bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioinformatics‐Driven New Immune Target Discovery in Disease
Authors: Yang C. , Chen P. , Zhang W. , Du H.
Published: May 2016

Biomolecular network analysis has been widely applied in the discovery of cancer driver genes and molecular mechanism anatomization of many diseases on the genetic level. However, the application of such approach in the potential antigen discovery of autoimmune diseases remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized region, with disease‐associated autoantigens, to build antigen networks with three bioinformatics tools, namely NetworkAnalyst, GeneMANIA and ToppGene. First, we identified histone H2AX as an antigen of systemic lupus erythematosus by comparing highly ranked genes from all the built network‐derived gene lists, and then a new potential biomarker for Behcet's disease, heat shock protein HSP 90‐alpha (HSP90AA1), was further screened out. Moreover, 130 confirmed patients were enrolled and a corresponding enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, mass spectrum analysis and immunoprecipitation were performed to further confirm the bioinformatics results with real‐world clinical samples in succession. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of multiple molecular network approaches is a promising tool to discover new immune targets in diseases.
A crack in the facade? Situating Singapore in global flows of electronic waste
Authors: Lepawsky Josh , Connolly Creighton
Published: May 2016

Singapore is alleged to be a key node in global flows of e‐waste prohibited under the Basel Convention. We combine a close reading of the Convention and related documents with findings from nonparticipant observation of and interviews with Singapore‐based traders of discarded electronics. The case offers both important conceptual and empirical findings for future studies of territory in market‐making activity. Conceptually, our research suggests that it may be analytically useful in such studies to conceptualize territory without presupposing that it is generated as a result of separate domains or logics such as ‘the political’ or ‘the economic’. Empirically, we find that the regulatory framework of the Convention, combined with the action of traders based in Singapore, generates a territorialization of the city‐state such that it operates as a crack in the regulatory edifice of the Convention, even as Singapore lawfully fulfils its obligations to it. Moreover, allegations premised on the role of Singapore as a facilitator of global e‐waste dumping misrepresent its crucial role as a conduit of electronic equipment for the significant reuse markets elsewhere in Southeast Asia and beyond. The case indicates that the allegations against Singapore hinge on the city‐state being territorialized as a ‘developing country’.
A new Method for Processing Time Averaged Vibration Patterns: Linear Regression
Authors: Somers P. A. A. M. , Bhattacharya N.
Published: May 2016

Speckle‐based interferometry systems are useful tools for measuring vibration patterns at harmonically vibrating objects. The standard method for processing the speckle patterns acquired is to eliminate additive background noise and speckle phase, yielding Bessel‐type fringe patterns whose values are proportional to the absolute value of the Bessel function. Fringes are covered by multiplicative speckle intensity noise on the Bessel‐modulated vibration amplitude. Sine–cosine filtering is not an option because the Bessel‐type fringe pattern is not a phase pattern, and thus, sine–cosine filtering would only degrade the results. Improvements can be reached by involving additional measurements acquired in the stationary state. An alternative method for processing vibration patterns using linear regression is proposed, yielding patterns where the vibration amplitude is an argument of a true Bessel function, not its absolute value. As a result, spatial frequencies of the vibration fringe pattern are only half of those obtained with standard methods, and results can be filtered and normalised conveniently. While other contributions to improve the results rely on determining indexed skeletons for high Bessel fringe densities, the proposed method aims at a very limited number of low‐order fringes, allowing demodulation of the Bessel fringe pattern based on the actual Bessel values in the pattern. The method provides an effective alternative for spatial filtering. Phase differences between the stationary and vibrating states have an adverse effect on the results. Two methods, capable of handling phase jumps of 2π in the phase difference distribution, are presented to correct this.
Inhibition of the Arabidopsis bHLH transcription factor by monomerization through abscisic acid‐induced phosphorylation
Authors: Takahashi Yohei , Kinoshita Toshinori , Matsumoto Masaki , Shimazaki Ken‐ichiro
Published: May 2016

We have demonstrated that the Arabidopsis basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor, ABA‐responsive kinase substrate 1 (AKS1; also known as FLOWERING BHLH 3, FBH3), enhances K+ channel expression in guard cells leading to stomatal opening. The expression is suppressed by ABA‐induced phosphorylation of AKS1. Here we show that the phosphorylation results in the monomerization of AKS1 multimers and inhibits AKS1 binding to DNA. AKS1 forms homo‐multimers which dissociate following phosphorylation. Replacement of a critical amino acid in the bHLH domain inhibited multimer formation and decreased the binding of AKS1 to DNA. The monomerization was elicited via phosphorylation at three serine residues, which is mediated by SNF1‐related protein kinase 2.6 (SnRK2.6), in the vicinity of bHLH domain. Furthermore, ABA induced the phosphorylation‐dependent release of AKS1 from DNA, thereby suppressing transcriptional activity in vivo. Our results document a mechanism that inhibits gene expression by phosphorylation of a bHLH transcription factor.
Long‐term follow‐up of renal function assessing serum cystatin C in dogs with diabetes mellitus or hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Marynissen Sofie J. J. , Smets Pascale M. Y. , Ghys Liesbeth F. E. , Paepe Dominique , Delanghe Joris , Galac Sara , Meyer Evelyne , Lefebvre Hervé P. , Daminet Sylvie
Published: May 2016

Background

Serum cystatin C (sCysC) is used as biomarker for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on renal function in dogs are unclear. Some renal variables have been evaluated in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), but notsCysC.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was the validation of a particle‐enhanced nephelometric immunoassay (PENIA) for measuring caninesCysC, and to assess renal function in dogs withDMorHAC.

Methods

APENIAwas analytically validated for caninesCysC by determining imprecision and linearity. In a longitudinal 6‐month study, renal function of 14DMdogs was assessed, using serum creatinine,GFR, urinary protein‐to‐creatinine (UPC) ratio, urinary markers, systolic blood pressure (SBP), andsCysC, and compared to 17 healthy dogs at baseline. Furthermore,sCysC was measured at initial presentation and during a 12‐month follow‐up in 22HACdogs.

Results

ThesCysC intra‐ and inter‐assay variation coefficients were < 8% and highly linear (r= .997). About 33% and 67% ofDMdogs had persistent proteinuria and systemic hypertension, respectively, but there were no significant differences inGFR,UPC, and urinary markers over time, and compared with healthy dogs at initial presentation. Serum CysC decreased significantly (P< .05) over time within theDMgroup. It did not change significantly over time within theHACgroup.

Conclusions

A PENIA measuredsCysC linearly and precisely. There were no clinically relevant renal alterations over time in dogs withDM, although persistent proteinuria was observed. In dogs withHAC,sCysC measurement was not useful, although significantGFRchanges occurred over time.
Magnetoencapsulated human islets xenotransplanted into swine: a comparison of different transplantation sites
Authors: Arifin Dian R. , Valdeig Steffi , Anders Robert A. , Bulte Jeff W.M. , Weiss Clifford R.
Published: May 2016

Background

The fate of magnetically labeled, barium‐gelled alginate/protamine sulfate/alginate microcapsules (APSA magnetocapsules) following xenotransplantation was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology.

Methods

Magnetocapsules with and without human islets were transplanted into five different clinically accessible sites: portal vein, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney subcapsular space. The surface of APSA magnetocapsules was modified using clinical‐grade heparin to mitigate an instant blood‐mediated inflammatory reaction.

Results

The accuracy of site‐specific delivery was confirmed using a clinical 1.5T MRI setup, where the magnetocapsules appeared as distinct hypointense entities after transplantation. As proven by the Lee‐White blood coagulation test, heparin‐treated APSA magnetocapsules did not induce blood clotting for more than 48 h in vitro. Heparinized magnetocapsules induced innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo regardless of the transplantation sites.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the feasibility of using a clinical 1.5T MRI to non‐invasively detect the accuracy of APSA magnetocapsule injection into various clinically accessible transplantation sites. Among the investigated transplantation sites, the liver and kidney subcapsular space were found to be the least immuno‐responsive toward xenografted magneto‐encapsulated human islets.
Interpersonal Mechanisms Explaining the Transfer of Well- and Ill-Being in Coach–Athlete Dyads
Authors: Stebbings Juliette , Taylor Ian M. , Spray Christopher M.
Published: May 2016

The current study explored coaches’ interpersonal behaviors as a mechanism for well- and ill-being contagion from coach to athlete and vice versa. Eighty-two coach–athlete dyads from individual sports completed selfreport measures before and after a training session. Structural equation modeling supported three actor–partner interdependence mediation models, in which coaches’ presession well- and ill-being were associated with changes in athletes’ well- and ill-being over the course of the session. These relationships were mediated by athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ interpersonal styles during the session. The reciprocal transfer from athlete to coach was not fully supported. Nonetheless, coaches’ perceptions of their own interpersonal behaviors were associated with changes in their postsession well- and ill-being. Overall, evidence is provided for the contagion of affect from authority figures to those under their instruction but not vice versa.
India nears putting GM mustard on the table
Authors: Pulla Priyanka
Published: May 2016

Activists hope to derail approval, citing regulators' reluctance to release safety data.
Brazilian crisis threatens science and environment
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: May 2016

Proposed constitutional amendment could gut environmental protections.
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Implicit bias
Authors: McNutt Marcia
Published: May 2016

We all have it. Implicit bias was the shorthand that allowed our distant ancestors to make split-second decisions (friend or foe?) based on incomplete information. It provided a razor-thin reaction-time advantage that could mean life or death. But today, we no longer need to assume that people who do not look or sound like us pose an immediate threat. Instead, successful organizations and people welcome those who do not necessarily look, think, and act like they do. They must overcome that implicit bias wired into the human DNA if they are to reap the benefits of diversity. To explore the extent of implicit bias in peer review, and what can be done to counter it, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of
Science
) recently convened a day-long forum of editors, publishers, funders, and experts on implicit bias in Washington, DC (see p. 1067).
Evaluation of the Vitek MS Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry System for Identification of Clinically Relevant Filamentous Fungi
Authors: McMullen Allison R. , Wallace Meghan A. , Pincus David H. , Wilkey Kathy , Burnham Carey-Ann D.
Published: May 2016

Invasive fungal infections have a high rate of morbidity and mortality, and accurate identification is necessary to guide appropriate antifungal therapy. With the increasing incidence of invasive disease attributed to filamentous fungi, rapid and accurate species-level identification of these pathogens is necessary. Traditional methods for identification of filamentous fungi can be slow and may lack resolution. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a rapid and accurate method for identification of bacteria and yeasts, but a paucity of data exists on the performance characteristics of this method for identification of filamentous fungi. The objective of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Vitek MS for mold identification. A total of 319 mold isolates representing 43 genera recovered from clinical specimens were evaluated. Of these isolates, 213 (66.8%) were correctly identified using the Vitek MS Knowledge Base, version 3.0 database. When a modified SARAMIS (Spectral Archive and Microbial Identification System) database was used to augment the version 3.0 Knowledge Base, 245 (76.8%) isolates were correctly identified. Unidentified isolates were subcultured for repeat testing; 71/319 (22.3%) remained unidentified. Of the unidentified isolates, 69 were not in the database. Only 3 (0.9%) isolates were misidentified by MALDI-TOF MS (including
Aspergillus amoenus
[
n
= 2] and
Aspergillus calidoustus
[
n
= 1]) although 10 (3.1%) of the original phenotypic identifications were not correct. In addition, this methodology was able to accurately identify 133/144 (93.6%)
Aspergillus
sp. isolates to the species level. MALDI-TOF MS has the potential to expedite mold identification, and misidentifications are rare.
Active and Secretory IgA-Coated Bacterial Fractions Elucidate Dysbiosis in Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Džunková Mária , Moya Andrés , Vázquez-Castellanos Jorge F. , Artacho Alejandro , Chen Xinhua , Kelly Ciaran , D’Auria Giuseppe
Published: May 2016

C. difficile
is a major enteric pathogen with worldwide distribution. Its expansion is associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics which disturb the normal gut microbiome. In this study, the DNA sequencing of highly active bacteria and bacteria opsonized by intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) separated from the whole bacterial community by FACS elucidated how the gut dysbiosis promotes
C. difficile
infection (CDI). Bacterial groups with inhibitory effects on
C. difficile
growth, such as
Lactobacillales
, were mostly inactive in the CDI patients.
C. difficile
was typical for the bacterial fraction opsonized by SIgA in patients with CDI, while
Fusobacterium
was characteristic for the SIgA-opsonized fraction of the controls. The study demonstrates that sequencing of specific bacterial fractions provides additional information about dysbiotic processes in the gut. The detected patterns have been confirmed with the whole patient cohort independently of the taxonomic differences detected in the nonfractionated microbiomes.
Sigmoid volvulus: an uncommon complication of Hirschsprung's disease
Authors: Ranjan Abhishek , Jain Vishesh , Sharma Shilpa , Gupta Devendra Kumar
Published: May 2016

Sigmoid volvulus is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that is usually seen in adults, however, when diagnosed in children, it is often associated with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). We report a case of an 11-year-old boy who presented with a history of constipation since 1.5 months of age, with acute onset of severe abdominal pain and marked distention of the abdomen. Sigmoid volvulus was suspected, detected and successfully managed with resection of the sigmoid colon and primary Scott Boley's pull-through. This report underscores the importance of suspecting sigmoid volvulus in the pertinent clinical setting; also, a primary definitive procedure can be performed in select cases.
Percutaneous transcatheter embolisation of active haemorrhage following radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Dmytriw Adam A , Rivers-Bowerman Michael Devin , Woodley-Cook Joel
Published: May 2016

A 72-year-old woman with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis underwent a surveillance ultrasound examination which identified a new hepatic lesion. A workup triphasic CT examination demonstrated a 3.7 cm lesion at the hepatic dome with arterial enhancement and portal venous washout consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma. She subsequently proceeded for treatment with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). RFA was technically successful, but the patient became hypotensive and tachycardic postprocedure. A CT angiogram demonstrated active arterial intraperitoneal haemorrhage from the RFA site. The patient returned to the interventional suite for catheter angiography which confirmed the presence of active haemorrhage from the hepatic arterial branch supplying segment VIII. The bleeding vessel was selectively catheterised with a microcatheter, and successfully embolised with 250–355 µm polyvinyl alcohol particles.
Efficacy of an internet-based self-help intervention to reduce co-occurring alcohol misuse and depression symptoms in adults: study protocol of a three-arm randomised controlled trial
Authors: Schaub Michael P , Blankers Matthijs , Lehr Dirk , Boss Leif , Riper Heleen , Dekker Jack , Goudriaan Anna E , Maier Larissa J , Haug Severin , Amann Manuel , Dey Michelle , Wenger Andreas , Ebert David D
Published: May 2016

Introduction

In the general population, alcohol use disorder and depression more often occur together than any other combination of a mental illness with a substance use disorder. It is important to have a cost-effective intervention that is able to reach at-risk individuals in the early stages of developing alcohol use disorders and depression disorders.

Methods and analysis

This paper presents the protocol for a 3-arm multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the combined internet-based self-help intervention Take Care of You (TCOY) to reduce alcohol misuse and depression symptoms in comparison with a waiting list control group and a comparable intervention focusing on problematic alcohol use only. The active interventions consist of modules designed to reduce alcohol use, based on the principles of motivational interviewing and methods of cognitive behavioural therapy, together with additional modules in the combined study arm to reduce symptoms of depression. Data will be collected at baseline, as well as at 3 and 6 months postrandomisation. The primary outcome is the quantity of alcohol used in the past 7 days. A number of secondary outcome measures will be studied. These include the Centre of Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D) and a combined measure with the criteria of values below the cut-off for severe alcohol use disorder and for CES-D. Data analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle using (generalised) linear mixed models. In order to investigate the interventions’ cost-utility and cost-effectiveness, a full economic evaluation will be performed.

Ethics and dissemination

This RCT will be executed in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration and has been approved by 2 local Ethics Committees. Results will be reported at conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. Participant-friendly summaries of trial findings will be published on the TCOY websites.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN10323951.
Corn yield components response to nitrogen fertilizer as a function of soil texture
Authors: Cambouris Athyna N. , Ziadi Noura , Perron Isabelle , Alotaibi Khaled D. , St. Luce Mervin , Tremblay Nicolas
Published: May 2016

Information on how soil texture and related soil properties affect corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) response is needed to improve N management in corn production. We conducted a study at 12-site yr in Quebec to assess the effect of N rate (0–250 kg N ha−1) and soil surface textural groups [clay, loam, sandy belonging to the gleysolic soil order (Sg), and sandy belonging to the podzolic soil order (Sp)] on corn grain yield, stover yield, total N uptake (TNU), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE), thousand kernel weight (TKW), test weight, and chlorophyll meter readings (CMR). Corn was more responsive to N rate in the clay soil textural group for most of the parameters due to lower soil N supply, and least responsive in the Sp group, except for test weight and CMR, due to possibly greater leaching in this group. The CMR at flowering accounted for 87%, 87%, 82%, and 25% of the variation in grain yield, TNU, TKW, and test weight, respectively. This study suggests that soil surface texture has a major influence on corn N response, but other soil properties such as drainage may also be important.
Modeling soil cation concentration and sodium adsorption ratio using observed diffuse reflectance spectra
Authors: Xiao Zhenzhen , Li Yi , Feng Hao
Published: May 2016

Spectral analysis is a useful tool for the rapid and accurate prediction of soil properties. Our objective is to select the best model for predicting the three soil cation concentrations ([Na+], [Mg2+], and [Ca2+]) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Three methods were applied, i.e., stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), partial least-squares regression (PLSR), and support vector machine (SVM). Estimation models for four soil properties were developed using three different spectral processing and transformation techniques, i.e., reflectance (Re), logarithm of reciprocal Re (LR), and standard normal variable of Re (SNV) were used. A total of 36 models were established. Of these, 27 models for [Na+], [Mg2+], and [Ca2+] were not applicable for subsequent prediction, because the coefficients of determination (R2) were not high (0.224–0.689), and their relative percent deviations (RPD) were all smaller than the 1.4 threshold. However, the models for SAR~R using PLSR (R2 = 0.728 for calibration and 0.661 for validation, RPD = 1.43), SAR~LR using SVM (R2 = 0.791 for calibration and 0.712 for validation, RPD = 1.81), and SAR~SNV using SVM (R2 = 0.878 for calibration and 0.814 for validation, RPD = 2.13) were valid for further prediction. Finally, SAR~SNV using SVM was selected as the best model. There are intrinsic factors resulting in an unsatisfied model performance.
Barcoding lichen-forming fungi using 454 pyrosequencing is challenged by artifactual and biological sequence variation
Authors: Mark Kristiina , Cornejo Carolina , Keller Christine , Flück Daniela , Scheidegger Christoph
Published: May 2016

Although lichens (lichen-forming fungi) play an important role in the ecological integrity of many vulnerable landscapes, only a minority of lichen-forming fungi have been barcoded out of the currently accepted ∼18 000 species. Regular Sanger sequencing can be problematic when analyzing lichens since saprophytic, endophytic, and parasitic fungi live intimately admixed, resulting in low-quality sequencing reads. Here, high-throughput, long-read 454 pyrosequencing in a GS FLX+ System was tested to barcode the fungal partner of 100 epiphytic lichen species from Switzerland using fungal-specific primers when amplifying the full internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). The present study shows the potential of DNA barcoding using pyrosequencing, in that the expected lichen fungus was successfully sequenced for all samples except one. Alignment solutions such as BLAST were found to be largely adequate for the generated long reads. In addition, the NCBI nucleotide database—currently the most complete database for lichen-forming fungi—can be used as a reference database when identifying common species, since the majority of analyzed lichens were identified correctly to the species or at least to the genus level. However, several issues were encountered, including a high sequencing error rate, multiple ITS versions in a genome (incomplete concerted evolution), and in some samples the presence of mixed lichen-forming fungi (possible lichen chimeras).
Time-dependent Kramers escape rate in overdamped system with power-law distribution
Authors: Zhou Yanjun , Yin Cangtao
Published: May 2016

The probability distribution of Brownian particles moving in an overdamped complex system follows the generalized Smoluchowski equation, which can be rigorously proven that the exact time-dependent solution for this equation follows Tsallis form. Time-dependent escape rate in overdamped system with power-law distributions is then established based on the flux over population theory. The stationary state escape rate in overdamped system with power-law distribution which has been obtained before based on mean first passage time theory is recovered from time-dependent escape rate as time toward infinity.
Magnetically Triggered Monodispersed Nanocomposite Fabricated by Microfluidic Approach for Drug Delivery
Authors: Yassine O. , Li E. Q. , Alfadhel A. , Zaher A. , Kavaldzhiev M. , Thoroddsen S. T. , Kosel J.
Published: May 2016

Responsive microgel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or PNIPAM is a gel that can swell or shrink in response to external stimuli (temperature, pH, etc.). In this work, a nanocomposite gel is developed consisting of PNIPAM and magnetic iron oxide nanobeads for controlled release of liquids (like drugs) upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Microparticles of the nanocomposite are fabricated efficiently with a monodisperse size distribution and a diameter ranging from 20 to 500 µm at a rate of up to 1 kHz using a simple and inexpensive microfluidic system. The nanocomposite is heated through magnetic losses, which is exploited for a remotely stimulated liquid release. The efficiency of the microparticles for controlled drug release applications is tested with a solution of Rhodamine B as a liquid drug model. In continuous and pulsatile mode, a release of 7% and 80% was achieved, respectively. Compared to external thermal actuation that heats the entire surrounding or embedded heaters that need complex fabrication steps, the magnetic actuation provides localized heating and is easy to implement with our microfluidic fabrication method.
Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Studies of Gene Expression inDioscorea opposita
Authors: Zhao Xiting , Zhang Xiaoli , Guo Xiaobo , Li Shujie , Han Linlin , Song Zhihui , Wang Yunying , Li Junhua , Li Mingjun
Published: May 2016

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is one of the most common methods for gene expression studies. Data normalization based on reference genes is essential for obtaining reliable results for qRT-PCR assays. This study evaluated potential reference genes of Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositaThunb.), which is an important tuber crop and medicinal plant in East Asia. The expression of ten candidate reference genes across 20 samples from different organs and development stages was assessed. We identified the most stable genes for qRT-PCR studies using combined samples from different organs. Our results also suggest that different suitable reference genes or combinations of reference genes for normalization should be applied according to different organs and developmental stages. To validate the suitability of the reference genes, we evaluated the relative expression ofPE2.1andPE53, which are two genes that may be associated with microtuber formation. Our results provide the foundation for reference gene(s) selection inD. oppositaand will contribute toward more accurate gene analysis studies of the genusDioscorea.
Synthesis and Storage Stability of Diisopropylfluorophosphate
Authors: Heiss Derik R. , Zehnder Donald W. , Jett David A. , Platoff Gennady E. , Yeung David T. , Brewer Bobby N.
Published: May 2016

Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor commonly used in toxicological studies as an organophosphorus nerve agent surrogate. However, LD50values for DFP in the same species can differ widely even within the same laboratory, possibly due to the use of degraded DFP. The objectives here were to identify an efficient synthesis route for high purity DFP and assess the storage stability of both the in-house synthesized and commercial source of DFP at the manufacturer-recommended storage temperature of 4°C, as well as −10°C and −80°C. After 393 days, the commercial DFP stored at 4°C experienced significant degradation, while only minor degradation was observed at −10°C and none was observed at −80°C. DFP prepared using the newly identified synthesis route was significantly more stable, exhibiting only minor degradation at 4°C and none at −10°C or −80°C. The major degradation product was the monoacid derivative diisopropylphosphate, formed via hydrolysis of DFP. It was also found that storing DFP in glass containers may accelerate the degradation process by generating waterin situas hydrolytically generated hydrofluoric acid attacks the silica in the glass. Based on the results here, it is recommended that DFP be stored at or below −10°C, preferably in air-tight, nonglass containers.
Distributed Channel-Aware Quantization Based on Maximum Mutual Information
Authors: Movaghati Sahar , Ardakani Masoud
Published: May 2016

In distributed sensing systems with constrained communication capabilities, sensors' noisy measurements must be quantized locally before transmitting to the fusion centre. When the same parameter is observed by a number of sensors, the local quantization rules must be jointly designed to optimize a global objective function. In this work we jointly design the local quantizers by maximizing the mutual information as the optimization criterion, so that the quantized measurements carry the most information about the unknown parameter. A low-complexity iterative approach is suggested for finding the local quantization rules. Using the mutual information as the design criterion, we can easily integrate the effect of communication channels in the design and consequently design channel-aware quantization rules. We observe that the optimal design depends on both the measurement and channel noises. Moreover, our algorithm can be used to design quantizers that can be deployed in different applications. We demonstrate the success of our technique through simulating estimation and detection applications, where our method achieves estimation and detection errors as low as when designing for those special purposes.
A Pilot Study of 18F-FLT PET/CT in Pediatric Lymphoma
Authors: Costantini Danny L. , Vali Reza , McQuattie Susan , Chan Jeffrey , Punnett Angela , Weitzman Shiela , Shammas Amer , Charron Martin
Published: May 2016

We performed an observational pilot study of 18F-FLT PET/CT in pediatric lymphoma. Eight patients with equivocal 18F-FDG PET/CT underwent imaging with 18F-FLT PET/CT. No immediate adverse reactions to 18F-FLT were observed. Compared to 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT uptake was significantly higher in bone marrow and liver (18F-FLT SUV 8.6±0.6 and 5.0±0.3, versus 18F-FDG SUV 1.9±0.1 and 3.4±0.7, resp., p<0.05). In total, 15 lesions were evaluated with average 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT SUVs of 2.6±0.1 and 2.0±0.4, respectively. Nonspecific uptake in reactive lymph nodes and thymus was observed. Future studies to assess the clinical utility of 18F-FLT PET/CT in pediatric lymphoma are planned.
Study of the Mechanical Properties and Vibration Isolation Performance of a Molecular Spring Isolator
Authors: Yu Muchun , Gao Xue , Chen Qian
Published: May 2016

Molecular Spring Isolator(MSI) is a novel passive vibration isolation technique, providingHigh-Static-Low-Dynamic(HSLD) stiffness based on the use ofmolecular springmaterial. Themolecular springmaterial is a solid-liquid mixture consisting of water and hydrophobic nanoporous materials. Under a certain level of external pressure, water molecules can intrude into the hydrophobic pores of nanoporous materials, developing an additional solid-liquid interface. Such interfaces are able to store, release, and transform mechanical energy, providing properties like mechanical spring. Having been only recently developed, the basic mechanic properties of a MSI have not been studied in depth. This paper focuses on the stiffness influence factors, the dynamic frequency response, and the vibration isolation performance of a MSI; these properties help engineers to design MSIs for different engineering applications. First, the working mechanism of a MSI is introduced from a three-dimensional general view of the water infiltration massive hydrophobic nanoporous pores. Next, a wide range of influence factors on the stiffness properties of MSI are studied. In addition, thefrequency response functions(FRFs) of the MSI vibration isolation system are studied utilizing the matching method based on equivalent piecewise linear (EPL) system. Finally, the vibration isolation properties of MSI are evaluated by force transmissibility.
Analysis of Different Series-Parallel Connection Modules for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Chou Jung-Chuan , Huang Chin-Hui , Liao Yi-Hung , Lin Yu-Jen , Chu Chia-Ming , Nien Yu-Hsun
Published: May 2016

The internal impedances of different dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) models were analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectrometer (EIS) with an equivalent circuit model. The Nyquist plot was built to simulate the redox reaction of internal device at the heterojunction. It was useful to analyze the component structure and promote photovoltaic conversion efficiency of DSSC. The impedance of DSSC was investigated and the externally connected module assembly was constructed utilizing single cells on the scaled-up module. According to the experiment results, the impedance was increased with increasing cells connected in series. On the contrary, the impedance was decreased with increasing cells connected in parallel.
Association of Cognitive Abilities and Brain Lateralization among Primary School Children in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Hashel Jasem Y. , Ahmed Samar Farouk , Al-Mutairi Hanouf , Hassan Shahd , Al-Awadhi Nora , Al-Saraji Mariam
Published: May 2016

Background. Many studies have explored the cognitive variation between left- and right-handed individuals; however, the differences remain poorly understood. Aim of the Work. To assess the association between brain lateralization indicated by handedness and cognitive abilities. Material and Methods. A total of 217 students aged between 7 and 10 years of both genders were identified for the study. Males and females were equally distributed. All left-handed students were chosen. An equal group with right-handed students was randomly selected. Handedness was assessed using traditional writing hand approach as well as the WatHand Cabient Test and the Grooved Pegboard Test. Cognition was measured using Cambridge University’s CANTAB eclipse cognitive battery. Pearson Correlation Coefficient Test “r” was calculated to measure the strength of association between quantitative data. Results. Right-handed children had superior visuospatial abilities (p=0.011, r=0.253), visual memory (p=0.034, r=0.205), and better scores in reaction time tests which incorporated elements of visual memory (p=0.004, r=-0.271). Left-handed children proved to have better simple reaction times (p=0.036, r=0.201). Conclusion. Right-handed children had superior visuospatial abilities and left-handed children have better simple reaction times.
Investigation of Diffusion Characteristics through Microfluidic Channels for Passive Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Goudie Marcus J. , Ghuman Alyssa P. , Collins Stephanie B. , Pidaparti Ramana M. , Handa Hitesh
Published: May 2016

Microfluidics has many drug delivery applications due to the ability to easily create complex device designs with feature sizes reaching down to the 10s of microns. In this work, three different microchannel designs for an implantable device are investigated for treatment of ocular diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy. Devices were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and soft lithography techniques, where surface chemistry of the channels was altered using 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane (PEG-silane). An estimated delivery rate for a number of common drugs was approximated for each device through the ratio of the diffusion coefficients for the dye and the respective drug. The delivery rate of the model drugs was maintained at a physiological condition and the effects of channel design and surface chemistry on the delivery rate of the model drugs were recorded over a two-week period. Results showed that the surface chemistry of the device had no significant effect on the delivery rate of the model drugs. All designs were successful in delivering a constant daily dose for each model drug.
Cellular Blue Nevus Diagnosed following Excision of Melanoma: A Challenge in Diagnosis
Authors: Jonjić Nives , Dekanić Andrea , Glavan Nedeljka , Prpić-Massari Larisa , Grahovac Blaženka
Published: May 2016

A case of a 41-year-old woman with a history of nodular melanoma (NM), associated with an indurated dome-shaped blue-black nodule with a diameter of 1.2 cm in the gluteal region, is presented. Clinical diagnosis of the lesion, present from birth, was blue nevus. Recently, the nodule has been showing a mild enlargement and thus complete resection was performed. Histological analysis revealed a pigmented lesion with an expansive pattern of extension into the dermis and the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The lesion displayed an alveolar pattern as well as a pigmented dendritic cell pattern. The histology was consistent with cellular blue nevus (CBN); however, the history of NM which was excised one year earlier, as well as the clinical information about the slow growing lesion, included a differential diagnosis of CBN, borderline melanocytic tumor, and malignant blue nevus. Additional immunohistochemical (HMB-45, p16, and Ki-67) and molecular (BRAF V600E mutation) analyses were performed on both lesions: the CBN-like and the previously excised NM. Along with lesion history and histological analyses, p16 staining and BRAF were useful diagnostic tools for confirming the benign nature of CBN in this case.
EGFR Mutations and ALK Rearrangements Are Associated with Low Response Rates to PD-1 Pathway Blockade in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Gainor Justin F. , Shaw Alice T. , Sequist Lecia V. , Fu Xiujun , Azzoli Christopher G. , Piotrowska Zofia , Huynh Tiffany G. , Zhao Ling , Fulton Linnea , Schultz Katherine R. , Howe Emily , Farago Anna F. , Sullivan Ryan J. , Stone James R. , Digumarthy Subba , Moran Teresa , Hata Aaron N. , Yagi Yukako , Yeap Beow Y. , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Mino-Kenudson Mari
Published: May 2016

Purpose: PD-1 inhibitors are established agents in the management of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, only a subset of patients derives clinical benefit. To determine the activity of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors within clinically relevant molecular subgroups, we retrospectively evaluated response patterns among EGFR-mutant, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive, and EGFR wild-type/ALK-negative patients.

Experimental Design: We identified 58 patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Objective response rates (ORR) were assessed using RECIST v1.1. PD-L1 expression and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were evaluated by IHC.

Results: Objective responses were observed in 1 of 28 (3.6%) EGFR-mutant or ALK-positive patients versus 7 of 30 (23.3%) EGFR wild-type and ALK-negative/unknown patients (P = 0.053). The ORR among never- or light- (≤10 pack years) smokers was 4.2% versus 20.6% among heavy smokers (P = 0.123). In an independent cohort of advanced EGFR-mutant (N = 68) and ALK-positive (N = 27) patients, PD-L1 expression was observed in 24%/16%/11% and 63%/47%/26% of pre–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) biopsies using cutoffs of ≥1%, ≥5%, and ≥50% tumor cell staining, respectively. Among EGFR-mutant patients with paired, pre- and post-TKI–resistant biopsies (N = 57), PD-L1 expression levels changed after resistance in 16 (28%) patients. Concurrent PD-L1 expression (≥5%) and high levels of CD8+ TILs (grade ≥2) were observed in only 1 pretreatment (2.1%) and 5 resistant (11.6%) EGFR-mutant specimens and was not observed in any ALK-positive, pre- or post-TKI specimens.

Conclusions: NSCLCs harboring EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements are associated with low ORRs to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Low rates of concurrent PD-L1 expression and CD8+ TILs within the tumor microenvironment may underlie these clinical observations. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4585–93. ©2016 AACR.

See related commentary by Gettinger and Politi, p. 4539
Group- and Home-Based Cognitive Intervention for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jeong Jee Hyang , Na Hae Ri , Choi Seong Hye , Kim Jungeun , Na Duk L. , Seo Sang Won , Chin Juhee , Park Sun Ah , Kim Eun-Joo , Han Hyun Jeong , Han Seol-Heui , Yoon Soo Jin , Lee Jae-Hong , Park Kyung Won , Moon So Young , Park Moon Ho , Choi Mun Seong , Han Il-Woo , Lee Jun Hong , Lee Jung Seok , Shim Yong S. , Kim Jeong Yeon
Published: May 2016

Background: We examined the efficacy of group-based cognitive intervention (GCI) and home-based cognitive intervention (HCI) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and intervention effects on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Methods: In this randomized and rater-blinded trial, 293 patients with aMCI from 18 nationwide hospitals were randomized: 96 to the GCI group, 98 to the HCI group and 99 to the control group. For 12 weeks, subjects receiving GCI participated twice per week in group sessions led by trained instructors, and those receiving HCI completed homework materials 5 days per week. They were assessed at baseline, postintervention (PI) and at the 6-month follow-up after the intervention. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to PI in the modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). Results: In comparison to the controls (a 0.8-point decrease), the subjects receiving GCI (a 2.3-point decrease, p = 0.01) or HCI (a 2.5-point decrease, p = 0.02) showed significant improvements in the modified ADAS-Cog at PI, respectively. By the 6-month follow-up, those receiving GCI or HCI had better scores in the modified ADAS-Cog than the controls. The changes in BDNF levels significantly correlated with the changes in the modified ADAS-Cog in the GCI (r = -0.29, p = 0.02 at PI) and HCI (r = -0.27, p = 0.03 at 6-month follow-up) groups, respectively. Conclusions: The GCI and HCI resulted in cognitive improvements in aMCI. An enhanced brain plasticity may be a component of the mechanism underpinning the cognitive improvements associated with the cognitive interventions.
The Phonetics of Head and Body Movement in the Realization of American Sign Language Signs
Authors: Tyrone Martha E. , Mauk Claude E.
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims: Because the primary articulators for sign languages are the hands, sign phonology and phonetics have focused mainly on them and treated other articulators as passive targets. However, there is abundant research on the role of nonmanual articulators in sign language grammar and prosody. The current study examines how hand and head/body movements are coordinated to realize phonetic targets. Methods: Kinematic data were collected from 5 deaf American Sign Language (ASL) signers to allow the analysis of movements of the hands, head and body during signing. In particular, we examine how the chin, forehead and torso move during the production of ASL signs at those three phonological locations. Results: Our findings suggest that for signs with a lexical movement toward the head, the forehead and chin move to facilitate convergence with the hand. By comparison, the torso does not move to facilitate convergence with the hand for signs located at the torso. Conclusion: These results imply that the nonmanual articulators serve a phonetic as well as a grammatical or prosodic role in sign languages. Future models of sign phonetics and phonology should take into consideration the movements of the nonmanual articulators in the realization of signs.
New locality records of the ‘Dancing Girl’ of Mizoram, a rare zinger species
Authors: De Aparajita , Reang Demsai
Published: May 2016

Mantisia spathulata (Roxb.) Schult. belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is a rare ornamental Zingiber distributed from eastern Himalaya to Myanmar.  In India, this species is confined to very few localities of northeastern India.  A new location for the species was discovered at Kolasib, Mizoram.  The species was recorded growing at an altitude of 662m.  A thorough ecological sampling was done for the population.  Density of flowering individuals and non-flowering young individuals were estimated.  The species has never been recorded at this altitude previously and, as per record, no ecological work has been done earlier.  The average density of Mantisia spathulata within its growing patch is 18(±2) individuals per m2.  A total of 120 juvenile individuals (without flowers) were recorded from a 1×1 m2 plot; indicating a very good regeneration of the species within the patch where it is growing.
Pollination ecology of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) in Coringa mangrove ecosystem, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Raju A.J. Solomon , Kumar Rajendra
Published: May 2016

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) is bisexual, self-compatible and has a vector-dependent mixed breeding system.  They are dichogamous and herkogamous; the day 1 flowers are staminate while the day 2 and 3 flowers are pistillate.  The plant blooms in the evening, possesses a white long corolla with a hairy interior to exclude other insects and strong fragrance are adaptations for pollination by the hawk-moth Macroglossum gyrans.  The 2nd and 3rd day flowers are nectar-rich and attract hawk-moths during the dawn and dusk hours.  The plant is also visited by bees and butterflies.  The bees Xylocopa and Anthophora are primary nectar robbers which collect nectar without effecting pollination.  In C. inerme, three forms of flowers can be distinguished based on the position of sex organs.  The first form is characterized by elongated stamens and a style which occur in close proximity to each other just after anthesis facilitating contact between the stamens and stigma.  The second form is characterized by the scattered position of stamens and style.  In the third form, the stamens are fully extended while the style is curved away from them, either to the left or to the right; subsequently the stamens curl inward and the style elongates. Interestingly, the three flower forms can be found within a cyme also.  These forms of flowers with strong protandry prevent autonomous selfing but not geitonogamy.  The fruit is a capsule and breaks open to disperse nutlets.  Birds such as Acridotheres tristis, Corvus splendens, Corvus macrorhynchos and Turdoides caudatus disperse nutlets during the early winter season. Seeds germinate in June and seedlings grow gradually to produce new plants.