bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Islay Anticline (Inner Hebrides)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

As compared with the publications of the Geological Survey, the present paper includes the following new features:—

(1)

Direct structural evidence is offered of the superposition of the Lower Torridonian sediments of the Rhinns of Islay upon the Lewisian Gneiss of the southern part of that peninsula. Dr. Peach and Mr. Wilkinson were not apparently on the outlook for big inversions, apart from such as are introduced by thrusts, and so their interpretation of the structure required confirmation.

(2)

The Loch Gruinart Fault is recognized, and its possible correlation with the Great Glen Fault discussed. No dislocation is suspected in this position by the Survey authors, but Mr. George Barrow, in conversation, has suggested that an important thrust separates the Rhinns from the rest of Islay.

(3)

Collateral evidence is afforded of the existence of the Loch Skerrols Thrust.

(4)

The Maol an Fhithich Quartzite is separated from the Islay Quartzite.

(5)

The comparatively simple anticlinal structure of North Islay, as illustrated in Sections A & B (Pl. XII), is traced in detail. In the Survey description Dr. Peach and Mr. Wilkinson recognize the anticlinal structure of that part of the district which is included within the horseshoe outcrop of the Dolomitic Group; but they correlate the quartzite beyond this outcrop with the quartzite inside, and assume that the Dolomitic Group is everywhere preserved in synclines. The structural relations, although very clear in the
The Origin of the Secondary Stanniferous Deposits of the Kinta District, Perak (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Jones William Richard
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

In September 1910, Mr. J. B. Scrivenor, Government Geologist to the Federated Malay States, described certain deposits (the Gopeng Beds) in the Kinta district as being ‘the remains of a very ancient tin-field that formed part of Gondwanaland,’ and as having been transported by glaciers or sheets of floating ice. This theory of their origin has also been maintained by its author in later publications, and in an article in the ‘Geological Magazine’ for July 1914, p. 309, he states that the Glacial theory ‘best explains the facts in the field.’

The presence in these ‘clays and boulder-clays’ of rich deposits of tin-ore, the bulk of which, according to Mr. Scrivenor, is derived from Gondwanaland, gives very great economic importance to the question of their origin; and its importance from a scientific point of view becomes immediately apparent when it is realized that these clays are stated to have furnished ‘a more valuable horizon on climatic evidence than can be afforded by limited collections of fossils in rocks far removed from Europe’; that they have been correlated with the Talchir Beds of India; and have been used as the horizon on which to base the geological age of rocks that cover over a quarter of the surface of the Malay Peninsula. If they are of glacial origin and of the same age as the Talchir rocks they should extend under the ‘younger Gondwana rocks’ mapped by Mr. Scrivenor, and consequently other extensive tin-fields would remain to be discovered
The Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of the District of Mozambique
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

I. History Of Exploration

The Portuguese East-African District of Mozambique was, until recently, one of the least known of the East-African coastlands. Livingstone explored the regions on the south-west (1865) and north (1874), but Mozambique itself he did not touch. Sadebeck (1879) was the first to give a geological description of the sedimentary rocks that fringe the coastal plain of the mainland north and south of Mozambique Island. This work was followed up by Choffat (1903) in an important palæontological memoir on the Cretaceous formations of Conducia Bay. Exploration beyond the coastal zone was initiated by Lieut. H. E. O'Neill, who made a number of successful journeys westwards across the mainland during the years 1881–1884. In his papers (1882, 1884, 1885) he gives a very complete and faithful account of the natives and their customs; but, beyond the suggestion that the prevailing rocks are gneisses and granites, he makes no reference to the geology of the territory. In 1887, Mr. J. T. Last made a journey from Blantyre to the Namuli Peaks, which had for long been considered to be of volcanic origin. This view he disproved (Last, 1887), describing the summit as ‘an almost perpendicular mass of white stone.’ I have since learned from Mr. Last that he referred in this expression to the grey granite and gneiss which builds up the Namuli Peaks, as it does the other mountainous masses of the country.

Thus, until a few years ago, Mozambique, with the exception of part of the
Appendix. On the Form of the Frontal Pole of an Endocranial Cast of
Eoanthropus dawsoni
Authors: Smith G. Elliot
Published: October 2009

Although the fragment of the right side of the frontal bone reveals the form of only a small area (little more than 5 cm. long x 3 cm. broad) of the endocranial surface, which is devoid of obtrusive features, it is of interest and importance because it sheds some light upon a part of the endocranial cast of which nothing was known before. Moreover, it is a part of the cast, the frontal pole, the form of which is of peculiar significance in the study of the features of early Man.

In a communication dealing with the endocranial cast of the Boskop skull, which I presented to the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society last month,
1
I called attention to the small size and lack of roominess of the prefrontal region of the cranial cavity in Neanderthal man, and made special use of the form and relative size of the prefrontal area of the Boskop cast to establish the fact that the skull from which it was obtained conformed to the modern type (by some authorities regarded as the species
Homo sapiens
, as distinct from
H. neanderthalensis
).

The small fragment of endocranial cast now under consideration presents at its medial border about 4·5 centimeters of the broad deep median furrow, corresponding to the endocranial sagittal crest of the frontal bone; and below, part of the orbital margin, although not sufficient to display the form and extent of the orbital rostrum. There are no distinct indications of the situations of any of
On a Spilitic Facies
of
Lower Carboniferous Lava-Flows in Derbyshire
Authors: Sargent Henry Cruden
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The igneous rocks of Derbyshire, locally called ‘toadstones,’ form a well-known basic series comprising lava-flows, sills, a few thin dykes, and also, in many localities, pyroclastic material varying from coarse agglomerate to fine-grained tuff. All these rocks occur entirely in beds of Lower Carboniferous age. The lava-flows and ashes were contemporaneous with the Carboniferous Limestone, with the exception of a few small occurrences in the south-west of the county which are in the Limestone Shales overlying the limestone. That they were submarine is evident from their intercalation at various horizons in marine deposits. There would appear to have been a large number of vents scattered over a sea-floor that was undergoing slow and prolonged subsidence.

Dr. Bemrose
1
has classified the lavas and sills under three heads, namely: (1) olivine-dolerites, (2) ophitic olivine-dolerites, and (3) olivine-basalts. These distinctions rest on internal structure alone, and not on mode of occurrence, intrusive or extrusive.

In the course of a visit of the Geologists' Association to Derbyshire in the summer of 1914, specimens of lava were collected in Tideswell Dale which appeared, on examination under the microscope, to vary widely in character from the dolerites and basalts of the county hitherto described. Dr. Harker, to whom a thin section was submitted, pointed out that it possessed decided affinities with the spilites of Devon and Cornwall, and also, to some extent, with the mugearites of East Lothian. It seemed desirable, therefore, to make a further examination of the rocks of the district, in
Supplementary Notes on
Aclisina
De Koninck and
Aclisoides
Donald, with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Longstaff Jane
Published: October 2009

In 1898 I communicated a paper to this Society on the genus
Aclisina
and on
Aclisoides
, a new section or subgenus of
Murchisonia
. Since that date I have had the opportunity of studying a larger number of specimens, which has not only enabled me to learn more about the species then described, but also to add to their number.

Fifteen species of
Aclisina
with several varieties, and a single species of
Aclisoides
with one variety, were dealt with in 1898. I am now referring seven more species to the former, six of which have not been previously noted, and am regarding the form considered a variety of the latter as a distinct species. Thus we have a total of twenty-two possible species of
Aclisina
and two of
Aclisoides
. In addition to these there are in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, three small shells resembling
Aclisina
, one from Poolvash, the others from Settle, all too much embedded in the matrix to be accurately determined.

The numbers given can only be regarded as approximate, for paucity of specimens and defects in the manner of preservation sometimes render the definition of genera and species difficult. It is, therefore, possible that some shells at present considered as distinct species may afterwards prove to be varieties only, while others now grouped together may need to be separated.

In the previous paper no holotypes were selected. I am now supplying the omission, and also stating in which collections they are deposited.

Although I have already remarked on
The Trias of New Zealand
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

New Zealand occupies the most isolated and, so far as the-palaeontology is concerned, one of the lesser-known links in the great chain of folded marine Triassic sedimentary rocks which surrounds the Pacific Ocean.

The presence of Triassic rocks of the Alpine type in New Zealand was first made known as a result of the visit of the Austrian frigate ‘Novara’ in 1858 & 1859 and the researches of F. von Hochstetter. Four species of Triassic fossils found on that occasion were described and figured by Zittel in 1864.
1
These were
Monotis salinaria var. richmondiana
Zittel,
Spirigera wreyi
Suess,
Mytilus problematicus
Zittel, and
Halobia lommeli
Wissmann.

The Nelson province was the only district where Hochstetter obtained Trias fossils. He collected several Jurassic forms at Kawhia Harbour on the western coast of the North Island, but the Triassic deposits south of the harbour were discovered at a later date.

Since Hochstetter's visit the detailed geological survey of New Zealand has revealed the wide extension of the Triassic rocks, and their stratigraphical and tectonic features have in many areas been more or less satisfactorily worked out.

Sir James Hector
1
published from time to time lists of the fossils which the officers of the Survey had collected. His lists were not accompanied by figures or descriptions, and those from the beds with which the present paper deals were mostly names of well-known European Permian and Triassic forms. He paid, however, a closer attention to belemnites and brachiopods, and established three
The Triassic Crinoids from New Zealand, collected by Dr. C. T. Trechmann
Authors: Bather Francis Arthur
Published: October 2009

Dr. Trechmann has kindly presented to the British Museum (Natural History) a stem-fragment and a piece of calcareous sandstone containing imprints of various columnals, and has asked me to furnish some notes on them. Since these are the first Triassic crinoids to be described from New Zealand, their adequate description seems warranted, despite their fragmentary condition. All are believed to represent new species.

In 1909 most of the Triassic crinoids known up to date were discussed by me in ‘Triassic Echinoderms of Bakony,’
1
and the terminology here employed is explained in that memoir. Since then the only professedly new forms made known are those contained in Clark & Twitchell, 1915. ‘The Mesozoic & Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States’ (U.S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. liv). These, therefore, are discussed here at greater length than the better-known European species, and for one of them a new specific name is proposed.

[Mr. G. C. Martin, in a paper on ‘Triassic Rocks of Alaska,’ published December 1916 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. vol. xxvii, pp. 685–718), but not received here until June 1917, records specimens of ‘
Pentacrinus
.’ These, which belong to two new species of
Isocrinus
, are also described and compared.]

Entrochus undatus, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2, p. 248.)

Diagnosis.— Trochitæ with smooth, faintly convex side-faces; ratio of heights to diameter circa 0·18; joint-face with about 25 coarse ill-developed ridges, radiating from the centre about halfway to the periphery, where they merge into a few broad, irregular
On the Dentition of the Petalodont Shark,
Climaxodus
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

The dentition of the Petalodont sharks is still very imperfectly known. It has hitherto been satisfactorily observed only in the highly-specialized
Janassa bituminosa
from the Upper Permian (Kupferschiefer and Marl Slate) of Germany and England. Nearly all the other species and genera are represented in collections merely by isolated teeth. It is, therefore, of interest to examine the comparatively well-preserved dentition of a new Lower Carboniferous Petalodont, which has been kindly lent to me by Dr. William Eagle Clarke, Keeper of the Natural History Department of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. The specimen was obtained from the Calciferous Sandstone of Calderside, near East Kilbride (Lanarkshire), and was presented to the Royal Scottish Museum in 1892 by Mr. John B. Wise, of Glasgow. It was regarded by the late Dr. R. H. Traquair as belonging to a new species of
Janassa
, which he named
J. wisei
but it has not so far been described or discussed.

The hard shale in which the two jaws are preserved has split along the plane of the mouth, so that the dentition of each is exposed from the oral aspect, as shown in Pl. I. Of the cartilages only fragments remain behind and partly below the teeth, especially in the wider of the two jaws (which is here regarded as the upper). Nearly all the teeth seem to be present in the narrower or supposed lower jaw; but some of the small anterior teeth are broken away from the front of the opposing jaw, and
The Section at Worms Heath (Surrey). With Remarks on Tertiary Pebble-Beds and on Clay-with-Flints
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: October 2009

I. History and Literature of the Worms-Heath Outlier

The occurrence of outliers of the Lower London Tertiaries far away from the main mass, in the Chalk-tract of Surrey, was known to Prestwich, and the sites of some of them were noted by him, though not in his papers read to the Society.
1
But, presumably because he was then dealing with distance from the main mass and not with size, these sites included only small patches, at the top of the Chalk-escarpment of the North Downs and not the much larger outlier with which we are especially concerned, roughly a square mile in area and some way inward from the Chalk-escarpment.

All these outliers consist wholly of the uppermost of the three divisions of the Lower London Tertiaries, to which the name Blackheath Beds has been given, the underlying Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds being absent. This was not mentioned by Prestwich, who was dealing with the Lower London Tertiaries as a whole and not with the divisions thereof, the details of which, moreover, had not been then fully worked out, his third paper on the Series not appearing until 1854.

The first recognition of the Tertiary tract of Worms Heath was on Sheet 6 of the Geological Survey Map, published in 1864, though the Surveyor (who need not be named) was mistaken as to the age of the deposit when he first saw the place, some years before that date, the pebble-beds being taken as a peculiar kind of Drift,
Petrological Examination of the Deposits [at Worms Heath]
Authors: Edge A. Broughton
Published: October 2009

The deposits will be described in the order in which they now occur in the pipes: namely, Chalk, Grey Clay-with-Flints, Red Clay-with-Flints, sand, and pebbles, although that is not the order of age. The occurrence of halloysite will then be dealt with, and, in conclusion, the mode of origin and subsequent history of the deposits will be considered.

Chalk.

The chalk belongs to the zone of
Micraster cor-testudinarium
, and contains flint-nodules scattered in moderate amount along the bedding-planes.

In places the chalk is abnormally hard, apparently through deposition in its pore-spaces of carbonate of lime dissolved from haigher layers of chalk. Thin sections of this hard chalk show no recrystallization of calcite or other peculiarities of texture. A sample treated with dilute hydrochloric acid gave a residue of 0⋅99 per cent. brown clay, and 0⋅011 per cent. coarser material, the latter being chiefly quartz with a little flint, silicified foraminifera, ferruginous matter, etc. A feature observed in rubbing down the sections was the number of dendritic patches of manganese oxide, about 0⋅5 mm. in diameter, scattered through the chalk and not concentrated along the joints as is often the case. They appear to represent primary segregations of the manganese diffuse through the Chalk ooze, and originally extracted from the sea-water by organisms or derived from basic igneous material.
1

Adjacent to the pipes, the chalk is often soft and plastic through partial solution. This material is easily washed down, and uields abundantforaminifera, polyzoa, sponge-spicules, ostracods,
Inoceramus
fragments, etc. Minute bones, teeth
Notes on the Correlation of the Deposits described in Mr. C. J. Gilbert's paper with the High-Level Gravels of the South of England (or the London Basin)
Authors: Barrow George
Published: October 2009

These deposits being clearly post-Eocene, the question arises, what is their true age, and with what other similar deposits within or near the London district can they be correlated? Their height above sea-level—550 feet—suggests that they form part of the series of High-Level Gravels, described by various authors under various names, often that of the locality at or near which they occur.

Under the heading of ‘Pebble Gravel,’ Mr. Whitaker has given a short but good description of these deposits, followed by a list and a brief account of the numerous occurrences of pebble-gravel. Unfortunately, the term has been applied by many of the observers, whose notes he quotes, to deposits that have no connexion with the particular gravels to which he personally restricts the use of this name, so that much of the account is either of no value or misleading. The late Prof. T. McK. Hughes grasped the significance of their extent and mode of occurrence, being especially impressed by their uniform level in the area surveyed by himself in Hertfordshire, a little over 400 feet above sea-level. He called them the ‘Gravels of the Upper Plain’ and considered that they must be marine.

On the north side of the Thames, the most extensive spread of these gravels occurs on the Tertiary Ridge, about Stanmore Common, Shenley, Barnet, Potters Bar, etc., and these are taken by Mr. Whitaker as the type occurrences. Recently these occurrences have been re-examined and re-mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey, mostly
A New Mode of Transportation by Ice: the Raised Marine Muds of South Victoria Land (Antarctica)
Authors: Debenham Frank
Published: October 2009

The old and somewhat vexed subject of the methods of transportation of material by land- and sea-ice is again brought up in this paper, a subject on which there is so voluminous a literature that any attempt to add to it must have the support of the strongest reasons. It is, therefore, with some temerity that I attempt the description of a set of facts which appears to contain a key to some of the well-known problems of ice-action.

Of all the phenomena of glacial deposits, perhaps the most puzzling are the occurrences of shelly drifts of marine origin in a great variety of circumstances, both as to height and as to composition. The great discussions of the past as to whether they indicated submergence, or merely an upthrust-action of the ice, can only be said to have been suspended and not concluded.

The subject of this paper is a series of deposits on the Antarctic shores which point to an explanation of the origin of many of these shelly drifts and the peculiar circumstances in which they occur. In South Victoria Land we had the good fortune to see these shelly deposits at an early stage of their evolution, a stage now only possible in polar lands with a severe climate. The occurrence of raised marine muds, resting upon ice, was reported by the first Expedition that wintered in the Ross Sea, the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1901-1904. They were described by Mr. H. T. Ferrar, the geologist
The Geology of the Meldon Valleys near Okehampton, on the Northern Verge of Dartmoor
Authors: Worth Richard Hansford
Published: October 2009

The area covered by these notes comprises as much of the watershed of the West Okement and the Redaven as lies between the London & South-Western Railway-line on the north and, on the south, the ‘Roof of Devon,’ the Yes Tor-High Wilhays ridge; practically it is yet further restricted, since but brief reference is made to the granite-mass of Dartmoor.

The rivers and brooks within this area have been useful section-cutters in a country where, for many acres, stray boulders on grassland are the only other guides, and their assistance has been more marked since the great flood of August 14th, 1917, which not only swept their beds clear, but tore away from the banks their cover of grass and heather.

Artificially, also, much has been done to reveal the rock-structure. A very extensive quarry is worked by the railway company east of Meldon Viaduct, the face of this quarry being some 600 yards long. Formerly limestone was raised south of the railway both on the eastern and on the western banks of the West Okement; but both quarries are now abandoned. During the last eight or nine years stone has been taken from the dyke of the Meldon aplite east and west of the Redaven, and two small quarries in the same rock were opened several years ago on the flank of South Down, while prospecting work has been executed near the old Ice House on Sourton Tors. There is a quarry in the shales by the Vellake, and
The Early History of the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges
Authors: Pascoe Edwin Hall
Published: October 2009

The ideas expressed in this paper are the outcome of a study of the Punjab oil-belt. The principal hypothesis proposed has been advanced simultaneously by Dr. H. G. E. Pilgrim. F.G.S., in a paper still in manuscript, to explain the formation of the Siwalik boulder-conglomerates. That paper will, I hope, soon be published, but I have taken the liberty of following up an interesting point to which Dr. Pilgrim has drawn attention: namely, the frequent V-shaped course of the north-bank tributaries of the Ganges where they leave the belt of Siwalik deposits.

Briefly, the hypotheses that I desire to bring forward may be summarized as follows:—

(i)

That in Eocene times a gulf extended from Sind northwards as far as Afghanistan, and thence curved eastwards and south-eastwards through Kohat and the Punjab to the neighbourhood of Naini Tal.

(ii)

That this gulf gave place to a great river, the head-waters of which consisted of the portion of the Brahmaputra flowing through Assam. This river flowed westwards and north-westwards along the foot of the Himalaya us far as the North-West Punjab, where it turned southwards along a line not very different from that of the modern Indus, and emptied itself into the Arabian Sea. In other words, the Assam Brahmaputra was once the head- waters of the Indus.

(iii)

That two separate rivers or two branches of the same river, debouching into the Bay of Bengal, cut back and beheaded this old Indus, the
Notes on the Extraneous Minerals in the Coral–Lime–stones of Barbados
Authors: Harrison John Burchmore , Anderson C. B. W.
Published: October 2009

During the investigations of the geological structure of Barbados (British West Indies) in collaboration with the late A. J. Jukes-Browne and the late G. F. Franks, in the years 1884 to 1893, the results of which have appeared in a series of papers published in this Journal, a fairly complete examination of the coral-rocks of that island was made. An earlier very accurate examination was made by Sir Robert Schomburgk, and a good account of it was given in his ‘History of Barbados’ (1848).

Schomburgk, as later we were, was struck with the occurrence of numerous beds of volcanic ashes characterizing the Oceanic Series of foraminiferal, radiolarian, and argillaceous deep-sea deposits so well exposed in Barbados. In the series of
Globigerina
Marls and
Amphistegina
Limestones and Basal Reef-Rocks, described on pp. 212 to 217 of the 1892 paper and on pp. 540 to 549 of the 1898 paper, fairly abundant proofs of volcanic activity in the Caribbean region during their deposition occur in the form of fragments of volcanic glass, felspar, and occasionally, though rarely, of pyroxene. But no ohserver found any beds of volcanic ash, or even any indication of volcanic activity, in the strata forming the coral-limestone terraces, the deposition of which probably began in the Pliocene, and certainly continued to recent geological times.

In the 1891 paper I regarded the acid-insoluble residue of the coral-rock, the analyses of which are given in that paper, as consisting only of silica with clay, iron peroxide, and alumina, these constituents
Description of the Rodent Teeth of Mimomys from Castle Eden
Authors: Hinton Martin A. C.
Published: October 2009

These specimens are an incisor and an anterior cheek-tooth (
m.
1 of ordinary numeration), both of the left upper jaw; they probably come from one animal, and are accompanied by some minute fragments of the premaxillae and maxillæ. The cheek-tooth is obviously young, since its worn surface shows thin enamel and confluent dentinal spaces; an examination of the pulp-cavities shows that the dentinal spaces would be closed by the re-entrant enamel folds in more adult stages of wear. In size both teeth agree perfectly with those of the species of
Mimomys
which occur in the Upper Freshwater Bed of West Kunton (Norfolk). Further, the crown pattern of the cheek-tooth shows certain minute features, of an ephemeral kind, similar to those that I have observed in correspondingly young teeth of
Mimomys
, The tooth shows no sign of rooting, and rooted molars are, of course, the most striking characteristic of
Mimomys
— when adult; but similarly young teeth of
Mimomys
from West Kunton are wholly without signs of rooting also.

The Durham material is insufficient for me to say positively that it should be referred to
Mimomys
; but had I found it at West Runton or in the High-Terrace Drift of the Thames I should have had no hesitation in determining it as the remains of a young individual of that genus. It is to be hoped that further search will be made in County Durham; for these specimens lead me to believe that somebody has a very good chance of making an
Appendix II. Notes on the Implements
Authors: Burkitt Miles Crawford
Published: October 2009

In considering those implements of undoubted human manufacture that Prof. Marr has discovered at the Traveller's Rest gravel-pit, two more or less distinct series seem to be present:—

(
a
) There is a series of much water worn implements, which are in some cases stained deep ochreous-brown and in other cases greenish bluish-brown. These are undoubtedly of Lower Palaeolithic age. Without faunal evidence—that is, alas, completely lacking—it would be difficult to say how much is Acheulean and how much Chellean. At any rate, forms of undoubtedly Lower Palæolithic age are common.

There are both large and small coups-de-poing, side scrapers with a Chellean trimming, worked flakes, etc. Many of these very much recall the industry at ‘Three Hills.’ There are also a number of unworked triangular flakes that have been struck off by a blow which leaves a good bulb of percussion: similar flakes are found at ‘Three Hills.’ A rough sort of core-scraper has also been found, which, owing to its deep ochreous-brown patina, would belong to this series.

There is, too, a small coup-de-poing with the twisted sides that are so typical of the Acheulean period.

(
b
) A series has also been found which, on examination, leaves a totally different impression. Whenever implements of this series have been obtained
in situ
, they come from upper levels of the pit. The rest (as also those of series
a
) have been collected from heaps left by the workmen.

This series is usually bluish and is much less waterworn. No Q.J.G.S. No.
Jurassic Chronology: I—Lias: Supplement I, West England Strata
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

My last communication
1
left many matters unproved, with indications where further research was required. Three points especially were—

(1)

The presumed faunal repetition of Uptonia;

(2)

The Gloucestershire sequence between Phricodoceras and bronni (Wessexian 1 to 7), of which it was unknown whether the failure of records was due to lack of strata or as I was rather disposed to think, to lack of exposure;

(3)

The sequence in early Raasayan—pre-subplanicosta.

Information concerning these three points may be gleaned from two interesting papers published by Mr. L. Richardson
2
while my communication was in the press. With his information it is now proposed to deal by a method of faunal plotting, which will afford good opportunity of testing faunal dissimilarity by faunal analysis, and seeing how the results accord with those of my former paper. They appear to be specially instructive and to show such considerable possibilities for the application of faunal plotting to wider fields that they seem to deserve record. Hence this communication is offered to the Society.

The first of Mr. Richardson's papers records the faunas found in a number of cuttings exposing strata which range from Hwiccian 5,
3
of my paper, to Deiran 4
4
; while the second, describing an excavation for a gasometer, has in my opinion dealt with a, fauna in part from a still lower horizon, about Mercian 7
1
; though Mr. Richardson locates it all as
oxynotum
,
2
say early Deiran.

The specimens were not collected
in situ
, except in
On Two Preglacial Floras from Castle Eden (County Durham)
Authors: Reid Eleanor Mary
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In September 1915,
1
and again in December 1918,
2
Dr. C. T. Trechmann described before this Society Drifts underlying the Boulder-Clay of the Durham coast, at Castle Eden. Some of the Drift is found as the infilling of a number of fissures in the Magnesian Limestone which here forms the bed-rock of the district, the whole being overlain by the Boulder-Clay. The fissures vary in width from 5 to 120 feet, the two with which I am here concerned being described as No. 4 & No. 5: of which the former is 27 feet, and the latter, the widest of all, 120 feet wide. Both are exposed on the foreshore between tide-marks after the scouring of the shore by gales, and are seen to run out seawards in a north-east by east direction, approximately at right angles to the trend of the coast, being lost under the sea.

The infilling of the fissures is of a mixed character, and consists of various materials that were transported in front of the earliest ice-sheet that advanced upon this part of the coast; the direction of transport being from the north-east. Besides angular fragments of red sandstone, marl, and Magnesian Limestone…there occur clays of different colours, also masses of peaty wood and trunks of trees, which have been torn up from the present area of the North Sea by the advancing ice-sheet, and thrust as glacial erratics into the fissures.'

Some of the clays contain seeds, and early in 1918 a few
The Scandinavian ‘Mountain Problem’
Authors: Holtedahl Olaf
Published: October 2009

A General feature in the geological structure of the eastern zone of the Caledonian mountain-range of the Scandinavian Peninsula is the existence of highly metamorphic, often gneissose, unfossiliferous rocks above slightly-altered fossiliferous Cambro-Silurian sediments. This feature is met with from the Stavanger district in the south to Finmarken in the north.

It is now more than thirty years since the Swedish geologist A. E. Törnebohm
1
suggested that this remarkable feature, this mountain problem' of Scandinavia, might be explained by employing the overthrust theory: by assuming, as had proved to be the fact in Scotland, that the overlying metamorphic rocks originally belonged to the pre-Cambrian System, and by means of an enormous thrust had been brought into their present position above what was left of the Cambro-Silurian sedimentary series.

After further investigations,
inter alia
in the Norwegian mountain-district of Jotunheimen (see map, fig. 1, p. 388), Törnebohm became increasingly convinced of the correctness of this view, of the ancient date of, for instance, those metamorphic stratified rocks of Central and South-Western Southern Norway for which the Norwegian investigator Th. Kjerulf had established the term ‘höifjeldskvarts’: that is, ‘Highland Quartz’ (or Highland Quartzite). In 1896 appeared Törnebohm's famous paper2 on the geological structure of Central Scandinavia, in which, among others, the well-known sections from the Trondhjem district of Norway in the west, into Jemtland in Sweden in the east, showing an immense overthrust from west to east, were published.

During subsequent years Törnebohm's views were taken up by several other Swedish investigators:
A Seasonal Variation in the Frequency of Earthquakes (Second Communication.)
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon
Published: October 2009

In an earlier communication to this Society it was shown that there is a slight excess of frequency of earthquakes, above the general average, during the day in summer and during the night in winter. It was also pointed out that this might possibly be a result of the unequal range of variation of the gravitational stresses set up by the sun, and, if so, might be expressed in the form that there was an excess of frequency of earthquakes during that half of the day which contained the upper meridian passage when the declination of the stress-producing body and the latitude of the place were of the same name, and during the half which contained the lower meridian passage when they were different. If this were the true statement of the variation, a similar effect ought to be noticeable, and of greater amplitude, when the record was tabulated by lunar time and declination. Such was actually found to be the case in the only record already tabulated in a form permitting the application of the test, but the number of shocks contained in this record was not large enough to give more than very small weight to the numerical values obtained from it.

Since then I have been able, with the assistance of the Government grant of the Royal Society, to prepare a fresh tabulation of the records of Italian earthquakes by lunar, as well as by solar, hour-angle and declination. The period chosen was the 19-year lunar cycle
The Surface of the Marls of the Middle Chalk in the Somme Valley and the Neighbouring Districts of Northern France, and the Effect on the Hydrology
Authors: King William Bernard Robinson
Published: October 2009

The folds of the Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks of Northern France have been studied by various geologists in the past, notably E. Hébert, M. Bertrand, J. Gosselet, L. Cayeux, G. F. Dollfus, and H. Parent.

Theoretical considerations regarding the relationship of the later folds to the older pre-existing folding have led some of these geologists to study this problem, while others have endeavoured to trace some connexion between the tectonic structure and the development of the river-systems. In these pages, however, I propose to set forth certain information derived from the records of the boreholes which were made by the British armies during the War, and to draw some conclusions regarding the relationship between the tectonic features and the hydrology.

During the War the geological work in connexion with water-supply fell into two main groups—(1) the endeavour to furnish details of the strata in the area occupied by the British armies, together with notes on their water-bearing capacity; and (2) the preparation of notes on areas over which an advance might take place.

In connexion with the first of these requirements, much useful information was obtained from the late Prof. J. Gosselet's works, particularly his maps of the contours of various horizons, which proved of great use in estimating the depth at which various strata occur.

The area under consideration (see map, Pl. III) consists fundamentally of Cretaceous deposits, but frequently has a superficial covering of Quaternary loams, Clay-with-Flints, and small outliers of the basal Tertiary clays and sands. From
The Valentian Series
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas
Published: October 2009

I. History of the Nomenclature of the Valentian Series.

The term is now commonly adopted for the rocks which lie between the top of the Bala and the base of the Wenlock or Salopian. These rocks have a wide distribution in Wales and the Borders, the Lake District, and the South of Scotland, as well as in Ireland and on the continent of Europe. They exhibit great diversity of lithological and faunal characters and of thickness when traced from one district to another, and on this account their classification and correlation has always presented difficulty. Various classifications are in current use, but their relation one to the other is still ambiguous. It is with the hope of clearing up some of these difficulties that the following account of the historical growth of the nomenclature and the correlation of the rocks has been written.

The earliest notice of these rocks in geological literature occurs in two early papers by Sir Roderick Murchison, which were read to the Geological Society of London in 1833 and 1834.

In the earlier paper the rocks below the Old Red Sandstone in the western parts of Shropshire, Herefordshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, and Carmarthenshire are arranged as follows, in descending order:—

1.

Upper Ludlow Rock.

2.

Wenlock Limestone.

3.

Lower Ludlow Rock or Die Earth.

4.

Shelly Sandstones.

5.

Black Trilobitic Flagstone.

6.

Red conglomerate, sandstone, and slaty schists.

The Shelly Sandstones (No.
The Charophyta of the Lower Headon Beds of Hordle [Hordwell] Cliffs (South Hampshire)
Authors: Reid Clement , Groves James
Published: October 2009

The correlation of limestone-deposits lying in isolated basins has always been a matter of much difficulty and uncertainty. Thus far no group of freshwater fossils has proved sufficiently widespread and characteristic for the purpose of zonal work. The mammals have a very limited geographical range, their assemblage depends so largely on the nature of the surrounding country, and their remains are usually so scarce, that they do not greatly help ; besides which, in strata older than the Tertiary they almost fail us. Other vertebrates, such as fishes, would also vary greatly in adjoining areas.

The freshwater and brackish-water mollusca, which are so abundant, and would at first sight appear so useful, cannot be depended on for the comparison of distant areas. Many of the species are very local, and their variation under slightly changed conditions is so great as to give rise to much confusion. Anyone who has worked with the genera
Unio, Corbicula, Cyrena, Paludina, Melania, Potamides,
or
Limnæa
in the London and Paris Basins must have felt this difficulty. In the case of the non-sculptured genera, such as
Paludina
, the difficulty is increased by a tendency to vary around a certain generic type, to which the species seem t o revert again and again. Indeed, in certain of the molluscan genera the specific differences are so slight as only to be recognizable in specimens better preserved than such as are commonly available.

The higher plants are usually very local, and their remains are Q. J. G. S>
Geological Sections through the Andes of Peru and Bolivia: III—From the Port of Callao to the River Perene
Authors: Douglas James Archibald
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

This paper deals with the geological structure of the Andes of Central Peru, as represented by a horizontal section drawn from the island of San Lorenzo off the Pacific coast at Callao to the River Perene, a tributary of the Apurimac, one of the headwaters of the Ucayali. It is a third contribution to a series of papers written as the result of a two years' expedition to South America (1910–12) undertaken on behalf of the late Mr. W. E. Balston, F.G.S.

The district traversed is one of the best-known and most populous in Peru, for through it passes the northern Transandine route from Lima, the capital of the country, to the port of Iquitos on the Amazon, whence steamers sail direct to Europe.

The first half of the section follows the line of the central railway of Peru. This is the well-known Oroya line, famous not only as the highest railway in the world, but also as a wonderful feat of engineering, rising as it does to an altitude of over 15,000 feet in a course of 100 miles. The line ascends the steep-sided valley of the Rimac by means of a series of sinuous curves and zigzag ‘switchbacks,’ cut for the greater part in the face of the solid rock. After passing through no fewer than 65 tunnels it reaches the summit of the watershed between the Atlantic and the Pacific river-systems at Ticlio, 15,665 feet above sea-level, and thence descending to 12,000 feet terminates at
On
Nummulospermum
, gen. nov., the Probable Megasporangium of
Glossopteris
Authors: Walkom A. B.
Published: October 2009

Among the fossil plants of Permo-Carboniferous age in the collections of the Queensland Geological Survey, it was my good fortune to find the specimens which form the subject of this communication. The results of the examination of the whole flora are being published by the Queensland Geological Survey as a continuation of my studies of the Queensland fossil floras. As, however, the specimens above mentioned represent, if my interpretation of them is correct, a very important discovery in fossil botany, it was thought that the subject merited a separate communication. In doing this I hope that the attention of palæobotanists may once more be drawn to the subject of the systematic position of
Glossopteris
, and that the evidence here brought forward may be critically considered in its bearing on this problem.

From time to time there have been suggestions that specimens of
Glossopteris
have been found showing structures regarded as sori, but in no case has anything definite been proved in this direction. As regards Australian specimens. these suggestions date back to 1872, when William Carruthers, in describing
G. Browniana
collected by Daintree from Queensland, said: ‘….. one shows some indications of fruit in the form of linear sori running along the veins, and occupying a position somewhat nearer to the margin of the frond than to the midrib.’ (Bibliography, No. 3, p. 354.)

In 1905 perhaps the first definite step was taken towards the solution of the problem of the systematic position of this plant, in Arber's discovery of
The Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of Broadfield Down (Somerset)
Authors: Wallis Frederick Stretton
Published: October 2009

The greatly denuded periclinal uplift of Broadfield Down is mapped and described in terms of Vaughan's system of zonal classification of the Avonian. All zones, with "the exception of K, are present, and subzones Z
1
and D
1
, hitherto unrecorded from this area, are proved to occur.

A well-marked faunal assemblage (‘Fossiliferous Level’), of no great vertical extent, is described from the top of S
1
, and is shown to constitute in this area a datum-line, useful in the field, for the determination of the junction between the S
1
and S
2
subzones.

Pustula elegans
(M'Coy) is here for the first time recorded from the S
1
subzone in the eastern part of the South-Western Province.

Both lithologically and palæontologically the area holds an intermediate position, and forms a link between the developments of the Bristol and the Mendip areas. Thus C
2
of Broadfield Down is composed of fossiliferous, massive, grey limestones similar to that of C
2
of the Mendip area, while the lower part of C
1
is directly comparable with the
Laminosa
Dolomites of the Bristol area.

The non-occurrence of igneous rocks at the head of Goblin Coombe, where normally they would be expected to occur, is explained by a system of thrust-faulting from the South.
Jurassic Plants from Ceylon
Authors: Seward Albert Charles , Holttum Richard Eric
Published: October 2009

The plants described in this paper were collected by Mr. E. J. Wayland, Government Geologist of Uganda, in the course of a mineral survey of Ceylon: they are the first fossil plants recorded from the island. Several small though well-defined impressions of plants were discovered at Tabbowa in the North-West Province (lat. 8° S., long. 80° E.) in a pale-yellow shale resting ‘directly on Archæan rocks and folded in with them.’ In writing to Dr. A. Morley Davies, from whom we received the collection, Mr. Wayland speaks of the discovery of the plant-beds as the result of ‘the most arduous work’ that he has ever done:— ‘dense jungle and lateritic earth masked exposures, and mosquitoes were dreadful. The monsoon was late, and one by one men fell sick, and the day came when all the men (and headman) were down. Then, after doctoring them to the best of my ability, I proceeded to carry on the work alone, cutting my own path through the jungle and doing everything myself.’

The results obtained by Mr. Wayland are of considerable importance from a phytogeographical and a stratigraphical point of view.

PTERIDOPHYTA: Filicales. Fam.? Osmundaceæ.

Cladophlebis reversa (Feistmantel) [=?Todites Williamsoni (Brongniart)]. (Pl. XII, figs. 13, 15
a
, 15
b
, & 16).

The three imperfect pinnae referred to this species are characterized by the relatively broad axis and the
Cladophlebis
type of venation. The venation is most clearly seen in fig. 15
b
, which represents a crushed fragment with short and broadly rounded pinnules attached by
Description of a New Plesiosaur from the Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex)
Authors: Andrews Charles William
Published: October 2009

The Plesiosaurian remains which form the subject of the present paper were contained in a large septarian nodule from the Upper Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex). This nodule was found in the excavations made by the Cuckmere Brick Company; it was broken into many fragments which were, so far as possible, collected by Mr. S. Tooth, M.Inst.C.E., and by him presented to the British Museum (Natural History). The pieces, many of which clearly contained portions of bones, were reunited, and the gaps resulting from the loss of fragments filled in with plaster of Paris, so that the original form of the nodule was restored. The extremely hard matrix was then slowly and with great skill chiselled away by Mr. L. Parsons, who found that it enclosed a mass of bones for the greater part thrown together in the utmost confusion, with the result that their removal was a matter of extreme difficulty. Despite these drawbacks, however, he succeeded in getting out the hinder part of the skull and a nearly complete shoulder-girdle, all the elements of which seem to be quite undistorted by pressure, a most unusual circumstance. The humeri were also found, but the rest of the paddles, which probably projected beyond the limits of the concretion, was lost. Numerous cervical and dorsal vertebræ, ribs, and ventral ribs were found; but of the pelvis and hinder limb nothing remained, and only one or two imperfect caudal vertebræ were preserved.

The skull (PL XIV, figs. 1 & 2).—This is unfortunately