bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-Calibration between ASTER and MODIS Visible to Near-Infrared Bands for Improvement of ASTER Radiometric Calibration
Authors: Obata Kenta , Tsuchida Satoshi , Yamamoto Hirokazu , Thome Kurtis
Published: August 2017

Radiometric cross-calibration between the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has been partially used to derive the ASTER radiometric calibration coefficient (RCC) curve as a function of date on visible to near-infrared bands. However, cross-calibration is not sufficiently accurate, since the effects of the differences in the sensor’s spectral and spatial responses are not fully mitigated. The present study attempts to evaluate radiometric consistency across two sensors using an improved cross-calibration algorithm to address the spectral and spatial effects and derive cross-calibration-based RCCs, which increases the ASTER calibration accuracy. Overall, radiances measured with ASTER bands 1 and 2 are on averages 3.9% and 3.6% greater than the ones measured on the same scene with their MODIS counterparts and ASTER band 3N (nadir) is 0.6% smaller than its MODIS counterpart in current radiance/reflectance products. The percentage root mean squared errors (%RMSEs) between the radiances of two sensors are 3.7, 4.2, and 2.3 for ASTER band 1, 2, and 3N, respectively, which are slightly greater or smaller than the required ASTER radiometric calibration accuracy (4%). The uncertainty of the cross-calibration is analyzed by elaborating the error budget table to evaluate the International System of Units (SI)-traceability of the results. The use of the derived RCCs will allow further reduction of errors in ASTER radiometric calibration and subsequently improve interoperability across sensors for synergistic applications.
Urban Heat Island and Park Cool Island Intensities in the Coastal City of Aracaju, North-Eastern Brazil
Authors: Anjos Max , Lopes António
Published: August 2017

In this study, an evaluation of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Park Cool Island (PCI) intensities in Aracaju, North-Eastern Brazil, was performed. The basis of our evaluation is a 2-year dataset from the urban climatological network installed with the principles and concepts defined for urban areas related to climatic scales, sitting and exposure, urban morphology, and metadata. The current findings update UHI intensities in Aracaju refuting the trend registered in previous studies. On average, the UHI was more intense in the cool season (1.3 °C) than in hot season (0.5 °C), which was caused by wind speed decrease. In relation to the PCI, mitigation of high air temperatures of 1.5–2 °C on average was registered in the city. However, the urban park is not always cooler than the surrounding built environment. Consistent long-term monitoring in the cities is very important to provide more accurate climatic information about the UHI and PCI to be applied in urban planning properly, e.g., to provide pleasant thermal comfort in urban spaces.
Low Transmission to Elimination: Rural Development as a Key Determinant of the End-Game Dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in China
Authors: Spear Robert , Zhong Bo , Liang Song
Published: August 2017

Rural development has been a critical component of China’s economic miracle since the start of economic reform in the early 1980s, both benefiting from and contributing to the nation’s rapid economic growth. This development has yielded substantial improvements of public health relevance, including contributing to major reductions in schistosomiasis prevalence. The history of schistosomiasis elimination in Japan suggests that development played a dominant causal role in that nation. We argue that it is highly probable that a similar story is playing out in at least some large regions of China. In particular, we summarize evidence from Sichuan Province which supports the case that economic development has led to improvements in rural irrigation and water supply which, together with changes in crop selection and agricultural mechanization, have all contributed to sustainable reductions in the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum. The two major factors that have experienced major reductions are the area of snail habitat and the degree of human exposure, both through a variety of mechanisms which differ by region and economic circumstance. However, hotspots of transmission remain. Overall, however, economic development in traditionally endemic areas has provided the resources to carry out projects that have had major beneficial impacts on disease transmission that are likely to be sustainable.
Oxo Crater on (1) Ceres: Geological History and the Role of Water-ice
Authors: Nathues A. , Platz T. , Hoffmann M. , Thangjam G. , Cloutis E. A. , Applin D. M. , Le Corre L. , Reddy V. , Mengel K. , Protopapa S. , Takir D. , Preusker F. , Schmidt B. E. , Russell C. T.
Published: August 2017

Dwarf planet Ceres (∅ ∼ 940 km) is the largest object in the main asteroid belt. Investigations suggest that Ceres is a thermally evolved, volatile-rich body with potential geological activity, a body that was never completely molten, but one that possibly partially differentiated into a rocky core and an ice-rich mantle, and may contain remnant internal liquid water. Thermal alteration and the infall of exogenic material contribute to producing a (dark) carbonaceous chondritic-like surface containing ammoniated phyllosilicates. Here we report imaging and spectroscopic analyses of data on the bright Oxo crater derived from the Framing Camera and the Visible and Infrared Spectrometer on board the Dawn spacecraft. We confirm that the transitional complex crater Oxo (∅ ∼ 9 km) exhibits exposed surface water-ice. We show that this water-ice-rich material is associated exclusively with two lobate deposits at pole-facing scarps, deposits that also contain carbonates and admixed phyllosilicates. Due to Oxo’s location at −4802 m below the cerean reference ellipsoid and its very young age of only 190 ka (1σ: +100 ka, −70 ka), Oxo is predestined for ongoing water-ice sublimation.
Dynamics of Massive Atmospheres
Authors: Chemke Rei , Kaspi Yohai
Published: August 2017

The many recently discovered terrestrial exoplanets are expected to hold a wide range of atmospheric masses. Here the dynamic-thermodynamic effects of atmospheric mass on atmospheric circulation are studied using an idealized global circulation model by systematically varying the atmospheric surface pressure. On an Earth analog planet, an increase in atmospheric mass weakens the Hadley circulation and decreases its latitudinal extent. These changes are found to be related to the reduction of the convective fluxes and net radiative cooling (due to the higher atmospheric heat capacity), which, respectively, cool the upper troposphere at mid-low latitudes and warm the troposphere at high latitudes. These together decrease the meridional temperature gradient, tropopause height and static stability. The reduction of these parameters, which play a key role in affecting the flow properties of the tropical circulation, weakens and contracts the Hadley circulation. The reduction of the meridional temperature gradient also decreases the extraction of mean potential energy to the eddy fields and the mean kinetic energy, which weakens the extratropical circulation. The decrease of the eddy kinetic energy decreases the Rhines wavelength, which is found to follow the meridional jet scale. The contraction of the jet scale in the extratropics results in multiple jets and meridional circulation cells as the atmospheric mass increases.
H2 Fluorescence in M Dwarf Systems: A Stellar Origin
Authors: Kruczek Nicholas , France Kevin , Evonosky William , Loyd R. O. Parke , Youngblood Allison , Roberge Aki , Wittenmyer Robert A. , Stocke John T. , Fleming Brian , Hoadley Keri
Published: August 2017

Observations of molecular hydrogen (H2) fluorescence are a potentially useful tool for measuring the H2 abundance in exoplanet atmospheres. This emission was previously observed in

dwarfs with planetary systems. However, low signal-to-noise prevented a conclusive determination of its origin. Possible sources include exoplanetary atmospheres, circumstellar gas disks, and the stellar surface. We use observations from the “Measurements of the Ultraviolet Spectral Characteristics of Low-mass Exoplanet Host Stars” Treasury Survey to study H2 fluorescence in

dwarfs. We detect fluorescence in Hubble Space Telescope spectra of 8/9 planet-hosting and 5/6 non-planet-hosting

dwarfs. The detection statistics, velocity centroids, and line widths of the emission suggest a stellar origin. We calculate H2-to-stellar-ion flux ratios to compare flux levels between stars. For stars with planets, we find an average ratio of

, using the fluxes of the brightest H2 feature and two stellar C iv lines. This is compared to

for stars without planets, showing that the planet-hosting

dwarfs do not have significant excess H2 emission. This claim is supported by the direct FUV imaging of GJ 832, where no fluorescence is observed at the expected star–planet separation. Additionally, the 3σ upper limit of 4.9 × 10−17 erg cm−2 s−1 from these observations is two orders of magnitude below the spectroscopically observed H2 flux. We constrain the location of the fluorescing H2 using 1D radiative transfer models, and find that it could reside in starspots or a ∼2500–3000

region in the lower chromosphere. The presence of this emission could complicate efforts to quantify the atmospheric abundance of H2 in exoplanets orbiting

dwarfs.
A Complete Census of Hα Emitters in NGC 6397
Authors: Pallanca Cristina , Beccari Giacomo , Ferraro Francesco R. , Pasquini Luca , Lanzoni Barbara , Mucciarelli Alessio
Published: August 2017

We used a data set of archival Hubble Space Telescope images obtained through the F555W, F814W, and F656N filters to perform a complete search for objects showing

emission in the globular cluster NGC 6397. As a photometric diagnostic, we used the

color excess in the

–

color–color diagram. In the analyzed field of view, we identified 53

emitters. In particular, we confirmed the optical counterpart to 20 X-ray sources (7 cataclysmic variables, 2 millisecond pulsars and 11 active binaries) and identified 33 previously unknown sources, thus significantly enlarging the population of known active binaries in this cluster. We report the main characteristics for each class of objects. Photometric estimates of the equivalent width of the

emission line were derived from the

-excess and, for the first time, compared to the spectroscopic measurements obtained from the analysis of MUSE spectra. The very good agreement between the spectroscopic and photometric measures fully confirmed the reliability of the proposed approach to measure the

emission. The search demonstrated the efficiency of this novel approach to pinpoint and measure

-emitters, thus offering a powerful tool to conduct a complete census of objects with formations and evolutions that can be strongly affected by dynamical interactions in star clusters.
Habitable Moist Atmospheres on Terrestrial Planets near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around M Dwarfs
Authors: Kopparapu Ravi kumar , Wolf Eric T. , Arney Giada , Batalha Natasha E. , Haqq-Misra Jacob , Grimm Simon L. , Heng Kevin
Published: August 2017

Terrestrial planets in the habitable zones (HZs) of low-mass stars and cool dwarfs have received significant scrutiny recently. Transit spectroscopy of such planets with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents our best shot at obtaining the spectrum of a habitable planet within the next decade. As these planets are likely tidally locked, improved 3D numerical simulations of such planetary atmospheres are needed to guide target selection. Here we use a 3D climate system model, updated with new water-vapor absorption coefficients derived from the HITRAN 2012 database, to study ocean-covered planets at the inner edge of the HZ around late M to mid-K stars (

). Our results indicate that these updated water-vapor coefficients result in significant warming compared to previous studies, so the inner HZ around M dwarfs is not as close as suggested by earlier work. Assuming synchronously rotating Earth-sized and Earth-mass planets with background 1 bar

atmospheres, we find that planets at the inner HZ of stars with

undergo the classical “moist greenhouse” (

mixing ratio

in the stratosphere) at significantly lower surface temperature (∼280 K) in our 3D model compared with 1D climate models (∼340 K). This implies that some planets around low-mass stars can simultaneously undergo water loss and remain habitable. However, for stars with

, planets at the inner HZ may directly transition to a runaway state, while bypassing the moist greenhouse water loss entirely. We analyze transmission spectra of planets in a moist greenhouse regime and find that there are several prominent

features, including a broad feature between 5 and 8 μm, within JWST MIRI instrument range. Thus, relying only on standard Earth-analog spectra with 24 hr rotation period around M dwarfs for habitability studies will miss the strong

features that one would expect to see on synchronously rotating planets around M dwarf stars, with JWST.
Optical Properties of Non-stoichiometric Amorphous Silicates with Application to Circumstellar Dust Extinction
Authors: Tamanai Akemi , Pucci Annemarie , Dohmen Ralf , Gail Hans-Peter
Published: August 2017

We determine the optical constants of non-stoichiometric amorphous magnesium-iron silicates and demonstrate that they can well reproduce the observed mid-infrared emission spectra of evolved stars. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric amorphous magnesium-iron silicate films are fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Transmittance and ellipsometry measurements are performed in the wavelength range between 2 and 200 μm and 1.7 and 33 μm, respectively. Optical constants are derived from transmittance and ellipsometric Ψ and Δ spectra by means of oscillator models. These newly obtained optical constants are applied in radiative transfer models for examining reproducibility of the observed spectral features of circumstellar dust shells around supergiants. The spectra of four selected supergiants are dominated by amorphous silicate dust emission in the wavelength range between 9 and

. To obtain a good fit to the observed spectra, we take into account amorphous corundum and metallic iron particles as additional dust components to the model calculations to rationalize the dust emission at

. For each of the objects, a set of model parameters (dust mass and condensation temperature) is derived by an automated optimization procedure that reproduces the observation well. Consequently, our model spectra using new optical data reveal that the silicate bands at ∼10 and

depend on the magnesium and iron ratio in the silicate system, and that a good fit requires a significant iron content of the amorphous silicate dust component to reproduce the observed peak positions and shape of the silicate bands.
Strongly Misaligned Triple System in SR 24 Revealed by ALMA
Authors: Fernández-López M. , Zapata L. A. , Gabbasov R.
Published: August 2017

We report the detection of the 1.3 mm continuum and the molecular emission of the disks of the young triple system SR24 by analyzing ALMA (The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimter Array) subarcsecond archival observations. We estimate the mass of the disks (0.025 M
☉ and 4 × 10−5
M
⊕ for SR24S and SR24N, respectively) and the dynamical mass of the protostars (1.5 M
☉ and 1.1 M
☉). A kinematic model of the SR24S disk to fit its C18O (2-1) emission allows us to develop an observational method to determine the tilt of a rotating and accreting disk. We derive the size, inclination, position angle, and sense of rotation of each disk, finding that they are strongly misaligned (

) and possibly rotate in opposite directions as seen from Earth, in projection. We compare the ALMA observations with 12CO SMA archival observations, which are more sensitive to extended structures. We find three extended structures and estimate their masses: a molecular bridge joining the disks of the system, a molecular gas reservoir associated with SR24N, and a gas streamer associated with SR24S. Finally, we discuss the possible origin of the misaligned SR24 system, concluding that a closer inspection of the northern gas reservoir is needed to better understand it.
The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. III. Survey of Luminous Quasars at 4.7 ≤ z ≤ 5.4*
Authors: Jeon Yiseul , Im Myungshin , Kim Dohyeong , Kim Yongjung , Jun Hyunsung David , Pak Soojong , Taak Yoon Chan , Baek Giseon , Choi Changsu , Choi Nahyun , Hong Jueun , Hyun Minhee , Ji Tae-Geun , Karouzos Marios , Kim Duho , Kim Jae-Woo , Kim Ji Hoon , Kim Minjin , Kim Sanghyuk , Lee Hye-In , Lee Seong-Kook , Park Won-Kee , Park Woojin , Yoon Yongmin
Published: August 2017

We present the first results of our survey for high-redshift quasars at

. The search for quasars in this redshift range has been known to be challenging due to the limitations of the filter sets used in previous studies. We conducted a quasar survey for two specific redshift ranges, 4.60 ≤ z ≤ 5.40 and 5.50 ≤ z ≤ 6.05, using multi-wavelength data that include observations made with custom-designed filters, is and iz. Using these filters and a new selection technique, we were able to reduce the fraction of interlopers. Through optical spectroscopy, we confirmed six quasars at 4.7 ≤ z ≤ 5.4 with

that recently were discovered independently by another group. We estimated black hole masses and Eddington ratios of four of these quasars from optical and near-infrared spectra, and found that these quasars are undergoing nearly Eddington-limited accretion that is consistent with the rapid growth of supermassive black holes in luminous quasars at z ∼ 5.
Le déclin des cartels dans l’économie de la RFA
Authors: Schröter Harm G. , Joly Hervé , Dupré Michèle
Published: August 2017

Jusqu’en 1945, l’opinion s’était répandue en Allemagne, parmi les industriels, les organisations patronales, les syndicats, les gouvernements, et aussi parmi la majorité des économistes, que les cartels permettraient de remettre en partie de l’ordre dans les tendances chaotiques du capitalisme. Les mentalités étaient fortement orientées en faveur de la cartellisation. Mais l’interdiction américaine des cartels, l’engagement d’économistes allemands et le développement économique exceptionnel des années 1950 et 1960 ont ensuite inversé, sur la base d’une économie structurellement transformée dans un sens défavorable aux cartels, cette appréciation positive. L’évolution s’est cependant, comme tout changement de mentalité, étalée sur de nombreuses années. Elle est même en partie remise en cause depuis les années 1980, en particulier au niveau de la Communauté Européenne : les cartels sont maintenant perçus, dans des circonstances particulières, comme une possibilité de surmonter des crises.
L’entreprise formatrice entre tradition et contestation
Authors: Lattard Alain
Published: August 2017

Le système d’apprentissage n’est pas seulement « dual » par rapport aux lieux d’apprentissage (entreprise / école), il l’est aussi par rapport aux modes de régulation de l’offre (marché libre pour la quantité / standardisation pour la qualité) et au partage du pouvoir (patronat / syndicat). C’est la centralité de l’entreprise qui donne sa cohérence au dispositif, mais la participation syndicale qui lui donne sa légitimité. La genèse du système dual remonte au tournant du siècle, lorsque l’artisanat obtient une représentation corporative et le monopole de l’apprentissage. Ce monopole est bientôt contesté par l’industrie, au nom des besoins modernes de qualification et par le syndicalisme, au nom de la démocratie économique. La synthèse de ces trois apports successifs est tardive. Si l’industrie intègre le système au milieu des années 1930, le syndicalisme en reste exclu jusqu’à la fin des années 1960. Aujourd’hui, le système doit faire face à l’attrait pour les études supérieures et aux exigences de réduction des coûts qui conduisent au désengagement graduel des entreprises.
Si je trouve un successeur je meurs, si je ne trouve pas de successeur je meurs aussi : effet de l’histoire et des logiques d’action des acteurs
Authors: Haddadj Slimane
Published: August 2017

Les transmissions des entreprises ne se comprennent véritablement qu’en intégrant à la fois le poids des traditions et des logiques des acteurs. C’est ainsi que cet article va tenter de mettre en relief que le choix du successeur se construit à parti r des acteurs internes et externes présents dans le jeu successoral, et que ces jeux sont la plupart inscrits dans le poids du passé.
Le lieu d’assignation à résidence dans le bracelet électronique : un marqueur d’inégalités sociales
Authors: Ollivon Franck
Published: August 2017

En tant qu’aménagement de peine en milieu ouvert, le placement sous surveillance électronique ( pse ) impose l’assignation à résidence du condamné pendant certains horaires de la journée. Les logements présentent des caractéristiques très variables d’un placé à l’autre et introduisent ainsi entre les placés des inégalités qui sont de deux ordres, matériel et statutaire. Les inégalités matérielles dépendent des caractéristiques du logement en termes de superficie, de luminosité et d’ouverture sur l’extérieur (balcons, jardin, etc.), toutes choses qui peuvent renforcer l’impression d’enfermement à domicile. Les inégalités de statut concernent la situation sociale du placé au lieu d’assignation où il peut être aussi bien chez lui qu’hébergé par un tiers. Cet article se propose de montrer que les inégalités de statut jouent un rôle central dans une peine de pse et sont plus difficiles à compenser que les inégalités matérielles.
Éditorial. Face aux risques écologiques, des mobilisations variables
Authors: Giblin Béatrice
Published: August 2017

L’écologie politique n’est plus le domaine réservé des partis écologistes. Désormais, les risques écologiques (réchauffement climatique, pollution de l’air, pesticides, etc.) se sont imposés à tous dans les pays riches comme dans les pays émergents. Mais ce n’est pas pour autant que les comportements de tout un chacun et les politiques mises en œuvre par les dirigeants les prennent sérieusement en compte. Le chemin est long entre la prise de conscience des risques et la mise en œuvre des actes pour les limiter. Seules les catastrophes écologiques, mais aussi les atteintes aux paysages et les conséquences négatives sur la santé des individus de certaines pratiques liées à une économie productiviste suscitent la mobilisation de la population concernée et contraignent les responsables politiques à intervenir.
De Notre-Dame-des-Landes à Bure, la folle décennie des « zones à défendre » (2008-2017)
Authors: Subra Philippe
Published: August 2017

Les années 2008-2017 ont vu l’apparition en France de « zones à défendre », une forme de lutte nouvelle qui renouvelle profondément la scène contestataire, par ses modalités (l’occupation permanente des sites des projets contestés pour empêcher le démarrage des chantiers) et par ses acteurs (des militants altermondialistes). La résistance physique à l’expulsion, une bonne utilisation des réseaux sociaux et des médias, l’action de nombreux comités de soutien modifient les rapports de forces entre porteurs des projets et opposants et posent des problèmes inédits à l’État : comment réussir à expulser les zadistes ? Quelle place pour la concertation ? Le référendum local est-il la solution ?
Comparer la réussite des conflits environnementaux en Allemagne et en France : une approche géopolitique
Authors: Meyer Teva
Published: August 2017

Que l’on considère le poids des associations de protection de la nature, la réussite électorale des partis écologistes ou les politiques publiques engagées, les mouvements environnementalistes allemands apparaissent en avance sur leurs homologues français. Loin de toute approche culturaliste, ce succès relatif est la conséquence de rapports de forces, de stratégies d’acteurs ainsi que de représentations géopolitiques et s’appuie sur des structures fédérales plus favorables outre-Rhin. Après avoir synthétisé les débats scientifiques sur les raisons de cet écart franco-allemand, cet article propose d’analyser une décision emblématique de l’environnementalisme outre-Rhin : l’accélération de la sortie du nucléaire en 2011. Celle-ci permet de montrer que, loin d’être uniquement portée par un mouvement écologiste, la réussite de l’environnementalisme allemand est le produit de coalitions mêlant des acteurs aux motivations divergentes, mais aux intérêts communs.
Les débuts du programme électronucléaire français (1945-1974) : de l’exploratoire à l’industriel
Authors: Le Renard Claire
Published: August 2017

Le 6 mars 1974, le Premier ministre P. Messmer présentait ainsi le plan gouvernemental sur l’énergie : « Notre grande chance c’est l’énergie électrique d’origine nucléaire parce que nous avons une bonne expérience dans tout cela. » Cet article de synthèse effectue un retour sur des choix progressifs qui ont fixé, bien avant 1974, les contours du programme électronucléaire français, avec une attention conjointe aux développements technologiques et aux lieux où ils ont été discutés et décidés. Nous proposons trois périodes schématiques : d’abord, de l’après-guerre au milieu des années 1960, la « grandeur de la France » était centrale pour les « pionniers du nucléaire » dans une époque d’expérimentations technologiques. Dans la deuxième période, les coûts étaient l’objet d’une attention particulière, dans un débat sur les filières à choisir pour un programme électronucléaire industriel – dont la troisième période vit la montée en puissance. Nous discutons le caractère « français » ou « européen » attribué à certains développements.
Le Conservatoire du littoral, quarante ans après : quel bilan et quelles perspectives ?
Authors: Joveniaux Aurélie
Published: August 2017

En 1975 était créé le Conservatoire du littoral (CDL), un établissement public national français chargé de mener une politique de protection foncière des espaces naturels littoraux, en association avec les collectivités. Après quarante ans d’action, alors qu’il se trouve à mi-chemin de son objectif phare de préservation d’un « tiers naturel » du littoral d’ici 2050 et alors qu’il a publié en 2015 une nouvelle stratégie d’intervention à long terme, cet article se propose de dresser un bilan et des perspectives. Comment le CDL est-il parvenu à mener une politique concertée et partenariale sur des territoires littoraux soumis à de multiples convoitises et conflits ? Avec quels résultats ? Face à des enjeux qui se multiplient (pressions humaines croissantes, saturation de l’espace, changement climatique et risques côtiers), quels horizons pour le CDL ? La place et la légitimité qu’il a acquises lui permettent-elles de peser plus fortement dans le devenir des territoires littoraux ? Son action pourrait-elle devenir plus difficile et conflictuelle ?
Les prépositions devant les noms de région et de département français
Authors: Leeman Danielle , Falaise Achille
Published: August 2017

Cet article a pour objectif de déterminer le comportement des noms de région et de département français avec les prépositions. Il s’appuie sur un corpus diachronique de 21 millions de mots constitué à partir du journal Le Monde , de commentaires publiés sur le site de TripAdvisor et de sites Web d’offices de tourisme. Le recours à la théorie guillaumienne permet d’expliquer la combinatoire observée, ainsi que les mutations dans les emplois.
D’une encyclopédie à l’autre. L’ascension des locutions prépositionnelles
Authors: Blumenthal Peter
Published: August 2017

En comparant, d’un point de vue stylistique et cognitif, l’ Encyclopédie de Diderot ( xviii e  s.) et l’ Encyclopædia Universalis (début du xxi e  s.), on découvre des différences profondes dans l’organisation du texte et la manière d’argumenter. Nous nous proposons d’interpréter les phénomènes linguistiques apparus dans l’ouvrage moderne à un double niveau : comme effets de nouveaux courants épistémologiques et comme éléments d’une stratégie permettant d’informer efficacement malgré la complexité du thème. Dans les deux cas, le même petit groupe de locutions prépositionnelles sert de vecteur à la manifestation des nouvelles structures.
Corrigendum: Assuring the quality of diagnostic testing: the future is now
Authors: Nkengasong John , Boeras Debrah I. , Abimiku Alash’le , Peeling Rosanna W.
Published: August 2017

No abstract avialable.
A clinical rating scale of speech dysfunction on Parkinson's disease
Authors: Thompson Alison K.
Published: August 2017

The speech dysfunction of Parkinson's disease is complex and individually variable owing to the interaction of muscle rigidity, tremor and disturbance of movement. Eight speech dimensions which are characteristically disturbed in Parkinson's disease are discussed with reference to available research findings. In order to provide a more detailed description of the speech than could be obtained by clinical notes alone, a speech rating scale has been developed, and is presented in summarized form for clinical use. Incidence and progression of the speech dysfunction are considered in addition to the problems of assessment peculiar to the patient with Parkinson's disease.
Die moeder-kind-verhouding by kinders met 'n gesplete lip en/of verhemelte en minimale-brein disfunksie
Authors: Steenekamp Ronél
Published: August 2017

Die doel van hierdie studie is om die invloed van 'n fisies waarneembare afwyking en'n fisies  nie-waarneembare afwyking  op die moeder-kind-verhouding na te gaan. Die moeder-kind-verhouding by twee verskillende afwykings nl. gesplete lip en/of verhemelte en minimale-brein-disfunksie  is bestudeer. Die verhouding tussen die moeder en haar kind is 'n kritiese faktor in die algemene ontwikkeling van die kind. Die kwaliteit van die verhouding kan 'n invloed hê op latere verhoudinge wat die kind in sy lewe aangaan. Daar is gevind dat pre-, peri- en postnatalegebeure hierdie verhouding kan beïnvloed. 'n Werkhipotese is gestel nl. dat die moeder-kind-verhouding betekenisvol swakker is by die ondersoekgroepe as die van die kontrolegroep. Ten einde die hipotese te bewys is "The Mother-Child-Relationship Evaluation"-vraelys ingevul deur moeders met kinders met die genoemde afwykings.  Daar is egter gevind dat daar nie 'n beduidende verskil is in die moeder-kind-verhouding van moeders met kinders wat 'n gesplete lip en/of verhemelte het nie. Moeders met kinders met minimale-brein-disfunksie, is egter geneig om dié kinders te verwerp.
Ensino, aprendizagem e formação de professores para uma EAD viva
Authors: Moura Rosana Silva de , Hardt Lúcia Schneider , Arrias Neide
Published: August 2017

O presente estudo se propõe a discutir o ensino e aprendizagem em educação a distância no ensino superior, a partir de uma experiência em um curso de especialização lato sensu, direcionado à formação continuada de professores, desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (2013-2014). Apresentamos e analisamos a especificidade do Curso de Especialização em Coordenação Pedagógica tendo em vista a perspectiva de uma EAD viva, ancorada em uma base estruturante que contém três elementos, a saber: 1) a aprendizagem é a razão de ser da escola 2) a indiscutível necessidade da prática pedagógica vinculada à gestão democrática na escola, demandando o trabalho colaborativo de seus sujeitos e, 3) a prática pedagógica é também teoria, porquanto quem a exerce é o professor-intelectual. Enfrentados os preconceitos iniciais sobre este formato de educação escolar, nos perguntamos: quais os alcances e limites verificados nesta experiência? Podemos aferir que os resultados desta experiência em educação a distância, ainda em curso, têm levado os professores-alunos a pensarem suas práticas pedagógicas em suas escolas.
Explorando os saberes das professoras em torno da relação educativa: um estudo narrativo
Authors: Arbiol Gonzalez Clara , Molina Galvañ Dolo
Published: August 2017

Neste artigo consideramos o processo que estamos acompanhando em investigação em torno da relação educativa. Colocamos o foco na relação educativa considerando que distintos estudos, nacionais e internacionais, assinalam que é precisamente a presença, a ausência ou a perversão deste vínculo que abre ou limita possibilidades educativas para os estudantes. Nossa finalidade é refletir sobre as práticas e saberes que os docentes colocam em jogo para sustentar a relação educativa. Queremos aprender dos docentes e tratamos de explorar o sentido e as formas de ter em conta estes saberes na formação inicial dos professores.
Filosofia da experiência e formação humana para John Dewey
Authors: Muraro Darcísio Natal
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a concepção de filosofia e sua relação com a formação humana no pensamento de John Dewey. O trabalho visou à análise dos conceitos nas principais obras do autor e seus intérpretes, analisando a reconstrução da filosofia como filosofia da experiência ancorada no método genético, experimental, reflexivo, crítico e criativo. A filosofia da experiência se contrapõe aos dualismos e às filosofias expectadoras do conhecimento, que mantêm a divisão social em classes. O papel da filosofia da experiência é o de racionalizar pela investigação as possibilidades da experiência humana por meio da reconstrução crítica dos significados. A filosofia da experiência é condição de possibilidade para a vida democrática e para uma educação pautada pela liberdade e emancipação humanas.
Intercâmbios agroecológicos: processos e práticas de construção da agroecologia e da educação do campo na zona da mata mineira
Authors: Zanelli Fabrício Vassalli , Silva Lourdes Helena da
Published: August 2017

A Educação do Campo vem se consolidando no Brasil, nas últimas décadas, como um paradigma educacional emancipador, protagonizado pelos povos do campo. Também a agroecologia, nesse período, vem se afirmando enquanto ciência, movimento e prática em defesa do desenvolvimento de uma agricultura ecológica, com a autonomia dos sujeitos que a praticam. Na atualidade da sociedade brasileira, a Educação do Campo e a Agroecologia têm, assim, revelado nítidas convergências. São movimentos, conceitos e práticas que, compartilhando uma concepção de campo, projetam um horizonte de libertação e de transformação social; conferem centralidade ao papel exercido por seus sujeitos sociais; valorizam os conhecimentos e práticas historicamente acumulados e, dessa maneira, contrapõem-se às concepções e ideologias que estigmatizam o campo como lugar de atraso e de ausências. No presente artigo, parte integrante de uma pesquisa sobre a formação de agricultores agroecológicos, buscou-se analisar a experiência dos Intercâmbios Agroecológicos, de maneira a evidenciar alguns limites e potencialidades desta dinâmica de formação em curso na região da Zona da Mata mineira. Na realização desses propósitos, conjugaram-se os procedimentos técnicos de entrevistas semiestruturadas, grupos focais e o método de análise de conteúdo.  Os resultados revelam, entre outros aspectos, a existência de um vigoroso processo de construção e socialização de conhecimentos agroecológicos, que tem fortalecido as dinâmicas sociais dos agricultores e impulsionado o desenvolvimento da Educação do Campo e da Agroecologia na região.
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Authors: Administrator System
Published: August 2017

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Trends and annual cycles in soundings of Arctic tropospheric ozone
Authors: Christiansen Bo , Jepsen Nis , Kivi Rigel , Hansen Georg , Larsen Niels , Korsholm Ulrik Smith
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Ozone soundings from nine Nordic stations have been homogenized and interpolated to standard pressure levels. The different stations have very different data coverage; the longest period with data is from the end of the 1980s to 2014. At each pressure level the homogenized ozone time series have been analysed with a model that includes both low-frequency variability in the form of a polynomial, an annual cycle with harmonics, the possibility for low-frequency variability in the annual amplitude and phasing, and either white noise or noise given by a first-order autoregressive process. The fitting of the parameters is performed with a Bayesian approach not only giving the mean values but also confidence intervals. The results show that all stations agree on a well-defined annual cycle in the free troposphere with a relatively confined maximum in the early summer. Regarding the low-frequency variability, it is found that Scoresbysund, Ny Ålesund, Sodankylä, Eureka, and Ørland show similar, significant signals with a maximum near 2005 followed by a decrease. This change is characteristic for all pressure levels in the free troposphere. A significant change in the annual cycle was found for Ny Ålesund, Scoresbysund, and Sodankylä. The changes at these stations are in agreement with the interpretation that the early summer maximum is appearing earlier in the year. The results are shown to be robust to the different settings of the model parameters such as the order of the polynomial, number of harmonics in the annual cycle, and the type of noise.
Prediction of photosynthesis in Scots pine ecosystems across Europe by needle-level theory
Authors: Hari Pertti , Noe Steffen , Dengel Sigrid , Elbers Jan , Gielen Bert , Grönholm Tiia , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kruijt Bart , Kulmala Liisa , Launiainen Samuli , Lindroth Anders , Petäjä Tuukka , Schurgers Guy , Vanhatalo Anni , Vesala Timo , Kulmala Markku , Bäck Jaana
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Photosynthesis provides carbon for the synthesis of macromolecules to construct cells during growth. This fact generates the key role of photosynthesis in the carbon dynamics of ecosystems (Taiz et al., 2015) and biogenic CO2 consumption. The development of eddy covariance measurements of ecosystem CO2 fluxes started a new era in the field studies of photosynthesis (Baldocchi et al., 2000). However, the interpretation of the very variable CO2 fluxes in evergreen forests has been problematic especially in transition times such as the spring and autumn. We apply two theoretical needle-level equations that connect the variation in the light intensity, stomatal action and the annual metabolic cycle with photosynthesis. We then show that these equations are able to predict quite precisely and accurately the photosynthetic CO2 flux between the atmosphere and different ecosystems in five Scots pine stands located from northern timberline to Central Europe. Our result has strong implications on the interpretation of the effects of the global change on the processes in boreal forests, especially of the changes in the metabolic annual cycle of photosynthesis.
The aerosol-cyclone indirect effect in observations and high-resolution simulations
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Field Paul R. , Schmidt Anja , Grosvenor Daniel P. , Bender Frida A.-M. , Shipway Ben J. , Hill Adrian A. , Wilkinson Jonathan M.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Aerosol-cloud interactions are a major source of uncertainty in predicting 21st century climate change. Using high-resolution, convection-permitting global simulations we predict that increased cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) interacting with midlatitude cyclones will increase their cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), liquid water (CLWP), and albedo. For the first time this effect is shown with 13 years of satellite observations. Causality between enhanced CCN and enhanced cyclone liquid content is supported by the 2014 eruption of Holuhraun. The change in midlatitude cyclone albedo due to enhanced CCN in a surrogate climate model is around 70 % of the change in a high-resolution convection-permitting model, indicating that climate models may underestimate this indirect effect.
Sensitivity of the radiative forcing by stratospheric sulfur geoengineering to the amount and strategy of the SO2 injection studied with the LMDZ-S3A model
Authors: Kleinschmitt Christoph , Boucher Olivier , Platt Ulrich
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The enhancement of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer has been proposed as a method of geoengineering to abate global warming. Previous modelling studies found that stratospheric aerosol injection could effectively compensate the warming by greenhouse gases on the global scale, but also that the achievable cooling effect per sulfur mass unit, i.e. the forcing efficiency, decreases with increasing injection rate. In this study we use the atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ with the sectional aerosol module S3A to determine how the forcing efficiency depends on the injected amount, the injection height and the spatio-temporal pattern of injection. We find that the forcing efficiency may decrease more drastically for larger SO2 injections than previously estimated. As a result, the net instantaneous radiative forcing does not exceed −2 W m−2 for continuous equatorial injections and it decreases (in absolute value) for the largest injection rates simulated (50 Tg S yr−1). In contrast to other studies, the net radiative forcing in our experiments is fairly constant with injection height (in a range 17 to 23 km) for a given amount of SO2 injected. Also spreading the SO2 injections between 30 °S and 30 °N or injecting only seasonally from varying latitudes does not result in a significantly larger (i.e. more negative) radiative forcing. Other key characteristics of our simulations include a consequent stratospheric heating caused by absorption of solar and infrared radiation by the aerosol, changes in stratospheric dynamics, with a collapse of the quasi-biennial oscillation at larger injection rates, which has impacts on the resulting spatial aerosol distribution, size and optical properties.
Version 2 of the IASI NH3 neural network retrieval algorithm; near-real time and reanalysed datasets
Authors: Van Damme Martin , Whitburn Simon , Clarisse Lieven , Clerbaux Cathy , Hurtmans Daniel , Coheur Pierre-François
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Recently, Whitburn et al. (2016) presented a neural network-based algorithm for retrieving atmospheric ammonia (NH3) columns from IASI satellite observations. In the past year, several improvements have been introduced and the resulting new baseline version, ANNI-NH3-v2, is documented here. One of the main changes to the algorithm is that separate neural networks were trained for land and sea observations, resulting in a better training performance for both groups. By reducing and transforming the input parameter space, performance is now also better for observations associated with favourable sounding conditions (i.e. enhanced thermal contrasts). Other changes relate to the introduction of a bias correction over sea and the treatment of the satellite zenith angle. In addition to these algorithmic changes, new recommendations for post-filtering the data and for averaging data in time or space are formulated. We also introduce a second dataset (ANNI-NH3-v2R-I) which relies on ERA-Interim ECMWF meteorological input data, along with built-in surface temperature, rather than the operationally provided Eumetsat IASI L2 data used for the standard near-real time version. The need for such a dataset emerged after a series of sharp discontinuities were identified in the NH3 timeseries, which could be traced back to incremental changes in the IASI L2 algorithms for temperature and clouds. The reanalysed dataset is coherent in time and can therefore be used to study trends. Furthermore, both datasets agree reasonably well in the mean on recent data, after the date when the IASI meteorological L2 version 6 became operational (30 September 2014).
Quantification of the effect of modeled lightning NO2 on UV-visible air mass factors
Authors: Laughner Joshua L. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Space-borne measurements of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns are up to 10x more sensitive to upper tropospheric NO2 than near-surface NO2 over low reflectivity surfaces. Here, we quantify the effect of adding simulated lightning NO2 to the a priori profiles for NO2 observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument using modeled NO2 profiles from the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. With observed NO2 profiles from the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) aircraft campaign as observational truth, we quantify the bias in the NO2 column that occurs when lightning NO2 is not accounted for in the a priori profiles. Focusing on the central and eastern United States, we find that a simulation without lightning NO2 underestimates the air mass factor (AMF) by 26% on average for common summer OMI viewing geometry, and 35 % for viewing geometries that will be encountered by geostationary satellites. Using a simulation with 500 to 665 mol NO per flash produces good agreement with observed NO2 profiles and reduces the bias in the AMF to
High-resolution digital mapping of soil organic carbon in permafrost terrain using machine-learning: A case study in a sub-Arctic peatland environment
Authors: Siewert Matthias B.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in northern peatlands and permafrost affected soils are key components in the global carbon cycle. I quantify SOC stocks in a sub-arctic mountainous peatland environment in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Abisko, northern Sweden. Four machine-learning techniques are evaluated: multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, support vector machine and random forest. The random forest approach performed best and was used to predict SOC for several depth increments at a spatial resolution of 2 ×2 m. A high-resolution (1 × 1 m) land cover classification generated for this study is the most relevant predictive variable. The landscape mean SOC storage (0–150 cm) is estimated to 7.9 ± 8.0 kg C m−2 and the SOC stored in the top meter (0–100 cm) to 7.0 ± 6.3 kg C m−2. The predictive modeling highlights the relative importance of wetland areas and in particular peat plateaus for the landscape SOC storage. A surprising large number of small scale wetland areas are mapped forming very local hot-spots of SOC storage. The results show that robust SOC predictions are possible with the available methods and very high-resolution remote sensing data. Strong environmental gradients associated with land cover and permafrost distribution are the most challenging methodological aspect. However, in this study, at local, regional and circum-Arctic scale the main factor limiting robust, high-resolution SOC mapping efforts is the scarcity of soil pedon data from across the entire environmental space. For the Absiko region, past SOC and permafrost dynamics indicate that most of the SOC is barely 2000 years old and very dynamic in wetland areas with permafrost related landforms. Future research needs to investigate the geomorphic response of permafrost degradation and the fate of SOC across all landscape compartments in post-permafrost landscapes.
Bumps in river profiles: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Schwanghart Wolfgang , Scherler Dirk
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The analysis of longitudinal river profiles is an important tool for studying landscape evolution. However, characterizing river profiles based on digital elevation models (DEM) suffers from errors and artifacts that particularly prevail along valley bottoms. The aim of this study is to characterize uncertainties that arise from the analysis of river profiles derived from different, near-globally available DEMs. We devised new algorithms – quantile carving and the CRS algorithm – that rely on quantile regression to enable hydrological correction and uncertainty quantification of river profiles. We find that globally available DEMs commonly overestimate river elevations in steep topography. The distributions of elevation errors become increasingly wider and right-skewed if adjacent hillslope gradients are steep. Our analysis indicates that the AW3D DEM has the highest precision and lowest bias for the analysis of river profiles in mountainous topography. The new 12-m resolution TanDEM-X DEM has a very low precision, most likely due to the combined effect of steep valley- walls and the presence of water surfaces in valley bottoms. Compared to the conventional approaches of carving and filling, we find that our new approach is able to reduce the elevation bias and errors in longitudinal river profiles.