bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Middle Dutch back vowels in rhymes
Authors: Sytsema Johanneke , Grijzenhout Janet , Lahiri Aditi
Published: September 2014

Dutch underwent many changes in its vowel system in the course of its history. One way of exploring the phonology of the vocalic system at an earlier period of the language is to examine rhymes. The rhyming verse which is used in the moral didactic text of Ms. Marshall 29 offered an excellent opportunity to not only establish the differences between Modern and Middle Dutch, but also to trace any variation in the transition period from early to late Middle Dutch. We focused on rounded vowels, which were indicated by seven graphemes: , , , , , , and . Our crucial findings are the following: (i) descendants of Proto Germanic (PGmc) */au/ and */o:/ never rhyme with each other, although they could be spelt in an identical fashion and are pronounced the same in Modern Dutch, which leads us to conclude that the Middle Dutch vowel qualities were different; (ii) descendants of PGmc */u/ became /ɔ/, but when this vowel is lengthened in open syllables, it never rhymes with vowels derived from PGmc */au/, although they do in Modern Dutch; (iii) although  added to a vowel can mark length, in a small subset it must have indicated fronting.
Enrichment of DHA from Tuna Oil in a Packed Bed Reactor via Lipase‐Catalyzed Esterification
Authors: Hong Seung In , Ma Na , No Da Som , Choi Nakyung , Baik Ji Yeon , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim Yangha , Chang Eugene , Kim In‐Hwan
Published: September 2014

A packed‐bed reactor (length 6.5 cm; id 4.65 mm) has been used to enrich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) via the lipase‐catalyzed esterification of the fatty acid from tuna oil with ethanol. Lipozyme RM IM (from Rhizomucor miehei) was used for the esterification reaction because of its ability to discriminate between different fatty acids, and several reaction parameters, including the temperature, molar ratio of substrates, and water content were explored as a function of residence time. In this way, the optimum conditions for the enrichment process were determined to be a temperature of 20 °C, a molar ratio of 1:5 (i.e., fatty acid to ethanol), and a water content of 1.0 % (based on the total substrate weight). Under these conditions, a residence time of 90 min gave a DHA concentration of 70 wt% and a DHA recovery yield of 87 wt% in the residual fatty acid fraction.
Gestión logística en la prestación de servicios de hospitalización domiciliaria en el Valle del Cauca: caracterización y diagnóstico
Authors: Gutiérrez Elena Valentina , Galvis Oscar David , López Diego Alejandro , Mock Kow Juan Sebastián , Zapata Ismael , Vidal Carlos Julio
Published: August 2014

Este artículo presenta el primer diagnóstico de la gestión logística de las instituciones habilitadas por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para la prestación de servicios de hospitalización domiciliaria (HHC) en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. El objetivo es caracterizar cómo los proveedores de HHC toman las decisiones logísticas asociadas con el proceso de prestación del servicio, e identificar oportunidades de mejoramiento e investigación. El diagnóstico se construyó mediante la aplicación de una encuesta semiestructurada que evaluó 6 ejes de trabajo y el grado de madurez de los procesos de servicio. Los resultados muestran que se requiere una gestión más integral de las decisiones logísticas, apoyada en el conocimiento del perfil epidemiológico y demográfico de la población atendida.
Indications for in vitro fertilization at a public center for reproductive health in Campinas, Brazil
Authors: Pantoja Marcia , Fernandes Arlete
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess the sociodemographic profile and gynecologic and obstetric characteristics of women referred to a public reference center in Campinas, Brazil, for in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods

Women referred between April 1, 2008, and October 31, 2009, were eligible for inclusion in a cross‐sectional study. Participants were interviewed about sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric and gynecologic history, and etiologic factors resulting in the referral. Preliminary clinical examinations performed elsewhere were evaluated.

Results

A total of 176 women were included, of whom 129 (73.3%) presented with tubal factor infertility. Tubal ligation had been performed in 66 (37.5%) women. Overall, 121 (68.8%) women were aged 30 years old or less, 110 (62.5%) had received more than 8 years of schooling, 123 (69.6%) had had infertility for up to 5 years, and 99 (56.3%) did not have any children. Moreover, 25 (14.2%) women had endometriosis and 25 (14.2%) had a male factor issue. A previous ectopic pregnancy was reported for 20 (11.4%) women and pelvic inflammatory disease for 49 (27.8%).

Conclusion

Tubal factor infertility was the most common indication for IVF. Preventive measures are required, in addition to policies that ensure access to high‐complexity treatments in the public sector.
Dopamine D2 receptor agonists inhibit lung cancer progression by reducing angiogenesis and tumor infiltrating myeloid derived suppressor cells
Authors: Hoeppner Luke H. , Wang Ying , Sharma Anil , Javeed Naureen , Van Keulen Virginia P. , Wang Enfeng , Yang Ping , Roden Anja C. , Peikert Tobias , Molina Julian R. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata
Published: August 2014

We sought to determine whether Dopamine D2 Receptor (D2R) agonists inhibit lung tumor progression and identify subpopulations of lung cancer patients that benefit most from D2R agonist therapy. We demonstrate D2R agonists abrogate lung tumor progression in syngeneic (LLC1) and human xenograft (A549) orthotopic murine models through inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and reduction of tumor infiltrating myeloid derived suppressor cells. Pathological examination of human lung cancer tissue revealed a positive correlation between endothelial D2R expression and tumor stage. Lung cancer patients with a smoking history exhibited greater levels of D2R in lung endothelium. Our results suggest D2R agonists may represent a promising individualized therapy for lung cancer patients with high levels of endothelial D2R expression and a smoking history.
Biogeography of Pleistocene conifer species from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado
Authors: Miller Dane M. , Miller Ian M. , Jackson Stephen T.
Published: September 2014

Pleistocene biogeography of conifer species is poorly known in much of western North America. We conducted morphological studies on 201 conifer cones and cone fragments recovered from Pleistocene sediments at the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site (2705 m) near Snowmass Village, Colorado. The basin, formed ~155–130 ka, contains fossil-bearing lacustrine, palustrine, and colluvial sediments spanning approximately 85 ka. Using a suite of morphological characters, particularly cone-scale bracts, we differentiated species ofAbies,Picea, andPseudotsuga. All fossilAbiesspecimens were assignable based on bract morphology toAbies concolor, which is currently absent from central Colorado (nearest populations are 160 km southwest of the site).A.concoloroccurs only in sediments of MIS 5d and 5c.Pseudotsuga menziesiiandPicea engelmanniicones occurred in sediments corresponding to MIS 5e, 5d, 5c, and 5a. A fourth conifer species, occurring in sediments of MIS 5e, 5d, 5c, and 5a, is difficult to assign to any extant species. Bract morphology is similar toPicea pungens, which grows near the site today, but scale morphology is unlikeP.pungens. These fossils may represent ancestralP.pungens, an extinct variant, or an extinct sister species.
Last interglacial plant macrofossils and climates from Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA
Authors: Strickland Laura E. , Baker Richard G. , Thompson Robert S. , Miller Dane M.
Published: September 2014

Ninety plant macrofossil taxa from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site near Snowmass Village, Colorado, record environmental changes at high elevation (2705 m asl) in the Rocky Mountains during the Last Interglacial Period. Present-day vegetation is aspen forest (Populus tremuloides) intermixed with species of higher (Picea,Abies) and lower (Artemisia,Quercus) elevations. Stratigraphic units 4–13 contain montane forest taxa found near the site today and several species that today generally live at lower elevations within (Abies concolor,Lycopus americanus) and outside Colorado (Najas flexilis). These data suggest near-modern climatic conditions, with slightly warmer summer and winter temperatures. This montane forest period was succeeded by a shorter treeless interval (Unit 14) representing colder and/or drier conditions. In units 15–16, conifer trees reoccur but deciduous and herb taxa are lacking, suggesting a return to warmer conditions, although cooler than during the earlier forest period. Comparison of these inferred paleoclimatic changes with the site's geochronologic framework indicates that the lower interval of sustained warmth correlates with late MIS 6–early 5b (~138–94 ka), the cold interval with MIS 5b (~94–87 ka), and the uppermost cool assemblages with MIS 5a (~87–77 ka).
Provenance of the Various Grain-Size Fractions in the Negev Loess and Potential changes in Major dust Sources to the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Ben-Israel Michal , Enzel Yehouda , Amit Rivka , Erel Yigal
Published: September 2014

The isotopic composition of Sr and Nd and elemental concentrations (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al) of three primary Negev loess sequences trace the relative contributions of desert dust sources over the past ~180,000 yr to the southeastern Mediterranean. We focused on the geochemical signature of the fine (<20 μm) and coarse (>20 μm) grain-size modes of the loess to identify their respective provenances. The isotopic composition of the coarse fraction falls on a mixing line of sources feeding the Nile and its delta. The chemical compositions of the coarse fraction and the Sinai–Negev sand dunes are similar, indicating that this fraction is the product of aeolian abrasion of the adjacent Sinai–Negev sands. In turn, these sands are derived from the Nile delta and transported inland. The fine fraction has less negative εNd values and slightly deviates from the mixing line, indicating an additional end-member. The higher εNd values and Mg/Al ratios of the fine fraction are relatively well correlated (R2 = 0.64) and point to Arabian dust as an additional source. Temporal changes in the geochemical composition of loess over time reflect changes in climates of source areas and the Eastern Mediterranean. Shifts from Saharan to Arabian fine dust-dominated intervals indicate wetter conditions in the southern Sahara that weaken dust fluxes from this source relative to the Arabian fluxes.
Bifurcation analysis of steady natural convection in a tilted cubical cavity with adiabatic sidewalls
Authors: Torres J. F. , Henry D. , Komiya A. , Maruyama S.
Published: September 2014

Natural convection in an inclined cubical cavity heated from two opposite walls maintained at different temperatures and with adiabatic sidewalls is investigated numerically. The cavity is inclined by an angle$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\theta $around a lower horizontal edge and the isothermal wall set at the higher temperature is the lower wall in the horizontal situation ($\theta = 0^\circ $). A continuation method developed from a three-dimensional spectral finite-element code is applied to determine the bifurcation diagrams for steady flow solutions. The numerical technique is used to study the influence of${\theta }$on the stability of the flow for moderate Rayleigh numbers in the range$\mathit{Ra} \leq 150\, 000$, focusing on the Prandtl number$\mathit{Pr} = 5.9$. The results show that the inclination breaks the degeneracy of the stable solutions obtained at the first bifurcation point in the horizontal cubic cavity: (i) the transverse stable rolls, whose rotation vector is in the same direction as the inclination vector${\boldsymbol{\Theta}}$, start from$\mathit{Ra} \to 0$forming a leading branch and becoming more predominant with increasing$\theta $; (ii) a disconnected branch consisting of transverse rolls, whose rotation vector is opposite to${\boldsymbol{\Theta}}$, develops from a saddle-node bifurcation, is stabilized at a pitchfork bifurcation, but globally disappears at a critical inclination angle; (iii) the semi-transverse stable rolls, whose rotation axis is perpendicular to${\boldsymbol{\Theta}}$at$\theta \to 0^\circ $, develop from another saddle-node bifurcation, but the branch also disappears at a critical angle. We also found the stability thresholds for the stable diagonal-roll and four-roll solutions, which increase with$\theta $until they disappear at other critical angles. Finally, the families of stable solutions are presented in the$\mathit{Ra}-\theta $parameter space by determining the locus of the primary, secondary, saddle-node, and Hopf bifurcation points as a function of$\mathit{Ra}$and$\theta $.
Scaling behaviour in impulsively started viscous flow past a finite flat plate
Authors: Xu Ling , Nitsche Monika
Published: September 2014

Viscous flow past a finite flat plate which is impulsively started in the direction normal to itself is studied numerically using a high-order mixed finite-difference and semi-Lagrangian scheme. The goal is to resolve the details of the vorticity generation, and to determine the dependence of the flow on time and Reynolds number. Vorticity contours, streaklines and streamlines are presented for a range of times$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}t\in [0.0002,5]$and Reynolds numbers$\mathit{Re}\in [250,2000]$, non-dimensionalized with respect to the driving velocity and the plate length. At early times, the starting vortex is small relative to the plate length and is expected to grow as if an external length scale were absent. We identify three different types of scaling behaviours consistent with this premise. (i) At early times, solutions with different values of$\mathit{Re}$are identical up to rescaling. (ii) The solution for fixed$\mathit{Re}$satisfies a viscous similarity law in time, locally in space, as illustrated by the core vorticity maximum, the upstream boundary layer thickness, and the maximum speed, in three different regions of the flow. (iii) The vortex core trajectory and the shed circulation satisfy inviscid scaling laws for several decades in time, and are consequently essentially$\mathit{Re}$-independent at these times. In addition, the computed induced drag and tangential forces are found to follow approximate scaling laws that define their dependence on time and$\mathit{Re}$.
The Study of Temperature Rise in a 90-Degree Sharp Bend Microchannel Flow Under Constant Wall Temperature Condition
Authors: Huang C.-Y. , Li C.-A. , Huang B.-H. , Liou T.-M.
Published: September 2014

This study presents the fluid temperature measurement at a 90-degree sharp bend inside a microchannel using molecule-based temperature sensor technique. This technique provides both detailed and global information for temperature investigation in microfluidic research. Rhodamine B was selected as the molecule-based temperature probe in the experiment to provide non-invasive and straightforward measurements. To resolve the luminescence deviation in the microscale temperature measurements introduced by the corner structure, in-situ calibration method and pixel-by-pixel correction were applied during the data reduction. The temperature measurement was performed in a 200μm wide, 67μm deep and 2cm long PDMS microchannel with a 90-degree sharp bend at the center. The temperature profile was measured at a Reynolds number of 27.66 using Rhodamine B in DI water while the bottom of channel was heated at 50°C. As revealed by the molecule-based temperature sensor, the temperature variation along the central line increased 2°C while passing the corner. Additionally, the lateral temperature distributions upstream of the corner show the temperature increase near the outer side of microchannel and decreased near the inner side. The velocity profiles around the 90-degree sharp bend were acquired to analyze the flow after corner. Secondary flow structure after the corner was observed in the velocity profiles along the depth of the microchannel. This study analyzes the thermal flow fields in the microchannel with a 90-degree sharp bend and reveals that regardless of the low Reynolds number, the flow mixing after the corner resulted in the increase of temperature downstream of the bend.
Preventive effect of the microalgaChlamydomonas debaryanaon the acute phase of experimental colitis in rats
Authors: Ávila-Román Javier , Talero Elena , Alcaide Antonio , Reyes Carolina de los , Zubía Eva , García-Mauriño Sofía , Motilva Virginia
Published: September 2014

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterised by chronic uncontrolled inflammation of intestinal mucosa. Diet and nutritional factors have emerged as possible interventions for IBD. Microalgae are rich sources ofn-3 PUFA and derived oxylipins. Oxylipins are lipid mediators involved in the resolution of many inflammatory disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the oxylipin-containing biomass of the microalgaChlamydomonas debaryanaand its major oxylipin constituent, (9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid ((13S)-HOTE), on acute 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Lyophilised microalgal biomass and (13S)-HOTE were administered by oral route 48, 24 and 1 h before the induction of colitis and 24 h later, and the rats were killed after 48 h. The treatment with the lyophilised microalga and (13S)-HOTE improved body-weight loss and colon shortening, as well as attenuated the extent of colonic damage and increased mucus production. Cellular neutrophil infiltration, with the subsequent increase in myeloperoxidase levels induced by TNBS, were also reduced after the administration of the lyophilised microalga or (13S)-HOTE. The anti-inflammatory effects of these treatments were confirmed by the inhibition of colonic TNF-α production. Moreover, lyophilised microalga or (13S)-HOTE down-regulated cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The present study was the first to show the prophylactic effects of a lyophilised biomass sample of the microalgaC. debaryanaand the oxylipin (13S)-HOTE on TNBS-induced acute colitis in rats. Our findings suggest that the microalgaC. debaryanaor derived oxylipins could be used as nutraceuticals in the treatment of the active phase of IBD.
TRANSBOUNDARY TRANSIT PIPELINES: REFLECTIONS ON THE BALANCING OF RIGHTS AND INTERESTS IN LIGHT OF THE NORD STREAM PROJECT
Authors: Langlet David
Published: September 2014

The Nord Stream project, which comprises two natural gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea, eminently illustrates several of the ambiguities that pertain to the ability of coastal States to regulate the laying and operation of transit pipelines in their exclusive economic zone and, conversely, the extent of the right of other States to carry out such activities. A highly significant issue is how seabed surveys undertaken in preparation for the laying of pipelines should be characterized, and thus regulated, under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. What is to be considered a ‘reasonable measure’ by a coastal State is another crucial issue which, together with the extent of the requirement for consent by the coastal State for any specific pipeline route, are decisive for defining the balance between potentially competing interests relating to submarine transit pipelines.
Motor Transportation, Trade Unionism, and the Culture of Work in Colonial Ghana
Authors: Hart Jennifer
Published: September 2014

The emergence of drivers’ unions in the 1920s and 1930s highlights the wide range of strategies for social and economic organization available to workers in the Gold Coast. Particularly among workers who operated outside the conventional categories of the colonial economy, unions provided only one of many models for labor organization. This article argues that self-employed drivers appropriated unions and an international discourse of labor organization in the early twentieth century in order to best represent their interests to the colonial government. However, their understanding of the function and organization of unions reflected a much broader repertoire of social and economic organizing practices. Rather than representing any exceptional form of labor organization, drivers highlight the circulation of multiple ideas surrounding labor organization in the early decades of the twentieth century, which informed the ways in which Africans engaged in the wage labor economy and implicitly challenged British colonial assumptions about labor, authority, and control.
Depictions of nursing home residents in US newspapers: successful ageingversusfrailty
Authors: ROZANOVA JULIA , MILLER EDWARD ALAN , WETLE TERRIE
Published: September 2014

The media shape both what people consider significant and how people think about key issues. This paper explored the cultural beliefs and stereotypes that underlie media portrayals of nursing homes. The analysis of texts of 157 articles about nursing homes published from 1999 to 2008 on the front pages of four major-market American newspapers (The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles TimesandThe Washington Post) was conducted using a qualitative approach inspired by comparative narrative and critical discourse analysis. Results suggest two major themes, each with several narrative components: (a) managing disposable lives (bodies outliving bank accounts; making frailty affordable; and the economics of triage); and (b) retaining purchasing power as successful ageing (consumption as a sign of market participation, spending money as an indicator of autonomy; and financial planning as preparation for future decline). Thus, the results indicate that nursing home residency in-and-of-itself is not a marker of unsuccessful ageing. This, instead, depends, in part, on the extent of choice available as a result of the level of financial solvency. This study shines light on the betwixt and between zone that distinguishes the Third and Fourth Ages; that is, independenceversusdependence in old age. If individuals in a nursing home retain control over the management of their lives through the maintenance of financial independence, even if physically frail, association of nursing home residence with the Fourth Age may be ameliorated.
Three Questions on Climate Change
Authors: Palmer Clare
Published: September 2014

Climate change will have highly significant and largely negative effects on human societies into the foreseeable future, effects that are already generating ethical and policy dilemmas of unprecedented scope, scale, and complexity. One important group of ethical and policy issues raised here concerns what I callenvironmentalvalues. By this I do not mean the impact that climate change will have on the environment as a valuable human resource, nor am I referring to the changing climate as a threat to humans in terms of floods, storms, and droughts, important as these are. Rather, I am concerned with the way climate change—and the policies that may be adopted to respond to it—threatens both things we value and, potentially, some of our environmental values themselves.
A “Natural” Proposal for Addressing Climate Change
Authors: Lovejoy Thomas E.
Published: September 2014

One of the fundamental challenges of climate change is that we contribute to it increment by increment, and experience it increment by increment after a considerable time lag. As a consequence, it is very difficult to see what we are doing to ourselves, to future generations, and to the living planet as a whole. There are monumental ethical issues involved, but they are obscured by the incremental nature of the process and the long time frame before reaching the concentration of greenhouse gases and the ensuing accumulation of radiant heat—and consequent climate change—that ensues.
Western Pessimism, Asian Optimism: Three Perspectives on Global Governance
Authors: Jolly Richard
Published: September 2014

As of 2007 the world economy has been caught in the worst crisis since the 1930s. Yet after two years of only partly successful efforts to mobilize and coordinate global action of financial control and stimulus, ending with the G-20 meeting of March 2009, responsibility for corrective economic initiatives has essentially been left to individual countries, supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union (EU). Moreover, such support has been usually conditional on countries following financial policies of tough austerity. The United States took some actions to stimulate its economy, but by many accounts these were insufficient. Most of Europe has not even attempted stimulus measures and has been in a period of economic stagnation, with falling real incomes among the poorest parts of the population. Although some signs of “recovery” have been heralded in 2013 and 2014, growth has mostly been measured from a lower base. There is little evidence of broad-based economic recovery, let alone improvements in the situation of the poor or even of the middle-income groups.
Delay-dependent robust stability criteria for stochastic neural networks of neutral-type with interval time-varying delay and linear fractional uncertainties
Authors: LIU GUOQUAN , YANG SIMON X. , CHAI YI , FU WEI
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we investigate the problem of robust stability for a class of delayed neural networks of neutral-type with linear fractional uncertainties. The activation functions are assumed to be unbounded, non-monotonic and non-differentiable, and the delay is assumed to be time-varying and belonging to a given interval, which means that the lower and upper bounds of the interval time-varying delay are available. By constructing a general form of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, and using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, we derive several delay-dependent stability criteria in terms of LMI. Finally, we give a number of examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Adaptive control of a class of non-linear systems preceded by backlash-like hysteresis
Authors: CAI JIANPING , SHEN LUJUAN , WU FUZHEN
Published: September 2014

We consider a class of uncertain non-linear systems preceded by unknown backlash-like hysteresis, which is modelled by a differential equation. We propose a new state feedback robust adaptive control scheme using a backstepping technique and properties of the differential equation. In this control scheme, we construct a new continuous function to design an estimator to estimate the unknown constant parameters and the unknown bound of a ‘disturbance-like’ term. The transient performance of the output tracking error can be guaranteed by the introduction of pre-estimates of the unknown parameters in our controller together with update laws. We do not require bounds on the ‘disturbance-like’ term or unknown system parameters in this scheme. The global stability of the closed-loop system can be proved.
The GA-SA model and its application to predicting the potential of the solar power industry
Authors: YANG SHAOMEI , ZHU QIAN
Published: September 2014

In recent years, under the dual pressure of environmental requirements and a series of conventional energy shortages, including power cuts, coal shortages and rising oil prices, there have been unprecedented opportunities for clean energy, and especially for the development and utilisation of solar energy. Hence, solar products have become increasingly popular because of the energy saving and environmental protection they offer. China's solar energy industry should be in the self-development mechanism, which is market-oriented and should act as a mainstay for enterprises. Scientifically forecasting the potential of the solar energy industry and rationally evaluating its status as a result of a market economy-oriented development is an effective means of building a low-carbon and harmonious society. In the work reported in this paper, we:

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established a comprehensive evaluation index system, covering natural resources, economic conditions, policy support, technology and the market environment;

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constructed a GA-SA model based on analysing the principles of GA (genetic algorithms) and SA (simulated annealing); and

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applied these tools to predicting the potential of the solar power industry.

The results show that GA-SA takes into account both global and local search issues, and is thus a complete optimisation method, and that the model also has scientific and broad applicability in the field of prediction.
Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium: A comparison of efficacy, safety, and side effects
Authors: Boettger Soenke , Jenewein Josef , Breitbart William
Published: September 2014

Objective:

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side-effect profile of the typical antipsychotic haloperidol with that of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole in the management of delirium.

Method:

The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale, and a side-effect rating were recorded at baseline (T1), after 2–3 days (T2), and after 4–7 days (T3). Some 21 cases were case-matched by age, preexisting dementia, and baseline MDAS scores, and subsequently analyzed.

Results:

The baseline characteristics of the medication groups were not different: The mean age of the patients ranged from 64.0 to 69.6 years, dementia was present in between 23.8 and 28.6%, and baseline MDAS scores were 19.9 (haloperidol), 18.6 (risperidone), 19.4 (olanzapine), and 18.0 (aripiprazole). The doses of medication at T3 were 5.5 mg haloperidol, 1.3 mg risperidone, 7.1 mg olanzapine, and 18.3 mg aripiprazole. Over one week, the decline in MDAS scores between medications was equal, and no differences between individual MDAS scores existed at T2 or T3. After one week, the MDAS scores were 6.8 (haloperidol), 7.1 (risperidone), 11.7 (olanzapine), and 8.3 (aripiprazole). At T2, delirium resolution occurred in 42.9–52.4% of cases and at T3 in 61.9–85.7%; no differences in assessments between medications existed. Recorded side effects were extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs) in haloperidol- and risperidone-managed patients (19 and 4.8%, respectively) and sedation with olanzapine (28.6%).

Significance of Results:

Haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine were equally effective in the management of delirium; however, they differed in terms of their side-effect profile. Extrapyramidal symptoms were most frequently recorded with haloperidol, and sedation occurred most frequently with olanzapine.
‘Commodities must be controlled’: economic crimes and market discipline in India (1939–1955)
Authors: De Rohit
Published: September 2014

It was a hot afternoon on 10 April 1950, in the town of Chapra in the eastern Indian province of Bihar. As most people had retired indoors to avoid the heat, the women's clothing store run by Kedar Nath had suddenly become a hive of activity. Hismunib(accountant) had gone home early on receiving news of the sudden illness of his son, and his shop had been visited by the local Magistrate and the Deputy Superintendent of Police, the leading figures in the district administration. The Magistrate, Mr S. K Ghatak, ordered Kedar Nath to open up his stores and make his registers available, and in this process discovered that Nath had twenty-five more saris than were accounted for in the stock register. Kedar Nath's relation protested that the saris had been bought that very morning, and that his munib's unexpected absence had resulted in the stocks not being updated immediately. The district officials were not convinced and Kedar Nath was arrested for not having proper accounts of the clothes in his stock. The district court convicted Kedar Nath for violating the terms of Bihar Cotton, Cloth and Yarn (Control Order) 1948, and the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act 1946 (ESA), and sentenced him to a fine and a month of rigorous imprisonment.
Sulfurization induced surface constitution and its correlation to the performance of solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells
Authors: Zhong Jie , Xia Zhe , Luo Miao , Zhao Juan , Chen Jie , Wang Liang , Liu Xinsheng , Xue Ding-Jiang , Cheng Yi-Bing , Song Haisheng , Tang Jiang
Published: September 2014

To obtain high photovoltaic performances for the emerging copper zinc tin sulfide/selenide (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells, much effort has deservedly been placed on CZTSSe phase purification and CZTSSe grain size enhancement. Another highly crucial but less explored factor for device performance is the elemental constitution of CZTSSe surface, which is at the heart of p-n junction where major photogenerated carriers generate and separate. In this work we demonstrate that, despite the well-built phase and large grained films are observed by common phases and morphology characterization (XRD, Raman and SEM), prominent device efficiency variations from short circuited to 6.4% are obtained. Insight study highlights that the surface (0–250 nm) compositions variation results in different bulk defect depths and doping densities in the depletion zone. We propose that suitable sulfurization (at ~10 kPa sulfur pressure) drives optimization of surface constitution by managing the Cu, Zn and Sn diffusion and surface reaction. Therefore, our study reveals that the balance of elemental diffusion and interface reactions is the key to tuning the surface quality CZTSSe film and thus the performance of as resulted devices.
Fe-containing polyimide-based high-performance ORR catalysts in acidic medium: a kinetic approach to study the durability of catalysts
Authors: Muthukrishnan Azhagumuthu , Nabae Yuta , Hayakawa Teruaki , Okajima Takeyoshi , Ohsaka Takeo
Published: September 2014

The ORR activity and durability of Fe-containing non-precious N-doped carbon catalysts in acidic medium were studied using a rotating ring-disk electrode voltammetry and XPS technique.
Efficient epoxidation of propene using molecular catalysts
Authors: Markovits Iulius I. E. , Anthofer Michael H. , Kolding Helene , Cokoja Mirza , Pöthig Alexander , Raba Andreas , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Fehrmann Rasmus , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: September 2014

The epoxidation of propene to propene oxide at mild conditions using molecular rhenium and molybdenum catalysts is presented.
Organo-functionalized metal–oxide clusters: synthesis and characterization of the reduced cationic species [NaVIV6O6{(OCH2CH2)2NH}6]+
Authors: Khan M. Ishaque , Zheng Y. , Li H. , Swenson L. , Basha A. , Doedens R. J.
Published: September 2014

A new diethanolamine functionalized oxovanadium cationic cluster was synthesized and characterized; electrochemical and UV-vis absorption properties are consistent with two distinct MLCT processes.
Contrasting ion-association behaviour of Ta and Nb polyoxometalates
Authors: Fullmer Lauren B. , Molina Pedro I. , Antonio Mark R. , Nyman May
Published: September 2014

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of aqueous [Ta6O19]8− compared to prior studies of aqueous [Nb6O19]8− reveals key differences in behaviour, which is likely at the root of the difficulty in developing polyoxotantalate chemistry.
Impact of extraneous proteins on the gastrointestinal fate of sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus) oil bodies: a simulated gastrointestinal tract study
Authors: Makkhun Sakunkhun , Khosla Amit , Foster Tim , McClements David Julian , Grundy Myriam M. L. , Gray David A.
Published: September 2014

The fate of oil body and protein enriched oil body during digestion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was studied.
Synthesis of α-brominated phosphonates and their application as phosphate bioisosteres
Authors: Downey A. Michael , Cairo Christopher W.
Published: September 2014

A review of the synthesis and biological activity of α-bromo-phosphonate groups as phosphate bioisosteres.
Water-soluble NHC-Cu catalysts: applications in click chemistry, bioconjugation and mechanistic analysis
Authors: Díaz Velázquez Heriberto , Ruiz García Yara , Vandichel Matthias , Madder Annemieke , Verpoort Francis
Published: September 2014

A series of novel bis(NHC) Cu(i) catalysts enables the production of triazoles with different substitution patterns and bioconjugation via “click” chemistry under homogeneous and/or heterogeneous catalytic conditions in aqueous media.
Performance of DFT methods and origin of stereoselectivity in bipyridine N,N′-dioxide catalyzed allylation and propargylation reactions
Authors: Sepúlveda Diana , Lu Tongxiang , Wheeler Steven E.
Published: September 2014

It is shown that many DFT methods correctly predict the stereoselectivity of bipyridine N,N′-dioxide catalyzed alkylation reactions despite predicting the incorrect low-lying transition state structures. A novel explanation of the origin of stereoselectivity in these reactions is also provided.
Base-promoted annulation of α-hydroxy ketones and dimethyl but-2-ynedioate: straightforward access to pyrano[4,3-a]quinolizine-1,4,6(2H)-triones and 2H-pyran-2,5(6H)-diones
Authors: He Haitao , Qi Chaorong , Ou Yanglu , Xiong Wenfang , Hu Xiaohan , Ren Yanwei , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: September 2014

A novel direct synthesis of pyrano[4,3-a]quinolizine-1,4,6(2H)-triones and 2H-pyran-2,5(6H)-diones from α-hydroxy ketones and dimethyl but-2-ynedioate via a base-promoted cascade annulation has been developed.
Coordination assemblies of the MII-tm/bpt (M = Zn/Cd/Co/Ni) mixed-ligand system: positional isomeric effect, structural diversification and properties
Authors: Huang Fu-Ping , Yao Peng-Fei , Luo Wei , Li Hai-Ye , Yu Qing , Bian He-Dong , Yan Shi-Ping
Published: September 2014

Six new coordination polymers with three positional isomeric bpt ligands and trimellitic acid (H3tm), have been synthesized and characterized. They present diverse architectures. These results indicate that the versatile coordination modes of tm and the isomeric nature of bpt play crucial roles in modulating the structural topologies of these complexes.
Mechanistic study of CO formation from CO2 using a mixed-metal oxide of tin, iron, and aluminum
Authors: Shen Jian-Ping , Mobley Paul D. , Douglas Laura M. , Peters Jonathan E. , Lail Marty , Norman Jason S. , Turk Brian
Published: September 2014

CO formation from CO2 using a mixed-metal oxide of tin, iron, and aluminum.
Investigation of morphologies and characterization of rare earth metal samarium hexacyanoferrate and its composite with surfactant intercalated graphene oxide for sensor applications
Authors: Devadas Balamurugan , Cheemalapati Srikanth , Chen Shen-Ming , Rajkumar Muniyandi
Published: September 2014

Different morphologies of electrochemically deposited samarium hexacyanoferrate.
What does the HOMA index really measure?
Authors: Ostrowski Sławomir , Dobrowolski Jan Cz.
Published: September 2014

The HOMA index reflects a more general property of cyclic hydrocarbons then aromaticity: the savoricity.
Antibacterial and antiadhesive properties of butyl-methylimidazolium ionic liquids toward pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Hajfarajollah Hamidreza , Mokhtarani Babak , Noghabi Kambiz Akbari , Sharifi Ali , Mirzaei Mojtaba
Published: September 2014

An example of agar disk diffusion results for (A) [BMIM][NTf2] (B) [BMIM][SCN] and (C) [BMIM][ HSO4] onS. aureus.
Exploitation of surface acoustic waves to drive nanoparticle concentration within an electrification-dependent droplet
Authors: Tengfei Zheng , Chaohui Wang , Dong Niu , Weitao Jiang , Yongsheng Shi , Lei Yin , Bangdao Chen , Hongzhong Liu , Yucheng Ding
Published: September 2014

When SSAW propagates into microlitre droplets, two forces act on the particles. We obtain patterned particles by changing the DEP force.
Solution processable star-shaped molecules with a triazine core and branching thienylenevinylenes for bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Huang Chien-Yi , Lee Wan-Hua , Lee Rong-Ho
Published: September 2014

Two new star-shaped A–π–D molecules with triazine as a core and an acceptor unit, thienylenevinylene as the π bridge, and tert-butyl-substituted triphenylamine (tTPA)- or carbazole (tCz) as the end group and donor units of TTVTPA and TTVCz were synthesized for their application as donor materials in solution processed bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs).
Surface modification with thermoresponsive polymer brushes for a switchable electrochemical sensor
Authors: Comminges Clément , Frasca Stefano , Sütterlin Martin , Wischerhoff Erik , Laschewsky André , Wollenberger Ulla
Published: September 2014

Thermoresponsive polymer brushes' reversible phase transition is evidenced with E-QCM-D and electrochemistry, and acts as an electrochemical switch.
Built-in water resistance in organic transistors modified with self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Kang Boseok , Lee Wi Hyoung , Choi Hyun Ho , Park Yeong Don , Cho Kilwon
Published: September 2014

We systematically investigated the effects of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), prepared on the gate dielectric, on the performances of bottom-gate organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices under various humid environments.
A potentially low-cost modified sawdust (MSD) effective for rapid Cr(vi) and As(v) removal from water
Authors: Hao Linlin , Liu Qin , Li Xilan , Du Zhaolin , Wang Peng
Published: September 2014

A potentially low-cost modified sawdust (MSD) was effective for the rapid removal of Cr(vi) and As(v) from water.
Structural evaluation and catalytic performance of nano-Au supported on nanocrystalline Ce0.9Fe0.1O2−δ solid solution for oxidation of carbon monoxide and benzylamine
Authors: Sudarsanam P. , Selvakannan P. R. , Soni Sarvesh K. , Bhargava Suresh K. , Reddy Benjaram M.
Published: September 2014

Nano-Au supported on nanocrystalline Ce0.9Fe0.1O2−δ solid solution was found to show excellent catalytic performance for both CO oxidation and benzylamine oxidation.
Spectrofluorimetric determination of zearalenone using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to micro-solid phase extraction onto magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Hashemi Mahdi , Taherimaslak Zohreh , Parvizi Sara , Torkejokar Mohammad
Published: September 2014

A new and sensitive method using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled to micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) onto magnetic nanoparticles was developed for spectrofluorimetric determination of zearalenone (ZEN) in corn samples.
Surface modified PMMA nanoparticles with tunable drug release and cellular uptake
Authors: Juneja Ridhima , Roy Indrajit
Published: September 2014

Differentialin vitrocellular uptake efficiency of fluorophore-loaded PMMA nanoparticles, with (a) different size, and (b) different surface coating.
Ultrasound mediated synthesis of α-aminophosphonates and 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-ones using graphene oxide as a recyclable catalyst under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Bhattacharya Tamalika , Majumdar Biju , Dey Deepa , Sarma Tridib K.
Published: September 2014

Graphene oxide functions as an effective and reusable carbocatalyst for the multicomponent synthesis of α-aminophosphonates and 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones under solvent-free conditions using ultrasonic irradiation.
Mn2+ ion influenced optical and photocatalytic behaviour of Mn–ZnS quantum dots prepared by a microwave assisted technique
Authors: Joicy S. , Saravanan R. , Prabhu D. , Ponpandian N. , Thangadurai P.
Published: September 2014

(a) Photon absorption and exciton formation, (b) interstitial sulfur emission, (c) interstitial zinc emission, (d) blue emission, (e) electron trapping by Mn ions' d state, (f) orange light emission and (g) orange emission quenching by electrons trapped by the neighbouring Mn2+ ions.
Assessing the critical role of ecological goods and services in microalgal biofuel life cycles
Authors: Zaimes George G. , Khanna Vikas
Published: September 2014

This pioneering study utilizes a hierarchical thermodynamic-based resource aggregation scheme to quantify the contribution of ecosystem goods and services to emerging microalgal biofuels life cycles.
Reply to the ‘Comment on “Intracellular stresses in patterned cell assemblies”’ by D. Tambe et al., Soft Matter, 2014, 10, 7681
Authors: Moussus Michel , der Loughian Christelle , Fuard David , Courçon Marie , Gulino Debrac Danielle , Delanoë-Ayari Hélène , Nicolas Alice
Published: September 2014

Validation of the method for calculating internal stresses as in Moussus et al., Soft Matter, 2014, 10, 2414: cell/matrix stresses calculated from inversion methods (in red) colocalize with those derived from internal stresses (in blue).
Structural relaxation in glassy polymers predicted by soft modes: a quantitative analysis
Authors: Smessaert Anton , Rottler Jörg
Published: September 2014

We present a quantitative analysis of the correlation between quasi-localized, low energy vibrational modes and structural relaxation events in computer simulations of a quiescent, thermal polymer glass.
Evaporation of a capillary bridge between a particle and a surface
Authors: Neeson Michael J. , Dagastine Raymond R. , Chan Derek Y. C. , Tabor Rico F.
Published: September 2014

The liquid bridge that forms between a particle and a flat surface, and the dynamics of its evaporation are pertinent to a range of physical processes including paint and ink deposition, spray drying, evaporative lithography and the flow and processing of powders.
Significantly improved photovoltaic performance of the triangular-spiral TPA(DPP–PN)3 by appending planar phenanthrene units into the molecular terminals
Authors: Zhang Youming , Bao Xichang , Xiao Manjun , Tan Hua , Tao Qiang , Wang Yafei , Liu Yu , Yang Renqiang , Zhu Weiguo
Published: September 2014

A new small molecule of TPA(DPP–PN)3 was obtained with appending planar phenanthrene units in the molecular terminals, and displayed a maximum PCE of 3.67% in the OSCs.
Nanocavity-engineered Si/multi-functional carbon nanofiber composite anodes with exceptional high-rate capacities
Authors: Xu Zheng-Long , Zhang Biao , Abouali Sara , Akbari Garakani Mohammad , Huang Jiaqiang , Huang Jian-Qiu , Kamali Heidari Elham , Kim Jang-Kyo
Published: September 2014

Multi-functionalized carbon nanofibers containing nanocavity-engineered Si particles as durable high-rate Li-ion anodes were fabricated via a facile electrospinning method.
Molecular pathways of arterial aging
Authors: Paneni Francesco , Costantino Sarah , Cosentino Francesco
Published: September 2014

The incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction increases in aged patients and it is associated with an adverse outcome. Considering the aging population and the increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease, the prediction for population well-being and health economics is daunting. Accordingly, there is an unmet need to focus on fundamental processes underlying vascular aging. A better understanding of the pathways leading to arterial aging may contribute to design mechanism-based therapeutic approaches to prevent or attenuate features of vascular senescence. In the present review, we discuss advances in the pathophysiology of age-related vascular dysfunction including nitric oxide signalling, dysregulation of oxidant/inflammatory genes, epigenetic modifications and mechanisms of vascular calcification as well as insights into vascular repair. Such an overview highlights attractive molecular targets for the prevention of age-driven vascular disease.