bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magneto-transport in an anomalous fluid with weakly broken symmetries, in weak and strong regime
Authors: Abbasi Navid , Ghazi Armin , Taghinavaz Farid , Tavakol Omid
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We consider a fluid with weakly broken time and translation symmetries. We assume the fluid also possesses a U(1) symmetry which is not only weakly broken, but is anomalous. We use the second order chiral quasi-hydrodynamics to compute the magneto conductivities of this fluid in the presence of a weak magnetic field. Analogous to the electrical and thermoelectric conductivities, it turns out that the thermal conductivity depends on the coefficient of mixed gauge-gravitational anomaly. Our results can be applied to the hydrodynamic regime of every arbitrary system, once the thermodynamics of that system is known. By applying them to a free system of Weyl fermions at low temperature limit T ≪ μ, we find that our fluid is Onsager reciprocal if the relaxation in all energy, momentum and charge channels occurs at the same rate. In the high temperature limit T ≫ μ, we consider a strongly coupled SU(N

c
) gauge theory with N

c
≫ 1. Its holographic dual in thermal equilibrium is a magnetized charged brane from which, we compute the thermodynamic quantities and subsequently evaluate the conductivities in gauge theory. On the way, we show that analogous to the weak regime in the system of Weyl fermions, an energy cutoff emerges to regulate the thermodynamic quantities in the strong regime of boundary gauge theory. From this gravity background we also find the coefficients of chiral magnetic effect in agreement with the well-known result of Son-Surowka.
On characteristic classes of exotic manifold bundles
Authors: Krannich Manuel
Published: June 2019

Given a closed simply connected manifoldMof dimension$$2n\ge 6$$2n≥6, we compare the ring of characteristic classes of smooth oriented bundles with fibreMto the analogous ring resulting from replacingMby the connected sum$$M\sharp \Sigma $$M♯Σwith an exotic sphere$$\Sigma $$Σ. We show that, after inverting the order of$$\Sigma $$Σin the group of homotopy spheres, the two rings in question are isomorphic in a range of degrees. Furthermore, we construct infinite families of examples witnessing that inverting the order of$$\Sigma $$Σis necessary.
Correction for Item Response Theory Latent Trait Measurement Error in Linear Mixed Effects Models
Authors: Wang Chun , Xu Gongjun , Zhang Xue
Published: June 2019

When latent variables are used as outcomes in regression analysis, a common approach that is used to solve the ignored measurement error issue is to take a multilevel perspective on item response modeling (IRT). Although recent computational advancement allows efficient and accurate estimation of multilevel IRT models, we argue that a two-stage divide-and-conquer strategy still has its unique advantages. Within the two-stage framework, three methods that take into account heteroscedastic measurement errors of the dependent variable in stage II analysis are introduced; they are the closed-form marginal MLE, the expectation maximization algorithm, and the moment estimation method. They are compared to the naïve two-stage estimation and the one-stage MCMC estimation. A simulation study is conducted to compare the five methods in terms of model parameter recovery and their standard error estimation. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed to provide guidelines for practitioners. Finally, a real data example is given to illustrate the applications of various methods using the National Educational Longitudinal Survey data (NELS 88).
Illness Perceptions and Depression Are Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Youth with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Stapersma Luuk , van den Brink Gertrude , van der Ende Jan , Bodelier Alexander G. , van Wering Herbert M. , Hurkmans Pamela C. W. M. , Mearin M. Luisa , van der Meulen–de Jong Andrea E. , Escher Johanna C. , Utens Elisabeth M. W. J.
Published: June 2019

Background

In youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been shown to be affected by individual disease factors and specific psychological factors. The innovative aim of this study is to examine thecombinedimpact of psychological factors (illness perceptions, cognitive coping, anxiety, and depression) on HRQOL, over and above the associations of demographic and disease factors with HRQOL in youth with IBD.

Method

Data on clinical disease activity, illness perceptions, cognitive coping, anxiety, depression, and HRQOL were prospectively collected in 262 consecutive youth (age 10–20, 46.6% male) with confirmed IBD. Multiple linear regression analyses tested the associations of demographic, disease, and psychological variables with HRQOL in separate groups for Crohn’s disease (CD;N = 147) and ulcerative colitis and IBD unclassified (UC/IBD-U;N = 115), using age-specific validated instruments.

Results

In both disease groups, more negative illness perceptions (ß = − .412;ß = − .438,p < .001) and more depression (ß = − .454;ß = − .279,p < .001) were related to lower HRQOL. In the UC/IBD-U group, more anxiety was related to lower HRQOL (ß = − .201,p = .001). The model with the psychological variables explained a large and significant amount of variance in both groups: 74% and 83%, respectively (p < .001).

Conclusion

In 10–20-year-old IBD patients, negative illness perceptions and depression were significantly and more strongly associated with lower HRQOL than demographic and disease factors. Thus, it is important to integrate psychological factors in the treatment for IBD patients. To improve HRQOL in young IBD patients, psychological interventions should be targeted at negative illness perceptions and depression.
A comparison of foam stability at varying salinities and surfactant concentrations using bulk foam tests and sandpack flooding
Authors: Hadian Nasr Negar , Mahmood Syed M. , Akbari Saeed , Hematpur Hamed
Published: June 2019

Two conventional approaches for foam screening are core/sandpack flooding and bulk foam stability tests. The former is more accurate, but requires expensive equipment and long test duration. For initial screening, the faster and cost-effective bulk foam stability tests are used to narrow down the selection to a few surfactants, which are then further tested using corefloods/sandpacks. The bulk foam stability tests have been historically used for surfactant selection at a fixed salinity and fixed surfactant concentration. The foam generated in bulk foam stability test was observed to be quite homogeneous, whereas foam generated through porous media is more heterogeneous; hence, a modification to the bulk foam test was made in that a small quantity of quartz river sand was placed at the bottom of the test tube for generating foam that simulates porous media. To evaluate the use of bulk foam and modified bulk foam stability tests for screening and optimizing salinity and surfactant concentrations, sandpack flooding tests were conducted at a range of salinities, and surfactant concentrations and results were compared. Bulk foam stability tests results were found to be compatible with sandpack results for surfactant concentration optimizations, but showed significant deviation for salinity optimization. The modified bulk foam stability tests, however, showed better agreement with sandpack results in both salinity and surfactant concentration tests.
Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in very elderly men: clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes
Authors: Li Qinglin , Zhao Meng , Zhou Feihu
Published: June 2019

Objectives

We explored the risk factors for, and the clinical characteristics of, acute kidney injury (AKI), and the causes of death 28 days after such injury, in very elderly men.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using data from the Geriatric Department of the Chinese PLA General Hospital. A total of 3464 elderly patients (≥ 75 years) were enrolled from January 2007 to December 2015. All patients were followed for 28 days or until death after AKI.

Results

In total, 668 patients (39.0%) developed AKI, and 623 men were included for the final analysis. The median age was 87 years. The 28-day mortality rate was 25.7%. The AKI etiologies were infections (39.6%), hypovolemia (23.8%), cardiovascular events (15.9%), nephrotoxicity (12.0%), and surgery (7.1%). Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (46.4%) and pulmonary infection (22.5%) were the principal causes of death. Multivariate analysis revealed that time for AKI to develop (HR = 0.865; 95% CI 0.799–0.937; P < 0.001), low mean arterial pressure (HR = 0.970; 95% CI 0.958–0.981; P < 0.001), low serum prealbumin (HR = 0.924; 95% CI 0.894–0.955; P < 0.001) level, oliguria (HR = 2.261; 95% CI 1.424–3.590; P = 0.001), mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.492; 95% CI 1.047–2.124; P = 0.027), blood urea nitrogen (HR = 1.037; 95% CI 1.025–1.049; P < 0.001) level, magnesium (HR = 2.512; 95% CI 1.243–5.076; P = 0.010) level, and more severe AKI stages (stage 2: HR = 3.709; 95% CI 1.926–7.141; P < 0.001 and stage 3: HR = 5.660; 95% CI 2.990–10.717; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality.

Conclusions

The incidence of AKI increases significantly as age advanced. Identification of risk factors might lead to more intensive monitoring and early prevention, and might improve AKI patients’ outcomes in the very elderly.
A cross‐lagged model of the link between parental psychological control and adolescent aggression
Authors: He Yan , Yuan Keman , Sun Liping , Bian Yufang
Published: June 2019

Introduction

The present study investigated the longitudinal relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent aggression in Chinese adolescents. We also explored whether adolescent gender plays a moderating role in this relationship.

Methods

A total of 2458 adolescents (mean age = 13.20 ± 0.65 years; 51.3% male) from Beijing, China, participated at three time points during middle school, 1 year apart. Parental psychological control, adolescent aggression, and demographic characteristics were self‐reported at each time point. A cross‐lagged model was conducted.

Results & conclusions

The results showed that adolescent aggression at Time 1 positively predicted parental psychological control at Time 2. Parental psychological control at Time 2 positively predicted adolescent aggression at Time 3. Adolescent aggression at Time 2 predicted parental psychological control at Time 3. These findings provide evidence that supports the reciprocal effects model and further our understanding of the longitudinal and bidirectional relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent aggression. No significant adolescent gender differences were found in terms of the reciprocal effect model.
Lived Experience of Afghan Refugees in Iran Concerning Primary Health Care Delivery
Authors: Azizi Nemat , Delgoshaei Bahram , Aryankhesal Aidin
Published: June 2019

Objective:

Access to primary health care (PHC) is very important for refugees. The aim of this study was to illuminate lived experience of Afghan refugees in Iran regarding PHC delivery.

Methods:

This qualitative study was conducted in 2016–2017 by using the content analysis technique. Data were collected through individual deep interviews with Afghan refugees who lived in Iran. The data were analyzed by using a method by Graneheim and Lundman.

Results:

Four main categories and 12 subcategories were emerged, including (1) challenges before PHC delivery: large number of children, high service cost, not having medical insurance, access to health centers, appointment to get services, simultaneity of breastfeeding, and pregnancy; (2) challenges during PHC delivery: understanding Iranian words, health care provider’s behavior, delay in getting service in PHC centers; (3) challenges after delivery PHC: referral patient, high costs of paraclinics; and (4) free and good services.

Conclusion:

Our results showed that Afghan refugees have several challenges in every stage of PHC delivery. Awareness of such problems can help medical personnel improve delivery of service to Afghan refugees, as well as using trained Afghani nurses to serve the refugees.
Droplet precautions on site instead of single room isolation for respiratory tract infections
Authors: Sommerstein Rami , Castro Lopes Azevedo Tiago , Aerschmann Christina , Hobi Fabienne , Egger Martin , Marschall Jonas
Published: June 2019

We introduced a pragmatic concept of on site droplet precautions instead of single room isolation for rural hospitals in a tiered network. A survey among healthcare workers revealed that this approach was considered comprehensive, safe, and acceptable. This concept could be an alternative for hospitals with few single rooms available for isolation.
Mesoscale modelling of near-contact interactions for complex flowing interfaces
Authors: Montessori A. , Lauricella M. , Tirelli N. , Succi S.
Published: June 2019

We present a mesoscale kinetic model for multicomponent flows, augmented with a short range forcing term, aimed at describing the combined effect of surface tension and near-contact interactions operating at the fluid interface level. Such a mesoscale approach is shown to (i) accurately capture the complex dynamics of bouncing colliding droplets for different values of the main governing parameters, (ii) predict quantitatively the effective viscosity of dense emulsions in micro-channels and (iii) simulate the formation of the so-called soft flowing crystals in microfluidic focusers.
Re-integrating Archaeology: A Contribution to aDNA Studies and the Migration Discourse on the 3rd Millennium BC in Europe
Authors: Furholt Martin
Published: June 2019

Since aDNA research suggested a marked gene influx from Eastern into Central Europe in the 3rd millenniumbc, outdated, simplistic narratives of massive migrations of closed populations have re-appeared in archaeological discussions. A more sophisticated model of migration from the steppes was proposed recently by Kristiansenet al. As a reaction to that proposal, this paper aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by refining the latter model, better integrating archaeological data and anthropological knowledge. It is argued that a polythetic classification of the archaeological material in Central Europe in the 3rd millennium reveals the presence of a new complex of single grave burial rituals which transcends the traditional culture labels. Genetic steppe ancestry is mainly connected to this new kind of burials, rather than to Corded Ware or Bell Beaker materials. Here it is argued that a polythetic view on the archaeological record suggests more complicated histories of migration, population mixtures and interaction than assumed by earlier models, and ways to better integrate detailed studies of archaeological materials with a deeper exploration of anthropological models of mobility and social group composition and the molecular biological data are explored.
Magnetospheric Structure of Rotation-Powered Neutron Stars
Authors: Arons Jonathan
Published: June 2019

I survey recent theoretical work on the structure of the magnetospheres of rotation-powered pulsars, within the observational constraints set by their observed spindown, their ability to power synchrotron nebulae and their ability to produce beamed collective radio emission, while putting only a small fraction of their energy into incoherent X- and gamma radiation. I find no single theory has yet given a consistent description of the magnetosphere, but I conclude that models based on a dense outflow of pairs from the polar caps, permeated by a lower density flow of heavy ions, are the most promising avenue for future research.
An Empirical Theory of Pulsar Emission
Authors: Rankin Joanna M.
Published: June 2019

A system of pulsar profile classification is used as a starting point to study the emission characteristics of pulsars. Two types or mechanisms of pulsar radiation are identified which combine geometrically to produce five major species of profile. The core emission, which forms a pencil beam of radiation, is apparently produced close to the stellar surface throughout the entire polar cap region by low γ particles. The conal emission, which consists of a hollow conical beam, then seems to be emitted at heights of 10 to 20 stellar radii by currents of high γ particles travelling along some of the most peripheral of the “open” field lines.
Spectral Analysis of Four Recycled Pulsars
Authors: Foster R. S. , Fairhead L. , Backer D. C.
Published: June 2019

Flux density measurements of four recycled pulsars, PSR 1620-26, PSR 1821-24, PSR 1855+09, and PSR 1937+21, have been made to determine their spectral indices in the range between 425 MHz to 3 GHz. The four objects are shown to have indices that range from –1.3 to –2.6. The luminosities of these four pulsars are spread over nearly three orders of magnitude. An analytic pulse component model is developed for each object. Individual components are allowed to have different spectral indices and hence different component ratios as a function of frequency. Component separations are evaluated as a function of frequency. The analytic models are used to determine dispersion measures with a precision better than 0.01 pc cm–3 for each object. The intrinsic pulse widths of each of these objects is less than ~4 percent of their respective pulse periods.
Spectral Properties of Microstructure and Very Short Spikes in Pulsar Radio Emission
Authors: Novikov A. Yu. , Soglasnov V. A.
Published: June 2019

Our primordial item (~10 years ago) was to use short “unresolved” spikes, which are seen within individual pulses in some pulsars after dispersion removal (Hankins 1971) for precise measurements of dispersion measure (DM). For this purpose we performed three-frequency observations in the 60-102 MHz frequency range for PSR 0950+08, 0809+74 and 1133+16 (Novikov et al. 1983). The result was that “classical” microstructure (with 0.2, 1.2, and 0.55-ms time scales, respectively) is well correlated over this frequency range, but those bursts with a shorter duration (~100μs) do not show any correlation. In particular, no coincidence of the short “unresolved” spikes at two different frequencies was detected. On the basis of these results we reduced the frequency spacing to 1-2 MHz, but the result was the same (Popov et al. 1985).
Curvature Radiation and Polarized Emission from PSR 2303+30
Authors: Gil J. A.
Published: June 2019

We present 430-M Hz Arecibo single pulse polarization measurements for PSR 2303+30. Single pulses typically consist of one or two subpulses. Each subpulse is associated with circular polarization which reverses sense near the subpulse peak and with its own swing of the position angle which does not coincide with the average position-angle curve. We attempt to explain these complicated characteristics within the framework of a coherent curvature radiation model of pulsar emission.
Dietary vitamin D improves performance and bone mineralisation, but increases parasite replication and compromises gut health in Eimeria-infected broilers
Authors: Sakkas Panagiotis , Oikeh Idiegberanoise , Blake Damer P. , Smith Sheralyn , Kyriazakis Ilias
Published: June 2019

Coccidial infections reduce fat-soluble vitamin status and bone mineralisation in broiler chickens. We hypothesised that broilers infected with Eimeria maxima would benefit from increased dietary supplementation with vitamin D (vitD) or with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3 or 25D3). Broilers were assigned to diets with low (L) or commercial (M) vitD levels (25 v. 100 μg/kg) supplemented as cholecalciferol (D3) or 25D3. At day 11 of age, birds were inoculated with water or 7000 E. maxima oocysts. Pen performance was calculated over the early (days 1–6), acute (days 7–10) and recovery periods (days 11–14) post-infection (pi). At the end of each period, six birds per treatment were dissected to assess long bone mineralisation, plasma levels of 25D3, Ca and P, and intestinal histomorphometry. Parasite replication and transcription of cytokines IL-10 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were assessed at day 6 pi using quantitative PCR. Performance, bone mineralisation and plasma 25D3 levels were significantly reduced during infection (P < 0·05). M diets or diets with 25D3 raised plasma 25D3, improved performance and mineralisation (P < 0·05). Offering L diets compromised feed efficiency pi, reduced femur breaking strength and plasma P levels at day 10 pi in infected birds (P < 0·05). Contrastingly, offering M diets or diets with 25D3 resulted in higher parasite loads (P < 0·001) and reduced jejunal villi length at day 10 pi (P < 0·01), with no effect on IL-10 or IFN-γ transcription. Diets with M levels or 25D3 improved performance and mineralisation, irrespective of infection, while M levels further improved feed efficiency and mineralisation in the presence of coccidiosis.
Reconceptualizing Dimensions of Political Competition In Europe: A Demand-side Approach
Authors: Wheatley Jonathan , Mendez Fernando
Published: June 2019

Scholars seeking to understand political competition in Europe have proposed various models of political dimensionality. While most scholars draw on data from the supply side of politics (political parties), demand-side (voter) studies remain few. In this article we compare the two approaches. The main difference is that while supply-side approaches suggest a single model of dimensionality that can be applied to all EU countries, demand-side approaches suggest a greater degree of divergence. In particular, the bundle of issues commonly identified by supply-side studies as TAN/GAL not only fail to form a coherent dimension when viewed from a demand-side perspective, but incorporate issues of EU integration in some (northern European) cases, but not in others.
James Gregory's Mathematical Work: A Study based chiefly on his Letters
Authors: Gibson George A.
Published: June 2019

James Gregory was the third son of the Rev. John Gregory, minister of Drumoak, a small parish near Aberdeen. His mother was the daughter of David Anderson of Finzeach in Aberdeenshire, and related to Alexander Anderson, a friend of Vieta and a teacher of mathematics in Paris. Gregory is said to have received his first lessons in mathematics from his mother, but in due course he passed on first to the Grammar School and then to Marischal College, Aberdeen, where he graduated. In 1663 his Optica Promota was published in London, and he spent some time in that city after the publication of his book in the hope of securing facilities for constructing a telescope on the principles he had laid down in the Optica. His efforts were however unsuccessful, and he went to Italy where he continued his mathematical studies. After a residence of three years in Padua he returned to Scotland in 1668. In 1669 he was appointed to the Chair of Mathematics at St Andrews; in that position he had a busy and, as the years passed, a rather troubled life, so that he was glad to accept a call in 1674 to be Professor of Mathematics at Edinburgh where, as he says in a letter to a friend in Paris, “my salary is double and my encouragements much greater.” His Edinburgh professorship was however very brief as he died in October 1675. An interesting sketch of his life is given by Agnes Grainger Stewart in The Academic Gregories, a volume of the “Famous Scots Series.”
On the Non-Euclidean Analogues of Tarry's Point
Authors: Gabbatt J. P.
Published: June 2019

The point known in elementary geometry by the name of Tarry was first discussed by that writer as the point of concurrence of the perpendiculars respectively from the vertices of the base-triangle to the corresponding sides of Brocards first triangle. Tarry's point is the point of the circumcircle diametrically opposite to Steiner's point, which is the fourth common point of the circumcircle and Steiner's circumellipse
Some Considerations in reference to the Fall in the Rate of Interest experienced in the Past, and the Probability of its Continuance
Authors: Burn Joseph
Published: June 2019

“The rate of interest has fallen.” “The rate of interest is falling.” “The rate of interest will probably continue to fall.” These sentences, and others of a similar nature, we have read so often, that I fear it is quite possible “familiarity” may, to some extent, have had its usual effect. The fact remains, however, that any further fall in the interest yield is of vital importance to insurance companies with large funds to invest, and bound by contracts, the fulfilment of which depends, to a large extent, on the rate of interest obtainable.
Changes in Pure Premium Policy-Values consequent upon variations in the Rate of Interest or the Rate of Mortality, or upon the introduction of the Rate of Discontinuance
Authors: Lidstone George James
Published: June 2019

The volumes of the Journal contain numerous theoretical investigations dealing with the changes produced in Policy-values by alterations in the basis of valuation, and a number of interesting and important results have been obtained, of which the most valuable have been embodied in the Text-Book, Part II, Chapter xviii, Articles 39–72. These investigations are almost entirely based upon analytical transformations of algebraical expressions for the Policy-value. Fruitful as this method has been, and elegant as are many of its processes and results, it yet labours under certain serious disadvantages. From the nature of the method it can be applied only to the limited class of benefits—practically confined to ordinary Whole-Life and Endowment Assurances, with uniform Premiums and Benefits—which admit of the Policy-values being expressed in an algebraical form involving only one class of function, e.g., ax, Ax or Px: so that relations which are really of very wide generality remain undemonstrated, except for those particular classes of Assurance. Again, demonstrations based upon a particular mathematical formula for the Policy-value are not easily modified to meet changes of conditions which, though slight in themselves, may render the fundamental formula completely inapplicable: while abstract analytical demonstrations are both harder to grasp in the first instance, and harder to reproduce or adapt when subsequently required, than are demonstrations based upon more concrete considerations.
Legal Notes
Authors: Barrand Arthur Rhys
Published: June 2019

The case of Kettlewell v. Refuge Assurance Company, which deals with the effect of unauthorized representations by assurance agents, and has, by reason of its importance, attracted considerable attention, has already been referred to in these Notes in connection with its appearance before the Divisional Court (J.I.A., xli, 574). The case has since been heard on appeal by the Court of Appeal, and it may be convenient briefly to recapitulate the facts. The plaintiff effected a policy on the life of one James Kettlewell, with the defendants. After paying the premiums for a year, she proposed to allow the policy to lapse, but on the representations of the defendants' district superintendent and agent, that if she continued to pay premiums until the expiration of five years from the date of policy she would be entitled to a free policy, she continued to pay the premiums until the end of these five years, when she claimed the free policy. The representations so made by the defendants' agents were untrue to their knowledge, and were made without the authority of the defendants, and in these circumstances the latter refused to grant the free policy. The plaintiff then brought an action to recover back the premiums paid by her on the faith of these representations. It was given in evidence for the assurance company that their agents were employed only for the purpose of procuring proposals for policies, and that they had no authority to make any contract for the defendants. The County Court judge entered judgment for the plaintiff for the amount of premiums paid since the date when the false representations were made, and on appeal, the Divisional Court upheld this decision, holding that the fact that the defendants had been at risk during the four years covered by these premiums did not disentitle the plaintiff to rescind the contract of insurance and recover back the premiums paid.
On the Annuity Business of British Offices and the Valuation thereof
Authors: Oakley H. J. P.
Published: June 2019

The subject of Annuities, in relation to the transactions of the Life Offices of this country, has seldom received definite consideration at the meetings of our Institute. An examination of the contents of the Text-Book and of the Index to the Journal furnishes abundant proof of the attention which has been given to the theory, but in regard to the practical working of annuity business, little has of late years been written. The most important contribution in the Journal, from the latter point of view, is that by Mr. G. H. Ryan (read before the Institute seventeen years ago) “On a Method for determining the Gain or Loss from Mortality in an Annuity Company.” Therein reference was made to another contribution by the same author, read before the Actuarial Society of Edinburgh during the Session 1884-5, and published in the first volume of the Transactions of that Society, “On the Several Mortality Tables Employed in the Valuation of Annuity Contracts.” Changes of the utmost importance have taken place during the period which has since elapsed, and it is proposed herein to deal with the cause and effect of such changes, and to gather therefrom some guidance for the future.
On Staff Pension Funds: The Progress of the Accumulation of the Funds; The Identity of a Valuation with The Future Progress of a Fund; The Manner of Dealing with Funds Which are Insolvent; and Sundry Observations
Authors: Manly Henry William
Published: June 2019

1. Mr. James John M’Lauchlan has done excellent service, in his Presidential Address to the Faculty of Actuaries on the 30th of November 1908, by drawing attention to the natural growth of a normal Pension Fund, and the necessity of accumulating large invested funds during the first 40 or 50 years of its existence, in order to provide for the heavy liabilities which will then be maturing for payment. He has done this by a few simple and easily understood illustrations involving a very considerable amount of accurate calculations which do not appear in the work.
The Investment of Life Assurance Funds
Authors: May G. E.
Published: June 2019

At first sight one might perhaps be loth to admit that a very close analogy can be drawn between the insurance of under-average lives and the investment of life assurance funds. It seems to me, however, that in some important respects the two operations are comparable.

I think it must be admitted that practically any life, however bad, would be insurable provided the risk to be run could be accurately assessed and the requisite premium charged. Similarly, almost any investment would be worth buying provided that the risk of the loss of capital could be accurately gauged and the rate of interest was sufficiently large to pay what may be called an investment rate and to provide a sufficient margin to cover the risk of loss of capital.
The Maubara fort, a relic of eighteenth-century local autonomy and Dutch–Portuguese rivalry on Timor
Authors: Farram Steven
Published: June 2019

The European rivals for colonial domination on the island of Timor in the eighteenth century relied on alliances with the many Timorese principalities for influence outside their own small settlements; the Dutch at Kupang and the Portuguese at Lifau. The central Timorese principality of Maubara sought an alliance with the Dutch in 1755, resulting in the building there of a Dutch fort a few years later. The Dutch had hoped that this alliance would facilitate extension of their authority in the eastern districts. However, the Portuguese moved their capital to Dili in 1769 and Maubara was soon surrounded by Portuguese allies. The Dutch continued to supply Maubara with sporadic support, but finally surrendered it to the Portuguese in 1861. This article examines the Dutch claim to Maubara, the circumstances surrounding the erection of the fort, and the reasons for its later abandonment to the Portuguese.
Seasonal and spatial vulnerability to agricultural damage by elephants in the western Serengeti, Tanzania
Authors: Denninger Snyder Kristen , Mneney Philemon , Benjamin Benson , Mkilindi Peter , Mbise Noel
Published: June 2019

In the western Serengeti of Tanzania, African elephant Loxodonta africana populations are increasing, which is rare across the species’ range. Here, conservation objectives come into conflict with competing interests such as agriculture. Elephants regularly damage crops, which threatens livelihoods and undermines local support for conservation. For damage reduction efforts to be successful, limited resources must be used efficiently and strategies for mitigation and prevention should be informed by an understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of crop damage. We assessed historical records of crop damage by elephants to describe the dynamics and context of damage in the western Serengeti. We used binary data and generalized additive models to predict the probability of crop damage at the village level in relation to landscape features and metrics of human disturbance. During 2012–2014 there were 3,380 reports of crop damage by elephants submitted to authorities in 42 villages. Damage was concentrated in villages adjacent to a reserve boundary and peaked during periods of crop maturity and harvest. The village-level probability of crop damage was negatively associated with distance from a reserve, positively with length of the boundary shared with a reserve, and peaked at moderate levels of indicators of human presence. Spatially aggregated historical records can provide protected area managers and regional government agencies with important insights into the distribution of conflict across the landscape and between seasons, and can guide efforts to optimize resource allocation and future land use planning efforts.
Inter-population variation in the intensity of host manipulation by the fish acanthocephalanPomphorhynchus tereticollis: are differences driven by predation risk?
Authors: Fayard M. , Cezilly F. , Perrot-Minnot M.-J.
Published: June 2019

Many trophically-transmitted parasites induce behavioural alteration in their intermediate hosts that tend to increase host vulnerability to predation. Inter-population variability in parasite-induced alterations is expected to arise from variable local opportunities for trophic transmission. Yet, this hypothesis has not been investigated so far. We addressed the issue in four populations of the fish parasitePomphorhynchus tereticollis(Acanthocephala), using variable fish biomass density as a proxy for transmission opportunities. We found variation in the intensity of parasite-induced changes in phototaxis and refuge use among populations. Two of the populations with the lowest predator biomass exhibited the highest levels of behavioural manipulation and prevalence, as expected at low transmission opportunities. They also exhibited micro-habitat segregation between infected and uninfected gammarids in the field. In addition, infection had variable effects on two physiological defence systems, immunity and antioxidant capacity, and on total protein content. Overall, our study brings partial support to the prediction that host manipulation and prevalence should be higher at low predator biomass. Although stronger evidence should be sought by increasing population replicates, our study points to the importance of the ecological context, specifically transmission opportunities brought about by predation pressure, for the evolution of parasite manipulation in trophically-transmitted parasites.
Inscriptions from Upper Macedonia
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Woodward A. M.
Published: June 2019

Upper Macedonia is the upland country which lies at the back of Mount Bermius as regards Macedonia properly so-called, which is the Campagna between the hills and the sea at the head of the Gulf of Salonica. Beyond the hills Olympus, Bermius, and their continuation northward, lies Upper Macedonia about the valleys of the Haliakmon and Erigon and round the lakes of Ochrida, Presba and Kastoria. This was the fourth region of Macedonia according to the Roman division after the defeat of Perseus at Pydna in 168. This region according to Livy included Eordaia, Lynkestis, Pelagonia, Stymphalis (sic), Elimiotis and Atintania. The country to-day falls naturally by its geographical features into several divisions and these correspond, as far as our information goes, with the ancient districts. Going westwards from Edessa along the line of the Via Egnatia, near the lakes, of which Lake Ostrovo is the chief, the traveller first reaches some hilly country which forms the watershed between the valleys of the Erigon and Haliakmon. To the north in the valley of the Erigon is a long, narrow plain stretching from Fiorina past Monastir to just beyond Krushevo and Prilep. The northern part of this plain is itself separated from the rest by a low range of hills about the villages of Tsepik and Topoltsani.
The Master of the Eucharides-Stamnos in Copenhagen
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: June 2019

The only extant vase with the love-name Eucharides is a red-figured stamnos of severe style in the National Museum at Copenhagen. Twenty-three vases must be assigned to the painter of the Eucharides-stamnos, among them such well-known pieces as the Danae-stamnos in St. Petersburg, the Tityos-vase in the British Museum, and the krater with Sarpedon or Memnon in the Louvre. His work, though not of the highest quality, is interesting in many ways; so I propose to make a list of his remaining vases, to describe the more prominent characteristics of his style, and to indicate very briefly the place he occupies in the history of Attic vase-painting.
Inventory of the vases and other Objects from the cemetery
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Huxley George , Sandars Nancy
Published: June 2019

I. 1. Rhyton (Fig. 26, Plate 54c). Ht. 0·364. Ht. incl. handle 0·405. Diam. at tip 0·104. Diam. of spout 0·02. Broken but complete; the paint is slightly worn and the rim chipped. The painting is in orange and brown, with linear decoration on the lower part of the cone and interlocking zigzags above. The lip and the outer edges of the handle are outlined. The handle is of the raised metallic type and the lip overhangs slightly; the tip of the spout is offset a little to the rear. The buff clay without slip forms the ground for the decoration.

The shape of the vase corresponds with Furumark's Type 199 (MP 71–72). The rhyton may be compared with the example from Palaikastro (Palaikastro 104 fig. 87a) and belongs to the L.M. IIIA 1 phase. For the zigzags cf. MP 182.

I. 2. Piriform Jug (Fig. 26, Plate 54a, d). Ht. 0·29. Max. diam. 0·18. Diam. of base 0·06. Broken but complete, with well preserved black and brown decoration. The base is splaying and flat. A repeated S-pattern is incised at the base of the neck moulding. The lip is cut away above the handle. Argonauts are arranged in series around the shoulder, and a fish has been painted below the base of the handle. Bands around the neck join to form a chevron at the front. The edges of the handle are outlined. The argonaut is a development of the L.M. IA type and lacks tentacles.
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the United Kingdom and France: The Channel Arbitration
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

The decision of the ad hoc court of arbitration on the delimitation of the continental shelf between the United Kingdom and France is undoubtedly the most important addition to the body of law relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf since the decision of the International Court of Justice in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases. The reasons for the decision will be of particular interest in Canada in view of unsettled boundaries with the United States on the east and west coasts and in the Beaufort Sea, and with France in respect of St. Pierre and Miquelon. The arbitration was a consequence of the inability of France and the United Kingdom to settle by negotiation their continental shelf boundary westward of 30 degrees west of Greenwich to the outer limit of the shelf. The principal difficulties were the effect to be given to the Channel Islands and the method for delimiting the area of shelf lying beyond the land of either country out into the Atlantic, the area denoted by the tribunal as the “Atlantic region.”
Cyclops Meets the Privy Council: The Conflict in the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Morgan Ed
Published: June 2019

In the Showlag case, the Privy Council had to decide which of two conflicting foreign judgments it was to enforce, the first-in-time or the last-in-time. The “Cyclops” chapter in James Joyce’s Ulysses presents a modernized reenactment of the epic encounter between Odysseus and the cave dwelling one-eyed monster. The author explores the relationship between the legal conflict and the dramatic conflict, together with the judicial resolution and the literary resolution of the problems at hand. The article focuses on the nature of argument as displayed and worked through in the case law and in the novel, and points out the difficulty law has in overcoming intractably conflicting rules. In doing so, the author highlights the struggle in international law between national independence and national submission to law — the voices of sovereignty and the voices of internationalism.
Le droit des peuples: l’autodétermination dans le contexte canadien
Authors: Binette André
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Professor Cassese’s latest book is a major contribution to the study of the Law and the practice of self-determination of peoples. This work is particularly relevant for the jurist who is trying to analyze the cases of the Québécois and the Native peoples of Canada within the present debate on the evolution of the right of self-determination. Although the author’s views will not be shared by all, they will remain an indispensable reference for many years to come.
La conclusion d’accords internationaux par les provinces canadiennes à la lumière du droit comparé
Authors: Morin Jagques-Yvan
Published: June 2019

Voilà Près D’un Siècle qu‘est apparu dans les Etats fédéraux le problème de l’attribution du pouvoir de conclure des traités. Considéré par maints publicistes comme l’un des attributs essentiels de la souveraineté de l’Etat, le jus tractatuum doit-il ressortir uniquement aux organes centraux de la fédération ou peut-il appartenir également aux Etats-membres? Après avoir éludé cette question pendant trente ans, le Canada doit désormais, à son tour, tenter d’y apporter une réponse.

A l'époque où furent établies les premières fédérations modernes, les Etats-Unis et la Suisse, les traités portaient sur des objets qui intéressaient principalement les gouvernements centraux, tels que les alliances, le commerce et le tarif; en outre, les traités multilatéraux étaient peu fréquents et les “traités-lois” rarissimes. Néanmoins, la Constitution américaine de 1787, après avoir prescrit que les traités relevaient des organes fédéraux et interdit aux Etats de l'Union de “conclure aucun traité, alliance ou confédération,” ne leur défendit point de conclure des “accords ou pactes” avec les Puissances étrangères, à condition qu’ils aient obtenu l’autorisation du Congrès. De même, les cantons suisses conservèrent exceptionnellement, dans la Constitution de 1848, le droit de conclure des “traités” avec les Etats étrangers sur des objets concernant l’économie publique ainsi que les rapports de voisinage et de police, pourvu que ces accords ne contiennent rien de contraire à la Confédération. Nous aurons l’occasion d’étudier la portée de ces textes de loi par la suite; il suffit, pour l’instant, de noter que les constituants de ces premiers Etats fédéraux reconnurent la possibilité pour les Etats-membres d’établir des rapports conventionnels avec l’étranger dans certains domaines, toutes précautions étant prises, par ailleurs, pour que les accords ainsi conclus soient compatibles avec l’existence des liens fédératifs.
Transboundary Environmental Disputes along the Canada-US Frontier: Revisiting the Efficacy of Applying the Rules of State Responsibility
Authors: Gray Kevin R.
Published: June 2019

The efficacy of the rules of state responsibility for transboundary environmental harm can be questioned in light of recent disputes between Canada and the United States. Stemming from the “no-harm” principle, the obligation to prevent transboundary damage represents an integral part of international environmental law. It is reflected in a wide body of international treaties, mirroring state practice. It also forms the basis for international cooperation on transboundary and global environmental issues. This article examines how the rules of state responsibility regarding transboundary environmental damage are applied by two states that share a long contiguous border and a legacy of amicable relations. Upon examination, the limits of such rules are increasingly becoming evident in light of some recent disputes. Attempts to overlook the rules of state responsibility, paralleled with the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction, have undermined the status of the rules of state responsibility. Moreover, these phenomena highlight the difficulty of applying loosely defined international legal principles to practical situations where vested interests beyond those of the states involved are at play.
Obeying Restraints: Applying the Plea of Superior Orders to Military Defendants before the International Criminal Court
Authors: Penny Christopher K.
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the content and ramifications of the unique plea of superior orders, illustrating the complexities of absolving wartime behaviour on this basis as well as the legitimate rationale for doing so in certain cases. The article discusses the general legal obligation for soldiers to obey commands; outlines the historical development and legal content of the corresponding plea of superior orders, including its incorporation into theRome Statute of the International Criminal Court(ICC); and assesses the potential future application by the ICC of this specialized “mistake of law” doctrine. The author argues that in light of its moral and practical ramifications it should be considered by the court as both a full defence and a factor in mitigation of sentence, in a manner conceptually distinct from duress. However, the author cautions that the ICC must be careful to encourage, rather than discourage, individual moral autonomy, to the extent possible. A full defence should remain open to soldiers only when they have acted under a reasonable albeit mistaken belief in the legality of their orders. Especially on the modern battlefield, soldiers must continue to act and be judged as “reasoning agents” and not as mere automatons.
The International Labour Organization and Its Contribution to the Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Yupsanis Athanasios
Published: June 2019

From its very inception, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has been a pioneer in addressing indigenous peoples’ issues, albeit initially from a culturally biased, integrationist perspective. Its contributions have progressed from the preparation of studies on the working conditions of indigenous peoples in the 1920s, to the elaboration of recommendations and conventions on indigenous labour rights in the early 1940s and 1950s, and most recently to the adoption of legally binding instruments recognizing a broader range of indigenous rights, such as those pertaining to land and resources, which are at the top of indigenous peoples’ agendas. This article reviews and assesses these developments with a particular focus on ILO Convention nos. 107 (1957) and 169 (1989). The author concludes that, setting aside its initially assimilationist orientation, the ILO has made invaluable contributions in partial satisfaction of indigenous demands and has succeeded in establishing a solid floor of basic, minimum prerequisites for the safeguarding of the dignity and rights of these most disadvantaged, both historically and presently, peoples.