bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Work Research Foundation
Authors: Ennals Richard , Totterdill Peter , Ford Campbell
Published: September 2007

Despite its early contributions to the development of working life research the UK has lagged behind much of the rest of Northern Europe in establishing a coherent approach to the modernization of work organization. The removal of tripartite structures by the Thatcher and Major governments and their decision to opt out of significant areas of European employment policy left the UK ill-prepared to respond to emerging economic or policy challenges in Europe. Evidence of an increasing gap between leading-edge practice and common practice in UK workplaces has emerged forcibly as a key issue for future productivity and employment. The UK Work Organization Network (UK WON) was first established in 1996 as a coalition between researchers, business support organizations and social partners, slowly building a portfolio of projects designed to support workplace innovation. More recently the creation of the Work Research Foundation, a partnership-based company with responsibility for managing the activities of the Network, firmly establishes UK WON as a significant vehicle for social dialogue and organizational change.
Confronting long term unemployment through social entrepreneurship
Authors: Nolan Patrick , Coghlan David
Published: September 2007

The focus of this article is a social entrepreneurship initiative in Ireland that aimed at training long term unemployed people from 11 deprived areas in the Dublin region for jobs in the information technology industry. The initiative comprised a partnership of industry, government, state training agencies and local communities. Adopting action research as the methodology, the paper describes the evolution and construction of the design and implementation of the project from the perspective of first, second and third person research practice. The paper reflects on the outcomes from the initiative to date and concludes with a description of a possible model for dealing with similar persistent social problems.
Even if there is a ‘second wave’ of the ‘New Economy’
Authors: Hack Lothar
Published: September 2007

After a few years of euphoria, in which all kinds of specialists proclaimed the invention of a socio-economic perpetual motion machine labelled “new economy”, the “real economy” of capitalism has seized control again. As a matter of fact, there has not been any kind of abolition of the laws and the rules of the capitalist economy, but there are new means and mechanisms for external evaluation of its functioning. This, in turn, has been prepared by organizational changes, which had taken place in the last two decades, in order to improve efficiency, but also in order to enable the globalization of the big corporations, which have become the “real winners” of the new economy. This can be shown by the example of General Electric.
The world social forum and the agenda of grassroots education
Authors: Streck Danilo B.
Published: September 2007

It is the dream that liberates. From everything: from the world, from others,
from us. It is necessary to believe in the dream. And to save it always. In order
to save ourselves. In order to leave the radiant face of our joy in the last
wilderness, and in the last shadow, where other lives will come later and ask
the things that we today are asking ourselves. (Cecília Meireles)

...perhaps the correct idea is that the future is just an immense void, that the
future is but the time with which the eternal present feeds itself. If the future
is void, thought Tertuliano Máximo Afonso, then there is nothing that he
may call Sunday, its fortuitous existence depends on my existence, and if I died
at this moment, a part of the future or of the possible futures would be
cancelled forever. (José Saramago)

This article looks at the Third World Social Forum from the perspective of Grassroots Education. Initially it deals with the objectives and the dynamics of the Forum and then identifies themes for reformulating the agenda for Grassroots Education. The first point refers to the necessity and possibility for Grassroots Education to redefine itself as a global project. The second deals with the plurality of inputs and the subsequent epistemological and methodological challenges. Finally, I identify some emerging and recurrent themes based on the 1,286 workshops offered during the Forum.
Immanent learning
Authors: Holt Robin
Published: September 2007

The article critically investigates how conversations contribute to learning in organizations. Using the production technology lean thinking as a conceptual case study, the article investigates how, when learning is organized as a codification of aims and their cybernetic pursuit (such as achieving substantive goals; challenging these goals; or questioning the values lying behind these goals), there is a tendency to categorize activities whose meaning in use often remains opaque, tacit, and contested. The idea that meaning is found in use complicates organizational learning because, by implication, the conversion from tacit to explicit knowledge is far from complete and exploitable. The article discusses how knowledge emerges from the practiced and novel orientations of an agent enacting cognitive understandings in specific contexts. In doing so, it argues that from a learning perspective, organizational strategy should be as aware of how agents move within and between their understandings as it is of the desired outcomes of their actions. Using a Wittgensteinian analogy, this often unacknowledged aspect of learning concerns the recognition and use of sign-posts in language games, as distinct from any mimic-inducing instruction that one sign post (or set of sign-posts) should be followed in preference to any other. The concept ‘immanent learning’ is used to convey this grammatical aptitude as it is enacted in conversations. The implication is that where ‘theories’ of organizational learning look to reconcile the tension between the denotive power of organizational structures and the creative power of employees by instituting climates of ‘correct’ or ‘appropriate’ opinion, immanent learning dissolves this tension by articulating which are the requisite attitudes for the concept of learning to be meaningfully used.
Unmet challenges and unfulfilled promises in action research
Authors: Eikeland Olav
Published: September 2007

This article is a response to Davydd J. Greenwood’s critical review of defensiveness and sloppiness in the current action research (AR) community. My experience of the situation in AR coincides to a large degree with Greenwood’s. His claims are hard to test, however, since he hardly gives concrete examples. In order to sort out real “sloppiness” (whatever that is), we have to take into consideration the conditions under which most AR to work. I also think Greenwood’s contention that AR suffers from “complacency about fundamental issues of theory, method and validity” has to do with fundamental changes in AR’s self-understanding between “old AR” before 1965 and “the second wave” from the 1970s on. Personally I recommend an AR-strategy — immanent critique — that balances between “morally superior, but sloppy and complacent AR” on the one hand and “conventional social research” (whatever that is nowadays), but find it hard to find much support in the AR community, for reasons, I believe, that have to do with the mentioned fundamental change in justification-strategy and self-conception within AR. At the end I announce some issues I would like to discuss further, but for which I lack the space in this article.
Action research and the research community
Authors: Levin Morten
Published: September 2007

The debate initiated by Greenwood and continued by Gustavsen fills a major gap in action research. The present paper underlines the importance of communicating with the broader research community, relating what we learn from our research activities. The findings of action research are seldom developed and argued in such a way as to connect to the borader intellectual discourses within the scientific community.
Toward a critical theory of globalization
Authors: Bohman James
Published: September 2007

One of the central ideas of both Critical Theory social theory and of pragmatist theories of knowledge is that epistemic and normative claims are embedded in some practical context. This “practical turn” of epistemology is especially relevant to the social sciences, whose main practical contribution, according to pragmatism, is to supply methods for identifying and solving problems. The problem of realizing the democratic ideal under modern social conditions is not only an instance of pragmatist inspired social science, pragmatists would also argue that it is the political context for practical inquiry today, now all the more pressing with the political problems of globalization. Despite weaknesses in the pragmatist idea of social science as the reflexive practical knowledge of praxis, a pragmatic interpretation of critical social inquiry is the best way to develop such practical knowledge in a distinctly critical or democratic manner. That is, the accent shifts from the epistemic superiority of the social scientist as expert to something based on the wider social distribution of relevant practical knowledge; the missing term for such a practical synthesis is what I call “multiperspectival theory.” As an example of this sort of practical inquiry, I discuss democratic experiments involving “minipublics” and argue that they can help us think about democracy in new, transnational contexts.
Making knowledge actionable
Authors: Gustavsen Bjørn
Published: September 2007

All concepts applied in social research have two sources of meaning: other words and practical experience. Making knowledge (more) actionable implies increasing the emphasis on the practical. This increase, however, is no simple process to be carried through as a turnaround operation. Rather, the shift demands a process consisting of several steps, ranging from establishing dialogic relationships with other people to the development of “regions of meaning” where theory and practice can interact in new ways. The article traces and discusses one such process of development, drawing on experience over two decades from action research in Scandinavian working life.
Intentional avoidance and social understanding in repressors and nonrepressors
Authors: Lambie John A. , Baker Kevin L.
Published: September 2007

Two putative functions of emotion experience — its roles in intentional action and in social understanding — were investigated using a group of individuals (repressors) known to have impaired anxiety experience. Repressors, low-anxious, high-anxious, and defensive high-anxious individuals were asked to give a public presentation, and then given the opportunity to avoid the presentation. Repressors were the group most likely to avoid giving the presentation, but were the least likely to give an emotional explanation for their avoidance. By contrast, they were not less likely than other groups to provide negative emotional explanations of another person’s behaviour in a film clip. We concluded that: (1) repressors are impaired in self- but not in other-explanation using emotion, implying that “simulation” is not the method used by repressors to ground their folk psychology, (2) the intentional avoidance shown by repressors is indicative of some intact first-order phenomenal anxiety experience but that they lack second-order awareness of this anxiety experience.
ERPs (event-related potentials), semantic attribution, and facial expression of emotions
Authors: Balconi Michela , Pozzoli Uberto
Published: September 2007

ERPs (event-related potentials) correlates are largely used in cognitive psychology and specifically for analysis of semantic information processing. Previous research has underlined a strong correlation between a negative-ongoing wave (N400), more frontally distributed, and semantic linguistic or extra-linguistic anomalies. With reference to the extra-linguistic domain, our experiment analyzed ERP variation in a semantic task of comprehension of emotional facial expressions. The experiment explored the effect of expectancy violation when subjects observed congruous or incongruous emotional facial patterns. Four prototypical (anger, sadness, happiness and surprise) and four morphed faces were presented. Moreover, two distinct cognitive tasks (an implicit vs an explicit elaboration) were analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of spontaneous decoding in N400-like effects. An automatic, high-order
cognitive process was found, elicited by a negative ERP variation similar to the linguistic N400 effect, which allows us to explain the congruous/incongruous decoding in semantic extra-linguistic comprehension.
Spinoza’s anticipation of contemporary affective neuroscience
Authors: Morrison Ravven Heidi
Published: September 2007

Spinoza speculated on how ethics could emerge from biology and psychology rather than disrupt them and recent evidence suggests he might have gotten it right. His radical deconstruction and reconstruction of ethics is supported by a number of avenues of research in the cognitive and neurosciences. This paper gathers together and presents a composite picture of recent research that supports Spinoza’s theory of the emotions and of the natural origins of ethics. It enumerates twelve naturalist claims of Spinoza that now seem to be supported by substantial evidence from the neurosciences and recent cognitive science. I focus on the evidence provided by Lakoff and Johnson in their summary of recent cognitive science in Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (1999); by Antonio Damasio in his assessment of the state of affective neuroscience in Descartes’ Error (1994) and in The Feeling of What Happens (1999) (with passing references to his recent Looking for Spinoza (2003); and by Giacomo Rizzolatti, Vittorio Gallese and their colleagues in the neural basis of emotional contagion and resonance, i.e., the neural basis of primitive sociality and intersubjectivity, that bear out Spinoza’s account of social psychology as rooted in the mechanism he called attention to and identified as affective imitation.
What happened to English?
Authors: McWhorter John
Published: September 2007

Summary

It has become widely accepted that English has undergone no interruption in transmission, its paucity of inflection treated as a
random loss paralleled in Scandinavian. This paper argues that English has in fact lost more of the Proto-Germanic inheritance
than any other Germanic language including Afrikaans. These losses extend far beyond inflection: where other Germanic languages
overtly mark a given feature, in a great weight of cases English leaves the distinction to context. While there are no grounds for
treating English as a “creole”, the evidence strongly suggests that extensive second-language acquisition by
Scandinavians from the eighth century onwards simplified English grammar to a considerable extent.

Résumé

On accepte que l’anglais est une langue qui s’est transmise sans heurts, et que la disparition quasi-totale de sa flexion
n’est qu’un changement aléatoire, que l’on retrouve également dans les langues scandinaves.
Dans cet article, on soutient qu’en fait, l’anglais est la langue qui a éliminé le plus de traits du
germanique commun, surpassant même l’Afrikaans. Parmi ces traits éliminés, on ne compte pas que
la flexion: là où d’autres langues germaniques marquent de façon obligatoire divers traits, dans un
nombre déterminant de cas l’anglais laisse ces distinctions au contexte. Bien qu’il n’existe aucune
raison de qualifier l’anglais de “créole”, tout porte à croire que l’apprentissage à
grande échelle de l’anglais par des scandinaves à partir du huitième siècle a considérablement
simplifié la grammaire de l’anglais.

Zusammenfassung

Es ist mittlerweile allgemein anerkannt, dass die englische Sprache sich ohne Bruch entwickelte, wobei man davon ausgeht,
dass der Verlust der Flexionsendungen wie auch im Skandinavischen rein willkürlich vonstatten ging. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt,
dass die englische Sprache tatsächlich aber mehr von ihrem protogermanischen Erbe verloren hat, als jede andere
germanische Sprache, eingeschlossen Afrikaans. Diese Verluste beziehen sich auf weit mehr als die Flexion. Wo andere
germanische Sprachen ein bestimmtes Merkmal ausdrücklich kennzeichnen, überlässt die englische Sprache
in vielen Fällen dem Kontext die Unterscheidung. Obwohl es keinerlei Anhaltspunkt gibt, Englisch als Kreolsprache zu
betrachten, gibt es Beweise, die eindeutig darauf hinweisen, dass die englische Grammatik im Zuge des Zweitsprachenerwerbs
der Skandinavier, die seit dem 8. Jahrhundert nach Großbritannien strömten, erheblich vereinfacht wurde.
Lexical imposition
Authors: Stewart Thomas W.
Published: September 2007

A population of Norse settlers in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland eventually shifted from Old Norse to the contemporary Gaelic of the established community. Although little direct evidence of the sociolinguistic conditions of the contact situation exists, an unusual sound pattern found among the words transferred from Old Norse into Scottish Gaelic suggests that an unexpectedly large number of words beginning with /s/+[stop] clusters were transferred under Norse-speaker agency (viaimposition) rather than under Gaelic-speaker agency (viaborrowing).
Phonological irregularities, reconstruction and cultural vocabulary
Authors: Mouguiama-Daouda Patrick
Published: September 2007

This study aims to distinguish irregularities due to borrowing from those due to lexical diffusion and those due to expressivity. The method adopted proposes the comparison of virtual reconstructions as the basis for reconstruction. Virtual reconstructions are obtained by applying in reverse the phonological rules set up for the fundamental vocabulary to the cultural vocabulary. From that point it becomes possible to establish chronological stages for roots or words and assign an order to them. The method is illustrated by a study of names of fish in the Bantu languages of Gabon. We show migration currents from the east towards the west, and the comparison of virtual reconstructions reveals that the ichthyological culture is relatively recent and on the whole does not go back to the Proto-Bantu period.
Stuck in the forest
Authors: Hamed Mahé Ben , Wang Feng
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses the validity of the tree model of evolution for the particular case of Sinitic languages (or Chinese dialects). Our approach is lexically based, using standardized word lists. First, these lists were tested for their congruence, as they are supposed to have evolved at different rates. Then, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis, using both a distance-based lexicostatistical method and a character-based maximum parsimony method. The traditional classification of Chinese dialects is recovered to various extents depending on the method and on the word list used, but the character-based analysis of the 200 Swadesh word list outperforms all other analyses. Finally, the validity of the branching patterns obtained was tested using a variety of techniques. Although the data fits the inferred trees well, the topology of these trees is collapsed to a star-like pattern when investigated through resampling methods. The application of a network method confirms that the development of these Sinitic languages is not tree-like, highlighting the fact that in cases like this tree-reconstruction methods can be misleading.
Grammation, regrammation, and degrammation
Authors: Andersen Henning
Published: September 2007

Taking Heine’s (2003) characterization of Grammaticalization as its point of departure, this paper proposes an elementary framework, and corresponding terminology, for the description of the most common types of historical change in grammar (changes in content, content syntax, expression, and morphosyntax) and the types of innovation that give rise to them (neologism, extension, adoption, reanalysis, monolingual and bilingual). These basic conceptual tools of the historical linguist are illustrated with an analytic account of the development of the Russian tense–aspect system, from prehistory through the attested period. The account includes a plausible explication of the remarkable historical reduction in tense–aspect paradigms, from eight in Old Russian through five in Middle Russian to three in the modern language.
Growing a numeral system
Authors: Epps Patience
Published: September 2007

Numerals in many languages around the world can be argued to reflect a progressive build-up of historical stages (cf. Hurford 1987), each of which may also represent the synchronic upper limit of a numeral system in another language. This paper presents an intriguing test case of this claim by exploring the historical development of numerals in the languages of the Nadahup (Makú) family of the northwest Amazonian Vaupés region, in which the numeral strategies that can be inferred diachronically for one language are also represented synchronically in its sisters. The paper also demonstrates that even the most basic of the Nadahup numerals have transparent etymologies (a cross-linguistically unusual feature suggestive of their relatively recent development), and that areal diffusion contributed to the expansion of the systems, supporting the characterization of the Vaupés as a linguistic area.
Interpretation at the Nuremberg Trial
Authors: Gaiba Francesca
Published: September 2007

It is often argued that the first War Crimes Trial (Nuremberg Trial) could not have been possible without simultaneous interpretation. This notwithstanding, Nuremberg interpreters have been consistently ignored in the historical record. This paper seeks to do justice to the language personnel of the Nuremberg Trial, by presenting the people who brought interpretation to the Trial, the court interpreters themselves, and the effect that interpretation was perceived to have on the proceedings. For this paper I draw on historical official and unofficial documents of the Nuremberg Trial deposited in major national archives, as well as on personal communication with 12 interpreters who worked at the Trial in Nuremberg between 1945 and 1946.
At the Dawn of Simultaneous Interpretation in Russia
Authors: Švejcer Aleksandr D.
Published: September 2007

This is a brief outline of the early history of simultaneous interpretation in Russia from its first use at the 6th Comintern Congress (1928). The highlights of the early postwar period included the active participation of Soviet interpreters in the Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo Trial of major Japanese war criminals. The real baptism of fire for a large group of Russian conference interpreters was the International Economic Conference held in Moscow in 1952. Since the 19th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, simultaneous translation has been more and more widely used on such occasions. The technique and hardware of simultaneous interpretation, at first somewhat crude and primitive, were gradually upgraded approaching international standards.
The Teaching of Conference Interpretation in the Course of the Last 50 Years
Authors: Seleskovitch Danica
Published: September 2007

This contribution looks back at 50 years of teaching conference interpretation. The author discusses natural interpretation and irrational, system-imposed interpreting and sets forth the underlying linguistic assumptions that explain conflicting views on shadowing, simultaneous into a B language, note taking, etc.1
Interpreting in Swiss hospitals
Authors: Bischoff Alexander , Loutan Louis
Published: September 2007

This paper presents the findings of cross-sectional national surveys on how Swiss hospitals address the problem of language barriers in health care and how they respond to the high number of allophone patients (i.e. patients who do not speak the local language). Half of the 244 hospital services responding to the questionnaire estimated the proportion of allophone patients to the total number of patients at 1–5%. Only 14% ‘often’ use paid interpreters, 79% rely mostly on relatives, 75% primarily on health staff, and 43% ‘often’ on non-health staff. Only 11% of the hospital services studied have a budget for interpreters, and 17% have access to an interpreter service. Forty-eight percent express the need to have access to interpreter services. The communication management of hospitals dealing with patients speaking one of the most frequent foreign languages is described; these languages are Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, South-Slavic, Albanian, Russian, Kurdish, Turkish, Arabic and Tamil. The discussion addresses quality of care issues for allophone patients, the risk of poor health care outcomes in the absence of interpreters and the potential benefits of using qualified interpreters.
Putting the exam to the test
Authors: Clifford Andrew
Published: September 2007

In this article, the author makes a distinction between the quality-oriented assessment prevalent in translation and interpreting and the psychometric evaluation common in other disciplines. He suggests that the latter is a more appropriate approach for interpreter certification, an assessment situation where inferential decisions are made. He demonstrates how such research might be carried out in interpreting by validating both an existing conference interpreter certification test and a new test constructed according to measurement and evaluation principles.
Exploring untrained interpreters’ use of direct versus indirect speech
Authors: Dubslaff Friedel , Martinsen Bodil
Published: September 2007

This study examines the interrelations between the use of direct vs. indirect speech by primary participants and by dialogue interpreters by focusing on pronoun shifts and their interactional functions. The data consist of four simulated interpreter-mediated medical interviews based on the same scripted role play. The subjects were untrained Arabic interpreters working for a Danish agency. Two of the four interpreters favoured the direct style of interpreting. The other two favoured the indirect style. The findings show that all four interpreters tended to identify with the patient by personalizing the indefinite pronoun one when relaying from doctor to patient. All other pronoun shifts occurred in connection with interactional problems caused almost exclusively by the interpreters’ lack of knowledge about medical terminology — even though the terms used were in fact non-specialized ones. The study also indicates that primary parties’ shifts from direct to indirect address are closely related either to the form or to the content of the interpreter’s prior utterance. Finally, it emerges that repeated one-language talk, triggered by the interpreter’s problems with medical terminology, can override the quasi-directness of communication between primary participants, which is connected with interpreting in the first person.
Examining the “voice of interpreting” in speech pathology
Authors: Merlini Raffaela , Favaron Roberta
Published: September 2007

This paper investigates professional interpreting practice in the setting of speech pathology through a multifaceted analysis of the transcripts of three recorded sessions involving first-generation Italian-speaking immigrants to Australia and English-speaking healthcare professionals working in Melbourne. Applying Mishler’s notion of “voice” to the context of interpreter-mediated communication and focusing on a selection of linguistic features — ranging from turn-taking and topic development to the interpreter’s choice of footing, departures from the primary speakers’ utterances, and use of prosodic resources — the discussion identifies the voice that interpreters, as third participants in the interaction, choose to adopt between the “voice of medicine” and the “voice of the lifeworld”. The study is of a qualitative nature, although a general indication of the frequency of certain features is supplied, and interpreting conduct is described rather than prescribed. The reporting and interpretation of findings are, however, informed by and reflect issues of value revolving around the concept of “humane medical care”.
Teaching interpreting by distance mode
Authors: Ko Leong
Published: September 2007

The development of telecommunication technologies has created a demand on educational institutions to offer interpreting programs by distance mode. This demand arises from educational needs, financial considerations, and market developments. Although several educational institutions and interpreting service providers have attempted to train interpreters by remote delivery, a commonly expressed concern is whether distance programs can be as effective as on-campus ones. This paper presents an analysis of fundamental features of interpreting and on-campus training, as well as issues associated with the distance mode of interpreter training programs. Three telecommunication technologies that could be used for teaching interpreting — teleconferencing by telephone, videoconferencing through local area networks (LANs) and videoconferencing through the Internet — are analyzed with regard to feasibility, reliability and affordability. The results show that each of these has its advantages and disadvantages. The challenge facing educators is to overcome the technical constraints, maximize the advantages and the potential of current technologies, and adapt pedagogies to best fit the new technologies so as to achieve results comparable to those of on-campus teaching.
Validating professional standards and codes
Authors: Angelelli Claudia V.
Published: September 2007

This article presents a focus group study on the validation of the California Standards for Healthcare Interpreters produced by the California Healthcare Interpreting Association (CHIA) in 2002. The reactions of healthcare interpreters to the Standards, and their opinions and thoughts on its provisions are reviewed and analyzed. The article first addresses the issues and problems healthcare interpreters encounter when implementing the Standards, and highlights the challenges they face when trying to balance their professional mandate with the reality of their working environment. In particular, it describes the difficulties of defining the interpreter’s role in the system. The final section of the article draws attention to the need for bridges between research and practice as a means of guaranteeing that the field of interpreting will continue to develop.
The phonetics of stress in Greek
Authors:   Arvaniti
Published: September 2007

This paper reports on two experiments that investigate the acoustic correlates of primary stress in Greek. The results clearly show that the most robust correlate is amplitude integral, a measurement that combines those of duration and (average) amplitude, and thus is closer to the perceptual property of prominence that characterises stressed syllables. The paper also discusses the role of pitch in signalling stress, by presenting new and re-analysing existing data on this issue. The significance of the present results for our understanding of Greek rhythmic structure is briefly discussed.
Morphosyntactic features and paradigmatic uniformity in two dialectal varieties of the island of Lesvos
Authors: Gafos Adamantios I. , Ralli Angela
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses data from the nominal paradigms of two dialectal varieties of East Lesvos, those of Thermi and Pamfila. It is shown that there is abundant evidence for the key role of the paradigm in the phonological realization of the [noun-clitic] clusters. We argue that the grammars of these dialectal varieties must crucially include constraints that require identity between related surface forms in the [noun-clitic] paradigm. This proposal has received considerable support by independent work, carried out mainly within Optimality Theory, in various languages. The Lesvian dialectal varieties, however, allow us to probe deeper into the precise statement of such intra-paradigmatic identity constraints. We show, first, that the identity constraints holding among various surface forms must have a limited domain of application, circumscribed by the forms of the paradigm and only those. Second, we show that intra-paradigmatic identity constraints do not require identity uniformly among all surface forms of the paradigm. Rather, distinct identity constraints hold between distinct forms. For instance, the identity constraint between the {+first person, +singular} and the {+third person, +singular} is different from that holding between the {+first person, +singular} and the {+first person, +plural}. We argue, specifically, that the network of such intra-paradigmatic identity constraints is projected on the basis of shared morphosyntactic features along the dimensions of Person and Number that enter into the construction of the paradigm.
Review article:Morphology in Greek Linguistics: The State of the Art
Authors: Ralli Angela
Published: September 2007

In recent years, morphology has received increasing attention within linguistic theory. It deals with word structure and attracts significant interest in languages that are morphologically rich, such as Modern Greek (hereafter Greek). In this paper, I present an overview of the main theoretical studies that focus on Greek morphology in the last four decades, with a particular emphasis on those following the framework of generative grammar. Reasons of space prevent me from giving an exhaustive presentation of all the topics that have been examined from a synchronic point of view. Moreover, I do not take into consideration studies on historical and dialectal morphology or lexical borrowing, or works that cover areas where morphological issues interact with research in domains such as computational linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics.
Acquiring variable stress in Greek: An Optimality-Theoretic approach
Authors: Tzakosta Marina
Published: September 2007

The present study treats the acquisition of stress in Greek. The goal is the investigation of the mechanisms through which children manage ultimately to acquire the stress system of their native language. The Greek data were drawn from the natural speech of five children ages 1;10 to 3;0 years. The findings of the research emphasize interesting similarities to and differences from the data of children who acquire other languages. More specifically, the children who acquire Greek show a systematic faithfulness to the stressed syllable, which, for the most part, they preserve in their realizations, however not in trochaic feet, even though they are considered the most natural structures in child speech crosslinguistically. As a result, iambic and trochaic structures are manifested in parallel fashion in the speech of different children (inter-child variation) or even in the speech of a single child (intra-child variation). The analysis of the data, done within the framework of the model of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993), demonstrates that children use parallel grammars throughout the different stages of development.
Cognitive motivation and pragmatic functions of the Greek deictics
Authors: Bella Spyridoula
Published: September 2007

This paper is a study of the way in which native speakers of Modern Greek use deictic categories. Specifically, it provides a theoretical account of the cognitive procedures that motivate the choice of one deictic over its counter-part in a deictic contrast and the pragmatic effects that this particular choice seems to have in terms of the speech situation.
Prépositions françaises en diachronie
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane
Published: September 2007

Summary
Since the 17th century, French has had both the categories of adverbs and prepositions, each represented by specific morphemes. In Old French however, this situation was different : one morpheme could then function as preposition, adverb, particle, verbal prefixe and subordinating element. In the light of recent theories concerning changes of grammatical categories and the notion of ‘emergent grammar’, a matter of concern should be whether these different categories have to be distinguished for Old and Middle French, or whether these morphemes are to be considered as making part of multi-functional or even multi-categorial paradigms. In the latter case, each paradigm would express one notion or a series of related notions.

A concrete analysis of the usage of four such morphemes, aval, par, tres and en, from 1000 to 1500 shows how these ‘prepositions’ evolve from multi-categorial to mono-categorial usage. This reduction of pluri-categorial morphemes in French can be explained by a more general change at the level of the French grammatical macro-system, leading towards an increasing iconicity, where one function is expressed by one single form.
Connecteurs et marqueurs énonciatifs
Authors: Molinier Christian
Published: September 2007

Summary

Two broad categories of frozen adverbial complements may be distinguished, organised around the noun propos in terms of the meaning taken on by this noun within these complements: namely, either «words expressed», «what is said», or «discourse topic», «what is being talked about». In the sense «words expressed», the noun propos is freely allowed in argument positions, and gives rise to the adverbial complement à (ce + ces) propos (‘in this/these connection(s)’), a topicalised temporal, or temporal-causal complement which is synonymous with à (ce + ces) mots ‘with these words’, and does not correspond to any postverbal complement. In the sense «discourse topic», the noun propos, which occurs as an argument only as complement of a small number of verbs (sortir, s’éloigner, revenir à son propos ‘diverge from, come back to one’s topic’), allows the construction of an adverbial complement à ce propos ‘in this connection’ which is found in postverbal position essentially with verbs of saying (where it is distinct in the modern language from the adverbial structure à propos de N ‘on the subject of N’), and in initial position in its function as topicaliser or utterance-level marker.
La distribution de l’inversion nominale en français dans les principales non interrogatives et les subordonnées circonstan
Authors: Lahousse Karen
Published: September 2007

Summary

This article deals with the distribution of nominal inversion in non-interrogative main clauses and embedded adverbial clauses in French. As for main clauses, it is established that nominal inversion occurs when the clause contains a stage topic, i.e. a spatio-temporal location, whether overt (indicated by an adverb or PP) or covert (indicated by a spatio-temporal link with the preceding context). Then, it is shown that nominal inversion is also allowed in main clauses when the subject is a restrictive focus, because of the presence of a restrictive focus particle such as ne...que or seul, or because of the reference of the subject being exhaustively specified. It is then shown that both principles also explain the occurrence of nominal inversion in embedded adverbial clauses: in temporal clauses, nominal inversion is licensed without the presence of an additional factor, whereas, in causal and concessive clauses, nominal inversion is only allowed if the clause contains a stage topic or an indication of the focal interpretation of the subject. Finally, it is shown that the same explanation also acccounts for nominal inversion in comparative clauses and in main clauses preceded by the comparative adverb of manner ainsi.
Quant aux livres / De livre, il n’en a lu aucun
Authors: Lagae Véronique
Published: September 2007

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to offer an insight into the syntactic properties of two left-detachment constructions in French which display a head-positioned constituent introduced by de on the one hand (De livre, il n’en a lu aucun) and by quant à on the other hand (Quant aux livres, il n’en a lu aucun). Both constructions appear to differ substantially on each one of the parameters taken into account, i.e. the detached constituent, its syntactic and semantic relation to the clause and the embedding possibilities. While the de construction proves to be more similar in many respects to left-dislocation (Les livres, il les a lus), the quant à construction is syntactically more peripheral.
L’analyse des constructions du verbe venir avec l’infinitif
Authors: Ogata Kozué
Published: September 2007

Summary
The object of this paper is to explore the constructions of the French verb venir with a infinitival complement, through the analysis of a large corpus. We conclude that differences between verbs and auxiliaries are a matter of degree. Contrary to the cases of the movement verb venir (Table 2 in M. Gross, 1975, ex. Pierre est venu voir Marie), the subject, in some constructions of «venir + infinitive» is an inanimate noun. We propose to distinguish, among the constructions mentioned above, the aspectual use of venir (ex. Cet incident est venu compliquer encore la question). This use of venir is to be analyzed as an intermediate state between movement verbs and auxiliaries. In this aspectual construction, whose subject can be caracterized as an abstract noun, the verb venir does not take a locative complement, contrary to any other constructions of «venir + infinitive» (with the exception of the auxiliary use venir de). Such aspectual constructions do not exist with the verb aller, the counterpart deictic verb of venir. If venir in aspectual use is on the way to becoming an auxiliary, aller without this use can be considered as more advanced in the axe of auxiliarity.
Pour une typologie des emplois de là-bas
Authors: Brault Grégoire
Published: September 2007

Summary

Space appears to be a primary cognitive notion in grammar, especially when it comes to dealing with problems about the representation of meaning. Indeed, it enables to « embody » a large part of our cognition and structure our conceptual approach. It is possible to find many recent cognitive studies about spatial prepositions (dans, sur, sous…), but it is not the case with ici/là/là-bas, although these have a particular place in spatial reference.

This article aims at to compense for this lack and give back to là-bas its true place in the system of spatial deixis. We defend the hypothesis that là-bas is an opaque indexical symbol, “a phrase that points to its referent through elements that are spatio-temporally linked to its occurrence” (Kleiber, 1986). This hypothesis enables us to grab the different uses of là-bas from a single point of view and establish the fact that there is only one adverb despite the various intermediary elements. And consequently these elements are the base of our typologie. In conclusion the way là-bas is used is proved to be more complex than hinted at in former approaches.
A class of non-conservative determiners in Polish
Authors: Zuber Richard
Published: September 2007

Summary

A class of complex determiners in Polish is described and some of their formal properties are discussed. These determiners are not conservative. They are, however, systematically related by the operation of inversion of arguments to the conservative (atomic co-intersective) determiners represented by generalized universal quantifiers denoted by various exclusion phrases.
Fonction discursive de la structure d’ “inversion locative”
Authors: Borillo Andrée
Published: September 2007

A locative inversion (LI) sentence is a distinct construction characterized by the presence in clause-initial position of a locative or temporal complement (which is either subcategorized by the verb or operates as an adjunct) followed by the verb itself followed by the subject . The discourse function of such a construction is to establish the spatial or temporal setting of a discourse-new entity (represented by the subject) within the framework of a more general context already presented in a preceding discourse. The verb is there only to provide and denote a specific manifestation of the existence, localisation or state of this entity, but the information it conveys can be often reduced to a minimum (to be, to be found) or even omitted. On the contrary, the subject in clause-final position is assigned a predicate-focus function (“presentational focus”) from which the following discourse is generally bound to develop. In this study, only LI constructions with spatial complements are given a description of their most salient syntactic properties and of their discursive effects.
L’amas verbal au cœur d’une modélisation topologique du français
Authors: Gerdes Kim , Kahane Sylvain
Published: September 2007

This article aims at two objectives : We want to show that principal word order phenomena can be described in a topological approach to linearization, i.e. a linking of an (unordered) dependency tree and a ordered structure, the topological constituent tree. Moreover, we want to put forward the importance and naturalness of a particular constituent in the modeling of French word order, the verb cluster (amas verbal) : It is composed of one or more verbs, of necessary functional words (prepositions and complementizers), and of very constraint lexical elements other than the verbs as for example clitics and certain adverbs. The work is based on a rigorous formalization of the dependency-topology link in Gerdes & Kahane 2001. The verb cluster in the topological structure remains to be shown to be closely related to a prosodic constituent.
Qu’est-ce qui distingue l’inversion absolue de l’inversion locative en français ?
Authors: Gournay Lucie
Published: September 2007

Linguistics studies on full inversion in French do not clearly state a difference between locative inversion (LI) and absolute inversion (AI) in independent clauses. In this corpus-based study, I demonstrate the relevance of drawing a line between the two word-order phenomena. I first outline the different formal constraints shared by the two inversions, and then show that some properties typical of LI — which have been put forward in previous work- do not apply to AI. In a final section, I relate the formal properties of both inverted structures to two different deictic functions in written discourse. Both inversions imply a deictic reference to the on-going discourse, but whereas LI refers directly to the situation that is represented, AI refers to the discursive strategy of the discourse.
La structure de la phrase en français et en néerlandais
Authors: Magnus Ilse
Published: September 2007

The description of the French sentence structure is based on the contrast between arguments and adjuncts. In order to show that this contrast is confirmed by other linguistic facts, the organization of the French sentence is compared to that of Dutch. It is showed, firstly, how the comparison of French and Dutch contributes to improve the descriptive models of sentence structure used in the two languages. Secondly, it is argued that the opposition between adjuncts and arguments in French is confirmed by their differences in behaviour when placed in the initial extra-clausal position: whereas arguments have to be resumed by a coreferential pronoun that is intonationally integrated in the clause, adjuncts are not subject to this constraint. In Dutch, by contrast, arguments and adjuncts behave in the same way, in that they are both resumed by a coreferential element. The difference between French and Dutch, finally, can be ascribed to the V2 feature of Dutch and to the specific status of the initial intra-clausal position.
Les indices pronominaux du français dans les grammaires catégorielles
Authors: Moot Richard , Retoré Christian
Published: September 2007

We provide an analysis of French clitic pronouns in multimodal categorial grammars. This analysis is a simplification of the one by Esther Kraak along the lines of Raffaela Bernardi and Richard Moot for quantifier scope. As expected from the categorial setting, our formalisation provides an easy way to compute semantic representations even when there are clitic climbing and control phenomena.