bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: screening by uterine artery Doppler imaging and blood pressure at 11–13 weeks
Authors: Poon L. C. Y. , Karagiannis G. , Leal A. , Romero X. C. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: October 2009

Objectives

To examine the performance of screening for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy at 11–13 weeks by a combination of the maternal history, uterine artery Doppler imaging and blood pressure.

Methods

This was a prospective screening study for pre‐eclampsia (PE) requiring delivery before 34 weeks (early PE), late PE and gestational hypertension (GH) in women attending for their routine first hospital visit in pregnancy at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Maternal history was recorded, color flow Doppler imaging was used to identify the uterine artery with the lowest pulsatility index (L‐PI) and automated devices were used to measure the mean arterial pressure (MAP). The performance of screening for PE and GH by a combination of the maternal factor‐derived a‐priori risk, the uterine artery L‐PI and MAP was determined.

Results

There were 8061 (96.4%) cases unaffected by PE or GH, 165 (2.0%) that developed PE including 37 that required delivery before 34 weeks (early PE) and 128 with late PE, and 140 (1.7%) that developed GH. The MAP was higher in early PE, late PE and GH than in the unaffected group (P < 0.0001), and in early PE than in GH (P = 0.002). The uterine artery L‐PI was significantly higher in early PE and late PE than in the unaffected group (P < 0.0001), in early PE than late PE or GH (P < 0.0001), and in GH than in the unaffected group (P = 0.014). In screening by a combination of the maternal factor‐derived a‐priori risk, uterine artery L‐PI and MAP, the estimated detection rate at a 10% false‐positive rate was 89.2% (95% CI, 74.6–96.9%) for early PE, 57.0% (95% CI, 48.0–65.7%) for late PE and 50.0% (95% CI, 41.4–58.6%) for GH.

Conclusions

Effective screening for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy is provided by a combination of maternal history, uterine artery Doppler imaging and blood pressure at 11–13 weeks. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does pre‐eclampsia influence fetal cardiovascular function in early‐onset intrauterine growth restriction?
Authors: Crispi F. , Comas M. , Hernández‐Andrade E. , Eixarch E. , Gómez O. , Figueras F. , Gratacós E.
Published: October 2009

Objectives

Increasing evidence shows that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with fetal cardiac dysfunction. Most studies group IUGR with and without pre‐eclampsia (PE) altogether. Our objective was to evaluate whether the association with PE has any impact on cardiac function in IUGR fetuses

Methods

Thirty‐one normotensive IUGR cases and 31 IUGR cases with pre‐eclampsia (PE + IUGR) below 34 weeks of gestation were included. IUGR was defined as a birth weight below the 10th centile together with an umbilical artery pulsatility index above 2 SD. Fetal cardiac function was assessed by measuring ductus venosus pulsatility index, modified myocardial performance index, aortic isthmus blood flow, E/A ratios and cardiac output. The presence of fetal cardiac dysfunction was also assessed by measuring cord blood B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels collected at birth. Echocardiographic data were compared with those in 80 term appropriate‐for‐gestational age (AGA) fetuses from normotensive mothers. Cord blood BNP levels were compared with those in 40 AGA cases that delivered preterm.

Results

All IUGR cases (with or without PE) showed echocardiographic and biochemical signs of cardiac dysfunction compared with AGA cases. However, no differences were observed between IUGR and PE + IUGR cases either in echocardiographic or in biochemical parameters. IUGR cases with or without PE had similar perinatal results.

Conclusions

IUGR fetuses showed echocardiographic and biochemical signs of cardiac dysfunction. Pre‐eclampsia per se does not influence cardiac function in IUGR fetuses. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behind order book dynamics: advances using the global approach
Authors: Ghoulmié François
Published: October 2009

Following consistent agent‐based financial market modeling logics developed in Ghoulmié et al. [1], I study limit order book structures and dynamics over all the different time scales and trading speeds. For this mapping purpose, I built and analyze an original framework for the trading of a single asset in a limit order book. In this structured agent‐based approach, the dynamics of the book is dominated by two classes of strategic forces, informed and liquidity providers agents. This global model generically leads to an absence of autocorrelation in the returns, mean‐reverting stochastic volatility, excess volatility, volatility clustering, and endogenous bursts of market activity that is not attributable to external noise. The volatility clustering is the consequence of a positive feedback loop created between the volatility and the order placements in the book which follow a multi‐agent bayesian learning scheme. The model also demonstrates a robust alternative explanation for a realistic‐looking hump‐shape of the book emerging from the simulations. I then derive analytical exact results. I discuss the economic implications of the results obtained through this clinically methodic research and interdisciplinary pioneering approach. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Flaming logs
Authors: Denson Nick , Joshi Mark
Published: October 2009

This paper extends the pathwise adjoint method for Greeks to the displaced‐diffusion LIBOR market model and also presents a simple way to improve the speed of the method. The speed improvements of approximately 20% are achieved without using any additional approximations to those of Giles‐Glasserman. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Endoscopic treatment for chronic pancreatitis: indications, technique, results
Authors: Hirota Morihisa , Asakura Tooru , Kanno Atsushi , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: October 2009

Endoscopic treatment associated with or without extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for chronic pancreatitis has been employed for about 20 years. Although two randomized control trials have revealed the greater effectiveness of surgery as compared to endoscopic treatment for chronic pancreatitis, a considerable number of patients have successfully obtained complete and long‐term relief from pain by the less invasive endoscopic treatment. In this review, we discuss the indications, techniques and results of endoscopic treatment and ESWL for painful chronic pancreatitis. We also discuss the characteristic clinical features that are predictive of a good response to endoscopic treatment and ESWL.
Complex Radius Shaft Malunion: Osteotomy with Computer-Assisted Planning
Authors: Schweizer Andreas , Fürnstahl Philipp , Harders Matthias , Székely Gábor , Nagy Ladislav
Published: October 2009

We report about two cases with a combined axial and angular malunion of the radius shaft with functional loss of pro-supination. For the preoperative planning, a computer simulation was developed that allows the quantification of the malunion by comparing the 3-d surface model of the impaired bone with the contralateral anatomy. The proximal parts of the left and right radii are superimposed, while the different positions of the distal parts are used to quantify the malunion. This task is performed fully automatically which reduces the overall planning time. The osteotomies were performed according to the results of the computer-aided planning. The first case showed 1 year postoperatively an increase of pronation from 40° to 70° at expense of supination from 95° to 90°. The patient was practically pain-free and reported functional improvement. The second case showed 6 months postoperatively an improvement of supination from 15° to 40° and of pronation from 50° to 60°. The computer-assisted operation planning facilitated the quantification of combined axial and angular malunions which were difficult to detect on plain radiographs.
In Situ Generation of Two-Dimensional Au–Pt Core–Shell Nanoparticle Assemblies
Authors: Khalid Madiha , Wasio Natalie , Chase Thomas , Bandyopadhyay Krisanu
Published: October 2009

Two-dimensional assemblies of Au–Pt bimetallic nanoparticles are generated in situ on polyethyleneimmine (PEI) silane functionalized silicon and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements reveal the formation of core–shell structure with Au as core and Pt as shell. The core–shell structure is further supported by comparing with the corresponding data of Au nanoparticle assemblies. Static contact angle measurements with water show an increase in hydrophilic character due to bimetallic nanoparticle generation on different surfaces. It is further observed that these Au–Pt core–shell bimetallic nanoparticle assemblies are catalytically active towards methanol electro-oxidation, which is the key reaction for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
Template Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Cubic Ordered Mesoporous Carbon With Tunable Pore Sizes
Authors: Dai Weijie , Zheng Mingbo , Zhao Yu , Liao Shutian , Ji Guangbin , Cao Jieming
Published: October 2009

Three-dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbons with tunable pore sizes have been synthesized by using cubic Ia3d mesoporous KIT-6 silica as the hard template and boric acid as the pore expanding agent. The prepared ordered mesoporous carbons were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. The results show that the pore sizes of the prepared ordered mesoporous carbons with three-dimensional cubic structure can be regulated in the range of 3.9–9.4 nm. A simplified model was proposed to analyze the tailored pore sizes of the prepared ordered mesoporous carbons on the basis of the structural parameters of the silica template.
Brain gangliosides in axon–myelin stability and axon regeneration
Authors: Schnaar Ronald L.
Published: October 2009

Gangliosides, sialic acid‐bearing glycosphingolipids, are expressed at high abundance and complexity in the brain. Altered ganglioside expression results in neural disorders, including seizures and axon degeneration. Brain gangliosides function, in part, by interacting with a ganglioside‐binding lectin, myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG). MAG, on the innermost wrap of the myelin sheath, binds to gangliosides GD1a and GT1b on axons. MAG–ganglioside binding ensures optimal axon–myelin cell–cell interactions, enhances long‐term axon–myelin stability and inhibits axon outgrowth after injury. Knowledge of the molecular interactions of brain gangliosides may improve understanding of axon–myelin stability and provide opportunities to enhance recovery after nerve injury.
Membrane microdomains and insulin resistance
Authors: Inokuchi Jin-ichi
Published: October 2009

A new concept, that “metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, are membrane microdomain disorders caused by aberrant expression of gangliosides”, has arisen. By examining this working hypothesis, we demonstrate the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance focusing on the interaction between insulin receptor and gangliosides in microdomains and propose the new therapeutic strategy “membrane microdomain ortho‐signaling therapy”.
Radioprotection by short‐term oxidative preconditioning: Role of manganese superoxide dismutase
Authors: Belikova Natalia A. , Glumac Ashley , Rafikov Ruslan , Jiang Jianfei , Greenberger Joel S. , Kagan Valerian E. , Bayir Hülya
Published: October 2009

MINT‐7288408: MnSOD (uniprotkb:P04179) and MnSOD (uniprotkb:P04179) physically interact (MI:0915) by zymography (MI:0512)
Biosynthesis of long‐chain polyamines by crenarchaeal polyamine synthases from Hyperthermus butylicus and Pyrobaculum aerophilum
Authors: Knott Jürgen Manfred
Published: October 2009

Polyamines are ubiquitously present in all organisms. In addition to the common polyamines, thermophilic archaea synthesize long‐chain polyamines. In the present study polyamine synthases from Hyperthermus butylicus and Pyrobaculum aerophilum were cloned and their substrate specificity was analyzed. The polyamine synthase HbSpeE II from H. butylicus synthesized long‐chain polyamines with high activity using the same mechanism that is used by a wide range of organisms to synthesize common polyamines, in which the aminopropyl residue derives from decarboxylated S‐adenosylmethionine. This is the first polyamine synthase described that synthesizes a polyamine longer than a tetramine with high activity.
Role of sestrin2 in peroxide signaling in macrophages
Authors: Essler Silke , Dehne Nathalie , Brüne Bernhard
Published: October 2009

Reactive oxygen species not only serve as signaling molecules, they also contribute to oxidative stress and cell damage. The thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems form along with peroxiredoxins a precisely regulated defense system to maintain the cellular redox homeostasis. There is evidence that nitric oxide (NO) protects cells from oxidative stress by preventing inactivation of peroxiredoxins by sulfinylation. Here we demonstrate that NO and hypoxia upregulate Sestrin2 by HIF‐1‐dependent and additional mechanisms and that Sestrin2 contributes to preventing peroxiredoxins from sulfinylation. We conclude that Sestrin2 plays a role in peroxide defense as a reductase for peroxiredoxins.
Effects of lateral fluid percussion injury on cholinergic markers in the newborn piglet brain
Authors: Donat Cornelius K. , Walter Bernd , Kayser Tanja , Deuther‐Conrad Winnie , Schliebs Reinhard , Nieber Karen , Bauer Reinhard , Härtig Wolfgang , Brust Peter
Published: October 2009

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Studies using adult animal models showed alterations of the central cholinergic neurotransmission as a result of trauma. However, there is a lack of knowledge about consequences of brain trauma on cholinergic function in the immature brain. It is hypothesized that trauma affects the relative acetylcholine esterase activity and causes a loss of cholinergic neurons in the immature brain.

Severe fluid percussion trauma (FP‐TBI, 3.8 ± 0.3 atm) was induced in 15 female newborn piglets, monitored for 6 h and compared with 12 control animals. The hemispheres ipsilateral to FP‐TBI obtained from seven piglets were used for acetylcholine esterase histochemistry on frozen sagittal slices, while regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen availability was determined in the remaining eight FP‐TBI animals. Post‐fixed slices were immunohistochemically labelled for choline acetyltransferase as well as for low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor in order to characterize cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain.

Regional cerebral blood flow and brain oxygen availability were reduced during the first 2 h after FP‐TBI (P < 0.05). In addition, acetylcholine esterase activity was significantly increased in the neocortex, basal forebrain, hypothalamus and medulla after trauma (P < 0.05), whereas the number of choline acetyltransferase and low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor positive cells in the basal forebrain were unaffected by the injury.

Thus, traumatic brain injury evoked an increased relative activity of the acetylcholine esterase in the immature brain early after injury, without loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. These changes may contribute to developmental impairments after immature traumatic brain injury.
A dose‐ranging study to determine the efficacy and safety of 1, 2, and 4 mg of dienogest daily for endometriosis
Authors: Köhler Günter , Faustmann Thomas A. , Gerlinger Christoph , Seitz Christian , Mueck Alfred O.
Published: October 2009

Objectives

To compare the efficacy and safety of dienogest at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/day orally in the treatment of endometriosis.

Methods

An open‐label, randomized, multicenter, 24‐week comparative trial in women with histologically confirmed endometriosis. Efficacy was assessed by second‐look laparoscopy and patient‐reported symptoms. Statistical tests included χ2 and Wilcoxon signed rank tests.

Results

Dienogest reduced mean revised American Fertility Society scores from 11.4 to 3.6 (n = 29; P < 0.001) in the 2‐mg group and from 9.7 to 3.9 (n = 35; P < 0.001) in the 4‐mg group. Dienogest at 2 and 4 mg/day was associated with symptom improvements in substantial proportions of women. Both dienogest doses were generally well tolerated, with low rates of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events. The 1‐mg dose arm was discontinued owing to insufficient bleeding control.

Conclusion

Dienogest at 2 mg once a day is recommended as the optimal dose in future studies of endometriosis.
Sedimentary Evolution of a Late Pleistocene Wetland Indicating Extreme Coastal Uplift in Southern Tanzania
Authors: Reuter Markus , Piller W.E. , Harzhauser M. , Berning B. , Kroh A.
Published: October 2009

Facies analyses of Pleistocene deposits from southern coastal Tanzania (Lindi District) document that sediments formed in a wetland evolving on a coastal terrace in the Lindi Fracture Zone foreland. The exposed succession shows a marked sedimentary change from tidal to terrestrial facies. 14C analyses on gastropod shells indicate the emergence of the Lindi coast at ∼ 44 14C ka BP. Emergence and subsequent elevation of terraces to 21 m above present-day sea level was linked to the falling eustatic sea level prior to the last glacial maximum, and to a periodic elevation due to extensional tectonic episodes in the eastern branch of the East African Rift System (EARS). Since ∼ 44 14C ka BP tectonic uplift at the coast was 80-110 m, comparable to that in the extreme uplift areas of the EARS.
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins improve memory and enhance phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8
Authors: Lee Young A. , Cho Eun Ju , Yokozawa Takako
Published: October 2009

Senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8 (SAMP8), a murine model of accelerated senescence, shows age-related deficits in learning and memory. We investigated the effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (oligomers) on memory impairment using the SAMP8 model involving the oral administration of oligomers for 5 weeks. To analyse memory improvement in SAMP8, we performed Morris water maze, object location and object recognition tests. The oral administration of oligomers improved spatial and object recognition impairment in SAMP8. Expressions of phosphorylated neurofilament-H (P-NF-H, axon marker), microtubule-associated proteins (MAP) 2a and 2b (MAP2; dendrite marker) and synaptophysin were increased in the brains of SAMP8-administered oligomers. In particular, the expression of P-NF-H was significantly elevated in the hippocampal CA1. This indicates that oligomers result in an increase in the densities of axons, dendrites and synapses. To investigate the protective mechanisms of oligomers against brain dysfunction with ageing, we carried out a receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation antibody array, and clarified that the administration of oligomers led to an increase in the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, suggesting the neuroprotective role of oligomers. The phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 was more greatly increased in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus than in other brain regions of SAMP8. Memory in oligomer-treated mice was impaired by SU1498, a VEGFR-2-specific antagonist. Elucidating the relationship between memory impairment with ageing and VEGFR-2 signalling may provide new suggestions for protection against memory deficit in the ageing brain.
n-3 Fatty acids prevent whereas trans-fatty acids induce vascular inflammation and sudden cardiac death
Authors: Siddiqui Rafat A. , Harvey Kevin A. , Ruzmetov Nargiz , Miller Steven J. , Zaloga Gary P.
Published: October 2009

n-3 PUFA have well-recognised cardio-beneficial effects. In contrast, premature coronary deaths are associated with consumption of high levels of trans-fatty acids (TFA). The present study determined the effects of n-3 PUFA and TFA on sudden cardiac death and vascular inflammation. A rat coronary ligation model was used to study the effect of fatty acids on sudden cardiac death, whereas a mouse femoral artery ligation model was used to study compensatory vascular remodelling. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were utilised for the in vitro studies to investigate expression of inflammatory molecules. Feeding animals an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet caused a sevenfold increase in plasma n-3 PUFA compared with that of the TFA-fed group, whereas a TFA-enriched diet caused a 2·5-fold increase in plasma TFA compared with the n-3 PUFA group. Animals on a TFA diet had a lower survival rate due to sudden cardiac death and exhibited variable degrees of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Animals on a TFA diet had diminished hindlimb collateral growth, whereas animals on the n-3 PUFA diet exhibited extensive collateral growth about ligated regions. HAEC treated with TFA (trans-18 : 2) showed significantly increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and nitrosylation of cellular proteins than those treated with DHA (n-3 PUFA, 22 : 6). The in vivo study demonstrates that, in contrast to TFA, n-3 PUFA improve animal survival after myocardial infarction, prevent development of atherosclerotic lesions and stimulate compensatory vascular remodelling. The in vitro study demonstrates that TFA induce, while n-3 PUFA prevent, vascular inflammation.
Membrane fatty acid composition of rat skeletal muscle is most responsive to the balance of dietaryn-3 andn-6 PUFA
Authors: Abbott Sarah K. , Else Paul L. , Hulbert A. J.
Published: October 2009

The present study quantifies the relationships between diet fatty acid profile and fatty acid composition of rat skeletal muscle phospholipids. Young adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed, for 8 weeks, on one of twelve moderate-fat diets (25 % of total energy) differing only in fatty acid profile. SFA content ranged from 8–88 % of total fatty acids, MUFA 6–65 %, total PUFA 4–81 %,n-6 PUFA 3–70 % andn-3 PUFA 1–70 %. Diet PUFA included only essential fatty acids 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3. The balance betweenn-3 andn-6 PUFA (PUFA balance) in the diet ranged from 1 : 99 to 86 : 14 %n-3 PUFA:n-6 PUFA. The slope of muscle phospholipid composition plotted against diet composition quantifies the response of muscle membrane composition to dietary fat (0, no response; 1, complete conformity with diet). The resulting slopes were 0·02 (SFA), 0·10 (PUFA), 0·11 (MUFA), 0·14 (n-3 PUFA) and 0·23 (n-6 PUFA). The response to PUFA balance was biphasic with a slope of 0·98 below 10 % diet PUFA balance and 0·16 above 10 %. Thus, low diet PUFA balance has greater influence on muscle composition than 18-carbonn-3 orn-6 PUFA individually. Equations provided may allow prediction of muscle composition for other diet studies. Diet PUFA balance dramatically affects muscle 20 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3. This may have significant implications for some disease states in human subjects.
The effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on fasting capillary whole blood glucose, total cholesterol, blood pressure and glucocorticoids in healthy overweight and obese subjects
Authors: Almoosawi Suzana , Fyfe Lorna , Ho Clement , Al-Dujaili Emad
Published: October 2009

Numerous studies indicate that polyphenol-rich chocolate reduces fasting blood glucose, blood pressure (BP) and total cholesterol in healthy individuals and hypertensives with or without glucose intolerance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two doses of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate (DC) on fasting capillary whole blood glucose, total cholesterol and BP and to examine whether improvements in these parameters are associated with changes in adrenocorticoid excretion in overweight and obese individuals. The study used a randomised, single-blind, cross-over design where fourteen overweight and obese subjects were randomised to either take 20 g DC with 500 mg polyphenols then 20 g DC with 1000 mg polyphenols or vice-versa. Participants followed each diet for 2 weeks separated by a 1-week washout period. It was observed that the 500 mg polyphenol dose was equally effective in reducing fasting blood glucose levels, systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) as the 1000 mg polyphenol dose suggesting that a saturation effect might occur with increasing dose of polyphenols. There was also a trend towards a reduction in urinary free cortisone levels with both groups although it did not reach statistical significance. No changes in anthropometrical measurements were seen. We suggest that more research is required to investigate the mechanism(s) by which polyphenol-rich foods influence health.
Savoir que l’on sait. La question de la transparence dans les attitudes épistémiques
Authors: Kennedy Neil
Published: October 2009

RÉSUMÉ : Dans cet article, je réévalue les arguments pour et contre certaines thèses concernant la connaissance d’ordre supérieur afin d’évaluer leur portée réelle sur les principes d’introspection positive et négative. Je défends l’idée que la locution «savoir que l’on sait» possède au moins deux interprétations notoires : l’une, plus courante, dite «transparentiste», valide le principe d’introspection positive et l’autre, moins courante, dite «agrippéenne», endosse certaines critiques de ce principe.
The Scientific Explanation of Colour Qualia
Authors: Foss Jeff
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Qualia, the subjectively known qualities of conscious experience, are judged by many philosophers and scientists to lie beyond the domain of scientific explanation, thus making the conscious mind partly incomprehensible to the objective physical sciences. Some, like Kripke and Chalmers, employ modal logic to argue that explanations of qualia are impossible in principle. I argue that there already exist perfectly normal scientific explanations of qualia, and rebut the arguments of those who deny this possibility.
Reassuring Ourselves of the Reality of Ethical Reasons: What McDowell Should Take from Foot’s Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Hendley Steven
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In this paper I argue that John McDowell’s objections to Philipa Foot’s ethical naturalism do not justify a rejection of her views, but only clarifies what we can defensibly take from her position. Moreover, his comments suggest a way in which Foot’s naturalism may help to secure the realism McDowell defends in his own work. In seeing how Foot’s naturalism can reassure us of the reality of ethical reasons, we can understand how McDowell needs something like Foot’s naturalism in order to redeem his own realist aspirations for ethics.
La conception disjonctive de l’expérience
Authors: Philie Patrice
Published: October 2009

RÉSUMÉ : La conception traditionnelle de l’expérience — aussi nommée conception causale de l’expérience — a vu sa prédominance menacée depuis une trentaine d’année avec l’arrivée de la conception disjonctive de l’expérience. Le présent article porte sur un argument récemment proposé par John McDowell en faveur du disjonctivisme. De façon très générale, son argument peut être caractérisé comme une tentative de montrer que la conception traditionnelle est incapable de rendre compte d’un certain aspect de l’expérience, contrairement à la conception disjonctive. J’aimerais dans cet article suggérer que l’argument de McDowell — de facture transcendantale — n’a pas les ressources suffisantes pour atteindre son but.
Responsibility in an Era of Modern Technology and Nihilism, Part 1. A Non-Foundational Rereading of Jonas
Authors: Wolff Ernst
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The aim of this two-part article is to develop a non-foundational re-reading of Jonas’ ethics. In Part 1 the argument is situated within Jonas’s concern with and understanding of nihilism. In order to delineate the proposed non-foundational reading, a philosophical and a theological discursive type in Jonas’s work is identified and the limits and failures thereof are discussed. In stead of the metaphysical foundation of ethicity, a re-reading of his work is developed out of his myth. This reading maintains the initial aim of defeating nihilism. The limitations and possibilities of this alternative reading of the philosophy of responsibility are explored.
Comment comprendre les émotions morales
Authors: Clavien Christine
Published: October 2009

RÉSUMÉ : Cet article a pour objet de questionner la possibilité de l’existence des émotions morales et d’en déchiffrer la notion. Je commence par relever brièvement les faiblesses de différentes lectures philosophiques des émotions morales avant de poursuivre sur une voie à première vue prometteuse qui consiste à en fournir une explication fonctionnaliste évolutionnaire : les émotions morales auraient pour fonction évolutive de soutenir les relations sociales coopératives. Après analyse, il apparaît cependant que cette approche présente également d’importantes faiblesses. En fin de compte, je propose d’abandonner l’idée d’émotion intrinsèquement morale au profit d’une solution «minimale» : la «moralité» est une appellation attribuée aux émotions (ou plus justement aux épisodes émotionnels) lorsqu’elles apparaissent dans des contextes moralement pertinents.
Manliness in Plato’sLaches
Authors: Morris T. F.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Careful analysis of the details of the text allows us to refine Socrates’ understanding of manliness. Laches submits without a fight to Socrates’ objections to his definition of manliness as prudent perseverance. He does not appreciate that Socrates objections merely require that he make his definition more precise. Nicias refuses to consider objections to his understanding of manliness as avoiding actions that entail risk. The two sets of objections show that manliness entails first calculating that a risk is worth taking and then subsequently not rejecting that calculation without due consideration.
On the Possibility of Pre-Cartesian Idealism
Authors: Hibbs Darren
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In a seminal article on the origin of philosophical idealism in the western philosophical tradition, Myles Burnyeat argued that idealism could not have come about prior to Descartes. According to Burnyeat, Descartes introduced a radical version of external world scepticism which made it possible for subsequent philosophers (Berkeley, e.g.) to argue that reality is composed exclusively of immaterial minds and their contents (ideas). I argue that (1) the success of Burnyeat’s argument depends upon the meaning of the term ‘idealism’ and (2) that one of Burnyeat’s definitions of the term does not rule out the possibility of Pre-Cartesian idealism.
Effect of fermented milk containingLactobacillus acidophilusandBifidobacterium longumon plasma lipids of women with normal or moderately elevated cholesterol
Authors: Andrade Sara , Borges Nuno
Published: October 2009

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of milk fermented withLactobacillus acidophilus145 andBifidobacterium longumBB536 on plasma lipids in a sample of adult women. A double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study (two periods of four weeks each separated by a 1-week washout period) was performed in 34 women, aged between 18 and 65 years. Group A consumed 125 g fermented milk three times a day for the first 4 weeks while group B consumed regular yoghurt under the same conditions. (Groups A and B switched products for the second treatment period). Women taking the test product with a baseline total cholesterol above 190 mg/dl showed a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol was also reduced by the test product. We conclude that the fermented milk may help to reduce LDL levels in hypercholesterolemic adult women.
The interaction of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal and milk concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in late-lactating dairy cows
Authors: Petit Hélène V , Côrtes Cristiano , da Silva Daniele , Kazama Ricardo , Gagnon Nathalie , Benchaar Chaouki , dos Santos Geraldo T , Zeoula Lúcia M
Published: October 2009

Four ruminally fistulated multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the effects of dietary supplementation of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal and milk concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone (EL) and ruminal and faecal activity of β-glucuronidase. The hypothesis was that monensin supplementation has no effect on the incorporation of EL into milk when cows are fed flaxseed hulls. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flaxseed hulls nor monensin (CO); 2) diet containing (dry matter basis) 20% flaxseed hulls (FH); 3) diet with monensin (16 mg/kg of dry matter; MO); 4) diet containing 20% (dry matter basis) flaxseed hulls and 16 mg/kg monensin (HM). Intake of dry matter was higher for CO and MO than for FH and HM and monensin had no effect. Milk production decreased in cows fed flaxseed hulls while monensin had no effect. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk and concentrations of milk fat, lactose, urea N, and total solids were similar among treatments. Although there was a decrease in ruminal activity of β-glucuronidase when feeding flaxseed hulls, the metabolism of plant into mammalian lignans may be increased as shown by enhanced concentration of EL in the rumen and milk. Supplementation with flaxseed hulls then may contribute to favourably change milk composition for better human health by enhancing mammalian lignan EL concentration.
Utilization of nitrogen and energy from diets containing protein and fat derived from either goat milk or cow milk
Authors: Ceballos Laura Sanz , Morales Eva Ramos , Martínez Luis Pérez , Extremera Francisca Gil , Sanz Sampelayo Ma Remedios
Published: October 2009

Consumption of whole milk and related dairy products has decreased considerably as a result of negative aspects associated with the consumption of saturated fats. The main difference between the composition of goat milk and cow milk concerns the composition of the fat, that of goat milk containing a larger proportion of medium-chain triglycerides. The metabolic utilization of these compounds is fundamentally oriented towards their use as sources of energy, and they may even contribute to the synthesis of proteins. This study was carried out, using 40 rats at weaning, in order to determine whether, on the basis of their fat and protein composition, there is any difference between the nutritional utilization of the N and the energy from goat and cow milk. Eight animals were killed on arrival at the laboratory, and the rest were divided into four groups of eight animals and killed at the end of the experiment. Each group was given a different diet: diet 1 contained fat and protein from goat milk; diet 2 had fat from cow milk and protein from goat milk; diet 3 had fat from goat milk and protein from cow milk; diet 4 had fat and protein from cow milk. The animals were allowed to feedad libitumfor 30 d and a balance assay was performed during the final 7 d to determine N and energy utilization. At the same time and by the comparative slaughter method, the protein and fat deposition for each group was established. It was concluded that goat milk protein is more digestible than that of cow milk. Moreover, the metabolic utilization of digestible N was found to be dependent on the sources of both the protein and the fat in the diet; a higher degree of utilization was recorded for the digestible N obtained using diets with protein or fat from goat milk. Consumption of diets with goat milk fat led to a lower level of thermogenesis associated with protein oxidation and a higher one for that associated with fat oxidation, which in turn implied a protein-sparing effect of the goat milk fat. These results should be taken into account when deciding upon the type of goat milk to be used (whole, skim or semi-skim), in accordance with the dairy product to be produced from this milk.
Characterization of stationary mixing patterns in a three-dimensional open Stokes flow: spectral properties, localization and mixing regimes
Authors: GIONA M. , CERBELLI S. , GAROFALO F.
Published: October 2009

This article analyses stationary scalar mixing downstream an open flow Couette device operating in the creeping flow regime. The device consists of two coaxial cylinders of finite length Lz, and radii κ R and R (κ < 1), which can rotate independently. At relatively large values of the aspect ratio α = Lz/R ≫ 1, and of the Péclet number Pe, the stationary response of the system can be accurately described by enforcing the simplifying assumption of negligible axial diffusion. With this approximation, homogenization along the device axis can be described by a family of generalized one-dimensional eigenvalue problems with the radial coordinate as independent variable. A variety of mixing regimes can be observed by varying the geometric and operating parameters. These regimes are characterized by different localization properties of the eigenfunctions and by different scaling laws of the real part of the eigenvalues with the Péclet number. The analysis of this model flow reveals the occurrence of sharp transitions between mixing regimes, e.g. controlled by the geometric parameter κ. The eigenvalue scalings can be theoretically predicted by enforcing eigenfunction localization and simple functional equalities relating the behaviour of the eigenvalues to the functional form of the associated eigenfunctions. Several flow protocols corresponding to different geometric and operating conditions are considered. Among these protocols, the case where the inner and the outer cylinders counter-rotate exhibits a peculiar intermediate scaling regime where the real part of the dominant eigenvalue is independent of Pe over more than two decades of Pe. This case is thoroughly analysed by means of scaling analysis. The practical relevance of the results deriving from spectral analysis for fluid mixing problems in finite-length Couette devices is addressed in detail.
Proper invariant turbulence modelling within one-point statistics
Authors: FREWER MICHAEL
Published: October 2009

A new turbulence modelling approach is presented. Geometrically reformulating the averaged Navier–Stokes equations on a four-dimensional non-Riemannian manifold without changing the physical content of the theory, additional modelling restrictions which are absent in the usual Euclidean (3+1)-dimensional framework naturally emerge. The modelled equations show full form invariance for all Newtonian reference frames in that all involved quantities transform as true 4-tensors. Frame accelerations or inertial forces of any kind are universally described by the underlying four-dimensional geometry.

By constructing a nonlinear eddy viscosity model within the k−ϵ family for high turbulent Reynolds numbers the new invariant modelling approach demonstrates the essential advantages over current (3+1)-dimensional modelling techniques. In particular, new invariants are gained, which allow for a universal and consistent treatment of non-stationary effects within a turbulent flow. Furthermore, by consistently introducing via a Lie-group symmetry analysis a new internal modelling variable, the mean form-invariant pressure Hessian, it will be shown that already a quadratic nonlinearity is sufficient to capture secondary flow effects, for which in current nonlinear eddy viscosity models a higher nonlinearity is needed. In all, this paper develops a new unified formalism which will naturally guide the way in physical modelling whenever reasonings are based on the general concept of invariance.
Spectral sequences in Conley’s theory
Authors: CORNEA O. , DE REZENDE K. A. , DA SILVEIRA M. R.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we analyse the dynamics encoded in the spectral sequence (Er,dr) associated with certain Conley theory connection maps in the presence of an ‘action’ type filtration. More specifically, we present an algorithm for finding a chain complex C and its differential; the method uses a connection matrix Δ to provide a system that spans Er in terms of the original basis of C and to identify all of the differentials drp:Erp→Erp−r. In exploring the dynamical implications of a non-zero differential, we prove the existence of a path that joins the singularities generating E0p and E0p−r in the case where a direct connection by a flow line does not exist. This path is made up of juxtaposed orbits of the flow and of the reverse flow, and proves to be important in some applications.
The eigenvectors of semigroups of positive maps on von Neumann algebras
Authors: ŁUCZAK ANDRZEJ
Published: October 2009

The eigenvectors of an ergodic semigroup of linear normal positive unital maps on a von Neumann algebra are described. Moreover, it is shown by means of examples that mere positivity of the maps in question is not sufficient for Frobenius theory as in Albeverio and Høegh-Krohn [Frobenius theory of positive maps of von Neumann algebras. Comm. Math. Phys.64 (1978), 83–94] to hold.
On the existence of ergodic automorphisms in ergodic ℤd-actions on compact groups
Authors: RAJA C. R. E.
Published: October 2009

Let K be a compact metrizable group and Γ be a finitely generated group of commuting automorphisms of K. We show that ergodicity of Γ implies Γ contains ergodic automorphisms if center of the action, Z(Γ)={α∈Aut(K)∣α commutes with elements of Γ} has descending chain condition. To explain that the condition on the center of the action is not restrictive, we discuss certain abelian groups which, in particular, provide new proofs to the theorems of Berend [Ergodic semigroups of epimorphisms. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.289(1) (1985), 393–407] and Schmidt [Automorphisms of compact abelian groups and affine varieties. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 61 (1990), 480–496].
Finitely represented closed-orbit subdynamics for commuting automorphisms
Authors: MILES RICHARD
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to exhibit highly structured subdynamics for a class of non-expansive algebraic ℤd-actions based on the closed orbits of elements of an action. This is done using dynamical Dirichlet series to encode orbit counts. It is shown that there is a distinguished group homomorphism from ℤd onto a finite abelian group that controls the form of the Dirichlet series of elements of an action and that these series have common analytic properties. Corresponding orbit growth asymptotics are subsequently investigated.
Non-abelian free group actions: Markov processes, the Abramov–Rohlin formula and Yuzvinskii’s formula
Authors: BOWEN LEWIS
Published: October 2009

This paper introduces Markov chains and processes over non-abelian free groups and semigroups. We prove a formula for the f-invariant of a Markov chain over a free group in terms of transition matrices that parallels the classical formula for the entropy a Markov chain. Applications include free group analogues of the Abramov–Rohlin formula for skew-product actions and Yuzvinskii’s addition formula for algebraic actions.
The Letters of Sir Cheney Culpeper, 1641–1657
Authors: Braddick M. J. , Greengrass Mark
Published: October 2009

Sir Cheney Culpeper (1611–1663) was a lawyer and gentleman from the north Kentish Weald. Yet he never rose to prominence in the legal profession. Nor did he take up public office either as an MP or as a diplomat – although he occasionally entertained the possibilities of both. Such aspirations would not have been surprising in someone who was the eldest son of a family which enjoyed connections to the wheels of power in Stuart England. He expected to inherit a considerable portion of the family's not inconsiderable estates – which included Leeds Castle. Yet he was, at a critical juncture, in effect disinherited by his father. Although a committed Parliamentarian, Culpeper did not play a major part either in county or national politics during the Civil War and the Interregnum. His career was, in worldly terms, hardly a success: if success alone were the criterion to justify the publication of his letters over three hundred years later, this volume would not see the light of day.
The Parliamentary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny, 1868–73
Authors: Jenkins T. A.
Published: October 2009

Preface 332

Editorial Note 333

Introduction 334

Parliamentary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny 344

Session of 1868–9 344

Session of 1870 373

Session of 1871 416

Session of 1872 444

Session of 1873 477

Appendix 502

Index 505
De iniusta vexacione Willelmi episcopi primi per Willelmum regem filium Willelmi magni regis
Authors: Offler H. S. , Piper A.J. , Doyle A. I.
Published: October 2009

Preface 53

Abbreviations 55

Introduction 58

Structure and Contents 58

Sources, date and purpose 60

Title 65

Authorship 66

Manuscripts and editions 68

Editorial Note 72

De iniusta vexacione 73

Index 103
Morley vs. Montagu (1399): A Case in the Court of Chivalry
Authors: Keen M. H. , Warner Mark
Published: October 2009

Preface 145

Introduction 156

Morley vs. Montagu 169
War or Peace? Jacobean Politics and the Parliament of 1621
Authors: Pursell Brennan
Published: October 2009

When the Parliament of 1621 convened, it had been seven years since the dissolution of the so-called ‘Addled Parliament’ of 1614, which had foundered on a fundamental disagreement between King James I and the House of Commons about the legality of impositions. The Parliament of 1621 faced more than unresolved domestic issues; it met under the shadow of the gravest international crisis of the early modern era. The defenestration of Prague in 1618 had marked the beginning of the Bohemian rebellion and the Thirty Years' War, and in the following summer James's son-in-law, Elector Palatine Friedrich V, accepted the Bohemian crown from the rebels, who had just deposed their Habsburg monarch, Ferdinand of Styria. Two days later Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor, and he was determined to retake the Bohemian dirone from the new Palatine occupant. In the autumn of 1620, the emperor's Spanish cousins aided his cause by dispatching a large portion of the Spanish Army of the Netherlands to invade the Lower Palatinate, Friedrich's rich patrimonial estates on the Rhine.
‘It will be a Scandal to show what we have done with such a number:’ House of Commons Committee Attendance Lists, 1606–1628
Authors: Kyle Chris R.
Published: October 2009

That committee membership has played a significant role in parliamentary history is beyond question. It formed an important part of the analysis of the importance of Members of Parliament in the Elizabethan History of Parliament volumes and appointments have frequendy been used to illustrate the particular interest of Members in parliamentary issues and legislation. However, much of the analysis has been undertaken in a simplistic fashion, derived solely from the Underclerk's record in the Commons Journal and subjected to little more than superficial scrutiny. Stuart historians have been slow to heed Lord Macaulay's advice that Victoria Tower is ‘that dark repository in which the abortive statutes of many generations sleep a sleep rarely disturbed by the historian or antiquary’, for it is in the House of Lords Record Office that the majority of committee lists survive. And the existence of these attendance records allows us to expand and clarify previous analyses of Commons attendance. In particular, they show the munutiae of Parliament at work on a day-to-day basis as well as providing valuable biographical information. Viewed individually or taken as a whole, the documents also allow the development of broad and far-reaching conclusions about Parliament itself. The thirty-three committee lists transcribed below cover the period 1606–1628 and offer insights into local issues, such as the presentment to the parsonage of Radipoll, Dorset, and matters which concerned the commonweal, for example, purveyance and debt collection.