bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative contribution of high and low elevation soil microbes and nematodes to ecosystem functioning
Authors: Semeraro Sarah , Kergunteuil Alan , Sánchez‐Moreno Sara , Puissant Jérémy , Goodall Tim , Griffiths Robert , Rasmann Sergio
Published: January 2022

Ecosystem productivity is largely dependent on soil nutrient cycling which, in turn, is driven by decomposition rates governed by locally adapted below‐ground microbial and soil communities. How climate change will impact soil biota and the associated ecosystem functioning, however, remains largely an open question.

To address this gap, we first characterized differences in soil microbial and nematode communities as well as functional characteristics from soils collected from the foothills or in sub‐alpine elevations of the Alps. We next performed a full‐factorial reciprocal transplant common garden experiment at two elevations, and asked whether elevation‐related functional and taxonomic differences are maintained or can be altered depending on the local climatic conditions. For this, we separately transplanted soil microbial and nematode communities from low and high elevation in their home or opposite elevation in pots added with a common plant community.

We found evidence for taxonomic and functional differentiation of the microbial and nematode communities when collected at high or low elevation. Specifically, we observed a decrease in microbial diversity and activity at high elevation, and additionally, through nematodes' functional characterization, we found increased fungal‐dominated energy channels at high elevation.

Moreover, according to the reciprocal transplant experiment, while we found little effect of soil biodiversity change based on elevation of origin on plant growth and plant community composition, soils inoculated with microbes originating from low elevation respired more than those originating from high elevation, particularly when at low elevation. This observation correlates well with the observed faster carbon degradation rates by the low elevation microbial communities.

Climate change can reshuffle soil communities depending on organism‐specific variation in range expansion, ultimately affecting soil fertility and carbon‐cycle dynamics.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The Impact of the American Revolution on James O'Kelly's Understanding of Ecclesial Governance in the Methodist Episcopal Church
Authors: Eggers Austin F.
Published: January 2022

This article examines the egalitarian convictions and doctrines of the Reverend James O'Kelly and how his belief in church autonomy led to one of the earliest schisms in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Although O'Kelly would attempt to frame his conflict with the Methodist Church and Francis Asbury as a theological dispute, an examination of O'Kelly's beliefs reveal that he was an individual profoundly influenced by the democratic rhetoric and ideals of his era, which ultimately came to fruition in the American Revolution. As a veteran of that conflict, O'Kelly adopted many of the principles espoused in the Revolution and viewed both individuals and churches as autonomous and capable of self‐governance. His inherent distrust of hierarchical authority would eventually lead O'Kelly and several of his followers to leave the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1792 to found a separate denomination based on his convictions. This analysis builds on prior scholarship that portrays the “O'Kelly Schism” in the Methodist Episcopal Church as less of a doctrinal dispute, and more of a controversy over the nature of church government, sovereignty, and individual rights in the early American Republic.
Blood filters in children with COVID‐19 and acute kidney injury: A review
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Sethi Sidharth Kumar , Chakraborty Ronith , Singh Siddhartha , Teo Sharon , Khooblall Amrit , Montini Giovanni , Bunchman Timothy , Topaloglu Rezan , Yap Hui Kim
Published: January 2022

COVID‐19 has challenged the global healthcare system through rapid proliferation and lack of existing treatment resulting in over 180 million cases and 3.8 million deaths since December 2019. Although pediatric patients only comprise 1%–2% of diagnosed cases, their incidence of acute kidney injury ranges from 8.2% to 18.2% compared to 49% in adults. Severe infection, initiated by dysregulated host response, can lead to multiorgan failure. In this review, we focus on the use of various blood filters approved for use in pediatric kidney replacement therapy to mitigate adverse effects of severe illness. Therapeutic effects of these blood filters range from cytokine removal (CytoSorb, HA330, HCO/MCO), endotoxin removal (Toraymyxin, CPFA), both cytokine and endotoxin removal (oXiris), and nonspecific removal of proteins (PMMA) that have already been established and can be used to mitigate the various effects of the cytokine storm syndrome in COVID‐19.
Adverse effects of iron toward the peritoneal mesothelial cells are reversible
Authors: Jasiński Tomasz , Bręborowicz Andrzej
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Evaluation of the effects of the drugs used for iron supplementation on the peritoneal mesothelial cells.

Methods

Acute effects during18‐h incubation of iron sucrose, ferric carboxymaltose, and iron isomaltoside in concentrations 1, 5, and 20 ug/dl on properties of the human peritoneal mesothelial cells in in vitro culture were evaluated, and their reversibility after the following culture for 14 days in the iron‐free medium was studied.

Results

All studied compounds reduced viability of mesothelial cells and proliferation rate and increased intracellular oxidative stress and iron content in the cytosol. Secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 was increased and tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) decreased. After 14 days of culture in iron‐free medium, reversibility of all these effects was observed.

Conclusion

Iron compounds impair the functional properties of mesothelial cells in a dose‐dependent manner, but these effects are reversible after the following culture of the cells in an iron‐free medium.
The American racial divide in fear of the police
Authors: Pickett Justin T. , Graham Amanda , Cullen Francis T.
Published: January 2022

The mission of policing is “to protect and serve,” but recent events suggest that many Americans, and especially Black Americans, do not feel protected from the police. Understanding police‐related fear is important because it may impact civilians’ health, daily lives, and policy attitudes. To examine the prevalence, sources, and consequences of both personal and altruistic fear of the police, we surveyed a nationwide sample (N = 1,150), which included comparable numbers of Black (N = 517) and White (N = 492) respondents. Most White respondents felt safe, but most Black respondents lived in fear of the police killing them and hurting their family members. Approximately half of Black respondents preferred to be robbed or burglarized than to have unprovoked contact with officers. The racial divide in fear was mediated by past experiences with police mistreatment. In turn, fear mediated the effects of race and past mistreatment on support for defunding the police and intentions to have “the talk” with family youths about the need to distrust and avoid officers. The deep American racial divide in police‐related fear represents a racially disparate health crisis and a primary obstacle to law enforcement's capacity to serve all communities equitably.
Marketization and crime in contemporary China: Puzzles for criminological theorizing*
Authors: Messner Steven F.
Published: January 2022

The purpose of my Sutherland Address is to explore the potential utility of elaborating and adapting the analytic framework of Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT) to account for the macro‐social dynamics of crime in contemporary China. To do so, I situate the institutional dynamics of crime in China in comparative historical context and put forth a newly adapted formulation of IAT. I then illustrate the ways in which this adapted formulation of IAT can enhance the coherence of a rich body of research on crime in China by incorporating some of the empirical findings and insightful interpretations within an overarching theoretical framework. In addition, interrogating the applicability of IAT to the Chinese context draws attention to important gaps in the theory, thereby facilitating its further elaboration as well as promoting the development of general macro‐social theory in criminology.
Styles of Regulators: Evidence from the SEC's Comment Letters†
Authors: Do Truc (Peter) Thuc , Zhang Huai
Published: January 2022

We investigate whether individual securities regulators exhibit personal styles in their work, a question of importance to corporate executives and capital market participants. Using the SEC's comment letters as our setting, we find that SEC staff members exhibit unique personal “styles.” We manually collect information on SEC staff members and provide evidence that staff members' personal characteristics influence the SEC's review process. Further analyses reveal that SEC staff members with a CPA qualification are associated with a lower likelihood of future accounting restatements; moreover, similarity between the SEC staff member and the firm's correspondent is associated with lower scrutiny intensity. Overall, our study offers evidence that SEC staff members exhibit individual differences and that their styles shape the SEC's enforcement actions. Our results offer implications for the working of securities regulators.
Allergen immunotherapy and/or biologicals for IgE‐mediated food allergy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Silva Debra , Rodríguez del Río Pablo , de Jong Nicolette W. , Khaleva Ekaterina , Singh Chris , Nowak‐Wegrzyn Anna , Muraro Antonella , Begin Philippe , Pajno Giovanni , Fiocchi Alessandro , Sanchez Angel , Jones Carla , Nilsson Caroline , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Wong Gary , Sampson Hugh , Beyer Kirsten , Marchisotto Mary‐Jane , Fernandez Rivas Montserrat , Meyer Rosan , Lau Susanne , Nurmatov Ulugbek , Roberts Graham ,   the GALEN Food Allergy Guidelines Group
Published: January 2022

Background

There is substantial interest in immunotherapy and biologicals in IgE‐mediated food allergy.

Methods

We searched six databases for randomized controlled trials about immunotherapy alone or with biologicals (to April 2021) or biological monotherapy (to September 2021) in food allergy confirmed by oral food challenge. We pooled the data using random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

We included 36 trials about immunotherapy with 2126 mainly child participants. Oral immunotherapy increased tolerance whilst on therapy for peanut (RR 9.9, 95% CI 4.5.–21.4, high certainty); cow's milk (RR 5.7, 1.9–16.7, moderate certainty) and hen's egg allergy (RR 8.9, 4.4–18, moderate certainty). The number needed to treat to increase tolerance to a single dose of 300 mg or 1000 mg peanut protein was 2.

Oral immunotherapy did not increase adverse reactions (RR 1.1, 1.0–1.2, low certainty) or severe reactions in peanut allergy (RR 1,6, 0.7–3.5, low certainty), but may increase (mild) adverse reactions in cow's milk (RR 3.9, 2.1–7.5, low certainty) and hen's egg allergy (RR 7.0, 2.4–19.8, moderate certainty). Epicutaneous immunotherapy increased tolerance whilst on therapy for peanut (RR 2.6, 1.8–3.8, moderate certainty). Results were unclear for other allergies and administration routes.

There were too few trials of biologicals alone (3) or with immunotherapy (1) to draw conclusions.

Conclusions

Oral immunotherapy improves tolerance whilst on therapy and is probably safe in peanut, cow's milk and hen's egg allergy. More research is needed about quality of life, cost and biologicals.
Cashew oral immunotherapy for desensitizing cashew‐pistachio allergy (NUT CRACKER study)
Authors: Elizur Arnon , Appel Michael Y. , Nachshon Liat , Levy Michael B. , Epstein‐Rigbi Naama , Koren Yael , Holmqvist Marie , Porsch Helena , Lidholm Jonas , Goldberg Michael R.
Published: January 2022

Background

Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a treatment option for patients with milk, egg, and peanut allergy, but data on the efficacy and safety of cashew OIT are limited.

Methods

A cohort of 50 cashew‐allergic patients aged ≥4 years, who were consecutively enrolled into cashew OIT (target dose 4000 mg protein) between 4/2016 and 12/2019. Fifteen cashew‐allergic patients who continued cashew elimination served as observational controls. Co‐allergy to pistachio and walnut was determined. Full desensitization rate and associated immunological changes in both groups were compared. Patients fully desensitized to cashew were instructed to consume a dose of 1200 mg cashew protein for 6 months and were then challenged to a full dose. Patients with co‐allergy to pistachio or walnut were challenged to the respective nut.

Results

Forty‐four of 50 OIT‐treated patients (88%) compared to 0% in controls tolerated a dose of 4000 mg cashew protein at the end of the study (odds ratio 8.3, 95% CI 3.9–17.7, p < 0.001). An additional three patients were desensitized to 1200 mg cashew protein, and three patients stopped treatment. Three patients (6%) were treated with injectable epinephrine for home reactions. Desensitized patients had decreased SPT, sIgE, basophil reactivity, and increased sIgG4, following treatment. Following cashew desensitization, all pistachio (n = 35) and four of eight walnut co‐allergic patients were cross‐desensitized to the respective nut. All (n = 44) patients consuming a low cashew dose for ≥6 months following desensitization passed a full‐dose cashew OFC.

Conclusions

Cashew OIT desensitizes most cashew‐allergic patients and cross‐desensitizes to pistachio. Safety is similar to OIT for other foods.
Sensitivity of estimated tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic profile to assumed dose timing and absorption in real‐world data and simulated data
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Weeks Hannah L. , Beck Cole , Birdwell Kelly A. , Van Driest Sara L. , Choi Leena
Published: January 2022

Aims

Use of electronic health record (EHR) data to estimate population pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles necessitates several assumptions. We sought to investigate sensitivity to some of these assumptions about dose timing and absorption rates.

Methods

A population PK study with 363 subjects was performed using real‐world data extracted from EHRs to estimate the tacrolimus population PK profile. Data were extracted and built using our automated system, EHR2PKPD, suitable for quickly constructing large PK datasets from the EHR. Population PK studies for oral medications performed using EHR data often assume a regular dosing schedule as prescribed without incorporating exact dosing time. We assessed the sensitivity of the PK parameter estimates to assumptions about dose timing using last‐dose times extracted by our own natural language processing system, medExtractR. We also investigated the sensitivity of estimates to absorption rate constants that are often fixed at a published value in tacrolimus population PK analyses. We conducted simulation studies to investigate how drug PK profiles and experimental designs such as concentration measurements design affect sensitivity to incorrect assumptions about dose timing and absorption rates.

Results

There was no appreciable difference in parameter estimates with assumed versus extracted last‐dose time, and our sensitivity analysis revealed little difference between parameters estimated across a range of assumed absorption rate constants.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that drugs with a slower elimination rate (or a longer half‐life) are less sensitive to dose timing errors and that experimental designs which only allow for trough blood concentrations are usually insensitive to deviation in absorption rate.
Methaemoglobinaemia and the radical curative efficacy of 8‐aminoquinoline antimalarials
Authors: White Nicholas J. , Watson James A. , Baird J. Kevin
Published: January 2022

Methaemoglobin results from the oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron in the centre of the haem moiety of haemoglobin. The production of dose‐dependent methaemoglobinaemia by 8‐aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs appears to be associated with, but is not directly linked to, therapeutic efficacy against latent Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malarias (radical cure). Iatrogenic methaemoglobinaemia may be a useful pharmacodynamic measure in 8‐aminoquinoline drug and dose optimization.
Bayesian Inference for Stationary Points in Gaussian Process Regression Models for Event-Related Potentials Analysis
Authors: Yu Cheng-Han , Li Meng , Noe Colin , Fischer-Baum Simon , Vannucci Marina
Published: January 2022

Stationary points embedded in the derivatives are often critical for a model to be interpretable and may be considered as key features of interest in many applications. We propose a semiparametric Bayesian model to efficiently infer the locations of stationary points of a nonparametric function, which also produces an estimate of the function. We use Gaussian processes as a flexible prior for the underlying function and impose derivative constraints to control the function's shape via conditioning. We develop an inferential strategy that intentionally restricts estimation to the case of at least one stationary point, bypassing possible mis-specifications in the number of stationary points and avoiding the varying dimension problem that often brings in computational complexity. We illustrate the proposed methods using simulations and then apply the method to the estimation of event-related potentials derived from electroencephalography (EEG) signals. We show how the proposed method automatically identifies characteristic components and their latencies at the individual level, which avoids the excessive averaging across subjects that is routinely done in the field to obtain smooth curves. By applying this approach to EEG data collected from younger and older adults during a speech perception task, we are able to demonstrate how the time course of speech perception processes changes with age.
Impact of COVID‐19 on pregnancy worry in the United States
Authors: Burgess Adriane , Breman Rachel Blankstein , Roane Lynnee A. , Dada Sophia , Bradley Dani , Burcher Paul
Published: January 2022

Background

Several recent studies confirm that the COVID‐19 pandemic has increased symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression in pregnant persons around world. In this study, we aimed to uncover the impact of COVID‐19 on worry during pregnancy.

Methods

This study used a cross‐sectional descriptive research design. A link to a survey was emailed to users of the Ovia Pregnancy app. Participants (N = 253) completed the survey, which included the Cambridge Worry in Pregnancy Scale, and answered several free text questions. The free‐text questions were included to capture worries not listed on the scale and to allow participants the opportunity to more clearly describe COVID‐19‐related worries. Descriptive statistics were reported, and content analysis performed to determine themes.

Results

Overall, respondents reported they were quite or very worried about having their partner with them at birth (31.7%, n = 80), giving birth (28.2%; n = 71), and something being wrong with the baby (27.3%; n = 69). Results on worries also differed by participants’ race, parity, and trimester. When comparing White to other racial groups, other racial groups had statistically significantly higher median scores for questions on worries about employment (P = .001), going to the hospital (P = .002), and internal examinations (P = .03). Content analysis revealed isolation, loss of support, anxiety/stress, and grief as major themes.

Discussion

The worry, isolation, loss of support, anxiety, and grief reported by pregnant persons during the COVID‐19 pandemic may impact maternal pre‐ and postnatal mental health and are not borne equally. Birthing persons of color appear disproportionately impacted. Prenatally, maternity care providers should assess for worry and provide individualized education and resources to pregnant patients, centering individuals and communities made most vulnerable by structural inequality.
Local government funding for the nonprofit sector in British Columbia
Authors: Clément Dominique
Published: January 2022

This article is the first study to use grants data to document trends in municipal funding for the nonprofit sector in Canada. It demonstrates, among other things, how municipal funding for the nonprofit sector has increased dramatically in recent years; how funding practices favour certain sectors and organizations; and how local governments fail to provide sustaining funding for community service organizations. This study is based on an innovative new dataset that includes grants from 21 municipalities across British Columbia. It ends with a discussion on the essential role of municipalities in the public funding ecosystem for the nonprofit sector.
Being homeless at the “End” of homelessness navigating the symbolic and social boundaries of housing first
Authors: Kohut Chris , Patterson Matt
Published: January 2022

Housing First (HF) has emerged as the dominant paradigm in homelessness policy and has been praised for bringing an “end” to the homelessness crisis. Others claim, however, that HF facilitates further sociospatial exclusion of people experiencing homelessness (PEH). To advance this debate and understand HF within its larger sociological context, this article examines how HF policies translate to the lived experiences of those who remain in shelters and on the streets. Through interviews with 22 PEH, we demonstrate how HF confronts PEH with a set of strategic dilemmas that we frame using the concept of “boundary‐work.” First, PEH must negotiate the symbolic boundaries that HF establishes between “worthy” and “unworthy” for the purposes of distributing housing. Second, once housed, PEH face challenges in navigating the social boundaries that separate the private space of the dwelling, the transitional spaces of homelessness (e.g., streets, shelters), and the increasingly gentrified public spaces of the city. We end by discussing the implications of these findings for evaluating HF programs and demonstrating the value of a boundary‐work perspective on homelessness.
Utility of the Ba/F3 cell system for exploring on‐target mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for lung cancer
Authors: Koga Takamasa , Suda Kenichi , Mitsudomi Tetsuya
Published: January 2022

Molecular targeted therapies are the standard of care for front‐line treatment of metastatic non‐small‐cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring driver gene mutations. However, despite the initial dramatic responses, the emergence of acquired resistance is inevitable. Acquisition of secondary mutations in the target gene (on‐target resistance) is one of the major mechanisms of resistance. The mouse pro‐B cell line Ba/F3 is dependent on interleukin‐3 for survival and proliferation. Upon transduction of a driver gene, Ba/F3 cells become independent of interleukin‐3 but dependent on the transduced driver gene. Therefore, the Ba/F3 cell line has been a popular system to generate models with oncogene dependence and vulnerability to specific targeted therapies. These models have been used to estimate oncogenicity of driver mutations or efficacies of molecularly targeted drugs. In addition, Ba/F3 models, together with N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea mutagenesis, have been used to derive acquired resistant cells to investigate on‐target resistance mechanisms. Here, we reviewed studies that used Ba/F3 models with EGFR mutations, ALK/ROS1/NTRK/RET fusions, MET exon 14 skipping mutations, or KRAS G12C mutations to investigate secondary/tertiary drug resistant mutations. We determined that 68% of resistance mutations reproducibly detected in clinical cases were also found in Ba/F3 models. In addition, sensitivity data generated with Ba/F3 models correlated well with clinical responses to each drug. Ba/F3 models are useful to comprehensively identify potential mutations that induce resistance to molecularly targeted drugs and to explore drugs to overcome the resistance.
Placing Arrows in Directed Graph Layouts: Algorithms and Experiments
Authors: Binucci Carla , Didimo Walter , Kaufmann Michael , Liotta Giuseppe , Montecchiani Fabrizio
Published: January 2022

We study how to place arrow heads in directed graph drawings aiming at minimizing their overlaps and avoiding intersections between arrow heads and edges. The objective is to support users to correctly and quickly recognize edge orientations, i.e. to deduce unambiguously the edge orientations. Our contribution is two‐fold: (i) We present exact and heuristic algorithms for this arrow placement problem, along with an extensive experimental analysis of these techniques; and (ii) we report on a user study aimed to understand the impact of different arrow placement strategies on performing global and local analysis tasks on directed graph layouts.
Case series of massive direct oral anticoagulant ingestion—Treatment and pharmacokinetics data
Authors: Delrue Maxime , Chevillard Lucie , Stépanian Alain , Dragoni Alessandra , Camoin‐Jau Laurence , Voicu Sébastien , Malissin Isabelle , Deye Nicolas , Gainnier Marc , Siguret Virginie , Mégarbane Bruno
Published: January 2022

Background

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are widely used due to favourable benefit/risk ratio. However, consequences of massive ingestion have been poorly investigated.

Objectives

We aimed to report outcome and pharmacokinetic parameters in patients who massively ingested DOACs.

Methods

We conducted a 5‐year cohort study including consecutive massive DOAC ingestion patients admitted to two critical care departments. Patients were managed in accordance with standards of care. We collected the main history, clinical, laboratory, management and outcome data. The time‐course of plasma DOAC concentrations measured using specific assays was modelled.

Results

Twelve patients (3F/9M; age, 55 years [41–63], median [25th–75th percentiles]) were included. Ingestions involved rivaroxaban (n = 7), apixaban (n = 3) and dabigatran (n = 2), with presumed doses of 9.4‐fold [5.0–22.0] the full daily dose. Six patients received activated charcoal but no antidote nor blood‐derived product. No bleeding was observed. One patient died due to refractory cardiogenic shock related to bisoprolol co‐intoxication. Highest observed peak plasma concentrations were 1720 ng/ml (rivaroxaban), 750 ng/ml (apixaban) and 644 ng/ml (dabigatran). Times to reach DOAC concentration below 50 ng/ml were ~20–45 h (rivaroxaban), ~125 h (apixaban) and ~30–50 h (dabigatran). Elimination half‐lives were 2.5–25.5 h (rivaroxaban), 22.0 and 36.5 h (apixaban), and 5.8 and 15.5 h (dabigatran), with substantial interindividual variability and prolongation in case of cardiovascular failure related to co‐intoxicants. Charcoal administration, even if delayed, may have contributed to limit toxicity, possibly by reducing absorption and/or enteroenteric recycling.

Conclusion

No bleeding was observed in this series of massive DOAC ingestions despite elevated plasma concentrations. No patient required specific haemostatic agents. Charcoal administration should be considered to limit toxicity.
Implant treatment after traumatic tooth loss: A systematic review
Authors: Nørgaard Petersen Frej , Jensen Simon Storgård , Dahl Morten
Published: January 2022

Background/Aims

Treatment after traumatic tooth loss is challenging and is currently guided by expert opinion and the individual patient situation. The aim of this study was to provide an overview on the outcome of dental implant treatment in the anterior maxilla after traumatic tooth loss, based on a systematic review of the existing evidence.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search of the literature was performed on PubMed, Cochran Library and Web of Science following the PRISMA guidelines based on a structured research question (PICO). All clinical studies of five patients or more with follow‐up of at least 1 year after implant loading were included. Patients were at least 18 years of age. Cohen’s Kappa‐coefficient was calculated. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was applied to assess the quality of the included studies. Descriptive statistical methods were applied.

Results

Nine hundred and ninety‐nine articles were identified through the systematic search. Finally, six articles were eligible for inclusion. The studies comprised prospective and retrospective cohort studies and case series. From these, 96 patients with 120 implants were included. The age ranged from 18 to 59 years. The survival rates of implants and superstructures were 97% and 95%, respectively, after a mean follow‐up of 3.5 years. Mean marginal bone resorption was 0.56 mm (range 0.21–1.30 mm). Complication rates were 7% and 11% on implant and superstructure level, respectively. Patient‐reported outcome measures and objective evaluations showed a high level of satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome. Bone augmentation was performed in 60 implant sites. Three patients underwent pre‐surgical orthodontic treatment. The maxillary central incisor was the most frequently replaced tooth (70%).

Conclusions

This systematic review revealed a low level of evidence on the outcome of dental implant treatment after traumatic tooth loss. Systematic reporting of treatment outcomes of tooth replacements after dental trauma is highly encouraged to further guide dentists for the benefit of these challenging patients.
Troublesome behaviour and traumatic dental injuries during adolescence
Authors: Kambal Enas , Marcenes Wagner , Stansfeld Stephen A. , Bernabé Eduardo
Published: January 2022

Background/Aim

Troublesome behaviour can lead to bodily injuries among young people, although a link with traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal association between troublesome behaviour and TDIs during adolescence.

Methods

This study analysed data from phases 2 and 3 of the Research with East London Adolescents Community Health Survey (RELACHS), a longitudinal study of public secondary schools in East London. Troublesome behaviour in the past 12 months was measured with 8 items (told lies to get things from others, started fight, bullied or threatened people, stayed late outside, stole valuable things, ran away from home, played truant from school and intentionally destroyed someone else's property) from the Development and Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA), when participants were 13–14 years old (Phase 2). Adolescents were dentally examined for TDIs when they were 15–16 years old (Phase 3). The association between troublesome behaviour and TDIs was tested in logistic regression models adjusting for socio‐demographic characteristics and oral clinical factors.

Results

Forty‐three per cent of adolescents reported one or more troublesome behaviours at age 13–14 years, and 16% had evidence of TDIs by age 15–16 years. Adolescents who answered ‘perhaps’ and ‘definitely’ to any troublesome behaviour item had, respectively, 1.37 (95% CI: 0.62–3.00) and 1.50 (95% CI: 0.69–3.30) greater odds of having TDIs than those who answered ‘no’ after adjustment for confounders. Of the 8 behaviours assessed, having run away from home, bullied or threatened people, often told lies, and stolen valuable things were associated with having TDIs.

Conclusion

This study among adolescents shows that reporting troublesome behaviour was associated with TDIs two years later. Given the wide confidence intervals for these associations, the present findings require confirmation from further longitudinal studies.
(Z,E)‐α‐Farnesene – sex pheromone component of female click beetle Selatosomus aeripennis destructor with intra‐ and inter‐sexual communication function
Authors: Gries Regine , van Herk Wim , Alamsetti Santosh K. , Catton Haley , Meers Scott , Otani Jennifer , Gries Gerhard
Published: January 2022

Sex pheromones are known for only a few major click beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) pests in North America. These pheromones could be used to monitor, as well as control, adult beetles. Our objective was to identify the sex pheromone of female Selatosomus aeripennis destructor (Brown), a predominant elaterid pest species in farmland in the Canadian Prairie provinces. Headspace volatiles from a group of S. a. destructor females were collected and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The GC‐EAD recordings revealed two candidate pheromone components that elicited weak (CPC‐1) or strong (CPC‐2) responses from adult male S. a. destructor antennae. The mass spectra of CPC‐1 and CPC‐2 indicated, and authentic standards confirmed, that they were the isomers (E)‐β‐farnesene and (Z,E)‐α‐farnesene, respectively. In three field experiments at various sites in Alberta, Canada, traps baited with synthetic (Z,E)‐α‐farnesene captured 7.1×, 6.8×, and 2.6× more males than unbaited control traps. In follow‐up experiments, traps baited with (Z,E)‐α‐farnesene captured significantly more males, but significantly fewer females, than unbaited control traps, indicating sex pheromone autodetection by females. (E)‐β‐Farnesene on its own was not attractive as a trap lure, and when added to (Z,E)‐α‐farnesene at a 20:1 ratio, it reduced the lure’s attractiveness. Our data support the conclusion that (Z,E)‐α‐farnesene is the major sex pheromone component of S. a. destructor females, with both an intra‐ and inter‐sexual communication function.
Failing to fail phenomena
Authors: Dixon Carly , Vahid Roudsari Reza
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Clinical competence is the backbone of competence‐based dental education. Over time, there has been a paradigm shift toward training students who are capable of independent practice, as opposed to mere academic success.

Methods

A mixed‐method study was undertaken by anonymised email questionnaire to all restorative tutors at the UK Dental School. Demographics and teaching experience were ascertained, along with key questions on the utilisation of online assessment software iDentity. The assessment process for tutors was explored, and barriers experienced when grading students were reported.

Results

The questionnaire was sent to all 51 restorative tutors with a response rate of 59% (n = 30). Only 3.5% of tutors provided verbal feedback and grading to students in person, with 20.7% only completing iDentity gradings following an email reminder. The majority of staff (93.3%) felt comfortable in raising concerns; however, one of the three clinical tutors admitted they had allowed a failing student to a pass. Qualitative analysis demonstrated several themes why tutors were reluctant to fail students: maintaining good relationships, limited supervision, time delay of grading, one‐off event and the student's first attempt.

Conclusions

Grading students as competent as a one‐off experience could potentially mask a recurring problem with a student, in turn impacting the student's ability to assess their own weakness and believe themselves to be competent, and potentially be overconfident. Fair and accurate assessment has a significant benefit to student and staff, enabling targeted development to motivate the students and improve the quality of care provided to the patients.
Effect of self‐learning media based on 360° virtual reality for learning periodontal instrument skills
Authors: Tak Na‐Yeoun , Lim Hee‐Jung , Lim Do‐seon , Hwang Young‐Sun , Jung Im‐Hee
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Of 360° Virtual Reality (VR) is possibly produced and sufficiently effective as a consumer‐friendly VR learning medium. Therefore, it is also expected to be useful in the dental practice field, as a self‐learning medium for non‐face‐to‐face skill training during the ongoing pandemic (COVID‐19). Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess 360° VR self‐learning media for a periodontal instrument operation.

Materials and Methods

We recruited 30 participants who had never experienced instrument training. We offered basic education and initial assessment (IA), then divided them into three groups: 1) PAPER: trained only with paper handouts; 2) 2D: trained with 2D video; 3) VR: trained with 360° VR. Each group performed self‐learning and mid‐term assessment (MA). Subjects then implemented home self‐learning with the same media for one week, which was then followed by a final assessment (FA).

Result

Analysis of IA‐to‐FA improvement scores showed that VR and 2D video were significantly higher than the PAPER groups. Meanwhile, analysis of MA‐to‐FA improvement scores showed that only VR was substantially higher than the PAPER group. Although VR and 2D video groups were not considerably different, VR scores were numerically higher than 2D video in all improvement score analyses.

Discussion

Both 2D video and 360° VR training were helpful to participants for an effective self‐learning and also had good portability and accessibility as online‐based learning methods. 360° VR showed higher learning efficiency than regular 2D video, possibly due to its autonomy, 360° visual information and physical and immersive characteristics, which positively affected self‐training.

Conclusion

Our findings showed the potential of 360° VR learning media and, further, suggest its usefulness as a novel self‐learning method in future dental education.
Cooperative breeding and the emergence of multilevel societies in birds
Authors: Camerlenghi Ettore , McQueen Alexandra , Delhey Kaspar , Cook Carly N. , Kingma Sjouke A. , Farine Damien R. , Peters Anne
Published: January 2022

Multilevel societies (MLSs), where social levels are hierarchically nested within each other, are considered one of the most complex forms of animal societies. Although thought to mainly occurs in mammals, it is suggested that MLSs could be under‐detected in birds. Here, we propose that the emergence of MLSs could be common in cooperatively breeding birds, as both systems are favoured by similar ecological and social drivers. We first investigate this proposition by systematically comparing evidence for multilevel social structure in cooperative and non‐cooperative birds in Australia and New Zealand, a global hotspot for cooperative breeding. We then analyse non‐breeding social networks of cooperatively breeding superb fairy‐wrens (Malurus cyaneus) to reveal their structured multilevel society, with three hierarchical social levels that are stable across years. Our results confirm recent predictions that MLSs are likely to be widespread in birds and suggest that these societies could be particularly common in cooperatively breeding birds.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of the TYRO Dads Program
Authors: Kim Young‐Il , Jang Sung Joon
Published: January 2022

Objective

To examine whether fathers who attend TYRO Dads class report greater satisfaction in their relationship with their child and increased engagement in activities with their child than nonparticipants and, if so, whether parenting efficacy, parenting role identity, and coparenting relationship with the child's mother account for differences in father involvement between the intervention and control groups.

Background

Despite the growing number of fatherhood intervention programs, limited experimental research has been conducted to evaluate their effectiveness.

Method

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a sample of 252 fathers randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Both groups completed a pretest survey and were followed up at the end of intervention (posttest) and 3 months after the intervention (follow‐up). Latent growth curve models were used to estimate both intervention and dosage effects.

Results

The intervention group fathers reported significant improvement over time in the level of satisfaction of the relationship with their child. This finding may be partly because program participants became more confident in their parenting role, had their parenting role identity enhanced, or felt better about their relationship with their child's mother. These results were more pronounced among those who attended eight out of 10 sessions.

Conclusion

In this study, the TYRO Dads program was an effective intervention helping low‐income fathers boost their confidence as a father and enhancing fathers' perception of their relationship with the child's mother.

Implications

Responsible fatherhood programs should make an intentional effort to incentivize participation to increase attendance and the likelihood of completing the program.
Osteoarthritis management: Does the pharmacist play a role in bridging the gap between what patients actually know and what they ought to know? Insights from a national online survey
Authors: McLachlan Andrew J. , Carroll Peter R. , Hunter David J. , Wakefield Tom A. N. , Stosic Rodney
Published: January 2022

Background

Guidelines encourage engagement in self‐care activities for osteoarthritis (OA), but there are gaps in consumers' knowledge about suitable choices for self‐care. Community pharmacists are in an ideal position to contribute to OA management through screening and supporting evidence‐based pain management choices. Prior research established an association between health literacy and advice‐seeking and appropriateness of analgesics choices (both lower in participants with limited health literacy) amongst people living with OA. This article explores the implications of these data for pharmacists in OA management.

Methods

A national online survey was conducted amongst 628 adults aged 45–74 years, currently residing in Australia, with self‐reported symptoms of OA. All data were collected using a customized online questionnaire, which was completed only once. ‘Self‐reported symptoms of OA’ was based on six validated screening questions to identify people with OA without a formal clinical diagnosis.

Results

Respondents matched the typical profile of people diagnosed with OA; more than half were female (56%), knees (59%) and hips (31%) were the primary affected joints and 74% were either overweight or obese. Self‐identification of OA was limited (41%). Overall, 38% self‐managed their pain, and limited health literacy was associated with less advice‐seeking. Efficacy and ease of use were the main reasons cited for prompting use across all classes of nonprescription analgesic, with less than 20% reporting recommendation from a pharmacist. Participants were managing their pain with an average of 1.74 (95% confidence interval: 1.60–1.88) analgesics, but 73% reported inadequate pain relief and 54% had disrupted sleep.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight three key themes: lack of self‐identification of OA, suboptimal pain relief and limited use of the community pharmacist as a source of management advice. Equipping community pharmacists with tools to identify OA could bridge this gap. More research is needed to determine if it will improve consumers' ability to appropriately manage OA pain.

Patient or Public Contribution

Consumers living with OA contributed to the study outcomes, reviewed the survey questionnaire for face validity and advised on plain language terminology.
The social messages of Civil War monuments
Authors: Thompson Erin L.
Published: January 2022

What messages did the patrons of Civil War monuments, both Confederate and Union, intend them to send to viewers? While it is commonly thought that Confederate monuments were erected to intimidate Black Southerners and keep them from voting, this article uses a combination of visual analysis and historical research to argue that these monuments were generally erected only after Jim Crow legislation and other means had already rendered Black political participation impossible. Instead, the monuments spoke to white, working‐class Southerners, to persuade them not to cross racial lines, especially during labor disputes. Similarly, Union Civil War monuments also worked to enshrine racial inequality by erasing the memory of African‐American soldiers' participation in the Civil War.
Creep properties of melt infiltrated SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™‐iBN and Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers
Authors: Bhatt Ramakrishna T. , Halbig Michael C.
Published: January 2022

Isothermal tensile creep tests were conducted on 2D woven and laminated, 0/90 balanced melt infiltration (MI) SiC/SiC composites at stress levels from 48 to 138 MPa and temperatures to 1400°C in air. Effects of fiber architecture and fiber types on creep properties, influence of accumulated creep strain on in‐plane tensile properties, and the dominant constituent controlling the creep behavior and creep rupture properties of these composites were investigated. In addition, the creep parameters of both composites were determined. Results indicate that in 2D woven MI SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™‐iBN or Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers, creep is controlled by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) SiC matrix, whereas in 2D laminated MI SiC/SiC composites with Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers, creep is controlled by the fiber. Both types of composites exhibit significant variation in creep behavior and rupture life at a constant temperature and stress, predominantly due to local variation in microstructural inhomogeneity and stress raisers. In both types of composites at temperatures >1350°C, residual silicon present in SiC matrix to reacts with SiC fibers and fiber coating causing premature creep rupture. Using the creep parameters generated, the creep behaviors of the composites have been modeled and factors influencing creep durability are discussed.
Screening for primary aldosteronism in the diabetic population: a cohort study
Authors: Tan Suzanne J. , Libianto Renata , Yang Jun , Wong Jennifer
Published: January 2022

Background

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common endocrine cause of hypertension. It is associated with higher cardio‐metabolic risk than essential hypertension. Hypertension is common in patients with type 2 diabetes who carry increased cardiovascular risk; however, it is unknown how frequently they are tested for PA.

Aim

To assess the extent to which the Endocrine Society's 2016 PA screening guidelines have been applied in a tertiary diabetes care setting and evaluate the demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients who met screening criteria compared with those who did not.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from 272 patients who attended tertiary diabetes clinics and had two or more blood pressure measurements from January to December 2018.

Results

Of 272 patients, 60 (22.1%) had indication(s) for PA screening, but only 14 (23.3%) of 60 were screened using the aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR). Five patients who did not meet screening criteria were screened. Only one of 19 patients screened had an abnormal ARR; however, 16 were taking medications known to affect aldosterone and/or renin production.

Conclusions

In a tertiary diabetes outpatient setting, only a minority of patients who fulfilled the Endocrine Society criteria for PA screening were actually screened. Appropriate screening for PA in the diabetic hypertensive population is necessary for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of a highly modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Further studies are needed to develop feasible strategies to identify patients with PA in this population.