bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deletion of a putative promoter-proximal Tnfsf11 regulatory region in mice does not alter bone mass or Tnfsf11 expression in vivo
Authors: MacLeod Ryan S. , Meyer Mark B. , Xiong Jinhu , Cawley Keisha M. , Liu Yu , Onal Melda , Benkusky Nancy A. , Thostenson Jeff D. , Pike J. Wesley , O’Brien Charles A.
Published: May 2021

The cytokine RANKL is essential for osteoclast formation during physiological and pathological bone resorption. RANKL also contributes to lymphocyte production, development of lymph nodes and mammary glands, as well as other biological activities. Transcriptional control of the Tnfsf11 gene, which encodes RANKL, is complex and involves distant regulatory regions. Nevertheless, cell culture studies suggest that an enhancer region near the transcription start site is involved in the control of Tnfsf11 expression by hormones such as 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone, as well as the sympathetic nervous system. To address the significance of this region in vivo, we deleted the sequence between -510 to -1413 bp, relative to Tnfsf11 exon 1, from mice using CRISPR-based gene editing. MicroCT analysis of the femur and fourth lumbar vertebra of enhancer knockout mice showed no differences in bone mass compared to wild type littermates at 5 weeks and 6 months of age, suggesting no changes in osteoclast formation. RNA extracted from the tibia, fifth lumbar vertebra, thymus, and spleen at 6 months of age also showed no reduction in Tnfsf11 mRNA abundance between these groups. However, maximal stimulation of Tnfsf11 mRNA abundance in cultured stromal cells by PTH was reduced approximately 40% by enhancer deletion, while stimulation by 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 was unaffected. The abundance of B and T lymphocytes in the bone marrow did not differ between genotypes. These results demonstrate that the region between -510 and -1413 does not contribute to Tnfsf11 expression, osteoclast support, or lymphocyte production in mice under normal physiological conditions but may be involved in situations of elevated parathyroid hormone.
Insights on biology student motivations and challenges when reading and analyzing primary literature
Authors: Howard Kristen N. , Stapleton Emma K. , Nelms April A. , Ryan Kelsee C. , Segura-Totten Miriam
Published: May 2021

Reading primary literature is a popular classroom practice that exposes students to the process of science. However, the analysis of primary literature can be taxing and time-consuming for students. For this reason, it is important to determine the source of student challenges and what motivates them to read primary literature. To better understand students’ challenges, preferences, and motivations towards analyzing primary literature, we held focus groups with biology undergraduates where we asked them about their thoughts and perceptions on this practice. Students felt they struggle with understanding the big picture of an article, certain aspects of scientific literacy like data interpretation and experimental setup, and lack of knowledge of terms and techniques. Further analysis of the data using the achievement goal and expectancy-value theories of motivation revealed that students: 1) demonstrate mastery and performance approach goal orientations, which are typically associated with positive learning outcomes, 2) value the usefulness of reading primary literature, and 3) feel most engaged in the process of reading an article when the topic interests them. We provide pedagogical recommendations based on our findings.
Heritage, geographical scale and didactic potentiality: Students and teachers’ perspectives
Authors: Gea Ana Isabel Ponce , Martínez Hernández Carlos , Rico Gómez María Luisa
Published: May 2021

Heritage and space establish reciprocal relations that have been studied for decades. On the one hand, heritage has been described as an inherently spatial phenomenon. On the other hand, places are defined according to the attributes that make up their identity, among which heritage is a fundamental instrument. On the basis of the idea that education plays an important role in the socialization process, transmitted by the inherited culture, to integrate each subject within the specific community, and the notion of scale as the closest to heritage, we defined as general objectives to determine the relationships between geographic scales, heritage perspective and the didactic potential granted to heritage, within the framework of the construction of collective identities, and to contrast the perspectives of students and teachers regarding the geographical scale, heritage and their didactic potential, deducing implications for educational practices. In order to answer to these objectives, we carried out a non-experimental quantitative research, with a relational-predictive objective. Specifically, we used a survey method, being the context the whole of the local scale (Fuente Álamo, Murcia, Spain) and acting as participants all students and teachers of Secondary Education (n = 459) linked to social sciences. They answered the Test on Didactic Potentiality of Heritage according to Scale (TDPHS), and its information was analysed through different procedures (Spearman’s correlations, descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U…), using the statistical programs SPSS. The results show, on the one hand, that the scalar perspective scores are generally low, heritage perspective is consistent with the consideration of the scales, and the perceived didactic potential in relation to heritage is related to the importance given to each of the scales; and, on the other hand, the contrast in the perspectives of students and teachers regarding the geographical scale, heritage and their didactic potential is minimal.
ANEMI3: An updated tool for global change analysis
Authors: Breach Patrick A. , Simonovic Slobodan P.
Published: May 2021

The ANEMI model is an integrated assessment model of global change that emphasizes the role of water resources. The model is based on the principles of system dynamics simulation to analyze changes in the Earth system using feedback processes. Securing water resources for the future is a key issue of global change, and ties into global systems of population growth, climate change, carbon cycle, hydrologic cycle, economy, energy production, land use and pollution generation. Here the third iteration of the model–ANEMI3 is described, along with the methods used for parameter estimation and model testing. The main differences between ANEMI3 and previous versions include: (i) implementation of the energy-economy system based on the principles of system dynamics simulation; (ii) incorporation of water supply as an additional sector in the global economy that parallels the production of energy; (iii) inclusion of climate change effects on land yield and potentially arable land for food production, and (iv) addition of nitrogen and phosphorus based nutrient cycles as indicators of global water quality, which affect the development of surface water supplies. The model is intended for analyzing long-term global feedbacks which drive global change. Because of this, there are limitations related to the spatial scale that is used. However, the model’s simplicity can be considered a strength, as it allows for the driving feedbacks to be more easily identified. The model in its current form allows for a variety of scenarios to be created to address global issues such as climate change from an integrated perspective, or to examine the change in one model sector on Earth system behaviour. The endogenous structure of the model allows for global change to be driven entirely by model structure rather than exogenous inputs. The new additions to the ANEMI3 model are found to capture long term trends associated with global change, while allowing for the development of water supplies to be represented using an integrated approach considering global economy and surface water quality.
Ester Linked Fatty Acid (ELFA) method should be used with caution for interpretating soil microbial communities and their relationships with environmental variables in forest soils
Authors: Yu Wenjuan , Gao Huanhuan , Kang Hongzhang
Published: May 2021

As an alternative for phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, a simpler ester linked fatty acid (ELFA) analysis has been developed to characterize soil microbial communities. However, few studies have compared the two methods in forest soils where the contribution of nonmicrobial sources may be larger than that of microbial sources. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the two methods yield similar relationships of microbial biomass and composition with environmental variables. Here, we compared PLFA and ELFA methods with respect to microbial biomass and composition and their relationships with environmental variables in six oriental oak (Quercus variabilis) forest sites along a 1500-km latitudinal gradient in East China. We found that both methods had a low sample-to-sample variability and successfully separated overall community composition of sites. However, total, bacterial, and fungal biomass, the fungal-to-bacterial ratio, and the gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria ratio were not significantly or strongly correlated between the two methods. The relationships of these microbial properties with environmental variables (pH, precipitation, and clay) greatly differed between the two methods. Our study indicates that despite its simplicity, the ELFA method may not be as feasible as the PLFA method for investigating microbial biomass and composition and for identifying their dominant environmental drivers, at least in forest soils.
Association between early intensive care or coronary care unit admission and post-discharge performance of activities of daily living in patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Kanda Masato , Tateishi Kazuya , Nakagomi Atsushi , Iwahana Togo , Okada Sho , Kuwabara Hiroyo , Kobayashi Yoshio , Inoue Takahiro
Published: May 2021

The management of acute decompensated heart failure often requires intensive care. However, the effects of early intensive care unit/coronary care unit admission on activities of daily living (ADL) in acute decompensated heart failure patients have not been precisely evaluated. Thus, we retrospectively assessed the association between early intensive care unit admission and post-discharge ADL performance in these patients. Acute decompensated heart failure patients (New York Heart Association I–III) admitted on emergency between April 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018, were selected from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database and divided into intensive care unit/coronary care unit (ICU) and general ward (GW) groups according to the hospitalization type on admission day 1. The propensity score was calculated to create matched cohorts where admission style (intensive care unit/coronary care unit admission) was independent of measured baseline confounding factors, including ADL at admission. The primary outcome was ADL performance level at discharge (post-ADL) defined according to the Barthel index. Secondary outcomes included length of stay and total hospitalization cost (expense). Overall, 12231 patients were eligible, and propensity score matching created 2985 pairs. After matching, post-ADL was significantly higher in the ICU group than in the GW group [mean (standard deviation), GW vs. ICU: 71.5 (35.3) vs. 78.2 (31.2) points, P<0.001; mean difference: 6.7 (95% confidence interval, 5.1–8.4) points]. After matching, length of stay was significantly shorter and expenses were significantly higher in the ICU group than in the GW group. Stratified analysis showed that the patients with low ADL at admission (Barthel index score <60) were the most benefited from early intensive care unit/coronary care unit admission. Thus, early intensive care unit/coronary care unit admission was associated with improved post-ADL in patients with emergency acute decompensated heart failure admission.
Virus shedding kinetics and unconventional virulence tradeoffs
Authors: Wargo Andrew R. , Kurath Gael , Scott Robert J. , Kerr Benjamin
Published: May 2021

Tradeoff theory, which postulates that virulence provides both transmission costs and benefits for pathogens, has become widely adopted by the scientific community. Although theoretical literature exploring virulence-tradeoffs is vast, empirical studies validating various assumptions still remain sparse. In particular, truncation of transmission duration as a cost of virulence has been difficult to quantify with robust controlled in vivo studies. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by investigating how transmission rate and duration were associated with virulence for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using host mortality to quantify virulence and viral shedding to quantify transmission, we found that IHNV did not conform to classical tradeoff theory. More virulent genotypes of the virus were found to have longer transmission durations due to lower recovery rates of infected hosts, but the relationship was not saturating as assumed by tradeoff theory. Furthermore, the impact of host mortality on limiting transmission duration was minimal and greatly outweighed by recovery. Transmission rate differences between high and low virulence genotypes were also small and inconsistent. Ultimately, more virulent genotypes were found to have the overall fitness advantage, and there was no apparent constraint on the evolution of increased virulence for IHNV. However, using a mathematical model parameterized with experimental data, it was found that host culling resurrected the virulence tradeoff and provided low virulence genotypes with the advantage. Human-induced or natural culling, as well as host population fragmentation, may be some of the mechanisms by which virulence diversity is maintained in nature. This work highlights the importance of considering non-classical virulence tradeoffs.
Emerging DIY activities to enable well-being and connected societies
Authors: Niinimäki Kirsi , Durrani Marium , Kohtala Cindy
Published: May 2021

In recent years we have witnessed an emergence of various do-it-yourself (DIY) activities in urban spaces. This article aims to shed light on these DIY activities in Helsinki, particularly within the textile and garment sector. Six DIY groups were selected, their organizers interviewed, and their respective activities were examined. The aims of this investigation are to understand these activities, the motivations behind them and the implications of making for well-being. The research interest focuses on the collectives and communities Doing It Together (DIT) and Doing It With Others (DIWO) more than individual activities. The main findings indicate that these activities aim to influence well-being at individual, community and societal levels by activating and integrating individuals into the community and society. DIY activities in the current study are based on sustainability-oriented values; they indicate how consumers enter into slower fashion consumption and how designers exercise more meaningful and fluid expertise in design practice. We argue that DIY activities, while niche, are strongly embedded locally, can drive change towards enhanced sustainability and well-being in urban contexts and can even contribute to the aspect of more connected societies.
Rural Crafts: A study in South Wiltshire
Authors: Cook Hadrian , Stearne Kathy
Published: May 2021

Rural Crafts are crafts with agrarian roots, but they are not easily located historically, or within today’s developed markets. This study stresses Rural over Heritage Crafts (based in manual skills and traditional materials, designs and techniques), although the two are not mutually exclusive. Rural Crafts are considered, present and past, through interviews with practitioners based in South Wiltshire. The study embraces networks of crafters, interviews with individuals and a focus for a rural craft event located at the Harnham Water Meadows at Salisbury, a historic location. It is established that, while few participants sustained themselves financially through their craft, it was clear that participation is ‘value driven’, providing personal benefits. The ethos of sustainability is a strong theme, both in sourcing materials and in the processes employed, especially true for individuals working with wood and thatching. Few clear similarities are found from past cottage industries, although the sense of continuity in craft is still strong. Networks included craft associations, and opportunities for informal learning, but there is a lack of formal training opportunities. This finding may be historic, as most people interviewed were over 60 years. As well as an age bias, there is a strong gender bias with men dominating regular part-time or full-time paid occupations and women treating their craft more as a hobby. Most people treat sales of any products as a bonus, and the future of such activities is dependent more upon personal interests and networks than on formally trained (often younger) individuals, more so than formal training delivered through individual organizations or companies. Otherwise, our conclusions are in line with modern ideas of personal, well-being and social benefits derived from craft activities.
There and back again: A carver’s tale of losing and regaining sense of space due to a brain tumour
Authors: Gulliksen Marte Sørebø
Published: May 2021

Sense of space is a core cognitive ability necessary for imagining future three-dimensional forms, rotating them mentally, as well as for abstract thinking. It is a core ability in craft activities, enabling the maker to ideate and envision their ideas. This autoethnographic narrative inquiry presents my experience of woodworking whilst a brain tumour impeded my sense of space. The narrative describes my experience of losing and regaining this ability and the actions I took to continue carving anyway. The article’s evocative narrative exemplifies how the core identity of being a carver and the carving process itself function as coping mechanisms in the face of terminal cancer. The article’s main purpose is to generate knowledge on the role of spatial skills in carving and their elusive nature. Theoretically positioned in the field of embodied cognition, the article explains how our sense of space develops in interaction with materials and our surroundings. It also suggests how future education can be changed by purposefully incorporating targeted craft practices to better support the development of a sense of space.
PARTITI POLITICI A ORIENTAMENTO RELIGIOSO NELLE DEMOCRAZIE PLURALISTICHE EUROPEE: PROFILI PROBLEMATICI E STRUMENTI DI REGOLAZIONE
Authors: Locchi Maria Chiara
Published: May 2021

L’articolo si interroga sulla possibilità, per le democrazie costituzionali europee, di adottare discipline giuridiche restrittive nei confronti dei “partiti a orientamento religioso”, o di partiti laici che ricorrono ad argomenti religiosi in funzione di mobilitazione ideologica, posto il carattere fondamentale della libertà di espressione e di associazione politica in un contesto segnato dal principio democratico e da quello del pluralismo.
BIG DATA, INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL E POLICIAMENTO PREDITIVO: BASES PARA UMA ADEQUADA REGULAÇÃO LEGAL QUE RESPEITE OS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS
Authors: Menezes Cyntia Souza de , Sanllehí José Ramon Agustina
Published: May 2021

Diante das novas ferramentas de análise policial se por um lado a polícia cumpre uma função essencial na prevenção, detecção e investigação de um delito, ela não está livre de ter o seu trabalho limitado e submetido ao princípio da legalidade. A eficácia do trabalho policial não pode, como sabemos, saltar as garantias próprias de um Estado de Direito e sua atividade deve submeter-se a critérios transparentes de razoabilidade e controle, entre outros princípios. Não é legítimo que, para garantir a segurança de todos, seja sacrificada a privacidade daqueles que apenas superficialmente parecem suspeitos. As denominadas investigações prospectivas (phishing expeditions) são proibidas quando é afetado um direito fundamental que requeira autorização judicial prévia. À luz das reflexões anteriores, entendemos que talvez seja precipitada a aplicação massiva de sistemas de IA a modelos de polícia preditiva, enquanto (i) estejam pendentes de refinação; (ii) não tenham uma base científica sólida, e; (iii) operem em um ambiente onde o marco legal, regulatório e de proteção cidadã é ainda limitado. Principalmente quando estes sistemas têm o potencial de afetar de maneira importante a vida de grupos e populações em situação de exclusão e que se veem cada dia mais vigiados.
O SISTEMA CAPITALISTA E SUAS CRISES CÍCLICAS: DO RETROCESSO SOCIAL À ESCRAVIDÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: D’Angelo Isabele Bandeira de Moraes , Finelli Lília Carvalho
Published: May 2021

O capitalismo tem fases cíclicas, nas quais se refaz e, no processo, atinge os trabalhadores, que apenas possuem sua força de trabalho. O presente artigo tem como objetivo geral questionar a relação possível entre os apelos ao retrocesso social para salvar a economia, aqui tratados por meio da metodologia de análise dos dispositivos principais que alteraram a legislação brasileira no ano de 2017, em especial a regulamentação da terceirização e a Reforma Trabalhista, mostrando o estado da arte atual do ordenamento jurídico. No que se refere à Reforma, foram escolhidos três aspectos alterados que se relacionam diretamente ao combate ao trabalho escravo contemporâneo, quais sejam, a modificação do conceito de grupo empresarial, a possibilidade de aplicação de fontes comuns do Direito na análise de casos trabalhistas sem a observância dos princípios deste ramo e o tabelamento do dano extrapatrimonial vinculado ao salário contratual obreiro. Além do breve exame dos dispositivos, com base no referencial teórico principal de Everaldo Gaspar Lopes de Andrade, passou-se, ainda, à vinculação dos temas com o “Dumping Social”, demonstrando, como conclusão, a face real do ressurgimento cíclico do capitalismo, representado pela Fênix, com o objetivo geral de demonstrar a utilização do trabalho escravo contemporâneo como base do sistema e seu sustentáculo em tempos de “crise”.
DO CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO AO DESENVOLVIMENTO INCLUDENTE, SUSTENTÁVEL E SUSTENTADO POR MEIO DE FERRAMENTAS TRIBUTÁRIAS
Authors: Godoy Sandro Marcos , Maciel Lucas Pires
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo tem como escopo estudar o papel importante que as ferramentas tributárias tem para atingimento de um desenvolvimento includente, sustentável e sustentado. Para isso, evidenciou-se que crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento econômico não tem a mesma base de aferição, sendo que o Direito ao Desenvolvimento, previsto no texto constitucional, no artigo 3º é um dos objetivos da República Federativa do Brasil, que almeja um crescimento dentro de bases ambientais, sociais e econômicas. A tributação tem papel de protagonismo para interferir na economia e, com isso, diminuir as desigualdades regionais, com a criação de áreas com tributação diferenciada, bem como a tributação ambiental como instrumento de desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. Assim, viu-se que as ferramentas disponíveis no Direito Tributário podem e devem ser utilizadas para obter índices satisfatórios de desenvolvimento includente, sustentável e sustentado. Para elaboração do artigo utiliza-se o método dedutivo com pesquisas bibliográficas.
EM BUSCA DE NOVOS IMAGINÁRIOS SOCIAIS: DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS E UTOPIAS POLÍTICAS A PARTIR DE DRUCILLA CORNELL
Authors: Almeida Leonardo Monteiro Crespo de
Published: May 2021

A pretensão deste artigo reside em esclarecer possíveis relações entre o conceito de domínio imaginário proposto por Drucilla Cornell e direitos fundamentais tendo em vista as lutas por transformações sociais empreendidas por diversos grupos minoritários. O artigo toma como fio condutor o desenvolvimento do conceito de domínio imaginário tendo como principal eixo de referência as lutas políticas pelo reconhecimento de novos direitos e formas de integração social. Nesta direção, o artigo sustenta que o conceito pode ser útil para ilustrar a dimensão prospectiva que envolve as lutas políticas, trazendo consigo novas imagens e interpretações sobre os valores institucionais centrais para a comunidade. Essa linha de argumentação é fortalecida através de uma justaposição das considerações de Cornell com as de Chantal Mouffe e Cornelius Castoriadis referentes à temática em estudo. A pesquisa fora realizada através de uma revisão de literatura.
Prenatal y póstumo: Escrituras impotentes en Invenciones del recuerdo de Silvina Ocampo
Authors: Magallanes Romina
Published: May 2021

Invenciones del recuerdo, de Silvina Ocampo, forma parte del corpus póstumo de la autora. En 2006 Sudamericana editó por primera vez esta obra al cuidado de Ernesto Montequin, que ha sido considerada como un texto autobiográfico.

Este trabajo propone una lectura de Invenciones del recuerdo que no aborda la obra desde esa perspectiva sino como un texto que expone una impotencia escrituraria a partir de la expresión «prenatal» que abre un arco hasta la construcción póstuma que lo culmina, también en la forma de la impotencia. Siguiendo la lectura que Giorgio Agamben realiza de dicha noción en Aristóteles entendiendo por ella la capacidad de privación, de no pasar al acto, de suspenderse en la posibilidad y resistir a la realización totalizadora de una forma determinada, esta lectura encuentra que Invenciones del recuerdo se mueve en zonas de potencias donde se disuelve el Sujeto que vendría a narrar una vida pasada —autobiografía— para dar cuenta de una composición imprevista con lo «lo sido» (Heidegger ) y donde la «invención», el «instinto», la «infancia», lo póstumo y la edición la afectan.

Para desarrollar estas hipótesis dividiremos el trabajo en siete apartados que analizan y descomponen la noción de «prenatal» en matices que Ocampo presenta hasta legar a su relación con la naturaleza póstuma de esta escritura.
Gestores escolares como gerentes de nível de rua: Tipologia de diretores em escolas municipais brasileiras
Authors: Segatto Catarina Ianni , Exner Marina Katurchi , Abrucio Fernando Luis
Published: May 2021

Ainda que as características socioeconômicas dos alunos sejam centrais para compreender os resultados educacionais, é consenso na literatura que os gestores escolares influenciam o aprendizado dos alunos. Eles têm um papel central na coordenação pedagógica e em suas relações com as comunidades interna e externa à escola, por exemplo. No entanto, há poucos estudos que buscam compreender em profundidade as características de uma gestão escolar eficaz no Brasil. Este artigo busca contribuir para este debate a partir do estudo dos tipos de liderança dos gestores em dezesseis escolas brasileiras, buscando incorporar ao debate de gestão escolar a literatura de gerentes de nível de rua. A partir disso, construímos quatro tipos-ideais de lideranças escolares, que orientaram a análise qualitativa dos dados coletados em entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação. A análise mostra que os gestores escolares são centrais nas mudanças e adaptações nas políticas segundo os contextos específicos das escolas. Apesar disso, a visão sistêmica e as experiências anteriores dos gestores escolares tiveram maior efeito na trajetória positiva das escolas, pois permitiram o uso mais eficiente dos recursos e a customização de soluções aos contextos específicos, centrais em contextos de precariedade institucional e desigualdade social.
Social networks and policy coherence: Administrators’ Common Core and teacher evaluation advice networks
Authors: Stosich Elizabeth Leisy , Hatch Thomas , Hill Kathryn , Roegman Rachel , Allen David
Published: May 2021

In this study, we aim to deepen understanding of what it would take to develop the relationships, common understandings, and collective expertise that might support district-wide improvement efforts by examining the implementation of the Common Core and a teacher evaluation policy. Drawing on three years of social network data in three districts, we find that administrators were more likely to be talking together about teacher evaluation than the Common Core. Further, administrators with more positive views of the potential impact of these policies and their access to the human and technical resources necessary for implementation were more likely to engage in positive information seeking behaviors. These findings have important implications for policies intended to increase instructional coherence in schools and districts.
Analisis Prosodi pada Monolog Aktor Film Menggunakan Aplikasi Praat (Kajian dalam Bidang Fonetik Akustik)
Authors: Retno Ningsih Tri Wahyu
Published: May 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi bunyi ujaran penutur mengunakan parameter akustik, seperti frekuensi fundamental (F0), durasi, intensitas, tekanan dan pola kontur. Pengukuran bunyi ujaran ekperimental ini menggunakan sinyal yang diekstrak menggunakan anlisis spektrum dengan bantuan komputer. Hasil rekaman suara disimpan dalam file WAV dan software Praat versi 6.0.14 (Boersma & Weenink, 2016) digunakan untuk menganalisis fitur-fitur suprasegmental tersebut. Praat adalah program komputer untuk menganalisis, sintesis, dan manipulasi bunyi ujaran. Metode penelitian adalah metode eksperimental. Eksperimen terkait dengan identifikasi dan verifikasi bunyi ujaran penutur menggunakan parameter akustik melalui analisis spektograf. Kajian fonetik akustik ini dapat digunakan untuk membedakan antara bunyi asli atau bunyi tiruan oleh penutur. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa parameter akustik seperti frekuensi fundamental (F0), durasi, intensitas, tekanan dan pola kontur dapat digunakan untuk membedakan bunyi ujaran asli dan bunyi ujaran tiruan penutur.
Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Whatsapp di Lingkungan Rukun Tetangga
Authors: Astuti Sri Puji
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to reveal the politeness maxim of what is obeyed and the maxim of what is violated in the Whatsapp group of PKK RT 04 RW XXIII Kelurahan Meteseh, Kecamatan Tembalang, Semarang. This research data is a piece of discourse taken from the group Whatsapp messages by choosing the topic of commemorating the 74th Anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Indonesia. Once the data is collected, it is then analyzed by using linguistic politeness theory. Based on the results of the study, communication via Whatsapp of the PKK group complied with six maxims. Obedience to these six maxims causes a more harmonious relationship between group members. In addition to obeying the sixth maxim, this Whatsapp group also violates the maxim of wisdom and the maxim of sympathy that was aimed at humor.
On the use of flipped classroom across various disciplines: Insights from a second-order meta-analysis
Authors: Hew Khe Foon , Bai Shurui , Huang Weijiao , Dawson Phillip , Du Jiahui , Huang Guoyuhui , Jia Chengyuan , Thankrit Khongjan
Published: May 2021

Flipped classroom has become a popular buzzword in the post-secondary education setting, and it is one of the most visible trends in smart learning environments. Alongside this popularisation comes the view that the flipped classroom is something desirable. Yet, many educators remain divided over whether flipped classroom is really an improvement over traditional approaches. This paper is the first to synthesise all relevant meta-analytic information using a second-order meta-analysis approach on the effectiveness of the flipped classroom on student learning outcomes. By synthesising the findings of multiple primary meta-analyses instead of individual empirical studies, a second-order meta-analysis can more accurately account for publication bias and generate a more robust result. The present study synthesised and analysed the quality of 15 primary meta-analyses that involved 156,722 participants in flipped and non-flipped conditions to provide the most exhaustive test of the flipped classroom approach on its effect on student learning outcomes in higher education to date. The mean random effect size, after trim-and-fill adjustment, was 0.37, p < 0.001 in support of flipped classrooms. To check the accuracy of the second-order meta-analysis results, we performed a study-level meta-analytic validation. We discuss possible contextual and methodological moderators.
Review of smart learning: Patterns and trends in research and practice
Authors: Li Kam Cheong , Wong Billy Tak-Ming
Published: May 2021

This article presents a review of the literature on smart learning in order to provide a comprehensive overview of its latest developments in research and practice. The review covered 90 studies published from 2010 to 2019, which were collected from three publication databases, namely Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest. They were analysed for the patterns and trends in terms of publication years, sources of publication, countries or regions of publication, research purposes, research methods, educational levels of the studies, application domains, research issues, research participants, learning devices or tools, learning environments and learning features. Overall, the findings show that increasing global attention was given to smart learning from diverse disciplines and contexts of application. The results also reveal the areas which should be addressed in future work: development of pedagogies which make effective use of smart learning technologies in different learning environments; examination of smart learning to cope with learners’ needs in informal contexts; in-depth analysis of how smart learning could be tailored to fit the characteristics of various application domains; and investigation of the views and perceptions of teachers on smart learning technologies, their readiness to use these technologies and their challenges and needs for support.
Evaluating student engagement and deep learning in interactive online psychology learning activities
Authors: Sugden Nicole , Brunton Robyn , MacDonald Jasmine , Yeo Michelle , Hicks Ben
Published: May 2021

There is growing demand for online learning activities that offer flexibility for students to study anywhere, anytime, as online students fit study around work and family commitments. We designed a series of online activities and evaluated how, where, and with what devices students used the activities, as well as their levels of engagement and deep learning with the activities. A mixed-methods design was used to explore students’ interactions with the online activities. This method integrated learning analytics data with responses from 63 survey, nine interview, and 16 focus group participants. We found that students used a combination of mobile devices to access the online learning activities across a variety of locations during opportunistic study sessions in order to fit study into their daily routines. The online activities were perceived positively, facilitating affective, cognitive, and behavioural engagement as well as stimulating deep learning. Activities that were authentic, promoted problem-solving, applied theory to real-life scenarios, and increased students’ feelings of being supported were perceived as most beneficial to learning. These findings have implications for the future design of online activities, where activities need to accommodate students’ need for flexibility as students’ study habits become more mobile.
Enabling adaptive, personalised and context-aware interaction in a smart learning environment: Piloting the iCollab system
Authors: Oliveira Eduardo , Galvao de Barba Paula , Corrin Linda
Published: May 2021

Smart learning environments (SLE) provide students with opportunities to interact with learning resources and activities in ways that are customised to their particular learning goals and approaches. A challenge in developing SLEs is providing resources and tasks within a single system that can seamlessly tailor learning experience in terms of time, place, platform, and form. In this paper we introduce the iCollab platform, an adaptive environment where learning activities are moderated through conversation with an intelligent agent who can operate across multiple web-based platforms, integrating formal and informal learning opportunities. Fifty-eight undergraduate computer science students were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group for the 12 weeks of the pilot study. Learning analytics were used to examine their interactions with iCollab, while their course performance investigated the impact of using iCollab on learning outcomes. Results from the study showed a high level of interaction with iCollab, especially social interaction, indicating an interweaving of formal learning within their informal network spaces. These findings open up new possibilities for ways that SLEs can be designed to incorporate different factors, improving the ability of the system to provide adaptive and personalised learning experiences in relation to context and time.
Practical guidance for clinical laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 serology testing
Authors:   on behalf of the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network (CPHLN) Serology Working Group, Charlton Carmen , Kanji Jamil , Tran Vanessa , Kus Julianne , Gubbay Jonathan , Osiowy Carla , Robinson Jason , Sekirov Inna , Drebot Michael , Hatchette Todd , Derek Stein Derek , El-Gabalawy Nadia , Lang Amanda , Jiao Lei , Levet Paul , Wood Heidi , Therrien Christian , Lindsay L Robbin , Morshed Muhammad , Forbes Jessica , Dibernardo Antonia
Published: May 2021

The landscape of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnostic testing is rapidly evolving. While serology testing has limited diagnostic capacity for acute infection, its role in providing population-based information on positivity rates and informing evidence-based decision making for public health recommendations is increasing. With the global availability of vaccines, there is increasing pressure on clinical laboratories to provide antibody screening and result interpretation for vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals. Here we present the most up-to-date data on SARS-CoV-2 antibody timelines, including the longevity of antibodies, and the production and detection of neutralizing antibodies. Additionally, we provide practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories to both verify commercial serology assays and choose appropriate testing algorithms for their local populations.
An outbreak of hepatitis C virus attributed to the use of multi-dose vials at a colonoscopy clinic, Waterloo Region, Ontario
Authors: Folkema Arianne , Wang Hsiu-Li , Wright Kristy , Hirji M Mustafa , Andonov Anton , Bromley Kathryn , Ludwig Chad , MacArthur Amy
Published: May 2021

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission has been epidemiologically linked to healthcare settings, particularly out-of-hospital settings such as endoscopy clinics and hemodialysis clinics. These have been largely attributed to lapses in infection prevention and control practices (IPAC). Objective: To describe the public health response to an outbreak of HCV that was detected among patients of a colonoscopy clinic in Ontario, and to highlight the risks of using multi-dose vials and the need for improved IPAC practices in out-of-hospital settings. Methods: Screening for HCV was conducted on patients and staff who attended or worked at the clinic within the same timeframe as the index case’s procedure. Blood samples from positive cases underwent viral sequencing. Inspections of the clinic assessed IPAC practices, and a chart review was done to identify plausible mechanisms for transmission. Outcome: A total of 38% of patients who underwent procedures at the clinic on the same day as the index case tested positive for HCV. Genetic sequencing showed a high degree of similarity in the HCV genetic sequence among the samples positive for HCV. Chart review and clinic inspection identified use of multi-dose vials of anesthesia medication across multiple patients as the plausible mechanism for transmission. Conclusion: Healthcare workers, especially those in out-of-hospital procedural/surgical premises, should be vigilant in following IPAC best practices, including those related to the use of multi-dose vials, to prevent the transmission of bloodborne infections in healthcare settings.
Ethics check-up of public health immunization programs in Canada
Authors: MacDonald Noni E , Harmon Shawn , Graham Janice E
Published: May 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes immunization as one of the most successful and effective public health interventions for saving lives. In developing a roadmap for prioritizing use of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in the context of limited supply, WHO highlighted the importance of a values (ethical principles) framework. Immunization does need to be subject to independent ethical scrutiny of vaccine research data, manufacturing practices, the legal and ethical assurance of informed consent, and also social justice issues with respect to program equity, including right to access. An ethics review of Australia’s immunization program was reported in 2012. This CANVax (Canadian Vaccination Evidence Resource and Exchange Centre) Brief offers an ethics review of immunization in Canada using the criteria utilized for Australia.
Volunteering in Israel – mobilized culture or norm
Authors: Shamir-Tixell Edith
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present Israel volunteering norm and Israelis’ attitude toward volunteering. Data shows that the rate of volunteering in Israel is declining and that Israelis attitude towards volunteering has changed. A committee on volunteering within the framework of the Interdisciplinary Round Table in the Prime Minister’s Office was established to promote volunteering and social participation in Israel. There is a high-school program, to promote volunteering among teenagers that everyone must go through for 3 years. Much effort is dedicated to increasing motivation for volunteering, However, the volunteer percentage among adults are not rising. A Situational description.
The laws of niddah as a means of controlling female sexuality
Authors: Nadav Carmel Hila
Published: May 2021

This article presents how the laws of Niddah in Judaism are influenced by the cultural attitude to menstruation and how the cultural attitude to menstruation is related to the social status of women. The laws of Niddah are consider in historical and contemporary perspective with special interests in attitudes to women menstruation and sexuality. The social and biological domain are analyzed to understand the connections between power struggles and behavior regulations.
Intencjonalność badacza kultury w poszukiwaniu prawdy (dominujący fantazmat)
Authors: Doda-Wyszyńska Agnieszka
Published: May 2021

The contemporary experience of rationality is the relationship of a multi-faceted break with the value of truth. Today we are observing the paradoxical return of the final questions, which could not be denied and pushed beyond culture. Admittedly, it was attempted to change the culture into the domain of organizing temporal life, but it failed. Although, predicting victory in any game (in the Bourdieu sense) has become impossible, the desire to experience meaning is repeatedly coded in us by humanists. After losing culture, we live in a constant trauma that we can not overcome. Today there is no reference to the truth produced within symbolic capital. In addition, we are in the phantasm of universal consent.
Historia divina i historia naturalis w myśli Judy Loewa
Authors: Świeżyński Adam
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the presentation of the position of Judah Loew (Maharal) on the relationship between the scientific and religious view of the world. In his opinion, scientific and theological explanations are disproportionate and are located at various epistemic levels. Consequently, there can be no conflict between them. Each of them refers to a different history of their course, describing them as historia divina and historia naturalis. Although Loew clearly did not reject the path of scientific cognition, he expressed doubts about the effectiveness of contemporary scientific research due to the variety of scientific views and the multiplicity of the proposed solutions. The knowledge of religious revelation, which is, in his opinion, always reliable and accurate, is completely different. The consequence of the described position is his recognition that scientific knowledge remains potentially available to all people equally, regardless of their religion. However, there is a fundamental difference between Jews and other nations in terms of their internal, spiritual “equipment,” resulting from the experience, status and religious tradition of the Jews. Maharal’s position on the relationship between the natural science and Jewish theology seems to be an expression of religious exclusivity on the one hand and thus becomes close to the contemporary trends of religious fundamentalism, and on the other, expresses a strict separation of scientific and religious explanation of reality.
Religia a rozum w świetle filozofii Gianniego Vattimo
Authors: Torzewski Antoni
Published: May 2021

The reason’s emancipation ideal present in the Enlightenment is, according to Gianni Vattimo, convergent with a part of the history of the presence of religion in philosophical reflection. However regress of religious thought along with growth of the ”power” of reason ended because of self-abolition of reason in its emancipation. Thus religion returned to the philosophical thought and is broadly considered. Of course it is not the same religion but different – separated from classic metaphysics. For religion appears as a discourse focused not on reason, and at the same time not claiming the right to be a mirror of the absolute truth, but as focused on interpretation and secularization. In accordance with Vattimo’s thought, I will try to show, what abandonment of metaphysics is about and if it is also an abandonment of reason. Furthermore I will present the contemporary place of hermeneutical reflection on religion.
Wiara i krew. Porównanie treści religijnych w komiksach Jan Hardy. Żołnierz Wyklęty i Polski Superbohater Biały Orzeł. Kroniki konfliktu
Authors: Lara Magdalena
Published: May 2021

The creators and publishers of patriotic comics pursue social and educational goals – they try to popularize the idea of the national community and solidify national values. They develop variety of means to effectively promote specific attitudes and actions. For this purpose, they use, inter alia, a religious imaginarium, often identified with national symbolism. The analysis of the content of the two most popular patriotic comics – the Biały Orzeł. Kroniki konfliktu and Jan Hardy. Żołnierz Wyklęty – shows differences in using varied religious symbols. The comics by using similar signs shape disparate universe and promote different attitudes. The origin of the superpower separates what is human and divine, at the same time determining the way of understanding the nation. The blood and faith become a medium of Polishness – to save the consistency of the nation, one must care of the proper Catholic attitude and pay attention to the cultural and ethnic heritage.
Próba przezwyciężenia doktryny podwójnej prawdy przez Galileusza
Authors: Sołtysiak Marek
Published: May 2021

The article is an attempt to answer the question of whether Galileo has overcome the doctrine of double truth in Copernican letters. The answer to this question is not unequivocal, just as the ‘Galileo case’ is unequivocal. As it is well known, the attempt to defend Copernicanism ended tragically for him. He had to revoke his view that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Also, as for the „evidence” presented by him on this matter, it proved to be either insufficient or false. However, the principle of the autonomy of science and faith, his emphasis on the authority of scientific knowledge and the authority of the Bible survived the period of condemnation of his thoughts and made itself felt in the nineteenth century, and today they determine the fides et ratio relation.