bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticommunists and Death Narratives
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on how anticommunists used Adamic’s death, which the coroner ruled a suicide, to claim that Stalin murdered him. Anticommunists collectively constructed a version of his life intended to mute his antifascism and his criticisms of them, including his criticism that they embraced the fascist ethos. Anticommunists feared that Adamic’s repeated opposition to the communists could result in the public listening to his calls for a foreign policy that rejected colonialism and promoted peace. They smeared him before congressional committees and in the press. Some South Slavs helped advance the “Adamic as communist” narrative as a means of repenting their radical pasts. The chapter explores who else might have killed Adamic.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

This chapter suggests that American communities have used the theater to claim a stake in national identity by “sounding” American. The root of this practice is the phenomenon of speaking on behalf of another person, a vocal performance style that, among other things, is the foundation of American democratic principles. This vicarious voice is exemplified in two iconic American institutions born from Jacksonian ideology--musical theater (via blackface minstrelsy) and Mormonism. This chapter argues that examining the two together creates an important case study for how a unified American sound motivates and permeates the practice of belonging in America. Such a provocation also makes the case for the importance of studying musical theater outside of Broadway and offer this as an example of how significant a role musical theater plays in the lives of people all over the world for reasons that have little to do with the economic, entertainment, or consumerist purposes of Times Square.
Promised Valley, Integration, and the Singing Voice
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

While Mormons as a group have always been distinctly white, practicing polygamy and forming quasi-socialist communities made them seem more in line with problematic races and ethnic groups than with respectable white Americans. Mormons consequently were characterized as an ethnic minority in musical comedies throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter documents the remarkable path Mormons took to gain white, middle-class acceptability in the mid-twentieth century, using musical theater to transition from fringe polygamist sect to quintessential Americans. In examining the 1947 Mormon musical Promised Valley, which was modeled on the integrated musical model of Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma! from three years earlier and the vocal ideology inscribed within Kurt Weill’s musical Lady in the Dark, this chapter shows how Mormon leaders used the concept of singing to position themselves as exemplars of American ideals of discipline, community, and family values. Collective and disciplined singing, therefore, becomes a metaphor for unity in postwar America. Mormons proved themselves American using what had by that time become a bastion of white, middle-class respectability in America--musical theater.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

The introduction explores the connections between the book’s two main periods: 1920-1940 and the 1970s. Each period evidences a unique combination of technological and social changes. Yet, they also share a deep commitment to thinking about the power dynamics between selves and others, filmmakers and filmed subjects, Americans and the globe. Revisiting the early ethnographic history of women in documentary opens new avenues of thinking about later developments in feminist filmmaking and feminist film theory, especially about the enduring practices of political realism that have remained noticeably dominant throughout women’s documentary filmmaking in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Strangely Familiar
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

Personal films made in the 1970s by white women, such as Joyce Chopra and Amalie Rothschild, have long been the subject of debate among feminist film scholars. Denied a literal and symbolic voice in patriarchal society, women passionately inscribed and folded themselves into the documentary material of culture and thus demanded and commanded space, permanence, and significance. Reading this group of films ethnographically, however, brings out a new discussion about the racial politics of second-wave feminist documentaries. This chapter argues that these documentaries reveal clues about the social formation of whiteness, which is produced primarily through the uncontested norms and privileges that define women’s personal experience and self-exploration.
The African American Experience in Cabell County, Virginia / West Virginia, 1825–1870
Authors: Fain Cicero M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies the African American experience in Cabell County, Virginia, and West Virginia, prior to the founding of Huntington in 1871. Situated in southwestern Virginia adjacent to the Ohio River, the “River Jordan,” the county’s cheap, arable land and strategic location prompted increasing numbers of slaveholders to settle with their slaves. It centers its periodization from 1825 to 1870 to show the importance of slave labor, best illustrated by examination of Greenbottom Plantation, the county’s largest, to the growing affluence of the county’s white residents. Notably, as their status and aspirations became increasingly linked to the local, regional, and national debates and controversies over slavery, evidence shows the county’s slaves regularly exploited opportunities and spaces not found further east to better their circumstance.
Loy’s Dialogue with Lacerba and Italian Feminism
Authors: Scuriatti Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter contextualizes Loy's readings of Futurist ideas and aesthetics within the specificity of the Florentine avant-garde; it analyzes Loy’s responses to the writings and ideas on sexuality, sexual morality, feminism, motherhood, genius, autobiographism and avant-garde art, published in the magazines Lacerba (1913–1915) and La Voce (1908–1916), which have so far been neglected by scholarship. The chapter shows that the reception of Otto Weininger's and Karl Kraus’s works in Lacerba at the hand of Giovanni Papini infiltrated Loy's early texts, together with the debates on similar questions in the expatriate community. It analyzes the echoes between Loy's poems and the writings of Ada Negri, Sibilla Aleramo and Enif Robert. The author here argues that Loy’s aesthetics began to crystallize as a form of critique of the fundamental categories pertaining to the definition of art, artwork and author, as well as of gender identity, on the basis of the Florentine sources and debates that she incorporated into her writing. The chapter thus contributes to a necessary decentering and regionalizing of modernism, complicating the picture of modernist internationalism.
How the New Deal Built Florida Tourism
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

In How the New Deal Built Florida Tourism, David Nelson examines the creation of modern Florida tourism through the state and federal government during the Great Depression. And more specifically, with the Florida civic-elite’s use of the Federal New Deal to develop state parks in order to re-boot Florida’s depressed tourist industry. The Florida Park Service is financially, thematically, ideally, and literally a direct product of the New Deal, as the Civilian Conservation Corps funded, designed, and in large ran the state park program. And the same can be said for much of modern Florida tourism, as well. So many of our current concerns—environment change and overdevelopment, Florida’s ongoing north-south cultural and political divide, ideas of what constitutes the “Real Florida,” and the continued fascination with the mythical “Florida Cracker”—have their origins in the 1930s. With such a focus, this book addresses three previously underserved topics—the creation of the Florida Park Service, the development and work of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Florida, and a case study of the New Deal in Florida. Florida in the Great Depression has been largely ignored by historians when compared to other eras. But as this book will demonstrate, the New Deal era was in fact crucial to the creation of modern Florida.
The Mother Who Birthed the Florida Park Service
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

As the most powerful woman in pre–World War II Florida, May Mann Jennings was instrumental in the development of the Florida Park Service and its predecessor, Florida Forestry Service, as well as bringing the Civilian Conservation Service into the state for park work.
State-Sponsored Tourismand the Building of Florida’s State Parks
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers a detailed look at the planning, construction, and advertising of Florida’s state parks. Of particular interest here is how the Florida Park Service served as an example of state-sponsored tourism. The New Deal era is the only time that Florida’s state government controlled the industry, using both local civic groups and federal relief programs to develop and sell its tourist resources.
The New Deal in Old Florida
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 8 follows Governor Fred Cone’s failed attempt in 1937 to circumnavigate the federal restrictions over welfare funding in order to control state spending and patronage. This effort arose out of not only political motives but also as a way to directly challenge and reverse the efforts to commercialize Florida. Cone and others saw the power shift that the New Deal had brought: from North to South Florida, from rural and agrarian interests to urban and commercial, and finally from native Floridians to newly transplanted Floridians.
“We Can Fly No Farther”
Authors: Flick Alex J. , King Julia A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 by Alex Flick and Julia King explores the relationship between memory, place, and the post-Contact dispossession of indigenous lands on Maryland’s western shore. Documentary, oral, and archaeological evidence reveal how the colonial dispossession of land and the accompanying displacement of Native people proceeded hand in hand with the removal and/or appropriation of the material signs of the indigenous past. Displaced people, however, resisted this erasure in the remaking of place. Those who left the region adopted new practices while retaining familiar ones including, in the case of the Maryland Indians, a persistence in hunting, wigwam, and canoe construction and in mortuary practices reminiscent of ossuary practices known in the homeland. Those who remained in the region maintained and perpetuated memories of culturally significant places through repeated acts of visitation and oral tradition.
Removal and Remembering
Authors: Horning Audrey
Published: January 2020

Audrey Horning’s chapter examines U.S. policy, the national park system, popular representations of hill people who were displaced from their residences, and shifting Appalachian land use during the 1920s and 1930s. This chapter explores the ways various important factors, including race relations, conservation, poverty programs, and community development, all worked to create removal. Artifacts, local people’s writings, and archival evidence illustrate how uprooted people challenged mass mediated, academic, and institutional narratives about the dispossessed. This chapter illustrates at multiple scales the nuances of individual experiences, the diverse social interests involved, and the insights of a comparative perspective.
The Janus Face of Removal
Authors: Orser Charles E.
Published: January 2020

Removal is two-faced. It simultaneously presents disaster and opportunity. Its effects may leave permanent scars on the landscape and within the minds of individuals and their descendants who suffered removal at the hands of others. Archaeologists paradoxically can benefit by removal to the extent that the remains discovered at past habitation sites may reveal realities left unmentioned or purposely silenced in textual sources. The Great Famine of the 1840s in Ireland provides an example of the Janus face of removal.
Incidents of Regional Variation in Winter Encampment Hut Construction
Authors: Cruson Daniel
Published: January 2020

This chapter by Daniel Cruson discusses how General von Steuben’s general orders give no guidelines for preparing floors prior to hut construction. It describes differences in the ways that floors were prepared at a boundary between one of the three New Hampshire Continental Regiments and a regiment of Canadian Volunteers at Putnam Park, in Redding, Connecticut. While the Canadians left large boulders in place, hut builders on the New Hampshire side removed large boulders and prepared the floors prior to construction. The chapter suggests that differences in “hut-building traditions” can be used to discern where different regiments were located at the winter encampments.
Conclusion
Authors: Sgarlata Cosimo A.
Published: January 2020

The concluding chapter looks at future directions of research and takes time to dwell on lessons learned from the project, which was the basis for compiling the book. It looks especially at archaeological methods, including using multiple independent lines of inference to support conclusions, geographical scale, historic contingency, spatial analysis, imagined communities, liminal stages, and phenomenology.
Reconstruction and Anti-imperialism
Authors: Doyle Don H.
Published: January 2020

In chapter 2, Don Doyle shows how, for Americans and Mexicans, the regime of Emperor Maximilian I represented an extension of the same concepts underlying the Confederacy. Not accidentally, when the war ended, the Maximilian regime harbored and even sponsored about 2,000 Confederate exiles in the northern part of the country. Through diplomacy and military pressure, Secretary of State William Seward eliminated both a possible Confederate revival and a continued French presence in Mexico. Rather than an aggressive act of expansion, argues Don Doyle, US policy reflected a spirit of republican camaraderie that coincided with Reconstruction and ended once Reconstruction ended.
Jamaica’s Morant Bay Rebellion and the Making of Radical Reconstruction
Authors: Rugemer Edward B.
Published: January 2020

In chapter 3, Edward Rugemer examines how Jamaica’s Morant Bay Rebellion was not only reflected tensions in postemancipation Atlantic societies but was also related to US Reconstruction and the ways in which its advocates envisioned life for freed slaves. The example of the Morant Bay Rebellion, Edward Rugemer argues, provided an example of the dangers of emancipation without political rights. American politicians did not have to look far in other postemancipation societies to be alarmed. Rugemer demonstrates that Radical Reconstruction—or how Congressional Republicans decided on intervention in the spring of 1867—reflected these fears.
The Historical and Cultural Context of Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Brandão José António , Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

This brief overview of the cultural and historical context of Fort St. Joseph explores how Natives and newcomers created a vibrant social and economic life on the frontier of the French empire. The Fort was an important trading post and a key cog in the French network of trading and military posts. Interactions between French speakers and Native peoples at the Fort initiated a process of ethnogenesis, even as both Native peoples and French settlers sought to maintain key elements of their particular culture.
The Use of Animals for Fur, Food, and Raw Material at Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Martin Terrance J. , Hearns Joseph , Becker Rory J.
Published: January 2020

The large faunal assemblage from the Fort St. Joseph site reveals the importance of wild over domesticated animals, the importance of fur trade activities, and the importance of daily interactions with local indigenous populations. Whereas both subsistence and fur trade activities occurred at the site, our study provides detailed information on where (the habitat) and what species were procured. Faunal specimens also include examples of bone tools, ornaments, and gaming pieces that site inhabitants made or made and/or used. Attention to the spatial distribution of animal remains attempts to understand refuse disposal patterns and distinctive activity areas where animals were processed for their hides, meat, and bone marrow. The Fort St. Joseph animal exploitation pattern shows a preference for wild animal resources, which is consistent with other French colonial sites like the ones in the Upper Great Lakes and in Louisiana.
Architectural Remains at Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Hartley Erika K. , Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter reveals the architectural remains recovered at Fort St. Joseph. Unlike other colonial settlements, no detailed maps, drawings, or descriptions have come to light to illuminate the physical appearance of the fort. Here, we trace the origins of French colonial architectural styles and how they were adapted to the New World. We then employ archaeological and documentary sources to ascertain the types of buildings that may have existed at Fort St. Joseph, their functions, and what they may have looked like. This information will help in our interpretations of the function, construction techniques, and materials used to construct buildings as revealed through the architectural remains and associated structural materials found at Fort St. Joseph. This examination of eighteenth-century buildings in New France provides a better appreciation and understanding of colonial architecture and the conservative nature of French building practices.
Crafting Culture at Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Giordano Brock A. , Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

The study of craft production in the context of Native American–European interactions during the eighteenth century in the western Great Lakes region has emerged as a topic of scholarly interest. An analysis of tinkling cone production both demonstrates how European raw materials were being transformed into new forms and reveals how labor was organized. By examining the technological histories of tinkling cones, this chapter illustrates that their production was conducted in independent workshops as an opportunistic activity that fit the demands of life on the colonial frontier at Fort St. Joseph.
Fort St. Joseph Revealed Then and Now
Authors: Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

A retrospective examination of the changing interpretations of Fort St. Joseph suggest that the history and archaeology of the Fort have supported various narratives that have served different audiences and political agendas. This concluding chapter emphasizes that the social and political conditions and the subject position of researches influence how Fort St. Joseph has been presented in popular and scholarly discourse. It summarizes what has been learned from nearly two decades of collaborative archaeology at Fort St. Joseph and underscores the importance of the past for charting a better vision for the future.
The Medieval Moi Multiple
Authors: Kelly Douglas
Published: January 2020

This chapter by Douglas Kelly on the medieval moi examines the relation between personification of named entities and narrative in several representative medieval works by authors including Chrétien de Troyes, Raoul de Houdenc, Huon de Mery, Guillaume de Lorris, François Villon, Jean Froissart, Guillaume de Machaut, and Christine de Pizan. This relation reveals ways in which human diversity emerges from interiorizing the personifications’ names, including the names’ semantic range, and narrative. This moi multiple reveals self-knowledge. In the late Middle Ages personification gives way to exemplification.
Ami et Amile and Jean-Luc Nancy
Authors: Gilbert Jane
Published: January 2020

Noting that many important characters in chansons de geste are internal “outsiders” even as the genre displays a strong collectivist element, this chapter turns to Jean-Luc Nancy’s work to study both how it enhances our understanding of the heroes in Ami et Amile and the ways in which chanson de geste adds a new layer to Nancy’s analysis of community. The chapter demonstrates that reading Ami et Amile through the lens of Nancy’s concepts of “l’être-en-commun” and “la communauté”—rendered here as “communialty”—reveals the tensions rather than the harmony in the friendship between the titular characters. In the tale, the acts of each man, which could highlight sameness, instead testify to singularity and its associated ethical obligations. In the end, reading Nancy’s work and chanson de geste together teases out their nuances, allowing a deeper appreciation for both.
The Devil Inside
Authors: Gingras Francis
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that the founding of the Arthurian world rests on otherness thanks to the role of Merlin, a character simultaneously good and bad. Examining works spanning the centuries from Geoffrey of Monmouth and Wace to the late thirteenth-century Claris et Laris, the study traces the tale of Merlin’s origins along with the story of Arthur’s conception. Whether the texts treat the material directly or indirectly through allusions, they all elicit questions concerning the relationship between history and fable, truth and lies. While early works privilege the historical aspects, Robert de Boron blurs the boundary between fiction and history, and Claris et Laris abandons claims to historical truth and chooses to underscore fiction instead. Ultimately, the chapter concludes, the genre of romance resides on the permeable boundary between history and fiction.
Melly and Merlin
Authors: Simpson James R.
Published: January 2020

Studying BnF fr. 24432 and focusing particularly on Jehan de Saint Quentin’s Merlin Mellot, James Simpson uncovers the uncertain space where marginalized individuals belong—or half-belong—to a community. It demonstrates that voice is a living presence in Merlin Mellot, highlighting also the influence of epic on this version of the tale. With an emphasis on collections of small objects and the role of exchange, the chapter uncovers the tensions created between faith communities by differing material and spiritual values. Voice is suggestive or directive, whispering or booming, and central to the narratives examined here to a startling degree. In the end, the “little voices” in the manuscript speak to the construction of identities.
Brothels and Prostitution in the American West
Authors: Yamin Rebecca , Seifert Donna J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter reviews studies of the archaeology of brothels and prostitution in the American West. Early studies considered the material culture of the brothel and the saloon, partner institutions in mining towns. Archaeological data from recent excavations in Sandpoint, Idaho; Prescott, Arizona; Ouray, Colorado; Aliso Street, in Los Angeles, California; and Fargo, North Dakota; provide a wealth of data on the lives of women working in brothels. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how archaeological data and women’s first-person narratives help to reveal the lives and experiences of women in brothels of the West.
Selling Sex and Keeping Secrets
Authors: Yamin Rebecca , Seifert Donna J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes the archaeological evidence for agency in all sorts of situations, but it treats prostitution as a “special case.” The argument that prostitutes did (and do) not have agency is discussed and arguments for and against decriminalization in the present are compared to similar arguments in the past. To an extent, decriminalizers resemble nineteenth-century regulationists and abolitionists resemble antireglementarians. The chapter discusses the anthropological problem of making value judgments, especially as it applies to prostitution and other acts of agency. Emphasis is placed on the value of anomalous finds for identifying clandestine pursuits.
Hunting an Underwater Mammoth
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

Following on the rich preceding chapter, Smith revisits the Guest Mammoth site (8MR130). In 1973, Dr. Charles Hoffman planned and executed a comprehensive and precise underwater investigation at the Guest Mammoth site, uncovering the remains of three juvenile Columbian Mammoths in direct association with six flakes, a small projectile point and micro-debitage. As Smith details, because of the then-archaeological establishment’s stance regarding the Paleoindian period and, more specifically, that period in the American Southeast, Hoffman’s results were never accepted by the scientific community. This chapter tells the story of the origination of translating geologic and archaeological techniques to underwater First Americans sites. Following a thorough reprise of Hoffman’s work, Smith details his own encounter with the Guest Mammoth site, in 2014, which entailed a year’s frustrating effort before their relocation to the 1973 excavation block. In 2015 and 2017, Smith returned to the site. He conducted his first side-scan sonar survey in 2015. In 2017, he excavated again, finding six mammoth bones associated with lithics that he included in a possible Clovis or Clovis-like point.
Early Paleoindian Potentials on the Continental Shelf in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

As two researchers with significant credibility in the study of early Florida, James S. Dunbar and David K. Thulman evaluate the potential for Paleoindian research on the Southeastern Continental Shelf (SECS) of the U.S. In this chapter, they discuss ways to explore Clovis and pre-Clovis landscapes (or, as they collectively call them, early Paleoindian sites) in the SECS and how researchers might narrow their search and increase their chances of finding Clovis and pre-Clovis sites offshore. In doing so, they complement Halligan’s chapter in this volume (chapter 3) on exploring Florida’s inland waters for submerged sites. They evaluate the strategies available: thoughtful searching for both analogous natural and manmade landforms and serendipity. Of the two, the second approach has arguably produced the most sites so far. Dunbar and Thulman explore the “thermal enclave hypothesis” of Russell et al (2009) and follow David Webb’s earlier work on his idea for a climatically propitious region that could support animals and plants through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Dunbar and Thulman further suggest the possibility of a shellfish/marine adaptation by early-Paleoindian-period colonists. They posit that finding such sites would open new windows into the study on the behaviors of the early Floridians.
Postdepositional Corrosions in Lithic Items Recovered from Submerged Marine Contexts
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

Both chemical and mechanical weathering can heavily alter lithic artifacts from prehistoric sites. One interesting finding in the Ray Hole Spring assemblage was the use of a so-called non-traditional tool stone (dolomitized arkosic rock) in place of chert. The Douglas Beach artifact (a lanceolate point) was also a chert object that, like the Ray Hole materials, was heavily corroded. This chapter describes the battery of instrumental techniques—SEM, XRF, XRD and EMPA—that the authors used and discusses the results of these analyses. The authors then propose a protocol for evaluating corroded lithics.
Emerging Remote Sensing Methods in Underwater Archaeology
Authors: de Smet Timothy S.
Published: January 2020

As a critical first step in underwater research, the authors stress the importance of using geophysics for detecting, locating, and determining the extent of archaeological deposits. Magnetometry, multibeam depth sounding, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling, airborne bathymetric LiDAR (ABL), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) are discussed. The hydrographic GPR case study of stratigraphy and bathymetry took place at the Ryan-Harley site. The ABL case study took place at the Lake George Point Site.
Paleoindian Settlement in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

The authors cite two large research open-access databases developed in recent years, popularly known by their acronyms PIDBA (Paleoindian Database of the Americas) and DINAA (Digital Index of North American Archaeology), for aiding in their study of early human settlements in Southeastern North America. With nearly half a million sites indexed so far, many with complex data records listing hundreds of attributes, DINAA has several orders of magnitude more information than PIDBA. PIDBA, however, encompasses image and attribute data on ca. 30,000 Paleoindian artifacts. Information recorded in both PIDBA and DINAA documents not only the number and distribution of Paleoindian artifacts and components found and recorded to date but also the possible proxy measures of human demography and settlement range, which can be compared with figures from later periods or from different states or regions.
The State of Florida Paleoindian Studies Early Paleoindian Potentials on the Continental Shelf
Authors: Garrison Ervan G.
Published: January 2020

Especially given the debate over the timing and means of prehistoric human colonization of the Western Hemisphere, the search for submerged archaeological sites on the sea floor is critical. This chapter reflects on previous chapters in addressing how future researches might find these underwater sites by using methodologies that are both geologically and anthropologically theoretical, including utilizing big data and emerging technologies to examine the sea floor.
Promoting Group Identity and Equality by Merging the Dead
Authors: Munoz Olivia
Published: January 2020

In current explanations of third millennium BC Oman, there is simultaneously a recognition of the Hafit period as part of the Umm an-Nar culture and a sense that it is somehow distinct from the Umm an-Nar period that followed. This chapter explores the notion that the developments of the Umm an-Nar period rest solidly on Hafit creations of social, political, and economic solidarity and heterogeneity—but that the Umm an-Nar culture eventually extended beyond its foundation. Referencing Hafit practices that consolidated group identity while maintaining local autonomy was critical during the Umm an-Nar period, when communities concentrated on local resource acquisition as a strategy for access to broader resources. In spite of this, the construction and maintenance of Umm an-Nar “towers,” in oases such as Bat and ad-Dariz South, and the increasingly complex mortuary tradition suggests that local groups in the Umm an-Nar period may have experienced difficulty in maintaining a worldview of regional solidarity.
Exploring Continuity and Discontinuity from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age in Central Oman
Authors: Gernez Guillaume , Giraud Jessica
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents new results of the excavations and surveys at Adam, Central Oman. The funerary landscape of the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) is characterized by collective burials in tower-tombs located on the crests and then large collective multi-compartment graves. From the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC), a complete change is observed: the Wadi Suq graveyards show an important concentration of single burials in new forms of tombs (cists and cairns), all of which are located on the plain. Using the graveyards of Adam as an example, these two practices are compared in order to understand the evolution, continuity, and change of settlement patterns, material culture and society in the "longue durée."
A Trait-Based Analysis of Structural Evolution in Prehistoric Monumental Burials of Southeastern Arabia
Authors: Bortolini Eugenio
Published: January 2020

This work analyses change in prehistoric funerary structures and related material culture of Early Bronze Age eastern Arabia (Northern Oman and UAE, 3100-2000 BC) from the perspective of cultural evolutionary theory. By observing decorative and structural elements in monumental tombs and pottery, new hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms of cultural transmission can be explored. The main objective is to transcend the traditional dichotomy between early and late tomb types by creating an explanatory framework that looks at diachronic variation for inferring cultural processes. The research develops a new systematic description of burials and ceramics. Diversity measures are used to investigate the role played by human interaction/isolation and demography in determining adoption, replication, and systematic preference and persistence of the examined cultural variants. Results confirm that, for both tombs and ceramics, specific mechanisms are at work in different moments of time. Starting to research the processes underlying structural change allows for a reassessment of the current interpretation of prehistoric funerary practices and generates new hypotheses on the movement of people and ideas in a still largely unexplored context.
The Tomb at Tell Abraq (ca. 2100–2000 BC)
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Baustian Kathryn M. , Osterholtz Anna J.
Published: January 2020

The tomb at Tell Abraq (c. 2200–2000 BC) was the repository for over 400 individuals of all ages and sexes. Situated on the Arabian Gulf near Sharjah and Um al-Quwain in the United Arab Emirates, the tomb contained the commingled remains of at least 276 adults and 127 subadults. Of the subadults, there was a relatively high frequency of premature (28%) and newborn (9%) infants in the tomb. This overview provides the demographic structure of the tomb population based on a detailed MNI study and the complex nature of the mortuary program. Based on the overall MNI determined by the talus bone, observed versus expected ratios show that many long bones and hands and feet bones are underrepresented. We propose that these can be accounted for by other excavation and retrieval strategies. The mortuary program appears to be what Boz and Hager have described as being “primary disturbed.” Grossly underrepresented elements, such as the cranium, could have been removed and used in other contexts. This late Bronze Age tomb is unusual in many ways and does not fit any Umm an Nar patterns.
Temporal Trends in Mobility and Subsistence Economy among the Tomb Builders of Umm an-Nar Island
Authors: Gregoricka Lesley A.
Published: January 2020

With the earliest recorded Umm an-Nar (2700–2000 BC) tombs, Umm an-Nar Island (UAE) offers insight into early strategies of human social organization in southeastern Arabia. The author used strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope ratios from the enamel of those interred within three tombs to test the hypothesis that, over time, these populations became increasingly sedentary and more reliant on coastal resources. Variable strontium isotope ratios allude to either a more mobile lifestyle or a more diverse diet. Corresponding oxygen and carbon isotope values suggest that residents did not become more mobile in the latter period; instead, dietary variability became more pronounced. This shift in subsistence economy may be explained by differential resource access, which is possibly a result of either dissimilar regional geographic origins or growing social hierarchies and disparate access to power.
The Guerrilla Legacy of the Cuban Revolution
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

The Guerrilla Legacy of the Cuban Revolution examines the way in which the guerrilla origins of the Cuban Revolution have shaped the beliefs and values that have underpinned it since 1959. It argues that these beliefs and values comprise a political culture in which the figure of the guerrillero (guerrilla fighter) is revered and the past struggles are presented in the revolutionary historical narrative as both unfinished and guerrilla in their nature. Drawing on extensive analysis of official discourse across six decades, the book outlines a consistent, conscious promotion of a guerrilla ethos throughout the Revolution’s trajectory. On the one hand, it demonstrates how this promotion has contributed to garnering legitimacy for the decades-long political authority of former guerrilleros, even long after the end of the armed struggle that brought them to power. On the other hand, it reveals how, as part of the Revolution’s many mobilization drives since 1959, Cuban citizens have been encouraged to emulate the attributes embodied by guerrilleros heroicos such as Che Guevara and Antonio Maceo. Ultimately, the book proposes that it is this guerrilla discourse that holds the key to understanding not only the survival of the Revolution but also the longevity of its leadership.
Perpetuating a Fighting Spirit
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 offers an overview of the armed struggle that, beginning with the attack on the Moncada barracks in 1953, brought the Revolution to power in 1959. In so doing, it reveals the historical circumstances that allowed the leaders of the Rebel Army, specifically Che Guevara, to acquire power and thereafter leave a permanent guerrilla imprint on revolutionary discourse. Guevara’s writings on the methodologies of guerrilla warfare constitute a particular focus of attention, given that his ideas and image continue to permeate the verbal and visual language of the Revolution. Ultimately, this chapter offers an overview of the origins of guerrillerismo, especially when discussed in the Cuban context.
Consolidating the Revolution, 1959–1968
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

This chapter comprises an in-depth analysis of the revolutionary leadership’s discourse between 1959 and 1968, a year often pinpointed by external observers as heralding a move away from the guerrilla-style, empirical management of the Revolution towards a more structured, Soviet-inspired approach. The chapter also charts the way in which the leaders of the Revolution employed guerrilla rhetoric from their very first days in power, thus gradually embedding guerrilla-related motifs into the official discourse. In turn, this language helped to shape a new political culture that not only reinforced the legitimacy of the revolutionary project but also gave the impression of conferring ownership for its development onto the Cuban people.
The Revolution Under Raúl
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the on-going legacy of the guerrilla struggle between 2006 and 2018, the period of Raúl Castro’s tenure as Cuban President. It argues that, while many foreign commentators viewed the political, social, and economic change of these years as evidence that the Revolution and its socialist model were on the way out, the discursive phenomenon of guerrillerismo still very much anchored it in the past. Such an anchor remained of high importance to the leadership at a time of not only domestic upheaval but also shifting relations with its long-standing enemy to the north: the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

The concluding chapter ties together the analyses of the official language of the Cuban Revolution for over six decades. It reflects on how the discursive perpetuation of the guerrilla ethos therein contributed not only to the survival of the Revolution itself but also to the part it has played in enabling the veterans of the sierra to maintain their political control over the revolutionary project since 1959. The chapter also highlights the different functions of guerrillerismo at different points in the revolutionary trajectory. In so doing, it asks whether a guerrilla rhetoric, which borrows heavily from Che Guevara’s writings, has enabled the Revolution to adapt and transform over time while appearing to remain true to its founding principles. Finally, the historic handover of power to Miguel Díaz-Canel in 2018 raises this question: how long can a guerrilla discourse sustain a Revolution whose leaders did not participate in the armed struggle that brought it to power?
“Thank God for the Maladjusted”
Authors: Perez Craig Santos
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the colonial history of Guam, its current status as an "unincorporated territory" of the United States, and the ongoing militarization of the island. Perez argues that the decolonization movement on Guam is deeply invested in self-determination and environment justice, and he focuses on how decolonial politics are articulation through an archive and contemporary expression of Chamorro poetry.
Maxine Hong Kingston’s Transpacific Imagination
Authors: Shu Yuan
Published: January 2020

In juxtaposing The Fifth Book of Peace with The Woman Warrior, this essay argues that Kingston has moved away from the narrative role as a native informant and presents a new multicultural United States by inventing a Chinese American epistemology and intervening in US imperialism around the globe. Such a move substantiates Mignolo’s theory of “global decolonial thinking,” a critical process that reclaims non-Western notions of humanity and epistemology.
Transnational American Studies
Authors: Fishkin Shelley Fisher
Published: January 2020

This essay limns what American Studies scholars lose by ignoring work published outside the US or published in languages other than English. It then explores two current examples of transnational, interdisciplinary, collaborative research that cross national, disciplinary, linguistic and cultural borders. “Global Huck: A Digital Palimpsest Mapping Project, or Deep Map (DPMP)” centers on the question of how literature travels globally, taking the travels of Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as the subject of its study. The essay outlines insights to be gained from looking at the novel’s travels in China, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, and Portugal. The Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project at Stanford focuses on the Chinese workers who built America’s first transcontinental railroad. It brings together work by scholars in history, literature, anthropology, American Studies and archaeology in the US and Asia to generate insights into a venture that shaped the world on both sides of the Pacific. Both ventures would not have been possible before the era of digitization.
Oceania as Peril and Promise
Authors: Wilson Rob
Published: January 2020

The ocean as a space of planetary interconnection remains riddled with antagonisms of political territorial, and commercial conflict. At the same time, the ocean, figured as a planetary element necessary to sustaining life and earthly well-being, could become a means to envision ecological solidarity and worlding concern across the Pacific. To do so, the ocean needs to be re-framed in terms that elicit consent and inspire an imagination of co-belonging, mutual interest, and ecopoetic care. The ocean could come to signify a bioregional site of coalitional promise as much as a geopolitical danger zone of antagonistic peril: poets and cultural workers affiliated to the remaking of the Pacific into Oceania can help us forge this transnational ecological vision.
The Grain of Jade
Authors: Chow Rey
Published: January 2020

This essay attempts a critical rereading of the well-known film by the Chinese director Fei Mu. When first released in 1948, Spring in a Small Town was judged derogatorily by critics in the then-rising communist China as a reactionary work, one that they considered to perpetuate China's feudal beliefs and customs.
Through a reading of the Yuwen's voiceover narration, the scenes in which she and Zhichen play out their strong passion for each other in words and gestures, and the melodramatic ending of the reconciliation between Yuwen and Liyan, this chapter raises questions about the relations among female sexuality, culture, and nature in this specific context. Above all, the chapter interrogates the basis that seems to unite the film's director and his critics-that is, a collective consensus on the necessity of repression, as expressed in the Confucian moral-aethetic dictum, fa huqing, zhi hu li ([poetry is] springing from the emotions, stopping at the rules of propriety), a dictum that was not only conveyed by Fei Mu as an instruction to the actors but also reiterated as an ethical principle in much of the critical literature on the film.
Corpo-reality in the Hong Kong New Wave
Authors: Yu Chang-Min
Published: January 2020

Several decades after the inception of the Hong Kong New Wave, critics still struggle to respond to the charge that "[t]here was no new aesthetic landscape"; that this so-called New Wave was only an imitation of the French nouvelle vague with an emphasis on local political and social issues. However, because of the imaginary grid of the term "New Wave," critics have failed to take into account the intensely physical aspect of these films; blood, gore and severed limbs litter the new landscape. Elements of body horror are deployed to excite and disgust the audience, and to question the impossible formation of Hong Kong's identity by returning to its corporeal vessel.
This new corpo-reality is a characteristic shared by the films of Ann Hui, Dennis Yu, Tsui Hark and other Hong Kong directors at that time. In other words, these directors not only turn to contemporary Hong Kong for inspiration, but they also reconfigure the limitations of body-image à la Deleuze to reflect upon individual dilemmas faced by a community surrounded by various imperial regimes, including China, Japan and the British colonial government. My essay contends that it is impossible to recognize the innovations of the Hong Kong New Wave without reexamining the corporeal manifestations on screen.
Performing Absence, Translating “China”
Authors: Wang Chun-yen
Published: January 2020

Fusing theories from performance studies and Naoki Sakai's theory of translation as social address, this chapter examines Taiwanese playwright Stan Lai's xiangsheng (crosstalk) work as it challenges the concept of "China" (the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China) as the nation-state. While Stan Lai was one of the leading participants of the modern theater renaissance in the 1980s that was influenced by both the "tradition" and "native soil" discourses in the 1970s, his plays, as this chapter argues, go beyond their nativist imaginations. This chapter examines how Lai's work points to the discontinuity in tradition and critiques the alleged sense of place in the "native soil" movement. It also analyzes how Lai's plays challenge the continuity of national history, turning it into a series of performative events in which repetitions carry the potential toproduce and proliferate difference without origin. The discontinuity of linear history and the absence of identifiable characters in Lai's experimental historiographical plays produce "China" as a fundamentally heterogeneous social space that does not cohere with any nation-state.
Tange Lab and Biopolitics
Authors: Furuhata Yuriko
Published: January 2020

This chapter theorizes an afterlife of Imperial Japan's biological metaphors of lifeworld and circulation in the work of Japanese architect Tange Kenzō and his associates who came to form the internationally renowned movement of Metabolism in the early 1960s. Transposing these imperial metaphors onto postwar Japan's national body politic, Tange and other Metabolist architects frequently used the biological metaphors of blood circulation and the central nervous system to articulate their vision of urban planning. Focusing on the impact of electronic communication technologies on architecture, this chapter will explore how the modern biopolitical idea of maintaining the organic life of the nation persisted into the postwar period, and how this perspective on biopolitics in turn compels us to rethink certain assumptions we make about electronic media and information technologies.