bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gender Disparity in COVID-19 Case Severity
Authors: Lau Shaun , Zizmor Elana
Published: July 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has made the world come to a halt, causing unprecedented global protocols and rules being implemented. Many different characteristics of this virus emerged early on. A notable characteristic that was noticed was the disparity in COVID-19 severity between the two biological genders, with males having a significantly higher fatality rate in comparison to females. As studies continue to understand this disparity, this literature review intends to summarize a few of these findings. Research on these studies were found on public research engines like ScienceDirect, Biology Medcentral, and PubMed. Papers were all peer reviewed. Another tool that was used was from the Global Health 50/50 research initiative which provided sex dis-aggregated data on COVID-19 in all countries that had accessible data. Studies have indicated that genetic factors, lifestyle factors, and “other” factors are all reasons for the disparity. T-Cell and ACE2 protein amount difference in males and females have been suggested as possible reasons for the discrepancy. Studies have also suggested that increased COVID-19 viral load also increases infection severity. This is relevant as male attitudes towards COVID-19 public health guidelines are more relaxed compared to females. Other possible factors that could play into this disparity is smoking, with active smokers having increased COVID-19 infection severity. This relates to the fact that the percent of male smokers is much higher than females. These lifestyle factors are further supported by the fact that males have higher fatality rates in respiratory tract diseases including SARS and influenza.
The Connection between the Effectiveness of the N95 Masks, and the Process of Recharging Them
Authors: Li Joshua , Zhang Danny
Published: July 2021

Many might have thought that N95 masks are like a very secure and efficient strainer, where the gaps are so small that the particles can’t pass through. However, N95 masks don’t work like that. N95 masks have 2 defense systems. One which uses gravitational force to trap particles by touching them, and the other which uses a static electric field to attract particles of all sizes. This is done by using polypropylene fiber, which has both a positive and negative charge. There are also many types of polypropylene fiber, with the two most common types being Spunbond and Meltblown. However, the charge on the polypropylene will slowly regrade when being used, with a maximum usage length of one day. This leaves many hospitals with an insufficient amount of N95 masks, but it is possible to reuse N95 masks by decontaminating them to remove any possible risk of COVID-19 on the mask, then recharging the polypropylene so it regains it’s filtering effect again. This will allow the mask to be used more than once, so hospitals won’t run out of masks, and there will be more N95 masks for the public if they are not in high demand anymore.
The Use of Educational Exchange and International Education to Improve U.S.-Sino Relationship
Authors: Liu Eva , Hutt Ethan
Published: July 2021

As political scientist Graham Allison argues in his book, Destined for War, the United States and China “are currently on a collision course for war” (Allison, 2017, p. vii). Drawing on government reports and academic global education studies, this paper evaluates whether educational exchange and global education are plausible ways to de-escalate political tensions between the United States and China. This review indicates that studying abroad and educational exchange may de-escalate political tensions on a long-term horizon because of improved cultural understanding, foreign language acquisition, and students’ potential of making an impact after gaining new perspectives. After comparing case studies of educational exchange programs, I concluded that a balanced, government-funded, long-term exchange program between high school students will be the most effective in de-escalating political tensions between the U.S. and China. High schoolers are the best candidates because they are more likely to accept new perspectives and take less time to acquire a foreign language. Cultural understanding and respect facilitate diplomatic relations, and high schoolers in exchange programs will provide that cultural understanding in the future. Many people may think that political, economic, and military compromises are the only ways to de-escalate political tensions, specifically between the U.S. and China. However, this paper proves that the impact of educational exchange should not be underestimated, and this proposed plan of using educational exchange programs to strengthen U.S.-Sino relations is an actionable step towards solutions both countries can take up now with few significant barriers to entry.
PTGS2, CD133, CDK5 knockout comparison by CRISPR CAS-9 system in UV-Induced and Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Priyam Rohan , Guilz Nicole , Cuppia Allison
Published: July 2021

CRISPR Cas9 systems have become an increasingly powerful method to express and repress gene expression. Within cancer research, CRISPR Cas9 technology can be regarded as a tool to knockout or knockin specific genes, ultimately causing metastasis. In this research, the knockout and knockin of the PTGS2, CD133, CDK5 genes are compared to determine whether a knockout or knockin of a specific gene can improve a metastatic melanoma patient’s prognosis. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with a stage IV survival rate of 22.5%. Several melanoma patients have mutations in the PTGS2, CD133, CDK5 genes, causing metastasis. The knockdown of the PTGS2 gene reduces expression, which inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, modulates immune response by impairing myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation, and reduces tumor development and metastasis in vivo. In comparison, the induced knockdown of the CD133 gene results in enhanced invasion and improved MMP2/MMP9 concentrations. MMP2/MMP9 concentrations encode for proteins that degrade type IV collagen, which considers the CD133 gene expression as a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. Lastly, the knockin of CDK5 may be a promising alternative as it controls melanoma cell motility, invasiveness, and metastatic spread.
Dyslexia and Auditory Processing Disorder: A Neurological Chicken or Egg Debate?
Authors: Summe Isabella , McCoy Terry
Published: July 2021

An estimated 10 million students in the United States have dyslexia and of those students, 2.5 million are estimated to have auditory processing disorder.  There is an ongoing debate on whether auditory processing disorder causes or contributes to dyslexia or the disorders are just co-morbid. This paper examines dyslexia and auditory processing disorder and then considers current research on the nature of the relationship between the two disorders.
How does the pH of a solvent influence the solubility of turmeric in it?
Authors: Bansal Miyu , Sivakumar Uma
Published: July 2021

Turmeric is a culinary spice used in many meals particularly in traditional Indian cuisine. Turmeric has a bright orange colour that is due to the presence of curcumin within it. Because of it’s bright colour, it is important to be able to easily remove turmeric stains from clothing. In my research I attempted to find the ideal conditions for removing turmeric stains and found that no investigation had been made into the impact the pH of the cleaning agent on its effectiveness.

In this investigation the solubility of turmeric in 5 different solutions was found using colorimetry. Colorimetry is a scientific technique that is used to determine the concentration of coloured solutions by the application of the Beer-Lambert law. This method allowed the solubility of turmeric to be determined, in a range of different solvents with good accuracy and precision. The experimental results showed that turmeric was more soluble in solutions with higher pH levels as the solubility in 0.2M sodium hydroxide was 17.6mg/mL and in pure ethanol was 10.1mg/mL, while the solubility in hydrochloric acid was only 0.034mg/mL.

Ultimately, this investigation shows that turmeric is more soluble in basic solutions and hence basic solvents are more effective removers of turmeric stains. A claim which was shown to be true by washing turmeric stained clothes with the solvents and comparing the cleaned clothes. This investigation also shows that turmeric could be used as a pH indicator as it has a different colour in different pH solutions.
Comparing the Durability and Strength of Simple Adhesive Recipes and PVA-Based Glues
Authors: Elliott Bethany , Fox Sara
Published: July 2021

Adhesives are essential components of factory production, for maintaining the stability of large structures, and even for pastimes such as paper-mâché crafts. Therefore, it is imperative that adhesives retain their durability and strength when under pressure. The purpose of this project was to test the tensile strength of several adhesive recipes in order to ultimately create a stronger adhesive. To test the tensile strength of each adhesive, one of the adherends had weights attached and was suspended and the amount of time that the adhesive stayed attached was recorded. After completing the experimental procedures, it was found that the flour/water adhesive, cornstarch adhesive, and the waterproof adhesives performed the best, Elmer’s glue and the Gum Arabic adhesive performed less well than the first three adhesives, and Elmer’s glue with beads did not stay attached. In conclusion, the simple adhesives recipes outperformed Elmer’s glue, most likely because they had better cohesive strength and were able to dry faster. The results of this experiment can aid in the creation of a stronger and more cost-efficient adhesive product. Based on these results, future work will be aimed towards determining the effects of environmental changes like humidity and temperature on the tensile strength.
The Correlation Between Political Socialization and Sexual Activity among American Adolescents
Authors: Chui Jacqueline , McGrath Sean , Large Maura
Published: July 2021

In the past half-century, culture in the United States has experienced a significant shift in the acceptance of casual sex. On the grounds of educational institutions, students have come to engage more freely with “hookup culture.” For professional-minded individuals, engaging in no-strings-attached relationships have benefitted their careers while not having to sacrifice intimate moments with others. During such a politically-charged moment in this nation’s history, when ideological polarization is so prevalent, it is important to ask just how much adolescents, who are on the cusp of engaging in sexual activity, are informed by the political circumstances that exist within their surroundings and daily lives. A review of literature on these intersectional subjects shows that, though both have been considered separately, little has been done in meta-data analysis to determine the relationship in adolescents between the two. This paper will determine whether sexual activity of individuals aged 14-18 is correlated at all to the socializing effects of the political ideologies within their upbringings.
POLITIK DAN KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rasyidi Rasyidi , Sukarno Sukarno , El Widdah Minna
Published: July 2021

Pendidikan Islam didefinisikan sebagai proses transformasi dan internalisasi ilmu pengetahuan dan nila-nilai pada diri anak didik melalui penumbuhan dan pengembangan potensi fitrahnya guna mencapai keselarasan dan kesempurnaan hidup dalam segala aspeknya. Dalam pelaksanaannya terdapat beberapa problem yang menyebabkan gagalnya sebuah capaian dari Pendidikan Islam. Problem tersebut terbagi dua macam, yakni problem internal dan problem eksternal. Untuk menanggulangi berbagai problem dalam pelaksanaan Pendidikan Islam tersebut, salah satu jalan yang dikeluarkan oleh Negara ialah dengan memberikan peluang yang cukup luas terhadap Pendidikan Islam melalui penetapan urgensi perannya di Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.

Sebelum penetapan itu masih dikenal dengan dualism sistem pendidikan nasional, yang mana hal ini merupakan sebuah kesinambungan sejarah, baik sejarah pada umat Islam pada khususnya maupun sejarah bangsa Indonesia pada umumnya. Di samping itu, wacana dualisme sistem pendidikan kembali menguat akibat gejolak politik nasional yang berisi sebuah ideologi tertentu. Apapun alasannya, dualisme banyak berdampak negatif terhadap lembaga pendidikan di Indonesia terlebih lembaga pendidikan Islam.
Medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas para odontólogos en el contexto COVID 2019
Authors: REVILLA VILLANUEVA CÉSAR MANUEL , VALENZUELA RAMOS MARISEL ROXANA , GARCIA JUNCHAYA ALICIA BEATRIZ , PANTA JUÁREZ GRACE TERESA , BENAVENTE TIMOTEO ROMINA ADAMAR
Published: July 2021

Actualmente el COVID-19 está catalogada como una enfermedad infecciosa, multifacética y multisistémica que puede llevar a la muerte a quien la padece en un sector de la población.  En este sentido, las autoridades rectoras cumplen una función importante ante la sociedad estableciendo políticas que permitan mejorar el nivel de la salud comunitaria, prevenir y erradicar enfermedades desarrollar políticas públicas. Así la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) divulga las recomendaciones de orden estructural que son fundamentales, destacando cuatro recomendaciones estructurales en los ámbitos de los derechos a la salud, a la protección social, al trabajo y al agua. Siendo necesario no solo para los gobiernos conocer las estrategias y recomendaciones acerca de las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas, que tiene como fin responder a las necesidades de los grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad en el contexto COVID-19, sino también se hace necesario divulgarlo a todos los sectores de la población incluyendo el sector odontológico, quien ha sido afectado por tratarse de la primera línea de atención a la población a nivel mundial.  En este sentido el objetivo del presente artículo es divulgar las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas enfocadas a partir de las recomendaciones de orden estructural y brindar las recomendaciones en el sector odontológico.
Affiliate Marketing in SMEs: The Moderating Effect of Developmental Culture
Authors: Patrick Zurina , Hee Ong Choon
Published: July 2021

The primary objective of affiliate marketing is to promote products or services via online distribution channels through third parties. However, its application has remained scarce despite being acknowledged as an efficient means of encouragement for SMEs to compete globally. This research adopts various technology adoption models to identify determining factors of intention to use affiliate marketing among SMEs. Developmental culture is included in the research model to assess its moderating effect. An online survey questionnaire has successfully obtained 180 usable responses for data analysis. The findings show that perceived usefulness, observability, and social influence are significant determinants of intention to use affiliate marketing. Developmental culture is found to moderate the results. Low developmental culture enhances the relationship between perceived usefulness and the intention to use affiliate marketing whereas high developmental culture strengthens the relationship between compatibility and the intention to use affiliate marketing. Implications of this study are discussed.
The Impact of Educational Technology Tools on the Learning Achievement of B.Ed. Science Students in Ecology Class at Samtse College of Education
Authors: Tamang Ran Singh , Tshering Tshering , Rinchen Sonam
Published: July 2021

Infusion of technology in education has tremendous potential to enhance students' learning and enable them to become competent and prepare for their future career. The study explored the impact of educational technology tools on the learning achievement of B.Ed. science students in Ecology at Samste College of Education, Bhutan. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design and the study was guided by postpositivist worldview. Pretest and posttest were administered before and after the intervention. Purposive sampling was used to select one section of students at Samtse College of Education. The quantitative data were collected by using the survey questionnaire. The qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analysed statistically using SPSS and qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings of the study revealed that students have positive opinion towards various educational technology tools as it made the learning interesting and fun. The mean difference between pretest and posttest was 8.6 indicating that educational technology tools has enhanced students learning achievement in Ecology. Triangulation of three data sources such as survey questionnaire, interview and literature also revealed that educational technology tools enhance students' learning achievement. There are numerous advantages of using educational technology tools in teaching, learning and assessment. Some of the advantages of educational technology tools are gaining attention, motivating students, encouraging interaction and independent learning. The finding also listed some challenges of using educational technology tools such as time management, understanding new educational technology, adaptability struggle, distraction, technical issues, and limited ICT knowledge. Educational technology tools integrated in the module will be further replicated by student teachers in schools. Therefore tutors were recommended to use variety of educational technology tools were recommended.
Research on Higher Vocational Network Teaching Quality Evaluation System Based on Big Data Analysis
Authors: Li Xueyan
Published: July 2021

Internet technology has developed rapidly, and online teaching has become the development trend of teaching in higher vocational colleges, which is conducive to modern learning methods for students and innovative teaching models for teachers. However, online teaching is still in the preliminary stage of development, and there is no unified standard for teaching quality evaluation. For this reason, big data technology can be integrated into the evaluation of higher vocational online teaching. This article first introduces the concept of online teaching quality evaluation, and then The application advantages of big data technology in the evaluation of network teaching quality are analyzed, and the key points of the construction of a higher vocational network teaching quality evaluation system based on big data analysis are explored in detail.
El liderazgo transformacional del director como variable relacionada con el clima organizacional en instituciones educativas de un distrito de Lima
Authors: Cervera Cajo Luz Emérita
Published: July 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como propósito central establecer la vinculación entre las variables liderazgo transformacional y el clima organizacional en docentes de diversas instituciones públicas de un distrito de Lima Metropolitana. Esta investigación tiene un enfoque cuantitativo y hace uso de un diseño no experimental de alcance correlacional. La muestra es de tipo probabilístico y alcanza los 171 docentes, los cuales se distribuyen entre cinco instituciones educativas públicas de un distrito limeño. A esta muestra se les administró dos instrumentos de evaluación validados previamente: el inventario de liderazgo transformacional elaborado por Antuanet Chirinos (2010) y el inventario de clima organizacional de Rubén Soria (2010). Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados con el apoyo del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 25, cuyos resultados permiten confirmar la hipótesis principal en el sentido de que las variables sometidas a estudio se encuentran correlacionadas entre si (r = 0,85). De la misma manera los resultados permiten establecer que las dimensiones de las dos variables, se encuentran correlacionadas significativamente.
Manual Multi purpose Machine for Drip cum Plastic Mulch Laying and Recollection for Reuse in Crop Production
Authors: Job Mintu , Rusia D.K. , Bhakar S. R.
Published: July 2021

Plastic mulching is a soil moisture conservation method that involves placing poly film over raised or a flat bed to provide a more favorable environment for growth and production. Plastic mulch normally is used in conjunction with drip irrigation to maintain optimum soil moisture and for improved stand establishment. Plastic film mulching with drip irrigation is a proven technology for vegetable production and its popularity is ever increasing among vegetable growers. Mulches leave behind large amount of plastic in the soil which in the current practice is buried or burned in the field which are both hazardous to environment. So, a mechanism is to be developed for retrieval of mulches for reuse or recycle. Basic mulch laying technique should include that mulch is stretched and placed firmly against compacted soil and edges of mulch are properly buried under soil, so, that wind can’t loosen them. Tractor operated mulch laying machine in available but its use is limited to large areas and where crop spacing allows it as area lost in between two rows is very large. To suit the requirement of small farmers partial mechanization of laying of mulch film is envisaged by developing a Manual Multipurpose trolley for plastic mulch laying and recollection. This machine besides being simple in design and operation also caters to a very important operation, which is otherwise overlooked, that is of retrieving the used plastic mulch by rolling it back for better storage which significantly enhances its life beside being environment friendly.
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF INFORMATION PSYCHOLOGICAL SECURITY
Authors:   Assistant  professor,  Karakalpak  State  University, Nukus, Uzbekistan, Biyimbetov Jaksilik
Published: July 2021

This article highlights the peculiarities of information psychological security. The concept of psychological protection in the narrow sense leads to a special change in the content of consciousness as a result of the action of a number of defense mechanisms: amplification, projection, identification, regression, isolation, rationalization, conversion and others. The action of these protective mechanisms does not increase the adequacy of human behavior and information-orienting barriers of his system of subject-human relations, and in some cases may reduce their adequacy. Such an interpretation, formed within the bounds of a psychoanalytic approach, focuses on the neutralization of internal factors, which are usually ambiguous, but are usually caused by external influences. In such cases, barriers to the direct limitation of external influences, such as psychological manipulations of information and communication interactions at the social, socio-group, interpersonal levels, are neglected. The place and role of information psychological security in the life of human society is analyzed philosophically.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi’s Science of Logic
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Askar Leskhan , Kuranbek Asset ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Pernebekova Dinara ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kindikbaeva Kamshat ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: July 2021

In modern conditions of dynamically developing knowledge, the demand for correct thinking remains an urgent problem. Unfortunately, the course of logic, and especially the history of logic is excluded from the educational program of preparation of many specialties. Although the knowledge of logical science, its laws, techniques and operations in the practical and theoretical work of not only the humanities, but also representatives of technical, natural and mathematical specialties can hardly be overestimated. In this article, the authors' idea is aimed at filling the existing gap and presenting an analysis of the history of its formation in the format of the history of culture and the history of philosophy, using a comparative approach. In the history of logical science, a significant place is occupied by the logic of al-Farabi, who in the Middle Ages left a bright, indelible mark in the field of many sciences with his original ideas. The article analyzes the contribution made to the development of the science of logic by al-Farabi, which in turn contributes to the formation of a culture of thinking and comes to the following conclusions: First, al-Farabi closely links formal logic with the science of language. However, he does not completely identify thinking and language, noting that language is ethnic, while thinking is universal. Secondly, the Second Teacher considers dialectics as belonging to formal logic, in it he sees a form and means of cooperation between people, etc.
Мethodological Basis of Studying the Mythological Heritage
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies СS MES RK, Oshakbayeva Zh.
Published: July 2021

The article considers the main definitions of myth and identifies their most common characteristics, which made it possible to evaluate the main methodological approaches and concepts in Kazakh mythology. The synthesis of philosophical and literary approaches allows us to see many facets of the concepts under consideration and identify opportunities for their applications. The research carried out makes it possible to combine literary and philosophical views on this problem, since mythology is an indissoluble synthetic unity and is focused on fundamental metaphysical problems: birth, death, fate. Mythology is able to convey the incomprehensible through the more understandable. In myths, it is relatively easy to identify different structures due to their conservatism. Mythological consciousness, which has been formed since ancient times, is today an important part of spiritual culture. Since the myths of the peoples of the world have become the main object of research and historical-comparative study, it was found that myths also have different social stages, historical levels, types and thematic consciousness.
POLITICAL ADVERTISING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS IN 2011 AND 2015 YEARS
Authors:   Kyzylorda University «Bolashak», Nassimov Murat
Published: July 2021

The process of modernization and democratization of Kazakhstan society demands the creation of advertising technologies that consequently promote the state’s strategic and tactical tasks and increase the level of political culture among the population thus contributing to the strengthening of social stability. Political advertising is a specific form of communication influencing the ideas of citizens concerning political subjects and objects. Society and political advertisement interconnection is considered in two different ways: on the one hand, advertisement stimulates the political development of a society; on the other hand, society develops advertisement technologies. Alongside this, it is a way of political communication with voters, target influence to learn easily during the election campaign. Political advertising shows the meaning of an exact political force platform, invites to support candidates, to form opinions about political force in people’s consciousness, to make psychological conditions to vote. The aim of the paper is complex research of the evolution of political advertisement in Kazakhstan and its peculiarities in the period of Presidential elections 2011, 2015.
VOICES OF TRANSITION: OPINIONS AND VIEWS ON KAZAKHSTAN’S ALPHABET REFORM
Authors:   Leiden University (Leiden, Netherlands), Parent Robert
Published: July 2021

Former President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev brought alphabet reform to the forefront of public discussion in Kazakhstan when he announced the transition of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet in 2017. Since then, many conversations have taken place across Kazakhstan pondering the necessity of the reform, the best way to implement it, and how to minimize social and financial damage that could possibly be caused by the transition. Context surrounding the background of the reform and alphabet choice is important, and raises questions of identity within Kazakh society. The primary purpose of this article is to present a selection of qualitative and quantitative results from a survey conducted among seventy-five Kazakh speakers and Kazakhstanis. The goal of the survey was to identify their perspectives regarding the reform in the areas of public opinion, education, politics, and linguistics. Knowing how academics and the public perceive the reform allows adjustments to be made which may ease the transition from one alphabet to another.
CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC HETEROGENEITY IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies СS MES RK, Kadyrzhanov Rustem
Published: July 2021

The article examines the phenomenon of cultural and linguistic heterogeneity in the Soviet national republics of the USSR. It is shown that cultural and linguistic heterogeneity was the result of the policy of national-Russian bilingualism of the Soviet regime. The paper is proposed a classification of forms of cultural and linguistic heterogeneity among the Soviet republics.
A Comparison of Arborists’ and Horticulturists’ Preferences of Tsuga chinensis to T. canadensis in the Urban Landscape
Authors: Dampier Jason , Harper Richard , Schwartzberg Lora , Lemelin R. Harvey
Published: July 2021

Recent research describing host resistance of hemlocks to the lethal, invasive insect hemlock woolly adelgid has suggested that Chinese hemlock (Tsuga chinensis) may be a suitable pest-resistant urban landscape replacement for eastern hemlock (T. canadensis). Presented here are the research findings of an in situ field questionnaire survey and participant observations. The study’s objective was to collect and evaluate arborists’ and other horticulturists’ perceptions and purchase preferences between eastern and Chinese hemlock to assess whether Chinese hemlock has potential to be accepted as an alternative landscape replacement for eastern hemlock. Fifty-five participants visually inspected both hemlock specimens and responded to questions about which one they would prefer to purchase, what their preferences would be in light of potential insect resistance, and the likelihood of fewer insecticide applications being required. Multiple cross-tabulations indicated that there was no statistical association (Fisher’s Exact Test, P > 0.05) between participant background (i.e., arborists versus others) and questions related to general purchase preference, and purchase preference if a specimen exhibited natural pest resistance or required less pesticides. Over three-quarters of participants were more inclined to purchase the specimen that possessed resistance to a serious pest. These findings suggest that Chinese hemlock may potentially serve as a hemlock woolly adelgid-resistant alternative to eastern hemlock in the landscape.
Urban Trees and Ecosystem Disservices - A Pilot Study Using Complaints Records from Three Swedish Cities
Authors: Delshammar Tim , Östberg Johan , Öxell Cecilia
Published: July 2021

Past research on urban ecosystem performance has focused mainly on ecosystem services, rather than disservices. However, to justify and fully utilize urban ecosystems, it is important also to assess and minimize the disservices they provide. The aim of this pilot study in Sweden was to contribute to the emerging understanding of urban ecosystem disservices. The central research question focused on how complaint/comment recordings at municipal park departments could be used as a source of knowledge on urban tree disservices. Records obtained from the municipal park departments in the three largest cities in Sweden provided evidence of several types of disservices. However, they also had obvious shortcomings that would need to be resolved before they could be used more widely as a source of information on ecosystem disservices. Suggestions for improving the data are provided.
Effects of Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum on Western White Pine Seedlings and the Fungicidal Activity of Alamo®, Arbotect®, and TREE-äge®
Authors: Wyka Stephen , Doccola Joseph , Strom Brian , Smith Sheri , McPherson Douglas , Aćimović Srđan , Klepzig Kier
Published: July 2021

Bark beetles carry a number of associated organisms that are transferred to the host tree upon attack that are thought to play a role in tree decline. To assess the pathogenicity to western white pine (WWP; Pinus monticola) of fungi carried by the mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae), and to evaluate the potential for systemic prophylactic treatments for reducing fungal impacts, experiments were conducted with WWP seedlings to meet three objectives: 1) evaluate pathogenicity of two MPB-associated blue-stain fungi; 2) evaluate phytotoxicity of tree injection products; 3) evaluate the anti-fungal activity of tree injection products, in vitro and in vivo, toward the associated blue-staining fungi. To evaluate pathogenicity, seedlings were inoculated with Grosmannia clavigera or Leptographium longiclavatum, common fungal associates of MPB. Seedling mortality at four months after inoculation was 50% with L. longiclavatum and 90% with G. clavigera, both significantly higher than controls and thereby demonstrating pathogenicity. Phytotoxic effects of TREE-äge®, Alamo®, and Arbotect® were evaluated by stem injection; no phytotoxic effects were observed. Anti-fungal properties of the same three products were evaluated in vitro against G. clavigera, where Alamo was most active. Co-inoculation of G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum into seedlings after a stem injection of Alamo showed significantly less mortality and lesion formation than either species alone. Results support the hypothesis that MPB blue-stain associates, particularly G. clavigera, promote death of WWP when attacked by MPB. These findings suggest that the administration of a fungicide with insecticide for tree protection against bark beetles may be advantageous.
Large Oriental Bittersweet Vines Can Be Killed by Cutting Alone: Implications for Utility Arboriculture and Other Hazard Tree Work
Authors: Nowak Christopher , Peck Caryl
Published: July 2021

Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) is an invasive, exotic, woody vine introduced to North America in the mid- to late 1800s from East Asia. This vine is problematic because it can kill trees through competition and mechanical stress, which in turn creates problems for tree care professionals in utility right-of-way and other hazard tree work. Oriental bittersweet is becoming more prevalent as a problem throughout the eastern United States. Two manipulative field experiments were conducted across the Hudson Valley in New York State to test the timing of cutting and glyphosate herbicide effects on large vine mortality. While results from the first year indicated that herbicides were needed with vine cutting to achieve high mortality rates, this was not true with second year results. Cutting vines without herbicides produce the same, high rate of mortality of oriental bittersweet vines after the second year (>90% kill) as cut-stump treatments with herbicides. It may be important that high kill of cut vines is related to large vine size, and that stumps were in forest shade. Herbicides may not be necessary to kill cut-stump methods to kill oriental bittersweet vines that have a minimum stem diameter >2–3 cm and are growing in areas where stumps are in shade.
Calcium and Silicon Fertiliser Influence on Fungicide Efficacy Against Guignardia Leaf Blotch and Apple Scab Management
Authors: Percival Glynn , Graham Sean
Published: July 2021

Management of fungal diseases within urban landscapes relies heavily on repeat fungicide sprays. Environmental concerns have led to a need to eliminate or reduce fungicide use. Foliar sprays of calcium- (Ca) and silicon- (Si) based fertilisers have been shown to reduce symptom severity of several fungal pathogens. The aim of our research was to evaluate the influence of Ca chloride, Ca metasolate, tetra ethyl silicate, and potassium silicate fertilisers, applied independently and in combination with a synthetic fungicide (penconazole) at full and half strength, on apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and Guignardia leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi) symptom severity, as well as leaf chlorophyll content, fruit yield, and crown volume. Trials used container-grown Aesculus hippocastanum and field-grown Malus domestica cv. ‘Golden Delicious’. Applications of Ca, Si, and penconazole sprays alone significantly reduced scab and leaf blotch severity compared to water-sprayed controls; however, a significant difference between the type of Ca and Si fertilisers was recorded. A combined mix of a Ca or Si fertiliser with a full or half dose of penconazole was more effective at reducing symptom severity of both foliar pathogens than a full or half dose of penconazole alone. Data analysed with Limpel’s formula indicated positive synergistic effects between Ca and Si and penconazole in some, but not all, cases. The integration of Ca and Si foliar sprays as an alternative to, or additive with, penconazole for scab and leaf blotch management appears feasible based on results of our studies and may have applicability against other fungal pathogens.
Estetrol and the possibilities of its clinical use
Authors:   Institute for Mother and Child Care, Prague, Czech Republic, Křepelka Petr
Published: July 2021

Summary Combined hormonal contraceptive methods are one of the most commonly used methods of planned parenthood. They show high contraceptive effectiveness, reasonable cycle control and bring several non-contraceptive benefits. A limitation of the widespread use of combined hormonal contraception is the risk of cardiovascular complications in individuals with specific risk factors. The risk of cardiovascular complications is related to the used estrogen component. Currently, the most common use of estrogen in combined hormonal contraception is ethinyl estradiol and estradiol valerate. The good estrogenic part of combined oral contraceptives is estetrol, a hormone produced exclusively by the fetal liver. Estetrol exhibits a tissue-selective receptor activity. Unlike previously used estrogens, it does not negatively affect the production of liver proteins and blood clotting parameters. Estetrol is not a perspective for combined hormonal contraception only. It is also promising for treating and preventing osteoporosis, hormonal therapy of menopausal syndrome, and vulvovaginal atrophy syndrome.
LAS MIGRACIONES EN LA PROPUESTA MÁS ACTUAL DE LA DOCTRINA SOCIAL DE LA IGLESIA
Authors: González Pacheco Luis Donaldo
Published: July 2021

Este estudio pretende mostrar el aporte de la Iglesia a las sociedades actuales sobre las migraciones. Para ello presenta una breve aproximación a este fenómeno desde cuatro importantes perspectivas: a) el marco histórico y los datos actuales a nivel global; b) las posibilidades y los límites de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos;c) la comprensión y conciencia bíblica sobre los migrantes; d) la propuesta de la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia sintetizada en “acoger, proteger, promover e integrar”.
Refutar el tiempo
Authors: Cisternas Cruz Cristian Enrique
Published: July 2021

En este artículo proponemos que en la obra literaria de Jorge Luis Borges existe una preocupación por los fines y los límites del tiempo, que ha sido abordada, desde diversos enfoques teórico-metodológicos, por sus comentadores. Este preocupación incide notablemente en el desarrollo estilístico y en el interés temático posibles de advertir en la escritura de Borges. El propósito de este artículo es iluminar las vías de orientación que genera su escritura literaria en pensadores tales como Maurice Blanchot, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari. El diálogo entre literatura y filosofía es, consecuentemente, clave en este artículo, que pretende además, a partir de una serie de ejemplos de la escritura narrativa y ensayística del escritor argentino, re-instalar la preocupación por el tiempoÂ  dentro del marco de la reflexión sobre la escritura borgeana
conceptualización alternativa sobre la internacionalización de ciudades en la región latinoamericana, con anclaje en el caso argentino
Authors: Calvento Mariana , Rolandi María Lis
Published: July 2021

El presente trabajo es un análisis de los avances en relación a una temática innovadora en las Relaciones Internacionales: el accionar internacional de las ciudades; siendo el objetivo plantear una mirada alternativa y crítica sobre el mainstream dominante e indagar en los avances regionales y nacionales, para finalmente proponer un enfoque anclado en el contexto argentino.En principio, el artículo se centra en el surgimiento de esta temática y el rol que han adquirido las ciudades en el escenario internacional; posteriormente se avanza sobre las conceptualizaciones y definiciones desarrolladas por los académicos, planteando la preponderancia del concepto paradiplomacia y estableciendo una mirada diferente y local. Luego, explora el desempeño de las ciudades, entendidas como actores claves en el escenario nacional e internacional, y se analiza la implementación de la internacionalización, considerando que las estrategias se formulan a través de un proceso de construcción social con el objetivo de beneficiarse del contexto y los recursos, destacando que a inicios del Siglo XXI se realizan con el fin de captar oportunidades hacia el territorio por medio de intercambios con otros actores de la región. En ese sentido, el artículo procura ser un disparador para comparar las realidades de la región latinoamericana, y de la argentina particularmente, con otras partes del mundo.
Identidades y antagonismo en el espacio público
Authors: Capasso Verónica , Bugnone Ana
Published: July 2021

Se propone analizar un corpus de intervenciones textuales, artísticas y visuales en el espacio público surgidas durante 2018 en Brasil en oposición al entonces candidato a presidente Jair Bolsonaro. Antes de su victoria, diversos sectores sociales rechazaron su candidatura por ser peligrosa para la democracia. En las protestas se conjugaron frases, imágenes, pancartas inscriptas tanto en las paredes urbanas como en los cuerpos de quienes se manifestaron. Se usó la frase "Ele Não", la cual no propuso un candidato alternativo, transformándose en el eslogan que podía aglomerar opiniones divergentes. Se sostiene que esta frase, replicada en diferentes soportes, articuló las demandas de distintos grupos sociales. Se identifica en las intervenciones la producción de un antagonismo expresado en el espacio público que colaboró con la identificación amplia de un "nosotras/os" conformado por mujeres, homosexuales, negros, entre otros. Metodológicamente, se recurre al Análisis crítico del discurso, a los Estudios visuales y a la Sociología.
desarrollo y el buen vivir
Authors: Fry Mariana , Arocena Felipe
Published: July 2021

El proyecto de instalación de una tercera planta de celulosa en Uruguay ha generado un amplio debate, movilizando una pluralidad de actores entre los que se incluyen el Estado, los sindicatos, las organizaciones vinculadas a la defensa del ambiente, organizaciones feministas y grupos de vecinos organizados. El presente artículo analiza sus posicionamientos en torno a la instalación de la pastera colocando el foco en las ideas sobre el desarrollo, sus diferencias y tensiones. El estudio realizado permite poner en debate la perspectiva del desarrollo sustentable, en la que se apoyó el gobierno uruguayo para promover la instalación de la tercera planta de celulosa, y las visiones del buen vivir, críticas con esta idea de desarrollo, que se expresan en las voces de varios actores sociales que se oponen al proyecto. La interpretación aquí presentada surge del análisis de fuentes de prensa correspondientes al período 2016-2020 y de la realización de entrevistas a informantes calificados.
MicroRNA-200a inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human ovarian carcinoma cells by downregulating SOX4 expression
Authors: Ren Ziyao , Hu Yonghua , Chen Jian , Jin Lanying
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The microRNA-200 (miR-200) family and sex-determining region Y-box 4 (SOX4) could regulate EMT phenotypes, which is important to the process of tumor pathological. This study explored the association of miR-200a with SOX4 in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced EMT of OC cells.

Material and methods

For the in vitro experiments, hunam CO cells subjected to TGF-β was used to induce EMT; the activity of miR-200a was selectively inhibited or overexpressioned by miR-200a inhibitor and mimics, respectively. Small interfering RNAs against SOX4 (si-SOX4) were used to inhibit SOX4 expression in human OC cell lines.

Results

Decreased miR-200a and increased SOX4 levels were detected in patients with OC and these changes were closely related to the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage, ovarian tumor biomarker CA125 level, lymph node status and tumor size. The TGF-β-treated cells increased the miR-200a level, decreased the SOX4 level and prompted EMT properties, including a reduction in epithelial marker (e-cadherin), induction in interstitial markers (vimentin and n-cadherin), and enhancement of proliferation, migration and invasion. The OC cells were transducted with miR-200a mimic and the overexpression cells were subsequently treated with TGF-β, decreased SOX4 expression and EMT properties were detected. Also, in miR-200a inhibited cells, TGF-β increased SOX4 expression and EMT properties. Moreover, SOX4 silencing weakened the effect of the miR-200a inhibitor.

Conclusions

Overall, these results provide a link between miR-200a and SOX4 in OC pathogenesis and indicate that miRNA-200a inhibits EMT by downregulating SOX4 expression in human OC cells.
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Berbasis Pbl Dengan Pendekatan Rme Terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Matematika Siswa
Authors: Purwati Restu Intan , Lukman Hamidah Suryani , Imswatama Aritsya
Published: July 2021

Penelitian dan pengembangan ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis Problem Based Learning (PBL) dengan pendekatan Realistic Mathematic Education (RME) pada materi persamaan linear satu variabel yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kemampuan literasi matematika siswa. Hasil pengumpulan data menyatakan bahwa kemampuan literasi matematika siswa kurang. Selain dari hasil wawancara dengan guru matematika hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil Penilaian Akhir Semester (PAS) pada soal uraian. Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan adalah Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) dengan Lembar kerja Siswa (LKS), dan media pembelajaran sebagai pelengkap dari pembelajaran yang dikembangkan. Penelitian dan pengembangan ini hanya melalui 5 tahap yaitu 1) Potensi dan masalah 2) Mencari informasi 3) Desain produk 4) Validasi oleh para ahli 5) Perbaikan produk. Sample dari penelitian ini adalah siswa SMPN 3 Sukabumi kelas 7a dan 7b. Setelah melalui tahap pengumpulan data, pembuatan produk hingga proses validasi oleh ahli dan kemudian proses pengolahan data, didapatkan rata-rata nilai 85,1% dengan kriteria sangat valid, tetapi perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan harus melalui perbaikan dengan tujuan menyempurnakan perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan