bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do metaphoric gestures influence how a message is perceived? The effects of metaphoric gesture-speech matches and mismatches on semantic communication and social judgment
Authors: Beattie, Geoffrey , Sale, Laura
Published: October 2012

Considerable evidence has demonstrated that people are not only sensitive to the information contained in concrete imagistic gesture, but furthermore, that they combine this gestural information with the accompanying speech in order to understand the full semantic meaning that a speaker conveys in a message. There is, however, very little experimental evidence concerning how people deal with more abstract metaphoric gestures and whether they extract meaning from these gestures and combine this with the information in the accompanying speech. The two studies reported here investigated this issue by comparing and contrasting the effects of metaphoric gesture-speech matches and mismatches on both semantic communication and social judgment. The studies found that individuals do combine the information contained in metaphoric gestures with that contained in speech and that the meaning of the utterance is demonstrably affected by the presence of a gesture-speech mismatch. The second study found that in messages in which there are gesture-speech mismatches, participants seemed to like the speaker less and were less likely to believe what they said. The implications of these studies for a range of domains, including advertising and politics, are discussed.
Language contextualization in a Hebrew language television interview: Lessons from a semiotic return to context
Authors: Glick, Douglas J.
Published: October 2012

An interview on a Hebrew language television show serves as the stage for a semiotic reading that documents a particular type of language contextualization. Drawing on Peirce and Jakobson, the analysis of the interview reveals that it is characterized by a repeating indexical icon that comes to organize meaning in real-time through a kind of poetic parallelism. This type is then juxtaposed to approaches that presume a pre-existing social or cognitive background as the organizing frame against which meaning in context emerges. On the assumption that the documented type may be far more common than expected, the implications for theorizing contextualization in social interaction are critically evaluated.
Introduction to the semiotics of belonging
Authors: Leone, Massimo
Published: October 2012

The article proposes a phenomenological and semiotic theoretical framework for the intelligibility of the meaning of belonging, one of the most fundamental concepts in present-day cultures and societies. After defining belonging as a spatial enunciation that brings about 1) the frontiers of a space of belonging; 2) the consequent opposition between an environment of belonging and one of non-belonging; and 3) the relation between, on the one hand, the subject of enunciation and, on the other hand, the opposition /environment of belonging/ versus /environment of non-belonging/, the article articulates a typology of “figures of crossing,” in which belonging is manifested through the narrative dialectics between placement and displacement. In the theoretical framework of tensive phenomenology and semiotics, four macro-regimes of belonging are singled out: “sedentary estrangement,” “nomadic belonging,” “nomadic estrangement,” and “sedentary belonging.” Moreover, four semantic paths dynamically representing the transition between these regimes are identified: “exile/invasion,” “cosmopolitanism/curiosity,” “acclimation/tolerance,” and “alienation/suspicion.” In the conclusion, the theoretical framework developed by the article is proposed as instrument for the analysis of the “rhetorics of belonging” in present-day cultures and societies.
Urban morphogenesis
Authors: Marcos, Isabel
Published: October 2012

This research on the morphogenesis of the city uses conjointly morphodynamic semiotic theory and structural theory of the urban form to elaborate the existence of a non-trivial topology, stemming from a process of stratification. The basic thesis of this work is the following: On the one hand, the form of a city emerges from the choice of its physical site; on the other hand, it modifies itself through geo-historical actualization. The theory of urban form proposes a global theory of the engendering of forms and their relationships to spatial positions. Morphodynamic semiotics adopts a dynamic conception of the modal phenomenon. These theoretical influences offer our study a morphogenetic conception of meaning that is reconstituted through spatial stratification. This model thus proposed enables us to reconstitute the form of the city in general.
On semiotics in language education
Authors: Augustyn, Prisca
Published: October 2012

This paper examines the progenitors of the semiotic concepts in current Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory as well as some concepts that could further inform recent trends in SLA theory and practice. Through the connections between recent ecology models of language learning (e.g., Kramsch 2002, 2006, 2010) or an “ecological-semiotic perspective” (e.g., van Lier 2002, 2004) and fundamental concepts in semiotic theory such as the signifying order (Danesi), multimodality, (Kress), modeling systems theory (Sebeok), and Umwelt theory (von Uexküll), this paper also considers a recent draft of an ACTFL position statement on the Use of the Target Language in the Classroom.
Vision science: An empirical basis for Roentgen semiotics
Authors: Cantor, Robert M.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we demonstrate an empirical basis for Roentgen semiotics in vision science. We first observe that the triad of phases in the process of Roentgen diagnosis, previously termed detection, localization, and identification, originate at the cellular level in well-described visual pathways in the brain. We then demonstrate that the phenomenology of local Roentgen signs is derived from the physiology of cells in the detection, localization, and identification pathways. Furthermore, we infer that a fundamental duality principle in the interpretation of local Roentgen signs may be derived from a similar duality principle that governs the physiology of cells in the detection pathway. In this way, perceptual phenomenology of the mind is determined by cellular physiology of the brain.
The branding of a quality liquor as a symbolic effort toward bringing China forward culturally: A comparative study of Wuliangye and Absolut Vodka
Authors: Cheung, Ming
Published: October 2012

Liquor consumption involves drinking, socializing, and networking. This article compares two alcoholic beverages, namely, Wuliangye from China and Absolut Vodka from Sweden, with the aim of identifying the means by which the Chinese brand can better succeed in its internationalizing efforts. The article first reviews theories of high- versus low-context cultures as well as cultural branding. Through analysis of the graphic and packaging designs of the two liquor brands, it then examines the impact of their cultural branding strategies on the creation of their iconic identities. The Chinese brand expresses the idea of competition with Europe or the United States in the production of quality liquor through the creation of a strong brand identity in the global marketplace, which is realized in its new slogan – “Wuliangye for China, for the World.” Against this backdrop, the article explores the extent to which the production and branding of quality Chinese liquor can be perceived as a symbolic effort toward bringing China forward culturally. It concludes with a discussion of the findings' implications for branding specialists and communication designers.
Legal interpretation: Meaning as social construction
Authors: Cheng, Le , Cheng, Winnie
Published: October 2012

This study investigates some cases related to the interpretation of law in Right of Abode cases heard by the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, and discusses the sharp contrast between the different versions of interpretation of the same legislative expressions as the same signs in similar cases heard by the same court. This study does not aim to find out the legislative intent of legislation, but to investigate the process of meaning-making in general and the intent seeking in these cases in particular from a socio-semiotic perspective. The study concludes that meaning-making in legal settings is neither purely a jurisprudential operation nor the choice among different canons of legal interpretation. It is rather the dialogue demonstrated in various forms, such as power negotiation and interest weighing. The study, therefore, argues that legal interpretation is a social practice and meaning-making in legal settings is an enterprise of social dialogue and power negotiation; in other words, legal interpretation is in a sense an inter-semiotic operation between law and its interfaces with society and politics.
The world has changed forever: Semiotic reflections on the experience of sudden change
Authors: Parmentier, Richard J.
Published: October 2012

From a semiotic point of view, the experience of sudden change can involve either an excess of signs or an absence of signs, both of which lead to an incapacity to form coherent representations and, thus, understandings. The comparative study of ethnographic and historical accounts of sudden change requires attention to contextual contingencies, the role of semiotic markers, degrees of heightened consciousness, and modes of symbolic indirection.
Opportunities, Ethical Challenges, and Lessons Learned from Working with Peer Research Assistants in a Multi-Method HIV Community-Based Research Study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Logie Carmen , James Llana , Tharao Wangari , Loutfy Mona R.
Published: October 2012

We discuss ethical challenges and opportunities experienced by peer research assistants (PRAs) in a multi-method HIV community-based research study in Ontario, Canada. We review lessons learned and best practices based on our experience conducting a qualitative investigation of research priorities with diverse women living with HIV (WLWH) and implementation of a cross-sectional survey with African, Caribbean, and Black WLWH. While some opportunities were similar across research phases for PRAs (e.g., skill building), distinct challenges emerged in qualitative and quantitative phases. For example, our training did not adequately prepare PRAs with focus group facilitation skills; Revised at times, survey implementation became counseling sessions. Researchers should assess how best to support PRAs as part of multi-method research processes.
Navigating Risks and Professional Roles: Research with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Queer Young People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Marshall Zack , Nixon Stephanie , Nepveux Denise , Vo Tess , Wilson Ciann , Flicker Sarah , McClelland Alex , Proudfoot Devon
Published: October 2012

We examine ethical issues that emerged during a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study in Toronto, Canada, exploring sexual health attitudes and practices among lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) young people (ages 17–26) labeled with intellectual disabilities. These ethical concerns included: (1) managing the risk of coercion, (2) consent to participate in the study, (3) issues of confidentiality and disclosure, (4) balancing beneficence with self-determination, and (5) role conflict for researcher-practitioners who participate in CBPR projects. Incorporating critical disability perspectives and a heightened awareness of professional role conflict into CBPR practices has the potential to foster development of more inclusive and accessible sexual health initiatives and research environments.
Photovoice as a Community-Based Participatory Research Method among Women Living with HIV/AIDS: Ethical Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Teti Michelle , Murray Cynthia , Johnson LaShaune , Binson Diane
Published: October 2012

Photovoice is a method in which participants use photography to identify, express, and disseminate their experiences. We conducted photovoice projects with women living with HIV/AIDS ( N=21) to explore opportunities and challenges associated with the method. Photovoice provided a means to achieve two key principles of ethical public health practice: It gives participants opportunities to define their health priorities, and facilitates participant empowerment. Ethical challenges that were encountered related to exposing, through photographs, one's identity as living with HIV/AIDS, illicit activities, and other people. We discuss lessons learned for future practice to maximize the ethical opportunities and manage the challenges associated with using photovoice as an HIV-related CBPR strategy.
Readability of Informed Consent Documents (1987–2007) for Clinical Trials: A Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Sand K. , Eik-Nes N.L. , Loge J. H.
Published: October 2012

We investigated the readability of informed consent documents linguistically and compared old and new ICDs. Twenty ICDs (ten from 1987–1992 and ten from 2006–2007) were included. The Evaluative Linguistic Framework (ELF) was used to analyze the texts. The ELF evaluates the following items: Main themes, order of themes, rhetorical functions, the relationship between reader and writer, meta-discourse, headings, expert terminology, and visual aspects. An ICD is considered readable if it achieves the goal of inviting the reader to participate and explaining the implication of participation. The new ICDs were more readable than the old ones, as they were more oriented towards research, contained instructions about how to consent, and provided clear contact information. Aspects that reduced the readability of the new ICDs were the large number of topics, details, and actors presented. The readability of the old ICDs was enhanced by fewer topics, a clear presentation of the involved actors, and brevity. However, their readability was reduced by the inclusion of a vast amount of information about the reader's diagnosis and treatment.
Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol, plasma cortisol, and plasma ACTH in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Raff Hershel , Trivedi Hariprasad
Published: October 2012

Objective

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can display the features of endogenous hypercortisolism but are difficult to evaluate for Cushing's syndrome. We evaluated the circadian rhythm of plasma compared with salivary cortisol in subjects with ESRD.

Design

Plasma and salivary cortisol and plasma ACTH samples were drawn frequently over 24 h in an inpatient research unit in stable ESRD subjects on daytime chronic hemodialysis (n=16) vs controls (n=8).

Methods

Plasma cortisol was measured every 2 h from 0800 to 0600 h the following day. Salivary cortisol was measured every 2 h, except between 2400 and 0400 h (sleep time). Plasma ACTH measured in a subset of samples and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured as a marker of a subclinical inflammatory state in all subjects.

Results

ESRD subjects had a discernable circadian rhythm in plasma and salivary cortisol, but with a significantly higher nadir (1800–2400 h) compared with the controls (P=0.016–<0.001). After excluding four ESRD subjects without a normal circadian rhythm, the ESRD subjects still had higher nadir plasma and salivary cortisol and plasma ACTH compared with controls. There was no difference in the correlation of salivary and plasma cortisol in control vs ESRD subjects. ESRD subjects had higher CRP levels compared with controls.

Conclusions

ESRD subjects had increased late-night plasma and salivary cortisol and plasma ACTH levels. Late-night salivary cortisol is a reliable index of plasma cortisol in ESRD patients.
PROKR2 and PROK2 mutations cause isolated congenital anosmia without gonadotropic deficiency
Authors: Moya-Plana Antoine , Villanueva Carine , Laccourreye Ollivier , Bonfils Pierre , de Roux Nicolas
Published: October 2012

Objective

Isolated congenital anosmia (ICA) is a rare phenotype defined as absent recall of any olfactory sensations since birth and the absence of any disease known to cause anosmia. Although most cases of ICA are sporadic, reports of familial cases suggest a genetic cause. ICA due to olfactory bulb agenesis and associated to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism defines Kallmann syndrome (KS), in which several gene defects have been described. In KS families, the phenotype may be restricted to ICA. We therefore hypothesized that mutations in KS genes cause ICA in patients, even in the absence of family history of reproduction disorders.

Design and methods

In 25 patients with ICA and olfactory bulb agenesis, a detailed phenotype analysis was conducted and the coding sequences of KAL1, FGFR1, FGF8, PROKR2, and PROK2 were sequenced.

Results

Three PROKR2 mutations previously described in KS and one new PROK2 mutation were found. Investigation of the families showed incomplete penetrance of these mutations.

Conclusions

This study is the first to report genetic causes of ICA and indicates that KS genes must be screened in patients with ICA. It also confirms the considerable complexity of GNRH neuron development in humans.
Arginine enhances embryo implantation in rats through PI3K/PKB/mTOR/NO signaling pathway during early pregnancy
Authors: Zeng Xiangfang , Mao Xiangbing , Huang Zhimin , Wang Fenglai , Wu Guoyao , Qiao Shiyan
Published: October 2012

Our previous study has demonstrated that dietary arginine supplementation during early pregnancy enhanced embryo implantation in rats. However, the mechanism was not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism that arginine enhanced embryo implantation during early pregnancy. Rats were fed the basal diets supplemented with 1.3% (wt:wt)l-arginine–HCl or 2.2% (wt:wt)l-alanine (isonitrogenous control) once pregnancy. On d4 of pregnancy, rats were given intrauterine injection ofl-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, polyamine synthesis inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor). On d7 of pregnancy, rats were killed. Intrauterine injection ofl-NAME decreased the implantation sites, while dietary arginine supplementation increased the implantation sites. Intrauterine injection of DFMO decreased the pregnancy rate, which was reversed by dietary arginine supplementation. Intrauterine injection of rapamycin or wortmannin inhibited embryo implantation. However, dietary arginine supplementation did not reverse this inhibition. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of uterine p-PKB and p-S6K1 was greater in rats fed the arginine-supplemented diet in the presence ofl-NAME treatment compared with rats fed the control diet. In the presence of DFMO treatment, the expression of uterine iNOS and eNOS was significantly enhanced in the arginine group compared with the control group. Similarly, intrauterine injection of wortmannin or rapamycin decreased the expression of uterine iNOS and eNOS, which was enhanced by dietary arginine supplementation. These data indicated that dietary arginine supplementation during early pregnancy could enhance embryo implantation through stimulation of PI3K/PKB/mTOR/NO signaling pathway.
Inhibitors of zinc-dependent metalloproteases hinder sperm passage through the cumulus oophorus during porcine fertilization in vitro
Authors: Beek J , Nauwynck H , Maes D , Van Soom A
Published: October 2012

In this study, we report for the first time on a possible contribution of metalloproteases in sperm passage through the cumulus matrix in pigs. The presence of 20 μM 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-PHEN), inhibitor of zinc-dependent metalloproteases, strongly inhibited the degree of sperm penetration in cumulus-intact (CI), but not in cumulus-free (CF), porcine oocytes during IVF. The inhibitory effect of 1,10-PHEN was due to the chelation of metal ions as a non-chelating analog (1,7-PHEN) did not affect IVF rates. Furthermore, incubation with 1,10-PHEN did not affect sperm binding to the zona pellucida nor sperm motility, membrane integrity, or acrosomal status. These findings led to the assumption that 1,10-PHEN interacts with a sperm- or cumulus-derived metalloprotease. Metalloproteases are key players in physiological processes involving degradation or remodeling of extracellular matrix.In vivo, their proteolytic activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMP1–TIMP4). We tested the effect of TIMP3 on fertilization parameters after porcine IVF. Similar to 1,10-PHEN, TIMP3 inhibited total fertilization rate of CI but not CF oocytes and did not influence sperm quality parameters. Although the inhibitory effect was stronger in CI oocytes, TIMP3 also reduced the degree of sperm penetration in CF oocytes, suggesting the involvement of a metalloprotease in a subsequent step during fertilization. In conclusion, our results indicate the involvement of TIMP3-sensitive, zinc-dependent metalloprotease activity in sperm passage through the cumulus oophorus in pigs. The results should provide the basis for further biochemical research toward the localization and identification of the metalloprotease involved.
Perioperative Risk Factors for Adverse Airway Events in Patients Undergoing Cleft Palate Repair
Authors: Jackson Oksana , Basta Marten , Sonnad Seema , Stricker Paul , Larossa Don , Fiadjoe John
Published: October 2012

Objective

To establish the incidence of perioperative airway complications in a large series of pediatric patients undergoing palatoplasty and to identify which specific patient, procedural, and provider factors are associated with increased risk for perioperative adverse airway events (AAEs).

Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary pediatric hospital.

Patients

Included were 300 patients who underwent primary cleft palate repair using the modified Furlow technique between 2008 and 2011. Patients were 2 years or younger at the time of the operation.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Charts were reviewed for perioperative AAEs, which were defined as postoperative airway obstruction, oxyhemoglobin saturation ≤85% for ≥45 seconds, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, reintubation, and unplanned admission to the intensive care unit. Patient-specific factors (diagnosis of a craniofacial syndrome, Veau cleft type, preoperative pulmonary and airway history), procedural factors (operative time, anesthesia time, opioid dose, administration and reversal of neuromuscular blockers), and provider factors (experience, number of providers), were documented, and associations with AAEs were investigated.

Results

AAEs occurred in 23% of patients overall and were significantly more common in syndromic patients ( P = .003), patients with jaw or tracheal anomalies ( P = .001), and patients with a history of difficult airway ( P = .001). Other significant factors included prior history of difficult intubation ( P = .05), surgeon ( P = .02) and anesthesiologist experience ( P = .05), and operative time ( P = .02).

Conclusions

Diagnosis of a craniofacial syndrome, a history of preoperative airway problems, and provider inexperience correlated with increased risk for airway complications after palatoplasty. Recognizing patients at risk for AAEs may permit improved preoperative planning to optimize surgical outcomes and minimize complications.
Effects of Long-Term Use on Simazine Dissipation in Central California Vineyards
Authors: Abit Mary Joy M. , Rainbolt Christine M. , Krutz L. Jason , Shaner Dale L. , Hanson Bradley D.
Published: October 2012

Simazine is an important management tool for weed control in vineyards because of its relatively low price, reliable control of several problem weeds, and long residual activity. After repeated and extensive use of simazine, several growers in the Central Valley of California expressed concerns about reduced, residual weed control with this herbicide. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the rate of simazine dissipation in soils with differing simazine-use histories and to determine whether residual weed control differed among sites. Two raisin vineyards were used in all studies, one with extensive simazine-use history (adapted) and one with no recent simazine-use history (nonadapted). Results indicated that simazine dissipation from biotic processes was fourfold greater in soil with a long simazine-use history relative to soil with no recent simazine applications. In the field, simazine persisted longer at the nonadapted site, and weed-control duration was affected by dissipation rate. Central Valley vineyard soils that have had repeated simazine applications can develop enhanced, microbial degradation, and reduced, residual weed control is possible; however, weed control is also affected by environmental conditions and other crop management practices.
Smother Crop Mixtures for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Suppression in Organic Transition
Authors: Wedryk Stephanie , Cardina John
Published: October 2012

Canada thistle poses a particular threat to organic producers in temperate agriculture due to its ability to reproduce through an extensive system of underground roots. The Canada thistle life cycle, growth, and development are seasonally affected, and exploiting this biology may be useful for weed management. The objective of this study was to evaluate smother crop mixtures, seeded at different times, for Canada thistle control. Field trials were established in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the ability of smother crop mixtures to suppress Canada thistle growth and development. Canada thistle aboveground biomass was suppressed 50% in 2009 and 87% in 2010 by the sorghum–sudangrass mixture, averaged over planting times. The oat mixture suppressed annual weed biomass more than 58% in 2009 and 67% in 2010 in all planting dates. Percent cover of Canada thistle was affected by crop mixture in 2009 and 2010, with sorghum–sudangrass being the most suppressive. The sorghum–sudangrass mixture was more suppressive of Canada thistle, probably because it included soybean and sunflower, all high-biomass, competitive crops. Planting date affected smother crop suppression of Canada thistle growth, but the effect was not consistent between 2009 and 2010 due to differences in weather conditions.
Reproductive Variation in Naturally Occurring Populations of the WeedParthenium hysterophorus(Asteraceae) in Australia
Authors: Dhileepan Kunjithapatham
Published: October 2012

Parthenium weed, an annual herb native to tropical America, causes severe economic, human, and animal health and environmental impacts in Australia and in many countries in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. There is little known about variation in reproductive output in naturally occurring populations of this weed. This information is vital to develop plant population models, devise management strategies to reduce seed output, and formulate parthenium weed pollen-induced human health (e.g., dermatitis and hay fever) risk assessment. Here, the variations in the number of capitula produced by the parthenium weed at two sites in Queensland, Australia, over a 4-yr period are reported. Under field conditions, parthenium weed produced up to 39,192 capitula per plant (> 156,768 seeds per plant), with majority of the plants (≈ 75%) producing between 11 and 1,000 capitula, and less than 0.3% of the plants producing more than 10,000 capitula (> 40,000 seeds per plant). The number of capitula per plant in the field (297 ± 22) was much lower than those reported from glasshouse and laboratory studies. Plant biomass contributed to 50 to 80% of the variation in capitulum production between plants within plots at each site, and weed density accounted for 62 to 73% of the variation in capitulum production between plots within each site. As plant size is directly correlated with reproductive output, plant size distributions in parthenium weed can be used to estimate effective population size. Information on variation in reproductive output will be used to implement management strategies to reduce parthenium weed seed output, resulting in reduced soil seed bank and weed seed spread.
Effect of Shade on Texasweed (Caperonia palustris) Emergence, Growth, and Reproduction
Authors: Godara Rakesh K. , Williams Billy J. , Geaghan James P.
Published: October 2012

Experiments were conducted on potted plants under field conditions in 2007 and 2008 at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center's Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, LA, to evaluate Texasweed response to shade. Shade levels of 30, 50, 70, and 90% were achieved using 1.8-m by 1.8-m by 1.8-m tents built using 2.54-cm-diam polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and polypropylene fabric. Shade had no effect on Texasweed emergence but significantly reduced its growth. There were significant growth differences between plants transferred directly and gradually to a given shade level. At 100 d after emergence, plants gradually exposed to 30, 50, 70, and 90% shade had 13, 22, 37, and 58% less total dry matter per plants, respectively, than did those in 0% shade. Texasweed height in 70 and 90% shade was increased by 28 and 20%, respectively. Texasweed seemed to mitigate the adverse effect of shade by increasing specific leaf area (SLA) and percentage of leaf biomass. Increasing SLA and the percentage of leaf biomass appears to be a strategy for efficient allocation of biomass for light capture and carbohydrate synthesis, which can be used for height increase until the plant rises above the crop canopy. Although fruit production was significantly reduced, Texasweed was able to reproduce in 90% shade.
Rehabilitating Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Infested Rangeland Using a Single-Entry Approach
Authors: Sheley Roger L. , Bingham Brett S. , Davies Kirk W.
Published: October 2012

The need for practical revegetation strategies for managing medusahead-infested rangeland is substantial and unmet. Our objective was to test the potential for using the single-entry approach (simultaneous application of herbicide and seed with one entry) developed for other invasive-weed infested systems for revegetating medusahead-infested rangeland. Since areas infested with medusahead are frequently burned and burning may help control medusahead and provide a more suitable seedbed for desired species, we also tested the single-entry approach in conjunction with burning. Our primary hypotheses were that (1) the combination of imazapic and seeding would provide best establishment of desired species and (2) burning would enhance the efficacy of imazapic on medusahead and enhance seedling establishment. Treatments included three seeding rates (none, 13.2, or 25.0 kg ha−1 of an even mixture of all species), two herbicides (0 and 52 g a.i. ha−1 imazapic; with and without), and two burning regimes (burned, not burned) applied mid-October 2006 on two sites. In late July, 2008 through 2010, plant density and biomass were sampled. We found that the simultaneous application of imazapic and seeding resulted in establishment of desired species where they were absent. Imazapic application without seeding increased perennial bunchgrass density where enough residual plants existed before treatment. Burning tended to improve the control of medusahead with imazapic and promoted desired species. Even though follow-up treatments may be necessary, applying imazapic and seeding in a single-entry approach may provide a more practical initial revegetation strategy than multi-entry approaches on rangeland devoid of desired residual species. This procedure should reduce the costs of treatment application and make revegetating annual grass-infested rangeland more affordable.
Effects of Management Type and Timing on Weed Suppression in Soybean No-Till Planted into Rolled-Crimped Cereal Rye
Authors: Nord Eric A. , Ryan Matthew R. , Curran William S. , Mortensen David A. , Mirsky Steven B.
Published: October 2012

Knowledge of weed emergence periodicity can inform the timing and choice of weed management tactics. We tested the effects of weed management system (conventional [CNV] and herbicide-free [HF]), timing of rye sowing (two dates), timing of soybean planting (5 planting dates, 3 in each system), and supplemental control (with and without) on weed suppression and weed community composition in soybean no-till planted into a cereal rye cover crop. Cereal rye was terminated with a roller-crimper and herbicide (CNV) or with a roller-crimper alone (HF), and supplemental weed control was achieved with a postemergence glyphosate application (CNV) or with interrow high-residue cultivation (HF). Supplemental control with glyphosate in CNV was more effective than high-residue cultivation in HF. When soybean was planted on the same date, CNV resulted in less weed biomass and a more even community composition, whereas HF resulted in greater weed biomass, dominated by common ragweed. When we controlled for cereal rye biomass and compared the effects of cereal rye sowing and termination timing within each system, earlier management reduced weed biomass in HF, but tended to increase weed biomass in CNV. Our results suggest the ability to control emerged weeds prior to soybean planting is an important factor that influences the optimal cereal rye cover crop management timing for weed suppression.
Response of Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), Horseweed (Conyza canadensis), and Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Biotypes to Glyphosate in the Presence and Absence of Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Schafer Jessica R. , Hallett Steven G. , Johnson William G.
Published: October 2012

In previous research conducted on nonweed species, the efficacy of glyphosate was shown to be greater in unsterile soils compared to sterile soils and soil microorganisms were found to play an important role in glyphosate efficacy. Conducting greenhouse studies in microbe-free soil may therefore produce unreliable data, leading to erroneous conclusions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil microorganisms on the response of glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of three problematic weeds of the midwestern United States: giant ragweed, horseweed, and common lambsquarters. A greenhouse dose–response study was conducted on each of the three weed species grown in sterile and unsterile field soil, and the dry weight response of roots and shoots was measured. The three weed species responded differently to glyphosate when grown in the sterile and unsterile soil; that is, in the presence and absence of soil microbes. Soil microbes influenced the response of the susceptible and resistant giant ragweed biotypes and the susceptible common lambsquarters, but not the tolerant common lambsquarters or either horseweed biotype. The different responses of the three species to glyphosate in the presence and absence of soil microbes demonstrates that rhizosphere interactions are fundamental to the mode of action of glyphosate. These findings suggest that the range of tolerance to glyphosate observed in weeds and the evolution of resistance in weed biotypes may also be influenced by rhizosphere interactions. The soil media used in dose–response screenings to identify susceptible and resistant weed biotypes is very important. Unsterile field soil should be incorporated into growth media when conducting dose–response screenings to avoid false-positive results. In addition, researchers performing glyphosate dose–response assays should be aware of these findings.
Lessons learned from Suds implementation at Peterborough, UK
Authors: Henry Ron
Published: October 2012

The Hampton mixed-used development south-west of Peterborough, UK was built largely on the brownfield site of a number of former brickworks. It was conceived around the need to manage surface water, which required creative thinking and a collaborative approach from the project team and key parties involved to realise delivery of a multi-functional surface water drainage strategy. The strategy was conceived prior to much of the sustainable drainage system (Suds) guidance and standards being produced, which are now considered commonplace. This paper looks at the development as a case study and assesses the lessons learned. To deliver Suds successfully, it is clear that comprehensive collaboration and communication are needed.
Going under the Devil's Punch Bowl: the story of the A3 Hindhead tunnel, UK
Authors: Arnold Paul
Published: October 2012

The £371 million A3 Hindhead tunnel road scheme in Surrey, England was opened to traffic in July 2011, ending over half a century of congestion in a highly prized and protected natural environment. It consists of a 6·4 km dual two-lane bypass of Hindhead, including a 1·8 km long twin-bore tunnel under Hindhead Commons and the Devil's Punch Bowl, part of the Surrey Hills designated area of outstanding natural beauty. The scheme was delivered by the Highways Agency on behalf of the secretary of state for transport. This paper provides an overview of how, following 22 years in gestation, this challenging project was delivered almost flawlessly through intelligent planning, collaborative working and comprehensive engagement of the local community.
Safeguarding water supplies in England: time for a strategic approach
Authors: Hamilton Alexander
Published: October 2012

The hosepipe bans in England earlier this year highlighted the growing problem of water shortages in the south and east of the country. Consultant Alexander Hamilton says the UK has been there before – and that a strategic national solution proposed 40 years ago remains valid and worth another look.
ICE extends its range of science journals to cover green materials and innovative surfaces
Authors: Rae Victoria
Published: October 2012

ICE Publishing has launched two further journals in its ICE Science series, entitled Green Materials and Surface Innovations. Commissioning editor Victoria Rae says the new journal series continues to inspire fresh ideas and unite scientific and engineering communities.
Diaphragm wall displacement due to creep of soft clay
Authors: Chen Shong-Loong , Ho Cheng-Tao , Gui Meen-Wah
Published: October 2012

The analysis and design of diaphragm wall displacement due to creep of soft clay have traditionally been ignored, probably because of ignorance of its significance, or of the need for complicated finite-element analysis. Using data retrieved from a soft clay excavation site in Taipei city supported by a diaphragm wall, a finite-element study using the soft soil creep model has been employed to back-analyse the instrumented data and calibrate the appropriate use of the model, its material parameters and the modelling process. The soft soil creep model and the material parameters were used in a series of parametric studies to evaluate the relation between support stiffness and wall displacement due to undrained soil creep, and the associated creep rate of the wall. Simple equations were obtained in terms of the maximum excavation depth and support stiffness, which is a function of the support spacing and the flexural stiffness of the wall. The results of this study provide valuable reference information for future design of diaphragm walls in similar ground conditions.
The settlement performance of stone column foundations
Authors: BLACK J.A. , SIVAKUMAR V. , BELL A.
Published: October 2012

Vibrated stone columns are frequently used as a method of reinforcing soft ground as they provide increased bearing capacity and reduce foundation settlements. Their performance in relation to bearing capacity is well documented, but there is also a need for enhanced understanding of their settlement characteristics, particularly in relation to small-group configurations. This paper presents results obtained from physical model tests on triaxial specimens 300 mm in diameter and 400 mm high. Parameters investigated include column length to diameter ratio, area replacement ratio and single/group configuration. The findings of the work are as follows. The design is flexible: settlement can equally be controlled using short columns at relatively high area replacement ratios, or longer columns at smaller area replacement ratios. An optimum area replacement ratio of 30–40% exists for the control of settlement. The settlement performance of a small column group is highly influenced by inter-column and footing interaction effects.
The cost of safety: Refuges increase the impact of predation risk in aquatic systems
Authors: Orrock John L. , Preisser Evan L. , Grabowski Jonathan H. , Trussell Geoffrey C.
Published: October 2012

Although use of refuge habitats by prey can reduce their risk of predation, refuge use may also involve costs such as increased within‐refuge competition for resources. Despite the ubiquity of refuge use by prey, it is unknown whether predator‐induced use of refuges has widespread, negative nonconsumptive effects on prey growth, survival, and fecundity. We performed a meta‐analysis of 204 studies of aquatic taxa containing data on 271 distinct predator–prey pairs and found strong evidence that the negative effect of predation risk on prey activity, growth, and fecundity increases when prey have access to refuge habitats. Moreover, the effect of refuge habitats on growth and activity depends upon whether the refuge provides partial or total protection from predators. These results suggest that prey choosing whether to use refuges face a trade‐off between lowering the immediate risk of being consumed and increased nonconsumptive costs of refuge use. Our results suggest that changes in nonconsumptive effects in the presence of refuge habitats may alter prey population dynamics, coexistence, and metapopulation dynamics. Moreover, our results reveal key pragmatic considerations: the magnitude and direction of nonconsumptive effects may depend on the presence of refuge habitat and whether the refuge provides partial or total protection from predators.
Post‐fire salvage logging alters a key plant‐animal interaction for forest regeneration
Authors: Castro J. , Puerta-Piñero C. , Leverkus A. B. , Moreno-Rueda G. , Sánchez-Miranda A.
Published: October 2012

Post‐fire salvage logging is widely implemented worldwide, but there is an increasing concern about its potential impact on the ecosystem. Moreover, there is scant information about the effect of salvage logging on ecosystem processes mediated by species interactions. We manipulated a burnt pine forest to experimentally analyze the effect of burnt‐wood management on the colonization of Holm oak (Quercus ilex) mediated by acorn dispersal by Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius). Three replicates of three treatments were established in an 18‐ha plot: salvage logging (SL), non‐intervention (NI), and partial cut plus lopping (PCL; felling and lopping most of the trees but leaving all the biomass in situ). We hypothesized that different burnt‐wood management could alter jays' landscape perception and thus the pattern of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment. We monitored jay abundance in each treatment for three winters and three breeding periods, and jay flights of potential acorn dispersal between nearby oak trees and the treatments. We also searched for oak seedlings recruited in the experimental plot for five years following the fire. Jays were recorded significantly more times (87%) in NI, and movements to this treatment during the acorn dispersal period were also more frequent (81% of the flights). Oak seedlings were also more abundant in NI (ca. 55%) than in SL or PCL (ca. 25% each), despite a strong effect of small remnants of live pines. The results show that the burnt forest, if unsalvaged, still provides a suitable habitat for jays, while salvage logging reduces the strength of this key plant‐animal interaction for oak natural regeneration. Non‐intervention policies after a forest fire therefore provide the opportunity for adaptive management that helps reduce restoration costs and increase the resilience of the system.
Shifts in Mortality During a Hot Weather Event in Vancouver, British Columbia: Rapid Assessment With Case-Only Analysis
Authors: Kosatsky Tom , Henderson Sarah B. , Pollock Sue L.
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We assessed shifts in patterns of mortality during a hot weather event in greater Vancouver, British Columbia.

Methods. We used a case-only analysis to compare characteristics of individuals who died during the hottest week of 2009 with those who died (1) during earlier summer weeks in 2009 and (2) during the same calendar weeks in the summers of 2001 through 2008.

Results. Compared with the 8 previous weeks of 2009, odds of mortality during the summer’s hottest week were highest in the 65 to 74 years age category, compared with the 85 years and older category (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 2.03). The number of deaths at home increased over deaths in hospitals or institutions (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.86). Densely populated administrative health areas were more affected.

Conclusions. A shift toward deaths at home suggests that in-home–based protective measures should be part of planning for hot weather events in greater Vancouver. Targeting should be considered for those aged 65 to 74 years. The case-only approach is quick and easy to apply and can provide useful information about localized, time-limited events.
Playing Hockey, Riding Motorcycles, and the Ethics of Protection
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen E.
Published: October 2012

Ice hockey and motorcycle riding are increasingly popular activities in the United States that are associated with high risks of head and facial injuries. In both, effective head and facial protective equipment are available.

Yet the debates about safety policies regarding the use of head protection in these activities have taken different forms, in terms of the influence of epidemiological data as well as of the ethical concerns raised.

I examine these debates over injury prevention in the context of leisure activities, in which the public health duty to prevent avoidable harm must be balanced with the freedom to assume voluntary risks.
The Energy Burden and Environmental Impact of Health Services
Authors: Brown Lawrence H. , Buettner Petra G. , Canyon Deon V.
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We reviewed the English-language literature on the energy burden and environmental impact of health services.

Methods. We searched all years of the PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect databases for publications reporting energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, or the environmental impact of health-related activities. We extracted and tabulated data to enable cross-comparisons among different activities and services; where possible, we calculated per patient or per event emissions.

Results. We identified 38 relevant publications. Per patient or per event, health-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are quite modest; in the aggregate, however, they are considerable. In England and the United States, health-related emissions account for 3% and 8% of total national emissions, respectively.

Conclusions. Although reducing health-related energy consumption and emissions alone will not resolve all of the problems of energy scarcity and climate change, it could make a meaningful contribution.