bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The challenge of assessment for library Makerspaces
Authors: Cun Aijuan , Abramovich Sam
Published: February 2019

The emergence of Maker culture has led to an increase of Makerspaces around the United States across a variety of educational organizations (Halverson & Sheridan, ). When Makerspaces are incorporated into public libraries, library patrons have new opportunities to learn and create through play, exploration, and creation (Moorefield‐Lang, 2015) by utilizing cutting‐edge tools such as virtual reality and 3D printers. However, as the number of library Makerspaces grows, so do the challenges associated with supporting their learning potential. In particular, there are no widely accepted means of assessing learning in library Makerspaces. Our study examined patron and librarian use of a Makerspace through a theoretical framework based on modern assessment research. Findings were: (1) categories of library Makerspace participants and their assessment needs – including librarian assessment needs; (2) assessment tools that can address the learning needs of different patrons, librarians, and other stakeholders; and (3) design implications for assessment tools in library Makerspaces.
Information science research and sustainable development
Authors: Meschede Christine , Henkel Maria
Published: February 2019

Awareness on and importance of sustainability in all its facets is becoming more and more important in all aspects of our lives. The question arises, how – not if – scientists can contribute to a sustainable development. As information and knowledge play an important role for development, information scientists should be included in this debate. But is there a sustainable information science or an information science of sustainability? Publications from the Library and Information Science (LIS) community addressing this topic are present, but only sparse. With this visual presentation, we aim at identifying possibilities where Library and Information Scientists can contribute to a sustainable development through and in research as well as teaching. After presenting the results of a structured literature review on sustainability in LIS research we aim at discussing these and further ideas on a sustainable information future with the participants. Thereby we endeavor to raise awareness on the topic and to share approaches to include sustainability in research, teaching and practice.
Is scientific novelty reflected in citation patterns?
Authors: Min Chao , Bu Yi , Sun Jianjun , Ding Ying
Published: February 2019

We investigate the diffusion characteristics of two groups of scientific works with different levels of novelty to see how scientific novelty interacts with citation patterns. Preliminary results show that: (1) novel ideas have long‐lasting impact, but the recognition process lags behind; (2) most diffusion metrics can't differentiate the two groups under a similar macro environment; (3) citation take‐off, average clustering coefficient, and connectivity can distinguish works with different levels of novelty. The latter two characteristics—average clustering coefficient and connectivity of citing literature networks—show particular potential for identifying innovative scientific works at an early stage.
Information horizons mapping to assess the health literacy of refugee and immigrant women
Authors: Zimmerman Margaret S.
Published: February 2019

Introduction‐ Refugees and immigrants are at a heightened risk of many negative health outcomes. While strong health literacy ability may be a determinant of favorable health outcomes, assessing the health literacy of refugee and immigrant women is a challenge. Due to typically lower literacy and English ability, one possible method to measure the health literacy of this population is to ask them to graphically represent their health‐related information horizons. Seventy‐four women were asked to take a survey and answer open‐ended questions about their HISB and demographic information, and then asked to create an information horizons map in the context of health information seeking. Each map was compared to the survey questions and specific questions that were asked to gauge the health literacy of the participants. The network of information resources for immigrant and refugee women was graphically displayed. Women who drew maps that were more complex had survey responses that correlated with higher health literacy. Refugee women were less aware of health information sources than other immigrant women. While more research is needed, this research provides evidence that information horizons mapping within a health information‐seeking context may be predictive of health literacy.
Neoantigens in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: A Point of View
Authors: Zeneyedpour Lona , Dekker Lennard J. M. , van Sten‐van`t Hoff Jenny J. M. , Burgers Peter C. , ten Hacken Nick H. T. , Luider Theo M.
Published: February 2019

The goal of this manuscript is to explore the role of clinical proteomics for detecting mutations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer by mass spectrometry‐based technology. COPD and lung cancer caused by smoke inhalation are most likely linked by challenging the immune system via partly shared pathways. Genome‐wide association studies have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms which predispose an increased susceptibility to COPD and lung cancer. In lung cancer, this leads to coding mutations in the affected tissues, development of neoantigens, and different functionality and abundance of proteins in specific pathways. If a similar reasoning can also be applied in COPD will be discussed. The technology of mass spectrometry has developed into an advanced technology for proteome research detecting mutated peptides or proteins and finding relevant molecular mechanisms that will enable predicting the response to immunotherapy in COPD and lung cancer patients.
Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation on Clinical Proteomics Research
Authors: Critselis Elena
Published: February 2019

The recently implemented General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has promising attributes for ensuring the protection of personal data collected and processed for clinical proteomic investigations. However, there exist ever increasing alarming concerns regarding its implications upon the future of clinical proteomics research both within and beyond the European Union. The main issues of concern regard GDPR legislative requirements for informed consent for study subjects’ data collection and processing, data anonymization, and data storage and/or sharing, particularly in research areas which readily utilize databanks and biobanks, such as clinical proteomics investigations. The potential impacts of the aforementioned issues upon on‐going and future clinical proteomics investigations are detailed, whilst recommendations for potentially resolving these emerging issues are proposed. Consensus between government, legislative, and research stakeholders, as well as impact assessments of final measures to be applied for medical research, is necessary so as to ensure the favorable perpetuation of clinical proteomics investigations and subsequent impact upon optimal patient health.
Previous diet affects the amount but not the type of bait consumed by an invasive ant
Authors: Lach Lori , Volp Trevor M , Wilder Shawn M
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Recent research on multiple invasive ant species has revealed the importance of carbohydrates for achieving high activity levels and outcompeting native ants. However, comparatively little is known about the role of diet and macronutrient preferences for uptake of insecticidal baits used to control invasive ants. We tested whether diet affected yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes Fr Smith) survival and behavior, and whether bait preference would be complementary to past diet.

RESULTS

We found that colonies fed only crickets for 28 days had fewer live workers and queens, and less brood per live queen than colonies fed crickets + honeydew but did not differ significantly from colonies fed only honeydew. Colonies that had been fed only crickets were more active (as assessed by interaction with a novel object), retrieved 16–17 times more bait per worker overall, and consumed more of the six bait types than cricket + honeydew and honeydew‐only fed colonies. However, prior diet did not affect bait choice. The two highest sugar bait formulations combined accounted for most of the bait consumed across all treatments (cricket‐only 74.8% ± 28.1; cricket + honeydew 69.2% ± 12.4; honeydew‐only 62.5% ± 30.4).

CONCLUSION

Yellow crazy ant colonies fare better without protein than without carbohydrates. Yellow crazy ants ate the most bait when fed only crickets but did not choose baits complementary to their previous diet. Baits in a sugar‐rich carrier may be most effective for the control of yellow crazy ants, regardless of the relative availability of macronutrients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Density threshold‐based acaricide application for the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on cassava: from laboratory to the field
Authors: Chen Qing , Liang Xiao , Wu Chunling , Gao Jintao , Chen Qian , Zhang Zhe
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUD

The red spider mite Tetranychus urticae is known as a worldwide pest in cassava production which can caused serious economic losses. Because no threshold levels are established for T. urticae in cassava cropping, many growers in China are applying excessive chemical applications per cassava cropping period. This is not only expensive, but also results in lower yields because of severe leaf damage and development of resistance. This study aims to develop an immediate threshold level for T. urticae control which could be determined in the laboratory and fit the field application requirements.

RESULTS

The mite density of 25 mites/leaf was the threshold which caused significant decrease of photosynthetic pigment contents and protective enzyme activities in cassava leaves in the laboratory. Moreover, 25 mites/leaf was also the threshold density which resulted in significantly lower leaf damage and higher yield levels compared with a higher level of mites/leaf where calendar sprays were used.

CONCLUSION

The mite density threshold that brought about significant physiological and biochemical changes in the laboratory basically coincided with the threshold that resulted in significant yield loss in the field. It is therefore concluded that the optimum threshold acaricide spray for T. urticae on cassava is 25 mites/leaf. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Hazard ratio inference in stratified clinical trials with time‐to‐event endpoints and limited sample size
Authors: Xu Rengyi , Mehrotra Devan V. , Shaw Pamela A.
Published: February 2019

The stratified Cox model is commonly used for stratified clinical trials with time‐to‐event endpoints. The estimated log hazard ratio is approximately a weighted average of corresponding stratum‐specific Cox model estimates using inverse‐variance weights; the latter are optimal only under the (often implausible) assumption of a constant hazard ratio across strata. Focusing on trials with limited sample sizes (50‐200 subjects per treatment), we propose an alternative approach in which stratum‐specific estimates are obtained using a refined generalized logrank (RGLR) approach and then combined using either sample size or minimum risk weights for overall inference. Our proposal extends the work of Mehrotra et al, to incorporate the RGLR statistic, which outperforms the Cox model in the setting of proportional hazards and small samples. This work also entails development of a remarkably accurate plug‐in formula for the variance of RGLR‐based estimated log hazard ratios. We demonstrate using simulations that our proposed two‐step RGLR analysis delivers notably better results through smaller estimation bias and mean squared error and larger power than the stratified Cox model analysis when there is a treatment‐by‐stratum interaction, with similar performance when there is no interaction. Additionally, our method controls the type I error rate while the stratified Cox model does not in small samples. We illustrate our method using data from a clinical trial comparing two treatments for colon cancer.
DEEP sleep: The impact of sleep on financial risk taking
Authors: Nofsinger John R. , Shank Corey A.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we examine the relationship between sleep and financial risk taking. The results indicate that individuals who have better sleep display less distortion of probability, are less susceptible to the present bias, and have a lower discounting rate. Specifically, individuals with better self‐reported sleep quality have less distortion of probability, a more curved utility function, and are less loss averse, while those with fewer sleep disturbances display less probability distortion and have more curvature in their utility function. Overall, the results show that there are cognitive deficits in financial decision making by having poor sleep habits that can have important consequences.
Wastewater technopolitics on the southern coast of Belize
Authors: Christian Wells E. , Alex Webb W. , Prouty Christine M. , Zarger Rebecca K. , Trotz Maya A. , Whiteford Linda M. , Mihelcic James R.
Published: February 2019

After a massive hurricane devastated Belize's south coast in 2001, “sustainable tourism” was the national government's answer to spurring economic redevelopment. Since then, the communities of the Placencia Peninsula, in particular, have engaged in rapid tourism development as an economic strategy for securing local livelihoods, culminating in the arrival of mass cruise tourism in 2016. In a region where environmental resources and services shape the backbone of the tourism industry, controversies have erupted around current and future impacts of tourism on the environment. One of the more polarizing debates to emerge surrounds the role of wastewater management, which is not centralized in the region and has resulted in discharges of untreated or partially treated wastewater into local waterways where many residents and nongovernmental organizations perceive negative consequences for both human and environmental health. Friction between local residents and government technocrats on how to address the issue reveals how infrastructure planning can become a technopolitical practice in which cost–benefit analyses in the form of life cycle costing and environmental impact assessment, presented through the rhetoric of sustainability, are used to influence how water and wastewater are governed in Placencia. More broadly, our findings suggest that the micropolitics of infrastructure design and development can be a powerful force that organizes technocratic governance.
Joint models for longitudinal and time‐to‐event data in a case‐cohort design
Authors: Baart Sara J. , Boersma Eric , Rizopoulos Dimitris
Published: February 2019

Studies with longitudinal measurements are common in clinical research. Particular interest lies in studies where the repeated measurements are used to predict a time‐to‐event outcome, such as mortality, in a dynamic manner. If event rates in a study are low, however, and most information is to be expected from the patients experiencing the study endpoint, it may be more cost efficient to only use a subset of the data. One way of achieving this is by applying a case‐cohort design, which selects all cases and only a random samples of the noncases. In the standard way of analyzing data in a case‐cohort design, the noncases who were not selected are completely excluded from analysis; however, the overrepresentation of the cases will lead to bias. We propose to include survival information of all patients from the cohort in the analysis. We approach the fact that we do not have longitudinal information for a subset of the patients as a missing data problem and argue that the missingness mechanism is missing at random. Hence, results obtained from an appropriate model, such as a joint model, should remain valid. Simulations indicate that our method performs similar to fitting the model on a full cohort, both in terms of parameters estimates and predictions of survival probabilities. Estimating the model on the classical version of the case‐cohort design shows clear bias and worse performance of the predictions. The procedure is further illustrated in data from a biomarker study on acute coronary syndrome patients, BIOMArCS.
Effects of Electronic Delocalization and Hydrostatic Compression on Structure and Properties of Cage Compound 4‐Trinitroethyl‐2,6,8,10,12‐pentanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane
Authors: Zhang Jian‐ying , Chen Gang‐ling , Dong Jie , Gong Xue‐dong
Published: February 2019

The structural and electronic properties of cage compound 4‐trinitroethyl‐2, 6, 8, 10, 12‐pentanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (TNE‐CL‐20) were studied by density functional theory to explore the influence of substituents on electron delocalization and hydrostatic compression effects. Results indicate N–NO2 bonds experience more marked weakening effect than that of C–C bonds and the cleavage of C–NO2 bond may trigger the initiation decomposition in gas TNE‐CL‐20. In the case of TNE‐CL‐20 crystal, the increasing pressure leads to the drop in hardness of a‐ and b‐directions are obviously than in c‐direction. The detailed analysis of band structure and density of states reveal that the interactions between electrons are strengthened under high pressure.
Solution‐Processed Tin Oxide‐PEDOT:PSS Interconnecting Layers for Efficient Inverted and Conventional Tandem Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Di Carlo Rasi Dario , van Thiel Pieter M. J. G. , Bin Haijun , Hendriks Koen H. , Heintges Gaël H. L. , Wienk Martijn M. , Becker Tim , Li Yongfang , Riedl Thomas , Janssen René A. J.
Published: February 2019

Tin oxide nanoparticles are employed as an electron transporting layer in solution‐processed polymer solar cells. Tin oxide based devices yield excellent performance and can interchangeably be used in conventional and inverted device configurations. In combination with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a hole transporting layer, tin oxide forms an effective interconnecting layer (ICL) for tandem solar cells. Conventional and inverted tandem cells with this ICL provide efficiencies up to 10.4% in good agreement with optical‐electrical modeling simulations. The critical advantage of tin oxide in an ICL in a conventional tandem structure over the commonly used zinc oxide is that the latter requires the use of a pH‐neutral formulation of PEDOT:PSS to fabricate the ICL, limiting the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) because of its low work function. The SnO2/PEDOT:PSS ICL, on the other hand, provides a nearly loss‐free VOC.
Pseudo-Dirac Higgsino dark matter in GUT scale supersymmetry
Authors: Mummidi V. Suryanarayana , Patel Ketan M.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We investigate a scenario in which supersymmetry is broken at a scale M

S
≥ 1014 GeV leaving only a pair of Higgs doublets, their superpartners (Higgsinos) and a gauge singlet fermion (singlino) besides the standard model fermions and gauge bosons at low energy. The Higgsino-singlino mixing induces a small splitting between the masses of the electrically neutral components of Higgsinos which otherwise remain almost degenerate in GUT scale supersymmetry. The lightest combination of them provides a viable thermal dark matter if the Higgsino mass scale is close to 1 TeV. The small mass splitting induced by the singlino turns the neutral components of Higgsinos into pseudo-Dirac fermions which successfully evade the constraints from the direct detection experiments if the singlino mass is ≲ 108 GeV. We analyse the constraints on the effective framework, arising from the stability of electroweak vacuum, observed mass and couplings of the Higgs, and the limits on the masses of the other scalars, by matching it with the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model at M

S
. It is found that the presence of singlino at an intermediate scale significantly improves the stability of electroweak vacuum and allows a stable or metastable vacuum for almost all the values of tan β while the observed Higgs mass together with the limit on the charged Higgs mass favours tan β ≲ 3.
Development and interaction between plant architecture and yield-related traits in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.)
Authors: Tanzi Alberto Stefano , Ho Wai Kuan , Massawe Festo , Mayes Sean
Published: February 2019

Winged bean (P. tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is a leguminous crop that could contribute towards food security in tropical areas, but whose growth and development is still poorly understood. In order to develop improved individuals for increased green pod and seed productivity, we investigated the factors involved in winged bean plant architecture, development, and their link to a number of yield-related traits. An F2 population was generated from the cross between M3 and FP15 Malaysian accessions and assessed under field conditions in Malaysia. The results showed stem length to be mainly influenced by internode length (rs = .80; p < .01), while multiple genes could be controlling the number of branches, with an average number of branches in the offspring above the highest parent value. The average length of branches appeared to influence the most the final number of pods per plant (rs = .44; p < .001), while flowering showed potentially transgressive segregation towards earliness, without preventing the potential development of high pod-yielding individuals (rs = − 208; p   = .056). Taken together, the results reported here shed light on the interaction between morphological, developmental, and yield-related traits, defining potential targets for developing crop ideotypes to direct breeding programmes for this underutilised crop.
Sodium extraction system developed for the horticulture industry relies on X-Flow membranes
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: February 2019

Technology from X-Flow – the international membrane brand of Pentair, a leading global water treatment company – is playing a key role in a sodium extraction system developed for the horticulture industry, as this brief technology focus article explains.
Pharmaceutical plant selects QUA EnviQ ultrafiltration membranes for MBR system
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: February 2019

One of the world's largest vaccine producers required a water treatment plant for its new pharmaceutical manufacturing facility, and decided to use a system based on membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. Based in Pune, India, the facility had space limitations, and this technology was preferred because it is capable of creating a compact plant with a small footprint, whilst still producing high-quality, ultrafiltration-grade (UF-grade) water, as this brief article shows.
EVERY RUSTY NAIL IS SACRED, EVERY RUSTY NAIL IS GOOD: CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY, REMOTE SENSING, AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AT A NORTHWEST COAST SETTLER FORT
Authors: Tveskov Mark Axel , Rose Chelsea , Jones Geoffrey , Maki David
Published: February 2019

Archaeological investigations at Miners’ Fort, a mid-nineteenth-century settler fort located in the US Northwest, is part of a larger inquiry into conflict archaeology and historical memory of settler colonialism and warfare in the region. Built by gold miners, Miners’ Fort overlooked the Pacific Ocean and was used significantly when the Tututni, Joshua, and Mikonotunne besieged it for a month during the Rogue River War of 1855–1856. Archaeological excavation targeting anomalies discovered through remote sensing revealed several features in context, including an indigenously designed hearth built by one or more Native American women who were wives of some settlers. Public archaeology created an opportunity for community building that included descendants of both settlers and indigenous people of the area. Although excavation is destructive to archaeological deposits, by implementing remote sensing and involving the public in the excavation process, a more accurate historical narrative can emerge, as well as a sense of ownership and inclusion among diverse stakeholders.
Exit times for ARMA processes
Authors: Koski Timo , Jung Brita , Högnäs Göran
Published: February 2019

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the expected exit time from an interval for the ARMA process, when the noise level approaches 0.
THE DP-RANK OF ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: HALEVI YATIR , PALACÍN DANIEL
Published: February 2019

An equation to compute the dp-rank of any abelian group is given. It is also shown that its dp-rank, or more generally that of any one-based group, agrees with its Vapnik–Chervonenkis density. Furthermore, strong abelian groups are characterised to be precisely those abelian groups A such that there are only finitely many primes p such that the group A / pA is infinite and for every prime p, there are only finitely many natural numbers n such that $\left( {p^n A} \right)[p]/\left( {p^{n + 1} A} \right)[p]$ is infinite.

Finally, it is shown that an infinite stable field of finite dp-rank is algebraically closed.
Relations of multivariate goal profiles to motivation, epistemic beliefs and achievement
Authors: Zhou Mingming , Adesope Olusola O. , Winne Philip H. , Nesbit John C.
Published: February 2019

We examined whether undergraduates’ achievement goal orientations could be represented as profiles and whether profiles were linked to self-reported motivation, epistemic beliefs and academic achievement. Data collected during an undergraduate course were analyzed using a clustering technique. Using the 2 × 2 goal model (Elliot & McGregor, 2001 ), we identified five achievement goal profiles. Our findings suggest the interaction of goal orientations supports varying interpretations of students’ motivation and learning beliefs. Although no statistically significant differences in achievement were found across clusters, a High-Approach-Low-Avoidance cluster displayed an adaptive profile that was most positive towards learning and self but least anxious about exams. In contrast, a Performance-Avoidance-Dominant cluster demonstrated a maladaptive pattern of lowest self-efficacy and task value, and higher anxiety. Further, High-Approach-Low-Avoidance and Low-Performance-Avoidance clusters recognized that knowledge is not simple and authority could be questioned, compared to the other groups.
Revolutionary Homophobia: Explaining State Repression against Sexual Minorities
Authors: Tschantret Joshua
Published: February 2019

Why do unthreatening social groups become targets of state repression? Repression of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people is especially puzzling since sexual minorities, unlike many ethnic minorities, pose no credible violent challenge to the state. This article contends that revolutionary governments are disproportionately oppressive toward sexual minorities for strategic and ideological reasons. Since revolutions create domestic instability, revolutionaries face unique strategic incentives to target ‘unreliable’ groups and to demonstrate an ability to selectively punish potential dissidents by identifying and punishing ‘invisible’ groups. Moreover, revolutionary governments are frequently helmed by elites with exclusionary ideologies – such as communism, fascism and Islamism – which represent collectivities rather than individuals. Elites adhering to these views are thus likely to perceive sexual minorities as liberal, individualistic threats to their collectivist projects. Statistical analysis using original data on homophobic repression demonstrates that revolutionary governments are more likely to target LGBT individuals, and that this effect is driven by exclusionary ideologues. Case study evidence from Cuba further indicates that the posited strategic and ideological mechanisms mediate the relationship between revolutionary government and homophobic repression.
Self-directed speech and self-regulation in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders: Current findings and future directions
Authors: Mulvihill Aisling , Carroll Annemaree , Dux Paul E. , Matthews Natasha
Published: February 2019

Self-directed speech is considered an important developmental achievement as a self-regulatory mediator of thinking and behavior. Atypical self-directed speech is often implicated in the self-regulatory challenges characteristic of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A growing body of evidence provides snapshots across age-levels and diagnoses, often presenting conflicting results. This systematic review is undertaken to impose clarity on the nature, extent, and self-regulatory implications of self-directed speech interruption in children with developmental language disorder (DLD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A rigorous search process of relevant databases (i.e., PsychInfo, PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC) uncovered 19 relevant peer-reviewed articles that investigate self-directed speech in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Consistent across the research, children with DLD, ASD, and ADHD present with differential development and use of self-directed speech.

In its synthesis of findings, this systematic review clearly explicates the differential ontogenesis of self-directed speech in neurodevelopmental disorders and interprets the self-regulatory implications for children with DLD, ASD, and ADHD. Furthermore, the review spotlights important future research directions to better understand the mechanistic relationship between self-directed speech and self-regulation.
How do diet and exercise programmes affect the cardiovascular risk profiles of obese children?
Authors: Karaağaç Aysu Türkmen , Yıldırım Ayşe İnci
Published: February 2019

Obesity is a global health issue in both children and adults. Besides its comorbidities, cardiac structure and functions may be impaired from childhood if obesity is not controlled in the growing years. The effects of diet and exercise on the cardiovascular functions and biochemical parameters of obese children were evaluated in this study.

In a tertiary hospital, 6–16-year-old of mean age 10.8±2.3 years, non-random voluntarily selected 34 obese children with body mass index above 95th percentile and no syndromic or systemic illnesses were enrolled in this prospective study. Weights, heights, and blood pressures were recorded. Cardiac functions were evaluated by M-mode and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, liver enzyme, and thyroid hormone levels were analysed. These measurements were repeated after a 6-month diet and exercise programme. The results were compared statistically.

Echocardiography of the obese children after diet and exercise showed significantly increased ejection fraction, fractional shortening, mitral annular plane systolic excursion and mitral systolic velocity values, associated with the systolic ventricular functions, and decreased tissue Doppler mitral and tricuspid early diastolic velocities, related with the early diastolic ventricular functions, compared with before diet and exercise (p<0.05). Moreover, the body mass index, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels significantly decreased after diet and exercise (p<0.05).

The systolic and early diastolic cardiac functions are impaired and the biochemical parameters are distorted starting from the childhood because of the obesity. Regular diet and exercise provide significant improvement. Cardiac evaluation should be routinely performed in all obese children and they should be encouraged for a regular diet and exercise for better cardiovascular health.
Kant’s (Non-Question-Begging) Refutation of Cartesian Scepticism
Authors: Marshall Colin
Published: February 2019

Interpreters of Kant’s Refutation of Idealism face a dilemma: it seems to either beg the question against the Cartesian sceptic or else offer a disappointingly Berkeleyan conclusion. In this article I offer an interpretation of the Refutation on which it does not beg the question against the Cartesian sceptic. After defending a principle about question-begging, I identify four premises concerning our representations that there are textual reasons to think Kant might be implicitly assuming. Using those assumptions, I offer a reconstruction of Kant’s Refutation that avoids the interpretative dilemma, though difficult questions about the argument remain.
Kant’s Neglected Alternative and the Unavoidable Need for the Transcendental Deduction
Authors: Shaddock Justin B.
Published: February 2019

The problem of Kant’s Neglected Alternative is that while his Aesthetic provides an argument that space and time are empirically real – in applying to all appearances – its argument seems to fall short of the conclusion that space and time are transcendentally ideal, in not applying to any things in themselves. By considering an overlooked passage in which Kant explains why his Transcendental Deduction is ‘unavoidably necessary’, I argue that it is not solely in his Aesthetic but more so in his Deduction where he intends to provide his argument for the transcendental ideality of space and time. His Deduction shows that space and time do not have a valid application to any things in themselves by arguing that the categories do have a valid application to everything in space and time, but that the categories do not have a valid application to any things in themselves.
Apparent exceptions to final devoicing in High Prussian: A metrical analysis
Authors: Köhnlein Björn
Published: February 2019

High Prussian, a variety of East Central German, has a segmentally opaque process of final devoicing: Only some forms with underlyingly voiced obstruents devoice at the end of a word. This phenomenon can also be observed in some morphological alternations where simplex forms show final devoicing but complex ones do not. This paper provides a metrical analysis of final devoicing and two related phenomena: spirantization, and an interaction of vowel length in high vowels and obstruent voicing. It is claimed that nondevoicing items contain disyllabic foot templates and that word-final consonants are then syllabified as onsets of empty-headed word-final syllables. The analysis demonstrates how evidence from West Germanic dialects can contribute to our understanding of the phonology of laryngeal features and to the role that metrical structure can play in shaping phonological alternations.*
SMALL INFINITARY EPISTEMIC LOGICS
Authors: HU TAI-WEI , KANEKO MAMORU , SUZUKI NOBU-YUKI
Published: February 2019

We develop a series of small infinitary epistemic logics to study deductive inference involving intra-/interpersonal beliefs/knowledge such as common knowledge, common beliefs, and infinite regress of beliefs. Specifically, propositional epistemic logics GL (Lα) are presented for ordinalαup to a givenαo(αo≥ω) so that GL(L0) is finitary KDnwithnagents and GL(Lα) (α≥ 1) allows conjunctions of certain countably infinite formulae. GL(Lα) is small in that the language is countable and can be constructive. The set of formulaeLαis increasing up toα=ωbut stops atωWe present Kripke-completeness for GL(Lα) for eachα ≤ ω,which is proved using the Rasiowa–Sikorski lemma and Tanaka–Ono lemma. GL(Lα) has a sufficient expressive power to discuss intra-/interpersonal beliefs with infinite lengths. As applications, we discuss the explicit definability of Axioms T (truthfulness), 4 (positive introspection), 5 (negative introspection), and of common knowledge in GL(Lα) Also, we discuss the rationalizability concept in game theory in our framework. We evaluate where these discussions are done in the series GL(Lα),α ≤ ω.
Das Big Five Inventar 2
Authors: Danner Daniel , Rammstedt Beatrice , Bluemke Matthias , Lechner Clemens , Berres Sabrina , Knopf Thomas , Soto Christopher J. , John Oliver P.
Published: February 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die deutsche Version des Big Five Inventars 2 (BFI-2) erfasst die 5 Persönlichkeitsdomänen Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Negative Emotionalität (Neurotizismus) und Offenheit sowie insgesamt 15 Persönlichkeitsfacetten mit 60 Items. Das Inventar wurde im Rahmen eines mehrstufigen Übersetzungsprozesses vom Englischen ins Deutsche übertragen. Anhand einer nach Alter, Geschlecht und Bildungsabschluss quotieren Bevölkerungsstichprobe ( N = 1 224) wurden Reliabilität, Validität und Messinvarianz über Geschlechter und Altersgruppen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Studien deuten auf gute Reliabilitäten der Domänenwerte und ausreichende Reliabilitäten der Facettenwerte hin. Einzelitems und die Facettenwerte zeigen erwartungskonforme Ladungsmuster. Die Domänen- und Facettenwerte korrelieren erwartungsgemäß mit anderen Persönlichkeitsinventaren und sind mit Kriterien wie Bildungsabschluss, Einkommen, Gesundheit und Lebenszufriedenheit assoziiert. Strukturgleichungsmodelle belegen die residuale Invarianz über Geschlechter. Die durchschnittliche Bearbeitungszeit beträgt 8 Minuten. Normwerte für die deutsche Allgemeinbevölkerung werden berichtet.
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Freude am Schulsport im Jugendalter (FEFS-J)
Authors: Engels Eliane Stephanie , Freund Philipp Alexander
Published: February 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie dient der Entwicklung und Validierung eines Messinstruments zur differenzierten Erfassung von Freude am Schulsport im Jugendalter. Basierend auf theoretischen Ansätzen wird das Konstrukt Sport-Enjoyment ( Scanlan & Simons, 1992 ) im Rahmen eines 3-Faktorenmodells (Vergnügen; Flow-Erleben; Erholung) weiterentwickelt. Die psychometrische Überprüfung erfolgt anhand einer Gesamtstichprobe von N = 1 253 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 7 – 10. Die postulierte 3-Faktorenstruktur kann empirisch mit Einschränkungen bestätigt werden und erweist sich als messinvariant über die Variablen Geschlecht und Alter. Die Reliabilitätskennwerte bewegen sich im akzeptablen bis guten Bereich. Zusammenhänge mit intrinsischer Motivation, allgemeiner Sportlichkeit und Ablenkung / Katharsis sowie mit der Sportnote und dem Ausmaß sportlicher Aktivität in der Freizeit fallen ebenso theoriekonform aus wie die geschlechts- und altersspezifischen Mittelwertunterschiede. Mit dem FEFS-J liegt ein valides, ökonomisches und theoretisch fundiertes Instrument vor.
Kriteriumsbezogene Cut-Off-Werte für Tätigkeitsspielraum und Arbeitsintensität
Authors: Mustapha Vincent , Rau Renate
Published: February 2019

Zusammenfassung. Cut-Off-Werte ermöglichen eine ökonomische, binäre Beurteilung von Summenscores. Für Beanspruchungsfragebögen, die personenbezogene Merkmale erfragen, sind Cut-Off-Werte häufig vorhanden und in der klinischen Diagnostik unerlässlich. Für die Bewertung von Arbeitsmerkmalen sind Cut-Off-Werte ebenfalls wünschenswert. Bislang fehlen sie jedoch für die Beurteilung von Arbeitsmerkmalen wie Arbeitsintensität und Tätigkeitsspielraum. Zwischen 2006 und 2016 wurden daher in verschiedenen Branchen 801 objektive Arbeitsplatzanalysen durchgeführt, welche eine Unterteilung in gut und schlecht gestalteten Tätigkeitsspielraum sowie gut und schlecht gestaltete Arbeitsintensität nach DIN EN ISO 6385 (2016) ermöglichen. Anhand dieser Unterteilung wurden mit der Receiver-Operating-Characteristics-Analyse Cut-Off-Werte für den subjektiv-bedingungsbezogen Fragebogen zum Erleben von Arbeitsintensität und Tätigkeitsspielraum (FIT; Richter et al., 2000 ) ermittelt. Für den Tätigkeitsspielraum weisen Summenscores ≤ 22 und für die Arbeitsintensität Summenscores ≥ 15 auf eine schlechte Gestaltung des jeweiligen Arbeitsmerkmals hin. Anhand einer weiteren Stichprobe von 1 076 Arbeitenden konnte gezeigt werden, dass Arbeitende mit schlecht gestaltetem Tätigkeitspielraum vital erschöpfter sowie weniger engagiert sind und Arbeitende mit schlecht gestalteter Arbeitsintensität eine höhere Erholungsunfähigkeit sowie vitale Erschöpfung aufweisen.
Tropical Pacific SST and ITCZ Biases in Climate Models: Double Trouble for Future Rainfall Projections?
Authors: Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Goodkin Nathalie F.
Published: February 2019

The double Intertropical Convergence Zone bias remains a persistent problem in coupled general circulation model simulations. Due to the strong sea surface temperature (SST)‐convection relationship in the tropics, precipitation biases are sensitive to background SST. Using historical simulations of 24 coupled general circulation models and an atmospheric general circulation model, we show that cold equatorial SST biases at least exacerbate double Intertropical Convergence Zone biases in the Pacific. A linear regression model is used to demonstrate that improved predictability of precipitation trends is possible with such model‐dependent information as mean‐state SST biases accompanying projected SST trends. These results provide a better understanding of the root of the double Intertropical Convergence Zone bias and a possible path to reduced uncertainty in future tropical precipitation trends.
Resolving Seasonal Ice Velocity of 45 Greenlandic Glaciers With Very High Temporal Details
Authors: Vijay Saurabh , Khan Shfaqat Abbas , Kusk Anders , Solgaard Anne M. , Moon Twila , Bjørk Anders Anker
Published: February 2019

Seasonal glacier ice velocities are important for understanding controlling mechanisms of ice flow. For many Greenlandic glaciers, however, these measurements are limited by low temporal resolution. We present seasonal ice velocity changes, melt season onset and extent, and ice front positions for 45 Greenlandic glaciers using 2015–2017 Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar data. Seasonal velocity fluctuations of roughly half of the glaciers appear to be primarily controlled by surface melt‐induced changes in the subglacial hydrology. This includes (1) glaciers that speed up with the onset of surface melt and (2) glaciers with comparable late winter and early melt season velocities that show significant slowdown during most of the melt season and speedup during winter. In contrast, less than a quarter of the study glaciers show strong correspondence between seasonal ice speed and terminus changes. Our results pinpoint seasonal variations across Greenland, highlighting the variable influence of meltwater on year‐round ice velocities.
Background Conditions Influence the Estimated Cloud Radiative Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions From Different Source Regions
Authors: Grandey Benjamin S. , Wang Chien
Published: February 2019

Using the Community Earth System Model, with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3, we investigate the cloud radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosols emitted from different source regions and global shipping. We also analyze aerosol burdens, cloud condensation nuclei concentration, liquid water path, and ice water path. Due to transboundary transport and sublinearity in the response of clouds to aerosols, the cloud radiative effects of emissions from a given source region are influenced by emissions from other source regions. For example, the shortwave cloud radiative effect of shipping is−0.39 ± 0.03W/m2when other anthropogenic emissions sources are present (the “present‐day background” assumption) compared with−0.60 ± 0.03W/m2when other anthropogenic emissions sources are absent (the “natural background” assumption). In general, the cloud radiative effects are weaker if present‐day background conditions are assumed compared with if natural background conditions are assumed. Assumptions about background conditions should be carefully considered when investigating the climate impacts of aerosol emissions from a given source region.
Initial Results From the GEM Challenge on the Spacecraft Surface Charging Environment
Authors: Yu Yiqun , Rastätter Lutz , Jordanova Vania K. , Zheng Yihua , Engel Miles , Fok Mei‐Ching , Kuznetsova Maria M.
Published: February 2019

Spacecraft surface charging during geomagnetically disturbed times is one of the most important causes of satellite anomalies. Predicting the surface charging environment is one prevalent task of the geospace environment models. Therefore, the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Focus Group “Inner Magnetosphere Cross‐energy/Population Interactions” initiated a community‐wide challenge study to assess the capability of several inner magnetosphere ring current models in determining surface charging environment for the Van Allen Probes orbits during the 17 March 2013 storm event. The integrated electron flux between 10 and 50 keV is used as the metrics. Various skill scores are applied to quantitatively measure the modeling performance against observations. Results indicate that no model consistently perform the best in all of the skill scores or for both satellites. We find that from these simulations the ring current model with observational flux boundary condition and Weimer electric potential driver generally reproduces the most realistic flux level around the spacecraft. A simple and weaker Volland‐Stern electric field is not capable of effectively transporting the same plasma at the boundary toward the Earth. On the other hand, if the ring current model solves the electric field self‐consistently and obtains similar strength and pattern in the equatorial plane as the Weimer model, the boundary condition plays another crucial role in determining the electron flux level in the inner region. When the boundary flux spectra based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model/empirical model deviate from the shape or magnitude of the observed distribution function, the simulation produces poor skill scores along Van Allen Probes orbits.
A curious case of DBS radiofrequency programmer interference
Authors: Grewal Sanjeet S. , ReFaey Karim , Grassle Amy L. , Uitti Ryan J. , Wharen Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems frequently rely on radiofrequency (RF) transmission for patient programming. The potential exists for other devices to interfere with communication between the internal pulse generator (IPG) and the programming device. In this paper, we are reporting a case of programming interference between the IPG and the WaveID device.
Transcriptomic response of primary human airway epithelial cells to flavoring chemicals in electronic cigarettes
Authors: Park Hae-Ryung , O’Sullivan Michael , Vallarino Jose , Shumyatcher Maya , Himes Blanca E. , Park Jin-Ah , Christiani David C. , Allen Joseph , Lu Quan
Published: February 2019

The widespread use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cig) is a growing public health concern. Diacetyl and its chemical cousin 2,3-pentanedione are commonly used to add flavors to e-cig; however, little is known about how the flavoring chemicals may impair lung function. Here we report that the flavoring chemicals induce transcriptomic changes and perturb cilia function in the airway epithelium. Using RNA-Seq, we identified a total of 163 and 568 differentially expressed genes in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells that were exposed to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, respectively. DAVID pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of cellular pathways involved in cytoskeletal and cilia processes among the set of common genes (142 genes) perturbed by both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Consistent with this, qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of multiple genes involved in cilia biogenesis was significantly downregulated by diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in NHBE cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of ciliated cells was significantly decreased by the flavoring chemicals. Our study indicates that the two widely used e-cig flavoring chemicals impair the cilia function in airway epithelium and likely contribute to the adverse effects of e-cig in the lung.
A low-temperature carbon electrode with good perovskite compatibility and high flexibility in carbon based perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wang Shiyu , Jiang Pei , Shen Wenjian , Mei Anyi , Xiong Sixing , Jiang Xueshi , Rong Yaoguang , Tang Yiwen , Hu Yue , Han Hongwei
Published: February 2019

A low-temperature carbon electrode with good perovskite compatibility is employed in hole-transport-material free perovskite solar cells, and a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.7% is obtained.