bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploration of the psychological impact and support needs of nurses during a pandemic: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Yao Yongbo , Wu Lan , Toland Samantha , Li Ning
Published: March 2023

Aim

When a public health emergency occurs, nurses play an important role on the front lines and experience tremendous physical and mental stress. This review aims to synthesize existing qualitative studies exploring the psychological impact and support needs of nurses.

Design

Qualitative systematic reviews. Registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021288509).

Methods

This review uses the PEOD framework to explicitly identify qualitative questions and systematically searches four electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsychINFO) for articles published between 25 March 2000 and 27 December 2020.

Results

A total of 10 studies published in English from 2005 to 2020 were included in the review. Following the quality critical appraisal, 26 concepts were extracted and six descriptive themes were synthesized into three analytical themes: (1) positive psychological drive, (2) need more formal supports and (3) need to be treated fairly. During sudden public health incidents, it is crucial to provide support to family members, offer psychological counselling and isolation training to nurses, while considering cultural factors and appropriate methods. Organizations and governments should prioritize establishing a robust and effective psychological support system.
The forgotten patient: A psychological perspective on the implementation of bariatric surgery guidelines
Authors: Johnston Lynne , Jackson Kacey , Hilton Charlotte , Graham Yitka
Published: March 2023

There is strong evidence demonstrating the impact of bariatric surgery on weight‐loss and comorbidity improvement. In the UK, there is specific guidance to facilitate the assessment of a person's suitability for bariatric surgery. This paper highlights the clinical reality of routinely implementing this guidance, supported by literature and the perspectives of practicing psychologists. The consequences of the implementation of clinical guidelines within the context of the typical biopsychosocial profile of those referred for bariatric surgery are discussed. The ramifications of a screening approach rather than a clinical formulation‐based approach to assessment, impact of a possible unconscious bias in commissioning and an overemphasis on a biomedical model approach to treatment are also presented. These contextual factors are argued to contribute to a population of “forgotten patients” that is, patients who have been assessed as not suitable for bariatric surgery, and thus “stuck” in their journey toward better health. For these individuals the only option left are energy balance only approaches, which are the very same approaches to weight‐loss and comorbidity improvement that have been attempted, often for many years. Not only have these approaches not resulted in weight‐loss and health improvement, they also fail to address the underlying psychological causes of obesity. Consequently, this lack of support means that patients continue to suffer from poor quality of life, with no clear pathway to improved health and wellbeing. This paper illuminates the clear gaps in weight management service provision, the implementation of guidelines in practice, and offers practical suggestions to reduce the unintended consequences of clinical guidelines for bariatric surgery.
Synergy between manganese phytate and expandable graphite on thermal stability and combustion behavior of rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Zhang Xu , Sun Simiao , Li Handong , Wang Zhi , Xie Hua
Published: March 2023

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) modified by self‐made manganese phytate (MnPa) and expandable graphite (EG) has been prepared successfully. The thermal stability and combustion behavior of the modified RPUFs (MEPUF) have been studied using the thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis kinetics analysis, smoke density analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL‐94 level test. When compared to MEPUF1 (MnPa/EG = 3/1), MEPUF2 (MnPa/EG = 1/1) had a 9.1°C higher initial decomposition temperature and had a greater activation energy. Additionally, the smoke density experiment demonstrated that the light transmittance of MEPUF2 increased by 5.1% compared with MEPUF1 in 0–70s and the LOI of MEPUF2 reached 23%. The current investigation indicated that MEPUF2 had better thermal stability and flame retardancy.
Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review
Authors: Desai Shubham M. , Sonawane Rushikesh Y. , More Aarti P.
Published: March 2023

Additive manufacturing is an emerging technology with the advantage of less wastage, fast prototyping with customized designing suitable for a wide range of applications. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is one of the types of additive manufacturing and various polymers are explored for 3D printing applications. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a versatile material that has gained increasing attention in 3D printing applications due to its unique combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. This review paper provides an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art in TPU‐based 3D printing, including its characteristics, processing techniques, and mainly its applications. Extensive studies are done in TPU with fused deposition modeling (FDM), multi‐jet fusion (MJF), and selective laser sintering (SLS). The elasticity and flexibility, layer adhesion, tensile strength, and support structure are the parameters that decide the suitability of FDM, SLS, and MJF for TPU 3D printing. The infill density, modification of processing parameters, use of sacrificial materials, addition of perforations or channels, varying the particle size, using a mixture of powders, and so forth. leads to develop the porous structure in the final product. In addition, we have studied blends of TPU with other polymers like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), as well as fiber‐reinforced TPU composites for 3D printing applications.
Non‐destructive, reverse iontophoretic extraction of phytochemicals from Mangifera indica, Centella asiatica, Punica granatum, and Citrus sinensis
Authors: Eilstein Joan , Nair Vimal , Moore Kieran , Pannakal Steve Thomas , Grégoire Sébastien , Ekhar Prashant , Guy Richard H. , Delgado‐Charro M. Begoña , Roy Nita
Published: March 2023

For the commercial‐scale isolation of phytochemicals, a suitable plant biomass source (including species, origin, growing season, etc.) must be identified, and frequent analytical verification is required to ensure that the phytochemicals are present at predefined minimum threshold concentrations. While the latter are typically assessed in the laboratory, a more efficient and less resource‐intensive approach would involve non‐destructive and environmentally friendly measurements in situ. Reverse iontophoretic (RI) sampling offers a potential solution to this challenge.

Objective

We aimed to demonstrate the non‐destructive, RI sampling of phytochemicals of interest from biomass from four different sources.

Materials and methods

RI experiments were performed in side‐by‐side diffusion cells using a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, for a predetermined time in a defined pH environment, using (1) fresh leaves from Mangifera indica and Centella asiatica and (2) isolated peel from Punica granatum and Citrus sinensis.

Results

Mangiferin, madecassoside, punicalagin, ellagic acid, and hesperidin were extracted from the different biomasses by RI. The amounts extracted ranged from 0.03 mg/100 mg of biomass for the cathodal extraction of madecassoside to 0.63 mg/100 mg of biomass for the anodal extraction of punicalagin. A linear relationship (r2 = 0.73) between the RI‐extracted quantities of punicalagin and those determined using conventional methods was demonstrated.

Conclusion

The non‐destructive, in situ measurement of phytochemical levels by RI represents a feasible approach for timing the harvesting process.
Accuracy analysis of satellite antenna panel expansion based on BP neural network
Authors: Qian Hua‐Ming , Zhang Hua , Huang Tudi , Huang Hong‐Zhong , Wang Ke
Published: March 2023

Large deployable space mechanisms are widely used in the field of aerospace and have been paid increasingly high attention recently. The satellite antenna expansion system is the classic large deployable space mechanism. However, during the expansion of the satellite antenna deployable mechanism, the expansion accuracy is affected by the existing various uncertain factors which even result in scraping the satellite. For example, the hinge locking error has the significant influence on the deployment accuracy of the satellite antenna panel. In term of this issue, considering the advantage of the back‐propagation (BP) neural network for the high dimensional nonlinear problem, this paper mainly adopts it to analyze the impact of hinge locking error on the expansion accuracy of the antenna panel. The results show that the probability of the actual flatness deviation of the satellite antenna panel falling in the required accuracy area is 99.56%, and the probability of the actual pointing angle deviation falling in the required accuracy area is 99.84%.
Tracheal stenosis following tracheotomy in a COVID‐19 patient
Authors: Salaouatchi Mohamed Tayeb , Spinato Linda , Sanoussi Said , Mesquita Maria do Carmo Filomena
Published: March 2023

Hemodialyzed patients with COVID‐19 are at risk for severe complications from acute respiratory distress syndrome, requiring admission to the intensive‐care unit for invasive mechanical ventilation. Post tracheotomy stenosis can be a life‐threatening condition that commonly occurs after iatrogenic injury secondary to tracheotomy or tracheal intubation. We report a case of a 44‐year‐old female patient on maintenance haemodialysis who presented a COVID‐19‐related ARDS that required mechanical ventilation for 4 weeks, followed by a persistent stridor and finally succumbed, 1 month after being discharged from intensive care unit, from a severe respiratory distress due to a tracheal stenosis. Our aim is to highlight the importance of the early recognition and management of post tracheotomy stenosis in patients with persistent respiratory difficulty as stridor after prolonged intubation requiring tracheotomy, in order to improve the prognosis of these patients.
Adaptive iteration learning control with iteration‐varying event‐triggered mechanism for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with random initial states
Authors: Chai Sheng , Yu Miao
Published: March 2023

In this work, a novel adaptive event‐trigered iterative learning control (ILC) scheme is designed for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with time‐varying parameters and random initial states. The reference trajectory can be iteration‐invariant or iteration‐varying. The control input is updated when the event‐triggering condition is satisfied, which reduces the action time of controller and consequently the unnecessary waste of communication resource. An adaptive event‐triggering condition parameter is designed to improve the efficiency of the event generator. Moreover, the parameter updating law of adaptive iterative learning controller is designed based on the recursive least squares algorithm. With the proposed adaptive ILC with event‐triggered mechanism, the learning convergence along the iteration axis is guaranteed and communication burden is reduced. Finally, rigorous theoretical analysis under Lyapunov theory and illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Curcumin‐Based Bio‐benzoxazines for Antimicrobial and Anticorrosion Applications
Authors: Muthukumar Narmatha , Arumugam Hariharan , Krishnasamy Balaji , Athianna Muthusamy , Muthukaruppan Alagar
Published: March 2023

In the current study, three novel bio‐based benzoxazines were produced from curcumin (CU), which reacts individually with three different primary amines such aniline (a), furfurylamine (ffa) and octadecylamine (oda) under suitable experimental conditions. FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra were used to confirm the molecular structure of synthesized curcumin based benzoxazine monomers (CU‐a, CU‐ffa and CU‐oda). It was found that the curing temperatures of the three benzoxazine monomers, CU‐a, CU‐ffa, and CU‐oda are 207 °C, 193 °C, and 199 °C respectively. According to theromogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis, cured poly(CU‐a), poly(CU‐ffa), and poly(CU‐oda) have remaining char yields of 78, 77, and 55 %, respectively, and their corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) values are 49, 48, and 40, respectively, confirming that they have exceptional thermal stability and flame‐retardant qualities that are ideal for applications. The value of water contact angle of poly(CU‐a), poly(CU‐ffa) and poly(CU‐oda) are 131°, 135° and 137° respectively, which infer their excellent hydrophobicity. Results from corrosion and anti‐microbial studies ascertain that these curcumin based benzoxazines can be considered as efficient coating materials to protect the surfaces of mild steel specimen under adverse environmental conditions. Using density‐functional theory (DFT) band gap of the monomers has been calculated and found that CU‐a possesses the lower value of band gap of 2.9212 eV than other benzoxazines.
Synthesis of Hydrophobically Associating Polymers with Natural Product Structures by a One‐Pot Method – Comparison of Ethanol Treatment and Freeze‐Drying
Authors: Wang Chunhui , Ji Kuan , Jia Weina , Shao Shuai , Liu Yumeng , Jiang Xiaohui , Yu Liangmin
Published: March 2023

Polyacrylamide‐based hydrophobically associating polymers (HAPAM) containing capsaicin derivatives and itaconic acid with acrylamide (AM) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as the main bodies, and N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) as the functional monomer are prepared by a one‐pot synthesis of the soap‐free emulsion polymerization process. The structure is characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) explores thermal stability. For achieving proper purification, excellent preservation and convenient transportation of the polymer and to advance its practical engineering applications, two different treatments, namely ethanol washout and freeze‐drying, are carried out and compared. The surface morphology observation manifests that the freeze‐drying products (DHPAM) better protect the three‐dimensional cross‐linked network structure formed by various supramolecular forces such as hydrophobic association, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding inside the polymer than the ethanol washout products (EHPAM), which well explains why DHPAM has lower critical association concentration (CAC), greater resistance to high temperature and high salt, and better corrosion inhibition performance than EHPAM. It is significant for strengthening the application of polymers in related fields, especially oil and gas extraction.
Hybrid Electrolyte Design for High‐Performance Zinc–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Guo Yuqi , Chua Rodney , Chen Yingqian , Cai Yi , Tang Ernest Jun Jie , Lim J. J. Nicholas , Tran Thu Ha , Verma Vivek , Wong Ming Wah , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: March 2023

Rechargeable aqueous Zn/S batteries exhibit high capacity and energy density. However, the long‐term battery performance is bottlenecked by the sulfur side reactions and serious Zn anode dendritic growth in the aqueous electrolyte medium. This work addresses the problem of sulfur side reactions and zinc dendrite growth simultaneously by developing a unique hybrid aqueous electrolyte using ethylene glycol as a co‐solvent. The designed hybrid electrolyte enables the fabricated Zn/S battery to deliver an unprecedented capacity of 1435 mAh g−1and an excellent energy density of 730 Wh kg−1at 0.1 Ag−1. In addition, the battery exhibits capacity retention of 70% after 250 cycles even at 3 Ag−1. Moreover, the cathode charge–discharge mechanism studies demonstrate a multi‐step conversion reaction. During discharge, the elemental sulfur is sequentially reduced by Zn to S2−(, forming ZnS. On charging, the ZnS and short‐chain polysulfides will oxidize back to elemental sulfur. This electrolyte design strategy and unique multi‐step electrochemistry of the Zn/S system provide a new pathway in tackling both key issues of Zn dendritic growth and sulfur side reactions, and also in designing better Zn/S batteries in the future.
Cooperative Boron and Vanadium Doping of Nickel Phosphides for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline and Anion Exchange Membrane Water/Seawater Electrolyzers
Authors: Zhao Tingwen , Wang Shuhao , Jia Chen , Rong Chengli , Su Zhen , Dastafkan Kamran , Zhang Qiang , Zhao Chuan
Published: March 2023

Developing low‐cost and high‐performance transition metal‐based electrocatalysts is crucial for realizing sustainable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media. Here, a cooperative boron and vanadium co‐doped nickel phosphide electrode (B, V‐Ni2P) is developed to regulate the intrinsic electronic configuration of Ni2P and promote HER processes. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that V dopants in B, V‐Ni2P greatly facilitate the dissociation of water, and the synergistic effect of B and V dopants promotes the subsequent desorption of the adsorbed hydrogen intermediates. Benefiting from the cooperativity of both dopants, the B, V‐Ni2P electrocatalyst requires a low overpotential of 148 mV to attain a current density of −100 mA cm−2 with excellent durability. The B, V‐Ni2P is applied as the cathode in both alkaline water electrolyzers (AWEs) and anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Remarkably, the AEMWE delivers a stable performance to achieve 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 current densities at a cell voltage of 1.78 and 1.92 V, respectively. Furthermore, the developed AWEs and AEMWEs also demonstrate excellent performance for overall seawater electrolysis.
Single‐Site SnOCu Pairs with Interfacial Electron Transfer Effect for Enhanced Electrochemical Catalysis and Sensing
Authors: Li Ruimin , Guo Weiwei , Zhu Zhijun , Chen Yanan , Jiao Lei , Zhu Chengzhou , Zhai Yanling , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: March 2023

As advanced electrochemical catalysts, single‐atom catalysts have made great progress in the field of catalysis and sensing due to their high atomic utilization efficiency and excellent catalytic performance. Herein, stannum‐doped copper oxide (CuOSn1) nanosheets with single‐site SnOCu pairs as active sites are synthesized as electrocatalysts for biological molecule detection. Compared with CuO‐based electrochemical sensors, the CuOSn1‐based electrochemical sensors have improved detection sensitivity with a rapid electrochemical response. Theoretical calculation reveals that the single‐site SnOCu pairs induced interfacial electronic transfer effect can strengthen hydroxy adsorption and thus reduce the energy barrier of the biological molecule oxidation process. As a concept application, electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid molecules is achieved, exhibiting satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity. This work demonstrates the advantages of single‐site SnOCu pairs in electrochemical catalysis and sensing, which provides theoretical guidance for understanding the structure‐activity relationship for sensitive electrochemical sensing.
Au Nanowires Decorated Ultrathin Co3O4 Nanosheets toward Light‐Enhanced Nitrate Electroreduction
Authors: Zhang Ze‐Nong , Hong Qing‐Ling , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Huang Hao , Li Shu‐Ni , Chen Yu
Published: March 2023

Nitrate is a reasonable alternative instead of nitrogen for ammonia production due to the low bond energy, large water‐solubility, and high chemical polarity for good absorption. Nitrate electroreduction reaction (NO3RR) is an effective and green strategy for both nitrate treatment and ammonia production. As an electrochemical reaction, the NO3RR requires an efficient electrocatalyst for achieving high activity and selectivity. Inspired by the enhancement effect of heterostructure on electrocatalysis, Au nanowires decorated ultrathin Co3O4 nanosheets (Co3O4‐NS/Au‐NWs) nanohybrids are proposed for improving the efficiency of nitrate‐to‐ammonia electroreduction. Theoretical calculation reveals that Au heteroatoms can effectively adjust the electron structure of Co active centers and reduce the energy barrier of the determining step (*NO → *NOH) during NO3RR. As the result, the Co3O4‐NS/Au‐NWs nanohybrids achieve an outstanding catalytic performance with high yield rate (2.661 mg h−1 mgcat−1) toward nitrate‐to‐ammonia. Importantly, the Co3O4‐NS/Au‐NWs nanohybrids show an obviously plasmon‐promoted activity for NO3RR due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property of Au‐NWs, which can achieve an enhanced NH3 yield rate of 4.045 mg h−1 mgcat−1. This study reveals the structure–activity relationship of heterostructure and LSPR‐promotion effect toward NO3RR, which provide an efficient nitrate‐to‐ammonia reduction with high efficiency.
Interlayer Sodium Plating/Stripping in Van der Waals‐Layered Quantum Dot Superstructure
Authors: Yuan Ruole , Liu Peng , Wang Xiaomei , Zhou Jisheng
Published: March 2023

Assembling quantum dots (QDs) into van der Waals (vdW)‐layered superstructure holds great promise for the development of high‐energy‐density metal anode. However, designing such a superstructure remains to be challenging. Here, a chemical‐vapor Oriented Attachment (OA) growth strategy is proposed to achieve the synthesis of vdW‐layered carbon/QDs hybrid superlattice nanosheets (Fe7S8@CNS) with a large vdW gap of 3 nm. The Fe7S8@CNS superstructure is assembled by carbon‐coated Fe7S8 (Fe7S8@C) QDs as building blocks. Interestingly, the Fe7S8@CNS exhibits two kinds of edge dislocations similar to traditional atom‐layered materials, suggesting that Fe7S8@C QDs exhibit quasi‐atomic growth behavior during the OA process. More interestingly, when used as host materials for sodium metal anodes, the Fe7S8@CNS shows the interlayer sodium plating/stripping behavior, which well suppresses Na dendrite growth. As a result, the cell with Fe7S8@CNS anode can keep stable cycling for 1000 h with a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of ≈99.5% at 3.0 mA cm−2 and 3.0 mAh cm−2. Noticeably, the Na@Fe7S8@CNS||Na3V2(PO4)3 full cells can attain a capacity of 88.8 mAh g−1 with a retention of 97% after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 (≈8 C), showing excellent cycle stability for practical applications. This work enriches the vdW‐layered QDs superstructure family and their application toward energy storage.
Strong and Tough Cellulose Hydrogels via Solution Annealing and Dual Cross‐Linking
Authors: Wei Pingdong , Yu Xuejie , Fang Yujia , Wang Lei , Zhang Hao , Zhu Caizhen , Cai Jie
Published: March 2023

Strong and tough hydrogels are promising candidates for flexible electronics, biomedical devices, and so on. However, the conflict between improving the mechanical strength and toughness properties of polysaccharide‐based hydrogels remains unsolved. Herein, a strategy is proposed to produce a hierarchically structured cellulose hydrogel that combines solution annealing and dual cross‐linking treatment approaches. The solution annealing considerably increases the hydrophobic stacking and chemical cross‐linking of the cellulose chains, thereby facilitating their subsequent self‐assembly and recrystallization during the chemical and physical cross‐linking processes. The cellulose hydrogels exhibit superposed chemically and physically cross‐linked domains comprising homogeneous nanoporous network structures, which in turn are composed of interconnected cellulose nanofibers and cellulose II crystallite hydrates. These cellulose hydrogels exhibit a high water content of 76–84% and excellent mechanical properties that compare favorably to those of biomacromolecule‐based hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels exhibit a mechanical strength and work of fracture of 21 ± 3 MPa and 2.6 ± 0.4 MJ m−3 under compression, and 7.2 ± 0.7 MPa and 5.9 ± 0.6 MJ m−3 under tension, respectively. It is anticipated that this strategy will be applicable to other biomacromolecules and crystalline polymers, and that it will enable the construction of other hydrogels exhibiting high mechanical performances.
Deterministic Magnetic Switching in Perpendicular Magnetic Trilayers Through Sunlight‐Induced Photoelectron Injection
Authors: Zhao Meng , Wang Lei , Zhao Yifan , Du Yujing , He Zhexi , Chen Kai , Luo Zhenlin , Yan Wensheng , Li Qian , Wang Chenying , Jiang Zhuangde , Liu Ming , Zhou Ziyao
Published: March 2023

Finding an energy‐efficient way of switching magnetization is crucial in spintronic devices, such as memories. Usually, spins are manipulated by spin‐polarized currents or voltages in various ferromagnetic heterostructures; however, their energy consumption is relatively large. Here, a sunlight control of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Pt (0.8 nm)/Co (0.65 nm)/Pt (2.5 nm)/PN Si heterojunction in an energy‐efficient manner is proposed. The coercive field (HC) is altered from 261 to 95 Oe (64% variation) under sunlight illumination, enabling a nearly 180° deterministic magnetization switching reversibly with a 140 Oe magnetic bias assistant. The element‐resolved X‐ray circular dichroism measurement reveals different L3 and L2 edge signals of the Co layer with or without sunlight, suggesting a photoelectron‐induced redistribution of the orbital and spin moment in Co magnetization. The first‐principle calculations also reveal that the photo‐induced electrons shift the Fermi level of electrons and enhance the in‐plane Rashba field around the Co/Pt interfaces, leading to a weakened PMA and corresponding HC decreasing and magnetization switching accordingly. The sunlight control of PMA may provide an alternative way for magnetic recording, which is energy efficient and would reduce the Joule heat from the high switching current.
On a new class of tests for the Pareto distribution using Fourier methods
Authors: Ndwandwe Lethani M. , Allison James S. , Smuts Marius , Visagie Jaco
Published: March 2023

We propose new classes of tests for the Pareto type I distribution using the empirical characteristic function. These tests are
and
statistics based on a characterization of the Pareto distribution involving the distribution of the sample minimum. In addition to deriving simple computational forms for the proposed test statistics, we prove consistency against a wide range of fixed alternatives. A Monte Carlo study is included in which the newly proposed tests are shown to produce high powers. These powers include results relating to fixed alternatives as well as local powers against mixture distributions. The use of the proposed tests is illustrated using an observed data set.
The body‐point model and its application to describe the motion of an electron near the nucleus of a hydrogen atom
Authors: Ivanova Elena A. , Tur Vsevolod D.
Published: March 2023

We consider the motion of a body‐point near an attracting center. The body‐point is defined as a particle with the following properties. (a) The body‐point occupies zero volume in space like a point mass. (b) The body‐point has both translational and rotational degrees of freedom like a rigid body. (c) The body‐point is characterized by a larger number of moments of inertia than an ordinary rigid body. Due to the additional moments of inertia, the body‐point acquires dynamic properties that are fundamentally different from the dynamic properties of an ordinary rigid body. We show that the trajectory of the body‐point moving near the attracting center is a spatial curve, and not a flat one, as it would be in the case of a point mass or a rigid body. We study in detail a special case of the body‐point motion, in which the magnitude of the momentum vector remains constant. We show that, in this special case, the region of space where the trajectory of the body‐point is located can be interpreted as the orbital of an electron in a hydrogen atom. Assuming that the body‐point models the electron in the ground energy state, we determine the parameters of our model. We emphasize that the problem of the body‐point motion near an attracting center is considered for the first time, and therefore all theoretical results presented in this paper are novel. Also, for the first time, the model of the body‐point in a central potential field is used to describe the behavior of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
The Humanities in the digital
Authors: Viola Lorella
Published: March 2023

This chapter delineates the scope and core ideas of the book. The Digital Turn had promised to bring neutrality, fairness and accuracy to research; it created the illusion that it was possible to incorporate technology in knowledge creation practices whilst still operating within the traditional model of disciplines separation. But by adding further complexity to reality and by worsening existing inequalities in the world, the digital transformation has increasingly exposed how illusory such promises were. More recently, the dramatic increase in technology adoption brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic has conclusively established the inadequacy of our current model of knowledge. In this chapter, I examine how the rigid division into compartmentalised, competing disciplines has contributed to exalting computational methods as neutral whilst stigmatising consciousness and criticality as carriers of injustice. Taking the humanities as a focal point, I retrace schisms between the humanities, the digital humanities and critical digital humanities; these are embedded, I argue, within the old dichotomy of science versus humanities. In moving beyond the current static framework, I argue for a new model of knowledge creation.
Applications of Quantification
Authors: Esuli Andrea , Fabris Alessandro , Moreo Alejandro , Sebastiani Fabrizio
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides the motivation for what is to come in the rest of the book by describing the applications that quantification has been put at, ranging from improving classification accuracy in domain adaptation, to measuring and improving the fairness of classification systems with respect to a sensitive attribute, to supporting research and development in fields that are usually more concerned with aggregate data than with individual data, such as the social sciences, political science, epidemiology, market research, ecological modelling, and others.
Research Environment
Authors: Barać Lana
Published: March 2023

Successful research environment requires joint effort by individual researchers, research groups and the organization. This chapter describes the basic principles and good research practices in the context of the research environment and serves as a guide to good, responsible research for research newcomers – researchers at the beginning of their scientific career. In this chapter we will help you navigate the organizational pathway to doing good research. The first step to understanding your rights, obligations and responsibilities in research is knowing that they exist. This chapter offers an introductory level orientation to codes, rules and regulations but also serves as a guide on how to identify whether your organization goes above and beyond offering guidance and assistance regarding research integrity or whether it provides a bare minimum or even nothing at all, and who/what you can turn to in the latter case. Furthermore, this chapter also describes the responsibilities that you as a researcher have towards the organisation regarding the importance of maintaining research integrity, so that you are aware of your accountability and the possible consequences if you disregard organizational responsibility for responsible research.
Training, Supervision and Mentoring
Authors: Tokalić Ružica
Published: March 2023

This chapter aims to introduce you to important aspects of early-career research, particularly doctoral training, including its formal and informal aspects, and to map what is expected from the individuals at different hierarchical positions in their research environment. The purpose of doctoral training is to provide you with knowledge and skills for research that answers important questions, that research is conducted with care and high standards, that you anticipate the implications and applications of its results, and that your research is replicable, transparent and open. This is not and cannot be achieved only through formal training, but through various forms of what is called a hidden curriculum. In this chapter, we will talk about shadowing and role models, research collaboration and international relationships, networking, summer schools and research exchanges. Considering the complexities of relationships in the research setting, we will also talk about the role of doctoral students, and their involvement in supervising others (such as Masters’ students). We will address the principles of respect, honesty and accountability in these networks of collaboration, with special attention to students and supporting staff in academia. Finally, we will discuss the aspects of work and life balance for doctoral students and the importance of existing support networks, with special attention to mental health support and principles of open communication.
Research Procedures
Authors: Buljan Ivan
Published: March 2023

This chapter offers a guide on how to implement good research practices in research procedures, following the logical steps in research planning from idea development to the planning of analysis of collected data and data sharing. This chapter argues that sound research methodology is a foundation for responsible science. At the beginning of each part of the chapter, the subtitles are formulated as questions that may arise during your research process, in the attempt to bring the content closer to the everyday questions you may encounter in research. We hope to stimulate insight into how much we can predict about a research study before it even begins. Research integrity and research ethics are not presented as separate aspects of research planning, but as integral parts that are important from the beginning, and which often set the directions of research activities in the study.
Safeguards
Authors: Viđak Marin
Published: March 2023

This chapter will provide introduction to relevant safeguards in the research environment: codes of conduct, guidelines, and other types of regulation. It will also give advice on how you can find safeguards relevant for your research. Research safeguards help researchers in defining the boundaries and expectations in research planning, conduct, reporting, and implementation. While this kind of regulation often invokes associations of restrictions and limitations, that is not its primary purpose. Safeguards are often principles of good practice, summarised through various checklists and standard operating procedures. They are tools through which we ensure ethical and responsible conduct in research, and support openness and accountability. Their aim is to reduce waste and to help (re)gain public trust and to protect both researchers and research participants. Not less important, they help novice researchers to understand the community in which they work and its common practices.
Patterns of Response to Immune Oncology Drugs: How Relevant Are They in SCCHN?
Authors: Economopoulou Panagiota , Psyrri Amanda
Published: March 2023

During the past few years, we have been witnesses of a critical juncture in the history of cancer therapy; indeed, immunotherapy has been introduced initially in melanoma trials and has been gradually incorporated in the treatment algorithm of a variety of malignancies in multiple settings. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the most widely used immunotherapy drugs, are monoclonal antibodies that target specific immune checkpoints such as Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Response to ICIs is characterized by marked durability, but despite a great enthusiasm that accompanied the results of phase III clinical trials, a large proportion of patients do not derive benefit from ICIs. In addition, treatment with ICIs may be associated with several atypical patterns of response, such as pseudoprogression and hyperprogression. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate current data on patterns of response to immunotherapy with focus on head and neck cancer.
Modern Day Reconstruction of the Facial Bones
Authors: McGoldrick David , Praveen Prav , Parmar Sat
Published: March 2023

Reconstruction of the facial skeleton is a complex task with multiple factors to consider. The rapid development of three-dimensional planning now allows surgeons to plan resection and reconstruction to a high degree of precision, with a number of associated benefits. This chapter discusses the indications and processes involved in three-dimensional planning and its application to surgical resection and reconstruction of the facial bones.
New Systemic Therapies in Salivary Gland Cancer
Authors: Vathiotis Ioannis A. , Johnson Jennifer M. , Argiris Athanassios
Published: March 2023

Salivary gland cancer (SGC) encompasses a group of rare malignancies with distinct molecular, histologic, and clinical characteristics. Rarity as well as evolving disease heterogeneity have made treatments particularly challenging, with classic chemotherapy agents showing at best moderate antitumor efficacy in patients with recurrent or metastatic SGC. Recent advances in genomic profiling have provided relevant targets for different subtypes of SGC, enabling tailoring of therapeutic approaches. Despite the lack of predictive biomarkers, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors also appears to benefit a subgroup of patients. This chapter aims to give a comprehensive overview of novel approaches to systemic therapy for patients with recurrent or metastatic SGC.
Novel Immune Oncology Targets Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Borcoman Edith , Le Tourneau Christophe
Published: March 2023

Anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently revolutionized the treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, both in the first and second recurrent and metastatic settings. However, not all patients respond to PD-1 blockade, nor derive prolonged benefit from these immunotherapies, requiring further development of immune-oncology strategies beyond PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. There has been an important therapeutic development with the evaluation of many new immune checkpoints molecules and other type of immunomodulatory molecules, along with combinations of these new agents with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, but very few of these strategies have shown significant anti-tumor activity as single agent in HNSCC patients, and further results are awaited from ongoing trials. All randomized trials assessing novel immune-oncology drugs in combination with an anti-PD1/PD-L1 agents have failed so far in HNSCC patients. Many other immune-oncology drugs are still in early clinical development and will hopefully improve HNSCC patient outcomes.
Proton Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Budach V. , Thieme A.
Published: March 2023

Treatment of localized cancer with protons therapy (PT) seems an appealing alternative to photons. PT has been available for decades and has unique dose distribution properties with the so-called Bragg-peak enabling protons to stop after their maximum depth is reached within millimeters. PT allows sparing of normal tissues and organs to a much greater extent than photons, even when modern photon techniques like intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) are involved. Whereas IMRT and VMAT techniques have demonstrated their superiority to older 3D-conformal irradiation techniques, there is still a large gap between the theoretical advantages of PT due to its superior dose distribution and high-level clinical evidence, particularly in head and neck cancer (HNC). So far, mostly non-randomized clinical studies exist with clinical results in oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, sinonasal, periorbital, and salivary gland cancer. The limited broad availability of this treatment method and its unknown cost-effectiveness need to be evaluated. In this chapter, we discuss the currently available evidence of PT for HNCs and viable options to generate further evidence like the model-based approach.
Introduction
Authors: Meschke Günther
Published: March 2023

This book summarizes the main results from research performed within the Collaborative Research Center “Interaction Modeling in Mechanized Tunneling” installed at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. Topics being covered include all relevant aspects of mechanized tunneling ranging from digital design to steering support during tunnel construction. One subject area is concerned with the characterization and modeling of ground conditions, advance exploration methods as well as face support measures. A second subject area covers novel segmental lining designs with enhanced robustness and the interaction between the grout and the surrounding soil. A third subject area is concerned with computational simulation of tunnel advancement, logistics and excavation processes including monitoring strategies and digital models for real-time support of TBM construction. Finally, risk analysis and tunnel information modeling are completing the large range of topics. The individual research topics are each supported by computational models, experimental research and in situ monitoring.
Digital Design in Mechanized Tunneling
Authors: Alsahly Abdullah , Bui Hoang-Giang , Heußner Lukas , Jodehl Annika , Williams Moises Rodolfo Javier , Obel Markus , Stepien Marcel , Vonthron Andre , Zendaki Yaman , Freitag Steffen , König Markus , Mahmoudi Elham , Mark Peter , Meschke Günther , Thewes Markus
Published: March 2023

Digital design methods are constantly improving the planning procedure in tunnel construction. This development includes the implementation of rule-based systems, concepts for cross-document and -model data integration, and new evaluation concepts that exploit the possibilities of digital design. For planning in tunnel construction and alignment selection, integrated planning environments are created, which help in decision-making through interactive use. By integrating room-ware products, such as touch tables and virtual reality devices, collaborative approaches are also considered, in which decision-makers can be directly involved in the planning process. In current tunneling practice and during planning stage, Finite Element (FE) simulations form an integral element in the planning and the design phase of mechanized tunneling projects. The generation of adequate computational models is often time consuming and requires data from many different sources. Incorporating Building Information Modeling (BIM) concepts offers opportunities to simplify this process by using geometrical BIM sub-models as a basis for structural analyses. In the following chapter, some modern possibilities of digital planning and evaluation of alignments in tunnel construction are explained in more detail. Furthermore, the conception and implementation of an interactive BIM and GIS integrated planning system, ‘‘BIM-to-FEM’’ technology which automatically extracts relevant information needed for FE simulations from BIM sub-models, the establishment of surrogate models for real-time predictions, as well as the evaluation and comparison of planning variants are presented.
The VALIDATE Network: Accelerating Vaccine Development for Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Melioidosis and Leprosy
Authors: Vermaak Samantha , Sampson Samantha , McShane Helen
Published: March 2023

Established in June 2017, VALIDATE is an international network of researchers working to accelerate vaccine development for four neglected intracellular pathogens that cause significant mortality and morbidity globally: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania spp., Burkholderia pseudomallei and Mycobacterium leprae. In 5 years, VALIDATE has grown to have more than 550 members from over 250 institutes across 72 countries and has had several successes and important outputs. This chapter discusses VALIDATE’s origins, achievements and future direction.
A Current Perspective on Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
Authors: Borah Slater Khushboo
Published: March 2023

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is an ancient chronic infectious disease that remains a major problem in the world today, infecting over 200,000 people each year, particularly affecting resource-limited and the most disadvantaged sections of society in under-developed countries of the world. Mycobacterium leprae, a slow-growing mycobacterium, causes leprosy in humans. Leprosy causes nerve damage and permanent disabilities including blindness and paralysis. People affected by leprosy face stigma and discrimination in society. Although multidrug therapy is available, millions of people are still affected by leprosy, so new vaccine, drug and disease management approaches are urgently needed for control, prevention and treatment of this disease. This chapter is a general review of leprosy, the current treatment and prevention measures and challenges that need to be addressed for complete eradication of this disease.
Current Progress and Prospects for a Buruli Ulcer Vaccine
Authors: Boakye-Appiah Justice , Hall Belinda , Reljic Rajko , Simmonds Rachel E.
Published: March 2023

Buruli ulcer (BU), one of the skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs), is a necrotizing and disabling cutaneous disease caused by subcutaneous infection withMycobacterium ulcerans.Leading on from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) establishment of a global BU initiative in 1998, >67,000 cases of BU have been reported from over 32 countries, mostly from West Africa and Australia. While treatment is currently in the transition period from rifampicin plus streptomycin (injection) to an all-oral regimen, it cannot hope to eradicate this opportunistic environmental pathogen.M. ulceransis genetically very similar to related pathogenic organismsM. marinum,M. lepraeandM. tuberculosis.However,M. ulceranscarries a unique megaplasmid, pMUM001, encoding the biosynthetic machinery responsible for production of a lipid-like exotoxin virulence factor, mycolactone. This diffusible compound causes the substantial divergence in BU’s pathogenic aetiology from other mycobacterial infections. Hence, mycolactone is cytotoxic and immunosuppressive and causes vascular dysfunction in infected skin. A major recent advance in our understanding of BU pathogenesis has been agreement on the mycolactone’s mechanism of action in host cells, targeting the Sec61 translocon during a major step in secretory and membrane protein biogenesis. While vaccine development for all mycobacteria has been challenging, mycolactone production likely presents a particular challenge in the development of a BU vaccine. The live-attenuated vaccine BCG is known to provide only partial and transient protection in humans but provides a convenient baseline in mouse preclinical studies where it can delay, but not prevent, disease progression. No experimental vaccine strategy has yet conferred greater protection than BCG. However, there is now the prospect of developing a vaccine against mycolactone itself, which may provide hope for the future.