bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new assembly pathway for the cytokinetic Z ring from a dynamic helical structure in vegetatively growing cells of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Peters Phoebe C. , Migocki Margaret D. , Thoni Carola , Harry Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2007

The earliest event in bacterial cell division is the formation of a Z ring, composed of the tubulin‐like FtsZ protein, at the division site at midcell. This ring then recruits several other division proteins and together they drive the formation of a division septum between two replicated chromosomes. Here we show that, in addition to forming a cytokinetic ring, FtsZ localizes in a helical‐like pattern in vegetatively growing cells of Bacillus subtilis. FtsZ moves rapidly within this helix‐like structure. Examination of FtsZ localization in individual live cells undergoing a single cell cycle suggests a new assembly mechanism for Z ring formation that involves a cell cycle‐mediated multistep remodelling of FtsZ polymers. Our observations suggest that initially FtsZ localizes in a helical pattern, with movement of FtsZ within this structure occurring along the entire length of the cell. Next, movement of FtsZ in a helical‐like pattern is restricted to a central region of the cell. Finally the FtsZ ring forms precisely at midcell. We further show that another division protein, FtsA, shown to interact with FtsZ prior to Z ring formation in B. subtilis, also localizes to similar helical patterns in vegetatively growing cells.
Stereological analysis of neuropil threads in the hippocampal formation: relationships with Alzheimer's disease neuronal pathology and cognition
Authors: Giannakopoulos P. , Von Gunten A. , Kövari E. , Gold G. , Herrmann F. R. , Hof P. R. , Bouras C.
Published: May 2007

Although neuropil threads are thought to account for 85–90% of cortical tau pathology in brain ageing, their clinical significance remains controversial. Previous studies have measured densities, rather than absolute numbers, and most did not take into account possible interactions among the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report here stereological estimates of total neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and neuron numbers as well as total amyloid volume and neuropil thread (NT) length, in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of 19 very old individuals (age range: 83–101 years) with various degrees of cognitive decline. Total NT length in all areas studied increased in mildly demented cases but showed a marked decrease in Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale 3 cases. Both total NFT and neuron numbers were related to NT length in the CA1 field and entorhinal cortex. A strong positive relationship was also present between the total NFT numbers in the entorhinal cortex and NT length in the CA1 field and dentate gyrus. Total NT length in the CA1 field was related to both CDR scores and presence or absence of dementia explaining 7% and 37% of their variability respectively. In multivariate models, this relationship was highly dependent on the severity of NFT formation in this area. Our data reveal that NT formation in hippocampal subdivisions and entorhinal cortex accompanies AD neuronal pathology in early stages of the degenerative process, yet its rate may decrease in severe dementia. In terms of clinicopathological correlations, NT length in the hippocampal formation does not represent an independent marker of dementia severity.
Relevance of combinatorial profiles of intermediate filaments and transcription factors for glioma histogenesis
Authors: Colin C. , Virard I. , Baeza N. , Tchoghandjian A. , Fernandez C. , Bouvier C. , Calisti A. , Tong S. , Durbec P. , Figarella‐Branger D.
Published: May 2007

In order to define specific markers for histogenesis of three well‐characterized subgroups of human gliomas (pilocytic astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme and oligodendrogliomas), we studied the expression of relevant markers that characterize gliomagenesis, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. They include the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and nestin, the transcription factors Olig2, Nkx2.2 and Sox10, and the proteolipid protein transcripts plp/dm20. We show that the three major categories of human gliomas express a combinatorial profile of markers that gives new insights to their histogenesis and may help diagnosis. Pilocytic astrocytomas strongly express GFAP, vimentin, Olig2, Nkx2.2 and Sox10 but not nestin. In contrast, glioblastomas strongly express GFAP, vimentin and nestin but these tumours are heterogeneous regarding the expression of the transcription factors studied. Finally, in oligodendrogliomas, intermediate filament proteins are generally not observed whereas Olig2 was found in almost all tumour cells nuclei while only a subpopulation of tumour cells expressed Nkx2.2 and Sox10.
Effect of ammonia on ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression and its upstream signalling pathway in cultured rat astroglial cells: possible implication of c‐fos, Sp1 and p38MAPK
Authors: Bodega G. , Suárez I. , Almonacid L. , Ciordia S. , Beloso A. , López‐Fernández L. A. , Zaballos A. , Fernández B.
Published: May 2007

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) may be implicated in the pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. We tested this hypothesis by treating confluent primary cultures of rat astroglial cells with ammonium chloride for various periods and analysing the effect of ammonia on the signalling pathway that regulates CNTF mRNA and protein expression. Ammonia treatment induced a dose‐ and time‐dependent reduction in CNTF mRNA and protein expression. Surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis of CNTF in the culture medium demonstrated that ammonia also induced a significant decrease in CNTF release. In addition, ammonia affected Sp1 and c‐fos, transcription factors that regulate CNTF mRNA and protein expression, which showed partial dephosphorylation and significantly lower mRNA and protein levels. Total content of p38MAPK (for which Sp1 and c‐fos are substrates) was unaffected by ammonia, although the diphosphorylated (active) form was significantly reduced after ammonia exposure.
Apoptosis in experimental cerebral malaria: spatial profile of cleaved caspase‐3 and ultrastructural alterations in different disease stages
Authors: Lackner P. , Burger C. , Pfaller K. , Heussler V. , Helbok R. , Morandell M. , Broessner G. , Tannich E. , Schmutzhard E. , Beer R.
Published: May 2007

Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with high mortality and morbidity as a certain percentage of survivors suffers from persistent neurological sequelae. The mechanisms leading to death and functional impairments are yet not fully understood. This study investigated biochemical and morphological markers of apoptosis in the brains of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Cleaved caspase‐3 was detected in the brains of animals with clinical signs of CM and immunoreactivity directly correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. Caudal parts of the brain showed more intense immunoreactivity for cleaved caspase‐3. Double‐labelling experiments revealed processing of caspase‐3 primarily in neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cells also exhibited apoptotic‐like morphological profiles in ultrastructural analysis. Further, cleavage of caspase‐3 was found in endothelial cells. In contrast to neurons and oligodendrocytes, apoptosis of endothelial cells already occurred in early stages of the disease. Our results are the first to demonstrate processing of caspase‐3 in different central nervous system cells of animals with CM. Apoptosis of endothelial cells may represent a critical issue for the development of the disease in the mouse model. Neurological signs and symptoms might be attributable, at least in part, to apoptotic degeneration of neurons and glia in advanced stages of murine CM.
Calcineurin inhibitor substitution with sirolimus vs. reduced‐dose calcineurin inhibitor plus sirolimus is associated with improved renal dysfunction in heart transplant patients
Authors: Potter Brian J , Giannetti Nadia , Edwardes Michael D. deB , Cecere Renzo , Cantarovich Marcelo
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Heart transplant (HTx) patients are at risk of developing renal dysfunction. Sirolimus has been used as an alternative for calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in transplant patients with renal dysfunction. Recent data suggest that the combination of sirolimus with a CNI is associated with a deterioration of renal function in renal transplant patients. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect on the creatinine clearance (CrCl) of heart transplant (HTx) patients with renal dysfunction (RD) on CNI‐based sirolimus‐free regimens of conversion to either reduced‐dose CNI plus sirolimus or outright substitution of CNI with sirolimus. We retrospectively identified 29 treatment switches for 26 patients with RD defined as a decline in the CrCl > 25% post‐HTx. Treatment switches were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 13 switches in 13 patients (four women, nine men, age 62 ± 10 yr) in whom sirolimus replaced CNI. Group 2 included 16 switches in 15 patients [two women, 13 men (one man underwent two such switches), age 61 ± 9 yr] in whom CNI dose was reduced and sirolimus was added. Two men appear in both groups. Average follow‐up was 10.4 ± 3.2 months. Overall mortality, rejection, and side‐effects rates were comparable between groups. At 12‐months post‐switch, the mean CrCl had increased from 48 ± 15 at time of treatment switch to 56 ± 22 mL/min in group 1 and decreased from 53 ± 19 to 47 ± 17 mL/min in group 2 (p = 0.02). In conclusion, substitution of CNI with sirolimus provided improved renal recovery compared with lower‐dose CNI plus sirolimus in HTx patients with renal dysfunction.
Incisional hernia following liver transplantation: incidence and predisposing factors
Authors: Kahn Judith , Müller Helmut , Iberer Florian , Kniepeiss Daniela , Duller Doris , Rehak Peter , Tscheliessnigg Karlheinz
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have a high risk of developing incisional hernia (IH). In the literature incidences between 5% and 17% are reported.

Patients and methods:  In 90 patients, who underwent OLT between October 1998 and December 2005, a retrospective analysis on the occurrence of IH was performed. Surgical access for OLT was a transversal upper laparotomy. Age, gender, primary disease, ICU stay, immunosuppressive regimen and two different closure techniques (running suture or single sutures in layers) were evaluated.

Results:  In 73 patients (76.7%, group 2) healing of the incision was without problems, in 17 patients (23.3%, group 1), IH occurred. Total survival was similar between the groups (86.3% vs. 94.1%, n.s.). No significant differences between the groups concerning age, gender, body mass index, platelet count and duration of ICU stay were found. Also, the technique of abdominal closure had no impact on the development of IH. No IH was found in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 15), whereas end‐stage liver cirrhosis (n = 75) was associated with development of IH (p = 0.064). Multivariate analysis revealed end‐stage liver cirrhosis, Sirolimus, and MMF to be independent significant risk factors for IH after OLT.

Conclusion:  IH following OLT has to be regarded a frequent complication. While technique of abdominal closure seems to have no impact, primary diagnosis and kind of immunosuppressive regimen exerted a significant influence on the formation of IH.
Cardiac retransplantation in high risk pediatric patients
Authors: Richmond Marc E. , Addonizio Linda J. , Hsu Daphne T. , Mital Seema R. , Mosca Ralph S. , Quaegebeur Jan M. , Chen Jonathan , Lamour Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Cardiac retransplantation is often the only therapy to treat GV or other causes of allograft failure. Previous reports of retransplantation have conflicting results. In this series of 18 re‐transplants in 16 patients from 1984–2005, indications for retransplantation were: GV (67%); GV with cellular rejection (28%); acute graft failure (2.5%); and chronic graft failure (2.5%). Mean age at retransplantation was 12.3 (range: 0.7–22) years with a mean primary graft survival of 5.3 years (range: 8 days–10.5 years). There was no short‐term mortality with only three deaths at 4, 10, and 16 years post‐retransplantation. Fourteen of 18 patients had risk factors for adverse outcomes following retransplantation: ECMO support in one patient prior to retransplantation; impaired renal function in three patients; elevated panel reactive antibody screen in seven patients; a history of PTLD in five patients; and a recent episode of rejection (13–36 days) in four patients. One‐, five‐ and ten‐year survival after retransplantation was 100%, 83% and 66%, respectively, comparable to survival after primary transplantation. Freedom from rejection was not significantly different between primary and retransplantations. All patients who underwent treatment for PTLD had excellent results after retransplantation with one recurrence 16 months after retransplant. Overall, patients had excellent survival after retransplantation even in those with risk factors for poor outcome.
Arabidopsis prolyl 4‐hydroxylases are differentially expressed in response to hypoxia, anoxia and mechanical wounding
Authors: Vlad Florina , Spano Thodhoraq , Vlad Daniela , Bou Daher Firas , Ouelhadj Akli , Kalaitzis Panagiotis
Published: May 2007

Prolyl 4‐hydroxylases (P4H; EC 1.14.11.2) have been studied extensively in various organisms and recently in relation to oxygen deficiency while little is known about their role in response to similar stresses in plants. To this direction, we investigated the expression patterns of Arabidopsis P4Hs under hypoxia, anoxia and mechanical wounding. The 13 Arabidopsis P4Hs are low‐abundance transcripts with differential patterns of expression in response to two hypoxic, 1.5% and 5% O2, anoxic conditions and mechanical wounding. The majority of AtP4Hs showed higher levels of expression in roots compared with shoots under hypoxia and anoxia. Hypoxia of 1.5% O2 induced the expression of six AtP4Hs, while hypoxia of 5% O2 and anoxia induced the expression of three and two AtP4Hs, respectively. Moreover, we identified in silico, 308 Arabidopsis genes among the differentially expressed genes under hypoxia that contain proline hydroxylation motifs. It is likely that the AtP4Hs hydroxylate proline residue(s) of the 308 polypeptides suggest involvement in their post‐translational modification process. This modification might serve as an alternative level of regulation for the function of these polypeptides in the context of hypoxic response. Furthermore, six AtP4Hs were upregulated in response to mechanical wounding, suggesting involvement in this stress response.
Impact of Water Stress on Maize Grown Off‐Season in a Subtropical Environment
Authors: Soler C. M. T. , Hoogenboom G. , Sentelhas P. C. , Duarte A. P.
Published: May 2007

During the last decade, the production of off‐season maize has increased in several regions of Brazil. Growing maize during this season, with sowing from January through April, imposes several climatic risks that can impact crop yield. This is mainly caused by the high variability of precipitation and the probability of frost during the reproduction phases. High production risks are also partially due to the use of cultivars that are not adapted to the local environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to evaluate crop growth and development and associated yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) for maize hybrids with different maturity ratings grown off‐season in a subtropical environment under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Three experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil with four hybrids of different maturity duration, AG9010 (very short season), DAS CO32 and Exceler (short season) and DKB 333B (normal season). Leaf area index (LAI), plant height and dry matter were measured approximately every 18 days. Under rainfed conditions, the soil water content in the deeper layers was reduced, suggesting that the extension of the roots into these layers was a response to soil water limitations. On average, WUE varied from 1.45 kg m−3 under rainfed conditions to 1.69 kg m−3 under irrigated conditions during 2001. The average yield varied from 4209 kg ha−1 for the hybrids grown under rainfed conditions to 5594 kg ha−1 under irrigated conditions during 2001. Yield reductions under rainfed conditions were affected by the genotype. For the hybrid DKB 333B with a normal maturity, yield was reduced by 25.6 % while the short maturity hybrid Exceler was the least impacted by soil water limitations with a yield reduction of only 8.4 %. To decrease the risk of yield loss, the application of supplemental irrigation should be considered by local farmers, provided that this practice is not restricted by either economic considerations or the availability of sufficient water resources.
Impact of MYOD family genes on pork traits in Large White and Landrace pigs
Authors: Verner J. , Humpolíček P. , Knoll A.
Published: May 2007

Summary Porcine myogenic differentiation genes (MYOD) family play a key role in growth and muscle development and are therefore considered as candidate genes for meat production traits. The objective of the study was to investigate the polymorphisms at four loci belonging to the MYOD genes family and analyse their associations with variation in meat production traits in Czech pig breeds. To verify the associations between the polymorphisms and the selected meat traits, altogether 254 pigs, including full‐ and half‐sibs, of Large White and Landrace breeds were tested. The studied meat characteristics were weight of neck, loin, shoulder and ham, lean meat content (LMC), backfat thickness, intramuscular fat (IMF), remission, dry matter content and test daily gain. Statistically significant associations were observed between MYOG gene and fat and neck weight, and between MYF5 gene and IMF and LMC. High significant differences were observed between genotypes AA and AB of MYOD1 in IMF and between genotypes AB and BB of MYF5 in loin weight.
Olfactory response of Trigonotylus caelestialium (Het.: Miridae) to rice plant and gramineous weeds
Authors: Niiyama T. , Fujii T. , Hori M. , Matsuda K.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The olfactory response of Trigonotylus caelestialium, to rice, Oryza sativa L., and two species of gramineous weeds, Poa annua and Digitaria ciliaris, was investigated with an olfactometer to clarify the role of host‐plant odours as olfactory cues in their host‐finding behaviour. Third‐instar nymphs and adult males were significantly attracted to whole plants (above ground parts) of P. annua. However, adult females were not significantly attracted to whole plants of P. annua. Attractancy of rice to T. caelestialium differed with the growth stage and part of the plant. Adult females were significantly attracted to stems and leaves in the panicle‐formation stage, and panicles in the flowering stage. They were not attracted to stems and leaves in the fourth‐leaf stage and flowering stage, or to panicles in the milk‐and full‐ripe stages. Although adult males were significantly attracted to stems and leaves in the panicle‐formation stage, they were not attracted to the other rice structures tested. Both females and males were significantly attracted to stems and leaves, as well as panicles of D. ciliaris in the flowering stage. The findings suggest that T. caelestialium use host‐plant volatiles as olfactory cues to find their host plants and their invasion to paddy fields were caused by olfactory responses to rice plant.
Dystocia in a Rothschild Giraffe Leading to a Caesarean Section
Authors: Williams D. C. , Murison P. J. , Hill C. L.
Published: May 2007

A 9‐year‐old female Rothschild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi), weighing approximately 900 kg, at Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire, UK was presented with dystocia in September 2005. This paper details the surgical and anaesthetic procedures carried out performing a caesarean section to remove a dead male calf and the successful recovery of the giraffe.
Factors Affecting the Success Rate of Treatment of Recumbent Dairy Cows Suffering from Hypocalcaemia
Authors: Gelfert C.‐C. , Alpers I. , Dallmeyer M. , Decker M. , Hüting A. , Lesch S. , Baumgartner W. , Staufenbiel R.
Published: May 2007

We aimed to investigate the ratio of accompanying diseases in cows suffering from clinical hypocalcaemia and their influence on cure rate. In five veterinary practices in different regions of Germany, all recumbent cows around parturition were included in the study for a period of 1 year. After recording the case history a clinical examination was done and a serum sample was taken to measure the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus magnesium, β‐hydroxybutyrate, total bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, and the activities of ASAT, CK, and GLDH. Only cows with hypocalcaemia entered the statistical analysis. Hypocalcaemia was the major cause of recumbency in cows of the second lactation or elder. Muscle damage was the second frequent diagnose in recumbent cows and the major concomitant disease in hypocalcaemic cows. The overall cure rate was between 89.4% and 94.8%. Calcium and phosphorus concentrations did not have an influence on cure rate. Non‐cured cows had higher serum activities of CK (p<0.043) and ASAT (p<0.006). Nevertheless, the activities of CK and ASAT were no good predictors of treatment failure because of their low specificity and the high cure rate of the cows in the five practices.
Patient handover from surgery to intensive care: using Formula 1 pit‐stop and aviation models to improve safety and quality
Authors: CATCHPOLE KEN R. , DE LEVAL MARC R. , MCEWAN ANGUS , PIGOTT NICK , ELLIOTT MARTIN J. , MCQUILLAN ANNETTE , MACDONALD CAROL , GOLDMAN ALLAN J.
Published: May 2007

Background:  We aimed to improve the quality and safety of handover of patients from surgery to intensive care using the analogy of a Formula 1 pit stop and expertise from aviation.

Methods:  A prospective intervention study measured the change in performance before and after the implementation of a new handover protocol that was developed through detailed discussions with a Formula 1 racing team and aviation training captains. Fifty (23 before and 27 after) postsurgery patient handovers were observed. Technical errors and information omissions were measured using checklists, and teamwork was scored using a Likert scale. Duration of the handover was also measured.

Results:  The mean number of technical errors was reduced from 5.42 (95% CI ±1.24) to 3.15 (95% CI ±0.71), the mean number of information handover omissions was reduced from 2.09 (95% CI ±1.14) to 1.07 (95% CI ±0.55), and duration of handover was reduced from 10.8 min (95% CI ±1.6) to 9.4 min (95% CI ±1.29). Nine out of twenty‐three (39%) precondition patients had more than one error in both technical and information handover prior to the new protocol, compared with three out of twnety‐seven (11.5%) with the new handover. Regression analysis showed that the number of technical errors were significantly reduced with the new handover (t = −3.63, P < 0.001), and an interaction suggested that teamwork (t = 3.04, P = 0.004) had a different effect with the new handover protocol.

Conclusions:  The introduction of the new handover protocol lead to improvements in all aspects of the handover. Expertise from other industries can be extrapolated to improve patient safety, and in particular, areas of medicine involving the handover of patients or information.
The intraoperative use of recombinant FVIIa in child with hemophilia A with antibodies
Authors: SIMIC DUSICA , MILOJEVIC IRINA
Published: May 2007

Patients with hemophilia A that developed inhibitors to FVIII represent a problem for bleeding control especially during surgical procedures. We report the use of bolus injections of rFVIIa during one intervention that included synoviectomy on the right knee, cholecystectomy and appendicectomy in a child with high titer of inhibitors to FVIII. rFVIIa was administered at the start (120 μg·kg−1) and then every 2 h (90 μg·kg−1) during the procedure. ε‐aminocapronic acid was also administered as an antifibrinolytic every 3 h. We monitored aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) and PT (prothrombin time) and they were within reference values. Surgery lasted 7 h without significant hemorrhage. Postoperatively the dose of rFVIIa was slowly reduced and after ten days the patient was discharged home in good condition. In our case rFVIIa helped a child with hemophilia A with antibodies to undergo major surgery but each case should be treated individually and the cost of rFVIIa has also to be taken into account.
Sudden cardiac death: influence of diabetes
Authors: Spooner P. M.
Published: May 2007

This article reviews current thinking on the problem of sudden cardiac death (SCD) within community settings, highlighting progress in understanding risks and mechanisms. Information available on the influence of diabetes as a risk factor for SCD and the question of whether this disease enhances susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias is summarized as are central strategies in risk stratification and mortality prevention.
Asymmetric Market Reactions of Growth and Value Firms with Management Earnings Forecasts*
Authors: Chan H. , Faff R. , Ho Y. K. , Ramsay A.
Published: May 2007

We study the market reaction of Australian firms issuing management earnings forecasts (MEF). Specifically, we measure and distinguish between the immediate and post‐earnings announcement impact of MEF. Our analysis is conditioned on growth/value characteristics and news surprise and we test for asymmetric effects on these two conditioning variables. We find that the 3‐day returns following non‐routine bad news forecasts are significantly more negative for growth firms than value firms. No significant differences are found for good news forecasts. In the post‐earnings announcement period, both growth and value firms have significant negative post‐earnings announcement drift following non‐routine bad news forecasts but they are not significantly different from each other.
Potentials and Pitfalls in Analytical Headache Epidemiological Studies—Lessons to be Learned from the Head-HUNT Study
Authors: Hagen K , Stovner LJ , Zwart J-A
Published: May 2007

The number of epidemiological headache studies is rapidly increasing, and has accentuated the need to improve the quality of the way studies are performed and how results are interpreted. The aims of this review were to summarize the main findings from the Head-HUNT study, to describe strengths and limitations of the Head-HUNT approach and to discuss the significance of some of our findings. Head-HUNT included a large sample size of 51 383 participants that gave the opportunity to make analyses also of relatively rare conditions. The wide range of health-related information made it possible to adjust for many potential confounding variables. Blood samples for future genetic headache studies are available for a non-selected large group of individuals. The data show that among several factors that have been evaluated, age and gender were the two most clearly related to migraine, whereas analgesic overuse and the presence of some comorbid conditions were most strongly associated with the prevalence of chronic headache. Interesting relationships to blood pressure and thyroidstimulating hormone levels were also found. Methodological problems in headache epidemiological studies are discussed and, in particular, problems with causal inferences. Despite the limitations of the head-HUNT study, we believe that the results so far have provided clues to causes and preventive factors of headache that should be explored in other populations and in prospective studies.
Cannabinoid and Vanilloid Effects of R(+)-Methanandamide in the Hemisected Meningeal Preparation
Authors: Fischer MJM , Messlinger K
Published: May 2007

The endogenous cannabinoid R(+)-methanandamide (mAEA) exerts differential anti- and pronociceptive effects by activating both cannabinoid (CB1) and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors of nociceptive primary afferents. The significance of these effects in meningeal nociception was evaluated by modulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from meningeal afferents measured in an in vitro preparation of the hemisected rat skull. Temperature steps to 39°C and 45°C caused heat-dependent increases in CGRP release. One micromolar mAEA inhibited CGRP release at 32°C but facilitated it at 45°C. This effect was abolished in the presence of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist capsazepine. Lower doses of mAEA had no effect on basal or heat-evoked release. In the presence of the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (0.2 μM) heat-stimulated increase in CGRP release was facilitated. CGRP release in the presence of SR141716 (0.2 μM) was further increased by adding mAEA at a concentration which had no effect on its own. These results confirm an opposing functional role for anandamide at CB1 and TRPV1 receptors on meningeal afferents.
Interaction of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, Nitric Oxide and Histamine Release in Neurogenic Blood Flow and Afferent Activation in The Rat Cranial Dura Mater
Authors: Schwenger N , Dux M , Col R de , Carr R , Messlinger K
Published: May 2007

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nitric oxide (NO) and histamine are implicated in primary headaches but their role in vascular and nociceptive events in the dura mater is not well described. In an in vitro preparation of the hemisected rat skull, CGRP and histamine release from the cranial dura was measured using enzyme-linked immunoassays. While the NO donator NONOate (10-4 M) was without effect, CGRP (10-5 M) induced considerable histamine release from the rat cranial dura, which was blocked by the CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP8-37 (10-5 M). Conversely, histamine (10-4 M) did not stimulate CGRP release. In vitro recordings from single rat meningeal afferents showed that only one of 12 mechanically identified units but several mechanically insensitive units responded to histamine (up to 10-5 M). Increases in meningeal blood flow after histamine application (10-4 M) to the rat cranial dura remained unchanged during CGRP receptor blockade with CGRP8-37, inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NAME (20 mg/kg i.v.) and H3 receptor blockade with thioperamide (10-4 M). We conclude that histamine produces direct vasodilatation and activates a subset of largely non-mechanically sensitive, non-CGRP containing afferents in the rat meninges. Histamine is released from meningeal mast cells which are stimulated by CGRP. Similar mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of headaches.
Headache and Temporomandibular Disorders: Evidence for Diagnostic and Behavioural Overlap
Authors: Glaros AG , Urban D , Locke J
Published: May 2007

To assess the diagnostic and behavioural overlap of headache patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD), individuals recruited from the general population with self-described headaches were compared with non-headache controls. The examination and diagnostic procedures in the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for TMD were applied to both sets of subjects by a blinded examiner. Following their examination, subjects used experience sampling methods to obtain data on pain, tooth contact, masticatory muscle tension, emotional states and stress. Results showed that a significantly higher proportion of the headache patients received an RDC/TMD diagnosis of myofascial pain than non-headache controls. Headache patients also reported significantly more frequent and intense tooth contact, more masticatory muscle tension, more stress and more pain in the face/head and other parts of the body than non-headache controls. These results are similar to those reported for TMD patients and they suggest that headache patients and TMD patients overlap considerably in diagnosis and oral parafunctional behaviours.
Effect of toe and heel elevation on calculated tendon strains in the horse and the influence of the proximal interphalangeal joint
Authors: Lawson Siân E. M. , Chateau Henry , Pourcelot Philippe , Denoix Jean‐Marie , Crevier‐Denoix Nathalie
Published: May 2007

The sagittal alteration of hoof balance is a common intervention in horses, with corrective shoeing being one of the most frequently applied methods of managing tendonitis. However, the effect of toe or heel elevation on tendon strains is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the effect of toe and heel wedges on the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and the third interosseous muscle or suspensory ligament strains usingin vivodata and an accurate subject‐specific model. Kinematic data were recorded using invasive markers at the walk and trot. Computerized tomography was then used to create a subject‐specific model of an equine distal forelimb and strains were calculated for the superficial digital flexor tendon, the deep digital flexor tendon accessory ligament and the suspensory ligament for seven trials each of normal shoes, and toe and heel elevation. As the proximal interphalangeal joint is often ignored in strain calculations, its influence on the strain calculations was also tested. The deep ligament showed the same results for walk and trot with the heel wedge decreasing peak strain and the toe wedge increasing it. The opposite results were seen in the suspensory ligament and the superficial digital flexor tendon with the heel wedge increasing peak strain and the toe wedge decreasing it. The proximal interphalangeal joint was shown to be influential on the strains calculated with normal shoes and the calculated effect of the wedges. Our results imply that corrective shoeing appears to decrease strain in the tendon being targeted; the possibility of increases in strain in other structures should also be considered.
Human mesenchymal stem cells at the single‐cell level: simultaneous seven‐colour immunofluorescence
Authors: Schieker Matthias , Pautke Christoph , Haasters Florian , Schieker Jana , Docheva Denitsa , Böcker Wolfgang , Guelkan Huelya , Neth Peter , Jochum Marianne , Mutschler Wolf
Published: May 2007

Extracellular, intracellular or surface proteins can be used as putative markers to characterize human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). However, these markers are also expressed by other cell types and primary cell pools reveal considerable heterogeneity. Therefore, the simultaneous detection of several markers on a single cell appears to be an attractive approach to identify hMSC. Here we demonstrate the specific distinction of human MSC from human osteoblasts via seven‐colour fluorescence on the single cell level with simultaneous marker detection of CD44, CD105/endoglin, CD106/VCAM‐1, collagen‐IV, fibronectin, actin and DAPI nuclear staining. We performed spectral image acquisition using a Sagnac‐type interferometer. Subsequent linear unmixing allowed for decomposition of each pixel in its spectral components. Our approach reveals a typical expression profile of the adherent singular cells, allowing the specific distinction between hMSC and osteoblasts on the single cell level.
Human TRP14 gene homologue from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri: identification, evolution, expression and functional characterization
Authors: Jiang Shengjuan , Zhang Shicui , Vuthiphandchai Verapong , Nimrat Subuntith
Published: May 2007

Thioredoxin‐related protein of 14 kDa, TRP14, has previously been identified only in humans. Here we report the identification and expression of an amphioxus TRP14 gene, named AmphiTRP14, the first such data in a non‐mammalian organism. AmphiTRP14 consists of a 372‐bp open reading frame coding for a 123‐amino‐acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 14 kDa. It shares 56% identity with human TRP14 and possesses a highly conserved motif CPDC. Sequence comparison suggests the evolutionary appearance of the four‐exon‐three‐intron organization of TRP14 genes after the split of protostome/deuterostome, which is highly conserved since then. AmphiTRP14 has been successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The recombinant protein exhibited features characteristic of human TRP14, including a reductase activity towards insulin. Both in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry revealed that AmphiTRP14 was expressed in a tissue‐specific manner, with the most abundant expression in the hepatic caecum, ovary and hind‐gut. This suggests that AmphiTRP14 plays a fundamental but tissue‐specific role, or alternatively reflects differences in the tissue susceptibility to oxidative damage.
Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the endangered land snail, Trichia caelata (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)
Authors: ARMBRUSTER G. F. J. , ALVAREZ C. , PESARO M. , BAUR B.
Published: May 2007

Eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci are presented for the endangered land snail Trichia caelata, a rare species endemic to the Northwestern Jura mountains, Switzerland. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 17. At seven loci, the expected heterozygosity differed significantly from observed heterozygosity. No evidence for linkage disequilibrium was detected between locus pairs. We are currently using these markers to investigate the genetic population structure of T. caelata in its restricted distribution area.
The effect of multidirectional mechanical vibration on peripheral circulation of humans
Authors: Button C. , Anderson N. , Bradford C. , Cotter J. D. , Ainslie P. N.
Published: May 2007

The physiological response of humans to vibration has intrigued researchers for some time, and recently in relation to its potential as a non‐pharmacological means to improve peripheral blood flow. A new vibration device [Arapal Technologies Ltd (ATL), Christchurch, New Zealand] for pain relief that purportedly delivers multidirectional vibration waveforms, has been developed. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of 30 min of mechanical vibration (60 Hz) using two ATL massage devices concurrently upon local peripheral blood flow in healthy humans. On the basis of past work it was expected that acute exposure of the body to the vibratory stimulus would increase local peripheral blood flow. In a randomized cross‐over design, mean blood flow (MBF) to the calf was measured using venous occlusion plethysmography before, during 3 min and after 30 min exposure to the vibratory devices or placebo (non‐vibratory) devices. Statistical analysis revealed no consistent differences between conditions and considerable individual variability. The MBF increase tended to be higher in the vibration condition than the placebo condition (P = 0·16, 95% likely range = −14·4% to 82·2%), the mean increase from resting blood flow at the post‐test was 26 ± 49% in the vibration condition and 12 ± 39% in the placebo condition. It took approximately 22 min of exposure to the vibratory stimulus to elicit peak blood flow (18 min with the placebo). Improvements in local blood flow may be beneficial in the therapeutic alleviation of pain or other symptoms resulting from acute or chronic musculoskeletal injuries.
A Spanish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) adult attachment questionnaire
Authors: ALONSO‐ARBIOL ITZIAR , BALLUERKA NEKANE , SHAVER PHILLIP R.
Published: May 2007

A Spanish adaptation of the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) measure of the 2 dimensions of adult attachment (K. A. Brennan, C. L. Clark, & P. R. Shaver, 1998) was created using a back‐translation procedure. Called the ECR‐S, the new scale displays the same 2‐factor structure as the English‐language ECR in both university and community samples and is reliable in both the internal consistency and the temporal stability senses. In a sample of married and cohabiting couples, the 2 subscales of the ECR‐S, anxiety and avoidance, are orthogonal and correlate with other theoretically appropriate variables (scores on K. Bartholomew and L. M. Horowitz’s, 1991, measure of adult attachment style, relationship status, and various dimensions of love and couple satisfaction). Cross‐cultural differences between American and Spanish results are briefly discussed.
Is it all about intimacy? Age, menopausal status, and women’s sexuality
Authors: BIRNBAUM GURIT E. , COHEN OHAD , WERTHEIMER VERED
Published: May 2007

Two studies examined the contribution of aging to various aspects of sexual functioning. Study 1 examined the association between age and sexual response among 289 women. Results showed that aging and relationship length were associated with relatively low sexual desire, excitement, and intimacy, with sexual intimacy mediating the association between relationship length and sexual excitement. Furthermore, the negative association between aging and sexual desire was particularly pronounced among women experiencing lower sexual intimacy. In Study 2, 93 women were classified according to menopausal status. Findings paralleled those of Study 1, indicating that postmenopausal state was negatively associated with sexual desire, mainly among women who experienced low sexual intimacy. Implications for the understanding of sexuality of women at midlife are discussed.
Of vigilance and invisibility – being a patient in technologically intense environments
Authors: Almerud Sofia , Alapack Richard J , Fridlund Bengt , Ekebergh Margaretha
Published: May 2007

Equipment and procedures developed during the past several decades have made the modern intensive care unit (ICU) the hospital’s most technologically advanced environment. In terms of patient care, are these advances unmitigated gains? This study aimed to develop a knowledge base of what it means to be critically ill or injured and cared for in technologically intense environments. A lifeworld perspective guided the investigation. Nine unstructured interviews with intensive care patients comprise its data. The qualitative picture uncovered by a phenomenological analysis shows that contradiction and ambivalence characterized the entire care episode. The threat of death overshadows everything and perforates the patient’s existence. Four inter‐related constituents further elucidated the patients’ experiences: the confrontation with death, the encounter with forced dependency, an incomprehensible environment and the ambiguity of being an object of clinical vigilance but invisible at the personal level. Neglect of these issues lead to alienating ‘moments’ that compromised care. Fixed at the end of a one‐eyed clinical gaze, patients described feeling marginalized, subjected to rituals of power, a stranger cared for by a stranger. The roar of technology silences the shifting needs of ill people, muffles the whispers of death and compromises the competence of the caregivers. This study challenges today’s caregiving system to develop double vision that would balance clinical competence with a holistic, integrated and comprehensive approach to care. Under such vision, subjectivity and objectivity would be equally honoured, and the broken bonds re‐forged between techne, ‘the act of nursing’, and poesis, ‘the art of nursing’.
Achieving comprehensive critical care
Authors: Derham Catherine
Published: May 2007

The policy document, Comprehensive Critical Care, suggested that patients with critical care needs should expect the same standard of care wherever they are nursed, be that in a traditional critical care setting or in a general ward area. It is recognized that in order for this to occur, the developmental needs of ward nurses need to be met to enable them to care for patients with level 1 and level 2 needs. A second document, The Nursing Contribution to the Provision of Comprehensive Critical Care for Adults: A strategic Programme of Action, proposed a programme of action and outlined five priority areas to be considered to ensure the success of comprehensive critical care. Education, training and workforce development was one of the areas outlined, and thus, in response, the role of the practice development facilitator was created as a means of developing the critical care knowledge, skills and practice in ward areas. It became apparent that education and training alone were insufficient to ensure that the aims of comprehensive critical care were realized. The way in which the nurses approached and organized their work and the availability of resources had a great impact on the ability of staff to care for these patients. It is argued that achieving comprehensive critical care is complex and that a multi‐dimensional approach to the implementation of policy is essential in order to realize its aims.
The extent and application of patient diaries in Danish ICUs in 2006
Authors: Egerod Ingrid , Schwartz‐Nielsen Kathrine Hvid , Hansen Glennie Marie , Lærkner Eva
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to describe the extent and application of patient diaries in Danish intensive care units (ICUs) in 2006. Following critical illness, many patients experience disturbed and disconnected memories. Patient diaries in the ICU have been introduced locally by nurses in the Scandinavian countries and the UK as a means to improve cognitive recovery and prevent psychological trauma following critical illness. Descriptive design, using qualitative key informant telephone interviews (n= 19) was used as the source of data. A semi‐structured interview guide was used and field notes from the interviews were mailed to the informants for verification and additional information. Nineteen out of 48 Danish ICUs use patient diaries. Patient diaries are mainly used for sedated, ventilated patients during critical illness. The purpose of diaries was mainly to assist memory due to post‐ICU amnesia. There was no systematic follow‐up after the ICU stay. The study showed a number of legal and ethical issues that still need to be resolved. Patient diaries are ambiguous documents that are neither the property of the hospital nor the patient. The diaries have been implemented at Danish ICUs without a plan for the assessment of their effect, thus bypassing established control mechanisms that evaluate the usefulness of an intervention, such as Health Technology Assessment or nursing research.
Education in a Homeless Shelter to Improve the Nutrition of Young Children
Authors: Yousey Yvonne , Leake Jacquelyn , Wdowik Melissa , Janken Janice K.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective: To improve the nutritional status of homeless children by implementing an educational program for their mothers and the cafeteria staff at a homeless shelter.

Design: Program evaluation including before and after measures of mothers' nutritional knowledge and nutritional quality of foods served in the cafeteria.

Sample: Fifty‐six mothers with children aged 18 months to 6 years and 3 cafeteria staff.

Intervention: Four nutrition classes developed by a registered nutritionist were taught to mothers by clinic nurses; 3 nutrition classes were taught to the cafeteria staff by the nutritionist.

Results: Mothers scored higher on posttests than on pretests, indicating improved nutritional knowledge. Minimal differences in the nutritional quality of foods served to residents were observed after staff education.

Conclusions: This project demonstrates the challenges of altering the nutritional status of children in a homeless shelter. Despite mothers showing better knowledge of nutritional requirements for children, the types of food served in the cafeteria were an obstacle to them in practicing what they had learned. The cafeteria staff's ability to demonstrate their learning was impeded by the constraints of food donations. Educational strategies may need to be augmented by policies to improve the nutritional status of children in homeless shelters.