bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Assessment of the Accuracy of the Elevation differences obtained from different Geomatics Techniques and Instruments
Authors: Audu H. A. P. , Tijjani M. Y.
Published: August 2019

This study carried out the comparative evaluation of the accuracy of elevation differences determined from two Geomatics instruments and techniques in part of University of Benin, Ugbowo Campus. Reconnaissance survey was carried out and the two Geomatics instruments (Total station instrument and the Automatic level instrument) used for this study were tested and found to be in good working conditions. In line with the survey regulation, the position of the control stations (UB GPS101and UB GPS102) where the survey commenced were checked for disturbance and the obtained angular and linear measurements proved that the control stations were in situ. The perimeter traversing, using the total station instrument, with closed traverse technique and the perimeter levelling using the trigonometric levelling method and the level instrument with flying level both commenced from the GPS control stations and terminated at the same control stations. The known coordinates of UB GPS102, when compared with those determined with the total station instrument, have some millimetres differences. The difference in the elevation of the GPS control station and the elevation determined for the same control station with the total station instrument was in millimetre. These values were within the specified and acceptable accuracy limits. The accuracy of the tertiary traverse survey, which has satisfied the allowable accuracy limits for tertiary traverse survey, was 1: 41,428.043. The allowable accuracy for third order levelling for the study area was 26mm. Their computed accuracies using the total station and level instruments were 21mm and 13mm respectively. Although the elevations determined from the two Geomatics instruments met the standard accuracy limits for tertiary levelling, the accuracy of the elevations obtained with the level instrument is higher than those obtained with the total station instrument. These results are in conformity with the findings of some researchers on the related subject matter.
A Study of the Effects of Architectural Forms on Sound Quality in Church Buildings
Authors: Ediae O. J. , Enoma E. P. , Igbogbo O. S. , Ezema I. C. , Ekhaese E. N.
Published: August 2019

Acoustics in churches design is concerned with the impact of sound on both the worshippers and the building as well. The aim of this study is to investigate sound audibility and quality with the use of acoustic materials and most appropriate architectural form. Qualitative and case study approach were adopted, the qualitative method involves the collection of narrative data in a natural setting, with a view to gaining insight. While the case study involved an intensive study of specific phenomena through investigations. These methods were chosen due to the nature of this research, personal observation and interviews were extensively carried out. Research shows that, architectural forms are special vaccines necessary to achieve quality of sound in churches and large halls in general.
Level of Awareness and Use of the Different BIM Software Packages in the Nigerian AEC Industry
Authors: Ediae O. J. , Enoma E. P.
Published: August 2019

This study considered the extent of use of Building Information Modelling (BIM), in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry (AEC) in Nigeria. The factors influencing the level of adoption of BIM and the barriers to the adoption of BIM in the AEC industry in Nigeria was investigated. The data collection technique used was the survey method, which involved the administration of structured questionnaires to 100 professionals in the AEC industry in Nigeria in the three main cities of Lagos, Port Harcourt, and Abuja. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The result shows that most professionals in the AEC Industry are aware of the use of BIM in the AEC Industry and a lot of professionals have also engaged in the use of BIM tools. It also shows that the BIM tools are mostly used for activities in the design stage such as design, visualization and drafting but, are least used for maintenance activities. The major barriers to the adoption of BIM in the AEC Industry in the study include, lack of training and education on BIM use, technical challenges associated with adoption of BIM, the complicated nature and processes involved in BIM use, inadequate government support for BIM use in the AEC Industry and general resistance to change by people in the AEC Industry. The study recommends that in order to achieve critical mass adoption of BIM and its benefits maximized in the AEC Industry in Nigeria there is a need for sensitization on the benefits of BIM and training of students and professionals in the industry on the use of BIM.
Haematological Changes Induced by Municipal Solid Waste in Wild Rats (Rattus rattus)
Authors: Adewumi O. O. , Oladele E. O. , Taiwo I. A.
Published: August 2019

The effect of the exposure of landfill pollutants on haematology, body and organ weights of Rattus rattus was investigated. The potential hazards of this landfill on the haematology of the exposed rats were investigated. Weights of rats in the control group (232.6g) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the exposed wild rats (167.6g). The Packed Cell Volume, PCV (%) of rats exposed to landfill pollutants was found to be 32.0 ± 13.9 while that of control rat was 43.4 ± 4.7. Haemoglobin (g/dl) of control rats was observed to be 14.2 ± 1.2 while that of exposed rats was 10.0 ± 4.1. The constituents of the municipal waste especially heavy metals probably aggravated the observed changes in the blood parameters. The experimental results indicated that exposure to landfill pollutants may lead to ill health particularly anaemia. Also, exposure to municipal solid waste landfill may induce haematological alterations in humans as evident in the wild rats studied.
Population structure of Aphyocypris normalis: phylogeography and systematics
Authors: Huang Xiao-Xia , Hsu Kui-Ching , Kang Bin , Kuo Po-Hsun , Tsai Wan-Hsin , Liang Chih-Ming , Lin Hung-Du , Wang Wei-Kuang
Published: August 2019

Aphyocypris normalis(Teleostei: Cyprinidae) is an endemic species in South China, but little is known about its genetic structure. This study examined the population structure ofA. normalisusing sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochromebgene (2,086 bp). In total, 107 specimens were collected from nine populations. All 105 mtDNA haplotypes were identified as belonging to two allopatric phylogroups. The results of a statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis (S-DIVA) suggested that the ancestral populations ofA. normaliswere distributed widely on Hainan Island and east of the Leizhou Peninsula. A comparison of the fixation indices NST(0.532) and GST(0.004) revealed that the phylogeny and geography had a significant relationship. Our study found that (1) the Wuzhishan and Yinggeling Mountain Range was an important barrier limiting gene exchange between populations on both sides; (2) cyclic climate changes may have shaped migrations and population differentiations; and (3) different colonization times caused different population diversities between codistributed species. In addition, the inter- and intraspecific diversities of the genusAphyocypriswere estimated.
Mathematical General Relativity
Authors: Cederbaum Carla , Dafermos Mihalis , Isenberg James , Ringström Hans
Published: August 2019

General Relativity is one of the triumphs of twentieth century physics. Its spectacular predictions include gravitational waves, black holes, and spacetime singularities. The mathematical study of this theory leads to deep problems connecting the areas of partial differential equations, geometry and topology with physics. The talks of the workshop illustrated the rapid progress in this subject over the last few years.
Geometric Methods of Complex Analysis
Authors: Andersson Mats , Berndtsson Bo , Fornæss John Erik , Shcherbina Nikolay
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this workshop was to discuss recent results in Several Complex Variables, Complex Geometry and Complex Dynamical Systems with a special focus on the exchange of ideas and methods among these areas. The main topics of the workshop included Holomorphic Dynamics and Foliations;

L^2

-methods and Cohomologies; Plurisubharmonic Functions and Pluripotential Theory; Singular Metrics on Vector Bundles, Chern Forms and Residue Currents; Geometric Questions of Complex Analysis (including Uniformization, Polynomial Convexity, Levi-flat Surfaces etc.).
Scaling Limits in Models of Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Ioffe Dmitry , Kozma Gady , Toninelli Fabio L.
Published: August 2019

This conference (part of a long running series) aims to cover the interplay between probability and mathematical statistical mechanics. Specific topics addressed during the 22 talks include: Universality and critical phenomena, disordered models, Gaussian free field (GFF), random planar graphs and unimodular planar maps, reinforced random walks and non-linear

\sigma

-models, non-equilibrium dynamics. Less stress is given to topics which have running series of Oberwolfach conferences devoted to them specifically, such as random matrices or integrable models and KPZ universality class.

There were 50 participants, including 9 postdocs and graduate students, working in diverse intertwining areas of probability, statistical mechanics and mathematical physics.
Toward the Applicability of Statistics: A Representational View
Authors: Ashoori Mahdi , Taheri S. Mahmoud
Published: August 2019

The problem of understanding how statistical inference is, and can be, applied in  empirical sciences is important for the methodology of science. It is the objective of this paper  to gain a better understanding of the role of statistical methods in scientific modeling. The  important question of whether the applicability reduces to the representational properties  of statistical models is discussed. It will be shown that while the answer to this question  is positive, representation in statistical models is not purely structural. In spite of the fact  that representation in statistical models is based on the structural similarities between the  statistical model and the empirical systems under study, these relationships are shown to be  appropriate for representing relations in the target system by agent function, too. A second  aspect of the paper involves the claim that agent-based components of statistical modeling  are: a) interpretation of random variables, b) selection of the goal of statistical research, and  c) selection of estimator properties. To justify these claims, a preliminary discussion will be  presented on the role of statistics in modeling, as in regression and other structural models.  This role will be explored and realized using a structural viewpoint. Also the role of statistical  estimation in statistical modeling is discussed to explain the representational role of models  and the inferential role of the agent in modeling.
To Believe Is Not To Believe True: Reply to Sankey
Authors: Grzankowski Alex
Published: August 2019

Howard Sankey (this issue) has recently argued that to believe is to believe true. In this short reply, reasons are provided for thinking that to beleive is not to believe true.
O espaço que somos: as relações entre a favela e a construção da subjetividade em Becos da memória, de Conceição Evaristo
Authors: Farias Ariane Avila Neto de , Silveira Lilian Greice dos Santos Ortiz da
Published: August 2019

O presente trabalho visa analisar aspectos referentes ao espaço na obra Becos da Memória (2017), da autora Conceição Evaristo. Entende-se aqui que a favela, lugar em que o romance é ambientado, ocupa papel de fundamental importância na construção de tal narrativa, agindo na representação das personagens negras na escrita de Evaristo. Esse espaço-favela é lugar tanto de pertencimento quanto de trânsito dos indivíduos, reforçando a ideia de que os espaços por onde os sujeitos passam são organizados tendo como base suas experiências e trocas com o seu corpo. Nesse sentido, ao dar voz ao “espaço-favela” faz-se o movimento de descentralização, retirando o véu que cobriu os sujeitos marginalizados, dando, assim, voz às diferenças. Tais reflexões serão realizadas a partir de apontamentos de importantes teóricos como Luis Alberto Brandão (2013) e Paul Ricoeur (2003) que pensam o espaço como elemento de uma história, fundamento de caráter inseparável ao indivíduo narrado.
High resolution 14C bomb-peak dating and climate response analyses of subseasonal stable isotope signals in wood of the African baobab – A case study from Oman
Authors: Slotta Franziska , Wacker Lukas , Riedel Frank , Heußner Karl-Uwe , Hartmann Kai , Helle Gerhard
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The African baobab, Adansonia digitata, has great paleoclimatological potential because of its wide distributional range and millennial lifespan. However, dendroclimatological approaches are hampered by dating uncertainties due to its parenchyma-dominated wood anatomy. Here, securely-dated time series of annual wood increment growth and intra-ring stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen of cellulose for a baobab tree from Oman covering 1941 to 2005 were established. Precise dating with the bomb peak by highly resolved 14C measurements proved the annual character of the baobab's growth rings. But, F14C values of tree-ring cellulose were found up to 8.8 % lower than in the corresponding atmospheric CO2 for the period around the bomb peak. In conjunction with a considerable autocorrelation of the δ13C series this points to the incorporation of previous years' carbon significantly affecting the average age of derived wood. Terminal parenchyma bands, marking the tree-ring boundaries, were found to be significantly younger than their corresponding tree ring indicating that parenchyma tissue is alive for many years undergoing cell division, reorganization and potential growth. No autocorrelation was found in the δ18O series of tree-ring cellulose despite the huge water-storage potential of this stem-succulent tree species. Tree-ring width and stable isotope ratios have revealed significant climate sensitivity. δ18O was found to be a good climate proxy followed by tree-ring width and δ13C. Tree-ring width and intra-ring δ18Omin correlated well with each other and with precipitation amount for the period from pre-monsoon May to the end of the monsoon season in September/October. Intra-annual stable isotope courses were found rather similar for both δ13C and δ18O. Years with particularly low monsoon rain were reflected by increased stable isotope values in the mid-section of intra-annual courses. Distinct patterns with low subseasonal isotope values seem indicative for years with heavy rainfall events from pre-monsoonal cyclones. Rain events from post-monsoonal cyclones may also be recorded, however, only two years of observation prevent from a conclusive evaluation.
Drought lacunarity around the world and its classification
Authors: Monjo Robert , Royé Dominic , Martin-Vide Javier
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Drought duration strongly depends on the definition thereof. In meteorology, dryness is habitually measured by means of fixed thresholds (e.g. 0.1 or 1 mm usually define dry spells) or climatic mean values (as is the case of the Standardised Precipitation Index), but this also depends on the aggregation time interval considered. However, robust measurements of drought duration are required for analysing the statistical significance of possible changes. Herein we have climatically classified the drought duration around the world according to their similarity to the voids of the Cantor set. Dryness time structure can be concisely measured by the n-index (from the regular/irregular alternation of dry/wet spells), which is closely related to the Gini index and to a Cantor-based exponent. This enables the world’s climates to be classified into six large types based upon a new measure of drought duration. We performed the dry-spell analysis using the full global gridded daily Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) dataset. The MSWEP combines gauge-, satellite-, and reanalysis-based data to provide reliable precipitation estimates. The study period comprises the years 1979–2016 (total of 45165 days), and a spatial resolution of 0.5°:, with a total of 259,197 grid points.
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCLUSIVE CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE CASE
STUDY OF SERRALUNGA D’ALBA CASTLE
Authors: Ruffino P. A. , Permadi D. , Gandino E. , Haron A. , Osello A. , Wong C. O.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Natural sites, monuments and historical artefacts are Cultural Heritage that must be properly managed to ensure their safeguard. Institutions and corporate body devoted to the Cultural Heritage management have the essential task of supervising them paying particular attention to their conservation, dissemination and fruition. In this regards, digital technologies through ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and New Media represent useful tools which have to be used in suitable way. In this context, this contribution shares the methodology adopted for the case study of Serralunga d’Alba castle. In particular, the research project shows the process used for getting the digital model of the castle through HBIM (Historic Building Information Modeling) methodology and the development of a VR (Virtual Reality) model tour. The final project obtained is the result of a methodological approach that aimed to optimize time, costs and efforts.
TO BE PART OF... ARCHITECTURE, DECORATION OR ICONOGRAPHY. DOCUMENTING
AZULEJO AS INTEGRATED HERITAGE
Authors: Carvalho R. S.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Az Infinitum – Azulejo Referencing and Indexation System may be briefly defined as a work tool combining Art History’s traditional methods with the use of digital technologies, in order to create a system designed to document, catalogue and index all the tile decorations produced and applied in Portugal since the late 15th century and still found in their original locations. By highlighting the potentialities of Az Infinitum and by describing its data structure and the procedures used to collect and upload information, the present article proposes a reassessment of the project in light of these parameters, as well as a discussion of future developments. Moreover, it aims to clarify the link between the norms followed within the system and the ones used internationally. This link reflects the aim of integrating the system within previously developed structures, without losing sight of the specificities of a hybrid form of heritage, whose documentation must be adapted in different ways. Such a need has led to the development of specific data structures, designed to meet the unique characteristics of patterned tile decorations.
THE “MINGA” COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF
VERNACULAR HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF CUENCA,
ECUADOR
Authors: Achig-Balarezo M. C. , Tenze A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The Latin-American cities declared by UNESCO World Heritage Sites display a problem of generalized deterioration of its vernacular or environmental architecture due to, among others, a lack of maintenance. This is aggravated by the existing legal vacuum in planning for its historical centers, resulting in irreversible losses in their heritage buildings. It is proposed to involve the community in the maintenance interventions to counteract the lack of maintenance and at the same time contribute to improve the level of livability and to create a collective awareness in the community about the care of its heritage. To achieve this goal, the university of Cuenca, has implemented the so-called “maintenance campaigns”, through which the preventive conservation phases proposed by ICOMOS (2003) are supported methodologically from a perspective that combines varied techniques (quantitative, qualitative), giving priority to operational workshops and collective construction of knowledge and action. The experience in the traditional ‘Las Herrerías’ street (case study), evidenced in a short period of time an improvement of the physical conditions of the buildings and of the quality of life of its residents, and furthermore motivated the long-term activation of comprehensive and inclusive conservation processes that lead to the valuation and preservation of heritage by all involved. The participation of the community in the whole process through a “minga” of multiple actors guarantees a successful intervention. This initiative could be successfully adapted to other heritage sites of similar characteristics.
HIDDEN GRAFFITI IDENTIFICATION ON MARBLE SURFACES THROUGH PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Abate D. , Trentin M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Nowadays, considering the various methodological approaches used by the scientific community to study graffiti, there is a need for the improvement of the documentation and analysis workflow that must be addressed. Historic graffiti are recognized by scholars of different disciplines as a relevant and genuine written source, able to provide an insight into the everyday life of the past. Many studies have indeed flourished during the last decades stating the relevance of graffiti as a multidisciplinary source of information and showing, at the same time, the fragmented research scenario due to the lack of reliable and standardized methodologies. Currently, the scientific community involved in the study of graffiti has largely benefited from the use of digital technologies. However, most of the efforts and research projects were focused on the analysis of graffiti immediately visible on the surface or graffiti the position of which was easily identifiable due to the depth and width of the engraving. The proposed study is intended to tackle the documentation pipeline a step earlier than the documentation itself when the graffiti are yet to be identified. The San Marco Basilica in Venice is used as a unique case study for the analysis of non-directly visible-to-human-eye graffiti in a rather challenging environment.
ASSESSMENT OF A KEYPOINTS DETECTOR FOR THE REGISTRATION OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR HERITAGE POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Assi R. , Landes T. , Murtiyoso A. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In the context of architectural heritage preservation, constructing building information models is an important task. However, conceiving a pertinent model is a difficult, time consuming and user-dependent task. Our laboratory has been researching methods to decrease the time and errors inferred by manual segmentation of point clouds. In the perspective of automatization of the process, we implemented an automated registration method that used only keypoints. Keypoints are special points that hold more information about the global structure of the cloud. In order to detect keypoints, we used the Point Cloud Library (PCL) toolbox. The pertinence of the method was evaluated by registering more than 300 clouds of the zoological museum of Strasbourg. The quality of the keypoint detection was first verified on geo-referenced indoor point clouds. Then we applied this method to register the indoor and outdoor point clouds that have much less area in common; those common points being generally the doors and windows of the façade. The registrations of indoor point clouds were satisfying, with mean distances to the ground truth inferior to 20 cm. While the first result for joint indoor/outdoor registration are promising, it may be improved in future works.
3D INTERPRETATION AND FUSION OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY DATA FOR HERITAGE SCIENCE: A REVIEW
Authors: Adamopoulos E. , Rinaudo F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Activities related to the protection of tangible heritage require extensive multidisciplinary documentation. The various raw data that occur have been oftentimes been processed, visualized and evaluated separately leading to aggregations of unassociated information of varying data types. In the direction of adopting complete approaches towards more effective decision making, the interpretation and fusion of these data in three dimensions, inserting topological information is deemed necessary. The present study addresses the achieved level of three-dimensional interpretation and fusion with geometric models of data originating from different fields, by providing an extensive review of the relevant literature. Additionally, it briefly discusses perspectives on techniques that could potentially be integrated with point clouds or models.
THE SECRETS OF S. MARIA DELLE GRAZIE: VIRTUAL FRUITION OF AN ICONIC MILANESE ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Bolognesi C. , Aiello D.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the power of the new digitization technologies and, in particular, of Virtual Reality (VR) to document and communicate the knowledge of Cultural Heritage (CH) and to shorten the distance between man and his history, enhancing architectural monuments or art masterpieces (even when they are somehow inaccessible), allowing original educational storytelling and producing innovative ways to learn and enjoy culture. The ultimate goal of this research is the virtual and interactive reconstruction of an important historical site, characterized by a great beauty as well as by a high artistic value: the complex of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Milan. In order to test an effective digitization workflow, the experimentation focused on the areas of the convent that are closer to the church and that have been characterized by a troubled history: The Cloister of the Frogs, the Cloister of the Prior, the Old Sacristy, the Small Sacristy and the New Sacristy. These environments have been surveyed by combining photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning; then they have been modelled as NURBS or reconstructed in the form of meshes. In the end, the entire 3D model was imported in a game engine in order to create a realistic VR simulation, able to revive the convent’s history in a way that no written document could better explain.
WIDENING AUDIENCES – MAKING HERITAGE RECORDING DATA EASILY ACCESSIBLE VIA HTML APPLICATIONS
Authors: Boulanger C. , Ouimet C. , Kretz S. , Gregg J.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. With the ever increasing size and complexity of heritage recording datasets, and consequently, the required expertise to manipulate and extract information for conservation projects from this data, the use of dissemination tools was researched and used to help bridge the gap between information gatherers and users in order to increase accessibility and utilization. This paper examines a variety of case studies where dissemination tools were utilized to make heritage recording data more easily accessible for a variety of users. The first example involves high resolution photography; the second explores methods of sharing large point cloud datasets; the third explores panoramic photography and dissemination via virtual tours; and the fourth, capitalizes on using panoramic images as a by-product of terrestrial laser scan data. All data was disseminated solely through the use of HTML outputs, ensuring that the end users did not require any specialized software and minimal to no training to visualize, manipulate and extract data from the assembled information. Collectively the project team felt that the simplicity of these outputs would increase the likelihood of their utilization by the various user groups. Based on the teams past experience, the requirement for specialized software greatly diminished the chances of broad use of the data by untrained individuals. By adopting a HTML platform, the difficulties wrought by software installation restrictions imposed on many organizations or limited by access to required hardware, could be greatly diminished. There is also a possibility for this type of data to be disseminated to the public for their interest using these tools; however, the presented examples show only how these methodologies were used in the understanding phase and execution stages by other professionals.
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND 3D MODELING APPLIED TO VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN THE BRONCE AGE
Authors: Carvajal-Ramírez F. , Navarro-Ortega A. D. , Agüera-Vega F. , Martínez-Carricondo P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The risk of disappearing of cultural heritage of archaeological sites is directly related to the protection level by the corresponding administrations. This is the case of Cortijo Nuevo, an archaeological site with no known precedents in the Iberian Peninsula in the Bronze Age. The recent development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) used as platform carrying digital cameras, let to adapt the well-known classical Photogrammetry technique, in conjunction with Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi View Stereo (MVS) algorithms, for very high accurate surveying of the terrain. In this work, several digital cartographic products including point cloud, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and orthoimage were obtained from UAV-Photogrammetric flight with the purpose of document and virtual reconstruction of a damaged archaeological site. All the technical prescriptions of the flight and photogrammetric project were designed for accurately representing the state of the terrain in both epochs, current and previous to damage. The quality control for quantify planimetric and altimetric errors, based on 33 ground control points, showed RMSExy = 0.0246 m, RMSEz = 0.0262 m and the total error sum of 0.0359 m. An integration of virtual 3D archaeological structures with the obtained terrain models was carried out through augmented reality technology, based on the information obtained in this work.
VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BIRTHPLACE OF REMBRANDT VAN RIJN: FROM HISTORICAL RESEARCH OVER 3D MODELING TOWARDS VIRTUAL PRESENTATION
Authors: De Vos P. J. , De Rijk M. J.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. 2019 marks the 350th anniversary of the death of the famous seventeenth-century painter Rembrandt van Rijn. Rembrandt was born in 1606 in the city of Leiden, located in the Netherlands. Here he grew up, was educated and set up his early practice before moving to Amsterdam at age 31. He is the son of a miller's family, which lived and worked in the city at the dawn of the Dutch Golden Age – a period in which Leiden transformed from a medieval city to an early modern metropolis. Although the historical city fabric of Leiden is well preserved, the birthplace of the famous painter, unfortunately, has been demolished. Also, the surroundings are unrecognizable today. For this reason, the tourism and marketing department of the city asked Erfgoed Leiden, the regional heritage department, to make a 3D virtual reconstruction of Rembrandt's birthplace and its surrounding. It resulted in a multi-disciplinary collaboration between archivists, building archaeologist, and a 3D artist. This paper reflects this cooperation from historical research over aspects of the 3D modeling pipeline to the final products of the reconstruction. Following a reliability matrix, the data were categorized for their reliability after careful evaluation of their accuracy depending on the source.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A LOW-COST SOLUTION FOR MUSEUM VISIT
DIGITAL CONTENT ENRICHMENT: THE CASE OF THE FOLKLORE MUSEUM OF
XANTHI
Authors: Ioannakis G. , Bampis L. , Koutsoudis A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The on-demand content enrichment of an exhibition center visit is an active applied research domain. This work focuses on the exploitation of mobile devices as an efficient medium to deliver information related to an exhibit or an area within the exhibition center by utilizing machine learning approaches. We present YPOPSEI, an integrated system that formulates the information retrieval task as an image recognition mechanism, enabling visitors to simply capture an entity of interest in order to acquire information similar to a tour-guidance experience via their personal mobile devices. This scheme not only minimizes the additional infrastructure requirements, but additionally enhances the versatility in cases of exhibits topology alterations while still providing high accuracy in terms of image content recognition. Two hybrid approaches are developed that set Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Bags of VisualWords (BOVWs) to operate in a synergistic and cooperative manner. They are evaluated under real-world conditions on a client-server Web architecture system that experimentally operates within the premises of the Folklore Museum of Xanthi, Greece.
THE DIGITALIZATION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN COFFINS: A DISCUSSION OVER DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR RECORDING FINE DETAILS
Authors: Mandelli A. , Perfetti L. , Fiorillo F. , Fassi F. , Rossi C. , Greco C.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This work starts from the request to have a physical high-resolution 3D model of the external, anthropoid coffin of the scribe Butehamon, held at the Museo Egizio, Turin. At the time of writing, a replica of the coffin, based on this survey work, functions as final and focal installation of the temporary exhibition Archeologia Invisibile of the Museo Egizio, Turin, running from March 2019 to January 2020. The replica acts as support for a micro-mapping installation meant to re-project a pattern of images onto the coffin’s surface, including the results of different radiometric and colourimetric analyses performed in the recent past by Museo Egizio and Musei Vaticani. This collaborative work encouraged a thorough discussion on the interaction between scientists and humanists engaged in the study of archaeological finds, on the needs and expectations of both sides, and on the technical problems relating to handling objects of different sizes.
The Interaction of Morphological Gender With Stereotypical Information: An Eye Tracking Study on Gender Inferences
Authors: Ronca Daniela , Moscati Vincenzo
Published: August 2019

In this paper we observe the time-course and the activation of gender stereotypes comparing the predictions of two competing models: the Minimalist (McKoon et al., 1992) and the Mental Model Hypothesis (Garnham 2001). The on-line processing of sentences containing male-biased stereotypes is experimentally investigated in Italian on epicenes nouns (i.e. nouns that do not morphologically disambiguate between male and female referents) adopting a procedure based on the Visual World paradigm.Eye-movements during sentence comprehension show that stereotypes become immediately active as soon as male-biased role nouns are encountered, as predicted by the Mental Model Hypothesis. Our results also show that when disambiguating cues based on morphological agreement are provided, the activation of stereotypes is blocked. This indicates that morphological gender is quickly processed and that it can suppress stereotypical gender biases.
Why Do Students Engage in Examination Malpractice? The University for Development Studies Experience
Authors: Thompson John Dadzie , Ansoglenang Gilbert , Laar Suuk
Published: August 2019

Any form of examination malpractice is unacceptable, fraudulent, and signifies an act of academic dishonesty with significant punitive consequences. This paper investigated the reasons why students engage in examination malpractice during examinations at the University for Development Studies (UDS). The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design for this research and targeted undergraduate students of the Tamale Campus of the UDS. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 278 out of a total student population of 6,729 for the study. They responded mainly to questionnaire and a few open ended questions to provide the needed data for analysis. The findings suggest that (i) smuggling of prepared notes on pieces of papers (foreign material) into the examination hall, (ii) writing of examination answers on palms, thighs and other body parts, and (iii) communication by seeking for answers from colleagues are the three topmost forms/methods students engage to cheat during examinations. The desire to obtain good grades just as the more intelligent students pushes some students to cheat during examinations. The introduction of scanners and e-search software, the spacing of sitting arrangements, installation of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras in large examination halls may help curb cheating.
The effect of cryotherapy on chemotherapy induced oral mucositis in Egyptian cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Soliman Hanan Mohamed Mohamed
Published: August 2019

Background and objective: Oral Mucositis (OM) is a common adverse side-effect caused by cancer treatments (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy).  And can lead to mucosa toxicity. Patients with OM may experience extreme pain and may not be able to eat, drink and talk and, as a result, their quality of life is impaired. Treatment and prevention of OM in adult patients treated with chemotherapy are challenging issues for health care professionals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cryotherapy on incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced OM and OM related pain in patients treated with combined chemotherapy (Fluorouracil and Leucovorin).Methods: This study is a randomized controlled trial with a random assignment to cryotherapy and control groups. The study was conducted on 40 cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy. The 20 patients in cryotherapy group were received instructions for sucking ice cubes in their mouth for five minutes before, during and shortly after chemotherapy. The 20 patients in control group received routine care. OM and pain severity were evaluated at 7th, 14th and 21st days of the study after chemotherapy using WHO Mucositis grading and-Numeric Pain Rating Scale.Results: In the majority of patients in cryotherapy group, oral Mucositis was not detected (Grade 0) at 7th, 14th and 21st days similarly incidence of grade 1 and 2 of OM in cryotherapy group significantly lowered when compared with control group where p < .001. During the study period, patients in the control group exhibit a significantly higher level of oral discomfort (p = .001).Conclusions: Oral cryotherapy due to its easy administration, tolerability and lack of adverse effects which makes it a very important method for decreasing the severity and incidence of OM and OM associated pain. The oncology nurses have a pivotal role in the application and success of cryotherapy.
Foreign Direct Investment Flow to Africa: Does Natural Resources Matter？
Authors: Peprah Philip Agyei , Hongxing Yao , Dankyi Alex Boadi
Published: August 2019

In this study, it explored connections between FDI inflows and natural resource. The paper is an effort to investigate a sample of 10 most resourced sub-Sahara African countries and examine the influence of natural resources on FDI inflow. Further, natural resource wealth is reflected to weaken the FDI inflow. This study discovers if the natural resource overflow affects the FDI inflows. By means of panel data for a sample dated 1990-2017, the paper employed fixed effects method and settles that natural resource slows down FDI inflow of the host nation. The results indicate that economic growth, labor force, trade openness and financial development framework promote FDI inflow in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. The study proposes that FDI inflow to SSA is not only driven by the availability of natural resources in a country but by some exogenous factors, countries with non-existence of natural resources and can obtain FDI by cultivating their bodies and policy environment. Second, multifaceted organizations like the IMF and the World Bank can play a significant role in assisting FDI by encouraging good organisations in SSA.
Determination of Seven Manufacturing Impurities in FD&C Red No. 40 by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Harp Bhakti Petigara , Perez-Gonzalez Marianita , Cordero-Nieves Hector M , Pandian Rachel S , Bowes Bryan K
Published: August 2019

Background: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration batch-certifies color additives to ensure that each lot meets published specifications for coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics. Objective: An ultra-high-performance LC (UHPLC) method was developed to determine seven manufacturing impurities in the monoazo color additive FD&C Red No. 40 (R40). The analytes consist of two intermediates, an impurity originating from one intermediate, a reaction by-product, and three subsidiary colors. The intermediates are 4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid [cresidine-p-sulfonic acid (CSA)] and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (SS). The impurity originating from the intermediate SS is 6,6′-oxybis[2-naphthalenesulfonic acid] disodium salt. The reaction by-product is 4,4′-(diazoamino)bis[5-methoxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid disodium salt. The subsidiary colors are sodium salts of CSA coupled with 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, 2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid, or 2-naphthol. Methods: Samples of R40 were dissolved in an ammonium acetate buffer modified to pH 9.2, filtered, and analyzed by UHPLC. Quantitation of the analytes was performed by calibration in the presence of the color additive matrix. Results: UHPLC validation studies showed linear calibration curves (R2 = 0.9999), good recovery (95–121%) and precision (RSDs = 1.0–6.3%), and LOQs ranging from 0.002 to 0.030%. Survey analyses of 31 samples from 11 manufacturers yielded results by the new UHPLC method and a previously used HPLC method that are consistent within experimental error. Conclusions: The new UHPLC method provides faster analysis time, improved separation, and similar sensitivity compared to the HPLC method. Highlights: An UHPLC method was developed and validated to determine seven manufacturing impurities in R40 submitted to the FDA for batch certification.
Sham on You: Too Good to Be True
Authors: Engler Mitchell L.
Published: August 2019

Of course, many taxpayers manipulate their affairs to minimize their taxes. The new December 2017 limits on state tax deductions evidence, however, the more endemic nature of the sham problem. Some state government officials have joined the loophole quest on behalf of their citizens. For instance, some states have proposed new state tax credits for “voluntary” contributions to state charities. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin aptly challenged this “ridiculous” attempt to “dress up” non-deductible tax payments as deductible charitable contributions. Despite Mnuchin’s convincing rebuke, state officials carry on with their ongoing avoidance efforts.In addition, similar avoidance schemes permeate many other legal areas such as property law, contract law, family law, and copyright law. While some courts strike down the sham attempts, other courts are less vigilant. Occasionally, some courts even endorse the workaround to achieve a desired goal.How should the legal system respond to all these legal gymnastics? First, lawmakers should avoid even sanctioned indirect workarounds. Even though intended as a narrowly circumscribed allowance, these endorsed maneuvers foster disrespect for legal requirements and create an air of legitimacy for other unintended manipulations. Instead, lawmakers should endeavor to achieve their desired ends more directly, without resort to these problematic formalisms.Unsanctioned schemes present a more intricate challenge. After analyzing the reasons behind the current judicial inertia, this Article crafts a new sham defense system sensitive to the root causes. A precise, but limited, sham definition provides the first line of a defense against the most egregious cases. Next, a balanced summary judgment approach further reinforces the new sham definition. Finally, legislative recommendations for vulnerable provisions complete the necessary protection.
A Tax Professor's Guide to Formative Assessment
Authors: Field Heather M.
Published: August 2019

The ABA Standards now require formative assessment to be integrated into law school courses, and there is extensive literature, both in legal education and education more generally, about the goals and methods for formative assessment. This Article makes the key insights of that literature accessible and actionable for professors teaching tax courses. This crash course on formative assessment is intended to enable tax professors to integrate formative assessment into their classrooms effectively and efficiently without having to become legal pedagogy scholars in addition to being tax law scholars. The formative assessment techniques discussed herein range from those that require relatively little time and effort to those that may be particularly impactful but that require additional time and work. This Article also discusses strategies for reducing the burden of even the work-intensive approaches. Ultimately, by using numerous examples from basic federal income tax, corporate tax, and partnership tax courses, I hope to make it easier for tax professors to figure out which approach(es) to formative assessment is(are) likely to work best for their students, make it easier for tax professors to implement their chosen formative assessment techniques in their classrooms, and make it easier for tax professors to achieve their goals for their classes as successfully as possible, all at as little cost as possible.
Expanding State Fiscal Capacity, Part I: Combining an Entity-Level Consumption Tax, Improved Sales Factor Apportionment, and a Tax on a Federal Windfall (the QBI Deduction)
Authors: Shanske Darien
Published: August 2019

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was the most significant piece of federal tax legislation passed in thirty years. Not surprisingly, the TCJA has spurred the states to rethink their tax systems. This rethinking of state taxes was necessary even before the TCJA. To date, the states have primarily considered reforms that respond to the capping of the State and Local Tax (SALT) deduction, and the current proposals, if enacted and successful, would only return the states to where they were in 2017, which is to say to quite mediocre revenue systems.This Article, the first in a series, argues that the TCJA should provide the final motivation to move the states to reform their tax systems in fundamental ways that made sense even before the passage of the TCJA. The reform that is the focus of this Article is the implementation of entity-level consumption taxes. The states should have implemented such taxes long ago for a number of reasons. Prominent among such reasons is that the United States under-taxes the consumption tax base generally and, if well-designed, a low-rate entity-level tax is not likely to spur much additional evasion.The passage of the TCJA makes such a tax more appealing because this tax would be imposed on business entities, and businesses can still deduct state and local taxes. Thus, this proposal represents a response to the new SALT cap.Two other complementary reforms are developed. First, states should tax the windfall given to certain unincorporated businesses by the TCJA. This too can be a form of SALT workaround, as the tax on the windfall can be reduced for those taxpayers hurt by the capping of the SALT deduction.Finally, states should bolster their laws governing the apportioning of the income of multistate corporations. These laws already govern the apportionment of the state corporate income and would also control the apportionment of the tax base for the two new taxes proposed in this Article (namely, a new tax on consumption and on the federal windfall).