bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem Solving and Aging: Evidence from Semantically Rich Domains
Authors: Charness Neil
Published: November 2010

Much literature supports the idea that problem-solving performance declines with aging. There are two important constraints on this generalization. The tasks that have been explored are for the most part novel ones. Literature is cited that argues that older people take longer to show improvement on such tasks. A second problem is that young control groups are more highly practiced at cognitive tasks generally. Thus age effects are confounded with skill effects. Recent work in semantically rich domains (those requiring a large knowledge base for skilled performance) show minimal effects of aging on problem-solving.
Professionalization of Health Care for the Aged
Authors: Schwenger Cope W.
Published: November 2010

The following paper is presented from a Canadian and an Ontario point of view. In our country we have a tendency either to accept both the American and British ways of doing things or to take a position somewhere in between. For example, one can find advocates for either leaving out or keeping the “e” in ag(e)ing. On the other hand, after much wrangling, we have neither accepted the British specialty of geriatric medicine nor what appears to have become the American position not to have such a specialty but finally have opted for geriatrics becoming a subspecialty of internal medicine. It is questionable sometimes whether we are picking the best or worst of both worlds or what can in fact be labelled as essentially Canadian.
Sex Differences in Changes with Age in Record Running Performances
Authors: Stones Michael J. , Kozma Albert
Published: November 2010

Record running performances were compared between male and female athletes within an age range of 40–63 years and over events ranging in distance from 100 yards to the marathon. Curve fitting procedures indicated that age-performance relationships could be accurately expressed by use of an exponential model. Comparison of curve parameters revealed, a) that female performances declines more steeply with age than those of male athletes, b) decline with age was steeper for events beyond sprint distances than for sprint events for both sexes and, c) discrepancies between male and female performances did not relate significantly to event distance.
Women and Retirement: The Effect of Multiple Careers on Retirement Adjustment
Authors: Connidis Ingrid
Published: November 2010

Female retirement has received very limited attention in the research literature. In this paper, the concept of career set is employed as the basis for a framework designed to analyse the impact of women's involvement in multiple careers on their adjustment to retirement. An extensive review of existing literature leads the author to conclude that the familial careers engaged in by married, working women have a mediative effect on their transition to retirement. In order to understand female retirement it is necessary to examine the interplay of multiple careers and their relative salience to women in the labour force.
The Best Years of Your Life
Authors: Northcott Herbert C.
Published: November 2010

Three contrasting themes run through the literature on aging regarding the question of which years constitute the best period of a person's life. The themes are: 1) youth is best, 2) middle age is best, and 3) old age has its advantages. This study reports a 1979 representative and cross-sectional survey of 440 Edmontonians. Respondents were asked questions about the levels of satisfaction arising from various aspects of life as well as the amount of pressure experienced from these various life domains. The older years appear to be a period of relatively low pressure and relatively high satisfaction, although each age has advantages and disadvantages.
Supporting Life through Tube Feeding: Factors Influencing Surrogate Decision-Making
Authors: Wilson Donna
Published: November 2010

Un grand nombre de personnes ont besoin d'une sonde au cours de la dernière étape de leur vie. Par ailleurs, la décision du maintien des fonctions vitales revient souvent à une autre partie. Lorsque les membres d'une famille sont tenus de prendre cette décision pour un patient incompétent, quels facteurs influenceront leur choix? Une étude de cas et un sondage ethnométhodologique ont révélé clairement et en détail les facteurs ayant influencé une femme devant décider si les fonctions vitales de sa mére en état d'incapacité totale et de grave débilité devaient être maintenues au moyen d'une sonde pour gavage. La décision était difficile à prendre et survenait à un moment critique. Malheureusement, les facteurs ayant eu la plus forte influence furent les suivants: a) le besoin pressant d'une décision en raison d'un décès imminent; b) une lacune quant à la connaissance des valeurs et des préférences de la mère au sujet du maintien de ses fonctions vitales au moyen d'une sonde pour gavage; c) un manque de connaissance quant à la réalité de l'alimentation par sonde; et d) la croyance que cette mesure ne prolongerait pas la vie ni la souffrance de la mère. De plus, neuf autres facteurs, moins importants, ont été déterminés. Cette étude est principalement axée sur l'amélioration de la sensibilité des professionnels de la santé vis-à-vis de l'angoisse qu'éprouvent les gens à décider de maintenir les fonctions vitales d'un proche et du mode de décision en tant que tel.
Un vigoureux plaidoyer - T.R. Marmor, J.L. Mashaw, P.L. Harvey. America's Misunderstood Welfare State. New York: Basic Books, 1990. - Un vigoureux plaidoyer, Frédéric Lesemann, Université de Montréal.
Authors: Lesemann Frédéric
Published: November 2010

The book is a vigorous analysis for the defense of the several programs constiting the American Welfare State. It certainly represents one of the strongest and most meaningful counter critic of the conservative critics of social programs during the last 15 years. The book belongs to an ongoing political analysis current which stresses that, for a nation, in order to compete within the new world economic order, public policies have to be extensively developed and supported, especially in the field of manpower training, universal health services and fair pension levels for retired persons. Consequently, the politics of less and less State intervention clearly runs counter to the ability of a nation to address the challenges posed by a worldwide economy.
W.D. Molloy and P.J. Caldwell. Alzheimer's Disease. Toronto, ON: Key Porter, 1998.
Authors: Gagnon Michèle , Sweet Lisa
Published: November 2010

Dans leur livre, Molloy et Caldwell présentent un examen complet et accessible de la maladie d'Alzheimer et des démences connexes. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs expliquent les bases organiques fondamentales de la maladie puis décrivent les signes et les symptômes et les méthodes diagnostiques de la maladie. Ils présentent une excellente description des systèmes de la mémoire en cause dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et rapprochent l'information des blancs de mémoire courants. Les chapitres suivants traitent des questions émotives et fonctionnelles auxquelles font souvent face les personnes affectées par cette maladie et ceux qui en prennent soin. En conclusion, les auteurs abordent plusieurs points d'ordre juridique et traitent de solutions de rechange au traitement traditionnel. Le livre prétente également une liste utile de médicaments non presents, de médicaments que l'on peut obtenirpar ordonnance et un glossaire pratique. Le livre est parsemé d'éléments hors-texte qui attirent l'attention sur certains points. De lecture facile, le livre s'adresse au grand public et constitue une excellente source de références pour les personnes qui doivent prendre soin d'un être cher atteint de la maladie d'Alzheimer.
Waiting Time for Nursing Home Admission in a Voluntary Single-Entry System
Authors: Thompson Laurence
Published: November 2010

La substitution des services communautaires aux lits en établissements doit s'accompagner d'un accès rapide aux centres d'accueil en cas de nécessité pressante. Cette étude explore les variables prédictives du délai d'admission en centre d'accueil dans un cas type d'admission simple volontaire en Saskatchewan. L'étude examine, sur une période de deux ans, un groupe de 777 sujets d'un même district attendant leur admission en centre d'accueil à Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Le délai d'attente moyen s'elève à 107 jours. Dans cette analyse multivariable temps-événement, des facteurs de priorité évalués séparément donnaient lieu à un taux d'admission trois fois plus rapide. Vivre seul, vivre en résidence pour aînés adjacente à un centre d'accueil et ne pouvoir marcher sans aide raccourcissaient également le temps d'attente. Le manque de collaboration augmentait le délai d'admission. L'étude signale que dans un système d'admission volontaire simple, l'admission ne repose pas seulement sur les facteurs de priorité.
Masaharu Kumashiro (ed.). The paths to productive aging. London, England and Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1995. - Mildred Seltzer (ed.). The impact of increased life expectancy: Beyond the gray horizon. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 1995.
Authors: Finlayson Marcia
Published: November 2010

Les volumes de Kumashiro (1995) et Seltzer (1995) soulèvent beaucoup de poins sur le vieillissement de la population et présentent done de l'information pertinente à la santé et à la politique sociale au Canada. Malgré ce lien, le mode de présentation de chaque volume ne crée pas d'utilité directe quant à l'établissement des politiques. Dans son livre, Kumashiro pose comme principe que les travailleurs âgés forment la base du maintien et de la revitalisation des sociétés et des économies du globe. Chaque texte traite de certains aspects de la participation continue et productive des travailleurs âgés. Les sujets sont variés et se recoupent peu. Cependant, la traduction vers l'anglais laisse souvent à désirer. Dans un certain sens, le lecteur reçoit peu d'information sur la détermination des enjeux à traiter pour conserver et augmenter la population active âgée au Canada. Le livre pourrait intéresser fortement les ergonomistes, les spécialistes en réadaptation professionnelle et les gens qui étudient ou travaillent dans le secteur de la santé et de la sécurité au travail. Chaque auteur du livre de Seltzer répond à la question: “Et si la vie durait 100 ans?” Une telle spéculation provoque la réflexion du lecteur mais ne lui donne pas de direction sur la façon deprocéder ou de mettre en oeuvre les idées présentées. C'est la nature de la tâche qu' on a exigée d'eux qui force les auteurs à laisser aux lecteurs plus de questions que de réponses. Ce sont des enjeux qui pourraient servir de point de départ au débat d'un séminaire de deuxième cycle universitaire mais leur nombre pourrait frustrer le lecteur qui cherche des principes directeurs. C'est un livre de detente qui conviendrait également aux professeurs qui souhaitent trouver un texte pour stimuler les échanges sur les enjeux reliés au vieillissement de la population.
Les changements qualitatifs dans le processus de renouvellement des générations: Impacts sur la mesure et la projection du besoin d'aide
Authors: Jenkins Éric , Carrière Yves , Légaré Jacques
Published: November 2010

This paper examines the effect of cohort heterogeneity upon the potential needs for assistance in ADL and IADL of an aging population. Variables that are important predictors of the differentiating pattern of perceived needs in the older population are subject to on-going changes as a result of cohort differentiation and cohort succession in the older ages. For those reasons, a forecasting methodology involving three phases has been developed: an identification phase of the key explanatory variables, a demographic-projection phase of socio-demographic variables identified as key variables and a phase in which risk-factor probabilities are applied to the demographic-projection output to determine the overall impact of the population change. The use of logistic regression is shown as the best strategy to determine risk-factor probabilities. This method is applied to measure the assistance needed in ADL and IADL by disabled elderly persons in Québec. The results point to the need to consider changes in intra-cohort heterogeneity between new cohorts entering the older population and old ones leaving it.
A Feminist Approach to Health Promotion for Older Women
Authors: Ward-Griffin Catherine , Ploeg Jenny
Published: November 2010

Jusqu'à tout récemment, le mouvement de promotion de la santé faisait principalement porter ses efforts sur la responsabilité individuelle en matière de comportements reliés à la santé, plutôt que sur les grands determinants sociaux de la santé. Le mouvement ciblait les jeunes plutôt que les ainés, les hommes plutôt que les femmes. Des voix commencent à se faire entendre et prônent une approche féministe de la promotion de la santé auprès des femmes plus âgées, une approche qui prendrait en compte les facteurs de sexe, de classe sociale, de race et d'âge qui viennent biaiser les recherches, les pratiques et les politiques en matière de promotion de la santé. La théorie féministe pose comme hypothèse que le sexisme limite les possibilités des femmes en matière de santé et les assujettit à une série de situations telles que la marginalisation, l'absence de pouvoir et l'exploitation. L'objectif de la présente étude est double: faire appel à une grille féministe pour critiquer la promotion de la santé et déterminer les facteurs de sexe, de classe sociale, de race et d'âge qui affectent la santé des femmes plus âgées, et recommander des modifications à la théorie, à la recherche, aux pratiques et à l'éducation en matière de santé. Les chercheurs, les praticiens et les éducateurs du domaine de la santé sont invités à travailler avec les femmes aînées de façon à augmenter leur visibilité et leur prise en charge personnelle et à favoriser une transformation de la société au sein de laquelle les femmes vieillissent.
Les personnes âgées à mobilité réduite vivant à domicile: modalités de réponse aux besoins et niveau de satisfaction perçu
Authors: Vézina Aline , Pelletier Daniel
Published: November 2010

This research examined transportation problems of non-institutionalized elders with ambulatory difficulties. The purpose was to explore their responses to their needs, and their satisfaction levels. The sample is composed of 67 elderly persons divided into three levels of mobility (low, medium and severely-reduced), and three types of localities (large, rural and semi-rural). In general, transportation is supplied by family and friends. The need which receives the highest level of satisfaction is meals. For elders with medium and severe ambulatory difficulties recreational activities are absent and their satisfaction is low. Urban elders, as opposed to rural elders, are the most unsatisfied. Their insecurity and fear of going outside is one explanation for these results.
C.G. Gifford. Canada's Fighting Seniors. Toronto: James Lorimer and Company, 1990, pp. 279.
Authors: Carette Jean
Published: November 2010

C.G. Gifford, a retired professor of social work at Dalhousie University, publishes here the results of his last research. Basing this research on 90 indepth interviews of persons prominent in the organization of seniors' asssociations in Canada, the United States and Europe, Gifford traces the history of these organizations and provides us with a critical analysis of their political involvement. This is an indispensable work.
Self-Care Among Older Adults
Authors: Morrongiello Barbara A. , Gottlieb Benjamin H.
Published: November 2010

Cette synthèse de la documentation sur les soins personnels chez les personnes ^gées définit le concept en termes des comportements préventifs et des réponses à la maladie adoptés par les profanes à leur propre bénéfice. Après avoir placé les soins personnels dans leur contexte historique, l'auteur examine les perspectives théoriques et les principales constatations sur son incidence ainsi que les corrélats et les barrières. Cet examen est suivi d'une revue du processus et des résultats des interventions destinées à promouvoir les soins personnels. L'auteur termine en présentant des recommandations en vue du développement de la recherche, des politiques et de la pratique.
Medical Services Utilization Patterns by Seniors
Authors: Rosenberg Mark W. , James Amanda M.
Published: November 2010

Cette analyse documentaire vise à déterminer les principaux éléments du mode d'utilisation des soins médicaux chez les aînés dans le cadre du Consensus national sur la conception et la prestation d'une réforme des soins de santé visant à promouvoir l'autonomie des personnes âgées (Shapiro & Havens, 2000). On y présente une stratégie de recherche de la documentation pertinente depuis 1985 portant principalement sur des articles de revuses révisés par les pairs et on résume les conclusions de la recherche. On souligne les principaux articles, lesquels sont analysés et synthétisés à partir de modalités américaines ou canadiennes de fonctionnement institutionnel, de recours aux médecins, aux soin ambulatoires et sur des déterminants de l'utilisation de ces services.
Methods or Techniques: Beyond the Simple Arguments
Authors: Thomas Daniel , Stryckman Judith
Published: November 2010

Commentary

When an author comments on the scientific value of a particular discipline, he leads the way to an insightful period of introspection. In the field of Social Gerontology, such an undertaking could stir up quite a stormy debate. F. Béland, undaunted by controversy, prepared his own review of the research conducted in Quebec in this field, addressing methodological issues, problems related to theorization, as well as the institutional development of Gerontology. The document is useful in that it highlights the elements which benefit or hinder the advancement of research in Social Gerontology.
Research in Social Gerontology: Observe, Understand or Explain?
Authors: Bernardin-Haldemann Verena
Published: November 2010

François Béland in his appraisal identifies certain peculiarities characteristic of research in Social Sciences in Gerontology in Quebec; however, he seems somewhat unfamiliar with the material in question. Béland does not retrace the history of Gerontology in Quebec, nor does he situate it in its social, political, economical and cultural context; this would have been quite beneficial when trying to determine the future course of research. The present commentary attempts to lay the groundwork for such an undertaking and suggests that the growing strength of the Welfare-State and of Quebec nationalism accounts for the major characteristics found in the material compiled by Béland.
Spousal Loss: Depression, Anxiety and Well-Being after Grief Periods of Varying Lengths
Authors: Vézina Jean , Bourque Paul , Bélanger Yvon
Published: November 2010

A total of 59 bereaved elderly persons and 20 married elderly persons were asked to complete a series of questionnaires on depression, anxiety and well-being. The bereaved elderly persons were divided into three groups based on the length of time elapsed since the death of the spouse. The results showed that bereaved subjects were more depressed and anxious and that their well-being was generally inferior to their married counterparts; further, their emotional reactions persisted after many months of mourning and finally some of the bereaved seemed more at risk than others. These issues should be examined more thoroughly using longitudinal studies.
Activity, Social Network and Well-Being: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Litwin Howard
Published: November 2010

Une étude de personnes ágeés en Israel (n = 170) a examiné la relation qui lient le niveau d'activité et certaines charactéristiques du réseau social, au bien-être subjectif des répondants, tout en controllant les charactéristiques socio-démographiques de bases, ainsi que l'ampleur de l'incapacité physique. Une analyse factorielle a dérivé trois facteurs d'activité correspondant aux activités officielles, informelles et solitaires. Une procédure de régression hiérarchique a révélé que l'incapacité physique expliquait 40 pour cent de la variance dans la mesure du bien-être. Le niveau d'activité informelle expliquait 3 pour cent supplémentaires de la variance, mais a cependant été affaibli dans le model final par l'addition d'un facteur du réseau social – le degré de soutien fourni par le réseau (R2 = .48). Les résultats laissent penser que c'est l'aspect réseau social de l'activité qui fait la différence dans le bien-être subjectif des personnes âgées, plutôt que l'effet de l'activité elle-même.
Relationship Between Physical Health Status and Responses to a Psychological Distress Measure
Authors: Préville Michel , Potvin Louise , Boyer Richard , Boulerice Bernard
Published: November 2010

Les données de l'enquête Santé Québec (ESQ) ont été utilisées pour examiner l'influence du statut de santé physique sur les réponses données aux items d'ordre somatique et affective-cognitive de l'inventaire de détresse psychologique (IDP) de l'ESQ. LISREL VIII a été employé pour tester un modèle explicatif de l'association entre ces variables dans trois groupes d'âge (n = 600): 18–39 ans, 40–64 ans et 65 ans et plus. Le sexe, le niveau de stress percu, le soutien social et le statut marital ont été introduits dans le modèle comme variables contrôles. Nos résultats ont montré que la composante affective-cognitive de l'IDP était le principal facteur explicatif des réponses obtenues à la composante somatique de l'échelle. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le statut de santé physique influence directement les réponses aux items somatiques de l'IDP. Cependant, l'effet observé était similaire dans les trois groupes d'âge étudiés. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l'utilisation d'une mesure de détresse psychologique comprenant des items d'ordre somatique, tel que l'IDP, entraîne une petite surestimation de la détresse psychologique dans tous les groupes d'âge. Cependant, les items somatiques n'introduisent pas un biais différentiel dans l'évaluation de la détresse psychologique des répondants en fonction dé l'âge.
Le rapport entre l'adéquation des services de maintien à domicile et la trajectoire de travail des personnes soignantes
Authors: Guberman Nancy , Maheu Pierre
Published: November 2010

This article examines to what extent the presence or absence, adequacy or inadequacy of formal services impacts on the work trajectory of caregivers to elderly relatives. The article is based on a qualitative study with 20 employed caregivers' whose elderly relatives received homecare services from one of two Montreal CLSCs: Results reveal the key role played by formal services in caregivers' attempts to juggle caregiving demands with those of their employment. They illustrate how the presence or the insufficiency of these services, their adequacy or inadequacy, combined with the other accommodations which caregivers put into place, can be determinants in caregivers' decisions to continue working and in their capacity to function well in the work place.
Sandra O'Brien Cousins and Tammy Horne (Eds.). Active Living Among Older Adults: Health Benefits and Outcomes. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel, 1999.
Authors: Myers Anita M.
Published: November 2010

Ce livre regroupe et critique des données empiriques sur toute une étendue d'avantages de l'exercice physique sur la santé des personnes âgées. Il se fonde sur une revue de quelque 1 500 études publiées depuis 1994. Il constitue un survol exhaustif du sujet présenté en sections bien divisées et répertoriées et une base importante d'interprétation des nombreuses études qui se font dans ce domaine en expansion rapide.
Clinical Research on Older Adults in Canada: Summary of Recent Progress
Authors: Rockwood Kenneth , MacKnight Chris , Powell Colin
Published: November 2010

Geriatric Medicine is a young specialty in Canada, having been formally recognized in 1981. The early years of research chiefly involved designing and describing programs of care. As the specialty matured, so too did the nature of research into the clinical problems of older adults. This article discusses research published by Canadian geriatricians since 1998, the date of a previous review. Two prominent areas of research are frailty and dementia. Several groups have studied the natural history of frailty, and designed techniques to better measure outcomes. Interventional trials are also gaining prominence, with the Systeme de services intégrés pour personnes agees en perte d'automonie (SIPA) and Mobile Geriatric Assessment Team (MGAT) being good examples. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) is one of the largest studies of dementia epidemiology ever conducted, and the upcoming third wave will provide new data on the outcomes of cognitive impairment not meeting criteria for dementia. Other areas of interest include pharmacoepidemiology, difficult clinical problems, advanced directives and bioethics. Canadian research in geriatrics will continue to develop, with the establishment of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research providing exciting new opportunities.
The Increase in the Usual Life Span in North America
Authors: Kraus Arthur S.
Published: November 2010

An assumed fixed maximum life span was involved in a much publicized prediction of a compression of morbidity in late life. The maximum life span has major weaknesses as a measure. The “usual life span“, or age to which 1.0% of a birth cohort survives, is suggested as a more useful measure.

Statistics were derived from recent United States and Canadian censuses on the age above which 1.0% of the population is contained, from recent United States and Canadian mortality data on the age above which 1.0% of the deaths were reported, and from recent Canadian life tables on the age to which 1.0% of a cohort would survive. These statistics suggest that the usual life span increased at least 2 years in the 1960–1980 period in North America.
L'Analyse du Leadership Chez les Président-e-s des Clubs d'Age d'Or du Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Vienneau Jean-Guy , Ouellette Pierre
Published: November 2010

Ce qui caractérise les clubs d'âge d'or, c'est qu'ils se dirigent de façon autonome, et cette situation soulève la question du leadership au sein de ces regroupements. En conséquence, la présente étude vise à déterminer la relation entre deux styles de leadership chez les président-e-s et la langue maternelle, le nombre d'heures de bénévolat, l'importance numérique des clubs et celle de leur exécutif. Au-delà de 160 président-e-s remplirent le “Ideal Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire”. A la suite d'une analyse canonique, un facteur est retenu: les styles de leadership sont reliés à la langue maternelle, les heures de bénévolat et l'importance numérique des clubs et des exécutifs.
Factors Associated with Changes in Visiting Between Grandmothers and Grandchildren Following an Adult Child's Marriage Breakdown
Authors: Gladstone James W.
Published: November 2010

This paper identifies some factors associated with changes in face-to-face contact between grandmothers and grandchildren following a child's marriage breakdown. A qualitative analysis showed that geographic mobility, the appeal of a grandmother's home, employment status of the adult child, and the absence of the child-in-law were related to increases in visiting. Unresolved conflict and difficulties re-negotiating post-breakdown relationships were related to decreases in visiting. These findings as well as implications for service delivery are discussed.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration Between the Professional Social Worker and Nurse in Planning the Care of the Older Adult Living in a Long-term Care Facility
Authors: Harbison Joan , Melanson Patricia M.
Published: November 2010

The majority of long term care facilities for the elderly have the characteristics of total institutions. Care is based on the medical model which emphazises the physical needs of the residents. Current gerontological research and literature concludes that a biopsychosocial approach offers the highest quality of care to the elderly in institutions. This paper discusses political, economic, institutional and professional barriers to the implementation of the holistic approach to care. It recognizes that accommodation to the constraints identified is required. It then comments on the potential for an active alliance between two important actors in traditional long term care service delivery, the professional social worker and the nurse, to move the institution towards biopsychosocial care.
Attitudes and Sentencing for Sexual Assault as a Function of Age and Sex of Subjects
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: November 2010

A total of 768 older and younger men and women with average ages of 58 and 20 years, respectively, made judgments of recommended imprisonment for a rapist after learning about one of eight different versions of sexual assaults. Younger subjects in contrast to older subjects recommended longer sentences. The most severe sentences were given by young males for the assault of a demure woman. Older males were least punitive in sentencing. A reliable interaction among age of subjects, sex of subjects and victim demeanor indicated that younger and older women recommended similar jail sentences when a demure woman was victimized but older women were less punitive when a provocative woman was assaulted. The demeanor of the rapist (well-dressed vs. poorly-dressed) and the resistance/nonresistance of the victim failed to influence sentencing. Older persons and males were found to hold reliably higher anti-victim, pro-rape myth sentiments than younger adults and females.
Cognitive Versus Social Rigidity in Old Age: Implications for Therapy
Authors: Christoph Doris , Li Anita K.F.
Published: November 2010

The present study examined the interrelationships among cognitive and social rigidity, intelligence and personal adjustment in old age, and evaluated a six-week training program teaching social problem-solving skills to the elderly. Ninety-eight subjects, aged 60.9 to 88.0 years, were randomly assigned to the treatment, placebo control, and the waiting-list groups. Subjects were pretested on the TBR Opposites test (cognitive rigidity), the social MEPS (social rigidity), WAIS Vocabulary, and Adjustment of Old Age scales; and post-tested on social rigidity and adjustment The hypothesis that cognitive rigidity is independent of social rigidity was not fully supported. Adjustment to old age was found to be significantly related to social rigidity and, to a lesser degree, to cognitive rigidity. Only treatment subjects showed an overall, significant pre- to post-training improvement on social MEPS scores. The findings suggest that social rigidity is amenable to change.
Simple Cognitive and Behavioural Changes Resulting from Improved Physical Fitness in Persons over 50 Years of Age
Authors: Stacey C. , Kozma A. , Stones M.J.
Published: November 2010

The primary purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of exercise on simple cognitive performance and on psychological well-being in persons over fifty years of age. A secondary purpose was to assess the relationship between a set of subject variables and drop-out from fitness programs. Twenty-nine new and 37 active volunteers from the St. John's 3F fitness club for persons over fifty years of age served as subjects. Initial assessment on fitness and psychological measures was carried out within three weeks of the start/restart of the program. A second testing took place six months later. Significant pre/post differences were obtained on measures of reaction time, flexibility, balance, extra program activity, and digit symbol performance. Group by pre/post effects also reached statistical significance for psychological well-being. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of exercise are not limited to physical fitness variables, but may extend to cognitive and personality processes.
Who Experiences the Move into a Nursing Home as Stressful? Examination of the Relocation Stress Hypothesis using Archival, Time-Series Data
Authors: Grant Peter R.
Published: November 2010

The relocation stress hypothesis that older people find the move into a nursing home to be stressful was examined using archival time-series data. The prevalence of psychological distress following admission was obtained from nursing notes written on monthly medical charts for 159 residents of four Saskatchewan nursing homes. Excluding those with an organic psychotic disorder (19.5%), the results showed that the majority of new residents (82.7%) were not distressed by the move. However, a large proportion of those who were stressed and, in particular, those who had behavioral problems prior to admission did experience psychological distress on admission, and this proportion dropped slowly over an eight month period. While this evidence does not support a general relocation stress hypothesis, it is consistent with a perceived control interpretation of this hypothesis as well as a number of other interpretations focussing on alternative explanations for the behavioral problems variable.
Living Arrangement Choices among the Elderly
Authors: Wister Andrew V.
Published: November 2010

This research explores factors which differentiate non-institutionalized elderly persons living alone, living only with a spouse, and living with other persons (with or without a spouse present). Special attention is devoted to the measurement and investigation of several social norms and personal preferences. These factors are organized in terms of a decision-making framework developed from micro-economic and demographic theory. Choice of a living arrangement is seen as the product of underlying norms and preferences, a set of socio-demographic factors, and constraints on choice. This research relies on data from 454 personal interviews drawn from a stratified random sample of persons 65 and over living in private households in London, Ontario, Canada.

Data analysis indicates that the decision of whom to live with is complex and is influenced by a large group of variables. However, the most important factors are the social norms and personal preferences of the respondents. Of these, a preference for independence and privacy surfaces as the strongest predictor of living arrangements. Being able to do what one wants without outside interference in conjunction with a private living style tends to be viewed by older persons as very important household ‘goods’. The expected separateness of the elderly, age segregation or differentiation, and kinship obligations and ties were found to be influential social norms affecting living arrangement decisions. The analysis also suggests that the constraining effects of domestic competence, physical strength and mobility, and availability of kin for co-residence are also important. In addition, several socio-demographic variables including age, sex and ethnicity arise as significant predictors of living arrangements.
Older Parents and their Middle-Aged Children: Symmetry or Asymmetry in their Relationship
Authors: Knipscheer Kees , Bevers Anton
Published: November 2010

This study focussed on aspects of the relationship between older parents and their middle aged children. Interviews with 74 parents and with one of their children informed us about topics and perceptions relevant in this intergenerational relationship. Data were analysed in terms of agreements and disagreements between parent and child, and of perceived agreements and disagreements. Four items were selected for closer analysis as they exhibited both a high amount of disagreement and a low amount of perceived disagreement. These findings are discussed in terms of the developmental stake theory, a metaorientation and assymmetry in the parent-child relationship.
Family Disengagement–Myth or Reality: A Follow-up Study After Geriatric Assessment
Authors: Stolar G. Elaine , Hill Mary A. , Tomblin Alanna
Published: November 2010

To determine family involvement after geriatric assessment, two groups of patients were followed: a sample of 1981 patients and their caregivers were interviewed in 1981 and 1984: and, a sample of 1983 patients and their caregivers were interviewed in 1984. The findings indicate that nuclear family members retain on-going relationships with their elderly. Kin networks shrink for those elderly without nuclear kin when their mental functioning decreases. Needs and resources change over time.
Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1994, pp. 643.
Authors: Finlayson Marcia
Published: November 2010

Ce manuel de recherche qualitative contient la contribution de 48 auteurs reconnus et réputés dans ce domaine. Bien que la formation et les intérêts de recherche soient variés entre ces auteurs, les perpectives sociologiques et éducatives ainsi que les exemples dominent l'ouvrage. Le livre compte six sections et 36 chapitres qui transportent le lecteur des paradigmes et perspectives d'ordre majeur jusqu'aux approches, aux méthodes et aux analyses en recherche qualitative. D'un bout à l'autre du texte, les auteurs abordent ouvertement les controverses du domaine et invitent le lecteur à réfléchir sur ses propres pratiques et hypothèses de recherche. En raison du contenu très théorique du livre et de ses exemples peu nombreux de recherche qualitative sur le vieillissement (moins de dix), le manuel ne constitue pas nécessairement le meilleur choix pour les gérontologues à la recherche d'un livre expliquant la façon de mener une recherche qualitative. Par contre, cet ouvrage représente une excellente référence pour les personnes désirant obtenir un texte exhaustif, engageant, poussant à la réflexion et traitant de questions épistémologiques, ontologiques et historiques, qui sont des éléments fondamentaux de la recherche qualitative.
Specialized Continuing Care Models For Persons with Dementia: A Systematic Review of the Research Literature
Authors: Roberts Jacqueline , Browne Gina , Gafni Amiram , Varieur Michael , Loney Patricia , de Ruijter Maureen
Published: November 2010

Cette vue d'ensemble méthodique résume la littérature publicée reflétant l'efficacité des services ou modèles de soins pour les personnes souffrant de démence vivant à la maison ou dans des centres, de soins hospitaliers spécialisés ou dans des maisons de groupe de soutien. Une recherche détaillée de la littérature nous a permis de découvrir des études évaluant les soins de répit, les programmes de jour, la thérapie, la vie en groupe et les unités de soins spéciaux dans les institutions et il y a évidence de l'efficacité de ces programmes. Aucune étude rigoureuse scientifiquement, spécifique aux personnes souffrant de démence, n'a été repérée sur l'efficacité des soins en hospice, de la gestion de cas ou des programmes en milieu externe de psychogériatrique en santé mentale. Tout d'abord, il faut davantage de recherche examinant l'efficacité des différents programmes pour personnes spécifiques et les personnes s'occupant d'elles, avec de différentes caractéristiques et les mesures des dépenses familiales ainsi que les coûts des programmes.
Aging and Health Care: A Social Perspective. Neena L. Chappell, Laurel A. Strain, and Audrey A. Blandford. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1986. 215 pages, $15.95
Authors: Pringle Dorothy
Published: November 2010

The first half of this book reviews what aging is like for most people including their health status and the help they receive from family and friends. The second half focuses on the formal health care system and the adequacy of it. The book is well-written and has a number of strengths, the outstanding one being the numerous references to Canadian research. The book also has weaknesses. It compares and contrasts the health care systems of Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, but does this so briefly that the significant differences within each of these systems are lost. The book criticizes the Canadian health care system for being “over medicalized” to the detriment of the care of older people. This point is emphasized to the extent that it comes across as strong anti-physician bias. The authors emphasize the need for a range of community services to offset the need or both acute and long-term institutional care. They provide helpful descriptions of many such services, for example, adult day care and respite care, but fail to deal with the problem of lack of articulation among the various levels of care. For individuals new to the field of aging, the book provides an excellent introduction to key concepts and research findings. For the more experienced practitioners and academics, it provides useful references and discussion of recent studies.
European‐wide simulations of croplands using an improved terrestrial biosphere model: 2. Interannual yields and anomalous CO2 fluxes in 2003
Authors: Smith P. C. , Ciais P. , Peylin P. , De Noblet‐Ducoudré N. , Viovy N. , Meurdesoif Y. , Bondeau A.
Published: November 2010

Aiming at producing improved estimates of carbon source/sink spatial and interannual patterns across Europe (35% croplands), this work uses the ORCHIDEE‐STICS terrestrial biosphere model including a more realistic representation of croplands, described in part 1 (Smith et al., 2010). Crop yield is derived from annual Net Primary Productivity and compared with wheat and grain maize harvest data for five European countries. Over a 34 year period, the best correlation coefficient obtained between observed and simulated yield time series is for irrigated maize in Italy (R = 0.73). In the data as well as in the model, 1976 and 2003 appear as climate anomalies causing a ≈40% yield drop in the most affected regions. Simulated interannual yield anomalies and the spatial pattern of the yield drop in 2003 are found to be more realistic than the results from ORCHIDEE with no representation of croplands. The simulated 2003 anomalous carbon source from European ecosystems to the atmosphere due to the 2003 summer heat wave is in good agreement with atmospheric inversions (0.20GtC, from May to October). The anomaly is twice too large in the ORCHIDEE alone simulation, owing to the unrealistically high exposure of herbaceous plants to the extreme summer conditions. The mechanisms linking abnormally high summer temperatures, the crop productivity drop, and significant carbon source from European ecosystems in 2003 are discussed. Overall, this study highlights the importance of accounting for the specific phenologies of crops sown both in winter and in spring and for irrigation applied to summer crops in regional/global models of the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Derivation of direct on‐fault submarine paleoearthquake records from high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles: Wairau Fault, New Zealand
Authors: Barnes Philip M. , Pondard Nicolas
Published: November 2010

Direct, on‐fault submarine paleoearthquake records can be derived from high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles of active fault growth sequences. Coseismic vertical increments of displacement are best preserved in the architecture of the growth sequence when the long‐term rate of sedimentation exceeds the rate of fault vertical displacement. Postseismic stratigraphic intervals can be recognized on vertical displacement history curves, from which estimates of the earthquake timing and vertical displacements can be made. The strike‐slip Wairau Fault is a major seismic hazard in central New Zealand and is partially submarine. Analysis of 10 high‐resolution seismic profiles spanning a 20 km section of the offshore fault trace reveals two types of postseismic growth sequences and a composite paleoearthquake record with up to eight surface‐rupturing earthquakes since 18 ka. The recurrence intervals range from ∼0.9 to 3.8 ka (mean is ∼2.2 ka), while the coseismic vertical displacements range from 0.5 to 5.3 m (mean is ∼2.5 m). These data conform to the variable slip model of earthquake behavior. The vertical coseismic displacement is not always predictable from the recurrence interval preceding the event. The data indicate that the seismic moment release has not been constant between earthquakes or that the ratio of horizontal to vertical coseismic displacement at a given site has varied over multiple earthquake cycles. The offshore data are consistent with onshore paleoearthquake records, long‐term dextral slip rate of >2 mm/yr (compared to 3–5 mm/yr, 40 km in land), and paleoearthquakes of >Mw7.5. The last earthquake occurred on the fault 2.0 ± 0.3 kyr ago, indicating that significant elastic strain has now accrued.
Detecting anthropogenic CO2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005
Authors: Wanninkhof Rik , Doney Scott C. , Bullister John L. , Levine Naomi M. , Warner Mark , Gruber Nicolas
Published: November 2010

Repeat observations along the meridional Atlantic section A16 from Iceland to 56°S show substantial changes in the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in the ocean between occupations from 1989 through 2005. The changes correspond to the expected increase in DIC driven by the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere, but the ΔDIC is more varied and larger, in some locations, than can be explained solely by this process. Concomitant large changes in oxygen (O2) suggest that processes acting on the natural carbon cycle also contribute to ΔDIC. Precise partial pressure of CO2 measurements suggest small but systematic increases in the bottom waters. To isolate the anthropogenic CO2 component (ΔCanthro) from ΔDIC, an extended multilinear regression approach is applied along isopycnal surfaces. This yields an average depth‐integrated ΔCanthro of 0.53 ± 0.05 mol m−2 yr−1 with maximum values in the temperate zones of both hemispheres and a minimum in the tropical Atlantic. A higher decadal increase in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory is found for the South Atlantic compared to the North Atlantic. This anthropogenic CO2 accumulation pattern is opposite to that seen for the entire Anthropocene up to the 1990s. This change could perhaps be a consequence of the reduced downward transport of anthropogenic CO2 in the North Atlantic due to recent climate variability. Extrapolating the results for this section to the entire Atlantic basin (63°N to 56°S) yields an uptake of 5 ± 1 Pg C decade−1, which corresponds to about 25% of the annual global ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 during this period.
Paleoclimatic warming increased carbon dioxide concentrations
Authors: Lemoine D. M.
Published: November 2010

If climate‐carbon feedbacks are positive, then warming causes changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) sources and sinks that increase CO2 concentrations and create further warming. Previous work using paleoclimatic reconstructions has not disentangled the causal effect of interest from the effects of reverse causality and autocorrelation. The response of CO2 to variations in orbital forcing over the past 800,000 years suggests that millennial‐scale climate‐carbon feedbacks are significantly positive and significantly greater than century‐scale feedbacks. Feedbacks are also significantly greater on 100 year time scales than on 50 year time scales over the past 1500 years. Posterior probability distributions implied by coupled models' predictions and by these paleoclimatic results give a mean of 0.03 for the nondimensional climate‐carbon feedback factor and a 90% chance of its being between −0.04 and 0.09. The 70% chance that climate‐carbon feedbacks are positive implies that temperature change projections tend to underestimate an emission path's consequences if they do not allow the carbon cycle to respond to changing temperatures.