bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Low‐Income Versus Higher‐Income Individuals Seeking an Online Relationship Intervention
Authors: Williamson Hannah C. , Nguyen Thao T. T. , Rothman Karen , Doss Brian D.
Published: October 2019

Compared to higher‐income couples, low‐income couples experience higher rates of relationship disruption, including divorce and breakup of cohabiting relationships. In recognition of this disparity in relationship outcomes, relationship interventions have increasingly been targeted at this population. However, these interventions have had limited impacts on the relationships of low‐income couples. Developing interventions that are effective and responsive to the needs of low‐income couples requires descriptive data on the challenges those couples perceive in their own relationships and an assessment of how their needs compare to the more affluent couples typically served by relationship interventions. The current study sampled over 5,000 individuals at the time they were seeking an online relationship intervention and compared the relationship functioning and life circumstances reported by low‐income individuals to that of higher‐income individuals. Results indicate that low‐income individuals seeking a relationship intervention had higher levels of relationship distress (lower relationship satisfaction, more intense primary relationship problems, and less relationship stability), and had greater levels of contextual stress (more children living at home, less likely to be employed full‐time, and lower levels of perceived health). Results suggest that future interventions designed to target low‐income couples, as well as practitioners working with low‐income couples, should be prepared to handle higher levels of relationship distress and contextual stressors than they may typically see in more affluent couples.
Structural conformation and self‐assembly process of p31‐43 gliadin peptide in aqueous solution. Implications for celiac disease
Authors: Herrera María Georgina , Gómez Castro María Florencia , Prieto Eduardo , Barrera Exequiel , Dodero Veronica Isabel , Pantano Sergio , Chirdo Fernando
Published: October 2019

Celiac disease (CeD) is a highly prevalent chronic immune‐mediated enteropathy developed in genetically predisposed individuals after ingestion of a group of wheat proteins (called gliadins and glutenins). The 13mer α‐gliadin peptide, p31‐43, induces proinflammatory responses, observed by in vitro assays and animal models, that may contribute to innate immune mechanisms of CeD pathogenesis. Since a cellular receptor for p31‐43 has not been identified, this raises the question of whether this peptide could mediate different biological effects. In this work, we aimed to characterize the p31‐43 secondary structure by different biophysical and in silico techniques. By dynamic light scattering and using an oligomer/fibril‐sensitive fluorescent probe, we showed the presence of oligomers of this peptide in solution. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy analysis showed p31‐43 oligomers with different height distribution. Also, peptide concentration had a very strong influence on peptide self‐organization process. Oligomers gradually increased their size at lower concentration. Whereas, at higher ones, oligomers increased their complexity, forming branched structures. By CD, we observed that p31‐43 self‐organized in a polyproline II conformation in equilibrium with β‐sheets‐like structures, whose pH remained stable in the range of 3–8. In addition, these findings were supported by molecular dynamics simulation. The formation of p31‐43 nanostructures with increased β‐sheet structure may help to explain the molecular etiopathogenesis in the induction of proinflammatory effects and subsequent damage at the intestinal mucosa in CeD.
Protein kinase Cα mediates recovery of renal and mitochondrial functions following acute injury
Authors: Nowak Grazyna , Megyesi Judit
Published: October 2019

Previously, we have shown that active protein kinase Cα (PKCα) promotes recovery of mitochondrial function after injury in vitro [Nowak G & Bakajsova D (2012) Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303, F515‐F526]. This study examined whether PKCα regulates recovery of mitochondrial and kidney functions after ischemia‐induced acute injury (AKI) in vivo. Markers of kidney injury were increased after bilateral ischemia and returned to normal levels in wild‐type (WT) mice. Maximum mitochondrial respiration and activities of respiratory complexes and FoF1‐ATPase decreased after ischemia and recovered in WT mice. Reperfusion after ischemia was accompanied by translocation of active PKCα to mitochondria. PKCα deletion reduced mitochondrial respiration and activities of respiratory complex I and FoF1‐ATPase in noninjured kidneys, indicating that PKCα is essential in developing fully functional renal mitochondria. These changes in PKCα‐deficient mice were accompanied by lower levels of complex I subunits (NDUFA9 and NDUFS3) and the γ‐subunit of FoF1‐ATPase. Also, lack of PKCα exacerbated ischemia‐induced decreases in respiration, complex I and FoF1‐ATPase activities, and blocked their recovery after injury, indicating a crucial role of PKCα in promoting mitochondrial recovery after AKI. Further, PKCα deletion exacerbated acetylation and succinylation of key mitochondrial proteins of energy metabolism after ischemia due to decreases in deacetylase and desuccinylase (sirtuin3 and sirtuin5) levels in renal mitochondria. Thus, our data show a novel role for PKCα in regulating levels of mitochondrial sirtuins and acetylation and succinylation of key mitochondrial proteins. We conclude that PKCα deletion: (a) affects renal physiology by decreasing mitochondrial capacity for maximum respiration; (b) blocks recovery of mitochondrial functions, renal morphology, and functions after AKI; and (c) decreases survival after AKI.

Enzymes

Protein kinase C: EC 2.7.11.13; NADH : ubiquinone reductase (H+‐translocating; complex I): EC 7.1.1.2; FoF1‐ATPase (H+‐transporting two‐sector ATPase): EC 7.1.2.2; Succinate : ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II): EC 1.3.5.1; Ubiquinol : cytochrome‐c reductase (complex III): EC 7.1.1.8; Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV): EC 1.9.3.1; NAD‐dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin‐3, mitochondrial: EC 2.3.1.286; NAD‐dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin‐5, mitochondrial: EC 3.5.1.‐; Proteinase K (peptidase K): EC 3.4.21.64.
“Skilled white bodies”: Portuguese workers in Angola as a case of North–South migration
Authors: Augusto Asaf , King Russell
Published: October 2019

The economic crisis which has affected the southern EU countries since 2008 set in motion new migration trends. In the case of Portugal, post‐crisis migrations have been in two main directions: northwards to more prosperous European countries, and southwards to former colonies in Africa, notably the oil‐producing state of Angola. Focusing on this latter migration, the paper is structured around two main questions. First, which migration‐theoretic frameworks can be deployed to explain this new North–South migration flow? Relevant concepts include the notion of Portugal as “semi‐periphery” within European and global migration systems; the role of post‐colonial theory, especially ideas about “coloniality” and “Lusotropicalism”; and the function of myth and racialised discourse in constructing this as a high‐skilled migration. The second question is more empirical and relates to the descriptive characteristics of the Portuguese migration to Angola and to the experiences of the migrants and their Angolan co‐workers and employers. Key here is a deconstruction of the notion of “skill” in Portuguese migrants’ experiences of employment in Angola. The empirical analysis is based on interviews with 45 migrants, their co‐workers and employers, and other key informants.
Total factor productivity and the factors of green industry in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Song Malin , Li Hui
Published: October 2019

Based on industrial panel data from 11 prefecture‐level cities in Shanxi Province from 2008 to 2016, two kinds of total factor productivity (TFP) are measured: With and without the consideration of environmental factors. The specific decomposition of TFP under these two conditions is then discussed. Finally, the factors of TFP are studied in a green industry context. The results indicate the following: (a) The TFP's annual growth rate considering environmental conditions is higher than that without such consideration; (b) if environmental factors are neglected, TFP improvements primarily depend on technological progress; (c) when considering environmental factors, both technological progress and improved technological efficiency promote the growth of green TFP (GTFP), but this still primarily depends on substantial technological progress, with an annual average growth rate that reaches 10.2%; and (d) among factors, the economic development level, degree of openness, and urbanization positively correlate with the GTFP, while the industrial structure and degree of informatization significantly and negatively correlate with GTFP.
Hair surface quality: Laser scattering as a tool for characterizing the surface condition and deposits from shampoos and conditioners
Authors: Puccetti G. , Kulcsar L.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The hair surface condition underlies many visually perceived attributes such as shine, colour and the 3D perception of a curly hair style. Many factors can alter the hair surface such as cumulated cleansing/styling regimens or chemical treatments which can lead to degradation of the cuticle edges and surface. Similarly, pollutants, sebum, and shampoo/conditioners can build up on the hair surface which are also perceivable to an observer.

Methods

The highly directive light of a laser is reflected and scattered by the surface of hair fibres into a circular pattern. The angular and spatial characteristics of this pattern reflect the hair geometry and the quality of the hair surface, i.e. the outer cuticle layer. Dark flat hair tresses were used to measure the impact of artificial sebum and shampoo/conditioner regimens on the cuticle surfaces. Also, longer single hair fibres from 4 volunteers were characterized for their surface changes from roots to tips, i.e. over the chronological age of the hair.

Results

The laser scattering shows clear changes in specular reflection characteristics from treatments and allows for the extraction of the cuticle inclination angle with respect to the hair axis. Deep cleansing or clarifying shampoos do partially restore the cuticle angle by removing residues on the hair surface whereas more conditioning systems can lead to changes in specular reflection angle and scattering, especially for multiple cycles of shampoo + conditioner treatments. Lastly, changes in hair surface can be traced over time of hair age by this approach and are consistent with frequency and nature of hair treatments.

Conclusions

The method shows great potential for characterizing cleansing regimens in terms of their impact on the hair surface, either as single or multiple washes. Coverage or damage to the hair cuticles appears readily as an angle shift of the specular reflection whereas the quality of the surface topology has a direct impact on the angular width of the specular reflection thus affecting the shine band on a person’s head. Hair ageing from root to tip can be quantified by laser scattering and correlates well with treatment events in time.
Community‐based management of complex type 2 diabetes: adaptation of an integrated model of care in a general practice setting
Authors: Davis Timothy M. E. , Drinkwater Jocelyn J. , Fegan P. Gerry , Chikkaveerappa Krishnamurthy , Sillars Brett , Davis Wendy A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Overburdened hospital clinics can have adverse outcomes.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness and patient acceptability of an integrated model of complex type 2 diabetes care delivered in a community‐based general practice by upskilled general practitioners (GP) co‐located with an endocrinologist and diabetes nurse educator.

Methods

Patients transferred from hospital clinic lists or referred by local GP were assessed in two southern Perth practices. An upskilled GP and endocrinologist developed a management plan which was communicated to the participant's usual GP. Up to two follow‐up visits over 6 months ensured that management was acceptable and effective.

Results

A total of 464 people with type 2 diabetes (mean ± standard deviation age = 59.3 ± 13.7 years, 52.2% males) was enrolled. Their mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 9.3% (78 mmol/mol) and their mean body mass index 33.7 kg/m2. Use of injectable blood glucose‐lowering therapies increased between the initial and final visit in association with a median HbA1c reduction of 1.2% (13 mmol/mol) which was sustained to 12 months in assessable participants. There were also reductions in blood pressure, and serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Patient satisfaction with current treatment, time for self‐management, time spent in diabetes‐related appointments and diabetes knowledge increased significantly. Non‐attendance for scheduled appointments was <10%. Local hospital referrals and waiting lists reduced over the study period.

Conclusions

This study confirms the value of integrated community‐based care of complex type 2 diabetes which could represent a sustainable solution to overburdened hospital diabetes outpatient clinics.
The distribution of the orange‐striped green anemone, Diadumene lineata, in relation to environmental factors along coastal British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Konecny Cassandra A. , Harley Christopher D. G.
Published: October 2019

The cosmopolitan nonindigenous sea anemone, Diadumene lineata, has been recorded from the Pacific coast of Canada since 1859. Despite its long historical presence in the region, the factors influencing the distribution of this species in British Columbia, Canada, are poorly understood, as are the factors that may restrict its local abundance. We conducted large‐scale surveys of D. lineata during the winter and summer of 2016, coupled with higher frequency surveys at one focal site. Furthermore, we used laboratory and field experiments to determine the potential importance of a large‐scale driver, salinity, and a small‐scale driver, microhabitat within boulders, in setting distributional limits at various spatial scales. Our results confirm that D. lineata is widely distributed within the Salish Sea. This broad distribution may be facilitated by post‐introduction dispersal; we observed anemones attached to floating substrata, and a few mature specimens contained eggs, suggesting that reproduction is perhaps not limited to asexual fission. We found that D. lineata was abundant throughout the year, although absent from the lowest salinity sites. This corresponded with our laboratory experiments, in which survival of individuals of D. lineata declined at salinities below 10 psu, and no survivors were observed at or below 2 psu. Manipulative experiments in the field demonstrated that survival was high under rocks where D. lineata is commonly found, but was reduced on the tops of rocks, highlighting the importance of microhabitat refugia in buffering temperature and reducing desiccation. A better understanding of the factors that limit the broad‐scale and local distribution of this anemone are an important step in determining potential ecological impacts of this organism and how distributions may shift into the future.
The trophic niche of sculpins Cottus spp. in forage fish assemblages of boreal lakes
Authors: Mozzon Christina M. , Lescord Gretchen L. , Savage Pascale‐Laure , Johnston Thomas A.
Published: October 2019

We compared the trophic niches of freshwater sculpins Cottus spp. with those of other co‐habiting forage fishes in two groups of boreal lakes with distinct habitats and fish communities. Near North Lakes (45° 00′ to 47° 30′ N) were deeper, stratified and contained lake trout Salvelinus namaycush as the apex piscivore, whereas Far North Lakes (51° 10′ to 52° 20′ N) were shallower, did not stratify and contained pike Esox lucius and walleye Sander vitreus as the apex piscivores. Trophic niches of sculpins and other forage fishes were compared based on niche metrics calculated from muscle stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios. In Near North Lakes, sculpins were found almost exclusively in deep, offshore waters and their niche positions reflected a greater reliance on pelagic production (lower δ13C) and a higher trophic elevation (higher δ15N) compared with most other forage fishes. Furthermore, sculpins in Near North Lakes tended to have larger trophic niches (occupied greater area in δ13C– δ15N space), particularly in the food chain (δ15N) dimension, than other cohabiting forage fishes. In contrast, sculpins in Far North Lakes were commonly found in the nearshore and had trophic niche positions and sizes that were similar to those of the other cohabiting forage fishes. This study illustrates the flexibility in the realised trophic niches of sculpins in relation to habitat availability and fish community composition in boreal lakes.
Experimental infection of Mytilus edulis by two Vibrio splendidus‐related strains: Determination of pathogenicity level of strains and influence of the origin and annual cycle of mussels on their sensitivity
Authors: Charles Maud , Trancart Suzanne , Oden Elise , Houssin Maryline
Published: October 2019

This study aimed at assessing the pathogenicity of two Vibrio splendidus‐related species and evaluating the influence of the origin and annual life cycle of mussels on their sensitivity during a bacterial challenge. Thus, in vivo infection assays were made with Vibrio crassostreae 7T4_12 and Vibrio splendidus 3G1_6, over, respectively, thirteen and 9 months, on adult blue mussels from five recruitment areas in France. Two bacterial concentrations were tested: one consistent with the loads of Vibrio spp. in environment and mussel tissues (~105 CFU/ml) and another one much higher (~108 CFU/ml). The tested environmental concentration has no pathogenic effect whatever the time of year, the strain used and the origin of mussels. However, at the highest concentration, a pathogenic effect was observed only at specific moments, and one of the origins appeared to be more resistant. The physiological state of mussels—depending on the time of year—seemed significant in mussels’ sensitivity, as their recruitment origin. This study is the first to test the pathogenicity of V. splendidus‐related strains at concentrations close to what is found in the wild, over the annual cycle of mussels, and considering their origin.
Vaccine innovations for emerging infectious diseases—a symposium report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Srikantiah Padmini , Crowe James E. , Pulendran Bali , Hill Adrian , Ginsberg Ann , Koff Wayne , Mathew Anuja , Ng Tony , Jansen Kathrin , Glenn Gregory , Permar Sallie , Wilson Ian , Weiner David B. , Weissman Drew , Rappuoli Rino
Published: October 2019

Vaccines have been incredibly successful at stemming the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases worldwide. However, there are still no effective vaccines for many serious and potentially preventable infectious diseases. Advances in vaccine technology, including new delivery methods and adjuvants, as well as progress in systems biology and an increased understanding of the human immune system, hold the potential to address these issues. In addition, maternal immunization has opened an avenue to address infectious diseases in neonates and very young infants. This report summarizes the presentations from a 1‐day symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences entitled “Innovative Vaccines against Resistant Infectious Diseases and Emerging Threats,” held on May 20, 2019.
Recent advances of marine ornamental fish larviculture: broodstock reproduction, live prey and feeding regimes, and comparison between demersal and pelagic spawners
Authors: Chen Jun Yu , Zeng Chaoshu , Jerry Dean R. , Cobcroft Jennifer M.
Published: October 2019

Marine ornamental fish are a key component of the multimillion‐dollar marine aquarium trade industry, a controversial industry due to current heavy reliance on wild‐collected specimens. Aquaculture of marine ornamental fish is considered as a sustainable alternative, but it is still in the early stage of development. This review focuses on the current state of marine ornamental fish aquaculture, by covering topics on reef fish reproductive biology in captivity, traditional and novel live feeds, feeding regimes and visual environment in larviculture. Where possible, major differences between demersal and pelagic spawners are compared and discussed. Overall, for many ornamental fish species, natural spawning can be achieved in a captive environment without the use of hormone induction; however, sex identification and successful pairing for reef fish species could be a challenge. With the use of both traditional (rotifers and Artemia) and novel live feeds (e.g. marine copepods and ciliates), a range of breakthroughs in larval rearing of both demersal and pelagic spawning ornamental fish species have been achieved in recent years, although larval survival varies. To further improve the larval rearing success of marine ornamental fish, this review suggests that future research should focus on optimizing the use of live feed in terms of both quality and quantity, and establishment of well‐defined species‐specific larval feeding regime, as well as providing appropriate rearing condition through improved manipulation of light conditions and the ‘greenwater’ techniques in larval rearing.
Patterns of settlement within a restored mussel bed site
Authors: Wilcox Mark , Kelly Shane , Jeffs Andrew
Published: October 2019

The failure of depleted bivalve populations to recover naturally is often due to a breakdown in recruitment processes, such as a lack of larvae or suitable settlement substrate. The identification of these recruitment limitations are a critical initial step for determining an appropriate strategy for restoration. A lack of larval supply and settlement substrate have both been suggested as possible causes of the failure of natural recovery in the green‐lipped mussel population in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, and were therefore examined in this study. Larval mussels settled throughout most of the year directly onto artificial collectors placed within restored adult mussel beds and in the immediate vicinity of the beds at comparatively lower levels than for remnant populations throughout New Zealand. This low settlement coupled with a lack of recruitment to the restored mussel beds suggests larval supply may be limited in the Hauraki Gulf and warrants further examinations into larval dispersal and retention. Larval settlement was also higher on collectors within mussel beds, suggesting the presence of adults enhances larval settlement and highlights the importance of transplanting adult mussels for reestablishing mussel populations.
Upregulated IL‐17A secretion and CCR6 co‐expression in Treg subsets are related to the imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells in active UC patients
Authors: Long Yan , Zhao Xiaotao , Xia Changsheng , Li Xiaoxu , Fan Chunhong , Liu Chen , Wang Chengbin
Published: October 2019

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disease, which is characterized with overactive immune response. It is well established that the imbalance between Tregs and Th17 cells plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of UC. In this study, we investigated the impact of functional changes in Treg subsets on Treg/Th17 ratio and further explored their clinical significance in the activity of UC. Treg subsets were comprehensively analysed using flow cytometry and in vitro cultured in both active and remission UC patients, of which nine active UC patients were further followed up. The correlation analyses were performed to explore the potential associations between Treg subsets and clinical indicators, as well as the impact of serum cytokines, detected by ELISA, on IL‐17A secretion and CCR6 co‐expression of Treg subsets. In active UC patients, we found CD45RA‐FoxP3hiTregs were obviously decreased and inversely correlated with disease activity, while CD45RA+FoxP3loTregs were increased and positively correlated with disease activity. Meanwhile, IL‐17A secretion and CCR6 co‐expression levels in Tregs were significantly increased in active UC. Moreover, Tregs co‐expressing CCR6 possesses higher level of IL‐17A secretion. In nine followed up patients, we observed downregulated IL‐17A secreting and CCR6 co‐expression when achieving remission from active stage. In addition, IL‐17A+FoxP3+ and IL‐17A+FoxP3+CCR6+Tregs were positively correlated with serum IL‐21 and disease activity, respectively. These findings suggested that upregulated IL‐17A secretion and CCR6 co‐expression in Treg subsets may be related to the imbalance between Tregs and Th17 cells and associated with the disease activity in UC patients.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for nonischemic diabetic ulcers: A systematic review
Authors: Lalieu Rutger C. , Brouwer Robin J. , Ubbink Dirk T. , Hoencamp Rigo , Bol Raap René , van Hulst Rob A.
Published: October 2019

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetes, which affects 25% of patients and may ultimately lead to amputation of affected limbs. Research suggests hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves healing of these ulcers. However, this has not been reflected in previous reviews, possibly because they did not differentiate between patients with and without peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of published literature in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases on nonischemic diabetic foot ulcers with outcome measures including complete ulcer healing, amputation rate (major and minor), and mortality. Seven studies were included, of which two were randomized clinical trials. Two studies found no difference in major amputation rate, whereas one large retrospective study found 2% more major amputations in the hyperbaric oxygen group. However, this study did not correct for baseline differences. Two studies showed no significant difference in minor amputation rate. Five studies reporting on complete wound healing showed no significant differences. In conclusion, the current evidence suggests that hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not accelerate wound healing and does not prevent major or minor amputations in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer without peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Based on the available evidence, routine clinical use of this therapy cannot be recommended. However, the available research for this specific subgroup of patients is scarce, and physicians should counsel patients on expected risks and benefits. Additional research, focusing especially on patient selection criteria, is needed to better identify patients that might profit from this therapy modality.
Decellularization methods for developing porcine corneal xenografts and future perspectives
Authors: Isidan Abdulkadir , Liu Shaohui , Li Ping , Lashmet Matthew , Smith Lester J. , Hara Hidetaka , Cooper David K. C. , Ekser Burcin
Published: October 2019

Corneal transplantation is the only option to cure corneal opacities. However, there is an imbalance between supply and demand of corneal tissues in the world. To solve the problem of corneal shortage, corneal xenotransplantation studies have been implemented in the past years using porcine corneas. The corneal xenografts could come from (a) wild‐type pigs, (b) genetically engineered pigs, (c) decellularized porcine corneas, and (d) decellularized porcine corneas that are recellularized with human corneal cells, eventually with patients' own cells, as in all type of xenografts. All approaches except, the former would reduce or mitigate recipient immune responses. Although several techniques in decellularization have been reported, there is still no standardized protocol for the complete decellularization of corneal tissue. Herein, we reviewed different decellularization methods for porcine corneas based on the mechanism of action, decellularization efficacy, biocompatibility, and the undesirable effects on corneal ultrastructure. We compared 9 decellularization methods including: (a) sodium dodecyl sulfate, (b) triton x‐100, (c) hypertonic saline, (d) human serum with electrophoresis, (e) high hydrostatic pressure, (f) freeze‐thaw, (h) nitrogen gas, (h) phospholipase A2, and (i) glycerol with chemical crosslinking methods. It appears that combined methods could be more useful to perform efficient corneal decellularization.
Numerical Simulation of Liquid-Liquid Taylor Flow With Heat Transfer
Authors: Kwakkel Marcel , Fernandino Maria , Dorao Carlos A.
Published: October 2019

Numerical simulation of Taylor flows presents several challenges. At the dynamic interface physical properties are discontinuous, which is especially challenging for the thin film between the droplet and the wall. Phase-field methods, which are derived from thermodynamic principles, define the interface as a smooth transition between phases. By coupling the Cahn-Hilliard equation with the Navier-Stokes and energy equation, both interface dynamics and heat transfer can be captured. In the work presented, the resulting system of equations are solved by a parallel h-adaptive least-squares spectral element method. To approximate the solution with sufficient numerical accuracy, C1 Hermite basis functions and a space-time formulation have been applied. It is widely accepted in the literature that the droplet characteristics such as length, velocity and dynamic interaction among them affect the heat transfer properties of Taylor flow. To gain understanding, their effect on heat transfer and pressure drop for liquid-liquid Taylor flow in microchannels must be studied in more detail.
Effects of Channel Length and Chevron Angle on Pressure Drop in the Entrance Region of Corrugated Rib Channels
Authors: Hamoda M. A. , Pope K. , Muzychka Y. S.
Published: October 2019

Plates with corrugated walls are used in plate heat exchangers for heat transfer enhancement usually at the expense of the fluid friction. In this paper, the effects of varying channel lengths and corrugation angles on the pressure drop in corrugated rib channels are examined. Water was used as the working fluid and the Reynolds number varied over the range 400 ≤ ReDe ≤ 2,500. The test fixture is constructed from aluminum and the plates core were machined with the same corrugation depth, 1.14 mm, but with different lengths, 10.16 cm and 20.32 cm and different corrugation inclination angles, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The hydraulic diameter of the formed channel is about 2.0 mm. Experimental results show that the friction factor for the short ribbed plates is significantly higher than those of the longer ribbed plates. In addition, the pressure drop increases with an increase of the corrugation angle for all ribbed plates tested. Based on the experimental results, correlations for predicting friction factor are proposed.
Performance of Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems Integrated With Double Layer Microchannel Heat Sink
Authors: Radwan Ali , Awad Mohamed M. , Ookawara Shinichi , Ahmed Mahmoud
Published: October 2019

In this study, a new design of double layer microchannel heat sink (DL-MCHS) has been monolithically fabricated using 3D metal printer and experimentally examined as a heat sink for concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems. Single phase liquid cooling using ethanol and flow boiling cooling using NOVEC-7000 coolant in the designed DL-MCHS are experimentally compared. The results proved that using the flow boiling cooling technique for the CPV systems attained a lower solar cell temperature with high temperature uniformity. In more details, flow boiling in counterflow (CF) operated DL-MCHS, attained a very low solar cell temperature close to the NOVEC-7000 boiling point with temperature uniformity of 0.2 °C over a wide range of coolant flow rate from 25–250 ml/hr.
Stability and Scalar Transport in Laminar Non-Newtonian Flow in a Bifurcating T-Junction
Authors: Chatterjee Ajay , Khalkhal Fatemeh
Published: October 2019

We consider the prototype bifurcating T-junction planar flow and compare the stability of the steady two-dimensional flow field for a Newtonian and a shear thinning inelastic fluid. Global stability of the flow to two-dimensional perturbations is analyzed using numerical solutions of the linear perturbation equation. Calculations are performed for two flow ratios between the main channel and the bifurcating channel, and for two different values of the time constant in the non-Newtonian rheological model. The results show that although the steady flow remains stable to two-dimensional perturbations for Newtonian Reynolds number up to ∼ 400, shear thinning is destabilizing in that the decay rate of the perturbation field is slower. The perturbation growth rate curves for all of the different cases may be correlated by volume averaging the local Reynolds number over the flow domain, indicating that the effect of shear thinning on stability may be described using a suitably defined average Reynolds number. These stability results provide some justification for CFD calculations of steady non-Newtonian two-dimensional flows presented in earlier papers. Since scalar transport is of interest in this flow field, we also present some numerical calculations for the Nusselt number profile along the bifurcating channel wall. The results show that for the shear thinning fluid the scalar transport rate is differentially larger by ∼ 75% across one of the bifurcating channel walls, a consequence of fluid rheology enhancing the effect of flow asymmetry in the entrance region of the bifurcation.
Spécificités socio-politiques et culturelles de la destinée d’un jeu de balle traditionnel rural français: la non-sportivisation de la soule (choule)
Authors: Loudcher Jean-François
Published: October 2019

La soule, aussi dénommée choule, sole ou chole selon les lieux et les époques en France, peut être assimilée à un jeu d’affrontement rural déployant une certaine « violence » entre deux groupes d’individus. Il s’agit de porter une « balle », par presque tous les moyens, dans une grange, un étang ou, plus généralement, dans un lieu désigné à l’avance. Le jeu se déroule alors à certains jours « marqués » (dimanche, Pâques, Noël…). Toutefois, il décline entre le XVIIIe et le XIXe siècle alors qu’il était fortement pratiqué dans certaines régions au point de s’éteindre presque complètement. Par contre, il continue à être pratiqué outre-Manche et, de surcroît, ouvre sur le rugby et le football. Pourquoi cette pratique traditionnelle ne s’est-elle pas sportivisée en France? Á partir de l’étude d’un certain nombre de sources originales, bien que rares et éparses, il est possible d’avancer l’idée que ce jeu, malgré certaines diversités locales, ne s’est pas « sportivisée » dans ce pays parce qu’une forme particulière de pratique s’est répandue développant des caractéristiques peu favorables à une transformation « sportive ». Dès lors, et par comparaison avec sa consœur britannique, quelques raisons spécifiques au contexte français d’ordre géo-politique, social et culturel limitant les modifications d’une telle pratique sont avancées.
Deep sleep drives brain fluid oscillations
Authors: Grubb Søren , Lauritzen Martin
Published: October 2019

Rhythmic fluid flows in deep sleep may allow communication and clearance of waste products
The Small Protein CydX Is Required for Cytochrome
bd
Quinol Oxidase Stability and Function in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium: a Phenotypic Study
Authors: Duc Kieu Minh , Kang Bo Gyeong , Lee Choa , Park Hee Jeong , Park Yoon Mee , Joung Young Hee , Bang Iel Soo
Published: October 2019

Cytochrome
bd
quinol oxidases, which are found only in bacteria, govern the fitness of many facultative anaerobic pathogens by promoting respiration in low-oxygen environments and by conferring resistance to antimicrobial radicals. Thus, cytochrome
bd
complex assembly and activity are considered potential therapeutic targets. Here we report that the small protein CydX is required for the assembly and function of the cytochrome
bd
complex in
S
. Typhimurium under stress conditions, including exposure to β-mercaptoethanol, nitric oxide, or the phagocytic intracellular environment, demonstrating its crucial function for
Salmonella
fitness. However, cytochrome
bd
inactivation also leads to increased resistance to some antibiotics, so considerable caution should be taken when developing therapeutic strategies targeting the CydX-dependent cytochrome
bd
.
Treating schizophrenia: the quality of evidence behind treatment recommendations and how it can improve
Authors: Aran Greg , Hicks Chandler , Demand Alexander , Johnson Austin L , Beaman Jason , Bailey Yakiji , Haught Melissa , Lane Aaron , Sinnett Philip , Vassar Matt
Published: October 2019

Objective

To assess the methodological and reporting quality of systematic reviews that comprise the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia
and to determine the extent to which results from Cochrane systematic reviews published after guideline development would alter or confirm current recommendations.

Participants

Systematic reviews that underpinned recommendations in the APA guidelines and Cochrane systematic reviews.

Main outcome

Three independent reviewers scored all systematic reviews referenced in the guideline for quality and reporting using AMSTAR and PRISMA checklist, respectively. Items in both tools were individually graded and compared to identify consistently low-performing areas within the systematic reviews. Post hoc analysis of the Cochrane systematic reviews since the latest revision of APA’s guidelines were performed to determine whether their findings were congruent with recent recommendations.

Results

The mean score of the 57 reviews on the PRISMA checklist was 70%. The mean AMSTAR score was 6.8, correlating with a moderate quality score. Post hoc analysis revealed that 171 Cochrane reviews had been published since the APA guideline release. Only half of the reviews of pharmacological interventions confirmed current recommendations.

Conclusions and relevance

The methodological quality of the systematic reviews included in the APA guideline was deficient in key areas. Our study brings to light the importance of using high-quality evidence in the development of clinical practice guidelines. An updated APA guideline (last updated in 2009) is necessary to provide the highest quality treatment recommendations for clinicians in the management of schizophrenia.

Trial registration number

UMIN-CTR, UMIN000023099.
Maternal and perinatal outcomes by planned place of birth in Australia 2000 – 2012: a linked population data study
Authors: Homer Caroline S E , Cheah Seong L , Rossiter Chris , Dahlen Hannah G , Ellwood David , Foureur Maralyn J , Forster Della A , McLachlan Helen L , Oats Jeremy J N , Sibbritt David , Thornton Charlene , Scarf Vanessa L
Published: October 2019

Objective

To compare perinatal and maternal outcomes for Australian women with uncomplicated pregnancies according to planned place of birth, that is, in hospital labour wards, birth centres or at home.

Design

A population-based retrospective design, linking and analysing routinely collected electronic data. Analysis comprised χ2tests and binary logistic regression for categorical data, yielding adjusted ORs. Continuous data were analysed using analysis of variance.

Setting

All eight Australian states and territories.

Participants

Women with uncomplicated pregnancies who gave birth between 2000 and 2012 to a singleton baby in cephalic presentation at between 37 and 41 completed weeks’ gestation. Of the 1 251 420 births, 1 171 703 (93.6%) were planned in hospital labour wards, 71 505 (5.7%) in birth centres and 8212 (0.7%) at home.

Main outcome measures

Mode of birth, normal labour and birth, interventions and procedures during labour and birth, maternal complications, admission to special care/high dependency or intensive care units (mother or infant) and perinatal mortality (intrapartum stillbirth and neonatal death).

Results

Compared with planned hospital births, the odds of normal labour and birth were over twice as high in planned birth centre births (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.72; 99% CI 2.63 to 2.81) and nearly six times as high in planned home births (AOR 5.91; 99% CI 5.15 to 6.78). There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of intrapartum stillbirths, early or late neonatal deaths between the three planned places of birth.

Conclusions

This is the first Australia-wide study to examine outcomes by planned place of birth. For healthy women in Australia having an uncomplicated pregnancy, planned births in birth centres or at home are associated with positive maternal outcomes although the number of homebirths was small overall. There were no significant differences in the perinatal mortality rate, although the absolute numbers of deaths were very small and therefore firm conclusions cannot be drawn about perinatal mortality outcomes.
Optimising medication management for polymedicated home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions: a mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Pereira Filipa , Roux Pauline , Santiago-Delefosse Marie , von Gunten Armin , Wernli Boris , Martins Maria Manuela , Verloo Henk
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Optimal medication management is one of the basic conditions necessary for home-dwelling older adults living with multiple chronic conditions (OAMCC) to be able to remain at home and preserve their quality of life. Currently, the reasons for such high numbers of emergency department visits and the very significant rate of hospitalisations for OAMCC, due to medication-related problems (MRPs), is poorly explored. This study aims to reveal the current state of the medication management practices of polymedicated, home-dwelling OAMCC and to make proposals for improving clinical and medication pathways through an innovative and integrated model for supporting medication management and preventing adverse health outcomes.

Methods and analysis

A mixed-methods study will address the medication management of polymedicated, home-dwelling OAMCC. Its explanatory sequential design will involve two major phases conducted sequentially over time. The quantitative phase will consist of retrospectively exploiting the last 4 years of electronic patient records from a local hospital (N ≈ 50 000) in order to identify the different profiles—made up of patient-related, medication-related and environment-related factors—of the polymedicated, home-dwelling OAMCC at risk of hospitalisation, emergency department visits, hospital readmission (notably for MRPs), institutionalisation or early death. The qualitative study will involve: (a) obtaining and understanding the medication management practices and experiences of the identified profiles extracted from the hospital data of OAMCC who will be interviewed at home (N ≈ 30); (b) collecting and analysing the perspectives of the formal and informal caregivers involved in medication management at home in order to cross-reference perspectives about this important dimension of care at home. Finally, the mixed-methods findings will enable the development of an innovative, integrated model of medication management based on the Agency for Clinical Innovation framework and Bodenheimer and Sinsky’s quadruple aim.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Canton Vaud (2018-02196). Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, professional conferences and other knowledge transfer activities with primary healthcare providers, hospital care units, informal caregivers’ and patients’ associations.
Policy addressing suicidality in children and young people: an international scoping review
Authors: Gilmour Lynne , Maxwell Margaret , Duncan Edward
Published: October 2019

Objective

To map key policy documents worldwide and establish how they address the treatment and care needs of children and young people (CYP) who are suicidal.

Design

We conducted a scoping review to systematically identify relevant key policy documents following a pre-established published protocol.

Data sources

Four databases (CINAHL; Medline; PsycINFO; The Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews) and the websites of key government, statutory and non-statutory agencies were searched. Google and Google Scholar were used to identify other policy documents and relevant grey literature. Leading experts were consulted by email.

Eligibility criteria for selected studies

Policies, policy guidance, strategies, codes of conduct, national service frameworks, national practice guidance, white and green papers, and reviews of policy—concerned with indicated suicide prevention approaches for children up to 18 years old. Limited by English language and published after 2000.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data were extracted using a predetermined template. Second reviewers independently extracted 25%. Documents were categorised as international guidance, national policy and national guidance, and presented in a table providing a brief description of the policy, alongside how it specifically addresses suicidal CYP. Findings were further expressed using narrative synthesis.

Results

35 policy documents were included in the review. Although many recognise CYP as being a high-risk or priority population, most do not explicitly address suicidal CYP. In general, national guidance documents were found to convey that suicidal children should be assessed by a child and adolescent mental health practitioner but offer no clear recommendations beyond this.

Conclusion

The lack of specific reference within policy documents to the treatment and care of needs of children who are suicidal highlights a potential gap in policy that could lead to the needs of suicidal children being overlooked, and varying interpretations of appropriate responses and service provision.
Developing and validating utility parameters to establish patient-reported outcome-based perioperative symptom management in patients with lung cancer: a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study protocol
Authors: Dai Wei , Xie Shaohua , Zhang Rui , Wei Xing , Wu Chuanmei , Zhang Yuanqiang , Feng Wenhong , Liao Xiaoqing , Mu Yunfei , Zhou Heling , Cheng Xuemei , Jiang Yanhua , He Jintao , Li Qiang , Yang Xiaojun , Shi Qiuling
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Patient-reported outcome-based symptom monitoring and alerting have been attractive for patient care after a tumour-removal surgery. However, the implementation parameters of this patient-centred symptom management system in perioperative patients with lung cancer are still lacking. We aim to develop a perioperative symptom scale (PSS) for monitoring, to determine the optimal time points for symptom assessment and to define the alert thresholds for medical intervention.

Methods and analysis

This study will prospectively recruit 300 patients undergoing lung cancer surgery in six hospitals. The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory–Lung Cancer Module (MDASI-LC) is used to collect longitudinal symptom data preoperatively, daily postoperatively during in-hospital stay and weekly after discharge until 4 weeks or the start of postoperative oncological therapy. Symptoms that change significantly over time will be generated as the PSS. We will determine the optimal time points for follow-up using the generalised linear mixed-effects models. The MDASI-LC interference-measured functional status will be used as the anchor for the alert thresholds.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics Committee of Sichuan Cancer Hospital approved this study on 16 October 2017 (No. SCCHEC-02-2017-042). The manuscript is based on the latest protocol of Version 3.0, 15 September 2019. The results of this study will be presented at medical conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.

Trials registration number

NCT03341377.