bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RESPONSE FROM HIGHER EDUCATION: 2
Authors: Wagner Leslie
Published: February 2008

I have attended and participated in a large number of conferences about higher education over the last decade and I cannot recall the word flexible being in the title of any of them; that itself is a thought to which I will return. Yet, as I turned the word over in my mind, I knew I had heard it somewhere before. The answer came as I opened the latest missive from my favourite credit card company: “Access, your flexible friend”, it said. Industry, or at least commerce it would seem, is ahead of higher education in linking access to flexibility. Nor is this a flippant remark; for there is at the heart of our concerns today a great irony and, for those of us in higher education, not a little pain. It is high time to discuss how the use of credit accumulation and transfer, together with other flexible approaches to learning, can enable higher education to better meet the needs of industry. It is an important subject, one that is as vital for the future of higher education as it is for that of industry.
Manpower Services Commission — The first year
Authors: Helmore Roy
Published: February 2008

The Manpower Services Commission has now been operating for just over a year. In that time it has assumed responsibility for the employment and training services previously provided directly by the Department of Employment. It has expressed its views on a number of issues affecting the labour market, industrial training and education, and has considered its future role. Contingency plans for high unemployment and manpower implications of offshore oil have also occupied the Commission's attention in a busy programme which included seventeen meetings of the full Commission during 1974. The MSC describes itself as ‘a new approach’. Is this claim justified?
Integration is a further handicap
Authors: Loring James
Published: February 2008

The education and training of ordinary children is a problem field, but as regards handicapped children it is a field of particular difficulty. This country has a system of special education for handicapped children of which many other countries are envious. Administratively it is based upon the division of handicapped children into ten groups and the provision of special schools for those groups. The largest group, the educationally subnormal, is perhaps the most amorphous. This large group of children share only one feature in common: they are educationally retarded. Our system of special education is backed up by an expert Inspectorate, many of whose members are highly knowledgeable and skilled. The inspection function has been reduced to a minimum, and the advisory and information‐passing function is highly developed. The number of children in special schools is 122,283. The majority of teachers working in this field are specially trained; with the exception of those who teach the physically handicapped, for whom no special training is required.
Effective interviewing
Authors: Muir J.A.
Published: February 2008

Most managers get involved in interviewing at some stage of their careers; but the activity is usually infrequent, so there is really little scope for developing a successful technique based on experience alone. It is, therefore, important to consider a basic framework against which an interview should be conducted. This not only provides a better basis on which to select a suitable candidate, but it also means that the money your firm spends on the recruitment is well spent and not needlessly thrown away. It is, after all, a very expensive business to fill vacant posts and any manager needs to be as sure as he can be that the candidate finally selected is going to be a person who can make an effective contribution to the success of the firm.
Measurement of Plating Thickness
Authors: Howells G.
Published: February 2008

There are a number of reasons for applying metallic or non‐metallic coatings to metal articles, the most common being to prevent the atmosphere coming into contact with the base metal and setting up corrosion. Others are (a) to provide a means of sacrificial corrosion; (b) to enable the electro‐chemical potentials of two metals in contact to be kept within certain limits; (c) to build up dimensions. In all these instances measurement of the thickness of the coating to a fair accuracy is necessary—if only to ensure that sufficient material has been applied to provide protection. One of the first commercial processes for coating one metal on another was the hot‐tinning of steel sheets and is still very much used. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of the methods of measuring coating thickness were first developed with the tinplate industry in mind. Tin is now applied in increasing quantities by electroplating processes and many other metals are used to form a protective coating on metallic articles. Measurements are usually affected to some extent by the quality {i.e. porosity, crystal structure, amount of alloying, etc.) of the coating and this must be taken into account when the final accuracy to be expected is considered.
Lanolin Rust Preventives
Authors: Wood G.F. , Benson A.C.
Published: February 2008

It has been known for many years that lanolin films applied to iron and steel surfaces will give excellent protection against rusting. These lanolin coatings are usually regarded as ‘temporary’ coatings, in the sense that they are used primarily for the protection of bright steel parts during transport and storage, and often must be removed before the part is used. This conception of the temporary nature of lanolin coatings is perhaps a little unfortunate, since in certain circumstances they can give long‐term protection comparable with that obtained with much more expensive coatings. It is also often overlooked that lanolin coatings can give excellent protection against corrosive agents other than water, e.g. acids, alkalis and salts.
Corrosion Problems in Hospital Practice
Authors: Hopkins S.J.
Published: February 2008

The importance of corrosion from an industrial point of view is recognised, in principle at least, by layman and expert alike, but surgical aspects of the same problem, though not less important, have not always received comparable recognition. This is due to a number of causes, including the fact that it is frequently the less obvious cases of corrosion that cause the greatest annoyance to the surgeon.
Detecting Corrosion in Chemical Plant
Authors: Manley Horace
Published: February 2008

There is an interesting similarity between the problems facing the maintenance engineer and those facing the medical practitioner. Corrosion, for instance, can be considered as a generic term for a variety of ‘ailments’ in factory plant. One may carry the analogy further and equate preventive medicine, which is one of the fundamental tenets of medical theory, with preventive maintenance, which is now rapidly gaining ground in engineering circles. As with certain human complaints, it is impossible to eliminate corrosion completely—what is important is to take the necessary remedial action before it has gone too far. The analogy extends even further: the engineer now has diagnostic tools comparable to the doctor's stethoscope. Ultrasonic waves are now used to measure the thickness of walls of which only one side is accessible. Such measurements are non‐destructive, safe, quick and accurate. This article describes an ultrasonic thickness gauge and its use in the chemical industry to check for corrosion without interfering with production.
Corrosion Control in Coil Spring Manufacture
Authors: Harris Charles
Published: February 2008

The problem of corrosion and its influence on spring performance is possibly even more vital than any other component in the field of engineering. This may seem to be an overstatement until the peculiar position of springs in engineering is fully understood. A spring is a device for storing and releasing energy, either at a definite time cycle, of which motor‐car or aero valve springs are a good example, or in continuous but out‐of‐phase timing, as typified for instance in the oscillating of the coil suspension of motor‐cars. Again, this unique engineering component may be called on to operate only at intervals, such springs including those found in electric light switches, return mechanisms and the like. Thus coil springs can be quite fairly said to be some of the most ubiquitous components in industry.
Corrosion of Tinplate by Foods Packed in Cans
Authors: Dickinson Denis
Published: February 2008

Apart from those research workers who are directly connected with the canning industry, the corrosion of cans by their contents has received practically no attention from scientists. The subject might appear at first sight to be of comparatively little interest, but, as will be shown in the following article this month and next, the corrosion phenomena involved are complicated and to a large extent unexplained.
Metallic Phosphates in Cooling Water Treatments
Authors: Stone W.J.
Published: February 2008

Mixtures of metallic phosphates which are produced as by‐products of the phosphate industry have been found to have superior corrosion‐inhibiting properties in water systems while at the same time preventing scale deposition in those sections where the water has a tendency to form scales. Thus, chemical control of acidity in water systems becomes much less critical. The new technique is considered important and it is thought that metallic phosphates may in the future be applied to fields other than water treatment. The following article is based on the results of work carried out in the laboratories of the Deady Chemical Co., Kansas City, U.S.A.
German Corrosion Congress
Authors: Hauffe K. , Grubitsch
Published: February 2008

Continuing the summaries of papers presented at the recent Dechema Corrosion Congress, the following are all concerned with electro‐chemical mechanisms. Next month our report of the congress will end with summaries of some of the papers dealing with corrosion prevention.
Cathodic Protection of Underground Structures
Authors: Godfrey Waite W.
Published: February 2008

Continuing from last month, the development and choice of materials for giving the best protection are discussed—galvanic anodes, anodes for use with impressed current and graphite anodes. A survey of the applications and limitations of cathodic protection is also included.
FILMS ABOUT CORROSION
Authors: Moore J.P.
Published: February 2008

In recent years a number of films have been made on subjects allied to corrosion technology which merit consideration by corrosion engineers as useful to the study and application of corrosion protection. These films are readily available from several sources and should be of value in the training schemes of most industrial organisations. All of the films discussed are available in 16 mm. sound. They are exceedingly well produced technically and have commentaries presenting the subject matter in a concise manner with the minimum of advertising matter.
DEZINCIFICATION OF BRASSES
Authors: Kenworthy L. , O'Driscoll W.G.
Published: February 2008

Mechanism of dezincification. DEZINCIFICATION is the term applied to the selective corrosion of zinc from copper zinc alloys, a form of deterioration that is easily recognisable by the copper‐coloured appearance of the corroded metal. It is often described as either ‘plug’ or ‘layer’ dezincification, but this division is largely arbitrary and merely indicates the appearance of the progress of attack and whether it is localised or general. Dezincification is not usually accompanied by any significant changes in the dimensions of the part undergoing attack, but the metal so attacked has no physical strength and has a structure of spongy copper. Consequently, components attacked in this way become weakened by reduction in effective cross section and eventually mechanical failure may occur.
Staining of Engineering Components
Authors: Graham R.
Published: February 2008

There are literally hundreds of publications which begin by referring to the expense incurred through the depredations of rust. Consequently the technical literature on the occurrence of rust and on its nature is voluminous and, the basic principles involved in its formation being known, it might seem nearly impossible to contribute anything fresh to the subject. However, even though the basic conditions necessary for rust formation are well known and explanations of the rusting mechanism are likely to be amended only in detail, there are considerable difficulties in applying the knowledge to individual problems where rust prevention is necessary. Some of these difficulties stem from the loose manner in which the term ‘rusted ’ is applied, others from lack of correlation between cause and effect, between the type of oxide or hydroxide found and the original factors responsible for the phenomenon, and still others through lack of a clear specification of the degree of rust prevention required, which could be permanent or temporary, continuous or intermittent, complete or partial, depending on economic rather than technical considerations. It is proposed to consider in this article the stain stage of rusting, because this is the period at which it might be possible to obtain the maximum amount of information on the rusting process.
THE PAINTING OF SHIPS
Authors: Banfield T.A.
Published: February 2008

Shipping is one of the major British industries and a valuable source of ‘invisible exports’ by virtue of its earnings of foreign currencies. One of the major costs incurred by shipping companies is that of preventing the corrosion of their vessels and at a rough estimate it is probable that something like £30 million is expended annually in countering the corrosion of ships and harbour installations. Ships are constructed mainly of steel and their protection is essentially a particular aspect of the problem of protecting steel against corrosion. Aluminium alloys and newer materials such as plastic sheets are being increasingly used on board ships, but these materials do not offer quite the same difficulty as regards protection nor is the problem yet of the same magnitude. Painting is the most widely used means of protection and the present article deals with some of the problems associated with the painting of ships from the point of view of a paint manufacturer.
CORROSION PROBLEMS IN Dyeing and Finishing Works
Authors: Hall A.J.
Published: February 2008

Wherever corrosion occurs it can be the cause of many difficulties and much frustration of effort, but it is believed that in no type of works can corrosion be so wasteful of materials and have so adverse an effect on output as in those works where textile materials are bleached, dyed, printed and finished. This can be readily understood when it is recognised that in the processing of textile yarns, fabrics and garments the results of corrosion not only influence the working of a machine so that this may break down and need repair or replacement, but the products of corrosion may become transferred to the textile material so as to interfere with the desired effects of the processing and thus cause the material to be seriously weakened or acquire some characteristic of colour or handle detrimental to its use or consumer appeal. The following article indicates the complexity of corrosion problems that can occur.
Corrosion Studies Aid Light Metals
Authors: Fink Frederick W.
Published: February 2008

MANY factors help to determine the usefulness of metals in our economy—cost, availability, weight, strength and corrosion resistance are only a few. Of major consideration for many applications is a metal's resistance to corrosion. This is especially true for the light metals.
LATEX‐CEMENT COMPOSITIONS: IN CORROSION‐RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION Part 1
Authors: Cormac P.B.
Published: February 2008

The term ‘latex‐cement’ is used to describe the combination of hydraulic cements with aqueous dispersions or emulsions of various elastomers, but as far as present‐day usage is concerned it is almost invariably associated with mixtures of Portland or high‐alumina cement and concentrated natural rubber latex. In Part 1 the author describes the development of latex‐cements and their use as a jointless render.
THE SODIUM HYDRIDE PROCESS for Descaling Metals
Authors: Evans N.L.
Published: February 2008

The rapidly expanding use of highly alloyed metals, such as stainless steels and special heat‐resisting alloys, and their fabrication by deep stamping, spinning and welding, with the annealing and stress‐relieving treatments essential to these processes, have called for an entirely new outlook on methods of scale removal. From both the economic and the dimensional points of view, it is essential to minimise metal losses in all stages of manufacture, and this is achieved with the non‐electrolytic sodium hydride process, here described.
LATEX‐CEMENT COMPOSITIONS: IN CORROSION‐RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION Part 2
Authors: Cormac P.B.
Published: February 2008

Last month the development of latex cements and their use as jointless renders was discussed. In Part 2 Mr. Cormac describes systems of unit construction and then the use of latex cemen. compositions for protecting floor structures in industrial plant.
A Systematic Scheme for Examining CORRODED METAL SPECIMENS
Authors: Cotton J.B.
Published: February 2008

Many corrosion problems have to be investigated by post mortem examination, and it is often through the medium of such investigations that valuable progress has been made in the understanding of corrosion processes. To quote but one example—one form of corrosion of copper tube, which very occasionally occurs in domestic water and which, more often than not, used to be ascribed rather vaguely to ‘deposit attack,’ was eventually explained, after three or four years of intensive laboratory work, to the conjoint existence of a discontinuous cathodic film on the metal and the lack of natural inhibitor in the water. The first tangible clues to the solution of this problem, in fact, first became evident from a painstaking examination of failed specimens. To obtain sufficient evidence to explain a corrosion failure often involves the use of such diverse techniques as micro‐chemical analysis, x‐ray examination and metallography, and the principal object of this article is to describe in detail the way in which such techniques are employed.
CORROSION IN AGRICULTURAL SPRAYERS
Authors: Courshee R.J.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion does not, perhaps, worry the farmer as much as it does the chemical engineer, but it is, nevertheless, one of his problems. With the large‐scale use of chemicals in modern agriculture, the necessity to deal with it has become more and more evident. R. J. Courshee here discusses some of the methods employed by the farmer to combat this very familiar enemy.
THE COST OF CORROSION
Authors: Worner Howard K.
Published: February 2008

This is a slightly shortened version of a paper presented at the symposium on corrosion held in the University of Melbourne late last year. Prof. Worner presided over the meetings which succeeded in directing the attention of many industrialists to the dangers of corrosion. In this paper some interesting aspects of corrosion costing are given, with particular application to Australian industry, and we feel that the information given here is an important addition to the not over‐prodigious amount of literature available on the subject of corrosion costs.
DETERRENCE OF HYDROGEN BLISTERING
Authors: Neumaier B.W. , Schillmoller C.M.
Published: February 2008

Early this year (CORROSION TECHNOLOGY, March issue) we published the first part of a paper presented before the American Petroleum Institute's Refining Division and also the National Institute of Corrosion Engineers, describing the different forms of hydrogen damage and the prevention steps that were taken at the new fluid catalytic cracking unit of the Richfield Oil Corporation. At that time we announced that we hoped to publish more of this interesting paper, brought up to date. This, then, completes the work of Messrs. Neumaier and Schillmoller and describes protective steps that have been taken at the fluid unit gas plant, the evaluation of these steps, monitoring and the use of organic inhibitors.
MODERN MARINE PAINTS
Authors: Hamilton A.D.C.
Published: February 2008

The conditions to which marine paints are subjected are undoubtedly very much more severe than those which any similar types of paint meet on land. Conditions of application, which are more often than not bad, add further complications. In dry‐dock painting the ship must undock to schedule and painting must, therefore, go on regardless of rain, frost and fog. As a result, most marine paints and compositions for the outer hull must be a compromise between the ideal and the practical, rather than the best possible material which could be used under perfectly controlled conditions.
CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR SMALL SHIPPING
Authors: Duff M.G. , Graham I.D.G.
Published: February 2008

This article deals with the cathodic protection requirements of small vessels—coastal shipping, fishing vessels, tugs, lighters and yachts. The story of the development of suitable techniques for such craft is told and it is shown that cathodic protection is not the prerogative of big ships, nor even of steel ships; it has something to offer to every class of ship or boat from the largest down to the very smallest, whether built of steel or wood.
Physico‐Chemical Treatment of Feed‐Water in Marine Boilers
Authors: Quaade‐Holm E.
Published: February 2008

The problem of eliminating corrosion and scale formation is common to both stationary and marine boilers, but is intensified in the latter by reason of the greater diversity of chemical impurities present in water in different parts of the world. A boiler compound developed in Denmark operates on principles entirely different from the stœchiometrical balance, which governs the working of purely chemical boiler compounds, and its use provides great elasticity of dosage, which can save both ships' engineers and stationary boiler plant engineers much time and trouble.
CATHODIC PROTECTION DURING FITTING‐OUT
Authors: Hopwood P.H.
Published: February 2008

Probably one of the most vital periods of any vessel's life is that which is known as the ‘fitting‐out’ stage. This period, from the time of launching until acceptance by the owners, frequently sees the development of corrosion attack which may adversely affect the whole of a vessel's future operation.
CORROSION‐RESISTANT FLOORS
Authors: Evans V.
Published: February 2008

Industrial flooring is of the greatest importance because practically all industrial processes and activities are carried out either on or over some kind of floor. This article is primarily concerned with the floor finish proper, but some observations will be made on the sub‐floor itself, although the design of floors for industrial purposes where corrosive conditions are absent is well established and the necessary information readily available.
Non‐Destructive Techniques IN REFINERY INSPECTION
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

Considerable headway is being made in the acceptance of non‐destructive testing methods for refinery construction and maintenance. If properly used, these techniques constitute a valuable tool for determining the quality of workmanship (in acceptance tests of refinery equipment) and the survival outlook of installed equipment which may be exposed to mechanical wear, erosion or corrosion. They find further application in locating obstructions which may form in pipelines or other equipment.
Corrosion Problems in a Blast Furnace Water‐Cooling System
Authors: Lloyd H.B.
Published: February 2008

The author describes the techniques and designs employed to provide a practical solution to the corrosion problems of a blast furnace water‐cooling system based on a soft‐water supply. He discusses, among other things, the water‐cooling system, the external pipework and the stave coolers.
PREVENTION OF CORROSION BY WATER TREATMENT
Authors: Fielden T.B.
Published: February 2008

Growing realisation of the costs and menaces of corrosion over the past two decades or more has slowly led to an increase in its study. Corrosion due to aqueous media and its prevention by water treatment has only relatively recently become a subject of study. In this article the author chiefly discusses corrosion and its prevention in boilers and their accessories.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES‐12: MINISTRY OF SUPPLY OUTDOOR EXPOSURE STATION, GLASCOED, WALES Testing Paints by Outdoor Exposure: Part 2
Authors: Edwards C.R. , Jenkins E.
Published: February 2008

The assessment of panels is one of the most difficult aspects of exposure testing. In this paper the authors outline the methods adopted by the Ministry of Supply at their testing station at Glascoed, in Wales. In the previous part of this article, which appeared in the June issue of CORROSION TECHNOLOGY, they described the selection and setting up of the site.
U.S. TANKERS FREED FROM CORROSION
Authors: Grindrod John
Published: February 2008

Following a number of years of trial and experiment, two American chemical tankers, the S.S. Marine Chemist and S.S. Marine Dow‐Chem, chartered by the Dow Chemical Co., of Midland, Michigan, U.S.A., for carrying chemicals from the Dow Texas Division to the markets of the Atlantic seaboard, have been rendered virtually corrosion proof, both in respect of their hulls and tanks. The hulls and ballast tank interiors have been equipped with modernised cathodic devices while the chemical tanks and pipes have been specially lined. Both tankers are owned and operated by Marine Transport Lines Inc. So effective has been the protection afforded by the magnesium anodes with which the hulls have been equipped that cleaning and maintenance painting of the underwater areas have been practically eliminated.
CORROSION‐RESISTANT COATINGS: Natural, Chlorinated and Synthetic Rubber
Authors: Rawlings E.G.
Published: February 2008

One of the most versatile weapons which the corrosion engineer has at his disposal in his constant war against corrosion is rubber. Both natural and synthetic rubber sheet linings have been used for many years for the protection of tanks and chemical plant, and rubber has also entered the field of acid‐resisting cements in the form of the rubber latex‐hydraulic cement compounds. Both of these techniques have been described in previous issues of this journal, but the fact remains that one of the commonest methods of preventing corrosion is by the application of a protective coating of only a few thousandths of an inch thickness and here again the rubbers play an important part.
CORROSION RESEARCH: THE BRITISH IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Part II: Protective Measures
Authors: Hudson J.C.
Published: February 2008

Recherches sur la Corrosion de la British Iron and Steel Research Association.
Metallic Surfaces Research
Authors: Samuel R.L.
Published: February 2008

The study of the properties of metallic surfaces has been given much attention in recent years. Such general subjects as corrosion, thermal oxidation and friction have been investigated in detail by specialised organisations throughout the world. As a result, a good deal is known about the factors controlling the nature and effects of corrosion and other surface properties, but, due to the complexity of the problems, specific solutions only affecting well‐defined cases have been advanced by the theoretical workers. Much of the practical research is left to the technologists in various branches of surface treatments
CORROSION INVESTIGATION BY ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Hendrickson D.
Published: February 2008

Not long ago, the East Bay Municipal Utility District of Oakland, California, faced and solved a stubborn corrosion problem in its large twin‐transmission main. The problem arose originally when the District built its second Mokelumne Aqueduct running parallel with the first for about 83 miles. Shortly after this new line was built, leaks began to appear in the older aqueduct, even though it had been protected by cathodic devices for the previous 15 years. Mr. Hendrickson, who was appointed to solve the problem, states that corrosion in a pipeline is caused by an electric current discharging electrolytically from the pipe to the soil. The source of this electric current may be galvanic or of local action, or it could also be man‐made such as a stray railway current. Mr. Hendrickson's findings are given below from the paper he subsequently gave at the Annual Conference of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
Rusting and Its Cost to Farming
Authors: White E.E.
Published: February 2008

A great deal of iron and steel is now used in farming, in the form of buildings, or parts of buildings, and mobile or stationary machinery. As a farmer invests much of his capital out of doors, it is imperative that he should prevent depreciation by corrosion as far as possible by providing the maximum and most efficient protection.
PROTECTING CONCRETE
Authors: Touchin H.R.
Published: February 2008

Numerous materials used in the building industry come under the category of alkaline structures, such as concrete, cement, plasters and, to some extent, brickwork. All these materials are very often regarded as being of an extremely permanent nature and only under special conditions are they considered to suffer corrosion. Where attack is likely to be severe they are naturally rejected as constructional materials, but in many other cases attack is sufficiently slow to be apparently ignored. Ultimately this slow attack results in a state of off airs which can only be rectified by the costly practice of reconstruction.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE TAPE IN CORROSION MITIGATION PROGRAMMES
Authors: Kilberg A.C.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion mitigation technology undoubtedly is advancing more rapidly now than ever before. New techniques and new materials make the engineer's problem less difficult. Early in 1948, several prominent corrosion engineers reasoned that the properties which made polyvinyl chloride tape excellent for electrical applications would also make it highly desirable as a pipe protection tape. After soil tests and other accelerated laboratory tests had indicated its merits, several companies requested a wider plastic electrical tape than ordinarily manufactured. The first actual applications were made by several large gas distribution companies in the United States early in 1949.
‘NEOPRENE’ AND ‘HYPALON’: FOR CHEMICAL PLANT LININGS
Authors: Avons C.H.J.
Published: February 2008

The use of natural rubber and synthetic rubber for application to tanks, vessels and pipes, etc., in order to provide an anti‐corrosion lining, has been firmly established and accepted in the chemical engineering and allied industries for very many years. At the present time, such linings are used very extensively and have undoubtedly proved their worth and reliability in spite of the advent of ‘plastics.’
VAPOUR‐PHASE CORROSION INHIBITORS
Authors: Rowden S.
Published: February 2008

A relatively recent development in the field of corrosion prevention has been the advent of the volatile inhibitor, although it is true to say that inhibition may occur when the normally volatile inhibitor is in the solid or gaseous state. Inhibitors are chemical substances which will reduce the intensity of the anodic or cathodic reactions. The most important class of chemical agents used function by changing the electrochemical processes occurring at the metallic surfaces, e.g. chromates, nitrites and phosphates.
‘BITUGEL’: NEW ANTI‐CORROSIVE BITUMEN COMPOSITION
Authors: Duligal E.A.
Published: February 2008

Bitumen has long been used as a waterproofing material and as a protective coating for all types of surfaces exposed to the weather. It has been stated that the deliberate use of bitumen for preservation purposes dates back to about 3,800 B.C., so there is nothing novel in the use of this raw material. Bitumen is such a versatile commodity that new applications and modifications are constantly being developed and utilised in the protection of structures of all types.
THE RIGHT MATERIAL FOR THE JOB: No Universal Panacea for Plastics Pipes
Authors: Damerham R.L.H.
Published: February 2008

There is a considerable amount of misunderstanding of the place which plastic pipe and fittings can occupy most valuably in installations where corrosion of traditional materials is a problem. The misunderstanding has stemmed to some extent from misleading information given in the press and advertising literature regarding the alleged properties of certain plastic raw materials. Certain manufacturers have claimed all the virtues for their own product and when these claims have been investigated and found to be false, dissatisfaction with the whole range of plastic materials has often followed.
A New Problem brings a New Primer
Authors: Hodgson K.V.
Published: February 2008

It must surely be universally accepted that corrosion in marine environments is by far the most serious with which to contend, and provides the worst conditions of all, other than a few specialised exceptions of chemically polluted atmospheres in some industrial areas.
MECHANICS OF CORROSION
Authors: LaBour H.E.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this article is to help the user of chemical equipment identify and classify the different types of corrosion through actual illustrations showing the mechanical effect on the corroded parts. Theoretical discussion of the cause of the corrosive action has, in each case, been avoided unless such reference is necessary to permit better identification of the type of corrosion under discussion.
LEAD ALLOY ANODE FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
Authors: Morgan J.H.
Published: February 2008

Following the early cathodic protection work with zinc, and later magnesium, sacrificial anodes, there has been an increasing interest in the use of impressed current techniques. In the following article the author describes the method of operation of a corrosion product impressed current anode and, in particular, the formation of a conducting oxide film on a lead alloy. Some particular designs of these anodes for practical use in cathodic protection systems and their estimated performance are reviewed.
RUBBER‐ AND EBONITE‐LINED STORAGE TANKS
Authors: Brooke T.H.
Published: February 2008

The design, construction and protection of storage tanks is not one of the most complex problems which the chemical engineer has to tackle but it is well worth detailed consideration, particularly in view of the economies and efficiencies which can be obtained. Various materials are used for the construction of such tanks, particularly stainless steel, high‐grade aluminium, wood or, in the case of exceptionally large tanks, concrete. The majority of such vessels are, however, made of mild steel or cast iron, particularly the former, and it has become almost standard practice to line them with rubber or ebonite, materials which give protection in respect of a wide range of corrosive chemicals.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES‐14: D.S.I.R. CORROSION OF METALS GROUP, NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY, TEDDINGTON
Authors: Wormwell F.
Published: February 2008

The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has been responsible for investigations on the corrosion of metals since 1924, when a Corrosion Research Committee was set up with the late Dr. G. D. Bengough as its first senior investigator. In 1927 research on atmospheric corrosion directed by Dr. W. H. J. Vernon was taken over by D.S.I.R. and in 1928 the Group was transferred from the Royal School of Mines in London to the then Chemical Research Laboratory at Teddington. This establishment had been inaugurated several years previously as a separate D.S.I.R. station situated in the same grounds as the National Physical Laboratory. Quite recently it has achieved the status of National Chemical Laboratory; but the ‘C.R.L.’ (now the ‘N.C.L.’) has always derived great benefit from its proximity to its much larger and older sister station.
Corrosion of Aluminium and Its Alloys
Authors: FitzGerald G.
Published: February 2008

Aluminium and its alloys are today widely used engineering materials. They are often used with non‐metallic materials and the following article outlines some guiding rules and principles for preventing the effects of corrosion when aluminium is used with a wide range of materials, including concrete, cement, plaster, soils, timber, adhesives and insulating materials. The application of these principles will go a long way towards minimising the corrosion of aluminium with non‐metals.
CHEMICAL‐RESISTANT FLOORING BASED ON EPOXY RESINS
Authors: Touchin H.R.
Published: February 2008

Epoxy resins are finding increasing use in a wide variety of industrial processes since they offer a combination of desirable properties which are probably not found simultaneously in most other resinous or plastics systems. At the same time, formulation of epoxy compositions can be very versatile bearing in mind the wide choice of both resin types and hardeners; these choices may be made to provide compositions with specially required properties such as hardness, flexibility, heat resistance, good ageing characteristics, etc.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CORROSION PRODUCTS OF TIN
Authors: Ross T.E. , Harris W.
Published: February 2008

When tin is corroded in nearly neutral solutions a white crust is formed. Similar products are formed in the presence of surface‐active materials and it has been observed that the form of this corrosion product was affected by the concentration of the corrodant. This paper describes a more thorough investigation of the physical form of the corrosion products formed in such solutions, and of the factors controlling their formation.
The Permanent Anode in Impressed‐current Cathodic Protection Systems—Part 1
Authors: Curtis C.A.
Published: February 2008

The radical mitigation of corrosion on external or internal surfaces of pipelines, tank farms, storage tanks, pylon footings and of gasholders, ship's ballast tanks, ship's hulls, condenser end‐boxes, heat exchangers and pasteurisers, has been successfully accomplished by the application of cathodic protection both by galvanic anodes and by the use of the impressed‐current method. The scope of cathodic protection is thus comprehensive. This paper describes in a general way the properties, uses and limitations of the principal materials used as anodes in impressed‐current cathodic protection systems, together with some indication of the effects of different environments upon the various materials. In this first part, graphite, silicone iron and scrap steel are discussed.
NEW PAINT SYSTEMS: FOR HOT‐DIP GALVANIZED STEEL
Authors: van Eijnsbergen Ing. J.F.H.
Published: February 2008

By hot‐dip galvanizing steel and iron objects and constructions the corrosion resistance obtained is already very high and in the majority of cases no paint system is required as a supplementary protective coating. In practice, however, six cases can be shown where it is necessary or desirable to paint hot‐dip galvanized steel.
APPLICATIONS OF EPOXY RESIN‐BASED COATINGS IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Brull H.
Published: February 2008

The contribution of epoxy resin‐based surface coatings towards reducing the annual cost to the nation of the effects of corrosion has been appreciated by the paint chemist/technologist, and is being increasingly recognised by engineers, designers and authorities whose task it is to specify special paint systems for protection or decoration. This article surveys the properties and successful applications of these coatings.
AIR TREATMENT: THE PREVENTION OF CORROSION IN STORAGE Part 1
Authors: Walter Leo
Published: February 2008

Corrosion of ferrous components or of goods made partly of steel is caused mainly by two factors, namely temperature and humidity content of room air in the storage space. Prevention of corrosion has, therefore, to concentrate on means to keep storage rooms or departments well ventilated and at a definite air temperature. This first part of the article is concerned largely with physics regarding the properties of air. It covers ventilation, the various air‐treatment operations and the question of which systems are best suited to particular circumstances.
METALLIC LEAD PRIMING PAINTS FOR MARINE USAGE
Authors: Newnham H.A.
Published: February 2008

The title of this article may well have read ‘Metallic Lead Pigment as the Basis of Anti‐corrosive Paints,’ since such paints are proved to impart excellent protection to the steel surface. However, a satisfactory priming paint must possess in addition to corrosion‐inhibitive characteristics a considerable number of other properties in order that they may be commercially acceptable and in this article it is intended to consider the choice of a priming paint on this wider basis.
Activated Red Lead: GREATER ANTI‐COROSIVE CAPACITY
Authors: Järvenkylä Y.T.
Published: February 2008

Although many different rust‐inhibiting pigments have been used in anti‐corrosive paints, much reliance is still placed on red lead because of its passivating property. Work carried out in Finland shows that the addition of activators can improve the rust‐resisting properties of paintsbased on red lead.
Hot‐dipped Metallic Coatings
Authors: Nicholls John H.
Published: February 2008

Hot‐dipped metallic coatings are of fundamental importance to the corrosion technologist because, in many applications, they are the cheapest and most durable finish. In this article, the properties, preparation and uses of the metal coatings are compared and contrasted.
STAINLESS‐STEEL CORROSION BY DILUTE NITRIC ACID: at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Pearce M.L. , Griffiths V.S.
Published: February 2008

Stainless steel has been found to exhibit passivity in dilute nitric acid at 300°C. The rate of corrosion for passive conditions is unaffected by increase in temperature or small quantities of oxidising ions, but is increased in the presence of 10 g./l. of uranium. Corrosion in the vapour phase was found to be insignificant, though severe corrosion occurs at the vapour‐liquid interface. A weight‐loss technique has been used for the bulk of the determinations, but an alternative electrochemical method of investigating the corrosion has been studied with encouraging results.
Stainless Steels in the Chemical Industry
Authors: Bachmann Pierre
Published: February 2008

The great superiority of stainless‐steel alloys over iron, although they contain a high percentage of it, is that they do not rust when exposed to water and air and also resist corrosion when used with many chemicals. As a construction material for apparatus, stainless steel is widely used in chemical industry. Several of the alloys have many interesting mechanical properties and can easily be machined and welded. Thanks to these properties, the production of stainless steels during the last 20 years has increased more than tenfold. This article is adapted by the author from his book, Notions Pratiques de Génie Chimique, Georg éditeur, Geneva.
Inhibitors for Aluminium in Acid Solutions
Authors: Sundararajan J. , Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion rates and inhibitor efficiencies have been determined for commercial aluminium in hydrochloric acid with the following inhibitors: nicotinic acid; dextrin; thiourea; and tannic acid. Polarisation studies have been made with thiourea and the mechanism of corrosion inhibition is herein discussed.
CORROSION INHIBITORS IN REFINERY PROCESS STREAMS
Authors: Burns D.L. , Hildebrand R.L. , Thomas P.D.
Published: February 2008

Presented herein is information developed by a panel of the Sub‐Committee on Corrosion of the American Institute of Petroleum concerned with the mechanism of corrosion inhibition, temperature limitations, detergent action and chemical composition of the high‐molecular‐weight organic inhibitors commonly used in process streams. Included is a literature survey on the mechanism of corrosion inhibition; refinery experiences with inhibitors as developed by a questionnaire; and information contributed by manufacturers of inhibitors. Other data pertinent to corrosion and inhibitor problems are discussed.
PACKAGING METALLIC GOODS FOR EXPORT: Procedures to Avoid Corrosion
Authors: Dudley T.H.
Published: February 2008

This article, which is an exercise in anti‐corrosive measures in regard to exporting, examines the resources the manufacturer of corrodible products has available to him, the uses to which they can be put and the measure of success that can be anticipated provided certain rules are adhered to.
Metal Protection and Lubrication: IMPROVED ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Aiken J.K. , Critchley S.W.
Published: February 2008

The importance of organic chemicals in the wide field of metal treatment is only gradually being realised. A carefully planned approach to the selection of suitable organic additives for metal treatment processes is very much overdue, say the authors. They herein discuss the newer organic chemicals in metal protection and lubrication with particular reference to their use in the prevention of corrosion.
CORROSION PREVENTION IN SEA‐WATER FLASH DISTILLATION PLANT
Authors: Smith W.
Published: February 2008

The flash distillation plant being built at the Cardon refinery will be the largest single capacity unit in the world. It is designed to produce high‐purity distillate, for high‐pressure boiler feed, from untreated sea‐water. This short article, after briefly describing the plant, shows how the problems of corrosion and scale were dealt with. The direct heat input device mentioned is the subject of a patent application.
CORROSION WEAR OF CYLINDER LINERS OF DIESEL ENGINES USING RESIDUAL OIL
Authors: Simonetti Ing. G.
Published: February 2008

The main causes of wear through corrosion in the cylinder liners of large and medium‐sized diesel engines through the use of residual oil rich in sulphur and ashes have been examined by the author, who is associated with Fiat Stabilimento Grandi Motori. Some remedies are given mainly with regard to special anti‐corrosive lubricating oils for the cylinders.
CORROSION PREVENTION IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES
Authors: Cole R.A.
Published: February 2008

The prevention of corrosion in the structures, engines and ancillary equipment of aircraft presents the corrosion engineer with a unique problem of the severest magnitude. Failure to provide adequate protection under all conditions will produce catastrophic results or, assuming that the affected parts are discovered in time, a costly replacement scheme.
INFLUENCE OF WATER MOVEMENT ON CORROSION: Ferrous Materials
Authors: Butler G.
Published: February 2008

The influence of water movement on corrosion is of interest in most of the problems concerned with aqueous attack on metals ranging from ships' hulls to metal pipes. Even in cases where no relative motion is imposed, convection currents arise due to temperature variations in the solution. The rate of many reactions between solids and solutions is controlled by the transport of reactants to the surface and of products from it. The main concentration change takes place in a very thin layer next to the solid surface, the boundary diffusion layer. Here transport takes place slowly by diffusion while in the bulk of the solution the concentration is kept the same at all points by convection currents. This article discusses the influence of the boundary layer on corrosion rate of ferrous materials in water.
COPPER: Corrosion Resistance in Chemical Plant
Authors: Baker S.
Published: February 2008

One of the oldest metals known to man is copper and its use in the chemical industry dates back many centuries, as is attested by the traditional spirit and essence stills and brewing vats. Modern developments in copper and its alloys are reviewed in this article which discusses the importance of this group of metals to the present‐day plant designer.
STAINLESS STEEL
Authors: Ineson E.
Published: February 2008

Stainless steel is rapidly achieving pre‐eminence as a favoured material of construction due, no doubt, to the fact that for many applications in chemical plant it is the only material that can fulfil the stringent requirements as well as ensuring minimum maintenance costs. This article describes the constitution of stainless steels and their physical, mechanical and corrosion properties. Finally, their importance to the chemical plant designer is surveyed.