bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rolling the Dice
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

Every once in a while, I fall prey to “End of the Golden Age Syndrome.” I look at my older colleagues and am filled with a mixture of envy and anger. I’m envious because I think that they had it so good. They had ample money for research and were greatly respected by the public at large. I get angry because I think that they are largely culpable for the relative lack of respect universities currently face in society. I have a laundry list of complaints about my older colleagues, both professors and administrators. They had a tendency to be inattentive to the educational needs of undergraduates. They seemed unable to comprehend just how lucky they were and became mired in petty politics. They decided to use the university as a tool for social political advocacy. They became so enamored of growth that they didn’t stop to examine just how bloated and expensive the enterprise had become. They developed an unwarranted sense of entitlement. If they would have been more responsible, universities would not be in such a mess today. Most of the time I think that blaming my colleagues for much of what is wrong is ridiculous. Whatever degree of truth is contained in such complaints, it is a waste of time to think about them. Sometimes, however, my emotions overflow.
The Medium of Attention: Location-Based, Object-Centred, or Scene-Based?
Authors: Tipper Steven P , Weaver Bruce
Published: November 2023

There are two questions one can ask about selective attention. The first, and perhaps more basic question, concerns what functions it serves: Why does attention exist? The second question is more specific, and asks what the actual mechanisms of attention are. However, one’ s approach to answering the second question is entirely determined by how one answers the first. That is, until we understand what we are studying, there is little chance of making progress. This point has been made many times before, perhaps most forcefully by Marr (1982). He argued for the computational level of analysis, where the functions subserved by a system in an animal’ s normal environment are clearly defined.
Early American Origins of the Information Age
Authors: Brown Richard D
Published: November 2023

During the nineteenth century a dynamic, innovative information culture emerged in the United States, one in which the production of print and oratory, and systems for their diffusion, came to set the pace for much of the world. In global terms this was an astonishing development, especially in light of the condition of British North America during the Colonial Period. Colonial society had been by European standards relatively crude, even backward: its population was thinly spread in a vast landscape, and there was a general scarcity of social and economic infrastructures and the capital to develop them. Information and transportation infrastructures were only beginning to grow, and they lagged far behind Britain. Whether one counts printing presses and associated industries such as papermaking, type founding, and bookbinding, or libraries, roads, and canals, the American colonies were a raw, frontier society when measured against England. Indeed, colonists relied more on the British information infrastructure than on anything their own settlements could muster for much of the eighteenth century. The American starting point was not especially promising. It is true that Europe’s most advanced information technology came early to the colonies. The Puritan stronghold, Massachusetts-Bay, imported a press into Cambridge in 1638, and thereafter sponsored a printer. But the purpose of this government-controlled press was limited to printing the laws of the colony, such religious works as the leading magistrates and clergymen thought necessary, and job-printing for the government and Harvard College.
Information Technology Management Since 1960
Authors: Nolan Richard L
Published: November 2023

Evolving from the earlier periods of electromechanical automated data processing (ADP) technologies described in chapter 6, the modern digital computer came into its own form of information technology during the period from 1960 to 2000. Heralded by the advances of the digital computer, Europeans are thought to have introduced the acronym IT, short for information technology. This term, which Americans rapidly adopted, signified digital convergence in data, voice, and video. Also during this time the organization continuously reinvented and assigned new functions to the computer as dictated by improved economics and organizational learning. Eventually these changes ac- cumulated so as to become an information revolution that changed the way companies structured and managed themselves. The Stages Theory, first proposed in 1973, has been widely used as a normative theory for the management of IT. The theory is based on the notion that the complicated nature of computer technology would produce a body of knowledge on the effective management of IT within an organization. As a result, the assimilation of computer technologies, and more broadly, information technologies, required bold experimentation, out of which emerged four stages of organizational learning.
CEO Succession
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Whether precipitated by sudden tragedy, CEO performance issues, or a key executive simply going elsewhere or retiring, succession planning has become a front-burner issue in corporate boardrooms across the USA. For board members, CEOs, and anyone concerned about the quality of governance in corporate America, CEO Succession fills the need for a practical, best-practices roadmap that puts the board of directors squarely at the helm as the guiding force for ensuring the steady flow of effective leadership. Authors Carey and Ogden draw on personal interviews and their own behind-the-scenes work with the CEOs and directors of some of the leading companies in the world to articulate the field-tested strategies and techniques boards need to create a systematic and transparent planning process that promotes a seamless transition of leadership at every level in the organization. With an up-close look at such companies as Metropolitan Life, Hewlett-Packard, Mellon Bank, and GTE, CEO Succession shows how to put in place the key elements essential in the succession planning process: establish and sustain a reliable succession agenda and timetable; implement a self-renewing succession culture that develops leaders at all levels of management; create a healthy relationship between the Board and CEO that keeps the CEO on track; and benchmark internal candidates for CEO and other top posts with comparable outside leaders. With practical guidelines and experienced advice from leading consultants in this field, CEO Succession offers a long overdue antidote to what stakeholders, Wall Street, and the media have decried as a lack of board leadership in carrying out its fundamental fiduciary responsibility: ensuring the steady flow of effective leadership in Corporate America.
Putting a Process in Place
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Prior to his departure as the CEO of Bell Atlantic in 1998, Ray Smith had developed two inside candidates, and through the acquisition of Nynex a third emerged as the successor. Smith’s choice—against the backdrop of the merger and turbulence in the industry—reflected his recognition of the need to link strategy and succession planning.

Though the quote from Smith was made specifically about corporate strategy, it couldn’t be more germane to the succession-planning process, which, as we will discuss, begins with an analysis of strategy. We’ve already established that succession can follow any one of a range of scenarios, depending on the particular circmstances and culture of a given company.
Striking the Right Balance Between the Board and the CEO
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

When it comes to choosing a successor, where does the CEO’s responsibility end and the board’s begin? To what extent is director involvement essential in ensuring that future corporate leadership is developed, and at what point does it become meddling? How much autonomy should a CEO be allowed before it becomes a matter of the board shirking its responsibility? Where is the proper boundary between management and governance? Trying to answer these questions requires recognizing that the relationship between the CEO and the board is as complicated as any in the corporate world.
The Delicate Matter of the “Number Two”
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

As we noted in the previous chapter, the relationship between the CEO and the board is a tricky one to manage. Equally delicate and critical to the success of succession planning efforts is the rela-tionship between the CEO and potential successors as well as the relationship between potential successors and the board. In this chapter we explore the complexities of these relationships and what works and what doesn’t. Companies that tread carefully when it comes to number twos send strong messages to their organizations about how executives are valued and are consequently much more likely to hold on to talent.
In Discordance with the Scriptures
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

The story of the translation of the Bible in America begins with the King James Version. In fact, many Americans thought of the KJV as the foundational text of the Republic, rather than a cultural inheritance from Anglican Britain. In the nineteenth century, however, as new editions of the Greek New Testament appeared, scholars increasingly recognized significant errors and inconsistencies in the KJV. This soon led to the Bible revision movement, whose goal was the uniting of all English-speaking Protestants behind one new, improved version of the Bible. Ironically, as Peter Thuesen shows in this fascinating history, the revision movement in fact resulted in a vast proliferation of English scripture editions and an enduring polarization of American Christians over versions of holy writ. This proliferation of translations, he argues, shows something important about contemporary attitudes toward scripture. Although the Bible is regarded as immutable, conservatives and liberals alike now believe the text must evolve to fit the needs of each era.
Introduction
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

A newspaper advertisement placed in late 1952 by the First Baptist Church of Babylon, New York, sounded a sentinel’s alarm: “Beware: Do Not Buy the RSV Bible for Christmas Because It Destroys the Virgin Birth.” The Revised Standard Version of the Bible, sponsored by the National Council of Churches, had just appeared amid great fanfare—President Harry Truman received his copy at a White House ceremony—yet conservative Protestants in Babylon were not feeling festive.
Scripture for the Ecumenical Church
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

The six decades from the completion of the Revised Version of the Bible in 1885 to the end of the Second World War significantly diminished the authority of the oldline denominational establishment to speak for all Protestants, much less for Americans as a whole. Currents from within and without eroded the standing of the churches whose financial and cultural capital had sustained the Bible revision movement of the 1870s. Within the Protestant denominations, the crusading evangelical liberals of the Progressive Era felt the stinging polemic of such conservatives as J. Gresham Machen, who having pronounced Christianity and liberalism incompatible, led a secession from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1929 to found Westminster Seminary in Philadelphia.
The Virgin Text
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

The problem of unholy Scripture—a Bible translated by Christians but nevertheless tainted by unorthodoxy—was a sober realization for conservative opponents of the RSV. Yet Protestantism itself did not possess obvious resources for the ecclesiastical regulation of the printed Bible. No American Protestant communion, save for the Episcopal Church, had a code of canon law, and certainly none had ever censored, in theory at least, the text of vernacular Scripture.
Epilogue
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

Two events in 1965 marked the end of an era in Bible translation. Among conservative Protestants, the NIV project was born at an interdenominational conference in Palos Heights, Illinois. Among liberal Protestants, the RSV Catholic Edition New Testament helped bridge a centuries-old rift with Rome. Although both endeavors represented important new ecumenical departures, both also signaled the decline of a nineteenth-century ideal of scientific, impartial translation.
The First New Age
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Observers of the :1960s and 1970s believed that the Cited States was experiencing a sudden growth m occult and mystical ideas, in new religious practices and beliefs that often found their source in the great religions of Asia Agrarian and Asian ideas increased in popularity during these decades, they were in fact anything but new. As J. Gordon Melton has pointed out, virtually every aspect of the “new religious consciousness” was in place before 1900, as were most components of what would come to be known :b the New Age.1 Most of these ideas had deep historical roots-not, as enthusiasts sometimes claimed, back as far as Atlantis or ancient Egypt, but traceable at least to the last third of the nineteenth century. In what I have called the period of Emergence, between :1.910 and 1935, eccentric religious and mystical ideas became commonplace, providing rich opportunities for religious entrepreneurs. The result was an upsurge of small groups with innovative religious practices. Some of these groups would certainly count as cults according to both contemporary and modern definitions.
Choosing Strategies for a Jewish Future Survival
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

Throughout history, the persecutions of the Jewish people have been central to their identity and to the cohesion of their religion and cultural heritage. But now, with the success of the Jewish State of Israel and the prosperity of Jews in the United States, the collective sufferings that have forged the Jewish identity are disappearing. The compelling question Bernard Susser and Charles Liebman ask in Choosing Survival is: Will this success paradoxically prove fatal to Judaism? Susser and Liebman paint a disturbing portrait of the decline of Judaism in both Israel and the United States and the various--and mainly ineffective--efforts to reverse that decline. In Israel, as Jews are increasingly drawn to cosmopolitan Western culture, Jewishness is in danger of being reduced merely to communal folkways, while political tensions between religious and secular Jews threaten to pull the state apart. In the U.S., assimilation and secularization is even harder to resist. Efforts to strengthen Jewish identity by claiming the U.S. is still anti-Semitic and by pointing to the Holocaust and the threats to Israel’s survival have not worked. The authors do, however, see a hopeful sign in Jewish Orthodoxy which, while not a viable solution to the problem, is successfully passing on its tenets and practices and attracting many non-Orthodox Jews. They identify several aspects of Orthodoxy that can be emulated by all Jews and hold the best hope for Jewish survival--its reverence for study, its ability to set and maintain boundaries, and its deep belief in community. For anyone concerned about the fate of Judaism and what it means to be Jewish, Choosing Survival is an impassioned, troubling, and essential book.
The Sense and Essence of Secularism
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

The Fundamental Rift between Tradition and Modernity Modern humankind is profoundly and fundamentally different from its forebears. The difference is evident in the realm of ideas and worldviews as well as in action and life. Humankind has acquired different perspectives, altered expectations, and new patterns of behavior in every respect. As a result, the contemporary world seems to retain its past qualities only in the most superficial sense. Such notions as economy, morality, government, and money are analogous to jars filled with new wine.
Reason and Freedom
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

There is no might or power save that which flows from the most high, the most expansive. It is heartening as well as liberating to freely attend a meeting of the freedom-seeking brothers and sisters of the university community in order to address the noble and worthy topic of freedom. We have all at least reflected on this important problem. Some ofus have gone beyond thinking to fight in the cause of freedom in the course of the revolution.
Tolerance and Governance
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

The article on “The Idea of Religious Democratic Government” [see chapter 8] alluded to a number of pivotal principles that are of cardinal significance to the architecture of religious democracy: The combination of religion and democracy is an example of the concordance of religion and reason. Thus, the efforts and experiments of religiously sympathetic thinkers in the latter domain will be of use in the former. It is evident that such attempts are at once religious, useful, and well-precedented. They are by no means tainted by antireligious intentions or treacherous tendencies to supplant religiosity with worldliness.
The Three Cultures
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

We Iranian Moslems are the inheritors and the carriers of three cultures at once. As long as we ignore our links with the elements of our triple cultural heritage and our cultural geography, constructive social and cultural action will elude us. I will later argue that our social thinkers and reformers have all seen themselves somehow entangled in these over­ lapping cultural webs and have sought to weave their way out of them. I will also argue that the immense cultural aberrations that have caused us to miss important historical opportunities originated in the confluence of these three cultures, with one aspect of our cultural heritage eclipsing others and thereby causing various obesities and ailments in the cultural physiognomy of our nation.
Structuring “Greece”: Pausanias’s Periegesis as a Literary’ Construct
Authors: Elsner Jas
Published: November 2023

Like Pausanias gazing from the sea at the promontory of Sounion ( 1 1. 1 ). let us for a moment entertain a prospect simultaneously invigorating and humbling. Imagine that the travel book of Pausanias is more than a compendium of detailed observations and errant digressions to be cherrypicked by archaeologists or anthropologists or historians for its useful accoW1ts of lost monuments, peculiar rituals, or unusual variations of standard histories or myths. Imagine that the text is a creative contribution to a particular genre of ancient travel literature, one that has not, alas, fared very well in the lottery of survivals from antiquity. Imagine that the Periegesis of Greece was written carefully-its every sentence and description deliberately placed according to a conscious pattern of selection that might reveal (if only we could but uncover its motivations and widerpinnings!) the ways that Greek-speakers of the second century A.D. actually thought about their world.
Inspiration and Aspiration: Date, Genre, and Readership
Authors: Bowie Ewen
Published: November 2023

I begin by considering some questions concerning Pausanias’s date. The indications offered by passages in his work leave little room for doubt about the rough dates of its composition, and point chiefly to the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Book I, on Attica, had been finished, Pausanias tells us explicitly (7.20.6), before Herodes Atticus’s construction of his Odeion in Athens to commemorate his dead wife, Regilla. Regilla died very late in the 150s or in A.D. 160 or 161. We need not suppose the Odeion to have been begun, far less completed, immediately after her death, even if the poems commissioned by Herodes for Regilla’s monument on the via Appia should fall soon after 160 (given that the career of their poet, Marcellus of Side, was chiefly under Hadrian and Pius). A date of ca. A.D. 165 for the Odeion and as a terminus ante quern for the completion of Book I fits our other evidence. Book II (2.27.6) reths to building at Epidaurus by a senator Antoninus, undoubtedly Sextus Iulius Maior Antoninus Pythodorus, who was active in the 160s, and not the emperor Antoninus Pius.
Music
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

One Night I Waited For Two hours for service to begin at a church near my house in St. Vincent. After chatting with the leader for some of that time, and when it became apparent he would not get more than the two or three others already sitting in the benches, I asked him if he was still going to hold church. He replied, “It is very important to sing.” We had church. One night when too many members were out of tune, a pointer implored the congregation to sing better, indicating me and saying, “What do you want him to write about you?” Singing is the most important daily event for the Spiritual Baptists. Not only do they take singing very seriously, but they know they are good at it, sometimes jibing as they pass other churches, “They don’t sound sweet like us.” The performance of the music is the measure of its efficacy. If it sounds good, it is working.
The Death and Life of Stars
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

From the dizzying catwalk that girdles the dome of the Hale telescope, we gaze out across the darkness of Palomar Mountain. Low on the southwestern horizon, a faint glow marks where San Diegans slumber—creationists, exobiologists, and those who care naught for the cosmos, all dreaming away the hours when California turns its back to the Sun. We too felt the pressure to sleep, half an hour ago, as we sat waiting idly in the telescope’s warm control room. A computer sensed that the night air was too damp; fearing that dew might mar the mirror, we could not open the dome’s portals, and our observations were delayed. So we bundled up against the winter chill and ventured outside for some pre-Galilean astronomy.
Dreamland
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

After a night spent among flashing neon marquees and chattering slot machines, the trip north from Las Vegas seems like an exercise in sensory deprivation. There’s little traffic on the freeway, even less on State Highway 93, and none at all after we turn onto Highway 375 toward Rachel, Nevada. Perhaps it’s the official green sign that scares people away. Posted at the turnoff, under the last tree that we’ll see for a hundred miles, it reads “Extraterrestrial Highway.” And for those who don’t understand English, there’s a sketch of some angular, improbable flying machine—a Stealth version of a ufo, perhaps.
Feminist Christologies
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Turning now to the primary doctrine of Christology, we will see how feminist theological governing doctrines affect the reconstruction of the consideration of the person of Jesus. Remember that it was the stories about Jesus with which Frei’s narrative project was most concerned. Is Jesus to be regarded as a character within a series of stories about him, his life, his followers, his teachings, or is he to be understood as a representative for some greater idea or reality? How will feminist theological reconfiguring of governing doctrine affect the answers to these questions?’ Feminist Christologies and the Gender of Jesus For feminist theology, Christology is inherently problematic because Jesus was male. The complaints against Jesus’ masculinity go back to Mary Daly, who viewed the “myth of sin” and the “myth of redemption” as symptoms of the disease of male arrogance and who understood the doctrine of sacrificial atonement to create a “scape goat syndrome” which encourages women to imitate Jesus’ model of self-sacrificial love.’ Of course, such charges against classical Christianity cannot go unaddressed.’
FeministChristology and Historical Reconstructions
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

We saw in the previous chapter that the first three models of feminist reconstructions of Christology―internal apology, doctrinal relocation, and allegorical reconstruction―develop themes and motifs present in the biblical narrative. This was apparent in, for example, the presentation of Jesus as a prophet (internal apology), of Christ as agent in creation (doctrinal relocation), and of Christ’s presence within the community of faith (allegorical reconstruction). The fourth model of feminist reconstruction to be considered in this chapter departs from these, insofar as it develops and furthers insights drawn from historical-critical scholarship. Here, we will see the use of historical reconstructions of the “Hebrew Goddess” and of the figure of Sophia within the Bible to reconstruct Christology for feminist purposes. In addition, we will find feminist uses of the historical-critical dichotomy of the Jesus of history versus the Christ of faith for feminist reconstruction of doctrine.
Sola Experientia? Feyerabend’s Refutation of Classical Empiricism
Authors: Fraassen Bas C van
Published: November 2023

Feyerabend’s ‘Classical Empiricism’ (1970) draws on a seventeenth-century Je suit argument against Protestant fundamentalism. The argument is very general and applies to any simple foundationalist epistemology. Feyerabend uses it against Classical Empiricism-roughly, the view that what is to be believed is exactly what experience establishes, and no more-which he identifies as among other things Newton’s “dogmatic ideology”. I will first examine the argument, then ask whether it is perhaps too powerful, a skeptical argument which, if cogent, undermines any pretense to rational belief. Feyerabend explains why the argument could have had little force in the targeted Protestant community. But that is significant only if we can think of its epistemic stance as rational. Feyerabend’s irony leaves us with doubts, and yet, perhaps, also with some hope of a genuinely promising development.
Two Concepts of Political Tolerance
Authors: Hattiangadi J N
Published: November 2023

The intellectual authority of science is now at a much lower ebb than at any time since the Second World War. By the “intellectual authority of science” I mean how its value is regarded by the intelligent reading public, and among the other esoteric academic professions. “Intellectual authority” does not mean that every one takes its conclusions to be true, of course, though among the less knowledge able it may have this effect. In the Middle Ages, for instance, philosophy enjoyed great intellectual authority. In more recent times, this authority has gradually slipped. Mathematics certainly has seen its authority enhanced since the Middle Ages. The intellectual authority of natural science has not been overtaken by an other subject, as that of philosophy was taken over by its precocious offspring, physics, three hundred years ago. All the same, in recent decades, science has seen its intellectual authority slip, which is the background for this essay. The knowledge that it has slipped is in the evidence of the ease with which critiques of science are being published.
To Transform the Phenomena Feyerabend, Proliferation, and Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Churchland Paul M
Published: November 2023

Some years ago, I picked out five salient epistemological theses in the writings of Paul Feyerabend, and I attempted to show that those same five theses flowed naturally, and independently, from the emerging discipline of computational neuroscience (Churchland 1996). In short, the claim was that a “connectionist” model of cognitive activity successfully reduces a Feyerabendian philosophy of science. Specifically, the inevitable theory-ladenness of perception, the displace ability of folk psychology, the incommensurability of many theoretical alternatives, the permanent need for proliferating theoretical alternatives, and the need even for proliferating methodologies--all of these modestly radical theses emerge as presumptive lessons of cognitive neurobiology, or so I then claimed. This convergence of principle was arresting to me for all of the obvious reasons, but also because the five theses at issue no longer seemed radical at all, once they were assembled in neurocomputational dress. They seemed harmless and benign, almost reassuring.
Paul K. Feyerabend Last Interview
Authors: Jung Joachim
Published: November 2023

This interview was conducted in Mannedorf Hospital (Zurich Kanton), on January 27, 1994, between 12:45 and 3:15 p.m., two weeks before Feyerabend died. The left side of his body was already entirely paralyzed.
Measuring Injury and Disease Frequency
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

Several surveillance objectives are met when the health or exposure outcome is expressed as a rate. This chapter is oriented to surveillance systems that are capable of combining case counts with employment data to construct rates for injury, illness, or death.
Protocols for Case Reporting and Follow-Up
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

This step is oriented to surveillance systems with active case reporting by health care professionals and active case follow-up. Sentinel event surveillance systems created over the last decade by state public health agencies provide many examples (See Chapters 11-16).
Health and Disability Insurance
Authors: Park Robert M
Published: November 2023

Employers with modern data systems and employee benefits programs can perform surveillance for occupational heath problems. Although work-related health problems involving medical treatment or lost time should be handled by workers’ compensation, experience suggests a large burden of work-related illness is actually processed through medical insurance and disability insurance systems.
Cancer Mortality Surveillance
Authors: Silverstein Michael A , Maizlish Neil A , Park Robert M , Mirer Franklin E
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes union-based efforts to develop and use epidemiologic surveillance techniques as routine accessible tools in the day-to-day conduct of a health and safety program.
Exposure Surveillance for Chemical and Physical Hazards
Authors: Lamontagne Anthony D , James Ruttenber A , Wegman David H
Published: November 2023

Surveillance systems can focus on hazards, health outcomes, or both. Traditionally, public health or epidemiologic surveillance has focused primarily on health outcomes, although it also includes hazard surveillance.
Hospital Discharge Data
Authors: Stanbury Martha W
Published: November 2023

Computerized information from hospital discharge summaries is routinely collected and coded using standard data set formats in over half of the states and nationally for all Medicare-covered patients. This administrative data set is assembled primarily for billing purposes, but it has application for public health surveillance and research because it compiles population based diagnostic and demographic information on hospitalized patients. It is an important alternative to physician reporting as a source of surveillance data. Hospital discharge data have been used for a variety of condition-specific, case-based occupational health surveillance programs under the SENSOR model; and they have been used to describe trends, geographic patterns, and costs of occupational disease. Several exploratory studies have demonstrated their potential usefulness for other occupational health surveillance activities, although the findings from these studies have not yet been applied to public health practice.
Iphigenia: A Visual Essay
Authors: Cacoyannis Michael
Published: November 2023

editor’s note: As a visual accompaniment to his discussion, on preceding pages, of his views of filming ancient plays, Mr. Cacoyannis chose fifteen images from his Iphigenia which illustrate his approach to a realistic modern adaptation of a classical play to the cinema. As the moving image on the screen cannot do, a film still affords the opportunity to study or contemplate at some length a particular moment. Black-and-white stills of a color film bring out the textures underlying its visual composition, as they do here. The following images should increase both insight and pleasure on the viewer’s part.
Organismic Achievement and Environmental Probability [1943]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Five years after the lecture at the Cosmos Club, Brunswik got his big chance. There would be a panel to which Brunswik would be invited as one of three speakers; the other two would be Hull and Lewin, two of the three most important psychologists of the time, who represented sharply opposing views. By all expectations, Tolman, not Brunswik, would have been the third speaker on this panel, inasmuch as the sharp rivalry among these three was the most prominent topic in academic psychology. Why Brunswik appeared in stead of Tolman I do not know. But I know that Tolman was not a contentious person and probably did not look forward to this panel with much enthusiasm. I also have a hunch that Tolman saw that if Brunswik appeared in his place, Brunswik would have a great opportunity to make his case. Be that as it may, Brunswik appeared on the panel. I like to think that Tolman saw that if Brunswik could stand up to Hull and Lewin on this panel, his reputation would be made; he would immediately be a contender. And stand up he did, and he was indeed a contender from that point on.
Points of View: Components of Psychological Theorizing [1946]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Although Brunswik did not develop his own theoretical viewpoint to any significant degree in “Points of View,” we include it in this section because it contains his views about psychological theories in a way that explains the demands he placed on his own work. In this museum-like piece he put forward a framework for analyzing theories in terms of their “Explicitness of Theorizing, lntersubjectivity, and Formalization” (19466,p. 524) and further divided theories in terms of their “degree of quantification, technical verbalization, colloquial verbalization, and unverbalized, implicit, theorizing.” A second major classification is in terms of the “regional reference” of the variables or concepts in the theory. (The “regions” Brunswik referred to he described in detail later in his 1956 book, still a decade away, but even the 1946 descriptions are well worth the reader’s consideration; see Part II of this volume). At this point “regional reference” simply refers to a distinction between “peripheralism” (by which he meant the behaviorists’ “implicit belief that what is important in life and behavior of an organ ism can be found and identified at its surface”) and a functionalistic, central-distal region that he found to be “significant of the convergent trends in present day psychology” (19466, p. 527). He was prescient; that shift from peripheralism to an emphasis on a central-distal functionalism later came to define the essence of the cognitive revolution of the 1960s.
Survival in a World of Probable Objects [1957]
Authors: Kirlik Alex
Published: November 2023

In a concluding passage of On the Origin of Species (1859/1966), Charles Darwin wrote: Although I am fully convinced of the truth of the views given in this volume ... I by no means expect to convince experienced naturalists whose minds are stocked with a multitude of facts all viewed, during a long course of years, from a point of view directly opposite to mine But I look with confidence to the future -to young and rising naturalists, who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality. (p. 406)
Ontogenetic and Other Developmental Parallels to the History of Science [1959]
Authors: Wearing Alexander J
Published: November 2023

Finding a Place m History: Some Reflections on a Talk Given by Egon Brunswik Was Egon Brunswik a genius? Even if he was, was he one who spoke to both his time and ours? That question concerned him, and it might also concern the historian of psychology who asks why some people and ideas prosper and inspire and others do not.1 His contemporaries and students testify to the power and reach of Brunswik’s mind, but when we leaf through the many books in the psychological canon,2 it is uncommon to find a reference to him. In the typical author index, “Bruner, J.”, is almost always followed by someone other than “Brunswik, E.” Perhaps that is because he had his fifteen minutes of fame and is now of historical interest only?3 His work may not even be of historical interest. Texts on the history of psychology also pass him by (see, e.g., Brennan, 1986; Hergenhahn, 1992; Hillner, 1984; Hunt, 1993; Leahey, 1987).
Historical and Thematic Relations of Psychology to Other Sciences [1956]
Authors: Cooksey Ray W
Published: November 2023

Brunswik’s ideas regarding the convergence of history, theory, and method in psychology took concrete form and substance in the 1950s with the publication of his monograph The Conceptual Framework of Psychology in 1952. His mono graph had a very rich texture and a density (some would say obscurity) to it that made its central ideas difficult to penetrate and understand (see the more detailed review and discussion of Brunswik’s monograph, Chapter 12, this volume). After publication of the monograph, Bruns wik appeared to focus his efforts on publicizing his ideas in a somewhat less concentrated and more digestible form. One such effort was a paper he presented to the Section of the History and Philosophy of Science at the Berkeley meet-ing of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954. This paper was subsequently and posthumously published in Scientific Monthly in 1956 (Brunswik, 1956a).
The Contribution of Representative Design to Calibration Research
Authors: Doherty Michael E , Brake Gregory L , Kleiter Gemot D
Published: November 2023

Most followers of Brunswik would, we think, identify representative design (Brunswik, 1944, 1956b) as one of the most critical of Brunswik’s methodological contributions. The idea of representative design epitomizes Brunswik’s system; it includes the need to pay as much attention to the environment as to the subject, the need to sample environments as well as subjects, the need to represent environments in all of their entangled dimensions in depth, and the need to adopt an idiographic-statistical approach to the study of behavior. Most followers of Brunswik would also, we think, identify vicarious functioning as the single most critical of Brunswik’s theoretical concepts. They are not unrelated; a fully representative design allows the experimental subject to function vicariously and thus to attain a high level of achievement. The present paper illustrates the potential contribution of Brunswik’s ideas to a topic that has been hitherto “beyond the pale.” That application is to research on the calibration of subjective probabilities, a research area that has hitherto generally been considered to be in the domain of the heuristics and biases.
Assessing Self-Insight via Policy Capturing and Cognitive Feedback
Authors: Doherty Michael E , Reilly Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The investigation of the extent to which people have insight has a long history. One could start the modern history with the controversial theories of Freud, who postulated that there were in accessible areas of mind, the so-called unconscious, as well as accessible areas, the so-called conscious. Or one could start with the Gestalt psychologists, who meant by insight a sudden re structuring of the perceptual situation, “a patterning of the perceptual field in such a way that the significant relations are apparent; ... the formation of a Gestalt in which the relevant factors fall into place with respect to the whole” (Heid breder, 1933, p. 355). There must be myriad other meanings between the two poles just mentioned, with Freud focusing on the development of insight into aspects of oneself, and the Gestalt psychologists focusing on the development of in sight into aspects of the environment.
From Ecological to Moral Psychology: Morality and the Psychology of Egon Brunswik
Authors: Earle Bo
Published: November 2023

Moral judgment and behavior are uniquely resistant to psychological analysis because morality generally is defined in terms that do not admit of psychological predication. Principal among these is the idea of freedom. An agent can act morally only on the condition that it is also free to do otherwise. Correspondingly, to evaluate actions for their moral content is necessarily to construe them as expressions of a self-determining, autonomous will. Such autonomy is not only essential but ultimately futile and even counterproductive concern for the strictly analytical coherence and justifiability of knowledge and ethical life toward the infinitely more salutary and pertinent issue of the stability and integrity of the particular social practices that make possible not only properly moral judgment and behavior but also knowledge and perception generally.
The Relationship between Strategy and Achievement as the Basic Unit of Group Functioning
Authors: Rohrbaugh John
Published: November 2023

As Brunswik (1956b) noted that the lens model “summarizes the relationship between achievement and strategy and may be taken to exemplify the basic unit of psychological functioning” (p. 141), so, too, is the lens model currently be ingused to represent the information processing that occurs within a group (Hinze, Tindale, & Voll rath, 1997). Much to his credit, Brunswik (1956b,p. 141) never suggested that the lens would be “a fully rational model of achievement” but, instead, “‘a mere “ratio-morphic”““ or reasoning-like framework for inquiry. Such a model is well suited to group study, since ratiomorphism should “not be confused with rationalism or with intellectualism; ... it even helps us to nail down more concretely the rather important secondary differences between “perception” and “thinking”““ (Brunswik, 1956b, p. 141).
Human Factors
Authors: Kirlik Alex
Published: November 2023

Human factors research is largely concerned with the analysis and design of human-machine systems (HMS) and human-computer interaction (HCI). Thus, the objects of human factors study can be seen to be irreducibly ecological: systems com prised of both people and their technological environments, and interactions among these system components. Additionally, the practical purposes (e.g., transportation, production, management, defense) for which HMS and HCI systems are de signed naturally promote a functional attitude to ward modeling and performance evaluation. These observations on the ecological nature of human factors are not new. In his 1957 article “Psychology and the Design of Machines” Frank lin Taylor observed that human factors research “argues against maintaining separate sciences and construct languages: one for the environment and the other for that which is environed” (p. 258). This same year saw publication of Brunswik’s ad monition to psychologists that “both organism and environment will have to be seen as systems, each with properties of its own, yet both hewn from the same block” (Brunswik, 1957, p. 5), and more important, a set of concrete proposals for carrying out an ecological, functionalist enterprise (Bruns wik, 19566).
Ideas in Exile: The Struggles of an Upright Man
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

The sparkling intellectual atmosphere of early twentieth-century Vienna produced Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Popper, Otto Neurath, and Kurt Godel-in addition to a string of other great thinkers. Among them was Karl Buhler, who, when he founded the Vienna Psychological Institute in 1922, was one of the foremost psychologists in the world. Egon Brunswik began to study psychology in Vienna in 1923 and soon became an active participant in Buhler’s famous Wednesday-evening discussion group; Thursdays he went to Moritz Schlick’s Thursday-evening discussion group (Leary, 1987). Schlick was the founder and leading member of the European school of positivist philosophers known as the Vienna Circle. In 1927, Brunswik submitted his doctoral thesis to Buhler and Schlick, the same two advisers to whom Karl Popper submitted his thesis a year later.
Prologue: Looking at Romans
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

This book is, among other things, an attempt to examine Saint Paul’s Letter to the Romans in its literary and cultural setting. Originally I intended it to follow the pattern of my earlier study, A Preface to Mark: that is to say, in the former of two parts I would try to show which literary type or genre would have been seen by Paul’s contemporaries as exemplified in the Letter to the Romans, and in the latter, how Romans works as a piece of literature, and what we may understand from it of Paul’s intentions and hopes. As with A Preface to Mark, and reflecting the fact that the literature that composes what we now call “the New Testament” was not created in a vacuum, the study as a whole was also to involve discussion of and comparison with other literature from Paul’s time, place, and milieu—including, of course, other writings attributed to Paul. As I look now at A Preface to Romans completed, I still hope that this describes, more or less, what I have written.
The Letter to the Romans, the Jewish Scriptures, and the Law
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

According to Paul, his “gospel” was foretold by Scripture and accords with Scripture, and so both upholds and fulfills the Law (1.2, 3.21, 3.31, rn.4). This, as I intend to show, is argued from the beginning to the end of Romans. Before attempting that demonstration, it will be useful, however, to reflect on three preliminary questions.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1799, very near the occasion of his twenty-fourth birthday, Ebenezer Francis Newell (1775-1867) left his family home in Worcester County, Massachusetts, to seek his fortune abroad. Arriving at the coast, he booked passage to London. But Newell was persuaded to forego the voyage by a kindly ship captain who regarded the “old Country” as a “corrupt place” that offered nothing of profit to “a young man without much money.”1 Newell determined to enroll in the study of navigation ashore before embarking on a career at sea. He boarded with a Methodist deacon named Watson, who possessed a library stocked with the writings of John Wesley and a parlor with two pictures that attracted Newell’s attention (figs. 1 and 2).
Talking Pictures
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

In his instructive social history of print and visual propaganda during the German Reformation, R. W Scribner contended that the Reformation was “part of a movement from an image to a print culture.”1 But print culture did not mean aniconic or anti-iconic culture. The Reformation ignited an explosion of printed imagery in chapbooks, tracts, broadsides, and illustrated Bibles. What Scribner had in mind was a tectonic shift from the cult image as the site of authority to the printed text and image as the circulating, mechanically reproduced source of authority. The change eventuated new relationships between visual and textual signs that responded to new literacies and the cultural politics of representation. Printed words and images were conjoined in scientific and scholarly literatures but also and on a much larger scale in popular genres such as broad sides, maps, histories,primers, and almanacs.