bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraining giant planet formation with synthetic ALMA images of the Solar System’s natal protoplanetary disk
Authors: Bergez-Casalou C. , Bitsch B. , Kurtovic N. T. , Pinilla P.
Published: January 2022

New ALMA observations of protoplanetary disks allow us to probe planet formation in other planetary systems, giving us new constraints on planet formation processes. Meanwhile, studies of our own Solar System rely on constraints derived in a completely different way. However, it is still unclear what features the Solar System protoplanetary disk could have produced during its gas phase. By running 2D isothermal hydro-simulations used as inputs for a dust evolution model, we derive synthetic images at millimeter wavelengths using the radiative transfer code RADMC3D. We find that the embedded multiple giant planets strongly perturb the radial gas velocities of the disk. These velocity perturbations create traffic jams in the dust, producing over-densities different from the ones created by pressure traps and located away from the planets’ positions in the disk. By deriving the images atλ= 1.3 mm from these dust distributions, we show that very high resolution observations are needed to distinguish the most important features expected in the inner part (<15 AU) of the disk. The traffic jams, observable with a high resolution, further blur the link between the number of gaps and rings in disks and the number of embedded planets. We additionally show that a system capable of producing eccentric planets by scattering events that match the eccentricity distributions in observed exoplanets does not automatically produce bright outer rings at large radii in the disk. This means that high resolution observations of disks of various sizes are needed to distinguish between different giant planet formation scenarios during the disk phase, where the giants form either in the outer regions of the disks or in the inner regions. In the second scenario, the disks do not present planet-related features at large radii. Finally, we find that, even when the dust temperature is determined self-consistently, the dust masses derived observationally might be off by up to a factor of ten compared to the dust contained in our simulations due to the creation of optically thick regions. Our study clearly shows that in addition to the constraints from exoplanets and the Solar System, ALMA has the power to constrain different stages of planet formation already during the first few million years, which corresponds to the gas disk phase.
The period-age relation of long-period variables
Authors: Trabucchi M. , Mowlavi N.
Published: January 2022

Context. Pieces of empirical evidence suggest the existence of a period-age relation for long-period variables (LPVs). Yet, this property has hardly been studied on theoretical grounds thus far.

Aims. We aim to examine the period-age relation using the results from recent nonlinear pulsation calculations.

Methods. We combined isochrone models with theoretical periods to simulate the distribution of fundamental mode LPV pulsators, which include Miras, in the period-age plane, and we compared it with observations of LPVs in Galactic and Magellanic Clouds’ clusters.

Results. In agreement with observations, models predict that the fundamental mode period decreases with increasing age because of the dominant role of mass in shaping stellar structure and evolution. At a given age, the period distribution shows a non-negligible width and is skewed toward short periods, except for young C-rich stars. As a result, the period-age relations of O-rich and C-rich models are predicted to have different slopes. We derived best-fit relations describing age and initial mass as a function of the fundamental mode period for both O- and C-rich models.

Conclusions. The study confirms the power of the period-age relations to study populations of LPVs of specific types, either O-rich or C-rich, on statistical grounds. In doing so, it is recommended not to limit a study to Miras, which would make it prone to selection biases, but rather to include semi-regular variables that pulsate predominantly in the fundamental mode. The use of the relations to study individual LPVs, on the other hand, requires more care given the scatter in the period distribution predicted at any given age.
Index of epithelization rate of thermal burns in laboratory animals when application of the “acerbin” preparation
Authors: Pereverzev Alexander Nikolaevich , Tolkachev Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Published: January 2022

Thermal burns in animals represent an urgent problem for veterinary medicine, since the anti-burn drugs available on the world pharmacological market are not always adapted for use on animals and are approved for use in veterinary medicine. In this regard, the aim of the work was to use the wound healing spray “Acerbin” for medical purposes in the treatment of thermal burns and to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy by the rate of epithelialization of burn defects in the skin in laboratory animals. The work was carried out at the Department of Surgery and Therapy of the Kursk State Agricultural Academy, on laboratory white mice in the amount of 60 individuals, in which thermal burns were simulated in the croup and treated with applications of the Acerbin spray. To assess the rate of growth of epithelialization, planimetric measurements of the area of burns were carried out before treatment on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th days of treatment, as well as the corresponding mathematical calculations of the rate of reduction of burn defects. According to the research results, it was found that when applying the Acerbin spray, the burn rate index on the 3rd day was 0.25 ± 0.06; on the 5th day 0.58 ± 0.03; on the 7th day 0.74 ± 0.01; on the 10th day 0.86 ± 0.02; on the 14th day 0.95 ± 0.01. Thus, at the end of the therapeutic period, the index of the epithelialization rate of thermal burns approached the most physiologically justified numerical expression equal to “1.0”, which allows it to be recommended for use in veterinary medicine as the preparation of choice for the treatment of thermal burns of the skin in animals.
Adaptive morphogenesis of lamb liver under Anthropobiocenosis conditions lamb liver morphogenesis
Authors: Skobelskaya T.P. , Lemeshchenko V.V. , Saenko N.V. , Sokolov V.G. , Nekhaichuk E.V.
Published: January 2022

Investigated the histological features of the structure of hepar of one-day-old lambs (ODL) using a complex of morphological techniques. It was found that hepar in ODL is formed by stroma and parenchyma. The stromal elements of the organ are formed by loose lugs of hematopoietic connective tissue, which in turn forms a capsule (2.80-7.23 microns thick), as well as the septa of the lobules, which include the hepar triads and paravasal tissue of efferent blood vessels. As a result of the studies, the prevalence of the stroma in the hematopoietic foci around large afferent blood vessels, especially in the hepar hilus, was revealed. The hepar parenchyma in ODL has structural incompleteness. It is formed by hepar cells and numerous resinusoidal cells located in the subcapsular, peripheral, central zones in the lobus hepatis. Hepar cells located in the subcapsular zone (SZ) have a more optically cleared (OC) cytoplasm, and the practically cleared cytoplasm of the hepatocyte diameter (HD) decreases towards the central zone (CZ). In the hepar parenchyma of the ODL, hematopoiesis foci (HF) are established in each of the lobes, which tend to decrease from the periphery to the center of the lobes. Hemopoetic cells (HC) are located between hepatocytes, densely layering on top of each other, and there are also cells located sparsely between the liver cells (LC). The number of hepatocytes per 1 mm2 of the area of the histological specimen in the left lobe (LL) of the ODL reaches the highest value 5983.79 ± 90.40, in the right lobe (RL) of the liver it is 5358.80 ± 646.60, while in the middle it has a minimum value and reaches 5133.10 ± 205.75.
Strategies for Reducing Ruminant Methane Emissions
Authors: Sheida E. V. , Miroshnikov S. A. , Duskaev G. K. , Atlanderova K.N. , Grechkina V.V.
Published: January 2022

The paper studies the effect of additional administration of ultrafine particles on the cattle rumen microbiome composition. The in vitro method was used using the ANKOM Daisy II incubator according to a specialized method. Microflora analysis was performed using MiSeq (Illumina, USA) by a new generation sequencing method with a MiSeq reagent kit. After a detailed analysis of the structure and composition of the microbial community in the contents of the rumen sampled for different diets, it was found that no significant differences were observed in the bacterial communities, with the exception of a slight shift in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. However, we observed numerical differences in the abundance of some representatives, namely, with additional inclusion of Fe and Cr2O3, decrease in the abundance of the methane-forming species Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, and Methnaomicrobium was noted regarding the control.
Analysis of the genus thymus of the southeastern part of the northern caucasus
Authors: Khashieva Lidia , Dakieva Maret , Iriskhanova Zazu
Published: January 2022

The paper presents the analysis of the genusThymusof the flora of the South-East of the North Caucasus. Revealed the total species, compiled an aspect of the genusThymus, and conducted the analysis's bioecological, geographical composition. In the investigated territory, we have registered eightthymusspecies, distributed mainly in xerophilic types of vegetation: steppe, friganoid, alpine, meadow-steppe, and meadow societies.
Effectiveness of the Combined Use of Microelements and Tetravit in Calves of the Dairy Period
Authors: Trebukhov Alexey , Shaganova Elena , Chekunkova Yulia , Momot Nadezhda , Kolina Yulia
Published: January 2022

Use of biologically active additives in feeding young animals is the most important element of resource-saving technologies. The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of use of vitamin and mineral nutrition on the growth and development of young animals. 3 groups of calves were formed at the age of 10 days. Animals of the control group received the basic diet (OR), the II-experimental group received OR + salts of microelements and the calves of the III-experimental group received OR + salts of microelements and tetratwit in doses from 1 to 3 months – 1.5 mg, from 3 to 5 months – 2.0 mg and from 5 to 6 months – 3.0 mg. Tetravit was injected once every 2 weeks throughout the study. It was found that feeding the salts of microelements (copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iodine) to calves during the dairy period contributes to their more intensive development and growth of their meat productivity, both in combination with tetravite and without it. Use of salts of microelements separately, and in combination with a multivitamin preparation (tetravit) contributes to a significant increase in the studied hematological parameters in young animals, relative to control analogues.
Oxygen regime of rivers in the area of sources of economic impact according to long-term monitoring of the Russian meteorological service
Authors: Goncharov A.V. , Isaev V.A. , Yumina N.M.
Published: January 2022

The results of long-term observations of the hydrochemical service of the Russian Meteorological Service on the content of dissolved oxygen in the rivers of Russia are considered. Data on the basins of the Amur, Lena, Ob, Volga for 1988-2007 is analyzed. We compared the average monthly oxygen concentrations above and below the sources of exposure – cities, large industrial enterprises – in total, about 100 paired sections were used. The study showed that in about half of these river sections, sometimes (in 14.8 % of cases) small changes in oxygen concentration (6.5-8.3 %) are observed. Wherein, both a decrease and an increase in oxygen concentration can occur below the sources of anthropogenic impact. The latter is typical for winter time, when the flow of heated wastewater into the river leads to formation of an air-hole and the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere into the water. Small rivers in cities experience the greatest stress; however, in general, for all the rivers under consideration, the anthropogenic change in the oxygen regime of the rivers is small and does not significantly affect the sustainability of the development of the territories.
Thermal balance of greenhouse complexes of the V generation in the summer period
Authors: Gulevsky Vyacheslav , Makovichko Vyacheslav
Published: January 2022

When growing various crops in greenhouses an important condition for obtaining high yields is compliance with the required parameters of the temperature regime of the air environment. The air conditioning systems currently used in greenhouses of the V generation “Ultra Clima” are equipped with adiabatic panels that cool the air entering the room by evaporation of moisture from their surface. However, in some cases, such systems are not able to support the required values. This is due to the large heat flows entering the greenhouse in the summer. The paper analyzes the temperature balance of the air environment of greenhouses of the V generation, evaluates the main heat flows, determines the operating modes of cooling systems that guarantee sufficient cooling capacity to achieve the required temperatures in the room.
Experience of using sewage sludge in soil for green building
Authors: Elshaeva Irina , Titova Vera , Vetchinnikov Alexander , Pinaeva Anna , Vetchinnikova Oksana
Published: January 2022

Wastewater sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants in Nizhny Novgorod and soils based on them, prepared with different ratios of sludge, sawdust and peat, have been investigated. Sewage sludge-based soils contain plant nutrients and are suitable for use as fertilizing materials in green building. Under the conditions of a three-year lysimetric experiment on cereal lawn grasses, a significant efficiency of organic soils was noted in comparison with traditional soils. The lawn maintenance regime revealed differences in the mixtures of fertilizing materials in terms of the effect on the productivity of the phytocenosis. Use of sewage sludge containing large amounts of heavy metals as one of the soil components undoubtedly leads to increase in the amount of these toxic elements in the soil as a whole.
Influence of natural production conditions on efficient operation of wheel tractors
Authors: Shuravin Aleksandr A. , Leonov Vladimir , Polikutina Elena , Shchitov Sergey V. , Kuznetsov Evgeny E.
Published: January 2022

For the zones of “risky farming” characteristic of the Far East of the Russian Federation, the natural production conditions of the region are an important problem in preparing the soil for further basic agricultural work. So, when carrying out early spring agricultural work, due to presence of a solid underlying layer in the form of permafrost, they shall be completed in operational terms no more than 10 days, until the permafrost base thaws and the soil has not lost its bearing capacity. In addition, due to the peculiarities of the relief, the soil does not thaw equally in depth everywhere, which reduces the quality of field work and harrowing, as the most common operation, namely. This article provides theoretical and experimental studies on the adaptation of a wheeled tractor as part of a machine-tractor unit (MTU) used in harrowing to natural production conditions by installing a device that automatically regulates the load on the working body of the disc harrow or on the propellers of the energy device, depending on the conditions of use or the state of the motion surface.
Modern ecological and hygienic problems of the agricultural economy associated with development of pond fish farming
Authors: Eliseev Yury , Vojtovich Anna , Eliseeva Yuliya , Pichugina Nina , Eliseev Dmitry
Published: January 2022

The materials on the study of the content of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in fish are presented. It has been established that the level of heavy metals and pesticides in fish is influenced by the territorial location of the pond production. Therefore, the content of lead, cadmium and mercury in the liver and gonads of carp was higher than the permissible values for fish growing in ponds located in the city limits near highways. The pesticides DDT and HCH were detected in the organs of fish in the territories of pond fish farming of farms. Residual concentrations of pesticides contained in fish did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. In order to safely consume fish grown near highways by the population, we recommend the removal of internal organs (liver and gonads) from fish products.
Factors of development of children's sports schools in rural areas
Authors: Kocheryan Maksim , Vashlyaeva Irina , Volovik Tatiana
Published: January 2022

The article presents an analysis of the external and internal environment of children's sports schools in rural areas in the form of a SWOT matrix. Children's sports schools in rural areas are distinguished by a huge set of sports disciplines, many their own facilities and a low pricing policy. Among the most significant disadvantages are the lack of active promotion of schools and a small percentage of paid services compared to budget ones. To improve the situation of children's sports schools in rural areas, it is proposed to create a promotion program that will help increase the number of students and affect the growth of the organization's income.
New organizational mechanisms of infrastructure development of small agricultural businesses in Russia
Authors: Voytyuk M. M. , Marinchenko T. E. , Voityuk V. A.
Published: January 2022

The developed infrastructure of a small agricultural business (ISAB) ensures the innovative development of production of small enterprises of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), solves social problems of rural areas and provides employment for the rural population, performing a number of functions, including: property, financial, consulting, information, legal, innovative , social and export support for small agricultural businesses (SAB). The aim of the study is to identify the problems of the infrastructure development of the SAB and search for their solutions. The methods of generalization, economic and mathematical modeling, functional analysis were used, the data of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the reporting of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, publications of foreign and domestic authors and other sources served as the material for the study. It was proposed to use the institution of “commercial procurement”, to functionally expand the “financial” service, to organize a Single Industry Center for Infrastructure Development (Center), which will ensure effective interaction of all participants through the use of a digital platform based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA). The platform needs to be integrated with government information systems that support the infrastructure development of the SAB. The cluster organization of infrastructure facilities will increase efficiency, will contribute to the concentration of resources and their greater purposefulness. The main result of the implementation of new organizational mechanisms should be the effective development of the IMAB.
Insurance as a risk management system in green construction
Authors: Murtazova Kheda , Aliyev Salambek
Published: January 2022

The study of the problems of the impact of climate change on economic development has become in recent years one of the main directions of economic research. At the same time, along with the development of a global macroeconomic policy in the field of climate and green building, more and more attention is paid to the analysis of corporate strategies to reduce risks and adapt to the consequences of climate change. Without large-scale business investments in green innovative technologies and the introduction of corporate standards for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is impossible to achieve long-term targets for reducing global climate risks.
Filtres spectraux pour le multiplexage de fluorescence
Authors: Adam Guillaume , Souchon Anne , Delay Michael , Bernhardt Elizabeth , Elbaz Xavier
Published: January 2022

Les progrès constants de la technologie de dépôt de couches minces au cours des dernières décennies ont permis la production de filtres optiques multibandes haute performance, répondant ainsi à la demande croissante d'instruments de fluorescence multispectraux. Bien qu'il existe maintenant une large gamme de filtres standards conçus pour une grande variété de fluorophores, la sélection de filtres appropriés est souvent un processus complexe. Nous présentons ici les caractéristiques techniques à considérer pour la conception d'un tel système multiplexe.
Comparison of Three Different Cord Clamping Techniques Regarding Oxidative–Antioxidative Capacity in Term Newborns
Authors: Kartal İshak , Abbasoglu Aslihan , Taysi Seyithan
Published: January 2022

Objective As newborns are exposed to oxidative stress during delivery, cord clamping techniques play significant role on antioxidant status. In this study, we aimed to show the relationship between early cord clamping (ECC), delayed cord clamping (DCC), and cut–umbilical cord milking (C-UCM) techniques with total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and peroxynitrite levels.

Study Design Sixty-nine term infants were selected with Apgar's score of 7 and above in the 1 minute and 5 minutes. The mothers of all infants had uncomplicated pregnancy, had no congenital anomaly, and delivered by cesarean section. Newborns were randomized to one of three groups: ECC (n: 23), DCC (n: 23), or C-UCM (n: 23). After all newborn babies were taken under radiant heater, blood samples were collected from the UC. The plasma samples were then frozen and stored at −80°C until analysis and TOC, TAC, and peroxynitrite levels were studied.

Results The ages of the mothers participating in the study were between 17 and 42 years, with an average of 29.14 ± 6.28. Thirty (43.5%) of the babies were girls and 39 (56.5%) were boys. The 5-minute Apgar's score of the babies in ECC group was significantly lower than the babies in DCC and cut cord milking group (p = 0.034; p = 0.034; p < 0.05). The TOC, oxidative stress index (OSI), and peroxynitrite measurements of three groups did not differ statistically. The TAC value of the C-UCM group was significantly higher than the patients with the ECC and DCC groups (p = 0.002; p = 0.019; p < 0.05).

Conclusion C-UCM and DCC would be feasible methods by increasing antioxidant status and providing protective effect on the future health of the term newborns.

Key Point
Synthesis of Seleno Oxindoles via Iodine-Induced Radical Cyclization of N-Arylacrylamides with Diorganyl Diselenides
Authors: Du Juan , Gui Qing-Wen , Jiang Hongmei , Shen Haicheng , Li Cehua , Jin Zheng , Shang Yanxue , Chen Yufeng , Yi Min
Published: January 2022

A mild, radical cascade cyclization of N-arylacrylamides with diselenides for the preparation of oxindoles via iodine oxidation is disclosed that provides an environmentally friendly process for the construction of C–Se bonds. Twenty-five examples of N-arylacrylamide substrates were investigated, and excellent yields were achieved. The tandem cyclization of acrylamide with diphenyl disulfide was also applicable under the same conditions.
Claisen Rearrangement Triggered by Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Alkyne Alkoxylation
Authors: Li Long , Ye Long-Wu , Yan Yao-Hong
Published: January 2022

Over the past two decades, catalytic alkyne alkoxylation-initiated Claisen rearrangement has proven to be a practical and powerful strategy for the rapid assembly of a diverse range of structurally complex molecules. The rapid development of Claisen rearrangements triggered by transition-metal-catalyzed alkyne alkoxylation has shown great potential in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds in an atom-economic and mild way. However, metal-free alkyne alkoxylation-triggered Claisen rearrangement has seldom been exploited. Recently, Brønsted acids such as HNTf2 and HOTf have been shown to be powerful activators that promote catalytic alkyne alkoxylation/Claisen rearrangement, leading to the concise and flexible synthesis of valuable compounds with high efficiency and atom economy. Recent advances on the Brønsted acid catalyzed alkyne alkoxylation/Claisen rearrangement are introduced in this Account, in which both intramolecular and intermolecular tandem reactions are discussed.
Life-Threatening Mediastinal Teratoma of Infant Requiring Emergency Surgical Removal
Authors: Piber Nicole , Weichert Wilko , Hörer Jürgen , Ono Masamichi
Published: January 2022

Background Teratoma is a tumor derived from fetal germ cells with aberrant differentiation.

Case Description A 3-month-old infant with a mediastinal tumor was referred to our heart center. She presented with progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, and the need to be manually ventilated. The computed tomography scan displayed a huge tumor restricting the distal trachea including the bifurcation. An emergent operation was performed and the tumor was completely removed. Histological examination confirmed a mature teratoma.

Conclusion In such life-threatening situation, the early detection and the immediate operation are very important for the management of rapidly-progressing mediastinal teratomas compressing the respiratory tract.
Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Coronary No-Reflow Phenomenon
Authors: Kaur Gagan , Baghdasaryan Patrick , Natarajan Balaji , Sethi Prabhdeep , Mukherjee Ashis , Varadarajan Padmini , Pai Ramdas G.
Published: January 2022

Coronary no-reflow phenomenon is a lethal mechanism of ongoing myocardial injury following successful revascularization of an infarct-related coronary artery. Incidence of this phenomenon is high following percutaneous intervention and is associated with adverse in-hospital and long-term outcomes. Several mechanisms such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and distal microthromboembolism in genetically susceptible patients and those with preexisting endothelial dysfunction have been implicated. However, the exact mechanism in humans is still poorly understood. Several investigative and treatment strategies within and outside the cardiac catheterization laboratory have been proposed, but they have not uniformly shown success in reducing mortality or in preventing adverse left ventricular remodeling resulting from this condition. The aim of this article is to provide a brief and concise review of the current understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical predictors, and investigations and management of coronary no-reflow phenomenon.
Dirhodium(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of N-(Arylsulfonyl)hydrazines by N–H Amination of Aliphatic Amines
Authors: Ito Motoki , Sugiyama Shigeo , Hasegawa Yui , Saito Satomi , Onda Asami , Higuchi Kazuhiro
Published: January 2022

This study reports the development of Rh(II)-catalyzed N–N bond-forming reaction of amino acid derivatives or aliphatic amines to provide hydrazine derivatives through the combined use of Rh2(esp)2 and [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonylimino]-2,4,6-trimethylphenyliodinane (3,4-(MeO)2C6H3SO2N=IMes). This is the first report of N–H amination of aliphatic amines with metal–nitrene species.
High Fructose Negatively Impacts Proliferation of NSC-34 Motor Neuron Cell Line
Authors: Lodha Divya , Subramaniam Jamuna R.
Published: January 2022

Objectives The main aim of this study is to identify the deleterious effects of indiscriminately consumed high fructose on motor neurons that are critically affected in many neurological conditions causing movement disorders including paralysis.

Materials and Methods Neuroblastoma x mouse spinal cord motor neuron cell line (NSC-34) motor neuron cell lines were treated with high fructose and oxygen supplementation (18.8%) and assayed for cell proliferation/death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and oxidative stress response induction

Statistical Analysis Mean and standard deviation, significance with and without high fructose (F)-5%, were estimated by t-tests using GraphPad Prism ver. 8.2.1

Results F-5% along with O2 (18.8%) annihilates the cells (∼85%) by day10 and inhibits cell division as observed by the presence of multinucleated cells. Unexpectedly, 1 to 2% of cells that survived, differentiated and displayed progressive neurite extension. Though not healthy, they were viable up to 80 days. F-5% increased ROS levels (∼34%) not accompanied by concomitant enhanced expression of oxidative stress response regulator, the transcription factor, nrf-2, or downstream effector, sod-1.

Conclusion High fructose is extremely harmful to NSC-34 motor neuron cell line.
Choosing the right COVID-19 indicator: crude mortality, case fatality, and infection fatality rates influence policy preferences, behaviour, and understanding
Authors: Focacci Chiara Natalie , Lam Pak Hung , Bai Yu
Published: January 2022

Individuals worldwide are overwhelmed with news about COVID-19. In times of pandemic, media alternate the usage of different COVID-19 indicators, ranging from the more typical crude mortality rate to the case fatality rate, and the infection fatality rate continuously. In this article, we used experimental methods to test whether and how the treatment of individuals with different types of information on COVID-19 is able to change policy preferences, individual and social behaviours, and the understanding of COVID-19 indicators. Results show that while the usage of the crude mortality rate proves to be more efficient in terms of supporting policy preferences and behaviours to contain the virus, all indicators suffer from a significant misunderstanding on behalf of the population.
The redundancy and diversity between two novel PKC isotypes that regulate learning in
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hiroki Shingo , Iino Yuichi
Published: January 2022

Significance

The nervous system can store an experience of sensory stimulus. This function (i.e., learning) requires a robust molecular mechanism because accurate readout of information is crucial in survival. In this study, we found that the gustatory learning of
Caenorhabditis elegans
implemented as the amount of diacylglycerol in the sensory neuron can be read out not only by the activity of PKC-1, a protein kinase C, but also by that of another PKC, TPA-1. Because of its low sensitivity to diacylglycerol, TPA-1 does not function in the conventional learning assay. However, under conditions that may impair the system, such as aging, TPA-1 contributes to the learning. Our study shows the robustness of the learning system achieved by the two PKCs.
Discovery of a dual-action small molecule that improves neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease mice
Authors: Park Min Hee , Park Kang Ho , Choi Byung Jo , Han Wan Hui , Yoon Hee Ji , Jung Hye Yoon , Lee Jihoon , Song Im-Sook , Lim Dong Yu , Choi Min-Koo , Lee Yang-Ha , Park Cheol-Min , Wang Ming , Jo Jihoon , Kim Hee-Jin , Kim Seung Hyun , Schuchman Edward H. , Jin Hee Kyung , Bae Jae-sung
Published: January 2022

Significance

Since Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disease, multitargeted therapeutic approaches are likely required for effective AD treatment. The importance of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activation in the various neuropathological features of AD is well-known. Therefore, in this study, we focused on identifying an efficient, direct inhibitor of ASM activity. We found that KARI 201 was a highly selective ASM activity inhibitor without any off-target effects. Through RNA-sequencing analysis in brains of AD mice, we also unexpectedly uncovered the role of KARI 201 as a ghrelin receptor agonist. This dual role of KARI 201 in neurons led to improvement of Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, synapse loss, hippocampal neurogenesis, and memory dysfunction in AD mice.
Floxed exon (Flexon): A flexibly positioned stop cassette for recombinase-mediated conditional gene expression
Authors: Shaffer Justin M. , Greenwald Iva
Published: January 2022

Significance

Tools that afford spatiotemporal control of gene expression are crucial for studying genes and processes in multicellular organisms. Stop cassettes consist of exogenous sequences that interrupt gene expression and flanking site-specific recombinase sites to allow for tissue-specific excision and restoration of function by expression of the cognate recombinase. We describe a stop cassette called aflexon, composed of an artificial exon flanked by artificial introns that can be flexibly positioned in a gene. We demonstrate its efficacy inCaenorhabditis elegansfor lineage-specific control of gene expression and for tissue-specific RNA interference and discuss other potential uses. The Flexon approach should be feasible in any system amenable to site-specific recombination-based methods and applicable to diverse areas including development, neuroscience, and metabolism.
Introduction.
Authors: DeJong T. M.
Published: January 2022

This introduction provides a description of the succeeding book chapters that cover integrative concepts for understanding the overall physiology of fruit trees.
Complex, Lorentzian, and Euclidean simplicial quantum gravity: numerical methods and physical prospects
Authors: Jia Ding
Published: January 2022

Evaluating gravitational path integrals in the Lorentzian has been a long-standing challenge due to the numerical sign problem. We show that this challenge can be overcome in simplicial quantum gravity. By deforming the integration contour into the complex, the sign fluctuations can be suppressed, for instance using the holomorphic gradient flow algorithm. Working through simple models, we show that this algorithm enables efficient Monte Carlo simulations for Lorentzian simplicial quantum gravity. In order to allow complex deformations of the integration contour, we provide a manifestly holomorphic formula for Lorentzian simplicial gravity. This leads to a complex version of simplicial gravity that generalizes the Euclidean and Lorentzian cases. Outside the context of numerical computation, complex simplicial gravity is also relevant to studies of singularity resolving processes with complex semi-classical solutions. Along the way, we prove a complex version of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, which may be of independent interest.
Initial state estimation from limited observations of the heat equation in metric graphs
Authors: Iwasaki Satoru
Published: January 2022

This paper deals with initial state estimation problems of the heat equation in equilateral metric graphs being admitted to have cycles. Particularly, we are concerned with suitable placements of observation points in order to uniquely determine the initial state from observation data. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for suitable placements of observation points, and such suitable placements are determined from transition matrices of metric graphs. From numerical simulations, we confirm effectiveness of a necessary and sufficient condition.
High-throughput particle focusing and separation in split-recombination channel
Authors: Chen Shuang , Shi Zongqian , Sun Jiajia , Jia Shenli , Zhong Mingjie , Ma Yuxin
Published: January 2022

Inertial microfluidic has been widely applied to manipulate particles or bio-sample based on the inertial lift force and Dean Vortices. This technology provides significant advantages over conventional technologies, including simple structure, high throughput and freedom from an external field. Among many inertial microfluidic systems, the straight microchannel is commonly used to produce inertial focusing, which is a phenomenon that particles or cells are aligned and separated based on their size under the influence of inertial lift force. Besides the inertial lift force, flow drag forces induced by the geometrical structures of microchannel can also affect particle focusing. Herein, a split-recombination microchannel, consisting of curved and straight channels, is proposed to focus and separate particles at high flow rate. As compared with the straight channel, the particle focusing in the split-recombination channel is greatly improved, which results from the combined effects of the inertial lift force, the curvature-induced Dean drag force and the structure of split and recombination. Moreover, the distribution of different-sized particles in designed microchannel is investigated. The results indicate that the proposed microchannel not only enhances the particle focusing but also enables the separation of different-sized particles with high throughput. Finally, it is discovered that the larger length of straight channel and curvature radius of curved channel can result in a more efficient particle separation. Another important feature of designed split-recombination microchannel is that it can be arranged in parallel to handle large-volume samples, holding great potential in lab-on-a-chip applications.
An atom passing through a hole in a dielectric membrane: impact of dispersion forces on mask-based matter-wave lithography
Authors: Fiedler Johannes , Holst Bodil
Published: January 2022

Fast, large area patterning of arbitrary structures down to the nanometre scale is of great interest for a range of applications including the semiconductor industry, quantum electronics, nanophotonics and others. It was recently proposed that nanometre-resolution mask lithography can be realised by sending metastable helium atoms through a binary holography mask consisting of a pattern of holes. However, these first calculations were done using a simple scalar wave approach, which did not consider the dispersion force interaction between the atoms and the mask material. To access the true potential of the idea, it is necessary to access how this interaction affects the atoms. Here we present a theoretical study of the dispersion force interaction between an atom and a dielectric membrane with a hole. We look at metastable and ground state helium, using experimentally realistic wavelengths (0.05–1 nm) and membrane thicknesses (5–50 nm). We find that the effective hole radius is reduced by around 1–7 nm for metastable helium and 0.5–3.5 nm for ground-state helium. As expected, the reduction is largest for thick membranes and slow atoms.
Three-dimensional (3D) velocity map imaging: from technique to application
Authors: Basnayake Gihan , Ranathunga Yasashri , Lee Suk Kyoung , Li Wen
Published: January 2022

The velocity map imaging (VMI) technique was first introduced by Eppink and Parker in 1997, as an improvement to the original ion imaging method by Houston and Chandler in 1987. The method has gained huge popularity over the past two decades and has become a standard tool for measuring high-resolution translational energy and angular distributions of ions and electrons. VMI has evolved gradually from 2D momentum measurements to 3D measurements with various implementations and configurations. The most recent advancement has brought unprecedented 3D performance to the technique in terms of resolutions (both spatial and temporal), multi-hit capability as well as acquisition speed while maintaining many attractive attributes afforded by conventional VMI such as being simple, cost-effective, visually appealing and versatile. In this tutorial we will discuss many technical aspects of the recent advancement and its application in probing correlated chemical dynamics.
Inference on fission timescale from neutron multiplicity measurement in 18O + 184W
Authors: Rai N K , Gandhi A , Kannan M T Senthil , Roy S K , Saneesh N , Kumar M , Kaur G , Arora D , Golda K S , Jhingan A , Sugathan P , Ghosh T K , Sadhukhan Jhilam , Nayak B K , Deb Nabendu K , Biswas Saumyajit , Chakraborty A , Parihari A , Kumar Ajay
Published: January 2022

The pre-scission and post-scission neutron multiplicities are measured for the 18O + 184W reaction in the excitation energy range of 67.23–76.37 MeV. Langevin dynamical calculations are performed to infer the energy dependence of fission decay time in compliance with the measured neutron multiplicities. Different models for nuclear dissipation are employed for this purpose. Fission process is usually expected to be faster at a higher beam energy. However, we found an enhancement in the average fission time as the incident beam energy increases. It happens because a higher excitation energy helps more neutrons to evaporate that eventually stabilizes the system against fission. The competition between fission and neutron evaporation delicately depends on the available excitation energy and it is explained here with the help of the partial fission yields contributed by the different isotopes of the primary compound nucleus.
High specific surface CeO2–NPs doped loose porous C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation ability
Authors: Gu Qian , Jiang PingPing , Zhang Kai , Shen Yirui , Leng Yan , Zhang Pingbo , Wai Phyu Thin , Yu Jie , Cao Zhigao
Published: January 2022

Porous C3N4 (PCN) is favored by researchers because it has more surface active sites, higher specific surface area and stronger light absorption ability than traditional g–C3N4. In this study, cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2–NPs) with mixed valence state of Ce3+ and Ce4+ were doped into the PCN framework by a two-step method. The results indicate that CeO2–NPs are highly dispersed in the PCN framework, which leads to a narrower band gap, a wider range of the light response and an improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge in PCN. Moreover, the specific surface area (145.69 m2 g−1) of CeO2–NPs doped PCN is a 25.5% enhancement than that of PCN (116.13 m2 g−1). In the experiment of photocatalytic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol, CeO2–NPs doped porous C3N4 exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity, especially Ce–PCN–30. The conversion rate of benzyl alcohol reaches 74.9% using Ce–PCN−30 as photocatalyst by 8 h of illumination, which is 25.7% higher than that of pure porous C3N4. Additionally, CeO2–NPs doped porous C3N4 also exhibits better photocatalytic efficiency for other aromatic alcohols.
Enabling coherent BaZrO3nanorods/YBa2Cu3O7−xinterface through dynamic lattice enlargement in vertical epitaxy of BaZrO3/YBa2Cu3O7−xnanocomposites
Authors: Wu Judy Z , Ogunjimi Victor , Sebastian Mary Ann , Zhang Di , Jian Jie , Huang Jijie , Zhang Yifan , Gautam Bibek , Haugan Timothy , Wang Haiyan
Published: January 2022

One-dimensionalc-axis-aligned BaZrO3(BZO) nanorods are regarded as strong one-dimensional artificial pinning centers (1D-APCs) in BZO-doped YaBa2Cu3O7−x(BZO/YBCO) nanocomposite films. However, a microstructure analysis has revealed a defective, oxygen-deficient YBCO column around the BZO 1D-APCs due to the large lattice mismatch of ∼7.7% between the BZO (3a = 1.26 nm) and YBCO (c = 1.17 nm), which has been blamed for the reduced pinning efficiency of BZO 1D-APCs. Herein, we report a dynamic lattice enlargement approach on the tensile strained YBCO lattice during the BZO 1D-APCs growth to inducec-axis elongation of the YBCO lattice up to 1.26 nm near the BZO 1D-APC/YBCO interface via Ca/Cu substitution on single Cu-O planes of YBCO, which prevents the interfacial defect formation by reducing the BZO/YBCO lattice mismatch to ∼1.4%. Specifically, this is achieved by inserting thin Ca0.3Y0.7Ba2Cu3O7−x(CaY-123) spacers as the Ca reservoir in 2–6 vol.% BZO/YBCO nanocomposite multilayer (ML) films. A defect-free, coherent BZO 1D-APC/YBCO interface is confirmed in transmission electron microscopy and elemental distribution analyses. Excitingly, up to five-fold enhancement ofJc(B) at magnetic fieldB= 9.0 T//c-axis and 65 K–77 K was obtained in the ML samples as compared to their BZO/YBCO single-layer (SL) counterpart’s. This has led to a record high pinning force densityFptogether with significantly enhancedBmaxat whichFpreaches its maximum valueFp,maxfor BZO 1D-APCs atB//c-axis. At 65 K, theFp,max∼158 GN m−3andBmax∼ 8.0 T for the 6% BZO/YBCO ML samples represent a significant enhancement overFp,max∼ 36.1 GN m−3andBmax∼ 5.0 T for the 6% BZO/YBCO SL counterparts. This result not only illustrates the critical importance of a coherent BZO 1D-APC/YBCO interface in the pinning efficiency, but also provides a facile scheme to achieve such an interface to restore the pristine pinning efficiency of the BZO 1D-APCs.
Photonic schemes of distribution and reconstruction of an entangled state from hybrid entanglement between polarization and time-bin via quantum dot
Authors: Heo Jino , Choi Seong-Gon
Published: January 2022

We propose photonic schemes for the distribution and reconstruction of a two-qubit entangled state using a hybrid entangled state under a noisy quantum channel. First, to generate a hybrid entangled state correlated with polarizations and time-bins, we employ a quantum dot (QD)-cavity system (nonlinear optical gate) and linear optical devices to implement controlled operation. These schemes can achieve the distribution and reconstruction of a two-qubit entangled state from hybrid entanglement by utilizing only linear optical devices without a QD-cavity system (i.e., a nonlinear optical device) for users who want to share an entangled state under a noisy quantum channel. For a feasible realization of the proposed schemes, we analyze the interaction between the photons and QD-cavity system and demonstrate the experimental conditions under which the reliable performance of the QD-cavity system is achieved.
All-fiber all-normal-dispersion passively mode-locked neodymium-doped fiber laser operation at 1064 nm
Authors: Xu Liwei , Chen Xiaohan , Li Ming , Zhang Bin , Hu Qiongyu , Liu Jing , Li Ping
Published: January 2022

In this work, we report an all-fiber Nd-doped passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation mechanism operating in the 1.06 μm region. When the pump power was 300 mW, a pulse with a maximum average output power of 0.63 mW, a narrowest pulse duration of 1.22 ps and a pulse repetition rate of 14.25 MHz was obtained.
Ablation efficiency of gold at fs/ps laser treatment in water and air
Authors: Smirnov N A , Kudryashov S I , Rudenko А А , Nastulyavichus A A , Ionin A A
Published: January 2022

A comparison of single-pulse laser ablation of gold target by pulses with a 0.3–10 ps duration and a wavelength of 515 nm in air and in water was performed. The radiation was focused on the sample surface through the objectives with numerical apertures NA = 0.65 and 0.25. The influence of the medium, pulse duration, and spot size on the crater morphology was studied. A significant difference in crater morphology was found for different lenses. The ablation efficiency was studied by measuring the profiles of single-shot pulse craters using scanning force microscopy. The contribution of filamentation to the ablation process is shown quantitatively.
Investigation into the InAs/GaAs quantum dot material epitaxially grown on silicon for O band lasers
Authors: Tang Tianyi , Yu Tian , Yang Guanqing , Sun Jiaqian , Zhan Wenkang , Xu Bo , Zhao Chao , Wang Zhanguo
Published: January 2022

InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) lasers were grown on silicon substrates using a thin Ge buffer and three-step growth method in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. In addition, strained superlattices were used to prevent threading dislocations from propagating to the active region of the laser. The as-grown material quality was characterized by the transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results show that a high-quality GaAs buffer with few dislocations was obtained by the growth scheme we developed. A broad-area edge-emitting laser was also fabricated. The O-band laser exhibited a threshold current density of 540 A/cm2 at room temperature under continuous wave conditions. This work demonstrates the potential of large-scale and low-cost manufacturing of the O-band InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers on silicon substrates.