bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Voice and Linguistic Identity: Digital Badging as a Tool for Retention of First Year and First Generation Undergraduates
Authors: Childs Becky
Published: August 2018

This article describes the role that linguists can play in the retention of first year and first generation college students through both collaborative and cross-disciplinary work. By drawing on our academic training, linguists can design materials and implement programs both within and outside of our home academic departments that not only affirm students’ linguistic identities and home languages (National Council of Teachers of English 1974; Smitherman 1995), but also simultaneously engage them in overt discussion about the academic discourse community and ways to negotiate multiple linguistic terrains. An example of this type of engagement and material development is discussed in this article, which examines three learning modules that use an electronic badge system. The modules and badges allow students to explore linguistic diversity and discuss the different ways of “being” (including language) that they encounter in their new academic community. Coupled with these three badges for first year students, additional materials have been developed and implemented for student tutors at the university writing center. These materials better contextualize the linguistic diversity that student tutors encounter as they come into contact daily with linguistic diversity, primarily in the form of Southern U.S. English and African American English varieties.
Engaging and Supporting Underrepresented Undergraduate Students in Linguistic Research and Across the University
Authors: Charity Hudley Anne H.
Published: August 2018

This article describes my prior work as co-founder and director of the William & Mary Scholars Undergraduate Research Experience (WMSURE), a cross-departmental and cross-school program at the College of William & Mary, designed to support underrepresented undergraduate students in research. I focus first on how this program paved the way for more underrepresented students to major in and do research in linguistics at the College of William & Mary in a way that work done just within the linguistics program could not have done alone. I also describe how, as a result of my research focus on culturally and linguistically diverse students, my role as director of WMSURE expanded into work with admissions and development to recruit students who were interested in linguistics as well as to raise funds to support their research. I detail how a linguistic lens on social justice has provided the platform for spearheading this endeavor to promote the success of underrepresented students and thereby foster broader inclusion and equity efforts at William & Mary and across the university as a whole, providing a model for other linguists to promote similar endeavors elsewhere.
The Importance of Graduate Student Engagement in a Campus Language Diversity Initiative
Authors: Dunstan Stephany Brett , Eads Amanda , Jaeger Audrey J. , Wolfram Walt
Published: August 2018

In 2012, North Carolina State University launched a campus-wide linguistic diversity program, “Educating the Educated,” with a goal of engaging the campus community about language as a key element of diversity and increasing general knowledge of language and dialect differences. The program has successfully grown over the past several years since its launch, in large part due to the leadership efforts of the program’s student ambassadors. Student ambassadors are involved in peer education on campus, seek out opportunities to engage the campus and local communities, and develop partnerships on campus with existing organizations to enhance diversity education efforts with the inclusion of language diversity. A majority of these student ambassadors are graduate students in the linguistics Masters program. In this paper, we discuss the importance of the student ambassadors to the success of the program in terms of their contributions and advancement of program objectives. We also highlight the importance of graduate students being engaged on their campus, drawing from higher education research literature on graduate student engagement and the critical role it plays in academic and professional development.
Technology-Enhanced Project-Based Learning: A Platform for Graduate Student Research and Outreach on Campus and in the Community
Authors: Mallinson Christine
Published: August 2018

Linguists are well positioned to carry out community engagement work, not only as individual scholars but also through our teaching, in ways that can be particularly appealing to and beneficial for underrepresented students. I describe my work in the interdisciplinary PhD program in Language, Literacy & Culture at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), where the graduate population consists of substantial numbers of underrepresented and nontraditional graduate students. Many of our students work in the K-12 arena, on local college and community college campuses, in government organizations, and in nonprofits; as a result, they are often eager to engage in academic work that promotes social justice and seeks to address the social inequalities they confront in their personal and professional lives. To that end, I discuss how my doctoral sociolinguistics seminar, “Language in Diverse Schools and Communities” (LiDSC), is designed as a launch pad for graduate students to carry out projects that raise awareness of linguistic issues among the broader public, in general and in higher education, that also engage students in direct academic research. Students in LiDSC, structured to follow the principles of Project-Based Learning (PBL), are guided to engage in active, inquiry-based learning that often results in tangible, applied products. In two iterations of the course, my students and I produced four podcasts based on original research about language variation and a short film that highlighted linguistic diversity on campus. Through these projects, students learned firsthand the processes of sociolinguistic data collection, from research design and ethical considerations to selecting appropriate methods and communicating findings to broader audiences. In addition, by integrating the use of technology into the PBL experience, students produced shareable products that appeal to the public and thereby serve as an effective means for raising awareness of language variation, both inside and outside of academia.
Word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and children
Authors: Garcia Rowena , Dery Jeruen E. , Roeser Jens , Höhle Barbara
Published: August 2018

This article investigates the word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and five- and seven-year-old children. The participants were asked to complete sentences to describe pictures depicting actions between two animate entities. Adults preferred agent-initial constructions in the patient voice but not in the agent voice, while the children produced mainly agent-initial constructions regardless of voice. This agent-initial preference, despite the lack of a close link between the agent and the subject in Tagalog, shows that this word order preference is not merely syntactically-driven (subject-initial preference). Additionally, the children’s agent-initial preference in the agent voice, contrary to the adults’ lack of preference, shows that children do not respect the subject-last principle of ordering Tagalog full noun phrases. These results suggest that language-specific optional features like a subject-last principle take longer to be acquired.
Evaluating Efficacy and Preference for Prompt Type During Discrete-Trial Teaching
Authors: Markham Victoria , Giles Aimee , May Richard
Published: August 2018

The components of discrete-trial teaching (DTT) may be individualized to each learner during instruction (e.g., the type of prompts used). However, there is limited research on the relative efficiency and effectiveness of these different prompt types. In addition, the learner’s preference for how they are taught is not always considered. The present study compared relative effectiveness of three prompt types (i.e., a gesture, modeling, physical guidance) to a no-prompt control condition during a receptive identification task with three boys with autism. One participant met the mastery criterion first in the model prompt condition, and two participants in the physical prompt condition. All participants selected the physical prompt during a concurrent-chains preference assessment. In addition, all participants completed a chained task using the most effective prompt type.
School Selection and the Social Class Divide: How Tracking Contributes to the Reproduction of Inequalities
Authors: Batruch Anatolia , Autin Frédérique , Bataillard Fabienne , Butera Fabrizio
Published: August 2018

Selection practices in education, such as tracking, may represent a structural obstacle that contributes to the social class achievement gap. We hypothesized that school’s function of selection leads evaluators to reproduce social inequalities in tracking decisions, even when performance is equal. In two studies, participants (students playing the role of teachers, N = 99, or preservice and in-service teachers, N = 70) decided which school track was suitable for a pupil whose socioeconomic status (SES) was manipulated. Although pupils’ achievement was identical, participants considered a lower track more suitable for lower SES than higher SES pupils, and the higher track more suitable for higher SES than lower SES pupils. A third study ( N = 160) revealed that when the selection function of school was salient, rather than its educational function, the gap in tracking between social classes was larger. The selection function of tracking appears to encourage evaluators to artificially create social class inequalities.
Tax Avoidance and Asymmetric Cost Behavior
Authors: Xu Shawn , Zheng Kenneth
Published: August 2018

This study examines the relationship between tax avoidance and asymmetric cost behavior. This relationship arises due to direct economic benefits of cash savings from tax avoidance. On one hand, cash savings from tax avoidance may prompt managers to retain excess resources when activity goes down. On the other hand, tax avoidance may alleviate managers’ concerns about adjustment costs due to cost reductions in sales downturns. Using a large sample spanning the 1993-2013 period, we document a significantly negative relationship between tax avoidance, proxied by cash effective tax rate, and asymmetric cost behavior. The result suggests that asymmetric cost behavior is less pronounced when tax avoidance is higher. We further find that this relationship varies with firms’ business strategies, cash flow volatility, and tax fees paid to the auditor. This study advances the understanding of accounting researchers on the relationship between tax avoidance and managers’ resource adjustment decisions.
An Interpretive Account of Individual, Nonviolent Radicalization
Authors: Turina Isacco
Published: August 2018

While recent research has focused on radicalization mainly in relation to religiously inspired terrorism, we suggest that radicalization is not intrinsically tied to political violence or group recruitment. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Italy, we analyze two case studies—one religious and one secular—of individual, nonviolent radicalization bearing on personal choices of lifestyle and ethics. We rely on 33 interviews with Catholic hermits and 22 with antispeciesists—a radical fringe of the animal rights movement—to provide an interpretive account of the lived experience of radicalization. The findings suggest that from a subjective viewpoint, radicalization is a highly demanding choice which, however, is also perceived as empowering.
How do expatriate health workers cope with needs to provide palliative care in humanitarian emergency assistance? A qualitative study with in-depth interviews
Authors: Schneider Martin , Chappuis François , Pautex Sophie
Published: August 2018

Background:

Given the worldwide increase of chronic diseases, expatriate health workers on assignment with humanitarian emergency organisations can face more clinical situations that require advanced pain control or palliative care. Multiple reasons can prevent the provision of this care.

Aim:

To better know how health workers react to and cope with this dilemma.

Design:

A qualitative interview study using inductive thematic analysis was performed.

Setting/participants:

A total of 15 expatriate health workers took part in individual in-depth interviews after their assignment with the organisation ‘Médecins sans Frontières’.

Results:

Clinical situations requiring advanced pain control or palliative care do occur during assignments. Expatriate health workers have different levels of knowledge of pain control and palliative care. Lacking opioids were a main reason for inadequate pain control. The expatriates felt helpless, distressed and frustrated in such situations. Peer support was sometimes helpful. Guidelines for palliative care in emergency settings would have been useful.

Conclusion:

Pain control and palliative care needs occur during clinical practice in emergency humanitarian assistance. Training for expatriate health workers should be improved. Humanitarian organisations should strengthen their capacity to provide pain control and palliative care by developing and applying adapted guidelines.
How Do You Feel? Managing Emotional Reaction, Conveyance, and Detachment on Facebook and Instagram
Authors: Au Anson , Chew Matthew
Published: August 2018

Studies of social media and its uses have focused on how it shapes behavior but less so with emotion. Overcoming this limitation, this article investigates the role of emotion in understanding and shaping actions online, and how, conversely, different uses of social media are leveraged to manage and express emotions, focusing on Facebook and Instagram. To this end, this article draws on 24 in-depth interviews with youth users in Hong Kong to excavate practices of emotional labor and management online, which reveal (1) strategies to manage emotional reactions, centering on critical distance; (2) strategies to manage emotional conveyance by manipulating the temporality of the content they produce; and (3) the creation of a digital blasé that consisted of the atmosphere of Facebook and Instagram, sustained by general emotional detachment, the perceived need to detach, and a sense of “watchedness”. Throughout, emotional detachment was the default state that users entered into when using Facebook and Instagram, as an anticipatory reaction to the emotional exhaustion imposed by imagined content and into which they inevitably returned.
18F FDG-PET/CT evaluation of histological response after neoadjuvant treatment in patients with cancer of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction
Authors: Gabrielson Stefan , Sanchez-Crespo Alejandro , Klevebro Fredrik , Axelsson Rimma , Albert Tsai Jon , Johansson Ove , Nilsson Magnus
Published: August 2018

Background

In most parts of the world, curatively intended treatment for esophageal cancer includes neoadjuvant therapy, either with chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy alone, followed by esophagectomy. Currently 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is used for preoperative disease staging, but is not well established in the evaluation of neoadjuvant treatment.

Purpose

To evaluate changes in PET parameters in relation to the histological primary tumor response in the surgical specimen in patients randomized to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy.

Material and Methods

Patients were randomized between either neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy.18F-FDG PET/CT exams were conducted at baseline and following neoadjuvant treatment. Standardized uptake ratio (SUR) values were measured in the primary tumor and compared as regards histological responders and non-responders as well as different treatment arms.

Results

Seventy-nine patients were enrolled and 51 were available for analysis. A significant rate of SUR reduction was observed ( P = 0.02) in the primary tumor in histological responders compared to non-responders. Changes in SUR were significantly greater in responders following chemoradiotherapy ( P = 0.02), but not following chemotherapy alone ( P = 0.49). There was no statistically significant difference in SUR in patients with a complete histological response compared to those with a subtotal response.

Conclusion

Our results are similar to those of previous studies and show that changes in the rate of SUR can be used reliably to differentiate histological responders from non-responders after neoadjuvant treatment with either chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy. Limitations of current PET technology are likely to restrict the possibility of accurately ruling out limited residual disease.
The relationship between rotator cuff tear and four acromion types: cross-sectional study based on shoulder magnetic resonance imaging in 227 patients
Authors: Kim Jong Moon , Kim Yong Wook , Kim Hyoung Seop , Lee Sang Chul , Chun Yong Min , Joo Seung Ho , Lim Hyun Sun
Published: August 2018

Background

Rotator cuff tear (RCT) has been believed to be related to specific types of the acromion. However, most of the studies were performed on a small number of patients with surgical findings not considering the severity of RCT.

Purpose

To analyze the relationship between age, gender, the side of the shoulder, the acromion type, and the severity of RCT using shoulder magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA).

Material and Methods

A total of 277 shoulder MRA findings were analyzed by a radiologist specializing in the musculoskeletal system. The relationship between variables (age, gender, side of the shoulder, and acromion type) and the injury of the supraspinatus (no rupture, partial rupture, full rupture, complete rupture) was confirmed. The partial tear of the supraspinatus tendon was divided into bursal and articular side tear in order to investigate the damage caused by the anatomical difference of the acromion. We also confirmed the differences between single supraspinatus injury and multiple RCTs.

Results

The severity of supraspinatus tear and multiple RCTs were statistically significant with the old age and the right side of the shoulder, but not with a specific acromion type. In supraspinatus partial tear, there was no statistical difference between bursal and articular side tears.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that the age at which degeneration could occur also was associated with multiple RCTs and is considered to be the most important factor in RCT, not anatomical structures such as acromion type.
The 100 top-cited articles focused on magnetic resonance: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Yoon Soo Jeong , Yoon Dae Young , Ja Lim Kyoung , Moon Ji Yoon , Hong Su Jin , Baek Sora , Yun Eun Joo
Published: August 2018

Background

The number of citations that an article has received can be used to evaluate its impact on a particular research area.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the 100 top-cited articles focused on magnetic resonance (MR).

Material and Methods

We determined the 100 top-cited articles on MR via the Scopus database, using the search term. The following information was recorded for each article: year of publication; journal title; impact factor of journal; number of citations; number of annual citations; authorship; department; institution; country; type of article; topic; MR protocol; and disease.

Results

The number of citations for the 100 top-cited articles was in the range of 898–5679 (median = 1342.5) and the number of annual citations was in the range of 19.7–372.4 (median = 60.9). The 100 top-cited articles were published in 46 journals, led by Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (n = 13). The majority of articles were published in 1990–1999 (n = 53), originated in the United States (n = 69), were original articles (n = 81), and dealt with the clinical application of MR (n = 57). The Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital (n = 5) was the leading institution. The majority of articles did not use any specific protocol (n = 51) and was not associated with any specific disease (n = 56).

Conclusion

Our study presents a detailed list and analysis of the 100 top-cited articles on MR, which provides an insight into historical development in this field.
Craniofacial venous malformations treated by percutaneous sclerotherapy using polidocanol: a single-center experience
Authors: Grieb Dominik , Meila Dan , Greling Bjoern , Jacobs Collin , Hechtner Marlene , Schlunz-Hendann Martin- , Brassel Friedhelm
Published: August 2018

Background

Percutaneous therapy with various sclerosants is an established treatment of venous malformations in general. We investigated the safety and effectiveness of polidocanol in the craniofacial region.

Purpose

To present and evaluate our subjective and objective mid- and long-term results of patients with craniofacial venous malformations (CFVM) after percutaneous sclerotherapy using polidocanol.

Material and Methods

Twenty patients with CFVM treated by percutaneous sclerotherapy were followed up and asked to fill in a questionnaire comparing levels of the following CFVM-related symptoms before and after treatment: pain; functional impairment; cosmetic deformities; and impairment in daily life. Additionally, both size reduction as well as procedural-related complication rates were analyzed.

Results

Evaluation of the questionnaire revealed an improvement or complete relief of CFVM-related symptoms with significant reduced impairment in daily life after percutaneous sclerotherapy. Eighteen (90%) patients noticed a post-sclerotherapy improvement of at least one of their corresponding symptoms and expressed satisfaction with regard to their treatment. For 13 patients, a > 50% size reduction of the CFVM could be observed, while seven exhibited a < 50% size reduction. One minor complication was encountered in 56 treatment sessions (1.8%).

Conclusion

Percutaneous sclerotherapy using polidocanol is a well-tolerated treatment for CFVM with a low complication rate. Size reduction and positive results with improvement of different clinical symptoms can be achieved.
Procalcitonin may not be a differential diagnostic marker for bacterial infection in febrile patients with chronic gouty arthritis
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhao Cheng , Wu Tong , Su Jiang , Wu Xiaodan , Liu Jian , Zhu Jing , Zhou Bin
Published: August 2018

Objective

This study aimed to examine the diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels for identifying bacterial infection in febrile patients with chronic gouty arthritis.

Methods

Sixty-six febrile patients with chronic gouty arthritis were divided into non-bacterial infection (n = 45) and bacterial infection groups (n = 21). PCT levels were measured by an immunoassay. Other laboratory parameters, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBCs), and the neutrophil ratio were extracted from medical records. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate diagnostic values and accuracy.

Results

Serum PCT levels, the ESR, CRP levels, WBC count, and neutrophil ratio were not different between the groups. To assess the ability of PCT to discriminate bacterial infection in febrile patients with chronic gouty arthritis (cut-off value: 0.5 ng/mL), the sensitivity and specificity of PCT were 22.2% and 61.5%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of serum PCT levels was 0.526. The AUCs of related inflammatory indicators were 0.530 for the ESR, 0.635 for CRP, 0.577 for the WBC count, and 0.712 for the neutrophil ratio.

Conclusion

Serum PCT levels may not be a good biomarker for bacterial infection in febrile patients with chronic gouty arthritis.
Open reduction and internal fixation of intra-articular distal radius fractures under wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet
Authors: Orbach Hagay , Rozen Nimrod , Rubin Guy
Published: August 2018

Objective

The use of wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet (WALANT) is becoming an excellent alternative for elective hand surgeries and hand surgeries involving minor trauma. Although the use of WALANT for some soft tissue surgeries has become the state of the art, data regarding bony procedures, such as fracture management, under WALANT are limited. This study was performed to assess the WALANT technique for open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures.

Methods

Five patients with displaced distal radius fractures were enrolled in the study. WALANT was carried out about 30 minutes prior to the first incision. Surgery was performed in the normal fashion, and the fractures were fixed using anatomic locking plates. After surgery, the patients were admitted overnight for observation and pain assessment, and they were discharged within 24 hours postoperatively. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Follow-up was performed in our outpatient clinic. No abnormalities were recorded.

Results

All patients underwent a successful painless surgery. No extra bleeding or other complications were recorded.

Conclusion

The WALANT technique offers a simple and safe alternative to traditional anesthetic techniques for open reduction and plating of distal radius fractures.
Assessment design in a MATLAB programming course for mechanical engineering students
Authors: Reckinger SM , Hughes BE
Published: August 2018

This paper presents nine different types of formative assessment design for a MATLAB programming class. This work is grounded in the Felder–Silverman learning style model, a model that was developed within engineering education and has been validated and widely used within the field. The assessment construction is guided by three of the four Felder–Silverman learning style dimensions: active–reflective, visual–verbal, and sequential–global. In this paper, the assessment design is presented and then recommendations are provided in how to administer these types of assessments. These recommendations are based on quantitative results from a classroom study, student feedback, and classroom observations. These results lead to the recommendation that assessment is more effective if it is active, visual, and sequential. However, perhaps the most important recommendation is to encourage instructors to vary assessment style, in general, as assessing in a variety of formats helps all students.
A Tale of Two Cities: The Impact of Airline Mergers and Consolidation at London and New York
Authors: Dennis Nigel , Pitfield David
Published: August 2018

This paper considers the changes to airline networks, service patterns, and competition that have taken place as a result of recent airline mergers on both sides of the North Atlantic as well as through transatlantic alliances. Capacity, frequency and the competitive position are studied at London and New York with the use of schedule data within different markets in which measures of market concentration are evaluated. International Civil Aviation Organization data is employed to examine load factors on international routes, and UK Civil Aviation Authority data to consider the distribution of traffic between airports in London. It is shown that the effectiveness of the hubs has increased, with enhanced efficiency for surviving airlines, through fewer competitors, an enlarged network and greater control of capacity. Potential concerns are identified however, regarding passenger choice, pricing, and service options that suggest the industry is moving toward an oligopoly. Smaller cities are also seen to be the losers from consolidation with slot divestments favoring increased service in the dense markets, with many regional links being axed altogether. The paper supplements the literature on airline consolidation, with a particular focus on the two biggest markets in the world—London and New York—which demonstrate some similar but also some different issues. Both airline network impacts and choice, and service for local consumers are considered.
Is Performance Measurement Improving Planning Practice? The Case of Location Affordability in Long-Range Transportation Plans
Authors: Hartell Ann M.
Published: August 2018

Transportation planning in the United States is moving to widespread use of performance-based planning methods as new federal requirements for metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are implemented. In addition to requirements for measures of safety, infrastructure condition, and travel reliability, many MPOs are adopting additional performance measures including those of complex socioeconomic issues. This study explores current planning practice in using a performance-based approach to tackle such an issue: location affordability, defined as an affordable level of combined cost burdens for housing and transportation. A review of long-range transportation plans at 21 large MPOs provides information on how location affordability is represented in regional transportation plans, how it is defined and measured, and how it is integrated into the planning process. The results are interpreted using a theoretical framework designed to help match planning methods to the conditions of a planning situation. The framework, Christensen’s matrix of planning problems, provides insights into the use of performance measures for location affordability and how performance measurement programs can be designed to support more effective planning for this and similarly challenging issues.
Joint Deployment of Quay Cranes and Yard Cranes in Container Terminals at a Tactical Level
Authors: Wu Lingxiao , Wang Shuaian
Published: August 2018

This paper discusses tactical joint quay crane (QC) and yard crane (YC) deployment in container terminals. The deployments of QCs and YCs are critical for the efficiency of container terminals. Although they are closely intertwined, the deployments of QCs and YCs are usually sequential. This paper proposes a mixed-integer programming model for the joint deployment of QCs and YCs in container terminals. The objective of the model is to minimize the weighted vessel turnaround time and the weighted delayed workload for external truck service in yard blocks, both of great importance for a container terminal but rarely considered together in the literature. This paper proves that the studied problem is NP-hard in the strong sense. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model can obtain better solutions than the sequential method. This paper also investigates the most effective combinations of QCs and YCs for a container terminal at various demand levels.
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroscopic Surgery and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhu Jing , Jiang Hai , Marshall Brandon , Li Jian , Tang Xin
Published: August 2018

Background:

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) thromboprophylaxis is widely used for reducing the risk of thrombosis after major orthopaedic surgery. However, the effect and safety on knee arthroscopic surgery are still controversial.

Purpose:

To assess the efficacy and safety of LMWH for the prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) after knee arthroscopic surgery and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Study Design:

Meta-analysis.

Methods:

The authors searched the electronic databases of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov , and Web of Science for all studies from inception to June 30, 2017. All selected studies were categorized into 2 subgroups: simple knee arthroscopic surgery and ACLR. The primary effect and safety endpoint were the incidence of major VTE and major bleeding events (BEs), respectively. The secondary effect and safety endpoint were the incidence of all VTE and all BEs, respectively. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated using Review Manager 5.3.

Results:

Eight RCTs with 4113 patients were included. For patients undergoing simple knee arthroscopic surgery, LMWH prophylaxis did not bring a significant reduction in the risk of major VTE (RR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.37-2.67]; P > .99) and all VTE (RR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.31-1.29]; P = .21) and did not increase the risk of major BEs (RR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.06-15.72]; P = .99) but did have a higher risk of all BEs (RR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.18-2.28]; P = .003) in comparison with non-LMWH prophylaxis. For patients undergoing ACLR, LMWH prophylaxis was associated with a significantly lower rate of major VTE (RR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.12-0.43]; P < .001) and all VTE (RR, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.06-0.73]; P = .01) but no increase in major BEs (RR, 1.80 [95% CI, 0.19-17.25]; P = .61) and all BEs (RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.72-1.74]; P = .61) in comparison with non-LMWH prophylaxis.

Conclusion:

Compared with non-LMWH treatment, LMWH had no significant efficacy in preventing VTE in patients undergoing simple knee arthroscopic surgery but increased the risk of BEs. However, LMWH had significant efficacy in preventing VTE for patients mainly undergoing ACLR and did not increase the risk of BEs.
Can “Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly” Impact Breastfeeding Protection, Promotion, and Support in Mexico? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Safon Cara , Buccini Gabriela , Ferré Isabel , de Cosío Teresita González , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael
Published: August 2018

Background:

The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) initiative includes a guide that helps countries worldwide assess their readiness to scale up national breastfeeding programs. Country committees of breastfeeding experts across government, academia, and civil society engage with BBF by applying the BBF toolbox that includes (1) the BBF Index (BBFI) to measure and score a country’s breastfeeding environment, (2) case studies that illustrate how countries have created enabling environments for breastfeeding, and (3) a 5-meeting process, during which country committees develop policy recommendations intended to improve breastfeeding outcomes based on the BBFI scores.

Objective:

This study seeks to understand how the application of the BBF toolbox impacted plans to improve the enabling environment for breastfeeding in Mexico.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Mexico’s 11 BBF country committee members about the 5-meeting process between May and June 2017. Audio recordings were transcribed and were coded and analyzed using a grounded theory approach.

Results:

Three major themes emerged: (1) the unique enabling environment for breastfeeding consisted of obstacles and opportunities for improvement, (2) favorable country committee member dynamics positively affected the utility of the BBF toolbox, and (3) BBF revealed and shaped country committee members’ shared vision of change that laid the foundation for a shared public policy agenda.

Conclusions:

Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly can generate multisectoral breastfeeding champions who can advance the public policy agenda to improve breastfeeding outcomes at the national level both in Mexico and elsewhere.
Source analysis of municipal solid waste in a mega-city (Guangzhou): Challenges or opportunities?
Authors: Tang Jinfeng , Wei Lezhang , Su Minhua , Zhang Hongguo , Chang Xiangyang , Liu Yu , Wang Nana , Xiao Enzong , Ekberg Christian , Steenari Britt-Marie , Xiao Tangfu
Published: August 2018

Rapid economic development accelerates the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), and thereby calls for an effective and reliable waste management strategy. In the present work, we systematically investigated the status of MSW management in a mega-city of China (Guangzhou). The data were collected from literatures, government statistics and field sampling work. It can be found that a combination of waste sorting by individual residents and a necessary quantity of sanitation workers is one of the most feasible strategies to achieve a sustainable waste management. With implementation of that integrated strategy, approximately 0.03 million tons of metal, 0.24 million tons of paper, as well as 0.46 million tons of plastics can be recycled/recovered for further processing. A cost reduction of 70 million US$ is achieved in comparison with the un-optimized system due to the sale revenue of recyclable materials and the saving from waste disposal fees. The values of environmental assessment were expressed as environmental load units. The developed scenarios could decrease the environmental cost, namely, 0.66 million US$. Based on the studies, waste sorting is urgently needed in Guangzhou. However, to make the proposed strategy to be more economically feasible, the sorting should be performed individually as well as with public participation. The establishment of a win–win situation for all stakeholders is an effective path for the improvement of the integrated waste management system.
Measuring Latino Adolescents’ Coping With Ethnic-Racial Discrimination
Authors: McDermott Elana R. , Umaña-Taylor Adriana J. , Martinez-Fuentes Stefanie
Published: August 2018

Few studies have examined coping strategies specific to ethnic-racial discrimination among Latino youth. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Discrimination Coping Strategies Scale (DCSS) including its factor structure, validity, and longitudinal measurement invariance. Data came from four waves of a longitudinal study of 323 Latino adolescents (Wave 1 Mage = 15.31 years, SD = .76; 49.5% female). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis suggested a factor structure that included a three-item latent factor and two manifest variables. Analyses suggested that the factor structure for the latent construct was invariant across four waves of repeated measures. Support for construct validity emerged with tests of convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Taken together, findings provide support for the validity of the proactive coping subscale of the DCSS as a measure of Latino adolescents’ proactive coping with ethnic-racial discrimination.
Planning the Barrio: Ethnic Identity and Struggles over Transit-oriented, Development-Induced Gentrification
Authors: Sandoval Gerardo Francisco
Published: August 2018

I argue that ethnic identity formed the basis of collective actions against transit-oriented, development-induced gentrification in three Latino barrios in Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Diego. I demonstrate how these barrios relied on ethnic identity as a basis for mobilizing political capital, grassroots actions, and symbolic capital. Ethnic identity helped Latinos in these barrios create meaningful spaces of participation that transformed these transit investments into community-driven projects and encouraged opportunities for community benefits.
Palliative Care Leadership
Authors: Dahlin Constance , Coyne Patrick , Goldberg Jaime , Vaughan Leigh
Published: August 2018

Palliative care is one of the newer health specialties and continues to mature. While there has been remarkable progression of clinical skills and education, there has been a lack of focus on palliative care interdisciplinary leadership or development of leadership skills. This article highlights the importance of interdisciplinary palliative leadership within the 5 realms of clinical practice, research, education, policy/advocacy, and administration. A definition of leadership is offered and discussion of successful leadership skills is described. A current review of leadership opportunities is provided.
In the shadow of the fleet: The development of Japan’s submarine force, 1917–1941
Authors: Hooker Peter John
Published: August 2018

This article examines the role of submarines within the strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1917 until 1941. It argues that the common characterisation of Japan’s naval strategy as outdated and erroneous in light of the First World War undervalues the development of Japan’s submarine fleet, which was critical to the development of the navy throughout the interwar period. Indeed, few scholarly works actually deal with this significant component in the Japanese Navy, leaving a legacy that is often under-contextualised and misunderstood.
A paradox of maritime access. Origins and consequences of subaltern relations in a medieval portuary system in Flanders: The case of Hoeke
Authors: Dillen Kristiaan
Published: August 2018

Although unlimited maritime access was advantageous, medieval seaports and port cities were often incorporated into serving a capital city’s economy by providing merchants with a transport system. Consequently, these outports had a subaltern relationship with that city, as well as tenuous relations of competition and cooperation with neighbouring outports. This article focuses on the hierarchical relations underpinning the subaltern status of Hoeke, one of the smallest cities in the medieval County of Flanders and a minor hub in the portuary system in the Zwin. This city is used as a case study through which to explore the paradox of maritime access and development. The research indicates that arguments of geography are insufficient to explain the development of these portuary systems, utilizing new insights from recent historical research and other academic disciplines. I will demonstrate that Hoeke’s retreat from the waterfront put an end to the paradox of maritime access, resulting in the transformation of the hierarchy in its relations with the capital city.
Undesirable merchant seamen in transit: Harold Shaw, the Antarctic and the asylum
Authors: Kain Jennifer S.
Published: August 2018

This article uses the experiences of ship’s fireman Harold Shaw to expose the confused early twentieth-century legal framework used to restrict the mobility of undesirable merchant seamen. Labelled invariably as a ‘nuisance’, a ‘malingerer’, ‘mentally-deficient’ and ‘epileptic’, Shaw was classed as a prohibited immigrant in New Zealand. Bureaucratic records are used to tell of his life ‘in transit’. His wanderlust took him from Manchester, England, to Tasmania, the Antarctic, New Zealand and back again. Initially hailed as an Antarctic hero alongside his fellows on the Aurora, one-half of Ernest Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, he was unceremoniously expelled from New Zealand. Shaw managed to enter the country again in less glamorous, but no less dramatic circumstances. Local authorities struggled to reconcile the complex legislation designed to protect the health of arriving seamen, but more so that of the public, to deal with Shaw’s liminal status.
The development of maritime radio communications
Authors: Ilcev Stojce Dimov
Published: August 2018

This paper provides an historical review of maritime mobile radio communications systems as a primary means of ensuring the safety and security of ships at sea. Safety at sea has always been a priority for seamen and shippers. Distress alerts at sea caused by the blind forces of Mother Nature or, more commonly, by human factors have occurred over many centuries, as seafarers often set sail with inadequate information about their course, navigation and weather conditions. Until the late nineteenth century, only audio and visual transfers of information from point to point were used. From then on, however, new methods, such as news and information via wire and then by radio communications systems, were introduced. So long as safety standards are met, it is also important to test innovations and technology transfer to develop devices that are more reliable than mobile radio communications.
Arthur Ransome’s ‘Swallows and Amazons’ series: Harmless holiday adventures, or detailed preparations for the next war?
Authors: Bender Michael
Published: August 2018

Arthur Ransome’s 12-volume Swallows and Amazons series (1930–1947), is often seen as the pioneer of the school holiday adventure story. However, a striking feature of these stories is the incorporation of a very large number of survival skills that are described in considerable ‘this-is-how-you-do-it’ detail. Previously overlooked or seen merely as references to Baden Powell’s burgeoning Scout movement, these books are better understood in the context of Ransome being a very experienced foreign correspondent. As this paper suggests, moreover, within the school holiday format, he is drawing a blueprint for rural guerrilla warfare after a successful invasion. Since the men will be away fighting, women must take leadership roles within a society, which, while respecting class differences, works harmoniously across them and which has taught its young people the skills to survive in the countryside, while observing on and reporting back about the invaders.
Current Therapeutic Approaches in Leukodystrophies: A Review
Authors: Gordon-Lipkin Eliza , Fatemi Ali
Published: August 2018

Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous class of genetic diseases affecting the white matter in the central nervous system with a broad range of clinical manifestations and a frequently progressive course. An interest in precision medicine has emerged over the last several decades, and biomedical research in leukodystrophies has made exciting advances along this front through therapeutic target discovery and novel disease model systems. In this review, we discuss current and emerging therapeutic approaches in leukodystrophies, including gene therapy, antisense oligonucleotide therapy, CRISPR/CAS-based gene editing, and cell and stem cell based therapies.
Effect of methoxyethyl and methyl ester groups on platelet compatibility of polymers
Authors: Kinoshita Takuya , Yahata Chie , Miwa Yuko , Tsukamoto Hideo , Mochizuki Akira
Published: August 2018

Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) is known to exhibit good blood compatibility. This study was designed to understand the effect of methoxyethyl ester groups on the platelet compatibility of polymers. Polymers bearing either methoxyethyl ester or methyl ester groups, such as poly(acrylate)s, poly(methacrylate)s, and poly(vinyl benzoate)s, were prepared and a comparative study of the ester groups was performed. Polymers bearing methoxyethyl ester groups and poly(methyl acrylate) exhibited good and approximately equal platelet compatibility, regardless of their chemical structure, as estimated using flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. To understand these results, the static properties (namely, surface wettability by contact angle and water structure by differential scanning calorimetry) and a dynamic property (13C-NMR relaxation time of the functional groups) were analyzed. The results showed that platelet compatibility could be interpreted from the water structure and dynamic property.
Family Firm Reputation and Humanization: Consumers and the Trust Advantage of Family Firms Under Different Conditions of Brand Familiarity
Authors: Beck Susanne , Prügl Reinhard
Published: August 2018

Pioneering conceptual and empirical work ascribe a trust advantage to family firms compared with their nonfamily analogies. But it remains unknown if this trust advantage persists with varying degrees of consumers’ brand familiarity. Furthermore, the underlying cognitive mechanisms in the minds of consumers that trigger the trust advantage remain unexplored. Using mixed methods, four studies indicate that family firms’ trust advantage does prevail in the context of real and familiar brands, and the strength of consumers’ perception of an organization as a human being (i.e., humanization) explains higher levels of benevolence and trust attributed to family firms.