bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Shared Decision Making and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Shay L. Aubree , Lafata Jennifer Elston
Published: October 2014

Background. Despite widespread advocacy for shared decision making (SDM), the empirical evidence regarding its effectiveness to improve patient outcomes has not been systematically reviewed. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the empirical evidence linking patient outcomes and SDM, when the decision-making process has been explicitly measured, and to identify under what measurement perspectives SDM is associated with which types of patient outcomes (affective-cognitive, behavioral, and health). Data Sources. PubMed (through December 2012) and hand search of article bibliographies. Study Selection. Studies were included if they empirically 1) measured SDM in the context of a patient-clinician interaction and 2) evaluated the relationship between SDM and at least 1 patient outcome. Data Extraction. Study results were categorized by SDM measurement perspective (patient-reported, clinician-reported, or observer-rated) and outcome type (affective-cognitive, behavioral, or health). Data Synthesis. Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Thirty-three used patient-reported measures of SDM, 6 used observer-rated measures, and 2 used clinician-reported measures. Ninety-seven unique patient outcomes were assessed; 51% affective-cognitive, 28% behavioral, and 21% health. Only 43% of assessments ( n = 42) found a significant and positive relationship between SDM and the patient outcome. This proportion varied by SDM measurement perspective and outcome category. It was found that 52% of outcomes assessed with patient-reported SDM were significant and positive, compared with 21% with observer-rated and 0% with clinician-reported SDM. Regardless of measurement perspective, SDM was most likely to be associated with affective-cognitive patient outcomes (54%), compared with 37% of behavioral and 25% of health outcomes. Limitations. The relatively small number of studies precludes meta-analysis. Because the study inclusion and exclusion criteria required both an empirical measure of SDM and an assessment of the association between that measure and a patient outcome, most included studies were observational in design. Conclusions. SDM, when perceived by patients as occurring, tends to result in improved affective-cognitive outcomes. Evidence is lacking for the association between empirical measures of SDM and patient behavioral and health outcomes.
Municipal solid waste management using Geographical Information System aided methods: A mini review
Authors: Khan Debishree , Samadder Sukha Ranjan
Published: October 2014

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental challenges in developing countries. Many efforts to reduce and recover the wastes have been made, but still land disposal of solid wastes is the most popular one. Finding an environmentally sound landfill site is a challenging task. This paper addresses a mini review on various aspects of MSWM (suitable landfill site selection, route optimization and public acceptance) using the Geographical Information System (GIS) coupled with other tools. The salient features of each of the integrated tools with GIS are discussed in this paper. It is also addressed how GIS can help in optimizing routes for collection of solid wastes from transfer stations to disposal sites to reduce the overall cost of solid waste management. A detailed approach on performing a public acceptance study of a proposed landfill site is presented in this study. The study will help municipal authorities to identify the most effective method of MSWM.
Turnover and Retention in Nonprofit Employment
Authors: Kang Chulhee , Huh Sooyeon , Cho Sangmi , Auh Erica Yoonkyung
Published: October 2014

Korea’s nonprofit sector has undergone a sudden expansion in the last decade and its nonprofits experienced high employee turnover. This study is the first in Korean literature to examine workforce shifts in nonprofit organizations and explore influential factors that explain job changes from the nonprofit sector to other sectors. Using a three-wave panel data set of community college/university graduates, the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, we conducted a discrete-time survival analysis with the dependent variable of actual turnover. Our findings indicate that over half of employees left nonprofits within a year, and the majority found a new job in for-profit organizations. Different factors predicted turnover to for-profits, government agencies, and educational or research institutes. Age, wage level, employment type, and the size of nonprofit organizations explained employee shifts. Satisfaction with one’s overall job, job content, social reputation, and opportunities for career development were significant predictors. Implications for nonprofit organizations are discussed.
Thinking around what a radical geography ‘must be’
Authors: Gibson Katherine
Published: October 2014

Simon Springer’s essay on ‘Why a Radical Geography Must Be Anarchist’ offers both a useful overview of anarchism’s continued relevance to geography today and a lively provocation to relocate the political center of radical geography. In this response I think along with Springer about strategies for everyday revolution and point to many contributions that already dislodge ‘traditional Marxian analysis’ from the moral, methodological, and political high ground within radical geography. I explore some of the ways that insurrectionary geographies are being practiced and are informed by an eclectic mix of political and theoretical traditions, including anarchism as well as some versions of Marxism, but, more importantly are researching beyond the limits of both these political theories born of 19th-century conditions and concerns.
For anarcho-geography! Or, bare-knuckle boxing as the world burns
Authors: Springer Simon
Published: October 2014

Responding to the set of dialogues on my original article, ‘Why a Radical Geography Must Be Anarchist?’, I throw my hat back in the ring and offer a blow-by-blow commentary on the sucker punches and low blows that some Marxists continue to want to throw at anarchism. In particular, I go toe-to-toe with the fallacious idea that Marxism remains the only viable politics on the left and demonstrate why anarchism is not only up to scratch, but in a world that continues to be marked by domination, as far as emancipation is concerned, anarchism is a heavyweight contender. While I pull no punches with the two Marxist pugilists, the remaining commentators are in my corner, and I welcome their thoughtful critiques by taking it on the chin. Yet rather than throw in the towel, I attempt to set the record straight by repositioning anarchism as an ethos that merges rebellion with reciprocity, subversion with self-management, and dissent with direct action, where the potential combinations are infinite. Anarchism is to be thought of, quite simply, as an attitude. When we remember this quality, without attempting to pin anarchism down to a particular set of commitments or distinct group of activities, we begin to recognize that anarchism can both float like a butterfly and sting like a bee. The reason for this multifarious character is because anarchism is not an identity but is instead something you do. Anarchism consequently has knockout potential to unite diverse strategies and tactics under the black flag of this radical political slogan. Insofar as the future of radical geography is concerned, anarchism has got the guts, the spirit, and the heart to go the distance. Let’s get ready to rumble!
Genetic adaptation of the human circadian clock to day-length latitudinal variations and relevance for affective disorders
Authors: Forni Diego , Pozzoli Uberto , Cagliani Rachele , Tresoldi Claudia , Menozzi Giorgia , Riva Stefania , Guerini Franca R , Comi Giacomo P , Bolognesi Elisabetta , Bresolin Nereo , Clerici Mario , Sironi Manuela
Published: October 2014

Background

The temporal coordination of biological processes into daily cycles is a common feature of most living organisms. In humans, disruption of circadian rhythms is commonly observed in psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and autism. Light therapy is the most effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder and circadian-related treatments sustain antidepressant response in bipolar disorder patients. Day/night cycles represent a major circadian synchronizing signal and vary widely with latitude.

Results

We apply a geographically explicit model to show that out-of-Africa migration, which led humans to occupy a wide latitudinal area, affected the evolutionary history of circadian regulatory genes. The SNPs we identify using this model display consistent signals of natural selection using tests based on population genetic differentiation and haplotype homozygosity. Signals of natural selection driven by annual photoperiod variation are detected for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and restless leg syndrome risk variants, in line with the circadian component of these conditions.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that human populations adapted to life at different latitudes by tuning their circadian clock systems. This process also involves risk variants for neuropsychiatric conditions, suggesting possible genetic modulators for chronotherapies and candidates for interaction analysis with photoperiod-related environmental variables, such as season of birth, country of residence, shift-work or lifestyle habits.
Managing Migration: Is border control fundamental to anti-trafficking and anti- smuggling interventions?
Authors: Miller Rebecca , Baumeister Sebastian
Published: October 2014

Over the last several decades, globalisation and a growing concern over security issues, including transnational crime and terrorism, has shaped migration policies and the priorities of states. As migration rose to the top of many government agendas, a rapid tightening and regularisation of borders ensued in an attempt to keep undesirable, high-risk migrants out of potential destination countries. Concomitantly, transnational crimes, such as trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, have been increasingly defined as border security problems. This article examines the extent to which border control is fundamental to anti-trafficking and anti-smuggling interventions, situating the debate within the wider nexus of globalisation and the securitisation of migration. Based upon their work with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Regional Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the authors take the standpoint that given it is the sovereign right of each state to control its border and regulate migration, the human rights of migrants must be considered within this realpolitik. Clearly, though, this claim is highly political and contentious. In the article, we explore some of the tensions and contradictions that have emerged in this debate, and then develop an argument to suggest that it is possible for states to combine managed migration and strict border controls with the protection of human rights in the current context of globalisation.
Educação Lúdica no Cenário do Ensino Superior
Authors: Hoppe Luciana , Kroeff Adriane Maria Santos
Published: October 2014

Este artigo propõe-se a provocar uma reflexão a respeito da educação lúdica voltada a adultos – em especial no Ensino Superior –, e suas implicações no desenvolvimento de competências. Entre as suas principais contribuições destaca-se a percepção de que o lúdico pode trazer importantes benefícios à educação, além de promover um consequente desenvolvimento humano a partir de um cenário prazeroso e divertido. Leva em conta ainda a questão da necessidade de uma nova forma de perceber o processo de ensinar e aprender, enxergando a pessoa como agente transformador de sua realidade e do cenário no qual se insere. Salienta que muito deve ser ainda discutido a respeito desse tema, que apresenta grande potencial transformador da sociedade atual.
Editorial
Authors: Arroyo Arq. Julio
Published: October 2014

Nota editorial N°5
Debates en torno del espacio educativo moderno.
Authors: Rotman Arq. Sofía
Published: October 2014

La Escuela Nueva, el libro publicado por Alfred Roth en 1950, permite abordar el proyecto del espacio educativo moderno como un problema de escala transcontinental en el contexto más amplio de difusión de las ideas de la cultura arquitectónica durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.Sin prejuicios en cuanto a las adopciones estéticas singulares de los edificios educativos que analiza, el autor priorizó, por sobre otros criterios, las variables pedagógicas involucradas en el espacio educativo de la modernidad. En este sentido, logró instalarse como una referencia insoslayable para quienes pretendan abordar las relaciones entre arquitectura y pedagogía en la dimensión de su proceso histórico.
Harmonisation of EPSASs (European Public Sector Accounting Standards): Developments and Prospects
Authors: Calmel Marie-Pierre
Published: October 2014

The European Commission initiated a project to introduce accrual accounting in European countries that meets the objective of improving the reliability, transparency and comparability of public accounts.

This article describes the importance of defining the governance model for future European public sector accounting standards, explains the need to define accounting standards taking into consideration the specific features of the public sector and illustrates these points with the accounting treatment of financial liabilities.
Impact of climate change on the groundwater run-off in south-west Poland
Authors: Olichwer Tomasz , Tarka Robert
Published: October 2014

The article discusses the variability of total runoff and groundwater run-off affected by global and local climate changes using the example of 17 selected river basins located in south-west Poland. Based on the data collected from 1966 to 2005, the average annual values of the total and groundwater run-off, aswell as the seven-day annual minimum flows, were estimated, which provided useful information about droughts. The calculated parameters were compared with precipitation, air temperature, aridity index (the ratio of the precipitation and potential evapotranspiration), and the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) indices. There were no significant changes in the total run-off in the research area; however, there was a reduction in the groundwater run-off, which indicates change in groundwater recharge. The strongest relationship of total run-off, groundwater run-off and seven-day annual flow minimum was obtained from the NAO index,which confirms that the run-off from the study area is dependent on global factors. This is important for the estimation of changes in the runoff from the study area in response to the climate scenarios for the years 2011-2030, which indicate a fairly significant increase in air temperature and slight differences in precipitation. Based on extensive investigations, a reduction in the groundwater run-off in favour of increased surface run-off should be expected in the research area.
Coassembly and Coupling of SK2 Channels and mGlu5Receptors
Authors: García-Negredo Gloria , Soto David , Llorente Javier , Morató Xavier , Galenkamp Koen M.O. , Gómez-Soler Maricel , Fernández-Dueñas Víctor , Watanabe Masahiko , Adelman John P. , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Fukazawa Yugo , Luján Rafael , Ciruela Francisco
Published: October 2014

Group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors regulate hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron excitability via Ca2+wave-dependent activation of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+(SK) channels. Here, we show that mGlu5receptors and SK2 channels coassemble in heterologous coexpression systems and in rat brain. Further, in cotransfected cells or rat primary hippocampal neurons, mGlu5receptor stimulation activated apamin-sensitive SK2-mediated K+currents. In addition, coexpression of mGlu5receptors and SK2 channels promoted plasma membrane targeting of both proteins and correlated with increased mGlu5receptor function that was unexpectedly blocked by apamin. These results demonstrate a reciprocal functional interaction between mGlu5receptors and SK2 channels that reflects their molecular coassembly.
Potential of F-18 PET/CT in the Detection of Leptomeningeal Metastasis
Authors: Short Ryan G. , Bal Susan , German John P. , Poelstra Raymond J. , Kardan Arash
Published: October 2014

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a rare but increasingly common condition in which malignant cells migrate to the meninges. The gold standard for diagnosing LM is detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) is also used to diagnose LM. We describe a case of LM in which CE-MRI of the neuroaxis was initially negative for meningeal enhancement but F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) revealed hypermetabolism within the lumbar spinal canal. Positive F-18 FDG PET findings have rarely been reported in LM and, to our knowledge, have never been reported in the context of initially negative CE-MRI scanning of the neuroaxis. F-18 FDG PET/CT may represent an alternative modality for diagnosing LM in patients who are unable to undergo CE-MRI and/or LP or in patients for whom initial CE-MRI and/or LP are negative for LM.
The role of imaging in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Teixeira Sara Reis , Elias Paula Condé Lamparelli , Andrade Marco Túlio Soares , Melo Andrea Farias , Elias Junior Jorge
Published: October 2014

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autossomic recessive disorder caused by impaired steroidogenesis. Patients with CAH may present adrenal insufficiency with or without salt-wasting, as well as various degrees of virilization and fertility impairment, carrying a high incidence of testicular adrenal rest tumors and increased incidence of adrenal tumors. The diagnosis of CAH is made based on the adrenocortical profile hormonal evaluation and genotyping, in selected cases. Follow-up is mainly based on hormonal and clinical evaluation. Utility of imaging in this clinical setting may be helpful for the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of the patients, although recommendations according to most guidelines are weak when present. Thus, the authors aimed to conduct a narrative synthesis of how imaging can help in the management of patients with CAH, especially focused on genitography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Democracia e pós-democracia no pensamento político de Jacques Rancière a partir das noções de igualdade, ética e dissenso
Authors: Lelo Thales , Marques Ângela Cristina Salgueiro
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é explicitar melhor as diferentes dimensões do conceito de democracia desenvolvido por Jacques Rancière, destacando três aspectos conceituais específicos. Os conceitos de igualdade e dissenso definem a democracia como ação política e processo de verificação da igualdade assegurada pela lei, configurando-se como outra forma de montar a cena política dissensual. Já o conceito de ética assume a função de explicar o que Rancière chama de pós-democracia, ou seja, a democracia como ambiente, como cenário em que a vida se submete à lei. Nosso objetivo ao ressaltar esses dois âmbitos do pensamento do autor é revelar tanto uma concepção de política que poderia, talvez, trazer novas esperanças a partir de um conceito de política baseado em formas dissensuais de comunicação e expressão que inventam modos de ser, ver e dizer a fim de redefinir os modos de organização e distribuição do comum que define quem toma parte de uma comunidade e como se dá sua participação e produção de novas formas de enunciação coletiva, quanto um diagnóstico pessimista feito pelo autor com relação ao funcionamento democrático e ético das sociedades contemporâneas.
Por que os surfistas devem ser alimentados: o argumento liberal em defesa de uma renda básica incondicional
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe
Published: October 2014

Neste artigo, Van Parijs argumenta a favor da renda básica incondicional. Sua posição é a de que essa forma de transferência de renda, que corresponde a uma subvenção paga a todos os cidadãos, independentemente de sua posição, ocupação, estado civil e disposição e disponibilidade para o trabalho, é necessária para a construção de uma sociedade justa. O autor procura mostrar que a renda básica incondicional é pertinente a uma concepção liberal de justiça igualitária e não discriminatória, isto é, que não confere valor distinto às concepções de vida dos indivíduos.
The ethnoecological knowledge of fishermen from three coastal lagoons in the northern of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Lopes Alexandre Ferreira , Bozelli Reinaldo Luiz
Published: October 2014

The current study investigated the ethnoecological knowledge developed by fishermen through their fishing activities and searched for ways to match such knowledge to empirical data available in the scientific literature. The research involved fishermen from three coastal lagoons in the northern region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who were consulted through semi-structured interviews after the establishment of a trustful relationship over a period of three years with the interviewer. Their knowledge, in addition to its cultural and historical importance to these populations’ survival, in many ways matches scientific studies based on an ethnoecological approach. Their knowledge considers reproductive aspects, feeding habits, and migratory fishing as well as the consequences and the importance of sandbar openings to estuarine-dependent species and the understanding of the consequences of sandbar openings to lagoon trophic state and other organisms’ control (such as macrophytes). This set of data can contribute to the construction of plans for managing these ecosystems, in which fishermen may have a more important role than at present.
Entendendo governança internacional: estudo de caso no setor de petróleo
Authors: Guedes Ana Lucia , Faria Alexandre
Published: October 2014

Este artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de uma investigação sobre um processo de internacionalização de uma empresa brasileira do setor de petróleo. Com base na literatura de economia política internacional, os autores demonstram a importância de desenvolvimento de abordagens em gestão internacional que reconheçam as interfaces entre público e privado, mais particularmente entre governo e corporações transnacionais, e entre matriz e subsidiárias. O artigo sugere que esse tipo de abordagem permite que pesquisadores reconheçam as interfaces governança-gerência que vêm sendo desprezadas pela literatura dominante de gestão internacional.
Trabalho, controle e resistência nas sociedades capitalistas: uma perspectiva organizacional
Authors: Souto Jean Martins , Silva Rúbia da
Published: October 2014

Com o fim da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) -a grande experiência socialista que, embora tenha sido parcial, revigorou os ânimos por um mundo mais justo -o capitalismo, mesmo alvo de constantes crises já prenunciadas por Marx dois séculos atrás, floresce mundo afora se utilizando da mesma lógica de acumulação. A mais-valia, apropriação pelo capitalista de trabalho não pago, é o oxigênio para os pulmões do capitalismo e o trabalho social abstrato os braços que o auxiliam na busca pela prosperidade. Prosperidade que, aliás, vem em prol de poucos e as custas de uma imensidão de pessoas exploradas. Nosso objetivo, no entanto, não é polemizar em torno de seu funcionamento, mas, sim, discorrer sobre a evolução da principal ferramenta utilizada para manter o trabalho social em condições valorosas para o capital: o controle. Nas organizações, o templo para a obtenção da mais-valia, o controle vem sendo refinado ao longo do tempo e, na atualidade, os níveis gerenciais das organizações se utilizam de formas híbridas tão eficazes que parecem caminhar rumo à perfeição. No decorrer do trabalho, delinearemos as principais estratégias de controle, seu desenvolvimento ao longo dos tempos e como a resistência por parte dos trabalhadores permanece latente.
O policiamento e a democracia
Authors: Oliveira Antonio Santos
Published: October 2014

A criminalidade e a violência alimentam o debate público e justificam a adoção de medidas na área do policiamento: policiamento comunitário; policiamento orientado para resolução de problemas; prevenção situacional; e tecnologias. Por outro lado, o policiamento tornou-se plural - as tecnologias e a multiplicidade de agentes institucionais que estão envolvidas na prestação de serviços de segurança. A fragmentação, a diversificação e a dispersão do policiamento impõem a interrogação sobre a prestação de contas das agências que se encarregam desse serviço. Como torná-las responsáveis e perante a quem elas serão responsáveis são questões importantes para a governança democrática.
Dimensões relevantes para definição de políticas para stakeholders: a perspectiva ética e a racionalidade instrumental
Authors: Campos Taiane LasCasas , Bertucci Janete Lara de Oliveira
Published: October 2014

A identificação das lógicas que justificam a adoção de políticas para stakeholders como estratégia para viabilizar os projetos de responsabilidade social corporativa é uma questão de pesquisa atual e relevante. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir algumas contribuições da literatura para a construção de uma teoria de suporte que justifique a adoção de políticas para stakeholders, pelas organizações. São analisadas as proposições delineadas pela teoria normativa, que se baseia em premissas morais acerca de como os agentes e as organizações devem pautar suas ações, e pela teoria instrumental, que busca na teoria econômica os determinantes básicos para nortearem as políticas para stakeholders. O aprofundamento do tema exige contribuições teoricamente robustas, que agreguem tanto os princípios éticos e filosóficos, quanto os econômicos e organizacionais, a fim de que possamos ampliar, para além de uma perspectiva meramente maniqueísta, nossa compreensão acerca da complexidade das ações organizacionais.
Os limites do gerencialismo perante os requisitos das organizações de hospitalidade
Authors: Câmara Leonor Moreira
Published: October 2014

O presente ensaio é uma reflexão acerca da relevância de se superar as abordagens eminentemente prescritivas da gestão em prestação de serviços e, ao mesmo tempo, destacar novas possibilidades de produção de conhecimento acerca do ato de prestar serviços em encontros de serviços, abordado desde a perspectiva da interação social, tal como proposto por Berger e Luckmann (2002). O foco deste trabalho é o encontro de serviço de alto impacto, e sua área temática é a da hospitalidade profissional. A hospitalidade é abordada em dois momentos: primeiramente, de forma ampla com objetivo de resgatar as implicações do termo e, posteriormente, enquanto prescrição da gestão aplicada à hospitalidade profissional, sendo os encontros de serviços de alto impacto uma de suas principais características. Como conclusão, destaca-se a possibilidade de produção de conhecimento que supere as prescrições da gestão e incorpore as práticas das diferentes racionalidades em interação, tendo-se como referência a questão da inautenticidade, tal como colocada por Souza (2000).
A formação de mestres em administração: por onde caminhamos?
Authors: Festinalli Rosane Calgaro
Published: October 2014

A observação de estudos que apresentam dados sobre o destino profissional dos egressos dos programas de mestrado mostra que a pós-graduação stricto sensu no Brasil acabou privilegiando a formação de profissionais que atuam no setor produtivo, em detrimento da academia. Partindo dessa constatação, este artigo busca discutir o papel da pós-graduação e a dicotomia existente, ou seja, a formação acadêmica e a formação para o mercado. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, a primeira parte apresenta uma discussão sobre a formação de docentes e sobre a formação de profissionais para as empresas. Na segunda parte é relatado o histórico da pós-graduação no Brasil; e em seguida, é descrita a flexibilização da pós-graduação stricto sensu que permitiu a criação do mestrado profissional. Na conclusão são apresentadas algumas contradições do sistema, as quais podem ser explicadas a partir da leitura dos documentos oficiais, que tanto na criação do mestrado acadêmico, quanto na criação do mestrado profissional e na avaliação realizada pela Capes, não diferenciam a formação para o mercado e a formação para a academia.
Ecohydrology with unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Vivoni Enrique R. , Rango Albert , Anderson Cody A. , Pierini Nicole A. , Schreiner-McGraw Adam P. , Saripalli Srikanth , Laliberte Andrea S.
Published: October 2014

High‐resolution characterizations and predictions are a grand challenge for ecohydrology. Recent advances in flight control, robotics and miniaturized sensors using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an unprecedented opportunity for characterizing, monitoring and modeling ecohydrologic systems at high‐resolution (<1 m) over a range of scales. How can the ecologic and hydrologic communities most effectively use UAVs for advancing the state of the art? This Innovative Viewpoints paper introduces the utility of two classes of UAVs for ecohydrologic investigations in two semiarid rangelands of the southwestern U.S. through two useful examples. We discuss the UAV deployments, the derived image, terrain and vegetation products and their usefulness for ecohydrologic studies at two different scales. Within a land‐atmosphere interaction study, we utilize high‐resolution imagery products from a rotary‐wing UAV to characterize an eddy covariance footprint and scale up environmental sensor network observations to match the time‐varying sampling area. Subsequently, in a surface and subsurface interaction study within a small watershed, we demonstrate the use of a fixed‐wing UAV to characterize the spatial distribution of terrain attributes and vegetation conditions which serve as input to a distributed ecohydrologic model whose predictions compared well with an environmental sensor network. We also point to several challenges in performing ecohydrology with UAVs with the intent of promoting this new self‐service (do‐it‐yourself) model for high‐resolution image acquisition over many scales. We believe unmanned aerial vehicles can fundamentally change how ecohydrologic science is conducted and offer ways to merge remote sensing, environmental sensor networks and numerical models.
Synergistic effects of inorganic salt and surfactant on phenanthrene removal from aqueous solution by sediment
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Wu Yaoguo , Hu Sihai , Lu Cong
Published: October 2014

The economic and effective application of surfactant enhanced remediation (SER) technology in a sediment-freshwater/saline water system was investigated by batch method using the combined effects of inorganic salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) and anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)) on phenanthrene (PHE) removal via sorption by sediment. In all cases, PHE sorption followed a linear equation and partition as the main mechanism for PHE removal from aqueous solution. Separate addition of SDBS (2 mmol L−1) and NaCl (2–100 mmol L−1) moderately enhanced PHE removal, while with their combined addition the enhancement was substantial, and the removal efficiency achieved a peak of 92.8%. The combined effect expressed a synergy, and the sorption enhancement increased by factors of 2.7, 3.2 and 3.4 when compared with the sum of the separate entities at elevated salinity. This was because the sorbed SDBS, with increasing amount and a high packing conformation at elevated salinity, outcompeted aqueous SDBS for PHE partition. Moreover, a combination of 2 mmol L−1 SDBS and 2 mmol L−1 NaCl was optimal for PHE removal. Therefore, SER technology appears more effective for PHE removal in saline water than in freshwater, and preliminary water quality monitoring is essential for economic and efficient SER application.
Correlates of Dream Recall: Implications for Confabulation
Authors: Horton Caroline L.
Published: October 2014

This investigation aimed to characterize the personality profile of dream-recallers using a psychometrically-validated measure of dream remembering (the MED-Q) (Horton & Conway, 2009), and considered these relationships in terms of confabulation: the tendency to confuse reality with imaginings and thus create false memories. In Experiment 1, 221 participants completed the MED-Q and a battery of personality measures online. The MED-Q significantly correlated with personality dimensions such as openness, thin boundaries, and fantasy-proneness, reinforcing previous findings. Experiment 2 involved participants ( N = 45) recalling a previously-read story, providing measures of true recall and confabulation. A significant relationship was found between the MED-Q (“Awareness of dreaming” factor) and confabulation, but not with other memory scores. Thus, the personality profile described in Experiment 1 gives rise to a tendency to confabulate, reflect upon or rehearse personal memories, as opposed to improving the recall of autobiographical memories, which in turn may lead to an increased awareness of dreaming (Experiment 2). This not only reinforces the overlap between dreaming and constructive autobiographical memory processes, but also acts as a warning to interpret freely recalled dreams with substantial caution.
The Death System According to Robert Kastenbaum
Authors: Corr Charles A.
Published: October 2014

This article focuses on Robert Kastenbaum's seminal concept of the societal death system. Beginning with conflicting claims that America is a death-denying society versus a death-accepting society, the article reports Kastenbaum's definition and description of the death system in American society and sets forth the seven functions and five elements or components of that death system. Next, the article notes Kastenbaum's further claim that “All cultures, past and present, have had death systems.” Finally, two basic lessons are drawn from the foregoing: (1) Kastenbaum's concept of the death system provides a robust framework to explain the networks societies interpose between their members and death, focusing in particular on a more or less integrated and dynamic network within American society whose functions and components are not difficult to recognize in the ways in which they organize many aspects of the lives of individuals who live within that society; and (2) It is preposterous to assert without qualification that America is a death-denying society when there are so many activities and components within that society that are in whole or in part related to death, i.e., although it may be true that many aspects of the contemporary American death system appear to seek to remove death from the mainstream of life, there is ample evidence to indicate that American society as a whole and individuals within that society both accept and deny death simultaneously.
The Impact of the Document International Work Group in Death, Dying and Bereavement: Assumptions and Principles Underlying Standards for Terminal Care
Authors: Vachon Mary L. S.
Published: October 2014

This article reflects on the development and impact of the International Workgroup on Death, Dying and Bereavement's (IWG) pivotal document on The Assumptions and Principles Underlying Standards for Terminal Care. It was at the Ars Moriendi meetings in Columbia, Maryland that the author first met Bob and Bunny Kastenbaum. The meeting led to the development of IWG and the first task of this group was the development of the “Standards” document. The initial document reflected the pioneering work already being done by Kastenbaum and others on the committee and then was formative in the development of other documents such as the National Hospice Association Standards. Participants in the original workgroup were asked for their reflections on the significance of the document and the literature was surveyed to assess the impact of the “Standards” document on the field.
Geographical Variation in Diabetes Prevalence and Detection in China: Multilevel Spatial Analysis of 98,058 Adults
Authors: Zhou Maigeng , Astell-Burt Thomas , Bi Yufang , Feng Xiaoqi , Jiang Yong , Li Yichong , Page Andrew , Wang Limin , Xu Yu , Wang Linhong , Zhao Wenhua , Ning Guang
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the geographic variation in diabetes prevalence and detection in China.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Self-report and biomedical data were collected from 98,058 adults aged ≥18 years (90.5% response) from 162 areas spanning mainland China. Diabetes status was assessed using American Diabetes Association criteria. Among those with diabetes, detection was defined by prior diagnosis. Choropleth maps were used to visually assess geographical variation in each outcome at the provincial level. The odds of each outcome were assessed using multilevel logistic regression, with adjustment for person- and area-level characteristics.

RESULTS

Geographic visualization at the provincial level indicated widespread variation in diabetes prevalence and detection across China. Regional prevalence adjusted for age, sex, and urban/rural socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) ranged from 8.3% (95% CI 7.2%, 9.7%) in the northeast to 12.7% (11.1%, 14.6%) in the north. A clear negative gradient in diabetes prevalence was observed from 13.1% (12.0%, 14.4%) in the urban high-SEC to 8.7% (7.8%, 9.6%) in rural low-SEC counties/districts. Adjusting for health literacy and other person-level characteristics only partially attenuated these geographic variations. Only one-third of participants living with diabetes had been previously diagnosed, but this also varied substantively by geography. Regional detection adjusted for age, sex, and urban/rural SEC, for example, spanned from 40.4% (34.9%, 46.3%) in the north to 15.6% (11.7%, 20.5%) in the southwest. Compared with detection of 40.8% (37.3%, 44.4%) in urban high-SEC counties, detection was poorest among rural low-SEC counties at just 20.5% (17.7%, 23.7%). Person-level characteristics did not fully account for these geographic variations in diabetes detection.

CONCLUSIONS

Strategies for addressing diabetes risk and improving detection require geographical targeting.
Gene expression patterns in bone following lipopolysaccharide stimulation
Authors: Yang Jing , Su Nan , Du Xiaolan , Chen Lin
Published: October 2014

Bone displays suppressed osteogenesis in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly explained. To identify the gene expression patterns in the bone, we performed Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array with RNA isolated from mouse femurs 4 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. The gene expressions were confirmed with real-time PCR. The serum concentration of the N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), a bone-formation marker, was determined using ELISA. A total of 1003 transcripts were upregulated and 159 transcripts were downregulated (more than twofold upregulation or downregulation). Increased expression levels of the inflammation-related genes interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were confirmed from in the period 4 h to 72 h after LPS administration using real-time PCR. Gene ontogene analysis found four bone-related categories involved in four biological processes: system development, osteoclast differentiation, ossification and bone development. These processes involved 25 upregulated genes. In the KEGG database, we further analyzed the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is strongly related to osteogenesis. The upregulated bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and downregulated inhibitor of DNA binding 4 (Id4) expressions were further confirmed by real-time PCR after LPS stimulation. The osteoblast function was determined through examination of the expression levels of core binding factor 1 (Cbfa1) and osteocalcin (OC) in bone tissues and serum PINP from 4 h to 72 h after LPS administration. The expressions of OC and Cbfa1 decreased 6 h after administration (p < 0.05). Significantly suppressed PINP levels were observed in the later stage (from 8 h to 72 h, p < 0.05) but not in the early stage (4 h or 6 h, p > 0.05) of LPS stimulation. The results of this study suggest that LPS induces elevated expressions of skeletal system development- and osteoclast differentiation-related genes and inflammation genes at an early stage in the bone. The perturbed functions of these two groups of genes may lead to a faint change in osteogenesis at an early stage of LPS stimulation. Suppressed bone formation was found at later stages in response to LPS stimulation.
The TTC Approach in Practice and its Impact on Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Food Safety. A Regulatory Toxicologist's Perspective
Authors: Brüschweiler Beat J.
Published: October 2014

There are many substances in food and drinking water from different contamination sources for which only insufficient or no toxicity data exist. In order to prioritize and preliminarily assess the human health risks, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach was developed
between 1996 and 2004. This concept has since been applied increasingly by regulatory food safety authorities. In parallel, the safety of this approach has been discussed by stakeholders, primarily on a conceptual basis. However, real examples showing the practical benefits of this approach
have not been discussed. In this paper, the technical feasibility, applicability, safety, and further benefits of the TTC approach are illustrated and discussed based on four real cases: 1) halogenated contaminants of unknown origin in the drinking water (polychlorinated butadienes), 2) an
unwanted by-product from epoxy resin coatings in canned fish (Cyclo-di-BADGE), 3) two cyclic compounds occurring in polyamide food packaging materials and kitchen utensils, and 4) mycotoxins (from Alternaria). These examples from different fields of application clearly demonstrate that
the results of the TTC approach are an extremely useful starting point for adequate decisions and actions (if necessary) by risk assessment and risk management in food safety.
Results of an International Interlaboratory Trial to Determine Twelve Allergens Using Real-time PCR- and ELISA-based Assays
Authors: Köppel René , Rentsch Jürg , Ruf Jürg , Eugster Albert , Graf Christoph , Felderer Nora , Pietsch Klaus , Ilg Evelyn
Published: October 2014

To elucidate the capability of laboratories to determine allergen contents, an international interlaboratory trial was conducted using meat products spiked with 12 allergens. The measurement uncertainty was calculated independent of the applied method simulating realistic situations
when comparing analysis certificates from different laboratories. The measurement uncertainty was revealed to be in the best cases +/–100%, in the worst cases quantification exhibited a measurement uncertainty of higher than 200% making quantitative analysis impossible. The measurement
uncertainty seemed to depend on the analyte and assays used.
Influences of high temperature on the microstructural, electrical and mechanical properties of Ni-23 wt.% Al alloy
Authors: Karaköse Ercan , Keskin Mustafa
Published: October 2014

The microstructural, electrical and mechanical characteristics of conventionally and rapidly solidified Ni-23 wt.% Al alloys after heat treatments were investigated. The microstructures of Ni-23Al alloys were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy and the phase composition was identified using X-ray diffraction analysis. The phase transitions during the solidification process were investigated using differential thermal analysis under an Ar atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the Ni-23Al samples showed an intermetallic γ′-Ni3Al phase, and we observed the intermetallic γ′-Ni3Al phase together with the β-NiAl phase after heat treatment at 700–900°C for 24 h. We performed electrical resistivity measurements by using the four-point probe technique in the temperature range 100–900°C. The resistivity of Ni-23 wt.% Al samples increases linearly with temperature. Vickers microindentation tests were carried out on the heat-treated samples with loads ranging from 392.26 mN to 1174.86 mN at room temperature. We found that the microhardness and effective elastic modulus values increased with increasing temperature and these values showed peak load dependence. The tensile and compressive stress values of the Ni–Al alloys also decreased with increasing temperature.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for pinedrops, Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae), from Illumina MiSeq sequencing
Authors: Grubisha Lisa C. , Nelson Bailey A. , Dowie Nicholas J. , Miller Steven L. , Klooster Matthew R.
Published: October 2014

• Premise of the study: Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae) is a mycoheterotrophic plant endemic to North America with a disjunct distribution. Eastern populations are in decline compared to western populations. Microsatellite loci will allow comparison of genetic diversity in endangered to nonthreatened populations.

• Methods and Results: Illumina MiSeq sequencing resulted in development of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci from 63 perfect microsatellite loci tested. One polymorphic locus was obtained from a traditional enrichment method. These 13 loci were screened across two western and two eastern populations. For western and eastern populations, respectively, number of alleles ranged from one to 10 and one to four, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.389 and 0.000 to 0.143.

• Conclusions: These are the first microsatellite loci developed for Pterospora. They will be useful in conservation efforts of the eastern populations and for examination of population genetic parameters at different geographic scales and comparison with mycorrhizal fungal hosts.
Argument Mapping and Content Fusion to Support the Analysis and Synthesis of Information in Online Discussions
Authors: Gürkan Ali , Iandoli Luca
Published: October 2014

While online conversations are very popular, the content generated by participants is very often overwhelming, poorly organized and often of questionable quality. In this article we use two methods, a text analysis technique, Vector Space Modeling (VSM) and clustering to create a methodology to organize and aggregate information generated by users using Online collaborative Argumentation (OA) in their online debate. An alternative to other widely used conversational tools such as online forums, OA is supposed to help users to join their efforts to construct a shared knowledge representation in the form of an argument map in which multiple points of view can coexist and be presented in the form of a well-organized knowledge object. To see whether this supposition comes into effect we first apply VSM to summarize argument map content as a document space and then use clustering to transform it to a limited number of higher order semantic categories. We apply the methodology to more than 3000 posts created in an online debate of about 160 participants using an online argumentation platform and we show how this methodology can be used to effectively organize and evaluate content generated by a large number of users in online discussions.