bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penambahan Sorbitol Terhadap Karakteristik Edible Straw dari Karagenan
Authors: Savitri Nadiah Humairoh Mufidah , Sedjati Sri , Ridlo Ali
Published: February 2024

Pemakaian sedotan plastik tidak hanya mencemari lingkungan namun juga dapat menyebabkan kematian pada hewan laut. Pemecahan masalah sedotan plastik telah dilakukan dengan mengganti bahan sedotan agar mudah terurai atau dapat dimakan (edible). Bahan yang telah digunakan untuk membuat edible straw misalnya karagenan yang diekstraksi dari rumput laut. Karagenan yang diekstraksi dari rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii paling banyak diproduksi dibandingkan jenis rumput laut lainnya. Kappa karagenan merupakan jenis karagenan hasil ekstraksi K. alvarezii dengan tingkat kemurnian tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan plasticizer sorbitol terhadap karakteristik edible straw yang meliputi kuat tarik, kelarutan, dan ketebalan. Konsentrasi karagenan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 1,5% pada setiap perlakuan. Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri atas 4 kelompok perlakuan yaitu sorbitol 0% (ESS0), sorbitol 2% (ESS2), sorbitol 4% (ESS4), dan sorbitol 6% (ESS6). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi penambahan sorbitol, maka kuat tarik semakin rendah namun kelarutan dan ketebalan meningkat. Formulasi terbaik didapatkan pada penambahan sorbitol 2% (ESS2) dengan kuat tarik 6,364 Mpa, kelarutan 41%, dan ketebalan 749,6 µm. The use of plastic straws not only pollute the environment but also cause death to marine animals. Solving the problem of plastic straws has been done by changing the straw material so that it is easily decomposed or edible. Materials that have been used to make edible straws, for example, carrageenan extracted from seaweed. Kappa Carrageenan is a type of carrageenan extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed with a high purity level. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of sorbitol plasticizer on the characteristics of edible straws which include tensile strength, solubility, and thickness. The carrageenan concentration used in this study was 1.5% for each treatment. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 4 treatment groups, namely 0% sorbitol (ESS0), 2% sorbitol (ESS2), 4% sorbitol (ESS4), and 6% sorbitol (ESS6). The results showed that the higher addition of sorbitol, lower the tensile strength, but the solubility and thickness increased. The best formulation was obtained by adding 2% sorbitol (ESS2) with tensile strength of 6,364 MPa, solubility of 41%, and thickness of 749,6 µm.
Korespondencja Julija Benešicia z Polakami. Listy od Marii Kuncewiczowej w zbiorach Chorwackiej Akademii Nauk (HAZU)
Authors: Dyras Magdalena
Published: February 2024

Julije Benešć’s correspondence with Polish scholars, people of culture, writers, and numerous acquaintances and friends began in his school years and lasted until his death. A large collection of letters and postcards sent to him by Poles has been collected in the HAZU library in Zagreb, but unfortunately it has not yet been put in order, and some items have been lost. The materials in the collection were only collected in the form of a list prepared by Ivan Meden in 1978. This text presents letters from Maria Kuncewiczowa, which provide information about the relations of Polish writers with the Croatian popularizer of their works and about the writer’s perception of the Polish literary scene in the years 1920s.
Translator’s Notes in a Russian Translation of Olga Tokarczuk’s Bieguni Novel
Authors: Hordy Mirosława
Published: February 2024

The article addresses the issue of translator’s notes in a Russian translation of Olga Tokarczuk’s “Bieguni” novel by Irina Adelʹgejm. The main text of the original, despite its abundance in borrowings, interjections and quotations in languages other than Polish, was not provided with explanatory notes by the author. The translator, however, provided the translation with 149 notes. They are notesexplaining terms, proper names, names of realities and others translated in the main text as well as notes explaining fragments formulated in the novel’s text in languages other than the language of the narration. On the basis of the undertaken analysis it is stated that the strategy of forming paratexts adopted by the translator is inconsistent. The secondary text designates an additional way of reading “Bieguni” novel, but it does not impose it as using the notes is just a possibility and depends on the reader’s choice.
Mise en poeme: Epic (Auto)reflexivity and South Slavic Poetry in the Age of Romanticism
Authors: Brajović Tihomir
Published: February 2024

This paper deals with the discursive phenomenon of reflexivity in the epic poetryof South Slavic romantic poets around the middle of the 19th century. Reflection is here understood as a kind of poetic self-formation procedure of romantic literary subject and his efforts to renovate epic mode in its original form. Starting with concept of “epic Romanticism”, in a way specific to South Slavic literatures, the author proceeds by distinguishing basic modes: explicit, implicit, and intertextual reflexivity. While the first two are related to typical romantic affectivity (D. Demeter, F. Prešeren) and/or rhetoric identification with oral folk rhapsodists’ tradition (P. P. Njegoš), the third one is marked with so-called “integration story” (I. Mažuranić), or mise en abyme, i.e. “the mirror in the text” effect as a medium of artistic auto-perspectivization and possible creative invention which leads to indications of the early pro-modern poetic procedures.
The Secret Portrait of a Romantic? On the Recent Biographies of Karel Jaromír Erben
Authors: Gawarecka Anna
Published: February 2024

In 1853, Karel Jaromír Erben published a collection of ballads Kytice, which was immediately seen as a model of national literature. The contact of this model with Romanticism is only selective, because it does not consider all the metaphysical dilemmas resulting from the appreciation of the individualistic attitude to the world. It might seem that Kytice should share the fate of other 19th century texts of culture which are currently attributed the position of a respectable, old fashioned literary monument. Meanwhile, in recent years, two novels have been published directly drawing inspiration and thematic material from the life of the poet, namely: Vřeteno osudu. Tajná zpověď by Karel Jaromír Erben by Otomar Dvořák (2015) and Stará škola by Petr K. Procházka (2022). Both literary biographies expose the close, though hidden, connections between Erben’s poetics and worldview with the Romantic aesthetic and ideological context.
Filozofia słowiańska w myśli filozoficznej słowackich romantyków – z polskimi śladami w tle
Authors: Goszczyńska Joanna
Published: February 2024

The author of the article focuses on introducing and interpreting the dispute over Slavic philosophy that took place in the 1840s in Slovak magazines (between J.M. Hurban, C. Zoch and P.Kellner-Hostinský). This dispute is an important testimony of the era, it concerned the fundamental issues of the time: the identity of Slovak culture, its philosophical background, its place and role in the Slavic world, its attitude to tradition. The author of the article focused primarily on two aspects of the “slovanská veda” project: the relation to German philosophy and the key cognitive category “viďeňja.” The author also points to the role that this dispute played in shaping the model of Slovak culture. Since the Slovak Romantic literary discourse has recently been enriched by many new revisions, the author also briefly refers, sometimes polemically, to the latest research.
Influence of modified starches on mental performance and physical activity following an exhaustive bout of exercise
Authors: Herman Callie , Sandri Heidner Gustavo , Wentz Laurel M. , Shaver Alexandra A. , Murray Nicholas P.
Published: February 2024

Slow‐releasing carbohydrates may delay the effects of fatigue after exhaustive exercise. The purpose of this study was to observe the influence that hydrothermally modified starches (HMS) and traditional maltodextrin (MAL) supplements had on physical endurance and mental performance following exhaustive exercise. Male participants completed a VO2max and 2 days of cycling sessions using a Velotron ergometer. Cycling sessions were performed at 70% of the VO2max workload for 150 min. Supplements were consumed 30 min before cycling and during exercise at the 120‐min mark (1 g CHO/kg body weight). Brain activity was measured using a Neuroscan 64‐channel electroencephalogram cap. Go‐no‐go and N‐back tasks were performed before and after cycling bouts. Blood glucose, lactate, ketones, and urine‐specific gravity were measured before, during, and after cycling. VO2and rate of perceived exertion were recorded in 15‐min intervals. Ketones increased significantly more for HMS than MAL from pre‐ to postcycling measurements (p < 0.05). Reaction times for go‐no‐go and N‐back were faster for HMS postexercise. Event‐related potential differences were present in both mental tasks following exhaustive exercise. HMS supplementation decreased the impact of cognitive and physical fatigue postexercise.
Analytical performance specifications for combined uncertainty budget in the implementation of metrological traceability
Authors: Panteghini Mauro
Published: February 2024

In addition to the correct implementation of calibration traceability, the definition and fulfillment of maximum allowable measurement uncertainty (MAU) are essential in assuring that laboratory measurements are clinically usable. Across the entire calibration hierarchy, three major contributors to the measurement uncertainty (MU) budget are identified, starting with the higher-order reference providers, extending through the in vitro diagnostic (IVD) manufacturers and their processes for assigning calibrator values, and ending with medical laboratories generating the random variability of results reported to clinicians. To understand if it is possible to achieve MAU and, consequently, to fix the possible drawbacks, the definition of combined MU budget limits across the entire calibration hierarchy has a central role. In particular, quality specifications for MU of reference and commercial calibrator materials should be defined according to the MAU on clinical samples. All involved stakeholders (i.e., higher-order reference providers, IVD manufacturers, medical laboratories) should be prepared to improve their performance whenever the clinical application of the test is made questionable by the failure to achieve MAU.
LADM procedure to find the analytical solutions of the nonlinear fractional dynamics of partial integro-differential equations
Authors: Khan Qasim , Khan Hassan , Kumam Poom , Tchier Fairouz , Singh Gurpreet
Published: February 2024

Generally, fractional partial integro-differential equations (FPIDEs) play a vital role in modeling various complex phenomena. Because of the several applications of FPIDEs in applied sciences, mathematicians have taken a keen interest in developing and utilizing the various techniques for its solutions. In this context, the exact and analytical solutions are not very easy to investigate the solution of FPIDEs. In this article, a novel analytical approach that is known as the Laplace adomian decomposition method is implemented to calculate the solutions of FPIDEs. We obtain the approximate solution of the nonlinear FPIDEs. The results are discussed using graphs and tables. The graphs and tables have shown the greater accuracy of the suggested method compared to the extended cubic-B splice method. The accuracy of the suggested method is higher at all fractional orders of the derivatives. A sufficient degree of accuracy is achieved with fewer calculations with a simple procedure. The presented method requires no parametrization or discretization and, therefore, can be extended for the solutions of other nonlinear FPIDEs and their systems.
Sparks of New Metaphysics and the Limits of Explanatory Abstractions
Authors: Hauer Thomas
Published: February 2024

Physical reality as an explanatory model is an abstraction of the mind. Every perceptual system is a user interface, like the dashboard of an aeroplane or the desktop of a computer. We do not see or otherwise perceive reality but only interface with reality. The user interface concept is a starting point for a critical dialogue with those epistemic theories that present themselves as veridical and take explanatory abstractions as ontological primitives. At the heart of any scientific model are assumptions about which things exist, how they are related, and how we can know them. Scientific models take our knowledge beyond ordinary experience toward explanatory abstractions. The main problem with veridical models lies in why we cannot express our theories and the explanatory abstractions associated with them other than through classical perceptual interface symbols. This study analyses the limits, possibilities and constraints of explanatory abstractions.
Topological edge and corner states in coupled wave lattices in nonlinear polariton condensates
Authors: Schneider Tobias , Gao Wenlong , Zentgraf Thomas , Schumacher Stefan , Ma Xuekai
Published: February 2024

Topological states have been widely investigated in different types of systems and lattices. In the present work, we report on topological edge states in double-wave (DW) chains, which can be described by a generalized Aubry-André-Harper (AAH) model. For the specific system of a driven-dissipative exciton polariton system we show that in such potential chains, different types of edge states can form. For resonant optical excitation, we further find that the optical nonlinearity leads to a multistability of different edge states. This includes topologically protected edge states evolved directly from individual linear eigenstates as well as additional edge states that originate from nonlinearity-induced localization of bulk states. Extending the system into two dimensions (2D) by stacking horizontal DW chains in the vertical direction, we also create 2D multi-wave lattices. In such 2D lattices multiple Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) chains appear along the vertical direction. The combination of DW chains in the horizonal and SSH chains in the vertical direction then results in the formation of higher-order topological insulator corner states. Multistable corner states emerge in the nonlinear regime.
Facile synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles for the removal of cationic dye
Authors: Gowthami Pushparaj , Susi Kumar Subramanian Rohith , Kalaiarasi Giriraj , Kosiha Arumugam , Priya Lakshminarayanan Srimathi , Mahmoud Mohamed H. , Fouad Hassan , Ansari Abuzar
Published: February 2024

MnO2 NPs were synthesized from Delonix elata leaves extract act as a capping and reducing agent by green synthesis process. The synthesized MnO2 NPs were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques such as IR, UV-Vis, SEM and XRD analyses. The UV spectrum of synthesized MnO2 NPs revealed optical properties at 340 nm. The XRD pattern of MnO2 NPs exhibited the crystallite size to be in the range of 20 nm and shows the amorphous structure. The morphological geographies of MnO2 NPs are spherical and faintly agglomerated. The FT-IR spectrum of MnO2 NPs spectacles stretching vibration of Mn–O at 510 cm−1 confirmed the formation of MnO2 NPs. MnO2 is superior photo degradation for methylene blue which is extant in the textile industries and it has an unlimited potential application in wastewater treatment.
Intracranial Recordings of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during Self-Referential Episodic and Valenced Self-Judgments
Authors: Iravani Behzad , Kaboodvand Neda , Stieger James R. , Liang Eugene Y. , Lusk Zoe , Fransson Peter , Deutsch Gayle K. , Gotlib Ian H. , Parvizi Josef
Published: February 2024

We recorded directly from the orbital (oPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) subregions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in 22 (9 female, 13 male) epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) monitoring during an experimental task in which the participants judged the accuracy of self-referential autobiographical statements as well as valenced self-judgments (SJs). We found significantly increased high-frequency activity (HFA) in ∼13% of oPFC sites (10/18 subjects) and 16% of vmPFC sites (4/12 subjects) during both of these self-referential thought processes, with the HFA power being modulated by the content of self-referential stimuli. The location of these activated sites corresponded with the location of fMRI-identified limbic network. Furthermore, the onset of HFA in the vmPFC was significantly earlier than that in the oPFC in all patients with simultaneous recordings in both regions. In 11 patients with available depression scores from comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, we documented diminished HFA in the OFC during positive SJ trials among individuals with higher depression scores; responses during negative SJ trials were not related to the patients' depression scores. Our findings provide new temporal and anatomical information about the mode of engagement in two important subregions of the OFC during autobiographical memory and SJ conditions. Our findings from the OFC support the hypothesis that diminished brain activity during positive self-evaluations, rather than heightened activity during negative self-evaluations, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of depression.
Influence of eWOM to Purchase Intention Mediated by Trust and Comprehensive Review of Tenun Ikat Product on Instagram
Authors: Lenggu Giltom Antonio , Ariadi Gede
Published: February 2024

The emergence of new communication channels and platforms due to the internet’s influence on social media and behaviour has created opportunities for creating and disseminating user-generated content. Nowadays, many companies turn over e-commerce to social media such as Instagram. The product of Tenun Ikat from East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is promoted on Instagram, which makes the customer hesitate to buy the product. Additionally, scepticism, anxiety, and fear of social media content lead customers not to believe that the product can be trusted or not. By then, the researcher has established this paper using the fundamental theory of naïve that generates the mediated variable of comprehensive review and trust. This paper conceptualized how eWOM significantly impacts, if mediated by comprehensive review and trust, resulting in purchase intention. Analyzing sample data collection of 175 random customers who saw the promotion activity of Tenun Ikat NTT on Instagram achieved an outstanding result where comprehensive review has significant mediating the eWOM and purchase intention. This research shows that naïve theory is well contributed in this paper where it manages people to seek the detail of information, including personal experience, to pursue customer interest in the product. Theoretically, the study proves that the naïve theory has played a significant role in mediating comprehensive review and trust variables to pull out the critical aspect of eWOM and purchase intentions that benefit businesses.
The Influence of Work Culture, Environment, and Motivation on the Academic Staff Performance in Universitas Negeri Semarang
Authors: Mursidah Siti , Khoiruddin Moh , Septantri Lidiadni
Published: February 2024

This study aims to determine the influence of the work environment, culture, and motivation on the work performance of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) academic staff. This study used work culture (X1), work environment (X2), and work motivation (X3) as independent variables; and their correlation to the academic staff’s work performance as dependent variables (Y). A total of 138 respondents were involved and chosen using a random sampling technique from 691 academic staff working as lecturers and educational supporting staff. The data was collected using self-assessment questionnaires, and then collected data were tabulated, reduced to avoid bias, and labeled for independent analysis. The analysis process was run using descriptive and quantitative approaches. The results showed that work culture significantly affects academic staff’s working performance. Because positive work culture influences the work environment that triggers high performance; however, this study found that motivation has no significance toward work performance. This research found that work achievement and their perspective against reward or additional income (remuneration) mostly influence motivation. Further study needs more variables, including work satisfaction, leadership, personal background, and other variables that may contribute to working performance, are recommended for the next study
The Influence of Online Attendance System and Work Discipline on The Performance of Educational Staff in Universitas Negeri Semarang
Authors: Pujirahayu Endang Retno , Sutikno Sutikno , Hidayat Nur
Published: February 2024

This research is aimed at understanding the influence of the online attendance system and work discipline on the performance of educational staff at Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES). The sampling technique employed in this research is random sampling, where the researcher randomly took samples without considering the variety of the population’s background. There were 140 (20%) Educational Staff in UNNES taken as the samples of this research. This research features a quantitative approach where the primary data were obtained from surveys through questionnaires distributed to the respondents. The data analysis and processing utilised the regression equation in the SPSS, a statistics software.

The problems underlying this research are formulated as follows: Do the online attendance system and work discipline significantly influence the performance of educational staff in Universitas Negeri Semarang?

The result shows that the main factor influencing employees' work performance in UNNES is work discipline. The implementation of an online attendance system has minimum influence on employees’ performance. Online attendance systems, followed by work discipline, directly had a more significant impact than merely the online attendance systems.
The Effect of Co-Branding, Customer-Based Brand-Equity, and Packaging on Purchase Decision (Study on Purchasing Serum Azarine Cosmetic Marvel Edition)
Authors: Yudha Rizaldi Anggito , Utami Restu Frida , Astuti Herni Justiana , Suyoto Suyoto
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of co-branding, customer-based brand equity, and packaging on purchasing decisions. To collect and study data, researchers used quantitative research methodology. Multiple linear regression analysis is the data analysis method used in this research, allowing researchers to investigate the influence between relevant variables. The sample obtained consisted of 102 respondents, but during distribution there were 2 data that were damaged, so only 100 respondents were used, which was distributed using Google Form via direct message Instagram users of Azarine Cosmetic Marvel Edition Serum, where the sample selection used a purposive sampling technique where they were selected based on standards. certain. The results of the analysis show that customer-based brand equity and packaging have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, while co-branding has an insignificant negative effect on purchasing decisions for Azarine Cosmetic Marvel Edition. Specifically, the study found that the combined impact of co-branding, customer-based brand equity, and packaging accounted for 44.7% of the variability in purchasing decisions.
Solid – phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the Sb-Te-S system
Authors: Aliyev F.R. , Orujlu E.N. , Mashadiyeva L.F. , Dashdiyeva G.B. , Babanly D.M.
Published: February 2024

The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis and the electromotive force (emf) measurements have been used to investigate the Sb–Te–S system in the Sb2S3-Sb2Te3-Te-S composition region at 300–450 K temperatures interval. Relative partial molar functions of antimony in alloys have been calculated and obtained data have been used to get self-consistent sets of the standard Gibbs free energy, standard enthalpy, and standard entropy of the Sb2S3 and Sb2Te2S compounds, as well as the Sb2Te2,4S0,6 and Sb2Te2,7S0,3 solid solutions. The data obtained for Sb2S3 have been compared to the ones available in the literature. Thermodynamic functions of the Sb2Te2S compound, as well as, the Sb2Te2,4S0,6 and Sb2Te2,7S0,3 solid solutions have been determined for the first time.
Selective laser sintering of amorphous nanoparticles: Molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Shtablavyi I. , Popilovskyi N. , Nykyruy Yu. , Mudry S.
Published: February 2024

The paper investigates the process of liquid-phase sintering of amorphous iron-based nanoparticles by the method of molecular dynamics simulations. The classical molecular dynamics package LAMMPS was used for modeling. Visual analysis of the atomic configurations of nanoparticles during their rapid cooling revealed the self-purification effect of the particles. Partial pair correlation functions and coordination number distribution functions were used to analyze the atomic structure of nanoparticles after sintering. As a result of the analysis of the main structural parameters, which were obtained using the specified functions, differences in the atomic composition and structure of the volume and surface of nanoparticles were established.
The General Structure of Fibres
Authors:   SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Frey-Wyssling A.
Published: February 2024

Plant fibres are elongated cells, that is, grown objects whose structure can only be fully understood from a development point of view. The young differentiating fibre cell has a very thin wall, consisting of an amorphous matrix of pectic and hemicellulosic material reinforced by only a few percent of cellulosic microfibrils. Curiously enough, this percentage (say, 5 percent by volume) corresponds approximately to the amount of iron rods in reinforced concrete! The microfibrils with a diameter of about 250 Å are arranged in a dispersed interwoven texture (Fig. 6). This so-called primary wall contains in the living cell some 90 percent. of water and, of the technically important dry matter, only less than half is cellulose, which alone is left over in the macerated preparations for the electron microscope. The growth of the primary wall consists in a widening of the existent texture combined with a continuous neoformation of new wall lamellae (multi-net growth) . The differentiation of pit fields and bordered pits occurs during this growth. The pit areas no longer increase their surface, though their distance may still considerably increase (mosaic growth, Fig . 5).
The Chemistry of Pulp Fibres
Authors:   BILLERUDS AKTIEBOLAG, RESEARCH LABORATORY, SAFFLE, SWEDEN, Jörgensen Leif
Published: February 2024

Spruce pulps have been prepared by various processes – sulphite, bisulphite, sulphate and multistage processes such as `bisulphite-soda’ and ‘Sivola’ – over a wide yield range. The carbohydrate composition of the pulp fibres, their hemicellulose content, as well as the carbohydrates present in some of the hemicelluloses have been determined. Some of the papermaking properties of the pulp fibres are presented and the results discussed in relation to the chemistry of the pulp fibres. The data on the composition, hemicellulose content and hemicellulose composition of birch sulphite, sulphate and neutral semi-chemical pulps are presented for a limited high yield range.
The Distribution of the Chemical Constituents Throughout the Cell Wall
Authors:   AKTIESELSKAPET BORREGAARD, SARPSBORG, NORWAY, Lange Paul W.
Published: February 2024

This paper is mainly a review of the work of Lange and co-workers (1) on the distribution of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the cell wall of Swedish spruce (Picea excelsa), birch (Betula verrucosa) and cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) . Some views on optical methods for micro-analysis of the cell wall and future problems in cell wall chemistry are also included in this article.
The Rearrangement of Microfibrils in Dried Cellulose and the Implication of this Structure Alteration on Pulp Properties
Authors:   INSTITUTE OF CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY, TECHNICAL COLLEGE, DARMSTADT, Jayme G. , Hunger G. ,   INSTITUTE OF CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY, TECHNICAL COLLEGE, DARMSTADT
Published: February 2024

If we look at an electron micrograph like Fig. 1 representing a thin cellulose membrane hanging from a fibre that has been dried, we may at first suppose that this picture represents an artefact formed during the preparation or within the electron microscope. Pictures similar to this one found by Stemsrud on the membranes of bordered pits in pine wood were interpreted by him as natural perforations developing in pit membranes of older tracheids. We also had found perforated membranes in pine wood and we published our view in 1955, according to which this perforation is due to drying effects on cellulose. In autumn 1956, Frey-Wyssling, Miihlethaler and Moor described (in Mikroskopie) these perforations on thin cellulose membranes as being artefacts formed due to the heat of the metal and carbon shadowing procedure in the vacuum chamber.
The Porous Structure of Paper – Its Measurement, its Importance and its Modification by Beating
Authors:   PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN, GERMANY, Corte H.
Published: February 2024

In order to treat the porosity properties of paper from a common viewpoint, its porous structure is described by means of the pore size distribution . Two methods for its determination are discussed in detail. A general result, supported by statistical considerations, is that the frequency distribution of the pore radii can be approximated by a logarithmic Gauss distribution . Over a wide range of porosity, simple linear relationships between the characteristic parameters of the distributions were found. Considering the various possible permeation phenomena, the permeation of inert gases (such as air) is the simplest case. It is governed by the Poiseuille law at normal pressures. At low pressures, the Knudsen and the slip effect come into play. Permeation of water vapour is shown to be a surface diffusion process, additionally controlled by the adsorption of water vapour on cellulose . This process, including its temperature dependence, can be reduced to air permeability and water vapour adsorption. The penetration of inert liquids follows the Poiseuille law, but is affected additionally by the interface tension between the liquid and cellulose. The quantitative treatment reveals a relationship between the leak time of such liquids (as grease) and the air permeability, which has been proved by experiments.
Bonding in Paper Sheets
Authors:   THE FINNISH PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HELSINKI, Nordman Lars S.
Published: February 2024

The bond strength has been defined as the energy required to break the bonds in a bonded area of unit size. A determination of the bond strength thus involves measurements of energy as well as of surface areas. Several methods for measuring the bonded area are reviewed and their limitations are discussed. For investigations carried out in the Finnish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, the optical method based on the Kubelka-Munk theory was employed. Following the concept that microbreaks occur in a test strip during loading, the increase in the scattering coefficient of a sample subjected to a tensile test is believed to be caused by the breaking of bonds. A number of qualitative tests revealed a strong similarity between bond breakage and stress/strain behaviour of the test strip. Quantitatively, the bond strength was determined from the slope of the line depicting the relationship between the increase in scattering coefficient and the irrecoverable energy loss in a straining/destraining cycle. The bond strength as found to be dependent on pulp quality. The values for the bond strength thus obtained agree as to the order of magnitude with other values reported in publications.
The Influence of Electrolytes and Certain Substantive Azo-Dyes on the Rate of Beating
Authors:   EXPERIMENTAL STATION FOR PULP, PAPER AND VEGETABLE AND ARTIFICIAL TEXTILE FIBRES, MILAN, Centola G. , Borruso D. ,   EXPERIMENTAL STATION FOR PULP, PAPER AND VEGETABLE AND ARTIFICIAL TEXTILE FIBRES, MILAN
Published: February 2024

From the results of beating experiments on several pulps in the presence of electrolytes and water soluble substantive azo-dyes, it has been possible to draw the following conclusions: Generally speaking, the presence of various electrolytes causes a decrease of the beating rate of the cellulose fibres in comparison with beating in distilled water. In some few instances, there has been noted a slight increase of the beating rate. This fact could be explained on the basis that the additive acts as a sequestrant of the cations present in water. In fact, this seems to be more realistic than the hypothesis of specific action of the electrolytes on the fibre during the beating process. Some substantive azo-dyes belonging to the benzidine class cause outstanding acceleration in beating, together with a remarkable improvement in the mechanical characteristics of the corresponding paper sheets. When the same dyes are added to beaten pulp, an increase of beating degree (°S.R.) is obtained without any remarkable change in the strength. When the dye is extracted from the beaten pulp, a decrease of beating degree (°S.R.) is observed. If compared with paper sheets prepared from unextracted pulps, those prepared from the extracted pulps show an increased folding endurance. The other strength characteristics do not present any noticeable variation. The results of these experiments are discussed on the hypothesis of the lamellar cleavage of cellulose fibres during beating and the interaction between dye molecules and cellulose macromolecules.
The Effects of Beating on Individual Fibres
Authors:   DEPARTMENT OF CELLULOSE TECHNOLOGY, THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF NORWAY, TRONDHEIM, NORWAY, Giertz Hans Wilhelm
Published: February 2024

The effects of beating on the individual fibres are divided into four main groups swelling, fibrillation, cutting and the removal of the primary wall. Swelling takes place in the amorphous hydrophilic hemicellulosic interfibrillar material. It involves a loosening of the fibre structure. The fibre wall is plasticised by the imbibed water and the fibre becomes more flexible . In an advanced state of swelling, the hemicellulose molecules are supposed to be partially dissolved in the surrounding water. Fibrillation is caused not only by the direct action of the bars, but also by other treatments such as simple agitation or ultrasonic radiation. It is pointed out that a certain amount of swelling is needed to allow fibrillation and that fibrillation may be regarded as a natural consequence of progressive fibre swelling. Fibrillation first takes place after rather a long beating time. A method is described by which it is possible to determine quantitatively the amount of primary wall on the surface of the fibres. The primary wall is torn off rapidly at the very beginning of the beating process and it is shown that the fibre surface free from primary wall can be correlated with the tensile strength. When beating wood fibres, the removal of the primary wall and the swelling, in as much as it makes the fibre more flexible, seem to be the main effects in improving paper strength (fibre-to-fibre bonds), whereas fibrillation is of less or of no importance.
Energy Considerations in the Beating of Pulp
Authors:   PHYSICS GROUP, THE INSTITUTE OF PAPER CHEMISTRY, APPLETON, WIS., U.S.A., Van Den Akker J. A.
Published: February 2024

The incentive to intensive research on the development of radically new beating principles lies in the magnitude of the difference between the energy actually expended in beating and what, under the most ideal conditions, would be needed to modify the fibre in the desired way. Accurate information on the efficiency of existing beating processes does not exist. After a review of some of the estimates of beating efficiency, this paper presents discussions of the energies required in idealised mechanisms to produce certain modifications of the fibre. Idealised mechanisms have been invoked for the purpose of obtaining estimates of the order of magnitude of the power reduction that might be effected through the development of new beating principles. An analysis of the energy and force required to peel basic cellulosic filaments from a fibre, as a function of angle, is presented. This analysis shows that the probability of large-angle fibrillation is much greater than that for small-angle peeling. Estimates of the energy requirement are presented for the development of specific surface through fibrillation of the fibre surfaces, loosening of the internal structure of the fibre and for fibre cutting. It is concluded that a tremendous gap exists between the level of energy now expended in beating and refining and what would be consumed in nearly ideal processes.
Sorption Of Rare Metal Ions by Ionite Based on Diglycidyl Thiourea and Various Amines
Authors: Eshkurbonov F.B. , Safarova E.R. , Ismoilov B.Y.
Published: February 2024

The article studies the process of sorption of molybdenum and vanadium ions on anion exchangers obtained on the basis of thiourea, epichlorohydrin and various amines. Various amines (urea, guanidine, melamine, polyethylene polyamine, ethylenediamine, etc.) are used as substances containing ionic groups. The regularities of ion exchange and the main properties of the tested anionites are given, the influence of the pH of the medium and interfering ions in the process of sorption of molybdenum and vanadium ions are studied. For vanadium, the use of empirical partition relations and of an extended Freundlich equation were tested, with promising results. The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of the pH dependent Freundlich model of Gustafsson et al., for describing vanadate(V) sorption to 26 mineral soils (all having less than 12% organic C), and to discuss the possible use of the model for risk assessments. The kinetic curves of the sorption process, the values of the diffusion coefficients for the initial periods of molybdenum sorption are given. In particular, the distribution coefficient of the radiotracers of 99Mo and 131I as homologs of Sg and Ts using the surface modification of chabazite was investigated as liquid-solid system in the present study. The kinetics of molybdenum sorption was carried out under static conditions from an ammonium molybdate solution with a concentration of 1 g/L for molybdenum ions and at pH 4.5–5.  Under the same conditions, molybdenum ions are sorbed much faster by the DGT + M anion exchanger in comparison with AN-2F anion exchangers, in which the diffusion coefficient is much lower. The static exchange capacity (SEC) was determined in industrial solutions in the presence of mineral acids (hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric), usually contained in them. The obtained kinetic equilibrium parameters of the tested anion exchangers were compared with those of industrial polycondensation anion exchangers, such as AN-2F and AN-1.
Kiek sakytinė kalba veikia pradinukų rašybą? Kiekybinis 1950–2021 m. rašybos tyrimas
Authors: Čičirkaitė Ramunė
Published: February 2024

Quantitative analysis of spelling among primary school pupils revealed that the spelling of primary school pupils was highly variable, but not chaotic. Despite deviations from norms, primary school pupils, probably based on the internal consistency of spelling, attempted to establish uniformity in their spelling by writing the same sounds or their combinations with the same orthographic codes. The theoretical consistency, grounded in spelling conventions, was statistically significantly higher in the essays of older primary school pupils compared to their younger counterparts, suggesting a potential influence of superior cognitive abilities in older children.The analysis confirmed the assumption that spoken language is a primary factor contributing to spelling variations in our primary school children. Its impact is particularly prominent in grades 1–2. Although teachers use corrections to maintain spelling consistency, only one-seventh of primary school children’s spelling remains unaffected by it.It was determined that spoken language alone accounted for spelling variations in one-fifth of primary school pupils. Additionally, one-fifth exhibited a stronger influence from causes other than spoken language, indicating a diverse range of factors affecting spelling. A small portion of primary school children had spelling influenced exclusively by factors unrelated to spoken language.Contrary to common assertions in the public sphere, the data of this research did not support claims of a decline in literacy among schoolchildren. No statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of words failing to meet norms when comparing the spelling of primary school pupils from the Soviet era to the current period. Current primary school children do not exhibit a significantly higher tendency to write based on spoken language than their counterparts in the Soviet era.
When family language policy and early bilingualism research intersect: A case study
Authors: Verschik Anna , Argus Reili
Published: February 2024

The article discusses family language policy in a family of ethnic Russians in Estonia where the father speaks Russian, and the mother speaks Estonian. This is the case of internalization of Estonian among ethnic Russians, a novel phenomenon in the post-Soviet countries. The data come from family conversations (6 h) and the semi-structured interview with the parents (1.5 h). There are discrepancies between the declared ideologies, management, and practices. The declared policy is OPOL and, as the father rendered it, purism because of the concern that the children will be confused otherwise. During the interview the father switched between Estonian, Russian, and English. In family conversations the mother’s speech (539 turns, of which 50 % are directed to the child) contained code-switching (7% in Russian and 8% switches within one turn in speech directed to the child). The parents claimed to speak Russian to each other, yet the mother occasionally switched to Estonian while talking to the father. In general, both family conversations and the interview proved to be linguistically more diverse than expected.
Caracterización física para el aprovechamiento de la médula de coco de la Costa Pacífica Caucana, Colombia
Authors: Flor Campo Luis Miguel , Grass Ramírez José Fernando
Published: February 2024

El mesocarpio de coco es un material residual de la producción de nuez de coco en la Costa Pacífica Caucana; sin embargo, a partir del mesocarpio se pueden extraer fibra y médula de coco, esta última cuenta con un alto potencial de aprovechamiento para la elaboración de sustratos de cultivo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una caracterización morfológica, física y de fitotoxicidad de la médula de coco, proveniente de muestras de coco de los municipios de Guapi, López de Micay y Timbiquí, Costa Pacífica Caucana, de las variedades típica, malayo e híbrida. A nivel morfológico, la proporción del mesocarpio respecto al fruto no difirió entre las plantas y osciló entre un 35.27 % a 48.48 %; el tamaño de partícula con una proporción mayor a 2.0 mm y menor a 0.24 mm se encontró en las muestras T-A2 y G-A2, respectivamente, mientras que los parámetros de capacidad de retención de agua, densidad aparente, pH y conductividad eléctrica, se mantuvieron similares en todas las muestras, con valores entre 92.73 ± 0.04 a 94.55 ± 0.03 % p/p; 0.04 a 0.0528 g/cm3; 5.593 a 6.032 y 3.51 y 3.83 dS/m, respectivamente. Por su parte, el índice de vitalidad de Munoo-Liisa estuvo en un margen similar al control (%MVL = 100), y solo se presentó un leve efecto inhibitorio en el grado de germinación en la dilución 1.0 g/L, con lo cual, no hay un riesgo directo sobre las plantas y puede ser un material aprovechable en la elaboración de un sustrato de cultivo.
Taxonomic, physicochemical, phenolic and antioxidant comparison in species of high Andean wild fruits: Rubus and Hesperomeles
Authors: Ligarda-Samanez Carlos Alberto , Choque-Quispe David , Ramos-Pacheco Betsy S. , Yanahuillca-Vargas Abelardo , Huamán-Carrión Mary L. , Moscoso-Moscoso Elibet , Palomino-Rincón Henry
Published: February 2024

Currently, humans are taking better care of their health. It is known that fruit consumption prevents degenerative diseases such as cancer and diabetes. On the other hand, the high Andean biodiversity is rich in various resources that have been undervalued up to now. In the present study, the botanical characterization, physical and chemical properties, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were compared in four non-climacteric high Andean wild fruits of the species Rubus (black siraca and red siraca) and Hesperomeles (pacra and capachu), collected in the Peru province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region, between 3600 and 3900 m.a.s.l. The taxonomic identification was performed according to the catalog of angiosperms and gymnosperms by geographical location. Polyphenols were determined by the spectrophotometric method based on the use of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant capacity by the DPPH reagent discoloration method. Data in triplicate were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple-range test of least significant difference (LSD). The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all properties studied. The maturity index and phenolic content directly affected the antioxidant capacity. The four wild fruits studied presented high values of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Therefore, they should be considered in genetic improvement and field extension programs to promote their consumption, which would encourage healthy and nutritious eating.
Use of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) flour in a couscous-type product as a substitute for wheat couscous
Authors: Burbano-Agreda Carlos , Sotomayor-Grijalva Cristina , Romero-Granja Cristina , Ávila-Vélez Jenny
Published: February 2024

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) couscous is a new nutritional product that can replace wheat couscous. The processes of agglomeration, steam-cooking, and drying for its preparation were analyzed. The output variable for the agglomeration process was yield and the factors studied were ratio of fine/coarse quinoa flour, moisture of the mixture, use of a binding agent, and temperature of the binding agent solution. The conditions for the highest agglomeration yield (48.62%) were: 70/30 flour ratio, moisture of 40%, no binding agent, and a temperature of 70°C. The output variables for the cooking and drying processes were Water Absorption Index (WAI), Swelling Power (SP), and Water Solubility Index (WSI). The factors studied were steam-cooking time and drying time and temperature. The conditions maximizing the WAI and SP and minimizing the WSI were: 30 min of steam-cooking time, 120 min of drying time, and 70°C for the drying temperature. Finally, a paired comparison was carried out between the functional, chemical, and sensory properties of the quinoa and a commercial wheat couscous. The chemical properties of the quinoa couscous were better and this product was preferred by 42% of the panelists. However, in the sensorial characteristics, the new product scored lower.