bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form to Spanish Family Caregivers of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Oñate Lucía , Calvete Esther
Published: June 2018

In recent years, mindfulness-focused interventions have garnered attention in the area of family members of people with an intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). The mindfulness trait has been related to a greater well-being, lower levels of anxiety and depression and a better quality of life in this group. Therefore, developing tools that assess mindfulness is relevant. The aim of this study was to adapt the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF; Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011) to Spanish caregivers of people with IDD. Two hundred sixty-five relatives of people with IDD (84.5% women and 15.5 % men) aged between 18 and 80 years participated in the research, completing this questionnaire along with measures of psychological distress and quality of life. The results confirmed the factor structure of the FFMQ-SF, consisting of five correlated factors (Observe, Describe, Act with awareness, Nonreact to inner experience, and Nonjudge inner experience). The factors showed adequate internal consistency. In addition, significant relationships were observed between the most of the mindfulness facets and less psychological distress as well as with better quality of life. The results suggest that the FFMQ-SF can be used adequately with relatives of people with IDD.
Pathways from Positive and Negative Affect to Depressive Symptoms: Multiple Mediation of Emotion Regulation Strategies
Authors: Yildiz Mehmet Ali , Kızıldağ Seval
Published: June 2018

The current study aims to examine the multiple mediations of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between positive and negative affect and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Participants included 290 students attending middle schools in a mid-size city in Southeastern Anatolian region. Among students, 137 were females (47.2%) and 153 (52.8%) were males. Participants’ ages ranged between 9 and 15 with a mean of 12.12, SD=1.53. Research data were collected through Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Adolescents, Emotion Regulation Scale for Adolescents, and Depression Scale for Children. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, an approach based on Ordinary Least Squares Regression, and Bootstrap method. Research findings indicated that the mediation of external dysfunctional emotion regulation, internal dysfunctional emotion regulation, and external functional emotion regulation in the relationships between positive emotions and depressive symptoms was statistically significant. However, the mediation of internal functional emotion regulation was not found to be statistically significant. In the relationship between negative emotions and depressive symptoms, the mediation of internal dysfunctional emotion regulation and external functional emotion regulation was found to be statistically significant. In addition, the mediation of internal functional emotion regulation and external dysfunctional emotion regulation was not found statistically significant. Research findings were discussed based on the relevant literature and some suggestions for researchers were put forward.
Factors in cyber bullying: the attitude-social influence-efficacy model
Authors: Lee Yi Chih , Wu Wei-Li
Published: June 2018

This study examines the correlation between risk perception, knowledge, social influence, self-efficacy, and cyber bullying behavior from the perspective of the attitude-social influence-efficacy model. The samples in this survey are adolescents who have had cyber bullying behavior or have witnessed their peers’ cyber bullying behavior. The results showed that attitude towards cyber bullying affected cyber bullying intention, and that intention also influenced cyber bullying behavior. Social influence also had an impact on cyber bullying intention and cyber bullying behavior. In fact, intention was a mediator between attitude and behavior, as well as between social influence and behavior. 
Actividad física y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en escolares: análisis mediante ecuaciones estructurales
Authors: Zurita-Ortega Felix , Salvador-Pérez Federico , Knox Emily , Gámiz-Sánchez Vanesa María , Chacón-Cuberos Ramón , Rodríguez-Fernández Sonia , Muros-Molina Jose Joaquín
Published: June 2018

The aim of this research was to develop an explanatory model of body mass index (BMI), health-related quality of life, and physical activity, and to analyse the effects of the physical variables on the levels of physical activity, self-esteem and health-related quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 631 Spanish schoolchildren (12.5 ± 1.4 years old). They completed questionnaires on self-esteem (Rosemberg test), physical activity (PAQ-C), Mediterranean diet (KIDMED), quality of life (KIDSCREEN-27) and had their BMI and maximum oxygen uptake measured. Structural equations constituted the statistical analyses. A correlation was found between lower BMI and fewer hours of self-reported screen time which was also conducive to higher cardio-respiratory levels and greater engagement in physical activity. More physical activity and better dietary care were related generally with higher health-related quality of life and self-esteem. The model demonstrated acceptable goodness of fit.  Findings of the study suggest physical activity and positive dietary behaviours should be promoted in Spanish schools as incremental improvements have the potential to concordantly improve a large range of healthful outcomes including health-related quality of life, self-esteem and BMI.
Measurements of Scatter Peaks in 137Cs and 60Co Sources
Authors: Pibida Leticia , West David
Published: June 2018

Results from tests of radiation detection instruments with radionuclide
identification capabilities will depend on the sources used for the tests. Radionuclide
identification detectors are designed to measure photons and provide an identification
of the source being measured. High-resolution spectra need to be acquired to determine
all the observable peaks in the source spectra before testing these types of
instruments. These peaks may be due to impurities and/or scatter peaks in the sources.
This paper discusses the issues encountered with the response of a radioisotope
identification device due to scatter peaks in one type of source used for testing. In
addition, it provides spectra for different source types and source constructions to
compare the differences in scatter, allowing for a better source type selection for
instrument testing.
Aprendizaje cooperativo a través de las nuevas tecnologías: Una revisión
Authors: Herrada Valverde Rosario Isabel , Baños Navarro Raúl
Published: June 2018

Information Communication Technologies have brought a revolution in education, causing structural changes in the way we teach and how we learn. Currently, the existence of a wide variety of virtual teaching-learning environments enables teachers and students to interact synchronously or asynchronously using computers and mobile devices. This has led to the implementation of active teaching-learning methodologies with proven pedagogical effectiveness, such as cooperative learning, that encourage students to acquire skills and improve their academic performance. Despite the importance of the subject, almost no papers have analysed the state-of-the-art on educational experiences that promote cooperative learning using new technologies. In order to respond to this demand, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the related bibliography that include a large number of papers written in Spanish in which new technologies are used to implement cooperative learning activities in different subjects and educational levels. From the analysis of these papers, it can be concluded that there is a growing interest by teachers and researchers in implementing cooperative learning using virtual teaching-learning environments and computer applications, as well as social networks or MOOC. Further, these experiences receive positive feedback from teachers and students involved.
La participación escolar de las familias a través de plataformas digitales
Authors: Waliño-Guerrero María José , Pardo Baldoví María Isabel , Esnaola Horacek Graciela , San Martín Alonso Ángel
Published: June 2018

A democratic and participative education has been claimed for several decades. The application of digital technologies in the management of institutions has helped to redefine the concept of participation. This concept is rooted in the cultural practices of families and, for this reason, we have analyse the perception of the emerging participation model evidenced by a sample of families of students in the area of the Valencian Community. We focus attention on the equipment and connectivity of homes, both are essential requirements to interact with the platforms. Next, we analyse the representations that families make explicit to us through semi-structured interviews and a focus group. We discover that technological equipment directs participation more towards the dimensions related to control than to collegiality in decision-making. It is necessary to continue deepening in the ways of how participation is being redefined in a more instrumental than in a political sense.
Portales educativos: la producción de materiales didácticos digitales
Authors: González Ruiz Carlos José , Martín Gómez Sebastián , Vega Navarro Ana
Published: June 2018

The main objective of this article is to know how the production of the digital didactic materials created by institutional portals of educational resources is organized, taking as a reference the perspective of its main responsible. In particular, the case of the institutional repository of resources of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, Ecoescuela 2.0; and the portal of open educational resources Procomún (Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports). This study aims to answer different questions related to the authorship of the materials, the process and development, as well as the criteria established by the institutional portals for their production. For this purpose, a qualitative research methodology is chosen, which tries to shed light on the existing processes regarding the design and production of said digital materials. The results indicate several issues: the need to continue researching this issue, the change of authorship in the creation of teaching materials, as well as the inclusion of teachers in the process of creating and developing them.
Syllabus Design for Pre-service English Language Teachers in Spain
Authors: Luque Agulló Gloria
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the steps involved in designing educational programs for pre-service English language teachers in Secondary education within the Spanish context, following the current educational law (LOMCE).  Considering the century-long search for the best method within TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language), and the continuous reforms of educational laws in Spain, pre-service teachers must learn the competences and skills essential for designing of their own teaching program. The series of steps described here will enable teachers to show accountability to educational authorities and increase their self-confidence, subsequently improving their craft in the language classroom.
Hamsunproblemet i skolens norskbøker 1945–1970
Authors: Brumo John
Published: June 2018

Når man skal arbeide med Knut Hamsun i skolen, står norsklærerne overfor et dilemma: Hvordan skal man ta hensyn til at Hamsun ikke bare er en av Norges mest kjente forfattere, men også Norges mest kjente nazist? Hvordan skal historien om Hamsun presenteres på en balansert måte? En gjennomgang av en del lærebøker i litteratur og litteraturhistorie forteller om hvordan Hamsunproblemet har blitt håndtert i skolen etter krigen. Er det riktig, slik nyere litteraturforskere har hevdet, at vi har skjult Hamsuns politiske sider, og i stedet hyllet den geniale forfatteren?Teachers in Norwegian schools face a dilemma when teaching literature: How do they balance the presentation of Knut Hamsun – one of Norway’s most influential writers AND most prominent supporters of the Nazi occupation? How can Hamsun's life and writings be presented in a balanced way? By examining school textbooks in literary history, we can better understand how “the Hamsun problem” has been handled in school. Is it correct, as it has been claimed, that the political side of Hamsun has been hidden away in Norway, and instead saluted as the brilliant author?
Induction of ubiquitin C (UBC) gene transcription is mediated by HSF1: role of proteotoxic and oxidative stress
Authors: Bianchi Marzia , Crinelli Rita , Arbore Vanessa , Magnani Mauro
Published: June 2018

The polyubiquitin gene ubiquitin C (UBC) is considered a stress protective gene and is upregulated under various stressful conditions, which is probably a consequence of an increased demand for ubiquitin in order to remove toxic misfolded proteins. We previously identified heat shock elements (HSEs) within the UBC promoter, which are responsible for heat shock factor (HSF)1‐driven induction of the UBC gene and are activated by proteotoxic stress. Here, we determined the molecular players driving the UBC gene transcriptional response to arsenite treatment, mainly addressing the role of the nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)‐mediated antioxidant pathway. Exposure of HeLa cells to arsenite caused a time‐dependent increase of UBC mRNA, while cell viability and proteasome activity were not affected. Nuclear accumulation of HSF1 and Nrf2 transcription factors was detected upon both arsenite and MG132 treatment, while HSF2 nuclear levels increased in MG132‐treated cells. Notably, siRNA‐mediated knockdown of Nrf2 did not reduce UBC transcription under either basal or stressful conditions, but significantly impaired the constitutive and inducible expression of well‐known antioxidant response element‐dependent genes. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay consistently failed to detect Nrf2 binding to the UBC promoter sequence. By contrast, depletion of HSF1, but not HSF2, significantly compromised stress‐induced UBC expression. Critically, HSF1‐mediated UBC trans‐activation upon arsenite exposure relies on transcription factor binding to previously mapped distal HSEs, as demonstrated to occur under proteasome inhibition. These data highlight HSF1 as the pivotal transcription factor that translates different stress signals into UBC gene transcriptional induction.
Archaeological Volcanology
Authors: Elson Mark D. , Ort Michael H.
Published: June 2018

Archaeological volcanology is the science that researches human interaction with volcanic eruptions, and specifically how human populations use cultural mechanisms to adapt to eruptions. It combines the fields and analytical methods of archaeology, a subfield of anthropology or history, and volcanology, a subfield of geoscience. This combination is necessary to fully understand the human–volcano relationship, a relationship that has been a part of human culture since the earliest days of our species and one that likely extends back to our pre‐human ancestors. The very large number of environmental and cultural variables that manifest during an eruption can combine (and recombine) in unique and often unpredictable ways, making this a challenging undertaking. Insights gained through archaeological volcanology not only inform on human and volcano behavior, but also can be applied to modern disaster and hazards research, providing information to assist in the management of future disasters.
Chi‐Square Analysis
Authors: Barceló Juan A.
Published: June 2018

Chi‐square analysis is a statistical procedure to analyze contingency tables. A contingency table is a way of organizing data in order to visualize the possible relationship between two qualitative variables. Such relationship is then defined in terms of the different frequency of different attributes or levels of the qualitative variables.
Parasitology
Authors: Reinhard Karl J.
Published: June 2018

Archaeoparasitology focuses on infection through time and space linked to archaeological reconstructions on human behaviors. Since its formal definition in 1990, the field has advanced in application of theory and methods. At this point, details of diet, transhumance, trade, environmental contaminants, health, animal domestication, human–parasite ecology, and parasite evolution have been defined by analysis of parasites from archaeological sites. Analysis of the distribution of genetic composition of certain parasites now provides insight into the evolution of parasites after host switching events to humans. The prehistory of emergent and reemergent infections has been demonstrated. Control of infection has been defined, especially for indigenous peoples of the Americas. Assessment of multiple parasite species in prehistoric communities reveals the spectrum of infectious organisms within single communities and the behaviors that led to infection risk. In some areas, sample size is sufficient to show the explosion of parasite infection in colonial times associated with urbanization. The wider application of molecular and immunological methods promises to provide even greater details of human–parasite interaction from archaeological contexts.
Quaternary Large‐Mammal Zones
Authors: van der Made Jan
Published: June 2018

Large mammal zones are indicative of the ages of rock strata and their content. It is fortunate that, in the study of prehistory, it is often the large mammal bones themselves that have to be dated, especially so in the case of bone accumulations due to human hunting activities. A biozone is a rock unit characterized by its fossil content, such as bones and teeth of large mammals, and the corresponding biochron is the time in which the biozone was formed. A sequence of biozones is a biozonation and gives the relative ages of the zones (older/younger than, etc.). If physical methods have been used to date the limits of a biozone, this time range is indicative of the age of the same fossil association found in other places.
X
‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (
XRF
)
Authors: Shackley M. Steven
Published: June 2018

While X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) has fallen out of favor in a number of sciences, it has seen increasing popularity in archaeology, in part due to portable XRF (pXRF) availability and relatively low cost. Laboratory/desktop XRF, however, is still the mainstay of this technique in archaeology mainly due to the ability to acquire many more elements than portable systems and recent increases in precision and accuracy. The history of the technique is important for understanding its popularity in archaeology, and although the future is unpredictable, it is likely to remain important in twenty‐first‐century archaeology.
Muscle Co‐Activation Across Activities of Daily Living in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Smith Stephanie L. , Allan Richard , Marreiros Sara P. , Woodburn James , Steultjens Martijn P. M.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Muscle co‐activation has been shown to be elevated in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) during gait. Comparisons of muscle co‐activation across different activities of daily living such as stair negotiation have yet to be explored. The aim of this study was to explore muscle co‐activation across different activities of daily living in patients with knee OA.

Methods

Muscle co‐activation was assessed in 77 symptomatic knee OA patients (mean ± SD age 62.5 ± 8.1 years, body mass index 29.4 ± 6.0 kg/m2, and sex 48:29 female:male) using electromyography (EMG), during a series of walking, stair negotiation (ascent, descent), and sit‐to‐walk activities. EMG was recorded from 7 sites, mediolateral gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis/medialis, and rectus femoris, and normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Correlation was used to assess the consistency of co‐activation across activities. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance assessed the muscle combination by activity differences.

Results

Muscle co‐activation was highest during stair ascent. When comparing muscle combinations within the same activity, we found that correlations ranged from r = 0.003 to r = 0.897, of which 80% of the combinations were significant. Between activities, muscle co‐activation was significantly different (P < 0.05). Mediolateral muscle co‐activation was higher than hamstrings/quadriceps across activities.

Conclusion

Two muscle co‐activation strategies were observed during activities of daily living in patients with knee OA to maintain stability. Muscle co‐activation was higher during more challenging activities, particularly when the joint was accepting load. Mediolateral muscle co‐activation was higher than hamstrings/quadriceps, so that mediolateral co‐activation was thought to be a stabilization mechanism, while hamstrings/quadriceps co‐activation responds to knee flexion moments, suggesting that different muscle combinations may have different roles in responding to joint demand.
Has Rheumatology Become a More Attractive Career Choice? Comparison of Trends in the Rheumatology Fellowship Match From 2008 to 2013 With Those From 2014 to 2017
Authors: Tran Huynh W. , Mathias Lauren M. , Panush Richard S.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Rheumatology has previously been a less attractive career choice than other internal medicine (IM) subspecialties. Recent fellowship data from the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) has suggested that this may have changed. Therefore, we evaluated the current attractiveness of rheumatology as a career choice and compared it with other medical subspecialties.

Methods

Data from the NRMP from 2008 to 2017, the 2015 American College of Rheumatology workforce study, and Medscape physician salaries from 2010 to 2017 were used to determine annual numbers of fellowship applicants, availability of positions, and post‐fellowship salary trends. Data from 2008 to 2013 were compared with those from 2014 to 2017, and rheumatology was compared with other IM subspecialties.

Results

The total number of annual fellowship applicants to rheumatology for 2008–2013 decreased by 3% (average annual mean ± SEM percentage change of –1.9 ± 2.6%), from 251 to 244 applicants. However, for 2014–2017, annual rheumatology applications increased by 44% (average annual mean ± SEM percentage change of 20.7 ± 10.5% [P = 0.03]), from 230 to 332 applicants. Other nonprocedural and procedural IM subspecialties did not exhibit a similar increase. For rheumatology, the increases in the ratio of annual applicants to positions (P = 0.02) and in the percentage of US medical graduates applying (P = 0.03) were statistically significant, and mean post‐fellowship salary also rose.

Conclusion

The aforementioned observations suggest that rheumatology has become a more attractive career choice since 2014. We speculate that the increasing popularity of the field is multifactorial, likely reflecting lifestyle, job satisfaction and availability, influence of mentors, and other elements. This salutary and exciting potential opportunity for rheumatology should be exploited.
Limited Health Literacy and Patient Confusion About Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Global Assessments and Model Disease States
Authors: Hirsh Joel , Wood Patrick , Keniston Angela , Peng Mandy , Ramaswami Sai , Caplan Liron , Davis Lisa
Published: June 2018

Objective

Patient global assessment visual analog scales (PGA‐VAS) are widely used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) practice and research, and low PGA‐VAS scores are required for remission. Vulnerable patients with RA may have difficulty completing the PGA‐VAS. There is limited information about both patients’ perceptions of PGA‐VAS and how patients score VAS model disease states. The objective of this study was to understand the perspectives of vulnerable patients regarding PGA‐VAS and model disease states.

Methods

We enrolled patients with RA at Denver Health (n = 300). Subjects completed the PGA‐VAS in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints and the Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire and completed a questionnaire regarding these PGA‐VAS. Subjects also scored remission, mild, moderate, and severe model disease states by VAS. We performed analyses by linear and logistic regression and by using summary statistics. Outcomes included whether subjects found the PGA‐VAS confusing, whether subjects’ responses to the model disease states followed a natural progression (remission <mild <moderate <severe), and whether responses to the remission model would meet Boolean and Simplified Disease Activity Index–based remission criteria.

Results

Approximately 40% of subjects found the PGA‐VAS confusing; lower health literacy and depressive symptoms were associated with finding them confusing. Less than 25% of subjects ranked the model disease states with natural progression and ranked the remission model at the threshold for remission; higher health literacy and income were associated with accomplishing these objectives.

Conclusion

Vulnerable patients perceive difficulty with PGA‐VAS and do not reliably rate a model disease state VAS. These patients are potentially at risk for disease activity misclassification because of literacy and other barriers in completing VAS.
EBSD Study of Deformation Microstructure of an As‐Homogenized Austenitic Mn Steel after Hot Compression
Authors: Eskandari Mostafa , Mohtadi‐Bonab Mohammad Ali , Zarei‐Hanzaki Abbas , Szpunar Jerzy A. , Karjalainen L. Pentti
Published: June 2018

Deformation microstructure of a microalloyed homogenized high‐Mn steel is investigated after hot compression at 900 °C. EBSD and TEM investigations of deformation microstructure reveal that in the absence of significant dynamic recrystallized grains, planar dislocation structures, microbands, TiC precipitates, as well as HCP martensite are formed within the hot deformed austenite grains. Interestingly, EBSD reveals the presence of twin‐like structures and kink band in the austenite after hot deformation, for the first time in this study. Kernel average misorientation profile indicates that slip is distributed between the twin‐like structure and the parent austenite resulting in wide range of variation in the texture of austenite. Moreover, the grain boundary character analysis of twin‐like structure indicates that the low angle grain boundaries are gradually converted into high angle boundaries with misorientation of 60° during the course of deformation.
Structurally Integrated Piezoelectric Actuators for Reducing Rear Axle Gear Whine Noise
Authors: Drossel Welf‐Guntram , Troge Jan , Hensel Eric , Burkhardt Martin , Hensel Sebastian , Nestler Matthias , Lochmahr Marco
Published: June 2018

The gear whine phenomenon in vehicles is a well‐known acoustic issue which often needs a development of individual measures. Especially in rear‐wheel and four‐wheel drive vehicles, the acoustical optimization of the rear axle leads to the major goal conflict: improvement of the vibrational isolation of the rear axle versus excellent driving dynamics of the vehicle. A promising solution for this issue is described in this paper. The key objective is to reduce the noise contributions of the rear axle using an active vibration control system (AVC) based on piezoelectric actuators on the transfer path from the axle into the vehicle. In the first part of the paper, the development process of the AVC system is described. In the second part of the paper, a rear axle test bench is presented which is used to validate the simulation results. A multi component control algorithm has been implemented in order to get an optimum reduction of relevant forces at the mounting points to the vehicle using one or more actuators. In preparation for a series launch of the AVC system, an assembly concept for applying the piezoelectric actuators to the rear sub frame in a series production process is presented.
Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Polyurethane Composite Structures with Integrated Piezoelectric Sensor Elements and Corresponding Electronics
Authors: Geller Sirko , Tyczynski Thomas , Gude Maik , Sauer Sebastian , Fischer Wolf‐Joachim
Published: June 2018

In this contribution, process‐integrated fabrication and embedding of piezoelectric sensors based on free‐flowing starting components into glass fiber‐reinforced polyurethane composite structures and their characterization is presented. Main focus is investigating the influence of the polarization temperature on the resulting sensor properties. For this purpose, glass fiber‐reinforced polyurethane composite structures with integrated sensors are manufactured, polarized at different temperatures and then deformed by means of cyclic 3‐point bending tests. The charge signals generated by the integrated sensors are recorded by means of a specially developed measurement setup. The results show that the charges generated by the sensors can be significantly increased by polarization at elevated temperature. Furthermore, the development of associated sensor electronics is discussed and concepts as well as an implemented prototype of the integrated protection circuit for high voltage application during polarization are presented.
Investigating the Onset of the Strong Coupling Regime by Fine‐Tuning the Rabi Splitting in Multilayer Organic Microcavities
Authors: Tropf Laura , Gather Malte C.
Published: June 2018

Given the prevalence of disorder in many organic semiconductors, the applicability of simple models to describe their behavior in the strong coupling regime, such as the two‐level coupled oscillator, is not evident. Here, the validity of the two‐level coupled oscillator model and the simple dependence of the coupling strength on the number of absorbers and the electric field is tested experimentally in metal‐clad microcavities containing a disordered film of small molecules. Multilayer microcavities are produced by combining different thin film deposition techniques. These allow for isolating the relevant parameters and thus to confirm the coupling strength is proportional to 1) the square root of the number of absorbers and 2) the amplitude of the electric field. By changing either of these two parameters, the microcavities are shifted from the weak to the strong coupling regime. Moreover, careful analysis reveals that there is a threshold coupling strength for the onset of the Rabi splitting. Two independent investigations show that this threshold is comparable to the losses in the cavities. These results validate the coupled two‐level Hamiltonian for microcavities containing disordered organic semiconductors, even though the assumption of a single exciton level represents a strong simplification for these systems.
High‐Mobility Two‐Dimensional Electron Gas at InGaN/InN Heterointerface Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Xinqiang , Chen Zhaoying , Sun Xiaoxiao , Wang Ping , Zheng Xiantong , Rong Xin , Yang Liuyun , Guo Weiwei , Wang Ding , Cheng Jianpeng , Lin Xi , Li Peng , Li Jun , He Xin , Zhang Qiang , Li Mo , Zhang Jian , Yang Xuelin , Xu Fujun , Ge Weikun , Zhang Xixiang , Shen Bo
Published: June 2018

Due to the intrinsic spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effect, III‐nitride semiconductor heterostructures are promising candidates for generating 2D electron gas (2DEG) system. Among III‐nitrides, InN is predicted to be the best conductive‐channel material because its electrons have the smallest effective mass and it exhibits large band offsets at the heterointerface of GaN/InN or AlN/InN. Until now, that prediction has remained theoretical, due to a giant gap between the optimal growth windows of InN and GaN, and the difficult epitaxial growth of InN in general. The experimental realization of 2DEG at an InGaN/InN heterointerface grown by molecular beam epitaxy is reported here. The directly probed electron mobility and the sheet electron density of the InGaN/InN heterostructure are determined by Hall‐effect measurements at room temperature to be 2.29 × 103cm2V−1s−1and 2.14 × 1013cm−2, respectively, including contribution from the InN bottom layer. The Shubnikov–de Haas results at 3 K confirm that the 2DEG has an electron density of 3.30 × 1012cm−2and a quantum mobility of 1.48 × 103cm2V−1s−1. The experimental observations of 2DEG at the InGaN/InN heterointerface have paved the way for fabricating higher‐speed transistors based on an InN channel.
Extraordinary Areal and Volumetric Performance of Flexible Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Highly Conductive Freestanding Ti3C2Tx Films
Authors: Huang Haichao , Su Hai , Zhang Haitao , Xu Ludi , Chu Xiang , Hu Chunfeng , Liu Huan , Chen Ningjun , Liu Fangyan , Deng Wen , Gu Bingni , Zhang Hepeng , Yang Weiqing
Published: June 2018

Approaching state‐of‐the‐art areal and volumetric capacitances while maintaining high‐power characteristic is a big challenge that promotes practical application of flexible solid‐state micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs), which have recently attracted great attention with the rapid development of flexible microelectronics. Herein, it is reported that freestanding extrahigh conductive Ti3C2Tx (MXene) films with excellent flexibility and effectively controlled thickness ranging from 1–21 µm performed as excellently scalable and flexible solid‐state MSCs owing to their ultrahigh underlying electrical conductivity (up to 1.25 × 105 S m−1) and self‐functionalized surfaces (O, OH, and F terminations). Amazingly, freestanding conductive Ti3C2Tx based flexible solid‐state MSCs with interdigital electrodes and polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid (PVA/H2SO4) gel electrolyte display outstanding areal capacitances of 340 mF cm−2 at 0.25 mA cm−2 based on the two working electrodes. Moreover, the maximum corresponding volumetric capacitance and energy density of flexible solid‐state MSCs reach up to 183 F cm−3 and 12.4 mWh cm−3, which is on the topmost level among all the unconventional supercapacitors to date. Compared with materials currently used in MSCs, this freestanding conductive Ti3C2Tx shows potential and scalability in increasing overall micro‐supercapacitor performance, which evidently sheds light on promising application of freestanding conductive MXenes for next‐generation flexible, portable, and integrated MSCs.
The impact of water‐aided methods on pain reduction and adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy
Authors: Hsieh Yu‐Hsi , Leung Felix W.
Published: June 2018

With the nationwide colorectal cancer screening program in place in Taiwan, there is an urgent need to promote techniques with a positive impact on adenoma detection rate (ADR) to minimize the risk of interval cancers. Despite widespread use of sedation, many patients in Taiwan still undergo unsedated or minimally sedated colonoscopy. Techniques that minimize pain will enhance the experience of colonoscopy, and facilitate participation in screening and surveillance. A review of water‐aided colonoscopy is appropriate at this time. Water exchange (WE), in particular, appears to be able to meet the needs of colonoscopy patients in Taiwan. Water‐aided methods are distinguished into water immersion (WI) and WE by the timing of removal of infused water—WI during withdrawal and WE during insertion. Both methods are typically performed with air pump turned off during the insertion phase of colonoscopy and thus are reported to produce less insertion pain as compared with traditional air insufflation (AI). Some colonoscopists do not require air exclusion with WI. The removal of water during insertion phase of colonoscopy, coupled with suctioning of residual air pockets, further enhance the pain reduction by WE. Head‐to‐head comparison of AI, WI, and WE has shown that WE reduced insertion pain to a greater extent than WI. Recent studies also showed that WE produced less insertion pain, with more patients completing colonoscopy without pain as compared with carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation. WE also provides salvage cleaning during insertion and reduces distraction to inspection during withdrawal, both of which might help the colonoscopist to find more polyps. In recent randomized controlled trials comparing AI, WI, and WE, the secondary outcomes of overall ADR and right colon or proximal colon ADR were in favor of WE, but not WI. In conclusion, with practice WE is an easy and inexpensive way of insertion during colonoscopy. Its ability to reduce insertion pain and increase ADR may help improve the quality of colonoscopy. Colonoscopists in Taiwan should consider contributing to a study to assess whether the increase in ADR by WE is reproducible, and if so, whether the occurrence of interval cancers can be reduced or avoided.
An Immobilized‐Dirhodium Hollow‐Fiber Flow Reactor for Scalable and Sustainable C−H Functionalization in Continuous Flow
Authors: Yoo Chun‐Jae , Rackl Daniel , Liu Wenbin , Hoyt Caroline B. , Pimentel Brian , Lively Ryan P. , Davies Huw M. L. , Jones Christopher W.
Published: June 2018

A scalable flow reactor is demonstrated for enantioselective and regioselective rhodium carbene reactions (cyclopropanation and C−H functionalization) by developing cascade reaction methods employing a microfluidic flow reactor system containing immobilized dirhodium catalysts in conjunction with the flow synthesis of diazo compounds. This allows the utilization of the energetic diazo compounds in a safe manner and the recycling of the dirhodium catalysts multiple times. This approach is amenable to application in a bulk‐scale synthesis employing asymmetric C−H functionalization by stacking multiple fibers in one reactor module. The products from this sequential flow–flow reactor are compared with a conventional batch reactor or flow–batch reactor in terms of yield, regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity.
Dry Chemistry of Ferrate(VI): A Solvent‐Free Mechanochemical Way for Versatile Green Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Zhao‐Yang , Ji Deyang , Mao Wenting , Cui Yu , Wang Qing , Han Lu , Zhong Hongliang , Wei Zhongming , Zhao Yixin , Nørgaard Kasper , Li Tao
Published: June 2018

The +6 oxidation state of iron generally exists in the form of ferrate(VI) with high redox potential and environmentally friendly nature. Although ferrate(VI) has been known for over a century, its chemistry is still limited to the solvent‐based reactions that suffers from the insolubility/instability of this oxidant and the environmental issues caused by hazardous solvents. Herein, we explore the solvent‐free reactivity of ferrate(VI) under mechanical milling, revealing that its strong oxidizing power is accessible in the “dry” solid state towards a broad variety of substrates, for example, aromatic alcohols/aldehydes and carbon nanotubes. More significantly, solvent‐free mechanochemistry also reshapes the oxidizing ability of ferrate(VI) due to the underlying solvent‐free effect and the promotive mechanical actions. This study opens up a new chemistry of ferrate(VI) with promising application in green oxidative transformation of both organic and inorganic substrates.
Vielseitige Mikrostrukturen aus N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen auf Goldoberflächen: Erhöhte thermische und Strukturstabilität mit erhöhter Leitfähigkeit
Authors: Nguyen D. Thao , Freitag Matthias , Körsgen Martin , Lamping Sebastian , Rühling Andreas , Schäfer Andreas H. , Siekman Martin H. , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. , van der Wiel Wilfred G. , Glorius Frank , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: June 2018

Strukturierte Monoschichten aus N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen auf Goldoberflächen wurden durch Mikrokontaktdruck von NHC‐CO2‐Addukten und NHC(H)[HCO3]‐Salzen hergestellt. Die NHC‐modifizierten Bereiche zeigten eine erhöhte Leitfähigkeit im Vergleich zu der nicht modifizierten Goldoberfläche. Darüber hinaus konnte die nicht bedeckte Oberfläche mit einem zweiten, Azid‐funktionalisierten Carben bestückt werden, was weitere Anwendungen und nachträgliche Änderungen nach dem Drucken ermöglichte. Eine gründliche Aufklärung durch eine Vielzahl von Analysemethoden bietet einen umfassenden Nachweis für die Durchführbarkeit der hier vorgestellten Methode. Das Protokoll ermöglicht den einfachen Zugang zu vielseitigen, mikrostrukturierten NHC‐modifizierten Goldoberflächen mit hochstabilen Mustern, erhöhter Leitfähigkeit und der Möglichkeit zur weiteren Modifikation.
Versatile Micropatterns of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes on Gold Surfaces: Increased Thermal and Pattern Stability with Enhanced Conductivity
Authors: Nguyen D. Thao , Freitag Matthias , Körsgen Martin , Lamping Sebastian , Rühling Andreas , Schäfer Andreas H. , Siekman Martin H. , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. , van der Wiel Wilfred G. , Glorius Frank , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: June 2018

Patterned monolayers of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on gold surfaces were obtained by microcontact printing of NHC–CO2 adducts and NHC(H)[HCO3] salts. The NHC‐modified areas showed an increased conductivity compared to unmodified gold surface areas. Furthermore, the remaining surface areas could be modified with a second, azide‐functionalized carbene, facilitating further applications and post‐printing modifications. Thorough elucidation by a variety of analytical methods offers comprehensive evidence for the viability of the methodology reported here. The protocol enables facile access to versatile, microstructured NHC‐modified gold surfaces with highly stable patterns, enhanced conductivity, and the option for further modification.
Parental Perception of the Perioperative Experience for Children With Autism
Authors: Benich Sarah , Thakur Shreya , Schubart Jane R. , Carr Michele M.
Published: June 2018

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) face unique challenges when preparing for and undergoing surgery in the perioperative setting. Our goal was to describe this experience via the qualitative evaluation of interviews with parents whose children with ASD had recently undergone surgery in a tertiary medical center. Twelve parents or guardians participated in these interviews. Two independent researchers recorded interviews and analyzed transcripts. The researchers analyzed the interview transcripts using qualitative software to determine the categories of frequent answers to interview questions. Important categories that emerged included behavioral triggers (ie, response to sounds, expression of anxiety and pain), objects used for comfort, communication issues, important people, and advice. We found that children with ASD have specific and unique needs for reassurance and comfort during a perioperative visit. We created a tool, included in this article, to provide a patient‐centered framework for interactions with children with ASD in the perioperative environment.
Nanobiopolymers Fabrication and Their Life Cycle Assessments
Authors: Yang Ningning , Zhang Wenwen , Ye Chao , Chen Xue , Ling Shengjie
Published: June 2018

Living organisms produced nanopolymers (nanobiopolymers for short), such as nanocellulose, nanochitin, nanosilk, nanostarch, and microbial nanobiopolymers, having received widely scientific and engineering interests in recent years. Compare with petroleum‐based polymers, biopolymers are sustainable and biodegradable. The unique structural features that stem from nanosized effects, such as ultrahigh aspect ratio and length‐diameter ratio, further endow nanobiopolymers with high transparence and versatile processability. To fabricate these nanobiopolymers, a variety of mechanical, chemical, and synthetic biology techniques have been developed. The applications of the isolated nanobiopolymers have been extended from polymer fillers into wide emerging high‐tech fields, such as biomedical devices, bioplastics, display panels, ultrafiltration membranes, energy storage devices, and catalytic supports. Accordingly, in the review, the authors first introduce isolation techniques to fabricate nanocellulose, nanochitin, nanosilk, and nanostarch. Then, the authors summarized the nanobiopolymers produced from biosynthetic pathway, including microbial polyamides, polysaccharides, and polyesters. On the other hand, most of these techniques require high energy consumption and usage of chemical reagents. In this regard, life cycle assessment offered a quantitative route to precisely evaluate and compare environmental benefits of different artificial isolation approaches, which are also summarized in the second section of the review.
Gunn rats with glial activation in the hippocampus show prolonged immobility time in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test
Authors: Arauchi Ryosuke , Hashioka Sadayuki , Tsuchie Keiko , Miyaoka Tsuyoshi , Tsumori Toshiko , Limoa Erlyn , Azis Ilhamuddin A. , Oh‐Nishi Arata , Miura Shoko , Otsuki Koji , Kanayama Misako , Izuhara Muneto , Nagahama Michiharu , Kawano Kiminori , Araki Tomoko , Liaury Kristian , Abdullah Rostia A. , Wake Rei , Hayashida Maiko , Inoue Ken , Horiguchi Jun
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Recent studies imply that glial activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depression. We previously demonstrated that Gunn rats with hyperbilirubinemia show congenital gliosis and schizophrenia‐like behavior.

Methods

As it has been suggested that major depression involves glial activation associated with neuroinflammation, we examined whether Gunn rats show depression‐like behavior using the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). In addition, we quantitatively evaluated both microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus of Gunn rats using immunohistochemistry analysis of the microglial marker ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule (Iba) 1 and the astrocytic marker S100B.

Results

Both the FST and TST showed that immobility time of Gunn rats was significantly longer than that of normal control Wistar rats, indicating that Gunn rats are somewhat helpless, a sign of depression‐like behavior. In the quantification of immunohistochemical analysis, Iba1immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis (CA) 1, and CA3 and the number of Iba1‐positive cells in the CA1 and CA3 were significantly increased in Gunn rats compared to Wistar rats. S100B immunoreactivity in the DG, CA1, and CA3 and the number of S100B‐positive cells in the DG and CA3 were significantly increased in Gunn rats compared to Wistar rats.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that both microglia and astrocyte are activated in Gunn rats and their learned helplessness could be related to glial activation.
Firm resources and the development of environmental sustainability among small and medium‐sized enterprises: Evidence from the Australian wine industry
Authors: Knight Hanne , Megicks Phil , Agarwal Sheela , Leenders M.A.A.M.
Published: June 2018

Scholars and industry professionals want clarification of the specific firm resources that influence the adoption and development of environmentally sustainable strategies. This paper, set in the context of the Australian wine industry, explores different firm resources that are beneficial for environmentally sustainable development and examines the role of management attitudes and norms in moderating this relationship. It establishes which resources small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) should invest in to be more successful in following environmental principles. The findings of a survey of the owner‐managers of Australian wine‐producing SMEs are reported, and partial least squares structural equation modelling is utilized to analyze the data. Results clearly indicate that successful firms that manage their resources more effectively influence the application of environmental behaviour, with one distinct resource significantly influencing the disclosure of such behaviour. A moderating effect is established which supports the notion that pro‐environmental decision‐making in SMEs is heavily influenced by the attitudes and norms held by management.