bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The unit of the co-operative movement … is a woman’: gender and the development of the co-operative business model in Britain
Authors: Vorberg-Rugh Rachael
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the growth of Rochdale model consumer co-operatives in nineteenth and early twentieth century Britain, highlighting the ways in which gender shaped, complicated, and sometimes constrained co-operative development. The chapter explores the gendered division of labour and its impact on the developing movement, which politicised household consumption which was mostly performed by women. Subsequent sections highlight women’s economic importance to the movement as consumers and explore the barriers to women’s participation, arguing that despite the movement’s commitment to gender equality in membership, women’s consumer power did not translate to high levels of female membership and participation in co-operative leadership in this period.
New models of ownership and governance
Authors: Mills Cliff , Yeoman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores new organisational forms of co-operative and mutual enterprise that have developed in twenty-first century Britain in the context of public sector reform and the state’s retreat from service provision. It notes the roots of these ‘new mutuals’ in the concepts of co-operation and mutuality developed in the nineteenth century and analyses the ideas, operational practices and organisational structures they use. Citing examples in health care and housing provision, they explore the growth of multi-constituency organisational forms among new mutuals. Finally, the chapter analyses the opportunities and challenges facing such organisations in seeking to mainstream mutuality in public services.
Co-operatives and climate protection: housing co-operatives in Germany
Authors: Schröder Carolin , Walk Heike
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the role of the co-operative model in promoting environmental protection, focusing on the experience of German housing co-operatives. It offers case studies of three housing co-operatives: Spar-und Bauverein Hannover eG (Hanover); Weiberwirtschaft eG (Berlin) and Möckernkiez eG (Berlin). The chapter argues that co-operatives offer great potential for climate protection activities at the local level, because their democratic structures facilitate participation and solidarity, and should be viewed as potential partners in pursuing environmental change by political, economic, and civil society groups.
The impact of the co-operative ethos on the creation of shared value: a case study of Lincolnshire Co-operative Society
Authors: Considine Phil , Hingley Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the ways that a co-operative creates shared value for the community that it serves and works to define the concept of ‘Co-operative Advantage’ in a context where competitive advantage is more commonly discussed. It uses a case study approach, based on research conducted between 2008 and 2013 with the Lincolnshire Co-operative Society, in the East Midlands of the UK. The chapter details the co-operative’s approach, and contrasts it with that of a standard investor owned firm (IOF) model. It suggests that the co-operative identity and practices are effective in creating shared value, enhancing the co-operative’s competitiveness while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the wider community.
Learning to swim against the tide: crises and co-operative credibility – some international and historical examples
Authors: Webster Anthony , Shaw Linda , Vorberg-Rugh Rachael , Wilson John F. , Snaith Ian
Published: May 2017

This chapter is concerned with how co-operatives cope with arguably the greatest threat to staking a claim to the economic mainstream: the crises which emerge from time to time within co-operatives and events which threaten to undermine the credibility of co-operation as a viable economic, business and social model. Its’ main focus is on the recent crisis of The Co-operative Group in Britain and its historical roots since the 1950s, but also draws on the postwar experiences of several European co-operative movements.
Afterword
Authors: Raboin Thibaut
Published: May 2017

The afterword reflects on the book’s findings and asks: what are the changes in the structure of public discourses about LGBT asylum in the UK that could empower asylum seekers, allow for a greater fairness in decision-making, and decolonise queer hospitality? It identifies several issues in public discourses, starting with a queer/race fragmentation which makes it harder for the voices that do not articulate their politics using the dominant liberal or universalist modes to be heard and disseminated in public arenas. A second suggestion is that freer testimonial practices should be fostered so that asylum-seekers can re-appropriate the hermeneutical function of self-narration in order to start a process of self-crafting that eschews homonationalist narrative. Finally, opening up public arenas to the complex and often challenging stories told in queer refugee performance could also enable the emergence of political propositions that are anti-racist, anti-homo and transphobic and attentive to the particular challenges of migrant experiences at the nexus of political and administrative subjection, ethno-racial, gendered and sexualised violence.
‘Star-crossed lovers’: Romeo and Juliet and romantic tragedy
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

Romeo and Juliet is the most obvious example of a single play by Shakespeare influencing a myriad of movies, to the extent that we can recognize a ‘romeo-and-juliet’ genre film even when Shakespeare is not referenced. Although the tales of romantic tragedy go much further back than Shakespeare, it is his version which has proved the most durable in its specific conventions and the kind of love represented in it. There have been a series of watershed film adaptations of the play itself, such as those by Cukor, Zeffirelli, and Luhrman, but this chapter takes the occasion to trace the play’s more subtle and indirect influence into films made in a range of countries, the United States, the Czech Republic, Wales, and India.
Conclusion
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

The Conclusion draws together some of the threads running through this book pertaining to love conventions evident in modern movies which, it is argued, are influenced by Shakespeare’s comedies and tragedy of love. Infatuation, romance, attachment, and loss, are all defined in his plays in ways which reappear in modern movies – not, it is argued, as a result of ‘universals’ but a specific line of cultural influence running from Shakespeare’s theatrical practice down to the love stories of modern movies which are in turn so pervasively influential over modern conceptualising of love, at least in the Western World.
Grafters, not shirkers: reserved men at work
Authors: Pattinson Juliette , Mcivor Arthur , Robb Linsey
Published: May 2017

This chapter reconstructs the working lives of reserved men during wartime, drawing upon a wide range of sources, including oral testimonies and autobiographies. It contrasts this with the 1930s Depression. Whilst work experience varied widely across reserved occupations during wartime, what comes through the evidence is a pervasive intensification of work and a deep commitment to work as patriotic endeavour, commonly expressed in what we term ‘graft and sacrifice narratives’. In critically examining the emasculation thesis through the prism of lived experience, daily working lives and personal narratives the chapter concludes that civilian male identities in wartime were complex and contested. Young reserved workers may well have felt the cultural censure and slight on their manhood which went along with not being in uniform. However, with full employment, demand for industrial skills and experience, good wages and empowered trade unions there were many ways that reserved men could maintain and reconstruct breadwinner masculinity and position themselves discursively as superior to women through their wartime work.
Church, State and Social Science in Ireland
Authors: Murray Peter , Feeny Maria
Published: May 2017

From British rule the independent Irish state inherited an effectively denominational system of university education and a complementary set of science and arts institutions. Under independent rule denominational influence increased and resource starvation prevailed until the end of the 1950s. Then, as the formation of human capital, education began to be treated as an input into economic growth and American initiatives stimulated new research activity. These changes played a vital role in the rebalancing of power between the Catholic Church and the state. Social science, where the Catholic Church had been a monopoly provider, supplies a dramatic case study of the interlinking of this power shift with the process of knowledge generation.
The institutionalisation of Irish social research
Authors: Murray Peter , Feeney Maria
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 returns the focus to the social sciences. The injection of resources into Ireland’s scientific research infrastructure at the end of the 1950s created two new social science research producers – the Rural Economy Division of An Foras Taluntais and the Economic Research Institute. In the former rural sociology took a recognised place alongside a variety of other agriculture-relevant disciplines. In the latter the distinction between the economic and the social was a blurred and indistinct one. During the first half 1960s the unenclosed field of social research was to be the subject of a series of proposals from actors located within the Catholic social movement to a variety of government departments for the creation of research centres or institutes. This chapter details these proposals and the fate of consistent refusal with which they met. Empirical social research in Ireland was funded and organised in a manner that effectively excluded the participation of any Catholic social movement actor without a university base when the government approved the transformation of the Economic Research Institute into the Economic and Social Research Institute. This approval for a central social research organisation was crucially linked to the project of extending the scope of government programming to encompass social development as well as economic expansion.
Introduction: ethnic associationalism and an English diaspora
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

In early 1953, a major storm hit parts of northern Europe, causing the North Sea to flood. Over 300 people died on land along the east coast of England, with a similar number also perishing at sea. The country’s eastern coastline was devastated, properties were severely damaged, and thousands of people had to be evacuated from their homes....
The origins and development of the English diaspora in North America
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 frames the following discussion of English associations and ethnic activities by charting English migration to North America from the mid-1700s. The earlier emigrants carried with them cultural characteristics, habits and customs that were critical in shaping the social and civic life that marked the English as foundational and invisible within America society. We problematize existing scholarship and challenge the assumption that the hegemony of the English language and the early immigrants’ foundational context provided all subsequent English migrants with a permanent and unchanging advantage over other migrant groups by default. Ordinary English migrants faced the same challenges and hardships as any other group; working-class immigrants in particular dealt with many common economic pressures regardless of their origins. Ultimately, the English had much in common with those of other backgrounds. The English settled in all colonies, counties and states; they were loaded towards the urban and industrial areas, but the focus upon the north-east—in both the colonial and early Republican period, as well as north of the border in what was to become Canada—gradually gave way to greater diffusion: a diffusion in line with the spread of ethnic associations. In the nineteenth century, English-born immigrants—the mainstay of English ethnic associations—came to be hugely out-numbered by several immigrant groups, most notably the Irish, with whom innate tensions were reprised in the new country. Chapter 1 explores such factors as a frame for the study that follows.
Elite associations: from local to transnational
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 explores, first, the development of elite English associations in North America, focusing on St George’s societies. These earliest English societies were more than gentlemen’s dining and drinking clubs, and extended beyond the cultural life of the colonial tavern where they often met. Their roles encompassed social, cultural, civic and also emotional aspects of immigrant community life. Critically, however, the idea of charity underpinned them and provided the basis for all their activities, with the societies established for the purpose of aiding fellow English migrants who were in distress. This associational anchor of benevolence continues to be a mainstay for the St George’s societies that are still active today. And it was one that spread with the St George’s tradition—first to the largest centres of the original Thirteen Colonies and then, in the 1830s, to British North America. All this was in tune with the patterns of English migration, as well as its overall volume, with a plethora of new societies being founded in the mid-nineteenth century to cater for the mass arrival of migrants. Hence, while the associations’ leaders were comprised of the migrant elite, the work of St George’s societies had wider resonances for it embraced the poorest and most unfortunate of their fellow countrymen and women. Importantly, charitable culture also signifies the extent to which the English formed an active diaspora: that is, one denoted both by the geographical range of its adherents, transnational communication between them, and persistent social action. Indeed, transnational integration and the quest for consistently was fostered by the North America St George’s Union, which was founded in the 1870s for the purpose of bringing closer together the St George’s societies of the United States and Canada.
Independent and sectarian: working-class English associational culture
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter moves beyond the St George’s societies that scholars portray as proof that the English principally indulged in elite civic activism rather than ethnic behaviour. A second tier of English association developed in the 1870s catering specifically for independent working class migrants. The Order of the Sons of St George (OSStG; 1870) and the Sons of England (1874) represented something different. Clearly, working-class Englishmen and women in the US and Canada felt the need for another type of organization—one whose fees they could afford, something that provided them with mutual aid. These English ethnic friendly societies drew upon homeland traditions. In the US, they also took shape with an American culture of associating. Such organizations were structured by the imperatives of class solidarity and ethnic togetherness. Indeed, ethnicity also sponsored (and was sponsored by) tension and competition with the Irish. This chapter traces these developments with a particular view to the context in which they were founded, and where they were set up. The OSStG, for instance, came about in part as a coordinated response to a heightened ethnic consciousness.
Robespierre and the Festival of the Supreme Being
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

In Year 2 of the Revolution (1794) Robespierre, seeking to establish a new deist national morality created the Festival of the Supreme Being celebrated on 20 Prairial Year 2 (8 June 1794). This book begins by tracing the progress in the development of Robespierre’s thinking on the importance of the problem which the lack of any acceptable national moral system through the early years of the Revolution had created, his vision of a new attitude towards religion and morality, and why he chose a Revolutionary Festival to launch his idea. It focusses on the importance of the Festival by showing that it was not only a major event in Paris, with a huge man-made mountain on the Champ de Mars; it was also celebrated in great depth in almost every city, town and village throughout France. It seeks to redefine the importance of the Festival in the history of the Revolution, not, as historians have traditionally dismissed it, merely as the performance of a sterile and compulsory political duty, but on the contrary, as a massively popular national event. The author uses source material from national and local archives describing the celebrations as well as the reaction to the event and its importance by contemporary commentators. This is the first book since the 1980s and the only work in English to focus on this Festival and to redefine its importance in the development of the Revolution.
The celebrations in the capital
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes in detail the preparations for the great Festival between the speech of 18 Floréal and at the event itself on 20 Prairial. There is a detailed comparison of this festival with the previous Fête de la Réunion in August 1793 with special reference to the attempts to avoid the organisational problems of the 1793 festival. The problems relating to the construction of the major items particular to this Festival, in particular the Statue of Hideous Atheism, set on fire to reveal a Statue of Wisdom and the famous Mountain constructed in the Champs de la Réunion (the Champ de Mars) are discussed in detail. The author is able, for the first time, to estimate reasonably accurately the actual size of the Mountain, using a previously disregarded archival source. The organisation and details of the procession are discussed in detail; the chapter includes a map of the route and illustrations of the major constructions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the contents of Robespierre’s speeches at the event and the public verbal attacks on him by his enemies in the Convention.
The celebrations outside Paris
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the author uses detailed local and regional archival, press and other records to show how the festival was celebrated throughout France. To demonstrate the wide-ranging nature of the celebrations, records from major cities, in particular Lyon, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, and Angers are used, as are those from large towns such as Amiens, Orleans, Grenoble and Bailleul as well as villages and hamlets in the Ile de France, the Dordogne and the alpine region. These records are analysed to demonstrate the national focus on the festival and how, despite the different ways in which the various communities celebrated it, the general tenor not only closely followed Robespierre’s original design but became genuinely specifically positive and individual local celebrations gives a clear impression of the national acceptance of the idea of a new and republican morality.
The United States, the Soviet Union and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-67
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

Four questions stand before the historian of the cold war and the Arab-Israeli conflict: 1) Did Israel and the US have a ‘special relationship’? 2) Were Soviet-Israeli relations destined for failure from 1948? 3) Was the Arab-Israeli conflict insoluble because of the cold war or in spite of it? 4) Was detente between the superpowers the key to solving the Arab-Israeli conflict? Israel failed to get a security guarantee from the US because if it were granted ally status the Arab states would turn to the Soviets. Instead of a security guarantee Kennedy used the nebulous term ‘special relationship’, which did not bind America politically or militarily. Relations with the USSR looked promising at first, but the Zionist ideology of the Jewish state made it inevitable that relations with would worsen, since the Kremlin rejected the notion that Soviet Jews were by definition part of the Jewish nation, and therefore candidates for emigration to Israel. As for the Arabs, they were adamant that the Palestinian refugees return en mass, which meant the destruction of of Israel. No compromise suggested by the US was acceptable to to the Arabs, who were always supported by the USSR. The Soviets demanded detente cover not only the Arab states and Israel, but Turkey and Iran as well. Consequently the Middle East remained a no-man’s-land between the superpowers’ spheres of influence, inexorably paving the way for the wars in 1956 and 1967.
The United States and the Cold War: from Truman to Eisenhower (1948–53)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows the change in America’s attitude towards Israel, from opposition to de jure recognition of Israel’s military capabilities for the west during ther Korean war. While in 1948 secretary of state General Marshall warned against an enduring conflict with the Arabs, Truman recognized it de facto. However, the state department continued to treart Israel as a liability. Henry Byroade claimed that Israel should not be the homeland of the Jewish people. Israel was left outside of strategic western alliances because it was assumed that its membership might push the Arabs towards the Soviet Union. The notion that Truman’s administration was pro-Israel is a myth. Although Truman himself was sympathetic, the State Department and the Pentagon did not consider Israel an asset.
How the Middle East crises affected US policy toward Israel (1958–60)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

The year 1956 witnessed serious crises in the Middle East which had a direct influence on Israel’s security. The unity of Egypt and Syria (UAR), the coup in Iraq, and the danger to Lebanon’s independence and Nasser’s possible takeover of Jordan all had a direct bearing on Israel’s survival. The establishment of UAR in particular haunted Ben-Gurion, who feared that the complete encirclement of Israel was in the offing.
Thus in view of Soviet enmity, Israel again looked tyo the US to improve its deterrent capability. However, the Eisenhower administration was still trapped in the nightmare of the Arab Middle East joining the Soviet bloc, should America become Israel’s patron. Ben-Gurion’s visit to America proved that the administration had not changed its basic strategy. Ben-Gurion failed to get a stronger commitment than the Eisenhower doctrine for the territorial integrity of all the states in the region.
Khrushchev, Israel and Soviet Jewry (1961–64)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

Soviet-Israeli relations deteriorated because of the growing Arab dependenceon the USSR, the Soviet refusal to permit Soveit Jew to emigrate to Israel, and increasing anti-Semitism. Khrushchev’s denial of the existence of anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union only drove Israel to upgrade its campaign for emigration, although Israel acknowledged that the Soviet Jewish problem could best be solved by detente. The increase of anti-Semitism reached its peak when the Ukrainian Academy of Science published a violently anti-Semitic, anti-Zionist book claiming that Ben-Gurion eliminated the Ten Commandments, and compared Zionisn to Nazism. However, the Israeli leadership was unable to convince more than few intellectuals to raise their voices in favour of Soviet Jews.
Introduction
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: May 2017

BEHAVIOUR IS shaped by the forbidden. Murder, nakedness, infidelity, non-heterosexuality, and obscenity are but a few examples of the ways in which human activity is normatively constrained. Such acts are stigmatised as taboo. That is, these ideas exist as socially constructed expectations that actors should not engage in, permit, and in some cases even acknowledge certain behaviours that have been deemed unacceptable. In short, taboos are what we should not do. While such expectations are subject to reinterpretation, re-justification, and also Machiavellian claims that actions characterised as taboo can be considered permissible under specific conditions of use, life is framed within a series of moral and normative anticipations, or ‘rules’, as to which acts are socially tolerable. Likewise, this concept of the taboo extends beyond the personal and into the political arena. Within international politics the notion of the taboo is manifest in numerous issues and controversies including the legitimacy of intervention, the violation of state sovereignty, targeting of non-combatants, and – the focus of this study – weapon prohibitions, where certain types of armament are considered so excessively offensive that their possession and use are intentionally and institutionally delegitimised....
Obama’s taboo
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 demonstrates the sheer extent to which this strategic process was agency-driven and calculated. Obama did not merely use the taboo to limit policy, but to actively control it. This is not merely a case in which Obama drew on conventional understandings of the taboo, but in which he dug deep into that construct to exploit specific aspects in the promotion of his own self-interest. This was a manipulative and deliberate process, one in which Obama exercised significant control over the idea of the taboo itself. Far from the inevitable adherence to the taboo that this situation has been portrayed as, this was in fact the opposite – a case in which Obama effectively reversed that normative expectation in order to manipulate it for his own gain.
Ways of thinking, ways of writing: novelistic expression of radicalism in the works of Godwin, Holcroft and Bage
Authors: Leclair Marion
Published: May 2017

In her essay Marion Leclair studies the novels of Godwin, Holcroft and Bage from the perspective of novelistic conventions. She argues that the fact that these eighteenth-century British radical novelists posed a challenge to established authority is reflected in the form of their novels. She explains how Godwin, Holcroft and Bage subverted three components of the prevailing novelistic order – style, plot and narration. She insists that the works of all three express a criticism of the conventional style of novels, seen as formulaic and untrue to life. In return, they had an embryonic stylistic programme for their novels which rejected the conventional style of such highly popular and marketable novels as sentimental novels and gothic romances. Leclair concludes that recasting the conventional novelistic mould allowed these writers to challenge the politics and morals of their time.
‘The insane enthusiasm of the time’: remembering the regicides in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Britain and North America
Authors: Vallance Edward
Published: May 2017

Edward Vallance studies the representation of three English regicides, John Dixwell, William Goffe and Edward Whalley, in early nineteenth-century British fiction via the treatment made of them in late eighteenth-century histories and biographies. Vallance raises the question of what provoked this flurry of literary interest in the three regicides and suggests that the main explanation is to be found in the fit between the story of Dixwell, Goffe and Whalley and the Romantic sensibility. Their story seemed to combine elements traditionally associated with Romantic aesthetic. Vallance then explores the impact of historians’ accounts of the three regicides on the Romantic imagination. Sympathizing with the fate of the radicals did not entail endorsing either their political or religious views, or the act of regicide itself. But by presenting the regicide as an act of madness, writers of fiction ultimately diminished its political threat.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Robert W.
Published: May 2017

On 28 January 1998, an impressive new sports stadium situated just north of the city limits of Paris, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, opened its doors to the public for the first time. On this occasion, the Stade de France (or ‘Stadium of France’) hosted an international football match between France and Spain, a tune-up for both players and the stadium in advance of the 1998 World Cup, to be hosted in France that summer....
Working images: Harun Farocki and the operational image
Authors: Pantenburg Volker
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the origins and implications of the ‘operational image’, as it has come to be explored in Harun Farocki’s texts and installations since 2000. Defined in Eye/Machine I (2000) as ‘Images without a social goal, not for edification, not for reflection,’ operational images pervade both the military and non-military realm of today’s life. To contextualise this type of image, three concepts are revisited that have explicitly informed Farocki’s understanding: Roland Barthes’ idea of ‘operational language’, Vilém Flusser’s ‘technical image’, and the project of a computer aided ‘Bildwissenschaft’ based on algorithmic image retrieval. After a closer analysis of some of the counter-operational strategies Farocki employs, the article suggests to distinguish three levels of operationality and to understand Farocki’s project as a film maker, video artist and thinker as a continuous examination of the operational potential of images.
Sensorship: the seen unseen of drone warfare
Authors: Holert Tom
Published: May 2017

Contemporary warfare has been significantly transformed by the promotion and implementation of unmanned aerial vehicles (or drones) into global military operations. Networked remote sensory vision and the drones’ capability to carry deadly missiles entail and facilitate increasingly individualised, racialised, and necropolitical military practices conceptualised as ‘surgical strikes’ or ‘targeted killings’, all in the name of ‘counterinsurgency’. In the absence of publicly accessible documentations of ‘drone vision’, images of drones themselves constitute what is arguably one of the most contested iconographies of the present. The ethical and legal problems engendered by the virtualisation of violence and the panoptical fantasies of persistent vision and continuous threat interfere with the commercial interests and the publicised ideas of ‘clean’ warfare of the military-industrial-media complex. Drones have become a fetishised icon of warfare running out of human measure and control and are henceforth challenged by activist strategies highlighting the blind spots and victims of their deployment.
Photographic archives and archival entities
Authors: Azoulay Ariella
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the modus operandi of photographic archives as well as modes of intervention in its operation. Based on the assumption that the event of photography as multiple, as something that may take place even before or without the operation of the camera, and even without photographs to be seen, it proposes and explores different photographic entities: untaken, inaccessible and unshowable photographs. These entities question common descriptions of silences in the archives and ‘missing’ or inexistent photographs, formerly understood as ‘holes’ in or silence of the archive. In the chapter, they are discussed as concrete presences that initiate deliberative processes.
Afterword
Authors: Elkins James
Published: May 2017

James Elkins provides an afterthought to the contributions in this volume, concentrating on five issues: the development of a research agenda, the relation between politics and aesthetics, the interconnections between images and operations, the specific role of visuality, and the awareness of conflicting perspectives on political images. He finally points towards areas and themes that might fruitfully be developed in the future.
Shaping future luck
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: May 2017

People plan strategies to enable them to get what they want. Obviously, luck plays a part in achieving their desires. The question becomes: can one plan for that luck? As luck is normally defined and understood, the answer would be no. However, if luck is defined on the basis of obtaining what one wants without trying, as suggested by Brian Barry, then it is possible to consider a strategy of planning for luck. Indeed, one may plan only for luck and, with foresight in developing one’s future luck, this may be more efficient than other strategies. This chapter explains how this may be so through an examination of power based on cooperative game theory.
(Re)cognising the corpse: individuality, identification and multidirectional memorialisation in post-genocide Rwanda
Authors: Maurer-Prager Ayala
Published: May 2017

Given the lack of individualised corpses, how do Rwanda’s principal memorial sites-Nyamata, Nyarubuye and Murambi – function as commemorative grounds? Should each corpse be named to combat the facelessness with which genocidal perpetrators paint their victims? How do perceptions of the corpse shift with the endowment of individuality. There is the possibility that the resistance to discussing the corpse in studies of genocide and mass violence is the result of its being largely understood as inhering within a post-violence landscape, as a product of violence rather than representing violence itself.
The chapter will examine a number of texts detailing the Rwandan genocide – both fictional and autobiographical – and the way in which they describe corpses of victims being literal parts of the landscape. Through literary depictions of the corpse by Jean Hatzfeld, Boubacar Boris Diop and Philip Gourevitch, this chapter will suggest that the significance of the corpse has shifted within national consciousness; while constantly being a symbol of death and a call to mourning, the corpse has, in spite of its anonymity at commemorative sites, become the means by which the Rwandan community have begun to come to terms with their loss.
Corpses of atonement: the discovery, commemoration and reinterment of eleven Alsatian victims of Nazi terror, 1947–52
Authors: Scofield Devlin M.
Published: May 2017

In April 1947, a mass grave containing the bodies of 11 Alsatians executed by the Offenburg Gestapo in December 1944 was uncovered in Rammersweier. In the following days, the bodies were exhumed, placed in coffins and, after a two day vigil by local residents, solemnly and publically reburied after a two confessional service in the presence of school children and a wide cross-section of local and state authorities. A roadside memorial was constructed for the victims in 1948. The bodies of the murdered Alsatians played a central symbolic role throughout the process of exhumation, commemoration, and response to the later vandalism of the erected monument in their name.
This chapter argues that the meticulous attention to the remembrance activities surrounding the reburial and memorialisation of the Alsatians and the intensity of the vandalism investigation demonstrates that Badenese officials were convinced that their responses contained a symbolic resonance beyond giving eleven more victims of Nazi terror a proper burial. In effect, contemporary Badenese authorities and their Alsatian counterparts came to view the dead bodies as representative of the larger crimes of the Nazi regime, particularly those perpetrated against the population of Alsace.
Renaissance Psychologies
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Thirteen writershave comprehensively explained theRenaissance scheme of physiology-psychology used for nosce teipsum, to ‘know oneself’, and other scholars have analysed key features likehumours, bodily spirits, passions, reason, inner wits, soul and spirit, mystic apprehension.Only poetswith epic scope, like Spenser and Shakespeare, depict human nature holistically, yet these finest poets have radically distinct psychologies.Spenser’s Christianised Platonism prioritises the soul, his art mirroringdivine Creation as dogmatically and encyclopedically conceived. He looks to the past, collating classical and medieval authorities in memory-devices like the figurative house, nobly ordered in triadic mystic numerical hierarchyto reform the ruins of time. Shakespeare’s sophisticated Aristoteleanism prioritises the body, highlighting physical processes and dynamic feelings of immediate experience, and subjecting them to intense, skeptical consciousness. He points to the future, using the witty ironies of popular stage productions to test and deconstruct prior authority, opening the unconscious to psychoanalysis. This polarity of psychologies is radical and profound, resembling the complementary theories of physics, structuring reality either (like Spenser) in the neatly-contained form of particle theory, or (like Shakespeare) in the rhythmic cycles of wave theory. How do we explain these distinct concepts, and how are they related? These poets’ contrary artistry appears in strikingly different versions of a ‘fairy queen’, of humour-based passions (notably the primal passion of self-love), of intellection (divergent modes of temptation and of moral resolution), of immortal soul and spirit, of holistic plot design, and of readiness for final judgment.
Introduction
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

All things from thence doe their first being fetch,  And borrow matter, whereof they are made,  Which whenas forme and feature it does ketch,  Becomes a body, and doth then inuade  The state of life, out of the grisly shade. …  For euery substaunce is conditioned...
The charismatic queen and the centrality of self-love
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Two distinct portraits of a ‘fairy queen’imply contrary views of human natureand contrary aesthetics.In Spenser’s epic a mystic Glorianadrawsnoble heroes to realise the twelve virtues, perfecting the soul in Godlikeness. In Shakespeare’s comic stage-play asensually potent Titania evokes a different fairy realm. Directly experienced, her bodily splendor and witty combative speeches arouse desire not justinthe privilegedbut in rude commoners, who commandeer the play’s most engaging scenes. Instead of vying with Spenser’s elitequests for morality in an intellectual heaven-based allegory, Shakespeare views morality inall social classes, the humbler earthy sort matching the more pretentious. Both are ego-drivenyet communally civil. This ironic engagement with Spenser’s ‘supreme fiction’ wondrously expands Shakespeare’s own artistry.Equally polarized are the poets’ views of self-love as a touchstone of human psychology. Like Calvin and Luther, Spenser discredits self-love as shameful, both in monarchs like Lucifera and in louts like Braggadocchio, causing Redcrosse’s wretched fall and Guyon’s helpless faint. In contrast, Shakespeare’s characters, noble and vulgar, show a positive form of self-love if carefully managed, as observed by Aristotle, Aquinas, and Primaudaye.
Shakespeare’s plays as passional cycles: revealing the unconscious in chiastic symmetry
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Shakespearean dramaturgyhighlightsapprehending a wondrous other:intense epiphanic encounters arefulcrums ofpassional cycles. Each play forms a chiastic symmetry, beginning with a two-act cycle (act 2 reversing/completing act 1) and ending with a two-act cycle (act 5 reversing/completing act 4); between them an intense one-act cycle (with no known source). These encounters recall biblical epiphanies: nativity, baptism, transfiguration, resurrection, crucifixion. Meaningful epiphany evolvesgradually: in early plays it is sensational farce or horror; in mature plays the epiphanies systematically illuminate the soul’s powers.Macbeth’s chiastic sequence neatly divides into three murders–progressively blinding anti-epiphanies: killing a king centers the opening two-act cycle, killing a best friend centers act 3, killing a mother and children centers the final two-act cycle. The three murders suggest a Freudian ‘repetition compulsion’, but the regicide is not just Oedipal, nor the only important slaying. The murders are psychically conjoined, diminishing the Macbeths by travestyingeachpsychic cathexis–sublimation, projection, introjection–annihilating all bonding. King Lear’s complementary sequence of three shamings again forms a chiastic 2-1-2 cycle of acts, but Lear’s strippings paradoxically bring psychic recovery through his epiphanal encounters with Goneril, Poor Tom, andCordelia at the center of each cycle.
End-songs: final vistas of Spenser and Shakespeare
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Does Spenser’s Mutabilitie Songcomplete his epic,or point to a more transcendent scope in its final half?It derogates the pagan gods; itreforms the titan Mutability (unlike the discarded demon-titans in books 1-6); and its grand pastoral pageantfalls short of the symbolic city toward which the poem moves. Spenser’s holistic design is more clearly implied in his ordering of deadly sins (FQ 1.4). Compared with Dante’s pattern of sins, of purgations, and of ascensions in the Commedia, it offers a vital clue to The Faerie Queene’s format–based on the Christian-Platonismthat informs all its figures and sequences. Much evidence suggests Elizabeth I would admire a mystic structuring of this epic that so honors her. As for Shakespeare’s attentiveness to last things, we explore the theme of ‘summoning’ in Hamlet and King Lear, both concerned–as in The Summoning of Everyman–with ‘readiness’ and ’ripeness’ in the face of death and judgment. In The Tempest’s deft collocation of all social levels and artistic genres, and its odd convergence with Spenserian allegory, we debate the insistence on Shakespeare’s secularism by examining the range of meaning in Prospero’s ‘Art’.
Epilogue
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Comparing contemporary poets of Spenser’s and Shakespeare’s stature is not just useful but necessary, for their disparate kinds of prowess underscores the acute diversity of this period of English literature and culture. The old labels, ‘Renaissance’ and ‘Reformation’, well suit Spenser’s focus on recalling and refining the written authority of the past; his formalist lyrics and allegorical epic masterfully draw classical and medieval wisdom into the combative hegemony of reformed Christianity. The period’s new moniker, ‘Early Modern Era’,...
The Econocracy
Authors: Earle Joe , Moral Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

One hundred years ago the idea of ‘the economy’ didn’t exist. Now, improving ‘the economy’ has come to be seen as one of the most important tasks facing modern societies. Politics and policymaking are increasingly conducted in the language of economics and economic logic increasingly frames how political problems are defined and addressed. The result is that crucial societal functions are outsourced to economic experts. The econocracy is about how this particular way of thinking about economies and economics has come to dominate many modern societies and its damaging consequences. We have put experts in charge but those experts are not fit for purpose.
A growing movement is arguing that we should redefine the relationship between society and economics. Across the world, students, the economists of the future, are rebelling against their education. From three members of this movement comes a book that tries to open up the black box of economic decision making to public scrutiny. We show how a particular form of economics has come to dominate in universities across the UK and has thus shaped our understanding of the economy. We document the weaknesses of this form of economics and how it has failed to address many important issues such as financial stability, environmental sustainability and inequality; and we set out a vision for how we can bring economic discussion and decision making back into the public sphere to ensure the societies of the future can flourish.
Economics as indoctrination
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses evidence from a curriculum review of seven universities across the UK to show how the philosophy which underpins econocracy is being passed down to the next generation of economic experts. The curriculum review analyses 174 economics modules using the course outlines and exams to illustrate that economics students are taught to memorise and regurgitate a narrow body of subject matter not think independently or critically.
Beyond neoclassical economics
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

This chapter makes the academic, educational, practical and political case for pluralism in economics. It uses case studies of macroeconomics, the environment and inequality, to demonstrate that academic economics must open up to new ways of thinking.
Early days: the Amalgamated Musicians’ Union, 1893–1918
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the early history of the Amalgamated Musicians’ Union (AMU) and the work of its first General Secretary, Joseph Bevir (“Joe”) Williams. It illustrates the types of work undertaken by musicians in the last nineteenth and early twentieth century. Debates about whether musicians’ collective interests are best served by a trade union or a professional association are outlined. The key issues facing the Union in its early days are discussed including competition from military bands and European immigrant musicians, recruitment, strikes, the Union’s penchant for litigation, its efforts to communicate with members and its political lobbying and campaigning. The effect of the First World War on the AMU and musical employment is also outlineds.
Death and Security
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

Death is simultaneously silent, and very loud, in political life. Politicians and media scream about potential threats lurking behind every corner, but academic discourse often neglects mortality. Life is everywhere in theorisation of security, but death is nowhere.Making a bold intervention into the Critical Security Studies literature, this book explores the ontological relationship between mortality and security after the Death of God – arguing that security emerged in response to the removal of promises to immortal salvation. Combining the mortality theories of Heidegger and Bauman with literature from the sociology of death, Heath-Kelly shows how security is a response to the death anxiety implicit within the human condition.The book explores the theoretical literature on mortality before undertaking a comparative exploration of the memorialisation of four prominent post-terrorist sites: the World Trade Center in New York, the Bali bombsite, the London bombings and the Norwegian sites attacked by Anders Breivik. By interviewing the architects and designers of these reconstruction projects, Heath-Kelly shows that practices of memorialization are a retrospective security endeavour – they conceal and re-narrate the traumatic incursion of death. Disaster recovery is replete with security practices that return mortality to its sublimated position and remove the disruption posed by mortality to political authority.The book will be of significant interest to academics and postgraduates working in the fields of Critical Security Studies, Memory Studies and International Politics.
Introduction: death and security – the only two certainties
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

A theoretical introduction to the book, which outlines the problems with existing treatments of death in International Relations. The chapter uses continental philosophy (especially Heidegger and Bauman) and literature from the sociology of death to articulate a new theory of security – one where security is the ontological counterpoint to death anxiety. Security responds to, and functions to displace, the anxiety of mortality - which would otherwise disrupt the performance of sovereignty.