bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stability and breakdown of empire: European informal empire in China, the Ottoman Empire and Egypt
Authors: Savage Jesse Dillon
Published: June 2010

Most theories of empire and international hierarchy have implicitly or explicitly posited disparities of power between the core and the periphery as a sufficient condition for the stability of imperial arrangements. While power is a necessary condition, it is not sufficient. Peripheral actors can resist despite power disparities, and such resistance can destabilize imperial institutions. Given this fact, the preferences and beliefs that motivate peripheral actors to seek either accommodation or to resist are of central importance for explaining empire and hierarchy. These preferences can be explained by analyzingthe complementarities between the imperial order and domestic political institutions in the periphery. This will be demonstrated through comparison of European informal empire in China, the Ottoman Empire and Egypt.
Bariatric surgery for diabetes: gastric banding is simple and safe
Authors: Pinkney Jonathan
Published: June 2010

Bariatric surgery (BS) is an important treatment option for selected patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is an effective procedure for many of these patients. This treatment has become preferred in many centres because it is the simplest current option and therefore has substantially better short- and long-term safety profiles than the alternative and more invasive surgical procedures that are advocated by some. The selection of suitable patients for this and other forms of BS, optimum outcomes and follow-up of these patients requires more active involvement of diabetes teams. LAGB is a safe and effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, but just as with pharmacological therapies — diabetes teams should take more ownership of the initial decision to employ BS and acquire the skills and knowledge to ensure that patients obtain full metabolic benefit from this treatment.
Parent Perceptions of Pragmatic Skills in Teens and Young Adults Using AAC
Authors: Senner Jill E.
Published: June 2010

The acquisition of social skills is critical in the successful academic inclusion and competitive employment of individuals with disabilities. Parent involvement in identification of social skills targets for intervention is a valuable first step in the intervention process. A total of 21 parents completed the Pragmatics Profile from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals for their teen and young adult children who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Because several parents rated more than one item as not appropriate, total scores could be computed for only 10 participants; however, descriptive analysis of results from the Rituals and Conversational Skills section was conducted for all participants. Of the 22 items from that section, 17 were rated as sometimes or never (i.e., requiring intervention) by the majority of parents, suggesting that many teens and young adults using AAC have pragmatic skills in need of intervention.
Enhanced Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E) for Eating Disorders: Case Study of a Client With Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Karbasi Amy L.
Published: June 2010

This case study involved the treatment of a young adult female, referred to as “Marie,” who presented for treatment seeking help with her eating disorder. Marie evinced symptoms of dietary restriction, amenorrhea, low weight, and low body mass index (BMI); she was subsequently diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. She was treated with 20 sessions of enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E), a relatively new, transdiagnostic treatment for eating disorders. Marie’s progress throughout treatment is detailed in this case study report. Results supported the promising but limited body of research available on this treatment, which was highly effective for this client and, therefore, may be more generally useful for clients with anorexia nervosa.
Correlation between ultrasonic velocity and solutionising time in Rene 80 superalloy
Authors: Aghaie-Khafri M , Honarvar F , Zangeneh S
Published: June 2010

Ultrasonic measurements have been used to characterise the solutionising phenomenon in Rene 80, a Ni based superalloy. Starting material was solutionised at 1204°C for 30–120 min on identical samples. The microstructures of these samples were evaluated by ultrasonic immersion technique, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the area fractions and, consequently, the γ′ volume fractions were decreased by increasing the solutionising time. A direct correlation was observed between ultrasonic wave velocity and solutionising time at 1204°C. The ultrasonic compression wave velocity followed a descending pattern similar to that of γ′ area fraction with the increase in solutionising time. The observed variation in ultrasonic velocity has been attributed to the effect of the γ′ dissolution on the elastic constants of the material.
Comparative study of precipitation effects during aging in superaustenitic and superferritic stainless steels
Authors: Koutsoukis T , Konstantinidis K , Papadopoulou E G , Kokkonidis P , Fourlaris G
Published: June 2010

The concept of designing a steel that would match high corrosion resistance coupled with improved mechanical properties when exposed at elevated temperatures has always been a challenge for a metallurgist. The present paper relates the results of microstructural analysis of two commercial superaustenitic stainless steel grades and a novel experimental grade of superferritic stainless steel. A study of the microstructural stability and attendant mechanical property evolution has been carried out, employing a variety of aging experiments. Following prolonged aging up to 1000 h in the temperature range between 650 and 950°C, microstructure evolution was determined, while the mechanical properties were preliminary assessed via hardness testing. The present study helped clarify the effect of high temperature exposure on the precipitation sequences of both superaustenitic and novel superferritic stainless steels. The heat treatments performed indicate a number of precipitation sequences of intermetallic phases taking place, such as σ phase formation, clearly specifying a time–temperature regime where care must be taken during the fabrication and use of these materials.
The helix-loop-helix transcription factor TWIST is dysregulated in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Li Xiang , Marcondes A. Mario , Gooley Theodore A. , Deeg H. Joachim
Published: June 2010

Patients with low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) show high levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and up-regulation of apoptosis in the marrow. In contrast, marrow cells in advanced MDS are typically resistant to TNFα-induced apoptosis but are rendered apoptosis-sensitive on coculture with stroma. The present studies show that CD34+ marrow cells in advanced MDS express high levels of TWIST, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that opposes p53 function. TWIST levels correlated with disease stage (advanced > low grade; P = .01). Coculture with HS5 stroma resulted in down-regulation of TWIST and increased apoptosis in response to TNFα in CD34+ cells from advanced MDS; the same effect was achieved by TWIST-specific RNA interference in CD34+ cells. In primary MDS marrow stroma TWIST expression was lower than in healthy controls; suppression of TWIST in stroma interfered with induction of apoptosis sensitivity in cocultured CD34+ cells. Stroma cells so modified expressed reduced levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1; CD54); blockade of ICAM1 in unmodified stroma was associated with reduced apoptosis in cocultured CD34+ MDS marrow cells. These data suggest role for dysregulation of TWIST in the pathophysiology of MDS. Conceivably, TWIST or components in the signaling pathway could serve as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS.
Bone loss caused by iron overload in a murine model: importance of oxidative stress
Authors: Tsay Jaime , Yang Zheiwei , Ross F. Patrick , Cunningham-Rundles Susanna , Lin Hong , Coleman Rhima , Mayer-Kuckuk Philipp , Doty Stephen B. , Grady Robert W. , Giardina Patricia J. , Boskey Adele L. , Vogiatzi Maria G.
Published: June 2010

Osteoporosis is a frequent problem in disorders characterized by iron overload, such as the thalassemias and hereditary hemochromatosis. The exact role of iron in the development of osteoporosis in these disorders is not established. To define the effect of iron excess in bone, we generated an iron-overloaded mouse by injecting iron dextran at 2 doses into C57/BL6 mice for 2 months. Compared with the placebo group, iron-overloaded mice exhibited dose-dependent increased tissue iron content, changes in bone composition, and trabecular and cortical thinning of bone accompanied by increased bone resorption. Iron-overloaded mice had increased reactive oxygen species and elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 concentrations that correlated with severity of iron overload. Treatment of iron-overloaded mice with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevented the development of trabecular but not cortical bone abnormalities. This is the first study to demonstrate that iron overload in mice results in increased bone resorption and oxidative stress, leading to changes in bone microarchitecture and material properties and thus bone loss.
A mobile telephone-based interactive self-care system improves asthma control
Authors: Liu W-T. , Huang C-D. , Wang C-H. , Lee K-Y. , Lin S-M. , Kuo H-P.
Published: June 2010

The self-management of asthma can improve clinical outcomes. Recently, mobile telephones have been widely used as an efficient, instant personal communication tool. This study investigated whether a self-care system will achieve better asthma control through a mobile telephone-based interactive programme.

This was a prospective, controlled study in outpatient clinics. From 120 consecutive patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma, 89 were eventually recruited for the study, with 43 in the mobile telephone group (with a mobile telephone-based interactive asthma self-care system).

In the mobile telephone group, mean±sempeak expiratory flow rate significantly increased at 4 (378.2±9.3 L·min−1; n = 43; p = 0.020), 5 (378.2±9.2 L·min−1; n = 43; p = 0.008) and 6 months (382.7±8.6 L·min−1; n = 43; p = 0.001) compared to the control group. Mean±semforced expiratory volume in 1 s significantly increased at 6 months (65.2±3.2% predicted; n = 43; p<0.05). Patients in the mobile telephone group had better quality of life after 3 months, as determined using the Short Form-12® physical component score, and fewer episodes of exacerbation and unscheduled visits than the control group. Patients in the mobile telephone group significantly increased their mean daily dose of either systemic or inhaled corticosteroids compared with the control group.

The mobile telephone-based interactive self-care system provides a convenient and practical self-monitoring and -management of asthma, and improves asthma control.
Survival in incident and prevalent cohorts of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Humbert M. , Sitbon O. , Yaïci A. , Montani D. , O'Callaghan D.S. , Jaïs X. , Parent F. , Savale L. , Natali D. , Günther S. , Chaouat A. , Chabot F. , Cordier J-F. , Habib G. , Gressin V. , Jing Z-C. , Souza R. , Simonneau G.
Published: June 2010

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, fatal disease.

We studied 674 consecutive adult patients who were prospectively enrolled in the French PAH registry (121 incident and 553 prevalent cases). Two survival analyses were performed. First, the cohort of 674 patients was followed for 3 yrs after study entry and survival rates described. Then, we focused on the subset with incident idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH (n = 56) combined with prevalent patients who were diagnosed <3 yrs prior to study entry (n = 134).

In the cohort of 674 patients, 1-, 2-, and 3-yr survival rates were 87% (95% CI 84–90), 76% (95% CI 73–80), and 67% (95% CI 63–71), respectively. In prevalent idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH, 1-, 2-, and 3-yr survival rates were higher than in incident patients (p = 0.037). In the combined cohort of patients with idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH, multivariable analysis showed that survival could be estimated by means of a novel risk-prediction equation using patient sex, 6-min walk distance, and cardiac output at diagnosis.

This study highlights survivor bias in prevalent cohorts of PAH patients. Survival of idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH can be characterised by means of a novel risk-prediction equation using patients' characteristics at diagnosis.
The Src inhibitor dasatinib accelerates the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells into osteoblasts
Authors: Id Boufker Hichame , Lagneaux Laurence , Najar Mehdi , Piccart Martine , Ghanem Ghanem , Body Jean-Jacques , Journé Fabrice
Published: June 2010

Background

The proto-oncogene Src is an important non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase involved in signaling pathways that control cell adhesion, growth, migration and differentiation. It negatively regulates osteoblast activity, and, as such, its inhibition is a potential means to prevent bone loss. Dasatinib is a new dual Src/Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially developed for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. It has also shown promising results in preclinical studies in various solid tumors. However, its effects on the differentiation of human osteoblasts have never been examined.

Methods

We evaluated the effects of dasatinib on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) differentiation into osteoblasts, in the presence or absence of a mixture of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate (DAG) for up to 21 days. The differentiation kinetics was assessed by evaluating mineralization of the extracellular matrix, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and expression of osteoblastic markers (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand [RANKL], bone sialoprotein [BSP], osteopontin [OPN]).

Results

Dasatinib significantly increased the activity of ALP and the level of calcium deposition in MSC cultured with DAG after, respectively, 7 and 14 days; it upregulated the expression of BSP and OPN genes independently of DAG; and it markedly downregulated the expression of RANKL gene and protein (decrease in RANKL/OPG ratio), the key factor that stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a dual role for dasatinib in both (i) stimulating osteoblast differentiation leading to a direct increase in bone formation, and (ii) downregulating RANKL synthesis by osteoblasts leading to an indirect inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, dasatinib is a potentially interesting candidate drug for the treatment of osteolysis through its dual effect on bone metabolism.
14-3-3epsiloncontributes to tumour suppression in laryngeal carcinoma by affecting apoptosis and invasion
Authors: Che Xing-Hua , Chen Hong , Xu Zhen-Ming , Shang Chao , Sun Kai-Lai , Fu Wei-Neng
Published: June 2010

Background

14-3-3epsilon regulates a wide range of biological processes, including cell cycle control, proliferation, and apoptosis, and plays a significant role in neurogenesis and the formation of malignant tumours. However, the exact function and regulatory mechanism of 14-3-3epsilon in carcinogenesis have not been elucidated.

Methods

The expression of 14-3-3epsilon was assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting. The invasiveness and viability of Hep-2 cells were determined by the transwell migration assay and MTT assay, respectively. Cell cycle and apoptosis of Hep-2 cells were detected by flow cytometry.

Results

The mRNA and protein expression of 14-3-3epsilon in larynx squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tissues were significantly lower than those in clear surgical margin tissues. Statistical analysis showed that the 14-3-3epsilon protein level in metastatic lymph nodes was lower than that in paired tumour tissues. In addition, the protein level of 14-3-3epsilon in stage III or IV tumours was significantly lower than that in stage I or II tumours. Compared with control Hep-2 cells, the percentages of viable cells in the 14-3-3epsilon-GFP and negative control GFP groups were 36.68 ± 14.09% and 71.68 ± 12.10%, respectively. The proportions of S phase were 22.47 ± 3.36%, 28.17 ± 3.97% and 46.15 ± 6.82%, and the apoptotic sub-G1 populations were 1.23 ± 1.02%, 2.92 ± 1.59% and 13.72 ± 3.89% in the control, negative control GFP and 14-3-3epsilon-GFP groups, respectively. The percentages of the apoptotic cells were 0.84 ± 0.25%, 1.08 ± 0.24% and 2.93 ± 0.13% in the control, negative control GFP and 14-3-3epsilon-GFP groups, respectively. The numbers of cells that penetrated the filter membrane in the control, negative control GFP and 14-3-3epsilon-GFP groups were 20.65 ± 1.94, 17.63 ± 1.04 and 9.1 ± 0.24, respectively, indicating significant differences among the different groups.

Conclusions

Decreased expression of 14-3-3epsilon in LSCC tissues contributes to the initiation and progression of LSCC. 14-3-3epsilon can promote apoptosis and inhibit the invasiveness of LSCC.
Increasing uptake of colorectal cancer screening in Korea: a population-based study
Authors: Choi Kui Son , Jun Jae Kwan , Lee Hoo-Yeon , Hahm Myung-Il , Oh Jae Hwan , Park Eun-Cheol
Published: June 2010

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are low in most Asian countries and remain largely unknown. This study examined trends in CRC screening rates after the introduction of the Korean National Cancer Screening Programme (NCSP) and determined the factors associated with uptake of CRC screening by test modality over time.

Methods

An annual population-based survey conducted through nationally representative random sampling from 2005-2008. In total, 3,699 participants from the 2005-2008 surveys were selected as study subjects. Face-to-face interviews were performed to assess the utilization rate of CRC screening by each screening modality.

Results

Overall, CRC screening within the recommended time interval increased significantly from 22.9% in 2005 to 36.6% in 2008 (p < 0.001). The proportion of subjects receiving a fecal occult blood test (FOBT) test within the previous year increased significantly from 7.2% in 2005 to 21.3% in 2008 (p < 0.001). Increases in FOBT testing were highest among those who had a lower income status (relative difference = 511.9%) and women (relative difference = 266.1%). Endoscopy use also increased from 18.0% in 2005 to 20.5% in 2008, albeit not significant. Overall, those who were male, non-smokers, 60-69 years old, and had a higher income status were more likely to have undergone up-to-date endoscopy and CRC screening.

Conclusions

This study revealed a substantial increase in up-to-date CRC screening in the general population from 2005 to 2008. However, more than half of adults in Korea are still not up-to-date with their CRC tests. It will be important to continue to investigate factors associated with up-to-date CRC screening by each modality.
An exploratory survey of money boys and HIV transmission risk in Jilin Province, PR China
Authors: Meng Xiangdong , Anderson Allen F , Wang Lu , Li Zhihe , Guo Wei , Lee Zixuan , Jin Huixin , Cai Yong
Published: June 2010

This report represents the first exploratory study of Chinese men who provide commercial sex services to other men ("money boys") in Jilin Province, People's Republic of China, through a convenience sample drawn from Changchun and Jilin City. A total of 86 active money boy participants (Changchun, n = 49; Jilin City, n = 37) were surveyed concerning background and demographics, basic HIV transmission knowledge, and sexual practices. The survey indicated that while Jilin Province money boy behavior matches other studies concerning propensity to high risk behavior and significant bridging potential, the Jilin money boys, unlike previous studies, exhibited a high level of basic HIV/AIDS transmission knowledge. In spite of this level of knowledge, none of the participants reported always using a condom in their sexual activities. They also exhibited a high level of awareness of voluntary counseling and testing available in the province, yet relatively few had availed themselves of these services. These preliminary findings will be used as a baseline and springboard for continuing study in the Jilin Province money boy community. Even now, however, it is becoming clear that the dynamics of male commercial sex work may vary greatly depending upon local influences, and will necessitate that future interventions are highly tailored to area-specific circumstances.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory and proliferative markers in adjacent normal thyroid tissue in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy: results of a preliminary study
Authors: Ardito Guglielmo , Revelli Luca , Boninsegna Alma , Sgambato Alessandro , Moschella Francesca , Marzola Maria Cristina , Giustozzi Erica , Avenia Nicola , Castelli Mauro , Rubello Domenico
Published: June 2010

Background

Total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice in the majority of thyroid malignancies, preventing the risk of reoperative surgery due to recurrences. In order to assess the usefulness of such an approach, expression levels of inflammatory and proliferative markers were evaluated immunohistochemically in non-lesional adjacent thyroid tissues from a group of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for different thyroid diseases.

Methods

Nineteen consecutive patients treated by total thyroidectomy for different thyroid diseases entered the study. IL-6Rb gp130 component of the IL-6 cytokine family members receptor complexes, STAT3 cytokine signalling transduction and transcription activation factor, p53 as tumour suppressor and CK19 cytokeratin as proliferation marker were analyzed in non-lesional thyroid tissues.

Results

Gp 130 expression was detected in all tissue samples with a scattered distribution while STAT3 and p53 positivity was observed in 17 out of 19 patients with a prevailing cytoplasmic localization. Cytokeratin 19 positivity was found in patients with papillary carcinoma, in one case of follicular adenoma, 3 multinodular goiters and one Basedow disease.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this preliminary study, it may be concluded that the presence of a persisting cytokine-mediated activation associated with cytoplasmic localization of p53 is frequently observed in different thyroid diseases. Such a process seems to occur in the thyroid gland as a whole. Moreover, STAT3 activation as well as mutant p53 are risk factors for the development of neoplastic diseases. Total thyroidectomy may be supported as an adequate therapeutic approach for all the patients in whom overexpression of cytokine-dependent markers is detected.
High-amplitude noise detection by the expectation-maximization algorithm with application to swell-noise attenuation
Authors: Bekara Maïza , van der Baan Mirko
Published: June 2010

High-amplitude noise is a common problem in seismic data. Current filtering techniques that target this problem first detect the location of the noise and then remove it by damping or interpolation. Detection is done conventionally by comparing individual data amplitudes in a certain domain to a user-controlled local threshold. In practice, the threshold is optimally tuned by trial and error and is often changed to match the varying noise power across the data set. We have developed an automatic method to compute the appropriate threshold for high-amplitude noise detection and attenuation. The main idea is to exploit differences in statistical properties between noise and signal amplitudes to construct a detection criterion. A model that consists of a mixtureof two statistical distributions, representing the signal and the noise, is fitted to the data. Then it is used to estimate the probability (i.e., likelihood) that each sample in the data is noisy by means of an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Only those samples with a likelihood greater than a specific threshold are considered to be noise. The resulting probability threshold is better adapted to the data compared to a conventional amplitude threshold. It offers the user, through the probability threshold value, the possibility to quantify the confidence in whether a large amplitude anomaly is considered as noise. The method is generic; however, our work develops and implements the method for swell-noise attenuation. Initial results are encouraging, showing slightly better performance than an optimized conventional method but with much less parameter testing and variation.
Enhanced Response to Mouse Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Receptor Immunization in TSH Receptor-Knockout Mice
Authors: Nakahara Mami , Mitsutake Norisato , Sakamoto Hikaru , Chen Chun-Rong , Rapoport Basil , McLachlan Sandra M. , Nagayama Yuji
Published: June 2010

Graves-like hyperthyroidism is induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with adenovirus expressing the human TSH receptor (TSHR) A-subunit (amino acids 1–289). However, because of nonidentity between the human and mouse TSHR (∼87% amino acid homology), we compared the responses of mice immunized with adenoviruses expressing either the mouse or the human TSHR A-subunit. Wild-type (wt) BALB/c mice immunized with the mouse A-subunit developed neither TSHR antibodies (measured by flow cytometry) nor thyroid lymphocytic infiltration. However, wt C57BL/6 mice developed sparse intrathyroidal lymphocyte infiltration without antibody production. Depletion of naturally occurring regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells had little effect. These results indicate the inability to break tolerance to the mouse TSHR in wt mice. In contrast, TSHR knockout (KO) BALB/c mice generated mouse TSHR antibodies in response to mouse A-subunit immunization and augmented human TSHR antibody response to human A-subunit immunization. Thyroid-stimulating antibody titers measured in a functional bioassay were comparable in human A-subunit immunized wt mice and in TSHR KO mice immunized with either the mouse or human A-subunit. In conclusion, immune response to the mouse TSHR is readily induced in TSHR KO but not in wt mice. Only in the former does immunization with adenovirus expressing the mouse A-subunit generate antibodies capable of activating the mouse TSHR. TSHR KO mice are, therefore, of value for future studies dissecting the autoimmune response to the mouse TSHR.
A class of location-independent variability orders, with applications
Authors: Shaked Moshe , Sordo Miguel A. , Suárez-Llorens Alfonso
Published: June 2010

Li and Shaked (2007) introduced the family of generalized total time on test transform (TTT) stochastic orders, which is parameterized by a real functionhthat can be used to capture the preferences of a decision maker. It is natural to look for properties of these orders when there is an uncertainty in determining the appropriate functionh. In this paper we study these orders whenhis nondecreasing. We note that all these orders are location independent, and we characterize the dispersive order, and the location-independent riskier order, by means of the generalized TTT orders with nondecreasingh. Further properties, which strengthen known properties of the dispersive order, are given. A useful nontrivial closure property of the generalized TTT orders with nondecreasinghis obtained. Applications in poverty comparisons, risk management, and reliability theory are described.
Random effect bivariate survival models and stochastic comparisons
Authors: Gupta Ramesh C. , Gupta Rameshwar D.
Published: June 2010

In this paper we propose a general bivariate random effect model with special emphasis on frailty models and environmental effect models, and present some stochastic comparisons. The relationship between the conditional and the unconditional hazard gradients are derived and some examples are provided. We investigate how the well-known stochastic orderings between the distributions of two frailties translate into the orderings between the corresponding survival functions. These results are used to obtain the properties of the bivariate multiplicative model and the shared frailty model.
A quintuple law for Markov additive processes with phase-type jumps
Authors: Breuer Lothar
Published: June 2010

We consider a Markov additive process (MAP) with phase-type jumps, starting at 0. Given a positive level u, we determine the joint distribution of the undershoot and overshoot of the first jump over the level u, the maximal level before this jump, the time of attaining this maximum, and the time between the maximum and the jump. The analysis is based on first passage times and time reversion of MAPs. A marginal of the derived distribution is the Gerber-Shiu function, which is of interest to insurance risk. Several examples serve to compare the present result with the literature.
Electrochemically Controlled Self-assembly of Lipophilic FeII 1,2,4-Triazole Complexes in Chloroform
Authors: Kuroiwa Keita , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: June 2010

Self-assembly of lipophilic, linear FeII 1,2,4-triazole complexes is electrochemically controllable in organic media. The FeII complex with chloride counter ion forms gel-like networks in chloroform, which undergoes reversible disassembly upon oxidation of FeII centers to FeIII species. Counter ions play crucial roles in the electrochemical response of coordination nanowires.
Reflection and refraction
Authors: Eckstein Sue , Turner Rachel , Al-Khalisi Nabil
Published: June 2010

Personal narratives in which medical students and clinicians reflect on their education and practice, or recipients of health care reflect on their journey though the system can provide valuable insights which can usefully be shared. In this paper, a medical student describes the effect of a humanities-based student-selected component on her understanding of anatomy and dissection, and a junior doctor in Iraq learns some painful lessons about medicine and society during a night shift in the casualty department.
The role of guidelines in ethical competence-building: perceptions among research nurses and physicians
Authors: HÖGlund Anna T , Eriksson Stefan , Helgesson Gert
Published: June 2010

The aim of the present study was to describe and explore the perception of ethical guidelines and their role in ethical competence-building among Swedish physicians and research nurses. Twelve informants were interviewed in depth. The results demonstrated that the informants had a critical attitude towards ethical guidelines and claimed to make little use of them in practical moral judgements. Ethical competence was seen primarily as character-building, related to virtues such as being empathic, honest and loyal to patients. Ethical competence was assumed to be learned through good examples, role models and practical experience, while ethical guidelines were not perceived as valuable in this process. In order to improve the staff's familiarity with and the usability of ethical guidelines, the workplace needs to provide opportunities for ethical dialogues. In such discussions, argumentation can improve, virtues can be developed and guidelines can be usefully invoked.
Jejunal perforation caused by schistosomiasis
Authors: Singh Naorem Gopendro , Mannan Abul Ala Syed Rifat , Kahvic Mirza , Alanzi Farhan MN
Published: June 2010

We report an extremely unusual case of jejunal perforation caused by adult schistosoma worm in a 49-year-old South Korean man who presented with acute abdomen. To our knowledge, this is the first case of jejunal perforation associated with adult worm of schistosoma.
A comparison of two regimens of misoprostol for second trimester medical termination of pregnancy: a randomized trial
Authors: Chaudhuri Snehamay , Banerjee Pradip Kumar , Mundle Malay , Mitra Sankar Nath
Published: June 2010

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and side-effects of two regimens of vaginal misoprostol for second trimester voluntary medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) according to the MTP Act of India. A randomized trial was conducted in 185 women from January 2007 to September 2008. Women in group 1 were given vaginal misoprostol 400 μg every 6 h for a maximum of four doses. Women in group 2 were given vaginal misoprostol 400 μg every 12 h for a maximum of four doses. Our primary outcome measure was induction abortion interval. Secondary outcome measures were success rate, side-effects and completeness of procedure. Results were calculated applying Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, Z test and calculating the P value using an alpha level of 0.05 for Type I error. The mean induction abortion interval in group 1 (12.59 h) was significantly shorter ( P <0.001) than that in the group 2 (16.41h). The percentage of women who achieved successful abortion within 12 h in group 1 (56.52%) was also significantly higher ( P = 0.00005) than that in group 2 (25.80%). The incidence of side-effects was comparable and not clinically serious. It is concluded that the regimen of vaginal misoprostol 400 μg every 6 h was more effective than the regimen of misoprostol every 12 h in medical termination of second trimester pregnancy.
Effect of ions on the structure of water
Authors: Marcus Yizhak
Published: June 2010

Water is a highly structured liquid, as indicated by its stiffness (cohesive energy density) and being ordered (large entropy of vaporization), its three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network being its most outstanding feature. The extent of this network depends on the definition of the hydrogen bond, and both computer simulation and thermodynamic data yield a consistent picture. The effects of ions on this network in dilute aqueous solutions have been studied from dynamic, thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and computer simulation aspects. A classification of ions from those that are highly water-structure-breaking ions through borderline cases to those that are highly water-structure-making ions results from such studies.
Electromagnetic energy within a magnetic infinite cylinder and scattering properties for oblique incidence
Authors: Arruda Tiago José , Martinez Alexandre Souto
Published: June 2010

We analytically calculate the time-averaged electromagnetic energy stored inside a nondispersive magnetic isotropic cylinder that is obliquely irradiated by an electromagnetic plane wave. An expression for the optical-absorption efficiency in terms of the magnetic internal coefficients is also obtained. In the low absorption limit, we derive a relation between the normalized internal energy and the optical-absorption efficiency that is not affected by the magnetism and the incidence angle. This relation, indeed, seems to be independent of the shape of the scatterer. This universal aspect of the internal energy is connected to the transport velocity and consequently to the diffusion coefficient in the multiple scattering regime. Magnetism favors high internal energy for low size parameter cylinders, which leads to a low diffusion coefficient for electromagnetic propagation in 2D random media.
Rapid Detection of Reassortment of Pandemic H1N1/2009 Influenza Virus
Authors: Poon Leo L M , Mak Polly W Y , Li Olive T W , Chan Kwok Hung , Cheung Chung Lam , Ma Edward S , Yen Hui-Ling , Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran , Guan Yi , Peiris J S Malik
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND

Influenza viruses can generate novel reassortants in coinfected cells. The global circulation and occasional introductions of pandemic H1N1/2009 virus in humans and in pigs, respectively, may allow this virus to reassort with other influenza viruses. These possible reassortment events might alter virulence and/or transmissibility of the new reassortants. Investigations to detect such possible reassortants should be included as a part of pandemic influenza surveillance plans.

METHODS

We established a real-time reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR–based strategy for the detection of reassortment of pandemic H1N1/2009 virus. Singleplex SYBR green–based RT-PCR assays specific for each gene segment of pandemic H1N1/2009 were developed. These assays were evaluated with influenza viruses of various genetic backgrounds.

RESULTS

All human pandemic H1N1 (n = 27) and all seasonal human (n = 58) isolates were positive and negative, respectively, for all 8 segments. Of 48 swine influenza viruses isolated from our ongoing surveillance program of influenza viruses in swine, 10 were positive in all reactions. All 8 viral segments of these 10 samples were confirmed to be of pandemic H1N1 origin, indicating that these were caused by zoonotic transmissions from human to pigs. The 38 swine viruses that were nonpandemic H1N1/2009 had 1–6 gene segments positive in the tests. Further characterization of these nonpandemic H1N1/2009 swine viruses indicated that these PCR-positive genes were the precursor genes of the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that these assays can detect reintroductions of pandemic H1N1/2009 virus in pigs. These assays might be useful screening tools for identifying viral reassortants derived from pandemic H1N1/2009 or its precursors.
And who shaves God? Nature and role of paradoxes in science and religion communications: A case of foolish virgins
Authors: Locker Markus Ekkehard
Published: June 2010

Speaking of truth inescapably confronts us with paradoxes, i.e., correct deductive propositions like a Cretan claiming that all Cretans lie which (due to negative systemic self-reference) end up as circular contradictions, indeterminable questions, or dilemmas. Faced with the numerous paradoxical statements (apparently 82) found in the Bible, the German Protestant reformer Sebastian Franck (14991542), for example, conceded that any truth of God cannot be found in language but only in the immediate silent experience of God. Likewise, believers in an uncompromising search for true facts about this world would certainly agree with (though arguably misappropriate) Wittgenstein in claiming that Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. Paradoxes this article claims must neither be feared, nor avoided, nor become subject to hopeless attempts in searching for logic solutions. Paradoxes lead the way to truth in demonstrating that questions of truth, or truth claims, cannot be adequately addressed within the same system of communication (ortho-system) in which they are raised. The encounter with paradoxes (e.g., a God who creates but is uncreated) elevates language and communication onto a meta-level (or system) of communication in which new means (like for instance Gdel's numbering) are needed to speak of what is real but apparently cannot be true. These means, however, will turn out to be likewise paradoxes that furthermore call for new and creative ways of speaking of such truths that previously could not be communicated. The creative admission of paradoxes into communication philosophy will not solve age-old problems or dilemmas; however, it will playfully open up the conversation of science with religion to the creative means of the arts were truth is not argued but performed in paradoxes.
Art education in Canada: reflections from scholars impacting the field
Authors: Rees Joanna
Published: June 2010

This study discerned trends in contemporary Canadian art educational research through interviews with key scholars at leading Canadian universities. The art educators interviewed included Fiona Blaikie, Roger Clark, Kit Grauer, Rita Irwin, Jan Jagodzinski, Anna Kindler, Cathy Mullen, Harold Pearse and David Pariser. Canadian art education is noteworthy for alternative research practices that include arts-based research, arts-informed research and a/r/tography. In the interviews, Canadian scholars discussed their contributions towards the field and its evolution from the trajectories of social theory to descriptive research. In addition, they brought to light current debates about the validity of arts-based research and visual culture studies.
Digital switchover in Hungary: achievements and challenges
Authors: Rozgonyi Krisztina , Lengyel Mrk
Published: June 2010

In Hungary, the run-up to digital switchover started in March 2007 with the adoption of a government strategy. Since then, the tendering process for the rights to use the frequencies needed for digital terrestrial broadcast distribution has been completed and DTT services have been
launched. Digitization also gained ground in other platforms and by now, more than half of Hungarian households have gone digital.

The article starts with an overview of the status of the Hungarian media market as at the beginning of the switchover. Then comes an analysis of the measures
taken by legislation and the regulator to accelerate the switchover process, followed by a presentation of the main regulatory issues still to be addressed by Hungary in order to be able to complete the analogue switch-off smoothly and without any major social or market failures.

Due to
constitutional reasons, Hungarian regulators could use the tools related to media policy and media law only to a limited extent for the support of the switchover. Consequently, the main regulatory burden fell on the telecommunications regulation. The article concludes that telecoms regulation
cannot be a full substitute for media regulation in this regard, with national regulations having to find a balance between the two approaches in order to secure the optimal outcome of digital switchover.
Analysis of Impact of Various Factors on Downwind Deposition Using a Simulation Method
Authors: Huang Y. , Zhan W. , Fritz B. , Thomson S. , Fang A.
Published: June 2010

The drift of aerially applied crop protection and production materials is studied using a novel simulation-based design of experiments approach. Many factors that can potentially contribute to downwind deposition from aerial spray application are considered. This new approach can provide valuable information about the significant level of the impact from all factors and interactions among them that affect drift using simulation software such as AGDISP. The application efficiency, the total downwind drift, the cumulative downwind deposition between 30.48 m (100 ft) and 45.72 m (150 ft), and the deposition at 30.48 m (100 ft), 76.2 m (250 ft), and 152.4 m (500 ft) are established as the performance metrics. The most significant factors will be identified using statistical analysis based on simulation results, and suggestions for improvement will be made. Through preliminary study, the new simulation-based method has shown the potential for statistic analysis without conducting time-consuming field experiments. The new method can be used to search for the optimal spray conditions, which could be used to generate guidelines for applicators to achieve an optimal spray result. The effective use of simulation tool through the identification of significant factors can greatly simplify the field study.
Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk
Authors: Drake Amanda J , Reynolds Rebecca M
Published: June 2010

The prevalence of obesity among pregnant women is increasing. In addition to the short-term complications of obesity during pregnancy in both mother and child, it is now recognised that maternal obesity has long-term adverse outcomes for the health of her offspring in later life. Evidence from both animal and human studies indicates that maternal obesity increases the risk for the offspring in developing obesity and altering body composition in child- and adulthood and, additionally, it also has an impact on the offspring's cardiometabolic health with dysregulation of metabolism including glucose/insulin homoeostasis, and development of hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Potential mechanisms include effects on the development and function of adipose tissue, pancreas, muscle, liver, the vasculature and the brain. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the programming of disease risk in the offspring as a consequence of maternal obesity. The ultimate aim is to identify potential targets, which may be amenable to prevention or early intervention in order to improve the health of this and future generations.
Measuring Workplace Bullying: Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire
Authors: Tsuno Kanami , Kawakami Norito , Inoue Akiomi , Abe Kiyoko
Published: June 2010

Measuring Workplace Bullying: Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire: Kanami Tsuno, et al. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Objectives

Workplace bullying is increasingly being recognized as a serious problem within the work environment. Previous studies in European countries have reported the prevalence of workplace bullying and its association with poor mental health, using the Negative Acts Questionnaire‐Revised (NAQ‐R: Einarsen & Hoel, 2001), but there have been very few studies in Japan. The authors translated the 22‐item NAQ‐R into the Japanese language and examined the internal consistency reliability and concurrent and construct validity, including factor‐based validity, of this scale in a sample of Japanese civil servants.

Methods

A total of 830 males and 796 females were surveyed, using anonymous questionnaires including the NAQ‐R, Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT), and scales for interpersonal relations at work and psychological distress (response rate, 46.7%).

Results

Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the internal consistency reliability of the NAQ‐R were high (0.91–0.95) for males and females. Workplace bullying measured by the NAQ‐R was strongly associated with that measured by the LIPT and other scales on workplace bullying. The NAQ‐R was associated with high psychological distress, high intragroup and intergroup conflict, low supervisor and coworker support, and low interactional justice, as expected. Although three factors were extracted, this findings differed slightly from the factor structure previously reported (Einarsen et al., 2009). However, Factor 1 explained most of the variance, indicating that a one factor structure fitted the data better.

Conclusion

The present study showed acceptable levels of reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the NAQ‐R among Japanese civil servants.
Preços e disponibilidade de medicamentos no Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil
Authors: Pinto Cláudia Du Bocage Santos , Miranda Elaine Silva , Emmerick Isabel Cristina Martins , Costa Nilson do Rosário , Castro Claudia Garcia Serpa Osorio de
Published: June 2010

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho do Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil perante os setores público e privado, em relação a: disponibilidade, preço e custo, para o paciente, de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada a metodologia desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em conjunto com a Ação Internacional para Saúde, para comparação de preços e disponibilidade de medicamentos. A pesquisa foi aplicada em maio de 2007, em estabelecimentos de diferentes setores [público, privado e as modalidades própria (FPB-P) e expansão (FPB-E) do Programa], em 30 municípios do Brasil. Os quatro medicamentos analisados foram: captopril 25mg e hidroclorotiazida 25mg, para hipertensão, e metformina 500mg e glibenclamida 5mg, para diabetes. RESULTADOS: O FPB-E apresentou maior disponibilidade de medicamentos e o setor público, a menor. Tanto no setor público quanto na FPB-P o percentual de disponibilidade de similares foi maior que o de genéricos. A comparação de preços entre os setores mostrou menor preço de aquisição no FPB-E, seguido pelo FPB-P. O FPB-E apresentou economia superior a 90% em relação ao setor privado. O número de dias de trabalho necessários para aquisição de tratamentos para hipertensão e diabetes foi menor no FPB-E. CONCLUSÕES: A menor disponibilidade encontrada no setor público pode ser uma das justificativas para migração dos usuários do setor público para o FPB. Os altos preços praticados pelo setor privado também contribuem para que o Programa seja uma alternativa de acesso a medicamentos no País.