bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthetic strategy toward 1,9‐functionalized pyrido[2,3‐d:6,5‐d′]dipyrimidine‐2,4,6,8‐tetrones
Authors: Borzsonyi Gabor , Beingessner Rachel L. , Fenniri Hicham
Published: February 2009

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A synthetic approach involving a solubilizing protecting group strategy is described to generate pyrido[2,3‐d:6,5‐d′]dipyrimidine‐2,4,6,8‐tetrones functionalized at positions 1 and 9 with alkylamine substitutents. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 79 (2009).
A simple method for the synthesis of 5‐isoxazolyl‐4‐thioxo‐1,3,5‐benzoxadiazocines
Authors: Rajanarendar E. , Rao E. Kalyan , Reddy A. Siva Rami
Published: February 2009

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Synthesis of novel isoxazolyl 1,3,5‐benzoxadiazocines 5 has been accomplished by condensation of 3‐amino‐5‐methylisoxazole 1 with salicylaldehydes, followed by reduction, treatment with arylisothiocyanates, and subsequent ring closure in the presence of formaldehyde. The methodology used in this synthesis is the first approach of its kind. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 134 (2009).
Calculation of absorption and resonance Raman cross sections of ClO2 in the gas‐phase and in solution: including Duschinsky effects
Authors: Dehestani M.
Published: February 2009

The time‐correlation function formalism has been used to calculate resonance Raman cross sections, excitation profiles, and electronic absorption spectra of the OClO molecule in the gas‐phase and in different solvents like cyclohexane, chloroform, and water. The multidimensional time domain integrals that arise in these calculations have been evaluated for the case in which an X2B1Ã2A1 electronic transition takes place between displaced‐distorted‐rotated harmonic potential energy surfaces. Ab initio calculations have been performed to provide the spectroscopic constants required for the evaluation of these integrals. The calculated absorption spectra and resonance Raman cross sections have been compared with the experimental results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Raman approach to pseudo‐cross‐conjugation in mesomeric betaines
Authors: Capel Ferrón C. , Casado J. , López Navarrete J. T. , Dreger A. , Schmidt A. , Ramírez F. J.
Published: February 2009

We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is able to discriminate between cross‐conjugated (CC) and pseudo‐cross‐conjugated mesomeric betaines (PCCMBs) by means of key bands sensitive to conjugation. As targets, we have selected the PCCMB 2,5 dimethyl‐1‐phenylpyrazolium‐3‐carboxylate and its isomer the CCMB 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazolium‐4 carboxylate. Structurally, they differ only in the position of the carboxylate group bonded to the pyrazolium ring. However, this feature provides different conjugational character. We provide evidences for the fact that this structural difference has a measurable impact in the vibrational wavenumbers as Raman spectroscopy can directly account for it. We also prove that the observed Raman features are not only originated by the kinetic effect caused by the change of the carboxylate position, but this atomic re‐organization also modifies the potential energy of the molecule. This energy directly depends on the electronic structure, which determines the pseudo‐cross‐conjugation character. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herpes zoster oticus associated with varicella zoster virus encephalitis
Authors: Eskiizmir Görkem , Uz Uzdan , Taşkiran Esra , Ünlü Halis
Published: February 2009

Ramsay‐Hunt syndrome, herpes zoster oticus (HZO), derived its name from James Ramsay Hunt, who first described it in 1907. It is classically characterized by acute peripheral facial paralysis, herpetic eruptions on the auricle, and vestibulocochlear dysfunction due to the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). In this Case Report, the authors describe an HZO patient with simultaneous VZV encephalitis. To date, only eight cases of HZO associated with VZV encephalitis have been reported in the English literature. Therefore, the authors discuss all the aspects of this rare entity, including clinical examination, radiological evaluation, laboratory evaluation, and treatment options. Laryngoscope, 2009
Focal adhesion mediated intracellular signaling, Stat3 translocation and osteoblast differentiation: regulation by substratum topography
Authors: Hamilton D. W. , Jamshidi F. , Brunette D. M.
Published: February 2009

Osseointegration is a necessary process for stabilization of implants that contact bone. Implant substratum topography has been identified as an important modulator of osteoblast differentiation, although the molecular processes involved are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess adhesion mediated molecular events induced in rat calvarial osteoblasts by topographies produced using microfabrication techniques. Specifically, we investigated the activation of tyrosine phosphorylation, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK‐1/2), janus kinase‐1 and 2 (JAK‐1 and 2), and the transcription factor Stat3. Microfabricated topographies stimulated altered focal adhesion (FA) arrangements, which correlated with regions of increased tyrosine phosphorylation. FAK, and ERK 1/2. Inhibition of JAK‐1 using piceatannol attenuated the phosphorylation of FAK and ERK 1/2 on 30μm deep grooves, but not smooth, but inhibited proliferation on all surfaces tested. Inhibition of microtubule nucleation, JAK‐1, JAK‐2 and phospholipase‐C had no effect on nuclear translocation of Stat3 irrespective of topography. We conclude that nuclear translocation of Stat3 is independent of substratum topography, but JAK‐1 is involved in focal adhesion mediated signal transduction. Further understanding of the molecular regulation of osteoblast differentiation by substratum topography will allow the design of more suitable biomaterials for orthopaedic and dental applications.
Characterization of as‐plasma‐sprayed and incubated hydroxyapatite coatings with high resolution techniques
Authors: Heimann R. B.
Published: February 2009

To improve the reliability of thermally sprayed coatings for human implants application it is vital to understand the changes that morphology, and chemical and phase compositions of the hydroxyapatite coatings undergo when brought in contact with living tissue. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings were deposited onto Ti6Al4V substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) followed by incubation for up to 84 days in revised simulated body fluid (rSBF) to assess their possible biofunctional performance. Morphology, phase and chemical compositions of as‐sprayed coatings were investigated by synchrotron x‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), laser‐Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In addition, incubated coatings were characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and proton‐induced x‐ray emission (PIXE). The results indicate that during plasma spraying hydroxyapatite transforms to crystalline oxyapatite and ß‐tricalcium phosphate as well as amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). On incubation crystallization of ACP occurs via fluid flow of solution along cracks and fissures of the coating. The composition develops towards fully crystalline but porous defect apatite containing residual water.
Improved osseointegration of a novel, hydrophilic Ti surface – a review
Authors: Molenberg A. , Schwarz F. , Herten M. , Berner S. , de Wild M. , Wieland M.
Published: February 2009

The high surface energy of sandblasted and acid etched (SLA) titanium surfaces can be retained by keeping them submersed in an isotonic NaCl solution at pH 4 to 6 under a nitrogen atmosphere immediately after the acid‐etching process, thus reducing the adsorption of potential contaminants from the atmosphere. The novel implant surface thus produced shows a strongly increased hydrophilicity, compared to the conventional SLA surface, and is named SLActive.

Several animal studies have indicated a faster osseointegration of the SLActive surface, compared to the SLA surface, and improved regeneration in bone defects next to implants. Histological and immunohistochemical studies have shown improved wound healing at the SLActive surface only a few days after implantation and a pilot clinical study has shown the break point from decreasing stability to increasing stability occurring after 2 weeks for SLActive implants, compared to 4 weeks for SLA implants.
Novel 3D biomaterials for tissue engineering based on collagen and macroporous ceramics
Authors: Röker S. , Diederichs S. , Stark Y. , Böhm S. , Ochoa I. , Sanz J.A. , García‐Aznar J. M. , Doblaré M. , van Griensven M. , Scheper T. , Kasper C.
Published: February 2009

In this study, different collagen and ceramic based materials were characterized concerning their mechanical and biocompatible properties. Therefore, they were tested in static and dynamic cultivation using human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue.

Zirconia based macroporous ceramic materials with different BET surface areas (Sponceram® 30/90, Sponceram® 30/145) and surface coatings (Hydroxyapatit, Titandioxide: Sponceram®/HA, Sponceram®/Ti) were mechanically evaluated regarding their maximal tension, maximal deformation and their permeability. The maximal tension and maximal deformation of the different ceramic materials were comparable though the permeability of the uncoated ceramic with the largest BET surface area (Sponceram® 30/90) was significantly increased compared to the other ceramics. A porous collagen matrix (Matristypt®) and a porous collagen‐elastin‐matrix (Matriderm®) were similarly evaluated concerning their maximal tension and maximal deformation and compared with decellularized skin. The maximal deformations of the porous collagen materials were comparable but significantly increased compared to decellularized skin. The maximal tension of the porous matrices was five times lower than the maximal tension of decellularized skin.

For the evaluation for cell culture applications, Sponceram®, Sponceram®/HA and two collagen meshes (Matristypt®, Matriderm®) were seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells. Sponceram® was compared to β‐Tricalciumphosphate. The scaffolds were cultivated under static conditions over a time period of 14 days or 21 days respectively. The cell proliferation was examined in regular intervals using MTT assay. The cells growing on the collagen‐elastin matrix showed increased proliferation in comparison to the cells grown on the pure collagen matrix.

The ceramic materials tested statically in cell culture (Sponceram®, Sponceram®/HA) did not show different influence on the proliferation of seeded cells but it was increased compared to the proliferation of the cells seeded on β‐Tricalciumphosophate.

In a rotating bed bioreactor system (Z®RP system, Zellwerk GmbH) the human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured under dynamic conditions on Sponceram® over a time period of 47 days using osteogenic differentiation medium. Continuous increasing glucose consumption and lactate production gives evidence of good cell proliferation. After cultivation, the Sponceram® discs were stained with von kossa and alizarin red which showed matrix calcification.

In summary, the tested collagen‐ and ceramic materials are applicable for the cell culture applications whereas the ceramic materials are presenting a promising approach for bone tissue engineering implementations.
Social capital and information science research
Authors: Johnson Catherine A. , Raber Douglas , Jaeger Paul T. , Williams Kate
Published: February 2009

The concept of social capital has become a popular area of research in many social science fields, including public policy, political science, economics, community development, sociology, anthropology, and education. Increasingly, it has been used as the conceptual framework for research in the area of information studies including such topics as knowledge integration (Bhandar, Pan & Tan, 2007), knowledge sharing (Huysman & Wulf, 2006), access to information by the homeless (Hersberger, 2003), community informatics (Williams and Durrance, in press), and information seeking behavior (Johnson, in press). The concept has an ideological foundation in the theories of Pierre Bourdieu (1980), with two divergent approaches to its study emerging during the last two decades: one focusing on social capital as a collective asset and the other regarding it as an individual asset. The main proponent of the first approach is political scientist Robert Putnam who defines social capital as inhering in the “dense networks of social interaction” which foster “sturdy norms of generalized reciprocity and encourage the emergence of social trust” (Putnam, 1995, p. 66). Social network analysts, on the other hand, view social capital as resources to which individuals have access through their social relationships. Nan Lin, who is the main proponent of this approach, defines social capital as “resources embedded in a social structure which are accessed and/or mobilized in purposive actions” (Lin, 2001a, p. 12). While the concept of social capital may be operationalized differently depending on the point of view of the researcher, its value to information science research is in providing a framework within which to understand the relationship between social structure and information access.

Participants in this panel will discuss social capital from various vantage points, including the role of social capital in solidifying power relationships, the effect of recent government policies on reducing social capital, and the relationship between social capital and the use of libraries and information technology. The intent of the panel is to clarify the meaning(s) of social capital and to demonstrate how the concept may be used in information science research.
The effects of context on data quality in biomedical data reuse
Authors: D'Avolio Leonard , Cragin Melissa , MacMullen W. John , Arnott Smith Catherine
Published: February 2009

Introduction

The collection of huge stores of electronically‐formatted information and advances in information processing technologies has led to dramatic changes in the conduct of biomedical science. In biology, a paradigm shift is underway due to an unprecedented flood of data, the emergence of shared research repositories, and advances in the application of data mining algorithms. As a result, the traditional model of scientific discovery of “formulate hypothesis, conduct experiment, evaluate results” is being replaced with “collect and store data, mine for new hypotheses, confirm with data or supplemental experiment” (Han et al. 2002). In clinical medicine, similar developments have made possible a variety of secondary applications of extant clinical data, including physician decision support, outcomes assessment, document retrieval, and clinician performance evaluation. The quality, or usefulness, of existing data for secondary uses has thus far been approached with a focus on issues of technical access and the mathematical format of data. Largely ignored in these efforts are the effects on quality introduced when data captured for one purpose is reused for another. This panel brings together four researchers with on going studies in the biomedical domain focused on the effects of context on the quality of data for secondary uses. Drawing from empirical evidence the topics to be addressed include; 1) the effects of context on data reuse, 2) anticipating, identifying and accounting for these effects, and 3) the future implications of large‐scale data reuse for information professionals in the biomedical domain.
Behaviors and preferences of digital natives: Informing a research agenda
Authors: Radford Marie L. , Connaway Lynn Silipigni , Agosto Denise E. , Cooper Linda Z. , Reuter Kara , Zhou Nan
Published: February 2009

Prensky (2001) asserts that because of their total emersion in the digital information environment from birth “…today's students think and process information fundamentally differently from their predecessors” (np). This panel highlights ground‐breaking research on information‐seeking behaviors of Digital Natives, those born after 1989. Mounting evidence confirms the need for innovative approaches to understand their behaviors and their radically different use of electronic sources, services and systems. An urgently needed research agenda is proposed that draws attention to the need to identify the characteristics and preferences of this tech savvy group that surprisingly lacks basic skills in information evaluation and retrieval. Three studies that explore various aspects of the proposed research agenda are discussed below, including research in the areas of virtual reference services, selection of digital library resources, and collaborative information behavior in online environments.

This panel will be an interactive discussion with a substantial audience participation component. It is hoped that the audience for this session will consist of both researchers and library practitioners in virtual environments, as well as those interested in servicing digital natives. This discussion will be led by the moderator.
Approaches to teaching & learning information retrieval
Authors: Efthimiadis Efthimis N. , Callan Jamie , Larson Ray R.
Published: February 2009

Summary

The explosion of the web has made search an integral part of our daily lives. We search for almost any conceivable topic. Web search engines have made search easily approachable to almost everyone. Yet, for information professionals it is more important than ever before to know “how search works” in order to be more effective in their work. Search Engines or Information Retrieval systems often appear to searchers as “black boxes.” There is some sort of magic that happens between typing some keywords in a query box and getting back results. This approach contributes to the development of inadequate conceptual models of search.

The panel brings LIS and CS educators involved in teaching “information retrieval” to discuss experiential learning approaches to teaching IR. Efthimiadis (UW) will be presenting the IR‐Toolbox, an interactive system developed for teaching IR processes to Information School students. Ray Larson (UCB) will be discussing his approach of using open source IR engines to create a mini‐TREC competition environment in class. Jamie Callan (CMU) will be talking about the Lemur Toolkit system and its use in teaching undergraduate and graduate students.

Following the panel presentation of the experiential teaching methods, an interactive session with the audience will follow. The discussion session will focus on the audience's needs and experiences while learning or teaching information retrieval.
Research directions in social network websites
Authors: Stutzman Fred , Boyd Danah , Golder Scott , Recuero Raquel , Zollers Alla
Published: February 2009

Overview

Social network websites have played a key factor in the evolution of the “social web.” Hundreds of millions of individuals from all age‐ranges have flocked to sites such as MySpace (http://myspace.com), Facebook (http://facebook.com) and Orkut (http://orkut.com) to create an online representation of identity, to manage their social lives, and to establish deep social relationships with other users of the sites. To this extent, the promise of Web 2.0 is embodied in social network websites. Social networks both implicitly and explicitly connect individuals, enabling the representation of a rich social identity embodied in a virtual presence.

In this panel, an exciting young group of researchers will present results of their ongoing work in the analysis of social network websites. This panel will present a number of different research methods, as well as international perspectives on the analysis of social networks. danah boyd will present some of the key challenges she has faced in her multi‐year, ongoing ethnographic analysis of social network websites. Raquel Recuero will share results of her mixed‐methods international work on Fotolog, a popular photo‐based social network site. Scott Golder and Fred Stutzman will present large‐network analysis of social behavior in Facebook, the leading college‐based social network. Finally, Alla Zollers will present a quantitative and content‐analysis of activism in social network sites, analyzing the information architecture of the sites and the role it plays in activism.

The research and the varying methods presented in this panel will present viewers with an exciting look at the many ways social network websites can be analyzed. These sites stand at the forefront of the social web, presenting myriad opportunities to future researchers.
Social types and personas: Typologies of persons on the web and designing for predictable behaviors
Authors: Turner Tammara , Boyd Danah , Burnett Gary , Fisher Karen E. , Adlin Tamara
Published: February 2009

Whether we call them “users,” “participants,” or just “actors,” a focus of information science research and practice is invariably human beings. While user studies have grown in scope and volume since the early ARIST chapters in the 1960s, few researchers have approached study populaces from the perspective of social types. A concept with a long and somewhat sordid history in the social sciences, particularly sociology, as Almog (1998) explains referencing the works of Parker, Simmel, Goffman, Klapp, Becker, and other luminaries, social types in essence refer to:

A sociological summary of the typical characteristics of a particular group or of a category of human beings usually recognized and typed by the public and often granted a nickname. This group or category may be a secondary group, a community, a profession, a subculture, a status group, a class or a generation unit that is characterized by its look (physical, fashionable or both), life style and philosophy, pattern of interaction (particularly linguistic), attitudes and certain psychological traits.
Personal information management strategies and tactics used by senior engineers
Authors: Pikas Christina K.
Published: February 2009

This paper reports the results of an exploratory qualitative study of how senior engineers in a research laboratory environment do personal information management (PIM). Responsive, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with four senior engineers. Thirteen themes in four groupings emerged. The four groupings are: organization and retrieval, un‐organized aspects, information keeping and preservation, and use of specialized tools. Themes not seen in other studies are: writing to remember and reporting to retrieve, and personal handbooks. The themes are described in detail. Implications for the design of information systems and future work are discussed.
Humanitarian relief standards as information policy
Authors: Kemp Randall B.
Published: February 2009

This paper addresses the information policy issue within humanitarian relief organizations of standards as they apply to setting guidelines and self‐regulation among the actors in this field. The paper begins with an overview of the context of natural disasters, the nature of humanitarian relief organizations working in the field, and how standards might be applicable. Following, the questions and challenges to the field are then discussed, using spatial information and related technology as a lens to frame these challenges. A group of standards‐forming bodies are then described. A section analyzing these standards and their functioning in the domain of humanitarian relief follows the descriptions of standards in the field. A set of operational recommendations and a set of next steps and possible future research suggestions close the paper.
The externalities of Search 2.0: The flow of personal information in the drive for the perfect search engine
Authors: Zimmer Michael
Published: February 2009

Web search engines have emerged as a ubiquitous and vital tool for the successful navigation of the growing online informational sphere. As Google puts it, their goal is to “organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful” and to create the “perfect search engine” that provides only intuitive, personalized, and relevant results. Meanwhile, new Web 2.0 infrastructures have emerged with the promise to empower creativity, to democratize media production, and to celebrate the individual while also relishing the power of collaboration and social networks. The (inevitable) combining of Google's suite of information‐seeking products with Web 2.0 infrastructures – what I call Search 2.0 – intends to capture the best of both technical systems for the benefit of users. By capturing the information flowing across Web 2.0, search engines can better predict users' needs and wants, and deliver more relevant and meaningful results. While intended to enhance intellectual mobility in the online sphere, this paper argues that the drive for Search 2.0 necessarily requires the widespread monitoring and aggregation of a users' online personal and intellectual activities, bringing with it particular value externalities, such as the privacy of individuals' online intellectual activities. These search‐based infrastructures of dataveillance contribute to a rapidly emerging “soft cage” of everyday digital surveillance, where they, like other dataveillance technologies before them, contribute to the curtailing of individual freedom, affect users' sense of self, and present issues of deep discrimination and social justice.
Tools of the trade: Drugs, law and mobile phones
Authors: McEwen Rhonda N.
Published: February 2009

As a specific form of social computing mobile phones are changing the way people use and perceive their social contexts both at work and at play. Observations of mobile phone use in urban settings suggest that this medium can facilitate existing social practices and extend our everyday activities to create a set of distinct social practices associated with this Information and Communication Technology. In particular mobile phones support users in the active production of identity, whether this identity is socially determined to be “normal” or “deviant”. Written from a Social Informatics perspective this paper examines the mobile phone as a contemporary controversial technology in the context of its use in illegal drug‐dealing and the law enforcement of those practices. The relationship between illegal drug‐dealing and law enforcement responses is critically analysed highlighting the way both groups utilise mobile phone technologies to achieve their divergent goals. The paper concludes by offering a perspective on the social nature of mobile communications and suggestions for further research and action.
Fully mobile wirelessly connected technology applications: Organizational communication, social, and information challenges
Authors: Liu Shuhua (Monica) , Unsworth Kristene , Fidel Raya , Scholl Hans J (Jochen)
Published: February 2009

The City of Seattle is pioneering the utilization of fully mobile wirelessly connected (FMWC) technology applications in fieldwork operations with the aim of significantly improving its operational effectiveness and efficiency as well as its quality of service. Our study analyzes and assesses the efficacy of this prototypical project in local government. Preliminary findings show that beyond the expectable technology hurdles numerous unforeseen challenges in organizational communication and the social context emerge, which when taken together can present staunch obstacles to achieving the intended outcome. Our study uses a work‐centered analytical framework for deriving and clarifying the strategic choices in such projects via a formative model. Our (narrative) model captures and brings to the surface the interaction and interdependence between major organizational variables and the work context. In this paper, we report on our early observations and high‐level findings.
Digital images in American and Canadian dentistry education: Second‐stage needs assessment
Authors: Paling Stephen , Miszkiewicz Melissa , Abbas June
Published: February 2009

This study serves as a follow‐up to a previous needs assessment, which was intended to determine the need on the part of dental faculty members and researchers for an online repository of digitized dental images. The previous needs assessment found preliminary indications of such need. However, the previous needs assessment focused primarily on one exemplar institution, along with a brief survey of academic deans at U.S. and Canadian dental schools. The current needs assessment incorporated a survey intended to reach a much broader range of dental faculty members in the U.S. and Canada. The basic goals were to confirm the findings of the earlier needs assessment, to asses the potential value of potential image characteristics and metadata elements, as well as to begin determining whether dental faculty members and researchers would be willing to contribute to the repository.
The concepts of task, search stage and source of information in leisure activities: A case study of backpackers' search for tourist information
Authors: Chang Shan‐Ju , Su Hui‐Chieh
Published: February 2009

For backpackers, traveling plan involves many tasks such as deciding where to go, how to get there, what are interesting to sightsee, what should not miss, what are the social landscape and safety conditions etc. They have to make decisions based on information they collected and yet they are also flexible and may change the courses along the way. From 30 interviewees, our research on backpackers shows that their information search can be conceptualized as a three‐stage information search process. In each stage, depending on the type of task, backpackers use various information resources, such as tour guides, maps, fliers, websites, discussion bulletin board etc. for different purposes. Depending on the characteristics of the source of information, one is relied on more than the other in different stage of traveling and for different task and purpose. Among others, the research results deepen our understanding about backpackers' information tasks, information sources needed and used, with practical implications for designing useful websites for such tourists.
Visceral and cognitive levels of credibility judgment in an authorless environment: A factor analysis of the influence of visual design
Authors: Holmes Jason , Robins David
Published: February 2009

In thinking about the impact of social computing and Web 2.0 trends affecting information seekers (and the professionals who help them), the age‐old problem of determining credibility in an authorless environment again comes to the fore. First impressions are key for web page content. Regardless of the quality or credibility of content, a poorly designed or aesthetically unappealing web page will likely produce a negative impression of credibility. This study compared credibility judgments for websites in which the visual design had been varied. A factor analysis showed patterns of higher credibility scores for higher visual design treatments. The importance of the findings presented here is that visual design has impact beyond decoration. It is a common (if latent) assumption that all serious web sites wish to be perceived as credible, believable, and trustworthy, especially in an authorless environment.
An exploratory study of libraries and their managers: Management education for leaders of non‐traditional businesses
Authors: Mackenzie Maureen L. , Smith James P.
Published: February 2009

Where do library directors, and the librarians who perform various management functions as part of their work, receive their management training? A review of the curricula of 48 library school programs accredited by the American Library Association revealed that, for the most part, library managers need to be trained on the job. This paper presents the results of an exploratory study focused on the research question: Do ALA accredited library education programs properly prepare library students to enter management level positions within the library profession? Of the programs reviewed, 43.8% did not require a management‐related course within its degree requirements. And 81.3% of the programs did not require an internship. A review of program syllabi revealed that only 58.3% of the management courses included human resource management and only 54.2% included strategy, planning and process. The results offered evidence that the library profession has not yet agreed upon the requirements for preparing future librarians for managerial positions. It is suggested that the accreditation requirements be revised in order to better prepare library school students for the role of manager
A standard‐based context sensitive service architecture for digital object dissemination
Authors: Xie Zhiwu , Van de Sompel Herbert , van Reenen Johann , Jordán Ramiro
Published: February 2009

This paper describes a context sensitive service architecture for digital object dissemination based on OpenURL and MPEG‐21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA). This architecture entails representing service requests using the OpenURL ContextObjects and conveying the ContextObject Representations with the OpenURL Transport. The rich expressiveness of the Usage Environment Description (UED) tool defined in the MPEG‐21 DIA standard can then be incorporated into the OpenURL ContextObject by means of OpenURL extensibility mechanism, and the MPEG‐21 DIA adaptation engine can be used to construct highly customizable and adaptive context sensitive dissemination services for institutional repositories.
Spatial analysis of the Federal‐State Cooperative System's public library statistics
Authors: Bishop Bradley Wade
Published: February 2009

The Federal‐State Cooperative System (FSCS), a program of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), collects data from over 9,000 public library systems in the United States. This research is an attempt to perform spatial analysis and visually display the data using a geographic information system. To do this, the NCES data has to be joined with GeoLib's spatial data of library outlets' geographic coordinates. The researcher also joined this combined dataset to 2000 Census shapefiles for demographics of the states studied. The study produced several national maps of some library statistics, e.g. total circulation. In addition, block group level maps were produced for some states to display spatial trends within those states. Spatial trends appear with some of the variables and further research can explore the causation behind these correlations.
Librarians's reflective practice in electronic reserves: An exploration of sources of copyright knowledge and professional development
Authors: Polparsi Jomkwan
Published: February 2009

he research question of this study was what formal and informal sources librarians use in dealing with electronic reserves and in developing their copyright knowledge. The exploration of the sources of copyright knowledge was expected to drive issues and challenges in library practice to emerge, and to influence the design of further in‐depth study. The study employs a qualitative, naturalistic data collection methodology and an inductive data analysis methodology. The study applies Schon's reflection theory as a sensitizing theoretical framework to help understand the processes of librarians' decision about electronic reserves. To date, three librarians have been interviewed. In interviews, librarians thought aloud critical incidents of electronic reserves requests and the sources of copyright knowledge they use. Qualitative analysis was carried out through in‐depth analysis of interview transcripts and follow‐up interviews for clarification and confirmations of the findings. The analysis aimed at formal and informal sources that librarians use and on evidence of reflection‐on‐action. The findings point to both formal and informal sources, and suggest that the sources represent social and institutional cues that undermine practice and decision making. Issues emerged are that librarians and stakeholders debate over copyright fair use guidelines and standards in electronic reserves, and over different meanings of fair use. To better understand library practice, it is important to explore social and institutional cues embedded in the real world.
An examination of multi‐session web tasks
Authors: MacKay Bonnie , Watters Carolyn
Published: February 2009

Users are now performing more sophisticated web tasks. In this poster, we explore web tasks that require multiple web sessions to satisfy a goal. We have explored this topic through a web‐based diary study and a field study using Firefox customized with logging capabilities. We examined the frequency of multi‐session tasks and the range of browser tools that are utilized to complete these tasks.
International students' information needs and use of technology
Authors: Mehra Bharat , Bilal Dania
Published: February 2009

This paper reports the results of a pilot study that assessed the information seeking behaviors and priority information needs of international students and barriers they face in using various information and communication technologies (i.e., Web search engines and the Internet, library resource technologies, and online databases) for academic work. Results from this study provide understanding of the critical cultural clues associated with international students' information seeking and information needs. They also have implications for overcoming system design barriers for users from different cultural backgrounds to effectively interact with various technologies and for providing user‐centered services that are supportive of their information needs.
Uses of figures and tables from scholarly journal articles in teaching and research
Authors: Sandusky Robert J. , Tenopir Carol , Casado Margaret M.
Published: February 2009

This paper describes how scientists utilize specific journal article components, the tables, figures, maps, photographs, and graphs contained in journal articles, to support both their teaching and research. These findings are taken from a comprehensive investigation into scientists' satisfaction with and use of a prototype retrieval system that indexes tables and figures culled from scientific journal articles. Rather than focusing on seeking and searching, this paper summarizes four ways in which scientists utilize the information they find in tables and figures obtained from journal articles. While the first type of use described here, creating new fixed documents, confirms the findings of previous research, the other three types of use reveal emerging practices with journal article components: creating documents to support performative activities; making comparisons between a scientist's own work and the work of other researchers; and creating other information forms and objects.
Searching for books and images in OPAC: Effects of LCSH, TOC and subject domains
Authors: Choi Youngok , Hsieh‐Yee Ingrid , Kules Bill
Published: February 2009

The enhanced subject representation improves the performance in retrieving relevant records via keyword searching in conjunction with subject headings (controlled vocabulary). The effectiveness of two types of subject representation‐TOC (notes) and LCSH‐ in subject search for books and images was investigated within an OPAC system. Our poster will report findings regarding user queries and retrieval effectiveness of keyword searching via two different modes. The findings have implications for subject access point enhancement on bibliographic records.
Differences in excitability properties of FDI and ADM motor axons
Authors: Bae Jong Seok , Sawai Setsu , Misawa Sonoko , Kanai Kazuaki , Isose Sagiri , Kuwabara Satoshi
Published: February 2009

The first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles are innervated by the same ulnar nerve, but studies have shown that the former is much more severely affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, threshold tracking was used to investigate whether membrane properties differ between FDI and ADM motor axons. In 12 normal subjects, compound muscle action potentials were recorded from FDI and ADM after ulnar nerve stimulation at the wrist. The strength–duration time constant was significantly longer in the FDI axons than in the ADM axons, and latent addition studies showed greater threshold changes at the conditioning–test stimulus of 0.2 ms in FDI than in ADM axons. These findings suggest that nodal persistent sodium conductances are more prominent in FDI axons than in ADM axons, and therefore excitability is physiologically higher in FDI axons. Even in the same nerve at the same sites, membrane properties of FDI and ADM motor axons differ significantly, and thus their axonal/neuronal responses to disease may also differ. Muscle Nerve 39: 350–354, 2009
Stratifying disease stages with different progression rates determined by electrophysiological tests in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Xuan , Zhang Jun , Zheng Ju‐Yang , Zhang Shuo , Xu Ying‐Sheng , Kang De‐Xuan , Fan Dong‐Sheng
Published: February 2009

By determining the usefulness of motor unit number estimate (MUNE) and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we tried to find an effective way to stratify the disease stages. In all, 112 consecutive ALS patients were enrolled, among whom 73 were elicited in a longitudinal study. MUNE by the standard incremental technique, the average CMAP amplitude, total Medical Research Council (MRC) score, ALS‐functional rating score (ALS‐FRS), Appel ALS rating scale (AARS), and forced vital capacity (FVC) were performed at baseline and months 3, 6, and 12 after study entry. We found MUNE correlated with CMAP amplitude (P < 0.01) as well as MRC score (P < 0.01) in regionally concordant distal muscles. Both MUNE and CMAP amplitude correlated significantly with ALS‐FRS (P < 0.05) and AARS (P < 0.01). A MUNE decrease was observed at months 3, 6, and 12 compared with baseline, and the rate of change at month 3 was 50.47%. The decrease in MUNE over the first 3 months was significantly greater than other measurements. We arbitrarily divided the patients into three stages: (1) rapid progression: the rate of change of MUNE and CMAP amplitude during the first 3 months exceeded 50%; (2) moderate progression: the rate of change of MUNE was greater than 50% but CMAP amplitude was less than 50%; (3) slow progression: the rate of change of both MUNE and CMAP amplitude were less than 50%. Comparing the rate of ALS‐FRS descent per year using one‐way ANOVA showed a significant difference among the three groups (P < 0.01). Muscle Nerve 39: 304–309, 2009
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 with focal asymmetric muscle weakness and no electrical myotonia
Authors: Milone Margherita , Batish Sat D. , Daube Jasper R.
Published: February 2009

Genetically proven myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) was found in a 61‐year‐old woman with creatine kinase (CK) elevation and only isolated weakness of one triceps. There was no clinical or electrical myotonia. Electromyography (EMG) showed only scattered fibrillation potentials and short duration motor unit potentials. Muscle biopsy showed nonspecific myopathic features and highly atrophic fibers with nuclear clumps. DM2 should be considered in patients with focal proximal weakness and abnormal EMG without myotonic discharges. Muscle Nerve 39: 383–385, 2009
Atypical presentation of VLCAD deficiency associated with a novel ACADVL splicing mutation
Authors: Shchelochkov Oleg , Wong Lee‐Jun , Shaibani Aziz , Shinawi Marwan
Published: February 2009

Very long chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism characterized by impaired mitochondrial β‐oxidation of fatty acids with a chain length between 14 and 18 carbons. While expansion of newborn screening has improved our ability to detect VLCAD deficiency in early childhood, the late‐onset form of the disease still presents a significant diagnostic challenge. We report a 20‐year‐old female with VLCAD deficiency who first presented in infancy with hypoketotic hypoglycemia. In childhood the patient developed complex partial seizures that were aggravated by Lamotrigine treatment. The clinical course in early adulthood was complicated by recurrent, often unprovoked, episodes of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. In addition, she suffered from chronic myalgia, muscle weakness, and diffuse abdominal tenderness. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of fat droplets. Her acylcarnitine profile showed significantly elevated C14, C14:1, C16, and C18‐carnitines. Sequence analysis of ACADVL revealed a heterozygous recurrent mutation c.848T>C (p.V283A) and a heterozygous novel splice mutation c.879‐8T>A that results in the inclusion of six nucleotides from intron 9 into the transcript sequence. The molecular characterization of this novel mutation and its correlation with the clinical phenotype are discussed. Muscle Nerve 39: 374–382, 2009
Electrical stimulation cramp threshold frequency correlates well with the occurrence of skeletal muscle cramps
Authors: Miller Kevin C. , Knight Kenneth L.
Published: February 2009

The minimum electrical stimulation frequency (HZ) at which a muscle cramps is termed threshold frequency (TF). TF is theorized to represent one's predisposition to cramping; however, TF and cramp occurrence have never been correlated. We hypothesized that TF would be lower in individuals with a cramp history and lower on the second of two days of testing; genetics may partially explain this lower TF. Cramp TF was measured in 19 subjects with (Group 1), and 12 subjects without (Group 2), a cramp history. Group 1 had a lower TF (14.9 ± 1.3 vs. 25.5 ± 1.6 HZ; P < 0.001) and a higher family history of cramping than Group 2 (89% vs. 27%; P < 0.001). TF was lower on day 2 (18.3 ± 0.26 HZ) than day 1 (19.7 ± 0.25 HZ; P = 0.03). Lower TFs are correlated with cramp history, supporting the inference that lower TFs may represent increased predisposition toward cramping. TF may be used to identify individuals at risk of cramping. Muscle Nerve 39: 364–368, 2009
Modafinil treatment of fatigue in patients with ALS: A placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Rabkin Judith G. , Gordon Paul H. , McElhiney Martin , Rabkin Richard , Chew Sheena , Mitsumoto Hiroshi
Published: February 2009

Our objective was to determine whether modafinil alleviates fatigue in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A placebo controlled trial with a 3:1 modafinil:placebo randomization in doses up to 300 mg/day for 4 weeks was followed by 8 weeks of open maintenance treatment. The primary endpoint was the Clinical Global Impressions‐Improvement Scale. Secondary endpoints were the Fatigue Severity Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Role Function Scale, and visual analog scales. Analysis of covariance was used to assess change at Week 4. Thirty‐two patients were randomized; 29 completed the 4‐week trial. In intention to treat (ITT) analysis, the response was 76% for modafinil versus 14% for placebo. In a completer analysis, the modafinil response rate was 86%, and the placebo response rate remained 14%. The number needed to treat was 1.6 (ITT). No medically serious adverse events were reported. Modafinil may be a promising intervention for fatigue in ALS patients. Replication in a larger study is needed. Muscle Nerve 39: 297–303, 2009
High‐resolution sonography of the superficial radial nerve with two case reports
Authors: Visser Leo H.
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study was to find out whether high‐resolution sonography can be used to examine the superficial radial nerve. The sonographic appearance of the superficial radial nerve was assessed in 20 control subjects and the cross‐sectional area could be measured in all subjects. The mean cross‐sectional area of the superficial radial nerve in the control subjects was 2 mm2 (SD 0.5 mm2, range 1–3 mm2). Moreover, two patients with a superficial radial neuropathy and abnormal high‐resolution sonography are reported. One patient had an enlarged nerve after trauma, which was probably a neuroma. The other patient had a histologically proven Schwannoma of the superficial radial nerve. The superficial radial nerve, although small in size, can be visualized by high‐resolution sonography using specific landmarks. High‐resolution sonography can be useful to assess the underlying cause of superficial radial nerve pathology. Muscle Nerve 39: 392–395, 2009