bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial learning: what do we mean by it?
Authors: Nogueira Tadeu Fernando
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Given the growing recognition that learning plays a crucial role in entrepreneurship, this paper aims to systematically review the literature on entrepreneurial learning (EL), take account of its progress and analyze the unique characteristics of EL as a concept.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a systematic approach to reviewing the literature on EL and critically assess the EL concept through the criteria of resonance, attributes (involving consistency, fecundity and differentiation), domain and causal utility.

Findings

A synthesis and assessment of extant literature reveals that a key challenge is the clear articulation of EL as a concept. This paper takes the first steps toward the specification of EL through a discussion of its unique properties. In this respect, the paper proposes the understanding of EL as an undertaking of entrepreneurial (i.e. proactive, exploratory and collaborative) learning behaviors (a crucial component of the EL concept) and recommends the context of new venture creation as an appropriate domain for the study of EL.

Research limitations/implications

This paper paves the way toward a more robust specification of EL as a concept.

Originality/value

This systematic literature review initiates a discussion about how EL literature can find convergence on key issues, thus helping the field move forward. It does so by articulating central attributes of the EL concept.
Wild boars: A potential source of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Japan
Authors: Shimoji Yoshihiro , Osaki Makoto , Ogawa Yohsuke , Shiraiwa Kazumasa , Nishikawa Sayaka , Eguchi Masahiro , Yamamoto Takehisa , Tsutsui Toshiyuki
Published: August 2019

The potential role of wild boars as a source of erysipelas infection was investigated. An ELISA test of wild boar serum samples from 41 prefectures in Japan revealed that proportions of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae‐positive samples were very high in all the prefectures, and the mean positive rate was 95.6% (1312/1372). Serovars of E. rhusiopathiae isolates from wild boars were similar to those of previously reported swine isolates, and all serovar isolates tested were found to be pathogenic to mice. These results suggest that wild boars in Japan constitute a reservoir of E. rhusiopathiae and may pose risks to other animals.
Diversity, specificity and molecular evolution of the lytic arsenal of Pseudomonas phages: in silico perspective
Authors: Valero‐Rello Ana
Published: August 2019

Bacteriophages encode an arsenal of proteins to lyse bacteria by breaking their surface structures, constituting a promising alternative to antibiotics. However, the selection and bioengineering of endolysins and other phage lytic proteins need to be assisted by a previous knowledge of their molecular characteristics. In this study, all putative lytic proteins encoded in Pseudomonas phages were in silico examined to describe their diversity, host association and molecular evolution. A total of 491 proteins were identified among 223 phages, including endolysins, holins, pinholins, spanins, lipases and peptidases. Protein families and combination of functional domains were characteristic of phages belonging to the same genus, and these tended to infect a single host species. Clustering and phylogenetic analysis showed a protein grouping associated with bacterial host, and some functional domains being specific. Interestingly, most putative lytic proteins from phages infecting P. fluorescens and P. putida had negative net charges, opposed to most endolysins. Phage lifestyle also had an impact on protein variability, with transglycosylases, glucosaminidases, holins and spanins from lysogenic phages clustering into monophyletic nodes, suggesting the effect of a different selection pressure as a result of the co‐option of a new function in the lysogenized bacteria.
Psychosocial Needs of the Families With Hospitalized Organ Transplant Patients in an Educational Hospital in Iran
Authors: Divdar Zahra , Foroughameri Golnaz , Farokhzadian Jamileh , Sheikhbardsiri Hojjat
Published: August 2019

Nurses are required to understand and meet the physiological needs of the family members of the patients hospitalized in transplant wards of the hospitals. Considering the importance of this issue, this study aimed to investigate the psychosocial needs of the families with an organ transplant patient. The study employed a cross‐sectional design and was conducted in Afzalipour Educational Hospital affiliated to the Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The 45‐item questionnaire of the psychosocial needs was applied to assess the psychosocial needs of the families with an organ transplant patient, including kidney, liver, and bone marrow. The quota sampling method was used and 230 participants completed the survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive mean and SD and analytical statistics independent t‐test, anova, and Pearson's correlation coefficient tests by SPSS 22 (version 22, SPSS, Chicago Inc., IL). The results indicated that the mean scores of psychological needs of families with transplanted patients hospitalized in three wards of bone marrow, kidney, and liver were at a high level (143/16 ± 12/29). The mean scores of psychosocial needs in the bone marrow transplantation ward (148/60 ± 8/18) were significantly higher than those of the patients hospitalized in the liver (141/24 ± 16/41) and kidney (141/25 ± 11/30) wards. A significant difference was observed among the three wards of the liver, kidney, and bone marrow transplantation with regard to the provided support, information, and proximity. To improve the psychological needs of the family members with patients hospitalized in transplant wards and reduce their mental reactions, they should be provided with more precise information about the patient's treatment procedure.
Non‐specific amplification compromises environmental DNA metabarcoding with COI
Authors: Collins Rupert A. , Bakker Judith , Wangensteen Owen S. , Soto Ana Z. , Corrigan Laura , Sims David W. , Genner Martin J. , Mariani Stefano
Published: August 2019

Metabarcoding extra‐organismal DNA from environmental samples is now a key technique in aquatic biomonitoring and ecosystem health assessment. Of critical consideration when designing experiments, and especially so when developing community standards and legislative frameworks, is the choice of genetic marker and primer set. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), the standard DNA barcode marker for animals, with its extensive reference library, taxonomic discriminatory power and predictable sequence variation, is the natural choice for many metabarcoding applications. However, for targeting specific taxonomic groups in environmental samples, the utility of COI has yet to be fully scrutinized.

Here, by using a case study of marine and freshwater fishes from the British Isles, we quantify the in silico performance of twelve primer pairs from four mitochondrial loci – COI, cytochrome b, 12S and 16S – in terms of reference library coverage, taxonomic discriminatory power and primer universality. We subsequently test in vitro four primer pairs – three COI and one 12S – for their specificity, reproducibility, and congruence with independent datasets derived from traditional survey methods at five estuarine and coastal sites around the English Channel and North Sea.

Our results show that for aqueous extra‐organismal DNA at low template concentrations, both metazoan‐targeted and fish‐targeted COI primers perform poorly in comparison to 12S, exhibiting low levels of reproducibility due to non‐specific amplification of prokaryotic and non‐target eukaryotic DNAs.

An ideal metabarcode would have an extensive reference library upon which custom primers could be designed, either for broad assessments of biodiversity, or taxon specific surveys. Such a database is available for COI, but low primer specificity hinders practical application, while conversely, 12S primers offer high specificity, but lack adequate references. The latter, however, can be mitigated by expanding the concept of DNA barcodes to include whole mitochondrial genomes generated by genome‐skimming existing tissue collections.
Exploring Gender Bias in Nursing Evaluations of Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Brucker Krista , Whitaker Nash , Morgan Zachary S. , Pettit Katie , Thinnes Erynn , Banta Alison M. , Palmer Megan M.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Nursing evaluations are an important component of residents’ professional development as nurses are present for interactions with patients and nonphysician providers. Despite this, there has been few prior studies on the benefits, harms, or effectiveness of using nursing evaluations to help guide emergency medicine residents’ development. We hypothesized that gender bias exists in nursing evaluations and that female residents, compared to their male counterparts, would receive more negative feedback on the perception of their interpersonal communication skills.

Methods

Data were drawn from nursing evaluations of residents between March 2013 and April 2016. All comments were coded if they contained words falling into four main categories: standout, ability, grindstone, and interpersonal. This methodology and the list of words that guided coding were based on the work of prior scholars. Names and gendered pronouns were obscured and each comment was manually reviewed and coded for valence (positive, neutral, negative) and strength (certain or tentative) by at least two members of the research team. Following the qualitative coding, quantitative analysis was performed to test for differences. To evaluate whether any measurable differences in ability between male and female residents existed, we compiled and compared American Board of Emergency Medicine in‐training examination scores and relevant milestone evaluations between female and male residents from the same period in which the residents were evaluated by nursing staff.

Results

Of 1,112 nursing evaluations, 30% contained comments. Chi‐square tests on the distribution of valence (positive, neutral, or negative) indicated statistically significant differences in ability and grindstone categories based on the gender of the resident. A total of 51% of ability comments about female residents were negative compared to 20% of those about male residents (χ2 = 11.83, p < 0.01). A total of 57% of grindstone comments about female residents were negative as opposed 24% of those about male residents (χ2 = 6.03, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that, despite the lack of difference in ability or competence as measured by in‐service examination scores and milestone evaluations, nurses evaluate female residents lower in their abilities and work ethic compared to male residents.
Significant effect of information placebo on exercise test results in children with normal weight, overweight and obesity
Authors: Fanti‐Oren Shira , Birenbaum‐Carmeli Daphna , Nemet Dan , Pantanowitz Michal , Eliakim Alon
Published: August 2019

Aim

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of information placebo on fitness test results in normal weight, overweight and obese children.

Methods

Twenty‐four pre‐pubertal children with overweight or obesity and 24 age and maturity‐matched normal weight children performed a progressive treadmill exercise test twice. Different types of information were randomly provided regarding a water drink consumed prior to testing; standard (water) vs deliberate positive (presumed energy drink, placebo) information.

Results

Following the placebo drink, both groups demonstrated significantly higher peak heart rate (overweight 165.8 ± 16.7 vs 174.2 ± 14.8 bpm and normal weight 177.9 ± 13.6 vs 189.8 ± 12.2 bpm) and longer time to exhaustion (overweight 396.9 ± 161.9 vs 521.5 ± 182.5 seconds; normal weight: 700.1 ± 155.2 vs 893.3 ± 150.1 seconds). Despite longer exercise duration and higher peak heart rate, average and peak rate of perceived exertion were significantly lower after the placebo drink (overweight 14.1 ± 2.5 vs 12.5 ± 2.5; normal weight 12.1 ± 1.4 vs 10.7 ± 1.5), with significantly shorter recovery time (overweight 132.2 ± 28.5 vs 118.4 ± 31.6; normal weight: 106.7 ± 18.6 vs 96.7 ± 17.8 seconds).

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate a significant effect of information placebo on fitness test results that is unrelated to body weight. Children with obesity may enhance their physical activity levels and energy expenditure if properly encouraged.
Longitudinal non‐adherence predicts treatment escalation in paediatric ulcerative colitis
Authors: Carmody Julia K. , Plevinsky Jill , Peugh James L. , Denson Lee A. , Hyams Jeffrey S. , Lobato Debra , LeLeiko Neal S. , Hommel Kevin A.
Published: August 2019

Background

Medication non‐adherence in paediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) has been associated with negative health outcomes including flares in disease activity. However, no studies to date have examined longitudinal adherence to maintenance medication in a prospective controlled trial.

Aims

To determine whether objectively measured adherence to standardised mesalazine (mesalamine) therapy over time was related to remission at 52 weeks and the need for treatment escalation in newly diagnosed paediatric patients with UC

Methods

PROTECT (NCT01536535) was a prospective, inception cohort, multi‐site study of paediatric patients aged 4‐17 years with newly diagnosed UC followed for 52 weeks. Patients received standardised mesalazine, with pre‐established criteria for escalation to thiopurines or anti‐TNFα inhibitors. Patients used pill bottles with electronic caps to monitor mesalazine adherence. We tested whether longitudinal adherence to mesalazine predicted steroid‐free remission at week 52 (i.e. quiescent disease on mesalazine alone with no corticosteroids ≥4 weeks prior) and need for treatment escalation (i.e. introduction of immunomodulators, calcineurin‐inhibitors or anti‐TNFα inhibitors).

Results

Among 268 patients, average mesalazine adherence trajectories did not predict week 52 steroid‐free remission. Declining adherence over time strongly predicted treatment escalation (β = −.037, P = .001). By month 6, adherence rate ≤85.7% was associated with treatment escalation.

Conclusions

Non‐adherence may have affected therapeutic efficacy of standardised mesalazine, thereby contributing to need for treatment escalation. Routine adherence monitoring for at least 6 months following treatment initiation and addressing adherence difficulties early in the disease course are recommended.
Forging alliances: Coffee grower and chain leader partnerships to improve productivity and coffee quality in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Sengere Reuben W. , Curry George N. , Koczberski Gina
Published: August 2019

Partnership discourse is making advances in development dialogue as a means to improve the livelihoods of the agrarian populace. In Papua New Guinea, productive partnerships flourished during the early growth of the coffee industry. After the demise of plantations and rural mills in the lead up to political independence, the support services that plantations used to provide to smallholders, including centralised processing, have ceased as have price incentives for quality. Consequently, smallholders began to produce coffee of inconsistent quality and their productivity has also declined. However, coffee value chain partnerships have the potential to reverse the present decline of coffee production and increase the productivity of coffee farmers and address the inconsistency and the supply of low‐grade coffee. Using two case studies of farmer cooperatives, we investigate collective action and also assess partnerships among present value chain actors. The case studies were supported with interviews of value chain actors to gain further insights into partnerships with farmer groups. This paper illustrates that through collective action and partnerships, coffee farmers can improve coffee production and quality, enhance governance systems in grower groups, attract community development services and diversify into other entrepreneurial activities.
Circuits of power: Environmental injustice from Bangkok's shopping malls to Laos’ hydropower dams
Authors: Marks Danny , Zhang Jun
Published: August 2019

In what ways are lifestyles in urbanising Thailand, increasingly oriented towards shopping malls related to the threat to the wildlife and struggles for subsistence in distant Lao hinterlands? Our article answers this question by looking at the workings of electricity as the key infrastructure that connects these seemingly unrelated events and practices. We argue that the circulation of electricity flows along uneven channels, shifting injury and environmental harm across international borders. This circuit is perpetuating inequality and environmental injustice in the Lower Mekong. To demonstrate this claim, we analyse the electricity sector at numerous scales and locations – the urban scale in Bangkok, the country scale of Thailand and then Laos and the local community scale in Laos. We then discuss by what means various material and social processes and actors at these different scales form this circuit. Looking at circuits of power allows us to link the story of electricity consumption with that of production, with an emphasis on their extraterritoriality, multiplicity and boundaries. Our findings illustrate the effects of this circuit on spaces far from a thought‐of urban area. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ways in which these effects have produced inequality and injustice across borders.
“Don't try to teach me, I got nothing to learn”: Management students' perceptions of business ethics teaching
Authors: Tormo‐Carbó Guillermina , Oltra Victor , Klimkiewicz Katarzyna , Seguí‐Mas Elies
Published: August 2019

Interest is growing towards including business ethics in university curricula, aiming at improving ethical behaviour of future managers. Extant literature has investigated the impact of ethics education on different ethics‐related students' cognitive and/or behavioural outcomes, considering variables related to training programmes and students' demographic aspects. Accordingly, we aim at assessing students' understanding of business ethics issues, by focusing on the differences in students' perceptions depending on gender, age, work experience, and ethics courses taken. Testing our hypotheses on a sample of 307 management students at a Polish university, and controlling for social desirability bias, we obtained mixed and partially surprising results. We found significant differences in students' understanding of business ethics depending on their gender and age (female and older students showed more ethical inclinations), but not depending on having taken ethics courses—actually perceptions of such courses worsened after taking them. Besides, work experience was not a significant variable. Moreover, course exposure intensiveness (i.e., number of ethics courses completed), and time passed since completion of the latest course, did not confirm hypothesized effects on most of the dependent (sub)variables. These findings stimulate further questions and challenges for future research (e.g., around course design and methodology, and social/cultural/contextual issues).
Altered neuronal activity in the auditory brainstem following sound stimulation in thalidomide‐induced autism model rats
Authors: Tsugiyama Lucila E. , Ida‐Eto Michiru , Ohkawara Takeshi , Noro Yuichi , Narita Masaaki
Published: August 2019

Auditory hypersensitivity in autism is frequently observed in clinics. Dysfunction in the auditory brainstem has been suspected. We have established autism model rats using prenatal thalidomide exposure. Here we investigated whether abnormal response occurs in the brainstem following sound stimulus in autism model rats. Autism model rats were prepared by prenatal exposure to thalidomide on embryonic days 9 and 10 in pregnant rats. Then, the animals were exposed to 16‐kHz pure tone auditory stimulus and c‐Fos immunostaining was performed to examine the neuronal activity on postnatal day 49 to 51. Following sound stimulus, increased number of c‐Fos‐positive neurons was observed in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of autism model rats compared with the control rats. These results suggest that prenatal thalidomide might cause altered processing of auditory stimulus, leading to the characteristics of auditory hypersensitivity in autism.
National Qualifications Framework and TVET teacher competence frameworks: A neglected dimension of qualifications reforms?
Authors: Chakroun Borhene
Published: August 2019

This article examines the interplay between qualification systems reforms and technical and vocational education and training (TVET) teachers' competences and qualifications in the context of the future of work and learning, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda. The article reviews international standards and trends and examines a range of country case studies. The concluding section focuses on future scenarios for TVET Teachers Competence frameworks.
Letter to the Editor: Can quantitative computed tomography detect bone morphological changes associated with catastrophic proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses?
Authors: Pease A. , Marr C.
Published: August 2019

See Correspondence by Reesink and Palmer

See Editorial by Pease and Marr
Interleukin‐17A affects extracellular vesicles release and cargo in human keratinocytes
Authors: Mangino Giorgio , Iuliano Marco , Carlomagno Silvia , Bernardini Nicoletta , Rosa Paolo , Chiantore Maria Vincenza , Skroza Nevena , Calogero Antonella , Potenza Concetta , Romeo Giovanna
Published: August 2019

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease caused by deregulation of the interleukin‐23/‐17 axis that allows the activation of Th17 lymphocytes and the reprogramming of keratinocytes proliferative response, thereby inducing the secretion of cyto‐/chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Beside cell‐to‐cell contacts and release of cytokines, hormones and second messengers, cells communicate each other through the release of extracellular vesicles containing DNA, RNA, microRNAs and proteins. It has been reported the alteration of extracellular vesicles trafficking in several diseases, but there is scarce evidence of the involvement of extracellular vesicles trafficking in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The main goal of the study was to characterize the release, the cargo content and the capacity to transfer bioactive molecules of extracellular vesicles produced by keratinocytes following recombinant IL‐17A treatment if compared to untreated keratinocytes. A combined approach of standard ultracentrifugation, RNA isolation and real‐time RT‐PCR techniques was used to characterize extracellular vesicles cargo. Flow cytometry was used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse extracellular vesicles and to evaluate cell‐to‐cell extracellular vesicles transfer. We report that the treatment of human keratinocytes with IL‐17A significantly modifies the extracellular vesicles cargo and release. Vesicles from IL‐17A‐treated cells display a specific pattern of mRNA which is undid by IL‐17A neutralization. Extracellular vesicles are taken up by acceptor cells irrespective of their content but only those derived from IL‐17A‐treated cells enable recipient cells to express psoriasis‐associated mRNA. The results imply a role of extracellular vesicles in amplifying the pro‐inflammatory cascade induced in keratinocyte by pro‐psoriatic cytokines.
A Dyadic Model of Stress, Coping, and Marital Satisfaction Among Parents of Children With Autism
Authors: Brown Matthew , Whiting Jason , Kahumoku‐Fessler Emily , Witting Alyssa Banford , Jensen Jakob
Published: August 2019

Objective

To investigate the relationships among dyadic coping, marital satisfaction, and parenting stress in the context of caring for a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Background

Extant literature demonstrates the negative effects of parenting stress on individual and couple functioning for parents of children with ASD. Yet little is known about how these couples utilize their couple relationship as a resource for coping with this stress (i.e., dyadic coping) and its impact on both marital satisfaction and parenting stress.

Method

Data from a convenience sample of 69 married couples raising children with ASD were used to conduct analyses using the actor–partner interdependence model. Participants completed an online survey with measures of dyadic coping, marital satisfaction, and parenting stress. Path analysis models were used to test for the mediating effect of marital satisfaction on the relationship between dyadic coping and parenting stress.

Results

Results showed that dyadic coping was positively associated with marital satisfaction and negatively associated with parenting stress. Marital satisfaction was also negatively associated with parenting stress, and several associations between dyadic coping and parenting stress were mediated by marital satisfaction.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that dyadic coping holds important implications for the marital satisfaction and parenting stress of couples raising children with ASD.

Implications

Those who work with parents of children with ASD should help couples develop relationship‐based coping strategies to reduce parenting stress.
Microbial community responses reduce soil carbon loss in Tibetan alpine grasslands under short‐term warming
Authors: Li Yaoming , Lv Wangwang , Jiang Lili , Zhang Lirong , Wang Shiping , Wang Qi , Xue Kai , Li Bowen , Liu Peipei , Hong Huan , Renzen Wangmu , Wang A , Luo Caiyun , Zhang Zhenhua , Dorji Tsechoe , Taş Neslihan , Wang Zhezhen , Zhou Huakun , Wang Yanfen
Published: August 2019

Changes in labile carbon (LC) pools and microbial communities are the primary factors controlling soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in warming experiments. Warming is expected to initially increase Rh but studies show this increase may not be continuous or sustained. Specifically, LC and soil microbiome have been shown to contribute to the effect of extended warming on Rh. However, their relative contribution is unclear and this gap in knowledge causes considerable uncertainty in the prediction of carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change. In this study, we used a two‐step incubation approach to reveal the relative contribution of LC limitation and soil microbial community responses in attenuating the effect that extended warming has on Rh. Soil samples from three Tibetan ecosystems—an alpine meadow (AM), alpine steppe (AS), and desert steppe (DS)—were exposed to a temperature gradient of 5–25°C. After an initial incubation period, soils were processed in one of two methods: (a) soils were sterilized then inoculated with parent soil microbes to assess the LC limitation effects, while controlling for microbial community responses; or (b) soil microbes from the incubations were used to inoculate sterilized parent soils to assess the microbial community effects, while controlling for LC limitation. We found both LC limitation and microbial community responses led to significant declines in Rh by 37% and 30%, respectively, but their relative contributions were ecosystem specific. LC limitation alone caused a greater Rh decrease for DS soils than AMs or ASs. Our study demonstrates that soil carbon loss due to Rh in Tibetan alpine soils—especially in copiotrophic soils—will be weakened by microbial community responses under short‐term warming.
How does tolerance affect urban innovative capacities in China?
Authors: Wang Junsong , Wei Yehua Dennis , Lin Bingquan
Published: August 2019

This study investigated how urban cultural and economic tolerance affects urban innovative capacities based on China's prefecture‐level cities. Several tolerance indices, including ratios of migrants, rental housing, gay people, and private economies were introduced and the cities’ tolerance scores were measured using factor analysis. The results show that cities with higher cultural and economical tolerant scores were agglomerated in three metropolitan areas in China's southeastern coastal region. The spatial regression model demonstrates that urban cultural and economic tolerance increases urban innovation output and promotes innovation capacities. We also introduced the crime rate as an instrumental variable and found that the effect of tolerance on innovation remains robust. Our study suggests it is important for the Chinese government to establish an open and tolerant environment to attract migrants, creative artists, and entrepreneurs to foster urban vitality and improve urban innovative capacities.
Validity and reliability of an adapted German version of the Student Perceptions of Physician-Pharmacist Interprofessional Clinical Education Instrument, version 2 (SPICE-2D)
Authors: Pudritz Yvonne M , Fischer Martin R , Eickhoff Jens C , Zorek Joseph A
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Evaluation of an interprofessional education (IPE) course at a German university was complicated by the lack of validated German versions of IPE assessment instruments. The objectives of this study were to (1) translate version 2 of the Student Perceptions of Physician-Pharmacist Interprofessional Clinical Education (SPICE-2) and (2) test its validity and reliability.

Methods

After translation, the SPICE-2D instrument was administered electronically to medical and pharmacy students at four universities in Germany using a convenience sampling design. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess validity of the translated instrument. Goodness-of-fit assessment was conducted by evaluating the standardized root mean square residuals (SRMR), the comparative fit index (CFI) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Overall and factor-specific reliabilities of SPICE-2D were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha.

Key findings

Four German universities participated. Response rate was 19.8% (n = 312/1576), mean age of respondents was 25.1 years (SD 3.3), and the majority were female (69%, n = 215). The SRMR of the overall model showed a good fit (0.061). The measured CFI of 0.95 and RMSEA of 0.072 (95% CI 0.053–0.091) can be considered acceptable. Cronbach’s alpha indicated overall instrument reliability and composite reliabilities; only the reliability of factor 2 (Roles/responsibilities for Collaborative Practice) was mediocre (α = 0.41). Medical students scored consistently higher across all factors than pharmacy students.

Conclusions

The SPICE-2D instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability, with the exception of the roles/responsibilities factor. A robust evaluation of SPICE-2D’s validity and reliability in the context of a more representative sample of German medical and pharmacy students is warranted.
Two IRT Fixed Parameter Calibration Methods for the Bifactor Model
Authors: Kim Kyung Yong
Published: August 2019

New items are often evaluated prior to their operational use to obtain item response theory (IRT) item parameter estimates for quality control purposes. Fixed parameter calibration is one linking method that is widely used to estimate parameters for new items and place them on the desired scale. This article provides detailed descriptions of two fixed parameter calibration methods for the bifactor model and compares their relative performance through simulation. The two methods, which were natural generalizations of their counterparts in the unidimensional context, are the one prior weights updating and multiple expectation‐maximization (EM) cycles (OWU‐MEM) and multiple prior weights updating and multiple EM cycles (MWU‐MEM) methods. In addition, for comparison purposes, the separate calibration method with Haebara linking was included in the simulation. In general, the MWU‐MEM method recovered item parameters well for both equivalent and nonequivalent groups, whereas the OWU‐MEM method worked well only for equivalent groups. With a few exceptions, the MWU‐MEM and Haebara methods showed comparable item parameter recovery.
Alcohol Consumption and Functional Limitations in Older Men: Does Muscle Strength Mediate Them?
Authors: Wang Tong , Sun Shuqin , Li Suyun , Sun Yanping , Sun Yongye , Zhang Dongfeng , Wu Yili
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the dose‐response relationships between alcohol consumption and functional limitations in older European men, and explore the role of muscle strength as a mediator of these relationships.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional study of older men participating in the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).

SETTING

Urban and rural households in 17 European countries and Israel.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 17 870 men aged 65 years and older from the SHARE (Wave 6, 2015) were included in this study.

MEASUREMENTS

Outcome variables were functional limitations: mobility limitation, arm function limitation, and fine motor limitation. Main exposure variable was alcohol consumption. Mediating factor was grip strength. Basic demographics, life habits, and health status were considered as potential confounders. Dose‐response analyses with restricted cubic splines and the Karlson/Holm/Breen method were conducted.

RESULTS

A total of 17 870 participants were included in this study. Dose‐response analyses revealed that moderate alcohol consumption was related to the lower odds of reporting mobility limitation (≤35 units/wk) and arm function limitation (≤41 units/wk), with a minimum odds ratio (OR) occurring at 10 units/week drinks for mobility limitation (OR = .71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .62‐.81) and arm function limitation (OR = .66; 95% CI = .59‐.75). The odds of reporting the fine motor limitation monotonically increased with alcohol consumption when alcohol consumption was beyond 15 units/week. No significant mediating effect of grip strength on the relationships between alcohol consumption and mobility limitation and arm function limitation was found.

CONCLUSION

Moderate alcohol consumption has a protective role in mobility and arm function limitation in older European men. Grip strength is not the main mediator of these associations, suggesting that the protective effect is independent of muscle strength. Alcohol consumption is associated with higher odds of reporting fine motor limitation in older European men. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2331–2337, 2019
Compañeros and Protagonismo: The Ethics of Anti‐Neoliberal Activism and the Frente de Pueblos en Defensa de la Tierra (FPDT) of Atenco, Mexico
Authors: Stone Livia K.
Published: August 2019

La mayor parte de movimientos sociales anti‐neoliberales en México castigan lo que llaman protagonismo (actividades que benefician al individuo) y tratan de cultivar prácticas activistas éticas que rodean el desinterés y la colectividad. Este artículo examina las características y la problemática del protagonismo y la práctica activista ética en la historia particular y las experiencias del Frente de Pueblos en Defensa de la Tierra (FPDT) de San Salvador Atenco. El artículo presenta una historia breve del FPDT y los raíces del conjunto de virtudes activistas a las que me refiero como “compañerismo”. Estas historias se reúnen en el contexto de la cooptación y violencia estatal en la que los activistas despliegan ideas del protagonismo y compañerismo como estrategias pragmáticas de seguridad y organización así como regímenes éticos. Sostengo que a través de su énfasis en la colectividad, las ideas contemporáneas de compañerismo en el FPDT plantean desafíos a los procesos políticos democráticos liberales así como a las concepciones neoliberales de la ciudadanía.
Functional morphology and identity of the thenar pad in the subterranean genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Caviomorpha)
Authors: Echeverría Alejandra Isabel , Abdala Virginia , Longo María Victoria , Vassallo Aldo Iván
Published: August 2019

As in many other fossorial tetrapods, the most obvious adaptations to scratch‐digging in the subterranean tuco‐tuco (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae, Ctenomys) are found in the hands, which among other adaptations, present the mesaxonic condition; i.e. the central digits are more developed, and also their claws, which are curved and elongated. The thumb is atrophied and aligned with the rest of the digits, showing a small and flat claw. This configuration of digits and claws seems to be in accordance with what it is expected for rodents: rudimentary movements when handling food items. However, on the palmar side of the hand, tuco‐tucos have several pads, the thenar (located under the thumb) being the most developed. In this study, we investigated the functional morphology of the thenar pad through different approaches: musculoskeletal anatomy, histology and functionality. The analysis of radiographs and clarified and double‐stained hand samples of Ctenomys talarum and C. australis showed that the thenar pad is supported by a paddle‐shaped bone that articulates with a protrusion in the scapholunate bone. This bone, flat and long, continues in a flat cartilaginous structure, with a shape similar to a claw. Dissections showed that the thenar pad has several associated muscles: the m. palmaris longus, the m. abductor pollicis longus, and a massive muscular complex located between the thumb and the thenar pad. By topology it might be inferred that this complex is formed by the m. abductor pollicis brevis, the m. flexor pollicis brevis and the m. adductor pollicis brevis. Longitudinal histological sections of the thenar pad stained with hematoxylin‐eosin showed a thick layer of keratin at the distal end, external face. The observation of live specimens of C. talarum foraging on two food items of different size and filmed at 300 fps showed that the thenar pad acts as an opposable thumb, with digit‐like movements. Tuco‐tucos are able to perform more precise movements than expected, and to grasp and manipulate the food with one hand. In previous studies, it was suggested that the thenar pad was supported by a ‘palmar ossicle’, or ‘prepollex’ (= radial sesamoid bone). Our results suggest that this sesamoid underwent a radical change on its morphology, making the thenar pad a part of the food handling system in Ctenomys, so the thenar pad might be considered a ‘false thumb’, rather than a palmar pad. It is suggested to advance on the description and functional analysis of the thenar pad, redefining the structure, since the terms used so far to define it would not be accurate.
THE DECADES‐LONG DISPUTE OVER SCALE EFFECTS IN THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Bond‐Smith Steven
Published: August 2019

The so‐called “new growth theory” is characterized by the now Nobel Prize winning insight that ideas are a nonrival input to and output from endogenous investment in innovation. Nonrivalry implies increasing returns to scale, but this also unintentionally creates an empirically disputed scale effect that a growing population implies an ever‐increasing growth rate. Empirical evidence supports fully‐endogenous growth without scale effects, but theoretical issues sustain the decades‐long dispute over exactly how to negate the scale effect. This article surveys theoretical approaches to resolving the scale effect and shows how four generations of endogenous growth theory are defined by the maturing of modeling techniques for constraining increasing returns. The synthesis suggests that the dispute over scale effects is really a narrative about how the powerful application of increasing returns has followed a standard theoretical development pattern. This implies that a fourth generation is now emerging that negates the scale effect while retaining fully‐endogenous growth without relying on assumptions of linearity. Instead, the market response to excessive increasing returns to innovation constrains explosive growth by expanding the market, rather than by a linear assumption. This latest class of endogenous growth models may be the final chapter to resolving the long‐running dispute.
Change in Motherhood Status and Fertility Problem Identification: Implications for Changes in Life Satisfaction
Authors: Greil Arthur L. , McQuillan Julia , Burch Andrea R. , Lowry Michele H. , Tiemeyer Stacy M. , Slauson‐Blevins Kathleen S.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To determine whether the association between changes in life satisfaction and becoming a mother (or not) depends on fertility problem identification status.

Background

Evidence and symbolic interactionist theory suggest that, for women who initially perceive a fertility barrier, gaining the valued identity “mother” should be associated with increases and continuing to face a blocked goal (i.e., not becoming a mother) should be associated with decreases in life satisfaction.

Method

This study used the nationally representative two‐wave National Survey of Fertility Barriers to conduct a change‐score analysis with chained multiple imputation. The focal dependent variable was change in life satisfaction. Focal independent variables were Wave 1 life satisfaction, fertility problem identification status, and birth between waves, controlling for stability and change in relationship status, talking to a doctor about how to get pregnant, religiosity, social support, importance of parenthood, importance of leisure, importance of work success, and economic hardship.

Results

Among women who perceived a fertility problem at both waves, becoming a mother was associated with increased life satisfaction and not becoming a mother was associated with decreased life satisfaction. Women who gained or lost a fertility problem perception between waves but did not have a live birth experienced a gain in life satisfaction between waves, suggesting the relevance of the duration of fertility problem perception for change in life satisfaction.
Clinical utility of estimation of glomerular filtration rate in dogs
Authors: McKenna Myles , Pelligand Ludovic , Elliott Jonathan , Walker David , Jepson Rosanne
Published: August 2019

Background

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation is the gold standard for assessment of renal function, although the clinical utility of this test is unclear.

Objectives

To describe the clinical utility of GFR estimation in dogs.

Animals

Medical records of 132 dogs that had serum iohexol clearance measured between 2012 and 2017.

Methods

Iohexol clearance and clinical records were reviewed and submitting practices contacted to obtain outcome data. Dogs were classified into 4 groups based on the reason for performing GFR estimation: A1 (screening for pre‐azotemic chronic kidney disease [CKD], n = 105), A2 (confirmation of azotemic CKD, n = 3), B (screening for pre‐azotemic acute kidney injury, n = 19), and C (miscellaneous causes, n = 5). Descriptive review of the clinical utility of GFR estimation is provided.

Results

For dogs in Group A1, renal disease was diagnosed in 9/9 dogs with a GFR ≥40% decreased below the mean GFR of their body weight category, in 5/6 dogs with a ≥30% but <40% reduction in GFR and in 7/9 dogs with a ≥20% but <30% reduction in GFR.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Glomerular filtration rate estimation is useful for the diagnosis of CKD before the onset of azotemia.
Pharmacokinetics of sodium baicalin following intravenous and intramuscular administration to piglets
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhao Wenhua , Xu Jianfeng , Yu Xiaolin , Ye Chun , Fu Shulin , Qiu Yinsheng
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of baicalin after intravenous and intramuscular administration of sodium baicalin at 50 mg/kg to piglets. Plasma baicalin levels were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration–time data of baicalin for both administration routes were best described by two‐compartmental open model. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve and the elimination half‐lives were 77.47 ± 6.14 µg/ml × h and 1.73 ± 0.16 hr for intravenous and 64.85 ± 5.67 µg/ml × h and 2.42 ± 0.15 hr for intramuscular administration, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution and body clearance were 1.63 ± 0.23 L/kg and 2.74 ± 0.30 L h−1 kg−1 for intravenous and 0.51 ± 0.10 L/kg and 0.78 ± 0.08 L h−1 kg−1 for intramuscular routes, respectively. An intramuscular injection of sodium baicalin in piglets resulted in rapid and complete absorption, with a mean maximal plasma concentration of 77.28 ± 7.40 µg/ml at 0.17 hr and a high absolute bioavailability of 83.73 ± 5.53%.
Reexamining the Role of Vision in Second Language Motivation: A Preregistered Conceptual Replication of You, Dörnyei, and Csizér (2016)
Authors: Hiver Phil , Al‐Hoorie Ali H.
Published: August 2019

Researchers have linked vivid mental imagery, particularly of the self in future states, to many desirable motivational outcomes for language learning. We report a preregistered conceptual replication and extension of You, Dörnyei, and Csizér (2016), who found a central motivational role for vision. We review essential considerations in structural equation modeling and discuss how the initial study addressed these, then describe a conceptual replication with a South Korean sample of secondary school learners of English (N = 1,297). Our analysis of the scales from the initial study in addition to second language achievement found support for an alternative model where the Intended Effort scale showed a better fit as a predictor of motivation than as an outcome variable. Our findings suggest the need for greater precision and rigor in structural equation modeling research on second language learning motivation and for more language researchers to take up replication and other open science initiatives.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded Open Data, Open Materials, and Preregistered Research Design badges. All data and materials, along with preregistration for research design and analyses, are publicly accessible through the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/v8gj4. The study materials are also publicly available via the IRIS database at https://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Competency framework for specialist critical care nurses: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Zhang Xiaoning , Meng Kun , Chen Shuang
Published: August 2019

Background

The specialist critical care nurse plays a vital role in the delivery of evidence‐based practice, and specific competency guidance has been established to facilitate critical care nursing practice and education development in many developed countries. However, no research has been conducted to develop a competency framework for specialist critical care nurses in China.

Aims and objectives

To construct a competency framework specific to specialist critical care nurses in China.

Design and methods

A two‐phased procedure was implemented. In phase 1, a literature review and four focus groups were used to develop the initial competency framework, which consisted of 101 statements. During phase 2, three rounds of a modified Delphi process were conducted and involved a national panel of 30 experts, including physicians, specialist critical care nurses, managers, and educators, who responded to the survey using a 5‐point Likert‐type scale to indicate their level of agreement with the competency framework. A 75% threshold for each competency was used to achieve panel consensus.

Results

Experts in the field of critical care responded to rounds 1 (n = 29), 2 (n = 28), and 3 (n = 28). Seventy‐eight competencies were agreed upon after round 1, increasing to 88 after round 2 and 92 after round 3. The final competency framework was classified into six domains: evidence‐based practice, complex decisions, professionalism, communication and co‐operation, education and development, and leadership.

Conclusion

The output of this study is an expert consensus competency framework that provides a sound foundation for the assessment and training of specialist critical care nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

The proposed competency framework should be used to assess nursing performance, promote continuing professional development, and further improve the delivery of quality health care and optimal patient outcomes.