bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel methacryloylamidophenylalanine functionalized porous chelating beads for adsorption of heavy metal ions
Authors: Say Ridvan , Emir Sibel , Garipcan Bora , Patir Süleyman , Denizli Adil
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate in detail the adsorption performance of poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate–methacryloylamidophenylalanine) [p(HEMA–MAPA)] beads. The metal‐complexing comonomer MAPA was synthesized by reacting methacryloyl chloride with phenylalanine. Spherical beads with an average size of 150–200 μm were obtained by radical suspension polymerization of HEMA and MAPA, conducted in an aqueous dispersion medium. The beads had a specific surface area of 19.1 m2/g, and were characterized by means of swelling studies, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Beads with a swelling ratio of 68% and containing 3.2 mmol MAPA/g were used for the removal of heavy metal ions. Adsorption experiments were conducted with the MAPA‐functionalized beads involving the heavy metal ions cadmium, arsenic, chromium, mercury, and lead. Metal adsorption was found to be dependent on the characteristics of the solution (i.e., medium pH and metal concentration) and the type of metals to be adsorbed. We have obtained adsorption capacities equal to 669.4 mg/g for Hg(II), 584.4 mg/g for Pb(II), 268.4 mg/g for Cd(II), 204.1 mg/g for As(III), and 115.2 mg/g for Cr(III). The adsorption capacities on molar basis were in the order of Hg(II) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > As(III) > Cr(III). Adsorption of heavy metal ions from synthetic wastewater was also studied. The adsorption capacities were 24.5 mg/g for Cd(II), 16.9 mg/g for Cr(III), 144.4 mg/g for Hg(II), 90.9 mg/g for Pb(II), and 8.0 mg/g for As(III) at 0.5 mmol/l initial metal concentration. Naturally, depending on the desired goals,the beads containing metal could be regenerated for appropriate disposal. Our results suggest that p(HEMA–MAPA) beads are good metal adsorbers and have a great potential for environmental protection. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 355–364, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10062
Evaluation of UV inhibitors in polyester gelcoats
Authors: Capanescu Cezar , Cincu Corneliu
Published: October 2003

The performance of several UV inhibitors (light stabilizers and hindered amine light stabilizers) was investigated in a polyester gelcoat. The color change and the gloss retention were evaluated using several known accelerated lab test instruments and procedures, against real‐life outdoor weathering. Correlation between these methods and the real‐life data was suggested, along with a proposed model of the whole weathering process: upon outdoor exposure the color change (yellowing) occurs first, then after at least one year of weathering, the process of gloss loss also starts. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 365–372, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10063
Interlaminar shear strength of polycarbonate‐toughened epoxy composites reinforced with glass rovings
Authors: Rajulu A. Varada , Rao G. Babu , Devi L. Ganga , Balaji Perugu Jithendra , He Jiasong , Zhang Jun
Published: October 2003

The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of a composite containing glass rovings in a polycarbonate‐toughened epoxy matrix was determined. The variation of ILSS with glass rovings and polycarbonate content was studied. For a given content of polycarbonate in the matrix, the ILSS increased with volume fraction of the glass rovings. For a given rovings content, the ILSS decreased with increasing polycarbonate content. However, the ILSS of the composites with epoxy alone as the matrix is found to be higher than that of the epoxy/polycarbonate blend and this was attributed to better bonding between epoxy and reinforcement than that between epoxy/polycarbonate blend and reinforcement. This was further confirmed by scanning electron micrographs of ILSS fractured samples. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 373–377, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10064
Craniofacial‐deafness‐hand syndrome revisited
Authors: Sommer Annemarie , Bartholomew Dennis W.
Published: October 2003

In 1983 Sommer described a new syndrome in a mother and her infant daughter which was subsequently called the syndrome of craniofacial, hand anomalies and sensorineural deafness. The syndrome consisted of a normal calvarium with a flat facial profile, hypertelorism and small palpebral fissures with an antimongoloid slant, a depressed nasal bridge with a button tip and slitlike nares and a small “pursed” mouth. Profound sensorineural hearing loss and ulnar deviation of the hands with flexion contractures of digits three, four and five was evident. The family had another child, a son, two years after the birth of the index case that had the exact manifestations as his mother and sister. Because of three affected family members in two generations and a phenotype of midfacial anomalies and dystopia canthorum resembling Waardenburg syndrome, a search for mutations in the PAX3 gene was undertaken. A missense mutation in the paired domain of PAX3 (Asn47Lys) was detected. We have provided a 20‐year follow‐up of a syndrome characterized by craniofacial anomalies, hearing loss and hand deformities and which is caused by a PAX3 missense mutation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult height in Noonan syndrome
Authors: Noonan Jacqueline A. , Raaijmakers Renske , Hall Bryan
Published: October 2003

Short stature is a very common manifestation of Noonan syndrome (NS) and is accompanied by a variable delay in bone age. Although reports of adult height in NS are uncommon, some feel growth hormone therapy will increase adult height. We report our findings in 73 adults over 21 years of age with NS. Thirty percent of this group had an adult height in the normal range between 10th percentile and 90th percentile. Over half of the females and nearly 40% of males had an adult height below the 3rd percentile. The presence or severity of heart disease was not a factor, and none of the adults with a normal height had been treated with growth hormone. Serial measurements of height for many years through childhood to adulthood were available in only a few patients, but their pattern of growth suggests catch up may occur in late adolescence. To evaluate the benefit of growth hormone therapy, long term serial height measurements over a period of years comparing treated and untreated patients are needed. It will be important to determine what role, if any, the mutated PTPN 11 gene plays in the short stature common in NS. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methotrexate/misoprostol embryopathy: Report of four cases resulting from failed medical abortion
Authors: Adam Margaret P. , Manning Melanie A. , Beck Anita E. , Kwan Andrea , Enns Gregory M. , Clericuzio Carol , Hoyme H. Eugene
Published: October 2003

Methotrexate, a methyl derivative of aminopterin, is a folic acid antagonist and a known human teratogen; misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that causes uterine contractions. Recently, there has been resurgence in the use of methotrexate in combination with misoprostol or of methotrexate alone for the treatment of unwanted or ectopic pregnancies, respectively. This report documents the findings in four infants who were exposed prenatally to methotrexate alone or in combination with misoprostol in a failed attempt at medical abortion or treatment of ectopic pregnancy. All patients demonstrated growth deficiency, with growth parameters <10th centile, and all displayed features consistent with methotrexate and/or misoprostol embryopathy. Since an increasing number of medical abortions are being performed, it is important for physicians to recognize the associated teratogenic effects of these abortifacients. Data from the patients herein described should prompt obstetricians and other health care practitioners who prescribe these medications to counsel their patients regarding these risks, especially if the treatment regimen fails to induce an abortion. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new X‐linked syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum, mental retardation, coloboma, micrognathia, and a mutation in the Alpha 4 gene at Xq13
Authors: Graham Jr. John M. , Wheeler Patricia , Tackels‐Horne Darci , Lin Angela E. , Hall Bryan D. , May Melanie , Short Kieran M. , Schwartz Charles E. , Cox Timothy C.
Published: October 2003

We describe two brothers with a unique pattern of malformations that includes coloboma (iris, optic nerve), high forehead, severe retrognathia, mental retardation, and agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). Both boys have low‐set cupped ears with sensorineural hearing loss, normal phallus, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, and short stature. One brother had choanal atresia and cardiac defects consisting of ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) which resolved spontaneously. Differential diagnosis between a number of clinical entities was considered, however, because ACC and the distinctive facial features were reminiscent of FG syndrome, DNA was analyzed for markers linked to the FGS1 locus at Xq13‐q21. Notably, the brothers were concordant for markers spanning this presumed FG region, and in both we have identified adjacent alterations (−57delT and T‐55A) in the Alpha 4 gene located within this interval. Alpha 4 is a regulatory subunit of the major cellular phosphatase, PP2A, that has recently been shown to interact with MID1, the product of the gene mutated in X‐linked Opitz GBBB syndrome. The double nucleotide change identified in this family was not observed in 410 control chromosomes, suggesting that it may be a pathogenetic change. Altered expression of Alpha 4, through either a change in translational efficiency, mRNA stability or splicing, could explain the clinical phenotype in these boys and the phenotypic overlap with Opitz GBBB syndrome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix decomposition model for investigating prehistoric intracemetery biological variation
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M.
Published: October 2003

A matrix decomposition model for analyzing prehistoric intracemetery biological variability is presented. The model, based on the correlation between interindividual biological and burial distance matrices, provides an estimate of the number of distinct burial populations interred within a single cemetery, which effectively ameliorates identifiability problems typical of general variability analyses (Raemsch [1995] Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY at Albany). Unlike other methods for analyzing intrasite variability analysis (e.g., kinship analysis and microchronology), this method is not reliant on a priori subgroup definition. Assuming a kin‐structured burial pattern, a residual matrix is defined based on the raw data matrices; the proportion of negative or zero residuals to the total number of residuals provides an estimate of the number of hidden subgroupings (lineages) within the cemetery. The comparative utility of the model is demonstrated on a series of protohistoric and historic period skeletal samples from the Georgia coast, where it demonstrated that the increase in phenotypic variability during the early mission period is the result of population aggregation at the missions and not necessarily genetic admixture between local and nonlocal groups. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of human evolutionary tree using polymorphic autosomal microsatellites
Authors: Ayub Qasim , Mansoor Atika , Ismail Muhammad , Khaliq Shagufta , Mohyuddin Aisha , Hameed Abdul , Mazhar Kehkashan , Rehman Sadia , Siddiqi Saima , Papaioannou Myrto , Piazza Alberto , Cavalli‐Sforza Luigi Luca , Mehdi S. Qasim
Published: October 2003

Allelic frequencies of 182 tri‐ and tetra‐autosomal microsatellites were used to examine phylogenetic relationships among 19 extant human populations. In particular, because the languages of the Basques and Hunza Burusho have been suggested to have an ancient relationship, this study sought to explore the genetic relationship between these two major language isolate populations and to compare them with other human populations. The work presented here shows that the microsatellite allelic diversity and the number of unique alleles were highest in sub‐Saharan Africans. Neighbor‐joining trees based on genetic distances and principal component analyses separated populations from different continents, and are consistent with an African origin for modern humans. For the first time, with biparentally transmitted markers, the microsatellite tree also shows that the San are the first branch of the human tree before the branch leading to all other Africans. In contrast to an earlier study, these results provided no evidence of a genetic relationship among the two language isolate groups. Genetic relationships, as ascertained by these microsatellites, are dictated primarily by geographic proximity rather than by remote linguistic origin, Mantel test, R0 = 0.484, g = 3.802 (critical g value = 1.645; P = 0.05). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence: III. Sexual dimorphism in Bangladeshi, Guatemalan, Japanese, and Javanese children
Authors: Holman Darryl J. , Jones Robert E.
Published: October 2003

Previous studies, mostly in European populations, found sex differences in the pattern of deciduous tooth emergence. Most studies find that the anterior dentition in males is precocial relative to the female dentition, and the pattern reverses so that females lead males in the emergence of the posterior deciduous dentition. Less is known about sex differences in the dental development and emergence of non‐European populations. Here we examine the pattern of sex differences in deciduous tooth emergence in Japanese, Javanese, Guatemalan, and Bangladeshi children. The data come from four longitudinal or mixed longitudinal studies using similar study protocols. Survival analysis was used to estimate parameters of a log‐normal distribution of emergence for each of the 10 teeth of the left dentition, and sexual dimorphism was assessed by sex‐specific differences in mean emergence times and by Bennett's index. The results support the pattern of developmental cross‐over observed in other populations. We conclude that there is little evidence to support the hypothesis of Tanguay et al. ([1984] J. Dent. Res. 63:65–68) that ethnic factors mediate sex differences in the emergence of deciduous teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: Evidence from the lower limb
Authors: Holt Brigitte M.
Published: October 2003

A growing body of archeological evidence suggests that the dramatic climatic events of the Last Glacial Maximum in Europe triggered important changes in foraging behavior, involving a significant decrease in mobility. In general, changes in mobility alter patterns of bending of the midshaft femur and tibia, resulting in changes in diaphyseal robusticity and shape. This relationship between levels of mobility and lower limb diaphyseal structure was used to test the hypothesized decrease in mobility. Cross‐sectional geometric data were obtained for 81 Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic European femora and tibiae. The sample was divided into three time periods: Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), and Mesolithic (Meso). In addition, because decreased mobility often results in changes in sex roles, males and females were analyzed separately. All indicators of bending strength decrease steadily through time, although few of the changes reach statistical significance. There is, however, a highly significant change in midshaft femur shape, with LUP and Meso groups more circular in cross‐section than the EUP sample, supporting archeologically based predictions of decreased mobility. Sexual dimorphism levels in diaphyseal strength remain low throughout the three time periods, suggesting a departure in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic foragers away from the pattern of division of labor by sex observed in modern hunter‐gatherers. Results confirm that the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum represents a crucial stage in Late Pleistocene human evolution, and signals the appearance of some of the behavioral adaptations that are usually associated with the Neolithic, such as sedentism. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial cranium ofCercopithecoides kimeuiLeakey, 1982 from Rawi Gully, southwestern Kenya
Authors: Frost Stephen R. , Plummer Thomas , Bishop Laura C. , Ditchfield Peter , Ferraro Joseph , Hicks Jason
Published: October 2003

The Rawi Gully, located on the Homa Peninsula in southwestern Kenya, has produced several fossil elements of a large cercopithecid from sediments approximately 2.5 million years old (Ma). Nearly all of these elements appear to represent a single adult male individual of the colobine speciesCercopithecoides kimeuiLeakey, 1982. Part of the face, mandible, dentition, and several small postcranial fragments were collected by the Homa Peninsula Paleoanthropological Project (HPPP) in 1994 and 1995. This individual also appears to be represented by material collected in two previous expeditions to the site, one led by David Pilbeam in the 1970s and an earlier expedition led by L.S.B. Leakey in 1933. This specimen may extend the first appearance ofC. kimeuiby approximately 500 Kyr, and provides the first evidence for much of the male facial morphology in this species. Furthermore, Rawi may represent a more wooded habitat than the other occurrences ofC. kimeuiat Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and Koobi Fora, Kenya, indicating thatC. kimeuimay have been relatively flexible in its habitat preferences. Am J Phys Anthropol 122:191–199, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pair‐specific usage of sleeping sites and their implications for social organization in a nocturnal Malagasy primate, the Milne Edwards' sportive lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi)
Authors: Rasoloharijaona Solofonirina , Rakotosamimanana Berthe , Randrianambinina Blanchard , Zimmermann Elke
Published: October 2003

Safe sleeping sites may be a limited resource crucial for survival. In order to investigate their potential significance for social organization in nocturnal primates, we analyzed the spatial distribution of daily sleeping sites, their characteristics, their usage, and sleeping group compositions in the nocturnal Milne Edwards' sportive lemur during a 6‐month field study in the dry deciduous forest of northwestern Madagascar. Sexes did not differ either in body size or in body mass. Sleeping sites were used almost exclusively by adult male‐female pairs. Individuals showed a high sleeping‐site fidelity limited to 2–3 different sleeping sites in close vicinity during the whole study period. Most females showed a higher fidelity to one distinct sleeping site than their male partners. Sleeping groups consisted of one adult male and one adult female and remained stable in composition over the whole study period. Exclusive pair‐specific usage of sleeping sites suggests sleeping site related territoriality of male‐female pairs, perhaps influenced by inter‐ and intrasexual resource competition. Results give first insights into the distribution patterns and social organization of this species. They imply dispersed monogamy for the Milne Edwards' sportive lemur, with sleeping sites as a potentially restricted and defendable resource. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Probable destructive meningioma in an archaeological adult male skull from Alaska
Authors: Jónsdóttir Birna , Ortner Donald J. , Frohlich Bruno
Published: October 2003

Several intracranial pathological conditions can affect the bones of the skull. The most common cause of these conditions is tumor, but infection and other diseases are also known to affect the bones of the skull. Distinguishing between the various causes of intracranial skeletal pathology in archaeological human remains is usually a challenging exercise, and a specific diagnosis will often be impossible. Meningiomas are tumors that arise in arachnoid tissues embedded in the outer layer of the dura. Because of this association, they occur almost exclusively in the skull and vertebral column. Usually meningiomas are slow‐growing tumors that do not metastasize to other organs and tissues of the body. However, rare cases can be malignant and, even when meningiomas are benign, their presence and growth can adversely affect the nervous and vascular supply to other tissues in the skull and vertebral column. Their effect on adjacent bone tissue varies from stimulating bone‐forming lesions to causing highly destructive lesions. A few examples of meningioma have been described in the paleopathological literature. Most of these cases are bone‐stimulating meningiomas. The case presented here is a probable example of a highly destructive meningioma of the skull base, with unilateral extension into the left side of the cranium. This case is compared with a modern clinical case of destructive intracranial meningioma that was documented both radiographically and pathologically. Destructive meningiomas can be confused with other pathological conditions, including benign and malignant tumors. Criteria for differentiating the diagnostic options are reviewed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marriage, parenting, and testosterone variation among Kenyan Swahili men
Authors: Gray Peter B.
Published: October 2003

Male variation in testosterone (T) levels may, in part, reflect a differential behavioral allocation to mating and parenting effort. This research tests whether demographic indicators of pair bonding and parenting were associated with salivary T levels among Kenyan Swahili men. Men in the sample were either unmarried (N = 17), monogamously married (N = 57), or polygynously married (N = 14), and between ages 29–52. In contrast with earlier findings among North American men, monogamously married men did not have lower T levels than unmarried men. However, among all married men, men with younger genetic children tended to have marginally lower T levels. Polygynously married men, all of whom had two wives, had higher T levels than all other Swahili men. Possible explanations of higher T levels among polygynously married men are explored. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting nose projection and pronasale position in facial approximation: A test of published methods and proposal of new guidelines
Authors: Stephan Carl N. , Henneberg Maciej , Sampson Wayne
Published: October 2003

Many prediction guidelines exist in facial approximation for determining the soft‐tissue features of the face, and the reliability of each is generally unknown. This study examines four published and commonly used soft‐tissue prediction guidelines for estimating nose projection, two of which also estimate the position of the pronasale. The methods tested are those described by: 1) Gerasimov ([1971] The Face Finder; London: Hutchinson & Co.), using the distal third of the nasal bones and the nasal spine; 2) Krogman ([1962] The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine; Springfield: Charles C. Thomas), using the average soft‐tissue depth at midphiltrum, plus three times the length of the nasal spine (and a variation of this technique: plus three times the distance of the tip of the nasal spine from the nasal aperture); 3) Prokopec and Ubelaker ([2002] Forensic Sci Commun 4:1–4), using the reflected profile line of the nasal aperture; and 4) George ([1987] J Forensic Sci 32:1305–1330), using a variation of the Goode method. Four identical hard‐tissue tracings were made of 59 adult lateral head cephlograms (29 males, mean age 24, SD 10 years; 30 females, mean age 23, SD 5 years) on separate sheets of tracing paper. One soft‐tissue tracing was also made for each radiograph. All tracings were marked with three identical reference points. Soft‐tissue tracings were isolated from one of us (C.N.S.), who attempted under blind conditions to predict pronasale position and nose projection on the hard‐tissue tracings, using the soft‐tissue prediction guides above. Actual soft‐tissue tracings were then compared to each of the predicted tracings, and differences in projection/pronasale position were measured. Results indicate that for nose projection, methods 3 and 4 performed well, while methods 1 and 2 performed poorly. Features which are most related to nose projection/pronasale are described in this paper, as are regression equations generated from these variables that predict pronasale/nose projection better than the traditional methods mentioned above. The results of this study are significant because they: 1) indicate that the popular facial approximation methods used to build the nose are inaccurate and produce incorrect nose anatomy; and 2) indicate that the new pronasale prediction methods developed here appear to have less error than traditional methods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetische Kontrolle elektrokatalytischer und bioelektrokatalytischer Prozesse
Authors: Willner Itamar , Katz Eugenii
Published: October 2003

Die Bioelektronik ist ein sehr dynamisches interdisziplinäres Forschungsgebiet, das große Bedeutung für die Entwicklung von Biosensoren, Biobrennstoffzellen, Computern, die auf Biomaterialien basieren, und bioelektronischen Funktionseinheiten hat. Mit der magnetisch gesteuerten molekularen und Bioelektronik ist nun ein neues Thema hinzugetreten, das sich mit dem Einfluss eines äußeren Magnetfelds auf elektrokatalytische und bioelektrokatalytische Prozesse funktionalisierter magnetischer Teilchen an Elektroden befasst. Hier beschreiben wir die Fortschritte, die bei der Entwicklung magnetisch schaltbarer elektrokatalytischer und bioelektrokatalytischer Transformationen gemacht wurden, und diskutieren den Einfluss der Rotation der magnetischen Teilchen auf diese Prozesse. Darüber hinaus wird die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse für die Entwicklung von Biosensoren, amplifizierenden Immun‐ und DNA‐Sensoren erläutert.
Titelbild: Molybdän‐ und Wolframimidoalkylidenkomplexe als effiziente Olefinmetathesekatalysatoren (Angew. Chem. 38/2003)
Authors: Schrock Richard R. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: October 2003

Molybdänimidoalkylidene haben zusammen mit den entsprechenden Wolframkomplexen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Einführung der katalytischen Olefinmetathese als einer der Schlüsselmethoden in der chemischen Synthese gespielt. R. R. Schrock und A. H. Hoveyda schildern auf S. 4740 ff. die Entwicklung dieser Chemie, die mit der Entdeckung der Tantalalkylidene begann und zu den hoch effektiven chiralen (auch trägerfixierten) Katalysatoren führte, die in der katalytischen asymmetrischen Metathese Verwendung finden.
Cover Picture: Molybdenum and Tungsten Imido Alkylidene Complexes as Efficient Olefin‐Metathesis Catalysts (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38/2003)
Authors: Schrock Richard R. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: October 2003

Molybdenum imido alkylidenes along with the corresponding tungsten complexes have played a critical role in the emergence of catalytic olefin metathesis as one of the key transformations in chemical synthesis. R. R. Schrock and A. H. Hoveyda recount on page 4592 ff the journey that began with the discovery of tantalum alkylidenes and eventually led to the development of highly effective chiral catalysts, and even supported chiral catalysts (shown in the vials), for asymmetric metathesis.
Spatiotemporally separated cardiac neural crest subpopulations that target the outflow tract septum and pharyngeal arch arteries
Authors: Boot Marit J. , Gittenberger‐De Groot Adriana C. , Van Iperen Liesbeth , Hierck Beerend P. , Poelmann Robert E.
Published: October 2003

We used lacZ‐retrovirus labeling combined with neural crest ablation in chick embryos to determine whether the cardiac neural crest cells constitute one group of multipotent cells, or they emigrate from the neural tube in time‐dependent groups with different fates in the developing cardiovascular system. We demonstrated that early‐migrating cardiac neural crest cells (HH9–10) massively target the aorticopulmonary septum and pharyngeal arch arteries, while the late‐migrating cardiac neural crest cells (HH12) are restricted to the proximal part of the pharyngeal arch arteries. These results suggest a prominent role for early‐migrating cells in outflow tract septation, and a function for late‐migrating cells in pharyngeal arch artery remodeling. We demonstrated in cultures of neural tube explants an intrinsic difference between the early and late populations. However, by performing heterochronic transplantations we showed that the late‐migrating cardiac neural crest cells were not developmentally restricted, and could contribute to the condensed mesenchyme of the aorticopulmonary septum when transplanted to a younger environment. Our findings on the exact timing and migratory behavior of cardiac neural crest cells will help narrow the range of factors and genes that are involved in neural crest‐related congenital heart diseases. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1009–1018, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Access of autonomic nerves through the optic canal, and their orbital distribution in man
Authors: Ruskell Gordon L.
Published: October 2003

The notion that autonomic nerves from the internal carotid plexus are transmitted to the orbit with the ophthalmic artery through the optic canal has been variously assumed, disregarded, or denied, but never demonstrated. The objective of this study was to examine the contents of the canal, identify any autonomic nerves, and follow their passage within the orbit. The soft tissues of the optic canal, and the apical tissues of the orbit were removed and examined histologically using 10 cadaver preparations. Additionally, tissues from an orbital exenteration and 10 ocular enucleation or donor specimens were prepared. Some of the latter material was examined with an electron microscope. Numerous autonomic nerves (four to 25, ranging in diameter from 23 to 130 μm) entered the orbit from the internal carotid plexus in the periosteum of the optic canal, the optic nerve dura mater, or the adventitia of the ophthalmic artery. In the orbit they advanced in the loose connective tissue covering the optic nerve dura and joined ciliary nerves close to the eye or entered the eye directly. None were observed to penetrate the dura, apart from a nerve accompanying the central retinal artery. Others were distributed with the ophthalmic artery and its branches. It is concluded that the optic canal is a regular, and often major, route for autonomic nerve distribution to the eye and orbit. Anat Rec Part A 275A:973–978, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cartilage‐free areas in the elbow joint of young golden retrievers
Authors: Wolschrijn Claudia F. , Kik Marja J. L. , Weijs Wim A.
Published: October 2003

The present study describes cartilage‐free areas on the ulnar trochlear notch and the humeral condyle of eight very young golden retrievers with otherwise healthy elbow joints. Remarkably, the youngest dog with full‐thickness cartilage‐free areas was only 8 weeks old. The younger dogs showed no macroscopic abnormalities on the locations that were affected in the older dogs. Two kinds of cartilage modifications were found. Cartilage‐free areas at the edges of the articular cartilage layer were present on the humeral capitulum and on two locations of the ulna, (the medial and lateral at the base of the anconeal process, and the trochlear notch near the lateral coronoid process, which was fractured in two cases). Histological examination showed that these cartilage‐free areas were filled with dense supportive tissue. Synovial cells covered this tissue as well as the surrounding hyaline cartilage. The synovial membrane covering the areas was macroscopically enlarged, but histological examination revealed no signs of inflammation. The second type of modification consisted of discoloration of the articular surface at the humeral trochlea. Histological examination revealed that in this area the articular surface was composed of fibrocartilage instead of hyaline cartilage. Apparently, there are locations within the elbow joint in which articular cartilage is not necessary for normal joint functioning. The presence of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the humeral condyle is a surprising finding, for which no explanation has yet been found. Anat Rec Part A 275A:990–996, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological changes induced in the pig kidney by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Nephron injury
Authors: Shao Youzhi , Connors Bret A. , Evan Andrew P. , Willis Lynn R. , Lifshitz David A. , Lingeman James E.
Published: October 2003

While shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is known to cause significant damage to the kidney, little is known about the initial injury to cells along the nephron. In this study, one kidney in each of six juvenile pigs (6–7 weeks old) was treated with 1,000 shock waves (at 24 kV) directed at a lower pole calyx with an unmodified HM‐3 lithotripter. Three pigs were utilized as sham‐controls. Kidneys were fixed by vascular perfusion immediately after SWL or sham‐SWL. Three of the treated kidneys were used to quantitate lesion size. Cortical and medullary samples for light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were taken from the focal zone for the shock waves (F2), the contralateral kidney, and the kidneys of sham‐SWL pigs. Because preservation of the tissue occurred within minutes of SWL, the initial injury caused by the shock waves could be separated from secondary changes. No tissue damage was observed in contralateral sham‐SWL kidneys, but treated kidneys showed signs of injury, with a lesion of 0.2% ± 0.1% of renal volume. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and injury to tubules was found at F2 in both the cortex and medulla of SWL‐treated kidneys. Tubular injury was always associated with intraparenchymal bleeding, and the range of tissue injury included total destruction of tubules, focal cellular fragmentation, necrosis, cell vacuolization, and membrane blebbing. The initial injury caused by SWL was cellular fragmentation and necrosis. Cellular vacuolization, membrane blebbing, and disorganization of apical brush borders appear to be secondary changes related to hypoxia. Anat Rec Part A 275A:979–989, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the female rat
Authors: Bremer Ronald E. , Barber Matthew D. , Coates Kimberly W. , Dolber Paul C. , Thor Karl B.
Published: October 2003

In humans, the pelvic floor skeletal muscles support the viscera. Damage to innervation of these muscles during parturition may contribute to pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Unfortunately, animal models that are suitable for studying parturition‐induced pelvic floor neuropathy and its treatment are rare. The present study describes the intrapelvic skeletal muscles (i.e., the iliocaudalis, pubocaudalis, and coccygeus) and their innervation in the rat to assess its usefulness as a model for studies of pelvic floor nerve damage and repair. Dissection of rat intrapelvic skeletal muscles demonstrated a general similarity with human pelvic floor muscles. Innervation of the iliocaudalis and pubocaudalis muscles (which together constitute the levator ani muscles) was provided by a nerve (the “levator ani nerve”) that entered the pelvic cavity alongside the pelvic nerve, and then branched and penetrated the ventromedial (i.e., intrapelvic) surface of these muscles. Innervation of the rat coccygeus muscle (the “coccygeal nerve”) was derived from two adjacent branches of the L6‐S1 trunk that penetrated the muscle on its rostral edge. Acetylcholinesterase staining revealed a single motor endplate zone in each muscle, closely adjacent to the point of nerve penetration. Transection of the levator ani or coccygeal nerves (with a 2‐week survival time) reduced muscle mass and myocyte diameter in the iliocaudalis and pubocaudalis or coccygeus muscles, respectively. The pudendal nerve did not innervate the intrapelvic skeletal muscles. We conclude that the intrapelvic skeletal muscles in the rat are similar to those described in our previous studies of humans and that they have a distinct innervation with no contribution from the pudendal nerve. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1031–1041, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic microvascular development in relation to the morphogenesis of hepatocellular plates in neonatal rats
Authors: McCuskey Robert S. , Ekataksin Wichai , LeBouton Albert V. , Nishida Jiro , McCuskey Margaret K. , McDonnell Deboragh , Williams Catherine , Bethea Nancy W. , Dvorak Bohuslav , Koldovsky Otakar
Published: October 2003

The development of hepatic microvascular heterogeneity after birth, and its temporal relationship to the development of parenchymal cell plates have received little attention. As a result, the morphogenesis of some of the parameters contributing to this heterogeneity in suckling and weaned rats was studied as a function of time between postpartum days 4 and 30 using in vivo light microscopic, electron microscopic, and immunocytochemical methods. During the early suckling period, the sinusoid network is highly anastomotic, with little evidence of zonation, and the parenchymal cell plates contain multiple cells and are irregularly arranged throughout the lobule. Sinusoidal endothelial fenestration is sparse at 4 days, but phagocytic Kupffer cell (KC) function already exists and exhibits zonal heterogeneity, with more cells located in the periportal zone. With increasing age, endothelial fenestrae increase and organize as sieve plates. Widened centrilobular radial sinusoids form through a loss (“drop‐out”) of intersinusoidal sinusoids (ISS). Concomitantly, the associated cell plates straighten and become one cell thick. Hepatocyte DNA synthesis and mitosis are higher in the periportal zone, which retains thickened cell plates and anastomotic sinusoids. The centrilobular sinusoids may widen to accommodate the increased volume of blood that results from the loss of ISS as well as the increased numbers of periportal sinusoids containing flow that feed these vessels. KC phagocytic activity increases during the suckling period concomitant with an increase of gut‐derived endotoxin in the portal blood, which suggests that the KCs may be releasing mediators that affect sinusoid diameter, blood flow, endothelial fenestration, and perhaps parenchymal growth either directly or through the stimulation of growth factors. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1019–1030, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal ontogeny of perineal muscles and testosterone levels in Mongolian gerbils; Response to testosterone in developing females
Authors: Siegford Janice M. , Hadi Mansouri S. , Ulibarri Catherine
Published: October 2003

The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) becomes sexually dimorphic during postnatal life, rather than prenatally as in rats. We therefore examined the early postnatal ontogeny of Mongolian gerbils, focusing on growth, serum testosterone (T) levels, and the sexually dimorphic perineal musculature innervated by the SNB. Serum T levels were higher in males than in females from birth through adulthood, with several early postnatal peaks and a large increase in T occurring during puberty in males. The SNB target muscles—the bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA)—were present in both sexes on postnatal day 1 (PND1). Cross‐sectional areas of BC fibers in males increased with age, and concurrently the myofibers of the BC became more fully developed and organized. In PND10 female pups, the BC muscle was virtually absent, while the LA muscle remained (although it was reduced in size). Postnatal treatment of female gerbils with androgen caused the BC muscle to remain and the LA muscle to become larger by PND10. Sexual dimorphism of the SNB develops differently in gerbils compared to other species, although its target muscles appear to respond to androgen in a manner similar to that in rats. Anat Rec Part A 275A:997–1008, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comprehensive and systematic model of user evaluation of Web search engines: I. Theory and background
Authors: Su Louise T.
Published: October 2003

The project proposes and tests a comprehensive and systematic model of user evaluation of Web search engines. The project contains two parts. Part I describes the background and the model including a set of criteria and measures, and a method for implementation. It includes a literature review for two periods. The early period (1995–1996) portrays the settings for developing the model and the later period (1997–2000) places two applications of the model among contemporary evaluation work. Part II presents one of the applications that investigated the evaluation of four major search engines by 36 undergraduates from three academic disciplines. It reports results from statistical analyses of quantitative data for the entire sample and among disciplines, and content analysis of verbal data containing users' reasons for satisfaction. The proposed model aims to provide systematic feedback to engine developers or service providers for system improvement and to generate useful insight for system design and tool choice. The model can be applied to evaluating other compatible information retrieval systems or information retrieval (IR) techniques. It intends to contribute to developing a theory of relevance that goes beyond topicality to include value and usefulness for designing user‐oriented information retrieval systems.
“Type/Token‐Taken” informetrics: Some comments and further examples
Authors: Burrell Quentin L.
Published: October 2003

Egghe has propounded the notion of Type/Token‐Taken (T/TT) informetrics. In this note we show how his ideas relate to ones that are already well known in informetrics and resolve some of the specific problems posed.
Author cocitation analysis and Pearson's r
Authors: White Howard D.
Published: October 2003

In their article “Requirements for a cocitation similarity measure, with special reference to Pearson's correlation coefficient,” Ahlgren, Jarneving, and Rousseau fault traditional author cocitation analysis (ACA) for using Pearson's r as a measure of similarity between authors because it fails two tests of stability of measurement. The instabilities arise when rs are recalculated after a first coherent group of authors has been augmented by a second coherent group with whom the first has little or no cocitation. However, AJ&R neither cluster nor map their data to demonstrate how fluctuations in rs will mislead the analyst, and the problem they pose is remote from both theory and practice in traditional ACA. By entering their own rs into multidimensional scaling and clustering routines, I show that, despite r's fluctuations, clusters based on it are much the same for the combined groups as for the separate groups. The combined groups when mapped appear as polarized clumps of points in two‐dimensional space, confirming that differences between the groups have become much more important than differences within the groups—an accurate portrayal of what has happened to the data. Moreover, r produces clusters and maps very like those based on other coefficients that AJ&R mention as possible replacements, such as a cosine similarity measure or a chi square dissimilarity measure. Thus, r performs well enough for the purposes of ACA. Accordingly, I argue that qualitative information revealing why authors are cocited is more important than the cautions proposed in the AJ&R critique. I include notes on topics such as handling the diagonal in author cocitation matrices, lognormalizing data, and testing r for significance.
Interdisciplinarity in science: A tentative typology of disciplines and research areas
Authors: Morillo Fernanda , Bordons María , Gómez Isabel
Published: October 2003

Interdisciplinarity is considered the best way to face practical research topics since synergy between traditional disciplines has proved very fruitful. Studies on interdisciplinarity from all possible perspectives are increasingly demanded. Different interdisciplinarity measures have been used in case studies but, up to now, no general interdisciplinarity indicator useful for Science Policy purposes has been accepted. The bibliometric methodology presented here provides a general overview of all scientific disciplines, with special attention to their interrelation. This work aims to establish a tentative typology of disciplines and research areas according to their degree of interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinarity is measured through a series of indicators based on Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) multi‐assignation of journals in subject categories. Research areas and categories are described according to the quantity of their links (number of related categories) and their quality (with close or distant categories, diversity, and strength of links). High levels of interrelations between categories are observed. Four different types of categories are found through cluster analysis. This differentiates “big” interdisciplinarity, which links distant categories, from “small” interdisciplinarity, in which close categories are related. The location of specific categories in the clusters is discussed.
A comprehensive and systematic model of user evaluation of Web search engines: II. An evaluation by undergraduates
Authors: Su Louise T.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents an application of the model described in Part I to the evaluation of Web search engines by undergraduates. The study observed how 36 undergraduate used four major search engines to find information for their own individual problems and how they evaluated these engines based on actual interaction with the search engines. User evaluation was based on 16 performance measures representing five evaluation criteria: relevance, efficiency, utility, user satisfaction, and connectivity. Non‐performance (user‐related) measures were also applied. Each participant searched his/her own topic on all four engines and provided satisfaction ratings for system features and interaction and reasons for satisfaction. Each also made relevance judgements of retrieved items in relation to his/her own information need and participated in post‐search interviews to provide reactions to the search results and overall performance. The study found significant differences in precision PR1, relative recall, user satisfaction with output display, time saving, value of search results, and overall performance among the four engines and also significant engine by discipline interactions on all these measures. In addition, the study found significant differences in user satisfaction with response time among four engines, and significant engine by discipline interaction in user satisfaction with search interface. None of the four search engines dominated in every aspect of the multidimensional evaluation. Content analysis of verbal data identified a number of user criteria and users evaluative comments based on these criteria. Results from both quantitative analysis and content analysis provide insight for system design and development, and useful feedback on strengths and weaknesses of search engines for system improvement.
What modern physicians can learn from Hippocrates
Authors: Reiser Stanley Joel
Published: October 2003

The Hippocratic writings on ethics are more than 2500 years old, yet they remain the foundational works of modern ethical thinking in Western medicine. Accordingly, a perspective on their breadth and insights into the practice of medicine can help contemporary physicians in a variety of medical specialties, and particularly clarify clinical issues in oncology. In this article, four significant themes that pervade Hippocratic ethical thinking are examined using the Hippocratic texts as the data source. These themes are: the limits of medicine, the search for benefits, bedside humanism, and the connections of teaching and practice. Principles from the 1984 and 1995 M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Codes of Ethics are used to illustrate and explore the modern context of each of the themes.