bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting changes in children's self‐perceptions from playground social activities and interactions
Authors: Boulton Michael J.
Published: June 2005

The general aim of this study was to examine the concurrent and longitudinal (6 month) associations between 8‐ to 9‐year‐old children's (N=75) social activities and interactions during recess and their self‐perceptions, and to test for gender differences in those associations. The underlying rationale was that recess provides an important, and hitherto unstudied, context in which children's experiences can impact on their views of themselves. Consistent with this proposition, several of the playground variables were significantly correlated concurrently with participants' self‐perceptions regarding social acceptance, and, particularly, athletic competence. Even stronger evidence came from the longitudinal analyses which indicated that group size positively predicted changes in social acceptance and global self‐worth scores; network positively predicted changes in physical appearance and global self‐worth scores; rule games positively predicted changes in athletic competence, physical appearance and global self‐worth scores; conversation negatively predicted changes in athletic competence, and alone negatively predicted changes in physical appearance and global self‐worth scores. Several significant gender differences were obtained: the association between rule games and changes in social acceptance was negative for girls but positive for boys; a positive association between conversation and social acceptance was evident among girls but not boys; and a negative association between conversation and changes in athletic competence was evident among boys but not girls. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Employee attitudes toward job changes: An application and extension of Rusbult and Farrell's investment model
Authors: van Dam Karen
Published: June 2005

The present study applied and extended Rusbult and Farrell's (1983) investment model to investigate employees' attitudes toward different job changes, that is, changing job content, changing department, relocation, and voluntary turnover. Employees of three hospitals filled out a questionnaire (N=953; response rate 55%). The data generally supported the model. Employees who perceived a more favourable job rewards‐costs ratio reported greater satisfaction and affective commitment, and were less positive toward changing their present working situation. The same was true for employees who reported less job alternatives, more investments, and a larger continuance commitment. In addition, employees' expectations of the benefits and costs associated with job changes, weighed by their valence, were related to job change attitudes. Although the predictors' impact varied with job change, the results suggested that attitudes toward different, internal and external, job changes may have similar determinants. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Category salience and organizational identification
Authors: Van Dick Rolf , Wagner Ulrich , Stellmacher Jost , Christ Oliver
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to examine (1) the effects of increased salience on three work‐related identities (i.e. career, school and occupation), (2) whether these effects had an impact on extra‐role behaviours, and (3) whether identification mediated these effects. Standardized questionnaires were completed by 464 schoolteachers concerning identification with the focuses career, school, and occupation as well as scales measuring work extra‐role behaviours. The questionnaire was administered under four experimental conditions. As expected, teachers identified more strongly with their schools when their school‐type was made salient; they identified more strongly with their occupation when they were told that they were compared with other professional groups. Higher salience of the school membership identity was associated with higher levels of self‐reported extra‐role behaviours on behalf of the school. This effect was mediated by school identification.
Goal progress makes one happy, or does it? Longitudinal findings from the work domain
Authors: S. Wiese Bettina , M. Freund Alexandra
Published: June 2005

In a 3‐year longitudinal study with a sample of N=82 young professionals (44% male; age range: 28–39 years), self‐reported progress in the pursuit of personal goals was associated with affective well‐being, work satisfaction, and subjective developmental success in the work domain. Goal progress, however, did not predict an increase in affective well‐being and work satisfaction. Four constructs – goal difficulty, current work involvement, positive fantasies, and goal progress in the private domain – were selected to analyse their potentially moderating effect on the link between goal progress and well‐being increases. Goal difficulty evinced the clearest moderating effects. Goal difficulty predicted change in all outcome criteria, that is, only adults who perceived their goals as difficult to reach also reported a change in positive and negative affect, job satisfaction, and subjective developmental success over a period of 3 years.
It's not only clients: Studying emotion work with clients and co‐workers with an event‐sampling approach
Authors: Tschan Franziska , Rochat Sylvie , Zapf Dieter
Published: June 2005

A group of 78 young employees in service and non‐service professions reported 848 task related interactions at work over 1 week using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record which measured emotion work requirements, emotional dissonance, and deviance. Multi‐level analyses showed that dissonance was more likely in interactions with customers, whereas deviance, that is, the violation of display rules by acting out one's felt emotion, was more likely in co‐worker interactions. Well‐being in the interaction was lower (a) for interactions with emotion work requirements, (b) for dissonance, even after controlling for felt negative emotions, and (c) for deviance. Negative emotion displayed partially mediated the relationship between deviance and well‐being. Regarding the relationship of more stable job related attitudes, psychosomatic complaints, and aggregated scores of social interactions, fewer effects were found than in questionnaire studies, which may be due to the fact that only interactions that lasted at least 10 minutes were assessed, as is customary in research with this instrument. Among the effects found, however, many involved proportions rather than frequency of interactions, which raises the possibility of balancing and legitimizing effects of non‐stressful interactions.
Chronic job stressors and job control: Effects on event‐related coping success and well‐being
Authors: Elfering Achim , Grebner Simone , K. Semmer Norbert , Kaiser‐Freiburghaus Dora , Lauper‐Del Ponte Sandra , Witschi Isabella
Published: June 2005

The present study investigates how chronic work characteristics relate to situational work characteristics, and their effect on outcomes such as well‐being, problem solving, and calming down. It also examines how the relationship between situational work characteristics and coping strategies affect these outcomes. Based on an event‐sampling approach, 23 employees of a counselling agency reported 120 stressful events over 7 days, yielding 92 work‐related and 28 private events. Multi‐level analyses revealed that with regard to chronic conditions, job control was positively associated with successful calming down and problem solving in stressful situations, whereas job stressors were negatively related to immediate well‐being. Chronic stressors and job control can be seen as ‘background’ variables that influence the response to stressful events. For situational factors, stressfulness was negatively associated and controllability was positively associated with immediate well‐being and problem solving. In addition, problem‐focused coping predicted positively situation‐related success in calming down and problem solving. An effect on well‐being was found when situational controllability was high, confirming the active coping rule of Perrez and Reicherts (1992). Palliative coping was positively related to successful calming down.
Extending the demands‐control model: A daily diary study of job characteristics, work‐family conflict and work‐family facilitation
Authors: B. Butler Adam , G. Grzywacz Joseph , L. Bass Brenda , D. Linney Kirsten
Published: June 2005

Using personal digital assistants, 91 parents employed in non‐professional occupations were surveyed for 14 consecutive days about their job characteristics and work‐family experiences. We found significant daily variation in work‐to‐family conflict (WFC) and work‐to‐family facilitation (WFF) that was predictable from daily job characteristics. Higher levels of WFC were associated with greater job demands and control at work. Contrary to the demands‐control model (Karasek, 1979), these two job characteristics interacted such that the relationship between demands and WFC was stronger when control was high. We also found that demands were negatively related and control and skill level positively related to WFF. The results suggest ways in which jobs may be redesigned to enhance individuals' work‐family experiences.
Experience sampling mood and its correlates at work
Authors: G. Miner Andrew , M. Glomb Theresa , Hulin Charles
Published: June 2005

The experience sampling method is used to measure variance over time in events, moods, and behaviours in the work setting via palmtop computers in a sample of 41 employees. Theoretical propositions about event–mood–behaviour relations are derived from Affective Events Theory (Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996) and tested using within‐ and between‐persons variance. The experiment found 56% of the variance in hedonic tone of mood was within‐ rather than between‐persons. Hedonic tone was significantly related to both positive and negative work events in expected directions. The relationship between negative events and mood was approximately five times stronger than that between positive events and mood, even though positive events were reported three to five times more frequently than negative events. Hedonic tone was positively related to engaging in work withdrawal and negatively related to engaging in work tasks. Implications of these findings as well as the use of experience sampling for the study of dynamic workplace variables are discussed.
Using diaries to explore the characteristics of work‐related gossip: Methodological considerations from exploratory multimethod research
Authors: Waddington Kathryn
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the methodological considerations of diary methods, as used in exploratory multimethod research into the characteristics and function of gossip in nursing and health care organizations. There has, in the past, been a dearth of empirical research into the nature and role of gossip in organizations. Gossip is a disparate phenomenon, difficult to define, conceptually complex and resistant to paradigmatic summing up. However, research agendas are emerging in relation to gossip as both a social phenomenon, and also as an important aspect of organizational communication. This paper contributes to this emerging literature, arguing that diary methods offer a solution to the problems of researching the often private, unseen and unheard worlds of gossip in organizations. It is also argued that diary methodsaloneare insufficient, and that eclectic, multimethod research designs are necessary in order to manage the challenges associated with capturing and preserving the elusive nature of gossip.
The Automation of Sediment Urinalysis Using a New Urine Flow Cytometer (UF-100™)
Authors: Fenili Domenico , Pirovano Barbara
Published: June 2005

The UF-100™ analyser is a fully automated instrument that stains the DNA and the membranes of the formed elements in native urine. The sample then passes as a laminar flow through a laser beam and light scattering, fluorescence and impedance are measured. The main purpose of the present work was to assess the analytical performance and the accuracy of the measurements of the UF-100™ analyser.

No carryover was observed, while the linearity was higher then the upper limit (40000 total particles μl−1) suggested by the manufacturer. The within-run imprecision was low, ranging from 17.7 % to 2.4 % and was up to threefold better than manual microscopy.

Comparison of results obtained by sediment microscopy (performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations) and by the UF-100™ analyser showed a linear correlation with r = 0.833 for erythrocytes, r = 0.934 for leukocytes, r = 0.880 for epithelial cells and r = 0.40 for casts.

To evaluate the reliability of the UF-100™ analyser in detecting bacteria we compared the results with the microbial culture (n = 608). Using a cut-off value of bacterial count above 1800 μl−1 and at leukocyte count above 45 μl−1, the analyser detected positive cultures with a sensitivity of 87 % and a specificity of 80 %.

In conclusion, the UF-100™ analyser can improve the work flow, increasing the output of urinalysis by reducing the number of specimens submitted for microscopy. Also the method provides reliable information for the identification of urinary tract inflammation and bacterial infection.
Is the Association of Serum Lipase with β2-Microglobulin or C-Reactive Protein Useful for Establishing the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Pancreatitis?
Authors: Pezzilli Raffaele , Morselli-Labate Antonio Maria , Barakat Bahjat , Fiocchi Manuela , Cappelletti Onda
Published: June 2005

In the Emergency Department it is mandatory to establish the diagnosis and the prognosis of acute pancreatitis as soon as possible. To evaluate whether the association of serum lipase either with serum β2-microglobulin or with C-reactive protein allows simultaneously to establish the diagnosis and the prognosis of acute pancreatitis, 96 patients with acute abdomen were studied. Fifty-eight patients had non-pancreatic acute abdomen and the remaining 38 had acute pancreatitis: 23 mild acute pancreatitis, and 15 severe acute pancreatitis. Forty healthy subjects were studied as controls. Lipase, β2-microglobulin and C-reactive protein were determined in the serum of all subjects, using commercial kits. One patient with acute pancreatitis was not correctly classified when lipase was used to discriminate between patients with non-pancreatic acute abdomen and those with acute pancreatitis. For the discrimination of patients with severe acute pancreatitis from those with the mild form of the disease in the remaining 37 acute pancreatitis patients, β2-microglobulin had a sensitivity of 53.3 %, specificity of 81.8 %, and prognostic accuracy of 70.3% (27 of the 37 patients correctly classified); 87.5 % of the 96 cases were correctly classified. C-reactive protein showed a lower prognostic accuracy than β2-microglobulin: sensitivity 86.7 %, specificity 45.5 %, accuracy 62.2 %; 84.4 % of the cases were correctly classified. Using the polychotomous logistic regression analysis we found the same accuracy in discriminating between patients with acute pancreatitis and those with non-pancreatic acute abdomen (99.0 %) but a lower accuracy (54.1 %) between patients with severe acute pancreatitis and those with the mild form of the disease. Our study shows that the association of serum lipase with β2-microglobulin or with C-reactive protein is not useful in simultaneously establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of acute pancreatitis.
GABAergic Inhibition Controls Neural Gain in Inferior Colliculus Neurons Sensitive to Interaural Time Differences
Authors: Ingham Neil J. , McAlpine David
Published: June 2005

We investigated the role of GABAergic inhibition on the responses of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs) in anesthetized guinea pigs. Responses to static and dynamic ITDs were obtained before, during, and after recovery from ionotophoretic application of GABA, or antagonists to the GABAAreceptor gabazine and bicuculline. For most neurons, a linear relationship was observed between discharge rates evoked by a particular ITD during drug application and control discharge rates. Blocking GABAergic inhibition, or adding exogenous GABA, scaled IC discharge rates in a multiplicative (divisive) and/or additive (subtractive) manner. When the influence of iontophoresed GABA antagonists or exogenous GABA on discharge rates was accounted for, GABAergic inhibition was found to have no effect on the ITD tuning properties of IC neurons. The tuning sharpness of ITD functions, the ITD that evoked 50% response magnitude, and the relative symmetry of ITD functions around their peak response were unaffected by blockade of inhibition or addition of tonic inhibition. However, the ability of neurons to discriminate between ITDs by virtue of differences in their discharge rate was altered by blocking or adding GABA. We propose that inhibition in the IC is involved in the control of the neural gain of the output of IC neurons rather than the regulation of ITD tuning. This gain control appears to arise from a combination of additive and multiplicative processes, and may involve mechanisms such as shunting inhibition or changes in the efficacy of inhibitory and excitatory inputs.
The Primate Thalamus Is a Key Target for Brain Dopamine
Authors: Sánchez-González Miguel Ángel , García-Cabezas Miguel Ángel , Rico Beatriz , Cavada Carmen
Published: June 2005

The thalamus relays information to the cerebral cortex from subcortical centers or other cortices; in addition, it projects to the striatum and amygdala. The thalamic relay function is subject to modulation, so the flow of information to the target regions may change depending on behavioral demands. Modulation of thalamic relay by dopamine is not currently acknowledged, perhaps because dopamine innervation is reportedly scant in the rodent thalamus. We show that dopaminergic axons profusely target the human and macaque monkey thalamus using immunolabeling with three markers of the dopaminergic phenotype (tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and the dopamine transporter). The dopamine innervation is especially prominent in specific association, limbic, and motor thalamic nuclei, where the densities of dopaminergic axons are as high as or higher than in the cortical area with the densest dopamine innervation. We also identified the dopaminergic neurons projecting to the macaque thalamus using retrograde tract-tracing combined with immunohistochemistry. The origin of thalamic dopamine is multiple, and thus more complex, than in any other dopaminergic system defined to date: dopaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, ventral mesencephalon, and the lateral parabrachial nucleus project bilaterally to the monkey thalamus. We propose a novel dopaminergic system that targets the primate thalamus and is independent from the previously defined nigrostriatal, mesocortical, and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. Investigating this “thalamic dopaminergic system” should further our understanding of higher brain functions and conditions such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction.
Reward-Spatial View Representations and Learning in the Primate Hippocampus
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. , Xiang Jian-Zhong
Published: June 2005

The primate anterior hippocampus (which corresponds to the rodent ventral hippocampus) receives inputs from brain regions involved in reward processing, such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. To investigate how this affective input may be incorporated into primate hippocampal function, we recorded neuronal activity while rhesus macaques performed a reward-place association task in which each spatial scene shown on a video monitor had one location that, if touched, yielded a preferred fruit juice reward and a second location that yielded a less-preferred juice reward. Each scene had different locations for the different rewards. Of 312 neurons analyzed in the hippocampus, 18% responded more to the location of the preferred reward in different scenes, and 5% responded to the location of the less-preferred reward. When the locations of the preferred rewards in the scenes were reversed, 60% of 44 hippocampal neurons tested reversed the location to which they responded, showing that the reward-place associations could be altered by new learning in a few trials. The majority (82%) of these 44 hippocampal neurons tested did not respond to reward associations in a visual discrimination, object-reward association task. Thus, the primate hippocampus contains a representation of the reward associations of places “out there” being viewed. By associating places with the rewards available, the concept that the primate hippocampus is involved in object-place event memory is now extended to remembering goals available at different spatial locations. This is an important type of association memory.
Field Notes A History of the Study of New Religious Movements1
Authors: Ashcraft W. Michael
Published: June 2005

The study of New Religious Movements (NRMs) has evolved over the last thirty to forty years by both design and chance. Beginning in the 1970s, scholars interested in NRMs studied specific groups, read one another's work, and ultimately met one another to fashion a "coalition of the mind," or scholarly yet interdisciplinary field of study, focused upon NRMs. The story of this development largely depends on the accounts provided by NRM scholars in interviews conducted by the author.
Planting Systems on Lodging Behavior, Yield Components, and Yield of Irrigated Spring Bread Wheat
Authors: Tripathi S. C. , Sayre K. D. , Kaul J. N.
Published: June 2005

Lodging control of irrigated spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through both crop management practices and cultivar improvement is needed to increase yield and grain quality in farmer fields, especially in developing countries where wheat production under irrigation predominates. The objectives of this research were to: (i) determine how different planting systems combined with cultivar choice can alter lodging incidence; (ii) provide a better understanding of planting system × genotype interactions to identify improved management alternatives for farmers facing chronic wheat crop lodging; and (iii) assess potential lodging consequences that may be associated with the translocation containing the Lr19 gene which has been shown to contribute to increased grain yield potential. Lodging behavior and yield potential were studied for 16 spring wheat genotypes under disease free, irrigated conditions at the CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) experiment station near Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, during the 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 crop cycles. Among the genotypes tested were SUPER SERI, which carries the Lr19 gene, and Seri 82, which is a near isogenic cultivar lacking the gene. Comparisons were made between the widely used, flat planting system with flood irrigation versus an innovative bed planting system with furrow irrigation that has been widely adopted by many farmers in northwest Mexico. An additional treatment using support nets to eliminate lodging for the flat planting system was included to estimate yield losses attributable to lodging. There were yield differences among planting systems and genotypes and their interactions were significant for yield and most other traits. Bed planted genotypes demonstrated over 50% less lodging compared with flat planting providing evidence that bed planting irrigated spring wheat may be beneficial where chronic lodging occurs. Although SUPER SERI significantly out‐yielded Seri 82, it also exhibited significantly more lodging.
Genetic Variation in Sorghum Germplasm from Sudan, ICRISAT, and USA Assessed by Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
Authors: Assar A. H. Abu , Uptmoor R. , Abdelmula A. A. , Salih M. , Ordon F. , Friedt W.
Published: June 2005

Assessment of genetic variability in crops has a strong impact on plant breeding and conservation of genetic resources. It is particularly useful in the characterization of individuals, accessions, and cultivars in determining duplications in germplasm collections and for selecting parents. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic diversity and to obtain information on the genetic relationship among 96 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] accessions from Sudan, ICRISAT, and Nebraska, USA, using 16 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). In total, 117 polymorphic bands were detected with a mean of 7.3 alleles per SSR locus. By this approach each accession is uniquely fingerprinted. Genetic similarity estimates ranged from 0 to 0.91, with a mean of 0.30. The polymorphic information content (PIC) for SSRs ranged from 0.46 (SB4‐72) to 0.87 (SBAGF06). Diversity index (DI) for all accessions was 0.71. Within subgroups, DI was 0.63 for Sudanese landraces and improved cultivars, 0.49 for PI accessions, 0.42 for Nebraska derivatives, 0.39 for the ICRISAT advanced breeding lines (ABLs), 0.65 for the Feterita group, 0.71 for the Milo group, 0.63 for a Synthetic group (new breeding materials), 0.68 for the Hegiri group, and 0.47 for the Mugud group. Mantel statistics revealed a good fit of the unweighted pair‐grouped method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster to the original genetic similarity (GS) data (r = 0.867). UPGMA clustering produced two main clusters comprising mainly nonimproved germplasm (gene bank accessions and Nebraska population derivatives), and improved genotypes (cultivars, Gadarif collections, and ICRISAT advanced lines). Grouping of accessions by UPGMA cluster analysis matched with the geographical origin and/or pedigree information (Sudan, USA, ICRISAT), the adaptation zone (Gadarif area, Sudan), and morphological characters (Feterita, Mugud, and Milo types), indicating the strong differentiation among the sorghum materials.
Relationship between Origin and Genetic Diversity in Chinese Soybean Germplasm
Authors: Chen Yiwu , Nelson Randall L.
Published: June 2005

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was domesticated in China. Information about the amount and distribution of genetic diversity in China is critical to effective soybean germplasm management. Information is currently available from only a few provinces in China. The objectives of this research are to estimate the genetic variation within and among four geographically diverse provinces (Zhejiang, Sichuan, Gansu, and Hebei) in China and to determine the relationship between geographical origin and genetic diversity. Ten primitive cultivars from each province were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments produced from 31 selected decamer primers. CNS, an important U.S. ancestral line, was also included as a control. Genetic variation was estimated by AMOVA analysis with 125 polymorphic RAPD fragments. Genetic distances were calculated by means of Jaccard's coefficient and expressed as dissimilarity coefficients. Unweighted paired group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), Ward's minimum‐variance method, VARCLUS, and multidimensional scaling (MDS) were applied to define the genetic relationships. AMOVA identified significant genetic differences between all pairs of provinces except between Zhejiang and Sichuan. The greatest difference was observed between Hebei and Zhejiang. There was disagreement among the clustering methods, but each procedure identified clusters of accessions that originated from the same province. Based on data from all clustering procedures, six major clusters containing a total of 32 accessions were defined with each cluster dominated by accessions from a single province. These data provide additional evidence that primitive cultivars of China were generally genetically isolated in relatively small geographical areas.
Dinitroaniline‐Induced Genetic Changes in Bermudagrass
Authors: Capo-chichi Ludovic J. A. , Goatley J. M. , Philley W. , Krans J. , Davis D. , Kato A. , van Santen Edzard
Published: June 2005

Off‐type bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) continue to be a major concern on southern U.S. golf greens because of the disruption of surface uniformity and playability. The current study was undertaken to measure the genetic stability of six bermudagrass cultivars (Champion, Floradwarf, MS‐Supreme, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, and Tifgreen) in response to the two dinitroaniline herbicides pendimethalin {N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2, 6‐dinitrobenzenamine} and oryzalin (3,5‐dinitro‐N
4N
4‐dipropylsuffanilamide), which are commonly applied for preemergent weed control in turf management. Four off‐types (Off‐Type 1, Off‐Type 2, Off‐Type 3, and Off‐Type 4) were derived from Champion treated with dinitroanilines during the experimental cycles. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis identified a total of 311 informative fragments with seven primer combinations, of which 162 (52.09%) were polymorphic. The number of polymorphisms detected per primer combination ranged from 18 to 27. The grouping of cultivars according to molecular and morphological data was made by multidimensional analyses: cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). Phenetic analysis as well as CDA revealed that all bermudagrasses and off‐types were genetically diverse. Pairwise D
2 estimates ranged from 0.69 to 0.99 with Off‐Type 3 being the most genetically dissimilar. Unweighted pair‐group method arithmetic average analysis (UPGMA) produced two major clusters. The first contained the six bermudagrass cultivars and Off‐Type 1, Off‐Type 2, and Off‐Type 4, while Off‐Type 3 formed the second cluster. Total gene diversity (HT) across all bermudagrasses was estimated to be 0.15 and within Champion and derived off‐types gene diversity (Hc) was 0.18. Cytological analysis as well as AFLP comparison with African bermudagrass (C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) supports our assertion that Off‐Type 3 (2n = 38) is derived from common bermudagrass. In general, results suggest that dinitroaniline herbicide principles may be used as a pathway to understand the evolutionary processes and the origin of off‐types in bermudagrass.
Effects of Nitrogen and Calcium Supply on the Accumulation of Oxalate in Soybean Seeds
Authors: Streeter John G.
Published: June 2005

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds have sufficiently high oxalate concentration that they are not recommended for consumption by individuals prone to formation of kidney stones. One possible precursor of oxalate is glyoxylic acid and this acid is formed in soybean seeds as a product of ureide catabolism. A nodulating soybean variety was compared with its nonnodulating isoline and the lack of nodules resulted in significant decline in ureide supply to developing seeds. However, oxalate concentrations in the seeds of the isoline were not reduced, suggesting that oxalate is not formed via glyoxylate in soybean seeds. Because oxalate and Ca concentrations are often correlated, manipulation of Ca supply to soybean plants was also studied by increasing Ca supply during pod development by 3.5‐fold relative to the level in the rooting medium. Surprisingly, there was no significant effect of Ca supply on Ca concentrations in leaves, pod walls, or seeds, indicating that Ca accumulation is stable in spite of Ca supply. The Ca treatment also did not significantly alter oxalate accumulation in developing seeds. In spite of this lack of treatment effect, the correlation of oxalate and Ca concentrations within sampling times was generally significant. Oxalate concentration was 2‐ to 3‐fold higher in developing seeds than in mature seeds. It is concluded that (i) the correlation between Ca and oxalate in developing soybean seeds is probably related to unknown factors influencing oxalate accumulation and the subsequent binding of Ca by the oxalate accumulated, (ii) lowering oxalate in soybean seeds will most likely be achieved by selection of low‐oxalate genotypes, and (iii) because oxalate concentrations are higher in immature soybean seeds than in mature seeds, those prone to formation of kidney stones should be cautious about consuming immature soybeans.
Creeping Bentgrass Establishment on Amended‐Sand Root Zones in Two Microenvironments
Authors: Murphy James A. , Samaranayake Hiranthi , Honig Josh A. , Lawson T. J. , Murphy Stephanie L.
Published: June 2005

Sand‐based root zones are commonly used for construction of golf course putting greens. Objectives of this field study were to (i) evaluate sand‐based root zone mixtures varying in amendment (fine loam, peat, and inorganic) on the establishment of ‘L‐93’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), (ii) compare findings to related published studies, and (iii) repeat the trial in two locations varying in air circulation to assess microenvironmental effect. Eleven root zone mixtures, using predominantly medium‐sized sand as the majority component, were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design nested within the two microenvironments. Plots were seeded in May 1998 and establishment was assessed to June 1999. Mixtures with a capillary porosity (−3 kPa water potential) at the high end of, or slightly exceeding, the United States Golf Association (USGA) criterion range (0.15–0.25 m3 m−3) provided more rapid establishment and better turf performance, yet root mass was lowest in these mixtures. Thus, variation in water availability among mixtures appeared sufficient to affect distribution of dry matter between roots and shoots. Mixtures amended to provide greater nutrient retention improved turf establishment; however, low water retention in the inorganic mixtures negated this advantage longer term as irrigation and fertilization shifted from establishment toward a maintenance objective. While shoot response to microenvironment was more limited, total root mass 1 yr after seeding was 24% greater in the open microenvironment than the enclosed, indicating that the initial effect of enclosed microenvironments on growth may go unrecognized during grow‐in unless rooting is assessed.
Seeded Zoysiagrass Establishment in a Perennial Ryegrass Sward
Authors: Zuk Alan J. , Fry Jack D.
Published: June 2005

Many golf course superintendents in the transition zone of the USA are interested in converting their perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fairways to warm‐season grasses to reduce irrigation and fungicide expenses. This research was conducted to identify strategies for converting perennial ryegrass swards maintained under golf course fairway conditions to seeded ‘Zenith’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steudel). An experiment was initiated in 1999 (Study I) at the Rocky Ford Turfgrass Research Center at Manhattan, KS, to evaluate the influence of traffic, plant growth regulator (PGR), or glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] application to perennial ryegrass and perennial ryegrass scalping on zoysiagrass emergence and coverage. In 2000, a second experiment (Study II) was initiated to evaluate zoysiagrass coverage response after perennial ryegrass was treated with glyphosate or scalping, as in Study I, and a zoysiagrass strip‐seeding technique was also evaluated. Each study was evaluated for three consecutive years. Before seeding zoysiagrass at 42 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha−1 in mid June, plots in all treatments were aerified and verticut. Trafficking turf with a smooth power roller in Study I reduced turfgrass quality during the first year of establishment and reduced zoysiagrass seedling emergence 6 wk after seeding and coverage in each of three evaluation years. Plant growth regulators applied to perennial ryegrass before seeding in Study I did not enhance zoysiagrass seedling emergence or coverage. Perennial ryegrass treated with glyphosate or scalped during the first 6 wk after seeding exhibited greater zoysiagrass seedling emergence than PGR‐treated or untreated turf in Study I. Zoysiagrass coverage in glyphosate‐treated perennial ryegrass was 75 and 84% by October of the first year in Studies I and II, respectively. Scalping perennial ryegrass resulted in 75% (Study I) and 40% (Study II) zoysiagrass coverage by the end of the third season of establishment. Strip seeding zoysiagrass at 84 kg PLS ha−1 into 7.6‐cm wide glyphosate‐treated strips, spaced 33 cm apart, resulted in 73% coverage by the end of the third season of establishment in Study II. In general, the treatments that resulted in greatest perennial ryegrass suppression resulted in the largest percentage of zoysiagrass coverage 3 yr after seeding.
Specificity of Host‐Endophyte Association in Tall Fescue Populations from Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Piano E. , Bertoli F. B. , Romani M. , Tava A. , Riccioni L. , Valvassori M. , Carroni A. M. , Pecetti L.
Published: June 2005

Tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb. var. arundinacea Schreb. (2n = 6x = 42)] breeding objectives are to exploit the natural variation of the associated endophytic fungi and to select specific plant–fungus combinations that optimize the host fitness but do not cause detrimental effects on grazing animals. This study investigated the presence of endophytes in 60 tall fescue natural populations from Sardinia, Italy; identified the endophytes and assessed some important metabolites produced by their interaction with the host plant; and characterized the tall fescue populations for morphological traits, relating the variation among populations to possible differences in the associated endophytes. The high frequency of infected populations (58 out of 60), and high levels of infection (on average, 80% infected seed), suggested an adaptive advantage of E+ plants under harsh Mediterranean conditions. Morphological identification of fungal isolates, in comparison with Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones et Gams) Glenn, Bacon et Hanlin check isolates, made it possible to separate two groups of populations. One, infrequent, associated with a long‐conidia endophyte (attributable to N. coenophialum), and another associated with a short‐conidia form, likely belonging to the Festuca arundinacea Taxonomic Grouping‐2 (FaTG‐2), which was previously isolated in a few Mediterranean accessions. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of loline alkaloids only in populations associated to the long‐conidia endophyte, thus corroborating that form's attribution to the loline‐inducing N. coenophialum A difference was also observed in ergovaline concentration between long‐conidia (= N. coenophialum) and short‐conidia endophyte variants, the latter producing only about 25% of the ergovaline produced by the former. A coevolutionary specificity between the native Sardinian fescue germplasm and its associated endophyte was suggested by the agreement between morphology of the host plant (distinct from germplasm originating in temperate environments) and morphological and biochemical characteristics of the harbored fungus.
Development and Use of Microsatellite Markers for Germplasm Characterization in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Mason S. L. , Stevens M. R. , Jellen E. N. , Bonifacio A. , Fairbanks D. J. , Coleman C. E. , McCarty R. R. , Rasmussen A. G. , Maughan P. J.
Published: June 2005

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a widely consumed food crop and a primary protein source for many of the indigenous inhabitants of the Andean region of South America. The objective of this study was to develop a collection of reproducible and highly informative microsatellite markers for quinoa. A total of 1276 clones were sequenced from three microsatellite‐enriched (CA, ATT, ATG) libraries. Four hundred fifty‐seven (36%) of the clones contained unique microsatellites. The most common repeated motifs, other than CA, AAT, and ATG, were GA and CAA. Flanking primers were designed for 397 microsatellite loci and screened using a panel of diverse quinoa accessions and one accession of C. berlandieri Moq., a wild relative of quinoa. Two hundred eight (52%) of the microsatellite markers were polymorphic among the quinoa accessions. An additional 25 of the microsatellite markers (6%) were polymorphic when the C. berlandieri accession was included in the analysis. Only in rare instances (nine) did a microsatellite amplify in quinoa and not in C. berlandieri The number of observed alleles ranged from 2 to 13, with an average of four alleles detected per locus. Heterozygosity values ranged from 0.20 to 0.90 with a mean value of 0.57. Sixty‐seven markers (32%) were highly polymorphic (H ≥ 0.70). These microsatellites markers are an ideal resource for use in managing quinoa germplasm, trait mapping and marker‐assisted breeding strategies. The wide cross‐species transportability of these markers may extend their value to research involving other Chenopodium species.
Phenological and Morphological Components of Cotton Crop Maturity
Authors: Bednarz Craig W. , Nichols Robert L.
Published: June 2005

Full season cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) cultivars may be better adapted to the lower southeastern USA because early maturing cultivars may not recover from the many episodic drought events that annually plague the region. The objective of this investigation was to determine if cotton maturity may be defined on the basis of flowering interval, boll maturation period, or whole plant yield distribution. Studies were conducted at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Nine commercially available cotton cultivars were over seeded and hand thinned to 10.8 plants m−2Areas within each plot were reserved for daily white flower and open boll tagging and hand harvest. Mean vertical flowering intervals were 2.1 (2001), 2.7 (2002), and 2.6 (2003) d. Mean vertical flowering intervals increased from main stem node 5 to about main stem node 11 and then began to decline. Mean horizontal flowering intervals were 3.2 (2001), 4.4 (2002), and 3.8 (2003) d and were shorter than those in previous reports. In all years, the earlier maturity cultivars possessed the shortest boll maturation periods while the later maturity cultivars possessed the longest. The earlier maturity cultivars also produced a greater percentage of their total lint yields at lower main stem nodes. of the many possible pathways to early crop maturity, the ones investigated in this study that appear to have been most useful in breeding programs are shortening of the horizontal flowering interval and boll maturation period and lengthening of sympodial branches at lower main stem nodes.
Enhanced Survival and Animal Performance from Ecotype Derived White Clover Cultivars
Authors: Bouton J. H. , Woodfield D. R. , Hoveland C. S. , McCann M. A. , Caradus J. R.
Published: June 2005

Most U.S. white clover (Trifolium repensL.) breeding projects have concentrated on developing ladino (T. repensvargiganteumLagr‐Foss) cultivars. Ecotypes collected from grazed, grass dominant pastures in Georgia are exclusively stolon dense, intermediate leaf types(T. repensfhollandicumErith ex Jav. & Soo)rather than ladinos. These ecotypes formed the parental base for the Durana (ecotypes only) and Patriot (an ecotype × ladino hybrid) cultivars. Our objective was to compare morphological characteristics and agronomic production and animal performance of Durana and Patriot against the ladino cultivar Regal and other appropriate checks. Durana and Patriot were distinct morphologically from Regal, but no differences were seen among these same entries for dry matter yield in small plots. Both cultivars possessed greater small plot stand survival than Regal under grazing with grass competition. In endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum(Morgan‐Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin] infected (E+) and endophyte‐free (E−) tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) paddocks, Durana maintained a clover percentage of 43% by weight while Regal deteriorated to less than 5% by Year 2. Beef cattle (Bosspp.) gains on E+ paddocks with Durana, Regal, or grass alone check (fertilized with 65 kg N ha−1grazing season−1) treatments during Year 2 were 0.95, 0.49, and 0.43 kg head−1d−1, respectively, while gains on E− paddocks with Durana, Regal, and grass alone were 1.14, 0.75, and 0.99 kg head−1d−1, respectively. Similar trends were found for Patriot in a separate trial. The superior performance of these cultivars highlights the importance of f.hollandicumecotypes to develop more persistent white clover cultivars.
Grazing Tolerance of Cool‐Season Grasses Planted as Seeded Sward Plots and Spaced Plants
Authors: Hopkins Andrew A.
Published: June 2005

Improved grazing tolerance is often an important goal in grass breeding programs. The objective of this research was to compare grazing tolerance of several cool‐season perennial grasses planted as seeded sward plots and spaced plants. Cultivars or populations of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), wheatgrass species (Thinopyrum spp.; Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and hardinggrass (Phalaris aquatica L.), were evaluated at Burneyville and Ardmore, OK, for 2 and 4 yr, respectively, as seeded sward plots and spaced plants. Following establishment, plots were grazed heavily (average of 6400 kg live weight ha−1) by cattle (Bos spp.) during spring and summer. Grazing tolerance was estimated each fall using survival as well as recovery scores for spaced plants and stand for seeded sward plots. Genotype × environment (G×E) interactions were prevalent, with the Burneyville site being more stressful for grass growth. Within an environment, recovery scores and survival of spaced plants were very similar, with rank correlations exceeding 0.81 (P < 0.05). As plantings became older, entries responded more similarly to heavy grazing across planting arrangements, with rank correlations between stand and survival exceeding 0.70 (P < 0.01) in some cases. ‘Barton’ western wheatgrass and ‘Paiute’ orchardgrass were consistently among the most and least grazing tolerant entries, respectively, regardless of planting arrangement. Thus, where seed supplies are limited, initial screening of accessions as spaced plants for 2 to 4 yr should allow breeders to identify cool‐season grass germplasm that is potentially grazing tolerant. Subsequent evaluations in sward plots at multiple locations would be helpful in determining which populations to incorporate into a breeding program.