bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Long Term Impact of Phosphorus Fertilization on Phosphorus Loadings Using AnnAGNPS
Authors: Yuan Yongping , Bingner Ronald L. , Locke Martin A. , Stafford Jim , Theurer Fred D.
Published: June 2011

High phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural fields has been an environmental concern because of potential water quality problems in streams and lakes. To better understand the process of P loss and evaluate the effects of different phosphorus fertilization rates on phosphorus losses, the USDA Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) pollutant loading model was applied to the Ohio Upper Auglaize watershed, located in the southern portion of the Maumee River Basin. In this study, the AnnAGNPS model was calibrated using USGS monitored data; and then the effects of different phosphorus fertilization rates on phosphorus loadings were assessed. It was found that P loadings increase as fertilization rate increases, and long term higher P application would lead to much higher P loadings to the watershed outlet. The P loadings to the watershed outlet have a dramatic change after some time with higher P application rate. This dramatic change of P loading to the watershed outlet indicates that a “critical point” may exist in the soil at which soil P loss to water changes dramatically. Simulations with different initial soil P contents showed that the higher the initial soil P content is, the less time it takes to reach the “critical point” where P loadings to the watershed outlet increases dramatically. More research needs to be done to understand the processes involved in the transfer of P between the various stable, active and labile states in the soil to ensure that the model simulations are accurate. This finding may be useful in setting up future P application and management guidelines.
Extracts and Constituents of Rubus chingii with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free Radical Scavenging Activity
Authors: Ding Hsiou-Yu
Published: June 2011

The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of the fruits of Rubus chingii was studied in vitro. Ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions from dried R. chingii fruits revealed strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 17.9, 3.4 and 4.0 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were further purified by a combination of silica gel chromatography, Lobar RP-8 chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nine compounds were isolated, where methyl (3-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroindol-3-yl)-acetate (2), vanillic acid (5), kaempferol (7), and tiliroside (9) showed stronger DPPH free radical scavenging activity than that of ascorbic acid (131.8 µM) with IC50 values of 45.2, 34.9, 78.5, and 13.7 µM, respectively. In addition, rubusine (1) is a new compound discovered in the present study and methyl (3-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroindol-3-yl)-acetate (2), methyl dioxindole-3-acetate (3), and 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (4) were isolated from the fruits for the first time.
Metathesis of Fatty Acid Ester Derivatives in 1,1-Dialkyl and 1,2,3-Trialkyl Imidazolium Type Ionic Liquids
Authors: Thomas Priya A. , Marvey Bassie B. , Ebenso Eno E.
Published: June 2011

The self-metathesis of methyl oleate and methyl ricinoleate was carried out in the presence of ruthenium alkylidene catalysts 1–4 in [bmim] and [bdmim][X] type ionic liquids (RTILs) (X = PF6−, BF4– and NTf2−) using the gas chromatographic technique. Best catalytic performance was obtained in [bdmim][X] type ionic liquids when compared with [bmim][X] type ionic liquids. Catalyst recycling studies were also carried out in the room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with catalysts 1–4 in order to explore their possible industrial application.
The Inhibitory Effect of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) on the Monophenolase and Diphenolase Activities of Mushroom Tyrosinase
Authors: Sato Kazuomi , Toriyama Masaru
Published: June 2011

In the present work, we investigated the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. The results showed that diflunisal and indomethacin inhibited both monophenolase and diphenolase activity. For monophenolase activity, the lag time was extended in the presence of diflunisal. In the presence of indomethacin, the lag time did not change. IC50 values of monophenolase activity were estimated to be 0.112 mM (diflunisal) and 1.78 mM (indomethacin). Kinetic studies of monophenolase activity revealed that both diflunisal and indomethacin were non-competitive inhibitors. For diphenolase activity, IC50 values were estimated to be 0.197 mM (diflunisal) and 0.509 mM (indomethacin). Diflunisal and indomethacin were also found to be non-competitive diphenolase inhibitors.
Synthesis of Cross-Linked Chitosan and Application to Adsorption and Speciation of Se (VI) and Se (IV) in Environmental Water Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Dai Jun , Ren Feng Lian , Tao Chun Yuan , Bai Yang
Published: June 2011

A new type of cross-linked chitosan was synthesized with Diethylene Triamine (DCCTS). The adsorption of Se (VI) on DCCTS was studied. The effect factors on adsorption and the adsorption mechanism were considered. The results indicated that the DCCTS could concentrate and separate Se (IV) at pH = 3.6; the maximum adsorption efficiency was 94%, the adsorption equilibrium time was 30 min; the maximum adsorption capacity was 42.7 mg/g; the adsorption fitted Langmuir equation. A novel method for speciation of Se (VI) and Se (IV) in environmental water samples has been developed using DCCTS as adsorbent and ICP–OES as determination means. The detection limit of this method was 12 ng/L, the relatively standard deviation was 4.5% and the recovery was 99%~104%.
Development of 30 Novel Polymorphic Expressed Sequence Tags (EST)-Derived Microsatellite Markers for the Miiuy Croaker, Miichthys miiuy
Authors: Xu Tianjun , Sun Dianqiao , Sun Yuena , Wang Rixin
Published: June 2011

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) can be used to identify microsatellite markers. We developed 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers from 5053 ESTs of the Miichthys miiuy. Out of 123 EST derived microsatellites for which PCR primers were designed, 30 loci were polymorphic in 30 individuals from a single natural population with 2–13 alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities were from 0.1024 to 0.7917 and from 0.2732 to 0.8845, respectively. Nine loci deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and linkage disequilibrium was significant between 22 pairs of loci. These polymorphic microsatellite loci will be useful for genetic diversity analysis and molecule-assisted breeding for M. miiuy.
Teriparatide Therapy as an Adjuvant for Tissue Engineering and Integration of Biomaterials
Authors: Dhillon Robinder S. , Schwarz Edward M.
Published: June 2011

Critically sized large bone defects commonly result from trauma, radical tumor resections or infections. Currently, massive allografting remain as the clinical standard to treat these critical defects. Unfortunately, allograft healing is limited by the lack of osteogenesis and bio-integration of the graft to the host bone. Based on its widely studied anabolic effects on the bone, we have proposed that teriparatide [recombinant parathyroid hormone (PTH1–34)] could be an effective adjuvant for massive allograft healing. In support of this theory, here we review studies that have demonstrated that intermittent PTH1–34 treatment enhances and accelerates the skeletal repair process via a number of mechanisms including: effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, bone formation and remodeling. We also review the current literature on the effects of PTH1–34 therapy on bone healing, and discuss this drug’s long term potential as an adjuvant for endogenous tissue engineering.
Marine Bioactives as Functional Food Ingredients: Potential to Reduce the Incidence of Chronic Diseases
Authors: Lordan Sinéad , Ross R. Paul , Stanton Catherine
Published: June 2011

The marine environment represents a relatively untapped source of functional ingredients that can be applied to various aspects of food processing, storage, and fortification. Moreover, numerous marine-based compounds have been identified as having diverse biological activities, with some reported to interfere with the pathogenesis of diseases. Bioactive peptides isolated from fish protein hydrolysates as well as algal fucans, galactans and alginates have been shown to possess anticoagulant, anticancer and hypocholesterolemic activities. Additionally, fish oils and marine bacteria are excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids, while crustaceans and seaweeds contain powerful antioxidants such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds. On the basis of their bioactive properties, this review focuses on the potential use of marine-derived compounds as functional food ingredients for health maintenance and the prevention of chronic diseases.
Jitterbot: A Mobile Millirobot Using Vibration Actuation
Authors: Firebaugh Samara , Piepmeier Jenelle , Leckie Elizabeth , Burkhardt John
Published: June 2011

Microrobotics is a rapidly growing field with promising applications in microsurgery and microassembly. A challenge in these systems is providing power and control signals to the robot. This project explores crawling robots that are powered and controlled through a global mechanical vibration field. Structures within the robot will cause it to respond to particular frequencies with different motion modalities. A prototype, dubbed the “jitterbot”, was cut out of a 0.75 mm sheet of steel using electric discharge machining (EDM), and has a total footprint of approximately 30 mm × 20 mm in the xy-plane. The “robot” has a tripod body (8 mm × 16 mm) with three small legs, and two suspended masses that are designed for specific resonance frequencies. The robot was tested on a plate that was vibrated vertically at frequencies ranging from 20 to 2,000 Hz. For particular resonant frequencies, the robot moves forward and turns in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Finite element modeling confirms that the mechanism for motion is a rocking mode that is influenced by two arms that are suspended mass springs tuned to different frequencies. This lays the groundwork for further miniaturization.
Comparison of Compositions and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Chemically Stimulated Agarwood, Wild Agarwood and Healthy Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg Trees
Authors: Chen Huaiqiong , Yang Yun , Xue Jian , Wei Jianhe , Zhang Zheng , Chen Hongjiang
Published: June 2011

The composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils which were obtained from agarwood originated from Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg stimulated by the chemical method (S1) were characterized, taking wild agarwood (S2) and healthy trees (S3) respectively as the positive and negative controls. The chemical composition of S1 was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil of S1 showed a similar composition to that of S2, being rich in sesquiterpenes and aromatic constituents. However, the essential oil of S3 was abundant in fatty acids and alkanes. Essential oils of S1 and S2 had better inhibition activities towards Bacillus subtilis and Staphyloccus aureus, compared with essential oil of S3. Escherichia coli was not sensitive to any of them.
Directed Formation of DNA Nanoarrays through Orthogonal Self-Assembly
Authors: Burns Jonathan R. , Zekonyte Jurgita , Siligardi Giuliano , Hussain Rohanah , Stulz Eugen
Published: June 2011

We describe the synthesis of terpyridine modified DNA strands which selectively form DNA nanotubes through orthogonal hydrogen bonding and metal complexation interactions. The short DNA strands are designed to self-assemble into long duplexes through a sticky-end approach. Addition of weakly binding metals such as Zn(II) and Ni(II) induces the formation of tubular arrays consisting of DNA bundles which are 50-200 nm wide and 2-50 nm high. TEM shows additional long distance ordering of the terpy-DNA complexes into fibers.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Some New Fused 1,2,4-Triazines Bearing Thiophene Moieties With Expected Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Saad Hosam A. , Youssef Mohamed M. , Mosselhi Mosselhi A.
Published: June 2011

Rapid and efficient solvent-free synthesis of 4-amino-3-mercapto-6-[2-(2-thienyl)vinyl]-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one 1 under microwave irradiation is described. Some new fused heterobicyclic nitrogen systems such as 1,2,4-triazino[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazinones, 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazinone and pyrazolo[5,1-c]-[1,2,4]triazine-7-carbonitrile, have been synthesized by treatment of 1 with bifunctional oxygen and halogen compounds, CS2/KOH and malononitrile via heterocyclization reactions, in addition to some uncondensed triazines. Structures of the products have been deduced from their elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Select new synthesized compounds were screened as anticancer agents, with some showing activity as cytotoxic agents against different cancer cell lines.
Behavior of Na+-Polystyrene Sulfonate at the Interface with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) and Its Implication to SWNT Suspension Stability
Authors: Dobbins Tabbetha , Chevious Richard , Lvov Yuri
Published: June 2011

The assembly of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Na+-PSS) at the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in pH 3 aqueous solution is described. Rather than forming linear or sheet-like chain morphologies over SWNT surfaces, Na+-PSS adopts a spherically collapsed conformation believed to be the result of cation (either Na+ or H+) condensation onto the ionized polymer chain. It is well reported that cations (and also anions) adsorb preferentially onto single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube surfaces leading to an increased ion concentration in the near surface regions relative to the bulk solution. This work provides experimental evidence for preferentially absorbed cation condensation onto PSS anions until those cations are spaced at distances corresponding to the Bjerrum length ( B), as defined by the Manning theory of ion condensation, at the SWNT surface. The resulting electrostearic repulsions allow the SWNTs to remain suspended for days. Furthermore , coulombic repulsion among SWNT bundles after cation adsorption alone is not sufficient to form stable suspensions—but rather the stearic repulsions associated with spherically collapsed PSS at the nanotube surface is responsible for suspension stability. It is believed that the ultrasonic agitation drives cations into the small spaces between SWNT bundles and coulombic potential attracts the PSS to those regions.
Effect of Moisture on the Orientation Birefringence of Cellulose Esters
Authors: Manaf Mohd Edeerozey Abd , Tsuji Manami , Nobukawa Shogo , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: June 2011

Orientation birefringence and its wavelength dispersion are studied for hot-drawn films of cellulose esters such as cellulose triacetate (CTA), cellulose diacetate (CDA), and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) exposed to three different humidities of environments. Hot-drawn CTA films show negative birefringence that decreases with increasing wavelength. On the other hand, CDA and CAP films show positive birefringence that increases with increasing wavelength, i.e., the so-called extraordinary wavelength dispersion of birefringence. Upon exposure to high humidity environment, the orientation birefringence of CDA and CAP decreases. The decrease is prominent for the samples containing a large amount of water. CTA, however, shows an increase in magnitude of its negative orientation birefringence with increasing moisture content. The results can be explained by the increase of the polarizability anisotropy perpendicular to the stretching direction in the cellulose esters. It is found from ATR-FTIR measurements that hydrogen bonds are formed between carbonyl groups of cellulose esters and water molecules. Considering that orientation birefringence of cellulose esters is determined mainly by ester groups, the formation of hydrogen bonds contributes to the polarizability anisotropy, thus affecting the orientation birefringence.
Evaluation of Automatic Building Detection Approaches Combining High Resolution Images and LiDAR Data
Authors: Hermosilla Txomin , Ruiz Luis A. , Recio Jorge A. , Estornell Javier
Published: June 2011

In this paper, two main approaches for automatic building detection and localization using high spatial resolution imagery and LiDAR data are compared and evaluated: thresholding-based and object-based classification. The thresholding-based approach is founded on the establishment of two threshold values: one refers to the minimum height to be considered as building, defined using the LiDAR data, and the other refers to the presence of vegetation, which is defined according to the spectral response. The other approach follows the standard scheme of object-based image classification: segmentation, feature extraction and selection, and classification, here performed using decision trees. In addition, the effect of the inclusion in the building detection process of contextual relations with the shadows is evaluated. Quality assessment is performed at two different levels: area and object. Area-level evaluates the building delineation performance, whereas object-level assesses the accuracy in the spatial location of individual buildings. The results obtained show a high efficiency of the evaluated methods for building detection techniques, in particular the thresholding-based approach, when the parameters are properly adjusted and adapted to the type of urban landscape considered.
Diffusion-Based EM Algorithm for Distributed Estimation of Gaussian Mixtures in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Weng Yang , Xiao Wendong , Xie Lihua
Published: June 2011

Distributed estimation of Gaussian mixtures has many applications in wireless sensor network (WSN), and its energy-efficient solution is still challenging. This paper presents a novel diffusion-based EM algorithm for this problem. A diffusion strategy is introduced for acquiring the global statistics in EM algorithm in which each sensor node only needs to communicate its local statistics to its neighboring nodes at each iteration. This improves the existing consensus-based distributed EM algorithm which may need much more communication overhead for consensus, especially in large scale networks. The robustness and scalability of the proposed approach can be achieved by distributed processing in the networks. In addition, we show that the proposed approach can be considered as a stochastic approximation method to find the maximum likelihood estimation for Gaussian mixtures. Simulation results show the efficiency of this approach.
Aflatoxin B1 in Affecting Broiler’s Performance, Immunity, and Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review of History and Contemporary Issues
Authors: Yunus Agha W. , Razzazi-Fazeli Ebrahim , Bohm Josef
Published: June 2011

Aflatoxin B1 is a common contaminant of poultry feeds in tropical and subtropical climates. Research during the last five decades has well established the negative effects of the mycotoxin on health of poultry. However, the last ten years of relevant data have accentuated the potential of low levels of aflatoxin B1 to deteriorate broiler performance. In this regard, any attempt to establish a dose-effect relationship between aflatoxin B1 level and broiler performance is also complicated due to differences in types of broilers and length of exposure to the mycotoxin in different studies. Contrary to the prevalent notion regarding literature saturation with respect to aflatoxicosis of chicken, many areas of aflatoxicosis still need to be explored. Literature regarding effects of the mycotoxin on the gastrointestinal tract in this regard is particular scanty and non-conclusive. In addition to these issues, the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and recently proposed hypotheses regarding biphasic effects of the mycotoxin in broilers are briefly discussed.
The Effects of Anthrax Lethal Toxin on Host Barrier Function
Authors: Xie Tao , Auth Roger D. , Frucht David M.
Published: June 2011

The pathological actions of anthrax toxin require the activities of its edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF) enzyme components, which gain intracellular access via its receptor-binding component, protective antigen (PA). LF is a metalloproteinase with specificity for selected mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs), but its activity is not directly lethal to many types of primary and transformed cells in vitro. Nevertheless, in vivo treatment of several animal species with the combination of LF and PA (termed lethal toxin or LT) leads to morbidity and mortality, suggesting that LT-dependent toxicity is mediated by cellular interactions between host cells. Decades of research have revealed that a central hallmark of this toxicity is the disruption of key cellular barriers required to maintain homeostasis. This review will focus on the current understanding of the effects of LT on barrier function, highlighting recent progress in establishing the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
Shiga Toxin: Expression, Distribution, and Its Role in the Environment
Authors: Mauro Steven A. , Koudelka Gerald B.
Published: June 2011

In this review, we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the production and distribution of Shiga toxin in the environment. Specifically, we review studies that offer an expanded view of environmental reservoirs for Shiga toxin producing microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We then relate the abundance of Shiga toxin in the environment to work that demonstrates that the genetic mechanisms underlying the production of Shiga toxin genes are modified and embellished beyond the classical microbial gene regulatory paradigms in a manner that apparently “fine tunes” the trigger to modulate the amount of toxin produced. Last, we highlight several recent studies examining microbe/protist interactions that postulate an answer to the outstanding question of why microbes might harbor and express Shiga toxin genes in the environment.
Controversies in Targeted Therapy of Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: ON Target or OFF Target Effects?
Authors: Nasr Rihab , Hajj Hiba El , Kfoury Youmna , Thé Hugues de , Hermine Olivier , Bazarbachi Ali
Published: June 2011

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) represents an ideal model for targeted therapy because of intrinsic chemo-resistance of ATL cells and the presence of two well identified targets: the HTLV-I retrovirus and the viral oncoprotein Tax. The combination of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN) has a dramatic impact on survival of ATL patients. Although the mechanism of action remains unclear, arguments in favor or against a direct antiviral effect will be discussed. Yet, most patients relapse and alternative therapies are mandatory. IFN and arsenic trioxide induce Tax proteolysis, synergize to induce apoptosis in ATL cells and cure Tax-driven ATL in mice through specific targeting of leukemia initiating cell activity. These results provide a biological basis for the clinical success of arsenic/IFN/AZT therapy in ATL patients and suggest that both extinction of viral replication (AZT) and Tax degradation (arsenic/IFN) are needed to cure ATL.
New Insights into HTLV-1 Particle Structure, Assembly, and Gag-Gag Interactions in Living Cells
Authors: Fogarty Keir H. , Zhang Wei , Grigsby Iwen F. , Johnson Jolene L. , Chen Yan , Mueller Joachim D. , Mansky Louis M.
Published: June 2011

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has a reputation for being extremely difficult to study in cell culture. The challenges in propagating HTLV-1 has prevented a rigorous analysis of how these viruses replicate in cells, including the detailed steps involved in virus assembly. The details for how retrovirus particle assembly occurs are poorly understood, even for other more tractable retroviral systems. Recent studies on HTLV-1 using state-of-the-art cryo-electron microscopy and fluorescence-based biophysical approaches explored questions related to HTLV-1 particle size, Gag stoichiometry in virions, and Gag-Gag interactions in living cells. These results provided new and exciting insights into fundamental aspects of HTLV-1 particle assembly—which are distinct from those of other retroviruses, including HIV-1. The application of these and other novel biophysical approaches promise to provide exciting new insights into HTLV-1 replication.
Move or Die: the Fate of the Tax Oncoprotein of HTLV-1
Authors: Lodewick Julie , Lamsoul Isabelle , Bex Françoise
Published: June 2011

The HTLV-1 Tax protein both activates viral replication and is involved in HTLV-1-mediated transformation of T lymphocytes. The transforming properties of Tax include altering the expression of select cellular genes via activation of cellular pathways and perturbation of both cell cycle control mechanisms and apoptotic signals. The recent discovery that Tax undergoes a hierarchical sequence of posttranslational modifications that control its intracellular localization provides provocative insights into the mechanisms regulating Tax transcriptional and transforming activities.
Chemicals and Allied Products Waste Treatment
Authors: Hung Yung-Tse , Butler Erick , Yeh Ruth Yu-Li
Published: June 2011

A review of the literature published from 2008 to 2010 on topics related to chemicals and allied products is presented. The review considered several sections such as waste management, physicochemical treatment, aerobic treatment, anaerobic treatment, air emissions, soils and groundwater, and reuse.
A proposito di alcune stele del tipo della Ghorfa al British Museum
Authors: Bisi Anna Maria
Published: June 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'auteur étudie vingt-deux stèles néo-puniques de la Ghorfa conservées au British Museum. Les stèles de la Ghorfa, découvertes entre 1860 et 1873 dans la zone du Haut Tell tunisien occupée par les Français, n'ont jamais fait l'objet d'une publication d'ensemble. Seuls les douze exemplaires conservés au Musée du Bardo avaient été publiés, mais ceux dispersés dans divers musées européens étaient restés inédits.

A.M. Bisi définit les caractéristiques du relief lapidaire d'époque romaine des centres de Dougga, La Ghorfa, Mactar, Ain Barchouch et Oudna : persistance marquante d'éléments religieux de tradition punique dans un contexte faisant une large place au substrat religieux indigène.

L'auteur procède à un examen approfondi des stèles du British Museum et en élargit l'étude par des comparaisons avec d'autres stèles néo-puniques conservées notamment aux Musées du Bardo et de Vienne. Le matériel de la collection londonienne se répartit en cinq groupes, représentatifs d'ateliers différents bien que la production soit homogène par son répertoire et son contenu idéologique. Cette production a des caractères originaux qui la distinguent des œuvres des écoles lapidaires contemporaines, bien qu'elle n'échappe pas totalement aux influences classiques que subit le relief nord-africain à partir de la seconde moitié du lor siècle ap. J.-C.

En comparant les stèles de la Ghorfa à d'autres groupes de stèles funéraires et votives, A.M. Bisi met en évidence l'intégration parfaite de cet ensemble au courant culturel existant entre le dernier quart du I(r siècle ap. J.-C. et la fin du IIe siècle, en Afrique romaine, et qui procède à la fois du répertoire indigène et de l'héritage punique. Mais si les différences et les particularismes sont évidents presque partout, les stèles de la Ghorfa se détachent de la masse du relief lapidaire nord-africain par une expression figurative plus précise et cohérente, visiblement inspirée par un sentiment religieux, qui, malgré ses origines composites, reste essentiellement punique (comme le montre l'emploi constant du signe de Tanit anthropomorphe).

C'est justement, conclut l'auteur, à cette homogénéité et à cette cohérence artistique plus qu'à une décoration surchargée que les stèles de la Ghorfa doivent leur caractère original.
Une évaluation de la loi du 10 août 1981 relative au prix du livre
Authors: Écalle François
Published: June 2011

Une évaluation de la loi du 10 août 1981 relative au prix du Livre, par François Ecalle.

Jusqu'à la fin de 1981, les commerçants ont été libres de fixer eux- mêmes le prix de vente au public des livres. La loi du 10 août 198 1 les a ensuite obligés à pratiquer le même « prix unique » déterminé par l'éditeur de l'ouvrage concerné. Cette loi avait pour objectif intermédiaire le maintien d'un réseau suffisamment dense de librairies traditionnelles, auparavant menacées par les grandes surfaces, et pour objectifs finals le développement des achats de livres et la production d'ouvrages de grande qualité.

Le raisonnement économique justifiant cette réglementation et les résultats effectivement obtenus sont analysés dans cette étude. Malgré les insuffisances, et parfois les contradictions, des données statistiques quelques conclusions peuvent être tirées. La loi a entraîné une hausse des marges de la distribution et des prix de vente au public. Malgré le développement des services offerts par les commerçants, elle a apparemment aussi induit une réduction de la consommation touchant tous les livres quelle que soit leur qualité culturelle. Les libraires traditionnels n'ont au mieux gagné qu'un répit de deux ans sur la voie du déclin de leur part de marché. Les clubs de vente de livres ont sans doute été favorisés par un régime dérogatoire.
Les déductions fiscales en faveur de l'accession à la propriété : le modèle Défis
Authors: Mouillart Michel
Published: June 2011

Tax deductions for home ownership : the Défis model, by Michel Mouillait.

In France and in most Eec Member States tax deductions occupy a central place in the system of aids for home ownership. The Défis model proposes a medium term analysis and projection structure of this system of tax aids.

This article begins by a presentation of tax measures for home ownership and their role in the recovery of housing construction which has been observed for three years. In a second part, the structure and the characteristics of the Defis model are detailed: of relatively simple design, it is an analytical mesosimulation model which uses an original statistical model reconstituted on the basis of the Crep (Centre de Recherche Economique sur l'Epargne) "housing financing Observatory" and a very precise representation of the tax measures considered. Finally, in the third part, the model is used in order to illustrate some of the properties of the tax aid system. The article annexes give a complementary description of all the tax measures and present detailed results of the model.
Entreprise en essor ou en déclin : pourquoi ?
Authors: Artus Patrick , Legendre François , Morin Pierre
Published: June 2011

Entreprises en essor ou en déclin : pourquoi ?

par Patrick Artus, François Legendre et Pierre Morin.

Sur données de panel, la dispersion des caractéristiques des entreprises est chaque année importante. La diversité de leurs évolutions dans le temps l'est également. Le but de cet article est d'abord de décrire la variété des trajectoires des entreprises, puis de rechercher des causes susceptibles de contribuer au développement — ou au déclin —des firmes. Une attention particulière est portée au comportement d'investissement avec le souci de repérer, si possible, un type de comportement vertueux susceptible d'aider au redressement des entreprises qui en accepteraient le risque.
Amortissement fiscal, amortissement économique, taxation des profits
Authors: Maillard Didier
Published: June 2011

Amortización fiscal, amortización económica, tasación de los beneficios,

por Didier Maillard.

El artículo proporciona en primer lugar un modo de evaluación de los efectos económicos de los diversos regimenes de amortización fiscal. Se analizan las distorsiones mtroducidas por la inflación así como la manera en que disminución de la duración de vida fiscal, el régimen de amortización decreciente y la posibilidad de deducción de los intereses nominales compensan mâs o menos bien estas distorsiones. En segundo lugar, se pretende delimitar la noción de amortización económica y se élabora, a partir de hipótesis simples sobre los servicios prestados por las inversiones, esquemas de amortización económica. Por último, se pone en evidencia el hecho que la amortización fiscal, que coincide excepcionalmente con la amortización económica, desempeña un papel de importancia en la tasación efectiva de los beneficios. Este papel no puede ser considerado independientemente del modo de financiación de las inversiones, ya sea por fondos propios o por endeudamiento. Al término del análisis, el carácter ambiguo del impuesto a las ganancias, a la vez impuesto al rendimiento del capital e impuesto al beneficio micrceconómico, aparece claramente.
Une analyse économique de la fiscalité pétrolière
Authors: Bœuf Patrick , Formery Zoé
Published: June 2011

Un analisis economico de la fiscalidad petrolera,

por Patrick Bœuf, Zoé Formery.

Este artículo tiene présenta dos usos posibles de la fiscalidad petrolera : por una parte, como instrumente para regular la demanda de productos importados ; por otra parte como medio para corregir externalidades relacionadas más o menos directamente al uso de dichos productos y que por esta razón están mal evaluadas. Se atribuye una atención particular, en este último punto, a los carburantes para camiones. El análisis permite en particular apreciar en qué medida se justifican los nivelés actuales de fiscalidad.
Effets redistributifs et gain d'efficacité d'une réforme de l'allocation de logement en France
Authors: Nichèle Véronique
Published: June 2011

Umverteilungspolitische Auswirkungen und Erhöhung der Wirksamkeit

einer Reform der Wohnungsbeihilfe in Frankreich :

eine mikroökonomische Untersuchung,

von Véronique Nichèle.

Die Auswirkungen der Reform auf den Wohlstand der zur Miete wohnenden privaten Haushalte werden auf der Grunglage der INSEE-Erhebung « Budgets des ménages 1979 » analysiert, wobei nach der von M.A.King (1983) vorgeschlagenen Méthodologie vorgogangen wird. Ihre Anwendung beruht auf der Schätzung eines Ausgabensystems, das aus der auf den indirekten Nutzen bezogenen Translog-Funktion hervorgeht, und erfordert die Berechnung von personenbezogenen Mietpreisen. Um die Folgen der vorgoschlagenen Reform auszuwerten, werden Messzahlen für die Vanationen des sozialen und individuellen Wohlstands sowie Indizes zur Kennzeichnung der vertikalen und honzontalen Ungleichheit benutzt. Die Untersuchung hebt hervor, dass die Reform insbesondere die minderbemittelten oder kinderlosen Haushalte bevorteilt.
La demande d'énergie des industries laitières : une analyse microéconomique
Authors: Bousquet Alain , Ivaldi Marc , Ladoux Norbert
Published: June 2011

The energy demands in dairy industries : a micro-economic analysis,

by Alain Bousquet, Marc Ivaldi, Norbert Ladoux.

An empirical analysis examines substitution opportunities for various forms of energy in the dairy industry. First, we estimate a demand function system for energy factors in order to grasp their substituability. It is then possible to understand the trends in the structure of the energy consumption. Zero expenditures in the sample require a special treatment when the model is specified. And this is true for two different stages : the theoretical one as well as the econometric one. The model is similar to qualitative variable models such as the general Tobit model.
L'évolution de l'investissement en France depuis 1979
Authors: Chevallier Jean-Yves , Legendre François , Morin Pierre
Published: June 2011

La evolución de la inversion en Francia desde 1979,

por Jean-Yves Chevallier, François Legendre, Pierre Morin.

Desde la segunda crisis petrolera se ha vuelto difícil reproducir con precisión tanto mediante el modelo estàndar de acelerador-beneficio como mediante modelos alternatives (en términos de beneficio puro, de capacidad de ganancia, de desequilibrios,...), el movimiento de la ínversión en Francia. En el présente artículo se expone con todo detalle dicha dificultad subrayàndose ademàs el aporte de tos estudios sobre la inversión llevados a partir de datos individuals de empresas. Dichos datos permiten en particular, comparar la dinàmica de los efectos del acelerador y del beneficio, eyaluar el papel de capacidad de ganancia probar el impacto del endeudamiento y apreciar la eficacia de las ayudas fiscales a la inversión.
L'indexation des salaires : quelle rupture en 1982 ?
Authors: Blanchard Pierre , Sevestre Patrick
Published: June 2011

Die Indexbindung der Löhne : welcher Einschnitt erfolgte 1 982 ?

von Pierre Blanchard, Patrick Sevestre.

Gab es seit 1982 in Frankreich eine Veränderung in den Modalitäten der Lohn-Preis-lndexierung ? Diese Studie wurde auf der Grundlage von Daten aus dem auf nationaler Ebene unterzeichtneten Tarifverträgen fur acht Beschäftigungszweige im Laufe der Periode 1970-1988 durchgeführt. Sie hebt die Bedeutung der Inflationserwartungen hervor, die in der Période nach 1982 aufgetreben waren, und die in höherem Maße als die jüngste Inflationstendenz als Leitsätze für die Lohnpolitik gedient haben.
Modèles à correction d'erreur : l'apport de la théorie de la co-intégration
Authors: Maurel Françoise
Published: June 2011

Error-Correction Models: the Contribution of Co-Integration Theory,

by Françoise Maurel.

Error-correction models have been used for several years by specialists in applied econometrics. Recently, the development of co-integration theory has provided an additionnai statistical basis for this type of dynamic model for formalising the notion of long-term relationships or relationships of equilibrium underlying the error-correction models, and by proposing procedures for testing the existence of such long-term relationships. This approach is essentially based on the theory of asymptotical behaviour of non-stationary series and on temporal series theory, but it has numerous applications in economics and applied econometrics.
PECULIARITIES OF FDI PERFORMANCE IN DEVELOPED, DEVELOPING AND UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Authors: Tvaronavičienė Manuela , Lankauskienė Toma
Published: June 2011

The aim of this article is to evaluate impact of FDI on sustainable development indicators of differently developed countries during two periods of time: a time span before (2000−2007) and a time span embracing the global economic crisis period (2000–2009). Reviewed ample supply of relevant scientific literature made a presumption to arise that the impact of FDI differs in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries, i.e. depends on the level of development: developed countries benefit most, developing less and underdeveloped least. Countries are attributed to respective groups according to their level of development and indicators are chosen for investigation. The following indicators capable of reflecting FDI impact on enhancing wellbeing in unevenly developed countries are: GDP, exports, inflation, population, life expectancy at birth, primary school pupils, infant mortality, total health expenditure per capita, total tax rate, internet users, residential consumption of electricity , and differences between developed and underdeveloped countries in the field of economic, social, business environment are taken into account. Several other hypotheses have been formulated and FDI impact on sustainable development indicators has been estimated with the help of empirical research in order to test the initial presumption. Obtained results enabled to compare peculiarities of FDI performance during two periods of time.
STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION OF HEURISTIC METHOD RULE TO DETERMINE ASSET ALLOCATION TO RETIREMENT PORTFOLIO / STOCHASTINIS EURISTINIO METODO TAISYKLĖS PENSIJOS PORTFELIO SUDĖČIAI NUSTATYTI OPTIMIZAVIMAS
Authors: Klimavičienė Aušra
Published: June 2011

The article examines the problem of determining asset allocation to sustainable retirement portfolio. The article attempts to apply heuristic method – 100 minus age in stocks rule – to determine asset allocation to sustainable retirement portfolio. Using dynamic stochastic simulation and stochastic optimization techniques the optimization of heuristic method rule is presented and the optimal alternative to „100“ is found. Seeking to reflect the stochastic nature of stock and bond returns and the human lifespan, the dynamic stochastic simulation models incorporate both the stochastic returns and the probability of living another year based on Lithuania‘s population mortality tables. The article presents the new method – adjusted heuristic method – to be used to determine asset allocation to retirement portfolio and highlights its advantages.
Emprise et lien tyrannique
Authors: Ferrant Alain
Published: June 2011

L’auteur s’écarte de la position classique qui considère l’emprise en fonction de ses aspects pathogènes. Il envisage les différentes fonctions de l’emprise dans le développement psychique et souligne la dynamique des emprises croisées qui se construit rythmiquement entre le bébé et son environnement. L’auteur décrit une « emprise de vie » nécessaire au développement psychosomatique. La source de la tyrannie est alors envisagée à partir de l’échec du travail d’emprise primaire qui se développe entre le petit enfant et son environnement. L’auteur analyse ensuite le lien entre emprise et association libre au sein du dispositif psychanalytique à partir de l’hypothèse d’un transfert des fonctions de l’emprise en direction de ce dispositif. Il propose enfin un portrait-robot du tyran et décrit le double processus à l’œuvre dans le lien tyrannique, usurpation et exercice du pouvoir. Dans cette perspective, il avance l’idée que le tyran a été confronté, enfant, à un environnement partiellement indifférent à ses besoins fondamentaux.
De l'emprise au « quant-à-soi »
Authors: Lecourt Édith
Published: June 2011

Partant de situations de l’actualité politique, la révolution en Tunisie, les mouvements en Algérie, en particulier, l’auteur s’interroge sur un fonctionnement psychique marqué par l’absence de « quant-à-soi ». Il relève, dans l’emprise, la confusion entre la personne et ses rôles et ses fonctions (l’individuel et le collectif). Reprenant le concept de clivage du moi de Freud, il en observe le peu d’adéquation avec ce type de situation. L’auteur reprend le débat et les propositions faites par C. Dejours concernant le clivage. D’autre part, il considère le rôle du réseau Internet comme réserve potentielle de « quant-à-soi » partagé au-delà des territoires nationaux.
Une transposition du paradigme d'obéissance de Milgram à la télévision : enjeux, résultats et perspectives
Authors: Oberlé Dominique , Beauvois Jean-Léon , Courbet Didier
Published: June 2011

L’article reprend le texte d’une conférence rendant compte d’une expérimentation consistant à transposer l’expérience de Milgram dans l’univers télévisuel, expérimentation qui a fait l’objet d’un documentaire diffusé le 17 mars 2010 sur France 2. L’originalité de cette expérimentation tenait au fait que la stricte reproduction de la procédure de Milgram (envoi de soi-disant chocs électriques à un congénère) était opérée dans le cadre d’un pilote de jeu télévisuel dans lequel l’autorité ne tirait pas sa légitimité de la science, mais de la télévision. Au-delà de l’évocation des principaux résultats, cet article propose : 1. Une analyse des enjeux, contraintes, risques d’une telle retranscription impliquant une collaboration avec les professionnels de la télévision et l’utilisation du langage télévisuel pour évoquer un travail scientifique ; 2. Une réflexion sur les questions éthiques posées par une telle expérimentation.
Comment résister à la manipulation ? Analyse du coup dit « de l'anneau d'or »
Authors: Breton Philippe
Published: June 2011

La question qui est au cœur de cet article est de savoir comment on peut, lorsque le cas se présente, résister à la manipulation. À partir d’une situation simple, le « coup dit de l’anneau d’or », deux types de paramètres seront étudiés, l’information dont dispose la victime potentielle sur la nature manipulatrice ou non de l’interaction qu’on lui propose, et le type de relation qu’elle va établir, entre une mise à distance ou l’acceptation d’un rapport fusionnel. On constate que l’information est un paramètre qui n’évite pas la manipulation, mais qui, couplé avec la mise en œuvre d’une distance dans l’interaction, s’avère un facteur puissant. Dans tous les cas, la mise à distance est un facteur essentiel dans la capacité de résistance. La fusion avec le manipulateur, qu’on soit informé ou non, et quelles que soient les raisons que l’on se trouve pour accepter ce comportement, s’avère par contre un puissant facteur d’acceptation de la manipulation.
D'un déni, l'autre, réticences et résistances : l'œuvre de P. Bourdieu et la sociologie critique de l'École à l'épreuve de l'idéologie dominante
Authors: Diet Emmanuel
Published: June 2011

Le constructivisme critique de P. Bourdieu est à l’origine d’une sociologie de l’éducation qui a radicalement transformé l’approche de l’école et de sa fonction sociale et, plus largement l’analyse de la domination symbolique. On se propose ici d’analyser le sens des violents rejets de cette pensée – pourtant singulièrement féconde – en identifiant les origines psychiques, idéologiques et épistémologiques des résistances, dénis, contresens et disqualifications dont elle est victime. Au-delà des enjeux intersubjectifs et institutionnels, l’analyse contextuelle fait apparaître l’intrication des résistances psychiques et idéologiques à la reconnaissance des déterminismes de l’inconscient sociologique, et comment l’invocation du psychique ou du sociologique permet de forclore l’interrogation de la dimension complémentaire en jeu dans l’aliénation et la complexité de leur interaction dans l’économie et la dynamique des résistances à la vérité dévoilée par l’analyse critique.
Les représentations profanes et médicales du lieu d'accouchement : entre l'idéel et le réel
Authors: Roth-Haillotte Roselyne
Published: June 2011

De tout temps et dans toutes les cultures, les femmes ont désiré accoucher dans un espace intime et sécuritaire. Par l’apport des techniques et des progrès obstétricaux, dès le milieu du XX e siècle, bien que physiologique, la naissance se généralise dans le champ médical. Face au discours scientifique du personnel soignant, nous avons voulu mettre en écho les propos profanes des femmes, afin de comprendre les différentes façons d’interpréter le choix d’un lieu idéal pour accoucher. Chaque partie, médicale et profane, à sa façon, avec ses mots et ses croyances culturelles propres tente de donner sens à la représentation savante ou émotionnelle du lieu d’accouchement. Le champ d’analyse de cet article repose sur des témoignages informels collectés au cours d’une enquête dans trois maternités de la région parisienne.
Modèle d'affaires électroniques et création de la valeur économique : un cadre d'analyse
Authors: Sabourin Vincent , Vézina Michel
Published: June 2011

Résumé La débandade qu’ont connue récemment les cours boursiers des entreprises du domaine des affaires électroniques amplifie les incertitudes qui prévalent dans la mise en place des fondements de la nouvelle économie. Toutefois, l’analyse des échecs récents des entreprises qui se sont lancées dans les affaires électroniques nous démontre que le talon d’Achille de ces entreprises virtuelles se situe dans la mise en place d’un modèle d’affaires équilibré, supporté par des outils de contrôle et d’évaluation de la performance appropriés. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter les principales composantes d’un modèle d’affaires électroniques et de proposer un cadre d’analyse permettant le suivi et l’évaluation de la performance de ces modèles d’affaires particuliers.