bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lord’s Supper in Catechetical Literature
Authors: Burnett Amy Nelson
Published: January 2019

The introduction of a pre-communion examination in Wittenberg was the catalyst for the incorporation of a section on the Lord’s Supper into the earliest evangelical catechisms, which began to be produced in 1525. Throughout the second half of the 1520s, Luther’s sermons on communion preparation increasingly emphasized belief in Christ’s bodily presence, but this emphasis was not reflected in catechisms written outside of Wittenberg, which continued to teach positions from Luther’s pre-1525 writings. There were very few sacramentarian catechisms, with the most important being the Strasbourg catechism by Wolfgang Capito. The St. Gallen catechism modified the older catechism of the Bohemian Brethren, while the communion preparation advice produced in Augsburg emphasized positions both sides could accept.
Austria
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Austria was annexed to the German Reich in 1938, and more than one-third of its prewar Jewish population of 200,000 died during the Holocaust. The systematic confiscation of Jewish immovable property began in 1938 by Austrian and German Nazis and was carried out by official and unofficial measures. A series of Restitution Acts was enacted between 1946 and 1949—while Austria was under Allied occupation—addressing the return of private immovable property. The 1955 State Treaty—re-establishing Austria’s independence—underscored Austria’s obligation to either return or compensate confiscated property. Austria in the 1980s began to come to terms with its role as a co-perpetrator of the Holocaust. Since 1995, Austria has implemented measures aimed at remedying past restitution failures. To date, Austria has legislated or entered into restitution agreements for private, communal, and heirless property. Austria endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Belgium
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Nazi Germany invaded Belgium in 1940 and occupied the country until 1944. More than 26,000 Jews were deported from Belgium during the Holocaust and less than 2,000 of them survived. Owing to unique aspects of Belgian law still in force during the occupation, less than 10 percent of Jewish real estate was sold by the German occupying power. Most private property that came under German administration was rented out and the proceeds put into blocked accounts for the benefit of the original property owners. After the war, there was no organized process for seeking payment of the rental account balances or for seeking restitution or compensation for real estate that had been sold by the German administration. In the late 1990s, the Belgian government’s Study Commission—established to examine the fate of Jewish property during the war—found it difficult to identify any remaining unrestituted immovable property because of the ad hoc manner of its return after the war. Notwithstanding this difficulty, an Indemnification Commission was established in 2001 to compensate individuals whose property (immovable and movable) had not been previously compensated/returned. Belgium endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Croatia
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Yugoslavia (which included present-day Croatia) was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941 and immovable property was confiscated. After the war, Yugoslavia enacted a property restitution law, but it was short-lived. As Yugoslavia fell under Communist rule, widespread nationalization—which this time occurred irrespective of race, religion, or ethnicity—resulted in a second wave of property confiscations. It was not until the early 1990s that the post–Yugoslavian Republic of Croatia enacted its first set of denationalization legislation. Croatia’s main restitution laws, however, were not enacted until after the conclusion of the conflicts in the Balkans, which began in 1991 and ended in 1995. Croatia has since passed legislation relating to restitution of private and communal property, albeit with certain key limitations. Ambiguity in one of the main restitution laws left it unclear whether property confiscated during World War II was included. Croatia endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Hungary
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Hungary was an ally of Germany for most of World War II. Even before joining the Axis alliance, Hungary had passed a series of race laws erasing the equal treatment Jews had received in the country since the mid-nineteenth century. More than three-quarters of the country’s prewar Jewish population was killed during the war. In the 1947 Treaty of Peace, Hungary committed to returning or providing compensation for private, communal, and heirless property confiscated from Jews and other victims during the war. Little was done to act on these commitments during the Communist era. Instead, widespread nationalization resulted in a second wave of confiscation. Restitution and compensation legislation, with a number of exceptions, was enacted in the early 1990s. Hungary endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Macedonia
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Yugoslavia (which included present-day Macedonia) was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941 and immovable property was confiscated. After the war, Yugoslavia enacted a property restitution law, but it was short-lived. As Yugoslavia fell under Communist rule, widespread nationalization—which this time occurred irrespective of race, religion, or ethnicity—resulted in a second wave of property confiscations. Macedonia gained its independence in 1991. In 2000, Macedonia passed its primary denationalization law, which addressed the restitution of private, communal, and heirless property. It was the first law in any of the Balkan countries to address heirless property. Macedonia endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Malta
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Malta was a British Crown colony during World War II. Prior to and during World War II, Jewish refugees fled from Continental Europe to Malta because it was the only country in Europe that did not require visas for refugees fleeing Nazi Germany. No immovable property—private, communal, or heirless—was taken from Jews or other targeted groups in Malta during the war. As a result, no immovable property restitution laws were required. Malta endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Portugal
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Portugal was ruled from 1932 to 1968 by dictator António Salazar, who, unlike Spain’s Francisco Franco, did not enter into an alliance with Nazi Germany. Along with European states like Switzerland and Sweden, Portugal remained neutral during World War II. As a result, Salazar’s Portugal continued to trade with both the Axis and the Allied powers. Portugal had a very small Jewish population consisting of Sephardic, Ashkenazi and former crypto Jews. Upon Hitler coming to power, some Jews found refuge in Portugal, especially in 1940 when Nazi Germany overran France. It is estimated that approximately 13,000–15,000 Jews passed through Portugal during the war under 30-day tourist visas issued to them. Some estimates place the number as high as 100,000. No immovable property—private, communal, or heirless—was taken from Jews or other targeted groups in Portugal during the war. As a result, no immovable property restitution laws were required after World War II ended. Portugal endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Ukraine
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Ukraine was invaded and dismantled in 1941 when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Most of Ukraine was ruled by the Germans, but Romania was awarded large parts of southern Romania. Notwithstanding the systematic plunder of Jewish property in Ukraine during the war, to date, Ukraine does not have any laws governing the restitution of private property, or specific laws on the restitution of communal or heirless property. Ukraine endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
United States
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

The United States entered World War II on the side of the Allied forces in 1941. While no immovable property located in the United States was confiscated during the war, the United States was involved with armistice agreements and the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties, which included clauses requiring the protection, return, and/or compensation of property. The United States was also involved in bilateral claims settlement agreements with several European countries, to address compensation for confiscated or nationalized property during and after the war. In the 1990s, the United States was a facilitator in large-scale Holocaust restitution. Several lawsuits against sovereigns and private parties involving stolen Jewish property were filed in American courts and continue today. The political branches of the U.S. government were involved in the settlement of Holocaust restitution lawsuits. The United States endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Missionaries in the Manchu City (1864–1905)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

The large transnational flows of people, ideas, and resources that characterized twentieth-century global modernity had early expressions within the imperial institutions (and aspiring or quasi-imperial institutions) of the nineteenth century. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebellion, Qing imperial bureaucracy, and London Missionary Society all engaged in the same project of connecting individuals through national and transnational networks held together by charismatic ideas and institutional resources. For the five individuals whose lives intertwine in this chapter (Hong Xiuquan, Christian rebel; Zeng Guofan, Qing imperial official; Samuel Evans Meech, missionary; Lillie E. V. Saville, missionary doctor; and Wei Enbo, cloth merchant), these networks provided expanded opportunities to engage with the world and transform it to reflect a particular universalistic vision. As people sought to realize these distinctive visions and the charismatic worldviews they represented, they created and extended large organizational structures in which their ideals were embodied, but also attenuated.
A Smaller, Bigger World (1905–1917)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

The introduction of new printing, steamship, rail, and telegraph technologies to China increased global awareness and supported universalistic thinking. These new technologies facilitated both the spread of charismatic ideas and organizational processes to protect and propagate these ideas. The international Pentecostal movement in the early twentieth century arose not only from the inherent popularity of charismatic practices and theologies but also from new logistical capabilities in popularizing these practices worldwide, such as mass mechanized printing, telegraph and rail lines, and transpacific steamship travel. This global openness that began with the great transnational missionary organizations of the nineteenth century became more accessible to ordinary people by the first decades of the twentieth century, allowing the Norwegian American Pentecostal missionary Bernt Berntsen to influence the religious worldview of Wei Enbo, who later founded the True Jesus Church.
Don’t Be Like the Gentiles (1974–Present)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

Within China’s diverse civil society, certain groups including Christian churches like the True Jesus Church are autonomous ideological communities (communities oriented around a shared ideology or set of truth-claims about the nature of reality, including the moral dimensions of right and wrong). Autonomous ideological communities (or “truth-claiming” groups) are not hermetically sealed off from surrounding society, but their strong ideological orientation creates a distinctive and complex community culture. Within the True Jesus Church, efficacious charismatic practices such as healing, exorcism, and tongues-speaking strengthen shared community culture by certifying that the church’s sacred worldview, governance, and shared way of life are legitimate (rooted in truth). This shared culture within the church gives rise to discourse that sometimes rejects Chinese society and sometimes affirms it, but always refers back to the church’s own internal truth-claims as the basis for engaging with the wider world. Despite the stereotypically “uncivil” insularity and exclusivity of the True Jesus Church’s teachings, its strong community culture strengthens civil society on a society-wide scale by valuing truth, building trust, and contributing to ideological pluralism.
From Shikhany to Vozrozhdenie Island
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

A key requirement with regard to the Soviet Union’s preparedness for biological warfare was the identification of a location—preferably an island—for use in field tests of bacteriological agents. Initially, the Red Army made use of the Central Army Chemical Proving Ground at Shikhany and carried out a range of tests on BW simulants. The risks and difficulties associated with BW tests at Shikhany, especially the proximity of the town of Volsk to the proving ground, eventually led to the transfer of this work to the newly established biological proving ground on the highly remote Vozrozhdenie Island in the Aral Sea.
Stalin’s BW Archipelago
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

During the immediate post-war period, Lavrentiy Beria, the Soviet minister of internal affairs, continued to maintain control of the Soviet biological warfare program and to further develop its offensive capabilities. In his new role, Beria and his staff had access to biological weapons specialists captured as a result of the Soviet victory in the Second World War. In the post-war period, Beria maintained the NIIEG facility at remote Kirov as the key hub of the Soviet BW program. During the period 1947 to 1949, a new military BW facility was spun off from the Kirov institute. Based in Sverdlovsk it was known as the USSR Ministry of Defense’s Scientific-Research Institute of Hygiene. In 1953, a third military BW facility, the Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute, was created at Zagorsk. The Vozrozhdenie Island open-air BW proving ground was also expanded after the war.
Introduction
Authors: Coan Andrew
Published: January 2019

How did special prosecutors come to exercise significant power, despite serving purely at the pleasure of the president? Why has the United States rejected stronger institutional safeguards of the sort embraced by other advanced democracies? What does this history means for special prosecutors today? The short answer to all of these questions is that special prosecutors function as catalysts for democracy. By raising the visibility of presidential misconduct, they enable the American people to hold the president accountable for his actions. But just like presidents, special prosecutors can abuse their power. To guard against this risk, the president retains the power to fire a special prosecutor at any time. If he exercises that power corruptly or capriciously, special prosecutors have no legal remedy. But they are not unprotected. The president must ultimately answer to the American people. This has proved a surprisingly powerful deterrent.
The First One Hundred Years
Authors: Coan Andrew
Published: January 2019

Between 1875 and 1973, five different presidents appointed special prosecutors to investigate all manner of high-level official corruption. This chapter tells the stories of three such investigations, which provide crucial lessons for understanding modern-day special prosecutors. In each case, popular outcry over alleged misconduct by high executive officials forced the president to appoint a special prosecutor to restore public confidence. In each case, the high public salience of the resulting investigation gave the president’s supporters powerful incentives to attack the special prosecutor. But the special prosecutor’s visibility also provided the American people a potent tool for holding presidents accountable. Right from the beginning, politics was a double-edged sword for special prosecutors and their ability to safeguard the rule of law.
A New Balance
Authors: Coan Andrew
Published: January 2019

After the ordeal of Bill Clinton’s impeachment, few wished to resurrect a strongly independent special prosecutor. But nor did anyone wish to return to the wholly unregulated approach of the previous era. Was there not some middle ground? In the waning days of the Clinton administration, Attorney General Janet Reno convened a task force to answer this question. For nearly twenty years, the intricate rules this group drafted went largely untested. Then Donald Trump was elected president. This chapter recounts the drafting of these rules and the appointment of special counsel Robert Mueller to investigate allegations of collusion between Trump’s 2016 campaign and the Russian government. Political pressure forced Trump to acquiesce in Mueller’s appointment. This gave Trump and his allies powerful political incentives to attack Mueller, which they did with ruthless ferocity. For special prosecutors, this is the norm. For the American people, it is cause for intense vigilance.
Can the President Be Compelled to Testify under Oath?
Authors: Coan Andrew
Published: January 2019

Executive privilege is a doctrine closely akin to attorney-client privilege that allows presidents to resist judicial demands for evidence or testimony under hazily defined circumstances. It is frequently the bane of a special prosecutor’s existence. This chapter recounts the story of United States v. Nixon, the only executive privilege case ever decided by the U.S. Supreme Court—and the only court decision ever to bring down a sitting president. Despite this dramatic outcome, the Court’s decision left much room for debate. As a result, most executive privilege disputes are resolved through negotiation and not by the courts. In the background of every such negotiation, a single question looms larger than all the rest: What will the American people stand for? Here, too, the choice is ours.
Rhotic variation in Spanish codas
Authors: Blecua Beatriz , Cicres Jordi
Published: January 2019

The present study describes the variation that syllable-final rhotics (preconsonantal and prepausal) exhibit in spontaneous speech in Central Peninsular Spanish. First, a detailed description of the acoustic and temporal characteristics of each variant is provided. At the same time, the effects of contextual factors are analyzed for the different acoustic realizations. The proportion of more relaxed variants (elision and one-component, without a vocalic fragment) is higher in spontaneous speech than in read speech, while only 6.7% of the tokens are trilled. Furthermore, realizations with a fricative opening phase, as opposed to the usual vocalic element, were also obtained. Results indicate that the most important factor in the acoustic definition of rhotics is their position (before a consonant or before a pause). Finally, main effects were found for the place and manner of articulation of the following gesture as well as stress on the number of components of coda rhotics.
A crosslinguistic study of voiceless fricative sibilants in Galician and European Portuguese
Authors: Regueira Fernández Xosé Luís , Ginzo María José
Published: January 2019

This study examines the sibilant fricatives produced by seventeen Galician and twenty-two Portuguese speakers. Galician and Portuguese are closely related languages that present important continuities, although it is in their phonological and phonetic systems that they diverge most obviously. By means of the analysis of spectra and spectral moments, chiefly the spectral mean, postalveolar sibilants and front (alveolar or alveolo-dental) sibilants are differentiated in both Galician and Portuguese. Much variation has been found in front sibilant realizations among speakers and even between different realizations by the same speaker. This variation is especially striking among male Galician speakers, where it was possible to distinguish three different articulations, identified here as an apico-aveolar [s̺], a lamino-alveolar [s], and a lamino-dental [s̪] sibilant. The research results point to a loss of phonetic diversity on the Portuguese side of the political border, while in Galicia it is better preserved, although it is losing ground.
Perceived phrasing in French
Authors: Smith Caroline L.
Published: January 2019

Studies of prosodic structure in French have tended to concentrate on production in order to identify what levels of phrasing speakers differentiate. But what are listeners hearing? The chapter details the examination of some specific structures (dislocations and focused phrases) to see whether listeners’ perceptions align with the prosodic structures that have been proposed. The approach used is Rapid Prosody Transcription, in which untrained listeners are asked to identify words they perceive as prominent or places where they perceive a break in the flow of speech (phrasal boundary). Descriptions of French agree that prominences occur either initially or finally in the smallest-sized phrase. While the majority of locations where listeners marked boundaries were perceived as preceded by a prominent word, because more prominences than boundaries were marked these did not necessarily co-occur with boundaries. Dislocated words were perceived as both prominent and separated from the main clause by a boundary.
Galician mid-vowel reduction
Authors: Martínez-Gil Fernando
Published: January 2019

Contemporary Galician presents a phonemic distinction between open ([-ATR]) and close ([+ATR) mid vowels: /ɛ, ɔ/ vs. /e, o/, respectively, which holds under primary stress. However, in a number of phonologically and/or morphologically defined contexts the [ATR] value of mid vowels, both stressed and unstressed, is predictable. The present study deals with the distribution of open and closed mid vowels in Galician, with special focus on the neutralization of [ATR] distinctions, a process labeled here mid-vowel reduction (MVR), whereby only the closed vowels [e, o] are allowed in unstressed position. While post-tonic mid vowels are systematically subject to MVR, the behavior of pretonic mid vowels establishes a clear split between two major Galician dialectal groups.
Production and perception in the acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese
Authors: Elvin Jaydene , Vasiliev Polina , Escudero Paola
Published: January 2019

Learning to listen to and produce the sounds of a new language is a difficult task for many second-language learners. While there is a large corpus of literature that investigates Spanish and Portuguese learners’ perception and production of an L;2, particularly English, there is relatively little research available for the opposite scenario, namely, how speakers of other languages learn to perceive and produce the sounds of Spanish and Portuguese. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a critical review of the available literature in this less studied area. First some general facts relating to non-native and L;2 speech perception and production are presented, including the theoretical models that aim at explaining these phenomena. A review follows of the empirical findings currently available for L;2 speech production and perception in Spanish and Portuguese, and how these two abilities relate in the process of acquiring the sounds of these languages.
Writing the King’s Death
Authors: Bellany Alastair
Published: January 2019

The writing produced around the succession of Charles I in 1625 was dominated by discussion of the life and death of his father, James I. Focusing on a range of texts about James I’s death and funeral—James Shirley’s poem on the king’s ritualized lying-in-state, John Williams’s funeral sermon for the king in Westminster Abbey, Abraham Darcie’s engraved memorial broadside, and George Eglisham’s infamous secret history of James’s murder—this chapter explores how panegyric succession writing was shaped and undermined by significant tensions within early Stuart political culture—about religion and monarchy, kings and court favourites, domestic and foreign policy, and royal authority and the public sphere.
‘He seems a king by long succession born’
Authors: Zwicker Steven N.
Published: January 2019

On 3 September 1658 the death of Oliver Cromwell thrust the dilemma of succession onto the Privy Council; that day they declared Oliver’s eldest son, Richard, Lord Protector. In the weeks and months that followed, the challenge of imagining, celebrating, and legitimating this unprecedented succession would be taken up by those writing on the event of Oliver’s death and Richard’s accession. This chapter addresses the dilemmas facing those who would fashion Cromwellian celebrity and succession by focusing on a small pamphlet of funerary verse, Three Poems Upon the Death of his late Highnesse, issued in the spring of 1659, rather late in the season of mourning. The volume itself presents a number of puzzles—formal, bibliographical, and imaginative—that can be read both as an emblem of the contradictions of Cromwellian rule—present and absent Oliver Cromwell—and of the anxieties that lay ahead when Three Poems finally appeared.
‘A great Romance feigned to raise wonder’
Authors: West John
Published: January 2019

Historians have recently explored afresh the conflict and uncertainty surrounding the succession of William and Mary of Orange to the English throne. But literary criticism has offered relatively little analysis of its poetry. This chapter sets examples of verse panegyric on the succession alongside pamphlet literature, particularly focusing on a neglected succession poem by Elkanah Settle. The chapter argues that imagery of literature—poetry, fiction, and romance—in pamphlet polemic registered an understanding of the succession as an event that was either a remarkable true fiction or an illegal fabrication. This alignment of literary invention and constitutional innovation affected panegyric negatively because poets were unable or unwilling to use the form to offer advice to the new regime. A reading of A View of the Times by Settle shows a novel though ultimately frustrated attempt to retrieve for panegyric a role in shaping rather than merely reflecting contemporary politics.
‘I have brought thee up to a Kingdome’
Authors: Colclough David
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses sermons preached around the accessions of James VI and I and Charles I, focusing on the complex tasks facing preachers as they attended to the spiritual state of the former and current rulers, counselled the new monarch on ecclesiastical policy, and spoke to the anxieties of a nation in transition. Sermons greeting the accession of the first Stuart king addressed the various claims for his legitimacy as Elizabeth’s successor; those delivered at the opening of Charles I’s reign were untroubled by such concerns but sought to reassure their auditories that the nation’s foundations were secure under its new ruler.
‘Eyes without Light’
Authors: Power Henry
Published: January 2019

During the seventeenth century the relationship between monarch and universities was a highly political one. This chapter considers the many collections of verse—in English and Latin—issued by the universities in response to royal successions. The protocols surrounding these volumes allowed for a certain amount of political self-expression. This chapter argues that these volumes became a means by which the universities could establish a relationship with the new monarch. The first half of the chapter charts the emergence and operation of protocols for producing these commemorative volumes. The second half offers a case study of Cambridge’s two commemorative volumes, respectively on the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 and the accession of Charles II in 1660. The scholarly exercises contained within these volumes were capable of communicating significant political messages.
Light as a wave
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the basic concepts, such as light as a wave, a brief overview of Maxwell’s equations, the harmonic wave solution, spatial frequency, phasors, intensity, complex representation, the scalar approximation, and light quanta.
Two waves: interference
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the sum of two waves, including standing waves. The examples considered are Young’s two-hole experiment, the Fabry–Perot etalon, and Michelson’s interferometer. In most cases interference can be treated as a sum of two or more phasors, which may either add or cancel, producing constructive and destructive interference, respectively.
Polarization
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the polarization of light, including the transverse nature of the plane-wave solution; the linear and circular bases are introduced, and the propagation of polarized light in media is analysed.
Disputes
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

No further definitions of kin were formalized after Solon’s legislation, but in a highly law-conscious society there is ample evidence of disputes between kin. This chapter aims to reconstruct the legal process of such disputes and their effects on the litigants and their kin, drawing on several case studies attested by forensic speeches and stressing the importance of long-term analysis of process as legally dubious compromises led to later lawsuits.
Rites de passage
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses rituals as occasions for kin to gather together, specifically those with a marked social setting or socio-legal implications: these include the amphidromia, dekate, meion, choes, other ritual roles for male and female adolescents, koureion, betrothal, wedding, aphaeresis, divorce, and will making.
Commemoration
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the assumptions surrounding kinship, burial, and commemoration in classical Athens, focusing on the implications of commemorative monuments, sumptuary laws, war graves, public and private spheres, ‘family tombs’, periboloi, death of adolescents, ‘genealogical’ stelai, and addition to and alteration of tomb monuments.
Festivals, Associations, Dedications
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

The discussion of festivals, associations, and dedications in this chapter distinguishes between the nuclear family and wider networks of kin, as well as corporate and ‘voluntary’ groups, and focuses on ‘private’ religious activity: the participation of women in ritual, theoria/pilgrimage, associations (eranos, orgeones, thiasos), the drift towards henotheism, oracles, dreams, and dedications.
Political Marriages, Lawsuits, Curse tablets
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the informal political interactions that took place on the margins of the public arena, including political marriages, lawsuits, support in political difficulties, and the recourse to curse tablets.
The Kleisthenic Tribes and Trittyes
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

Reforms introduced c.507 introduced a new tribal system, with ten tribes each divided into three trittyes, and all but the largest trittyes further divided into demes. This chapter examines the purpose and process of this restructuring, beginning from Kleisthenes and his mental map of Attika, and moving on to the tribes, trittyes, naukrariai, and organization of demes. Detailed analysis is included of Council quotas, lists of prytaneis, and ‘prytany trittyes’, as well as tribes in the army and fleet, tribe/trittys markers and horoi, tribal officials, meeting places, property, functions, tribe leaders and liturgists, and intertribal competitions.
III Pandionis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Kydathenaion. Inland trittys: Paiania, Myrrhinous, Angele, Kytherros. Coastal trittys: Probalinthos, Steiria, Prasiai.
Understanding the (Re)creation of Routines from Within
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the question of how routines are created and recreated from within, and proposes a process model focusing on the internal dynamics of routines. In particular, by unpacking the performative and ostensive aspects of routines, it grounds endogenous explanations of routine creation and recreation to the situated understandings and actions of mutually susceptible participants. Mead’s concept of role taking helps to account for the fitting together of individual lines of action (performative) and the sharing of participants’ schemata (included in the ostensive) as mutually constituted processes that occur as participants develop distinct selves in the context of a joint activity. Moreover, the content and structure of the ostensive aspect is accounted for, and a conceptualization is proposed that does justice to it as a singular structural construct and allows for its multiplicity.
Grasping the Logic of Practice
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

There is an increasing concern that organizational theories are not relevant to practice. This chapter contends that the overall problem is that most organizational theories are unable to capture the logic of practice because they are developed within the framework of scientific rationality. The latter, along with the accompanying representational view of theory, are grounded on an entity-based ontology that foregrounds the subject-object separation. Drawing on Heidegger and his interpreters, existential ontology is suggested as an alternative, which is spacious enough to allow that a practice world shows up to beings who are absorbed in it, and that human beings can engage with the practice world in variously detached ways, through which its components appear to them. Accordingly, practical rationality is elaborated as an alternative framework, and shown to enable development of theories that grasp the logic of practice, and thus are more relevant to organizational practice.
Anthropocene: the good, the bad, and the inescapable
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

The Anthropocene is an emerging epoch in the Earth system that requires a “state shift” in the way we think. The Earth system becomes much more unstable than it was in the last 12,000 years of the Holocene. The “bad Anthropocene” is associated with scientists who have identified “planetary boundaries” that must not be transgressed: so the Anthropocene is mostly something to be fought. The “good Anthropocene” is proposed by technological optimists who welcome humanity asserting benign control over what was the natural world. It is preferable to think of the inescapable Anthropocene: as something that humanity must learn to live with, for it will continue to generate novel challenges and crises in the Earth system. Human activities have a decisive causal influence on the Earth system, but to date the responses of the social sciences to the challenge have been inadequate. It is necessary to do better.
Governance in the Anthropocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

The opposite of path dependency is reflexivity, the capacity of structures, systems, and ideas to question their own core commitments, and if necessary change themselves, not just do different things. The main requirement of governance in the Anthropocene is ecological reflexivity, which requires listening and responding effectively to signals from the Earth system, and foresight to anticipate potentially catastrophic changes. Ecological reflexivity fights pathological path dependencies. More effective deliberative and democratic practices can help. However, no fixed model of governance is appropriate in an ever-changing Earth system. Instead, this chapter shows how to think about building the capacity of governance to change, which is much more important than any specific model. The challenge is to develop governance capacities that have never been fully demonstrated before. Looking at the ambiguous history of climate governance, we draw lessons about how ecological reflexivity can be cultivated.
Sustainability
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

The idea of sustainability has dominated global environmental affairs for several decades, though sustainable development has nowhere been achieved in practice. Established conceptions of sustainable development asserting that growth, justice, and environmental protection can be mutually reinforcing now need to be rethought under the more challenging circumstances of the Anthropocene. Sustainability needs to become more reflexive: more open to a range of understandings about its own essence, more ecologically grounded, more dynamic in its responsiveness to changing social and Earth system conditions, more far-sighted in anticipating future problems (such as state shifts in the Earth system), and more effectively integrated with other social values (such as justice and democracy). These requirements are demonstrated by a critical examination of one of the largest global efforts to advance sustainability and associated values: the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015.
Who will form the Anthropocene?
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

The Anthropocene requires remaking social structures and practices. Who can do this, giving form and meaning to values such as justice, democracy, sustainability, and conservation, thereby disrupting path dependencies in ideas? Discourse entrepreneurs are leaders and activists who can advance discourses such as that of the Anthropocene itself, or shift the balance within or across discourses (such as moral and religious ones) in an ecological direction. Other vital agents include scientists and experts, cities and sub-national governments, and those most vulnerable to a damaged Earth system. Non-human nature can play a role. More conventional agents such as states, international organizations, and corporations, whose actions are vitally important receive less attention because they are not well placed to initiate change in ideas. Using illustrations from biodiversity, climate governance, and elsewhere, this chapter shows how formative agency can transform the meanings and principles that guide institutions and practices, through argument, rhetoric, and deliberation.
Introduction
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter defines miscellaneity and the miscellany. It traces their material manifestations in early modern culture and establishes key pedagogical precepts and practices in relation to both, as well as examining their literary discussions and depictions. It also surveys the essential models of miscellaneity available at the time, identifying Aulus Gellius’ Noctes Atticae as the most important literary antecedent for the early modern works that are discussed in subsequent chapters of the book. It begins with a discussion of the satirized miscellanist Sir Politic Would-Be (in Ben Jonson’s Volpone), using Jonson’s play to provide an overview of the book’s aims and intentions, before reviewing the relevant scholarship in adjacent fields. Finally, through a series of case studies, it demonstrates that ‘miscellaneous order’ was essential to the habits of annotation and transcription and the organization of knowledge in early modern Britain—thus laying the foundations for the remainder of the book.
Chorography and Antiquarian Compilation
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the miscellany’s links with antiquarian compilation and chorography (the branch of geography concerned with the particulars of a specific region or place). Its primary interest is with textual production in the two fields, and with the practices of annotation and organization that allowed antiquaries and chorographers to turn their heterogeneous notes into orderly narratives. The manuscript miscellany, it argues, was essential to the kind of assemblage scholars carried out here. Compilers discussed in the chapter include William Lambarde, Edmund Tilney, George Owen of Henllys, Abraham Ortelius, and most extensively William Camden. The chapter shows that this kind of antiquarian assemblage was most commonly conceived as a kind of stitching or tailoring, in keeping with one of the more frequent early modern metaphors for textual and miscellaneous production.
Sovereign Debt and Self-Determination
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: January 2019

In this chapter we make use of the word ‘effective’ in order to test whether a particular action, contractual clause or other measures produce an outcome that is otherwise offensive to self-determination. This is not always easy because economic self-determination is sparse in the human rights literature. In this chapter we put forward the proposition that a state is sovereign where it is effectively empowered, without pressure or coercion, to make all policy decisions required to run the state machinery and satisfy the fundamental needs of all its people (at the very least), both individual and collective. A state’s effective policy and decision-making power is effectively curtailed where: a) it has been substituted in these functions by a third state or an organ of that state; b) where it is prevented from taking a particular action, such as unilateral default; c) where it is forced to violate fundamental domestic laws, including its constitution or the result of a referendum or; d) where external pressure is exerted against its government and institutions with the aim of creating volatility and uncertainty concerning its finances so that it succumbs to such pressure.
Curbing ‘Vulture Fund’ Litigation
Authors: Lumina Cephas
Published: January 2019

The lack of an international legal framework for the restructuring of sovereign debt, and the voluntary nature of current international debt restructuring initiatives have created opportunities for predatory private commercial entities—called ‘vulture funds’—to acquire defaulted sovereign debts at substantial discounts, refuse to participate in debt restructurings and aggressively pursue repayment of the full face value of the debt through litigation, often in multiple jurisdictions. This chapter discusses current official initiatives designed to curb vulture fund litigation and proposes a rethink of the doctrine of sovereign immunity as a key measure to curb the predatory behaviour of ‘vulture funds’. It also discusses the impact of the activities of these 'vulture funds’ on the realisation of human rights, particularly in developing countries, as well other consequences for the countries targeted by ‘vulture funds’
The Exile
Authors: Corens Liesbeth
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the broad conceptualization of mobility by Catholics. It explores the different understandings of migration for Protestants and Catholics, and highlights the specifically Catholic interpretations of mobility. A narrative of ‘exile’ is not dominant in Catholics’ writing on mobility; instead, the centrality of ‘mission’ in Catholic thinking becomes manifest. This changes the dynamic of how we should interpret mobile Catholics: not as isolated sufferers, but as militant defenders of their Church. Rather than victims escaping hardship, English Catholics went abroad with a mission and purpose. Moreover, the preference for ‘missionary’ over ‘exile’ indicates that Catholics did not understand physically leaving their country as breaking all ties with it in order to embrace the life of an isolated wanderer. On the contrary, expatriate Catholics were seen as active participants in an English Catholic community that did not have clearly defined geographical borders.
Conclusion
Authors: Corens Liesbeth
Published: January 2019

The conclusion draws together the book’s arguments, highlighting the importance of recognizing the variety of confessional mobility. Through this approach, the discussion of expatriate English Catholics is no longer a self-contained narrative: its greater significance lies in reconfiguring how we think about both confessional mobility and the Counter-Reformation. English Catholics’ scattered community shows the role of bonds of belonging over physical proximity and territoriality. Moreover, their various identifications—among English Catholics, within the broader Catholic Church, and with English subjecthood—strongly support moving beyond a narrative of simple, linear integration in a host society. Confessional Mobility also challenges the ongoing practice of reducing English Catholics, especially migrants, to the footnotes to scholarship on the Catholic Reformation, since they did not conform to a monolithic image of the triumphant Church. However, this book shows that the Counter-Reformation took many shapes, and that English particularities were part of this diverse spectrum.
The Protector’s Choice
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

When does a protector permit and facilitate the kidnapping of outsiders? Protecting criminals can be very lucrative. Effective protection increases the returns to crime and the protector can extract that surplus. Yet, engaging in crime and cooperation with criminal groups can undermine the legitimacy of the protector among the ruled and disrupt other taxable economic activities. Moreover, the protector risks being challenged by the criminals if their business becomes unexpectedly profitable. This chapter uses the example of Somali piracy to show that protectors only facilitate criminal activities if there is a net benefit from doing so. Usually, crime is only an attractive revenue source in economically remote areas and when the protector needs money to fight political or territorial challenges.
Crafting an Effective Protection Contract
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Firms cannot operate safely in rebel territory without making security arrangements with local powerbrokers. How does one make a protection contract with an armed group that is both self-enforcing and plausibly deniable? Protection contracts have prisoners’ dilemma characteristics: cooperation is only sustainable with indefinite time horizons or effective sanctioning mechanisms. This chapter discusses seven different options that are appropriate in different contexts and can also be deployed in parallel. Firms—advised by security consultancies—choose the options that minimize the total costs of obtaining security. These include production costs, transactions costs, and the potential reputational costs of engaging with rebel movements or deploying (para)military forces against local opposition groups.