Balloon Angioplasty vs Medical Management for Intracranial Artery Stenosis
Authors: Sun Xuan , Deng Yiming , Zhang Yong , Yang Ming , Sun Dapeng , Nguyen Thanh N. , Tong Xu , Peng Guangge , Liu Aihua , Xu Yun , Wu Yunhu , Geng Xiaokun , Wang Yang , Li Tianxiao , Xing Shihui , Wu Wei , Ji Yunxiang , Yang Hua , Wang Shouchun , Gao Xiaoping , Yang Weimin , Zhao Xingquan , Liu Liping , Ma Ning , Gao Feng , Mo Dapeng , Huo Xiaochuan , Song Ligang , Li Xiaoqing , Zhang Jingbo , He Hongwei , Lv Ming , Mu Shiqing , Yu Wengui , Liebeskind David S. , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh , Wang Yongjun , Wang Yilong , Miao Zhongrong ,   BASIS Investigators, Du Yifeng , Chen Huisheng , Wang Peiming , Liu Yajie , Zheng Hongbo , Liu Wenhua , Cao Wenfeng , Jiang Guisheng , Han Jianfeng , Peng Ya , Wang Jun , Zhang Shiyong , Wang Gesheng , Wang Liyu , Wu Jin , Li Guifu , Chang Mingze , Jing Jing , Qi Nan , Zhao Zhenwei , Dong Kehui , Shi Huaizhang , Shi Jin , Cai Yiling , Pan Yuesong 
Published: September 2024

Importance

Previous randomized clinical trials did not demonstrate the superiority of endovascular stenting over aggressive medical management for patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (sICAS). However, balloon angioplasty has not been investigated in a randomized clinical trial.

Objective

To determine whether balloon angioplasty plus aggressive medical management is superior to aggressive medical management alone for patients with sICAS.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A randomized, open-label, blinded end point clinical trial at 31 centers across China. Eligible patients aged 35 to 80 years with sICAS defined as recent transient ischemic attack (&amp;lt;90 days) or ischemic stroke (14-90 days) before enrollment attributed to a 70% to 99% atherosclerotic stenosis of a major intracranial artery receiving treatment with at least 1 antithrombotic drug and/or standard risk factor management were recruited between November 8, 2018, and April 2, 2022 (final follow-up: April 3, 2023).

Interventions

Submaximal balloon angioplasty plus aggressive medical management (n = 249) or aggressive medical management alone (n = 252). Aggressive medical management included dual antiplatelet therapy for the first 90 days and risk factor control.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was a composite of any stroke or death within 30 days after enrollment or after balloon angioplasty of the qualifying lesion or any ischemic stroke in the qualifying artery territory or revascularization of the qualifying artery after 30 days through 12 months after enrollment.

Results

Among 512 randomized patients, 501 were confirmed eligible (mean age, 58.0 years; 158 [31.5%] women) and completed the trial. The incidence of the primary outcome was lower in the balloon angioplasty group than the medical management group (4.4% vs 13.5%; hazard ratio, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.16-0.63]; P &amp;lt; .001). The respective rates of any stroke or all-cause death within 30 days were 3.2% and 1.6%. Beyond 30 days through 1 year after enrollment, the rates of any ischemic stroke in the qualifying artery territory were 0.4% and 7.5%, respectively, and revascularization of the qualifying artery occurred in 1.2% and 8.3%, respectively. The rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the balloon angioplasty and medical management groups was 1.2% and 0.4%, respectively. In the balloon angioplasty group, procedural complications occurred in 17.4% of patients and arterial dissection occurred in 14.5% of patients.

Conclusions and Relevance

In patients with sICAS, balloon angioplasty plus aggressive medical management, compared with aggressive medical management alone, statistically significantly lowered the risk of a composite outcome of any stroke or death within 30 days or an ischemic stroke or revascularization of the qualifying artery after 30 days through 12 months. The findings suggest that balloon angioplasty plus aggressive medical management may be an effective treatment for sICAS, although the risk of stroke or death within 30 days of balloon angioplasty should be considered in clinical practice.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03703635