues revealing habitat suitability.
The properties of competitive communities with coupled local and regional dynamics
Authors: Mouquet Nicolas , Mulder Gerard S E E , Jansen Vincent A A , Loreau Michel
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the results from models that link local and regional scales, and illustrate some of the mechanisms that can maintain biodiversity. First, we present a model of local competition for space in plant communities. The model is a classical metapopulation model, but we apply it to a population of individuals rather than to a population of populations, and we add an external source of immigration by a propagule rain.
Introduction and a Brief Review of Experimental Systems
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

Much of solid state theory and statistical physics is concerned with the properties of macroscopic systems. These are often considered while using the “thermodynamic limit” (system’s volume, Ω, and particle number, N,tending to infinity with n= N/ Ω kept constant), which is a convenient mathematical device for obtaining bulk properties. Usually, the system approaches the macroscopic limit once its size is much larger than some correlation length ξ (or, more generally, than all such relevant lengths). In most cases, is of the order of a microscopic length (e.g., ∽n-1/3), but in some special cases, such as in the vicinity of a second-order transition, can become very large and one may observe behavior which is different from the macroscopic limit for a large range of sample sizes (Imry and Bergman 1971). Another case where the effective length scale dividing microscopic from macroscopic behavior is very large is that of small conducting (or semiconducting) systems at low temperatures. Here, two important new elements occur: First, the spectrum of electronic states is discrete (although the interaction with the outside world may broaden the levels enough to make that less relevant). Second, the motion is coherent in the sense that once an electron can propagate across the whole system without inelastic scattering, its wavefunction will maintain a definite phase. The electron will thus be able to exhibit a variety of novel and interesting interference phenomena. In what follows, we shall concentrate on the study of the latter type of systems.
The geometry of the word problem
Authors: Bridson Martin R
Published: November 2023

The study of decision problems in group theory is a subject that does not impinge on most geometers’ lives - for many it remains an apparently arcane region of mathematics near the borders of group theory and logic; echoing with talk of complexity and undecidability, devoid of the light of geometry. The study of minimal surfaces, on the other hand, is an immediately engaging field that combines the shimmering appeal of soap films with intriguing analytical problems; Plateau’s problem has a particularly intuitive appeal.
Indices of vector fields and Chern classes for singular varieties
Authors: Seade Jose
Published: November 2023

The theorem of Poincare-Hopf about the total index of a vector field on a manifold is one of the fundamental results of mathematics in the twentieth century, giving rise to many different theories and developments in several branches of mathematics and science in general. In particular, it gave rise to obstruction theory and the theory of characteristic classes, such as the Churn classes of complex manifolds, which are very useful invariants.
The Hardness of Metals
Authors: Tabor D
Published: November 2023

This book is an attempt to explain hardness measurements of metals in terms of some of their more basic physical properties. It does not deal with the atomic and crystalline mechanism of elastic or plastic deformation, but starting with the elastic and plastic characteristics it shows that the hardness behaviour of metals may be expressed in terms of these characteristics. It is hoped that this presentation will provide, for physicists, engineers, and metallurgists, a better understanding of what hardness means and what hardness measurements imply. The book places an emphasis on the physical concepts involved, so that the non-mathematical reader may grasp and appreciate the general physical picture without needing to follow the more detailed treatment. From reviews: 'This book is clearly written and illustrated and can be warmly recommended to all those who are interested in the hardness of metals. It is without doubt the most important work on the subject to have appeared for many years.' Nature 'It is in its fresh and unusual approach to the subject that this book will appeal most. Work from a very wide field is collected and critically discussed, and the author is to be congratulated on a volume which should appeal to metallurgists, engineers and physicists.' Research '...this is a book which the mechanical testing engineer will wish to have ready to hand.' British Journal of Applied Physics 'The story makes fascinating reading, not only because of the wealth of new explanations it contains, but also because of the author's skill in presenting his arguments so clearly and simply. It is extraordinary how far he is able to go on the most elementary of mathematics.' Institute of Metals Metallurgical Abstracts 'Has succeeded in raising the subject of hardness from its background of empiricism to that of scientific theory....This book is recommended for the scientist who...is concerned with the indentation of solids....The mathematics is simple and the style is easy to read.' Applied Mechanics Reviews
Introduction
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D
Published: November 2023

The two basic laws of friction, that the frictional resistance is proportional to the load and that it is independent of the area of the sliding surfaces, have been known for a long time. It would seem that Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) with his astonishing practical genius and insight was clear about them and had verified them experimentally, for he writes: ‘Friction produces double the amount of effort if the weight be doubled’, and ‘The friction made by the same weight will be of equal resistance at the beginning of the movement although the contact may be of different breadths or lengths.’
Mechanism of Metallic Friction [A]
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has shown that the friction between metal surfaces cannot be regarded purely as a surface effect. It is clear that during sliding, metallic junctions, large compared with molecular dimensions, are formed and sheared. In addition, if one surface is harder than the other the harder surface asperities plough out the softer material to an appreciable depth below the surface. We may therefore expect that the frictional force will be greatly influenced by the bulk properties of the metals. It is evident that the physical processes which occur during sliding are very complex and.do not yield readily to a quantitative treatment. We may, however, express the frictional resistance as the sum of two terms, one of which represents the shearing and the other the ploughing process. In this way it is possible to obtain an approximate expression for the friction in terms of the bulk physical properties of the metals. For a similar analysis sec Ernst and Merchant (1940).
Incubation and the costs of reproduction
Authors: Reid J M , Monaghan P , Nager R G
Published: November 2023

Life-history theory is concerned with explaining the diversity of life cycles observed in nature. It provides a framework within which intra- and inter-specific variation in how organisms allocate resources amongst growth, self-maintenance and reproduction can be interpreted.

A central tenet of life-history theory is that organisms have finite resources at their disposal, and thus that the allocation made to one aspect of life will reduce the resources available for investment in others (Roff 1992; Stearns 1992).
Evolution and Ancient Diseases: the Roles of Genes, Germs, and Transmission Modes
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

Evolution through natural selection is the fundamental organizing principle of the life sciences. It explains not only how the diversity of life came to be but also provides a framework for understanding what is possible and what is not. Considering that the health sciences is largely a subset of the life sciences we can expect that principles of evolutionary biology will be able to provide some general guiding principles into any particular focus of study within the health sciences. Because the study of ancient infectious diseases involves time periods over which humans and especially pathogens can evolve in response to each other, an evolutionary perspective would seem especially appropriate. However, apart from the use of phylogenetic analyses, inquiry into ancient diseases has proceeded largely without reliance on evolutionary principles. Now that powerful techniques for analyzing the molecular makeup of humans and pathogens in ancient tissue are becoming available, it seems an especially appropriate time for incorporating evolutionary insights into decisions about what to look for and where to look. This chapter addresses two topics that are currently being developed in evolutionary medicine that also bear on the study of ancient diseases: the evolution of virulence and the scope of infectious causation.
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in the Past: Yersin, Koch, and the Skeletons
Authors: Dutour Olivier , Ardagna Yann , Maczel Marta , Signoli Michel
Published: November 2023

Paleoepidemiology is a recent approach to the study of diseases in the past. This requires well documented osteoarcheological series in order to minimize the numerous systematic biases represented by sample size, the material’s state of preservation, the ‘demographic’ structure of the sample, and its chronological coherence. Very few skeletal series are compatible with this set of conditions. The plague epidemics in Europe have accounted for a million deaths over the past five centuries. This acute disease, which is classically not selective, is characterized by an age-at-death distribution similar to that of the living population. Plague epidemics are characterized by their great celerity and rapidity of death. For these reasons, the material originating from plague mass grave excavations is especially suitable for paleopidemiological studies. Besides improving our knowledge of plague in the past, these series can provide consistent data on the paleoepidemiology of other specific infectious dis eases. In this approach, molecular biology offers the unique opportunity to confirm both the cause of massive death and the diagnosis of the specific infections studied by amplifying specific sequences of ancient DNA (aDNA). In this way, these new techniques allow us to develop an archaeological approach to infectious diseases and could efficiently resolve some historical outbreaks as well as explore the past history of re-emerging human infections such as plague and tuberculosis (TB).
The Archaeology of Enteric Infection: Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, and Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Nataro James P , Stine O Colin , Kaper James B , Levine Myron M
Published: November 2023

Enteric illness has probably afflicted Homo sapiens since the origin of our species. Indeed, diarrhea is nearly ubiquitous among mammalian species, the result of convergent and divergent evolution by a wide variety of viral, parasitic, and bacterial agents. Tracing the phylogenetic history of pathogens is more than an academic exercise: diarrheal diseases have mounted devastating assaults on human populations throughout history, making the stories of these diseases inseparable from our own. In an earlier volume on the same subject, Ewald (1998) speculated that epidemic diarrhea may have been responsible for the collapse of more than one primitive civilization. Diarrheal outbreaks have also figured prominently in human migrations and have influenced countless wars. Thus knowing which pathogens were present in a population at a given time can enrich our understanding of human history.
Isentropic gas dynamics
Authors: Perthame Benoît
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to the study of the 2 ×2 system of isentropic gas dynamics in one dimension. This system is particularly interesting, not only for its physical applications which contain barotropic flows and the Saint-Venant model for shallow water flow in rivers (see Section 1.5), but also for us because it admits a full family of entropies, and we can deduce a kinetic formulation with a new mathematical structure; more precisely, the transport is no longer purely kinetic (except for γ = 3, see below the notation), but semi-kinetic (see the comments in Section 1.3).
Introduction
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik
Published: November 2023

Make yourself a cup of hot water and set it close by. Remove the piece of wire from the back-inside cover of this book*. It has a wavy shape (never mind if it does not). The wire looks and feels quite unremarkable, like any piece you would find in a hardware store. Go ahead and straighten the wire out.
The homoepitaxial challenge for low-dimensional nitrides
Authors: Grzegory Izabella , Porowski Sylwester
Published: November 2023

GaN and its alloys with Al and In recently became the basic materials for short-wavelength optoelectronics. This was due mainly to their direct energy gaps covering the whole visible spectrum and a large part of the UV range (6.2, 3.4, and 1.9eV for AIN, GaN, and InN respectively). At present, high brightness blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and low-power blue laser diodes (LDs) are commercially available [1]. On the other hand, however, the development of GaN-based technology was and still is, strongly limited by difficulties in obtaining large, high quality crystals which could be used as substrates for epitaxial deposition of multilayer quantum structures necessary for devices. This is a direct consequence of thermodynamical properties of GaN [2] (and also AIN [3]) in particular, the melting conditions of which are so extreme, that the application of the common growth methods from stoichiometric liquids is technically impossible.
Growth optimization of low-dimensional nitrides by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and dislocation control
Authors: Amano Hiroshi , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: November 2023

Recent progress in the growth technology which uses metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has led to the realization of nitride-based bright-blue/green light-emitting diodes, violet laser diodes, UV photodiodes, and high-electronmobility transistors. Low-dimensional structures have been used in the active region of each device, thereby significantly improving this performance. In this section, first, development of the growth method of group III nitrides is reviewed. Next, artificial fabrication of low-dimensional structures and their luminescence and electrical properties are discussed. Finally, recent progress in the growth of low-dislocation nitrides by lateral epitaxy is reviewed.
Electron-phonon interaction in GaN and its low-dimensional structures
Authors: Zhang Xue Bing , Gil Bernard
Published: November 2023

GaN and its low-dimensional structures have been extensively investigated in the past years because of their excellent optical and electrical properties. Progress in this field is so fast that the nitrides are expected to revolutionize the optoelectronics and electronics in the new century. The nature of high thermal conductivity, high luminous efficiency, and mechanical robustness have made the GaN and its alloys the superior material system for light-emitting devices operation from the UV to the entire visible spectra region [1). In addition, new applications in high power, high temperature, and high frequency electronic devices based on GaN field effect transistors and heterobipolar transistor are under extensive exploration.
Public Health
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John
Published: November 2023

Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improving living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, immunization and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. This book is an action guide to improving public/community health in low-income countries. It is unique in its comprehensive coverage within the public health framework. It explains how you can use public health approaches to develop effective health and prevent disease. Practical methods are given for assessing health needs and working within communities to develop and evaluate district and community-based health services. Clear language is used to describe key skills in chapters on epidemiology, managing medicines, communicable disease control, mother and child epidemiology, health promotion, health financing, managing and implementing public health programmes. Issues such as appropriate health policy, social inequalities, gender and power relationships are explored in an approach which places the participation and empowerment of communities at the core of an effective response. The challenge for public health professionals is to work within health services to monitor disease and ill health and to ensure good access to effective and appropriate health care for all. The challenge is to work outside the health services with our agencies to tackle the wider determinants of poverty and ill-health. Today's public health professionals need a broad focus and an armoury of skills from epidemiology and needs assessment health planning, medicines management and intersectional working. This book provides a foundation for public health professionals in training as well as those in practice. It is directed at health professionals working in developing countries and managing provinvial and district health services. These services may be general health services or specific programmes, such as TB or AIDS. It will be useful for undergraduates during their community and public health courses. The authors use real examples, illustrations and case histories to bring important subject to life for the reader.
Assessing health needs
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John
Published: November 2023

Most health workers are used to assessing the health needs of their own patients. Professional training and clinical experience teach them a systematic approach to this assessment before they start a treatment. Such a systematic approach has often been missing when it comes to assessing the health needs of a local population.
Choosing the best public health interventions
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we discussed public health intervention strategies, and how they offer the means to reduce the burden of disease. Chapter 1 also included an overview of the available public health and basic clinical service interventions, including vaccination, health promotion, screening, and treatment.
Health promotion
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John
Published: November 2023

An important function of health promotion is the prevention of disease. Prevention of disease operates at the following levels: Primordial prevention: the prevention of a health problem by action at the earliest stage in a society, for example control of the import of products damaging to health (see Fig. 8.1 and Box 8.1).
Polymers and Neutron Scattering
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C
Published: November 2023

This is the first book written specifically to introduce the new-comer and the non-expert to the experimental techniques and basic theory necessary to understand the results obtained when using various neutron scattering techniques. Neutron scattering has become widely applied to the study of problems in polymer science and technology and yet there is no other textbook for newcomers to refer to. This is therefore a unique introduction to the basic theory and techniques making the advantages of neutron scattering, as a tool for studying polymer behaviour, much more accessible to the newcomer and non expert.
Introductory survey
Authors: Schülke Winfried
Published: November 2023

Inelastic X-ray scattering experiments, including both energy and directional analysis of scattered photons, comprises a very powerful tool for investigating the correlated motion of electrons in a many-particle system by looking at the excitation of this system left behind in the inelastic scattering process. The purpose of this chapter is to give an introductory survey of the dynamics and excitations of electronic systems in condensed matter that have been recently investigated by inelastic X-ray scattering. Hence, I cover the nature of the relevant techniques, namely nonresonant inelastic scattering in the low-momentum transfer regime and nonresonant inelastic scattering in the regime of high momentum and energy transfer (Compton limit), as well as resonant inelastic scattering, and representative examples of materials that have been investigated.
Introduction
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: November 2023

Symplectic topology is the study of the global phenomenon of symplectic geometry. In contrast the local structure of a symplectic manifold is, by Darboux’s theorem, always equivalent to the standard structure on Euclidean space. Hence there cannot be any local invariants in symplectic geometry. This should be contrasted with Riemannian geometry where the curvature provides such local invariants. These local invariants severely restrict the group of isometries and give rise to an infinite dimensional variety of nonequivalent Riemannian metrics. In symplectic geometry the absence of local invariants gives rise to an infinite dimensional group of diffeomor- phisms which preserve the symplectic structure and to a discrete set of nonequivalent global symplectic structures in each cohomology class.
Linear Symplectic Geometry
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: November 2023

The geometry of a bilinear skew form is very different from that of a symmetric form and its main features, for example compatible complex structures and Lagrangian subspaces, appear later as significant elements of the global theory. Moreover, it is increasingly apparent that the linear theory is a profound paradigm for the nonlinear theory.
Constructing Symplectic Manifolds
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we look at various ways to construct symplectic manifolds. It is also possible to do various kinds of surgery, though the possibilities have been explored more in the contact case. We begin by studying blowing up and down in both the complex and the symplectic contexts. This has turned out to have interesting applications.
Generating Functions
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: November 2023

We have seen in Chapter 8 how generating functions can be used to prove existence theorems for periodic orbits of monotone twist maps. Some of the most exciting recent developments in symplectic geometry, such as the Arnold conjecture, the Weinstein conjecture, Gromov’s nonsqueezing theorem, symplectic rigidity, and Hofer’s metric, are centred around such existence statements. For example, we shall see in Chapter 11 that the Arnold conjecture is a natural generalization of the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem, and that it provides an example of symplectic rigidity.
The Arnold Conjecture
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: November 2023

This chapter takes up the study of the geometric behaviour of symplectomorphisms which was started in Chapter 8. Now in general we cannot expect symplectomorphisms of a compact symplectic manifold to have any fixed points at all. This simple and compelling conjecture has proved to be a powerful motivating force in the development of the modern theory. Symplectic topology aims to understand global symplectic phenomena, and this transition from a symplectomorphism near the identity to an arbitrary one is a particularly transparent example of globalization.
Symplectic Capacities
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we return to the problems which were formulated in Chapter 1, namely the Weinstein conjecture, the nonsqueezing theorem, and symplectic rigidity. As we shall see, these questions are all related to the existence and properties of certain symplectic invariants. Roughly speaking these invariants measure the 2-dimensional size of a symplectic manifold just as the length spectra determined by geodesics measure the 1-dimensional size of a Riemannian manifold.
Surface Analytical Techniques
Authors: Riviere J C
Published: November 2023

There are numerous techniques available for providing detailed compositional information of the surface of materials. This volume aims to clarify those techniques which use particles as various kinds of probes for surface analysis. For each technique it provides a description of the physical principle, the method of operation, the nature of information, the range of application, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the current techniques of surface compositional analysis. The techniques are grouped according to the nature of the incident radiation: electron excitation, photon excitation, ion excitation, and neutral excitation.
Instrumentation
Authors: Riviere J C
Published: November 2023

Analysis of the properties of emitted particles is central to all the techniques in Table 1.1, and it is therefore important to give details not only of the characteristics of the analysers themselves but also of the other instrumental aspects that are involved in the analysis. These must include, where appropriate, the necessary vacuum conditions, the sources of incident or exciting particles, the various ancillary devices usually found, and the methods of sample insertion, positioning and treatment. Some of these are common to the majority of the listed techniques, but where they are not the techniques to which they apply will be indicated.