bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real‐world outcomes for patients with pleural mesothelioma: A multisite retrospective cohort study
Authors: Chow Kar Ven Cavan , Turner Cassie , Hughes Brett , Lwin Zarnie , Chan Bryan
Published: June 2024

Aim

To evaluate the real‐world treatment patterns and outcomes for patients with pleural mesothelioma (PM) in the era of immunotherapy.

Methods

This retrospective audit included patients with PM diagnosed within three tertiary referral centers in Queensland, Australia from January 2017 to July 2023. Patient and treatment characteristics and outcomes were recorded. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Kaplan‐Meier survival method.

Results

A total of 90 patients were included: 84% were male, the median age was 75 years (range 70–79) and 85% had baseline Eastern Group Cooperative Group of 0–1. Subtypes included 54% epithelioid, 17% biphasic, 12% sarcomatoid, and 17% unspecified/unknown. First‐line treatment was received by 57/90 patients (63%) and 33/90 patients (37%) received the best supportive care (BSC). Chemotherapy was most used (63%) overall, but first‐line immunotherapy was more commonly used since ipilimumab/nivolumab was reimbursed by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in July 2021. After first‐line treatment, only 40% received second‐line treatment and 60% received BSC.

12‐month overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival for all patients were 53% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43–65) and 25% (95% CI 15–40) respectively. 12‐month OS was 72%, 64%, and 29% for immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and BSC, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival between chemotherapy and immunotherapy (hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI: 0.65–2.5, p = 0.5).

Conclusion

In our unselected real‐world cohort, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy are active against PM, but the prognosis remains guarded. There remains a need for better treatment options, especially in the first‐line setting. Enrolment in clinical trials is crucial to improving outcomes in this debilitating disease.
Quantifying the impact of centralised neonatal care following interhospital transfer of preterm infants on families
Authors: Shipley Lara J. , Sharkey Don
Published: June 2024

Aim

Evaluate the additional burden of centralised neonatal care on families of extremely preterm infants cared for away from their planned hospital of birth.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using national data for infants 23+0 to 27+6 weeks of gestation admitted for neonatal care from 2011 to 2016. The number of transfers on the first day of life (potential maternal–infant separation), time away from the maternal booking hospital (BH) and distance from the maternal residence were quantified.

Results

Of 14 719 included infants, 2803 (19%) underwent postnatal transfer on the first day of life. A total of 8622 (59%) infants were cared for away from their BH for a median of 39 days (interquartile range [IQR] 15–69), 30% spending >60 days away over a median of two episodes (range 1–12). Median return road travelling distances for parents to their local BH was 13 km (IQR 8–26), but this increased to 74 km (IQR 32–148) for those cared for in a non‐BH.

Conclusion

Centralised neonatal care improves infant outcomes but introduces additional burdens on the families of extremely preterm infants cared for away from their BH. Additional support, including accommodation and financial aid, could help minimise the impact on these families, facilitate family integrated care and improve parental wellbeing.
Toward a mechanistic understanding of the association between motor and executive function skill development in early childhood
Authors: Cassidy Jessica M. , Willoughby Michael T.
Published: June 2024

Early childhood is characterized by rapid increases in both motor skills and executive function skills. Rather than simply codeveloping, the development of motor and executive function skills may be linked causally. In this article, we introduce corticomuscular coherence as a paradigm for psychologists interested in testing mechanistic questions about the potentially causal association between motor and executive function skill development in early childhood. We also consider the broader implications of this work for informing typical and atypical development.
A homozygous ARMC3 splicing variant causes asthenozoospermia and flagellar disorganization in a consanguineous family
Authors: Rahim Fazal , Tao Liu , Khan Khalid , Ali Imtiaz , Zeb Aurang , Khan Ihsan , Dil Sobia , Abbas Tanveer , Hussain Ansar , Zubair Muhammad , Zhang Huan , Hui Ma , Khan Muzammil Ahmad , Shah Wasim , Shi Qinghua
Published: June 2024

Male infertility due to asthenozoospermia is quite frequent, but its etiology is poorly understood. We recruited two infertile brothers, born to first‐cousin parents from Pakistan, displaying idiopathic asthenozoospermia with mild stuttering disorder but no ciliary‐related symptoms. Whole‐exome sequencing identified a splicing variant (c.916+1G>A) in ARMC3, recessively co‐segregating with asthenozoospermia in the family. The ARMC3 protein is evolutionarily highly conserved and is mostly expressed in the brain and testicular tissue of human. The ARMC3 splicing mutation leads to the exclusion of exon 8, resulting in a predicted truncated protein (p.Glu245_Asp305delfs*16). Quantitative real‐time PCR revealed a significant decrease at mRNA level for ARMC3 and Western blot analysis did not detect ARMC3 protein in the patient's sperm. Individuals homozygous for the ARMC3 splicing variant displayed reduced sperm motility with frequent morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella. Transmission electron microscopy of the affected individual IV: 2 revealed vacuolation in sperm mitochondria at the midpiece and disrupted flagellar ultrastructure in the principal and end piece. Altogether, our results indicate that this novel homozygous ARMC3 splicing mutation destabilizes sperm flagella and leads to asthenozoospermia in our patients, providing a novel marker for genetic counseling and diagnosis of male infertility.
Scarcity amid abundance: Navigating the waters of neoliberal austerity in Detroit
Authors: Abowd Thomas
Published: June 2024

This article explores water politics, neoliberal austerity measures, and racial capitalism in contemporary Detroit. I detail how a city campaign of mass residential water shutoffs, begun in 2014 and effecting tens of thousands of Detroit households, has served as a weapon against poor communities of color to produce economic outcomes favorable to corporate creditors and political elites. I argue that an analysis of water politics in contemporary Detroit allows for a more nuanced understanding of how neoliberal urbanism produces its own distinctive structures of racial and gendered oppression—not class domination alone. Drawing on fieldwork with city activists and other residents impacted by water terminations, this article analyzes how capitalism has relied on race to validate myriad expressions of violence, capital accumulation, and dispossession. I submit that water is a resource whose provision and denial provides a lens through which to ascertain who is and is not regarded as fully human in the context of the neoliberalization of racial capitalism. This piece also details innovative ways in which water rights activists and other Detroit residents have resisted authoritarian water policies and crafted survival strategies to persevere in the face of abiding threats to their health and human rights.
10 years of decision‐making for biodiversity conservation actions: A systematic literature review
Authors: Beher Jutta , Treml Eric , Wintle Brendan
Published: June 2024

Decision science emphasizes necessary elements required for robust decision‐making. By incorporating decision science principles, frameworks, and tools, it has been demonstrated that decision‐makers can increase the chances of achieving conservation aims. Setting measurable objectives, clearly documenting assumptions about the impact of available actions on a specific threat or problem, explicitly considering constraints, exploring and characterizing uncertainty, and structured deliberation on trade‐offs have been identified as key elements of successful decision‐making. We quantify the extent to which these five elements were utilized in published examples of decision making in conservation in both academic and conservation practice between 2009 and 2018. We found that less than 50% of identified examples included all five elements, with differences in the degree of decision science applied across five commonly used decision support approaches: adaptive management (AM), systematic conservation planning (SCP), structured decision making (SDM), multi‐criteria decision analysis, and cost‐effectiveness analysis. Example applications that utilized the SDM framework were limited in numbers but used on average more than 50% of the five key elements we considered. Although SCP and AM constituted the majority of examples, they were more prevalent in academic studies rather than management applications. SCP and AM examples were widespread in protected area planning, threat abatement, and restoration. Strong geographic bias exists in documented conservation activities that deploy all five decision science elements.
Neural correlates of preschoolers’ passive‐viewing false belief: Insights into continuity and change and the function of right temporoparietal activity in theory of mind development
Authors: Bowman Lindsay C. , Brandone Amanda C.
Published: June 2024

Behavioral research demonstrates a critical transition in preschooler's mental‐state understanding (i.e., theory of mind; ToM), revealed most starkly in performance on tasks about a character's false belief (e.g., about an object's location). Questions remain regarding the neural and cognitive processes differentiating children who pass versus fail behavioral false‐belief tasks and the extent to which there is continuity versus change in the ToM neural network. To address these questions, we analyzed event‐related spectral power in the electroencephalogram (EEG) to investigate how preschoolers’ neural activity during passive viewing of false‐belief scenarios related to their explicit behavioral ToM performance. We found that neural activity during passive viewing of false‐belief events (6–9 Hz EEG ‘alpha’ suppression in right temporoparietal [RTP] electrodes) strongly related to children's explicit ToM. However, children's RTP alpha suppression differed depending on their explicit behavioral ToM performance: Children who did better on a broad battery of standard ToM tasks and who passed explicit behavioral false‐belief tasks showed greater RTP alpha suppression when the character's belief first became false (during the ‘location‐change’ event); whereas children who did worse on the ToM battery and who failed explicit behavioral false‐belief tasks showed greater RTP alpha suppression only later when they could evaluate the character's behavior in the context of prior events (during the ‘active‐search’ event). Findings shed light on what differentiates preschoolers who pass versus fail explicit false‐belief tasks and raise questions about how to interpret existing neuroscience data from ToM tasks across infancy to adulthood.

Research Highlights

Preschool children's neural activity (EEG 6–9 Hz suppression in right temporoparietal [RTP] electrodes) during passive‐viewing of false‐belief events was related to their explicit behavioral theory‐of‐mind performance.

Children who did better on a theory‐of‐mind (ToM) battery and passed explicit false‐belief tasks showed greater RTP alpha suppression when the character's belief first became false.

Children who performed worse on the ToM battery and failed explicit false‐belief tasks showed greater RTP alpha suppression later when observing the character's search behavior.

Findings reveal change in preschoolers’ ToM neural correlates and suggest that the presence of RTP activity does not necessarily indicate ‘mature’ theory of mind.
Dry‐wet alternation and microplastics particle size effects on and contributions to soil water and soil pore properties
Authors: Xing Xuguang , Jing Xiaoyuan , Zhao Fengyue , Jiao Sihan , Su Liuchang , Yu Miao , Zhao Long
Published: June 2024

Agricultural soils always contain microplastics (MPs) residues and farmlands often undergo continuous drying‐wetting alternations. However, little is known about how the existing MPs and MPs particle size affect soil physical properties under drying‐wetting cycles; also their combined influences are not well understood. Hence, we completed measurements of hydraulic parameters and calculations of water characteristics and pore distributions in soil‐MPs mixtures subjecting to five drying‐wetting cycles and four MPs particle sizes. Quantitative findings indicated that both MPs and drying‐wetting cycles reduced saturated conductivity, which firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of MPs particle size and the progress of drying‐wetting cycles. The drying‐wetting cycles increased field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting coefficient (PWC), but reduced gravity water (GW) and available water content (AWC). Oppositely, the MPs reduced FC and PWC but increased GW and AWC; furthermore, the average FC and PWC overall firstly decreased and then increased with the increase in MPs particle size; however, the average GW and AWC firstly increased and then stabilized. The MPs reduced total porosity and the drying‐wetting cycle also reduced it in soil‐MPs mixtures, which whereas increased as the drying‐wetting cycles proceeded. Factors contribution analyses indicated that the drying‐wetting cycle made greater contributions than MPs particle size to the variation of soil physical properties, and their combined effects mainly made great contributions to the variation of soil hydraulic parameters. Our findings provide evidence for MPs influence on soil physical properties, which deserves attention with regard to the developments of sustainable agricultural practical managements in plastic‐polluted soil‐crop systems.
Population and community consequences of perceived risk from humans in wildlife
Authors: Smith Justine A. , McDaniels Megan E. , Peacor Scott D. , Bolas Ellen C. , Cherry Michael J. , Dorn Nathan J. , Feldman Olivia K. , Kimbro David L. , Leonhardt Emily K. , Peckham Nicole E. , Sheriff Michael J. , Gaynor Kaitlyn M.
Published: June 2024

Human activities catalyse risk avoidance behaviours in wildlife across taxa and systems. However, the broader ecological significance of human‐induced risk perception remains unclear, with a limited understanding of how phenotypic responses scale up to affect population or community dynamics. We present a framework informed by predator–prey ecology to predict the occurrence of non‐consumptive effects (NCE) and trait‐mediated indirect effects (TMIE) of anthropogenic disturbances. We report evidence from a comprehensive review of the different types of human‐induced behavioural and physiological phenotypic changes and their influence on vital rates and population parameters in wildlife. Evidence for human‐induced NCEs and TMIEs is mixed, with half of published studies finding a relationship between human activities, phenotypic change and population outcomes. The net effects of anthropogenic NCEs and TMIEs depend on the mismatch between the phenotypic response and the lethality of human activity. However, strong research biases in taxa, systems, human disturbance types and demographic measures prevent unified inference about the prevalence of population responses to human activities. Coexistence with and conservation of wildlife requires additional research linking human‐induced phenotypic change to population and community outcomes.
Lysogeny destabilizes computationally simulated microbiomes
Authors: Gilman R. Tucker , Muldoon Mark R. , Megremis Spyridon , Robertson David L. , Chanishvili Nina , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G.
Published: June 2024

Microbiomes are ecosystems, and their stability can impact the health of their hosts. Theory predicts that predators influence ecosystem stability. Phages are key predators of bacteria in microbiomes, but phages are unusual predators because many have lysogenic life cycles. It has been hypothesized that lysogeny can destabilize microbiomes, but lysogeny has no direct analog in classical ecological theory, and no formal theory exists. We studied the stability of computationally simulated microbiomes with different numbers of temperate (lysogenic) and virulent (obligate lytic) phage species. Bacterial populations were more likely to fluctuate over time when there were more temperate phages species. After disturbances, bacterial populations returned to their pre‐disturbance densities more slowly when there were more temperate phage species, but cycles engendered by disturbances dampened more slowly when there were more virulent phage species. Our work offers the first formal theory linking lysogeny to microbiome stability.
Diagnostic workup of acute headache and subarachnoid hemorrhage in a Norwegian population: An observational study
Authors: Aaseth Kjersti , Dhami Sanpreet K. G. , Kravdal Gunnhild , Zarnovicky Svetozar , Faiz Kashif Waqar , Vetvik Kjersti Grøtta , Kristoffersen Espen Saxhaug
Published: June 2024

Background

Acute headache may be the primary symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Recent guidelines suggest that non‐contrast computed tomography (CT) is adequate to exclude aneurysmal SAH if performed within 6 h after symptom onset. However, most studies of acute headache including CT, lumbar puncture and SAH are multicenter studies from referral hospitals with highly selected patient populations. The main purpose of this study was to describe the diagnostic properties of head CT and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spectrophotometry for detecting SAH in an unselected primary hospital population with acute headache.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study conducted at a large primary hospital serving roughly 10% of the Norwegian population. Diagnostic workup from consecutive patients evaluated for acute headache in 2009–2020 were collected. All CSF‐spectrophotometry reports were standardized and the same CT scanner was used during the study.

Results

A total of 3227 patients were included. Median age was 45 years and 63% were women. In total, 170 (5.3% of all acute headache patients) had SAH. Of 3071 CT‐negative patients, 2852 (93%) underwent lumbar puncture. Of the CSF reports, 2796 (98%) were negative for xanthochromia. Overall, the rate for detection of aneurysmal SAH by positive xanthochromia was 9 in 2852 cases (3‰). The miss rate for the detection of an aneurysmal SAH with a CT scan within 6 h was 0 and within 12 h 1 in 2852 cases (0.3‰).

Conclusion

In acute headache, a CT scan taken within 6 h is practically 100% sensitive for detecting any SAH.
Vitamin D prophylaxis in persons with epilepsy?
Authors: Sourbron Jo , Auvin Stéphane , Cabral‐Lim Leonor , Devlin Anita , Dluglos Dennis , Hosny Hassan , Marson Tony , Meador Kimford J. , Patel Archana A. , Penell Page B. , Riney Kate , Trinka Eugen , Wiebe Samuel , Lagae Lieven
Published: June 2024

Limited guidelines exist regarding osteoporosis prevention in the general population. Despite being a subject of controversy, the majority of research suggests that decreased vitamin D levels correlate with increased bone turnover, that is, an important risk factor for osteoporosis development. In most guidelines, daily vitamin D supplementation is recommended. In persons with epilepsy (PWE), the situation is more complex, as other factors can increase the chance of being vitamin D deficient. Currently, there are no internationally accepted guidelines regarding monitoring bone health in PWE. Our aim was to review the existing evidence in PWE on: (1) risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, (2) the identification of higher risk groups, and (3) the optimal ways to monitor bone health. Our narrative review shows that: (1) anti‐seizure medication (ASM) use, especially enzyme‐inducing ASM (EIASM) and valproic acid, is identified as an important risk factor for impaired bone health (e.g., increased risk for osteoporosis/fractures and/or vitamin D deficiency); (2) higher risk groups within the PWE population are present: intellectual or physical disability, institutionalized patients, puberty, early onset epilepsy and developmental epileptic encephalopathies, postmenopausal women, and use of multiple ASM/concomitant drugs (e.g. corticosteroids); and (3) a monitoring scheme can be suggested including laboratory tests, bone density measurements, managing of risk factors, and/or vitamin D supplementation. Overall, regular vitamin D measurement in PWE is a cost‐effective and practical method for monitoring vitamin D deficiency, whereas in high‐risk patients the combination of vitamin D measurement and bone densitometry is recommended. There is not enough evidence to advocate continuous vitamin D supplementation in all PWE. Children with epilepsy should receive the recommended daily intake of vitamin D for age and additional monitoring and supplementation if at higher risk of deficiency. There is a need for prospective trials exploring the potential benefit of vitamin D supplementation in PWE.
Genetic divergence and one‐way gene flow influence contemporary evolution and ecology of a partially migratory fish
Authors: Kobayashi Katie M. , Bond Rosealea M. , Reid Kerry , Garza J. Carlos , Kiernan Joseph D. , Palkovacs Eric P.
Published: June 2024

Recent work has revealed the importance of contemporary evolution in shaping ecological outcomes. In particular, rapid evolutionary divergence between populations has been shown to impact the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. While studies have focused largely on the role of adaptive divergence in generating ecologically important variation among populations, much less is known about the role of gene flow in shaping ecological outcomes. After divergence, populations may continue to interact through gene flow, which may influence evolutionary and ecological processes. Here, we investigate the role of gene flow in shaping the contemporary evolution and ecology of recently diverged populations of anadromous steelhead and resident rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Results show that resident rainbow trout introduced above waterfalls have diverged evolutionarily from downstream anadromous steelhead, which were the source of introductions. However, the movement of fish from above to below the waterfalls has facilitated gene flow, which has reshaped genetic and phenotypic variation in the anadromous source population. In particular, gene flow has led to an increased frequency of residency, which in turn has altered population density, size structure, and sex ratio. This result establishes gene flow as a contemporary evolutionary process that can have important ecological outcomes. From a management perspective, anadromous steelhead are generally regarded as a higher conservation priority than resident rainbow trout, even when found within the same watershed. Our results show that anadromous and resident O. mykiss populations may be connected via gene flow, with important ecological consequences. Such eco‐evolutionary processes should be considered when managing recently diverged populations connected by gene flow.
What does effective population size tell us about loss of allelic variation?
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Hössjer Ola , Ryman Nils
Published: June 2024

There are two primary measures of the amount of genetic variation in a population at a locus: heterozygosity and the number of alleles. Effective population size (Ne) provides both an expectation of the amount of heterozygosity in a population at drift‐mutation equilibrium and the rate of loss of heterozygosity because of genetic drift. In contrast, the number of alleles in a population at drift‐mutation equilibrium is a function of both Ne and census size (NC). In addition, populations with the same Ne can lose allelic variation at very different rates. Allelic variation is generally much more sensitive to bottlenecks than heterozygosity. Expressions used to adjust for the effects of violations of the ideal population on Ne do not provide good predictions of the loss of allelic variation. These effects are much greater for loci with many alleles, which are often important for adaptation. We show that there is a linear relationship between the reduction of NC and the corresponding reduction of the expected number of alleles at drift‐mutation equilibrium. This makes it possible to predict the expected effect of a bottleneck on allelic variation. Heterozygosity provides good estimates of the rate of adaptive change in the short‐term, but allelic variation provides important information about long‐term adaptive change. The guideline of long‐term Ne being greater than 500 is often used as a primary genetic metric for evaluating conservation status. We recommend that this guideline be expanded to take into account allelic variation as well as heterozygosity.
Multiple introductions of divergent lineages and admixture conferred the high invasiveness in a widespread weed (Hypochaeris radicata)
Authors: Lee Soo‐Rang , Choi Tae‐Young , Son Dong‐Chan
Published: June 2024

Biological invasion consists of spatially and temporally varying stages, accompanied by ecological and evolutionary changes. Understanding the genomics underlying invasion dynamics provides critical insights into the geographic sources and genetic diversity, contributing to successful invasions across space and time. Here, we used genomic data and model‐based approaches to characterize the invasion dynamics of Hypochaeris radicata L., a noxious weed in Korea. Genetic diversity and assignment patterns were investigated using 3563 SNPs of 283 individuals sampled from 22 populations. We employed a coalescent‐based simulation method to estimate demographic changes for each population and inferred colonization history using both phylogenetic and population genetic model‐based approaches. Our data suggest that H. radicata has been repeatedly been introduced to Korea from multiple genetic sources within the last 50 years, experiencing weak population bottlenecks followed by subsequent population expansions. These findings highlight the potential for further range expansion, particularly in the presence of human‐mediated dispersal. Our study represents the first population‐level genomic research documenting the invasion dynamics of the successful worldwide invader, H. radicata, outside of Europe.
The Illinois Strong Couples project: A proof of concept for sustainable, effective couples' programming
Authors: Barton Allen W. , Larsen Noah B. , Gong Qiujie ,   Illinois Strong Couples project team
Published: June 2024

Objective

This proof‐of‐concept study presents findings from the Illinois Strong Couples project, a statewide initiative to disseminate an efficacious couple relationship education (CRE) program through a state Cooperative Extension System.

Background

Among family scholars, federally funded initiatives to disseminate CRE programming to couples have received strong support as well as equally strong opposition. The current study describes and evaluates a new dissemination approach designed to satisfy concerns from both sides of this debate.

Method

The sample comprised 340 individuals (170 couples) who participated in the online ePREP program with remote coaching and completed three survey assessments over 6 months.

Results

Significant short‐ and long‐term improvements were observed in multiple dimensions of relationship functioning (e.g., declines in communication conflict, relationship instability concerns) and individual functioning (e.g., declines in psychological distress, sleep problems). Effect sizes, in general, were medium for relationship outcomes and small for individual outcomes. Greater attendance forecasted greater gains in relationship outcomes, particularly for men. Changes over time were generally similar irrespective of household income and, when evident, indicated greater improvement for lower‐income women compared to higher income.

Conclusion

Findings highlight the ability to disseminate effectively an evidence‐based CRE program within a state Extension system.

Implications

This project illustrates a sustainable and potentially scalable strategy to disseminate CRE programming that can complement other approaches for CRE dissemination as a means to promote relationship and individual well‐being among help‐seeking couples.
Strong and weak trait–environment associations in subarctic stream diatoms
Authors: Castañeda Gómez Laura , Wang Jianjun , Pérez‐Burillo Javier , Pajunen Virpi , Sillanpää Mika , Soininen Janne
Published: June 2024

Ecological traits are functional characteristics measurable at the species level and provide valuable insights into how organisms respond to environmental constraints. Here, we investigated how diatom trait‐groups and individual species respond to environmental variables, and identified indicator species that are particularly sensitive to environmental variation.

Diatoms were sampled at 129 sites in the subarctic streams of Norwegian islands and mainland, and were categorised into three trait groups: high‐profile species that live in an erect position, low‐profile species living in low position along the surface, and motile diatoms. Data were analysed using a recently developed method known as Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities, which is a flexible framework for joint species distribution modelling.

We found that diatom trait‐groups responded relatively weakly to measured environmental variables but showed positive or negative relationships with major ion levels of the water (e.g., conductivity, calcium [Ca2+], sodium [Na+] or chlorine [Cl−]). Variance partitioning showed a similar, important contribution of the chemical variables for all of the trait groups, while the contributions of physical variables and especially random (spatial) factors were notably lower for all trait groups.

Our findings also highlighted considerable among‐species variation in their relation to environmental variables within the trait groups. Notably, we identified a high number of indicator species within each trait group that were explained by specific environmental factors, mostly chemical variables (conductivity, pH, total nitrogen and phosphorus, Ca2+, Na+, Cl−).

Our study suggests that certain diatom species can be considered as useful environmental indicators but the variability in species preferences within the trait group may in some circumstances hamper the use of ecological traits in environmental assessments. Thus, we suggest using species‐level ecology combined with trait information to better track environmental change when using diatoms as indicators.
Evidence of a temperature–oxygen squeeze within floodplain thermal refuge habitats
Authors: Barrett Hannah , Gregory Stanley , Armstrong Jonathan
Published: June 2024

Vertical heterogeneity in lakes and estuaries can present cold‐adapted fishes with a temperature–oxygen squeeze, such that the epilimnion is stressfully warm and the cooler hypolimnion is hypoxic, thereby restricting fishes to the metalimnion. In temperate floodplain rivers, patches of lentic habitat (e.g., alcoves) have the potential to provide thermal refuge for cold‐water fishes during summer, but little is known about whether these smaller habitat features present fish with temperature–oxygen constraints. In this study, we measured temperature and oxygen profiles in six cold‐water alcoves on the Willamette River floodplain (Oregon, U.S.A.) to characterise potential trade‐offs in temperature and oxygen for a cold‐water fish, coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii).

To evaluate how fish responded to trade‐offs, we used synergistic methods (needle probe thermocouple, surgically implanted iButtons, and external temperature transmitting radio tags) to monitor fish body temperatures at different temporal scales and compare them to temperature–depth profiles.

The cold‐water alcoves displayed a linear relationship between dissolved oxygen and temperature, where cooler temperatures came at the expense of reduced oxygen. Fish body temperatures were intermediate to temperatures recorded at the surface and bottom of the alcove. The span of depths selected by these fish represents less than 20% of the available vertical habitat in these alcoves.

These results demonstrate that refuges formed by cool hyporheic upwelling can generate a temperature–oxygen squeeze where fish use only a subset of the refuge habitat feature. Oxygen constraints on thermal refuge use may be a blind spot for climate adaptation planning for cold‐water fishes, because dissolved oxygen data are limited compared to water temperature data, and many cool refuges are fed by subsurface flows which are potentially hypoxic.
‘Pragmatists’ and ‘Rebels’: Ambivalent Success Frames of Chinese International Secondary School Graduates in the United States
Authors: Tu Siqi
Published: June 2024

Upper‐middle‐class Chinese families send children to the United States for high school to exit what some perceive as an ‘unhappy’ educational environment in China or in pursuit of a ‘better education’ in the United States. However, for some students, the American high school experience itself may be marked by ‘unhappiness’, endured in the pursuit of ‘success’. Based on ethnographic interviews with Chinese youth attending private American high schools, this study illustrates how narratives of unhappiness surrounding such transnational educational choices result in multiple success frames among students, categorized as ‘pragmatists’ and ‘rebels’. Those who downplay happiness or experience unhappiness in the US context tend to adopt the ‘pragmatic’ frame, while those emphasizing their exit from an ‘unhappy’ situation are more likely to align with the ‘rebel’ frame. Despite slight deviations from parental expectations, the relative economic security of these families enables Chinese youth to develop ambivalent success frames based on their familiarity with both US and Chinese contexts, questioning the dominance of a singular success narrative.
Sampling in Long‐Screened Wells: Issues, Misconceptions, and Solutions
Authors: Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Mackley Rob D. , Bence Rebecka
Published: June 2024

The issues associated with long‐screened wells (LSWs) (and open boreholes) at contaminated sites are well documented in the groundwater literature but are still not fully appreciated in practice. As established in seminal and review papers going back over three decades, the interpretation of sampling results from LSWs is challenging in the presence of vertical hydraulic gradients and borehole flow; furthermore, LSWs allow for vertical redistribution of contamination between aquifer layers. Acknowledgment of these issues has led to the development of new technologies and well designs to enable discrete‐zone monitoring (DZM), yet LSWs remain common for many reasons, for example, as multipurpose wells, for geophysical logging, and (or) as legacy installations. Despite the literature on LSWs and despite the adoption of DZM at many sites, the use of LSWs persists and the challenges of interpreting sampling results from LSWs remain. In this issue paper, we provide a conceptual overview of the problems posed by LSWs and review existing literature and past work to improve the interpretation of sampling in LSWs. We draw on experience from previous studies at the Hanford Site in eastern WA, USA, and use synthetic examples to illustrate key concepts and challenges for interpretation. A recently published analytical modeling framework is used to develop illustrative synthetic examples and demonstrate a workflow for building scientific intuition to understand issues around interpreting samples from LSWs, which is critical to effective characterization and groundwater remediation at sites with LSWs.
Characterizing neck pain during headache among people with migraine: Multicountry results from the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes – International (CaMEO‐I) cross‐sectional study
Authors: Matharu Manjit , Katsarava Zaza , Buse Dawn C. , Sommer Katherine , Reed Michael L. , Fanning Kristina M. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: June 2024

Objective

To assess the prevalence and impact of neck pain during headache among respondents with migraine in the multicountry Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes – International (CaMEO‐I) Study.

Background

Neck pain among individuals with migraine is highly prevalent and contributes to disability.

Methods

The CaMEO‐I was a prospective, cross‐sectional, web‐based study conducted in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States. A demographically representative sample of participants from each country completed a screening survey to evaluate headache characteristics. Respondents with headache were identified as having migraine or non‐migraine headache based on modified International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition, criteria; those with migraine completed a detailed survey with migraine‐specific assessments. Results were stratified by the presence or absence of neck pain with headache (NPWH). For these analyses, data were pooled across the six countries.

Results

Of 51,969 respondents who reported headache within the past 12 months, 14,492 (27.9%) were classified as having migraine; the remaining 37,477 (72.1%) had non‐migraine headache. Overall, 9896/14,492 (68.3%) of respondents with migraine headache reported NPWH, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the proportion of respondents with non‐migraine headache who reported NPWH (13,536/37,477 [36.1%]). Among respondents with migraine, moderate‐to‐severe disability was significantly more prevalent for those with NPWH versus without (47.7% [4718/9896] vs. 28.9%, p < 0.001). Respondents with NPWH versus without also had significantly greater work productivity losses, at a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 50.0 (20.0, 71.3) vs. 30.0 (0.0, 60.0) (p < 0.001), lower quality of life (Migraine‐Specific Quality of Life questionnaire version 2.1, median [IQR] Role Function–Restrictive domain score 60.0 [42.9, 74.3] vs. 68.6 [54.3, 82.9], p < 0.001), higher prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms (depression, 40.2% [3982/9896] vs. 28.2% [1296/4596], p < 0.001); anxiety, 41.2% [4082/9896] vs. 29.2% [1343/4596], p < 0.001), higher prevalence of cutaneous allodynia during headache (54.0% [5345/9896] vs. 36.6% [1681/4596], p < 0.001), and higher prevalence of poor acute treatment optimization (61.1% [5582/9129] vs. 53.3% [2197/4122], p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Nearly 70% of respondents with migraine reported NPWH. Individuals with migraine with neck pain during their headaches had greater disability, depression, anxiety, and cutaneous allodynia (during headache) than those without neck pain during their headaches. They also had diminished quality of life and work productivity, and poorer response to acute treatment compared with those without neck pain.
Teasing in Outpatient Clinical Interaction in China: Managing Epistemic and Deontic Authorities
Authors: Gao Ying , Zhang Shuai , Ma Wen
Published: June 2024

Introduction

In response to evolving patient‐centred care initiatives, this study investigates teasing in Chinese outpatient interactions. By exploring how teasing impacts knowledge exchange and decision‐making processes, the research underscores its utility in enhancing patient engagement and communication efficacy, aligning with China's healthcare reform objectives.

Methods

Utilizing conversation analysis, the study meticulously examines a series of outpatient interactions, identifying and analyzing instances of teasing. Through a detailed investigation of the sequential organization, design features, and interactional tasks accomplished by teasing, the research unravels the complex mechanisms through which teasing operates within clinical settings.

Results

Findings reveal that teasing is a sequential accomplishment that is intertwined with institutional contingencies and embedded in overarching sequential projects of clinics. Teases often arise from subtle cues that may lead to delicate moments and are crafted with a blend of playfulness and seriousness, serving to bridge the gap between patient experiences and medical expertise. This study highlights how teasing facilitates the exchange of knowledge and influences collaborative decision‐making, marking a departure from its more casual use in everyday interactions. Teasing acts as a catalyst for a more profound comprehension of medical facts, encouraging patients to actively participate in their care by expressing concerns and preferences, thus aligning medical decisions with patient autonomy. The responses to teases vary, reflecting the complexity of clinical communication and the need for a delicate balance between humour and professionalism.

Conclusions

The study underscores the significance of teasing as a multifaceted communicative practice within outpatient clinical interactions. It highlights how teasing can contribute to a more nuanced and patient‐centred approach to healthcare, enhancing the collaborative exploration of medical advice and fostering a more engaging and empathetic clinical environment.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study utilized real outpatient interactions, with participants' informed consent. The analysis focused on authentic teasing exchanges between clinicians and patients, ensuring the findings reflect genuine communication practices in healthcare settings. Participants, including both healthcare professionals and patients, were informed about the study's goals and their essential role in providing insights into clinician–patient communication, contributing to a deeper understanding of interaction dynamics in outpatient clinics.
Barriers and Enablers for Accessing Rehabilitation Services: Findings From the Rehabilitation Choices Study, Part 1—Healthcare Professionals' Perspectives
Authors: Hodyl Nicolette , Mason Gillian , Ribbons Karen , Bailey Lucy , O'Malley Adrian , Ward Tracy , Ward Stephen , Pollack Michael , Nilsson Michael , Walker Frederick Rohan
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Globally, there is an increasing demand for quality medical rehabilitation services. This is the first article of a two‐part series showing the findings from the Rehabilitation Choices study in which the main aim was to understand the current landscape of decision‐making, enablers and barriers to access appropriate rehabilitation services in the Australian setting. In Part 1, these insights were sought from a healthcare professionals' perspective.

Methods

This was an exploratory, qualitative study, using semi‐structured interviews with a discussion guide that was codesigned together with rehabilitation clinicians and rehabilitation researchers. Themes and sub‐themes were identified using an inductive approach.

Results

We interviewed a heterogeneous group of 31 professionals who are involved in making referral decisions about rehabilitation or who design and deliver rehabilitation programs, including specialist rehabilitation physicians and other medical doctors across in‐patient, outpatient, and primary care settings, allied health professionals, rehabilitation service managers, nurses, multicultural health liaison officers and rehabilitation research scientists. Three key themes relevant to barriers and enablers to service access were identified from the data: defining rehabilitation; a lack of timely access to patient and rehabilitation service data; and patient diversity not expected by the system.

Conclusions

Healthcare professionals who make decisions about rehabilitation referrals and services feel that it was necessary for them to keep up to date with information relating to rehabilitation services. There was some concern regarding what rehabilitation constituted and what services were available for different clinical indications. They also indicated that current systems did not consider diversity among patients' needs and goals. Their recommendations included the need for better communication pathways, improved referral systems and resources that could help provide best practice of rehabilitative care in the future.

Patient or Public Contribution

Three study team members had a lived experience of rehabilitation as a patient or carer, and previous experience participating in qualitative research. They worked with the study team to codesign the recruitment strategy, participant‐facing communications, the interview discussion guide, and the approach to the conduct of activities with participants and in the interpretation and contextualization of findings and all were involved in writing this manuscript.
In search of an empirical foundation: Firearms trade and Pacific history
Authors: Hepburn‐Roper Sebastian
Published: June 2024

While the importance of economic relationships and structures to the functioning of the Empire has received considerable attention for other regions, the Pacific has only begun to be more fully integrated into these discourses. This article explores how histories of maritime trade might take advantage of recent innovations in digitised sources to rectify this exclusion. The firearms trade is the key focus, as this item was almost a universal trade good for much of the nineteenth century Pacific. Given that these weapons were both a complex industrial product and also often attributed to devastating social impacts, they offer unique potential both for indicating the global nature of nineteenth century Pacific trade, and for querying the role of Europeans in impacting indigenous island populations. The use of data provided by careful cross referencing of traditional primary material with large digital archives such as the Australian National Library's TROVE database offers the potential to lift such discussion above supposition and assumption, providing valuable contributions for many regional histories in the Pacific and beyond.
Changes in recruitment plans of Polish enterprises caused by the outbreak of war in Ukraine
Authors: Rollnik‐Sadowska Ewa , Dębkowska Katarzyna , Kubisiak Andrzej
Published: June 2024

The aim of the article is to identify the influence of the first months of Russian aggression against Ukraine on the recruitment plans of enterprises in the country receiving refugees, as exemplified by the Polish case study. Quantitative research was conducted among 500 Polish enterprises. Based on monthly measurements, before and after the outbreak of war in Ukraine, information was received from enterprises on their plans related to recruitment, including Ukrainian workers. Additionally, secondary data available from public databases was analysed. Clustering methods were used to analyse the dynamics and structure of the data gathered from the enterprises. Correspondence analysis was implemented to visualize the relationship between the structure of enterprises and recruitment decisions. The war in Ukraine influenced a deterioration of operating conditions for Polish companies. Regardless of the barriers faced by the companies, in April 2022, all enterprises willing to increase employment were thinking of hiring refugees from Ukraine. Such targeted demand from employers created the conditions for the rapid labour activation of refugees.