bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transmitting tissue architecture in basal‐relictual angiosperms: Implications for transmitting tissue origins
Authors: Sage Tammy L. , Hristova‐Sarkovski Katerina , Koehl Veronica , Lyew Joelle , Pontieri Vincenza , Bernhardt Peter , Weston Peter , Bagha Shaheen , Chiu Greta
Published: January 2009

Carpel transmitting tissue is a major floral innovation that is essential for angiosperm success. It facilitates the rapid adhesion, hydration, and growth of the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte. As well, it functions as a molecular screen to promote male gametophytic competition and species‐specific recognition and compatibility. Here, we characterize the transmitting tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and pollen tube growth in basal‐relictual angiosperms and test the hypothesis that a freely flowing ECM (wet stigma) was ancestral to a cuticle‐bound ECM (dry stigma). We demonstrate that the most recent common ancestor of extant angiosperms produced an ECM that was structurally and functionally equivalent to a dry stigma. Dry stigmas are composed of a cuticle and primary wall that contains compounds that facilitate the adhesion and growth of the male gametophyte. These compounds include methyl‐esterified homogalacturonans, arabinogalactan‐proteins, and lipids. We propose that transmitting tissue evolved in concert with an increase in cuticle permeability that resulted from modifications in the biosynthesis and secretion of fatty acids needed for cuticle construction. Increased cuticle permeability exposed the male gametophyte to pre‐existing molecules that enabled rapid male gametophyte adhesion, hydration, and growth as well as species‐specific recognition and compatibility.
Distinguishing angiophytes from the earliest angiosperms: A Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian‐Hauterivian) fruit‐like reproductive structure
Authors: Stockey Ruth A. , Rothwell Gar W.
Published: January 2009

A remarkably diverse Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian‐Hauterivian) flora at Apple Bay, Vancouver Island, preserves seed plants at an important time of floristic evolutionary transition, about the same time as the earliest flowering plant megafossils. The fossils are permineralized in carbonate concretions and include tetrahedral seeds within cupule‐ or carpel‐like structures. These enclosing structures, composed of elongate sclerenchyma cells with spiral thickenings that grade externally to a few layers of parenchyma, are vascularized by one collateral vascular bundle and lack trichomes. They apparently broke open to release the tightly enclosed seeds by valves. Seeds are similar to those of the Triassic seed fern Petriellaea, but are about 100 million years younger and differ in size, vascularization, integumentary anatomy, seed attachment, and number of seeds/cupule. These new seeds are described as Doylea tetrahedrasperma gen. et sp. nov., tentatively assigned to Corystospermales. Inverted cupules are reminiscent of an outer angiosperm integument rather than a carpel. Like fruits, cupules opened to release seeds at maturity, thereby foretelling several aspects of angiospermy. They show that nearly total ovule enclosure, a level of organization approaching angiospermy, was achieved by advanced seed ferns during the Mesozoic.
Landscape characteristics of common land in Slovenia
Authors: Hrvatin Mauro , Perko Drago
Published: January 2009

Common land is land with an ancient form of ownership. At one time it was economically important, but now its importance lies in the preservation of cultural landscapes and ecological balance. This article uses the geographic information system to analyze selected landscape indicators with respect to various types of agricultural land and determine whether and to what extent the assertion holds true that in Slovenia common agricultural land is preserved primarily in areas with poorer natural conditions for agriculture.
Significance of Toponyms, with Emphasis on Field Names, for Studying Cultural Landscape
Authors: Penko Seidl Nadja
Published: January 2009

Toponyms are that particular layer in landscape which reflects the link between physical space and human perception, understanding and interpretation of this space. Experts from numerous fields are engaged in researching toponyms. Nevertheless, the relation between toponyms and the spaces they describe still remains relatively unresearched.Among all the toponyms, field names are those that describe (cultural) landscape in most detail. They have evolved as a kind of side product of physical rearrangement of land for agricultural production purposes. The paper analyses field names in the selected area to establish the relation between field names and physical spaces they describe, and whether and in what way they can be used in planning and management of contemporary landscapes.
Bay of Piran or Bay of Savudrija? An example of problematic treatment of geographical names
Authors: Kladnik Drago , Pipan Primož
Published: January 2009

The established geographical name Bay of Piran refers to the largest bay in the Gulf of Trieste at the extreme north end of the Adriatic Sea. After the collapse of Yugoslavia and the emergence of independent countries demarcated along the borders of the former Yugoslav republics, the previously undemarcated body of water between Slovenia and Croatia became the focus of a border dispute between the two countries.One of the basic principles of proper treatment of geographical names is not to change established and widely used names. The name ‘Bay of Piran’ (Sln. Piranski zaliv, Cro. Piranski zaljev) is derived from the Italian name Vallone di Pirano ‘Bay of Piran’, which replaced the Italian name Valle di Sicciole ‘Bay of Sečovlje’ (as well as Ital. Valle di Siciole, Sln. Sečoveljski zaliv) a century and half ago. This in turn was established towards the end of the 18th century, replacing the Italian name Largon ‘Broad’ or Golfo Largone ‘Broad Bay’. Since 2000 there have been Croatian attempts to establish the completely new name ‘Bay of Savudrija’ (Cro. Savudrijska vala, Sln. Savudrijski zaliv).
Public awareness of wetlands and their conservation
Authors: Polajnar Katarina
Published: January 2009

A negative attitude toward wetlands along with an ignorance regarding them and a lack of awareness about their value have often led to their transformation by humans. Their massive degradation and consequently their disappearance were the main reasons for the establishment of the Ramsar Convention, the first intergovernmental agreement on the preservation and sustainable use of wetlands. There are three wetlands in Slovenia on the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance: the Sečovlje salt pans, Škocjan Caves, and Cerknica Lake and its surroundings. Using a questionnaire survey, we tried to ascertain the level of public awareness about wetlands and attitudes toward their conservation. On the basis of the results acquired, we discovered that public awareness about wetlands conservation depends primarily on the location of residence and the social structure of the population. A negative opinion on the advantages of life in the protected areas within which the Ramsar localities are located was revealed, the result of a lack of information and insufficient knowledge of the environmental and economic functions of wetlands. Effective programs of education and involvement of the population in activities in protected areas must be implemented in the future. The comprehensive education of local people and interdisciplinary cooperation are the key points for changing human perception on the importance of protecting these vulnerable ecosystems.
Enterprises' locational decisions and interregional highways: an empiric investigation in Greec
Authors: Polyzos Serafeim , Sdrolias Labros , Koutseris Efstathios
Published: January 2009

The interaction between transportation infrastructures and land uses constitutes one of the most basic phenomena in urban and rural areas. The construction of a highway improves mobility and thus increases the density and value of land uses by creating the necessary conditions for the economic development of the regions that it crosses. In this article the contribution of enterprises located in areas near interregional highways to regional development is examined. Concretely, the contribution of these enterprises to the economic development of the regions in which they are established is investigated using multiple regression analysis and with the completion of questionnaires by enterprises located near interregional areas of the Athens–Thessaloniki national highways and near the cities of Lamia and Larissa.
Cultural industry as a result of new city tertiarization
Authors: Bole David
Published: January 2009

The article introduces a new form of economic activities, which has attracted much attention during the past years. This new form is cultural industry, a term which defines a certain part of tertiary activities, the importance of which is rapidly gaining in importance within cities. The term cultural industry includes all highly specialized services, which provide products and services, that have a higher symbolic than material value and trade with intellectual property rights. The article provides precise definitions of cultural industry and an empirical presentation in the case of Ljubljana. Furthermore the article also implies possible consequences of cultural industry on the economic and spatial development of cities.
The influence of factors of the socio-geographical structure of mountain farms in Slovenia upon farm succession statuses and decisions
Authors: Kerbler Boštjan
Published: January 2009

This paper discusses the influence of single factors of the socio-geographical structure of mountain farms in Slovenia, independent of each other, as well as in conjunction with each other upon farm succession statuses and decisions. The methodology is described in detail, especially the discrete choice models by which these influences were assessed. The results were linked with findings from other researchers and show that the householder’s perceptions about mountain farms, work and life on the farm, as well as tradition hold the most vital role with regard to succession on mountain farms. At the same time, in order to ensure succession and continuation of farming on the mountain farm, an appropriate economic basis must be assured.
Border dispute between Croatia and Slovenia along the lower reaches of the Dragonja River
Authors: Pipan Primož
Published: January 2009

The paper discusses border dispute between Croatia and Slovenia along the lower reaches of the Dragonja River, acute since the two countries gained independence in 1991. It is the most hotly contested border dispute point between the two countries except for the maritime border in Bay of Piran. The area with small villages of Mlini-Škrile, Bužini and Škodelin is known in the literature as the “area along the Dragonja River”, "the area of double records" or "the case of four villages". The paper begins by describing reasons for the southern border of the Municipality of Piran from geographic and economic aspects. It focuses on changes of borders from the legal aspect between and after World War Two. Situation on site is described for the last 60 years, based on a field research. The paper concludes by outlining the principle of international law “uti possidetis” and its possible implications for the area in question.
Designing to Survive Tail Rotor Loss
Authors: Horst Terri J. , Reschak Robert J.
Published: January 2009

The development and application of a mathematical model for predicting sideslip during flight without a tail rotor are described in this paper. This method of analysis can he used to properly size a fin which will have sufficient static and dynamic stability to provide “fly‐back”
capability if the tail rotor is lost, is damaged, or fails. It is well suited for preliminary design since it requires only a limited knowledge of the aerodynamic characteristics of the helicopter airframe. Sample calculations are shown for a modern attack helicopter.
Aeroelastic Modeling of Large Wind Turbines
Authors: Friedmann Peretz P.
Published: January 2009

A set of coupled flap‐lag‐torsional equations of motion for a single wind turbine blade are derived in a general, nonlinear, partial differential form. These equations are suitable for determining the aeroelastic stability or response of large wind turbine blades. Methods for solving the equations together with some possible simplification of the equations are discussed. Finally, the formulation of the complete rotor‐tower aeroelastic problem is considered in general terms.
Have We Overlooked the Full Potential of the Conventional Rotor?
Authors: McHugh Frank J. , Harris Franklin D.
Published: January 2009

Early analytical studies and test data indicated that rotor stall prevented efficient operation of a pure helicopter with conventional rotors beyond an advance ratio of 0.5 at typical design lift levels. This led to the research and development of compound helicopters as well as advanced
rotor concepts. An in‐depth study of stall was undertaken that provided understanding and a theoretical representation of the aerodynamic and aeroelastic response of the rotor when it encounters stall. A reexamination of the high‐speed regime (beyond μ = 0.5)
was made with this improved analytical capability and was followed by a preliminary model rotor test. Rotor performance and blade load results were very encouraging and indicate that efficient operation beyond an advance ratio of 0.5 is feasible.
Nonclassical Behavior of Thin‐Walled Composite Beams with Closed Cross Sections
Authors: Rehfield Lawrence W. , Atilgan Ali R. , Hodges Dewey H.
Published: January 2009

This paper focuses on two nonclassical effects in the behavior of thin‐walled composite beams: elastic bending‐shear coupling and restrained torsional warping. These nonclassical effects are clarified and analyzed in some simple examples involving cantilevered beams. First, elastic bending‐transverse shear coupling is shown to be important in the analysis of beams designed for extension‐twist coupling. It is found that the lateral deflections ran be off by more than a factor of two if this coupling is ignored. This coupling stems from plies with off‐axis fibers in the beam. The presence of these plies affects significantly the modeling approach (i.e., determination of the constitutive equations) in that transverse shear must appear in the kinematics so that its coupling with bending will he exhibited in the elastic constants. This finding is in accord with “exact” beam theories which develop the beam displacement and cross sectional orientation in terms of six kinematical variables instead of the three or four found in some previously published works on composite blade modeling. A second nonclassical effect, torsional warping rigidity, is shown to be important far certain box beams having a thin‐walled, closed cross section. The importance of including these nonclassical phenomena in a complete theory is discussed in light of the magnitude of their effects for various values of configuration parameters.
Assembly of Finite‐Element Helicopter Subsystems with Large Relative Rotations
Authors: Fuh Jon‐Shen , Panda Brahmananda , Peters David A.
Published: January 2009

A general finite‐element procedure is presented for modeling rotorcraft undergoing elastic deformations in addition to large rigid body motions with respect to inertial space. Special attention is given to the coupling of the rotor and fuselage subsystems subject to large relative rotations. Initially, the rotor and fuselage subsystems are assembled separately as small‐rotation finite‐element models in a moving coordinate system. In order to handle large rigid body rotations, the coordinate systems are tied to the structure using one of several alternate constraint methods. Finally, the equations which allow large rotations are constrained together using a rotating to nonrotating transformation which allows rotor azimuth angle as a degree of freedom. The resulting system of equations, which has not been implemented, is applicable to both helicopter trim and large angle maneuver analyses.
Cognitive profile of disorders associated with dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK signaling cascade
Authors: Cesarini Laura , Alfieri Paolo , Pantaleoni Francesca , Vasta Isabella , Cerutti Marta , Petrangeli Valentina , Mariotti Paolo , Leoni Chiara , Ricci Daniela , Vicari Stefano , Selicorni Angelo , Tartaglia Marco , Mercuri Eugenio , Zampino Giuseppe
Published: January 2009

Mutations in genes coding for transducers participating in the RAS/MAPK pathway have been identified as the molecular cause underlying a group of clinically related developmental disorders with cognitive deficits of variable severity. To determine the spectrum of cognitive defects associated with dysregulation of this signal cascade, we studied the profile of cognitive abilities in patients with mutations affecting the PTPN11, SOS1, HRAS, KRAS, BRAF, RAF1, and MEK1 genes and phenotype–genotype correlations. Our findings support the observation that heterogeneity in cognitive abilities can be at least partially ascribed to the individual affected genes and type of mutation involved. While mutations affecting transducers upstream of RAS were less frequently associated with mental retardation, mutations in downstream components of the pathway were generally associated with a more severe cognitive impairment. Among patients with a heterozygous PTPN11 mutation, the T468M substitution was associated with a mean IQ significantly higher compared to that of individuals carrying the N308D change. Our study provides insights on the range of cognitive abilities in patients with gene mutations causing dysregulation of RAS signaling suggesting that the presence and severity of cognitive involvement can be predicted in part by the gene involved. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rett syndrome and long‐term disorder profile
Authors: Smeets Eric E.J. , Chenault Mickey , Curfs Leopold M.G. , Schrander‐Stumpel Connie T.R.M. , Frijns Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2009

In a cohort of 103 females clinically diagnosed with Rett syndrome (RTT), 91 had a detectable MECP2 mutation. Emphasis on details of natural history facilitated grouping of females with the same MECP2 mutation and the development of so‐called disorder profiles. Some examples of disorder profiles of different recurrent MECP2 mutations are discussed. RTT females with the frequently recurrent R133C and R306C missense mutations and those with intragenic deletions in the C‐terminus of MECP2 deserve more attention in larger studies as their development is different and milder in the long term. RTT females with the T158M missense mutation are often atypical with mainly behavioral characteristics in infancy and childhood but become classic RTT in adolescence after a slower, protracted course. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
15q overgrowth syndrome: A newly recognized phenotype associated with overgrowth, learning difficulties, characteristic facial appearance, renal anomalies and increased dosage of distal chromosome 15q
Authors: Tatton‐Brown Katrina , Pilz Daniela T. , Örstavik Karen Helene , Patton Michael , Barber John C.K. , Collinson Morag N. , Maloney Vivienne K. , Huang Shuwen , Crolla John A. , Marks Karen , Ormerod Eli , Thompson Peter , Nawaz Zafar , Lese‐Martin Christa , Tomkins Susan , Waits Paula , Rahman Nazneen , McEntagart Meriel
Published: January 2009

Trisomy and tetrasomy of distal chromosome 15q have rarely been reported. Although most of the described patients have some learning difficulties and are overgrown, the phenotype associated with distal trisomy/tetrasomy 15q is uncertain due to the small numbers of reported cases and the common co‐occurrence of additional chromosome deletions in many patients with trisomy 15q. We present five individuals with overgrowth, learning difficulties and increased dosage of distal 15q. Partial trisomy 15q was identified in four of these cases. Two were generated through recombination of a parental pericentric inversion and two were generated through malsegregation of a maternal balanced 14;15 reciprocal translocation. In all four cases the trisomy can be considered “pure” as the 14p and 15p monosomies will exert no phenotypic effect. Partial tetrasomy 15q, as the result of an analphoid supernumerary chromosome derived from an inverted duplication of distal 15q, was identified in the fifth patient. In addition to the overgrowth and learning difficulties, all five had a characteristic facial appearance and three had renal anomalies. The gestalt consists of a long, thin face with a prominent chin and nose. Renal anomalies included renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, and hydronephrosis. We provide further support for a distinct “15q overgrowth syndrome” caused by either trisomy or tetrasomy resulting in increased dosage of distal 15q. In addition we propose that renal anomalies and a distinctive facial appearance be considered major features of this condition. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic mosaicism in a patient with Lynch syndrome
Authors: Pastrello Chiara , Fornasarig Mara , Pin Elisa , Berto Eleonora , Pivetta Barbara , Viel Alessandra
Published: January 2009

Genetic mosaicism is the presence of genetically different cell populations within an individual and can be associated with a milder disease phenotype. We describe a somatic mosaicism in a Lynch syndrome patient with a MLH1 gene mutation (c.1050delA). Since she was the sister of a heterozygous proposita, the mosaicism appeared to be caused by reversion of an inherited mutation and not a de novo mutation. In order to better understand her cancer risk, we tested different tissues to quantify the amount of mutated allele in several districts. The mosaicism was analyzed using DNA sequencing, primer extension, and dHPLC. The MLH1 mutation was present in somatic cells representative of the three embryonic layers and its percentage was ≥80% in both blood and tissues. Since this patient had a relevant quota of mutated cells, a significantly milder phenotype is not expected. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maintaining ADR integrity
Authors: Menkel‐Meadow Carrie
Published: January 2009

Georgetown Law Center Prof. Carrie Menkel‐Meadow discusses participants' responsibility to the process—a necessity to maintain effectiveness.
Silaphenylmercuric Triflate Catalyzed Reactions: Synthesis of a Solid‐Supported Mercuric Salt Catalyst
Authors: Yamamoto Hirofumi , Sasaki Ikuo , Hirai Yuki , Namba Kosuke , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nishizawa Mugio
Published: January 2009

Alles im Fluss: Ein Verfahren wurde entwickelt, mit dem das erste trägerfixierte Quecksilbersalz – Silaphenylquecksilbertriflat – hergestellt werden konnte. Dieses Salz zeigt eine bemerkenswerte katalytische Aktivität in einer Indolsynthese, in Tandemcarbocyclisierungen sowie in Furanoin‐ und Arylincyclisierungen. Ein effizienter Strömungsreaktor für die Indolsynthese und die Arylincyclisierung wird vorgestellt (siehe Bild).

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Silaphenylmercuric Triflate Catalyzed Reactions: Synthesis of a Solid‐Supported Mercuric Salt Catalyst
Authors: Yamamoto Hirofumi , Sasaki Ikuo , Hirai Yuki , Namba Kosuke , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nishizawa Mugio
Published: January 2009

Let it flow, let it flow: A procedure to generate the first solid‐supported mercuric salt, silaphenylmercuric triflate, is described. Silaphenylmercuric triflate showed remarkable catalytic activity for an indole synthesis, furanoyne cyclization, arylyne cyclization, and tandem carbocyclizations. An efficient flow reaction system for indole synthesis and arylyne cyclization is also described (see figure).

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Critical Enhancements of MRI Contrast and Hyperthermic Effects by Dopant‐Controlled Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Jung‐tak , Nah Hyunsoo , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Moon Seung Ho , Kim Min Gyu , Cheon Jinwoo
Published: January 2009

Doped up: The incorporation of Zn2+ dopants in tetrahedral sites leads to the successful magnetism tuning of spinel metal ferrite nanoparticles (see picture). (Zn0.4Mn0.6)Fe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit the highest magnetization value among the metal ferrite nanoparticles. Such high magnetism results in the largest MRI contrast effects (r2=860 mm−1 s−1) reported to date and also huge hyperthermic effects.

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Synthesis of Unprecedented Scaffold Diversity
Authors: Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Diáz‐Gavilán Mónica , Isidro‐Llobet Albert , Spring David R.
Published: January 2009

Building a better library: The synthesis of a library of natural‐product‐like small molecules with unprecedented scaffold diversity has been reported (see scheme; Ns=nosylate). The library represents a significant advancement in the capability of synthetic chemists to generate structurally diverse and complex small molecules in a rapid manner.

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One pill makes you boy, one pill makes you girl
Authors: Ehrensaft Diane
Published: January 2009

Psychoanalysis has been confronted with the conundrum of integrating the use of psychotropic medications with the talking cure, with understandable concern about the substitution of a pill for working through. This paper addresses a unique situation in which the “pill” constitutes hormone‐blocking drugs or cross‐sex hormones to treat transgender youth. Clinical material of a 16‐year‐old transgender female is presented and followed by a review of several aspects of transgender hormone treatments. Winnicott's construct of the True and False Self is then used to argue that the True Gender Self of transgender youth is not the gender assigned to them at birth but the gender they experience themselves to be. The paper concludes by suggesting that if hormone blockers and cross‐sex hormone therapies facilitate the strengthening of a youth's authentic gender self, the administration of those drugs is in the best interests of the transgender youth's healthy development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and in‐vitro Antimycobacterial Evaluation of 1‐(Cyclopropyl/2,4‐difluorophenyl/tert‐butyl)‐1,4‐dihydro‐ 8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(substituted secondary amino)quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Senthilkumar Palaniappan , Dinakaran Murugesan , Chandraseakaran Yogesh , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: January 2009

Fifty one newer 1‐(cyclopropyl/2,4‐difluorophenyl/tert‐butyl)‐1,4‐dihydro‐8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(substituted secondary amino)quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acids were synthesized from 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐methylbenzene and evaluated for in‐vitro antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB), multi‐drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR‐TB), and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MC2). Among the synthesized compounds, 1‐cyclopropyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐7‐(3,4‐dihydro‐6,7‐dimethoxyisoquinolin‐2(1H)‐yl)‐8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid 9p was found to be the most active compound in vitro with a MIC value of 0.39 μM against MTB. Against MDR‐TB, compound 7‐(2‐carboxy‐5,6‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazin‐7(8H)‐yl)‐1‐cyclopropyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid 9n was found to be the most active with a MIC value of 0.09 μM.
Uncoupling protein 2 polymorphisms as risk factors for NTDs
Authors: Mitchell Adam , Pangilinan Faith , Van der Meer Julie , Molloy Anne M. , Troendle James , Conley Mary , Kirke Peadar N. , Scott John M. , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the etiology of NTDs. Inadequate folate intake and obesity are important environmental risk factors. Several folate‐related genetic variants have been identified as risk factors; however, little is known about how genetic variants relate to the increased risk seen in obese women. Uncoupling Protein 2 (UCP2) is an attractive candidate to screen for NTD risk because of its possible role in obesity as well as energy metabolism, type‐2 diabetes, and the regulation of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, a previous study found that a common UCP2 compound homozygous genotype was associated with a threefold increase in NTD risk. METHODS: We evaluated three polymorphisms, ‐866G>A, A55V, and the 3′UTR 45 bp insertion/deletion, as risk factors for NTDs in Irish NTD cases (n = 169), their mothers (n = 163), their fathers (n = 167), and normal control subjects (n = 332). RESULTS: Allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different when comparing NTD mothers, NTD fathers, or affected children to controls. Additionally, the previously reported risk genotype (combined homozygosity of 55VV and 3′UTR 45 bp deletion/deletion) was not present at a higher frequency in any NTD group when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: In our Irish study population, UCP2 polymorphisms did not influence NTD risk. Moreover, the prevalence of this allele in other populations was similar to the Irish prevalence but far lower than reported in the previous NTD study, suggesting that this previous finding of an association with NTDs might have been due to an unrepresentative study sample. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ljungan virus present in intrauterine fetal death diagnosed by both immunohistochemistry and PCR
Authors: Samsioe Annika , Papadogiannakis Nikos , Hultman Thomas , Sjöholm Åke , Klitz William , Niklasson Bo
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES: Following up on prior evidence from animal and human studies of Ljungan virus (LV) in intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), we examine additional cases of IUFD using two standard assays of viral detection: immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real time RT‐PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frozen and formalin‐fixed specimens from IUFD cases were tested for the presence of LV using real time RT‐PCR and IHC, respectively. Formalin‐fixed organs from terminated pregnancies diagnosed as trisomy 21 were used as controls in the IHC assay. RESULTS: Presence of LV was demonstrated in all five IUFD cases by IHC and further confirmed in three of these cases by real time RT‐PCR. Only one of 18 trisomy 21 controls was LV positive by IHC. CONCLUSION: The presence of LV in IUFD patients has been confirmed by two different assays. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Setting paint” analogy for the hydrophobic self‐association of tropoelastin into elastin‐like hydrogel
Authors: Naumann Christoph , Mithieux Suzanne M. , Szekely David , Tu Yidong , Weiss Anthony S. , Kuchel Philip W.
Published: January 2009

Alkaline tropoelastin solutions (pH 11) were optically clear at low temperatures, but a firm gel formed when the temperature was raised to 37°C. Reversion to a clear solution took place if the temperature was lowered to below 20°C within less than 2 h, but not if 37°C was maintained for several hours. The precipitated elastin‐like hydrogel thus formed did not visually redissolve at low temperatures. Tropoelastin hydrogel was stable to subsequent washings with alkaline solution at 37°C, but at 4°C some hydrogel redissolved showing that association is at least partly reversible. Washing the hydrogel with neutral 8M urea solution at 4°C dissolved less than 10% of tropoelastin in 24 h. We characterized this phenomenon by combining temperature‐controlled light microscopy analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy (temperature, diffusion, and relaxation time studies), and UV‐absorption‐based concentration measurements. The self‐association of tropoelastin at pH 11 is due to hydrophobic interactions in an emulsion‐like system in which the spherules coalesce in a manner like a water‐based latex paint that forms a durable hydrophobic sheet as water and the organic solvent evaporate. In the present case, the sedimentation and entanglement of the tropoelastin porous sheets means that reverse dissolution is a kinetically slow process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 321–330, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Molecular dynamics simulations of xDNA
Authors: Varghese Mathew K. , Thomas Renjith , Unnikrishnan N. V. , Sudarsanakumar C.
Published: January 2009

xDNA is a modified DNA, which contains natural as well as expanded bases. Expanded bases are generated by the addition of a benzene spacer to the natural bases. A set of AMBER force‐field parameters were derived for the expanded bases and the structural dynamics of the xDNA decamer (xT5′ G xT A xC xG C xA xG T3′) · (xA5′ C T xG C G xT A xC A3′) was explored using a 22 ns molecular dynamics simulation in explicit solvent. During the simulation, the duplex retained its Watson‐Crick base‐pairing and double helical structure, with deviations from the starting B‐form geometry towards A‐form; the deviations are mainly in the backbone torsion angles and in the helical parameters. The sugar pucker of the residues were distributed among a variety of modes; C2′ endo, C1′ exo, O4′ endo, C4′ exo, C2′ exo, and C3′ endo. The enhanced stacking interactions on account of the modification in the bases could help to retain the duplex nature of the helix with minor deviations from the ideal geometry. In our simulation, the xDNA showed a reduced minor groove width and an enlarged major groove width in comparison with the NMR structure. Both the grooves are larger than that of standard B‐DNA, but major groove width is larger than that of A‐DNA with almost equal minor groove width. The enlarged groove widths and the possibility of additional hydration in the grooves makes xDNA a potential molecule for various applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 351–360, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
High‐resolution structures of collagen‐like peptides [(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)4‐Xaa‐Yaa‐Gly‐(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)4]: Implications for triple‐helix hydration and Hyp(X) puckering
Authors: Okuyama Kenji , Hongo Chizuru , Wu Guanghan , Mizuno Kazunori , Noguchi Keiichi , Ebisuzaki Shutoku , Tanaka Yuji , Nishino Norikazu , Bächinger Hans Peter
Published: January 2009

Structures of (Pro‐Pro‐Gly)4‐Xaa‐Yaa‐Gly‐(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)4 (ppg9‐XYG) where (Xaa, Yaa) = (Pro, Hyp), (Hyp, Pro) or (Hyp, Hyp) were analyzed at high resolution using synchrotron radiation. Molecular and crystal structures of these peptides are very similar to those of the (Pro‐Pro‐Gly)9 peptide. The results obtained in this study, together with those obtained from related compounds, indicated the puckering propensity of the Hyp in the X position: (1) Hyp(X) residues involved in the Hyp(X):Pro(Y) stacking pairs prefer the down‐puckering conformation, as in ppg9‐OPG, and ppg9‐OOG; (2) Hyp(X) residues involved in the Hyp(X):Hyp(Y) stacking pairs prefer the up‐puckering conformation if there is no specific reason to adopt the down‐puckering conformation. Water molecules in these peptide crystals are classified into two groups, the 1st and 2nd hydration waters. Water molecules in the 1st hydration group have direct hydrogen bonds with peptide oxygen atoms, whereas those in the 2nd hydration group do not. Compared with globular proteins, the number of water molecules in the 2nd hydration shell of the ppg9‐XYG peptides is very large, likely due to the unique rod‐like molecular structure of collagen model peptides. In the collagen helix, the amino acid residues in the X and Y positions must protrude outside of the triple helix, which forces even the hydrophobic side chains, such as Pro, to be exposed to the surrounding water molecules. Therefore, most of the waters in the 2nd hydration shell are covering hydrophobic Pro side chains by forming clathrate structures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 361–372, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification
Authors: Fjerbaek Lene , Christensen Knud V. , Norddahl Birgir
Published: January 2009

Enzymatic biodiesel production has been investigated intensively, but is presently employed industrially only in a 20,000 tons/year pilot plant in China (Du et al. [2008] Appl Microbiol Technol 79(3):331–337). This review presents a critical analysis of the current status of research in this area and accentuates the main obstacles to the widespread use of enzymes for commercial biodiesel transesterification. Improved results for enzymatic catalysis are seen with respect to increased yield, reaction time and stability, but the performance and price of the enzymes need further advances for them to become attractive industrially for biodiesel production. Critical aspects such as mass transfer limitations, use of solvents and water activity are discussed together with process considerations and evaluation of possible reactor configurations, if industrial production with enzymes is to be carried out. Results of published studies on the productivity of enzymes are also presented and compared to the use of chemical catalysts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1298–1315. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of cyclodextrins with cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase stimulated with polarized light
Authors: Fiedorowicz Maciej , Khachatryan Gohar , Konieczna–Molenda Anna , Tomasik Piotr
Published: January 2009

After illumination with white, linearly polarized light (WLPL), cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase produced mixture of α‐, β‐, and γ‐cyclodextrins (CD) with higher overall yield than did that enzyme when nonilluminated. The illumination also influenced the ratio of those CD and that effect depended on concentration of enzyme and illumination time. At a high enzyme concentration (0.64 U/cm3), regardless the illumination time, formation of β‐CD predominated. The highest yield of β‐CD was afforded after 1 h illumination and 2 h illumination led to a significant increase in the yield of γ‐CD. Three‐month storage of enzyme illuminated with WLPL did not reduce its enhanced activity. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Yeh Robert W. , Baron Suzanne J. , Healy Joanne L. , Pomerantsev Eugene , McNulty Iris A. , Cruz‐Gonzalez Ignacio , Jang Ik‐Kyung
Published: January 2009

Objectives:

This study examined the efficacy and safety of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Background:

Argatroban is a direct‐thrombin inhibitor approved for use in percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Few studies have examined its use in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for acute coronary syndromes. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes who received argatroban anticoagulation during cardiac catheterization.

Methods:

Consecutive patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes who received argatroban while undergoing cardiac catheterization from 2002 to 2005 were included. Patient characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes were examined retrospectively via detailed chart review. The primary endpoints of the study were combined death, myocardial infarction or urgent revascularization, and major bleeding during the index hospitalization.

Results:

A total of 144 patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome received argatroban during cardiac catheterization within the study period: 25% presented with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and 75% presented with non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndrome. The combined endpoint of death, myocardial infarction or urgent revascularization occurred in 13.2% of patients during the hospitalization. Major bleeding occurred in 2.1% of patients.

Conclusions:

In this cohort of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, patients receiving argatroban during cardiac catheterization had a moderate rate of adverse cardiac events and a very low rate of major bleeding. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronically anticoagulated patients who need surgery: Can low‐molecular‐weight heparins really be used to “bridge” patients instead of intravenous unfractionated heparin?
Authors: Jaff Michael R.
Published: January 2009

Patients at high risk of arterial or venous thromboembolic events often receive chronic treatment with long‐term oral anticoagulants such as warfarin. However, if these patients require an invasive procedure, they may require a temporary interruption of their warfarin therapy to minimize their bleeding risk during the procedure. As warfarin has a long half‐life and an unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile, short‐acting parenteral anticoagulants, such as unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH), may be of benefit in protecting the patient from thromboemboli while their warfarin dose is withheld. Such “bridging therapy” has traditionally been provided in‐hospital with intravenous UFH; however, recent data have suggested that LMWH may be an effective alternative, with potential cost‐savings due to the ability to provide bridging therapy in the outpatient setting. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Refinement of Lu2WO6 and Luminescent Properties of Eu3+, Pr3+ Doped Lu2WO6.
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Zhang Hui , Duan Chengjun , Yuan Junlin , Wang Xiaojun , Xiong Dingbang , Chen Haohong , Zhao Jingtai
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Si Solubilities of New Layered Carbides Zr2Al4C5 and Zr3Al4C6.
Authors: Sugiura Keita , Iwata Tomoyuki , Yoshida Hideto , Hashimoto Shinobu , Fukuda Koichiro
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalous Low‐Temperature Behavior of the Co Dimers in the Oxo‐halide CoSb2O3Br2.
Authors: Hugonin Zuzana , Johnsson Mats , Lidin Sven , Wulferding Dirk , Lemmens Peter , Kremer Reinhard K.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodoalkoxylation, Iodohydroxylation, and Iodoacetoxylation of Alkenes Catalyzed by CdCl2×2.5H2O.
Authors: Mekhtieva V. Z. , Karaev S. F.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Reactive and Enantioselective Bifunctional Organocatalyst for the Methanolytic Desymmetrization of Cyclic Anhydrides: Prevention of Catalyst Aggregation.
Authors: Oh Sang Ho , Rho Ho Sik , Lee Ji Woong , Lee Je Eun , Youk Sung Hoon , Chin Jik , Song Choong Eui
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of N‐Acyl‐N,N′‐dicyclohexylureas from DCC and Arenecarboxylic Acids in the Presence of Hydroxybenzotriazole in CH2Cl2 at Room Temperature.
Authors: Kaiser Carlos R. , Pinheiro Alessandra C. , De Souza Marcus V. N. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Bromination of Aromatic Compounds Using O‐Iodoxybenzoic Acid with Tetraethylammonium Bromide.
Authors: Bhalerao Dinesh S. , Mahajan Ulhas S. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: K7[PW11CoO40]: Efficient and Ecofriendly Catalyst for the Enamination of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Oskooie Hossein A. , Heravi Majid M. , Javadi Negar M. , Bakhtiari Khadijeh , Bamoharram Fatemeh F.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel DNA‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Sun Gaojun , Fan Jinmin , Wang Zhiyong , Li Yingfu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Efficient Methylation of Alkyl and Arenesulfonamides with Trimethylsulfoxonium Iodide and KOH.
Authors: Malik Sarika , Nadir Upender K. , Pandey Pramod S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbon—Sulfur Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Indium Tri(organothiolate) and Its Application to Sequential One‐Pot Processes.
Authors: Lee Jae‐Young , Lee Phil Ho
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of Cyclohexa‐2,4‐dienones with Nitroolefins: An Unusual Regioselectivity and Expeditious Entry into Nitro‐bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones.
Authors: Singh Vishwakarma , Singh Raj Bahadur , Tosh Dilip K. , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.