bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severely hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism
Authors: PAVLIČ ALENKA , LUKINMAA PIRJO‐LIISA , NIEMINEN PEKKA , KIUKKONEN ANU , ALALUUSUA SATU
Published: May 2007

Background.  The prominent dental feature of a boy was severely hypoplastic enamel in both primary and permanent teeth.

Case Report.  Many permanent teeth were already infected while emerging in the oral cavity. Panoramic radiograph showed enlarged and elongated pulp chambers (taurodontism) in the permanent first molars. The clinical and radiological diagnosis was either hypomaturation‐hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism (AIHHT) or tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome (TDO). Histological examination of the upper right permanent first molar revealed thin lamellar or somewhat thicker amorphous enamel on approximal surface only with no rods or incremental lines visible. Histologically, the Witkop type AIG designated ‘enamel agenesis’ cannot be excluded. The medical and dental history of the family members, as well as the boy's medical examination, was noncontributing. He had thick, blond, curly hair. The bone structure of the jaws and skull was normal. For genetic analysis, DLX3 gene was sequenced but no mutation was found.

Conclusions.  Since the gene defect of TDO has been localized only in the DLX3 gene, the more probable diagnosis was AI.
A retrospective study of paediatric oral lesions from Thailand
Authors: DHANUTHAI KITTIPONG , BANRAI MARUT , LIMPANAPUTTAJAK SOMYOT
Published: May 2007

Aim.  To survey the paediatric oral lesions in Thailand.

Design.  Biopsy records over a 15‐year period (1990–2004) were retrieved from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. Paediatric cases with an age of 16 years or younger were selected. The age of the patients was divided into three groups according to the dentition period. The lesions were classified into three categories: inflammatory/reactive lesions, cystic lesions, and tumour/tumour‐like lesions.

Results.  From a total of 8314 oral biopsies, 1251 cases (15.05%) were in the paediatric population. The greatest number of lesions fell into the cystic category, followed closely by the inflammatory/reactive category and tumour/tumour‐like category, respectively. The top ten most frequently encountered lesions in the present study were dentigerous cyst, mucocele, pyogenic granuloma, ameloblastoma, radicular cyst, odontoma, odontogenic keratocyst, irritation fibroma (focal fibrous hyperplasia), fibrous dysplasia, and osteomyelitis. The majority of lesions were found in the mixed dentition period (49.24%). There was no statistical difference in the occurrence between genders in this study.

Conclusions.  The present study shows an almost similar trend to previous studies except in the ranking among and within categories. These differences may be attributable to the nature of the population studied and because Chulalongkorn University is a major referral centre.
Dental caries in 0‐ to 5‐year‐old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors
Authors: FERREIRA SIMONE HELENA , BÉRIA JORGE U. , KRAMER PAULO FLORIANI , FELDENS ELIANE GERSON , FELDENS CARLOS ALBERTO
Published: May 2007

Objective.  This cross‐sectional study investigated the prevalence and severity of dental caries and their association with demographic and socio‐economic variables in Brazilian preschoolers.

Methods.  The study population comprised 1487 0‐ to 5‐year‐old children attending government nurseries in Canoas, southern Brazil. Questionnaires regarding information related to the independent variables (age, gender, maternal level of education, and family income) were completed by the parents. Clinical examinations were carried out by five trained examiners and results were expressed using the deft index (World Health Organization criteria), including white spots. The outcomes considered in this study were caries occurrence (deft > 0) and caries severity (deft).

Results.  Forty per cent of the children (589/1487) presented dental caries [mean deft (SD): 1.53 (2.75)]. Deft increased with age (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher in children from mothers with low educational level (P = 0.001) and low family income (P = 0.001). The greatest increase in caries prevalence and severity occurred between age groups of 1 and 2 years. Logistic regression demonstrated higher odds of dental caries with mother's completing < 4 years education, after adjusting for confounding.

Conclusion.  These findings indicate the need for preventive programmes, which should begin in the first year of life, with special attention given to families with mothers presenting low education levels.
Randomized controlled trial of the intraligamental use of a local anaesthetic (lignocaine 2%) versus controls in paediatric tooth extraction
Authors: SAMMONS HELEN M. , UNSWORTH VANESSA , GRAY CLAUDIA , CHOONARA IMTI , CHERRILL JANINE , QUIRKE WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

Background.  Children still experience pain upon waking following dental extraction under general anaesthesia. Local anaesthetic has been shown to reduce this pain, but needs to be administered via a method that causes minimum injury or distress to the child.

Aim.  This study aims to evaluate the use of intraligamental injection of local anaesthetic, under general anaesthesia prior to the extraction of the tooth, for postoperative pain control in children aged 2–5 years.

Design.  A randomized, single‐blind, controlled trial of intraligamental lignocaine (2% lignocaine solution with adrenaline (epinephrine) 1 : 80 000) for primary teeth extraction under general anaesthesia was performed. Pain was scored by the investigators at 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐min time points in the first hour using the Toddler‐Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale.

Results.  Eighty‐six children were recruited in the study: 42 randomized in the lignocaine treatment group and 44 in the control group. There was no significant difference (P = 0.42, Mann–Whitney U‐test) in the cumulative four time point median pain score over the first hour. In the lignocaine treatment group, this was 3 (interquantile range (IQR) 0–7.5) and in the control group this was 3 (IQR: 0–10). At the 5‐min time point after the child returned from recovery, the pain score in the lignocaine group (0 IQR 0–1) was statistically lower than that in the control group (0 IQR 0–5) (P = 0.023). There was no difference in the 15‐, 30‐, or 60‐min time points.

Conclusions.  Intraligamental lignocaine used for dental extraction under general anaesthesia in young children initially causes less pain after recovery, but this difference is not sustained over the first hour after dental extraction.
Family structure is associated with oral pain in 12‐year‐old Greek schoolchildren
Authors: PAU ALLAN , BAXEVANOS KONSTANTINOS GEORGIOS , CROUCHER RAY
Published: May 2007

Objective.  To determine the prevalence, associated correlates and impact of oral pain in 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Stayroypoli, Greece.

Design and method.  Cross‐sectional survey of all schoolchildren attending the last year of government primary schools using self‐administered questionnaires. Approval was granted by the Greek Ministry of Education and Religion. Cooperation was obtained from the schools. Children whose parents did not refuse their participation were invited to complete a questionnaire. Oral pain prevalence was estimated and association with sociodemographic/economic factors tested. Associations between pain experience and impact on daily activities were examined.

Results.  Of the 296 children registered, 225 (76.0%) were present on the days data were collected. Usable questionnaires were completed by 187 children (83.1%). Oral pain in the previous 4 weeks, reported by 70 (37.4%), was more likely to affect children living with one parent/other people (OR 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2–7.4, P = 0.013) and those who brushed less than twice a day (OR 2.8, 1.5–5.2, P = 0.001). Impact on daily activities was reported by 64 children (91.4%). The most commonly stated impacts were eating (40.0%), cleaning teeth (25.7%) and sleeping (18.6%).

Conclusions.  Oral pain prevalence was high in 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Stayroypoli, is associated with family structure, and impacts substantially on daily activities.
A web‐based curriculum‐based measurement system for class‐wide ongoing assessment
Authors: Tsuei M.‐P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract  Internet technology has offered opportunities to develop ongoing assessment systems for classroom‐based evaluation – on a daily basis. In this study, the researcher developed a web‐based, curriculum‐based measurement system with dynamic features which could generate different types of mathematics probes, track students' progress and provide diagnosed information as well as instructional suggestions for teachers. This paper explores the effects of the system on students' mathematical achievements. A total of 134 third‐grade students (9‐ to 10‐year‐olds) in four classes participated. The teachers in all groups used the web‐based curriculum‐based measurement system with different types of curriculum‐based measurement probes and growth modeling. The results indicated that the use of class‐wide dynamic‐growth modeling combined with mixed‐type probes enabled the students to perform better than those using single‐type probes. This outcome was not seen with the linear‐growth modeling groups. The positive findings suggested that applying class‐wide dynamic‐growth modeling as well as the assessment of integrated mathematics competency in the instructional processes facilitated students' mathematics learning. Therefore, the web‐based, curriculum‐based measurement system was not only an assessment system, but also a tool for teachers to integrate instructional strategies based on curriculum‐based measurement.
The end of handwriting? Using computers in traditional essay examinations
Authors: Mogey N. , Sarab G. , Haywood J. , Van Heyningen S. , Dewhurst D. , Hounsell D. , Neilson R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract  Most of our students complete most of their written assignments using a word processor, but they are still asked to handwrite responses in an examination. It could be argued that they have not practiced this task and the validity of the assessment could thus be questioned. This paper explores the possibility of bringing computers into the traditional essay‐examination context, describes an appropriate hardware and software configuration, and provides feedback from initial evaluations with students and their reactions to the idea. Some of the implications and equity concerns that need to be considered before a decision can be made to use computers in essay exams are also discussed.
Short‐term efficacy of physical therapy compared to splint therapy in treatment of arthrogenous TMD
Authors: ISMAIL F. , DEMLING A. , HEßLING K. , FINK M. , STIESCH‐SCHOLZ M.
Published: May 2007

Summary  A prospective randomized study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy in addition to splint therapy on treatment outcome in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) with respect to objective and subjective parameters.

Twenty‐six patients suffering from an arthrogenic TMD and exhibiting a painfully restricted jaw opening were randomized in two groups. Thirteen patients were treated solely with Michigan splint (group I), 13 patients received supplementary physical therapy (group II). Before treatment a clinical examination and electronic recording of jaw movements were performed and subjective pain level was evaluated by visual analogue scales. After 3 months of therapy maintenance of improvement was evaluated. Within treatment groups comparison of data before and after treatment was analysed using Wilcoxon test. Groups were compared by Mann–Withney‐U test. A P‐value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Compared with the baseline, in both groups mandibular movement capacity increased significantly after treatment, whereas subjective pain decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Active jaw opening increased from 28.6 ± 5.8 to 35.9 ± 4.8 mm in group I and from 30.1 ± 5.4 to 40.8 ± 4.1 mm in group II. After therapy the difference of active jaw opening between groups was significant (P < 0.05). Physical therapy also gave a supplementary improvement of protrusive mandibular movement capacity during electronic registration and subjective pain level. For none of these parameters this difference between groups was significant.

Physical therapy seems to have a positive effect on treatment outcome of patients with TMD.
Reliability and validation of a Brazilian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for assessing edentulous subjects
Authors: SOUZA R. F. , PATROCÍNIO L. , PERO A. C. , MARRA J. , COMPAGNONI M. A.
Published: May 2007

Summary  The aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability and to validate a Brazilian version of Oral Health Impact Profile for assessing edentulous subjects (OHIP‐EDENT), an inventory for measuring oral health‐related quality of life of edentulous subjects. The sample comprised 65 complete denture wearers (23 men, mean age of 69·1 ± 10·3 years). The translated OHIP‐EDENT was applied on two occasions with a washout period of 3 months. Reliability was assessed by an internal consistency analysis and a test‐retest approach. A preliminary validation process was conducted by a qualitative approach/interview. Results of internal consistency showed a Cronbach’s α of 0·86 or 0·90 for the first or second appointment respectively. Through the test‐retest analysis, an intra‐class correlation coefficient of 0·57 was found, and individual answers reflected a broad range of agreement. Interviewed volunteers (n = 6) comprehended most questions well. In conclusion, the Brazilian version of OHIP‐EDENT is adequate for assessing the oral health‐related quality of life for edentulous subjects.
Modulatory Effect of Killed Propionibacterium acnes and Its Purified Soluble Polysaccharide on Peritoneal Exudate Cells from C57Bl/6 Mice: Major NKT Cell Recruitment and Increased Cytotoxicity
Authors: Ananias R. Z. , Rodrigues E. G. , Braga E. G. , Squaiella C. C. , Mussalem J. S. , Longhini A. L. F. , Travassos L. R. , Longo‐Maugéri I. M.
Published: May 2007

Propionibacterium acnes has been described as a potent adjuvant to immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Presently, we analysed the modulation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) by heat‐killed P. acnes or its purified soluble polysaccharide (PS), both injected intraperitoneally in C57Bl/6 mice, aiming at their recruitment and cytotoxicity. Both treatments induced an increase in macrophages, immature dendritic cells, B1a lymphocytes and NK1.1+ CD3+ cells. The bacterium caused a remarkable increase in a NK1.1+ CD3+ CD4− CD8− cells subpopulation, whereas the PS component seemed responsible for the recruitment of mainly macrophage cells. To assess P. acnes and PS adjuvant effect on PEC cytotoxicity we evaluated their in vitro effect on murine B16F10 melanoma cells. The effector cells from the heat‐killed bacteria and PS‐treated groups lysed melanoma cells in co‐cultures with PEC. Mice genetically deficient in IFN‐γ, when stimulated with P. acnes or PS, had reduced PEC cytotoxicity, and the cytotoxic effect was completely abrogated in PEC from iNOS−/− mice. The tumoricidal activity of PEC from P. acnes‐treated mice was mediated by macrophages and NKT cells stimulated with IL‐12. In PS‐treated mice the cytotoxicity was mediated mainly by macrophages. Moreover, both treatments increased IL‐4 and IFN‐γ production by NKT cells. In conclusion, we show that P. acnes act mainly by recruiting and activating NKT double‐negative cells in PEC, which were shown to be tumoricidal in vitro when induced by IL‐12. Macrophages induced by both P. acnes and PS have their antitumour effect dependent on NO production.
Intra‐shoreface erosion in response to rapid sea‐level fall: depositional record of a tectonically uplifted strand plain, Pacific coast of Japan
Authors: TAMURA TORU , NANAYAMA FUTOSHI , SAITO YOSHIKI , MURAKAMI FUMITOSHI , NAKASHIMA REI , WATANABE KAZUAKI
Published: May 2007

This study documents lowering of the surf zone (i.e. the upper shoreface) leading to intra‐shoreface erosion, following two rapid relative sea‐level falls along a tectonically uplifted coast during the Holocene, and the characteristics of the resultant prograding shoreface deposits. These findings are based on high‐resolution analysis and radiocarbon dating of three new drill cores obtained from the Kujukuri strand plain, Pacific coast of eastern Japan, combined with previously published borehole data and information on modern shoreline profile adjustments. A shallowing‐upward sandy succession composed of lower and upper shoreface facies, foreshore and backshore facies was recognized in the drill cores. Two rapid falls in relative sea‐level at 2·3 to 2·6 and 1·8 to 2·0 ka are recorded by downstepping of the base of the foreshore facies, and farther seawards by the lowering of an erosional boundary between the upper and lower shoreface facies. Superimposed bed profiles of an adjacent modern beach define an envelope, the base of which reflects shore‐normal migration of longshore bars and troughs. The base of the envelope represents an erosional surface that divides the surface mobile layer above from preserved deposits beneath. The surface is concave upwards and steeper than the mean beach profile, and exhibits a flat platform approximately at the lower limit of the upper shoreface equating to the storm surf zone. The seaward transition of this surface, rather than the mean equilibrium profile, controls the metre‐scale to decimetre‐scale internal structure of the Kujukuri shoreface deposits. Depositional models for sea‐level fall based on an exponential equilibrium profile do not adequately account for the presence and migration of longshore bars and troughs.
Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing
Authors: HANSEN P K , RASMUSSEN I A , HOLST N , ANDREASEN C
Published: May 2007

We investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha−1 for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha−1 at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.
Roadside surveys support predictions of negligible naturalisation potential for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in north‐east Australia
Authors: ADDISON S J , FARRELL T , ROBERTS G N , ROGERS D J
Published: May 2007

A survey of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) volunteers was conducted along the 1400 km of a cottonseed transport route in north‐east Australia to determine the extent of naturalisation from spilt seed. In each year, 1% of the road distance was inspected for volunteer plants. The survey results were juxtaposed with the eco‐climatic suitability predictions from inferential modelling. Over 3 years, 22 cotton plants were found at eight sites. Within the cotton production region, volunteers averaged 2.28 plants km−1 of road; their most likely source was seed cotton spilt during the previous harvest. Further north, three plants were found over 3 years, at an average density of 0.089 plants km−1 of road; all three plants were found in locations with a positive Ecoclimatic Index. No secondary spread was detected. Roadside slashing reduced plant survival and the potential to produce seed. In the wet tropics, weed competition and slashing prevented volunteers establishing. The surveys indicate that roadsides in north‐east Australia are a hostile environment for the establishment of cotton plants, with no evidence of naturalisation or secondary spread. Current transport practices utilizing fully covered loads present negligible risk of producing naturalised populations of cotton (either transgenic or non‐transgenic) on roadsides in north‐east Australia.
Modelling land use strategies to optimise crop production and protection of ecologically important weed species
Authors: MAKOWSKI D , DORE T , GASQUEZ J , MUNIER‐JOLAIN N
Published: May 2007

There is a need to develop farming systems that enable both a satisfactory level of crop production and suitable environmental conditions for natural species. Wildlife‐friendly cropping techniques, such as a reduced amount of applied herbicide or a lower crop density, might be adopted in order to maintain populations of weed species of biological interest. An alternative might be to adopt an intensive cropping system in a part of the field and spare the other part as set‐aside or field margins, available for the natural development of plant species. The objective of this study was to present a method to compare two strategies for maintaining a desirable level of abundance of a given species of interest in agricultural areas, specifically (i) a strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system in a large cultivated area and (ii) a strategy based on a more intensive cropping system in a reduced area of cultivation, i.e. with land‐sparing. The principle is to calculate the ratio of crop production obtained with strategy (i) to the production obtained with strategy (ii) for a given target density of natural species. We show that the value of this ratio, and thus the relative performance of the two strategies, depends on the density of the weed species that can be maintained in an uncultivated ecological area. The method is applied in case studies of two plant species with contrasting ecology and conservation goals. The numerical results show that the strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system is more profitable in most situations.
Is dose‐splitting of graminicides as effective as a single application?
Authors: MATHIASSEN S K , RAVN H W , KUDSK P
Published: May 2007

Dose‐splitting or reduced dose repeat application, i.e. the application of a herbicide twice to the same plant, is likely to become a more common scenario in future, if farmers adopt the use of novel techniques for prediction of herbicide efficacy shortly after application. Fourteen pot experiments were conducted to study whether graminicides applied to annual grass weeds as dose‐splitting treatments were as effective as single applications. The influence of time interval between applications and the ratio of the doses of the two applications were studied. Two statistical approaches were applied: comparison of the ED90 of the single treatments and a joint action model. The study revealed that flupyrsulfuron, iodosulfuron, sulfosulfuron, clodinafop and glyphosate could be applied as repeat treatments with up to 14 days’ interval between the two applications without loss of activity. In some experiments, particularly with iodosulfuron, dose‐splitting enhanced herbicide performance. By contrast, prosulfocarb responded adversely, most likely due to the pronounced impact of weed growth stage on the activity of this herbicide. The ratio of the doses and the timing between the two applications had no significant influence on herbicide responses. The results of the present studies showed that even if a reduced dose of a graminicide results in an unsatisfactory control and it is necessary to re‐spray, the overall use of herbicide will not increase, if methods are available that can predict the efficacy of a herbicide application within the first 1–2 weeks after application.
Men's interpretations of graphical information in a videotape decision aid1
Authors: Pylar Jan , Wills Celia E. , Lillie Janet , Rovner David R. , Kelly‐Blake Karen , Holmes‐Rovner Margaret
Published: May 2007

Objective  To examine men's interpretations of graphical information types viewed in a high‐quality, previously tested videotape decision aid (DA).

Setting, participants, design  A community‐dwelling sample of men >50 years of age (N = 188) balanced by education (college/non‐college) and race (Black/White) were interviewed just following their viewing of a videotape DA. A descriptive study design was used to examine men's interpretations of a representative sample of the types of graphs that were shown in the benign prostatic hyperplasia videotape DA.

Main variables studied  Men provided their interpretation of graphs information presented in three formats that varied in complexity: pictograph, line and horizontal bar graph. Audiotape transcripts of men's responses were coded for meaning and content‐related interpretation statements.

Results  Men provided both meaning and content‐focused interpretations of the graphs. Accuracy of interpretation was lower than hypothesized on the basis of literature review (85.4% for pictograph, 65.7% for line graph, 47.8% for horizontal bar graph). Accuracy for pictograph and line graphs was associated with education level,  = 3.94, P = 0.047, and  = 7.55, P = 0.006, respectively. Accuracy was uncorrelated with men's reported liking of the graphs,  = 2.00, P = 0.441.

Conclusion  While men generally liked the DA, accuracy of graphs interpretation was associated with format complexity and education level. Graphs are often recommended to improve comprehension of information in DAs. However, additional evaluation is needed in experimental and naturalistic observational settings to develop best practice standards for data representation.
EAACI/GA2LEN guideline: aspirin provocation tests for diagnosis of aspirin hypersensitivity
Authors: Niżankowska‐Mogilnicka E. , Bochenek G. , Mastalerz L. , Świerczyńska M. , Picado C. , Scadding G. , Kowalski M. L. , Setkowicz M. , Ring J. , Brockow K. , Bachert C. , Wöhrl S. , Dahlén B. , Szczeklik A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common causes of adverse drug reactions. Majority of them are of the hypersensitivity type. The two frequent clinical presentations of aspirin hypersensitivity are: aspirin‐induced bronchial asthma/rhinosinusitis (AIA/R) and aspirin‐induced urticaria/angioedema (AIU). The decisive diagnosis is based on provocation tests with aspirin, as the in vitro test does not hold diagnostic value as yet. Detailed protocols of oral, bronchial and nasal aspirin provocation tests are presented. Indications, contraindications for the tests, the rules of drug withdrawal and equipment are reviewed. Patient supervision and interpretations of the tests are proposed.
The role of low soil temperature in the inhibition of growth and PSII function during dark chilling in soybean genotypes of contrasting tolerance
Authors: Strauss Abram J. , Krüger Gert H. J. , Strasser Reto J. , Van Heerden Philippus D. R.
Published: May 2007

Dark chilling affects growth and yield of warm‐climate crops such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Several studies have investigated chilling‐stress effects on photosynthesis and other aspects of metabolism, but none have compared effects of whole‐plant chilling (WPC; shoots and roots) with that of aboveground chilling in legumes. This is important because low root temperatures might induce additional constraints, such as inhibition of N2 fixation, thereby aggravating chilling‐stress symptoms. Effects of dark chilling on PSII, shoot growth, leaf ureide content and photosynthetic capacity were studied in two soybean genotypes, Highveld Top (chilling tolerant) and PAN809 (chilling sensitive), in experiments comparing effects of WPC with that of shoot chilling (SC). Both treatments inhibited shoot growth in PAN809 but not Highveld Top. Also, WPC in PAN809 caused a decrease in leaf ureide content followed by severe chlorosis and alterations in O‐J‐I‐P fluorescence‐rise kinetics, distinct from SC. A noteworthy difference was the appearance of a ΔK peak in the O‐J‐I‐P fluorescence rise in response to WPC. These genotypic and treatment differences also reflected in the degree of inhibition of CO2 assimilation rates. The appearance of a ΔK peak, coupled with growth inhibition, reduced ureide content, chlorosis and lower CO2 assimilation rates, provides mechanistic information about how WPC might have aggravated chilling‐stress symptoms in PAN809. We introduce a model explaining how chilling soil temperatures might trigger N‐limitation in sensitive genotypes and how characteristic changes in O‐J‐I‐P fluorescence‐rise kinetics are linked to changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
Anti‐oxidative/Oxidative Status of Rat Liver After Ovariectomy
Authors: Kankofer M. , Radzki R. P. , Bieńko M. , Albera E.
Published: May 2007

The lack of protective action of oestrogens which appears during menopausal period may be the reason of serious metabolic disturbances including oxidative stress. The hypothesis was stated that ovariectomy may induce the variations of antioxidant/oxidant status which can be detected in rat liver. A total of 102 healthy Wistar female rats were included in the experiment and divided into control (CON; n = 6), sham‐operated (SHO; n = 48) and ovariectomized (OVX; n = 48) groups. Animals from SHO (n = 6) and OVX (n = 6) groups were killed every week during 8 weeks of experiment to detect dynamic changes in examined parameters. Anti‐oxidative enzyme activities [glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px); superoxide dismutase (SOD)] as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the intensity of lipid peroxidation, measured by the concentration of N,N,diethyl‐p‐phenylene diamine (DEPPD) radical, were determined in liver homogenates by the use of spectrophotometric methods. Wave‐like patterns of examined parameters within 8 weeks of experiment were detected. GSH‐Px activity tended to be higher in OVX animals and was significantly lower at 8th week when compared with 1st week of experiment. SOD activity was higher in SHO animals and showed significant differences between 3rd, 4th, 7th and 1st week. TAC values were significantly higher in OVX when compared with SHO groups in 2nd, 4th, 5th week and significantly lower in 3rd, 6th and 7th week of the experiment. The concentration of DEPPD radicals tended to increase in OVX group. In conclusion, ovariectomy which leads to oestrogen insufficiency is reflected as well in variation of anti‐oxidative/oxidative parameters in rat liver homogenates.
Adenocarcinoma Metastasis of the Intertransversarius Cervicis Muscle Eliciting a Right Forelimb Lameness in a Dog
Authors: Forterre F. , Kaiser S. , Matiasek K. , Brunnberg L.
Published: May 2007

This article describes identification of a metastatic adenocarcinoma to the intertransversarius cervicis muscle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a dog that presented with chronic lameness of the right forelimb. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right sided, ovoid signal abnormality within the intertransversarius cervicis muscle lateral to the sixth cervical (C6) vertebra. The lesion was uniform, hyperintense on T2‐ and isointense on T1‐weighted images to muscle and exhibited uniform contrast enhancement on T1‐weighted images. The MRI findings were consistent with a neoplasia. Surgical excision was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was metastatic fibrous adenocarcinoma. The dog recovered rapidly but 6 months post‐operatively he was killed because of lung metastases. Necropsy was declined and the primary tumour could not be identified.
Reference Histology of Veal Calf Genital and Endocrine Tissues – An Update for Screening on Hormonal Growth Promoters
Authors: Groot M. J. , Ossenkoppele J. S. , Bakker R. , Pfaffl M. W. , Meyer H. H. D. , Nielen M. W. F.
Published: May 2007

An animal experiment has been performed with 42 veal calves, 21 males and 21 females, which were fed and housed according to European regulations for veal calves. The animals were kept in six groups of seven animals and fed milk replacer supplemented with three different levels of lactulose (0%, 1% and 3%) and some roughage. At the start of the experiment the animals were 1–3 weeks of age and they were slaughtered at 26 weeks. From male animals prostate, bulbo‐urethal gland and testes were sampled, from female animals Bartholin's gland, uterus, cervix and ovaries were sampled. From all animals thyroid, thymus, adrenals, liver and kidneys were sampled. Histological investigation of the prostates and bulbo‐urethral glands showed normal histology. This means that dilated tubules, strong secretion, increased mucinous glandular tissue and severe hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, as is regularly observed in practice in the Netherlands, were not present in these animals. None of these prostates would be judged as positive in the screening for hormones as is performed by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA). The female calves also showed normal histology of Bartholin's gland except for three animals that appeared to be in oestrus and showed some metaplasie of the ducts but with a normal gland to duct ratio. These animals would be judged as suspect. The liver and kidney showed minor alterations due to slight infections during the experimental period. This experiment showed that it is possible to raise veal calves according to the practice without getting positive histology in the prostate or Bartholin's gland.
Comparative Frequency of Osseous Macroscopic Pathology and First Report of Gout in Captive and Wild‐caught Ratites
Authors: Rothschild B. M. , Rühli F. R.
Published: May 2007

This systematic survey of museum ratite (Pterocnemia, Rhea, Casuarius, Struthio, Dromias and Apteryx) skeletal collections was performed to reevaluate previous perspectives and assess effect of captivity on macroscopically detectable pathology. Trauma‐related pathology (e.g. focal periosteal reaction, malformed vertebrae) was significantly more common in captive birds (χ2 = 13.414, P < 0.0001) with variable timing of the different injuries. Pathology unrelated to trauma was equally represented in captive and wild‐caught ratites. The latter included osteophytes of osteoarthritis, osteochondritis dissecans, infectious arthritis, gout (reported for the first time in a ratite) and neoplasia.
Life cycle of Marphysa sanguinea (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) in the Venice Lagoon (Italy)
Authors: Prevedelli Daniela , Massamba N'Siala Gloria , Ansaloni Ivano , Simonini Roberto
Published: May 2007

The life cycle of a brackish water population of Marphysa sanguinea (Polychaeta Eunicidae), from the Venice Lagoon (Italy), was investigated from April 1993 to August 1994. Marphysa sanguinea is a large‐sized gonochoric species with annual iteroparous strategy and synchronous spawning at population level. The sex‐ratio was close to 1:1. There were no morphological differences between males and females and spawning occurred without epitokal metamorphosis. The gonadial activity was maximum during summer period in both sexes. From May to September in the females, the greater number of immature oocytes could be observed; starting from November immature oocytes decreased and progressively those with a wider diameter increased in number. Spawning took place in April–May and generally not all eggs were spawned, a small proportion being kept as a reserve material for the following gamete production. The pelagic phase (trochophore and metatrochophore stages) was short (2–3 days). The reduction in the dispersal phase, together with the development of a strong anterior musculature, brought to an early acquisition of the benthic habit, which was attained with the construction of the mucous tube inside of which the larva lived. The results highlighted that colonization of brackish environments took place thanks to morphological and physiological features that allow this species to live in a sediment layer characterized by the stability of the physical and chemical characteristics of the substratum.
From small scales to the big picture: persistence mechanisms of planktonic grazers in the oligotrophic ocean
Authors: Paffenhöfer Gustav‐Adolf , Sherr Barry F. , Sherr Evelyn B.
Published: May 2007

In this review we evaluate whether universal behavioral and metabolic mechanisms exist, which permit marine proto‐ and metazooplankton to persist in continuously food‐limited environments such as the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and other oligotrophic ocean systems. We re‐visit the issue of what processes account for low steady‐state abundance of the dominant groups of planktonic grazers: phagotrophic protists and copepods, by examining evidence for the four processes proposed by Strom et al. (2000): grazing thresholds, behavioral response to prey patchiness, top–down control of grazers, and mixotrophy (combination of photosynthesis and phagotrophy in protists) and/or omnivory (switching between alternate prey types). Published observations reveal that grazing thresholds, below which feeders reduce their feeding efforts and, with that, their metabolic expenditures, do exist. There are also studies suggesting that both protistan and small metazoan plankton feeders may take advantage of patchiness of food particles and are frequently mixotrophic and/or omnivorous. Predator patchiness in response to prey patches may facilitate top–down control of grazers. Finally, we discuss processes, which may lead to low quasi steady‐state abundances of food particles and feeders.
Solar keratosis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation and treatment
Authors: Holmes Cara , Foley Peter , Freeman Michael , Chong Alvin H
Published: May 2007

Solar keratosis is a common problem encountered by dermatologists, particularly in Australia. Solar keratosis is most commonly found on sun‐exposed areas such as the scalp, face and forearms. UV radiation is thought to be the major aetiological factor, with age, immunosuppression and human papillomavirus being important contributing factors. Solar keratosis usually presents as a discrete, variably erythematous and irregular lesion with a scaly surface. Although the exact rate of malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma is unknown, the majority of squamous cell carcinomas appear to arise from within solar keratosis. For this reason, solar keratosis is commonly treated and, consequently, an increasing number of therapeutic options is now available. Traditional therapies, such as liquid nitrogen cryotherapy, are still popular, but newer choices, such as photodynamic therapy and imiquimod cream, are now providing further options with similar efficacy and superior adverse effect profiles, albeit at a higher cost.
Prospective study to assess general practitioners' dermatological diagnostic skills in a referral setting
Authors: Moreno Gilberto , Tran Hue , Chia Alvin LK , Lim Adrian , Shumack Stephen
Published: May 2007

A prospective study was conducted to assess general practitioners' diagnostic skills in a referral setting. The primary objective was to identify general practitioners' strengths and weaknesses in diagnosing a broad spectrum of skin conditions. The diagnoses of 315 skin conditions made by 165 general practitioners were compared with a reference standard. The reference standard was made up of 73 histopathological diagnoses, 119 dermatologists' clinical diagnoses and 123 dermatologists' diagnoses plus follow up. The diagnoses assigned by referring general practitioners were consistent with dermatologists' clinical diagnoses and histology (where available) in 57% of cases. General practitioners made the correct diagnosis in 44% of cases when compared with histopathology. General practitioners were generally good at diagnosing conditions such as acne, warts, rosacea, molluscum contagiosum, vitiligo and skin tags. The proportion of correct diagnoses for premalignant and malignant skin tumours was 47%, and that of skin rashes requiring a diagnosis was 44%. Further education of general practitioners would help to improve their diagnostic skills in certain skin conditions.
Microsporum canis: Report of a primary school outbreak
Authors: Grills Claire E , Bryan Paul L , O'Moore Eammon , Venning Vanessa A
Published: May 2007

Microsporum canis is the causative organism in less than 10% of all tinea capitis infections in the UK. Transmission is generally via contact with an infected family pet and there are only rare reports of case clustering. This article describes an outbreak of M. canis in a primary school classroom demonstrating human‐to‐human spread from an index case who was presumed to have acquired the infection prior to arriving in the UK. There was no suggestion of clinical improvement following 4 weeks of oral terbinafine 125 mg daily and treatment was changed to griseofulvin. The Health Protection team screened class members and confirmed cases (either clinically or mycologically) were also treated with griseofulvin 10–20 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks. Classmates and siblings of classmates were recommended to use selenium sulphide or ketoconazole‐containing shampoo twice weekly.
Lichen striatus following solarium exposure
Authors: Ciconte Antoinette , Bekhor Philip
Published: May 2007

Two cases of lichen striatus occurring after solarium exposure are presented. Both patients were adult females who regularly attended a solarium prior to the development of their skin lesions. A 19‐year‐old woman attended the solarium twice weekly for 8 weeks prior to the appearance of lichen striatus on the chest and epigastrium. The condition resolved completely with the twice daily application of calcipotriol ointment for 6 months. The second patient, a 40‐year‐old woman, attended the solarium once weekly for 3 months before lichen striatus developed on the abdomen. She was treated with clobetasol propionate ointment, calcipotriol ointment and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and the eruption cleared 7 months after onset. The histopathological picture in both patients supported a diagnosis of lichen striatus.
Iododerma following sitz bath with povidone‐iodine
Authors: Aydıngöz İkbal E , Göktay Fatih , Serdar Zehra A , Yaşar Şirin , Aslan Canan
Published: May 2007

A 50‐year‐old man developed numerous pustules and bullae on the trunk and limbs 15 days after anal fissure surgery. The clinicopathological diagnosis was iododerma induced by topical povidone‐iodine sitz baths postoperatively. Complete resolution occurred within 3 weeks using systemic corticosteroids and forced diuresis.
Unusual case of lymphoedema in a morbidly obese patient
Authors: Weston Stephanie , Clay Christopher D
Published: May 2007

A morbidly obese 57‐year‐old woman presented with dermatological complications of obesity including cellulitis and severe localized lymphoedema of the right leg. There were two large pedunculated masses on the right lateral thigh with early involvement of the left and overlying skin changes of chronic lymphoedema. Our patient's condition is clinically consistent with a new entity recently described in the surgical pathology literature as massive localized lymphoedema.
Corn contact urticaria in a nurse
Authors: Liu Wendy , Nixon Rosemary L
Published: May 2007

A 33‐year‐old nurse presented with persistent hand dermatitis. Radioallergosorbent tests showed moderate to strong reactions to latex, avocado and banana. Despite avoidance of latex gloves, she failed to improve. Patch testing was negative. Prick testing showed a negative reaction to latex, but a strong reaction to corn, with relevance to cornstarch powder present in many medical examination gloves. She was diagnosed with corn contact urticaria, irritant contact dermatitis and type I hypersensitivity to latex fruits.
Inhibition of sympathetic pathways restores postoperative ileus in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Fukuda Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Daisuke , Koda Keiji , Miyazaki Masaru , Pappas Theodore N , Takahashi Toku
Published: May 2007

Background and Aim:  Postoperative ileus (POI) is a transient bowel dysmotility following abdominal surgery. The effects of adrenergic blocking agents and celiac ganglionectomy were studied in rats to investigate the possible involvement of the adrenergic pathway in whole gastrointestinal (GI) transit in the early and late phases of POI.

Methods:  After laparotomy, the terminal ileum was manipulated for 10 min. 51Cr was administered into the stomach or colon immediately after surgery. In another group, 51Cr was administered 24 h after surgery. Three hours after 51Cr was administered, the rats were killed, and GI and colonic transit was calculated as a geometric center (GC).

Results:  Gastrointestinal transit was significantly delayed 3 h after intestinal manipulation, compared with GI transit in rats that had anesthesia only. Three hours after intestinal manipulation, guanethidine (5 mg/kg) and yohimbine (3 mg/kg) significantly improved delayed GI transit. Celiac ganglionectomy also significantly improved delayed GI transit. Twenty‐seven hours after intestinal manipulation, guanethidine, yohimbine and celiac ganglionectomy improved delayed GI transit induced by intestinal manipulation. Colonic transit was delayed 3 h after intestinal manipulation, and delayed colonic transit was partially restored within 27 h of intestinal manipulation. Guanethidine, yohimbine and celiac ganglionectomy improved delayed colonic transit 3 h and 27 h after intestinal manipulation.

Conclusions:  Adrenoceptors activated by intestinal manipulation impair the motility of the entire GI tract in both the early and the late phase of POI.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided ethanol injection in the pancreas in a porcine model: A preliminary study
Authors: Matsumoto Kakuya , Yamao Kenji , Okubo Kenji , Hara Kazuo , Sawaki Akira , Mizuno Nobumasa , Tajika Masahiro , Kawai Hiroki , Ashida Reiko
Published: May 2007

Background and Aim:  Despite aggressive multimodal treatments, survival rates for patients with pancreatic cancer remain disappointing. Local progression is problematic, and minimally invasive procedures allowing locoregional control are needed. In this study, we attempted endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided injection of ethanol into the pancreas.

Methods:  Under EUS guidance, pure ethanol (2 mL) was injected into normal tissue of the pancreatic body in two anesthetized domestic pigs. Serum concentrations of amylase, aspartame aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were measured before treatment and at 2 h, 48 h and 2 weeks after injection. Body weight and clinical signs were also observed. After the animals were euthanized, the pancreases were analyzed histologically.

Results:  EUS imaging allows real‐time surveillance of the injection procedure. Mild diarrhea was noted in one animal, but no other adverse effects were observed. No marked changes in laboratory tests were noted. Histologically, parenchymal necrosis extending over a wide area was seen without severe inflammation.

Conclusion:  EUS‐guided ethanol injection in the pancreas seems to be technically simple. More detailed assessments of the safety and dose–effect relationship issues associated with this procedure are required.