bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyketide synthases from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.)
Authors: Hotti Hannu , Seppänen‐Laakso Tuulikki , Arvas Mikko , Teeri Teemu H. , Rischer Heiko
Published: August 2015

Coniine is a toxic alkaloid, the biosynthesis of which is not well understood. A possible route, supported by evidence from labelling experiments, involves a polyketide formed by the condensation of one acetyl‐CoA and three malonyl‐CoAs catalysed by a polyketide synthase (PKS). We isolated PKS genes or their fragments from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) by using random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and transcriptome analysis, and characterized three full‐length enzymes by feeding different starter‐CoAs in vitro. On the basis of our in vitro experiments, two of the three characterized PKS genes in poison hemlock encode chalcone synthases (CPKS1 and CPKS2), and one encodes a novel type of PKS (CPKS5). We show that CPKS5 kinetically favours butyryl‐CoA as a starter‐CoA in vitro. Our results suggest that CPKS5 is responsible for the initiation of coniine biosynthesis by catalysing the synthesis of the carbon backbone from one butyryl‐CoA and two malonyl‐CoAs.

Database

Nucleotide sequence data are available in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under the accession numbers KP726914, KP726915, KP726916, KP726917, KP726918, and KP726919
Sunscreen remanence on the skin: a noninvasive real time in vivo spectral analysis assessing the quenching of specular ultraviolet A light reflectance
Authors: Piérard Gérald E. , Khazaka Diana , Khazaka Gabriel
Published: August 2015

Background

Under specific light illumination, particularly ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the skin produces both specular light reflectance and, possibly, specific fluorescent emission. A quenching effect of fluorescence is observed following the application of sunscreens active against UVA radiations.

Aims

To assess noninvasively in a real‐time process, the potential sunscreen remanence/substantivity after application on the skin.

Methods

The Visiopor® device was used in a real‐time procedure after application of sunscreens to the skin. A quenching effect of follicular fluorescence due to bacterial porphyrins was evaluated at 30‐min intervals. The Visioscan® device was used as a distinct UVA emitter in a control procedure of spectral analysis of specular UVR emission and reflectance by dermal fibers.

Results

Under UVA‐1 irradiations, facial skin produced different patterns of specular UVR reflectance and fluorescent emission as well. The porphyrin‐related follicular fluorescence was instantly abated by UVA blockers present in suncare products. The potential sunscreen remanence/substantivity was assessed by the follicular and interfollicular fluorescence recurrence all along the next hours.

Conclusions

All UVA blocker‐containing suncare products exhibited a similar overall quenching effect on porphyrin‐enriched facial hair follicles and dermal fibers. This effect lasted for a few hours. Differences in the fluorescence recovery were likely related to the amount in suncare application and the nature of the formulation components.
Perceived discrimination and youths' adjustment: sleep as a moderator
Authors: El‐Sheikh Mona , Tu Kelly M. , Saini Ekjyot K. , Fuller‐Rowell Thomas E. , Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: August 2015

Adolescents' sleep duration was examined as a moderator of the association between perceived discrimination and internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing symptoms. Participants were 252 adolescents (mean: 15.79 years; 66% European American, 34% African American) who reported on their perceived discrimination (racial and general) and adjustment. Sleep duration was measured using actigraphy. Moderation effects were evident. The lowest levels of internalizing symptoms were observed for adolescents with longer sleep duration in conjunction with lower levels of perceived racial discrimination. Further, general perceived discrimination was associated more strongly with externalizing behaviours for youth with shorter versus longer sleep. Findings highlight the importance of sleep as a bioregulatory system that can ameliorate or exacerbate the effects of discrimination on youths' adjustment.
Phospholipase Dε enhances Braasca napus growth and seed production in response to nitrogen availability
Authors: Lu Shaoping , Yao Shuaibing , Wang Geliang , Guo Liang , Zhou Yongming , Hong Yueyun , Wang Xuemin
Published: August 2015

Phospholipase D (PLD), which hydrolyses phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid, has been implicated in plant response to macronutrient availability in Arabidopsis. This study investigated the effect of increased PLDε expression on nitrogen utilization in Brassica napus to explore the application of PLDε manipulation to crop improvement. In addition, changes in membrane lipid species in response to nitrogen availability were determined in the oil seed crop. Multiple PLDε over expression (PLDε‐OE) lines displayed enhanced biomass accumulation under nitrogen‐deficient and nitrogen‐replete conditions. PLDε‐OE plants in the field produced more seeds than wild‐type plants but have no impact on seed oil content. Compared with wild‐type plants, PLDε‐OE plants were enhanced in nitrate transporter expression, uptake and reduction, whereas the activity of nitrite reductase was higher under nitrogen‐depleted, but not at nitrogen‐replete conditions. The level of nitrogen altered membrane glycerolipid metabolism, with greater impacts on young than mature leaves. The data indicate increased expression of PLDε has the potential to improve crop plant growth and production under nitrogen‐depleted and nitrogen‐replete conditions.
Use of designer nucleases for targeted gene and genome editing in plants
Authors: Weeks Donald P. , Spalding Martin H. , Yang Bing
Published: August 2015

The ability to efficiently inactivate or replace genes in model organisms allowed a rapid expansion of our understanding of many of the genetic, biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms that support life. With the advent of new techniques for manipulating genes and genomes that are applicable not only to single‐celled organisms, but also to more complex organisms such as animals and plants, the speed with which scientists and biotechnologists can expand fundamental knowledge and apply that knowledge to improvements in medicine, industry and agriculture is set to expand in an exponential fashion. At the heart of these advancements will be the use of gene editing tools such as zinc finger nucleases, modified meganucleases, hybrid DNA/RNA oligonucleotides, TAL effector nucleases and modified CRISPR/Cas9. Each of these tools has the ability to precisely target one specific DNA sequence within a genome and (except for DNA/RNA oligonucleotides) to create a double‐stranded DNA break. DNA repair to such breaks sometimes leads to gene knockouts or gene replacement by homologous recombination if exogenously supplied homologous DNA fragments are made available. Genome rearrangements are also possible to engineer. Creation and use of such genome rearrangements, gene knockouts and gene replacements by the plant science community is gaining significant momentum. To document some of this progress and to explore the technology's longer term potential, this review highlights present and future uses of designer nucleases to greatly expedite research with model plant systems and to engineer genes and genomes in major and minor crop species for enhanced food production.
Diagnostic endoscopy of the navicular bursa using a needle endoscope by direct or transthecal approach: A comparative cadaver study
Authors: Mählmann Kathrin , Koch Christoph , Bodó Gábor
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To compare the practicability, visualization of structures, and iatrogenic damage of direct and transthecal approaches to the navicular bursa for diagnostic needle endoscopy.

Study design

Descriptive study.

Sample Population

Equine cadaver forelimbs (n = 30).

Methods

Direct and transthecal approaches for insertion of a needle endoscope into the navicular bursa were performed. Video recordings of endoscopic procedures were assessed to determine all structures visualized within the navicular bursa. Number of attempts to gain access to the navicular bursa and total time for insertion and examination were recorded. Distribution and severity of iatrogenic lesions were assessed and scored after dissection.

Results

There were no statistical differences for number of attempts or time needed for insertion and examination between direct and transthecal approaches. The direct approach offered significantly increased visibility of the ipsilateral abaxial and proximal margins of the navicular bone, and ipsilateral collateral sesamoidean ligament. Iatrogenic lesions were superficial and focal, regardless of approach taken, or whether a blunt or sharp trocar tip was used.

Conclusions

The direct approach provided significantly better visualization of the ipsilateral structures within the navicular bursa compared to the transthecal approach. Needle endoscopy offers a reliable technique to evaluate the navicular bursa and may complement or replace other diagnostic modalities in horses with lameness localized to the navicular region.
Caveolae regulate vasoconstriction of conduit arteries to angiotensin II in hindlimb unweighted rats
Authors: Wang Zhongchao , Bai Yungang , Yu Jinwen , Liu Huan , Cheng Yaoping , Liu Yonghong , Xie Xiaoping , Ma Jin , Bao Junxiang
Published: August 2015

Key points

Exposure to microgravity induces postflight orthostatic intolerance on re‐exposure to 1 G gravity which is second to the structural and functional remodelling of arteries.

We found the maximal developed force (Emax) of angiotensin II‐elicited vasoconstriction was decreased in abdominal aorta, unchanged in thoracic aorta and increased in carotid artery by simulated weightlessness. However, the sensitivity of the response (EC50) was decreased in all of the arteries as was the desensitization of angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1) upon angiotensin II stimulation.

We demonstrate that caveolae on vascular smooth muscle cells play a key role in the adaptation of EC50 and AT1 desensitization, but not Emax of the response to simulated weightlessness.

This study gives insight into the mechanism underlying the arterial functional remodelling during weightlessness. Further, the findings might stimulate new ideas for research into countermeasures to postflight orthostatic intolerance upon astronauts returning to the earth.

Weightlessness induces the functional remodelling of arteries, but the changes to angiotensin II (Ang II)‐elicited vasoconstriction and the underlying mechanism have never been reported. Caveolae are invaginations of the cell membrane crucial for the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells, so we investigated the adaptation of Ang II‐elicited vasoconstriction to simulated weightlessness and the role of caveolae in it. The 4 week hindlimb unweighted (HU) rat was used to simulate the effects of weightlessness. Ang II‐elicited vasoconstriction was measured by isometric force recording. The morphology of caveolae was examined by transmission electron microscope. The binding of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) and caveolin‐1 (cav‐1) was examined by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot. We found that the maximal developing force (Emax) of Ang II‐elicited vasoconstriction was decreased in abdominal aorta by 30.6%, unchanged in thoracic aorta and increased in carotid artery by 17.9% after HU, while EC50 of the response was increased in all three arteries (P < 0.05). AT1 desensitization upon activation was significantly reduced by HU in all three arteries, as was the number of caveolae (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Ang II promoted the binding of AT1 and cav‐1 significantly in control but not HU arteries. Both the number of caveolae and the binding of AT1 and cav‐1 in HU arteries were restored by cholesterol pretreatment which also reinstated the change in EC50 as well as the level of AT1 desensitization. These results indicate that modified caveolae in vascular smooth muscle cells could interfere with the binding of AT1 and cav‐1 mediating the adaptation of Ang II‐elicited vasoconstriction to HU.
Technical Note: Validation of halo modeling for proton pencil beam spot scanning using a quality assurance test pattern
Authors: Lin Liyong , Huang Sheng , Kang Minglei , Solberg Timothy D. , McDonough James E. , Ainsley Christopher G.
Published: August 2015

Purpose:

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of a comprehensive test pattern in validating calculation models that include the halo component (low‐dose tails) of proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) spots. Such a pattern has been used previously for quality assurance purposes to assess spot shape, position, and dose.

Methods:

In this study, a scintillation detector was used to measure the test pattern in air at isocenter for two proton beam energies (115 and 225 MeV) of two IBA universal nozzles (UN #1 and UN #2). Planar measurements were compared with calculated dose distributions based on the weighted superposition of location‐independent (UN #1) or location‐dependent (UN #2) spot profiles, previously measured using a pair‐magnification method and between two nozzles.

Results:

Including the halo component below 1% of the central dose is shown to improve the gamma‐map comparison between calculation and measurement from 94.9% to 98.4% using 2 mm/2% criteria for the 115 MeV proton beam of UN #1. In contrast, including the halo component below 1% of the central dose does not improve the gamma agreement for the 115 MeV proton beam of UN #2, due to the cutoff of the halo component at off‐axis locations. When location‐dependent spot profiles are used for calculation instead of spot profiles at central axis, the gamma agreement is improved from 98.0% to 99.5% using 2 mm/2% criteria. The two nozzles clearly have different characteristics, as a direct comparison of measured data shows a passing rate of 89.7% for the 115 MeV proton beam. At 225 MeV, the corresponding gamma comparisons agree better between measurement and calculation, and between measurements in the two nozzles.

Conclusions:

In addition to confirming the primary component of individual PBS spot profiles, a comprehensive test pattern is useful for the validation of the halo component at off‐axis locations, especially for low energy protons.
Non-union of the great toe in a 4-year-old child
Authors: Göksel Ferdi , Ermutlu Cenk , Gölge Umut Hatay , Kaymaz Burak
Published: August 2015

Phalangeal fractures of the foot are very rare in children. They are treated with closed reduction and splinting. Cases reported of non-union in children are rare. We report on treatment of a 4-year-old child with non-union of the proximal phalanx of the great toe foot following an open fracture caused by a motor vehicle accident 4 months prior. No graft was used. We present this case with good clinical outcome at 1 year follow-up.
Modeling Centralized Resources Allocation and Target Setting in Imprecise Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Hatami-Marbini Adel , Beigi Zahra Ghelej , Fukuyama Hirofumi , Gholami Kobra
Published: August 2015

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric mathematical programming methodology for performance measurement of organizational units that can be utilized normatively and proactively in resource allocation and target setting. While previous studies along this line have commonly utilized exact (crisp) data, the prospective and proactive use of DEA in the activity planning frequently involves uncertainty or impreciseness as to the feasible ranges for resources to be allocated and output targets to be established. The current paper proposes an imprecise DEA-based linear programming method with interval inputs and outputs by addressing the gap of missing the imprecise data settings. For this aim, we present common set of weights models to obtain the interval efficiency of Decision-Making Units (DMUs) with interval inputs and outputs. We then propose DEA-based models to allocate imprecise resources and setting imprecise targets to DMUs such that the interval efficiency of all the DMUs improves or at least remains. The proposed model provides reasonable managerial objectives with respect to the efficiency of the subordinate units when the centralized planner implements resource allocation and target setting. We exemplify the applicability and efficacy of the proposed method using a numerical example in the frame of two distinct scenarios.
A Generalization for Theorems of Datko and Barbashin Type
Authors: Hai Pham Viet
Published: August 2015

The goal of the paper is to give some characterizations for the uniform exponential stability of evolution families by unifying the discrete-time versions of the Barbashin-type theorem and the Datko-type theorem.
Guidance and Control Design for a Class of Spin-Stabilized Projectiles with a Two-Dimensional Trajectory Correction Fuze
Authors: Wang Yi , Song Wei-dong , Fang Dan , Guo Qing-wei
Published: August 2015

A guidance and control strategy for a class of 2D trajectory correction fuze with fixed canards is developed in this paper. Firstly, correction control mechanism is researched through studying the deviation motion, the key point of which is the dynamic equilibrium angle. Phase lag of swerve response is the dominating factor for correction control, and formula is deduced with the Mach number as argument. Secondly, impact point deviation prediction based on perturbation theory is proposed, and the numerical solution and application method are introduced. Finally, guidance and control strategy is developed, and simulations to validate the strategy are conducted.
Vertical Extent of Thunderstorm Inflows Revealed by Polarimetric Radar
Authors: Melnikov Valery , Zrnić Dušan S. , Burgess Donald W. , Mansell Edward R.
Published: August 2015

It is shown that the dual-polarization radar parameters can be used to estimate the vertical extent of inflow regions in thunderstorms. Atmospheric biota trapped by inflows allows identification of inflow regions. It is shown that weak echoes from biota can be observed at signal-to-noise ratios as low as −7 dB. The vertical extent of inflow reached 5.2 km in the analyzed tornadic thunderstorm and 6.7 km in a severe thunderstorm.
Results of a Phase II Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin for CD30+ Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Lymphomatoid Papulosis
Authors: Duvic Madeleine , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Gangar Pamela , Clos Audra L. , Sui Dawen , Talpur Rakhshandra
Published: August 2015

Purpose

Brentuximab vedotin, a monoclonal antibody (cAC10) conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E, targets CD30+ receptors. This phase II open-label trial was conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy in CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.

Patients and Methods

Forty-eight patients with CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders or mycosis fungoides (MF) received an infusion of 1.8 mg/kg every 21 days.

Results

Forty-eight evaluable patients (22 women and 26 men; median age, 59.5 years) had an overall response rate of 73% (95% CI, 60% to 86%; 35 of 48 patients) and complete response rate of 35% (95% CI, 22% to 49%; 17 of 48 patients). Fifteen (54%; 95% CI, 31% to 59%) of 28 patients with MF responded, independent of CD30 expression. In patients with MF/Sézary syndrome, the overall response rate was 50% (five of 10 patients) in patients with low CD30 expression (< 10%), 58% (seven of 12 patients) in patients with medium expression (10% to 50%), and 50% (three of six patients) in patients with high expression (≥ 50%). Time to response was 12 weeks (range, 3 to 39 weeks), and duration of response was 32 weeks (range, 3 to 93 weeks). All patients with lymphomatoid papulosis (n = 9) and primary cutaneous anaplastic T-cell lymphomas (n = 2) responded; time to response was 3 weeks (range, 3 to 9 weeks), and median duration of response was 26 weeks (range, 6 to 44 weeks). Soluble baseline CD30 levels were lowest in complete responders (P = .036). Grade 1 to 2 peripheral neuropathy was observed in 65% of patients (95% CI, 52% to 79%; 31 of 48 patients), is still ongoing in 55% of patients (95% CI, 41% to 69%; 17 of 31 patients), and resolved in 45% of patients (95% CI, 31% to 59%; 14 of 31 patients), with a median time to resolution of 41.5 weeks. Grade 3 to 4 events were neutropenia (n = 5), nausea (n = 2), chest pain (n = 2), deep vein thrombosis (n = 1), transaminitis (n = 1), and dehydration (n = 1). Dose reductions to 1.2 mg/kg were instituted as a result of grade 2 neuropathy (n = 6), transaminitis (n = 1), and arthralgias and fatigue (n = 2).

Conclusion

Brentuximab vedotin is both active and well tolerated in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and lymphomatoid papulosis, with an overall response rate of 73% and complete response rate of 35%.
Risk of Subsequent Neoplasms During the Fifth and Sixth Decades of Life in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort
Authors: Turcotte Lucie M. , Whitton John A. , Friedman Debra L. , Hammond Sue , Armstrong Gregory T. , Leisenring Wendy , Robison Leslie L. , Neglia Joseph P.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

Survivors of childhood cancer have an increased risk for subsequent neoplasms (SNs), but the incidence beyond the age of 40 years and associations with therapeutic exposures have not been well described.

Patients and Methods

Among 14,364 survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1986, 3,171 had an attained age of 40 years or older at the time of last contact. Cumulative incidence of SNs, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), excess absolute risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs), and relative risks (RRs) for SMNs and nonmelanoma skin cancers were calculated.

Results

In total, 679 SNs were diagnosed in patients age 40 years or older. These included 196 SMNs, 419 nonmelanoma skin cancers, 21 nonmalignant meningiomas, and 43 other benign neoplasms. At age 55 years, the cumulative incidence of new SNs and SMNs occurring after age 40 years was 34.6% (95% CI, 28.7 to 40.6) and 16.3% (95% CI, 11.7 to 20.9), respectively. Survivors were four times as likely as the general population to receive a diagnosis of SMN after age 40 years (SIR, 4.4; 95% CI 3.8 to 5.0). Among SMNs, risk was most increased for soft tissue sarcoma (SIR, 12.3; 95% CI, 7.2 to 21.0), breast cancer (SIR, 8.3; 95% CI, 6.9 to 10.0), renal cancer (SIR, 6.1; 95% CI, 3.2 to 11.6), and thyroid cancer (SIR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.8 to 9.4). Female sex (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.1; P = .008), platinum chemotherapy (RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 7.7; P = .003), epipodophyllotoxins (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.8; P = .05), and therapeutic radiation exposure (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.1; P < .001) were associated with higher risk for SMN in multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Even after age 40 years, survivors of childhood cancer remain at increased risk for treatment-related SNs. These data suggest the need for life-long monitoring and should inform anticipatory guidance provided to survivors of childhood cancer.
Representación óptima de señales MER aplicada a la identificación de estructuras cerebrales durante la estimulación cerebral profunda
Authors: Vargas Cardona Hernán Darío , Álvarez López Mauricio , Orozco Gutiérrez Álvaro
Published: August 2015

La identificación de señales cerebrales provenientes de microelectrodos de registro (MER) es un procedimiento clave en la estimulación cerebral profunda (DBS en inglés) aplicada en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). El propósito de esta investigación es identificar con alta precisión una estructura cerebral llamada núcleo subtalámico (STN), ya que es la estructura objetivo donde se logran los mejores resultados terapéuticos de la DBS. Para ello, se presenta un enfoque de representación óptima de señales MER mediante el método de Frames (MOF por sus siglas en inglés), con el cual se obtienen coeficientes que minimizan la norma Euclidiana de orden 2. A partir de los coeficientes óptimos se realiza una extracción de características de las señales combinando diccionarios wavelet packet y coseno. Para tener un marco de comparación con el estado del arte, también se caracterizan las señales utilizando la transformada wavelet discreta (DWT) con diferentes funciones madre. La metodología propuesta se valida en una base de datos real, y se emplean máquinas de aprendizaje supervisadas simples, como el clasificador K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), el clasificador lineal bayesiano (LDC) y el cuadrático (QDC). Los resultados de clasificación que se obtienen con el método propuesto mejoran significativamente el rendimiento alcanzado con la DWT, de manera que se logra una identificación positiva del STN superior al 97,6%. Los índices de identificación logrados por el  MOF son muy precisos, ya que potencialmente se puede obtener una tasa de falsos positivos menores al 2% durante la DBS.
Towards inverse modeling of intratumor heterogeneity
Authors: Brutovsky Branislav , Horvath Denis
Published: August 2015

Development of resistance limits efficiency of
present anticancer therapies and preventing it remains a
big challenge in cancer research. It is accepted, at the intuitive
level, that resistance emerges as a consequence of
the heterogeneity of cancer cells at the molecular, genetic
and cellular levels. Produced by many sources, tumor
heterogeneity is extremely complex time dependent statistical
characteristics which may be quantified by measures
defined in many different ways, most of them coming
from statistical mechanics. In this paper, we apply the
Markovian framework to relate population heterogeneity
to the statistics of the environment. As, from an evolutionary
viewpoint, therapy corresponds to a purposeful modi-
fication of the cells’ fitness landscape, we assume that understanding
general relationship between the spatiotemporal
statistics of a tumor microenvironment and intratumor
heterogeneity will allow to conceive the therapy as
an inverse problem and to solve it by optimization techniques.
To account for the inherent stochasticity of biological
processes at cellular scale, the generalized distancebased
concept was applied to express distances between
probabilistically described cell states and environmental
conditions, respectively.
The Isolation and Identification of Precursors and Reaction Products in the Clandestine Manufacture of Methaqualone and Mecloqualone
Authors: Angelos SA , Meyers JA
Published: August 2015

Abuse of the hypnotic quinazolinone is well recognized and increasing. Clandestine laboratories producing methaqualone (2-methyl-3-othro-tolyl-4(3H) quinazolinone) and mecloqualone (2-methyl-3-othro-chlorophenyl-4(3H) quinazolinone) have been discovered throughout the United States. These laboratories utilize one of many synthesis routes to produce the illicit quinazolinone. Frequently, the clandestine chemist has little, if any, formal education in chemistry; does not keep notes; and does not label flasks and beakers containing solutions. The forensic chemist may be asked to analyze unmarked reaction mixtures that were seized in a clandestine laboratory raid. As a result, a rapid method of isolation and identification of the precursors and products of such a mixture is presented.
A Computerized Assessment Program for Forensic Science Evaluations: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Cavanaugh JL , Rogers R , Wasyliw OE
Published: August 2015

The development of the innovative use of an on-line, computer-assisted evaluation program is discussed, with a brief review of pertinent literature. The particular applications within a forensic psychiatric center of the Tandem 16 computer system, utilizing both “canned psychological tests” and specialized assessment techniques, are examined and highlighted with a case vignette. A highly relevant problem within forensic psychiatry, malingering or exaggeration of symptoms, is examined in more detail as it relates to computer assessments. The advantages and limitations of a computer-assisted evaluation are described relative to both its clinical and research application.
Brain Damage Among Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders
Authors: Graber B , Hartmann K , Coffman JA , Huey CJ , Golden CJ
Published: August 2015

The incidence and nature of structural brain dysfunction was investigated in a pilot study sample of individuals currently assigned the Nebraska Penal Code designation of mentally disordered sexual offender. It was hypothesized that the sexual offenders would show a significantly higher incidence of dysfunction than a psychosocially normal group as evidenced by computed tomography scan measures, regional cerebral blood flow, and neuropsychological instruments. The hypothesis was tested by two different methods. One method used a 160 by 160 printout of density numbers generated by computer from computed tomography scans administered to the sexual offenders. The second method used mean blood flow data generated from a Harshaw TASC-5 Regional Cerebral Blood Flow analysis system. Additionally, the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery was administered as a measure of the behavioral correlates of brain dysfunction. Preliminary analyses indicate that 50‥ of the sexual offenders tested showed brain dysfunction as demonstrated by decreased density measures, decreased blood flow, and performance deficits on the Luria Battery. The implications of these findings, if confirmed, are substantial on issues of criminal responsibility, sentencing, treatment, and rehabilitation of the sex offender. Case reports of the patients studied are presented.
Suicide by Ingestion of Propranolol
Authors: Jones JW , Clark MA , Mullen BL
Published: August 2015

A 60-year-old man with a one-year history of angina committed suicide by ingesting a three-month supply of propranolol. The postmortem anatomical and toxicologic findings are discussed, as is the mechanism of propranolol toxicity.
Fingerprint Comparison. II: On the Development of a Single Fingerprint Filing and Searching System
Authors: Liu JH , Lin CH , Osterburg JW , Nicol JD
Published: August 2015

A FORTRAN program has been written to compare the minutiae coded in an “unknown” fingerprint with the minutiae of fingerprints stored in a data base. The criteria for matching are scores based on the type and number of minutiae matched. Minutiae of low relative frequency have higher scoring weights than those that are more common. The matching mechanism is tested by using a fingerprint coded several times, first by a single individual and then by six other individuals who have no previous knowledge about fingerprints. These tests yield satisfactory results.
Detecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis
Authors: Horvath F
Published: August 2015

Within the past decade a number of so-called voice stress analyzers have been marketed for law enforcement and forensic science purposes. These devices are said to extract from the vocal spectrum a subaudible microtremor signal that is useful in detecting stress in a speaker's voice; thus, it is claimed these devices have great utility as lie detectors and are as accurate as the traditional polygraph instrument. A review of the evidence now accumulated about these devices shows that the evidence for the existence of a microtremor in the voice is problematic and that the capability of these devices in detecting stress is equally questionable. Without exception, however, the scientific evidence reported to date shows that voice stress analyzers are not effective in detecting deception; none of these devices has yet been shown to yield detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations. A brief comparison of voice stress analysis and polygraphic testing as methods of lie detection is made.
Artificial Aging of Documents
Authors: Stewart LF
Published: August 2015

A case is presented involving a number of original documents prepared by a medical doctor to authenticate claims for Medicaid reimbursement. Through an adaptation of conventional laboratory techniques, evidence was found of artificial (accelerated) aging.
A Review of Criminalistics
Authors: Fisher BAJ
Published: August 2015

The second edition of Richard Saferstein's book Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Sciences, like the earlier edition, offers the beginning student of forensic science as well as the nonscientist criminal justice practitioner an excellent overview of criminalistics and the capabilities of today's crime laboratory. The practicing criminalist will likely find the text too elementary for his own use but could well recommend it to prosecutors and defense attorneys to help them understand different laboratory analytical techniques.
A Review of GC/MS Assays for Abused Drugs in Body Fluids
Authors: Garriott JC
Published: August 2015

GC/MS Assays for Abused Drugs in Body Fluids, a monograph from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), deals with the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric quantitative analysis for eleven commonly abused drugs. Two introductory chapters provide a discussion of the relative usefulness and advantages of chemical ionization GC/MS (CI-MS) versus electron-impact GC/MS and outline principles of operation common to all of the assays.
Evaluation of Polyethylene Containers Used to Collect Evidence for Accelerant Detection
Authors: Tontarski RE
Published: August 2015

Polyethylene containers are demonstrated to be unsuitable packaging for accelerant evidence collection. Polyethylene's permeability to hydrocarbons makes sample loss and possible contamination significant problems.
A Review of Principles and Applications of Medicolegal Alcohol Determination
Authors: Raisys VA
Published: August 2015

This book is a translation of the original German monograph by Widmark published in 1932. The book covers three aspects of ethanol: (1) determination of ethanol, (2) distribution and pharmacokinetics, and (3) case histories.
Rapid Method of Super Glue ® Fuming Application for the Development of Latent Fingerprints
Authors: Kendall FG , Rehn BW
Published: August 2015

A method for developing latent fingerprints on various problem surfaces has been in demand for many years. Super Glue® fuming has met this challenge in resolving many of the frustrations of the latent fingerprint examiner. However, time is a factor that cannot be ignored and therefore this method is presented to minimize the time element between the introduction of the Super Glue in the fuming chamber and the actual development of the latent prints. Fuming is increased in a shortened period of time through the chemical reaction known as polymerization. The latent development time lapse is minimized to approximately 1h or less as opposed to several hours to several days described in the nonacclerant method.
A Review of Critical Issues in American Psychiatry and the Law
Authors: Drucker F
Published: August 2015

The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law is an organization of forensic psychiatrists active in both civil and criminal law. The Academy has long published a bulletin and newsletter; this is its first venture into book publishing. Annual meetings are held regularly in New York City in addition to semiannual national meetings. This volume is a collection of papers from annual programs from 1977 to 1980.
An Analytical Study of Illicit Lysergide
Authors: McDonald P , Martin CF , Woods DJ , Baker PB , Gough TA
Published: August 2015

A procedure for the analysis of lysergide, applicable to the illicit material dispersed on paper sheets and in tablets is described. Thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography are used to separate lysergide from related compounds. Attention is drawn to the limitations of infrared spectroscopy for distinguishing between the salt and base forms of lysergide. Ion chromatography is used to separate the anions present in illicit samples. The quantities of any anions present that form stable salts with lysergide are compared with the amount of lysergide in the sample, from which the salt form of the presentation is deduced.
Comments on Fire Investigation Procedures
Authors: Béland B
Published: August 2015

The methods and techniques of fire investigation are reviewed. They are shown to be useful, but with limitations. The mere presence of a plausible ignition source around the point of origin of a fire is insufficient to establish that source as the cause. Examples are given to show the difficulty of eliminating all causes but one. Particular attention is given to electrical evidence such as arcing.
Metabolism of Acetone to Isopropyl Alcohol in Rats and Humans
Authors: Lewis GD , Laufman AK , McAnalley BH , Garriott JC
Published: August 2015

Isopropyl alcohol and acetone have been detected in autopsy blood samples of individuals not previously exposed to these compounds. Since some of these individuals had a history of diabetes mellitus, it has been suggested that in these cases, reduction of acetone to isopropyl alcohol might be a metabolic pathway for its production. This hypothesis was investigated in a study of normal and diabetic rats. Acute administration of acetone resulted in measureable levels of isopropyl alcohol in blood. Metabolism of acetone to isopropyl alcohol was different in normal and diabetic animals. Blood levels of isopropanol reached a maximum at the second highest dose in normal rats, but there was a two-phase response in diabetic rats. In a second series of experiments, acetone was administered on alternate days for a week. In spite of this chronie administration (and persistence of high blood acetone), there was no enhancement of acetone metabolism to isopropyl alcohol. These experiments indicate that high levels of blood acetone could result in transformation to isopropyl alcohol.
Characterization of Gunshot Residues by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Tassa M , Leist Y , Steinberg M
Published: August 2015

The application of X-ray diffraction complemented by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to the characterization of gunshot residues is reported. Lead in the metallic form is found to be the main constituent of all gunshot residues tested. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the appearance of lead in the metallic state as well as the formation of gunshot residue.
A Quality Assurance Program for the Laboratory Examination of Arson and Explosives Cases
Authors: Brunelle RL , Garner DD , Wineman PL
Published: August 2015

Quality assurance in forensic laboratories is no less important than quality control in industry. The prosecutor, defense attorney, judge or jury and, of course, the defendant have every right to expect an analysis of the highest possible quality by the forensic scientist. The life or liberty of an individual may hinge on the analysis conducted by a forensic scientist and corresponding testimony in court. A quality assurance program has been implemented for arson and explosive cases. A statistically valid number of case examinations are reviewed annually for critical, major, and minor defects according to predetermined factors such as turnaround time, tests performed, conclusions reached, and notes taken. Questionnaires on the quality and responsiveness of the laboratories are sent to the submitters of evidence. The forensic chemists are subjected to blind testing semiannually. Laboratory-prepared samples disguised as actual cases are submitted to the various laboratories by special agents in the field and the reports are evaluated.
A New Method for Recovering Latent Fingerprints from Skin
Authors: Feldman MA , Meloan CE , Lambert JL
Published: August 2015

The developed method for detecting fingerprints on live human skin involves first fuming the suspected area with iodine, and then placing a 35-mm clear plastic strip with a leuco crystal violet coating and a trace of water over the fumed area. A few seconds later a dark purple reproduction of the ridge pattern develops. It is a stable direct positive and can be mounted in a 35-ram slide mount for direct viewing. Readable prints may be obtained up to 1 h after impression on live human skin and two or three lifts may be obtained from the same print.
Death by Poisoning: A Ten-Year Survey of Dallas County
Authors: Garriott JC , DiMaio VJM , Petty CS
Published: August 2015

From 1971 through 1980, 1115 deaths were ascribed by the Dallas County Medical Examiner's Office to poisoning of some type. An analysis of these deaths, with emphasis on the substances involved, is the purpose of this study. Relatively few agents or groups of agents accounted for 87% of these deaths: carbon monoxide, barbiturates, propoxyphene, narcotics, tricyclic antidepressants, ethyl alcohol, and inhalants (gases and solvents). Twenty-five percent of the deaths were classified as mixed intoxications, resulting from combinations of agents. Two major trends were observed: in the second five-year period, barbiturate-induced deaths decreased considerably (58%) and deaths from tricyclic antidepressants increased more than four times as compared with the first five-year period. Yearly statistics have been compiled for deaths from each agent.
Cause of an Aberrant Phenotype: An Interesting Dilemma
Authors: Boudreau AJ , Andrus RH , Grunbaum BW
Published: August 2015

In a recent homicide case, the discovery of an unusual group specific component (Gc) pattern in a bloodstain provided compelling evidence linking the suspect to the scene of the crime. The phenotype could not be identified, nor could the source of the aberrant pattern be attributed to either the victim's parents. Some possible explanations are presented.
Homicide by Barbiturates and Alcohol
Authors: Edland JF
Published: August 2015

Death from the misuse of alcohol and barbiturates is frequently encountered in most medical examiner/coroner offices. The cause of death is often quite apparent from the pathological and toxicological findings; however, the manner of death often gives the examining official some difficulty. The usual dilemma is to unravel whether the dead individual intentionally took the lethal combination in order to cause his/her own death or whether the combination was unintentionally ingested without awareness of the potentially lethal combination. The manner of death in these cases is either suicidal, accidental, or undetermined. A case is presented in which alcohol and barbiturates are the causes of death, but the manner of death is somewhat unusual in that it was administered by a second party with premeditation, deliberation, and intent to kill.
A Review of Correctional Supervisory Management
Authors: Sachs JL
Published: August 2015

This textbook addresses one of the most important and least examined issues in the history of correctional development, the teaching and training of the people in the correctional system.
A Review of Law, Medicine, and Forensic Science
Authors: Mills DH
Published: August 2015

This is an excellent course book on legal medicine and scientific evidence, written, as expected, by renowned experts. This is the third edition of a book first published by Curran in 1960. Since then the subject has grown immensely—and so has the book, both in coverage and quality. It is remarkably up to date, containing appellate decisions that are less than a year old.
A Review of Traffic Management and Collision Investigation
Authors: Fisher BAJ
Published: August 2015

Traffic Management and Collision Investigation is an introductory textbook on the subject consisting of 17 chapters covering topics such as collision scene management; driving while intoxicated; collision reconstruction; the hydroplaning phenomenon; collecting, quantifying, and recording collision evidence; traffic supervision; and traffic enforcement techniques, to highlight some of the major subjects. The bibliography is brief, with only 17 citations over the years 1947 to 1980.
Toxicological and Pathological Findings in Fatalities Involving Pentazocine and Tripelennamine
Authors: Monforte JR , Gault R , Smialek J , Goodin T
Published: August 2015

Toxicological and pathological findings are described in fatalities involving pentazocine (Talwin®) and tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine®). Procedures using thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and spectrophotofluorometry are described, as well as the quantitative analysis of biological specimens of drug abuse and homicide victims. Microscopic findings in lung specimens from drug abuse deaths are also described.
An Unsuccessful Murder
Authors: Prathnadi S
Published: August 2015

The victim of an attempted murder, who was shot in the head by her husband, survived when the bullet failed to penetrate her skull, apparently because he had scored the bullet twice across its nose and used an outdated power charge. The husband succeeded in killing himself with a second shot.
New regression model for predicting hand‐arm vibration (HAV) of Malaysian Army (MA) three‐tonne truck steering wheels
Authors: Aziz Shamsul Akmar Ab , Nuawi Mohd Zaki , Nor Mohd Jailani Mohd
Published: August 2015

New regression model for predicting hand‐arm vibration (HAV) of Malaysian Army (MA) three‐tonne truck steering wheels: Shamsul Akmar Ab Aziz, et al. Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia

Objective

The objective of this study was to present a new method for determination of hand‐arm vibration (HAV) in Malaysian Army (MA) three‐tonne truck steering wheels based on changes in vehicle speed using regression model and the statistical analysis method known as Integrated Kurtosis‐Based Algorithm for Z‐Notch Filter Technique Vibro (I‐kaz Vibro).

Methodology

The test was conducted for two different road conditions, tarmac and dirt roads. HAV exposure was measured using a Brüel & Kjær Type 3649 vibration analyzer, which is capable of recording HAV exposures from steering wheels. The data was analyzed using Ikaz Vibro to determine the HAV values in relation to varying speeds of a truck and to determine the degree of data scattering for HAV data signals.

Results

Based on the results obtained, HAV experienced by drivers can be determined using the daily vibration exposure A(8), I‐kaz Vibro coefficient (Ƶv ∞), and the I‐kaz Vibro display. The I‐kaz Vibro displays also showed greater scatterings, indicating that the values of Ƶv ∞ and A(8) were increasing. Prediction of HAV exposure was done using the developed regression model and graphical representations of Ƶv ∞. The results of the regression model showed that Ƶ∞ increased when the vehicle speed and HAV exposure increased.

Discussion

For model validation, predicted and measured noise exposures were compared, and high coefficient of correlation (R2) values were obtained, indicating that good agreement was obtained between them. By using the developed regression model, we can easily predict HAV exposure from steering wheels for HAV exposure monitoring.
Gestação
Authors: Oliveira Maria Esther Maciel de
Published: August 2015

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Os ritmos do corpo e os ritmos da escrita em véspera de lua
Authors: Brandão Ruth Silviano
Published: August 2015

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Até que a linguagem convenceu que o que não era era
Authors: Conceição Anderson De Almeida da
Published: August 2015

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Ansiedad ante los exámenes en alumnos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria || Anxiety in students from junior high-school
Authors: Rodríguez Alba , Dapía Mª Dolores , López-Castedo Antonio
Published: August 2015

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar el grado de ansiedad ante los exámenes. Para llevar a cabo el estudio se ha utilizado el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Ansiedad ante los Exámenes (CAEX) administrado a 325 estudiantes de ESO. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que el perfil de estudiante que posee mayores niveles de ansiedad ante los exámenes es una mujer de 12 años, que estudia 1º ESO en un colegio privado-concertado y aprueba todas las asignaturas. Se puede concluir en primer lugar que la ansiedad ante los exámenes afecta significativamente a los estudiantes de la muestra, y en segundo lugar, se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables edad, sexo, tipo de centro, curso y rendimiento académico.