bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haemodynamic changes during positive‐pressure ventilation in children
Authors: Kardos A. , Vereczkey G. , Szentirmai C.
Published: April 2005

Background:  Positive‐pressure ventilation may alter cardiac function. Our objective was to determine with the use of impedance cardiography (ICG) whether altering airway pressure modifies the central haemodynamics in mechanically ventilated children with no pulmonary pathology. Central venous saturation (ScvO2) was measured as an indicator of tissue perfusion.

Methods:  Twelve children between 7 and 65 months of age, requiring mechanical ventilation as a consequence of a non‐pulmonary disease, were enrolled in the study. All patients had a central venous line as a part of their routine management. Using pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) the baseline PEEP value of 5 cmH2O (Pb5) was increased to 10 cmH2O (Pi10) and then to 15 cmH2O (Pi15). After Pi15, PEEP was decreased to 10 (Pd10) and then to 5 cmH2O (Pd5). Each time period lasted 5 min heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), central venous pressure (CVP), end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), mean airway pressure (Paw), stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) were recorded at the end of the five periods.

Results:  The values of CI did not change when 10 and 15 cmH2O of PEEP were applied. Elevation of PEEP and thus Paw caused slight but not significant reductions in SVI and ScvO2 as compared to the baseline (Tb5). After reducing PEEP in Td5 we found statistically significant elevations of SVI and CI, as compared to Ti15 heart rate, ETCO2 and MABP remained unchanged.

Conclusion:  We did not find significant haemodynamic changes following PEEP elevation in ventilated children, as measured using impedance cardiography. Reducing the value of PEEP to 5 cmH2O resulted in statistically significant SVI elevations. The values of ScvO2 remained unaffected.
Effects on intracranial pressure of dural puncture in supine and head‐elevated positions. A study on the cat
Authors: Kongstad L. , Grände P.‐O.
Published: April 2005

Background:  Lumbar dural puncture may reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) due to a hydrostatic pressure gradient created by distal opening of the spinal fluid column towards the atmosphere. The magnitude of the reduction in hydrostatic force on the brain should depend on the vertical distance between the brain and the dural opening, and thus will increase by head elevation. No studies have analyzed ICP after dural puncture in supine and upright positions.

Methods:  This study on the cat records ICP, mean arterial pressure, and central venous pressure before and after dural puncture in supine and head‐elevated positions. The dural puncture was performed at a level corresponding to the lumbar region.

Results:  Initially ICP was 10.9 ± 1.9 mmHg (mean ± SD), which decreased to 5.1 ± 2.0 mmHg after 24.5 cm (18 mmHg) of head elevation (n = 7). Intracranial pressure decreased to 5.2 ±3.5 mmHg following dural puncture in the supine position and to −11.3 ± 4.2 mmHg after the head elevation (n = 7). Active drainage of CSF fluid in the supine position in a volume similar to that spontaneously drained after head elevation reduced ICP by 2.0 ± 0.5 mmHg (n = 3).

Conclusions:  The results show that a significant ICP reduction may occur following opening of the spinal canal. The reduction can be explained more by hydrostatic forces than by loss of CSF; also explaining why it is more significant when upright than supine. The decrease in ICP increases transvascular pressure, which may induce the disappearance of the normally present subdural venous collapse with an increase in venous blood volume.
Effect of hypercapnia on arterial hypotension after induction of anaesthesia
Authors: Enoki T. , Tsuchiya N. , Shinomura T. , Nomura R. , Fukuda K.
Published: April 2005

We evaluated the effectiveness of intentional hypercapnia against hypotension after induction of anaesthesia with thiopental and isoflurane (TI) or propofol (P). For each group, 24 patients were anaesthetized with thiopental 4 mg kg−1 (TI) or propofol 2 mg kg−1 (P) for tracheal intubation and then lightly anaesthetized with isoflurane at 0.6% end‐expiratory concentration (TI) or by 6 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion of propofol (P). In both anaesthesia groups, patients were randomly assigned to either normocapnia (end‐tidal CO2 = 35 mmHg) or hypercapnia (end‐tidal CO2 = 45 mmHg), which were achieved through adjusting the tidal volume. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) 15 min after intubation was compared with the preanaesthetic baseline value. Under normocapnia, both TI and P induced a comparable, statistically significant suppression of SAP by approximately 20 mmHg from baseline. Hypercapnia prevented the decrease in SAP in TI but not in P. No patient in the TI‐hypercapnia group experienced SAP below 100 mmHg, unlike those in the other groups. In conclusion, mild hypercapnia was effective in the prevention of hypotension in patients receiving thiopental followed by 0.6% end‐expiratory isoflurane, but not in patients receiving 6 mg kg−1 h−1 propofol.
Acute respiratory failure after deep cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy as a result of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
Authors: Weiss A. , Isselhorst C. , Gahlen J. , Freudenberg S. , Roth H. , Hammerschmitt N. , Mattinger C. , Kerger H.
Published: April 2005

We report about a case of acute respiratory distress (73‐year‐old female), which occurred minutes after a deep cervical plexus block (40 ml ropivacaine 0.5%) for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and required immediate endotracheal intubation of the patient's trachea and consecutive mechanical ventilation. Subsequently, CEA was performed under general anaesthesia (TIVA) with continuous monitoring by somatosensory‐evoked potentials. After a period of 14 hours, the endotracheal tube could be removed, the patient being in fair respiratory, cardiocirculatory and neurological conditions. Retrospectively, acute respiratory distress was caused by a combination of ipsilateral plexus blockade‐induced and pre‐existing asymptomatic contralateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis confirmed by a postoperative ENT‐check and related to previous thyroid surgery more than 50 years ago. RLN paralysis, often being asymptomatic, represents a typical complication of thyroid and other neck surgery with reported incidences of 0.5–3%. Therefore, a thorough preoperative airway check is advisable in all patients scheduled for a cervical plexus block. Particularly in cases with a history of respiratory disorders or previous neck surgery a vocal cord examination is recommended, and the use of a superficial cervical plexus block may lower the risk of respiratory complications. This may prevent a possibly life‐threatening coincidence of ipsilateral plexus blockade‐induced and pre‐existing asymptomatic contralateral RLN paralysis.
Comparison of a combination of midazolam and diazepam and midazolam alone as oral premedication on preanesthetic and emergence condition in children
Authors: Arai Y‐C. P. , Fukunaga K. , Hirota S.
Published: April 2005

Background:  Preanesthetic anxiety and emergence agitation are major challenges for anesthesiologists in pediatric anesthesia. Thus, midazolam has been used as premedication for children. However, midazolam alone is not effective for emergence agitation. The present study tested the effect of a combination of midazolam and diazepam on the preanesthetic condition and emergence behavior in children.

Methods:  Forty‐two children were allocated to one of three groups: the NoPre group received no premedication; the Mi group received midazolam 0.5 mg kg−1 orally; and the Mi + Di group received midazolam 0.25 mg kg−1 and diazepam 0.25 mg kg−1 orally. When anesthesia was induced with 7% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen, qualities of mask induction and sedation were rated. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (3–5%) in 100% oxygen. During emergence from anesthesia, the score of the child's emergence behavior was rated.

Results:  Children in the Mi and Mi + Di groups were more sedated than those in the NoPre group. A combination of midazolam and diazepam provided a better quality of mask induction, when compared with no premedication. Also, the children in the Mi + Di group were less agitated than those in the other groups during the emergence.

Conclusion:  Children in the Mi + Di group were significantly more sedated at induction of anesthesia and less agitated during emergence from anesthesia.
Morphological divergence and origin of sympatric populations of European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretusL.) in Lake Femund, Norway
Authors: ØSTBYE K. , NÆSJE T. F. , BERNATCHEZ L. , SANDLUND O. T. , HINDAR K.
Published: April 2005

Combining morphological and genetic analysis, we compared patterns of diversification within and between morphs among sympatric European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretusL.) populations in Lake Femund, Norway. Seven external populations, from potential colonization routes into Lake Femund were included. We found that deep‐, shallow‐, river‐ and bay spawning populations are distinct morphs in Lake Femund. Within morphs, populations range from being similar genetically (Fst = 0–0.005) among deep‐spawning populations to being highly differentiated (Fst = 0.153) between bay‐spawning populations. Between morphs, genetic differences ranged from a low (Fst = 0.008–0.022) between deep‐ and shallow‐spawning populations to high difference (Fst = 0.125–0.143) between shallow‐ and bay‐spawning populations. A higher proportion of molecular variance was seen among (3.9%) than within morphs (2.8%). The adaptive gene combinations behind the four morphs seem to have originated within the lake, although the lake could have been colonized from more than one source population.
Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in birds
Authors: PITCHER T. E. , DUNN P. O. , WHITTINGHAM L. A.
Published: April 2005

Comparative analyses suggest that a variety of ecological and behavioural factors contribute to the tremendous variability in extrapair mating among birds. In an analysis of 1010 species of birds, we examined several ecological and behavioural factors in relation to testes size; an index of sperm competition and the extent of extrapair mating. In univariate and multivariate analyses, testes size was significantly larger in species that breed colonially than in species that breed solitarily, suggesting that higher breeding density is associated with greater sperm competition. After controlling for phylogenetic effects and other ecological variables, testes size was also larger in taxa that did not participate in feeding their offspring. In analyses of both the raw species data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, monogamous taxa had smaller testes than taxa with multiple social mates, and testes size tended to increase with clutch size, which suggests that sperm depletion may play a role in the evolution of testes size. Our results suggest that traditional ecological and behavioural variables, such as social mating system, breeding density and male parental care can account for a significant portion of the variation in sperm competition in birds.
Polymorphic mimicry, microhabitat use, and sex‐specific behaviour
Authors: JORON M.
Published: April 2005

In order to assess the adaptive importance of microhabitat segregation for the maintenance of mimetic diversity, I explore how flight height varies between the sympatric forms of the polymorphic butterfly Heliconius numata and their respective models in the genus Melinaea. There is no evidence for vertical stratification of mimicry rings in these tiger‐patterned butterflies, but males of H. numata tend to fly significantly higher than females and the Melinaea models. This difference in microhabitat preference likely results from females searching for host plants whereas males are patrolling for mates. I then present an extension of Müller's mimicry model for the case of partial behavioural or spatial segregation of sexes. The analysis suggests that sex‐specific behaviours can make mimicry more beneficial, simply by reducing the effective population size participating in mimicry. The interaction between mimicry and sex‐specific behaviours may therefore facilitate the evolution of polymorphism via enhanced, fine‐scale local adaptation.
Genetic and environmental variation in the visual properties of bluefin killifish,Lucania goodei
Authors: FULLER R. C. , CARLETON K. L. , FADOOL J. M. , SPADY T. C. , TRAVIS J.
Published: April 2005

Animals use their sensory systems to detect information about the external environment in order to find mates, locate food and habitat and avoid predators. Yet, there is little understanding of the relative amounts of genetic and/or environmental variation in sensory system properties. In this paper, we demonstrate genetic and environmental variation in opsin expression in a population of bluefin killifish. We measured expression of five opsins (which correlates with relative frequency of corresponding cones) using quantitative, real‐time polymerase chain reaction for offspring from a breeding study where offspring were raised under different lighting conditions. Sire (i.e. genetic) effects were present for opsin found in yellow photopigment. Dam effects were present for opsins that create violet, blue and red photopigment. Lighting conditions affected expression of all opsins except SWS2A and mimicked the pattern found among populations. These results highlight the fact that sensory systems are both plastic and yet readily evolvable traits.
Localized contractions in the normal human bladder and in urinary urgency
Authors: Drake Marcus J. , Harvey Ian J. , Gillespie James I. , Van Duyl Wim A.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE

To describe an observational study to establish whether localized activity arises in the normal human bladder, and whether there is any correspondence between changes in such activity and reported sensation.

PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The generation of sensory information by the bladder depends on afferent stimulation by increased tension within the bladder wall. Autonomous bladder activity is apparent in several species, which is often localized and multifocal, giving rise to localized areas of stretch. Thus afferent activity may partly result from localized distortions of the bladder wall. Fourteen women patients presenting with increased bladder sensation during filling‐phase cystometry were compared with six asymptomatic women volunteers. Localized bladder activity was assessed by the micromotion detection (MMD) method, using eight electrodes mounted on a Silastic balloon; local displacements of the electrodes were recorded as changes in electrical resistance, which were used to compute changes in the distance between each pair of electrodes.

RESULTS

In two of the six volunteers, micromotions were seen in the extraperitoneal (ventral) portion of the bladder. Women with increased sensation on filling cystometry had a significantly higher prevalence of localized activity than the control group during MMD recording. The localized activity was more sustained and at a higher frequency than in asymptomatic women. All nine women reporting urinary urgency during MMD recording had localized contractile activity, while only four had phasic increases in detrusor pressure during the episodes of urgency.

CONCLUSIONS

By measuring localized contractions within the bladder wall, we established a significant difference in the prevalence of localized activity between the groups studied, but there was no objective difference with conventional urodynamic studies. There was also a difference in the character of the localized contractions, with the exaggerated activity in the symptomatic group corresponding with the reported sensations. These findings suggest that localized distortion of the bladder wall stimulates afferent activity, and that the human detrusor may be functionally modular
Efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 15 mg) of alfuzosin or tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily for treating symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Nordling Jørgen
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 15 mg) of alfuzosin once daily and tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily, compared with placebo, in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre study, 625 patients were randomized to receive alfuzosin 10 or 15 mg once daily, tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily (active reference), or matching placebo for 12 weeks, with no initial dose titration. The study was designed to compare each of the three active treatments with the placebo group. Primary outcome measures were mean changes from baseline in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) at 12 weeks, compared with placebo, using one‐way analysis of variance. Because Qmax data were not normally distributed, median changes from baseline were also compared for Qmax. Pair‐wise comparisons were conducted using the Dunnett correction for quantitative variables and Bonferroni‐Holm correction for categorical variables, allowing for multiple treatment group comparisons.

RESULTS

Alfuzosin 10 mg significantly improved urinary tract symptoms compared with placebo, with a mean (sd) change from baseline in the IPSS of − 6.5 (5.2) vs − 4.6 (5.8) for placebo (adjusted P = 0.007); there was a trend toward a difference between alfuzosin 15 mg, with a mean (sd) change from baseline in IPSS of − 6.0 (5.6), and placebo (adjusted P = 0.050). The mean change from baseline in IPSS with tamsulosin 0.4 mg, at − 6.5 (5.6), vs placebo was also significant (adjusted P = 0.014). The median change from baseline in Qmax was significantly increased with both alfuzosin doses and with tamsulosin (all adjusted P = 0.02 vs placebo). Both doses of alfuzosin were well tolerated, with dizziness the most frequent adverse event (placebo, 4%; alfuzosin 10 mg, 6%; 15 mg, 7%; tamsulosin, 2%); the respective incidence rates of sexual function adverse events were 0%, 3%, 1% and 8%.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with alfuzosin 10 mg significantly improved urinary symptoms and Qmax compared with placebo and was well tolerated. There were also significant improvements over placebo with the active reference, tamsulosin 0.4 mg. The incidence of sexual function adverse events was higher with tamsulosin than with placebo. The benefit‐to‐risk profile of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily appeared to be reduced with a higher dose (15 mg).
Multiple intravesical instillation of low‐dose resiniferatoxin is effective in the treatment of detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergics
Authors: Kuo Hann‐Chorng
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effectiveness and tolerability of multiple intravesical instillations of 10 nmol/L resiniferatoxin in patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) refractory to anticholinergic agents, as not all these patients are successfully treated by one such instillation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 53 patients with DO from neurogenic (NDO, 10), previous bladder outlet obstruction (BOO, 20) or idiopathic cause (IDO, 23) and who were refractory to anticholinergic agents. Patients received three to four instillations of 10 nmol/L resiniferatoxin, as outpatients. The International Prostate Symptom Score and quality‐of‐life index were recorded, and a video‐urodynamic study conducted at baseline and 3 months after treatment. The therapeutic results and urodynamic variables were compared among patients with different causes of DO.

RESULTS

Four patients withdrew from the study after the first instillation because of urinary tract infection or severe pain on urination, leaving 49 who completed at least three instillations. The overall results were an excellent response in 17 patients (35%), improvement in 13 (27%) and failure in 19 (39%); the treatment was deemed a success (excellent or improved) in 16 of 20 with previous BOO, 11 of 19 with IDO, and only three of 10 with NDO (P = 0.011). Patients had significant improvements in the storage symptom score, total symptom score and quality‐of‐life index after treatment. The cystometric capacity and the postvoid residual were significantly greater and voiding efficiency significantly less after treatment. DO during the urodynamic study was absent in 12 patients after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple intravesical instillations of 10 nmol/L resiniferatoxin are effective in treating patients with DO refractory to anticholinergics.
Recognizing the risk of erectile dysfunction in a urology clinic practice
Authors: Rowland David L. , Thornton James A. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE

To determine the utility of simple patient‐reported information in signalling erectile dysfunction (ED), as a challenge for the clinical urologist or related specialist is to quickly recognize risk factors for sexual dysfunction within the time constraints of an office visit.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a sample of men visiting a urology clinic, we determined the utility of simple patient‐reported information in signalling ED.

RESULTS

Information readily obtained through a patient's self‐report (that typically obtained in the office setting) can be very useful in understanding and predicting the likelihood of ED. Risk factors identified largely paralleled those identified in men generally, and included age, specific urological and non‐urological somatic conditions, and tobacco use. Furthermore, knowing about even moderate levels of patient‐reported psychological or relationship stress was useful in assessing the risk of ED.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the relationship of such risk factors to ED among men visiting a urology clinic might be particularly useful in clinical situations where the patient, for whatever reason, is reluctant to disclose an erectile problem when scheduling an appointment or even during the consultation.
Experience with the orthotopic ileal neobladder in women: a mid‐term follow‐up
Authors: Nesrallah Luciano João , Almeida Fernando Gonçalves , Dall’oglio Marcos F. , Nesrallah Adriano João , Srougi Miguel
Published: April 2005

Authors from Sao Paulo describe their experience with the orthotopic ileal neobladder in women. They describe it as currently being the urinary diversion of choice for women in their institution. They found it to be safe and associated with a high continence and low urinary retention rates.

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience with orthotopic bladder reconstruction in women, as currently the ileal orthotopic neobladder is the diversion of choice for women requiring a bladder substitute at our institution.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From February 1995 to March 2001, 29 women with muscle‐invasive bladder carcinoma underwent a nerve‐sparing radical cystectomy and had an orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstructed. The outcome was evaluated at 2 and 6 months and then yearly, by a clinical history, physical examination, voiding diary, stress test and estimate of functional neobladder capacity.

RESULTS

All patients were followed for at least 14 months (mean 27.5); there were no major complications related to the surgery. The mean (range) neobladder capacity 2 months after surgery was 250 (190–320) mL; at 6 months it increased, remaining stable for the remaining follow‐up, at 450 (350–700)  mL. Four patients (14%) had nocturnal incontinence and one stress urinary incontinence, associated with using three pads per day. Three patients (10%) required catheterization for a postvoid urinary residual of >100 mL. Of the 29 patients, seven died with metastatic disease and three from causes unrelated to the reservoir or bladder cancer. Currently, 19 patients (65%) are alive and disease‐free, with a mean follow‐up of 35 months.

CONCLUSION

Orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women, using 40 cm of ileum, is safe and gives high continence and low urinary retention rates. Therefore, it should be advised as the first option in women with good renal function and a tumour‐free bladder neck.
Augmentation of cisplatin sensitivity in cisplatin‐resistant human bladder cancer cells by modulating glutathione concentrations and glutathione‐related enzyme activities
Authors: Byun Seok‐Soo , Kim Soo W. , Choi Hwang , Lee Chongwook , Lee Eunsik
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the roles of glutathione and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) in cisplatin‐resistance mechanisms in human bladder cancer, by using glutathione‐depleting or GST‐blocking agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cisplatin‐resistant human bladder cancer cell lines were established by continuous exposure of T24 cells to increasing concentrations of cisplatin. Buthionine sulphoximine (BSO), ethacrynic acid and indomethacin were used to deplete glutathione or block GST. Intracellular glutathione content, GST activity and cisplatin cytotoxicity were determined after exposing parental and drug‐resistant cell lines to these agents.

RESULTS

Intracellular glutathione content and GST activity were significantly decreased, and cisplatin cytotoxicity significantly enhanced, in both parental and resistant cell lines by glutathione‐depleting or GST‐blocking agents. However, the resistance of cisplatin‐resistant cell lines did not fully recover to that of the parental cells with combined BSO and indomethacin.

CONCLUSIONS

Both increased glutathione content and GST activity are significant in the cisplatin resistance of human bladder tumour cells. Because BSO, ethacrynic acid and indomethacin caused a partial recovery of resistance in the cisplatin‐resistant cell line, further studies are needed to investigate their efficacy for treating patients with metastatic bladder carcinoma resistant to cisplatin.
The nuclear membrane in multidrug resistance: microinjection of epirubicin into bladder cancer cell lines
Authors: Featherstone Jonathan M. , Speers Alan G. , Lwaleed Bashir A. , Hayes Matthew C. , Cooper Alan J. , Birch Brian R.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether microinjecting epirubicin into cells showing multidrug resistance (MDR, common to many cancers, including bladder cancer, with resistance to, e.g. anthracyclines and mitomycin C) spares the nucleus, as when these drugs accumulate, distribution in MDR cells characteristically spares the nucleus, suggesting that the nuclear membrane is responsible for excluding cytotoxic drugs from MDR nuclei.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nuclear exclusion of drugs is an important feature of resistance in MDR cells, as many MDR‐susceptible drugs have cytotoxic actions within the nucleus. Drug accumulation in ‘classical’ P‐glycoprotein‐mediated MDR cells is greatly reduced by efflux. Microinjection of epirubicin into the cytoplasm of MDR cells bypasses the P‐glycoprotein efflux pump on the plasma membrane. Nuclear sparing would directly implicate the nuclear membrane in this phenomenon. Because of their fluorescence properties, which allow study by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, anthracyclines have also been used extensively to investigate MDR. Thus sensitive (MGH‐U1 and RT112) and MDR (MGH‐U1R and MGH‐U1‐MMC) bladder cancer cell lines were used. Adherent cells from each cell line were individually microinjected with epirubicin (0.5 mg/mL) and a 77 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran (0.5 mg/mL). The pattern of nuclear epirubicin uptake in injected cells was then evaluated by confocal microscopy. The 77 kDa FITC‐dextran allowed easier identification of injected cells and was also excluded from their nuclei.

RESULTS

Sensitive bladder cancer cell lines all showed a nuclear accumulation pattern of epirubicin, consistent with their normal uptake after exposure to epirubicin. The MDR cell lines showed the characteristic nuclear‐sparing pattern of epirubicin uptake, similar to the normal uptake pattern after epirubicin exposure. The 77 kDa FITC‐dextran showed clearly which cells had been microinjected, and was excluded from the nuclei of all injected cells. Cell viability was confirmed by acridine‐orange staining after initial visualization of injected cells.

CONCLUSION

The nuclear membrane is responsible for the nuclear exclusion of epirubicin in MDR cells. Further work is necessary to determine the mechanisms involved.
The Rocks or the Open Sea: Where is the Human Rights Act Heading?1
Authors: Sedley Sir Stephen
Published: April 2005

This essay attempts a broad appraisal of how the Human Rights Act 1998 has been interpreted and applied by the courts of England and Wales since it came into force in October 2000. These are early days, but its provisional conclusion is that the Act, despite some judicial hesitancy, is proving viable and, at least in some respects, beneficial.
The Human Rights Act: A View from Below
Authors: Costigan Ruth , Thomas Philip A.
Published: April 2005

The paper is based on survey work undertaken in the Cynon valley, south Wales, an area of high social deprivation. We interviewed local solicitors to establish their understanding and usage of the Human Rights Act (HRA). Outside of south Wales there is evidence of growing awareness and involvement of specialist practitioners in human rights actions. This we call a top‐down process. Our work starts at the other end: a bottom‐up account of high‐street, small‐practice solicitors.
Convention Compliance, Public Safety, and the Social Inclusion of Mentally Disordered People
Authors: Fennell Phil
Published: April 2005

The first part of this paper considers the impact of the HRA 1998 in the courts, and the application of Articles 3, 5, and 8 in relation to psychiatric detention, treatment without consent, and seclusion. The second part looks at its effect on the discourse of law reform. Here a key theme is the way Convention compliance has been used by the government to justify measures that will lead to a broadening of the scope of compulsory powers and a reduction in psychiatric service users’ rights.
Threat, Group Identification, and Children's Ethnic Prejudice
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Durkin Kevin , Maass Anne , Griffiths Judith
Published: April 2005

This experiment tested predictions from social identity development theory (SIDT, Nesdale, 1999), that children's tendency to show out‐group prejudice depends on the strength of their in‐group identification and/or their perception of threat from the out‐group. Anglo‐Australian children (N= 480) aged 6, 7, or 9 years were assigned to a high‐status team and their identification with the in‐group (high vs. low) was manipulated together with threat from the out‐group (present vs. absent). The members of the out‐group were revealed to be of the same (Anglo‐Australian) or different (Pacific Islander) ethnicity to the in‐group. Results supported the SIDT predictions. In addition, consistent with socio‐cognitive theory (ST, Aboud, 1988), dislike for the out‐group at 6 years gave way to increasingly neutral reactions by 9 years of age. Ethnic composition of the out‐group did not impact differentially on liking but it did affect the children's desire to change groups. Strongly identified children were reluctant to leave their group regardless of the ethnicity of the out‐group, whereas children with low in‐group identification were more willing to change into a same‐ than into a different‐ethnicity out‐group. It is concluded that both social identity and social cognitive processes are implicated in the development of prejudice in middle childhood.
The Use of Emotion Explanations by Mothers: Relation to Preschoolers’ Gender and Understanding of Emotions
Authors: Martin Rebecca M. , Green James A.
Published: April 2005

Mothers’ emotion talk, children's emotion talk, and children's understanding of emotion were examined in 50 mother–child dyads at 41 months. Language measures included total emotion words, unique emotion words, labels, explanations, and different types of explanations. Children's emotion understanding was assessed for labeling, situation, and role‐taking knowledge, as well as an overall score. There were different patterns of relations between mothers’ emotion talk and boys’ and girls’ emotion talk, with mothers’ emotion talk related more strongly to boys’ emotion talk. Mothers’ emotion talk for boys and girls was differentially related to the subparts of the emotion understanding test. Specifically, mothers’ total emotion talk predicted boys’ performance on the situation knowledge test and their use of causal emotion explanations predicted boys’ overall score, but none of the maternal variables predicted girls’ performance. This finding may result from differences in variability of maternal speech to boys’ and girls’, and it may be due to differences in maternal speech in earlier years.
The Role of Child Emotionality in Child Behavior and Maternal Instruction on Planning Tasks
Authors: Perez Susan M. , Gauvain Mary
Published: April 2005

This study explored the relation of children's emotional functioning to children's behavior during individual planning and mother's and children's behaviors during joint planning. Participants were 118 mothers and their second‐grade children. Mothers rated children on their emotional intensity and children rated themselves on their use of emotion regulation strategies. Children and mother–child dyads were videotaped during planning tasks and independent observers rated their behavior. Child emotional intensity was directly related to children being less engaged in the task and to an emphasis in maternal instruction on regulatory behaviors. Some types of emotion regulation strategies modified these relations. Findings suggest that child emotionality may play an important role in the early school years in children's opportunities to learn during social‐cognitive activity.
Optimism as a Mediator of the Relation Between Perceived Parental Authoritativeness and Adjustment Among Adolescents: Finding the Sunny Side of the Street
Authors: Jackson Lynne M. , Pratt Michael W. , Hunsberger Bruce , Pancer S. Mark
Published: April 2005

Authoritative parenting has been associated with positive outcomes for children and adolescents, but less is known about the mechanisms responsible for such effects. Two longitudinal studies examined the hypothesis that the relation between authoritative parenting and adolescents’ adjustment is mediated by adolescents’ level of dispositional optimism. In Study 1, university students’ perceptions that their parents were authoritative predicted higher self‐esteem, lower depression, and better university adjustment during the students’ transition into, and throughout, university. Importantly, these relations were mediated by students’ levels of optimism. In Study 2, high school students’ perceptions that their parents were authoritative predicted higher self‐esteem and lower depression six years later when they were young adults, and these relations again were mediated by students’ level of dispositional optimism.
Combating Conflicting Messages of Values: A Closer Look at Parental Strategies
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Thompson Ross A.
Published: April 2005

This study examined how parents respond when their children encounter values outside the home that conflict with family values. Forty‐eight middle‐class European American parents completed questionnaires consisting of 11 vignettes asking how they would respond to hypothetical situations where outside sources posed potential conflicts with parental values to their adolescent child (M age of child=13.33 years). We identified five strategies that parents might use: controlled cocooning, reasoned cocooning, compromise, pre‐arming, and deference. Parents in the study enlisted all five strategies, with reasoned cocooning and pre‐arming occurring most frequently. The self‐reported importance of values to parents was the most important predictor of which strategy parents used, with parents using more controlling strategies to defend values that were most important to them. Importance of values also mediated the relation between religion and the parent's self‐reported desire for the child's compliance on personal issues, and parental strategy choice. This study is among the first to examine alternative parental strategies for regulating children's values acquisition outside the home, and shows that the extent of parental control is related to the importance of specific values to the parent.
Four‐month‐olds Make Triangular Bids to Father and Mother During Trilogue Play with Still‐face
Authors: Fivaz‐Depeursinge E. , Favez N. , Lavanchy S. , De Noni S. , Frascarolo F.
Published: April 2005

A new observational procedure, Trilogue Play with Still‐face, revealed 4‐month‐olds’ capacities to address both their fathers and mothers, by rapidly shifting gaze and affect between them. Infants were observed in four interactive contexts: (1) ‘3‐together’ play with both parents; (2) ‘2 + 1’ play with one parent engaging and the other as third party; (3) the same, with one parent posing a still‐face; (4) ‘3‐together’ play. Infants were able to discriminate between the four contexts. They coordinated three social poles of attention in each one. Their affect configurations were context sensitive. These findings demonstrate the infant's social capacities for triangular, three‐person interactions, in addition to dyadic, two‐person, and triadic, two‐person plus object, ones. They support a view of intersubjectivity as primary and point to a promising field of investigation for the study of family process.
Diffusion- and Perfusion-Weighted MR Imaging in Persistent Migrainous visual Disturbances
Authors: Jäger HR , Giffin NJ , Goadsby PJ
Published: April 2005

Pathological changes on diffusion-weighted MR scans had been described in hemiplegic migraine and perfusion changes had been demonstrated in typical migraine aura with radio-isotope studies and, more recently, MR perfusion imaging. However, there is relatively little knowledge of the pathophysiology of long-lasting migraine aura and its possibly variant phenotype, visual snow. Our aim was to investigate with advanced MR techniques whether patients with long-lasting visual disturbance showed regional alterations in cerebral water diffusion and perfusion. We have studied four patients using MR perfusion and MR diffusion imaging. Two patients had typical visual aura and two had a primary persistent visual disturbance (visual snow phenomenon). All patients had normal conventional structural MR imaging. MR diffusion-weighted images were acquired with a b-value of up to 1000 s/mm2. From the diffusion weighted images we generated maps of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which were inspected visually and used for ADC measurements of predefined regions of interest, which included the visual, frontal, insular and temporal cortices. MR perfusion imaging was performed using a bolus tracking technique with dynamic susceptibility-weighted images. Colour coded maps of relative cerebral blood volume, mean transit time and bolus arrival time were generated, as well as time-signal intensity curves over the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery territories. The maps of the ADC and above perfusion parameters appeared symmetrical in all patients with no evidence of decreased water diffusion or cerebral perfusion in the occipital regions, or elsewhere. There was no statistically significant difference between the ADC measurements of the primary visual cortices and other cortical regions. Our findings suggest that regional changes in cerebral water diffusion and perfusion do not play an important part in the pathophysiology of persistent migraine aura or primary persistent visual disturbance.
The effect of I.V. L-NG Methylarginine Hydrochloride (L-NMMA: 546C88) on Basal and Acetazolamide (Diamox®) induced Changes of Blood Velocity in Cerebral Arteries and Regional Cerebral Blood flow in Man
Authors: Lassen LH , Sperling B , Andersen AR , Olesen J
Published: April 2005

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of Nitric Oxide synthase (NOS)-inhibition (L-NMMA) on the diameter of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Furthermore, to assess the effect of L-NMMA on acetazolamide induced increases in MCA blood velocity (Vmean) and rCBF. In an open crossover design 12 healthy subjects attended the laboratory twice. The first day 6 mg/kg L-LNMMA i.v. over 15 min preceded 1 g acetazolamide iv over 5 min. Eight days later only acetazolamide was given. Vmean in MCA was determined with transcranial Doppler (TCD) and rCBF with Xe-133 inhalation SPECT at baseline, after L-NMMA and 25 and 55 min after acetazolamide infusion. After L-NMMA the decrease in rCBFMCA was 6.8% (± 7.4) ( P < 0.019, n = 12), whereas Vmean was not affected ( P = 0.83, n = 8). The change in MCA diameter was estimated to -1.3% ( P = 0.44, n = 8). L-NMMA did not affect acetazolamide increases in Vmean ( P = 0.67, n = 8) nor rCBF ( P = 0.29, n = 12). The percentage increase of Vmean was 1.5 times that of rCBF ( n = 8). Our data suggest that the basal tone of human cerebral arterioles but not of conduit arteries is NO-dependent. The action of acetazolamide in man is not NO-dependent.
Effects of Symptomatic Treatments on Cutaneous Hyperalgesia and Laser Evoked Potentials During Migraine Attack
Authors: de Tommaso M , Losito L , Libro G , Guido M , Di fruscolo O , Sardaro M , Sciruicchio V , Lamberti P , Livrea P
Published: April 2005

Previously an amplitude enhancement of laser evoked potentials (LEPs) was detected during migraine attack: we further examined pain threshold to CO2 laser stimuli and LEPs during attacks, evaluating the effect of almotriptan, lysine-acetylsalicylate and placebo treatment on cutaneous hyperalgesia to thermal stimuli delivered by CO2 laser and on LEP components. Eighteen patients suffering from migraine without aura were analysed. They were divided into three groups of six patients each, randomly assigned to lysine acetyl-salicylate, almotriptan or placebo treatments. The supraorbital zones and the dorsum of the hand were stimulated on both the symptomatic and not symptomatic side in all patients. The LEPs were recorded by 25 scalp electrodes During attacks, the P2 wave was significantly enhanced; the amplitude of the P2 component obtained by the stimulation of the supraorbital zone during the attack on the side of the headache was significantly correlated with the intensity of pain and the frequency of headache. Both almotriptan and lysine acetyl-salicylate significantly reduced the P2 amplitude but they showed no effects on hyperalgesia to laser stimulation; headache relief following therapy was correlated with the reduction of the P2 amplitude. The cortical elaboration of laser-induced experimental pain seemed increased during migraine attack, and the severity of headache was mainly related to the increase of the later LEPs components expressing the attentive and emotive compounds of suffering. Reversion of this process appeared to be primarily responsible for the efficacy of drugs in treating migraine, though both almotriptan and lysine-acetil salicilate seemed to have no effect in reducing sensitization at second and third order nociceptive neurons.
The Effect of Circulating Adenosine on Cerebral Haemodynamics and Headache Generation in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Birk S , Petersen KA , Kruuse C , Guieu R , Jonassen O , Eisert W , Olesen J
Published: April 2005

Adenosine is an endogenous neurotransmitter that is released from the brain during hypoxia and relaxes isolated human cerebral arteries. Many cerebral artery dilators cause migraine attacks. However, the effect of intravenous adenosine on headache and cerebral artery diameter has not previously been investigated in man and reports regarding the effect of intravenous adenosine on cerebral blood flow are conflicting. Twelve healthy participants received adenosine 80, 120 μg kg-1 min-1 and placebo intravenously for 20 min, in a double-blind, three-way, crossover, randomized design. Headache was rated on a verbal scale (0-10). Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with 133Xe inhalation and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and MCA flow velocity (VMCA) with transcranial Doppler, were measured in direct sequence. Six participants developed headache during 80 μg kg-1 min-1 and six during 120 μg kg-1 min-1 compared with none on placebo ( P = 0.006). The headache was very mild and predominantly described as a pressing sensation. When correcting data for adenosine-induced hyperventilation, no significant changes in rCBF ( P = 0.22) or VMCA ( P = 0.16) were found between treatments. A significant dilation of the superficial temporal artery (STA) was seen ( P < 0.001). These results show that circulating adenosine has no effect on rCBF or VMCA, while it dilates the STA and causes very mild headache.
FALLING LABOR INCOME INEQUALITY IN KOREA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH: PATTERNS AND UNDERLYING CAUSES
Authors: Fields Gary S. , Yoo Gyeongjoon
Published: April 2005

Over the last twenty‐five years, the economy of the Republic of Korea achieved a remarkable growth rate of 7 percent per year in real per capita income, causing it to be labeled, justifiably, as a “miracle economy.” This exceptional economic growth has beenpp accompanied by an even more exceptional fall m labor income inequality. Using a newly‐developed methodology, we use data from Korea's Occupational Wage Surveys to quantify the importance of various factors that have contributed to the fall in labor income inequality in Korea. We find the most important factors explaining the level of income inequality are job tenure, gender, years of education, and occupation, while those that are most important in explaining the change in income inequality are years of education, industry, occupation, and potential experience.
BULGARIA'S NATIONAL INCOME AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, 1913–45
Authors: Rangelova Rossitsa
Published: April 2005

The article concerns Bulgarian statisticians' work on accounting of national income within the first half of the 20th century. Basic concepts of these authors are described, and aggregate data sets derived by them presented. The trend of economic growth in Bulgaria is analyzed, mainly from 1924 to 1945. The statistics of industrial and agricultural change, as well as the foreign trade activity are considered. An historical interpretation of that change is given.
Estimating the economic cost of weeds in Australian annual winter crops
Authors: Jones R. E. , Vere D. T. , Alemseged Y. , Medd R. W.
Published: April 2005

An analysis of the annual costs of weeds in seven winter crops across Australia demonstrated that the most important 15 weed species cause substantial annual costs in both financial and economic terms. Using survey data captured over the 1998–1999 growing season, the financial cost of these weeds in seven crops was estimated to be AU$1,182 million. The main components of this cost were herbicides (AU$571 million), the competitive effects of residual weeds (AU$380 million), and tillage (AU$206 million) while weed contamination of grain was a minor cost (AU$25 million). Across all regions, the most economically important weeds were annual ryegrass, wild oats, and wild radish, although there were regional differences in importance. An economic surplus analysis determined the annual economic cost of weeds in annual winter crops to be AU$1,279 million. This surplus loss represented 17% of the gross value of Australian grain and oilseed production in 1998–1999. Australian grain producers incurred a major loss, with a reduction in producer surplus of AU$1,047 million. Australian grain consumers had a large consumer surplus loss (AU$229 million), while international consumers suffered a small loss and international grain producers gained a small producer surplus from the higher grain prices.