bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns in Invoicing Currency in Global Trade
Authors: Boz Emine , Casas Camila , Georgiadis Georgios , Gopinath Gita , Le Mezo Helena , Mehl Arnaud , Nguyen Tra
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the most comprehensive and up-to-date panel data set of invoicing currencies in global trade. It provides data on the shares of exports and imports invoiced in US dollars, euros, and other currencies for more than 100 countries since 1990. The evidence from these data confirms findings from earlier research regarding the globally dominant role of the US dollar in invoicing – despite the comparatively smaller role of the US in global trade – and the overall stability of invoicing currency patterns. The evidence also points to several novel facts. First, both the US dollar and the euro have been increasingly used for invoicing even as the share of global trade accounted for by the US and the euro area has declined. Second, the euro is used as a vehicle currency in parts of Africa, and some European countries have seen significant shifts toward euro invoicing. Third, as suggested by the dominant currency paradigm, countries invoicing more in US dollars (euros) tend to experience greater US dollar (euro) exchange rate pass-through to their import prices; also, their trade volumes are more sensitive to fluctuations in these exchange rates.
Public Sector Balance Sheet Database
Authors: Alves Miguel , De Clerck Sage , Gamboa-Arbelaez Juliana
Published: August 2020

This paper provides an overview of the Public Sector Balance Sheet (PSBS) Database, a dataset developed in the context of the October 2018 Fiscal Monitor. The dataset provides a comprehensive picture of public wealth for 38 countries, and a narrower picture for further 37 countries and territories. Comprehensive PSBSs bring together all the accumulated assets and liabilities that governments control, including public corporations, natural resources, and pension liabilities. They therefore account for the entirety of what the state owns and owes, offering a broader fiscal picture beyond debt and deficits. This is particularly relevant in the current context of record and still rising debts and heightened risks to the balance sheet of the public sector. PSBSs bring about greater transparency and allow closer scrutiny of government’s financial position. They also allow better balance sheet management, thereby potentially increasing return on assets, reducing risks and the costs of borrowing, and improving fiscal policymaking. The paper also elaborates on the conceptual framework and methodology used in compiling the data, and provides some practical guidelines on the compilation, validation, and dissemination of such data.
Associations between human leukocyte antigen C locus polymorphism and psoriatic arthritis in populations of European and Middle Eastern descent: a meta-analysis
Authors: Shao Lin-Nan , Wang Ni , Zhou Shi-Hang , Wang Zi
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND:

Gene-disease association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C locus polymorphism and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) remains controversial.

OBJECTIVE:

Evaluate the relationship between HLA-C locus polymorphism and PsA in populations of European and Middle Eastern descent.

SEARCH METHODS:

PubMed, PMC, Elsevier and Google Scholar databases from 1980 to January 2020. The search was limited to articles in English.

SELECTION CRITERIA:

Case-control studies (with unrelated participants) that had allele/genotype data on the association between HLA-C locus polymorphism and PsA susceptibility.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:

Two investigators searched independently in searching the literature. Disagreements were resolved by discussion and consultation with a third researcher. The Q-Genie tool was used to assess the quality of articles.

RESULTS:

Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. At the allelic level, three alleles were associated with an increased risk of PsA and five were associated with a reduced risk. At the phenotypic level, four alleles were associated with increased risk of PsA and three were associated with a reduced risk. At both the allelic and phenotypic levels, the results revealed that HLA-C*04 played a protective role in PsA (The pooled odds ratio [OR] is 0.66 for allelic level and 0.63 for phenotypic level), while HLA-C*02, *06 and *12 increased the risk of suffering from PsA (The pooled ORs of C*02, *06 and *12 are 2.21, 2.63 and 1.49 for allelic level, and 1.79, 2.96 and 2.25 for phenotypic level, respectively).

CONCLUSION:

The pooled results showed a significant association between PsA and the HLA-C gene in populations of European and Middle Eastern descent. At both the allelic and phenotypic levels, the HLA-C*02, *06 and *12 may contribute to susceptibility to PsA, while HLA-C*04 may confer a protective role against PsA.

REGISTRATION:

Not registered.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem em dissertações e teses brasileiras
Authors: Clares Jorge Wilker Bezerra , Guedes Maria Vilaní Cavalcante , Freitas Maria Célia de
Published: August 2020

Objetivou-se descrever o uso da Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE®) em dissertações e teses desenvolvidas nos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileiros. Estudo documental e quantitativo, realizado a partir de teses e dissertações, publicadas de 2000 a 2018, nos catálogos do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Enfermagem da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem e no portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Elegeram-se 26 teses e 92 dissertações. Verificou-se crescimento da produção acadêmica sobre a CIPE®, com predominância de estudos do tipo metodológico (36,1%), com abordagem quantitativa (89,8%), oriundos da região Nordeste (45,8%), voltados para a prática assistencial (88,2%), com temáticas relacionadas à saúde do adulto (45,3%), e descritores relacionados à Enfermagem. Os indicadores avaliados possibilitaram desvelar padrões de pesquisa e identificar tendências nos estudos de pós-graduação stricto sensu, que poderão direcionar a condução de novas investigações sobre a CIPE®.

Descritores: Enfermagem; Classificação; Terminologia; Pesquisa em Enfermagem; Educação de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem.
Plants with Hypoglycemic Effect Cultivated in Medicinal Garden from Umuarama, Paraná-Brazil: A Review
Authors: Otênio Joice Karina , Oliveira Geysse Kelle de , Baisch Rosselyn Gimenes , Donadel Guilherme , Lourenço Emerson Luiz Botelho , Alberton Odair , Sabec Giuliana Zardeto , Jacomassi Ezilda
Published: August 2020

The present study was carried out through a bibliographic survey of medicinal species, Asystasia gangetica, Catharanthus roseus, Arctium minus, Cynara scolymus, Anredera baselloides, Opuntia ficus-indica, Carica papaya, Ipomoea carnea, Ocimum gratissimum, Abelmoschus esculentus, Musa paradisiaca, Psidium cattleyanum, Syzygium cumini, Bougainvillea glabra, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Phyllanthus niruri, Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum and Zingiber officinale grown in the medicinal garden of Campus 2 of Universidade Paranaense, located in Umuarama, Paraná State, Brazil. The following databases were used for the bibliographic review: Scielo, Medline/Pubmed, and Google Scholar. All the species presented have hypoglycemic activity verified with preclinical and/or clinical pharmacological studies and have great potential for use in the treatment of diabetes or in combination with allopathic drugs. However, despite the pharmacological records found, additional scientific investigations are still needed to be able to use these species more safely and effectively.
'University is a place of imagination where anything can happen': evaluating widening participation initiatives with young children
Authors: Sela Katherine , Winstone Naomi
Published: August 2020

There is increasing awareness of the importance of working with younger children in widening participation initiatives. While typical evaluation methods, such as feedback questionnaires, may be appropriate for collating evidence of the impact of initiatives with older children and teenagers,
these tools are less appropriate for younger children. In the context of the evaluation of a campus-based creative writing programme for 9- to 10-year-old children, this paper discusses the utility of creative approaches to evaluation. Prior to and following their visit to a university campus,
children completed a worksheet to gain their perspectives of university through sentence completion, comparison and drawing tasks. These methods provide insight into how children's perspectives are shaped by visiting a university campus, as well as differences between those who do and do not
know someone who has attended university. We present snapshots of the evaluation data and discuss the implications for evaluation of widening participation initiatives with young children.
The Effect of Nanosilver on Postharvest Longevity of Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. Foliage
Authors: Poniewozik Monika , Pogroszewska Elżbieta , Rubinowska Katarzyna , Dudkiewicz Margot , Kozak Danuta
Published: August 2020

Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. ‘Black Stockings,’ with its interesting foliage, is used as a cut greenery. We tested the postharvest longevity of the foliage after different 24-hr conditioning treatments with nanosilver (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg dm−3) and 20 g dm−3 sucrose and compared the results with those obtained using the standard preservative (200 mg dm−3 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate + 20 g dm−3 sucrose) and Floralife 200 Clear. The longevity of the foliage and the content of assimilative pigments were evaluated and the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus (F0, Fm, Fv/Fm) was analyzed. We found that leaf senescence, as determined by chlorophyll a and carotenoid content after 14 days of holding, was most effectively inhibited by the solution containing 5 mg dm−3 nanosilver and sucrose. This solution increased the maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in the leaves.
„Erziehung zur Freiheit“ – Kopftuchverbote für Schülerinnen unter dem Grundgesetz
Authors: Nettesheim Martin
Published: August 2020

Die Frage, ob es für den Gesetzgeber verfassungsmäßig zulässig ist, das Tragen von religiöser Kleidung - wie das islamische Kopftuch - in öffentlichen Schulen, die für alle Glaubensrichtungen offen sind, zu verbieten, ist seit langem Gegenstand der Diskussion in Deutschland. Insbesondere ist es zu einer Streitfrage geworden, ob so ein Verbot SchülerInnen unter 14 Jahren auferlegt werden könnte. Dieser Artikel zeigt auf, dass so ein Verbot nicht nur möglich wäre, wenn konkrete Konflikte im Laufe des Schullebens auftreten. Die öffentliche Schule ist ein Bereich, der einem besonderen Regelwerk auf Grundlage von Art. 7 Abs. 1 GG und der entsprechenden Bestimmungen der Landesverfassungen unterliegt, das sich klar von den Bedingungen im allgemeinen öffentlichen Bereich unterscheidet. Ein Kopftuchverbot kann nicht lediglich als ein fremdbestimmter Eingriff in die Freiheit eines jungen Menschen, der oder die ihre Religionsfreiheit ausübt, interpretiert werden. Das Verbot dient dazu, jungen Schülerinnen die Möglichkeit zu bieten, eine selbständige und freie Persönlichkeit zu entwickeln und muss daher - in Bezug auf liberale Prinzipien - als eine komplexe Maßnahme betrachtet werden. Die in Art. 7 Abs. 1 GG festgelegte Erziehungs- und Bildungspflicht umfasst mehr, als die Beeinträchtigungen des Schulfriedens durch Konflikte zu verteidigen. Das Grundgesetz ermöglicht und fordert eine Erziehung zur Freiheit, die Schülerinnen dazu leitet, eine selbstbestimmte, aber auch sozial integrierte und verantwortungsvolle Persönlichkeit zu entwickeln. Der Gesetzgeber bewegt sich im Rahmen von Art. 7 Abs. 1 GG, wenn er als Bildungsziel die Befreiung von traditionellen Rollenvorstellungen vorgibt, sowie die Fähigkeit vorgegebene, ethisch geprägte Lebensweisen kritisch zu begegnen und die Förderung des Willens zu einer unabhängigen Entscheidung nach der erstrebten Lebensvorstellung zu kommen. Er bewegt sich somit auch im Rahmen von Art. 7 Abs. 1 GG, wenn er die Schule als einen Ort begreift, um Offenheit zu schaffen, wenn dort Einschränkungen bestimmter Lebensformen sichtbar werden. Diese Freiheit gilt insbesondere dann, wenn es sich um enge Vorstellungen eines guten Lebens handelt, die von der Vorstellung eines sozialen Unterschieds zwischen Männern und Frauen gestützt wird. Um das Bildungsziel eines gleichberechtigten Zusammenlebens zu erreichen, ist dies verhältnismäßig.
FEATURES OF SiO2 REACTIVE-ION ETCHING KINETICS IN CF4 + Ar + O2 AND C4F8 + Ar + O2 GAS MIXTURES
Authors: Efremov Alexander M. , Sobolev Alexander M.
Published: August 2020

The effect of Ar/O2 mixing ratio on gas-phase characteristics and SiO2 etching kinetics in CF4 + Ar + O2 and C4F8 + Ar + O2 plasmas was studied under conditions of 13.56 MHz inductive RF discharge. The constant processing parameters were fraction of fluorocarbon component in a feed gas (50%) total gas pressure (6 mTorr), input power (700 W) and bias power (200 W). It was found that the full substitution of Ar for O2 in both gas systems results in non-monotonic (with a maximum at ~ 25% Ar + 25% O2) SiO2 etching rates as well as in monotonically increasing photoresist etching rate with higher absolute values for CF4-containing mixture. The steady-state densities of active species were determined using a combination of plasma diagnostics by Langmuir probes and 0-dimensional (global) plasma modeling. Corresponding results indicated that both gas systems are characterized by quite close parameters of electron and ion components while exhibit sufficient differences in the kinetics of neutral species, especially in the presence of O2. The latter produces opposite changes in F atom density as well as in effective probability of ion-assisted chemical reaction vs. Ar/O2 mixing ratio. Relationships between type of fluorocarbon component and heterogeneous process kinetics were analyzed through the set of gas-phase-related parameters (fluxes, flux-to-flux ratios) characterizing chemical etching pathways for SiO2 and formation/destruction balance for the fluorocarbon polymer film. It was suggested that the transition toward O2-rich plasma in the low-polymerizing CF4 + Ar + O2 plasma suppresses the effective probability for SiO2 + F reaction through decreasing efficiency for oxide bond breaking and desorption of etching products due to decreasing ion energy flux. Oppositely, an increase in O2 content in the high-polymerizing C4F8 + Ar + O2 mixture lifts up the effective reaction probability by decreasing fluorocarbon film thickness and providing better access of F atoms to the etched surface.
SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY DISPERSED MOLYBDATE OF COBALT IN THE MELT SYSTEM (Na2MoO4 - NaCl)EVT – CoSO4
Authors: Cherkesov Zaur A.
Published: August 2020

The paper presents a new computational and experimental material for the development of a rational method for obtaining one of the significant representatives of the elements of the d-family-cobalt molybdate in melts of the system (Na2MoO4 - NaCl)evt-CoSO4 in a highly dispersed state at a relatively low temperature and high process performance. It contains extensive material on the properties and applications of cobalt molybdenum, a critical analysis of which indicates the need to develop new approaches to the synthesis of such a unique compound. Along with experimental problems, the article also solves a number of theoretical issues. In particular, we are talking about the application of the mass transfer effect between Mn(Fe,Co)MoO4 – Na2CO3 systems and the environment for the first time revealed by the authors to the analysis of the drug CoMoO4 synthesized in the work. The mechanism of manifestation of this phenomenon, which, as shown by theoretical analysis and experimental data, due to polyvalences cobalt. Therefore, this is due to the possibility of leakage in the system CoMoO4–Na2CO3 exchange reaction CoMoO4+Na2CO3→CoCO3+Na2MoO4, dissociation CoCO3=CoO+CO2 and redox of хCoO+1/2О2→CoхOу, where y=x+1, leading to the loss of CO2 and the transformation of CoO – product of the decomposition of CoCO3 at the expense of the oxygen environment to the oxide type CoхOу, the composition of which is determined by the process temperature. The experimental data obtained in this work confirm the effectiveness of the mass transfer effect in the analysis of molybdenum and tungstates of polyvalent d-elements. Much attention is paid to the comprehensive study of the obtained cobalt molybdate in the system (Na2MoO4 - NaCl)evt–CoSO4 by a complex of physical and chemical methods (thermodynamic, x-ray phase, dispersion, chemical kinetic (thermogravimetric)).
Comme des perles dans la nuit : lecture de Batman et réflexivité du détail
Authors: Mellier Denis
Published: August 2020

Si les formes de la réécriture transmédiatique et transfictionnelle jouent sur des caractéristiques générales de la fiction matrice ou sur des effets de rupture, de subversion ou de révérence aux éléments du Canon qui fixe les règles du jeu transtextuel, qu’en est-il quand le moteur de toute cette production d’avatars et de versions est un simple instant, un geste, une image, qui se sont imposés au coeur même d’une des stations constitutives du récit. Le jeune Bruce Wayne trouve sa vocation de justicier nocturne et schizée dans le meurtre de ses parents. L’assassin se saisit du collier de perles qui cède et celles-ci s’envolent en l’air, se répandent dans la case, roulent dans la planche, et continuent dès lors d’essaimer formellement et sur le plan figural dans un Batmanverse qu’elles occupent de leur présence visuelle : traces, archives, mémoires ou figures obsédantes? On s’interrogera sur la façon dont l’étude figurale et le réemploi d’un motif visuel ténu, minimal et local, peuvent servir un processus d’engendrement des images qui nourrit une forme de réflexivité spécifique à travers le corpus intermédial de la geste deBatman.
Hubungan Preeklamsia dengan Kejadian BBLR di RSU Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2018
Authors: Faadhilah Astrisa , Helda Helda
Published: August 2020

Berat badan lahir rendah didefinisikan oleh World Health Organization. sebagai berat saat lahir kurang dari 2500 gram. Bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) meningkatkan angka kesakitan dan kematian dua kali lipat dibandingkan dengan bayi yang lahir dengan berat badan 2500 gram atau lebih. Berat lahir rendah menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat berkelanjutan secara signifikan dan global dikaitkan dengan serangkaian konsekuensi jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Faktor resiko utama yang berhubungan dengan tingginya kejadian BBLR adalah faktor demografi, penyakit kronis sebelum hamil, status gizi ibu hamil, komplikasi dalam kehamilan, dan status pemeriksaan kehamilan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis cox regression dengan hasil ukur prevalence ratio (PR). Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara preeklamsia dengan kejadian BBLR dengan P-value = 0,001 dengan nilai PR adjusted 1,483 (CI 95% 1,192-1,846) setelah dikontrol oleh variabel Confounding. Variabel confounding adalah usia hamil, oligohidramnion, dan IUFD dengan nilai ΔPR >10%. Angka kejadian BBLR berhubungan dengan penanganan kasus preeklamsia dan eklamsia yang gawat memerlukan tindakan aktif, yaitu terminasi kehamilan segera tanpa memandang usia kehamilan dan perkiraan berat badan janin sehingga dapat melahirkan bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah. Oleh sebab itu, sangat diperlukan pemantauan oleh tenaga kesehatan terhadap ibu-ibu yang mengalami komplikasi dalam kehamilannya terutama yang memiliki tekanan darah yang tinggi dalam kehamilannya agar dapat ditangani secara dini dan dilakukan perawatan konservatif sehingga kejadian BBLR dapat dicegah.
Proteomic analysis of exudate of Cercospora armoraciae from Armoracia rusticana
Authors: Wang Haining , Wei Songhong , Yang Xiaohe , Liu Wei , Zhu Lijun
Published: August 2020

Background

Cercospora armoraciae causes leaf spot disease on Armoracia rusticana. Exudation of droplets, when grown on PDA, distinguishes this fungi from other members of the genus Cercospora. The role this exudate plays in the virulence of this pathogen has not been elucidated. To explore this, we characterized the transcriptome of C. armoraciae and the proteome of exudate associated with this plant pathogen.

Methods

Virulence of three strains of C. armoraciae was evaluated in greenhouse assays. De novo sequencing was applied to assemble transcriptome from these strains. Nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis was used to identify proteins in the pathogen exudate. Identified proteins were functionally classified and annotated using GO, KEGG, and COG/KOG bioinformatics analysis methods.

Results

When treated with the exudate of C. armoraciae strain SCa-01, leaves of A. rusticana showed yellowing and necrosis of the leaves and similar symptoms to plants inoculated with this fungi. A total of 14,937 unigenes were assembled from C. armoraciae, and 576 proteins comprising 1,538 peptides, 1,524 unique peptide, were identified from the exudate. GO annotation classified 411 proteins (71%) into 27 functional categories, namely, 12, seven and eight biological process, cellular component, and molecular function subcategories, respectively. KEGG analysis assigned 314 proteins to 84 signaling/metabolic pathways, and 450 proteins were annotated against the COG/KOG database.

Discussion

Transcriptome and GO analysis of C. armoraciae found most proteins in the exudate. GO analysis suggested that a considerable proportion of proteins were involved in cellular process and metabolic process, which suggests exudates maintain the metabolic balance of this fungi. Some proteins annotated to the phenylalanine metabolism, which suggests that the exudates may enhance the virulence of this pathogen. Some proteins annotated to the phenylalanine metabolism, which suggests that the exudates may enhance the pathogenicity of the pathogen. Also some proteins were annotated to the peroxisome metabolic pathway and the fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. These pathways may confer antifungal, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity on the exudates.
The nurse’s perception of playing and the impact of these practices in pediatric assistance
Authors: Ribeiro Aclênia Maria Nascimento , Ribeiro Eullâynne kassyanne Cardoso , Baldoino Luciana Stanford , Santos Ariane Gomes dos
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: conhecer a percepção do enfermeiro sobre o brincar e o impacto dessa prática na assistência pediátrica. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, durante o período de maio a agosto de 2017. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 10 enfermeiros. A partir das entrevistas com os profissionais foi possível a apreensão de duas categorias: A percepção do enfermeiro sobre o brincar no processo de recuperação infantil e as dificuldades encontradas pela enfermagem na realização de atividades lúdicas. Conclusão: Diante da amplitude que reveste o cuidado à criança, os profissionais afirmam frequente­mente, não possuírem tempo suficiente para desenvolver qualquer atividade lúdica. Ressaltaram, assim, a importância de haver um número adequado de profissionais frente a demanda de trabalho, considerando a complexidade da criança.
Characterization of the Coupling between Out‐of‐Plane Graphene and Electrogenic Cells
Authors: Matino Laura , Rastogi Sahil K. , Garma Leonardo D. , Cohen‐Karni Tzahi , Santoro Francesca
Published: August 2020

The cell‐chip coupling is in general regulated by the interplay between cells and the material surface at the interface. Electroactive planar materials have shown limited crosstalk with cells, whereas pseudo 3D patterned materials promote a more intimate contact with the biological system. Here, unprecedented physical properties of a carbon‐based material, i.e., graphene, to engineer out‐of‐plane morphologies are exploited: 1) 3D single‐ to few‐layer fuzzy graphene morphology (3DFG), 2) 3DFG on a collapsed Si nanowire mesh template, and 3) 3DFG on a noncollapsed Si nanowire mesh template. These materials are synthesized and interfaced with cardiomyocyte‐like cells focusing on the characterization of the cytoskeletal arrangement as well as membrane wrapping processes yet regulated by endocytic proteins. Finally, some major conditions to promote tight coupling to the device and eventually spontaneous intracellular penetration are found.
In‐Memory Hamming Weight Calculation in a 1T1R Memristive Array
Authors: Cheng Long , Li Jiancong , Zheng Hao‐Xuan , Yuan Peng , Yin Jiahao , Yang Ling , Luo Qing , Li Yi , Lv Hangbing , Chang Ting‐Chang , Miao Xiangshui
Published: August 2020

In‐memory computing enabled by advanced nonvolatile memory technologies, such as memristors and memristive devices, emerges as a promising approach to accelerate certain data‐intensive algorithms, and thus outperforms the von Neumann computing in terms of processing latency and energy efficiency. In this work, an efficient method to calculate the Hamming weight (HW) of a binary string in a one‐transistor‐one‐resistor (1T1R) memristive array is proposed, which can be beneficial for various computation tasks. Specifically, the target string is converted to a voltage vector and multiplies with an “all‐1” string pre‐stored in the resistance of the row, which equals to a binary matrix multiplication or AND logic operation. The in situ stored HW calculation result is then read out through a current accumulation operation. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, 4 bit and 8 bit HW calculation is successfully implemented in experiment and simulation, respectively. In addition, the influence of the resistance variation on the calculation correctness is discussed. This work broadens the application range of using emerging nonvolatile memories for classical information processing in hardware level with high efficiency.
Understanding socio‐cultural influences on food intake in relation to overweight and obesity in a rural indigenous community of Fiji Islands
Authors: Singh Kamal Nand , Sendall Marguerite C. , Gurung Apil , Carne Phil
Published: August 2020

Issue addressed

Obesity and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) are largely preventable by understanding the connection between socio‐cultural knowledge, yet intervention effectiveness may hinder changes in lifestyles and behaviours in Indigenous health. This study performed to understand the social and cultural components, which contribute to obesity in rural areas of the Indigenous Fijian.

Methods

This study is a Community‐Based Participatory Research (CBPR) project, which engaged community members from a rural iTaukei village in the Fiji Islands. Data collection was carried out through community consultation and semi‐structured interviews. The data were analysed using descriptive thematic analysis.

Results

Food intake was associated with socio‐cultural, economic, political and physical environmental factors. Participants reveal previous health promotion programs did not incorporate the cultural values, cultural competence beliefs and traditional ways of rural Indigenous Fijian community.

Conclusion

The health care providers and policymakers need to be involved in recognising iTaukei community culture and appreciate traditional methods to promote equitable community participation in decision‐making for health promotion.

So what?

Community‐wide lifestyle interventions, conceptual approaches based on communal perceptions of the problem at hand can also be the basis for future research on identifying socio‐cultural factors, for example, the community and family support that can help shape behaviours.
The ability of oral health professionals to significantly influence improving overall health
Authors: Mays Keith A.
Published: August 2020

In 2000, David Satcher wrote, Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General, and stated that “oral health means much more than healthy teeth,” and he challenged all health providers to step up and be a part of the improvement of the nation's oral health status. Over the past few decades, the heightened awareness of these oral health inequities within the United States has resulted in public policy stakeholders and scholars, similarly calling for the improvement of the nation's oral health status. Satcher also suggested that saliva may provide clues to a patient's overall health and a possible predictor of systemic disease. There have been several articles that have demonstrated an increased risk of systemic diseases with circulating inflammatory mediators, a reduction in treatment cost for pregnant women who received treatment for their clinically diagnosed periodontal disease. Health profession education has responded to the call for transforming the health system by developing graduates who are capable for working in an environment designed to improve the overall health of patients. Therefore, this article examines why oral health professionals have a significant opportunity to contribute to the improvement overall health of patients and participate in healthcare transformation.
Exponential integrators for linear inhomogeneous problems
Authors: Medvedeva Marina A. , Simos T. E. , Tsitouras Ch.
Published: August 2020

We consider the mildly stiff and stiff inhomogeneous linear initial value Problems sharing constant coefficients. Exponential Runge–Kutta methods are considered to tackle this problem. For this type of problem, we were able to save a function evaluation (stage) per step compared to the best available methods. This is important, as seen in various computational experiments where our current approach outperforms older ones.
Rapid single scan ramped hybrid‐encoding for bicomponent T2* mapping in a human knee joint: A feasibility study
Authors: Jang Hyungseok , McMillan Alan B. , Ma Yajun , Jerban Saeed , Chang Eric Y. , Du Jiang , Kijowski Richard
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of using a single scan ramped hybrid‐encoding (RHE) method for rapid bicomponent T2* analysis of the human knee joint. The proposed method utilizes RHE to acquire ultrashort echo time (UTE) and subsequent gradient echo images at 16 different echo times ranging between 40 μs and 30 ms in a single scan. In the proposed RHE technique, UTE imaging was followed by acquisition of 14 gradient recalled echo images, where an additional UTE image was obtained within the first readout by oversampling single point imaging (SPI) encoding. The single scan RHE method with a 9‐minute scan time was performed on human cadaveric knee joints from six donors and in vivo knee joints from four healthy volunteers at 3 T. A bicomponent signal model was used to characterize the short T2* and long T2* water components. Mean bicomponent T2* parameters for patellar tendon, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and meniscus were calculated. In the experimental results, the RHE technique provided bicomponent T2* parameter estimations of tendon, ACL, PCL and meniscus, which were similar to previously reported values in the literature. In conclusion, the proposed single scan RHE technique provides rapid bicomponent T2* analysis of the human knee joint with a total scan time of less than 9 minutes.
Batch to batch optimal control based on multiinput multioutput adaptive hinging hyperplanes prediction and Kalman filter correction
Authors: Luo Xiong‐Lin , Xu Jun , Zhang Meng , Liu Jinfeng
Published: August 2020

A batch to batch optimal control strategy based on multiinput multioutput adaptive hinging hyperplanes (MIMO AHH) prediction and Kalman filter correction is proposed for the products quality control of the batch process. The model of AHH is one kind of piecewise linear models and is extended to the MIMO case in this article. The MIMO AHH is then used to develop the predictive model of the batch process. Due to the model‐plant mismatch and unknown disturbances, the optimal control policy calculated based on the MIMO AHH predictive model may not be optimal when applied to the true process. The Kalman filter is then utilized to correct the predictions of the current batch by considering the information of former batches. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through the simulation of a styrene batch polymerization reactor.
Philosophy of Approaching a Laser Design Problem: Illustrated by the Design of Ultraviolet Vertical‐Cavity Laser Diodes
Authors: Mehta Karan , Yoder Paul Douglas
Published: August 2020

The objective of this article is to demonstrate a general approach to the problem of designing a novel laser diode. This involves first understanding prior work in this and related fields (literature survey), and then acquiring a thorough understanding of the relevant physics. This in turn enables the development and/or selection of appropriate models and tools for that problem followed by partitioning the problem into smaller solvable chunks. This involves identifying the key contributing factors affecting poor laser performance (sources of optical loss, poor injection efficiency, high thermal resistance, etc.), quantifying and ranking their relative importance, and finally finding solutions to these problems. The final step involves putting all these pieces back together to arrive at the final laser design. This step is challenging due to the strong coupling between electrical, optical, and thermal physics in a laser diode. Any design changes must be considered through all three lenses. Herein, this approach to laser design will be demonstrated in the context of a novel III–N‐based ultraviolet vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser diode (UV‐VCSEL).
Adaptive compensation control for special actuator circumstances with input quantization
Authors: Yan Shuai , Sun Weichao , He Fenghua
Published: August 2020

In this article, considering actuator constraints and possible failures, an adaptive compensation control scheme is developed to realize tracking control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with quantized inputs. A new variable is generated to evaluate the effect of actuator saturation and is used in the process of controller design to compensate for the influence of actuator saturation constraint. Moreover, the controller is able to show certain accommodation capability to tolerate possible actuator failures and input quantization error via integrating parameter update process of unknown fault constants into adaption of parametric uncertainties under the backstepping procedure. Specifically, actuator saturation effect and possible actuator failures as well as input quantization error can be dealt with uniformly under the framework of the proposed scheme and the control system has certain robustness to external disturbances. It is proved that all the signals of the closed‐loop system are ensured to be bounded and the tracking error is enabled to converge toward a compact set, which is adjustable by tuning design parameters. Finally, experiments are carried out on an active suspension plant to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Model checking for parametric single‐index quantile models
Authors: Yuan Liangliang , Liu Wenhui , Zi Xuemin , Wang Zhaojun
Published: August 2020

In this work, we construct a lack‐of‐fit test for testing parametric single‐index quantile regression models. We apply the kernel smoothing technique for the multivariate nonparametric estimation involved in this task. To avoid the “curse of dimensionality” in multivariate nonparametric estimation and to fully utilize the information contained in the model, we employ a sufficient dimension reduction technique to identify the corresponding dimensionally reduced subspace and then construct our test statistic in this subspace. At different quantile levels, the test statistics given in this paper can quickly detect local alternative hypotheses, which are different from the null hypothesis for small and moderate sample sizes. A new wild bootstrap method is applied to approximate the critical values of the quantile regression model test. The effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation experiments and a real data application.
Aufkommen und Zusammensetzung von Makrokunststoffen an der Donau
Authors: Mayerhofer Johannes , Lenz Sabine , Obersteiner Gudrun
Published: August 2020

Weltweit ist die Nachfrage nach Kunststoffen ungebrochen. Der Werkstoff ist in beinahe allen Lebensbereichen anzutreffen. Mit den zunehmenden Produktionszahlen geht auch ein verstärkter Eintrag von Kunststoffen in die Umwelt einher. Besonders in Bezug auf die Verschmutzung der Weltmeere ist Plastikmüll heutzutage in aller Munde. Flüsse gelten dabei als die Haupteintragspfade der marinen Verschmutzung (z. B. Great Pacific Garbage Patch). Dennoch sind Quellen und Herkunft der Plastikabfälle sowie Transportwege und Umweltauswirkungen in fluvialen Systemen großteils unbekannt. Das liegt nicht zuletzt daran, dass vereinheitlichte Monitoringmethoden bisher fehlen. Das Projekt „PlasticFreeDanube“ setzt genau hier an. Ziel ist der Aufbau einer fundierten Wissensbasis zu Aufkommen und Zusammensetzung von Kunststoffabfällen in und entlang der Donau. Daneben steht die Analyse von Transportverhalten und Umwelteinflüssen im Fokus. Der folgende Artikel befasst sich mit der Methodenentwicklung zur standardisierten Probenahme und Sortierung von Kunststoffabfällen in Flusssystemen sowie den Ergebnissen bisheriger Sortieranalysen im Projektgebiet des Nationalparks Donau-Auen.
Classification of trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic number, de-bipolarization technique and its execution in cloud service-based MCGDM problem
Authors: Chakraborty Avishek , Mondal Sankar Prasad , Alam Shariful , Dey Arindam
Published: August 2020

Neutrosophic set can deal with the uncertainties related to the information of any decision making problem in real life scenarios, where fuzzy set may fail to handle those uncertainties properly. In this study, we present the perception of trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic numbers and its classification in different frame. We introduce the idea of disjunctive structures of trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic numbers namely type-1 trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic number, type-2 trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic numbers, and type-3 trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic number based on the perception of dependency among membership functions in neutrosophic set. In any neutrosophic decision-making problem, the decision maker uses the comparison of neutrosophic numbers to choose among alternatives solutions. Here, we introduce a ranking method, i.e., De-bipolarization scheme for trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic number (TrBNN) using removal area technique. We also describe the utility of trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic number and its appliance in a multi criteria group decision making problem (MCGDM) for distinct users in trapezoidal bipolar arena which is more ethical, precise and reliable in neutrosophic field.
Monotheism and Hope in God
Authors: Wainwright William J.
Published: August 2020

This Element examines aspects of monotheism and hope. Distinguishing monotheism from various forms of nontheistic religions, it explores how God transcends the terms used to describe the religious ultimate. The discussion then turns to the nature of hope and examines how the concept has been used by Augustine, Aquinas, Kierkegaard, and Moltmann, among others. The Christian tradition to which these monotheists belong associates hope and faith with love. In the final section, Wainwright shows the varieties of this kind of love in Islam, Christianity, and theistic Hinduism, and defends the sort of love valorized by them against some charges against it. He examines why the loves prized in these traditions are imperfect because their adherents invariably believe that the love that they cherish is superior to that cherished by others.
“Completely Forgotten and Totally Ignored”: Czechoslovak Veterans of the Austro-Hungarian Army and the Transitions of 1918-1919
Authors: Hutečka Jiří
Published: August 2020

This article uses Czechoslovakia as an example of the process of transition following the end of the First World War and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. It analyzes the military context of the transition itself, showing how difficult, violent, and prolonged a process it was, in contrast to the traditional assumption of a quickly emergent successor state built on the ethnic-based enthusiasm of its Czech-speaking population. In the second part, it goes on to analyze the memory of the transition and the position it came to hold in the overall narrative of this period of the interwar years, with specific attention given to the way Czech-speaking veterans of Austro-Hungarian service tried to retell the story of the transition, and why their proposed narratives ill-fitted the official discourse of the war as the “national struggle for independence” of Czechoslovakia.
Modelling feeding strategies to improve milk production, rumen function and discomfort of the early lactation dairy cow supplemented with fodder beet
Authors: Fleming A. E. , Dalley D. , Bryant R. H. , Edwards G. R. , Gregorini P.
Published: August 2020

Feeding fodder beet (FB) to dairy cows in early lactation has recently been adopted by New Zealand dairy producers despite limited definition of feeding and grazing management practices that may prevent acute and sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA). This modelling study aimed to characterize changes of rumen pH, milk production and total discomfort from FB and define practical feeding strategies of a mixed herbage and FB diet. The deterministic, dynamic and mechanistic model MINDY was used to compare a factorial arrangement of FB allowance (FBA), herbage allowance (HA) and time of allocation. The FBA were 0, 2, 4 or 7 kg dry matter (DM)/cow/day (0FB, 2FB, 4FB and 7FB, respectively) and HA were 18, 24 or 48 kg DM/cow/day above ground. All combinations were offered either in the morning or afternoon or split across two equal meals. Milk production from 2FB diets was similar to 0FB but declined by 4 and 16% when FB increased to 4 and 7 kg DM, respectively. MINDY predicted that 7FB would result in SARA and that rumen conditions were sub-optimal even at moderate FBA (pH < 5.6 for 160 and 90 min/day, 7FB and 4FB respectively). Pareto front analysis identified the best compromise between high milk production and low total discomfort was achieved by splitting the 2FB diet into two equal meals fed each day with 48 kg DM herbage. However, due to low milk response and high risk of acidosis, it is concluded that FB is a poor supplement for lactating dairy cows.
The response of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) and forage maize (Zea mays) crops to polyhalite, a multi-nutrient fertilizer
Authors: Lillywhite R.D. , Wiltshire J. J. J. , Webb J. , Menadue H.
Published: August 2020

Polyhalite is a multi-nutrient mineral ore containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S). Historically, it has enjoyed minor use as a fertilizer, but the opening of a new mine in the UK will make larger quantities available. Therefore, an examination of the performance of crops fertilized with polyhalite, or selected commercial alternatives, was pertinent and is reported here.

Four field trials were carried out between 2013 and 2016 to investigate the response of winter barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and forage maize (Zea maysL.) to different application rates of polyhalite, potassium chloride (muriate of potash, MOP) and potassium sulphate (sulphate of potash, SOP) fertilizers. Potassium and S nutrition were the focus of these trials as they limit field production more often than Mg and Ca.

Polyhalite was found to be an effective source of both K and S for crop production. In three out of four trials, application of polyhalite resulted in similar or greater K offtake compared with both MOP and SOP; MOP application resulted in greater K offtake in one trial. In three out of four trials, application of polyhalite resulted in similar or better S offtake compared with both MOP and SOP; SOP application resulted in greater S offtake in one trial. Polyhalite and MOP treatments produced similar total dry weight in all four trials, but were slightly inferior to SOP treatment.
Improving access to justice for older victims of crime by reimagining conceptions of vulnerability
Authors: Brown Kevin J. , Gordon Faith
Published: August 2020

This article investigates the implications of recent research findings that establish that older victims of crime are less likely to obtain procedural justice than other age groups. It explores original empirical data from the United Kingdom that finds evidence of a systemic failure amongst agencies to identify vulnerability in the older population and to put in place appropriate support mechanisms to allow older victims to participate fully in the justice system. The article discusses how the legally defined gateways to additional support, which are currently relied upon by many common law jurisdictions, disadvantage older victims and require reimagining. It argues that international protocols, especially the current European Union Directive on victims’ rights, are valuable guides in this process of re-conceptualisation. To reduce further the inequitable treatment of older victims, the article advocates for jurisdictions to introduce a presumption in favour of special assistance for older people participating in the justice system.
Rhythm in Acousmatic Music
Authors: Andean James
Published: August 2020

‘Rhythm’ is often equated with ‘metered pulse’; as the latter is often eschewed by contemporary music, including acousmatic music, this is often assumed to mean an absence of rhythm. This article proposes that, in fact, acousmatic music does indeed contain rhythmic qualities, and further, that rhythm is one of the dominating forces of acousmatic music, even when pulse or metre at first glance appear to be lacking. This stems from the roots of acousmatic philosophy in phenomenology and a steady focus on our experience of the world around us. Importantly, this points simultaneously towards rhythmic qualities of our environment and towards rhythmic qualities of our embodied experience of that world, due to rhythmic aspects of our bodies, our perception and our cognitive faculties.
Locking in Constitutionality Control in Finland
Authors: Husa Jaakko
Published: August 2020

Monitoring the constitutionality of laws in Finland – Political control rather than judicial control – Understanding why requires a study of historical layers – Evidence that at several historical points certain elemental choices were locked in – Resulting difficulties in later abolishing or changing patterns – Interactive relationship between the political and the legal – Finland’s constitutional past still circumscribes the role of the judiciary in constitutionality control
Measuring, Monitoring, and Modeling Ecosystem Cycling
Authors: Hawkins Linnia , Kumar Jitendra , Luo Xiangzhong , Sihi Debjani , Zhou Sha
Published: August 2020

Scientists leverage long-term environmental measurements, emerging satellite observations, and recent modeling advances to examine changes in ecosystem carbon and water cycling.
“Mushballs” May Drive Ammonia Transport on Jupiter
Authors: Rehnberg Morgan
Published: August 2020

Hail might account for observed depletions of ammonia in the planet’s atmosphere.