Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
Authors: Kinyoki Damaris , Osgood-Zimmerman Aaron E. , Bhattacharjee Natalia V. ,   Local Burden of Disease Anaemia Collaborators, Schaeffer Lauren E. , Lazzar-Atwood Alice , Lu Dan , Ewald Samuel B. , Donkers Katie M. , Letourneau Ian D. , Collison Michael , Schipp Megan F. , Abajobir Amanuel , Abbasi Sima , Abbasi Nooshin , Abbasifard Mitra , Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen , Abbastabar Hedayat , Abd-Allah Foad , Abdelalim Ahmed , Abd-Elsalam Sherief M. , Abdoli Amir , Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Abedi Aidin , Abolhassani Hassan , Abraham Biju , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Abrigo Michael R. M. , Abualhasan Ahmed , Abu-Gharbieh Eman , Abushouk Abdelrahman I. , Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou , Adabi Maryam , Adebayo Oladimeji M. , Adegbosin Adeyinka Emmanuel , Adekanmbi Victor , Adetokunboh Olatunji O. , Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo , Adham Davoud , Advani Shailesh M. , Agasthi Pradyumna , Aghaali Mohammad , Ahmad Sohail , Ahmad Tauseef , Ahmadi Keivan , Ahmadi Sepideh , Ahmed Muktar Beshir , Aichour Miloud Taki Eddine , Aji Budi , Akinyemi Oluwaseun Oladapo , Aklilu Addis , Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet , Al-Aly Ziyad , Alanzi Turki M. , Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth , Alemu Biresaw Wassihun , Alemu Ayinalem , Alhassan Robert Kaba , Alif Sheikh Mohammad , Alipour Vahid , Alizade Hesam , Aljunid Syed Mohamed , Almasi-Hashiani Amir , Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M. , Al-Raddadi Rajaa M. , Alvis-Guzman Nelson , Amini Saeed , Amiri Fatemeh , Amugsi Dickson A. , Anber Nahla Hamed , Ancuceanu Robert , Andrei Tudorel , Anegago Masresha Tessema , Anjomshoa Mina , Ansari Fereshteh , Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza , Anteneh Zelalem Alamrew , Antriyandarti Ernoiz , Anvari Davood , Anwer Razique , Aqeel Muhammad , Arabloo Jalal , Arab-Zozani Morteza , Aremu Olatunde , Areri Habtamu Abera , Artaman Al , Arzani Afsaneh , Asaad Malke , Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran , Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Asemahagn Mulusew A. , Asghari Jafarabadi Mohammad , Ashebir Mengistu M. , Ataro Zerihun , Athari Seyyede Masoume , Athari Seyyed Shamsadin , Atout Maha Moh’d Wahbi , Ausloos Marcel , Awoke Nefsu , Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina , Ayano Getinet , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Aynalem Yared Asmare , Ayza Muluken Altaye , Azadmehr Abbas , B Darshan , Babalola Tesleem Kayode , Badawi Alaa , Badiye Ashish D. , Bahrami Mohammad Amin , Bairwa Mohan , Bakkannavar Shankar M. , Banik Palash Chandra , Baraki Adhanom Gebreegziabher , Barboza Miguel A. , Basaleem Huda , Basu Sanjay , Bayati Mohsen , Baye Bayisa Abdissa , Bazmandegan Gholamreza , Bedi Neeraj , Bekuma Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye , Bell Michelle L. , Bensenor Isabela M. , Berhe Kidanemaryam , Berhe Abadi Kidanemariam , Berhie Kidanemariam Alem , Bhandari Dinesh , Bhardwaj Nikha , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Bhattacharyya Krittika , Bhattarai Suraj , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Bijani Ali , Bikbov Boris , Biondi Antonio , Birhanu Minyichil , Biswas Raaj Kishore , Bockarie Moses John , Bohlouli Somayeh , Bohluli Mahdi , Boloor Archith , Borzouei Shiva , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Braithwaite Dejana , Brunoni Andre R. , Burugina Nagaraja Sharath , Butt Zahid A. , Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano , Cámera Luis Alberto , Car Josip , Cárdenas Rosario , Carvalho Felix , Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio , Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A. , Castro Franz , Cevik Muge , Chanie Wagaye Fentahun , Charan Jaykaran , Chatterjee Souranshu , Chattu Vijay Kumar , Chaturvedi Sarika , Chen Simiao , Chin Ken Lee , Chowdhury Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir , Cook Aubrey J. , Costa Vera Marisa , Cromwell Elizabeth A. , Dachew Berihun Assefa , Dagne Henok , Dagnew Baye , Dahiru Tukur , Dahlawi Saad M. A. , Dai Haijiang , Dai Hancheng , Dandona Lalit , Dandona Rakhi , Daneshpajouhnejad Parnaz , Daoud Farah , Das Jai K. , Das Gupta Rajat , Dash Aditya Prasad , Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto , Davletov Kairat , Deeba Farah , De Neve Jan-Walter , Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar , Deribe Kebede , Desalew Assefa , Dessie Getenet Ayalew , Dey Sagnik , Dhimal Meghnath , Dhungana Govinda Prasad , Dianatinasab Mostafa , Diaz Daniel , Dipeolu Isaac Oluwafemi , Djalalinia Shirin , Do Hoa Thi , Dorostkar Fariba , Doshmangir Leila , Duko Bereket , Duraes Andre Rodrigues , Earl Lucas , Edinur Hisham Atan , Efendi Ferry , Elayedath Rajesh , Elema Teshome Bekele , Elhabashy Hala Rashad , El-Jaafary Shaimaa I. , El Sayed Iman , El Sayed Zaki Maysaa , Elsharkawy Aisha , El-Sherbiny Yasser Mohamed , El Tantawi Maha , Endalew Daniel Adane , Eshrati Babak , Eskandari Khalil , Eskandarieh Sharareh , Fadhil Ibtihal , Faraon Emerito Jose A. , Fareed Mohammad , Faris Pawan Sirwan , Farwati Medhat , Farzadfar Farshad , Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara , Fattahi Nazir , Fauk Nelsensius Klau , Feigin Valery L. , Feleke Berhanu Elfu , Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad , Fernandes Eduarda , Ferrara Pietro , Foigt Nataliya A. , Fomenkov Artem Alekseevich , Foroutan Masoud , Francis Joel Msafiri , Franklin Richard Charles , Freitas Marisa , Fukumoto Takeshi , Gad Mohamed M. , Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji , Gayesa Reta Tsegaye , Geberemariyam Biniyam Sahiledengle , Gebregiorgis Birhan Gebresillassie , Gebremariam Hadush , Gebremariam Tesfay B. B. , Gebremeskel Leake , Gebremeskel Gebreamlak Gebremedhn , Gebreslassie Assefa Ayalew , Geramo Yilma Chisha Dea , Gesesew Hailay Abrha , Gessner Bradford D. , Getacher Lemma , Ghadiri Keyghobad , Ghaffarifar Fatemeh , Ghafourifard Mansour , Ghajarzadeh Mahsa , Ghamari Farhad , Ghashghaee Ahmad , Ghith Nermin , Gilani Syed Amir , Gill Tiffany K. , Godinho Myron Anthony , Gona Philimon N. , Grada Ayman , Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen , Gudi Nachiket , Guido Davide , Guled Rashid Abdi , Guo Yuming , Gupta Rachita , Gupta Rajeev , Haj-Mirzaian Arvin , Hamadeh Randah R. , Handiso Demelash Woldeyohannes , Hanif Asif , Hargono Arief , Hasaballah Ahmed I. , Hasan Md Mehedi , Hasan Syed Shahzad , Hashemian Maryam , Hashi Abdiwahab , Hassan Shoaib , Hassan Amr , Hassanipour Soheil , Hassankhani Hadi , Hayat Khezar , Hegazy Mohamed I. , Heidari-Soureshjani Reza , Henry Nathaniel J. , Herteliu Claudiu , Heydarpour Fatemeh , Heydarpour Sousan , Hidru Hagos Degefa de , Hoang Chi Linh , Holla Ramesh , Hon Julia , Hong Sung Hwi , Hoogar Praveen , Hosseini Seyyed Nasrollah , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi , Hostiuc Mihaela , Hostiuc Sorin , Hotez Peter J. , Househ Mowafa , Huda Tanvir M. , Huluko Dawit Hoyiso Huluko , Hussain Syed Ather , Hwang Bing-Fang , Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen , Ilic Irena M. , Ilic Milena D. , Inbaraj Leeberk Raja , Iqbal Usman , Islam M. Mofizul , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Iwu Chinwe Juliana , Iwu Chidozie C. D. , Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad , Jahani Mohammad Ali , Jain Vardhmaan , Jakovljevic Mihajlo , Jalali Amir , Jalilian Farzad , Janodia Manthan Dilipkumar , Javaheri Tahereh , Jha Ravi Prakash , John Oommen , Johnson Kimberly B. , Jonas Jost B. , Jonnagaddala Jitendra , Joseph Nitin , Joshi Ankur , Joukar Farahnaz , Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy , Kabir Ali , Kabir Zubair , Kahlon Tanvir , Kalankesh Leila R. , Kalhor Rohollah , Kamath Ashwin , Kamiab Zahra , Kanchan Tanuj , Kapil Umesh , Kapoor Neeti , Karami Matin Behzad , Karimi Salah Eddin , Kasa Ayele Semachew , Kasahun Gebremicheal Gebreslassie , Kassa Zemenu Yohannes , Kassa Gebrehiwot G. , Kassahun Getinet , Kayode Gbenga A. , Kazemi Karyani Ali , Keflie Tibebeselassie S. , Keiyoro Peter Njenga , Kelkay Bayew , Keramati Maryam , Ketema Daniel Bekele , Khalid Nauman , Khammarnia Mohammad , Khan Md Nuruzzaman , Khan Maseer , Khan Junaid , Khatab Khaled , Khater Amir M. , Khater Mona M. , Khoja Abdullah T. , Khubchandani Jagdish , Kianipour Neda , Kim Young-Eun , Kim Yun Jin , Kimokoti Ruth W. , Kisa Sezer , Kisa Adnan , Kolola Tufa , Koolivand Ali , Kosen Soewarta , Koul Parvaiz A. , Koyanagi Ai , Krishan Kewal , Krishnamoorthy Vijay , Kuate Defo Barthelemy , Kugbey Nuworza , Kulkarni Vaman , Kumar G. Anil , Kumar Nithin , Kumar Pushpendra , Kumar Manasi , Kurmi Om P. , Kusuma Dian , Lacey Ben , Lad Deepesh P. , Lal Dharmesh Kumar , Lami Faris Hasan , Landires Iván , Larsson Anders O. , Lasrado Savita , Laurens Matthew B. , La Vecchia Carlo , Laxmaiah Avula , Lee Paul H. , Lee Shaun Wen Huey , LeGrand Kate E. , Lewycka Sonia , Li Bingyu , Li Shanshan , Liu Xuefeng , Lopez Jaifred Christian F. , Machado Daiane Borges , Madhava Kunjathur Shilpashree , Magdy Abd El Razek Hassan , Magdy Abd El Razek Muhammed , Mahadeshwara Prasad D. R. , Mahasha Phetole Walter , Maheri Mina , Mahotra Narayan B. , Majeed Azeem , Maled Venkatesh , Maleki Shokofeh , Malekzadeh Reza , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Mamun Abdullah A. , Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz , Mansouri Borhan , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Manzar Md Dilshad Dilshad , Marrugo Arnedo Carlos Alberto , Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio , Masaka Anthony , Maulik Pallab K. , Mayala Benjamin K. , Mehari Medhin , Mehndiratta Man Mohan , Mehrabi Nasab Entezar , Mehri Fereshteh , Mehta Kala M. , Meitei Wahengbam Bigyananda , Mekonnen Teferi , Meles Gebrekiros Gebremichael , Melku Mulugeta , Mendoza Walter , Menezes Ritesh G. , Mengesha Meresa Berwo , Mengesha Endalkachew Worku , Meretoja Tuomo J. , Mersha Abera M. , Metekiya Workua Mekonnen , Miazgowski Tomasz , Michalek Irmina Maria , Mini G. K. , Mir Shabir Ahmad , Mirica Andreea , Mirrakhimov Erkin M. , Mirzaei Hamed , Mirzaei Maryam , Mirzaei-Alavijeh Mehdi , Misra Sanjeev , Moazen Babak , Moghadaszadeh Masoud , Mohammad Yousef , Mohammad Dara K. , Mohammad Gholi Mezerji Naser , Mohammadi Seyyede Momeneh , Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah , Mohammadpourhodki Reza , Mohammed Hayat Maeruf , Mohammed Salahuddin , Mohammed Ammas Siraj , Mohammed Shafiu , Mohammed Jemal Abdu , Mohseni Bandpei Mohammad A. , Mokdad Ali H. , Molassiotis Alex , Monasta Lorenzo , Moradi Masoud , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Moradzadeh Rahmatollah , Moraga Paula , Mosapour Abbas , Mouodi Simin , Mousavi Seyyed Meysam , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin , Mulu Getaneh Baye B. , Munir Mehnaz , Muriithi Moses K. , Murthy G. V. S. , Mustafa Ghulam , Nabhan Ashraf F. , Naderi Mehdi , Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman , Nagaraju Shankar Prasad , Naghavi Mohsen , Naik Gurudatta , Naimzada Mukhammad David , Nangia Vinay , Nansseu Jobert Richie , Naqvi Atta Abbas , Nascimento Bruno Ramos , Nayak Smitha , Nayak Vinod C. , Nazari Javad , Ndejjo Rawlance , Negoi Ionut , Negoi Ruxandra Irina , Netsere Henok Biresaw , Nguefack-Tsague Georges , Ngunjiri Josephine W. , Nguyen Cuong Tat , Nguyen Diep Ngoc , Nguyen Huong Lan Thi , Nigatu Yeshambel T. , Nikbakhsh Rajan , Nikpoor Amin Reza , Nnaji Chukwudi A. , Nong Vuong Minh , Noubiap Jean Jacques , Nunez-Samudio Virginia , Nwatah Vincent Ebuka , Nyanhanda Tafadzwa , Oancea Bogdan , Ogbo Felix Akpojene , Oghenetega Onome Bright , Oh In-Hwan , Okello Daniel Micheal , Oladnabi Morteza , Olagunju Andrew T. , Olusanya Jacob Olusegun , Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola , Bali Ahmed Omar , Omer Muktar Omer , Omonisi Abidemi E. Emmanuel , Onwujekwe Obinna E. , Ortiz Alberto , Ortiz-Panozo Eduardo , Otstavnov Nikita , Otstavnov Stanislav S. , Owolabi Mayowa O. , Mahesh P. A. , Padubidri Jagadish Rao , Pakhare Abhijit P. , Pakshir Keyvan , Pana Adrian , Panda-Jonas Songhomitra , Pandey Anamika , Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R. , Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha , Pasupula Deepak Kumar , Patel Sangram Kishor , Patel Urvish K. , Pathak Ashish , Patton George C. , Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki , Pereira Jeevan , Pescarini Julia Moreira , Pham Hai Quang , Pickering Brandon V. , Pirouzpanah Saeed , Pirsaheb Meghdad , Pokhrel Khem Narayan , Postma Maarten J. , Pottoo Faheem Hyder , Pourchamani Hadis , Pourjafar Hadi , Poustchi Hossein , Prada Sergio I. , Pribadi Dimas Ria Angga , Syed Zahiruddin Quazi , Rabiee Navid , Rafiee Ata , Rahim Fakher , Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur , Rahman Muhammad Aziz , Rahmani Amir Masoud , Rai Rajesh Kumar , Rajesh Aashish , Ram Pradhum , Ramezanzadeh Kiana , Ranabhat Chhabi Lal , Rao Sowmya J. , Rao Satish , Rastogi Prateek , Rathi Priya , Rawal Lal , Rawasia Wasiq Faraz , Rawassizadeh Reza , Regassa Lemma Demissie , Reiner Robert C. , Reshmi Bhageerathy , Rezaei Nima , Rezahosseini Omid , Rezapour Aziz , Riahi Seyed Mohammad , Ribeiro Daniela , Ribeiro Ana Isabel , Rickard Jennifer , Roba Hirbo Shore , Roever Leonardo , Ronfani Luca , Rostamian Morteza , Rumisha Susan Fred , Rwegerera Godfrey M. , Sabour Siamak , Sadeghi Ehsan , Saeedi Moghaddam Sahar , Sagar Rajesh , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Sahraian Mohammad Ali , Sajadi S. Mohammad , Salam Nasir , Salem Marwa Rashad , Kafil Hossein Samadi , Santos Itamar S. , Santric-Milicevic Milena M. , Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Sartorius Benn , Sarveazad Arash , Sathian Brijesh , Sathish Thirunavukkarasu , Saxena Deepak , Sbarra Alyssa N. , Schwebel David C. , Senbeta Anbissa Muleta , Sengupta Debarka , Senthilkumaran Subramanian , Sepanlou Sadaf G. , Seylani Allen , Sha Feng , Shafaat Omid , Shahabi Saeed , Shahbaz Mohammad , Shahid Izza , Shaikh Masood Ali , Shaka Mohammed Feyisso , Shalash Ali S. , Shamali Mahdi , Shams-Beyranvand Mehran , Shamsi MohammadBagher , Shamsizadeh Morteza , Shannawaz Mohammed , Sharafi Kiomars , Sharifi Amrollah , Sheikh Aziz , Sheikhtaheri Abbas , Shetty Ranjitha S. , Shetty B. Suresh Kumar , Shetty Adithi , Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw , Shigematsu Mika , Il Shin Jae , Shiri Rahman , Shirkoohi Reza , Shivarov Velizar , Siabani Soraya , Malleshappa Sudeep K. Siddappa , Siddiqi Tariq Jamal , Sidemo Negussie Boti , Singh Balbir Bagicha , Singh Surya , Sintayehu Yitagesu , Skryabin Valentin Yurievich , Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna , Sobhiyeh Mohammad Reza , Soheili Amin , Soltani Shahin , Sorrie Muluken Bekele , Spurlock Emma Elizabeth , Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T. , Sudaryanto Agus , Sufiyan Mu’awiyyah Babale , Sultan Iyad , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Tabuchi Takahiro , Taddele Biruk Wogayehu , Tadesse Eyayou Girma , Taherkhani Amir , Tamir Zemenu , Tamiru Animut Tagele , Tareque Md Ismail , Tbakhi Abdelghani , Teame Hirut , Tefera Yonas Getaye , Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash , Tekalegn Yohannes , Tekle Merhawi Gebremedhin , Teklehaimanot Berhane Fseha , Temsah Mohamad-Hani , Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn , Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman , Thomas Nihal , Tiki Takele , Tilahune Asres Bedaso , Titova Mariya Vladimirovna , Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto , Tran Khanh Bao , Tran Bach Xuan , Tripathi Rajnish , Tripathy Jaya Prasad , Truong Phuong N. , Uddin Riaz , Ullah Anayat , Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David , Uneke Chigozie Jesse , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Upadhyay Era , Usman Muhammad Shariq , Vacante Marco , Vakilian Alireza , Tahbaz Sahel Valadan , Valdez Pascual R. , Vasseghian Yasser , Verma Madhur , Violante Francesco S. , Vo Bay , Wado Yohannes Dibaba , Waheed Yasir , Wang Yafeng , Wang Yuan-Pang , Wangdi Kinley , Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay , Werdecker Andrea , Wiangkham Taweewat , Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Wonde Tewodros Eshete , Wu Ai-Min , Wu Chenkai , Xie Yang , Yadollahpour Ali , Jabbari Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh , Yamada Tomohide , Yang Mingyou , Yaya Sanni , Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid , Yeheyis Tomas Y. , Yeshaneh Alex , Yeshaw Yigizie , Yeshitila Yordanos Gizachew , Yilma Mekdes Tigistu , Yip Paul , Young Melissa F. , Yousefi Zabihollah , Yousefinezhadi Taraneh , Yousof Hebat-Allah Salah A. , Yousuf Abdilahi Yousuf , Yu Chuanhua , Yu Yong , Zafar Shamsa , Zaidi Syed Saoud , Zaidi Zoubida , Zakzuk Josefina , Bin Zaman Sojib , Zamani Mohammad , Zamanian Maryam , Zandifar Alireza , Zangeneh Alireza , Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich , Zastrozhina Anasthasia , Zewdie Dejene Tesfaye , Zewdie Kaleab Alemayehu , Zhang Yunquan , Zhu Cong , Ziapour Arash , Kassebaum Nicholas J. , Hay Simon I. 
Published: October 2021

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.