bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Use Practices in Root, Tuber and Banana Crops by Smallholder Farmers in Rwanda and Burundi
Authors: Okonya Joshua Sikhu , Petsakos Athanasios , Suarez Victor , Nduwayezu Anasatase , Kantungeko Déo , Blomme Guy , Legg James Peter , Kroschel Jürgen
Published: November 2018

Misuse and poor handling of chemical pesticides in agriculture is hazardous to the health of farmers, consumers and the environment. We studied the pest and disease management practices and the type of pesticides used in four root, tuber and banana (RTB) crops in Burundi and Rwanda through in-depth interviews with a total of 811 smallholder farmers. No chemical pesticides were used in banana in either Rwanda and Burundi, whereas the use of insecticides and fungicides in potato is quite frequent. Nearly all insecticides and about one third of the fungicides used are moderately hazardous. Personal protective equipment is used by less than a half of the interviewed farmers in both countries. Reported cases of death due to self- or accidental poisoning among humans and domestic animals in the previous 12 months were substantial in both countries. Training of farmers and agrochemical retailers in safe use of pesticide and handling, and use of integrated pest management approaches to reduce pest and disease damage is recommended.
Performance Analysis of Optical Spatial Modulation in Atmospheric Turbulence Channel
Authors: Olanrewaju Hammed G. , Thompson John , Popoola Wasiu O.
Published: November 2018

In this paper, spatial pulse position modulation (SPPM) is used as a case study to investigate the performance of the optical spatial modulation (SM) technique in outdoor atmospheric turbulence (AT). A closed-form expression for the upper bound on the asymptotic symbol error rate (SER) of SPPM in AT is derived and validated by closely-matching simulation results. The error performance is evaluated in weak to strong AT conditions. As the AT strength increases from the weak to strong, the channel fading coefficients become more dispersed and differentiable. Thus, a better error performance is observed under moderate-to-strong AT compared to weak AT. The performance in weak AT can be improved by applying unequal power allocation to make FSO links more distinguishable at the receiver. Receive diversity is considered to mitigate irradiance fluctuation and improve the robustness of the system to turbulence-induced channel fading. The diversity order is computed as half of the number of detectors. Performance comparisons, in terms of energy and spectral efficiencies, are drawn between the SPPM scheme and conventional MIMO schemes such as repetition coding and spatial multiplexing.
Debonding Strain Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Adhered to the Concrete Surface
Authors: Qureshi Hisham Jahangir , Saleem Muhammad Umair
Published: November 2018

The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites for strengthening concrete structures has gained a lot of popularity in the past couple of decades. The major issue in the retrofitting of concrete structures with FRP is the accurate evaluation of debonding flexural strain of polymer composites at the bonding interface of epoxy and concrete. In order to address it, a comprehensive experimental study was planned and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite was applied on the concrete surface with the help of adhesives. CFRP was used as an external mounted flexural and shear reinforcement to strengthen the beams. Flexural load test was performed on a group of eight reinforced concrete beams. These beams were strengthened in flexure and shear by different reinforcement ratios of CFRP. The strain gauges were applied on the surface of concrete and CFRP strips to assess the debonding strain of both CFRP and concrete under flexural and shear stresses. The resulting tests data is presented in the form of load –deformation and strain values. It has been found that the values of strains transferred to the FRP through the concrete are highly dependent on the surface tensile properties of concrete and debonding strength of the adhesive. The test results have clearly indicated that the strength increment in flexural members is highly dependent on debonding strain values of FRP from the concrete surface.
CRISP-R/Cas9 Mediated Deletion of Copper Transport Genes CTR1 and DMT1 in NSCLC Cell Line H1299. Biological and Pharmacological Consequences
Authors: Ilyechova Ekaterina Y. , Bonaldi Elisa , Orlov Iurii A. , Skomorokhova Ekaterina , Puchkova Ludmila V. , Broggini Massimo
Published: November 2018

Copper, the highly toxicity micronutrient, plays two essential roles: it is a catalytic and structural cofactor for Cu-dependent enzymes, and it acts as a secondary messenger. In the cells, copper is imported by CTR1, a transmembrane high-affinity copper importer, and DMT1 (divalent metal transporter). In cytosol, enzyme-specific chaperones receive copper from CTR1 C-terminus and deliver it to their apoenzymes. DMT1 cannot be a donor of catalytic copper because it does not have cytosol domain which is required for copper transfer to the Cu-chaperons and following to cuproenzymes. Here we assume that DMT1 can mediate copper way required for regulatory copper pool. To verify this thought, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate H1299 cell line with CTR1 or DMT1 single knockout (KO) and CTR1/DMT1 double knockout (DKO). To confirm KOs of the genes qRT-PCR were used. Two independent clones for each gene were selected for further studies. In CTR1-KO cells, expression of the DMT1 gene was significantly increased. In subcellular compartments, copper concentration decreased dramatically in DKO cells. CTR1-KO cells, but not DMT1-KO, demonstrated reduced sensitivity to cisplatin and silver ions, agents that enter the cell through CTR1. The expression of genes, whose protein products require copper: HIF1α, XIAP, COMMD1, CCS, Cp, but not SOD1 and NF-kB, changed their level. Perhaps these data will help to understand how the disturbances of copper homeodynamics lead to the development of neurodegenerative and oncological disorders. Possibility of using CTR1 KO and DMT1 KO cells to study homeodynamics of catalytic and signaling copper selectively is discussed.
Components of Diet Quality Explain the Association between Acculturation and Increased Body Mass Index in Mexican Americans
Authors: Yoshida Yilin , Scribner Richard , Chen Liwei , Broyles Stephanie , Phillippi Stephen , Simoes Eduardo J. , Tseng Tung-Sung
Published: November 2018

Background and Objectives: Acculturation is associated with excessive weight gain among immigrants to the U.S. Whether dietary factors mediate this association is unclear. This study aimed to examine whether overall diet quality or specific component(s) of diet quality mediate the association between acculturation and Body Mass Index (BMI) among Mexican American (MA) men and women. Material and Methods: This is a secondary data analysis using dietary intake data from 24-hour dietary recalls, measured height and weight, and self-reported acculturation from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 1999-2000 to 2011-2012. A total of 6848 MA adults (≥20 yrs) with reliable dietary recall status and body measures were included in the study. Path analyses was performed in Mplus with complex survey design effects adjusted. Results: HEI components of whole grains and sodium were found to play meditating roles in the acculturation-BMI association, and their effects on BMI were opposing [indirect effect were -0.01 (SE 0.00) and 0.02 (0.01), respectively]. In gender-specific analysis, sodium [0.01 (0.00)] was a significant mediator only in MA men; whereas, whole grains [-0.01 (0.00)] was a significant mediator only in MA women. Conclusions: HEI components of whole grains and sodium appeared to be significant dietary mediators in the acculturation-BMI association. Understanding the variations of dietary components and their relationship with acculturation as well as BMI is useful for developing dietary interventions and obesity reduction.
Drought Effects on Vessel Plasticity of Two Endemic Magnolia Species in the Tropical Montane Cloud Forests of Eastern Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez-Ramírez Ernesto Chanes , Vázquez-García J. Antonio , Alcántara-Ayala Othón , Luna-Vega Isolda
Published: November 2018

The distribution of Mexican Magnolia species´ occur under restricted climatic conditions. As many other tree species from the tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF), Magnolia species appear to be sensitive to drought. Through the use of dendrochronological techniques, this study aims to determine the climate influence on the vessel traits of M. vovidesii and M. schiedeana which are endangered tree species that are endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. Because most of the tree species in TMCFs are sensitive to climate fluctuations, it is necessary to investigate the differences in the climatic adaptability of the vessel architecture of these trees. This could allow us to further understand the potential peril of climate change on TMCFs. We compared vessel frequency, length and diameter in drought and non–drought years in two Mexican Magnolia species. We used tree–rings width and vessel traits to assess the drought effects on Magnolias’ diffuse–porous wood back to the year 1929. We obtained independent chronologies for M. vovidesii with a span of 75 years (1941–2016), while for M. schiedeana we obtained a span of 319 years (1697–2016). We found that temperature and precipitation are strongly associated with differences in tree–ring width (TRW) between drought and non–drought years. Our results showed anatomical differences in vessel trait response between these two Magnolia species to climatic variation. We suggest that our approach of combining dendroclimatic and anatomical techniques is a powerful tool to analyse anatomic wood plasticity to climatic variation in Magnolia species.
Effect of Electronic Conductivities of Iridium Oxide/Doped SnO2 Oxygen-Evolving Catalysts on the Polarization Properties in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Authors: Ohno Hideaki , Nohara Shinji , Kakinuma Katsuyoshi , Uchida Makoto , Uchida Hiroyuki
Published: November 2018

We have developed IrOx/M-SnO2 (M = Nb, Ta, and Sb) anode catalysts, IrOx nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on M-SnO2 supports with fused-aggregate structures, which make it possible to evolve oxygen efficiently, even with a reduced amount of noble metal (Ir) in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Polarization properties of IrOx/M-SnO2 catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were examined at 80 °C in both 0.1 M HClO4 solution (half cell) and a single cell with a Nafion® membrane (thickness = 50 μm). While all catalysts exhibited similar OER activities in the half cell, the cell potential (Ecell) of the single cell was found to decrease with the increasing apparent conductivities (σapp, catalyst) of these catalysts: an Ecell of 1.61 V (voltage efficiency of 92%) at 1 A cm-2 was achieved in a single cell by the use of an IrOx/Sb-SnO2 anode (highest σapp, catalyst) with a low Ir-metal loading of 0.11 mgIr cm-2 and Pt supported on graphitized carbon black (Pt/GCB) as the cathode, with 0.35 mgPt cm−2. In addition to the reduction of the ohmic loss in the anode catalyst layer, the increased electronic conductivity contributed to decreasing the OER overpotential due to the effective utilization of the IrOx nanocatalysts on the M-SnO2 supports, which is an essential factor in improving the performance with low noble metal loadings.
Effects of Warming Climate on Overheating and Energy Use in Urban Office Buildings
Authors: Morshed Tanvir , Mourshed Monjur
Published: November 2018

The UK Government is committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050. Buildings are responsible for 37% of the total GHG emissions in the UK and the need to reduce their emissions has resulted in more stringent building regulations in the recent past. The regulations, energy rating systems and voluntary guidelines — all are primarily aimed at reducing the need for heating and associated energy use by increasing insulation and air-tightness. However, future climates are projected to be warmer than the present day. Internal gains dominated non-domestic buildings will likely overheat, the adaptation to which will require energy-intensive cooling solutions, thus defeating the purpose of heating-focused regulations. This research investigated the effects of warming climate on overheating, and energy use and resulting emissions in representative urban office spaces in London in the present-day and future climates using hourly dynamic thermal simulations. Findings suggest that more airtight and highly—insulated office buildings designed for heating—dominated temperate UK climate will overheat in the 2050s. Heating demand reduces but electricity consumption increases by 121% when hybrid cooling is adopted to ameliorate overheating. Despite the rise, adopting a mixed-mode ventilation strategy was one of the ways of achieving overall energy efficiency while meeting benchmark overheating and carbon emissions target in present and future climatic contradictions. Current heating-focused legislations need to be urgently re-evaluated to account for the effects of climatic variability and overheating risks.
Broadening Understanding on Managing the Communication Infrastructure in Vehicular Networks: Customizing the Coverage Using the Delta Network
Authors: Silva Cristiano M. , Silva Lucas D. , Santos Leonardo A. L. , Sarubbi João F. M. , Pitsillides Andreas
Published: November 2018

Over the past few decades, the growth of the urban population has been remarkable. Nowadays, 50% of the population lives in urban areas, and forecasts point that by 2050 this number will reach 70%. Today, 64% of all travel made is within urban environments and the total amount of urban kilometers traveled is expected to triple by 2050. Thus, seeking novel solutions for urban mobility becomes paramount for 21st century society. In this work, we discuss the performance of vehicular networks. We consider the metric Delta Network. The Delta Network characterizes the connectivity of the vehicular network through the percentage of travel time in which vehicles are connected to roadside units. This article reviews the concept of Delta Network and extends its study through the presentation of a general heuristic based on the definition of scores to identify the areas of the road network that should receive coverage. After defining the general heuristic, we show how small changes in the score computation can generate very distinct (and interesting) patterns of coverage, each one suited to a given scenario. In order to exemplify such behavior, we propose three deployment strategies based on simply changing the computation of scores. The results show that the strategies derived from the general heuristic are very interesting, all of them deploying roadside units in a circle pattern around the traffic epicenter.
Spatial Assessment of Degraded Lands for Biofuel Production in Indonesia
Authors: Jaung Wanggi , Wiraguna Edi , Okarda Beni , Artati Yustina , Goh Chun Sheng , Syahru Ramdhoni , Leksono Budi , Prasetyo Lilik Budi , Lee Soo Min , Baral Himlal
Published: November 2018

This study spatially estimates degraded lands in Indonesia that have limited functions for food production, carbon storage, and conservation of biodiversity and native vegetation, and examines their suitability to grow biodiesel species (Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia pinnata and Reutealis trisperma) and biomass species (Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium). Results showed that Indonesia has ∼3.5 million ha of degraded lands potentially suitable for these species. With the all-five-species scenario, these lands had the potential to produce 1105 PJ yr−1 of biomass and 3 PJ yr−1 of biodiesel. With the biodiesel-only-species scenario, these lands showed the potential to produce 10 PJ yr−1 of biodiesel. Despite this energy potential, however, the land sizes were too small to support economies of scale for biofuel production. The study findings contribute to identifying lands with limited functions, modeling biofuel-species growth on regional lands and estimating carbon stocks of restored degraded lands in Indonesia.
DAMPAK MEDIA SOSIAL TERHADAP PERPUSTAKAAN
Authors: Fatmawati Endang
Published: November 2018

Online media has penetrated in all areas including the library so the impact on the rapid flow of information. Library into the gates of knowledge so librarian most responsible for the release of information entered into the goal. Information posts from library can be made through any type of social media application. Sosial media was created to enable people to communicate and connect with others. Social media has changes the way librarian in doing their jobs related to communicate with the users, how to communicate both individually and at the library level. Social media have forever changed the way interact, share, and ultimately conduct our relationships. Various information appeared like seawater unstoppable spread so users required to be wise in choosing and using them. A wave of false news more so by the presence of social media. Social media become a challenge for librarians to improve their competence with media literacy of new technology. Librarian library through a very important role as a gateway healthy information.

Media online sudah merambah di semua bidang termasuk perpustakaan sehingga berdampak pada pesatnya arus informasi. Perpustakaan menjadi gerbang pengetahuan sehingga pustakawanlah yang paling bertanggung jawab menjadi gawang masuk keluarnya informasi. Informasi dari perpustakaan dapat dilakukan melalui semua jenis aplikasi media sosial. Media sosial memungkinkan kita berkomunikasi dan terhubung dengan yang lain. Media sosial dapat mengubah pekerjaan pustakawan yang berhubungan dengan komunikasi dengan pemustaka, baik perseorangan maupun pada level perpustakaan. Media sosial merubah cara untuk berinteraksi, berbagi, dan menjalin hubungan. Beragam informasi muncul bagaikan air laut yang tak terbendung penyebarannya sehingga pemustaka dituntut harus bijak dalam memilih dan menggunakannya. Gelombang berita bohong semakin terasa dengan hadirnya media sosial. Media sosial menjadi tantangan bagi para pustakawan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi literasi media dengan teknologi baru. Perpustakaan melalui pustakawannya sangat berperan sebagai gerbang informasi sehat.
PEMANFATAN MEDIA SOSIAL PADA PERPUSTAKAN KOTA LITERASI (Studi Kasus Perpustakaan Daerah Kabupaten Sragen)
Authors: Jiyanto Jiyanto , Miftah Muhammad
Published: November 2018

ABSTRAK

Dalam fungsinya sebagai pusat informasi, perpustakaan sangat disibukkan dengan kegiatan mengumpulkan, mengevaluasi, menyeleksi, dan menyebarkan informasi yang dibutuhkan oleh penggunanya. Di dalam menjalankan fungsinya untuk melayani kebutuhan penggunanya tersebut, perpustakaan dipacu untuk melihat kemajuan teknologi sebagai partner yang membantu fungsi perpustakaan itu sendiri. Pencanangan kota Sragen sebagai Kabupaten Literasi menjadikan perpustakaan sebagai pusat kegiatan dalam program pemerintah tersebut. Dalam mendukung program pemerintah tersebut, Perpustakaan  Umum Daerah Sragen membutuhkan berbagai sarana penunjang dalam mempromosikan diri sebagai pusatnya literasi. Salah satu sarana penunjang yang efektif adalah dengan menggunakan sosial media. Tulisan ini mengkaji mengenai pemanfaatan sosial media pada perpustakaan daerah Kabupaten Sragen. Tujuan dari kajian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemanfaatan sosial media di kota literasi.

Kata Kunci: Pemanfaatan, Media Sosial, Perpustakaan Daerah, Kota Literasi

ABSTRACT

In its function as an information center, the library preoccupied with activities of collecting, evaluating, selecting, and disseminate information needed by users. In carrying out its functions to review its serve the needs of the library are encouraged to review seeing as the technology advancement partners help functions the library. The declaration of the city as Sragen regency make library literacy program activity center hearts as that government. In support of the government's program, the public library in Sragen requires different means of supporting the hearts promoting literacy self as its center. One means of supporting the effective was with using social media. This article examines the utilization of social media regarding at sragen local library. Purpose of study singer for the review to know how social media utilization in cities literacy.

Key Words: Utilization, Social Media, Local Library, Cities Literacy
Transient-Rate Analysis of Stress-Sensitive Hydraulic Fractures: Considering the Geomechanical Effect in Anisotropic Shale
Authors: Yao Shanshan , Wang Xiangzeng , Yuan Qingwang , Zeng Fanhua
Published: November 2018

Production from multistage-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) in shale reservoirs causes stress changes that further influence the conductivities of hydraulic fractures. Moreover, many shale rocks are strongly anisotropic. The objective of this study is to semianalytically model hydrocarbon-flow dynamics in reservoirs with MFHWs. The effects of stress-sensitive hydraulic fractures and shale anisotropy are considered.

First, this study explores the relationship between principal-stress and pore-pressure changes in anisotropic shale. Second, an exponential correlation is further incorporated to describe the fracture conductivities vs. pore-pressure changes in anisotropic shale. The exponential correlation is validated by matching experimental data of fracture conductivities vs. effective stress. The fracture compressibility df in the exponential equation is stress-dependent rather than constant. Next, this study discretizes each hydraulic fracture into several source segments. For each segment in each timestep, pressure distribution is calculated with source/sink functions. Both the stress field and the hydraulic-fracture conductivities are updated according to the pressure distribution with the previously mentioned correlations before starting the next timestep.

In addition to the constant-bottomhole-flowing-pressure condition, nonconstant bottomhole pressure (BHP) in real-field cases can also be entered for this semianalytical model. The model is validated by comparing its results with numerical simulations. A series of type curves q vs. t is generated on the basis of model calculations. The type curves are applied to investigate the effects of initial fracture conductivity Fci, initial fracture compressibility dfi, declining rate of fracture compressibility β, shale anisotropy, and the BHP profiles on MFHW transient-rate behavior. To maximize the hydrocarbon production, the BHP profile must be adjusted on the basis of fracture stress-sensitive characteristics. The semianalytical model is used to analyze two field cases with different pwf profiles under the influence of stress-sensitive hydraulic fractures.
Evolution and Evaluation of SRV in Shale Gas Reservoirs: An Application in the Horn River Shale of Canada
Authors: Urban-Rascon Edgar , Yousefzadeh Abdolnaser , Virues Claudio J. , Aguilera Roberto
Published: November 2018

A hybrid-hydraulic-fracture (HHF) model composed of (1) complex discrete fracture networks (DFNs) and (2) planar fractures is proposed for modeling the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). Modeling the SRV is complex and requires a synergetic approach between geophysics, petrophysics, and reservoir engineering. The objective of this paper is to characterize and evaluate the SRV in nine horizontal multilaterals covering the Muskwa, Otter Park, and Evie Formations in the Horn River Shale in Canada, with a view to match their production histories and to evaluate the effectiveness and potential problems of the multistage hydraulic-fracturing jobs performed in the nine laterals.

To accomplish this goal, the HHF model is run in a numerical-simulation model to evaluate the SRV performance in planar and complex fracture networks using good-quality microseismicity data collected during 75 stages of hydraulic fracturing (out of 145 stages performed in nine laterals). The fracture-network geometry for each hydraulic-fracture (HF) stage is developed on the basis of microseismicity observations and the limits obtained in the fracture-propagation modeling. Post-fracturing production is appraised with rate-transient analysis (RTA) for determining effective permeability under flowing conditions. Results are compared with the HHF simulation and the hydraulic-fracturing design.

The HHF modeling of the SRV leads to a good match of the post-fracturing production history. The HHF simulation indicates interference between stages. The vertical connectivity in the reservoir is larger than the horizontal connectivity. This is interpreted to be the result of the large height achieved by HFs, and the absence of barriers between the formations.

It is concluded that the HHF model is a valuable tool for evaluating hydraulic-fracturing jobs and the SRV in shales of the Horn River Basin in Canada. Because of the generality of the Horn River application, the same approach might have application in other shale gas reservoirs around the world.
Determination of Performance of Multiple-Fracture Horizontal Well by Incorporating Fracture-Fluid Leakoff
Authors: Asadi Mohammad Bagher , Ameri Mohammad Javad , Amini Shahram , Zendehboudi Sohrab
Published: November 2018

Multiple-fracture-horizontal-well (MFHW) technology plays a crucial role in production from less economically attractive reservoirs, through enhancing the well productivity. The formation around the fracture might be damaged considerably during fracturing processes because of the fracture-fluid leakoff into the reservoir. Different attempts have been made to achieve an optimal design for MFHWs; however, the effect of fracture-fluid leakoff has been neglected in most of these research investigations, leading to unrealistic and inaccurate results. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap. A new mathematical approach is introduced to evaluate the effect of the fracture-fluid-leakoff phenomenon on the fracture characteristics during hydraulic fracturing. The unified-fracture-design (UFD) concept is used in this research work to optimize the productivity of MFHWs where the direct boundary-element method (DBEM) is applied. The distributed-volumetric-sources (DVS) method, which offers a semianalytical response of a reservoir to closed outer boundaries with respect to a source, is also extended, and the results obtained from these two different techniques are compared. Then, the proposed methodology is applied to a synthetic case study to evaluate the influence of fracture-fluid leakoff on the productivity index (PI) and to obtain the fracture dimensions that result in the optimal productivity. It is concluded that leakoff leads to influx-pattern variation. Also, it is found that the optimal fracture for the leakoff case is shorter and wider at a constant proppant number, in contrast to the case without a leakoff event. This study proposes an accurate and reliable approach for productivity determination of MFHWs that can assist the petroleum industry to optimize hydraulic-fracturing operations.
Integration of Large-Area Scanning-Electron-Microscopy Imaging and Automated Mineralogy/Petrography Data for Selection of Nanoscale Pore-Space Characterization Sites
Authors: Kazak Andrey , Chugunov Svyatoslav , Chashkov Anatolii
Published: November 2018

The task of reliable characterization of complex reservoirs is tightly coupled to studying their microstructure at a variety of scales, which requires a departure from traditional petrophysical approaches and delving into the world of nanoscale. A promising method of representatively retaining a large volume of a rock sample while achieving nanoscale resolution is based on multiscale digital rock technology. The smallest scale of this approach is often realized in the form of working with several 3D focused-ion-beam–scanning-electron-microscopy (FIB-SEM) models, registration of these models to a greater volume of rock sample, and estimation and scaling up of model local properties to the volume of the entire sample. However, a justified and automated selection of representative regions for building FIB-SEM models poses a big challenge to a researcher. In this work, our objective was to integrate modern SEM and mineral-mapping technologies to drive a justified decision on location of representative zones for FIB-SEM analysis of a rock sample. The procedure is based on two experimental methods. The first method is automated mapping of sample surface area with the use of backscattered electrons (BSEs) and secondary electrons (SEs); this method has resolution down to nanometers and spatial coverage up to centimeters, also referred to as large-area high-resolution SEM imaging. The second method is automated quantitative mineralogy and petrography scanning that allows covering sample's cross section with a mineral map, with resolution down to 1 µm/pixel. Data gathered with both methods on millimeter-sized cross sections of rock samples were registered and integrated in the paradigm of joint-data interpretation, augmented with computer-based image-processing techniques, to provide a reliable classification of nanoscale and microscale features on sample cross sections. The superimposed SEM and mineral-map images were combined with physics-based selection criteria for reasonable selection of FIB-SEM candidates out of a great number of potential sites. In the result, a semiautomated work flow was developed and tested. Demonstration of the work flow is made on one of Russia's most promising tight gas formations, where the characteristic dimension of void-space objects spans from a single nanometer to millimeters. An example of an optimized site selection for FIB-SEM operations is discussed.
Semianalytical Solution for Modeling the Performance of Complex Multifractured Horizontal Wells in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Idorenyin Etim H. , Shirif Ezeddin E.
Published: November 2018

Analytical models have evolved in their capacity to represent the transient response of multifractured horizontal wells producing from unconventional reservoirs. However, as is common with analytical solutions, they are based on simplified reservoir/well geometries and flow-pattern assumptions that inherently restrict their scope of application. Their use for analyzing flow scenarios that transcend their scope is thus prone to errors. This paper documents a semianalytical model that overcomes the aforementioned limitations, and thereby expands analysis to the realm of reservoir/well architectures that are inaccessible to analytical models. Our solution is based on the Laplace-transform boundary-element-method (BEM) implementation of the Green's function solution of the diffusivity equation. We represent the reservoir as a 2D composite system, with the outer boundaries and the interface between reservoir regions discretized appropriately. With the collocation procedure, the solution is distilled to a system of algebraic equations that is solved for the reservoir's transient response. The hydraulic fractures need not be regular (equidistant and/or isometric), as is required by most analytical models; instead, they can traverse arbitrary spatial orientations and dimensions with respect to the horizontal well. We demonstrate the application of our solution by modeling multifractured-horizontal-well performance with two verification cases and three synthetic examples. The first example showcases a multifractured horizontal well traversed by identical, evenly spaced, fully penetrating, vertical hydraulic fractures within a stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The second example models an enhanced-permeability region local to each hydraulic fracture as opposed to a single SRV housing all the fractures. The last example typifies complex fracture geometries, where the fractures have different half-lengths, spacings, and orientations. Besides showing that all the verification and example cases are in excellent agreement with numerical solution, we demonstrate the utility of our solution for modeling variable-rate flow commonly observed in practical field-production scenarios, showing its potential for history matching and forecasting the performance of multifractured horizontal wells.
Yield and Overall Productivity under Long‐Term Wheat‐Based Crop Rotations: 2000 through 2016
Authors: Schlegel Alan J. , Assefa Yared , Haag Lucas A. , Thompson Curtis R. , Stone Loyd R.
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas

Summer crop yields were greater when the summer crops follow wheat rather than following a summer crop

Wheat yield was relatively lower in rotations where two summer crops are involved (four‐year rotations) compared with one summer crop (three‐year rotations)

Wheat yields were relatively lower following sunflower than other summer crops

Sorghum has greater yield potential in this environment followed by wheat and corn, and rotations that included sorghum following wheat (W–GS–F and W–GS–C–F) were the most productive.

Crop rotation is a proven sustainable cropping system in dryland production. However, finding the most compatible crops, in terms of maximizing yield, quality, and profitability, is a continuous process. The objective of our study was to identify compatible crop sequences and evaluate the overall productivity of potential crop rotation systems in the central Great Plains. This long‐term study was conducted from 2000 through 2016 near Tribune, KS. Four summer crops [corn (Zea mays L.) (C), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (GS), soybean (Glycine max L.) (SB), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SF)] along with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (W) were grown in one‐, two‐, three‐, and four‐year rotations, with most rotations including a fallow (F) phase. Rotations were W–C–SB–F, W–F, W–C–SF–F, W–GS–F, W–SF–F, and W–C–GS–F from 2000 through 2006 and W–C–F, continuous GS, W–F, W–GS–C–F, W–GS–F, and W–C–GS–F from 2008 through 2016. Both annual and average corn and grain sorghum yields were greater in rotations where the summer crops were preceded by wheat rather than another summer crop. Annual wheat yield did not differ across rotations but tended to be lower in the 4‐yr rotations where two summer crops were involved and lowest in the W–C–SF–F system. Grain sorghum had a higher probability for greatest yield. Overall, W‐GS‐F was the most productive rotation followed by W–GS–C–F. In semiarid regions where water is limited, dryland producers should make their decisions based on both crop yield potential and sequence that provide the best utilization of the most limiting resource.
Unraveling Crop Residue Harvest Effects on Soil Organic Carbon
Authors: Karlen Douglas L. , Schmer Marty R. , Kaffka Stephen , Clay David E. , Wang Michael Q. , Horwath William R. , Kendall Alissa , Keller Alan , Pieper B. John , Unnasch Stefan , Darlington Tom , Vocasek Fred , Chute Alan G.
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas

The workshop demonstrated ASA‐CSSA‐SSSA capabilities to address complex problems.

Corn is an important crop with regard to soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks.

Crop residue management (CRM) effects on SOC stocks are complex and multi‐dimensional.

Quantifying CRM effects on SOC is very important.

Accurate but simple on‐farm measurement and monitoring techniques for SOC are needed.

Crop residues protect soil resources, sustain soil organic carbon (SOC), cycle nutrients, support microbial communities, and provide bioenergy feedstock. Herein we (i) summarize the origin of the “Crop Residues for Advanced Biofuels: Effects on Soil Carbon” workshop; (ii) review the workshop structure; and (iii) present consensus points, unanswered questions, and outcomes of the workshop. Initiated by a farmer/ethanol investor’s letter to the American Society of Agronomy (ASA) President, an ASA Working Group (WG) was established to make a recommendation to the ASA Board on how to respond. The WG concluded a Tri‐Society sponsored workshop involving farmers, ethanol production and marketing groups, agronomists, crop scientists, soil scientists, engineers, non‐governmental organizations, life cycle analysis (LCA) experts, and regulatory personnel was needed to address the complex question that had been posed and to ensure all viewpoints were fully represented. The WG was expanded to an ASA Task Force who organized the workshop in Sacramento, CA. Eighty workshop attendees identified four consensus areas (crop residue management [CRM]; severity of soil erosion; tillage, CRM and erosion linkages; and the importance of simulation [LCA] models) and four unresolved themes (carbon sequestration, CRM effects on SOC stocks, changing climate effects, and the need to focus on ecosystem services rather than single endpoints). The workshop resulted in three direct outcomes: (i) development of a stakeholder funded SOC database, (ii) LCA and SOC model improvements, and (iii) development of this special section inAgronomy Journal. Dale and Ong (2014) concluded that large scale, renewable energy systems are no longer just a “good idea”; but essential, and during the next few decades society must develop systems capable of producing clean energy at the multi‐terawatt scale. Crop residues such as corn (Zea maysL.) stover, and other cellulosic materials were identified as potential feedstocks to meet this demand and have been rigorously evaluated for the past decade (e.g., Perlack et al., 2005; U.S. Department of Energy, 2011 and 2016). However, it is also well established that crop residues have important ecosystem service and productivity functions (Larson, 1979; Johnson, 2018; Ibrahim et al., 2018).
Critical Dilution Curves for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Potato Group Andigenum
Authors: Gómez Manuel Iván , Magnitskiy Stanislav , Rodríguez Luis Ernesto
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas

Diagnostics of mineral nutrition in field is poorly developed for potato group Andigenum.

Critical dilution curves for N, P, and K were validated in potato group Andigenum.

The critical dilution curve serve to identify macronutrient status and to predict yield of potato in the tropics.

The critical dilution curves (CDC) for nitrogen (Nc), phosphorus (Pc), and potassium (Kc) obtained from total dry biomass (W) and leaf area index (LAI) were used as a diagnostic tool to determine nutrient status and to adjust fertilization rates in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) group Andigenum. The research determined allometric ratios of Nc, Pc, and Kc (%) and nutrition index (NI) based on W and LAI in cultivars Diacol Capiro (Capiro) and Pastusa Suprema (Suprema). Additionally, optimal fertilization rate was evaluated to achieve maximum yields during two growth cycles in contrasting environments of the Andean zone of Colombia. The CDC was validated using W in Capiro: Nc = 6.23W −0.320; Pc = 0.523W −0.198; Kc = 9.02W −0.269 and in Suprema: Nc = 6.74 W −0.327; Pc = 0.536W −0.186; Kc = 6.58W −0.135 and presented higher robustness than the CDC obtained from LAI. Capiro presented a lower dilution coefficient b for Kc than Suprema. The NI ranged between 0.25 and 1.32 with better fit in Capiro and relative yields (RY) starting from 40% without fertilization; for Suprema, null to marginal response to fertilization was obtained, indicating a luxury uptake of N (NI 1–1.5) with RY starting from 70%. Except for this research, Nc, Pc, and Kc have not been validated for cultivars of group Andigenum. The CDC for this cultivated group could serve to identify deficiency, sufficiency, or excess of N, P, and K, and to predict final yield per cultivar under highland equatorial conditions.
Translating phosphorus efficiency into effective fertilizer management
Authors: Peterson Heidi M.
Published: November 2018

Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is frequently discussed as an indicator of crop productivity and environmental impact. However, to effectively capture both the agronomic and environmental benefits, we must look deeper into the science to understand which fertilizer practices should be adopted to maintain high PUE while supporting optimum yields and minimizing losses to water. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/622.
Transitional no‐till: What is it and how does it differ from ‘true’ no‐till?
Authors: Grigar Jerry , Hatfield Jerry L. , Reeder Randall
Published: November 2018

No‐till is not really no‐till until the soil achieves a physical, biological, and chemical balance typical after several years of continuous no‐till. Early years of no‐till research must be identified as “transitional no‐till.” Any interruption of continuous no‐till with a tillage operation resets the soil clock, and the changes are not realized and may even be reversed. In this overview, we present the case for why no‐till systems achieve the positive results on soil properties and why not disturbing the soil is necessary to restore soil functionality. Earn 1.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/612.
Drying–Rewetting Cycles Affect Nitrate Removal Rates in Woodchip Bioreactors
Authors: Maxwell Bryan M. , Birgand François , Schipper Louis A. , Christianson Laura E. , Tian Shiying , Helmers Matthew J. , Williams David J. , Chescheir George M. , Youssef Mohamed A.
Published: November 2018

Woodchip bioreactors are widely used to control nitrogen export from agriculture using denitrification. There is abundant evidence that drying–rewetting (DRW) cycles can promote enhanced metabolic rates in soils. A 287‐d experiment investigated the effects of weekly DRW cycles on nitrate (NO3) removal in woodchip columns in the laboratory receiving constant flow of nitrated water. Columns were exposed to continuous saturation (SAT) or to weekly, 8‐h drying‐rewetting (8 h of aerobiosis followed by saturation) cycles (DRW). Nitrate concentrations were measured at the column outlets every 2 h using novel multiplexed sampling methods coupled to spectrophotometric analysis. Drying–rewetting columns showed greater export of total and dissolved organic carbon and increased NO3 removal rates. Nitrate removal rates in DRW columns increased by up to 80%, relative to SAT columns, although DRW removal rates decreased quickly within 3 d after rewetting. Increased NO3 removal in DRW columns continued even after 39 DRW cycles, with ∼33% higher total NO3 mass removed over each weekly DRW cycle. Data collected in this experiment provide strong evidence that DRW cycles can dramatically improve NO3 removal in woodchip bioreactors, with carbon availability being a likely driver of improved efficiency. These results have implications for hydraulic management of woodchip bioreactors and other denitrification practices.

Core Ideas

Weekly, 8‐h drying–rewetting (DRW) cycles increased nitrate removal in woodchip columns.

Increased nitrate removal in DRW columns declined with number of days since rewetting.

Nitrate removal corresponded to greater leaching of dissolved organic C in DRW columns.

Effect of DRW was significant even after 39 weekly DRW cycles.
İFA ENGELLERİ HUKUKUNDA AMACIN GERÇEKLEŞMESİ VE AMACIN ORTADAN KALKMASI
Authors: DALCI ÖZDOĞAN Nurcihan
Published: November 2018

Amacın
gerçekleşmesi ve amacın ortadan kalkması, bu çalışmada kabul ettiğimiz
sistematik uyarınca, amacın boşa çıkması kavramı altında yer almaktadır. Amacın
boşa çıkması kavramı kapsamında yer alan bir diğer kavram ise, amacın
anlamsızlaşmasıdır. Bu çalışmada temelde ele alınan amacın gerçekleşmesi ve
ortadan kalkması ifa engelleri arasında yer alan sonraki kusursuz imkânsızlık
(TBK m.136) kapsamında yer almaktadır. Söz konusu hükmü amacın gerçekleştiği ve
ortadan kalktığı durumlardan, borçlunun o ana kadar masraf yapmış olduğu
durumlara uyguladığımızda adil olmayan sonuçlarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Zira TBK
m.136 gereğince borçlu borcundan kurtulmakta ve alacaklıdan karşı edimi isteme
hakkını kaybetmektedir veya aldığı karşı edimi iade etmek durumundadır. Bu nedenle
borçlunun o ana kadar masraf yapmış olduğu amacın gerçekleştiği ve ortadan
kalktığı durumlarda, kanaatimizce örtülü boşluk olduğu kabul edilmeli ve amaca
uygun sınırlama yöntemi ile söz konusu hükmün, söz konusu durumlara
uygulanmaması sonucuna ulaşılmalıdır. Bu noktada ortaya çıkan boşluk TMK m.1
uyarınca hâkimin hukuk yaratması ile doldurulacaktır. Hâkimin koyacağı kural
ise, kanaatimizce borçlunun karşı edimi talep edebilmesi, ancak karşı edimden
yerine getirmediği kendi edimini mahsup etmesine yönelik olmalıdır.
Non-infectious causes of chronic pharyngitis
Authors: Kosyakov S. Ya. , Angotoeva I. B. , Isamov A. N.
Published: November 2018

Chronic pharyngitis (CP) is a common disease that is not associated with infections and does not require administration of any systemic antibiotic therapy. Many non-infectious factors cause CP. Despite diversity and variability of factors, the inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa lie at the root of the pathogenesis of CP. A sore throat is the main symptom of this process, which can be successfully relieved with local drugs.
The choice of drug therapy in ear pain in child
Authors: Ryazantsev S. V. , Alekseyenko S. I.
Published: November 2018

Ear pain in a child can be a symptom of many diseases. A thorough examination of the patient is necessary to establish the cause of ear pain. Most often in childhood, ear pain is associated with acute otitis media. Treatment of acute otitis media is directly related to the stage of the disease. The main attention will do «departure time» stage. An important role in the treatment of acute otitis media in children is given to pain relief. To achieve analgesic effect, both systemic and local drugs are used. The article presents a clinical case of acute left-sided otitis media in a 10-year-old child complicated by local lymphadenitis.
Approaches to the treatment of odontogenic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Sapova K. I. , Ryazantsev S. V. , Chernushevich I. I. , Naumenko A. N.
Published: November 2018

A large number of studies is devoted to the problem of acute odontogenic sinusitis at the intersection of two specialties - otorhinolaryngology and dentistry. However, the diagnosis and management of this form of nosological pathology by the specialists is not defined. As a rule, this means odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS), which incidence tends to increase despite the significant progress in the dental care.
The next-generation combination drugs as part of the comprehensive therapy for inflammatory diseases of the pharynx
Authors: Ryazantsev S. V. , Kalyapin D. D.
Published: November 2018

Inflammatory diseases of the pharynx constitute one of the most significant nosologies groups in the ENT organ diseases profile. According to modern epidemiological data, acute and chronic tonsillopharyngitis are inferior only to influenza and other forms of ARVI with predominantly nasal and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract inflammation in prevalence among the population. Infectious pathogens are the most common etiology of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx. Accordingly, the pharmacological agents should be selected among the drugs having pronounced antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and other organisms - viral and fungal, and an analgesic effect, as sore throat is the main symptom of tonsillofingitis. The combination preparation Septolete® total is one of such drugs.