bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authorship and authenticity in Sherlock Holmes pastiches
Authors: Nyqvist Sanna
Published: March 2017

Rewritings and adaptations of the Sherlock Holmes stories are traditionally called pastiches among fandom. This article juxtaposes that established use with the literary critical notion of pastiche as imitation of style, and shows how stylistic affinity to the originals produces complex effects in the imitations. The article identifies two main strands in the pastiches: one that aims to correct the mistakes and fill in the gaps in the original stories, and one that supplements the canon with stories Watson left untold. Balancing among homage, criticism, and usurpation, the pastiches comment on the original story world and its cultural context, and engage in fictions of authorship to account for the apparent inauthenticity of the retellings.
scholarly rebellion of the early Baker Street Irregulars
Authors: Mills George
Published: March 2017

This work provides and analyzes an early institutional history of the pioneering Sherlock Holmes American fan club, the Baker Street Irregulars (BSI). Using the publications and records of these devoted Sherlockians, I track the BSI's development from a speakeasy gathering in 1934 to a national organization by the mid-1940s. This growth was built on a foundation of Victorian nostalgia and playful humor. Yet at the same time the members of the Irregulars took their fandom seriously, producing Sherlockian scholarship and creating an infrastructure of journals, conferences, and credentialing that directly mimicked the academy. They positioned themselves in contrast to prevailing scholarly practices of the period, such as New Criticism. I trace both how their fan practices developed over time and how this conflict with the academy led to many of the BSI's defining characteristics.
Great Game and the copyright villain
Authors: Rosenblatt Betsy
Published: March 2017

This essay explores the reactions of Sherlock Holmes fans and enthusiasts to assertions of intellectual property ownership and infringement by putative rights holders in two eras of Sherlockian history. In both the 1946–47 and 2013–15 eras, Sherlock Holmes devotees villainized the entities claiming ownership of intellectual property in Holmes, distancing those entities from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and casting them as greedy and morally bankrupt. Throughout each era, Sherlockians did not shy away from creating transformative works based on the Holmes canon over the objections of putative rights holders. This complicates the usual expectation that copyright assertions against fans are likely to chill fan production. The essay explores possible reasons why Sherlockian fandom might differ from other fandoms in this respect, including the role of the Great Game form of Sherlockian fandom in shaping fan attitudes toward their subject.
"Sherlock" (Holmes) in Japanese (fan) works
Authors: Morimoto Lori
Published: March 2017

I explore the history of Japanese writing centered on Sherlock Holmes as a means of interrogating the 2014 BBC Sherlock pastiche John and Sherlock Casebook 1: Jon, zenchi renmei e iku (The stark naked league), written by Japanese Sherlockian Kitahara Naohiko for mainstream publication by the publishing house Hayakawa shobō. I argue that exploration of the Japanese (fan) cultural contexts of Kitahara's book begins to reveal the limits of the Anglo-American-centered framework through which fan studies scholars explore fan/producer relationships.
A Model for Social Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Martín Carlos Torrejón , Cuervo-Arango Carlos
Published: March 2017

This chapter reviews the factors that are relevant to promote an entrepreneurial attitude, identifying education as an element of vital importance that influences the disposition to start a venture and its results. This is particularly important in the case of social entrepreneurship projects, in which good intentions frequently overcome sound business realities. To deepen the understanding of the relationship between education and social entrepreneurship, the authors develop the model “Pyramid of catalysts for entrepreneurship” which helps to understand the mechanism by which the educational process affects the quantity and quality of social entrepreneurship. This chapter also presents several elements of paramount importance in designing a program of social entrepreneurial education.
New Chinese Entrepreneurs
Authors: Zheng Connie , Wang Bai-Xuan , Hu Mei-Chih
Published: March 2017

This chapter uses a qualitative approach to explore the characteristics of newly-bred Chinese entrepreneurs among 14 technology-based companies in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Internal and external perspectives on studying entrepreneurship were adapted to examine personality attributes and the impacts of social settings on shaping the characteristics of modern Chinese entrepreneurs. The findings show that Chinese entrepreneurs were strongly influenced by the Confucianism, in which learning was upheld as a key to develop internal innovative capabilities for sustaining enterprise growth in the dynamic environment. Chinese entrepreneurs leading technologically innovative companies were also found to be visionary, but with less risk taking; they had exceptional networking capability and political dexterity to build strong relationships with government, industry and community. The tie between the Confucian entrepreneurial attributes and strong government support appears to enable the ‘innovation in Chinese way'. Implications of these results are discussed.
Entrepreneurial Tourism
Authors: Moreira António
Published: March 2017

The chapter presents an entrepreneurial perspective to rural tourism. It is based on the utilization of endogenous resources that exist within a rural region, and leads to a group of business opportunities related to tourism, craftwork, and agriculture, which are taken into account to define the strategic objectives for the ADRIMAG region. The chapter follows a qualitative approach to business opportunities. Through our analysis, it was possible to create, in a simple manner, a group of business opportunities based on the endogenous resources of the region. With this study, we expect to bring forth an entrepreneurial perspective that will sustainably foster tourism development within rural regions, but with high potential for tourism attraction.
Institutional Entrepreneurship in Defence Acquisition
Authors: McAvoy Derek
Published: March 2017

One of the most common arguments used to justify the outsourcing of defence activities is that the private sector is more innovative than the public sector. New Public Management has been widely promoted as the most effective means by which the public sector can engage with markets and gain access to the greater entrepreneurial capabilities offered by the private sector. However, a major obstacle to generating the improvements sought by having greater access to entrepreneurial businesses is bound up in the inherent tensions generated by divergent institutional logics. Government departments are motivated to move towards stasis while the entrepreneurial market spirit ideally embraces institutional change. This chapter examines the challenges faced by defence acquisition in changing these potentially opposing institutional logics before concluding with suggestions on how to progress an applied research agenda for defence acquisition in order to make better use of entrepreneurial capabilities.
How Spanish Universities are Promoting Entrepreneurship Through Your Own Lines of Teaching and Research?
Authors: Gallardo-Vázquez Dolores , Pajuelo-Moreno M. Luisa
Published: March 2017

Two lines of research focus on this chapter: University Social Responsibility and entrepreneurship. Once Univesrities are aware of the importance of introducing socially responsible actions, we refer to the need of Universities to foster the creation of new business, establishing the best conditions for entrepreneurs. In this sense, we study what entrepreneurship means and how it is initiated. At the same time, we set the education on entrepreneurship and how gender differences condition the new creation of firms. Some examples of promoting entrepreneurship are discussed, from the initial actions until the maintaining and growing a company already created. Later, chapter concentrates on the particular case of Spanish Universities, offering a lot of actions for the promotion of entrepreneurship, like projects, awards, chairs, masters, conferences and meeting. It is also important to consider the support of public administration and the role of cluster. The chapter finishes with some considerations about spin off, as the result of entrepreneurship from the University.
Obstacles to Portuguese Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Andorra
Authors: Coelho Judite do Rosário Ferreira , Gonçalves Maria Ortelinda Barros , Remoaldo Paula Cristina
Published: March 2017

Nowadays the world is in constant and successive changes and to follow these changes one necessarily has to be prepared to act throughout life with initiative, innovation and value creation. However, obstacles to entrepreneurship are numerous, and those who seek these challenges in foreign countries have to face even greater problems. In order to understand the difficulties found by Portuguese emigrant entrepreneurs in Andorra, the authors conducted a survey in 2012 with 51 Portuguese entrepreneurs residing in that country. The results are described in this chapter. It was found that the main obstacles to setting up a business are mostly bureaucratic in nature, due to legislation not adjusted to reality, suggesting, first and foremost, the urgency of an intense work yet to be done in this field, both by governmental bodies and by other institutions directly related with these entrepreneurs.
The Youth and Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Naidoo Vannie
Published: March 2017

In today's world where the global economy is shrinking and the people of the world are constantly being plaque by recession, natural disasters, poverty and war the youth have to grapple with all these stressful influences. Due to the recession the job markets have become saturated as recession has hit the global economies throughout the world. The youth now are tasked with becoming involved in entrepreneurial activities to survive in these complex world economies. However entrepreneurship is not an easy endeavour. It is not for the faint hearted either. Entrepreneurism involves drive, perseverance, emotional intelligence and risk taking. A way forward for young people is social entrepreneurship as it offers them very viable opportunities within the backdrop of such a volatile economy.
Opportunities and Challenges for Entrepreneurial Activity and Non-Entrepreneurial Engagement in Colombia
Authors: Sanchez-Barrios Luis Javier , Gomez-Araujo Eduardo , Gomez-Nuñez Liyis , Rodriguez Sandra
Published: March 2017

This chapter explores various aspects that might be associated with entrepreneurial activity and non-entrepreneurial engagement in Colombia between 2010 and 2012. These ratios were calculated from the GEM-Colombia report between 2010 and 2012. Aspects were obtained from the National Expert Survey (NES) of the GEM project and from the Doing Business Study. Sommer's d correlation was used to test significant association. Results show that in general, context conditions in Colombia are adequate to start a business. Positive aspects include public policies to stimulate business creation, skilled specialist teams and reduction in processes required to formally establish an SME. Yet further substantial advance need to be made in terms of access to financial resources, access to technology that is relevant for microbusinesses, implementation of innovation policies and education in entrepreneurship. This is required to enhance the creation of high growth businesses that result in a knowledge-based economy in contrast with a prevalent traditional economy as is the case at present.
Non-invasive ventilation in the treatment of severe polymicrobial community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Cinque Enrico , Piroddi Ines Maria Grazia , Barlascini Cornelius , Perazzo Alessandro , Nicolini Antonello
Published: March 2017

Polymicrobial pneumonia may be caused by the combination of respiratory viruses, bacteria and fungi in a host. Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae was associated with increased risk of Intensive Care Unit admission or death in the setting of influenza infection, whereas the colonization by methicillin sensible Staphylococcus aureus co-infection was associated with severe disease and death in adults and children. The principal association of pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is bacteria and viral co-infection, and accounts approximately for 39% of microbiological diagnosed cases of CAP. The differential clinical diagnosis between a viral and a bacterial CAP is not easy: no clinical signs or radiological findings help the clinician to suspect to the diagnosis. Patients with polymicrobial infections are more likely to have underlying medical conditions and have more severe outcome. Severe respiratory failure and need of mechanical ventilation occur in several cases. Non invasive ventilation (NIV) use aims to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation. NIV treatment is controversial owing to high reported treatment failure. In this case series we report three cases of severe polymicrobial CAP: all of them required NIV with a good outcome.
Quality of diabetes mellitus therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease in the real world
Authors: Giampietro Beatrice , Tiratterra Fabrizio , Paradiso Antonella , Lanti Fabiana , Villani Chiara , Recine Umberto
Published: March 2017

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is very often among diabetic patients. Some oral antidiabetic agents are not recommended in the presence of CKD. Aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment in nephrophatic patients in the real world. A total of 265 subjects with type 2 DM, consecutively admitted to the internal medicine departments of two hospitals in Rome, were recruited. Patients hospitalized for hypoglycemia, decompensated DM, acute kidney failure or worsening nephropathy were excluded. For each patient, the following data were collected: age, gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the MDRD (modification of diet in renal disease) study equation, type of antidiabetic drug treatment. A total of 265 subjects were studied, 127 male (47.9%) and 138 female (52.1%). The mean age was 77.5 years. The mean of glycemia glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value was 57.5 mmol/mol (7.4%). 137 patients (51.7%) were treated with oral antidiabetic agents, 29 (10%) with both oral antidiabetic agents and insulin, 90 (34%) with insulin alone, 8 (3%) with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, 1 (0.4%) with incretin agents plus oral antidiabetic drugs. According to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) classification of CKD, the sample was divided into 5 groups using eGFR criteria. For each group, mean HbA1c values, type of antidiabetic treatment, appropriateness of therapy according to guidelines and how it may affect the HbA1c levels were considered. Our data show that 30.5% of patients with CKD stage 3-5 is treated with drugs not recommended by current guidelines.
Spontaneous soft tissue haemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Abdulla M.C.
Published: March 2017

Diversity in clinical presentations and complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) make the diagnosis and management challenging. The mechanisms of haemorrhagic manifestations in SLE have not been well elucidated. A 47-year-old woman with no comorbidities was admitted after suffering fatigue and low grade fever for six months. She had bilateral soft tissue haemorrhage over the forearm and intra retinal haemorrhages. She was assessed and diagnosed as having SLE based on positive antinuclear antibody, strongly positive anti double stranded DNA, thrombocytopenia and low C3 and C4 levels. We describe a case of spontaneous bilateral soft tissue haemorrhage in SLE and discuss the various mechanisms causing bleeding in lupus.
Mid-range sidescan and 4.5 Khz sub-bottom profiler survey of mass-movement features, scotian slope at 61 degrees 40'w
Authors: Piper D J W , Sparkes R , Farre J A , Shor A
Published: March 2017

A 50 x 50 km area of the Scotian Slope just west of Verrill Canyon was surveyed using Sea MARC II, a deeply-towed sidescan sonar with a 5 km swath width and a 4.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler. In the study area, the slope is generally smooth, with a gradient of about
2.5°; it is crossed by only two small valleys, a few hundred metres wide and 100 m deep. Two exploratory wells (Acadia K-62 and Shubenacadie H-100) have been drilled on the upper slope in this area. Much of the seabed shows surficial slumping or sliding, which has resulted in the removal of the
top 10 - 20 m of sediment. A series of slide scars have been left that give the seabed a step-like morphology. Two debris flows extend from the 600 m isobath to about 1800 m, where they thin out. Streamlined erosional depressions are found near the downslope edge of the debris flows, cutting both
the flow and the downslope sediment: they may be produced by a turbidity current associated with the debris flows. This widespread sediment failure on relatively low slopes was probably the result of a large earthquake: this event can be dated from cores as between 5000 and 12000 y B.P. This open
file consists of a photographic mosaic of sidescan images, selected larger-scale sidescan records, and examples of sub-bottom profiles, together with an explanatory report.
Late Paleozoic plutons in the Sylvester Allochton, northern British Columbia
Authors: Gabrielse H , Mortensen J K , Parrish R R , Harms T A , Nelson J L , van der Heyden P
Published: March 2017

The Sylvester allochthon of the Slide Mountain terrane, which in north-central British Columbia lies structurally above shelf to platformal miogeoclinal strata, consists of a wide variety of lithologies suggestive of oceanic, island-arc, and cratonal
environments. Included among these are distinctive suites of plutonic rocks which either intrude, or are structurally juxtaposed with, the layered volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the allochthon. Although these plutonic rocks occur in a range of bulk compositions from potassic granite, to
intermediate diorite and tonalite, to mafic gabbro, they appear to represent only two distinct periods of intrusive activity. Foliated and mylonitic hornblende diorite from three different bodies near Dease River have been dated by U-Pb zircon and titanite methods at 353 +/- 4 Ma, 362 +/- 5 Ma, and
350 +/- 3 Ma, demonstrating consistent latest Devonian and Early Mississippian ages. Zircons from each of these rocks have an important inherited Precambrian component. Muscovite from the siliceous tectonite that these plutons intrude also gives a Mississippian 40Ar/39Ar cooling age, indicating a
regionally developed, mid-Paleozoic metamorphic event that affected some of the rock units within the allochthon. A zoned hornblende gabbro-tonalite-granodiorite body near the northwest end of the allochthon has been dated at 265 +/- 3 Ma (zircon); a gabbro to tonalite body near Zus Mountain in the
centre of the allochthon has a U-Pb zircon age of 268.6 +6.8/-3.4 Ma; farther to the south, granodiorite, monzodiorite, and potassic granite near Four Mile River have zircon dates of 262 +/- 0.5 and 270 +/- 4 Ma; a small body of hornblende diorite nearby has an age of 266.5 +/- 1.5 Ma (zircon); and
a tonalite sill near Rapid River has zircon and titanite ages of 267-269 Ma. These ages suggest a significant pulse of plutonism in the mid-Permian.
Structural relationships across the Tabbernor Fault, Nielson Lake area, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Saskatchewan
Authors: Elliott C G
Published: March 2017

Detailed mapping across the Tabbernor Fault in the Nielson Lake area reveals brittle, strike-slip movement on the fault that crosscuts the Nielson ductile strain zone. Shear on the Nielson strain zone east of the Tabbernor Fault was sinistral-oblique with
moderate to steep, S-plunging extension lineations. Sinistral kinematic indicators postdate dextral shear structures with S-plunging lineations. Shear west of the Tabbernor Fault was sinistral with moderate north-plunging extension lineations. The north- striking Nielson strain zone splays to the
west into north-dipping reverse faults across which stratigraphy is repeated and has a frontal- and lateral-ramp geometry. Movement on the Nielson strain zone postdates an angular unconformity between metasedimentary rocks, mafic metavolcanic rocks and tonalites, and overlying intermediate
volcanogenic rocks. Correlation with dated units in the Glennie Domain suggests that pre-unconformity deformation, uplift, erosion, and deposition above the unconformity occurred between 1850 and 1840 Ma.
Regional geology and geophysics of the sub-Phanerozoic Precambrian basement south of the Flin Flon-Snow Lake-Hanson Lake Belt, Manitoba-Saskatchewan
Authors: Leclair A D , Lucas S B , Scott R G , Viljoen D , Broome J
Published: March 2017

Regional geological mapping of the sub-Phanerozoic segment of the Flin Flon-Snow Lake-Hanson Lake Belt (Trans-Hudson Orogen)involved the interpretation of potential field data combined with relogging of industry drill core. This approach has permitted the
subdivision of the buried Precambrian basement into eight principal domains which are defined by their distinct lithostructural characteristics and aeromagnetic-gravity anomaly patterns. The Amisk Lake, Athapapuskow, and Clearwater domains are characterized by northerly trending positive gravity
anomalies and correlate with volcanic assemblages (Amisk Group) on the exposed shield. The Namew Gneiss Complex and Cumberland Domain are marked by complexly distributed orthogneiss and paragneiss packages. Late-tectonic granite of the Cormorant Batholith and Windy Lake Pluton are centred over
low-intensity aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies. The sub-Phanerozoic portion of the Hanson Lake Block, bounded by the Sturgeon-weir Shear Zone and Tabbernor Fault Zone, is subdivided into two volcano-plutonic subdomains by the Suggi Lake Fault.
New results and summary of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic geology of the Burwell domain, northern Torngat Orogen, Labrador, Quebec, and Northwest Territories
Authors: Van Kranendonk M J , Wardle R J , Mengel F C , Campbell L M , Reid L
Published: March 2017

The final summer of fieldwork on Project Torngat identified: 1) tectonic slivers of suspected Archean orthogneiss in the Tasiuyak gneiss, that were either melted in situ to form, or were extensively invaded by, homogeneous rocks of the Killinek charnockitic
suite; 2) an extensive belt of Paleoproterozoic mafic supracrustal rocks within the southern part of the Komaktorvik shear zone; and 3) a complex history of deformation within the Komaktorvik shear zone, including higher-grade and lower-grade Paleoproterozoic events. Tectonic evolution is related
to, in sequence: late Archean-Paleoproterozoic rifting of the Nain margin; deposition of platformal and extensive turbiditic metasediments on the Rae margin, coeval with, or postdated by, accretion; arc magmatism on both the Nain and Rae margins, with the possible development of a back-arc basin in
the former; and Nain-Rae collision at ca. 1860 Ma. Subsequent deformation and cooling continued through several pulses, from ca.1843-1710 Ma.
Géologie et cibles d'exploration de la partie centre est de la ceinture métasédimentaire du Québec, Province de Grenville
Authors: Corriveau L , Morin D , Madore L
Published: March 2017

The east-central portion of the Central Metasedimentary Belt of Québec (Grenville Province) consists from east to west of: (1) a 10 km-wide shear zone at amphibolite facies with lit-par-lit injections of monzonite and diorite among porphyroclastic paragneiss
with anomalous concentrations of pyrrhotite and tourmaline; (2) a granulitic dome with a tonalitic component; (3) a paragneiss sequence folded into a regional synform in the southwest corner of 31J/3. Within the dome, the Rivard ultrapotassic breccia forms a north-south trending dyke that is neither
deformed nor recrystallized. About one third of the xenoliths are ultramafic (garnet, spinel or mica clinopyroxenites, websterites, peridotites...). The dyke was emplaced in possibly volcanogenic gneisses with hyperaluminous and magnesian lithofacies locally with small sulphide clots. In the
Montauban area such lithofacies represent important targets for mineral exploration.
Comparison of trace element distributions in lake sediments and waters from the Florence Lake area, Labrador
Authors: Friske P W B , Hall G E M , Day S J A
Published: March 2017

As part of a detailed infill lake sediment survey in the Florence Lake area of Labrador, waters were collected from 131 sites for trace metal determination. The distribution of 15 elements in waters and accompanying lake sediments were compared. Results indicate
a significant correlation between U, Ni, Ce, La, Sm Tb, Cu, and Mn in the two media. Zn, Cd, Pb, F, V, Fe, and Co do not appear to have a sympathetic relationship. Evaluation of the variance of the total data set as well as site and blind duplicate data suggests that the lack of correlation for some
elements may be related to relatively high within-site variability, particularly for the water data. The correlation in the distribution of sediment and water data suggests that the extensive National Geochemical Reconnaissance sediment database may be useful, in terms of environmental and public
health concerns, for identifying areas in which naturally elevated concentrations of elements occur in surface waters.
Pre-Dubawnt plutonism and deformation in the Nicholson Lake-Dubawnt Lake area, Northwest Territories
Authors: Peterson T D , Lee C
Published: March 2017

Almandine-bearing granodiorite, and slightly younger granites (Snow Island suite), intruded a polydeformed mixed gneiss terrane (Snow River gneiss) at ca. 2.6 Ga. Remelting of previously migmatized arkosic gneiss produced the youngest, biotite leucogranite, which
was released during a late extensional event. The sequence of deformation and intrusion closely parallels that in the central Slave Province, and is consistent with crustal thickening, lithosphere delamination, and lower-lithosphere melting, all subsequent to poorly constrained collisional tectonic
activity.
Regional geology and mineral potential of the Winter Lake-Lac de Gras area, central Slave Province, Northwest Territories
Authors: Thompson P H , Russell I , Paul D , Kerswill J
A , Froese E
Published: March 2017

Completion of regional mapping further emphasizes division of the area into one domain of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and a second dominated by recrystallized, migmatitic, and gneissic granitoids. Discordant metamorphosed dykes, discordant isograds, and the
change from curvilinear fold interference patterns to blocky, subrhombic structures indicate the metagranitoid complexes are older than Yellowknife Supergroup surpracrustal rocks. Interpreted as a relict of extensional structures related to basin formation, the subrhombic distribution of
supracrustal rocks within and around large blocks of metagranitoid had a strong influence on later compressional structures. Geothermal gradients associated with regional low pressure metamorphism are high enough to have generated syntectonic magmatism from moderately overthickened sialic crust and
to preclude an Archean age for diamonds. Metamorphosed hydrothermal alteration zones found near base metal occurrences in the Courageous Lake volcanic belt also occur in less well explored and in newly discovered supracrustal sequences. Sulphide banded iron-formation, not previously recognized,
provides additional economic interest.
Granite-greenstone terranes of the northern Goudalie domain, northeastern Superior Province, Quebec
Authors: Percival J A , Skulski T , Lin S , Card K D
Published: March 2017

Reconnaissance-scale mapping of the Goudalie domain in an area up to 200 km north of the Vizien belt shows that the northwest-trending negative aeromagnetic anomaly corresponds to granite- greenstone terrane. The 110-km long, <1 km wide, Kogaluc-Tasiat
belt of sheared, amphibolite-facies, mafic metavolcanic rocks, biotite schist, and iron-formation, is bordered to the east and west by 15-20 km wide zones of similar lithologies at granulite facies forming screens in pyroxene-bearing granodiorite and granite. The eastern zone of high-grade
supracrustals extends north into the Payne Lake belt of paragneiss, mafic gneiss, and iron-formation, with concordant sheets of granitoid rock, cut locally by Archean dykes. To the east, the Qalluviartuuq belt of sheared, amphibolite-facies mafic metavolcanic schist, biotite schist, and conglomerate
is locally unconformable on tonalitic basement. Favourable environments for VMS and shear-zone-hosted gold mineralization may be present.
Quaternary stratigraphy and history of south-coastal British Columbia
Authors: Clague J J
Published: March 2017

Thick Quaternary sediments underlie the lowlands of south-coastal British Columbia. Most of these sediments were deposited in marine, deltaic, and fluvial environments near the margins of Pleistocene glaciers. Heterogeneous units of stratified drift of at least
three glaciations are separated by unconformities and, locally, by nonglacial sediments. Surface and near-surface sediments were deposited during the Fraser Glaciation which peaked about 15 ka BP. At that time, lobes of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered south-coastal British Columbia to elevations
of about 1500 m, and the Strait of Georgia and bordering lowlands attained something close to their present form. During deglaciation, glaciomarine, glaciofluvial, and deltaic sediments were deposited over large areas on the glacially eroded, isostatically depressed landscape. In contrast,
sedimentation during postglacial time has been largely restricted to the Strait of Georgia, fiords, and lakes. Sea level along the south coast has fluctuated above and below its present position during Quaternary time owing to glacio-isostatic uplift and subsidence of the land surface, global
(eustatic) sea level change, and tectonism. Inferred, minor, sudden changes in sea level in the Victoria and Vancouver areas about 2 and 3.5 ka BP may have resulted from earthquakes that were stronger than any of the historical period. All historical earthquakes in southwestern British Columbia
and northwestern Washington State have originated within either the North America or Juan de Fuca plate, but rare, great, plate-boundary earthquakes probably also affect the region.
Fraser River delta: geology, geohazards and human impact
Authors: Luternauer J L , Barrie J V , Christian H
A , Clague J J , Evoy R
W , Hart B S , Hunter J
A , Killeen P G , Kostaschuk R A , Mathewes R W , Monahan P A , Moslow T
F , Mwenifumbo C J , Olynyk H W , Patterson R T , Pullan S E , Roberts M C , Robertson P K , Tarbotton M R , Woeller D J
Published: March 2017

The Fraser River delta, south of Vancouver, is the largest delta in western Canada. It is an important agricultural and waterfowl area and a vital link in the Fraser River salmon fishery. It is also an area of rapid urban and industrial growth and lies within
the most seismically active region in Canada. The delta has formed since deglaciation 11 000-13 000 (14C date) years ago. Sand and mud slope deposits constitute the bulk of the deltic sedimentary package. The delta's distributary channels are estuaries characterized by intrusion of saline water
from the Strait of Georgia. Sediment transport is controlled by river and sediment discharges, tidal conditions, and the position of the salinity intrusion. Mud is accumulating on the Sturgeon Bank slope and in the adjacent Strait of Georgia at rates of <1-2 cmþa-1. Sand deposition is
concentrated off the mouth of Main Channel. The main geological hazards are failures of the delta slope, burial and scour on the slope, and earthquake-related liquefaction and ground motion amplification. The main areas of concern are the urbanized delta plain, port facilities, a lighthouse, and
submarine cables and pipelines on the delta slope. Human activity has contributed pollutants to the delta and degraded important coastal habitats. Causeways and other large engineered structures, as well as river dredging, have altered sediment and water dispersal patterns and contributed to
erosion of parts of the western tidal flats. River training has concentrated sand deposition in small areas, possibly promoting delta slope failures.
Landslides in the Vancouver-Fraser Valley-Whistler region
Authors: Evans S G , Savigny K W
Published: March 2017

A great diversity of landslide types occur in the Vancouver region in response to high relief, steep slopes, heavy rainfall, seismicity, and a variety of landslide-prone materials. Rockfalls and small rock avalanches (less than a million cubic metres) are a
significant hazard to land use development but their biggest impact has been on the transportation network and the Fraser River fishery. The deposits of larger rock avalanches (greater than a million cubic metres) are common throughout the region and have occurred along major transportation routes
in the Fraser Valley and the Squamish-Pemberton corridor in the last 10 000 years. Noncatastrophic mountain slope deformation is also widespread. Such processes form linear topographic features such as cracks and fissures. Volcanic rocks of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt are particularly prone to
massive rapid landslides, some of which have blocked major rivers and formed temporary lakes upstream. Since the late Pleistocene, major collapses have taken place on the western flanks of Mount Garibaldi and Mount Cayley volcanoes. Large landslides continue to occur in the historical period and
are a major consideration in land development in the Belt. Channellized debris flows within steep mountain watersheds triggered by heavy rains occur throughout the region. Debris flow defensive structures have been constructed by provincial authorities at numerous locations to protect transportation
routes and/or communities. Landslides in Pleistocene sediments are also important. In addition, a number of cases of catastrophic seepage erosion have been documented. Submarine failures (outside the Fraser Delta) occur on delta fronts in both marine and lacustrine environments. The expansion of
development in the Vancouver region is increasing the vulnerability of communities, transportation routes, and the resource base to landslides.
A preliminary geological model for syenite-associated disseminated gold deposits in the Abitibi belt, Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Robert F
Published: March 2017

A distinct group of gold deposits in the Abitibi greenstone belt is spatially associated with monzonite to syenite stocks and dykes. The deposits occur mostly along major fault zones, in association with slivers of Timiskaming-type sedimentary rocks. They consist
of disseminated sulphides with variably developed stockworks of quartz-carbonate-albite±K-feldspar veinlets, within zones of carbonate, albite, sericite, and locally K-feldspar alteration. The syenitic intrusions are broadly contemporaneous with Timiskaming-type sedimentary rocks and, together
with gold mineralization, they have been overprinted by subsequent folding and related penetrative cleavage. Gold orebodies occur within composite syenitic stocks or along their margins, adjacent to satellite dykes and sills, and along faults and lithological contacts away from any intrusions.
Orebodies in such positions are interpreted to represent proximal to distal components of large magmatic-hydrothermal systems centred on, and possibly genetically related to, composite syenitic stocks.
Comparison of geochemical sample media: till and lake sediment data, central Labrador
Authors: Klassen R A , Rencz A N , Moore A
Published: March 2017

Till (2438 samples) and lake sediment (17447 samples) geochemical data were compared using two approaches. In one, the þoriginalþ geochemical point data for the till were combined with either: i) the nearest lake sample or ii) a gridded geochemical value. In the
second approach both till and lake data were þgridded' and data in overlapping grid cells were compared. As expected, spatial variations in the geochemical data from lake sediment and till data reflected regional bedrock geology. For example, copper in both till and lake sediments was highest in
mafic volcanic terrane of the eastern Labrador Trough. Unexpected, however, were the areas of significant regional difference and the systematic regional variations in the relative concentrations of trace metals between the two sample media. Regional variations in relative metal content are
illustrated as trace metal ratio maps. In part differences are attributed to: grain size and mineralogy of source sediments, climatic and vegetation differences and physiographic differences.
Predicted permafrost distribution in Canada under a climate warming scenario
Authors: Kettles I M , Tarnocai C , Bauke S D
Published: March 2017

Information on present-day permafrost distribution in Canada and on its expected distribution after climate warming was needed to produce the peatland component of a climate change atlas presently being compiled at the Geological Survey of Canada. For this
purpose, maps of Canada showing present and predicted distribution of permafrost in four zones þ continuous, widespread, sporadic, and localized þ were generated, based on existing compilations made by other scientists. Using GIS techniques, the maps of present and predicted distribution were
overlaid to produce a derivative map showing predicted changes in permafrost conditions. Calculations based on the derivative map show that the extent of land underlain directly by permafrost is presently estimated at 4 065 200 km2 or 42% of the total surface area of Canada, and with climate
warming it is expected to be reduced to 2 333 800 km2 or 24%. This represents an expected change of 43% in the proportion of surface area underlain directly by permafrost.
Seismic- and well-log-inferred gas hydrate accumulations on Richards Island
Authors: Collett T S , Lee M W , Dallimore S R , Agena W F
Published: March 2017

The gas hydrate stability zone is areally extensive beneath most of the Mackenzie Delta-Beaufort Sea region, with the base of the gas hydrate stability zone more than 1000 m deep on Richards Island. In this study, gas hydrate has been inferred to occur in nine
Richards Island exploratory wells on the basis of well-log responses calibrated to the response of the logs within the cored gas-hydrate-bearing intervals of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well. The integration of the available well-log data with more than 240 km of
industry-acquired reflection seismic data have allowed us to map the occurrence of four significant gas hydrate and associated free-gas accumulations in the Ivik-Mallik-Taglu area on Richards Island. The occurrence of gas hydrate on Richards Island is mostly restricted to the crest of large
anticlinal features that cut across the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. Combined seismic and well-log data analysis indicate that the known and inferred gas hydrate accumulations on Richards Island may contain as much as 187 178x10e6 m³ of gas.
Habitat mapping on Browns Bank, Scotian Shelf
Authors: Todd B J , Kostylev V E , Fader G B J , Courtney R
C , Pickrill R A
Published: March 2017

An exciting new application for multibeam bathymetric surveying is sea floor habitat mapping,in which a geological interpretation of bottom sediments is integrated with biological and oceanographic information. The present area of interest, Browns Bank on the
southwestern Scotian Shelf (3), is extensively fished for sea scallops (4) and ground fish. The purpose of this cooperative work between the Geological Survey of
Canada (Atlantic), the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans is to produce sea floor maps of Browns Bank for fisheries habitat management, the commercial fishery, navigation charting, and geological assessment.
Climate of the Mackenzie River valley
Authors: Dyke L D
Published: March 2017

The Mackenzie River valley is dominated by cold, dry air moving south from the high arctic in winter but receives a warm if brief summer as the arctic high pressure area retreats northward. Dry conditions are periodically modified by low-pressure cells moving
from the Pacific Ocean or Beaufort Sea. Mean monthly temperatures in winter and summer tend to be uniform throughout the Mackenzie valley south of Inuvik. In winter, this is due to the parallelism between the arctic front and the Mackenzie valley as it traverses the region. In summer, longer
daylight hours compensate for lower sun angles with increasing latitude to favour even heating. Snow and rainfall are low by North American standards but occasional heavy rains do occur. Throughout the 20th century, mean annual temperatures for most recording stations have on average risen between 1
and 2°C and snowdepth at the end of February has decreased.
Deep ground temperatures
Authors: Taylor A E , Burgess M M , Judge A S , Allen V S
Published: March 2017

Some 60 holes drilled for hydrocarbon exploration in the Mackenzie valley afford the opportunity to obtain precise measurements of deep permafrost thicknesses (depth to 0°C) and ground temperatures, and are presented here on maps and graphs. Permafrost
thickness is less than 100 m in the Mackenzie Delta, and up to 663 m in the adjoining Tuktoyaktuk coastlands. Permafrost varies from 35 m to 143 m in the Norman Wells area, but is thin or absent in the Fort Simpson and Yellowknife areas. Variations in ground temperatures with depth reflect differing
thermal properties of soil and rock, proximity to lakes or rivers, and residual thermal disturbance due to drilling. In some cases, subsurface temperatures show features that are relict from several thousand years ago when the local site environment was different from today, due for example, to more
widespread lakes, changing shorelines, or river channels.
Relationship of ground temperatures to air temperatures in forests
Authors: Taylor A E
Published: March 2017

Ground temperatures differ from air temperatures because of effects of vegetation and humus, other site characteristics, and snow cover. For engineering work, ground surface temperatures may be estimated from the more readily available air temperatures through
the use of a single parameter, the n-factor, to represent these effects. In the Mackenzie valley, n-factors have been calculated from measurements of air and ground temperatures at 27 diverse, natural sites. Generally, the n-factor for the thawing (spring-summer) season is higher in more open areas
than in shady forests with thick moss. At a particular site, the n-factor for the freezing (fall-winter) season is usually lower than the corresponding n-factor for the thaw season, because of the reduced impact of air temperatures and solar radiation on the ground due to snow cover. One application
of n-factors is the calculation of the depth of soil that thaws each year, called the active layer.
Channel changes along the lower reaches of major Mackenzie River tributaries
Authors: Brooks G R
Published: March 2017

Alluvial rivers undergo lateral channel change through progressive lateral migration at bends or through channel avulsions. The floodplains of rivers experiencing lateral channel change contain geomorphic features indicative of past migration. Based on aerial
photography spanning from the late 1940s early 1950s to the 1970s 1980s, insignificant lateral channel change occurred along the lowest reaches of the Root, Willowlake, Blackwater, Great Bear, Hume, Ramparts, Hare Indian, Ontaratue, and Arctic Red rivers; all of which have a meandering or
meandering-straight planform. In contrast, the lowest reaches of the North Nahanni, Dahadinni, Redstone, Keele, Mountain and Carcajou rivers have all experienced significant lateral channel change, ranging from up to 3 m/year to 11 m/year. An increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme flows
arising from climate warming may cause an overall increase in the rate of bank erosion and net widening of the channel along those river reaches presently experiencing active lateral migration.
Quaternary sediments in Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay
Authors: MacLean B , Vilks G , Hardy I , Deonarine B , Jennings A E , Manley W
F
Published: March 2017

Quaternary sediments comprise five main units based on their acoustic character on high-resolution seismic profiles and sample data. These comprise ice-contact sediments, glaciomarine sequences, postglacial muds, postglacial sands and gravels, and locally in
Eastern basin an acoustically unstratified unit of undetermined ice-contact or debris-flow origin. Sediment deposits, with the exception of some of the ice-contact sequences, are thickest and most complete in the basinal areas in Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay. These deposits are the main source of
information regarding changing conditions, depositional and paleoceanographic environments, and chronologies in the marine areas of this region from late glacial time, through deglaciation, to more modern time. Information obtained relating to ice-margin positions, glacial-marine interactions,
environments, and radiocarbon dates from fauna in cores provide a basis for correlations with the record of events in adjacent terrestrial and marine areas. In this paper the sediments, stratigraphic relationships, and late glacial-deglacial settings in each of the main basins and other relevant
localities are illustrated and described, and associated chronological data are presented.
Late Quaternary stratigraphy of Hatton and Resolution basins, east of Hudson Strait
Authors: Andrews J T , Jennings A E , MacLean B
Published: March 2017

Resolution and Hatton basins lie on the continental shelf northeast of Resolution Island, and east of the sill at the entrance to Hudson Strait, respectively. The basins are bordered shoreward and in part underlain by thick multiple ice-contact sequences
deposited in the lee of higher standing Precambrian rocks northeast of Resolution Island and of the sill at the entrance to Hudson Strait west of Hatton basin. Glaciomarine sediments overlie ice-contact sediments in the basins and intertongue with, or appear laterally transitional to, the uppermost
of the multiple ice-contact sequences. Sediments in both basins were deposited from ice originating in Hudson Strait. Cores in glaciomarine sediments in Resolution basin yielded basal dates greater than 20 ka BP, and higher in the section indicate a subtle change in sediment character coincident
with dates that just slightly postdate Heinrich event H-1 (ca. 14.5 ka BP), and possibly may relate to that event. Deglaciation occurred 13-12 ka BP and was followed between 11 ka BP and 10 ka BP by a major ice advance from south to north across outer Hudson Strait and the inner shelf. In Hatton
basin cores show a relatively similar chronological pattern with a 13 ka BP date near the shelf break and farther west dates of 11.3 ka BP, younging upsection to 9-8 ka BP.
The earth scientists
Authors:   Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

How are computer science, geology, physics and geography related? They can all lead to a career in the earth sciences. In this video, earth scientists working in five distinct disciplines (marine geology, geology, cartography, geodesy, and geophysics) relate what
attracted them to their specialty, and what a challenging and exciting life they have found as a result of their work.