bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Engagement of Academic Institutions in Community Disaster Response: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Dunlop Anne L. , Logue Kristi M. , Isakov Alexander P.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

Using comparative analysis, we examined the factors that influence the engagement of academic institutions in community disaster response.

Methods.

We identified colleges and universities located in counties affected by four Federal Emergency Management Agency-declared disasters (Kentucky ice storms, Hurricanes Ike and Gustav, California wildfires, and the Columbia space shuttle disintegration) and performed key informant interviews with officials from public health, emergency management, and academic institutions in those counties. We used a comparative case study approach to explore particular resources provided by academic institutions, processes for engagement, and reasons for engagement or lack thereof in the community disaster response.

Results.

Academic institutions contribute a broad range of resources to community disaster response. Their involvement and the extent of their engagement is variable and influenced by ( 1) their resources, ( 2) preexisting relationships with public health and emergency management organizations, ( 3) the structure and organizational placement of the school's disaster planning and response office, and ( 4) perceptions of liability and lines of authority. Facilitators of engagement include ( 1) the availability of faculty expertise or special training programs, ( 2) academic staff presence on public health and emergency management planning boards, ( 3) faculty contracts and student practica, ( 4) incident command system or emergency operations training of academic staff, and ( 5) the existence of mutual aid or memoranda of agreements.

Conclusion.

While a range of relationships exist between academic institutions that engage with public health and emergency management agencies in community disaster response, recurrent win-win themes include co-appointed faculty and staff; field experience opportunities for students; and shared planning and training for academic, public health, and emergency management personnel.
The Epidemiology and Surveillance Workforce among Local Health Departments in California: Mutual Aid and Surge Capacity for Routine and Emergency Infectious Disease Situations
Authors: Enanoria Wayne T.A. , Crawley Adam W. , Hunter Jennifer C. , Balido Jeannie , Aragon Tomas J.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

Public health surveillance and epidemiologic investigations are critical public health functions for identifying threats to the health of a community. We conducted a survey of local health departments (LHDs) in California to describe the workforce that supports public health surveillance and epidemiologic functions during routine and emergency infectious disease situations.

Methods.

The target population consisted of the 61 LHDs in California. The online survey instrument was designed to collect information about the workforce involved in key epidemiologic functions. We also examined how the public health workforce increases its epidemiologic capacity during infectious disease emergencies.

Results.

Of 61 LHDs in California, 31 (51%) completed the survey. A wide range of job classifications contribute to epidemiologic functions routinely, and LHDs rely on both internal and external sources of epidemiologic surge capacity during infectious disease emergencies. This study found that while 17 (55%) LHDs reported having a mutual aid agreement with at least one other organization for emergency response, only nine (29%) LHDs have a mutual aid agreement specifically for epidemiology and surveillance functions.

Conclusions.

LHDs rely on a diverse workforce to conduct epidemiology and public health surveillance functions, emphasizing the need to identify and describe the types of staff positions that could benefit from public health surveillance and epidemiology training. While some organizations collaborate with external partners to support these functions during an emergency, many LHDs do not rely on mutual aid agreements for epidemiology and surveillance activities.
Systems Engineering Methods for Enhancing the Value Stream in Public Health Preparedness: The Role of Markov Models, Simulation, and Optimization
Authors: Yaylali Emine , Ivy Julie Simmons , Taheri Javad
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Large-scale incidents such as the 2009 H1N1 outbreak, the 2011 European Escherichia coli outbreak, and Hurricane Sandy demonstrate the need for continuous improvement in emergency preparation, alert, and response systems globally. As questions relating to emergency preparedness and response continue to rise to the forefront, the field of industrial and systems engineering (ISE) emerges, as it provides sophisticated techniques that have the ability to model the system, simulate, and optimize complex systems, even under uncertainty.

Methods.

We applied three ISE techniques—Markov modeling, operations research (OR) or optimization, and computer simulation—to public health emergency preparedness.

Results.

We present three models developed through a four-year partnership with stakeholders from state and local public health for effectively, efficiently, and appropriately responding to potential public health threats: ( 1) an OR model for optimal alerting in response to a public health event, ( 2) simulation models developed to respond to communicable disease events from the perspective of public health, and ( 3) simulation models for implementing pandemic influenza vaccination clinics representative of clinics in operation for the 2009–2010 H1N1 vaccinations in North Carolina.

Conclusions.

The methods employed by the ISE discipline offer powerful new insights to understand and improve public health emergency preparedness and response systems. The models can be used by public health practitioners not only to inform their planning decisions but also to provide a quantitative argument to support public health decision making and investment.
State-Level Legal Preparedness for Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in the U.S.: A Network Analysis of State Laws and Regulations
Authors: Guclu Hasan , Bjerke Elizabeth Ferrell , Galvan Jared , Sweeney Patricia , Potter Margaret A.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

This study explored if and to what extent the laws of U.S. states mirrored the U.S. federal laws for responding to nuclear-radiological emergencies (NREs).

Methods.

Emergency laws from a 12-state sample and the federal government were retrieved and translated into numeric codes representing acting agents, their partner agents, and the purposes of activity in terms of preparedness, response, and recovery. We used network analysis to explore the relationships among agents in terms of legally directed NRE activities.

Results.

States' legal networks for NREs appear as not highly inclusive, involving an average of 28% of agents among those specified in the federal laws. Certain agents are highly central in NRE networks, so that their capacity and effectiveness might strongly influence an NRE response.

Conclusions.

State-level lawmakers and planners might consider whether or not greater inclusion of agents, modeled on the federal government laws, would enhance their NRE laws and if more agents should be engaged in planning and policy-making for NRE incidents. Further research should explore if and to what extent legislated NRE directives impose constraints on practical response activities including emergency planning.
The Effects of Funding Change and Reorganization on Patterns of Emergency Response in a Local Health Agency
Authors: Schuh Russell G. , Basque Michelle , Potter Margaret A.
Published: January 2017

Indicators for Stress Adaptation Analytics (ISAAC) is a protocol to measure the emergency response behavior of organizations within local public health systems. We used ISAAC measurements to analyze how funding and structural changes may have affected the emergency response capacity of a local health agency. We developed ISAAC profiles for an agency's consecutive fiscal years 2013 and 2014, during which funding cuts and organizational restructuring had occurred. ISAAC uses descriptive and categorical response data to obtain a function stress score and a weighted contribution score to the agency's total response. In the absence of an emergency, we simulated one by assuming that each function was stressed at an equal rate for each of the two years and then we compared the differences between the two years. The simulations revealed that seemingly minor personnel or budget changes in health departments can mask considerable variation in change at the internal function level.
Debating Standard Language Ideology in the Classroom: Using the ‘Speak Good English Movement’ to Raise Awareness of Global Englishes
Authors: Rose Heath , Galloway Nicola
Published: January 2017

In this article, we describe and evaluate an innovative pedagogical task designed to raise awareness of Global Englishes and to challenge standard language ideology in an English language classroom. The task encouraged the learning and debate of the controversial Speak Good English Movement, which campaigns for Singaporeans to use a ‘standard’ form of English rather than the local variety, ‘Singlish’. The debate was introduced as a Global Englishes-inspired multi-lesson task at a Japanese university with 108 students in four classes. Data were collected in the form of written reflections, in which learners stated their own positions and beliefs. Data indicated that the majority sided against the Speak Good English Movement, viewing Singlish as a legitimate variety of English with important cultural attributes, which contributed to a national identity. Results showed that the debate achieved the aim of encouraging students to critically reflect on standard language ideology in both English and Japanese, their mother tongue. Overall, the activity was successful in raising awareness of the diversity of English, and encouraging critical reflection on the complexities surrounding standard language beliefs. This was seen to be essential given the dominance of the ‘native’ speaker episteme in Japanese language curricula.
Munchausen Files in Scottish A&E Departments: A Review of Current Practice
Authors: Mcguire L. C. , Munro P. T.
Published: January 2017

Our objective was to describe current use of Munchausen files in Scottish Accident and Emergency Departments. A Postal questionnaire survey was sent to lead A&E consultant/clinical directors in each department in Summer 1998. A total of 29 departments replied with 27 saying they kept a Munchausen file, of which only two were updated regularly. Organisation of information was variable or absent. Six departments kept data on other groups such as drug misusers, violent patients, missing persons or children at risk in the same file. Of the 27 replies, only 14 departments would review their own files if suspecting a case; only 11 would report a suspected incident, to a variety of destinations. The majority of Scottish A&E departments do keep a Munchausen file although there appears to be little consistency in the collection, use and dissemination of the information therein. An improved data system may lead to more appropriate patient management.
Tuberculosis Revisited or how we Nearly Conquered Tuberculosis
Authors: Williamson J.
Published: January 2017

This article recounts the author's experience as a chest physician in the years after the Second World War when Scotland experienced a serious epidemic of tuberculosis. With the discovery of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid this disease became for the first time eminently treatable, and the team in Edinburgh demonstrated how the routine use of these three drugs in all cases ensured that the patient progressed to cure with virtually no cases of drug resistance. This policy, although fully supported by follow-up studies, was only very slowly adopted elsewhere, and since that time there have been numerous errors and difficulties in treatment regimens in many parts of the world. The result is that a great therapeutic opportunity has been lost and the Worldwide situation is worse than ever, mainly due to increased incidence of TB in the countries of the Third World.
Rheological studies of mineral clay and its application in reactive dye printing of cotton
Authors: Huang Jiamin , Wang Lili , Li Tao , Shao Jianzhong
Published: January 2017

We studied the rheological properties of mineral clay (OMC) and sodium alginate (SA) pastes using steady shear, dynamic oscillatory, and transient tests. The results showed that OMC was a viscoplastic fluid and had more obvious shear-thinning features than SA, which fitted well to the Herschel–Bulkley model. Under strain, OMC and SA exhibited elastic and viscous behavior, respectively, within the linear viscoelastic region. The viscosity of OMC returned to >60% of the initial viscosity after the removal of the high shear stress. In printing experiments, the color yield and penetration of OMC surpassed that of SA and offered excellent outline sharpness, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a thickener for reactive dyes in cotton printing.
Determination of the relationship between fiber characteristics and felting tendency of luxury fibers from various origins
Authors: Gurkan Unal Pelin , Atav Rıza
Published: January 2017

When literature is reviewed in detail, it can be seen that there is limited research, especially on Angora rabbit fiber and again in none of the research was the felting propensity of luxury protein fibers from different origins (goat, camelid and rabbit) related with fiber properties, such as cuticle scale frequency and scale height. For this purpose, hair-based luxury fibers, which are most widely used and consumed all over the world (cashmere, mohair, angora, Huacaya alpaca and Suri alpaca) were chosen in order to measure fiber diameter, fiber length, cuticle scale frequency and scale height of these fibers. As a result, detailed relations about the felting propensity of the hair-based luxury fibers with the fiber properties were investigated. According to the experimental analysis, it was determined that angora, which is the finest and the shortest animal fiber, showed the lowest felting propensity. On the other hand, Suri alpaca fiber with a low scale height gave the highest feltability due to being the longest among the investigated fibers.
Jews and Christians from Leeds discuss the Israel/Palestine issue and visit Israel and Palestine together
Authors: Kibble David G. , Fligg Mike
Published: January 2017

This article will enable the reader to ‘listen in’ to some of the discussion that took place in a series of meetings of an interfaith group in Leeds which looked at the issue of Israel and Palestine. Following a brief description of problems associated with education about ‘the other’ in both countries, it concludes with an account of a joint Jewish/Christian fact-finding visit to Israel and Palestine in which education was one of the featured topics under investigation.
A Multilevel Approach to Scale Development in Sport Tourist Nostalgia
Authors: Cho Heetae , Lee Hyun-Woo , Moore DeWayne , Norman William C. , Ramshaw Gregory
Published: January 2017

Nostalgia has been identified as an essential factor to understand sport tourists’ behavioral intentions. However, a measurement model to examine nostalgia has not been developed in the field of sport tourism. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable Nostalgia Scale for Sport Tourism (NSST) to measure sport tourists’ nostalgia. A multilevel analysis was used in order to avoid biases caused by common characteristics within a travel group. The scale conceptualized sport nostalgia as a five-dimensional construct reflecting sport tourists’ nostalgia of sport team, environment, socialization, personal identity, and group identity and showed adequate psychometric properties in assessing sport-specific nostalgia. The NSST scale developed here can be a useful tool for future empirical studies aiming to better understand sport spectator nostalgia and identify the role of nostalgia in sport tourism.
The clinical manifestations, outcome and identification of jellyfish stings in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Authors: Sujanitha Vathulan , Sivansuthan Sivapalan , Luckshman W Venkatesh , Gnaneswaran Rajendramani , Jeyakanth Thangarajaha , Gunarathna UPALA
Published: January 2017

We carried out a descriptive study over one year on 62 fishermen stung by jellyfish while fishing. Most were aged under 60 years. The timing of the sting was mostly between midnight and 4am (32%). Clinical symptoms were mainly localised pain and burning (80%), itching (67%) and shortness of breath (42%). Almost all patients received antihistamines (97%) and steroids (87%). None of them needed intensive care; they needed only 1–2 days in hospital. Jellyfish identified in fishing nets were Catostylus mosaicus, Cynea capillata and moon jellyfish.
Can evolutionary insights into the brain’s response to threat suggest different group interventions for perceived stress and burnout of teachers in high-risk schools?
Authors: Johnson Sharon , Naidoo Anthony
Published: January 2017

Evolutionary brain responses to threat suggested three psychoeducational group interventions for perceived stress and burnout reduction. The interventions were based on trauma release exercises for primal brain response, transpersonal psychology for paleomammalian emotional brain functions, and transactional analysis for neomammalian cognitive brain insights. In total, 43 teachers in high-risk schools on the Cape Flats, Western Cape, South Africa, participated in one of the three different interventions, which were conducted in group sessions for 15 hr over 10 weeks. Twenty teachers were part of the control group. This pilot study, with a before-after control research design, utilised the Perceived Stress Scale for perception of stress and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory for personal, work, and learner burnout. Multivariate comparison of trauma release exercises, transpersonal psychology, and transactional analysis intervention groups with the control group yielded significant effects for interventions within and between groups. The findings suggested that evolutionary insights into the brain’s response to threat can provide a basis from which to design stress and burnout interventions.
Purpose and Meaning in Life and Job Satisfaction Among the Aged
Authors: Lee Jaywon , Cho Dongjoon , Suh Yu Jin
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the relationship between purpose and meaning in life and job satisfaction among the aged. This issue is quite timely since there has been an increase in the employment rate of senior citizens in Asian countries due to the insufficient working-age population. We survey 228 seniors who are older than 55 years in South Korea. Our results suggest that purpose and meaning in life are highly associated with overall job satisfaction among the aged. We also find that vocation mediates the relationship between purpose and meaning in life and job satisfaction.
Tailoring Retention Theories to Meet the Needs of Rural Appalachian Community College Students
Authors: Hlinka Karen R.
Published: January 2017

Objective: Traditional-age students attending a rural community college in Kentucky’s Appalachian region were interviewed, along with faculty members and administrators, to identify phenomena serving as sources of encouragement or as barriers to retention from the point of entry to the point of transfer. Method: Students’ perspectives were collected in a qualitative study and were analyzed using a theoretical foundation of Tinto’s integration theory, enhanced with Kegan’s cognitive development theory and Bourdieu’s concepts of capital, habitus, and field. Results: Findings revealed three major factors affecting decision-making processes about persistence: (a) community’s and family’s values of education provide the essential push to attend and complete college, (b) students are challenged with overcoming the pull of family obligations, and (c) students struggle to make the cognitive leap necessary to master college-level coursework. Contributions: The results emphasize the importance of each college investing resources to understand the specific needs of that institution’s students, students shaped by their region’s culture and other defining traits, and customizing retention practices and programs to meet those unique needs. This study also adds to the limited research on persistence in Appalachian community colleges.
“Glued to the Tube”: The Interplay Between Self-Control, Evening Television Viewing, and Bedtime Procrastination
Authors: Exelmans Liese , Van den Bulck Jan
Published: January 2017

There is ample evidence that media use displaces sleep, but little theory about the mechanism that explains this. We studied sleep displacement as a self-control issue: People postpone going to bed because they have trouble ending their media exposure. We therefore modeled television viewing (habitual viewing, deficient TV self-regulation, and viewing volume) as a mediator of the effect of trait self-control on bedtime procrastination. A random sample of 821 adults participated in face-to-face interviews using standardized questionnaires. Lower self-control was associated with more bedtime procrastination. This relationship was mediated by habitual viewing, which led to less bedtime procrastination, and deficient TV self-regulation, which led to more bedtime procrastination. Evening viewing volume was not a significant mediator. Our results support the idea that (1) self-regulatory failure over television viewing can partly explain the common struggle with bedtime, and (2) strong viewing habits seem to inhibit bedtime procrastination.
The Future of Global Peripheral Cities
Authors: Maricato Erminia
Published: January 2017

In June 2013 an unprecedented movement spearheaded by young people took to the streets of Brazilian cities. Despite the diversity of explanations of the protests, one thing became clear: the urban question was at the center of events. Brazil has become an international role model for its innovations in social policy and even urban policy. There have been social struggles for a democratic city. New policies, new programs, new projects, and a Ministry of Cities have been created. This democratic and participatory process has taken place in the context of fiscal adjustment and therefore contention over resources. When the federal government resumed investment in cities following a developmentalist project, capital linked to the production of space took over the leadership of the urban process and the virtuous cycle of urban policy declined. Investment in works directed by the real estate market in the context of mega-events such as the World Cup and the Olympics together with tax relief for the purchase of automobiles deepened the deterioration of urban living conditions, especially housing and mobility.

Em junho de 2013 um grupo de jovens criou uma onda de protestos jamais vistos nas cidades brasileiras. Não obstante a multiplicidade de explicações para esses protestos, algo ficou claro: a questão urbana era o elemento central desses eventos. O Brasil tornou-se modelo internacional para inovações em política social e urbana. Havia uma luta social por centros urbanos democráticos. Novas políticas, novos programas, novos projetos e um Ministério das Cidades foram criados. Esse processo democrático e participatório ocorreu num contexto de ajuste fiscal e consequentemente de contenção de despesas. Quando o governo federal retomou os investimentos em cidades após um projeto desenvolvimentista, o capital atrelado à produção de espaço tomou as rédeas do processo de urbanização e o ciclo virtuoso da política urbana foi interrompido. Investimentos em projetos direcionados pelo mercado imobiliário no contexto de megaeventos como a Copa do Mundo e as Olimpíadas, bem como incentivos fiscais para a compra de automóveis, aumentaram a deterioração da qualidade de vida urbana, especialmente no que diz respeito à moradia e à mobilidade.
Rural Brazil during the Lula Administrations: Agreements with Agribusiness and Disputes in Agrarian Policies
Authors: Sauer Sérgio
Published: January 2017

President Lula’s two terms were maintained—and President Dilma Rousseff was elected—by a broad alliance that included backward sectors of the agrarian ruling class. This elite’s influence extended to the cabinet, and it partially ensured support of the rural caucus and agribusiness but prevented government action on land policies from producing more significant advances. The Workers’ Party administrations were marked by mistrust of the agrarian elite because Lula—and also Dilma—maintained a contradictory but friendly relationship with the agrarian social movements. Coupled with economic concessions and incentives granted to agribusiness, this alliance was critical in neutralizing and derailing structural land policies such as the expansion of land expropriation and settling landless families, resulting in an increase in monocropping and economic dependence on the export of raw materials. Such alliances did not prevent the agrarian elite from supporting the removal of President Dilma and allying themselves with the new government, demanding the elimination of the Ministry of Agrarian Development and openly denying land rights to indigenous people and traditional communities.

Os dois mandatos da administração de Lula foram mantidos por um amplo sistema de alianças que incluía setores retrógrados da elite agrária. Esse mesmo sistema permitiu a eleição da Presidente Dilma Rousseff. A influência dessa elite estendia-se aos postos do primeiro escalão do governo e a ele assegurava o apoio da bancada rural e do agronegócio. Ao mesmo tempo, impedia que o Estado fizesse avanços significativos em políticas agrárias. A elite rural via as administrações do Partido dos Trabalhadores com desconfiança, pois, tanto Lula quanto Dilma nutriram um relacionamento ao mesmo tempo contraditório e amistoso com movimentos sociais agrários. No contexto de concessões e apoio franqueados ao agronegócio, essa aliança com a elite agrária foi fundamental para neutralizar ou mesmo bloquear políticas agrárias estruturais tais como o aumento da desapropriação de terras e o assentamento de famílias. Consequentemente, aumentou-se a dependência da exportação de matéria-prima. Tais alianças não impediram que a Bancada Ruralista apoiasse o impeachment da Presidente Dilma e se alinhasse ao novo governo empoçado. Ademais, na nova conjuntura essa elite apoiou o fim do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e nega abertamente o direito de acesso e posse da terra a camponeses, agricultores sem terra, povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais.
Labour in global production networks: Workers and unions in mining engineering work
Authors: Todd Patricia , Ellem Bradon , Goods Caleb , Rainnie Al , Smith Leigh
Published: January 2017

Understanding the role of labour, underplayed in global production networks (GPN) theory, has guided this research on the mining engineering services sector. During the project, the global mining industry entered a downturn. Asking how mining and engineering firms responded to that downturn is a specific variant of wider questions about the place of labour in GPNs and whether labour can shape the GPNs of which it is part. Based on interviews with union officials, workers and management in Australia, the authors show that cost-cutting by global mining companies impacted heavily on the mining engineering sector, pressuring global and local firms. Labour – be it the work process or workers themselves – was central to how firms reacted. The agency of workers and their union was deeply constrained because of the power of companies in GPNs and the nature of the national state and local economies, areas in need of further theoretical development.
Temporal Stability of Implicit and Explicit Measures
Authors: Gawronski Bertram , Morrison Mike , Phills Curtis E. , Galdi Silvia
Published: January 2017

A common assumption about implicit measures is that they reflect early experiences, whereas explicit measures are assumed to reflect recent experiences. This assumption subsumes two distinct hypotheses: (a) Implicit measures are more resistant to situationally induced changes than explicit measures; (b) individual differences on implicit measures are more stable over time than individual differences on explicit measures. Although the first hypothesis has been the subject of numerous studies, the second hypothesis has received relatively little attention. The current research addressed the second hypothesis in two longitudinal studies that compared the temporal stability of individual differences on implicit and explicit measures in three content domains (self-concept, racial attitudes, political attitudes). In both studies, implicit measures showed significantly lower stability over time (weighted average r = .54) than conceptually corresponding explicit measures (weighted average r = .75), despite comparable estimates of internal consistency. Implications for theories of implicit social cognition and interpretations of implicit and explicit measures are discussed.
Foundational Tests of the Need-Support Model
Authors: Vaughn Leigh Ann
Published: January 2017

This article introduces the need-support model, which proposes that regulatory focus can affect subjective support for the needs proposed by self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), and support of these needs can affect subjective labeling of experiences as promotion-focused and prevention-focused. Three studies tested these hypotheses ( N = 2,114). Study 1 found that people recall more need support in promotion-focused experiences than in prevention-focused experiences, and need support in their day yesterday (with no particular regulatory focus) fell in between. Study 2 found that experiences of higher need support were more likely to be labeled as promotion-focused rather than prevention-focused, and that each need accounted for distinct variance in the labeling of experiences. Study 3 varied regulatory focus within a performance task and found that participants in the promotion condition engaged in need-support inflation, whereas participants in the prevention condition engaged in need-support deflation. Directions for future research are discussed.
Gastric Emptying in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Martinez Enid E. , Pereira Luis M. , Gura Kathleen , Stenquist Nicole , Ariagno Katelyn , Nurko Samuel , Mehta Nilesh M.
Published: January 2017

Background: Delayed gastric emptying (GE) impedes enteral nutrient (EN) delivery in critically ill children. We examined the correlation between (a) bedside EN intolerance assessments, including gastric residual volume (GRV); (b) delayed GE; and (c) delayed EN advancement. Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients ≥1 year of age, eligible for gastric EN and without contraindications to acetaminophen. Gastric emptying was determined by the acetaminophen absorption test, specifically the area under the curve at 60 minutes (AUC60). Slow EN advancement was defined as delivery of <50% of the prescribed EN 48 hours after study initiation. EN intolerance assessments (GRV, abdominal distension, emesis, loose stools, abdominal discomfort) were recorded. Results: We enrolled 20 patients, median 11 years (4.4–15.5), 50% male. Sixteen (80%) patients had delayed GE (AUC60 <600 mcg·min/mL) and 7 (35%) had slow EN advancement. Median GRV (mL/kg) for patients with delayed vs normal GE was 0.43 (0.113–2.188) vs 0.89 (0.06–1.91), P = .9635. Patients with slow vs rapid EN advancement had median GRV (mL/kg) of 1.02 mL/kg (0.20–3.20) vs 0.27 mL/kg (0.06–1.62), P = .3114, and frequency of altered EN intolerance assessments of 3/7 (42.9%) vs 5/13 (38.5%), P = 1. Median AUC60 for patients with slow vs rapid EN advancement was 91.74 mcg·min/mL (53.52–143.1) vs 449.5 mcg·min/mL (173.2–786.5), P = .0012. Conclusions: A majority of our study cohort had delayed GE. Bedside EN intolerance assessments, particularly GRV, did not predict delayed GE or rate of EN advancement. Delayed gastric emptying predicted slow EN advancement. Novel tests for delayed GE and EN intolerance are needed.
Fasting and Postprandial Plasma Citrulline and the Correlation to Intestinal Function Evaluated by 72‐Hour Metabolic Balance Studies in Short Bowel Jejunostomy Patients With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Fjermestad Hilde , Hvistendahl Mark , Jeppesen Palle Bekker
Published: January 2017

Background: Fasting plasma citrulline (p‐citrulline) is a marker of functional enterocyte mass. However, the optimal timing of measurement in relation to meals has yet to be clarified. Furthermore, p‐citrulline has been proposed to be a surrogate marker for small bowel length and intestinal absorption parameters in short bowel syndrome patients with intestinal failure (SBS‐IF). Materials and Methods: Eight patients with SBS‐IF and 8 healthy controls (HCs) were given a standardized mixed test meal, and p‐citrulline was measured 15 minutes before and 60, 120, and 180 minutes after completion of the meal. The patients with SBS‐IF had their intestinal absorption of wet weight, energy, macronutrients, and electrolytes measured in relation to 72‐hour metabolic balance studies. We investigated the possible correlations between p‐citrulline and short bowel length, absorptive parameters, and the dependence on parenteral support (PS). Results: In the patients with SBS‐IF, we found a 12% (P = .041) reduction in postprandial citrulline levels after 180 minutes. In the HCs, there was a 13% postprandial reduction at 60 minutes (P = .018). No significant correlations between fasting p‐citrulline and bowel length, bowel absorptive function, or the dependence on PS were found. Even when excluding 2 patients in whom the intestinal absorption was adjacent to the intestinal insufficiency borderlines, these correlations were not significant. Conclusion: Based on findings in this small study, the optimal timing of p‐citrulline measurement is on fasting samples. However, p‐citrulline seems insufficiently discriminative to serve as a valid biomarker of bowel length, bowel absorptive function, or dependence on PS in patients with SBS‐IF.
Accumulation by symbolic dispossession: the Digital Terrestrial Television transition in South Africa
Authors: Duncan Jane
Published: January 2017

Using a critical political economy perspective, this article focusses on the migration from analogue to Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) in South Africa. Drawing on relevant international examples, it explores whether South Africa’s regulator is realising one of the major promises of the DTT transition, namely, to create more media diversity in the television sector. It analyses decisions taken by the communications regulator in allocating the digital multiplexes and whether these are contributing to broadening the public sphere. Sadly, in spite of the promise that the transition held, there are signs of it leading to reduced diversity and an upward redistribution of spectrum to upper-income brackets. Commercial broadcasting has become even more dominant than it was in the analogue space, which has intensified what Robert Horwitz has called a ‘commercialising juggernaut’ in television. These developments risk turning the country’s policy of three tiers of broadcasting – already under strain – into a policy in name only. Working class audiences that rely on public service television especially are being dispossessed of spectrum, depriving them of the resources necessary to speak to and be heard by mass audiences. The article asks why the DTT transition has come to this, and in attempting to answer this question, it critiques dominant theories of regulatory behaviour (including critical ones) as being overly structuralist in approach and not taking sufficient account of the agency needed to bring about a decommodified television system where the power to make symbolic resources is not determined by wealth.
Harmonious or out of tune? Cooperation between the television industry and the music business in talent contests of the 2000s
Authors: Kjus Yngvar
Published: January 2017

In recent years, the television industry has cooperated closely with the music business in producing talent contests such as Idols, X-Factor and The Voice. While these music contests have been one of the most popular entertainment trends of the 2000s, their ratings and associated music sales have dropped substantially. This article explores opportunities and limitations in the cooperation between television and music production, examining differences in industrial practices and the ways in which these practices are being affected by digitisation and globalisation. Its empirical approach involves interviews with television and music professionals, as well as amateur participants of talent contests in Norway. The article finds that structural differences between these industries trigger struggles over the content and presentation of musical performances which, over time, undermine the credibility of the joint venture. However, the ‘flow model’ of television and the ‘editorial model’ of music are presently undergoing transformation within the digital media context that in turn afford new opportunities for corporate collaboration and for musical talents to find their audiences.
Is There the “Sweet Spot” for Age at Marriage and Positive Marital Outcomes?
Authors: Bartle-Haring Suzanne , Shannon Samuel , Holowacz Eugene , Patton Rikki , Lotspeich-Younkin Felisha
Published: January 2017

Using three nationally representative data sets, researchers analyzed the trends in age at marriage, marital stability, and marital satisfaction across the 20th century. Although there is a well-established link between age at marriage and marital stability, less is understood about the link between age at marriage and marital satisfaction. Previous work in this area suggested that it is the absolute age at first marriage that makes a difference. This study examined this hypothesis as well as a second hypothesis that cultural expectations about the “right” age to marry make a difference. Neither hypothesis was completely supported. Trends in normed marital satisfaction scores varied by birth cohort, years married, and age at marriage in nonlinear ways. Implications for relationship educators and practitioners are discussed.
Marriage and Dissolution Among Women’s Cohabitations: Variations by Stepfamily Status and Shared Childbearing
Authors: Guzzo Karen Benjamin
Published: January 2017

Cohabiting unions increasingly involve children, either born during the union and/or from prior relationships (i.e., stepchildren). Drawing from arguments about the institutionalization of cohabitation and stepfamilies as well as the family systems perspective, this article examines dissolution and marriage risks among women’s cohabiting unions by stepfamily status, configuration (which partner has children), and shared intended and unintended fertility using the 2006-2013 National Survey of Family Growth. A minority (32%) of first cohabitations, but the majority of second (65%), and third (75%) cohabitations, are stepfamilies. Stepfamily cohabitations are less likely to transition to marriage compared with nonstepfamily unions, especially among complex stepfamilies (both partners have children), but neither stepfamily status nor configuration affect dissolution. Shared intended and unintended births are associated with dissolution and marriage risks but largely only for nonstepfamily cohabitations, suggesting that shared childbearing is only indicative of the institutionalization for cohabitations that are not stepfamilies.
Principles for Assessing Adversity in Toxicologic Clinical Pathology
Authors: Ramaiah Lila , Tomlinson Lindsay , Tripathi Niraj K. , Cregar Laura C. , Vitsky Allison , Beust Barbara von , Barlow Valerie G. , Reagan William J. , Ennulat Daniela
Published: January 2017

There is limited direction in the literature or regulatory guidance on determination of adversity for clinical pathology (CP) biomarkers in preclinical safety studies. Toxicologic clinical pathologists representing the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology—Regulatory Affairs Committee and Society of Toxicologic Pathology—Clinical Pathology Interest Group identified principles, overall approach, and unique considerations for assessing adversity in CP data interpretation to provide a consensus opinion. Emphasized is the need for pathophysiologic context and a weight-of-evidence approach. Most CP biomarkers do not have the potential to be adverse in isolation, regardless of magnitude of change. Rather, they quantify or describe the impact of effects, provide adjunct or supportive information regarding a process or pathogenesis, and provide translational biomarkers of effect. Most often, CP changes are part of a constellation of findings that collectively are adverse. Thus, most CP changes must be interpreted in conjunction with other study findings and require contextual and integrative interpretation. Exceptions include critical CP changes without correlates that indicate a health risk in the tested species. Overall, CP changes should not be interpreted in isolation and their adversity is best addressed with an integrated approach.
The Human Vasculitis Syndromes
Authors: Lightfoot Robert W.
Published: January 2017

The vasculitides consist of a spectrum of clinical syndromes having in common necrotizing inflammation of the vascular system. Typical classification systems are based on both size of vessel involved and clinical gestalt. The author favors a pragmatic classification. Symptoms are manifestations of systemic inflammation and of organ ischemia secondary to inflammatory vascular occlusion. Multicenter studies suggest that the most common vasculitides do not satisfy criteria for one of the specific nosological entities and would be classified as “other” vasculitides. For those syndromes fitting a classical description (e.g., Wegener's, polyarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schoenlein purpura), therapy is straight-forward. For those defying classification, therapy must be empirically directed at the manifestations causing symptoms.
Animal Models of Vasculitis
Authors: Bishop Sanford P.
Published: January 2017

There are several naturally occurring and iatrogenic models of vasculitis available in animals, although few have primary coronary vessel lesions. Aleutian disease of mink and equine viral arteritis are 2 well studied natural diseases which may be produced experimentally and, thus, make good animal models. Several drugs have been identified which produce myocardial lesions, including vasculitis, in susceptible individuals or when given in high enough doses. Immune mediated mechanisms are probably among the most important etiologic factors for the development of vasculitis and must be given high priority when exploring the pathogenesis of any vasculitis.
Immunopathogenesis of Arterial Diseases in Animals and Man
Authors: Krakowka Steven
Published: January 2017

This brief review summarizes our current understanding of vasculitis mediated by phlogistic immune complexes. The Arthus reaction and serum sickness both represent experimental models for immune complex disease. Immune complex phenomena occur in conjunction with C3 deficiency of dogs during canine distemper virus infection and, presumably, as a part of the beagle pain syndrome.
Vasculitis in MRL/1pr Mice: Model of Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity
Authors: Moyer Carolyn F. , Reinisch Carol L.
Published: January 2017

The destruction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in autoimmune arteritis is a poorly understood phenomenon. To approach this problem, VSMC cultures were established. The interaction of these cells (from normal or autoimmune mice) with lymphocytes was then evaluated. Specifically, splenocytes from MRL/1pr or C3H mice were co-cultivated with MRL/1pr or C3H VSMCs. Massive mononuclear inflammatory cell clusters enveloped MRL/1pr VSMCs which culminated in the detachment of MRL/1pr VSMCs from the culture plate. In contrast, the interaction of splenocytes from normal or autoimmune mice did not destroy normal VSMCs. Further investigation indicated that MRL/1pr VSMCs spontaneously expressed both Ia–k and Ia–d, as assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, and released interleukin-1-like factors–-characteristics of accessory cells to T-lymphocyte function. Evaluation of VSMCs accessory function in antigen presentation suggests that these cells may present antigen under specific experimental conditions. As a result of these studies, a novel mechanism of autoimmune vasculitis is proposed. Our hypothesis is that defective biological function of VSMCs from autoimmune mice stimulates a mononuclear inflammatory cell response which culminates in VSMC autodestruction.
Spontaneous Disseminated Panarteritis in Laboratory Beagle Dogs in a Toxicity Study: A Possible Genetic Predilection
Authors: Ruben Zadok , Deslex Paul , Nash Gary , Redmond Ninfa I. , Poncet Michel , Dodd David C.
Published: January 2017

Disseminated panarteritis was found in 16 (9 males and 7 females) of 49 laboratory beagle dogs (25 males and 24 females) from one breeding kennel. The dogs had been used in a 6-month oral toxicity study. Panarteritis was not associated with clinical or gross abnormalities. The incidence was similar in the control and test article-treated groups. Mainly medium-sized arteries throughout the body, particularly intercostal arteries (at their aortic origin), and coronary, epididymal and thymic vessels were affected. Chronic mono-nuclear-cell periarteritis was the predominant feature. Mixed cellular inflammation of the wall, proliferation or degeneration of muscle cells, focal “fibrinoid” material in the tunica media, fragmented internal elastic lamina and intimal thickening associated with myointimal cellular proliferation also occurred. These histologic changes are compatible with those of immune arteritis. Round worm intestinal infestation and granulomas of visceral larva migrans were common in several organs. Statistical analyses suggested that the pedigree of dogs is related to panarteritis, but the presence or absence of parasitization alone is not. The possible roles of genetic predilection and/or parasites in the pathogenesis are discussed. This panarteritis is spontaneous and may complicate the interpretation of lesions in toxicity studies.