bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Loss of NCKX4 and CNG Channel Desensitization Impairs Olfactory Sensitivity
Authors: Ferguson Christopher H. , Zhao Haiqing
Published: November 2016

In vertebrate olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), Ca2+plays key roles in both mediating and regulating the olfactory response. Ca2+enters OSN cilia during the response through the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and stimulates a depolarizing chloride current by opening the olfactory Ca2+-activated chloride channel to amplify the response. Ca2+also exerts negative regulation on the olfactory transduction cascade, through mechanisms that include reducing the CNG current by desensitizing the CNG channel via Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM), to reduce the response. Ca2+is removed from the cilia primarily by the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+exchanger 4 (NCKX4), and the removal of Ca2+leads to closure of the chloride channel and response termination. In this study, we investigate how two mechanisms conventionally considered negative regulatory mechanisms of olfactory transduction, Ca2+removal by NCKX4, and desensitization of the CNG channel by Ca2+/CaM, interact to regulate the olfactory response. We performed electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings on the double-mutant mice,NCKX4−/−;CNGB1ΔCaM, which are simultaneously lacking NCKX4 (NCKX4−/−) and Ca2+/CaM-mediated CNG channel desensitization (CNGB1ΔCaM). Despite exhibiting alterations in various response attributes, including termination kinetics and adaption properties, OSNs in eitherNCKX4−/−mice orCNGB1ΔCaMmice show normal resting sensitivity, as determined by their unchanged EOG response amplitude. We found that OSNs inNCKX4−/−;CNGB1ΔCaMmice displayed markedly reduced EOG amplitude accompanied by alterations in other response attributes. This study suggests that what are conventionally considered negative regulatory mechanisms of olfactory transduction also play a role in setting the resting sensitivity in OSNs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSensory receptor cells maintain high sensitivity at rest. Although the mechanisms responsible for setting the resting sensitivity of sensory receptor cells are not well understood, it has generally been assumed that the sensitivity is set primarily by how effectively the components in the activation cascade of sensory transduction can be stimulated. Our findings in mouse olfactory sensory neurons suggest that mechanisms that are primarily responsible for terminating the olfactory response are also critical for proper resting sensitivity.
Ventral Pallidum Output Pathways in Context-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking
Authors: Prasad Asheeta A. , McNally Gavan P.
Published: November 2016

Ventral pallidum (VP) is a well-established locus for the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and reinstatement of drug seeking. However, VP neurons are at the origin of multiple output pathways, with strong projections to ventral tegmental area (VTA), subthalamic nucleus (STN), lateral hypothalamus, among others, and the roles of these VP output pathways in reinstatement of drug seeking remain poorly understood. Here we addressed these issues using a combination of neuroanatomical tracing and chemogenetic approaches. First, using dual-retrograde tracing, we show that VP neurons projecting to either VTA or STN are recruited during context-induced reinstatement of extinguished alcohol seeking in rats. Then, using chemogenetics, we show modulation of context-induced reinstatement and reacquisition of alcohol seeking via designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs excitation or inhibition of the VP. To determine the causal roles of VP → VTA and VP → STN pathways in context-induced reinstatement and reacquisition we used a chemogenetic disconnection approach and show that silencing either the VP → VTA or VP → STN pathways is sufficient to reduce both reinstatement and reacquisition of alcohol seeking. Moreover, these disconnections also each reduced responding and motivation during a progressive ratio test but had no effect on locomotor activity. Together, these results show that multiple ventral pallidal output pathways contribute to relapse to alcohol seeking.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVentral pallidum (VP) serves important roles in reward and motivation and is a critical node in the neural circuitry for reinstatement of drug seeking. Despite being a common locus for different forms of reinstatement, fundamental aspects of neural circuitry for these VP contributions to reinstatement of drug seeking remain unknown. Here we used a combination of neuroanatomical tracing and chemogenetic approaches to map the VP output pathways for context-induced reinstatement and reacquisition of alcohol seeking. We show that VP output pathways to the subthalamic nucleus and also to the ventral tegmental area are necessary for these forms of reinstatement.
Endogenously Released Neuropeptide Y Suppresses Hippocampal Short-Term Facilitation and Is Impaired by Stress-Induced Anxiety
Authors: Li Qin , Bartley Aundrea F. , Dobrunz Lynn E.
Published: November 2016

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has robust anxiolytic properties and is reduced in patients with anxiety disorders. However, the mechanisms by which NPY modulates circuit function to reduce anxiety behavior are not known. Anxiolytic effects of NPY are mediated in the CA1 region of hippocampus, and NPY injection into hippocampus alleviates anxiety symptoms in the predator scent stress model of stress-induced anxiety. The mechanisms that regulate NPY release, and its effects on CA1 synaptic function, are not fully understood. Here we show in acute hippocampal slices from mice that endogenous NPY, released in response to optogenetic stimulation or synaptically evoked spiking of NPY+ cells, suppresses both of the feedforward pathways to CA1. Stimulation of temporoammonic synapses with a physiologically derived spike train causes NPY release that reduces short-term facilitation, whereas the release of NPY that modulates Schaffer collateral synapses requires integration of both the Schaffer collateral and temporoammonic pathways. Pathway specificity of NPY release is conferred by three functionally distinct NPY+ cell types, with differences in intrinsic excitability and short-term plasticity of their inputs. Predator scent stress abolishes the release of endogenous NPY onto temporoammonic synapses, a stress-sensitive pathway, thereby causing enhanced short-term facilitation. Our results demonstrate how stress alters CA1 circuit function through the impairment of endogenous NPY release, potentially contributing to heightened anxiety.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuropeptide Y (NPY) has robust anxiolytic properties, and its levels are reduced in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. The effects of endogenously released NPY during physiologically relevant stimulation, and the impact of stress-induced reductions in NPY on circuit function, are unknown. By demonstrating that NPY release modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and is impaired by predator scent stress, our results provide a novel mechanism by which stress-induced anxiety alters circuit function. These studies fill an important gap in knowledge between the molecular and behavioral effects of NPY. This article also advances the understanding of NPY+ cells and the factors that regulate their spiking, which could pave the way for new therapeutic targets to increase endogenous NPY release in patients in a spatially and temporally appropriate manner.
Genetic Deletion of Neuronal PPARγ Enhances the Emotional Response to Acute Stress and Exacerbates Anxiety: An Effect Reversed by Rescue of Amygdala PPARγ Function
Authors: Domi Esi , Uhrig Stefanie , Soverchia Laura , Spanagel Rainer , Hansson Anita C. , Barbier Estelle , Heilig Markus , Ciccocioppo Roberto , Ubaldi Massimo
Published: November 2016

PPARγ is one of the three isoforms of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs). PPARγ is activated by thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone and is targeted to treat insulin resistance. PPARγ is densely expressed in brain areas involved in regulation of motivational and emotional processes. Here, we investigated the role of PPARγ in the brain and explored its role in anxiety and stress responses in mice. The results show that stimulation of PPARγ by pioglitazone did not affect basal anxiety, but fully prevented the anxiogenic effect of acute stress. Using mice with genetic ablation of neuronal PPARγ (PPARγNestinCre), we demonstrated that a lack of receptors, specifically in neurons, exacerbated basal anxiety and enhanced stress sensitivity. The administration of GW9662, a selective PPARγ antagonist, elicited a marked anxiogenic response in PPARγ wild-type (WT), but not in PPARγNestinCreknock-out (KO) mice. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, we observed that acute stress exposure resulted in a different pattern of neuronal activation in the amygdala (AMY) and the hippocampus (HIPP) of PPARγNestinCreKO mice compared with WT mice. No differences were found between WT and KO mice in hypothalamic regions responsible for hormonal response to stress or in blood corticosterone levels. Microinjection of pioglitazone into the AMY, but not into the HIPP, abolished the anxiogenic response elicited by acute stress. Results also showed that, in both regions, PPARγ colocalizes with GABAergic cells. These findings demonstrate that neuronal PPARγ is involved the regulation of the stress response and that the AMY is a key substrate for the anxiolytic effect of PPARγ.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) is a classical target for antidiabetic therapies with thiazolidinedione compounds. PPARγ agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are in clinical use for the treatment of insulin resistance. PPARγ has recently attracted attention for its involvement in the regulation of CNS immune response and functions. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal PPARγ activation prevented the negative emotional effects of stress and exerted anxiolytic actions without influencing hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function. Conversely, pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of PPARγ enhanced anxiogenic responses and increased vulnerability to stress. These effects appear to be controlled by PPARγ neuronal-mediated mechanisms in the amygdala.
A rare case of gestational thyrotoxicosis as a cause of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Nannaka Varalaxmi Bhavani , Lvovsky Dmitry
Published: November 2016

Angina pectoris in pregnancy is unusual and Prinzmetal’s angina is much rarer. It accounts for 2% of all cases of angina. It is caused by vasospasm, but the mechanism of spasm is unknown but has been linked with hyperthyroidism in some studies. Patients with thyrotoxicosis-induced acute myocardial infarction are unusual and almost all reported cases have been associated with Graves’ disease. Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone-induced hyperthyroidism occurs in about 1.4% of pregnant women, mostly when hCG levels are above 70–80 000 IU/L. Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis is transient and generally resolves spontaneously in the latter half of pregnancy, and specific antithyroid treatment is not required. Treatment with calcium channel blockers or nitrates reduces spasm in most of these patients. Overall, the prognosis for hyperthyroidism-associated coronary vasospasm is good. We describe a very rare case of an acute myocardial infarction in a 27-year-old female, at 9 weeks of gestation due to right coronary artery spasm secondary to gestational hyperthyroidism with free thyroxine of 7.7 ng/dL and TSH <0.07 IU/L.

Learning points:

AMI and cardiac arrest due to GTT despite optimal medical therapy is extremely rare.

Gestational hyperthyroidism should be considered in pregnant patients presenting with ACS-like symptoms especially in the setting of hyperemesis gravidarum.

Our case highlights the need for increased awareness of general medical community that GTT can lead to significant cardiac events. Novel methods of controlling GTT as well as medical interventions like ICD need further study.
Effectiveness of first-line pegvisomant monotherapy in acromegaly: an ACROSTUDY analysis
Authors: Tritos Nicholas A , Chanson Philippe , Jimenez Camilo , King Donna , Jönsson Peter J , Klibanski Anne , Biller Beverly M K
Published: November 2016

Objective

To examine the effectiveness and safety of primary pegvisomant monotherapy.

Design

Retrospective analysis of data extracted from ACROSTUDY (global observational outcomes study of patients with acromegaly treated with pegvisomant).

Methods

The earliest time to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) normalization on pegvisomant monotherapy was determined. Both the proportion of patients who achieved IGF-1 normalization and the time to IGF-1 normalization on pegvisomant monotherapy were assessed.

Results

Eligible patients included 28 subjects on primary medical therapy (PT) and 176 controls on adjunctive pegvisomant therapy treated postoperatively, including 43 who were naïve to medical therapy (NMT) and 133 who were previously treated medically and were washed out (WASH). IGF-1 normalization occurred in 76.9% (PT), 85.2% (NMT) and 78.3% (WASH) patients (P = NS). Median times to IGF-1 normalization were 0.5 year (PT), 0.7 year (NMT) and 0.6 year (WASH), P = NS. On survival analysis, the fraction of patients controlled on pegvisomant monotherapy was not different between groups. Higher baseline IGF-1 levels, obtained at study entry, predicted a lower likelihood of IGF-1 normalization on monotherapy (P = 0.012). Safety data include low prevalence of skin rashes, injection site reactions and reversible transaminase elevations. There was one patient (NMT) with a verified increase in tumor size.

Conclusions

Pegvisomant monotherapy, administered either as primary medical therapy or as adjunctive therapy according to local practice, led to IGF-1 normalization in >75% of patients. Pegvisomant monotherapy had a favorable safety profile, consistent with previous observations. Prospective data are needed to further evaluate the role of primary pegvisomant monotherapy in acromegaly.
Don Juan: the Discourse of Seduction as an Exercise of Power
Authors: Stankevičiūtė Kristina
Published: November 2016

The figure of Don Juan that emerged in Spanish baroque synthesised several important cultural issues related to the phenomenon of seduction, a subject of great social controversy since the very beginning of the Christian era. The present article analyses one of the fundamental parts of the universal appeal of the Don Juan figure – the discourse of seduction, considering it from the social and cultural point of view. The traditional discussion of the subject focuses on the contents of the discourse whereas the present article emphasises the implications rather than the contents, grounding its arguments on Jean Baudrillard’s theory of seduction, which claims that it is the signs and the play of signs that are important in seduction, not their meanings. The seduction discourse is seen as a means to exercise power on the women that Don Juan deals with as well as on the audience who gets involved into the discourse creation process. The article concludes with a claim that Don Juan is a figure of social domination, and his discourse is a means to achieve it.
Pretense as Creative Hallucination
Authors: West Donna E. E.
Published: November 2016

Ch. S. Peirce’s concept of “creative hallucination” (EP 2:192 1903) captures the myriad ways in which sterile conventional practices can be informed by word and role play. Word and person substitutions constitute not errors of judgment, but attain the status of metaphor, would-be propositions, and cultural myth. Naming practices come to represent instances of word play, in which metaphor and myth permeate new object identities, which, in turn reveal cultural dispositions. Accordingly, these newly conceived action habits express analogies of another to another other – illustrating potentialities for filling slots in role-play scenarios.

In short, different cultures develop creative action-habits from distinctive mechanisms according to culturally driven processes, but they all culminate in representational diversity, by persons/entities becoming another. These creative hallucinations supply iconic and indexical scaffolds to supersede literal word use, and conventional person identities. But for the holistic parameters which nascent envisionment provides, the painter’s hunch that changing the colour to enhance the product may never have arisen.
On the Transitive Object Control into ­ing Complementation Pattern in Contemporary Spoken American English: a Corpus­Driven Study
Authors: Gawlik Oskar
Published: November 2016

The aim of this paper is threefold: firstly, to establish whether the transitive into -ing complementation pattern is productive; secondly, to establish the semantic taxonomy of the matrix verbs taking the into -ing complementation pattern; thirdly, to investigate the existence of a correlation between the semantics and the predicate-argument structure of the matrix verbs selecting the transitive into -ing pattern in contemporary spoken American English in the COCA corpus. Goldbergian construction grammar constitutes a framework for this inquiry, whereby grammatical constructions do convey meaning, irrespective of the words used in them, with the transitive into -ing pattern instantiating a type of a caused motion construction (Goldberg 1995). The results of the patternbased, synchronic corpus inquiry are believed to constitute a contribution to the area of shifting verbal complementation, thus providing further evidence to the validity of Gunter’s notion of Great Complement Shift (Rohdenburg 2006). This paper is structured in accordance with traditional IMRD model.
Caracterización química de material particulado PM10 en la atmósfera de La Guajira Colombia
Authors: Doria Argumedo Carlos Julio , Fagundo Castillo Juan Reynero
Published: November 2016

Durante el año 2013, se realizó un estudio en La Guajira, Colombia, con el fin de determinar  la composición química del  material particulado PM10, producto de las actividades mineras de carbón a cielo abierto que ocupan casi 30% del territorio; también se evaluó su asociación a fuentes naturales y antropogénicas. La recolección de filtros se realizó por medio de un sistema de monitoreo conformado por catorce estaciones mediante equipos muestreadores de alto volumen PM10 (Thermo Scientific VFC-PM10 High Volume Air Sampler). Para el análisis, los filtros de cuarzo fueron sometidos a extracción acuosa en caliente y se determinaron los iones por espectrofotometría UV-VIS e ICP-MS. Las concentraciones más altas corresponden a la especies SO42- (0,25 µg/m3), Cl- (0,19 µg/m3), NH4+ (0,032 µg/m3), Na+ (1,98µg/m3), Ca2+ (0,40 µg/m3) y Mg2+ (0,31 µg/m3). Los resultados indican que las principales fuentes responsables del material particulado corresponden al aerosol marino impulsado por las corrientes (Cl- y Na+) de origen natural, y las actividades agrícolas, pecuarias (NH4+) y mineras (SO42-, Ca2+ y Mg2+) de origen antropogénico.
Implementación y evaluación de una nariz electrónica para la detección de alcoholes lineales
Authors: Paredes Doig Ana Lucía , Sun Kou María Del Rosario , Picasso Escobar Gino , Doig Camino Elizabeth , Comina Germán
Published: November 2016

Se desarrolló una nariz electrónica que permite la detección de alcoholes de manera sencilla y económica en comparación con las narices electrónicas tradicionales. Está basada en cuatro sensores de gas de SnO2 (dos comerciales y dos fabricados en el laboratorio), un sistema neumático irregular, un hardware y software para adquisición de datos y un software de reconocimiento de patrones. Se evaluó el comportamiento de la nariz y las condiciones de trabajo con muestras de vapor de alcoholes (metanol, etanol, n-butanol y 1-octanol) y se determinó que los alcoholes se pueden detectar con el arreglo de sensores preparado y pueden diferenciarse entre sí haciendo uso del análisis estadístico de componentes principales (PCA). El orden de detección encontrado para los alcoholes lineales fue el siguiente: metanol > etanol > n-butanol > 1-octanol. Se encontró también que haciendo uso del análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y realizando una normalización de los datos en el software de reconocimiento de patrones, la varianza total de las muestras también aumenta del 76% al 85%. Esto demuestra que una nariz simple y económica puede clasificar bien las muestras evaluadas.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN RONOZYME P DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN IKAN KERAPU BEBEK, Cromileptes altivelis
Authors: Palinggi Neltje Nobertine , Usman Usman , Laining Asda , Kamaruddin Kamaruddin , Makmur Makmur
Published: November 2016

Ikan kerapu bebek dengan bobot awal sekitar 60 gr/ekor dipelihara dalam keramba jaring apung ukuran 1x1x2 meter kubik dengan kepadatan awal 16 ekor/keramba
PENTOKOLAN UDANG WINDU, Penaeus monodon DENGAN KEPADATAN BERBEDA DALAM KERAMBA JARING APUNG (KJA) DI LAUT
Authors: Tonnek Syarifuddin , Mangampa Markus , Muslimin Muslimin
Published: November 2016

Produksi tokolan udang windu PL 54 menggunakan hapa pada unit keramba jaring apung (KJA) di laut telah dilakukan di Teluk Labuange, Kabupaten Barru dari bulan Mei—Juli 2002. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan padat penebaran terbaik untuk pendederan benur udang windu dalam KJA di laut. Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah padat penebaran benur PL 12 sebanyak padat tebar 2.000 ekor/m2 (A), 3.000 ekor/m2 (B), dan 4.000 ekor/m2 (C) masing-masing 3 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan tokolan pada perlakuan 2.000 dan 3.000 ekor/m2 tidak berbeda nyata (0,57—0,65 g/ekor) (P>0,05), tetapi berbeda nyata pada padat penebaran 4.000 ekor/m2 (0,39 g/ekor) (P<0,05). Demikian pula hasil sintasan tampak tidak berbeda nyata pada padat penebaran 2.000 dan 3.000 ekor/m2 (56,8%—66%), tetapi menunjukkan perbedaan nyata pada padat penebaran 4.000 ekor/m2 (45,1%). Karena itu, padat penebaran maksimal benur PL 12 adalah 3.000 ekor/m2 untuk pendederan dalam KJA di laut.Juvenile production of tiger shrimps of post larvae was conducted in floating net cages in Labuange Bay, Barru Regency from May - July 2002. The aim of this research is to know the best stocking density of tiger shrimp post larvae in nursery rearing of floating net cages in the sea. The treatments were stocking density PL 12 (2,000 psc/m2; 3,000 psc/m2; and 4,000 psc/m2), with three replicates each. The results showed that growth of juvenile shrimps was not significantly different between stocking density 2,000 pcs/m2 and 3,000 pcs/m2 (0.57--0.65 g/pcs) (P>0.05), but significantly different with stocking density of 4,000 pcs/m2 (P<0.05). Nevertheless average survival rate of juvenile shrimps was not significant on stocking density 2,000 pcs and 3,000 pcs/m2, but significant different with stocking density of 4,000 pcs/me.Therefore, for juvenill production in floating net cages, the best (maximum) stocking density of potensial 12 is 3,000 pcs/m2.
KEBUTUHAN ASAM AMINO LISIN UNTUK BENIH IKAN KERAPU BEBEK (Cromileptes altivelis)
Authors: Giri Nyoman Adiasmara , Suwirya Ketut , Marzuqi Muhammad
Published: November 2016

Percobaan penentuan kebutuhan asam amino lisin untuk benih ikan kerapu bebek (Cromileptes altivelis) telah dilakukan dengan metode pemeliharaan ikan menggunakan pakan yang mempunyai kandungan lisin berbeda. Ikan dengan bobot rata-rata 4,4 ± 0,3 gram dipelihara dalam bak polikarbonat volume 100 L dengan kepadatan 12 ekor ikan per bak. Setiap bak dilengkapi dengan sistem air mengalir dan aerasi. Pakan percobaan dibuat dalam bentuk pelet kering dengan kandungan protein 49% yang bersumber dari kasein dan tepung ikan serta campuran asam amino murni sehingga menyerupai komposisi asam amino tubuh ikan kerapu bebek, kecuali untuk lisin. Pakan percobaan mempunyai kandungan lisin berbeda, yaitu 1,77%; 2,27%; 2,77%; 3,27%; 3,77%; dan 4,27%. Ikan diberi pakan percobaan 2 kali sehari pada level satiasi selama 63 hari. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa bobot ikan akhir, persen pertambahan bobot, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, efisiensi pakan, retensi protein, dan kandungan protein tubuh ikan dipengaruhi oleh kandungan lisin pakan. Kadar optimum lisin dalam pakan untuk benih ikan kerapu bebek dihitung dengan regresi broken line berdasarkan data persen pertambahan bobot. Dari perhitungan ini diperoleh bahwa kebutuhan lisin untuk benih ikan kerapu bebek mencapai 2,77% dalam pakan atau setara dengan 5,63% dari protein pakan.The experiment to find out an amino acid lysine requirement for growth of  humpback grouper  juvenile has been conducted in 18 polycarbonate tanks, 100 liters volume. Each tank is equipped with flow-through water system. Twelve juveniles of humpback grouper (4.4 ± 0.3 gram in body weight), which were produced in hatchery, were randomly selected, and stock in each tank. Fish fed with experimental diets twice everyday at satiation level for 63 days. Experimental diets were prepared as dry pellet with casein and fish meal as the intact protein sources, and the mixture of crystalline amino acids to reach protein level of 49% and the composition of amino acid similar to the amino acid composition of whole body protein of humpback grouper, except for lysine content. Basal diet (diet-1) contains 1.77% lysine that was supplied from casein and fish meal. Graded level (0.5%) of crystalline lysine was added to the basal diet to get the final lysine level in each diet of 1.77%, 2.27%, 2.77%, 3.27%, 3.77%, and 4.27%. The experiment was designed according to completely random design (CRD) with 6 treatments (lysine levels) and three replicates for each treatment. Result of the experiment showed that dietary lysine content influenced final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, and body protein content of  humpback grouper juvenile. Optimum dietary lysine for  humpback grouper juvenile was calculated using broken line regression analysis. Optimum dietary lysine requirement for growth of juvenile humpback grouper is 2.77% or equal to 5.63% of dietary protein.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid) PADA PAKAN KOMERSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN BENIH LELE DUMBO (Clarias sp. Burchell) TERHADAP INFEKSI BAKTERI Aeromonas hydrophila Stainer
Authors: Taukhid Taukhid , Supriyadi Hambali , Asmaeni Nenden Dalis
Published: November 2016

Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah optimal penambahan vitamin C ke dalam pakan ikan lele dumbo yang dapat memberikan ketahanan tubuh maksimal terhadap infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Perlakuan yang diterapkan terdiri atas (A) pakan komersial tanpa penambahan vitamin C sebagai kontrol, (B) penambahan vitamin C sebanyak 250 mg/kg pakan, (C) penambahan vitamin C sebanyak 500 mg/kg pakan, (D) penambahan vitamin C sebanyak 750 mg/kg pakan, dan (E) penambahan vitamin C sebanyak 1.000 mg/kg pakan. Pakan diberikan selama 62 hari, dan pada hari ke-56 dilakukan uji tantang terhadap bakteri A. hydrophila konsentrasi 1,0 x 106 cfu/mL yang diberikan melalui penyuntikan intra muskular (IM) sebanyak 0,1 mL/ekor ikan uji. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap kadar titer antibodi spesifik, gejala klinis, dan sintasan setelah uji tantang serta kadar vitamin C dalam hati ikan. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa penambahan vitamin C pada pakan dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tubuh ikan uji terhadap infeksi bakteri A. hydrophila, dan nilai titer antibodi spesifik mengalami peningkatan yang mulai terlihat pada minggu ke-IV. Pada akhir pengamatan diperoleh sintasan ikan uji sebesar 68%, 78%, 92%, 96%, dan 92% masing-masing untuk kelompok kontrol, perlakuan B, perlakukan C, perlakuan D, dan perlakuan E. Berdasarkan analisis regresi dapat didekati bahwa jumlah optimal vitamin C untuk memperoleh level proteksi yang cukup tinggi dengan sintasan 98,86% adalah sebesar 893 mg/kg pakan.The experiment with the aim to know the amount of vitamin C added to commercial diet that could improved a maximum resistance of African catfish against Aeromonas hydrophila infection has been conducted. The treatments were (A) commercial diet without vitamin C as a control, (B) commercial diet with 250 mg/kg vitamin C, (C) 500 mg/kg, (D) 750 mg/kg, and (E) 1,000 mg/kg. The diet was given for 62 days, and at the 56th day the fish was challenged against A. hydrophila infection through intra muscular injection at the dose of 0.1 mL of 1.0 x 106 cfu bacterial suspensions. Specific antibody titer, clinical signs, survival rate, and vitamin C level on the liver of the fish were observed. The results indicated that addition of vitamin C to the diet was effective to increase the resistance of African catfish against A. hydrophila infection. Survival rates of fish test at the end of the experiment were 68%, 78%, 92%, 96%, and92% for the group of A, B, C, D, and E respectively. Based on regression analysis, the optimum amount of vitamin C add
KARAKTER GENETIK POPULASI IKAN MAS, C yprinus carpio HASIL PERSILANGAN
Authors: Ariyanto Didik , Nugroho Estu , Subagyo Subagyo
Published: November 2016

Evaluasi karakter genetik populasi ikan mas hasil persilangan telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode elektroforesis protein secara horisontal. Sampel ikan sebanyak 120 ekor yang mewakili 6 populasi ikan mas adalah hasil persilangan resiprokal antara 3 strain ikan mas unggul yaitu strain majalaya, rajadanu dan sutisna.  Bagian tubuh yang diambil untuk pengamatan karakter genetik adalah jaringan otot sedangkan sebagai media elektroforesis digunakan gel pati.  Pada penelitian ini digunakan 12 sistem enzim untuk analisis.  Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa 3 lokus polimorfik dari 7 lokus yang teridentifikasi, yaitu Ldh-1, Mdh-1 dan Me. Heterozigositas rata-rata sebesar 0,23 (kategori rendah). Nilai jarak genetik paling dekat sebesar 0 diperoleh antara populasi rajadanu dengan sutisna dan nilai terjauh sebesar 0,0018 antara populasi rajadanu dan sutisna dengan majalaya. Populasi rajadanu dan sutisna mempunyai pengaruh kuat terhadap struktur genetik populasi keturunan hasil persilangan dibandingkan dengan populasi majalaya.Evaluation of genetic characterization of the hybrid populations of common carp using protein electrophoresis method was conducted.  The samples of 120 fishes were taken from Research Institute for Fish-breeding and Aquaculture Technology, Sukamandi.  The samples has been extracted from muscle and potato starch gel was used to assess the level of genetic characters.  Twelve enzymes were examined in this experiment.  The result showed that 7 loci were identified that 3 of loci were polymorphs i.e. : Ldh-1, Mdh-1 and Me.  An average of heterozigosity : 0.23 (low category). Genetic distance value between rajadanu and sutisna population was 0. Genetic distance value between both of rajadanu and sutisna populations from majalaya population was 0.0018. Rajadanu and sutisna strains have stronger influence to genetic structure of its offspring compared than majalaya strain.
PENAPISAN ISOLAT BAKTERI Streptococcus spp. SEBAGAI KANDIDAT ANTIGEN DALAM PEMBUATAN VAKSIN, SERTA EFIKASINYA UNTUK PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT STREPTOCOCCOSIS PADA IKAN NILA, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Taukhid Taukhid , Purwaningsih Uni
Published: November 2016

Riset dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh isolat kandidat yang imunogenik bagi pembuatan vaksin untuk pengendalian penyakit streptococcosis pada ikan nila telah dilakukan. Karakterisasi dilakukan secara biokimia dan API 20 STREP terhadap 15 isolat bakteri Streptococcus spp. Uji Koch’s Postulate kemudian dilakukan untuk mengetahui peran bakteri pada infeksi streptococcosis pada ikan nila. Konfirmasi taksonomis hingga level spesies isolat bakteri S. agalactiae dilakukan dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan menggunakan primer spesifik. Uji patogenisitas dilakukan terhadap 6 isolat yang terdiri atas 5 isolat S. agalactiae (N3M, N4M, N14G, N17O, NK1) dan 1 isolat S. iniae (N2O). Hasil penapisan menunjukkan bahwa bakteri S. agalactiae (N4M) memiliki nilai LD50 terkecil, dan nilai terbesar dimiliki oleh bakteri S. iniae (N2O). Isolat bakteri N4M digunakan sebagai sumber antigen dalam pembuatan vaksin anti streptococcosis. Vaksin disiapkan dalam bentuk sel utuh dan diinaktivasi dengan formalin, pemanasan, dan sonikasi. Nilai titer antibodi dan sintasan tertinggi diperoleh pada kelompok ikan yang divaksin dengan formalin killed vaccine dibandingkan dengan teknik inaktivasi lainnya (heat killed vaccine dan sonicated vaccine).
KERAGAAN REPRODUKSI IKAN PATIN NASUTUS (Pangasius nasutus Bleeker, 1863) SEBAGAI KANDIDAT IKAN BUDIDAYA
Authors: Tahapari Evi , Iswanto Bambang , Sularto Sularto
Published: November 2016

Patin nasutus merupakan salah satu spesies patin Indonesia yang potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai komoditas baru perikanan budidaya. Upaya pengembangan patin nasutus memerlukan informasi-informasi biologi-reproduksi berkaitan dengan kapasitas produksi massalnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaan reproduksi patin nasutus. Hasil pengamatan perkembangan gonad menunjukkan bahwa oosit intraovarian patin nasutus dapat dibagi dalam lima tahap, yakni tahap 1 (kromatin nukleolar dan perinukleolar) dengan diameter oosit kurang dari 0,125 mm, tahap 2 (vesikula kuning telur dan alveoli korteks) dengan diameter oosit 0,125-0,500 mm, tahap 3 (granula kuning telur) dengan diameter oosit 0,700-1,850 mm, tahap 4 (migrasi nukleus dan hidrasi) dengan diameter oosit 1,250-1,900 mm dan tahap 5 (atresis) dengan diameter oosit 0,300-1,700 mm. Perkembangan oosit patin nasutus bersifat sinkronis grup, ditandai dengan adanya dominasi dua kelompok oosit intraovarian pada ikan dengan tingkat kematangan yang tertua, yakni kelompok oosit tertua (oosit tahap 3) yang akan segera dikeluarkan pada saat pemijahan dan kelompok oosit stok yang belum berkuning telur dan berukuran kecil (oosit tahap 1) yang merupakan telur cadangan untuk proses pemijahan berikutnya. Oosit tahap 3 merupakan tahap perkembangan oosit tertua yang dapat terjadi secara sempurna dan responsif terhadap induksi stimulasi hormonal. Tipe perkembangan testis patin nasutus bersifat asinkronis, ditandai dengan keberadaan berbagai tahap perkembangan sel-sel gamet jantan. Fekunditas relatif patin nasutus berkisar 26-67 butir telur per gram bobot induk, lebih tinggi daripada patin jambal, tetapi lebih rendah daripada patin siam. Derajat penetasan patin nasutus berkisar 44,16-79,05% dengan lama inkubasi 22-25 jam pada suhu inkubasi 29-30oC. Ukuran panjang total larva yang baru menetas berkisar 4,700-5,200 mm.
PEMELIHARAAN LARVA KEPITING BAKAU, Scylla olivacea DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BIOFLOK
Authors: Gunarto Gunarto , Herlinah Herlinah
Published: November 2016

Abstrak lengkap dapat dilihat pada Full PDF Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek penambahan bioflok pada pemeliharaan larva kepiting bakau Scylla olivacea terutaman pada sintasan dan perkembangan larva hingga mencapai stadia krablet.
Taylor-Made
Authors: Chalfant Eric
Published: November 2016

In A Secular Age (2007), Charles Taylor ties modernity to a secular worldview in which any religion is understood as one possible belief among many. To make this argument, Taylor's primary foil is that of the unbeliever – the individual who regards atheism as the baseline standard for religious commitment and every religion as an unnecessary accretion on this baseline. The atheist, to Taylor, is quintessentially modern, embodying a sense of invulnerability that stems from a misguided attempt to irreparably close off the possibility of transcendence. The unbeliever represents, for Taylor, the best proof that modern society hinges on the binary between immanence and transcendence. However, recent sociological work on the experiences of self-identifying atheists throws a wrench in Taylor's critical treatment of the unbeliever. A small but provocative body of literature on so-called “irreligious experiences” demonstrate that atheists frequently describe experiences which look virtually identical to the kinds of experiences that Taylor regards as openings onto a transcendental plane. In this paper, I briefly adumbrate the contours of irreligious experiences and demonstrate the ways that they complicate Taylor's depiction of unbelief as the attempt to foreclose the possibility of transcendence. I argue that such a view of atheism requires Taylor to inconsistently deploy his crucial conceptual tool, “the background,” at times privileging and at other times downplaying the importance of lived experience. Furthermore, I argue that Taylor's reductive portrayal of atheists illustrates a number of problems with Taylor's overall depiction of modernity. As a means to move beyond Taylor's equation of modernity with the dominance of immanence over transcendence, I then turn to the thought of Bruno Latour, whose treatment of modernity provides a more consistent take on how modernity is experienced as opposed to idealized. I argue that, for Latour, the binary between immanence and transcendence is not a reality of modern society but a myth which justifies the continuous blurring of that same binary in lived experience. Thus, Latour maintains Taylor's emphasis on those conceptual categories which have achieved prominence in modern society (immanence, transcendence) but reverses the direction of analysis by which to understand such categories, creating a more nuanced and complex account of modern subjectivities.
Notfalltherapie bei Vergiftungen von Hund und Katze
Authors: Lehmann Hendrik , Schneider Matthias , Moritz Andreas , Hassdenteufel Esther
Published: November 2016

Vergiftungen können zu lebensbedrohlichen Notfällen führen. Neben der allgemeinen Stabilisation des Patienten sollte eine Therapie eine schnellstmögliche Toxinelimination bewirken. Zunächst wird versucht, durch allgemeine Dekontaminationsmaßnahmen (gastrointestinal, dermal, okulär) die Giftaufnahme so gering wie möglich zu halten. Eine genauere Eingrenzung des Toxins bzw. seiner Eigenschaften kann bei der Auswahl spezifischerer Behandlungsansätze, wie beispielsweise Dialyse oder Gabe eines Antidots, Hilfestellung leisten. Die Therapie mit Lipidemulsionen zur raschen Elimination lipophiler Substanzen aus dem Körper hat in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Sie kann das Allgemeinbefinden des Patienten schnell verbessern und ist mit wenig Nebenwirkungen verbunden.
The Status of Quality Assurance in Two Lebanese Universities
Authors: Al Chibani Wessam
Published: November 2016

This study was set to assess and analyze the status of two private university quality measures such as the quality audit, control, and ranking in Lebanon. In addition, it was set to discuss and evaluate the programs given by these universities. Finally, it was set to synthesize and analyze different tools that could be applied on the quality services these universities have. The sample of this study is two private universities in Lebanon where interviews were conducted separately with 6 deans, 6 chairpersons, and 6 coordinators. In addition to the universities, plenty of information was taken directly from the Ministry of Education and Higher Education of the Republic of Lebanon.

Thus, qualitative data analyses were conducted. Main results showed that one of the main aims of both universities is to get new students registered and have better quality of education.  They always take into consideration the quality audit, control, and ranking, which allow them to be ranked from the top universities in Lebanon. One University has been accredited in 2015, which makes it necessary to follow up with the quality control; the second university is still working on getting accredited.

The study concluded with recommendations addressed to private universities in Lebanon.
El discurso del periódico digital mapuche Werken.cl en torno al territorio: una aproximación semiótico-decolonial
Authors: Del Valle Rojas Juan Alfredo , Maldonado Rivera Claudio Andrés
Published: November 2016

Este trabajo busca comprender las tramas de significación presentes en los discursos informativos del periódico mapuche Werken.cl en torno al tópico ‘territorio’, considerando el contexto situacional marcado por el conflicto chileno- mapuche. La semiosis producida en torno al territorio opera como sistema de afirmación de la identidad del pueblo mapuche y como elemento central en el proyecto de reconstrucción de la soberanía mapuche. Los resultados establecen que el tópico territorio se inscribe en un sistema de significación que legitima los procesos de reivindicación y recuperación territorial, como parte de un proyecto político e identitario decolonial y de reconstrucción del país mapuche.
La evolución del derecho a la comunicación ante la emergencia de la ciudadanía digital
Authors: Moreno Gálvez Francisco Javier
Published: November 2016

El presente texto da cuenta de los debates en torno al surgimiento del concepto de ciudadanía digital y la reconfiguración de los derechos a él asociados. Entre ellos, en un marco de disputa en el ámbito de la comunicación entre tendencias privatizadoras y democratizadoras, surge con fuerza la actualización del derecho a la comunicación. Este derecho no se centraría en el mero acceso a la información, sino que pondría el acento en las dinámicas de apropiación social de las nuevas tecnologías y en la creación de espacios tecnológicos y sociales abiertos e independientes de las leyes del mercado.
El género Bidens en el Valle de México
Authors: Paray Ladislao
Published: November 2016

Bidens significa dos dientes, aludiendo a las dos púas del vilano.
Plántulas de cactáceas
Authors: Martínez Maximino
Published: November 2016

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Performance of 15 tropical tree species recruited or transplanted on restoration settings
Authors: Guzmán-Luna Alejandra , Martínez-Garza Cristina
Published: November 2016

Background. Minimal restoration intervention includes actions to stop disturbance so natural succession may take place whereas maximal intervention involves the establishment of plantings.

Questions. To evaluate the success of minimal versus maximal restoration intervention, the performance of recruits and transplants was assessed.  To this end, performance of 15 native tree species was predicted using life-history, their origin (recruits or transplants) and 12 plant functional traits.

Study site and years of study. This study was carried out in pastures at Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico in 5 years old restoration settings.

Methods. Pioneer and non-pioneer specie were planted in 16 30 × 30 m plots whereas natural recruitment was evaluated in plantings and at eight additional fenced plots.

Results. Overall 15 species recruited or planted, pioneers had higher performance than non-pioneer. Transplant shock in terms of survival and height growth rates was overcome after 5 years probably as a result of increases in diameter growth rates.

Conclusions. Tree species were divided in three groups to give recommendation for restoration: (1) Species in the Good recruiters group do not need to be transplanted; if seed sources are not close, we recommend direct seeding (i.e., Albizia purpusii , Cedrela odorata , Cecropia obstusifolia ). (2) Species in the Good transplants group show very low or nil recruitment; they should be transplanted (i.e., Ochroma pyramidale , Ficus yoponensis , Cojoba arborea ). (3) Species in the Poor transplants group should be transplanted but once a canopy has developed (i.e., Amphitecna tuxtlensis , Brosimum alicastrum , Bernoullia flammea ).
The Andean Forest Soil Seed Bank in Two Successional Stages in Northeastern Colombia
Authors: Gelviz-Gelvez Sandra Milena , Sánchez-Montaño Luis Roberto , Lopez-Toledo Leonel , Barragán Felipe
Published: November 2016

Background: Soil seed banks play an important role in post-disturbance regeneration and succession of species from different successional stages.

Questions: 1) What is the most effective method for determining the composition and structure of the soil seed bank of Andean forests? 2) What is the composition and structure of soil seed banks in old-growth forest and shrubland sites in the Andean montane tropical forest of the North Santander region of Colombia?

Study site: Andean forest, Pamplona, Colombia

Methods: We surveyed the soil seed bank in two successional stages of Andean forest and examined its structure using two sampling methods: direct separation and germination.

Results: Soil seed bank density was higher (18-fold in old-growth forest and 666-fold in shrubland) with the direct separation method than with germination; however, under the germination method, we found four species that we did not detect through the direct separation method. Soil seed banks from shrublands were mainly dominated by species from disturbed areas (91 %), while those from the old-growth forest presented early, intermediate and late species; e.g., Miconia summa , Myrsine dependens and Solanum sp., respectively. In the old-growth forest (especially for late species), density increased with depth. This pattern was not observed in shrubland. Seeds obtained by using the direct separation method presented low (< 7 %) viability.

Conclusion: We consider the two methods to be complementary and recommend the use of both for a thorough characterization of soil seed banks from Andean forests. At different successional stages in the Colombian Andean forest, the soil seed bank may contain early, intermediate and late species, and it therefore plays an important role in the regeneration of this threatened ecosystem.
Differentiation and genetic diversity of Phaseolus lunatus wild populations from Chiapas, Mexico, and their genetic relationships with MI and MII groups
Authors: Ruiz-Gil Pedro Jesús , Chepe-Cruz Gabriel , Andueza-Noh Rubén Humberto , Ortiz-García Matilde Margarita , Martínez-Castillo Jaime
Published: November 2016

Background . Understanding the genetic structure of wild relatives of domesticated species is crucial for its conservation and to elucidate the sites of crop domestication. Lima bean is one of the five domesticated Phaseolus species and Mexico is one of its centers of domestication. Recent studies showed the existence of two wild gene pools (MI and MII) of this species in Mexico and suggested that their genetic divergence occurred in southeast Mexico.

Question . Did MI and MII groups diverged around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico?

Studied species . Lima bean: Neotropical plant species, herbaceous, with an annual/short life cycle and with autogamous tendency.

Study site and years of study . Seven wild populations were collected in 2012 in the State of Chiapas, México, area underrepresented in previous studies.

Methods . Genetic diversity and grouping patterns of collected populations and their relationship to MI and MII groups were analyzed at eight microsatellite loci.

Results. High genetic structure ( F ST: 0.42 to 0.96) and a high level of genetic diversity ( H E = 0.48) were found. The analyses, and presence of admixed populations in MI and MII, suggested that the genetic divergence of these groups is an ongoing process centered around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Conclusions . Our results support the hypothesis that MI and MII groups diverged around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; however, sampling should be increased both at population and genomic levels, to determine the precise organization of the genetic diversity of wild P. lunatus from Mexico