bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mandatory HIV Testing in Criminal Justice Settings
Authors: Blumberg Mark , Langston Denny
Published: March 2007

This article examines various proposals that would mandate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening under the auspices of the criminal justice system. The discussion addresses the merits of testing: (a) persons charged with or convicted of rape, (b) individuals who engage in certain forms of assaultive behavior, (c) prison inmates, and (d) offenders placed under community supervision. Analysis of the dynamics of HIV transmission suggests that screening in many of these cases is not justified. Often, mandatory testing has been proposed in response to incidents that present little or no risk of viral transmission. Likewise, there is little evidence that legitimate policy objectives require mass screening by correctional officials.
Crime and Social Reproduction: A Response to the Call for “Outrageous” Proposals
Authors: Colvin Mark
Published: March 2007

In response to Don C. Gibbons's earlier call for some “outrageous” proposals, this article outlines an eight-point comprehensive plan to reduce crime through enhancement of human development and human capital. The proposal focuses on our investments in the institutions of social reproduction, which in the last decade have been undermined. The proposal calls for the establishment of an “educational-industrial complex” to coordinate the economy and our human development activities.
The Presumption of Influence: Recent Responses to Popular Music Subcultures
Authors: Rosenbaum Jill Leslie , Prinsky Lorraine
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the juvenile justice system in California and outlines approaches currently taken in response to teenagers who are part of the “punk” and “heavy metal” subculture. Data were collected from hospitals that have adolescent care programs. When these hospitals were given a hypothetical situation in which the parents' main problem with their child was the music he or she listened to, the clothes he or she wore, and the posters on his or her bedroom wall, 83% of the facilities believed the youth needed hospitalization. These findings were placed within a labeling framework in order to understand the effect of these policies.
Explaining Crime Ideology: An Exploration of the Parental Socialization Perspective
Authors: Dunaway R. Gregory , Cullen Francis T.
Published: March 2007

The claim is often made that criminal justice policy reflects, partially or more fully, the public will. Although criminologists have devoted much attention to the sources of citizen attitudes, a potentially important source of crime ideology has been neglected: inter-generational transmission. Informed by the political socialization literature, the present study examines the role of parents in socializing offspring to embrace views toward crime and control. Based on a sample of 152 parent-child pairs, parents were found to be more influential in determining their offspring's conservative as opposed to liberal crime ideology. Possible explanations and policy implications of this finding are explored.
The Modern Prison as Total Institution? Public Perception Versus Objective Reality
Authors: Farrington Keith
Published: March 2007

Building on an earlier work (Farrington 1990) that argued that the modern American correctional facility should be viewed as a “somewhat-less-than-total,” as opposed to a truly “total,” institution (Goffman 1961), this article discusses the specific reasons why the contemporary prison is not more fully, more totally, and more effectively separated from the larger social world(s) in which it is situated. It then examines the extent to which the image of the prison as a total institution remains a predominant part of American thinking about prisons and their functions. Finally, it considers the possible ramifications of this apparent disjuncture between objective prison reality and “the myth of the prison as a total institution.”
The Effects of Prison Siting Practices on Community Status Arrangements: A Framework Applied to the Siting of California State Prisons
Authors: Krause Jerrald D.
Published: March 2007

It is argued at the beginning of this article that positive relations between prison facility and community promote the quality of life of correctional staff, of inmates being reintegrated, and of noncorrectional community members. Then, a “status relations” framework is developed for understanding how prison siting practices affect relations between the prison and the community. Finally, the framework is applied to the siting of California state prisons, including the case of the siting of Pelican Bay State Prison in rural Del Norte County, California.
The Meaning of Correctional Crowding: Steps Toward an Index of Severity
Authors: Klofas John M. , Stojkovic Stan , Kalinich David A.
Published: March 2007

Correctional crowding remains an ill-defined and poorly measured concept, particularly at the institutional level. Its usefulness for research and management is limited because measures do not facilitate comparisons over time or across facilities. To address this problem, a focus group was used to identify variables for an index of the severity of jail crowding. Group members described a comprehensive model of jail crowding in which severity is a function of population factors, facilities, and management practices. The participants also drew on a theoretical approach to understanding institutions that has received little attention in the study of prison or jail crowding.
Drug-Related Homicide in New York: 1984 and 1988
Authors: Goldstein Paul J. , Brownstein Henry H. , Ryan Patrick J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports findings from two studies, Drug Related Crime Analysis 1 (DRCA-H1) and Drug Related Crime Analysis 2 (DRCA-H2). Both addressed the need for routine and systematic collection of data about the drug-relatedness of homicide. DRCA-H1, conducted in New York State in 1984, focused on assessing the usefulness of existing police records for researching this subject. DRCA-H2 involved data collection during ongoing police investigations in New York City between March 1 and October 31, 1988. Both studies were structured and their findings analyzed in terms of a tripartite conceptualization of the drugs/homicide nexus. Comparing the findings of the studies reveals that existing police records are generally inadequate for providing insight into the complexities of the drugs/crime/violence nexus. However, findings from DRCA-H2 show that it is possible for researchers to work effectively with police to collect critically needed information, without causing significant disruption.
Intravenous Drug Use and the AIDS Epidemic: Findings from a 20-City Sample of Arrestees
Authors: Decker Scott , Rosenfeld Richard
Published: March 2007

This study identifies characteristics of arrestees at risk for AIDS and assesses the effects of knowledge of AIDS on needle sharing among those who inject drugs. Many of the intravenous drug users—particularly those with multiple sex partners—report that AIDS risk has had no effect on their needle-sharing behavior. A large fraction of those who report that they have altered their behavior in response to AIDS risk nonetheless continue to share needles. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of AIDS counseling in reducing high-risk drug use behaviors among arrestees may depend on the availability of drug treatment.
Taking the War on Drugs to the Streets: The Perceptual Impact of Four Neighborhood Drug Programs
Authors: Lurigio Arthur J. , Davis Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Citizens' antidrug programs are appearing in inner-city neighborhoods across the country. This study is the first to examine empirically the impact of these programs. The authors identified community drug programs in four large cities and interviewed residents in each about a range of neighborhood characteristics and problems. The investigation compared the responses of residents living in program areas with those of residents living in comparable areas without programs. Results showed that the programs were most likely to affect residents' perceptions of fear of crime, social control, and social cohesion. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
The Automatic Waiver of Juveniles and Substantive Justice
Authors: Singer Simon I.
Published: March 2007

Legislative waiver bypasses juvenile court and juvenile justice officials by initially transferring jurisdiction over juveniles arrested for serious offenses to criminal court. Supporters of legislative waiver argue that the exclusion of offense categories from juvenile court jurisdiction best meets the punishment-oriented objectives of waiver. However, a logistic regression analysis of case processing decisions in a state with automatic transfer provisions revealed that juvenile offenders from single-parent households were more likely to face a grand jury indictment than juveniles from dual-parent households.
Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan
Authors: Kersten Joachim
Published: March 2007

A number of Western assumptions about Japanese crime control are based on notions of a specific Japanese “shame culture” and/or a causal relationship between the policing system and low crime rates in Japan. According to these views, subcultures ought to be of minimal significance in Japan. In contrast to such beliefs, this article describes the size and the characteristics of subcultural formations, such as groupings of street youths, bosozoku (hot-rodder) groups, and yakuza (networks of male adult criminal organizations), as numerically significant and culturally visible phenomena. In a comparative perspective, features of Japanese subcultural groupings are interpreted in their relation to masculinity and to culture-specific problems of contemporary Japanese society.
Giving Crime Prevention Top Priority
Authors: Schwendinger Herman , Schwendinger Julia
Published: March 2007

Right-wing policies for diminishing crime, stripping the welfare state, and managing economic crises have paradoxically maintained the causes of crime. But criminologists rarely confront the contradictions behind these policies. Policies that foster entry-level jobs, jobs with multiplier effects, and industrial expansion are required. Drug use should be decriminalized and structural underemployment ameliorated. Undoing damage caused by previous administrations and formulating workable alternatives to law-and-order policies requires bold experimentation and planning by civil organizations and federal bureaus that give top priority to crime prevention.
An Inside Look at Community Policing Reform: Definitions, Organizational Changes, and Evaluation Findings
Authors: Rosenbaum Dennis P. , Lurigio Arthur J.
Published: March 2007

Community policing is the latest reform in law enforcement and is quite popular among politicians, citizens, and police managers. It evolved, in part, from a growing dissatisfaction with traditional police practices and a recognition of their shortcomings. The concept of community policing is rather nebulous, and in the field, it assumes many forms, including foot patrol, ministations, and community organizing. Both internal and external factors have limited the success of its implementation, and so far, it has never become fully operational on a large scale. Overall, existing evaluations suggest that community policing can have a favorable impact on the perceptions of police officers and neighborhood residents.
Rural Crime and Justice: Implications for Theory and Research
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A. , Wells L. Edward
Published: March 2007

Theories of crime and research on crime and justice have usually been based on an urban model of social organization. Applying these theories and methods to rural settings provides an opportunity to understand them better and to make clear the assumptions upon which they are based. This article assesses current theories and methods regarding their ability to account for crime and justice in rural areas.
Dirty Details: Executing U.S. Soldiers During World War II
Authors: Lilly J. Robert
Published: March 2007

Research on military capital punishment is a neglected topic in criminology. This article is part of a long-term examination of the capital executions of U.S. soldiers, especially those of World War II. It briefly describes the crimes, defendants, and victims for 18 military executions that took place in England from 1943 to 1945, and it analyses the details of these executions and the burials that followed. The executions were ignominious and well organized mechanical rituals performed by soldiers who overall experienced only one execution. The executions became increasingly truncated events as the military became more familiar with them. After the current U.S. Supreme Court decides the constitutionality of this punishment in Loving v. U.S., 94-1996, military executions may resume after an absence of 35 years.
Assessing Public Support for Three-Strikes-and-You're-Out Laws: Global versus Specific Attitudes
Authors: Applegate Brandon K. , Cullen Francis T. , Turner Michael G. , Sundt Jody L.
Published: March 2007

In the recent movement to pass “three-strikes-and-you're-out” laws, policymakers often cite opinion polls that ostensibly show widespread public support for these initiatives. Our community survey, however, reveals that support for three-strikes laws is high when citizens are asked broad single-item questions, but diminishes greatly when citizens are presented with specific situations covered under the law. Further, the public appears willing to make exceptions to three-strikes laws. Taken together, these findings suggest that citizens would endorse three-strikes policies that focus on only the most serious offenders and that allow for flexible application.
An Apostle's Screed
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

This article begins with some brief observations about the current state of sociology and the field of criminology with which it has close ties. These remarks center on a central complaint, to wit, that much of what passes for theory in sociology and criminology is fuzzy and imprecise. The article then turns to a more basic issue, namely the endemic problem of flawed writing in criminology. Bad writing in criminology and criminal justice is attributable to ineptitude, sloth, and hubris. Finally, because this is an institutional rather than an individual problem, organized efforts will be required in order to ameliorate it.
Can You Make a Horse Drink? The Effects of a Corrections Course on Attitudes Toward Criminal Punishment
Authors: Lane Jodi S.
Published: March 2007

Some experts argue that attitudes toward criminal punishment are difficult to change, whereas others claim that the public, if given the facts, would be less punitive. This study used a pretest-posttest survey design to examine the effects of a university corrections course on attitudes toward the punishment of offenders, and compared subject responses to those of a comparison group enrolled in another criminology course. Students answered knowledge questions and specified punishment choices for crime scenarios. The findings indicate the course as a whole had a significant effect on punishment choices, but specific knowledge change was not the crucial factor in decreasing punitiveness.
Review Essay: Changing Lawbreakers—What Have We Learned Since the 1950s?
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

During the 1950s and 1960s, considerable enthusiasm was voiced for treatment programs directed at delinquents and criminals. However, since 1970, the “nothing works” view became dominant and support for correctional treatment waned among the general public and many criminal justice workers. But, in recent years, a number of studies have indicated that some treatment programs have a positive impact on some offenders at least some of the time. Two volumes published in 1998 and reviewed in detail in this article offer considerable encouragement to advocates of the rehabilitative ideal.
Financing to Foster Community Health Care: A Comparative Analysis of Singapore, Europe, North America and Australia
Authors: Duff John
Published: March 2007

Affluent countries face increasing health costs arising from the chronic illnesses of their ageing populations. Reforms are already being implemented, but in the face of considerable criticism. Community care, linked with self-care and family care, promises ways of containing costs, but questions of effectiveness and equity remain. Community care makes use of community infrastructures to foster family care and self-care supported by volunteer networks. Singapore, an affluent country that faces steeply rising costs because of its rapidly ageing population, has designed health financing around the strong tradition of family loyalty in an attempt to contain costs. Immediate family members can be called on to help meet each other's health costs. A comparison of community health arrangements in different countries shows that containing health costs through community care may shift the burden of care in unintended ways and with unintended consequences.
Family at the Bedside: Strength of the Chinese Family or Weakness of Hospital Care?
Authors: Chang Ly-yun
Published: March 2007

Using qualitative and quantitative data collected from 70 patients in three hospitals in Taiwan, between 1990 and 1991, this article documents the pervasive and intensive involvement of patients' families in hospital care. Two hypotheses are examined: (1) that family involvement is a result of the strength of Chinese family ties; and (2) that the involvement is necessary due to inadequate hospital care. The results suggest that intensive and extensive family involvement in inpatient care is an involuntary response to the short-comings of hospital health care in Taiwan. The ability of a patient to care for her- or himself is critical in determining when and how a family provides bedside care. Taiwanese families adopt a cost-minimizing approach in deciding who will be the primary caregiver. Hiring nurse-aides is an alternative when intensive care is necessary but no family member is available. The inadequacy of hospital care entails hidden social and economic costs to the family, most of which are not incorporated into conventional estimates of expenditure on hospital care.
Introduction: New Directions in the Study of Knowledge, Economy and Society
Authors: Adhikari Kamini , Sales Arnaud
Published: March 2007

A reading of the articles of this issue of the Sage Series in International Sociology Monograph Issues of Current Sociology suggests two general issues, connectivity and reconstruction, which underlie the search for a more coherent and integrated view of the linkage together of the fields of knowledge, economy and society. `Connectivity' is displayed as alternate strategies of formulating the knowledge-economy-society relation: characterization of whole societies as manifestations of an overarching order of some dominant form of knowledge (that is, focus on relational features of a singular kind, for instance towards use of theoretical knowledge); or, characterization of the societal constitution of this relation. The latter strategy is demonstrated in this monograph issue. `Reconstruction' involves understanding the continuities and changes inscribed in the interrelations so constituted. An analysis of these issues, in the light of the articles, shows the elucidation, expansion and redirection of current sociological perspectives and debates achieved by a constitution-centred method of understanding knowledge and transformation.
Is Knowledge-Based Society a Relevant Strategy for Civil Society?
Authors: Häyrinen-Alestalo Maria
Published: March 2007

Governments today tend to see the importance of knowledge, information, education and solidarity through instrumentalism. They are elements of modernity that have a selective use value. Modernization has also increasingly been reduced to technology that is supposed to change the structure of industries and to provide citizens with new means of social cohesion and participation. Both the ideas of the information society and civil society, however, aim at strengthening the competitive elements of efficiency and control, where the collective capacity for action is limited. On the political level, the knowledge-based society has been transformed into the information society, where the techno-economic paradigm is expected to function in a socially neutral and progressive way. Due to a rise of new hierarchies and exclusions it has become necessary to ask why efforts for developing a socially inclusive information society have not been successful. Due to conflicting goals between instrumentalism and democracy, the distinction between the state and civil society is unclear. The partners are also uncertain about their roles and responsibilities. To develop the information society towards an inclusive society, the concept of collective responsibility should be redefined, otherwise the danger of growing neo-exclusionism increases. Aside collective responsibility, the conditions of collective morality should also be discussed.
Trade Unionism and Globalization: Thoughts from Latin America
Authors: Iranzo Consuelo , Patruyo Thanali
Published: March 2007

The trade union movement has been going through a crisis of representativeness and legitimacy, provoked by a diversity of factors: the decline in the centrality of work as a result of transformations in the world economy and the composition of local labour markets generated by globalization, which has led to a fragmentation of the interests on the basis of which the movement's collective identity had been built; the new forms of labour relations emerging in response to the restructuring of productive activities; the modification of the political system's bases of support and the resulting crisis of the corporativist model; the union movement's inability to launch new strategies to confront the new trends; and the bureaucratization and internal decay of many union organizations. Studies done on this issue in Latin America have shown how these factors are giving rise to a variety of real conditions, depending on the actors' strategies in each specific case. This article provides a summary description of the trends now under way.
Evolution, History and Collective Subjectivity
Authors: Domingues José Maurício
Published: March 2007

The article focuses on three sociological streams as regards the relationship between social evolution and history: functionalism and neofunctionalism, from Parsons to Alexander; the British `historism' of Gellner, Giddens and Mann; and genetic structuralism, from Habermas to Eder. It demonstrates how historical contingency and collective subjectivities have found a prominent role in these discussions. It points to the necessity of combining contingency, social creativity and collectivities with the theorization of stages and mechanisms of evolution.
A Social Theory for the 21st Century?
Authors: Boron Atilio A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the impacts and consequences of postmodern nihilism and neoliberalism on the development of social theory in the closing decades of this century. In the predominant cultural atmosphere the whole enterprise of constructing social theory appears as an anachronistic and useless concern. The different factors that explain the origins and scop of this veritable `anti-theoretical' rebellion are examined at length. The central thesis is that the much required refoundation of social theory requires the definitive abandonment of the `disciplinary' and fragmented perspectives of the postivistic tradition and their replacement by a totalizing and unifying theoretical proposal.
Sociologie Et Psychanalyse Des Récits De Vie: Contradictions Et Complémentarités
Authors: de Gaulejac Vincent
Published: March 2007

The sociology of life histories cannot ignore the findings of psychoanalysis. The two approaches complement/contradict each other in the construction of the narrative object and the multiple interpretations that can be attached to it. A case study is presented, making manifest the articulation of social determinants with the dynamics of the subject's unconscious. The biographical approach casts light naturally on the relationships between social life and the psyche of the subject. The individual is shown to be the product of a history of which he aspires to become the agent.
An Interdisciplinary Framework for the Study of Community Power
Authors: Carver Fred D. , Crowe Donald O.
Published: March 2007

The authors develop a framework for the analysis of community power structures from concepts and methodologies in political science and sociology. Relevant studies are reported to support certain elements of the framework and to suggest community characteristics which may be closely related to, perhaps predictive of, the configuration of the dominant influence structures in communities.
Laying the Groundwork for a Reconception of the Superintendency from Feminist Postmodern Perspectives
Authors: Grogan Margaret
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on the superintendency over the past 50 years to understand what has been written about the position. By juxtaposing the traditional with ideas from feminist and postmodern literature, a possible reconception of the superintendency is offered. This is grounded in acknowledging postmodern paradoxes that emerge using this approach. Recognizing such paradoxes allows the questioning of the current superintendency. This leads to suggested leadership strategies that differ from the traditional in hopes of a more socially committed superintendency in the future.
Interdisciplinary Teacher Teams: Context, Design, and Process
Authors: Crow Gary M. , Pounder Diana G.
Published: March 2007

Teacher involvement strategies have become an important part of educational reform. Work group enhancement, although less used than individual approaches, is gaining attention in reform efforts and research investigations. Hackman and Oldham’s model on work group effectiveness provides a useful conceptual framework for understanding the nature of interdisciplinary teacher teams. This article reports on a study of interdisciplinary teacher teams during the 2nd year of implementation of teaming in a middle school. Based on observational and interview data, the study identifies the major context, design (structure), and process features of each of the four teams in the school. The article also provides a discussion of implications for practice and research in the area of collaborative teaching reforms.
Cohorts in Educational Leadership Programs: Benefits, Difficulties, and the Potential for Developing School Leaders
Authors: Barnett Bruce G. , Basom Margaret R. , Yerkes Diane M. , Norris Cynthia J.
Published: March 2007

Cohorts are an innovation being employed in many educational leadership programs. To determine faculty perceptions of the advantages and liabilities of this approach, including the potential of cohorts to develop quality school leaders, a large-scale survey of educational leadership program faculty was conducted. The perceptions of both cohort users and nonusers were captured, revealing sharp contrasts in how those embracing or rejecting cohorts view this innovation. Promising lines of future inquiry also are discussed.
A Study of Teacher Loyalty to the Principal: Rule Administration and Hierarchical Influence of the Principal
Authors: Johnston Gladys Styles , Venable Bernice Proctor
Published: March 2007

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between principal rule administration behavior, hierarchical influence, and teacher loyalty to the principal. An additional intent was to analyze hierarchical influence as a conditioning factor of the principal's rule behavior on teacher loyalty. A significant relationship was found between representative rule behavior of secondary principals and teacher loyalty, and between punishment-centered rule behavior of elementary principals and teacher loyalty. Significant relationships between mock rule and teacher loyalty were not found for either sample. Hierarchical influence was significantly and positively related to teacher loyalty for both samples of principals.
Cognitive Perspectives on Values in Administration: A Quest for Coherence and Relevance
Authors: Begley Paul T.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the special function of values as an influence on administrative action. Because a significant portion of the practice of educational administration requires rejecting some courses of action in favor of others, values are generally acknowledged to be central to the field. In this article, theories of cognition are employed as a conceptual lens for reviewing and classifying the theoretical and research literature on values. Adopting this perspective allows the reconciliation of several theoretical and conceptual difficulties and maps out various values theories in a manner that is perhaps more relevant to educational leadership and administration.
Exploring the Impact of Reform on School-Enrollment Policies in England
Authors: West Anne , Pennell Hazel , Edge Ann
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on how school enrollment in England has been affected by the education reforms that have taken place since the late 1980s. It examines the operation of school enrollment and, on the basis of recent research, it explores the extent to which policies and practices are affecting equity.
Comparability of Scores From Different Tests Though on the Same Scale
Authors: Boldt R.F.
Published: March 2007

Scores from tests in the same battery are put on scales which are the "same" in some sense, so that certain interpretations are made easier. This is often done when scores for different tests are obtained on different population segments, especially such as newer, more varied batteries of test offerings. It is felt that traditional erroneous expectations about the meaning of scaled scores may be carried over into the new situations and hence certain of these expectations are discussed. It is suggested that when special properties of scales are considered valid for the users of a new battery, active technical steps beyond those of traditional scaling are required to assure that these values are implemented.
The Relationship Between Student and Alumni Ratings of Teachers
Authors: Centra John A.
Published: March 2007

Student and alumni ratings for 23 teachers were found to correlate .75 (somewhat less for teachers rated only by graduates of their department). This substantial agreement between current students and alumni (of five years) regarding who have been effective or ineffective teachers suggests a good deal of persistence in judgments of teachers by students.
Passage-Dependence of Items Designed to Measure the Ability to Identify the Main Ideas of Paragraphs: Implications for Validity
Authors: Pyrczak Fred
Published: March 2007

Items from a standardized reading test designed to measure the ability to identify the main ideas of paragraphs were administered without the associated paragraphs. The two samples consisted of graduate students and inner-city high-school students. A random half of each sample was given brief, general directions for answering the items in the absence of the passages, and the other half was given more extensive directions for answering the items in the absence of the passages. The different directions did not have a significant effect on performance, but both halves of the two samples answered a substantial number of items correctly. An index of passage-dependence was computed for each item, and the index values obtained from the responses of the graduate students and high-school students were substantially correlated.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Barclay Classroom Climate Inventory
Authors: Tapp George S. , Barclay James R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of a multimethod multitrait inventory used for assessing the climate of the elementary classroom. Using self-report, peer judgments, and teacher ratings, the inventory employs the multimethod multitrait factor analysis approach to determine the quality of social interaction and affective variables in the classroom. A computer processing procedure utilizing criteria developed in this approach scores, analyzes, and develops a written report on the pupil. These reports can be cumulated to result in descriptions of the social interaction and affective environment in the elementary classroom. A questionnaire comprised of short paragraphs defining the major factors from the inventory was administered with the inventory to nine elementary classrooms. Each student rated himself for each of the factors (for males, Affiliation, Dominance, Seclusiveness, Physical Skills, and Intellectuality; for females, Dominance, Aggression, Seclusiveness, Affiliation, and Intellectuality) and was in turn rated by a randomly selected peer and the teacher. These three rating sources combined with the inventory's factor scores to form a five trait four method matrix for the assessment of convergent and discriminant validity. Considerable evidence for these aspects of validity was found.
A Pictorial Attitude Scale for Elementary Pupils
Authors: Lewis John
Published: March 2007

The Children's Pictorial Attitude Scale was developed to provide a nonverbal measure of children's attitudes toward elementary school. The scale was developed by identifying areas of activities and drawing pictures representing these areas. The children are instructed to respond according to how they would feel if they were in one of these picture situations. The scale yielded a split-half reliability coefficient of .69 from 607 pupils in grades 1-6. Scores on the scale have discriminated among pupils in the six grade levels.
Response Set in the Measurement of Stimulation-Seeking
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Haubrich Alice S.
Published: March 2007

The effect of social desirability response set on a measure of individual differences in stimulation—seeking—the Sensation-Seeking Scale—was studied in a 2 × 3 × 5 design consisting of factors of sex, instructions (fake good, fake bad, and control) and five subscales, with 15 undergraduate Ss per cell, making a total of 90 Ss. No significant effect of instructions was found, nor were any interactions of any variables significant. However, a significant ( p < .01) main effect associated with sex was obtained, with males scoring significantly higher than females. In addition, a significant ( p < .01) main effect of subscales was found, indicating significant variation among subscale means. It was concluded that response set, as aroused, was not a significant factor in this measure.
A General Multivariate Analysis of Variance Computer Program
Authors: Woodward J. Arthur , Overall John E.
Published: March 2007

A multivariate analysis of variance computer program is presented which employs general linear regression methods to obtain solutions consistent with any of the available methods for dealing with unequal and disproportionate cell frequencies. Documentation is provided.
The Inhibitory and Enhancing Influence of Pretest Commitment
Authors: Calabrese Frank J. , Lana Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Sixty subjects, 30 volunteers and 30 nonvolunteers, participated in an experiment examining pretest sensitization effects. Two interpretations of these effects—the commitment hypothesis and the demand interpretation—are explored. A variation of the Solomon four-group design was employed and an interaction between pretesting and the type of communication used was hypothesized. The hypothesis was confirmed. The possibility of using the GSR as an indicator of sensitivity in the pretest design was further explored. Heightened GSR activity was found for pretested when compared with unpretested subjects.
Prediction of Success in an Applied M.A. Psychology Program
Authors: Federici Louise , Schuerger James
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the extent to which various traditional measures (test scores, undergraduate GPA, and letters of recommendation) and less traditional measures (interview ratings and biographical information) would predict each of two criteria of success in a subdoctoral program in applied psychology: (a) academic competency defined as grade point average (GPA) in graduate school, and (b) faculty ratings of selected interpersonal skills.

The traditional measures were significantly but modestly related to academic competency. The use of biographical information and interview ratings was supported in selecting for interpersonal skills. Ratings of letters of recommendation failed to show a relationship to either GPA or ratings of interpersonal skills.
A Measure of the Average Intercorrelation
Authors: Meyer Edward P.
Published: March 2007

Bounds are obtained for a coefficient proposed by Kaiser as a measure of average correlation and the coefficient is given an interpretation in the context of reliability theory. It is suggested that the root-mean-square intercorrelation may be a more appropriate measure of degree of relationship among a set of variables.
Intercorrelations Among Measures of Intelligence, Achievement, Self-Esteem, and Anxiety in Two Groups of Elementary School Pupils Exposed To Two Different Models of Instruction1
Authors: Lewis John , Adank Richard
Published: March 2007

The intercorrelations among intelligence, achievement, self-esteem, and anxiety measures were studied among fourth, fifth, and sixth grade pupils in self-contained and individualized programs. In addition to significant positive interrelationships among the measures of intelligence, achievement, and self-esteem for each of the groups exposed to different models of instruction, the lack of a significant negative correlation between the measure of anxiety and either the achievement or intelligence measure for the group exposed to individualized instruction as compared with the presence of a corresponding significant negative correlation for the group in the traditional self-contained model was judged noteworthy.
Some Multiple Range Tests for Variances
Authors: Levy Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Often times, the experimenter is interested in making inferences about treatment variances instead of, or in addition to, inferences about means. Three multiple range tests are proposed for the purpose of specifying which treatment variances or sets of variances are homogeneous. The procedures are based upon the Fmax statistic, Cochran's statistic, and a normalizing log transformation of the sample variances. All three tests depend heavily upon the underlying assumption of normality.
Corall, a Fortran Iv Program for Correlation Measures
Authors: Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

The program can compute a great number of different correlation and other statistical measures. The user is free to select among the measures and also among the variables that are read by the program. When a particular set of variables has been treated in the prescribed way, a new set may follow together with new measure definitions.
A Computer Program for Calculating Power of the F-Test
Authors: Woodward J. Arthur , Overall John E.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a simple computer program for calculating the power of the F-test. The approach is based upon two independent approximations—the first, a normalization of the non-central F distribution and the second, an integration of the normal distribution. Comparison of the calculated values of power with exact values revealed a high degree of accuracy.
The Scaling of Paired Comparison Data With one or More Extreme Stimuli: a Comparison of three Models
Authors: Wild Bradford S. , Cabral Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Two models for the scaling of paired comparison data are compared to the Thurstone case III model. One model is based upon parameter estimates derived from the normal approximation of the binomial distribution, and the other from the beta density function defined over the unit interval. Procedures are given for estimating the parameters for each model, and arguments are presented in favor of a skewed characteristic distribution function in cases where the scale includes extreme stimuli.

Two indices of goodness of fit are presented for each of five data sets. The results generally illustrate the inability of the Thurstone case III model to adequately account for the data when the scale includes one or more extreme stimuli. The beta model performed well for all five data sets but fit best under just those conditions where the Thurstone model performed poorly. The binomial approximation performed adequately on three of the five data sets and would seem to be a simpler alternative estimation procedure to the Thurstone procedures when the normality assumption is tenable.
An Ordinal Scale Generalization of the G Index Invariant Over Item Reflection
Authors: Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

A new type of scale, called the bipolar ordinal scale, is defined with assumptions slightly stronger than those of the normal ordinal scale. A similarity index, called r BP, is defined between persons with scores on this scale. It is invariant over item reflection. It is also an E-correlation coefficient and can thus be used in a Q-analysis.
Use of Some "Discriminant Analysis" Computer Programs
Authors: Huberty Carl J.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper is to review the outputs of selected computer programs often used to carry out a "discriminant analysis" with respect to two purposes of such an analysis: (1) discrimination, and (2) classification. The programs selected are three BMD programs. Information provided by the programs in terms of requisite data conditions for each type of analysis is discussed. The information yielded directly by any of the programs is quite inadequate for either of the two purposes just mentioned. The obtaining of supplemental indicators is mentioned.
A Quasi-Experimental Design for the Assessment of Posttest Sensitization
Authors: Huck Schuyler W. , Chuang Irene C.S.
Published: March 2007

Researchers have long been aware that "pretest sensitization" is a potential threat to the external validity of experimental studies. Only recently, however, has it been suggested that "posttest sensitization" might also limit the generalizability of results. This latter phenomenon would exist if the administration of a posttest caused the treatment's impact to become more (or less) pronounced. Under this condition, the treatment would work differently for Ss in the researcher's sample than for other individuals who might later receive only the treatment without the accompanying posttest. To be scientifically useful, it is imperative that the hypothesis of posttest sensitization be capable of empirical verification. A quasi-experimental design is proposed for this purpose.
Correlation of Quarterly Profile Examination and National Board of Medical Examiner Scores
Authors: Lee Willoughby T. , Grey Dimond E. , Smull Ned W.
Published: March 2007

The concurrent validity of a computer-assisted test construction system designed to measure information in the medical sciences was assessed. Scores on the Quarterly Profile Examination were correlated with scores on the National Board of Medical Examiners, Part I, for four different examination dates at a new medical school. Results were presented for seven categories of the examination. The correlations were, for the most part, significant. A trend of increased relationship for the more recent examination dates was observed. The results were interpreted to indicate that the Quarterly Profile Examination measures factual information in the basic medical sciences.
Removing the Restriction of an Even Number of Trials for the Shine-Bower Single-Subject Anova
Authors: Shine Lester C.
Published: March 2007

The restriction of an even number of trials for the Shine-Bower single-subject ANOVA is removed. The associated Shine-Bower error term is made sufficiently flexible to allow the experimenter to base it on any suitable part or combination of suitable parts (chosen on an a priori basis) of the single subject's process proceeding across trials.
Fortran IV Program for Data Transformations
Authors: Goldstein Donald J.
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN IV program for transforming raw scores into square roots, natural logarithms, arc sines, the AX+B form (where A and B are constants), natural logarithms of (X+C) (where C is a constant), and ranks of scores within columns is described. Any or all of the transformations may be made on a data matrix of 15 columns or fewer, and 100 rows or fewer.
Two Computer Programs for the Statistical Evaluation of a Weighted Linear Composite
Authors: Sands William A.
Published: March 2007

The two computer programs described herein are designed to provide statistics for a weighted linear composite of k component predictor variables. One version of the program (WLCB) is set up for batch processing; the second version (WLCI) is designed to be used in an interactive or demand processing mode on a computer terminal. Although the input/output formats are different for the two versions, both compute the following statistics for a weighted linear composite: (1) mean, (2) variance, (3) standard deviation, and, (4) validity coefficient.
Development and Factorial Validation of the Arizona Course/Instructor Evaluation Questionnaire
Authors: Aleamoni Lawrence M.
Published: March 2007

Development of the Arizona Course/Instructor Evaluation Questionnaire is the result of over 15 years of research and experience in the area of instructional evaluation. The method of constructing the initial item pool, successive data analyses, subscale development, and normative data generation are described. Related research is presented demonstrating the reliability and validity of the Arizona Course/Instructor Evaluation Questionnaire.
Development and Construct Validation of a Set of Student Rating-of-Instruction Items
Authors: Abbott Robert D. , Perkins David
Published: March 2007

The development and implementation in a psychology department of a set of student rating-of-instruction items was discussed. The results of item descriptive statistics, correlational, and principal component analysis supported the construct validity of the items.
Prediction of Student Ratings of College Instructors from Multiple Achievement Test Variables
Authors: White William F. , Hsu Yi-Ming , Means Robert S.
Published: March 2007

In the 12 classrooms of educational psychology, 308 students completed the Inventory of Student Perception of Instruction (ISPI) and the Instructional Improvement Questionnaire (IIQ). Responses to each instrument were factor analyzed by the principal components solution. Six factors were extracted from the ISPI responses and six from the IIQ. Each of the three achievement test scores in educational psychology was a significant predictor (P < .001) of each of the six factors within each instrument. The perceptions of students about instruction were associated with their level of performance in those classes in which they received instruction.
Psychometric Refinement of the Brooks Student Questionnaire
Authors: Schuster D.H. , Millard Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the factorial structure and validity of the Brooks Student Questionnaire and to refine the test psychometrically by developing factor analyzed scales from the 40 items comprising the test. Five separate factor analyses were done for (a) 252 elementary school pupils, (b) 218 junior high school pupils, (c) 202 high school students, (d) 564 sixth grade pupils from a different district, and (e) 893 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade pupils from a third district. Responses were scored according to Likert multiple levels. Three factors appeared best and consistent across grade level over three separate school districts. The factors were identified as Student-Teacher Affective Relations, School Stress, and School-Learning Orientation. Centile norms were computed, and reliability data are included.