bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Production Functions, Deficits, and Social Revolutions
Authors: LINDENBERG SIEGWART
Published: March 2007

Two issues are unresolved for a theory of social revolution: (1) Under what circumstances is it likely that different groups in a society become destabilized within a short period of time? (2) Given the potential for free ride and the high risks of participation, how is rebellious action possible? While written within the context of rational choice theory, the article departs from conventional rational choice theories in major ways. In particular, the new theory emphasizes the usefulness of regarding individual actors as producers subject to framing effects. By attending to the consequences of governmental actions for individuals, the theory supplies a new interpretation of what happened in prerevolutionary France and Russia.
The Utility of Bilingualism
Authors: COLOMER JOSEP M.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes an analytical model of linguistic behavior in a bilingual community. The starting point is the assumption that conversation is an interaction among individuals to which rational choice analysis can be applied. Two attitudes—adaptive and nonadaptive—are defined. Using game theory, five types of linguistic behavior are established as a result of the different combinations of persons with adaptive attitudes and nonadaptive attitudes in conversation groups. The results of each linguistic behavior are evaluated for their effect on the promotion of any language. Likewise, the individual and collective utility of each linguistic behavior is calculated, introducing the concept of disutility of use of the second language. Finally, the most effective behaviors for the promotion of the majority language—a goal which seems to be pursued in many countries—are compared with the behaviors which bring about greater utility for individuals and the community.
Leadership Games in Collective Action
Authors: COLOMER JOSEP M.
Published: March 2007

The strategic interactions between the leader and the members of the group in collective action are analyzed in a game-theoretical approach. Unlike the Prisoner's Dilemma scheme used to formalize a “horizontal” interaction between the members of the group, other schemes are found appropriate to better understand the “vertical” interaction between leaders and followers. The “Battle of the Sexes” game, whose equilibria are found in outcomes in which players do not coincide in their choices, is analyzed as a basic model for interactions in which some people lead and others follow the leaders. Some variants are discussed and the analysis is also extended to N-person games. The analysis supports the conclusion that leadership can explain the creation of organizations for collective action and that leadership effects reinforce the differences in the relative strength of different kinds of groups.
THE `COGNITIVIST MODEL'
Authors: Boudon Raymond
Published: March 2007

Recently, two French doctors were convicted in a trial dealing with the transfusion of blood contaminated by the AIDS virus. A petition was signed all over the world by numerous doctors and scientists, including 30 Nobel Prize winners, making the point that the trial had been unfair and requiring that the French President use his prerogative of presidential pardon, which can effectively be applied in this case, to release the doctors from jail. A strong majority disapproved of the proposal. Influential members of the government had already made clear they would not recommend a pardon. This is an example of current `collective beliefs', which the social sciences should be able to explain. The example is taken because the `collective belief' appears here as unusually strong. Can the `rational-choice model' explain this social fact satisfactorily? Can the classical sociological `internalization of norms' model explain it? It is contended that none of them can explain the case as it is. If so, there are many important facts which cannot easily be explained by these two current models. From this example, a model is sketched, the `cognitive model', of which the rational-choice model turns out to be a particular case.
COGNITION IN SEEMINGLY RISKLESS CHOICES AND JUDGMENTS
Authors: Lévy-Garboua Louis , Montmarquette Claude
Published: March 2007

The assumption of given and known preferences and possibilities so common in economic theory stands in contradiction with the kind of unsystematic changes that characterize many experimental and real situations. Consequently, the theory misspecifies rational choice and generates many puzzles relating to marginal analysis, sunk costs, judgments of fairness, the endowment effect, etc. We model rational cognition and learning in `seemingly riskless' choices and judgments. Preferences and possibilities are given in a stochastic sense and based on revisable expectations. The theory predicts experimental preference reversals and passes a sharp econometric test on the status quo bias drawn from a field study.
SYMBOLIC INTERESTS AND MEANINGFUL PURPOSES
Authors: Rambo Eric H.
Published: March 2007

Rational choice theory and cultural sociology have often seemed to be radically at odds with one another. As the two traditions become more sophisticated, however, points of convergence are beginning to appear. It now seems possible to create a partial synthesis. Although rational choice theory has had very little to say about culture, we can conceive of symbolic process and structure through the framework of purposive action. Borrowing core concepts from James Coleman's Foundations of Social Theory, we can think of actors' interpretation and intention of meaning as the exercise of control over symbolic resources. Actors have means- and ends-interests in symbolism. From the intersection of this interested control emerge cultural structures that are real conditions of interaction. Identifying these cultural structures and tracing the process of their emergence is one way to conceive the project of cultural sociology. In addition to conceptual clarity such a synthesis provides the orienting principle of a social optimum.
A Literary Approach to Teaching Cultural Competence
Authors: Clark Lauren , Zuk Jeannie , Baramee Julaluk
Published: March 2007

Cultural competence is a necessity in today’s diverse society and an essential component of clinical practice. As an adjunct to other sources, literature can enrich teaching and sensitize students to cultural issues in health care. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down is a beautifully written and compelling story well suited for instructional purposes. Although widely recommended, nurses are largely ignored in this story of a Hmong family seeking medical care. The book describes how the health care system failed to provide adequate care to patients from a different cultural background despite providers’ good intentions. Nurse educators can use structured discussion guides to synthesize literary accounts such as The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down with theory and research about cultural competence.
Korean American Caregivers: Who are they?
Authors: Kim Jin H. , Theis Saundra L.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To describe the caregiving role in the Korean American family. Design: Descriptive study. Method: Thirty Korean American female caregivers were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire related to sociodemographic background, caregiving history, filial responsibility, family network, cognitive status, dependency level, job-caregiving conflict, family conflict, economic strain, and negative life-style changes. Findings: The Korean American caregivers were elderly wives who were sharing households only with their elderly husbands, and these women were low-income, unemployed, less educated, and regarded their caregiving activity as a final assignment of obligation and duty given to them as spouse. Discussion: The Korean traditional cultural norm of filial piety plays a significant role for caregiving activities among Korean American caregivers. Implication: Understanding cultural norms may enable health care providers to look below the surface even though caregivers may not express problems.
Taking Love Seriously: The Context of Adolescent Pregnancy in Colombia
Authors: de la Cuesta Carmen
Published: March 2007

Findings from a qualitative research study of the context of adolescent pregnancy are presented. Participants were 21 pregnant adolescents from Medellín, Colombia, and nearby villages in the region. Data were collected by means of 21 qualitative interviews, and analysis followed grounded theory procedures. The study reveals that adolescent pregnancy occurs in the context of a “genuine love affair” in which ideas of romantic love and gender rules guide young women’s behaviour. Regarding an adolescent as immature or in a process of becoming might hinder adolescents’ distinctive culture and circumstances. Ideas of romantic love and gender rules were powerful influences on those who unintentionally got pregnant.
Cultural Validation of Pediatric Pain Assessment Tools: Jordanian Perspective
Authors: Gharaibeh Muntaha , Abu-Saad Huda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the cultural validity, reliability, and preference of three pain assessment tools among 95 Jordanian children. Pain intensity was assessed using the Poker Chip, the Faces, and the Word Description Scales. The test-retest reliability and the convergent validity were supported for the three scales. Jordanian children preferred the Poker Chip Tool to the Faces Scale and the Word Descriptive Scale. Gender differences in relation to scale preference were evident: female children preferred the Poker Chip Tool and male children preferred the Faces Scale; such differences were contributes of the socialization process within the Arab culture. The three scales are valid, reliable, and can be used with confidence to assess pain among Jordanian children. Findings also showed that children have a subculture of their own regardless of their cultural orientation. Findings have implication to nurses in Jordan as well as to transcultural nursing.
Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about AIDS: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Petro-Nustas Wasileh , Kulwicki Anahid , Zumout Arwa F.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory, comparative study was conducted to assess and compare the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward AIDS between a group of Jordanian and a group of American students. A convenience sample consisting of 126 senior BSN (bachelor’s of nursing) students, 63 from a university in Jordan and 63 from a university in Michigan, was selected for this study. A self-administered structured questionnaire was utilized. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward AIDS in both cultures. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used. The results indicated that the American students’ responses concerning knowledge of HIV/AIDS were significantly greater (M = 73%) in comparison with Jordanian students’ (M = 52%). The American students also reported more positive attitudes toward AIDS than those of their Jordanian counterparts. In terms of prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS, more American students (82.5%) approved of the use of condoms as a precautionary measure toward the spread of the disease when compared to Jordanian students.
Transcultural Comparison of Hospital and Hospice as Caring Environments for Dying Patients
Authors: Gates Marie F.
Published: March 2007

Leininger's nursing Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality provided the framework for this comparative study of two environments for persons who are dying; namely a hospital oncology unit and a free-standing hospice unit. Analysis of data from ethnographic and ethnonursing research methods including unstructured interviews, observation-participation, and field journal materials yielded contrasts with the two settings. The presence of a caring atmosphere/ambience was apparent in both the hospital and hospice. Universal patterns common to both were: caring beliefs and practices of staff; identification of each setting as "community" or "home"; and multiple symbolic uses of humor and food. Diversities included hierarchical organizational structure and cure orientation in the hospital; interdisciplinary collaboration and care orientation in hospice; more pronounced use of touch as a caring modality; and greater evidence of symbolism and ritual related to death and dying in hospice. Adoption of the cultural care modes of accommodation, repatterning, and maintenance are suggested in promoting a caring atmosphere wherever dying patients are served.
Patients', Relatives', and Nurses' Experience of Stroke in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Haggstrum Terttu M. , Norberg Astrid , Huy Tran Quang
Published: March 2007

Transcriptions were made of interviews held in Vietnam with five nurses, five people affected by stroke (aged 28-60), and with one relative each. Their stories were analysed as texts by means of a phenomenological hermeneutic method. The role of the nurses in Vietnam appeared to differ from that usually ascribed to nurses in Western institutionalized care. In the former a relative was expected to carry out basic care during the acute stage and to assist socioeconomically thereafter. The interviewees spoke of family bonds in the past, present, and future tenses when narrating their experiences of stroke as nurses, patients, and relatives. This was interpreted as an indication of a consciousness of an essential relatedness. Nurses were aware of playing a temporary and secondary role mainly as assistants: firstly to the doctor by carrying out orders and reporting, secondly to the stroke patient and his or her family by carrying out advanced nursing procedures and giving support The advantages and disadvantages of involving the family in nursing care can be revealed by obtaining views from a different culture, which can provide a contrast against which constructive criticism of the Western nursing tradition can be made.
Leininger's Model for Discoveries at the Farm and Midwifery Services to the Amish
Authors: Finn Julianna
Published: March 2007

This paper is a descriptive report and analysis of a transcultural nurse's experiences immersed in a hippie subculture at The Farm near Summertown, Tennessee. This subcultural group initially was established over 20 years ago as a community with a unique worldview which included pacifistic, vegetarian, and collective values and beliefs. This community prefers health care provided by their own community members who serve as generic care providers and also as folk midwives for home births. Leininger's (1991) Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and her Sunrise Model provided the framework for discovering and understanding this unique subcultural group. The major components of Leininger's Sunrise Model including worldview, cultural values, and lifeways were used in the analysis. The important social structure factors discovered included environmental context, technological factors, religious and philosophical factors, political and legal factors, economic factors, and educational factors. The Farm community's culture care expressions, patterns and practices for health and well being were discovered including generic and folk systems of care. The farm midwives provide primary care and home birthing care to a nearby Old Order Amish community. The Amish culture and health care seeking patterns are discussed including their selective use of generic, folk, and professional care systems. The discoveries that resulted from the application of Leininger's Sunrise Model are presented including implications for transcultural nurse caregiving.
Transcultural Nursing Practice Described by Registered Nurses and Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Baldonado Ardelina , Beymer Patti Ludwig , Barnes Karen , Starsiak Donna , Nemivant Emma B. , Anonas-Temate Annie
Published: March 2007

Using Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality as a framework, this research examined transcultural practices of nurses and students. A survey was administered to a convenience sample of registered nurses and senior baccalaureate students with 767 usable questionnaires returned. Neither group expressed confidence in their ability to care for culturally-diverse patients. Registered nurses (RNs) reported assessing cultural factors and modifying practices more frequently than did students. Respondents reported their beliefs about transcultural nursing were influenced by being with people of other cultures, their own personal values, and education. Analysis of the open-ended questions revealed two major themes. First, both nurses and students perceive an overwhelming need for transcultural nursing. Second, nurses and students respond to cultural challenges by modifying their care. Modifications are based on language and communication, pain perception and relief, religious and spiritual dimensions, gender and family roles, and other values. Results suggest that nurses and students are aware of culture, recognize that culture influences the care they provide, and modify their health teaching and nursing care based on culture. The use of a conceptual framework to help make modifications in care was not mentioned.
The Personal Experience of Pregnancy for African-American Women
Authors: Mann Rosemary J. , Abercrombie Priscilla D. , Dejoseph Jeanne , Norbeck Jane S. , Smith Renee T.
Published: March 2007

This study describes the personal experiences of pregnancy for African-American women. Data were obtained from two group interviews with four African-American nurse-midwives who had experienced pregnancy and had extensive professional experience in the provision of health care services to pregnant African Americans. Three major themes were constructed from the interview narratives. The first concerned the experience of pregnancy as a transition experience from childhood to adulthood and from womanhood to motherhood, involving heightened senses of maturity, self-esteem, and intimacy. The second identified stresses experienced by African-American women, including the lack of material resources and emotional support. The last theme concerned the provision of effective support in pregnancy. The significance of interpersonal relationships with the pregnant women’s mothers, other significant women, and their partners was described. Implications for practice included suggestions for the provision of effective emotional support from health care professionals such as attentive listening and the elimination of environmental factors that communicate lowered personal value.
Nonlawyer Judges and the Professionalization of Justice
Authors: COHEN NIGEL J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the scope of nonlawyer judges in state and local trial courts, with an emphasis on courts of limited jurisdiction. It looks at trends in legal education and the current emphasis on judicial ethics. A review of statewide court reform in Pennsylvania is detailed as representative of many states' experiences. An analysis of criminal defendants' due process rights before nonlawyer judges reviews cases from the U.S. Supreme Court and the Tennessee Supreme Court. The article concludes with ideas about the future of nonlawyer judges.
Age, Race, and Female Offending
Authors: Rosenbaum Jill Leslie
Published: March 2007

This paperexamines the similarities and differences among white and minority women who were committed to the California Youth Authority during the 1960s. Inspection of this group's juvenile and adult arrest records indicates that few differences existed among the groups with respect to offending behavior. However, significant differences did emerge in the sentences received as adults. Black women received more severe sentences as adults than did the white, Asian, or Latino women.
The Issue of Entrapment in Prostitution
Authors: Sagatun Inger J.
Published: March 2007

In order to detect and to fight prostitution, law enforcement personnel often use various degrees of encouragement practices. This active involvement by the police in producing the crime often leads to charges of entrapment and illegal behavior. This paper focuses on the issue of entrapment in prostitution and shows how the legal interpretations of entrapment have changed over time and been differentially applied to the various parties involved. In particular, recent legal developments in California which make it easier for police to use encouragement without the fear of entrapment charges are discussed.
The Role of Dispute Resolution in the Criminal Justice Curriculum: Some Critical Issues
Authors: Volpe Maria R. , Sexter Jay
Published: March 2007

As the field of dispute resolution grows, criminal justice educators will be confronted with some important concerns such as curriculum, resources, personnel, internships and student enrollments. This paper provides an overview of the critical issues facing criminal justice educators and decisionmakers in higher education.
The Role of Probation Officers: An Examination of Statutory Requirements
Authors: Burton Velmer S. , Latessa Edward J. , Barker Troy
Published: March 2007

Previous researchers have examined the role of probation officers and have found rehabilitation to be the primary function. While assessing probation officer roles researchers have examined the preferred and actual roles, while neglecting the legally prescribed roles set forth in state legal codes. To fill this void in the research, we examined 1992 legal codes for all fifty states to locate the prescribed legislative roles as defined by state legislatures for probation officers. Our findings indicate that enforcement oriented tasks (not rehabilitative tasks) were most frequently prescribed. Suggestions for additional research on probation officer roles are made.
Using Dollars to Fight Drugs: The Dysfunctional Aspects of Drug Policy Making
Authors: Potter Gary , Games Larry K. , Vito Gennaro F.
Published: March 2007

Drug policy making is the central focus of this analy sis To date, this process has been plagued by some well-known dy sfunctional aspects of public administration This article considers the experience of one state, Kentucky, under the Federal government's new dmg policy initiatives to demonstrate the nature of this policy-making process
Reinventing Corrections Through Project Management
Authors: Waldron Ronald J. , Turner C. Allan
Published: March 2007

Correctional agencies follow traditional organizational structures. The chief executive officer is at the top of the pyramid, with functions grouped and dispersed at various layers down through the pyramid. Many are paramilitary in structure and operations. While this classical organization has permitted correctional agencies to accomplish clearly defined routine missions, the organizational structure and operation often stand in the way of change. Establishing and initiating a project management group provides an opportunity for staff from various functional areas to devote their time to the project. With a multi-discipline group, each member can contribute the expertise of his or her particular functional area, and the contributions this function can make toward the resolution of the problem. The use of project management in corrections offers a method for concentrating the resources of the agency on specific problems or activities. Through a project management approach, change can be implemented in a correctional environment much more readily than through the traditional organizational structure.
Defending the Indefensible
Authors: DUNBAR EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Hate crimes are a recently defined special class of violence or threat of violence to a person, property, and/or community. These crimes include a prominent symbolic component that affects a class of victimized parties, and provides an understanding of the motives of the perpetrator. Given the critical importance of intent in committing a hate crime, it is not surprising that defense attorneys have sought out counterarguments based on psychological theory to limit the perpetrator's culpability and achieve leniency. These defense strategies are considered in terms of their veracity vis-à-vis available behavioral research. The implications of these defense strategies are considered in terms of how psychological research may be employed in prosecution and pre-sentencing decision making concerning perpetrator placement.
Television News Coverage of the Police
Authors: MAGUIRE BRENDAN , SANDAGE DIANE , WEATHERBY GEORGIE ANN
Published: March 2007

Perceptions of and about the police have many sources, not the least of which is television. Given the fact that Americans are more likely to encounter television police rather than real police, researchers have examined how the police are depicted on television. For the most part, however, research has focused on entertainment crime and police programs. The present project, an exploratory study of television news stories about the police and policing, offers a supplementary focus. The sample consists of a 5-week content analysis of national, big city, and small town newscasts drawn from a rural cable television system. Findings suggest noteworthy differences between big city and small town television news coverage of the police, albeit limitations of the methodology.
One-Dimensional Thermomechanical Constitutive Relations for Shape Memory Materials
Authors: Liang C. , Rogers C.A.
Published: March 2007

The use of the thermoelastic martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation has recently been proposed and demonstrated for several active control ap plications. However, the present constitutive models have lacked several important funda mental concepts that are essential for many of the proposed intelligent material system ap plications such as shape memory hybrid composites.

A complete, unified, one-dimensional constitutive model of shape memory materials is developed and presented in this paper. The thermomechanical model formulation herein will investigate important material characteristics involved with the internal phase transformation of shape memory alloys. These characteristics include energy dissipation in the material that governs the damping behavior, stress-strain-temperature relations for pseudoelasticity, and the shape memory effect. Some numerical examples using the model are also presented.
Intelligent Chemical Systems Based on Conductive Electroactive Polymers
Authors: Riley P.J. , Wallace G.G.
Published: March 2007

Conductive, electroactive polymers provide a unique platform upon which to construct intelligent materials. These polymers are capable of monitoring and respond ing to the chemical environment in which they are operational. They have properties which simplify the design and development of sensors, based on the principles of molec ular recognition. The conductive nature of the materials enables a range of electrical sig nals to be produced and this inherent electroactivity provides a unique means of triggering chemical responses. This article reviews the accomplishments of various workers in this field to demonstrate that conductive, electroactive polymers provide a basis for intelligent chemical systems.
A Study of the Response of a Simply Supported Beam to Excitation by a Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Pan Jie , Hansen Colin H. , Snyder Scott D.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a dynamic model of the response of a simply sup ported beam to excitation by actuators made using piezoelectric ceramics glued to the beam surface. The dynamic extensional strain on the beam surface is calculated by includ ing the free stress conditions at the piezoelectric actuator boundaries and by considering the dynamic coupling between the actuator and the structure. The results obtained from this analysis are compared with those from past studies, which were based on the assump tion of static coupling between the structure and the actuator. The analysis shows that the strain field (and so the beam displacement) close to the actuator is significantly different from that obtained by using static stress analysis results, and that to obtain an accurate description of the response, the coupled structural and piezoceramic actuator system must be modelled dynamically.
On the Development of Control Laws for an Orbiting Tethered Antenna / Reflector System Test Scale Model
Authors: Zhong Li  , Bainum Peter M.
Published: March 2007

Tethered systems can be used to change the geometry and inertial characteristics of space structural systems to meet the gravity gradient stability requirements. The control law design for an orbiting shallow spherical shell (antenna/reflector) system connected by a massive and flexible tether to a subsatellite is investigated in this article. The subsatellite is nominally deployed below the antenna along the yaw axis at a sufficient distance to provide a favorable composite moment of inertia ratio for gravitational stabilization. It is assumed that the tether would be deployed through the end of a rigid boom attached to the shell apex. The tension control strategy is used for stationkeeping and deployment and the control gains are obtained based on the structural data for a future proposed real space antenna/reflector. In order to prove the feasibility of this concept, a test scale model for an in-orbit experiment is also studied. The scale model should be small enough so that it could be accommodated within the volume and size limitations of the space shuttle cargo bay. Since the or bital angular velocity (determined by the orbital altitude of the space shuttle), tether diameter, etc. may not be directly scaled, the control gains will be adjusted to fit the requirements for the scale model. Furthermore, during the deployment, the real control gains will be adjusted to the change of the length of the tether and the deployed tether mass. Therefore, the control law gains for the pro posed in-orbit experiment scale model would be synthesized in a piece-wise adaptive manner. Nu merical results are presented both for the real antenna as well as for the proposed in-orbit (test) scale model.
Introductory Use of Probabilistic Neural Networks for Spike Detection from an On-Line Vibration Diagnostic System
Authors: Branagan Lyle A.
Published: March 2007

We developed a two-part algorithm for detecting spikes in trended data from a vibra tion diagnostic monitoring system. Deviation from an exponential forecasting technique provides an initial screening of data for abnormal amplitudes. These abnormal events are classified as NOR MAL (i.e., no spikes), positive-going spikes (PSPIKE), or negative-going spikes (NSPIKE) by a PNN calculation trained on synthetic data using a Gaussian probability density function (PDF) esti mation. This screening reduces computational time and results in fewer false spike classifications compared with a probabilistic neural network (PNN) calculation alone. Results from sample field data sets showed that spike detection can be readily achieved, but that steps in the data lead to false spike classifications.
Analytical and Experimental Investigation on Fuzzy Active Control
Authors: Furuta Hitoshi , Okanan Hiroo , Kaneyoshi Masakatsu , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

In this article, an attempt is made to apply the fuzzy set theory to structural vibration control of earthquake- excited and wind-excited oscillations. The numerical examples of SDOF and 2DOF models show that the fuzzy control technique is useful for reducing the amplitude and acceleration of structural oscillation due to earthquake. Experiments on structural vibration control are conducted using a system of prestressing tendons with springs connected to a stepping motor system with fuzzy control rules. The model is subject to base motions produced by a small shaking table, and a fluctuating flow generated by a fan. These ex perimental results confirm the efficiency of fuzzy control for struc tural vibration problems.
Pseudoelastic Behaviour of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Subjected to Strain Variations
Authors: Lin P.H. , Tobushi H. , Tanaka K. , Hattori T. , Makita M.
Published: March 2007

The pseudoelastic behaviour associated with the martensitic transformation (MT) of TiNi shape memory alloys subjected to strain variations has been investigated experimentally. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, with respect to strain variations within the MT region: (1) The reverse transformation stress does not depend on the maximum strain. (2) The MT stress and reverse transformation stress decrease with an increase in the number of deformation cycles. (3) The rate of variation in both transformation stresses with cycling decreases with the increase in the number of cycles. Secondly, with respect to strain variations beyond the completion points of MT and reverse transformation: (1) At the start points of MT and of the reverse transformation, over shooting of both transformation stresses appears. (2) The higher the temperature and the larger the maximum strain, the larger the overshoot of both transformation stresses and the larger the decrease of the reverse transformation stress.
Photoelectrical Responses of Dried Purple Membrane Film in Blue Form and Acid Purple Form
Authors: Fukuzawa Kenji , Kuwano Hiroki , Majima Toshikazu
Published: March 2007

The modification of photoelectrical property of dried purple membrane (PM) film by acid treatment and deionization method is reported. By acid treatment and deionization, blue and acid purple form of bacteriorhodopsin, which have been obtained only in suspension, are able to be obtained in dried PM films. Using these films, the photoelectrical responses for blue and acid purple form of bacteriorhodopsin in dried films are measured. The disappearance of the normal photocur rent and appearance of a photocurrent with an opposite polarity is observed for blue and acid purple form of dried PM. The photoelectrical property of bR in dried PM is able to be modified by acid treatment and deionization. These treatments are able to control the polarity of bacteriorhodopsin photoresponse without change of the orientation of the bacteriorhodopsin molecules.
MX Filters: A New Tool for Performance Tests of Adaptive Structural Systems
Authors: Melcher J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a new measuring technique tool that allows the on-line iden tification of adaptive structural systems or other dynamic time-variant systems or processes. It is based on the adaptive modelling concept. The main ideas of this method are the MX filter, the corre sponding adaptation algorithm MX-LMS, and further calculations to yield the unknown behavior of the intelligent materials or material systems from the adapted MX filter coefficients. It is shown that the proposed system identification procedure is extremely fast and copes with the requirement of MDOF systems, real-time conditions and time-variations of the system to be identified. Experiments on a carbon fibre reinforced epoxy beam with embedded NiTi wires demonstrate that the structural parameters to be identified are known at any time, even in cases in which they are time-varying, e.g., when the NiTi wires are activated by electrical current.
Reply to Carron and Brawley
Authors: Carless Sally A.
Published: March 2007

Carron and Brawley have raised questions about the research methodology used by Carless and De Paola. In addressing their comments, the author begins by raising the issues of level of theory, level of data collection, and level of analysis. The author argues that there is increasing evidence that the most appropriate level of conceptualization of cohesion is the group level rather than the individual level. Following is a discussion of methodological issues raised by Carron and Brawley: (a) temporal issues associated with groups, (b) the nature of the group, and (c) statistical analyses. The author concludes the article with a call for the development of a nomological network of relationships with cohesion.
The Effects of Democratic Leadership on Group Member Satisfaction
Authors: Foels Rob , Driskell James E. , Mullen Brian , Salas Eduardo
Published: March 2007

Previous research highlights one of the paradoxes of different leadership styles: Group members may be more satisfied with democratic leadership, or group members may be more satisfied with autocratic leadership. A meta-analytic integration of research evidence addressing this paradox revealed that there was, in general, a significant, small tendency for groups experiencing democratic leadership to be more satisfied than groups experiencing autocratic leadership. However, these effects were moderated by several variables, including the reality of the groups, the size of the groups, the gender composition of the groups, and the potency of leadership style. These moderating variables may be important given the recent push toward adoption of democratic decision making in organizations. The discussion considers theoretical accounts for these effects of leadership style on member satisfaction.
A Data Visualization Procedure for the Evaluation of Group Treatment Outcomes Across Units of Analysis
Authors: Patterson David A. , Basham Randall E.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a novel method for the collection and graphical representation of group evaluation data that enables the simultaneous display of outcomes across units of analysis. This method affords the researcher/practitioner improved options for simultaneously evaluating and comparing individual and group change over time. Data for this study are drawn from 10 experiential, group psychotherapy training groups that met on a weekly basis. A total of 185, second-year graduate social work students evaluated their satisfaction with their personal and group experience across eight dimensions. A multiple page Excel spreadsheet was developed for the collection, computation, and visual representation of scores from the evaluation instrument. Three-dimensional surface plots are used here to simultaneously represent individual and group outcomes. Surface plots provide a visual display of the topography of group and individual change over time. This data visualization method utilizes readily available technology to display group outcomes at multiple levels of analysis.
Differential Effects of Individual-Linked and Team-Level Status Allocation on Professionals’ Job Performance
Authors: Van Emmerik Ij. Hetty , Lambooy Mattijs , Sanders Karin
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between status allocation and job performance of professionals. On the basis of Berger’s status characteristics model, it was hypothesized that individual-linked and team-level status allocation would positively affect compliance and contextual job performance. Survey data of 845 faculty members of a Dutch university were used to test these hypotheses. Multilevel analyses showed that contextual performance is affected by individual-linked and, to a lesser degree, team-level status allocation. Compliance was only associated with individual-linked status allocation and not with team-level status allocation. The results of the present study provide ample evidence of the effect of individual-linked status allocation on job performance. However, less evidence was found to support the notion that compliance and contextual performance are encouraged by team-level status allocation.
A Focusing Group
Authors: Hendricks Marion N.
Published: March 2007

Focusing as a process of therapeutic change, based on the work of E. T. Gendlin et al., is applied in a group setting. Examples of the focusing process, callingfor a bodilyfelt sense of situations and problems, are presented and implications and uses of the method explored.
Cohesion
Authors: Drescher Stuart , Burlingame Gary , Fuhriman Addie
Published: March 2007

This article is third in a series of four describing and integrating a multidimensional approach for measunng and understanding small group process. The construct of cohesion is reviewed and the multidimensional approach is applied to evidence, both conceptual and empirical, resulting from studies of cohesion. Observations and conclusions are discussed regarding cohesion and its current state.
Why Informed Groups Make Faulty Decisions
Authors: Hirokawa Randy Y.
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to determine whether the interactions associated with high- and low-quality decisions possess unique characteristics that might account for the differences m decision-making performance. The discussions associated with 68 "high- quality" and 29 "low-quahty " decisions made by comparably informed groups were systematically analyzed using cross-contact comparison. The study found four communication characteristics that distinguish the interactions associated with high-and low-quality decisions: (1) Interactions associated with high-quality decisions were characterized by the presence of vigilance; (2) interactions associated with high-quality decisions were characterized by second-guessing; (3) interactions associated with high-quality decisions were characterized by accurate information processing, while the interactions associated with low-quality decisions were characterized by faulty information-processing; and (4) interactions associated with low-quality decisions were characterized by improbable fantasy chains.
Task Type and Group Motivation
Authors: Latham Van M.
Published: March 2007

A theory of leadership effectiveness in small discussion/decision-making groups is developed to facilitate discussion and goal efficacy. Based upon two task dimensions specified by Shaw (1973), a fourfold typology of group motivation is developed. Four leadership styles (coordinator, inventor, enthusiast, and director) are developed focusing on two critical questions that the group leader must address. Specific behavioral examples are explicated for the four leadership styles. Implications of the model for leadership training and group intervention are discussed.
Marathon Group Counseling With Illicit Drug Abusers
Authors: Page Richard C. , Richmond Bert O. , De La Serna Marcelo
Published: March 2007

This study compares the effects offive 16-hour unstructured marathon groups with the effects of five, matched, randomly selected control groups. The five marathons were compared with the five control groups on a semantic differential that consisted of the specific adjective pairs and the evaluative scale of the concept My Real Self. The marathon group members rated some of the adjectivepairs of My Real Self differently and rated the evaluative scale of My Real Self higher than the control group members.
Testing a Personal Construct Theory Model of the Experiential Learning Process
Authors: Beck John E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents results of a research project to test the validity of a model of the experiential learning process, based on personal construct theory, proposed in earlier work (Beck, 1980a, 1980b). The work reported here is concerned with participants' feelings of acceptance by other training group members, feelings of aggressiveness in testing out the validity of construing, and subsequent changes in participants' construing processes. There are some unpredicted results that seem to indicate that participants who feel accepted become more open in their experience and perhaps become more propositional in the way in which they construe others.
Polydisciplinary Groups in the Human Services
Authors: Shalinsky William
Published: March 2007

This article examines polydisciplinary groups in the human services. A polydisciplinary group is one in which there is a mix of disciplines or professions. Four types of polydisciplinary groups are identified and described; these are multidisciplinary, pluridisciplinary, cross-disciplinary, and interdisciplinary groups. Various problems in the use of these groups are then discussed, followed by an exploration of possible solutions.
Facilitating Personal Transformations in Small Groups
Authors: Boyd Robert D.
Published: March 2007

This is Part One of a two-part article that describes a method to facilitate personal transformations in small groups. The Matrix Model forms the operational structure for the method. The roles of the group, members, and leader are examined. Personal transformation is defined within the framework of analytical psychology. The method makes extensive use of metaphors. Their nature and the manner m which metaphors are employed are examined. The method may be used with a variety of self-analytic groups.
Toward Atheory of Automated Group Work
Authors: Jessup Leonard M. , Connolly Terry , Tansik David A.
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in information systems technology have made it possible for individ- uals to work together anonymously using networked personal computers. Use of one such technology, the Group Decision Support System, is growing quickly. However, empirical GDSS research is only beginning to emerge, and, as of yet, this literature lacks a sound guiding theory. In this article we propose a theory of anonymous interaction. Grounded in social psychological research in deindividuation and sociallcognitive loafing, we explain anonymous GDSS interaction. Evidence is provided to suggest that anonymity has deindividuating effects on group process and can, therefore, influence group outcomes in several ways.
Communication Role Specializations and Perceptions of Leadership
Authors: Ketrow Sandra M.
Published: March 2007

Researchl supports ani attributional theory of leadership: that people judge as leaders those who matchi an implicit set of valued leadership behaviors. This study explores whether such value bases or whether distor-ted perceptions of procedural, task or analytical, or socialemotioncal communication behaviors occur. Results indicated that 150 subjects chose a proceduiral specialist 85.33% as leader and selected a task or analytical specialist as most influenitial 63.33% in smnall group decision-making discussion. Chi-square analyses on the choices and an analysis of variance and t tests on ratings of specialists'behaviors indicated that no perceptUal distortion seemed to occur and suggested support for the value-based, or attributional, theory of leadership.
Avoidance of Groupthink
Authors: Miranda Shaila M.
Published: March 2007

Groupthink is a problem thatplagues decision-making groups. This article reviews antecedent and procedural conditions leading to groupthink and examines productive meeting processes that can prevent groupthink. The article then explores the possible role that group support systems (GSS) may play in the development of these productive meeting processes. Group support systems are an advanced information technology that provide electronic support to groups involved in teamwork. This technology possesses certain inherent resources or structuralfeatures. This article proposes aframeworkfor the study of the effects of GSS on groupthink. It examines the effects of GSS structuralfeatures on antecedent and procedural conditions predisposing groupthink. Existing GSS research relevant to groupthink-related variables is reviewed. The review of GSS structural features and of existing GSS research indicates that GSS use might indeed be an appropriate method of preventing groupthink. Finally, the article proposes a methodologyfor the empirical study of the impact of GSS use on groupthink.
Electronic Group Brainstorming
Authors: Roy Marie Christine , Gauvin Stephane , Limayem Moez
Published: March 2007

The development of electronic brainstorming systems (EBS) forces the process of idea generation to be rethought. These systems can greatly change the interface between the individual and the group, affecting the behavior of both. This study examines how the feedback on group performance provided by the public screen can affect individual motivation and idea generation. Prior psychosocial research has shown that feedback can have positive and negative effects. In a laboratory experiment, two of these psychosocialfactors were studied: social matching and social loafing. The effectiveness of continuous display versus display at the end versus no display was compared for 230 subjects. Results show mixed evidence of social loafing and significant evidence of social matching, that is, participants use EBSfeedback to adjust their level of effort to that of the group. Thesefindings have major implications for the development of better EBS and raise important questions on the theory of EBS-supported groups.