bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying an authentic partnership approach to facilitate optimal health of Aboriginal children
Authors: Sprigg dos Santos Naomi , Kendall Garth , Munns Ailsa
Published: August 2022

The aim of this development paper is to inform the ongoing implementation of the partnership approach with Aboriginal families in Australia. As almost all Community Health Nurses employed by the Health Department of Western Australia, Country Health Service are non-Aboriginal, there are a number of factors that may, potentially, limit their capacity to work effectively with the primary caregivers of Aboriginal children.

Historically, much that has been written about the health and development of Aboriginal people in Australia has been negative and derogatory with wide criticism for their non-participation with health services and healthy lifestyle activities. Not only has this “deficit discourse” approach proved to be unhelpful in terms of improving the health and well-being of Aboriginal people but also there is mounting evidence that it has been detrimental to mental and physical health and capacity to achieve autonomy in all aspects of life.

In response to the voices of Aboriginal people, the partnership approach to care has been promoted for use by Community Health Nurses in Western Australia. However, the implementation of the approach is not always genuinely strength based, and it does not always focus on mutual goal setting within authentic partnership relationships. The partnership approach has the potential to improve the lives of Aboriginal people if it is implemented with appropriate cultural sensitivity, shared responsibility, dignity and respect.
Effects of Eliminating the US–China Trade Dispute Tariffs
Authors: Zheng Jian , Zhou Shudong , Li Xingzi , Padula Antonio Domingos , Martin Will
Published: August 2022

This paper examines the economic implications of the tariff increases by the United States and by China during the Trump era trade dispute and the gains from their potential removal. The increases were dramatic, with the US raising tariffs on industrial products by a factor of six – with particularly large tariff increases on intermediate and capital goods – and China increasing its tariffs on US agricultural products more than five-fold. These changes distort trade and production decisions in both countries and undercut the global trading system. They resulted in substantial economic losses to each country, with import volumes reduced by 4.9% in China and 4.5% in the USA, and bilateral trade patterns were massively distorted. Their cost to the United States rose at the end of 2021, when the import expansion provisions of the Trump era Phase One Agreement expired. Negotiating the abolition of these costly and disruptive tariffs would generate substantial real income gains for both countries and help lower US consumer prices.
Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Intermittent Explosive Disorder amongst Myanmar refugees living in Malaysia: a population-based study
Authors: Tay Alvin Kuowei , Mohsin Mohammed , Rees Susan , Silove Derrick
Published: August 2022

Aims

We investigate the prevalence and risk factor profiles of Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) and comparison between two diagnostic measures for IED in a large population-based study of three ethnic groups of refugees (Chin, Kachin and Rohingya) from Myanmar resettled in Malaysia.

Methods

Trained field personnel interviewed in total 2058 refugees, applying a clustered, probabilistic, proportional-to-size sampling framework and using the DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria to diagnose IED. We used descriptive and bivariate analyses to explore associations of IED (using DSM IV or DMS 5) with ethnic group membership, sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to premigration traumatic events (TEs) and postmigration living difficulties (PMLDs). We also examined associations of IED with other common mental disorders (CMDs) (depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder) and with domains of functional impairment. Finally, we compared whether IED measured using DSM IV or DSM 5 generated the same or different prevalence.

Results

For the whole sample (n = 2058), the 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV IED was 5.9% (n = 122) and for DSM-5, 3.4% (n = 71). Across the three ethnic groups, 12-month DSM-5 IED prevalence was 2.1% (Chin), 2.9% (Rohingya) and 8.0% (Kachin), whereas DSM-IV defined IED prevalence was 3.2% (Chin), 7% (Rohingya) and 9.2% (Kachin). Being single, and exposure to greater premigration TEs and PMLDs were each associated with IED. Over 80% of persons with IED recorded one or more comorbid CMDs. Persons with IED also showed greater levels of functional impairment compared with those without IED.

Conclusions

The pooled IED prevalence was higher than global norms but there was substantial variation in prevalence across the three study groups.
Modulation of the Precipitation Isotopes by the Dynamic and Thermodynamic Variables of the Atmosphere in Southern Parts of India
Authors: Fousiya A. A. , Aravind G. H. , Achyutan H. , Chakraborty S. , Chattopadhyay R. , Datye A. , Murkute C. , Lone A. M. , Kripalani R. H. , Yadava M. G. , Mohan P. M.
Published: August 2022

The isotopic values of rainfall in the southern parts of India exhibit strong seasonality. Such a contrast in isotopic values arises mainly due to the seasonal reversal of the monsoon winds. During the summer monsoon season, moisture is primarily transported from the Arabian Sea, while during the winter, it is sourced mainly from the Bay of Bengal. Additionally, atmospheric processes contribute to these differences. We collected precipitation samples from a southern Indian site and two neighboring island locations to study their isotopic characteristics from intra‐seasonal to seasonal timescale. Oxygen isotopes in the marine environment seem to respond differently to the surface and tropospheric temperature than their counterparts from the land region. The seasonal isotopic gradient in the marine environment appears to be modulated by the tropospheric temperature anomaly. Oxygen isotopic values showed a strong association with the Webster‐Yang monsoon index. Two distinct clusters were formed when the oxygen isotopes were plotted against the above‐mentioned monsoon index. The formation of these clusters indicates the precipitation isotopes' response to moisture dynamics, which significantly change during the transition phase of the southwest to the northeast monsoon. Finally, we examine the potential of the precipitation isotopic records in studying the monsoon process, viz, the use of precipitation isotopes in characterizing the thermodynamical properties of the atmosphere and estimating the summer monsoon withdrawal phase.
Phase Stability of Al‐Bearing Dense Hydrous Magnesium Silicates at Topmost Lower Mantle Conditions: Implication for Water Transport in the Mantle
Authors: Li Xinyang , Speziale Sergio , Koch‐Müller Monika , Husband Rachel Jane , Liermann Hanns‐Peter
Published: August 2022

In this study, we investigated the phase stability of Al‐free and Al‐bearing superhydrous phase B (shy‐B) up to 55 GPa and 2500 K. In comparison with Al‐free shy‐B, the incorporation of 11.7 wt.% Al2O3 in shy‐B expands the stability by ∼400–800 K at 20–30 GPa. The determined dehydration boundary for Al‐bearing phase D indicates that it could be present even at normal mantle geotherm conditions at 30–40 GPa. Up to 23.8 mol.% Al2O3 can be dissolved into the structures of akimotoite and bridgmanite as a result of the decomposition reactions of Al‐bearing shy‐B and phase D between 20 and 40 GPa. Results of further experiments indicate that δ‐AlOOH is the stable hydrous phase coexisting with Al‐depleted bridgmanite at pressures above 52 GPa. This study shows that the incorporation of Al in dense hydrous magnesium silicates can have a profound impact on our picture of the water cycle in the deep Earth.
Spatiotemporal Evolution Patterns of Contiguous Extreme Precipitation Events Across China From a 3D Perspective
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Luo Ming , Wu Sijia , Ning Guicai , Liu Zhen , Wang Shigong , Wang Peng , Zhang Hui , Li Xiang
Published: August 2022

Extreme precipitation events severely affect ecosystems and human society. While most existing studies investigated either their temporal changes or spatial extent, the joint behaviors in both time and space are neglected. Here, we examine different evolution patterns of spatiotemporally contiguous precipitation events (SCEPEs) across China during 1997–2021 from a three‐dimensional (3D, latitude × longitude × time) perspective. The SCEPEs exhibit distinct behaviors in different subregions. The SCEPEs in northwestern areas have relatively longer moving distances and weaker magnitude, mostly originating from the west and traveling to the east. Southeastern events display stronger magnitudes and travel at shorter distances, characterized by a more localized phenomenon. Since 1997, the frequency of SCEPEs in China has nearly doubled, their magnitude and affected areas have increased, but the moving distance and speed have decreased. Our findings provide important references for predicting extreme weather events and mitigating their detrimental impacts.
Present Day Endogenic and Exogenic Activity on Mercury
Authors: Speyerer E. J. , Robinson M. S. , Sonke A. J.
Published: August 2022

Exogenic and endogenic activities dictate how planetary surfaces evolve. However, the present‐day influence of each of these activities is not well constrained. MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) temporal imaging recorded surface changes associated with these activities between 2011 and 2015. Here we present the results of a temporal investigation that identified 20 reflectance changes. One change exhibited bright rays extending from the site, consistent with the aftermath of an impact event. If all changes result from impact events, the present flux rate is 1,000 times higher than models predict. Consequently, we also report changes on slopes in areas with concentrations of tectonic landforms and identify a subset of changes that are on or adjacent to hollows, consistent with present‐day endogenic activities. Therefore, we conclude that these observations captured endogenic and exogenic modifications to the surface.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Dissolution Efficiency During Geological Carbon Sequestration (GCS) in Randomly Stratified Formations
Authors: Wang Yufei , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel , Saaltink Maarten W.
Published: August 2022

Geological carbon sequestration mitigates climate change by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in deep geologic formations. Dissolution trapping is one mechanism by which CO2 can be trapped in a deep formation. However, heterogeneity can significantly affect the dissolution efficiency. This work addresses the injection of CO2 in perfectly stratified saline formations under uncertainty. Monte Carlo two‐phase flow compositional simulations involving the dissolution of CO2 into brine and evaporation of water into the CO2‐rich phase are presented. We systematically analyzed the interplay between heterogeneity and gravity factor (G), which is shown to control the migration of the CO2 plume as well as the temporal evolution of dissolution efficiency. Results show that when G is important, vertical segregation controls the overall behavior of CO2, diminishing the influence of small‐scale heterogeneity on dissolution. However, when G is relatively small compared to , CO2 migrates preferentially through high permeability layers and dissolution efficiency increases with due to the stretching of the CO2 plume that enhances mixing. As a result, in this situation, the upscaling of permeability leads to an underestimation of the dissolution efficiency. A review of field sites shows that dissolution is heterogeneity‐controlled in most real systems. Knowing that most numerical models cannot afford to represent heterogeneity at an adequate scale, results indicate that dissolution efficiency can be typically underestimated by a factor close to 1.5.
Unconfined Plunging of a Hyperpycnal River Plume Over a Sloping Bed and Its Lateral Spreading: Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Shi H. , Negretti M. E. , Chauchat J. , Blanckaert K. , Lemmin U. , Barry D. A.
Published: August 2022

Hyperpycnal (negatively buoyant) river inflow into lakes and oceans often develops three‐dimensional (3D) plunging flow patterns when laterally unconfined. To determine the 3D flow pattern characteristics, laboratory experiments of laterally unconfined plunging on a sloping bed were carried out using salinity to control the density difference. The experiments were complemented by numerical modeling based on a high‐resolution computational fluid dynamics model. As is the case for confined plunging plumes, it was found that in unconfined plunging, the inflow densimetric Froude number Frd−0 at the river mouth and the bed slope of the receiving water body β are the dominant control parameters. However, the results documented that the hydrodynamics of laterally unconfined plunging are fundamentally different: The hyperpycnal plume in unconfined configurations forms a triangle on the surface in the plunge zone due to its convergence near the surface and lateral spreading near the bottom. The triangular pattern extends further into the receiving water when Frd−0 increases or the bottom slope decreases. The unconfined entrainment coefficient, which quantifies the amount of ambient water entrained into the plunging plume, also increases with increasing Frd−0. In general, entrainment is much higher in unconfined than in confined plunging. The plunging densimetric Froude number Frd−p takes a constant value of ∼0.5 in confined plunging, whereas it increases with increasing Frd−0 and can be ≫1 in unconfined plunging. Complex patterns of secondary currents occur in the plunging plume. A low‐velocity zone whose size increases with Frd−0 is observed near the centerline above the bed.
GPCR/endocytosis/ERK signaling/S2R is involved in the regulation of the internalization, mitochondria-targeting and -activating properties of human salivary histatin 1
Authors: Ma Dandan , Sun Wei , Fu Cuicui , Nazmi Kamran , Veerman Enno C. I. , Jaspers Richard T. , Bolscher Jan G. M. , Bikker Floris J. , Wu Gang
Published: August 2022

Human salivary histatin 1 (Hst1) exhibits a series of cell-activating properties, such as promoting cell spreading, migration, and metabolic activity. We recently have shown that fluorescently labeled Hst1 (F-Hst1) targets and activates mitochondria, presenting an important molecular mechanism. However, its regulating signaling pathways remain to be elucidated. We investigated the influence of specific inhibitors of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), endocytosis pathways, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling, p38 signaling, mitochondrial respiration and Na+/K+-ATPase activity on the uptake, mitochondria-targeting and -activating properties of F-Hst1. We performed a siRNA knockdown (KD) to assess the effect of Sigma-2 receptor (S2R) /Transmembrane Protein 97 (TMEM97)—a recently identified target protein of Hst1. We also adopted live cell imaging to monitor the whole intracellular trafficking process of F-Hst1. Our results showed that the inhibition of cellular respiration hindered the internalization of F-Hst1. The inhibitors of GPCR, ERK1/2, phagocytosis, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) as well as siRNA KD of S2R/TMEM97 significantly reduced the uptake, which was accompanied by the nullification of the promoting effect of F-Hst1 on cell metabolic activity. Only the inhibitor of CME and KD of S2R/TMEM97 significantly compromised the mitochondria-targeting of Hst1. We further showed the intracellular trafficking and targeting process of F-Hst1, in which early endosome plays an important role. Overall, phagocytosis, CME, GPCR, ERK signaling, and S2R/TMEM97 are involved in the internalization of Hst1, while only CME and S2R/TMEM97 are critical for its subcellular targeting. The inhibition of either internalization or mitochondria-targeting of Hst1 could significantly compromise its mitochondria-activating property.
A novel mutation located in the intermembrane space domain of AFG3L2 causes dominant optic atrophy through decreasing the stability of the encoded protein
Authors: Yang Lin , Jin Xiuxiu , Li Ya , Guo Qingge , Yang Mingzhu , You Ya , Yao Shun , Zhang Xiaoli , Wang Zhongfeng , Lei Bo
Published: August 2022

Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most common hereditary optic neuropathy. Although DOA is caused by mutations in several genes, there are still many cases that have not been diagnosed or misdiagnosed. Herein, we present a large family of 11 patients with DOA. To identify potential pathogenic mutations, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband, a 35-year-old woman. WES revealed a novel pathogenic mutation (c.524T>C, p.F175S) in the AFG3L2 intermembrane space domain, rather than in the ATPase domain, which is the hot mutation region associated with most of the previously reported DOA cases. Functional studies on skin fibroblasts generated from patients and HEK293T cells showed that the mutation may impair mitochondrial function and decrease the ability of AFG3L2 protein to enter the mitochondrial inner membrane. In addition, this novel mutation led to protein degradation and reduced the stability of the AFG3L2 protein, which appeared to be associated with the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway.
Structures of UBA6 explain its dual specificity for ubiquitin and FAT10
Authors: Truongvan Ngoc , Li Shurong , Misra Mohit , Kuhn Monika , Schindelin Hermann
Published: August 2022

The covalent modification of target proteins with ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like modifiers is initiated by E1 activating enzymes, which typically transfer a single modifier onto cognate conjugating enzymes. UBA6 is an unusual E1 since it activates two highly distinct modifiers, ubiquitin and FAT10. Here, we report crystal structures of UBA6 in complex with either ATP or FAT10. In the UBA6-FAT10 complex, the C-terminal domain of FAT10 binds to where ubiquitin resides in the UBA1-ubiquitin complex, however, a switch element ensures the alternate recruitment of either modifier. Simultaneously, the N-terminal domain of FAT10 interacts with the 3-helix bundle of UBA6. Site-directed mutagenesis identifies residues permitting the selective activation of either ubiquitin or FAT10. These results pave the way for studies investigating the activation of either modifier by UBA6 in physiological and pathophysiological settings.
Second-dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in Scotland
Authors: Simpson Colin R. , Kerr Steven , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , McCowan Colin , Ritchie Lewis D. , Pan Jiafeng , Stock Sarah J. , Rudan Igor , Tsang Ruby S. M. , de Lusignan Simon , Hobbs F. D. Richard , Akbari Ashley , Lyons Ronan A. , Robertson Chris , Sheikh Aziz
Published: August 2022

We investigated thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events following a second dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 using a self-controlled case series analysis. We used a national prospective cohort with 2.0 million(m) adults vaccinated with two doses of ChAdOx or 1.6 m with BNT162b2. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 14–20 days post-ChAdOx1 second dose was 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90–5.08. The incidence of ITP post-second dose ChAdOx1 was 0.59 (0.37–0.89) per 100,000 doses. No evidence of an increased risk of CVST was found for the 0–27 day risk period (IRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.16 to 4.26). However, few (≤5) events arose within this risk period. It is perhaps noteworthy that these events all clustered in the 7–13 day period (IRR 4.06, 95% CI 0.94 to 17.51). No other associations were found for second dose ChAdOx1, or any association for second dose BNT162b2 vaccination. Second dose ChAdOx1 vaccination was associated with increased borderline risks of ITP and CVST events. However, these events were rare thus providing reassurance about the safety of these vaccines. Further analyses including more cases are required to determine more precisely the risk profile for ITP and CVST after a second dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine.
A slow-cycling/quiescent cells subpopulation is involved in glioma invasiveness
Authors: Antonica Francesco , Santomaso Lucia , Pernici Davide , Petrucci Linda , Aiello Giuseppe , Cutarelli Alessandro , Conti Luciano , Romanel Alessandro , Miele Evelina , Tebaldi Toma , Tiberi Luca
Published: August 2022

Pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors, with poor prognosis due to recurrence and tumor infiltration after therapy. Quiescent cells have been implicated in tumor recurrence and treatment resistance, but their direct visualization and targeting remain challenging, precluding their mechanistic study. Here, we identify a population of malignant cells expressing Prominin-1 in a non-proliferating state in pediatric high-grade glioma patients. Using a genetic tool to visualize and ablate quiescent cells in mouse brain cancer and human cancer organoids, we reveal their localization at both the core and the edge of the tumors, and we demonstrate that quiescent cells are involved in infiltration of brain cancer cells. Finally, we find that Harmine, a DYRK1A/B inhibitor, partially decreases the number of quiescent and infiltrating cancer cells. Our data point to a subpopulation of quiescent cells as partially responsible of tumor invasiveness, one of the major causes of brain cancer morbidity.
Structural basis for Sarbecovirus ORF6 mediated blockage of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Authors: Gao Xiaopan , Tian Huabin , Zhu Kaixiang , Li Qing , Hao Wei , Wang Linyue , Qin Bo , Deng Hongyu , Cui Sheng
Published: August 2022

The emergence of heavily mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) place the international community on high alert. In addition to numerous mutations that map in the spike protein of VOCs, expression of the viral accessory proteins ORF6 and ORF9b also elevate; both are potent interferon antagonists. Here, we present the crystal structures of Rae1-Nup98 in complex with the C-terminal tails (CTT) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV ORF6 to 2.85 Å and 2.39 Å resolution, respectively. An invariant methionine (M) 58 residue of ORF6 CTT extends its side chain into a hydrophobic cavity in the Rae1 mRNA binding groove, resembling a bolt-fitting-hole; acidic residues flanking M58 form salt-bridges with Rae1. Our mutagenesis studies identify key residues of ORF6 important for its interaction with Rae1-Nup98 in vitro and in cells, of which M58 is irreplaceable. Furthermore, we show that ORF6-mediated blockade of mRNA and STAT1 nucleocytoplasmic transport correlate with the binding affinity between ORF6 and Rae1-Nup98. Finally, binding of ORF6 to Rae1-Nup98 is linked to ORF6-induced interferon antagonism. Taken together, this study reveals the molecular basis for the antagonistic function of Sarbecovirus ORF6, and implies a strategy of using ORF6 CTT-derived peptides for immunosuppressive drug development.
Confinement-induced accumulation and de-mixing of microscopic active-passive mixtures
Authors: Williams Stephen , Jeanneret Raphaël , Tuval Idan , Polin Marco
Published: August 2022

Understanding the out-of-equilibrium properties of noisy microscale systems and the extent to which they can be modulated externally, is a crucial scientific and technological challenge. It holds the promise to unlock disruptive new technologies ranging from targeted delivery of chemicals within the body to directed assembly of new materials. Here we focus on how active matter can be harnessed to transport passive microscopic systems in a statistically predictable way. Using a minimal active-passive system of weakly Brownian particles and swimming microalgae, we show that spatial confinement leads to a complex non-monotonic steady-state distribution of colloids, with a pronounced peak at the boundary. The particles’ emergent active dynamics is well captured by a space-dependent Poisson process resulting from the space-dependent motion of the algae. Based on our findings, we then realise experimentally the de-mixing of the active-passive suspension, opening the way for manipulating colloidal objects via controlled activity fields.
Three-dimensional electron ptychography of organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructures
Authors: Ding Zhiyuan , Gao Si , Fang Weina , Huang Chen , Zhou Liqi , Pei Xudong , Liu Xiaoguo , Pan Xiaoqing , Fan Chunhai , Kirkland Angus I. , Wang Peng
Published: August 2022

Three dimensional scaffolded DNA origami with inorganic nanoparticles has been used to create tailored multidimensional nanostructures. However, the image contrast of DNA is poorer than those of the heavy nanoparticles in conventional transmission electron microscopy at high defocus so that the biological and non-biological components in 3D scaffolds cannot be simultaneously resolved using tomography of samples in a native state. We demonstrate the use of electron ptychography to recover high contrast phase information from all components in a DNA origami scaffold without staining. We further quantitatively evaluate the enhancement of contrast in comparison with conventional transmission electron microscopy. In addition, We show that for ptychography post-reconstruction focusing simplifies the workflow and reduces electron dose and beam damage.
Cell clusters softening triggers collective cell migration in vivo
Authors: Marchant Cristian L. , Malmi-Kakkada Abdul N. , Espina Jaime A. , Barriga Elias H.
Published: August 2022

Embryogenesis, tissue repair and cancer metastasis rely on collective cell migration. In vitro studies propose that cells are stiffer while migrating in stiff substrates, but softer when plated in compliant surfaces which are typically considered as non-permissive for migration. Here we show that cells within clusters from embryonic tissue dynamically decrease their stiffness in response to the temporal stiffening of their native substrate to initiate collective cell migration. Molecular and mechanical perturbations of embryonic tissues reveal that this unexpected mechanical response involves a mechanosensitive pathway relying on Piezo1-mediated microtubule deacetylation. We further show that decreasing microtubule acetylation and consequently cluster stiffness is sufficient to trigger collective cell migration in soft non-permissive substrates. This suggests that reaching an optimal cluster-to-substrate stiffness ratio is essential to trigger the onset of this collective process. Overall, these in vivo findings challenge the current understanding of collective cell migration and its physiological and pathological roles.
Antibiotic resistance genes of public health importance in livestock and humans in an informal urban community in Nepal
Authors: Young Cristin C. W. , Karmacharya Dibesh , Bista Manisha , Sharma Ajay N. , Goldstein Tracey , Mazet Jonna A. K. , Johnson Christine K.
Published: August 2022

Efforts to mitigate the increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will benefit from a One Health perspective, as over half of animal antimicrobials are also considered medically important in humans, and AMR can be maintained in the environment. This is especially pertinent to low- and middle-income countries and in community settings, where an estimated 80% of all antibiotics are used. This study features AMR genes found among humans, animals, and water at an urban informal settlement in Nepal with intensifying livestock production. We sampled humans, chickens, ducks, swine, and water clustered by household, as well as rodents and shrews near dwellings, concurrently in time in July 2017 in southeastern Kathmandu along the Manohara river. Real-time qualitative PCR was performed to screen for 88 genes. Our results characterize the animal-human-environmental interfaces related to the occurrence of specific resistance genes (blaSHV-1 (SHV(238G240E) strain), QnrS, ermC, tetA, tetB, aacC2, aadA1) associated with antibiotics of global health importance that comprise several drug classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. By characterizing risk factors across AMR genes of public health importance, this research highlights potential transmission pathways for further investigation and provides prioritization of community-based prevention and intervention efforts for disrupting AMR transmission of critically important antibiotics used in both humans and animals in Nepal.
Investigating the effect of N-doping on carbon quantum dots structure, optical properties and metal ion screening
Authors: Nguyen Kiem Giap , Baragau Ioan-Alexandru , Gromicova Radka , Nicolaev Adela , Thomson Stuart A. J. , Rennie Alistair , Power Nicholas P. , Sajjad Muhammad Tariq , Kellici Suela
Published: August 2022

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from biomass, a suggested green approach for nanomaterial synthesis, often possess poor optical properties and have low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). This study employed an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process to synthesise efficient nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from biomass precursors (glucose in the presence of ammonia). The concentrations of ammonia, as nitrogen dopant precursor, were varied to optimise the optical properties of CQDs. Optimised N-CQDs showed significant enhancement in fluorescence emission properties with a PLQY of 9.6% compared to pure glucose derived-CQDs (g-CQDs) without nitrogen doping which have PLQY of less than 1%. With stability over a pH range of pH 2 to pH 11, the N-CQDs showed excellent sensitivity as a nano-sensor for the highly toxic highly-pollutant chromium (VI), where efficient photoluminescence (PL) quenching was observed. The optimised nitrogen-doping process demonstrated effective and efficient tuning of the overall electronic structure of the N-CQDs resulting in enhanced optical properties and performance as a nano-sensor.
The role of traditional obesity parameters in predicting the number of stenosed coronary arteries (≥ 60%) among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization
Authors: Hayajneh Audai A. , Alhusban Islam M. , Rababa Mohammad
Published: August 2022

The correlation between obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been well-documented in the literature. Body mass index, waist–height ratio, waist–hip ratio, body adiposity index, body shape index, waist circumference, and hip circumference are traditional obesity parameters used to measure obesity. This study aimed to investigate the role of these traditional obesity parameters in the prediction of the number of stenosed coronary arteries (≥ 60%) among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 hospitalized patients undergoing cardiac catheterization in two hospitals in Jordan. Bivariate Pearson’s correlation and forward linear regression analysis were used in the current study. Hip circumference was identified as being the best predictor of CAD (r = 0.5), with the best cut-off value of 103 cm (sensitivity = 0.92, specificity = 0.58). Hip circumference had significant regression levels with the number of stented coronary arteries (P = 0.002) and the number of severe stenosed coronary arteries (P = 0.04). The second-best obesity parameter in predicting CAD was waist circumference (r = 0.4), with a cut-off value of 0.95 m (sensitivity = 0.76, specificity = 0.68). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), triglycerides, and smoking had significant positive correlations with the number of stented coronary arteries (P < 0.05). Hip circumference of ≥ 103 cm, increased serum level of triglycerides, HS-CRP, and being a smoker are all factors which can predict CAD or the risk of developing it.
Design and synthesis of new N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives as urease inhibitors with potential antibacterial activity
Authors: Pedrood Keyvan , Azizian Homa , Montazer Mohammad Nazari , Moazzam Ali , Asadi Mehdi , Montazeri Hamed , Biglar Mahmood , Zamani Mozhdeh , Larijani Bagher , Zomorodian Kamiar , Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani Maryam , Irajie Cambyz , Amanlou Massoud , Iraji Aida , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: August 2022

A new series of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin 3a–n were designed and synthesized based on Willgerodt–Kindler reaction. The results of in vitro urease inhibitory assay indicated that almost all the synthesized compounds 3a–n (IC50 = 2.05 ± 0.03–32.49 ± 0.32 μM) were more potent than standard inhibitors, hydroxyurea (IC50 = 100 ± 2.5 μM) and thiourea (IC50 = 23 ± 0.84 μM). The study of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive species (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) revealed that the majority of compounds were more active than ciprofloxacin as the standard drug, and 3h derivative bearing 3-fluoro group had the same effect as ciprofloxacin against Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli). Based on molecular dynamic simulations, compound 3n exhibited pronounced interactions with the critical residues of the urease active site and mobile flap pocket so that the quinolone ring coordinated toward the metal bi-nickel center and the essential residues at the flap site like His593, His594, and Arg609. These interactions caused blocking the active site and stabilized the movement of the mobile flap at the entrance of the active site channel, which significantly reduced the catalytic activity of urease. Noteworthy, 3n also exhibited IC50 values of 5.59 ± 2.38 and 5.72 ± 1.312 µg/ml to inhibit urease enzyme against C. neoformans and P. vulgaris in the ureolytic assay.
PFAS Regulations: Past and Present and Their Impact on Fluoropolymers
Authors: Bock A. Ronald , Laird B. Elisabeth
Published: August 2022

Over the last decade, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been the focus of many regulatory initiatives, mainly in the European Union (EU) and the USA. Currently, these regulations are being focused on individual PFASs and related substances, i.e. substances that may degrade into the substance of concern. With the major exception of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was historically used as a polymerisation aid in the manufacture of many types of fluoropolymers, these regulatory initiatives did not directly address fluoropolymers or their manufacturing processes. Several substances, such as the C9–C14 carboxylic acids, are indirectly linked to fluoropolymers as they could occur as by-products during the polymerisation process and could be found in trace amounts in the final products. With the recent launch of the PFAS restriction process in the EU, fluoropolymers are now included in the regulatory process as they are within the scope of the restriction's current definition of PFASs. This chapter summarises the major regulations and industry initiatives aimed at controlling the use of PFASs globally, with a focus on their impact on fluoropolymers.
Poly/Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFASs) – Synthetic Methods, Properties and Applications
Authors: Walkowiak-Kulikowska Justyna
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents essential information on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and a brief historical overview and ways of classification and discusses their chemical structures and also their physicochemical, mechanical, thermal and surface properties. Furthermore, it elaborates on general synthetic methods used for preparing PFASs and provides examples of their wide applications in numerous advanced industrial and common consumer products.
Difluoromethyl 2-Pyridyl Sulfone: A Versatile Reagent for the Synthesis of Organofluorine Compounds
Authors: Kong Taige , Hu Jinbo
Published: August 2022

Difluoromethyl 2-pyridyl sulfone was first reported in 2010, and since then it has been widely used in the synthesis of various structurally diverse organofluorine compounds. This chapter provides an overview of the synthetic applications of difluoromethyl 2-pyridyl sulfone and gives some mechanistic insights into these transformations, including gem-difluoroolefination, difluoroalkylation, and 2-pyridination. By applying these transformations, a variety of bioactive molecules and functional material precursors were obtained. Some of the applications are highlighted in this chapter.
Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs): A History of Synthesis
Authors: Friesen Chadron M. , Newton Josiah J. , Harder Jeremy , Iacono Scott T.
Published: August 2022

An overview of the synthesis and applications of hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) is presented, structurally defined within this chapter as –(CF2)1–4–O–alkyl. First, an exhaustive summary of the commercial uses of HFEs is given along with the synthetic steps to achieve the incorporation of an HFE within its specific applications. Particular applications included are herbicides, insecticides, growth promoters in agriculture, blowing agents, cleaners, heat transfer fluids, protective coatings, and electrolytes in industry, and anesthetics, anti-inflammatories, and autoimmune and antitumor agents in medicine, to name just a few. Beyond applications, it is also important to understand the life cycle of HFEs in the environment; therefore, both biological and chemical reactivities of HFEs are provided. In addition, conventional strategies for the preparation of HFEs are outlined with many examples of, but not limited to, alkylation of fluorinated alkoxides, Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, oxycuperation of fluoroalkenes, and fluorination to thionyl esters with a wide range of fluorinating agents. The latter part of the chapter provides synthetic methodology to incorporate functionality on the fluorinated portion of the HFE ranging from amines to sulfonyl fluorides, and also including di- to multifunctional reports of HFEs. This overview summarizes current fields, emphasizing structural variety, end-group functionalities, and a range of synthetic methodologies to inform researchers on the manner in which new materials for current and future needs can be created.
Understanding Aqueous Film-forming Foam Components
Authors: Peshoria Shruti , Nandini Durgesh
Published: August 2022

Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) concentrates are complex and proprietary formulations used for fighting hydrocarbon fuel fires in defence and civilian applications globally. They are a mixture of fluorosurfactants, hydrocarbon surfactants, organic solvents, foam stabilizers, and other additives (pH buffers, anti-freeze agents, corrosion inhibitors, electrolytes, sequestrants, and biocides). To understand the mechanism of action of AFFF concentrates in fire suppression, the study of the roles and effects of individual components is necessary. This chapter is intended to give an insight into the use of different components and the evolution of modern fluorotelomer-based AFFF concentrates from legacy foams.
Use of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) Telomers to Obtain Well-architectured Fluoropolymers, and Their Applications
Authors: Améduri Bruno
Published: August 2022

The radical telomerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) with different chain-transfer agents (CTAs) and the use of the resulting fluorinated telomers are described. First, although many studies have been reported on such a reaction, the most recent ones involving CCl3Z, thiols, methanol, and alkanes will be summarized. Extension of the telomerization of VDF towards controlled radical polymerization [reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP)] could be achieved using specific CTAs, such as 1-iodoperfluoroalkanes and xanthates. The second part of the chapter is devoted to well-designed architectures obtained from these VDF telomers (e.g. macromonomers, block, graft and star copolymers or dendrimers). These VDF telomers have been involved in several applications such as surface modifiers, non-perfluorinated surfactants, electroactive thin films, porous coordination polymers, hybrid fluorosilicones, and nanocomposites, and these applications are discussed. The interest in inserting VDF units lies in obtaining a hydrogenofluorinated chain that maintains satisfactory performance and is much less stable than perfluorinated chains produced from tetrafluoroethylene telomers for which bioaccumulation, toxicity, and persistence have been highlighted.
A new approach for sulfite determination by headspace liquid-phase microextraction with an optical probe
Authors: Skok Arina , Vishnikin Andriy , Bazel Yaroslav
Published: August 2022

An optical probe is immersed into a plastic vial fixed in the headspace. Sulfur dioxide is released from a sample containing sulfite by acidification. An aqueous solution of 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid is used as an extractant.
A defined heat pretreatment of gelatin enables control of hydrolytic stability, stiffness, and microstructural architecture of fibrin–gelatin hydrogel blends
Authors: Wachendörfer Mattis , Schräder Philipp , Buhl Eva Miriam , Palkowitz Alena L. , Ben Messaoud Ghazi , Richtering Walter , Fischer Horst
Published: August 2022

The stiffness, microstructure, and swelling of long-term stable fibrin–gelatin hydrogels with support of endothelial cell growth can be controlled due to defined heat pretreatment of gelatin, which results in tailored molecular weight distributions.
Induction and rationalization of supramolecular chirality in a highly flexible Zn(ii)porphyrin dimer: structural, spectroscopic and theoretical investigations
Authors: Chandel Dolly , Pal Chandrani , Saha Bapan , Asif Ikbal Sk , Rath Sankar Prasad
Published: August 2022

The transfer and regulation of molecular chirality via 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 host–guest complexation have been reported using a highly flexible diethyl-pyrrole bridged Zn(ii) porphyrin dimer host with chiral amino alcohols and diols as substrates.
Surficial grafting of organoimido moieties enhances the capacity performance of oxometallic clusters
Authors: Jadhav Tushar Sanjay , Abbas Syed Ali , Chu Kai-Ti , Wu Wen-Ti , Hsu Yu-Yi , Lee Gene-Hsiang , Chien Su-Ying , Chu Chih-Wei , Chiang Ming-Hsi
Published: August 2022

Surficial organo-functionalization on metal-oxides facilitates high-capacity performance at ultrafast charge–discharge processes.
First principles prediction of two-dimensional Janus XMoGeN2 (X = S, Se and Te) materials
Authors: Nguyen Son-Tung , Cuong Pham V. , Cuong Nguyen Q. , Nguyen Chuong V.
Published: August 2022

We propose novel 2D Janus XMoGeN2 (X = S, Se and Te) monolayers using first-principles prediction.
Synthesis and reactivity of dinuclear copper(i) pyridine diimine complexes
Authors: Stephan Michel , Dammann Wiebke , Burger Peter
Published: August 2022

Reaction of a μ-chlorido bridged cationic dicopper(i) PDI complex with CO yields the corresponding mono- and dicarbonyl complexes. This equilibrium was studied by 13C-NMR exchange spectroscopy and complemented by DFT and LNO-CCSD(T) calculations.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone regulates glycolipid metabolism in the jejunum via inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation of weaned pigs
Authors: Huang Caiyun , Shi Chenyu , Li Zhe , Wang Wenhui , Ming Dongxu , Gao Youjun , Liu Hu , Ma Xi , Wang Fenglai
Published: August 2022

Pyrroloquinoline quinone maintains intestinal metabolic function and AMPK phosphorylation of weaned pigs.
Implementation of an AI-assisted fragment-generator in an open-source platform
Authors: Bilsland Alan E. , Pugliese Angelo , Bower Justin
Published: August 2022

We report a deep learning model to facilitate fragment library design, which is critical for efficient hit identification, and an implementation in the KNIME graphical workflow environment which should facilitate a more codeless use.
Dipole moment engineering enables universal B–N-embedded bipolar hosts for OLEDs: an old dog learns a new trick
Authors: He Shuang , Liu Junjie , Yang Ge , Bin Zhengyang , You Jingsong
Published: August 2022

A dipole moment engineering was developed to convert a classical BN-PAH framework into a formal acceptor by the installation of two “donor wings”, which enables to produce universal bipolar hosts for the assembly of OLEDs with wide color gamuts.
The polychloromethylation/acyloxylation of 1,6-enynes with chloroalkanes and diacyl peroxides through dual-role designs
Authors: Zhang Jun-Hao , Jiang Li-Lin , Hu Sen-Jie , Li Jiao-Zhe , Yu Xuan-Chi , Liu Fa-Liang , Guan Yu-Tao , Lei Ke-Wei , Wei Wen-Ting
Published: August 2022

The novel polychloromethylation/acyloxylation of 1,6-enynes with chloroalkanes and diacyl peroxides through dual-role designs has been developed with the use of an inexpensive copper salt under mild conditions.
Application of nanosonosensitizer materials in cancer sono-dynamic therapy
Authors: Hu Chaotao , Hou Biao , Xie Songlin
Published: August 2022

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel non-invasive treatment for cancer combining low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers.
Microflower-like Co9S8@MoS2 heterostructure as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting
Authors: Pang Chaohai , Ma Xionghui , Wu Yuwei , Li Shuhuai , Xu Zhi , Wang Mingyue , Zhu Xiaojing
Published: August 2022

A flower-like Co9S8@MoS2 heterostructure was prepared as efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting by a sample one-pot approach.
Bicarbonate insertion triggered self-assembly of chiral octa-gold nanoclusters into helical superstructures in the crystalline state
Authors: Si Wei-Dan , Sheng Kai , Zhang Chengkai , Wang Zhi , Zhang Shan-Shan , Dou Jian-Min , Feng Lei , Gao Zhi-Yong , Tung Chen-Ho , Sun Di
Published: August 2022

A pair of unprecedented helical superstructures via self-assembly of inherently homochiral Au8 nanoclusters, [Au8(R/S-BINAP)3(o-HMBA)2]·2(HCO3), is obtained in the crystalline state, in which the HCO3− ions act as the bridge.
Synthesis and structure of the medium-pore zeolite PST-35 with two interconnected cages of unusual orthorhombic shape
Authors: Kemp Kingsley Christian , Choi Wanuk , Jo Donghui , Park Sung Hwan , Hong Suk Bong
Published: August 2022

A medium-pore zeolite containing 2 novel orthorhombic-shaped cages was synthesized by combining the tendency of Ge to form double 4-ring units with the structure-directing ability of 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium ions under excess fluoride conditions.
Helical micro-swimmer: hierarchical tail design and propulsive motility
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Wang Y. F. , Kang J. T. , Qiu X. H. , Wang C. G.
Published: August 2022

The hierarchical design significantly improves the propulsive motility of the helical swimming robots.
Anti-corrosion MgO nanoparticle-equipped graphene oxide nanosheet for efficient room-temperature H2S removal
Authors: Xu Hai , Pan Yankai , Hu Feng , Niu Bo , Zhang Yayun , Long Donghui
Published: August 2022

Enhanced room-temperature H2S removal on homogenized metal oxide nanoparticle-loaded 2D carbon nanosheets is reported. Band gap of metal oxides and degree of their bands mixing with H2S orbitals are crucial for anti-corrosion oxidation of H2S.
Realizing high energy density and efficiency simultaneously in (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.7Sr0.3TiO3-based ceramics via introducing linear dielectric CaTiO3
Authors: Li Xu , Xing Jie , Wang Fei , Chen Ning , Chen Hao , Chen Qiang , Tan Zhi , Zhou Huanfu , Zhu Jianguo
Published: August 2022

Modern electronics and electrical power systems require a high energy storage density (Wrec) and a large efficiency (η) to deliver high performances.
Achieving a highly safe supercapacitor via the combination of a temperature-responsive hydrogel-electrolyte and electrochromic electrodes
Authors: Peng Hongchao , Wang Haibo , Wang Yipeng , Wang Xin , Chen Sheng , Yan Bin
Published: August 2022

In this work, we have fabricated a novel supercapacitor integrated with monitoring, protection, and alarm functions, which can shut itself off to stop further deterioration after thermal runaway and send a visual alarm automatically.
High-performance semitransparent organic solar cells enabled by pseudo-planar heterojunction structures combined with optical engineering
Authors: Yang Ding , Zhang Rui , Shi Yu , Guo Xia , Zhang Maojie
Published: August 2022

PPHJ ST-OSCs combined with optical engineering achieved an impressive PCE of 13.1% and an AVT of 27.8%, which is the highest value at an AVT of over 25%.