bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Error of Roman Aesthetics
Authors: Vout Caroline
Published: January 2018

Today, discussions of ancient art criticism privilege technical terms (akribeia [“accuracy”], aletheia [“truth”], decor [“fittingness”], symmetria [“symmetry”]). Discussions of Rome’s reception of Greek art, as revealed, for example, in Pliny the Elder, stress the need for elites to perform their artistic expertise, with Petronius’ Satyrica providing an elegant caricature. Yet this emphasis represents but one way of telling the story of Greek art’s naturalism and appropriation. In light of ancient accounts of famous artists, Gombrich’s language of “making and matching” can be rethought as “trial and error,” a formula that casts the problems of producing art that is similis veritati (“like to the truth”) in a new light. Indeed Rome’s entire appreciation of Greek art could be described as “one big error” and the Roman reception of Greek art taken as the paradigm for how art must be received. Seen like this, recent scholarship is radically reductive. Why privilege reason?
Past Sovereignty
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: January 2018

Ideas of self-sovereignty and self-sacrifice drew American and French revolutionaries to Roman virtuous exemplars—and into errors of reception, according to prominent contemporaries. Focusing on Benjamin Constant’s and Edmund Burke’s critique of the excited pleasure revolutionaries take in imitating Roman models, this chapter asks what insight into the mechanisms of political change we may gain by studying the revolutionary desire for Rome and the rage felt by the opponents of revolution against that desire. Constant and Burke, insofar as they discuss how the liberal free autonomous self rules itself and relates to others, and how modern thought relates to the past, take up problems still essential to the political thought of modernity. By considering the rhetorical extremes of both liberal and conservative thinkers in their reactions to Roman tradition, we understand better how such critiques of pleasure, desire, and imitation determine the transmission of political ideals over time.
The Roman Aura in Henry James’s Daisy Miller: A Study (1878)
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: January 2018

Concentrating on Henry James’s Daisy Miller, this chapter reveals its author engaging in arguments over the decline and fall of the Roman Empire among nineteenth-century Anglo-American writers and over the best means of using Rome’s example as a warning to contemporaries. The novella’s Roman setting and frequent references to classical culture both extend Anglo-American Romantics’ emphasis on the Roman failure to develop a comprehensive democracy and allow James to pursue his own interest in post-Civil War America as an emerging global power. Departing from earlier interpretations of Rome’s importance within Daisy Miller, this chapter argues that James employs the character of Daisy to reconceive Rome’s relevance to central issues of class and gender. If James rejects aspects of contemporary American feminism embodied by such classically inspired artists as Harriet Hosmer and Maria Louisa Lander, he nevertheless makes his unsophisticated heroine, Daisy, into a means of expressing his democratic vision.
Psychic Life in the Eternal City
Authors: Fletcher Richard
Published: January 2018

Freud’s analogy of the city of Rome as the human psyche in Civilization and its Discontents and Kristeva’s reading of Ovid’s Narcissus as a response to Freudian narcissism in Tales of Love have been treated as separate aspects of the reception of ancient Rome in psychoanalysis. In New Maladies of the Soul, however, Kristeva makes a direct connection between the two, building on Freud’s doubts about the usefulness of his analogy and offering a corrective image of her own. Kristeva, this chapter argues, thus locates the movement from Freud’s Rome to her specular city in what she calls a “mini-revolution in psychic life” that can be understood through the changes to the figure of Narcissus from Ovid to Plotinus. Psychoanalysis, in being both addressed to and partly founded on an erroneous narcissism, offers a valuable model for classical reception studies through its self-critical approach to narcissism’s ambivalent pleasures and dangers.
Attuning Philosophy and Literary Criticism
Authors: Gaynesford Maximilian de
Published: January 2018

Are philosophy and literary criticism forms of discourse with incommensurate aims and interests, or can they learn from each other? Max de Gaynesford addresses this question by exploring what it means to respond adequately to In the Heart of the Country (1977), one of Coetzee’s earlier fictions. Distinguishing between the procedures of philosophical analysis and literary criticism, de Gaynesford argues that the force of Coetzee’s metafictional approach in this text, which not only portrays literary characters but also stages the very question of what a character is, calls for philosophy and literary criticism to attune themselves to each other, to learn from each other’s distinctive modes of attention. And along the way, de Gaynesford’s chapter itself offers an exemplary act of such attunement, focusing particularly on issues like integrity and the use of brackets.
Coetzee and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Rabaté Jean-Michel
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, Jean-Michel Rabaté complicates the opposition between literature and philosophy by exploring Coetzee’s transactions with psychoanalysis, particularly through Lacanian or Derridian ways of thinking about Freudian theories. In his wide-ranging exploration of the literature of psychoanalysis in relation to Coetzee’s oeuvre, and the traditions and backgrounds which resonate with his work, Rabaté emphasizes the porous boundaries between the literary and the psychoanalytical. And yet, in exploring the approach taken by other critics working with psychoanalysis, like the reduction of the Lacanian ‘Other’ to the concept of ‘allegory’, Rabaté questions the way in which psychoanalysis has been ‘applied’ to Coetzee’s fiction, arguing for a more complex relationship between the literary and the psychoanalytical.
‘Wisselbare Woorde’
Authors: Clarkson Carrol
Published: January 2018

Carrol Clarkson’s chapter wrestles with the contentious question of Coetzee’s relation to the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa of the 1970s and early 1980s, which took its philosophical bearings from Frantz Fanon and found expression in the writings of Steve Biko. Clarkson focuses on the ways in which Coetzee departed from the ideas about writing and resistance that were circulating in his contemporary South Africa, particularly as articulated by novelist Nadine Gordimer. Clarkson discusses two related literary-critical problems: an ethics and politics of representation, and an ethics and politics of address, showing how Coetzee explores a tension between freedom of expression and responsibility to the other. In the slippage from saying to addressing we are led to further thought about modes and sites of consciousness—and hence accountabilities—in the interlocutory contact zones of the post-colony. The chapter invites a sharper appreciation of what a postcolonial philosophy might be.
The J. M. Coetzee Archive and the Archive in J. M. Coetzee
Authors: Wilm Jan
Published: January 2018

Coetzee’s archive at the Harry Ransom Center in Austin is a magnet for scholars, and is reshaping ideas about what constitutes this writer’s oeuvre. Jan Wilm’s chapter reads Coetzee’s archive alongside the published works, and via ideas by Michel Foucault and Theodor W. Adorno theorizes the archive as a counter-oeuvre that is driven by dynamics similar to those in play in Coetzee’s fiction. In his engagement with genetic criticism and the dialectics of Nachlass and Vorlass he argues against a fetishization of the archive as the more authoritative text, and against viewing the archive as providing answers to the complexities of particular novels. Instead, by viewing the archive as a trope already present throughout Coetzee’s oeuvre, Wilm reads the Coetzee archive from within the fiction. Against a simplistic positivist archive use, Wilm argues for an ethical engagement with the archive, which might be productive to philosophers and literary scholars alike.
The Mimesis of Dance between Eloquence and Visual Art
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that pantomime undermines the ostensible dichotomy of art and text by engaging in visual narration. It examines the perception of dance as a superior form of rhetoric, arguing that Lucian’s On Dancing cleverly deploys traditional ideals of rhetorical versatility (Proteus and the octopus) to show that the dancer embodies them more perfectly than the orator, because his skill is physical. The dancer’s body language is situated in the context of ancient theories of gesture and physiognomy as well as in the discourse on works of art (ekphrasis), from which the motif of silent speech and the use of notions such as ēthos and pathos are adopted. Finally, the chapter examines the possible role of Hellenistic sculptural groups emphasizing motion and narrative developments in preparing the path for pantomime’s empire-wide success.
Blockade Law
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

Grounded almost entirely in customary international law, the law of maritime blockade has defied several attempts at codification over the past century and a half. Although there is general agreement on the elements required to establish a blockade (declaration, notification, effectiveness, equal application, and non-interference with neutral ports) there is virtually no guidance in the law that outlines the requirements and responsibilities for parties to the conflict to mitigate potential harm to civilians affected through starvation and/or the deprivation of other humanitarian items. This chapter examines the current state of the law and concludes that in light of the significant discordance over the issue of humanitarian access, there is no settled customary law on these aspects of blockade law.
Outdoor Rooms
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

There is such a thing as modernist gardening, and in England Christopher Tunnard was its principal proponent. But interwar great gardens were mostly baroque in inspiration and design, expressing baroque principles of excess and astonishment. Philip Sassoon’s garden at Port Lympne is one of the campest. The design is by Philip Tilden, who also worked on Garsington Manor, another Italianate garden. Baroque gardening in England owes much to Sir George Sitwell’s carefully researched book on the topic, to Geoffrey Jellicoe and John Shepherd’s Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, and to Cecil Pinsent, designer of the gardens at I Tatti, who influenced both Lawrence Johnson (Hidcote) and Vita Sackville-West (Sissinghurst).
Silver Paper
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Photography acquired a peculiar importance between the wars, since the development of halftone printing in the late nineteenth century meant that black-and-white photographs could be easily and cheaply reproduced and put into mass circulation. Glamour therefore became monochrome and focused on catching light in complex ways. The twenties is the era in which it became possible to be famous for being photographed. Equally, ideas in architecture were primarily distributed through magazines, and concrete, steel, and glass were also camera-friendly. The relations of celebrities and photographers were complex, and the chapter argues the importance of Cecil Beaton, whose capacity for creating iconic images was of considerable help to the Sitwells and the British royal family, among others.
Epilogue
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This chapter brings together the themes of this book by looking at several specific works. These include the verse, music, and ballet versions of Façade; and the verse, music, and ballet versions of Rio Grande (both partly created by Sitwells). In different ways, they all represent creative reuse of baroque themes and pick up on aspects of popular culture. The relationship of patrons and artists is also revisited. The chapter ends with a consideration of Rex Whistler’s great mural at Plas Newydd in Anglesey.
The Estates of Lower Austria
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the composition of the Estates and how admission to their ranks was regulated. It also considers relations among the four Estates. Membership in the Estates of prelates and townsmen was largely static over time, while that in the lords and knights was changing. As a body, the Estates were not monolithic. Lines of fissure ran between nobility and clergy, within and between the various formal and informal groups of nobles, and between the townsmen and the others. There were also confessional and geographical factors that produced vertical divisions. These distinctions governed the dynamic not only within the halls of the Landhaus but also between the Estates and government.
Resilience in the Contest with France, 1792–1815
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

The reformed structures of composite monarchy would serve the Habsburg cause well in the struggle with the highly centralized French state. The Estates again managed the routine structures of ordinary taxation and the imposition of much extraordinary taxation; and they interposed their credit on behalf of the government. The War of the Second Coalition (1799–1801) would be another highpoint in the history of their financial mediation. The Estates helped preserve Habsburg authority during Napoleon’s occupation of Vienna and large swathes of the central lands on two occasions. That the government did not wobble in any significant way or the population succumb to the siren calls of the French is also attributable to the Habsburg regime’s firm base in the landowning classes as represented by the Estates.
Conclusion
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

Under the impact of conditions of fiscal-military exigency as well as shifting conceptions of government and representation, the relationship between Habsburg rulers and their elites changed continually between 1650 and 1820. In an ongoing process characterized by both cooperation and conflict, the two sides came together around the standing army. The Estates’ operations on its behalf encompassed at varying times military administration, tax collection, credit mediation, among other activities. As lenders to the dynastic state, the Estates were never more important than between the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic wars. With the exception of Great Britain, whose national debt was guaranteed by Parliament, no other eighteenth-century great power accorded the representative tradition such significance in the question of borrowing and finances as the Habsburg monarchy. After 1830 political, social, and economic change undercut the Estates und unravelled their relationship to Habsburg authority. They would be abolished in 1849.
Art
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘art’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Dark and Light
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘dark’ and ‘light’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Equal
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘equal’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Evil
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘evil’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Free
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘free’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
[Untitled]
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the use of questions in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of questions in the poem, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters use questions in different ways, often to manipulate and to deceive, both themselves and others.
Afterword
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘word’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
The Political Jurisprudence of Thomas Hobbes
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

What is the significance of Thomas Hobbes’ contribution to jurisprudence? Although often treated as a founder of the dominant modern school of legal positivism, positivists remain embarrassed by the prominence he gives to natural law. This chapter maintains that rather than arguing about whether he is a natural lawyer or a legal positivist, scholars should consider how he drew a clear distinction between natural law and positive law for the purpose of crafting a rich, ambitious, and comprehensive science of law. The chapter’s basic thesis is that Hobbes is engaged in the task of constructing a science of ‘political right’.
Successes and Challenges in the Fight against Cartels
Authors: Harrington Joseph E
Published: January 2018

During the last twenty-five years, we have witnessed a sea of change in the crusade against cartels. There are many reasons to believe that the environment is far less hospitable to firms forming and operating a cartel. Nevertheless, there is still the question for which we have yet to get an answer: Are there fewer cartels? Has the expansion of laws prohibiting collusion and the intensification of enforcement actually reduced the presence of cartels in the global economy? The purpose of this chapter is to put forth some concerns emanating from the lack of an answer, suggest some policies while we wait for an answer, and encourage competition authorities to work with academic scholars to find an answer.
The Economics of Antitrust Sanctioning
Authors: Katsoulacos Yannis , Metsiou Eleni
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, we first discuss the empirical evidence on cartel formation that is particularly worrying in recent years for the case of BRICS and developing countries and the traditional economic theory on deterrence as applied to sanctioning policies. We evaluate the available empirical evidence and discuss the reasons why cartels are still very active, despite the significant increase in the fines imposed, the application of leniency programmes, and the tougher antitrust enforcement. We point out three reasons why current sanctioning methods are not as effective as they could be, specifically currently: (1) penalties are misdirected to corporations and not to responsible individuals; (2) penalties on corporations are inefficiently designed by using wrong penalty bases; and (3) there is no exploitation of complementary policies, specifically for policies preventing recidivism in cartel formation. We conclude by pointing to a number of proposals for enhancing the effectiveness of sanctioning regimes.
Public Interest Issues in Cross-Border Mergers
Authors: Njisane Yongama , Ratshisusu Hardin
Published: January 2018

Global developments in merger control have shown varied approaches across jurisdictions regarding public interest issues in cross-border mergers. In developed countries, the domestic impact of cross-border mergers are subjected to foreign investment laws administered by the state and competition laws administered by competition regulators. Recent decisions on cross-border mergers have highlighted the tension between public interest and competition considerations in merger control, in that a merger would be approved by the competition authorities, but overturned by the state. In contrast, in some developing countries, competition authorities only review cross-border mergers, with the state having no decision-making role in the process. The question remains as to which approach achieves optimal outcomes that foster competition and is also in the public interest in the domestic economies affected by cross-border mergers. This chapter undertakes a comparative analysis of cross-border mergers in selected countries to assess the approaches to evaluating public interest considerations.
Introduction
Authors: Youde Jeremy
Published: January 2018

The introduction lays out the basic questions at the heart of the book: why has the international community moved from seeing health as a marginal issue to understanding it as something vital and deserving of attention? It presents the notion that this shift can be understood by interpreting global health governance as a secondary institution within international society and as part of a larger notion of moral obligation and responsibility. In this way, it draws on the English School of international relations theory to explain an empirical reality in global politics. Finally, the introduction outlines the rest of the chapters in the book and how they will help build the argument.
The Afterlife of Property
Authors: Erie Matthew S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the empirical case of property contests (both buildings and land) in contemporary China. Property attains an ‘afterlife’ when state legalism no longer monopolizes the categories of property, but rather, kinship, religious communities, and village life generate their own forms of legalism centred on property. Property holders, while not wholly rejecting the legitimacy of state law, nonetheless question, challenge, contest, and reinterpret its logics. The examples considered here demonstrate that property’s value inheres in legalisms grounded in notions of family, home, and faith and that individuals’ sense of rights’ security is born from such legalisms. Such interpretations create strong affective ties which long outlive the formal basis of property rights in state law, producing irresolvable tensions — property’s afterlife.
Dethroning Democratic Legitimacy
Authors: Stemplowska Zofia , Swift Adam
Published: January 2018

The chapter considers the contributions made by democratic legitimacy and social justice to the question of what may permissibly be enforced. According to the conventional view, democratic decisions forfeit their claim to permissible enforceability only when they are gravely unjust. That view is rejected here as unduly restrictive, with a “balancing” view proposed instead, according to which the two considerations need to be balanced on a case-by-case basis. Both the provenance and the content of decisions yield pro tanto reasons: which determines the permissibility of enforcement depends on whether we have greater reason in any given case to advance legitimacy or justice. A democratically legitimate law or policy need not be gravely unjust for it to be wrong to enforce it.
Britain
Authors: Callaghan Helen
Published: January 2018

Chapters 3, 4, and 5 examine empirically why markets for corporate control expanded even though incumbents resisted exposure to competition. The British case, presented in Chapter 3, illustrates the doubly self-reinforcing feedback effects of market-enabling takeover rules. Even in Britain, rules conducive to takeover bids did not emerge until after World War II. The first regulatory blow to the entrenched position of corporate insiders was dealt not by shareholder-oriented market liberals, but by stakeholder-oriented parties to their left. Marketization was an unintended side-effect eagerly snatched up by incumbents’ symbionts, namely merchant banks, who abandoned their former allies to become profiteers. Marketization gathered speed not only because the pro-market clienteles grew, but also because opposition waned as competition intensified. I attribute this to feedback effects of marketization on the power resources, attitudes, and behavior of politically relevant groups, including institutional investors, bankers, managers, and trade unions.
France
Authors: Callaghan Helen
Published: January 2018

The French case serves as a reminder that the timing and magnitude of policy feedback effects are historically contingent. Compared to their German and British counterparts, French incumbents faced fewer challenges and weaker constraints prior to World War II, and a correspondingly stronger political backlash thereafter. The first set of reforms was more severely market-restraining, and gave rise to a new breed of sheltered incumbents closely connected to the state. As in other countries and time periods, and like market-enabling rules, the market-restraining French arrangements had self-reinforcing feedback effects: They effectively suppressed the rise of a pro-market clientele. As in Germany, self-undermining feedback effects countervailed. As in Britain, the first steps toward marketization gave rise to a fledgling takeover industry interested in market expansion. However, unlike in Britain, the growth of this pro-market clientele was nipped in the bud by the unfavorable economic climate of the 1970s.
Understanding the Use of Long-Term Finance in Developing Countries
Authors: Soledad Martinez Pería María , Schmukler Sergio L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews recent evidence on the use of long-term finance in developing countries (relative to developed ones) to try to identify where short- and long-term financing occurs, and what role different financial intermediaries and markets play in extending this type of financing. Although banks are the most important providers of credit, they do not seem to offer long-term financing. In fact, loans in developing countries have significantly shorter maturities than those in developed countries. Capital markets have become increasingly sizable since the 1990s and can provide financing at fairly long terms. But just a few large firms use these markets. Only some institutional investors provide funding at long-term maturities. Incentives for asset managers are tilted toward the short term due to constant monitoring. Instead, asset-liability managers have a longer-term horizon, as foreign investors in developing countries do. Governments might help expand long-term financing, although with limited policy tools.
The EU Securities Law Framework for SMEs
Authors: Bianchi Marcello , Di Noia Carmine , Gargantini Matteo
Published: January 2018

This chapter claims that the current EU securities and financial law falls short of delivering a satisfactory equilibrium between investor protection and limitation of issuer costs and may squeeze too many firms out of the market for both debt and equity capital. Based on the assumption that market participants are sometimes better suited to deciding how best to protect their own interests, the chapter submits a set of proposals largely based on optional rules that, we believe, could improve the quality of EU regulation. In contrast with the current regime, those options would be available irrespective of the trading venue where the relevant SME securities are traded, but they should also be allocated in a way that ensures sufficient standardization exists when needed. Matters covered by our proposal include takeovers, major shareholding disclosure, corporate governance statements, ongoing issuer disclosure duties, and prospectuses.
Public Development Banks
Authors: Estava Marcela , Freixas Xavier
Published: January 2018

The market for credit to firms is believed to be plagued with imperfections that public development banks (PDBs) could alleviate, but it is not clear which market failures prevail, and which PDB activities are best suited to dealing with each of these failures. This chapter analyses one particular source of credit under-provision: the inability of banks to internalize the benefits of projects they might finance. A PDB may alleviate these credit inefficiencies by lending to commercial banks at subsidized rates or providing credit guarantees, targeting the firms that generate high added value as opposed to those with little credit history or low collateral. Direct lending by the PDB to the targeted industries could be superior to these subsidies to private lending, but only if the PDB’s corporate governance is strong. Whether subsidies or guarantees are preferred depends on the presence or absence of liquidity shortages or banks’ capital constraints.
History and Theory
Authors: Lorenz Chris
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter assesses the role of theory in history and traces the developments in the discipline of history. Theoretical reflection about the ‘true nature’ of history fulfils three interrelated practical functions. First, theory legitimizes a specific historical practice—a specific way of ‘doing history’—as the best one from an epistemological and a methodological point of view. Second, theory sketches a specific programme of doing history. Third, theoretical reflections demarcate a specific way of ‘doing history’ from other ways of ‘doing history’, which are excluded or degraded. The chapter then considers three phases of theoretical changes from analytical to narrative philosophy of history, and then on to ‘history from below’ and the ‘presence’ of history, ultimately leading to the current return of fundamental ontological and normative questions concerning the status of history and history-writing.
History and Memory
Authors: Confino Alon
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes how memory has shaped the academic discipline of history. In the past two decades or so, ‘memory’ as a category to analyze and understand the relation of human beings to their past has become a nearly ubiquitous concept. Triggered jointly by the general crisis of representationalism and by a specific historical experience—the Holocaust—‘memory’ has replaced for some scholars a rather linear and monodimensional concept of ‘society’. Whereas in the past, memory was considered to be subjective and unreliable, it has now moved to centre-stage: it is in individual and collective memory that the past remains present in the contemporary agent. Memory, captured in methodological approaches such as oral history, also foregrounds the historical experience of ordinary people and thus carries the potential to counterbalance official, state-focused, and politically legitimate historical narratives, as well as those more broadly sanctioned by the academic enterprise.
World History
Authors: Osterhammel Jürgen
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines different approaches to global history. Modern world history differs from older universal-historical constructions in that it presupposes an empirical idea of geography and of both the unity and plurality of humanity’s historical experience. After the Second World War, historians paid more attention to the interaction of the nation-state (the local) and the world (the global). The newer global history, while it does not negate the nation-state, strives to understand the reasons for the success of the West, without however reverting to a Eurocentric and essentializing perspective. Aware of the constructedness of history, it nonetheless pays attention to agency in the past, and to the plurality of perspectives and divergent historical paths. It does so by focusing on topics such as the history of migration, the environment, and economic globalization.
Argentine Historical Writing in an Era of Political and Economic Instability
Authors: Horowitz Joel
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Argentine historical writing. In the period before 1945, historical writing was not particularly distinguished, and the end of the war did not change that. Two major approaches to the writing of history existed: the Nueva Escuela Histórica (New School of History) and Revisionism. The dominant force was the former, which by 1945 was far from new. The Nueva Escuela historians were interested in questions of methodology, claiming to be focused on only the historical evidence. They closely read their documents and eschewed wider interpretations, particularly those that seemed tied to the current national situation. In the 1930s, Revisionism challenged the Nueva Escuela’s liberal vision of the past. Revisionism was a rejection of Argentina’s cosmopolitan modernizing tendencies and an exaltation of its Hispanic past, stressing nationalism and rejecting foreign influence. Its key goals were political: to rethink the past in order to shape the future.
Japanese Historical Writing
Authors: Conrad Sebastian
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how in Japan, the year 1945 represented a change of a very different kind. Japanese historians now repudiated the ultranationalist historiography of the 1930s and early 1940s, and turned in significant numbers towards Marxism, which rapidly achieved a kind of hegemony. They criticized the master narrative of the post-Meiji past, centered on the Tennō (emperor), and identified it with Fascism as a failed experiment in modernity. In the 1960s, however, this Marxist historiographical dominance was gradually supplanted by a pluralism of competing approaches. Modernization theory, social science methodologies, and ‘history from below’ coexisted, and historians, inspired by the Japanese economic miracle, tried to come to terms with the fact that Japan’s traditions, long perceived as an obstacle to modernization, actually seemed to foster it.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Foot Sarah , Robinson Chase F.
Published: January 2018

Parallel administrative, financial, and ideological features in Roman and Chinese imperialism may reflect a ‘first great convergence’ at more or less opposite ends of the Eurasian landmass between about 1000 BC, and the late sixth century AD, when the tendency towards political polycentrism in the Mediterranean west and the periodic restoration of imperial unity in East Asia come to constitute separate trajectories....
Indian Historical Writing, c.600–c.1400
Authors: Ali Daud
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates how the rise of renewed interest in precolonial South Asian history and literature has rendered the idea that South Asia lacked traditions of historical writing or historical consciousness. The only exception to this trend is the ‘indigenist’ position, heavily indebted to postcolonial studies, which argued that India's lack of historical consciousness should be seen as a virtue — history being an alien, European concept implicated in epistemic and material violence. Scholars working more closely with early materials, however, have developed a number of more refined positions on the question of historical writing in early India. For instance, scholars have claimed that historical consciousness and historical writing were not so much absent in early India as ‘denied’ by the epistemological assumptions of Brahmanical orthodoxy and its ideological quest to place the Veda outside of history.
Syriac and Syro-Arabic Historical Writing, c.500–c.1400
Authors: Debié Muriel , Taylor David
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how Syriac historiography is a rare example of non-etatist, non-imperial, history writing. It was produced, copied, and preserved entirely within Christian church structures. The Syriac-using Christians, however, were divided into numerous rival denominations and communities as a consequence both of the fifth-century theological controversies and of geopolitical boundaries. And since both of these factors strongly influenced both the motivations which underpinned the production of history writing and the forms it took, historians need to have some knowledge of these rival Syriac denominations. Because of internal Christian debates about the relationship of the divinity and humanity within Christ during the fifth century, the Syriac-using churches fragmented. All accepted that Christ was perfect God and perfect man, but differed fiercely about how to articulate this.
Byzantine Historical Writing, 900–1400
Authors: Magdalino Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter talks about how the dates 900 and 1400 are not entirely arbitrary divisions in the history of Byzantine historical writing. Approximately thirty-one pieces of Greek historical writing produced in the Byzantine world (excluding Latin occupied areas) survive from the period 900–1400. It also includes a work whose author, Niketas Choniates, published more than one version, as well as works that might not be considered strictly historical because they record limited episodes in a speech or letter format, and in a rhetorical context of apology, request, panegyric, or denunciation. Other works in this border zone, however, have not been included despite the rich historical information they contain: such are the tenth-century hagiographies of the patriarchs Ignatios and Euthymios, and the self-canonizing autobiography of Nikephoros Blemmydes.
Universal Histories in Christendom and the Islamic World, c.700–c.1400
Authors: Marsham Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the part of the world ruled mainly by Christian or Muslim monotheists comprised three main overlapping zones of political, religious, and linguistic culture. First, the various western Christian kingdoms and their northern and eastern borders with the Scandinavian, Germanic, Turkic, and Slavic worlds; second, the Christian Byzantine Empire, centered on Constantinople, and its wider penumbra of satellites and commercial and diplomatic contacts, predominantly in Slavic and Turkic Eurasia; and third, the vast Islamic Empire of the Caliphate and, after its accelerating fragmentation in the ninth and tenth centuries, the ‘commonwealth’ of Islamic successor states. The literate elite in each of these regions used a lingua franca: Latin in the Christian West, Greek in Byzantium, and Arabic in the Islamic world.
When in Rome Think Like a Roman
Authors: Votruba Ashley M. , Kwan Virginia S. Y.
Published: January 2018

As a result of increasing globalization, people are exposed to an even greater extent to other cultures, making it possible for individuals to assimilate mindsets that are typical of another culture. Recent work on extracultural cognition has shown that immediate cultural contexts exert powerful influences on cognition and behavioral patterns. This chapter reviews empirical support for extracultural cognition. Specifically, the chapter focuses on dialectical thinking and the well-established finding in the cultural literature that Westerners tend to anticipate linear continuity in the environment and East Asians anticipate change in existing patterns. Research shows, though, that cultural cues may shift these tendencies and—at least temporarily—alter cognitive mindsets to reflect the cognitions of another culture. After a review of the literature, the chapter addresses the implications of extracultural cognition for understanding the influence of dialectical thinking on judgment and decision-making.
The Yin-Yang of Stress
Authors: Lau Hi-Po Bobo , Cheng Cecilia
Published: January 2018

Dialectical thinking refers to the (primarily East Asian) tendency to tolerate contradiction, expect change, and perceive interconnections. Drawing upon a process-oriented approach to coping, in this chapter, two pathways through which dialectical thinking may influence East Asians’ ways of coping are proposed. First, dialectical (and holistic) thinking may enable East Asians to attribute events to both situational and dispositional factors. This breadth in attribution may lead to the perception of less personal control, as well as a weaker association between perceived personal control and coping outcomes among East Asians than among Westerners. In addition, dialectical thinking may facilitate complex cognitive processes such as differentiation and integration, and a reduced need for closure. In turn, this facilitates flexibility in appraising the controllability of stressful events and deployment of situation-appropriate coping responses (i.e., coping flexibility). Areas for future research are also discussed in the chapter.
Musical ambition and community-building in Trinidad and Tobago’s steel orchestras
Authors: Dudley Shannon
Published: January 2018

The steelband emerged in Trinidad in the 1940s as a musical expression of disadvantaged urban youths who made ingenious use of discarded metal containers to accompany carnival dancing and singing. Within a few short years, however, steelpans moved from the social margins to a privileged placed in Trinidad and Tobago’s national culture, and from road to stage. Today, the government of Trinidad and Tobago funds a professional National Steel Symphony Orchestra, and steelpans are also incorporated into Trinidad and Tobago’s National Sinfonia. In this chapter, I reflect on this transformation through the lens of ethnographic research, published scholarship, and my own experience playing in both steelbands and symphony orchestras. I examine some ways in which steelbands have adopted, and adapted, the model of the symphony orchestra, and consider the implications of these changes for community building, focusing especially on the repertoire and procedures of the annual Panorama steelband competition.
Voices on the wind
Authors: Curkpatrick Samuel
Published: January 2018

The musical project Crossing Roper Bar (CRB) is based on a collaboration between Wägilak songmen from Australia’s Northern Territory and the Australian Art Orchestra (AAO). Individuals drawn into this collaboration bring their distinct voices and histories to performance, while opening themselves to those of others. A new, malleable approach to orchestral performance in Australia is the result of this collaboration, which places improvisation at the centre of conversational musical interaction. This chapter introduces orthodox narrative elements of Wägilak manikay (song) that are creatively renewed and sustained in CRB. It highlights how the collaboration demonstrates the compelling play of musical performance that can generate nuanced, respectful and ongoing interactions between individuals, and between individuals and traditions. Amidst the vibrant, cultural diversity of contemporary Australian society, CRB suggests new possibilities for productive and relevant orchestral music-making.
Tiki Taane’s With Strings Attached: Alive & Orchestrated and postcolonial identity politics in New Zealand
Authors: Wilson Oli
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the New Zealand popular music artist Tiki Taane subverts dominant representational practices concerning New Zealand cultural identity by juxtaposing musical ensembles, one a ‘colonial’ orchestra, the other a distinctively Māori (indigenous New Zealand) kapa haka performance group, in his With Strings Attached: Alive & Orchestrated album and television documentary, released in 2014. Through this collaboration, Tiki reframes the colonial experience as an amalgam of reappropriated cultural signifiers that enraptures those that identify with colonization and colonizing experiences, and in doing so, expresses a form of authorial agency. The context of Tiki’s subversive approach is contextualized by examining postcolonial representational practices surrounding Māori culture and orchestral hybrids in the western art music tradition, and through a discussion about the ways the performance practice called kapa haka is represented through existing scholarly studies of Māori music.
From Gods to Human Beings
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

Chapter two explores the generational dimension of Nambudiri class engagements with reform movements, and threads this into a discussion of the position held by Nambudiris in Kerala society. It analyses the various ways in which Nambudiris lineages engaged with YKS and YJS and how persistent inequalities within this community in terms of status and health remain central in preventing the formation of solid and longlasting community organizations. Indeed, land reform, emigration, educational attainments differently involved Nambudiris throughout the twentieth century history, creating at times spaces of pioneer class renewal and yet also of major and prolonged decline. This chapter also discusses how Nambudiri class trajectories are perceived in today’s Kerala by other Malayalis, and the impact that this has on Nambudiri kinship memories.
Debts of Identity
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

Chapter three discusses how memories of the YKS are produced in contemporary Kerala through the material production of diaries and autobiographies. It explores why, and in what circumstances, diaries become a suitable way to narrate histories, the particular relationships they frame between present and past, and how their messages are received by Malayalis in the public sphere. The analysis of diaries is revealed to be important in order to trace continuities and discontinuities between the official rhetoric of the YKS—as voiced through its written propaganda—and the ways in which YKS ‘kinship revolution’ is differently constituted through family recalling and emotional suffering. Particular attention is given to the ways in which past intergenerational relations are conceived by elderly people whose lives have been directly involved in or influenced by the YKS.
Paris
Authors: Holt Robin
Published: January 2018

The earliest story of judgment comes in the Iliad with the Judgment of Paris and the ensuing Trojan Wars. The chapter suggests we have concealed important insights from this story, so enamoured have we become with an understanding of history configured through substantiated evidence. The Iliad resists the logic of entailment and proof, and instead delights in an ordinary world in which myth, event, character, and things cohere and contrast with little overall coherence. In such a world without much in the way of subjects and objects envisaging strategy as enacting a plan seems futile. Despite understanding ourselves differently now, as subjects in whom knowledge resides, the world of the Iliad still resonates. Perhaps in spite of our knowledge, we seem no closer to a settled condition of control than those immersed in the Trojan War.
Vision
Authors: Holt Robin
Published: January 2018

If knowledge does not create a sustained and unified sense of organizational self (skepticism is rife) then strategic inquiry can turn to vision, a move advocated by Henry Mintzberg amongst others. The chapter considers what it is to author a strategic vision, using the novel The Shape of Things to Come by H. G. Wells as an indicative and provocative example of an organizational attempt to present its own form to itself and others. The risks associated with propaganda and dogmatic assertion are discussed, as are the strategy documents by which many modern organizations attempt to instil an equivalent vision to that envisaged by Wells.