bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature Sensitive Mutations in Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complex Responsible for the Attenuation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Martínez-Sobrido Luis , Peersen Olve , Nogales Aitor
Published: October 2018

Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have prevented morbidity and mortality associated with influenza viral infections for many years and represent the best therapeutic option to protect against influenza viral infections in humans. However, the development of LAIV has traditionally relied on empirical methods, such as the adaptation of viruses to replicate at low temperatures. These approaches require an extensive investment of time and resources before identifying potential vaccine candidates that can be safely implemented as LAIV to protect humans. In addition, the mechanism of attenuation of these vaccines is poorly understood in some cases. Importantly, LAIV are more efficacious than inactivated vaccines because their ability to mount efficient innate and adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, the design of potential LAIV based on known properties of viral proteins appears to be a highly appropriate option for the treatment of influenza viral infections. For that, the viral RNA synthesis machinery has been a research focus to identify key amino acid substitutions that can lead to viral attenuation and their use in safe, immunogenic, and protective LAIV. In this review, we discuss the potential to manipulate the influenza viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex to generate attenuated forms of the virus that can be used as LAIV for the treatment of influenza viral infections, one of the current and most effective prophylactic options for the control of influenza in humans.
Creating Disease Resistant Chickens: A Viable Solution to Avian Influenza?
Authors: Looi Fong Yang , Baker Michelle L. , Townson Thomas , Richard Mathilde , Novak Ben , Doran Tim J. , Short Kirsty R.
Published: October 2018

Influenza A virus (IAV) represents an ongoing threat to human and animal health worldwide. The generation of IAV-resistant chickens through genetic modification and/or selective breeding may help prevent viral spread. The feasibility of creating genetically modified birds has already been demonstrated with the insertion of transgenes that target IAV into the genomes of chickens. This approach has been met with some success in minimising the spread of IAV but has limitations in terms of its ability to prevent the emergence of disease. An alternate approach is the use of genetic engineering to improve host resistance by targeting the antiviral immune responses of poultry to IAV. Harnessing such resistance mechanisms in a “genetic restoration” approach may hold the greatest promise yet for generating disease resistant chickens. Continuing to identify genes associated with natural resistance in poultry provides the opportunity to identify new targets for genetic modification and/or selective breeding. However, as with any new technology, economic, societal, and legislative barriers will need to be overcome before we are likely to see commercialisation of genetically modified birds.
Breed Differences in PCV2 Uptake and Disintegration in Porcine Monocytes
Authors: Wei Ruifang , Trus Ivan , Yang Bo , Huang Liping , Nauwynck Hans J.
Published: October 2018

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with various diseases which are designated as PCV2-associated diseases (PCVADs). Their severity varies among breeds. In the diseased pigs, virus is present in monocytes, without replication or full degradation. PCV2 entry and viral outcome in primary porcine monocytes and the role of monocytes in PCV2 genetic susceptibility have not been studied. Here, virus uptake and trafficking were analyzed and compared among purebreds Piétrain, Landrace and Large White and hybrid Piétrain × Topigs20. Viral capsids were rapidly internalized into monocytes, followed by a slow disintegration to a residual level. PCV2 uptake was decreased by chlorpromazine, cytochalasin D and dynasore. The internalized capsids followed the endosomal trafficking pathway, ending up in lysosomes. PCV2 genome was nicked by lysosomal DNase II in vitro, but persisted in monocytes in vivo. Monocytes from purebred Piétrain and the hybrid showed a higher level of PCV2 uptake and disintegration, compared to those from Landrace and Large White. In conclusion, PCV2 entry occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. After entry, viral capsids are partially disintegrated, while viral genomes largely escape from the pathway to avoid degradation. The degree of PCV2 uptake and disintegration differ among pig breeds.
Saccharomyces paradoxus K66 Killer System Evidences Expanded Assortment of Helper and Satellite Viruses
Authors: Vepštaitė-Monstavičė Iglė , Lukša Juliana , Konovalovas Aleksandras , Ežerskytė Dovilė , Stanevičienė Ramunė , Strazdaitė-Žielienė Živilė , Serva Saulius , Servienė Elena
Published: October 2018

The Saccharomycetaceae yeast family recently became recognized for expanding of the repertoire of different dsRNA-based viruses, highlighting the need for understanding of their cross-dependence. We isolated the Saccharomyces paradoxus AML-15-66 killer strain from spontaneous fermentation of serviceberries and identified helper and satellite viruses of the family Totiviridae, which are responsible for the killing phenotype. The corresponding full dsRNA genomes of viruses have been cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of SpV-LA-66 identified it to be most similar to S. paradoxus LA-28 type viruses, while SpV-M66 was mostly similar to the SpV-M21 virus. Sequence and functional analysis revealed significant differences between the K66 and the K28 toxins. The structural organization of the K66 protein resembled those of the K1/K2 type toxins. The AML-15-66 strain possesses the most expressed killing property towards the K28 toxin-producing strain. A genetic screen performed on S. cerevisiae YKO library strains revealed 125 gene products important for the functioning of the S. paradoxus K66 toxin, with 85% of the discovered modulators shared with S. cerevisiae K2 or K1 toxins. Investigation of the K66 protein binding to cells and different polysaccharides implies the β-1,6 glucans to be the primary receptors of S. paradoxus K66 toxin. For the first time, we demonstrated the coherent habitation of different types of helper and satellite viruses in a wild-type S. paradoxus strain.
The Viral Tegument Protein pp65 Impairs Transcriptional Upregulation of IL-1β by Human Cytomegalovirus through Inhibition of NF-kB Activity
Authors: Biolatti Matteo , Dell’Oste Valentina , Scutera Sara , Gugliesi Francesca , Griffante Gloria , De Andrea Marco , Musso Tiziana , Landolfo Santo
Published: October 2018

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key effector of the inflammasome complex in response to pathogens and danger signals. Although it is well known that assembly of the inflammasome triggers proteolytic cleavage of the biologically inactive precursor pro-IL-1β into its mature secreted form, the mechanism by which human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) regulates IL-1β production via the inflammasome is still poorly understood. Here, we show that the infection of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) with a mutant HCMV lacking the tegument protein pp65 (v65Stop) results in higher expression levels of mature IL-1β compared to its wild-type counterpart, suggesting that pp65 mediates HCMV immune evasion through downmodulation of IL-1β. Furthermore, we show that enhanced IL-1β production by the v65Stop mutant is due in part to induction of DNA binding and the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Lastly, we demonstrate that HCMV infection of HFFs triggers a non-canonical IL-1β activation pathway where caspase-8 promotes IL-1β maturation independently of caspase-1. Altogether, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the interplay between HCMV and the inflammasome system and raise the possibility of targeting pp65 to treat HCMV infection.
Observing Cosmological Processes in Real Time with Repeating Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zitrin Adi , Eichler David
Published: October 2018

It is noted that the duration of a fast radio burst (FRB), about 10−3 s, is a smaller fraction of the time delay between multiple images of a source gravitationally lensed by a galaxy or galaxy cluster than the human lifetime is to the age of the universe. Thus repeating, strongly lensed FRBs may offer an unprecedented opportunity for observing cosmological evolution in “real time.” The possibility is discussed of observing cosmic expansion, transverse proper motion, mass accretion, and perhaps growth of density perturbations, as a function of redshift.
Revised Radii of Kepler Stars and Planets Using Gaia Data Release 2
Authors: Berger Travis A. , Huber Daniel , Gaidos Eric , van Saders Jennifer L.
Published: October 2018

One bottleneck for the exploitation of data from the Kepler mission for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet research has been the lack of precise radii and evolutionary states for most of the observed stars. We report revised radii of 177,911 Kepler stars derived by combining parallaxes from the Gaia Data Release 2 with the DR25 Kepler Stellar Properties Catalog. The median radius precision is ≈8%, a typical improvement by a factor of 4–5 over previous estimates for typical Kepler stars. We find that ≈67% (≈120,000) of all Kepler targets are main-sequence stars, ≈21% (≈37,000) are subgiants, and ≈12% (≈21,000) are red giants, demonstrating that subgiant contamination is less severe than some previous estimates and that Kepler targets are mostly main-sequence stars. Using the revised stellar radii, we recalculate the radii for 2123 confirmed and 1922 candidate exoplanets. We confirm the presence of a gap in the radius distribution of small, close-in planets, but find that the gap is mostly limited to incident fluxes >200

, and its location may be at a slightly larger radius (closer to ≈2 R
⊕) when compared to previous results. Furthermore, we find several confirmed exoplanets occupying a previously described “hot super-Earth desert” at high irradiance, show the relation between a gas-giant planet’s radius and its incident flux, and establish a bona fide sample of eight confirmed planets and 30 planet candidates with

< 2 R
⊕ in circumstellar “habitable zones” (incident fluxes between 0.25 and 1.50

). The results presented here demonstrate the potential for transformative characterization of stellar and exoplanet populations using Gaia data.
Polar Dust, Nuclear Obscuration, and IR SED Diversity in Type-1 AGNs*
Authors: Lyu 吕建 Jianwei 伟 , Rieke George H.
Published: October 2018

Despite the hypothesized similar face-on viewing angles, the infrared emission of type-1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) has diverse spectral energy distribution (SED) shapes that deviate substantially from the well-characterized quasar templates. Motivated by the commonly seen UV-optical obscuration and the discovery of parsec-scale mid-IR polar dust emission in some nearby AGNs, we develop semi-empirical SED libraries for reddened type-1 AGNs built on quasar intrinsic templates, assuming low-level extinction caused by an extended distribution of large dust grains. We demonstrate that this model can reproduce the nuclear UV to IR SED and the strong mid-IR polar dust emission of NGC 3783, the type-1 AGN with the most relevant and robust observational constraints. In addition, we compile 64 low-z Seyfert-1 nuclei with negligible mid-IR star formation contamination and satisfactorily fit the individual IR SEDs as well as the composite UV to mid-IR composite SEDs. Given the success of these fits, we characterize the possible infrared SED of AGN polar dust emission and utilize a simple but effective strategy to infer its prevalence among type-1 AGNs. The SEDs of high-z peculiar AGNs, including the extremely red quasars, mid-IR warm-excess AGNs, and hot dust-obscured galaxies, can be also reproduced by our model. These results indicate that the IR SEDs of most AGNs, regardless of redshift or luminosity, arise from similar circumnuclear torus properties but differ mainly due to the optical depths of extended obscuring dust components.
Stéréotypage médiatique et objectivation de la représentation sociale des migrants
Authors: Moliner Pascal , Vidal Julien , Payet Joëlle
Published: October 2018

Une première étude analyse un corpus de photographies illustrant des articles de presse relatifs aux migrants. L’analyse met en évidence un motif dominant dans la manière de montrer les migrants. Ce sont des hommes, en groupe important, photographiés en extérieur et de jour. Dans une seconde étude, on demande à 88 participants d’estimer la représentativité des photographies du corpus. On constate que ce sont les photographies montrant le motif dominant dans sa totalité qui sont jugées les plus représentatives des migrants. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre de la théorie des représentations sociales et au regard de la notion d’objectivation.
Solomon Asch, critique de la doctrine de la suggestion et des influences arbitraires aliénantes
Authors: Laurens Stéphane , Ballot Mickael , Saenco Anna
Published: October 2018

Les descriptions qui sont faites des études de Asch sur l’influence sont très éloignées de ce qu’il a montré et écrit. Ces descriptions ne retiennent souvent qu’une expérience parmi toutes les variantes qu’il réalisa, ne rapportent qu’un résultat, ignorant les autres mesures et enfin elles négligent la théorie gestaltiste de Asch. Ces distorsions ont conduit à assimiler les recherches de Asch sur l’influence à la théorie dominante que Asch nomme la doctrine de la suggestion et à laquelle il s’est systématiquement opposé. L’objectif de ce texte est de restituer ces recherches dans l’histoire des théories de l’influence et d’exposer les vives critiques que Asch formulait contre la doctrine de la suggestion, contre l’idée d’influences asymétriques aliénantes et arbitraires pouvant se réaliser automatiquement.
La théorie du choix rationnel dans ses deux grandes versions : une représentation faussée du fonctionnement psychique humain
Authors: Mauroy Hervé
Published: October 2018

Cet article vise à expliquer que la théorie du choix rationnel (TCR) représente de manière partiale le fonctionnement psychique humain. Il part de la présentation de la structure logique fort particulière de la TCR. Il procède aussi à l’examen de ses deux grandes versions : la théorie économique (ou froide) du choix rationnel chère aux économistes néo-classiques standards, la théorie générale du choix rationnel chère par exemple à Ludwig Von Mises ou pour des raisons de convenance méthodologique à Raymond Boudon. L’article préconise au final d’utiliser un référentiel prenant acte des apports de la psychologie pour construire les modèles explicatifs en économie et en sociologie. Mots-clefs : théorie du choix rationnel, psychologie sociale, psychologie cognitive, psychologie générale, épistémologie.
Les guerres, facteur décisif de migrations
Authors: Fargues Philippe
Published: October 2018

Au Moyen-Orient, la guerre israélo-arabe de 1973 et la guerre du Golfe en 1991 ont provoqué de très important mouvements de population. Les facteurs géopolitiques apparaissent ainsi déterminant dans le déclenchement des flux migratoires.
Au Maroc, l’ailleurs est l’univers du possible
Authors: Belbah Mustapha
Published: October 2018

L’échec d’une modernisation accélérée de l’économie et de la politique au Maroc entretient les projets d’émigration notamment chez les étudiants. Ils fuient leur pays moins pour échapper à la misère que pour se réaliser personnellement.
La Grèce durcit ses contrôles
Authors: Chiclet Christophe
Published: October 2018

Pour beaucoup de clandestins arrivant d’Asie, de la Chine à la Turquie, du Pakistan à la Syrie, la Grèce est le premier pays de l’espace Schengen, une véritable porte d’entrée vers l’eldorado européen, d’autant qu’avec sa myriade d’îles en mer Egée, son territoire est difficilement contrôlable. Arrivant des côtes turques, les émigrants tentent de rejoindre l’Italie par l’Adriatique ou l’Europe du Nord par la voie des Balkans. Mais depuis plus d’un an les contrôles sont devenus de plus en plus efficaces.
(Syndrome) d’Aliénation Parentale. Forme sous-estimée de maltraitance psychologique des enfants lors de séparations conflictuelles des parents
Authors: von Boch-Galhau Wilfrid
Published: October 2018

L’aliénation parentale (Parental Alienation) est une forme spéciale de maltraitance psychique de l’enfant qui est classée au DSM-5 – la version actuelle du Diagnostic and Statistic Manual de l’American Psychiatric Association (APA) – sous le code V 995.51 child psychological abuse. Sans thérapie, l’aliénation parentale peut engendrer chez l’enfant qui en est atteint des séquelles psycho-physiques à long terme. Ce fait est aujourd’hui encore trop peu pris en considération dans les procédures judiciaires devant les chambres compétentes en matières familiales. L’article résume la définition, les symptômes et les différents degrés de sévérité de l’aliénation parentale. Il décrit quelques techniques d’aliénation majeures et les éventuels impacts psychosomatiques et psychiatriques de l’aliénation parentale. Finalement, l’auteur évoque des programmes de prévention et d’intervention entre-temps appliqués et évalués dans certains pays avant de conclure avec une bibliographie internationale détaillée.
Les déterminants du travail des enfants au Cameroun : le rôle du milieu de résidence et du genre
Authors: Ewondo Mbebi Olivier
Published: October 2018

Cet article procède, dans les différentes régions du Cameroun, à une estimation économétrique des déterminants monétaires et non monétaires du travail des enfants suivant le sexe des enfants, d’une part, et par rapport aux caractéristiques individuelles et familiales, ainsi que celles liées à l’environnement sociodémographique du ménage, d’autre part. L’étude utilise les données microéconomiques de la troisième Enquête camerounaise auprès des ménages (ECAM III) réalisée en 2007. Les résultats obtenus par le modèle logit multinomial montrent un impact non significatif du revenu sur le travail des enfants en zone urbaine alors que l’effet est négatif et significatif en zone rurale. L’impact de la propriété foncière est en revanche positif, tant en zone rurale qu’en zone urbaine.
Analyse économique de l’essor du pentecôtisme américain en milieu urbain au Cameroun
Authors: Mpabe Bodjongo Mathieu Juliot , Abba Ibrahim
Published: October 2018

L’objectif de cette étude est d’effectuer une analyse économique de l’attractivité du pentecôtisme américain au Cameroun. L’analyse porte sur un échantillon de 1 548 individus résidant dans les villes de Yaoundé et Douala, issu d’une enquête de terrain. En s’inspirant de la littérature théorique et empirique, notamment en économie et en sociologie, les résultats économétriques, obtenus à l’aide d’un modèle logit multinomial, révèlent que l’attractivité du pentecôtisme américain au Cameroun s’explique principalement par l’importante assistance physique, financière et spirituelle offerte dans les communautés religieuses pentecôtistes 2 .
L’impact des déséquilibres du taux de change réel sur la performance du secteur manufacturier au Sénégal
Authors: Diop Malick , Goujon Michaël , Niang Birahim Bouna
Published: October 2018

Cet article étudie l’impact des déséquilibres du taux de change sur les performances de l’industrie manufacturière du Sénégal sur la période 1980-2015. Nous calculons pour le Sénégal les déséquilibres du taux de change vis-à-vis de son niveau d’équilibre de long terme défini suivant l’approche BEER (Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate). Nous estimons ensuite des équations expliquant l’évolution de la production manufacturière en utilisant comme variables expliquées les indicateurs de valeur ajoutée manufacturière par tête et par emploi dans le secteur. Nous utilisons des méthodes économétriques récentes comme celle développée par Pesaran, Shin et Smith (2001) appliquée au modèle Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (PSS-ARDL). Nos résultats montrent principalement que moins de sous-évaluation ou plus de surévaluation ont un impact négatif sur les performances, et que cet impact semble linéaire.
L’Asie du Sud-Est, la fin du hedging ?
Authors: de Tréglodé Benoît
Published: October 2018

La stratégie du contrepoids a toujours une constante des politiques étrangères des Etats de l’Asie du Sud-Est dans ses relations avec les grandes puissances pour mieux préserver leurs indépendances. La reconfiguration de l’Asie-Pacifique implique de profonds changements. La montée en puissance de la Chine et l’affaiblissement du rôle des Etats-Unis dans la région est en train de contraindre les dirigeants sud-est asiatiques à réévaluer avec pragmatisme leur relation avec la Chine de Xi Jinping. Assiste-t-on à la fin prochaine des politiques de hedging  pour les Etats de la région ?
La modernisation des armées d’Asie du Sud-Est
Authors: Bourdeille Christian
Published: October 2018

Les pays d’Asie du Sud-Est ont fait le choix de la modernisation de leurs armées face à la présence importante de la Chine dans la région. Cette politique d’armement passe par l’acquisition de nouveaux matériels auprès des industriels européens notamment, qui peuvent ainsi percer dans le marché de la défense en Asie Pacifique. Toutefois, les Etats sud-est asiatiques ont aussi l’ambition de développer leur propre armement afin de s’autonomiser, ce qui passe, en particulier, par un transfert de technologie.
La dérive chinoise de la Thaïlande des généraux
Authors: Dubus Arnaud
Published: October 2018

La militarisation de l’appareil dirigeant, des organes d’Etat et, dans une certaine mesure, de la société depuis le coup d’Etat de mai 2014 en Thaïlande a favorisé une dérive du royaume vers la Chine. Les ambitions régionales chinoises tant au niveau économique que politique ont fait écho à la volonté de la junte thaïlandaise de renforcer ses liens avec Pékin après le refroidissement des relations avec les pays occidentaux. Ce rapprochement stratégique entre Bangkok et Pékin s’articule autour de grandes initiatives économiques, comme le projet de « la nouvelle route de la soie », ainsi qu’autour d’achats d’armements chinois par la junte et d’une coordination diplomatique sur les questions de sécurité régionale. Ce rapprochement n’est toutefois pas sans tensions, Bangkok se trouvant en position de vulnérabilité vis-à-vis de Pékin et voyant sa crédibilité au niveau international affectée.
Transition politique birmane et redéfinition des relations avec la Chine : vers une reprise des relations « fraternelles » ?
Authors: Jaquet Carine
Published: October 2018

La Chine a maintenu des relations de « fraternité » avec les juntes birmanes. Lors de la transition politique, la Birmanie s’efforça de s’émanciper du pouvoir chinois en diversifiant ses relations diplomatiques et commerciales. Puis, le gouvernement d’Aung San Suu Kyi a dû revoir cette position suite aux crises internes comme les conflits armés ethniques mais aussi les violences anti-Rohingya. Celles-ci ont fourni de nouveaux points d’entrée à la Chine qui apparait à nouveau comme son allié stratégique.
From Model to Solution? The China Experience and Its Implications
Authors: Wu Der-yuan Maxwell
Published: October 2018

Avec l’émergence géopolitique de la Chine, ce pays tend à se proposer sous différentes formes comme une référence pour les autres pays en développement et même pour le monde dans son ensemble. Cependant, cette évolution n’est pas sans provoquer des tensions à la fois à l’intérieur du pays et dans le domaine des relations internationales.
Affect et langue maternelle
Authors: Cady Sylvie
Published: October 2018

Le thème de l’affect face à la langue maternelle est une donnée importante de la psychothérapie. En tenir compte, dans l’élaboration clinique permet une ouverture thérapeutique essentielle.
L’expérience du mal et création
Authors: Freiman Bernard
Published: October 2018

Cette recherche tourne autour de Nerval et Caravage, deux artistes importants dont l’expression artistique reflète l’affect du mal sous des formes différentes.
Development of a Web-Based Genetics Institute for a Nursing Audience
Authors: Prows Cynthia A , Hetteberg Carol , Hopkin Robert J , Latta Kathy K , Powers Susan M
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to serve as a resource for readers considering the development of a web-based continuing education offering in their particular specialty areas. A theory-based instructional design using a face-to-face genetics summer institute as a content template and incorporating several levels of planned formative evaluation are described. Summative evaluation strategies revealing satisfaction with the format, improved knowledge, and ability to use genetics knowledge in participants' work setting are also discussed. Finally, lessons learned following completion of two 18-week web-based genetics institutes are shared.
Évaluation des processus : comprendre comment le contexte des entreprises influence le déroulement des premières étapes d’interventions ergonomiques
Authors: Albert Valérie , Vézina Nicole , Bilodeau Henriette , Coutarel Fabien
Published: October 2018

Bien qu’il soit généralement convenu que les ergonomes adaptent leur intervention au contexte de chaque entreprise, la façon précise dont ils y parviennent et sur quels critères cette adaptation se base sont peu renseignés au plan scientifique. Une évaluation des processus a été réalisée en adoptant un devis d’étude de cas multiple, en vue d’identifier les indicateurs de contexte ayant influencé quatre interventions du courant de l’ergonomie de l’activité, réalisées par des ergonomes en formation. L’évaluation a porté sur les étapes de l’intervention précédant l’implantation des changements, soit de l’analyse de la demande jusqu’au moment où le plan d’action est convenu avec les acteurs-clés. La collecte des données a été effectuée grâce à un journal de bord, des documents produits dans le cadre de l’intervention, ainsi que des entretiens avec les intervenants et les acteurs-clés impliqués dans l’intervention. Nos résultats présentés sous forme de modèles logiques font ressortir 12 indicateurs de contexte ayant représenté des leviers ou des obstacles au déroulement de l’intervention ou au plan d’action. Des combinaisons d’indicateurs ont eu un effet synergique positif ou négatif sur les cas. Le modèle d’évaluation proposé dans cette étude interdisciplinaire pourrait être repris lors d’études subséquentes pour bonifier la compréhension de l’influence du contexte dans d’autres situations d’interventions ergonomiques.
Effect of Deep Cryogenic Process on the Microstructure and Hardness and Wear Resistance of High Carbon Tool Steel
Authors: Lin Yuan Ching , Gong Ji Wei
Published: October 2018

In this investigation, the effects of different heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties of high carbon tool steel (SK2) were explored. Experimental results indicated that immediately doing deep cryogenic treatment can effectively reduce retained austenite after quenching. The moment of the holding time for the cryogenic treatment was extended can promote the fine carbides precipitated, and thus increased its hardness. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the carbides in the matrix included Fe3C and Fe7C3.The wear test results demonstrated that the specimen with Q-T1hr-C24hr-T1hr treatment has the highest wear resistance than the others, which was caused by the effect of several tempering processes to improve toughness of the matrix and to precipitate considerable quantities of the fine carbides.
Effect of Shot Peening on Microstructure and Properties of 34CrMo4 Alloy
Authors: Li Ke Jian , Zheng Qiang , Qin Yue Lin , Liu Xiao Wei
Published: October 2018

Plastic deformation can induce surface modification, such as shot peening (SP) on workpiece surface is the hot issue of recent scientific research. SP is the efficient way to improve mechanical behavior of specimens by inducing sever plastic deformation on their surface. Nevertheless, this surface treatment induced complex microstructural evolutions such as grain refinement, will enhance the corrosion resistance of specimens. In this work, the microstructure and properties of 34CrMo4 alloy of before and after SP for 20 min have been investigated. The evolution of microstructure and properties were analyzed from the surface and cross-section. The microstructure morphology at the different depth was determined by optical microscope. The results show grain size is increasing with the depth, and the microhardness and compressive residual stress decrease gradually. In terms of corrosion resistance, the 50 μm depth specimen has the best property than other depth, which the potential and corrosion current density are-0.484 V and-5.72 Acm-2, respectively. The maximum polarization resistance is 2055 Ωcm2 by capacitive arc radius of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
The ELID Grinding of CoCrMo Alloy Bioprosthesis and the Formation Mechanism of its Corrosion-Resistant Oxide Layer
Authors: Kuai Ji Cai , Jiang Cheng Ran , Wang Jiang Wei , Ardashev Dmitry V.
Published: October 2018

CoCrMo alloy is widely used in the medical field to make Biomedical prosthesis,But it is difficult to process resulting in the high cost of Biomedical prosthesis, Find an efficient and low-cost processing method has become a problem to be solved. In this paper, CoCrMo alloy Biomedical prosthesis were fabricated by Electrolytic In-process Dressing grinding. We studied the ELID grinding performance, grinding force, surface quality and the formation mechanism of Corrosion-resistant oxide layer of CoCrMo alloy by using dynamometer, roughness tester, XRD and SEM. It is proposed that the ELID grinding method forms an oxide layer on the surface of the prosthesis, which increases the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the prosthesis so that it can be better adapt to the biological environment in vivo. It was further confirmed that the ELID grinding method is an effective method for manufacturing CoCrMo Alloy Bioprosthesis.
Pre-Dry Mixing Process of Low Carbon Alkaline-Activated Cement: Properties and Advantages in Practical Work of Construction
Authors: Suwan Teewara , Hanjitsuwan Sakonwan , Kastiukas Gediminas , Wattanachai Pitiwat
Published: October 2018

Climate change due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is a serious concern in modern society. Cement manufacturing industry world-wide currently contributes approximately 8 % of global CO2 emissions, and this is a serious obstacle for the sustainable development of the cement manufacturing industry. Alkaline-activated cement (AAC) has been proven to be one of alternative cementitious materials which has less disturbance to the environment and can be used as construction materials. However, typical alkaline-activated cement is generally manufactured by mixing raw material with alkaline solutions. It was found that the preparation process of solutions and transportation to construction sites could raise some difficulties in real use. To eliminate the use of the alkaline activator in liquid form and simplify the mixing processes, the development of Just-Adding-Water (JAW) technique was introduced in this research. The results revealed that the alkaline-activated cement manufactured using the pre-dry mix process achieved a 28-day compressive strength very similar to that of typical alkaline-solution mixture in non-oven curing condition. In the pre-dry mixing process, the amount of required water may be slightly higher than that of normal alkaline-solution mixture in order to compensate insufficient water in both mixes and moisture loss during exothermic reaction as well as maintain the workability.
Experimental and Modeling Study on the Curing Properties of Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Varying Proportions of Carbon Black, Modified Bentonite and Raw Bentonite
Authors: Garing Clare L. , Pajarito Bryan B.
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing carbon black (CB) with inexpensive and environmentally friendly fillers – bentonite (BNT) and modified bentonite (M-BNT), on the curing properties of natural rubber (NR) composites. A control sample (unfilled NR) and thirteen NR composites filled with varied proportions of CB (x1), M-BNT (x2), and BNT (x3) based on a third degree – simplex lattice mixture design of experiment (DOE) were prepared in this study. Rheometric results showed that 33% substitution of CB with M-BNT provides the highest elastic torque values. Mixture of 10phr CB and 5phr M-BNT (CB/M-BNT/BNT 10/5/0) produces synergistic effect on curing. The presence of CB increases vulcanization rate due to its high basicity and low oxygen content while M-BNT serves as vulcanizing accelerator due to the present amine groups. Coefficients of reduced hierarchical models showed that the main factors contributed mainly on the curing parameters: β1 for the torque values, β2 for the scorch and curing time, and β3 for CRI. High values of coefficient of determination (r2) were computed particularly for MH (98.20%), ΔS (99.13%), ts2(95.68%), tc90(95.70%) and CRI (95.97%) establishing best fit between the model and experimental values.
A Comparison of Gas Nitriding and Laser Nitriding on Industrial Pure Iron and Ti-Induced Iron
Authors: Liu An Min , Fan Yu , Li Pei Zhi , Chen Kun , Pu Ke , Zhang Chong Hao
Published: October 2018

Overview of Gas nitriding on the surface of industrial pure iron and laser gas nitriding, research under different nitriding process, the phase, organization and mechanical properties of the nitride layer that is the difference. Plasma sprayed titanium on industrial pure iron surface, the laser nitriding experiments were carried out on the titanium surface. The formation of iron and nitrogen compounds is induced by the combination of titanium nitride. The difference between gas nitriding and laser nitriding is analyzed. The results show that: (1) after gas nitriding, the nitrides formed on the surface of pure iron are mainly ε-Fe2-3N and γ′-Fe4N, the surface hardness is 158 HV, and the increase is 32%. (2) in the 500 W laser power, laser nitriding formed on the surface of Titanium metal layer of pure iron, but not the formation of iron and nitrogen compound, the surface hardness of 168 HV, increased by 46%. (3) under the condition of 500 W laser power, the industrial pure iron was nitrided by laser, without the formation of iron and nitrogen compounds, but the surface hardness of the sample was increased by 20%.
Die kerk, die eenheid en die grens van die kerk
Authors: Van Rensburg S.P.J.J.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die leer van die kerk
Authors: De Wet J.I.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die situasie in Afrika en die kerk
Authors: Weiss P.F.D.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die boodskap van Luther se 95 stellings
Authors: Pont A.D.
Published: October 2018

No Abstracts available.
Enkele bo-natuurlike wesens en Godsdienstige feeste by die Zulu
Authors: Dreyer P.S.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Boekbespreking
Authors: Pont A.D.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die pastorale versorging van die alkoholis
Authors: Roux A.S.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die betekenis en plek van die hermeneutiek
Authors: Koekemoer J.H.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die Christologie van Jehova se getuies
Authors: Breytenbach J.H.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Die uitverkiesingsleer en die sendingsverkondiging
Authors: Geyser P.A.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Boekbesprekings
Authors: Du Plessis Jan G. , Pont A.D. , Booysen D.J. , Dreyer P.S.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
Sekularisasie: 'n Prinsipiële behandeling
Authors: Van Zyl F.J.
Published: October 2018

No abstract available.
N.T. Wright’s New Perspective on Paul: What implications for Anglican doctrine?
Authors: Tleane Lekgantshi C.
Published: October 2018

The entrance of New Perspectives on Paul as a reinterpretation of what the Apostle Paul wrote evoked varied responses, especially within the evangelical circles of the Reformed community. Interestingly, one of the foremost thinkers within the New Perspectives on Paul school is the retired Anglican Bishop and New Testament scholar Nicholas Thomas Wright. Wright’s scholarship is interesting to study, given his prominence within evangelical circles in general and his respectable standing within the Anglican Communion in particular. Yet there does not appear to be any coherent response or position from the Anglican Communion in relation to the New Perspectives on Paul, let alone Wright’s views. The key question posed in this article is whether Wright’s writings might influence Anglican doctrine. The Communion’s soteriological doctrine as contained in Articles XI, XII and XIII of the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion may be understood to affirm the ‘old perspective on Paul’ and its ‘justification by faith only, and not by good works’ approach. Finally, the article examines the complexities that Wright’s influence might have, in the form of a possible shift in doctrinal posture, and the implications for church structures that such a shift might necessitate.
A silent unheard voice in the Old Testament: The Cushite woman whom Moses married in Numbers 12:1–10
Authors: Adamo David T.
Published: October 2018

Most of the time, women’s names are not mentioned, words are not put in their mouths or they are not allowed to say a word, and their achievements are behind the scene in the narratives. Passages that mention the presence and contribution of African women in the Bible are especially neglected, perhaps because there are few African women biblical scholars and also deep prejudices against women. References to the African wife of Moses (Numbers 12) are so scanty in the Bible that very few critical biblical scholars noticed them. The purpose of this article is to discuss critically the narrative of the Cushite woman whom Moses married and her marginalisation by the author of the story in Numbers 12:1-10. The narrator of the text did not only refuse to give her a name, there is no single word put in her mouth despite the dominant and significant role her presence played in the narrative. Why is she silent and what does her silence mean? The answers to these questions are discussed in this article.
Organizational resistance to emergency management response and planning
Authors: Simon, BS, MA Neil
Published: October 2018

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The biological disaster challenge: Why we are least prepared for the most devastating threat and what we need to do about it
Authors: Grigg Eliot , Rosen, MD Joseph , Koop, MD, ScD C. Everett
Published: October 2018

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Volume 16, Number 4
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: October 2018

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Brief communication: Recent changes in summer Greenland blocking captured by none of the CMIP5 models
Authors: Hanna Edward , Fettweis Xavier , Hall Richard J.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Recent studies note a significant increase in
high-pressure blocking over the Greenland region (Greenland Blocking Index,
GBI) in summer since the 1990s. Such a general circulation change, indicated
by a negative trend in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, is
generally highlighted as a major driver of recent surface melt records
observed on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Here we compare reanalysis-based
GBI records with those from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5
(CMIP5) suite of global climate models over 1950–2100. We find that the
recent summer GBI increase lies well outside the range of modelled past
reconstructions and future GBI projections (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The models
consistently project a future decrease in GBI (linked to an increase in NAO),
which highlights a likely key deficiency of current climate models if the
recently observed circulation changes continue to persist. Given
well-established connections between atmospheric pressure over the Greenland
region and air temperature and precipitation extremes downstream, e.g. over
northwest Europe, this brings into question the accuracy of simulated North
Atlantic jet stream changes and resulting climatological anomalies over
densely populated regions of northern Europe as well as of future projections
of GrIS mass balance produced using global and regional climate models.
Esperanza en Pacientes Oncológicos Paliativos hacia una revisión sistemática
Authors: Cesaro Lora Claudia Andrea
Published: October 2018

Objetivo. Revisión sobre el término esperanza. Método. Estudio sistemático, en el que se han seleccionado 31 artículos con población oncológica adulta, en estadio terminal, de edades entre 20 a 88 años, de ambos géneros. Resultado. La esperanza, es inherente para la vida del ser humano, es una expectativa del futuro, dinámica, cambiante, fluctuante, medible y multifacética; presenta dos connotaciones como verbo y como sustantivo. La esperanza se puede mantener y fomentar mediante estrategias personales del paciente, del entorno social y de los profesionales de la salud; además, existen herramientas, técnicas, programas y psicoterapias que facilitan dichos resultados. Conclusión. La esperanza se puede fomentar, mantener y fortalecer y es fundamental para esta etapa de enfermedad. No existe un protocolo de intervención específico, lo principal es escuchar al paciente.
Adjuvant vs. salvage radiation therapy in men with high-risk features after radical prostatectomy: Survey of North American genitourinary expert radiation oncologists
Authors: McClelland 3rd Shearwood , Sandler Kiri A. , Degnin Catherine , Chen Yiyi , Mitin Timur
Published: October 2018

Introduction: The management of patients with high-risk features after radical prostatectomy (RP) is controversial. Level 1 evidence demonstrates that adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) improves survival compared to no treatment; however, it may overtreat up to 30% of patients, as randomized clinical trials (RCTs) using salvage RT on observation arms failed to reveal a survival advantage of adjuvant RT. We, therefore, sought to determine the current view of adjuvant vs. salvage RT among North American genitourinary (GU) radiation oncology experts.

Methods: A survey was distributed to 88 practicing North American GU physicians serving on decision-making committees of cooperative group research organizations. Questions pertained to opinions regarding adjuvant vs. salvage RT for this patient population. Treatment recommendations were correlated with practice patterns using Fisher’s exact test.

Results: Forty-two of 88 radiation oncologists completed the survey; 23 (54.8%) recommended adjuvant RT and 19 (45.2%) recommended salvage RT. Recommendation of active surveillance for Gleason 3+4 disease was a significant predictor of salvage RT recommendation (p=0.034), and monthly patient volume approached significance for recommendation of adjuvant over salvage RT; those seeing <15 patients/month trended towards recommending adjuvant over salvage RT (p=0.062). No other demographic factors approached significance.

Conclusions: There is dramatic polarization among North American GU experts regarding optimal management of patients with highrisk features after RP. Ongoing RCTs will determine whether adjuvant RT improves survival over salvage RT. Until then, the almost 50/50 division seen from this analysis should encourage practicing clinicians to discuss the ambiguity with their patients.
Antiviral Activity of Geopropolis Extract from Scaptotrigona Aff. Postica against Rubella Virus
Authors: Coelho Guilherme Rabelo , Figueiredo Cristina Adelaide , Negri Giuseppina , Fernandes-Silva Caroline C. , Villar Karina De Senna , Badari Juliana Cuoco , Oliveira Maria Isabel De , Barbosa Tamyris Fernanda , Taniwaki Noemi Nosomi , Namiyama Gislene Mitsue , Mendonca Ronaldo Zucatelli
Published: October 2018

The search for functional foods, which possess bioactive substances, is a new trend for the obtention of alternative and more effective treatments of many diseases with fewer side effects. Geopropolis, elaborated by stingless bees, is a mixture of plant resin sources, wax and soil. In the geopropolis from Scaptotrigona affinis postica (Latreille, 1807), (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) was not observed the presence of soil. In a previous study, the extract of geopropolis provided by the beekeeper, from S. postica of Barra do Corda, Maranhão State, exhibited potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus. In this study, the propolis extract was prepared experimentally and characterized by RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of an experimentally prepared geopropolis extract from S. postica against Rubella Virus infected Statens Serum Institute Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells. Rubella virus infection of susceptible women during the first trimester of pregnancy, often results in a combination of birth defects in newborns. There is not an effective treatment for rubella virus infection. Different protocols were carried out to evaluate, the antiviral effect of geopropolis extract on the viral replication of infectious RV. Cell viability and cell proliferation assays indicated that this geopropolis was not toxic to cultured SIRC cells. In the viral binding assay, antiviral assay, real-time PCR, and transmission electron microscopy, was observed that different concentrations of geopropolis (17, 34 and 68 µg/mL) was able to inhibit the binding of virions to the cell receptor and the production of infectious RV particles in post treated and pre treated infected SIRC cells. The antiviral activity could to be attributed to the high contents of the apigenin derivatives, vicenin-2 and schaftoside. As far as we know, this is the first report about the antiviral activity of geopropolis from Scaptotrigona postica against a Togaviridae virus.
HASHTAG POLITIE
Authors: de Graaf Gjalt , Meijer Albert
Published: October 2018

HASHTAG POLICE: How police officers deal with value conflicts caused by social media

Social media changes society and causes new dilemmas in local government. Little is known about the nature of these conflicts and the way government organizations deal with them. Therefore the authors of this article have carried out empirical research into the manner in which police officers deal with value conflicts concerning the use of social media. Their research shows that the well-known conflicts in the literature between effectiveness and efficiency and between effectiveness and legality were also dominant in this case, but that many more conflicts than are known from other studies concerned transparency and participation. In addition they discovered that the bias strategy was often used, which suggests that a conservative response is preferable in a situation with a lot of dynamics. In this way the research shows how government officials deal with the tension between a stable organization and a dynamic environment and look for appropriate forms of coping at this specific interface. The authors stress in their recommendations that the further strengthening of the learning ability of organizations deserves attention: not just to find the right way to deal with value conflicts, but to be able to find new ways to deal with the new conflicts that arise.