bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a female patient due to a heterozygous XIAP mutation and skewed X chromosome inactivation
Authors: Holle Jennifer R. , Marsh Rebecca A. , Holdcroft Anna Maria , Davies Stella M. , Wang Lijun , Zhang Kejian , Jordan Michael B.
Published: March 2015

Genetic forms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are caused by mutations in autosomal recessive genes affecting perforin‐dependent cytotoxic function and two X‐linked genes affecting distinct cell signaling pathways: SH2D1A and XIAP. HLH caused by mutations in X‐linked genes is typically found only in males. Here we report the occurrence of HLH in a female caused by a heterozygous mutation in XIAP. Flow cytometric studies confirmed the absence of XIAP protein expression, while an X chromosome inactivation assay revealed an extreme skewing ratio of 99:1. This finding demonstrates that females are susceptible to X‐linked forms of HLH through skewed X chromosome inactivation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1288–1290. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehensive Two‐dimensional Gas Chromatography Time‐of‐flight Mass Spectrometry to Assess the Presence of α,α‐Trehalose and Other Disaccharides in Apple and Peach
Authors: Marsol‐Vall Alexis , Balcells Mercè , Eras Jordi , Canela‐Garayoa Ramon
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Carbohydrates are important constituents in fruits. Among the carbohydrates, disaccharides have rarely been studied in apple and peach. Indeed, the abiotic stress biomarker and preservation agent α,α‐trehalose is a disaccharide.

Objectives

To establish a comprehensive method based on two‐dimensional gas chromatography combined with time‐of‐flight MS detection (GC × GC–ToF/MS) to analyse the disaccharide composition of apple and peach.

Methods

The sample preparation was based on aqueous‐methanolic extraction of the analytes, followed by oxime formation and trimethylsilylation of the disaccharides. First, three columns were tested with standards on the one‐dimensional system. Next, to perform the sample analysis using GC × GC–MS (which offers significant advantages over conventional GC because it allows higher separation efficiencies), various column configurations were assessed on the two‐dimensional system to obtain enhanced separation and low detection limits. The column sets tested included non‐polar/semi‐polar, semi‐polar/polar and polar/non‐polar.

Results

Using the method that proved to be more efficient, namely the method developed with the semi‐polar/non‐polar configuration, ten disaccharides were identified, based on analytical standards, retention index and mass spectra. These compounds were quantified in several varieties of apple and peach fruit using the developed GC × GC method and linear curve calibration, resulting in substantial differences among the fruits. However, cultivars within the fruits exhibited no significant differences.

Conclusion

The proposed method allowed for the identification and quantification of several disaccharides in apple and peach, including the biomarker α,α‐trehalose. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ablative behavior of high linear chains and its role in the thermal stability of polyethylene: a combined P‐TREF−TGA study
Authors: Kebritchi Abbas , Nekoomansh Mehdi , Mohammadi Fereidoon , Khonakdar Hossein Ali
Published: March 2015

Ethylene copolymers contain short chain branches (SCBs) which have great influence on their properties. An ethylene/1‐hexene copolymer distinguished in terms of the number of butyl SCBs was precisely separated based on differences in crystallizability using the preparative temperature‐rising elution fractionation (P‐TREF) method and was then studied via TGA and DSC. A comparison between the results obtained and the literature suggested a short chain branch distribution (SCBD) functionality for a included in the general linear form Tm (°C) = −a(SCBD) × (SCB) + b. P‐TREF−TGA results showed that the highly linear chains acted as ablative layers which could increase the thermal stability and durability of polyethylene in the absence of any mineral additive. Furthermore, the P‐TREF−TGA data displayed an interesting interrelationship between temperature at maximum rate of degradation (Tmax) and the number of butyl SCBs over all the heating rates (10, 25, 50 and 100 °C min‐1). The role of the number of butyl SCBs in thermal degradation was exhausted by higher heating rates, whereas the ablation capability was enhanced. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the activation energy dropped on increase in butyl branch content within the backbone. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of 4‐fluorophenyl pendants in thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐based polymers on the performance of photovoltaics
Authors: Yamamoto Tomoyuki , Ikai Tomoyuki , Katori Shinji , Kuwabara Takayuki , Maeda Katsuhiro , Koganezawa Tomoyuki , Takahashi Kohshin , Kanoh Shigeyoshi
Published: March 2015

Polymers consisting of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene units (PTB‐based polymers), either fully or partially containing 4‐fluorophenyl pendants, are synthesized as electron donor materials for inverted‐type polymer solar cells (PSCs). The influence of the 4‐fluorophenyl pendant content on the thermal and optical properties, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the hole mobilities, and photovoltaic performances are investigated. As the 4‐fluorophenyl pendant content increased, the HOMO and LUMO of the polymers were deepened proportionally and the open‐circuit voltages of the PSCs improved. Incorporation of 4‐fluorophenyl pendants into the polymers also affected the crystallinity, orientation, and compatibility with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester in the active layers, leading to nonlinearities in the short‐circuit current densities, and fill factors. The incorporation of an appropriate number of 4‐fluorophenyl pendants enhanced the power conversion efficiencies of the PSC devices from 2.25 to 3.96% for identical device configurations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1586–1593
Glancing Angle Deposition of Silver Promoted by Pre‐Deposited Nanoparticles
Authors: Solař Pavel , Kylián Ondřej , Petr Martin , Hanuš Jan , Choukourov Andrei , Slavínská Danka , Biederman Hynek
Published: March 2015

Glancing angle deposition (GLAD) on a smooth substrate has certain limitations, which may be overcome if nanoparticles are deposited first. This study compares the growth of silver columns on a smooth substrate and over pre‐deposited small copper (Ø16 nm) and big C:H plasma polymer nanoparticles (Ø110 nm). Cu nanoparticles help to the growth of the columns but their surface density does not play a major role. C:H nanoparticles ensure the growth of the column from each particle and therefore increased surface density of C:H nanoparticles results in an increased number of columns. In addition, the columns grow even at very small angles of incidence (40°). At high angles of incidence secondary columns start to grow on primary columns and also on the smooth substrate surface in between them.
Simulating the electromagnetic‐thermal treatment of thin aluminium layers for adhesion improvement
Authors: Jildeh Zaid B. , Wagner Torsten , Schöning Michael J. , Pieper Martin
Published: March 2015

A composite layer material used in packaging industry is made from joining layers of different materials using an adhesive. An important processing step in the production of aluminium‐containing composites is the surface treatment and consequent coating of adhesive material on the aluminium surface. To increase adhesion strength between aluminium layer and the adhesive material, the foil is heat treated. For efficient heating, induction heating was considered as state‐of‐the‐art treatment process. Due to the complexity of the heating process and the unpredictable nature of the heating source, the control of the process is not yet optimised. In this work, a finite element analysis of the process was established and various process parameters were studied. The process was simplified and modelled in 3D. The numerical model contains an air domain, an aluminium layer and a copper coil fitted with a magnetic field concentrating material. The effect of changing the speed of the aluminium foil (or rolling speed) was studied with the change of the coil current. Statistical analysis was used for generating a general control equation of coil current with changing rolling speed.

Cross‐sectional diagram of a suggested electromagnetic heating process for thermal treatment of aluminium foil (with boundary approach), which shows magnetic field lines and their direction around a single‐turn induction coil with magnetic flux concentrator.
Magnon contribution to the magnetoresistance of iron nanowires deposited using pulsed electrodeposition
Authors: Sergelius Philip , Montero Moreno Josep M. , Waleczek Martin , Böhnert Tim , Görlitz Detlef , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: March 2015

Iron nanowires with a square cross section are grown by pulsed electrodeposition within a newly developed nanochannel template that allows for easy characterization. Measurements of the magnetoresistance as a function of magnetic field and temperature are performed within a large parameter window allowing for the investigation of the magnonic contribution to the magnetoresistance of electrodeposited iron nanowires. Values for the temperature dependent magnon stiffness D (T) are extracted:

D (T) = D0(1 – d1T2) = 365(1 – 4.4 × 10–6 · T2 · K–2) meV Å2.

magnified image

(© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Membrane Derived from Polyimide as Free‐Standing Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Yingzhi , Dong Jie , Zhang Junxian , Zhao Xin , Yu Pingping , Jin Lei , Zhang Qinghua
Published: March 2015

Nitrogen‐doped carbon materials have attracted great interest in the energy storage due to the better electrochemical performances than the pristine carbon materials. In this work, a heterocyclic polyimide containing benzopyrrole and benzimidazole rings is carbonized to fabricate the free‐standing and flexible carbon membrane (CarbonPI) with a high packing density (0.89 cm−3), in which the location of nitrogen atoms in the doped configurations is easily controlled. XPS analysis indicates that quaternary nitrogen is the predominant nitrogen‐doped configurations. The high content of nitrogen effectively improves the wettability of the electrode materials. The CarbonPI membrane exhibits excellent volumetric capacitance (159.3 F cm−3 at 1 A g−1), high rate capability (127.5 F cm−3 at 7 A g−1), and long cycle life. TEM images reveal the very slight change of the microstructure of graphitic nanosheet of CarbonPI during the long charge/discharge cycles.
Tensor sufficient dimension reduction
Authors: Zhong Wenxuan , Xing Xin , Suslick Kenneth
Published: March 2015

Tensor is a multiway array. With the rapid development of science and technology in the past decades, large amount of tensor observations are routinely collected, processed, and stored in many scientific researches and commercial activities nowadays. The colorimetric sensor array (CSA) data is such an example. Driven by the need to address data analysis challenges that arise in CSA data, we propose a tensor dimension reduction model, a model assuming the nonlinear dependence between a response and a projection of all the tensor predictors. The tensor dimension reduction models are estimated in a sequential iterative fashion. The proposed method is applied to a CSA data collected for 150 pathogenic bacteria coming from 10 bacterial species and 14 bacteria from one control species. Empirical performance demonstrates that our proposed method can greatly improve the sensitivity and specificity of the CSA technique. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:178–184. doi: 10.1002/wics.1350

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Image Data Mining

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Pattern Recognition
Habitat quality from individual‐ and population‐level perspectives and implications for management
Authors: Boves Than J. , Rodewald Amanda D. , Wood Petra B. , Buehler David A. , Larkin Jeffrey L. , Wigley T. Bently , Keyser Patrick D.
Published: March 2015

Many wildlife management prescriptions are either implicitly or explicitly designed to improve habitat quality for a focal species, but habitat quality is often difficult to quantify. Depending upon the approach used to define and identify high‐quality habitat, management decisions may differ widely. Although individual‐level measures of habitat quality based on per capita reproduction (e.g., average nesting success, number of young produced per pair) are most common in the literature, they may not align with population‐level measures that reflect number of young produced within a defined area. Using data on the cerulean warbler (Setophaga cerulea) collected in the Cumberland Mountains (Tennessee, USA; 2008–2010) as an example, we illustrate how lack of concordance between individual‐ and population‐level measures of habitat quality can have real‐world management implications. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
White‐tailed deer fawn recruitment before and after experimental coyote removals in central Georgia
Authors: Gulsby William D. , Killmaster Charlie H. , Bowers John W. , Kelly James D. , Sacks Benjamin N. , Statham Mark J. , Miller Karl V.
Published: March 2015

Recent evidence from across the southeastern United States indicating high predation rates by coyotes (Canis latrans) on white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns has led some managers to implement coyote control. Although some evidence suggests coyote control can improve recruitment, success appears to be site dependent. Therefore, we designed an experiment to assess feasibility of coyote control as a management action to increase recruitment on B.F. Grant and Cedar Creek Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) in central Georgia, USA. We estimated annual coyote abundance during 2010–2012 using a noninvasive mark–recapture design and fawn recruitment using infrared‐triggered camera surveys. During March–June 2011 and March–April 2012, trappers removed coyotes from both sites. Estimates of coyote abundance on B.F. Grant WMA after trapping were 81% (2011) and 24% (2012) lower than during preremoval. Coyote abundance estimates were similar among years on Cedar Creek WMA. Fawn recruitment on B.F. Grant WMA averaged 0.65 fawns/adult female prior to removal and 1.01 fawns/adult female during the 2 years following the removals. Fawn recruitment on Cedar Creek WMA did not differ among years during the study, and was similar to that prior to coyote arrival. The differential coyote impacts and variable effectiveness of trapping we observed on nearby sites suggest coyote control may not achieve management objectives in some areas. Furthermore, transient behavior and the potential for coyotes to adapt to control efforts likely reduce efficacy of this management action. However, we observed an increase in recruitment on B.F. Grant WMA during one year, and others have seen similar responses. Therefore if lowered fawn recruitment is hindering achievement of management objectives, we recommend managers who opt to control coyotes continuously monitor recruitment to determine whether a response occurs. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Three Silver(I) Coordination Polymers Constructed from Flexible Bis(benzimidazole) and Carboxylates Ligands
Authors: Wang Xiao Xiao , Liu Yong Guang , Van Hecke Kristof , Goltsev Andrey , Cui Guang Hua
Published: March 2015

Under hydrothermal conditions, three new AgI coordination polymers, [Ag(L1)(Hmip)]n (1), [Ag(L2)0.5(ndc)0.5]n (2), and {[Ag(L3)0.5(Htbi)]·0.25H2O}n (3) [H2mip = 5‐methylisophthalic acid, L1 = 1,4‐bis(2‐methylbenzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, H2ndc = 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, L2 = 1,3‐bis(2‐methylbenzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, H2tbi = 5‐tert‐butyl isophthalic acid, L3 = 1,4‐bis(5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole)butane] were synthesized by employing flexible bis(benzimidazole) and dicarboxylic acid ligands. Polymer 1 displays a 2D 4‐connected 4L2 underlying net topology with the point symbol of (65.8) in standard representation. Compound 2 possesses a 2D uninodal 4‐connected Shubnikov tetragonal plane net (sql) based on a dinuclear AgI clusters with the point symbol (44.62), which is further extended into a 3D supramolecular framework by π–π interactions. Compound 3 possesses dinuclear molecular complex groups, which form chains by weak Ag–O (2.6 Å) coordination bonds, and further assembled into a 2D supramolecular layer by hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. These complexes exhibit intense fluorescent emissions in solid state. UV/Vis diffuse reflection spectra and the excellent catalytic activity for the degradation of the congo red azo dye in a Fenton‐like process are discussed.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of a Copper Coordination Polymer with Unprecedented Topology
Authors: Xu Heng , Zhu Chang‐Hai , Xue Chen , Gao Ying‐Chun , Huang Rong‐Yi
Published: March 2015

A copper cyanide coordination polymer [Cu8(CN)8(bbtz)2]n (1) [bbtz = 1,4‐bis(1,2,4‐trizal‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene] was synthesized following a synchronous redox and self‐assembly reaction under the solvothermal condition, and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Interestingly, complex 1 exhibits a two‐dimensional conjugated pillared double‐layer architecture and an unprecedented (3,3,4)‐connected network with the point symbol (6.7.10)2(6.72)2(62.73.10) topology. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis indicates complex 1 has highly thermal stability, and the solid‐state emission spectrum for its crystalline material displays a strong green luminescence band (λmax = 565 nm) at room temperature. The electrochemical behavior of complex 1 is determined by the scan rates in the range from –0.5 to +0.3 V at room temperature, and exhibits different redox processes.
Engagement and Disengagement in Mutual‐Help Addiction Recovery Housing: A Test of Affective Events Theory
Authors: Beasley Christopher R. , Jason Leonard A.
Published: March 2015

This study tested an affective events theory (AET) model in the Oxford House network of recovery homes. Residents’ congruence with their home (P–E fit) was hypothesized to directly influence behavior that supported the house and other residents—citizenship behavior. We further hypothesized P–E fit would be related to member intentions to leave, with attitudes toward the home mediating that relationship. To assess this, we administered a cross‐sectional national survey to 296 residents of 83 randomly selected Oxford Houses. Although the AET model demonstrated good fit with the data, an alternative model fit better. This alternative model suggested an additional indirect relationship between P–E fit and citizenship mediated by attitudes. Results suggested affective experiences such as feeling like one fits with a community may influence engagement and disengagement. There appears to be a direct influence of fit on citizenship behavior and an indirect influence of fit through recovery home attitudes on both citizenship and intentions to leave the home. We conclude affective experiences could be important for community engagement and disengagement but AET may need to integrate cognitive dissonance theory.
Two Year Clinical Outcomes of Total Hip Arthroplasty Are Not Dependent on Femoral Head Composition
Authors: Ast Michael P. , Lyman Stephen , Gorab Alexandra H. , Parkes Natalie , Boles John , Lee Yuo-yu , Westrich Geoffrey H.
Published: March 2015

Background

Assessment of clinical outcomes and patient quality of life after total hip arthroplasty continues to grow in importance with the focus on how bearing surfaces affect long-term survival, wear, and cost. Further, as quality measures have become incorporated into reimbursement, there is a need to quantify factors which may influence these outcomes. Currently, there is a paucity of literature regarding the effects of the femoral head composition on clinical outcomes or quality of life.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to determine if any difference in quality of life measures could be detected in patients treated with total hip replacement implanted with cobalt-chrome (CoCr) versus ceramic femoral heads at 2-year follow-up.

Methods

We compared the hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS) and EuroQOL (EQ5D) scores of a matched set of patients that underwent primary total hip arthroplasty with highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) and a single implant system consisting of either a metal or a ceramic femoral head.

Results

Clinical outcomes and quality of life improved for both groups after hip replacement surgery. Patients with a ceramic head showed greater improvement than those with a metal head in HOOS pain and EQ5D VAS scores by a statistically significant margin ( p = 0.0417 and 0.019, respectively), but the differences between the HOOS and EQ5D VAS scores (3.4 and 0.04, respectively) do not demonstrate a clinically significant difference.

Conclusions

We found that the femoral head composition has no effect on clinical outcomes or patient quality of life at 2 years.
Recommendations for the use of tree models to estimate national forest biomass and assess their uncertainty
Authors: Henry Matieu , Cifuentes Jara Miguel , Réjou-Méchain Maxime , Piotto Daniel , Michel Fuentes José María , Wayson Craig , Alice Guier Federico , Castañeda Lombis Héctor , Castellanos López Edwin , Cuenca Lara Ruby , Cueva Rojas Kelvin , Del Águila Pasquel Jhon , Duque Montoya Álvaro , Fernández Vega Javier , Jiménez Galo Abner , López Omar R. , Marklund Lars Gunnar , Milla Fabián , de Jesús Návar Cahidez José , Malavassi Edgar Ortiz , Pérez Johnny , Ramírez Zea Carla , Rangel García Luis , Rubilar Pons Rafael , Sanquetta Carlos , Scott Charles , Westfall James , Zapata-Cuartas Mauricio , Saint-André Laurent
Published: March 2015

Key message

Three options are proposed to improve the accuracy of national forest biomass estimates and decrease the uncertainty related to tree model selection depending on available data and national contexts.

Introduction

Different tree volume and biomass equations result in different estimates. At national scale, differences of estimates can be important while they constitute the basis to guide policies and measures, particularly in the context of climate change mitigation.

Method

Few countries have developed national tree volume and biomass equation databases and have explored its potential to decrease uncertainty of volume and biomasttags estimates. With the launch of the GlobAllomeTree webplatform, most countries in the world could have access to country-specific databases. The aim of this article is to recommend approaches for assessing tree and forest volume and biomass at national level with the lowest uncertainty. The article highlights the crucial need to link allometric equation development with national forest inventory planning efforts.

Results

Models must represent the tree population considered. Data availability; technical, financial, and human capacities; and biophysical context, among other factors, will influence the calculation process.

Conclusion

Three options are proposed to improve accuracy of national forest assessment depending on identified contexts. Further improvements could be obtained through improved forest stratification and additional non-destructive field campaigns.
Brain morphometry of individuals with schizophrenia with and without antipsychotic medication – The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study
Authors: Moilanen J. , Huhtaniska S. , Haapea M. , Jääskeläinen E. , Veijola J. , Isohanni M. , Koponen H. , Miettunen J.
Published: March 2015

Background

In schizophrenia, brain morphometric changes may be associated with antipsychotic medication. Only limited data is available concerning individuals with schizophrenia without antipsychotic medication. We aimed to study the associations of: use versus no use of antipsychotic medication; length of continuous time without antipsychotic medication; cumulative dose of lifetime antipsychotic medication; and type of antipsychotic medication; with brain morphometry in schizophrenia after an average of 10 years of illness.

Methods

Data of 63 individuals with schizophrenia (mean duration of illness 10.4 years) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were gathered by interview and from hospital and outpatient records. Structural MRI data at age 34 years were acquired and grey matter volume maps with voxel-based morphometry were analyzed using FSL tools.

Results

Of the individuals studied, 15 (24%) had taken no antipsychotic medication during the previous year. Individuals with antipsychotic medication had lower total grey matter (TGM) volume compared with non-medicated subjects, although this association was not statistically significant (Cohen's d = –0.51, P = 0.078). Time without antipsychotic medication associated with increased TGM (P = 0.028). Longer time without antipsychotic medication associated with increased regional volume in right precentral gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus. There were no associations between cumulative dose of lifetime antipsychotic medication or type of antipsychotic medication and brain morphometry.

Conclusions

Unlike some previous investigators, we found no association between cumulative dose of lifetime antipsychotic medication and brain morphological changes in this population-based sample. However, longer continuous time without antipsychotic medication preceding the MRI scan associated with increased gray matter volume.
The Value of External Support Services when Children Transition into Foster Care: An Example of a Volunteering Project
Authors: Nycyk Michael , Rigsby-Jones John , Redsell Margaret
Published: March 2015

When children are removed from their homes in an emergency situation they leave behind some or all of those familiar items they consider their own. The loss of this sense of ownership, combined with the shock of moving to an unfamiliar foster environment, can leave them afraid, traumatised and emotionally scarred. A group of volunteers addressed this by forming the Love and Care project in Brisbane, Australia. The aim of this project is to provide kits to children from birth to 17 years of age upon them being placed in foster care. These care kits, containing clothing, school supplies, toys and other items, fill a need for the children to have something they can hold on to and call their own. This paper demonstrates the value of an external support service that can play a substantial part in maximising better outcomes for children transitioning into foster care. It aims to describe the structure and practices of Love and Care and, from the lessons learnt through observation of the project practices that created and sustained it, to make recommendations. It also briefly addresses the importance of including external services in the evaluation and research of foster children's outcomes.
Invariant tori and topological entropy in Tonelli Lagrangian systems on the 2-torus
Authors: SCHRÖDER JAN PHILIPP
Published: March 2015

We study the Euler–Lagrange flow of a Tonelli Lagrangian on the 2-torus$\mathbb{T}^{2}$at a fixed energy level${\mathcal{E}}\subset T\mathbb{T}^{2}$strictly above Mañé’s strict critical value. We prove that, if for some rational direction${\it\zeta}\in S^{1}$there is no invariant graph${\mathcal{T}}\subset {\mathcal{E}}$over$\mathbb{T}^{2}$for the Euler–Lagrange flow with the property that all orbits on${\mathcal{T}}$have an asymptotic direction equal to${\it\zeta}$, then there are chaotic dynamics in${\mathcal{E}}$. This implies that, if the topological entropy of the Euler–Lagrange flow in${\mathcal{E}}$vanishes, then in${\mathcal{E}}$there are invariant graphs for all asymptotic directions${\it\zeta}\in S^{1}$and integrable-like behavior on a large scale.
Glycaemic and insulin responses, glycaemic index and insulinaemic index values of rice between three Asian ethnic groups
Authors: Tan V. M. H. , Wu T. , Henry C. J. , Lee Y. S.
Published: March 2015

Asians exhibit larger glycaemic response (GR) and insulin response (IR) than Caucasians, predisposing to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to determine the GR and IR as well as the glycaemic index (GI) and insulinaemic index (II) of two rice varieties among three ethnic groups in Singapore. A total of seventy-five healthy males (twenty-five Chinese, twenty-five Malay and twenty-five Asian-Indians) were served the available equivalent carbohydrate amounts (50 g) of test foods (Jasmine rice and Basmati rice) and a reference food (glucose) on separate occasions. Postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured at fasting ( − 5 and 0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after food consumption. Using the trapezoidal rule, GR, IR, GI and II values were determined. The GR did not differ between ethnic groups for Jasmine rice and Basmati rice. The IR was consistently higher for Jasmine rice (P= 0·002) and Basmati rice (P= 0·002) among Asian-Indians, probably due to compensatory hyperinsulinaemia to maintain normoglycaemia. The GI and II of both rice varieties did not differ significantly between ethnicities. The overall mean GI for Jasmine rice and Basmati rice were 91 (sd 21) and 59 (sd 15), respectively. The overall mean II for Jasmine rice was 76 (sd 26) and for Basmati rice was 57 (sd 24). We conclude that the GI values presented for Jasmine rice and Basmati rice were applicable to all three ethnic groups in Singapore. Future studies should include deriving the II for greater clinical utility in the prevention and management of T2DM.
Gut instinct: a diagnostic tool?
Authors: Iqbal I Z , Kara N , Hartley C
Published: March 2015

Objectives:

It is generally accepted that with experience clinicians develop the ability to identify patients who present with malignancy prior to a formal diagnosis. This ability cannot be quantified, nor is it a plausible substitute for investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the association between instinct and head and neck cancer diagnosis.

Methods:

A prospective study of patients requiring urgent diagnostic procedures for suspected cancer between August and December 2010 was performed. Risk factors, symptoms, signs and the clinician's impression were recorded. These were graded and subsequently correlated with histology findings.

Results:

Twenty-seven patients, with a mean age of 62.2 years, underwent a diagnostic procedure. Thirty per cent of patients were referred under the two-week pathway and 18.5 per cent had a previous history of head and neck cancer. A diagnosis of cancer was made in 37 per cent of patients. There was a positive correlation between clinical suspicion and cancer diagnosis (Kendall's tau-b = 0.648749).

Conclusion:

This study highlights the importance of clinical suspicion in cancer diagnosis. Although clinical suspicion cannot be quantified, it should be regarded as an integral part of patient assessment.
A comparative histopathological study of vocal fold polyps in smokers versus non-smokers
Authors: Effat K G , Milad M
Published: March 2015

Background:

A large proportion of patients with vocal fold polyps are cigarette smokers. However, prior to this report no comparative study of polyp histopathology in smokers versus non-smokers had been performed.

Methods:

A prospective histopathological study of vocal fold polyps excised from 29 patients was undertaken. This comprised a comparative analysis of polyp histopathology in smokers versus non-smokers and a review of the pertinent literature.

Results:

Vocal fold polyps were larger in smokers than in non-smokers. Histopathological features significantly associated with the polyps of smokers versus those of non-smokers were increased keratinisation, dysplasia, a basement membrane thinning and hyaline degeneration.

Conclusion:

Cigarette smoke has an injurious effect on vocal fold polyp epithelium and leads to increased hyaline degeneration in polyps.
Factors associated with delays in head and neck cancer treatment: case–control study
Authors: Nash R , Hughes J , Sandison A , Stewart S , Clarke P , Mace A
Published: March 2015

Background:

Delays in head and neck cancer treatment lead to increased mortality, more extensive treatment and patient anxiety. We aim to treat all patients with cancer within 62 days of receipt of a referral. An analysis was conducted of those patients whose treatment had been delayed in order to identify factors associated with treatment delay.

Methods:

In this retrospective case–control study, 50 patients whose treatment was delayed were identified and compared with 50 patients whose treatment was not delayed. Individual factors assessed included patient age, co-morbidity, tumour location and stage, the treatment agreed, the hospitals to which the patients were referred, and the clinicians they saw.

Results:

There was a significant association between referral to a non-head and neck cancer centre, or review by a non-head and neck multidisciplinary team member, and treatment delay.

Conclusion:

In the context of centralisation of head and neck cancer services, it is important to consider delays that may be associated with a ‘hub and spoke’ model of service provision.
South Georgia pipit nesting at Schlieper Bay, South Georgia
Authors: Neil Alison
Published: March 2015

An 18-strong international team is hard at work in South Georgia, undertaking the final phase of the world's largest rodent eradication project, run by the South Georgia Heritage Trust. Known collectively as ‘Team Rat’, its departure for South Georgia in January coincided with the discovery of a nest of five South Georgia pipit chicks (Fig. 1) in an area overrun with rats before being baited by the trust in 2013. The pipit is the world's most southerly songbird.
Associations between Benzodiazepine Use and Neuropsychological Test Scores in Older Adults
Authors: Helmes Edward , Østbye Truls
Published: March 2015

Les benzodiazépines sont largement prescrits pour l'anxiété, bien que l'utilisation de cette classe de médicaments fût associée à la dépendance et les changements cognitifs. Cet article décrit une étude dans laquelle j'ai examiné la relation entre une* classe des benzodiazépines disponibles pour l'utilisation et le rendement lié aux tests neuro-psychologiques dans un échantillon de communauté de 1 754 Canadiens âgés de l'Etude canadienne sur la santé et le vieillissement. Les benzodiazépines ont été classés comme ayant une action de courte durée, intermédiare ou longue. À l'aide d'une analyse de régression multiple, et tenant compte de variables démographiques, les associations ont été calculées entre chaque catégorie de benzodiazépine et huit mesures neuro-psychologiques. Les résultats ont révélé des effets différents au sein des classes des trois médicaments; les benzodiazépines avec une courte demi-vie n'etaient associées à aucune mesure neuro-psychologique. Chacune des benzodiazépines à demi-vie intermédiare et à longue demi-vie ont été associée à deux mesures. Afin d'améliorer notre compréhension de la façon dont l'utilisation des benzodiazépines influence la cognition, une concentration accrue sur des domaines spécifiques de la fonction cognitive est requise.
Sexual health and sexual activity in later life
Authors: Nash Paul , Willis Paul , Tales Andrea , Cryer Thomas
Published: March 2015

The population is ageing and the rights, welfare and wellbeing of this age cohort are becoming more globally prominent and the focus of much policy development. Whilst research is leading the way and informing this in many spheres of an older person's life, this is not the case for sexual health. Campaigns of sexual health literacy and intervention are targeted at ‘at-risk’ cohorts, largely ignoring those over 60 years of age. With increases in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in this age group and the potentially serious nature of untreated conditions, this review highlights the need for increased research, health literacy and targeted interventions. Social, societal and physical barriers preventing older adults engaging with safer sex have been identified, highlighting the extent of the attitudinal and policy shifts required to provide age parity.
Dormancy in cereals (not too much, not so little): about the mechanisms behind this trait
Authors: Rodríguez María V. , Barrero José M. , Corbineau Francoise , Gubler Frank , Benech-Arnold Roberto L.
Published: March 2015

As in other cultivated species, dormancy can be seen as a problem in cereal production, either due to its short duration or to its long persistence. Indeed, cereal crops lacking enough dormancy at harvest can be exposed to pre-harvest sprouting damage, while a long-lasting dormancy can interfere with processes that rely on rapid germination, such as malting or the emergence of a uniform crop. Because the ancestors of cereal species evolved under very diverse environments worldwide, different mechanisms have arisen as a way of sensing an appropriate germination environment (a crucial factor for winter or summer annuals such as cereals). In addition, different species (and even different varieties within the same species) display diverse grain morphology, allowing some structures to impose dormancy in some cereals but not in others. As in seeds from many other species, the antagonism between the plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins is instrumental in cereal grains for the inception, expression, release and re-induction of dormancy. However, the way in which this antagonism operates is different for the various species and involves different molecular steps as regulatory sites. Environmental signals (i.e. temperature, light quality and quantity, oxygen levels) can modulate this hormonal control of dormancy differently, depending on the species. The practical implications of knowledge accumulated in this field are discussed.
‘Queering Genealogy Through Wills’
Authors: Monk Daniel
Published: March 2015

Wills are an overlooked source. Alongside birth, death and marriage certificates they are official legal texts that provide a record of families, kinship and personal life. They have a particular significance for research about gender and sexuality. This paper, by Daniel Monk, highlights some of the insights that they can provide and discusses the methods (and associated pitfalls) for accessing and reading them.
The Scene of The Crime: Police Photographs, Visual Culture and Sexuality
Authors: Janes Dominic
Published: March 2015

Visual materials are often neglected by legal researchers. However, as Dominic Janes explains, attitudes to appearances played an important role in the way in which many criminal investigations were undertaken, notably in the years prior to the Sexual Offences Act (1967). Analysis of aspects of visual culture played a role in the detection of many forms of illegal behaviour and the resulting materials provide a valuable resource for the contemporary researcher. These issues are explored through a case study that involves reading between a painting by the British expressionist Francis Bacon (1909–92) and a photograph in the National Archives taken during a police raid on a London flat in 1927.
The Admission of Women into the Legal Profession: a Guide to Archival Sources at IALS
Authors: Dawson Elizabeth
Published: March 2015

The article, by Elizabeth Dawson, provides a brief guide to some potential archival sources at IALS for gender based research, focussing particularly on the admission of women to the legal profession after the First World War and beyond. Sources will include the records of legal education, academic and membership organisations and material relating to professional practice. The article also provides guidance to researchers on using the IALS Archive.
Law, Gender and Sexuality at the British Library
Authors: Sims Jonathan
Published: March 2015

This article, by Jonathan Sims, is based on a presentation given at the national training day on Law, Gender and Sexuality: Sources and Methods in Socio-Legal Research in May 2014, jointly sponsored by the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, the Socio-Legal Studies Association and the British Library. The article identifies library collections and resources which, beyond the scope of typical law collections, might be useful for broadly socio-legal academic research on intersections between law, gender and sexuality.
Law, Gender and Sexuality: an Introduction to the LSE Library Collections
Authors: Dawson Heather
Published: March 2015

This article, by Heather Dawson, outlines primary and secondary source materials relevant to the academic study of law, gender and sexuality which are available in the LSE library. It includes coverage of the content of the Hall-Carpenter Archive as well as books, journals and archival materials accessible via the Women's Library@LSE. Practical guidance is provided to researchers in using the Library and searching its catalogues effectively.
Access and use of psychotropic medicines in low-resource settings
Authors: Barbui C.
Published: March 2015

Improving access and rational use of essential medicines at all levels of care is a global challenge. Key issues related to the provision and rational use of psychotropic medicines have recently been analysed by Padmanathan et al. who conducted a survey of the psychotropic medicines management cycle in Bihar, the third most populous state of India with approximately 104 million people, of whom 88.7% live in rural areas. It was found that availability, distance and cost were the main barriers to access and utilisation. Travelling was reported to be particularly problematic because it is expensive and may also be unfeasible for service users who are acutely ill. In this commentary, the results of this survey are discussed in view of their global policy implications for low-resource settings.
Autophagy is a regulator of TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis in primary human atrial myofibroblasts
Authors: Ghavami S , Cunnington R H , Gupta S , Yeganeh B , Filomeno K L , Freed D H , Chen S , Klonisch T , Halayko A J , Ambrose E , Singal R , Dixon I M C
Published: March 2015

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important regulator of fibrogenesis in heart disease. In many other cellular systems, TGF-β1 may also induce autophagy, but a link between its fibrogenic and autophagic effects is unknown. Thus we tested whether or not TGF-β1-induced autophagy has a regulatory function on fibrosis in human atrial myofibroblasts (hATMyofbs). Primary hATMyofbs were treated with TGF-β1 to assess for fibrogenic and autophagic responses. Using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopic analyses, we found that TGF-β1 promoted collagen type Iα2 and fibronectin synthesis in hATMyofbs and that this was paralleled by an increase in autophagic activation in these cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin-A1 and 3-methyladenine decreased the fibrotic response in hATMyofb cells. ATG7 knockdown in hATMyofbs and ATG5 knockout (mouse embryonic fibroblast) fibroblasts decreased the fibrotic effect of TGF-β1 in experimental versus control cells. Furthermore, using a coronary artery ligation model of myocardial infarction in rats, we observed increases in the levels of protein markers of fibrosis, autophagy and Smad2 phosphorylation in whole scar tissue lysates. Immunohistochemistry for LC3β indicated the localization of punctate LC3β with vimentin (a mesenchymal-derived cell marker), ED-A fibronectin and phosphorylated Smad2. These results support the hypothesis that TGF-β1-induced autophagy is required for the fibrogenic response in hATMyofbs.
IGFBP-rP1 suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhu S , Zhang J , Xu F , Xu E , Ruan W , Ma Y , Huang Q , Lai M
Published: March 2015

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) was initially recognized during organogenesis and has recently been reported to be involved in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis. Cooperation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and other signaling pathways, such as Ras and Wnt, is essential to inducing EMT, but the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully determined. Here, we reported that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1), a potential tumor suppressor, controls EMT in colorectal cancer progression. We revealed the inhibitory role of IGFBP-rP1 through analyses of clinical colorectal cancer samples and various EMT and metastasis models in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that IGFBP-rP1 suppresses EMT and tumor metastasis by repressing TGF-β-mediated EMT through the Smad signaling cascade. These data establish that IGFBP-rP1 functions as a suppressor of EMT and metastasis in colorectal cancer.
Regulation of anti-apoptotic signaling by Kruppel-like factors 4 and 5 mediates lapatinib resistance in breast cancer
Authors: Farrugia M K , Sharma S B , Lin C-C , McLaughlin S L , Vanderbilt D B , Ammer A G , Salkeni M A , Stoilov P , Agazie Y M , Creighton C J , Ruppert J M
Published: March 2015

The Kruppel-like transcription factors (KLFs) 4 and 5 (KLF4/5) are coexpressed in mouse embryonic stem cells, where they function redundantly to maintain pluripotency. In mammary carcinoma, KLF4/5 can each impact the malignant phenotype, but potential linkages to drug resistance remain unclear. In primary human breast cancers, we observed a positive correlation between KLF4/5 transcript abundance, particularly in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched subtype. Furthermore, KLF4/5 protein was rapidly upregulated in human breast cancer cells following treatment with the HER2/epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, lapatinib. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between these factors in the primary tumors of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). In particular, the levels of both factors were enriched in the basal-like tumors of the C3(1) TAg (SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice under control of the C3(1)/prostatein promoter) GEMM. Using tumor cells derived from this model as well as human breast cancer cells, suppression of KLF4 and/or KLF5 sensitized HER2-overexpressing cells to lapatinib. Indicating cooperativity, greater effects were observed when both genes were depleted. KLF4/5-deficient cells had reduced basal mRNA and protein levels of the anti-apoptotic factors myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL). Moreover, MCL1 was upregulated by lapatinib in a KLF4/5-dependent manner, and enforced expression of MCL1 in KLF4/5-deficient cells restored drug resistance. In addition, combined suppression of KLF4/5 in cultured tumor cells additively inhibited anchorage-independent growth, resistance to anoikis and tumor formation in immunocompromised mice. Consistent with their cooperative role in drug resistance and other malignant properties, KLF4/5 levels selectively stratified human HER2-enriched breast cancer by distant metastasis-free survival. These results identify KLF4 and KLF5 as cooperating protumorigenic factors and critical participants in resistance to lapatinib, furthering the rationale for combining anti-MCL1/BCL-XL inhibitors with conventional HER2-targeted therapies.