bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First cosmogenic 10Be age constraint on the timing of Younger Dryas glaciation and ice cap thickness, western Scottish Highlands
Authors: Golledge Nicholas R. , Fabel Derek , Everest Jeremy D. , Freeman Stewart , Binnie Steven
Published: June 2007

We use cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure age techniques at a locality close to Rannoch Moor, western Scottish Highlands, in order to establish the age and chronology of its most recent glaciation. Glacial erratics and an in situ bedrock quartz vein sampled from this site—the summit of Beinn Inverveigh—have yielded zero‐erosion exposure ages of 12.9 ± 1.5 ka to 11.6 ± 1.0 ka, implying complete ice cover of the mountain during the Younger Dryas, or Loch Lomond Stadial. These results fit closely with published 14C dates that bracket the maximum (lateral) extent of ice cap outlet glaciers, and are the first internally consistent ages to specifically address this period of glaciation in Scotland. Furthermore, the dates imply that previous palaeoglaciological reconstructions for this area may have underestimated both the thickness of the former ice cap and, by implication, its volume. © British Geological Survey/Natural Environment Research Council copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of BGS/NERC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of apparent amylose content, pasting properties and gel texture of rice starch by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Bao Jinsong , Wang Yuefei , Shen Yun
Published: June 2007

For breeding rice with improved quality, apparent amylose content (AAC), rapid visco analyser (RVA) pasting viscosities and gel texture properties may be routinely measured. As a direct measurement is time‐consuming and expensive, rapid predictive method based on near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is useful for measurement of these quality parameters. In this study, calibration models were developed using modified partial least‐squares regression with different mathematical treatments based on the grain and flour spectra of non‐waxy rice alone or in combination with waxy rice. The results showed that calibration models built with flour spectra are more robust than those with grain spectra, and with total rice including waxy rice are superior to those with only non‐waxy rice. Some starch quality parameters, such as AAC, setback viscosity (SB), pasting temperature (PT), hardness (HD) and cohesiveness (COH) could be predicted with sufficient accuracy by NIRS based on flour spectra, whereas only AAC and PT could be predicted with sufficient accuracy based on grain spectra. All the models reported here are usable for rough sample screening (cold paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity), sample screening (SB, PT and COH) and for most applications (AAC and HD) for routine screening of a large number of samples in the early generation selection in breeding programs. However, for accurate assay of the pasting viscosity and gel textural parameters, direct instrumental measurement should be employed in later generations. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The psychology of the reformer and the stand‐patter
Authors: Farnam Henry W.
Published: June 2007

Recognizing our moral right to possess our own literary portrait, the Unpopular Review generously shares with us these excerpts from “The Psychology of Reform” which it published in a recent issue.
The fate of the five‐cent fare
Authors: Ohio V. Toledo , Johnson Wendell F.
Published: June 2007

Previous articles in the series have dealt with Boston, Montreal and Chicago. Articles on the situations in San Francisco, Detroit, Indianapolis and other cities are in prospect.
Cleveland's effort for citycounty consolidation
Authors: Dykstra C. A.
Published: June 2007

Each year sees just a little more attention turned toward county government, “the dark continent of American politics”. In Oregon, Utah and Ohio efforts were made in 1919 to dispose of county governments that overlapped municipalities, the Ohio campaign being the most important.
The fate of the five‐cent fare VII. Toronto sticks to 3.9 cents
Authors: Maitland George H.
Published: June 2007

In Toronto, Canada, the replacing of a five‐cent fare by something higher has never been discussed, for the very good reason that there is no five‐cent fare to replace. The average fare on the lines of the Toronto Railway Company is less than four cents, and under an agreement dating back to 1891 this fare cannot be increased.
How administrative consolidation is working in Idaho
Authors: Davis D. W.
Published: June 2007

This statement is companion to the more technical supplement on “Administrative Consolidation in State Governments” enclosed with this issue, and comprises material used for the author's address at the governors' conference in Salt Lake City in August, 1919. The detail of the Idaho plan is given in the supplement.
The fate of the five‐cent fare. X. Minneapolis keeps home rule and the five‐cent rate
Authors: Anderson William
Published: June 2007

The necessary basis for fair dealing between the street railroads and the people is scientific valuation, but as no one knows what that is and the United States Bureau of Standards still refrains from the task of setting up standards in this field, Minneapolis, for instence, gets figures that are $10,000,000 apart!
The first virginia budget
Authors: Buck A. E.
Published: June 2007

Although nearly half the states have adopted fairly good executive budget laws (as described in extenso in our August, 1919, issue), very few states have as yet got their budget systems working. The difficulties in Virginia foreshadow what many governors will encounter in 1921.
The new german constitution
Authors: Coggeshall R.
Published: June 2007

In the new republican constitution of Germany written at Weimar last year are to be found the initiative, referendum, recall, proportional representation and municipal home rule! All, however, being more or less Germanized.
Behind the scenes with five state budgets
Authors: Authur B. E.
Published: June 2007

A budget system may be one thing in law and quite another in practice. The budget laws of all the states we described in the August, 1919, issue. This article tells with a surprising frankness how they work.
RAILROADS IN A SOUND CITY PLAN—A STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES
Authors: Cheney Charles H.
Published: June 2007

At the National Conference on City Planning in Cincinnati in April this analysis of the principles that should govern the control of railroads in relation to city development was presented on behalf of the committee on railroads of the American City Planning Institute
City manager movement
Authors: Otis Harrison Gray
Published: June 2007

This is the second installment of a comprehensive study as to the working out of the city manager plan. The country has been covered sectionally. “Dixie” will be followed by “City Managers in and around Ohio”.
indiana regulates coal
Authors: Kettleborough Charles
Published: June 2007

Last summer the Indiana legislature created a special commission to regulate the price and distribution of coal. The courts have sustained the law, and the commission is functioning.
The effects of tax limitation in ohio cities
Authors: Atkinson Raymond C.
Published: June 2007

Ohio still retains the uniform general property tax with a rigid tax limitation. Cities face financial ruin while rural and urban groups wrangle in the legislature.
Ireland again
Authors: Hallett George H.
Published: June 2007

Dr. Hallett, who has been in Ireland observing the second P. R. elections, tells how proportional representation works in a desperate situation.
The president's veto of the budget bill
Authors: Powell Thomas Reed
Published: June 2007

The President's veto of the budget bill denied the constitutionality of the method of removal of the proposed comptroller‐general. Congressional surveillance of expenditures as contemplated by the bill is here discussed by a distinguished student of constitutional law.
The social unit—An experiment in politics
Authors: Gale Lowrie S.
Published: June 2007

The Social Unit experiment in Cincinnati is generally thought of as an adventure in social work. The truth is that it is an exploration into a new field of political organization which challenges our traditional ideas of government.
A general manager for montreal
Authors: Donald W. J.
Published: June 2007

With Proportional Representation—Council of Nine—Mayor Appointed By Council.
How the United States can help build homes
Authors: Child Stephen
Published: June 2007

A defense of the war housing work of the federal government and a proposal to capitalize the war experience
Detroit and its new charter
Authors: Lovett William P.
Published: June 2007

Detroit adopted a new charter in 1918 “as a war measure.” The short ballot was not adopted in full, but a 42‐man council elected from twenty‐one wards gave way to a nine‐man council under a strong mayor.
The executive in the model state constitution
Authors: Fairlie John A.
Published: June 2007

An explanation of the provisions of our model state constitution relating to the executive department. Later articles will discuss other sections of the committee's report adopted at Indianapolis.
Bibliography
Authors: Rankin Rebecca B.
Published: June 2007

A selected list of civic literature published during the past three months. Only pamphlets and books are included. Magazine articles may be found through the standard periodical indexes.
How we ruin our governors
Authors: Smith Alfred E.
Published: June 2007

“How long would any great corporation live if the man directing its affairs was compelled to spend 75 per cent of his time doing clerical work?”
New york's new traction program
Authors: Ingersoll Raymond V.
Published: June 2007

The governor of New York has forced through the legislature a law creating a transit commission for New York city which supplants the city government so far as traction matters are concerned.
What a testing laboratory means to a city government
Authors: Gray Geoffrey A.
Published: June 2007

By means of a testing laboratory a city is enabled to buy not coal at so much a ton, but heat at so much per unit. A testing labmatory also yields social as well as economic returns.
Towards simplified state government: I. Better state government for washington
Authors: Hart Louis F.
Published: June 2007

Ohio and Washington have set their house in order by adopting codes greatly improving their administrative organizations. These represent a big advance in popular government.
THe first P. R. election in new england
Authors: Gallup Christopher M.
Published: June 2007

Proportional representation brought a lot of new blood into the town government. The party machine was disappointed, but the people are satisfied.
Unscrambling michigan's government
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

Michigan is reforming by stages. The present reorganization is a makeshift of doubiful value.
Wildwood's recall election a clean sweep for clean government
Authors: Geiges Carl J.
Published: June 2007

The political ring receives a severe jolt from the incensed citizens
Observations on state financial methods
Authors: Miller Charles R.
Published: June 2007

Modern accounling methods, a budget system, administrative consolidation are the fundamentals of sound financial procedure
Extent of the housing shortage in the united states: Its economic and social effects; resources available in dealing with it
Authors: Ihlder John
Published: June 2007

Has America gone over lo lower housing standards under pressure of house shorlage? And what iuill be lhe social consequences if lower standards prevail?
III. Inefficient service
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

Public service commissions have been followers rather than leaders. They have been too complacent at the peoples expense. With few exceptions, they have done nothing to improve service or lower rates by developing betier technical processes
State budget progress
Authors: Buck A. E.
Published: June 2007

Only two states are to‐day without budget systems in some form. But the successful operation of these systems is a horse of another color. A distinguished authority on budget methods here reveals where they Imve fallen short
Mayor Couzens' re‐election
Authors: Voter
Published: June 2007

Mayor Couzens was re‐elected in November by a vote of almost two to one, after an extremely bitte rcampaign. He is a dominant figure among American mayors.
Zoning Chicago
Authors: Bennett E. H.
Published: June 2007

The vast task of zoning Chicago to define business, manufacturing and residential districts, to regulate hieghts of buildings, etc., is well under way and this is an account of the process as mr. Bennett described it at the American Civic Associations's recent convention.
The corones again
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

Coroners in partnership with undertakers, unnecessary and misleading inquests and neglect of duty featured the administrtion of many coroners. Why is it so hard to do anything about it?
County Manager charter defeated in Sacramento
Authors: Engler Irvin
Published: June 2007

Although the proposed charter retained on the elective list numerous administrative offices in conjunction with a large and representative board of supervisors, hte voters declined to adopt it. The old–fashioned county, said they, may need a little patching up, but nothing so radical as this.
Escanaba adopts corps of city Managers. Also administrative code
Authors: Crane Robert T.
Published: June 2007

Escanaba, Michigan, is the first city to adopt an ordinance setting up a complete administrative code. It is the first city, also, to establish a city–manager corps in place of a single manager.
The failure of hte municipal lodging house
Authors: Rice Stuart A.
Published: June 2007

The city of New York has been expending $1.50 per night each for the lodging of homeless men and women, when better accommodations were being sold at the Mills Hotel for 40 cents.
Illinois votes on new constitution
Authors: Sikes George C.
Published: June 2007

The document framed by the Constitutional Convention, which has been in session intermittently for more than two years, wil be submitted to the people as one proposition at a speical election to be held December 12, 1922.
Regional planning for new york and its environs
Authors: Shurtleff Flavel
Published: June 2007

The formulation of a gigantic regional plan for the New York Metropolitan district is well under way. It should make life worth living in New York. The factors involved are almost infinite
Nashville: A study in political pathology
Authors: Mays Arthur B.
Published: June 2007

In 1921, Nashville received from the legislature a badly multilated city manager charter. In the following election, however, a council was elected, pledged to appoint as manager a local leader who had promised to abolish manager government. With the help of this manager, who considers himself to have been elected by the people, representatives to the state legislature have been chosen, pledged to restore the old charter of 1883
The organized attack on the dayton charter
Authors: Millard Walter J.
Published: June 2007

Although the Dayton Charter was sustained at the last election by a vote of 25,000 to 16,000, dissatisfaction continues in some quarters. But why should a city with almost the smallest tax vote in the state, a city famous for excellent administration, be so divided as to the merits of its form of government? What created and sustains the opposition?
A national forest for the national capital
Authors: Ellicott WM. M.
Published: June 2007

A national forest of 110,000 acres adjacent to Washington is practicable. The land is available. More than half of it is now wooded
Was the nebraska administrative code repudiated at last election?
Authors: Boots Ralph S.
Published: June 2007

Nebraska elected a Republican legislatur epledged to support the code; and a Democratic governor who had promised to destroy it, in spite of the fact that increased efficiency secured by the code enabled Governor McKelvie to summon the legislature in January, 1922, to reduce appropriations in order that the savings might at once be reflected in lower taxes. Is the code an issue or a football?
The other side of the budget
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

Publilc budgets are generally meaningless to voters. Intelligent contact between govrenment and people has not been established. It remains to translate the budget figures into terms of service, of work to be accomplished as well as things purchased.
Municipal representation in state legislatures
Authors: Mathews J. M.
Published: June 2007

The locality principle of representation, with its attendant rotten boroughs, is giving way to the population basis. But this means that large cities are heavily represented and the country districts are afraid.
The failure of England'S National Housing Scheme
Authors: Mcg. Eager W.
Published: June 2007

England's scheme for national housing failed, economically and politically. But would any policy have succeeded? And the new Government has revived the scheme, minus, we hope, the defects of the old.
Thoughts on the manager plan
Authors: Routh James W.
Published: June 2007

The author believes that the manager cannot furnish political leadership necessary in large cities like Cleveland as the old fashioned mayor does. To fill hte gap the prestige of the mayor under manager government must be increased to make him a real legislative leader.
The breakdown of city Government due to greater cost and new functions
Authors: Purdy Lawson
Published: June 2007

Summary of an address delivered before hte banquet session of our Philadelphia meeting, Novembre, 1922.
Better homes week
Authors: Gries John M.
Published: June 2007

Better Homes Week will be here in June. Read about the one in 1922 and how to make the next one a success in your town. Last year 961 communities put on demonstrations.
The toledo commision of publicity and efficiency
Authors: Crosser C. A.
Published: June 2007

A combination reference library and research bureau for government and people.
Civic interest and crime in Cleveland. A follow–up on hte crime survey
Authors: Moley Raymond
Published: June 2007

Waht has been accomplilshed in two years, and what remains to be done
Seattle's municipal street railways
Authors: Anderson William
Published: June 2007

Hasty purchase, under war conditions, of a run–down system, heavy debt obligations, improved service with 8 1/3–cent fare after unsuccessful experiment with a 5–cent fare–these are some of hte highspots in this interesting story. It should be read in connection with the report of Detroit's experience published in the September “Review.“
Trend of assessed values in new york city
Authors: Gulick Luther
Published: June 2007

New York has this year raised assessed values more than one and one‐fourth billion dollars. Is the increase justified
The vice problem in boston
Authors: Woods Robert A.
Published: June 2007

Ten years has brought very substantial progress in the fight against prostitution.
Usability of playgrounds for children with different abilities
Authors: Prellwitz Maria , Skär Lisa
Published: June 2007

The aim of the present study was to better understand how children with different abilities use playgrounds to engage in creative play and interact socially with their peers. Twenty children aged between 7 and 12 years, with different abilities, participated in interviews. The findings showed that playgrounds served as a reference point for all the children, they challenged a child's physical abilities and provided opportunities for role‐playing and social interactions. However, for children with disabilities, playgrounds had limited accessibility, usability and did not support interaction with peers. A methodological limitation of the study was that the interviewer only met the children once. Further research should be carried out to investigate if creating playgrounds according to universal design principles and adapting them to the needs of children with disabilities would improve social interactions and provide more opportunities for play. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal polymerization of thiol–ene network‐forming systems
Authors: Cook Wayne D , Chen Fei , Pattison Derek W , Hopson Peyton , Beaujon Mathieu
Published: June 2007

The thermal polymerization of a tetrafunctional thiol (PETMP) and divinyl ether (TEGDVE) was monitored by temperature‐ramping differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the effects of inhibitor type and concentration, oxygen inhibition and initiator type were studied. The incorporation of inhibitors was required to produce a stable system at room temperature. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhibited polymerization at low temperatures, but was inefficient at high temperatures and polymerization rates, and hence BHT is an ideal stabilizer. In contrast, a nitroxide inhibitor (NO‐67) was a very effective inhibitor and no polymerization occurred until all of the nitroxide was depleted. The presence of oxygen retarded the onset of polymerization but did not change the final conversion significantly. Polymerization with initiators having higher half‐life temperatures shifted the DSC peak to higher temperature because the rate of initiator decomposition and thus initiation was slower. Rheological investigations of the cure at different temperatures revealed that the gel time decreased significantly with increasing cure temperature, and the calculated apparent activation energy for PETMP/TEGDVE was 54 kJ mol−1. Dynamical mechanical thermal analysis of the cured material was undertaken and frequency‐superposed results revealed that the glass transition region of PETMP/TEGDVE/azobisisobutyronitrile was much narrower than that of free‐radically cured dimethacrylate, but was similar to that of an epoxy resin cured with an aromatic diamine. This behaviour could be attributed to PETMP/TEGDVE network homogeneity, or to the less constrained crosslinks in the PETMP/TEGDVE network. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrochemical polymerization of phenanthrene in mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and concentrated sulfuric acid
Authors: Zhou Wei‐Qiang , Peng Hua‐Ping , Xu Jing‐Kun , Xia Hong‐Ying , Pu Shou‐Zhi
Published: June 2007

A novel high‐quality polyphenanthrene (PPH) film with electrical conductivity of 10−1 S cm−1 was synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of phenanthrene in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate containing 10% concentrated sulfuric acid (v/v). The oxidation onset potential of phenanthrene in this medium was measured to be only 0.91 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which was lower than that determined in acetonitrile + 0.1 mol L−1 Bu4NBF4 (1.56 V versus SCE). As‐formed PPH films from this medium showed good electrochemical behavior and stability. De‐doped PPH films were thoroughly soluble in dimethylsulfoxide or CHCl3. The structure and morphology of the polymer were investigated using UV‐visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR and 1H NMR spectra showed that the PPH was grown via the coupling of the monomer mainly at the C4, C5, C9 and C10 positions. Fluorescence spectral studies indicated that PPH was a blue‐green light emitter. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly[caprolactone‐block‐(glycidyl methacrylate)] from a bifunctional initiator and its micellization behavior
Authors: Sha Ke , Li Dongshuang , Li Yapeng , Liu Xiaotian , Wang Shuwei , Wang Jingyuan
Published: June 2007

The chemoenzymatic synthesis of a novel diblock copolymer consisting of a hydrocarbon block of polycaprolactone (PCL) and an epoxy‐based block of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was achieved by the combination of enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization (eROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A trichloromethyl‐terminated PCL macrointiator was obtained via Novozyme 435‐catalyzed eROP of ε‐caprolactone from a bifunctional initiator, 2,2,2‐trichloroethanol, under anhydrous conditions. PCL‐b‐PGMA diblock copolymers were synthesized in a subsequent ATRP of glycidyl methacrylate. The kinetics analysis of ATRP indicated a ‘living’/controlled radical polymerization. The macromolecular structure and thermal properties of the PCL macroinitiator and of the diblock copolymer were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. The well‐defined PCL‐b‐PGMA amphiphilic diblock copolymer self‐assembled in aqueous solution into nanoscale micelles. The size and shape of the resulting micelles were investigated using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification of heart fatty acid binding protein as a biomarker for drug‐induced cardiac and musculoskeletal necroses
Authors: Zhen Eugene Y. , Berna Michael J. , Jin Zhaoyan , Pritt Michael L. , Watson David E. , Ackermann Bradley L. , Hale John E.
Published: June 2007

Heart fatty acid binding protein (Fabp3) is a cytosolic protein expressed primarily in heart, and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney. During myocardial injury, the Fabp3 level in serum is elevated rapidly, making it an ideal early marker for myocardial infarction. In this study, an MS‐based selected reaction monitoring method (LC‐SRM) was developed for quantifying Fabp3 in rat serum. Fabp3 was enriched first through an immobilized antibody, and the protein was digested on beads directly. A marker peptide of Fabp3 was quantified using LC‐SRM with a stable isotope‐labeled peptide standard. For six quality control samples with Fabp3 ranging from 0.256 to 25 ng, the average recovery following the procedure was about 73%, and the precision (%CV) between replicates was less than 7%. The Fabp3 concentrations in rat serum peaked 1 h after isoproterenol treatment, and returned to baseline levels 24 h after the dose. Elevated Fabp3 levels were also detected in rats administered with a PPAR α/δ agonist, which has shown to cause skeletal muscle necrosis. Fabp3 can be used as a biomarker for both cardiac and skeletal necroses. The cross‐validation of the LC‐SRM method with an existing ELISA method is described.
Patients' attitudes and beliefs about back pain and its management after physiotherapy for low back pain
Authors: May Stephen
Published: June 2007

Background and Purpose. Contemporary guidelines for the management of low back pain often consider patient involvement and responsibility an essential component; however, there has been little exploration of patients' opinions about back pain and its management. Method. A qualitative study of patients' perspectives of back pain in the UK; 34 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with participants who had recently received physiotherapy for back pain; interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. A topic guide was used to steer the interview and themes were extracted from the data. Results. Thirteen key themes were revealed; seven of these related to issues of satisfaction with physiotherapy and are described elsewhere. The six themes considered here dealt with the participants' experience of and attitudes to back pain and its management. Themes were: the impact of back pain on their life; perspectives about back pain; its management; their involvement in its management; what strategies they had for self‐management; and expectations about the episode of physiotherapy beforehand. Conclusions. In this group of participants with a history of back pain and physiotherapy treatment a common finding was a degree of acceptance of the back pain problem and the belief that patient involvement in management was essential. These findings would suggest that many patients with back pain may respond positively to the message of self‐management. However, acceptance of this message was not automatic, but generally occurred gradually in line with patients' experience of back pain and treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small potent ligands to the insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor
Authors: Axén Andreas , Andersson Hanna , Lindeberg Gunnar , Rönnholm Harriet , Kortesmaa Jarkko , Demaegdt Heidi , Vauquelin Georges , Karlén Anders , Hallberg Mathias
Published: June 2007

Angiotensin IV analogs encompassing aromatic scaffolds replacing parts of the backbone of angiotensin IV have been synthesized and evaluated in biological assays. Several of the ligands displayed high affinities to the insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor. Displacement of the C‐terminal of angiotensin IV with an o‐substituted aryl acetic acid derivative delivered the ligand 4, which exhibited the highest binding affinity (Ki = 1.9 nM). The high affinity of this ligand provides support to the hypothesis that angiotensin IV adopts a γ‐turn in the C‐terminal of its bioactive conformation.

Ligand (4) inhibits both human IRAP and aminopeptidase N‐activity and induces proliferation of adult neural stem cells at low concentrations. Furthermore, ligand 4 is degraded considerably more slowly in membrane preparations than angiotensin IV. Hence, it might constitute a suitable research tool for biological studies of the (IRAP)/AT4 receptor. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivering multiple anticancer peptides as a single prodrug using lysyl‐lysine as a facile linker
Authors: Prasad Sudhanand , Mathur Archna , Jaggi Manu , Mukherjee Rama
Published: June 2007

A large 40‐residue precursor peptide (propeptide 5) was synthesized by linking together four designed anticancer peptide analogs to the neuropeptides: vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, bombesin and substance P, using enzyme cleavable lysyl‐lysine linkers. On incubation with the enzyme trypsin, propeptide 5 was cleaved in a sequence‐specific manner at the lysyl‐lysine residues in the linker to release the individual peptide fragments which were identified by LC‐MS. Another precursor peptide (propeptide 5a), consisting of two of the peptide analogs linked through lysyl‐lysine linker, was also preferentially cleaved at the Lys‐Lys site on incubation with the enzyme trypsin. Propeptide 5 showed potent anticancer activity, both in vitro and in vivo, which was greater than that of the individual component peptides. The enhanced activity suggests that the propeptide is possibly cleaved in the biological system at the lysyl‐lysine site to yield the individual peptide analogs, which together show a synergistic effect. On the basis of these experimental findings, it can be concluded that pairs of basic amino acids such as Lys‐Lys can be used as facile linkers for delivering multiple biologically active peptides. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian sample size determination in non‐sequential clinical trials: Statistical aspects and some regulatory considerations
Authors: Grouin Jean‐Marie , Coste Maylis , Bunouf Pierre , Lecoutre Bruno
Published: June 2007

The most common Bayesian methods for sample size determination (SSD) are reviewed in the non‐sequential context of a confirmatory phase III trial in drug development. After recalling the regulatory viewpoint on SSD, we discuss the relevance of the various priors applied to the planning of clinical trials. We then investigate whether these Bayesian methods could compete with the usual frequentist approach to SSD and be considered as acceptable from a regulatory viewpoint. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative Methods for Contraction Operators in the Product of Two Metric Spaces
Authors: Bassanini P.
Published: June 2007

Let (S1, d1), (S2, d2) be (closed subsets of) complete metric spaces, (S, d̃) = (S1 × S2, d̃) and let T: S → S, × = Tx be a Lipschitz continuous operator (strictly) contractive in S for a suitable choice of its Lipschitz constants and of d̃. Conditions are given under which there may exist iteration procedures whose expense of computer time is lower than required by the usual iterative scheme xn = Txn−1.
The Obstacle Problem for the Equilibrium of a Shallow Shell Reinforced with Stiffening Ribs
Authors: Haslinger J. , Lovíšek J.
Published: June 2007

The paper deals with the existence and uniqueness of a solution of a variational inequality for the obstacle problem of the shallow shell reinforced with stiffening ribs. The obstacle problem is the formulated as a direct variational problem. Next we construct a finite element approximation of the obstacle problem, and we prove an error estimate of the approximation.
Durch Integralgleichungen beschriebene optimale Prozesse mit Nebenbedingungen in Banachräumen ‐ notwendige Optimalitätsbedingungen
Authors: Schmidt W. H.
Published: June 2007

Für Prozesse, die durch Integralgleichungen in Banachräumen beschrieben werden und außerdem gewissen zusätzlichen Nebenbedingungen genügen, werden notwendige Optimalitätsbedingungen (Maximumprinzipe und Transversalitätsbedingungen) mit Hilfe abstrakter Modelle von Bittner hergeleitet. In die Untersuchungen werden auch diskrete Integralprozesse (stückweise konstante Steuerfunktionen bzw. Trajektorien) einbezogen.
A Heuristic Approach to a Non‐Local Theory of Turbulent Channel Flow
Authors: Rüdiger G.
Published: June 2007

In this paper a non‐local relation is postulated to exist between the one‐point‐correlation tensor and the mean flow rate of strain. Thus the original ansatz of Boussinesq is replaced by an integral relation which naturally includes a wider region of the turbulent medium into the calculation. Using the idealisation of free turbulence we can easily deduce that mean flow profile which has recently been given by Naue et al. and which appears to represent well the channel flow far away the walls. Within our integral formalism this profile proved to be correct for all those even kernels which provide exactly two solutions of a related characteristic equation. Testing some special kernels we find a good representation of the non‐local formalism by a hydrodynamics involving in its stress relation the mean flow derivatives up to the third order.
On Some Homogenization Problems
Authors: Lions J.‐L.
Published: June 2007

This expository paper presents some recent results on the “homogenization” process which consists in “approximating” a nonhomogeneous material with a periodic structure by a homogeneous material. Examples of non homogeneous materials are given by composite materials or by performed materials. The approximation is valid when the size ϵ of the period tends to 0. Actually one obtains in some cases higher order terms in the expansion of the state of the system in terms of “powers” of ϵ, with an ansatz of the type of “multiple scale” variables.
Schnelle Lösung von Randwertaufgaben
Authors: Meis T. , Branca H.‐W.
Published: June 2007

In verschiedenen Gebieten des ℝ2 wird das Konvergenzverhalten der Mehrgittermethode zur Lösung der Poisson‐Gleichung untersucht. Zur Glättung werden ein modifiziertes Jacobi‐ und ein modifiziertes Gauß‐Seidel‐ Verfahren benutzt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden zunächst der Spektralradius und die Spektralnorm der Zweigittermethode für das Quadrat mit Hilfe einer Fourieranalyse gleichmäßig in h abgeschätzt. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Mehrgitterverfahren werden dann für drei typische Gebiete mit der Potenzmethode berechnet und anhand des Rechenaufwandes bewertet. Der zweite Teil enthält einen gebietsunabhängigen Konvergenzbeweis für einen speziellen Zweigitteransatz. Er wird allein mit Methoden der Linearen Algebra geführt.
The Mechanics of the Homogeneously‐Deformable Body. Dynamical Models with High Symmetries
Authors: Slawianowski J. J.
Published: June 2007

We investigate here some high‐symmetric isotropic models in the theory of nonlinear vibrations of systems with degrees of freedom governed by a linear group (affinely‐rigid bodies undergoing gyroscopic rotations and homogeneous deformations). The methods developed here can be applied both to microscopic (molecular, or even nuclear) and macroscopic elastic and visco‐elastic problems. In particular, our models can be used in the theory of generalized, micromorphic continua consisting of infinitesimal, homogeneously‐deformable grains.
Zum Spannungsverzerrungsgesetz bei hyper‐ und hypoelastischen Verzweigungsproblemen
Authors: Balke H.
Published: June 2007

Isotrope hyper‐ und hypoelastische Elastizitätsgesetze werden in ihrer Beziehung zum klassischen Verzweigungsproblem diskutiert. Die in der Verzweigungstheorie übliche Vernachlässigung der Grunddeformation bedingt bei Kompressibilität des Materials die Gleichwertigkeit verschiedener hyper‐ und hypoelastischer Ansätze. Im inkompressiblen Fall und bei Anwesenheit hoher hydrostatischer Drücke zeigen die Deformationszuwüchse hyper‐ und hypoelastischer Körper unterschiedliches Verzweigungsverhalten. Dies wird am Beispiel einer Scherbandbildung gezeigt.
Dynamic Stress Intensity Factors around a Rectangular Crack in a Half‐Space under Impact Load
Authors: Itou S.
Published: June 2007

The three‐dimensional impact response of a rectangular crack in a semi‐space is considered. Application of the Laplace and Fourier transforms reduces the problem to the solution of a pair of dual integral equations. To solve these equations, the crack surface displacement is expanded in a double series of functions which are zero outside of the crack. The unknown coefficients accompanied in that series are solved with the aid of the Schmidt method. Numerical results on the stress intensity factors are obtained.
The Transcendental Eigenvalue Problem of the Exact Dynamic Stiffness Matrix of Linearly Elastic Plane Frames
Authors: Sotiropoulos George H.
Published: June 2007

A new iteratives procedure is proposed to solve the transcendental eigenvalue problem of the “exact” dynamic stiffness matrix of linearly elastic plane frames. According to the presented algorithm the exact solution, i.e. natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structure, is found in a number of cycles with an algebraic eigenvalue problem to be solved within each cycle.
Bemerkungen über zwei räumliche Trilaterationsprobleme
Authors: Stachel H.
Published: June 2007

Es wird die stets mehrfach lösbare Aufgabe untersucht, die gegenseitige Lage von Raumpunkten E1, …, E6 und F1, …, F4 aus den 24 Entfernungen EiFj zu ermitteln. Mit jedem Paar inkongruenter Lösungen ist ein Paar konfokaler Flächen 2. Ordnung so verbunden, daß die Übereinstimmung der Distanzen EiFj eine Folge des Satzes von Ivory ist. Dies führt auf einen neuen Beweis für die von Killian und Meissl angegebene Kennzeichnung “gefährlicher Annahmen”, in welchen zwei Lösungen zusammenfallen. Gleichzeitig lassen sich aus diesem Hauptsatz Beispiele von Lagen mit unendlich vielen verschiedenen Lösungen herleiten; manche dieser Beispiele wurden bereits von W. Wunderlich angegeben. Als zweites Trilaterationsproblem wird die Aufgabe bezeichnet, die gegenseitige Lage von Raumpunkten A1, …, A3, B1, …, B3, F1, …, F3 aus den 21 Distanzen AiFj, BiFj, AiBi zu ermitteln. Mit jedem Paar verschiedener Lösungen ist auch hier ein gewisses Paar von Flächen 2. Ordnung so verbunden, daß die Übereinstimmung der Distanzen AiFj, BiFj Aussage des Satzes von Ivory ist. Damit läßt sich die von Killian und Meissl hergeleitete Kennzeichnung für das Zusammenfallen zweier Lösungen erneut beweisen. Darüber hinaus wird aber auch eine Annahme mit unendlich vielen verschiedenen Lösungen vorgeführt. Abschließend wird gezeigt, daß das erste Trilaterations problem in dem dort ausgeschlossenen Fall je komplanarer E‐ und F‐Punkte eine sogar dreiparametrige Lösungsmenge besitzt, wenn die E‐ und F‐Punkte orthogonalen Ebenen angehören.
Classical Solutions of the Initial Value Problem for the Navier‐Stokes Equations with Heath Convection
Authors: Hebeker F.‐K.
Published: June 2007

The initial value problem is shown to have locally in time a unique classical solution. The proof is based on the contractive mapping principle in connection with potential‐theorie resources. The solution' regularity is discussed.
Generalised Discrete Gronwall Lemmas
Authors: McKee S.
Published: June 2007

We present discrete generalisations of the usual Gronwall lemma which are particularly suitable for integral equations with an Abel' type singularity.
The Problem of Axially Symmetric Flow of Ideal Rigid‐Plastic Huber‐Mises Medium without any Specific Hypotheses
Authors: Rogozińaski M.
Published: June 2007

In contrast to Shield' or Lippmann' solution in the present paper the Huber‐Hencky‐Mises' yield condition, more suitable for metals than Tresca', is adopted. Moreover, the Haar‐Kármán hypothesis and also any assumptions substituting it, as that used by Lippmann, with the errors introduced by them are avoided.

Instead of this, two ratios of stress (or respective strain rate) deviator components to one another are introduced as unknown functions α and β and the parameter λ is eliminated. Then, the well‐known system of seven equations in seven unknown functions for solving the title problem is reduced to a system of two quasilinear partial integro‐differential equations in α and β. The boundary conditions of the problem for both α and β and their first derivatives are found, for a smooth side of the die, on the basis of kinematical and statical conditions. The system of equations is of the mixed type but a transformation of α reduces the problem to the hyperbolic region only. It is possible to find directly the proper solution and not, as usually, its lower and/or upper estimation only.
Velocity Distribution due to Thermal Marangoni Effect in a Liquid Column
Authors: Bauer H. F.
Published: June 2007

An infinite at both ends closed cylindrical liquid column is subjected to various axial temperature fields, such as linear, quadratic, sinusoidal and exponential temperature changes. Due to the Marangoni effect surface tension driven flow is created. The velocity distribution for the various cases is presented in closed form. Streamlines are exhibited for the different cases.
Theoretical Features of the Radial Collisional Transport in Magnetoplasmas
Authors: Tessarotto M.
Published: June 2007

A formulation of the problem of collisional transport in magnetoplasmas in non‐symmetric configurations is illustrated. General properties of the transport across a family of isobaric surfaces are discussed and it is found that only for symmetric configurations (e.g. with one ignorable coordinate) ambipolarity for the particle fluxes is automatically fulfilled, up to second order in the Larmor radius, for a quasi‐neutral plasma. Furthermore integral expressions for the fluxes are obtained in the case of a state of near thermodynamic equilibrium and a partial iterative method in terms of the drift Fokker ‐ Planck equation is discussed. Finally the limits of validity of the present model are investigated and a stochastic interpretation of the results in terms of the random‐walk model is pointed out.
Axisymmetric Flexure of Circular Sandwich Plate Including Transverse Shear in Facings
Authors: Gupta A. P. , Sharma K. P.
Published: June 2007

An approximate formulation is presented for the bending of an isotropic sandwich circular plate under transverse load taking into account shear forces in the core and facings. The equations are solved in terms of Bessel function and results are computed for axisymmetric bending, when the outer edge is clamped.
Einschlüsse und Trennung der Nullstellen von Exponentialtrinomen mit konstanten Koeffizienten
Authors: Boese G.
Published: June 2007

Es werden Exponentialtrinome A exp (az) + B exp (bz) + C exp (cz) in der komplexen Variablen z mit komplexen konstanten Koeffizienten und Exponentenpunkten betrachtet. Alle ihre Nullstellen werden mehrfach eingeschlossen. Sind die Exponentenpunkte nicht kollinear, so können fast alle Nullstellen durch Kreisscheiben getrennt werden. Kenntnis der Nullstellen ist für die Lösungs‐ und Stabilitätstheorie zu Differenzengleichungen bedeutsam.
Polhode and Herpolhode Cones in a Generalized Hooke' Joint
Authors: Wittenburg J. , Roberson R. E.
Published: June 2007

The cross‐shaped central body in a Hooke' joint is a rigid body with a fixed point whose motion can be visualized as rolling motion without slipping of a body‐fixed polhode cone on a space‐fixed herpolhode cone. The shapes of the cones depend on two parameters, namely on the inclination angle α between the shafts connected by the joint and on the angle β between the cross axes. In a common Hooke' joint β equals π/2. It is shown that in this case the intersection of the herpolhode cone with a plane perpendicular to one shaft or the other is an ellipse and that the intersection of the polhode cone with a plane parallel to the plane of the cross axes is a curve described by the function x2 + x2y2 + y2 = tan2 α. For both cross sectional curves parameter representations x(ϕ), y(ϕ) as well as implicit representations f(x, y) = 0 are developed also for β ≠ π/2.
On the Theory of Compressible Fluids
Authors: May M.
Published: June 2007

A non‐stationary, compressible flow through a bounded domain Ω C Rn (n ≧ 2) is treated. The flow is governed by an initial boundary‐value problem for the Navier‐Stokes equations. The existence and uniqueness of a solution of this nonlinear system is shown.
Numerical Solution of Multiparameter Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Müller R. E.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we describe an algorithm for the computation of eigenvalue curves and corresponding eigenvectors of multiparameter eigenvalue problems. After input of an algebraic simple eigenvalue with eigenvector we use continuation methods to compute the eigenvalue curve starting from the given eigenvalue. We indicate algebraic bifurcation equations for the computation of branching algebraic simple eigenvalue curves. For numerical examples we treated several ordinary differential equations in mechanics with finite differences.
The Frictionless Contact of Cracked Elastic Bodies
Authors: Theocaris P. S. , Bardzokas Dem.
Published: June 2007

In this paper a method was developed for solving the general mixed boundary‐value problem in static elasticity by numerically integrating a system of singular integral equations describing the boundary conditions of the problem, as well as the single‐valuedness of the displacements. The method was adapted to the solution of frictionless contact problems, in the case when one of the contacted bodies contains a crack. The solution of the problem yields not only the stress distribution along the contact zone but also the stress intensity factors at the tips of the crack, as well as the unknown contact length in cases of the praxis, where the contact zone is not assumed infinitesimal. The method was applied with success to the inclusion problem of an infinite cracked plate.
Mathematische Begründung von Verfahren zur Berechnung von Form und Zugkraft in Fadenzugsystemen
Authors: Hackmann W.
Published: June 2007

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Berechnung von Form und Zugkraft in Fadenzugsystemen, die in einer zähen Flüssigkeit gleichförmig bewegt werden. Hergeleitet werden zwei Möglichkeiten der Modellierung. Modell 1: Aufstellung eines Systems von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen 1. Ordnung für Form und Zugkraft; Modell 2: Ermittlung eines Systems von Integralgleichungen für die Zugkraft. Weiter werden hinreichende Bedingungen angegeben zur Lösung von Modell 2 mittels der sukzessiven Approximation. Diskretisiert man Modell 2 auf der Grundlage der gemittelten Euler‐Formel und löst man das dadurch entstehende System ebenfalls durch sukzessive Approximation, so gelten weitgehend analoge hinreichende Bedingungen. Es werden Fehlerabschätzungen vom Typ O(h2) angegeben zur näherungsweisen Lösung von Modell 2 mittels des diskretisierten Systems. Schließlich werden Ergebnisse zur Anwendbarkeit des Newton‐Verfahrens auf das diskretisierte System hergeleitet.
Eine RKT‐Formel für Differentialgleichungen der Form ẍ = f(t, x)
Authors: Fehlberg E.
Published: June 2007

Für Differentialgleichungen der Form ẍ = f(t,x) werden RKT‐Formeln (m + 5)‐ter und (m + 6)‐ter Ordnung in x und (m + 6)‐ter Ordnung in x hergeleitet. Die Formeln gestatten eine Schrittweiten‐Kontrolle in x. Sie erfordern fünf Auswertungen und m totale Differentiationen der Differentialgleichungen pro Schritt. Die Fehlerkoeffizienten der Formeln werden mit denen einer Formel von Helsaker verglichen.