bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional Sources of Intergroup Atrocities
Authors: Wohl Michael J. A. , Tabri Nassim , Halperin Eran
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, the authors put forth the proposition that group-based emotions reside at the core of extreme intergroup violence. That is, genocide is not cold; it is cruelly heartfelt. Perpetrator groups act because of specific (perceived or real) threat-induced, group-based emotions, which motivate specific destructive action tendencies. The authors focus on a genocidal triad of group-based emotions that stem from threat appraisals: (1) collective hate, which stems from the belief that an out-group is evil by nature; (2) collective angst, which stems from existential concern for the in-group’s future vitality; and (3) collective nostalgia, which stems from a sense that pressures are forcing unwanted change to the in-group. The authors contend that this triad of emotions propels group members toward engagement in cruel and unusual behavior. Research is reviewed to substantiate this proposition.
Moral Courage and Moral DisregardDifferent Sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Mueller Allison B. , Skitka Linda J.
Published: November 2019

The goal of this chapter is to describe how the same act can be perceived as morally courageous, on the one hand, and as evil, on the other. The authors contend that both moral courage and moral disregard could be driven by two sides of the same process. Strong moral conviction that a stance is right or wrong (i.e., moral or immoral) may make it easier to disengage from normative standards to serve that belief, including harming others for a perceived higher moral purpose. In turn, the consequences of disengaging from normative standards could be perceived as heroic by like-minded observers or as morally bankrupt by non-like-minded observers (e.g., violence incited by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict may be perceived as heroic by observers who believe that it serves a higher moral purpose or as deeply immoral by people on the other side of the conflict who do not share that moral conviction).
Understanding Intergroup Violence and Its Aftermath From Perpetrator and Victim Perspectives
Authors: Li Mengyao , Leidner Bernhard
Published: November 2019

This chapter reviews and integrates the psychological literature on how members of perpetrator and victim groups perceive, evaluate, and respond differently to large-scale intergroup violence, as well as institutional and psychological interventions. Despite considerable interest in the psychological analysis of evil and victims of evil, the field’s understanding of collective violence has not yet arrived at a stage where perspectives of perpetrators and victims are well integrated and considered in tandem. This chapter therefore provides insights into the dynamics between perpetrators and victims of intergroup violence, covering topics such as internal and external attribution, harm perception, intergroup emotions, temporal distance, retributive and restorative justice, and various conflict intervention strategies. Furthermore, the authors discuss how social identity shapes involved parties’ divergent responses to violence. They argue that acknowledging the differences between victim and perpetrator groups’ perspectives is key to developing constructive responses to collective violence.
Asymmetrical Neighbors
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Asymmetrical Neighbors explains the variations in state building across the borderland area between China, Myanmar, and Thailand. It presents a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building processes in the ethnically diverse and geographically rugged borderland area where China meets Southeast Asia. It argues the failure of the Myanmar state to consolidate its control over its borderland area is partly due to the political and military meddling by its two more powerful neighbors during the Cold War. Furthermore, both China and Thailand, being more economically advanced than Myanmar, have exerted heavy economic influence on the borderland area at the cost of Myanmar’s economic sovereignty. The book provides a historical account of the borderland that traces the pattern of relations between valley states and upland people before the mid-twentieth century. Then it discusses the implications of the Chinese nationalist KMT troops in Burma and Thailand and Burmese and Thai communist insurgencies since the mid-1960s on attempts by the three states to consolidate their respective borderland areas. The book also portrays the dynamics of the borderland economy and the dominance of both China and Thailand on Myanmar’s borderland territory in the post-Cold War period. It further discusses the comparative nation-building processes among the three states and the implications for the ethnic minority groups in the borderland area and their national identity contestations. Finally, the book provides an updated account of the current ethnic conflicts along Myanmar’s restive borderland and its ongoing peace negotiation process.
The Neighborhood Effect of State and Nation Building
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 establishes both the empirical and theoretical foundations for the book. For illustrative purposes, it provides comparative statistics of the divergence in state and nation building in the borderland area among the three states. For state building, it offers a set of indicators, such as taxation, education, and health provisions, to as a way to conceptualize the differences in each state’s ability to provide for its citizens along the borderland area. It then offers a sketch of how nation-building efforts in the three states in the borderland area also differ from one another in both style and substance. The chapter then discusses, in a general way, various current theoretical approaches and proposes a novel theoretical framework that looks at state and nation building as an interactive process dependent on power balances and the nature of relations among neighboring states.
Continual Contestations at the China-Myanmar Border
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Chapter 8 looks at the ongoing ethnic conflicts along the Sino-Myanmar borderland area, and explores ways in which these conflicts continue to implicate Myanmar’s state and nation-building processes. It examines three prominent ethnic rebel groups. The first is the Kachin Independence Army, with which the Myanmar national army has ongoing military clashes. The second is the Kokang rebel group, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, which the Myanmar central military successfully defeated twice, in 2009 and 2015. The third is the United Wa State Army, which despite a 2011 break in the ceasefire between it and the Myanmar central government, has so far not faced direct military pressure and continues to maintain a high level of political and cultural autonomy. Altogether, the chapter offers a more up-to-date analysis of the challenges facing Myanmar’s state and nation-building processes and the implications for bilateral relations with China and Thailand.
Activity and Agency
Authors: Cameron Maxwell A.
Published: November 2019

Aristotle argued that every action or activity aimed at some good. Through experience, wise practitioners acquire the character and judgment necessary to attain their aims. These aims are often intrinsic to the activity, they require cooperation, and only rarely can they be compelled. Whereas incentives and rules motivate people through rewards and punishments, excellence in an activity demands more. Since we cannot easily assess knowledge superior to our own, nor can we always know whether a practitioner is motivated by the right aims, and we may not even be able to judge the effectiveness of an action by its results, institutions rely on practitioners who possess the disposition to perform to the best of their abilities.
Hyper-Partisanship
Authors: Cameron Maxwell A.
Published: November 2019

Hyper-partisanship is a form of competitive utility-maximizing. Good or ethical partisanship is found in the mean between non-partisan detachment and hyper-partisan devotion to a cause, and finding this mean requires practical wisdom on the part of citizens and rulers. Excessive partisanship can undermine democracy by weakening and ultimately displacing the deliberation necessary to compromise and find common goods in political institutions like legislatures. Recognizing that good institutions are not enough to guarantee the proper functioning of a democracy, this chapter considers the possibility of educating politicians. It asks a question political theorists have grappled with since Aristotle’s time: Can practical wisdom be taught?
Rhythm and the Physical
Authors: Montague Eugene
Published: November 2019

Of all musical elements, rhythm is the most closely associated with temporal experience. When rhythms are categorized as structural objects, their active qualities can be lost, obscuring the physical life of rhythmic performance. This chapter argues for understanding rhythmic objects as inherently active, with a necessary physical aspect. One way these aspects emerge is through the processes that undergird performance. When a rhythm is learned as a gesture, it brings with it a particular physical history, developed over periods of repetition. This chapter examines rhythmic objects in three case studies, including performances of piano music by Saint-Saëns and Chopin, and a hardcore punk song by the band Minor Threat. Close analysis of the gestures that produce rhythms in these varied musics suggests the role of metrical experience in creating rhythms and, consequentially, how rhythms may be valued for the physical gestures they demand.
Modern Drum Solos Over Ostinatos
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: November 2019

Improvised drum solos by Steve Gadd, Vinnie Colaiuta, Dave Weckl, Trilok Gurtu, and Jojo Mayer are examined in the context of interactive frameworks comprising three distinct rhythmic elements: meter, ostinato, and drums. Meter and background ostinato provide complementary recurring cycles—one implicit, the other explicit—that the drummer uses as referents to create shifting contrapuntal configurations. These configurations can be understood in terms of degrees of synchrony between the three elements in the drums/meter/ostinato network, from full three-way convergence to total divergence and including intermediary states where one of the three elements is distinct from the other two. The chapter pays special attention to polymetric phrasing, an effective way for drummers to not only affirm their independence from meter and ostinato but also infuse the solo with playfully complex qualities.
Temporal and Density Flow in Javanese Gamelan
Authors: Sumarsam
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the concept of irama: the articulation and changing of temporal and density flow in Javanese gamelan that would guide and inspire musicians to render melody and rhythm in all sorts of variations. The chapter begins with a brief history of the development of gamelan theory. The main discussion of the chapter is on cross-cultural elucidation of irama by Indonesian and Western theorists. Beyond its technical and mechanical significance, the heart of irama is its impact on the melody and rhythm of gendhing (composition). The changing of irama, led by kendhang (drum), inspires musicians to elaborate, embellish, or simplify their melodies, resulting in ensemble’s togetherness, though not in a perfect synchrony. The drumming itself also affected by the irama, as the drummer selects the style of drumming accordingly. The chapter ends with listening guides to a number of compositions based on irama and textural and timbral changes.
Layers and Elasticity in the Rhythm of Noh Songs
Authors: Fujita Takanori
Published: November 2019

Song in Japanese Noh drama is generally described in terms of an eight-beat meter. In the hira-nori song rhythm, the meter is organized according to the standard Japanese poetic unit of 7+5 syllables. The meter of Noh is isochronous in theory and a song’s syllables can be laid out regularly in accordance with it. However in performance, singers and drummers never seem to obey the meter; rather they create layers of deviation from the meter. Spaces between beats articulated by drummers seem more elastic than one might imagine based on the notation. To examine such layers and elasticity, this chapter describes the singers’ training style. This teaches them how to deviate from the meter and specifies drummers’ modification types of the cycle of eight beats. “Taking komi” is the drummer’s technique for synchronizing with and detaching from the singers’ part. The history of patron-amateurs’ participation in performance is described as a background for the creation of the interaction style.
Rhythmic Metamorphoses
Authors: Olsen Miriam Rovsing
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the temporal process of the principal musical acts of the Anti-Atlas, which unfold in musical suites through extended periods of time, often over several hours or days. It shows what the temporal process and its metamorphoses have to do with the main plants of this region, the barley and the date palm, and pursues the following questions with reference to botany: how do the social actors construct the temporal process through performance? What are the key moments and how do the performers conceive the spatial orientation of this development? What are the components involved and how are they articulated? What concepts are related to the musical acts and what do they say about temporality? It is argued that analyzing musical rhythm of such rural areas requires an approach that takes full ethnographic account of the agricultural environment and practices.
Time Changes
Authors: Widdess Richard
Published: November 2019

The chapter examines a distinction between isometric music, in which successive metrical cycles are of equal length, and heterometric music, where the length and structure of the cycle can change. In South Asia, most music is isometric. In the classical traditions, each composition normally employs one tāla, in which the length of the cycle is defined by a clap-pattern or instrumental time-line. There are, however, rare cases where the tāla changes in the course of a composition, and such cases are more frequent in the context of religious music, but the origins and purposes of such heterometrical complexity are unclear. Three examples are analyzed from the Hindu-Buddhist traditions of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, featuring metrical compression and proportional time spans. The possible significance of “time changes” in these and analogous cases is discussed in relation to cultural meanings, historical antecedents, religious and social behavior, and the cognitive processes of performance.
Musicalized Sound Design and the Erotics of Cinema
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 explores the sensuous dimension of contemporary soundtracks through examples of soundtrack musicality drawn from diegetic sounds such as physical activities, walking, or environmental sounds. The chapter argues that the overall musical effect produced by the interaction between repetitive sound and rhythmicized visual movement creates musicality of an inherently cinematic nature, a type of audiovisual musique concrète. This approach is theorized through the concept of the erotics of art, contending that the practice of blurring the boundaries between music and the soundtrack’s other elements is intimately connected to the emergence of a trend that emphasizes the sensuousness of film form—its sonic and visual textures, composition, rhythm, movement, and flow—without confusing it with sensory overload.
Flavius Josephus
Authors: Tuval Michael
Published: November 2019

The works of first century CE Jewish historian Flavius Josephus constitute our main source for the study of Jewish history of the Second Temple period. In this chapter, we briefly discuss Josephus’ career and his four compositions, as well as the condition of the Greek manuscript tradition of his works. The chapter also deals with the Latin translations of Josephus, a late antique Christian adaptation of mainly Judean War in Latin, known as Hegesippus, and the remnants of Judean War in Syriac. Next comes Josippon, a medieval Hebrew adaptation of Josephus and some other sources, and finally the much-discussed Slavonic, or Old Russian, version of the Judean War.
Armenian Philonic Corpus
Authors: Terian Abraham
Published: November 2019

This chapter accounts for the nearly one-fifth of the extant works of Philo that have reached us by way of a sixth-century Armenian translation, including substantial parts of QG and QE as well as the complete “dialogues” with Tiberius Julius Alexander. The Armenian corpus also includes works the Greek of which is extant, and these provide a valuable control over the Greek text, having been translated in a predominantly interlinear fashion from a text that predates the extant Greek manuscripts. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of the Philonic influence on medieval Armenian authors, focusing on certain works by Gregory of Narek (d. 1003) as an example.
Minor Jewish Hellenistic Authors
Authors: Siegert Folker
Published: November 2019

The Jewish writings presented here are only known from Christian excerpts: Aristobulus, Demetrius, Eupolemus, the dramatist Ezekiel, and others. Of particular interest is Jason of Cyrene, the author behind what has become the 2nd Book of Maccabees in the Christian Septuagint, in which the Maccabean warriors had to lend their name and their fame to a group of previously anonymous martyrs. His original writing can be reconstructed to some degree. Special attention is drawn to authors, male and female, of technical treatises on matters other than religious, that is law, beginnings of natural sciences, and rhetorics.
Early Jewish Liturgical Texts
Authors: Siegert Folker
Published: November 2019

This is the first complete overview, in English, of what is known as having happened in Greek-speaking synagogues of pre-rabbinic times. Teaching religion and morals by interpreting a sacred text read to the public beforehand, was an innovation due to diaspora Judaism and unknown to other cults of Antiquity. And even though there was a ban on writing down prayers lest they fall in the hands of magicians, some have been found on papyrus that may be incantations (which is a reason for writing); others have been written down by Christians, be it literally, be it in a free composition, from hearing in the synagogues. The synagogue service has always been open to the public. Thus the origins of Christian worship may be studied here.
Gnostic
Authors: Burns Dylan M.
Published: November 2019

The corpus of extant Gnostic literature, preserved almost exclusively in Coptic codices of the ca. fourth–sixth centuries ce, constitutes an invaluable witness for the transmission of Second Temple Jewish traditions in late antiquity. The most famous of these concern the hypostasis Sophia (“Wisdom”) and the dual creation of Adam (Gen 2–3). Other important traditions found throughout Coptic Gnostic literature deal with Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, divine “youths” (Metatron?), the Fall of the Watchers, Noah and the Flood, Seth’s sister and wife Norea and the Sibyl, Melchizedek, and Solomon. Sodom and Gomorrah pop up in famous cases of Gnostic “reverse exegesis,” where the Sodomites are valorized. Traditions of the apocalypses, such as heavenly journeys and the glorification and transformation of human seers, are also of paramount importance to Gnostic literature. More “philosophically-inclined” currents related to Gnosticism, such as Valentinianism and Hermetism, transmit many Jewish traditions as well. Gnostic literature thus constitutes a source of deep value not only for the importance of Jewish traditions for the formation of Christian and Gnostic thought, but also for the transmission of apocalyptic and mystical ideas during a period for which our “Jewish sources” are relatively scarce.
Why Study Parents’ Beliefs?
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: November 2019

As its title indicates, this introductory chapter provides the rationale for the study of parents’ beliefs. Eight reasons are presented, some tied to the theoretical issues to which such study speaks and some tied to the pragmatic issues for which parents’ beliefs are important. Several emphases that recur throughout the book are introduced, including the need for the multicultural study of beliefs and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to such study. The chapter concludes with an overview of the specific topics and chapters that make up the rest of the book.
Childhood: Social Development
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides a complement to the previous chapter through a consideration of parents’ beliefs about children’s social development. Five topics are considered: emotional development (including emotion recognition and emotion regulation), aggression (including bullying), moral development, peer relations, and gender-role development. These topics are not neatly compartmentalized; rather, aspects of two or more often flow together as children deal with their social worlds. Controlling one’s emotions, for example, may be necessary to avoid an aggressive act, which in turn may help to maintain good social relations with others. The author explores these interrelations throughout the chapter.
Familiarity and Conviction in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna , Pica Emily , Sheahan Chelsea
Published: November 2019

Eyewitnesses are likely to have some degree of familiarity with a perpetrator when a crime is committed. Despite the fact that the majority of crimes are committed by someone with whom the victim/witness is familiar, the majority of eyewitness research has focused on the identification of stranger perpetrators. It is critical to examine how familiarity may influence eyewitness accuracy. Familiarity can vary from a complete stranger to a very familiar other. This book explores the “middle ground” as it relates to the criminal justice system, namely describing perpetrators, eyewitness identification, and jury decision-making. The purpose of this book is to consolidate the literature that exists regarding familiarity and to apply this research to an eyewitness context. This book attempts to better understand how familiarity may impact eyewitnesses and to highlight key considerations when an eyewitness is familiar with a perpetrator while collecting eyewitness evidence and using it in a courtroom. This is achieved through an in-depth discussion of the definition of familiarity, the examination of critical social psychological and cognitive theory in relation to familiarity, a description of the current literature examining eyewitness familiarity, a discussion of familiarity evidence in the courtroom, and a proposal for future directions and research.
Theoretical Underpinnings
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses familiarity from a social psychological lens. The chapter provides a basis in theory for beginning to understand the concept of familiarity, how it may be studied, and factors that impact familiarity outside of an eyewitness-specific context. For example, it takes a social psychological perspective on how familiarity is developed through interactions, proximity, similarity, and inclusive pronouns. In addition, the chapter discusses how familiarity can play a role in both the development and maintenance of stereotypes. It discusses specific stereotypes, such as gender stereotypes/bias, stereotypical behaviors, and stereotypes in general. Last, the chapter applies these social psychological perspectives on familiarity when it is applied to the legal system. It discusses the cross-race effect, in-groups and out-groups, and Stockholm syndrome.
Introduction
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

Empire’s Legacy argues that subcultures in the shadows of society preserve a latent potential for the far right. The nativist cleavage has joined traditional cleavages that shape European politics, and France is a leading example. Dominant explanations overstate the importance of current factors, especially economic distress. This book travels into the imperial past to discover the roots of an enduring affinity for the far right. At its empirical core, Empire’s Legacy dissects the victory of the National Front in Toulon, which in 1995 became the biggest city in postwar Europe to elect a far-right government. This offers insight into the National Front’s success in a region of core support, southern France. Empire’s Legacy also shows what the far right does when it holds local power; and how opponents can dampen its appeal. Ernst Bloch’s ideas about politics and anachronism guide this study.
New Political Configurations
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines how the ex-colonials organized, what political influence they achieved, and why their efforts stalled. Anticipating elections, their leaders mounted social and cultural events with support from local politicians. These events maintained collective identity and social networks. They signaled a political potential and tightened bonds with local politicians. Similar models of patron-client arose in other Mediterranean cities (e.g., Aix-en-Provence, Marseille, Nice, Montpellier, Perpignan, and Toulouse). In the 1965 municipal elections, all parties in Toulon wooed the ex-colonials, who backed the moderate right. For the 1965 presidential and 1967 parliamentary elections, they sought to maintain their influence, but lost unity. The patron-client relations and electoral support that joined them to the moderate right would persist until the rise of the National Front in the 1990s.
The Far Right Organizes in the Var
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the history of the National Front in the Var from its origins during the 1970s until its electoral victory in the 1995 Toulon municipal elections. From the recruitment of leaders, cadres, activists, and voters to the style of language used, the influence of French Algeria pervaded the development of the National Front in this part of France. By the 1990s, the Var section of the National Front was the largest of any party in France. This laid the foundations for a strong electoral performance. While the left lost ground, the non-Gaullist moderate right resisted electorally: it upheld a system of patron-client relations, remained united in party politics, and exercised influence at multiple levels of government. The moderate right helped the far right in this part of France by validating its anti-immigrant rhetoric and treating the National Front as a tactical partner.
Conclusion
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

The conclusion connects this study to the book’s major themes. Studying political potentials raise questions about their origins, nature, and transmission, as well as the conditions of their translation into actual support. Explanations for nativist politics that emphasize the losers of economic globalization forget the losers of other historical changes that may be older. Images of modernity that overstate its transformative force miss the persistence of anachronisms that survive and push back. Although the elective affinity studied in this book no longer lends the same vigor to the French far right, its persistence in the broader society suggests a far-right potential will not disappear quickly.
The Absolutist Mirror
Authors: Mokhberi Susan
Published: November 2019

The visit of Mohammad Reza Beg in 1715 raised connections between the Safavid and Bourbon crowns. After the death of Louis XIV, Persia took on a different meaning under the new French government, which distanced itself from depictions that could suggest Louis XIV as a despot. French literature broached the tensions inherent in the image of Persia as a civil yet despotic empire. Finally, the collapse of the Safavid Empire made positive associations with France harder to draw. Enlightenment authors, such as Montesquieu and Voltaire, discussed the breakdown of the Safavid Empire and the warning it suggested to the French monarchy.
Sociological Perspectives on Deaf Identities
Authors: Holcomb Leala , Horejes Thomas P. , Ocuto Oscar , Santini Joseph
Published: November 2019

This chapter delineates three foundational social questions covering identity and its confluence with society. The authors, deaf academics, use these foundational questions as a framework to examine sociological perceptions of deaf identities. These questions guide the reader to an understanding of the structure of the deaf community, where it stands in human history, and who succeeds in the greater context of society in general. The authors integrate their own personal experiences within an academic framework grounded in sociology to explore the impact of social institutions, including the family, medical and educational systems, and the community influences on the social construction of deaf identities.
Religion and Deaf Identity
Authors: Buchholz Noah , Leigh Darby Jared
Published: November 2019

This chapter represents the first-ever effort to examine the role of religion in the realm of deaf identities. The authors, both of whom are deaf religious leaders, with one representing Christianity and the other Judaism, provide a cutting-edge analysis of the relationship between religion and deaf identities. They present different interpretations based on religious treatises that include perspectives of deaf people. These perspectives are fraught with the complexities of multiple social identities that interact with the deaf identity component. While religion has the potential to coalesce deaf people and affirm their deaf identities, the chapter also explores how the religious setting can manifest the dynamics of oppression, dynamics that potentially may result in personal and community dissociation.
Examining the Intersectionality of Deaf Identity, Race/Ethnicity, and Diversity Through a Black Deaf Lens1,2
Authors: Dunn Lindsay Moeletsi , Anderson Glenn B.
Published: November 2019

The authors of this chapter, a Black Deaf scholar immigrant from South Africa and a Black Deaf academic from the South Side of Chicago, highlight the limited scholarly exploration of Black Deaf lives within the context of the Deaf community. They present what they could extract from existing literature on Black Deaf historical perspectives, the influence of Black American Sign Language, and what it means to be Black and Deaf. In addition, considering the scarcity of research on non-White Deaf communities, they contribute their personal experiences to highlight the transnational identity issues of Black Deaf immigrants and the identity issues of Black Deaf individuals within the context of the United States. This chapter provides a thought-provoking treatise on what it means to be Black and Deaf with unique backgrounds in the United States.
On (Always) Passing
Authors: Brueggemann Brenda Jo
Published: November 2019

This chapter is a treatise on the issue of passing as a hard-of-hearing, or rather, as a deaf adult. The author, who comes from a background in English studies and rhetorical analysis, forged her professional identity as a deaf female academic grounded in the arts and humanities. Using this background as a foundation, she has created an extensive body of literature on the meanings of disability, deaf identities, gender, and the interactions of all three. Her thoughts and experiences as a deaf academic and deaf family member related to these three constructs have propelled her to describe in this chapter how she has moved from her previous conceptualization of “almost passing” as a hearing individual to “always passing” as a deaf individual. She illustrates how taking a stand regarding passing and being upfront about her needs as a deaf person can be affirming in terms of identity.
Human Rights, Interests, and Variation
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea
Published: November 2019

The debate on human rights is currently divided between three camps: the Orthodox View associated with, for example, James Griffin and John Tasioulas; the Political View associated with, for example, John Rawls, Charles Beitz, and Joseph Raz; and the Legal View associated with Allen Buchanan. The debate is reaching somewhat of a stalemate, with all three sides backed into defensive and unattractive positions. Rainer Forst offers a distinctive, and distinctively appealing, way to play a different game. This chapter reconstructs what makes the Forstian game distinctive; highlights a tension in Forst’s view that threatens to make it indistinguishable from an Orthodox View; and shows how to resolve it. The resolution suggests a novel way of conceiving of human rights that allows for much greater institutional variation in conceptions of human rights than we are accustomed to.
The Limits of Justification
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the limits of Forst’s right to justification. It argues that Forst failed to integrate the transcendental and the critical dimension of justification by establishing an immanent connection. Rather, he oscillated inconsequently between these dimensions in a methodologically indecisive manner. Forst shielded the right to justification, qua universal principle, in a self-contradictory way from systematic and self-reflective criticism, thereby hiding the presumptions, blind spots, and potential exclusions of his own theory. The main reason for these failures lies in Forst’s concept of noumenal power. This concept was incapable of advancing beyond on empty formalism, thus preventing an adequate analysis of indirect perpetuations of inequality and oppression.
Democracy as Good in Itself
Authors: Rostbøll Christian F.
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses the problem of the justification of democracy. It begins with an investigation of political-legal instrumentalism in general and democratic instrumentalism in particular. This is followed by three sections, each of which presents and discusses the three kinds of democratic non-instrumentalism. The argument here proceeds progressively, in the sense that objections to the first kind of justification (Aristotelian non-instrumentalism) lead to the second kind (justice-first non-instrumentalism), and similarly with the transition from the second to the third kind of non-instrumentalism (Kantian non-instrumentalism). The chapter includes an extra section on Kantian non-instrumentalism, since this justification of democracy is the main contribution of the chapter. It argues that the Kantian justification is a justification of a specific form of democracy, namely, constitutional democracy.
The Constitution of Justification
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents Rainer Forst’s responses to the authors of the preceding chapters. According to Forst, the topics that need to be addressed cover a very wide terrain, ranging from foundational questions about moral universality and the reflexivity of practical reason to questions of legal, political, and social justice, critical theory, the value of democracy, the justificatory practice of judicial review or the European polity. He attempts to address them from within the theory of justification that he has been developing over the years since writing his first book, Contexts of Justice (published in German in 1994). In order to do justice to the individual authors, Forst’s responses follow the order of the contributions, and are divided broadly into replies to the chapters that directly address his work and comments on the chapters that develop an argument in dialogue with his work without focusing directly on it.
Building a Resilient Tomorrow
Authors: Hill Alice C. , Martinez-Diaz Leonardo
Published: November 2019

Even under the most optimistic scenarios, significant global climate change is now inevitable. Although we cannot tell with certainty how much average global temperatures will rise, we do know that the warming we have experienced to date has already caused significant losses, and that the failure to prepare for the consequences of further warming may prove to be staggering. This book does not dwell on overhyped descriptions of apocalyptic climate scenarios, nor does it travel down well-trodden paths surrounding the politics of reducing carbon emissions. Instead, it starts with two central facts: there will be future climate impacts, and we can make changes now to buffer their effects. While squarely confronting the scale of the risks we face, this pragmatic guide focuses on solutions—some gradual and some more revolutionary—currently being deployed around the globe. Each chapter presents a thematic lesson for decision-makers and engaged citizens to consider, outlining replicable successes and identifying provocative recommendations to strengthen climate resilience. Between discussions of ideas as wide-ranging as managed retreat from coastal hot zones to biological solutions for resurgent climate-related disease threats, the authors draw on their personal experiences to tell behind-the-scenes stories of what it really takes to advance progress on these issues. The narrative is dotted with stories of on-the-ground citizenry, from small-town mayors and bankers to generals and engineers, who are chipping away at financial disincentives and bureaucratic hurdles to prepare for life on a warmer planet.
Make Markets Work for Resilience
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

This chapter looks at how more transparent disclosure of climate risks can make markets work for resilience. In a world in which climate risk is reflected in the prices of assets traded in the market, everyone will be pressured to manage the risk and protect the value of their holdings. This chapter looks at four markets where we might expect climate risk disclosure to cause prices to change most readily: equities (company stocks), debt (bonds issued by companies and governments), property (real estate), and insurance. It argues that disclosure and better risk information can propel climate resilience at a systemic level, but it can also prove highly disruptive. Fear of disruption and its consequences has led different groups to throw sand into the gears to delay a day of reckoning, but that day is coming. If communities are unprepared, investors, banks, and insurance companies could panic and pull back indiscriminately from parts of the stock, bond, property, and insurance markets. The insights learned from these markets can illustrate how each could drive resilience on a large scale.
Find Better Ways to Pay for Resilience
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Even for the largest economy in the world, ever-larger climate bailouts are not a responsible solution to confronting present and future climate impacts. Governments everywhere, including in the United States, will have to raise unprecedented amounts of money to cope with the impacts of climate change. This chapter examines how communities can raise the money needed, and how can they do so while keeping the financial strain as low as possible. It highlights some traditional solutions, such as taxes, borrowing, and buying reinsurance, alongside newer ideas, such as setting up special reserve funds, using value capture, raising funds from carbon taxes and cap-and-trade mechanisms, and issuing green and catastrophe bonds.
Get the Data and Make Them Usable
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

As climate change advances and its impacts become clearer, more and more communities around the world will need deeper insight into the future, both immediate and distant. Decision-makers will require information to make high-impact, hard-to-reverse decisions about water, agriculture, and where and how to build infrastructure in a world experiencing climate change. They must model the projected evolution of droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires so that they can help people get out of harm’s way, and they will need data to make disaster-relief operations more effective. The world’s capacity to collect and analyze climate and weather data has exploded. Yet many of the people who need these data lack both access to them and the means to make them useful for decision-making. This chapter describes this data paradox and offer a few ideas on how to escape it.
Conclusion
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

This conclusion highlights the urgency of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions and building resilience before only risky alternatives, such as certain kinds of geoengineering, are the only ones left. It briefly outlines the backsliding, active and by omission, that has occurred under President Donald Trump and stresses the urgent need to reverse this trend. It then emphasizes how silo-breakers, translators, and communicators play key roles in helping communities understand their climate risk and how to implement resilience measures. Finally, it underlines that building resilience involves protecting the most vulnerable members of society first.
Narrating the Local Web of Associations
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

This chapter continues to explore the local web of associations in which Haḍimbā is embedded and through which she and her community are constituted. Turning from the world of ritual to that of narrative, the chapter critically introduces five major stories about Haḍimbā, showing how each of them sheds a different light on the goddess’s character, biography, and social roles. It becomes clear that, while Haḍimbā is explicitly presented by her devotees as a single, unitary being, the narratives reveal a persona who is multilayered, multifaceted, and continuously changing. Haḍimbā emerges as a storehouse of fragmented memories of multiple origins and events, as well as a product of interactions among deities, people, interests, and ideals. It is evident that all the stories contain elements of power and reflect Haḍimbā’s involvement in the local web of sociopolitical relations and the developments she has undergone as a result.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Dickinson Laura A.
Published: November 2019

The rise of lethal autonomous weapons systems creates numerous problems for legal regimes meant to ensure public accountability for unlawful uses of force. In particular, international humanitarian law has long relied on enforcement through individual criminal responsibility, which is complicated by autonomous weapons that fragment responsibility for decisions to deploy violence. Accordingly, there may often be no human being with the requisite level of intent to trigger individual responsibility under existing doctrine. In response, perhaps international criminal law could be reformed to account for such issues. Or, in the alternative, greater emphasis on other forms of accountability, such as tort liability and state responsibility might be useful supplements. Another form of accountability that often gets overlooked or dismissed as inconsequential is one that could be termed “administrative accountability.” This chapter provides a close look at this type of accountability and its potential.
High-Tech Civilians, Participation in Hostilities, and Criminal Liability
Authors: King Matthew T.
Published: November 2019

The challenge presented by civilians on, near, and affecting the battlefield is an enduring issue in the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). At its core, the LOAC seeks to protect civilians from the dangers of hostilities. The challenge, then, involves adhering to this general respect and protection standard, while balancing the need to send forces (which may include civilian members) to prosecute armed conflicts (which may involve enemy civilian participants). As advancements in technology and a growing dependence on civilian expertise in armed conflict begin to blur the distinction between civilian activity and direct participation in hostilities, how will military forces ensure civilians are properly protected on the battlefield? At what point does civilian involvement in military operations become direct participation in the conflict?
Emerging Technologies and the Principle of Distinction
Authors: Meier Michael W.
Published: November 2019

This chapter assesses the need to reconsider the principle of distinction in light of advancements in technology. Various emerging technologies, including unmanned aerial systems, lethal autonomous weapons, and cyber capabilities, have already begun to test the principle of distinction. How will these and other emerging technologies impact the implementation of the principle of distinction under the Law of Armed Conflict?
Monstrous Forms
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

It makes us jump. It makes us scream. It haunts our nightmares. So why do we watch horror? Why do we play it? What could possibly be appealing about a genre that tries to terrify us? Why would we subject ourselves to shriek-inducing shocks, or spend dozens of hours watching a television show about grotesque flesh-eating monsters? Horror offers us a connection to fears that are otherwise unspeakable, even inconceivable, so why do we seek it out? Monstrous Forms offers a theory of horror that works through the genre across a broad range of contemporary moving-image media: film, television, videogames, YouTube, gifs, streaming, virtual reality. This book analyzes our experience of and engagement with horror by focusing on its form, paying special attention to the common ground, the styles, and forms that move between mediums. It looks at the ways that moving-image horror addresses its audiences; the ways that it elicits, or demands, responses from its viewers, players, browsers. Camera movement (or “camera” movement), jump scares, offscreen monsters—horror innovates and perfects styles that directly provoke and stimulate the bodies in front of the screen. Analyzing films including Paranormal Activity, It Follows, and Get Out; videogames including Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Layers of Fear, and Until Dawn; and TV shows including The Walking Dead and American Horror Story, Monstrous Forms argues for understanding horror through its sensational address and dissects the forms that make that address so effective.
The Blackest Eyes . . . The Devil’s Eyes
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

This chapter analyzes the recent development in first-person camerawork in horror, in which the killer-aligned camera of Killer POV has been supplanted by the victim- or protagonist-aligned cameras of “found footage”—and in the realm of gaming, first-person shooters (FPS). Where Killer POV communicates the owner’s mastery over the objects of their look, this “searching camera” indicates vulnerability and inadequacy, and the chapter looks to a long history of writing about documentary cinematography to theorize the connection between handheld camerawork, and the body of the camera operator. An FPS game like Left 4 Dead (2008), however, pairs that feeling of vulnerability and an always-partial view of its zombie-filled landscape with action and the ability to combat the threats surrounding the players. In [REC] (2007) and [REC] 2 (2009), the camera operator is always placed in a position of impotence, and an inability to act. The chapter closes by examining a recent trend in horror gaming, which equates powerlessness with horror. So games like P.T. (2014), Layers of Fear (2016), and Paranormal Activity: The Lost Soul (2017) pair an FPS-like first-person interface with an inability to directly attack or defend against the threats that populate the diegesis.