bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Semantics of Showcase in Herodotus’s Histories
Authors: Kirk Athena
Published: May 2014

This essay connects inventorying in Herodotus with the verb ἀποδείκνυμι. Analysis reveals that ἀποδείκνυμι in the Histories denotes physical showings but not, as often assumed, verbal demonstrations, unless they are marked by another speech term. Rather, ἀποδείκνυμι used absolutely describes specialized verbal displays made through enumeration, such as the Egyptian priests’ genealogy. Accordingly, we can reanalyze several passages involving this stem, including the prologue and its nuanced reference to ἀπόδεξις. Construed as “enumerative display,” the ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις and the Histories as a whole emerge as a multimedia inventory that verbally conjures the visual realities of everything Herodotus has seen.
Reinvention in Terence’s Eunuchus
Authors: Caston Ruth Rothaus
Published: May 2014

The Eunuchus thematizes the problem of not being first and offers a distinctive solution. In the prologue, Terence laments his position as a latecomer to comedy and complains that there is nothing new to say. Characters within the play resent being typecast and fated to repeat the same old part. But through reinvention, these characters alter their standing, asserting both their autonomy and individuality. In the same way, Terence will insist on his agency as a playwright to blend and manipulate familiar comic conventions in order to create something new. What gets called contaminatio is a solution, not a problem.
The Smile of Aeneas
Authors: Uden James
Published: May 2014

The only smile of Aeneas occurs in Aeneid 5. The smile identifies Aeneas with Jupiter and is one indication that he briefly occupies a position analogous to the king of the gods in administering the funeral games for Anchises. But this identification merely sets the stage for the games’ broader examination of how Aeneas differs from Jupiter in the distribution of honors to his men. In its playful conjuring of a world governed by smiling Aeneas, the episode of the games imagines an alternative to the world in which the hero must ordinarily live, which is governed by immutable Fate.
How to Read a Volcano
Authors: Welsh Jarrett T.
Published: May 2014

Readings of the Aetna typically celebrate its scientific virtues while diminishing its qualities as poetry. By exploring the literary aspirations, didactic organization, and persistent textualization of enquiry in the Aetna , this paper argues that the poem seeks to be regarded not as “science in verse” but rather as “poetry as science.” That shift throws light on the poem’s empiricism, its relationship to its didactic predecessors, and the coherence of its diverse contents. The resulting explanation suggests that the Aetna has as much to say about conceptions of poetry, artistry, and the organization of knowledge as it does about first-century science.
Changing Ideas of Urban Conservation in Mid-Twentieth-Century England
Authors: Larkham Peter J.
Published: May 2014

This paper explores the familiar history of the development of conservation ideas and practice in twentieth-century England, focusing on the postwar period. It begins by reviewing a longer period, to establish context for wartime and postwar legislation; we will see, for example, that postwar policies did not arise wholly from the scale of bomb damage. Area-based conservation appears in plans from the 1940s, predating its adoption in 1967 legislation (and even the 1962 French law that is sometimes credited with inspiring the British practice). Attention to local events and actions deepens our understanding of conservation history, including the influence of individual plan-writers, officials and legislators. This paper seeks to reinterpret the traditional history of conservation through an examination of changing values. It also suggests that the dominant approach of the period—to identify yet more ‘‘things’’ to conserve—has been of limited value in the wider practice of urban management.
Conservation on the Edge: Periurban Settlement Heritage in China
Authors: Abramson Daniel Benjamin
Published: May 2014

In the course of China’s rapid environmental change, the rebuilding of city centers has left few historic urban spaces and structures to conserve, while urbanization of the countryside has brought increasing numbers of small towns and villages onto the conservation lists. The collective governmental "eye" now sees an environment that was formerly invisible to it, and brings it into the orbit of its metropolitan concerns. On one hand, municipal leaders seek room for the city’s expanding functions; on the other hand, officials (and public discourse in general) perceive a loss of local and regional identity in the wake of rapid development. The recognition and value of rural built and natural environmental heritage in China is an integral part of the urbanization process. It is redefining "urban conservation" to encompass agricultural and other rural settlements, in addition to historic urban environments and communities.
Conserving Urban Water Heritage in Multicentered Regions: An Historical-Geographic Approach to Early Modern Delhi
Authors: Wescoat James L.
Published: May 2014

Urban conservation faces challenges in cities that have multiple spatial centers over time, such as Delhi, India, which had seven to seventeen capitals depending on how one counts them. These multicentered cities were partially networked through their waterworks, roads, and related infrastructure in ways that can offer insights into urban history and conservation. The first part of this paper presents the challenges of multicentered cities, and the benefits of taking a historical geographic approach to them. Later sections develop this argument through a case study of Delhi. They proceed from brief consideration of physiographic factors and intangible water heritage to an extended treatment of Delhi’s historical geography. The historical geographic narrative begins with Sultanate waterworks of the twelfth through fifteenth centuries that collected hillslope runoff into tanks ( hauz, kund ), supplemented by shallow groundwater from wells and stepwells ( baolis ). A fascinating spatial and technological shift then occurred during the late Sultanate and Mughal period (fifteenth to eighteenth centuries) when the city centers and their waterworks relocated from hillside catchments to the Yamuna riverfront. This process culminated in the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad where canal networks augmented local well water supplies. The concluding section revisits the challenges of conserving this evolving urban landscape, underscoring the conceptual and methodological contributions of a historical geographic approach.
The Idea of the Historic City
Authors: Lamprakos Michele
Published: May 2014

From its initial concern with monuments, conservation—called historic preservation in the United States—has expanded its focus to include the setting of the monument, historic quarters, and districts, and more recently, cultural and historic landscapes. On the positive side, conservation has tempered the onslaught of capitalist development: many historic areas have been saved from demolition. But in the process, much of the everyday city has become a “monument”—insulated from change and evolution. From its inception, the idea of the historic city was constructed in opposition to the modern city, its ideological “other.” These twin constructs have made it impossible to marry the concerns of development, stewardship, and sustainability. This essay argues that in order to move forward, we must understand the origins of the idea of the historic city—questioning, revising, and perhaps discarding the assumptions on which it is based. It proposes a working narrative of the idea of the historic city, drawing on the experience of Western Europe, French North Africa, and the United States.
The Paradox of Urban Conservation in France, 1830–1930
Authors: Murphy Kevin D.
Published: May 2014

This article focuses on some key projects of architectural preservation in France from the mid-nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries. These projects collectively demonstrate that as the restoration of individual monuments proceeded to the level of urban spaces, the processes of preservation and modernization were always intertwined; the historic monument was as much about dramatizing the processes of renovation and revitalization as it was about memorializing the past. They spoke to the ephemerality of modernity as eloquently as they represented the past. The history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century France thus demonstrates the difficulties faced by even the most thoughtful planners as they attempted to reconcile the objectives of modernization and preservation while maintaining the city as a dynamic and exciting place.
The Closed Versus the Open Cityscape: Rival Traditions from Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Ladd Brian
Published: May 2014

Two divergent responses to Haussmann’s remaking of nineteenth-century Paris—a desire to open up cities even further, and a movement to protect older urban contexts—have usually been studied as distinct traditions: one as the emergence of the modernist city, the other as the birth of urban preservation. Their products, the spacious modern city and the restored old town, have typically also been treated separately, with preservation as a niche product and modernism as the driving force of urban development. Central European examples, however, beginning with the influence of Camillo Sitte on urban planning, reveal that older, enclosed urban forms have offered a persistent alternative to the open, modernist city. The continuing appeal of enclosed, pedestrian spaces and of traditional architectural forms has influenced not just preservation but also new construction and planning.
Gustavo Giovannoni: A Theory and a Practice of Urban Conservation
Authors: Zucconi Guido
Published: May 2014

Defined by his multidisciplinary vision, Gustavo Giovannoni’s career spanned the first few decades of the twentieth century and encompassed three distinct paths: as a practicing professional civil engineer, as a teacher at the University of Rome, and as a scholar of Roman architecture and urban history. His major contribution was, however, in the field of conservation. For the first time, with Giovannoni’s vision, the notion of conservation was extended to the entire urban sector. From a single building to a wider context, he created not only cultural guidelines, but also technical tools concerning the spheres of legislation, urban planning, and architectural restoration.
The Concept of Race on Campus: Exploring the Nature of College Students’ Racial Conceptions
Authors: Johnston Marc P.
Published: May 2014

Despite the widely documented benefits associated with racial diversity in higher education, less is known about why and how race matters. A potential answer may be found in how students conceptualize race. This qualitative study explores students’ underlying racial conceptions, which have been shown to influence various attitudes and behaviors. Semistructured interviews with 18 undergraduates at one racially diverse campus reveal four distinct racial conceptions that are related to the line of inquiry in which race is evoked and influenced by campus contexts. The findings suggest a potential model of campus racial conceptualization with implications for student affairs research and practice.
Acculturative Stress and Coping: Gender Differences Among Korean and Korean American University Students
Authors: Lee Diane Sookyoung , Padilla Amado M.
Published: May 2014

In this study we examined acculturative stress and coping among 86 students of Korean heritage at an American university. Participants indicated their stress levels on 3 scales of cultural adaptation: discrimination, language and cultural ties, and social distance. Findings show that self-identified Korean students displayed higher levels of acculturative stress than Korean Americans on most measures. In particular, Korean males experienced the greatest amount of general acculturative stress overall, especially with regard to language and cultural ties and to discrimination. Gender differences showed that women used collectivistic responses in coping with acculturative stress. Case studies were also conducted with 5 participants to enrich the quantitative findings. Using quantitative and qualitative data from the case studies, we used cultural explanations of traditional gender roles to understand our findings. Implications for university counselors who work with international students from South Korea are addressed.
Institutional Support and Interpersonal Climate as Predictors of Learning for Native American Students
Authors: Lundberg Carol A.
Published: May 2014

A national sample of 647 Native American students who took the National Survey of Student Engagement was used to test a path model to predict learning for Native American students. Institutional support for students’ success and a positive interpersonal environment contributed both to engagement and learning. Support for student success was the strongest predictor for learning in all 3 domains tested. Strategies for providing such support are considered in light of the historical and contemporary challenges Native American students encounter in formal educational settings that routinely dismiss and misrepresent their cultures and experiences.
At the Margins of Internationalization: An Analysis of Journal Articles on College Student Development, Learning, and Experiences, 1998–2011
Authors: Renn Kristen A. , Brazelton G. Blue , Holmes Joshua M.
Published: May 2014

Although international attention to understanding college student development, learning, and experiences has increased, leading higher education journals do not seem to have kept pace. We examined 8 higher education and student affairs journals (5 from the US, 3 from Europe) from 1998 to 2011. We found overall that 5% of articles addressed internationally focused topics related to student development, learning, and experiences. The most common topics were student learning, outcomes, and adjustment. We make recommendations for researchers, journal editors, and educators to improve the literature that can be used internationally to guide higher education policy and practice in the area of college students.
Student Affairs and Services Staff in English-Speaking Canadian Postsecondary Institutions and the Role of CACUSS in Professional Education
Authors: Seifert Tricia A.
Published: May 2014

This study examined student affairs and services staff members’ perceptions of their work relative to items developed from the Canadian Association of College and University Student Services’ (CACUSS’s) mission statement (CACUSS, 1989). Using data collected from student affairs and services staff members at English-speaking postsecondary institutions from across Canada, I investigated if differences existed based on professional association affiliation, respondent’s employment status, and number of years worked in the field. A number of statistically significant differences based on respondent characteristics were found. These findings suggest CACUSS is modestly successful in educating the field toward the premises for practice espoused in the association’s mission statement.
Financial Adaptation Among College Students: Helping Students Cope with Financial Strain
Authors: Serido Joyce , Shim Soyeon , Xiao Jing Jian , Tang Chuanyi , Card Noel A.
Published: May 2014

This study examines the impact of the recent financial crisis on co-occurring patterns of change in financial strain and financial coping behaviors of college students ( N =748) using two-timed, longitudinal data collected prior to the 2008 financial crisis and again one year later. Using a stress and coping framework, we found that different measures of perceived change in financial strain acted as antecedents of change in types of financial coping behaviors. We discuss the importance of these findings in developing the financial decision-making skills that young adults need in an era of increasing responsibility for their financial future.
Reflections on a Bicentennial: The War of 1812 in American Public Memory
Authors: Dennis Matthew
Published: May 2014

The public memory of the War of 1812 functioned initially to exaggerate the United States’ triumph and overstate its martial and global power. In turn, it encouraged an American militarism that was imperial, costly, and devastating. Ironically, the purposeful memory of the war and its heroes, particularly when absorbed into the political myths of the American Revolution, obscured confounding divisions among Americans, allowing them to construct and embrace alternative models of Americanism without fully confronting growing sectional, social, or political rifts. The public memory of the War of 1812 thus contributed to the cultural work of American politics, relieving (obscuring rather than resolving) the tensions between republicanism and imperialism, nationalism and sectionalism, opportunity and oppression, and later patriotism and capitalism. Late in the nineteenth century, as the last veterans died and the war’s history and memory were eclipsed by the Civil War, the War of 1812 seemed to descend into complete irrelevance. And yet Americans found new ways to tap its latent value as they embraced a new American century and as boosters cultivated local identity and profit by invoking—and sometimes lampooning—the war’s memory.
"Simple, Easy, and Intelligible": Republican Political Ideology and the Implementation of Vaccination in the Early Republic
Authors: Green Rebecca Fields
Published: May 2014

First introduced in 1798 by the English doctor Edward Jenner, smallpox vaccination generated a sensation in Europe and America in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Vaccine became highly politicized in the American republic as enthusiasts debated how to implement the new preventive; some promoters argued that it was suitable for democratized use by self-reliant householders, while others insisted that the complexity of the procedure should limit its use to trained experts and "learned physicians." Disagreement centered on the place of knowledge in the republic and its accessibility to private citizens. The debate over proper vaccinators entered national politics in 1813 when Congress established the National Vaccine Institute (NVI) in response to the proposal of a Baltimore almshouse physician. Founded on the premise that it would supply any citizen—physician or not—with vaccine, the NVI represented an egalitarian view of science and medicine that held such knowledge both suitable and essential for virtuous republican citizens. This essay finds that from the introduction of vaccination to the United States in 1800 through the destruction of the National Vaccine Institute in 1822, debates about proper vaccinators and medical knowledge played an important role in a broader debate about knowledge, social hierarchy, and the shape of the American republic.
Foreigners in the Highest Trust: American Perceptions of European Mercenary Officers in the Continental Army
Authors: Spall Eric
Published: May 2014

Although the American Revolution began as a British civil war, it quickly ballooned into an international conflict that included Germany, France, and Spain. Britain initiated the internationalization of the Revolution by contracting with German auxiliary units. As one of the grievances in the Declaration of Independence shows, the rebels considered Britain’s employment of foreign mercenaries a heinous act, and Revolutionary propagandists used the presence of these mercenaries to differentiate between British tyranny and American liberty. Though most historians acknowledge the presence of European officers and troops in the Continental Army, few historians recognize these soldiers as mercenaries, despite the fact that they fit the pattern of eighteenth-century European mercenary practice. This essay will show that, although Revolutionary rhetoric declared mercenaries the tools of despots, the Continental Congress accepted many European mercenaries into the American service. Of course, the number of foreign offers, coupled with issues of language and experience, made it difficult for the Continental Army to gainfully employ these soldiers. Furthermore, American suspicions of these foreigners’ motivations and loyalties created potentially debilitating tensions within the army. Nonetheless, Congress and the army, portraying these foreigners as volunteers, worked to mitigate these problems and made use of European soldiers of fortune throughout the war.
Spiritual Diplomacy, the Yamasees, and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Reinterpreting Prince George’s Eighteenth-Century Voyage to England
Authors: Bossy Denise I.
Published: May 2014

By the 1710s relationships between the Yamasees and their South Carolina neighbors were rapidly deteriorating. Colonists enslaved and physically abused Yamasee people, stole their property, and encroached on their lands. In the midst of this, a Yamasee “Prince” made a singular trip to London, spending twenty-one months with Anglican schoolmasters and tutors who attempted to transform him into a missionary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Why did his community pursue this path? This article argues that the Prince’s clan was attempting to engage in spiritual diplomacy with the British: sending a diplomat to a spiritually and politically important capital who then converted to Christianity. This practice was indigenous in origin but was practiced particularly by Indian communities that had sustained contact with Spanish missionaries in La Florida. Such was the case with the Prince’s community: the Euhaws rejoined the Yamasees in 1703 after a century spent in La Florida and needed to establish a more secure footing for themselves in the Yamasee and British worlds. Though it would prove disappointing in a number of respects, analysis of the Prince’s voyage reveals how southeastern Indians responded to European colonialism by drawing on long-standing Native practices.
Charles Lenox Sargent’s Life of Alexander Smith : Imagining Indian Removal in the South Pacific
Authors: Argondezzi Talia
Published: May 2014

The Boston sea captain Charles Lenox Sargent’s 1819 novel, The Life of Alexander Smith , retells the founding story of Pitcairn, a small island in the South Pacific settled by H.M.S. Bounty ’s mutineers and their Polynesian companions. Sargent’s version of the tale departs significantly from other accounts concurrently circulating in England and America: he eliminates the violence and death reported to have occurred and inserts an idealized narrative of ‘‘Indian’“ (what the narrator calls male Pacific Islanders) removal and population management. The novel has been neglected by scholars of the early United States, perhaps because of its departures from the accepted narrative of Pitcairn history, but in this essay I argue that these deviations are the source of the novel’s value. Sargent’s erasure of violence from the Pitcairn story naturalizes Indian removal policies by reproducing them on a distant island and shows the way forward for American expansionism—into the Pacific—well before the United States extended its legal boundaries to what would become its continental West Coast. Reassessing The Life of Alexander Smith advances our understanding of the relationship between the United States’ treatment of Native Americans and its push into the Pacific; the use of islands as test cases for American political and expansionist experiments; and the ways in which early U.S. literary culture articulated the terms of nascent American imperial aspirations.
Rufino Blanco Fombona y las ambivalencias posmodernistas: el caso de los Cuentos americanos
Authors: Gomes Miguel
Published: May 2014

Este artículo postula que los relatos de Rufino Blanco Fombona, sobre todo sus Cuentos americanos , son un ejemplo fundamental de las ambigüedades del autor ante el modernismo. Aunque sus ataques contra Rubén Darío se articularon con claridad en sus memorias y ensayos, las narraciones de Blanco Fombona tienen una deuda profunda con sus orígenes modernistas y, en particular, con sus primeros contactos con motivos nacionalistas en la obra de varios modernistas venezolanos. El objetivo de esta discusión es cuestionar la rigidez con que la historiografía literaria tradicional distingue modernismo y criollismo. Un acercamiento más matizado a este momento de la historia literaria permite comprender mejor cómo autores y críticos manipulan las ideas estéticas para distribuir y acumular poder simbólico en el seno del campo de producción cultural.
Punctum -Punk-Punctum: On the Poetry of Martín Gambarotta
Authors: Bollig Ben
Published: May 2014

The 2011 republication of Martín Gambarotta’s 1996 poetry collection, Punctum , offers the opportunity for new readers to approach this seminal and striking volume, one that was for some time unavailable. Furthermore, it offers the opportunity to reflect on the complex poetics of a collection that, despite its initial impression of a stark hermeticism or even banality, offers a range of literary, poetic, and political implications. Moreover, it is a collection that, alongside Sergio Raimondi’s Poesía civil , represents the surprising variety of so-called 1990s, or objetivista , poetry in Argentina, and whose unexpected literary complexity runs counter to easy periodizations of Argentine literature. There is, though, a mismatch between the effectiveness of Gambarotta’s poems and the apparent banality of much of the text. Despite reusing clichés and slogans from the contemporary media, Gambarotta’s collection creates striking thematic, sonic, and visual effects on the reader.
Radical Politics and Experimental Film in Franco’s Spain: Los encuentros de Pamplona , 1972
Authors: Benet Vicente J.
Published: May 2014

The Encuentros de Pamplona of 1972 was the most important exhibit of avant-garde and experimental art that had ever taken place during Franco’s dictatorship. Some of the world’s most prominent artists, including John Cage, went to Spain to participate in this event. This article offers a reflection on the use of avant-garde and experimental art from the 1950s to the early 1970s in Spain. In the beginning, abstract art was accepted by Franco’s regime as a way of exporting a "liberal" and "modern" image of the dictatorship in art exhibitions. Yet the ambivalent nature of abstract experimental art made it possible to take these works as a silent protest against the regime. However, in the early 70s, a younger generation would shift their approach to experimental art forms, yet not reject them altogether: distanced by an attitude of cynicism toward the ability of film to bring about political change, they would appropriate and extend the avant-garde through parody and pastiche, thus marking the "fin de fiesta" of experimental art in Spain.
Violencia de género en la narrativa cubana contemporánea: deseo femenino y masculinidad hegemónica
Authors: Martín Sevillano Ana Belén
Published: May 2014

Este artículo analiza la representación de la violencia de género en cuatro novelas cubanas contemporáneas: Máscaras (1997) de Leonardo Padura, Río Quibú (2008) de Ronaldo Menéndez, Cien botellas en una pared (2002) de Ena Lucía Portela y Todos se van (2006) de Wendy Guerra. El ensayo considera, en primer lugar, que la violencia doméstica es concebida en estas obras como una manifestación más de la violencia sistémica sobre la que se ha articulado la sociedad cubana. Luego, al examinar las diferencias existentes entre las novelas escritas por hombres y aquellas escritas por mujeres, el artículo sugiere que la experiencia de género condiciona la representación textual de la violencia.
Beyond the Visual City: The Sound of Space in Fernando Pérez’s Suite Habana
Authors: Gentic Tania
Published: May 2014

This article considers the role of sound in the production of space and subjectivity, as seen in Cuban director Fernando Pérez’s 2003 film, Suite Habana . It argues that sound modifies the film’s ideological and visual representations of the city by creating an aural imaginary that represents an affective and corporeally felt notion of community. In this way, sound not only links unrelated characters to one another on the screen, it also expands the enclosed, visual experience of the city into a soundscape that connects the space on the screen to the space of the theater or the home of the audio-viewer. Sound thus unites otherwise disparate subjects into a sonic community that crosses spatial boundaries. The article grounds its arguments in analyses of voice, music, and the construction of both acousmatic and hyperreal sound in the film.
Shi‘a Rijali Views of Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
Authors: Vahidnia Farahnaz , Naqizadih Hasan , Raisian Gholamrida
Published: May 2014

Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (d. 124 ah /741-2 ce ) is a renowned hadith scholar in the Sunni tradition. His name appears in the chains of narration of over 2,200 hadith , including numerous hadith in Shi‘a sources. Nonetheless, despite his presence in Shi‘a books, Shi‘a scholars have historically disagreed about whether or not to accept al-Zuhri as a reliable narrator on account of his connections with the Umayyad ruling powers. In this paper, the views of Shi‘a biographers on al-Zuhri will be examined as well as the hadith attributed to him to offer a conclusive view on whether or not he should be accepted as a reliable narrator within the Shi‘a tradition.
Who is your Mother? Who is your Father?: Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the Light of Sunni and Shi‘a Law
Authors: Harrison Cathy
Published: May 2014

In trying to overcome infertility, Muslims must weigh the options afforded by Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) against the rulings of Islamic jurists. The most controversial aspects of ART within Islam are the use of third-party genetic material such as sperm or egg donation, and the use of surrogate ‘mothers’. Generally speaking, if someone outside of a marriage contributes genetic and/or gestational assistance, it can be viewed as an adulterous act under Islamic law. This is the collective Sunni view – and one that is held by many Shi‘a – and is based on traditional legal interpretation. Some Shi‘a jurists, however, allow ART by using personal ijtihad to find, for example, that the asexual nature of the transference of genetic material precludes the label of adultery. In this paper, through an examination of Islamic rulings in a number of Muslim communities on various ART procedures, it is suggested that the tendency towards ijtihad is the dividing point between the majority and minority views on this topic.
The Jurisprudential and Legal Analysis of the Delayed Payment Fine in Banking Contracts in Iran
Authors: Ahangaran Mohammad Rasool , Mollakarimi Fereshteh
Published: May 2014

Delay in debt repayment by bank customers is one of the challenges facing the Islamic banking system in Iran. One solution to this problem can be the stipulation of a delayed payment fine in banking contracts. Since there is a disagreement about the legitimacy of this solution amongst jurists ( fuqaha ), it is necessary to analyse the jurisprudential ( fiqhi ) views in this regard, clearly explaining the nature of the delayed payment fine. Making use of an analytical and descriptive approach, this paper makes use of Shi‘a sources to prove the hypothesis that the ‘delayed payment fine’ is punitive in nature and is different from interest or a fine due to late payment which is compensatory in nature. Apart from its similarity to riba (usury), the idea has other juridical and legal problems undermining its practicality in settling the late repayment issue. Proving this hypothesis provides one with the exact definition of the ‘delayed payment fine’ and helps in deducing the most accurate shari‘ah decree in this regard.
Notes from the Margins: Shi‘a Political Theology in Contemporary Pakistan
Authors: Saif Mashal
Published: May 2014

This article examines the political theology of contemporary (2011-2012) Pakistani Shi‘a traditional scholars (ulema). Drawing on six months of fieldwork among Pakistani Shi‘a scholars, I contend that three distinct theo-political projects characterise their discourses. These are: (1) a secular state, (2) a sectarianly-unaligned Islamic state, and (3) the implementation of wilayat alfaqih . Despite their differences, I assert that all three theo-political projects are propelled, at least partly, by the same force – the spectre of violence resulting from the ongoing massacre of Shi‘as in Pakistan. Additionally, I argue that these traditional scholars also narrativise Pakistani history in a manner that legitimises and animates the particular political-theology each exhorts for the actualisation of an ideal Pakistani state.
“Ladies Going about for Money”: Female Voluntary Associations and Civic Consciousness in the American Revolution
Authors: Arendt Emily J.
Published: May 2014

In 1780, wealthy women in Philadelphia organized the first female voluntary association in America to raise money and make clothing to support soldiers during American Revolution. The women of the Philadelphia Ladies Association illustrated female civic consciousness by creating an operational hierarchy to achieve their well-defined goals during a time of dire crisis for the revolutionary endeavor. Calling upon the press and mobilizing their social networks to publicize their undertakings, the Ladies Association adopted a traditionally masculine form of civic participation and utilized it as a way to display elite feminine public virtue. As political factionalism and class antagonisms threatened the viability of victory, members of the Association paraded through the streets demanding the generosity of fellow citizens while displaying their own commitment to the public good. Their actions downplayed internal divisions by casting all citizens as participants in the republican community bound through acts of affiliation and mutual sacrifice, but simultaneously signaled the superiority of genteel female virtue. Although the ladies who collected funds door-to-door appropriated a conventionally masculine form of community building, commentary on the Ladies Association masked any potential challenge to traditional gender norms by highlighting the domestic rather than the public aspects of the operation. The Association illustrates the ambiguities inherent in republican womanhood. The fund-raising efforts of 1780 made elite women into essential and active participants in public endeavors while situating their activities firmly within the realm of female, domestic patriotism.
Millions for Credit: Peace with Algiers and the Establishment of America’s Commercial Reputation Overseas, 1795–96
Authors: Farber Hannah
Published: May 2014

In September 1795, the United States of America agreed to pay a large sum of money to the independent Ottoman regency of Algiers so that Algiers would not interfere with its trade in and around the Mediterranean. This trade was of great importance for American farmers and merchants, who hoped to meet warring European armies’ increased demand for grain, as well as for the American commercial fleet, which sought to increase its share of the Mediterranean carrying trade. For the next thirteen months, however, the United States struggled to make the payment, and the Dey of Algiers repeatedly threatened to cancel the treaty.

American historians usually describe this series of events as a diplomatic crisis and national disgrace, during which the United States was forced to pay protection money to safeguard its ships from the Algerian corsair fleets mistakenly termed “pirates.” This article argues, however, that the American payment to Algiers benefited the United States by establishing American commercial credit and political credibility overseas. As the treaty payment left the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, entered the London financial markets, and passed through the hands of merchant houses in Cadiz and Livorno, a diverse group of international creditors became invested in American success. When the payment at last arrived as specie in Algiers, government leaders, diplomats, merchants and insurers around Europe and the Mediterranean had new reason to believe that the credit of the new republic was good.
“If I Had It in His Hand-Writing I Would Burn It”: Federalists and the Authorship Controversy over George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1808–1859
Authors: Malanson Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2014

Federalists throughout the United States claimed George Washington as a Federalist leader and, especially after Thomas Jefferson’s Revolution of 1800, used this connection as a central feature of their campaign to regain voter confidence and political influence. A critical part of that campaign was Washington’s Farewell Address. Federalists argued that they were the true defenders of Washington’s principles and that the Republicans had turned their backs on the Farewell Address. When a rumor began circulating in 1808 or 1809 that Alexander Hamilton had been the true author of the Farewell Address, Federalists feared that the authority of the Address would be diminished and its influence in the Federalist cause greatly weakened. As Federalists began to meet renewed success at the polls in 1808, at least in part due to their Washingtonian rhetoric and principles, their need to preserve the established narrative that the Address was solely Washington’s work led them to do everything they could to quash the Hamilton rumors. Federalist needs conflicted with the desire of Hamilton’s family to see their patriarch receive the credit they believed he was due. When the Federalists finally passed from the scene in the late 1820s, it was Washington’s heirs who extended the controversy for an additional three decades. The authorship controversy revealed how essential the Federalists saw Washington and his Farewell Address as being to their political beliefs and their renewed electoral relevance.
The Lonely Congressmen: Gender and Politics in Early Washington, D.C.
Authors: Riley Padraig
Published: May 2014

This article analyzes the construction and experience of masculinity in the correspondence of early national congressmen. Focusing on the years after the removal of the national capital to Washington, the article examines a number of married congressmen who usually served their terms separate from their wives and families. These men wrote home obsessively, in letters filled with pathos, vulnerability, and loneliness. Contrasting the bliss of life at home with the privations of political life, such correspondence anticipated antebellum distinctions between public and private and the middle-class cult of domesticity. These sentiments of male longing stood in marked contrast to Washington political society, in which women, as Catherine Allgor and others have argued, played a decisive public role. Lonely congressmen often criticized women in Washington society, while emphasizing the importance of the private realm and the love and affection men found at home. The tensions between these different models of gender relations point to the significance of marriage and romantic longing in the construction of early national manhood. By privileging marriage and the home over political life, congressmen defined male political power as a burden and elevated private domesticity over a civil society in which men and women mixed freely. They did all this, finally, in the language of vulnerability and need, rendering male power opaque, both in national politics and in the institution of marriage. In emphasizing their emotional dependence on their wives, congressmen sustained romantic and institutional relationships that perpetuated the political dependence of women.
Leibniz, the Encyclopedia, and the Natural Order of Thinking
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: May 2014

This article investigates some of the didactic aspects of Leibniz’s encyclopedic project by asking how it could contribute to the development of a new intellectual ethos. Most commentators acknowledge that the encyclopedia was intimately linked to educational concerns. But they do not take sufficiently into account the implications this has for the concrete exposition of the encyclopedia, but subordinate the didactic aspect to the demonstrative one. I argue how the encyclopedic order was not just demonstrative, but also conceived so as to facilitate learning and stimulate further research by helping intellectuals acquire good scientific habits.
John Jamieson, Franz Passow, and the Double Invention of Lexicography on Historical Principles
Authors: Considine John
Published: May 2014

This article argues that the historical principles which guide most major scholarly dictionaries today were invented independently by two nineteenth-century scholars, John Jamieson of Edinburgh in 1802 and Franz Passow of Danzig in 1812. It suggests how both Jamieson and Passow may have based their lexicographical innovations on contemporary developments in (i) literary and cultural history and (ii) geology, palaeontology, and biology, and proposes that this accounts both for the near-simultaneity of their innovations and for their remarkably modest attitudes towards them.
Eve and Evolution: Christian Responses to the First Woman Question, 1860–1900
Authors: Finnegan Diarmid A.
Published: May 2014

Historians of encounters between evolutionary science and Christianity have long been aware of the significance placed upon debates about the applicability of evolution to Adam. It has not been widely noticed, however, that in more conservative circles the creation of Eve was frequently thought to be a more difficult problem to solve. This essay examines how, in distinctive ways, the creation of Eve became a point of contention among three communities of conservative Christian thinkers grappling with the implications of evolutionary theory in the period 1860–1900.
“Vertical Perspective Does Not Exist”: The Scandal of Converging Verticals and the Final Crisis of Perspectiva Artificialis
Authors: Bantjes Rod
Published: May 2014

In this paper I address the question of why the everyday experience of seeing verticals converge remained taboo in Western visual culture until the late nineteenth century and in painting until the 1920s. I argue that perspective theory was fused to a pre-Copernican, architectural model of space and a static model of vision based on Enlightenment optics rather than physiology. The dynamism of modernity and technologies of embodied vision such as the stereoscope exposed the covert assumptions of perspective orthodoxy. Efforts to rescue three-point perspective by invoking the station-point for viewing risked exposing perspective painting as just another peepshow art.
The Divine as Inaccessible Object of Knowledge in Ancient Platonism: A Common Philosophical Pattern across Religious Traditions
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria
Published: May 2014

The divine is an inaccessible object of human knowledge and reasoning according to some philosophers–theologians of the first four centuries ce . They display a refined cognitive approach to religion and a sophisticated treatment of the problem of “theo-logy”: reasoning and speaking about the divine, which nevertheless is unknowable and ineffable. They belong to the same philosophical tradition, Platonism, but to different religious traditions: Philo to Judaism, Plotinus to “paganism” and Origen and Gregory of Nyssa to Christianity. But their reflections on the divine as an impossible cognitive object for humans are homogeneous, and this, the essay argues, mainly on account of their common philosophical tradition, which provides them with a shared epistemological and ontological pattern. They show a tension between a declared apophaticism and a discourse about the divine that they do not renounce developing.
Definition, Division, and Difference in Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy
Authors: Stacey Peter
Published: May 2014

This article aims to illuminate one of the most striking characteristics of Machiavelli’s intellectual style—deployed repeatedly in his political theory and usually termed his “dilemmatic” approach—by demonstrating that it is a technique derived from classical Roman rhetoric which forms part of a wider theory of definition. Part I of the article extracts and outlines that theory, showing how it advocates a way of dividing and differentiating items in order to define them. Part II illustrates Machiavelli’s deep dependency on this theoretical apparatus throughout his political thought, perhaps most conspicuously of all in Il Principe.
Searcher of Hearts: Cesare Baronio’s History of Conversion
Authors: Mazur Peter A.
Published: May 2014

The conversion of Henry IV of France to Catholicism provoked a debate in the Roman curia over the status of converts that was finally resolved through a re-reading of the history of the Church by one of its most well-known scholars, Cesare Baronio. Though often viewed as a political maneuver, Baronio’s argument for clemency towards heretics was in fact part of a larger shift in policy towards Protestants in Italy that was subsequently promoted by a proxy, the ex-Calvinist Justus Baronius, who publicized his own conversion and reception in the Roman curia in a collection of letters.
“The Nail Polish underneath the Hockey Gloves”: nbc’s Framing of Women Hockey Players in the 2010 Winter Olympics
Authors: Poniatowski Kelly
Published: May 2014

This study used textual analysis to explore how North American women hockey players were framed via nbc’s commentary in the 2010 Olympics. Findings suggest the women’s game was portrayed as being inferior to the men’s game, with nationality and marital status playing a role in framing, and that women were framed as legitimate athletes for having previously participated in more masculine sports. While not all of the findings are positive, some give hope that the image of women athletes is changing in the media.
This Is SportsCenter : A Longitudinal Content Analysis of espn ’s Signature Television Sports-News Program from 1999 and 2009
Authors: Turner Jacob S.
Published: May 2014

This longitudinal quantitative content analysis of SportsCenter examines how the program has changed in recent years. The study compares three weeks of SportsCenter from 1999 to three weeks from 2009. The study’s results, which are understood against the theoretical backdrop of agenda setting, reveal that the way sports news is covered on SportsCenter has changed dramatically over this 10-year-period as has the frequency with which espn includes product placements and corporate synergistic messages.
The espn Assemblage: The Political and Cultural Economy of Late Sports Capitalism
Authors: Gamache Ray
Published: May 2014

Drawing on the perspectives of cultural studies and the political and cultural economy of late capitalism, this paper offers an interpretive framework for engaging the espn assemblage as expressed in and through the complexities of the contemporary sports spectacle. First, the paper focuses on espn ’s brand of neoliberal orthodoxy as a means of dominating the sports-media marketplace through a political ideology arrayed in programming, texts, and consumer services. Second, it considers espn ’s capitalization and commodification in the broadest sense by identifying the centrality of culture to the workings of late capitalism. Third, the paper considers how espn maintains a place of dominance by encouraging people to consume culture within an exchange system that confers power and status. Finally, the paper reflects on the changing landscape of corporate sports media and espn ’s place within that landscape.