bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 57 cases (1983-1988)
Authors: Baird A. N. , Cohen N. D. , Taylor T. S. , Watkins J. P. , Schumacher J.
Published: December 2023

During a 5-year period, renosplenic entrapment of the large colon was diagnosed in 57 horses referred to the Texas Veterinary Medical Center. The signalment of and clinical signs of disease in these horses were compared with such variables in 200 horses referred for other types of colic. Findings did not support a male gender predilection for this disease, as was previously reported. The case survival rate was 93% for this group of horses. Fourteen of the horses were treated nonsurgically by rolling them clockwise while they were under general anesthesia. Data supported the safety and efficacy of nonsurgical treatment.
Comparison of the efficacy of ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate against 28-day Parascaris equorum larvae in the intestine of pony foals
Authors: Austin Scott M. , DiPietro Joseph A. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Baker Gordon J. , Todd Kenneth S.
Published: December 2023

Sixteen helminth-free pony foals were inoculated with a mean (±sd) 2,000 (±545.5) infective Parascaris equorum eggs (day 0). Foals were allocated to replicates of 4, and treatments within each replicate were assigned at random. Treatment administered on postinoculation day (pid) 28 included no treatment (control), 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight, 10 mg of oxibendazole/kg, or 6.6 mg of pyrantel base (pamoate)/kg. Paste formulations of the anthelmintics were administered orally. The foals were euthanatized 14 days after treatment (pid 42) and examined for P equorum larvae in the small intestine. The mean ± sd (and range) numbers of fourth-stage P equorum larvae recovered from nontreated foals and those treated with ivermectin, pyrantel, or oxibendazole were 1,603.8 ± 1,026.8 (305 to 2,480), 29.3 ± 55.8 (0 to 113), 413.0 ± 568.1 (0 to 1,204), or 889.5 ± 1,123.1 (1 to 2,345), respectively. Compared with the value for control (nontreated) foals, treatment with ivermectin, pyrantel, and oxibendazole was 98.2, 74.2, and 44.5% effective, respectively, when administered 28 days after experimentally induced infection with P equorum. Adverse reactions attributable to treatment were not observed.
Acute blindness associated with intracranial tumors in dogs and cats: Eight cases (1984-1989)
Authors: Davidson M. G. , Nasisse M. P. , Breitschwerdt E. B. , Thrall D. E. , Page R. L. , Jamieson V. E. , English R. V.
Published: December 2023

Rostral and middle cranial fossa tumors affecting the optic chiasm and resulting in acute visual deficits were diagnosed in 7 dogs and 1 cat. Blindness and dilated nonresponsive pupils were the primary signs in all animals. Other concurrent neurologic deficits were either absent or were equivocal. Behavioral changes, including signs of depression and lethargy, were noticed in 1 dog and the cat subsequent to the onset of blindness. Retinal function was assessed as normal by electroretinography in all animals. The histologic necropsy diagnosis was pituitary carcinoma in 1 dog and the cat and paranasal sinus carcinoma with intracranial extension in 1 dog. A cytologic diagnosis of polycentric lymphosarcoma affecting the optic chiasm was diagnosed in 1 dog. In the remaining 4 dogs, results of computed tomographic imaging or endocrine function testing suggested pituitary gland neoplasia. Four dogs were treated with cobalt-60 radiation or chemotherapy. There was partial return of visual function in only 1 of the dogs treated with radiation.
Effects of chlorination of chill water on the bacteriologic profile of raw chicken carcasses and giblets
Authors: James William O. , Brewer Robert L. , Prucha John C. , Williams W. Oliver , Parham Delila R.
Published: December 2023

In March 1989, the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service sampled raw chicken carcasses and giblets at a federally inspected slaughter establishment in Puerto Rico to determine the effects of adding chlorine to carcass and giblet chill water on bacterial contents of raw poultry products. Over four 8-hour workdays, 200 carcass rinse samples were collected at 3 sites in the establishment; 39 giblet rinse samples were collected at 1 site. Analyses of the carcass rinse samples indicated that carcasses had average aerobe plate counts of log10 3.20 before chilling and 2.51 after chilling; Enterobacteriaceae counts of log10 2.57 before chilling and 1.75 after chilling; and Escherichia coli counts of log10 2.04 before chilling and 1.20 after chilling. Salmonellae were found on 43% of the carcasses before chilling and on 46% after chilling. Analyses of the giblet and neck rinse samples indicated that raw giblets and necks after chilling had average aerobe plate count of log10 3.49, Enterobacteriaceae count of log10 2.57, and E coli count of log10 1.06. Salmonellae were found on 12% of the giblets and necks sampled.

Results compared favorably with giblet and neck rinse sample results obtained during a baseline sampling study in November and December 1987. The baseline results indicated aerobe plate count of log10 3.72; Enterobacteriaceae count of log10 2.90; E coli count of log10 1.14; and salmonellae on 69% of the giblets and necks sampled.

Placing raw chicken carcasses in chlorinated chill water reduced aerobe, Enterobacteriaceae, and E coli plate counts. Prevalence of carcasses with salmonellae remained nearly the same. Results indicate that chlorination of chill water aids in control of bacterial crosscontamination of carcasses and giblets and necks.
Evaluation of biocompatible osteoconductive polymer as an orthopedic implant in dogs
Authors: Trevor Peter B. , Stevenson Sharon , Carrig Colin B. , Waldron Don R. , Smith Mark M.
Published: December 2023

The biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties of biocompatible osteoconductive polymer (bop), a synthetic implant, were evaluated. Bilateral oval cortical defects (1 × 2 cm) were made in the lateral subtrochanteric area of the proximal portion of the femur in 16 dogs that later were treated with bop fiber (n = 16) or autogenous cancellous bone (n = 11), or were not treated (n = 5). The bop block was attached extraperiosteally to the proximal portion of the humerus in 6 dogs. Radiographic assessment of surgery sites was performed at 4-week intervals, and histologic evaluation was performed at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after surgery. Radiographic signs of bone healing were not observed in defects treated with bop fiber. Defects treated with cancellous bone or not treated had radiographic signs of progressive bone ingrowth. Radiographic evidence of periosteal new bone formation near control and bop-treated defects was observed 4 weeks after surgery; increased periosteal reaction was associated with bop fiber. This new bone had resorbed by week 24, except bone adjacent to bop fiber, where continued periosteal reaction was apparent. Histologic evidence of bone formation was observed extending to, but not incorporating, bop fibers. The bop fibers became surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and fibrovascular connective tissue infiltrated between and into bop fibers, but minimal bone formation incorporated the bop material during the follow-up period. During that time, active periosteal new bone formation was evident adjacent to the bop fibers. Defects treated with cancellous bone or not treated healed by ingrowth of cancellous bone during the first 12 weeks after surgery and by reformation of the lateral cortical wall by week 24. The bop blocks became surrounded by a fibrous capsule, but connective tissue or bone ingrowth into bop blocks was not observed. Results indicate that bop is not osteoconductive within a 6-month time frame when used in subtrochanteric femoral defects or when placed extraperiosteally on the proximal portion of the humerus of clinically normal dogs.
Economic impact of an epizootic of pseudorabies in a commercial swine herd in Ohio, achieving test negative status and quarantine release by use of vaccination and test and removal
Authors: Bech-Nielsen Steen , Miller Gay Y. , Bowman Gary L. , Dodaro Stephen J. , Orloski-Snider Kathleen A.
Published: December 2023

The effect of pseudorabies in a commercial farrow-to-finish operation on selected production and economic values was estimated. Pseudorabies was first diagnosed in this herd by circle testing done in March 1988, as a required part of follow up from another herd that had been diagnosed with pseudorabies in the area. A pseudorabies virus vaccination program was initiated in the herd at that time.

The mean litter size of pigs born alive varied from 9.26 to 10.02 pigs/litter throughout the study period; however, there was a twofold increase in suckling pig mortality and a 2.6-fold increase in nursery pig mortality when the months of the epizootic were compared with pre-epizootic months. In the 6-month period following the epizootic, suckling pig mortality was threefold higher than that reported in the preepizootic months.

Total net loss for this operation was estimated at $99,700 from when the epizootic started until eradication, when calculating losses directly. The major economic losses (76.5% of total loss) were related to suckling pig mortality, which was $16,240 during the epizootic or $24/inventoried sow/week; $19,395 in the 6 months following the epizootic or $3.8/inventoried sow/week; and $40,628 thereafter until eradication 26 months later or $0.37/inventoried sow/week. Nursery pig mortality losses were 12.6% of total net losses; $754 during the epizootic, $357 in the 6 months after the enzootic, and $11,444 thereafter until eradication 26 months later. Sow culling and deaths accounted for 9.4% of net losses that took place from 6 months after the epizootic until eradication. In that same period, market hog deaths accounted for the remaining 1.2%, or $1,227 of the net losses.

When calculating economic losses indirectly by using hogs marketed/sow/year during, and after the pseudorabies epizootic until eradication, total net losses were $85,520. Losses from decreased hog production was $4,156 during the epizootic and $12,000 for the 6 months following the epizootic. From then until eradication, losses were $3,817 for the last 2 months in 1988, $23,969 for 1989, and $41,578 for 1990.
Characteristics of dogs admitted for treatment of cervical intervertebral disk disease: 105 cases (1972-1982)
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , Palettas Panickos , Bojrab M. Joseph
Published: December 2023

Case histories of 105 dogs that were treated for cervical intervertebral disk disease (ivdd) were studied retrospectively. To compare with previous data, dogs were grouped by age, gender, and breed. Dogs were also grouped by clinical signs of disease, and by presence and location of radiologic change.

The age range of cases of cervical ivdd was 1 to 13 years (mean, 6.3 years). Fifty-nine percent of dogs treated for cervical ivdd were females, but the proportion of diseased females was similar to females in total hospital admissions. Twenty-eight breeds of dogs were treated for cervical ivdd. Dachshunds and Beagles were significantly over represented (P ≤ 0.001). However, gender-breed interaction was not observed.

Prevalence of radiologic evidence of disk disease was detected at the following levels of the vetebral column: C2-3, 29%; C3-4, 24%; C4-5, 21%; C5-6, 15%; C6-7, 9%; and C7-T1, 2%. Significant difference was not observed in prevalence of cervical ivdd affecting the first 4 disk spaces. However, prevalence of cervical ivdd at C7-T1 was significantly less than that involving the first 4 disk spaces (P < 0.02), and the space at C6-7 was significantly less affected than were the first 3 spaces (P < 0.08).

Significant association was not evident between clinical signs (pain and neurologic deficits) and radiologic signs of ivdd, although neurologic deficits were more likely to be observed in association with radiologic signs than with signs of pain.
Comparison of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of humeral fractures in horses: 22 cases (1980-1989)
Authors: Zamos David T. , Parks Andrew H.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 22 horses with humeral fractures were reviewed. The horses were from 2 to 144 months old (mean, 25.8 ± 37.3 months). Ten horses were treated with stall confinement, 3 were treated surgically, and 9 were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis. Seven of 10 horses treated nonsurgically (stall confinement) were able to be ridden 5 to 12 months after the diagnosis was made (mean, 7.5 ± 2.6 months). One horse treated nonsurgically was euthanatized 6 months after diagnosis because of laminitis in the contralateral limb. Two horses treated nonsurgically were lost to follow-up evaluation.

Two of the 3 horses treated surgically had fractures repaired with Rush pins. The fractured humerus of the third horse was repaired with lag screws. Of the 3 surgically treated horses, 1 was pasture sound 10 months after surgery, but developed varus deviation in the contralateral carpus 6 weeks after repair; 1 horse was euthanatized 2 weeks after surgery because of failure of the implant; and the other horse was sound for riding 10 months after surgery.

On the basis of these findings, young horses with humeral fractures that are treated nonsurgically can become sound for riding.
Radiographic evaluation of esophageal function in Chinese Shar Pei pups
Authors: Stickle R. , Sparschu G. , Love N. , Walshaw R.
Published: December 2023

Liquid barium esophagraphy was done in 29 clinically normal Chinese Shar Pei pups and observed fluoroscopically, beginning when they were approximately 3 months old and repeated periodically until they were at least 18 months old, if possible. Of these dogs, 69% had relatively slow stimulation of secondary waves, 48% had generalized poor esophageal tone or motility, and 38% had esophageal redundancy. Sequential studies revealed apparent improvement with age for those dogs initially showing slow motility, provided that redundancy was not also present.

Another group of 9 Chinese Shar Pei pups had histories of either regurgitation or vomiting. Five of these had hiatal hernia and 2 had megaesophagus.
Response of cats with dilated cardiomyopathy to taurine supplementation
Authors: Pion Paul D. , Kittleson Mark D. , Thomas William P. , Delellis Laura A. , Rogers Quinton R.
Published: December 2023

Between October 1986 and September 1988, 37 cats with moderate to severe idiopathic myocardial failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) were evaluated. Clinical management of these cats was similar to that described in the literature, except that it also included administration of 500 or 1,000 mg of the sulfur amino acid, taurine per day.

Early death (death within the first 30 days of treatment) occurred in 14 (38%) cats. One cat was lost to follow-up evaluation. Twenty-two cats (59%) had marked clinical and echocardiographic improvement and survived longer than 240 days. In all but 1 cat, the observed improvement in echocardiographic measurements persisted. Hypothermia and thromboembolism were positively associated with an increased risk of early death. Administration of digoxin did not significantly affect survival.

All 22 cats that survived > 30 days remained clinically stable despite withdrawal of all medications except taurine. Administration of taurine was eventually discontinued in 20 of the 22 cats and adequate taurine intake was thereafter provided for in the food.

The clinical response and 1-year survival rate of 58% (21 of 36 cats with a known outcome) in the taurine-treated group represents a marked improvement, compared with a 1-year survival rate of 13% (4 of 31 cats with a known outcome) in a retrospectively evaluated population of 33 cats with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro- 15-ketoprostaglandin F2α in mares during uterine involution
Authors: Sertich P. L. , Watson E. D.
Published: December 2023

Twelve mares were allowed to foal naturally, after which they were monitored to study uterine involution. Starting on day 3 after parturition, the internal genital tract was examined per rectum manually and ultrasonographically every other day for changes in uterine characteristics and ovarian activity. By day 5, gravid and nongravid uterine horns were similar in size, and by day 7, uterine fluid was absent. On day 7 after parturition, endometrial biopsy samples were obtained for histologic evaluation, and uterine swab specimens were obtained for microbiologic culture. Uterine swab specimens from 10 of 12 mares had slight bacterial growth. The uteri of 8 of the 12 mares were histologically involuted by day 7. All mares ovulated 7 to 12 days after parturition. Concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α(pgfm) were measured in jugular plasma samples obtained daily for 21 days after parturition. Concentrations of pgfm were low by the day after parturition, and there was no significant correlation between uterine involution and pgfm concentrations in these mares’. All 12 mares were bred at the first estrus after parturition, and 9 became pregnant.
Comparative study of the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of large animal veterinarians, dairy farmers, and dairy processors in Michigan on bovine somatotropin
Authors: Shaw Jane R. , Mather Edward C. , Noel Mary Margaret
Published: December 2023

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted to evaluate two objectives. The first was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of large animal (dairy) veterinarians, dairy farmers, and daily processors in Michigan toward the use of bovine somatotropin (bst). The second was to compare and contrast the data from the large animal veterinarians, dairy farmers, and dairy processors according to the knowledge, attitude, and behavior variables.

A written questionnaire was used as an instrument to collect data relating to the objectives. Three basic types of questions were asked of each group: (1) how much do you know about bst? (knowledge-based question), (2) how do you feel about bst? (attitudebased question), and (3) how would you use bst or use dairy products produced through bst biotechnology (behavior-based question)?
Renal amyloidosis in a family of Beagles
Authors: Bowles Mary H. , Mosier Derek A.
Published: December 2023

Renal amyloidosis was confirmed in 6 related male and female Beagles, ranging in age from 5 to 11 years. The most commonly reported signs of illness included lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities were normocytic, normochromic anemia; hypoalbuminemia; azotemia; hypercholesterolemia; proteinuria; and urine specific gravity values below the normal range. Histologic examination of renal tissue from the 6 Beagles revealed moderate to severe glomerular amyloidosis with inconsistently observed mild medullary interstitial amyloidosis. Congo red-stained kidney sections from 4 of 4 affected dogs were potassium permanganate-sensitive, suggestive of reactive amyloidosis. Hereditary predisposition for renal amyloidosis was suspected in these Beagles.
Comparison of the human and canine Schiotz tonometry conversion tables in clinically normal cats
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Pickett J. Phillip
Published: December 2023

Intraocular pressure (iop) was measured in 73 eyes of 37 clinically normal cats with 2 applanation tonometers (Tono-Pen and Mackay-Marg) and the Schiotz indentation tonometer, using the 5.5- and 7.5-g weights. Statistically, the Tono-Pen tonometer underestimated iop compared with the values obtained by use of the Mackay-Marg tonometer (P < 0.0001) and the Schiotz tonometer, with either weight and either the human (P < 0.01) or the canine (P < 0.0001) calibration tables. Estimates of iop using the human calibration table and either the 5.5− or 7.5-g weight were not significantly different from each other or from those obtained with the Mackay-Marg tonometer. Schiotz measurements obtained with either weight and converted using the canine calibration table were not only significantly (P < 0.0001) different from each other, but were also clinically and significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than measurements obtained with the Tono-Pen and Mackay-Marg tonometers or the Schiotz tonometer, using the human calibration table and either weight. Approximately three quarters of clinically normal cats had an iop ≥ 30 mm of Hg when Schiotz tonometer measurements were converted with the canine conversion table. The human calibration table was the most clinically useful table for converting Schiotz measuremenftrsom clinically normal feline eyes to estimates of iop in mm of Hg. Normal mean (±sd) feline readings with the Schiotz tonometer and the 5.5-g weight was 3.9 ± 1.4 tonometer scale units (range, 1.0 to 7.5; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.1 to 6.7). Converted mean (±sd) iop estimates, using the 5.5-g weight in normal feline eyes, was 21.6 ± 5.0 mm of Hg (range, 11.2 to 34.5; 95% ci, 11.6 to 31.6) with the human conversion table, and 35.0 ± 5.8 mm of Hg (range, 23.0 to 49.3; 95% ci, 23.4 to 46.6) with the canine conversion table
Effects of electrolyte solutions for oral administration on clotting of milk
Authors: Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: December 2023

The effect of electrolyte solutions commercially formulated for oral administration on clotting of milk was investigated in vitro. Rennet or abomasal fluid was used as the clotting agent. Electrolyte solutions that contained large amounts of bicarbonate or citrate (> 40 mEq/L) had marked adverse effects on milk clotting, probably because bicarbonate increased pH and because citrate chelated calcium. Addition of solutions that did not contain alkalinizing agents resulted in normal or enhanced clotting, and enhancement was associated with the presence of acid phosphate salts. Electrolyte solutions that included acetate as the alkalinizing agent did not interfere with milk clotting as long as pH of the final solution was acidic and minimal amounts of citric acid salts were present (< 10 mEq/L). Acetate-containing electrolyte solutions can be used for oral administration in calves in which alkalinization of blood without interference with milk clotting is desired.
Seroprevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in a population of horses in central Texas
Authors: Cohen N. D. , Heck F. C. , Heim B. , Flad D. M. , Bosler E. M. , Cohen D.
Published: December 2023

Four hundred sixty-nine serum samples were obtained from horses admitted to the internal medicine service of the Texas Veterinary Medical Center between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 1990. Serum samples were tested by elisa for antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. Of these 469 samples, 1 (0.2%) was repeatedly seropositive for the organism by elisa. Confirmatory testing by protein immunoblot was negative. The observed seroprevalence was 0%; the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval was 0.6%. These findings indicate the evidence of infection with B burgdorferi is presently uncommon in horses in central Texas.
Leiomyosarcoma in dogs: 44 cases (1983-1988)
Authors: Kapatkin Amy S. , Mullen Holly S. , Matthiesen David T. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: December 2023

During a 5-year period, leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed in 57 dogs. Forty-four dogs were included in the study on the basis of completeness of medical records. All dogs underwent exploratory laparotomy, and dogs were allotted to 4 groups according to primary site of tumor: spleen (16 dogs, median age 10.3 years), stomach/small intestine (13 dogs, median age 10.3 years), cecum (10 dogs, median age 11.8 years), and liver (5 dogs, median age 9 years). All dogs with leiomyosarcoma of the liver had visible metastasis and were euthanatized at surgery. In the other 3 groups, 79% of the dogs had no gross evidence of metastasis at surgery, and 64% survived > 2 weeks. Median survival in these 3 groups was 10 months (range, 1 month to 7 years); 48% died of metastasis, 32% died of unrelated causes, and 16% died of unknown causes. The prognosis in dogs with leiomyosarcoma of the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and especially the cecum is good to excellent if surgery is performed. In dogs with leiomyosarcoma of the liver, the prognosis is poor.
Efficacy of milbemycin oxime against experimentally induced Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala infections in dogs
Authors: Niamatali Susan , Bhopale Veena , Schad Gerhard A.
Published: December 2023

Twenty-eight helminth-naive Beagles, 16 to 26 weeks old, were inoculated with 200 third-stage larvae each of Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala 5 times at weekly intervals. Dogs were randomly allocated to 4 groups of 7 on the basis of Fecal egg counts, and treatments were randomly assigned. Groups 1 and 3 were given milbemycin oxime at a dosage of 500 μg/kg of body weight, po, on day 0 and on days 0 and 30, respectively; groups 2 and 4 were nontreated controls. Fecal egg counts were evaluated before and after treatments. Feces were collected daily for 7 days after the final treatment for recovery of worms passed, and all dogs were euthanatized 7 days after the final treatment for recovery of worms retained.

A 65.7% reduction from the pretreatment value for geometric mean hookworm egg count was found 7 days after the first treatment, and a 97.1% reduction 7 days after the second treatment. Although milbemycin oxime had 96.5% and 99.5% controlled efficacy against A caninum after 1 or 2 treatments, respectively, it lacked efficacy against U stenocephala. The geometric mean number of U stenocephala and the total number of hookworms retained after 1 or 2 treatments were not significantly different from the numbers retained by the corresponding control groups.
Characteristics of pet populations and households in the Purdue Comparative Oncology Program catchment area, 1988
Authors: Teclaw Robert , Mendlein James , Garbe Paul , Mariolis Peter
Published: December 2023

A 1-stage, random-digit dial telephone survey was conducted to obtain information on characteristics of pet populations and pet-owning households in 1988 in Marion and Tippecanoe Counties, Indiana. Interviews for 653 out of 731 eligible households were completed (response rate, 88%). Approximately half of the households in each county owned a pet. Of these, 35% owned at least 1 dog, and 23% owned at least 1 cat. Households with pets were more likely to be larger and have a higher median income score than were households without pets. Households with children between 6 and 17 years old were more likely to own pets than were households with no children; however, no difference in pet ownership proportions was determined for households with children ≤ 5 years old, compared with households without children. For dogs, younger dogs and male dogs were less likely to have been neutered than older dogs and female dogs. Older cats were more likely to have been neutered than younger cats, with neutering percentages of > 90% for cats in the oldest age group. Approximately 20% of dogs and 40% of cats had not been seen by a veterinarian in the 12 months preceding the interview.
High-rise syndrome in dogs: 81 cases (1985-1991)
Authors: Gordon Lori E. , Thacher Christopher , Kapatkin Amy
Published: December 2023

We evaluated 81 dogs with high-rise syndrome. Dogs fell from 1 to 6 stories, and of 52 dogs for which the fall was witnessed, 39 had (75%) jumped. Dogs sustained a triad of injuries to the face, thorax, and extremities, similar to injuries seen in cats with high-rise syndrome, but with differences in degree and distribution. Height fallen and landing surface affected initial status and type and severity of injury. Cause of fall influenced distribution of extremity injury. Dogs falling <3 stories had a high prevalence of extremity fractures. Higher falls resulted in more spinal injuries. We recommend initial treatment for shock and thoracic trauma followed by orthopedic and neurologic evaluation. Visceral trauma should be considered if response to emergency treatment is poor. All but 1 of the dogs survived.
Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens
Authors: Faggella Alicia M. , Aronsohn Michael G.
Published: December 2023

Forty-eight male and 48 female 6- to 14-week-old kittens were neutered by use of 4 anesthetic protocols. Preanesthetic disposition, depth of sedation, loss of resistance to handling, induction quality, induction time, sternal and stand times, and recovery quality were evaluated. Analgesia and muscle relaxation without supplemental inhalational anesthetics were evaluated in male kittens, and the time until extubation was recorded in female kittens.

Intramuscular administration of tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ), midazolam/ketamine, atropine/midazolam/ketamine/butorphanol (AMKB), and atropine/midazolam/ketamine/oxymorphone (AMKO) produced rapid sedation and smooth induction into anesthesia. In male kittens, there were no significant differences in sedation, relaxation, induction time, or quality. Tiletamine/zolazepam administration induced the best analgesia, and midazolam/ketamine administration induced the least analgesia for castration. The recovery time in male kittens was longest with TZ and shortest with the opioid groups (AMKB, AMKO). In females, TZ produced significantly faster induction times, but the degree of sedation and relaxation after administration of injectable agents was not significantly different among the groups. More females given TZ could be intubated without supplemental inhalational agents than females in other groups. Extubation time was rapid in all groups, but the times until sternal and standing were significantly longer, and recovery quality was significantly poorer in females given TZ. In kittens given opioids, reversal of the opioid did not shorten recovery time or improve recovery quality.

Because TZ administration provided the best and most consistent analgesia in males and longer recovery times did not have any adverse effects on male kittens, IM administration of 11 mg of TZ/kg of body weight, was the most effective anesthetic combination for neutering 6- to 14-week-old male kittens. None of the injectable techniques provided sufficient analgesia for ovariohysterectomy in females. Because of its ease of administration, rapid extubation time, and recoveries that were rapid and generally excitement free, IM administration of 0.22 mg of midazolam/kg and 11 mg of ketamine/kg, followed by inhalational anesthesia, was the most effective anesthetic combination for neutering 6- to 14-week-old female kittens.
Prevalence and morphologic features of apical deltas in the canine teeth of dogs
Authors: Gamm David J. , Howard Paul E. , Walia Harmeet , Nencka Daniel J.
Published: December 2023

Prevalence and morphologic features of the apical delta in the canine teeth of dogs were determined to assist clinicians in the endodontic treatment of these teeth. Eighty-two canine teeth from mixed-breed dogs were cleared and dyed to outline root canal ramifications. Apical deltas were classified according to location in the dental arch, number of ramifications, and vertical extent of these ramifications from the apical terminus. A classification system was devised to aid in identification and treatment of the delta. Recommendations were made regarding indications for conventional and/or surgical endodontic therapy depending on the type of delta encountered. Apical deltas were detected in 69.5% of the canine teeth studied. Surgical endodontic intervention should be seriously considered when the delta is found to extend a distance > 1 mm from the apical terminus.
Digit amputation in cattle: 85 cases (1971-1990)
Authors: Pejsa Thomas G. , St. Jean Guy , Hoffsis Glen F. , Musser Jeffrey M. B.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 83 cattle, which had 1 or more digit amputations performed at Kansas State University and The Ohio State University veterinary hospitals between 1971 and 1990, were reviewed. Signalment, duration of lameness, prior treatment, digit involved, and pathologic condition were evaluated. Owners were contacted with regard to the animal's duration in the herd after amputation and reason for exiting the herd, level of production attained, and degree of lameness. The animal was judged to have a good, fair, or poor recovery on the basis of this information.

Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint and resulting complications were the problems most frequently treated by digit amputation. Fifty-one percent of cattle undergoing digit amputation attained preamputation production levels for a minimum of 24 months. Approximately 30% of cattle undergoing digit amputation were culled for lameness, usually within 7 months of surgery. Cattle remaining in the herd more than 12 months after amputation were unlikely to be culled for lameness, indicating that long-term breakdown of supporting structures was uncommon. Likelihood of a good recovery decreased from 71.4% in cattle weighing ≤ 341 kg to 27.3% in cattle weighing ≥ 682 kg. Cattle undergoing amputation of a rear medial digit were more likely to recover well than those undergoing amputation of either front digit. The most frequently performed amputation was that of a rear lateral digit, but it was associated with the poorest recovery, possibly because of the disproportionate amount of stress placed on this digit. Cattle used for dairy and beef production had approximately equal chances of a good recovery from digit amputation. Duration of lameness prior to surgery and type of lesion did not influence recovery rates.
Comparison of computed tomography with radiography as a noninvasive diagnostic technique for chronic nasal disease in dogs
Authors: Codner E. C. , Lurus A. G. , Miller J. B. , Gavin P. R. , Gallina A. , Barbee D. D.
Published: December 2023

Computed tomography was evaluated as a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs. Computed tomographic images, radiographs, and histopathologic findings were compared in 11 dogs with chronic nasal disease. Definitive diagnosis was made following traumatic nasal flush, exploratory surgery, or necropsy. The study included 8 dogs with intranasal tumors, 2 dogs with bacterial rhinitis (Pasteurella sp), and 1 dog with mycotic rhinitis (Aspergillus sp).

Computed tomography was superior to radiography in defining the extent of the disease process and in differentiating infectious rhinitis from nasal neoplasms. It defined lesions in the palate, nasopharyngeal meatus, maxillary sinus, caudal ethmoturbinates, and periorbital tissues that were difficult to demonstrate by use of conventional radiography. Tumors appeared as space-occupying lesions that obliterated the turbinates, caused deviation of the nasal septum, and eroded bone. Rhinitis appeared as a cavitating lesion that spared the paranasal sinuses, thickened and distorted the turbinates, and widened the meatus. Although morphologically distinct on computed tomographic images, infectious rhinitis and nasal neoplasms could not be differentiated by attenuation measurements or degree of contrast enhancement.

Computed tomography appeared to be a reliable, noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs, and a promising alternative to diagnostic techniques currently in use.
Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs by continuous low-dose intravenous infusion of insulin
Authors: Macintire Douglass K.
Published: December 2023

In a prospective clinical trial, low-dose, continuous, iv infusion of insulin (dosage, 2.2 U/kg of body weight, q 24 h) was used to treat 21 dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis. Mean (± sd) blood glucose concentration at the onset of treatment was 550 ± 150 mg/dl and after 6 hours, was 350 ± 106 mg/dl, with a mean decline of 34 ± 16 mg/dl/h. By 12 hours, mean blood glucose was 246 ± 85 mg/dl, with a mean decline of 28 ± 14 mg/dl/h during the second 6 hours of treatment. Mean duration of treatment required to reach a blood glucose concentration ≤ 250 mg/dl was 10 ± 4 hours, with a range of 4 to 24 hours. Ketonuria was observed for 26 ± 14 hours (range, 6 to 12 hours). Hypoglycemia developed in 3 of 21 dogs during treatment, but responded to iv administration of a glucose solution and to a reduction in rate of insulin delivery. Potassium supplementation was required in 15 of 21 dogs. Mean bicarbonate concentration was 11.6 ± 3.4 mEq/L before treatment and was 18.2 ± 0.7 mEq/L after 24 hours. Fifteen of 21 dogs (71%) survived to be discharged. Mean duration of treatment with the insulin infusion was 50 ± 30 hours (range, 7 to 124 hours). In this series of dogs, continuous, low-dose, iv infusion of insulin provided a gradual and consistent reduction in blood glucose concentration while ketoacidosis, electrolyte balance, and dehydration were corrected. Although hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and cerebral edema remain potential complications of any treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, this protocol appears to provide a safe and effective treatment method.
Association of abnormal uterine discharge with new intramammary infection in the early postpartum period in multiparous dairy cows
Authors: Epperson W. B. , Hoblet K. H. , Smith K. L. , Hogan J. S. , Todhunter D. A.
Published: December 2023

The association of abnormal uterine discharge with the development of intramammary infection (imi) was studied in 62 multiparous Holstein cows during the nonlactating period and from lactation days 3 through 30. Duplicate milk samples were obtained from each mammary gland at approximately day 30 of the nonlactating period. Milk samples for bacteriologic culture also were obtained from each gland from all cows at the end of the previous lactation, at parturition, and on a minimum of 7 additional dates during the first 30 days of lactation. Beginning after parturition and continuing once weekly for 4 weeks, each cow was examined, using a vaginal speculum to visually estimate the quantity of abnormal uterine discharge in the vagina. Additionally, uterine swab specimens were obtained for aerobic bacteriologic culture. Cows were allotted to groups on the basis of the maximal amount of abnormal uterine discharge observed at any 1 of the 4 examinations. Cows in group 1 had normal discharge or < 30 ml of abnormal discharge; in group 2, ≥ 30 ml of abnormal discharge, observed only on examination by vaginal speculum; and in group 3, ≥ 30 ml of abnormal discharge visible externally. A difference was not detected in the development of new imi in the nonlactating period between cows that subsequently developed uterine discharge and those that did not. Although significant differences were not found, a tendency for lactating cows with abnormal uterine discharge to be at increased risk for developing new imi was observed. Direct associations were not found between aerobic bacterial species isolated from the uterus and species isolated from glands with newly developed imi during lactation. This lack of association indicated that development of imi in lactation was not likely a direct result of teat-end exposure to bacteria originating from the uterus.
Effect of sucralfate on healing of subclinical gastric ulcers in foals
Authors: Borne Agatha T. , MacAllister Charles G.
Published: December 2023

The effect of sucralfate on healing of subclinical gastric ulcers and gastric inflammation was investigated in twelve 6- to 7-month-old foals. Foals with endoscopically evident gastric lesions on day 0 were assigned to 1 of 2 groups, on the basis of mucosal inflammation and number and severity of ulcers, to create groups of foals with approximately equal severity of lesions. None of these foals had clinical signs of gastroduodenal ulcer disease. Groups were assigned to receive sucralfate (22.0 mg/kg of body weight) or corn syrup for 14 days, po, every 8 hours. On day 15, gastroscopic examinations revealed that sucralfate did not promote greater healing than did the corn syrup.
Prostaglandin induction of abortion in pregnant bitches after misalliance
Authors: Feldman Edward C. , Davidson Autumn P. , Nelson Richard W. , Nyland Thomas G. , Munro Coralie
Published: December 2023

Of 48 privately-owned bitches evaluated 30 to 35 days after a single, unplanned breeding, 30 (62%) dogs were determined not to be pregnant by abdominal ultrasonography and 18 dogs were confirmed to be pregnant. Each pregnant dog was hospitalized, allotted to a treatment group, and given prostaglandin F2α, sc, at 1 of 3 dosages: group 1, 0.1 mg/kg of body weight, every 8 hours; group 2, 0.25 mg/kg, every 12 hours; and group 3, 0.1 mg/kg, every 8 hours for 2 days and then 0.2 mg/kg every 8 hours thereafter. Plasma from each dog was assayed for progesterone concentration before treatment and daily until abortion was completed. Physical examinations and abdominal ultrasonography were performed every 12 and 48 hours, respectively. Treatment was continued until abortion was complete as determined by results of abdominal ultrasonography. Ultrasonography was performed earlier than the scheduled 48 hours if abdominal contractions, fetuses, or bloody or dark colored vaginal discharge was observed.

Dogs of 14 breeds were treated; body weight ranged from 5.4 to 37.7 kg. All dogs aborted all fetuses within 9 days of beginning treatment. Abdominal palpation was not satisfactory in confirming whether the abortion process had been completed; however, results of ultrasonography were a reliable indicator. Plasma progesterone concentrations prior to treatment were typical of the middle phase of gestation, with all concentrations > 6.0 ng/ml. The plasma progesterone concentration decreased significantly in each dog after the first 48 hours of therapy. None of the bitches aborted any fetal material until at least 24 hours after the plasma progesterone concentration was < 2.0 ng/ml. Side effects of the initial injection of prostaglandin F2α included panting (n = 14), excess salivation (n = 13), vomiting (n = 12), defecation (n = 10), and urination (n = 3). Side effects were not life threatening, lasted < 30 minutes in all but 2 dogs, and were less severe with each subsequent treatment.

Prostaglandin F2α provided a safe, reliable, effective, and practical abortifacient in pregnant bitches treated at 30 to 35 days after an unplanned breeding. The results of all 3 protocols were satisfactory.
Eosinophilic pleural or peritoneal effusions in dogs and cats: 14 cases (1986-1992)
Authors: Fossum Theresa W. , Wellman Maxey , Relford Roberta L. , Slater Margaret R.
Published: December 2023

Case records of 9 dogs and 5 cats with eosinophilic effusions were reviewed. The animals ranged from 11 months to 13 years old. Seven animals had pleural effusions, 5 had peritoneal effusions, and 2 had pleural and peritoneal effusions.

Neoplasia was confirmed in 6 animals and suspected in 1. Eosinophilic pleural effusion was diagnosed 2 days after pneumothorax developed as a consequence of thoracic tube placement in a cat, and pneumothorax was diagnosed in another cat with eosinophilic peritoneal effusion. Other abnormalities seen in 1 or 2 animals associated with eosinophilic effusion were radiographic signs of interstitial or peribronchial pulmonary infiltrates, a history of allergic respiratory tract and skin disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia and lung lobe torsion, chylothorax, bite wounds causing intestinal perforation, and feline leukemia virus infection.

Based only on the protein concentration of the effusion, 7 effusions were classified as transudates and 7 were classified as exudates. Five of the 14 animals had eosinophilia (> 1,200 eosinophils/μl); 3 of these animals had neoplastic disease. Mean eosinophil count in blood samples was not significantly different between animals with neoplasia and those without. Eosinophil counts in blood samples were not linearly related to counts in effusions; however, in some animals the number of eosinophils in the effusion was much higher than the eosinophil count in blood, suggesting concentration of eosinophils in the effusion.
Progress after one year of a pseudorabies eradication program for large swine herds
Authors: Lehman James R. , Weigel Ronald M. , Siegel Arthur M. , Herr Leslie G. , Taft Arnold C. , Hall William F.
Published: December 2023

Six large farrow-to-finish swine herds quarantined for pseudorabies in Illinois participated in the USDA-initiated Large Herd Cleanup Study. These herds were monitored for antibodies to pseudorabies virus (prv) for 1 year after the initiation of an intensive eradication program. Herd size ranged between 425 and 1,500 females of breeding age. Gene-deleted modified-live virus vaccines were used on all farms, with 3 of the 6 herds receiving a vaccine with a deletion of the gene for glycoprotein-I and the other 3 herds receiving a vaccine with a deletion of the gene for glycoprotein-X. The breeding herd and growing pigs were vaccinated on each farm. Each herd produced its own replacement gilts. In addition, management changes emphasizing all-in, all-out pig flow were initiated.

One year after initiation of the vaccination program, sera for the measurement of prv antibodies were obtained from sows and heavy finishing pigs (> 70 kg) from each of the farms. Prevalence of prv antibodies attributable to wild-type virus infection ranged from 7 to 63% (median, 33%) for sows and from 0 to 42% (median, 4%) for finishers, as determined by the appropriate vaccine differential test. For each sow herd, there was a large decrease in the prv seroprevalence rate after 1 year of the program (range, −21 to −68%; median, −42%). Examination of prv prevalence rates by parity indicated decreased seroprevalences in the lower parities (< 2) in 3 of the herds, suggesting that vaccination reduced the spread of prv. For finishing pigs, 5 of the 6 herds had decreased seroprevalence rates after 1 year (range, −89 to 2%; median, −33%), with only 1 herd having a prv seroprevalence rate > 10%.
Comparison of radiologic imaging techniques for diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process of the cubital joint in dogs
Authors: Carpenter Larry G. , Schwarz Peter D. , Lowry Jennifer E. , Park Richard D. , Steyn Phillip F.
Published: December 2023

Thirty cubital joints from 16 dogs suspected of having a fragmented medial coronoid process were examined. Four breeds accounted for 87.5% of the cases: German Shepherd Dog (25%), Labrador Retriever (25%), Rottweiler (18.75%), and Golden Retriever (18.75%). Seventy-five percent of the dogs were male. Mean age of affected dogs was 13.6 months. Plain-film radiography, xeroradiography, linear tomography, arthrography, and computed tomography were performed on each cubital joint prior to surgical exploration of the joint. Three reviewers evaluated each diagnostic study and independently determined whether a fragment from the medial coronoid process could be seen. The consensus opinion was compared with the finding at surgery. Abnormalities of the medial coronoid process were detected in 25 of 30 joints at surgery. Fragmented coronoid process was found in 17 of 30 joints, and wear lesions were observed in 8 of 30 joints. Computed tomography had the highest accuracy (86.7%), sensitivity (88.2%), and negative-predictive value (84.6%) of the 5 imaging modalities evaluated (P < 0.05). Specificity and positive-predictive value of all imaging techniques were high. There was no significant difference between the diagnostic ability of plain-film radiography, xeroradiography, or linear tomography of the cubital joint. The combination of plain-film radiography and linear tomography provided an improvement in accuracy, approaching that of computed tomography.