bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Evidence for Ca-Chloride Ion Pairs in the Interlayer of Montmorillonite. an XRD Profile Modeling Approach
Authors: Ferrage Eric , Tournassat Christophe , Rinnert Emmanuel , Charlet Laurent , Lanson Bruno
Published: July 2005

Montmorillonite was equilibrated with high normality Cl− solutions to assess the possible presence of MeCl+ ion pairs in smectite interlayers suggested by chemical modeling of cation exchange experimental studies. Structural modifications induced by the presence of such ion pairs, and more especially those related to smectite hydration properties, were characterized from the modeling of experimental X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles. As compared to those obtained from samples prepared at low ionic strength, XRD patterns from samples equilibrated in high ionic strength CaCl2 solutions exhibited a small positional shift of 00l basal reflections indicating a greater layer thickness. The rationality of basal reflection positions is also improved and the width of these reflections is decreased. These qualitative modifications are related to the existence of a more homogeneous hydration state with the sole presence at 40% relative humidity (RH) of bi-hydrated smectite layers (2W layers) in high ionic strength samples. By contrast, layers with contrasting hydration states coexist in samples prepared at low ionic strength. The stability of this homogeneous 2W hydration state is also extended towards low RH values in the sample prepared at high ionic strength.

In addition, the intensity distribution is modified in samples prepared at high ionic strength as compared to those obtained at low ionic strength. In particular the relative intensity of the 002 reflection is strongly enhanced in the former samples. This modification arises from an increased electron density in the interlayer mid-plane of 2W layers which is best explained by the presence of cation-chloride ion pairs replacing the divalent cations occupying this structural position in low ionic strength samples. The increased amounts of interlayer species (ion pairs and H2O molecules), which are confirmed by nearinfrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results, and the larger size of CaCl+ pairs as compared to Ca2+ cations lead to a more stable layer thickness, probably as a result of decreased layer corrugation. Consistent results were obtained for Sr and Mg cations.
Clay-Porphyrin Systems: Spectroscopic Evidence of TMPyP Protonation, non-Planar Distortion and Meso Substituent Rotation
Authors: Dias Patrícia Moura , de Faria Dalva Lúcia A. , Constantino Vera R. Leopoldo
Published: July 2005

The interaction of the water-soluble 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(l -methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TMPyP) with different 2:1 phyllosilicates was examined by Raman and UV-visible spectroscopies. The clay samples were saturated with the tetracationic porphyrin and isolated from the aqueous suspension. A red shift of the Soret band was observed for all the clay-TMPyP systems in the order vermiculite < Laponite < mica-smectite (Syn-1) < montmorillonite (SWy-2). Furthermore, three components were observed for the Soret band (at ~425, 455 and 488 nm). Raman spectra of the isolated solids excited at 457.9 nm, 488.0 nm and 514.5 nm suggest the occurrence of porphyrin protonation, nonplanar distortion and rotation of the meso substituent. Based on the vibrational data, an acidity scale was proposed for the clays: vermiculite < Laponite < SWy-2 < Syn-1. The relative contribution of the protonated spectra is larger at 457.9 nm than at 488.0 nm, suggesting that the peak at 455 nm corresponds to the protonated species. In Laponite, the relative intensity of the meso substituent band at ~1635 cm-1 indicates that the dihedral angle formed between the porphyrin and the methyl-pyridyl rings decreased in the non-protonated porphyrin as a consequence of intercalation. Raman data are thus consistent with the presence of at least two porphyrin species in resonance at 457.9 nm: the protonated and a more planar non-protonated porphyrin. At 488.0 nm the number of enhanced modes increases suggesting a decrease in the porphyrin symmetry. This allows assignment of the absorption band centered at 488 nm to a non-planar porphyrin conformation.
Reaction of Phosphate Compounds with a High-Silica Allophane
Authors: Okada Kiyoshi , Nishimuta Koji , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Nakajima Akira , MacKenzie Kenneth J. D.
Published: July 2005

The loading of various phosphates on the surfaces of nanoparticles of allophane (1–2SiO2·Al2O3·5–6H2O) was investigated. The allophane used was a high-silica type with a Si/Al ratio of 0.85. The phosphate-sorption isotherm was measured using (NH4)2HPO4 solution, which showed the highest phosphate sorption of the seven phosphates examined. This sorption isotherm was in better agreement with the Langmuir equation than the Freundlich equation. The resulting maximum sorption capacity was 4.87 mmol/g and the Langmuir constant was 0.0033 L/mmol. The sorption energy (ΔG) calculated from the Langmuir constant was −2.96 kJ/mol. The amount of loaded phosphate varied greatly according to the phosphate used, being greater for orthophosphates than for polyphosphates. The amount of loaded phosphate also depended on the cation present, in the order Ca-Na-NH4-phosphate. The Si/Al ratios of the samples were decreased by orthophosphate loading due to the partial replacement of SiO4 by PO4 tetrahedra, but this effect was offset by the partial dissolution of the allophane by polyphosphate loading. The 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra of all the phosphateloaded samples showed an increase of a peak at −90 ppm (the Q1–Q3 polymerized tetrahedral unit) and the decrease of a peak at −78 ppm peak (the Qo monomeric tetrahedral unit). The 31P MAS NMR spectra showed peaks at ~−10 ppm, assigned to Q2 units corresponding to polymerized tetrahedra which consisted of loaded PO4 together with Si(Al)O4. The structure changes produced in allophane by phosphate loading are discussed in light of these data.
The Heat Capacity of the Serpentine Subgroup Mineral Berthierine (Fe2.5Al0.5)[Si1.5Al0.5O5](OH)4
Authors: Bertoldi Christian , Dachs Edgar , Cemic Lado , Theye Thomas , Wirth Richard , Groger Werner
Published: July 2005

The serpentine subgroup mineral berthierine was synthesized as a metastable precursor of the chlorite group mineral chamosite in cold seal pressure vessels at 575°C, 0.5 GPa and fO2-conditions of the NNO buffer from a glass of almandine bulk composition. The run products were investigated with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis. One run product was also investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and its heat capacity measured by heat pulse calorimetry and by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range 5–323 K. The XRD and HRTEM investigations clearly showed that the periodicity along the c axis of this sample is 7 Å demonstrating that the serpentine subgroup mineral berthierine of composition (Fe2+1.83Fe3+0.33Al0 67)[Si1.33Al0.67O5](OH)4 has formed in the synthesis experiments.

Integration of our heat capacity data, corrected to the composition (Fe2.5Al0.5)[Si1.5Al0.5O5](OH)4 for end-member berthierine, yields a standard entropy of 284.1±0.3 J mol−1 K−1. The Cp polynomial Cp = 610.72 − 5140.0 × T−0.5 − 5.8848 × 106T−2 + 9.5444 × 108T–3 is recommended for thermodynamic calculations above 298 K involving berthierine.
Characterization of Expandable Clay Minerals in Lake Baikal Sediments by Thermal Dehydration and Cation Exchange
Authors: Grygar Tomas , Bezdicka Petr , Hradil David , Hruskova Michaela , Novotna Katerina , Kadlec Jaroslav , Pruner Petr , Oberhansli Hedi
Published: July 2005

The sedimentary series from Academician Ridge, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia, was examined using cation exchange capacity (CEC) to estimate the amount of expandable clay minerals (ECM) and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) to determine their basic classification. The comparison of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) at sub-millennial resolution and the δl8O record of a reference Atlantic core (ODP 980) was used to create an age model. The most closely studied part of the series covered the major part of the last glacial cycle (120–20 ky BP). The HT-XRD analysis is based on monitoring the course of ECM dehydration with 5°C steps between 25 and 250°C and enabled us to improve the discrimination between ECM, chlorite and micas. The CEC obtained at millennial resolution showed that the neoformation of ECM in warmer periods of the last interglacial was either insignificant or fully compensated by their dissolution or dilution. The CEC record was correlated with the main climatic stages in the period studied. Both MS and CEC records reflected the environmental changes at about millennial resolution, including climatic instabilities between 117 and 73 ky BP (late MIS5).
Weathering Process of Volcanic Glass to Allophane Determined by 27Al and 29Si Solid-State NMR
Authors: Hiradate Syuntaro , Wada Shin-Ichiro
Published: July 2005

To clarify the weathering process of volcanic glass to allophane, solid-state 29Si and 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals of four Japanese volcanic glasses and two (Al- and Si-rich) allophanes were assigned. The volcanic glasses showed a broad 29Si NMR signal between −80 and −120 ppm with the peak centered at ~ −104 ppm, indicating that they were rich in Si-O-Si bridging structure (silica gel-like polymer Si). Aluminum was present in tetrahedral form in the four volcanic glass samples. In both Al- and Si-rich allophanes, octahedral Al (3 ppm by 27Al NMR) and imogolite-like Si (Q33VIAl, −78 ppm by 29Si NMR) were the major components. In a Si-rich allophane, NMR signals centered at around −85 ppm for 29Si and 55 ppm for 27Al were also observed, although it is possible that those signals were derived from impurities. Impurities could have originated from the soils and/or been unexpectedly synthesized during the purification procedures, e.g. during hot 2% Na2CO3 treatments. Based on the NMR spectra of size-fractionated soil samples, the weathering process of volcanic glass to allophane was proposed as follows: (1) dissolution of Al from volcanic glass accompanied by the transformation of IVAl to VIAl; (2) formation of a gibbsite-like sheet resulting from the hydrolysis of the dissolved Al; (3) dissolution of silica gel-like polymer Si in volcanic glass resulting in the formation of monosilicic acid; and (4) formation of Si(OH)(OVI,Al)3 structure (Q33VIAl) as a result of the reaction between the gibbsite-like sheet and the monosilicic acid. These formation reactions of allophane could occur in solution as well as on the surface of volcanic glass.
Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils on Pyroclastic Deposits in the Island of Lipari (Italy)
Authors: Mirabella A. , Egli M. , Raimondi S. , Giaccai D.
Published: July 2005

The island of Lipari (Italy) is characterized by calc-alkaline to potassic volcanism and a Mediterranean-type climate. The mineralogical and chemical features of two different soil profiles with ages of 92,000 and 10,000–40,000 y, respectively, have been investigated. There were no Andisols, but Vitric and Vertic Cambisols have developed at both sites. Although the morphology of the soils was similar, remarkable differences in the clay mineralogy between the two sites were observed. The site with the Vitric Cambisol was associated with the weathering sequence: glass → halloysite → kaolinite or interstratified kaolinite-2:1 clay minerals. Both sites had smectite in the clay fraction and, to a large extent, this smectite had a low charge and could be characterized as a dioctahedral montmorillonite. At the site with a Vertic Cambisol, smectite was the predominant mineral phase in the clay fraction. The smectites (predominantly montmorillonite) found in this soil were probably not of pedogenetic origin and are, therefore, inherited from the parent material. Their formation is due to hydrothermal alteration of glass particles during or immediately after the emplacement of the pyroclastic flow. The octahedral character of the smectites did not change from the C to the A horizon indicating that they are resistant to weathering processes. A high-charge expandable mineral was detected in small concentrations in the Vertic Cambisol and had a dioctahedral structure. In this case also, no signs of significant weathering or transformation could be detected in the soil profile. In contrast to many other investigations, no active smectite formation within the soil profiles could be measured. The subtropical and rather dry climate in Lipari might, therefore, favor the persistence of dioctahedral low-charge montmorillonites that are associated with a small amount of a high-charge expandable mineral in the soil.
The No Child Left Behind and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Acts: The Uneven Impact of Partially Funded Federal Mandates on Education of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children
Authors: Moores Donald F
Published: July 2005

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 is having a major impact on the education of deaf and hard of hearing children, and in many ways has taken on an importance far in excess of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which has been evolving since 1975. Congress has appropriated less money for both laws than their authorizations have called for. NCLB has 10 titles, none of which address the education of disabled children, of whom almost 7 million are identified as attending public school. Three components of NCLB have major implications for all children, including deaf and hard of hearing students: assessment; demonstrated annual yearly progress; and the mandate for highly qualified teachers. The implications for deaf and hard of hearing children, many of whom will not be identified in the present statewide assessment system, are mixed but, on balance, negative.
The Syntax and Semantics of Homeric Glowing Eyes: Iliad 1.200
Authors: Turkeltaub Daniel
Published: July 2005

An expanded version of the theory of traditional referentiality suggests that the ambiguous glowing eyes of Iliad 1.200 are Achilles', not Athena's. The image "glowing eyes" bifurcates into two syntactic groups, a verb group and an adjective group, with different connotations. The verb group is associated with enraged mortals; the adjective group, vision and the divine. This division suggests that the verbally glowing eyes in Iliad 1.200 belong to Achilles and express his fury. Yet, colored by the adjective group, they also imply Achilles' tragedy by indexing his vision, semi-divinity, and vitality at the moment when he seals his doom.
Mourning the Puer Delicatus : Status Inconsistency and the Ethical Value of Fostering in Statius, Silvae 2.1
Authors: Bernstein Neil W.
Published: July 2005

In Silvae 2.1, Statius laments the premature death of the libertus Glaucias, the alumnus of Atedius Melior. This paper examines Statius' response to the rhetorical difficulties posed by Glaucias' status inconsistency and the ambiguous ethical value of fostering in the literary tradition. By presenting alternative models of status, Silvae 2.1 reflects the increasing social power of freedmen and their descendants. Through its representation of Melior's atypical response to orbitas (most attested adoptive and fostering relationships occurred between individuals of similar status), the poem also reflects contemporary demographic and social concerns.
The Figure of Echo in the Homeric Hymn to Pan
Authors: Germany Robert
Published: July 2005

This paper presents a literary reading of the Homeric Hymn to Pan, tracing the effects of phonetic, verbal, and thematic repetitions throughout the hymn and especially surrounding the appearance of Echo in line 21. A close reading of the structures generated by these repetitions reveals a complex superimposition of structural schemata, and a psychoanalytic reader-response analysis relates our deferred expectation for closure to Pan's disappointed desire for Echo in the erotic myth. The nightingale simile, in its allusion to the Odyssey, enacts another kind of echo and illustrates the self-conscious intertextuality of the archaic Greek poetics of variation.
Jason's Reconciliation with Telamon: A Moral Exemplar in Apollonius' Argonautica (1.1286-1344)
Authors: Mori Anatole
Published: July 2005

At the end of the first book of Apollonius' Argonautica, Telamon accuses Jason of plotting to leave Heracles behind, an insult for which Telamon later apologizes. This article suggests that their reconciliation unites the Alexandrian interest in what is appropriate for epic with Aristotelian views on anger and political friendship, two themes that resonate throughout the poem. While Telamon's apology and Jason's moderate response revise the structure of traditional epic quarrels, the portrayal of self-control in this episode constitutes a moral exemplar in keeping with those Homeric scenes that were admired by ancient philosophers.
Sympathetic Rivals: Consolation in Cicero's Letters
Authors: Wilcox Amanda
Published: July 2005

Both epistolary rhetoric and the practice of epistolography reflect the fact that competition for prestige was pervasive in Roman culture. Indeed, even Ciceronian letters of consolation, which a modern reader might expect to be exempt from social striving, are shaped by emulation and evaluation. Additionally, consolatory exchanges—letters of consolation preserved together with their replies—show that the challenges to a consolatory letter's bereaved addressee to meet or exceed a certain standard of behavior, and specifically to emulate the letter's author, were answered and challenged in turn.
Non-Clinical Factors Associated with Variation in Cataract Surgery Waiting Times in Manitoba
Authors: De Coster Carolyn
Published: July 2005

Cataract surgery is the highest-volume surgical procedure in Canada, with over 200,000 performed annually, mostly (85%) on persons aged 65 or older. Concerns have been raised about wait times to access this procedure. This study explores the relationship between waiting times for cataract surgery in Manitoba and a variety of characteristics, including age, sex, socio-economic status, region of residence, health status, surgeon, and surgeon's caseload. The study included 6,114 individuals who had first-eye cataract surgery between November 1, 1998, and March 31, 2000, in Winnipeg, MB. Significant predictors of variation in wait times were age, sex, having a hospitalization while waiting, and surgeon. The model explained 32.5 per cent of the variance in wait times; specific surgeon independently explained 29.5 per cent of the variance. Median waiting times varied widely by surgeon, ranging from 61 to 399 days. Differences in surgeons' expected wait times should be available to patients and referring clinicians.
Use of Acute Care Hospitals by Long-Stay Patients: Who, How Much, and Why?
Authors: De Coster Carolyn , Bruce Sharon , Kozyrskyi Anita
Published: July 2005

The effects of long-term hospitalizations can be severe, especially among older adults. In Manitoba, between fiscal years 1991/1992 and 1999/2000, 40 per cent of acute care hospital days were used by the 5 per cent of patients who had long stays, defined as stays of more than 30 days. These proportions were remarkably stable, despite major changes in the bed supply. Approximately two thirds of long-stay patients were aged 75 or older. Medical record review for a small sample of long-stay medical patients aged 75 or older revealed that 42 per cent of the days spent in hospital were spent either awaiting transfer to another level of care (home care, nursing home, or chronic care), or were due to in-hospital factors, such as awaiting consults, tests, or treatments. Hospital information systems and early discharge planning may help to alleviate lengthy discharge delays and result in better care for these patients.
Anticipating Change: How Many Acute Care Hospital Beds Will Manitoba Regions Need in 2020?
Authors: Finlayson Gregory S. , Stewart David , Tate Robert B. , MacWilliam Leonard , Roos Noralou
Published: July 2005

Being able to anticipate future needs for health services presents a challenge for health planners. Using existing population projections, two models are presented to estimate the demand for hospital beds in regions of Manitoba in 2020. The first, a current-use projection model, simply projects the average use for a recent three-year period into the future. The second, a 10-year trend analysis, uses Poisson regression to project future demand. The current-use projection suggests a substantial increase in the demand for hospital beds, while the trend analysis projects a decline. The last projections are consistent with ongoing increases in rates of day surgeries and declines in lengths of stay. The current-use projections need to be considered in the context of relatively low occupancy rates in rural hospitals and previous research on appropriateness of stays in acute care hospitals. If measures are taken to ensure more appropriate use of acute care hospital beds in the future, then the current-use projections of bed shortages are not a cause for concern.
Trends in the Utilization of Specific Health Care Services among Older Manitobans: 1985 to 2000
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Lix Lisa , Finlayson Gregory S. , Fong Terry
Published: July 2005

This paper examines 16-year trends in the utilization of hospital and physician services by Manitobans aged 75 and more, using data from the Manitoba Population Health Research Data Repository. Trends are examined across five measures of hospital services (separations, short-stay days, long-stay days, cataract surgeries, and hip/knee replacements) and two measures of physician care (overall visit rate, and proportion having seven or more visits). Results show changes in the utilization of these services among older adults living in Manitoba over time, with the extent of change varying with the service under consideration, age, and location of residence. Previously large utilization differentials are shown to be shrinking; for example, cataract surgery rates across regions and physician visit rates by age. For other services, such as the rates of hip or knee replacement surgery, the differences across regions are increasing. Findings indicate that global generalizations about the impact of older adults on the health care system are subject to question, as regional differences and differences between age groups (75–84, 85+) can be significant.
Discharge Outcomes in Seniors Hospitalized for More than 30 Days
Authors: Kozyrskyj Anita L. , Black Charlyn , Chateau Dan , Steinbach Carmen
Published: July 2005

Hospitalization is a sentinel event that leads to loss of independence for many seniors. This study of long-stay hospitalizations (more than 30 days) in seniors was undertaken to identify risk factors for not going home, to characterize patients with risk factors who did go home and to describe one year outcomes following home discharge. Using Manitoba's health care databases, the likelihood of death in hospital, discharge to a nursing home, and transfer to another hospital was determined for a set of risk factors in seniors with long-stay hospitalizations in Winnipeg's acute hospitals. Of the 17,984 long-stay hospitalizations during 1993–2000, 45 per cent were discharged home, 20 per cent died, and 30 per cent were discharged to a nursing home or another hospital. Seniors who received home care prior to hospitalization were more likely to be discharged to a nursing home or die in hospital than to go home. Stroke and cognitive impairment increased the likelihood of discharge to a nursing home. Seniors with neoplasms, multiple co-morbidities, and length-of-stay more than 120 days were more likely to die in hospital. Long-stay patients with risk factors who did go home had few co-morbidities. Within one year of home discharge, 20 per cent of seniors died, 5–15 per cent were admitted to a nursing home or long-term care institution, and 26–35 per cent of persons were re-hospitalized from home. A full 37 per cent experienced none of these outcomes. Our findings point to opportunities to improve discharge outcomes and plan support services for seniors.
Trends in the Health Status of Older Manitobans, 1985 to 1999
Authors: Menec Verena H. , Lix Lisa , MacWilliam Leonard
Published: July 2005

Trends in the health status of the entire senior population aged 65 years or older in Manitoba were examined over a 14-year period (1985–1999) using administrative data (about 150,000 individuals). Significant health gains were apparent for a number of important indicators, including acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cancer, and hip fractures, although some of these gains were restricted to urban areas. Improvements in these health indicators are significant, as they can have major implications for individuals' need for health services and ability to live independently. In contrast, chronic diseases were on the rise, with the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and dementia increasing substantially over the 14-year period. These trends suggest a need for a policy emphasis on prevention, such as reducing the prevalence of obesity, which is one risk factor for diabetes. Moreover, having sufficient care options in place for the growing number of individuals with dementia is an issue that will have to be addressed.
Exploring Reasons for Bed Pressures in Winnipeg Acute Care Hospitals
Authors: Menec Verena H. , Bruce Sharon , MacWilliam Leonard
Published: July 2005

Hospital overcrowding has plagued Winnipeg and other Canadian cities for years. This study explored factors related to overcrowding. Hospital files were used to examine patterns of hospital use from fiscal years 1996/1997 to 1999/2000. Chart reviews were conducted to examine appropriateness of admissions and hospital stays during one pressure week. Results indicate that pressure periods in the hospital system were driven by an influx of older adults with influenza-associated respiratory illnesses. Moreover, examination of one specific pressure week showed that at least 100 beds were occupied by patients who likely did not require acute care. The chart review revealed that a substantial proportion of non-acute patient-days were spent awaiting home care, long-term care, or diagnostic testing services. These findings suggest future bed pressures might be prevented through influenza vaccination and an increase in the availability of – and timely transfer to – alternative levels of care.
Pharmaceutical Use among Older Adults: Using Administrative Data to Examine Medication-Related Issues
Authors: Metge Colleen , Grymonpre Ruby , Dahl Matthew , Yogendran Marina
Published: July 2005

Medication use is recognized as the least expensive, most cost-effective health care intervention. In older adults this is especially important, as they are the largest consumer of prescription medications. We describe the use of a linked data set including pharmaceutical, medical, and hospital claims to examine pharmaceutical use in the population of older adults and then give several examples of its application. Indicators to describe the population's overall use of medication and the appropriate use of specific medication have been developed. Indicators of appropriate use are characterized using the dispensation of benzodiazepines to older adults. We have found that a significant proportion of new users of benzodiazepines are still prescribed a long-acting version (over 10%), signifying potential inappropriate use. The data are also able to describe some significant outcomes from the use of pharmaceuticals such as death, fracture, and population-based clinical measures where available.
Patterns in Home Care Use in Manitoba
Authors: Mitchell Lori , Roos Noralou P. , Shapiro Evelyn
Published: July 2005

Administrative home care data from the Manitoba Support Services Payroll (MSSP) system for fiscal years 1995/1996 to 1998/1999 were utilized to study home care client characteristics and changes in home care use over time. Patterns in home care access and use after hospitalization, before admission to a nursing home, and before death were examined. The study found that the majority of home care clients were female, aged 65 and over, and not married. The proportion of Manitobans using home care increased slowly, but significantly, over the 4 years. The greatest increases were found among the older age groups. The average number of days that clients received home care before death or before admission to a nursing home was stable over time, while a significant increase over time in home care use after hospitalization was experienced. These findings can be useful to regional health authorities for planning and budgeting.
Regional Variation in Home Care Use in Manitoba
Authors: Peterson Sandra , Shapiro Evelyn , Roos Noralou P.
Published: July 2005

Previous studies report geographic variation in the use of home care services. In the province of Manitoba, home care is a core service that Manitoba' twelve regional health authorities (RHAs) are obligated to deliver. Manitoba' RHAs range from remote northern and rural southern regions to a major city, resulting in different challenges for delivering home care. Given this potential for inconsistent delivery and the previous findings of regional variation in other settings, the objective of this study was to measure and assess variation in the use of home care across Manitoba' RHAs. We used data from the Provincial Home Care Program' client registry, other health care administrative databases, and Vital Statistics. Home care use was measured using multiple indicators, including rates of population use, use after hospitalization, before entry to a long-term care facility, and before death. While some important differences emerged, overall we found comparable use of home care across Manitoba.
Data Quality in an Information-Rich Environment: Canada as an Example
Authors: Roos Leslie L. , Gupta Sumit , Soodeen Ruth-Ann , Jebamani Laurel
Published: July 2005

This review evaluates the quality of available administrative data in the Canadian provinces, emphasizing the information needed to create integrated systems. We explicitly compare approaches to quality measurement, indicating where record linkage can and cannot substitute for more expensive record re-abstraction. Forty-nine original studies evaluating Canadian administrative data (registries, hospital abstracts, physician claims, and prescription drugs) are summarized in a structured manner. Registries, hospital abstracts, and physician files appear to be generally of satisfactory quality, though much work remains to be done. Data quality did not vary systematically among provinces. Primary data collection to check place of residence and longitudinal follow-up in provincial registries is needed. Promising initial checks of pharmaceutical data should be expanded. Because record linkage studies were “conservative” in reporting reliability, the reduction of time-consuming record re-abstraction appears feasible in many cases. Finally, expanding the scope of administrative data to study health, as well as health care, seems possible for some chronic conditions. The research potential of the information-rich environments being created highlights the importance of data quality.
A Methodology for Estimating Hospital Bed Need in Manitoba in 2020
Authors: Tate Robert B. , MacWilliam Leonard , Finlayson Gregory S.
Published: July 2005

A team of health researchers of the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy at the University of Manitoba was asked to forecast the number of acute care hospital beds that will be required to meet the needs of residents of the province of Manitoba by the year 2020. Methodological considerations for this request included identification of factors expected to affect bed use in the future, and how to account for these factors. The objective of this paper is to describe these methodological considerations, how decisions were made, and steps taken in our approach to this problem. The actual projections and their implications are the subject of another contribution in this issue of the journal (Finlayson, Stewart, Tate, MacWilliam & Roos, 2005).
Use of Physician Services by Older Adults: 1991/1992 to 2000/2001
Authors: Watson Diane E. , Heppner Petra , Reid Robert , Bogdanovic Bogdan , Roos Noralou
Published: July 2005

Canadians have expressed concern that access to family physicians (FP) has declined. Anonymized physician services data for 1991/1992 to 2000/2001 were used to evaluate changes in supply and age-specific rates of use of FPs and specialists in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Physician-to-population ratios declined 7.5 per cent, FP-to-population ratios declined 4.8 per cent, and specialist-to-population ratios declined 10.0 per cent. Among the general population, FP visit rates declined 3 per cent. Among older adults, physician visit rates increased 2.3 per cent, FP visit rates increased 10.9 per cent, and specialist visit rates declined 15.7 per cent. By comparison, we document declines in FP use by those younger than 5 years (25.5%) and those 6 to 19 years of age (18.6%). Increases in FP and declines in specialist use occurred primarily among those aged 65 to 84 years. By 2000/2001 older adults accounted for 25 per cent of all FP encounters. Gains in FP use among older adults was less attributable to the presence of more seniors and more related to the fact that a higher proportion of them are visiting a FP each year and, potentially, substituting primary for secondary care.
Growing Old Together: The Influence of Population and Workforce Aging on Supply and Use of Family Physicians
Authors: Watson Diane E. , Reid Robert , Roos Noralou , Heppner Petra
Published: July 2005

Canadians have expressed concern that access to a family physician (FP) has declined precipitously. Yet FP-to-population ratios remained relatively stable over the last decade, and there were perceptions of physician surpluses, at least in urban centres, 10 years ago. We evaluated whether demographic changes among patients and FPs, and in the volume of care received and provided over the period, contribute to this paradox. Given the relationship between age and FP use in fiscal year 1991/1992, an aging population should have been associated with a 2 per cent increase in visits by 2000/2001. Likewise, given the relationship between FP age and workloads in 1991/1992, an aging workforce should have been associated with a 12 per cent increase in service provision a decade later. Yet visit rates and average FP workloads remained unchanged. There was an increase in age-specific rates of FP use among older adults and a decline in rates among the young, and an increase in age-specific workloads such that older FPs provided many more services than their predecessors (30%) and younger FPs provided many fewer (20%). In terms of impact on future requirements for FPs, both changes in age-specific rates of use, and changes in age-specific patterns of FP productivity, trump population aging as key drivers.
Students' Perceived Learning and Anticipated Future Behaviors as a Result of Participation in the Student Judicial Process
Authors: Howell Martin T
Published: July 2005

This qualitative study was undertaken to explore the meaning that students make of their interactions with campus judicial systems. Using a multiple case study approach, 10 students from 3 institutions in the Southeastern United States were observed and interviewed. The findings presented here relate to students' perceived learning and anticipated future behaviors.
Identity Development During the College Years: Findings from the West Point Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lewis Philip , Forsythe George B , Sweeney Patrick , Bartone Paul T. , Bullis Craig
Published: July 2005

Using R. Kegan's (1982, 1994) theory of identity development, it was discovered that most military cadets enter college with relatively simple ways of making meaning, and for many the college years are a time of significant developmental change. For most, the key developmental issue is not self- authorship but establishing shared meaning.
The Importance of Classroom Environments in the Assessment of Learning Community Outcomes
Authors: Lichtenstein Marsha
Published: July 2005

Researchers typically focus on the defining features of learning communities and frequently examine how those features influence student achievement. Occasionally, researchers evaluate whether structural and programmatic variations across different types of learning community programs have an effect on academic and social outcomes. In this study, the focus is on differences among the sections within one first-year learning community program and the associations between these differences and measures of student achievement. These learning community sections vary considerably, and persistence and grades are higher for first-year students from learning communities that provide a strong sense of community, in which instructors are engaged and approachable, and where a strong and visible linkage exists between instructors, subject matter, and course organization.
Student Leadership: A Phenomenological Exploration of Postsecondary Experiences
Authors: Logue Christen T , Hutchens Teresa A , Hector Mark A
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the subjective experience of college students in leadership. Six participants, 4 females and 2 males, from a large, southeastern university were interviewed regarding their experiences; each response was transcribed and thematically analyzed to identify a perceptual background, as well as prominent figural themes through which the participants' experiences could be described. Three interrelated themes, people, action, and organization emerged from the ground of positive experience. Through examination of students' experiences in leadership roles, aspects of motivation, skills-building, and interacting personality variables may be more specifically targeted for future investigation.
Comparing the Determinants of Persistence for First-Generation and Continuing-Generation Students
Authors: Martin Lohfink Mandy , Paulsen Michael B
Published: July 2005

In this study we examined and compared the determinants of first-to-second-year persistence for 1,167 first-generation and 3,017 continuing-generation students at four-year institutions, using data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Survey (Wine, et al., 2002). Because first-generation students are overrepresented in the most disadvantaged racial, income, and gender groups, we used a critical theorist perspective to frame the research problem, guide inquiry, and interpret results.
The Intersections of Living-Learning Programs and Social Identity as Factors of Academic Achievement and Intellectual Engagement
Authors: Pasque Penny A , Murphy Rena
Published: July 2005

Findings from this study show that living-learning (LL) programs at a research institution in the Midwest have a series of positive outcomes for both academic achievement and intellectual engagement. Controlling for past academic achievement, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics, LL programs are predictors, albeit small predictors, of students' academic achievement and intellectual engagement. In addition, specific academic and intellectual benefits of LL program participation for students of color, non-Christian, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual students are found.
College Student-Athletes' Attitudes Toward Help-Seeking Behavior and Expectations of Counseling Services
Authors: Watson Joshua C
Published: July 2005

This study compared the attitudes toward help-seeking behavior and expectations about counseling of 135 college student-athletes and 132 nonathletes in an attempt to identify significant differences that might warrant the need for specific approaches with each population. Significant differences were found between student-athletes and nonathletes on both variables. Implications for college counselors and student affairs professionals are presented to address the growing concern that college student-athletes are increasingly underutilizing counseling and support services.
Introjection, Loss, and the Politics of Possession in Unamuno's San Manuel Bueno, martir
Authors: Biggane Julia
Published: July 2005

This article explores possible political and psychoanalytic readings of tropes of introjection in Unamuno's text. It relates introjection to psychoanalytic concepts of mourning. It then examines the ethical and political dimensions of mourning as social practice in combination with the haunting or uncanny presences that accompany the losses traced by the text. It argues that the complex of introjections figured in San Manuel Bueno, m�rtir is intimately entwined with questions of gender and polity in early twentieth-century Spain, and in particular, the period preceding the achievement of female suffrage in 1931. The article proposes that the object-losses and the uncanny encounters that are threaded through Angela's account can be read in the light of the 'imaginative proximity' of women's intervention into a previously male political arena.
Subversive Demythologizing in Calderon de la Barca's Fineza contra fineza : The Metamorphosis of Diana
Authors: Collins Marlene G
Published: July 2005

This paper briefly examines how seventeenth-century Spanish Golden-Age dramatist Pedro Calderón de la Barca treats the classical Diana-Actaeon motif in Fineza contra fineza. The paper contends that Calderón's approach to myth, as underscored in Fineza contra fineza, is subversive in intent, and meant to defy, rather than support, the prevailing social, political, and philosophical structures of his society, thus accentuating the transcendent value of Fineza contra fineza, a relatively unknown play in the dramaturge's repertoire.
Male Anxiety and Sacrificial Masculinity: The Case of Echeverria
Authors: Haberly David T
Published: July 2005

This article analyzes the problematic performance of masculinity in the writings of Esteban Echeverr�a. The author compares Echeverr�a to his Argentine counterparts in the Generaci�n de 1837; to North American writers similarly struggling with a crisis of masculinity and national identity; and, briefly, to the Romantics. The author also offers insightful readings of Echeverr�a's nonfictional writings, both his autobiographical texts and political treatises; and of "La cautiva" and "El matadero."
El sujeto (a)lirico en la poesia espanola contemporanea y su trasfondo barroco
Authors: Martin-Estudillo Luis
Published: July 2005

The reasons for the diffusion of the lyric subject in much of contemporary Spanish poetry go beyond the poets' mere intention of avoiding pathetic sentimentalism. The phenomenon also responds to their awareness of the fragile and complex nature of identity, which is perceived as the result of a process involving several forces. Thus, the "I" in the poem occupies a problematic locus of enunciation characterized by its indeterminacy. This estrangement of the lyric qualities of the poem can be traced back to a tradition that, contesting the predominant modern conception of the subject (that of Petrarch and Descartes), has an essential point of departure in the ontological precariousness characteristic of baroque aesthetics.
Redressing Ana Caro's Valor, agravio y mujer
Authors: Rhodes Elizabeth
Published: July 2005

Ana Caro's comedy "Valor, agravio y mujer" presents readers with the dilemma of how to resolve the heroine's male attire with the play's energetic defense of women and its challenges to established categories of class. This study suggests that reading the play as a defense of justice releases it from this tension, allowing it to signify in closer proximity to Caro's objective than reading it according to standards of gender. Scripting justice allowed Caro to avenge her heroine's dishonor and normalize female wit and self-defense. In accordance with justiciary poetics, the ending qualifies as unconditionally sound and gratifying to the public, whose members would have celebrated Leonor's ability to provide don Juan with precisely what he had given her: dishonor, and outdo him by leading him to correction of his own errors. Leonor not only delivers tit for tat, but in the process betters don Juan's performance of masculinity by modeling the social attributes of virtue for him while dressed as a man, only to claim those virtues for women when she reveals herself as Leonor. Finally, her ability to attain reconciliation and marriages by outwitting the man who abandoned her contrasts with his practice of dishonesty and unfaithfulness and further exalts Caro's energetic and admirable protagonist. The play's marriage ending rewards the heroine with exactly what she wants: marriage, troped as social legitimacy.
Aristotle's Metaphysics Reconsidered
Authors: Gill Mary Louise
Published: July 2005

Aristotle's metaphysics has stimulated intense renewed debate in the past twenty years. Much of the discussion has focused on Metaphysics Z, Aristotle's fascinating and difficult investigation of substance (ousia), and to a lesser extent on H and Θ. The place of the central books within the larger project of First Philosophy in the Metaphysics has engaged scholars since antiquity, and that relationship has also been reexamined. In addition, scholars have been exploring the Metaphysics from various broader perspectives—first, in relation to Aristotle's natural philosophy, his physics, biology, and psychology, and to the Organon, his so-called "logical" works, which include the Categories, Topics, and Posterior Analytics; and second, in relation to the broader philosophical tradition, both Plato before him and the ancient commentary tradition in late antiquity.
Remarks on Air Power and the Six-Day War
Authors: Elron Zeev
Published: July 2005

The author cites numerous shsortcomings in Moshe Gat's essay published in the October 2004 JMH regarding the Israeli Air Force's evolution and its behavior during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Dr. Gat's response is appended.
The Myth of Iwo Jima: A Rebuttal
Authors: Hanley Brian
Published: July 2005

The author is critical of the methodology and conclusions of an essay by Robert Burrell published in the October 2004 JMH asserting that the invasion of Iwo Jima in 1945 was unnecessary and in part a function of inter-service rivalry. Burrell is engaging in retrospective criticism, neglects the role of the impending invasion of Japan, and engages in the sort of parochial-mindedness he detects in the Army Air Forces and the Navy. Captain Burrell's response is appended.
Male Identity and Martial Codes of Honor: A Comparison of the War Memoirs of Robert Graves, Ernst Junger, and Kande Kamara
Authors: Lunn Joe
Published: July 2005

This article compares and contrasts the memoirs of three combatants from the First World War: Robert Graves, Ernst Jünger, and the West African Tirailleur Kande Kamara. Though the soldiers' distinctive cultural heritage and service in the British, German, and French colonial armies, respectively, informed each interpretation, they shared similar, though particular, concepts of male identity and military duty that were socially specific, which they strove to honor. Their interpretations addressed particular audiences—categorized as "the victorious," "the defeated," and "the exploited"—that contributed to and reflected the political liturgies informing mass movements—especially in Germany and the Third World—throughout the twentieth century.
A Uniform Story
Authors: Meixsel Richard B.
Published: July 2005

Few biographers of General Douglas MacArthur have failed to mention the pompous field marshal's uniform he designed for himself as Philippine military adviser in the 1930s. This "uniform story" has become symbolic of the wide gulf that separated MacArthur's grand rhetoric from the paucity of his achievement. But the story is fake, the creation of a poorly informed journalist in 1937 who mistook a recently introduced U.S. Army white dress uniform for a distinctive field marshal's attire.