bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF QUORUM QUENCHING-PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM RHIZOSPHERE SOIL AS A BIOCONTROL AGENTS
Authors: Magdalena Stella , Johanna Inez , Yogiara Yogiara
Published: January 2021

Quorum sensing is known as a communication mechanism among bacteria to control gene expression such as bioluminescence, pigmentation, and pathogenicity. Quorum quenching is known as inhibition of quorum sensing activity. In order to block quorum sensing activity, some bacteria produced enzymes which could degrade AHL, such as AHL-acylase, AHL-lactonase, and AHL-oxidase and reductase. In this study, soil bacteria were isolated and screened for their quorum quenching activity. These isolates were divided into Streptomyces and non-Streptomyces isolates. Detection were done by using Chromobacterium violaceum as an indicator bacteria for pigment inhibition by quorum quenching activity. About 10 out of 695 isolates were shown to possess quorum quenching activity. These isolates were further identified by biochemical tests, Gram staining, and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Four positive isolates showed similarity with Streptomyces sp., and 6 positive isolates were non-Streptomyces which showed similarity with Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sp., Enterobacter ludwigii, and Enterobacter sp.
Preocupación por el delito en territorios seguros: Un estudio exploratorio sobre seguridad subjetiva en Quito, Ecuador
Authors: Anrango-Narváez David
Published: January 2021

Este estudio es parte de los esfuerzos iniciales para examinar la relación entre las expectativas de protección ciudadana y la gestión operativa de la policía ecuatoriana. Se analiza cómo la preocupación ciudadana por el delito no siempre queda resuelta debido a las mejoras y los esfuerzos desempeñados por controlar la criminalidad objetiva. Mediante una encuesta desarrollada en el subcircuito Las Casas 1 de la ciudad de Quito se examina la correspondencia que existe entre la preocupación por el delito y un conjunto de variables de tipo demográfico, social, ambiental y policial. De forma adicional, por medio de los mapas cognitivos compuestos, y en función de las narrativas emocionales y cognitivas vigentes en la navegación espacial, se identifican los espacios denominados “hotspots of fear of crime” –i.e., áreas de concentración de preocupación por el delito– y los elementos situacionales que favorecen su persistencia. Al final se reflexiona sobre cómo este nuevo instrumento podría motivar en la policía un interés por la criminalidad percibida.
Investigación criminológica con población inmigrante: Aproximación a sus desafíos metodológicos
Authors: Carvalho Jacqueline , Prado-Manrique Bertha
Published: January 2021

Acercarse a los objetos de estudio propios de la criminología requiere especialmente tener presente aspectos metodológicos. La relación entre la criminología y la metodología es compleja. Si bien existen métodos rigurosos que permiten reducir los sesgos y subjetividades propias de la investigación científico-social, persisten limitaciones y desafíos metodológicos sobre los que es necesario debatir. En criminología, estos adquieren una importancia especial cuando se abordan temas sensibles o cuando la población de estudio no es fácilmente localizable, como cuando se explora la relación entre inmigración y delincuencia. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir estos desafíos metodológicos a partir del Proyecto Delincuencia de inmigrantes asentados en Málaga. Los resultados evidencian desde la experiencia práctica, los desafíos y sesgos específicos de la investigación criminológica con población inmigrante. Con esta discusión se pretende contribuir a la reflexión sobre el proceso de investigación, un aspecto esencial para la evolución de las estrategias que permitan afrontar los desafíos que supone investigar en criminología.
Relationships between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis parameters and PD-L 1-expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: a preliminary study
Authors: Meyer Hans-Jonas , Höhn Anne Kathrin , Surov Alexey
Published: January 2021

Background

Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone of the modern cancer treatment. It might be crucial to predict its expression non-invasively by imaging. The present study used diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) quantified by whole lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values to elucidate possible associations with programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) expression in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC).

Patients and methods

Overall, 29 patients with primary HNSCC of different localizations were involved in the study. DWI was obtained by using a sequence with b
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values of 0 and 800 s/mm2 on a 3 T MRI. ADC values were evaluated with a whole lesion measurement and a histogram approach. PD-L1 expression was estimated on bioptic samples before any form of treatment using 3 scores, tumor positive score (TPS), immune cell score (ICS), and combined positive score (CPS).

Results

An inverse correlation between skewness derived from ADC values and ICS was identified (r = -0.38, p = 0.04). ADCmax tended to correlate with ICS (r = -0.35, p = 0.06). Other ADC parameters did not show any association with the calculated scores.

Conclusions

There is a weak association between skewness derived from ADC values and PD-L1 expression in HNSCC, which might not be strong enough to predict PD-L1 expression in clinical routine. Presumably, ADC values are more influenced by complex histopathology compartments, comprising cellular and extracellular aspects of tumors than only of a single subset of tumor associated cells.
Radial Flap in Reconstructions of the Hand - Case Series Study
Authors: Vulovic Dejan , Kozarski Jefta , Curcic Zeljko , Stepic Nenad , Vucetic Milos , Rakic Dejana , Vulovic Tatjana
Published: January 2021

Radial forearm flap is an axial flap that has become an important technique in reconstructive surgery as a free flap or as a pedicled flap. Defects of the skin and other tissues on the hand are very common and most often they are work-related injuries. In deep defects, flap must be used, as well as in reconstruction of the amputated thumb. There are many flaps that provide adequate soft tissue coverage for the hand. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present the results of the use of radial forearm flap in various reconstructions on the hand. The retrospective study included 35 patients who underwent reconstruction with radial forearm flaps due to defects of the skin and other tissues on the hand, in the period 1997-2019. Results and complications of the surgery were analyzed. The functional and aesthetic outcome was assessed using Michigan Hand Outcome Qusteionnarire. All patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year. Fasciocutaneous flap was the most commonly used (65.71%), followed by adiposofascial (20%) and osteocutaneous (14.29%). The size of the fasciocutaneous flap ranged from 2.2×3.1cm to 9×13.5cm. The majority of donor sites were closed with split-thickness skin grafts (56.52%), and less frequently with direct suture, local skin flap, and full-thickness skin graft. There were no complete flap losses in the study. Marginal necrosis was noted in 8.57%, and graft failure at the donor site in 14.29%. Secondary surgical procedures were performed in 13 patients. The functional-aesthetic result of the operation, based on the MHQ score, ranged from 31 (1/35) to 130 points (3/35). The ultimate aim of hand reconstruction is to restore sufficient function and form, also, closing the wound within three days following the injury is desirable. Meticulous intraoperative dissection of radial flap and early physical therapy after surgery are mandatory. The radial flap is a suitable method, especially for large and more distal skin defects on the hand, and a very good method for thumb reconstruction.
PENGARUH ROE DAN NPM TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PERUSAHAAN SUBSEKTOR OTOMOTIF DAN KOMPONEN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2014-2019
Authors: Safitri Vina Tiara , Sulistiyo Hari
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Return On Equity (ROE) dan Net Profit Margin (NPM) terhadap harga saham perusahaan subsektor otomotif dan komponen yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2014-2019. Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Analisis Regresi Linear Berganda.Populasi dalam penelitian ini 13 perusahaan, dengan sampel 11 perusahaan, sampel yang dipilih menggunakan purposive sampling. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Return On Equity dan Net Profit Margin terhadap harga saham  tidak memiliki pengaruh secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap harga saham.
Состав и распределение двустворчатых моллюсков в планктоне и бентосе пролива Невельского в летний период
Authors: Radovets Anna V. , Kolotukhina Natalya K. , Galysheva Yuliya A.
Published: January 2021

Исследованы видовой состав и количественное распределение двустворчатых моллюсков в меропланктоне и макробентосе прол. Невельского (северная часть Татарского пролива) в июле–августе 2018 г. В период наблюдений были идентифицированы представители 7 крупных таксономических групп меропланктона, включающих таксоны разного ранга. Среди них по видовому разнообразию преобладали представители Bivalvia. В меропланктоне идентифицировано 20 таксонов двустворчатых моллюсков. Из них 10 определены до вида, 4 – до рода и 6 – до семейства. Общая численность и биомасса личинок Bivalvia варьировали от 3 экз./м3 и 0.11 мг/м3 до 222 экз./м3 и 4.11 мг/м3. Их максимальные значения отмечены в центральной глубоководной части пролива. Самыми многочисленными среди Bivalvia были представители семейства Astartidae. На отдельных участках численность личинок доходила до 156 экз./м3. В макробентосе отмечено 6 видов беспозвоночных и 3 вида морских макрофитов. Доминирует Macoma balthica (биомасса от 0.1 до 148.6 г/м2, плотность поселения от 1 до 172 экз./м2). Средние значения составляют 11 г/м2 и 12 экз./м2, соответственно. Основное скопление выявлено у восточного берега пролива, севернее м. Погиби.
Pulse diagnostics of the Tibetan medical tradition: the experience of objectification of the basic principles of pulse diagnostics using a pulse diagnostic device.
Authors: Pupysheva Natalia Valentinovna , Boronoev Vitalii Vasil'evich
Published: January 2021

The study shows the experience of objectification of the basic characteristics of pulse waves in the diagnosis of the pulse of the Tibetan medical tradition. An experienced doctor вЂ“ specialist in Tibetan pulse diagnostics can assess the functioning of the body (twelve internal organs and three psychophysiological systems) by feeling the pulse at six palpation points on the radial arteries of both wrists of the patient. The purpose of the study is to "teach" a pulse diagnostic device to recognize the diagnostically relevant characteristics of pulse waves. This study is an attempt to objectify the basics of pulse diagnostics. Although pulse diagnostics has always been a subjective art of a talented doctor, its basic knowledge can become part of an objective science, since it is based on real physical phenomena. Method. The article presents a method for measuring the pulse with a pulse diagnostic device in conditions that create certain predictable reactions of the body to an external stimulus, contributing to the calming of the rlung (wind) system in this case. A group of volunteers took part in the experiment. Conclusion. Such experiments provide material for the analysis of pulse waves obtained under specially created conditions, which contributes to the development of software for a pulse diagnostic device and confirms that the objectification of the basic provisions of pulse diagnostics of Tibetan medicine is possible, albeit to a limited extent. Similar studies based on the material of the Tibetan medical tradition have not been conducted anywhere else. The work consists of three parts: the first part is an extensive introduction, which provides information about Buddhist medicine and pulse diagnostics, without which it is difficult to understand the essence of the experiments conducted; the second part is devoted to the actual experimental measurements of the pulse using a pulse diagnostic device; the third part is the conclusion and conclusions drawn from the experiments conducted.
Responsibility of the states for the colonial era as the core trend of the modern international law discourse
Authors: Sazonova Kira L'vovna
Published: January 2021

This article examines the international legal responsibility of modern states, which at some point used to be metropoles (mother country) before their former colonies, as well as analyzes the question of whether the centuries-old events can serve as the foundation for implementation of modern forms of international liability of the states. The subject of this research is the historical responsibility of ex-metropoles before their former colonies. The object of this research is the modern forms of international law, within the framework of which this responsibility can be exercised. The author comprehensively reviews the content of current claims of the former colonies, namely on the payment of reparations, admission of guilt, and issuance of formal apology by ex-metropoles. The conclusion is made that current claims of the former colonies emerged within the framework of global trend of recent time, associated with the attempt to view the international relations of past eras through the prism of modern legal and political paradigm, which differs significantly. For example, the modern political-legal paradigm relies on giving absolute priority to human rights and human life, which was uncharacteristic to the previous historical periods. Therefore, the attempts of current reconsideration of historical events, laying down the reparation demands, can lead to significant deterioration of modern intergovernmental relations, rather than improvement thereof.
Działalność biskupa Hryhoryja Chomyszyna na rzecz latynizacji Cerkwi greckokatolickiej
Authors: Kubasik Adam
Published: January 2021

Błogosławiony Grzegorz Chomyszyn był ukraińskim greckokatolickim biskupem i męczennikiem. Urodził się 25 marca 1867 r. w wiosce Hadyńkowce, we wschodniej Galicji. W 1904 r. został wyświęcony na biskupa Stanisławowa. Chomyszyn uważał, że Cerkiew greckokatolicka powinna przyjąć więcej tradycji zachodnich, aby podkreślić związek unickiej Cerkwi z Rzymem. Oznaczało to wprowadzenie łacińskich praktyk takich jak kalendarz gregoriański i ścisłe przestrzegania celibatu duchownych.
Ikony arabskie
Authors: Klejnocki-Różycki Dariusz
Published: January 2021

Ikona jest formą komunikowania chrześcijańskich dogmatów wiary. Ikona, jako fenomen, rozwinęła się głównie dzięki Bizancjum. Jednak Bizancjum nie było jedynym miejscem twórczości ikonograficznej. Ikony były tworzone zarówno na Zachodzie, jak i na Wschodzie niebizantyjskim. Dla chrześcijan arabskich centrum ikony było Aleppo. Wpływ kultury islamu i świata arabskiego zostawił ślad na sztuce chrześcijańskiej, która stworzyła charakterystyczne formy, zwłaszcza poprzez arabeskową ornamentykę. Pośród znamienitych artystów, tworzących ikony arabskie w Aleppo, najbardziej znana jest rodzina – od dziadka do prawnuka: Youssof, Nemeh, Hannania i Girgis. Dzięki tym ikonografom można śledzić ewolucję ikony arabskiej na przestrzeni XVII i XVIII w. Także w Egipcie powstawały ikony arabskie, które ubogacały przekaz chrześcijańskiej wiary dzięki swej odmiennej specyfice. Arabscy chrześcijanie, którzy dzisiaj w wojnie są mordowani za wiarę, mają wielką historię tradycji chrześcijańskiej, która wyraża się również w ikonografii.
Czy teologia komparatywna zastąpi teologię religii?
Authors: Kałuża Krystian
Published: January 2021

Wśród dyscyplin religiologicznych szczególne miejsce zajmuje teologia komparatywna (copmarative theology). Niektórzy jej przedstawiciele wysuwają dość radykalną tezę, iż winna ona zająć miejsce teologii religii. Pytanie o słuszność tej tezy stanowi główną problematykę niniejszego opracowania. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. Po przedstawieniu istotnych założeń teologii religii i teologii komparatywnej przeanalizowane zostaną aktualne relacje między obydwiema dyscyplinami. W części ostatniej rozpatrzona zostanie możliwość współpracy między teologią komparatywną a teologią religii. Autor opowiada się za modelem twórczej kooperacji obydwu dyscyplin. Efektem tego mogłaby być komparatywna teologia religii.
Przysposobienie ze wskazaniem: ocena z perspektywy katolickiej i luterańskiej
Authors: Kroczek Piotr
Published: January 2021

Sejmowa Komisja Polityki Społecznej i Rodziny zgłosiła projekt ustawy, który wprowadza nowy typ przysposobienia do polskiego prawa – „przysposobienie ze wskazaniem”. Ogólnie mówiąc, ten rodzaj przysposobienia pozwala rodzicom na wskazanie przysposabiających. Wybór rodziców jest, o ile inne przepisy nie stanowią inaczej, wiążący dla sądu. Celem artykułu jest analiza tej nowej instytucji prawnej w perspektywie teologii i prawa Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego i Kościoła Ewangelicko-Augsburskiego w Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. Wniosek jest taki, że proponowana ustawa jest zgodna z nauką i dyscypliną prawną obu tych Kościołów. Należy zauważyć, że jest miejsce na postulat de lege ferenda, aby lista kandydatów na przysposabiających była rozszerzona i zawierała także rodziców chrzestnych. Rodzice chrzestni bowiem wydają się być bardzo odpowiednimi kandydatami na przysposabiających. Po pierwsze, to rodzice biologiczni dziecka samodzielnie wskazują rodziców chrzestnych, a po drugie, zarówno katolickie, jak luterańskie regulacje prawne stawiają przed chrzestnymi wysokie wymagania, w wyniku czego są oni dobrze ocenionymi i starannie wybranymi osobami.
Katechetyczne znaczenie encykliki Laudato si’
Authors: Kostorz Jerzy
Published: January 2021

Artykuł porusza ważną kwestię możliwości i potrzeby katechetycznej adaptacji encykliki Laudato si’ papieża Franciszka. Fragmenty encykliki wskazujące na różne formy ekologii integralnej oraz dowartościowanie na gruncie ekologii takich postaw jak wdzięczność, pokora i pogoda ducha stanowią bez wątpienia wyzwania dla współczesnej katechezy. Zawierają one aktualną wiedzę o ekologii i mogą skutecznie posłużyć w katechezie szkolnej bądź parafialnej do wychowania ekologicznego. Treści encykliki stanowią źródło formacji ekologicznej zarówno dla samego katechety, jak i katechizowanych. Z praktycznego punktu widzenia wiele kwestii poruszonych w encyklice może stanowić materiał do przygotowania scenariuszy katechez.
Dyskusja wokół eutanazji w ramach Ewangelickiego Kościoła w Niemczech (EKD)
Authors: Podzielny Janusz
Published: January 2021

Oficjalne dokumenty Ewangelickiego Kościoła w Niemczech (EKD), opublikowane w ostatnich latach, generalnie wyrażają stanowisko przeciwne eutanazji. Warto dodać, iż wiele z tych pism sprzeciwiających się tzw. aktywnej pomocy w umieraniu czy też „zabójstwu na żądanie” ma charakter ekumeniczny, próbując połączyć ewangelików i katolików we wspólnej walce o nienaruszalność życia ludzkiego. Niestety, w 2014 r. były przewodniczący EKD Nikolaus Schneider udzielił dość kontrowersyjnego wywiadu, w którym przyznał, iż będzie towarzyszył swej żonie Anne (chorej na raka) aż do końca, włączając w to również asystowanie w jej samobójstwie. Takie poglądy szefa EKD wzbudziły oczywiście w Niemczech szeroką dyskusję na temat legalizacji eutanazji oraz wywołały niemałe zamieszanie w ramach wspólnoty ewangelickiej. Niestety, jak do tej pory, nowe władze EKD nie opublikowały jakiegoś oficjalnego sprostowania czy też dokumentu potwierdzającego ich nauczanie w sprawie niedopuszczalności eutanazji, co w tym kontekście wydaje się dość poważnym zaniedbaniem.
The Influence of the Union of Brest on the Formation of Cultural Identity of Podlasie
Authors: Składanowski Marcin
Published: January 2021

The article aims to show these elements of the cultural identity of Podlasie that were shaped by the Union of Brest. The history of the Union in Podlasie, from the time of its setting up until its forceful and often bloody dissolution by tsarist authorities, as well as the traces of the Union preserved nowadays in spiritual and material culture indicate the fundamental role it played in forming the cultural identity of the region.
Ordynacja kobiet w dokumentach międzykościelnych dialogów teologicznych
Authors: Kałużny Tadeusz
Published: January 2021

W artykule ukazano stanowisko Kościołów i Wspólnot kościelnych na temat ordynowania kobiet do kapłaństwa, zawarte w dokumentach międzykościelnych dialogów teologicznych. Temat został rozwinięty w czterech częściach. Najpierw dokonano ogólnej prezentacji tekstów dialogowych, w których znajdujemy odniesienia do ordynacji kobiet. Następnie omówiono prezentowane w dokumentach dialogowych argumenty, które znajdują się u podstaw odrzucenia bądź też przyjęcia praktyki ordynacji kobiet. Argumenty przeciwników to: nieprzerwana Tradycja Kościoła poświadczona w Piśmie św., antropologia, symbolizm liturgiczny oraz negatywne implikacje społeczne i ekumeniczne tego rodzaju decyzji. Zwolennicy ze swej strony wskazują na Pismo św. i Tradycję/tradycję, wezwanie Boże, symbolikę liturgiczną, brak wystarczających racji kwestionujących tę praktykę oraz konieczność uwzględnienia przemian społeczno-kulturowych i nowych potrzeb Kościoła. W końcowej części zwrócono uwagę na problemy i trudności na drodze porozumienia, których rozwiązanie będzie miało istotny wpływ na dalszy dialog w tej sprawie. Odnotowane w dokumentach dialogowych problemy dotyczą interpretacji tekstów biblijnych, rozumienia Tradycji/tradycji, pojmowania Ducha Świętego w Kościele, stosunku do uwarunkowań kulturowych i społecznych oraz roli i miejsca badanego tematu w refleksji teologicznej dialogujących stron.
Polityczny wymiar dialogu Kościoła katolickiego z judaizmem w wybranych dokumentach Kurii Rzymskiej
Authors: Górzna Sylwia
Published: January 2021

Punktem wyjścia do rozważań były dokumenty Kurii Rzymskiej, zwłaszcza Komisji Stolicy Apostolskiej do Spraw Stosunków Religijnych z Judaizmem, działającej w ramach Papieskiej Rady ds. Popierania Jedności Chrześcijan, które podejmują problematykę dialogu międzyreligijnego, przede wszystkim dialogu katolicko-żydowskiego. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano ich polityczne aspekty, do których możemy zaliczyć m.in.: formy dialogu międzyreligijnego, współpraca wyznawców obu religii na rzecz sprawiedliwości i pokoju, przeciwstawianie się antysemityzmowi i wszelkim formom dyskryminacji. Na- wiązano do dokumentów Soboru Watykańskiego II (1962–1965), zwłaszcza do Deklaracji o stosunku Kościoła do religii niechrześcijańskich Nostra aetate, która stanowiła istotny zwrot w historii stosunków katolicko-żydowskich
Der christlich-islamische Dialog aus katholischer Perspektive
Authors: Nowak Joachim
Published: January 2021

Pytanie o stosunek do innych wyznań i religii należy do centralnych zagadnień Soboru Watykańskiego II. Trzy dokumenty soborowe tworzą podstawę do dialogu z islamem oraz do pokojowego współistnienia chrześcijan i wyznawców innych religii: Konstytucja dogmatyczna o Kościele Lumen gentium, Deklaracja o stosunku Kościoła do religii niechrześcijańskich Nostra aetate i Deklaracja o wolności religijnej Dignitatis humanae. Obok Soboru, także papieże: Jan XXIII, Paweł VI, Jan Paweł II, Benedykt XVI i Franciszek zwrócili uwagę na to, aby w każdej innej religii szukać tego, co dobre i prawdziwe, a nie koncentrować się tylko na tym, co jest zgodne z nauką chrześcijańską. Według nauczania Soboru i papieży, przedstawicieli innych religii należy postrzegać jako braci i siostry jed- nego Boga i szukać z nimi dialogu. Chodzi tutaj przede wszystkim o postawę chrześcijan wobec muzułmanów. Postawę tę winny charakteryzować solidarność, braterstwo i dążenie do pokoju.
Wychowanie do dialogu w katechezie młodzieży
Authors: Polak Mieczysław
Published: January 2021

Dialog Kościoła z młodzieżą należy do podstawowych postulatów duszpasterskich. Ma ona na celu kształtowanie odpowiednich relacji wewnątrz samej wspólnoty Kościoła oraz wychowanie młodego człowieka do postawy dialogu. Jednym z ważniejszych miejsc wychowania do postawy dialogu jest nauczanie religii w szkole. Stwarza ono wielorakie możliwości pomocy młodemu człowiekowi w ukształtowaniu dojrzałej osobowej tożsamości. W tę tożsamość wpisana jest postawa dialogu. Artykuł niniejszy wskazuje na następujące zasady wychowania do postawy dialogu w katechezie młodzieży: szkolna katecheza jako miejsce wychowania do dialogu, dialog jako właściwość dojrzałej osobowości, priorytet duchowości dialogu przed metodami dialogu, potrzeba wzmocnienia dialogicznego wymiaru szkolnej katechezy młodzieży, zarówno w jej metodach jak i w treściach. Szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na zasadniczo pominięty w koncepcji katechezy młodzieży dialog ze światem współczesnym.
Dialogiczny wymiar formacji ekumenicznej w wychowawczym procesie – postulaty i sugestie ekumeniczne
Authors: Hanc Wojciech
Published: January 2021

W całym treściowo-zakresowym brzmieniu artykułu myślą przewodnią we wszystkich trzech częściach jego przedłożenia było nakreślenie problemu, począwszy od ustaleń tyczących się dialogu w ogóle, dialogu ekumenicznego, a zwłaszcza dialogicznego wymiaru, którym usiłowano objąć z perspektywy unikalnego wręcz dokumentu studyjnego, uzgodnionego w multilateralnym dialogu Światowej Rady Kościołów i Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego, przybliżającego wprost pojęcie i konieczność ekumenicznej formacji oraz związane z nią refleksje i sugestie (dokument uzgodniono 20 maja 1993 r.). W artykule wskazano na środki formacji (np. studium Słowa Bożego, jego przepowiadanie, katechezę, życie duchowe, współpracę w różnych inicjatywach charytatywnych i społecznych itp.) oraz środowiska jej sprzyjające z wyakcentowaniem rodziny, parafii, szkoły, różnych zrzeszeń, grup i ruchów kościelnych. W ostatniej zaś części uwaga została skupiona na sformułowaniu postulatów.
Reverse-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method
Development and Validation for Estimation of Glimepiride in Bulk and
Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Kumar Aseem , Sharma Anil Kumar , Dutt Rohit
Published: January 2021

The present work demonstrates a simple, rapid, precise, specific, and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for analyzing glimepiride in pure and tablet forms. The present method was developed
using a C18 column 150 × 4.6 mm, with 5 μm, and packing L1 maintained at a temperature of 30°C. The mobile phase was
prepared by dissolving 0.5 gram of monobasic sodium phosphate in 500 mL of distilled water, pH of the solution adjusted
to 2.1 to 2.7 with 10% phosphoric acid, and added 500 mL of acetonitrile. The mobile phase was pumped in the highperformance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) system at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and separation was carried out at 228 nm,
using an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The chromatographic separation was achieved with peak retention time (RT) at about
9.30 minutes, and the method was found to be linear over a concentration range of 40 to 140 μg/mL. The specificity of the
method represented no interference of the excipients during the analysis, and stability testing after 24 hours also showed that
the method is suitable and specific.
The accuracy was between 99.93 to 99.96%, with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) being 0.354 μg/mL,
1.18 μg/mL, respectively. Satisfactory results were found for precision and robustness parameters during the development
and validation stage for the analytical method. The proposed method was also adopted for the analysis of glimepiride tablets
to improve the overall quality control.
Using this method, symmetric peak shape was obtained with reasonable retention time. The retention time of glimepiride for
six repetitions is 9.3 ± 0.1 minutes; the run time is 21 minutes.
The proposed RP-HPLC method is a modification of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) method, and it was found to be
valid for glimepiride within concentration ranges 40 to 140 μg/mL, using C18 analytical columns, and isocratic elution with
UV detection, and at 1 mL/min of flow rate.
Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) for Genes Cause Drug-Resistant in Iraqi Mycobacterium Tuberculosis isolates by new Pyrophosphate Technique.
Authors: Nemir Hassan Kadhim , Aziz Ismail , Mohammed Alaa Kareem
Published: January 2021

In this search, a new pyrophosphate technique was proved. The technique was employed to single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which diagnosis using a one-base extension reaction. Three Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes were chosen (Rpob, InhA, KatG) genes. Fifty-four specimens were used in this study fifty-three proved as drug-resistant specimens by The Iraqi Institute of Chest and Respiratory Diseases in Baghdad.; also one specimen was used as a negative control.
The steps of this technique were by used a specific primer within each aliquot that has a short 3-OH end of the base of the target gene that was hybridized to the single-stranded DNA template. Then, the Taq polymerase enzyme and one of either α-thio-dATP, dTTP, dGTP, or dCTP were supplemented and incubated for 1 min. ATP is synthesis by convert Pyrophosphate freed by DNA polymerase using pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), and the amount of ATP estimates by the firefly luciferase reaction. This technique, which does not demand expensive equipment, can be applied to rapidly monitor a one-point mutation in the gene that causes drug-resistant in mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results showed a high variation in values of ATP formation through matching and mismatch bases added. So, this assay (which required only five minutes), enable to find the gene SNP causes resistant for the specific drug.
Phytochemical and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Leaves Extract by MCF-7 Cell Line and Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay
Authors: Uddin ABM Helal , Azad Abul Kalam
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) leaves crude extract. It has been reported to show various bioactivities. The phytochemical screening of the extract has been carried qualitatively. The cytotoxic effect was determined through in vitro MTT assay of MCF-7 cell line, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The presence or absence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, terpene, steroid, phenol, and flavonoid in the extract was determined through the qualitative tests. The extract showed cell viability of 100% (1.95–3.9 μL/mL), 96% (1.95 μL/mL), ≈ 95% (3.9–15.62 μL/mL) and 88% (250 μL/mL) while the mortality of brine shrimp nauplii was from 5% to 10% (7.8 – 125 μL/mL) respectively. For both assays, DMSO of 1 and 0.1% were used as vehicle controls, while the potassium dichromate as the positive control for the brine shrimp only. These results proved the leaves extract to be non-toxic.
Effects of Misuse of Antibiotics on the Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from the Intestines of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Abed Abbas Razzaq , Khudhair Aleem Mardas , Hussein Ibtisam Mohammed
Published: January 2021

The coliform bacteria is one of the most important bacterial diseases that threaten the poultry sector in Iraq, and the result of the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics during the farming period to eliminate coliform bacteria has led to the development of antibiotics resistance. The current study aimed to investigate the Escherichia coli in the poultry intestines and to determine its ability to resist antibiotics to achieve this, 177 samples of poultry intestines were collected from local poultry farming houses in Babil province included 142 isolates (80.22%) of E. coli and 35 isolates (19.77%) for other intestinal bacteria. In this study, the bacterial susceptibility test for E. coli showed a significant difference at a statistical level of p less than 0.05 by chi-square method for the antibiotics resistance ratios, respectively, rifampicin (100%), oxytetracycline (99.29%), cefixime (98.59%), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (95.77%), norfloxacin (90.14%), cefepime (89.43%), nitrofurantoin (72.53%), gentamicin (71.12%), ceftazidime (70%). Also, Indian ink was used to detect the presence of the capsule around the E. coli, where the results of the microscopic examination showed 81 isolates (57.04%) were surrounded by the capsule and 61 isolates, 42.95% were not surrounded. Finally, the study concluded that the bacterial resistance of E. coli continues to rise and is alarming and is threatening public health.
Development and Characterization of Controlled Release Tablets of Candesartan Cilexetil/ β‑Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex
Authors: Salih Omar Saeb , Hamoddi Zahraa M. , Taher Salam S.
Published: January 2021

Objective: Matrix tablet approach is one of the delivery systems intended for poorly water-soluble drugs, like candesartan cilexetil (CC). CC is a class II drug used for the treatment of hypertension.
Methods: Matrix tablets from (F1x to F18z) were prepared in the presence of β‑cyclodextrin. Matrix tablet formulation ensures control release of the drug and higher dissolution by β‑cyclodextrin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study compatibility.
Results: The angle of repose determination showed good flow for most of the formulas, besides having good compressibility. Weight variation test for all formulas showed accepted value. Drug content measurement showed accepted values. Friability and hardness of tablets were within the allowed values. Higher tablet swelling was obtained for the formulas containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100M (F3x and F15z), in which the ratio of the polymer was 1:1 and 1:3, respectively. In vitro release showed that F1x to F13z were studied depends on the type and amount of polymer, i.e., 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively. F1x release after 8 hours was 95%, which contains 1:1 polymer ratio in comparison to F3x, which showed 85% after 8 hours, which includes 1:3 (drug: HPMC K100). Kinetic studies showed a zero-order model.
Conclusion: The use of β‑cyclodextrin modifies the release profile of the drug, and some control the more sustained-release formulas. The lower the time of the release but in a range that a sustained release of the drug was observed in comparison with the formulas prepared without β‑cyclodextrin.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Cytotoxic Drugs
Authors: Khames Aga Qutaiba Ahmad Al , Bataineh Yazan A. , Sbaih Hala Mousa
Published: January 2021

The majority of anticancer drugs are recognized with a narrow therapeutic index, the area under the plasma levels vs. time curve (AUC) is the common pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter, which utilizes specifically for cytotoxic drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) approach in these drugs has never been completely applied due to different reasons, for example, the use of combination chemotherapies for different malignant tumors, and the behavior of intracellular compounds; it is possible to eliminate these limitations by using specific concentrations of cytotoxic drugs and measure AUC after certain conditions.
In this review article, we discussed the common TDM parameters, methods of analysis, and some of drug interactions for a group of cytotoxic drugs.
Producing Drink like Grafted Milk from Chickpeas and Evaluation of its Qualitative Properties
Authors: Al-Ani Ibtihal Ismail Muhammad
Published: January 2021

The present study aimed to study the possibility of producing a drink that looks like grafted milk by using chickpeas and evaluate its physical, chemical, microbial, and sensory properties.
The result showed the superiority of F treatment (soaking 100 grams of chickpeas at the refrigerator temperature 4ºC for 12 hours) over the rest seven treatments in extraction efficiency, which was 70%, while, it was 50.5% in H treatment (soaking 100 grams of chickpeas in the heated water at 60ºC for 30 minutes). The highest value of the product density was after water and flavorings addition in the D treatment (soaking 100 grams chickpeas in 0.05 soda solution at 60ºC for 30 minutes), and it was 0.97 g cm-3, compared with the lowest density 0.57 g cm-3 in A treatment (soaking 100 grams chickpeas in 0.05 soda solution at room temperature 25ºC for 12 hours).
pH values were highest in A treatment compared with the other treatments, and its value was 7.66 in the 1st and 2nd day, after dissolving in a refrigerator at 4ºC, and then, for 5 minutes at room temperature 30ºC. The lowest value in the D treatment was 6.45 on the 1st day, and 6.87 on the 2nd day in the G treatment. On the 3rd day, the highest pH value was 7.13 in the D treatment, and the lowest value 6.79 was in the E treatment. pH highest value was 6.2 on the 4th day in A treatment.
From the last results, it may be concluded that F treatment was the best in extraction efficiency, the final product density, and less total bacterial number, after dissolving for 5 days at refrigerator temperature 4ºC, and then, at room temperature 30ºC for 3 and 48 hours incubation. The best extraction volume and pH were in A treatment.
Resistance Rates of the most Isolated Bacteria from different Clinical Samples, Kerbala, Iraq
Authors: Mohammed Suhad Hadi , Mahdi Maysaa Saleh , Ahmed Mohanad Mohsin , Al-Deen Ali Najm , Fadhil Nargis , Zaid Noor Yahya Abid , Alkhafaji Ibrahim Hayder Jasim
Published: January 2021

Determining the bacterial causative agents of infections by identifying their antimicrobial patterns will enable health institutions to limit the unnecessary use of antibiotics, and take active ways in preventing the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to identify the most common bacterial isolates responsible for infection and their antibiotic resistance rates. The results showed that Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) represent the most common bacteria isolated with a percentage of 23.9, 18.8, and 16.2%, respectively. High resistance rates were found for the most common bacterial isolates. Other important findings are the presence of extended-spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria and the appearance of hetero-resistance phenomenon. Moreover, the bacterial infection is mainly occurring in men. No significant correlation was observed in the type of isolated bacteria with patient admission status.
E. coli strains were found to be highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone (88.9%), ceftazidime (85.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (74.1%), and ciprofloxacin (59.3%). Whereas, the highest sensitivity rates were seen with meropenem antibiotic (92.6%). Concerning S. aureus isolates, 100, and approximately 91% of resistant rates were seen to penicillin and cefoxitin, respectively [methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)]. Approximately 50% of MRSA were vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Resistant rates of P. aeruginosa isolates to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin were 47.1%, amikacin 41.2%, and levofloxacin 35.3%. In conclusion, the current study might reveal that the isolated bacteria could be of critical priority carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, and carbapenem-resistant and 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli. In addition, the isolation of high priority bacteria includes vancomycin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
Could the Vitacel R200 improve the Immune Response and Hemato-Biochemical Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila?
Authors: Kane Ali , Al-Sharafi Nabeel , Hamad Sabah
Published: January 2021

The fermentable fiber, Vitacel R200 is industrial compound cellulose exerting many beneficial health effects at the hosts. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerling (120 ± 4.5 grams) were fed dietary 1% (10 g/kg feed) Vitacel R200 for 7 weeks, then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Two weeks after the challenge, hemato-biochemical and immune parameters in the challenged fish were studied. The lysozyme and complement activity, as well as, white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb%), percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil in the fish fed Vitacel were significantly increased compared with the control group. Furthermore, the serum total protein, albumin, Na+, K+, P, and Ca++ concentrations in the fish fed diet containing 1% Vitacel were significantly increased, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as, cortisol, cholesterol, and glucose concentration were significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. These results concluded that dietary Vitacel could improve the hemato-biochemical and immune parameters, as well as, the stress response in O. mykiss infected with A. hydrophila.
Investigate Retention Behavior of 2-deoxycytidine in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Rasheed Ashraf Saad , Hamed Yaqout Abd Al-Hakeem
Published: January 2021

A hydrophilic interaction chromatography has been investigated to separate 2-deoxycytidine chosen for nucleoside. A small molecule with specific features for human serum samples was 2-deoxycytidine tested. 2-deoxycytidine has been applied to self-made stationary hydrophilic phases (ZIC1 and ZIC5). The deoxycytidine (dCD) retention was investigated with varying concentrations of sodium acetate buffer, acetonitrile%, and pH. The results confirmed the hydrophilicity of 2-deoxycytidine. The exchanger retention mechanism was studied taking into account 2-deoxycytidine used for describing the interaction of hydrophilic and cation. For both ZIC1 and ZIC5 exchangers, we described and discussed the influence of chromatographic conditions (concentration of sodium acetate buffer, a percent of CAN, and pH). The two methods developed are a useful alternative to current 2-deoxycytidine separation methods.
Preparation of New Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and its Use in the Selective Extraction For Determination Phenylephrine Hydrochloride at Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Al-Ezzy Yehya K , Mahdi Adnan R , Ameen Suham T
Published: January 2021

This study was aimed at four electrodes were synthesized based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Two MIPs were prepared by using phenylephrine hydrochloride (PPH) as the template, methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomer as well as trimethylol propane tri methacrylate (TMPTMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross linkers respectively and benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The same composition was used in the preparation of non-imprinted polymers (NIPs), but without the template (Phenylephrine hydrochloride). For the preparation of membranes, different plasticizers were used in the PVC matrix, such as Dioctyl phthalate (DOPH), dibutyl phthalate (DBPH), and nitrobenzene (NB). The characteristics studied are the slop, detection limit, lifetime, and linearity range of PPH–MIPs electrodes. Results obtained from selectivity measurements on interfering cations (K+, Ca+2, Al+3) and some pharmaceutical additives such as methylparaben, propylparaben, trisodium citrate showed no interfering with drug phenylephrine hydrochloride. The preparation electrodes have been shown good response including testing pharmaceutical analysis.
The State of Ferritin in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type II/Iraq
Authors: Ajeena Ezzate H. , Alfawaz Mohammad A. , Tajaldeen Alaa S. , Alkatib Sami R.
Published: January 2021

This study aims to examine the effects of anemia on patients with diabetes mellitus type II (DM). The cross-sectional study included 75 patients with (DM). They were divided into two groups according to the presence of anemia. The first group includes 50 diabetic patients suffering from anemia, while the second group contains only 25 patients with diabetes only. There was no specification in gender; the patients included both sexes and their ages were above 20 years. A blood sample was collected from each patient to measure (fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and ferritin). The results revealed an increase in anemia in females with diabetes mellitus more than males while the levels of HbA1c was on the contrary; it increased in males and decreased in females. A significant negative correlation is confirmed between ferritin and HbA1c in anemic diabetic women. Diabetic patients suffering from anemia recorded a sharp decrease in the levels of ferritin compared with patients with diabetes only. In conclusion, the incidence of anemia increase in diabetic patients with increased levels of HbA1c.
Ciprofloxacin Based on Carrier Double Layered Hydroxide Nano-particles of Fe+3/Fe+2, Fe+3/Ni+2, Al+3/Fe+2, and Al+3/Ni+2 Ions
Authors: Mohammed Noor M. , Kadhim Farah AH. , Hammood Aseel A. , Dawood Ashour H.
Published: January 2021

The double-layered hydroxide nano-particles compounds with ciprofloxacin drug were carried out by preparation of the double layered hydroxide (DLH) of M+3/M+2 ions for selective ions. The ciprofloxacin drug was inserted between them. The resulted compounds were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy; the antibacterial studied done by using the gram (+) and gram (-) pigments.
Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Authors: AL-Asadi Zainab H Abood
Published: January 2021

Aspergillosis refers to fungi infections of the respiratory tract caused by Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus fumigatus. Infection of A. fumigatus was increased in the last few years due to either resistances to antibiotics or the influence of other factors such as other fungal infections. The present study aimed to review the impact of Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillosis cases, and study the role of Singleplex PCR for amplification of ITS1, ITS4 of rRNA gene in the detection of fungal isolate. In this study, One hundred sputum samples were collected from patients admitted to the specialize chest and respiratory diseases center / Baghdad who were suffering from respiratory problems. During these studied, molds were isolation and identification based on Conventional method (Direct microscopy by using 10% KOH, and fungal culture was done on Sabouraud Dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and on Czapek-Dox agar incubated at 37°C and examined for 3-7 days then macroscopic, microscopic examination of the colony by(lactophenol cotton blue stain )and molecular methods by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)technique for identification. The 10% KOH examination was positive for 35 cases, while laboratory culturing was positive for 53 cases. Aspergillus sp were isolated from 44(83%) patients; A. fumigatus was isolated in 23 (42. 4%) patients while A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus were isolated from 11 (20. 08%), (13. 2%) and 3 (5. 7%) patients respectively, also isolated Penicillium spp. at percentage 1(1. 9%). In this study. The ages of participants ranged from 10-70years with a mean age of 34years, the males were more susceptible to fungal infection, were recorded 35/53 (66. 3), compared to females were 18/53 (33. 96). The infection of fungi was more prevalent in ages 30-40recorded 26(53. 06%) followed by ages 40-50, 13(26. 5), while the lowest infection recorded in the age group 10- 20 years was 2(2. 04%). DNA isolated from twenty-three A. fumigatus isolates was used as a template, and the specific of oligonucleotide primer sequences were used in conventional PCR to detect the presence of internal transcribed spacer region ( ITS) region of the rRNA gene for Aspergillus fumigates. The results of the PCR amplification of the rRNA gene showed that this gene was present in 19 samples out 23 positive samples which isolation with a PCR product size of approximated 385 bp, while 4 samples out 23 positive samples showed negative results for the presence of this gene as indicated by the absence of the PCR products in their relevant lanes. Statistical analysis revealed that the PCR to have a sensitivity of 95. 1% in the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillosis cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid, specific, and sensitive method to detect Aspergillus fumigatus in aspergillosis cases of humans.