bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of immunosuppression and region of birth on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among migrants living with HIV in Sweden
Authors: Carlander Christina , Wagner Philippe , Svedhem Veronica , Elfgren Kristina , Westling Katarina , Sönnerborg Anders , Sparén Pär
Published: May 2016

Little is known about the incidence and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3, adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive cervical cancer (CIN3+) among migrants living with HIV in a European setting. We assessed the cumulative incidence (CuI) and hazard ratio (HR) of CIN2+ and CIN3+ in a cohort of women living with HIV (WLWH) (n = 893) identified from the Swedish national HIV register and HIV‐negative women (n = 205,842) identified from the Swedish Population Register, matched on region of birth and age. Data was collected between 1993 and 2011 by linking our cohort with the Swedish National Cervical Screening Registry, collecting all cytological and histological results since 1993. The CuI of CIN3+ was 13.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9–17.2] for WLWH and 2.1% (95% CI 2.0–2.2) for HIV‐negative after 18 years of follow‐up. WLWH had more than eight times higher, age and region of birth matched, risk of CIN3+ than HIV‐negative (HR 8.8: 95% CI 6.9–11.3). WLWH born in the East region, dominated by Thai women, had a two times higher risk of CIN3+ compared with WLWH born in Sweden (HR 2.47: 95% CI 1.2–5.0), which remained after adjusting for immunosuppression. Our results showed a substantially increased risk of CIN3+ among WLWH, which differed depending on birth region. Early HIV diagnosis and attendance to cervical cancer screening, with focus on migrants, is of crucial importance to minimize the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Evaluation of a lag schedule of reinforcement in a group contingency to promote varied naming of categories items with children
Authors: Wiskow Katie M. , Donaldson Jeanne M.
Published: May 2016

We compared the effects of Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules of reinforcement on children's responses naming category items in a group context and subsequent responses emitted during individual testing in which the schedule of reinforcement remained Lag 0. Specifically, we measured response variability and novel responses to categories for 3 children who demonstrated the lowest level of variability during an initial individual Lag 0 testing session. An additional 3 children who emitted a high level of variability during initial individual Lag 0 testing sessions served as peers during group sessions. Results showed that participants conformed to the Lag 1 schedule and were more likely to repeat peer responses in the group and during individual testing in the Lag 1 condition. Furthermore, the reinforcement schedule in effect during group sessions affected participants’ varied responses during individual testing, during which the reinforcement schedule remained unchanged.
Revision of the affinity constant for perchlorate binding to the sodium‐iodide symporter based on in vitro and human in vivo data
Authors: Schlosser Paul M.
Published: May 2016

A series of previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models describe the effect of perchlorate on iodide uptake by the thyroid, with the mechanism being competitive inhibition of iodide transport by the sodium‐iodide symporter (NIS). Hence a key parameter of these models is the affinity of perchlorate for the NIS, characterized as the Michaelis–Menten kinetic constant, Km. However, when model predictions were compared to published results of a human study measuring radio‐iodide uptake (RAIU) inhibition after controlled perchlorate exposures, it was found to only fit the lowest exposure level and underpredicted RAIU inhibition at higher levels. Published in vitro data, in which perchlorate‐induced inhibition of iodide uptake via the NIS was measured, were re‐analyzed. Km for binding of perchlorate to the NIS originally derived from these data, 1.5 μm, had been obtained using Lineweaver–Burk plots, which allow for linear regression but invert the signal–noise of the data. Re‐fitting these data by non‐linear regression of the non‐inverted data yielded a 60% lower value for the Km, 0.59 μm. Substituting this value into the PBPK model for an average adult human significantly improved model agreement with the human RAIU data for exposures <100 μg kg−1 day−1. Thus, this lower Km value both fits the in vitro NIS kinetics and provides better predictions of human in vivo RAIU data. This change in Km increases the predicted sensitivity of humans to perchlorate over twofold for low‐level exposures. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Radiological, histological, and hematological evaluation of hydroxyapatite‐coated resorbable magnesium alloy screws placed in rabbit tibia
Authors: Lim Ho‐Kyung , Byun Soo‐Hwan , Lee Jin‐Yong , Lee Jung‐Woo , Kim Sae‐Mi , Lee Sung‐Mi , Kim Hyoun‐Ee , Lee Jong‐Ho
Published: May 2016

Titanium (Ti) screw has excellent mechanical property, and osseointegration capacity. However, they require surgery for removal. In contrast, polymer screws are resorbable, but they have poor mechanical properties. In this research, magnesium alloy screws (WE43: Mg‐Y‐Nd‐Zr) that have advantages of titanium and polymer were manufactured. In addition, to increase biocompatibility and control degradation rate, the Mg alloy was coated with hydroxyapatite (HA). Torsion test and corrosion test were performed in vitro. For clinical, radiological and histological evaluation, on the eight rabbits, two HA‐coated screws were installed in left tibia, and two noncoated screws were installed in right tibia. Each four rabbits were sacrificed 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. For hematological evaluation, the same type of screws were installed on both legs. Complete blood count (CBC), Mg2+ concentrate were sampled from the ear central artery on the operation day for a control point, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks. Mg alloy screws have no differences of biocompatibility according to the HA coating. However, resorption of screw was slower in case of the HA coating. The hematological problem related releasing of Mg was not found. The results suggest that Mg alloy screws have feasibility for clinical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1636–1644, 2017.
Disaster Mental Health and Community‐Based Psychological First Aid: Concepts and Education/Training
Authors: Jacobs Gerard A. , Gray Brandon L. , Erickson Sara E. , Gonzalez Elvira D. , Quevillon Randal P.
Published: May 2016

Any community can experience a disaster, and many traumatic events occur without warning. Psychologists can be an important resource assisting in psychological support for individuals and communities, in preparation for and in response to traumatic events. Disaster mental health and the community‐based model of psychological first aid are described. The National Preparedness and Response Science Board has recommended that all mental health professionals be trained in disaster mental health, and that first responders, civic officials, emergency managers, and the general public be trained in community‐based psychological first aid. Education and training resources in these two fields are described to assist psychologists and others in preparing themselves to assist their communities in difficult times and to help their communities learn to support one another.
Ginkgolic Acid Inhibits Invasion and Migration and TGF‐β‐Induced EMT of Lung Cancer Cells Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Inactivation
Authors: Baek Seung Ho , Ko Jeong‐Hyeon , Lee Jong Hyun , Kim Chulwon , Lee Hanwool , Nam Dongwoo , Lee Junhee , Lee Seok‐Geun , Yang Woong Mo , Um Jae‐Young , Sethi Gautam , Ahn Kwang Seok
Published: May 2016

Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical cellular phenomenon regulating tumor metastases. In the present study, we investigated whether ginkgolic acid can affect EMT in lung cancer cells and the related underlying mechanism(s) of its actions. We found that ginkgolic acid C15:1 (GA C15:1) inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in both A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells. GA C15:1 also suppressed the expression of EMT related genes (Fibronectin, Vimentin, N‐cadherin, MMP‐9, MMP‐2, Twist and Snail) and suppressed TGF‐β‐induced EMT as assessed by reduced expression of mesenchymal markers (Fibronectin, Vimentin, N‐cadherin), MMP‐9, MMP‐2, Twist and Snail. However, GA C15:1 did not affect the expression of various epithelial marker proteins (Occludin and E‐cadherin) in both A549 and H1299 cells. TGF‐β‐induced morphologic changes from epithelial to mesenchymal cells and induction of invasion and migration were reversed by GA C15:1. Finally, GA C15:1 not only abrogated basal PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade, but also reduced TGF‐β‐induced phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in lung cancer cells. Overall, these findings suggest that GA C15:1 suppresses lung cancer invasion and migration through the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and provide a source of potential therapeutic compounds to control the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 346–354, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
4D magnetic resonance flow imaging for estimating pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Kheyfets Vitaly O. , Schafer Michal , Podgorski Chris A. , Schroeder Joyce D. , Browning James , Hertzberg Jean , Buckner J. Kern , Hunter Kendal S. , Shandas Robin , Fenster Brett E.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To develop an estimate of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) using blood flow measurements from 3D velocity‐encoded phase contract magnetic resonance imaging (here termed 4D MRI).

Materials and Methods

In all, 17 patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and five controls underwent right heart catheterization (RHC), 4D and 2D Cine MRI (1.5T) within 24 hours. MRI was used to compute maximum spatial peak systolic vorticity in the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and right pulmonary artery (RPA), cardiac output, and relative area change in the MPA. These parameters were combined in a four‐parameter multivariate linear regression model to arrive at an estimate of PVR. Agreement between model predicted and measured PVR was also evaluated using Bland–Altman plots. Finally, model accuracy was tested by randomly withholding a patient from regression analysis and using them to validate the multivariate equation.

Results

A decrease in vorticity in the MPA and RPA were correlated with an increase in PVR (MPA: R2 = 0.54, P < 0.05; RPA: R2 = 0.75, P < 0.05). Expanding on this finding, we identified a multivariate regression equation that accurately estimates PVR (R2 = 0.94, P < 0.05) across severe PH and normotensive populations. Bland–Altman plots showed 95% of the differences between predicted and measured PVR to lie within 1.49 Wood units. Model accuracy testing revealed a prediction error of ∼20%.

Conclusion

A multivariate model that includes MPA relative area change and flow characteristics, measured using 4D and 2D Cine MRI, offers a promising technique for noninvasively estimating PVR in PH patients. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:914–922.
Total knee arthroplasty for posttraumatic osteoarthritis in military personnel under age 50
Authors: Murtha Andrew S. , Johnson Anthony E. , Buckwalter Joseph A. , Rivera Jessica C.
Published: May 2016

United States military personnel frequently suffer knee injuries. The resulting progressive posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) causes significant disability in these young high‐demand patients for which total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the only effective treatment of their pain and impairment. Yet the use of this option for treatment of PTOA has not been studied. This retrospective review identified 74 knees in 64 U.S. military personnel who underwent TKA at ≤50 years of age during an 8‐year period at a tertiary‐care, academic, military medical center. Fifty‐five knees (74.3%) experienced one or more prior ligamentous, meniscal, or chondral injuries prior to arthroplasty. Only one subject had a history of osteochondral intra‐articular fracture. The average at injury was 29.2 years (95%CI of ±2.50) with an average age at arthroplasty of 44.3 years (±1.11). The most common injury was anterior cruciate ligament rupture (n = 19) with a mean time to TKA of 23.1 (±10.54) and 18.8 years (±7.01) when concomitant meniscal pathology was noted. Nineteen patients were noted to have radiographic and symptomatic end‐stage osteoarthritis without a specified etiology at 41.4 years (±1.47) and underwent subsequent TKA. This is the first study to evaluate treatment of end‐stage PT OA in young people treated with TKA, finding that the incidence of PTOA as an indication for arthroplasty is significantly higher than among civilians. In this otherwise healthy, high‐demand patient population, the rate of OA progression following knee injury is accelerated and the long term implications can be career and life altering. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:677–681, 2017.
Functional genomics in osteoarthritis: Past, present, and future
Authors: Steinberg Julia , Zeggini Eleftheria
Published: May 2016

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common complex disease of high public health burden. OA is characterized by the degeneration of affected joints leading to pain and reduced mobility. Over the last few years, several studies have focused on the genomic changes underpinning OA. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of genome‐wide, non‐hypothesis‐driven functional genomics (methylation, gene, and protein expression) studies of knee and hip OA in humans. Individual studies have generally been limited in sample size and hence power, and have differed in their approaches; nonetheless, some common themes have started to emerge, notably the role played by biological processes related to the extracellular matrix, immune response, the WNT pathway, angiogenesis, and skeletal development. Larger‐scale studies and streamlined, robust methodologies will be needed to further elucidate the biological etiology of OA going forward. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 34:1105–1110, 2016.
Genetic variation of carotenoids, vitamin E and phenolic compounds in Provitamin A biofortified maize
Authors: Muzhingi Tawanda , Palacios‐Rojas Natalia , Miranda Alejandra , Cabrera Maria L , Yeum Kyung‐J , Tang Guangwen
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Biofortified maize is not only a good vehicle for provitamin A carotenoids for vitamin A deficient populations in developing countries but also a source of vitamin E, tocochromanols and phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography and a total antioxidant performance assay, the present study analyzed the antioxidant variation and antioxidant activity of 36 provitamin A improved maize hybrids and one common yellow maize hybrid.

RESULTS

The ranges of major carotenoids in provitamin A carotenoids biofortified maize were zeaxanthin [1.2–13.2 µg g−1 dry weight (DW)], β‐cryptoxanthin (1.3–8.8 µg g−1 DW) and β‐carotene (1.3–8.0 µg g−1 DW). The ranges of vitamin E compounds identified in provitamin A carotenoids biofortified maize were α‐tocopherol (3.4–34.3 µg g−1 DW), γ‐tocopherol (5.9–54.4 µg g−1 DW), α‐tocotrienol (2.6–19.5 µg g−1 DW) and γ‐tocotrienol (45.4 µg g−1 DW). The ranges of phenolic compounds were γ‐oryzanol (0.0–0.8 mg g−1 DW), ferulic acid (0.4–3.6 mg g−1 DW) and p‐coumaric acid (0.1–0.45 mg g−1 DW). There was significant correlation between α‐tocopherol and cis isomers of β‐carotene (P < 0.01). Tocotrienols were correlated with α‐tocopherol and γ‐oryzanol (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Genotype was significant in determining the variation in β‐cryptoxanthin, β‐carotene, α‐tocopherol and γ‐tocopherol contents (P < 0.01). A genotype × environment interaction was observed for γ‐tocopherol content (P < 0.01). © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Delipidation‐based solid‐phase extraction pretreatment technique for plasma broad‐coverage metabolomic profiling to reveal the potential pathogenesis of yeast‐induced fever in rats
Authors: Zhang Zhixin , Qin Lingling , Guo Mingxing , Gao Shanshan , Zhang Qingqing , Wang Qing , Lu Zhiwei , Zhao Huizhen , Liu Yuehong , Wang Meiling , Fu Shuang , Bai Xu , Gao Xiaoyan
Published: May 2016

During the process of metabolomics profiling by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time‐of flight mass spectrometry, blood sample pretreatment is a crucial step for biomarker discovery. Herein, in order to prevent the potential loss of metabolites and ion suppression phenomena caused by the proteins and phospholipids contained in blood fluids, a delipidation‐based solid‐phase extraction pretreatment technique for plasma broad‐coverage metabolomic profiling was performed. This technique can be summarized as a single extraction, a single elution of solid‐phase extraction plate, followed by four times measuring with electrospray ionization in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. This approach significantly increased the number of features detected in plasma, and 1572 features in positive mode and 1352 features in negative mode were detected, respectively. Besides, the stability and repeatability of the approach were greatly improved. For these advantages, the approach was employed to elucidate the potential pathogenesis of yeast‐induced fever in rats. The biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of fever were shown to be related to amino acids metabolism and lipid metabolism. The delipidation‐based solid‐phase extraction pretreatment approach can provide a useful tool to reveal the pathological mechanisms of such systemic pathological process.
The endochitinase ChiA Btt of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803 and its potential use to control the phytopathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: de la Fuente‐Salcido Norma M. , Casados‐Vázquez Luz E. , García‐Pérez Ada P. , Barboza‐Pérez Uriel E. , Bideshi Dennis K. , Salcedo‐Hernández Rubén , García‐ Almendarez Blanca E. , Barboza‐Corona José E.
Published: May 2016

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803 has been studied extensively and spore/crystal mixtures of this strain are used widely in commercial products to control coleopteran pests. The endochitinase chiA Btt gene of B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant 6x‐histidine tagged protein (rChiA Btt, ~74 kDa), was purified by a HiTrap Ni affinity column. The Km of rChiA Btt was 0.847 μmol L−1 and its optimal activity occurred at pH 7 and ~40°C. Most divalent cations reduced endochitinase activity but only Hg+2 abolished activity of the enzyme. We report for the first time the characterization of a chitinase synthesized by B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803, and show that the purified rChiA74 Btt reduced the radial growth and increased the hyphal density of Colletotrichium gloeosporioides, the etiological agent of “anthracnose” in plants.
“MASSIVE” brain dataset: Multiple acquisitions for standardization of structural imaging validation and evaluation
Authors: Froeling Martijn , Tax Chantal M.W. , Vos Sjoerd B. , Luijten Peter R. , Leemans Alexander
Published: May 2016

Purpose

In this work, we present the MASSIVE (Multiple Acquisitions for Standardization of Structural Imaging Validation and Evaluation) brain dataset of a single healthy subject, which is intended to facilitate diffusion MRI (dMRI) modeling and methodology development.

Methods

MRI data of one healthy subject (female, 25 years) were acquired on a clinical 3 Tesla system (Philips Achieva) with an eight‐channel head coil. In total, the subject was scanned on 18 different occasions with a total acquisition time of 22.5 h. The dMRI data were acquired with an isotropic resolution of 2.5 mm3 and distributed over five shells with b‐values up to 4000 s/mm2 and two Cartesian grids with b‐values up to 9000 s/mm2.

Results

The final dataset consists of 8000 dMRI volumes, corresponding B0 field maps and noise maps for subsets of the dMRI scans, and ten three‐dimensional FLAIR, T1‐, and T2‐weighted scans. The average signal‐to‐noise‐ratio of the non–diffusion‐weighted images was roughly 35.

Conclusion

This unique set of in vivo MRI data will provide a robust framework to evaluate novel diffusion processing techniques and to reliably compare different approaches for diffusion modeling. The MASSIVE dataset is made publically available (both unprocessed and processed) on www.massive-data.org. Magn Reson Med 77:1797–1809, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Pregnant women models analyzed for RF exposure and temperature increase in 3TRF shimmed birdcages
Authors: Murbach Manuel , Neufeld Esra , Samaras Theodoros , Córcoles Juan , Robb Fraser J. , Kainz Wolfgang , Kuster Niels
Published: May 2016

Purpose

MRI is increasingly used to scan pregnant patients. We investigated the effect of 3 Tesla (T) two‐port radiofrequency (RF) shimming in anatomical pregnant women models.

Theory and Methods

RF shimming improves B1+ uniformity, but may at the same time significantly alter the induced current distribution and result in large changes in both the level and location of the absorbed RF energy. In this study, we evaluated the electrothermal exposure of pregnant women in the third, seventh, and ninth month of gestation at various imaging landmarks in RF body coils, including modes with RF shimming.

Results

Although RF shimmed configurations may lower the local RF exposure for the mother, they can increase the thermal load on the fetus. In worst‐case configurations, whole‐body exposure and local peak temperatures—up to 40.8°C—are equal in fetus and mother.

Conclusions

Two‐port RF shimming can significantly increase the fetal exposure in pregnant women, requiring further research to derive a very robust safety management. For the time being, restriction to the CP mode, which reduces fetal SAR exposure compared with linear‐horizontal polarization modes, may be advisable. Results from this study do not support scanning pregnant patients above the normal operating mode. Magn Reson Med 77:2048–2056, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
3D image‐based navigators for coronary MR angiography
Authors: Addy Nii Okai , Ingle R. Reeve , Luo Jieying , Baron Corey A. , Yang Phillip C. , Hu Bob S. , Nishimura Dwight G.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To develop a method for acquiring whole‐heart 3D image‐based navigators (iNAVs) with isotropic resolution for tracking and correction of localized motion in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA).

Methods

To monitor motion in all regions of the heart during a free‐breathing scan, a variable‐density cones trajectory was designed to collect a 3D iNAV every heartbeat in 176 ms with 4.4 mm isotropic spatial resolution. The undersampled 3D iNAV data were reconstructed with efficient self‐consistent parallel imaging reconstruction (ESPIRiT). 3D translational and nonrigid motion‐correction methods using 3D iNAVs were compared to previous translational and nonrigid methods using 2D iNAVs.

Results

Five subjects were scanned with a 3D cones CMRA sequence, accompanied by both 2D and 3D iNAVs. The quality of the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries was assessed on 2D and 3D iNAV‐based motion‐corrected images using a vessel sharpness metric and qualitative reader scoring. This assessment showed that nonrigid motion correction based on 3D iNAVs produced results that were noninferior to correction based on 2D iNAVs.

Conclusion

The ability to acquire isotropic‐resolution 3D iNAVs every heartbeat during a CMRA scan was demonstrated. Such iNAVs enabled direct measurement of localized motion for nonrigid motion correction in free‐breathing whole‐heart CMRA. Magn Reson Med 77:1874–1883, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Nonrigid Motion Correction With 3D Image‐Based Navigators for Coronary MR Angiography
Authors: Luo Jieying , Addy Nii Okai , Ingle R. Reeve , Baron Corey A. , Cheng Joseph Y. , Hu Bob S. , Nishimura Dwight G.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To develop a retrospective nonrigid motion‐correction method based on 3D image‐based navigators (iNAVs) for free‐breathing whole‐heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).

Methods

The proposed method detects global rigid‐body motion and localized nonrigid motion from 3D iNAVs and compensates them with an autofocusing algorithm. To model the global motion, 3D rotation and translation are estimated from the 3D iNAVs. Two sets of localized nonrigid motions are obtained from deformation fields between 3D iNAVs and reconstructed binned images, respectively. A bank of motion‐corrected images is generated and the final image is assembled pixel‐by‐pixel by selecting the best focused pixel from this bank. In vivo studies with six healthy volunteers were conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with 3D translational motion correction and no correction.

Results

In vivo studies showed that compared to no correction, 3D translational motion correction and the proposed method increased the vessel sharpness by 13% ± 13% and 19% ± 16%, respectively. Out of 90 vessel segments, 75 segments showed improvement with the proposed method compared to 3D translational correction.

Conclusion

We have developed a nonrigid motion‐correction method based on 3D iNAVs and an autofocusing algorithm that improves the vessel sharpness of free‐breathing whole‐heart coronary MRA. Magn Reson Med 77:1884–1893, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence committee of the fifth International Consultation on Incontinence 2013
Authors: Drake Marcus John , Apostolidis Apostolos , Cocci Andrea , Emmanuel Anton , Gajewski Jerzy B. , Harrison Simon C.W. , Heesakkers John P.F.A. , Lemack Gary E. , Madersbacher Helmut , Panicker Jalesh N. , Radziszewski Piotr , Sakakibara Ryuji , Wyndaele Jean Jacques
Published: May 2016

Background

Evidence‐based guidelines for the management of neurological disease and lower urinary tract dysfunction have been produced by the International Consultations on Incontinence (ICI). These are comprehensive guidelines, and were developed to have world‐wide relevance.

Aims

To update clinical management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction from the recommendations of the fourth ICI, 2009.

Materials and methods

A series of evidence reviews and updates were performed by members of the working group. The resulting guidelines were presented at the 2012 meeting of the European Association of Urology for consultation, and consequently amended to deliver evidence‐based conclusions and recommendations in 2013.

Results

The current review is a synthesis of the conclusions and recommendations, including the algorithms for initial and specialized management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. The pathophysiology is categorized according to the nature of onset of neurological disease and the part(s) of the nervous system affected. Assessment requires clinical evaluation, general investigations, and specialized testing. Treatment primarily focuses on ensuring safety of the patient and optimizing quality of life. Symptom management covers conservative and interventional measures to aid urine storage and bladder emptying, along with containment of incontinence. A multidisciplinary approach to management is essential.

Discussion

The review offers a pragmatic review of management in the context of complex pathophysiology and varied evidence base. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:657–665, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of prophylactic antibiotics for intra‐vesicle Botox® injection
Authors: Khan Mohammad Hassan , Baldo Omer , Koenig Philip , Shaikh Naeem
Published: May 2016

Aim

Botox injection in bladder wall is increasingly used in urology for over active bladder and neurogenic bladder. Aim of this audit is to assess the incidence of UTI after procedure and need for routine use of pre and post procedure antibiotics.

Method

It was case notes and lab results based retrospective study of all the patients attended for intra‐vesicle Botox injection.

Results

Rate of UTI's were lower in the group who received antibiotics pre and post operatively as compared to those who did not.

Conclusion

Routine antibiotics use lowers the risk of UTI's in patients receiving intra‐vesicle botox. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:828–828, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The transition of young adults with lifelong urological needs from pediatric to adult services: An international children's continence society position statement
Authors: Bower Wendy F. , Christie Deborah , DeGennaro Mario , Latthe Pallavi , Raes Ann , Romao Rodrigo L.P. , Taghizadeh Arash , Wood Dan , Woodhouse Christopher R.J. , Bauer Stuart B.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Children with urinary tract disorders managed by teams, or individual pediatricians, urologists, nephrologists, gastroenterologists, neurologists, psychologists, and nurses at some point move from child‐centered to adult‐centered health systems. The actual physical change is referred to as the transfer whilst the process preceding this move constitutes transition of care. Our aims are twofold: to identify management and health‐service problems related to children with congenital or acquired urological conditions who advance into adulthood and the clinical implications this has for long‐term health and specialist care; and, to understand the issues facing both pediatric and adult‐care clinicians and to develop a systems‐approach model that meets the needs of young adults, their families and the clinicians working within adult services.

Methods

Information was gleaned from presentations at an International Children's Continence Society meeting with collaboration from the International Continence Society, that discussed problems of transfer and transitioning such children. Several specialists attending this conference finalized this document identifying issues and highlighting ways to ease this transition and transfer of care for both patients and practitioners.

Results

The consensus was, urological patients with congenital or other lifelong care needs, are now entering adulthood in larger numbers than previously, necessitating new planning processes for tailored transfer of management. Adult teams must become familiar with new clinical problems in multiple organ systems and anticipate issues provoked by adolescence and physical growth. During this period of transitional care the clinician or team assists young patients to build attitudes, skills and understanding of processes needed to maximize function of their urinary tract—thus taking responsibility for their own healthcare needs. Preparation must also address, negotiating adult health care systems, psychosocial, educational or vocational issues, and mental wellbeing.

Conclusions

Transitioning and transfer of children with major congenital anomalies to clinicians potentially unfamiliar with their conditions requires improved education both for receiving doctors and children's families. Early initiation of the transition process should allow the transference to take place at appropriate times based on the child's development, and environmental and financial factors. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:811–819, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Obesity enhances sepsis‐induced liver inflammation and injury in mice
Authors: Kaplan Jennifer M. , Nowell Marchele , Lahni Patrick , Shen Hui , Shanmukhappa Shiva K. , Zingarelli Basilia
Published: May 2016

Objective

How obesity affects the response to sepsis was not completely understood. It was hypothesized that obesity alters adipose and hepatic tissue inflammation through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) activation.

Methods

Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 weeks of age were randomized to a high‐fat diet (60% kcal fat) or normal diet (16% kcal fat) for 6 to 7 weeks. Sepsis was then induced by cecal ligation and puncture, and animals were monitored for survival or sacrificed and tissue collected.

Results

High‐fat diet‐fed mice gained more weight, had increased fat mass, and were glucose intolerant compared with normal diet‐fed mice. Obesity increased hepatic neutrophil infiltration and injury after sepsis. Mice with obesity had higher plasma leptin levels compared with mice without obesity. Adipose tissue expression of adiponectin receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma was altered during sepsis and affected by obesity, but the greatest change in adipose tissue expression was in leptin. Septic mice with obesity had lower plasma interleukin‐17a, interleukin‐23, and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels and increased hepatic STAT3 and activator protein‐1 activation compared with septic mice without obesity. Ultimately, mice with obesity had a lower probability of survival following sepsis.

Conclusions

Mice with obesity are more susceptible to sepsis and have higher mortality, in part, through activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway and through activator protein‐1 activation.
Incidence and types of adverse events during mass vaccination campaign with the meningococcal a conjugate vaccine (MENAFRIVAC™) in Cameroon
Authors: Ateudjieu Jerome , Stoll Beat , Nguefack‐Tsague Georges , Yakum Martin Ndinakie , Mengouo Marcellin Nimpa , Genton Blaise
Published: May 2016

Purpose

A new vaccine against meningitis A was introduced in Africa meningitis belt in 2010. This study was planned to describe the incidence and types of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) with a new conjugate vaccine against meningitis A (MenAfrivac™) in a Cameroonian vaccination campaign.

Methods

The campaign was conducted in Adamawa and North West regions in December 2012 and the AEFIs enhanced surveillance from December 2012 to January 2013. Incidence rates (IR) of overall and serious AEFIs were estimated as well as AEFI incidence rates by type, age group and region. AEFI symptoms were aggregated in System Organ Class (SOC).

Results

Of 2 093 381 persons vaccinated, 1352 AEFIs were reported. Of these, 228 (16.9%) were excluded because of not meeting inclusion criteria and 1124 (83.1%) included (IR: 53.7/100 000 doses administered/8 weeks). Of the 82 serious AEFIs reported, 52 (63.2%) met the case definition. 23 (28.1%) were investigated, of which 4 (17.4%) were probably vaccine product‐related reactions (IR: 0.2/100 000 doses administered/8 weeks). Fever was the most common reported AEFI with 626 cases (IR: 31.4/100 000 doses administered/8 weeks). The proportion of people with the SOC “Gastrointestinal disorders” was significantly lower in ages 5–15 and 16–29 years than 1–4 years [aRR = 0.63(0.42–0.93) and 0.54(0.36–0.81) respectively].

Conclusion

Incidence and types of AEFI reported during MenAfriVacTM vaccination campaign organized in Cameroon in 2012 did not suggest concern regarding the vaccine safety. Differences in frequency of AEFIs types per age group could guide the monitoring of AEFIs frequency in future campaigns. Efforts are needed to improve the investigation rate of serious AEFIs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimized guanidination method for large‐scale proteomic studies
Authors: Ye Juanying , Zhang Yang , Huang Lin , Li Qingqing , Huang Jingnan , Lu Jianan , Li Yanhong , Zhang Xumin
Published: May 2016

As an ε–amine specific derivatization method, guanidination is widely used in proteomic studies for mainly two reasons: the significant improvement in ionization efficiency and the selective protection of ε–amine. Herein, we employed a systematic comparison of two widely used guanidination approaches and revealed the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The sodium buffer based approach resulted in an unexpected side modification, +57 Da, which is reported for the first time; whereas the ammonium buffer based approach resulted in relatively lower yield. We carried out an optimization study by testing different buffer compositions, pH, temperatures and reaction times, and consequently discovered the optimized guanidination condition. Furthermore, we decoded the +57 Da side product as the addition of C2H3NO and proposed a possible mechanism of the side reaction. Importantly, our study demonstrated that mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in discovering minor side reactions which are often impossible by other techniques, and hence suggested that chemical derivatization methods should be investigated more carefully prior to extensive applications in proteomics field.
Ethnic Differentials in Health: the Additional Effect of Ethnic Density
Authors: Feng Zhixin , Vlachantoni Athina , Falkingham Jane , Evandrou Maria
Published: May 2016

It is well established that there are differentials in health among individuals of different Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) heritage. BME communities are unevenly concentrated across England and Wales. This paper examines the effect of residential density of one's own‐ethnic group on physical health outcomes in England and Wales. In addition, it explores whether the effects of ethnic density on physical health outcomes are concealed by area deprivation and whether individual economic deprivation and area deprivation play a role in this relationship. Data on BME and White British individuals from the first wave of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) are linked with ethnic density characteristics from the 2011 UK Census and with the Index of Multiple Deprivation from the 2010 English and Welsh Governments. Multilevel logistic regression is then employed in the analysis. The results show that individuals from BME groups who live in areas with a high density of their own‐ethnic group are more likely to report poor health, but these effects are mediated by both individual economic deprivation and area deprivation. The results highlight that facilitating the improvement of economic and social conditions for individuals in deprived areas could help reduce the negative differentials in health outcomes experienced by individuals from BME communities. © 2016 The Authors Population, Space and Place Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Residential Choice among Rural–Urban Migrants after Hukou Reform: Evidence from Suzhou, China
Authors: Huang Xu , Dijst Martin , van Weesep Jan , Jiao Yixue , Sun Ying
Published: May 2016

The reform of China's socialist residential registration system (hukou) led to a shift in the residential preferences of rural–urban migrants, whereby the meaning of ‘home’ has also been changing. Data from a 2009 survey conducted in Suzhou City in Jiangsu Province highlight some emerging strategies for residential choice. Compared with ‘first‐generation’ migrants who grew up under socialism and migrated before the hukou reform, members of the ‘new generation’ born after 1980 attach less value to hukou benefits. Instead, their choice of a future place of residence appears to be related to the institutional reforms that are gradually separating social welfare provisions from the hukou system. As the draw of a local hukou declines, the strategies of a migrant's family to leverage their financial resources are found to play a bigger role in one's aspirations to establish a home in Suzhou. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ZnSe:Mn aqueous colloidal quantum dots for optical and biomedical applications
Authors: Silva Thiago G. , Moura Igor M. R. , Filho Paulo E. Cabral , Pereira Maria I. A. , Filho Clayton A. Azevedo , Pereira Goreti , Pereira Giovannia A. L. , Fontes Adriana , Santos Beate S.
Published: May 2016

In this study, we present the optimization of the optical properties of Mn2+ doped ZnSe QDs (also referred to as d‐dots) coated with thioglycolic acid in aqueous medium. The nanoparticles were characterized by ionic coupled plasma, electron paramagnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. By applying a controlled dose of UV irradiation, we obtained efficient orange emitting d‐dots (4T1→ 6A1 transition centered at 580 nm). The results point out to a doping fraction in the nanoparticles smaller than 1% (0.89%), and that the Mn2+ ions are preferentially located close to the particle's surface. The UV photoactivation procedure has a definite influence on the emission intensity and on the colloidal stability of the particles. Photoactivated Mn2+ d‐dots were conjugated to Concanavalin A and labeled specifically Candida albicans yeast cells, by targeting carbohydrate residues depicting the successful use of these QDs as fluorescent probes. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deprotonation effect of tetrahydrofuran‐2‐carbonitrile buffer gas dopant in ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Fernandez‐Maestre Roberto , Meza‐Morelos Dairo , Wu Ching
Published: May 2016

Rationale

When dopants are introduced into the buffer gas of an ion mobility spectrometer, spectra are simplified due to charge competition.

Methods

We used electrospray ionization to inject tetrahydrofuran‐2‐carbonitrile (F, 2‐furonitrile or 2‐furancarbonitrile) as a buffer gas dopant into an ion mobility spectrometer coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Density functional theory was used for theoretical calculations of dopant‐ion interaction energies and proton affinities, using the hybrid functional X3LYP/6‐311++(d,p) with the Gaussian 09 program that accounts for the basis set superposition error; analytes structures and theoretical calculations with Gaussian were used to explain the behavior of the analytes upon interaction with F.

Results

When F was used as a dopant at concentrations below 1.5 mmol m–3 in the buffer gas, ions were not observed for α‐amino acids due to charge competition with the dopant; this deprotonation capability arises from the production of a dimer with a high formation energy that stabilized the positive charge and created steric hindrance that deterred the equilibrium with analyte ions. F could not completely strip other compounds of their charge because they either showed steric hindrance at the charge site that deterred the approach of the dopant (2,4‐lutidine, and DTBP), formed intramolecular bonds that stabilized the positive charge (atenolol), had high proton affinity (2,4‐lutidine, DTBP, valinol and atenolol), or were inherently ionic (tetraalkylammonium ions).

Conclusions

This selective deprotonation suggests the use of F to simplify spectra of complex mixtures in ion mobility and mass spectrometry in metabolomics, proteomics and other studies that generate complex spectra with thousands of peaks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Sn on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Ultra‐Purified 17% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel
Authors: Zhang Xiang‐Jun , Gao Fei , Liu Zhen‐Yu
Published: May 2016

The influence of Sn on pitting corrosion of ferritic stainless steels has been investigated by AC and DC electrochemical methods in 3.5 wt% NaCl and gravimetric tests in 6 wt% FeCl3 at 25 °C. 0.14 wt% Sn addition can improve pitting potential, while excessive addition (about 0.33 wt%) can deteriorate pitting corrosion resistance. Sn‐bearing steels have higher passive film resistance and faster growth rate of more compact passive film, in which the charge carrier density is reduced probably due to the presence of SnO2. Dissolved Sn2+ can inhibit elementary anodic reactions. Therefore, the content of Sn should be optimized within 0.1–0.23 wt% to obtain better corrosion resistance.
Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay: novel mechanistic insights and biological impact
Authors: Karousis Evangelos D. , Nasif Sofia , Mühlemann Oliver
Published: May 2016

Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) was originally coined to define a quality control mechanism that targets mRNAs with truncated open reading frames due to the presence of a premature termination codon. Meanwhile, it became clear that NMD has a much broader impact on gene expression and additional biological functions beyond quality control are continuously being discovered. We review here the current views regarding the molecular mechanisms of NMD, according to which NMD ensues on mRNAs that fail to terminate translation properly, and point out the gaps in our understanding. We further summarize the recent literature on an ever‐rising spectrum of biological processes in which NMD appears to be involved, including homeostatic control of gene expression, development and differentiation, as well as viral defense. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:661–682. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1357

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Function and evolution of the long noncoding RNA circuitry orchestrating X‐chromosome inactivation in mammals
Authors: Furlan Giulia , Rougeulle Claire
Published: May 2016

X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a chromosome‐wide regulatory process that ensures dosage compensation for X‐linked genes in Theria. XCI is established during early embryogenesis and is developmentally regulated. Different XCI strategies exist in mammalian infraclasses and the regulation of this process varies also among closely related species. In Eutheria, initiation of XCI is orchestrated by a cis‐acting locus, the X‐inactivation center (Xic), which is particularly enriched in genes producing long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Among these, Xist generates a master transcript that coats and propagates along the future inactive X‐chromosome in cis, establishing X‐chromosome wide transcriptional repression through interaction with several protein partners. Other lncRNAs also participate to the regulation of X‐inactivation but the extent to which their function has been maintained in evolution is still poorly understood. In Metatheria, Xist is not conserved, but another, evolutionary independent lncRNA with similar properties, Rsx, has been identified, suggesting that lncRNA‐mediated XCI represents an evolutionary advantage. Here, we review current knowledge on the interplay of X chromosome‐encoded lncRNAs in ensuring proper establishment and maintenance of chromosome‐wide silencing, and discuss the evolutionary implications of the emergence of species‐specific lncRNAs in the control of XCI within Theria. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:702–722. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1359

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Expected and unexpected features of protein‐binding RNA aptamers
Authors: Bjerregaard Nils , Andreasen Peter A. , Dupont Daniel M.
Published: May 2016

RNA molecules with high affinity to specific proteins can be isolated from libraries of up to 1016 different RNA sequences by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). These so‐called protein‐binding RNA aptamers are often interesting, e.g., as modulators of protein function for therapeutic use, for probing the conformations of proteins, for studies of basic aspects of nucleic acid–protein interactions, etc. Studies on the interactions between RNA aptamers and proteins display a number of expected and unexpected features, including the chemical nature of the interacting RNA‐protein surfaces, the conformation of protein‐bound aptamer versus free aptamer, the conformation of aptamer‐bound protein versus free protein, and the effects of aptamers on protein function. Here, we review current insights into the details of RNA aptamer–protein interactions. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:744–757. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1360

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications