bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R
Published: November 2023

Sociological and economic analyses of modern societies grant special significance to the corporate actors we call organizations. Modern economies, polities, and social structures are composed largely of organizations, such as business firms, government agencies, labor unions, political parties, and the networks of relations that connect them. Alterations in the structures of organizations and of their networks have far reaching consequences for the larger systems. Thus knowledge about the causes and consequences of organizational change is central to understanding the dynamics of modern economies, states, and societies.
Models and Modeling Strategy
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents and motivates the mathematical models we use to represent the theory when testing its implications empirically. Thus this chapter serves as a bridge between the qualitative theoretical arguments of the previous chapter and the quantitative empirical analyses in the chapters that follow. In order to place the models in context, we begin by sketching a pair of classical deterministic models of population growth. We then present the models in considerable detail. The final section discusses potential challenges to our interpretation of estimates of parameters of the models.
The Politics Of Smoking Regulation: Canada, France, The United States
Authors: Kagan Robert A , Vogel David
Published: November 2023

The answer depends on one’s vision of politics. If you expect democratic governments to take all effective measures to prevent disease and suffering, the continued availability of cigarettes would appear to represent a shocking and perverse example of interest-group politics, in which the economic and political power of the tobacco industry has subverted governmental pursuit of “the public interest.” If, on the other hand, you expect interest-group pressures to drive political action or you are skeptical about the capacity of government to change everyday habits, then it does seem remarkable that governments have made such extensive efforts to restrict the marketing and use of tobacco products.
The Fall of Big
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Since its creation in the 1920s as an amalgamation of such long forgotten auto companies as Oakland, Rainier, Ewing, and Carter Car with those still recognizable seventy-five years later-Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Cadillac, and Chevrolet-General Motors had made big cars. The problem with small cars was their lack of profit. The company’s recent history included a few footnotes dedicated to small cars, called “import fighters” and “contemporary cars,” and most recently “subcompacts,” yet until Saturn, GM never seemed to want to build a truly good small car. Making a quality small car was just as challenging as making big cars--even more so since the company had never been good at anything small, particularly small volume-but required commitment. Without that commitment, especially given the continuous improvement in quality of the competition in the 1980s, any attempt at a small car, no matter what it was called, was doomed from the outset.
A Nationwide Hit
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

In April 1992, in its annual auto issue, the buyer’s bible for millions, Consumer Reports, awarded Saturn its highest rating for mechanical reliability and claimed it was “a breakthrough for a car designed and built in the United States.” J. D. Powers, the rating people, soon ranked Saturn third in its “customer satisfaction” category, after Lexus and Infiniti, luxury cars made in Japan. Attending the huge auto show in New York, Ruth Ann Leach, a columnist for the Nashville Banner, praised Saturn’s low-key, real-people approach compared to the competition’s use of what she called “tart marketing.” Leach wrote, “Cleavage must sell cars; otherwise, why would so many car companies use cinched-in, pushed-up, bleached blonde babes to extol the virtues of automotive products?” She said she thought Saturn’s marketing appealed strongly to women.
Dynamic Categorial Grammar
Authors: Oehrle Richard T
Published: November 2023

From the point of view adopted here, categorial grammar is a general framework for linguistic analysis which is based on the idea that the properties of a complex linguistic expression can be represented as the application of a function to appropriate arguments - namely, the properties of the expression’s component parts. Abstractly, then, categorial grammar has affinities with theories of functionality such as the A-calculus, with universal algebra, and with logic. The linguistic interest of this point of view derives from the fact that it provides an elegant framework in which to investigate what might be called the problem of generalized compositionality: the relation between the properties of a complex expression in a number of dimensions - such as syntax, interpretation, phonology - to the corresponding properties of the expression’s component parts and its mode of composition.
Made For An Undefined Future*
Authors: Goldstein Joseph
Published: November 2023

“[W]e must never forget, that it is a constitution we are expounding.” So wrote Chief Justice John Marshall in 1819 for a unanimous Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland What should be the impact of McCulloch’s “never forget” admonition on the opinion-writing task of the justices engaged in expounding the Constitution? What is it about that instrument that they should never forget, and why? What demands do the answers to this intertwined what-and-why question make on them? By what criteria, by what canons of style, should their The four chapters in this part examine some important constitutional law cases. The purpose is to provide a basis for assessing the adequacy of judicial opinions as communications about the Constitution. The emphasis is not on result but mother on communicative style. The focus is on the extent to which an opinion-whether unanimous, majority, concurring, or dissenting-is a coherent communication about the Constitution.
Had Understanding Been The Goal
Authors: Goldstein Joseph
Published: November 2023

Another illustration of ambiguity infecting the work of the Court is to be found in its unanimous and apparently uncompromising opinion in Cooper v. Aaron.Here ambiguity was not employed, as in National League of Cities, to win the vote of a colleague. Rather it was used, as can be learned only by going outside the opinion, to win acceptance or at least to avoid further resistance from We the white People of Little Rock, Arkansas, who, encouraged and aided by state officials, had forcibly prevented the Little Rock School Board from carrying out its court-approved plan for a step-by-step elimination of racial segregation in its schools. After hearing the case in a special session in August 1958, the Supreme Court affirmed a court of appeals judgment to enforce what the Supreme Court described as the “plan for desegregation in compliance with the decision of this Court in Brown v. Board of Education,” which had declared racially segregated schools unconstitutional. By a 2 to 1 vote, the court of appeals had reversed a district court’s decision to suspend what both courts had described as the “plan of integration” for the public schools of Little Rock.
Decisions unexplained
Authors: Goldstein Joseph
Published: November 2023

The Court’s failure to communicate the constitutional requisites for relief from school segregation in Cooper Aaron may be but a reflection of the confusion that characterized its handling of the remedy question in the Brown v. Board of Education cases. In Brown I, the Court unequivocally established the principle that the use of race as the basis for the assignment of students in the public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It determined that the constitutional guarantee of equal protection of the laws could no longer be satisfied-as it could have been until then under Plessy v. Fergu-son-by separate and equal schools.2 “Separate educational facilities,” the Court said, “are inherently unequal.”3 It held that the plaintiffs-Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kansas; Harry Briggs, Jr., of Clarendon, South Carolina; Dorothy C. Davis of Prince Edward County, Virginia; Ethel Louise Belton of New Castle County, Delaware-and others similarly segregated “for whom the actions have been brought” were being “deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
Life Stories
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

This is a sociolinguistic study of how people create and exchange coherent oral life stories. Linde claims such stories serve a number of psychological and social purposes, including the development and expression of a sense of self and the solidification and definition of relationships and group memberships. Linde analyses a series of oral interviews with middle-class Americans who were asked to explain their choice of profession. She focuses on the means by which the speakers give coherence to their stories. The most basic level of coherence, she finds, comes from the structure of the narrative. The next level is that of causality and continuity. Linde identifies the ways in which speakers attempt to demonstrate an adequate chain of causation for their choice of profession and to explain apparent discontinuities. At the highest level, the stories are shaped by “coherence systems”—explanatory systems of assumptions about the world. Coherence systems used by Linde’s subjects include versions of Freudian and behavioural psychology, astrology, feminism and Catholic confessional practice. The most pervasive coherence systems, however, proves to be “common sense”: the set of beliefs which are assumed to be shared by any competent member of the culture. Common sense assumptions held by those interviewed include the belief that “You can be whatever you want to be,” subject only to personal—as opposed to economic or class—limitations, and that personal desire, rather than obligations, family ties or tradition, should determine professional choice. Linde points out the peculiarly American nature of these assumptions and examines their history within ourpopular culture. systems, including `common sense’ and its peculiarly American nature.
The Creation of Coherence in Life Stories: An Overview
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

In order to exist in the social world with a comfortable sense of being a good, socially proper, and stable person, an individual needs to have a coherent, acceptable, and constantly revised life story. This book describes the ways in which such life stories are created, negotiated, and exchanged. Life stories are of interest both for their own sake and because they can serve as a model for a unified linguistic analysis-one that moves from the level of the individual construction of sentences, through the form of narratives and the social negotiation of narratives, up to the social level of belief systems and their history, and finally to their effect on the construction of narratives. This work attempts a unified description of a particularly important discourse unit whose use constitutes a widespread social practice that has major consequences for the individual and for the group.
Developmental Milestones for Community Psychiatry
Authors: Breakey William R
Published: November 2023

Home-based or community-based care for the mentally ill has been practiced on a small scale in Europe and America for centuries. As early as the thirteenth century, in Gheel, Belgium, mentally ill people were brought for healing to the shrine of St. Dymphna. Dymphna was an Irish princess who was martyred there, having fled from the incestuous advances of her father. A tradition developed, which has persisted until today, of caring for mentally ill people in the homes of people in the surrounding community. In seventeenth-century New England, also, patients were boarded in people’s homes in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In the modem era, state-sponsored arrangements for care of mental patients in families were instituted in Massachusetts in 1885 and in New York in 1935 (Caton, 1984). Nevertheless, these efforts were small in scale. For more than a century, the mentally ill were treated almost exclusively in institutions, and the main emphasis did not shift to community-based care until the latter half of the twentieth century.
The Political and Social Context of Modern Community Psychiatry
Authors: Sharfstein Steven S
Published: November 2023

Of the many influences that shape psychiatric care in the community in the 1990s, political and related social forces are among the most powerful (Sedgwick, 1982). Politics emerges from the attitudes and values of society, and powerful people, both elected and unelected, influence the social environment in which the treatment encounter takes place. The saga of the treatment of the mentally ill in America over the past 150 years is a complex tale of successive cycles of reform with the pendulum swinging between social neglect and social concern, political inertia and political activism (Morrissey, Goldman, and Klerman, 1980). Underlying each era of reform is a particular political and social context; and with each successive wave, the old system of care becomes layered with the new.
Quantitative Methods in the•Evaluation of Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Bebbington Paul
Published: November 2023

A new challenge for clinicians and researchers at the end of the twentieth century is to measure accurately the effects of patient interventions and mental health care in order to decide the best and most cost-effective means of delivery. This chapter first summarizes the characteristics of adequate measures in the field of community mental health and then gives an overview of the most commonly used scales. The intention is to act as a guide to clinicians who wish to evaluate the outcomes of their work, and to provide researchers with an initial entry into the vast array of measures that are available. The emphasis is on scales used for evaluating adult psychiatric services in the community; other important specialist areas, such as assessment of cognitive impairment and abnormal movements, are covered elsewhere in more detailed texts (Wetzler, 1989; Thompson, 1989; Parry and Watts, 1989; Freeman and Tyrer, 1989; Israel et al., 1990). Two examples are provided of how evaluation instruments were used in studies of the effects of community-based psychiatric services.
The Mental Health System and the Law
Authors: Janofsky Jeffrey S , Law the
Published: November 2023

Perhaps more than any other field within psychiatry, community psychiatry relates closely to the law and the courts in a number of ways. Public programs receive their mandate from legislated governmental policies, which are in turn strongly influenced by the actions of the courts. The care of psychiatric patients has traditionally been accepted as a public responsibility. Public laws are invoked to provide for psychiatric care, to regulate the manner in which it is provided, and to protect the interests and rights of those who receive care. The disturbed behavior of psychiatric patients may cause them to commit antisocial or criminal acts. Every modem country addresses these issues within its system of laws. This chapter deals with United States law in relation to the mentally ill, but it will be found that, while details may vary, at least within the English-speaking nations the underlying principles are similar everywhere.
Money Markets In Prewar Japan
Authors: Teranishi Juro
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the operations and development of money markets during the prewar period in Japan, 1915 to 1930. The financial system of this period was plagued with serious problems related to information asymmetry and a lack of long-term capital. Consequently, the system was highly unstable, with chronic bank runs. It was difficult for money markets to fulfill their role as a device for adjusting liquidity, as a proper conduit of monetary policy, or as a source of information about the cost of short-term funds.
Gaining Bargaining Power
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2023

WHAT CAN game theory teach us about negotiating? Negotiation has an irreducible component that is pure art. The tricks of the trade are essential. But to some extent what goes on in negotiations can be analyzed scientifically: this is the purpose of game theory. Does it matter how you go about negotiating? Should you arrive at the negotiating table punctually or deliberately late? Should you call your opponent by given name or surname? Do national characteristics matter: should you negotiate differently with a Japanese than with an American? Does it matter what you wear? In what follows, we ignore the etiquette and the psychological aspects of negotiation; instead we focus on the fundamentals. The personality of the negotiators can affect the outcome, but in idiosyncratic ways that cannot be encapsulated by theory. In fact, testimony from experienced negotiators often discounts personality and emphasizes substance. A U.S. State Department report on for eignaffairs negotiators’ experiences, for instance, emphasizes substantive matters, such as the need for adequate expertise and information gathering, and downplays the role of the personality or culture of the negotiator. What is being negotiated is more important than who is doing the negotiating.
Negotiating International Trade Agreements
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2023

WHILE THE players in the games so far considered have been people or firms, games are also played among nations. This chapter will discuss international trade negotiations. Business negotiations are usually conducted behind closed doors; it is difficult for outside analysts to get detailed information about how they proceeded. When governments negotiate, by contrast, the news media pay close attention. Trade negotiations among nations therefore provide a useful case study illustrating the bargaining theory of Chapters 5 and 6. Nations regularly negotiate agreements on the rules governing their trade with each other. Since the Second World War, the main forum for such negotiations among non-Communist nations has been the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT has had remarkable success in reducing tariffs on trade among developed nations. When GATT began in 1947, tariffs were typically around 50% or more-a significant barrier to world trade. After successive negotiations over three decades, these tariffs were virtually eliminated, permitting a vast increase in the volume of international trade, and a resulting increase in the wealth of the Western nations.
Bidding in Competition
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2023

All The Games we have so far considered involve only two players. Negotiation games sometimes involve three or more participants. Most of what we learn from two-person games about the possibilities for gains from trade carries over to the case of three or more players. But additional considerations of competition and cooperation arise when there are more than two players: one of the players can try to play the others off against each other; and groups of players can work jointly in coalitions.
New Product Development Effectiveness: A Triadic Comparison in the Information-Technology Industry
Authors: Doz Yves
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes findings from research on new product development in a sample of European information-technology (IT) firms, in comparison with firms in the same industry in Japan and the United States. The purpose of this research was to contribute to an understanding of how effectively European providers of information-technology products and systems exploit their technological resources, leveraging existing know-how and succeeding in new research and development (R&D) efforts. The research was prompted by the perception of a relatively poor performance of European companies in the information-echnology industry, and in particular in the newer, faster-moving product areas, such as active components, personal computers, and workstations, in comparison with their American and Japanese competitors. Although the poor performance of European firms could partly be ascribed to market conditions-such as the fragmentation of markets and the role of public policies-internal policies, practices, and organizational processes of firms may also play a role. A number of studies of product development policies, organization, and processes have been performed on Japanese and American IT firms, but there was a relative paucity of comparable empirical research on European firms.
The Brothel Boy and Other Parables of the Law
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

Norval Morris is widely known as one of the foremost experts in the field of criminal law. This work represents the culmination of his thinking about the major criminal law debates of our time - capital punishment, adoption conflicts, the insanity defence, battered wife syndrome and child abuse among others. Morris illustrates these complex and controversial issues through a number of vivid stories set in the colonial Burma of the 1920s. Morris borrows Orwell’s persona, Eric Blair, a young district officer placed in the position of being both policemen and judge, to probe questions that animate contemporary legal debate. Morris’s use of fiction as a vehicle for legal argument contributes to an exciting trend in legal studies which includes the work of Derrick Bell (AND WE ARE NOT SAVED) and Patricia Williams. Most of the stories have been published in legal journals and have been enthusiastically received by legal scholars. A film featuring Raoul Julia in the role of Eric Blair is being produced by Blaze productions, to be distributed by Warner Brothers. A television series of the eight stories is under consideration.
The Best Interests of the Child
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

It had happened swiftly, safely, and to the noisy delight of the Chinakans. The distance between the beach and their fishing village was about a hundred yards; we were inundated midway on our journey, providing a perfect view for all. When we pushed off there seemed ample clearance between the calm waters and the gunwales, though the barque was heavily laden with the tins of bully beef, of dried biscuits, of jam and condensed milk, and a wide variety of other groceries to which the Burmese villagers were reputed to be partial. I doubt that Mr. Plimsoll would have been suspicious, unless perhaps he was wise in the ways of Burmese fishing villagers.
The Planter’s Dream
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

“The nightmare suddenly became real,” Taylor later told me. “The noise of the gun was no dream, though the dream had seemed very real. I found myself standing there, shotgun in hand, close to the bed, her head and chest blasted, lumps scattered everywhere.” Dr. Veraswami had arrived before me, called by Taylor’s boy, Aka Thon, who then came shouting on to my bungalow. Veraswami had bicycled up the hill at top speed through a predawn rainstorm. When I got there, dawn was breaking. Taylor sat slumped forward in a chair on the verandah, Aka Thon squatting anxiously nearby, the details of the scene appearing like a developing daguerreotype as the light increased. They made no move as I hurried inside.
Secrecy, Sin, and Sexual Enticement The Integration of Public and Private Life Worlds
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: November 2023

If It 1s True that erotic activity was thriving in Victorian American life, it is equally true that Victorians committed huge amounts of energy to hide that fact. One of the more interesting conundrums of nineteenth century culture originates in the spectacle of secrecy and the veil of denial that surrounded sexuality among middle-class Americans. Does such reticence make sense, except as a reflection of hypocrisy and repression? Perhaps. But this does not fully explain the frank, teasing, sometimes celebratory descriptions of erotic experience in an array of private expressions. The well-documented Victorian penchant for secrecy, censorship, and restrictive public pronouncements must be explained in conjunction with the sexual appreciation found in private life.
Mutagenesis and Transgenesis
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

Genetic variation—the existence of at least two forms—is the essential ingredient present in all breeding experiments. Phenotypic variation, in particular, can be used as a means for uncovering the normal function of a wild type allele. As discussed in the first chapter of this book, it was the availability of many variant phenotypes within the fancy mouse trade that made the house mouse such an ideal organism for studies by early geneticists. In a sense though, the house mouse won by default because, in the absence of domestication and artificial selection, variation in traits visible to the eye is extremely rare and thus, other small mammals were genetically intractable. Although the fancy mouse variants provided material for a host of early genetic studies, the number of different variants was still limited, and the rate at which new ones arose spontaneously in experimental colonies was exceedingly low: it is now known that, on average, only one gamete in 100,000 is likely to carry a detectable mutation at any single locus.
Genetic Markers
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

Linkage analysis can only be performed on loci that are polymorphic with two or more distinguishable alleles. Naturally occurring polymorphic loci with clear single-gene effects are rarely observed in wild animal populations. In the laboratory, however, it is possible to identify and breed animals with mutations at many different loci (see Chapter 6). Over the last 90 years, thousands of independent mouse mutations have been characterized in various laboratories. In fact, as discussed previously, a primary reason for the initial choice of the mouse as an experimental genetic system was the collection of rare genetic variants present in the hands of the fancy mouse breeders (see Chapter 1). However, even this variation is restricted in its scope and usefulness for geneticists. This is because of the severe limitation in the number of phenotypic markers that can be incorporated into any one cross. Although over 50 independent loci have been characterized with effects on coat color (Silvers, 1979), it is impossible to follow more than a handful at any one time since mutant alleles at any one locus will act to obscure the expression of mutant alleles at other loci. With mutant alleles that affect viability in some way, the problem of sorting out overlapping phenotypes becomes even more severe.
Social Adversity and Sentencing Policy
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Rejection of social adversity as a complete defense does not require that it be rejected as a mitigating consideration in a just sentencing system. To say to an offender that it was he who decided to burglarize a home and that he is responsible for his act and will be convicted does not mean that we cannot sympathize with the pressures he was under and try, for his sake and ours, to help him resist temptation next time and to fashion a sentence as constructive and as little destructive as possible. We must do so if we are to lessen the disproportionate numbers of blacks in our jails and prisons, and the damage that those disproportions do to the lives of black Americans.
On the Concept of ‘‘Organizational Community’’
Authors: Porac Joseph
Published: November 2023

Since I am not an expert on interorganizational research, it is difficult for me to evaluate the specific merits and sins of each chapter in the session on community evolution. Instead, I would like to use my position as a na’ive outsider to make a few general comments about how organizational communities are conceptualized and studied. Even to a nonexpert, it is clear that the five chapters in the session cover a very wide range of community-level phenomena with a diverse array of analytical tools. This diversity suggests that interesting tensions exist below the theoretical surface, tugging and pushing researchers to move along different conceptual trajectories in their efforts to understand how organizational communities develop over time. In this brief commentary, I want to explore one of these underlying tensions and show how it can be used to make sense of the choices made in these chapters.
Strategic Control and M-form Implementation
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

On January 22, 1988, the Eastman Kodak Company agreed to acquire Sterling Drug, Inc., for $5.1 billion. This was the largest nonoil acquisition to that point in U.S. history. While the performance of Sterling had been, at best, stagnant in recent years, Kodak executives felt they could install “Kodak management” and tum around the drug company’s performance. Therefore, they attempted to exercise strategic control. Exercise of strategic control represents evaluation of strategic decisions and action, rather than of outcomes (e.g., financial returns). However, the effective exercise of strategic control generally requires extensive knowledge of the firm’s operations and of its market. In particular, Kodak management focused on Sterling Drug’s R&D operation. However, Sterling’s problems became more severe after Kodak installed its management team. The company’s new drugs were not testing well; at the same time, its existing product line was facing fierce competition. Kodak managers quietly cut projects that were predicted to generate new products for Sterling Drug. As a result, debt on the acquisition exceeded the firm’s operating earnings by $50 million in 1989.1 Although Kodak executives have a good understanding of the chemicals involved in photography, Sterling Drug represents an unrelated market diversification for Kodak. It was inappropriate for Kodak executives to exercise strategic control because they did not have effective understanding of the drug industry, nor did they know how to manage the internal operations of a drug business. On the other hand, Sterling Drug’s performance prior to the acquisition revealed that its managers had not been effective either.
Restructuring Managerial Incentives
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s, average compensation for chief executive officers in U.S. firms increased by 212 percent. At the same time, factory workers received pay increases averaging 53 percent; engineers, 73 percent; and teachers, 95 percent. For the same time period, the average earnings per share of the Standard & Poors top 500 companies increased by only 78 percent. Therefore, some argue that unless top executives were significantly underpaid prior to the 1980s, the increase in pay during that decade does not seem warranted. On the other hand, some offsetting changes in executive compensation occurred in the early 1990s.
Downscoping
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

Between 1968 and 1979 General Mills pursued a pattern of growth through acquisition and diversification. Moving from its base in consumer foods, General Mills expanded into toys, games, apparel, specialty retailing, travel service, rare coins and stamps, and restaurants. All acquisitions had well-established national-brand franchises. In 1968 89.5 percent of General Mills’ sales were in consumer foods; by 1976, only 61.8 percent of sales were in consumer foods. In 1981 Bruce Atwater became CEO. He realized that corporate strategy was unevenly distributed across industries and product lines and that many product lines were subject to sharp cyclical swings. He also found in the early 1980s that General Mills’ diversification strategy was increasingly devalued by the market.
African Methodism as a Social Movement, II
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

In August 1903 a short letter appeared in Koranta ea Beacona, the English-Setswana newspaper edited by future South African Native National Congress founder Solomon Plaatje. The letter came from Segale Pilane, a Bakhatla chief and one of Britain’s most important allies in the just completed South African War. Like other Africans, Segale and his people had expected British victory to usher in a new liberal order for Africans in the Transvaal. They had also hoped for a restoration of Bakhatla lands in the western Transvaal that had been stolen by the Boers in the 1880s. Needless to say, both expectations proved unavailing, leaving Segale bitter and resentful. While in this attitude, he somehow came across a copy of The Voice of the People, an African American emigrationist newspaper published by AME Bishop Henry Turner. The paper, essentially a catalog of racial oppression around the globe, struck an immediate chord with the chief, prompting him to write. Segale was particularly enraged by a story of an African minister in the Orange Free State who had been defrocked by white missionaries “only because he is black.” “I say: Pray, Natives, do hear the cry of your own ‘People’,” he wrote. “They even despise our own creation and say that they cannot allow the Book in black hands. I say, let us leave them alone.” As a parting shot, he added that, in any future war, Africans should aid the Boers.
Middle Passages
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

By the beginning of World War I, African Methodism’s unique moment in the intertwined history of the United States and South Africa had more or less passed. Henry Turner, the driving force behind the AME Church’s African outreach, went to his rest in 1915, the same year as Benjamin Tanner, his great antagonist. Questions about Africa and its relationship to African American life, which had consumed AME councils for the better part of a century, were crowded aside by a host of concerns closer to home—by war, by renewed spasms of racial violence, and by a massive northward migration that depopulated whole swaths of the church’s southern heartland. While AME leaders continued to endorse African missions and occasionally to support them financially, Africa was clearly becoming a sideshow within the church. In the face of the East St. Louis race riot of 1917 and the explosion in Chicago two years later, it was hard to see Africa as the primary challenge for black Christianity, the field on which the future of the race would be determined.
Introduction
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

On the twenty-fourth of May 1844, Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, seated amidst a hushed gathering of distinguished national leaders in the chambers of the United States Supreme Court in Washington, tapped out a message on a device of cogs and coiled wires: what hath god wrought Forty miles away, in Baltimore, Morse’s associate Alfred Vail received the electric signals and sent the message back. The invention they had demonstrated was destined to change the world. For thousands of years messages had been limited by the speed with which messengers could travel and the distance at which eyes could see signals such as flags or smoke. Neither Alexander the Great nor Benjamin Franklin (America’s first postmaster general) two thousand years later knew anything faster than a galloping horse. Now, instant long-distance communication became a practical reality.
An Era of Good and Bad Feelings
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

Monday, March 4, 1817, was unseasonably warm and sunny in Washington—a stroke of good fortune for the eight thousand spectators who had come to witness the inauguration of the new president. The House and Senate had wrangled over plans for the event, and with the public buildings still not yet fully repaired from their burning two and a half years before, indoor options were limited. So it had been decided to hold the ceremony in the open air on the steps of the Capitol.1 The site became a tradition, although since inauguration day has been moved back to January 20 the chances of good weather are even less.
Jackson’s Third Term
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

“Andrew Jackson strengthened the presidency,” it is often claimed. True, Old Hickory extended the circle of presidential advisors, expanded the patronage to be dispensed, and broadened use of the veto power. He successfully combined the office of the presidency with leadership of his political party. He triumphed in confrontations with his rivals Biddle and Calhoun. Yet the power of President Jackson remained to a large extent a function of his personal popularity, that is, charismatic rather than institutional. He did not succeed in transferring all of his own power to his successors. Indeed, the second party system that resulted from his rule proved to be a period of weak presidents. (James Knox Polk was the only exception, and even he served but one term.) Jackson did not so much strengthen the institution of the presidency as set an example that later popular presidents could invoke. Martin Van Buren, however, did not make himself one of these. Adept at gaining power, he proved largely unsuccessful in wielding it. Jackson’s heir was fated to preside ineffectually over a time of economic hardship and bitter conflicts.
The New Economy
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

When John Ball reached his twenty-first birthday in 1815, he finally felt free to leave home, his father’s semi-subsistence farm atop a thousandfoot hill near Plymouth, New Hampshire. The youngest of ten children, he had worked on the farm from his earliest memories. He looked back on the time of his growing up matter-of-factly but not fondly. “With me it was all work and no play.” Sunday brought surcease from physical labor, but Calvinist strictness made it “the dullest day of all.” What he minded most was “having so limited an opportunity for an education.” Eventually his father had allowed the youth to walk four miles to the home of a clergyman who tutored him, not only in English and history but also in Latin, a prerequisite for college. Soon John knew enough to teach school in the winter, when his work could be spared from the farm. By the time he could gain admission to Dartmouth he was much older than most of the undergraduates, and his father warned him that “you must not look to me for help.” Still he managed to graduate in 1820. John Ball went on to a career as a lawyer in New York. Meanwhile, John’s sister Deborah, a woman of “vigorous body and mind, quite self-reliant,” had also left home, learned the tailoring trade, and married a man named William Powers, who founded a factory in New York making oil cloth. When William died, Deborah carried on the business, and John suspended his law practice to become her factory foreman. After Deborah’s factory got on a firm footing, John Ball departed for a well-publicized trip to Oregon, speculated in Michigan land, and despite the hard times following 1837 found both fortune and a happy late marriage there. Remembering his own early struggles, he played an influential role in creating the Michigan public school system.
The War Against Mexico
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

On the first of May 1846, before word of fighting had even reached Washington, General Taylor pulled most of the Army of Occupation (as it had been named) out of Fort Texas and, leaving only a small garrison behind, fell back toward Port Isabel to protect his supply base from the advancing Mexicans. General Arista had intended to encircle Taylor’s smaller force, but a shortage of boats delayed his crossing the river until the Americans had got away. He then besieged Fort Texas and, with his main body, blocked Taylor’s return to relieve it. A young U.S. second lieutenant arriving at Port Isabel on May 2 heard his first hostile gunfire, the distant booming of the Mexican cannon starting to bombard the fort. Ulysses Grant never forgot his reaction: He “felt sorry” he had joined the Army.
The Revolutions of 1848
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

When news of an uprising in Paris arrived in New York on March 18, 1848, Americans learned that it had broken out—appropriately, they thought—on the twenty-second of February, George Washington’s Birthday. America’s sense of mission, of being an example to the world, appeared justifled. New York’s penny press, which had celebrated manifest destiny, now sensationalized the tidings coming across the Atlantic. Within weeks, other revolutions broke out across much of Europe, promising to overthrow authoritarian regimes in the name of a variety of liberal, democratic, and ethnic-minority movements. “The finger of revolution points to us as its example, its cloud and pillar of fire!” crowed the New York Sun in vivid rhetoric typical of Jane Storm, the “mistress of manifest destiny,” who had returned from her secret mission in Mexico. “The great principles of popular sovereignty which were proclaimed in 1776 by the immortal author of our Declaration of Independence, seem now to be in the course of rapid development throughout the world,” President Polk wrote to his emissary in Paris.
Case Method and Legal Science
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

The legal science of the antebellum period and the antebellum law school were closely related. A science of ordered principles based ultimately on the truths of revelation was inculcated in institutions designed as much to strengthen their students’ resolve to be proper lawyers as to teach them what they would need to know as practitioners. The law school Langdell helped create was also a reflection of his idea of legal science. What that idea was has been a source of scholarly debate for some time. Recent work has begun to recognize the connections between Langdell’s vision of legal science and that of his antebellum forebears. The dean’s talk of principles to be extracted from cases is the old language of Baconian science applied to a new subject matter. The legal science of the antebellum law school subordinated cases to great principles of law based on universal truth. Cases were the material from which the principles to be taught could be induced; they were not the substance of teaching. Langdell’s science and his teaching looked to the cases themselves as the law.
Opposition
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

Despite the victory in Chicago, the rise to dominance of the Harvard model of legal education was not a triumphal progress. Within the school, debate and dissension went on for decades. Elsewhere, in writings about the training of aspiring lawyers, criticism of Harvard’s methods was constant. This criticism occurred in two phases. In the first phase, impracticality in Harvard’s methods was asserted. The belief that “instruction at (Harvard Law School] was particularly technical and historical, and when completed, necessitated an apprenticeship in some good attorney’s office,” found expression in the founding of Boston University Law School. There teachers familiar with the practice of law offered not only an introduction to the science of law but also training designed to enable students to enter active practice on graduation. Similar concerns surfaced in the debate about the diploma privilege in New York. The Albany Law Journal printed several editorials in the early and mid-1870s advocating legal education that would “familiarize (the student] with the details of practice and the examination of witnesses. “ Theimposition of a clerkship requirement by the court of appeals and its acceptance by Eliot and Langdell went far to answering these objections.
Reconciliation
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

As the twentieth century began, prospects for cooperation between the bar and law schools seemed dim. In 1900 thirty-five law schools organized the American Association of Law Schools (AALS) to give the academic world an organization separate from the American Bar Association’s legal education section. While the two organizations continued to meet together from 1900 until 1913, their relationship was not a happy one. The separation of the annual meetings was occasioned, according to the law teachers, by the older organization’s disregard for both legal educators and legal education. The last straw was the decision to move the date of the ABA’s meeting from August to October, a time particularly unpropitious for academics. The differences, however, encompassed more than a disagreement over a convenient time to meet. The nature of legal education still divided the bar and some professors. In fact, the professors themselves were divided, but the nature of those divisions shows that the Harvard model was on its way to triumph in academia, in part because it eventually helped bring the schools and the bar together.
They Knew What Time It Was: African-Americans
Authors: Blight David W
Published: November 2023

Exactly when and how “all . . . knew” that slavery was the cause of the war, and just how Americans came to understand, or deny, emancipation and the promise of black equality as central legacies of the war remain questions open to debate. Indeed, just how much we “all know” or understand today of the active role of blacks themselves in the coming of the Civil War-what sectional strife, the lived experience of slavery, the war, and emancipation meant to black people-remains a rich field of inquiry.
The Divided South, Democracy’s Limitations, and the Causes of the Peculiarly North American Civil War
Authors: Freehling William W
Published: November 2023

Such ideological imperialism, however, has sometimes illserved this nation. In striving to spread their supposedly ideal political system, Americans on occasion have generated foreign policy disasters, especially in Vietnam. So now more than ever, historians must remind their fellow citizens that democracy, like all things human, is no universal panacea. American democracy indeed could not peacefully resolve our own gravest social problem, slavery. It is a telling historical irony that of all the New World slavocracies, only slaveholders in the United States lived in an advanced republic, and only the United States required a civil war between whites to abolish slavery for blacks.
Properties of Chaotic Phenomena
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Two time series are illustrated in Fig. 6.1. They look similar. They have approximately the same statistical properties, approximately the same mean, and approximately the same variance. They both look random, but we now know that not everything that looks random is random. These two time series are very different. The time series on the left is random; it was generated by choosing random numbers. However, the time series on the right is not random at all; it is completely deterministic.
From Time to Topology: Is a Process Driven by Chance or Necessity?
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

The data from our senses and the measurements recorded by our instruments are only a shadow of reality. We analyze the data and the measurements to reconstruct the Platonic “artifacts” that produced those shadows. For example, we use the spots on an X-ray diffraction pattern to infer structural information about the three-dimensional shape of a protein. The physical spots on the photograph, that we can touch with our fingers, are further removed from the reality of the protein than the “cartoon” of protein structure that we form in our mind’s eye and display on our computer screen.
Pre-verbal Negative Markers
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

A question that arises in several domains of syntactic research concerns the syntactic characterization of negative markers that precede the finite verb. The puzzling fact is that such negative markers do not exhibit consistent behavior across languages, or even in different stages of a single language. In some cases they interfere with head-movement processes (such as verb movement), or count as first position in contexts that show second-position effects. Yet, in other cases, they do not interfere with head-movement processes nor do they count as first position